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:.  '•,,• 

I '.-- 


. 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


INDEX   AND    EPITOME 


EDITED   BY 


SIDNEY     LEE 


LONDON 
SMITH,   ELDER,   &   CO.,    15    WATERLOO    PLACE 

1903 

{All    rights    reserved] 


r 


f 


18 


PBEFACE 


THIS  Volume  was  designed  by  the  late  Mr.  George  Smith,  the 
proprietor  and  publisher  of  the  'Dictionary  of  National  Biography,' 
in  consultation  with  the  present  Editor,  when  the  great  work  was 
near  ing  completion.  It  is  intended  to  form  a  summary  guide  to  the 
vast  and  varied  contents  of  the  Dictionary  and  its  Supplement.  Every 
name,  about  which  substantive  biographic  information  is  given  in 
the  sixty-three  volumes  of  the  Dictionary  or  in  the  three  Supple- 
mentary Volumes,  finds  mention  here  in  due  alphabetical  order. 
An  Epitome  is  given  of  the  leading  facts  and  dates  that  have  been 
already  recorded  at  length  in  the  pages  of  the  original  work,  and  there 
is  added  a  precise  reference  to  the  volume  and  page  where  the  full 
article  appears. 

Generally  speaking,  each  entry  in  the  Index  and  Epitome  consists 
of  one-fourteenth  of  the  number  of  words  that  appear  in  the  text 
of  the  original  memoir.  At  times  this  proportion  varies  to  a  small 
extent.  Condensation  of  a  very  brief  article  on  the  estimated 
scale  became  hardly  possible  if  any  intelligible  fragment  of  it  were 
to  be  preserved.  In  such  instances  the  Epitome  bears  to  the  original 
article  a  higher  proportion  than  one-fourteenth.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  the  case  of  the  longer  articles,  it  has  often  been  found 
possible  to  reduce  them  to  a  smaller  space  than  the  stipulated 
proportion  required.  But  the  aggregate  divergence  from  the  projected 
ratio  of  one-fourteenth  proves  to  be  very  slight. 

The  exclusive  aim  of  the  Index  and  Epitome  is  to  make  bare 
facts  and  dates  as  ready  of  rapid  reference  as  possible.  The  condensa- 
tion has  been  attempted  with  the  sole  object  of  serving  the  practical 


-. 


PREFACE 


purposes  of  utility.  No  endeavour  has  been  made  to  satisfy  the 
requirements  of  literary  form.  With  a  view  to  economising  space, 
and  in  harmony  with  the  simple  objects  of  the  Index,  the  lists  of 
authorities  which  are  appended  to  each  article  of  the  Dictionary,  and 
form  one  of  its  most  distinctive  features,  have  been  ignored.  The 
plan  of  the  Epitome  has  compelled,  too,  the  systematic  suppression 
of  other  particulars  which  are  invariably  accorded  a  place  in  the 
articles  of  the  Dictionary.  Years  of  birth  and  death  are  alone 
admitted  to  the  Index;  the  day  of  the  month  is  suffered  to  pass 
unnoticed.  Precise  details  of  parentage  are  only  introduced  in  cases 
where  the  parents  form  the  subjects  of  separate  entries  and  it  has 
been  found  desirable  to  define  the  relationship  subsisting  between  one 
entry  and  another.  Places  of  birth  or  death  are  omitted  unless  they 
belong  to  a  foreign  country ;  in  such  instances  it  is  usually  essential 
to  the  intelligibility  of  the  memoir  to  state  where  the  career  described 
in  it  began  or  ended.  On  the  other  hand,  room  has  been  found 
for  all  memorable  achievements  with  the  dates  of  their  accomplishment, 
for  titles  of  an  author's  chief  books  with  dates  of  publication,  for 
notices  of  scientific  inventions,  for  dates  of  institution  to  offices,  and 
for  detailed  particulars  of  education. 

A  few  errors  of  fact  and  date  which  figure  in  the  original  work 
have  been  corrected  in  the  Index.  But,  with  that  reservation,  the 
Index  literally  reflects  in  brief  and  bald  outline  the  results  embodied 
in  the  Dictionary  and  Supplement. 

The  labour  involved  in  condensing  so  massive  a  work  as  the 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography '  and  Supplement  has  been  great. 
No  one  without  practical  experience  of  similar  undertakings  is  likely  to 
realise  the  vast  amount  of  time  and  trouble  which  the  preparation 
of  this  Volume  has  entailed  on  all  engaged  in  its  production.  The 
separate  articles  which  it  supplies  amount  to  30,378 ;  the  cross- 
references  number  3,474.  The  risks  of  error  in  handling  the  million 
facts  and  dates  which  are  embodied  in  the*  book  are  obvious,  but 
the  Editor  feels  justified  in  assuring  those  into  whose  hands  this 
Volume  comes  that  his  assistants  and  himself  have  done  all  in 


PREFACE  vii 

their   power  to  reduce   the   chances   of  error   to   the   lowest   possible 
limit. 

The  Editor  tenders  his  best  thanks  to  those  who  have  co-operated 
with  him  in  the  laborious  undertaking.  The  work  of  epitomising 
the  Dictionary  and  Supplement  has  been  distributed  thus: 

DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY  : 

Volumes     I. — VI Mr.  C.  E.  HUGHES. 

VII.— XII.  .  The  Rev.  ANDREW  CLABK,  M.A. 

XIII.— XVIII Mr.  RICHABD  GBEENTBEE,  B.A. 

XIX.— XXX.    ...         .Mr.  G.  LE  GBYS  NOBGATE,  B.A. 

XXXI.— XXXV Miss  ELIZABETH  LEE. 

XXXVI .  Mr.  P.  C.  YOBKE,  M.A. 

XXXVII.— XLI.     ,    .    .-.    .  Mr.  A.  R  POLLABD,  M.A. 

XLII.  .    .    .  ,,    .     .    .     .  Mr.  G.  LE  GBYS  NORGATE,  BA. 

XLIIL— XL VIII.    ...    .  Mr.  E.  I.  CABLYLE,  M.A. 

XLIX.-LI.   ......  Mr.  C.  E.  HUGHES. 

LII Mr.  G.  LE  GBYS  NORGATE,  B.A. 

LIII Mr.  THOMAS  SECCOMBE,  M.A. 

LIV .    .  Mr.  G.  LE  GBYS  NOBGATE,  B.A. 

LV.— LVII.    .         ...  Mr.  P.  C.  YOBKE,  M.A. 

LVIII.— LX The  Rev.  ANDBEW  CLABK,  M.A. 

LXL— LXIII Mr.  C.  E.  HUGHES. 

SUPPLEMENT  TO  DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY: 
Volumes    I.— III.    .*.....    Mr.  C.  E.  HUGHES. 

In  revising  both  the  manuscripts  and  the  proofs  of  the  Index 
and  Epitome,  which  have  been  very  voluminous,  the  Editor  has  had 
the  advantage  of  the  assistance  of  Mr.  RICHARD  GREENTREE,  B.A., 
formerly  scholar  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  Craven  Scholar 
of  the  University. 

January  '21,  1903. 


DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY 


INDEX  AND   EPITOME 


ABBADIE 


ABBOTT 


ABBADIE,  JACQUES  (or  JAMES)  (1654  ?-1727), 
dean  of  Killaloc  ;  educated  at  Puylaurens,  Saumur,  and 
Sedan,  where  he  graduated  D.D. ;  appointed  minister  of 
the  French  church  at  Berlin  by  Frederick  William, 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  e.  1680  :  accompanied  Marshal 
Schomberg  to  Holland,  England,  and  Ireland,  1688-9 ; 
after  battle  of  the  Boyne  proceeded  to  London,  and 
became  minister  of  the  French  church  in  the  Savoy ; 
appointed  dean  of  Killaloe,  1699;  finally  retired  to 
Marylebone,  London,  where  he  died.  He  published 
several  religious  and  political  works,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  '  Trait6  de  la  Verit6  de  la  Religion  chr6- 
tienne,'  1684 ;  •  Traite  de  la  Divinite  de  Notre  Seigneur 
Jesus-Christ,'  1689  ;  and  'L'Artdese  connoltre  soi-m&me,' 
1692,  translated  into  English  in  1694,  1719,  and  1694 
respectively.  [LI] 

ABBOT,  CHARLES  (A  1817),  botanist;  D.D.,  New 
College,  Oxford,  1802 ;  chaplain  to  Marquis  of  Tweeddale ; 
published  •  Flora  Bedfordiensis,'  1798.  [L  3] 

ABBOT,  CHARLES,  first  BARON  COLCHESTER  (1757- 
1829),  speaker  of  House  of  Commons ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  classics;  studied  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  1779 ;  clerk  of  the  rules  in  court  of  king's 
bench,  1794 ;  M.P.  for  Helston,  Cornwall,  1795 ;  intro- 
duced first  Census  Act,  1800  ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland, 
1801 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1802 ;  retired  as 
Lord  Colchester,  1816  ;  travelled  in  France  and  Italy, 
1819-22,  and  on  his  return  again  took  an  active  part  in 
politics.  [i.  3] 

ABBOT,  GEORGE  (1562-1633),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  born  at  Guildford,  and  educated  at  the  free 
grammar  school ;  B.  A.,  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1582  ;  pro- 
bationer-fellow, 1583 ;  M.A.,  and  took  holy  orders,  1585  ; 
during  the  eight  succeeding  years  studied  theology,  did 
tutorial  work,  and  as  a  vehement  supporter  of  the 
puritans  won  great  academical  fame  for  his  preaching  ; 
appointed  private  chaplain  to  Thomas  Sackville,  lord 
Buckhurst,  chancellor  of  the  university,  1592  ;  B.D., 
1593 ;  D.D.  and  master  of  University  College,  1597  ;  dean 
of  Winchester,  1600;  vice-chancellor  of  the  univer- 
sity, 1600,  1603,  and  1605;  came  into  conflict,  in  1603, 
with  Laud,  then  proctor  of  the  university,  who  asserted 
the  perpetual  visibility  of  the  church  of  Christ  in  the 
papacy  before  the  Reformation ;  began,  1604,  with  seven 
other  Oxford  graduates,  revision  of  the  four  gospels, 
Acts,  and  Apocalypse,  for  Authorised  Version  ;  became 
chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Dunbar  and  visited  Scotland  to 
aid  in  re-establishing  episcopacy  there,  1608;  bishop 
of  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1609  ;  translated  to  bishopric 
of  London,  1610  ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1611 ;  largely 
responsible  for  marriage  of  Princess  Elizabeth  with 
Elector  Palatine  of  Germany,  1613  ;  opposed  the  divorce 
of  the  Countess  of  Essex,  1613;  introduced  at  court 
George  Villiers,  1615 ;  attacked  the  scheme  for  marriage 
between  Prince  Charles  and  the  Infanta  of  Spain,  1617- 
1622;  opposed  the  king's  'declaration  of  sports'  per- 
mitting Sunday  amusements,  1618 ;  endowed  a  hospital 


erected  at  his  expense  at  Guildford,  1619 ;  accidentally 
shot  a  keeper  while  hunting  in  Bramsliill  Park,  Hamp- 
shire, and  was  formally  pardoned  by  the  king,  1621  ; 
reluctantly  consented  to  the  Spanish  marriage,  1623  ; 
opposed  Charles  I's  arbitrary  government  and  was  or- 
dered to  withdraw  to  Canterbury,  his  archiepiscopal 
authority  being  given  to  a  commission  of  five  bishops, 
1627  ;  restored  to  favour,  1628,  but  thenceforth  lived 
chiefly  in  retirement ;  died  at  Croydon.  Wrote  religious 
works,  principally  controversial.  [i.  6] 

ABBOT,  GEORGE  (1603-1648),  religious  writer; 
fought  on  parliamentary  side  in  civil  war.  Published 
religious  works,  including  '  Book  of  Job  Paraphrased ' 
1640.  ' 


ABBOT,  JOHN  (/.  1623),  poet ;  educated  at  Sidney- 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  B.D.  1617;  wrote  poem  en- 
titled •  Jesus  Prefigured,'  1623.  [i.  21  ] 

ABBOT,  SIB  MAURICE  or  MORRIS  (1565-1642> 
merchant ;  brother  of  George  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Guildford  Grammar  School ; 
one  of  the  original  directors  of  the  East  India  Company, 
1600  ;  governor,  1624 ;  member  of  Levant  Company  be- 
fore 1607 ;  on  commissions  for  settlement  of  trade  dis- 
putes with  Holland,  1616, 1619,  and  1620 ;  M.P.  for  King- 
ston-upon-Hull,  1621  and  1624 ;  member  of  council  for 
establishing  Virginia,  1624  ;  knighted  and  returned  M.P. 
for  London,  1625  ;  lord  mayor"  of  London  1638,  when 
Thomas  Heywood  wrote  the  description  of  the  pageant. 

ABBOT,  ROBERT  (1560-1617),  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
elder  brother  of  George  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Guildford  free  school ;  fellow  of  Bal- 
liol College,  Oxford,  1581 ;  M.A.,  1582  ;  D.D.,  1597  ;  gained 
a  reputation  for  preaching  which  was  increased  by  the 
publication  of  several  religious  works ;  presented  to  the 
living  of  Bingham,  Nottinghamshire ;  one  of  chaplains 
in  ordinary  to  James  1, 1603  ;  master  of  Balliol,  1609-15  ; 
fellow  of  Chelsea  College,  founded  by  King  James,  1610 ; 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1612;  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  1615.  [i.  24] 

ABBOT,  ROBERT  (1588  ?-1662  ?),  divine;  M.A., 
Cambridge ;  presented  to  living  of  Cranbrook  by  Arch- 
bishop Abbot,  of  whom  he  was  no  relation,  1616  ;  vicar 
of  Southwick,  Hampshire,  1643,  and,  later,  of  St.  Austin's, 
London.  Published  religious  works.  [i.  25] 

ABBOT,  WILLIAM  (1789-1843),  actor  and  drama-  - 
tist;  first  appeared  at  Bath,  1806;  engaged  at  Covtn'-<, 
Garden,  1812  ;  stage-manager  to  a  company  visiting  Par&ch 
1827 ;  unsuccessful  in  subsequent  tour  in  the  Fre^liet, 
provinces  ;  played  Romeo  to  Miss  Fanny  Kemble's  J'- 
1830  ;  died  in  America  in  distressed  circumstance* i.  26] 

r  RAMSAY, 

ABBOTSHALL,  LORD  (16207-1688).    [See/' 
SIR  ANDREW.]  ynajor-general 

ABBOTT,  AUGUSTUS  (1804-1867),  Wbbot  [q.  v.] ; 
royal  artillery,  brother  of  Sir  James  /  j| 


ABBOTT 


ABERCORN 


educated  at  Winchester  College :  second  lieutenant  Bengal 
artillery,  1819  ;  captain,  1836  ;  major,  1845 ;  colonel,  1868  ; 
colonel  commandant  Bengal  artillery,  1858 ;  major-gene- 
ral, 1859 ;  served  in  march  to  Kandahar  1839,  at  Jala- 
labad 1842,  at  Tutamdara,  Jalgah  and  Parwaudara  1840, 
and  in  march  to  and  occupation  of  Jalalabad  1841-2; 
O.B.,  1842  ;  inspector-general  of  ordnance,  1865. 


ABBOTT.  CHARLES,  first  BARON  TOTRDW  (1768- 
1832),  lord  chief  justice  ;  educated  at  Canterbury  Gram- 
mar School  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1781 ; 
chancellor's  medallist  for  Latin  composition,  1784,  and 
for  English  composition,  1786  ;  B.A.,  and  fellow,  1785 ; 
student  at  Middle  Temple,  1787  ;  practised  several  years 
as  a  special  pleader  under  the  bar ;  called  to  bar  and 
joined  Oxford  circuit,  1796  ;  junior  counsel  to  the  trea- 
sury ;  recorder  of  Oxford,  1801 ;  published  successful 
work  on  mercantile  law,  1802  ;  puisne  judge  in  court 
of  common  pleas,  1816;  moved  to  kings  bench,  1816; 
chief  justice,  1818  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1827.  [i.  26] 

ABBOTT,  CHARLES  STUART  AUBREY,  third 
BARON  TENTERDKN  (1834-1882),  under-secretary  .for 
foreign  affairs;  educated  at  Eton;  entered  Foreign 
Office,  1854 ;  permanent  uuder-secretary  for  foreign 
affairs,  1873  ;  K.O.B.,  1878.  [L  30] 

ABBOTT,  EDWIN  (1808-1882),  educational  writer; 
head  master  of  Philological  SohooL  Marylebone ;  compiled 
Concordance  to  Pope's  works,  1876.  [i.  30] 

ABBOTT,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1805-1892),  major-gene- 
ral royal  engineers  ;  brother  of  Sir  James  Abbott  [q.  v.]  ; 
received  commission  in  Bengal  engineers,  1823  ;  major, 
1843  ;  colonel,  1854  ;  major-generaL  1868  ;  served  in  Bur- 
mese war,  1824-6  ;  garrison-engineer  at  Calcutta,  1841 ; 
chief  engineer  at  relief  of  Jalalabad,  1842 ;  C.B.,  1846  ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Addiscombe  College,  1851-61 ; 
knighted,  1854.  [SuppL  L  3] 

ABBOTT,  SIR  JAMES  (1807-1896),  general :  brother  of 
Sir  Frederick  Abbott  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  East  India 
Company's  College,  Addiscombe ;  second  lieutenant  Bengal 
artillery,  1823;  first  lieutenant,  1827;  captain,  1841; 
colonel,  1861 ;  major-general,  1866  ;  lieutenant-general  and 
colonel-commandant  royal  artillery,  1877 ;  general,  1877 ; 
served  in  march  to  Kandahar,  1838-9 ;  assistant  to  Major 
Elliott  D'Arcy  Todd  [q.  v.]  in  mission  to  Herat,  1839,  and 
carried  to  Russian  court  Hazrat's  offer  to  liberate  Russian 
captives,  1839-40;  commissioner  of  Hazara,  1845-53; 
served  in  second  Sikh  war,  1848  ;  K.O.B.,  1894  ;  published 
poetical  and  other  writings.  [SuppL  L  4] 

ABBOTT,  SIR  JOHN  JOSEPH  CALDWELL  (1821- 
1893),  premier  of  Canada ;  son  of  Joseph  Abbott  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  McGill  University,  Montreal ;  B.O.L.,  1847 ; 
dean  in  faculty  of  law ;  hon.  D.O.L. ;  Q.C.,  1862 ;  solicitor 
for  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company,  1880,  and  director, 
1887 ;  signed  Annexation  Manifesto,  1849 ;  raised  '  Ar- 
genteuil  Rangers '  for  government,  1861 ;  M.P.  for  Argen- 
teuil,  1859-74  and  1881-7  ;  solicitor-general  east  in  (Sand- 
field)  Maodonald-Sicotte  government,  1862-3;  joined 
conservatives,  1866;  confidential  adviser  to  Sir  Hugh 
Allen  at  time  of  '  Pacific  Scandal ' ;  delegate  to  England 
in  connection  with  dismissal  of  Letellier  de  St-Just ; 
Canadian  privy  councillor,  1887 ;  premier  of  Canada, 
1891-2  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1892.  [SuppL  i.  6] 

ABBOTT,  JOSEPH  (1789-1863),  missionary  in  Canada, 
1818;  first  Anglican  incumbent  of  St.  Andrew's.  Pub- 
lished •  Philip  Musgrave,'  1846.  [SuppL  i.  5] 

ABBOTT,  KEITH  EDWARD  (d.  1873),  consul-general 
successively  at  Tabriz  and  Odessa ;  brother  of  Sir  James 
c ,     Abbott  (1807-1896)  [q.  v.] ;  died  at  Odessa.  [SuppL  i.  1] 

ABBOTT,  LEMUEL  (d.  1776),  poetical  writer ;  vicar 
pupLf  Thornton,  Leicestershire.  1773.  [i.  80] 

^JSi ABBOTT,  LEMUEL   (1760-1803),    portrait-painter; 
'of  Frank  Hayman;  exhibited  at  Boyal  Academy 
ABBO.ii  1788  and  1800;  painted  celebrated  portraits  of 
general ;  btuid  Cowper.  [i.  30] 

11  l^A  \T,  8AUNDERS  ALEXIUS  (<f.  1894),  maior- 
of  Sir  James  Abbott  [q.  v.] ;  major- 
army;  agent  at   Lahore  for  Bind, 
railway,  18«S;  subsequently  home 
[SuppL  L 1] 


ABBOTT,  THOMAS  EASTOE  (1779-1854),  poetical 
writer  ;  published  poetical  works,  1814-39.  [i.  30] 

ABDY,  EDWARD  STRUTT  (1791-1846),  writer  on 
America:  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.  A.,  1813; 
M  A  1817  ;  published  work  on  United  States  of  America, 
1835?  [i.  30] 

ABDY,  MARIA  (d.  1867),  poetess,  niece  of  James  and 
Horace  Smith  [q.  v.]  ;  published  poems,  1830-62.  [i.  31] 

A  BECKETT,  GILBERT  ABBOTT  (1811-1856),  comic 
writer ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  called  to  bar 
at  Gray's  Inn ;  first  editor  of  •  Figaro  in  London ' ;  on 
original  staff  of '  Punch ' ;  for  many  years  leader-writer 
for  'Times'  and  'Morning  Herald,'  and  contributor  to 
4  Illustrated  London  News ' ;  metropolitan  police  magis- 
trate, 1849;  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer.  He  wrote  over 
fifty  plays  and  several  humorous  works.  [i.  31] 

A  BECKETT,  GILBERT  ARTHUR  (1837-1891),  comic 
writer ;  son  of  Gilbert  Abbott  a  Beckett  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
Westminster  School,  1849  :  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1860 ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1857  ;  clerk  in  office  of 
examiners  of  criminal  law  accounts,  1862  ;  journalist  aud 
author  of  plays  and  libretti ;  regular  member  of  staff  of 
'  Punch,'  1879.  His  dramatic  work,  includes,  in  collabora- 
tion with  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert, '  The  Happy  Land '  (1873). 

[Suppl.  i.  7] 

A  BECKETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1806-1869),  chief  justice 
of  Victoria ;  brother  of  Gilbert  Abbott  a  Beckett  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School ;  called  to  bar,  1829  r 
solicitor-general  of  New  South  Wales,  1841,  and  sub- 
sequently attorney-general ;  judge,  1846  ;  chief  justice  of 
Victoria  and  knighted,  1851 ;  retired  to  England,  1863 ; 
wrote  several  biographical,  poetical,  and  legal  works. 

[i.  32] 

ABEL  (d.  764),  archbishop  of  Rheims  ;  aided  Boniface 
in  missionary  work  in  Germany  ;  held  office  in  abbey  of 
Lobbes ;  elected  archbishop  of  Rheims,  744,  but  Pope 
Zacharias  refused  to  confirm  election,  and  he  retired  to 
Lobbes ;  became  abbot  of  the  monastery,  and  died  there ; 
left  several  works  in  manuscript.  [i.  22] 

ABEL,  CLARKE  (1780-1826),  botanist ;  educated  for 
medical  profession  ;  naturalist  to  Lord  Maaartney  on  his 
mission  to  China;  published  description  of  journey,  1818  ; 
afterwards  physician  to  Lord  Amheret,  governor-general 
of  India.  [i.  32] 

ABEL,  JOHN  (1577-1674), architect  of  timber  houses ; 
built  old  town-halls  of  Hereford  and  Leominster  ;  at  the 
siege  of  Hereford,  1645,  he  constructed  corn-mills  for  the 
use  of  the  besieged.  [i.  33] 

ABEL,  KARL  FRIEDRIOH  (1725-1787),  player  on 
the  viol-di-gamba ;  member  of  Dresden  court  band,  1748- 
1758 ;  journeyed  to  England  and  became  one  of  queen's 
chamber  musicians,  1759 ;  joined  John  Christian  Bach  in 
giving  concerts  in  England,  1765;  toured  on  continent; 
died  in  London.  His  portrait  was  twice  painted  by  Gains- 
borough, [i.  33] 

ABELL,  JOHN  (1660  ?-l 718  ?),  lutenist  and  singer; 
'  gentleman  of  his  majesty's  chapel,'  1679 :  sent  by 
Charles  II  to  cultivate  his  voice  in  Italy,  1681-82  ;  at  the 
Revolution  went  to  continent  and  performed  before  king 
of  Poland ;  intendant  at  Cassel  r  performed  in  England, 
1700;  published  two  collections  of  songs,  1701.  [i.  34] 

ABELL,  THOMAS  (a.  1540),  Roman  catholic  martyr ; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1516  ;  chaplain,  c.  1528,  to  Catherine  of  Arra- 
gon,  who  entrusted  him  with  secret  commission  to  Em- 
peror Charles  V  respecting  divorce  from  Henry  VIII ;  rec- 
tor of  Bradwell-by-the-Sea,  Essex,  1530 ;  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  for  opposition  to  the  divorce,  1532 ;  included  in 
act  of  attainder  against  Catherine's  accomplices,  1534; 
beheaded,  1640.  [i.  34] 

ABELL,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1640),  alderman  of  London, 
1636;  sheriff  of  London  and  master  of  the  Vintners' 
Company,  1637 ;  licenser  of  tavern-keepers,  1639  ;  gained 
great  unpopularity  by  his  efforts  to  induce  vintners  to 
agree  to  Charles  I's  demand  of  tax  on  wine,  and  was 
imprisoned  by  order  of  Commons,  1640-2 ;  under  super- 
veillance  at  Hatfield  for  debt  and  treasonable  utterances, 
1662 ;  given  a  passport  to  Holland,  1656.  His  actions  were 
severely  condemned  in  many  broadsides  and  pamphlets. 

ABERCORy,  first  DUKE  OF  (1811-1885).  [See  UAMU<- 
TON,  JAMBS.] 


ABEROORN 


ABERCORN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  HAMILTON,  JAMHB,  first 
EARL,  d.  1617 ;  HAMILTON,  JAMKS,  sixth  EARL,  1656- 
1734;  HAMILTON,  JAMES,  seventh  EARL,  d.  1744 ;  HAMIL- 
TON JAMKS,  eiphth  EARL,  1712-1789.] 

ABERCROMBIE,  JOHN  (1726-1806),  writer  on 
horticulture :  employed  in  Kew  Gardens ;  market  gar- 
dener at  Hackney,  and  later  at  Tottenham;  published 
'Every  Man  his  own  Gardener,'  1767  (said  to  have  been 
submitted  to  Goldsmith  for  revision  and  returned  without 
alteration),  and  other  works  on  gardening.  [i.  36] 

ABEROROMBEE,  JOHN  (1780-1844),  physician; 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1803;  studied  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London; 
practised  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  did  much  for  the  poor  ; 
LR  C.P.,  1823,  P.R.C.P.,  and  physician  in  ordinary  to  the 
king  in  Scotland,  1824;  M.D.  Oxford,  1835;  lord- 
rector  of  Marischal  College,  1836  ;  published  pathological 
works.  [i.  37] 

ABERCROMBY,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  ABERCROMBY 
(1745-1795),  judge  and  essayist;  studied  at  Edinburgh; 
sheriff-depute  of  Clackmannanshire,  4  766-80  ;  sat  on  court 
sion  bench  as  Lord  Abercromby,  1792 ;  one  of  the 
lords-commissioners  of  justiciary ;  contributed  to  the 
•  Mirror '  (1779)  and  %  Lounger '  (1785-6).  [i.  38] 

ABERCROMBY,  ALEXANDER  (1784-1853),  colonel, 
son  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  army 
as  volunteer,  1799 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Moore  in 
Sicily,  1806  ;  lieu  tenant-colonel  28th  regiment,  1808  ;  after 
1809  served  in  Peninsular  and  Waterloo  campaigns  ;  M.P. 
for  Clackmannanshire,  1817.  [i.  39] 

ABERCROMBY,  DAVID  (d.  1701-2?),  Scottish 
physician  :  educated  as  a  Roman  catholic ;  lived  for 
eighteen  years  with  Jesuit  order  in  France,  and  gained  re- 
putation as  scholar;  returned  to  Scotland,  aud  wrote 
against  M.  Menzies,  a  protestaut  divine  of  Aberdeen  ; 
after  two  years,  renounced  Romanism  and  went  to  Lou- 
don,  whence  he  retired  to  Amsterdam,  and  practised  as 
physician ;  published  medical  and  metaphysical  works. 

[i.39] 

ABERCROMBY,  JAMES,  first  BARON  DUNPERM- 
LIXK.  (1776-1858),  son  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.v.] ; 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1801  ;  M.P.  for  Midhurst, 
Ihur,  Calue,  1812-30,  and  Edinburgh,  1832;  judge-advo- 
cate-general, 1827  ;  master  of  the  mint,  1834  ;  speaker  of 
House  of  Commons,  1835-9  ;  raised  to  the  peerage  on  re- 
tirement, 1839.  [i.  40] 

ABERCROMBY,  JOHN  (d.  1561?),  Scottish  Bene- 
dictine ;  executed  for  opposing  the  Reformation,  [i.  41] 

ABERCROMBY,  SIR  JOHN  (1772-1817),  general; 
•on  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign,  75th  regi- 
ment, 1786  ;  captain,  1792  ;  aide-de-camp  to  his  father  in 
Flanders,  1793  and  1794 ;  major,  94th  regiment,  1794 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  112th  regiment,  1794  ;  military  secre- 
tary to  his  father,  1796-9 ;  colonel,  1800 ;  distinguished 
himself  under  General  Hutchlnson  in  Egypt ;  major-gene- 
ral, 1805  ;  colonel,  53rd  regiment,  1807  ;  captured  Mauri- 
tius, 1809  ;  lieutenant-general,  and  temporary  governor  of 
Madras,  1812 ;  G.C.B.,  1816  ;  died  at  Marseilles,  [i.  41] 

ABERCROMBY,  PATRICK  (1656-1716?),  antiquary 
and  historian ;  graduated  at  St.  A  ndrews  University, 
1685 ;  practised  as  physician  in  Edinburgh ;  physician 
to  James  II,  1685.  Published  pamphlets  opposing  the 
Scottish  union,  1707,  *  Martial  Achievements  of  the  Scots 
Nation '  (1711-16),  and  other  writings.  [i.  42] 

ABERCROMBY,  SIR  RALPH  (1734-1801),  general ; 
educated  at  Rugby ;  studied  law;  at  Edinburgh  and  Leip- 
zig ;  cornet,  3rd  dragoon  guards,  1756 ;  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Sir  William  Pitt  in  Germany,  1758 ;  captain, 
1762  ;  major,  1770  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1773 ;  for  a  short 
time  M.P.  for  Clackmannanshire  ;  returned  to  the  army 
and  distinguished  himself  as  major-general  in  Flanders  ; 
K.B.,  1795 ;  commanded  expedition  against  the  French  in 
West  Indies,  1795-6,  and  reduced  St.  Lucia  and  Trinidad ; 
took  command  of  troops  successively  in  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  1797-9  ;  co-operated  with  the  British  fleet  in 
capturing  the  Dutch  fleet,  and  assisting  the  Archduke 
Charles  against  France,  1799  ;  commanded  troops  in 
Mediterranean,  1800 ;  proceeded  to  Egypt  and  defeated 
French  at  Alexandria,  where  he  died  of  wounds,  [i.  43] 

ABERCROMBY,  ROBERT  (1534-1613),  Scottish 
Jesuit,  said,  on  insufficient  evidence,  to  have  converted 
Anne  of  Denmark  to  the  Roman  catholic  faith,  [i.  48] 


ABOYUTE 


ABERCROMBY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1740-1827),  military 
commander  ;  brother  of  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.  v.]  ; 
ensign,  1768,  and  lieutenant,  1759, 44th  regiment ;  captain, 
1761  ;  major  62nd  regiment,  1772  ;  lieutenant-colonel  37th 
regiment,  1773  ;  served  throughout  American  war ;  colonel 
and  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  1781 ;  colonel  75th  regi- 
ment, 1787  ;  in  India,  1788 ;  governor  and  commander-iu- 
chief  at  Bombay,  1790 ;  reduced  Tippoo  Sultan,  1792  ; 
knighted  and  commander  of  the  Indian  forces;  con- 
ducted the  second  Rohilla  war;  returned  to  England, 
1797  ;  M.P.  for  Clackmannanshire,  1798 ;  governor  of 
Edinburgh  Castle,  1801 ;  general,  1802.  [i.  47] 

ABERCROMBY,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  DUFF  (1835- 
1895).  [See  DUFF,  SIR  ROBERT  WILUAM.] 

ABERDARE,  BARON.  [See  BRUCE,  HKNRY  AUSTIN, 
1815-1895.] 

ABERDEEN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  GORDON,  GEORGE,  first 
EARL,  1637-1720 ;  GORDON,  GEORGB  HAMILTON,  fourth 
EARL,  1784-1860.] 

ABERGAVENNY,  BARONS.  [See  NBVILLK,  EDWARD, 
first  BARON,  d.  1476 ;  NKVILLE,  GBORGK,  third  BARON, 
1471  ?-1535.] 

ABERNETHY,  JOHN  (1680-1740),  Irish  dissenter  ; 
M.A.  Glasgow ;  studied  divinity  at  Edinburgh  and 
Dublin,  where  his  preaching  was  soon  in  great  demand  ; 
ordained,  as  presbyterian,  at  Antrim,  1703,  where  he  re- 
mained for  over  nine  years  ;  removed  by  synod  to  Dub- 
lin, 1717,  but  after  three  months  returned  to  Antrim  ; 
gave  rise,  by  his  opposition  to  the  synod,  to  a  division 
(ultimately  permanent)  of  the  presbyterians  into  two 
parties  (subscribers  and  non-subscribers);  accepted  a 
'  call '  to  Dublin,  1730  ;  strongly  opposed  the  Test  Act, 
1731 ;  wrote  several  religious  works.  [i.  48] 

ABERNETHY,  JOHN  (1764-1831),  surgeon  ;  studied 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  where  he  was  assistant- 
surgeon  1787,  and  surgeon  1815-27  ;  F.R.S.  1796  ;  lecturer 
on  anatomy  and  physiology  at  College  of  Surgeons,  1814  ; 
attracted  a  large  class  by  his  lectures  on  anatomy  at  hia 
house  in  Bartholomew  Close  ;  gained  distinction  by  ex- 
tending John  Hunter's  operation  for  the  cure  of  aneurism, 
1797.  Published  medical  works,  but  his  reputation  rests 
rather  on  his  power  of  exposition  than  on  his  learning. 

ABERSHAW,  or  AVERSHAWE,  LOUIS  JERE- 
MIAH or  JERRY  (1773?-!  796),  highwayman ;  for  some 
years  the  terror  of  the  roads  between  London,  Kingston, 
and  Wimbledon ;  hanged  on  Keunington  Common,  [i.52] 

ABDfGDON,  fourth  EARL  OF  (1740-1799).  [See 
BERTIE,  WILLOUOHBY.] 

ABINGER,  first  BARON.  [See  SCARLETT,  JAMES, 
1769-1844.] 

ABDTGTON.    [See  HABINGTON.] 

ABINGTON,  FRANCES  (1737-1815),  actress;  in 
girlhood  successively  a  flower-seller,  street-singer,  do- 
mestic servant,  and  cook-maid  (under  Robert  Baddeley 
[q.  v.])  ;  appeared  first  at  the  Haymarket  as  Miranda  in 
'The  Busybody,'  1755;  acted  at  Bath,  Richmond,  and 
Drury  Lane  with  small  success  ;  went  to  Dublin  and  drew 
crowded  houses  as  Lady  Townley;  returned  to  Drury 
Lane  on  Garrick's  invitation,  1764  ;  transferred  her  ser- 
vices to  Covent  Garden,  1782  ;  absent  from  the  stage, 
1790-7 ;  last  appeared,  1799  ;  her  Shakespearean  roles  in- 
clude Portia,  Beatrice,  Desdemona,  Olivia,  and  Ophelia  ; 
original  representative  of  Lady  Teazle,  1777.  [i.  52] 

ABNEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1640-1722),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  alderman  of  Vintry  ward  1692,  and  of  Bridge 
Without,  1716  ;  sheriff  of  London  and  Middlesex,  1693- 
1694,  when  he  was  one  of  the  original  promoters  and 
directors  of  the  bank  of  England  ;  knighted  by  William 
III ;  president  and  benefactor  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ; 
lord  mayor,  1700-1 ;  M.P.  for  the  city  of  London,  1702. 


p.  54] 
the 


ABNEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1750),  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  1743 ;  died  of  gaol  distemper  at  the  4  Black 

[i.  65] 


ABOYNE,  EARLS  OF.    [See  GORDON,  CHARLES,  first 

EARL,  d.  1681 ;  GORDON,  CHARLES,  second  EARL,  d.  1702.] 

ABOYHE,  second  VISCOUNT  (rf.  1649).  [See  GORDON, 

,2 


•V  T J.  T7  A  T  T  A  V 


AOTON 


*!•*•••.  ROBERT  (im-lMO),  architect;  exe- 
«M  vorfa  at  A  nuxM  OMU*  UM  nrMfogut  near  the 
Ba/^art*.  ••!  U»  WidaliHg  BrtdtwJL  [L  M] 


CHRISTIAN   (1TW-1838X 
•*  Surrey  Institute,  1803 ; 
of  p»  for  UftaUnc;  engineer  to 
r.lSlO;  librarian  of  UM  RM| 

I    I,-.:-.  :..>. 
[i.  57] 


ACLAHD,  JOHN  (/.  1753-1796),  poor  law  reformer  ; 
rector  of  Broad  Olyst,  1763 ;  published  a  pamphlet,  'A 
Plan  for  rendering  the  Poor  independent  of  Public  Con- 
tributions,' 1V86.  [i.  60] 

ACLAND,  JOHN  DYKE  (<f.  1778),  soldier  and  politi- 
cian :  M.P.  for  Callington,  Cornwall,  1774  ;  opposed  go- 
vernment's  measures  for  peace ;  served,  as  major,  on 
General  Burgoyne's  expedition  to  America,  1776,  accom- 
panied by  wife.  Lady  Christian  Henrietta  Acland  [q.  v.]  ; 
died  from  effects  of  exposure  in  a  duel.  [i.  61]  \ 

ACLAND,  SIR  THOMAS  DYKE  (1787-1871),  noli" 
tician  and  philanthropist ;   educated  at  Harrow ;  B  A 
ChrUt  Church,  Oxford,  1808 ;  M.A.,  1814  ;  hon.  D.C.L*' 
1881  ;  M.P.  for  county  of  Devon,  1812-18,  1820-30  and 
North  Devon,   1837-57;  much  interested  in  religious 

[i.  62] 


•   —  ••••!  -VOTMM    BJUU,  - 

and  dr»t  BAROX  WORUXOHAM  in 
?ri|oai  (»"•-»"»),  gomnor-in- 
;  booormry  MJU  Ohrtat  Oburch.  Oxfonl 
' 


parlia- 

— - —  1802  and  1806  • 
:  icpmenUUve  peer  for  Ire- 
and  auto  ntulorum  of  Ar- 
and  captain  of 
con* 
-    Bri- 

, ,    1836-8  ; 

adopted  policy  of  con- 
Look  Joaeph  Papinenu 
by  the  leirixia 


ACLAND,  SIR  THOMAS  DYKE  (1809-1898)  poli- 
tician ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Dyke  Acland(1787-1871)  [q.v  1  • 
M.A.,  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1835  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls'* 
1831-9;  M.P.  for  West  Somerset,  1837-41;  took  leading 
part  in  establishing  Oxford  local  examinations,  1857-8  • 
D.O.I*,  Oxford,  1858  ;  M.P.  for  North  Devonshire,  1865-85* 
and  for  West  Somerset,  1885-6  ;  eleventh  baronet.  1871 : 
privy  councillor,  1883  ;  published  speeches  and  pamphlets' 
mainly  on  agriculture  and  education.  [SnppL  i.  12]  ' 
ACLAND,  SIR  WROTH  PALMER  (1770-1816) 
soldier ;  ensign  17th  regiment,  1787  ;  after  successive  pro- 
motions was  colonel  1803,  and  brigadier-general  under 
Sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  afterwards  Duke  of  Wellington 
MM;  lieutenant-general  and  K.C.B.,  1814;  died  of 
fcver- 


art  pub 
«aneeoer(r,  and 
in  London  as 


ACONTniS,  JACOBUS  (1500P-1566?),  philosopher 
i  Ju JjJJ81  JJ55^  k0™  *n  the  Tyrol ;    came    to  England 

•De  Methodo,'  at  Bale ;  discovered  many  new  mechanical 
contrivances  and  received  a  pension  of  601.  from  Eliza- 
Jeth ,  attached  himself  to  nonconformist  Dutch  church 
in  Austin  Friars,  and  took  active  part  in  controversies 
with  conformists;  undertook  with  some  success  to  re- 
claim land  inundated  by  the  Thames,  1562-66  •  enjoyed 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester ;  published'  'Strata 
»  Satanie '  (1565),  and  other  works,  principally  theo- 

[i.  63] 


went      i    """"*    (1797-1843),    Unitarian   divine* 

asSssfe^ 


B.^S'o'rat'ynf?1^  FBA??IS  "DWARFS, 

PeMlnan" IvlSi'i,^; 0,™'"'^  °'  NaPles  u"*r 

•luring  * ]Z  v        i        forces.  and  minister  of 
the  French  wars  was  alternatively  in 


ACTON 


ADAM 


;  took  refuge  in 
Sicily'on  entry  of  French  into  Naples,  1806;  died  at 
Palermo.  [i.  67] 

ACTON,  RALPH  (14th  cent.),  theologian  ;  probably 
graduated  in  philosophy  and  theology  at  Oxford  ;  wrote 
several  scripture  commentaries.  [i.  68] 

ACWORTH,  GEOKGE  (d.  1578?),  divine;  M.A., 
Cambridge,  1555  ;  public  orator  of  Cambridge  University, 
1559  ;  advocate,  1562  ;  LL.D.,  1503  ;  chancellor  and  vicar- 
general  to  bishop  of  Winchester;  judge  of  prerogative 
court,  Ireland,  1577  ;  received  patent  to  exercise  ecclesias- 
tical jurisdiction  in  Ireland,  1578.  [i.  69] 

ADAIR,  JAMES  (ft.  1775),  historian  of  the  American 
Indians  ;  traded  among  Indians  of  Georgia  and  the  Caro- 
lina*, 1735-75;  published  1775,  'History  of  American 
Indians,1  arguing  that  the  Indians  are  descended  from  the 
lost  ten  tribes.  [Suppl.  i.  13] 

AD  AIR,  JAMES  (d.  1798),  serjeant-at-law;  M.A., 
Peter  house,  Cambridge,  1767  ;  assisted  Wilkes  in  liis 
quarrel  with  Home  Tooke,  1770;  counsel  in  trial  of 
printers  of  '  Junius's  Letters,'  1771 ;  recorder  of  London, 
1779-89 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Cockermouth  and,  subsequently, 
Higham  Ferrars,  1780  till  death ;  reputed  author  of  some 
constitutional  works.  [i.  69] 

ADAIR,  JAMES  MAKTTTRICK  (1728-1802),  origi- 
nally JAMKS  MAKITTRICK  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1766  ;  prac- 
tised as  physician  in  Antigua,  and  afterwards  in  Andover, 
Guildford,  and  Bath ;  published  medical  writings. 

[i.  70] 

ADAIR,  JOHN  (d.  1722),  surveyor  and  map-maker ; 
F.R.S.,  1688 ;  commissioned  by  the  privy  council  to  sur- 
vey the  Scottish  shires,  1683,  and  acts  of  tonnage  to  raise 
the  funds  for  his  work  were  passed  1686, 1695,  and  1705  ; 
published  charts  of  the  Scottish  coasts,  1703,  but  the 
work  was  not  completed  ;  left,  in  print  or  manuscript, 
many  maps  and  charts  of  Scotland.  [i.  70] 

ADAIR  PATRICK  ( 1625  ?-1694),  presbyteriau  mini- 
ster ;  studied  divinity  at  Glasgow,  1644 ;  ordained  at 
Cairucastle,  co.  Antrim,  1B46 ;  protested  with  ministers  of 
Antrim  and  Down  against  execution  of  Charles  I,  1649 ; 
forced  to  hide  from  parliamentary  generals,  but  subse- 
quently took  an  active  part  in  presbyterian  church 
matters  in  Ireland  ;  headed  a  deputation  to  congratulate 
William  III,  1689,  and  was  appointed  a  trustee  for  dis- 
tributing the  regium  donum  ;  published  work  on  history 
of  presbyterianism  in  Ireland.  [i.  72] 

ADAIR,  SIR  ROBERT  (1763-1855),  diplomatist; 
close  friend  of  Charles  James  Fox ;  after  1788,  travelled 
to  study  effects  of  French  Revolution ;  M.P.  for  Appleby 
and  Cainelford ;  employed  by  Fox  on  diplomatic  business 
in  Vienna,  1806,  and  subsequently  iu  Constantinople  and 
the  Low  Countries  ;  K.O.B.,  1809.  [i.  73] 

ADALBERT  LEVITA  or  DIACONUS  (/.  700),  English 
saint ;  said  to  have  been  the  first  archdeacon  of  Utrecht, 
and  to  have  preached  the  gospel  in  Western  Germany 
and  in  Kennemaria,  702,  where  he  built  a  church  at 
Egrnont,  in  North  Holland.  [i.  73] 

ADALBERT  OF  SPALDING  (ft.  1160?),  said  to  have 
been  a  Cluniac  monk  of  the  abbey  of  Spalding,  Lincoln- 
shire, [i.  74] 

ADAM  ANOLICUS,  possibly  identical  with  Adam 
Angligeua  [q.  v.],  or  with  Adam  Goddam  [q.  v.] ; 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  sentences  of  Peter  Lom- 
bard, [i.  75] 

ADAM  ANGLIGENA  (d.  1181  ?),  theologian ;  possibly 
identical  with  Adam,  bishop  of  St,  Asaph,  1175,  or  with 
Adam  de  Parvo-Poute,  canon  of  Paris,  1147  ;  distin- 
guished teacher  in  Paris,  c.  1150.  [i.  75] 

ADAM  OF  BARKIXO  (ft.  1217?),  Benedictine  monk 
of  Sherborue  Abbey,  Dorset;  wrote  scriptural  trea- 
tises, [i.  76] 

ADAM  OF  BUCKFIELD  (ft.  1300?),  commentator  on 
Aristotle ;  possibly  a  Franciscan.  [i.  77] 

ADAM  OF  CAITHXKSS  (d.  1222),  Scottish  bishop; 
prior  and,  1207,  abbot  of  the  Cistercians  at  Melrose ; 
bishop  of  Caithness,  1213  ;  murdered,  1222.  [i.  77] 

ADAM  TUK  CARTHUSIAN  {ft.  1340),  doctor  of  theo- 
logy, [i.  77] 


ADAM  OF  DOMERHAM  (d.  after  1291),  monk  of  Glas- 
tonbury  ;  cellarer  and  afterwards  sacristan  to  the  abbey  • 
i  wrote  a  history  of  the  abbey.  [i.  77] 

ADAM  OF  EVESHAM  (</.  1191),  prior  of  Bermondsey. 
1157;  abbot  of  Evesham,  1 16 1.  [i.  78] 

ADAM  GODDAMDS  (d.  1358).    [See  GODDAM.] 

ADAM  DB  MARISCO  (d.  1257?),  Franciscan  of  Worces- 
ter ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  adviser  and  friend  of  Robert 
Grosseteste  and  Simon  de  Montfort.  [i.  79] 

ADAM  MURIMUTHENSIS  (1275  ?-1347).     [See  Muui- 

MUTH.] 

ADAM  OF  ORLTON  (d.  1345),  bishop  of  Hereford  1317 
of  Worcester  1327,  and  of  Winchester  1333 ;  employed  on 
several  embassies  by  Edward  II ;  took  active  part  in  the 
various  risings  against  the  king,  1321-2 ;  charged  before 
parliament  with  treason  and  deprived  of  lands  and 
revenues,  1322 ;  joined  Queen  Isabella's  party  on  her 
landing,  1326  ;  largely  responsible  for  the  king's  resigna- 
tion, 1327 ;  made  treasurer  and  restored  to  possessions 
under  Edward  III ;  entrusted  frequently  with  diplomatic 
commissions.  [i.  79] 

ADAM  SCOTUS  or  ANGLICUS  (/.  1180),  theological 
writer ;  Pnemonstratensian  canon ;  perhaps  abbot  and 
bishop  of  Casa  Candida  (Whithorn),  Galloway  ;  renowned 
throughout  Europe  for  his  sermons  and  treatises,  which 
were  first  published  at  Paris,  1518.  [L  81] 

ADAMDE  STRATTOX  (ft.  1265-1290).  [See  STRATTOX.] 

ADAM  OF  USK  (/.  1400),  lawyer,  and  writer  of  a 
Latin  chronicle  of  English  history,  1377-1404  ;  educated 
at  Oxford  and  entered  the  church ;  pleaded  in  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury's  court,  1390-7;  joined  Henry  IV's 
party  in  the  revolution,  1399;  banished  to  Rome  for 
criticism  of  Henry  IV's  government,  1402.  [i.  83] 

ADAM,  ALEXANDER  (1741-1809),  writer  on  Roman 
antiquities;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  LL.D.,1780;  head- 
master of  Watson's  Hospital,  1759;  rector  of  Edinburgh 
High  School,  1768  ;  published  educational  works,  [i.  84] 

ADAM,  Sin  CHARLES  (1780-1853),  admiral ;  brother 
of  Sir  Frederick  Adam  [q.  v.];  captain,  1799;  served  in 
French  and  Spanish  wars,  1801-13;  captain  of  the  royal 
yacht ;  K.C.B.  1835 ;  M.P.  for  Clackmannan  and  Kin- 
ross, 1833-41 ;  governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1847 ; 
admiral,  1848.  [i.  85] 

ADAM,  SIR FREDERICK(1781-1853),soldier,brother 
of  Sir  Charles  Adam  [q.  v.] ;  ensign  1795,  and  after 
rapid  promotion  purchased  command  of  21st  regiment, 
1805  ;  served  in  Sicily  till  1813,  when  he  went  as  colonel  to 
rSpain  ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  Castalla  campaign ; 
major-general,  1814 ;  at  Waterloo  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  G.C.B., 
1840  ;  general,  1846.  [i.  85] 

ADAM,  JAMES  (d.  1794),  for  some  years  architect  to 
George  III ;  associated  with  his  brother  Robert  Adam 
[q.v.]  [i.86] 

ADAM,  JEAN  (1710-1765),  Scottish  poetess ;  published 
poems  by  subscription,  1734,  and  soon  afterwards  opened 
girls'  school  at  Crawford  Bridge ;  met  with  pecuniary 
troubles  and  died  in  Glasgow  poorhouse ;  said,  with  small 
foundation,  to  have  written  the  song  'There's  nae  luck 
aboot  the  house.'  [L  86] 

ADAM,  JOHN  (1779-1825),  Anglo-Indian  statesman  ; 
son  of  William  Adam  (1751-1839)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  and  Edinburgh  University  ;  private  and 
political  secretary  to  Marquis  of  Hastings  in  India  ; 
acting  governor-general  of  India  for  seven  months, 
1823.  [i.  87] 

ADAM,  ROBERT  (1728-1792),  architect;  brother  of 
John,  James,  and  William  Adam ;  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University  ;  visited  Italy  and  studied  architecture,  1754  ; 
F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  architect  to  King  George  III,  1762-8 ; 
M.P.  for  Kinross-shire  ;  with  his  brothers  built  the  Adelphi, 
London,  1769-71 ;  with  his  brother  James  designed  a 
number  of  important  mansions  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  and  much  improved  street  architecture  of 
London ;  published  works  on  architecture ;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [i.  88] 

ADAM,  THOMAS  (1701-1784),  divine;  BJL,  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford ;  held  living  of  Wintringham,  Lincolnshire, 


ADAM 


ADAMS 


1724  till  death  ;  wrote  several  religious  works,  including 
'  Private  Thoughts  on  Religion,'  published  posthumously. 

[i.  89] 

ADAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1748),  architect ;  assisted  his 
brother  Robert  Adam  [q.  v.]  in  building  the  Adelphi, 
London,  1769-1771.  [i.  89] 

ADAM,  WILLIAM  (1751-1839),  politician  ;  called  to 
Scottish  bar,  1773  ;  M.P.  for  GatU.ii,  Surrey  ;  supporter 
of  Lord  North,  1774,  and  successively  M.P.  for  five  Scottish 
constituencies;  wounded  Fox  in  a  duel,  after  quarrel 
over  a  speech  by  Fox  in  the  house,  but  later  became  his 
firm  ally ;  treasurer  of  ordnance,  1780;  called  to  English 
bar,  1782  ;  took  a  leading  part  in  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings,  1788  ;  K.O.,  1796  ;  attorney-general  to  Prince  of 
Wales ;  privy  councillor,  1815  ;  lord  chief  commissioner 
of  Scottish  jury  court,  1816 ;  intimate  friend  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott.  [i.  90] 

ADAM,  WILLIAM  PATRICK  (1823-1881),  liberal 
whip,  1874-80  ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  called  to  bar,  1849  ;  secretary  to  Lord  Elphin- 
stone  in  India,  1853-8  ;  M.P.  for  Clackmannan  and  Kin- 
ross, 1859-80 ;  during  different  periods  lord  of  the  treasury 
and  commissioner  of  public  works;  privy  councillor, 
1873  ;  governor  of  Madras,  1880.  [i.  91] 

ADAMNAN  or  ADOMNAN  (6257-704),  abbot  of 
lona,  679  ;  advocated  adoption  of  regulations  of  Romish 
church ;  stated  to  have  taken  part  in  synods  and  conven- 
tions in  Ireland.  The  biography  of  Columba  is  generally 
ascribed  to  him.  [i.  92] 

ADAMS,  ANDREW  LEITH  (d.  1882),  zoologist,  son 
of  Francis  Adams  [q.  v.]  ;  army  surgeon,  1848-73  ;  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  at  Dublin,  1873-8,  and  of  natural  history 
at  Cork,  1878-82.  Published  zoological  writings  and 
accounts  of  travels  in  India.  [i.  94] 

ADAMS,  CLEMENT  (1519  7-1587),  schoolmaster  and 
author ;  M.A.,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1544 ;  school- 
master to  the  royal  henchmen  at  Greenwich  from  1552  ; 
wrote  in  Latin  an  account  of  Hugh  Willonghby  and 
Richard  Chancellor's  voyage  to  Russia  of  1553  (printed 
with  an  English  translation  in  Hakluyt's  •  Collections,' 
1589);  engraved  before  1584  the  '  mappe-monde '  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  but  no  copy  of  Adams's  engraving  is 
now  known.  [i.  94] 

ADAMS,  FRANCIS  (1796-1861),  physician  and  classi- 
cal scholar ;  M.A.,  Aberdeen  ;  M.C.S.,  London,  1815  ; 
practised  medicine  at  Banchory  Ternan  ;  expert  in  Greek 
philology ;  hon.  M.D.,  Aberdeen,  1856  ;  translated  and  i 
edited  the  Greek  medical  writers  Paulus  ^Egiueta, 
1844-7.  Hippocrates,  1849,  and  Aretams,  1856.  [i.  95] 

ADAMS,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  LAUDERDALE  (1862- 
1893),  author  ;  son  of  Andrew  Leith  Adams  [q.v.]  ;  went  I 
to  Australia  and  worked  on  staff  of  '  Sydney  Bulletin  ' ; 
died  by  his  own  hand  at  Alexandria  ;  chief  works  •  Lei- 
cester,' an  autobiographical  novel,  1884,  and  '  Tiberius,'  a  i 
powerful  drama,  1894.  [Suppl.  i.  14] 

ADAMS,   GEORGE  (16987-17687),  poet  and  trans-  I 
lator  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  took  holy  I 
orders ;   translated  into  English  prose  the  tragedies  of 
Sophocles,    1729;  wrote  'Life  of   Socrates,'    1746,   and 
theological  works.  [i.  96] 

ADAMS,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (d.  1773),  mathematical 
instrument  maker  to  George  III ;  obtained  wide  reputa- 
tion as  maker  of  celestial  and  terrestrial  globes,  [i.  97] 

ADAMS,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1750-1795),  mathe- 
matical instrument  maker  to  George  III,  son  of  George 
Adams  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  published  scientific  essays. 

[i.  97] 

ADAMS,  JAMES  (1737-1802),  philologist ;  professor 
of  languages  at  Jesuit  College  of  St.  Omer  ;  settled  after 
French  revolution  in  Edinburgh ;  published  *  Pronuncia- 
tion of  the  English  Language,'  1799.  [L  97] 

ADAMS,  JOHN  (fl.  1680),  topographer ;  barrister  of 
Inner  Temple ;  published  a  map  of  England,  1677 (revised  ! 
1693),  and  an  index  to  English  towns.  [i.  97] 

ADAMS,  JOHN  (1662-1720),  provost  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1712 ;  graduated  M.A.  1686  ;  chaplain  to 
William  III  and  Anne.  [i.  98] 


ADAMS,  JOHN  (17507-1814),  compiler  of  books  for 
young  readers  ;  graduated  at  Aberdeen,  and  subsequently 
opened  a  school  at  Putney.  [i.  98] 


ADAMS,  JOHN,  alias  ALEXANDER  SMITH  (1760?- 
1829),  seaman  ;  took  part  in  mutiny  and,  1789,  seizure 
of  H.M.S.  Bounty,  in  which  he  subsequently  sailed  to 
Pitcairn's  Island,  where  he  founded  and  successfully 
governed  an  Buglish-speaking  settlement  [i.  98] 

ADAMS,  JOHN  COUCH  (1819-1892),  discoverer  of 
planet '  Neptune ' ;  sizar,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1839  ;  senior  wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  1843  ; 
fellow  (till  1852)  and  tutor  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College, 
1853  till  death  ;  made  observations  determining  particulars 
of  'Neptune,'  1841-5,  and  deposited  results  at  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  1845,  but  the  publication  of  his 
discovery  was  anticipated  by  Leverrier,  July,  1846 ;  re- 
fused knighthood  1847,  and  Adams  prize  was  founded  at 
Cambridge ;  F.R.S.,  1849  ;  Copley  medallist,  1848 ;  professor 
of  mathematics,  St.  Andrews,  1858-9  :  Lowndean  professor 
of  astronomy  and  geometry,  Cambridge,  1858  ;  director  of 
Cambridge  observatory,  1861 ;  president  of  Royal  Astrono- 
mical Society,  1861-3,  and  1874-6,  and  received  gold  medal, 
1866,  for  researches  in  connection  with  theory  of  secu- 
iar  acceleration  of  the  moon's  mean  motion.  His  '  Scien- 
{.ific  Papers '  were  published  1896-1901.  [Suppl.  i.  15] 

ADAMS,  JOSEPH  (1756-1818),  originally  an  apothe- 
cary ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1796  ;  practised  in  Madeira  ;  phy- 
sician to  Small-pox  Hospital,  1805;  published  medical 
treatises.  [i.  99] 

ADAMS,  RICHARD  (1619-1661),  collector  of  verse  ; 
fellow-commoner  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1635  ; 
left  a  small  manuscript  volume  of  poems,  of  some  of 
which  he  was  probably  author.  [i.  100] 

ADAMS,  RICHARD  (1626  7-1698),  ejected  minister  ; 
graduated  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford ;  rector  of  St.  Mil- 
dred's, Bread  Street,  1655 ;  retired  as  nonconformist, 
1662.  [i.  100] 

ADAMS,  ROBERT  (d.  1595),  architect ;  author  of  a 
plan  of  Middleburgh,  1588,  and  other  drawings,  [i.100] 

ADAMS,  ROBERT  (1791-1875),  surgeon  ;  M.D.  Dub- 
lin, 1842 ;  F.R.C.S.,  Ireland,  1818,  and  was  three  times 
president ;  practised  in  Dublin  and  lectured  on  surgery 
at  the  hospitals  ;  surgeon  to  the  queen  in  Ireland,  1861. 

[i.100] 

ADAMS,  SARAH  FLOWER  (1805-1848),  poetess; 
wife  of  William  Bridges  Adams  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to 
'Monthly  Repository';  her  principal  work,  'Yivia 
Perpetua,'  a  dramatic  poem,  1841 ;  wrote  several  hymns, 
including '  Nearer  to  Thee.'  [i.  101] 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  (d.  1620?),  printer;  freeman  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1590 ;  liveryman,  1598 ;  warden, 
1614.  His  books  were  of  all  classes,  including  music. 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  (/.  1612-1653),  divine;  'the 
prose  Shakespeare  of  puritan  theologians ' ;  preacher  at 
Wellington,  Bedfordshire,  1612 ;  vicar  of  Wingrave,  Bucks, 
1614-36  ;  held  preachership  of  St.  Gregory's  under  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1618-23  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Mon- 
tague, lord  chief  justice ;  published  sermons  and  theo- 
logical treatises.  [i.  102] 

ADAMS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1586-1668),  lord  mayor  of 
London,  1645  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  draper ;  alderman, 
sheriff,  and  master  of  Drapers'  Company,  1639 ;  im- 
prisoned in  Tower  for  loyalty;  created  baronet  after 
Restoration  ;  founded  Arabic  lecture  at  Cambridge. 

[i.  102] 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  (1633  7-1670),  divine ;  B.A.  and 
fellow,  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1652 ;  M.A.  and  lec- 
turer-dean, 1655  ;  ejected  from  fellowship  for  noncon- 
formity, 1662  ;  wrote  religious  works.  [i.  103] 

ADAMS,  THOMAS  (1730  7-1764),  soldier ;  volunteered 
for  service  in  Netherlands  under  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
1747;  ensign,  37th  foot,  1747;  captain,  1756;  major, 
84th  foot ;  as  commander  of  crown  and  E.I.C.  forces  in 
Bengal  conducted  glorious  campaign,  including  battles 
of  Gheriah  and  Audwanala,  1762-3 ;  brigadier-general, 
1764.  [i.  103] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1620),  navigator;  appren- 
ticed as  sailor  at  age  of  twelve ;  served  Company  of 
Barbary  Merchants ;  joined  as  pilot-major  fleet  of  five 
ships  from  Rotterdam  bound  for  India ;  in  spite  of  the 
ships  being  carried  through  the  straits  of  Magellan  and 
scattered,  ultimately  reached  Japan,  where,  after  some 
weeks'  imprisonment,  having  found  favour  with  lyeyasu, 


ADAMS 

the  ruler,  he  settled;  obtained  trading  privileges  for 
Dutch  merchants,  1611.  Later  three  English  ships  came 
to  open  trade  with  Japan  ;  a  settlement  was  founded,  of 
which  Adams  was  second  in  command,  1613.  He  subse- 
quently engaged  in  trading  voyages  to  Loochoo  Islands, 
Siam,  and  Cochin  China,  1613-18.  lyeyasu  died  in  1616. 
and  English  and  Dutch  privileges  being  curtailed,  the 
English  venture  failed,  and  war  broke  out  between 
English  and  Dutch.  Adams  was  buried  on  the  hill  over- 
looking harbour  of  Yokosuka,  1620.  [i.  104] 

ADAMS,  \VILLIAM  (1706-1789),  divine;  master  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  from  1775  ;  lifelong  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  whose  acquaintance  he  made  when  both 
were  undergraduates  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1756.  [i.  106] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  (/.  1790),  potter  ;  pupil  of  Josiah 
Wedgwood,  and  subsequently  in  business  at  Tunstall  as 
Adams  <fc  Co.  [i.  107] 

ADAMS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1783-1827).    [See  RAWSOX.] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  (1814-1848),  author  of  '  Sacred 
Allegories';  educated  at  Eton;  postmaster  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford;  fellow  and  tutor,  1837;  vicar  of  St. 
Peter's-iu-the-East,  1840  ;  published  ethical  work?. 

[i.  107] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  (1772-1851),  lawyer;  fellow  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  LL.D.  and  member  of  College 
of  Advocates,  1799  ;  prepared,  1814,  as  one  of  three  com- 
missioners, despatches  relating  to  maritime  law  in  negotia- 
tions for  treaty  with  U.S.A.  after  capture  of  Washington  ; 
one  of  three  plenipotentiaries  sent  to  conclude  convention 
of  commerce  with  U.S.A.,  1815.  [i.  108] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  BRIDGES  (1797-1872),  inven- 
tor of  'fish-  joint'  for  uniting  ends  of  rails,  1847  ;  made 
numerous  improvements  in  machinery;  wrote  scientific 
and  technical  works.  [i.  108] 

ADAMS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  DAVENPORT  (1828- 
1891),  miscellaneous  writer  ;  edited  provincial  newspaper 
in  Isle  of  Wight  ;  founded  '  Scottish  Guardian,'  1870,  and 
was  editor,  1870-8;  projected  and  edited  'Whitehall 
Library  of  Wit  and  Humour.'  His  works  include 
4  Memorable  Battles  in  English  History,'  1862,  and  a  Con- 
cordance to  Shakespeare's  plays,  1886.  [Suppl.  i.  17] 

ADAMSON,  HENRY  (d.  1639),  poetical  writer  ;  pub- 
lished 'The  Muses  Threnodie,'  1638.  [i.  109] 

ADAMSON,  JOHN  (d.  1653),  principal  of  Edinburgh 
University,  1625  till  death  ;  professor  of  philosophy  at  St. 
Andrews;  professor  at  Edinburgh,  1589-1604;  vicar  of 
North  Berwick,  and,  later,  of  Libbertou  ;  published  several 
theses  and  poems,  and  edited  '  Muses  Welcome  '  and  pro- 
bably the  poems  of  Andrew  Melville,  his  friend,  [i.  109] 

ADAMSON,  JOHN  (1787-1855),  antiquary  and  Portu- 
guese scholar  ;  in  counting-house  of  his  brother,  a  Lisbon 
merchant,  1803  ;  left  England  and  studied  Portuguese  at 
Lisbon,  1807  ;  articled  as  solicitor  in  Newcastle  ;  uuder- 
cberiff  of  Newcastle,  1811  ;  a  founder  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society  of  Newcastle,  1813;  P.S.A.;  published  translations 
from  Portuguese  and  original  works  in  verse  and  prose, 
including  '  Memoirs  of  Camoens,'  1820,  and  edited  several 
books  for  the  Typographical  Society  of  Newcastle. 

[i.  110] 

ADAMSON,  PATRICK  (1537-1592),  Scottish  prelate; 
MA.  St.  Andrews,  1558  ;  minister  of  Ceres  in  Fife,  1563  ; 
travelled  in  France,  1566  ;  presented  to  living  at  Paisley, 
c.  1572  ;  one  of  deputies  chosen  by  general  assembly  to 
discuss  jurisdiction  of  kirk,  1575  ;  chaplain  to  regent  ; 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1576  ;  repeatedly  charged 
with  offences  against  the  church,  1577-9;  escaped  to 
St.  Andrews  Castle,  where  he  fell  dangerously  ill  ;  cured 
by  a  '  wise  woman,'  who  was  ultimately  burned  for  witch- 
craft ;  James  VI's  ambassador  to  Elizabeth,  1583  ;  earned 
unpopularity  by  his  strong  parliamentary  measures 
against  presbyterians  ;  charged  with  heresy  and  other 
offences  and  excommunicated  by  synod,  1686  ;  his  sen- 
tence remitted  as  illegal  ;  again  assailed  by  the  assembly 
and  excommunicated,  1688  :  said  to  have  signed  a  '  Re- 
cantation' of  the  episcopal  system  which  is  probably 
spurious,  1590  ;  wrote  religious  works  in  verse  and 
prose. 


ADAMSON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1680),  master-gunner; 
published  •  England's  Defence,  a  Treatise  concerning  In- 
vasion,' 1680.  [i.  116] 


ADDISON 

ADDA  (d.  565),  king  of  Bernicia ;  succeeded  his 
father  Ida,  559  ;  reigned  about  eight  years.  [i.  115] 

ADDENBROOKE,  JOHN  (1680-1719),  founder  of 
hospital  at  Cambridge ;  educated  at  Catharine  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.D.,  1712;  published  an  'Essay  on  Freethink- 
ing,'  1714.  [i.  115] 

ADDINGTON,  first  BARON  (1806-1889).  [See  HUB- 
BAUD,  JOHN  GrKI-MHHAXD.] 

ADDINGTON,  ANTHONY  (1713-1790),  physician; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
B.A.,  1739  ;  M.A.,  1740  ;  M.B.,  1741 ;  M.D.,  1744  ;  practised 
at  Reading;  F.O.P.,  1756;  censor,  1757;  practised  in 
London ;  attended  Lord  Chatham  in  his  severe  illness, 
1767,  and  Prince  of  Wales,  1788.  [i.  116] 

ADDINGTON,  HENRY,  first  VISCOUNT  SIDMOUTH 
(1757-1844),  son  of  Anthony  Addington  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Winchester ;  admitted  to  Lincoln's  Inn,  1771 ;  com- 
moner of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1774 ;  B.A.,  1778  ; 
won  chancellor's  gold  medal  for  English  essay,  1779  ;  in- 
timate with  William  Pitt  from  childhood;  M.P.  for 
Devizes,  1783 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1789- 
1801 ;  much  occupied  with  the  proceedings  against  Warren 
Hastings,  1795  ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor 
of  exchequer,  1801  ;  quarrelled  with  Pitt,  1803 ;  his  actions 
severely  satirised  by  Canning;  resigned,  1804;  created 
Viscount  Sidmouth  and  entered  cabinet  as  president  of 
council,  1805,  but  left  it  after  a  few  months ;  president  of 
council  in  Perceval's  ministry,  and  later  home  secretary, 
1812 ;  dealt  severely  with  the  Luddites  in  the  north  ; 
sought  to  check  liberty  of  press  in  hope  of  quieting  dis- 
orders among  labouring  classes,  1817  ;  Manchester  mas- 
sacre, 1819,  partly  due  to  his  coercive  measures  ;  retired 
from  office,  1821,  and  from  cabinet,  1824 ;  voted  against 
the  Reform  Bill,  1832.  [i.  117] 

ADDINGTON,  HENRY  UN  WIN  (1790-1870),  permr 
neiit  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1842-54.  [i.  121]  * 

ADDINGTON,  STEPHEN  (1729-1796),  independent 
minister  at  Spaldwick,  Huntingdonshire;  published 
educational  works  ;  D.D.  [i.  121] 

•ADDISON,  CHARLES  GREENSTREET  (d.  1866), 
legal  writer ;  barrister,  1842 ;  published  legal  and  historical 
works.  [i.  121] 

ADDISON,  JOHN  (/.  1538),  divine:  D.D.  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  deprived  of  his  spiritual 
promotions  for  concealment  of  revelations  of  Elizabeth 
Barton  [q.  v.]  [i.  121] 

ADDISON,  JOHN  (1766  ?-1844),  composer  and  per- 
former on  double- bass  ;  composed  and  performed  in 
operas  given  at  Covent  Garden  and  Lyceum.  [i.  122] 

ADDISON,  JOSEPH  (1672-1719),  essayist,  poet,  and 
statesman,  sou  of  Lancelot  Addisou  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Charterhouse  with  Steele,  and  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  obtained  demyship  at  Magdalen,  1689  ;  MA., 
1693  ;  probationer-fellow,  1697  ;  fellow,  1698-1711 ;  dis- 
tinguished as  a  classical  scholar ;  his  Latin  poems 
favourably  noticed  by  Dryden,  1693  ;  granted  pension 
300J.  a  year  to  qualify  him  for  diplomatic  service  by 
foreign  travel,  1697;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1699- 
1703  ;  member  of  Kitcat  Club :  wrote  on  commission  '  The 
Campaign,'  a  poem  in  honour  of  Blenheim,  1704  ;  under- 
secretary of  state,  1706  ;  secretary  to  Wharton,  when  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1709  ;  formed  close  friendship  with 
Swift,  Steele,  and  other  well-known  writers ;  M.P.  for  Lost- 
withiel,  1708,  and  for  Malmesbury,  1709  till  death ;  de- 
fended whigs  in  the  'Whig  Examiner'  periodical,  1710; 
lost  office  on  fall  of  whigs,  1711 ;  contributed  to  Steele's 
'Tatler,' 1709-11,  and  produced  with  Steele  'Spectator,' 
1711-12;  his  'Cato'  acted  with  great  success  at  Drury 
Lane,  1713;  contributed  to  'Guardian,'  edited  by  Steele, 
1713,  and  to  a  revived '  Spectator,'  1714 ;  produced  un- 
successfully 'The  Drummer,'  a  prose  comedy,  1716; 
regained  his  old  secretaryship  and  produced  the  'Free- 
holder,' 1715-16;  one  of  lords  commissioners  of  trade; 
married  Countess  of  Warwick,  1716  ;  retired  from  office 
with  pension  of  1,5UO/.  a  year,  1718  ;  several  papers  in  the 
'  Old  Whig '  by  Addison,  and  in  '  The  Plebeian '  by  Steele, 
1719,  deal  with  a  quarrel  between  the  two.  [i.  122] 

ADDISON,  LANCELOT  (1632-1703),  divine;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1656  ;  M.A.,  1667  ;  in  capacity  of 
Terra:  films  delivered  an  attack  on  puritanism,  and,  being 


ADDISON 


compelled  to  retract,  left  Oxford,  1657  ;  chaplain  of  Dun- 
Bton,  1660,  and  of  Tangier,  1662  ;  received  the  living  of  Mil- 
kirk,  Wiltshire,  1671 ;  B.D.  and  D.D.,  Oxford,  1675  ;  dean 
of  Lichfield,  1683 ;  wrote  theological  and  devotioiml  works, 

[i.  131] 

ADDISON,  LAURA  (d.  1852),  actress ;  first  appeared 
1843,  at  Worcester ;  played  Desdcmona  to  Macready's 
Othello  c.  1843,  and  Juliet,  Portia,  Isabella,  Imogen, 
Miranda,  and  Lady  Macbeth  under  Phelps  at  Sadler's 
Wells,  1846  seq. ;  with  Kean  at  Haymarket,  1849. 

[i.  133] 

ADDISON.  THOMAS  (1793-1860),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1815;  surgeon  at  Lock  Hospital;  assistant 
physician  at  Guy's  Hospital,  1824 ;  physician,  1837  ;  dis- 
covered 'Addison's  disease';  wrote  medical  works  of 
some  importance,  [i.  133] 

ADDY,  WILLIAM  (/.  1685),  author  of  a  system  of 
shorthand,  in  which  the  bible  was  printed,  1687.  [i.  134] 

ADEL-    [See  ETHEL-] 

ADELA  (1062?-!  137),  mother  of  Stephen,  king  of 
England  ;  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror  and  Matilda 
of  Flanders ;  married,  1080,  Stephen,  earl  of  Meaux  and 
Brie,  who  succeeded  to  Blois  and  Chartres,  1090 ;  ruled 
with  great  thoroughness  during  her  husband's  absence  on 
the  first  crusade,  1095-9 ;  regent  on  her  husband's  death, 
1101,  till  majority  of  her  eldest  son  Theobald,  1109  ;  took 
the  veil;  effected  an  alliance  between  Theobald  and 
Henry  I  of  England,  1118.  [i.  134] 

ADELAIDE,  QUEEN  OF  WILLIAM  IV  (1792-1849),  eldest 
daughter  of  George,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  Meiningen ; 
married  William,  duke  of  Clarence,  1818  ;  resided  princi- 
pally at  Bushey  Park  until  accession  of  William,  1830  ; 
unpopular  owing  to  her  supposed  interference  with 
politics  during  the  reform  agitation.  [i.  136] 

ADELARD  OP  BATH,  or  ^ETHELHARD  (12th  cent.), 
philosophical  writer  ;  seems  to  have  travelled  largely  in 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa ;  wrote  a  work  on  Arabic 
science,  which  was  published  after  1472,  and  one  on 
•  Identity  and  Difference.'  [L  137] 

ADELIZA  (d.  1066  ?),  daughter  of  William  I ;  possibly 
betrothed  to  Harold,  1062.  [L  137] 

ADELIZA  OP  LOUVAIN  (d.  1151),  second  queen  of 
Henry  I,  daughter  of  Godfrey  of  Louvain,  descendant  of 
Charles  the  Great ;  married  Henry  I,  1121 ;  patronised 
literature  ;  on  Henry's  death  retired  probably  to  Arundel 
Castle ;  afterwards  married  William  de  Albini.  [i.  137] 

ADKINS,  ROBERT  (1626-1685),  ejected  minister; 
fellow  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  where  his  preaching 
attracted  much  attention  ;  chaplain  to  Cromwell ;  minister 
of  Theydon  (1653-7);  removed  successively  to  two 
churches  at  Exeter,  whence  he  was  ejected,  1660, 1662. 

ADLER,  NATHAN  MARCOS  (1803-1890),  chief  rabbi ; 
educated  in  Germany  ;  ordained,  1828 ;  Ph.D.,  Erlangen, 
1828 ;  chief  rabbi  of  Oldenburg,  1829,  of  Hanover,  1830, 
of  London,  1844  ;  took  chief  part  in  founding  Jews'  Col- 
lege, London,  1855  ;  made  proposal  which  resulted  in 
United  Synagogues  bill,  1870 ;  annotated  Onkelos'  para- 
phrase of  the  Pentateuch.  [Suppl.  i.  18] 

ADOLPH,  JOSEPH  ANTONY  (1729-1762),  painter ; 
in  England,  1745-55  ;  painted  portrait  of  George  III  when 
Prince  of  Wales.  [i.  139] 

ADOLPHTJS  FREDERICK,  DUKE  OF  CAMBRIDGE 
(1774-1850),  seventh  son  of  George  III;  K.G.,  1786; 
colonel  in  Hanoverian  army,  1793 ;  served  as  colonel  and 
major-general  in  campaign  of  1794-5  ;  lieutenant-general 
in  Hanoverian  service,  1 798,  and  in  British  army,  1803 ; 
created  Duke  of  Cambridge,  1801  :  privy  councillor,  1802 ; 
field  marshal,  1813 ;  viceroy  of  Hanover,  1816-37  ;  clian- 
cellor  of  St.  Andrews  University,  1811-14 ;  married  Prin- 
cess Augusta,  third  daughter  of  Frederick  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
1818.  [i.  139] 

ADOLPHTTS,  JOHN  (1768-1845),  barrister  and  his- 
torical writer;  admitted  attorney  1790;  published 
4  Biographical  Memoirs  of  the  French  Revolution,'  1799, 
and  '  History  of  England  from  1760-1783,'  1802  ;  called  to 
the  bar,  1807  ;  defended  Thistlewood  and  the  Cato  Street 
conspirators,  1820 ;  wrote  historical,  biographical,  and 
miscellaneous  works.  [i.  140] 


ADOLPHUS,  JOHN  LEYOESTER  (1795-1862),  bar- 
rister and  author  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  published  criticisms  on  '  Waver- 
ley  Novels,'  assigning  their  authorship  to  Scott,  1821; 
called  to  bar,  1822.  [i.  142] 

ADRAIN,  ROBERT  (1775-1843),  mathematician ; 
engaged  in  rebellion  in  Ireland,  1798,  and  fled  to  America; 
professor  of  mathematics  at  various  colleges,  including 
Columbia  College,  New  York ;  published  mathematical 
works.  [i.  142] 

ADRIAN  IV  (d.  1159),  pope;  whose  name  is  said  to 
have  been  NICHOLAS  BREAKSPEAR  ;  of  humble  origin ; 
studied  at  Aries,  and  after  serving  in  menial  offices 
was  admitted  to,  and  subsequently  became  abbot  of,  the 
order  of  St.  Rufus,  near  Valence;  cardinal  of  Albano, 
1146  ;  elected  pope  on  death  of  Anastasius  IV,  1154 ; 
his  pontificate  a  period  of  constant  struggles  with  the 
Emperor  Frederick,  who  set  forth  imperial  claims  over 
North  Italy,  and  in  a  lesser  degree  with  William,  the 
Norman  king  of  Sicily.  His  object  was  to  maintain  the 
claims  of  the  Roman  church  as  defined  by  Gregory  VII. 
He  granted  Ireland  to  Henry  II.  [i.  143] 

ADRIAN  DE  CASTELLO  (1460?-1521?),  statesman 
and  reviver  of  learning;  sent  by  pope  Innocent  VIII  as 
nuncio  to  Scotland,  1488;  collector  of  Peter's  pence  in 
England,  1489 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and 
rector  of  St.  Duustan-in-the-East,  1492  ;  English  ambas- 
sador at  Rome  and  clerk  to  the  papal  treasury,  1492 ; 
made,  in  liis  absence,  bishop  of  Hereford  1502,  and  of  Bath 
and  Wells  1504 ;  left  Rome  on  the  death  of  pope  Alex- 
ander VI,  1503 ;  returned  1511,  on  accession  of  Leo  X,  and 
though  implicated  in  the  attempt  to  murder  him,  was 
dealt  with  leniently ;  deprived  of  collectorship  and  of  the 
bishopric  of  Bath,  1518 ;  published  classical  and  philoso- 
phical works.  [i.  146] 

ADY,  JOSEPH  (1770-1852),  notorious  circular-letter 
impostor.  [i- 147] 

ADYE,  SIR  JOHN  MILLER  (1819-1900),  general; 
cadet  at  Woolwich,  1834 ;  second  lieutenant  royal  artillery, 
1836;  captain,  1852 ;  brigade  ma jor  of  artillery  in  Turkey, 
1854;  served  at  defence  of  Cawnpore,  1857  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1857;  deputy  adjutant-general  of  artillery  in 
India,  1863-6 ;  colonel,  1867 ;  K.O.B.  1873  ;  major-general, 
1875  ;  governor  of  military  academy,  Woolwich,  1875  ; 
chief  of  staff  under  Lord  Wolseley  in  Egypt,  1882 ;  G.O.B., 
1882 ;  governor  of  Gibraltar,  1882-6 ;  colonel  commandant, 
1881 ;  general,  1884 ;  opposed  rectification  of  Afghan  fron- 
tier ;  published  autobiographical  and  other  writings. 

[Suppl.  i.  18] 

ADYE,  STEPHEN  PA YNE  (d.  1794), soldier;  served 
as  brigade-major  of  artillery  in  North  America ;  published 
a  work  on  courts-martial.  [i.  148] 

JELFGAR,  EARL  (d.  1062  ?),  son  of  Leofrio  of  Mercia 
and  Godgifu  (Lady  Godiva)  ;  supported  King  Eadward  the 
Confessor  against  God  wine  at  Gloucester,  1051 ;  earl  of 
East-Anglia ;  outlawed  for  treason,  1055  ;  invaded  Here- 
fordshire, but  was  defeated  by  Harold  ;  made  peace  and 
was  restored  to  his  earldom ;  earl  of  Mercia,  1057  ;  out- 
lawed 1058 ;  regained  his  earldom  with  help  of  North- 
men ;  left  two  sons,  Eadwiue  and  Morkere.  [i.  148] 

2ELFGIFTT  [Lat.  ELOIVA]  (Jl.  956),  was  the  wife  of 
King  Eadwig,  from  whom  she  was  parted  by  Archbishop 
Oda  on  account  of  kinship.  She  and  her  mother  ^Ethel- 
giftt  from  their  hostility  to  Dunstan,  have  been  made  the 
victims  of  monastic  legend.  Later  legends  confound  her 
and  her  mother,  and  give  an  untrustworthy  account  of 
various  cruelties  perpetrated  on  her  by  Oda  and  the 
monks.  [i.  149] 

JEIFGIFTJ  (fl.  1030),  'of  Northampton,'  perhaps  the 
mistress  of  Olaf,  '  the  Saint,'  and  certainly  of  Cnut,  to 
whom  she  bore  Harold  and  Swend.  In  1030  Cnut  sent 
her  with  Swend  to  rule  over  Norway.  [i.  150] 

JELFHEAH,  known  as  ST.  AU-HEOK,  and  also  called 
GODWINE  (954-1012),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  monk 
at  Deerhurst ;  anchorite  at  Bath  ;  bishop  of  Winchester, 
984;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1006;  promoted  council 
of  Enham,  which  made  enactments  against  heathenism 
and  sale  of  slaves ;  incurred  hatred  of  Northmen  by  con- 
firming Olaf  Tryggwesson  in  his  Christianity,  and  obtain- 
ing from  him  promise,  994,  not  again  toinvadi-  Kii^liuul ; 
captured  in  invasion  of  Danes  loll,  and,  on  refusing  to 


AFFLECK 


ransom  himself,  was  put  to  death.  Cnut  translated  his 
body  to  Canterbury,  and  Auselm  in  1078  induced 
Lanfrauc  to  recognise  his  canonisation.  [i.  150] 

JELFHERE  (d.  983),  ealdorman  of    the   Mercians. 

[i.  162] 

ALFRED  (849-901),  king  of  the  West-Saxons,  the  sou 
of  Ethelwulf  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Wantage ;  sent  to  Home, 
where  Leo  IV  hallowed  him  to  king,  853,  returning  to 
England  in  856 ;  no  attempt  was  made  to  set  him  on  the 
throne  on  his  father's  death,  though  he  perhaps  bore  the 
title  of  secuudarius  during  his  brothers'  reigns ;  assisted 
his  brother,  Ethelred  I,  against  the  Danes,  and  fought  at 
JSscesdun,  Basing,  and  Mertou    (871);    succeeded  his 
brother,  defeated  the  Danes  at  Wilton,  and  obtained  a 
respite  by  concluding  a  treaty,  871 ;  the  legendary  account 
of  the  liarshness  of  his  early  rule  and  of  his  three  years' 
sojourn  in  hiding  at  Glastonbury  untrustworthy  in  its 
particulars  and  largely  mythical ;  called  to  meet,  accord- 
ing to  authentic  history,  the  second  great  invasion  of  the  I 
Danes  in  December  878,  headed  by  Guthrum,  who  overran  ! 
Somerset  without  opposition  ;  gathered  a  small  company,  j 
with  which  he  took  post  at  Athelney  ;  seven  weeks  later  j 
defeated  the  Danes  at  Ethandun  (seemingly  Edington  i 
in  Wiltshire),  on  which  peace  followed  (Guthrum  being  j 
baptised  and  assigned  a  dominion  in  the  north  and  east  j 
of  England — roughly  speaking,  the  part  beyond  Watling 
Street — under  the  nominal  overlordship  of  Alfred)  ;  war 
with  Guthrum  renewed  in  884  by  JElfred  ;  acquired  Lon- 
don, which  he  fortified  and  about  the  same  time  received 
the  submission    of  the  Angles  and  Saxons  throughout  | 
Britain,  as  well  as  of  several  princes  of  Wales;  assailed,  ] 
after  a  few  years  of  comparative  quiet,  by  another  great 
host  of  Northmen,  who  were  joined  by  the  Danes  of  East- 
Anglia  in  894.    War  raged  in  all  parts  of  England  until 
897,  when  the  invaders  withdrew,  and  Alfred,  by  im-  j 
proving  liis  ships,  put  an  end  to  the  ravagings  of  the 
smaller  vikings.     Alfred  died  on  28  Oct.  901,  and  was  ! 
buried  at  New  Minster  (afterwards  Hyde  Abbey)  at  I 
Winchester.    His  wife  Ealhswith  survived  him.    Alfred  \ 
not  only  saved  Wessex  from  the  perils  of  the  Scandi- 
navian invasions,  but  made  his  kingdom  a  centre  for 
the  deliverance  and  union  of  the  whole  country.    The 
stress  of   the  times  naturally  strengthened  the   royal 
authority.    Much  of  the  fame  of  Alfred's  institutions  is 
legendary.    His  legislation  consisted  simply  in  selecting 
the  best  of  the  laws  of  the  earlier  kings,  but  the  account 
of  his  division  of  England  into  hundreds  and  shires  may 
have  some  basis  in  a  reorganisation  of  southern  Mercia. 
jElf  red's  promotion  of  learning  is  perhaps  the  most  dis- 
tinctive feature  of  his  rule.    His  foundation  of  schools  at 
Oxford  is  fabulous,  but  he  brought  to  Wessex  the  best 
scholars  of  the  time,  including   Plegmund,  Werfrith, 
Grimbold,  John  the  Old-Saxon,  Asser,  and  John  Scotus 
Erigena.    Men  of  eminence  in  any  useful  art,  like  the 
seafaring  Othhere,  were  also  encouraged.    The  time  of  I 
his  own  greatest  literary  activity  lay  between  886  and  ; 
893.  His  chief  writings  were  Ms  translations  of  Boethius' 
'Consolation  of  Philosophy,'  of  the  histories  of  Baeda  and  ! 
'  Orosius,'  and  of  the  *  Pastoral  Care '  of  Gregory  the  Great,  j 
His  Boethius  was  edited  by  Samuel  Fox  in  1864 ;  his  Bseda 
is  printed  in  Smith's  edition  of  1 722  ;  his  Orosius  was  edited 
by  Dr.  Bosworth  in  1851,  and  his  Gregory's ' Pastoral' 
by  Henry  Sweet  for  the  Early-English  Text  Society  in 
1871-2.    These  works  were  not  merely  translations ;  they 
were  carefully  recast  in  a  thoroughly  English  spirit,  so 
that  they  form  a  part  of  the  country's  earliest  literature. 

[i.  153] 

.KLFRFJ)  (d.  1036),  eetheling  ;  younger  son  of  Ethel- 
red  II  and  Emma  [q.  v.]  ;  fled  to  Normandy  with  his 
brother  Eadward  on  conquest  of  England  by  Sweyn,  1013  ; 
after  death  of  Cnut  (1035)  landed  at  Dover,  and  was 
captured  at  Guildford  by  Godwin.  While  being  conveyed 
to  Ely  he  was  blinded  by  his  captors,  and  died  there  of 
his  wounds.  [i.  152] 

JELFRIC  (d.  1005),  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  possibly 
seventh  abbot  of  St.  Albans,  was  bishop  of  Ramsbury  and 
Wilton,  and  was  elected  to  Canterbury  In  996.  His  body 
was  buried  at  Abingdon  and  translated  to  Canterbury  in 
Cnut's  reign.  His  will  is  extant.  [i.  162] 

JELFRIC,  called  BATA  (fl.  1005),  a  monk  and  a  dis- 
ciple of  -ffilfric  (/.  1006)  [q.  v.]  [i.  164] 

-ELFRIC,  called  GRAMMATICUS  (fl.  1006),  erroneously 
identified  with  -Sllfric  (d.  1005)  [q.  v.]  and  ^Elfric  (rf. 


1051)  [q.  v.];  pupil  of  Ethelwold  [q.  v.];  monk  at 
Winchester  :  successively  abbot  of  Cerne  and  Ensham  : 
author  of  two  books  of  'Homilies,'  translations  from 
Latin  writers.  The  Paschal  homily  against  transubstan- 
tiation  was  published  in  1666  under  ecclesiastical  patro- 
nage as  '  A  Testiraonie  of  Antiquitie,'  and  re-edited  in 
1877.  The  •  Homilies  '  were  published  in  1844-6.  Ten 
other  works  of  his  survive.  /Elfric  is  a  most  prominent 
figure  in  Anglo-Saxon  literature,  and  his  writings  are 
important  from  their  illustration  of  the  belief  and  prac- 
tice  of  the  early  English  church.  [i.  164] 

.KLFRIC  (fl.  950?-101G?),  ealdorman  of  the  Easfc- 
Mercians,  son  of  jElfhere  [q.  v.  j  ;  succeeded  his  father  in 
983,  and  was  banished  in  986,  but  restored  to  favour 
before  991  ;  attempted  to  betray  an  English  fleet  to  the 
Danes,  992,  and  in  1003  would  not  fight  against  Swend  ; 
perhaps  identical  with  ealdorman  jElfric  who  fell  at 
Assandun  in  1016.  [i.  163] 

JELFRIC  (fl.  1045),  abbot  of  St.  Albans,  possibly 
eleventh  abbot.  Matthew  Paris,  whose  account  is  full  of 
errors,  says  that  MUric  was  chancellor  of  King  Ethelred 
before  he  became  monk,  that  he  composed  and  set  to 
music  a  life  of  St.  Alban,  and  that  he  died  during  a  dis- 
pute with  monks  of  Ely  occasioned  by  his  own  duplicity. 

JELFRIC  (fl.  1050),  archbishop-elect  of  Canterbury  ; 
rejected  by  Eadward  for  Robert  of  London.  [i.  164] 

JELFRIC,  called  Porroc  (d.  1051),  archbishop  of 
York,  and  provost  of  Winchester  ;  consecrated  to  York 
in  1023;  held  Worcester  temporarily  (1040-1),  and  was 
accused  of  persuading  Harthacnut  to  lay  waste  the  sliire 
because  the  men  of  Worcester  would  not  receive  him  as 
bishop.  [i.  166] 

JELFSIGE  (d.  959),  bishop  of  Winchester,  951; 
elected  to  Canterbury,  958,  but  died  on  his  way  to  Rome 
to  receive  the  pall.  [i.  167] 

JELFTHRYTH  [Lat.  ELTRUDIS]  (d.  929),  daughter  of 
King  -331  f  red  ;  wife  of  Baldwin  II  of  Flanders  ;  ances- 
tress of  Matilda,  William  the  Conqueror's  wife. 

[i.  167] 

.ELFTHRYTH  [Lat.  ELFKIDA]  (945  ?-1000),  daughter 
of  Ordgar  [q.  v.]  ;  mother  of  Ethelred  II  ;  slew  her  step- 
son Eadward.  William  of  Malmesbury's  romantic 
account  of  her  life  is  mainly  fabulous.  [i.  167] 

JELFWEARD  (d.  1044),  bishop  of  London  ;  monk  of 
Ramsey  ;  abbot  of  Evesham,  1014  ;  bishop  of  London, 
1035.  Smitten  with  leprosy  at  close  of  life,  he  retired  to 
Ramsey,  which  he  enriched  with  numerous  relics. 

[L  168] 

2ELFWIG  (d.  1066),  abbot  of  New  Minster  (1063); 
uncle  of  Harold;  fell  at  the  battle  of  Hastings,  [i.  168] 


(d.  1047),  bishop  of  Winchester,  1032; 
chaplain  of  Cnut  and  (in  legend  and  ballad)  the  lover 
of  Cnut's  widow,  Emma  ;  bishop,  1032.  [i.  169] 

JELLA  (d.  514  ?  ),  Saxon  ealdorman  ;  landed  in  Britain, 
477;  captured  Anderida,  491;  became  king  of  South- 
Saxons  and  '  first  Bretwalda.'  [L  169] 

JELLA  (d.  588),  first  king  of  the  Deirans,  559  ;  son  of 
Iff  a  and  grandfather  of  Oswald  [q.  v.]  ;  threw  off  Ber- 
nician  yoke.  [i.  169] 

JELLA  (d.  867),  king  of  the  Northumbrians  ;  slain  by 
the  Danes  in  a  great  battle  near  York.  [i.  169] 

.ELNOTH  (fl.  1085-1109),  monkish  biographer  ;  native 
of  Canterbury;  wrote  a  Latin  life  of  St.  Canute  the 
Martyr  (printed  Copenhagen,  1602).  [i.  170] 

JELSnrUS  (10th  cent.),  a  Winchester  monk,  illumina- 
tor and  miniaturist.  [L  170] 

JESC  or  OI8G  [AsH]  (d.  512  ?),  king  of  Kent  ;  son 
of  Hengist  the  Jute;  landed  at  Ebbsfieet,  449;  shared 
his  father's  victories  at  Crayford  (457)  and  Wippedsfleet  ; 
reigned  in  Kent,  488-512.  [L  170] 

.ETHEL-    [See  ETHEL-] 
JETHELSTAN.    [See  ATHEIST  AN.] 

AFFLECK,  SIR  EDMUND  (1783  ?-l  788),  admiral: 
lieutenant,  1745  ;  captain,  1757  ;  Bailed  with  Rodney 
to  relieve  Gibraltar,  1779  ;  served  in  N.  Ajnerica,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  repulse  of  French  at  St.  Christo- 
pher's, and  leeward  of  Dominica,  1782.  [i.  171] 


AFFLECK 


10 


AINSLIE 


AFFLECK,  PHILIP  (1726-1799),  admiral,  brother  of 
Sir  Edmund  Affleck  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant,  1755;  distin- 
guished himself  under  Boscawen  at  Louisbourg,  1758 ; 
served  under  Rodney  in  West  Indies,  1780;  admiralty 
lord,  1793-9.  [i.  171] 

AGARD  or  AGARDE.  ARTHUR  (1640-1615),  anti- 
quary ;  appointed  1570  deputy  chamberlain  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  drew  up  catalogues  of  state  papers  and  records, 
and  also  a  Latin  treatise  elucidating  k  Domesday  Book ' : 
one  of  the  earliest  members  of  a  society  of  antiquaries 
founded  by  Archbishop  Parker,  1672.  His  essays  for  this 
society  on  the  antiquity  of  shires,  and  of  parliament,  on 
old  land  measures,  heralds,  the  Inns  of  Court,  and  similar 
topics,  were  printed  by  T.  Hearne  in  his  '  Collections ' 
(1720  and  1775).  His  scholarly  acumen  enabled  him  to 
fix  the  authorship  of  the  4  Dialogus  de  Scaccnrio '  [see 
FITZNEALE  or  FiTZNiGKL,  RICHARD].  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey  cloisters.  Many  of  his  manuscripts 
are  in  the  British  Museum.  [i.  172] 

AGAS.  RA.DULPH  or  RALPH  (1640  ?-1621),  land 
surveyor  and  maker  of  maps ;  practised  as  a  surveyor  in 
his  native  Suffolk,  but  is  known  for  his  three  celebrated 
maps  or  rather  bird's-eye  views  of  Oxford  (1678,  Bodleian 
Libr.),  Cambridge  (1592,  ft.),  and  London  (1592  ?,  Pepys- 
ian  and  Guildhall  Libraries).  His  admirable  view  of 
London  was  reissued  with  spurious  alterations  by  G.  Ver- 
tue  in  1737,  and  accurately  by  W.  H.  Overall  in  1874 
0  Oivitas  Londinum ').  [i.  173] 

AGA88E,  JAMES  LAURENT  (d.  1846?),  artist;  born 
at  Geneva ;  studied  at  Paris,  and  practised  in  England, 
1801-45,  as  a  painter  of  horses  and  dogs.  [i.  175] 

AGELNOTH.    [See  ETHKLXOTH.] 

AGGAS,  EDWARD  <fl.  1564-1601),  apprentice  to 
H.  Toy  [q.  v.],  and  afterwards  bookseller  and  printer  in 
St.  Paul's  Churchyard  ;  a  number  of  his  publications  are 
translations,  possibly  his  own.  [i.  175] 

AGGAS  or  ANGUS,  ROBERT  (rf.  1679),  scene-painter 
to  Dorset  Garden  Theatre,  temp.  Charles  II.  [i.  176] 

AGLIO,  AUGUSTINE  (1777-1867),  artist;  born  at 
Cremona ;  studied  at  Milan ;  decorated  London  interiors 
and  theatre  ceilings ;  sent  landscapes  to  Royal  Academy, 
and  executed  much  lithographic  work.  [i.  176] 

AGLIONBY,  EDWARD  (1520-1587?),  recorder  of 
Warwick,  1572,  and  M.P.  for  that  town :  made  an  oration 
to  Elizabeth  on  her  visit  ther  ;  rendered  from  Latin  the 
•  Epistle  of  Dr.  Mathewe  Gribalde,'  1550.  [i.  176] 

AGLIONBY.  JOHN  (d.  1611),  royal  chaplain  and 
principal  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford.  [i.  177] 

AGNEW,  SIR  ANDREW,  BAUT.  (1687-1771),  general, 
of  Wigtonshire;  fought  at  Ramillies,  Oudenarde,  and 
Malplaquet ;  promoted  lieutenant-colonel,  1740 :  distin- 
guished himself  at  Dettiugen,  and  against  Jacobites 
at  Blair  Castle  (1746);  as  'sheriff'  of  Tynemouth 
Castle  was  known  to  Walter  Scott.  [i.  177] 

AGNEW,  SIR  ANDREW,  BART.  (1793-1849),  Sabba- 
tarian promoter ;  took  charge  in  1832  of  abortive  parlia- 
mentary movement  to  4  protect  the  Lord's  Day.'  [i.  178] 

AGNEW,  PATRICK  ALEXANDER  VANS  (1822- 
1848),  Indian  official ;  assistant  to  resident  at  Lahore, 
1848;  despatched  on  administrative  mission  to  Mul- 
tan ;  was  there  murdered  by  natives  (April),  an  out- 
rage which  led  to  second  Sikh  war  and  annexation  of 
Punjab.  [i.  178] 

AGT/ILAR,  GRACE  (1816-1817),  novelist ;  of  (Spanish) 
Jewish  parentage  ;  after  some  girlish  dramas  and  poems, 
produced  in  1842  '  Spirit  of  Judaism  '  and  similar  essays. 
Better  known  are  her  novels  'Home  Influence,1  1847, '  A 
Mother's  Recompense,'  1860,  and  the  pathetic  fifteenth- 
century  Spanish  story,  '  The  Vale  of  Cedars,'  1850  (last 
two  translated  into  German).  [i.  179] 

AGUS  or  AGAS,  BENJAMIN  (fl.  1662),  divine,  of 
Wymondham,  Norfolk  ;  published  a  '  Vindication  of  Non- 
conformity.' [i.  180] 

AGT/TTER,  WILLIAM  (1758-1835),  preacher ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1784;  noted  for  his  sermon?, 
especially  one  contrasting  deathbeds  of  Dr.  Johnson  and 
David  Hume  (1786).  [i.  180] 


AICKIN  or  AIKIH,  FRANCIS  (d.  1805),  actor ;  Dub- 
lin weaver's  sou  ;  played  at  Smock  Alley,  Dublin  ;  ap- 
peared at  Drury  Lane  as  Dick  in  'Confederacy,'  1766; 
hit  i -r  in  tragic  parts,  and  managed  Liverpool  and  Edin- 
burgh theatres.  [i.  181] 

AICKIN  or  AIKIN,  JAMES  (d.  1803),  actor  ;  brother 
of  Francis  Aikin  [q.  v.] ;  appeared  at  Oanongate,  Edin- 
burgh, 1766,  Drury  Lane,  1767,  in  heavy  parts  ;  fought 
duel  with  John  Kemble  over  a  theatre  quarrel,  1792. 

[i.  181] 

AIDAN  (d.  600),  West  Scottish  king  (of  Dalriada). 

[i.  181] 

AIDAN,  SAINT  (d.  651),  first  bishop  of  Lindisfarue  ; 
set  outtfrom  lona,  635,  to  evangelise  Northumbria  ;  was 
befriended  by  King  Oswald,  whose  people  flocked  to 
hear  the  monks  of  Liudisfarne;  on  Oswald's  death 
worked  chiefly  in  Deira,  winning  the  heart  of  King 
Oswini,  whose  death  at  Bamborough  (August  651)  he 
survived  but  a  few  days ;  buried  at  Lindisfarne.  [i.  182] 

AIKENHEAD,  MARY  (1787-1858),  founder  of  the 
Irish  sisters  of  charity ;  bred  a  protestaut ;  opened  the 
first  (Roman  catholic)  convent  of  sisters  of  charity. 
Dublin,  1816.  [i.  183] 

AIKENHEAD,  THOMAS  (1678  ?-1697),  Edinburgh 
apothecary's  sou ;  hanged  for  ridiculing  the  bible. 

{i.  183] 
AIKIN,  ANNA  LETITIA  (1743-1825).     [See  BAR- 

BADLD.] 

AIKIN,  ARTHUR  (1773-1854),  chemist ;  son  of  John 
Aikin  [q.  v.];  educated  by  Barbauld  at  Palgrave  ;  a 
pioneer  of  Geological  Society,  1807  ;  a  fellow  of  Linnean 
Society ;  secretary  of  Society  of  Arts ;  treasurer  of 
Chemical  Society,  1841  ;  published  manuals  of  mineralogy 
and  chemistry,  a  '  Dictionary '  of  these  sciences  (1807-14), 
and  translated  Denon's '  Travels '  (1801).  [i.  184] 

AIKIN,  CHARLES  ROOHEMONT  (1775-1847), 
doctor;  M.R.O.S. ;  wrote  on  'Cowpox  '  (1800),  and  colla- 
borated in  the  '  Chemical  Dictionary  '  of  his  elder  brother, 
Arthur  Aikin  [q.  v.]  [i.  184] 

AIKIN,  EDMUND  (1780-1820),  architect:  brother 
of  Arthur  and  Charles  Aikin  [q.  v.  ] ;  contributed  archi- 
tectural articles  to  Rees's  '  Encyclopaedia.'  [i.  185] 

AIKIN,  JOHN  (1713-1780),  scholar  and  theological 
tutor  ;  born  in  Scotland ;  studied  at  Aberdeen  with  dis- 
tinction ;  became  divinity  tutor  at  (dissenting)  Warring- 
ton  Academy  (1761-78) ;  D.D.  Aberdeen.  [i.  186] 

AIKIN,  JOHN  (1747-1822),  author  ;  son  of  preceding ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh,  London,  and  Leyden  (M.D.): 
practised  at  Yarmouth ;  removed  to  Stoke  Newington, 
1798 ;  his  house  a  resort  of  liberal  thinkers,  Priestley, 
Darwin,  Howard,  and  others;  compiled  'Memoirs  of 
Medicine  in  Great  Britain,'  the  lion's  share  of  the  ten-vol. 
'  General  Biography,'  and  wrote  biographical  and*  critical 
essays  and  prefaces.  [i.  185] 

AIKIN,  LUCY  (1781-1864), daughter  of  preceding; 
lived  chiefly  at  Hampstead,  where  she  compiled  her 
'historical  memoirs'  of  the  courts  of  Elizabeth  (1818), 
of  James  I  (1822),  of  Charles  I  (1833),  her  lives  of  Addison 
and  Mrs.  Barbauld  (her  aunt),  and  minor  pieces.  Her 
correspondence  with  Channing  (1826-1842)  is  a  valuable 
illustration  of  the  Unitarian  circle  to  which  the  Aikins 
belonged.  [i.  186] 

AIKMAN,  WILLIAM  (1682-1731),  portraitist ;  studied 
under  Sir  J.  Medina :  practised  at  Edinburgh ;  painted 
portraits  of  Allan  Ramsay  and  Thomson  (whom  he 
assisted),  Gay,  Somervile,  and  Argyll ;  modelled  his 
style  on  Kneller.  [i.  187] 

AILF.SBURY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BRUCE,  ROBERT,  first 
EARL,  d.  1685;  BRUCE,  THOMAS,  second  EARL,  1655?- 
1741.] 

AILMER  (d.  1137).    [See  ETHKLSMSR.] 

AILBED  OF  RIEVAOLX  (1109  ?-1166).  [See  ETHEL- 
RED.] 

AINGER,  THOMAS  (1799-1863),  honorary  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's.  [i.  188] 

AINSLIE,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1776-1839),  general ; 
ensign  19th  regiment,  1793,  captain,  1794,  major,  1799 ; 
lieutenant-colonel  in  a  fencible  regiment,  1800;  lieu- 


AINSLIE 


11 


AITKEN 


tenant-colonel  25th  regiment,  1807  ;  brevet-colonel,  1810  ; 
governor  of  Eustatius,  1812,  of  Dominica,  1813-14 ;  major- 
general,  1814  ;  collector  of  Anglo-Norman  coins ;  author 
of  •  Anglo-French  Coinage,'  1830.  [i.  188] 

AINSLIE,  HENRY  (1760-1834),  senior  wrangler, 
second  Smith's  prizeman,  and  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1781 ;  physician  to  Addenbrook's  Hospital, 
1787 ;  M.D.  1793,  F.R.C.P.  1795  ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  1795-1800  ;  Harveian  orator,  1802.'.  [i.  188] 

AINSLIE,  HEW  (1792-1878),  amanuensis  to  Dugald 
Stewart ;  attracted  to  Robert  Owen's  settlement  at  New 
Harmony,  Indiana,  1822;  afterwards  a  brewer;  his 
collected  songs  and  ballads,  published  New  York, 
1866.  [i.  188] 

AINSLIE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1730  ?-1812),  ambassador 
and  numismatist ;  knighted  1775  ;  ambassador  to  Con- 
stantinople, 1776-92  ;  pensioned,  1796;  M.P.  for  Milborne 
Port,  Somerset,  1796-1802 ;  created  baronet,  1804  ; 
formed  collection  of  ancient  Eastern  and  north  African 
coins,  descriptions  of  which  were  published  by  1'Abbate 
Domenico  Sestini  in  eleven  volumes,  1789-1806  ;  also  of 
illustrations  of  Eastern  life,  drawings  of  which  by  Luigi 
Mayer  were  engraved  by  Thomas  Milton  and  published 
in  three  volumes  1801-4.  [i  189] 

AINSLIE,  ROBERT  (1766-1838),  writer  to  the  signet, 
1789  ;  brother  of  Sir  Whitelaw  [q.v.]  ;  correspondent  of 
Burns,  and  author  of  two  small  religious  works,  [i.  190] 

AINSLIE,  SIR  WHITELAW  (1767-1837),  surgeon  in 
East  India  Company's  service,  1788-1815;  published 
'  Materia  Medica  of  Hindoostau '  (1813)  and  similar  works. 

[i.  190] 

AINSWORTH,  HENRY  (1571-1623?),  leader  of 
the  separatist  congregation  at  Amsterdam  ;  scholar  of 
Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1587-91 ;  became  a  Brownist  and 
bookseller's  porter  atAmsterdam  in  1593,  and  then'  teacher' 
at  Francis  Johnson's  church  ;  with  Johnson  founded  an 
independent  congregation  there;  sole  or  part  author  of 
•  Confession  of  Faith  of  the  People  called  Browuists,'  1596  ; 
finally  separated  from  Johnson  in  1610 ;  died  at  Amster- 
dam. In  rabbinical  and  oriental  scholarship  he  was  equalled 
by  few  in  Europe,  writing  numerous  controversial  and  exe- 
getical  works,  many  of  them  now  rare.  [i.  191] 

AINSWORTH,  ROBERT  (1660-1743),  lexicographer ; 
was  educated  at  Boltou,  and  kept  schools  there  and,  after 
1698,  at  Bethnal  Green,  Hackney,  and  other  places  near 
London  ;  collected  coins,  and  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1724 ; 
wrote  an  important  treatise  on  education,  1698,  and 
compiled  a  Latin-English  dictionary,  1 736.  [i.  194] 

AINSWORTH,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  (1807-1896), 
geologist ;  cousin  of  William  Harrison  Aiusworth  [q.  v.] ; 
L.R.O.S.,  Edinburgh,  1827  ;  studied  geology  in  London, 
Paris,  and  Brussels  ;  founded,  1830, '  Edinburgh  Journal  of 
Natural  and  Geographical  Science '  (1830-1)  ;  surgeon  and 
geologist  to  expedition  to  Euphrates,  under  Francis  Raw- 
don  Chesney  [q.  v.],  1835 ;  took  charge  of  expedition  to 
Christians  of  Chaldea,  1838-40;  published  accounts  of 
both  expeditions ;  editor  of '  New  Monthly  Magazine,'  1871 ; 
original  fellow  of  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1830 ;  F.S.A. 
1830.  His  works  include  '  Travels  in  the  Tra< 


Thousand  Greeks,'  1844. 


ivels  in  the  Track  of  the  Ten 
[Suppl.  i.  20] 

AD* SWORTH,  WILLIAM  HARRISON  (1805-1882), 
novelist ;  educated  at  Manchester  Grammar  School,  and 
articled  to  a  solicitor  there  in  1821 ;  went  to  London 
to  finish  his  legal  education  in  1824,  and  was  in  business 
as  a  publisher,  1826-8,  Scott  writing  'Bonnets  of 
Bonnie  Dundee  '  for  one  of  his  annuals ;  his  first  novel, 
'Rookwood,'  published  1834,  immediately  successful; 
edited  •  Bentley's  Miscellany,'  1840-2,  and  '  Ainsworth's 
Magazine,'  1842-53,  when  he  acquired  'New  Monthly 
Magazine ' ;  lived  at  Kensal  Green,  where  Dickens, 
Thackeray,  Landseer,  Clarkson  Stanfield,  Talfourd,  Jer- 
rold,  and  Cruikshank  were  among  his  guests.  He  wrote 
thirty-nine  novels,  chiefly  historical,  of  which  the  best 
known  are  '  Jack  Sheppard,'  1839,  '  Tower  of  London,' 
1840,  •  Old  St.  Paul's,'  1841,  'The  Miser's  Daughter,'  1842, 
and '  Windsor  Castle,'  1843.  [L  197] 

AIO  (d.  974),  historian  ;  a  fabulous  monk  of  Croyland 
Abbey,  whose  supposititious  work  is  quoted  in  Ingulfs 
forged  '  Chronicle.'  [i.  199] 

AIRAY,  CHRISTOPHER  (1601-1670),  pioneer  in 
English  logic;  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 


1627,  and  subsequently  incumbent  of    Milford,  Hamp- 
shire; published 'Fasciculus  Praeceptorum  Logicorum' 

1628.  [i.  199] 

AIRAY,  HENRY  (1560  ?-1616),  puritan  divine ;  fellow 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1586  ;  provost,  1598 ;  as  vice, 
chancellor  in  1606  he  came  into  conflict  with  Laud  ; 
rector  of  Bletchingdon,  1616  ;  an  evangelical  Calvinist,  he 
preached  fierce  sermons  against  Rome.  [i.  199] 

AIRD,  THOMAS  (1802-1876),  Scottish  poet ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  Gar- 
lyle,  James  Hogg,  and  De  Quincey ;  published  his  first 
work,  '  Martzoufle,'  1826;  contributed  to  'Blackwood's 
Magazine' ;  edited  '  Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway  Herald,' 
1835-63  ;  published  collected  poems,  1848.  [i.  201] 

AIKEY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1761-1833),  general ;  ensign, 
71st  regiment,  1779 ;  accompanied  48th  regiment  to  West, 
Indies  as  lieutenant,  1781  ;  captain  1788 ;  assisted  Sir 
Charles  Grey  in  reducing  French  West  India  Islands, 
1793  ;  lieutenant-colonel  8th  regiment,  1798;  held  offices 
in  Minorca,  Ireland,  Sicily,  and  the  Ionian  Islands  ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1821 ;  received  command  of  39th  regiment, 
1823  ;  K.O.H.  [i.  201] 

AIREY,  SIR  JAMES  TALBOT  (1812-1898),  general ; 
son  of  Sir  George  Airey  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1830  ;  extra  aide- 
de-camp  to  Major-general  Elphinstoue,  1841 ;  served  at 
Cabul  and  in  Gwalior  campaign  ;  major,  1851 ;  served  in 
Crimea ;  lieutenant-general  and  K.C.B.,  1877  ;  general, 
1881.  [SuppL  i.  21] 

AIREY,  RICHARD,  LORD  AIREY  (1803-1881),  gene- 
ral ;  son  of  Sir  George  Airey  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Sandhurst, 
and  was  successively  ensign,  lieutenant,  captain,  major, 
and  lieutenant-colonel,  34th  regiment,  1821-38  ;  colonel  and 
military  secretary  to  Lord  Hardinge,  1852 ;  quartermaster- 
general  to  Crimean  army,  1854-5 ;  major-general  and 
K.O.B.,  1864 ;  quartermaster-general,  1865-65  ;  exonerated 
himself  of  charges  of  inefficiency  in  Crimea,  1856 ;  go- 
vernor of  Gibraltar,  1865-70 ;  G.O.B.,  1867 ;  general,  1871 ; 
created  peer,  1876 ;  president  of  the  commission  on  the 
short  service  system,.1879.  [i.  202] 

AIRTH,  first  EARL  (1591-1661).  [See  GRAHAM,  WIL- 
LIAM.] 

AIRY,  SIR  GEORGE  BIDDELL  (1801-1892),  astro- 
nomer royal ;  sizar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1819 ; 
senior  wrangler,  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  1823 ;  fellow, 
1824;  member  of  Astronomical  Society,  1828,  and  of 
Geological  Society,  1829 ;  Lucasian  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Cambridge,  1826 ;  Plumian  professor  of  astro- 
nomy and  director  of  Cambridge  observatory,  1828; 
astronomer  royal,  1835-81 ;  F.R.S.,  1836  :  equipped  Royal 
Observatory  with  instruments  designed  by  himself ;  created 
at  Greenwich  magnetic  and  meteorological  department, 
1838 ;  reduced  all  planetary  and  lunar  observations  made 
at  Greenwich  from  1760  to  1830 ;  gold  medallist,  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  1846  ;  controlled  British  expeditions 
to  observe  transit  of  Venus,  1874,  and  subsequently  re- 
duced collected  data  ;  D.C.L.,  Oxford,  1844  ;  LL.D.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1862,  and  Edinburgh;  K.O.B.,  1872;  published 
voluminous  writings  on  astronomical  subjects. 

[Suppl.  L  22] 

AISLABIE,  JOHN  (1670-1742),  statesman  ;  M.P.  for 
Ripon,  1695-1702  and  1706-21,  and  for  Nortballerton, 
1702  ;  one  of  commissioners  for  executing  office  of  lord 
high  admiral,  1712  ;  successively  treasurer  of  navy,  and 
chancellor  of  exchequer,  1714-18 ;  supported  South  Sea 
Company's  scheme  for  paying  off  national  debt,  1719,  and 
on  its  failure  was  expelled  the  house,  1721.  [L  203] 

AITCHISON,  SIR  CHARLES  UMPHERSTON  (1832- 
1896),  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Punjab ;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  (M.A.,  1853,  LL.D.,  1877),  and  at  Halle ;  en- 
tered  Indian  civil  service,  1855 ;  mider-secretary  in  political 
department,  India,  1859-65;  commissioner  of  Lahore; 
foreign  secretary,  1868-78  ;  chief  commissioner  of  British 
Burma,  1878-81 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Punjab,  1882 ; 
member  of  governor-general's  council,  1887-8 :  K.C.S.I., 
1881;  C.I.E.,  1882;  published  'Collection  of  Treaties 
.  .  .  relating  to  India'  (1862-92,  11  vola.),  and  other 
works.  [Suppl.  i.  25] 

AITKEN,  JAMES  (1752-1777),  incendiary,  known  as 
JOHN  THE  PAINTER  ;  apprenticed  as  house-painter  in 
Edinburgh ;  came  to  London  and  took  to  highway-rob- 
bery on  Finchley  Common  ;  fled  to  America  and  took  part 


AITKEN 


12 


ALBERT 


in  tea-duty  riots  at  Boston  ;  returned,  1775,  and,  being 
imbued  with  anti-monarchical  principles,  planned  de- 
struction of  British  navy  when  about  to  sail  against 
America  ;  succeeded  in  firing  some  storehouses  at  Ports- 
mouth and  Bristol,  and  was  ultimately  executed  at  Ports- 
mouth. [i-  205] 

AITKEN,  JOHN  (1793-1833),  editor  of  'Constable's 
Miscellany  '  ;  employed  in  a  bank,  but  in  1822  became 
bookseller  in  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  occasional  verse  and 
prost-.  [L  206] 

AITKEN,  ROBERT  (1800-1873),  preacher  ;  ordained, 
1823  ;  withdrew  from  English  church  ;  preached  in  Wes- 
leyan  and  other  chapels,  and  returned  to  English  church, 
1840  ;  beneflced  hi  Cornish  parishes  ;  directed  building  of 
a  fine  church  at  Pendeen.  [i.  206] 

AITKEN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1825-1892),  pathologist  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1848  ;  assistant  pathologist  to  medi- 
cal commission  in  Crimea,  1856  ;  professor  of  pathology 
at  army  medical  school,  Fort  Pitt,  Chatham  (afterwards 
at  Netley),  1860-92  ;  F.R.S,  1873  ;  knighted,  1887  ;  pub- 
lished medical  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  26] 

AITKIN,  JOHN  (d.  1790),  surgeon  ;  M.R.O.S.  Edin- 
burgh, 1770  ;  surgeon  and  lecturer  at  Edinburgh,  1779  ; 
made  some  practical  improvements  in  surgery  and  wrote 
medical  works.  [i.  206] 

AITON,  JOHN  (1797-1863),  religious  writer;  son  of 
William  Aiton  (1760-1848)  [q.v.]  ;  published  a  refutation 
of  Robert  Owen,  1824.  [i.  207] 

AITON,  WILLIAM  (1731-1793),  botanist  ;  assistant 
gardener  at  Botanic  Garden,  Chelsea,  1754  ;  manager  of 
Kew  Botanic  Gardens,  1759  ;  manager  of  royal  forcing 
and  pleasure  gardens  at  Kew  and  Richmond,  1783  ; 
published  4  Hortus  Kewensis,'  1789.  [i.  207] 

AITON,  WILLIAM  (1760-1848),  sheriff-substitute  of 
Lanark  :  authority  on  Scottish  husbandry  ;  wrote  histo- 
rical and  agricultural  works.  [i.  207] 

AITON,  WILLIAM  TOWNSEND  (1766-1849),  bota- 
nist ;  son  of  William  Aiton  (1731-1793)  [q.v.],  whom  he 
assisted  and  succeeded  at  Kew,  1793  ;  edited  his  father's 
'  Hortus  Kewensis,'  1810-13  ;  a  founder  and  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Horticultural  Society.  [L  208] 

AKENSIDE,  MARK  (1721-1770),  poet  and  physician  ; 
after  1737  contributed  frequently  to  the  'Gentleman's 
Magazine  '  ;  sent  to  Edinburgh  to  study  theology,  1739, 
but  abandoned  it  for  medicine,  1740  ;  member  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  Edinburgh,  1740  ;  practised  in  Newcastle, 
1741-3  ;  went  to  London  and  published  '  Pleasures  of  the 
Imagination,'  a  didactic  poem,  1744  ;  toured  in  Holland, 
and  graduated  doctor  of  physic  at  Leyden  ;  practised  at 
Northampton,  1744,  and  at  Hampstead,  1745-7  ;  becoming 
embarrassed,  he  was  relieved  and  provided  for  by  Jere- 
miah Dyson,  and  ultimately  rose  to  eminence  in  his  pro- 
fession ;  doctor  (by  mandamus)  of  Cambridge  University 
and  F.R.S.,  1753:  F.O.P.,  1754;  physician  to  Christ's 
Hospital,  1759  ;  physician  to  the  queen,  1761  ;  collected 
poems  published,  1772.  [i.  208] 


ALAN  OP  BECCLKS  (d.  1240),  official  secretary  to 
Archbishops  Pandulph  and  Thomas  de  Blundeville  of 
Norwich,  1218-36  ;  archdeacon  of  Sudbury,  1225  ;  one  of 
the  arbitrator?  between  Bishop  Grosseteste  and  his  chap- 
ter, 1239.  [i.  214] 

ALAN  OP  LYNN  (/.  1424?),  Carmelite  monk  and 
scholastic.  [i.  214] 

ALAN  OP  TEWKESBURY  (12th  century),  writer  ;  pro- 
bably for  some  years  canon  of  Beneveuto,  Italy,  where  he 
became  interested  in  Henry  II's  struggle  with  Becket  ; 
entered  monastery  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1174  ; 
incurred  Henry  II's  displeasure  by  procuring  authority  to 
collect  Peter's  pence  ;  subsequently  Abbot  of  Tewkesbury 
till  death  ;  wrote  life  of  Becket.  [i.  214] 

ALAN  OP  WALSINGHAM  (d.  1364  ?),  architect;  junior 
monk  at  Ely,  1314  ;  sub-prior,  1321  ;  designed  St.  Mary's 
Chapel,  now  Trinity  Church,  Ely  ;  sacristan  1321  ;  re- 
built tower  of  the  cathedral  and  made  other  additions, 
constructing  the  unique  'lantern*;  prior,  1341;  bishop- 
elect  of  Ely,  1344  and  1361,  but  election  set  aside  by  the 
pope.  [i.  215] 

ALAN,  WILLIAM  (1532-1594).  [See  ALLEN,  WIL- 
LIAM.] 

ALAND,  SIR  JOHN  FORTESCUE,  first  BARON  FOR- 
TESCUE  OP  CREDAN  (1670-1746),  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1728-46  ;  solicitor-general  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1714,  and  to 
king,  1715  ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1717  ;  justice  of  king's 
bench,  1728.  [i.  216] 

ALANE,  ALEXANDER  (1500-1565).  [See  ALESIUS, 
ALEXANDER.] 

ALASCO,  JOHN  (1499-1560).    [See  LASKI,  JOHN.] 

ALBAN,  ST.  (d.  304?),  called  '  protomartyr  of  Bri- 
tain '  ;  said  by  Bede  to  have  suffered  (22  June,  c.  304),  on 
site  of  future  abbey  of  St.  Albans,  martyrdom  for  sheltering 
a  Christian  cleric  who  converted  him  ;  Offa  (d.  796)  [q.  v.] 
is  believed  to  have  discovered  the  martyr's  body. 


[Suppl.  i.  27] 
1753-18 


T  JOHN  YONGE  (1806-1873),  numisma- 
tist and  antiquary  ;  secretary  to  William  Cobbett,  and 
later,  to  Lord  Albert  Couyngham  ;  F.S.A.,  1834  ;  joint 
secretary,  1848,  and  sole  secretary,  1853-60  ;  started  and 
contributed  largely  to  'Numismatic  Journal';  helped  to 
found  Numismatic  Society  of  London,  1836.  [i.  211] 

ALABASTER,  WILLIAM  (1567-1640),  Latin  poet 
and  divine  ;  nephew  by  marriage  of  John  Still,  author  of 
'  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  '  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  began  a  Latin  epic  to 
Elizabeth,  preserved  in  manuscript:  wrote  'Roxana*  be- 
fore 1592  ;  accompanied  Earl  of  Essex  as  chaplain  to 
Cadiz,  1596;  converted  to  Romanism;  after  publishing 
several  religious  works  and  suffering  imprisonment  was 
reconverted  to  protestantism  :  D.D.,  '.prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  and  rector  of  Therfleld,  Hertfordshire.  [i.  211] 

ALAIN  DE  LILLE  or  DE  L'lsLE  (1114-1203),  scholar  ; 
haa  been  identified  with  Alain  de  Flandre,  bishop  of 
Auxerre,  c.  1152  ;  nationality  uncertain  ;  probably  spent 
much  time  in  England  with  Cistercians  ;  wrote  '  Com- 
mentary on  Merlin's  Prophecies,'  and  in  prose  and  verse 
on  other  subjects  ;  possibly  rector  of  the  ecclesiastical 
school,  Paris;  retired  to  abbey  of  Oiteaux,  where  he 
died.  [L212] 


ALBANY,  LOUISA,  COUNTESS  OP  (1753-1824),  wife 

of  Prince  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pretender ;  daughter 

of   Gustavus  Adolphus,  prince  of  Stolberg-Gederu  ;  on 

death  of  her  father  became  pensioner  of  Empress  Maria 

I  Theresa ;  canouess  of  Mons,  1770 ;  secretly  married  Charles 

|  Edward,  1772 ;  left  him  after  eight  years,  and  li ved  with 

Alfieri  the  poet ;  on  outbreak  of  French  revolution  came 

to  England  and  was  received  at  court ;   on  death   of 

Alfieri  (1830)  lived  with  Fabre,  a  French  artist ;  died 

at  Florence.  [i.  216] 

ALBANY,  DUKE  OF  (1853-1884).    [See  LEOPOLD.] 

ALBANY,  DUKES  OP.  [See  STEWART,  ROBERT,  first 
DUKE,  1340  ?-1420  ;  STEWART,  MURDAC  or  MURDOCH, 
second  DUKE,  d.  1425 ;  STEWART,  ALEXANDER,  DUKE  OP 
ALBANY,  1454  ?-1485  ;  STEWART,  JOHN,  DUKE  OF  ALBANY, 
1481-1536.] 

ALBEMARLE,  DUKES  OP.  [See  MONCK, GEORGE,  first 
DUKE,  1608-1670 ;  MONCK,  CHRISTOPHER,  second  DUKE, 
1653-1688.] 

ALBEMARLE,  EAUI.S  OP.  [See  WILLIAM  DK  FORK, 
d.  1242 ;  WILLIAM  DE  FORS  d.  1260 ;  KEPPEL,  ARNOLD 
JOOST  VAN,  first  EARL  of  the  Keppel  family,  1669-1718  ; 
KEPPEL,  WILLIAM  ANNE,  second  EARL,  1702-1754; 
KEPPEL,  GEORGE,  third  EARL,  1724-1772 ;  KEPPEL, 
GEORGE  THOMAS,  sixth  EARL,  1799-1891 ;  KEPPEL,  WIL- 
LIAM COUTTH,  seventh  EARL,  1832-1894.] 

ALBERT  FRANCIS  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS  EM- 
MANUEL PRINCE-CONSORT  OP  ENGLAND  (1819-1861), 
second  son  of  Ernest,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  and 
of  Louise,  daughter  of  Augustus,  duke  of  Saxe-Gotha- 
Altenburg ;  educated  under  private  tutor ;  visited  Eng- 
land with  Dukeof  Coburg,  1836,  when  the  Princess  Victoria 
expressed  her  willingness  to  accept  Albert  as  consort ; 
continued  his  education  at  Brussels  and  Bonn,  1836-8  ; 
travelled  through  Italy  with  Baron  Stockmar ;  came  to 
England  and  became  betrothed  to  Queen  Victoria,  1839  ; 
married  1840  ;  his  annuity,  proposed  at  50,000/.,  was  fixed 
at  30,0007.,  largely  through  influence  of  Peel ;  counselled 
by  Stockmar ;  became  a  director  of  the  Ancient  Concerte 
and  assisted  Philharmonic  Society ;  appointed  regent  in 
case  of  queen's  death,  1840;  placed  by  Peel  at  head  of 
royal  commission  on  rebuilding  of  Houses  of  Parliament, 


ALBERT 


II 


ALDER 


1841 ;  LL.D.,  Cambridge,  1843  ;  chaucellor  of  Cambridge 
University,  1847  ;  largely  aided  the  queen  in  the  perform- 
ance of  her  political  duties,  and  offered  advice  to 
ministers ;  created  favourable  impression  by  sympathy 
with  condition  of  working-classes,  1848  ;  advocated  success- 
fully Alterations  in  system  of  study  at  Cambridge ;  projected 
iiirii  of  International  Exhibition  (carried  out,  1851);  on 
his  suggestion  a  camp  for  training  troops  formed  at 
Chobham,  1853  ;  gave  advice  of  value  throughout  the 
Crimean  war  ;  suggested  in  regard  to  Trent  affair  a  con- 
ciliatory attitude  which  averted  war  with  United  States, 
November  1861 :  showed  signs  of  serious  illness  early  in 
IHCl  ;  typhoid  fever  developed  late  in  the  year;  he  died 
HIM-."  [i.  217] 

ALBERT  VICTOR  CHRISTIAN  EDWARD,  DUKE 
OP  CLARENCE  AND  AVONDALE  and  EARL  OF  ATHLOXE 
(1864-1892),  eldest  son  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards 
Edward  VII)  ;  joined  training  ship  Britannia  at  Porte- 
mouth,  1877  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1883 ; 
hon.  LL.D.,  1888 ;  captain  and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1889  ;  betrothed  to  Princess  Mary  of  Teck  (after- 
wards Duchess  of  Cornwall  and  York  and  Princess  of 
Wales),  1891,  but  died  before  marriage.  [Suppl.  i.  28] 

ALBERTAZZI,  EMMA  (1813-1847),  vocalist ;  pupil, 
of  Sir  Michael  Costa,  1827  ;  studied  in  Italy  under  Pro- 
fessor Oelli ;  sang  with  great  success  in  Milan,  Madrid, 
Paris,  and  London  ;  died  of  consumption.  [i.  231] 

ALBERTI,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1723-1758), 
essayist ;  born  at  Osterode-am-Harz  ;  graduated  at  Gottin- 
gen,  1745  :  spent  some  years  in  England  ;  protestaut 
minister  of  Tundern,  Hanover;  published  philosophical 
and  theological  works.  [i.  232] 

ALBERT,  JAMES  (1838-1889),  dramatist ;  became 
playwright,  and  in  1866  his  "  Dr.  Davy '  was  produced  at 
the  Lyceum.  His  most  successful  play  was  '  Two  Roses,' 
produced  at  the  Vaudeville,  1870,  with  (Sir)  Henry  Irving 
as  Digby  Grant.  [Suppl.  i.  29] 

ALBLN,  ELEAZAR  (fl.  1713-1759),  naturalist  and 
teacher  of  water-colour  drawing ;  published  works  on 
natural  history,  with  coloured  illustrations.  [i.  232] 

ALBIN,  HENRY  (1624-1696),  ejected  minister ;  edu- 
cated at  Glastonbury  and  Oxford ;  ordained  ;  ejected  for 
nonconformity  from  West  Oammel,  1660,  and  from 
Donyatt,  Somerset ;  '  stated  preacher '  at  Frome  Selwood, 
Shepton  Mallet,  Bruton,  and  Wincanton  in  rotation,  1687. 

[i.  233] 

ALBINI  (BniTO),  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1156),  justiciar ; 
son  of  Robert  de  Todeni,  lord  of  Belvoir,  itinerant  justice, 
1130;  lands  forfeited  by  Stephen,  but  afterwards  re- 
stored, [i.  233] 

ALBINI  (PINCERNA),  WILLIAM  DE,  EARL  OP 
ARUNDEL  (rf.  1176),  son  of  William  de  Albini  Pincerna 
(the  Butler),  by  Maud,  daughter  of  Roger  le  Bigod  [q.  v.]  ; 
married  Adeliza  [q.  v.],  widow  of  Henry  I,  adherent  of 
Stephen;  confirmed  by  Henry  II  in  his  earldom,  and 
served  under  him  against  Prince  Henry,  1173.  [i.  233] 

ALBINI,  WILLIAM  DE,  EARL  OP  ARUNDEL,  also 
EARL  OP  SUSSEX  (d.  1221),  grandson  of  preceding  ;  favour- 
ite of  King  John,  but  in  the  barons'  revolt  adhered  to 
their  side  ;  justiciar,  1217.  [i.  234] 

ALBINI  or  AtTBENEY,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1236), 
grandson  of  preceding  ;  sheriff  and  itinerant  justice  under 
Richard  I,  John,  and  Henry  III ;  of  the  moderate  party 
in  the  barons'  revolt ;  finally  fought  against  John  ;  high 
in  Henry  Ill's  favour.  [i.  234] 

ALBINTJS  (d.  732),  abbot  of  St.  Peter's,  Canterbury  ; 
assisted  Bede  in  his  '  Historia  Ecclesiastical  [i.  234] 

ALBIS  or  ALBHTS  (1593-1676).  [See  WHITE,  THOMAS.] 

ALCESTER,  BARON.  [See  SEYMOUR,  FREDERICK 
BEAUCHAMP  PAOKT,  1821-1895.] 

ALCHFRITH  (./?.  655),  uuder-king  of  theDeirans;  son 
of  Oswiu,  king  of  Northumbria,  and  Eanflaed,  daughter 
of  Eadwine  ;  married  Cyneburh,  daughter  of  Penda,  king 
of  Mercia  ;  with  Oswiu  defeated  Mercians,  656  ;  took 
part  in  struggle  between  Celtic  and  Roman  churches, 
and  finally  joined  Roman  party.  [i.  235] 


ALCHIN,  WILLIAM  TURNER  (179U-1865),  anti- 
quary ;  librarian  of  Guildhall  Library  ;  compiled  indexes 
to  Winchester  and  Salisbury  ecclesiastical  regis- 
ters. [L  235] 

ALCHMTTND  (d.  781),  bishop  of  Hexham,  767 ;  re- 
garded as  a  saint.  [i.  236] 

ALCOCK,  JOHN  (1430-1500),  bishop  of  Rochester, 
1472,  Worcester,  1476,  Ely,  1486 ;  LL.D.,  Cambridge 
c.  1461  ;  rector,  St.*Margaret* s,  Fish  Street ;  dean,  St. 
Stephen's,  Westminster ;  master  of  rolls,  1462  ;  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's  and  Salisbury,  1468  ;  privy  councillor, 
1470-1  ;  on  several  royal  commissions  under  Richard  III 
and  Henry  VII ;  lord  chancellor,  1474  (conjointly  with 
Rotherham,  bishop  of  Lincoln)  and  1485  ;  tutor  to  Ed- 
ward V ;  comptroller  of  royal  buildings,  1485  ;  published 
religious  works.  [i.  236] 

ALCOCK,  JOHN  (1740  9-1791),  doctor  of  music,  son 
of  John  Alcock  (1715-1806)  [q.  v.],  Mas.  Bac.,  Oxford, 
1766  ;  organist  at  Walsall,  1773  till  death ;  published  vocal 
and  instrumental  music.  [i.  237] 

ALCOCK  or  ALLCOCK,  JOHN  (1715-1806),  doctor  of 
music ;  organist  at  Lichfield  Cathedral,  1749-60 ;  Mus. 
Doc.,  Oxford,  1765  ;  won  Catch  Club  prizes,  1770,  1771, 
and  1772  ;  published  musical  compositions.  [i.  237] 

ALCOCK,  NATHAN  (1707-1779),  physician ;  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  where  he  graduated  M.D.,  1737  ; 
lectured  on  chemistry  at  Oxford,  though  unauthorised  by 
the  university ;  M.A.  and  incorporated  of  Jesus  College 
1741;  M.D.,  1749;  F.R.8. :  F.R.C.P.,  1754;  afterwards 
practised  at  Runcorn.  [L  2371 

ALCOCK,  SIR  RUTHERFORD  (1809-1897),  diplo- 
matist; serred  as  army  surgeon  in  Portugal,  1832-6, 
and  Spain,  1836  ;  nominated  consul  at  Fuchow,  China, 
1844,  and  at  Shanghai,  1846;  first  consul-general  in 
Japan,  1858-65  ;  K.O.B.,  1862  ;  honorary  D.O.L.,  Oxford, 
1863  ;  minister-plenipotentiary  at  Peking,  1865-71 ;  presi- 
dent of  Geographical  Society,  1876-8  ;  published  numerous 
works  relating  to  Japan.  [Suppl.  i.  29] 

ALCOCK,  SIMON  (d.  1459  ?),  scholastic  writer ;  M.A. 
and  D.D.  Oxford ;  held  livings  in  Essex  ;  prebendary  of 
Hereford,  1436  ;  probably  canon  of  Lincoln  ;  his  writings 
never  published.  [i.  238] 

ALCOCK,  THOMAS  (d.  1564),  traveller  in  employ  of 
Muscovy  Company,  1558-63  ;  journeyed  in  Russia  and 
Poland,  and  crossing  the  Caspian  Sea  entered  Persia, 
where  he  was  murdered.  [L  238] 

ALCOCK,  THOMAS  (1709-1798),  miscellaneous  writer, 
younger  brother  of  Dr.  Nathan  Alcock  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Oxford,  1741 ;  held  livings  of  Runcorn  and,  later,  St. 
Budrock's,  Plymouth.  [i.  238] 

ALCOCK,  THOMAS  (1784-1833),  surgeon  to  St. 
James's  workhouse,  1813-28 ;  contributed  largely  to  medi- 
cal journals.  [i.  239] 

ALCTJLN  or  ALBINTJS  (English  name  EALWHINE) 
(735-804),  theologian,  man  of  letters,  and  coadjutor  of 
Charlemagne  in  educational  reforms  ;  born  at  York  and 
educated  in  cloister  school  under  Archbishop  Egbert  and 
Ethelbert,  afterwards  archbishop ;  assisted  in  conduct  of 
the  school  at  York,  and  became  master,  778  ;  met  Charle- 
magne at  Parma,  781,  and  settled  on  the  continent ;  en- 
dowed with  abbeys  of  Ferrieres,  Troyes,  and  St.  Martin 
at  Tours  ;  took  important  part  in  council  of  Frankfort ; 
retired  as  abbot  of  Tours,  796 ;  wrote  metrical  annals, 
hagiological  and  philosophical  works.  [i.  239] 

AT.PAKT,  THOMAS  (d.  1660),  quaker ;  early  disciple 
of  George  Fox ;  imprisoned  at  York,  1652.  [L  241] 

ALDAY,  JOHN  (fl.  1570),  translator  from  French ; 
chiefly  known  by  his  English  version,  published  c.  1567, 
of  two  French  pamphlets,  entitled  '  Theatrum  Mundi ' ; 
translated  also  '  Praise  and  Dispraise  of  Women,'  1579,  and 
possibly  a  French  summary  of  Pliny,  1666.  [L  241] 

ALDBOROUGH,  second  EARL  OF.  [See  STRATFORD, 
EDWARD.] 

ALDER,  JOSHUA  (1792-1867),  zoologist;  friend  of 
Thomas  Bewick ;  member  of  Newcastle  Literary  and 
Scientific  Society,  1815 ;  devoted  himself  to  conchology 
and  zoophytology  ;  received  civil  list  pension  of  7d/..  1867 ; 
published  with  Albany  Hancock  a  work  on  British 
Mollusca,  1845-55.  [i.  241] 


AKDERSEY 


14 


ALEXANDER 


ALDERSEY,  LAURENCE  (/.  1581-1586),  traveller ;  , 
went  to  Jerusalem,  journeying  overland  to  Venice,  1881, 
and  to  Alexandria,   visiting  Tunis,  Cyprus,  and  Syria, 
1586 ;    his    accounts   of    his    travels    are    in    Hakluyt's 
•  Voyages.'  [i.  242] 

ALDERSON,  AMELIA  (1769-1853).    [See  Om:.] 

ALDERSON,  Sm  EDWARD  HALL  (1787-1857), 
judge  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  Browne's  medallist,  1807  ;  senior  wrangler,  first 
Smith's  prizeman,  and  first  chancellor's  medallist,  1809  ; 
called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1811 ;  reporter  to  king's 
bench,  1817-22 ;  judge  of  court  of  common  pleas,  1830 ; 
baron  of  exchequer,  1834.  [L  242] 

ALDERSON,  Sm  JAMES  (1794-1882),  physician  :  son  i 
of  John  Alderson  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.,  Pembroke  College,  Cam-  | 
bridge,  1825;    M.D.,    Magdalen    College,  Oxford,   1829;  ' 
P.R.O.P.,  1830  :  practised  in  Hull,  and  later  in  London ; 
connected  with  St.  Mary's  hospital ;  president,  College  of 
Physicians,  1867  ;  knighted,  1869  ;  physician-extraordinary 
to  queen,  1874.  [L  243] 

ALDERSON,  JOHN  (1757-1829),  physician  ;  practised  ' 
in  Hull;   published  essays  on  fever  (1788)  and  paralysis 
(1792);  physician  to  ilull  infirmary,  where  a  statue  of 
him  (1833)  was  erected.  [i.  243] 

ALDFRITH,  EALDFRITH  or  EAHFRITH  (d.  705), 
king  of  Northumbria ;  illegitimate  son  of  Oswiu  ;  succeeded 
his  brother  Ecgfrith,  685  ;  renowned  for  his  learning  and 
piety  ;  resisted  the  Romish  party.  [i.  244] 

ALDOYTH  (/.  1063),  daughter  of  ^Elfgar,  earl  of 
Mercia :  married  Gruffydd,  king  of  Wales,  and  later,  pro- 
bably, Harold,  who  had  conquered  Gruffydd,  and  was 
already  pledged  to  a  daughter  of  William  I.  [L  245] 

ALDHELM  (640?-709),  bishop  of  Sherbome,  related 
to  King  1  ne ;  educated  under  Theodore  and  Hadrian  at 
Canterbury,  and  was  foremost  in  the  intellectual  movement 
led  by  them ;  abbot  of  Malmesbury ;  built  churches  at  Mal- 
mesbury,  Bruton,  and  Wareham,  and  monasteries  at  Frome 
and  Bradford ;  wrote  works  in  verse  and  prose,  [i.  245] 

ALDHTTN  or  EALDHUN  (d.  1018),  bishop  of  Durham  ; 
appointed  to  Bernician  see  of  Ohester-le-Street,  Durham, 
990;  to  escape  ravages  of  Danes  left  Chester  with  his 
monks,  and  carried  the  body  of  St.  Cuthbert  to  Ripon, 
995 ;  returned  and  built  church  at  Durham  ;  consecrated 
to  the  see,  998.  [i.  247] 

ALDI8,  Sm  CHARLES  (1775  ?-1863),  surgeon; 
studied  at  Guy's  and  St.  Bartholomew's  hospitals,  1794  ; 
surgeon  to  Norman  Cross  barracks,  c.  1798 ;  introduced 
vaccination  in  Hertford ;  founded  Cancer  hospital,  Clif- 
ford Street,  London.  [i.  247] 

ALDIS,  CHARLES  JAMES  BERRIDGE  (1808-1872), 
physician  ;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Aldls  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.D.,  1837  • 
F.R.O.P.,  1838  ;  physician  successively  to  several  London 
dispensaries;  effected  improvements  in  sanitation,  and 
did  much  to  ameliorate  condition  of  workshop  hands ; 
published  medical  works.  [i.  248] 

ALDRED  THE  GLOSSATOR  (10th  century),  writer  of 
the  glosses  in  Northumbrian  dialect  inserted  in  the  '  Lindis- 
farne  Gospels,'  c.  700.  [i.  248] 

ALDRED  (d.  1069),  archbishop  of  York  ;  monk  of 
Winchester ;  abbot  of  Tavistock,  1027  ;  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, 1044  ;  ambassador  from  King  Eadward  the  Con- 
fessor to  Emperor  Henry  III,  1054 ;  took  charge  of  sees 
of  Hereford  and  Ramsbury ;  journeyed  to  Jerusalem, 
1058  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1060 ;  went  to  Rome  to  receive 
the  pall,  which  was  refused ;  was  degraded  from  episcopate 
for  various  offences ;  robbed  by  brigands,  whereat  the 
pope  was  intimidated  by  Tostig  and  granted  the  pall ;  spent 
lavishly  in  cause  of  the  church  ;  after  battle  of  Hastings 
upheld  rights  of  Eadgar  :  submitted  to  William  the  Con- 
queror, whom  and  Matilda  he  crowned.  [i.  249] 

ALDRICH,  HENRY  (1647-1710),  divine  and  scholar  • 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford- 
M.A.,  1669  ;  D.D.,  1682  ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1689  till 
death ;  said  to  have  designed  chapel  of  Trinity  College 
and  All  Sainte'  church,  Oxford  :  left  large  musical  library 
to  his  college ;  composed  or  adapted  several  anthems  and 
songs ;  entrusted,  with  Spratt,  with  publication  of  Cla- 
rendon'* *  Memoirs.'  [i.  261] 


ALDRICH  or  ALDRIDGE,  ROBERT,  (d.  1556), 
scholar  and  divine ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1512  :  M.A.  and  schoolmaster  of  Eton, 
1515 ;  corresponded  with  and  worked  for  Erasmus  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1528 ;  D.D.,  1530  ;  archdeacon  of  Col- 
chester, 1531 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1534 ;  registrar  of  order 
of  Garter ;  provost  of  Eton,  1536 ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1537  ; 
signed  act  of  Six  Articles,  1539,  and  the  opinion  on  the 
king's  marriage  with  Anne  of  Cleves,  1540 ;  under  Ed- 
ward VI  protested  against  church  reforms.  [i.  252] 

ALDRIDGE,  WILLIAM  (1737-1797),  nonconformist 
minister;  having  idled  away  his  youth,  entered  the 
Countess  of  Huntingdon's  college  at  Trevecca  ;  preached 
at  Margate,  Dover,  and  Wapping ;  left  the  countess's 
connexion  and  occupied  the  Jewry  Street  chapel  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  [i.  253] 

ALDTTLF,  king  of  Northumbria  (d.  810).    [See  EARD- 

WULF.] 

ALDTTLF  or  E ALDTTLF  (rf.  1002),  archbishop  of 
York  ;  possibly  chancellor  to  King  Eadgar ;  monk  and  later 
abbot  of  Peterborough  ;  elected  to  see  of  York,  992. 

[i.  253] 

ALED,  TUDUR  (./*.  1480-1525),  Welsh  poet;  Fran- 
ciscan ;  pupil  of  Dafydd  ab  Edmwnd,  and  teacher  of 
Gruffydd  Hiraethog.  [i.  254] 

ALEFOTTNDER,  JOHN  (d.  1796),  portrait  and  minia- 
ture painter;  silver  medallist  (Royal  Academy),  1782; 
died  in  India.  [i.  254] 

ALEMOOR,  LORD  (<f .  1776).  [See  PRINGLE,  ANDREW.] 

ALESIUS,  ALEXANDER  (1500-1565),  Lutheran 
divine;  born  and  educated  at  Edinburgh;  canon  of  St. 
Andrews ;  gained  applause  by  confuting  Luther's  argu- 
ments, and  was  chosen  to  reclaim  Patrick  Hamilton  [q.  v.], 
abbot  of  Fern,  from  Lutheran  opinions,  but  was  himself 
converted ;  imprisoned  by  provost  of  St.  Andrews  ;  fled 
to  Germany,  1532 ;  met  Luther  and  Melanchthon ; 
went  to  England  as  bearer  of  a  letter  from  Melanchthon 
to  Henry  VIII,  1535;  warmly  welcomed  by  Cranmer  and 
Latimer ;  divinity  lecturer  at  Cambridge ;  practised  as 
physician  in  London,  where  his  religious  views  met  with 
opposition,  1537  ;  returned  to  Germany,  1540 ;  professor 
of  theology  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder ;  attached  as  theo- 
logian to  an  unsuccessful  embassy  to  Luther  to  induce 
him  to  sanction  less  extreme  views  than  he  himself 
professed,  1541;  dean  of  theological  faculty,  Leipzig, 
1543 :  visited  Naumbug,  1664  and  1561,  NUrnberg,  1555, 
and  Dresden,  1561 ;  engaged  in  arranging  disputes  among 
protestant  parties  ;  revisited  England  and  translated 
into  Latin  Edward  VI's  first  liturgy  ;  twice  rector  of 
university  of  Leipzig,  where  he  died ;  published  many  exe- 
getical,  dogmatic,  and  controversial  works.  [i.  254] 

ALEXANDER  I  (1078?-1124),  king  of  Scotland: 
fourth  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore  and  Margaret,  grand- 
niece  of  Edward  the  Confessor;  on  his  father's  death, 
1093,  was  protected  by  Edgar  Atheling  ;  on  death  of  his 
brother  Edgar,  who  reigned  1097-1107,  succeeded  to  the 
kingdom  north  of  Forth  and  Clyde  ;  married  Sibylla,  a 
natural  daughter  of  Henry  I ;  earned  title  of  'Fierce'  by 
his  defeat  of  the  men  of  Moray  and  Mearns,  c.  1115,  and 
founded  a  church  at  Scone  in  honour  of  the  victory  ;  en- 
tered into  dispute  concerning  filling  of  see  of  St.  Andrews, 
maintaining  that  right  of  investiture  lay  with  pope  or 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  not  with  archbishop  of 
York,  but  died  before  its  final  settlement.  [i.  259] 

ALEXANDER  H  (1198-1249),  king  of  Scotland  :  son 
of  William  the  Lion  and  Ermengarde,  daughter  of  Richard, 
viscount  of  Beaumont ;  knighted  by  King  John  of  Eng- 
land, 1212 ;  succeeded  William  the  Lion,  king  of  Scotland, 
1214,  and  took  part  with  barons  against  John  ;  besieged 
Norham  1215  ;  after  invasions  of  Scotland  by  John  and  of 
England  by  Alexander,  the  latter  did  homage  to  Louis,  the 
dauphin,  at  Dover  ;  invaded  England  again,  1217,  but,  on 
defeat  of  Louis,  made  peace  with  Henry  III,  confirmed  by 
treaty,  1219  ;  married  Joan,  elder  daughter  of  John,  1221  ; 
reduced  Argyle  and  Caithness,  1222,  and  subdued  insurrec- 
tions, 1224  and  1228;  repelled  Norse  invasion,  1230; 
married,  secondly,  Mary,  daughter  of  Ingelram  de  Couci, 
1239  ;  quarrelled  with  Henry  III  over  an  alleged  intended 
alliance  with  France ;  dispute  settled  by  treaty  at  New- 
castle, 1244 ;  died  of  fever  while  attempting  to  wrest  the 
Hebrides  from  Norway.  [i.  261] 


ALEXANDER 


15 


ALFORD 


ALEXANDER  HI  (1241-1285),  king  of  Scotland ;  son 
of  Alexander  II  [q.  v.]  and  Mary  de  Oouci ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  a  child,  1249 ;  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  III ;  knighted  by  Henry,  who  demanded  homage, 
1251 ;  detected  a  plot  to  obtain  papal  legitimation  of 
Marjory,  a  natural  daughter  of  Alexander  II,  whereby  her 
children  might  be  heirs  ;  removed  chief  conspirators  from 
office ;  acted  through  regents — the  Earl  of  Menteith  and 
the  Comyns,  1251-5,  and,  from  1255,  fifteen  nobles  chosen 
by  Henry  III ;  was  in  hands  of  a  new  regency,  combining 
two  parties  of  nobility,  1258.  Alexander  successfully  re- 
sumed his  father's  project  of  uniting  the  Hebrides  to  his 
kingdom,  1261 :  assisted  Henry  III  against  the  barons, 
1264,  and  did  homage  to  Edward  I,  1278.  [i.  264] 

ALEXANDER  (d.  1148),  bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  nephew 
of  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  by  whom  he  was  adopted ; 
archdeacon  of  Sarum,  1121;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1123; 
accompanied  archbishops  William  of  Canterbury  and 
Thurstan  of  Yorh  to  Rome,  1125 ;  took  part  in  councils 
directed  against  marriage  of  clergy  ;  built  castles  at  Slea- 
ford,  Newark,  and  Banbury,  and  religious  houses  at  Haver- 
holme,  Thame,  Dorchester-ou-Thames ;  supported  King 
Stephen,  although  he  had  previously  sworn  to  receive 
Henry's  daughter,  Empress  Maud,  as  queen  ;  his  loyalty 
being  suspected,  he  and  his  uncle  were  arrested  at  Oxford, 
1139  ;  his  castles  surrendered ;  took  part  in  reception  of 
Maud  by  Bishop  Henry  of  Blois  at  Winchester,  1141 ; 
revisited  Rome,  1145  ;  probably  crowned  Stephen  at  Lin- 
coln, 1146.  [i.  267] 

ALEXANDER  OP  CANTERBURY  (fl.  1120?),  monk  of 
Ohristchurch,  Canterbury;  author  of  'Dicta  Anselmi 
Archiepiscopi.'  [i.  271] 

ALEXANDER  OP  ASHBY  (/.  1220),  prior  of  the 
Austin  priory,  Ashby,  Northampton;  wrote  theological 
tracts,  chronicles,  and  Latin  poems.  [i.  271] 

ALEXANDER  OP  HALES  (d.  1245),  philosopher; 
trained  for  the  church ;  held  successively  various  ecclesias- 
tical appointments,  and  was  finally  archdeacon  ;  retired  to 
France ;  studied  theology  and  metaphysics  in  Paris,  where 
he  lectured;  lecturer  to  the  Franciscan  order,  1222-38; 
student  of  Aristotle  and  his  Arab  commentators ;  wrote 
•  Summa  Theologize '  (printed,  1476).  [i.  271] 

ALEXANDER,  MRS.  CECIL  FRANCES  (1818-1895), 
poetess,  nee  Humphreys;  with  a  friend,  Lady  Harriet 
Howard,  wrote  tracts  in  connection  with  Oxford  move- 
ment from  1842;  married,  1850,  William  Alexander, 
bishop  of  Dcrry  (afterwards  archbishop  of  Armagh). 
Her  poetical  works  comprise  many  hymns,  including 
'  There  is  a  green  hill  far  away.'  [SuppL  i.  30] 

ALEXANDER,  DANIEL  ASHER  (1768-1846),  archi- 
tect ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  school;  silver  medallist, 
Royal  Academy ;  surveyor  to  London  Dock  Company 
(1796-1831)  and  to  Trinity  House ;  designed  lighthouses 
at  Harwich  and  Luudy  Island,  and  prisons  at  Dartmoor 
and  Maidstone.  [i.  272] 

ALEXANDER,  HELEN  (1654-1729),  heroine  of  Scot- 
tish covenanters ;  avowed  adherence  to  presbyterianism 
and  the  covenant;  assisted  many  fugitives,  including 
John  Welsh  and  James  Renwick.  Her  experiences  were 
published  from  her  dictation.  [L  272] 

ALEXANDER,  Sm  JAMES  EDWARD  (1803-1885), 
general;  lieutenant,  1825;  in  Balkans  during  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  1829;  captain,  1830;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir 
Benjamin  D'Urban  [q.  v.]  in  Kaffir  war,  1835  ;  knighted, 
1838  ;  aide-de-camp  successively  to  D'Urban  and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Rowan  in  Canada,  1847-55 ;  in  Crimea,  1855-6 ; 
colonel,  1858 ;  in  Maori  war,  1860-2 ;  major-general,  1868 ; 
O.B.,  1873 ;  general,  1881 ;  published  works  relating  to  his 
service,  and  other  writings.  He  was  responsible  for  the 
preservation  of  Cleopatra's  Needle.  [Suppl.  i.  31] 

ALEXANDER,  JOHN  (d.  1743),  presbyterian  minister 
at  Stratford-on-  Avon  and  at  Dublin ;  moderator  of  general 
synod  of  Ulster,  1734.  [i.  273] 

ALEXANDER,  JOHN  (1736-1765),  commentator ;  son 
of  John  Alexander  (d.  1743)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Daveutry, 
with  Priestley,  1751 ;  studied  biblical  criticism  under  Dr. 
Q«orge  Benson  ;  wrote  several  scriptural  paiaphrases. 

[i.  273] 


ALEXANDER,  MICHAEL  SOLOMON  (1799-1845), 
first  Anglican  bishop  of  Jerusalem  ;  born  and  educated  in 
Germany  in  Jewish  faith  ;  private  tutor  in  England  ; 
converted,  1825  ;  taught  Hebrew  in  Dublin  and  was 
ordained,  1827;  worked  at  Danzig  in  connection  with 
Society  for  Promoting  Christianity  among  Jews,  1827-3U  ; 
professor  of  Hebrew,  King's  College,  London,  1832-41  ; 
assisted  in  revising  New  Testament  in  Hebrew,  1835  ; 
bishop  of  united  church  of  England  and  Ireland  in 
Jerusalem,  1841  ;  died  in  Egypt  on  journey  to  England  ; 
published  religious  works.  [i.  273] 

ALEXANDER,  SIR  WILLIAM,  EARL  OP  STIRLING 
(1567?-1640),  poet  and  statesman;  perhaps  educated  at 
Stirling,  Glasgow,  and  Leyden  ;  travelled  as  tutor  to  Archi- 
bald, earl  of  Argyle,  to  France,  Spain,  and  Italy  ;  tutor 
to  Prince  Henry,  son  of  James  VI  ;  gentleman  of  bed- 
chamber to  Prince  Henry,  1603  ;  knighted,  1609  ;  on  death 
of  Prince  Henry,  1612,  appointed  to  same  position  in 
household  of  Prince  Charles  ;  formed  friendship  with  Drum- 
mond  of  Hawthornden,  c.  1613  ;  master  of  requests,  1614  ; 
assisted  the  king  in  a  metrical  version  of  the  Psalms 
(published  1631),  and  received  patent  for  sole  printing  rights 
for  thirty-one  years  ;  granted  jurisdiction  over  Nova  Scotia 
and  Canada,  1621  ;  published  '  Encouragement  to  Colonies,' 
1625  ;  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  1626  till  death  ;  raised 
to  peerage,  1630  ;  extraordinary  judge  of  court  of  session, 
1631  ;  Earl  of  Stirling,  1633  ;  died  insolvent  in  London  ; 
published  many  volumes  of  poetry.  [i.  275] 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM  (1726-1783),  American 
general  ;  son  of  James  Alexander,  who  had  fled  to  America 
after  the  rebellion  of  1715  ;  clerk  in  his  mother's  provision 
business  at  New  York  ;  joined  army  commissariat  ;  aide- 
de-camp  and  secretary  to  General  Shirley  ;  claimed  unsuc- 
cessfully the  earldom  of  Stirling,  1762  ;  surveyor-general, 
New  York  ;  governor  of  Columbia  College  ;  commanded 
American  militia  regiment  in  war  of  independence,  and 
served  throughout  the  war  ;  major-general,  1777.  [L  280] 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM(1767-1816),  artist,  and  first 
keeper  of  prints  and  drawings  in  British  Museum,  1808  ; 
student  at  Royal  Academy,  1784  ;  junior  draughtsman 
with  Lord  Macartney's  embassy  to  China,  1792  ;  professor 
of  drawing  at  Military  College,  Great  Marlow,  1802; 
published  several  volumes  of  engravings.  [L  281] 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM  LINDSAY  (1808-1884), 
congregational  divine;  educated  at  Leith  High  School, 
Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  ;  D.D.,  1846  ;  classical  tutor 
in  Blackburn  Theological  Academy,  1827-31  ;  pastor,  1835- 
1877,  of  North  College  Street  Congregational  Church 
(which  removed,  1861,  to  Augustine  Charcb,  George  IV 
Bridge,  Edinburgh)  ;  reviser  of  Old  Testament,  1870  ;  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Theological  Hall,  Edinburgh,  1854, 
and  principal,  1877  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884  ;  published 
religious  and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  32] 

ALEYN,  CHARLES  (d.  1640),  poet;  educated  at 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ;  private  tutor  to  Sir 
Edward  Sherburne.  [L  281] 

ALF- 


ALFIELD  or  AUFIELD,  THOMAS,  aJiai  BADGER 
(d.  1585),  seminary  priest  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cam- 
bridge ;  became  catholic  ;  recanted  under  torture  ;  tor- 
tured and  hanged  for  disseminating  Roman  catholic  lite- 
rature. .  [L  282] 

ALFORD,  HENRY  (1810-1871),  dean  of  Canterbury, 
1857-71  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  Bell 
scholar  ;  graduated  1832  ;  ordained  curate  at  Ampton, 
1833  ;  fellow  of  Trinity,  1834  ;  vicar  of  Wymeswold. 
1835-53  ;  studied  German  at  Bonn,  1847  ;  minister  of 
Quebec  Chapel,  Marylebone,  1853;  edited  Greek  Testa- 
ment, 1849-61  ;  published  sermons  and  poems,  including 
translation  of  the  *  Odyssey  '  in  blank  verse,  and  took  part 
in  revising  the  New  Testament  ;  first  editor  of  'Contem- 
porary Review.'  [L  282] 

ALFORD,  MARIANNE  MARGARET,  VISCOUNTESS 
ALFORD,  known  as  LADY  MARIAN  ALPORD  (1817-1888), 
artist,  daughter  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  Marquis  of 
Northampton  [q.  v.]  ;  marridd,  1841,  John  Home  Cast, 
viscount  Alford  (son  of  Earl  Brownlow)  ;  friend  of  the 
leading  artists  of  the  day  ;  assisted  in  founding  Royal 
School  of  Art  Needlework,  Kensington  ;  published  *  Needle- 
work as  Art,'  1886.  [SuppL  L  33] 


ALFORD 


16 


ALLEINE 


ALFORD,  MICHAEL  (1587-1652),  Jesuit  and  ecclesi- 
astical historian;  studied  philosophy  :it  Seville;  Kugli.sh 
penitentiary  at  Rome,  1615  ;  pursued  missionary  labours  in 
Leicestershire.  [i.  284] 

ALFRED,  KINO  (849-901).    [See  JELFRED.] 

ALFRED  OK  BKVKRI.KY  (/.  1143),  chronicler;  trea- 
surer of  church  of  Beverley;  compiled  history  up  to 
1129.  [i.  285] 

ALFRED,  surnamed  ANGLICUS  and  PHILOSOPHICUS 
(12th-13th  cent.),  writer ;  possibly  translator  of  Aristotle, 
and  author  of  '  De  Motu  Oordls,'  1220.  [i.  285] 

ALFRED  ERNEST  ALBERT,  DUKE  OF  EDINBURGH 
and  DOCK  OP  SAXE-COBURG  AND  GOTHA  (1844-1900), 
second  son  of  Queen  Victoria  and  Prince  Albert  ;  educated 
for  navy  ;  served  in  Channel,  North  America,  West  Indies, 
and  Mediterranean ;  elected  by  suffrage  king  of  Greece,  1862, 
but  was  compelled  on  political  grounds  to  refuse  crov/n : 
captain,  1 866;  created  Duke  of  Edinburgh  and  Earl  of  Ulster 
and  Kent,  and  elected  Master  of  Trinity  House,  1866 ;  com- 
missioned H.M.S.  Galatea,  1867,  and  visited  many  parts  of 
the  world,  1867-71 ;  served  in  the  Mediterranean  fleet ; 
rear-admiral,  1878 ;  vice-admiral,  1882  ;  commanded  Chan- 
nel squadron,  1883-4 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Mediterra- 
nean, 1886-9:  admiral,  1887;  commander-in-chief  at 
Devonport,  1890-3  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1893  ;  succeeded, 
1893,  his  father's  brother  as  reigning  Duke  of  Paxe-Ooburg 
and  Gotha,  in  virtue  of  renunciation  in  1863  by  his  brother, 
Prince  of  Wales,  of  title  to  duchy :  relinquished  privi- 
leges as  English  peer ;  died  at  Rosenau,  near  Ooburg.  He 
married,  1874,  Grand  Duchess  Marie  Alexandrovna,  only 
daughter  of  Alexander  II,  tsar  of  Russia.  [Suppl.  i.  34] 

ALICE  MATTD  MARY,  PRINCESS  OP  GREAT  BRITAIN 
AND  IRELAND,  DUCHKSS  OP  SAXONY,  GRAND  DUCHESS  OP 
HESSE-DARMSTADT  (1843-1878),  third  child  of  Queeii  Vic- 
toria and  Prince  Albert ;  married,  1862,  Frederick  of  Hesse, 
nephew  of  Louis  III,  grand  duke  of  Hesse- Darmstadt ; 
foundress  of  Women's  Union  for  Nursing  Sick  and 
Wounded  In  War.  [I.  285] 

ALISON,  ARCHIBALD  (1757-1839),  writer  of  an 
essay  on  'Taste'  (1790) ;  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1784 : 
took  holy  orders  ;  studied  natural  history  as  disciple  of 
Gilbert  White ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1791 ;  minister  of 
episcopal  chapel,  Oowgate,  Edinburgh,  1800  till  death ; 
adherent  of  the  Scottish '  common-sense '  philosophy ;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [i.  286] 

ALISON,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (1792-1867),  historian ; 
younger  son  of  Archibald  Alison  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Euln- 
burgh  ;  called  to  bar,  1814  ;  travelled  on  the  continent ; 
advocate  depute,  1822 ;  published  work  on  Scottish  criminal 
law,  1832-3 ;  sheriff  of  Lanarkshire,  1834 ;  successfully 
suppressed  distress  riots  and  strikes,  1837 ;  published  his 
'  History  of  Europe,'  1833-42,  and  a  continuation,  1852-9 ; 
elected  lord  rector  of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  against 
Macaulay,  1845,  and  of  Glasgow  against  Palmerston,  1851 ; 
created  baronet,  1852 ;  published  autobiography  besides 
historical  works.  [i.  287] 

ALISON,  WILLIAM  PULTENEY  (1790-1859),  phy- 
sician ;  elder  son  of  Archibald  Alison  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  ;  M.D.,  1811 :  physician  to  New  Town  dis- 
pensary, 1815  ;  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence,  Edin- 
burgh, 1820-2;  professor  of  'institutes  of  medicine,'  first 
jointly,  afterwards  solely,  for  twenty  years ;  published 
•  Outlines  of  Physiology,'  1831,  in  which  tke  leading  idea 
was  that  of  a  life-force  distinct  from  the  physical  forces 
of  dead  matter :  professor  of  practice  of  medicine,  1842-56  ; 
appointed  first  physician  to  her  ma  jesty  for  Scotland ;  hon. 
D.O.L.,  Oxford,  1850;  successfully  advocated  legal  relief 
of  the  destitute  in  Scotland.  [i.  290] 

ALKEN,  HENRY  (.ft.  1816-1831),  draughtsman  and 
engraver ;  said  to  have  been  stud-groom  to  the  Duke  of 
Beaufort ;  published  many  etchings  of  sporting  subjects, 
mostly  coloured.  [i.  292] 

ALKEN,  SAMUEL  (fi.  1780-1796),  draughtsman ; 
engraved  plates  after  Morland  and  others,  and  published 
Beta  of  original  etchings.  [i.  292] 

AT.T.Alf  ANDREW  (1655-1685),  antiquary ;  graduated 
at  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford,  and  was  made  tutor  and 
subsequently  vice-principal ;  took  holy  orders,  1680 ; 
assisted  Anthony  a  Wood  in  his '  Atheuae  Oxonienses,'  and 
produced  other  works,  ohiefly  historical.  [i.  293] 


ALLAN,  DAVID  (1744-1796),  Scottish  painter; 
apprenticed  to  Robert  Foulis,  the  Glasgow  printer  ;  went 
to  Rome,  where  he  met  Gavin  Hamilton,  1764 ;  probably 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1771  and  1773;  gained 
gold  medal  of  St.  Luke's  for  historical  composition,  1773  ; 
earned  title  of  the  'Scottish  Hogarth'  by  pictures  of 
Venetian  Carnival  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1779; 
painted  portraits  in  London,  1777-80  ;  director  and  master 
of  Trustees'  Academy  at  Edinburgh,  1786 ;  Illustrated 
poems  by  Burns,  Allan  Ramsay,  and  others.  [i.  293] 

ALLAN,  GEORGE  (1736-1800),  antiquary  and  topo- 
grapher; practised  as  an  attorney  at  Darlington,  Dur- 
ham ;  acquired  numerous  collections  of  manuscripts, 
charters,  and  genealogical  records  relating  chiefly  to  Dur- 
ham, many  of  which  he  printed  at  a  private  press  erected 
at  Darlington,  c.  1768.  His  library  was  open  to  antiquaries, 
and  was  of  great  assistance  to  several  well-known  histo- 
rical works,  notably  Hutchinson's  '  History  of  Durham.' 

[1.  294] 

ALLAN,  SIR  HENRY  MARSHMAN  HAVELOCK 
(1830-1897).  [See  HAVELOCK-ALLAN.] 

ALLAN,  PETER  (1798-1849),  coloniser  of  the 'Mars- 
den  Rock ' ;  successively  valet,  gamekeeper  to  Marquis  of 
Londonderry,  landlord  of  a  tavern  at  Whitburn,  and  super- 
intendent of  quarries  near  Durham  ;  excavated  cavern  on 
the  coast  near  Sunderland  in  bay  of  Marsden  ;  lived  In  it 
from  1828  till  his  death.  The  cavern  was  destroyed  by 
fall  of  cliff,  1865.  [i.  295] 

ALLAN,  PETER  JOHN  (1825-1848),  poet;  lived 
mostly  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  His  poems, 
published  posthumously,  show  traces  of  Byron's  In- 
fluence, [i.  296] 

ALLAN,  ROBERT  (1774-1841),  Scottish  poet ;  by  trade 
a  muslin-weaver  ;  died  at  New  York.  His  poems,  though 
melodious,  achieved  little  success.  [i.  296] 

ALLAN,  THOMAS  (1777-1833),  mineralogist ;  amassed 
a  large  collection  of  minerals ;  contributed  the  article  on 
'  Diamond '  to  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica ' ;  F.R.S. 
and  member  of  the  Edinburgh  Royal  Society  ;  published 
geological  works.  [1.  297] 

ALLAN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1782-1850),  painter  of  Rus- 
sian scenery  and  life ;  educated  in  Edinburgh ;  apprenticed 
to  a  coachmaker  ;  studied  at  the  Trustees'  Academy  and 
Royal  Academy  schools ;  exhibited  first  in  Royal  Academy, 
1803  ;  went  to  Russia,  1805,  and  spent  some  years  travelling 
In  the  Interior  ;  returned  to  Edinburgh,  1814  ;  master  of 
the  Trustees'  School,  1826 ;  travelled  on  continent  and  In 
Asia  Minor  ;  R.A.,  London,  1835 ;  president  of  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy,  1838 ;  limner  to  queen  in  Scotland,  1841 ; 
knighted  1842.  [L  297] 

ALLARDICE,  ROBERT  BARCLAY  (1779-1854), 
pedestrian,  commonly  known  as  CAPTAIN  BARCLAY  ;  en- 
tered 23rd  regiment  1805  ;  served  in  Walcheren  expedition 
as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Marquis  of  Huntly,  1809  ;  claimed 
unsuccessfully  earldoms  of  Alrth,  Strathern,  and  Mon- 
telth,  1839-40;  noted  for  his  walking  feate,  which  in- 
cluded walking  one  mile  in  each  of  one  thousand  succes- 
sive hours.  [I.  298] 

ALLARDYCE,  ALEXANDER  (1846-1896),  author: 
educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  engaged  In  journalism  in  India, 
1868-75  ;  subsequently  reader  to  Messrs.  William  Black- 
wood  &  Sons  at  Edinburgh  ;  published  novels  and  edited 
John  Ramsay's  'Scotland  and  Scotsmen  In  Eighteenth 
Century,'  and  '  Letters  from  and  to  Charles  Kirkpatriok 
Sharpe'  [q.  v.]  [Suppl.  i.  36] 

ALLDE,  ALDEE  or  ALDEY,  EDWARD  (/.  1583- 
1634),  printer ;  freeman  of  Stationers'  Company,  1584 ; 
his  name  appears  In  the  registers  down  to  1623.  [I.  299] 

ALLDE,  ALDAYE,  ALDE  or  ALDYE,  JOHN 
(fl.  1565-1592),  printer  ;  first  freeman  of  Stationers'  Com- 
pany, 1555  ;  mentioned  In  the  original  charter  of  the  com- 
pany, 1657.  [i.  299] 

ALLECTTJS  (250  ?-296),  Roman  emperor  in  Britain  ; 
minister  of  Carausius  [q.  v.j  ;  assassinated  Carausius,  and 
proclaimed  himself  emperor,  293  ;  struck  numerous  coins 
at  London  and  Colchester ;  fell  in  battle  In  Hampshire. 

[ix.  35] 

AT.T.EINE,  JOSEPH  (1634-1668),  author  of  'An 
Alarm  to  the  Unconverted ' ;  entered  Lincoln  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1649 ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Ohristi,  1651 ;  B.D.  and 


ALLEINE 


17 


ALLEN 


tutor,  1653 ;  ordained  as  associate  of  George  Newton  at 
Tauutou,  1G54  ;  ejected,  1662 ;  imprisoned  for  evangelical 
preaching  ;  wrote  religious  works.  [i.  299] 

ALLEINE,  RICHARD  (1611-1681),  author  of  •  Vin- 
dicia?  I'irtatis '  and  other  religious  works  ;  graduated  B.A., 
St.  Albau  Hull,  and  M.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford ;  or- 
dained ;  rector  of  Batcombe,  Somerset,  1641-61 ;  appointed 
assistant  to  the  commissioners  for  *  ejecting  scandalous 
minister*,'  1654  ;  ejected  under  Act  of  Uniformity  and 
preached  semi-privately  in  neighbourhood  of  Frome 
Sehvood.  [i.  300] 

ALLEINE,  WILLIAM  (1614-1677),  divine ;  younger 
brother  of  Richard  Alleine  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  and  M.A.  St. 
Alban  Hall,  Oxford ;  private  chaplain  in  London  ;  vicar 
of  Blandford,  Bristol,  e.  1653  ;  ejected  from  living  1662  ; 
preached  in  private ;  later,  held  livings  at  Bristol  and 
Yeovil.  [i.  301] 

ALLEN.  [See  also  ALLAN,  ALLEIN,  ALLEINE,  ALLEYN, 
ALU.V.] 

ALLEN,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1842),  philologist ;  son 
of  John  Allen  (1771-1839)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  his  father's 
school,  Hackney,  and  at  London  University  ;  carried  on  his 
father's  school  on  his  death ;  doctor  of  philosophy,  Leipzig, 
1840 ;  published  works  principally  philological,  [i.  302] 

ALLEN,  ANTHONY  (d.  1754),  barrister  and  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
master  in  chancery  ;  wrote  unpublished  biographical  ac- 
count of  members  of  Eton  College.  [i.  302] 

ALLEN,  BENNET  (ft.  1761-1782),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1757 ;  M.A.,  1760  ; 
took  holy  orders  and  settled  in  London  ;  published  pam- 
phlet entitled  '  Modern  Chastity,'  by  way  of  defence  of 
Lord  Baltimore,  who  was  charged  with  rape,  1768  ;  subse- 
quently contributed  to  'Morning  Post,'  and  was  im- 
prisoned for  killing  in  a  duel  one  whom  he  had  slandered 
in  an  anonymous  article,  1782.  [i.  302] 

ALLEN,  EDMUND  (1519?-1559),  bishop-elect  of 
Rochester,  1559;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1537 ;  studied  abroad,  where,  probably,  he  gra- 
duated B.D. ;  chaplain  to  Princess  Elizabeth,  1549,  and  to 
her  when  queen  ;  acted  as  ambassador  ;  published  several 
religious  works.  [i.  303] 

ALLEN,  GRANT  (1848-1899),  author,  whose  full 
name  was  CHARLES  GRANT  BLAIRFINDIE  ALLEN  ;  born 
in  Canada ;  educated  at  King  Edward's  school,  Birming- 
ham ;  B.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1871 ;  professor  of 
mental  and  moral  philosophy  in  college  at  Spanish 
Town,  Jamaica,  for  education  of  negroes,  1873-6 ;  returned 
to  England,  1876,  and  adopted  literature  as  profession  ; 
published  '  Physiological  ^Esthetics,'  1877 ;  assisted  Sir 
William  Wilson  Hunter  [q.  v.]  in  compilation  of  '  Imperial 
Gazetteer  of  India';  published,  1884,  his  first  novel, 
'Philistia,'  which  had  appeared  serially  in  '  Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  and  subsequently  produced  under  his  own 
name  and  pseudonyms  more  than  thirty  works  of  fiction, 
including  'The  Woman  who  did'  (1895)  and  '  The  British 
Barbarians '  (1896).  [Suppl.  i.  36] 

ALLEN,  JAMES  BAYLIS  (1803-1876),  line-engraver ; 
articled  as  general  engraver ;  studied  drawing  under 
J.  V.  Barber ;  employed  by  the  Fiudens  in  London,  1824 ; 
engraved  plates  (including  'Rivera  of  France')  after 
Turner  and  other  artists.  [i.  304] 

ALLEN,  JAMES  0.  (d.  1831),  line-engraver ;  pupil  of 
W.  B.  Cooke,  in  conjunction  with  whom,  after  1821,  he 
engraved  series  of  plates,  including  'Views  of  the 
Colosseum,'  after  drawings  by  Major-general  Cockburn. 

ALLEN,  JAMES  MOUNTFORD  (1809-1883)',  a°rchi- 
tect ;  practised  in  London,  and  later  as  a  church-architect 
at  Crewkerue,  Somerset.  [i.  305] 

ALLEN,  JOHN  (1476-1534),  archbishop  of  Dublin ; 
studied  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  in  Italy  on  eccle- 
siastical business  for  Archbishop  Warhain ;  took  holy 
orders,  J499 ;  vicar  of  Chislet,  1503  ;  presented  to  livings 
of  Sundridge(  1508)  and  Aldington  (1511);  rural  dean  of 
Risebergh,  Buckingham,  1512;  rector  of  South  Ocken- 
don,  Essex,  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1516 ; 
rector  of  Gaulsby,  1523;  acted  as  Wolsey's  agent  in  sup- 
pressing minor  monasteries,  1524-5  ;  prel>endary  of  Not- 
tingham, 1526,  and  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1527 ;  accom- 


panied Wolsey  to  France;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1528, 
when  he  resigned  his  prebends  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
1528-32  ;  fined  under  statutes  of  provisory  and  pram  mnrr, 
1531 ;  murdered  by  followers  of  Lord  Thomas  Fitzgerald, 
1534.  [i.  305] 

ALLEN  or  ALLIN,  JOHN  (1696-1671),  New  England 
puritan  colonist ;  left  living  at  Ipswich  to  avoid  perse- 
cutions of  Bishop  Wren  ;  went  to  New  England  with 
,  band  of  puritans,  1638 ;  pastor  of  church  at  Dedham, 
Massachusetts,  1639  ;  resisted  attempts  to  subject  colo- 
nists to  British  government,  1646 ;  took  part  in  dispute 
with  English  divines  on  baptism,  1662.  [i.  307] 

ALLEN  or  ALLEYN,  JOHN  (16607-1741),  phy- 
sician and  inventor ;  M.D. ;  extra-licentiate,  College  of 
Physicians,  1692 ;  practiced  at  Bridgewater,  Somerset ; 
published  'Synopsis  Medicinae,'  1719,  and  'Specimina 
Ichnographica,'  1730,  a  book  describing  several  inven- 
tions, including  a  new  method  of  navigating  vessels. 

[i.  307] 

ALLEN,  JOHN  (/.  1764),  nonconformist  divine; 
minister  successively  of  baptist  churches  in  Petticoat 
Lane  (now  Middlesex  Street),  London,  and  Broadstaira, 
Newcastle ;  dismissal  for  misconduct ;  died  in  New  York  ; 
published  popular  tracts.  [L  308] 

ALLEN,  JOHN,  the  younger  (d.  1831),  bookseller  and 
antiquary  of  Hereford ;  made  a  large  collection  of  anti- 
quities, books,  prints,  <fec.,  relating  to  Herefordshire,  of 
which  county  he  left  an  unpublished  and  unfinished 
history.  [i.  308] 

ALLEN,  JOHN  (1771-1839),  dissenting  layman; 
author  of  'Modern  Judaism,'  1816,  and  other  works  of 
religious  history  ;  kept  academy  at  Hackney.  [i.  309] 

ALLEN,  JOHN  (1771-1843),  political  and  historical 
writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1791 ;  in  the  confidence  of 
Jeffrey  and  his  coadjutors  on  the  '  Edinburgh  Review ' ; 
accompanied  Lord  Holland  to  Spain,  1801-5  and  1808; 
warden  of  Dulwich  College,  1811-20,  and  master,  1820 
till  death ;  published  '  Inquiry  into  Rise  and  Growth  of 
Royal  Prerogative  in  England,'  1830,  and  contributed 
historical  and  political  articles  to  'Edinburgh  Review,* 
'  Annual  Register,'  and  '  Encyclopaedia  Britanuica.' 

[L  309] 

ALLEN,  JOHN  (d.  1855),  revolutionist;  tried  for 
high  treason  with  Arthur  O'Connor,  1798;  concerned  in 
Robert  Emmet's  rising,  1803  ;  fled  to  France  and  served 
in  French  army  in  Peninsula ;  colonel  in  French  army, 
1810.  [i.  310] 

ALLEN,  JOSEPH  WILLIAM  (1803-1852),  landscape 
painter ;  originally  a  tutor ;  worked  as  scene-painter  for 
the  Olympic  ;  took  an  active  part  in  establishing  Society 
of  British  Artists.  [i.  310] 

ALLEN,  RALPH  (1694-1764),  philanthropist;  em- 
loyed  in  Bath  post  office ;  obtained  patronage  of  General 
Vude  by  detecting  a  Jacobite  plot ;  raised  and  equipped 
one  hundred  volunteers  at  Bath,  1745;  deputy  post- 
master, Bath ;  devised  and  managed  a  system  of  cross- 
posts  for  England  and  Wales  by  which  he  amassed  a 
large  fortune ;  became  intimate  with  Pope,  Fielding  (who 
drew  from  him  Squire  Allworthy  in 'Tom  Jones'),  the 
elder  Pitt,  and  other  eminent  people  ;  gave  large  sums  in 
charity,  principally  in  Bath.  [i.  311] 

ALLEN,  THOMAS  (1542-1632),  mathematician; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1563  ;  fellow, 
1565  ;  M.A.,  15«7  ;  obtained  patronage  of  Earl  of  North- 
umberland, and  came  in  contact  with  most  mathema- 
ticians and  scholars  of  his  day;  refused  offer  of  a 
bishopric  from  Earl  of  Leicester ;  left  historical,  anti- 
quarian, astronomical,  philosophical,  and  mathematical 
manuscripts,  some  of  which  are  preserved  in  Bodleian 
Library.  [i.  312] 

ALLEN,  THOMAS  (1608-1673),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
graduated  at  Cains  College,  Cambridge ;  held  living  of 
St.  Edmund's,  Norwich ;  '  silenced '  by  Bishop  Wren  for 
disagreement  with  '  Book  of  Sport?,'  1636 ;  fled  to 
Charlestown,  New  England,  1638 ;  returned  to  Norwich, 
1652 ;  ejected,  1662  ;  published  religious  works,  [i.  313] 

ALLEN,  THOMAS  (1681-1755),  divine;  B.A.  New 
College,  Oxford,  and  ordained,  1705;  successively  clerk 
in  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  schoolmaster ;  vicar  of  Ircbester, 
Northamptonshire,  1706,  and  of  Ketteriug,  1715;  wrote 
various  religious  work*.  [i.  313] 

C 


phi 
Wi 


ALLEN 


18 


ALLIX 


ALLEN.  THOMAS  (1803-1833),  topographer ;  pro- 
duced from  1827  illustrated  volumes  relating  to  Lam- 
beth, Westminster,  Southwark,  Yorkshire,  Surrey,  Sussex, 
and  Lincolnshire.  [i.  314] 

ALLEN,     WILLIAM    (1532-1594),    cardinal  ;    B.A. 
and  fellow,  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1550;    M.A.,    1554; 
principal    of  St.   Mary'e   Hall,   1556  ;    proctor,   1556-7 ; 
his  zeal  for  the  catholic  faith  making  it  impossible  for 
him  to  remain  in  Oxford,  he  took  up  residence  at  uni- 
versity of  Louvain,  1561 ;    owing  to  ill-health,  returned 
to  England    in    disguise,   1562 ;    stayed    in    Lancashire 
(where   he   rigorously  opposed  occasional  conformity), 
Oxford,  and  Norfolk  :  finally  returned  to  Low  Countries, 
1565  ;  ordained  at  Mechlin ;  lectured  on  theology ;  went  , 
on  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  1567  ;  opened,  with  the  assistance 
of  several  eminent  divines,  a  catholic  seminary  at  Douay, 
1568 ;  B.D. ;  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Douay,  1570  ;  i 
D.D.,  1671 ;  canon  of  church  of  Our  Lady  at  Cambray,  [ 
1675 ;  his  seminary,  to  escape  persecutions  of  Calvinists, 
removed  to  Rheims,  1578 ;  arranged  for  foundation  of  an  i 
English  Jesuit  college  at  Rome,  1579 ;  his  efforts  con- 
sistently opposed  by  the    protestants ;    resided    at   the  i 
English    hospital,  Rome,  after    1585;    as    supporter  of  j 
Philip    II  of    Spain's   claim    to    English  throne    made 
cardinal,  1587,  so  that,  in  the  event  of  Philip's  success,  he 
might  reconcile  the  realm  to  the  church  ;  received  from 
the  pope  an  abbey  in  Calabria  and  the  revenues  of  the 
archbishopric   of    Palermo ;    nominated   archbishop   of 
Mechlin,  1589,  but  did    not  obtain  the  see ;  apostolic 
librarian ;   entrusted,  with  Cardinal  Oolonna,   with  re- 
vision   of     the    Vulgate;     published    many     religious 
writings.  [i.  314] 

ALLEN,  WILLIAM  (1770-1843),  quaker,  scientist, 
and  philanthropist ;  entered  Sevan's  chemical  establish- 
ment at  Plough  Court,  which,  from  1795,  he  carried  on  ; 
fellow  Linnean  Society,  1801 ;  F.R£.,  1807 ;  lecturer  at 
Guy's  Hospital,  1802-26  ;  intimate  with  Clarkson,  Wilber- 
force,  and  James  Mill ;  active  opposer  of  slavery ;  en- 
gaged in  schemes  of  social  improvement,  and  made 
several  journeys  on  the  continent,  examining  prisons 
and  other  public  institutions,  1816-33  ;  helped  to  found  an 
agricultural  colony  at  Lindfield,  Sussex.  [i.  322] 

ALLEN,  WILLIAM  (1793-1864),  naval  officer;  lieu- 
tenant, 1815;  commander,  1836;  captain,  1842;  took 
part  in  the  Niger  expeditions  of  1832  and  1841-2 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1862 ;  published  books  of  travel.  [i.  322] 

ALLEN80N,  JOHN  (/.  1616),  puritan  divine ;  pupil 
at  Cambridge  of  Dr.  Whitaker ;  B.D.,  1590  ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's,  1584  ;  senior  dean  and  sacrist,  1603  ;  senior  bursar, 
1604 ;  suspended  for  puritan  opinions  successively  from 
curacies  of  Barnwell  and  Horniugsea,  Cambridgeshire; 
edited  works  by  Dr.  Whitaker.  [L  323] 

ALLESTREE,  RICHARD  (1619-1681),  royalist  di- 
vine ;  B.A.  and  moderator  in  philosophy,  Christ  Church 
College,  Oxford,  where  his  tutor  was  Richard  Busby, 
1640  ;  took  arms  for  the  king  and  served  under  Sir  John 
Biron,  1641,  and  was  present  at  Kineton  Field ;  twice 
captured,  but  was  released ;  M.A.,  1643 ;  entered  holy 
orders  and  became  censor  of  his  college ;  expelled  from 
Oxford  by  parliamentarian.*,  1648 ;  frequently  employed 
in  carrying  messages  to  and  from  the  king;  in  prison 
several  weeks  and  released  on  account  of  ill-health,  1659  ; 
canon  of  Christ  Church  and  D.D.,  1660;  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  the  king,  1663 ;  regius  professor  of  divinity, 
1663-79 ;  provost  of  Eton  College,  1665  ;  author  of  '  The 
Whole  Duty  of  Man '  and  tracts  and  sermons,  [i.  324] 

ALLESTRY,  JACOB  (1653-1686),  poetical  writer  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
music  reader,  1679 ;  teme  fllius,  1682 ;  contributed  to 
'  Examen  Poeticum,'  published  1693.  [i.  325] 

ALLEY,  WILLIAM  ( 15 10  ?-1570),  bishop  of  Exeter, 
1560;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1633 ;  during  Mary's  reign  travelled  in  north  of 
England,  gaining  a  precarious  livelihood  by  practising 
physic  and  teaching  ;  divinity  reader  and,  in  1569,  pene- 
tentiary  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1561 ; 
wrote  religious  works.  [L  326] 

ALLZYN,  EDWARD  (1666-1626),  actor  and  founder 
of  Dulwich  College ;  one  of  Earl  of  Worcester's  players, 
1586  ;  married  a  step-daughter  of  Philip  Heuslowe  [q.  v.], 
1592,  whose  partner  he  became ;  attached  to  Lord  Ad- 


miral's company ;  toured  with  Lord  Strange's  company, 
1593  ;  acted  in  London,  1694-7  ;  acquired  interest  in  bear- 
baiting  house,  Paris  Garden,  1594  ;  built,  with  Heuslowe, 
Fortune  theatre,  Cripplegate,  1600,  where  he  acted  at  head 
of  Lord  Admiral's  company  ;  purchased  with  Heuslowe 
office  of  master  of  Royal  Game  of  bears,  bulls,  and  mastiff 
dogs,  1604  ;  retired  soon  after  the  accession  of  James  I, 
when  the  Lord  Admiral's  company  was  taken  over  by 
Prince  Henry;  last  recorded  appearance,  1604;  played 
hero  in  Marlowe's  'Tamburlaine,'  'Jew  of  Malta,'  and 
'  Faustus ' ;  acquired  great  wealth  and  landed  property  ; 
bought  manor  of  Dulwich,  1605  ;  built  and  endowed  the 
college,  1613-16,  and  received  patent  for  its  incorporation, 
1619  ;  personally  managed  its  affairs,  1617-22,  and  possibly 
till  death  ;  lost  his  wife  and  afterwards  married  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Donne ;  on  terms  of  friendship  with  many  persons 
of  note,  and  patron  of  Dekker,  John  Taylor,  and  other 
writers.  [i.  327] 

ALLIBOND,  JOHN  (1597-1658),  son  of  Peter  Allibond 
[q.  v.] ;  schoolmaster ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1619 ;  D.D.,  1643 ;  master  of  Magdalen  College  School, 
1625-32,  and  lecturer  on  music ;  held  successively  three 
church  livings  in  Gloucestershire  after  1634 ;  wrote  Latin 
poems.  [i.  330] 

ALLIBOND,  PETER  (1560-1629),  translator;  B.A. 
Magdalen  Hah1,  Oxford,  1581 ;  M.A.,  1686  ;  travelled  abroad 
and  subsequently  became  rector  of  Chenies,  Buckingham- 
shire; translated  theological  works  from  Latin  and 
French.  [i.  330] 

ALLIBOND  or  ALLIBONE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1636- 
1688),  judge ;  grandson  of  Peter  Allibond  [q.  v.]  ;  Roman 
catholic ;  educated  at  Douay ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1663  ; 
king's  counsel  and  knighted,  1686 ;  serjeant-at-law  and 
justice  of  king's  bench,  1687 ;  incurred  unpopularity  Jay 
opposing  the  seven  bishops,  1688.  [i.  330] 

ALLIES,  JABEZ  (1787-1866),  antiquary  and  writer 
on  folklore ;  practised  as  solicitor  in  London ;  F.S.A.,  c. 
1840 ;  retired  to  Worcester  ;  published  works  on  antiqui- 
ties of  Worcestershire  and  Herefordshire,  and  on  Shake- 
speare's fairy  mythology.  [L  331] 

ALLIN,  SIR  THOMAS  (1612-1685),  naval  commander  ; 
originally  merchant  and  shipowner  in  Lowestoft:  sup- 
ported royalists  during  civil  war ;  captain,  1660 ;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  the  Downs,  1663 ;  fought  against 
Dutch  in  Mediterranean,  1664,  and  at  Lowestoft,  1665 ; 
knighted  and  appointed  admiral ;  defeated  Dutch  off  Isle 
of  Wight  and  French  off  Dungeness,  1666 ;  engaged 
against  Barbary  pirates,  1668-70 ;  comptroller  of  navy, 
1670-8  ;  commander-in-chief  in  the  Narrow  Seas  against 
French,  1778.  [i.  332] 

ALLINGHAM,  JOHN  TILL  (/.  1799-1810),  drama- 
tist ;  educated  for  the  law ;  wrote  many  popular  plays, 
much  of  the  success  of  which  was  due  to  the  actor,  Charles 
Mathews.  [i.  333] 

ALLINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1824-1889),  poet ;  born 
at  Ballyshannon,  Donegal,  where,  c.  1837,  he  entered  the 
bank  managed  by  his  father ;  received  appointment  in 
customs,  c.  1846;  became  acquainted  with  Leigh  Hunt 
in  London;  published  'Poems,'  1850,  and  'Day  and 
Night  Songs '  (a  second  series  of  which  contained  illus- 
trations by  pre-Raphaelite  artists),  1864;  edited  'The 
Ballad  Book'  for  'Golden  Treasury  Series,'  1864;  pub- 
lished '  Laurence  Bloomfield  in  Ireland,'  his  most  am- 
bitious work,  1864  :  his  poetical  works  were  collected  in 
six  volumes,  1888-93;  editor  of  'Fraser's  Magazine,' 
1874-9.  A  collection  entitled '  Varieties  in  Prose '  appeared 
posthumously,  1893.  [Suppl.  i.  38] 

ALLISON,  THOMAS  (/.  1697),  Arctic  voyager ;  pub- 
lished, 1699,  an  account  of  his  voyage  in  1697-8  from  Arch- 
angel to  the  neighbourhood  of  North  Cape.  [i.  333] 

ALLIX,  PETER  (1641-1717),  protestant  preacher; 
born  at  Aleneon  ;  educated  at  Sanmur  and  Sedan  ;  worked 
with  Claude  on  French  translation  of  the  bible  ;  pastor  of 
St.  Agobille,  Champagne  ;  translated  to  Charenton,  Paris, 
1670 ;  moderator  of  synod  at  Lisy,  1683  ;  on  revocation  of 
edict  of  Nantes  came  to  England,  1686,  and  founded  in 
London  a  church  for  protestant  refugees  ;  D.D.  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge ;  treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1690  ; 
published  many  theological  works  in  Latin,  French,  and 
English.  [i.  334] 


ALLMAN 


19 


ALTHAM 


ALLMAN,  GEORGE  JAMES  (1812-1898),  botanist 
1  zoologist ;  educated  at  Belfast ;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
blin,  1839  ;  M.D.,  1847  ;  F.R.O.S.  Ireland,  1844 ;  M.D. 

ford,   1847  ;  professor  of  botany,  Dublin   University, 

1841 :  F.H.S.,  1854  ;  regius  professor  of  natural  history, 
Edinburgh  University,  1855-70;  president  of  Liunean 
Society,  1H74-83,  and  gold  medallist,  1896.  His  most  im- 
portant work  was  his  investigation  into  the  morphology 
of  the  coelenterata  and  polyzoa.  [Suppl.  i.  40] 

ALLMAN,  WILLIAM  (1776-1846),  botanist;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1796  ;  M.A.,  1801  ;  M.D.,  1804 ; 
practised  medicine  in  Cloumel  till  1809  ;  professor  of 
botany,  Dublin,  1809-44 ;  published  botanical  works. 

ALLOM,  THOMAS  (1804-1872),  architect :  furnished 
drawings  for  series  of  illustrated  works  on  '  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland,'  'Scotland,'  'Constantinople,'  and 
other  places  ;  exhibited  frequently  at  Royal  Academy. 

ALLON,  HENRY  (1818-1892),  congregational  divine  ; 
studied  theology  at  Cheshunt  College  ;  sole  pastor,  1852, 
at  Union  Chapel,  Islington  ;  honorary  secretary  of  Ches- 
hunt College,  1862,  and  trustee  of  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don's connexion  ;  honorary  D.D.  Yale  University,  1871, 
and  St.  Andrews,  1885 ;  president  of  congregational 
union,  1864  and  1881 ;  editor  of  '  British  Quarterly  Review,' 
1877-86 ;  edited  volumes  of  hymns  and  wrote  religious 
publications.  [Suppl.  i.  41] 

ALLON,  HENRY  ERSKINE  (1864-1897),  composer ; 
son  of  Henry  Allon  (1818-1892)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
wrote  sonatas  and  assisted  in  founding 'New  Musical 
Quarterly  Review.'  [Suppl.  i.  42] 

ALLOTT,  ROBERT  (/.  1600),  editor  of  '  England's 
Parnassus'  1600,  and  of  'Wits  Theater  of  the  Little 
World,'  1599.  [i.  336] 

ALLOTT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1590?),  catholic  divine; 
educated  at  Cambridge  ;  retired  to  Louvainon  Elizabeth's 
accession  ;  in  high  favour  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  re- 
turned and  preached  in  England,  but  was  imprisoned  and 
banished ;  canon  of  St.  Quintin,  Picardy.  [i.  337] 

ALLOWAY,  LORD  (d.  1829).  [See  OATHCABT, 
DAVID.] 

ALLPORT,  SIR  JAMES  JOSEPH  (1811-1892),  railway 
manager ;  chief  clerk,  then  traffic  manager  and  manager, 
Birmingham  and  Derby  railway  ;  manager  of  Newcastle 
and  Darlington  line,  1844-50,  and  of  Manchester,  Sheffield 
and  Lincolnshire,  1850-3  ;  general  manager  of  Midland 
railway,  1853-7,  director,  1857,  and  again  general  manager, 
1860-80 ;  managing  director  of  Palmer's  Shipbuilding 
Company,  Jarrow,  1857-60 ;  knighted,  1884.  Under  his 
management  the  Midland  railway  grew  into  one  of  the 
chief  English  railway  systems.  [Suppl.  i.  42] 

ALLSOP,  THOMAS  (1795-1880),  stockbroker  and 
author ;  entered  silk  mercery  trade  in  London,  1812  ; 
joined  Stock  Exchange  ;  made  the  acquaintance  of  Cole- 
ridge, 1818 ;  on  the  poet's  death  published  his  '  Letters, 
Conversations,  and  Recollections ' ;  intimate  with  Lamb, 
Hazlitt,  Barry  Cornwall,  and  other  eminent  men  ;  provided 
Feargus  O'Connor  with  his  property  qualification  as  re- 
presentative of  chartism  on  his  election  as  M.P.  for  i 
Nottingham ;  was  in  sympathy  with  Orsini,  the  con- 
spirator against  Napoleon  III.  A  reward  was  offered  for 
his  apprehension  as  accessory  in  the  '  attempt  of  Orsini,' 
but  the  overtness  of  his  actions  disarmed  suspicion. 

[i.  337] 

ALMACK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1781),  founder  of  Almack's 
Assembly  Rooms  ;  apparently  came  to  London  as  valet  of 
Duke  of  Hamilton  ;  proprietor  of  a  tavern  in  St.  James's 
Street;  opened  a  gaming  club  in  Pall  Mall,  known  as 
Almack's  Club  (now  Brooks's),  before  1763 ;  erected  his 
assembly  rooms  in  King  Street,  1764.  [i.  339] 

ALMEIDA  or  MEADE,  JOHN  (1672-1653),  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary ;  taken  without  his  parents'  consent  to  Viana, 
Portugal,  at  age  of  ten  ;  admitted  member  of  Society  of 
Jesus,  1592  ;  ordained,  1602  ;  spent  many  years  travelling 
on  foot  through  Brazil  as  missionary.  [i.  340] 

ALMON,  JOHN  (1737-1805),  bookseller  and  journa- 
list ;  apprenticed  to  printer  at  Liverpool  ;  travelled  on  , 
continent,  1758-9 ;  employed  in  London  as  printer ;  con-  I 


tributed  to  the  'Gazetteer,'  and  attracted  attention  of 
Lord  Temple,  Burke,  and  other  members  of  the  opposi- 
tion ;  formed  acquaintance  with  Wilkes,  1761,  which  lasted 
till  Wilkes's  death ;  established  himself  in  Piccadilly  a- 
l  look  and  pamphlet  teller ;  imprisoned  and  fined  for  sup- 
porting Wilkes,  1770  ;  proprietor  and  editor  of  '  General 
Advertiser,'  1784  ;  tried  for  libel,  1786,  ami  retired  in 
financial  difficulties  to  France  ;  died  in  England  ;  wrote 
and  edited  miscellaneous  works.  [i.  340] 

ALMOND,  Mus.  EMMA  (1814-1868).    [See  ROMKK.] 

ALMS,  JAMES  (1728-1791),  captain  in  navy;  of 
bumble  origin ;  served  as  midshipman  at  battles  of 
Namur  and  Fiuisterre  and  in  East  Indies,  1744-9;  as 
lieutenant  at  capture  of  Gheriah,  1756,  and  blockade  of 
Brest,  1759,  and  as  captain  at  reduction  of  Martinique 
and  Havana;  in  actions  at  Praya  Bay,  1781,  Sadras, 
Providieu,  Negapatam,  and  Trincoinalee,  1782;  retired, 
1784.  [i.  842] 

ALNWICK,  MARTIN  OF  (d.  1336).    [See  MARTIN.] 

ALNWTCK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1449),  bishop  of  Norwich 
and  of  Lincoln ;  LL.D.  Cambridge ;  monk  of  St. 
Albans;  first  confessor  of  the  Brigetiue  nuns  at  Syon, 
1414 ;  prior  of  Wymondham,  and  archdeacon  of  Sarum, 
1420;  received  stall  of  Knaresborough-cum-Bickhill  in 
York  Cathedral,  1421 ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1426 ;  confessor 
to  Henry  VI ;  translated  to  see  of  Lincoln,  1436  ;  settled 
disputes  between  dean  and  chapter,  and  published  (1440) 
a  new  code  of  statutes  for  regulation  of  the  cathedral, 
which  originated  a  contest  between  him  and  the  dean, 
still  undecided  at  his  death  ;  took  part  in  founding  Eton 
School  and  Kiug's  College,  Cambridge.  [i.  343] 

ALPHAGE  or  ALPHEGE,  ST.    [See  ^ELPHEAH.] 

ALPHERY,  NIKEPHOR  (ft.  1618-1660),  divine: 
rector  of  Woolley,  Huntingdonshire,  1618  ;  ejected,  c.  1643  ; 
reinstated,  1660.  [i.  345] 

ALSOP,  ANTHONY  (d.  1726),  poetical  writer ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1696;  B.D.,  1706;  censor  and 
tutor ;  published  selections  from  -32sop,  1698 ;  prebendary 
of  Winchester  and  rector  of  Brightwell,  Berkshire;  left 
England  on  losing  an  action  for  breach  of  promise  of 
marriage ;  returned  and  met  death  by  drowning,  [i.  345] 

ALSOP,  VINCENT  (d.  1703),  nonconformist  divine ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  took  holy  orders  as 
conformist,  and  became  tutor  at  Oakham;  afterwards 
received  presbyterian  ordination  ;  '  presented '  to  Wilby, 
Northamptonshire ;  ejected,  1662 ;  preached  semi-privately 
and  suffered  imprisonment ;  published '  Antisozzo,'  a  witty 
attack  on  Bishop  Sherlock,  1675  ;  minister  of  a  congrega- 
tion at  Westminster  ;  said  to  have  drawn  up  the  presby- 
terians'  address  to  James  II  for  general  indulgence. 

[i.  345] 

ALSTON,  CHARLES  (1683-1760),  scientific  writer; 
studied  medicine  under  Boerhaave  at  Leyden  ;  lecturer  in 
botany  and  materia  medica  at  Edinburgh,  and  superintend- 
ent of  botanical  gardens,  1710  till  death.  [i.  346] 

ALSTON,  SIR  EDWARD  (1595-1669),  president  of 
College  of  Physicians,  1635-66 ;  M.D.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1626  ;  elected  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 1631 ;  knighted,  1660.  [i.  347] 

ALSTON,  EDWARD  RICHARD  (1845-1881),  zoo- 
logist ;  wrote  papers  on  mammalia  and  birds  ;  zoological 
secretary,  Linnean  Society,  1880-1.  [i.  847] 

ALTEN,  SIR  CHARLES,  COUNT  vox  (1764-1840), 
general ;  of  protestant  Hanoverian  family ;  served  in 
Hanoverian  army,  1781-1803,  and  on  its  disbandment  ( 1803) 
joined  British  army  and  held  command  (1805-1816) ;  in 
Hanover,  1805,  at  Copenhagen,  1807,  in  Sweden  and  Spain, 
1808,  Walchereu,  1809,  the  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo ; 
major-general,  1816  ;  became  field-marshal  in  reorganised 
Hanoverian  army.  [i.  847] 

ALTHAM,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1617),  judge;  M.P. 
Bramber,  Sussex,  1589  ;  reader  at  Gray's  inn,  1600 ;  double 
reader  and  serjeant-at-law,  1603 ;  baron  of  exchequer 
and  knighted,  1606  ;  decided  against  the  king's  superiority 
over  the  law,  1610  and  later,  but  admitted  error  in  de- 
ciding that  the  crown  had  no  right  to  grant  commcn- 

[i.  348] 

c2 


ALTHAUS 


20 


AMORY 


ALTHAUS,  JULIUS  (1833-1900),  physician  ;  born  iu 
Lippe-Detmold,  Germany  ;  M.D.  Berlin,  1855  ;  assisted  iu 
tending  l,,,,i,,tal  for  epilepsy  an.i  pur.ilyaii,  Regent's 
lark,  of  whu-h  he  was  physician,  1866-94;  published 
writing  mainly  on  therapeutic  effects  o(  electricity. 

ALTHORP,  VISCOUNT.  [See  SI-KNCKU,  JOHX^'HAHLKS, 
1782-1845.] 

ALVANLEY,  BAROX.    [See  AUI>KS.] 

ALVES,  ROBERT  (1745-1794),  poet  and  prose  writer ; 
educated  at  Aberdeen ;  head-master,  Banff  grammar  school, 
1773-9;  taught  classics  and  modern  languages  in  Edin- 
burgh ;  published  poems  and  literary  history.  [i.  349] 

ALVEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1584),  master  of  the  Temple, 
1560  ;  fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1537 ;  B.D., 
1543  ;  successively  rector  of  Thoringtou,  Grinstead,  and 
Sandon,  1540-52  ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1652 ;  deprived 
of  preferments  under  Mary,  but  under  Elizabeth  restored 
to  Thoringtou ;  again  canon  of  Westminster,  1560-75  ; 
rector  of  Bursted  Parva,  Essex,  1571-6.  [i.  349] 

ALVEY,  THOMAS  (1645-1704),  physician;  M.D. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1671 ;  F.R.O J>.,  1676 ;  Harveian 
orator,  1684.  [i.  350] 

AMBERLEY,  VISCOUNT  (1842-1876.)  [See  RUSSELL, 
JOHN.] 

AMBROSE,  ISAAC  (1604- 1663), divine;  B.A.  Brase- 
nose,  Oxford,  1624  ;  presented  to  cure  of  Castleton,  Derby- 
shire, 1627 ;  one  of  king's  four  preachers  in  Lancashire, 
1631 ;  twice  imprisoned  by  commissioners  of  array ; 
worked  for  establishment  of  presbyterianism  ;  successively 
at  Leeds,  Preston,  and  Garstang,  whence  he  was  ejected  for 
nonconformity,  1662  ;  published  religious  works,  [i.  350] 

AMBROSE,  JOHN(d.  1771),  captain  in  navy  ;  served 
In  Channel  and  Mediterranean,  1734-44;  court-martialled 
for  neglect  of  duty  at  Toulon  (1744)  and  cashiered;  re- 
stored to  rank  and  half-pay,  1748 ;  retired  rear-admiral, 
1750.  [i.351] 

AMBROSE,  Miss  (1720  ?- 1818).  [See  PALMER, 
ELEANOR,  LAUY.] 

AMBROSIUS  ATTRELIAinJS,  called  EMRYS  (/. 
440),  British  leader ;  probably  descended  from  Constantiue ; 
opposed  Saxon  invaders  and  confined  them  to  limits  of 
isle  of  Thanet.  [i.  351] 

AMTiT.TA  (1783-1810),  princess;  youngest  child  of 
George  III ;  delicate  in  health  ;  died  of  erysipelas,  having 
been  a  confirmed  invalid  for  two  years.  [L  352] 

AMES,  JOSEPH  (1619-1695),  naval  commander  under 
the  Commonwealth;  transported  many  royalists  to 
colonies.  [i.  352] 

AMES,  JOSEPH  (1689-1759),  bibliographer  and  anti- 
quary, grandson  of  preceding  :  apprenticed  to  plane  maker 
in  London ;  entered  business  at  NVapping  as  either  ship- 
chandler,  ironmonger,  or  patten  maker,  and  continued 
successfully  till  death  ;  became  acquainted  with  Rev.  J. 
Lewis  of  Margate,  and  other  antiquaries,  on  whose  sug- 
gestion he  prepared  his  '  Typographical  Antiquities,'  1749  ; 
F.SJL,  1736  ;  F.R.S.,  1743  ;  published  also  an  illustrated 
catalogue  of  English  engraved  portraits,  and  memoirs  of 
the  Wren  family.  [i.  363] 

AMES,  WILLIAM  (1576-1633),  puritan  divine  and 
casuist ;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  where 
his  religious  zeal  resulted  in  his  suspension  by  the  vice- 
chancellor  '  from  all  degrees  taken  or  to  be  taken  ' ;  being 
prevented  by  the  Bishop  of  London  from  settling  as  a 
preacher  at  Colchester,  he  went  to  Leydeu  ;  worsted  in  a 
controversy  with  Grevinchovius,  the  Arminiau  minister  at 
Rotterdam,  1613 ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Horace  Vere,  English 
governor  of  Brill,  Holland,  whose  daughter  he  married ; 
employed  by  Oalvinists  at  synod  of  Dort,  1619  ;  professor 
of  theology,  Franeker,  1622  ;  owing  to  ill-health  removed  to 
Rotterdam,  where  he  died  ;  wrote  theological  works. 


[i  356] 

ii-t, 


AMES,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1662),  baptist  minister  and 
quaker  ;  joined  quakers,  1655 ;  officer  in  parliamentary 
army  ;  settled  in  Amsterdam,  1657  ;  returned  to  England 
and  was  imprisoned  for  attending  quaker  meeting, 
1662.  [i.  366] 


AMESBURY,  BARON  (1751-1832).  [See  DUNDAS, 
CHARLES.] 

AMHERST,  FRANCIS  KERRIL  (1819-1883),  Roman 
catholic  prelate ;  educated  at  St.  Mary's  College,  Oscott, 
where,  after  ordination,  he  became  professor  ;  missionary 
rector  of  St.  Augustin's  church,  Stafford,  1856  ;  bishop  of 
Northampton,  1858-79 ;  preconised  to  titular  see  of 
Sozusa,  1880.  [i.  367] 

AMHERST,  JEFFREY,  BARON  AMHERST  (1717- 
1797),  field- marshal ;  ensign  in  guards,  1731 ;  aide-de- 
camp to  General  Ligonier  in  Germany  ;  successively  on 
staff  of  Ligouier  and  Duke  of  Cumberland ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  15th  regiment,  1756 ;  major-general,  commanding 
expedition  to  North  America,  1758  ;  took  Louisburg,  Cape 
Breton  Isle,  succeeded  James  Abercromby  as  commander- 
in-chief ,  and  took  Fort  Du  Quesne,  1758 ;  took  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point,  and  shared  in  capture  of  Montreal, 
1759 ;  governor-general  of  British  North  America  and 
knighted,  1761 ;  took  strong  but  unsuccessful  measures 
against  Indian  chief  Poutiac  ;  returned  to  England,  1763 ; 
governor  of  Virginia,  1763,  and  of  Guernsey,  1770  ;  privy 
councillor,  1772;  created  Baron  Amherst,  1776;  held 
various  military  offices  ;  field-marshal,  1796.  [i.  357] 

AMHERST,  JOHN  (1718  ?-1778),  admiral,  younger 
brother  of  Jeffrey  Amherst  [q.  v.] ;  captain,  1744 ;  flag- 
captain  in  East  Indies  and  in  North  America,  1755,  in 
Mediterranean,  1756 ;  at  Louisbourg,  Belle-Isle,  and 
Gibraltar,  1761-2 ;  commander-iu-chief  at  Plymouth, 
1776.  [i.  359] 

AMHERST,  WILLIAM  PITT,  EARL  AMHKRST  ov 
ARRACAN  (1773-1857),  statesman  ;  nephew  of  Jeffrey  Am- 
herst [q.  v.] ;  envoy  to  Pekiu  to  represent  to  the  emperor 
wrongs  suffered  under  his  rule  by  British  subjects,  1816  ; 
repelled  by  his  discourteous  reception,  he  returned,  1817  ; 
governor-general  of  India,  1823-8;  declared  war  on  king 
of  Burmah,  1824 ;  peace  made  after  capture  of  Rangoon, 
Martabau,  and  Prome,  and  cession  of  Tenasserim,  Arracan, 
and  Assam ;  created  Earl  Amherst,  1826  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1828,  and  retired  from  public  affairs.  [i.  360] 

AMHTTRST,  NICHOLAS  (1697-1742),  poet  and  poli- 
tical writer ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  expelled  from  university  perhaps 
on  account  of  his  whig  principles,  1719 ;  settled  in  London  ; 
started  bi-weekly  periodical,  'Terras  Filius,'  in  which  Ox- 
ford was  severely  satirised,  1721 ;  suffered  short  imprison- 
ment, 1737,  for  libel  of  Colley  Gibber  in  'Craftsman,' 
which  he  started,  1726  ;  published  occasional  poems. 

[i.  361] 

AMMONIO,  ANDREA  (1477-1517),  Latin  secretary  to 
Henry  VIII ;  born  at  Lucca  ;  educated  at  Rome  :  sent  to 
England  as  collector  for  the  pope;  held  ecclesiastical 
offices  at  Westminster  and  Salisbury ;  accompanied 
Henry  VIII  in  French  campaign  as  Latin  secretary,  and 
celebrated  his  victories  hi  a  Latin  poeiu,  1513.  [i.  363] 

AMNER,  JOHN  (d.  1641),  organist  of  Ely  Cathedral, 
1610;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1613;  published  sacred 
music.  [i.  363] 

AMNER,  RALPH  (</.  1664),  minor  cauou  ;  lay  clerk 
of  Ely  Cathedral,  1604-9;  minor  canon,  St.  George's, 
Windsor  ;  gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal,  1623.  [i.  363] 

AMNER,  RICHARD  (1736-1803),  Unitarian  divine ; 
studied  at  Daventry,  1756-62;  minister  at  Yarmouth, 
1762-4,  and  at  Hampstead,  1765;  published  theological 
works  ;  his  name  unwarrantably  appended  to  indelicate 
notes  by  George  Steevens  in  his  edition  of  Shake- 
speare, [i.  364] 

AMORY,  THOMAS  (1701-1774),  dissenting  tutor; 
studied  divinity  at  Tauuton  academy,  where  he  was  assis- 
tant, 1725,  and  principal,  1738 ;  ordained,  1730  ;  successively 
minister  in  Hull  Bishops,  Taunton,  and  London  (1759) ; 
one  of  Dr.  Williams's  trustees,  1767  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1768  ; 
strenuously  supported  agitation  against  subscription  to 
Toleration  Act,  1772.  [i.  364] 

AMORY,  THOMAS  (1691  ?-1788),  eccentric  writer; 
of  Irish  descent,  though  not  born  in  Ireland ;  probably 
lived  in  Dublin,  where  he  knew  Swift;  lived  at  West- 
minster, c.  1757,  with  a  country  house  near  Hounslow  ; 
published,  1765,  '  Memoirs,  containing  Lives  of  several 
Ladies  of  Great  Britain,'  and,  1756-66,'  Life  of  JohuBuncle, 
Kt»q.,'  virtually  a  continuation  of  '  Memoirs.'  [i.  365] 


AMOS 


ANDERSON 


AMOS,  ANDREW  (1791-1860),  lawyer ;  born  in 
India  ;  educated  at  Eton  aud  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
fifth  wrangler  and  fellow,  1813 ;  called  to  bar  and  joined 
middle  circuit ;  recorder  of  Oxford  ;  sat  on  criminal  law 
commissions,  1834-43 ;  first  professor  of  law,  University 
College,  London,  1829  ;  succeeded  Macaulay  as  fourth 
member  of  governor-general's  council  in  India,  1837-43  ; 
county  court  judge  for  Marylebone,  Brentford,  and 
Bromptou,  1843  ;  Downing  professor  of  law,  Cambridge, 
1848  till  death:  published  legal,  constitutional,  and 
literary  works.  [i.  366] 

AMOS,  SHELDON  (1835-1886),  jurist,  sou  of  Andrew 
Amos  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1859 ;  bar- 
rister at  Inner  Temple,  1862  ;  reader  till  1869  ;  professor  of 
jurisprudence,  University  College,  London,  1869-79  ;  judge 
of  court  of  appeal  (native  tribunals)  in  Egypt,  c.  1882 ; 
advocated  higher  education  and  political  emancipation 
of  women.  His  publications  include  a  '  Systematic  View 
of  the  Science  of  Jurisprudence,'  1872.  [Suppl.  i.  44] 

AMPHLETT,  Sm  RICHARD  PAUL  (1809-1883), 
judt?e  ;  sixth  wrangler,  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
1831 :  called  to  bar,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1834  ;  joined  Oxford 
circuit ;  took  silk,  1858  ;  M.P.,  East  Worcestershire,  1868  ; 
president  Legal  Education  Association,  1873;  baron  of 
exchequer,  1874  ;  promoted  to  court  of  appeal,  1876  ;  retired, 
1877.  [i.  367] 

AMPTHILL,  first  BARON  (1829-1884).  [See  RUSSELL, 
ODO  WILLIAM  LEOPOLD.] 

AMYOT,  THOMAS  (1775-1850),  antiquary;  of 
Huguenot  origin  ;  articled  to  a  Norwich  attorney ;  elec- 
tion agent  (1802)  and  private  secretary  (1806)  to  Mr. 
Wiudham,  whose  speeches  he  published,  1812  ;  held  several 
appointments  in  colonial  department;  connected  with 
Royal,  Percy,  aud  Shakespeare  societies,  and  Society  of 
Antiquaries.  [i.  368] 

AMYRATJT  or  AMABOTT,  PAUL  (/.  1636-1662), 
divine ;  of  German  birth ;  vicar  of  Ermington ;  sus- 
pended for  puritanism,  1636  ;  held  living  of  Muusley, 
Norfolk,  and  was  ejected  1662.  [i.  369] 

ANARAWD  (<*.  915  ?),  Welsh  prince ;  succeeded  his 
father,  Rhodri,  as  king  of  all  Wales,  877 ;  defeated  Saxons 
at  Cymryd,,  880;  'cum  Anglis'  devastated  Cardigan, 
c.  893.  [i.  370] 

ANCELL,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1802),  military  writer ;  served 
with  58th  regiment ;  besieged  at  Gibraltar,  1779-83  ;  pub- 
lished account  of  siege,  1784.  [i.  370] 

ANCRTJM,  first  EARL  OP  (1578-1654).  [See  KER, 
ROBERT.] 

ANDERDON,  JOHN  LAVICOUNT  (1792-1874), 
angler  ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  became  partner  in  a  London 
business  firm,  1816  ;  published  devotional  works  and  a  book 
on  angling.  [i.  370] 

ANDERDON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1816-1890),  Jesuit, 
sou  of  John  Lavicoimt  Anderdon  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1839;  M.A.,  1842;  entered  Roman 
catholic  church,  1850  :  ordained  priest  at  Oscott,  1853  ; 
secretary  to  (Cardinal)  Manning  in  London,  1863 ;  on 
mission  in  America,  1868-70  :  D.D.  Rome,  1869 ;  joined 
Society  of  Jesus,  1872 ;  engaged  in  missionary  work 
in  England  ;  published  religious  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  46] 

ANDERSON,  ADAM  (1692  ?-1765),  historian  of  com- 
merce; for  forty  years  clerk  in  the  South  Sea  House, 
ultimately  becoming  chief  clerk  of  stock  and  new  annui- 
ties ;  published  (1764)  history  of  commercial  enterprise 
from  earliest  times  to  1762.  [i.  371] 

ANDERSON,  ADAM  (rf.  1846),  physicist;  rector  of 
Perth  academy,  and  afterwards  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy at  St.  Andrews  ;  published  articles  on  physics. 

[i.  371] 

ANDERSON,  ALEXANDER  (1582-1619?),  mathe- 
matician ;  taught  mathematics  in  Paris  early  in  seven- 
teenth century  ;  friend  of  Vieta,  whose  writings  he  edited, 
1615-17  ;  published  mathematical  works.  [i.  371] 

ANDERSON,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1811),  botanist; 
superintendent  of  botanic  garden,  St.  Vincent ;  went  on 
botanising  expedition  to  Guiana,  1791.  [i.  372] 


ANDERSON,  ANDREW  (</.  1861),  champion  Scottiab 
draught-player ;  stocking- weaver  ;  published  book  ou 
'Draughts,' 1848.  [i.  372] 

ANDERSON,  ANTHONY  (d.  1593),  theological 
writer  and  preacher  ;  rector  of  Medbourue,  Leicestershire, 
1573-93;  vicar  of  Stepney,  and  rector  of  Denge,  Essex, 
1587 ;  sub-dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  1592 ;  published  theo- 
logical works  of  puritanic  character.  [i.  372] 

ANDERSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1782-1852),  theo- 
logical writer  aud  preacher ;  originally  in  insurance 
office,  but  ^  became  baptist  minister  in  Edinburgh : 
founded  Gaelic  School  and  Edinburgh  Bible  societies  ; 
supported  Indian  missions  ;  published  '  Annals  of  English 
Bible,1  1835,  and  other  works.  [L  373] 

ANDERSON,  SIR  EDMUND  (1530-1605),  judge ;  edu- 
cated at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  studied  at  Inner  Temple, 
1550  ;  reader  at  his  inn  of  court,  1567  ;  double  reader  at 
Inner  Temple,  1574 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1577 ;  serjeant-at- 
law  to  queen,  1579  ;  knighted  and  made  lord  chief  justice 
of  common  pleas,  1582  ;  took  part  in  trial  of  Babiugton, 
of  Secretary  Davisou,  and  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586, 
anil  in  the  trials  of  Perrot,  1590,  Earl  of  Essex,  1601,  and 
Raleigh,  1603  ;  showed  great  severity  towards  puritans, 
and  notably  John  Udall.  [i.  373] 

ANDERSON,  GEORGE  (/.  1740),  mathematician; 
friend  of  the  mathematician  William  Jones,  whose  letters 
to  him  were  published,  1841.  [i.  376] 

ANDERSON,  GEORGE  (1760-1796),  accountant ;  of 
humble  origin  ;  educated  and  sent  by  friends  to  Wadham 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1784 ;  took  deacon's  orders,  but 
obtained  post  in  board  of  control,  to  which  he  ultimately 
became  accountant-general  ;  translated  Archimedes's 
'  Arenarius,'  1784.  [i.  376] 

ANDERSON,  SIR  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1791-1857), 
Indian  civil  servant ;  employed  chiefly  on  judicial  duties 
hi  Bombay  civil  service,  1806-31 ;  framed  '  Bombay  Code 
of  1827';  principal  collector  and  political  agent  of 
Southern  Mahratta  districts,  1831 ;  Bombay  member  of 
Indian  law  commission,  1835-8 ;  member  'of  council  of 
governor  of  Bombay,  1838  ;  governor  of  Bombay,  1841-2 ; 
knighted  and  made  C.B. ;  governor  of  Mauritius,  1849  ; 
K.C.B.  aud  (1850-5)  governor  of  Ceylon.  [i.  377] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  (1662-1728),  genealogist  aud 
antiquary  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1680  ;  writer  to  the  signet, 
1691  ;  published,  1705,  'An  Historical  Essay  showing  that 
the  Crown  and  Kingdom  of  Scotland  is  Imperial  and 
Independent,'  in  which  documents,  cited  hi  a  pamphlet 
by  William  Atwood  on  the  supremacy  of  the  crown  of 
England  over  that  of  Scotland,  were  shown  to  be  forgeries  ; 
rewarded  by  Scottish  parliament ;  devoted  himself  to  col- 
lecting facsimiles  of  Scottish  charters  and  other  muni- 
ments, for  which  work  money  was  voted  by  the  Scottish 
parliament,  but  never  paid,  the  parliament  terminating  it 
at  the  union ;  postmaster-general  for  Scotland,  1715 ; 
retained  office  for  only  eighteen  mouths,  but  continued 
to  draw  salary ;  his  facsimiles,  published  1729  under  title 
of  '  Diplomata ' ;  also  published  '  Collections  relating  to 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots.'  [i.  378] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  (1680  ?-1739),  preacher ;  brother 
of  Adam  Anderson  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  minister 
of  presbyteriau  churches  in  Swallow  Street,  London,  1710, 
and  Lisle  Street,  Leicester  Fields,  1734.  Published  sermons, 
works  on  history,  freemasonry,  and  other  subjects. 

[i.  380] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  (1739-1808),  economist ;  after 
age  of  fifteen  managed  farms  near  Edinburgh  and  in 
Aberdeenshire ;  published  essays  on  agriculture;  LL.D. 
Aberdeen,  1780  ;  advocated  protection  of  Scottish  fisheries, 
provoking  remonstrance  from  Bentham,  1783  ;  employed 
by  Pitt  to  survey  fisheries,  1784 ;  retired  to  Isleworth, 
1797  ;  published  many  economic  works.  [i.  381] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  (d.  1809),  botanist ;  physician- 
general  of  East  India  Company,  Madras,  where  he  at- 
tempted to  introduce  silk  cultivation  and  interested  himself 
in  plants  of  commercial  value.  [i.  382] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  (1760-1835),  navy  captain; 
served  in  American  and  first  French  revolutionary  wars  ; 
commander,  1806  ;  post-captain,  1812  ;  sent  to  Quebec,  but 
returned,  mistrusting  the  capabilities  of  his  ship  ;  court- 
martialled  aud  acquitted.  [i.  382] 


ANDERSON 


22 


ANDERSON 


ANDERSON,  siu  JAMES  CALEB  (1792-1861),  in- 
ventor ;  sou  of  John  Anderson  (fl.  1816)  [q.  v.] ;  created 
baronet,  1813,  in  appreciation  of  his  father's  services  to 
In-kind  ;  patented  inventions  in  machinei y.  [i.  382] 

ANDERSON,  JAMES  ROBERTSON  (1811-1895), 
actor ;  appeared  with  Macready  at  Oovent  Garden  as 
Florizcl  ('Winter's  Tale'),  1837,  and  subsequently  played 
Biron  ('  Love's  Labour's  Lost '),  Romeo,  lago,  and  Cassio ; 
seen  as  Othello,  Orlando,  FaulconbridKe,  Posthumus, 
Antony  ('Julius  Caesar'  and  'Antony  and  Cleopatra'), 
Richard  I,  and  Mercutio,  at  Drury  Lane,  which  theatre 
he  managed,  1849-51  ;  joint-manager  of  the  Surrey,  1863  ; 
wrote  a  few  dramas.  [Suppl.  i.  46] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1668  ?-1721), theologian  ;  minis- 
ter of  Dumbarton,  and  (1720)  of  Kamshorn  (now  St. 
David's)  Church,  Glasgow ;  took  active  part  in  contro- 
versy between  episcopacy  and  presbyterianism,  and 
published  works  hi  the  presbyterian  interest.  [i.  382] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1726-1796),  natural  philosopher ; 
officer  in  corps  raised  to  resist  Jacobite  rebellion,  1746 ; 
studied  at  Glasgow  ;  professor  of  oriental  languages,  1756, 
and  of  natural  philosophy,  1760 ;  interested  in  practical 
applications  of  science,  [i.  383] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1799),  wood-engraver ;  pupil 
of  Thomas  Bewick  ;  enarraved  blocks  for  George  Samuel's 
illustrations  of  '  Grove  Hill,1  a  poem.  [i.  384] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (d.  1804),  physician  to  General 
Sea-bathing  Infirmary,  Margate  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh  ;  F.S.A. 

[i.  384] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (/.  1816),  founder  of  Fennoy ; 
of  humble  origin  ;  established  himself  as  provision  ex- 
porter, Cork,  1780 ;  purchased  land  on  estate  of  Fermoy, 
Minister  :  bnilt  town  of  Fermoy  and  opened  and  improved 
roads  in  Ireland ;  refused  baronetcy,  which  was,  however, 
conferred  on  his  sou.  James  Caleb  Anderson  [q.  v.], 
1813.  [i.  384] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1825),  genealogist ;  writer 
to  the  signet ;  secretary  to  Scottish  Society  of  Antiquaries  ; 
wrote  history  of  family  of  Frisel  or  Fraser,  1825.  [i.  385] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1789-1832),  genealogist ;  L.R.O.S. 
Edinburgh  ;  surgeon  to  Lanarkshire  militia,  and  to  Duke 
of  Hamilton,  the  history  of  whose  family  he  published, 
1825-7.  [i.  385] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1795-1845),  diplomatic  agent; 
entered  service  of  East  India  Company,  1813  ;  after 
holding  various  appointments  was  '  senior  merchant,'  sec- 
retary to  government,  and  Malay  translator,  1827  ;  agent  to 
governor  of  Pulo  Penang,  1823  ;  engaged  in  mercantile 
duties  in  London,  where  he  died ;  published  works  relating 
to  Eastern  policy  and  commerce.  [i.  385] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1805-1855),  missionary;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  ;  prizeman  in  Latin  and  moral  philosophy  ; 
ordained  minister  of  Scottish  church  and  sent  as  mis- 
sionary to  Madras,  1836  ;  established  Madras  Christian 
College  ;  on  disruption  of  Church  of  Scotland  joined  Free 
Church  and  carried  on  mission  in  connection  with  that 
church,  1843 ;  especially  successful  in  regard  to  female 
education  ;  died  at  Madras.  [i.  386] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  (1833-1900),  naturalist;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1862;  assisted  in  founding  Royal  Physical 
Society,  Edinburgh  ;  professor  of  natural  history  in  Free 
Church  College,  Edinburgh  ;  curator  of  Indian  museum, 
Calcutta,  1865 ;  accompanied  scientific  expeditious  to 
Yunnan,  1867,  Burmah,  1875-6,  and  the  Mergui  archi- 
pelago, 1881-2,  and  published  accounts  of  journeys ; 
F.R.S.,  1879  :  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1885 ;  F.L.S. ; 
F.S.  A. ;  professor  of  comparative  anatomy,  medical  school, 
Calcutta  ;  returned  to  London,  1886 ;  contributed  to  '  Pro- 
ceedings'  of  various  learned  societies,  and  published 
several  works.  [Suppl.  i.  46] 

ANDERSON,  JOHN  HENRY  (1815-1874),  conjurer 
and  actor ;  known  as  '  Wizard  of  the  North,'  occupied 
Covent  Garden  theatre  when  it  was  bunit  down,  1856. 

[i.  387] 

ANDERSON,  JOSEPH  (1789-1877),  lieutenant-colonel ; 
ensign,  1805  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1812  ;  served  in  Australia 
and  India ;  military  commander  and  civil  governor  of 
penal  settlement,  Norfolk  Island :  squatter,  1848,  and 
member  of  legislative  council,  Victoria,  1852.  [i.  387] 


ANDERSON,  LIONEL,  alias  MUSSON  (d.  1680), 
Roman  catholic  priest ;  tried,  with  seven  others,  on  un- 
substantiated Charge  of  receiving  orders  from  see  of  Rome ; 
condemned,  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered.  [i.  387] 

ANDERSON,  LUCY  (1790-1878),  pianist:  played 
regularly  at  principal  concerts  after  1818 :  introduced 
into  England  many  great  works  by  Beethoven,  Hummel, 
and  other  composers.  [i.  388] 

ANDERSON,  PATRICK  (1675-1624),  Scottish  Jesuit ; 
,  educated  in  Scotland  :  entered  Society  of  Jesus,  Borne, 
1597 ;  missionary  to  Scotland,  1609  ;  first  Jesuit  rector  of 
Scote  College,  Rome,  1615 ;  was  betrayed  and  imprisoned 
in  Edinburgh  when  revisiting  Scotland  ;  liberated  ;  wrote 
theological  works.  [i.  389] 

ANDERSON,  PATRICK  (fl.  1618-1635),  physician  ; 
author  of  a  history  of  Scotland  and  several  medical 
works.  [i.  389] 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT  (/.  1668-1696),  mathema- 
tician and  silk-weaver ;  experimented  with  view  of  im- 
proving gunnery,  after  1671;  wrote  scientific  works 
chiefly  relating  to  firearms.  [i.  390] 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT  (1750-1830),  editor  and  bio- 
grapher of  British  poets ;  intended  for  ministry,  but  took 
to  medicine ;  M.D.  Edinburgh  ;  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture ;  edited  '  Complete  Edition  of  Poets  of  Great  Britain,' 
!  1792-5,  and  separate  editions  of  various  authors  ;  for  a 
'  time  edited  '  Edinburgh  Magazine ' ;  among  first  to  recog- 
nise genius  of  the  poet  Campbell.  [i.  390] 

ANDERSON,  ROBERT  (1770-1833),  Cumbrian  poet ; 

educated  at  charity  and  quaker  schools ;  apprenticed  to 

pattern  drawer  in  Carlisle ;  his  first  poem,  entitled  '  Lucy 

!  Gray,'  probably  suggested  Wordsworth's  '  She  dwelt  among 

I  the  untrodden  ways ' ;   published  ballads  in  Cumbrian 

!  dialect,  1805 ;  fell  into  habits  of  intemperance,  and  died 

in  extreme  poverty.  [i.  391] 

ANDERSON,  THOMAS  (1832-1870),  botanist :  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1853  ;  entered  Bengal  medical  service,  Calcutta, 
1854 ;  director  of  Calcutta  botanic  garden  :  organised  and 
superintended  Bengal  forest  department,  1864 ;  left  an  in- 
complete work  on  Indian  flora.  [i.  392] 

ANDERSON,  THOMAS  (1819-1874),  chemist;  Hope 
prizeman,  1839-40,  and  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1841;  studied 
on  continent ;  F.R.S.  Edinburgh,  1845 :  regius  professor 
of  chemistry,  Glasgow,  1852 ;  gained  high  honours  from 
English  and  Scottish  scientific  societies ;  conducted  experi- 
ments in  organic  and  agricultural  chemistry.  [i.  392] 

ANDERSON,  WALTER  (d.  1800),  historian;  for 
fifty  years  minister  of  Chirnside,  Berwickshire:  wrote 
historical  works.  [i.  393] 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1778),  surgeon  and 
naturalist ;  accompanied  Captain  Cook  as  surgeon's  mate, 
1772-5,  and  later  as  naturalist ;  contributed  observations 
to  Cook's  '  Voyages.'  [i.  393] 

ANDERSON,      WILLIAM     (1757-1837),    Scottish 
painter ;  exhibited  pictures,  chiefly  of  marine  subjects,  at 
i  Royal  Academy,  1787  to  1814.  [i.  393] 

ANDERSON,    WILLIAM  (1766-1846),   gardener  at 
Edinburgh  ;    curator  of  botanic  gardens  of  Society  of 
|  Apothecaries,  Chelsea ;  F.L.S.,  1815.  [i.  393] 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  (1805-1866),  miscellaneous 
writer;  brother  of  John  Anderson  (1789-1832)  [q.  v.]  ; 
i  entered  lawyer's  office,  Edinburgh  ;  took  to  journalism  ; 
I  published  volumes  of  verse  and  prose  ;  in  London,  1836-42  ; 
|  produced  '  Gift  of  All  Nations,'  an  annual ;  chief  sub-editor 
I  of  '  Glasgow  Daily  Mail,'  1845;  compiled  various  works, 
|  including  '  Scottish  Nation,'  1859-63.  [i.  394] 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  (1799-1873),  Scottish 
preacher ;  pastor  of  congregation  in  John  Street,  Glasgow, 
1822  till  death  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1850 ;  advocated  separa- 
tion of  church  and  state,  and  political  and  social  reforms  ; 
published  pamphlets  and  theological  books.  [i.  394] 

ANDERSON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1835-1898),  director- 
general  of  ordnance  ;  born  in  St.  Petersburg,  where,  and 
at  King's  College,  London,  he  was  educated  ;  president  of 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  Ireland,  1K63  ;  designed 
gun  and  turret  mountings  of  the  Moncrieft*  type  for 
British  and  Russian  governments  ;  designed  machinery 
for  manufacture  of  cordite,  c.  1888 ;  director-general  of 


ANDERSON 


23 


ANDROS 


ordnance  factories,  1889;  M.I.C.E.,  1869,  vice-president, 
1896;  K.K.S.,  1891;  K.C.B.,  1897;  honorary  D.O.L.  Dur- 
ham, 1889 ;  published  scientific  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  47] 

ANDERSON,  WILLIAM  (1842-1900),  anatomist ;  edu- 
cated at  City  of  London  School ;  F.R.O.S.,  1869  ;  surgical 
registrar  and  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  1871  ;  professor  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  Imperial  Naval  .Medical  College,  Tokio,  1873-80  ; 
joined  surgical  staff  of  St.  Thomas's,  1880,  and  was  sur- 
gi-on,  1891;  professor  of  anatomy  at  Royal  Academy, 
1  si.t  1 .  Published  works  on  Japanese  and  Chinese  art,  his 
culli ctions  of  which  were  made  over  to  the  British 
Museum,  1882.  [SuppL  i.  48] 

ANDERTON,  HENRY  (1630-1665  ?),  painter  ;  pnpil 
of  Streater;  executed  portraits  of  Charles  II  and  many 
of  his  courtiers.  [i.  396] 

ANDERTON,  JAMES  (ft.  1624),  Roman  catholic  con- 
troversialist ;  probably  a  priest ;  published  between  1608 
and  1624,  under  name  of  'John  Brereley,  Priest,'  learned 
works,  including  '  The  Protestants  Apologie  for  the  Ro- 
man Church,'  in  which  he  quoted  passages  from  protestaut 
writers  admitting  chums  of  the  Roman  church,  [i.  395] 

ANDERTON,  LAURENCE,  alias  SCROOP  (1577-1643), 
Jesuit ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1597 ;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  Rome,  1604,  and  worked  as  missioner  in 
England ;  published  theological  works.  [i.  396] 

ANDRE,  JOHN  (1751-1780),  major ;  born  and  educated 
at  Geneva  ;  came  to  England ;  was  befriended  by  Miss 
Seward  at  Lichfield;  entered  army,  served  in  America, 
and  was  captured  at  St.  John's,  1775 ;  on  release  was 
aide-de-camp  successively  to  General  Grey  and  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  ;  adjutant-general ;  entrusted  with  secret  negotia- 
tions with  Benedict  Arnold,  who  was  plotting  betrayal  of 
West  Point  to  British ;  captured  by  Americans  and  hanged 
as  spy.  A  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  [i.  397] 

ANDREAS  or  ANDRE,  BERNARD  (fl.  1500),  poet 
and  historian  ;  Augustinian  friar ;  Frenchman  by  birth ; 
came  to  England  with  or  shortly  before  Henry  VII ;  poet 
laureate ;  tutor  to  Prince  Arthur ;  presented  to  parish  of 
Guisnes,  near  Calais,  1500  ;  received  benefice  of  Higham, 
1501 ;  wrote  an  incomplete  life  of  Henry  VII,  also  other 
works  in  verse  and  prose.  [i.  398] 

ANDREE,  JOHN  (1699  ?-1785),  physician:  M.D. 
Rheims,  1739 ;  L.O.P.,  1741 ;  a  founder  of  London  Hos- 
pital, of  which  he  was  first  physician,  1740-64;  wrote 
medical  works.  [i.  399] 

ANDREE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (/.  1790),  surgeon  ;  son 
of  John  Andree  (1699  ?-1785)  [q.  v.]  ;  surgeon  to  Magdalen 
hospital,  1766,  to  Finsbury  dispensary,  1781,  and  to  St. 
Clement  Danes  workhouse-,  1784 ;  M.D.,  c.  1798 ;  one  of 
first  to  operate  successfully  for  cronp  of  the  larynx ; 
published  medical  works.  [i.  399] 

ANDREW,  JAMES,  LL.D.  (17747-1833),  school- 
master ;  established  military  academy  at  Addiscombe, 
and  on  its  purchase  by  East  India  Company  was  appointed 
headmaster  and  professor  of  mathematics,  1809.  [i.  400] 

ANDREWE,  LAURENCE  (/.  1510-1537),  translator 
and  printer ;  native  of  Calais  ;  practised  as  printer  in 
London,  and  produced  scientific  works  translated  by  him- 
self, [i.  400] 

ANDREWE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1604),  poetical  writer ; 
served  as  soldier  in  Low  Countries  ;  wrote  '  The  Unmask- 
ing of  a  Female  Machiavell,'  1604.  [i.  400] 

ANDREWES,  GERRARD  (1750-1825),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1779  ;  D.D.,  1809  ;  held  living  of  St.  James's,  Picca- 
dilly, 1802 ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1809.  [i.  401] 

ANDREWES,  LANCELOT  (1555-1626),  bishop  of 
Winchester ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  and  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford ;  received  holy  orders,  1580 ;  chaplain  to 
Earl  of  Huntingdon ;  obtained  living  of  St.  Giles's 
Cripplegate,  1589  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  ;  master  of 
Pembroke  tiU  1605  ;  chaplain  to  Whitgift  and  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  the  queen ;  dean  of  Westminster,  1601  ; 
bishop  of  Chichester,  1605,  of  Ely,  1609,  and  of  Win- 


Chester, 1619;  dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  1619;  privy  coun- 
cillor for  England,  1609,  and  for  Scotland,  1617  ;  took 
part  in  Hampton  Court  conference,  1604  ;  first  on  list  of 
divines  appointed  to  make  'authorised  version'  of  bible, 
1611  ;  renowned  for  hifl  patristic  learning;  wrote  theolo- 
gical works.  [i.  401] 

ANDREWS,  EUSEBIUS  (d.  1650),  royalist ;  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Oapel ;  barrister ;  joined  king's  army,  and 
after  surrender  of  Worcester,  1645,  returned  to  his  legal 
practice ;  became  involved  in  a  bogus  plot  arranged  by 
Barnard,  a  parliamentary  spy  ;  condemned  after  sixteen 
weeks'  imprisonment,  and  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill. 

ANDREWS,  GEORGE  (/.  1776),  barrister;'  called 
to  bar,  1740;  published,  1754,  reports  of  king's  bench 
cases,  1737-40.  [i.  406] 

ANDREWS,  HENBY  (1743-1820),  astronomical 
calculator  to ' Nautical,'  'Moore's'  and  other  almanacs; 
successively  domestic  servant  at  Sleaford  and  Lincoln, 
usher  at  Stilton,  and  bookseller  and  schoolmaster  at 
Royston.  [i.  406] 

ANDREWS,  HENRY  0.  (ft.  1799-1828),  botanical 
artist ;  published  botanical  works,  for  which  he  engraved 
illustrations,  1799-1828.  [i.406] 

ANDREWS,  JAMES  PETTIT  (17379-1797),  anti- 
quary and  historian  ;  served  in  Berkshire  militia ;  entered 
legal  profession  ;  police  court  magistrate.  Queen  Square, 
Westminster,  1792,  till  death  ;  published  translations  and 
works,  principally  historical.  [i.  407] 

ANDREWS,  JOHN  (fl.  1615),  poet;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford;  probably  curate  of  Beswick  Bassett, 
Wiltshire ;  published  the  underrated  poem, '  Anatomic  of 
Basenesse,'  1615,  and  several  religious  works.  [i.  407] 

ANDREWS,  JOHN  (1736-1809),  author ;  published, 
1774-1806,  '  History  of  the  War  with  America,  France, 
Spain,  and  Holland,  1775-83 '  (1785-6),  and  other  historical 
writings.  [i.  408] 

ANDREWS,  MILES  PETER  (d.  1814),  dramatist ; 
son  of  a  drysalter  of  Watling  Street ;  owned  powder 
magazine  at  Dartford  ;  M.P.  for  Bewdley  ;  occupied  man- 
sion in  Green  jpark ;  wrote  several  plays,  produced  at 
Drury  Lane,  Haymarket,  and  Covent  Garden,  1774-95. 

[i.  408] 

ANDREWS,  ROBERT  (d.  17669),  translator  of 
'  Virgil '  into  blank  verse,  1766  ;  successively  minister  of 
presbyterian  or  protestant  dissenting  congregations  at 
Lydgate,  Rusholme,  and  Bridgnorth.  [i.  409] 

ANDREWS,  THOMAS  (1813-1885),  professor  of 
chemistry ;  educated  at  Belfast  academy  and  Glasgow 
University ;  studied  chemistry  under  Dumas  at  Paris ; 
received  diploma  of  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh  ; 
M.D.,  1835;  vice-president  of  Northern  (now  Queen's) 
College,  Belfast,  1845  ;  professor  of  chemistry,  Queen's 
College,  Belfast,  1849-79 ;  F.R.S.,  1849  ;  honorary  F.R.S. 
Edinburgh,  1870 ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1871,  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1873,  and  Glasgow,  1877  ;  D.Sc.,  1879,  Queen's 
University  of  Ireland,  where  an  Andrews  studentship  was 
established  in  his  memory.  He  discovered  the  existence  of 
a  critical  temperature  above  which  gas  cannot  be  con- 
verted into  a  liquid  by  pressure.  [Suppl.  i.  49] 

ANDREWS,  WILLIAM  (/.  1666-1683),  author  of 
astrological  works,  including  '  Aunua  Prodigioaus,'  1672. 

ANDREWS,  WILLIAM  (1802-1880),  secretary  and 
subsequently  president  of  Dublin  Natural  History  So- 
ciety ;  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to  botany  and  marine 
ichthyology.  .  [i.  409] 

ANDREWS,  WILLIAM  EUSEBIUS  (1773-1837), 
j'ournalist  and  author;  of  humble  parents,  who  were 
converts  to  Roman  catholic  faith  ;  apprenticed  to  printers 
of  *  Norfolk  Chronicle,'  which  he  subsequently  managed ; 
went  to  London  and  started,  to  vindicate  Roman  catholic 
principles,  various  journals,  of  which  the  'Orthodox 
Journal  and  Catholic  Monthly  Intelligencer '  appeared  at 
intervals  and  in  different  forms  for  many  years.  His 
published  works  are  chiefly  connected  with  religious  con- 
troversies, [i.  409] 

ANDROS,  SIR  EDMUND  (1637-1714),  colonial  go- 
vernor ;  gentleman  in  ordinary  to  queen  of  Bohemia,  1660  ; 
major  in  Rupert's  dragoons,  1672 ;  bailiff  of  Guernsey,  1674 ; 


ANEURIN 


ANNE 


knighted,  1678 :  governor  of  province  of  New  York,  1874- 
liWl.  of  New  England,  1685-9, of  Virginia  1892 -8  (recalled 
in  each  case  owin^r  tn  disputes  arising  from  severity  of  lii< 
rule),  und  of  Jersey,  1701  f-  :  died  in  London.  [i!  411] 

ANEURIN  (  rl.  fiu3  V).  Welsh  poet ;  identified  by  .-nine 
with  (iildas  the  historian  :  son  of  Ca\\  :U»  Ueraint,  lonl  of 
Cum  t'a  wlwyd  :  educated  at  St.  Cadoc's  College,  Llan- 
carvan  ;  probably  present  as  bard  and  priest  at  battle  of 
Cattnieth,  when  he  was  captured;  on  being  released  re- 
turned to  Wales,  and  probably  made  acquaintance  of 
Taliesin;  murdered  by  Kidyn  ab  Einygan ;  wrote 'Godo- 
din,'  an  epic  poem  on  defeat  of  Britons  by  Saxons  at  Oat- 
traeth.  [i.  411] 

ANGAS,  CALEB  (1782-1860),  Yorkshire  agriculturist : 
contributed  important  letters  to  the  'Sun,'  advocating 
free  trade.  [1.413] 

ANGAS,  GEORGE  FIFE  (1789-1879-),  merchant  and 
shipowner  till  1833 :  commissioner  for  formation  of 
colony  of  South  Australia,  1834 ;  having  Buffered  losses, 
emigrated  to  Adelaide,  1851,  where  he  died  :  founded 
National  and  Provincial  and  other  banks.  [i.  413] 

ANGAS,  GEORGE  FRENCH  (1822-1886),  artist  and 
zoologist ;  joined  several  of  (Sir)  George  Grey's  expedi- 
tious, and  subsequently  published  sketches  and  accounts 
of  travels  in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa  ; 
director  and  secretary  of  government  museum,  Sydney  ; 
contributed  In  England  teles  of  adventure  to  various 
journals  ;  fellow  of  the  Liuuean,  Zoological,  and  Royal 
Geographical  societies.  [Suppl.  i.  51] 

ANGAS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1781-1832),  sailor 
missionary;  spent  early  years  at  sea:  became  baptist 
minister,  1817,  and  sailor  missionary,  1822.  [i.  413] 

ANGEL,  JOHN  (fl.  1555),  chaplain  to  King  Philip  and 
Queen  Mary.  [i.  413] 

ANGEL  or  ANGELL,  JOHN  (d.  1655),  preacher: 
graduated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  was  ordained  and 
became  evangelical  preacher ;  town  preacher  and  lecturer, 
Leicester,  c.  1630  ;  suspended  for  preaching  without  licence, 
1634  ;  lecturer  at  Grantham,  1650-5.  [i.  413] 

ANGELIB,  PETER  (1685-1734),  painter  of  land- 
scapes and  conversation  pieces ;  born  at '.Dunkirk ;  having 
worked  at  Antwerp,  where  he  became  member  of  Painters 
Guild  of  St.  Luke,  was  in  London,  c.  1719-28;  went  to 
Rome,  and  finally  settled  at  Rennes,  Brittany,  [i.  414] 

ANGELL,  JOHN  (fl.  1758),  stenographer,  of  Dublin  ; 
published  system  of  shorthand,  being  a  variation  of 
Mason's  system,  1758.  [i.  414] 

ANGELO,  DO.MEXIOO  (1716-1802),  fencing-master, 
named  originally  DoMKXiro  AMJKLO  MALKVOI/H  TKEMA- 
MOXOO  ;  born  at  Leghorn  ;  studied  horsemanship  at  Paris  ; 
migrated  to  England,  e.  1765;  patronised  by  English 
noblemen ;  opened  in  Soho  a  fencing-school,  whicli  became 
very  fashionable  :  published,  in  1763, '  L'Ecole  d' Armes ' ; 
later  retired  to  Eton.  [Ivii.  183] 

ANGELO,  HENRY  (1760-1839?),  fencing-master  :  son 
of  Domenico  Angelo  [q.v.];  became,  e.  1785,  head  of  his 
father's  fencing-school :  published  *  Reminiscences '  (1830) 
and  « Angelo's  Pic-Nic '  (1834).  [Ivii.  183] 

ANGELO,  HENKY,  the  younger  (1780-1852),  fencing- 
master  and  superintendent  of  sword-exercise  In  the  army ; 
son  of  Henry  Angelo  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  183] 

ANGELUS  1  SANCTO  FRANCISCO  (1601-1678) 
(religious  pseudonym  of  RICHARD  MASON,  D.D.),  Francis- 
can ;  priest  of  restored  English  province,  1628;  successively 
filled  various  offices  in  his  order ;  was  provincial  1669-62 ; 
retired  to  St.  Bona venture's  convent,  Douay,  1675 ;  wrote 
several  theological  works.  [i.  415] 

ANGELU8,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1638),  Greek  scholar ; 
native  of  Peloponnesus  ;  came  to  England  to  escape  per- 
secution, 1608  ;  studied  at  Cambridge  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  ;  published  works  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  English. 

[i.415] 

ANGERSTEIN,  JOHN  JULIUS  (1735-1823),  mer- 
chant, philanthropist, and  amateur  of  fine  art;  under- 
writer in  Lloyds,  1766;  through  his  influence  'Old 
Lloyd's '  coffee  house  was  abandoned  for  the  present  esta- 
blishment; devised  -y-tcm-  of  -t.it.-  totteriflfl  :  at  various 
times  head  of  largest  trading  firms  in  uity  ;  besides  other 


philanthropic  works,  re-established  Veterinary  College : 
acquired  collection  of  pictures,  which  formed  nucleus  of 
National  Gallery.  [i.  416] 

ANGERVILLE,  RICHARD  (1281-1345).    [See  BURY, 

RICHARD  DR.] 

ANGIER,  JOHN  (1605-1677),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  came  under  intin- 
euce  of  puritans ;  made  pastor  of  Riugley,  1C30  ;  ordained 
by  bishop  of  Banger,  but  without  subscription  ;  suspended 
from  Ringley  ;  pastor  of  Denton,  1632  till  death ;  twice 
excommunicated;  signed  the  'Harmonious  Consent,' 
1648 ;  imprisoned  for  opposition  to  Commonwealth ; 
escaped  persecution  under  Act  of  Uniformity,  owing  to 
esteem  in  which  he  was  held  ;  published  sermons,  [i.  417] 

AHGIERS  or  ANGIER,  PAUL  (fl.  1749),  engraver  ; 
pupil  of  John  Tlnney.  [i.  419] 

ANGLESEY,  first  MARQUIS  OP  (1768-1854).  [See 
PAGET,  HKXRY  WILLIAM.] 

ANGLESEY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  VILUERS,  CHRISTO- 
PHER, first  EARL,  1593?-1630  ;  AXNESLEY,  ARTHUR,  first 
EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1614-1686 ;  ANNKSI.KY, 
RICHARD,  sixth  EARL,  1694-1761.] 

ANGLUS,  THOMAS  (1693-1676).  [See  WHITE, 
THOMAS.] 

ANGUS,  EARLS  OF.  [See  UMPRAVILLH,  GILBERT  DE, 
1244?-1307  :  DOUGLAS,  GKORGE,  first  EARL,  1380?-1403  ; 
DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL,  1398  V-1437  ;  DOUGLAS, 
GEORGE,  fourth  EARL,  1412?-1462;  DOUGLAS,  ARCHI- 
BALD, fifth  EARL,  1449  ?-1614 ;  DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD, 
sixth  EARL,  1489?-1557;  DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  eighth 
EARL,  1565-1588  ;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL,  1533- 
1691 ;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  tenth  EARL,  1554-1611 ; 
DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  eleventh  EARL,  1589-1660.] 

ANGUS,  LORD  (1609-1665).  [See  DOUGLAS,  ARCHI- 
BALD,  EARL  OP  ORMOND.] 

ANGUS,  JOHN  (1724-1801),  independent  minister  at 
Bishop's  Stortford,  Hertfordshire,  1748-1801.  [i.  419] 

ANLABY,  WILLIAM  (1552  ?-1597),  Roman  catholic 
|  missionary ;  educated  as  protestant,  but  was  converted, 
and  entered  college  of  Douay,  1574  ;  ordained,  1577  :  mis- 
sionary in  Yorkshire ;  hanged  as  seminary  priest,  [i.  419] 

ANNALY,  BARON  (1718-1784).    [See  GORE,  JOHN.] 

ANNAND,  WILLIAM  (1633-1689),  dean  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1655  ;  ordained 
by  an  Irish  bishop,  and  M.A.,  1656  ;  Anglican  minister  at 
Weston-in-the-Green  ;  vicar  of  Leighton  Buzzard,  1661 ; 
chaplain  to  Earl  of  Middleton  ;  minister  of  Tolbooth 
church,  1663,  and,  later,  of  Tron  church,  Edinburgh  ; 
dcaii  of  Edinburgh,  1676 ;  published  religious  works. 

[i.  419] 

ANNANDALE,  first  MARQUIS  OF  (d.  1721).  [See 
JOHNSTONE,  WILLIAM.] 

ANNE  OF  BOHEMIA  (1366-1394),  first  queen  of 
Richard  II ;  eldest  daughter  of  Emperor  Charles  II,  by 
fourth  wife,  Elizabeth  of  Pomerania ;  arrangements  for 
her  marriage  made  by  Earl  of  Kent  and  two  others,  1379, 
but  her  arrival  was  delayed  by  Wat  Tyler's  rebellion  ; 
she  eventually  reached  London  and  was  married,  1382  ; 
Richard  II  was  devoted  to  her,  but  the  expenses  of  the 
household,  largely  increased  by  her  Bohemian  retinue, 
had  much  to  do  with  the  struggles  between  Richard  and 
parliament ;  in  1392  she  acted  as  mediatrix  between  king 
and  city  of  London,  which  had  refused  the  king  a  loan  ; 
died  childless  at  Sheen,  of  the  pestilence.  [i.  420] 

ANNE  (1456-1485),  queen  of  Richard  III ;  daughter 
of  Richard  Nevill,  earl  of  Warwick, '  the  king-maker,'  and 
of  Anne,  heiress  of  the  former  earls,  of  the  Beauchamp 
family  ;  betrothed  at  Angers,  1470,  to  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,  son  of  Henry  VI,  to  be  married  in  the  event  of 
Warwick's  expedition  to  restore  Henry  VI  being  success- 
ful, an  arrangement  which  the  death  of  Warwick  and 
Prince  Edward  prevented;  married  Richard,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  1474,  and  when  he  usurped  the  throne,  1483, 
became  queen  ;  survived  by  less  than  a  year  her  only  son, 
who  was  bom  c.  1476,  and  died  1484.  [i.  423] 

ANNE  (1507-1636),  second  queen  of  Henry  VIII; 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  afterwards  Earl  of  Wilt- 
shire, and  Ormonde ; '  one  of  the  French  queen's  women,' 


ANNE 


25 


ANNET 


c.  1519-22,  having,  probably,  pone  to  France  with  her 
father  when  la-  was  ambassador  ;  returned  to  England, 
1522  ;  riinvspondi-d  with  Henry  VIII,  who  had  become 
attached  to  her;  became  Henry  VIII's  mistress  after 
lf>i;7,  tin*  king  having  instituted  proceedings  with  a  view 
to  his  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon  ;  secretly  mar- 
ried in  January  1833.  Catherine's  marriage  being  declared 
nnlL  Anne  was  crowned  on  \Vhit  Sunday,  and  her  daughter, 
Princess  Elizabeth,  was  born  in  September.  In  1536  Henry, 
wlm-r  passion  had  gradually  died,  charged  her  with 
i-iimiiiiil  intercourse  with  several  persons,  including  her 
own  brother,  and  she  was  condemned  to  death  ;  whereupon 
her  marriage  being  declared  invalid  she  was  executed. 

[i.  425] 

ANNE  OP  OLEVES  (1516-1557),  fourth  queen  of 
Hi-nry  VIII ;  daughter  of  John,  duke  of  Oleves,  and  Mary, 
only  daughter  of  William,  duke  of  Juliers ;  her  father  being 
the  most  powerful  supporter  of  protestantism  in  west 
oi  (icrmany,  she  was  selected  by  Cromwell  as  wife  for 
Henry  on  death  of  Jane  Seymour;  arrangements  for  the 
match  made  in  1539  ;  married  at  Greenwich,  1540.  The 
kin;,'  soon  wearied  of  her,  and  a  catholic  reaction  gave  him 
an  excuse  a  few  mouths  later  for  having  the  marriage 
annulled  by  parliament :  Anne  was  pensioned  on  condition 
of  remaining  in  England,  and  on  her  death  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [i.  429] 

ANNE  OP  DENMARK  (1574-1619),  queen  of  James  I ; 
daughter  of  Frederick  II  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  and 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Ulric  III,  duke  of  Mecklenburg ;  was 
born  at  Skanderborg,  Jutland;  negotiations  concerning 
her  marriage  begun  in  1585,  but  Elizabeth,  who  was  keep- 
Ing  James's  mother,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  in  confinement, 
refused  to  sanction  it ;  on  the  execution  of  Mary,  the 
Scottish  nobility  decided  that  the  match  should  be  con- 
cluded, 1587,  and  after  some  delay  Anne  was  married  by 
proxy  at  Copenhagen,  20  Aug.,1589,  and  to  James  in  per- 
son 23  Nov.  following  at  Opsloe,  Norway ;  she  arrived  with 
him  at  Leith,  1  May  1590 ;  crowned  with  James  at  Windsor, 
1603,  and  took  up  residence  in  London,  1604  ;  took  great 
interest  in  the  court  entertainments,  and  personally  ap- 
peared in  masks  by  Jonson  and  Dekker ;  fond  of  pro- 
gresses through  the  country,  that  to  Bath  in  1613  being 
most  notable.  She  largely  indulged  a  taste  for  building, 
and  consequently,  in  spite  of  many  parliamentary  grants, 
died  heavily  in  debt.  Her  inclination  towards  the  Roman 
church  occasioned,  1604,  a  proclamation  banishing  Jesuits 
and  seminary  priests  from  the  kingdom,  but,  though  she 
is  said  to  have  declared  herself  a  catholic,  she  died  profess- 
ing protestantism.  [i.  431] 

ANNE  (1665-1714),  queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land ;  born  at  St.  James's  Palace,  London  ;  second  daugh- 
ter of  James  II,  by  his  first  wife,  Anne  Hyde,  daughter  of 
Earl  of  Clarendon  ;  educated  in  protestant  faith  ;  con- 
firmed by  Dr.  Lake,  1676,  together  with  her  elder  sister, 
Mary  (who  married  Prince  of  Orange,  1677);  proposals 
for  her  marriage  with  Prince  George  of  Hanover  enter- 
tained but  abandoned,  1681  ;  married  George,  prince  of 
Denmark,  1683  ;  several  children  were  born  to  them,  but 
all  died  young  ;  joined  William  of  Orange  on  the  deposi- 
tion of  James,  and  by  the  Declaration  of  Right,  1688,  had 
the  crown  settled  on  her  and  her  posterity  after  that  of 
William's  wife,  Mary  ;  ascended  the  throne,  8  March  1702, 
and  gave  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  with  whom  she 
had  been  intimate  from  an  early  age,  high  appointments 
in  the  royal  household,  which  the  duchess  held  till  1711, 
when  she  was  superseded  by  Mrs.  Masham,  her  cousin ; 
Anne's  husband,  Prince  George,  died  1708.  Throughout 
her  reign  the  queen  favoured  tory  and  high  church  prin- 
ciples, regarding  it  as  her  right  to  appoint  her  ministers 
according  to  her  own  choice  ;  and  the  final  estrangement 
of  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  was  largely  due  to  the 
duke's  persistent  advice  to  replace  tory  ministers  by  whigs, 
on  the  ground  that  the  tory  minis-try  was  unfavourable  to 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession.  She  evinced  particu- 
lar interest  in  the  church,  and  endeavoured  to  take  the 
ecclesiastical  patronage  of  the  crown  into  her  own  hands. 
In  1704  she  granted  the  crown  revenues  from  tenths  and 
first-fruits  to  form,  for  the  benefit  of  the  church,  a  fund 
known  as  'Queen  Anne's  Bounty,' and,  in  1711,  an  act 
was  passed  on  her  recommendation  for  the  building  of 
fifty  churches  in  London.  In  1703  Anne  recognised 
Charles  III,  second  son  of  Emperor  Leopold  I,  as  king  of 
Spain,  and  in  the  following  years  the  English  armies 
fighting  in  defence  of  his  claim  won  several  glorious  vic- 


tories ;  the  war  was  closed  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
1713.  The  most  important  constitutional  feature  of 
Anne's  reign  was  the  Act  of  Union  with  Scotland,  passed 
1707.  She  was  interred  in  Henry  VII's  chapel,  Westmin- 
ster. Her  portrait,  painted  by  Kneller,  is  at  Windsor. 

[i.  441] 

ANNESLEY,  ALEXANDER  (</.  1813),  London  so- 
licitor and  member  of  Middle  Temple ;  wrote  legal  and 
political  works.  [ii.  1] 

ANNESLEY,  ARTHUR,  first  EARL  OP  ANULKRKY 
(1614-1686),  son  of  Sir  Francis  Annesley  [q.  v.]  ;  gra- 
duated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1634;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn ;  made  the  grand  tour ;  sent  to  Ireland  by 
parliament  to  defeat  Onnond's  negotiations  with  the 
Scots  in  Ulster,  1645  and  1647 ;  member  for  Dublin  in 
Richard  Cromwell's  parliament,  1658;  commissioned  by 
Charles  II  to  treat  with  parliament ;  made  Earl  of  Anglesey 
1661 ;  president  of  council  of  state,  February  1660 ;  M.P. 
for  Carmarthen  in  Convention  parliament,  and  after  the 
Restoration,  privy  councillor  ;  vice-treasurer  and  receiver, 
general  for  Ireland,  1660-7  ;  treasurer  of  navy,  Iti07  : 
lord  privy  seal,  1672;  dismissed  for  adverse  criticism  of 
the  king's  government,  1682  ;  wrote  historical  and  other 
works.  [ii.  1] 

ANNESLEY,  SIR  FRANCIS,  bart.,  BARON  MOUNT- 
NORKIS  and  first  VISCOUNT  VAI.KNTIA  (1585-1660) ;  held 
several,  small  offices  of  state  in  Dublin,  1606  ;  took  leading 
part  in  colonisation  of  Ulster,  1608  ;  member  for  county 
Armagh  in  Irish  parliament,  1613  ;  knighted,  1616  ;  prin- 
cipal secretary  of  state  for  Ireland,  1618  ;  baronet,  1620  ; 
vice- treasurer  and  receiver-general  of  Ireland,  1625 ;  raised 
to  Irish  peerage,  1628 ;  '  treasurer-at-war '  in  addition  to 
other  offices,  1632 ;  quarrelled  with  Sir  Thomas  Went- 
worth,  afterwards  Earl  of  Strafford,  who  became  lord- 
deputy,  1633  ;  charged  (1634  and  1635)  with  malversion 
and  other  offences,  and  sentenced  to  death ;  deprived  of 
offices  and  imprisoned ;  his  sentence  declared  unjust  by 
the  commons,  1641 ;  became  Viscount  Valentia  by  rever- 
sion, 1642  ;  clerk  of  signet  in  Ireland,  1648 ;  secretary  of 
state  at  Dublin  under  Henry  Cromwell.  [ii.  3] 

ANNESLEY,  JAMES  (1715-1760),  claimant ;  son  of 
Lord  Altham,  by  his  wife,  or  by  a  woman  called  Juggy 
Landy ;  lived  with  his  father  as  legitimate  sou  for  some 
years,  but  afterwards  shifted  for  himself.  On  death  of 

{  Lord  Altham  (1727)  his  brother,  afterwards  Earl  of 
Anglesey,  succeeded  to  title,  and  contrived  to  get  his 
nephew  sent  to  America  as  a  slave.  Anuesley  entered 
navy  (1740),  returned  to  England,  and  taking  legal 
action  against  his  uncle  (1743)  was  declared  legitimate, 

i  but  being  without  funds  died  before  the  case  could  be  pro- 
secuted further.  [ii.  5] 

ANNESLEY,  RICHARD,  sixth  EARL  OP  ANGLESEY 
(1694-1761),  succeeded  his  brother  as  fifth  Baron  Altham, 
1727,  and  his  cousin  as  sixth  Earl  of  Anglesey,  seventh 
Viscount  Valeutia,  seventh  Baron  Mountnorris,  and  Baron 
Newport-Pagnell,  1737 ;  married  (1715)  Anne  Prest  or 
Prust,  who  died  without  issue,  1741 ;  lived  with  Ann 
Simpson  (1737-40),  and  c.  1741,  till  death,  with  Juliana 
Donnovau  (whom  he  married,  1752);  both  wives  on  his 
death  (1761)  claimed  the  titles  of  Valentia  and  Mount- 
norris  for  their  children.  The  Countess  Juliana  won  her 
case,  and  her  son  Arthur  succeeded,  but  was  unable  to 
substantiate  his  claim  to  the  titles  of  Anglesey  and 
Newport-Pagnell.  James  Annesley  [q.  v.]  unsuccessfully 
laid  claim  to  title  of  Altham  in  1743.  [ii.  6] 

ANNESLEY,  SAMUEL  (1620?-1696),  puritan  non- 
conformist; graduated  B.A.  and  M.A.  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  ordained ;  chaplain  in  Globe  man-of-war  to  Earl 
of  Warwick's  fleet,  1644;  obtained  living  of  Cliffe; 
preached  before  the  House  of  Commons,  1648;  LLJ). 
Oxford ;  lecturer  of  St.  Paul's,  1657  ;  vicar  of  St.  Gites, 
Cripplegate,  1658 ;  ejected,  1662  ;  preached  semi-privately, 
and  kept  a  meeting-house  in  Little  St.  Helen's.  [ii.  7] 

ANNET,  PETER  (1693-1769),  deistical  writer; 
schoolmaster ;  lost  his  employment  through  bitter  at- 
tacks on  the  apologetic  writings  of  Bishop  Sherlock  and 
others,  c.  1744 ;  perhaps  author  of  '  History  of  the  Man 
after  God's  own  Heart,'  1761 ;  attacked  Old  Testament 
in  '  Free  Enquirer,'  1761 ;  tried  for  blasphemous  libel,  ami 
was  condemned  to  imprisonment,  pillory,  and  hard  labour, 
1763  ;  his  writings  form  a  link  between  the  deism  of  the 
early  eighteenth  century  and  that  of  the  revolutionary 
period.  [ii.  9] 


A.NNING 


•20 


ANSTIS 


ANNING,  MARY  (1799-1847),  discoverer  of  the 
ichthyosaurus  ;  daughter  of  a  carpenter  and  vendor  of 
natural  curiosities  ;  discovered,  1811,  skeleton  of  ichthyo- 
saurus in  cliff  near  Lyme,  and  subsequently  the  first  speci- 
mens of  plesiosaurus  and  pterodactylus.  [Suppl.  i.  51] 

AN8DELL.  RICHARD  (1815-1885),  animal  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1840 ;  R.A.,  1870 ;  he 
three  times  grained  the  Heywood  medal  at  Manchester 
exhibitions.  [Suppl.  i.  52] 

ANSELL,  CHARLES (1794-1881), actuary;  employed 
in  Atlas  Assurance  Company,  1808-64 ;  consulting 
actuary  to  several  companies  ;  gave  ex  pert  evidence  before 
select  parliamentary  committees,  1841-63;  published  a 
work  dealing  with  friendly  societies  from  a  scientific 
standpoint.  [ii.  10] 

ANSELL,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1826-1880),  in- 
ventor; studied  medicine  and  chemistry,  and  became 
a<<i<tant  to  Dr.  Hofmann  at  School  of  Mines  ;  held  post 
in  mint,  1856-66  ;  experimented,  with  valuable  results,  on 
dangers  of  fire-damp  in  mines.  [ii.  10] 

ANSELM,  SAINT  (1033-1109),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  born  at  Aosta ;  educated  in  Abbey  of  St.  Leger, 
near  Aosta ;  travelled  in  Burgundy,  France,  and  Nor- 
mandy, and  resided  at  Avranches,  c.  1059;  entered 
monastic  order  at  Bee,  1060  ;  prior,  successor  to  Lanfranc, 
1063-78;  abbot,  1078-93;  visited  England  soon  after 
1063,  and  was  admitted  by  monks  of  Christ  Church  a 
member  of  their  house,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Eadmer,  his  biographer ;  called  to  deathbed  of  William 
the  Conqueror  at  Rouen,  but  fell  ill  and  did  not  recover 
before  the  king's  death ;  reluctantly  accepted  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury  from  William  II,  who  was  lying 
ill  at  Gloucester ;  enthroned  at  Canterbury,  1093  ;  conse- 
crated, assisted  by  seven  bishops,  the  church  of  the  abbey 
erected  by  William  I  on  field  on  which  he  had  defeated 
Harold,  1094 ;  applied  for  permission  to  go  to  Rome  and 
receive  his  pallium  from  the  pope,  1095  ;  there  being  two 
rivals  for  the  papacy,  Urban  and  Clement,  neither  of  whom 
William  II  had  recognised,  had,  as  abbot  of  Bee,  recognised 
Urban  and  refused  to  withdraw  his  allegiance ;  a  council, 
at  which  no  definite  decision  was  reached,  held  at  Rock- 
ingham  to  decide  between  the  claims  of  the  king  and  the 
pope  on  his  obedience;  his  deposition  aimed  at  in  the 
king's  subsequent  (unsuccessful)  acknowledgment  of 
Urban  as  pope  :  a  form  of  reconciliation  made  by  William 
with  him,  on  which  he  received  the  pallium  from  the  papal 
legate ;  obtained  leave,  with  difficulty,  to  go  to  Rome  in 
order  to  interest  the  pope  in  the  condition  of  England, . 
1097;  his  estates  seized  by  the  king  ;  received  by  the  pope 
with  honour,  and  promised  assistance  in  his  episcopal 
work,  but  not  materially  assisted,  since  delegates  from 
William  succeeded  in  influencing  Urban  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land on  death  of  William,  1100 ;  obeying  a  papal  decree, 
refused  to  consecrate  prelates  invested  by  Henry  I ;  re- 
visited Rome  ;  thence  went  to  Lyons,  and  remained  there 
till  the  point  in  dispute  with  the  king  should  be  decided. 
The  matter  was  finally  settled,  1107,  when  the  king  ceded 
the  right  of  investiture  and  Anselm  promised  that  elected 
prelates  should  not  be  debarred  from  consecration  on  ac- 
count of  having  done  homage  to  the  king.  Anselm  wrote 
many  theological  and  philosophical  works,  including  the 
famous  '  Monologion,' '  Proslogion,'  and  '  Cur  Dens  Homo.' 

[ii  10] 

ANSLAY,  BRIAN  (fl.  1521),  yeoman  of  wine-cellar  to 
Henry  VIII  :  published  •  Boke  of  the  Oyte  of  Ladies,' 
1521.  [ii.  31] 

ANSON,  GEORGE,  BARON  ANSON  (1697-1762),  admi- 
*»1 ;  volunteer  under  Captain  Chamberlen,  1712 ;  midship- 
man and  lieutenant  under  Sir  John  Norris  in  Baltic,  1716 ; 
second  lieutenant  under  Sir  George  Byng,  1718-19  ;  com- 
manded sloop  against  Dutch  smugglers,  1722  ;  captain  of 
frigate  protecting  commerce  on  Carolina  coast,  1724  ;  com- 
mander 1731 ;  on  Carolina  coast,  1732-5  ;  protected  trade  on 
west  African  coast  and  West  Indies  against  French,  1737-9 ; 
commanded  squadron  in  Pacific,  1740,  and  in  spite  of 
damage  from  storms  inflicted  considerable  injuries  on 
Spaniards ;  returned  with  rich  prizes,  having  sailed  round 
the  world,  1744 ;  went  on  half-pay  as  captain  ;  rear-admiral, 
1745  ;  vice-admiral  of  Channel  fleet,  1746  ;  defeated  French 


last  served  at  sea  in  blockade  of  Brest,  1758  ;  admiral  of 
fleet,  1761  ;  died  without  issue.  [ii.  31] 

ANSON,  GKORGE  (1797-1857),  general;  served  with 
3rd  guards  at  Waterloo  ;  M.P.,  1818  ;  successively  princi- 
pal storekeeper  and  clerk  of  ordnance  ;  held  military 
command*  in  India,  where  he  was  commander-in-chief, 
1856  ;  died  of  cholera.  [ii.  3G] 

ANSPACH,  ELIZABETH,  MARORAVIXK  OF  (1750- 
1828),  dramatist  ;  married  William,  afterwards  sixth  Earl 
of  Craven,  1767  ;  separated  from  him,  1783  ;  travelled  on 
continent,  and  subsequently  lived  with  the  margrave  of 
Anspach,  whom  she  married  on  the  death  of  her  husband, 
1791;  settled  in  England,  1792  ;  died  at  Naples;  wrote 
several  plays  produced  at  Drury  Lane.Oovent  Garden,  and 
elsewhere.  [ii.  36] 

AN8TED,  DAVID  THOMAS  (1814-1880),  geologist  : 
fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  professor  of  geology 
at  King's  College,  London  ;  assistant  secretary  to  Geolo- 
gical Society,  1844-7  ;  wrote  works  on  geology  and 
travel.  [ii.  37] 

ANSTER,  JOHN  (1793-1867),  regius  professor  of 
civil  law,  Dublin;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1814  ;  published  poems  with  translations  from  German, 
1819  ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1824  ;  LL.D.,  1825  :  published 
translation  of  first  part  of  Goethe's  '  Faust,'  1835  ;  regis- 
trar to  court  of  admiralty,  Ireland,  1837  ;  regius  professor 
of  civil  law,  Dublin,  1850  ;  published  second  part  of 
4  Faust,'  1864.  [ii.  38] 

ANSTEY,  CHRISTOPHER  (1724-1805),  poet  :  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ;  scholar  and  fellow  of  King's  College,  Oam- 
bridge,where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  verses  ;  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Roberts,  translated  Gray's  '  Elegy  '  into 
Latin,  1762  ;  published  '  New  Bath  Guide,'  1766  ;  resided 
at  Bath,  1770-1805  ;  published  occasional  verses,  [ii.  38] 

ANSTEY,  JOHN  (rf.  1819),  poet  :  second  son  of  Chris- 
topher Anstey  [q.  v.]  :  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  pub- 
lished humorous  poem  entitled  "The  Pleader's  Guide," 
1796.  [ii.  39] 

ANSTEY,  THOMAS  CHISHOLM  (1816-1873), 
lawyer  ;  educated  at  Wellington  and  University  College, 
London  ;  called  to  bar,  1839  ;  became  interested  in  the 
Oxford  movement,  and  was  converted  to  Roman  Catho- 
licism ;  professor  of  law  at  Roman  catholic  college,  Prior 
Park,  Bath  ;  took  to  politics  as  supporter  of  extreme  sec- 
tion of  O'Connell's  followers  ;  M.P.  for  Youghal,  1847-52  ; 
attorney-general  of  Hong  Kong,  1854  ;  his  radical  policy 
led  to  his  suspension  and  recall,  1859  ;  practised,  except 
from  1866-8,  at  Bombay  bar,  till  death  :  published  many 
legal  and  political  tracts.  [ii.  40] 

ANSTICE,  JOSEPH  (1808-1836),  classical  scholar; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
professor  of  classical  literature,  King's  College,  London. 
*"* 


off  Finisterre,  1 747 ;  raised  to  peerage  ;  married  Lady  Eliza- 
beth Yorke,  daughter  of  lord  chancellor,  1748  ;  occupied 
with  reforms  connected  with  naval  administration  and 
dockyard?  ;  first  lord  of  admiralty,  1761-6,  and  1767-62  ; 


ANSTIE,  FRANCIS  EDMUND  (1833-1874),  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ;  M.R.C.S. 
and  L.S.A.,  1856  ;  M.B.  London,  1857  ;  M.D.,  1859  ;  F.C  P  , 
1865;  assistant-physician,  Westminster  Hospital,  1860, 
and  full  physician,  1873  ;  first  dean  of  Medical  School 
for  Women,  1874  ;  for  some  years  on  editorial  staff  of 
•  Lancet  '  ;  influential  in  bringing  about  reforms  in  poor 
laws  ;  contributed  largely  to  medical  journals  and  pub- 
lished several  scientific  works.  [ii.  41] 

AN8TIS,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1669-1744),  Garter  king 
of  arms  ;  educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1688  ;  M.P.  for  St.  Germans,  1702  ;  deputy 
general  to  auditors  of  imprest  and  commissioner  of  prizes, 
1703  ;  M.P.  for  St.  Maw's,  1711-13,  and  for  Launceston  or 
Dunheved.  1714  ;  received  reversionary  patent  for  office 
of  Garter,  1714  ;  imprisoned  for  supposed  intrigue  with 
Pretender,  1715,  and  during  his  confinement  the  office  of 
Garter,  having  become  vacant,  was  given  to  Sir  John 
Vanbrugh  ;  cleared  himself  of  charge  of  treason,  and 
with  great  difficulty  obtained  post  of  Garter,  1718  ;  pub- 
liahed  ieveral  heraldic  works,  and  left  large  collections  of 
manuscripts  relating  chiefly  to  heraldry.  [ii.  43] 

ANSTIS.  JOHN,  the  younger  (1708-1754),  joint  Garter 
king  of  anna  son  of  John  Anstis  [q.  v.]  ;  gentleman 
commoner,  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1725  ;  joined 
bis  father  in  office  of  Garter,  1727  ;  F.S.A.,  1736  ;  LL.D., 


1749. 


[ii.44] 


ANSTRUTHER 


27 


ARBUTHNOT 


ANSTRUTHER,  Sin  ALEXANDER  (1769-1819), 
Anglo-Indian  judge;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Iim  ;  ad- 
vocate-general, Madras,  1803  ;  recorder  of  Bombay,  aud 
kuighted,  1812  ;  published  reports  of  exchequer  cases. 

[ii.  45] 

ANSTRUTHER,  SIR  JOHN  (1753-1811),  politician, 
and  Anglo-Indian  judge ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1779;  M.P.  for  Cockermoutn,  1790-6;  took  part  in  im- 
peachment of  Warren  Hastings ;  chief-justice  of  Bengal, 
and  baronet,  1797  ;  returned  to  England,  1806 :  privy 
councillor  ;  M.P.  for  Kilkenny.  [ii.  45] 

ANSTRUTHER,  ROBERT  (1768-1809),  general; 
educated  at  Westminster  ;  ensign,  1788,  lieutenant  aud 
captain,  1792,  in  Scots  guards  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1793-4 ; 
major  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  68th  regiment  in  West 
Indies,  1797  ;  served  as  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel  in 
guards  in  Helder  expedition,  1799  ;  quartermaster-general 
to  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  in  Mediterranean,  1800  ;  colonel 
aud  deputy  quartermaster-general  in  England  ;  adjutant- 
general,  Ireland ;  brigadier-general  in  Portugal,  1807 ; 
fought  at  Vimeiro  aud  in  the  retreat  from  Toro,  and  died 
day  before  battle  of  Corunna.  [ii.  45] 

ANSTRUTHER,  Sm  WILLIAM,  LORD  (d.  1711), 
judge ;  M.P.  for  Fifeshire,  1681  and  1689-1707  ;  sided  with 
Prince  of  Orange  ;  lord  of  session  and  privy  councillor  ; 
baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1694 ;  lord  of  justiciary,  1704 ; 
published  a  volume  of  essays.  [ii.  46] 

ANTHONY,    FRANCIS    (1550-1623),    empiric    and  j 
chemical  physician ;    M.A.    Cambridge,   1574 ;    perhaps  i 
M.D. ;  after  1600  was  repeatedly  fined  and  imprisoned 
for  practising  in  London  without  license  from  College  of  ' 
Physicians,  but  finally  succeeded  in  defying  the  college 
with  the  aid    of   friends  at  court;  the  efficacy  of  his 
chief  remedy,  aurum  potabile,  he  defended  in    several  ; 
pamphlets.  [ii.  47] 

ANTHONY,  JOHN  (1585-1655),  physician;  son 
of  Francis  Anthony  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.,  1619,  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  L.C.P.,  1625 ;  succeeded  to  his  father's 
practice  ;  wrote  '  Comfort  of  the  Soul,'  published  1654. 

[ii.  48] 

ANTON,  ROBERT  (ft.  1616),  poetical  writer ;  B.A. 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1610 ;  published  '  Philoso- 
phers Satyrs,'  in  verse,  1616.  [ii.  48] 

ANTRIM,  MARQUIS  op  (1609-1683).  See  MACDONNELL, 
RANDAL.] 

ANTRIM,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MACDOXVKLL,  Sm  II A s- 
DAL,  first  EARL,  d.  1636  ;  MACDONNKLL,  RANDAL, 
second  EARL,  1609-1683;  MACDONNBLL,  ALEXANDKR, 
third  EARL,  d.  1696  ?.] 

APLIN,  PETER  (1753-1817),  admiral :  served  in  Ameri- 
can war  under  Hyde  Parker  and  Oornwallis  ;  admiral. 

[ii.  48] 

APPERLEY,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1779-1843),  sporting 
writer,  known  as  '  Nimrod ' ;  entered  Rugby,  1790  ;  cornet 
in  sir  Watkiu  Wyun's  ancient  light  British  dragoons, 
1798 ;  having  lost  money  in  farming  experiments,  he 
became  contributor  to  the  '  Sporting  Magazine,'  1822 ; 
member  of  staff  of  'Sporting  Review'  ;  published  a  series 
of  sporting  memoirs  and  reminiscences.  [Suppl.  i.  53] 

APPLETON,  CHARLES  EDWARD  CUTTS  BIRCH 
(1841-1879),  man  of  letters  ;  educated  at  Reading  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1863  ;  D.O.L.,  1871 ;  studied 
in  Germany ;  founded  '  The  Academy,'  1869,  and  edited  it 
till  his  death  ;  visited  America,  1875,  and  took  up  the 
question  of  international  copyright ;  travelled  for  his 
health  to  Egypt,  where  he  died.  [ii.  48] 

APPLETON,  HENRY  (ft.  1650-1654),  captain  in 
navy,  and  commodore ;  served  in  Mediterranean,  in  Dutch 
war  (1662),  in  conjunction  with  Badiley  ;  caused  Badiley's 
defeat  off  Elba  by  neglecting  to  send  reinforcements; 
defeated  and  captured  by  Dutch  off  Leghorn,  1653 ; 
ransomed,  and  deprived  of  his  command.  [ii.  49] 

APPLEYARD,  SIR  MATHEW  (1606-1669),  royalist 
military  commander ;  knighted  after  taking  of  Leicester ; 
M.P.  for  Headon.  [ii.  50] 

APPOLD,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1800-1865),  mechanician ; 
in  business  at  Fiusbury  as  fur-skin  dyer  ;  brought  out  many 
scientific  aud  mechanical  inventions.  [ii.  50] 

AP8LEY,  first  BARON  (1714-1794).  [See  BATHURST, 
HKNRY.] 


APSLEY,  SIR  ALLEN  (1569  ?-1630),  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower;  having  been  ruined  at  court  by  gambling,  sailed 
with  Essex  to  Cadiz,  1696  ;  went  to  Ireland ;  became 
victualler  of  Muuster,  1605,  and  to  navy,  1610  ;  lieutenant 
of  Tower,  1617.  [ii.  61] 

APSLEY,  SIR  ALLEN  (1616-1683),  royalist  leader; 
son  of  Sir  Allen  Apsley  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1663 ;  com- 
manded company  of  horse,  1642  ;  royalist  governor  of 
Exeter  and  later  of  Barnstaple,  which  he  surreuflered 
to  the  parliamentarians,  1646;  engaged  with  Sir  John 
Berkeley  in  negotiations  between  king  and  army,  1647  ; 
appointed  to  various  offices  in  royal  household  after  1660  ; 
colonel  in  Duke  of  York's  army,  1667  ;  M.P.  for  Thetford, 
1661-1678 ;  buried  in  V.  -istmiuater  Abbey  ;  published  a  long 
poem, '  Order  and  Disorder,'  1679.  [ii.  61] 

AQUEPONTANU8  (1532  ?-1596  ?).  [See  BRIDGK- 
WATER,  JOHN.] 

ARABELLA  STUART  (1575-1615),  daughter  of 
Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox,  younger  brother  of  Lord 
Darnley ;  next  heir  to  English  throne  after  James  I ; 
became  engaged  to  William  Seymour,  who  was  also  of 
royal  descent ;  and  the  marriage  was  celebrated  secretly, 
IblO ;  died  in  Tower.  [ii.  53] 

ARAM,  EUGENE  (1704-1759),  criminal ;  with  slight 
assistance  educated  himself  till  able  to  open  a  small 
school  at  Ramsgill,  where  he  married  ;  being  suspected  of 
complicity  in  a  fraud  practised  by  one  Daniel  Clark,  he 
disappeared  for  some  years,  during  which  he  continually 
prosecuted  his  studies ;  while  school  usher  at  Lyme  Regis, 
1758,  was  arrested  on  information  of  Houseman,  an  accom- 
plice, on  a  charge  of  murdering  Clark ;  condemned  and 
executed,  Houseman  being  sole  witness ;  left  philologi- 
cal writings  of  considerable  value.  [ii.  53] 

ARBLAY,  FRANCES  (BURNEY),  MADAME  D'  (1752- 
1840),  novelist,  daughter  of  Dr.  Burney ;  self-educated ; 
published  her  first  novel, '  Evelina,'  anonymously  (though 
her  father  soon  divulged  the  secret),  1778 ;  brought  by  its 
success  to  the  notice  of  most  of  the  literary  personages  of 
the  day ;  published  *  Cecilia,'  with  similar  success,  1782 ; 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Mrs.  Delauey,  who  procured  her 
the  appointment  of  second  keeper  of  the  queen's  robes, 
1786 ;  being  broken  in  health,  obtained  with  difficulty  per- 
mission to  retire,  1790;  married  General  d'Arblay,  a 
French  refugee  in  England,  1793;  published  'Camilla,' 
1796  ;  joined  her  husband,  who  had  endeavoured  to  obtain 
employment  in  Paris,  1802 ;  returned  to  England,  1812 ; 
published  her  last  novel, '  The  Wanderer,'  1814;  rejoined 
her  husband  in  Paris,  and  retired  to  Belgium  ;  passed  the 
rest  of  her  life  in  England,  after  the  Waterloo  campaign  ; 
edited  her  father's  '  Memoirs,'  1832 ;  published  'Diary  and 
Letters,'  1842-6.  [ii.  55] 

ARBUCKLE,  JAMES  (1700-1734  ?),  poet  and  essayist ; 
published  between  1719  and  1727  verses,  letters,  and  essays, 
many  of  which  had  appeared  in  periodicals.  [iL  58] 

ARBUTHNOT,  ALEXANDER  (1538-1583),  Scottish 
divine  and  poet ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ;  studied  civil 
law  at  Bourges;  licensed  minister,  aud  appointed  to 
living  at  Logic  Buchan,  1568 ;  principal  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  1569 ;  received  living  of  Arbuthnot,  Kiii- 
cardiueshire ;  incurred  King  James  VI's  displeasure ;  being 
a  zealous  presbyterian,  and  having  been  appointed  minister 
of  St.  Andrews,  in  1583,  was  ordered  to  return  to  King's 
College,  where  he  died,  and  was  buried  ;  published  and  left 
in  manuscript,  verse  aud  prose  works.  [ii.  59] 

ARBUTHNOT  or  ARBTJTHNET,  ALEXANDER  (d. 
1585),  printer,  of  Edinburgh  ;  with  Thomas  Bassandyne 
obtained  permission  to  print  first  bible  issued  in  Scotland, 
1575,  and  in  1576  was,  with  his  associate,  granted  exclusive 
rights  of  priutiug  and  selling  for  ten  years  ;  brought  out 
the  work  (a  reprint  of  the  Genevan  version  of  1561 X  1579 ; 
made  king's  printer,  1579,  when  he  was  licensed  to  print, 
sell,  and  import  psalm-books,  prayers,  and  catechisms  for 
seven  years.  [ii-  60] 

ARBUTHNOT,  CHARLES  (1767-1850),  diplomatist; 
precis  writer  in  foreign  office,  1793  ;  M.P.  for  East  Looe, 
1795 ;  under  foreign  secretary ;  ambassador  extraordinary, 
Constantinople,  1804 ;  privy  councillor :  held  various 
government  offices,  and  from  1809  was  M.P.  successively 
for  Eye  and  Orford  (SnffolkX  and  St.  Germans  and  St. 
Ives  (Cornwall).  [ii.  61] 


ARBUTHNOT 


ARCHER 


ARBUTHNOT,  Pill  CHARLES  GEORGE  (1824-1899), 
general :  educated  at  Rugby  and  Royal  Military  Academy  ; 
lieutenant,  royal  artillrrv,  lt<45  ;  captain,  1855  ;  in  Crimea  ; 
1  it-  n  tenant-colonel,  1864  ;  in  India,  1868-80,  was  deputy 
adjutant-general,  1873-7,  and  inspector-general  of  artillery, 
1877-80,  except  while  serving  in  Afghan  campaigns ; 
colonel,  1874:  inspector-general  of  artillery  in  England, 
1883;  president  ordnance  committee,  1885;  succeeded 
Lord  Roberts  chief  of  army  in  Burma,  1887 ;  general,  1890 ; 
G.O.B.,  1894.  [Suppl.  i.  64] 

ARBUTHNOT,  GEORGE  (1802-1865),  civilian ;    ap- 
pointed junior  clerk  in  treasury,  1820;  served  in  that 
department  till  death,  when  he  was  auditor  of  civil  list 
and  secretary  to  ecclesiastical  commissioners ;  acted  as  I 
private   secretary  to  Sir   Charles   Wood,  chancellor  of 
exchequer.  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  to  six  successive  aeon- 
taries  and  two  assistant  secretaries  of  the  treasury;  re-  ! 
garded  as  an  authority  on  currency  questions,      [it  61] 

ARBUTHNOT,  JOHN  (1667-1735),  physician  and  wit : 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1696 ;  settled  in  London  and  taught 
mathematics;   F.R.S.,  1704;  attended  Prince  George  of 
Denmark  for  a  sudden  illness  at  Epsom;  physician  in 
ordinary  to  Oueen    Anne,  1709 ;   F.R.C.P.,  1710,  censor, 
1723,  Harveian  orator,  1727 ;  formed  close  friendship  with 
Swift,  and  was  acquainted  with  Pope  and  most  literary 
men  of  the  day ;  published  '  History  of  John  Bull'  (1712)  ; 
and  several  witty  political  pamphlets ;  contributed  largely  i 
to  '  Memoirs    of    Martinus    Scriblerus,'    published  with  I 
Pope's  •  Works,'  1741 ;  attended  Anne  in  her  last  illness ; 
suffered  much  in  health  during  his  later  years ;  died  at 
Hampstead;    published,    besides   his    poetical    writings,  I 
medical  and  scientific  works.  [ii.  62] 

ARBUTHNOT,    HARRIOT  (17117-1794),    admiral;  j 
lieutenant,  1739;  commander,  1746;  captain,  1747  ;  com- 
manded the  Portland  at  Quiberon  Bay,  1759 ;  commanded  | 
guardship,  Portsmouth,  1771-3;  commissioner  of  navy, 
Halifax,  1775-8;    admiral,  1778;   commander  of  North 
American  station,  1779-81  (with  the  exception  of  a  short  , 
period,  when  Sir  George  Rodney  took  the  command),  and 
took  part  in  the  action  off  mouth  of  Chesapeake  and  Cape 
Henry  ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1793.  [ii.  65] 

ARBUTHNOT,  SIR  ROBERT  (1773-1853X  soldier ; 
cornet  23rd  light  dragoons,  1797 ;  served  in  Irish  rebel- 
lion, 1798,  and  at  capture  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1806  : 
aide-de-camp  to  Beresford  in  South  America,  and,  as 
captain  in  20th  light  dragoons,  aide-de-camp  and  after- 
wards military  secretary  to  that  general  throughout 
greater  part  'of  peninsular  campaign ;  K.T.S. ;  K.O.B., 
1815;  major-general,  1830;  commanded  in  Ceylon  and 
Bengal,  1838-41 ;  lieutenant-general,  1841 ;  colonel,  76th 
foot,  1843.  [ii.  66] 

ARBUTHNOT,  SIR  THOMAS  (1776-1849),  lieutenant-  j 
general ;  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Arbuthnot  [q.  v.] ;  ensign, 
29th  foot,  1794;  joined  staff  corps  under  Moore,  1803; 
quartermaster-general,  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  served  in 
Peninsula  and  West  Indies;  K.C.B.,  1815;  lieutenant- 
general,  1838.  [ii.  67] 

ARCHANGEL,  FATHER  (1571-1606).  [See  FORBBS, 
JOHN.] 

ARCHBOLD,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1785-1870),  legal 
writer  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1809  :  barrister,  1814.  He 
published  a  number  of  legal  treatises,  which  include  :  : 
1  Summary  of  Law  relative  to  Pleading  and  Evidence  in 
Criminal  Cases,'  1824  ;  '  Practice  of  Court  of  Common 
Pleas,'  182'J  ;  and  several  works  on  parish  laws. 

[Suppl.  i.  64] 

ARCHDALE,  JOHN  (ft.  1664-1707),  governor  of 
North  Carolina  ;  accompanied  to  New  England  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, Ferdiuando  Gorges,  who  became  governor  of 
Maine,  1664 ;  returned  to  England,  1674 ;  joined  quakers  ; 
visited  North  Carolina,  1686,  and  subsequently  became 
one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  colony ;  commissioner  for 
Gorges  in  government  of  Maine,  1687-88;  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  1695-7 ;  M.P.  for  Chipping  Wyoombe, 
Buckinghamshire,  1698 ;  refused  oath  and  was  deprived 
of  seat,  1699 ;  published  4  Description  of  Carolina,' 
1707.  [SuppL  L  66] 

ARCHDALL,  MERVYN  (1723-1791),  antiquary  ;  edu- 
cated at  Dublin  University  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Pocock, 
bishop  of  Ossory,  who  presented  him  to  living  of  Attanagh 
aud  prebend  of  Cloneamery,  1762  ;  prebendary  of  M 


1764 ;  member  of  Royal  Irish  Academy  ;  published  his- 
torical and  topographical  works.  [ii.  67] 

ARCHDEKIN  or  ARSDEKIN,  RICHARD  (1618- 
1693),  Irish  Jesuit ;  studied  classics,  philosophy,  and  (at 
Louvain)  theology ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus  at  Mechlin, 
1642;  taught  humanities,  1650,  and  later  studied  at 
Antwerp  and  Lille  ;  professor  of  philosophy  and  theology 
at  Lonvain  and  Antwerp,  where  he  died ;  published 
theological  works  in  English,  Irish,  and  Latin,  [ii.  68] 

ARCHER,  EDWARD  (1718-1789),  physician  ;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  where  he  gradu- 
ated M.D.  1746 ;  physician  to  the  newly  founded  small- 
pox hospital,  1747,  to  which  institution  he  devoted  most 
of  his  energies.  [ii.  69] 

ARCHER,  FREDERICK  (1857-1886),  jockey;  ap- 
prenticed to  Matthew  Dawsou  [q.  v.],  the  trainer  at 
Newmarket,  1867;  won  Two  Thousand  Guineas  upon 
Lord  Falmotith's  Atlantic,  1874  ;  won  the  Two  Thousand 
Guineas,  Oaks,  Derby,  St.  Leger,  and  Grand  Prix,  1885. 
He  died  by  his  own  hand  when  ill.  [Suppl.  i.  57] 

ARCHER,  FREDERICK  SCOTT  (1813-1857),  inventor 
of  collodion  process  ;  son  of  a  butcher  ;  started  business 
as  sculptor;  first  successfully  used  collodion  process  in 
photography,  1850  ;  practised  as  photographer  in  Blooms- 
bury,  [ii.  69] 

ARCHER,  JAMES  (1551  7-1624?),  Irish  Jesuit;  first 
rector  of  Irish  College,  Salamanca.  [ii.  70] 

ARCHER,  JAMES  (jr.  1822),  catholic  preacher  ;  began 
preaching  at  a  public-house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields; 
chaplain  to  the  Bavarian  minister  in  London,  1791 ; 
created  D.D.  by  Pope  Pius  VII,  1821;  published  ser- 
mons, [ii.  70] 

ARCHER,  JOHN  (1598-1682),  judge;  B.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1619;  M.A.,  1622;  called  to  bar  at 
Gray's  Inn,  1620;  M.P.,  1656  ;  serjeant,  1658 ;  justice  of 
common  bench  and  knighted,  1663.  The  King,  Charles  II, 
attempted  to  remove  him  from  office  (1672),  but  he  refused 
to  surrender  the  patent  without  due  legal  procedure,  and 
though  relieved  by  royal  prohibition  irom  his  duties,  he 
continued  to  receive  his  salary  till  death.  [ii.  70] 

ARCHER,  JOHN  (ft.  1660-1684),  physician ;  prac- 
tised in  Dublin,  1660;  court  physician  to  Charles  II, 
1671  ;  published  a  Belf-advertising  work  called  *  Every 
Man  his  own  Doctor,'  1671.  [ii.  71] 

ARCHER,  JOHN  WYKEHAM  (1808-1864),  artist 
and  antiquary ;  apprenticed  to  an  animal  engraver  in 
Clerkenwell;  returned  to  London,  1831,  after  publishing 
several  engravings  in  his  native  town,  and  was  employed 
by  various  publishers  in  steel  and  wood  engraving  and 
watercolour  painting.  His  works  include  a  series  of 
drawings  of  old  London.  [ii.  72] 

ARCHER,  Sin  SYMON  (1581-1062),  antiquary; 
knighted,  1624;  sheriff  of  Warwickshire,  1628;  M.P., 
1640 ;  amassed  much  of  the  material  used  in  Dugdale's 
4  History  of  Warwickshire'  and  other  valuable  antiquarian 
information.  [ii.  73] 

ARCHER,  THOMAS  (1554-16307),  divine;  M.A. 
(1582)  and  fellow  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  held  livings 
in  Bedfordshire ;  chaplain  to  Whitgift,  1599,  and  to  the 
king,  1605  ;  left  manuscript  obituaries  of  eminent  con- 
temporaries, [ii.  73] 

ARCHER,  THOMAS  (d.  1743),  architect ;  pupil  of 
Sir  John  Vanbrugh ;  '  groom  porter '  to  Anne,  George  I, 
and  George  II;  built  Cliefden  House  and  St.  John's 
Church,  Westminster  (1728).  [ii.  73] 

ARCHER,  THOMAS  (d.  1848),  actor  and  dramatist: 
took  Shakespearean  roles  at  Drury  Lane,  1823 ;  visited 
United  States  and  Paris,  aud  led  a  Shakespearean  com- 
pany in  Belgium  and  Germany ;  wrote  many  successful 
PUDM,  [it  73] 

ARCHER,  WILLIAM  (1830-1897),  naturalist  and 
librarian  ;  secretary  of  Dublin  Microscopical  Club ;  con- 
tributed to  '  Proceedings '  of  Royal  Society,  and  other 
learned  bodies ;  F.R.S.,  1876  ;  secretary  for  foreign  corre- 
spondence to  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1876-80  ;  librarian 
(1876)  to  Royal  Dublin  Society,  and  (1877-95)  to  National 
Library  of  Ireland,  of  which  he  compiled  a  catalogue. 

[Suppl.  i.  57] 


ARCHIBALD 


ARMINE 


ARCHIBALD,   Sm   ADAMS    GEORGE   (1814-1892), 
Ciiiia.liiiii    statesman;    boni   at   Truro,    Nova    Scotia;  I 
educated  at  Picton  College  ;  attorney  of  Prince  Edward  ' 
Island  and   Nova  Scotia,  1838;    called  to  bar  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1839;    member  for  Colchester  in    Nova  Scotia 
House  of  Assembly,  1861 ;   Q.C.,  1855  ;  attorney-general, 
1860 ;  advocate-general  in  vice-admiralty  court  at  Hali- 
fax, 1862-3  ;  took  part  in  consultations  in  London  which 
led  to  Canadian  federation,  1866  ;  secretary  of  state  under 
new  dominion  government,  1867-8 ;    member  for  Col-  ' 
clu-tcr  in  dominion  parliament,  1869-70  ;  first  lieutenant-  , 
governor  of  Manitoba,  1870-2 ;  judge  in  equity  in  Nova  ] 
Scotia,  1873,  and  lieutenant-governor,  1873-83  ;  M.P.  for  I 
Colchester  in  Canadian  House  of  Commons,    1888-91 ; 
K.C.M.G.,  1886.  [Suppl.  i.  58] 

ARCHIBALD,  Sm  THOMAS  DICKSON  (1817-1876), 
judge  ;  born  at  Truro,  Nova  Scotia ;  educated  at  Picton 
College ;  qualified  as  attorney  and  barrister-at-law  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1837  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1852  ;  junior 
counsel  to  treasury,  1868 ;  appointed  justice  of  queen's 
bench  and  invested  with  coif,  1872;  knighted,  1873; 
transferred  to  common  pleas,  1875.  [Suppl.  i.  59] 

ARDBRECAIN  (</.  656).    [See  ULTAN.] 

ARDEN,  EDWARD  (1542  ?-1583),  high  sheriff  of 
Warwickshire,  1575 ;  accused  of  complicity,  though  pro- 
bably innocent,  in  an  attempt  by  his  son-in-law  to 
assassinate  the  queen,  and  hanged  at  Tyburn,  1583.  Has 
been  erroneously  connected  with  Mary  Arden,  Shake- 
speare's mother.  [ii.  74] 

ARDEN,    RICHARD   PEPPER,  BARON  ALVANLEY 
(1745-1804),  judge;  educated  at>  Manchester  grammar 
school  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  distinguished  in 
classics ;  twelfth  wrangler ;  M.A.,  fellow,  and  called  to 
bar,  1769 :  judge  on  South  Wales  circuit,  1776 ;  took  silk,  j 
1780 ;   M.P.  for  Newton,  and  solicitor-general,  1782-3 ;  I 
attorney-general    and    chief-justice    of    Chester,    1784; 
mastei  of  rolls,  1788 ;    sat  successively  for  Aldborough, 
Hastings,  and  Bath ;  lord  chief-justice  of  common  pleas, 
1801.  [ii.  74] 

ARDERNE,  JAMBS  (1636-1691),  dean  of  Chester; 
graduated  B.A.,  1666,  and  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.  Oxford,  1658;  curate  of  St.  Botolph, 
Aldersgate,  1666-82 ;  fellow  commoner  of  Brasenose ; 
D.D.,  1673  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II ;  rector  of  Davenham, 
1681 ;  dean  of  Chester,  1682 ;  published  religious  works. 


[ii  75] 

nhd 


ARDERNE,  JOHN  (/.  1370),  first  great  English  sur-  j 
geon ;  lived  at  Newark,  1349-70 ;  practised  surgery  in 
London  after  1370;  cured  many  distinguished  persons, 
and  probably  enjoyed  patronage  of  Black  Prince.  Left 
manuscripts  which  show,  for  the  period,  a  remarkable 
knowledge  of  surgery.  [ii.  76] 

ARDERON,  WILLIAM  (1703-1767),  naturalist; 
officer  of  excise  and,  later,  managing  clerk  at  the  New 
Mills,  Norwich ;  P.R.S.,  1745 ;  wrote  largely  on  jiatural 
history  and  microscopical  science.  [ii.  77] 

ARDMLLLAN,  LOUD  (1805-1876).  [See  CUAWFURD, 
JAMKS.] 

ARGALL,  JOHN  (/.  1604),  divine;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1565  ;  held  living  of  Halesworth,  Suf- 
folk, [ii.  78] 

ARGALL,  RICHARD  (fl.  1621),  poet;  educated  at 
Oxford  ;  perhaps  author  of  a  volume  of  religious  poems 
(1621)  containing  '  The  Bride's  Ornament,'  republished  in 
1654  in  name  of  Richard  Aylett.  [ii.  78] 

ARGALL,  Sin  SAMUEL  (rf.  1626),  adventurer ;  went 
as  trailer  in  1609  to  Virginia,  whither  he  subsequently 
made  frequent  voyages ;  visited  the  Potomac  and  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  1612-13;  reduced  French  settlements  in 
Muine,  St.  Croix,  and  Nova  Scotia,  1613  ;  deputy-governor 
of  Virginia  and  admiral  of  the  adjacent  seas,  1617  ;  served 
in  expedition  against  Algiers,  under  Sir  R.  Mansell,  1620 ; 
knighted,  1622;  admiral  of  squadron  of  English  and 
Dutch  ships  operating  on  French  and  Spanish  coasts, 
1625-6 ;  died  at  sea.  [ii.  78] 

ARGENTINE,  GILES  DE  (d.  1284),  justiciar  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1247 ;  itinerant  justice,  1253  ;  constable  of  Wind- 
sor, 1263 ;  on  council  of  nine  after  battle  of  Lewes. 

[ii.  80] 


ARGENTINE,  JOHN  (d.  1508),  provost  of  King's, 
Cambridge  ;  M.D.  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  pro- 
vost, 1601;  D.D.,  1504;  physician  and  dean  of  chapel 
to  Prince  of  Wales ;  master  of  hospital  of  St.  John 
Baptist,  Dorchester,  1499.  [ii.  80] 

ARGENTINE,  alias  SKXTEN,  RICHARD  (d.  1568), 
physician  and  divine ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1541  ;  physician, 
schoolmaster,  and  lecturer  in  divinity  at  Ipswich ;  held 
livings  successively  at  Ipswich  and  Exeter,  repeatedly 
changing  his  religious  views  in  accordance  with  pre- 
vailing opinions.  [ii.  80] 

ARGYLE  or  ARGYLL,  DUKKS  OF.  [See  CAMPBELL, 
ARCHIBALD,  first  DUKK,  d.  1703;  CAMPBELL,  JOHN, 
second  DUKE,  1678-1743 ;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  third 
DUKK,  1682-1761.1 

ARGYLE  or  ARGYLL,  MARQUIS  OF  (1598-1661). 
[See  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD.] 

ARGYLE  or  ARGYLL,  EARLS  OP.  [See  CAMPBELL, 
COLIN,  first  EARL,  d.  1493 ;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD, 
second  EARL,  d.  1513  ;  CAMPBELL,  COLIN,  third  EARL,  d. 
1630;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  fourth  EARL,  d.  1588;' 
CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  fifth  EARL,  1530-1573;  CAMP- 
BELL, COLIN,  sixth  EARL,  d.  1584 ;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHI- 
BALD, seventh  EARL,  1576  V-1638  ;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD, 
eighth  EARL,  1598-1661 ;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  ninth 
EARL,  d.  1685;  CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  tenth  EARL, 
d.  1703.] 

ARGYLE  or  ARGYLL,  COUNTESS  OP  (1621  ?-1706  ?). 
[See  CAMPBELL,  ANNA  MACKENZIE.] 

ARGYLL,  eighth  DUKE  OF.  [See  CAMPBELL,  GEORGE 
DOUGLAS,  1823-1900.] 

ARE3SDEN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1633),  stenographer; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1633 ;  invented  a 
shorthand  alphabet.  [ii.  81] 

ARKWRIGHT,  SIR  RICHARD  (1732-1792),  engi- 
neer ;  apprenticed  to  a  barber ;  established  himself  at 
Bolton,  before  1755,  as  a  barber,  and  gradually  formed  a 
large  business;  gave  up  business  at  Bolton  and  turned 
his  attention  to  mechanical  inventions,  c.  1767  ;  invented 
and  erected  near  Hockley  a  spinning-mill,  1769 ;  went 
into  partnership  with  two  manufacturers  of  ribbed  stock- 
ings and  erected  machinery  at  Cromford,  Derbyshire, 
1771 ;  applied  the  mill  to  manufacture  of  calicoes,  1773  ; 
patented  a  series  of  adaptations  and  inventions  for  per- 
forming in  one  machine  the  whole  process  of  yarn  manu- 
facture, 1775 ;  one  of  his  mills  (at  Chorley)  sacked  by  riot- 
ers, 1779 ;  his  repeated  complaints  against  infringements 
of  his  patent  during  the  following  years  were  met  by 
a  combination  of  manufacturers,  who  obtained  a  verdict 
against  Arkwright  on  the  questions :  (1)  Is  the  invention 
new  ?  (2)  Is  it  invented  by  the  defendant  ?  (3)  Was 
it  sufficiently  described  iu  the  specification?  His 
letters  patent  cancelled,  1785;  visited  Scotland  and 
assisted  in  erection  of  New  Lanark  mills,  c.  1784 ;  buflt 
several  mills  in  Derbyshire  and  Lancashire ;  introduced 
Boulton  &  Watt's  steam-engine  into  his  mill  at  Notting- 
ham, 1790  ;  knighted,  1786 ;  high  sheriff  of  Derbyshire, 
1787.  [ii.  81] 

ARKWRIGHT,  RICHARD  (1755-1843),  mill-owner, 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Arkwright  [q.  v.] ;  inherited  his 
father's  business  and  amassed  a  large  fortune.  [ii.  86] 

ARLINGTON,  first  EARL  OF  (1618-1685).  [SeeBENNET, 
HENRY.] 

ARMIN,  ROBERT  (/.  1610),  actor  and  dramatist; 
apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith  hi  Lombard  Street ;  perhaps 
one  of  the  lord  chamberlain's  players,  1598 ;  seems  to 
have  succeeded  Kemp  in  the  role  of  Dogberry  ;  in  com- 
pany of  actors  licensed  by  James  I,  1603 ;  probably  mem- 
ber of  Lord  Chaudos's  company. 

ARMINE  or  ARMYNE,  MARY,  LADY  (d.  1676), 
philanthropist,  nte  Talbot ;  second  wife  of  Sir  William 
Armiue  [q.  v.] ;  took  practical  interest  in  missionaries 
among  North  American  Indians  ;  founded  three  hospitals 
in  England.  [&  87] 

ARMINE,  RICHARD  DK  (d.  1340V).  [See  AYRE- 
MINNE,  RICHARD  DE.] 

ARMINE,  WILLIAM  DK  (</.  1336).  [See  AYRK- 
MINXE,  WILLIAM  DE.] 


ARMINE 


ARMSTRONG 


ARMINE  or  ARMYNE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1693-1661), 
parliamentarian  ;  baronet,  1619  ;  M.P.  for  Boston,  1621 
and  1624,  for  Grantham,  1626,  and  for  Lincolnshire,  1626, 
1628,  and  1641  ;  assistant  to  managers  of  Buckingham'* 
impeachment,  lt>26 ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  collect 
arbitrary  loan  in  Lincolnshire,  1627-8  ;  sheriff  of  Lincoln- 
shire, 1630,  of  Huntingdonshire,  1639 ;  accompanied  Charles 
to  Scotland,  1641  ;  discussed  terms,  with  king  at  Oxford 
in  behalf  of  parliament,  1643  ;  member  of  council  of 
state,  1649,  1660,  aud  1651.  [IL  87] 

ARMITAGE,  EDWA11D  (1817-1896),  historical 
painter ;  studied  under  Paul  Delaroche  in  Paris ;  gained 
premiums  in  cartoon  competitions  for  decoration  of  new 
houses  of  parliament,  1843,  1846,  and  1847  ;  commissioned 
to  execute  two  frescoes  for  House  of  Lords  ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1848,  generally  biblical  subjects; 
H.A.,  1872  ;  member  of  committee  of  artiste  employed 
in  decoration  of  Westminster  Hall  who  made  report  on 
fresco-painting,  1871 ;  professor  and  lecturer  on  painting 
to  Royal  Academy,  1875  ;  published  lectures,  1883. 

[Suppl.  I.  60] 

ARMITAGE,  TIMOTHY  (d.  1666),  pastor  of  first 
nonconformist  church  In  Norwich,  1647 ;  superintendent 
of  numerous  congregations  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk. 

[11.88] 

ARMSTRONG,  Sm  ALEXANDER  (1818-1899),  naval 
medical  officer;  studied  medicine  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  at  Edinburgh ;  graduated,  1841 ;  assistant- 
surgeon  In  navy,  1842 ;  In  medical  charge  of  party  for 
exploration  of  Xanthus,  1843  ;  appointed  to  royal  yacht, 
1846;  surgeon,  1849;  surgeon  and  naturalist  In  Arctic 
expedition  under  (Sir)  Robert  John  Le  Mesurier  Maclnre 
[q.  v.],  1849-64  ;  medical  superintendent  of  Malta  hospital, 
1869-64  ;  director-general  of  medical  department  of  navy, 
1869-71 ;  K.C.B.,  1871 ;  F.H.S.,  1873.  [SuppL  L  61] 

ARMSTRONG,  ARCHIBALD  (rf.  1672),  known  as 
'Archie';  jester  to  James  I  and  Charles  I;  gained  wide 
reputation  as  sheep-stealer  at  Eskdale ;  was  attached  to 
household  of  James  VI  of  Scotland,  and  accompanied  him 
to  England,  where  he  gained  great  social  distinction,  and 
amassed  a  large  fortune ;  accompanied  Charles  and  Buck- 
ingham to  Spain,  1623 ;  expelled  from  court  for  Insulting 
Archbishop  Laud,  1637 ;  remained  in  London  and  spent 
his  time  In  distraining  mercilessly  on  his  debtors ;  retired 
to  Arthuret,  Cumberland ;  credited  with  the  authorship 
of  '  A  Banquet  of  Jests,'  1630.  [ii.  89] 

ARMSTRONG,  COSMO  (/.  1800-1836),  governor  of 
Society  of  Engravers ;  exhibited  with  Associated  En- 
gravers, 1821 ;  pupil  of  Thomas  Milton  ;  engraved  plates 
for  Cooke's  •  British  Poets '  and  other  works.  [ii.  91] 

ARMSTRONG,  EDMUND  JOHN  (1841-1866),  poet; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1869;  suffered  seriously 
from  over-work,  1860,  and  subsequently  spent  much 
time  in  Jersey  and  Brittany  ;  president  of  Undergraduate 
PI  uosophlcal  Society,  Trinity  College,  1864  ;  published 
•joems,  1866,  aud  prose  works,  1877.  [ii.  91] 

ARMSTRONG,  GEORGE  (fl.  1767),  physician ;  brother 
of  John  Armstrong  (1709-1779)  [q.  v.]  ;  established  dispen- 
sary In  London  for  relief  of  poor  children,  1769;  pub- 
lished a  work  on  diseases  of  children.  [11.  92] 

ARMSTRONG,  JAMES  (1780-1839),  Irish  Unitarian 
minister;  trained  at  Rademon  academy;  classical  assis- 
tant in  Belfast  academy;  graduated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin  ;  ordained  minister  of  Strand  Street  chapel, 
Dublin,  1806  ;  one  of  founders  of  Irish  Unitarian  Society, 
1830 ;  D.D.  Geneva,  1834.  [ii.  92] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN  or  JOHNIE  (d.  1628),  border 
freebooter;  lived  near  Langholm,  whence  he  made  excur- 
sions at  bead  of  twenty-four  horsemen  ;  hanged  with  his 
followers  at  Carlanrigg  Chapel.  [ii.  93] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN  (1673-1742),  major-general  and 
quartermaster-general  in  Ireland:  surveyor-general  of 
ordnance  and  chief  engineer ;  F.R.S.,  1723.  [ii.  94] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN  (1709-1779),  poet,  physician, 
and  essayist;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1782;  physician  to 
hospital  for  wounded  soldiers,  London,  1746 ;  physician  to 
the  army  in  Germany,  1760,  and  on  return  of  troops  re- 
ceived half-pay  for  remainder  of  his  life:  intimately 
acquainted  for  many  years  with  Wilkes,  with  whom  he 


quarrelled  over  the  publication  of  some  verses.  His  works 
include  essays  on  various  subjects,  ami  a  didactic  poem 
called  *  The  Art  of  Preserving  Health,'  1744.  [ii.  94] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN  (1771-1797),  journalist;  M.A. 
Edinburgh  ;  private  tutor ;  wrote  for  London  press,  1790  ; 
published  poetical  and  prose  works.  [ii.  96] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1784-1829),  physi- 
cian •  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1807  ;  physician  to  Sunderlaud 
Infirmary;  removed  to  London,  1818;  physician  to 
London  Fever  Institution,  1819-24 ;  L.C.P.,  1820 ;  lec- 
tured on  anatomy  and  medicine;  published  medical 
works.  Lii-  97] 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  the  younger  ( 1813-1866),  bishop 
of  Grahamstown ;  sou  of  John  Armstrong  (1784-1829) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  scholar  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  B.A.,  1836 ;  ordained,  1837  ;  after  holding 
three  curacies,  became  priest-vicar  of  Exeter  Cathedral, 
1841 ;  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Exeter,  1843  ;  vicar  of  Tidenham, 
Gloucestershire,  1846 ;  strongly  advocated  in  magazine 
articles  a  scheme  of  female  penitentiaries  which  ultimately 
took  definite  shape ;  accepted  new  bishopric  of  Grahams- 
town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1863  ;  published  many  sermons 
and  tracte.  [U.  97] 

ARMSTRONG,  ROBERT  ARCHIBALD  (1788-1867), 
Gaelic  lexicographer;  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  St. 
Andrews  University ;  kept  successively  several  schools 
in  London ;  published  a  Gaelic  dictionary,  1826 ;  esta- 
blished and  kept  a  grammar  school  at  South  Lambeth ; 
received  civil  list  pension  of  60Z.,  1862.  [Ii.  99] 

ARMSTRONG,  Sill  THOMAS  (1624  ?-1684),  royalist ; 
born  at  Nimeguen ;  served  under  Charles  I,  and  during  the 
Commonwealth  was  three  times  Imprisoned  for  fidelity  to 
the  royal  cause ;  knighted,  1660 ;  lielitenant  of  first  troop 
of  guards,  and  subsequently  captain  of  the  horse ; 
fell  into  disfavour  at  court  and  joined  English  regiment 
in  Flanders,  1679 ;  implicated  in  Rye  House  plot,  1682 ; 
escaped  to  Leyden,  but  was  arrested  and  executed  in 
London,  Judge  Jeffreys  giving  him  unfair  trial,  [ii.  100] 

ARMSTRONG,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1696),  border  moss- 
trooper, known  as  KINMONT  WILLIE,  from  his  castle  of 
Morton  Tower  or  Kinmont  in  Cauonbie,  Dumfriesshire ; 
captured,  but  escaped,  1587  ;  imprisoned  at  Carlisle,  1696, 
where  the  Scotch  warden  demanded  his  release,  and  on 
being  refused  succeeded  in  carrying  him  off.  His  fate  is 
unknown.  [ii.  101] 

ARMSTRONG,  WILLIAM  (1602  ?-1668  ?),  known  as 
CHRISTIE'S  WILL,  border  freebooter ;  imprisoned  in  Jed- 
burgh  tolbooth,  and  released  through  Interposition  of 
Earl  of  Traquair,  whose  devoted  servant  he  afterwards 
became.  [ii.  102] 

ARMSTRONG,    WILLIAM    (1778-1857),    mayor   of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1860;  corn-merchant;  prominent  in 
municipal  affairs  ;  much  interested  in  mathematics ;  active 
j  member  of  local  literary  societies.  [Suppl.  1.  62] 

ARMSTRONG,    Sm   WILLIAM   GEORGE,   BARON 
;  ARMSTRONG  OF  OnAGSinK  (1810-1900),  inventor ;  son  of 
William  Armstrong  (1778-1867)  [q.  v.],of  Newcastle-ou- 
Tyue ;  educated  at  grammar  school,  Bishop  Auckland ; 
subsequently  studied  law  in  London ;  partner  in  legal 
firm  of  Doukiu,  Stable  &  Armstrong,  Newcastle,  1833 ; 
constructed  'water-pressure    wheel,'    1839,  and    hydro- 
electric machine,  c.  1844 ;  secretary,  1846,  and  chairman, 
1866-67,   to  Whittle  Dean  (afterwards   Newcastle   and 
Gateshead)  Water  Company ;  patented  hydraulic  crane, 
1846;    F.R.S.,  1846;  first  manager  of  Elswick-on-Tyne 
engineering  works,  1847  ;   invented   hydraulic  pressure 
accumulator,  1860  ;  designed  submarine  mines  for  use  in 
Crimean  war,  1864;    invented  rifled-bore  breechloadiug 
gun,  with  cylinder  constructed  on  scientific  principles, 
which  was  favourably  reported  upon  by  General  Peel's  com- 
mittee on  rifled  cannon,  1868 ;  patented  inventions  and 
presented  patente  to  nation  ;  Elswlck  Ordnance  Company 
,  established  for  purpose  of  making  Armstrong  guns  for 
j  British  government,  under  his    supervision,    1869 ;    ap- 
I  pointed  engineer  of  rifled  ordnance  at  Woolwich,  and 
knighted  and  made  C.B.,  1859 ;  resigned  appointment  at 
Woolwich,  1863,  when  government  returned  largely  to 
'  muzzle-loaders ;     finished  a    6-inch    breechloading   gun 
with  wire-wound  cylinder,  1880,  government  once  more 
j  adopting   breechloading  guns;    established,  In  conjunc- 
(  Uou  with  firm  of  Messrs.  Mitchell  &  Swan,  new  «hip- 


ABNAL.D 


31 


ARNOLD 


yard  at  Elswick  for  construction  of  warships-,  1882 ;  in- 
corporate! with  his  own  business  the  works  of  Sir  Joseph 
Whit  worth  [q.  v.]  at  Openshaw,  near  Manchester,  for 
manufacture  of  Whitworth  guns,  1897  ;  conducted  im- 
portant electrical  experiments  at  Ins  residence  at  Cragside, 
near  Rothbury ;  Telfonl  medallist  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1862 ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870  ;  received  Albert  medal  from  Society 
of  Arts,  1878  ;  D.C.L.  Durham,  1882 ;  president  of  Insti- 
tute of  Civil  Engineers,  1882  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1887 ; 
master  of  engineering,  Dublin,  1892 ;  Bessemer  medallist, 
1891.  He  was  a  liberal  benefactor  of  Newcastle.  Pub- 
lished writings  on  engineering  subjects,  as  well  as '  Electric 
Movement  in  Air  and  Water,'  1897-99.  [Suppl.  i.  62] 

ARNALD,  RICHARD  (1700-1756),  divine;  B.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College ;  fellow  and  M.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge;  presented  to  living  of  Thurcaston, 
Leicestershire,  1733 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln ;  published 
sermons  and  commentary  on  Apocrypha.  [ii.  1U3] 

ARNALL,  WILLIAM  (1715  V-1741  ?),  political  writer ; 
in  pay  of  Walpole ;  wrote  'Free  Briton'  and  succeeded 
Coucanen  In  the  *  British  Journal.'  [ii.  1U3] 

ARNE,  CECILIA  (1711-1789),  singer;  pupil  of 
Gemiuiaui ;  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1730  ;  married 
Thomas  Augustine  Arne  [q.  v.],  1736  ;  in  Dublin,  1742  ; 
engaged  at  Vauxball  Gardens,  1745.  [ii.  103] 

ARNE,  MICHAEL  (1741  ?-1786),  musician  ;  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Augustine  Arne  [q.  v.] ;  appeared  in  Otway's 
•  Orphan '  when  very  young  ;  took  to  the  harpsichord  ; 
member  of  Madrigal  Society ;  died  in  great  destitution  ; 
produced  many  songs  and  musical  scores.  [ii.  104] 

ARNE,  THOMAS  AUGUSTINE  (1710-1778),  musi- 
cal composer ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  privately  studied 
music ;  gave  up  his  legal  studies  and  wrote  music  for 
AiMi-son's  'Rosamond,'  1733,  Fielding's  'Tom  Thumb,' 
altered  into  '  The  Opera  of  Operas,'  1733,  Milton's  '  Oomiis,' 
1738,  Oougreve's  '  Judgment  of  Paris,"  and  Thomson  and 
Mallet's  'Alfred '  (which  included  '  Rule  Britannia,'  1740), 
'As  you  like  it'  and  'Twelfth  Night';  appointed  com- 
poser to  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1744,  and  later,  leader  of  the 
baud  ;  wrote  songs  for  '  The  Tempest,'  1746 ;  produced 
two  oratorios:  'Abel,'  1755,  and  'Judith,'  1764 ;  Mus.  Doc. 
Oxford,  1759  ;  transferred  his  services  to  Covent  Garden, 
1760 ;  set  to  music  the  ode  by  Garrick  performed  at  the 
Shakespeare  jubilee  at  Stratford-on-Avou,  1769 ;  produced 
numerous  light  operas  and  incidental  music.  [ii.  104] 

ARNISTON,  BARONS.  [See  DUNDAS,  SIR  JAMES,  d. 
1679 ;  DUNDAS,  ROBERT,  d.  1726 ;  DUNDAS,  ROBERT, 
1685-1753  ;  DUXDAS,  ROBERT,  1713-1787.] 

ARNOLD,  BENEDICT  (1741-1801),  general ;  born  at 
Norwich,  Connecticut;  bookseller  and  druggist;  took 
American  side  in  war  between  England  and  the  American 
colonies ;  after  battle  of  Lexington  served  as  volunteer, 
obtained  a  command  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Quebec, 
1775;  subsequently  commanded  at  Montreal  and  was 
conspicuous  at  Saratoga,  1777  ;  governor  of  Philadelphia  : 
accused  of  peculation  :  partially  acquitted  and  repri- 
manded by  Washington,  1780 ;  obtained  command  of 
West  Point,  which  he  arranged  to  surrender  to  British 
commander  Clinton ;  joined  British  and  was  made 
brigadier-general;  came  to  England,  1782;  afterwards 
distinguished  himself  at  Guadaloupe.  [ii.  107] 

ARNOLD,  CORNELIUS  (1711-1757?),  poetical 
writer ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  published 
poetical  works,  1767.  [ii.  109] 

ARNOLD,  JOHN  (1736  7-1799),  mechanician  ;  appren- 
ticed to  watchmaking  trade  in  Bpdmin  ;  went  to  Holland, 
and  subsequently  set  up  in  business  in  London  ;  intro- 
duced at  court ;  made  several  improvements  in  the 
manufacture  of  chronometers.  [ii.  109] 

ARNOLD,  JOSEPH  (1782-1818),  naturalist;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1807  ;  surgeon  in  navy,  1808 ;  made  several 
voyages,  and  collected  scientific  specimens  ;  died  at  Padang, 
Sumatra ;  F.L.S.,  1815.  [ii.  110] 

ARNOLD,  MATTHEW  (1822-1888),  poet  and  critic  ; 
son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Arnold  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Rugby, 
Winchester,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  Newdigate 
prizeman,  1843  ;  graduated,  1844  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
1845  :  master  at  Rugby ;  private  secretary  to  Marquis  of 
Lausidowue,  1847 ;  inspector  of  schools,  1851  :  published 


'  The  Strayed  Reveller  and  other  Poems,'  1849,  '  Empedocles 
on  Etna,'  1852,  'Poems'  (containing  'Sohrab  and 
Rustum,'  'Scholar-Gi|^\,'  and  '  Requiescat'),  1853,  and 
'  Poems,  second  series,'  1855  ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford, 1857-67;  published  'On  Translating  Homer,'  1861 
(second  volume,  1862),  'On  Study  of  Celtic  Literature,' 
1867,  '  Essays  in  Criticism,'  1865  (second  series,  1888), 
'  Culture  and  Anarchy,'  1869,  '  Friendship's  Garland,' 
1871, '  Literature  and  Dogma,'  1873  ;  lectured  in  America, 
1883-4  and  1886,  and  issued  '  Discourses  in  America,' 
1885;  published  also  works  on  educational  subjects. 
He  adopted  from  Swift  the  phrase  '  sweetness  and  light' 
to  explain  his  literary  and  social  creed.  His  most  per- 
manent work  is  in  his  poetry  (3  vols.  1885).  His  letters 
appeared  in  1895.  His  portrait  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Watte,  R.A., 
itf  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  [SuppL  L  70] 

ARNOLD,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1507  V-1580),  gentleman 
pensioner  of  Henry  VIII  in  1526  ;  employed  by  Cromwell 
in  connection  with  dissolution  of  monasteries;  knight 
of  shire  for  Gloucester,  1545  ;  commander  of  garrison, 
Queenborough,  1545,  Boulogneberg,  1546-9 ;  knighted  by 
Edward  VI ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  on  suspicion  of  com- 
plicity in  Wyatt's  rebellion,  1554-5,  and  for  his  connection 
with  Sir  Henry  Dudley  [q.  v.]  and  Richard  Uvedale  [q.  v.] 
in  plot  to  drive  Spaniards  from  England,  1556  ;  sheriff  of 
Gloucestershire,  1559  ;  sent  to  Ireland  to  inquire  into 
complaints  against  Sussex's  administration,  1562;  lord 
justice  in  Ireland,  1564-5 ;  M.P.  for  Gloucester,  1563,  and 
for  Gloucestershire,  1572.  He  did  much  to  improve  the 
breed  of  English  horses.  [Suppl.  i.  75] 

ARNOLD,  RICHARD  (d.  1521  ?),  antiquary ;  haber- 
dasher in  London,  1473  ;  arrested  as  spy  while  on  business 
visit  to  Flanders,  1488,  and  imprisoned  at  Sluys.  Pub- 
lished a  work  on  the  customs  of  London  (1502).  [ii.  110] 

ARNOLD,  SAMUEL  (1740-1802),  musical  composer; 
educated  in  Chapel  Royal ;  composer  to  Covent  Garden, 
before  1763 ;  brought  out  his  first  opera,  '  Maid  of  the 
Mill,'  1765  ;  member  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1764  ; 
set  Browne's  ode,  the  'Cure  of  Saul,'  as  an  oratorio,  1767  ; 
leased  Marylebone  Gardens,  1769,  where  he  produced  many 
operas  and  burlettas ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1773 ;  organist  to 
Chapels  Royal,  1783,  and  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1793. 
Published  collection  of  cathedral  music,  1790.  [ii.  Ill] 

ARNOLD,  SAMUEL  JAMES  (1774-1852),  dramatist ; 
son  of  Samuel  Arnold  (1740-1802)  [q.  v.] ;  produced  at 
the  Haymarket,  Drury  Lane,  the  English  Opera,  and  the 
Lyceum  many  original  musical  plays  (including  'The 
Prior  Claim,'  written  in  conjunction  with  Pye,  the  poet 
laureate,  whose  daughter  he  married)  and  several  notable 
foreign  operas ;  F.R.S.  [ii.  112] 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS  (1679-1737),  sailor  ;  made  com- 
mander for  bravery  in  battle  off  Cape  Passaro  ;  captain, 
1727  ;  served  on  Carolina  coast.  [ii.  113] 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS  (1742-1816),  physician;  M.D. 
and  F.R.C.P.  Edinburgh,  where  he  owned  and  conducted 
a  lunatic  asylum  ;  published  works  on  insanity,  [ii.  113] 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS  (1795-1842),  headmaster  of 
Rugby ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  first  class  classics,  1814 ;  fellow  of  Oriel, 
1815  ;  won  chancellor's  Latin  and  English  essay  prizes, 
1815  and  1817 ;  ordained,  1818 ;  headmaster  of  Rugby, 
1828-42 ;  B.D.  and  D.D.,  1828 ;  added  mathematics,  mo- 
dern history,  and  modern  languages  to  the  ordinary 
school  course  ;  published,  1829,  a  pamphlet  on  the '  Chris- 
tian Duty  of  Conceding  the  Roman  Catholic  Claims ' ; 
published  '  Principles  of  Church  Reform,'  1833 ;  regius 
professor  of  history  at  Oxford,  1841 ;  published  sermons, 
an  edition  of  Thucydides,  and  works  on  Roman  and 
modern  history.  [ti.  113] 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS  (1823-1900),  professor  of  English 
literature,  younger  sou  of  Dr.  Thomas  Arnold  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1845;  M.A.,  1865;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1846 :  clerk  in  colonial  office,  1847 ;  went 
to  New  Zealand,  1847 ;  started  school  at  Fort  Hill,  near 
Nelson,  1849  ;  inspector  of  schools  in  Tasmania,  1850-6  : 
entered  Roman  catholic  church,  1866 ;  professor  of  Enc- 
lish  literature  at  catholic  university,  Dublin,  1856-62  ;  left 
church  of  Rome,  1865,  but  rejoined  it,  1876 ;  fellow  of 
Royal  University  of  Ireland,  and  professor  of  English 
language  and  literature,  University  College,  St.  Stephen's 
Green,  1882-1900 ;  published  a  '  Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture,' 1862,  and  other  works.  [SuppL  L  76] 


ARNOLD 


32 


ARUNDALE 


ARNOLD,  THOMAS  JAMES  (1804  V-1877),  barrister  ; 
called,  1829 ;  police  magistrate,  1847-77 ;  published  legal 
manuals  and  translations  of  Goethe's  'Reineke  Fuchs' 
(1860),  of '  Faust  '(1877),  and  of  Anacreon  (1869).  [ii.  117] 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS  KERCHEVER  (1800-1853), 
educationalist :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1821 ; 
fellow ;  M.A.,  1824  ;  rector  of  Lyudon,  Rutland,  1830-53  ; 
published  many  classical  works,  educational  adaptations 
from  American  and  German  authors,  sermons  and  other 
theological  writings.  [it  118] 

ARNOLD,  WILLIAM  DELAFIELD  (1828-1859), 
Anglo-Indian  official  and  novelist;  younger  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Arnold  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford :  went  to  India  as  ensign  in  58th  native  infantry ; 
assistant-commissioner  of  Punjab ;  director  of  public  in- 
struction, 1856 :  invalided  home  and  died  at  Gibraltar ; 
published  '  Oakfield,'  a  novel,  1853.  [ii.  119] 

ARNOT,  HUGO  (1749-1786),  historical  writer ;  advo- 
cate, 1772;  published  •  History  of  Edinburgh,'  1779,  and 
'  Criminal  Trials  in  Scotland,'  1785.  [il.  119] 

ARNOT,  WILLIAM  (1808-1875),  preacher;  appren- 
ticed as  gardener :  studied  for  ministry  at  Glasgow ; 
minister  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Glasgow,  1838,  and  of  one 
of  the  leading  free  church  congregations  in  Edinburgh, 
1863-75  ;  thrice  visited  America  on  ministerial  work ; 
published  religious  and  biographical  works.  [ii.  119] 

ARNOTT,  GEORGE  ARNOTT  WALKER  (1799-1868), 
botanist ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1818  ;  studied  law,  but  aban- 
doned the  profession  for  botany  ;  travelled  on  continent ; 
botanical  lecturer,  1839,  and  professor,  1845,  Glasgow; 
associated  with  Sir  William  Hooker  in  botanical  publica- 
tions, [ii.  120] 

ARNOTT,  NEIL  (1788-1874),  physician  and  natural 
philosopher ;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1805 ; 
went  to  London  and  became  a  student  at  St.  George's 
Hospital,  1806 ;  visited  China  as  surgeon  in  East  India  Com- 
pany's service,  1807  and  1809 ;  practised  in  London,  1811- 
1855  ;  lectured  on  natural  science  at  Pliilotnathic  Institu- 
tion ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1814 ;  physician  successively  to 
French  (1816)  and  Spanish  embassies ;  a  founder  and 
original  member  of  senate  of  university  of  London,  1836 ; 
physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837  ;  F.R.S., 
1838;  member  of  Medical  Council,  1854  ;  published  •  Ele- 
ments of  Physics,'  1827-9.  [ii.  121] 

ARNOTJL  or  ARNULF  (1040-1124).    [See  Enxn.y.] 

ARNOTJLD,  Sin  JOSEPH  (1814-1886),  Indian  judge 
and  author  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford  :  Newdigate  prizeman,  1834  ;  B.A.,  1836 ; 
probationer  fellow,  1838-41 ;  moderator  of  philosophy, 
1840 ;  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple,  1841  ;  con- 
tributed to  Douglas  Jerrold's  '  Weekly  Newspaper '  and 
wrote  leaders  for  '  Daily  News ' ;  knighted  and  appointed 
to  seat  on  l>ench  of  supreme  court  (afterwards  high  court 
of  judicature)  of  Bombay,  1859  ;  published  legal  and  other 
writings.  [SuppL  i.  78] 

ARNULF,  EARL  ov  PKMBIIOKK  (./?.  1110),  fifth  son 
of  Roger  de  Montgomery  [see  BoCHOt  I»K  MoHTOOXnuB, 
EARL  OK  SHRKWSBURY,  d.  1093]  ;  built  Pembroke  Castle 
about  1090  ;  rebelled  against  Henry  I,  and  marrying,  after 
much  negotiation,  the  daughter  of  Murchadh,  king  of 
Lcinster,  died  next  day.  [xlix.  103] 

ARNWAY,  JOHN  (1601-1653), royalist  divine;  rector 
of  Hodnet  and  Ightfleld,  1635  ;  archdeacon  of  Lich field 
and  Coventry  and  prebendary  of  Woolvey  ;  exiled  during 
protectorate ;  died  iu  Virginia.  [ii.  122] 

ARRAK,  EAHLS  OF.  [See  HAMILTON,  JAMES,  first 
EARL,  14779-1529;  HAMILTON,  JAMKS,  second  RAUL,  </. 
1575;  HAMILTON,  JAMIW,  third  BAKU  1530-1609; 
STEWART,  JAMKS,  <1.  1596.] 

ARROWSMITH,  AARON  (1750-1823),  geographer ; 
left  practically  destitute  in  early  life ;  found  employment 
with  a  map-maker  in  London,  1770;  published  several 
maps,  including  a  chart  of  the  world  (Mercator'a  projec- 
tion), now  rare,  1790,  •  Map  of  Scotland,'  1807,  and  » Atlas 
of  Southern  India,'  1822.  [ii.  123] 

ARROWSMTTH,  EDMUND  (1585-1828),  Jesuit; 
known  sometimes  as  BRADBHAW  and  RKJHY  ;  educated  at 
Douay;  ordained,  1612;  returned  to  fefbad  on  English 
miftioii,  1613 ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus,  1624 ;  executed 


for  taking  order  of    priesthood   beyond  the  seas.    His 
hand  is  preserved  as  a  relic  at  Ashton,  Newton-le- Willows. 

[ii.  124] 

ARROWSMITH,  JOHN  (1602-1659),  puritan  divine: 
graduated  at  Cambridge,  1623  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Nicholas* 
Chapel,  King's  Lynn,  1631  ;  D.D.  and  regius  professor  of 
divinity,  1644 ;  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Ironmonger  Lane, 
1646 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1647 ;  master  of 
Trinity,  1649 ;  published  sermons.  [ii.  124] 

ARROWSMITH,  JOHN  (1790-1873),  map-maker; 
nephew  of  Aaron  Arrowsmith  [q.  v.],  whom  he  assisted, 
1810-23;  began  business  alone,  1823,  and  ultimately  be- 
came head  of  his  uncle's  house ;  an  original  fellow  of 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  1830 ;  published  many  maps 
and  charts.  [ii.  125] 

ARSDEKIN,  RICHARD  (1618-1693).  [See  ARCH- 
DKKIN,  RICHARD.] 

ARTAUD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1776-1822),  portrait 
painter ;  exhibited  in  the  Royal  Academy  between  1784 
and  1822.  [ii.  125] 

ARTHUR,  real  or  fabulous  King  of  Britain ;  born 
probably  towards  end  of  the  5th  century  ;  perhaps  son  of 
Uther  Pendragon,  brother  of  Ambrosius  Aureltaniw 
[q.  v.],  and  leader  of  the  Roman  party  in  Britain ;  ob- 
tained command  of  British  army,  c.  516,  and  is  credited 
by  Nennius  with  twelve  victories  over  the  invading  Saxons, 
of  which  probably  only  that  at  Badou  Hill  (c.  520)  is  his- 
torical ;  said  to  have  died  at  battle  of  Oamlan.  [ii.  126] 

ARTHUR,  DUKE  or  COUNT  OP  BRITTANY  (1187-1203), 
posthumous  son  of  Geoffrey,  third  son  of  King  Henry  II 
and  Constance,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Conau  le  Petit, 
count  of  Brittany ;  declared  his  heir  by  his  uncle,  Richard  I, 
1190 ;  supported  by  Philip  of  France  on  the  accession  of  his 
next  nncle  John ;  captured  by  King  John  at  Mirabel,  1202  ; 
murdered  at  Rouen,  probably  by  John's  orders,  [ii.  129] 

ARTHUR  (1486-1502),  eldest  son  of  Henry  VII  and 
Elizabeth  of  York,  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  IV  ;  K.B., 
1489 ;  married  Katharine  of  Arragou,  1501.  [ii.  131] 

ARTHUR,  ARCHIBALD  (1744-1797),  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  Glasgow  ;  M.A.  Glasgow  ;  received 
preacher's  licence,  1767  ;  chaplain  and  librarian,  Glasgow 
University ;  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1796 ;  com- 
piled catalogue  of  Glasgow  University  Library,  published 
1791 ;  published  theological  and  literary  discourses,  1803. 

[ii.  131] 

ARTHUR,  Sin  GEORGE  (1784-1854),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  joined  91st  Argyllshire  Highlanders,  1804  ;  lieu- 
tenant in  Italy,  1806,  and  in  Egypt,  1807;  captain  in 
Sicily,  1808,  and  in  Walcheren,  1809;  deputy  assistant 
adjutant-general ;  military  secretary  to  Sir  George  Don, 
governor  of  Jersey  ;  major  7th  West  India  regiment,  and 
assistant  quartermaster-general,  Jamaica,  1812;  lieu- 
tenant-governor, British  Honduras,  1814-22,  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  1823-37,  and  Upper  Canada,  1837-41;  baronet, 
1841 ;  governor  of  Bombay,  1842 ;  elected  provisional 
governor-general,  but  compelled  by  ill-health  to  return 
home,  1846;  privy  councillor  and  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford; 
colonel  50th  Queen's  Own  regiment,  1853.  [ii.  132] 

ARTHUR,  JAMES  (d.  1670  ?),  divine ;  professor  of 
divinity,  Salamanca  University  ;  subsequently  retired  to 
convent  of  St.  Dominic,  Lisbon :  published  and  left  in 
manuscript  commentaries  on  Aquinas's  •  Summa.' 


[ii.  135] 
i;   fellow,  St. 


ARTHUR,   THOMAS  (d.  1532),  divine; 
John's  College,  Cambridge,    and    principal,    St.    Mary's 
Hostel,  1518 ;  charged  with  heresy,  1526  and  1627,  and 
recanted  to  Romanism  ;  wrote  tragedies.  [ii.  136] 

ARTHUR,  THOMAS  (1593-1666?),  Irish  catholic 
physician ;  educated  at  Bordeaux  ;  studied  medicine  at 
Paris  ;  practised  in  Limerick,  1619,  and  in  Dublin,  1624  ; 
wrote  Latin  elegiacs.  [ii.  136] 

ARTLETT,  RICHARD  AUSTIN  (1807-1873),  en- 
graver; pupil  of  Robert  Cooper  and  James  Thomson  ; 
produced  several  portraits ;  remembered  chiefly  for  en- 
gravings of  sculpture.  [ii.  136] 

ARUNDALE,  FRANCIS  (1807-1853),  architect; 
pupil  of  Augustus  Pugin  ;  travelled  on  the  continent  and 
in  Egypt  ami  Puli-stim- :  published  several  illustrated 
works  on  architectural  subjects.  [ii.  130  J 


AKUNDEL, 


ASGZLL, 


ARUNDEL,  K\ui.s  OK.  [S.v  Mum,  WILLIAM  DE, 
first  EAKI.,  ,i.  1176;  AI.HINI,  WILLIAM  DK,  third  EARL, 
d  1221-  FIT/ALAN,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  12«7-1302;  FIT/ALAN,  KDMCND,  second  EARL, 
Kicii.uu),  third  EARL,  1307 ?-1376 ; 
Frr/.u  \N  liicii AKI>,  fourth  MAUL,  1346-1397;  FITZALAX, 
TuiiM  is,  fifth  KARL,  1381-1415;  FITZALAN,  JOHN, seventh 
HAUL,  lins  M:;r>  ;  FIT/M.AX,  HKNKY,  twelfth  EARL, 
1611  V-lSHd  ;  HOWARD,  I'nii.ii1,  thirteenth  KAKI,,  1557- 
E|f;  HOWAKH,  THOMAS,  fourteenth  EARL,  1686-1646; 
HO\VAKI>,  UKXKY  FREDERICK,  fifteenth  EARL,  1608-1652.] 

AKUNDEL,    THOMAS    (1353-1414),  archbishop    of 

nuiteriniry  :  bishop  of  Ely,  1374  ;  chancellor,  1386-9 ;  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1388  ;  again  chancellor,  1391-6  ;  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  1396;  was  perhaps  implicated  in  a  con- 

..;  li'is  brother,  Karl  of  Arundel,  the  Duke  of 
• ,  and  Earl  of  Warwick  against  King  Richard  II ; 
1  by  House  of  Commons  and  banished,  1397, 

ting  the  commission  of  regency  eleven  years 
before,  in  derogation  of  the  king's  authority ;  went  to 
Koine  and  sought  intercession  of  Boniface  IX,  who  at 
Richard  H's  request  translated  him  to  St.  Andrews,  a  see 
which  acknowledged  the  rival  pope ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land with  Henry  IV,  whom  he  crowned,  1399 ;  again 
chancellor,  1399,  1407,  and  1412 ;  strenuously  resisted 
lollardy.  [ii.  137] 

ARUNDELL  OF  CORNWALL  The  three  principal 
branches  of  the  Cornish  family  of  Arundell  were  the 
Arundells  of  Lanherne,  Trerice,  and  Tolverne. 

The  ARUXDELLS  OP  LANHERNE  settled  at  Lanherne 
about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  more 
important  members  of  this  branch  not  noticed  elsewhere 
are  Roger,  marshal  of  England ;  William  de  Arundell, 
canon  of  Exeter  Cathedral  (d.  1246) ;  Sir  Ralph  Arundell, 
.f  Cornwall,  1260 ;  Sir  John  Arundell,  K.B., '  the 
Magnificent,'  M.P.  and  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  died  c.  1433  ; 
John  Arundell,  sheriff  and  admiral  of  Cornwall,  attainted, 
1483 ;  and  Sir  John  Arundell,  who  was  made  knight 
banneret  at  Therouenne,  and  died  in  1545. 

The  ARUNDELLS  OP  TRERICE  include  Sir  John  Arun- 
dell, vice-admiral  of  Cornwall  early  in  fifteenth  century 
(d.  1471),  and  the  Hon.  Richard  Arundell,  M.P.  (d.  1759). 

The  ARUNDELLS  OF  TOLVERNE  include  Sir  Thomas 
Arundell  (d.  1443),  Sir  Thomas  Arundell  (d.  1652), 
knighted  by  James  I,  and  his  son,  John  Arundell,  colonel 
, -for  Charles  II  (rf.  1671). 

The  ARUNDELLS  OP  MEXADARVA  appear  to  have  been 
founded  by  one  Robert  Arundell,  a  natural  son  of  Sir 
John  Arundell  of  Trerice  [q.  v.]  [ii.  141] 

ARUNDELL,  BLANCHE,  LADY  (1583-1649),  defender 
of  Wardour  Castle;  daughter  of  Edward,  earl  of  Wor- 
cester; married  Thomas  Arundell  of  Wardour,  Wilt- 
shire ;  defended  Wardour  Castle  for  nine  days  against 
parliamentarians,  1643.  [ii.  143] 

ARUNDELL,  FRANCIS  VYVYAN  JAGO  (1780- 
1846),  antiquary;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1809; 
rector  of  Landulph,  1805  ;  chaplain  to  British  factory, 
Smyrna,  1822-36  ;  journeyed  in  Asia  Minor,  1826-35,  and 
inibii-hed  descriptions  of  his  travels  and  discoveries, 
1834 ;  made  large  collections  of  antiquities,  coins,  and 
manuscripts.  [ii-  143] 

ARUNDELL,  HENRY,  third  BARON  ARUNDELL  OF 
WARDOUR  (1606  ?-1694),  fought  for  Charles  I  in  civil 
wars;  dislodged  parliamentarians,  1644,  from  Wardour 
Castle,  which  had  been  taken  from  his  mother,  Lady 
Blanche  Arundell  [q.  v.] ;  master  of  horse  to  Henrietta 
Maria,  1663  ;  one  of  the  ambassadors  sent  by  Charles  IT 
to  Louis  XIV  to  arrange  secret  treaty  of  Dover,  1669 ; 
i>y  Titus  Gates  of  complicity  in  a  popish  plot 
|  'harles,and  arrested,  1678 ;  imprisoned  in  Tower, 
but  not  tried;  released  1684;  privy  councillor,  1686; 
keeper  of  privy  seal,  1687  ;  published  religious  and  courtly 
poems.  [ii.  144] 

ARUNDELL,  HUMPHRY,  OF  LANHKRNK  (1513- 
l.vxn,  rebel;  leader  of  an  insurrection  due  to  enclosure  of 
common  lands,  1549 ;  unsuccessfully  besieged  Exeter ; 
ultimately  captured  and  executed  at  Tyburn,  [ii.  145] 

ARUNDELL,  SIR  JOHN,  OF  LANHKRNK  (•/.  1379), 
naval  commander;  repulsed  French  off  Cornwall,  1379, 
but  was  caught  in  storm  and  drowned.  [Ii.  146] 


ARUNDELL,  JOHN  (d.  1477),  bishop  of  Chichestcr  ; 
fellow,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1421-30 ;  chaplain  to 
Henry  VI  ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1458.  [ii.  146] 

ARUNDELL,  JOHN,  OK  LAMIKUNK  («/.  1504), divine; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1483-96 ; 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1496,  and  Exeter,  1502. 

[ii.  146] 

ARUNDELL,  SIR  JOHN,  OP  TRERICK  (1495-1561), 
vice-admiral  of  the  west,  called  'Jack  of  Tilbury'; 
knighted  at  battle  of  Spurs,  1613  ;  twice  sheriff  of  Corn- 
wall ;  esquire  of  the  body  to  Henry  VIIL  [ii.  146] 

ARUNDELL,  SIR  JOHN,  OF  TRERICK  (1576-1666  ?), 
royalist,  nicknamed  '  Jack  for  the  King ' ;  grandson  of 
Sir  John  Arundell  (1496-1661)  [q.  v.]  ;  at  various  times 
M.P.  for  Cornwall,  Bodmin,  Tregony,  and  Michell ; 
governor,  1643,  of  Pendennis  Castle,  which  he  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  to  Fairfax,  1646.  [ii.  147] 

ARUNDELL,  MARY,  OF  LANHERNE  (d.  1691),  trans- 
lator ;  left  manuscript  translations  from  Latin. 

[ii.  147] 

ARUNDELL,  RICHARD,  first  BARON  ARUXOKLL  OK 
TRKRICE  (d.  1687),  M.P.  for  Lostwithiel ;  colonel  in  king's 
army  ;  governor,  Pendennis  Castle,  1662.  [ii.  148] 

ARUNDELL,  SIR  THOMAS,  OF  LANHERNE  (d.  1552), 
alleged  conspirator ;  sheriff  of  Dorset,  1531-2 ;  gentleman 
of  privy  chamber  to  Wolsey ;  knighted,  1633;  a  com- 
missioner for  suppression  of  religious  houses,  1535 ; 
imprisoned  in  Tower  for  alleged  implication  in  Cornish 
rising,  1550-1 ;  executed  for  share  in  Somerset's  con- 
spiracy, [it  148] 

ARUNDELL,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  ARUNDELL  OP 
WARDOUR  (1560-1639),  soldier  of  fortune ;  made  count  of 
Holy  Roman  Empire  by  Emperor  Rudolph  II  for  ser- 
vices against  the  Turks,  1595.  [ii.  148] 

ARUNDELL,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  ARUNDKLL 
OF  WARDOUR  (1584-1643),  fought  for  royalists  in  civil 
war.  [ii.  149] 

ASAPH  (rf.  c.  596),  Welsh  saint ;  known  also  as  ASAAF, 
ASSA,  or  ASA  ;  grandson  of  Pabo  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  St. 
Kentigern  [q.  v.],  c.  570,  in  the  monastery  at  confluence  of 
rivers  Clwyd  and  Elwy ;  the  monastery,  perhaps  in 
Asaph's  time,  elevated  into  a  cathedral  foundation ; 
possibly  first  bishop  of  the  see  of  Llanelwy  (known  since 
c.  1100  as  St.  Asaph) ;  his  anniversary  formerly  celebrated 
at  St.  Asaph  on  1  May.  [SuppL  i.  78] 

A8BURY,  FRANCIS  (1745-1816),  Wesleyan  bishop ; 
went  as  preacher  to  America,  1771 ;  made  joint  superin- 
tendent, and,  later,  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  United  States  of  America,  1784.  [ii.  149] 

ASCHAM,  ANTHONY  (Jl.  1553),  astrologer;  M.B. 
Cambridge,  1640 ;  vicar  of  Bumeston,  Yorkshire,  1653  ; 
published  astronomical  and  astrological  works,  [ii.  149] 

ASCHAM,  ANTONY  (d.  1650),  parliamentarian 
ambassador  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  tutor  to  James,  duke  of  York ;  Hamburg  agent 
of  the  republic,  1649 ;  ambassador  to  Madrid,  1650,  where 
he  was  murdered  on  his  arrival.  [ii.  160] 

ASCHAM,  ROGER  (1515-1568),  author ;  educated  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  in  classics ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  1534 ;  M.A.,  1537 ; 
Greek  reader  at  St.  John's,  1538;  visited  Yorkshire; 
returned  to  Cambridge,  1542  ;  published  '  Toxophilus,'  a 
treatise  on  archery,  in  which  accomplishment  he  had 
considerable  skill,  1545;  public  orator,  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, 1546;  succeeded  Grindal  as  tutor  to  Princess 
Elizabeth,  1548 ;  resigned  this  post  and  returned  to  his 
duties  at  Cambridge,  1550;  secretary  to  Sir  Richard 
Morysin,  English  ambassador  to  Charles  V,  1550-3, 
during  which  period  he  travelled  largely  on  the  conti- 
nent ;  Latin  secretary  to  Queen  Mary,  1553  ;  was  specially 
permitted  to  continue  in  his  profession  of  protestantism  ; 
married  and  resigned  his  offices  at  Cambridge,  1554 ; 
private  tutor  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1568;  prebendary  of 
York,  1559  ;  troubled  with  ill-health  during  latter  years  of 
his  life.  His  '  Scho'emaster,'  a  treatise  on  practical  edu- 
cation, which  he  left  unfinished,  was  published  in  1570. 

Lii.  160] 

ASGILL,  SIR  OH>°JLES  (1763 ?-1823),  general;  en- 
sign 1st  foot  guards,  1778  ;  lieutenant  with  captain's 
rank,  1781 ;  captured  at  the  capitulation  of  York  Town; 


ASGILL 


ASHLEY 


1781  ;  chosen  to  suffer  death  in  retaliation  for  the  exe- 
cution of  :in  American  prisoner,  but  released  :  lientcnant- 
oolonel  in  guards  17'.»n  :  .-crviil  111  Flaiuli  r-  :  colon,  !, 
1795:  .-tatY-liriL'a'licr  in  Ireland,  17'J7;  inai.ir-urcneral, 
1798:  colonel  l<:ih  foot,  an.l  commander  of  Dublin,  1800  ; 
.  1814.  [ii.  159] 

ASGILL,  JOHN  (1659-1738),  eccentric  writer ;  student 
of  Middle  Temple,  1686  ;  called  to  the  bar,  1692  ;  published 
a  pamphlet  to  prove  that  death  was  not  obligatory  upon 
Christians,  1699  :  went  to  Ireland ;  member  for  Knniscorthy 
in  Irish  llou-.'  of  Commons  17u3;  expelled  ami  lii's 
pamphlet  ordered  to  be  burned ;  returned  to  England : 
M.P.  for  Bramber  in  parliament  of  1705-7 ;  expelled  after 
his  book  had  again  l>een  ordered  to  be  burned  ;  became  in- 
volved in  financial  difficulties,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  Fleet  or  within  rules  of  King's  Bench :  published 
several  pamphlet*.  [ii.  159] 

ASH,  JOHN  (1724?-1779),  baptist  pastor  at  Lough- 
wood,  Dorset,  and  later  at  Pershore,  Worcestershire ; 
published  an  English  dictionary,  1776.  [ii.  161] 

ASH,  JOHN  (1723-1798),  physician;  M.D.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1754 :  first  physician  of  General  Hospital, 
Birmingham,  at  which  town  he  practised;  F.C.P.,  1787; 
practised  in  London  after  1787,  and  held  various  posts 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  [ii.  161] 

ASH,  SIMON  OF  (fl.  1200).    [See  SIMON.] 

ASHBEE,  HENRY  SPENCEH  (1834-1900),  biblio- 
grapher ;  founder  and  senior  partner  of  London  mercan- 
tile firm  of  Charles  Lavy  &  Co.,  whose  parent  house  was 
in  Hamburg;  organised  branch  at  Paris,  1868;  subse- 
quently devoted  his  leisure  to  travel  and  book-collecting ; 
formed  the  finest  Oervantic  library  out  of  Spain ;  published 
'  Notes  on  Curious  and  Uncommon  Books '  (private!}7, 
1877-85)  and  other  bibliographical  writings ;  he  bequeathed 
many  valuable  books  to  the  British  Museum. 

[Suppl.  i.  79] 

ASHBORNE,  THOMAS  OP  (ft.  1382).    [See  THOMAS.] 

ASHBURNHAM,  JOHN  (1603-1671),  royalist;  pro- 
tege of  Duke  of  Buckingham ;  groom  of  bedchamber, 
1628 ;  M.P.  for  Hastings,  1640  :  'discharged  and  disabled ' 
by  the  commons  for  contempt,  being  prevented  by  his  at- 
tendance on  the  king  from  attending  in  the  house,  1643 ; 
treasurer  and  paymaster  of  royalist  army  ;  attended  king 
at  Hampton  Court,  1647;  lost  the  confidence  of  the 
royalists  owing  to  his  connection  with  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  effect  Charles's  escape,  1647  ;  suffered  many 
hardships,  but,  at  the  Restoration,  again  became  groom  of 
the  bedchamber.  [ii.  162] 

ASHBURNHAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1679),  royalist; 
brother  of  John  Asburnbam  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  Ludgershall, 
1640 ;  governor  of  Weymouth,  1644  ;  cofferer  of  the  house- 
hold after  the  Restoration.  [ii.  164] 

ASHBTJRTON,  BARONS.    [See  DUNNING,  JOHN,  first 
BARON,  1731-1785 ;  BARING,  ALKXANDKR,  first  BARON  of  ; 
the  second  creation,  1774-1848  ;  BARING,  WILLIAM  BING-  ! 
HAM,  second  BARON,  1799-1864.] 

ASHBURT,  JOSEPH  (1638-1720),  actor;  served  In  I 
army  in  Ireland ;  lieutenant  of  foot,  Dublin,  after  the  Re-  I 
storation  ;  master  of  revels  and  patentee  to  the  Duke  of 
Ormonde,  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1682  ;  .rained  reputa- 
tion for  the  Irish  stage  and  for  himsi.if  as  actor  and 
manager.  [Ii.  164] 

ASHBY,  GEORGE  (d.  1476),  poetical  writer ;  clerk 
of  signet  to  Henry  VI,  and  afterward*  to  Margaret  of 
Anjou ;  perhaps  confined  in  the  Fleet,  r.  1461 ;  tutor  to 
Henry  VI's  son  Edward  ;  left  verses  in  manascript. 

[ii.  164] 

ASHBY.  GEORGE  (1724-1808),  antiquary;  educated 
nt  Westminster,  Eton,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1748;  fellow  and  B.D.,  1756;  rector  of  Hungerton, 
1754-67,  ami  of  Twyfonl,  Ix-ici-st<-r<liirv,  1759-69;  presi-  | 
dent,  St.  John's  College,  1769-76 ;  F.8.4  .,  1775;  accepted  \ 
living  of  Barrow,  Suffolk,  and  also  in  I  "HO  that  of  Stans-  [ 
field ;  wrote  largely  on  antiquarian  suljecte.       [ii.  165] 

ASHBY,  HARRY  (1744-1818)7  writing  engraver; 
apprenticed  at  Wotton-under-Edge/CHoucestcrshire,  to  a 
dockmaker;  employed  later  in  Jfinlnn  as  writing  i-n- 
graver ;  executed  plates  for  seven^'ork.*  on  penmanship. 


ASHBY,    :-IK    .luilN  (d,  UiM).  admiral ;   lieuteni 
1666;  captain,  1668;  fought  at  Btintry  Bay:   kni.uhted ; 
made  secoi  1  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  1689  ;  admiral  of 
blue  at  Barfieur,  1692.  [ii.  166] 

ASHBY,  RICHARD  (1614-168i>).    Jesuit,  whose 
name  was  THIMKI.UY  ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus,  1632  ;  prfl 
fessor  at  Liege  ;  joined  English  mission,  c.  1648  ;  rector 

St.  Diner's  College  :  wrote  theological  works.        [ii.  ICG] 

ASHDOWNE,  WILLIAM  (1723-1810),  nnitariau 
preacher  ;  preacher  at  general  baptist  church,  Dover,  frona 
1769  to  1781,  when  he  was  elected  pastor;  published 
religious  works.  [ii.  167] 

ASHE,  JOHN  (1671-1735),  religious  writer ;  dissenting 
minister  at  Ashford.  [ii.  167] 

ASHE,  JONATHAN  (fl.  1813),  masonic  writer  ;  D.DJ 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1808  ;  published  a  work  on  free- 
masonry, 1813.  [ii.  1C7] 

ASHE,  ROBERT  HOADLEY  (1761-1826),  divined 
D.D.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1794  ;  held  living  of 
Crewkeme,  Somerset,  1775-1826.  [ii.  167] 

ASHE,  ST.  GEORGE  (1658?-1718),  Irish  bishop;] 
fellow,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1679 ;  provost,  1692 ; 
bishop  of  Cloyne,  1695,  of  Clogher,  1697,  and  of  Derry, 
1717:  known  chiefly  for  his  intimacy  with  Dean  Swift, 
who  was  his  pupil  at  Trinity  College.  [ii.  168] 

ASHE,  SIMEON  (d.  1662),  nonconformist  divine;] 
educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  ejected  for 
nonconformity  from  a  living  which  he  held  in  Stafford- 
shire ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Manchester ;  after  civil  war 
received  living  of  St.  Austin  ;  wrote  several  pamphlets  and 
sermons.  [ii.  168] 

ASHE  or  ASH,  THOMAS  (fl.  1600-1618),  legal  writer; 
called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1574  ;  pensioner,  1597  ;  pub- 
lished legal  works.  [ii.  169] 

ASHE,  THOMAS  (1770-1836),  novelist ;  held  commis- 
sion in  83rd  foot  regiment;  entered  a  counting-house 
at  Bordeaux;  did  secretarial  work  in  Dublin  and  sub- 
sequently spent  some  years  in  foreign  travel ;  wrote  novels 
and  miscellaneous  works.  [ii.  169] 

ASHE,  THOMAS  (1836-1889),  poet ;  B.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1859;  curate  of  Silverstone,  North- 
amptonshire, 1860;  mathematical  and  modern  form  master 
at  Leamington  college,  1866,  and  subsequently  at  Queen 
Elizabeth's  school,  Ipswich;  wrote  several  volumes  of 
poetry  (collected,  1885).  [Snppl.  i.  80] 

ASHFIELD,  EDMUND  (/.  1680-1700),  artist ;  pupil 
of  John  Michael  Wright  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  crayon  and  oil 
portraits.  [ii.  169] 

ASHFORD,  WILLIAM  (1746  ?-1824),  landscape 
painter  ;  settled  in  Dublin,  1764 ;  abandoned  a  situation  in 
Dublin  ordnance  department  in  the  interests  of  art;  first 
president,  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  1823.  [ii.  169] 

ASHHURST.    [See  ASHURST.] 

ASHLEY,  first  BARON  (1621-1683).  [See  COOPER, 
ANTHONY  ASHLEY.] 

ASHLEY,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1651-1627),  clerk  of  the 
privy  council ;  probably  educated  at  Oxford  ;  clerk  of  the 
council  before  1588  ;  journeyed  with  Norris  and  Drake  to 
Spain,  1589;  M.A.  Oxford,  1592;  secretary  for  war  in 
the  'honourable  voyage  unto  Cadiz'  and  knighted,  1596  ; 
made  baronet,  1622 ;  author  of  '  The  Mariners  Mirrour 
of  Navigation,'  1588.  [ii.  17(J] 

ASHLEY,  CHARLES  JANE  (1773-1843),  performer 
on  violoncello ;  son  of  John  Ashley  (1734  ?-1805)  [q.  v.] ; 
secretary  of  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1811.  [ii.  171] 

ASHLEY,  GENERAL  CHARLES  (1770?-1818),  vio- 
linist ;  son  of  John  Ashley  (1734  ?-18()5)  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  of 
aiardini  and  Barthelemou :  took  part  in  Handel  com- 
memoration, 1784;  member  Royal  Society  of  Musicians, 
1791.  [it.  171] 

ASHLEY,  JOHN  (17347-1805),  musician  ;  member  of 
Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1766  ;  assistant  conductor  at 
Handel  commemoration,  1784;  manager  of  oratorio  con- 
certs, Coveut  Garden,  1795.  .  [ii.  1 7 1  ] 


ASHLEY 


35 


ASHWORTH 


ASHLEY,  JOHN  JAMES  (1772-1815), singing  master ; 
aon  of  John  Ashley  (17347-1805)  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of 
Schroeter ;  member  of  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1792. 

ASHLEY,  RICHARD  (1775-1836),  violinist;  son  of 
John  Ashley  (17347-1806)  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  Royal 
Society  of  Musicians,  17UC..  [ii.  171] 

ASHLEY,  ROBERT(1565-1641),miscellaneous  writer ;  | 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  fellow  commoner,  Hart  Hall,  1580  ;  | 
called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple;    proficient  linguist  in 
European  tongues  and  author  of  miscellaneous  works. 

ASHMOLE,  ELIAS  (1617-1692),  antiquary  and  as- 
trologer ;  educated  at  Lichfield ;  solicitor,  1638 ;  joined 
royalist?,  and  in  1644  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
;  Lichfield ;  studied  physics  and  mathematics  at 
Brast-i lose  College,  Oxford  ;  commissioner  of  excise,  cap- 
tain of  horse  and  comptroller  of  ordnance,  Worcester ; 
Windsor  Herald,  1660  ;  held  successively  several  govern-  } 
ment  appointments ;  presented,  1677,  his  collection  of  ; 
curiosities  to  Oxford  University,  to  which  he  subsequently 
fceqneathed  his  library;  M.D.  Oxford,  1690;  wrote  or 
edited  antiquarian  and  Rosicruciau  works.  [ii.  172] 

ASHMORE,  JOHN  (ft.  1621),  translator  ;  published 
the  first  translation  into  English  of  selected  Odes  of 
Horace.  [ii.  174] 

ASHPITEL,  ARTHUR  (1807-1869),  architect;  prac- 
tised 1842-54;  spent  some  time  in  Rome,  of  which  city 
he  bequeathed  two  drawings  to  the  nation  ;  published 
verse  and  political  pamphlets.  [ii.  174] 

ASHPITEL,  WILLIAM  HURST  (1776-1862),  archi- 
tect ;  concerned  as  assistant  in  building  of  London  docks 
and  Kennet  and  Avon  canal.  [ii.  175] 

ASHTON,  CHARLES  (1666-1752),  divine ;  B.A.  j 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1687 ;  chaplain  to 
Bishop  Patrick  ;  held  living  of  Rattenden,  Essex,  1699  ; 
chaplain  to  Chelsea  hospital ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  master 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  and  D.D.,  1701 ;  vice- 
chancellor,  Cambridge,  1702 ;  published  works  on  classical 
subjects  and  made  textual  emendations.  [ii.  175] 

ASHTON,  EDWARD   (d.  1658),  colonel    in    army; 
executed  for  complicity  in  Ormonde's  plot  against  lord 
\  protector,  1658.  [ii.  175] 

ASHTON,  HENRY  (1801-1872),  architect ;  pupil  of 
Sir  Robert  Smirke ;  executed  designs  for  many  London 
street  improvements,  notably  Victoria  Street,  [ii.  176] 

ASHTON,  HUGH  (d.  1522),  archdeacon  of  York; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1607 ;  canon  and  prebendary  in  St.  Stephen's, 
Westminster,  1509 ;  prebendary  of  Strensall,  York,  1515  ; 
archdeacon  of  Winchester,  1511-19,  of  Cornwall,  1515, 
and  of  West  Riding,  York,  1516 ;  rector  of  Grasmere, 
Ambleside  (before  1511),  of  Barnake,  Lichfield,  and  (1522) 
of  Burton  Latimer,  Northamptonshire.  [U.  176] 

ASHTON,  SIR  JOHN  DE  (/.  1370),  military  com- 
mander; distinguished  himself  at  siege  of  Noyon  by 
English,  1370  ;  knight  of  shire,  1389.  [ii.  177] 

ASHTON,  SIR  JOHN  DE  (d.  1428),  son  of  Sir  John  de 
Ashton  (/.  1370)  £q.  v.]  ;  knight  of  shire  for  Lancashire, 
1413  ;  seneschal  of  Bayeux,  1416.  [ii.  177] 

ASHTON,  JOHN  (d.  1691),  Jacobite  conspirator; 
clerk  of  closet  to  Mary  of  Modena,  wife  of  James  II ;  pro- 
bably held  commission  in  army ;  arrested  in  1690  for  con- 
spiring to  restore  James  II ;  hanged  at  Tyburn,  [ii.  tf7] 

ASHTON,  PETER  (/.  1546),  English  translator  of 
Paulus  Jovius's  'Turcicarum  rerum  Commentarius,' 
1546.  [ii.  178] 

ASHTON,  Sra  RALPH  DE  (./*.  1460-1483),  officer 
of  state ;  in  his  seventeenth  year  page  of  honour  to  Beery 
VI ;  held  various  offices  under  Edward  IV  ;  vice-constable 
of  England  and  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  1483  ;  perhaps 
murdered  at  Ashton-under-Lyne.  [ii.  178] 

ASHTON,  SIR  ROBERT  DR  (d.  1385),  officer  ;  M.P., 
1324 ;  lord  treasurer  (1362  and  1373) ;  admiral  of  the 
Narrow  Seas,  1369  ;  king's  chamberlain,  1373  ;  constable  of 
Dover  and  warden  of  Cinque  ports,  1380.  [ii.  179] 

ASHTON,  THOMAS  DE  (fl.  1346),  warrior ;   fought 
•  with  great  valour  under  Neville  at  Neville's  Cross,  1346  ; 
accompanied  John  of  Gaunt  to  Spain,  1385.        [U.  179] 


ASHTON  or  ASSHETON,  SIR  THOMAS  PK  (/.  1446), 
alchemist ;  specially  licensed  by  Henry  VI  to  pursue  his 
experiments,  1446.  [ii.  180] 

ASHTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1678),  schoolmaster ;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1563;  and  fellow,  Trinity  College;  entered 
orders;  first  headmaster  of  Shrewsbury  school  from 
1562  to  c.  1568;  subsequently  employed  by  Earl  of 
Essex  in  communications  between  Elizabeth  and  privy 
council.  [ii.  180] 

ASHTON,  THOMAS  (1716-1775),  divine;  educated  at 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Horace  Walpole ;  rector  of  Sturminster 
Marshall,  Dorsetshire,  1749,  and  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishops- 
gate,  1752;  D.D.,  1759;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1762-4.  [ii.  180] 

ASHTTRST,  HENRY  (16147-1680),  merchant;  ap- 
prenticed to  draper  in  London  ;  entered  common  council, 
and  subsequently  became  an  alderman;  treasurer  to 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel;  gave  large 
sums  in  charity,  particularly  in  Lancashire.  [ii.  181] 

ASHTJRST,  JAMES  (d.  1679),  divine;  vicar  of 
Arlesey,  c.  1631 ;  left  the  living  under  Act  of  Uniformity, 
but  continued  to  conduct  services  there  as  noncon- 
formist, [ii.  181] 

ASHURST  or  ASHHURST,  WILLIAM  HENRY 
(1725-1807),  judge;  educated  at  Charterhouse;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1750 ;  practised  as  special  pleader ;  called 
to  the  bar,  1754;  serjeant,  1770;  judge  of  king's  bench, 
1770-99 ;  one  of  the  commissioners  entrusted  with  great 
seal,  1783  and  1792-3.  [ii.  182] 

ASHURST,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1792-1855),  so- 
licitor ;  an  enthusiastic  radical,  refusing  to  pay  taxes 
till  the  Reform  Bill  should  be  passed,  1832 ;  member  of 
common  council  of  London ;  under-sheriff  of  London ; 
supplied  funds  and  procured  evidence  to  support  Rowland 
Hill's  postal  scheme ;  a  founder  of  the  Society  of  Friends 
of  Italy  and  of  the  People's  International  League,  1851  and 
1852.  [ii.  182] 

ASHWARDBY,  JOHN  (ft.  1392),  follower  of  Wycliffe ; 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's ;  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  university,  1392.  [ii.  183] 

ASHWELL,  ARTHUR  RAWSON  (1824-1879),  prin- 
cipal of  Ohichester  Theological  College ;  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1843  ;  foundation  scholar,  Caius 
College,  1846 ;  fifteenth  wrangler,  1847 ;  took  orders ; 
curate  of  Speldhurst,  1848,\  and  of  St.  Mary-the-Less, 
Cambridge,  1849;  vice-principal,  St.  Mark's  College, 
Chelsea,  1851-3 ;  principal,  Oxford  Diocesan  Training 
College,  Oulham,  1853  ;  minister,  Holy  Trinity  Church, 
Conduit  Street,  London,  1862  ;  principal,  Training  College, 
Durham,  1865 ;  canon-residentiary  and  principal  Theo- 
logical College,  Chichester,  1870 ;  wrote  extensively  for 
literary  magazines.  [iL  183] 

ASHWELL,  GEORGE  (1612-1695),  controversialist; 
scholar,  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1627  ;  M.A.  and  fellow, 
1635  ;  B.D.,  1646  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Anthony  Cope  of  Han- 
well,  Oxfordshire ;  rector  of  Hanwell,  1658  ,  published 
Anglo-catholic  controversial  works.  [ii.  184] 

ASHWELL,  JOHN  (d.  1541  ?),  prior  of  Newnham  ; 
B.D.  Cambridge  I  held  benefices  of  Mistley,  Littlebury,  and 
Halstead ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Abergavenny's  troops  in 
France,  1515 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1521 ;  prior, 
Newnham  Abbey,  c.  1527 ;  opposed  principles  of  Refor- 
mation, but  took  oath  of  supremacy  to  Henry  VHI, 
1534.  [it.  186] 

ASHWOOD,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1622-1680),  puritan 
divine ;  graduated  at  Oxford ;  held  benefice  of  Biok- 
leigh,  Devonshire,  and  later  that  of  Axmiuster,  whence  he 
was  ejected,  1662 ;  published  religious  works.  [iL  186] 

ASHWOOD,  JOHN  (1657-1706),  nonconformist  mini- 
ster ;  tutor  at  Axminster  and  later  at  Chard ;  minister 
at  Exeter  ;  lecturer  at  Spitalfields  ;  minister  at  Peckham. 
iris  'Life,'  by  Thomas  Reynolds,  was  published  1707. 

[ii.  186] 

ASHWORTH,  CALEB  (1722-1775),  dissenting  tutor; 
originally  carpenter  ;  studied  for  the  independent  ministry 
under  Doddridge,  1739,  and  became  head  of  Doddridge's 
academy,  which  he  removed  to  Daveutry,  1752:  D.D. 
Scotland,  1759 ;  published  educational  and  religious 
works.  [ii.  186] 

J>2 


ASHWORTH 


ASTLEY 


ASHWORTH,  Sm  CHARLES  (d.  1832),  major- 
general;  ensign  68th  foot,  1798;  after  successive  promo- 
tions stTVf.1  in  lYninsulii  as  brigadier-general'  major- 
general,  1825  ;  K.O.H.,  1831.  [ii.  187] 

ASHWORTH,  HENRY  (1785-1811),  navy  lieutenant : 
prisoner,  1804  ;  escaped,  1808  ;  died  of  wounds  received  at 
Tarragona.  [U.  187] 

ASHWORTH,  HKNRY  (1794-1880),  opponent  of 
corn-laws  ;  of  quaker  parentage ;  educated  at  Ackworth  ; 
a  founder  of  Anti-Corn  Law  League ;  friend  and  strenuous 
supporter  of  Cobden  from  1837  ;  published  •  Recollections 
of  Richard  Cobden,'  1876,  and  other  works.  [ii.  187] 

ASHWORTH,  JOHN  (1813-1875),  preacher,  manu- 
facturer, and  author  ;  his  parents  poor  woollen  weavers  ; 
educated  at  Sunday  school ;  founded  a  chapel  for  the  desti- 
tute of  Rochdale,  and  became  its  minister,  1858 ;  visited 
United  States  and  Palestine;  published  tracts,  which 
achieved  vast  popularity.  [ii.  188] 

ASKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1537),  leader  of  the  '  Pilgrimage 
of  Grace' ;  attorney  and  fellow  of  Gray's  Inn  ;  led  York- 
shire insurrection  called  'Pilgrimage  of  Grace,'  which 
was  a  protest  against  the  suppression  of  the  smaller  mon- 
asteries, and  other  oppressive  legislative  measures,  1536  ; 
came  to  London  at  request  of  Henry  VIII  to  declare 
causes  of  complaint,  and  although  apparently  pardoned, 
was  ultimately  executed  at  York.  [ii.  189] 

ASKEW,  ANNE  (1521-1546),  protestant  martyr; 
married  Thomas  Kyme,  on  death  of  her  sister,  who  was 
to  have  married  him ;  turned  out  of  doors  by  her  hus- 
band ;  came  to  London :  underwent  examinations  for 
heresy,  1545,  but  was  befriended  by  Bishop  Bonner ;  set 
at  liberty,  but  again  arraigned  for  heresy;  refused  to 
recant,  and  was  burned  at  Smithfleld.  [ii.  190] 

ASKEW,  ANTHONY  (1722-1774),  classical  scholar ; 
M.B.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1745  ;  studied  at 
Leyden  and  travelled  abroad ;  M.D.,  1750 ;  physician  to 
St.  Bartholomew's  and  Christ's  hospitals ;  registrar  of 
College  of  Physicians ;  left  extensive  library  of  books  and 
manuscripts,  chiefly  classical;  author  of  a  manuscript 
volume  of  Greek  inscriptions.  [ii.  192] 

ASKEW,  EGEON  (&.  1576),  divine;  B.A.  Oxford, 
1597 ;  chaplain.  Queen's  College,  1598 ;  M.A.,  1600 ;  mini- 
ster of  Greenwich,  Kent,  c.  1603 ;  published  a  volume  of 
sermons.  [ii.  193] 

A8KHAM,  JOHN  (1825-1894),  poet:  shoemaker  at 
Wellingborough ;  librarian  of  literary  institute,  Welling- 
borough  ;  member  of  first  school  board  there,  1871 ;  school 
attendance  officer  and  sanitary  inspector,  1874  ;  published 
five  volumes  of  poems  (1863-93).  [Suppl.  i.  81] 

ASPINALL,  JAMES  (d.  1861),  divine ;  successively 
curate  of  Rochdale,  incumbent  of  St.  Luke's,  Liverpool 
(1831),  and  rector  of  Athorpe,  1844-61 ;  published  ser- 
mons and  miscellaneous  writings.  [ii.  193] 

ASPINWALL,  EDWARD  (d.  1732),  divine ;  educated 
at  Cambridge ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Radnor  ;  sub-dean  of 
Ohapel  Royal ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1729 ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [ii.  194] 

ASPINWALL,  WILLIAM  (fi.  1648-1662),  noncon- 
formist minister ;  B.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge ; 
held  livings  of  Maghull.  Lancashire,  and  Mattersey, 
Nottinghamshire,  whence  he  was  rejected  under  Act  of 
Uniformity,  1662;  formed  meeting-housa  at  Thurnsco, 
Yorkshire,  and,  later,  was  perhaps  congregational  minister 
at  Cockermouth  ;  published  religious  works.  [Ii.  194] 

ASPLAND,  ROBERT  (1782-1845),  Unitarian  minister : 
Ward  scholar  at  Bristol  academy,  where  he  studied  for 
baptist  ministry ;  proceeded  to  Marischal  College, Aberdeen, 
but  left,  1800,  his  views  being  considered '  unsound  ' ;  secre- 
tary, South  Unitarian  Society,  1803  ;  minister,  Gravel  Pit 
chapel,  Hackney,  1805-45  ;  established  several  Unitarian 
periodicals,  including  the  '  Monthly  Repository,'  which  he 
edited  1806-26 ;  formed  Christian  Tract  Society,  1809 ; 
set  up  Hackney  academy  for  training  Unitarian  ministers, 
1813 ;  helped  to  found  and  was  secretary  to  Unitarian 
Pond,  1806-18  ;  secretary  to  British  and  Foreign  Uni- 
tarian Association,  1835-41 ;  published  many  religious 
works.  [ii.  1»6] 

ASPLAND,  ROBERT  BROOK  (1805-1869),  Unitarian 
divine,  sou  of  Robert  Aspland  [q.  v.] ;  Jt.A.  Glasgow, 


1822 ;  Unitarian  minister  successively  at  Chester,  Bristol, 
inikinfield,  and  Huckney  ;  secretory  of  Manchester  Col- 
lege, York,  1846-67,  and  of  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian 
ition,  1859.  [ii.  196] 

ASPLEY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1588-1637),  stationer  and 
printer  ;  freeman  of  Stationers'  Company,  1597  ;  warden, 
1637 ;  with  Andrew  Wise  obtained  license  for  publishing 
'  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,'  and  '  2  Henry  IV,'  1600. 

[ii.  197] 

ASPLIN,  WILLIAM   (1687-1758),  theologian  ;   B.A.  \ 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1707;  vice-principal,  St.  Albaus 
Hall ;  military  chaplain  ;  successively  vicar  of  Bnnbury, 
Horley,  and  Burthorpe,  Gloucestershire ;  published  theo- 
logical writings.  [ii.  197] 

ASPITLL,  GEORGE  (1813-1832),  musician  ;  displayed 
extraordinary  musical  genius  at  very  early  age  ;  played 
piano  before  George  IV,  1824  ;  having  performed  in  Paris, 
undertook  concert  tours  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ; 
wrote  songs  and  pianoforte  music.  [ii.  197] 


(d.  909  ?),  bishop  of  Sherborne,  c.  900 ;  monk 
of  St.  David's,  perhaps  bishop  of  St.  David's  ;  entered  house- 
I  hold  of  King  vElfred,  with  whom  he  studied  six  months 
each  year,  c.  885  ;  received  monasteries  of  Amesbury  and 
Banwell,  and,  Liter,  Exeter  and  its  district ;  wrote  life  of 
Alfred,  and  a  chronicle  of  English  history  between  849 
and  887.  [ii.  198] 

ASSHETON.     [See  ASHTON.] 

ASSHETON,  NICHOLAS  (1590-1625),  diarist ;  wrote 
|  a  journal  extending  from  May  1617  to  March  1619. 

[ii.  199] 

ASSHETON,    WILLIAM  (1641-1711),  divine;  B.A. 
I  and  fellow,  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1663 ;  M.A.,  and  took 
holy  orders  ;  chaplain  to  Dnke  of  Ormonde,  chancellor  of 
the  university  ;  D.D. :  prebendary  of  York,  1673 ;  obtained 
livings  of  St.  Antholin's,  London,  and  Beckenham,  Kent ; 
j  originated  a  scheme  for  providing  pensions  to  widows  of 
I  clergy  and  others,  which  was  adopted  unsuccessfully  by 
the  Mercers'  Company;  published  theological  works,  in- 
'  eluding  'The  Possibility  of  Apparitions'  (1706),  occa- 
sioned by  Defoe's  fabricated  story  of  the  appearance  of 
the  ghost  of  Mrs.  Veal.  [ii.  199] 

ASSIGNY.    [See  D'ASSIGNY,  MARIUS.] 

ASTBTTRY,  JOHN  (1688?-1743),  potter  at  Shelton, 
Staffordshire ;  introduced  use  of  Bideford  pipeclay,  and 
was  first  to  use  calcined  flint  in  the  pottery  manu- 
facture (1720).  [ii.  201] 

ASTELL,  MARY  (1668-1731),  authoress;  settled  in 
London,  c.  1688,  and  afterwards  at  Chelsea  ;  published 
anonymously  in  1694 '  Serious  Proposal  to  Ladies,'  in  which 
she  advocated  a  scheme  of  religious  retirement  for  women 
in  an  establishment  'rather  academic  than  monastic,' 
which  should  be  conducted  on  Church  of  England  prin- 
ciples. The  project  elicited  much  comment,  favourable 
and  unfavourable,  but  ultimately  fell  to  the  ground.  Pub- 
lished other  works  of  a  religious  and  controversial  nature. 

[ii.  201] 

ASTELL,  WILLIAM  (1774-1847),  director  of  East 
India  Company,  1800-47 ;  several  times  chairman  and 
deputy-chairman  ;  M.P.  for  Bridgewater,  1800,  and,  later, 
for  Bedfordshire,  of  which  county  he  was  deputv-lieu- 
tenant.  [H.  202] 

A8TLE,  THOMAS  (1735-1803),  antiquary  and  palaeo- 
grapher ;  articled  as  attorney,  but  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession for  antiquarian  work  and  came  to  London  ;  F.S.A., 
1763 ;  gained  notice  of  Hon.  George  Grenville,  who 
obtained  him  post  of  commissioner  for  regulating  public 
records  at  Westminster ;  royal  commissioner  for  metho- 
dising state  papers  at  Whitehall,  1704 ;  F.R.S.,  1766  ;  chief 
clerk  of  record  office  in  the  Tower,  1775,  and  keeper  of  the 
records,  1783  ;  published  'Origin  and  Progress  of  Writing* 
(1784),  and  other  archaeological  works;  conducted  'The 
Antiquarian  Repository,'  and  contributed  largely  to 
'Arclueologia.'  His  collection  of  manuscripts  (the '  Stowe ') 
is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  [ii.  203] 

ASTLEY,  SIR  JACOB,  BARON  ASTLEY  (1679-1652), 
royalist ;  served  in  the  Netherlands ;  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth and  isle  of  St.  Nicholas,  1638 ;  sent  as  sergeant- 
major  to  Newcastle  to  provide  against  expected  Scottish 
invasion,  1639 ;  on  council  of  war,  1640  ;  joined  king  at 
Nottingham  as  major-general,  1042,  and  served  with  dis- 


ASTLEY 


ATKINS 


tinction  during  the  civil  war:  made  baron,  1644:  his 
force  routed,  1«4G,  and  himself  imprisoned  at  \Varwick  ; 
released  on  surrender  of  Oxford.  [ii.  205] 

ASTLEY,  J«  >IIN  ('/.  1595),  master  of  the  jewel  house  ; 

held   n  contidriitial   position  in    household   of    Princess 

Kli/.a!wtli  ;  in  Frankfort  during  Mary's  reign;  master  of 

it-wrl   house  on  Elizabeth's  accession,   1568  ;    M.P.    for 

roue,  1586  and  1589;  published  'Art  of  Riding' 

[ii.  206] 


ASTLEY,  JOHN  (17307-1787),  portrait  painter; 
pupil  of  Hudson  ;  visited  Rome,  where  he  was  a  companion 
of  (>\r)  .1  or-  1  ma  Ui'vnolds  ;  on  his  return  obtained  patron- 
age of  Horace  Walpole;  acquired  great  wealth  by  his  art 
and  by  judicious  marriages.  [ii.  207] 

ASTLEY,  SIR  JOHN  DUGDALB  (1828-1894),  the 
sporting  baronet:  educated  at  Winchester,  Eton,  and 
t'lirist  Church,  Oxford  ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854-5  ;  brevet- 
.  1855  :  promoted  sport  throughout  armies  at  Bala- 
clava ;  retired  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1859  ;  raced  under 
name  of  Mr.  S.  Thellussou,  1869  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1873  ;  conservative  M.P.  for  North  Lincolnshire,  1874-80  ; 
published  '  Fifty  Years  of  my  Life,'  1894.  [Suppl.  i.  81] 

ASTLEY,  PHILIP  (1742-1814),  equestrian  performer  ; 
trained  as  cabinet  maker  ;  joined  General  Elliott's  light 
horse,  1759  ;  became  breaker-in,  and  rose  to  rank  of  ser- 
geant-major ;  opened  an  exhibition  of  horsemanship  at 
Lambeth,  and  in  1770  a  wooden  circus  at  Westminster; 
•nbsequently,  with  partial  success,  established  in  all  nine- 
teen equestrian  theatres,  including  buildings  at  Paris  and 
Dublin  ;  opened  Astley's  Royal  Amphitheatre,  London, 
1798  (destroyed  by  fire,  1803,  and  rebuilt,  1804)  ;  died  in 
Paris.  [ii.  207] 

ASTON,  ANTHONY  (/.  1712-1731),  dramatist  and 
actor  ;  educated  as  attorney  ;  said  to  have  played  in  Lon- 
don theatres,  but  principally  toured  in  England  and  Ire- 
land ;  delivered  a  ludicrous  speech  to  House  of  Commons 
against  restriction  of  number  of  theatres,  1735.  [ii.  208] 

ASTON,  SIR  ARTHUR  (d.  1649),  royalist  general  ;  in 
Russia  with  letters  of  recommendation  from  James  L, 
e.  1613-18,  and  in  camp  of  king  of  Poland  during  his  war 
against  Turks,  1618-31  ;  attended  Gustavus  Adolphns  in 
the  Liitzen  campaign;  sergeant-major-general  at  beginning 
of  Scottish  rebellion,  1640;  knighted,  1641;  colonel- 
general  of  royalist  dragoons  on  outbreak  of  civil  war, 
1642  ;  governor  of  Reading,  during  the  siege  of  which 
town  he  was  wounded  ;  governor  of  Oxford,  1643,  and 
having  met  with  an  accident,  1644,  was  pensioned  ;  in 
Ireland,  1646  ;  killed  at  capture  of  Drogheda  by  Crom- 
well. '  [ii.  208] 

ASTON  or  ASHTON,  JOHN  (/.  1382),  follower  of 
Wy.-Hffe  ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  one  of  the  Ox- 
ford Wycliffltes  prosecuted  by  Archbishop  Courtney, 
1382;  expelled  from  the  university,  recanted  and  was 
readmitted,  1382  ;  prohibited  from  preaching,  1387. 

[ii.210] 

ASTON,  JOSEPH  (1762-1844),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
^tationer,  1803,  in  Manchester  :  where,  and  later  at  Roch- 


dale, he  published  and  edited    newspapers  ;    pu 
verses,  plays,  and  other  works.  [ii.  211] 

ASTON,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1778),  judge ;  practised 
as  barrister ;  king's  counsel,  1759  :  lord  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas,  Ireland,  1761 ;  knighted  and  transferred 
to  king's  bench.  England,  1765  ;  member  of  the  court 
which  declared  faulty  the  writ  of  outlawry  against 
U'ilkes,  1768 ;  one  of  the  commissioners  entrusted  with 
the  great  seal,  1770-1.  [ii.  211] 

ASTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1600-1645),  royalist;  educated 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  made  baronet,  1628  ;  high 
sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1635 ;  commanded  royalist  forces  at 
Middlewich,  1643,  when  he  was  defeated  and  captured,  but 
rejoined  king's  army:  was  afterwards  captured  in  a 
skirmish  in  Staffordshire,  and  died  of  wounds  while  at- 
tempting to  escape  from  prison  at  Stafford ;  published 
'Remonstrance  airainst  Presbytery,'  1641.  [ii.  212] 

ASTON,  WALTER,  BARON  ASTON  OF  FORFAR  (1584- 
1639),  ambassador :  K.U.,  1603  ;  ambassador  to  Spain, 
1620-5  and  1635-8;  raised  to  Scottish  peerage,  1627. 
Patron  of  the  poet  Drayton.  [ii.  213] 


ASTON,  \VILLIAM(1735-1KOO),  Jesuit;  educated  at 
St.  Omer  ;  joined  Society  of  Jesus  at  Watten,  1761 ;  pro- 
fessor of  poetry,  St.  Omer,  1761 ;  president,  Little  College, 
Bruges  ;  canon,  St.  John's  church,  Liege.  [ii.  213] 

ASTRY,  RICHARD  (1632  ?-17l4),  antiquary  ;  B.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1651 ;  M.A.,  1654 ;  left  in 
manuscript  historical  collections  relating  to  Huntingdon- 
shire (Lansd.  MS.  921).  [ii.  214] 

ASTY,  JOHN  (16727-1730),  dissenting  clergyman; 
minister  in  family  of  the  Fleetwoods,  Stoke  Newington  ; 
pastor  to  congregation  at  Moorflelds,  1713-30.  [ii.  214] 

ATHELARD  OF  BATH  (12th  century).  [See 
ADKLARD.] 

ATHELM  (<i.  923),  probably  monk  of  Glastonbury  ; 
first  bishop  of  Wells,  909;  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
914.  [ii.  215] 

ATHELSTAN  or  JETHELSTAN  (895-940),  king  of 
West-Saxons  and  Mercians,  and  afterwards  of  all  the 
English  ;  son  of  Eadward  the  Elder,  probably  by  a  mis- 
tress of  noble  birth;  crowned  at  Kingston,  Surrey,  925; 
crushed  a  coalition  of  minor  kings  formed  to  resist  his 
imperial  policy,  and  was  acknowledged  as  overlord  at 
Emmet,  926  ;  obtained  homage  of  Welsh  princes ;  con- 
quered Western  Devonshire,  and  conciliated  Welsh  in 
Wessex ;  invaded  Scotland,  933  or  934 ;  at  the  battle  of 
Brunanburh  practically  established  unity  of  England  by 
routing  subject  princes  and  Danish  pirate  kings,  who  had 
!  united  to  overthrow  the  West-Saxon  supremacy,  937; 
buried  at  Malmesbury  Abbey.  [ii.  215] 

ATHERSTONE,  EDWIN  (1788-1872),  writer  in  verse 
and  prose ;  published  '  The  Fall  of  Nineveh '  in  instal- 
ments, 1828, 1847,  and  1868  ;  wrote  historical  romances. 

[it  217] 

ATHERTON,  JOHN  (1598-1640),  Irish  bishop;  edu- 
cated at  Gloucester  Hall  (  Worcester  College)  and  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford  ;  rector  of  Huish  Comb  Flower,  Somer- 
set ;  prebendary  of  St.  John's,  Dublin,  1630  ;  chancellor  of 
Killaloe,  1634 :  chancellor  of  Christ  Church  and  rector  of 
Killaban  and  Ballintubride,  1635 ;  bishop  of  Waterford  and 
Lismore.  1636 ;  found  guilty  of  unnatural  crime,  degraded 
and  hanged  at  Dublin,  1640.  [ii.  217] 

ATHERTON,  WILLIAM  (1775-1850),  Wesleyan 
minister ;  president  of  Wesleyan  conference,  1846 ;  super- 
intendent of  Wakefield  district,  and  chairman  of  Leeds 
district,  1849.  [ii.  218] 

ATHERTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1806-1864),  lawyer : 
special  pleader,  1832-9  ;  called  to  bar,  1839 ;  advanced 
liberal  M.P.,  Durham,  1852,  1857,  and  1859 ;  Q.O.,  1862  ; 
standing  counsel  to  admiralty,  1865-9 ;  solicitor-general 
and  knighted,  1859  ;  attorney-general,  1861.  [ii.  218] 

ATHLONE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  GINKEL,  GODERT  DK, 
first  EARL,  1630-1703  ;  GINKEL,  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN, 
second  EARL,  1668-1719.] 

ATHLTJMNEY,      first     BARON    (1802-1873).     [See 

SOMERVILLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  MEREDYTH.] 

ATHOLE  or  ATHOLL,  DUKES  OF.  [See  MURRAY, 
JOHN,  first  DUKE,  1659-1724 ;  MURRAY,  JAKES,  second 
DUKE,  1690?-1764;  MURRAY,  JOHN,  third  DUKE,  1729- 
1774.] 

ATHOLE  or  ATHOLL,  MARQUISES  OF.  [See  MURRAY, 
JOHN,  first  MARQUIS,  1635  ?-1703 ;  MURRAY,  JOHN,  second 
MARQUIS,  1659-1724.] 

ATHOLE  or  ATHOLL,  EARLS  OF.    [See  DCRWARD, 

I  ALAN,  d.  1268 ;  STEWART,  WALTER,  d.  1437  ;  STEWART, 

JOHN,  first  EARL  of  a  new  creation,  1440  ?-1512 ;  STEWART, 

JOHN,  third  EARL,  d.  1542 ;  STEWART,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL, 

d.  1578.] 

ATHONE,  JOHN  (d.  1350).    [See  ACTON,  JOHN.] 

ATKINE,  ATKINS,  or  ETKIN8,  JAMES  (1613  ?- 
1687),  Scottish  bishop ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1636;  at  Oxford  ; 
beneficed  successively  Birsay  (Orkney)  and  Winifrith 
(Dorset) ;  bishop  of  Moray,  1676,  of  Galloway,  1680. 

[ii.  219] 

ATKINS.    [SeeATKYNS.] 

ATKINS,  HENRY,  M.D.  (1558-1635),  physician: 
graduated  at  Oxford ;  M.D.  Nantes ;  president  College 
Physicians  six  times  between  1607  and  1625 ;  attended 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  in  his  last  illness,  1618.  [ii.  219] 


ATKINS 


38 


ATLAY 


ATKINS,  JOHN  (1685-1767),  naval  surgeon  :  in 
actions  at  Malaga  (1703)  and  Viiia  Bay  (1710) ;  sailed  to 
Guinea,  Brazil,  ami  West  Indies  with  expedition  to  put 
down  piracy,  1721-3;  published  'Navy  Surgeon'  (1732) 
and  an  account  of  his  voyage.  [ii.  220] 

ATKINS,  RICHARD  (1559?-1581),  protestant 
martyr ;  a  catholic  till  nineteen  years  of  age ;  in  Rome, 

Ifisl,  whore  his  denunciations  against  the  church 
in  his  torture  and  death  at  the  hands  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, [ii.  220] 

ATKINS,  SAMFEL(/f.  1787-1808),  marine  painter; 
contributed  to  Royal  Academy,  1787-96  ;  in  East  Indies, 
1796-1804;  exhibited  till  1808.  [ii.  221] 

ATKINS,    WILLIAM   (1601-1681),    Jesuit;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  1635 ;  rector  of  •  College  of  St.  Al<> 
1653  ;  died,  a  victim  of  Oates's  plot,  in  Stafford  gaol. 

[ii.  221] 

ATKINSON,  SIR  HARRY (1831-1892), prime  minister 
of  New  Zealand  ;  educated  at  Rochester  and  Blackheath  ; 
emigrated  to  New  Zealand,  1855  ;  captain  in  Waitara  war, 
1860-4;  minister  of  defence  in  cabinet  of  Sir  Frederick 
Aloysius  Weld  [q.  v.],  1864-5  ;  took  prominent  part  in 
struggle  between  centralism  and  provincialism,  1874-6  ; 
prime  minister  of  New  Zealand,  1876-7, 1883-4,  and  1887-91, 
and  colonial  treasurer,  1875-6,  1876-7,  1879-83,  and  1887- 
1891 ;  K.O.M.Q.,  1888  ;  speaker  of  legislative  council,  1891. 

[Suppl.  i.  83] 

ATKINSON,  HENRY  (1781-1829),  mathematician: 
assisted  his  father  and  sister  in  management  of  schools  at 
Great  Bavington  (Northumberland),  West  Woodburn, 
West  Belsay,  Stamfordham,  and  Hawkwell;  settled  in 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1808;  contributed  to  the  Newcastle 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  many  remarkable 
papers  on  scientific  topics.  [ii.  221] 

ATKINSON,  JAMBS  (1759-1839),  surgeon,  biblio- 
grapher, and  portraitist ;  senior  surgeon  to  York  County 
hospital  and  to  the  York  dispensary ;  surgeon  to  Duke 
of  York ;  published  'Medical  Bibliography,'  1834. 

[ii.  222] 

ATKINSON,  JAMKS  (1780-1852),  Persian  scholar: 
studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  London ;  medical 
officer  on  an  East  Indiaman ;  assistant  surgeon  in  Bengal 
service,  1805 ;  assistant  assay  master,  Calcutta  mint, 
1813-28  ;  superintendent  of  '  Government  Gazette,'  1817, 
and  of  '  Press,'  1823 ;  surgeon  to  55th  regiment  native 
infantry,  1833  ;  superintending  surgeon  to  army  of  Indus, 
1838-41;  member  of  medical  board,  1845;  published 
translations  from  Persian.  [ii.  223] 

ATKINSON,  JOHN  AUGUSTUS  (ft.  1775),  painter ; 
taken  at  age  of  nine  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  gained 
patronage  of  Empress  Catherine  and  Emperor  Paul ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1801  ;  exhibited  in  Royal  Academy 
between  1802  and  1829;  prepared  plates  for  several 
volumes  published  in  Russia  or  England.  Notable  among 
his  pictures  are  'Battle  of  Waterloo'  (1819)  and  'Seven 
Ages '  (1812).  [ii.  223] 

ATKINSON,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  (1814-1900), 
antiquary ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1838  ; 
vicar  of  Danny,  Yorkshire,  1847-1900 ;  honorary  D.O.L. 
Durham,  1887;  prebendary  of  York,  1891:  published 
'Forty  Years  in  a  Moorland  Parish'  (a  collection  of  local 
legends  and  traditions),  1891,  and  other  antiquarian 
works,  besides  books  for  children.  [Suppl.  i.  83] 

ATKINSON,  JOSEPH  (1743-1818), dramatist:  served 
in  army ;  wrote  and  adapted  several  plays  which  were 
produced  in  Dublin,  1785-1800.  [ii.  224] 

ATKINSON,  MILES  (1741-1811),  divine;  B.A. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1783  ;  headmaster  of  Drighlington 
school,  near  Leeds ;  minister  in  Leeds  and  neighbourhood, 
1763  till  death.  [ii.  M4] 

ATKINSON,  PAUL  (1656-1729),  Franciscan  friar: 
definitor  of  English  province :  condemned  on  account  of 
his  priestly  character  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in 
Hurst  Castle,  Hampshire,  when-  he  died.  [ii.  225] 

ATKINSON,  PETER  (1725-1805),  architect  at  York  ; 
assistant  to  John  Carr,  to  whose  practice  be  succeeded. 

[it.  M5] 

ATKINSON,    I'KTKK  U776-1822X  arbiter: 
Peter  Atkinson  (1725-1806)  [q.  v.] ;  built  bridge  over 
Ouse,  York,  1810.  [ii.  225] 


ATKINSON,    STEPHEN     (jl.    1619),    metallurgist; 

'  finer '  in  Tower  of  London,  1686  ;  silver  refiner  in  Devon- 

1  shire:  obtained  leave  to  search  for  gold  and  silver  in 

Crawford  Muir,  1616,  but  was  unsuccessful.        [ii.  225]     ' 

ATKINSON,  THOMAS  (1600-1639),  divine  ;  scholar,! 
i  St.   John's  College,  Oxford,    1615;    B.D.,    1630;    senior 
j  proctor  of  the  university ;  rector  of  Islip,  1638 ;  wrote 
Latin  poems  and  a  Latin  tragedy.  [ii.  225] 

ATKINSON,  THOMAS  (1801  7-1833),  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  bookseller  at  Glasgow.  [ii.  226] 

ATKINSON,  THOMAS  WITLAM  (1799-1861),  archi- 
tect ;  worked  successively  as  bricklayer's  labourer,  quarry- 
111:111,  and  stonemason  ;  taught  drawing  at  Ashton-under- 
Lyne ;  studied  Gothic  architecture,  and  in  1827  established 
himself  as  architect  in  London  ;  built  St.  Luke's  Church, 
Cheatham  Hill,  Manchester ;  abandoned  architecture  for 
art  and  travel,  in  the  course  of  which  he  visited  oriental  • 
Russia,  1848-63 ;  published,  1858  and  1860,  volumes  con- 
taining journals  and  topographical  drawings;  F.K.ii.s., 
1868 ;  fellow  of  Geological  Society,  1859.  [Suppl.  i.  84] 

ATKINSON,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1509),  translator ;  D.D. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1498 ;  canon  of  Lincoln,  1504, 
and  of  Windsor,  1507 ;  translated  from  French  three  books 
(1602)  of  the  '  Imitation  of  Christ.'  [ii.  226] 

ATKINSON,  WILLIAM  (1773  ?-1839),  architect; 
began  life  as  a  carpenter ;  pupil  of  James  Wyatt ;  aca- 
demy gold  medallist,  1795.  [ii.  226] 

ATKINSON,  WILLIAM  (1757-1846),  poetical  writer ; 
B.A.  and  fellow,  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1780;  M.A., 
1783 ;  rector  of  Warham  All  Saints,  Norfolk ;  published 
'  Poetical  Essays,'  1786.  [ii.  226] 

ATKYNS,  SIR  EDWARD  (1587-1669),  judge;  stu- 
dent of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1601;  called  to  bar,  1614; 
governor  of  the  society,  1630;  'autumn  reader,'  1632; 
defended  Prynue  when  charged  before  Star  Chamber 
with  libels  appearing  in  '  Histriomastix  ' ;  serjeant,  1640  ; 
created  by  the  Commons  baron  of  exchequer,  1645 ;  re- 
moved by  the  Lords  to  court  of  common  pleas,  1648 ; 
nominated  one  of  the  judges  to  try  disturbers  of  peace  in 
eastern  counties,  1650 ;  renominated  judge,  1659  ;  created 
anew  baron  of  exchequer  and  knighted,  1660.  [ii.  227] 

ATKYNS,  Sm  EDWARD  (1630-1698),  judge:  son 
of  Sir  Edward  Atkyns  (1587-1669)  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1653  ;  autumn  reader,  1675 ;  serjeant, 
baron  of  exchequer,  and  knighted,  1679  ;  lord  chief  baron 
1686;  refused  allegiance  to  William  HI  and  resigned, 
1688.  [ii.  228] 

ATKYNS,  JOHN  TRACY  (d.  1773),  judge ;  called 
to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1732 ;  cursitor  baron  of  ex- 
chequer, 1755  ;  published  (1765-8)  notes  of  chancery  cases, 
1736-54.  [U?228] 

ATKYNS,  RICHARD  (1615-1677),  writer  on  typo- 
graphy ;  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  travelled 
abroad  with  Lord  Arundell  of  Wardour's  son  for  three 
years;  raised,  troop  of  horse  for  king,  1642;  after 
Restoration  made  deputy-lieutenant  for  Gloucestershire  ; 
published,  1660,  a  broadside  by  which  he  hoped  to  prove 
that  the  right  to  printing  belonged  to  the  crown  alone, 
and  to  secure  for  himself  the  office  of  patentee  for 
printing  law  books;  committed  for  debt,  1677,  to  the 
Marshalsea,  where  he  died.  [ii.  228] 

ATKYNS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1621-1709),  judge;  son  of 
Sir  Edward  Atkyns  (1587-1669)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Oxford ; 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1646  ;  M.P.  for  Evesham, 
1659 ;  made  K.B.  at  Charles  II's  coronation ;  M.P.  for 
Kastlow,  bencher  of  his  inn,  and  recorder  of  Bristol,  1661 ; 
judge  of  court  of  common  pleas,  1672 ;  retired  from  bench, 
probably  on  account  of  disaffection  to  Charles  II's  govern- 
ment, 1679;  resigned  his  recordership ;  succeeded  his 
brother  as  chief  baron,  1689 :  speaker  of  House  of  Lords 
(the  great  seal  being  in  commission),  1689-93  ;  retired  from 
bench,  1694 ;  published  legal  treatises.  [ii.  230] 

ATKYNS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1647-1711),  topographer ; 
i««,°f  ^i,*0,1*51*  Atkyils  ( 1621-1709)  £q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
>fi3;   M.P.  for  Oirencester,  1681,  and  Gloucestershire, 
™.s:  published  topographical  work  on  Gloucestershire! 
ltls"  [ii.  232] 

«AM£8  t1817-1^),  bishop  of  Hereford; 
at  Grantham  and  Oakham :    B.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1840  ;  fellow,  1842  ;  M.A.,  1843  ;  B.D., 


ATMORE 


AUOHMUTY 


185<) ;   D.D.,   1859  ;  tutor,  1846-69  ;    vicar  of  Madingley, 
1847-52  ;    Whitehall  preacher,    1856 :    select   preacher  at 
'•idire,  l,sr,H  and  IK.V.i  ;  vicar  of  Leeds,  1869-68  ;  canon 
itiary  at  Uipon,  1861 ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1868-94. 

[Suppl.  i.  85] 

ATMORE,   CHARLES  (1759-1826),  Wesleyan  minis- 
ter ;   sent  out  by  Wesley  as  itinerant  evangelist,  1781 ; 
successively  minister  in  many  English  towns;  president, 
LII  conference,  1811.  [ii.  233] 

ATSLOWE,  EDWARD  (d.  1694),  physician  ;  fellow 
and  M.D.  New  College,  Oxford,  1566  ;  P.C.P. ;  physician 
to  Earl  of  E-sev  :  twice  imprisoned  (1579  and  1686)  for 
supposed  connection  with  conspiracies  in  behalf  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  [ii.  233] 

ATTAWELL,  HUGH  (d.  1621).    [See  ATWKLI,] 

ATTERBURY,  FRANCIS  (1662-1732),  bishop  of 
Rochester :  sou  of  Lewis  Atterbury  (d.  1693)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
tutor  at  Christ  Church  ;  took  part  as  protestant  in  the 
controversy  resulting  from  James  IPs  attempts  to  force 
his  religion  on  the  university,  c.  1687 ;  took  holy  orders, 
1687  ;  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's,  London,  1691  ;  chaplain  to 
William  and  Mary,  and  preacher  at  Bridewell  Hospital ; 
gained  considerable  repute  by  his  opposition  to  Erastianism 
in  church  and  state,  and  was  appointed  archdeacon  of 
Totnes,  prebendary  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  and  D.D.,  1701 ; 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Anne ;  dean  of  Carlisle,  1704 ; 
preacher  at  Rolls  Chapel,  1709 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
1712  ;  bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of  Westminster, 
1713 ;  took  part  in  coronation  of  George  I ;  leant  towanls 
the  Jacobite  cause  ;  held  direct  communications  with 
the  Jacobites,  1717 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  alleged 
connection  with  an  attempt  to  restore  the  Stuarts,  1720  ; 
deprived  of  his  offices  and  banished ;  went  to  Brussels, 
1723,  and  thence  to  France :  entered  the  service  of 
James  IPs  son,  the  old  Pretender;  died  in  France;  was 
buried  privately  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [ii.  233] 

ATTERBURY,  LEWIS  the  elder  (d.  1693),  divine ; 
D.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1660 ;  rector  of  Great  or 
Broad  Risingtou,  Gloucestershire,  1654  ;  received  living  of 
Middleton- Key nes,  Buckinghamshire,  1657  ;  chaplain  to 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  1660.  [ii.  238] 

ATTERBURY,  LEWIS,  LL.D.,  the  younger  (1656- 
1731), divine;  son  of  Lewis  Atterbury  (d.  1693)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford- 
B.A.,  1679 ;  M.A.,  1680  ;  chaplain  to  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, 1683;  rector  of  Sywell,  Northamptonshire,  1684; 
LL.D.,  1687;  one  of  six  chaplains  to  Princess  Anne  of 
Denmark,  at  Whitehall ;  preacher  at  Highgate  chapel, 
1695  ;  successively  rector  of  Shepperton  and  Hornsey ; 
published  religious  works.  [ii.  238] 

ATTERBURY,  LUFFMAN  (d.  1796),  musician; 
trained  as  carpenter  and  builder,  but  devoted  hia  leisure 
to  music;  musician  in  ordinary  to  George  III;  member 
of  the  Madrigal  Society,  1766.  [ii.  239] 

ATTERSOLL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1640),  puritan  divine ; 
B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1582;  M.A.  Peterhouse, 

5 ;  occupied  living  of  Isfield,  Sussex,  1600-40  ;  pub- 
lished biblical  commentaries  and  religious  treatises. 

ATTERSOLL,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1662),  puritan  divine  ; 
probably  son  of  William  Attereoll  [q.  v.] ;  ejected  from 
living  of  Hoadley,  Sussex,  1662.  [ii.  240] 

ATTWOOD,  THOMAS  (1766-1838),  musician;  as 
chorister  of  Chapel  Royal  attracted  attention  of  Prince 
iles  (George  IV),  who  sent  him  to  study  music  at 
Naples,  1783  ;  studied  under  Mozart  at  Vienna,  1785  ; 
music  master  to  Duchess  of  York ;  organist  of  St.  Paul's 
and  composer  to  Chapel  Royal,  1796.  [ii.  240] 

ATTWOOp,  THOMAS  (1783  -1856),  political  reformer ; 
son  of  a  Birmingham  banker  ;  entered  his  father's  bank, 
f.  1800 ;  captain  in  volunteer  infantry,  1803-5 ;  high 

i  of  Birmingham,  1811 ;  agitated  successfully  for 
Tvpr.d  of  orders  in  council  restricting  British  trade  with 
continent  and  United  States,  1812-13  ;  opposed  in  several 
pamphlets  policy  of  reducing  paper  currency  when  specie 
.-.  1816  :  founded,  1830,  '  Birmingham  Poli- 
tical Union  for  Protection  of  Public  Rights,'  which 
supported  Earl  Grey's  government  during  passage  of  ! 
Reform  Bill ;  returned  to  parliament  as  one  of  two  mem- 

tor  Birmingham,  1832;  supported  Daniel  O'Connell,  i 


1833  ;  allied  himself  with   the  chartists,  and  presented 
(1839)  their  •  national  petition '  to  Hou.se  of  Commons. 

[Suppl.  i.  861 

ATWATER,     WILLIAM     (1440-1521),     bi- 
Lincoln  ;  probably  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1480  ;  D  D.,  1493  ;  vice-chancellor  of  the  univer.-itv,  1  i:i7 
and  1500;  temporarily  chancellor,  1500;  dean  of  Chapel 
Royal,  1502  ;  canon  of  Windsor  and  registrar  of  order  of 
Garter,    1504  ;    prebendary,    Salisbury    Cathedral,    I 
chancellor  of   Lincoln,   1606-12,  and  prebendary,  1512  ; 
archdeacon  of  Lewes,  1509-12,  and  of  Huntingdon,  1514  ; 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  1514.  [ii.  241] 

ATWELL,  ATTAWEL,  or  ATTEWELL,  HUGH 
(d.  1621),  actor ;  played  in  first  representation  of  Jonson's 
'  Epicoeue,' 1609 ;  member  of  Alleyn's  company,  [ii.241] 

ATWOOD,  GEORGE  (1746-1807),  mathematician: 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
third  wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  1769;  fellow 
and  tutor ;  M.A.,  1772 ;  F.R.S.,  1776  ;  occupied  a  post  in 
connection  with  the  revenue  after  1784 ;  published 
mathematical  works.  [U.  242] 

ATWOOD,  PETER  (1643-1712),  Dominican  friar : 
several  times  imprisoned,  and  finally  executed  on  account 
of  his  sacerdotal  character.  [ii.  242] 

ATWOOD,  THOMAS  (d.  1793),  chief  judge  of  Do- 
minica, and,  later,  of  the  Bahamas  ;  probably  author  of 
'  History  of  Dominica,'  1791.  [ii.  242] 

ATWOOD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1706  ?),  English  barrister  ; 
chief-justice  and  judge  of  court  of  admiralty,  New  York, 
1701 ;  suspended  on  charges  of  corruption  and  mal- 
administration, 1702,  and  returned  to  England ;  published 
statement  of  his  '  Case '  (1703),  and  many  political  books 
and  pamphlets.  [it.  242] 

AUBERT,  ALEXANDER  (1730-1805),  astronomer; 
educated  for  mercantile  career  in  Geneva,  Leghorn,  and 
Genoa ;  director  and  governor,  London  Assurance  Com- 
pany, 1753;  F.R.S.,  1772;  F.S.A.,  1784;  built  private 
observatory  at  Loampit  Hill,  near  Deptford,  1786,  and  at 
Islington,  1788.  [ii.  243] 

AUBIGNY,  SEIGNEURS  OP.  [See  STUART,  SIR  JOHN, 
first  SEIGNEUR,  1365  ?-1429 ;  STUART,  BERNARD,  third 
SEIGNEUR,  1447?-1508;  STUART,  ESMB,  sixth  SKK;NKI  it, 
1542?-1583;  STUART,  CHARLES,  tenth  SEIGNEUR,  1640- 
1672.] 

AUBREY,  JOHN  (1626-1697),  antiquary ;  grandson 
of  William  Aubrey  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1646 ;  brought  to  light 
megalithic  remains  at  Avebury,  1649  ;  F.R.S.,  1663  ;  lost 
most  of  his  property  through  litigation  and  extrava- 
gance, 1662-77 ;  empowered  by  patent,  1671,  to  make 
antiquarian  surveys  under  the  crown  ;  formed  large  topo- 
graphical collections  in  Wiltshire  and  Surrey;  left  in 
manuscript  much  antiquarian  and  historical  material, 
including  '  Minutes  of  Lives,'  which  was  used  largely  by 
Anthony  a  Wood.  [ii.  244] 

AUBREY,  WILLIAM  (1529-1596),  civilian:  B.C.L. 
Oxford,  1649;  fellow  of  All  Souls';  principal,  New 
Inn  Hall,  1550;  professor  of  civil  law,  1553-9;  D.C.L., 
1554  ;  advocate  in  court  of  arches  ;  chancellor  to  Arch- 
bishop Whitgift ;  master  in  chancery.  [ii.  246] 

AUCHER,  JOHN  (1619-1700),  royalist  divine ;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  but  ejected 
for  loyalty  ;  D.D.,  1660 ;  rector  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard 
Street,  London,  1662-86  ;  published  religious  works. 

[ii.  246] 

AUCHINLECK,  LORD  (1706-1782).  [See  BOSWELL, 
ALEXANDER.] 

AUCHINOUL,  LORD  (15537-1591).  [See  BELLEN- 
DKN,  SIR  LEWIS.] 

AUCHMUTY,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1756-1822),  general  :born 
in  New  York  ;  volunteer  with  45th  regiment  on  outbreak 
of  American  war,  1775;  ensign,  1777;  lieutenant,  1778; 
came  to  England ;  adjutant  of  52nd  regiment  in  India, 
1783;  captain,  1788 ;  brigade-major,  1790  ;  served  against 
Tippoo  Sultan  and  at  Seringapatam,  1790-2;  deputy- 
quartermaster-general,  Calcutta,  and  brevet-major,  1794 ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1795  ;  military  secretary  to  Sir 
Robert  Abercromby,  1795-7;  returned  to  England,  1797 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  10th  regiment,  1800;  adjutant-general 
to  Abercromby  in  Egypt;  K.B.,  1803;  commandant  in 


AUCKLAND 


40 


AUSTIN 


Isle  of  Thanet,  and  colonel,  103rd  regiment,  1806  :  in 
Buenos  Ayres,  1806-8  ;  major-general,  1808 ;  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  at  Madras,  1810;  colonel,  78th  regiment, 
1811;  returned  to  England,  1813;  tteotenant-genaral ; 

commander-iu-ehief  in  Ireland  and  Irish  privy  councillor, 
iv.M.  '  [ii. 

AUCKLAND,  EARL  OF  (1784-1849).  [See  EDEN, 
GEORGE.] 

AUCKLAND,  BARONS.  [Sec  EDEN,  WILLIAM,  first 
BARON,  1744-1814  ,  EDEN,  GEORGE,  second  BARON,  1784- 
1849 ;  EDKN,  ROBKRT  JOHN,  third  BAROX,  1799-1870.] 

AUDELAY.    [See  AWDELAY.] 

AUDINET,  PHILIP  (1766-1837),  line-engraver;  ap- 
prenticed to  John  Hall ;  engraved  portraits  for  Harrison's 
'Biographical  Magazine  '  and  other  works.  [ii.  248] 

ATTDLEY,  BARONS.  [See  TOUCHET,  JAMES,  seventh 
BARON,  first  creation,  1465  ?-1497 ;  TOUCHET,  JAMES,  first 
BARON,  third  creation,  1617  ?-1684.] 

AUDLEY,  EDMUND  (d.  1524),  bishop  of  Salisbury; 
B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1463 ;  prebendary  of  Here- 
ford, 1464,  of  Salisbury,  1467,  of  Lincoln,  1472,  of  Wells, 
1475,  and  of  York,  1478 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1472 ; 
archdeacon  of  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1475,  and  of  Essex, 
1479 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1480 :  translated  to  Hereford, 
1492.  and  to  Salisbury,  1502;  chancellor  of  order  of 
Garter.  [ii.  248] 

AUDLEY,  ALDITHEL,  or  ALDITHELEY,  HENRY 
DE  (d.  1246),  royalist  baron  ;  lord-marcher  and  constable 
on  Welsh  borders,  1223.  [IL  249] 

AUDLEY,  HUGH  (d.  1662),  moneylender  ;  held  a  post 
In  court  of  wards;  amassed  great  wealth  between  1605 
and  1662.  [ii.  249] 

AUDLEY,  ALDITHEL,  or  ALDITHELEY,  JAMES 
DE,  knight  (d.  1272),  royalist  baron  ;  son  of  Henry  Audley 
[q.  v.] ;  lord-marcher ;  defeated,  along  with  Prince  Ed- 
ward, by  Llewelyn  and  some  English  barons  at  Hereford, 
1263  ;  opposed  Simon  de  Montfort's  government,  1264 ; 
joined  Gloucester  in  royalist  cause,  1265  ;  justiciary  of 
Ireland,  1270.  [11.  249] 

AUDLEY  or  AUDELEY,  JAMES  UK  (1316  ?-1386), 
a  'first  founder*  of  order  of  Garter,  1344;  served  with 
Black  Prince  in  France,  1346  ;  took  part  in  the  naval 
battle  off  Sluys,  1350  ;  again  with  Black  Prince  in  France, 
1354-6  ;  one  of  commanders  of  French  expedition,  1359  ; 
governor  of  Aquitaine,  1362 ;  grand  seneschal  of  Poitou, 
1369.  .  [ii.  250] 

AUDLEY,  THOMAS,  BAKON  AUDLEY  OP  WALOEN 
(1488-1544),  lord  chancellor  ;  probably  studied  at  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge ;  town  clerk  of  Colchester,  1516  ; 
M.P.,  1623 ;  entered  Middle  Temple  ;  autumn  reader,  1626  ; 
member  of  Princess  Mary's  council,  1526;  attorney  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster  ;  groom  of  the  chamber,  1527;  mem- 
ber of  Wolsey's  household :  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster and  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1529  ;  serjeant- 
at-law  and  king's  perjeant,  1531  ;  knight  and  keeper  of 
great  seal,  1632  ;  lord  chancellor,  1533 ;  sanctioned  Henry's 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragou,  1533;  presided  at 
trials  of  Bishop  Fisher  and  More,  1535  ;  created  peer,  1538 ; 
K.<;.,  1540  ;  carried  through  parliament  acts  for  attainder 
<>f  Karl  of  Essex  and  for  dis-olution  of  Henry's  marriage 
with  Anne  of  Cleves,  1540 ;  passed  judgment  on  Catherine 
Howard,  1542  ;  resigned  great  seal,  1514.  [ii.  261] 

AUFRERE.  ANTHONY  (1756-1833),  antiquary: 
edited  the  '  Lockhart  Letters,'  1817.  and  published,  among 
other  works,  translations  from  the  German  and  Italian. 

[ii.  254] 

AUGUSTA  SOPHIA  (1768-1840),  princes..,  daughter 
of  George  III ;  born  at  Buckingham  House,  London  ;  on 
death  of  her  father,  revived  a  residence  at  Frogmore  and 
Clarence  House,  St.  James's,  where  she  died.  Buried  at 
Windsor.  [ii.  265] 

AUGUSTINE,  ST.  (d.  604),  first  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  prior  of  Pope  Gregory  I's  monastery  of  St.  Andrew, 
Rome;  sent  a  >  mi^ionary  to  England  with  forty  monk-  : 
received  with  tolerance  by  King  Kthellx-rt.  who  wan  after- 
wards converted  ;  consecrated  '  bishop  of  the  English '  at 
Aries;  found.-.!  mona-tt-ry  of  Ohriitcharch.  Canterbury: 
organised  mission."  into  Western  Kent  and  the  Ka<t  - 
kingdom.  [It  2W]  ' 


AUGUSTUS  FREDERICK,  I)I<KK  nv  SUSSKX  (1773- 
1843),  sixth  son  of  George  III  and  Queen  Charlotte  ;  Norn 
at  Buckingham  Palace,  London  ;  educated  at  Giittiugen 
University;  married,  1793,  Lady  Augusta  Munav, 
subsequently  created  Duchess  of  Inverness ;  mar- 
riage declared  void  under  Royal  Marriage  Act,  17.»l; 
raised  to  peerage  as  Baron  Arklow,  Earl  of  Inverness,  and 
Duke  of  Sussex,  1801;  strongly  supported  pros,n 
political  policy  ;  grand  master  of  free.ni -i  -mi-.  isil  ;  pre- 
sident of  Society  of  Arts,  1816,  and  of  Ho\al  So 
1830-9.  [ii.  257] 

AULDBON,  LORD  (d.  1608).  [See  LYON,  SIR 
THOMAS.] 

AUNGERVLLLE,  RICHARD  (1281-1345).  [See  BURY, 
RICHARD  DE.] 

AURELIUS,     ABRAHAM     (1575-1632),    pastor    of 
French  protestant  church,  London  ;  graduated  at  1. 
1596  ;  published  Latin  verses.  [ii.  268] 

AUST,  SARAH  (1744-1811),  known,  as  authoress,  by 
name  of  'Hon.  Mrs.  Murray ';  published,  1799,  a  topo- 
graphical work  on  Scotland  and  Northern  England. 

[ii.  258] 

AUSTEN,  SIR  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  (1774-1865), 
admiral;  brother  of  Jane  Austen  [q. v.]  ;  served  in  Ka-t 
Indies,  1788-1800,  and  in  North  Sea  and  Baltic,  1811  1 1  : 
rear-admiral,  1830 ;  vice-admiral,  1838  ;  admiral,  1848 ; 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  1863.  [ii.  258] 

AUSTEN,  JANE  (1775-1817),  novelist ;  lived  succes- 
sively at  Steventon,  near  Basingstoke  (where  she  was 
born),  Bath,  Southampton,  Chawton,  near  Alton,  and 
Winchester  (where  she  died  and  is  buried).  Of  her  novels, 
'Sense  and  Sensibility'  appeared  in  1811,  'Pride  and 
Prejudice*  in  1813,  'Mansfield  Park'  in  1814,  'Emma' 
In  1816,  'Northanger  Abbey*  and  'Persuasion'  post- 
humously In  1818.  [U.  259] 

AUSTEN,  RALPH  (d.  1676),  writer  on  gardening  ; 
studied  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  proctor,  1630 ;  de- 
puty-registrary  to  visitors,  1647,  subsequently  registrary ; 
published  books  on  gardening.  [ii.  260] 

AUSTIN,  CHARLES  (1799-1874),  lawyer ;  educated 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  gained  Hulsean  prize  for  an 
essay  on  Christian  evidences,  1822 ;  B  A.,  1824  •  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1827  ;  joined  Norfolk  circuit ;  Q.C., 
1841 ;  abandoned  practice,  1848,  and  lived  in  retirement, 
having  achieved  unprecedented  success  at  the  parliamen- 
tary bar.  [U.  261] 

AUSTIN,  HENRY  (/.  1613),  author  of  a  poem 
called  '  The  Scourge  of  Venus,  or  the  Wanton  Lady.  With 
the  Jlare  Birth  of  Adonis,'  1613.  [ii.  262] 

AUSTIN,  JOHN  (1613-1669),  catholic  writer,  under 
pseudonym,  WILLIAM  BIRCHLEY;  pensioner,  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  was  pre- 
vented by  his  religious  convictions  from  practising  as  a 
lawyer ;  private  tutor  in  Staffordshire  during  civil  war  ; 
published  religious  works.  [ii.  263] 

AUSTIN,  JOHN  (1717-1784),  Irish  Jesuit;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus  in  Champagne,  1735;  prefect  of  Irish 
college,  Poitiers  ;  preacher  in  Dublin,  1750.  [ii.  264] 

AUSTIN,  JOHN  (./f.  1820),  Scottish  inventor;  pub- 
lished works  on  systems  of  stenography  and  stenographic 
music,  devised  by  himself.  [ii.  264] 

AUSTIN,  JOHN  (1790-1859),  jurist;  entered  army 
and  served  in  Sicily,  but  sold  his  commission  and  studied 
law  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1818 ;  abandoned 
practice,  1825 ;  professor  of  jurisprudence,  London  Uni- 
versity (now  University  College),  1826  ;  studied  law  in 
(Jermany,  1826-8 ;  resigned  his  chair,  1832 :  member  of 
criminal  law  commission,  1838;  commissioned  with  Sir 
G.  0.  Lewis  to  inquire  into  state  of  government  of  Malta, 
836  ;  lived,  1841-3,  in  Germany,  and,  1844-8,  in  Paris; 
was  made  corresponding  member  of  the  French  institute 
of  moral  and  political  sciences  ;  published  '  The  Province 
of  Jurisprudence  determined,'  1832.  [Ii.  265] 

AUSTIN,  ROBERT  (fl.  1644),  puritan  divine;  pub- 
iHhed  a  tract  defending  parliament's  action  against  the 
king,  1644  ;D.D.  [ii.  268] 

AUSTIN,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (fl.  1629),  religious 
poet;  M.A.Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1630;  received  bene- 
fice in  Cornwall;  published  'Austin's  Urania,  or  the 
Heavenly  Mn»e,'  1639.  ["•  269] 


AUSTIN 


41 


AYLOFFE 


AUSTIN,  SAMUKL,  the  younger  (  ft.  1658),  poetical 
writer:  son  of  Samuel  Austin  (.ft.  1G29)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A., 
1656,  William  College,  Oxford,  where  bis  self-conceit 
ma.le  him  the  laughing-stock  of  the  university  wits; 
published  'Pane?yrick '  on  the  Restoration,  1661. 

[ii.  269] 

AUSTIN,  SAMl'HL  (d.  1834),  painter;  exhibited 
water-colour  drawings  at  Society  of  British  Artists, 
is-ji  »;.  mid  at  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  of 
whirh  he  became  associate  (1827).  [ii.  270] 

AUSTIN,  SARAH  (1793-1867),  translator  ;  nee 
Taylor  ;  wife  of  John  Austin  (1790-1350)  [q.  v.]  ;  trans- 
lull'' If  rom  German  and  French  and  edited  several  works, 
chiet1  v  historical,  including  'Germany  from  1760-1814* 
i  ISM').  Hanke'3  '  History  of  the  Popes'  (1840),  and  'His- 
tory of  Reformation  in  Germany  '  (1845).  [ii.  270] 

AUSTIN,  WILLIAM  (1587-1634),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  his  works  (prose  and 
verse),  which  were  all  published  posthumously  (1636-71), 
show  a  wide  knowledge  of  patristic  literature,  [ii.  271] 

AUSTIN,  WILLIAM  (  ft.  1662),  classical  scholar  ;  son 
of  William  Austin  (1587-1634)  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister  of  Gray's 
Inn;  wrote  poems  to  celebrate  marriage  of  Charles  II, 
lt;62,  and  a  description,  in  verse,  of  the  plague  of  London, 
1666.  [ii.  272] 

AUSTIN,  WILLIAM  (1754-1793),  physician;  B.A. 
Wadbam  College,  Oxford,  1776 ;  lectured  on  Arabic ; 
studied  medicine  at  St.Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  M.A.,1780, 
and  M.D.,  1783  ;  practised  at  Oxford ;  professor  of  chemis- 
try and  physician  to  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  1785  ;  physician 
to"  St.  Bartholomew's,  1786  ;  F.C.P.,  1787  ;  delivered  (1790) 
Gulstoniau  Lectures,  which  were  published  1791. 

[ii.  272] 

AUSTIN,  WILLIAM  (1721-1820),  engraver  and 
draughtsman ;  his  plates,  chiefly  landscapes,  of  small 
merit ;  during  latter  years  of  life  taught  drawing  in 
London  and  Brighton.  [ii.  273] 

AUVERQUERQUE,  CoujfT  OF  (1641-1708).  [See 
NASSAU,  HENRY.] 

AVANDALE,  first  BARON  (A.  1488).  [See  STEWABT, 
ANDREW.] 

AVELTNG.  THOMAS  WILLIAM  BAXTER  (d.  1884), 
minister  of  Kingsland  congregational  church,  1838-84; 
chairman  of  Congregational  Union,  1876.  [ii.  274] 

AVERELL,  ADAM  (1754-1847),  Irish  primitive  Wes- 
leyan  minister;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin; 
ordained  by  Bishop  Cope,  1777 ;  adopted  evangelical 
views  under  the  influence  of  Wesley  ;  curate  to  Dr.  Led- 
wich  at  Aghaboe,  1789-91 ;  president  of  primitive  Wes- 
leyan  methodist  conference,  1818-41.  [ii.  274] 

AVERT,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1764),  presbyterian  minister ; 
abandoned  ministry  in  consequence  of  Salters'  Hall  con- 
troversy on  subscription  (1719),  and  became  physician; 
treasurer,  Guy's  hospital ;  trustee,  Dr.  Williams's  Library, 
1728-64  ;  LL.D.  [ii.  274] 

AVERY,  JOHN  ?  (fl.  1695),  pirate ;  established  him- 
self at  Perim  and  levied  a  toll  on  all  ships  passing  through 
Bed  Sea  ;  disbanded  his  crew  in  West  Indies,  and  possibly 
lived  in  hiding  in  England.  [ii.  275] 

AVESBURY,  ROBERT  OF  (fl.  1350).    [See  ROBERT.] 

AVERSHAWE,    LOUIS  JEREMIAH  (1773  ?-1795). 

[See  ABERSHAW.] 

AVISON,  CHARLES  (1710  ?-1770),  musician ;  studied 
in  Italy  ;  organist  of  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle,  1736-70 ; 
published  music  and  an  '  Essay  on  Musical  Expression,' 
1752.  [ii.275] 

AVONMORE,  VisniuNTs.  [See  YELVERTON,  BARRY, 
firstViscou.NT,  1736-1806  ;  YKLVERTON,  WILLIAM  CHARLES, 
fourth  VISCOUNT,  1824-1883.] 

AWDELAY,  JOHN  (fl.  1426),  canon  of  monastery  of 
Haghmon,  Shropshire ;  wrote  verses,  chiefly  devotional. 

AWDELAY  or  AWDELEY,  JOHN,  otherwise  called 
Jon  SAMPSON  or  SAMPSON  AWDELAY  (fl.  1559-1577), 
London  printer  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  freeman  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1559;  printed,  1561-77,  ballads, 
news-sheets,  and  religious  tracts,  many,  including '  Prater- 
nitye  of  Vacaboudes'  (1565),  being  of  hU  own  corn- 
portion,  [ii.  276] 


AXTEL,  DAMKL  (./.  1600),  parliamentarian;  of 
good  family,  but  a  grocer's  apprentice;  entered  parlia- 
mentary army  and  rose  to  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel ; 
commanded  soldiers  at  king's  trial  at  Westminster;  ac- 
companied Cromwell  to  Ireland:  returned  to  England 
before  the  Restoration  ;  executed  for  being  concerned  in 
king's  death.  [ii.  276] 

AYLESBURY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1576-1657),  patron  of 
mathematical  learning;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1605;  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Nottingham,  lord  high 
admiral  of  England ;  baronet  and  master  of  mint,  1627  ; 
cashiered  as  a  royalist,  1642 ;  retired  to  continent,  1652. 

[ii.  277] 

AYLESBURY,  THOMAS  (/.  1622-1659),  theologian  : 
M.A.  and  B.D.  Cambridge  and  Oxford ;  published  several 
Calvinistic  works.  [ii.  278] 

AYLESBURY,  WILLIAM  (1615-1666),  translator; 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Aylesbury  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1631 ;  travelled  in  France  and  Italy,  as  tutor  to 
Duke  of  Buckingham  and  his  brother,  in  whose  service 
he  continued  till  defeat  of  royalists  ;  retired  to  continent 
on  fall  of  Charles  ;  returned  to  England,  1660 ;  secretary 
to  governor  of  Jamaica,  1656  ;  published,  at  Charles  I's 
request,  translation  of  Da  Vila's  '  History  of  French  Civil 
Wars.'  [ii.  278] 

AYLESFORD,  first  EARL  OF  (1647  ?-1719).  [See 
FINCH,  HENEAGE.] 

AYLETT,    ROBERT   (1583-1655?),    religious  poet; 
LL.D.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1614  ;  published  religious 
i  verse,  including  a  volume  entitled  '  Divine  and  Moral 
Speculations,'  1654.  [ii.  279] 

AYLIFFE,  JOHN  (1676-1732),  jurist;  educated  at 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1703 ;  LL.B. 
and  LL.D.  1710  ;  proctor  in  chancellor's  court ;  published 
'  Ancient  and  Present  State  of  University  of  Oxford,'  1714, 
and,  in  consequence  of  certain  allegations  contained  in 
it,  was  expelled  from  the  university  and  deprived  of  his 
privileges  and  degrees  :  published  (1726  and  1732)  two 
treatises  on  '  Canon  Law '  and  '  Civil  Law.'  His  '  New 
Pandect  of  Roman  Civil  Law'  appeared  posthumously, 
1734.  [ii.  279] 

AYLMER,  CHARLES  (1786-1847),  Irish  Jesuit ;  en- 
tered Society  of  Jesus,  Stonyhurst  College,  Lancashire ; 
rector,  Clongowes  College,  Ireland,  1817;  superior  of 
Dublin  Residence,  1816, 1822,  and  1829  ;  D.D.  [ii.  281] 

AYLMER,  JOHN  (1521-1594),  bishop  of  London ;  B.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1541 ;  chaplain  to  Henry 
Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset ;  tutor  to  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  arch- 
deacon of  Stow,  1553  ;  deprived  of  preferments  for  oppo- 
sing in  convocation  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  and 
fled  to  continent ;  returned  to  England,  1558  ;  archdeacon 
of  Lincoln,  1562 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1573 ;  bishop  of  London, 
1577 ;  became  very  unpopular  owing  to  his  arbitrary  and 
unconciliatory  disposition ;  his  published  writings  are 
chiefly  sermons  and  devotional  works.  [iL  281] 

AYLMER,  MATTHEW,  BARON  AYLMER  (d.  1720), 
naval  commander-in-chief ;  lieutenant,  1678;  captain  in 
the  Mediterranean,  1679-89  ;  commander  in  battle  off 
Beachy  Head,  1690 ;  commander-in-chief  at  Barfleur, 
1692 ;  rear-admiral,  1693 ;  vice-admiral,  1693,  and  com- 
mander-in-chief, 1698,  In  Mediterranean  ;  commauder-in- 
chief  of  fleet,  1709-11  and  1714-20.  [ii.  283] 

AYLOFFE,  JOHN  (d.  1685),  satirist ;  wrote  •  Mar- 
veil's  Ghost,'  a  satire  against  the  Stuarte ;  possibly  exe- 
cuted for  complicity  in  Rye  House  plot.  [ii.  284] 

AYLOFFE,  SIB  JOSEPH  (1709-1781),  baronet ;  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Westminster,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  F.S.A.  and  F.R.S.,  1732  ;  member 
of  '  Gentlemen's  Society  at  Spalding,'  1739  ;  secretary  for 
commission  superintending  erection  of  Westminster 
Bridge,  1736-7  ;  one  of  the  three  keepers  of  state  papers, 
1763  ;  for  many  years  vice-president  of  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, to  whose  journal,  '  Archaeologia,'  he  contributed 
largely;  published  'Calendars  of  the  Ancient  Charters,* 
1772,  and  projected  topographical  and  other  works  which 

j  met  with  little  support.  [iL  284] 

AYLOFFE,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1585),  lawyer;  called  to 
bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1560 ;  '  reader '  at  his  inn,  1671 ; 
serjeant-at-law,  1677  ;  was  judge  of  queen's  bench  in 

i  1579.  [U.  286] 


AYLWARD 


42 


AYTOTJN 


AYLWARD.  730-1801),   musician: 

member  Royal  Society  of   Mu-icmns  17G3;  professor  of 
nm.-H-,  Cin-sham  College,    1771;    org;i:  orge's 

Chapel,  WuuL-or.  L788;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1791    [ii.  286] 

AYLWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1625-1679).  [See  HAR- 
conRT.] 

AYBTER  or  JETHELMJER  (ETHKLMAR)  DK  VAI.I 
or  HK  Lrsii.NAN  (./.  1260),  bishop  of  Winchester;  son 
of  Isabella,  wi.lo.v  <.t  King  John,  by  Hugh  X,  Count  of  La 
Marche ;  came  to  England,  1247  ;  received  several  livings 
from  Henry  III;  elected  bishop  of  Winchester,  1250; 
election  confirmed  by  Innocent  IV,  1251 ;  incurred 
Henry  Ill's  anger  by  refusing  to  be  bound  by  the  grant  to 
the  king  of  a  tenth  of  the  clergy's  income  for  three  years  ; 
made  himself  generally  unpopular  by  his  violent  be- 
haviour ;  sent  on  an  embassy  to  France,  1257 ;  nominated 
by  Henry  on  committee  created  by  parliament  of  Oxford 
for  redress  of  grievances,  1258  ;  his  property  seized  on  his 
refusing  to  swear  to  provisions  there  drawn  up ;  retired 
to  France  and  died  in  Paris.  [ii.  286] 

AYMER  DE  VALENCE.  KARL  OF  PEMBROKE  (d.  1324), 
nephew  of  Bishop  Aymer  (d.  1260)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to 
earldom,  1296  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1297,  and  in  Scotland, 
1298;  guardian  of  Scotland,  1306-7;  led  van  of  Ed- 
ward ITs  army  against  Bruce,  1306  ;  defeated  Scots  at 
Ruthven,  1306,  and  was  defeated  at  London  Hill,  1307  ; 
sided  with  Lancaster  against  Edward  II,  but  went  over  to 
the  court  party,  1312  ;  lieutenant  of  Scotland ;  shared  in 
king's  defeat  at  Bannockburn,  1314 ;  largely  responsible 
for  formal  peace  between  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and 
Edward  II,  1318 ;  accompanied  expedition  to  Scotland, 
1323 ;  died  at  Paris  on  embassy  to  Charles  IV.  [ii.  288] 

AYREBUNNE  or  AYERJCN,  RICHARD  UK 
(d.  1340?),  diocesan  chancellor;  keeper  of  rolls,  1324; 
chancellor  of  diocese  of  Norwich,  1325,  and  of  Salisbury, 
1339  ;  clerk  of  privy  seal,  1327.  [ii.  290] 

AYREMINNE  or  AYERMIN,  WILLIAM  DE 
(d.  1336),  bishop  of  Norwich  ;  elder  brother  of  Richard  de 
Ayreminne  [q.  v.]  ;  master  of  rolls,  1316-24  ;  made  guar- 
dian for  life  of  Jewish  converts'  house,  1317 ;  captured  by 
Scottish  invaders,  1319,  but  released  a  few  months  later  ; 
papal  nominee  to  the  bishopric  of  Norwich,  and  conse- 
crated against  King  Edward  IPs  wish,  in  France,  1325  ; 
treasurer  to  Edward  III,  1331.  [ii.  290] 


a.LJLWi,  JOHN  (./?.  1680-1700),  penman  :  footman  to 
William  Ashurst,  lord  mayor  of  London  (1693-4),  who 
paid  for  his  education ;  became  teacher  of  writing  and 
accounts,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  ;  introduced  the  Italian 
hand  into  England  between  1680  and  1700 ;  he  executed 
and  published  many  caligraphic  works,  including  'A 
Tutor  to  Penmanship,'  1698.  [ii.  291] 

AYRES,  PHILIP  (1638-1712),  pamphleteer  and 
writer  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford ;  private  tutor  in  Buckinghamshire ;  published 
many  translations  and  original  works  in  verse  and  prose. 

AYRTON,  ACTON  S.MEE  (1816-1886),  politician  ; 
practised  as  solicitor  at  Bombay  ;  called  to  bar  at  Mi.  1<1  It 
Temple,  1853  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Tower  Hamlets,  1857-74  ; 
parliamentary  secretary  to  treasury,  1868-9 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1869 ;  first  commissioner  of  works,  1869-73  ;  judge- 
advocate-general,  1873-4.  [SuppL  i.  89] 

AYRTON,  EDMUND  (1734-1808),  musician  :  organist 
of  Southwell  Minster,  1754  ;  gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal, 
vicar  choral  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  lay  vicar  of 
Westminster,  1764 ;  member  Royal  Society  of  Musicians, 
1765-  master  of  children  of  Chapel  Royal,  1780-1806; 
Mus/Doc.  [».  W2] 

AYRTON,  MATILDA  CHAI'LIN  ( 1846-1883),  medi- 
cal student;  n£e  Chaplin  ;  .-tndi«-d  at  London  Medical 
College  for  Women  ;  took  high  honours  at  extramural 
examinations  at  Surgf  linbnrgh,  1870  and 

1871  ;  B.  es.  Sc.  and  B.  te.  L.  Paris,  1871  ;  opened  and 
lectured  in  a  school  for  i  i  ves  in  Japan,  1873  : 

M.D.  Paris,  1H7'J;  li.-i-ntiat.-.  King  and  Queen's  College  of 
Physicians,  Ireland:  \\orki-l  at  Koyal  Free  Hospital, 
London,  and  at  Algiers  and  Monti*  lli.-r.  [it.  292] 

AYRTON,  WILLIAM  (1777-1868),  musical  writer; 
F.R.S.,  P.S.A.;  son  of  I 


director  of  the  King's  Theatre,  1817  and  1821 ;  edited  the 
'  Harmonicon,'  1823-33  :  published]  '  Musical  Library,' 
1834-6.  [ii.  293] 

AYSCOUGH,  ANNE  (1521-1546).  [See  ASKEW, ANN K.] 

AYSCOUGH,  FRANCIS  (1700-1766),  divine;  M.\. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1723 ;  took  orders ; 
fellow,  1729  ;  D.D.,  1735 ;  clerk  of  closet  to  Prince  Fre- 
derick, 1740;  preceptor  to  Prince  George  (George  III); 
dean  of  Bristol.  [ii.  294] 

AYSCOUGH,  GEORGE  ED  WARD  (d.  1779),  dramatist 
and  traveller ;  son  of  Francis  Ayscough  [q.  v.] ;  produced 
version  of  Voltaire's  'Semiramis,'  Drury  Lane,  1776; 
published  account  of  travels  in  Italy.  [ii.  294] 

AYSCOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1745-1804),  librarian  and 
index-maker ;  once  working  miller ;  overseer  of  street 
paviors,  1770 ;  bookseller's  assistant  and  assistant  in 
cataloguing  department  of  British  Museum  ;  published 
catalogue  of  undescribed  manuscripts  in  British  Museum, 
1782 ;  assistant  librarian,  c.  1785  ;  ordained  curate  of  Nor- 
manton-on-Soar,  Nottinghamshire ;  assistant  curate,  St. 
Giles's-in-the-Fields  ;  compiled  index  to '  Monthly  Review,' 
1786  (continued,  1796);  joint  compiler  of  catalogue  of 
books  in  British  Museum,  1787  ;  F.S.A.,  1789 ;  published 
'  Index  to  Shakespeare,'  1790 ;  delivered  the  annual  Fair- 
field  Lectures,  1790-1804 ;  prepared  catalogues  (still  un- 
published) of  ancient  rolls  and  charters  in  British  Museum, 
1787-92  ;  vicar  of  Cudham,  Kent,  c.  1803.  [ii.  294] 

AYSCOUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1450),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1436-8 ;  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  1438 ;  Henry  VI's  confessor  ;  lived  con- 
tinually at  court,  and  thus  caused  such  discontent  in  his 
diocese  that  on  visiting  it  he  was  murdered  at  Edington, 
Wiltshire,  after  saying  mass  ;  LL.D.  [ii.  297] 

AYSCU  or  AYSCOUGH,   EDWARD  (/.  1633),  his- 
torian ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1590  ;  published, 
!  1607,  history  of  relations  between  England  and  Scotland 
from  William  I  to  the  Union.  [ii.  298] 

AYSCUE,  SIR  GEORGE  (/.  1646-1671),  admiral: 
knighted  by  Charles  I ;  was  a  captain  in  1646 ;  appointed 
admiral  of  Irish  seas  under  parliament,  1649 ;  actively 
engaged  in  relief  of  Dublin  when  besieged  by  Ormonde, 
1649 ;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Scilly,  1651 ;  reduced  Bar- 
bados and  Virginian  settlements,  1651-2  ;  defeated  Dutch 
in  the  Downs,  and  engaged  them  off  Plymouth,  the  result 
being  indecisive,  1652 ;  superseded  in  his  command  but 
pensioned,  1652 ;  commanded  Swedish  fleet,  1658 ;  ap- 
pointed a  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  Restoration ;  in 
second  Dutch  war  (1664-6)  successively  rear-admiral,  ad- 
miral of  the  blue,  and  admiral  of  the  white  ;  prisoner  in 
,  Holland,  1666-7 :  probably  did  not  serve  again  after  re- 
turn to  England,  1667.  [ii.  298] 

AYTON,  RICH  ARD(  1786-1823),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
educated  for  bar,  but  did  not  enter  the  profession  ;  wrote 
and  adapted  plays,  some  of  which  were  produced  with 
moderate  success ;  his  essays  published  1825.  [ii.  299] 

AYTON  or  AYTOUN,  SIR  ROBERT  (1570-1638), 
l>oet ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1588  ;  travelled  on  continent ; 
studied  civil  law  at  Paris;  returned  to  England,  1603; 
gentleman  of  bedchamber  and  private  secretary  to  the 
queen :  knighted,  1612 ;  ambassador  to  German}'  to  de- 
liver the  king's  '  Apology ' ;  competed  for  provostship  of 
Eton,  which  fell  to  Wotton,  1623  ;  master  of  the  royal 
hospital  of  St.  Katherine,  1636 ;  buried  m  Westminster 
Abbey  ;  wrote  poems,  of  no  extraordinary  merit,  in  Latin, 
Greek,  French,  and  English.  [ii.  300] 

AYTOUN,  WILLIAM  EDMONSTOUNE  (1813-1865), 
poet ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy  and  University ; 
s  tidied  German  literature  in  Aschaffenburg :  admitted 
writer  of  the  signet,  1836 ;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1840 ; 

i  collaborated  with  (Sir)  Theodore  Mart  in  in 'Bon  Gaultier 
Ballads,'  published  1845;  joined  staff  of  '  Black  wood's 

|  Magazine,'  to  which  he  ,-ontributed  largely,  1844 ;  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres,  Edinburgh,  1846; 
shirilT  of  Orkney,  1852;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1853; 
published  '  Firtnilian,'  a  dramatic  poem,  1854,  hi- 

|  tated  coHK-tion  of  'Ballads  of  Scotland,'  1868,  and 
(  jointly  will.  (Sir)  Theodore  Martin)'  Poc-ins  and  Ballad-  <.f 

I  Goethe,'  1H5K.  [ii.  302] 


BAALUN 


43 


BACK 


BAALUN  or  BALUN,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1235),  justice 
itinerant  for  Gloucestershire,  1225  ;  accompanied  John  to 
Ireland,  1210  ;  lost  his  lauds  for  taking  part  in  barons' 
war.  [ii-  303] 

BAALTTN  or  BALTTN,  ROGER  «E  (d.  1226),  justice 
itinerant  appointed  by  Henry  III.  [ii.  3o3] 

BAAN.    [See  DE  BAAN.] 

BABBAGE,  CHARLES  (1792-1871),  mathematician 
and  M-irntific  mechanician  ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1*17;  r.K.S.,  1816:  took  part  in  foundation  of  Astro- 
notniiMl  Su-ii'ty,  1S20;  secretary  till  1824,  and,  later,  suc- 
cessively vici'-jircsidcnt,  foreign  secretary,  and  member  of 
council ;  obtained  government  grant  for  making  a  calcu- 
lating machine  based  on  'method  of  differences,'  1823,  but 
the  work  of  construction  ceased,  owing  to  disagreements 
with  the  engineer ;  offered  the  government  (1834)  an  im- 
proved design,  which  was  refused  (1842)  on  grounds  of 
expense :  devoted  thirty-seven  years  of  his  life  and  a  large 
share  of  his  fortune  to  the  perfecting  of  this  machine  ;  Lu- 
casian  professor  of  mathematics,  Cambridge,  1828-39,  but 
delivered  no  lectures ;  principal  founder  of  Statistical 
Society,  1834 :  published  several  scientific  works,  including 
'  Economy  of  Manufactures,'  1832,  and  '  Table  of  Loga- 
rithms,' 1827.  [ii.  304] 

BABELL  or  BABEL,  WILLIAM  (1690?-1723),  pri- 
vate musician  to  George  I ;  pupil  of  Dr.  Pepuscb  ;  or- 
ganist, All  Hallows,  Bread  Street ;  arranged  many  popular 
airs  for  the  harpsichord.  [ii.  307] 

BABEB,  EDWARD  COLBORNE  (1843-1890),  Chinese 
scholar;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1867;  student  interpreter  at 
Peking,  1866 ;  first-class  assistant,  1872  ;  vice-consul  at 
Tamsuy,  Formosa,  1872 ;  Chinese  secretary  of  legation  at 
Peking,  1879 ;  consul-general  in  Korea,  1885-6  ;  political 
resident  at  Bham6.  He  made  and  described  three  journeys 
into  the  interior  of  China.  [SuppL  L  89] 

BABEE,  HENRY  HERVEY  (1775-1869),  philologist ; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1805  ;  keeper  of  printed  books  at  British 
Museum,  1812-37 ;  rector  of  Stretham,  Cambridgeshire, 
1827-69.  [ii.  307] 

BABEE,  SIR  JOHN  (1625-1704),  physician  to 
Charles  II ;  M.B.  Christ's  College,  Oxford,  1646 ;  M.D. 
Leydeu,  1648,  and  Oxford,  1650;  F.C.P.,  1657  ;  knight 
and  physician  to  the  king,  1660.  [ii.  307] 

BABINGTON,  ANTHONY  (1561-1586),  catholic  con- 
spirator ;  page  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  c.  1679 ;  came  to 
London  and  made  many  friends  of  his  own  creed  at  court ; 
assisted  in  forming  a  secret  society  for  protection  of 
Jesuits  in  England,  1580 ;  travelled  on  continent,  where 
he  made  acquaintance  of  Mary  Stuart's  emissaries;  in- 
duced by  Ballard,  a  catholic  priest,  to  organise  a  catholic 
conspiracy  to  murder  Elizabeth  and  release  Mary,  1586 ; 
detected  by  Walsingham's  spies,  and  after  attempting  to 
save  himself  by  giving  information,  fled  in  disguise,  and 
was  finally  captured  and  taken  to  the  'Tower  ;  executed 
with  Ballard  and  other  conspirators.  Mary's  complicity 
in  this  conspiracy  brought  about  her  own  execution. 

[ii.  308] 

BABINGTON,  BENJAMIN  GUY  (1794-1866), 
physician  and  linguist;  midshipman,  but  left  navy  for 
Indian  civil  service;  appointed  to  Madras  presidency; 
returned  from  India  owing  to  weak  health ;  studied 
medicine  at  Guy's  Hospital  and  Cambridge ;  M.D.,  1830 ; 
F.O.P.,  1831;  physician  at  Guy's  Hospital,  1840-58; 
F.R.S. ;  president  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society, 
1861 ;  member  of  medical  council  of  general  board  of 
health  :  published  medical  works,  and  works  on  and  trans- 
lations from  German  and  oriental  languages.  [ii.  311] 

BABINGTON,  BRUTE  (d.  1610),  bishop ;  B.A.  and 
fellow,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1676 ;  incorporated 
at  Oxford,  1578  ;  prebendary  of  Lichfleld,  1592  ;  bishop  of 
Derry,  1610.  [ii.  312] 

BABINGTON,  CHARLES  CARDALE  (1808-1896), 
botanist  and  archaeologist ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1830 ;  M.A.,  1833  ; 
fellow,  1882 ;  on«  of  the  founders  of  Entomological  Society, 


1833  :  after  many  botanical  excursions  in  British  Isles  he 
published  a  '  Manual  of  British  Botany,'  1843 ;  founder, 
ill  for  fifty-five  years  secretary  of  the  Ray  Club; 
assisted  in  founding  Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society,  1840 ; 
edited  'Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History'  from 
1842 ;  professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  1861 ;  fellow  of 
Linuean  and  Geological  Societies ;  F.8.A.,  1869  ;  F.R.S., 
1861 ;  his  works  include  '  Flora  of  Cambridgeshire,'  1860, 
and  '  The  British  Rubi,'  1869.  [Suppl.  i.  90] 

BABINGTON,  CHURCHILL  (1821-1889X  archfeo- 
logist ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1843  ;  elected 
fellow  and  ordained,  1846  ;  M.A.,  1846  ;  B.D.,  1863  ;  D.D., 
1879  ;  honorary  fellow,  1880  ;  Disney  professor  of  archaeo- 
logy at  Cambridge,  1866  ;  rector  of  Cockfield,  Suffolk,  1866 ; 
published  works  on  numismatics,  botany,  and  ornithology, 
and  edited  '  Orations  of  Hyperides,'  1850-3. 

[Suppl.  L  92] 

BABINGTON,  FRANCIS  (d.  1569),  divine;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1552  ;  fellow,  All  Souls,  Oxford,  and  proctor, 
1557 ;  master  of  Balliol,  1559  ;  rector  of  Lincoln  College, 
1560  ;  vice-chancellor,  1560-2  ;  Lady  Margaret  reader  in 
divinity,  1561  ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Leicester ;  resigned 
rectorship  of  Lincoln,  being  suspected  of  clandestine 
Roman  Catholicism,  and  fled  the  country,  1563.  [ii.  312] 

BABINGTON,  GERVASE  (1550  ?-1610),  bishop; 
fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1678  ; 
prebendary  of  Hereford ;  treasurer  of  Llandaff ,  1690 ; 
bishop  of  Llandaff,  1591,  of  Exeter,  1595,  and  of  Worces- 
ter, 1597 ;  queen's  counsel  for  marches  of  Wales ; 
summoned  to  Hampton  Court  conference,  1604 ;  pub- 
lished several  religious  works.  [ii.  313] 

BABINGTON,  HUMFREY  (1616-1691),  divine  ;  D.D. 
(1669)  and  vice-master,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  rector 
of  Boothby  Painel,  Lincolnshire.  [ii.  314] 

BABINGTON,  JOHN  (fl.  1635), author  of  a  volume 
dealing  with  geometry  and  the  use  of  fireworks  for  mili- 
tary purposes,  published  in  1635.  [ii.  314] 

BABINGTON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1465),  judge; 
king's  attorney,  1414  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1415,  but  neglected 
to  appear  to  writ  until  compelled  by  parliamentary  order, 
1417  ;  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1419  ;  justice,  1420,  and 
chief-justice,  1423,  of  common  bench  ;  retired,  1436. 

[ii.  315] 

BABINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1756-1833),  physician  and 
mineralogist ;  apprenticed  to  practitioner  in  Londonderry, 
and  subsequently  studied    at  Guy's  Hospital,  London  ; 
assistant  surgeon,  Haslar  Naval  Hospital,  1777 ;  apothe- 
cary, 1781,  and  physician,  1795-1811,  to  Guy's  Hospital : 
i  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1795  ;  hon.  M.D.  Dublin,  1831 ;  one  of  the 
!  founders  and,  in  1822,  president  of  Geological  Society ; 
.  F.R.S. ;  published  geological  and  chemical  works,  [ii.  315] 

BABYON,  or  BABYO,  or  BABION,  PETER  (/.1317- 
1366),  divine ;  renowned  as  writer  of  elegant  verse  and 
prose  in  Edward  II's  reign  ;  wrote  also  religious  works. 

[ii.  316] 

BACHE,  FRANCIS  EDWARD  (1833-1858),  musician  ; 

son  of  Samuel  Bache  [q.  v.]  ;  played  violin  at  Birmingham 

i  festival,  1846  and  1847 ;  organist  of  All  Saints'  Church, 

Gordon  Square,  1850  ;  visited  Leipzig,  Paris,  Algiers,  and 

;  Rome,  1853-7  ;  composed  numerous  pianoforte  pieces.  _ 

BACHE,  SAMUEL  (1804-1876),  Unitarian  minister; 
minister  at  Old  Meeting,  Dudley,  1829-32  ;  joint-minister 
in  Birmingham  at  New  Meeting,  1832-62,  and  at  Church  of 
the  Messiah,  1862-8 ;  took  part  in  establishing  Hospital 
Sunday,  1859  ;  published  religious  works.  [ii.  317] 

BACKE,  SARAH  (17717-1844),  hymn- writer  ;  kept 
Islington  school  at  Birmingham  ;  author  of  the  hymn 
•  See  how  he  loved.'  [»•  318] 

BACHHOFFNEE,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1810-1879), 
one  of  the  founders  (1837)  of  London  Polytechnic  Institu- 
;  tion,  where  he  lectured  on  scientific  subjects,  [ii.  318] 

BACK,  SIR  GEORGE  (1796-1878),  admiral  and  Arctic 

navigator ;   midshipman,  1808 :  captured  by  French  at 

Deba,  1809 ;  returned  to  England,  1814  ;  served  against 

1  French  on  North   American  station;    admiralty    mate, 


BACKHOUSE 


44 


BACON 


1817;  accompanied  Franklin  on  voyage  of  discovery  to 
Spitsbergen  seas,  1818,  and  in  eoqMOlnou  to  Obpperminfl 

river,  1  Kin  22,  and  Mackenzie  river,  1824-7  ;  lieutenant, 
1822  ;  commander,  1827  ;  It-d  exploring  expedition  to  Great 
Fish  river,  1833  5  ;  captain,  and  gold  medallist,  Geographi- 
cal Society,  1836  :  commando  I  an  expedition  to  complete 
coast-line  between  Regent's  Inlet  and  Cape  Turnagaiu, 
183t> ;  received  in  1837  both  medals  of  Geographical  Society, 
of  which  he  was  subsequently  vice-president  and  member 
of  council ;  knighted,  1839  ;  admiral,  1857  ;  F.R.S. ;  pub- 
lished accounts  of  his  voyages.  [H.  318] 

BACKHOUSE,  EDWARD  (1808-1879),  quaker  ; 
wrote  '  Early  Church  History,'  published  posthumously 
!**»•  [ii.  320] 

BACKHOUSE,  WILLIAM  (1593-1662X  Roflicradan 
philosopher  ;  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  adopted 
Elias  Ashmole  as  his  son ;  left  in  manuscript  (Ashmol. 
MSS.)  translations  in  verse  and  prose  of  French  work- 
on  occult  philosophy.  [ii.  320] 

BACKWELL,  EDWARD  (d.  1683),  London  goldsmith 
and  banker  at  Unicorn,  Lombard  Street ;  probably  chief; 
originator  of  system  of  banknotes  ;  had  financial  dealings 
with  Cromwell ;  alderman  for  Bishopsgate  ward,  1657 ; 
sent  to  Paris  to  receive  money  for  sale  of  Dunkirk  to 
French,  1662 ;  after  treaty  at  Dover,  1670,  was  a  frequent 
intermediary  in  money  transactions  between  Charles  II  and 
Louis  ;  sued  by  several  creditors,  a  large  sum  being  due  to 
him  from  the  exchequer,  which  Charles  II  had  just  closed, 
1672  ;  took  refuge  temporarily  in  Holland  after  judgment 
had  been  given  against  him  ;  M.P.  for  Wendover,  1679  and 
1680.  [ii.  321] 

BACON,  ANN,  LADY  (1528-1610),  mother  of  Francis 
Bacon  [q.  v.]  ;  associated  with  her  father,  Sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  as  governess  when  he  was  tutor  to  Edward  VI ; 
married  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  [q.  v.]  e.  1657  ;  won  great 
repute  for  her  learning  ;  translated  Bishop  Jewel's 
'  Apologie  for  the  Church  of  England,'  1564.  [ii.  323] 

BACON,  ANTHONY  (1568-1601),  diplomatist,  elder 
son  of  Sir  Nicholas  and  Ann  Bacon  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1573-5;  'ancient'  of  Gray's 
Inn,  1576 ;  at  Burghley's  suggestion  toured  on  continent  in 
search  of  political  intelligence,  1679-92  ;  M.P.  for  Walling- 
ford,  1593 ;  entered  service  of  Earl  of  Essex,  1593,  and 
became  his  private  '  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,'  in  which  capacity  he  was  in  communication  with 
spies  and  ambassadors  in  all  parts  of  Europe ;  lived  with 
Essex  at  Essex  House,  by  the  Strand,  1695-1600  ;  M.P.  for 
Oxford,  1597 ;  he  was  generous  beyond  his  means,  and 
frequently  in  embarrassed  circumstances.  [ii.  324] 

BACON,  EDWARD  (d.  1618),  sheriff  of  Suffolk ;  third 
son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  [q.  v.],  'ancient*  of  Gray's 
Inn,  1576 ;  M.P.  successively  for  Yarmouth,  Tavistock, 
Weymouth,and  Suffolk  ;  sheriff  of  Suffolk,  1601 ;  knighted 
1603.  [ii.  371] 

BACON,  FRANCIS,  first  BAROX  VBRULAM  and  VIS- 
COUNT ST.  ALBANS  (1661-1626),  lord  chancellor;  younger 
son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  (1509-1579)  [q.  v.]  :  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1673-5  ;  admitted  to  Gray's 
Inn,  1576  ;  attached  to  embassy  of  Sir  Amias  Paulet  to 
France,  1576-9 ;  utter  barrister,  1582 ;  M.P.,  Melcombe 
Regis,  1584 ;  wrote  '  Letter  of  Advice  to  Queen  Elizabeth,' 
urging  strong  measures  against  catholics,  c.  1684  ;  M.P., 
Taunton,and  bencher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1686  ;  M.P.,  Liverpool, 
1589 ;  made  acquaintance  of  Earl  of  Essex,  who  subse- 
quently treated  him  with  great  generosity,  c.  1591 ;  M.P., 
Middlesex,  1693  ;  queen's  counsel,  1696  :  published  •  Essays,' 
1597;  M.P.,  Southampton,  1697  ;  appointed,  among  others, 
to  investigate  causes  of  Essex's  revolt,  and  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  earl's  conviction,  1601 ;  nominated 
king's  counsel  and  knighted  by  James  I,  1603  ;  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  arrangement  of  union  with  Scotland, 
and  confirmed  as  king's  counsel,  16O4  ;  published4  Advance- 
ment of  Learning,'  1605  ;  married  Alice  Baruham,  1606  : 
solicitor-general,  1607 ;  published  '  De  Sapientia  Veterum,' 
1609  ;  supported  James's  claims  in  connection  with  the 
« great  contract,'  by  which  the  king  was  to  receive  a  fixed 
income  in  exchange  for  that  derived  from  feudal 
tenures  and  other  sources,  1610  :  attorney-general,  1613  ; 
chief  prosecutor  at  trial  of  Somerset,  1616:  privy 
councillor,  161 6;  lord-keeper,  1617  :  wrou-  •  New  Atl 
between  1614  and  1618;  lord-chancellor  and  raided  to 
peerage  as  Baron  Verulam,  1618;  took  court  side  in  pro- 
secution of  Raleigh  (1618),  of  Suffolk  (1C10),  and  of 


Yelverton  (1620):  published  'Novum  Oiganum.'  1620; 
made  Viscount  St.  Albans,  1621  ;  charged  before  House  of 
Lord*  with  bribery;  confessed  that  he  was  guilty  of 
'corruption  and  neglect';  deprived  of  great  sail,  fined, 
condemned  to  confinement  during  the  king's  pleasure,  and 
disabled  from  sitting  in  parliament ;  remained  in  Tower 
only  a  few  days,  the  fine  being  •dbeeqaeatty  Mdgned  by 
the  king  to  trustees  for  Bacon's  own  use ;  published  '  Life 
of  Henry  VII,'  1622,  'De  Augmentis  Scientiaruin'  (the 
Advancement  of  Learning'  completed  and  translated 


into  Latin),  1623,  and  an  enlarged  edition  of  the  '  Essays,' 

_._„„„ of  his 

death. 


1625  ;  engaged  on  '  Sylva  Sylvarum '  at  the  time 
ith. 

Bacon's  works  may  be  divided  into  three  classes,  the 
philosophical  (which  form  by  far  the  greatest  portion),  the 
literary,  and  the  professional  works.  The  principal  and 
best  known  of  the  philosophical  works  are  :  (1)  the  '  Ad- 
vancement of  Learning,'  published  in  English  in  1605 ; 
(2)  the  'Novum  Organum,'  published  in  Latin  in  1620, 
under  the  general  title  '  Francisci  de  Verulamio  .  .  . 
Instauratio  Magna,'  with  a  second  title  (after  the  preface) 
'Pars  secunda  operis,  quae  dicitur  Novum  Organum  sive 
indicia  vera  de  interpretatione  natune ' ;  and  (3)  the  '  De 
Angmentis,'  published  in  Latin  in  1623  with  the  title 
'  Opera  F.  Baconis  de  Verulamio  . .  .  Tomus  primus,  qui 

i  continet  de  Dignitate  et  Augmentis  Scientiaruin  libros 
ix.'  It  was  Bacon's  ambition  to  create  a  new  system  of 
philosophy,  based  on  a  right  interpretation  of  nature,  to 

!  replace  that  of  Aristotle;    the  'Novum  Organum'  de- 

!  scribes  the  method  by  which  the  renovation  of  knowledge 

|  was  to  be  achieved,  and  is  thus  the  keystone  to  the  whole 

I  system.  The  '  Advancement  of  Learning,'  of  which  the 
'De  Augmentis'  may  be  regarded  as  an  enlarged  edition, 
was  included  in  the  '  Great  Instauration '  as  a  preliminary 

|  review  of  the  present  state  of  knowledge.  Of  Bacon's 
literary  works,  the  most  important  are  the  '  Essays,'  first 
published  in  1597,  and  issued  in  final  form,  1625;  'De 
Sapientia  Veterum,'  published  in  1609;  'Apophthegms 
New  and  Old,'  published  in  1624;  and  the  'History  of 
Henry  the  Seventh,'  1622.  The  largest  and  most  important 
of  his  professional  works  are  the  treatises  entitled  '  Maxims 
of  the  Law '  and  '  Reading  on  the  Statute  of  Uses.' 

[ii.  328] 

BACON,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1587-1657),  judge;  studied 
at  Barnard's  Inn  and  Gray's  Inn  ;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's 
Inn,  1616;  autumn  reader,  1634;  serjeant  at  law,  1640; 
knighted  and  appointed  judge  of  king's  bench,  1642  ;  sole 
judge  at  trial  of  Lord  Macguire,  1645;  retired  after 
Charles's  execution.  [ii.  360] 

BACON,  SIR  JAMES  (1798-1895),  judge  ;  called  to  the 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1827 ;  member,  1833,  and  barrister, 

I  1845,  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  bencher,  1846  ;  treasurer,  1869 ; 

I  took  silk,  1846  ;  under-secretary  and  secretary  of  causes 
to  master  of  rolls,  1859  :  commissioner  in  bankruptcy  for 
London  district,  1868  ;  chief  judge  under  Bankruptcy 

I  Act,  1869-83 ;  vice-chancellor,  1870-86  ;  knighted,  1871 ; 

I  privy  councillor,  1886.  [Suppl.  i.  93] 

BACON,  JOHN  (rf.  1321),  judge ;  attorney  to  Queen 
Eleanor,  1279 ;  guardian  of  Ledes  Castle,  Kent,  1291 ; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1313 ;  served  on  several  legal 
commissions.  [u.  361] 

BACON,  JOHN  (d.  1346).    [See  BACOXTHORPE.] 

BACON,  JOHN,  R.A.  (1740-1799),  sculptor:  appren- 
ticed as  modeller  in  china  factory,  1754-62 ;  Inter  in  an 
artificial  stone  factory ;  student  at  Royal  Academy,  on  its 
foundation,  1768,  and  received  the  first  gold  medal  awarded 
for  sculpture,  1769  ;  gold  medallist,  Society  of  Arts,  and 
A.R.A.,  1770.  Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned  the 
monuments  to  Pitt  in  Westminster  Abbey  and  to  Dr. 
:  Johnson  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [ii.  361] 

BACON,  JOHN  (1738-1816),  junior,  and  afterwards 
senior,  clerk  in  first-fruits  department  of  Queen  Anne's 
Hotmty  office;  published  improved  edition  of  Ecton's 

icsaurus  rerum  ecclesiasticarum.'  [it  362] 

BACON,  JOHN  (1777-1859),  sculptor;  son  of  John 
Bacon,  R.A.  [q.v.];  gold  medallist,  Royal  Acadeim, 
l?9lLeMecuted  monument8  in  Westminster  Abbey  and 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [ii.  362] 

BACON,  MONTAGU  (1688-1749),  scholar  and  critic; 
fellow-commoner  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1705 ;  M.A. 
per  literat  rtgicu,  1734 ;  rector  of  Newbold  Verdun,  1748  : 
wroto  •  Critical,  Historical,  and  Explanatory  Notes  upon 
Hudibras;  published  1762.  [ii.  g63] 


BACON 


45 


BADGER 


BACON,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1622),  f>heriff  of  Norfolk  ; 
.•.-on  (  MIII  oi  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  [q.  v.]  ;  'ancient'  of 
m,  157i;;  M.!'  Iv  for  Tavistock,  Nor- 

folk, mid  Lynn;  sheriff  of  Norfolk,  1599;  knighted, 
1604.  [ii.  371] 

BACON.  Six  NATHANIEL  (fl.  1640),  painter ;  grand- 
son of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  1628  ;  studied  painting  in  Italy  ;  K.B., 
1626.  [ii.  364] 

BACON,  NATHANIEL  (1593-1660),  puritan  ;  half- 
brother  of  Francis  Bacon  and  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon 
[q.  v.] ;  eutemi  Gray's  Inn,  1611 ;  bencher ;  called  to  bar, 
1617  ;  JJ?.  for  Ksst-x  ;  recorder  of  Ipswich,  and  perhaps  of 
Bury  St.  (•Miuiiiids  ;  menilxjr  of  Suffolk  committee  for 
defence  against  royaliste  ;  M.P.  for  Cambridge  University, 
1646,  and  for  Ipswich,  1658  and  1660;  master  of  requests 
during  Richard  Cromwell's  protectorate.  Published  '  His- 
torical Discovery  of  the  Uniformity  of  the  Government  of 
England  from  Edward  III  to  Elizabeth,'  1647  and  1651, 
am  I  was  possibly  author  of  'A  Relation  of  the  fearful 
Estato  of  Francis  Splra,'  1638.  [ii.  364] 

BACON,  alias  SOUTHWELL,  NATHANIEL  (1598- 
1676).  [See  SOUTHWELL.] 

BACON,  NATHANIEL  (1642  ?-1876),  Virginian 
patriot ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1664  ;  emigrated  to  Virginia 
and  settled  at  Curies  ;  member  of  governor's  council ; 
chosen  general  of  colonist  volunteers,  but  marched  against 
Indians  before  receiving  his  commission  and  was  declared 
rebel ;  arrested,  but  set  at  liberty ;  subsequently  sat  in 
assembly,  which  passed  '  Bacon's  Laws.'  [ii.  365] 

BACON,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (1509-1579),  lord-keeper; 
entered  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1523  ;  bible- 
clerk  ;  B.A.,  1527 ;  journeyed  to  Paris ;  called  to  bar  at 
Gray's  Inn,  1533  ; '  ancient,'  1536  ;  bencher,  1550  ;  treasurer, 
1552  ;  solicitor  of  court  of  augmentations,  1537  ;  solicitor 
of  Cambridge  University ;  attorney  of  court  of  wards  and 
liveries,  1546 ;  high  steward  of  St.  Albaus ;  lord-keeper  of 
great  seal,  1558;  privy  councillor  and  knight;  received 
patent  to  exercise  jurisdiction  of  lord  chancellor;  1569; 
advocated  stringent  measures  against  Mary  Stuart,  though 
as  president  of  conferences  held  in  1568  and  1570  to 
consider  her  relations  with  England  and  Scotland  he  was 
judicially  impartial ;  opposed  her  marriage  to  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  1569,  and  her  proposed  restoration,  1570  ;  sup- 
ported bill  for  expulsion  of  all  French  denizens  from 
England,  1572 ;  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  [ii.  366] 

BACON,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1624),  high  sheriff  of  Suffolk  ; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  [q.  v.] ; '  ancient,'  Gray's 
Inn,  1576  ;  knighted,  1578  ;  high  sheriff  of  Suffolk,  1581 ; 
M.P.,  Suffolk,  1572-83  ;  created  premier  baronet  of  Eng- 
land, 1611.  [it  371] 

BACON,  PHANUEL  (1700-1783),  divine  and  drama- 
ist ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1722 ;  B.D.,  1731 ; 
D.D.,  1735 ;  vicar  of  Bramber,  Sussex,  and  rector  of  Balden, 
Jrfordshire  ;  wrote  humorous  verse,  and  five  plays. 

BACON,  PHILEMON  (d.  1666),  naval  captain1;  fought 
in  actions  with  Dutch  off  Lowestoft  and  North  Foreland, 
in  the  second  of  which  he  was  killed.  [ii.  372] 

BACON,  RICHARD  MACKENZIE  (1775-1844),  musi- 
cian and  journalist ;  edited  '  Norwich  Mercury '  from  1816 
till  death  ;  obtained  with  Bryan  Donkin  a  patent  for  im- 
provements in  printing,  1813 ;  proprietor  and  editor  of 
'Quarterly  Musical  Magazine,'  1818-28;  published  many 
I'ioLM-aphical,  musical,  and  miscellaneous  works,  [ii.  372] 

BACON,  ROBERT  (rf.  1248),  first  Dominican  writer  in 
England;  brother  or  uncle  of  Roger  Bacon;  studied  at 
)xton\  and  Paris  ;  perhaps  treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathe- 
dral, 1233,  being  a  member  of  the  Dominican  order  and 
lecturer  in  its  schools  at  Oxford;  publicly  rebuked 
Henry  III  for  his  fondness  for  foreign  favourites,  notably 
le  Roches,  1233  ;  wrote  among  other  works  a  life  of 
Bdmond  Rich.  [ii.  373] 

BACON,  ROGER  (1214?-1294),  philosopher;  studied 
at  Oxford  and  Paris,  where  he  probably  graduated  doctor ; 
•-•turned  to  England  c.  1250;  and  probably  remained  at 
Oxford  till  c.  1257,  when  he  incurred  the  suspicion  of 
the  Fraiit-ist-Hii  order,  to  which  he  belonged,  and  was  sent 
•r  BuperveUlanoe  to  Paris,  where  he  remained  in  con- 
n  IK  -incut  ten  years  ;  produced  at  request  of  Pope  Clement  IV 
treatises  on  the  science;-  (grammar,  logic,  mathematics, 


physics, and  modern  philosophy) — 'Opus  Majus,'  and,  per- 
haps, '  Opus  Secundum '  and  '  Opus  Tertium ' ;  again  in 
confinement  for  his  heretical  propo-ition  ,  c.  1278-92; 
said  to  have  died  and  to  have  been  buried  at  Oxford  ; 
wrote  also  on  chemistry  and  alchemy.  [ii.  374] 

BACON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1336),  justice  of  common  pleas  ; 
raised  to  king's  bench,  1332.  [IL  378] 

BACON,  alias  SOUTHWELL,  THOMAS  (1592-1637), 
Jesuit.  [See  SOUTHWELL.] 

BACON,  THOMAS  (yf.  1796),  sculptor;  brother  of 
John  Bacon  (1777-1859)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1793,  1794,  and  1796.  [ii.  363] 

BACONTHORPE,  BACON,  or  BACHO,  JOHN 
(d.  1346),  the  'Resolute  Doctor' ;  grandnephew  of  Roger 
Bacon  [q.  v.] ;  brought  up  at  a  Carmelite  monastery  near 
Walsingham ;  graduated  at  Paris ;  returned  to  Oxford, 
where,  c.  1321,  he  preached  the  doctrine  afterwards  incul- 
cated by  Wycliffe,  that  pries-tly  power  was  subordinate  to 
the  kingly  ;  head  of  Carmelite  order  in  England,  1329-33 ; 
went  to  Rome,  1333  ;  returned  to  England,  1346  ;  wrote 
commentaries  on  the  bible,  on  Aristotle's  works  and 
treatises,  and  other  subjects.  [ii.  379] 

BADBT,  JOHN  (d.  1410),  lollard ;  blacksmith  or  tailor 
in  Worcestershire ;  condemned  before  Worcester  diocesan 
court  for  denial  of  transubstautiation,  and  burned  at 
Smithfield.  [ii.  381] 

BADBY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1380),  Carmelite ;  doctor  of 
theology  at  Carmelite  school,  Oxford ;  confessor  of  John 
of  Gaunt ;  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester  shortly  before 
his  death ;  wrote  theological  works.  [iL  381] 

BADCOCK,  JOHN  (fl.  1816-1830),  sporting  writer ; 
published,  under  pseudonyms  '  Jon  Bee '  and  '  John  Hindjs,' 
many  works  on  pugilism  and  the  turf,  including  a  dic- 
tionary of  slang  ;  edited  also  Samuel  Foote's  works. 

[ii.  381] 

BADCOCK,  SAMUEL  (1747-1788),  theological  and 
literary  critic ;  trained  for  dissenting  ministry  ;  minister 
at  South  Molton,  Devonshire,  his  native  town,  1778-86 ; 
joined  established  church  ;  curate  of  Broad  Clyst,  and 
ordained  deacon  and  priest,  1787  ;  contributed  largely  to 
literary  magazines,  particularly  the  '  Monthly  Review.' 

BADDELEY,  ROBERT  (1733-1794),  comedian ;  cook 
to  Foote ;  valet  to  a  gentleman  on '  the  grand  tour* ;  went 
on  stage,  and  in  1763  joined  Drury  Lane  company,  win- 
ning reputation  as  exponent  of  foreign  footmen ;  the 
original  Moses  in  '  School  for  Scandal.'  [ii.  383] 

BADDELEY,  SOPHIA  (1745-1786),  actress  and 
vocalist ;  n&>  Snow ;  wife  of  Robert  Baddeley  [q.  v.],  who 
introduced  her  to  the  stage  ;  played  Ophelia  at  Drury 
Lane,  1765  ;  a  popular  singer  at  Ranelagh  and  Vauxhall ; 
played  in  Edinburgh,  1783-5.  [ii.  383] 

BADDELEY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1822),  Roman  catholic 
priest ;  author  of  a  tract  defending  Roman  catholic  prin- 
ciples, [ii.  384] 

BADELEY,  EDWARD  LOWTH  (d.  1868),  ecclesiasti- 
cal lawyer ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1828  ;  called 
to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1841  ;  published  several  tracts  deal- 
ing with  legal  proceedings  in  church  matters,  [ii.  384] 

BADENOCH,  LORD  OF.  [See  STEWART,  ALEXAXDKH, 
1343  ?-1405  ?] 

BADEN-POWELL,  SIR  GEORGE  (1847-1898).  [See 
POWELL,] 

BADEW,  RICHARD  (fl.  1320-1330),  founder  of.  Uni- 
versity Hail,  Cambridge;  chancellor  of  Cambridge, 
1326.  [ii.  385] 

BADGER,  GEORGE  PERCY  (1815-1888),  Arabic 
scholar;  printer;  spent  youth  at  Malta;  travelled  in 
Arabia ;  studied  at  Church  Missionary  Society's  Institu- 
tion, Islington  ;  priest,  1842  ;  sent  as  delegate  to  Eastern 
churches,  1842-44  and  1850 ;  published  *  Nestorians  and 
their  Rituals,'  1852  ;  government  chaplain  on  Bombay 
establishment,  1845 ;  chief  chaplain  to  force  under  Sir 
James  Outram  [q.  v.]  in  Persian  expedition,  1856-7 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1861 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Henry  Bartle 
Edward  Frere  [q.  v.]  on  mission  to  Zanzibar,  1872  ;  created 
D.C.L.  by  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1873.  His  works  in- 
clude an  '  English-Arabic  Lexicon,'  1881.  [SuppL  i.  94] 


BADHAM 


46 


BAGOT 


BADHAM,     CHARLES     (1780-1845),    medical    and 

poetical  \vr.  •  uluir-h,  iWi'J  :  L.R.C.P.  London. 

1803:  M.D., 

i.si7:  F.:;.s..  :i-ii  r.l;.< '.!'..  1818;  censor  of  College  of 
Physician-.  1821;  physician  to  Duke  of  Sussex  and  to 
gom-nil  dispensary  ;  travelled  exteusively 
in  Kurope;  professor  of  physic,  Glasgow,  1827;  wrote 
Harveian  oration,  delivered  1840  ;  published  medical  works 
and  a  verse  translation  of  .huvnul.  [ii.  386] 

BADHAM,  CHARLES  (1813-1884),  classical  scholar; 
son  of  Charles  Badliam  (1780-1846)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1839  ;  studied 
in  Germany  and  Italy ;  M.A.  St.  Peter's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  ordained  priest,  1848 ;  D.D.,  1862 ;  headmaster, 
Lonth  grammar  school,  1861,  and  of  Edgbaston  proprietary 
school,  1854;  hon.  Litt.D.  Leydeu,  1860;  examiner  in 
classics,  London  University,  1863 ;  professor  of  classics 
and  logic,  Sydney  University,  1867 ;  died  at  Sydney.  He 
published  editions  with  notes  of  Plato,  and  some  plays  of 
Euripides,  also  critical  essays  on  Shakespeare,  [ii.  386] 

BADHAM,  CHARLES  DAVID  (1806-1867),  natura- 
list ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford  ;  F.R.O.P. ;  successively 
held  curacies  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  ;  published  works  on 
natural  history.  [u.  387] 

BADILEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1667),  admiral:  parlia- 
mentary captain  and  commander-in-chief  in  Downs  and 
North  Sea,  1649-61 ;  in  Mediterranean,  1662  :  engaged  the 
Dutch  off  Elba  with  partial  success,  and  again,  in  con- 
junction with  Appleton,  off  Leghorn,  with  disastrous  re- 
suite  ;  returned  home,  1663,  was  acquitted  of  blame  and 
made  rear-admiral ;  served  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
1664-5  ;  vice-admiral  of  fleet  in  Downs,  1656.  [ii.  388] 

BJEDA  (673-735).    [See  BKDK.] 

BAJTIN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1622),  navigator  and  dis- 
coverer ;  probably  native  of  London ;  sailed  in  expedition 
to  Greenland,  1612  ;  entered  service  of  Muscovy  company, 
and  was  chief  pilot  in  expeditions  to  protect  Spitzbergen 
fisheries,  1613  and  1614  ;  pilot  in  North- West  passage  ex- 
pedition, 1615,  and  on  his  return  gave  it  as  his  opinion 
that  a  passage  existed  up  Davis  Strait ;  made  charts  of 
waters  north  of  Davis  Strait  on  a  subsequent  voyage, 
1616,  and  declared  that  there  was  no  North- West  passage 
in  that  direction  ;  joined  service  of  East  India  Company, 
1617  ;  master's  mate  in  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf,  1617- 
1619;  master  in  Persian  Gulf,  1620,  where  he  was 
in  an  engagement  with  Dutch  and  Portuguese ; 
killed  at  siege  of  Kishm  in  an  expedition,  arranged  by 
the  Persian  government,  to  expel  Portuguese  from  Ormuz ; 
wrote  accounts  of  most  of  his  voyages.  [ii.  389] 

BAGARD  or  BAOGARD,  THOMAS  (<l.  1644), 
civilian  ;  canon  of  Ids  college  (afterwards  Christ  Church), 
Oxford,  1525  ;  admitted  to  College  of  Advocates,  London, 
1528;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Worcester,  1532  ;  canon  of 
Worcester,  1541.  [ii.  391] 

BAGE,  ROBERT  (1728-1801 X  novelist:  educated  at 
Derby,  and  attained  proficiency  in  Latin  :  trained  as 
paper-maker ;  founded  paper  manufactory  at  Elford,  which 
he  carried  on  till  his  death  ;  continued  his  education  and 
gained  considerable  knowledge  of  modern  languages ;  he 
published  six  novels  between  1781  and  1796,  several  of 
which  were  translated  into  German.  [ii.  891  ] 

BAGEHOT,  WALTER  (1826-1877),  economist  and 
journalist ;  educated  at  Bristol  and  at  University  College, 
London,  under  Professors  Long  and  De  Morgan  ;  B.A. 
(London)  with  mathematical  scholarship,  1846;  M.A. 
and  gold  medallist  in  intellectual  and  moral  philosophy  and 
political  economy,  1848 ;  called  to  the  bar,  1852 ;  spent 
some  months  in  Paris ;  entered  his  father's  shipowniuLr 
and  banking  business,  1862 ;  contributed  essays  to  '  Pro- 
spective Review,'  and,  after  1856,  to  '  National  Review,'  of 
which  he  was  an  editor  ;  editor  of  'Economist,'  1860,  till 
death;  published  'The  English  Constitution,'  'Physics 
and  Politics,'  and  works  on  economical  questions. 

[ii.  393] 

BAGFORD,  JOHN  (1660-1716),  shoemaker  in  London 
and  professional  collector  of  book?  :  formal  col: 
broadsides  known  as  the  '  Bagford  Ballads,'  and  brought 
together  a  number  of  title-pages  and  engravings,  to  ob- 
tain which  he  mutilated  many  ran-  volumes,      [ii.  396] 

BAGGALLAY.  Sm  KH'HAUl)  (1X16-1888),  judge; 
M.A.  lionvillc  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1848; 


Frankland  fellow,  1845-7  ;  honorary  fellow,  1880  :  called 
to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1843  ;  bencher,  1861 ;  treasurer. 
1875  ;  took  silk,  1861 ;  counsel  to  Cambridge  University, 
1869;  M.P.  for  Hereford,  1866-8,  and  for  Mid-Surn-V, 
1870-75  ;  solicitor-general,  1868  and  1874  ;  knighted,  1868  : 
attorney-general,  1874 ;  justice  (afterwards  lord- justice)  of 
appeal,  and  privy  councillor,  1875 ;  retired  from  bench, 
1885.  [Suppl.  i.  95] 

BAGGERXEY,  HUMPHREY  (ft.  1654),  royalist 
captain  hi  service  of  James,  seventh  earl  of  Derby,  of 
whose  final  hours  he  wrote  a  narrative.  [ii.  396] 

BAGGS,  CHARLES  MICHAEL  (1806-1845),  catholi.- 
bishop  and  antiquary ;  educated  at  Sedgeley  Park,  at  St. 
Edmund's  College,  Hertfordshire,  and  at  the  English  col- 
lege, Rome ;  remained  at  Rome,  1824-44  ;  won  many  aca- 
demic honours;  D.D.  and  ordained,  1830;  teacher  at 
Kn^lish  college;  rector,  1840;  'cameriere  d'onore'  and 
later,  monsiguore  to  Pope  Gregory  XVI ;  bishop  of  Pella, 
1844 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  western  district  in  England,  where 
he  arrived  1844 ;  acquired  great  reputation  as  a  contro- 
versialist at  Rome  ;  published  works  on  ecclesiastical 
archwology,  and  dissertations  on  points  of  religious  con- 
troversy, [ii.  396] 

BAGNAL,  SIR  HENRY  (15567-1598),  marshal  of 
army  hi  Ireland,  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bagnal  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  knighted  1578:  held 
command  under  Arthur  Grey,  baron  Grey  de  Wilton, 
1580;  member  for  Anglesey  hi  English  parliament,  1586; 
marshal  of  the  army  hi  Ireland,  and  privy  councillor, 
1690 ;  chief  commissioner  for  government  of  Ulster,  1591 ; 
quarrelled  with  Hugh  O'Neill,  earl  of  Tyrone  [q.  v.],  who 
had  married  Bagnal's  sister  Mabel  against  his  wish; 
slain  in  action  with  Tyrone's  men  on  Blackwater. 

[Suppl.  i.  95] 

BAGNAL,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1510  7-1590  ?),  marshal 
of  army  hi  Ireland :  gentleman  pensioner  of  Henry  VIII ; 
served  in  Ireland,  1539-44,  and  hi  France,  1644 ;  marshal 
of  army  in  Ireland,  1547-53 ;  with  lord-deputy,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Bellingham  [q.  v.],  defeated  Irish,  1548 ;  knighted, 
1651;  M.P.  for  Stoke-ou-Treut,  1559;  reappointed  mar- 
shal, 1565,  with  Sir  Henry  Sidney  [q.  v.],  as  deputy ;  chief 
commissioner  for  government  of  Ulster,  1584  ;  member  for 
co.  Down  in  Irish  parliament,  1585  :  resigned  office  of 
marshal  to  his  sou,  1590.  [Suppl.  i.  96] 

BAGNAIL,  GIBBONS  (1719-1800),  poetical  writer, 
graduate  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  ;  vicar  of  Holm  Lacy, 
Herefordshire ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1760 :  rector  of 
Upton  Bishop  ;  vicar  of  Sellack,  1783 ;  published  poetical 
writings.  tii  398] 

BAGOT,  SIR  CHARLES  (1781-1843),  governor-general 

of  Canada  ;    brother  of   William  Bagot,    second  baron 

Bagot  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Rugby  and  Christ  Church, 

xfo.ni  :  .M.-A.,  1804 ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1801 ;  M.P.  for 

Uastle  Riding,  1807 ;    parliamentary  undersecretary  for 

foreign  affairs,  1807:  minister  plenipotentiary  to  France, 

814,  and  to  United   States,  18L5-20 :  privy  councillor, 

i  I     £'   "1820:  ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg,  1820, 

and  to  the  Hague,   1824;  governor-general  of  Canada, 

;  inaugurated  representative  government,  for  which 

le  was    censured    by    Lord    Stanley;    requested    recall, 

?>?    2?U?  ^"ada  800U  after  arrival  of  his  successor,  Sir 

Theophilus  (afterwards  baron)  Metcalfe  [q.  v.] 

BAGOT,  LEWIS  (1740-1802),  bishop  TedPucatei]at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1764; 
?fn°rl  °,f,Christ  Church,  1771  ;  held  livings  hi  Sus-.-v  : 
U.C.L.  1772;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1782;  translated  to  Nor- 
wioh,  1783,  and  to  St.  Asaph,  1790.  [ii.  399] 

BAGOT,  RICHARD  (1782-1864),  bishop;  educated  at 
Rugby  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1806  ;  D.D.,  1829  • 
fellow  of  All  Souls' ;  rector  of  Leigh,  Staffordshire,  1806, 
and  of  Biithfleld,  1807;  canon  of  Windsor,  1807,  and  of 
Worcester,  1817 ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1827-45 ;  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1829-45,  during  which  period  he  reluctantly  played 
part  m  the  Oxford  movement ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1846  ;  published  charges.  [u.  399] 


SIR  WIMJAM  (fl.  1397),  minister  of 
fi  °f  the  '  ""wmiM  conseillers '  left  in 
tbe  kinKdom  on  Richard's  departure  for  Ire- 
land, 1899  ;  committed  to  Tower  uftt-r  HiHmrdV  resigna- 
lon>  [ii.  400] 


BAGOT 


47 


BAIL.L.IE 


BAGOT,    WILLIAM,  second  BARON   BAGOT  (1773- 
1856),  I'diu-atfd  at    Westminster   and   Magdalen  College, 
:.    D.r.l,..  is.'j.j;   follow  of  Society  <>f   Antiquaries 
and  of  Linnran,  Horticultural,  and  Zoological  societies. 

[ii.  400] 

BAGSHAW,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1626?),  priest; 
!'..\.  and  probationer  fellow,  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
M.A.,  1575;  principal,  Gloucester  Hall,  1679;  went 
tu  France,  1  f>sL' :  converted  to  Romanism  and  made  priest ; 
D.I).  Paris;  came  to  England  to  make  converts;  im- 
prisoned in  Tower,  1687:  after  liberation  resided  abroad  ; 
published  controversial  work*.  [ti.  400] 

BAGSHAW,  EDWARD,  the  elder  (d.  1662),  royalist ; 
I  {.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1608  ;  entered  Middle 
Temple ;  as  Lent  reader,  1639,  delivered  lectures  in  favour 
of  puritan  principles ;  M.P.,  Southwark,  1640 :  joined  the 
kiii£  wht-ij  lie  retired  to  Oxford ;  imprisoned  at  Southwark 
by  parliamentarians,  1644-6  ;  published  works  dealing  with 
political  and  religious  questions.  [ii.  401] 

BAGSHAW,  EDWARD,  the  younger  (1629-1671), 
divine;  son  of  Edward  Bagshaw  (d.  1662)  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A. 
and  Senior  of  the  Act,  1661;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1654; 
appointed  second  master  at  Westminster,  1656  ;  ordained 
1659 ;  vicar  of  Ambrosden,  Oxford ;  ejected  for  noncon- 
formity, 1662 ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Anglesey  ;  imprisoned 
for  sedition,  1663-5,  and  again,  later,  for  refusing  to  take 
oath  of  supremacy  and  allegiance ;  a  prisoner  on  parole 
when  he  died ;  published  controversial  and  other  religious 
works.  [ii.  402] 

BAGSHAW,  HENRY  (1632-1709),  divine;  brother  of 
Edward  Bagshaw  (1629-1671)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1657  ;  D.D., 
1671 ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Richard  Fanshaw,  1663,  to  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1666,  and  to  Lord-chancellor  Danby,  1672  ; 
successively  prebendary  of  York  and  Durham ;  published 
sermons.  [ii.  403] 

BAGSHAW,  WILLIAM  (1628-1702),  divine ;  known 
as  the  '  Apostle  of  thy  Peak ' ;  born  at  Litton ;  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  assistant  minister 
and  private  chaplain  at  Sheffield  ;  held  living  of  Glossop : 
ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662  ;  continued  to  preach  and 
lecture,  in  spite  of  the  issue  of  several  warrants  against 
him,  till  hia  death ;  published  religious  works,  [ii.  403] 

BAGSTER.,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1800-1835), 
printer  and  author;  son  of  Samuel  Bagster,  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  his  father's  business,  1815,  and  started 
printing  business  for  himself,  1824;  subsequently  pro- 
duced many  learned  publications,  including  some  of  the 
polyglot  bibles  issued  by  Bagster  &  Sons  ;  wrote 
'Treasury  of  Scripture  Knowledge,'  and  a  book  on 
management  of  bees.  [ii.  404] 

BAGSTER,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1772-1851),  founder 
of  publishing  firm  of  Bagster  &  Son?  ;  bookseller  in 
Strand,  1794-1816,  and  in  Paternoster  Row  after  1816. 
His  principal  productions  were  polyglot  editions  of  the 
bible  (including  the  '  Biblia  Sacra  Polyglotta  Bagsteriana,' 
1817-28),  an  octoglot  edition  of  the  church  of  England 
liturgy,  1821, '  The  English  Hexapla,'  giving  the  six  most 
important  versions  in  English  of  the  New  Testament,  and 
an  extensively  annotated  '  Comprehensive  Bible,'  edited 
by  William  Greenfield,  1827.  [ii.  405] 

BAGWELL,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1655),  a  London  mer- 
chant who,  owing  to  losses  in  trade,  was  almost  con- 
stantly in  prison  for  debt,  1634-50,  during  which  time  he 
wrote  an  elaborate  astronomical  treatise,  published  in 
simplified  form  as  the  'Mystery  of  Astronomy  made 
Plain,'  1655  ;  published  also  two  poems.  [ii.  406] 

BAIKIE,  WILLIAM  BALFOUR  (1825-1864),  natu- 
ralist and  philologist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh ;  entered  navy : 
assistant  surgeon  ;  served  in  Mediterranean  and  at  Haslar 
Hospital,  1851-4 ;  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  Niger  ex- 
pedition, 1854,  and  again  in  1867,  when,  being  left  by 
the  other  explorers,  he  collected  and  governed  a  native 
:.  ment  at  Lukoja ;  published  works  relating  to 
natural  history  of  Orkney  and  to  the  Hausa  and  Fulfulde 
languages.  [ii.  406] 

BAILEY.  [See  also  BAILLIE,  BAILY,  BAYLEY,  and 
BAYLY.] 

BAILEY,  JAMES  (d.  1864),  classical  scholar  :  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1823  ;  Browne  medallist  for 


Greek  ode  and  epigrams ;  members'  prizeman,  1816  and 
1816  ;  master  of  Per?e  grammar  school,  Cambridge  ;  re- 
ceived pension  from  the  queen,  1850 :  published  classical 
works.  [ii.  407] 

BAILEY  or  BAILY,  JOHN  (1643-1697),  protestant 
dissenting  minister ;  began  to  preach  in  his  twenty-second 
year ;  ordained,  1670 ;  imprisoned  in  Lancaster  for  non- 
conformity, and  on  being  released  went  to  Ireland,  where 
he  was  again  imprisoned ;  liberated  on  condition  of 
leaving  the  country  ;  emigrated  to  New  England,  1683; 
minister  in  Boston,  1684,  Watertown,  1686,  and  again  in 
Boston,  1693.  [ii.  407] 

BAILEY,  JOHN  (1760-1819),  agriculturist  and  en- 
graver ;  tutor,  land  surveyor,  and  subsequently  land  agent 
to  Lord  Tankerville  at  Chillingham.  Having  cultivated 
a  taste  for  engraving,  he  executed  several  topographical 
plates  for  Hutchinson's  works  on  Cumberland,  Durham, 
and  Northumberland.  [ii.  408] 

BAILEY,  JOHN  EGLINGTON  (1840-1888),  anti- 
quary ;  in  the  firm  of  Ralli  Brothers,  Manchester,  till 
1886  ;  admitted  to  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1874 ;  honorary 
secretary  of  Chetham  Society,  Manchester.  He  contri- 
buted to  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography '  and  pub- 
lished antiquarian  and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  99] 

BAILEY,  NATHAN  or  NATHANIEL  (d.  1742),  lexi- 
cographer ;  kept  a  boarding-school  at  Stepney  ;  published 
an  etymological  English  dictionary,  1721,  and  other 
philological  works.  [ii.  409] 

BAILEY,  SAMUEL  (1791-1870),  philosophical  writer ; 
entered  office  of  his  father,  a  master  cutler  of  Sheffield, 
but  gradually  turned  his  attention  to  literary  and  politi- 
cal pursuits  ;  elected  a  town  trustee,  1828 ;  stood  unsuc- 
cessfully as  candidate  for  Sheffield  in  parliamentary 
elections,  1832  and  1834  ;  several  times  president  of  Shef- 
field Literary  and  Philosophical  Society;  chairman  of 
Sheffield  Banking  Company,  which  he  helped  to  found, 
1831 ;  published  many  works  on  political  economy  and 
philosophy,  including  '  Letters  on  the  Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind,'  1856-63.  [ii.  409] 

BAILEY,  THOMAS  (1785-1856X  miscellaneous 
writer ;  silk  hosier  at  Nottingham ;  member  of  town 
council,  1836-43  ;  proprietor  and  editor  of  '  Nottingham 
Mercury,'  1845-52 ;  published  works  relating  to  topo- 
graphy of  Nottinghamshire,  besides  political  and  poetical 
writings.  [ii.4ll] 

BAILLIF  or  BAILLY,  CHARLES  (1542-1625),  mem- 
ber of  Queen  Mary's  household;  probably  a  Fleming, 
though  by  descent  a  Scot ;  arrested  at  Dover  with  letters 
relating  to  a  proposed  rising  in  Mary's  behalf,  1571 ;  im- 
prisoned in  Marshalsea  and  afterwards  in  Tower;  re- 
leased probably  in  1573  ;  died  in  Belgium.  [ii.  411] 

BATLLIE,  CHARLES,  LORD  JERVISWOODK  (1804- 
1879),  lord  justiciary ;  admitted  advocate  at  Scottish  bar, 
1830;  advocate  depute,  1844-6  and  1852;  sheriff  of 
Stirlingshire,  1853-8;  lord-advocate  for  Scotland,  1868; 
M.P.,  Linlithgow,  1859  ;  raised  to  rank  and  precedence  of 
earl's  son,  1859  ;  judge  of  court  of  session,  1859  ;  lord  of 
justiciary,  1862  ;  retired,  1874.  [ii.  412] 

BAILLIE,  CUTHBKRT  (d.  1514),  lord  high  treasurer 
of  Scotland;  successively  incumbent  of  Thankerton, 
commendator  of  Glenluce,  prebendary  of  Cumnock  and 
Sanquhar,  aud  (1512)  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland^ 

BAILLIE,  LADY  GRIZEL  (1665-1746),  poetess ;  dis- 
tinguished herself  in  childhood  by  heroic  services  to  her 
father,  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  and  his  friend  the  patriot 
Robert  Baillie  [q.  v.] ;  lived  with  her  father  in  retire- 
ment at  Utrecht,  and  returned  to  Scotland  at  Restoration  : 
left  poems  in  manuscript. 

BAILLIE,  JOANNA  (1762-1851),  Scottish  dramatist 
and  poetess ;  educated  at  G'asgow  ;  published  '  Fugitive 
Verses,'  1790;  issued  first  volume  of  'Plays  on  the 
Passions,'  1798,  second  volume,  1802,  third,  1812  ;  of  these 
'De  Montfort'  was  produced  by  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  at  Drnry  Lane,  1800 ;  the  series  was  completed  by 
three  dramas  contained  in  '  Miscellaneous  Plays,'  1836  : 
her  most  successful  play, '  The  Family  Legend,'  was  pro- 
duced, at  Dniry  Lane,  1810.  In  addition  to  her  plays  she 
published  several  poeme,  songs,  and  dramatic  ballads. 


BAILLIE 


48 


BAINBBIGQ 


BALLLLE,  JOHN  (1741-1806),  divine;  united  seces- 
sionist minister  in  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1767-83, 
where  his  irregular  habits  brought  about  a  secession  from 
his  congregation;  assistant  schoolmaster  and  subse- 
quently lecturer  in  Newcastle  ;  published  historical  and 
religious  works.  [ii.  417] 

BAILLIE.  JOHN  (1772-1833),  colonel ;  entered  service 
of  Bast  India  Company,  1790  ;  director,  1823  ;  ensign  in 
India,  1793 :  lieutenant,  1794 ;  professor  of  Arabic  and 
Persian  aud  of  Mohammedan  law,  Fort  William  College, 
1801-7  ;  captain  aud  political  agent  during  Mahratta 
war ;  resident  at  Lucknow,  1807-15  ;  retired  and  returned 
to  England;  M.P.,  Hedon,  1820-30,  Inverness,  1830-2; 
published  text  of  '  The  Five  Books  upon  Arabic  Gram- 
mar,' 1801.  [ii.  418] 

BAILLIE,  MARIANNE  (1795  ?-1830),  traveller  and 
verse-writer,  nie  Wather ;  published  impressions  of  a 
continental  tour  made  in  1818,  and  of  a  visit  to  Portugal, 
1821-3,  as  well  as  several  poetical  pieces.  [ii.  418] 

BAILLIE,  MATTHEW  (1761-1823),  morbid  ana- 
tomist ;  brother  of  Marianne  Baillie  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  during  vacation  studied 
medicine  in  London  under  Dr.  William  Hunter;  M.B., 
1787  ;  physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  1787-99 ;  M.D. 
and  F.C.P.,  1789 ;  F.R.S. ;  published  l  Morbid  Anatomy  of 
some  of  the  most  important  Parts  of  the  Human  Body ' 
(thoracic  and  abdominal  organs  and  the  brain),  1795 ; 
physician  extraordinary  to  George  III.  He  is  comme- 
morated in  Westminster  Abbey  by  a  bust  and  inscription. 

fii.419] 

BAILLIE,  ROBERT  ( 1599-1662),  presbyteriau  divine  : 
M.A.  Glasgow ;  received  episcopal  ordination ;  regent 
of  philosophy,  Glasgow  University :  presented  to  pres- 
byterian  parish  of  Kilwinning,  Ayrshire;  member  of 
general  assembly  at  Glasgow,  1638 ;  chaplain  to  Lord 
Eglinton's  regiment,  1639 ;  sent  by  covenanting  lords  to 
London  to  draw  up  accusations  against  Laud,  1640 ;  with 
covenanters'  army  at  Duuse  Law,  1639,  and  in  1640 :  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  Glasgow,  1642 ;  waited  on  Charles  II 
at  the  Hague  on  his  being  proclaimed  in  Scotland,  1649  : 
D.D. ;  principal,  Glasgow  University,  1660 ;  published  con- 
troversial and  other  theological  works.  [ii.  420] 

BAILLIE,  ROBERT  (d.  1684),  patriot ;  an  object  of 
suspicion  to  the  ruling  episcopal  party  in  Scotland,  and 
imprisoned  and  fined,  1676 ;  came  to  London  and  asso- 
ciated with  Sydney,  Russell,  and  Monmouth  to  obtain,  if 
possible,  mitigation  of  government  measures ;  arrested, 
though  innocent,  for  alleged  complicity  in  Rye  House 
plot;  imprisoned,  and  ultimately  hanged  in  Edin- 
burgh, [ii.  422] 

BAILLIE,  THOMAS  (</.  1802),  navy  captain  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1745 ;  served  at  Minorca,  1756  ;  commander  with 
post  rank,  1757 ;  engaged  on  convoy  service,  1757-60 ;  ap- 
pointed to  Greenwich  Hospital,  1761 ;  lieutenant-governor, 
1774 ;  having  published  charges  against  the  internal 
government  of  the  hospital,  was  deprived  of  his  office 
and  brought  to  trial  for  libel,  1778 ;  defended  by  Erskine, 
afterwards  lord  chancellor,  and  acquitted  ;  remained  un- 
employed till  1782,  when  be  was  made  clerk  of  de- 
liveries, [ii.  423] 

BAILLIE,  WILLIAM,  LORD  PROVAND  (d.  1593), 
Scottish  judge  of  court  of  session  ;  president  of  the  court, 
1556-7,  and  1568-93.  [ii.  424] 

BAILLIE,  WILLIAM  (/.  1648),  Scottish  general; 
went  to  Sweden  in  early  life,  and  served  under  Gustavus 
Adolphus  as  colonel  of  regiment  of  Dutch  foot,  1632 ;  re- 
turned to  Scotland,  1638 ;  served  with  covenanters ; 
under  Leslie  at  Dunse  Law,  1639,  and  at  Marston  Moor, 
1644 ;  commanded  force  against  Montrose,  and  was 
worsted  at  Alford  and  Kilsyth,  1645  ;  lieutenant-general 
of  foot  under  Duke  of  Hamilton  at  Preston,  1648. 

[it  424] 

BAILLIE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1782),  lieutenant-colonel 
under  East  India  Company;  entered  East  India  Com- 
pany's army,  1759,  as  lieutenant  in  infantry  at  Madras ; 
brevet-captain,  1763;  substantive  captain,  1 764  ;  major, 
1772 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1775 ;  commanded  at  Pondi- 
cherry  during  destruction  of  French  works,  1779  ;  while 
attempting  to  join  forces  with  Munro,  was  defeated  by 
Hy.U-r  All  and  taken  pri.-om-r,  1780  ;  died  in  captivity  at 


H  \dlT 

.Svriugapatam. 


[Ii.  425] 


BAILLIE,  WILLIAM  (1723-1810),  amateur  engraver 
and  etcher :  educated  at  Dublin  ;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
but  received  commission  in  army  and  fought  at  Culloden 
and  Miudi-n  :  retired  with  captain's  rank,  1761 ;  commis- 
sioner of  stamps  177:1  !)5  ;  etched  many  plates,  chiefly 
after  Dutch  and  Flemish  masters,  which  he  published 
himself.  [ii.  425] 

BALLLLE,  WILLIAM,  LORD  POI.KKMMKT  (d.  1816), 
Scottish  judge,  1793-1811  ;  advocate,  1758.  [ii.  425] 

BAILLIE- COCHRANE.  ALEXANDER  D.  R.  W.  0., 
first  BARON  LAMINGTON  (1816-1890).  [See  COCHRANK- 
BAILLIE.] 

BALLY,  CHARLES  (1815-1878),  architect ;  for  some 
years  principal  assistant  to  the  city  architect,  London  ; 
F.S.A.,  1844;  contributed  to  publications  of  Surrey 
Archaeological  Society.  [ii.  426] 

BALLY,  EDWARD  HODGES  (1788-1867),  sculptor ; 
entered  merchant's  office  at  Bristol ;  forsook  commerce 
and  became  pupil  of  Flaxman,  1807  ;  A.R.A.,  1817  ;  R.A., 
1821;  executed  the  statue  of  'Eve  at  the  Fountain'  for 
British  Literary  Institution,  1818,  and  many  other  cele- 
brated portrait  statues  and  groups.  [ii.  427] 

BALLY,  FRANCIS  (1774-1844),  astronomer;  appren- 
ticed in  a  London  mercantile  house,  1788-95  ;  travelled  in 
America.  1795-8  ;  entered  into  partnership  with  a  Lon- 
don stockbroker,  1799 ;  published  successful  works  on 
annuities  and  assurances,  1808  and  1810 ;  turned  his  at- 
tention to  astronomy,  and,  1820,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Astronomical  Society,  of  which  he  was  four 
times  president;  retired  from  business,  1825;  greatly 
advanced  astronomy  by  his  revision  of  star  catalogues, 
including  those  of  Flamsteed,  Lalande,  and  Lacaille,  his 
simplified  tables  for  reduction  of  aberration,  nutation,  <fec, 
and  his  reform  of  the  '  Nautical  Almanac  * ;  received  the 
Astronomical  Society's  gold  medal,  1843,  for  a  successful 
repetition  of  '  Cavendish's  experiment '  for  measuring  the 
earth's  density ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Dublin,  1835,  and  Oxford, 
1844  ;  permanent  trustee  of  British  Association,  1839 ; 
vice-president  Geographical  Society,  1830;  long  vice- 
president  and  treasurer  of  the  Royal  Society,  [ii.  427] 

BALLY,  JOHN  WALKER  (1809-1873),  archaeologist, 
brother  of  Charles  Baily  [q.  v.]  ;  master  of  Ironmongers' 
Company,  1862-3 ;  formed  collection  of  Romano-British 
and  mediaeval  remains  excavated  in  city  of  London. 

BALLY,  THOMAS  (d.  1591),  catholic  divine ;  fellow 
and  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1549  ;  master,  c.  1557 ; 
on  Elizabeth's  accession  removed  to  Louvain  and  thence 
to  Douay,  where,  and  at  Rheims,  he  was  employed  in 
government  of  the  English  College  ;  D.D.  Louvain. 

[it  432] 

BAIN.    [Sec  also  BAIXK  and  BAYNE.] 

BAIN,  ALEXANDER  (1810-1877),  telegraphic  in- 
ventor ;  apprenticed  as  clockmaker  at  Wick ;  came  as 
journeyman  to  London,  1837  ;  applied  electricity  to  work- 
ing of  clocks  ;  invented  electric  fire-alarms,  and,  in  1843, 
the  automatic  chemical  telegraph.  [ii.  432] 

BAINBRIDGE.  CHRISTOPHER  (1 164  ?-15l4),  arch- 
bishop of  York,  and  cardinal ;  provost  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  in  1495 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury  and,  later,  of 
Lincoln,  till  1500 ;  treasurer  of  St.  Paul's,  1497 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Surrey,  1501 ;  prebendary  and  dean  of  York, 
1503;  dean  of  Windsor,  1605;  master  of  rolls,  1504-7; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1507 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1508  ; 
ambassador  from  Henry  VIII  to  pope,  1509 ;  cardinal, 
1611  ;  LUD.  [u.  433] 

BAINBRIDGE,  JOHN  (1582-1643),  physician  and 
astronomer ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1607  ; 
M.D.,  1614  ;  L.O.P.,  1618 ;  first  Saviliau  professor,  Oxford, 
119;  M.D.,  Oxford,  1620  ;  junior  (1631)  and  senior(1635) 
reader  of  Linacre's  lecture.  He  published  astronomical 
works  and  left  many  mathematical  collections  iu  manu- 
script, [ii.  434] 

BALNBRIOO,  REGINALD  (1489  ?-1555  ?),  pro- 
bably uncle  of  Reginald  Bainbrigg  (1546-1606)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1509  ;  B.D.,  1526  ;  proctor  of  university, 
1517  ;  master  of  Catherine  Hall,  c.  1527 ;  prebendary  of 
Wells,  1637.  [ii.  435] 

BALNBRIOO  or  BAYNBRLDGE,  REGINALD  (1645- 
600),  antiquary  ;    B.A.    Peterhouse,  Cambridge,   1577  ; 


BAINBBIGG 


49 


BAIBD 


headmaster  of  Appleby  Grammar  School,  1574-1606. 
Collected  stones  hearing  ancient  inscriptions  in  Xorth- 
mnberland, Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland,  while  several 
pap'-r-  relating  to  these  counties  in  the  Cottonian  MSS. 
are  attributed  to  him.  [ii.  434] 

BAINBRIGG,     THOMAS     (rf.     1646),     master    of 

Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  master,  1620:  vice-chan-  | 
cellor  of  the  university,  1627;  perhaps  authorised  Milton's  I 
rustication  or  expulsion  from  his  college.  [ii.  435] 

BAINBRIGG,    BAMBRH)GE,     or     BEMBRIDGE, 
TH'i.MAS  (1636-1703),  protestant  controversialist;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1661 ;  proctor,  1678  :  D.D.,  1684  ;  fellow  and  j 
vice-master  of  Trinity  College  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1669  :  vicar 
of  Chesterton  ;   rector  of  Orwell ;   published  protestant  ! 
controversial  pamphlets.  [ii.  436  ] 

BAINBRIGGE,  SIR  PHILIP  (1786-1862),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  entered  navy  as  midshipman,  but  in  1800  re- 
ceived an  ensigncy  in  20th  regiment ;  lieutenant,  1800 ; 
studied  at  Deptford ;  gazetted  to  company  in  18th  royal 
Iri-Ii  in  West  Indies,  1805;  inspector  of  fortifications, 
Curaeoa,  1807;  entered  Royal  Military  College,  High 
Wycombe,  1809 ;  deputy  assistant  quartermaster -general 
in  Portugal,  1811 ;  rendered  important  services  at  several 
engagements  in  Peninsular  war  ;  major :  served  in  France, 
1815  :  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1817  ;  O.B.,  1888  ;  deputy 
quartermaster-general,  Dublin,  1841  ;  major-general,  and 
commander  of  Belfast  district,  1846  ;  commander  of  forces 
In  Ceylon,  1852-4 ;  lieutenant-general,  and  K.O.B.,  1854. 

[ii.  436] 

BAINE,  JAMES  (1710-1790),  Scottish  divine ;  M.A. 
Glasgow  ;  successively  minister  at  Killearn  and  Paisley  ; 
resigned  living  of  Paisley  ;  being  an  ardent  supporter  of 
evangelical  doctrine,  joined  Gillespie,  founder  of  the 
Relief  church,  and  became  minister  of  the  first  Relief  con- 
gregation in  Edinburgh,  1766  ;  published  a  history  of 
modern  church  reformation.  [ii.  437] 

BAINES,  EDWARD  (1774-1848),  journalist ;  appren- 
ticed as  printer  in  Preston,  Lancashire,  and  in  Leeds  ;  j 
started  as  printer  on  his  own  account ;  became  proprietor 
of  'Leeds  Mercury,'  1801,  and  entered  largely  into  the 
whig  agitations  of  the  day  ;  M.P.  for  Leeds,  1834-41 ; 
published  works  relating  to  history  of  George  Ill's  r  ' 
and  topography  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire,  [ii.  4* 

BAINES,  SIR  EDWARD  (1800-1890),  journalist  and 
economist ;  son  of  Edward  Baines  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
the  New  College,  Manchester;  entered  office  of  'Leeds 
Mercury,1  1815,  and  was  editor,  1818 ;  studied  sociology 
and  economics,  and  advocated  repeal  of  corn  laws  ;  sup- 
ported catholic  emancipation,  1829  ;  published  '  History  of 
Cotton  Manufacture  in  Great  Britain,'  1835 ;  advocated 
public  education  independent  of  state ;  served  on  schools 
inquiry  commission,  1865 ;  M.P.  for  Leeds,  1859-74  ;  chair- 
man of  Yorkshire  College,  Leeds,  1880-7 ;  knighted,  1880 ; 
published  writings  on  political  and  social  subjects. 

[Suppl.  i.  100] 

BAINES,  FRANCIS  (1648-1710).    [See  SANDERS.] 

BAINES,  JOHN  (1787-1838),  mathematician;  con- 
tributed largely  to  '  Ladies'  Diary,'  '  Gentleman's  Diary,' 
4  York  Miscellany,'  and  similar  periodicals.  [ii.  439] 

BAINES,  MATTHEW  TALBOT  (1799-1860),  poli- 
tician ;  son  of  Edward  Baines  [q.  v.]  ;  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  called  to  bar,  1825 ;  Q.O.,  1841 ; 
M.P.  for  Hull,  1847,  and  Leeds,  1852 ;  president  of  poor- 
law  board,  1849 ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1855. 

[ii.  439] 

BAINES,  PAUL  (d.  1617).    [See  BAYNES.] 

BAINES,  PETER  AUGUSTINE  (1786-1843),  Roman 
catholic  bishop ;  studied  for  the  church  at  the  English 
Benedictine  abbey  of  Lambspring,  Hanover,  which  was 
seized  by  the  Prussians  in  1803,  when  the  students  came  to 
England,  and  inaugurated  the  Benedictine  College  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Ampleforth  :  entered  Benedictine  order,  1804  ; 
ordained  subdeacon,  1807,  and  priest,  1810  ;  teacher  at 
Ampleforth  till  1817,  when  he  undertook  charge  of  mission 
at  Bath ;  appointed  coadjutor-bishop  to  Bishop  Colling- 
ridge,  and,  later,  bishop  of  Siga,  1823  ;  toured  for  his 
health  on  the  continent ;  preached  frequently  in  Rome, 
1827-9  ;  returned  to  England,  and  succeeded  Bishop  Col- 
lingridge  as  vicar-apostolic  of  western  district,  1829; 
purchased  Prior  Park,  where  he  founded  ecclesiastical  and 


lay  colleges  ;  author  of  numerous  controversial  writings, 
sermons,  lectures,  and  pastoral  charges.  [ii.  439] 

BAINES,  ROGER  (154«-1623).    [See  BAYNES.] 

BAINES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1622-1680),  physician; 
friend  of  Sir  John  Finch,  M.D. ;  M.A.  Chrises  College, 
Cambridge,  1649  ;  M.D.  Padua  and  Cambridge  :  Greaham 
professor  of  music;  knighted,  1672;  accompanied  Finch 
on  embassies  to  Florence,  Tuscany,  and  Constantinople, 
where  he  died.  [ii.  441] 

BAINES,  THOMAS  (1822-1875),  artist  and  explorer  ; 
artist  with  British  army  in  Kafir  war,  1848-51 ;  accom- 
panied exploring  expeditions  to  North-west  Australia, 
Zambesi  (under  Livingstone),  Victoria  Falls,  the  Tati 
goldfields,  and  the  Kafir  country.  [ii.  441] 

BAINES,  THOMAS  (1806-1881),  journalist;  son  of 
Edward  Baines  [q.  v.] ;  editor  of '  Liverpool  Times,'  1829  ; 
published  histories  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  York- 
shire, [ii.  442] 

BAINHAM,  JAMES  (d.  1532),  martyr ;  member  of 
Middle  Temple ;  practised  as  lawyer ;  accused  of  protestant 
heresy,  1531  :  imprisoned  and  tortured  in  Tower ;  recanted, 
but  withdrew  recantation,  and  was  burned  at  Smith- 
field.  [U.  442] 

BAIOCIS,  JOHN  DE  (rf.  1249).    [See  BAYEUX.] 

BAIRD,  SIR  DAVID  (1757-1829),  general:  ensign, 
1772;  served  at  Gibraltar,  1778-6:  lieutenant,  1778; 
captain  of  73rd  (afterwards  71st)  Highland  light  infantry 
in  India,  under  Monro,  1780;  joined  Colonel  Baillie's 
force,  and,  after  its  defeat  by  Hyder  Ali,  was  captured  ; 
released,  1784  ;  major,  1787  ;  in  England,  1789-91 ;  com- 
manded sepoy  brigade  against  Tippoo ;  took  Poudicherry, 
1793  ;  colonel,  1795  ;  at  the  Cape,  1795-8 ;  major-general 
in  second  war  against  Tippoo,  1798 ;  stormed  Seringa- 
pat  am,  1799 ;  commanded  Indian  force  in  Egypt  against 
French,  1801-2 ;  returned  to  India,  and  received  command 
of  northern  division  of  Madras  army,  1802  :  resigned,  and 
returned  to  England ;  knighted  ;  lieutenant-general  in 
expedition  to  recapture  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1805  ;  com- 
manded first  division  in  expedition  invading  Denmark, 
1807 ;  second  in  command  under  Moore  in  Spain,  1808 ; 
wounded  at  Ooruna  ;  K.B.,  1809  ;  created  baronet,  1810 ; 
general,  1814;  governor  of  Kinsale,  1819,  and  of  Fort 
George,  1829 ;  commander  of  Irish  forces  and  privy 
councillor,  1820.  [ii.  442] 

BAIBD,  GEORGE  HUSBAND  (1761-1840),  principal 
of  Edinburgh  University  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  pri- 
vate tutor,  1784  ;  licensed  as  presbyterian  preacher,  1 786  ; 
presented  to  parish  of  Dunkeld,  1787,  and  to  New  Grey- 
friars  church,  Edinburgh,  1792 ;  professor  of  oriental 
languages,  Edinburgh  ;  principal  of  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, 1793  ;  translated  to  North  parish  church,  1799,  and 
to  the  high  parish  church,  1801 ;  did  much  for  education 
of  poor  in  Scottish  highlands  and  islands.  [ii.  445] 

BAIRD,  JAMES  (1802-1876),  ironmaster;  with  his 
father  and  brothers  leased  coalfields  of  Sunnyside,  Hol- 
landhirst,  and  New  Gartsherrie,  1826,  and  the  ironstone 
in  lands  of  Cairnhill,  1828  ;  assumed,  1830,  active  manage- 
ment of  the  business,  which  was  subsequently  enlarged 
and  included  coalmines  and  ironworks  in  Ayr,  Stirling, 
Dumbarton,  and  Cumberland ;  M.P.  for  Falkirk  burghs, 
1861-7 ;  deputy-lieutenant  for  counties  of  Ayr  and  Inver- 
ness. He  was  a  liberal  benefactor  to  the  church  of 
Scotland.  [ii.  446] 

BAIRD,  SIR  JOHN  (1620-1698X  Scottish  judge ;  ad- 
mitted advocate,  1647 ;  knighted,  1651 ;  lord  of  session, 
with  title  of  Lord  Newbyth,  1664-81,  and  1689  till  death  ; 
M.P.  for  Aberdeenshire  in  Scottish  parliamente,  1665  and 
1667 ;  commissioner  for  negotiation  of  treaty  of  union, 
1670.  [ii.  447] 

BAIBD,  JOHN  (d.  1804),  Irish  divine ;  presbyterian 
minister  in  Dublin,  1767-77  ;  D.D. :  conformed,  and  was 
rector  of  Cloghran,  near  Dublin,  1782 ;  published  •  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Old  Testament,'  177f .  [it  448] 

BAIRD,  JOHN  (1799-1861),  Scottish  divine:  succes- 
sively minister  of  Legertwood,  Eccles,  and  Swintou, 
Berwickshire:  founded  Plinian  Society,  Edinburgh,  1*23  ; 
evangelical  preacher  in  Ireland,  1826;  minister  of  Yet- 
holm,  Roxburghshire,  1829-61  ;  worked  extensively  for 
education  of  Scottish  gipsiea.  [IL  448] 


BAIRD 


50 


BAKER 


BAIRD,  WILLIAM  (.1*03-1872),  Scottish  physician  : 
prai-tUi-d  in  London  :  employed  in  zoological  department 
of  British  Muslim,  1841-72  :  published  '  Natural  History 
of  British  Entoraostraca,'  1850,  and '  Cyclopaedia  of  Natural 
Si-u'iuvs,'  1868.  [ii.  448] 

BAKER,  ALEXANDER  (1582-1638),  Jesuit :  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  1610  :  twice  visited  India  as  missionary. 

[iii.  1]' 

BAKER,    ANNE    ELIZABETH    (1786-1881),    philo- 
logist ;  assisted  her  brother,  George  Baker  [q.  v.j,  in  his  ! 
'  History  of  Northamptonshire,'  and  published  'Glossary 
of  Northamptonshire  Words,'  1854.  [iii.  1] 

BAKER,   ANSELM    (1834-1885),  artist;    Oisteroian  ! 
monk  at  Mount  St.  Bernard's  Abbey,  Leicestershire,  1857  ;  | 
executed  mural    paintings    and    designed    heraldic  and 
other  illustrations  for  several  publications.  [iii.  1] 

BAKER,  AUGUSTINE  (1575-1641).  [See  BAKER, 
DAVID.] 

BAKER,  CHARLES  (1617-1679),  Jesuit:  real  name 
DAVID  LKWIS  ;  entered  English  college  at  Home,  1638  : 
priest,  1642 ;  joined  Society  of  Jesus,  1644  ;  professed 
father,  1655  :  missioner  in  South  Wales ;  victim  of  Titus 
Oates's  plot  and  executed  at  Usk.  [iii.  1] 

BAKER,  CHARLES  (1803-1874),  deaf  and  dumb 
instructor  :  assistant  instructor  successively  at  deaf  and 
dumb  institutions  at  Edgbaston,  Birmingham,  and  Don- 
caster  ;  wrote  works  relating  to  teaching  of  deaf  and 
dumb.  [iii.  2] 

BAKER,  DAVID,  in  religion  AUGCSTIXE  (1575-1641), 
Benedictine  monk  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
London,  and  Broadgates  Hall  (now  Pembroke  College).  Ox- 
ford :  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and,  1596,  of  Inner  Temple : 
entered  Benedictine  monastery  at  Padua,  1605  ;  ordained 
priest ;  spiritual  director  of  English  Benedictine  nuns  at 
Oambrai,  1624  :  conventual  atDouay,  1633  :  joined  English 
mission  ;  left  collections  for  ecclesiastical  history. 

[iii.  2] 

BAKER,  DAVID  BRISTOW  (1803-1852),  religions 
writer  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  in- 
cumbent of  Clay  gate,  Surrey.  [iii.  5] 

BATTER,  DAVID  ERSKINE  (1730-1767),  writer  on 
the  drama  ;  grandson  of  Daniel  Defoe  ;  educated  in  the 
Tower  aa  a  royal  engineer  ;  joined  a  company  of  strolling 
players ;  published  '  Companion  to  Playhouse,'  1784 ; 
wrote  and  translated  dramatic  pieces.  [iii.  5] 

BAKER,  FRANKLIN  (1800-1867),  Unitarian  divine ; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1823;  minister  of  Bank  Street  Chapel, 
Boltou,  1823-64.  His  works  include  a  history  of  noncon- 
formity in  Bolton  (1864).  [iii.  6] 

BAKER,  GEOFFREY  (fl.  1350),  chronicler;  less 
correctly  known  as  WAI.TKR  OK  SWIXBROKK;  wrote  two 
chronicles,  of  which  the  earlier  and  shorter  extends  from 
the  first  day  of  creation  to  1326,  and  the  second  from 
1303  to  1356.  [Iii.  6] 

BAKER,  GEORGE  (1540-1600),  surgeon  ;  member  of 
Barber  Surgeons'  Company ;  master,  1597 ;  attached  to 
household  of  Earl  of  Oxford ;  wrote  and  translated 
several  works  on  surgery  and  medicine,  1574-97.  [iii.  7] 

BAKER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1722-1809),  physician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge :  graduate 
and  fellow,  1746  ;  M.D.,  1756  ;  F.C.P.,  1757  ;  F.R.H.,  buronet, 
and  physician  to  king  and  queen,  177tf  ;  published  medical 
works,  including  a  demonstration  that  the  Devonshire 
colic  epidemic  was  a  form  of  lead-poisoning.  [ill.  7] 

BAKER,  GEORGE  (1773  ?-1847),  musician ;  studied 
music  in  London,  and  performed  in  public  ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Oxford,  e.  1797  :  organist  at  Derby,  1810,  and  at  Rugeley, 
1824-47  ;  his  best  work  probably  •  The  Storm.'  [iii.  8] 

BAKER,  GEORGE  (1781-1851),  topographer;  pub- 
lished in  parte,  between  1822  and  1841,  an  elaborate 
history  of  Northamptonshire,  which,  from  want  of  sub- 
scribers, remained  unfinished.  [iii.  9] 

BAKER,  HENRY  (1734-1766),  author  and  lawyer; 
grandson  of  Daniel  Defoe ;  left  legal  writings  in  manu- 
script, [iii.  »] 

BAKER,  HENRY  (1698-1774),  naturalist  and  poet; 
made  a  large  fortune  as  a  teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb 


by  an  original  system ;  married  Daniel  Defoe's  youngest 
daughter,  Sophia,  1729;  conducted  with  Defoe  the  'Uni- 
versal Spectator  and  Weekly  Journal,'  1728-33;  F.S.A. 
ami  F.K.S.,  1740;  took  part  in  establishing  Society  of 
Arts,  1754  ;  published  poems,  translations,  and  works  on 
natural  science.  [iii.  9] 


,,  HENRY  AARON  (1753-1836),  Irish  archi- 
tect ;  secretary  to  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  ;  teacher  of 
architecture  in  Dublin  Society's  school,  1787.  [iii.  10] 


SIR  HENRY  WILLIAMS,  BAKT.  (1821- 
1877),  hymn  writer ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1847 ;  vicar  of  Monkland,  near  Leomiuster,  1851  ;  pro- 
moted and  edited  'Hymns  Ancient  and  Modern,'  1861,  to 
which  collection  he  contributed  many  original  hymns, 
besides  translations  from  the  Latin.  [iii.  11] 


HUMPHREY  (fl.  1562-1587),  arithmetician 
and  astrologer;  published  'The  Wellspring  of  Sciences,' 
1562,  and  other  mathematical  writings.  [iii.  11] 


,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1558),  lawyer ;  joint  ambassa- 
dor to  Denmark,  1526 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons, 
attorney-general,  and  privy-councillor ;  chancellor  of 
exchequer,  1545-58.  [iii.  12] 

BAKER,  JOHN  (1661-1716),  admiral;  lieutenant, 
1688 ;  captain.  1691  ;  served  against  French  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1691-1707;  rear-admiral  of  white,  1708;  vice- 
admiral  of  blue  and  second  in  command  in  Mediterranean, 
1709-13,  and  1714  till  his  death  at  Port  Mahon.  [iii.  12] 


,,  JOHN  (d.  1745),  vice-master  of  Trinity,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1702;  D.D., 
1717;  vice-master,  1722  ;  rector  of  Dickleburgh,  Norfolk, 
1731 ;  firm  supporter  of  Dr.  Richard  Bentley.  [iii.  13] 

BAKER,  JOHN  (d.  1771),  flower-painter  ;  an  original 
member  of  Royal  Academy.  [iii.  13] 

BAKER,  JOHN  WYNN  (d.  1775),  agricultural  and 
rural  economist ;  F.R.S.,  1771 :  promoted  agriculture  ii 
Ireland ;  published  works  on  rural  and  agricultural 
economy.  [iii.  13] 

BAKER,  PAOIFIOUS  (1696-1774),  Franciscan  friar  ; 
provincial  of  the  English  province,  1761  and  1770  ;  pub- 
lished religious  works.  [iii.  13] 

BAKER,  PHILIP  (fl.  1568-1601),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Eton  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1548  ;  D.D.,  1562 ; 
provost,  1558  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1662  ;  compelled  to  fly  to  Louvain  owing  to  his  Roman 
catholic  leanings,  1570.  [iii.  14] 


SIR  RICHARD  (1568-1645),  religious  and 
historical  writer ;  probably  grandson  of  Sir  John  Baker 
[q.  v.] ;  shared  rooms  with  (Sir)  Henry  Wotton  at  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  studied  law  in  London  :  travelled  abroad ; 
M.A.,  1594  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  high  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire, 
1620 ;  died  in  Fleet  prison  where  he  was  confined  for 
debt,  1635-45;  during  residence  in  Fleet  he  published 
religious  writings  and  (1643)  a  chronicle  of  the  kings  of 
England  from  the  Roman  period  to  1625.  [iii.  14] 


,  RICHARD  (1741-1818),  theological  writer ; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1765 :  D.D.,  1788 ; 
fellow  ;  rector  of  Oawston-with-Portland,  Norfolk,  1772  ; 
published  religious  works.  [iii.  16] 

BAKER,  ROBERT  (fl.  1563),  voyager ;  made  two 
voyages  to  Guinea,  of  which  he  wrote  accounts  in  verse, 
printed  in  Hakluyt's  '  Voyages,'  1589.  [iii.  16] 

BAKER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1660  ?),  divine ;  M.A.  and  fel- 
low, Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1619  ;  D.D.,  1639  ;  pre- 
teudary  of  St.  Paul's,  1636  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1638,  and 
of  Canterbury,  1639 ;  sequestered  from  preferments  by 
Long  parliament.  [iii.  17] 

BAKER,  SIR  SAMUEL  WHITE  (1821-1893),  traveller 
and  sportsman  ;  brother  of  Valentine  Baker  [q.  v.] : 
visited  Ceylon,  1846  and  1848,  and  successfully  established 
English  colony  at  Newera  Eliya  ;  superintended  construc- 
tion of  railway  connecting  Danube  with  Black  Sea,  1859  ; 
travelled  in  Asia  Minor,  1860-1 ;  explored  Nile  tributaries 
of  Abyssinia,  1861-2,  and  rested  at  Khartoum,  1862; 
started  up  Nile,  and  reached  Gondokoro,  1863  ;  met  John 
Hanning  Speke  [q.  v.]  and  James  Augustus  Grant  [q.  v.] 
returning  from  Upper  Nile,  and,  travelling  through  the 
Latuka  country  and  Kamrasi's  country,  arrived  at  White 
Nile  and  Karuma  fulls,  January  1864,  and  at  Mbakoria 


BAKER 


51 


BALDR.ED 


on  lake,  which  he  named  Albert  Nyanza,  March  1864 ;  i 
explore*!  the  river  from  Magungo  to  Island  of  Patooan,  | 
returning  to  Khartoum,  May  1865  ;  received  gold  medal  i 
of  Royal  Geographical  Society  ;  knipnted,  1866  ;  honorary  , 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1866 ;    F.R.S.,  1869  ;  published  account  • 
of    expedition,   1866  ;    accompanied  Prince  of  Wales  to 
Egypt  and  Nile,  1869 ;  appointed  for  four  years  governor- 
general  of  Equatorial  Nile  basin  with  rank  of  pacha,  and 
major-general  in  Ottoman  army,  1869  ;  arrived  at  Gondo- 
koro,  his  seat  of  government,  1871,  established  system  of 
administration  and  vigorously  opposed  slave  trade  ;  pub- 
lished '  Ismailia,'  1874 ;  continued  to  travel  occasionally 
in  many  parts  of  the  world  for  purpose  of  hunting  big 
game.  [Suppl.  i.  101] 

BAKER,  THOMAS  (1625?-1689),  mathematician; 
educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  vicar  of  Bishop's 
Nyuipton,  Devonshire,  1681 ;  published  a  work  on  the 
solution  of  biquadratic  equations,  1684.  [iii.  17] 

BAKER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1700-1709),  dramatist;  pro- 
bably educated  at  Oxford;  published  several  comedies, 
which  were  played  at  Drury  Lane.  [ill.  17] 

BAKER,  THOMAS  (1656-1740),  antiquary  ;  educated 
at  Durham  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1680  ;  received  living  of  Long  Newton,  which  he  resigned 
as  a  nonjuror,  1690 ;  resigned  fellowship  owing  to  non- 
compliance  with  abjuration  oath,  1717,  but  resided  in 
college  as  commoner  master  till  death  ;  left  in  manuscript 
a  very  complete  and  accurate  history  of  Cambridge,  with 
other  antiquarian  writings.  [iii.  18] 


Sm  THOMAS  (1771  ?-1845),  vice-admiral ; 
entered  navy,  1781  ;  lieutenant,  1792 ;  commander,  1795  : 
captain,  1797 ;  captured  (neutral)  Danish  merchant 
vessels  convoyed  by  frigate  on  suspicion  that  they 
carried  contraband,  and  occasioned  coalition  of  Russia 
and  Denmark  in  armed  neutrality,  1800;  attached  to 
channel  fleet,  1803  ;  effected  important  capture  of  French 
frigate  Didon,  1805  ;  flag-captain  to  Rear-admiral  (Sir) 
Thomas  Bertie  [q.  v.]  in  Baltic,  1808  ;  C.B.,  1815  ;  colonel 
of  marines,  1819 ;  rear-admiral,  1821  ;  commander-in- 
chief  off  South  America,  1829-33 ;  K.C.B.,  1831 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1837.  [Suppl.  i.  106] 

BAKER,  THOMAS  BARWICK  LLOYD  (1807- 
1886),  one  of  the  founders  of  reformatory  school  system  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1828  ;  magistrate  for  Gloucestershire,  1833  ; 
deputy-lieutenant  of  Gloucestershire,  and  high  sheriff,  1847- 
1848  ;  founded,  1852,  with  George  Henry  Bengough  (1829- 
1865),  Hardwicke  reformatory  school,  and  subsequently 
did  much  work  in  connection  with  prevention  of 
crime.  [Suppl.  i.  106] 

BAKER,  Sm  THOMAS  DURAND  (1837-1893),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  ensign,  18th  royal  Irish  foot,  1854 ;  cap- 
tain, 1858 ;  major,  1873  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1881 ;  major- 
general,  1886  ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854-6  ;  in  India,  1857-63  ; 
New  Zealand,  1863-7  ;  quartermaster-general  in  Ashanti 
expedition,  1873-4;  chief  of  staff,  1874;  C.B.,  1874; 
deputy  assistant  quartermaster-general  on  headquarters 
staff  in  London,  1874 ;  assistant  adjutant-general,  1875 ; 
aide-de-camp  to  the  queen,  1877;  attached  to  Russian 
army  during  Russo-Turkish  war,  1877  ;  military  secretary 
'  to  Lord  Lytton  in  India,  1878  ;  accompanied  Sir  Frederick 
(afterwards  earl)  1  Roberts  in  Kabul  campaign,  1879-80; 
K.O.B.,  1881 ;  quartermaster-general  to  forces,  1890  ;  tem- 
porary lieutenant-general,  1891.  [Suppl.  i. 107] 

BAKER,  VALENTINE,  afterwards  known  as  BAKER 
PACHA  (1827-1887),  cavalry  officer  ;  brother  of  Sir  Samuel 
Baker  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  12th  lancers,  1852  ;  served  in  Kaffir 
war,  1852-3,  and  in  Crimea,  1854-6 ;  major,  10th  hussars, 
1859  ;  assistant  quartermaster-general,  Aldershot,  1874  ; 
convicted  of  criminal  offence  and  dismissed  from  army, 
1875 ;  took  service  under  sultan  during  Russo-Turkish 
war,  1877-8 ;  defended  position  at  Tashkessan,  and  was 
promoted  ferik  or  lieutenant-general,  1877;  entered 
Egyptian  service  and  commanded  police,  1882-7 ;  on  in- 
telligence staff  of  force  under  Sir  Gerald  Graham  [q.  v.] 
in  Egypt,  1884  ;  published  works  on  militaiy  subjects. 

[Suppl.  i.  109] 

BAKER,  WILLIAM  (1668-1732),  bishop  of  Norwich  ; 
fellow,  and  afterwards  warden,  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ; 
bishop  of  Bangor,  1723,  and  of  Norwich,  1727.  [iii.  20] 


WILLIAM  (1742-1786),  printer;  appren- 
ticed and  subsequently  in  business  in  London  ;  linguist 
and  classical  scholar;  published  essays  and  (1783)  a 
volume  of  extracts  from  classical  authors.  [iii.  21] 

BAKER,  SIR  WILLIAM  ERSKINE  (1808-1881), 
general;  lieutenant  in  Bengal  engineers,  1826;  captain, 
1840 ;  served  in  Sikh  war,  and  was  subsequently  employed 
in  the  public  works  department ;  returned  to  England  as 
colonel,  1857  ;  military  secretary  to  India  Office :  K.C.B., 
1870 ;  general,  1877.  [iii.  21] 

BAKEWELL,  ROBERT  (1725-1 795),  grazier  ;  greatly 
improved  breed  of  oxen  and  sheep,  produced  Dishley  or 
'Leicestershire  long-horn'  cattle,  and  was  first  to  carry 
on  trade  of  ram-letting  on  large  scale.  [iii.  22] 

BAKEWELL,  ROBERT  (1768-1843),  geologist :  made 
extensive  mineralogical  surveys  in  England  and  Ireland ; 
published '  Introduction  to  Geology,'  1813 ;  established  him- 
self in  London  as  geological  instructor,  and  subsequently 
extended  his  surveys  to  the  Alps,  publishing  an  account 
of  his  travels,  1823.  [iii.  23] 

BALAM,  RICHARD  (fl.  1653),  mathematician; 
author  of  a  work  on  '  Algebra,'  published  1653.  [iii.  24] 

BALATINE,  ALAN  (fl.  1560),  scientist ;  probably  of 
Scottish  origin;  his  'Chronicon  Universale'  used  by- 
Ed  ward  Hall  in  his  'Chronicle.'  [UL  24] 

BALCANQTJHALL,  WALTER  (1548-1616),  presby- 
terian  divine;  minister  of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  1674; 
chaplain  of  the  '  Altar  called  Jesus,'  1579 ;  compelled  to 
fly  from  Scotland  to  escape  arrest  for  preaching  against 
the  government,  1584  and  1596 ;  publicly  rebuked  in 
St.  Giles  by  the  king,  1586  ;  minister  of  Trinity  College 
Church,  1598.  [iiL  24] 

BALCANQTJHALL,  WALTER  (1586  7-1645),  royalist ; 
son  of  Walter  Balcanquhall  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1609  ; 
B.D.  and  fellow,  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1611 ;  chaplain 
to  king  ;  master  of  Savoy,  London,  1617 ;  D.D.  Oxford, 
1618  ;  sent  by  James  to  synod  of  Dort';  dean  of  Rochester 
1624,  and  of  Durham,  1639.  [iii.  25] 

BALGARRES,  EARLS  OP.  [See  LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER, 
first  EARL,  1618-1659;  LINDSAY,  COLIN,  third  EARL, 
1654  ?-1722 ;  LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  sixth  EARL,  1762- 
1825.] 

BALCARRES,  COUNTESS  OP  (1621  7-1706  ?)  [See 
CAMPBELL,  ANNA  MACKENZIE.] 

BALCHEN,  SIR  JOHN  (1670-1744),  admiral ;  attached, 
after  holding  a  commission  in  West  Indies,  to  Rooke's 
fleet  on  Spanish  coast,  1701-2  ;  served  in  the  Channel 
and  North  Sea,  1703-5,  and  on  coast  of  Guinea,  1705  ; 
twice  captured  by  French  in  the  Channel,  1708  and  1709  ; 
engaged  in  suppressing  piracy  in  West  Indies,  1715-16 ; 
second  in  command  to  Byng  in  Mediterranean,  1718; 
in  Baltic,  1719,  1720,  1721,  1726,  and  1727  ;  rear-admiral, 
1728  ;  second  in  command  in  Mediterranean,  1731 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1734 ;  admiral  of  the  white,  1743 ;  governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital  and  knighted,  1744  ;  went  down  with 
his  ship  in  the  Channel.  [iii.  26] 

BALD,  ALEXANDER  (1783-1859),  poetical  writer; 
regularly  contributed  to  'Scots  Magazine';  among  the 
first  to  acknowledge  the  merits  of  James  Hogg,  the 
Ettrick  Shepherd.  [iii.  28] 

BALDOCK,  RALPH  DE  (d.  1313),  bishop  of  London  ; 
held  prebendal  stall  of  Holborn,  1271 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
1294;  bishop  of  London,  1304;  lord  chancellor,  1307; 
wrote  a  history  of  England.  [iii.  28] 

BALDOCK,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1327),  lord  chancellor ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's ;  privy  seal,  1320  :  lord  chan- 
cellor, e.  1324  ;  died  from  injuries  received  in  riote  attend- 
ing Queen  Isabella's  invasion  of  England,  1326.  [iii.  28] 

BALDOCK,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1691),  judge:  called  to 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1651  ;  recorder  of  Great  Yarmouth, 
1671 ;  knighted ;  ser jeant  and  autumn  reader  at  Gray's 
Inn,  1677  ;  counsel  for  king  in  trial  of  the  seven  bishops, 
1688 ;  king's  bench  judge,  1688.  [Hi.  29] 

BALDRED  or  BALTHERE  (d.  608  ?X  saint ;  a 
Northumbrian  anchorite  who  lived  alone  on  the  Bass 
Rock  in  Firth  of  Forth ;  feastnlay,  6  March.  [iii.  30] 

BALDRED  (/.  823-825),  kiug  of  Kent ;  deposed  by 
1  Ecgberbt,  and  fled  '  northwards  over  the  Thames.' 
|  OH.  SO] 


BALDREY 


BALFOTJR 


BALDREY,  JOSHUA  KTRBY  (1764-1828).  i-n-ravr 
and  draughtsman ;  exhibited  portraits  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1793-4 ;  executed  engravings  after  Salvator  Ko-:i, 
Reynolds,  and  other  artiste.  [iii.  30] 

BALDUCHIE,  LORD  (d.  1608).  [See  LYOX,  SIR 
THOMAS.] 

BALDWIN  (d.  1098),  abbot  and  physician  :  monk  of 
St.  Denya:  prior  of  Liberau,  Alsace;  physician  to  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor  ;  abbot  of  St.  Edmund's,  1065 ;  subse- 
quently became  a  favourite  physician  of  the  Conqueror : 
entered  into  a  dispute  with  Herfast,  bishop  of  Elmhain, 
who  asserted  his  authority  over  the  abbey,  and  was  finally 
successful  in  obtaining  a  confirmation  of  its  inde- 
pendence, [iii.  SO] 

BALDWIN  OF  MOELES  (d.  1100?),  son  of  Gilbert, 
count  of  Eu,  who  was  grandson  of  Richard  the  Fearless ; 
received  at  the  Conquest  large  estates  in  Devon,  of  which 
county  he  became  sheriff.  [iii.  31] 

BALDWIN  OF  CLARE  (  ft.  1141),  warrior  ;  grandson  of 
Richard  the  Fearless  ;  fought  at  battle  of  Lincoln  (1141) 
under  Stephen,  with  whom  he  was  captured.  [iii.  34] 

BALDWIN  OF  REDVERB  (d.  1155),  warrior,  grandson 
of  Baldwin  of  Moeles  [q.  v.]  :  earl  of  Devon  and  lord  of 
Okehampton  and  perhaps  of  Isle  of  Wight ;  raised  revolts 
against  King  Stephen  hi  Devonshire  and  subsequently  in 
Normandy ;  held  Oorfe  Castle  against  king,  1139.  [iii.  34] 

BALDWIN  (d  1190),  archbishop  of  Canterbury; 
a  Cistercian  monk  of  Ford  in  Devonshire;  became 
abbot ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1180  :  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 1180;  employed  by  King  Henry  II  in  negotiations 
with  Rhys  ap  Gruffydd,  prince  of  South  Wales  ;  entered 
into  dispute  with  dissolute  monks  of  Christ  Church,  who 
were  supported  by  the  pope  and  various  European  princes 
against  the  archbishop's  authority,  but  a  compromise  was 
effected  in  1189 :  made  a  legatine  visitation  to  Wales, 
1187,  and  preached  there  in  favour  of  the  crusades,  1188; 
officiated  at  Richard  I's  coronation,  1189  ;  died,  a  crusader, 
in  the  Holy  Land  ;  wrote  religious  works.  [iii.  32] 

BALDWIN,  GEORGE  (d.  1818),  mystical  writer; 
travelled  in  Cyprus  and  the  East  Indies  ;  in  Egypt,  1773 : 
succeeded,  1775,  in  establishing  direct  commerce  from 
England  to  Egypt ;  consul-general  in  Egypt,  1786-98 ; 
joined,  after  adventurous  travels  in  Europe,  the  English 
commander  in  the  Malta  campaign  of  1801 :  studied 
magnetic  cures  in  Egypt,  considering  himself  possessed 
of  magnetic  gifts.  On  this  and  on  political  subjects  he 
wrote  several  works  and  pamphlets.  [iii.  35] 

BALDWIN,  JOHN  (d.  1545),  judge:  member  of 
Inner  Temple;  M.P.  for  Hindon,  Wiltshire,  1629-36; 
attorney-general  for  Wales  and  the  marches,  1530-2 ; 
serjeant-at-law.  1531 :  knighted,  1634 ;  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas,  1535 ;  judge  at  trials  of  Hi-hop  Fisher,  Sir 
Thomas  More,  Anne  Boleyn,  and  Lord  Darcy.  [iii.  37] 

BALDWIN,  RICHARD,  D.D.  (1672?-1758),  provost 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1717.  [iii.  37] 

BALDWIN,  ROBERT  (1804-1858),  Canadian  states- 
man ;  admitted  attorney  and  called  to  bar  of  Upper 
Canada,  1825  :  honorary  head  of  Upper  Canada  bar,  1847- 
1848  and  1850-8:  represented  York  (now  Toronto)  in 
legislative  assembly,  1830 ;  member  of  executive  council 
of  Upper  Canada,  1836  ;  advocated  establishment  of  par- 
liamentary government:  solicitor-general  for  Upper 
Canada,  1840 ;  member  of  Lord  Sydenham's  executive 
council  on  union  with  Lower  Canada,  1841 ;  member  of 
united  legislative  assembly,  1841 ;  submitted  resolutions, 
which  were  passed  unanimously,  to  secure  that  in  local 
affairs  local  ministers  should  be  answerable  to  the  local 
houses  for  all  acts  of  the  executive  authority,  1841 ; 
attorney-general  for  Upper  Canada,  in  first  period  of 
cabinet  government  in  Canada,  1842-3 ;  inemtxT  for 
Rimouski  in  Lower  Canada,  1842 ;  again  attorney-general 
of  Upper  Canada,  1848,  under  Lord  Elgin,  and  Introduced 
many  reforms  in  administration ;  resigned,  1851 :  C.B., 
1854.  [Suppl.  I.  110] 

BALDWIN,  THOMAS  (1760-1820X  architect;  city 
architect,  c.  1775-1800,  at  Bath  ;  where  he  designed  many 
public  and  private  buildings. 

BALDWIN,  SIR  TIMOTHY  (1620-1696),  lawyer: 
B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1638 ;  D.C.I*,  1662 ;  principal 


of  Hart  Hall  (now  Hertford  College);  knighted,  1670; 
master  in  chancery,  1670-82 ;  clerk  in  House  of  Lords, 
1680  ;  wrote  legal  works.  [iii.  38] 

BALDWIN,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1547),  author :  studied 
at  Oxford ;  corrector  of  press  to  Edward  Whitchurch, 
printer  ;  employed  in  preparing  theatrical  exhibitions  for 
courts  of  Edward  VI  and  Mary  ;  clergyman  and  school- 
master :  superintended  publication  of  and  contributed  to 
'Mirror  for  Magistrates,'  1559;  published  poetical  and 
other  works.  [iii.  38] 

BALDWIN  or  BAWDEN,  WILLIAM  (1663-1632X 
Jesuit:  studied  at  Oxford :  joined  Society  of  Jesus  in 
Belgium,  1590 :  professed  father,  1602 ;  in  Spain,  1595 ; 
captured  by  English  fleet  at  Dunkirk ;  vice-prefect  of 
English  mission,  Brussels,  c.  1600-10 ;  accused  of  com- 
plicity in  Gunpowder  plot:  arrested  and  imprisoned  in 
England,  1610-18  ;  died  at  St.  Omer.  [iii.  39] 

BALDWULF,  BEADWTTLF,  or  BADTTLF  (d.  803  ?X 
probably  last  Anglian  bishop  of  Whithern  or  Candida 
Oasa,  Galloway,  791,  till  death.  [iii.  40] 

BALDWYN,  EDWARD  (1746-1817),  pamphleteer; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1784 ;  rector  of  Abdon, 
Shropshire.  [iii.  40] 

BALE,  JOHN  (1495-1563),  bishop  of  Ossory ;  edu- 
cated at  Carmelite  convent,  Norwich,  and  Jesus  College, 
Oxford  :  converted  to  protestantism  ;  held  living  of  Thorn- 
den,  Suffolk ;  lived  in  Germany,  1540-7,  on  fall  of  Crom- 
well, who  had  protected  him  :  vicar  of  Swaffham,  Norfolk, 
1651 ;  bishop  of  Os?ory,  1553 ;  fled  to  continent,  1553 ; 
subsequently  prebendary  of  Canterbury ;  wrote  several 
religious  plays,  a  history  of  English  writers,  and  numerous 
controversial  works  of  great  bitterness.  [iii.  41] 

BALE,  ROBERT  (A.  1461),  chronicler;  notary  of 
London  and  judge  of  civil  courts  ;  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
London,  and  other  historical  works.  [iii.  42] 

BALE,  ROBERT  (d.  1503),  prior  of  Carmelite  monas- 
tery, Burnham  :  wrote  historical  works.  [iii.  42] 

BALES  or  BAYLES,  alias  EVERS,  CHRISTOPHER 
(d.  1690),  priest ;  sent  on  English  mission  from  Rheims, 
1588  ;  executed,  1690,  as  priest  of  foreign  ordination  exer- 
cising sacerdotal  functions  in  England.  [iii.  43] 

BALES,  PETER,  or  BALESIUS  (1547-1610?),  calli- 
graphist:  educated  at  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford;  resided 
in  the  Old  Bailey,  working  as  a  writing-master,  and  was 
frequently  employed  in  connection  with  state  corre- 
spondence and  intercepted  letters  ;  published  '  The  Writ- 
ing Schootemaster,'  1590.  [iii.  43] 

BALFE,  MICHAEL  WILLIAM  (1808-1870X  musical 
composer ;  first  appeared  in  public  as  a  violinist,  1817  ; 
articled  to  Charles  Edward  Horn  the  singer,  1823  ; 
violinist  in  Drnry  Lane  orchestras  and  at  oratorio  con- 
certs ;  went  to  Italy  under  patronage  of  Count  Mazzara ; 
studied  singing  and  composition  at  Milan  and  Paris,  and 
appeared  with  great  success  as  Figaro  in  Rossini's  '  Bar- 
blere,'  1827  ;  produced  his  first  opera,  '  I  Rivali  di  ae 
stessi,'  at  Palermo,  1830  ;  returned  to  England,  1833 :  his 
'  Siege  of  Rochelle'  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  1835:  pro- 
duced other  compositions,  including  'Falstaff,'  at  short 
intervals ;  toured  hi  Ireland  and  west  of  England ;  pro- 
duced 'Le  Puite  d'Amour'  in  Paris  and  his  highly 
successful  '  Bohemian  Girl ' ;  in  London,  1843  ;  conductor 
of  the  Italian  Opera,  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  1846 :  pro- 
duced the  'Sicilian  Bride,'  1862  :  wrote  several  works  for 
the  Pyne- Harrison  company  at  Oovent  Garden,  1857-63. 

BALFE,  VIOTOIRE  (1837-1871).     [See  CUAM'I-TON.] 

BALFOTTR,  ALEXANDER  (1767-1829),  Scottish 
novelist ;  apprenticed  as  weaver  ;  clerk  in  Arbroath,  1793 ; 
began  at  an  early  age  to  contribute  verse  and  prose  to 
newspapers,  and  finally  devoted  himself  to  literature.  HiB 
novels  include  :  'Campbell,'  1819,  and  '  The  Foundling  of 
Glen  thorn,'  1823.  [lit  48] 

BALFOUK,  SIR  ANDREW  (1630-1694),  botanist; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Oxford  ;  M.D.  Caen,  1661 ; 
practiced  as  physician  successively  in  London,  St.  Andrews, 
and  Edinburgh :  founded  botanic  gardens,  Edinburgh ; 
left  botanical  writings.  [iii.  48] 


BALFOUR 


53 


BALIOL 


BALFOUR,  CLARA  LUCAS  (1808-1878),  lecturer 
and  autborcss  ;  »c>  Liddell :  lectured  and  wrote  on  tern- 
pemncc  and  questions  relating  to  women's  influence,  from 
1841 ;  wroto,  with  a  subsidiary  theological  aim,  in  smpport 
of  temperance,  [iii.  49] 

BALFOUR,  EDWARD  GREEN  (1813-1889),  surgeon- 
general  and  writer  on  India  ;  L.R.O.S.  Edinburgh.  1833  ; 
entered  medical  department  of  Indian  army.  1834  ;  assist- 
ant-surgeon, 1836  ;  full  surgeon,  1H52:  formed  Govern- 
ment Central  .Museum,  Madras,  1850,  and  was  superinten- 
dent till  1869;  published  '  Encyclopaedia  of  India,'  1857; 
political  agent  at  court  of  nawab  of  Carnatic  ;  surgeon- 
general  and  head  of  Madras  medical  department,  1871-6  ; 
returned  to  England,  1876 :  largely  responsible  for  the 
opening  of  the  Madras  Medical  College  to  women,  1876  ; 
published  works  chiefly  relating  to  India.  [Suppl.  i.  113] 

BALFOUR,  FRANCIS  (/.  1812),  Anglo-Indian  ;  pro- 
bably M.D.  of  Edinburgh  ;  surgeon  in  East  India  Com- 
pany's service,  1777  :  retired.  1807  ;  intimate  with  Warren 
Hastings ;  published  works  on  medicine  and  oriental 
languages.  [iii.  50] 

BALFOUR,  FRANCIS  MAITLAND  (1851-1882), 
naturalist;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1873 ;  fellow ;  lecturer  on  animal 
morphology  at  Cambridge,  1876  ;  published  a  monograph 
on  the  embryonic  history  of  the  elasmobranch  fishes, 
1878,  and  a  complete  treatise  on  embryology,  1880-1 ; 
F.K.S.,  1878;  'royal  medallist,1  1881;  obtained  a  special 
professorship  of  animal  morphology  at  Cambridge,  1882  ; 
killed  while  climbing  in  Switzerland.  [iii.  50] 

BALFOUR,  SIR  GEORGE  (1809-1894),  general  and 
politician ;  brother  of  Edward  Green  Balfour  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Military  Academy,  Addiscombe ; .  entered 
royal  artillery,  1826  ;  served  with  Malacca  field  force, 
1832-3,  and  with  Madras  forces  in  China,  1840-2  ;  consul 
at  Shanghai,  1843-66;  captain,  1844;  C.B.,  1864;  mem- 
ber of  military  finance  commission,  1859-60  ;  chief  of 
military  finance  department,  1860-2 ;  assistant  to  con- 
troller-in-chief  at  war  office,  London.  1868-71 :  K.C.B., 
1870 ;  major-general,  1865 ;  general,  1877 ;  liberal  M.P. 
for  Kincardiueshire,  1872-92.  [Suppl.  i.  114] 

BALFOUR,  SIR  JAMES,  LORD  PITTENDREICH  (d. 
1583),  Scottish  judge;  educated  for  the  priesthood; 
served  in  galleys  for  complicity  in  plot  for  assassination 
of  Cardinal  Beaton,  1547-9  ;  chief  judge  of  consistorial 
court  of  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  and,  on  its  abolition, 
one  of  the  commissaries  of  the  court  appointed  in  its 
stead  :  probably  connected  with  murder  of  Darnley  ;  go- 
vernor of  Edinburgh  Castle ;  president  of  court  of  session 
till  1568  :  gained  the  reputation  of  having  served,  deserted, 
and  profited  by  all  parties ;  probably  author  of  part  of 
'Balfour's  Practicks'  (published  1774),  the  earliest  text- 
book of  Scottish  law.  [iii.  52] 

BALFOUR,  SIR  JAMES  (1600-1657),  historian;  de- 
voted himself  to  study  of  Scottish  history  and  antiquities  ; 
studied  heraldry  in  London,  and,  on  his  return  to  Scot- 
land, 1630,  was  knighted  and  made  Lyon  king-of-arms 
and  king's  commissioner;  created  baronet,  1633.  Most 
of  his  historical,  heraldic,  and  other  manuscripts  are  pre- 
served in  the  Advocates'  Library.  His  'Annals  of  Scot- 
land from  Malcolm  III  to  Charles  II'  was  printed,  1837. 

[iii.  53] 

BALFOUR,  JAMES  (1705-1795),  philosopher;  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  called  to  Scottish  bar  ;  trea- 
surer to  faculty  of  advocates ;  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh,  1754,  and  of  law  of  nature  and  nations, 

1764  ;  published  philosophical  works.  [iii.  55] 

BALFOUR,  JOHN,  third  BARON  BALPOUK  OF  BUR- 
LKKJH  (d.  1688);  educated  in  France;  has  been  tradi- 
tionally and  erroneously  styled  '  Covenanter,'  John  Balfour 
the  '  Covenanter '  being  '  of  Kinloch.'  [iii.  55] 

BALFOUR,  JOHN  BUTTON  (1808-1884),  botanist ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh  ;  M.D.,  1832  ;  F.R.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1833  ; 
professor  of  botany  at  Glasgow,  1841,  and  at  Edinburgh, 
1845  ;  retired  as  emeritus  professor  of  botany,  1879  ;  as- 
sisted in  establishing  Botanical  Society  and  Botanical 
Club,  Edinburgh  ;  F.R.S.  (Edinburgh  and  London) ;  LL.D.; 
wrote  botanical  text-books.  [iii.  56] 

iTr?ALFOUR>  NISBET  (1743-1823),  general ;  lieutenant, 

1765  ;  captain,  1770 ;  served  in  American  war  :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1778 ;  commandant  at  Charleston,  1779 ;  colonel 


and  king's  aide-de-camp  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1794  ; 
general,  1803  ;  M.P.  for  Wigton  Burghs  and  Arundel  be- 
tween 1790  and  1802.  [iii.  56] 

BALFOUR,  ROBERT  (1550  7-1625  ?),  Scottish  philo- 
sopher and  philologist  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and 
Paris  ;  professor  of  Greek  at,  and,  c.  1586,  principal  of, 
college  of  Guienne,  Bordeaux  ;  published  commentary  on 
Aristotle  (1618),  and  other  works.  [iii.  57] 

BALFOUR,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  BALKOUR  op 
BURLEIOH  (d.  1663),  by  royal  patent  having  married  the 
heiress  of  the  title  ;  president  of  the  '  estates  '  of  Scottish 
parliament,  1640  ;  served  against  Montrose  ;  commissioner 
of  treasury  and  exchequer,  1649.  [iii.  58] 

BALFOUR,  ROBERT,  fifth  BARON  BALPODR  OP  BUR- 
LEIGH  (d.  1757)  ;  Jacobite  :  condemned  to  death  for  shoot- 
ing his  former  sweetheart's  husband,  but  escaped,  1710  : 
estates  forfeited  for  his  share  in  rebellion,  1715.  [iii.  68] 

BALFOUR,  THOMAS  GRAHAM  (1813-1891),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1834  ;  assistant  surgeon  in 
grenadier  guards,  1840-8  ;  inspector-general  in  charge  of 
new  statistical  branch  of  army,  1859-73;  F.R.S.,  1858: 
F.R.C.P.,  1860  ;  surgeon-general,  1876.  [SuppL  i.  115] 

BALFOUR,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1660),  parliamentary 
general  ;  in  Dutch  service  till  1627  ;  lieutenant-colonel  ; 
governor  of  Tower,  1630;  employed  by  king  on  uii.-.-imi 
in  Netherlands,  1631  ;  lieutenant-general  of  parliamentary 
horse  at  Edgehill,  1642,  and  other  engagements  in  civil 
war.  [iii.  59] 

BALFOUR,  WILLIAM  (1785-1838),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  served  in  Mediterranean,  at  Copenhagen,  and  in 
Peninsular  war.  [iii.  60] 

BALGUY,  CHAULES  (1708-1767),  physician;  M.D. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1750  ;  published,  besides 
medical  treatises,  a  translation  of  Boccaccio's  '  Decameron.' 


[iii.  60] 
;    M.A. 


BALGUY,  JOHN  (1686-1748),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1726  ;  incumbent  of  Lamesby 
and  Taufield,  1711  ;  took  part  in  the  Bangorian  contro- 
versy, 1718;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1727;  published 
tracts  defending  Dr.  Clarke's  metaphysical  and  ethical 
principles.  [iii.  60] 

BALGUY,  THOMAS  (1716-1785),  divine;  son  of 
John  Balguy  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1741  ;  D.D.,  1768  ;  vicar  of  Alton,  Hampshire,  1771  ; 
prebendary  of  Winchester,  1758  ;  archdeacon  of  Salisbury, 
1759  ;  published  and  edited  religious  works,  in  which  he 
followed  the  principles  of  Warburton.  [iii.  61] 

BALIOL,  ALEXANDER  DK,  LORD  OP  CAVERS  (fl. 
1246  ?-1309  ?)  ;  perhaps  son  of  Henry  de  Baliol  (d.  1246)  : 
served  in  Edward's  Welsh  wars,  1277  ;  one  of  the  Scot- 
tish barons  who  bound  themselves  to  receive  Margaret  of 
Norway  as  queen  in  the  event  of  failure  of  male  issue  of 
Alexander  III,  1284  ;  chamberlain  of  Scotland,  1287-96  ; 
fought  on  English  side  in  wars  with  Scotland,  [iii.  61] 

BALIOL,  BERNARD  DE,  the  elder  (A  1136-1167), 
did  homage  with  David  I  of  Scotland  to  the  Empress 
Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I,  1136,  but  joined  King 
Stephen's  party,  1138  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Lincoln,  1141. 

BALIOL,  BERNARD  DE,  the  younger  (fl.  1167),  has 
been  identified  with  Benrnrd  de  Baliol  (Jt.  1136-1167) 
[q.  v.]  ;  joined  the  northern  barons  who  captured  William 
the  Lion,  1174.  [iii.  63] 

BALIOL,  EDWARD  DE  (</.  1363),  king  of  Scotland  : 
eldest  son  of  John  de  Baliol,  king  of  Scotland  [q.  v.],  and 
Mabel,  daughter  of  John  de  Warenne,  earl  of  Surrey  :  suc- 
ceeded to  his  French  fiefs,  1314  ;  invaded  Scotland  at  head 
of  barons  displaced  by  Bruce,  1332  ;  crowned  at  Scone  ; 
did  homage  to  Edward  III,  to  whom  he  subsequently  sur- 
rendered ancient  Lothian  ;  compelled  to  take  refuge  in 
England  from  Scottish  patriots  under  Sir  Andrew  Murray 
and  Earl  of  Moray,  1334  ;  restored  by  Edward  Ill's  aid, 
1335  ;  left  almost  entirely  in  Edward's  hands  the  wars 
which  followed  ;  retired  to  England,  1338  ;  surrendered 
kingdom  of  Scotland  to  Edward  III,  1356,  in  return  for 
pension  of  2,(XXM. 

BALIOL,  HENRY  DE  (d.  1246),  chamberlain  of  Scot- 
land, 1219-c.  1231  ;  probably  supported  barons  against 
John  ;  attended  Henry  III  in  Gascon  war,  1241.  [iii.  66] 


BALIOL 


64 


BALLANTYNE 


BALIOL,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1269),  founder  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  one  of  the  repents  of  Scotland  during 
Alexander  Ill's  minority  till  1256,  when  he  wan  deprived 
for  treason  ;  founded  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1263  ;  sided 
with  Henry  III  in  barons'  war,  1258-65.  [iii.  66] 

BALIOL,  JOHN  DE  (1249-1315),  king  of  Scotland; 
third  sou  of  John  de  Baliol  (rf.  1269)  [q.  v.] ;  on  death,  in 
1290,  of  Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  grandchild  of 
Alexander  III,  claimed  throne  of  Scotland  in  right  of  his 
maternal  grandmother,  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  of 
David,  brother  of  William  the  Lion ;  his  only  serious 
rivals  were  Robert  Bruce  and  John  Hastings,  though  there 
were  thirteen  claimante  in  all ;  settlement  of  the  dispute 
entrusted  to  Edward  I,  who  obtained  recognition  as 
superior  lord  of  Scotland  and  selected  Baliol ;  crowned  at 
Scone,  1292  ;  condemned  for  contumacy  on  declining  to 
appear  in  Scottish  suit  before  judges  at  Westminster,  1293, 
but  yielded  and  attended  parliament  held  in  London,  1294 ; 
determined,  on  being  treated  with  haughtiness,  to  brave 
Edward's  displeasure,  and,  on  his  return  to  Scotland,  re- 
fused to  send  men  to  the  French  war ;  allied  himself  with 
Philip  of  Prance,  1295  ;  invaded  England,  1296  ;  formally 
renounced  homage  and  fealty ;  brought  to  submission  by 
Edward  and  taken  captive  to  England :  liberated,  1299  ; 
died  in  retirement  at  Castle  Galliard,  Normandy,  [iii.  66] 

BALL,  SIR  ALEXANDER  JOHN  (1757-1809),  rear- 
admiral  ;  lieutenant,  1778 ;  commander,  1783  ;  on  home 
station,  1790-3,  and  Newfoundland  station,  1793-6; 
served  in  Mediterranean  under  Nelson,  with  whom  he 
formed  a  close  friendship,  1798 ;  at  Aboukir  Bay,  1798 ; 
reduced  Malta,  1798-1800  ;  commissioner  of  navy  at  Gib- 
raltar ;  made  baronet  and  governor  of  Malta;  rear- 
admiral,  1805.  [iii.  70] 

BALL,  ANDREW  (d.  1653),  navy  captain ;  captain, 
1648 ;  served  with  Captain  Penn  in  Mediterranean,  1650-  I 
1652;    commanded  squadron  at  Copenhagen,  but  being  i 
caught  in  a  storm  returned,  1652  ;  as  captain  of  the  fleet 
encountered  Dutch  off  Portland  and  was  killed,  [iii.  72] 

BALL,  FRANCES  (1794-1861),  founder  of  convents ; 
called  Mother  Frances  Mary  Theresa  ;  joined  institute  of 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  at  Micklegate  Bar  convent,  York, 
and  in  1821  introduced  the  institute  into  Ireland,  whence 
it  spread  to  various  parts  of  the  world.  [iiL  72] 

BALL,  HANNAH  (1734-1792),  Wesleyan  methodist   i 
attracted  at  High  Wycombe  by  methodist  preachers,  in-  i 
eluding  Wesley,  with  whom  she  corresponded  :  opened 
a  Sunday  school,  1769  ;  extracts  from  her  diary  (begun  in 
1766)  and  letters  have  been  published.  [iii.  73] 

BALL,  JOHN  (d,  1381),  priest:  probably  attached  to 
abbey  of  St.  Mary's,  York  ;  frequently  reprimanded  and  I 
imprisoned  for  preaching  at  Colchester  doctrines  which 
were  in  great  part  those  of  Wycliffe,  and  which  in  1381 
brought  about  Tyler's  rebellion  ;  released  by  rebels  from 
the  archbishop's  prison,  Maids  tone,  where  he  was  con- 
fined ;  captured  at  Coventry  ;  executed  at  St.  Albaus. 

[iii.  73] 

BALL,  JOHN  (1585-1640),  puritan  divine  :  M.A.  St. 
Mary's  Hall,  Oxford  ;  obtained  ordination  without  sub- 
scription, 1610  :  presented  to  living  of  Whitmore,  Stafford- 
shire ;  '  deprived,'  and  more  than  once  imprisoned  for 
nonconformity  ;  published  religious  works.  [iii.  74] 

BALL,  JOHN  (1665  V-1745),  presbyterian ;  son  of 
Nathanael  Ball  [q.  v.] ;  minister  at  Houitou,  1705-45 ; 
opened  seminary  which,  on  account  of  his  learning,  was 
not  suppressed  under  Toleration  Act ;  published  religious 
works.  [lit  75] 

BALL,  JOHN  (1818-1889),  man  of  science  and  poli- 
tician ;  son  of  Nicholas  Ball  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge ;  honorary  fellow,  1888 ;  travelled  on 
continent  and  made  series  of  observations  of  glaciers  ; 
called  to  Irish  bar,  1845  :  assistant  poor  law  commissioner, 
1846-7,  1849-51 ;  M.P.  for  co.  Carlow,  1852 ;  under-secre- 
tary  for  colonies,  1856-7  :  first  president  of  Alpine  Club, 
1867;  published  'The  Alpine  Guide,'  1863-8:  joined 
bot  anical  expedition  to  Morocco,  1871 ;  F.R&,  1868 ;  fellow 
of  Liunean,  Geographical,  and  Antiquarian  societies.  Hi» 
publications  include  treatises  on  physical  and  geographical 
science,  and  the  botany  of  the  Alps.  [SuppL  1.  115] 

BALL,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1815-1R98),  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland  ;  educated  at  Triuty  College,  Dublin ;  LL.D., 


1844 ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1840,  and  to  inner  bar,  1854 ; 
vicar-general  of  province  of  Armagh,  1862;  benc-her  of 
King's  Inns,  1863  ;  queen's  advocate  in  Ireland,  1865 ; 
solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1868  ;  attorney-general,  1868 
and  1874  ;  M.P.  for  Dublin  University,  1868  ;  opposed  Irish 
Church  Act ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870 ;  assisted  in 
framing  future  constitution  of  disestablished  Church  of 
Ireland  ;  opposed  Gladstone's  Irish  land  bill,  1870,  and  Irish 
university  bill,  1873  :  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1875-80 ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Dublin  University,  1880 ;  published '  Re- 
formed Church  of  Ireland,'  1886,  and  '  Historical  Review 
of  Legislative  Systems  operative  in  Ireland,'  1888. 

[Suppl.  i.  118] 

BALL,  NATHANAEL  (1623-1681),  divine;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Barley,  Hertfordshire ; 
ejected,  1669 :  minister  at  Royston  ;  resigned  under  Act 
of  Uniformity ;  licensed  as  'general  presbyterian  preacher 
in  any  allowed  place,'  1672  ;  assisted  Walton  in  his  great 
Polyglot,'  and  left  religious  writings.  [iii.  75] 

BALL,  NICHOLAS  (1791-1865),  Irish  judge ;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1814 : 
bencher  of  King's  Inn,  1836 ;  M.P.  for  Clonmel,  1835 ; 
attorney-general  and  privy  councillor  for  Ireland,  1837 ; 
judge  of  common  pleas  (Ireland),  1839.  [iii.  76] 

BALL  or  BALLE,  PETER  (d.  1675),  physician ;  doctor 
physic,  Padua,  1660 ;  hon.  F.R.O.P., 


of  philosophy  and 
1664 ;  original  F.R.S. 


[iii.  77] 


BALL,  ROBERT  (1802-1857),  naturalist ;  in  under- 
secretary's office,  Dublin,  1827-52  ;  president  of  Geological 
Society  of  Ireland ;  director  of  Trinity  College  Museum, 
1844  ;  hon.  LL,D.  Trinity  College,  1860  ;  secretary  of  the 
Queen's  University,  Ireland,  1851.  [iii.  77] 


BALL,  THOMAS  (1590-1659),  divine :  M.A.  Qt 
College,  Cambridge,  1625 ;  fellow ;  weekly  lecturer  at 
Northampton  from  c.  1630 ;  published  a  religious  treatise 
called  'Pastorum  Propugnaculum,'  1666,  and  was  joint 
editor  of  Dr.  John  Preston's  works.  [iii.  78] 

BALL  or  BALLE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1690),  astronomer ; 
joined  meetings  of  the  'Oxonian  Society'  at  Gresham 
College,  1659  ;  joint  founder  and  first  treasurer  of  Royal 
Society,  1660 ;  acquired  some  celebrity  for  his  observations 
of  the  planet  Saturn.  [iii.  78] 

BALLANCE,  JOHN  (1839-1893),  prime  minister  of 
New  Zealand ;  born  in  Ireland ;  emigrated  to  New 
Zealand,  where  he  founded  'Wanganui  Herald';  served 
in  Maori  war,  1867 ;  entered  House  of  Representatives, 
1875;  treasurer,  1878-9;  minister  for  lands  and  native 
affairs,  1884 ;  leader  of  liberal  opposition,  1889 :  prime 
minister,  1891.  adopting  a  bold  and  successful  progressive 
policy.  [Suppl.  i.  120] 

BALLANDEN.    [See  BELLENDEN.] 

BALLANTDfE,  JAMES  (1898-1877),  artist  and 
author ;  originally  a  house-painter  in  Edinburgh  ;  one  of 
the  first  to  revive  art  of  glass-painting,  on  which  he  pub- 
lished a  treatise ;  executed  stained-glass  windows  for 
House  of  Lords ;  published  poetical  and  other  works. 

[iiL  79] 

BALLANTDTE,  WILLIAM  (1812-1887),  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner 
Temple,  1834  ;  honorary  bencher,  1878 ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1856;  conducted  prosecution  at  trial  of  Franz  Muller, 
1864 ;  appeared  for  the  Tichborue  claimant  at  the  first 
stage  of  legal  proceedings,  1871  [see  OKTON,  ARTHUR]  ; 
successfully  defended  Mulhar  Rao,  Gaekwar  of  Baroda, 
on  a  charge  of  attempted  murder,  1875  ;  published  remi- 
niscences. [Suppl.  i.  120] 

BALLANTYNE,  JAMES  (1772-1833),  printer  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  works  ;  attended  with  Scott  Kelso  gram- 
mar school ;  solicitor  in  Kelso.  1795  ;  undertook  printing 
and  editing  of '  Kelso  Mail,'  1796  ;  printed  Scott's  'Min- 
strelsy of  Scottish  Border,'  1802,  and  thenceforth  con- 
tinued to  print  Scott's  works ;  received  loan  from  Scott 
for  establishment  of  a  printing  business  in  Edinburgh, 
1802,  and  took  with  his  brother  John  [q.  v.]  half  share  in 
bookselling  business  (started,  1808)  ;  proprietor,  with  his 
brother,  of  •  Weekly  Journal,'  1817 ;  ruined  by  bankruptcy 
of  Constable* Co.,  1826  ;  thenceforth  employed  in  editing 
'Weekly  Journal.'  nnd  in  literary  management  of  the 
printing-house  tor  the  creditor.*'  trustees.  [iii.  80] 


BALLANTYNE 


55 


BALY 


BALLANTYNE,  JAMES  ROBERT  (rf.  186 1),  oricn- 
tali«f  superintended  reorganisation  of  government  San- 
akrit  colk-'e  at  Benares,  1845  ;  librarian  to  India  Office, 
London,  1H61  ;  published  oriental  works  with  object  of 
making  Indian  philosophies  accessible  to  Europeans 

[HI.  81] 

BALLANTYNE,  JOHN  (1774-1821),  publisher; 
brother  of  Jame*  Ballantyne  (1772-1833)  [q.v.]  ;  partner 
in  his  father's  business  as  general  merchant,  Kelso,  1795  ; 
clerk  in  his  brother's  printing  establishment,  1806 ; 
manager  of  publishing  firm  established  by  Scott,  1808  ; 
auctioneer,  1813;  the ' Novelist's  Library'  edited  gratui- 
tously for  his  benefit  by  Scott,  1820.  [iii.  82] 

BALLANTYNE,  JOHN  (1778-1830),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  ;  secessionist  minister  at  Stouehaveii, 
Kincardineshire,  1805  ;  published  controversial  pamph- 
lets. [»i-  83] 

BALLANTYNE,  ROBERT  MICHAEL  (1825-1894), 
author  ;  brother  of  James  Robert  Ballantyne  [q.  v.]  ; 
apprcntici-d  as  clerk  in  service  of  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Com- 
pany, and  spent  seme  time  in  trading  with  Indians  ;  in 
printing  and  publishing  firm  of  Thomas  Constable,  Edin- 
burgh, 1848-55;  published,  from  1855,  many  novels  for 
boys  ;  exhibited  watercolour  paintings  at  Royal  Scottish 
Academy.  [Suppl.  i.  122] 

BALLANTYNE,  THOMAS  (1806-1871),  journalist; 
successively  editor  of  '  Bolton  Free  Press,'  '  Manchester 
Guardian,'  'Liverpool  Journal,'  and  'Mercury';  asso- 
ciated with  Cobdeu  and  Bright  in  corn-law  agitation; 
edited  '  Leader,' '  Old  St.  James's  Chronicle,'  and  '  States- 
man '  (which  he  started),  and  was  connected  with  '  Illus- 
trated London  News  ' ;  published  selections  from  Carlyle 
and  other  writers.  [iii.  83] 

BALLANTYNE,  WILLIAM  (1616-1661).  [See 
BALLENDKX.] 

BALLARD,  EDWARD  GEORGE  (1791-1860),  mis- 
cellaneous writer  ;  employed  in  the  stamp  office,  1809,  and, 
later,  in  excise  office  till  1817.  [iii.  88] 

BALLARD,  GEORGE  (1706-1755),  antiquary  ;  appren- 
ticed as  staymaker ;  studied  Anglo-Saxon  and  proceeded 
to  Oxford,  1750,  having  received  an  annuity  from  various 
gentlemen  interested  in  his  work  ;  clerk  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, and,  later,  one  of  the  university  bedells  ;  assisted 
Ames  in  his  'History  of  Printing.';  left  archaeological 
writings.  [iii.  84] 

BALLARD,  JOHN  (d.  1586),  Roman  catholic  priest ; 
probably  educated  at  Rheims ;  joined  English  mission, 
1581 ;  travelled  to  Rome,  1584,  with  Anthony  Tyrrell,  and 
obtained  pope's  sanction  for  plot  to  assassinate  Elizabeth ; 
instigated  Anthony  Babiugton  [q.  v.]  to  organise  the  plot, 
1686,  and  on  its  discovery  was  racked  and  executed. 

BALLARD,  JOHN  ARCHIBALD  (1829-1880),'  gene- 
ral :  joined  Bombay  engineers,  1850  ;  went  to  Constanti- 
nople, being  ordered  to  Europe  on  medical  certificate,  and 
received  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  Turkish  army ; 
distinguished  himself  at  sieges  of  Silistria  and  Giurgevo  ; 
commanded  under  Omar  Pasha  in  campaign  to  relieve 
Kars  ;  returned  to  India  as  C.B.,  1856  ;  afisistant-quarter- 
master-general  in  Persian  campaign  and  Indian  mutiny ; 
lieutenant-general,  1879.  [iii.  85] 

BALLARD,  SAMUEL  JAMES  (1764  ?-1829),  vice- 
admiral  ;  entered  navy,  1776 ;  commander,  1794  ;  post- 
captain,  1795 ;  employed  in  convoying  trade  for  Baltic, 
Newfoundland  and  Quebec,  1796-8;  attached  to  Medi- 
terranean fleet,  1799-1801 ;  at  reduction  of  Guadeloupe, 
1810 ;  rear-admiral,  1814  ;  vice-admiral,  1825.  [iii.  86] 

BALLARD,  VOLANT  VASHON  (1774  ?-1832),  rear- 
admiral  ;  lieutenant,  1796  ;  captain,  1798 ;  in  West  Indies, 
1809-10 ;  rear-admiral,  1825.  [UL  87] 

BALLENDEN  or  BALLANTYNE,  WILLIAM  (1616- 
1661),  Roman  catholic  divine ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 
converted  to  Catholicism  at  Paris  :  became  priest  at  Rome  ; 
returned  to  Scotland  on  catholic  mission,  1649 ;  first 
prefect-apostolic  of  the  mission,  1653.  [iii.  87] 

BALLINGALL,  SIR  GEORGE  (1780-1855),  surgeon ; 
studied  atSt.  Andrews ;  military  surgeon  in  India,  1806-18 ; 
professor  of  military  surgery,  Edinburgh,  1825  ;  knighted, 
183U ;  F.R.S.  London  and  Edinburgh ;  published  medical 
works.  [iii.  88] 


BALLIOL.     [SeeBALiou] 

B  ALLOW  or  BELLEWE,  HENRY  (1707-1782), 
lawyer  ;  held  post  in  the  exchequer ;  friend  of  Akenside 
the  poet ;  left  legal  manuscript*.  [iii.  88] 

BALLYANN,  BAKOX  OK  (</.  1554).  [See  KAVANAGH, 
CA  H  in  MACAKT.] 

BALMER,  GEORGE  (d.  1846),  painter;  son  of  a 
house-painter;  attracted  attention  by  his  pictures  at 
Newcastle ;  painted  continental  scenes  during  a  tour  in 
Europe.  [iii.  89] 

BALMER,  ROBERT  (1787-1844),  minister;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  and  Selkirk ;  licensed  preacher  by  secession 
church,  1812;  minister  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  1814-44; 
professor  of  pastoral,  and,  later,  of  systematic,  theology 
in  secession  church ;  D.D.,  Glasgow,  1840.  [iii.  89] 

BALMERLNO,  BAKOV.S.  [See  ELPHINSTONE,  JAMKS. 
first  BARON,  15537-1612;  ELPHINSTONK,  JOHN,  second 
BARON,  d.  1649  ;  ELPHINSTONH,  JOHN,  third  BARON,  1623- 
1704 ;  ELPHINSTONE,  JOHN,  fourth  BARON,  1682-1736 ; 
ELPHINSTONE,  ARTHUR,  sixth  BARON,  1688-1746.] 

BALMFORD,  JAMES  (ft.  1556),  divine ;  published 
religious  works,  including  a  '  Dialogue  concerning  the  un- 
lawfulness of  playing  at  Cards,'  1594.  [ill.  89] 

BALMFORD,  SAMUEL  (d.  1669?),  pnritan  divine. 

fiii.  901 

BALMTJTO,  LORD  (1742-1824).  (.See  BOSWELL, 
CLAUD  IRVINE.] 

BALMYLE  or  BALMTJLE,  NICHOLAS  DK  (d.  1320?), 
chancellor  of  Scotland  ;  educated  as  clerk  in  monastery  of 
Arbroath ;  temporarily  executed  functions  of  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  1297;  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1301-7; 
bishop  of  Dunblane,  c.  1307.  [iiL  90] 

BALNAVES,  HENRY  (d.  1579),  Scottish  reformer  ; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Cologne  ;  became  acquainted 
with  Swiss  and  German  reformers ;  lord  of  session,  1538 ; 
secretary  of  state  to  the  regent ;  depute-keeper  of  privy 
seal,  1542  ;  deprived  of  offices,  1643  ;  confined  in  Black- 
ness Castle ;  transported  to  Rouen,  1546  ;  reinstated  lord 
of  session,  1563  ;  took  prominent  part  in  behalf  of  protes- 
taut  reformers.  [iii.  91] 

BALNEA,  HENRY  DE  (ft.  1400  ?),  English  Carthusian 
monk ;  author  of  '  Speculum  Spiritualium.'  [iii.  92] 

BALSHAM,  HUGH  DE  (d.  1286),  bishop  of  Ely  and 
founder  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  subprior  of  monastery 
of  Ely;  elected  by  the  monks  bishop  of  Ely  on  death 
of  William  de  Kilkenny,  1256 ;  his  election  displeasing  to 
Henry  III,  who  allowed  John  de  Walerau,  to  whom  he 
had  committed  the  temporalities  of  the  see,  to  do  much 
harm  to  the  diocese ;  confirmed  as  bishop  by  the  pope, 
1257 ;  obtained  charter  to  introduce  '  studious  scholar.- ' 
into  his  hospital  of  St.  John,  Cambridge,  in  lieu  of  the 
secular  brethren  already  residing  there,  1280 ;  obtained 
charter  to  separate  his  scholars  from  the  brethren  of  the 
hospital.  1284,  and  founded  and  endowed  Peterhouse  for 
them.  [iii.  92] 

BALTHER  (d.  756),  saint ;  presbyter  of  Lindisfarne  ; 
probably  lived  as  an  anchorite  at  Tyningham  in  Scotland. 

BALTIMORE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  CALVERT,  GEORGE, 
first  EARL,  1590  ?-1642 ;  CALVERT,  FREDERICK,  seventh 
EARL,  1731-1771.] 

BALTINGLAS,  third  VISCOUNT  (d.  1586).  [See 
EUSTACE,  JAMES.] 

BALTRODDI,  WALTER  DE  (d.  1270),  bishop  of 
Caithness,  1261 ;  doctor  of  the  canon  law.  [iii.  98] 

BALTZAB,,  THOMAS  (1630 ?-1663),  violinist:  born 
at  Liibeck ;  settled,  1656,  in  England,  where  he  became 
famous ;  one  of  the  king's  musicians.  [iii.  98] 

BALTJN,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1236).    [See  BAALUN.] 

BALVAIRD,  first  BARON  (1597  ?-1844).  [See 
i  MURRAY,  SIR  ANDREW.] 

BALWEARIE,  LORD  (d.  1532).  [See  SCOTT,  SIR 
WILLIAM.] 

BALY,  WILLIAM  (1814-1861),  physioian  ;  studied  at 
University  College,  London,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
Paris,  Heidelberg,  and  Berlin  ;  M.D.  Berlin,  1836  ; 


BAMBRIDGE 


BANISTER 


physician  to  Millbank  Penitentiary,  1841 ;  physician  to  the 
queen,  1859  :  F.R.O.P.,  1846 ;  F.R.S.,  1847  ;  published  works 
on  the  hygiene  of  prisons  and  other  medical  subjects. 

[ill.  99] 

BAMBRIDGE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1464  ?-l514).  [See 
BAINBRIDGE.] 

BAMBRIDGE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1729),  attorney  and 
warden  of  the  Fleet ;  joint-warden  to  Fleet  prison,  1728 ; 
taken  into  custody  for  cruelty,  1729:  twice  tried  for 
murder  of  a  prisoner  and  acquitted ;  was  latterly  himself 
imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  [in.  99] 

BAMFORD,  SAMUEL  (1788-1872),  poet  and  weaver  ; 
actively  interested  in  welfare  of  labouring  classes  :  un- 
justly imprisoned  for  connection  with  the  gatherings 
dispersed  by  the  Peterloo  massacre,  1819 ;  obtained  post 
as  messenger  at  Somerset  House,  but  subsequently  re- 
turned to  trade  as  weaver ;  published  poems  and  other 
writings.  [iii.  100] 

BAMPFIELD,  Sin  OOPLESTONE  (1636-1691),  jus- 
tice :  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  active 
in  promoting  Charles  II's  restoration  ;  M.P.  for  Tiverton, 
1659,  and  for  Devonshire,  1671-9  and  1685-7.  [iii.  101] 

BAMPFIEID,  FRANCIS  (d.  1683),  divine:  M.A. 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1638  ;  prebendary  of  Exeter ; 
held  living  of  Sherborne  :  ejected  from  prefermente,  1662 : 
repeatedly  imprisoned  for  preaching  ;  died  in  Newgate ; 
published  religious  works.  [iii.  101] 

BAMPFIELD,  JOSEPH  (ft.  1639-1685),  royalist 
colonel ;  ensign  under  Lord  Ashley,  1639,  in  Scottish  war ; 
colonel  diirinfj  civil  wnr,  in  west  of  England  :  frequently 
employed  by  Charles  I  in  secret  negotiation*  :  dismissed  as 
untrustworthy  by  Charles  II ;  acted  as  Cromwell's  agent 
in  Paris  after  1654  :  commanded  English  regiment  in  Hol- 
land after  Restoration.  [iii.  101] 

BAMPFIELD,  THOMAS  (fl.  1658),  speaker  of  House 
of  Commons,  1658-9 ;  recorder  of  Exeter ;  M.P.  for 
Exeter,  1654, 1656,  and  1660.  [iii.  103] 

BAMPFYLDE,  COPLESTOXE  WARRE  (d.  1791), 
landscape  painter  ;  exhibited  at  Society  of  Artiste,  Free 
Society  of  Artists,  and  Royal  Academy,  1763-83. 

[iii.  103] 

BAMPFYLDE,  JOHN  CODRINGTON  (1764-1796), 
poet;  educated  at  Cambridge;  published  sonnets,  1778; 
led  a  dissipated  life,  and  was  confined  in  private  asylum. 

[iii.  103] 

BAMPTON,  JOHN  (/.  1340),  Carmelite  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  D.D. ;  wrote  theological  treatises.  [iii.  103] 

BAMPTON,  JOHN  (d.  1751),  founder  of  Bampton 
lectures  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1712  ;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  1718;  left  legacy  for  foundation  of  the 
Bamptou  divinity  lectures  at  Oxford.  [Hi.  104] 

BANASTRE,  ALARD  (ft.  1174),  sheriff  of  Oxford- 
shire, with  judicial  powers,  1174-5.  [iii.  104] 

BANBTJRY,  first  EAIIL  OK.  [Bee  KNOLLYS,  WILMAM, 
1547-1632.] 

BANCHINIJS  (.ft.  1382).    [See  BANKYN,  JOHN.] 
BANCK,  JOHN  VAN  UKR  (1694  V-1739).    [See  VAN- 

DERBANK.] 

BANCK,  PETER  VAN  DEK  (1649-1697).    [See  VAN- 

DEBBANK.] 

BANCK8,  JOHN  (1709-1761).    [See  BANKS.] 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  (1744-1821),  naturalist  and 
chemist :  frequently  visited  America,  and  published-  Natu- 
ral History  of  Guiana,'  1769 ;  made  important  discoveries 
In  dyeing  aiid  calico-printing.  .  [iii.  105] 

BANCROFT,  EDWARD  NATHANIEL  (1772-1842), 
physician  ;  son  of  Edward  Bancroft  [q.  v.] ;  M.B.  St. 
.1  iii  in'.-  College,  Cambridge,  1794  ;  physician  to  forces  in  the 
Windward  Islands,  Portugal,  Mediterranean,  and  Egypt; 
M.D.,  1804  ;  fellow  and  Oulatoniau  lecturer,  1806,  and 
censor.  1808,(bllegeof  Physicians  physician  to  St.  George's 
Hospital,  1808-11;  physician,  1811,  to  forces  in  Jamaica, 
where  he  reinaiued  till  death,  being  ultimately  deputy 
inspector-general  of  army  hospitals  ;  identified  yellow  with 
malarial  fever  in  his  'Essay,'  1*1 1.  [iii.  106] 


BANCROFT,  GEORGE  (ft.  1548),  translator :  pub- 
lished '  Answere  that  Preachers  at  Basile  made  for  defence 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,'  1548,  a  heated  attack  on  the 
catholics,  translated  from  Latin.  [iii.  107] 

BANCROFT,  JOHN  (1674-1640),  seventh  bishop  of 
Oxford ;  nephew  of  Archbishop*  Bancroft ;  educated  at 
Westminster  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1599  ;  rector 
of  Finchley,  1601-8 ;  B.D.,.1607;  D.D.  and  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's,  1609;  master  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
1610-32 ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1632  ;  built  an  episcopal  resi- 
dence at  Ouddesdon,  Oxfordshire,  1635.  [iii.  107] 

BANCROFT,  JOHN  (d.  1696),  dramatist  and  sur- 
geon ;  published  several  plays,  1679-91.  [UL  108] 

BANCROFT,  RICHARD  (1544-1610),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury :  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1667  ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin  ;  D.D.,  1585  ;  treasurer  of 
St.  Paul's,  1585  :  ecclesiastical  commissioner  ;  canon  of 
Westminster,  1587 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1590 ;  largely 
responsible  for  detection  of  printers  of  the  Mar  prelate 
tracts ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Whitgift,  1592  ;  bishop  of 
London,  1597  ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1604  ;  laid  before 
the  privy  council  his '  Articles  of  Abuses,'  in  which  he  pro- 
tected, in  name  of  the  clergy,  against  '  prohibitions '  by 
civil  judges  of  proceedings  in  ecclesiastical  courts,  1605 ; 
I  supported  scheme  of  new  translation  of  bible ;  D.D.  and 
chancellor  of  university  of  Oxford,  1608  ;  his  works  chiefly 


directed  against  puritans. 


[iii.  108] 


BANCROFT,  THOMAS  (ft.  1633-1658),  poet ;  edu- 
cated at  Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge.  His  publications 
Include '  Two  Bookes  of  Epigrammes  and  Epitaphs '  (1633), 
which  celebrated  many  men  of  letters  of  the  time ;  con- 
tributed to  Brome's  '  Lachrymte  Musarum '  (1649). 

[iii.  112] 

BANCROFT,  THOMAS  (1756-1811),  divine;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1781 ;  Craven  scholar,  1780 ; 
head-master,  Henry  VIII's  school,  Chester;  vicar  of 
Bolton-le-Moors,  1793  :  one  of  the  four  "  king's  preachers' 
of  Lancashire  ;  published  sermons.  [iii.  113] 

BANDINEL,  BULKELEY  (1781-1861),  librarian  of 
Bodleian ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  chaplain  to  Sir  James  Saumarez  in  Baltic  ;  Bodley's 
librarian,  1813-60;  honorary  curator.  1860;  published 
catalogue,  1843.  [iii.  113] 

BANDINEL,  DAVID  (d.  1645),  dean  of  Jersey,  1623  ; 
took  the  side  of  the  parliament  during  the  civil  war, 
chiefly  owing  to  his  animosity  to  Sir  Philip  de  Carteret, 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey.  Carteret  died  from  the 
rigours  of  a  siege  directed  by  Baudinel ;  and  his  son,  Sir 
George  Oarteret,  arrested  and  imprisoned  Bandiuel  and  his 
son,  who  died  after  attempting  to  escape.  [iii.  114] 

BANDINEL,  JAMES  (1783-1849),  clerk  in  foreign 
office  ;  brother  of  Bulkeley  Bandinel  [q.  v.] ;  published  a 
work  on  the  African  slave  trade,  1842.  [iii.  115] 

BANIM,  JOHN  (1798-1842),  novelist,  dramatist,  and 
poet,  the  '  Scott  of  Ireland ' ;  studied  at  drawing  academy 
of  Royal  Dublin  Society ;  teacher  of  drawing  at  Kilkenny ; 
removed  to  Dublin  and  took  up  literature ;  wrote  '  The 
Celt's  Paradise,'  a  poem  ;  produced  '  Damon  and  Pythias,' 
performed  at  Coveiit  Garden  Theatre,  with  Macready  and 
Kemble  in  principal  parts,  1821 ;  settled  in  London,  con- 
tributed largely  to  periodicals,  and  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother  Michael  [q.  v.],  several  successful  novels 
in  a  series  called  'O'Hara.  Tales':  went  abroad  for  his 
health,  and  soon  found  himself  in  straitened  circumstances, 
but  was  relieved  by  public  subscription.  The  '  O'Hara 
Tales'  (first  series),  1825,  to  some  extent  fulfilled  the 
author's  object  of  doing  for  the  Irish  what  the  '  Wuverley 
Novels '  had  done  for  the  Scottish  people.  [iii.  116] 

BANIM,  MICHAEL  (1796-1874),  novelist;  brother  of 

John  H;  mi  in  [q.  v.] ;  studied  for  bar,  but  abandoned  the 

]  law  for  commerce;  began  to  assist  his  brother  in  the 

•O'Hara  Tales,'  1822,  several  of  which  he  wrote;  met  with 

!  serious  financial  misfortunes,  c.  1840 ;  postmaster  of  Kil- 

|  keuuy,  c.  1852-73.  [iii.  117] 

BANISTER  or  BANE8TER,  JOHN  (1540-1610),  sur- 

I  geon  to  Earl  of  Warwick's  forces  at  Havre,  1563  ;  studied 

1  at    Oxford :    served  in   Leicester's    expedition    to   Low 

Countries,  1585 ;    wrote,  compiled,  aud   edited    medical 

|  works.  [iii.  118] 


BANISTER 


57 


BANNATYNE 


BANISTER,  JOHN  (1630-1679),  musician  ;  sent  by 
Charles  II  to  study  in  France,  having  attracted  his  atten- 
tion by  his  violin  playing,  and  on  his  return  made  leader 
of  the  kind's  hand,  1663;  produced  several  compositions, 
inoludin:,'  IMUMC  for  the 'Tempest  '(written  in  con  junction 
with  IVlham  Humphrey).  [iii.  119] 

BANISTER,  JOHN  (d.  1692  ?),  naturalist ;  travelled 
in  Kasr  Indies  and  Virginia  as  missionary,  and  wrote  on 
natural  history  of  those  countries.  [iii.  iy>] 

BANISTER,  RICHARD  (d.  1626),  oculist;  pub- 
lished, It!-':?,  a  second  edition,  with  additions,  ofGuille- 
mau's  treatise  on  diseases  of  the  eyes  (Paris,  1686). 

[iii.  120] 

BANISTER,    Sm   WILLIAM  (d.   1721),  one  of  the 
'  South  Wales  ;  baron  of  exchequer  and  knighted, 
1713  :  removed,  1714.  [iii.  120] 

BANKE,  RICHARD  (  ft.  1410),  judge  ;  baron  of  ex- 
chequer, 1410  ;  reappoiuted,  1414.  [iii.  120] 

BANKES,  GEORGE  (1788-1866),  last  of  cursitor 
barons  of  exchequer  ;  appointed,  1824  ;  educated  at  West- 
minster  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  called  to  bar,  1815  ; 
chief  secretary  of  board  of  control,  1829  ;  junior  lord  of  trea- 
•ory,  1830 ;  M.P.  for  Corfe  Castle,  1816-23  and  1826-32, 
and  for  Dorset,  1841-66  ;  judge-advocate-general  and  privy 
councillor,  1862.  [iii.  120] 

BANKES,  HENRY  (1767-1834),  politician  and  au- 
thor :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1781;  M.P.  for 
Corfe  Castle,  1780-1826  ;  published  a  history  of  Rome. 

[iii.  121] 

BANKES,  SIR  JOHN  (1589-1644),  chief  justice  of 
common  pleas,  1641 ;  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1614 ;  bencher,  1629 ;  trea- 
surer, 1G32  ;  M.P.  for  Morpeth,  1628 ;  attorney-general, 
1634 ;  represented  crown  against  John  Hampden,  1637 : 
privy  councillor,  1641 ;  impeached  by  parliament  and  his 
property  confiscated  ;  continued  to  perform  duties  of  his 
office  at  Oxford.  [iii.  121] 

BANKES,  MARY,  LADY  (d.  1661),  heroine  of  Corfe 
Castle :  wife  of  Sir  John  Bankes  [q.  v.]  ;  occupied  the 
family  residence  of  Corfe  Castle  for  royalists  at  outbreak 
of  civil  war ;  besieged  in  1643  by  Sir  Walter  Earle,  who 
was  unsuccessful,  and  again,  1645-6,  when  the  castle  was 
betrayed  by  an  officer  of  the  garrison.  [iii.  123] 

BANKES,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (d.  1855),  traveller; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1811 ;  M.P.  successively 
for  Truro,  Cambridge  University,  Marlborough,  and  Dor- 
setshire ;  travelled  widely  in  the  East.  [iii.  124] 

BANKHEAD,  JOHN  (1738-1833),  Irish  presbyterian 
minister ;  minister  at  Ballycarry,  co.  Antrim,  1763-1833  ; 
moderator  of  synod,  1800 ;  published  catechism,  based  on 
Westminster  Shorter  Catechism,  1786.  [iii.  124] 

BANKS,  (ft.  1688-1637),  Scottish  showman,  to 

whose '  dancing  horse,'  Morocco,  allusion  is  made  by  all 
the  best  authors  of  his  day ;  originally  served  the  Earl 
of  Essex  ;  went  to  Paris,  1601,  where  he  was  imprisoned 
on  suspicion  that  the  horse's  tricks  were  performed  by 
magic ;  returned  to  England,  1608 ;  probably  became  a 
vintner  in  Oheapside.  [iii.  125] 

BANKS,  BENJAMIN  (1750-1795),  violin  maker; 
pupil  of  Peter  Walmsley ;  subsequently  copied  the  instru- 
ments of  Nicholas  Amati.  [iii.  126] 

BANKS,  SIR  EDWARD  (1769  ?-1835),  builder,  of 
humble  origin ;  knighted,  1822.  His  works  include  Water- 
loo, South  wark,  and  London  bridges.  [UL  126] 

BANKS,  GEORGE  LINNJEUS  (1821-1881),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  apprenticed  as  cabinet  maker ;  advo- 
cated social  advancement  of  the  people ;  between  1848 
and  1864  edited  successively  several  journals  in  England 
and  Ireland.  His  writings  include  poems  and  dramatic 
pieces.  [iii.  127] 

BANKS,  ISABELLA,  known  as  MRS.  LIXN^CS 
BANKS  (1821-1897),  novelist;  i\6t  Varley  ;  schoolmistress 
at  Cheetham.  near  Manchester;  married,  1846,  George 
Liniueus  Banks  [q.v.],  whom  she  assisted  in  his  journ- 
alistic work ;  published  poetical  works  and  novels,  in- 
cluding the  •  Manchester  Man,'  1876.  [Suppl.  i.  123] 

BANKS,  JOHN  (ft.  1696),  dramatist ;  studied  law, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  New  Inn;  wrote, 


1677-96,  seven  plays,  in  verse,  chiefly  on  historical  sub- 
jects, of  which  the  'Unhappy  Favourite*  and  'Virtue 
Betrayed,'  were  very  successfully  produced.  [iii.  127] 

BANKS  or  BANCKS,  JOHN  (1709-1751),  miscella- 
neous writer ;  weaver's  apprentice  ;  came  to  London  and 
entered  service  of  a  bookseller  and  bookbinder  :  published 
poems  (2  vols.  1738)  and  other  work.",  including  a  '  Life  of 
Christ '  and  an  account  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  [iii.  128] 

BANKS,  JOHN  SHERBROOKE  (1811-1857),  major  ; 
cadet  in  Bengal  native  infantry,  1829  ;  quartermaster  and 
interpreter,  1833  ;  served  at  Cabul,  1842  :  military  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Dalhousie  ;  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Lawrence 
as  chief  commissioner  of  Luckuow,  1857:  [iii.  128] 

BANKS,  Sm  JOSEPH  (1743-1820),  president  of  the 
Royal  Society,  1778-1820 ;  educated  at  Harrow,  Eton,  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  studied  natural  history  ;  F.R.S., 
1766 ;  travelled  in  Newfoundland ;  accompanied  Cook  in 
his  expedition  round  the  world  in  the  Endeavour,  1768- 
1771,  making  valuable  natural  history  collections ;  on  his 
return  created  hou.  D.O.L.  of  Oxford  ;  visited  Iceland, 
1772 ;  baronet,  1781 ;  O.B.,  1795  ;  P.O.,  1797.  His  collec- 
tions and  library  are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

[iii.  129] 

BANKS,  SARAH  SOPHIA  (1744-1818),  virtuoso; 
sister  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks  [q.  v.] ;  collected  objects  of 
natural  history,  books,  and  coins,  which  were  presented  to 
the  British  Museum.  [iii.  133] 

BANKS,  THOMAS  (1736-1805),  sculptor;  appren- 
ticed as  ornament  carver ;  studied  under  Scheemakers ; 
obtained  medals  from  Society  of  Arts  for  classic  bas- 
•  reliefs  and  statues,  1763-9 ;  Royal  Academy  gold  medal- 
list, 1770  ;  obtained  a  travelling  studentship  and  studied 
in  Italy,  1772-9 ;  executed  several  works  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1781 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1780-1803  ; 
R.A.,  1786 ;  friend  of  Home  Tooke,  and  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  high  treason  about  the  same  time  as  Tooke. 
Works  by  him  are  in  Westminster  Abbey,  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  and  the  Royal  Academy.  [iii.  133] 

BANKS,  THOMAS  CHRISTOPHER  (1765-1854), 
genealogist ;  educated  for  the  law ;  practised  largely 
in  cases  of  disputed  inheritance ;  published  many  genea- 
logical books,  including  the  'Dormant  and  Extinct 
Baronage  of  England '  (1807-9),  a  similar  work  on  the 
J  peerage  (1812),  and  pamphlets  in  support  of  spurious 
claims  to  peerages,  among  which  were  the  dukedom  of 
Norfolk,  1812,  and  the  earldoms  of  Stirling  and  Salisbury, 
1830.  [UL  134] 

BANKS,  WILLIAM  STOTT  (1820-1872),  antiquary  ; 
attorney,  1851;  clerk  to  Wakefield  justices,  1870;  pub- 
lished '  Walks  in  Yorkshire '  (1866-72).  [iii.  136] 

BANKTON,  LORD  (1685-1760).    [See  MACDOWELL, 

AXDRKW.] 

BANKWELL,  BAXWELL,  BACQWELL,  or  BAN- 

QTJELLE,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1308),  judge ;  justice  itinerant 
for  Kent,  1299  ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1307.  [iii.  136] 

BANKWELL,  ROGER  DE  (ft.  1340),  judge ;  appointed 
justice  of  king's  bench,  1341.  [iii.  136] 

BANKYN  or  BANEKYNE,  JOHN  (ft.  1382),  friar 
of  Augustinian  monastery,  London ;  D.D.  Oxford ;  op- 
posed Wycliffe  at  Blackfriars  council,  1382.  [iii.  136] 

BANNARD,  JOHN  (ft.  1412),  Augustiniau  friar  at 
Oxford ;  according  to  Wood,  professor  of  theology,  and 
afterwards  chancellor  of  the  university.  [iii.  137] 

BANNATYNE,  GEORGE  (1545-1608  V),  collector  of 
Scottish  poems ;  burgess  of  Edinburgh,  1587 ;  made,  in 
1568,  a  manuscript  collection  of  poems  by  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  century  poets.  The  '  Bauuatyue  MS.'  has  been 
printed  by  the  Hunterian  Club.  [iii.  137] 

BANNATYNE,  RICHARD  (d.  1605),  secretary  to 
John  Knox ;  subsequently  clerk  to  the  advocate  Samuel 
Cockburn  ;  wrote  '  Memorials  of  Transactions  in  Scot- 
land from  1569  to  1573.'  ,  [iii.  138] 

BANNATYNE,  Sm  WILLIAM  MACLEOD  (1743- 
1833),  Scottish  judge;  admitted  advocate,  17«6  ;  promoted 
to  bench  aa  Lord  Bannatyne,  1799;  knighted,  1823; 
original  member  of  Highland  Society  and  Bannatyue 
Club,  and  a  projector  of  and  contributor  to  the  '  Lounger ' 
and  '  Mirror.'  [iii.  138] 


BANNERMAN 


58 


BAB.CLAY 


BAN1IERMAN,  ANNE  (d.  1829),  Scottish  poetical 
writer;  published  'Poems,'  1800,  and 'Tales  of  Supersti-  I 
tion  and  Chivalry,1  1802.  [Hi.  139] 

BANNERMAN,    JAMES    (1807-1868),    theologian: 
educated  at  Kdinhureh :    professor   of    apologetics  and  I 
pastonil  theolinr.v.  New  College  (Free  church),  Edinburgh, 
1849-68:  published  theological  works.  [iii.  139] 

BANNERMANN,  ALEXANDER(  ft,  1766), engraver : 
member  of   Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1766:  exe-  j 
cuted    several    portraits    for    Walpole's   'Anecdotes    of 
Painters,'  [iii.  139] 

BANNISTER,  CHARLES  (17387-1804),  actor  and 
vocalist :  performed  first  in  London  at  Haymarket 
Theatre,  1762;  appeared  at  Ranelagh  as  imitator  of 
popular  vocalists  :  acted  or  sang  at  the  Haymarket,  the 
Royalty,  Oovent  Garden,  and  Drury  Lane.  [iii.  140] 

BANNISTER,  JOHN  ( 1760-1836),  comedian  :  son  of 
Charles  Bannister  [q.  v.] :  student  at  Royal  Academy ; 
appeared  at  Haymarket  as  Dick  in  Murphy's  '  Apprentice,' 
1778;  engaged  as  stock  actor  at  Drnry  Lane,  1778-9: 
created  Don  Whiskeraudoe  in  the  'Critic,'  Drury  Lane, 
1779,  and  subsequently  numbered  amonir  his  parts  Charles 
Surface,  Parolles,  Georsre  Barnwell,  Brisk  (Congreve's 
'Double  Dealer'),  Speed  ('Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona'), 
Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Bob  Acres,  and  Tony  Lumpkin  ; 
acting-manager  of  Drnry  Lane,  1802-3  :  retired,  1815. 

[iii.  140] 

BANNISTER,  JOHN  (1816-1873),  philologist ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1853  :  LL.D.,  1866 ;  perpetual 
curate  of  Bridgehill,  Derbyshire,  1846-57,  and  of  St.  Day, 
Cornwall,  1857-73  ;  published  works  on  Cornish  language. 

[iii.  141] 

BANNISTER,  SAXE  (1790-1877),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1815 :  called  to 
bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  attorney-general  of  New  South 
Wales,  1823-6:  bedel  to  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
1848 ;  published  pamphlets  and  legal  and  historical  works. 

[iii.  142] 

BANSLEY,  CHARLES  (./?.  1548),  poet :  published  a 
rhyming  satire  on  feminine  love  of  dress,  1540.  [iii.  143] 

BANTING,  WILLIAM  (1797-1878),  writer  on  corpu- 
lence :  undertaker  in  London ;  published  '  A  Letter  on 
Corpulence,'  1863.  [iii.  143] 

BANTER,  HENRY  (/.  1739),  medical  writer; 
physician  at  Wisbeach ;  extraordinary  L.C.S.,  1736; 
published  medical  works.  [iii.  143] 

BAPTIST,  JOHN  CASPARS  (d.  1691),  portrait  and 
tapestry  painter ;  pupil  of  Bossaert.  [iii.  144] 

BARBAR,  THOMAS  ( fl.  1587),  divine:  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1567  :  B.D.,  1676 :  preacher  at 
St.  Mary-le-Bow,  c.  1576  :  suspended  for  refusing  to  take 
the  ex-offlcio  oath,  1684.  [iii.  144] 

BARBATJLD,  ANNA  LETITIA  (1743-1825),  miscel- 
laneous writer :  wV  Aikin  ;  acquired  considerable  learning 
at  an  early  age;  published  poems,  1773,  and,  with  her 
brother,  prose  essays  ;  married  Rev.  Rochemont  Barbauld, 
1774 ;  established  boys'  school  at  Palgrave,  Suffolk,  where 
were  written  her  '  Hymns  in  Prose  for  Children ' ;  gave  up 
the  school,  1785  ;  published  selection  of  English  prose  and 
poetry,  entitled '  The  Female  Speaker,' and'  Eighteen  Hun- 
dred and  Eleven,'  a  poem,  1811  (original  of  Macaulay's 
4  New  Zealander ').  [iii.  144] 

BARBER,  CHARLES  (>l.  1854),  landscape  painter; 
teacher  of  drawing  at  the  Royal  Institution,  Liverpool, 
where  he  helped  to  found  the  Architectural  and  Archaeo- 
logical Association.  [iii.  146] 

BARBER,  CHAKLKS  CHAPMAN  (d.  1882),  barris- 
ter; B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge',  1H33:  called  to 
bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  acted  for  defendants  in  Tichborne 


trials,  1867  and  1872,  and  for  crown  in  subeequent  proseo 
tioti  for  perjury.  [iii.  146] 

BARBER,  CHRISTOPHER (1736-1810),  miniaturist; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1770.  [iii.  146] 

BARBER,  EDWARD  (d.  1674  ?),  baptist  minister  in 
the  Spital,  Bishopsgate  Street,  London  ;  originally  clergy- 
man of  established  church ;  wrote  controversial  and 
other  religious  works.  [iii.  146] 


BARBER,  JOHN  (d.  1549),  clergyman  and  civilian ; 
D.C.L.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  and  member  of  CV 
of  AdvocaU-s,  1532  ;  joined  a  plot  against  Cranmer,  1543; 
probably  identical  with  John   Harbour,  proctor  for  Anne 
Boleyn  on  occasion  of  her  divorce.  [iii.  147] 

BARBER,  JOHN  VINCENT  (  ft.  1830),  painter  ;  son 
of  Joseph  Barber  [q.  v.] :  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1812, 1821, 1829,  and  1830.  [iii.  148] 

BARBER,  JOSEPH  (1757-1811),  landscape  painter;     j 
established  drawing-school  at  Birmingham.       [iii.  148] 

BARBER,  MARY  (1690  7-1757),  poetess ;  wife  of  a 
tailor  in  Dublin  ;  attracted  by  her  poems  the  attention  of 
Swift,  who  provided  her  with  introductions  in  England, 
where  she  published  with  some  success,  by  subscription 
(1734), '  Poems  on  Several  Occasions.'  Being  in  pecuniary 
distress  she  obtained  from  Swift  his  unpublished  '  Polite 
Conversations,'  the  publication  (1738)  and  sale  of  whiofc  I 
placed  her  in  comfortable  circumstances.  [iii.  148] 

BARBER,  SAMUEL  (1738  7-1811),  Irish  presbyterian 
minister  at  Rathfriland,  co.  Down,  1763-1811 ;  licensed,  I 
1761 ;    colonel  of    Rathfriland  volunteers,  1782 :    urged 
sweeping  civil  and  ecclesiastical  reforms  in    volunteer 
conventions,  1782,  1783,  and  1793  ;  moderator  of  general 
synod,  1790 ;  imprisoned  on  charge  of  high  treason,  1798:  I 
published,   1786,  vigorous   'Remarks'  on  the  bishop  of 
Clovne's  '  Present  State  of  the  Church  of  Ireland.' 

[iii.  149] 

BARBON,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1698),  writer  on  money; 
probably  son  of  Praisegod  Barbon  [q.  v.] :  M.D.  Utrecht, 
1661  ;  hon  F.C.P.,  1664 ;  M.P.  for  Bramber,  1690  and  1695  ; 
erected  many  buildings  in  London  after  fire  of  1666 ;  first  | 
instituted  fire  insurance  in  England ;  wrote  two  treatises 
on  raising  value*  of  coinage.  [iii.  150] 

BARBON  or  BAREBONE  or  BAREBONES,  PRAISE-  I 
:  GOD  (1596  7-1679),  anabaptist  and  politician  ;  leather- 
seller  in  Fleet  Street ;  freeman  of  Leathersellers'  Com- 
:  pany,  1G23 ;    warder  of  yeomanry,  1630 ;   third  warder, 
i  1648;   chosen  minister  by  paedo-baptist  members  of  a 
i  divided  congregation  in  Fleet    Street,  1630 :    published 
!  defence  of  paado-baptism,  1642  ;  M.P.  for  City  of  London, 
1653 ;  opposed  restoration  of  Charles  II  by  circulating 
an  account  of  Charles's  life  in  Holland  and  petitioning 
I  parliament,  1660 ;    confined,  after  the  Restoration,  for 
some  time  in  the  Tower.  [iii.  151] 

BARBOTIR,  JOHN  (1316  7-1396),  Scottish  poet :  arch- 
'  deacon  of  Aberdeen  ;  probably  studied  and  taught  at  Ox- 
i  ford  and  Paris  :  one  of  auditors  of  exchequer,  1372,  1382, 
,  and  1384  ;  clerk  for  audit  of  king's  household,  1373  :  com- 
posed his  poem  'Brus,'  celebrating  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence and  deeds  of  King  Robert  and  James  Douglas,  1375. 
i  Other  poems  which  have  with  reasonable  certainty  been 
ascribed  to  him  are  the  '  Legend  of  Troy,'  and '  Legends  of 
,  the  Saints,'  being  translations  from  Guido  da  Colonua'a 
I  '  Historia  Destructions  Troise '  and  the  '  Legenda  Aurea.' 

BARCAPLE,    LORD  (1803-1870).     [See 
EDAVARD  FRANCIS.] 

BARCHAM,  JOHN  (1572  7-1642).    [See  BARKHAM.] 

BARCLAY,  ALEXANDER  ( 1476  7-1552),  poet,  scholar, 
and  divine  ;  probably  of  Scottish  birth  ;  travelled  on  the 
continent ;  priest  in  college  of  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Devou- 
I  shire;    translated  Brant's    •  Narrenschiff*   into   English 
J  verse  as  '  The  Shyp  of  Folys,'  1508 ;  became  a  Benedictine 
;  monk  at  Ely,  where  he  wrote  his  '  Eclogues '  and  trans- 
lated a  'Life  of  St.  George'  from  Baptist  Mantuau  :  left 
Ely  before  dissolution  of   the  monasteries   and    joined 
Franciscan  order  at  Canterbury ;  rector  of  All  Hallows, 
I  Lombard  Street,  London,  1552.     His  works  include  a 
translation  of  Sallust's  '  Bellum  Jugurthinum.'  [iii.  156] 

BARCLAY,  ANDREW  WHYTE  (1817-1884),  physi- 
I  cian ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1839,  and  Cambridge,  1852  ;  phy- 
sician,  St.  George's  Hospital,  1862-82;   wrote  medical 
i  works.  [iii.  161] 

BARCLAY,  DAVID  (1610-1686),  Scottish  soldier  and 
politician ;  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus ;  com- 
manded with  Middleton  before  Inverness,  1646  ;  member 
of  Scottish  and  (1664-6)  Cromwell's  parliaments;  arrested, 
1666 ;  released  :  quaker,  1666.  [iii.  167] 


[iii.  153] 
M 


AITLAND, 


BARCLAY 


59 


BARETTI 


BARCLAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (fl.  1696),  principal  agent 
In  assassination  plot  against  William  III,  1696  ;  of  Scottish 
descent ;  commanded  under  M'Douald  at  Killiecrankie ; 
lieutenant  in  James's  horse-guards ;  commissioned,  1696, 
to  stir  up  a  rising  in  James's  favour  in  England,  but  de- 
tected, [iii.  161] 

BARCLAY,  HUGH  (1799-1884),  Scottish  lawyer; 
member  of  Glasgow  faculty  of  law,  1821  ;  sheriff  substitute 
of  wf-tcrn  IVrthshire,  1829,  and  of  Perthshire,  1833  ;  pub- 
lished legal  works,  including  'Digest  of  Law  of  Scot- 
land'(1852-3).  [iii.  162] 

BARCLAY,  JOHN  (1582-1621),  author  of  the  'Argenis,' 
born  at  Pont-a-Moussou  ;  perhaps  educated  by  Jesuits ; 
lived  in  London,  1606-16, and  in  Rome,  1616-21 :  published 
'  Sutyrii'ou,'  1603-7,  '  Sylvae  '  (Latin  poems),  1606,  'Icon 
Auimorum,'  16 14,  and  'Argenis,'  a  Latin  satire  on  political 
faction  and  conspiracy,  1621.  [iii.  162] 

BARCLAY,  JOHN  (1734-1798),  minister  of  church 
of  Scotland ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews ;  assistant  minister  at 
Brrol,  whence  he  was  dismissed  for  inculcating  obnoxious 
doctriiH-s  ;  assistant  minister  at  Fettercairn,  Kincardine- 
shire,  1763  ;  published  religious  treatises,  including  '  With- 
out Faith,  without  God '  (1769),  and  was  inhibited  from 
preaching  at  Fettercairn,  1772 ;  appealed  unsuccessfully 
to  synod ;  formed  with  his  disciples  (who  designated 
tbi'nistlves  Bereans)  congregations  at  Sauchyburn  and 
Edinburgh,  teaching  in  the  main  the  doctrines  of  Calvin ; 
subsequently  founded  a  church  of  Bereans  in  London. 

[iii.  164] 

BARCLAY,  JOHN  (1741-1823),  general ;  lieutenant  in 
marines,  1756 ;  served  throughout  seven  years'  war  and 
American  war  ;  captain,  1762 ;  brevet- major,  1777  :  brevet- 
licutenant-colonel,  1783 :  employed  on  staff  in  England ; 
general,  1813  ;  retired,  1814.  [iii.  166] 

BARCLAY,  JOHN  (1758-1826),  anatomist :  nephew 
of  John  Barclay  (1734-1798)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St. 
Andrews ;  licensed  minister ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1796 ; 
lectured  on  anatomy  in  Edinburgh,  1797-1825 ;  F.O.P.  Edin- 
burgh, 1806  ;  published  works  on  anatomy.  [iii.  166] 

BARCLAY,  JOSEPH  (1831-1881),  bishop  of  Jerusalem, 
1881 ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1867 ;  missionary  at 
Constantinople  for  Society  for  Promoting  Christianity 
among  Jews,  1858  ;  incumbent  of  Christ  Church,  Jerusa- 
lem, 1861-70;  returned  to  England  and  received  living 
of  Stapleford ;  D.D.  Dublin,  1880  ;  published  translations 
from  Talmud.  [iii.  167] 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT  (1648-1690),  quaker  apologist : 
son  of  David  Barclay  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Scottish  college, 
Paris ;  joined  quakers,  1667 ;  published  '  Catechism  and 
Confession  of  Faith,'  1673,  and  '  The  Apology,'  1676,  up- 
holding quaker  doctrines ;  travelled  in  Holland  and  Ger- 
many, and  made  acquaintance  of  Elizabeth,  princess  Pala- 
tine ;  several  times  imprisoned,  but  by  1679  was  enjoying 
favour  at  court ;  received,  with  Penn  and  other  quakers, 
proprietorship  of  East  New  Jersey,  1683,  of  which  he  was 
appointed  nominal  governor  ;  died  at  Ury,  where  he  had 
resided  for  many  years.  '  The  Apology '  is  the  standard 
exposition  of  the  tenets  of  his  sect,  of  which  the  essential 
principle  is  that  all  true  knowledge  comes  from  divine 
revelation  to  the  heart  of  the  individual  [iii.  167] 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT  (1774-1811),  lieutenant-colonel ; 
served  with  distinction  in  East  Indies,  1789-95;  with 
Moore  in  Sweden  and  Portugal  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1806 ; 
died  from  effects  of  wound  received  at  Busaco.  [iii.  170] 

BARCLAY,  CAPTAIN  ROBERT  (1779-1854).  [See 
ALLARDICK,  ROBERT  BARCLAY.] 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT  (1833-1876),  ecclesiastical 
historiographer;  educated  at  Friends'  schools;  opened 
stationery  manufacturing  business,  London,  1855  ;  fre- 
quently preached  at  quaker  meetings  and  missions, 
though  not  a  minister ;  published  '  Inner  Life  of  Reli- 
gious Societies  of  Commonwealth,'  1876.  [iii.  170] 

BARCLAY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1620),  scholar;  studied 
at  Bordeaux  ;  professor  of  ancient  and  modern  law,  Tou- 
louse, at  Poitiers,  and  finally  again  at  Toulouse. 

[iii.  171] 

BARCLAY,  THOMAS  (1792-1873),  principal  of  Glas- 
gow University  :  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1812  ; 
reporter  for  '  Times,'  London,  1818-22 ;  minister  of  Dun- 
rossucss,  Shetland,  1822,  and  of  Lerwick,  1827 ;  clerk  of 


synod  of  Shetland,  1831 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1849  ;  principal 
of  Glasgow  University,  1858-73.  [iii.  172] 

BARCLAY,  WILLIAM  (1546  or  1547-1608),  Scottish 
jurist :  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  emigrated  to  France,  1671 ; 
studied  at  Paris  and  Bourges,  where  he  taught  law  ;  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Pont-a-Mousson  University,  council- 
lor of  state,  and  master  of  requests ;  LL.D. ;  resigned  chair 
and  came  to  England,  1603  ;  returned  to  France,  1604,  and 
became  professor  of  civil  law  and  dean  of  faculty  of  law 
at  Angers,  1605  ;  died  at  Angers  ;  his  most  important  work, 
'  De  Regno  et  Regali  Potestate,'  1600.  [iii.  173] 

BARCLAY,  WILLIAM  (1670?-! 630?),  Scottish  mis- 
cellaneous writer  M.A.  and  M.D.  Louvain ;  professor  of 
humanity,  Paris  University  ;  practised  medicine  in  Scot- 
land, and  subsequently  settled  at  Nantes ;  his  works  in- 
clude 'Nepenthes,  or  theVertues  of  Tobacco,'  1614. 

[iii.  174] 

BARCLAY,  WILLIAM  (1797-1859),  miniature 
painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  at  the  Salon. 

[iii.  174] 

BARCROFT,  GEORGE  (d.  1610),  musician ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1574 ;  minor  canon  and 
organist  at  Ely  Cathedral,  1679-1610.  [iii.  175] 

BARD,  HENRY,  VISCOUNT  BELLAMONT  (1604?- 
1660).  soldier  and  diplomatist  :  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1643; 
fought  for  king  during  civil  war  ;  captured  by  parliamen- 
tarians and  exiled,  1647 ;  killed  in  sandstorm  while  on 
embassy  from  Charles  II  to  Persia.  [iii.  175] 

BARDELBY,  ROBERT  DE  (fl.  1323),  judge  ;  one  of 
keepers  of  great  seal,  1302-21 ;  pauon  of  Chichester ;  jus- 
tice, 1323.  [iii.  175] 

BARDNEY,  RICHARD  OF  (fl.  1503),  Benedictine  of 
Bardney,  Lincolnshire  ;  B.D.  Oxford ;  wrote  a  metrical 
life  of  Grosstete,  1503.  [iii.  176] 

BARDOLF,  HUGH  (d.  1203),  justiciar  of  curia  regis ; 
itinerant  justice,  1184-9  ;  associated  in  the  charge  of  the 
kingdom  in  Henry's  absence,  1188 ;  justiciar  with  Puiset 
and  Lougchamp,  1189.  [iii.  176] 

BABJ)OLF  or  BARDOLPH,  THOMAS,  fifth  BARON 
BARDOLF  (1368-1408),  warrior ;  succeeded  to  barony,  1386 ; 
supported  the  Percies  during  Richard  II's  reign ;  accom- 
panied Henry  IV  on  invasion  of  Scotland,  1400  :  implicated 
in  Hotspur's  rebellion,  1403  ;  joined  Northumberland,  1405, 
and  suffered  confiscation  of  lands  ;  assisted  Owen  Glen- 
dower  [q.  v.]  in  Wales,  1405-6 ;  invaded  north  of  England 
with  Northumberland,  and  was  defeated  by  Sir  Thomas 
Rokeby  [q.  v.]  at  Bramham  Moor,  where  he  died  of  wounds. 
Lord  Bardolf  figures  in  Shakespeare's  'Henry  IV.' 

[Suppl.  i.  123] 

BARDOLF,  WILLIAM  (d.  1276),  baronial  leader; 
made  constable  of  Nottingham  by  provisions  of  Oxford  ; 
surrendered  Nottingham  to  the  king,  1264;  joined 
Henry  III  and  was  captured  at  Lewes.  [iii.  176] 

BARDSLEY,  SIR  JAMES  LOMAX(1801-1876),  physi- 
cian ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1823;  president,  Royal  Medical 
Society ;  physician  to  Manchester  Infirmary,  1823-43 ; 
knighted,  1853 ;  published  medical  writings,  [ill  176] 

BARDSLEY,  SAMUEL  ARGENT  (1764-1851),  physi- 
cian ;  educated  at  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Leyden;  M.D., 
1789  ;  physician  to  Manchester  Infirmary,  1790-1823  ;  pub- 
lished medical  and  other  writings.  [iii.  177] 

BARDWELL,  THOMAS  (d.  1780  ?),  portrait  painter ; 
well-known  copyist ;  published  '  Practice  of  Painting  and 
Perspective  made  easy,'  1756.  [iii.  177] 

BAREBONES,  PRAISEGOD  (1596  ?-1679).  [See 
BARBON.] 

BARENGER,  JAMES  (1780-1831),  animal  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1807-1831.  [iii.  177] 

BARET  or  BARRET,  JOHN  (d.  1580?),  lexicogra- 
pher ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1558  :  fellow ; 
M.D.,  1577 ;  published  '  An  Alvearie,  or  Triple  Dictionarie 
in  English,  Latin,  and  French,'  1574.  [iii  177] 

BARETTI,  GIUSEPPE  MARC'  ANTONIO  (1719- 
1789),  miscellaneous  writer;  born  at  Turin;  keeper  of 
stores  of  new  fortifications,  Cuneo,  1743-5;  at  Turin 
1747-51 ;  led  by  his  impetuous  disposition  into  literary  con- 
troversy with  Bartoli,  professor  of  literature  at  Turin,  who 
appealed  to  the  authorities ;  came  to  England,  obtained 


BARFF 


60 


BARKER 


an  engagement  in  Italian  Opera  House  and  opened  school 
for  teaching  Italian,  1751  :  made  acquaintance  of  Dr. 
Johnson  and  Thrale;  published  'italian  and  English  Dic- 
tionnry,'  1760;  returned  to  Italy  after  visiting  PortuuMl 
and  Spain,  1760,  and  at  Johnson's  suggestion  published 
account  of  his  travels,  1762  :  undertook  publication  of 
4  La  Frusta  Letteraria '  ('  The  Literary  Scourge '),  which 
Italian  writers  resented,  1765  ;  returned  to  London,  1766 ; 
F.S.A.:  travelled  with  Thrale  in  France  and  Flanders; 
tried  at  Old  Bailey  for  killing  ruffian  who  attacked  him  in 
Haymarket,  and  acquitted,  1769  ;  accompanied  theThrales 
and  Johnson  to  France,  1775  ;  published  in  French  a  '  Dis- 
course on  Shakespeare,'  1777.  His  portrait  was  painted 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  [iii.  178] 

BARFF,  SAMUEL  (1793  7-1880),  phil-hellene  ;  born 
presumably  in  England  :  banker  and  merchant  at  Zante, 
1816,  where  he  took  part  with  Byron  In  Greek  struggle  for 
independence.  [iii.  182] 

BARFORD,  WILLIAM,  D.D.  (d.  1792),  scholar  and 
divine;  educated  at  Eton;  D.D.  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1771 ;  public  orator,  1761-8  :  chaplain  to  House 
of  Commons,  1769;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1770; 
vicar  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard  Street,  1773-92  ;  published 
poems  and  dissertations  in  Latin  and  Greek,  [iii.  182J 

BARGENY,  BARONS.  [See  HAMILTON,  JOHN,  first 
BARON,  d.  1658 ;  HAMILTON,  JOHN,  second  BARON, d.  1693.] 

BARGRAVE,  ISAAC  (1586-1643),  dean  of  Canter- 
bury ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Oxford,  and 
rector  of  Eythorne,  1611;  'taxor'  at  Cambridge,  1612; 
chaplain  to  Wotton  at  Venice ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  a  nd 
prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1622;  received  living  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster ;  chaplain  to  Prince  Charles ; 
dean  of  Canterbury,  1625  ;  became  very  unpopular  among 
clergy,  and  at  beginning  of  civil  war  was  arrested  and  con- 
fined three  weeks  in  the  Fleet,  1642  ;  published  sermons. 

[iii.  183] 

BARGRAVE,  JOHN  (1610-1680),  divine  :  nephew  of 
Isaac  Bargrave  Fq-  v.] ;  fellow  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  ejected,  1643 :  travelled  on  continent  till  Resto- 
ration ;  canon  of  Canterbury,  1662 ;  went  on  mission  to 
ransom  English  captives  at  Algiers.  [iii.  184] 


BARHAM,  CHARLES  FOSTER  (1804-1884), 
cian  ;  M.B.  Cambridge,  1827 ;  M.D.,  1860  ;  successively 
senior  physician  and  consulting  physician  at  Royal  Corn- 
wall Infirmary  ;  wrote  scientific  papers.  [iii.  184] 

BARHAM,  CHARLES  MIDDLETON,  first  BARON 
(1726-1813).  [See  MIDDLKTON,  CHARLES.] 

BARHAM,  FRANCIS  FOSTER  (1808-1871),  the 
'Alisf;  son  of  T.  F.  Barham  (1766-1844)  [q.  v.] ;  en- 
rolled attorney,  1831 ;  joint  editor  and  proprietor  of 
•New  Monthly  Magazine,'  1839-40;  originated  •  Alism,'  a 
system  which  '  included  and  reconciled  all  divine  truths ' 
wheresoever  found  ;  formed  society  of  Alists.  His  publi- 
cation? include  a  revised  version  of  the  bible  (1848)  and 
an  edition  of  Jeremy  Collier's  '  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Great  Britain '  (1840).  [iii.  185] 

BARHAM,  HENRY  (1670 ?-1726),  naturalist;  ap- 
prenticed as  surgeon  ;  master-surgeon  in  navy ;  visited 
Spain,  Madras,  and  Jamaica,  where  he  became  surgeon- 
major  of  the  military  forces :  publisheVl  treatise  on  silk 
manufacture,  1719 :  F.R.S.,  1717  :  returned  to  Jamaica, 
1720,  and  died  there.  His  works  include  a  'History  of 
Jamaica,'  and  a  treatise  entitled  4Hortus  Americanus,' 
containing  much  information  on  natural  history. 

[iii.  186] 

BARHAM,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1577),  lawyer :  called  to 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1542  ;  '  ancient,'  1562 ;  Lent  reader, 
1558 :  serjeant-at-law,  1567 :  M.P.  for  Maidstone,  1563  ; 
conducted  prosecution  of  Duke  of  Norfolk  for  conspiring 
with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  against  Elizabeth,  1572,  and  of 
the  duke's  secretary,  Higford  ;  died  of  gaol  fever  con- 
tracted at  trial  of  Jencks,  a  malcontent  Roman  catholic. 

BARHAM,  RICHARD  HARRIS  (1788-1845),  author 
of  4  Ingoldsby  Legends ' ;  educated  at  St.  PaulV  School 
and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  incumbent  of  Snargate, 
1817;  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  1821 ;  appointed  priest- 
in-ordinary  of  chapels  royal,  1824 :  divinity  lecturer  at 
St.  Paul's  and  vicar  of  St.  Faith's,  1842.  The  '  Ingoldsby 
Legends'  were  printed  in  '  Bentley's  Miscellany '  and  the 
4  New  Monthly  Magazine '  and  were  published  collectively, 
1840  ;  second  and  third  series  appeared,  1847.  [ill.  188] 


BARHAM,  THOMAS  FOSTER  (1766-1844),  musician  : 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1792  ;  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits  ;  published  original  musical  composi- 
tions and  miscellaneous  works.  [iii.  189] 

BARHAM,  THOMAS  FOSTER  (1794-1869),  physician 
and  classical  scholar ;  son  of  Thomas  Foster  Barham 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.B.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1820 ;  prac- 
tised at  Penzance;  physician  to  Exeter  dispensary  and 
institution  for  blind,  1830  ;  actively  supported  Unitarian 
congregations  at  Exeter ;  published  theological  and  classi- 
cal works.  [ill.  190] 

BARHAM,  WILLIAM  FOSTER  (1802-1847  ?),  poet ; 
son  of  Thomas  Foster  Barham  (1766-1844)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1824 ;  Person  prizeman,  1821 
and  1822 ;  M.A.,  1827  ;  author  of  an  unpublished  poem 
on  '  Moskow.'  [ill.  190] 

BARING,   ALEXANDER,  first  BARON  ASHBURTON 

(1774-1848),  financier  and  statesman  ;  son  of  Sir  Francis 

Baring  [q.  v.] ,  whose  financial  house  he  entered  ;  spent 

some  time  in  United  States  :  M.P.  for  Taunton,  1806-26. 

I  Callington,  1826-31,  Thetford,  1831-2,  and  North  Essex, 

'  1833-5  ;  opposed  measures  against  American  commerce  ; 

president  of  board  of  trade  and  master  of  mint,  1834 ; 

raised  to  peerage,  1835 ;  commissioner  at  Washington  for 

settlement  of  boundary  dispute,  1842  ;  published  political 

and  economic  pamphlets.  [iii.  190] 

BARING,  CHARLES  THOMAS  (1807-1879),  bishop 
of  Durham  :  grandson  of  Sir  Francis  Baring  [q.  v.] ;  gra- 
duated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  first-class  classics  and 
mathematics,  1829;  incumbent  of  All  Saints,  Marylebone, 
1847  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  queen  and  select  preacher 
at  Oxford,  1850  ;  bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  1856, 
of  Durham,  1861.  [iii.  191] 

BARING,  Sm  FRANCIS  (1740-1810),  London  mer- 
chant ;  founder  of  financial  house  of  Baring  Brothers  & 
Co. ;  a  director  of  East  India  Company,  1779,  chairman, 
1792-3;  baronet,  1793:  M.P.,  1784-90  and  1794-1806; 
published  financial  treatises.  [ill.  192] 

BARING,  SIR  FRANCIS  THORNHILL,  BARON 
NORTHBROOK  (1796-1866),  statesman;  grandson  of  Sir 
Francis  Baring  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.  for  Portsmouth,  1826-65 : 
lord  of  treasury,  1830-4,  and  joint  secretary,  1834  and 
1835-9 ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1839-41 ;  first  lord  of 
admiralty,  1849-52  ;  peer,  1866.  [iii.  193] 

BARING,  HARRIET,  LADY  ASHBTJRTON  (d.  1857), 
nte  Montagu  ;  daughter  of  sixth  Earl  of  Sandwich  ;  mar- 
ried William  Bingham  Baring,  second  baron  Ashburton 
[q.  v.],  1823  ;  of  literary  tastes  ;  friend  of  Carlyle. 

[iii.  193] 

BARING,  THOMAS  (1799-1873),  financier  :  grandson 
of  6ir  Francis  Baring  [q.  v.] :  M.P.  for  Great  Yarmouth, 
1835-7,  and  Huntingdon,  1844-73  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer, 
1852  and  1858.  [iii.  193] 

BARING,  WILLIAM  BINGHAM,  second  BAROX  ASH- 
BURTON  (1799-1864),  statesman  ;  son  of  Alexander  Baring, 
first  baron  [q.  v.] :  M.P.  from  1826  to  1848 ;  secretary  to 
board  of  control,  1841-5  :  paymaster,  1845-6 ;  president  of 
j  Geographical  Society,  1860-4.  [iii.  193] 

BARKER,  ANDREW  (<f .  1577),  merchant  of  Bristol ; 
engaged  in  trade  with  Spanish  settlements  ;  fitted  out  ex- 
pedition, 1576,  and  was  killed  by  Spaniards.  [iii.  194] 


BENJAMIN  (1776-1838),  landscape 
painter  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Barker  (1769-1847)  [q.  v.]  ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1800-21.  [iii.  194] 

BARKER,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1649),  Garter 
king-of-arms  :  Lysley  pursuivant  and,  later,  Suffolk  herald 
in  Duke  of  Suffolk's  service ;  successively  Calais  pur- 
suivant extraordinary,  Rougedragon  pursuivant,  Rich- 
mond herald  (1522),Norroy  king-of-arms  and  Garter  king- 
of-arms  (1536)  ;  knighted,  1548.  [HI.  194] 

BARKER  or  BARKAR,  CHRISTOPHER  (1529?- 
1599),  queen's  printer :  originally  member  of  Drapers' 
Company  :  Genevan  bible  first  printed  in  England  by  him, 
1675 ;  printed  two  different  versions  of  bible,  1576  ;  pur- 
chased patent  including  right  to  print  Old  and  New 
Testament  in  English,  thereby  becoming  queen's  printer, 
1677  ;  warden  of  Stationers'  Company,  1582  :  obtained  ex- 
clusive patent  for  all  state  printing  and  for  religious  books, 


BARKER 


61 


BARKER 


1589.  He  produced  thirty-eight  editions  of  the  bible  or 
parts  thereof  between  1575  and  1588,  and  his  deputies  pro- 
duced thirty-four  between  1588  and  1599.  [iii.  195] 

BARKER,  COLLET  (1784-1831),  explorer  ;  captain  in 
39th   ntriment  in  Peninsula  and  iu   Ireland  :   sailed   for 
Australia,  1828  :  successively  commandant  of  settlements 
at  llaflies  Bay  and  King  George's  Sound  :  lost  his  life  while  I 
exploring  neighbourhood  of  St.  Vincent's  Gulf.  [iii.  197] 

BARKER,  EDMOND  (1721-1780?),  physician:  M.D. 
Leyden.  1747  :  member  of  Ivy  Lane  Club,  founded  by 
Dr  Johnson  ;  librarian  to  College  of  Physicians,  1760. 

[iii.  197] 

BARKER.  EDMUND  HENRY  (1788-1839),  classical 
scholar :  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  im- 
prisoned in  Fleet  owing  to  financial  losses  arising  from  an 
unsuccessful  lawsuit  to  prove  his  father's  legitimacy; 
edited  many  editions  of  Greek  and  Latin  authors  and 
compiled  with  Professor  Dunbar  of  Edinburgh  a  Greek 
and  English  lexicon.  [ill.  198] 

BARKER,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1859  ?),  Irish  physician  ; 
established  first  fever  hospital  in  Ireland,  at  Waterford  ; 
professor  of  chemistry,  Dublin  ;  M.D.,  1810  ;  secretary  to 
Irish  board  of  health,  1820-52.  [iii.  199] 

BARKER,  FREDERICK  (1808-1882),  Australian 
bishop  ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1839 ;  bishop  of 
Sydney  and  metropolitan  of  Australia,  1854 ;  D.D.,  1854  ; 
formed  general  synod  with  authority  over  church  in  Aus- 
tralia and  Tasmania  ;  died  at  San  Eemo.  [iii.  199] 


t,  GEORGE  (1776-1845),  solicitor  of  Birming- 
ham, where  he  founded  Philosophical  Society,  and  greatly 
improved  general  hospital;  member  of  Royal  Society, 
1839.  [iii.  200] 


Sm  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1817-1861), 
colonel  royal  artillery  ;  served  as  captain  in  Crimean  war, 
and  as  colonel  during  Indian  mutiny  ;  K.C.B.  [iii.  200] 

BARKER,  HENRY  ASTON  (1774-1856),  panorama 
painter  ;  son  of  Robert  Barker  (1739-1806)  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil 
at  Royal  Academy,  1788  ;  between  1802  and  1822  prepared 
and  exhibited  panoramas  including  Constantinople,  Malta, 
Venice,  and  battle  of  Waterloo.  [iii.  201] 

BARKER,  HUGH  (d.  1632),  lawyer ;  master  of  school 
attended  by  Selden  at  Ohichester ;  D.L.  Oxford,  1605 ; 
dean  of  court  of  arches.  [iii.  201] 

BARKER,  JAMES  (1772-1838),  navy  captain ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1795  ;  at  battles  of  L'Orient,  St.  Vincent,  and  the 
Nile ;  commander,  1798 ;  post  captain,  1812.  [iii.  201] 

BARKER,  JOHN  (fl.  1464),  scholar;  educated  at 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  wrote  '  Scutum 
Inexpugnabile,'  a  work  on  logic.  [iii.  202] 

BARKER,  JOHN  (rf.  1653),  navy  captain  ;  London 
ship-owner ;  obtained,  with  others,  letters  of  marque  for 
vessel,  which  he  commanded  in  Mediterranean  ;  captain 
of  one  of  his  own  ships  in  Dutch  war,  1652  ;  confirmed  as 
captain  in  navy,  1653 ;  killed  in  fight  off  Portland. 

[iii.  202] 

BARKER,  JOHN  (1708-1748),  medical  writer  ;  M.D. 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1743  ;  M.O.P.,  1746  ;  physician 
to  his  majesty's  forces  in  Low  Countries,  1747;  pub- 
lished works  on  epidemic  fever  of  1740-2.  [iii.  203] 

BARKER,  JOHN  (1682-1762),  presbyterian  divine; 
minister  to  congregation  at  Mare  Street,  Hackney,  1714- 
1738;  pastor  of  Salters'  Hall  congregation,  1741-62; 
published  sermons.  [iii.  202] 

BARKER,  JOHN  (1771-1849),  British  consul-general 
in  Egypt,  182  9-33  ;  born  in  Smyrna ;  entered  London 
banking  house ;  private  secretary  to  John  Spencer  Smith, 
British  ambassador  to  the  Porte,  1797-9 ;  British  consul  at 
Alexandria,  1825  :  retired  to  Suediah,  near  Antioch,  1833. 

[iii.  204] 

BARKER,  JOSEPH  (1806-1875),  preacher  and  con- 
troversialist ;  wool-spinner  at  Bramley,  near  Leeds, 
and  Wesleyan  preacher  and  home  missionary ;  joined 
Methodist  New  Connexion ;  travelling  preacher  succes- 
sively on  Hanley,  Halifax,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  Sun- 
derland  circuits,  1829-33:  preacher  on  Chester  circuit, 
1835-7;  expelled  from  Methodist  New  Connexion  for 
denying  the  'divine  appointment  of  baptism,'  1841 ;  pastor 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyue ;  imprisoned  for  connection  with 
Chartist  agitation,  1848 ;  went  to  Central  Ohio,  1851 ; 


lecturing  tours,  1857-8  ;  returned  to  England,  1860  ;  joined 
primitive  inethodists  at  Bilston  and  Tunstall,  and  was 
local  preacher,  1863-8  ;  died  at  Omaha.  Published  contro- 
versial and  religious  works  ;  conducted  printing  business, 
issued  'Barker's  Library,'  a  cheap  series  of  theological, 
philosophical,  and  ethical  works,  and  founded  several 
periodicals,  including  '  The  People,'  to  propagate  his  ex- 
treme opinions.  [iii.  204] 

BARKER,  MATTHEW  (1619-1698),  nonconformist 
divine;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  conducted 
school  at  Banbury  till  1641  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Leonard's, 
Eastcheap,  1660 ;  ejected,  1662 :  preached  at  meeting- 
house in  Miles  Lane,  1666  ;  published  religious  works. 

[iii.  207] 

BARKER,  MATTHEW  HENRY  (1790-1846),  writer 
of  sea  tales ;  served  on  East  Indiaman  and  in  navy ; 
naval  editor  of  '  United  Service  Gazette.'  [iii.  207] 

BARKER,  ROBERT  (d.  1645),  king's  printer  ;  son  of 
Christopher  Barker  [q.  v.]  :  freeman  of  Stationers'  Com- 
pany, 1589 ;  liveryman,  1592 :  received  reversion  of  his 
father's  patent  for  English  bibles,  prayer-books,  statutes, 
and  proclamations,  1589;  specially  licensed  'to  print  all 
statutes  and  libels  for  life,'  1603,  and  'all  books  in  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,  Trimelius's  Latin  bible,  and  all  charts 
and  maps,  1604 ;  his  most  important  publication  was  the 
first  edition  of  the  authorised  version  of  the  English  bible, 
1611,  and  the  '  Wicked '  bible,  1631.  [iii.  207] 

BARKER,  Sm  ROBERT  (1729  ?-1789),  officer  of  East 
India  Company  in  India,  1749;  captain  of  artillery  at 
Chandernagore  and  Plassey,  1758;  major  in  Draper's 
expedition  from  Madras  to  Philippine  islands,  1762 ; 
K.B.,  1763:  provincial  commander-in-chief  in  Bengal, 
1770 ;  concluded  treaty  with  the  Rohillas,  1772  ;  quar- 
relled with  Warren  Hastings  and  returned  to  England ; 
M.P.  for  Wallingford  ;  published  scientific  treatises. 

[iii.  208] 

BARKER,  ROBERT  (1739-1806),  reputed  inventor  of 
panoramas ;  portrait  painter  and  teacher  of  drawing  in 
Edinburgh ;  exhibited  panorama  at  Edinburgh,  Holy- 
rood,  and  Glasgow,  and  in  London,  1789 :  subsequently 
exhibited  in  London  other  panoramas,  including  a  view 
of  fleet  at  Spithead,  1794.  [iii.  209] 

BARKER,  SAMUEL  (1686-1759),  hebraist;  wrote  a 
Hebrew  grammar,  published  1761.  [iii.  210] 

BARKER,  THOMAS  (ft.  1651),  author  of  '  The  Art 
of  Angling,'  1651 ;  probably  gained  a  living  by  accom- 
panying gentlemen  on  fishing  expeditions.  [iii.  210] 

BARKER,  THOMAS  (1722-1809),  scientist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  published  '  An  Account  of  Discoveries 
concerning  Comets,'  1757,  and  other  works.  [iii.  211] 


.  THOMAS  (1769-1847),  painter ;  attracted 
attention  of  a  wealthy  coachmaker  of  Bath,  who  provided 
him  with  means  of  studying  in  Rome :  painted  chiefly 
landscapes  and  rustic  scenes ;  exhibited  occasionally  at 
Royal  Academy,  1791-1829,  and  at  British  Institution, 
1807-47 ;  '  The  Woodman '  and  '  Old  Tom '  are  two  of  his 
best-known  pictures.  [iii.  211] 

BARKER,  THOMAS  JONES  (1815-1882),  painter; 
son  of  Thomas  Barker  (1769-1847)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  in 
Paris,  1834-45,  and  exhibited  frequently  at  the  Salon ; 
returned  to  England,  1845,  and  became  known  as  painter 
of  portraits  and  military  subjects ;  made  many  sketches  at 
seat  of  hostilities  during  Franco-German  war,  1870 ;  his 
works  include  'Meeting  of  Wellington  and  Blucher'  and 
'  Nelson  on  board  the  San  Josef.'  [iii.  212] 

BARKER,  THOMAS  RICHARD  (1799-1870),  inde- 
pendent minister ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital :  pastor 
at  Alresford,  Hampshire,  1822,  Harpenden,  1824,  and 
Uxbridge,  1833-8 :  tutor  in  classics  and  Hebrew,  Spring 
Hill  College,  Birmingham,  1838-70.  [Iii.  213] 

BARKER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1572),  translator;  M.P. 
for  Great  Yarmouth ;  secretary  to  Duke  of  Norfolk,  for 
complicity  in  whose  plots  he  was  confined  in  Tower, 
1571 :  probably  author  of  translations  from  Italian  and 
Greek,  including  Xenophon's  '  Cyropsedia.'  [iii.  213] 

BARKER,  WILLIAM  BUROKHARDT  (1810  7-1856), 
orientalist,  son  of  John  Barker  (1771-1849)  [q.  v.]  ;  born 
at  Aleppo  :  in  England,  1819  ;  journeyed  to  sources  of  the 
Orontes,  Syria  :  for  many  years  official  resident  at  Tarsus, 
and  subsequently  professor  of  Arabic,  Turkish,  Russian, 


BARKER 


BARLOW 


and  Hindustani,  Eton  College :  during  the  Crimean  war, 
chief  superintendent  of  land  transport  at  Sinope,  where 
he  died ;  published  oriental  works.  [iii.  213] 

BARKER.  WILLIAM  HIGGS  (1744-1815),  hebraist ; 
B.A.-  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1765 :  Perry  exhibi- 
tioner, 1764-7 ;  master  of  Carmarthen  grammar  school, 
1767;  published  Hebrew  grammar  (1771)  and  lexicon 
(1812).  [iii.  214] 

BARKHAM  or  BARCHAM,  JOHN  (1572?-1642), 
antiquary  ami  historian :  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College, 
1594 ;  B.D.,  1603  :  chaplain  to  Bancroft  and  Abbot,  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1610, 
assisted  Speed  in  '  History  of  Britain,'  and  left  in  manu- 
script a  treatise  on  coins.  [iii.  214] 

BARKING,  RICHARD  DB  (d.  1246),  judge;  prior 
and,  1222,  abbot  of  Westminster ;  successively  privy  coun- 
cillor, baron  of  exchequer,  and  treasurer ;  lord  justice 
during  king's  absence  in  Welsh  wars,  1245.  [iii.  215] 

BARKLY,  ARTHUR  CECIL  STUART  (1843-1890), 
colonial  governor ;  sou  of  Sir  Henry  Barkly  [q.  v.] :  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Falkland  Islands,  1886-7,  and  of  Heli- 
goland, 1888-90.  [Suppl.  i.  126] 

BARKLY,  Sm  HENRY  (1815-1898),  colonial  go- 
vernor: M.P.  for  Leominster,  1845-8;  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  of  British  Guiana,  1848-53 :  K.O.B., 
1853;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1853-6,  Victoria,  1856-63, 
Mauritius,  1863-70,  and  Cape  Colony,  1870-7 ;  high  com- 
missioner for  settling  affairs  of  territories  adjacent  to 
eastern  frontier  of  Cape  Colony,  1870  :  proclaimed  Griqna- 
land  West  a  British  dependency,  1871 :  G.O.M.G.,  1874 ; 
opposed  Lord  Carnarvon's  attempt  to  force  federation  on 
Cape  Colony,  though  considering  it  ultimately  desirable ; 
commissioner  on  defence  of  British  possessions  and  com- 
merce abroad,  1879  ;  F.R.S.,  1864  ;  F.R.G.S.,  1870. 

[Suppl.  i.  124] 

BARKSDALE,  CLEMENT  (1609-1687),  author :  edu- 
cated at  Merton  College  and  Gloucester  Hall  (afterwards 
Worcester  College),  Oxford  :  chaplain  of  Lincoln  College  ; 
vicar  of  Hereford  and  master  of  the  free  school,  1 1637; 
chaplain  to  Chaudos  family  during  civil  war ;  published 
works  chiefly  of  religious  character.  [iii.  215] 

BARKSTEAD,  JOHN  (d.  1662),  regicide:  goldsmith 
in  London ;  captain  of  parliamentary  infantry  under 
Colonel  Venn;  governor  of  Reading,  1645:  commanded 
regiment  at  siege  of  Colchester  ;  one  of  the  king's  judges, 
1648;  governor  of  Yarmouth,  1649,  and  of  the  Tower, 
1652 ;  M.P.  for  Colchester,  1654,  and  Middlesex,  1656 ; 
knighted,  1656 :  escaped  to  continent,  1660 ;  arrested,  1661 ; 
brought  to  England  and  executed.  [iii.  216] 

BARKSTED,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1611),  actor  and  poet ; 
one  of  the  company  known  as  '  children  of  the  chapel ' 
and  later  as  '  children  of  the  queen's  revels ' ;  author  of  the 
poems,  •  Mirrha,  the  Mother  of  Venus'  (1607),  and  'Hiren, 
or  the  Faire  Greeke,'  1611.  [iii.  217] 

BARKWORTH  or  LAMBERT,  MARK  (d,  1601),  Bene- 
dictine monk ;  laboured  on  English  mission  ;  hanged  at 
Tyburn,  as  catholic  priest  unlawfully  abiding  in  Eng- 
land, [iii.  218] 

BARLING,  JOHN  (1804-1883),  dissenting  minister, 
joined  Unitarians,  and  was  minister  in  Halifax,  1854-8 ; 
published  religious  treatises.  [iii.  218] 

BARLOW,  EDWARD,  known  as  AMBROSE  (1587- 
1641),  Benedictine  monk :  worked  on  English  mission  in 
Lancashire  ;  executed  at  Lancaster  as  catholic  priest  un- 
lawfully abiding  in  England.  [iii.  218] 

BARLOW,  alia*  BOOTH,  EDWARD  (1639-1719), 
priest  and  mechanician ;  educated  at  Lisbon  ;  worked  on 
English  mission)  in  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire;  invented 
repeating  clocks,  c.  1676,  and,  later,  repeating  watches ; 
wrote  works  on  meteorology,  published  posthumously. 

[iii.  219] 

BARLOW,  FRANCIS  (1626?-1702),  animal  painter 
and  engraver ;  executed  plates  for  ^Esop's  fables,  published 
with  Mrs.  Behn's  translation,  1666.  [iii.  219] 

BARLOW.  SIR  GEORGE  HILARO  (1762-1847), 
governor-general;  appointed  to  Bengal  civil  service, 
1778 ;  sub-secretary  in  revenue  department,  1788 ;  chief 
secretary  to  government,  1796  :  member  of  supreme  coun- 
cil, 1801;  baronet,  1803;  governor-general,  1805-7; 


governor  of  Madras,  1807  ;  caused  great  discontent  by  his 
economical  reforms  in  the  army,  an  unsuccessful  mutiny 
being  the  result  ;  recalled,  1812.  [iii.  220] 

BARLOW,  HENRY  CLARK  (1806-1876),  writer  on 
Dante :  educated  a*d  architect ;  student  at  Royal  Academy  ; 
relinquished  the  profession  in  consequence  of  an  accident, 
1827 ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  :  M.D.,  1837 ;  devoted 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits  ami  arti-tic  criticism  in  Paris  ; 
studied  Italian  ;  in  Italy,  1841-6  :  spent  many  years  in 
research  and  in  collation  of  manuscripts  relating  to  Dante, 
in  various  countries  of  Europe ;  published '  Critical,  Histori- 
cal, and  Philosophical  Contributions  to  Study  of  "  Diviua 
Oommedia,"'  1864;  author  of  many  works  relating  to 
Dante  and  Italy.  [iii.  221] 

BARLOW,  PETER  (1776-1862),  mathematician, 
physicist,  and  optician  ;  began  life  in  obscure  mercantile 
position ;  schoolmaster ;  assistant  mathematical  master 
(1801),  and  subsequently,  till  1847,  professor  in  Royal 
Military  Academy;  honorary  M.I.O.E.,  1820;  received 
Society  of  Arts'  gold  medal  for  scheme  for  correcting  ships' 
compasses,  1821;  F.R.S.,  1823;  published  'Mathematical 
and  Philosophical  Dictionary,'  1814,  and '  Essay  on  Strength 
of  Timber,'  1817.  [iii.  222] 

BARLOW,  PETER  WILLIAM  (1809-1885),  civil  en- 
gineer ;  associate  M.I.O.E.,  1827 ;  resident  engineer  under 
Sir  William  Oubitt  [q.  v.]  of  various  sections  of  London 
and  Dover  railway,  1836-40,  and  of  the  whole  line,  1840  ; 
engineer-in-chief  ;  F.R.S.,  1845  ;  employed  in  connection 
with  several  railways  in  Ireland  from  1850 ;  investigated 
construction  of  bridges  of  great  span,  1858  ;  engineer  for 
Lambeth  bridge,  1860-2 ;  constructed  Tower  subway,  1869- 
1870.  [Suppl.  i.  126] 

BARLOW,  SIR  ROBERT  (1757-1843),  admiral; 
lieutenant,  1778;  captain,  1793;  attached  to  fleet  under 
Lord  Howe  ;  knighted,  1801 ;  flag-captain  to  Lord  Keith 
in  Downs,  1805-6 ;  commissioner  of  Chatham  dockyard, 
1808;  K.O.B.,  1820;  rear-admiral,  1823;  admiral,  1840; 
G.O.B.,  1842.  [Suppl.  i.  127] 

BARLOW,  RUDESIND  (1585-1656),  Benedictine 
monk  ;  superior  of  St.  Gregory's  at  Douay.  [iii.  224] 

BARLOW,  THOMAS  (1607-1691),  bishop  of  Lincoln : 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1633  ;  metaphysical  reader  to 
university,  1635 ;  strongly  supported  views  then  considered 
orthodox  at  Oxford,  but  on  its  surrender  to  Fairfax,  and 
again  at  the  Restoration,  accommodated  himself  to  cir- 
cumstances and  escaped  ejection ;  provost  of  Queen's,  1657  ; 
librarian  of  Bodleian,  1642-60  ;  D.D.,  Lady  Margaret  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  and  prebendary  of  Worcester,  1660; 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  1675  ;  displayed  strong  anti-popish  prin- 
ciples in  publication  of  controversial  and  other  tracts ;  he 
was  one  of  first  to  declare  his  loyalty  to  James  II,  and 
turned  whig  at  William  Ill's  accession.  In  addition  to 
published  works,  which  were  chiefly  religious,  he  left  many 
learned  treatises  in  manuscript.  [iii.  224] 

BARLOW,  THOMAS  OLDHAM  (1824-1889),  mezzo- 
tint engraver  ;  articled  as  engraver  at  Manchester,  where 
he  studied  designing ;  established  himself  independently  in 
London,  1847 ;  executed  plates  after  John  Phillips,  Millais, 
Turner,  Landseer,  and  others;  R.A.,  1881;  director  of 
etching  class  at  South  Kensington,  1886.  [Suppl.  i.  127] 

BARLOW,  THOMAS  WORTHINGTON(1823?-1856), 
antiquary  and  naturalist ;  F.L.S.,  1848 ;  called  to  bar  at 
Gray's  Inn,  1848  ;  practised  at  Manchester ;  queen's  advo- 
cate, Sierra  Leone,  1856  ;  published  work  so  nnatural  his- 
tory and  the  antiquities  of  Cheshire.  [iii.  229] 

BARLOW,  WILLIAM  (d.  1568),  bishop  of  Ohichester  ; 
D.D.  Oxford  ;  canon  of  St.  Osyth's,  Essex  ;  prior  of  Black- 
more,  Tiptree,  1509,  Lees,  1615,  Bromehill,  c.  1524 ;  wrote, 
on  suppression  of  Bromehill  by  Wolsey,  a  series  of  heretical 
pamphlets  which  were  prohibited,  1529,  the  author  subse- 
quently recanting;  attached  to  embassy  to  France  and 
Rome,  1530 :  successively  prior  of  Haverfordwest  and 
Bisham ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  and,  later,  of  St.  David's, 
1536  ;  founded  Christ  College  and  grammar  school,  Brecon, 
1542 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1548 :  resigned  see  on 
Mary's  accession;  imprisoned  in  Tower,  but  having  re- 
canted succeeded  In  reaching  Germany  ;  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter,  1559,  and  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1560.  [iii.  229] 

BARLOW,  WILLIAM  (d.  1613),  bishop  of  Lincoln  ; 
M.A.,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1587;  fellow  of 
Trinity  Hall,  1590 ;  D.D.,  1699  ;  chaplain  to  Wbitgift ; 


BARLOW 


63 


BARNBY 


of  St.  I'liul's,  1507.  \\Yst  minster,  1601-13,  and 
Canterbury,  1606-8  :  dean  of  (  Chester,  1602-6  :  chapluin  to 
Kli/.:ibcth  :  took  part  in  and  drew  up  report  of  Hampton 
Court  conference,  1604  ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1605  :  one  of 
the  preachers  of  the  controversial  sermons  commanded  by 
James  at  Hampton  Court,  1606  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1608  ; 
published  biography  of  Richard  Cosin  (1598)  and  other 
works.  [iii.  231] 

BARLOW  or  BARLOWE,  WILLIAM  (</.  1625). 
divine  :  B.A.  Balliol  College.  Oxford,  1564  :  prebendary  of 
Winchester,  1581;  prebendary  and,  later,  treasurer  of 
Lid  i  til-Id,  1588  ;  chaplain  to  Prince  Henry,  son  of 
James  I  :  published  works  relating  to  ships'  compasses 
and  the  loadstone.  [iii.  233] 

BARMBY,  JOHN  GOODWYN  (1820-1881),  Christian 
socialist  ;  joined  group  of  revolutionists  in  London,  1837  ; 
visited  Paris,  1840  :  founded  Communist  Propaganda 
Society,  1841  ;  Unitarian  minister  successively  at  South- 
ampton, Topsham,  Lympstone,  Lancaster,  and  Wake- 
field  :  published  religious  works,  and  contributed  to  com- 
munist journals.  [iii.  234] 

BARNARD,  Sm  ANDREW  FRANCIS  (1773-1855), 
general  ;  ensign,  1794  ;  captain,  1794  ;  served  at  St. 
Domingo,  1795,  and  subsequently  in  West  Indies,  under 
Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  ;  accompanied  expedition  to 
Helder,  1799  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  and  inspecting  field 
officer  of  militia  in  Canada,  1808-9  ;  served  in  Peninsula, 
1810-14;  colonel  and  K.C.B.,  1813:  present  at  Quatre 
Bras  and  wounded  at  Waterloo  ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Chelsea  Hospital,  1849  ;  general,  1851.  [iii.  235] 

BARNARD,  ANNE,  LADY  (1750-1825),  authoress  of 
1  Auld  Robin  Gray  '  ;  daughter  of  James  Lindsay,  fifth 
earl  of  Balcarres  ;  wrote,  1771,  ballad,  'Auld  Robin  Gray' 
(published  anonymously)  ;  married  Andrew  Barnard 
(1793),  with  whom,  when  appointed  colonial  secretary  to 
Macartney,  she  went  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  returned 
to  England,  1807,  and  lived  in  Berkeley  Square,  where  her 
house  became  a  literary  centre.  [iii.  236] 

BARNARD,  CHARLOTTE  ALINGTON  (1830-1869), 
ballad-  writer  ;  between  1858  and  1869,  under  pseudonym  of 
OLAHIBEL,  wrote  about  one  hundred  ballads,  [iii.  237] 

BARNARD,  EDWARD  (1717-1781),  provost  of  Eton  ; 
educated  at  Eton  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1742  ;  D.D.,  1756  ;  fellow,  1744-56  ;  headmaster  of  Eton, 
1764  ;  provost,  1764  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1761.  [iii.  237] 

BARNARD,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1791-1828), 
divine  and  poet  ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1817;  held  living  of  Brantingthorp, 
Yorkshire  ;  published  imitations  of  Meleager  (1817)  and 
translations  from  Marc-Antonio  Flamiuio  (posthumously), 
1829.  [iii.  237] 

BARNARD,  FREDERICK  (1846-1896),  humorous 
artist;  executed  many  cuts  for  household  edition  of 
Dickens's  works,  1871-9,  and  issued  series  of  'Character 
Sketches  from  Dickens,'  1879-84;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  :  contributed  to  many  periodicals,  including 
'Punch*  and  Mr.  Harry  Furniss's  'Lika  Joko,'  1894-5. 


[Suppl.  i.  128] 
M  (1799-1857), 


BARNARD,  SIR  HENRY  WILLIA 
lieutenant-general  ;  nephew  of  Sir  A.  F.  Barnard  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Sandhurst  ;  obtained  commission  in  grenadier 
guards,  1814  ;  served  on  his  uncle's  staff  at  Paris,  and  on 
Keane's  staff  in  Jamaica  ;  major-general  in  Crimea, 
1864-5  ;  Simpson's  chief  of  staff,  1855  ;  on  staff  in  Bengal 
during  Indian  mutiny,  1857  ;  died  of  pestilence  at  Delhi. 

[iii.  238] 

BARNARD,  JOHN  (ft.  1641),  musician;  minor 
canon  of  St.  Paul's  ;  published  collections  of  church  music, 
1641.  [iii.  238] 

BARNARD  or  BERNARD,  JOHN  (d.  1683),  bio- 
grapher ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1648  ; 
M.A.,  1651  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1672  ;  D.D.,  1669  ; 
published  life  of  Dr.  Heylyn,  1683.  [iii.  239] 

BARNARD,  JOHN  (/.  1685-1693),  supporter  of 
James  II  :  B.A.  and  fellow,  Braseuose  College,  Oxford, 
1682  ;  took  orders  in  church  of  England,  but  afterwards 
declared  himself  papist,  and  supported  James  II  ;  lecturer 
in  moral  philosophy,  Queen's  College,  1687-8  ;  corrected 
and  enlarged  Bohuu's  'Geographical  Dictionary.' 

[Iii.  239] 


BARNARD,  Sm  JOHN  (1686-1764),  merchant  and 
politician  ;  alderman  of  London,  1728-56  ;  sheriff,  1735 ; 
lord  mayor,  1737  ;  knighted,  1732;  M.P.  for  city  of  Lon- 
don, 1722-61  ;  recognised  as  a  high  authority  on  financial 
questions ;  a  statue  to  him  was  erected  on  the  Royal 
Exchange  by  his  fellow  citizens,  1747 ;  his  publications 
include  'A  Present  for  an  Apprentice,'  1740.  [iii.  240] 

BARNARD,  THOMAS  (1728-1806),  bishop;  educated 
at  Westminster;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1749;  archdeacon  of 
DerryandD.D.  Dublin,  1761  ;  dean  of  Derry,  1769 ;  bishop 
of  Killaloe  and  Kilfenora,  1780,  and  of  Limerick,  Ardfert, 
and  Aghadoe,  1794  ;  F.R.S.,  1783  ;  member  of  the  Literary 
Club,  to  which  Johnson  and  his  friends  belonged. 

[iii.  241] 

BARNARD,  WILLIAM  (1697-1768),  bishop  of  Derry  ; 
D.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1740 ;  vicar  of  St.  Bride's, 
Fleet  Street,  1729 ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1732  ; 
dean  of  Rochester,  1743  ;  bishop  of  Raphoe,  1744,  and  of 
Derry,  1747.  [iii.  241] 

BARNARD,  WILLIAM  ^(1774-1849),  mezzotint  en- 
graver ;  for  some  years  keeper  of  British  Institution. 


[iii.  242] 
(1688-1653), 


BA  RNARDISTON,  Sm  NATHANIEL 
puritan  ;  knighted,  1618 ;  -M.P.  for  Sudbufy,  Suffolk, 
1626-6  ;  refused  to  act  as  commissioner  for  collection  of 
loan  enforced  without  parliamentary  consent,  1625,  and 
was  imprisoned,  1627-8;  M.P.  for  Suffolk,  1628,  and  in 
1640  in  both  Long  and  Short  parliaments :  took  covenant 
and  became  parliamentary  assessor  for  Suffolk,  1643  ;  ap- 
parently took  no  active  part  in  Great  Rebellion. 


[iii.  242] 
17C 


BARNARDISTON,  Sm  SAMUEL  (1620-1707),  whig 
politician ;  son  of  preceding :  knighted,  1660 ;  baronet, 
1663  ;  deputy-governor  of  East  India  Company,  1668 : 
fined  and  imprisoned  for  protesting  against  ruling  of 
House  of  Lords  in  trading  dispute,  1668 ;  stood  as  whig 
M.P.  for  Suffolk,  1672,  and,  though  gaining  more  votes, 
his  opponent  was  returned  with  him  by  Sir  William 
Soame,  the  sheriff  ;  declared  duly  elected  by  the  Commons  ; 
brought  an  action  for  malice  against  Soame  in  the  king's 
bench,  and  recovered  damages  ;  verdict  reversed  by  the 
exchequer  chamber  on  appeal,  and  reversal  confirmed 
against  Barnardiston's  suit  by  the  House  of  Lords  ;  M.P. 
for  Suffolk,  1678-1702 ;  fined  and  imprisoned  for  expressing 
openly  dissatisfaction  at  proceedings  following  discovery 
of  Rye  House  plot,  1684-8 ;  judgment  against  him  reversed, 
1689.  [iii.  244] 

BARNARDISTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1669),  parlia- 
mentarian ;  son  of  Sir  Nathaniel  Barnardiston  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted,  1641 ;  M.P.  for  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1645 ;  fought 
on  side  of  parliament ;  M.P.  for  Suffolk,  1654,  1G56,  and 
1659  ;  supported  Restoration ;  created  baronet,  1663. 

[iii.  246] 

BARNARDISTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1752),  legal  re- 
porter ;  serjeant-at-law,  1735  ;  published  reports  of  chan- 
cery and  king's  bench  cases.  [iii.  247] 

BARNATO,  BARNETT  ISAACS  (1852-1897),  finan- 
cier ;  real  name  ISAACS  ;  went  to  South  Africa,  1873 ; 
assumed  name  of  Barnato  and  traded  as  diamond  dealer 
at  Kimberley;  established  in  London  firm  of  Barnato 
Brothers,  1880;  floated  Barnato  Diamond  Mining  Com- 
pany, Kimberley,  1881 :  amalgamated  with  De  Beers  com- 
pany, controlled  by  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes,  1868 ;  member  of 
Kimberley  divisional  council  from  l&O;  member  for 
Kimberley  in  Cape  Assembly,  1888  and  1894 ;  invested  in 
mining  and  other  property  in  Rand ;  chief  manipulator 
of  '  Kaffir  boom '  in  London,  1895,  suffering  heavy  losses ; 
drowned  himself  during  voyage  from  Cape  Town. 

BARNBARROCH,  LORD  (d.  1697).  [See  VANS,  SIR 
PATRICK.] 

BARNBY,  Sm  JOSEPH  (1838-1896),  composer  and 
conductor ;  chorister  in  York  minster ;  studied  at  Royal 
Academy  of  Music;  organist  and  choirmaster  at  St. 
Andrew's,  Wells  Street,  London,  1863-71,  and  at  St.  Anne's, 
Soho,  1871-86 ;  musical  adviser  to  Messrs.  Novello,  1861-76 ; 
formed,  1867,  and  conducted  '  Mr.  Joseph  Baruby's  Choir,' 
which  gave  many  successful  'oratorio  concerts'  till  1872, 
when  it  was  amalgamated  with  M.  Gounod's  choir  as 
Royal  Albert  Hall  Choral  Society  (now  Koyal  Choral 
Society) ;  precentor  of  Eton,  1875-92 ;  second  principal 
of  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  1892-6  ;  knighted,  1892 ; 
composed  chiefly  sacred  vocal  music.  [Suppl.  i.  130] 


BARNES 


64 


BAKNTNGrHAM 


BARNES,  AMBROSE  (1627-1710),  nonconformist; 
merchant-adventurer,  1655 :  mayor  of  Newcastle,  1661 ; 
did  much  to  alleviate  suflYrinns  of  nonconformists  in 
Charles  II 'u  reign  ;  wrote  social  and  political  treatises. 

[iii.  247] 

BARNES,  BARN  ABE  (1569  ?-1609),  poet ;  educated  at  ' 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  accompanied  Earl  of  Essex  to  j 
join  French  against  Parma,  1591  ;  issued  (perhaps  i 
privately)  Parthenophil  and  Partheiioplir,  Sonnrtttv. 
Madrigals,  Elegies,  and  Odes,'  1593,  and' A  Divine  Oen-  I 
tune  of  Spirituall  Sonnets,'  1595.  In  his  play  '  The  Devil's  I 
Charter,'  parallels  have  been  found  to  passages  in  '  The  ' 
Tempest '  and  '  Oymbeline.'  [iii.  247] 

BARNES,  SIR  EDWARD  (1776-1838),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  ensign,  1792 :  colonel,  1810 ;  on  staff  in  Peninsula, 
1812-14,  and  as  adjutant-general  in  campaign  of  1816, 
being  wounded  at  Waterloo ;  K.O.B. :  lieutenant-general, 
1825  ;  governor  of  Ceylon,  1824-31 ;  commander-in-chief  i 
in  India,  and  G.O.B.,  1831 ;  M.P.  for  Sudbury,  1837. 

[iii.  249] 

BARNES,  JOHN  (d.  1661),  Benedictine  monk ;  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and,  being  converted  to  Catholicism,  at 
Salamanca,  entered  Benedictine  monastery  at  Valladolid, 
and  was  professed,  1604  ;  ordained  priest,  1608 :  assistant 
of  English  mission,  1613 ;  banished  from  England ;  di- 
vinity lecturer  at  Douay ;  raised  suspicious  of  his  order, 
and  was  imprisoned  by  inquisition  at  Rome,  where  he 
died ;  published  religious  works.  [iii.  249] 

BARNES,  JOSHUA  (1654-1712),  Greek  scholar  and 
antiquary;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1678 :  M.A.,  1679  ; 
B.D.,  1686 ;  professor  of  Greek,  1695.  His  works  include 
'Sacred  Poems,'  dramatic  pieces  in  English  and  Latin, 
a  'Life  of  Edward  III'  (1688),  an  edition  of  Homer 
(1710),  and  various  religious  treatises.  [iii.  250] 

BARNES,  JULIANA  (6.  1388  ?).    [See  BURNERS.] 

BARNES,  RICHARD  (1532-1687),  bishop  of  Durham ; 
fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1552 ;  M.A.,  1567 ; 
D.D.,  1579 ;  chancellor,  1561,  and,  later,  canon-residentiary 
and  prebendary  oT  York ;  sutfragau-bishop  of  Nottingham, 
1567  ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1570,  and  of  Durham,  1577. 

[iii.  252] 

BARNES,  ROBERT  (1495-1540),  protestaut  divine 
and  martyr  ;  joined  convent  of  Austin  friars,  Cambridge, 
and  subsequently  became  prior  of  the  house ;  D.D.,  1523  ; 
brought  before  vice-chancellor  of  Clare  Hall  for  preaching 
sermon  of  puritanical  character,  and,  having  been  examined 
by  Wolsey  and  four  bishops,  was  called  upon  (1526)  to 
abjure  or  burn ;  abjured ;  committed  to  the  Fleet,  and 
afterwards  to  the  custody  of  the  Austin  friars ;  escaped 
to  Antwerp,  1528 ;  became  acquainted  with  Luther  and 
other  reformers ;  returned  to  London  on  Cromwell's  invi- 
tation, 1631 ;  sent  to  Germany  to  procure  from  Lutheran 
divines  approval  of  King  Henry's  divorce  and  second  mar- 
riage, 1535,  and  was  also  employed  in  negotiating  marriage 
with  Anne  of  Oleves,  1539  ;  attacked  Gardiner  with  much 
scurrilous  abuse  at  St.  Paul's  Cross ;  subsequently  asked 
and  received  the  bishop's  pardon,  but,  returning  to  his 
old  doctrines,  was  imprisoned  under  bill  of  attainder  and 
ultimately  burned  ;  published  religious  tracts  in  German 
and  English.  [iii.  253] 

BARNES,  THOMAS  (1747-1810),  Unitarian  divine 
and  educational  reformer  ;  minister  at  Cockey  Moor,  1768, 
and  at  Cross  Street  chapel,  Manchester,  1780-1810 ;  mainly 
instrumental  in  establishing  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences ; 
hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1784 ;  principal  of  Manchester 
College,  c.  1784-98.  [iii.  257] 

BARNES,  THOMAS  (1785-1841),  editor  of  the 
'Times'  1817-41  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Pem- 
broke College,  Cambridge ;  acquainted  with  Hunt,  Lamb, 
and  Hazlitt.  [Iii.  257] 

BARNES,  WILLIAM  (1801-1886)  the  Dorsetshire 
poet ;  son  of  a  farmer  in  Vale  of  Blackmore ;  entered 
solicitor's  office  at  Dorchester,  1818 ;  master  of  a  school  at 
Mere,  Wiltshire,  1823  :  executed  woodcuts  for  several  pub- 
lications ;  contributed  to 'County  Chronicle,'  1833, '  Poems 
in  Dorset  Dialect,'  published,  1844;  removed  school  to 
Dorchester,  1835 ;  entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, as  ten  years'  man,  1838  ;  B.D.,  1850 ;  pastor  of 
Whitcombe,  1847-63:  published  'Philological  Grammar,' 
18*4,  and  'Hwomely  Rhymes,'  1858;  rector  of  Came, 


1862-86.  His  works  include  '  Se  Gcfylsta  :  an  Anglo-Saxon 
Delectus.'  1849  :  '  Tiw  :  or  a  View  of  Roots  and  Stems  of 
English  as  a  Teutonic  Tongue,'  1862  ;  and  'Grammar  and 
Glossary  of  Dorset  Dialect,'  1863.  His  poems  in  Dorset 
dialect  were  collected,  1879.  [Suppl.  i.  131] 

BARNESTAPOLIUS,    OBERTUS    (d.    1599).    [See 

Tt'HNKR    RoBKRT.] 

BARNET,  JOHN  (</.  1373),  bishop ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1347,  and  of  Lichfield,  1354  ;  bishop  of  Worcester, 
1362,  Bath  and  Wells,  1363,  and  Ely,  1366 ;  treasurer  of 
England,  1363-70.  [iii.  258] 

BARNETT,  CURTIS  (d.  1746),  commodore;  flag- 
lieutenant  to  Sir  Charles  Wagner  in  Baltic,  1726  ;  served 
as  commander  on  Irish  coast,  1730  ;  in  Mediterranean, 
1731-4,  and  during  Spanish  war,  1740-2 ;  commodore  of 
squadron  in  East  Indies  in  French  war,  1744 ;  died  at  Fort 
St.  David's.  [iii.  268] 

BARNETT,  JOHN  (1802-1890),  stnger  and  musical 
composer  ;  of  German  origin  ;  articled  to  Samuel  James 
Arnold  [q.  v.] :  first  appeared  in  public  at  Lyceum,  1813, 
and  continued  to  sing  till  1817  ;  musical  director  at 
Olympic,  1832 :  composed  '  Mountain  Sylph,'  opera,  pro- 
duced at  Lyceum,  1834,  and  'Fair  Rosamund'  (Drury 
Lane),  1837;  opened  St.  James's  Theatre  for  English 
opera,  but  achieved  small  success :  devoted  himself  to 
teaching  singing ;  published  'School  for  the  Voice,'  1844. 

[Suppl.  i.  133] 

BARNETT,  MORRIS  (1800-1856),  actor  and  drama- 
tist ;  played  with  great  success  Tom  Drops  in  the  '  School- 
fellows '  (Douglas  Jerrold)  at  Drury  Lane,  1833 ;  wrote 
several  popular  dramas  including  '  Monsieur  Jacques '  and 
'  The  Serious  Family ' ;  on  staff  of  '  Morning  Post '  and 
'Era.'  [iii.  260] 

BARNEWALL,  ANTHONY  (1721-1739),  officer  in 
the  German  army ;  son  of  John,  eleventh  lord  Trimles- 
ton ;  served  in  Germany  with  Hamilton's  cuirassiers ; 
killed  at  Krotzka.  [tii.  260] 

BARNEWALL,  JOHN,  third  BARON  TRIMLESTON 
(1470-1538),  high  chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  second  justice  of 
king's  bench  1509  ;  high  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1524 ;  high 
chancellor,  1534-8.  [iii.  260] 

BARNEWALL,  NICHOLAS,  first  VISCOUNT  KINGS- 
LAND  (1592-1663),  M.P.  for  co.  Dublin  in  Irish  parlia- 
ments, 1634  and  1639  ;  fled  on  outbreak  of  Irish  rebellion, 
1643  ;  created  Viscount  Kingsland,  1645.  [iii.  261] 

BARNEWALL,  NICHOLAS,  third  VISCODNT  KINGS- 
LAND  (1668-1725),  captain  in  James's  Irish  army,  1688 ; 
outlawed;  subscribed  Irish  catholic  petition  against  in- 
fraction of  treaty  of  Limerick,  1703.  [iii.  261] 

BARNEWALL  or  BARNWALL,  SIR  PATRICK  (d. 
1622),  statesman  ;  imprisoned  in  Dublin  and  afterwards  in 
Tower  for  supporting  petition  in  favour  of  those  who  re- 
fused to  attend  protestant  church  on  Sundays,  1605 ; 
opposed  creation  of  new  boroughs  in  Ireland,  leis. 

[iii.  261] 

BARNEWALL,  RICHARD  VAUGHAN  (1780-1842), 
lawyer ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1806 ;  reported  in 
court  of  king's  bench,  1817-1834.  [iii.  262] 

BARNEY,  JOSEPH  (1751-1827),  fruit  and  flower 
painter  ;  studied  under  Zncchi  and  Angelica  Kauffmann  ; 
drawing  master  at  Royal  Military  Academy,  [iii.  262] 

BARNFEELD,  RICHARD  (1574-1627),  poet;  BA. 
Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1592;  published  'Affectionate 
Shepherd '  (1594),  'Cynthia,  with  certain  Sonnets '  (1595), 
and  other  poems  (1598),  including  two  pieces,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  '  Passionate  Pilgrim,'  1699,  and  were  long 
attributed  to  Shakespeare.  [iii.  262] 

BABNHAM,  BENEDICT  (1559-1598),  merchant  and 
benefactor  of  St.  Alton's  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  was 
educated  ;  liveryman  of  Drapers'  Company ;  alderman  of 
London,  1591 ;  member,  Society  of  Antiquaries,1572. 

[iii.  263] 

BARNHAM,  SIR  FRANCIS  (</.  1646?),  parliamen- 
tarian ;  knighted,  1603  ;  M.P.  for  Gramponnd,  1603  and 
1614,  and  Maidstone,  1621, 1624, 1«29,  and  1640  ;  supported 
parliamentarians  in  civil  war.  [iii.  264] 

BARNINOHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1448),  theologian ;  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  and  Paris  ;  prior  of  White  Carmelites  at 
Ipswich;  wrote  religious  treatises.  [iii.  264] 


BARNS 


BARRET 


BARNS,  LORD  (d.  1594).    [See  SKTON,  Sm  JOHN.] 

BARNSTON.  JOHN  (d.  1645),  divine  ;  fellow, 
noee Collide,  oxford,  where  he  endowed,  1028,  a  lectureship 
in  Hei.ivw  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  IGOO;  D.D.,  1616. 

[iii.  264] 

BARO,  PETER  (1534-1599),  controversialist;  born  at 
EUmipes  ;  bachelor  of  civil  law,  Bourges,  1556;  admitted 
advocate  at  Paris,  1557;  entered  ministry  at  Geneva, 
1. •)»)():  lecturer  in  divinity  and  Hebrew,  King's  College, 
Cambn.k'. •:  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1574; 
D.D.,  1676  ;  reprimanded  by  the  vice-chancellor  for  preach- 
ing Arminian  doctrine  and  criticising  the  Lambeth  Ar- 
ticles, 1595  ;  published  controversial  and  other  religious 
works.  He  was  almost  the  first  divine  in  England  who 
combated  the  endeavours  to^  impart  a  definitely  ultra- 
Calvinistic  character  to  the  church  of  England. 

[iii.  265] 

BARON  or  BARRON,  BARTHOLOMEW  or  BONA- 
VENTURA  (d.  1696),  Irish  Franciscan  and  miscellaneous 
\vritt'r ;  entered  Franciscan  order  in  Italy,  c.  1636 ;  lived 
at  college  of  St.  Isidore,  Koine ;  successively  provincial 
commissary  of  Franciscans  and  custos  of  Scotland  ;  spent 
close  of  his  life  at  Rome.  His  publications  include  several 
poems,  a  treatise  on  Bocthius,  and  an  exposition  of  the 
works  of  Duns  Scotus.  [iii.  267] 

BARON.  BERNARD  (d.  1762),  engraver ;  reproduced 
works  by  Vandyck,  Kueller,  Hogarth,  Rubens,  Titian, 
Watteau,  Teniers,  and  other  artists.  [iii.  267] 

BARON  or  BAREON,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1651),  Irish 
rebel :  elder  brother  of  Bartholomew  Baron  [q.  v.] ;  dele- 
gate of  Irish  confederates  to  court  of  France,  1642; 
executed  on  taking  of  Limerick.  [iii.  268] 

BARON,  JOHN  (1786-1851),  physician;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1805 ;  practised  at  Gloucester ;  physician  to  General 
Infirmary ;  admitted  to  the  Royal  Society,  1823  ;  retired  to 
Cheltenham,  1832 ;  founder  of  Medical  Benevolent  Fund, 
and  active  supporter  of  Medical  Missionary  Society  of 
Edinburgh.  His  publications  include  a  '  Life  of  Edward 
Jenner'  and  three  works  on  tubercle.  [iii.  269] 

BARON  or  BARRON,  RICHARD  (d.  1766),  repub- 
lican;  educated  at  Glasgow,  1737-40;  edited  Milton's 
prose  works,  Algernon  Sidney's  'Discourse  concerning 
Government,'  and  collections  of  republican  tracts  and 
other  works.  [iii.  270] 

BARON,  ROBERT  (1593 ?-1639),  divine;  successively 
professor  of  divinity  at  St.  Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews, 
and  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  minister  of  Grey- 
friars,  Aberdeen,  1624 ;  D.D.,  1627 ;  published  controversial 
and  other  religious  writings.  [iii.  270] 

BARON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1645),  poet  and  dramatist; 
educated  at  Cambridge.  His  publications  include  'Cy- 
prian Academy,'  1647,  which,  with  other  of  his  works, 
contains  whole  passages  from  Milton's  minor  poems 
(1645), 'Mirza,'a  tragedy,  resembling  Denham's  '  Sophy ' 
(1642) ;  and  '  Apologie  for  Paris,'  1649,  many  passages  of 
which  are  possibly  imitated  from  Jonson's  '  Catiline.'  He 
was  a  skilful  plagiarist,  but  was  detected  after  the  lapse 
of  a  century.  [iii.  270] 

BARON,  STEPHEN  (d.  1520  ?),  Franciscan  friar  of 
the  Strict  Observance ;  confessor  to  Henry  VIII  and  pro- 
vincial of  his  order  in  England.  [iii.  272] 

BARONS  or  BARNES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1505),  bishop 
of  London  ;  LL.D.  Oxford ;  commissary  of  chapter  and 
of  prerogative  court,  Canterbury ;  deputed  to  reply  in 
St.  Paul's  to  objections  to  banns  of  Prince  Arthur  and 
Katharine  of  Arragou,  1501 ;  master  of  rolls,  1502 ;  bishop 
of  London,  1504.  [iii.  272] 

BARONSDALE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1608),  physician  ;  M.D. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1568  ;  Linacre  lecturer  on 
medicine  ;  F.C.P. ;  president  College  of  Physicians,  1589- 
1600.  [iii.  272] 

BAROWE  or  BARROW,  THOMAS  (d.  1497?), 
divine  and  judge ;  prebendary  of  Westminster  and  master 
of  rolls,  1483 ;  master  in  chancery ;  keeper  of  great  seal, 
1484.  [iii.  272] 

BARRA.  LORD  (rf.  1654).    [See  HAY,  Sm  JOHN.] 

BARRALET,  JOHN  JAMES  (</.  1812),  water-colour 
painter :  member  of  London  Society  of  Artists ;  emigrated 
to  Philadelphia,  1795.  [iii.  273] 


BARRALLIER,  FRANCIS  LOUIS  or  FRANCIS 
(1773?-1863),  soldier  and  explorer  ;  ensign  in  New  South 
Wales  corps,  1800;  surveyor  to  expedition  to  Bass's 
Straita  (of  which  he  prepared  charts)  and  Hunter's  River, 
1800-3  ;  lieutenant,  1805  ;  served  at  Martinique,  1809,  and 
Guadaloupe,  1810 ;  surveyed  Barbados,  1812-17 :  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel,  1840.  [iii.  273] 

BARRATT,  ALFRED  (1844-1881),  philosophical 
writer  ;  educated  at  Rugby  ;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1866  ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  1869  ;  called  to  the 
bar,  1872:  secretary  of  Oxford  University  commission, 
1880 ;  published '  Physical  Ethics,'  1869,  and  left  unfinished 
a  work  on  '  Physical  Meteinpiric.'  [iii.  274] 

BARRATTD,  HENRY  (1811-1874),  painter;  exhibited 
chiefly  portraits  at  Royal  Academy,  1833-59.  [iii.  275] 

BARRAUD,  WILLIAM  (1810-1850),  animal  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  other  exhibitions,  1828- 
1850  ;  brother  of  Henry  Barraud  [q.  v.]  [iii.  275] 

BARRE,  ISAAC  (1726-1802),  colonel  and  politician  ; 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1745  :  served  under 
Wolfe  against  Rochefort,  1757  ;  M.P.  for  Chipping  Wy- 
coinbe,  1761-74,  and  Came,  1774-90 ;  adjutant-general  and 
governor  of  Stirling,  1763-4  ;  vice- treasurer  of  Ireland  and 
privy  councillor ;  treasurer  of  navy,  1782.  [iii.  275] 

BARRE.  RICHARD  (fl.  1170-1202),  ecclesiastic  and 
judge ;  envoy  to  papal  court  at  time  of  Becket's  murder  ; 
keeper  of  great  seal,  1170 ;  archdeacon  of  Ely,  1184  V-96  ; 
justice  of  king's  court,  1196.  [iii.  276] 

BARRE,  WILLIAM  VINCENT  (1760  ?-1829), author ; 
born  in  Germany  of  Huguenot  parents  ;  served  in  Russian 
navy  ;  interpreter  to  Bonaparte,  against  whom  he  wrote 
satiric  verses  and  was  compelled  to  fly  to  England,  1803 ; 
published  '  History  of  French  Consulate  under  Napoleon 
Buonaparte,'  whom  he  scurrilously  attacked,  [iii.  276] 

BARRET,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1728  V-1784),  painter  ; 
apprenticed  as  staymaker  in  Dublin,  where  he  studied 
and  subsequently  taught  drawing ;  came  to  England, 
1762,  and  quickly  achieved  success  as  landscape  painter ; 
master  painter  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  [iii.  277] 

BARRET,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (d.  1842),  painter ; 
son  of  George  Barret  (1728  ?-1784)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  chiefly 
landscapes  at  Royal  Academy,  from  1796,  and  at  Society 
of  Painters  in  Watercolours,  1805-42.  [iii.  278] 

BARRET,  JOHN  (d.  1563),  Carmelite  friar  of  King's 
Lynn  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1533  :  vicar  of  Bishop's  Thorpe, 
1558,  and  prebendary  of  Norwich;  published  religious 
works.  [UL  278] 

BARRET,  JOHN  (d.  1580  ?).    [See  BARET.] 

BARRET,  JOHN  (1631-1713),  nonconformist  divine ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  presbyterian  minis- 
ter at  Nottingham,  1656,  where,  being  ejected  in  1662,  he 
held  conventicles ;  published  religious  works,  [iii.  278] 

BARRET,  JOSEPH  (1666-1699),  religious  writer  ;  sou 
of  John  Barret  (1631-1713)  [q.  v.]  ;  in  business  at  Not- 
tingham ;  his  '  Remains '  appeared,  1700.  [iii.  279] 

BARRET,  PATRICK  (d.  1415),  bishop  of  Ferns,  Wex- 
ford,  1400  :  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1410-12  ;  compiled  cata- 
logue of  bishops  of  Ferns.  [iii.  279] 

BARRET,  RICHARD  (d.  1599),  catholic  divine;  edu- 
I  cated  at  Douay  and  Rome ;  D.D.  Rome,  1582 ;  superin- 
tendent, 1582,  and  president,  1588,  of  English  college  at 
Rheims  and,  on  its  removal  thence,  at  Douay.    [iii.  279] 

BARRET,  ROBERT  (/.  1600),  military  and  poetical 

writer  ;  saw  service  among  French,  Dutch,  Italians,  and 

Spaniards;    published  in   London,   1598,  '  Theorike  and 

Practike  of  Modern  Warres,'  and  left  in  manuscript  an 

I  epic  poem  entitled  '  The  Sacred  War.'  [UL  279] 

BARFET,  WILLIAM  (d.   1584),  British  consul   at 
:  Aleppo,  1584  ;  wrote  treatise  on  '  Money  and  Measures  of 
Babylon,  Balsara,  and  the  Indies.'  [iii.  280] 

BARRET,  WILLIAM  (/.  1595):  divine;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1688  ;  aummoned  before  Arch- 
bishop Whitgift  for  preaching  anti-Calvinistic  sermon  at 
Cambridge,  1595  ;  fled  to  continent  and  embraced  Catho- 
licism, 1597  ;  subsequently  lived  as  layman  in  England. 

[Ui.  280] 


BARRETT 


66 


BARROW 


BARRETT.  KAT<>\  ST  \NN.\IU)  ( 17Kfi-lH2(>),  poeti- 
cal writer  :  studied  at  Middle  Temple,  l/>ndon  :  published 
'Woman,  and  other  Poems'  1810,  und  several  political 
satires.  [iii.  281] 

BARRETT,  ELIZABETH  (1809-1861).    [See  Buowx- 

IN<;.] 

BARRETT.  GEORGE  (1762-1821),  actuary  to  Hope 
Life  Office,  1813.  He  prepared  a  series  of  life  tobies,  por- 
tions of  which  only  were  published.  [iii.  281] 

BARRETT,  JOHN  (d.  1810),  navy  captain  ;  lieutenant 
in  navy.  1793;  made  post-captain  after  capture  of  St. 
Lucia,  1795 :  served  against  Danes,  1808 ;  wrecked  and 
drowned  while  convoying  Baltic  trade.  [iii.  282] 

BARRETT.  JOHN  (1753-1821),  divine ;  fellow  and 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1778;  D.D.,  1790;  vice- 
provost,  1807.  His  publications  include  an  astrological 
work  on  the  Zodiac ;  he  edited  the  '  Oodex  Z  Dnblinensis 
Rescriptus,'  discovered  while  examining  manuscripts  in 
Trinity  College,  1787.  [iii.  282] 

BARRETT,  LUCAS  (1837-1862),  geologist  and  natural- 
ist ;  educated  at  University  College  School :  studied  at 
Ebersdorf  ;  made  voyage*  to  Shetland.  Norway,  Greenland, 
and  Spain,  studying  marine  fauna  ;  curator  of  Woodward- 
ian  Museum,  Cambridge,  and  fellow  Geological  Society, 
1855  :  director  of  geological  survey  of  Jamaica,  1859  ;  lost 
his  life  off  Port  Royal  while  diving  to  investigate  Jamaican 
coral  reefs.  [iii.  283] 

BARRETT,  STEPHEN  ( 17.18-1801),  classical  teacher ; 
M.A.  University  College,  Oxford.  1744;  master  at  free 
school,  Ashford ;  held  living  of  Hothfield,  Kent,  1773- 
1801.  His  works  include  a  Latin  translation  of  Pope's 
'  Pastorals,'  1746.  [iii.  284] 

BARRETT.  WILLIAM  (1733-1789),  surgeon  and  an- 
tiquary :  qualified  as  surgeon,  1765  ;  collected  materials 
for  history  of  Bristol  (published,  1789),  accepting  from 
Thomas  Chatterton  [q.  v.]  a?  authentic  the  forged  '  How- 
ley'  manuscripts,  1789  ;  P.S.A.,  1776.  [iii.  284] 

BARRI,     GIRALDUS     DK     (1146  ?-1220?).       [See 

GlRALDL'S  CAMBRKX81S.] 

BARRINGTON,  DAINES  (1727-1800),  lawyer,  anti- 
quary, and  naturalist ;  son  of  John  Shute,  first  viscount 
Barrington  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple  ;  mar- 
shal of  high  court  of  admiralty,  1751 ;  justice  of  counties 
of  Merioneth,  Carnarvon,  and  Anglesey,  1757  ;  recorder  of 
Bristol,  1764  ;  K.C.,  and  bencher  of  his  inn  ;  second  jus- 
tice of  Chester,  1778-85  ;  vice-president  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries ;  commissary-general  of  stores  at  Gibraltar 
till  death;  said  to  have  induced  White  to  write  his 
'Natural  History  of  Selborne.'  His  writings  include 
'  Observations  on  the  Statutes,'  1766,  and  a  translation  of 
King  Alfred's  '  Orosius,'  1773.  [iii.  286] 

BARRINGTON,  GEORGE  (6.  1755),  pickpocket  and 
author ;  real  name  WALDROX  ;  ran  away  from  school  and 
joined  a  company  of  strolling  players,  assuming  name 
George  Barriugton  ;  turned  pickpocket ;  came  to  London, 
and  having  been  twice  sentenced  to  hard  labour,  was 
ultimately  transported  for  seven  years  to  Botany  Bay, 
1790  ;  released  in  consideration  of  good  behaviour,  1792; 
became  superintendent  of  convicts  and  high  constable  of 
Paramatta,  New  South  Wales ;  published  description  of 
voyage  to  Botany  Bay  (1801-3)  and  historical  works  relat- 
ing to  Australia.  [iii.  288] 

BARRINGTON,  JOHN  SHUTE,  first  VISCOUNT 
BARBIXGTOX  (1678-1734),  hi wyer,  polemic,  and  Christian 
apologist;  originally  named  SHUTK;  Ph.D.  and  L.A.M. 
Utrecht ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple ;  sent  to  Scotland 
to  win  presbyterian  support  for  the  union;  inherited 
estates  in  Essex  and  assumed  name  of  Barrington,  1709 ; 
published  'Dissuasive  from  Jacobitism,'  1713;  M.P.  for 
Berwick-upon-Tweed,  1715  and  1722;  raised  to  peerage, 
1720;  expelled  from  House  of  ('ominous  for  connection 
with  Harburg  lottery,  which  was  patronised  by  the  king 
and  Prince  of  Wal*»,  1723;  published  a 'History  of  the 
Apostles'  and  (1701-6)  works  relating  to  rights  of  prates- 
taut  dissenters.  [iii.  289] 

BARRINGTON,  Sm  JONAH  (17«0-1834),  lawyer; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  called  to  bar ;  judge 
iii  admiralty,  1798 ;  member  for  Tuam  in  Irish  House  of 


Common?,  1792-8,nnd  for  Bannagher,  1799-1800  :  deprived 
of  office  for  appropriating  money  paid  into  his  court,  1830  ; 
died  at  Versailles  ;  wrote  works,  relating  to  history  of  Ire- 
laud,  [iii.  291] 

BARRINGTON,  SAMUEL  (1729-1800),  admiral ;  son 
of  John  Shute,  first  viscount  Barrington  [q.  v.]  ;  lieuten- 
ant, 1746  ;  served  under  Hawke  in  Basque  Roads  expedi- 
tion, 1757 ;  under  Rodney  at  destruction  of  shipping  at 
Havre-de-Grace,  1769 ;  with  Hon.  J.  Byron  at  Louisbourg, 
1760,  and  with  Keppel  at  Belle  Isle,  1761 ;  flag-captain 
under  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1768;  attached  to  Channel 
fleet,  1771-4 ;  commander-in-chief  in  West  Indies,  1778 ; 
took  St.  Lucia ;  superseded  by  Byron :  served  as  second  in 
command  at  Grenada ;  second  in  command  of  Channel 
fleet,  1779  and  1782 ;  admiral,  1787.  [iii.  291] 

BARRINGTON,  SHUTE  (1734-1826), divine;  brother 
of  Samuel  Barrington  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton ;  M.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1757 ;  chaplain-iu-ordiuary  to 
George  III,  1760 ;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1761 ;  D.C.L., 
1762  ;  held  a  stall  at  Windsor,  1776 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff, 
1769,  Salisbury,  1782,  and  Durham,  1791  till  his  death, 
when  he  was  count  palatine  and  custos  rotulorum  of 
Durham  ;  published  religious  works.  [iii.  294] 

BARRINGTON,  WILLIAM  WILDMAN,  second  VIS- 
COUNT BARHINOTON  (1717-1793),  statesman ;  brother  of 
Shute  Barrington  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  Berwick-upon-Tweed, 
1740,  and  Plymouth,  1754  and  1765  ;  introduced  plan  for 
formation  of  militia,  1745 :  lord  commissioner  of  ad- 
miralty, and  member  of  committee  for  impeachment  of 
Lovat,  1746  :  privy  councillor,  1765 ;  chancellor  of  ex- 
chequer, 1761 ;  treasurer  of  navy,  1762  ;  secretary  at  war, 
1765-78  ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1782.  [iii.  295] 

BARRITT,  THOMAS  (1743-1820),  antiquary:  col- 
lected and  iuvestigated  antiquities  hi  neighbourhood  of 
Manchester.  [iii.  295] 

BARRON,  HUGH  (d.  1791),  portrait-painter ;  pupil 
of  Reynolds ;  worked  hi  Lisbon  and  Rome ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1783  and  1786.  [iii.  296] 

BARRON,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  (ft,  1777),  land- 
scape painter ;  brother  of  Hugh  Barren  [q.  v.] ;  held 
position  in  exchequer.  [iii.  296] 

BARROUGH.  PHILIP  (/.  1690).    [See  BARROW.] 

BARROW,  SIR  GEORGE  (1806-1876),  author :  son  of 
Sir  John  Barrow  [q.  v.] ;  clerk  in  colonial  office,  1825 ; 
secretary  to  order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  1870. 
His  works  include  'The  Valley  of  Tears,'  a  volume  of 
poems.  [iii.  296] 

BARROW  or  BARROWE,  HENRY  (d.  1593),  church 
reformer ;  B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1670  ;  entered 
Gray's  Inn,  1576  ;  led  a  profligate  life,  but  subsequently 
gave  himself  up  to  study  of  the  bible ;  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Greenwood,  and  largely  adopted  'Browuist' 
tenets ;  arrested  at  instance  of  Whitgift,  and  examined 
by  legal  and  ecclesiastical  authorities,  1586  ;  imprisoned 
in  Fleet  for  denying  their  authority  ;  published  with  two 
fellow-prisoners  an  account  of  the  examination  and 
other  works,  for  which  they  were  arraigned,  and  ulti- 
mately hanged  at  Tyburn.  His  principles  required  the 
admission  of  the  supreme  authority  of  Jesus  Christ  and 
of  Holy  Scripture.  [iii.  297] 

BARROW,  ISAAC  (1630-1677),  divine  and  mathe- 
matical and  classical  scholar  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse, 
Pelstead,  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  B.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1648 ;  fellow,  1649  ;  M.A.,  1652 ;  incor- 
porated M.A.  Oxford,  1653  :  travelled  abroad,  1655-9  ;  took 
holy  orders,  1659  ;  professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge,  1660, 
and,  later,  of  geometry  at  Gresham  College  :  first  Lucasian 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge,  1663 ;  resigned 
in  favour  of  his  pupil,  Isaac  Newton,  1669,  having  pre- 
viously resigned  the  Gresham  professorship;  wrote  'Ex- 
position of  the  Creed,  Decalogue,  and  Sacramente,'  1669 ; 
D.D.  by  royal  mandate,  1670 ;  master  of  Trinity,  where  he 
founded  the  library,  1672  :  published  '  Euclidis  Elements,' 
1655,  and  '  Archimedis  Opera,'  1676.  As  a  mathematician 
he  was  considered  by  his  contemporaries  second  only  to 
Newton,  while  no  more  perfect  piece  of  controversial 
writing  than  his  treatise  on  the  '  Pope's  Supremacy '  (1680) 
i>  extaut.  Hie  sermon  •  uow  rank  amoug  the  finest. 

[iii.  299] 


BARROW 


67 


BARRY 


BARROW,  ISAAC  (1614-1680),  divine;  fellow  of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  ejected  from  fellowship  as  royalist, 
1643  :  chaplain  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1643-5  ;  returned 
to  fellowship,  1660  :  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1663,  and 
governor  of  Isle  of  Mail,  1664  ;  translated  to  St.  Asaph, 
1669.  [ill-  298] 

BARROW,  JOHN  (/.  1756),  geographical  compiler ; 
compiled  history  of  the  discoveries  made  by  Europeans  in 
different  parts  of  the  world,  1756.  [iii.  305] 

BARROW,  SIK  JOHN  (1764-1848),  secretary  of  the 
admiralty  :  born  of  humble  parents  ;  timekeeper  aud  sub- 
se<|iiently  partner  in  a  Liverpool  ironfoundry  ;  comp- 
troller of  household  in  suite  of  Lord  Macartney;  private 
secretary  to  Macartney  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  whither  he 
was  sent  on  mission  to  reconcile  Boers  and  Kaffirs,  and  to 
obtain  topographical  information ;  auditor-general  of 
public  records ;  lived  near  Table  Mountain,  1800-2  ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1803  ;  second  secretary  of  the  ad- 
miralty, 1804-6  and  1807-45  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Edinburgh, 
1821 ;  created  baronet,  1835  ;  founder  of  Royal  Geographi- 


1 733  ;  fellow  of  King  and  Queen's  College  of  Physicians 
(Ireland),  1740;  president,  1749:  F.C.P.  London,  1762; 
created  baronet,  1775  ;  professor  of  physic,  Dublin  ;  pub- 
lished medical  works.  [iii.  314] 

BARRY,  EDWARD  (1759-1822),  religious  and  medical 
writer  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews ;  curate  of  St.  Marylebone, 
London ;  grand  chaplain  to  the  freemasons ;  published 
medical  and  theological  works.  [iii.  314] 

BARRY,  EDWARD  MIDDLETON  (1830-1880),  archi- 
tect ;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barry  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
King's  College,  London  ;  rebuilt  Covent  Garden  Theatre, 
1857,  and  Floral  Hall,  1858 ;  R.A.,  1869 ;  professor  of 
architecture  at  Royal  Academy,  1873-80;  treasurer  of 
the  Academy,  1874  ;  competed  for  Albert  Memorial,  1862, 
and  for  Law  Courts,  1867.  Among  bis  works  are  the 
New  Palace,  Westminster,  1866-8,  new  picture  galleries 
added  to  the  National  Gallery,  1871-5,  and  Inner  Temple 
Buildings,  1875-9.  [Ui.  315] 

BARRY,   ELIZABETH   (1658-1713),   actress;  owed 


MJ99*  »     U*B»VCU    IMUUUCUj    M.UUU    ,    &VUUUV*    v*.    Jfcwjt*!.   vj**sg  *  »|sui-  %  i  •«         i        *    T»         I 

cal  Society ;  contributed  to  the '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.'  ,  "er  entrance  on  the  stage  to  patronage  of  Earl  of  Roches- 
His  works  include  '  Voyages  of  Discovery  and  Research  in  I  **r  ;  first  appeared  at  Dorset  Garden  as  Isabella,  queen  of 
the  Arctic  Regions,'  an  •  Autobiography,'  and  volumes  de-  Hungary  in  •  Mustapha,'  1673  ;  'created  more  than  one 
scriptive  of  his  travels.  [iii.  305] 

BARROW  or  BARROTTGH,  PHILIP  (/.  1590), 
medical  writer ;  licensed  by  Cambridge  University  to 
practise  chirurgery  aud  physic ;  published  '  Method  of 
Phisicke,'  1590.  [iii.  308] 

BARROW,  THOMAS  (d.  1497  ?).    [See  BAROWE.] 

BARROW,    THOMAS    (1747-1813),   learned    Jesuit; 


rendered  great  services  to  English  academy  at  Liege  and 
to  Stouyhurst  College ;  published  verses  in  Hebrew  and 
Greek.  [iii.  308] 

BARROW,  WILLIAM  (1610-1679).    [See  WARIXG.] 

BARROW,  WILLIAM  (1754-1836),  divine ;  gained  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1778,  chancellor's  prize  for  essay 
on  '  Education  '  (enlarged  and  published,  1802) ;  D.C.L., 
and  Banipton  lecturer,  1799  ;  prebendary,  1815,  and  vicar- 
gpneral,  1821,  of  collegiate  church  of  Eaton  ;  archdeacon 
of  Nottingham,  1830-2 ;  F.S.A.  [iii.  308] 

BARROWBY,  WILLIAM  (1682-1751),  physician: 
M.D.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1713  :  F.C.P.,  1718 ; 
F.R.S.,  1721 ;  joint  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's,  1750 ; 
published  work  on  anatomy.  [iii.  309] 

BARRY,  MRS.  ANN  SPRANGER  (1734-1801),  actress ; 
n&  Street ;  married  an  actor  named  Dancer,  and  played 
in  Portsmouth  and  York,  c.  1766  ;  played  Cordelia  (to 
Lear  of  Spranger  Barry  [q.  v.],  whom  she  married), 
Juliet,  Desdemona,  and  other  parts  at  Dublin,  1758-67 ; 
at  Haymarket,  1767,  where  she  soon  gained  great  reputa- 
tion. Her  last  appearance  was  at  Covent  Garden  as 
Lady  Randolph,  her  great  character,  1798.  [iii.  309] 

BARRY,  SIR  CHARLES  (1795-1860),  architect: 
articled  as  surveyor  in  Lambeth,  1810-16 ;  regularly 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  :  travelled  in  France,  Italy, 


hundred  roles,  including  Monimia  (the  '  Orphan '),  Cor- 
delia (Tate's  version  of  '  King  Lear '),  Belvidera  ('  Venice 
Preserved '),  Cassandra  (Dryden's  '  Cleomenes '),  aud  Zara 
(Oongreve's  'Mourning  Bride') ;  retired,  1710.  [iii.  317] 


BARRY,  GEORGE  (1748-1805),  topographical  writer  ; 
minister  at  Kirk  wall,  1782,  and  Shapinshay,  1793  ;  D.D. 
Edinburgh.  1804 ;  published  '  History  of  Orkney  Islands,' 
1805.  [Ui.  319] 

BARRY,  GERAT  or  GERALD  (fl.  1624-1642),  colonel 
in  the  Spanish  army ;  served  in  Spanish  army  in  Low 
Countries  and  Germany  ;  distinguished  himself  at  siege  of 
Breda,  1626  (of  which  he  published  an  account,  1628),  and 
subsequently  as  colonel  in  Ireland  during  rising  of  1641, 
for  assisting  which  he  was  outlawed,  1642 ;  published 


•  Military  Discipline,'  1634. 


[UL  319] 


BARRY,  HENRY  (1750-1822),  colonel ;  ensign,  1768 ; 
aide-de-camp  and  private  secretary  to  Lord  Rawdon  dur- 
ing American  war  ;  served  in  India  ;  colonel,  1793. 

[iii.  320] 

BARRY,  JAMES,  BARON  SANTRY  (1603-1672),  lawyer  : 
recorder  of  Dublin  ;  prime  serjeant-at-law,  1629  ;  second 
baron  of  exchequer  and  knighted,  1634;  chairman  of 
Dublin  convention  which  voted  unconditional  restoration 
of  Charles  II,  1659  ;  appointed  chief-justice  of  king's 
bench  and  created  Baron  Santry,  1660.  [iii.  320] 

BARRY,  JAMES  (1741-1806),  painter  ;  studied  under 
West  at  Dublin ;  exhibited  at  Dublin,  and  secured  friend- 
ship of  Burke,  who  brought  him  to  London,  1763,  and 
introduced  him  to  Reynolds  and  others  ;  visited  Paris  and 
Rome  ;  R.A.,  1773  ;  published  '  Inquiry  into  Obstructions  to 
Arts  in  England,'  1775;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1771-6 ;  decorated  the  walls  of  the  Society  of  Arts  with 
six  pictures  on  subject  of  'Human  Culture,'  1777-83; 
received  Society  of  Arts  gold  medal ;  professor  of  painting 


Greece,  Turkey,  and  Egypt,  1817-20  ;  built  houses  of  Tra-  i  at  Royal  Academy,  1782  ;   expelled  from  the  academy  in 

„-,,»-.  n,.,K  /IBOO_»I,    M ninH   P»,I  w.n  /I««T..  ,  couse*uence  of  continued  quarrels  with  his  fellow  acade- 

miciaus,  1799  ;  pubUshed  several  engravings.       [iii.  321] 

BARRY,  JAMES  (1795-1865),  woman  who  lived  as  a 
man  :  hospital  assistant  in  the  army,  1813 ;  assistant 
surgeon,  1815 ;  surgeon-major,  1827  ;  deputy  inspector- 
general,  1851 ;  inspector-general,  1858 ;  served  at  Malta 
and  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  [iii.  324] 

BARRY,  JOHN  (1745-1803),  commodore,  U.S.A. ; 
went  to  sea  at  early  age,  and  settled  at  Philadelphia,  c. 
1760  ;  joined  United  States  navy  at  outbreak  of  revolu- 
tion, 1776 ;  as  commander  of  the  Lexington  captured  the 
Edward,  the  first  ship  taken  by  America  ;  subsequently 
suffered  defeat  and  lost  his  ship  ;  served  in  army,  1778-80  ; 
commodore,  1794.  [iii.  325] 

BARRY,  JOHN  MILNER  (1768-1822),  physician  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1792  ;  founded,  and  was  first  physician 
of,  Cork  Fever  Hospital ;  introduced  into  Ireland  vaccina- 
tion, on  which  and  other  subjects  he  wrote  papers. 

[iii.  325] 

BARRY,  JOHN  O'BRIEN  MILNER  (1815-1881), 
medical  writer  :  son  of  John  Milner  Barry  [q.v.]  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1837 ;  F.R.C.P. ;  published  medical  treatises. 

[iii.  325] 


Club  (1829-31),  Reform  Club,  Pall  Mall 
and  Bridgewater    House   (1847) ;    R.A. ;    queen's   gold  ' 
medallist    for    architecture :    gained    first    premium  in  i 
Houses  of  Parliament  competition,  1836,  and  was  occu-  | 
pied  in  building  them,  1840  -  60.    They  were  finished  by 
his  son,  Edward  M.  Barry  [q.  v.]  [iii.  310] 

BARRY,    SIR    DAVID   (1780-1835),  physician    and 
physiologist ;  surgeon  in  army  in  Peninsula ;  published  i 
works  on  influence  of  atmospheric  pressure  on  bodily  ! 
functions  ;  M.D. ;  F.R.S.  [iii.  313] 

BARRY,    DAVID    FITZ-DAVID,    first    EARL    OF  | 
BARRYMORE  (1605-1642),  soldier :  served  against  Scots, 
1639,  and  supported  royal  cause  in  Ireland,  1641-2  ;  pro- 
bably died  from  wounds  received  at  battle  of  Liscarrol. 

[iii.  313] 

BARRY,  DAVID  FITZJAMES  DK,  VISCOUNT  BUTTE- 
VANT  (1560-1617),  soldier ;  second  son  of  James  Barry 
Roe,  viscount  Buttevant ;  succeeded  to  title,  1681,  during 
life  of  his  elder  brother,  who  was  deaf  and  dumb  ;  sup- 
ported Desmond's  rebellion,  1579-83,  but  during  Hugh 
O'NeiU's  rebellion,  1594-1603.  served  against  the  rebels. 

[iii.  313] 

BARRY,  SIR  EDWARD  (1696-1776),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Leydeii,  1719,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1740 ;  F.R£. 


72 


BARRY 


68  BARTON- 


or  BARREY,  LODOWICK  (17th  cent.)- 
dramatist ;  published  'Rain  Alley  or  Merry  Tricks,'  a 
comedy  in  verse,  1611.  [iii.  326] 

BARRY,  MARTIN  (1802-1865),  physician:  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1833  ;  studied  at  Heidelberg  :  F.R.S.,  1840 ; 
discovered  presence  of  spermatozoa  in  ovum,  1843. 

[iii.  326] 

BARRY,  PHILIP  DK  (fl.  1183),  warrior,  nephew  of 
Robert  Fitz-Stepheu ;  held  possessions  in  Cork.  [iii.  327] 

BARRY,  Sm  REDMOND  (1813-1880),  lawyer;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1833 ;  called  to  the  bar,  1888 ; 
commissioner  of  court  of  requests,  Melbourne,  1839 ; 
solicitor-general  of  Victoria,  1860;  judge.  1861;  first 
chancellor,  Melbourne  University,  1855  ;  knighted,  1860. 

[iii.  327] 

BARRY,  ROBERT  DE  (/.  1176),  warrior ;  brother  of 
Philip  de  Barry  [q.  v.]  ;  wounded  at  siege  of  Wexford, 
1169.  [iii.  327] 

BARRY,  SPRANGER  (1719-1777),  actor;  originally 
Dublin  silversmith,  but  became  bankrupt;  played  suc- 
cessfully Lear,  Henry  V,  Hotspur,  and  other  characters  at 
Dublin,  and  Othello,  under  management  of  Garrick  and 
Lacey,  at  Drury  Lane,  1746 ;  appeared  alternately  with 
Garrick  in  •  Hamlet '  and '  Macbeth ' ;  played  Romeo  to  Mrs. 
Gibber's  Juliet  at  Covent  Garden,  1750 ;  in  partnership 
with  Woodward  built  new  theatre  at  Dublin  (1758),  and 
Cork  (1761);  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane  (as  Othello), 
1767,  and  Covent  Garden,  1774.  [iii.  327] 

BARRY,  THOMAS  DK  (fl.  1560),  canon  of  Glasgow 
and  chief  magistrate  of  Bothwell ;  wrote  poem  on  Otter- 
burn,  [iii.  329] 

BARRYMORE,  first  EABL  OF  (1606-1642).  [See 
BAURY,  DAVID  FITZ-DAVTD.] 

BARTER,  RICHARD,  M.D.  (1802-1870),  physician; 
qualified  at  London  College  of  Physicians  ;  established  St. 
Anne's  water-cure  establishment  at  Blarney,  1842  ;  set  up 
first  hot-air  baths  in  British  dominions,  and  subsequently 
instituted  Turkish  baths.  [iii.  329] 

BARTHELEMON,  FRANCOIS  HIPPOLITE  (1741- 
1808),  violinist ;  born  at  Bordeaux ;  served  as  officer  in 
Irish  brigade ;  adopted  profession  of  music ;  composed 
and  produced  several  operas  in  London  and  Paris  ;  leader 
at  VauxhaU  Gardens,  1770.  [iii.  329] 

BARTHLET  or  BARTLETT,  JOHN  (/.  1566),  theo- 
logical writer ;  minister  of  church  of  England  with  strong 
Calviuistic  opinions  ;  divinity  lecturer  at  St.  Giles',  Cripple- 
gate  ;  published  '  Pedegrewe  of  Heretiques '  1566. 

[iii.  329] 

BARTHOLOMEW  (d.  1184),  divine ;  native  of  Brit- 
tany; bishop  of  Exeter,  1161 ;  consented  to  Constitutions 
of  Clarendon,  1164  ;  one  of  five  bishops  sent  with  Henry  II's 
appeal  to  Alexander  III  at  Sens  :  took  part  in  coronation 
of  the  young  Henry,  1170,  and  was  the  only  bishop  who 
escaped  excommunication  for  his  share  in  that  ceremony ; 
left  religious  manuscripts.  [iii.  330] 

BARTHOLOMEW,  SAINT  (d.  1193),  Northumbrian 
hermit ;  ordained  in  Norway ;  joined  monks  at  Durham  ; 
became  hermit  at  Fame.  [iii.  3«J  1  ] 

BARTHOLOMEW  ANOLICDH  (Jl.  1230-1250).  [See 
BARTHOLOMEW  DE  GLANVILLE.] 

BARTHOLOMEW,  ALFRED  (-1801-1845),  architect : 
articled  in  London  ;  one  of  earliest  members  of  a  society 
of  Freemasons  of  the  Church  for  furtherance  of  true  prin- 
ciples of  architecture ;  editor  of  '  Builder,'  and  author  of 
several  practical  works  on  architecture.  [iii.  332] 

BARTHOLOMEW,  ANN  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1862), 
authoress  and  miniaturist ;  published  plays  and  poems ; 
married  Walter  Turn!  ml!.  ;u  n  1  afterwards  Valentine  Bartho- 
lomew [q.  v.],  1840 ;  exhibited  flower  and  fruit  pieces  in 
watercolour.  [iii.  332] 

BARTHOLOMEW,  DAVID  EWEN  (d.  1821),  navy 
captain ;  pressed  out  of  merchant  ship,  1794  :  lieutenant, 
1805 ;  commander,  1812 ;  engaged  on  coast  of  Georgia 
and  up  St.  Mary's  river,  1815  ;  captain  and  C.B.,  1815  ; 
died  in  St  lago.  [iii.  333] 

BARTHOLOMEW,  VALENTINE  ( 1799-1879),  flower 
painter  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria  and  Duchess  of 
Kent ;  member  of  Watercolour  Society,  1835-79. 

[lit  833] 


BARTLEMAN,  JAMES  (1769-1821),  vocalist:  cho- 
rister  at  Westminster  ;  bass  singer  at  the  '  Ancient  ( Vm- 
certs,'  1788,  and,  excepting  from  1791-5,  was  permanently 
connected  with  that  institution.  [iii.  333] 

BARTLET,  JOHN  (/.  1662),  nonconformist  divine ; 
held  livings  in  Exeter ;  ejected,  1662  ;  published  religious 
works.  [iii.  334] 

BARTLET,  WILLIAM  (</.  1682),  independent  minis- 
ter ;  lecturer  at  Bideford,  1649  ;  ejected,  1662 ;  published 
two  learned  religious  treatises.  [iii.  334] 

BARTLETT,  BENJAMIN  {1714-1787),  apothecary; 
formed  collection  of  English  coins  and  seals ;  F.S.A., 
1764 ;  published  memoir  on  '  Episcopal  Coins  of  Durham 
and  Monastic  Coins  of  Reading,'  and  left  in  manuscript 
'History  of  Manchester,'  published  in  Nichols's  'Topo- 
graphical Antiquities.'  [iii.  334] 

BARTLETT,  THOMAS  (1789-1864),  divine;  M.A. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1816  ;  published  works  maintain- 
ing evangelical  principles,  [iii.  335] 

BARTLETT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1809-1854),  topo- 
graphical draughtsman  ;  employed  by  John  Britton,  the 
architect,  to  make  sketches  in  England  for  architectural 
publications  ;  subsequently  visited  Europe,  the  'East,  and 
America,  and  published  illustrated  topographical  works. 

[iii.  335] 

BARTLET,  GEORGE  (1782  ?-1858),  comedian  ;  em- 
ployed at  Bath  theatre  ;  appeared  at  Cheltenham  as  Or- 
lando in  '  As  you  like  it,'  1800 :  engaged  as  Orlando  by 
Sheridan  at  Drury  Lane,  1802  ;  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane 
as  Falstaff,  1815  ;  stage-manager  of  Co  vent  Garden,  1829  ; 
last  appeared  at  Princess's,  1852.  [iii.  335] 

BARTLEY,  SARAH  (1783-1850),  actress ;  wife  of 
George  Bartley  [q.  v.] ;  engaged  as  Lady  Townley  in  the 
'Provoked  Husband'  at  Coveut  Garden,  1805:  created 
Teresa  in  Coleridge's  'Remorse'  at  Drury  Lane,  1813; 
toured  with  her  husband  in  America,  1818-20;  last 
appeared  as  Lady  Macbeth.  [iii.  336] 

BARTLOT,  RICHARD  (1471-1557),  physician  ;  M.D. 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1508;  president,  College  of 
Physicians,  1527,  1528, 1531,  and  1548.  [iii.  337] 

BARTOLOZZI,  FRANCESCO  (1727-1815),  engraver  ; 
born  in  Florence,  where  he  studied  art ;  apprenticed  to 
John  WTagner,  an  engraver,  at  Venice  ;  came  to  England, 


17G4,  as  '  engraver  to  the  king,'  and  was  also  engaged  by 
i  [q.  v.],  librarian  to  George  III ;  joined 
incorporated  Society  of  Arts,  1 765 ;  original  member  of 


Royal  Academy,  1769  ;  took  charge  of  National  Academy 
at  Lisbon,  1802,  and  there  died.  Among  his  best  works 
are  engravings  after  Italian  masters  and  Holbein. 

[iii.  337] 

BARTOLOZZI,  GAETANO  STEFANO  (1757-1821), 
engraver ;  son  of  Francesco  Bartolozzi  [q.  v.] ;  opened  a 
musical  and  fencing  academy  in  Paris,  becoming  involved 
in  difficulties  owing  to  his  indolence.  [iii.  339] 

BARTON,  ANDREW  (d.  1511),  Scottish  naval  com- 
mander ;  merchant  seaman  ;  gained  favour  of  James  IV 
by  exploits  against  Portuguese  ships  ;  cleared  Scottish 
coasts  of  Flemish  pirates,  1506 ;  sent  to  assist  Denmark 
against  Lnbeck,  1508  ;  shot  in  encounter  with  Sir  Thomas 
and  Sir  Edward  Howard,  who  had  been  dispatched  by 
Henry  VIII  to  capture  him.  [iii.  340] 

BARTON,  BERNARD  (1784-1849),  poet ;  of  quaker 
parentage ;  coal  and  corn  merchant  at  Woodbridpe,  1807 ; 
banking  clerk  at  Woodbridge,  1809-49  ;  be  formed  a  close 
friendship  with  Lamb,  and  was  intimately  acquainted  with 
Southey  and  other  literary  men  of  his  time ;  published 
4  The  Convict's  Appeal,'  1818,  '  Household  Verses,'  1846, 
and  other  volumes  of  poems.  [iii.  340] 

BARTON,  CHARLES  (1768-1843),  conveyancer; 
called  to  bar,  1795 ;  published  legal  writings,  [iii.  342] 

BARTON,  EDWARD  (1562  V-1597),  second  English 
ambassador  to  Constantinople  ;  appointed,  1590  ;  served 
in  Turkish  army  against  Maximilian,  1595 :  died  of 
plague  at  Halkc.  [ill.  342] 

BARTON,  ELIZABETH  (1506  7-1534),  NUN  or  MAID 
OK  KENT  ;  domestic  servant  at  Aldington,  Kent,  r.  1526, 
when  she  was  attacked  by  some  internal  disease,  fell  into 
nervous  derangement  which  issued  in  religious  mania  : 
subject  to  trances,  during  which  her  utterances  had  such 


BARTON 


69 


BASIRE 


effect  on  her  hearers  that  on  recovery  she  determined  to 
feign  divine  inspiration  :  Edward  Rocking  [q.  v.]  and 
William  Hartley,  monks  of  Canterbury,  dim-Utl  by  Arch- 
bishop Warham  to  observe  her :  induced  by  Docking  to 
anathematise  all  opponents  of  the  Roman  catholic  church  : 
removed  to  priory  of  St.  Sepulchre,  Canterbury,  where  a 
cell  was  assigned  her :  inveighed  against  Henry's  divorce 
from  Catherine  of 'Arapon,  prophesying  that  he  would  die 
in  month  succeeding  his  marriage  with  Anne  Boleyn,  and 
subsequently  saying  that  he  was  no  longer  king  in  the 
sight  of  God — an  utterance  which  Cromwell  regarded  as 
incitement  to  rebellion;  repeatedly  examined,  and  ulti- 
mately executed  with  her  accomplices  at  Tyburn. 

[iii.  343] 
BARTON,  FRANCES  (1737-1815).    [See  ABINGTOX.] 

BARTON,  JOHN  DR  (fl.  1304),  judge ;  otherwise 
called  DK  RYTOX  and  DR  FRYTON*  ;  member  of  itinerary 
court  constituted  for  Yorkshire,  1304.  [iii.  346] 

BARTON,  JOHN  (15th  cent.),  physician:  author  of 
'Coiifutntio  Lollardorum,'  of  which  a  manuscript  copy 
is  preserved  at  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford.  [iii.  346] 

BARTON.  MATTHEW  (1715  ?-1795),  admiral :  en- 
tered navy,  1730:  lieutenant,  1739;  with  Boscawen  in 
North  America,  1756 :  senior  officer  on  Guinea  coast, 
1767-8 :  started  under  Keppel  for  Goree,  but  was  wrecked 
on  African  shore  and  captured  by  emperor  of  Morocco  ; 
ransomed,  1760;  served  in  Belle-Isle  expedition,  1761,  at 
Martinique,  1762,  and  at  Jamaica  and  Havana,  1763 :  ad- 
miral, 1779.  [iii.  346] 

BARTON,  RICHARD  (1601-16C9),  Jesuit;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  1625;  rector  of  English  college,  Liege, 
1642 ;  provincial  of  English  province,  1656-60 :  rector  of 
English  college,  St.  Omer,  1660-9.  [iii.  347] 

BARTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1770-1853),  general  ;  served 
as  volunteer  in  French  national  guard,  1790,  and  subse- 
quently held  commission  in  English  army  in  Holland  and 
the  Peninsula  ;  general,  1819  ;  knighted,  1837.  [iii.  348] 

BARTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1683),  royalist  divine ;  gra- 
duated at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  rector  of  Eynesbury, 
1629,  of  Westrneston,  c.  1631  till  1642  (when  he  was  de- 
prived) and  1660-83;  D.D.,  1663;  wrote  theological 
works.  [iii.  348] 

BARTON,  THOMAS (1730 ?-1780),  divine:  graduated 
at  Dublin ;  opened  school  at  Norriston,  Pennsylvania ; 
tutor  at  Philadelphia  academy :  missionary  of  Society  for 
Propagation  of  Gospel,  1754-9,  and  subsequently  rector  at 
Lancaster.  Pennsylvania.  [iii.  348] 

BARTON,  WILLIAM  (15987-1678),  hymnologist ; 
probably  vicar  of  Mayfleld,  Staffordshire ;  published  verse- 
translation  of  the  psalms,  1644,  and  'Century  of  Select 
Hymns,'  1659.  [iii.  348] 

BARTTELOT,  EDMUND  MUSGRAVE  (1859-1888), 
major ;  son  of  Sir  Walter  Barttelot  Barttelot  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  Sandhurst;  joined  7th  fusiliers, 
1879 ;  served  in  Afghanistan,  1880,  and  in  Egypt,  1882 
and  1883 ;  in  expedition  for  relief  of  Gordon ;  brevet 
major,  1883 :  accompanied  Mr.  (now  Sir)  H.  M.  Stanley's 
expedition  to  relieve  Emiu  Pasha,  1887-8 ;  remained  with 
stores  at  Yambuya,  where  he  was  shot  by  an  Arab. 

[Snppl.  i.  135] 

BARTTELOT,  Sm  WALTER  BARTTELOT  (1820- 
1893),  politician;  educated  at  Rugby:  served  with  1st 
royal  dragoons,  1839-53,  retired  as  captain;  M.P.  for 
West  Sussex,  1860-85,  and  for  Horsham  division,  1885-93  ; 
opposed  Irish  land  bill,  1881 ;  created  baronet,  1875  ;  C.B., 
1880  ;  privy  councillor,  1892.  [Suppl.  i.  134] 

BARVITTTS  (/.  645),  Scottish  saint;  perhaps 
disciple  and  companion  of  St.  Brandan,  whose  life  he  is 
said  to  have  written.  [iii.  349] 

BARWELL,  LOUISA  MARY  (1800-1885),  musician; 
daughter  of  Richard  Mackenzie  Bacon  [q.  v.],  with  whom 
she  was  associated  in  editorship  of  'Quarterly  Musical 
Magazine';  married  John  Barwell  of  Norwich;  wrote 
educational  works  and  contributed  to '  Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  Education.'  [UL  349] 

BARWELL,  RICHARD  (1741-1804),  Anglo-Indian; 
born  at  Calcutta ;  writer  on  Bengal  establishment  of 
East  India  Company,  1756  ;  member  of  council  in  Bengal 
under  Warren  Hastings  (whom  he  supported)  as  governor- 


general,   1773;   retired  with  an  immense  fortune,  1780- 
M.P.  for  St.  Ives,  1784,  nn<l  Wim-helsea,  1790  and  1796. 

[iii.  350] 

BARWICK,  JOHN  (/.  1340),  doctor  of  theolc-v  at 
Oxford,  where  he  studied  at  Franciscan  schools ;  his  works 
include  a  commentary  on  Peter  Lombard.  [iii.  361] 

BARWICK,  JOHN  (1612-1664),  divine;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1636;  fellow;  M.A.,  1638; 
opposed  parliament  at  outbreak  of  war,  1642,  and  was 
compelled  to  leave  Cambridge ;  made  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Morton,  and  received  stall  at  Durham  and  two  rectories ; 
settled  in  London,  whence,  assisted  by  his  brother,  he  com- 
municated to  Charles  I,  and  later  toCliarles  IT.  the  designs 
of  the  rebels ;  charged  with  high  treason  and  at  length 
committed  to  Tower,  1650  :  released  without  trial,  1052  ; 
renewed  his  management  of  king's  correspondence ;  sent 
by  the  bishops  to  Charles  at  Breda,  1659  ;  royal  chaplain  ; 
refused  a  bishopric  and  was  made  dean  of  Durham,  1660 ; 
dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1661 ;  prolocutor  of  lower  house  of  con- 
vocation of  province  of  Canterbury.  [iii.  351] 

BARWICK,  PETER  (1619-1705),  physician,  brotherof 
John  Barwick  (1612-1664)  [q.v.];  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1647  ;  fellow ;  M.D.,  1655  :  supported  hia 
brother  in  his  efforts  to  assist  royal  cause  [during  civil 
war ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II,  1660  ;  F.C.P., 
1665 ;  wrote  '  Vita  Johannis  Barwick,'  a  life  of  his  brother, 
published  1721.  [iii.  353] 

BASEVI,  GEORGE  (1794-1845),  architect ;  pupil  of 
Sir  John  Soane ;  his  works  include  the  Fitzwilliam  Mu- 
seum, Cambridge,  begun  1837,  and,  with  Sydney  Smith, 
the  Conservative  Club  House,  1843-6.  [iii.  354] 

BASHAM,  WILLIAM  RICHARD  (1804-1877),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1834  ;  physician  to  Westminster 
Hospital,  1843 ;  published  works  on  dropsy  and  the  renal 
diseases.  [iii.  364] 

BASING,  BARON  (1826-1894).  [See  SCLATER-BOOTH, 
GEORGR.] 

BASING  or  BASINGSTOKE,  JOHN(rf.  1252), divine; 
probably  studied  at  Oxford,  Paris,  and  Athens ;  had  re- 
turned to  England  and  was  archdeacon  of  Leicester  by 
1235  ;  friend  of  Grosseteste ;  did  much  to  encourage  the 
study  of  Greek,  and  his  writings  include  '  Donatus  Grte- 
corum,'  a  translation  into  Latin  of  a  Greek  grammar. 

[iii.  354] 

BASIRE,  ISAAC  (1607-1676),  divine  and  traveller : 
studied  at  Rotterdam,  1623,  and  at  Leyden,  1625  ;  settled 
in  England,  1628 ;  became  chaplain  to  Morton,  then  bishop 
of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1629  :  B.D.  Cambridge ;  by 
royal  mandate  university  preacher  through  England  and 
Ireland,  and  rector  of  Egglescliff,  1636  ;  D.D.,  1640 ;  chap- 
lain extraordinary  to  Charles  1, 1641 ;  collated  to  stall  in 
Durham  Cathedral,  1643  :  archdeacon  of  Northumberland, 
1644;  received  living  of  Stanhope,  1645  :  seized  by  parlia- 
mentarians and  compelled  to  go  abroad,  1646  ;  arrived  in 
1649  at  Rome,  whence  he  set  out  to  the  East  to  disseminate 
the  Anglo-catholic  faith ;  returned  to  England  after  suc- 
cessful missionary  work,  1661,  and  was  restored  to  his 
former  offices;  among  his  works  are  a  'History  of  the 
English  and  Scottish  Presbytery,'  1659,  and  a  life  of  Cosin, 
bishop  of  Durham ;  he  also  left  in  manuscript  notes  of 
several  of  his  journeys.  [iii.  356] 

BASIRE,  ISAAC  (1 704-1 768),  map  engraver :  executed 
frontispiece  to  edition  of  Bailey's  dictionary,  1755. 

[iii.  360] 

BASIRE,  JAMES  (1730-1802),  engraver ;  son  of  Isaac 
Basire  (1704-1768)  [q.v.]  :  accompanied  to  Italy  Richard 
Dalton  [q.  v.],  keeper  of  royal  drawings ;  engraver  to 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  c.  1763-1802 ;  William  Blake  was 
his  apprentice,  1771-8  :  his  views  of  Oxford  after  Turner, 
and  his  '  Pylades  and  Orestes '  after  West,  are  among  the 
best  known  of  his  works.  [iii.  358] 

BASIRE,  JAMES  (1769-1822),  engraver ;  son  of  James 
Basire  (1730-1802)  [q.  v.] ;  engraver  to  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, by  which  Society  much  of  his  work  was  published ; 
probably  executed  or  assisted  in  more  than  one  of  the 
Oxford  plates  after  Turner.  [iii.  360] 

BASIRE,  JAMES  (1796-1869),  engraver :  son  of  James 
Basire  (1769-1822)  [q.v.];  executed  plates  of  Sussex 
country  houses.  [iii.  360] 


BASKERVLLLE 


70 


BASSET 


BASKERVILLE.HANXIBAL(1597-1668),anti<iunry; 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Baskerville  [q.  v.] :  born  at  Saiut 
V.-ili-ry.  IVanh  :  flncated  at  Brascnose  College,  Ox  for.  1; 
left  iu  manuscript  antiquarian  notes.  [iii.  3tiO] 

BASKERVILLE,  JOHN  (1706-1776),  printer :  taught 
writing  and  book-keeping  and  carved  monumental  in- 
scriptions at  Birmingham,  where  he  kept  a  school  In  the 
Bull  Ring,  1737:  started  business  at  Moor  Street  as 
japanuer,  1740;  began  to  occupy  himself  with  type- 
founding,  1760,  and  after  experimenting  several  years 
produced  a  type  with  which  he  was  satisfied :  his  first 
work  a  quarto  edition  of  Virgil,  which  appeared  1757 : 
produced  his  '  Milton,'  1758 :  elected  printer  to  Cambridge 
University  for  ten  years,  1758 :  first  printed  his  editions 
of  the  prayer-book,  1700,  and  of  the  bible,  one  of  the  finest 
ever  published,  1763  :  brought  out  a  Greek  New  Testa- 
ment (quarto  and  octavo),  1763,  a  quarto  Horace,  1770, 
and  in  1772-3  a  famous  series  of  quarto  editions  of  Latin 
authors  ;  his  printing  plant  purchased  after  his  death,  in 
1779,  by  Beaumarchais  ;  he  has  the  reputation  of  being 
the  finest  printer  of  modern  times,  though  the  opinion  of 
contemporary  experts  was  somewhat  unfavourable  to  his 
type.  [iii.  361] 

BASKERVILLE,  SIR  SIMON  (1574-1641),  physician ; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  M.A. ;  M.B.,  1611 : 
M.D. ;  F.C.P.,  1615 :  physician  successively  to  James  I  and 
Charles  I ;  knighted,  1636.  [iii.  368] 

BASKERVILLE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1597),  general: 
served  at  Porto  Rico,  in  France,  1589,  Brittany,  1594,  and 
Picardy,  1596.  [iii.  369] 

BASKERVILLE,  THOMAS  (1630-1720),  topographer ; 
son  of  Hannibal  Baskerville  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  account  of  a 
journey  (1677-8)  through  various  English  counties. 

[iii.  369] 

BASKERVILLE,  THOMAS  (1812-1840?),  physician  ; 
M.C.S.,  1835  ;  published  a  botanical  work.  [iii.  369] 

BASKETT,  JOHN  (d.  1742),  king's  printer;  joint 
purchaser  of  bible  patent  and  queen's  printer,  1709,  for 
term  of  thirty  years,  after  which,  having  bought  the 
reversion,  he  obtained  renewal  for  sixty  years;  printed 
editions  of  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  1713  ;  master  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1714  and  1715  ;  produced  at  Oxford 
4  The  Vinegar  Bible,'  in  two  volumes,  1716-17;  obtained 
right  to  print  bibles  in  Scotland  ;  bankrupt,  1731 ;  his  last 
volume  a  New  Testament,  1742.  [iii.  369] 

BASS,  GEORGE  (d.  1812  ?),  explorer :  apprenticed  to 
a  surgeon  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire ;  surgeon  in  navy ; 
sailed  to  Sydney,  1795 ;  explored  coast  of  New  South 
Wales  and  circumnavigated  Tasmania;  gave  name  to 
Bass's  Strait.  [iii.  371] 

BASS,  MICHAEL  THOMAS  (1799-1884),  brewer; 
entered  as  traveller  his  father's  brewery  business,  which 
rapidly  increased  after  Great  Exhibition  (1861)  and  open- 
in  j»  of  Trent  and  Mersey  Canal ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Derby, 
1848-83  ;  exhibited  lively  concern  in  questions  relating  to 
welfare  of  working  classes,  and  improved  social  conditions 
in  Burton  and  Derby  by  numerous  charities,  [iii.  371] 

BASSA1TTIN,  JAMES  (d.  1568),  Scottish  astronomer ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  taught  mathematics  at 
Paris  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1662  ;  principal  work. '  Astro- 
nomique  Discours,'  Lyons,  1567.  [iii.  372] 

BASSE  or  BAB,  WILLIAM  (d.  1653?), poet;  retainer 
to  Sir  Richard  (afterwards  Lord)  Weiunan  of  Thame 
Park ;  probably  attached  to  household  of  Lord  Norreys  at 
Kicot  or  Kycote,  Oxfordshire;  published  'Sword  and 
Buckler,' 1602,  and  'Great  Brittaincs Sunnes-set,'  1613,  but 
he  is  best  known  by  his  occasional  verses  and  an  '  Epitaph 
on  Shakespeare ' ;  his  '  Angler's  Song,'  quoted  in  Walton's 
'Compleat  Angler,'  possesses  distinction.  [iii.  373] 

BASSENDYNE  or  BASSINDEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1577), 
printer,  bookbinder,  and  bookseller  at  the  Nether  Bow, 
Edinburgh  ;  king's  printer ;  produced  an  edition  of  Sir 
David  Lindsay's  works,  1674 ;  printed  earliest  translation 
of  New  Testament  published  in  Scotland,  1676.  [iii.  374] 

BASSET  OP  CORNWALL.  This  family  was  among  the 
early  Norman  settlers  in  England,  at  first  residing  in  Ox- 
fordshire and  other  midland  counties,  and  subsequently 
migrating  to  Cornwall.  Members  of  it  intermarried  with 


prominent  f 'ornish  families ;  during  the  reigns  of  Henries 
VI,  VII,  and  VIII  were  frequently  sheriffs  of  Cornwall ; 
tlu-y  wore  staunch  royalists  during  the  civil  wars. 

[iii.  375] 

BASSET,  ALAN,  BARON  OK  WYCOMBK  (d.  1233); 
younger  son  of  Thomas  Basset  [q.  v.]  ;  close  attendant 
anil  supporter  of  John ;  sent  on  political  mission  to 
France,  1220 :  sheriff  of  Rutland,  1217-29.  [iii.  376] 

BASSET,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1645),  recorder  and  M.P. 
for  St.  Ives,  1640 ;  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1642-4 :  actively 
supported  royalist  cause  in  Cornwall,  1643  :  knighted  after 
battle  of  Braddock  Down,  near  LostwithieL  [iii.  376.] 

BASSET,  FRANCIS,  BARON*  DE  DUNSTANVILLE  op 
TKHIDY  and  BARON  BASSET  OP  STRATTON  (1767-1835), 
patriot  and  political  writer ;  at  Harrow  and  Eton  ;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1786  ;  recorder  of  Penryn, 
1778 ;  actively  assisted  defences  of  Cornwall  when  Spanish 
and  French  fleets  threatened  Plymouth,  1779 ;  baronet 
and  M.P.  for  Penryn,  1779  ;  strongly  opposed  peace  with 
America  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1796  ;  expended  large  sums  in 
developing  mining  interests  of  Cornwall  and  was  a  liberal 
patron  of  the  fine  arts ;  wrote  political  and  agricultural 
treatises.  [iii.  377] 

BASSET,  FULK  (d.  1269),  bishop  of  London  ;  son  of 
Alan  Basset,  baron  of  Wycombe  [q.  v.] ;  provost  of 
Beverley ;  dean  of  York,  1239 ;  succeeded  to  Basset 
estates,  1241 ;  elected  bishop  of  London  by  canons  of  St. 
Paul's  in  opposition  to  wishes  of  Henry  III,  1241  :  led 
opposition  to  Pope  Innocent  IV's  demand  on  incomes  of 
beueficed  clergy,  1246  ;  probably  suspended  with  other 
bishops  for  refusal  to  pay  first  year's  income  of  ah*  vacant 
livings  to  archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  1247  :  supported 
Grosseteste's  opposition  to  tenth  of  church  revenues 
granted  to  Henry  III  by  pope,  1252 ;  took  king's  side 
after  meeting  of  barons  at  Oxford,  1258;  died  of  pesti- 
lence, [iii.  378] 

BASSET,  FULK  DE  (d.  1271).    [See  SANDPORD.] 

BASSET,  GILBERT  (d.  1241),  baronial  leader  ;  son  of 
Alan  Basset  [q.  y.] ;  succeeded  his  father  in  barony  of 
Wycombe,  1233 ;  joined  barons'  opposition  to  Henry  Ill's 
foreign  relations  ;  outlawed  for  refusing  to  meet  Henry  III 
at  Gloucester,  1233 ;  was  reconciled  to  Henry,  1234,  and 
became  one  of  his  familiar  councillors.  [iii.  380] 

BASSET,  JOHN  (1791-1843),  writer  on  mining ;  sheriff 
of  Cornwall,  1837 ;  M.P.  for  Helston,  1840  ;  published 
treatises  on  subjects  connected  with  mining,  [iii.  381] 

BASSET,  JOSHUA  (1641  ?-1720),  master  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  1665  ;  B.D.,  1671  ;  senior  fellow,  1673  ; 
master  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  1686  :  by  mandate  from 
James  II,  1687,  declared  himself  a  papist ;  left  college  on 
James's  revocation  of  all  mandamuses,  1688.  His  name 
appears  on  the  title-page  of  'Ecclesiae  Theoria  Nova 
Dodwelliana  exposita '  (1713)  only,  but  he  is  credited  with 
authorship  of  '  Reason  and  Authority,  or  the  Motives  of  a 
late  Protestant's  Reconciliation  to  the  Oatholick  Church ' 
(1687),  and  another  eirenicon.  [iii.  381] 

BASSET,  PETER  (/.  1421),  chamberlain  and  intimate 
friend  of  Henry  V.  whose  life  he  is  stated  by  Bale  to  have 
written  under  title  of  '  Acta  Regis  Henrici  Quinti ' ;  other 
historical  writings  attributed  to  him.  [iii.  383] 

BASSET,  SIR  PHILIP  (d.  1271),  justiciar  and  royalist 
baron  ;  son  of  Alan  Basset,  baron  of  Wycombe  [q.  v.]  ; 
joined  opposition  to  king  under  earl  marshal,  1233,  and 
was  outlawed :  made  peace  with  king,  1234 ;  chosen  by 
barons,  deputy  to  protest  against  papal  policy  in  England, 
1244;  associated  with  justiciar  in  regency  when  Henry 
left  for  France,  1259  ;  joined  royal  party,  1260  ;  justiciary 
of  England.  1261-3 ;  fought  for  king  at  Dover,  1263, 
Northampton,  and  Lewes,  where  he  was  made  prisoner, 
1264 ;  released,  1266 :  sheriff  of  Somerset  and  Dorset ; 
member  of  king's  council,  1270.  [lit  384] 

BASSET,  RALPH  (d.  1127  ?),  justiciar :  one  of  five 
arbitrators  between  archbishop  of  York  and  abbot  of 
I  Ripon,  1106.  [iii.  385] 

BASSET,  RALPH  (d.  1265),  baron  of  Drayton,  Staf- 
fordshire ;  fell  at  Eveshain  by  De  Montfort's  side,  1265. 

[iii.  386] 


BASSET 


71 


BATEMAN-CHAMPAIN 


BASSET,  RALPH  (,l.  1282?),  baron  of  Sapeoto,  Li-i- 
i.i-st«-r^nn-  :  ronstal.leof  Northampton,  1258  ;  custos  pa. -is 
f,,r  I.«-in~t«Tshin'.  1264;  fought  for  barons  nt  Evesham, 
1265.  CIU-  3861 

BASSET,  RICHARD  (<f.  1144?),  justiciary  of  all 
England  iii«l«-r  H.-nry  1  :  sou  of  Ralph  Basset  (rf.  1127?) 
[q.  v.]  ["•  388J 

BASSET,  THOMAS,  BARON  OF  HEDENDON  (</.  1182  ?), 
Itinerant  justice  for  Essex  and  Hertfordshire ;  baron  of 
•xoheqoflr,  c.  1169;  ami  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire,  1164. 

[iii.  386] 

BASSET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1185  ?),  judge :  son  of  Richard  | 
Ba«et  r<l.  v.];  sheriff  of  Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire,  j 
11C,  70 :  and  of  Lincolnshire,  1177-84.  [iii.  386] 

BASSET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1249?),  judge :  jupticiar, 
1225-  imtice  itinerant  for  Derbyshire  and  Northampton- 
*fc«,  1226,  1227,  and  1232.  [iii.  386] 

BASSET,  WILLIAM  (/.  1341),  justice  of  common 
pleas,  c.  1337-41,  and  "of  king's  bench,  1341-c.  1350. 

BASSET,  WILLIAM  (1644-1695),  divine  :  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford:  rector  of  St.  Swithin's,  London, 
1683  ;  published  theological  works.  [iii.  386] 

BASSINGBOURNE,  HUMPHREY  DE  (/.  1206), 
itinerant  justice;  perhaps  archdeacon  of  Salisbury  be- 
tween 1188  and  1222.  [Iii.  386] 

BASSNETT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1677  ?-1744),  noncon- 
formist minister  at  Liverpool,  where  he  assisted  in  esta- 
blishing a  free  school  for  poor  children,  1716.  [iii.  387] 

BASTARD,  JOHN  POLLEXFEN  (1756-1816),  colonel 
of  East  Devonshire  militia,  1782 ;  prevented  destruction  of 
Plymouth  dockyards  in  workmen's  revolt,  1799 ;  M.P.  for 
Devonshire,  1784-1816.  [ill.  387] 

BASTARD,  THOMAS  (1566-1618),  satirist  and  divine  : 
educated  at  Winchester :  admitted  perpetual  fellow,  New 
College,  Oxford,  1588;  M.A. ;  chaplain  to  Thomas,  earl 
of   Suffolk ;    held   two    Dorsetshire    livings ;    published  j 
•Chrestoleros  :  Seuen  Bookes  of  Epigrames,'  1598. 

[iii.  387] 

BASTON  or  BOSTON,  PHILIP  (d.  1320  ?),  Carmelite 
of  Nottingham :  gained  considerable  reputation  in  rhetoric 
and  poetry  at  Oxford.  [iii.  388] 

BASTON,  ROBERT  (/.  1300),  Carmelite ;  brother  of 
Philip  Baston  [q.  v.]  ;  Carmelite  monk  and  prior  of  abbey 
of  Scarborough  ;  crowned  with  laurel  as  rhetorician  and 
poet  at  Oxford  ;  accompanied  Edward  II  to  sing  his  praises 
on  expedition  to  relieve  Stirling,  and  was  captured  by 
Bruce,  who  forced  him  to  sing  his  countrymen's  defeat ; 
wrote  poems  on  second  Scottish  war  and  on  miscellaneous  ! 
subjects.  [iii.  388] 

BASTWICK,  JOHN  (1593-1654).  physician  and  con- 
troversialist :  educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge : 
M.D.  Padua ;  published  puritanical  controversial  trea- 
tises, for  which  he  was  fined  and  subsequently  imprisoned : 
released  by  Long  parliament,  1640 :  captain  of  Leicester 
trained  bands,  1642;  published  tractates  against  'Inde- 
pendents,' 1648.  [iii.  389] 

BATE,  CHARLES  SPENCE  (1819-1889),  scientific 
writer  :  practised  as  dentist ;  L.R.C.S.,  1860 ;  member  of 
Odontological  Society,  1866,  vice-president,  1860-2,  and 
president,  1885 ;  president,  British  Dental  Association, 
1883 ;  closely  connected  with  Plymouth  Institution  from 
1852  ;  F.L.S.,  1854  ;  F.R.S.,  18G1 :  published  writings  on 
Crustacea,  dentistry,  and  other  subjects.  [Suppl.  i.  136] 

BATE,  GEORGE  (1608-1669),  court  physician  :  M.D. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford.  1637  ;  physician  to  Charles  I  at 
Oxford ;  F.C.P.,  1640 ;  physician  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  and 
subsequently  to  Charles  II :  F.R.S. ;  published  medical 
and  political  writings.  [iii.  390] 

BATE,  HENRY  (1745-1824).  [See  DUDLEY,  Sm 
HENRY  BATE.] 

BATE,  JAMES  (1703-1775),  scholar,  brother  of  Julius 
Bate  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, 
1723  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College :  M.A.,  1727  ;  chaplain  to 
Horace  Walpole  when  ambassador  in  Paris  ;  received  living 
at  Deptford,  1731 ;  published  religious  works,  [iii.  390] 

BATE,  JOHN  (d.  1429),  theologian ;  educated  at  Car- 
melite  monastery,  York,  and  at  Oxford ;  deacon,  1415 ; 


prior  of  Carmelites  at  York.  His  works  include  treatises 
on  Aristotle.  [iii.  391] 

BATE,  JULIUS  (1711-1771),  divine;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1710;  rector  of  Sut.ton  ;  Hutchiii- 
sonian  mystic,  and  connected  with  publication  of  Hutch- 
inson's  works ;  published  Hebrew-English  dictionary, 
1767.  [iii-  391] 

BATECUMBE  or  BADECTJMBE,  WILLIAM  (d. 
1487  ?),  mathematician  ;  perhaps  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Oxford  in  Henry  V's  reign :  left  manuscript  treatises 
from  which  Chaucer  compiled  his  '  Astrolabe.'  [iii.  392] 

BATEMAN,  HEZEKIAH  LINTHICUM  (1812-1875), 
actor ;  born  in  United  States  :  entered  firm  of  mechanical 
engineers,  but  subsequently  joined  the  elder  Booth  and 
Ellen  Tree  (Mrs.  Charles  Kean) :  manager  of  St.  Louis 
Theatre,  1856,  and  of  Lyceum,  London,  1870-5.  Under 
his  management  (Sir)  Henry  Irving  gained  his  first  success 
in  the 'Bells.'  [Hi.  392] 

BATEMAN,  JAMES  (1811-1897),  horticulturist :  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1846 ;  took  great  interest  in 
collecting  and  cultivating  tropical  plants  :  F.L.S.,  1833  : 
F.R.S.,  1838  ;  fellow  of  Royal  Horticultural  Society  :  pub- 
lished writings  on  orchids  and  other  horticultural  subjects. 

[Suppl.  i.  137] 

BATEMAN,  JOHN  FREDERIC  LA  TROBE-,  formerly 
styled  JOHN  FREDKRIC  BATEMAN  (1810-1889),  civil 
engineer  ;  began  business,  1833 :  associated  with  (Sir) 
William  Fairbairn  [q.  v.j  in  laying  out  reservoirs  on 
river  Bann,  Ireland,  1835  ;  engaged  on  Longdendale  works 
for  Manchester  water  supply,  1846-77,  and  on  Lake 
Thirlmere  works,  1879  ;  published  '  History  of  Manchester 
Waterworks,'  1884;  superintended  supply  of  water  to 
Glasgow  from.  Loch  Katrine,  1856-60:  constructed  water- 
works for  many  other  towns  in  British  Islands  and 
abroad :  designed  scheme  to  supply  London  with  water 
from  river  Severn,  1865  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1840,  and  was  presi- 
dent, 1878  and  1879  ;  F.R.S.,  1860.  [Suppl.  i.  138] 

BATEMAN,  SIDNEY  FRANCES  (1823  -  1881), 
actress ;  nee  Cowell ;  married  Hezekiah  Bateman  [q.  v.], 
1839 ;  wrote  several  plays  produced  in  England  and 
America ;  managed  Lyceum,  1875-8,  and  Sadler's  Wells, 
1878-81.  [iii.  392] 

BATEMAN,  STEPHEN  (d.  1584).    [See  BATMAN]. 

BATEMAN,  THOMAS  (1778-1821),  physician  ;  studied 
at  St.  George's  Hospital ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1801 :  pupil 
of  Dr.  Willan  and  subsequently  physician  to  public  dis- 
pensary and  to  fever  hospital,  London,  1804  ;  L.O.P.,  1805  ; 
connected  with '  Edinburgh  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal '; 
became  principal  authority  in  London  on  skin  diseases : 
published  'Synopsis  of  Cutaneous  Diseases,'  1813,  in 
which  he  followed  and  established  the  reputation  of 
Willan.  [iii.  393] 

BATEMAN,  THOMAS  (1821-1861),  archfeologist, 
son  of  William  Bateman  (1787-1835)  [q.v.]:  country 
gentleman  in  neighbourhood  of  the  Peak ;  formed  large 
archaeological  and  ethnological  collections,  of  which  the 
foundations  were  laid  by  his  father  and  grandfather ; 
published  accounts  of  his  investigations.  [iii.  394] 

BATEMAN,  WILLIAM  (1298  ?-1365),  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, called  WILLIAM  OP  NORWICH;  D.O.L.  Cambridge; 
archdeacon  of  Norwich,  1328 :  took  up  residence  at  court 
of  Pope  John  XXII  at  Avignon  and  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed auditor  of  the  palace  ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1340  :  twice 
despatched  by  Pope  Benedict  XII  to  reconcile  French 
king  and  Edward  III:  bishop  of  Norwich.  1344;  re- 
peatedly employed  by  Ed  ward  I II  in  political  negotiations, 
1348-54.  Founded  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1350.  for  stu- 
dents of  canon  and  civil  law  to  recruit  ranks  of  clergy 
thinned  by  pestilence  of  1349,  and  completed  (1351)  scheme 
for  founding  college  originated  by  Edmund  Gonville,  who 
died  before  it  was  fully  established ;  died,  perhaps  from 
poison,  at  Avignon.  [iii.  396] 

BATEMAN,  WILLIAM  (1787-1835),  archreologist : 
excavated  several  barrows  of  Peak  district  and  communi- 
cated results  to  '  Archseologia.'  [iii.  395] 

BATEMAN-CHAMPAIN,  SIR  JOHN  UNDERWOOD 
(1835-1887),  colonel ;  educated  at  Addiscombe :  second  lieu- 
tenant, Bengal  engineers,  1863  :    captain,  1863 ;    major, 
I  1872  ;  colonel,  1882 ;  assistant  principal  at  Thomason  Col- 
!  lege,  Rurki,  India,  1867  ;  served  at  Delhi,  Agra,  Cawnpore, 


BATES 


72 


BATHURST 


and  Lucknow,  1857-8  :  engaged  on  construction  of  electric 
telegraph   to  India  through    Russia,  Turkey,  and   i 
1862-87:    chief    director  of   government   ln<l<>-Kuropean 
telegraph,   1870:   K.C.M.H.:  member  of  council  of  Royal 
Geographical  Society  and  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineer-. 

[Suppl.  i.  139] 

BATES,  HARRY  (1850-1899),  sculptor:  studied 
under  Jules  Dalou  at  Lambeth,  at  Roya]  Academy,  and 
under  Rodin  in  Paris;  A.K.A.,  1892;  execute!  tnui-h  ,!»•- 
corative  work  for  metropolitau  buildings.  Among  the 
most  notable  of  his  productions  is  the  statue  of  Queen 
Victoria  at  Dundee.  [Suppl.  i.  140] 

BATES,  HENRY  WALTER  (1825-1892),  naturalist : 
clerk  in  Allsopp's  offices,  Burton-on-Trent,  1845 :  went 
with  \lfivd  Un-wl  Wallace  to  Para,  1848,  and  joiirneywl 
to  the  Tapajo*  and  Upper  Anwwous,  1851-9,  fixing  his 
headquarters  at  Ega,  1854-9,  and  reaching  St.  Paulo, 
1857 :  revealed  by  his  researches  in  natural  history  over 
eight  thousand  species  new  to  science  :  published'  Natura- 
list on  the  Amazons'  1NG3:  a<si<tunt  secretary  to  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  18G4-92:  P.L.S..  1H71  :  F.'R.S.,  1881 : 
president  of  Entomological  Society,  1869  and  1878  ;  edited 
several  works  on  natural  history  and  topography. 

[Suppi.  i.  141] 

BATES,    .TOAH    (1741-1799),    musician;  scholar  of 
Eton,  1756,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1760:  M.A.,   i 
1767 ;  fellow  and  college  tutor  :  private  secretary  to  Lord    ! 
Sandwich,  first  lord  of  admiralty;  conductor  to'  concerts   \ 
of  Ancient  Music  and,  1784,  to  Handel  commemoration 
at   Westminster  :    commissioner   of   customs ;  published 
'  Treatise  on  Harmony.*  [iii.  397] 

BATES,    JOSHUA    (1788-1864),    financier;    entered   ' 
counting-house   of    W.  11.  Gray,    merchant,  of     Boston, 
United    States,  America:    began  business,    but    became    , 
bankrupt  on  declaration  of  war  with  England,  1812 ;  em-   ! 
ployed  by  Gray  as  general  European  agent ;  admitted 
partner    in    Baring    Brothers,    and    ultimately    became   > 
senior  partner  :  appellant  arbitrator,  1854,  to  joint  com- 
mission for  consideration  of  claims  arising  from  peace  of 
1815.    He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  city  of  Boston. 

[iii.  398] 

BATES,  SARAH  (rf.  1811),  singer;  wife  of  Joah 
Bates  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  singing  in  London  under  her  hus- 
band and  Sacchini,  and  was  a  successful  concert  singer, 
chiefly  of  sacred  music.  [iii.  399] 

BATES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1704-1719),  naval  surgeon  in 
Mediterranean  ;  distinguished  himself  during  cattle  plague 
(1714),  of  which  he  wrote  an  account ;  F.R.S.,  1719. 

[iii.  399] 

BATES,  THOMAS  (1775-1849),  stockbreeder  :  farmed 
at  Wark  Eals,  North  Tyne,  and  Halton  Castle,  where  he  ' 
.achieved  renown  as  breeder  of  shorthorns;  won  many  I 
prizes  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society's  shows  from  j 
1839 ;  contributed  to  newspapers  letters  chiefly  on  politics 
of  agriculture.  [Suppl.  i.  144] 

BATES,  WILLIAM  (1625-1699),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
B.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1647 ;  held  living  of  St. 
DunstanVin-the-West,  London  ;  ejected,  1662  ;  royal  chap- 
lain and  commissioner  for  Savoy  conference,  1660  :  D.D. 
by  royal  mandate,  1661 ;  made  repeated  unsuccessful 
efforts  to  obtain  relief  for  nonconformists ;  published'theo- 
logical  writings.  [iii.  399] 

BATESFORD,  JOHN  DK  (rf.  1319),  judge ;  acted  as 
justice  of  assize  in  several  counties,  1293-1311 ;  regularly 
summoned  to  parliament,  1295-1318.  [iii.  400] 

BATESON,  THOMAS  (1580?-1620?),  musical  com- 
poser :  organist  of  Chester  Cathedral,  1599 ;  vicar-choral 
of  cathedral  of  the  Trinity,  Dublin,  1609;  Mus.  Bac. 
Dublin  :  published  two  volumes  of  madrigals,  [iii.  401] 

BATESON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1812-1881),  divine; 
educated  at  Shrewsbury ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1836  ;  fellow,  1837  ;  senior  bursar,  1846,  and  master 
1857  ;  public  orator,  1848  ;  vice-chancellor,  1858. 

[iii.  401] 

BATH,  MARQCIHIW  OP.  [See  THTKNE,  THOMAS,  first 
MARQUIS,  1734-1796;  THVNXK,  JOHN  ALEXANDER,  fourth 
MARQUIS,  1831-1896.] 

BATH.  EAHI.SOP.  [See  GREXVTLLE,  JOHN,  1828-1701 ; 
and  PULTK.NKY,  WILUAM,  16»4-1764.] 


BATHE  or  BATHONIA.  HENRY  PE  (d.  1260),  judge 
of  common  picas  1238-50;  served  on  commissions  of 
assize  for  various  counties,  1240-60 ;  fined  for  corrupt 
practices,  1251 ;  restored  to  favour,  1253.  [iii.  402] 

BATHE,  JOHN  (1610-1649),  Jesuit;  studied  at  Eng- 
lish college,  Seville :  entered  Society  of  Jesus  at  Dublin, 
1638;  'missioner'  in  residence  at  Drogheda,  where  he 
was  shot  by  Cromwell's  soldiers.  [iii.  402] 

BATHE,  WILLIAM  (1564-1614),  Jesuit;  brought  up 
in  protestant  religion,  but  subsequently  became  Romanist ; 

!  educated  at  Oxford ;  entered  Jesuit  novitiate  of  Tournai, 
c.  1596;  after  studying  at  Louvain  and  Padua,  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  Irish  College  at  Salamanca ;  died  at 
Madrid.  His  works  include  'Introduction  to  Art  of 
Music,'  1584,  and  'Janua  Linguarum,'  1611,  a  system  for 
teaching  languages.  [iii.  402] 

BATHER,  EDWARD  (1779-1847), divine:  M.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1808 :  vicar  of  Meol-Brace,  1804 :  arch- 
di-uemi  of  Salop,  and  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1828  ;  pub- 
lished religious  works.  [iii.  403] 

BATHER,  LUCY  ELIZABETH  (1836-1864),  writer 
for  children,  known  as  AUNT  LUCY  :  daughter  of  Dr.  Blom- 
field,  bishop  of  London.  [iii.  41)4] 

BATHILDA,  BALTECHILDIS,  BALDECHILD,  or 
BALDHILD  (rf.  678  ?),  queen ;  wife  of  Clovis  II,  king  of 
the  Franks ;  of  Saxon  birth ;  carried  off  by  pirates  when 
young,  and  sold  to  Erchinwald,  mayor  of  palace  (640- 
c.  658),  in  times  of  Dagobert  and  his  son,  Clovis  II ;  mar- 
ried, 649  ;  became  regent  during  last  two  years  of  her 
husband's  reign,  during  which  he  was  afflicted  with  mad- 
ness, and  during  minority  of  her  son :  credited  with  pro- 
curing the  murder  of  one  Dalphinus,  said  to  have  been 
archbishop  of  Lyons.  She  gave  generously  to  many 
ecclesiastical  institutions.  Her  most  cherished  work  was 
the  reconstruction  of  nunnery  of  Chelles,  to  which  she 
retired,  c.  664.  Three  of  her  sons  became  Fraukish 
kings.  [iii.  404] 

BATHURST,  ALLEN,  first  EARL  BATHURST  (1684- 
1775) ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  tory  M.P.  for 
Cirencester,  1705-12  ;  raised  to  peerage.  1712  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1742 ;  captain  of  band  of  pensioners,  1742-4 ;  earl, 
1772.  [iii.  406] 

BATHURST,  BENJAMIN  (1784-1809),  diplomatist ; 
son  of  Henry  Bathurst  (1744-1837)  [q.  v.];  secretary  of 
legation  at  Leghorn ;  mysteriously  disappeared  while  on 
mission  from  Vienna  to  England.  [iii.  407] 

BATHURST,  HENRY,  second  EARL  BATHURST  (1714- 
1794);  son  of  first  earl;  lawyer;  B.A.  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1733  ;  called  to  bai  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1736 ;  M.P. 
for  Cirencester,  1735-54,  solicitor-general  and  attorney- 
general  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  1745 :  judge  of 
common  pleas,  1754;  created  Baron  Apsley,  1771;  lord 
chancellor,  1771-8;  lord  president  of  council,  1779-82. 
[iii.  407] 

BATHURST,  HENRY  (Jl.  1814),  archdeacon  of  Nor- 
wich, 1814;  son  of  Henry  Bathurst  (1744-1837)  [q.  v.] ; 
chancellor  of  church  of  Norwich,  1806.  [iii.  409] 

BATHURST,  HENRY,  third  EARL  BATHURST  (1762- 
1834) ;  son  of  second  earl ;  tory  statesman ;  master  of 
mint,  1804 ;  held  seals  of  foreign  office,  1809  ;  president  of 
board  of  trade ;  secretary  for  war  and  colonies  :  lord  pre- 
sident of  council,  1828-30.  [iii.  408] 

BATHURST,  HENRY  (1744-1837),  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ; 
canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1775  ;  prebendary  of 
Durham,  1795  ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1805.  [iii.  408] 

BATHURST,  JOHN  (1607-1669),  physician  to  Oliver 
Cromwell:  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1621; 
M.D.  and  F.R.C.P.,  1637 ;  M.P.  for  Richmond,  Yorkshire, 
1656  and  1658.  [iii.  409] 

BATHURST,  RALPH  (1620-1704),  divine :  scholar  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1637;  B.A.,  1638;  fellow,  1640; 
ordained  priest,  1644  ;  M.D.,  1654  :  though  a  royalist,  was 
employed  by  state  as  physician  to  navy ;  among  the  origi- 
nators of  the  Royal  Society :  abandoned  medicine  on 
Restoration  ;  chaplain  to  king,  1663  ;  president  of  Trinity, 
1664;  F.R.S.,  1663;  dean  of  Wells,  1670:  he  gave  both 
pecuniary  and  personal  help  to  the  rebuilding  of  Trinity 
College ;  left  miscellaneous  writings  in  English  and  Latin. 

[iii.  409] 


BATHURST 


73 


BAXTER 


BATHURST,  RICHARD  (</.  17G2),  essayist;  born  in 
Jamaica  :  M.H.  1'eterhoiKc.  Cambridge.  1746  :  snb>c- 
(juently  army  physician  in  \Vest  Indies:  friend  of  Dr. 
.lolin-on.  ami  member  of  the  club  at  the  Kind's  Head: 
contributor  to  the  '  Adventurer' ;  died  at  Havannah. 

[iii.411] 

BATHURST,  THEODORE  (d.  1651),  Latin  poet; 
nephew  of  Ralph  Bathurst[q.  v.]  ;  educateil  at  Pembroke 
('olleu'e,  Cambridge;  translated  Spenser's  'Shepherd's 
Caleiidar '  into  Latin  verse  (published  1G53).  [iii.  411] 

BATHURST,  WALTER  (17647-1827),  navy  captain  : 
serv.il  under  Rodney  in  West  Indies,  17K2  :  under  Lord 
St.  Vincent  at  Cadiz,  1793  ;  captain,  17'.»s  :  held  commands 
in  I  a-t  Indies,  Baltic,  and  Mediterranean;  killed  at 
Navarino.  [iii.  412] 

BATMAN,  JOHN  (1800-1840),  reputed  founder  of 
colony  of  Victoria :  born  at  Paramatta,  New  South  Wales ; 
formed  com  pans  ( 1835)  for  colonising  Port  Phillip,  whither 
lie  proceeded  secretly  to  report  on  the  district:  made 
treaty  with  aboriginal  chiefs  for  assignment  of  six  hundred 
thousand  acres,  including  site  of  Melbourne.  Tlie  Sydney 
authorities  refused  to  recognise  the  treaty,  but  several  of 
Batman's  party  settled  at  Port  Phillip,  and.  in  1837. 
Melbourne  was  founded.  [iii.  412] 

BATMAN,  STEPHEN  (d.  1584),  translator  and 
author ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  domestic  chaplain  to 
Archbishop  Parker ;  employed  by  Parker  to  collect  li- 
brary, now  in  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  rector 
of  Merstham,  Surrey,  1573 ;  published  religious  and  his- 
torical works  and  translations.  [iii.  414] 

BATMANSON,  JOHN  (d.  1531),  prior  of  Charter- 
house ;  studied  theology  at  Oxford ;  employed  by  Edward 
Lee  in  connection  with  his  critical  attack  on  Erasmus ; 
prior  of  London  Charterhouse,  1529 ;  published  religious 
works.  [iii.  414] 

BATT,  ANTHONY  (d.  1651),  Benedictine  monk  at 
English  monastery  of  Dieulouard,  Lorraine:  published 
devotional  works.  [iii.  415] 

BATT,  WILLIAM  (1744-1812),  scientist  and  medical 
writer ;  studied  at  Oxford,  Montpellier  (M.D.,  1770),  and 
Leyden :  practised  medicine  at  Genoa ;  professor  of  chemis- 
try, Genoa,  1774-87  ;  wrote  medical  treatises,  [iii.  415] 

BATTEL,  ANDREW  (ft.  J589-1614),  traveller ;  sailed 
with  Captain  Cocke  for  Rio  de  la  Plata,  1539 ;  driven  by 
storm  to  St.  Sebastian  ;  captured  by  Indians  and  delivered 
to  Portuguese :  imprisoned  at  St.  Paul-de-Loanda,  and 
subsequently  employed  as  trader  at  Longo  and  along 
coast ;  returned  to  England,  1605.  [iii.  415] 

BATTELEY,  JOHN  (1647-1708),  divine;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  domestic  chaplain  succes- 
sively to  Archbishops  Bancroft  and  Tillotson  ;  chancellor 
of  Brecknock,  1684  ;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1687,  and 
prebendary,  1688 :  master  of  King's  Bridge  hospital,  1688 ; 
wrote  work  on  ancient  state  of  Isle  of  Thanet  (published, 
1711),  and  other  treatises.  [iii.  416] 

BATTELEY,  NICHOLAS  (1650-1704),  antiquary; 
brother  of  John  Batteley  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1668 ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  1672 :  held  livings  in 
Kent,  1680-5 ;  published  '  Antiquities  of  Canterbury,'  1703. 

[iii.  417] 

BATTELEY,  OLIVER  (1697-1766),  divine;  son  of 
Nicholas  Batteley  [q.  v.] ;  B.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1734  ;  prebendary  of  Llandaff,  1757  ;  edited  John  Batteley's 
works.  [iii.  417] 

BATTELL,  RALPH  (1649-1 71 3),  divine ;  D.D..comirt« 
regiis,  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1706 ;  sub-dean  of  Chapel 
Royal ;  sub-almoner  to  Queen  Anne ;  prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester, 1685  ;  published  religious  works.  [iii.  417] 

BATTEN,  ADRIAN  (/.  1630),  musician  :  educated  in 
choir,  Winchester  Cathedral ;  vicar-choral,  Westminster, 
1614 ;  organist  and  vicar-choral,  St.  Paul's,  1624 ;  com- 
posed church  music.  [iii.  418] 

BATTEN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1667),  admiral;  ob- 
tained letters  of  marque  for  the  Salutation,  1626 :  surveyor 
of  the  navy,  1638;  second  in  command  of  Warwick's 
fleet,  1642 :  engaged  in  preventing  assistance  from  reach- 
ing king  by  sea,  1643 :  resigned  command,  1647,  but  re- 
sumed it  on  personal  invitation  of  officers  ;  joined  Prince 
of  Wales  iu  Holland,  where  he  was  knighted  ;  declined  to 


serve  against  parliament  and  returned  ;  reinstated  sur- 
veyor of  navy,  1660 ;  M.P.  for  Rochester,  1661  :  master  of 
Trinity  House,  1663-7.  [iii.  418] 

BATTENBERG,  PHINCK  HKXKY  OK  (1858-1896). 
[See  HKXKY  MAURICE.] 

BATTLE,  WILLIAM(  1704-1776), physician :  educated 
at  King's  College.  Cambridge  ;  founded  Battie  scholarship, 
1747:  Craven  scholar,  1725;  M.A.,  1730;  M.D.,  1737; 
F.C.P.,  1738,  Harveian  orator,  1746  ;  president,  1764 ;  Lum- 
leian  orator,  1749-54  ;  published  editions  of  Aristotle  and 
Isocrates,  and  several  medical  lectures.  [iii.  420] 

BATTINE,  WILLIAM  (1765-1836),  lawyer  and  poet ; 
fellow,  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  LL.D.  and  fellow  of  Col- 
lege of  Doctors  of  Law,  London,  1785  :  advocate-general 
in  high  court  of  admiralty  ;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Lin- 
coln ;  F.R.S.,  1797  ;  published  '  Another  Cain  '  (1822),  a 
dramatic  poem.  [iii.  421] 

BATTISHILL,  JONATHAN  (1738-1801),  composer; 
chorister  at  St.  Paul's ;  conductor  of  band  at  Covent  Gar 
den ;  member  of  Madrigal  Society,  1758,  and  of  Royal 
Society  of  Musicians,  1761 ;  engaged  in  theatrical  com- 
position ;  set  music  to  hymns  by  Charles  Wesley ;  pub- 
lished church  music  and  glees :  buried  in  St.  Paul's. 

[iii.  421] 

BATTLEY,  RICHARD  (1770-1856),  chemist :  medical 
attendant  to  Newcastle  collieries ;  assistant  surgeon  in 
navy  ;  apothecary  in  city  of  London.  Introduced  improve- 
ments in  pharmaceutical  operations.  [iii.  422] 

BATTY,  ROBERT  (d.  1848),  topographical  writer; 
son  of  Robert  Batty  (1763?-1849)  [q.  v.] ;  M.B.  Cains 
College,  Cambridge,  1813  ;  served  in  Western  Pyrenees 
and  Waterloo  campaign :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1825-32 ;  published  topographical  works  illustrated  by 
himself.  [iii.  422] 

BATTY,  ROBERT  (1763  ?-1849),  obstetric  physician  ; 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1797 ;  L.O.P.,  1806  :  physician  to  lying-in 
hospital,  Brownlow  Street ;  edited  •  Medical  and  Physical 
Journal.'  [iii.  422] 

BATY,  RICHARD  (d.  1758),  divine ;  M.A.  Glasgow, 
1725  :  vicar  of  Kirkandrew-upon-Esk,  1732  ;  had  local  fame 
as  oculist;  published  religious  works.  [iii.  423] 

BAUMBTTRGH,  THOMAS  DK  (ft.  1332),  keeper  of  the 
great  seal;  held  living  of  Emildon,  Northumberland, 
1328 ;  joint-keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1332,  1334, 1338,  and 
1339-40.  [iii,  423] 

BAT/ME,  PIERRE  HENRI  JOSEPH  (1797-1875X 
socialist ;  born  at  Marseilles ;  educated  at  Naples ;  private 
secretary  to  King  Ferdinand,  c.  1815-25  ;  acquired  con- 
siderable wealth  in  England,  which  he  bequeathed  to 
philanthropic  institutions  in  Isle  of  Man ;  gained  repute 
during  Owenite  socialistic  agitation.  [iii.  423] 

BAVAND,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1559),  student  of  Middle 
Temple  ;  published  translation  from  Ferrarius  Montanus. 

[iii.  424] 

BAVANT,  JOHN  (ft.  1552-1586),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1552  ;  D.D.  Rome ;  joined  English 
mission,  1581  :  imprisoned  in  Wisbech  Castle,  [iii.  424] 

BAWDWEN,  WILLIAM  (1563-1632).  [See  BALDWIN'.] 

BAWDWEN,  WILLIAM  (1762-1816),  antiquary: 
vicar  of  Hooton  Pagnel ;  translated  part  of  Domesday 
Book  (two  volumes  published,  1809-12).  [iii.  424] 

BAXENDELL,  JOSEPH  (1815-1887),  meteorologist 
and  astronomer  :  joint-secretary  and  editor  to  Manchester 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  1861  :  astronomer  to 
Manchester  Corporation  from  1859 ;  meteorologist  to  South- 
port  Corporation  :  made  important  meteorological  and  ter- 
restrial-magnetical  researches;  F.R.A.S.,  1858:  F.R.S., 
1884.  [Suppl.  i.  145] 

BAXTER,  ANDREW  (1686-1750),  philosophical 
writer ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  travelled 
on  continent,  1741-7,  and  made  acquaintance  of  Wilkes, 
with  whom  he  corresponded  till  death  :  published '  Enquiry 
into  the  Nature  of  the  Human  Soul '  (1733).  [iii.  425] 

BAXTER,  CHARLES  (1809-1879),  portrait  and  sub- 
ject painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1834  ; 
member  of  Society  of  British  Artists,  1842.  [iii.  426] 


BAXTER 


74 


BAYLEY 


BAXTER,  Sm  DAVID  (1793-1872),  manager  of  Sugar 
Refining  Company,  Dundee  :  became,  on  failure  of  this 
business  (1826),  partner  with  his  father  and  brothers  in  :i 
linen  manufactory  :  successfully  introduced  power-loom 
weaving,  183G  :  created  baronet,  lNf,:t.  He  wasaijeneroiis 
benefactor  of  Dundee,  and  established  several  foundations 
in  Edinburgh  University.  [iii.  426] 

BAXTER.  EVAN  BUCHANAN  (1844-1885),  physi- 
cian :  born  at  St.  Petersburg :  studied  at  King's  College. 
London,  and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  :  M.TX  l/mdon,  is/o  ; 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  1874 :  F.R.O.P.,  1877 ;  wrote,  edited,  and 
translated  medical  works.  [ill.  427] 

BAXTER,  JOHN  (1781-1858X  printer  and  publisher  : 
first  printer  to  use  the  inking  roller,  an  appliance  made 
under  his  superintendence  at  Lewes ;  his  publications  in- 
clude '  Baxter's  Bible,'  [iii.  427] 

BAXTER,  NATHANIEL  (  fl.  1606),  poet  and  preacher  : 
probably  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  tutor  in 
Greek  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney ;  warden  of  St.  Mary's  College, 
Youghal,  Ireland,  1592-9  :  vicar  of  Troy,  Monmouthshire, 
1602;  published  'Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Ourania"'  (1606) 
and  puritanical  controversial  works.  [iii.  428] 

BAXTER,  RICHARD  (1615-1691),  presbyterian 
divine :  taught  by  Richard  Wickstead,  chaplain  to  council 
at  Ludlow ;  after  brief  experience  of  court-life,  studied 
for  ministry  at  Wroxeter ;  was  ordained  and  became 
head-master  of  a  school  at  Dudley,  1638 ;  assistant 
minister  at  Bridgnorth,  Shropshire  ;  lecturer  at  Kidder- 
minster, 1641 ;  sided  with  parliament  and  recommended 
the  'protestation,'  1642  :  retired  to  Gloucester  and  thence 
to  Coventry,  where  he  officiated  as  chaplain  to  garrison  : 
chaplain  to  Colonel  Whalley's  regiment  after  1645,  and 
present  at  several  sieges  ;  returned  to  Kidderminster  after 
living  in  retirement,  where  he  wrote  '  Aphorisms  of 
Justification'  (1649)  and  the  'Saint's  Everlasting  Rest' 
(1650);  came  to  London,  1660:  one  of  the  king's  chap- 
lains ;  prepared  the  '  Reformed  Liturgy  *  for  Savoy  con- 
ference; retired  from  church  of  England  on  passing  of 
Act  of  Uniformity  :  suffered  much  ill-treatment  under 
Charles  II  and  Jaines  II :  imprisoned,  1685-6,  and  fined 
by  Judge  Jeffreys  on  charge  of  libelling  the  church  in  his 
'Paraphrase  of  New  Testament'  (1685);  complied  with 
Toleration  Act.  His  numerous  writings  include  '  Reliquiae 
Baxteriana?,'  an  autobiography.  [iii.  429] 

BAXTER,  ROBERT  DUDLEY  (1827-1875),  political 
writer;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1849;  entered 
his  father's  firm,  Baxter  &  Co.,  parliamentary  lawyers, 
1860 ;  published  political  works.  [iii.  437] 

BAXTER,  ROGER  (1784-1827),  Jesuit;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  1810:  missionary  in  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  died  ;  published  religious  works. 

[iii.  437] 

BAXTER,  THOMAS  (/.  1732),  pseudo-mathema- 
tician ;  published  '  The  Circle  Squared,'  1732.  [iii.  437] 

BAXTER,  THOMAS  (1782-1821),  china  painter; 
studied  at  Royal  Academy  ;  established  a  school  of  china 
painting  in  London,  1814.  [iii.  437] 

BAXTER,  WILLIAM  (1650-1723),  scholar;  nephew 
of  Richard  Baxter  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  school- 
master at  Mercers'  School,  London.  Works  include '  Ana- 
creon,'  1695,  an  edition  of '  Horace,1  1701,  and  a  dictionary 
of  British  antiquities,  1719.  [Hi.  438] 

BAXTER,  WILLIAM  (<1.  1871),  botanist :  curator  of 
Oxford  botanic  garden,  1813-54;  associate  of  Linnean 
Society,  1817 ;  published  '  British  Phsenogamous  Botany,' 
1834-43.  [iii.  438] 

BAXTER,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1825-1890),  tra- 
veller ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  partner  in 
his  father's  mercantile  firm  of  Edward  Baxter  &  Co. 
(afterwards  W.  E.  Baxter  &  Co.) ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Mon- 
trose  burghs,  1855-86 ;  secretary  to  admiralty,  1868-71 ; 
joint  secretary  of  the  treasury,  1871-3  ;  privy  councillor, 
1873 ;  published  works  on  foreign  travel.  [Suppl.  i.  146] 

BAYARD,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1300?),  according  to  Bale 
and  Pits  a  Dominican  theologian  at  Oxford :  D.D. :  said 
by  Quetif  to  have  been  a  Frenchman  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  Merton  College  possesses  a  manuscript  of  his 
'  Distinctions  Theologies;.'  [iii.  439] 


BAYE8,  JOSHUA  (1671-1746),  nonconformist  divine  ; 

1  itinerant  preacher  to  churches  around  London  ;  minister 

at    Leather   Lane,   17'.':!  :   lecturer  at  Salters'  Hall,   1732. 

Completed   'Kpistle  to  (Jalatians '  iii   Matthew   Henry's 

unfinished  '  Commentary.'  [iii.  439] 

BAYETJX,  JOHN  PK,  or  DE  BAIOCIS  (d.  1249),  justice 
itinerant  for  Cornwall,  Devon,  Somerset,  and  Dorset,  1218, 
and  for  Dorset,  1225.  [iii.  440] 

BAYEUX,  THOMAS  OP  (d.  1100).    [See  THOMAS.] 

BAYFIELD,  RICHARD,  alias  SOMKRSAM  (d.  1531), 
martyr:  Benedictine  of  abbey  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
1514:  priest,  1515;  chamberlain  of  the  abbey,  c.  1525; 
burnt  at  Smithfield  for  assisting  Tyndall  to  import  for- 
bidden books.  [iii.  440] 

BAYFIELD,  ROBERT  (fl.  1668),  physician,  of  Nor- 
wich ;  wrote  religious  and  medical  works,  1655-62. 

[iii.  440] 

BAYLEE,  JOSEPH  (1808-1883),  theological  writer  ; 
!  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1848  ;  D.D.,  1852  ;  founded 
I  and  was  first  principal,  1856-71,  of  St.  Aidan's  Theological 
;  College,  Birkenhead  :  vicar  of  Shepscombe,  Gloucester- 
|  shire,  1871-83 ;  published  controversial  and  other  theolo- 
I  gical  works.  [iii.  441] 

BAYLEY,  CORNELIUS  (1751-1812),  divine  :  metho- 
dist  preacher :  took  orders,  and  was  incumbent  of  St. 
James's  Church,  Manchester ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1800 ; 
published  a  Hebrew  grammar.  [iii.  441] 

BAYLEY,  SIR  EDWARD  CLIVE  (1821-1884),  Indian 
I  statesman ;  under  foreign  secretary  to  Indian  govern- 
!  ment  and  deputy-commissioner  of  Gujarat,  1849,  and  of 
j  Kangra  district,  1851 :  returned  to  England ;  called  to 
bar,  1857;  held  several  posts  in  Allahabad,  1857-8; 
'  Indian  judge,  1859  ;  temporary  foreign  secretary,  1861  ; 
|  home  secretary,  1862-72 ;  member  of  supreme  council, 
1  1873-8;  K.O.S.I.,  1877;  published  writings  on  Indian 
;  history  and  antiquities.  [iii.  441] 

BAYLEY,  F.  W.  N.  (1808-1853),  first  editor  of 
j  '  Illustrated  London  News,'  1842 ;  published  miscellaneous 
I  works  in  verse  and  prose.  [iii.  442] 

BAYLEY,  HENRY  VINCENT  (1777-1844),  divine : 
I  educated  at  Eton  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1800 : 
fellow,  1802;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Majendie  of  Chester, 
1803  ;  sub-dean  of  Lincoln,  1805-28  ;  archdeacon  of  Stow 
and  prebendary  of  Liddington,  1823 ;  D.D.,1824  ;  appointed 
to  stall  Iii  Westminster  Abbey,  1828.  [iii.  442] 

BAYLEY,  SIH  JOHN  (1763-1841),  judge;  educated 
at  Eton;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1792;  judge  of 
king's  bench,  1808;  judge  of  exchequer  court,  1830-4: 
made  baronet  and  privy  councillor,  1834  ;  published  legal 
and  religious  works.  [iii.  443] 

BAYLEY,  JOHN  [WHITCOMB]  (d.  1869),  anti- 
quary ;  junior  clerk  in  Tower  Record  Office  :  chief  clerk, 
1819,  and,  later,  sub-commissioner  on  the  Public  Records. 
Wrote  and  edited  historical  works,  including  'History 
and  Antiquities  of  Tower  of  London,'  and  an  unfinished 
'  Parliamentary  History  of  England.'  [iii.  443] 

BAYLEY,  PETER  (1778  ?-1823),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  called 
to  bar  at  Temple ;  published  writings  in  verse  and  prose. 

[iii.  444] 

BAYLEY,  ROBERT  S.  (d.  1859),  independent  minis- 
ter ;  pastor  successively  in  Louth,  Sheffield,  and  London  ; 
assisted  in  founding  People's  College,  Sheffield  ;  published 
miscellaneous  writings.  [iii.  444] 

BAYLEY,  THOMAS  (1582-1663).    [See  BAYLIK.] 

BAYLEY,  THOMAS  BUTTERWORTH  (1744-1802), 
agriculturist  and  philanthropist ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  J.P.  for  county  palatine  of  Lancaster :  intro- 
duced many  improvements  in  prison  construction,  sanita- 
tion, and  agricultural  methods.  [iii.  445] 

BAYLEY,  WALTER (1529-1592), physician:  educated 
at  Winchester:  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1560; 
M.D.,  1563 ;  canon  of  Wells :  regius  professor  of  physic, 
Oxford,  1561 ;  physician  to  Elizabeth  :  F.C.P.,  1581 ;  pub- 
lished treatise  on  preservation  of  the  eyesight,  [iii.  445] 

BAYLEY,  WILLIAM  BUTTERWORTH  (1782-1860), 
Anglo-Indian ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  entered  Bengal  civil 
service,  1799 ;  registrar  of  Sudder  court ;  judge  at  Burd- 


BAYLIE 


75 


BAZAJLGETTE 


wan,  1813  :  secretary  in  judicial  and  revenue  department, 
1814;  chief  secretary  to  government,  1819;  member  oi 
supreme  council,  1H25 :  governor-general,  IK^S  :;n  :  n- 
turned  to  Kn.u'land  ;  director,  K;t-t  India  Company,  IsP.s  ; 
chairman  of  court,  1840.  [iii.  4 1C] 

BAYLIE.  TIKXMAS  (1582  1663),  puritan  divine: 
M.A..and  fellow,  Maplalen  College,  Oxford,  1611;  B.D., 
1G21  ;  rector  successively  (if  Mannini-ford  Bruee  and  Mil- 
denhall  Wiltshire;  ejected,  1660 ;  set  up  conventicle  at 
Marllxmn.u'h.  [iii.  446] 

BAYLIES,  WILLIAM  (1724-1787),  physician ;  M.D. 
Aberdeen,  1748;  P.O.P.  Edinburgh,  1767  ;  practised  at 
Dresden  and  Berlin  ;  L.C.P.  London,  1765  ;  published  re- 
marks on  waters  at  Stratford-on-Avon  and  Bath. 

[iii.  447] 

BAYLI8,  EDWARD  (1791-1861),  founder  between 
1838  and  1854  of  several  insurance  offices,  of  which  the 
English  and  Scottish  Law  alone  still  survives,  [iii.  417] 

BAYLIS,  THOMAS  HUTCHINSON  (1823-1876), 
promoter  of  insurance  offices;  son  of  Edward  Baylis 
[q.  v.] ;  clerk  in  Anchor,  and,  in  1850,  manager  of  Tra- 
falgar insurance  offices ;  founded  several  offices  with 
varying  success.  [iii.  447] 

BAYLY,  ANSELM  (d.  1794),  critic  and  theologian  ; 
B.C.L.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1749 :  minor  canon  of  St. 
Paul's  and  Westminster,  and  sub-dean  of  Chapel  Royal ; 
published  critical  and  theological  works.  [iii.  448] 

BAYLY,  BENJAMIN  (1671-1720),  divine ;  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1695  ;  rector  of  St.  James's,  Bristol,  1697-1720  ;  pub- 
lished •  Essay  on  Inspiration  '  (1707).  [iii.  448] 

BAYLY,  JOHN  (d.  1633),  chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  son 
of  Lewis  Bayly  [q.  v.] ;  guardian  of  Christ's  Hospital, 
Ruthin.  [iii.  448] 

BAYLY,  LEWIS  (</.  1631),  bishop  of  Bangor : 
D.D.  probably  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1613  ;  vicar  of 
Evesham  ;  chaplain  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales  ;  bishop  of 
Bangor,  1616  ;  brought  into  disfavour  by  his  puritanism  ; 
published  at  beginning  of  seventeenth  century  '  Practice 
of  Piety,'  which  won  and  retained  extraordinary  popu- 
larity, [iii.  448] 

BAYLY,  THOMAS  (d.  1657  ?),  royalist  divine ;  son  of 
Lewis  Bayly  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
1631 ;  sub-dean  of  Wells,  1638 ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford, 
1644  ;  D.D. ;  assisted  as  commissioned  officer  in  defence  of 
Raglan  Castle,  1646  :  converted  to  Roman  Catholicism  in 
Prance ;  imprisoned  for  writings  offensive  to  authorities 
of  Commonwealth  ;  subsequently  settled  at  Douay  and 
finally  went  to  Italy  ;  published  religious  works. 

[iii.  449] 

BAYLY,  THOMAS  HAYNES  (1797-1839),  miscella- 
neous writer ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  St.  Mary  Hall, 
Oxford  ;  abandoned  original  idea  of  entering  church  ;  pro- 
duced songs,  ballads,  and  dramatic  pieces,  including  '  I'd 
be  a  butterfly,' '  She  wore  a  wreath  of  roses,'  and  '  Perfec- 
tion,' a  successful  farce;  became  involved  in  financial 
difficulties,  1831,  and  in  a  short  time  wrote  thirty-six 
pieces  for  stage ;  published  five  novels.  [iii.  451] 

BAYLY,  WILLIAM  (1737-1810),  astronomer :  assist- 
ant at  Royal  Observatory ;  accompanied  astronomical 
expedition  sent  by  Royal  Society  to  North  Cape,  1769,  and 
Cook's  voyages,  1772  and  1776  ;  head-master  of  Royal  Aca- 
demy, Portsmouth,  1785-1807;  published  observations 
made  during  his  voyages.  [iii.  452] 

BAYNARD,  ANN  (1672-1697),  daughter  of  Dr.  Ed- 
ward Baynard  [q.  v.]  ;  noted  for  her  learning  and  piety. 

[iii.  452] 

BAYNARD,  EDWARD  (b.  1641),  physician:  studied 
at  Leyden  ;  honorary  F.C.P.  London,  1687 :  published 
'  Health,  a  Poem,'  1719.  [iii.  453] 

BAYNARD,  FULK  (</.  1306),  itinerant  justice  in 
Norfolk.  [iii.  453] 

BAYNARD,  ROBERT  (d.  1331),  justice:  son  of  Fulk 
Baynard  [q.  v.] ;  frequently  knight  of  shire  for  Norfolk, 
1289-1327  ;  justice  of  king's  bench,  1327.  [iii.  453] 

BAYNBRIGG,  CHRISTOPHER  (1464  ?-1614).  [See 
BAiNr.KiiH.iK.] 

BAYNE,  ALEXANDER,  of  Rires  (d.  1737),  Scottish 
lawyer ;  advocate,  1714 ;  curator  of  Advocates'  Library, 


and  first  professor  of  Scots  law,  Edinburgh  University, 
1722  ;  published  legal  writings.  [iii.  453] 

BAYNE,  I'KTKU  ( 1830-1896),  journalist  and  author  ; 
M.A.  Marisehal  College,  Aberdeen,  1*50  ;  studied  for 
ministry  at  Edinburgh;  editor  of  'Glasgow  Common- 
wealth,' and,  1866,  of  '  Witness '  (Edinburgh)  ;  editor  of 
» Dial,'  1860-2,  and  of '  Weekly  Review,'  the  organ  of  Eng- 
lish presbyterian  church,  1862-6  :  leader-writer  for 
'  Christian  World,'  and  contributor  to  London  periodicals 
and  reviews ;  published  essays  and  biographical,  historical, 
and  other  works.  [Suppl.  i.  146] 

BAYNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1782),  navy  lieutenant,  1749  ; 
captain,  1760 ;  at  reduction  of  Martinique,  1762 ;  served 
at  Fort  Royal,  and  off  Chesapeake,  1781 ;  killed  in  action 
with  French.  [iii.  454] 

BAYNES,  ADAM  (1622-1670),  captain  in  parlia- 
mentary army,  and  successively  commissioner  of  excise 
and  of  customs ;  member  of  army  and  admiralty  com- 
mittees :  several  times  M.P.  for  Leeds,  and,  1659,  for 
Appleby  ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  for  treasonable  practices, 
1666.  [iiL  454] 

BAYNES,  JAMES  (1766-1837),  watercolour  painter  ; 
pupil  of  Romney ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1796- 
1837.  [iii.  455] 

BAYNES,  JOHN  (1758-1787),  lawyer ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1777;  fellow,  1779;  M.A.,  1780; 
studied  law  at  Gray's  Inn ;  became  a  zealous  whig  ;  pub- 
lished political  writings  in  verse  and  prose.  [iii.  465] 

BAYNES,  PAUL  (d.  1617),  puritan  divine ;  fellow, 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  refused  absolute  subscription 
and  was  compelled  to  leave  university:  successfully 
replied  to  charge  of  conducting  conventicles ;  his  religious 
writings  were  all  published  posthumously.  [iii.  455] 

BAYNES,  RALPH  (d.  1569),  bishop ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1521 ;  university  preacher  ;  opposed 
Latimer  :  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Paris  ;  bishop  of  Lich- 
field  and  Coventry,  1554  ;  D.D.,  1555  ;  deprived  of  bishopric, 
1559  ;  published  a  Hebrew  grammar.  [iii.  456] 

BAYNES,  ROGER  (1546-1623),  secretary  to  Cardinal 
Allen  ;  abjured  protestantism,  c.  1679  ;  secretary  to  Car- 
dinal Allen  at  Rome ;  published  '  Praise  of  Solitarinesse,' 
1577,  and  '  The  Baynes  of  Aqvisgrane,'  1617.  [iii.  456] 

BAYNES,  THOMAS  SPENCER  (1823-1887),  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  studied  logic 
under  Sir  William  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  graduate  of  London, 
1850 :  teacher  of  philosophy  at  Philosophical  Institution, 
Edinburgh,  and  assistant  to  Hamilton,  I860:  editor  of 
'  Edinburgh  Guardian,'  1850-4  ;  introduced  to  Carlyle  by 
G.  H.  Lewes;  assistant  editor  of  'Daily  News,'  1868-64": 
professor  of  logic,  metaphysics,  and  English  literature,  St. 
Andrews,  1864 :  wrote  articles  on  Shakespeare's  obscure 
and  unfamiliar  words  and  on  his  school-learning,  which 
were  collected  as  '  Shakespeare  Studies,'  1894  ;  superin- 
tended ninth  edition  of  '  Encyclopaedia  Britauuica,'  1873- 
1887,  being  associated  with  Professor  William  Robertson 
Smith  [q.  v.]  from  1880.  [Suppl.  i.  147] 

BAYNHAM,  JAMES  (d.  1552).    [See  BAIXHAM.] 

BAYNING,  first  BARON  (1728-1810).  [See  Towxs- 
HKM),  CHARLES.] 

BAYNTON,  Sm  ANDREW  (/.  1S40),  scholar; 
attended  Knyvett  on  embassy  from  Henry  VIII  to  the  em- 
peror ;  several  times  M.P.  '  [iii.  457] 

BAYNTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1820),  surgeon  at  Bristol 
Published  works  on  ulcer  and  spinal  diseases,  [iii.  457] 

BAYNTTJN,  Sm  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1766-1840), 
admiral ;  captain,  1794 :  served  in  West  Indies,  Mediter- 
ranean, and  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1794-1807  :  at  Trafalgar, 
1805  ;  rear-admiral,  1812  :  vice-admiral,  1821 :  admiral, 
1837  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  G.C.B.,  1839.  [iiL  457] 

BAZALGETTE,  SIR  JOSEPH  WILLIAM  (1819-1891), 
civil  engineer :  pupil  of  Sir  John  Benjamin  McNeill  [q.  v.]  ; 
engineer  at  Westminster,  1842  ;  chief  engineer  to  metro- 
politan board  of  works,  1855-89 :  carried  out  construction 
of  metropolitan  drainage  system,  1858-75,  and  Thames 
embankment,  1862-74 ;  M.I.C.E.,  1838,  president,  1884 ; 
C.B.,  1871 :  knighted,  1874.  He  did  much  work  in  con- 
nection with  metropolitan  bridges,  and  published  many 
valuable  professional  reports.  [Suppl.  i.  149] 


BAZLEY 


76 


BEAMONT 


BAZLEY,  Sin  THOMAS  (1797-1885),  manufacturer 
and  politician:  cotton-spinner  and  merchant  in  Mun- 
cbester,  1826-62;  member  of  council  of  Anti-t'ornlsiw 
League  ;  chairman  of  Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
1845-59;  M.P.  for  Manchester,  1858-8U:  created  baronet, 
1869  ;  published  pamphlet*.  [Suppl.  i.  151] 

BEACH  or  BECHE,  JOHN  (d.  1539),  abbot :  edu- 
cated at  Oxford ;  abbot  of  St.  John's,  Colchester,  1538, 
opposing  its  dissolution,  1539  :  subsequently  attainted  of 
treason,  and  perhaps  hanged  at  Colchester.  [iii.  458] 

BEACH,  THOMAS  (d.  1737),  poet ;  wine  merchant  at 
Wrexham;  published  'Eugenic,  or  the  Virtuous  and 
Happy  Life,'  1737.  [iii.  458] 

BEACH,  THOMAS  (1738-1806),  portrait-painter; 
pupil  of  Reynolds ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1785- 
1797.  [iii.  458] 

BEACH,  THOMAS  MILLER,  (1841-1894),  govern- 
ment spy,  known  as  '  MAJOR  LK  CAROX'  ;  apprenticed  as 
draper  at  Colchester ;  went  to  New  York,  1861,  and  served 
with  federalists  under  name  of  Henry  le  Caron  ;  major, 
1865 ;  joined  Fenian  organisation  ;  furnished  English 
government  with  information  about  intended  Fenian  in- 
vasion of  Canada,  1866  :  paid  spy  in  United  States,  1867- 
1889;  military  organiser  of  Irish  republican  army;  re- 
ported to  English  government  second  Fenian  invasion  of 
Canada,  1868  ;  betrayed  to  Canadian  government  plans  of 
John  O'Neill,  the  Fenian  leader,  and  Louis  Riel  [q.  v.], 
1871 ;  M.D.  Detroit ;  practised  medicine  successively  at 
Detroit  and  Braidwood ;  retained  confidence  of  Fenians  ; 
closely  connected  with  Irish  Land  League  agitation  and 
Fenian  movement  in  England,  1879,  and  communicated 
plans  of  the  Olan-na-Gael  to  Mr.  Robert  Anderson,  chief 
of  criminal  detective  department  in  London  ;  finally  left 
America,  1888 ;  gave  evidence  against  Irish  agitators  at 
Parnell  commission,  1889  ;  published  '  Twenty-five  Years 
in  Secret  Service,'  1892.  [Suppl.  i.  151] 

BEACON.     [See  BECON.] 

BEACONSFIELD,  EARL  OF  (1804-1881).  [See 
DISRAELI,  BEXJAMIX.] 

BEADLE,  JOHN  (d.  1667),  divine :  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  rector  of  Little  Leighs  and  (1632)  of  Barnstone 
(1656)  ;  signal '  Essex  Testimony ' ;  published  'Journal  of 
a  Thankful  Christian.'  [iii.  459] 

BEADON,  SIR  CECIL  (1816-1881),  Indian  statesman  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Shrewsbury ;  entered  Bengal  civil 
service,  1836;  under-secretary  to  Bengal  government, 
1843 ;  represented  Bengal  presidency  on  commission  on 
Indian  postal  system,  1850  ;  successively  secretary  to  Ben- 
gal government,  home  and  foreign  secretary  to  Indian 
government,  member  of  governor-general's  council  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal ;  his  deservedly  brilliant 
reputation  marred  by  unfortunate  measures  in  regard  to 
tea-planting  in  Assam,  the  disastrous  mission  to  Bhutan, 
and  failure  (partly  due  to  ill-health)  in  relieving  the 
Oriasa  famine ;  returned  to  England,  1866 ;  K.C.s.l . 

[iii.  459] 

BEADON,  FREDERICK  (1777-1879),  divine:  son  of 
Richard  Beadou  (1737-1824)  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Charter- 
house and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  presented  to  living  of 
Weston-super-Mare ;  rector  of  North  Stoneham,  1811 ; 
canon  residentiary  of  Wells,  1812-75.  [iii.  461] 

BEADON,  RICHARD  (1737-1824),  bishop  ;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1758;  fellow  and  tutor: 
public  orator,  1768 ;  master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1781 ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1789,  and  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1802.  [iii.  462] 

BEAL,  SAMUEL  (1825-1889),  Chinese  scholar ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1847  :  ordained  priest,  1852 ; 
naval  chaplain  on  China  station ;  naval  interpreter, 
1856-8:  professor  of  Chinese,  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1877  ;  D.C.L.  Durham,  1885  ;  published  translations 
from  Chinese,  and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  153] 

BEAL,  WILLIAM  (1815-1870),  religious  writer :  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  London,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1847  ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen :  vicar  of  Brooke, 
Norfolk,  1847  ;  published  religious  works.  [iv.  1] 

BEAT.E.  BARTHOLOMEW  (ft.  1680),  portraitist  and 
physician  ;  son  of  Mary  Beale  [q.  v.]  [iv.  3] 

BEALE,  CHARLES  (/.  1689),  portrait-painter,  son  of 
Mary  Beale  [q.  v.]  ;  retired  from  profession,  1689.  [iv.  3] 


BEALE,  FRANCIS  (/.  1656),  author  of  •  Royall  Game 
of  Chesse  Play,'  1666.  [iv.  1] 

BEALE,  JOHN  (1603-1683?),  scientific  writer;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Kind's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1636 ;  rector  df  Yeovil,  Somerset,  1660-83  ;  F.R.P.,  1663 : 
chaplain  to  Charles  II,  1665 :  wrote  on  Herefordshire 
orchards.  [iv.  1] 

BEALE,  MARY  (1632-1697),  portrait-painter,  nte 
Oradock ;  perhaps  a  pupil  of  Sir  Peter  Lely,  but  more 
probably  of  Robert  Walker;  copied  many  of  Lely's- pic- 
tures. Her  works  include  portraits  of  Charles  II,  Cowley, 
James,  duke  of  Monmouth,  and  Milton.  [iv.  2] 

BEALE,  ROBERT  (1541-1601),  diplomatist  and  anti- 
quary ;  compelled  to  leave  England  during  Mary's  reign, 
owing  to  his  religious  opinions ;  connected  with  English 
embassy  in  Paris,  1564 ;  secretary  to  Walsingham,  when 
ambassador  resident  there,  1670 :  M.P.,  Totnes,  1572 :  clerk 
to  the  council ;  sent  by  Elizabeth  to  Lutheran  princes 
of  Germany,  to  plead  for  toleration  of  Cryptocalvimsts, 
who  denied  doctrine  of  ubiquity  of  the  body  of  Jesus, 
1577-8 ;  acted  as  secretary  of  state  during  Walsingham's 
absence,  1578,  1581,  and  1583 ;  deputy  to  Walsiugham 
when  governor  of  Mines  Royal,  1681 ;  engaged  in  nego- 
tiating with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  between  1581  and 
1584 :  M.P.  for  Dorchester,  1585,  1586,  and  1688 ;  notified 
Mary  of  sentence  of  death  passed  on  her,  1586,  and  read 
warrant  before  her  execution,  1587 :  served  under  Leicester 
in  attempt  to  relieve  Sluys,  1587 ;  employed  in  negotiation 
with  the  States,  1589  ;  banished  from  court  and  parlia- 
ment for  his  attitude  in  debate  upon  supply  and  towards 
inquisitorial  practices  of  bishops,  1592 ;  M.P.,  Lostwithiel, 
Cornwall,  1592  :  envoy  to  treat  for  peace  with  Spain  at 
Boulogne,  1600 ;  wrote  legal,  historical,  political,  and  other 
works ;  member  of  Elizabethan  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

[iv.  3] 

BEALE,  THOMAS  WILLERT  (1828-1894),  miscel- 
laneous writer;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1863; 
studied  music  under  Edward  Roeckel ;  managed  operas  in 
London  and  provinces ;  originated  national  music  meet- 
ings at  Crystal  Palace ;  published  songs,  and  pianoforte 
and  dramatic  pieces.  [Suppl.  i.  154] 

BEALE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1651),  royalist  divine ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
B.A.,  1610;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  1611;  M.A.,  1613; 
archdeacon  of  Carmarthen,  1623 :  D.D.,  1627  ;  master  of 
Jesus  College,  1632,  and  of  St.  John's  College,  1634 ;  vice- 
chancellor  of  university,  1634;  rendered  considerable 
assistance  to  the  king  at  outbreak  of  war,  1642 ;  captured 
and  imprisoned  by  Cromwell,  1642-5 ;  ultimately  went  into 
exile  in  Spain,  where  he  died.  [iv.  7] 

BEALE,  WILLIAM  (1784-1854),  musician ;  chorister 
at  Westminster  Abbey ;  gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal,  1816 ; 
organist  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1820,  and  to  two 
London  churches,  1821 ;  composed  glees  and  madrigals. 

[iv.  8] 

BEALES,  EDMOND  (1803-1881),  political  agitator ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1828;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1830;  equity 
draughtsman  and  conveyancer ;  achieved  celebrity  by  his 
connection  with  Polish  Exiles'  Friends  Society,  Circassian 
Committee,  Emancipation  Society,  Garibaldi  Committee, 
and  the  Reform  League,  of  which  he  was  president  at 
the  time  of  the  Hyde  Park  riots,  July  1866  ;  county  court 
circuit  judge,  1870.  [iv.  9] 

BEALKNAP  or  BELKNAP,  SIR  ROBERT  DE  (d. 
1400  ?),  judge ;  king's  sergeant  and  justice  of  assize, 
1366;  commissioner  for  defence  of  Kentish  coast;  chief- 
justice  of  common  pleas ;  unsuccessful  in  quelling  Wat 
Tyler's  rebellion,  1381 ;  knighted,  1386 ;  exiled  to  Ireland 
for  giving  opinion  unfavourable  to  parliament's  action 
towards  Michael  de  la  Pole  ;  recalled,  1397.  [iv.  9] 

BEAMISH,  NORTH  LUDLOW  (1797-1872),  military 
writer ;  obtained  commission  in  4th  Irish  dragoons,  1816 ; 
subsequently  attached  to  the  vice-regal  suite  in  Hanover. 
His  works  include  translations  of  Count  von  Bismarck's 
military  writings.  [iv.  10] 

BEAMONT,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1828-1868),  divine ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1850;  fellow,  1862; 
M.A.,  1853;  ordained,  1854;  missionary  in  Palestine; 
chaplain  in  British  army  during  Crimean  war ;  published 
religious,  oriental,  and  other  works.  [iv.  11] 


BEAN 


77 


BEAUCHAMP 


BEAN  or  BEYN,  SAINT  (/.  1011).  first  bishop  of 
Murthlach  ;  perhaps  identical  with  the  Irish  Mophiog, 
the  day  of  each  (16  Dec.)  being  the  same.  [iv.  12] 

BEARBLOCK  or  BEREBLOCK,  JOHN  (fl.  1566), 
draughtsnmu  ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1565  ;  senior 
proctor  of  the  university,  1579  ;  executed  drawings  of  the 
Oxford  colleges,  which  have  beeii  several  times  repro- 
duced, [iv.  12] 

BEARCROFT,  PHILIP  (1697-1761),  antiquary  ;  B.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1716  ;  fellow,  Morton  College,  and 
M.A.,  1719 ;  B.D.  and  D.D.,  1730 ;  took  orders :  chaplain 
to  the  king,  1738  ;  master  of  Charterhouse,  1753 ;  pre- 
lx.'ndary  of  Wells,  1755  ;  published  antiquarian  writings. 

[iv.  12] 

BEARD,  CHARLES  (1827-1888),  Unitarian  divine; 
son  of  John  Belly  Beard  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  London  University, 
1847;  assistant  at  Hyde  chapel,  Gee  Cross,  Cheshire, 
1850,  and  sole  pastor,  1854-66 ;  minister  at  Kenshaw 
Street  chapel,  Liverpool,  1867-88 ;  vice-president  of  Uni- 
versity College,  Liverpool ;  Hibbert  lecturer,  1883  ;  LL.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1888 ;  published  religious  writings. 

[Suppl.  i.  154] 

BEARD,  JOHN  (1716 ?-1791),  actor  and  vocalist; 
trained  in  the  King's  chapel ;  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  as 
Sir  John  Loverule  in  •  The  Devil  to  pay,'  1737  ;  at  Covent 
Garden  in  the  '  Beggar's  Opeca,'  as  Macheath,  which  be- 
came his  favourite  character,  1743 ;  manager  of  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  1761 ;  retired,  1767.  [iv.  13] 

BEARD,  JOHN  RELLY  (1800-1876),  Unitarian  mi- 
nister ;  took  charge  of  congregations  at  Salford,  1825,  at 
Straugeways,  Manchester,  1848-64,  and  at  Sale,  1865-73  : 
hon.  D.D.  Giessen  University,  1838 ;  first  principal  of 
Unitarian  Home  Missionary  Board,  Manchester;  pub- 
lished religious  and  other  works,  which  did  much  for  the 
cause  of  popular  education.  [iv.  14] 

BEARD,  RICHARD  (fl.  1553-1574).    [See  BEEARD.] 

BEARD,  THOMAS  (d.  1632),  puritan  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge ;  rector  of  Hengrave,  1598 ;  master  of 
Huntingdon  hospital  and  grammar  school,  where  Oliver 
Cromwell  was  educated  under  his  care ;  J.P.  for  Hunting- 
donshire, 1630 ;  D.D.  Cambridge ;  wrote  religious  works, 
including  the  "Theatre  of  Gods  ludgernents,'  1697. 

BEARD,  WILLIAM  (1772-1868),  collector  ofV'bones, 
which  he  found  in  excavations  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Hutton,  Bleadou,  and  Saudford.  His  collection,  containing 
many  bones  of  great  rarity,  is  now  in  the  museum  at 
Tauntou  Castle.  [iv.  15] 

BEARDMORE,  NATHANIEL  (1816-1872),  engineer 
to  works  for  draining  and  navigating  river  Lee,  1850; 
published  writings  on  hydraulic  engineering.  [iv.  16] 

BEARDSLEY,  AUBREY  VINCENT  (1872-1898), 
artist  in  black  and  white ;  worked  in  architect's  office, 
and  later  as  clerk  in  office  of  Guardian  Insurance  Com- 
pany ;  illustrated  '  Morte  d'Arthur ' ;  contributed  draw- 
ings to  'Pall  Mall  Budget' ;  art  editor  of  '  Yellow  Book,' 
1894 ;  joined  Mr.  Arthur  Symous  in  production  of  '  The 
Savoy'  magazine,  1896.  His  work  included  designs  for 
Oscar  Wilde's  'Salome,'  the  'Rape  of  the  Lock,'  'Made- 
moiselle de  Maupin,'  and  Ernest  Dowson's  '  Pierrot  of  the 
Minute.'  [Suppl.  i.  155] 

BEATNIFFE,  RICHARD  (1740-1818),  bookseller  and 
topographer  ;  journeyman  bookbinder  at  Norwich,  where 
he  subsequently  kept  a  secondhand:  bookshop ;  published 
•  Norfolk  Tour,'  1772.  [iv.  16] 

BEATON  or  BETHUNE,  DAVID  (1494-1546),  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews,  Glasgow, 
and  Paris :  abbot  of  Arbroath,  1523 ;  bishop  of  Mirepoix 
in  Foix,  1537 ;  cardinal  of  San  Stefano  on  Monte  Celio ; 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1539 ;  at  an  early  age  resident 
for  Scotland  at  court  of  France ;  lord  privy  seal,  1528 ; 
chancellor,  1643  ;  protonotary  apostolic  and  legate  a  latere, 
1543;  murdered  by  John  Leslie,  in  revenge  for  his  con- 
demnation of  Wishart,  one  of  the  most  popular  preachers 
of  Reformation.  [iv.  17] 

BEATON  or  BETHUNE,  JAMES  (d.  1539),  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews  ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1493  ;  prior  of 
Whithorn  and  abbot  of  Duufermline,  1504 :  bishop  of  Gal- 
loway ;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1509 :  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews  and  primate,  1522  ;  lord  treasurer,  1505-6  ;  chan- 


BEATON  or  BETHUNE.  JAMES  (1517-1603),  arch- 
bishop of  Glasgow  ;  brother  of  David  Beaton  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated in  Paris;  al>lx>t  of  Arbroath;  counsellor  of  queen 
regent  during  struggles  with  lords  of  congregation ;  on 
death  of  regent  went  to  Paris,  where  he  remained  till  death 
as  Scottish  ambassador ;  last  Roman  catholic  archbishop 
of  Glasgow,  1552.  [iv.  19] 

BEATSON,  ALEXANDER  (1759-1833),  governor  of 
St.  Helena  ;  ensign,  Madras  infantry,  1776 ;  engineer  and 
field  officer ;  colonel,  1801 ;  governor  of  St.  Helena,  1808- 
1813 ;  major-general,  1810 ;  lieutenant-general,  1814 ;  in- 
troduced in  St  Helena  improved  system  of  agriculture 
and  wrote  miscellaneous  works.  [iv.  20] 

BEATSON,  BENJAMIN  WRIGGLES  WORTH  (1803- 
1874),  classical  scholar:  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  uud  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1828 ; 
fellow  ;  published  classical  works.  [iv.  20] 

BEATSON,  GEORGE  STEWARD  (d.  1874),  surgeon- 
general  ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1836 ;  on  army  medical  staff  in 
Ceylon,  1839-51,  and  subsequently  in  Burmah  and  Turkey ; 
surgeon-general  and  principal  medical  officer  of  European 
troops  in  India,  1863-8  and  1871 ;  in  charge  of  Netley 
Hospital,  1868 ;  C.B.,  1869.  [iv.  21] 

BEATSON,  ROBERT  (1742-1818),  miscellaneous 
writer;  educated  for  military  profession;  accompanied 
royal  engineers  against  Kochefort,  1757,  and  to  West 
Indies,  1759 ;  retired,  1766 ;  devoted  himself  to  practical 
agriculture  in  Fifeshire,  on  which,  and  on  military  and 
political  subjects,  he  published  works,  including  'Poli- 
tical Index  to  the  Histories  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land'(1786).  [iv.  21] 

BEATTIE,  GEORGE  (1786-1823),  Scottish  poet ;  son 
of  a  Kiucardineshire  crofter ;  established  himself  success- 
fully as  an  attorney  at  Montrose ;  committed  suicide  from 
disappointment  in  love.  His  principal  poems  were  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Montrose  Review.'  [iv.  22] 

BEATTIE,  JAMES  (1735-1803),  Scottish  poet ;  son 
of  a  shopkeeper  and  small  farmer ;  M.A.  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  1763 ;  schoolmaster  and  parish  clerk  at 
Fardoun,  Kincardine;  studied  divinity  at  Aberdeen: 
master  at  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1758 ;  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  and  logic  at  Marischal  College,  1760 ; 
published  'Original  Poems  and  Translations,'  1761; 
formed  acquaintance  with  Gray,  1765;  published  '  Essay 
on  Truth,'  1770,  and,  anonymously,  first  book  of  the 
'  Minstrel,'  1771 ;  met  Dr.  Johnson  and  members  of  his 
circle,  1771 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Oxford,  1773 ;  published  second 
book  of  'Minstrel,'  1774,  'Evidences  of  the  Christian 
Religion,'  1786,  and  'Elements  of  Moral  Science,'  1790-93. 

[iv.  22] 

BEATTIE,  JAMES  HAY  (1768-1790),  sou  of  James 
Beattie  [q.v.];  educated  at  Marischal  College;  M.A., 
1786 ;  appointed  assistant  and  successor  to  his  father  in 
chair  of  moral  philosophy  and  logic,  Aberdeen,  1787. 

[iv.  25] 

BEATTIE,  WILLIAM  (1793-1875),  physician ;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  M.D.,  1818 ;  practised  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  subsequently  in  Cumberland  ;  attended  Duke 
of  Clarence  (afterwards  William  IV)  on  visits  to  Germany, 
1822, 1825,  and  1826  ;  studied  at  Paris  ;  L.R.C.P.  London, 
1827  ;  practised  at  Hampstead,  1827-45.  He  was  on  terms 
of  the  closest  friendship  with  Thomas  Campbell,  while  the 
Countess  of  Blessington  and  Lady  Byron  were  among  his  in- 
timate acquaintances.  His  writings  include  several  poems, 
a  series  of  descriptive  and  historical  works,  illustrated  by 
W.  H.  Bartlett  [q.  v.],  and  '  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Thomas 
Campbell' (1849).  [iv.  25] 

BEATTY,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1842),  surgeon  ;  physi- 
cian to  Greenwich  Hospital,  1806-10.  Published,  1807, 
'  Narrative  of  Death  of  Lord  Nelson,'  whom  he  attended  at 
Trafalgar ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  and  L.C.P.,  1817  ;  F.R.S., 
1818 ;  knighted,  1831.  [iv.  27] 

BEAUCHAMP,  EARLS.  [See  LYGON,  WILLIAM,  first 
EARL,  1747-1816  ;  LYGON,  FREDERICK,  sixth  EARL,  1830- 
1891.] 

BEAUCHAMP,  GUY  DE,  EARL  OF  WARWICK  (rf. 
1315),  lord  ordainer ;  one  of  seven  earls  who  signed  letter 
rejecting  pope's  authority  in  Scottish  questions,  1301 ;  at- 
tended Edward  II  in  his  last  campaign,  1307 ;  took  part  in 
procuring  Gaveston's  banishment,  1308  :  chosen  one  of  the 


oellor,  1513-26;    one  of  the  regents  during  James  V's  I  ordaiuerb,  1310  ;  assisted  Lancaster  in  capture  of  Gavestou, 
liuority.  [iv.  18]         1312,  but  took  no  part  in  his  execution.  [iv.  28] 


BEAUCHAMP 


78 


BEAUFORT 


BEAUCHAMP,  HENRY  DE,  DUKE  OF  WARWICK 
(14L'5-1445),  succeeded  his  father,  Richard,  eurl  of  War- 
wick [q.  v.],  1439  ;  created  duke,  114 1.  [iv.  28] 

BEAUCHAMP,  Sin  JOHN  DE,  BARON  BEAUCHAMP 
(rf.  1388),  steward  of  household  to  Richard  H ;  beheaded 
for  treason.  [iv.  29] 

BEAUCHAMP,  RICHARD  DK,  EAHL  OF  WARWICK 
(1382-1439),  son  of  Thomas,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.v.]; 
K.B.,  1399 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1401 ;  admitted  to  order 
of  Garter  between  1403  and  1420 ;  visited  Jerusalem  and 
several  European  countries,  1408-10 :  lord  high  steward 
at  Henry  V's  coronation,  1413;  instrumental  in  sup- 
pressing lollard  rising,  1414 ;  deputy  of  Calais ;  accom- 
panied English  embassy  to  council  of  Constance,  1414  ; 
went  with  Henry  V  to  France,  1415,  and  held  important 
commands  in  the  war ;  arranged  truce  preparatory  to 
treaty  of  Troyes  ;  charged  with  care  of  educating  infant 
Henry  VI,  1428 ;  arranged  truce  with  Scotland,  1430 :  lieu- 
tenant of  France  and  Normandy,  1437 ;  died  at  Rouen. 

[iv.  29] 

BEAUCHAMP,  RICHARD  DK  (1430?-1481),  divine; 
son  of  Sir  Walter  de  Beauchamp  [q.  v.] ;  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, 1448 ;  translated  to  Salisbury,  1460 ;  chancellor  of 
order  of  Garter,  1475 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1478.  [iv.  31] 

BEAUCHAMP,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1252),  constable  of 
Oxford  and  sheriff  of  the  county,  1215;  judge,  1234; 
justice  itinerant,  1234  and  1238.  [iv.  31] 

BEAUCHAMP,  THOMAS  DE,  EARL  OF  WARWICK  (d. 
1401),  statesman  ;  accompanied  John  of  Gaunt  in  French 
campaign,  1373,  and  Richard  in  Scottish  campaign,  1385  ; 
joined  Gloucester  and  Arundel  in  opposing  Richard,  1387 ; 
imprisoned  for  treason  in  Tower  (the  Beauchamp  Tower 
being  named  after  him),  1397 ;  sentenced  to  forfeiture  and 
imprisonment  in  Isle  of  Man ;  liberated  on  triumph  of 
Henry  IV,  1399.  [iv.  32] 

BEAUCHAMP,  WALTER  DE  (<f.  1236),  castellan  of 
Worcester  and  sheriff  of  Worcestershire,  1216 ;  declared 
for  Louis  of  France,  1216 ;  excommunicated,  but  re- 
stored to  offices  by  Henry  III ;  itinerant  justice,  1226  and 
1227.  [iv.  32] 

BEAUCHAMP,  SIR  WALTER  DE  (/.  1416),  lawyer ; 
fought  in  French  wars  of  Henry  IV  and  Henry  V  ;  knight 
of  shire  for  Wiltshire,  1415 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1416.  [iv.  33] 

BEAUCHAMP,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1260),  judge ;  ac- 
companied John's  expedition  to  Poitou,  1214,  and  sub- 
sequently assisted  baronial  party  ;  sheriff  of  Bedfordshire 
and  Buckinghamshire,  1234-7;  baron  of  exchequer, 
1234.  [iv.  33] 

BEAUCLERK,  LORD  AMELIUS  (1771-1846),  admi- 
ral ;  lieutenant,  1792 ;  commander,  1793 ;  at  blockade  of 
Toulon,  1794 ;  on  Irish  coast,  1796 ;  rear  admiral,  1811 ; 
vice-admiral,  1819 ;  commauder-iu-chief  at  Lisbon  and  on 
Portuguese  coast,  1824-7,  and  at  Plymouth,  1836-9; 
admiral,  1830;  F.R£.;  K.O.B.,  1815;  G.O.H.,  1831; 
G.C.B.,  1835.  [iv.  33] 

BEAUCLERK,  Loan  AUBREY  (17107-1741),  post- 
captain  ;  in  Leeward  Is  lands,  1731 ;  in  Mediterranean, 
1734-5  and  1737-9  ;  killed  in  attack  on  Boca  Chica. 

[iv.  34] 

BEAUCLERK,  CHARLES,  first  DUKE  OF  ST.  ALBANS 
(1670-1726),  son  of  Charles  II  by  Nell  Gwynn ;  created 
Duke  of  St.  Albans,  1684 ;  served  in  imperial  army  against 
Turks,  1688,  and  under  William  III  in  Landeu  campaign, 

1693  ;  captain  of  baud  of  pensioners  ;  volunteer  in  Flanders, 

1694  and  1697  ;  dismissed  from  captaincy  of  pensioners  by 
tory  ministry,  1712,  but  restored  by  George  I;   K.G., 
1718.  [iv.  34] 

BEAUCLERK,  LADY  DIANA  (1734-1808),  amateur 
artist ;  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  Spencer,  second  duke  of 
Marlborough:  married  second  Viscount  Boliugbroke, 
1757 ;  was  divorced,  and  married  Topham  Beauclerk 
[q.  v.],  1768.  Her  works  include  illustrations  for  Drydeu's 
•Fables.'  [iv.  36] 

BEAUCLERK,  TOPHAM  (1739-1780),  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson ;  grandson  of  Charles  Beauclerk,  first  duke  of 
St.  Albans;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  en- 
joyed friendship  of  Dr.  Johnson  after  1767 ;  married  Lady 
Diana  Spencer,  1768.  [iv.  36] 


BEAUFEU,  BELLOFAGO,  orBELLOFOCO,  ROBERT 
DI:  (.//.  1190),  secular  canon  of  Salisbury  ;  reputed  author 
of  '  Encomium  Topographiae '  ami  other  works,  [iv.  36] 

BEAUFEU  or  BELLO  FAOO,  ROGER  DK  (fl.  1305), 
judge ;  on  commission  of  trailbaston  for  western  circuit, 
1305  ;  summoned  to  attend  Edward  I  at  Ber \vick-on-Tweed 
on  invasion  of  Scotland,  1301.  [iv.  36] 

BEAUFEU,  WILLIAM,  otherwise  DE  BELUAFAQO, 
BKLLOFAOO,  BKUTOU,  GALSAGUS,  VKLSON  (d.  1091),  bishop 
of  Thetford ;  consecrated  by  Lanfranc,  1086.  [iv.  37] 

BEAUFORT,  DUKES  OF.  [See  SOMERSET,  HENRY, 
first  DUKE,  1629-1700  ;  SOMERSET,  HENRY,  second  DUKE, 
1684-1714 ;  SOMERSET,  HENRY,  seventh  DUKE,  1792-1853.] 

BEAUFORT,  DANIEL  AUGUSTUS  (1739-1821), 
geographer  ;  son  of  Daniel  Cornelis  de  Beaufort  [q.  v.l  • 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1764;  hon.  LL.D.,  17«9; 
vicar  of  Oollon,  co.  Louth,  1790-1821 ;  published  map  of 
Ireland,  1792.  [iv.  38] 

BEAUFORT,  DANIEL  DORNELIS  DE  (1700-1788), 
provost  and  archdeacon  of  Tuam ;  French  refugee. 

[iv.  38] 

BEAUFORT,  EDMUND,  second  DUKE  OF  SOMERSET 
(<J.  1455) ;  younger  brother  of  Duke  John ;  held  command 
in  France,  1431 ;  recaptured  Hartieur  from  French,  1440  : 
relieved  Calais,  and  obtained  earldom  of  Dorset,  1442; 
succeeded  to  earldom  of  Somerset,  1444,  and  to  dukedom, 
1448  ;  lieutenant  of  France  ;  during  his  term  of  rule  most 
of  the  English  ascendency  in  France  lost ;  returned,  and, 
with  Henry's  support,  carried  on  government ;  imprisoned 
in  Tower  on  appointment  of  York  as  protector,  J453  ;  killed 
at  first  battle  of  St.  Albans,  [iv.  38] 

BEAUFORT,  EDMUND,  styled  fourth  DUKE  OF 
SOMERSET  (1438?-1471),  son  of  Edmund  Beaufort,  second 
duke  of  Somerset  [q.  v.  J ;  styled  fourth  duke  after  death 
of  his  brother,  Henry  Beaufort,  third  duke  [q.  v.*),  whose 
attainder,  however,  was  not  reversed,  and  whose  titles 
consequently  remained  forfeit;  fought  for  Lancastrians 
at  Tewkesbury,  and  was  taken  prisoner  and  exe- 
cuted. [SuppL  i.  156] 

BEAUFORT,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1774-1857),  rear-admiral 
and  hydrographer ;  sou  of  Daniel  Augustus  Beaufort 
[q.  v.] ;  navy  lieutenant,  1796 ;  commander,  1800 ;  sur- 
veyed entrance  to  Rio  de  la  Plata,  1807;  post-captain, 
1810 ;  surveyed  coast  of  Karamania,  1811-12,  and  pub- 
lished results,  1817 ;  hydrographer  to  navy,  1829-55  ;  rear- 
admiral  on  retired  list,  1846;  K.C.B.,  1848;  prepared 
atlas  used  by  Society  for  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge ; 
!  F.R.S.  and  F.R.A.S.  [iv.  39] 

BEAUFORT,  FRANCIS   LESTOCK  (1815-1879),  son 
of  Sir  Francis  Beaufort  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  the  '  Digest  of 
I  Criminal  Law  Procedure  in  Bengal '  (1850).         [iv.  41] 

BEAUFORT,  HENRY  (d.  U47),  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter ;  second  and  illegitimate  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  by 
Catherine  Swyuford;  declared  legitimate  by  Richard  II, 
1397 ;  read  law  at  Aachen ;  received  prebeudal  stalls  at 
Lincoln,  1389  and  1391 ;  dean  of  Wells,  1397 ;  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  1398:  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1399; 
chancellor,  1403-4 ;  member  of  king's  council,  1403 ; 
bishop  of  Winchester,  1404 ;  exercised  considerable  influ- 
ence over  Prince  of  Wales,  and  thus  came  into  conflict 
with  Archbishop  Arundel  [q.  v.],  who  in  great  measure 
guided  the  king's  actions ;  chancellor  on  accession  of 
nenry  V,  1413;  accompanied  unsuccessful  embassy  to 
France  with  terms  of  peace,  1414 ;  attended  council  at 
Constance,  1417,  and  effected  change  in  the  policy  by 
which  Henry  V,  in  alliance  with  the  Emperor  Sigisinund, 
had  previously  opposed  the  election  of  a  pope  until 
measures  had  been  taken  to  reform  church  ;  nominated 
cardinal  by  Cardinal  Colonna,  the  new  pope  (Martin  V) 
elected  after  the  council  had  pledged  itself  to  reformation  ; 
forbidden  by  Henry  V  to  accept  the  cardiualate ;  named 
guardian  of  the  iuf  ant  prince  by  Henry  V  on  his  death  bed, 
1422 ;  member  of  council,  1422 ;  chancellor,  1424-6 ;  nomi- 
nated cardinal-priest  of  St.  Eusebius,  1426  ;  legate  in  Ger- 
many, Hungary,  and  Bohemia  ;  assisted  pope  in  Hussite 
war ;  employed  in  affairs  of  French  Kingdom,  1430-1 ; 
crowned  Henry  VI  king  of  France,  at  Paris,  1431 :  de- 
feated, with  support  of  parliament,  an  attempt  by  Duke  of 
Gloucester  and  his  party  to  deprive  him  of  his  see  on  ground 
that  a  cardinal  con  Id  not  hold  an  English  see,  1432 ;  at- 
tempted unsuccessfully  to  arrange  peace  with  France, 


BEAUFORT 

1439  and  1440,  but  did  not  discourage  efforts  to  prosecute 
the  war  with  vigour,  lending  larirc  sums  for  equipment  of 
expeditions.  Buried  in  Winchester  Cathedral,  the  build- 
ing of  which  he  completed,  [iv.  41] 

BEAUFORT,  HKNKY.  third  DI:KK  UK  SI.MKIISKT 
(1436-14(>  1),  son  of  Kdiniind  Heattfort,  second  duke[q.  v.] ; 
.•.led  to  dukedom,  1465;  lieutenant  of  Isle  of  Wight, 
1457:  nominated  by  Margaret  captain  of  Calais  in  place 
of  Earl  of  Warwick,  1469 ;  was  refused  admission  by 
Warwick  and  defeated  at  Newnham  bridge  (Neullay), 
1460;  defeated  Yorkists  at  Wakufield,  1460, and  at  second 
battle  of  St.  Albans,  1461  :  attainted,  1461 ;  submitted  to 
Kdward,  14(52  ;  pardoned,  1463  ;  returned  to  Margaret, 
lliii  :  captured  and  executed  at  Hexbam,  the  act  restor- 
ing his  dignities  being  annulled.  [Suppl.  i.  167] 

BEAUFORT,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  SOMERSET  and 
MA KVI: is  UK  DOUSKT  and  of  SOMERSET  (1373  ?-1410),  eldest 
son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  by  his  mistress,  Catherine  Swyn- 
fonl  [q.  v.]  ;  legitimated,  1397  ;  served  against  Barbary, 
1390  ;  knighted,  c.  1391 ;  served"  with  Teutonic  knights  in 
Lithuania,  1394 ;  created  Earl  of  Somerset  and  Marquis  of 
Dorset  and  Somerset,  and  elected  K.G.,  1397  :  lieutenant 
of  Aquitaiue,  1397 ;  admiral  of  the  Irish  fleet,  1398,  and 
later  of  northern  fleet;  deprived  of  marquisates  on 
Richard  Il's  fall,  1399  ;  great  chamberlain,  1399  ;  privy 
councillor  and  captain  of  Calais,  1401 ;  lieutenant  of 
South  Wales,  1403  ;  deputy  -  constable  of  England, 
1404.  [Suppl.  i.  168] 

BEAUFORT,  JOHN,  first  DUKE  OF  SOMERSET  (1403- 
1444),  son  of  John  Beaufort,  sou  of  John  of  Gaunt,  by 
Catherine  Swyuford  [q.  v.]  ;  earl  of  Somerset,  1419 ;  duke, 
1443  ;  captain-general  in  Aquitaine  and  Normandy,  1443. 

[iv.  48] 

BEAUFORT,  MARGARET,  COUNTED  OF  RICHMOND 
AND  DERBY  (1443-1509),  daughter  and  heiress  of  John, 
first  duke  of  Somerset  [q.  v.]  ;  married,  1455,  Edmund 
Tudor,  earl  of  Richmond  (d.  1456) ;  on  outbreak  of  Wars 
of  Roses  retired  to  Pembroke,  where  she  was  detained  in 
honourable  confinement  after  triumph  of  Yorkists,  1461 ; 
married  Henry  Stafford,  and  subsequently  Lord  Stanley 
(afterwards  Earl  of  Derby);  took  an  active  part  in 
planning  marriage  of  Henry  with  Elizabeth  of  York,  and 
insurrections  of  1484  and  1485,  after  which  she  lived 
chiefly  in  retirement ;  she  instituted,  on  advice  of  John 
Fisher,  the  foundations  bearing  the  name  of  *  Lady 
Margaret'  at  both  universities,  and  Christ's  (1505)  and 
St.  John's  colleges,  Cambridge  (1508) ;  she  was  an  early 
patron  of  Caxtou  and  Wynkyn  de  Worde.  [iv.  48] 

BEAUFORT,  SIR  THOMAS,  DUKE  OF  EXETER  (d. 
1427),  sou  of  John  of  Gaunt,  by  Catherine  Swynford  [q.  v.]  ; 
legitimated,  1397 ;  admiral  of  fleet  for  northern  parts, 
1403  ;  commanded  royal  forces  in  rebellion,  1405  ;  captain 
of  Calais,  1407 ;  admiral  of  northern  and  western  seas, 
1409  ;  chancellor,  1410-1 2  ;  took  prominent  part  in  French 
wars,  1412-27 ;  lieutenant  of  Normandy  and  K.G.,  1416 ; 
created  Duke  of  Exeter  for  life,  1416  ;  relieved  Roxburgh, 
1417  ;  captain  of  Rouen,  1419  ;  negotiated  treaty  of  Troyes, 
1420  ;  on  council  under  Gloucester's  protectorate. 

[iv.  49] 

BEAUFOY,  HENRY  (d.  1795),  whig  politician  ;  M.P. 
for  Miuehead,  1780,  and  Great  Yarmouth,  1784  and  1790 ; 
advocated  repeal  of  test  and  corporation  acts,  1787-90 ; 
published  political  works.  [iv.  60] 

BEAUFOY,  MARK  (1764-1827),  astronomer  and 
physicist ;  principal  founder  of  Society  for  Improvement 
of  Naval  Architecture,  1791 ;  made  valuable  observations 
to  determine  laws  of  diurnal  variation  and  on  eclipses  of 
Jupiter's  satellites ;  received  Astronomical  Society's  silver 
medal,  1827 ;  colonel,  Tower  Hamlets  militia,  1797 ;  mem- 
ber of  Royal  Society  (1815),  and  of  Astronomical  Society, 
and  fellow  of  Linneau  Society.  [iv.  51] 

BEAULIEU,  LUKE  DE  (d.  1723),  divine :  native  of 
France ;  educated  at  Saumur  ;  took  refuge  in  England  on 
account  of  his  religion,  1667  ;  chaplain  to  Judge  Jeffreys 
1683-8 ;  B.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  rector  of  Whit- 
church,  near  Reading,  1685  ;  published '  Claustrum  Anima},' 
1677-78,  and  other  religious  works.  [iv.  62] 

BEAUMONT,  Siu  ALBANIS  (d.  1810  ?),  engraver  and 
landscape  painter  ;  born  in  Piedmont ;  published  between 
1787  and  1806  many  views  in  South  of  France,  the  Alps, 
and  Italy,  some  of  which  were  coloured  by  Bernard  Long 
the  elder.  [iv.  52] 


79 


BEAUMONT 


BEAUMONT,  BASIL  (1669-1703),  rear-admiral;  lieu- 
tenant, 1688  :  captain,  liiH'.i  :  commanded  squadron 
off  Dunkirk,  1696;  senior  officer  at  Spithead,  1699;  com- 
manded squadron  in  the  Downs  and  North  Sea,  1689- 
1703  ;  rear-admiral,  1703  ;  drowned  in  wreck  on  Goodwin 
Sands.  [iv.  63] 

BEAUMONT,  FRANCIS  (d.  1598),  judge  ;  educated  at 
IVterhouse.  Cambridge :  called  to  the  bar  at  MiddleTemple ; 
autumn  reader,  1581 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1589  ;  M.P.  for  Aid- 
borough,  1572  ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1593.  [iv.  54] 

BEAUMONT,  FRANCIS  (1584-1616),  dramatist ;  son 
of  Francis  Beaumont  (<t.  1598)  [q.  v.]  ;  alucated  at  Broad- 
gates  Hall  (afterwards  Pembroke  College),  Oxford  ;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1600;  made  acquaintance  of  Drayton  and 
Jonson,  for  several  of  whose  plays  he  wrote  commendatory 
verses  ;  wrote  conjointly  with  John  Fletcher  from  about 
1606  to  1616  ;  the  first  collected  edition  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  plays  appeared  in  1647.  [iv.  64] 

BEAUMONT,  SIR  GEORGE  HOWLAND  (1753-1827), 
art  patron  and  landscape  painter ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
New  College,  Oxford ;  M.P.  for  Beeralston,  1790-6 ;  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  Johnson,  Reynolds,  Scott,  Wordsworth, 
Byron,  and  Coleridge ;  presented  several  valuable  pictures 
to  the  National  Gallery,  the  foundation  of  which  owed 
much  to  his  endeavours.  His  own  paintings  do  not  rise 
above  mediocrity.  [iv.  56] 

BEAUMONT,  HENRY  (16 12-1673).  [SeeHARCoURT.] 

BEAUMONT,  JOHN  (fi.  1550),  master  of  rolls ;  legal 
adviser  to  corporation  of  Leicester,  1530  :  on  commission 
for  ecclesiastical  survey  of  Leicestershire,  1534 ;  reader, 
1537,  double  reader,  1543,  and  treasurer,  1547,  of  Inner 
Temple ;  recorder  of  Leicester  and  master  of  rolls,  1550 ; 
deprived  of  his  offices  and  fined  for  grossly  abusing  his 
position  for  his  own  advantage,  1552.  [iv.  57] 

BEAUMONT,  SIR  JOHN  (1583-1627),  poet:  son  of 
Francis  Beaumont  (d.  1598)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Broad- 
gates  Hall  (now  Pembroke  College),  Oxford;  entered 
Inner  Temple  ;  published  '  Metamorphosis  of  Tobacco,' 
1602 ;  made  baronet  on  his  introduction  to  the  king  by 
Buckingham,  1626.  His  poems  were  published  by  his  son 
under  the  title  '  Bosworth  Field,  with  other  poems,'  1629. 
The  work  on  which  he  probably  spent  most  labour,  a  poem 
entitled  '  The  Crown  of  Thorns,'  has  disappeared. 

[iv.  58] 

BEAUMONT,  JOHN  (d.  1701),  colonel;  attended 
Charles  II  in  exile,  and  was  employed  at  James  Il's 
court ;  as  lieutenant-colonel  cashiered  by  court-martial 
for  opposing  admission  of  Irishmen  into  his  regiment, 
1688 ;  accompanied  Prince  of  Orange  at  his  lauding ; 
fought  as  colonel  at  battle  of  Boyne,  in  Flanders,  and  in 
Holland.  [iv.  59] 

BEAUMONT,  JOHN  (d.  1731),  geologist  and  writer  on 
spiritualism ;  surgeon  at  Stoue-Easton,  Somerset ;  wrote 
letters  to  Royal  Society  on  '  Rock-plants  in  Lead  Mines  of 
Mendip  Hills,'  1676  and  1683 ;  F.R.S.,  1685 ;  published 
'Treatise  of  Spirits  and  Magical  Practices,'  1705.  [iv.  60] 

BEAUMONT,  JOHN  THOMAS  BARBER  (1774-1841), 
founder  of  insurance  offices ;  founded  County  Fire  and 
Provident  Life  offices,  1807 ;  in  early  life  secured  medals 
for  historic  painting  from  Royal  Academy  and  Society  of 
Arts.  [iv.  60] 

BEAUMONT,  JOSEPH  (1616-1699),  master  of  Peter- 
house  ;  B.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1634  ;  fellow,  1636 ; 
M.A.,  1638;  ejected  from  Cambridge,  as  royalist,  1644: 
published  'Psyche,'  an  epic  poem,  1648;  canon  of  Ely, 
1646  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Wren,  bishop  of  Ely,  1650 ; 
|  D.D.  and  chaplain  to  king,  1660  ;  master  of  Jesus  College, 
1662,  and  of  Peterhouse,  1663  ;  regius  professor  of  divinity, 
1674.  [iv.  61] 

BEAUMONT,  JOSEPH  (1794-1856),  Wesleyan  minis- 
ter; became  widely  known  as  an  eloquent  preacher  on 
circuit ;  minister  successively  at  Edinburgh  (where  he 
graduated  M.D.),  Hull,  Liverpool,  London,  Nottingham, 
and  Bristol.  [iv.  62] 

BEAUMONT,  LOUIS  DE  (d.  1333),  bishop  of  Durham  : 
said  to  have  been  related  to  kings  of  France,  Sicily,  and 
England  ;  born  in  France  ;  treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathe- 
dral, c.  1291 ;  prebendary  of  Auckland  ;  consecrated  bishop 
of  Durham,  1318 :  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  princi- 
pally occupied  with  bickerings  with  the  prior  and  chapter 
of  St.  Mary's,  Durham,  and  Archbishop  Melton  of  York. 
I  [iv.  62.] 


BEAUMONT 


80 


BECKFORD 


BEAUMONT.  I'll  I  LIP  (1563-1635).  [See  TE8IMOND, 
OSWALD.] 

BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  DE  (</.  1118),  count  of 
Meulun  :  distinguished  himself  at  Seulac,  1066,  and  was 
rewarded  with  laud  in  Warwickshire  ;  became  one  of  the 
most  prominent  laymen  uuder  William  II,  whom  hr 
assisted  in  his  struggle  iu  Normandy  with  Robert.  1096, 
and  in  invasion  of  France,  1097 ;  became  Henry  I's '  trusted 
counsellor':  despatched  on  mission  to  Normandy,  1103; 
fought  at  Teuchebrai,  1106.  [iv.  64] 

BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  DR,  EARL  OF  LKICKSTKK 
(1104-1168),  justiciary  of  England;  son  of  Robert  de 
Beaumont  (d.  1118)  [q.  v.] ;  Stephen's  chief  adviser  with 
his  twin-brother,  1137  ;  took  active  part  in  civil  war, 
1139 ;  secured  interest  with  Angevin  party  on  Stephen's 
defeat,  1141 :  founded  abbey  of  St.  Mary  de  Pre,  Leicester  ; 
chief  justiciar  under  Henry  II,  1155  and  1166 ;  regent 
during  Henry's  absence,  1168-63,  and  1165.  [iv.  66] 

BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  DK,  EARL  OP  LEICESTER 
(rf.  1190),  sou  of  Robert  de  Beaumont  (1104-1168)  [q.  v.] ; 
joined  Prince  Henry  in  rebellion  against  Henry  II,  1173 ; 
his  English  fiefs  confiscated  and  Leicester  burned;  im- 
prisoned at  Falaise,  1173-4;  restored  in  blood  and 
honours,  1177;  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Palestine,  1189, 
and  died  in  Greece  on  his  return  journey.  [iv.  67] 

BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  (d.  1567),  divine ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge;  B.A.  and 
fellow,  1544 ;  M.A.,  1550 ;  during  Mary's  reign  fled  to 
Zurich  ;  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge,  1559  ; 
master  of  Trinity  College,  1561 ;  D.D.,  1564 ;  vice-chancellor 
of  university,  1565  and  1566;  canon  of  Ely,  1564;  he  was 
a  prominent  figure  in  the  Calyinist  opposition  at  Cambridge 
to  ordinances  of  Elizabeth  and  Parker.  [iv.  68] 

BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  (/.  1639),  essayist ;  author  of 
'  Love's  Missives  to  Virtue,'  published  1660.  [iv.  69] 

BEAUMONT,  THOMAS  WENTWORTH  (1792-1848), 
politician;  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1813  ;  M.P.  for  Northumberland,  1818- 
1826,  and  South  Northumberland  1830-7  ;  joint-founder  of 
4  Westminster  Review.'  [iv.  69] 

BEAUMONT,  WALERAN  DK,  COUNT  OP  MEULAN 
(1104-1166),  warrior:  brother  1  of  Robert  de  Beaumont, 
earl  of  Leicester  (1104-1168)  [q.  v.] ;  joined  movement  in 
favour  of  William  'Clito'  and  Anjou,  1112,  and  was  im- 
prisoned for  five  years ;  espoused  Stephen's  cause,  1136, 
and  became  his  chief  adviser ;  joined  Geoffrey  of  Anjou, 
1143 ;  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  1145  ;  assisted 
Matilda  against  Stephen,  1150.  [iv.  69] 

BEAUYALE,  BARON  (1782-1853).  [See  LAMB, 
FREDERICK  JAMES.] 

BEAVER,  PHILIP  (1766-1813),  navy  captain :  lieu- 
tenant, 1783 ;  accompanied  unsuccessful  expedition  for 
colonising  island  of  Bulaina,  near  Sierra  Leone,  1792-4 ; 
took  part  in  conquest  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1795,  and  iu 
reduction  of  Ceylon ;  commander,  and,  later,  assistant-cap- 
tain of  fleet  under  Lord  Keith,  1799 ;  commanded  at  bom- 
bardments of  Genoa,  1800 ;  post-captain  iu  Egypt,  1800-1 ; 
placed  in  charge  of  Essex  sea  fcncibles,  1803 ;  iu  West 
Indies,  1806-9 ;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Mauritius,  1810  ; 
served  in  Mozambique  and  on  Madagascar  coast,  1811-12 ; 
died  at  Table  Bay.  [iv.  70] 

BEAVOR,  EDMOND  (d.  1745),  navy  captain;  lieu- 
tenant, 1734 :  served  in  West  Indies ;  captain,  1743 : 
lost  iu  a  storm  while  engaged  against  Scottish  rebels, 
1745.  [iv.  72] 

BEAZLEY,  SAMUEL  (1786-1851),  architect  and  play- 
wright ;  served  as  volunteer  in  Peninsula  ;  designed 
several  London  theatres;  wrote  upwards  of  a  hundred 
dramatic  pieces.  [iv.  72] 

BECHE,  Sin  HENRY  THOMAS  DE  LA  (1796-1865), 
geologist :  entered  military  school  at  Marlow,  1810,  but  left 
army  at  peace  of  1815 :  studied  geology  in  Dorset,  France, 
Switzerland  (1824),  Jamaica,  publishing  papers  embodying 
results  of  his  investigations ;  began  at  his  own  expense 
geological  map  of  England:  was  appointed,  1832,  by 
government  to  conduct  geological  survey,  and  ultimately 
secured  the  erection  of  the  Jermyu  Street  museum,  opened 
1861;  president  of  Geological  Society,  1847;  kuighted, 


1848 ;  received  Wollaston  medal,  1856  ;  published  geologi- 
cal works.  [iv.  73] 

BECHER,  ELIZA,  LADY  (1791-1872),  actress,  nle 
o'Ni-ill  ;  first  appeared  at  Drogheda  Theatre  and  subse- 
quently made  her  mark  as  Juliet  at  Dublin ;  played 
Juliet  at  Covent  Garden,  1814,  and  soon  achieved  success 
in  tragic  characters ;  married,  1819,  William  Becher,M.P., 
afterwards  baronet,  and  retired  from  stage.  [iv.  74] 

BECHER,  HENRY  (/.  1561),  translator;  vicar  of 
Mayfleld  :  translated  into  English  two  books  of  '  St.  Am- 
brose de  Vocatioue  Gentium.'  [iv.  75] 

BECHER,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1770-1848),  divine  and 
social  economist ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Oxford : 
M.A.,  1795  ;  successively  vicar  of  Rumpton  and  of  Mid- 
somer  Norton ;  prebendary,  1818,  and  subsequently  vicar- 
general  of  South  well ;  rector  of  Barnborough,  1830  ;  wrote 
on  questions  relating  to  social  economy.  [iv.  75] 

BECK.     [See  also  BKK.] 


,  CAVE  (1623-1706?),  writer  on  pasiprraphy: 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge:  incorporatai  M.A. 
Oxford,  1643 ;  master  of  free  grammar  school,  Ipswich, 
1655-7;  rector  of  St.  Helen's  and  perpetual  curate  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Ipswich,  1662 ;  published  '  The  Universal 
Character' (1657),  a  system  for  universal  language  both 
for  writing  and  speaking.  [iv.  76] 

BECK,  DAVID  (d.  1656),  portrait-painter :  born  at 
Delft ;  pupil  of  Vandyck :  worked  at  courts  of  England, 
France,  and  Denmark,  and  subsequently  entered  service 
of  queen  of  Sweden.  [iv.  77] 

BECK,  THOMAS  ALCOCK  (1795-1846),  author  of 
'  A n i idles  Furnesienses '  (1844),  an  exhaustive  history  of 
Furness  abbey.  [iv.  77] 

BECKE,  EDMUND  (/.  1550),  divine  ;  ordained,  1551 : 
supervised  editions  of  the  bible  with  annotations,  1549 
and  1551.  [iv.  77] 

BECKER,  LYDIA  ERNESTINE  (1827-1890),  advo- 
cate of  women's  suffrage  ;  secretary,  1867,  of  Manchester 
women's  suffrage  committee,  which  was  merged  in  the 
same  year  in  Manchester  National  Society  for  Women's 
Suffrage,  Miss  Becker  continuing  as  secretary ;  editor  of 
'  Women's  Suffrage  Journal,'  1870-90 ;  member  of  Man- 
chester school  board  from  1870 ;  published  pamphlets  on 
women's  suffrage.  [Suppl.  i.  159] 

BECKET,  THOMAS  (1118  ?-1170),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. [See  THOMAS.] 

BECKET,  WILLIAM  (1684-1738),  surgeon  and  anti- 
quary ;  F.R.S.,  1718 ;  original  member  of  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, 1717 ;  surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  South- 
wark;  published  historical  and  practical  works  on 
surgery.  [iv.  78] 

BECKETT,  GILBERT  ARTHUR  A.  (1837-1891). 
[See  A  BRCKKTT.] 

BECKETT,  ISAAC  (1653-1719),  mezzotint  engraver ; 
associated  with  Lutterel  as  mezzotint  engraver ;  executed, 
between  1681  and  1688,  subject  plates  and  portraits  of 
celebrities.  [iv.  78] 

BECKFORD,  PETER  (1740-1811),  sportsman  and 
master  of  foxhounds;  published  'Thoughts  upon  Hare 
and  Fox  Hunting,'  '  Essays  on  Hunting,'  1781,  and 
'  Familiar  Letters  from  Italy,'  1805 ;  M.P.  for  Morpeth, 
1768.  [iv.  79] 

BECKFORD,  WILLIAM  (1709-1770),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  born  in  Jamaica,  of  which  colony  his  father 
was  governor ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  attained  con- 
siderable eminence  as  merchant  in  London  :  alderman  of 
Billingsgate  ward,  1752;  M.P.  for  city  of  London,  1754, 
1761,  and  1768 ;  sheriff  of  the  city,  1755 ;  lord  mayor, 
1762  and  1769  :  strongly  supported  Wilkes  when  charged 
with  libel  in  the  '  North  Britou,'  1763;  presented  an  ad- 
dress to  the  king  complaining  of  a  false  return  made  at 
the  Middlesex  election,  1770,  and  replied  to  the  king'* 
curt  answer  with  an  impromptu  speech,  which  was  sub- 
sequently inscribed  on  a  monument  erected  in  his  honour 
in  Guildhall ;  laid  first  stone  of  Newgate,  1770 ;  master 
of  the  Ironmongers'  Company,  1753.  [iv.  80] 

BECKFORD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1799),  historian ;  pub- 
lished works  relating  to  Jamaica,  where  he  lived  many 
years,  and  a  history  of  Franco  (1794).  [iv.  82] 


BECKFOKD 


81 


BEDE 


BECKTORD  WILLIAM  (1759-1844),  author  of 
'Vathek';  son  of  William  Heekford  (17DSM77U)  [q.  v.] : 
travelled  in  Kurope  with  a  private  tutor  ;  wrote  '  Vathek ' 
in  Frcm-h  17H1  or  1782,  of  which  an  anonymous  trans- 
lation in  English  (perhaps  by  Rev.  S.  Henley )  was  pub- 
li-hed,  1781.  and  the  first  French  edition,  1787;  spent 
pome  time  in  Paris,  Lausanne,  and  Cintra ;  M.P.  succes- 
sively for  Wells  and  Hindon,  from  which  constituency  he 
retired  in  17'.U,  but  again  represented  it,  1806-20:  lived  in 
almost  complete  seclusion  at  his  family  mansion  of  Font- 
hill  Qiffard,  where  he  spent  large  sums  in  fantastic-  deeo- 
ration  and  in  collecting  works  of  art  and  curios:  com- 
pelled by  extravagance  to  dispose  of  Fonthill,  1822.  His 
publications  include  letters  written  in  various  parts  of 
Kurope  and  a  translation  of  the  oriental  tale  •  Al  liaoui.' 

[iv.  82] 

BECKINGHAM,  CHARLES  (1699-1731),  dramatist: 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  wrote  poems  and 
two  plays, 'Scipio  Africauus'  (1718)  and  'Henry  IV  of 
France'  (1719),  which  were  produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields  theatre.  [iv.  85] 

BECKINGHAM,  ELIAS  DE  (d.  1305  ?),  king's  ser- 
jeant  and  justice  for  Middlesex,  1274 ;  justice  of  common 
pleas,  1285-1305.  [iv.  85] 

BECKINGTON,  THOMAS  ( 1 390  P-1465),  bishop  and 
statesman;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford ;  fellow,  1408-20 ;  entered  service  of  Humphrey, 
duke  of  Gloucester,  1420 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1423 ; 
canon  of  Wells,  1439  ;  master  of  St.  Katherine's  Hospital, 
London  :  dean  of  arches,  1423  ;  prolocutor  of  convocation, 
c.  1433-8 :  accompanied  embassies  to  France  and  to  the 
court  of  John,  count  of  Armagnac,  between  1432  and 
1442  ;  king's  secretary,  e.  1439  ;  lord  privy  seal,  c.  1443  : 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1443.  He  adorned  the  city  of 
Wells  with  many  fine  buildings.  [iv.  86] 


rSALL,  JOHN  (1496  ?-1559).     [See   BKKIX- 

8AU.] 

BECKLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1438),  Carmelite ;  probably 
graduated  D.D.  at  Cambridge,  where  he  spent  many  years ; 
head  of  Carmelite  friary  at  Sandwich  ;  wrote  theological 
works.  [iv.  87] 

BECKMAN,  SIR  MARTIN  (d.  1702),  colonel,  chief 
engineer  and  master  gunner  of  England ;  Swedish  captain 
of  artillery;  entered  service  of  Charles  II  as  engineer, 
1660 :  accompanied  Lord  Sandwich's  expedition  to  Algiers 
and  Tangiers,  1661-2 ;  third  engineer  of  Great  Britain, 
1670,  second  engineer,  1681,  and  chief  engineer,  1685; 
accompanied  Prince  Rupert  to  Holland,  1673 :  on  commis- 
sion for  strengthening  fortifications  of  Portsmouth,  1678 ; 
major ;  served  with  Lord  Dartmouth  at  Tangiers,  1683  ; 
knighted,  1685;  head  of  royal  laboratory  at  Woolwich, 
1688 ;  served  under  Major-general  Thomas  Tollemache 
[q.  v.]  in  Ireland  and  France,  1691-4,  and  was  colonel 
commanding  ordnance  train  for  sea  expedition,  1692; 
commanded  ordnance  trains  in  expeditious  against  Gib- 
raltar and  France,  1695-6.  [Suppl.  i.  160] 

BECKWTTH,  SIR  GEORGE  (1763-1823),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  ensign,  37th  regiment,  1771 ;  lieutenant,  1775 ; 
major,  1781 ;  took  prominent  part  in  American  war, 
1776-82  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1790 :  colonel,  1795 :  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1805  ;  governor  of  Bermuda  and  com- 
mandant, 1797 ;  governor  of  St.  Vincent,  1804,  and  of 
Barbados,  1808 ;  completed  conquest  of  Martinique,  1809, 
and  Guadaloupe,  1810  ;  K.B.,  1809  ;  commanded  forces  in 
Ireland,  1816-20.  [iv.  88] 

BECKWITH,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1789-1862),  major- 
general  ;  nephew  of  Sir  George  Beckwith  [q.  v.]  :  ensign, 
1803 ;  lieutenant,  1805 ;  served  in  Hanover  and,  under 
Moore,  in  Peninsula ;  captain,  1808  ;  accompanied  Wal- 
cheren  expedition;  with  Wellington  in  Portugal,  1810; 
deputy  assistant  quartermaster-general;  lost  his  leg  at 
Waterloo,  and  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  and  C.B.,  1815  ; 
settled  in  Piedmont  among  the  Waldenses  and  devoted  his 
life  to  educating  them  and  reawakening  in  them  the  evan- 
gelical faith ;  major-general,  1846.  [iv.  89] 

BECKWITH,  JOHN  CHRISTMAS  (1759-1809), 
organist ;  organist  of  St.  Peter  Mancroft's,  Norwich,  1794, 
and  of  Norwich  Cathedral,  1808-9  :  Mn«.  Doc.  Oxford, 
1803  ;  published  chants  adapted  to  the  Psalms  (1808). 

[iv.  90] 


BECKWITH,  JOSIAH  (fl.  1784),  antiquary  ;  educated 
as  attorney ;  produced  enlarged  edition  of  Blount's  '  Frag- 
menta  Antiquitntis,'  1784.  [iv.  90] 

BECKWITH,  Slit  THOMAS  SYDNEY  (1772-1831), 
lieutcnaiit-ireneral ;  brother  of  Sir  George  Beck  with  [q.  v.]  ; 
lieutenant,  7 l.-t  regiment  in  India,  1791;  captain,  1794; 
major  in  Manninu'ham's  rillc  brigade  (the  95th)  at 
Copenhagen,  1802  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1803  ;  accompanied 

i  expedition  to  Hanover,  180*5;  served  in  Denmark,  1807, 
and  Peninsula,  IKOK-ll  ;  assistant  quartermaster-general 

]  in  Canada,  1812;  major-general  and  K.O.B.,  1814  ;  colonel 
of  rifle  brigade,  1H27 :  roummnder-in-ehief  at  Bombay, 
1829  ;  lieutenant-general,  1830.  [iv.  90] 

BECON,  JOHN  (<l.  1687),  divine ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1564;  university  orator,  1571-3: 
proctor,  1671-2;  canon  (1574)  and  chancellor  (1575)  of 
Norwich ;  LL.D.,  1576  ;  precentor  of  Chichester,  1579 ; 
prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1581 ;  joint-chancellor  of  Lich- 
field  and  Coventry,  1582.  [iv.  92] 

BECON  or  BEACON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1594),  Irish  ad- 
ministrator and  author ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1575  ;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1585  ;  attorney 
for  province  of  Minister,  1586-91 ;  published  political 
pamphlet  on  Ireland,  1594.  [iv.  92] 

BECON,  THOMAS  (1512-1567),  protestant  divine; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1530;  vicar  of 
Breuzett,  Kent :  manifested  sympathy  with  Reformation, 
and  was  compelled  to  recant,  1541  and  1543  ;  supported 
himself  by  teaching:  rector  of  St.  Stephen,  Walbrook, 

i  1548 ;  chaplain  to  Cranmer  and  Protector  Somerset,  and 
preacher  in  Canterbury  Cathedral ;  on  Edward's  death 
committed  to  Tower  as  '  seditious  preacher,'  1553-4,  and 
ejected  from  his  living  as  married  priest;  on  release, 

j  retired  to  Strasburg ;  returned  to  England,  1558,  and  was 
restored  to  his  benefice  and  preachership ;  D.D.  Cam- 

I  bridge ;  published  religious  works,  most  of  which  were 

!  '  proclaimed '  as  '  heretical '  by  Roman  catholic  authori- 
ties, [iv.  92] 

BEDDOES,  THOMAS  (1760-1808),  physician :  M.D. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford :  studied  medicine  at  London 
and  Edinburgh ;  reader  in  chemistry  at  Oxford,  1788-92  ; 
succeeded  in  establishing  at  Clifton  a  '  Pneumatic  Insti- 
tute '  for  the  treatment  of  disease  by  inhalation,  1798 ; 
married  Anna,  sister  of  Maria  Edgeworth;  wrote  and 
edited  several  medical  and  other  works.  [iv.  94] 

BEDDOES,  THOMAS  LOVELL  (1803-1849),  poet  and 
physiologist ;  son  of  Thomas  Beddoes  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  published 
'  The  Bride's  Tragaly '  (written  in  1819),  which  enjoyed 
considerable  success,  1822 :  graduated  B.A.,  and  began 
'Death's  Jest  Book,'  1825;  studied  physiology  under 
Blumenbach  at  Gottingen ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1828;  M.D. 
Wiirzburg  University,  1832  ;  settled  at  Zurich,  1835  ;  took 
great  interest  in  cause  of  liberal  politics,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  fly  to  Berlin  from  the  anti-liberal  insurgents  at 
Zurich,  1841  ;  from  1842  to  1848  lived  much  on  conti- 
nent:  died  at  Bale.  'Death's  Jest  Book'  was  published 
in  1850,  and  a  volume  of  his  poems  and  fragments  in 
1851.  [iv.  95] 

BEDDOME,  BENJAMIN  (1717-1795),  hymn- writer ; 
baptist  minister  at  Bourton-on-the- Water,  Gloucestershire, 
1740-95.  Wrote  hymns,  a  volume  of  which  was  published 
in  1818.  [iv.  97] 

BEDE  or  BJEDA  (673-735),  historian  and  scholar; 
placed  under  charge  of  Benedict  Biscop,  abbot  of  Wear- 
mouth,  and  of  Ceolfrith,  abbot  of  Jarrow ;  ordained 
deacon,  692,  and  priest,  703 ;  spent  his  life  mainly  at 
Jarrow  from  the  time  when  Ceolfrith  was  appointed 
abbot;  being  a  diligent  teacher  and  Latin,  Greek,  and 
Hebrew  scholar,  found  many  pupils  among  the  monks  of 
Wearmouth  and  Jarrow ;  buried  at  Jarrow,  but  his  bones 
were  taken  to  Durham  during  the  first  half  of  the  eleventh 
century.  The  epithet '  Venerable '  was  first  added  to  his 
name  in  the  century  following  his  death.  His  '  His  tor  ia 
Ecclesiastica '  was  brought  to  an  end  in  731,  and  by  that 
year  he  had  written  nearly  forty  works,  chiefly  biblical 
commentaries.  The  treatise  '  De  Natura  Rerum,'  one  of 
his  earliest  works,  contains  such  physical  science  as  was 
then  known,  and  has  the  merit  of  referring  phenomena  to 
natural  causes.  Collective  editions  of  his  works  were 
printed  at  Paris,  1545  and  1554,  Basle,  1563,  Cologne,  1612, 
London,  1843-4,  and  in  J.  P.  Migne's  '  Patrologiaa  Cursus 
Completus,'  Paris,  1844.  [iv.  98] 


BEDEL 


82 


BEECHEY 


BEDEL,  HENRY  (yf.  1571),  divine;  probably  M.A. 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1566;  vicar  of  Christ 
Church,  London,  1567-76.  [iv.  105] 

BEDELL,  WILLIAM  (1571-1642),  bishop:  scholar  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  15K5  ;  M.A.,  1592  :  fellow, 
1593  :  ordained  pru-st,  1597  :  B.D.,  1599  ;  appointed  to 
i-hun-h  of  St.  Mary's,  Bury  St.  Edmund's.  UJu-j  7  ;  chap- 
lain to  Sir  Henry  Wotton  at  Venice,  1607-10 ;  rector  of 
Horningsheath,  1616  ;  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1627  ;  bishop  of  Kilniore  and  Ardagh  (oo.  Longford),  1629  ; 
p-xMiM  see  of  Ardagh,  1633  ;  died  from  hardships  endured 
during  rebellion  of  1641.  [iv.  105] 

BEDEMAN  or  STEVINE,  LAWRENCE  ( /f.  1372- 
1410),  scholar ;  fellow,  and  rector  (1379-80)  of  Stapeldon 
Hall  (now  Exeter  College),  Oxford;  suspended  from 
preaching  as  advocate  of  Wycliffe's  doctrines,  1382 ; 
rector  of  Lifton,  Devonshire,  1382-1410.  [iv.  108] 

BEDEEIO  or  DE  BUEY,  HENRY  (fl.  1380),  theo- 
logian :  entered  Angustiuian  monastery  at  Clare,  Suffolk ; 
studied  probably  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  and  at  Paris, 
where  he  graduated  D.D. ;  provincial  in  England  ;  wrote 
theological  works.  [iv.  109] 

BEDFOED,  DUKKS  OF.  [See  JOHN  OF  LANCASTER, 
1389-1435  ;  TUDOR,  JASI-KR,  1431  ?-1495 :  RUSSKLL,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  DUKK  of  the  RUSSKLL  family,  1613-1700 ; 
RUSSKLL,  JOHN,  fourth  DUKK,  1710-1771 :  RUSSELL, 
FRANCIS,  fifth  DUKK,  1765-1806 ;  RUSSELL,  JOHN,  sixth 
DUKK,  1766-1839 :  RUSSKLL,  FRANCIS  OHARLKS  HASTINGS, 
ninth  DUKK,  1819-1891.] 

BEDFOED,  EARLS  OF.  [See  RUSSELL,  JOHN,  first 
EARL,  1486  7-1555;  RUSSKLL,  FRANCIS,  second  EARL, 
1527  ?-1585  ;  RUSSELL,  FRANCIS,  fourth  EARL,  1593-1641.] 

BEDFORD,  COUNTESS  OF  (<*.  1627).  [See  RUSSELL, 
Lucy.] 

BEDFOED,  ARTHUR  (1668-1745),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1691 ;  incum- 
bent of  Temple  Church,  Bristol,  1692,  and  Newton  St.  Loe, 
Somerset,  1700;  joined  Collier  in  crusade  against  the 
stage,  and  issued  several  tracts ;  chaplain  to  Haber- 
dashers' Company's  hospital  at  Hoxton,  1724 ;  chaplain 
to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales  ;  published  works  on  music, 
chronology,  and  other  subjects.  [iv.  109] 

BEDFOED,  FRANCIS  (1799-1883),  bookbinder ;  en- 
tered workshop  of  Charles  Lewis  [q.  v.] ;  in  partnership 
with  John  Clarke  of  Frith  Street,  Soho,  1841-50 ;  went 
to  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1851,  and  subsequently  established 
himself  in  Blue  Anchor  Yard,  Westminster. 

[SuppL  i.  162] 

BEDOED,  HILKIAH  (1663-1724),  nonconformist 
divine;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
fellow ;  rector  of  Wittering ;  ejected  at  the  revolution ; 
chaplain  to  Dr.  Ken ;  fined  and  imprisoned  unjustly  on 
suspicion  of  having  written  'The  Hereditary  Right  of 
the  Crown  of  England  asserted*  (1713);  became  a  bishop 
among  non  jurors ;  published  religious  and  other  works. 

[iv.  110] 

BEDFOED,  JOHN  (1810-1879),  Wesleyan  ;  educated 
as  solicitor  at  Wakefield  :  Weslevau  minister  at  Glasgow, 
1831,  and  subsequently  in  Manchester,  Birmingham, 
We?t  Bromwich,  and  Derby  ;  president  of  conference, 
1867.  [Iv.  110] 

BEDFOED,  PAUL  (17927-1871),  comedian;  first 
appeared  on  stage  at  Swansea  ;  in  Drury  Lane  opera 
company,  1824-33 ;  joined  Macready's  company  as  singer 
at  Oovent  Garden,  1833  :  subsequently  played  second  low- 
comedy  parts  at  Adelphi ;  last  appeared,  1868,  at  Queen's 
Theatre.  [iv.  Ill] 

BEDFOED,  THOMAS  (/.  1650),  theologian;  B.D. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  rector  of  St.  Martin  Out- 
wich,  London,  before  1649 ;  published  theological  works 
and  (1620-50)  took  prominent  part  in  religious  contro- 
versy, [iv.  112] 

BEDFOED,  THOMAS  (d.  1773),  nonjuror;  son  of 
Hilkiah  Bedford  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  minister  to  non jurors  at 
Oompton,  Derbyshire ;  published  edition  of  Symeon  of 
Durham's  history  of  Durham  Cathedral  (1732)  and  other 
works  of  ecclesiastical  history.  [iv.  112] 

BEDFOED,  WILLIAM  (17647-1827),  vice-admiral: 
captain  in  navy,  1791;  served  in  North  Sea,  1801,  at 


blockade  of  Brest,  1805,  and  as  flag-captain  in  expedition 
to  Basque  roads,  1809  :  vice-admiral,  1821.         [iv.  113] 

BEDLNGFELD,  THOMAS  (1760-1789),  poet;  edu- 
cated at  Liege  ;  studied  conveyancing  at  Newcastle  and 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  began  practice  as  chamber  counsel,  1787. 
A  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1800.  [iv.  113] 

BEDINGFIELD  or  BENIFEELD,  SIR  HENRY  (1511- 
1683),  supporter  of  Queen  Mary  ;  privy  councillor,  1553  ; 
constable  of  Tower,  1555,  when  the  Princess  Elizabeth 
was  committed  to  his  charge  for  complicity  in  Wyatt's 
rebellion;  knight  of  shire  for  Norfolk.  1553,  1554,  and 
1557  ;  retired  from  public  life  on  Elizabeth's  accession. 

BEDINGFIELD,  SIR  HENRY  (1633-1687),'  chief- 
justice  of  common  pleas  ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1657  ;  received  the  coif,  1683  ;  king's  serjeant  and 
knighted  :  sub-steward  of  Great  Yarmouth,  1684  ;  judge, 
1686  ;  chief-  justice  common  pleas,  1686.  [iv.  116] 

BEDINGFIELD,  THOMAS  (d.  1613),  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Bedingfield  (d.  1583)  [q.  v.]  ;  gentleman  pensioner 
to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 


[iv.  115] 
9-1661),  la 


BEDINGFIELD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1593  9-1661),  lawyer; 
called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1615  ;  Lent  reader,  1636  ; 
attorney-general  of  duchy  of  Lancaster  and  knighted: 
committed  for  contempt  of  House  of  Lords  in  refusing 
to  defend  Sir  Edward  Herbert,  who  was  impeached  by  the 
Commons  for  snaring  in  the  attempt  to  arrest  the  five 
members,  1642  ;  serjeant-at-law  and  justice  of  common 
pleas,  1648  ;  retired  at  interregnum  ;  reappointed  serjeant, 
1660.  [iv.  115] 

BEDLAT,  LORD  (1590?-1664).  [See  ROBERTSON, 
JAMES.] 

BEDLOE,  WILLIAM  (1650-1680),  adventurer:  worked 
as  clockmaker  and  cobbler  ;  educated  by  David  Lewis,  a 
Jesuit;  came  to  London,  1670,  and  lived  by  sharping: 
claimed  to  have  been  anticipated  by  Gates  in  making 
revelations  of  the  popish  plot,  1678-9  ;  in  receipt  of  10*. 
weekly  from  the  royal  funds,  1679  ;  public  confidence  in 
his  statements  diminished,  c.  1680.  He  published  several 
works  on  his  'Revelations,'  the  chief  being  'A  Narrative 
and  Impartial  Discovery  of  the  Horrid  Popish  Plot  .  .  . 
by  Captain  William  Bedloe,  lately  engaged  in  that  horrid 
design,'  &c.,  1679.  [iv.  116] 

BEDWELL,  THOMAS  (d.  1595),  mathematician; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1667;  fellow:  M.A., 
1570;  keeper  of  ordnance  stores  in  Tower;  military 
engineer  at  Tilbury  and  Gravesend  at  time  of  Spanish 
Armada.  [iv.  118] 

BEDWELL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1632),  Arabic  scholar; 
nephew  of  Thomas  Bedwell  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Cambridge, 
1688  ;  rector  of  St.  Ethelburgh's,  Bishopsgate  Street,  1601  ; 
one  of  the  Westminster  translators  of  the  bible,  1604; 
published  at  Leyden  Epistles  of  John  in  English  and 
Arabic,  1612  ;  published  Arabic  and  mathematical  works 
(including  treatise  explaining  use  of  carpenter's  square), 
and  left  a  manuscript  Arabic  lexicon.  [iv.  119] 

BEDYLL,  THOMAS  (d.  1537)  ;  divine  :  clerk  of  privy 

j  council  ;   B.O.L.  New  College,  Oxford,  1508  ;  secretary  to 

archbishop  Warham,  1520-32  ;  royal  chaplain  and  clerk 

of  council,  1632  ;  employed  by  Henry  VIII  in  business 

relating  to  his  divorce  and  the  royal  supremacy,  [iv.  120] 

BEE,  ST.  (<7.  660  ?).    [See  BKOHA.] 

BEEAED,  BEAED,  or  BEEDE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1563- 
'  1674),  author  ;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Hill,  London,  1560-74  ; 
1  published  poetical  pieces.  [iv.  121] 

BEECHAM,  JOHN  (1787-1856),  methodist  ;  general 
secretary  to  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society,  1831  ;  presi- 
dent Wesleyan  conference,  1850  ;  published  historical  and 
other  works.  [iv.  121] 


,   FREDERICK    WILLIAM    (1796-1856), 
rear-admiral  and  geographer ;  son  of  Sir  William  Beechey 
[q.  v.];  entered  navy,  1806;   lieutenant,  1815;   accom- 
panied Franklin's  Arctic  expedition,  1818,  an  account  of 
which  he  published,  1843  :  employed  in  survey  of  coasts 
of    North    Africa,    1821-3,    South    America,    1835,    and 
Ireland,  1837;  captain,  1827;   rear-admiral;    president, 
I  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1856  ;  published  geographical 
!  works.  [iv.  121] 


BEECHEY 


BEKE 


BEECHEY,  GEORGE  D.  (fl.  1817-1855),  portrait 
painter;  brother  of  Sir  William  Bccchey  [q.  v.] :  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1817-32 ;  became  court  painter 
to  king  of  Oudh.  [iv.  122] 

BEECHEY,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (rf.  1870V),  painter 
and  explorer;  brother  of  George  D.  Beechey  [q.  v.] ; 
secretary  (c.  1816)  to  consul-general  in  Egypt,  where  he 
accompanied  exploring  expedition  on  the  Nile ;  surveyed, 
with  \\\*  brother,  const-line  from  Tripoli  to  Derna,  1821-2  ; 
1  .-.A.,  lsi'5  ;  probably  died  in  New  Zealand,  [iv.  122] 

BEECHEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1763-1839),  painter; 
worked  in  a  London  lawyer's  office ;  first  exhibited,  1775 ; 
\  H.A.,  portrait  painter  to  Queen  Charlotte,  knight,  and 
R.A.,  1793.  [iv.  133] 

BEECHING,  JAMES  (1788-1858),  inventor  of  •  self- 
righting'  lifeboat:  boatbuildera'  apprentice;  invented 
lit  Great  Yarmouth  the  '  self-righting '  lifeboat,  1851. 

[iv.  123] 

BEEDOME,  THOMAS  (d.  1641  ?),  author  of  •  Poems 
Divine  and  Humane,'  published  1641,  and  edited  by  Henry 
Glapthorne.  [iv.  124] 

BEEKE,  HENRY  (1751-1837),  divine ;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1776;  D.D.,  1800;  fellow  of 
Oriel,  1775 ;  professor  of  modern  history,  1801 ;  vicar  of 
St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Oxford,  1782 ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1814. 
Gained  wide  reputation  as  financial  authority ;  published 
a  work  on  the  income  tax.  [iv.  124] 

BEESLEY,  ALFRED  (1800-1847),  author  of  'History 
of  Banbury,'  1841.  [iv.  125] 

BEESLEY  or  BISLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1591),  catholic 
inissioner;  educated  at  Douay  ;  ordained  priest,  1587; 
joined  English  mission,  1588 ;  executed.  [iv.  125] 

BEESTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (fl.  1702),  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Jamaica ;  went  to  Jamaica,  1660 ;  member 
for  Port  Royal  in  first  house  of  assembly  and  judge  of 
court  of  common  pleas,  Jamaica,  1664 ;  speaker  of  house 
of  assembly,  1677-9 ;  knighted,  1692 ;  lieutenant-  governor, 
1693 ;  resisted,  as  Commander-in-chief,  French  invasion, 
1694 ;  superseded,  1702,  on  refusing  to  account  for  money 
which  he  was  accused  of  appropriating ;  left  topographi- 
cal and  other  manuscripts.  [iv.  125] 

BEG  A  (8th  cent.  ?),  saint ;  perhaps  founded  monas- 
teries in  Cumberland  and  Northumbria.  Her  history  has 
been  confused  with  that  of  St.  Heiu  and  St.  Begu. 

[iv.  126] 

BEGBIE,  JAMES  (1798-1869),  physician ;  M.D.,  1821, 
P.R.O.S.,  1822,  and  F.R.C.P.,  1847,  Edinburgh  ;  physician 
in  ordinary  to  queen  in  Scotland ;  published  medical 
essays.  [iv.  126] 

BEGBIE,  JAMES  WARBURTON  (1826-1876),  phy- 
sician ;  son  of  James  Begbie  [q.  v.] :  M.D.,  1847,  and 
F.R.O.P.,  1862,  Edinburgh  ;  studied  in  Paris ;  physician  to 
Royal  Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  1855-65  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1876  ;  published  medical  works.  [iv.  127] 

BEGG,  JAMES  (1808-1883),  free  church  minister; 
M.A.  Glasgow;  licensed  as  preacher,  1829;  ordained, 
1830 ;  minister  at  Paisley,  1831,  Liberton,  1835-43,  and 
Newington,  1843-83 ;  supported  measures  of  evangelical 
party  in  Scotland,  and  took  keen  interest  in  cause  of  pro- 
testantism; moderator  01  general  assembly  of  the  Free 
church,  1865.  [iv.  127] 

BEGHA  (d.  660  ?),  saint ;  Irish  virgin  of  royal  birth  ; 
fled  to  Scotland  to  avoid  marriage ;  founded  monasteries 
in  England  and  at  Strathclyde  (c.  656).  [iv.  128] 

BEHN,  AFRA,  APHRA,  or  AYFARA  (1640-1689), 
dramatist  and  novelist,  nle  Johnson ;  lived  as  child  in 
Surinam,  West  Indies  ;  returned  to  England,  1658 ;  mar- 
ried Behn,  a  city  merchant,  and  gained  entrance  to  the 
court ;  employed  by  Charles  II  as  spy  in  Antwerp  on  out- 
break of  Dutch  war ;  returned  to  London  and  became  a 
professional  writer ;  made  friends  among  playwrights,  and 
in  1671  brought  out  her  '  Forc'd  Marriage '  at  the  Duke's 
Theatre ;  achieved  popularity  as  a  dramatist,  some  of  her 
plays  continuing  to  hold  the  stage  in  the  eighteenth 
century;  wrote  poems,  novels  (including  'Oroonoko'), 
and  many  ephemeral  pamphlets.  [iv.  129] 

BEHNES  or  BTJBXOWE,  HENRY  (d.  1837),  sculptor ; 
worked  under  name  of  Burlowe ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1831-3 ;  subsequently  employed  in  Rome  as 
bust  modelltr.  [iv.  131] 


WILLIAM  (d.  1864),  sculptor  ;  brother  of 
Henry  Behues  [q.  v.]  ;  trained  as  a  piano  manufacturer  ; 
student  of  Royal  Academy,  1819  ;  gained  high  reputation, 
chiefly  for  portrait  busts,  between  1820  and  1840 ;  bank- 
rupt, 1861 ;  was  picked  up  from  the  street  and  died  in 
Middlesex  Hospital.  [iv.  131] 

BEIGHTON,  HENRY  (d.  1743),  surveyor :  surveyed 
Warwickshire,  1725-9,  and  illustrated  Dr.  Thomas's 
edition  of  Dugdale's  •  Warwickshire ' ;  prepared  map  of 
Warwickshire  (published  1750) :  editor  of  •  Ladies'  Diary,' 
1713-34 ;  F.R.S.,  1720 ;  published  and  left  in  manuscript 
scientific  writings.  [iv.  132] 

BEIGHTON,  THOMAS  (1790-1844),  missionary ;  sent 
by  London  Missionary  Society  to  Malacca;  established 
printing  press,  from  which  he  issued  works  translated  by 
himself  into  Malay  language.  [Iv.  132] 

BEILBY,  RALPH  (1744-1817),  engraver ;  in  partner- 
ship,  1777-97,  as  engraver  with  Thomas  Bewick,  who  was 
his  pupil ;  engaged  with  Bewick  on  engravings  for  Oster- 
wald's  bible,  1806,  and  other  works.  [iv.  133] 

BEILBY,  WILLIAM  (1783-1849),  physician ;  M.D., 
1816,  Edinburgh ;  practised  at  Edinburgh ;  philanthropist 
and  interested  in  religious  matters.  [iv.  133] 

BEITH,  ALEXANDER  (1799-1891),  divine ;  educated 
at  Glasgow  University;  minister  successively  at  Oban, 
Glasgow,  Kilbrandon,  Glenelg,  and  Stirling  (1839-76); 
among  founders  of  free  church  of  Scotland,  1843 ;  D.D. 
Princetown  University,  D.S.A.,  1860 ;  moderator  of  general 
assembly  of  free  church,  1858 ;  published  pamphlets  and 
religious  works.  [Suppl.  i.  163] 

BEITH  or  BEETH,  WILLIAM  (15th  cent.),  Domini- 
can ;  probably  provincial  of  his  order  in  England,  c.  1480 ; 
author  of  learned  works.  [iv.  133] 

BEK,  name  of  Lincolnshire  family  descended  from 
Walter  Bek,  who  came  over  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
From  his  three  sons  sprang  three  great  Lincolnshire 
famines  :  (1)  Bek  of  Eresby ;  (2)  Bek  of  Luceby  ;  (3)  Bek 
of  Botheby.  [iv.  133] 

BEK,  ANTONY  I  (d.  1310),  bishop  of  Durham ;  sou 
of  Walter  Bek,  baron  of  Eresby,  Lincolnshire ;  held  five 
benefices  in  see  of  Canterbury  ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1283  ; 
one  of  royal  commissioners  to  arrange  marriage  of  Prince 
Edward  with  Margaret  of  Scotland,  1290  ;  one  of  Edward  I's 
chief  advisers  during  negotiations  respecting  Baliol ; 
substantially  assisted  Edward  in  Scottish  expeditions, 
1296  and  1298 ;  entered  into  dispute  with  Richard  de 
Hoton,  prior  of  convent  of  Durham,  concerning  visitation 
of  the  convent,  1300  ;  refused  to  accept  Edward's  decision 
as  mediator,  and  was  deprived  of  his  temporalities,  but 
regained  them  on  application  to  the  pope ;  granted  sove- 
reignty of  Isle  of  Man  by  Edward  II,  1307.  [iv.  134] 

BEK,  ANTONY  II  (1279-1343),  divine ;  son  of  Walter 
Bek  of  Luceby,  constable  of  Lincoln  Castle ;  educated  at 
Oxford ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln  ;  chancellor  of  the  cathe- 
dral, 1316 ;  appointed  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1320,  but  election 
was  annulled  by  the  pope ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1329 ;  chaplain 
to  the  pope  and  clerk  of  Roman  curia  ;  bishop  of  Norwich, 
1337  ;  perhaps  poisoned  by  monks  of  his  cathedral. 

[iv.  136] 

BEK,  THOMAS  I  (d.  1293),  divine ;  elder  brother  of 
Antony  Bek  I  [q.  v.] ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University, 
1269 ;  keeper  of  wardrobe  to  Edward  1, 1274 :  lord-trea- 
surer and  temporary  keeper  of  great  seal,  1279 ;  prebendary 
of  Lincoln,  and,  later,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1280  ;  unsuc- 
cessfully opposed,  as  a  protest  in  behalf  of  the  independ- 
ence of  the  Welsh  church,  archbishop  Peckham's  visita- 
tion of  the  Welsh  diocese,  1284;  perhaps  went  on  pil- 
grimage to  Holy  Land,  1290.  [iv.  137] 

BEK,   THOMAS    II    (1282-1347X  divine:    youngest 
brother  of  Antony  Bek  II  [q.  v.]  ;  doctor  of  canon  law ; 
I  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1335  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1340. 

[iv.  138] 

BEKE,  CHARLES  TILSTONE  (1800-1874X  Abyssi- 
nian explorer;  entered  on  business  career  in  London, 
1820,  but  subsequently  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  pub- 
lished « Orpines  Biblicae,'  1834,  and  papers  on  oriental  sub- 
jects, 1834-5 ;  fellow  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  and  other  learned  institutions ;  jour- 
neyed in  Abyssinia,  making  many  valuable  discoveries, 
1840-3 ;  published  •  The  Sources  of  the  Nile,'  1860 ;  travelled 
in  Syria  and  Palestine,  1861-2,  for  purpose  of  exploring 

e2 


BEKTNSAU 


84 


BELL 


locality  mentioned  in  Genets :  undertook  mission  to 
Theodore  of  Abyssinia  to  urge  him  tordwisr  British 
prisoners,  1864,  and  on  outbreak  of  war,  following  Theo- 
dore's non-complianoe,  supplied  British  government  with 
valuable  information  :  explored  alleged  situation  of  Mount 
Sinai,  1873-4.  His  '  Discoveries  of  Sinai  ill  Arabia  and  of 
Midian '  was  published  posthumously.  [iv.  138] 

BEKINSATJ,  JOHN  (1496?-1559),  divine:  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1520 ;  M.A.,  1626 ;  Greek  lecturer 
at  Paris  University ;  published  a  treatise,  *  De  supremo  et 
absolute  Regis  imperio,'  1546.  [iv.  141] 

BEKYNTON,   THOMAS  (1390?-1465).    [See  BECK- 

INQTON.] 

BELASYSE,  ANTHONY  («/.  1552),  civilian ;  B.O.L. 
Cambridge,  1520 :  LL.D.,  probably  of  a  foreign  university : 
advocate,  1628;  held  benefices ;  prebendary  of  Auckland 
(1540),  Lincoln  (1544),  Wells  (1546),  and  York  (1549) ; 
canon  of  Westminster  (1540);  master  in  chancery,  1544; 
master  of  Sherburn  Hospital,  co.  Durham,  c.  1545. 

[iv.  141] 

BELASYSE,  JOHN,  BARON  BELASYSE  (1614-1689), 
royalist ;  created  baron,  1645 :  fought  for  Charles  I  in 
many  engagements:  after  Restoration,  appointed  lord- 
lieutenant  of  East  Riding,  governor  of  Hull,  and,  subse- 
quently governor  of  Tangier  ;  first  lord  commissioner  of 
treasury,  1687.  [iv.  142] 

BELASYSE,  THOMAS,  EARL  FAUCONBERG  (1627- 
1700),  supporter  of  Cromwell :  married  Mary,  Cromwell's 
daughter,  1657  ;  privy  councillor  of  Charles  II.  [iv.  142] 

BELCHER,  SIR  EDWARD  (1799-1877),  admiral  :  en- 
tered navy,  1812;  lieutenant,  1818:  commander,  1829: 
employed  successively  on  survey  of  coasts  of  Northern 
and  Western  Africa,  Ireland,  Western  America,  China, 
Borneo,  Philippine  Islands,  and  Formosa,  1830-47 ;  cap- 
tain and  O.B.,  1841 ;  knighted,  1843:  commanded  expedi- 
tion to  Arctic  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  1852: 
vice-admiral,  1866;  admiral,  1872;  published  accounts  of 
voyages,  and  other  works.  [iv.  142] 

BELCHER,  JAMES  (1781-1811),  prize-fighter ;  fought 
Bill  Warr  at  Covent  Garden:  beat  successively  Tom 
Jones  of  Paddington,  1799,  Jack  Bartholomew,  1800, 
Andrew  Gamble,  1800,  Joe  Berks,  1801  and  1802,  and 
John  Firby,  1803  :  lost  an  eye,  1803,  and  became  publican ; 
was  subsequently  many  times  beaten,  his  last  fight  being 
with  Tom  Oribb,  1809.  [Suppl.  L  164] 

BELCHER,  TOM  (1783-1854),  pugilist ;  brother  of 
James  Belcher  [q.  v.]  ;  defeated  Dogherty  and  Firby,  but 
was  beaten  by  Dutch  Sam  (Samuel  Elias,  1776-1816). 

[Suppl.  i.  165] 

BELCHIAM,  THOMAS  (1508-1637),  Franciscan  friar 
of  convent  of  Greenwich ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  take 
oath  of  royal  supremacy ;  died  in  Newgate.  [iv.  143] 

BELCHIER,  DAUBRIDGOOURT  or  DAWBRIDGE- 
OOURT  (1580?-1621),  dramatist:  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1600:  settled  in  the  Low  Countries;  wrote  dra- 
matic and  other  works.  [iv.  144] 

BELCHIER,  JOHN  (1706-1785),  surgeon :  educated 
at  Eton  :  surgeon  to  Guy's  Hospital,  1736  :  F.R.S.,  1732 ; 
contributed  to  '  Philosophical  Transactions.'  [iv.  144] 

BELER,  ROGER  I>K  (d.  1326),  judge ;  supporter  of 
Earl  of  Lancaster  and  included  in  the  amnesty,  1318; 
baron  of  exchequer,  1322 ;  murdered  near  Reresby. 

[iv.  144] 

BELESME,  ROBERT  DE  (/.  1098).    [See  BELLEMK.] 

BELET,    MICHAEL   (fl.  1182),    judge;    sheriff    of 
Worcestershire,  1176-81   and  1184,  of  Leicestershire  and  i 
Warwickshire,  1185-7  and  1189-90:  justice  itinerant  for  ! 
Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire,  1177,  and  for  Lincoln-  : 
shire,  1178.  [iv.  146] 

BELET,  MICHAEL  (  fl.  1238),  judge :  son  of  Michael  : 
Belet  (/?.  1182)  [q.v.]:  incumbent  of  Hinclesham,  1201,  ! 
and  Setburgham  (now  Serbergham),  1204  :  receiver  of  rents 
of  see  of  Coventry,  1223  :  founded  priory  at  Wroxton  for 
Augustinian  canons  regular,  r.  1230.  [iv.  145] 

BELETH,  JOHN  (A  H82?),  author  of  'Rationale  j 
divinorum  offlciorum ' ;  perhaps  rector  of  a  theological 
school  at  Paris.  [iv.  146] 

BELFAST,  EARL  OF  (by  courtesy)  (1827-1858).  [See 
OHICHKSTER,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM.] 


BELFORD,  WILLIAM  (1709-1780),  peneral ;  entered 
royal  artillery  on  its  formation,  1726;  fireworker,  1.  •.".); 
first  lieutenant,  1740;  adjutant  at  Oarthagena,  1741; 
served  in  Flanders,  1742-6:  lieutenant-colonel,  1749; 
major-general,  1758;  commander  of  Woolwich  district, 
with  charge  of  arsenal,  1758 ;  general,  1777.  [iv.  146] 

BELFOTJR,  HUGO  JOHN  (1802-1827),  author  of 
poems  signed  ST.  JOHN  DORSET  ;  curate,  1826,  in  Jamaica, 
where  he  died.  [iv.  147] 

BELFOTTR,  JOHN  (1768-1842),  orientalist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  member  of  Royal  Society  of  Literature. 
Mis  works  include  a  Coptic  version,  with  literal  transla- 
tion, of  the  Psalms.  [iv.  147] 

BELFRAGE,  HENRY  (1774-1835),  divine  of  secession 
church ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  entered  theological 
hall  of  his  church,  Selkirk.  1789:  ordained,  1794:  ap- 
pointed to  Falkirk  congregation ;  hon.  D.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1824 ;  published  religious  works,  1814-33.  [iv.  147] 

BELHAVEN,  VISCOUNT  (1574?-1639).  [See  DOU- 
GLAS, ROBERT.] 

BELHAVEN,  second  BARON  (1656-1708).  [See 
HAMILTON,  JOHN.] 

BELKNAP,  SIR  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1400?).    [See  BEAL- 

KNAP.] 

BELL,  ALEXANDER  MONTGOMERIE  (1808-1866), 
writer  on  law ;  educated  at  Glasgow ;  member  of  Society 
of  Writers  to  Signet,  1835 :  professor  of  conveyancing, 
Edinburgh,  1856.  His  lectures  (published  posthumously) 
form  a  standard  treatise  on  conveyancing.  [Iv.  148] 

BELL,  ANDREW  (1726-1809),  engraver;  half-pro- 
prietor, and  subsequently  sole  proprietor,  of  the '  Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica'  (first  published  in  three  volumes, 
1771),  for  which  he  furnished  plates.  [iv.  149] 

BELL,  ANDREW  (1753-1832),  founder  of  Madras 
system  of  education :  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ;  tutor  in 
Virginia,  1774-81 ;  sailed  for  India,  1787,  and  in  two  years 
held  simultaneously  eight  army  chaplainships ;  superin- 
tendent of  Madras  Male  Orphan  Asylum,  1789,  where  he 
successfully  introduced  a  system  of  mutual  instruction 
by  the  scholars:  returned  to  England,  1796:  received  pen- 
sion from  East  India  Company :  published,  1797,  a  work 
on  his  educational  system,  which  was  adopted  in  many 
schools,  including  Christ's  Hospital :  rector  of  Swanage 
1801 ;  master  of  Sherburn  Hospital,  Durham,  1809;  super- 
intendent of  National  Society  for  Promoting  Education 
of  Poor  in  Principles  of  Established  Church,  with  full 
powers  to  carry  out  Madras  system,  1811;  journeyed 
abroad  to  spread  hip  ideas,  but  with  small  success,  1816 ; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1819;  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  His  system  was  found  applicable  to  certain  parts, 
and  certain  parts  alone,  of  school- work.  [iv.  149] 

BELL,  ARCHIBALD  (1755-1854),  miscellaneous 
writer:  member  of  faculty  of  advocates,  Edinburgh, 
1795  ;  sheriff -depute  of  Ayrshire  ;  published  miscellaneous 
works.  [iv.  152] 

BELL,  BEAUPRE  (1704-1745),  antiquary;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1729;  became  active  member 
of  Spalding  Society ;  assisted  Blomefleld  in  history  of 
Norfolk,  and  Hearne  in  many  antiquarian  works:  left 
collection  of  books,  medals,  and  manuscripts  to  Trinity 
College.  [iv.  163] 

BELL,  BENJAMIN  (1749-1806),  surgeon  ;  apprenticed 
as  surgeon  at  Dumfries ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
and  Paris  ;  surgeon  to  Royal  Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  1772, 
and  Watson's  Hospital,  1778;  published  works  on  agricul- 
ture and  medical  subjects.  [iv.  163] 

BELL,  SIR  CHARLES  (1774-1842),  discoverer  of  dis- 
tinct functions  of  the  nerves ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 
published  a  'System  of  Dissections,'  illustrated  by  his  own 
drawings,  1798 ;  F.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1799 ;  published  In 
London,  'Anatomy  of  Expression,'  1806,  and  'New 
Idea  of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,'  1811,  formulating  his 
nerve  theory :  his  discovery  complete  in  its  modern  form 
in  1826,  and  his  investigations  published  in  the  'Nervous 
System  of  the  Human  Body,'  1830 :  knighted  :  medallist, 
Royal  Society,  1829;  professor  of  surgery,  Edinburgh, 
1836;  wrote  on  surgery,  and  (1836)  joined  Brougham  in 
annotating  Paley's  'Natural  Theology.'  [iv.  164] 


BELL 


BELL 


BELL,  FRANCIS  (1590-1643),  Franciscan  friar;  edu- 
cated at  Jesuit  colleges  of  St.  Omer  and.  Valladolid  ;  or- 
(IdiiK-l  :  entered  convent  of  Douay ;  successively  confessor 
to  the  Poor  Clares,  Oravelines.  and  to  Franciscan  nuns  at 
Brussels  ;  sup. rior  of  St.  Bonaventure's  convent,  Douay, 
1630;  English  missioner,  1634-43;  executed  as  Jesuit; 
linguist  and  author  of  religious  work*  and  translations. 

[iv.  157] 

BELL,  Pin  GEORGE  (1794-1877),  colonel;  ensign, 
1811;  captain,  1828;  in  Canada.  1836-8;  brevet-major, 
1839;  served  in  (iihraltar,  Nova  Scotia,  West  Indies, 
Mc-literranean,  Turkey,  and  the  Crimea;  C.B.,  1855; 
colonel,  1863  ;  K.C.B.,  1867.  [iv.  157] 

BELL,  GEORGE  JOSEPH  (1770-1843),  lawyer, 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Bell  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  : 
advocate,  1791 :  published  works  on  Scottish  bankruptcy 
law,  1804  and  1810  ;  professor  of  conveyancing  to  Society  of 
Writers  to  Signet,  1816-18;  professor  of  Scots  law.  Edin- 
burgh, 1822;  on  commission,  1823,  which  resulted  in 
Scottish  Judicature  Act  (1825),  and  chairman,  1833,  of 
commission  which  resulted  in  Scottish  Bankruptcy  Act 
(1839) ;  clerk  of  session,  1832.  [iv.  158] 

BELL,  HENRY  (1767-1830),  builder  of  Comet  steam- 
ship; apprenticed  as  millwright;  worked  under  Reunie 
in  London;  conceived  idea  of  applying  steam  to  naviga- 
tion, and  made  engine  for  first  practical  steamboat  that 
appeared  on  any  European  river— the  Comet,  which  plied 
(1812-20)  on  the  Clyde.  [iv.  159] 

BELL,  HENRY  GLASSFORD  (1803-1874),  sheriff ; 
studied  law  at  Edinburgh  ;  started  and  conducted  'Edin- 
burgh Literary  Journal,'  1828;  published  a  defence  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1830 :  advocate,  1832  ;  sheriff -sub- 
stitute of  Lanarkshire,  1839-67;  sheriff-principal,  1867- 
1874;  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Royal  Scotch  Aca- 
demy ;  published  miscellaneous  works  in  verse  and  prose. 

[iv.  160] 

BELL,  HENRY  NUGENT  (1792-1822),  genealogist ; 
registered  at  Inner  Temple,  1818 ;  successfully  advocated 
claim  of  Mr.  Hastings  to  earldom  of  Huntingdon. 

[iv.  161] 

BELL,  JACOB  (1810-1859),  founder  of  Pharmaceutical 
Society ;  in  business  as  pharmaceutical  chemist :  founded, 
1841,  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain  (incorpo- 
rated 1843) :  established  and  superintended  for  eighteen 
years  '  Pharmaceutical  Journal ' ;  M.P.  for  St.  Albans, 
1850:  brought  forward  bill  to  regulate  qualifications  of 
pharmaceutical  chemists,  1851 ;  fellow  of  Chemical,  Lin- 
nean,  and  Zoological  societies,  and  of  Society  of  Arts ; 
published  works  relating  to  pharmacy.  [iv.  162] 

BELL,  JAMES  (1524-1584),  Roman  catholic  priest: 
educated  at  Oxford:  adopted  protestantism,  c.  1563,  but 
became  reconciled  to  Roman  church,  1581,  and  was  executed 
at  Lancaster  as  a  heretic.  [iv.  163] 

BELL,  JAMES  (/.  1551-1596),  reformer:  B.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1551 ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College  and  lecturer  in  rhetoric,  1556 ;  published  religious 
works.  [iv.  164] 

BELL.  JA  MES  (1769-1833),  geographical  author ;  gave 
up  his  business  as  a  weaver  and  became  classical  tutor  to 
university  students,  r.  1806;  edited  and  annotated  Rollin's 
•Ancient  History,'  1828:  published'  System  of  Geography,' 
1830.  His  'Gazetteer  of  England  and  Wales'  appeared  in 
1836.  [iv.  164] 

BELL.  JOHN  (d.  1556),  bishop :  educated  at  Balliol 
College.  Oxford:  LL.B.  Cambridge.  1504;  LL.D.  Oxford, 
1531 ;  vicar-general  and  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Worcester, 
1518:  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  St.  Paul's,  Lincoln,  and 
Southwell :  one  of  Henry  VIII's  chaplains :  employed  by 
Henry  in  matters  relating  to  his  divorce:  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, 1537;  undertook  revision  of  Epistles  to  Thessalo- 
nians  in  Testament  of  1542 ;  resigned  bishopric.  1543  : 
benefactor  of  Balliol  College.  [iv.  165] 

BELL,  JOHN  (1691-1780),  traveller:  sent  by  Russian 
emperor  on  embassy  to  Persia,  1715-18,  and  to  China, 
1717-22;  merchant  at  Constantinople ;  published  account 
of  journey  to  China,  1763.  [iv.  166] 

BELL,  JOHN  (1747-1798),  artillerist :  served  in  artil- 
lery in  Gibraltar  and  England  :  invented  military  and 
nautical  contrivances  ;  first  lieutenant,  1794.  [iv.  167] 


BELL.  JOHN  (1763-1820),  surgeon,  brother  of  Sir 
Charles  Bell  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh;  F.R.C.S. 
Edinburgh,  1786 :  held  appointment  at  Royal  Infirmary, 
but  was  excluded  on  limitation  of  number  of  sun." 
1800  ;  travelled  to  Italy  for  his  health,  1 817  :  died  in  Italy. 
His  works  include  •  Anatomy  of  Human  Body '  and  '  Prin- 
ciples of  Surgery'  (1801-8),  'Observations  on  Italy'  ap- 
pearing posthumously  in  1825.  [iv.  167] 

BELL,  JOHN  (1745-1831),  publisher:  refused  to  join 
the  combination  of  publishing  firms  which  issued  'John- 
son's Poets ' ;  brought  out '  Bell's  British  Poete,'  109  vote., 
1777-82,  and  similar  editions  of  'Shakespeare'  and  the 
'  British  Theatre ' ;  first  printer  to  discard  long  f  (s). 

[iv.  168] 

BELL,  JOHN  (1764-1836),  lawyer :  B.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1786 ;  senior  wrangler ;  fellow ;  M.A., 
1789 ;  studied  at  Middle  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  ;  called  to 
bar,  1792 ;  king's  counsel,  1816.  [iv.  169] 

BELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1782-1876),  general ;  ensign,  1805  ; 
served  in  Peninsular  war  :  C.B.,  1815  :  chief  secretary  to 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  government,  1828-41 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Guernsey,  1848-54  ;  colonel,  1850 ;  G.O.B.aud 
general,  1860.  [iv.  170] 

BELL,  JOHN  (1811-1895),  sculptor  ;  studied  at  Royal 
Academy,  where  he  exhibited  between  1832  and  1879. 
His  works  include  the  Wellington  monument  at  the 
Guildhall,  1855-6,  and  the  Guards'  Memorial  in  Waterloo 
Place,  1868-60  ;  published  writings  ou  subjects  connected 
with  his  art.  [Suppl.  i.  165] 

BELL,  JOHN  GRAY  (1823-1866),  bookseller  :  son  of 
Thomas  Bell  (d.  1860)  [q.  v.] ;  bookseller  in  London, 
1848,  and  in  Manchester,  1854-66;  issued  antiquarian 
works.  [iv.  170] 

BELL,  JOHN  MONTGOMERIE  (1804-1862),  Scottish 
advocate ;  called  to  Edinburgh  bar,  1825 ;  advocate- 
depute,  1847;  sheriff  of  Kincardine,  1851;  published 
treatise  ou  Scottish  law  of  arbitration,  1861.  [iv.  170] 

BELL,  JONATHAN  ANDERSON  (rf.  1865),  architect ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  :  studied  art  in  Rome,  1829-30 ; 
executed  drawings  for  architectural  publications,  includ- 
ing Le  Keux's  '  Memorials  of  Cambridge.'  [iv.  170] 

BELL,  MARIA,  LADY  (d.  1825),  amateur  painter; 
pupil  of  William  Hamilton,  R.A.  (her  brother),  and  Rey- 
nolds ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1809-24.  [iv.  171] 

BELL,  PATRICK  (1799-1869),  inventor  of  reaping 
machine ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  ;  constructed  machine 
for  reaping,  1828;  minister  of  Carmylie,  Arbroath,  1843; 
hon.  LL.D.  St.  Andrews.  [iv.  171] 

BELL,  Sm  ROBERT  (d.  1577),  judge ;  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  autumn  reader  at  Middle  Temple,  1565  ; 
M.P.  for  Lyme  Regis,  1562  :  speaker,  1572-6  :  knighted  ; 
serjeant-at-law  ;  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1577. 

[iv.  172] 

BELL,  ROBERT  (1800-1867),  journalist;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  settled  in  London,  1828 :  editor 
of  the  '  Atlas '  weekly  journal ;  indicted  for  libelling 
Lord  Lyndhurst ;  found  guilty,  but  escaped  punishment ; 
contributed  to  Lardner's  '  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,'  1830  seq. : 
began  an  edition  of  English  poets,  of  which  24  vols.  ap- 
peared, 1854-7,  and  produced  several  dramatic  pieces, 
novels,  and  other  writings.  [iv.  173] 

BELL,  ROBERT  CHARLES  (1806-1872),  line-en- 
graver: practised  at  Edinburgh ;  engraved  'Preston 
Pans '  (completed  1872),  after  Sir  William  Allen,  for  Royal 
Scottish  Association.  [iv.  174] 

BELL,  THOMAS  (/.  1573-1610),  anti-Romanist 
writer ;  perhaps  held  benefice  in  Lancashire :  became 
Roman  catholic,  studied  at  Douny  and  Rome,  and  was 
priest,  1581;  sent  to  England,  1582;  arrested,  c.  1592; 
recanted ;  wrote  polemics  against  Romanism. 

[Suppl.  i.  166] 

BELL,  THOMAS  (1733-1802),  divine:  educated  at 
Edinburgh  ;  minister  of  Relief  congregation  at  Jedburgh, 
1767,  and  at  Glasgow,  1777 ;  translated  religions  works 
from  Dutch  and  Latin.  [iv.  174] 

BELL,  THOMAS  (1785-1860),  antiquary :  land  valuer 
and  surveyor  ;  promoter  of  Newcastle  Literary  nnd  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  a  founder  of  Newcastle  Society  of 
Antiquaries.  [iv.  174] 


BELL 


BELLEW 


BELL,  THOMAS(1792-1880), dental  surgeon  ;  studied 
at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  Hospitals ;  F.R.G.S.,  1844 ; 
dental  surgeon  at  Guy's,  1817-61 ;  lecturer  on  compara- 
tive anatomy ;  professor  of  zoology,  King's  College,  Lou- 
don,  1836  ;  F.R.S.,  1828  ;  vice-president.  Zoological  So- 
ciety ;  secretary  of  Royal  Society,  1848-53 ;  president  of 
Liimenn  Society,  1853-61 ;  published  zoological  works  and 
an  edition  of  White's  '  Selborne.'  [iv.  175] 

BELL,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1699),  lawyer:  educated  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  studied  at  Clement's  Inn  ;  clerk  of 
peace  for  Hampshire.  [iv.  175] 

BELL,  WILLIAM  (1625-1683),  divine;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  1647  ;  fellow  ;  ejected  from  benefice 
m  Norfolk  by  parliamentary  visitors  ;  B.D.,  1661  ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1665  ;  chaplain  to  king,  1667. 

[iv.  175] 

BELL,  WILLIAM  (17407-1804?),  portrait  painter; 
gained  Royal  Academy  gold  medal,  1771.  [iv.  176] 

BELL,  WILLIAM  (1731-1816X  divine ;  M.A.  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  1756;  domestic  chaplain  and 
secretary  to  Princess  Amelia,  daughter  of  George  III ; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1766  ;  D.D.,  1767 ;  rector  of 
Christ  Church,  London,  1780-99  ;  treasurer  of  St.  Paul's  ; 
published  sermons  and  other  religious  works,  [iv.  176] 

BELLAMONT,  EARL  OF  (1636-1701).  [See  OOOTE, 
RICHARD.] 

BELLAMONT,  VISCOUNT  (1604  ?-1660).  [See  BARD, 
HENRY.] 

BELLAMY,  DANIEL,  the  elder  (6.  1687),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
published  religious,  dramatic,  and  other  works,  [iv.  177] 

BELLAMY,  DANIEL,  the  younger  (d.  1788),  divine : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1759;  vicar  of  St. 
Stephen's,  near  St.  Albans,  1749 ;  published  miscellaneous, 
religious,  and  dramatic  works.  [iv.  178] 

BELLAMY,  GEORGE  ANNE  (1731  ?-1788),  actress; 
illegitimate  daughter  of  Lord  Tyrawley ;  educated  in  a 
convent  at  Boulogne :  on  returning  to  England  became 
acquainted  with  Garrick  and  went  on  stage;  first  ap- 
peared in  '  Love  for  Love,'  at  Covent  Garden,  1742 ;  suc- 
cessfully played  Juliet  to  Garrick's  Romeo  in  the  rivalry 
with  Barry  and  Mrs.  Cibber,  1750 ;  died  in  reduced  cir- 
cumstances ;  published  her  '  Apology,'  1785.  [iv.  178] 

BELLAMY,  RICHARD  (1743 ?-1813),  bass  singer; 
Mas.  Bac.;  gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal,  1771;  vicar 
choral  of  St.  Paul's,  1777 ;  almoner  and  master  of  choris- 
ters, 1793-1800.  [iv.  179] 

BELLAMY,  THOMAS  (1746-1800),  miscellaneous 
writer :  hosier  and  subsequently  bookseller's  clerk  ;  started 
'General  Magazine  and  Impartial  Review,'  1787,  and  other 
unsuccessful  periodicals;  published  poetical,  dramatic, 
and  other  works.  [iv.  179] 

BELLAMY,      THOMAS     LUDFORD      (1770-1843), 
singer ;  son  of  Richard  Bellamy  [q.  v.] ;  sang  at  Handel 
Westminster,     1784 ; 


commemoration, 

Dublin  theatre,  1797 :  embarked'  unsuccessfully  in  various 
theatrical  enterprises ;  engaged  at  Covent  Garden,  and 
later  at  Drury  Lane  ;  choirmaster  of  Spanish  chapel,  1819. 

BELLASIS.    [See  BELASYSE.] 

BELLASIS,  EDWARD  (1800-1873),  lawyer;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple, 
1824 ;  practised  in  court  of  cliancery  and  in  county  pala- 
tine of  Lancaster ;  engaged  as  barrister  in  parliamentary 
business,  1836-66 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1844;  one  of  commis- 
sioners to  examine  working  of  Heralds'  College,  1869 ; 
evinced  great  interest  in  Tractarian  movement,  1833-45, 
and  took  part  in  discussion  produced  by  Pius  IX's  bull  in 
1850 ;  entered  the  Roman  catholic  communion,  1860 : 
magistrate  of  Middlesex  and  Westminster:  published 
religious  writings,  and  left  an  autobiography  and  manu- 
script verses.  [iy.  180] 

BELLEMAN  or  BELMAIN,  JOHN  (/.  1653),  French 
tutor  of  Edward  VI ;  left  manuscript  translation  into 
French  of  Edward  VI's  second  Prayer-book.  [iv.  182] 

BELLEME.  ROBERT   OF,  EARL  OF  SHREWSBURY  (ft. 

1008),  a  magnate  of  Normandy;  knighted,  1073;  sup- 
ported Duke  Robert  iu  the  revolt  against  William  I, 


1077 ;  pardoned,  but  on  the  death  of  the  Conqueror  again 
joimil  Duke  Robert  against  William  Rufus  ;  took  part  in 
defence  of  Rochester,  and  on  surrender  was  recom-iUil  to 
the  king,  1088;  captured  and  imprisoned  by  Duke 
Robert,  but  was  soon  released  ;  engairwl  in  war  with  his 
neighbours  in  Normandy;  joined  Henry  of  Coutances 
(Henry  I)  in  suppressing  revolt  of  citizens  of  Rouen, 
1090 ;  captain  of  king's  forces  in  Rufus's  abortive  inva- 
sion of  France,  1097 ;  engaged  in  war  with  Helias  of 
Maine,  1098 ;  captured  Helias  and  delivered  him  to 
Rufus,  who  continued  the  war ;  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  1098 ; 
did  homage  to  Henry  I,  1100,  but  with  his  brothers  and 
Duke  Robert  conspired  against  him,  1101 ;  outlawed, 
1102 ;  fortified  himself  in  Shrewsbury ;  forced  to  surren- 
der ;  returned  to  Normandy  ;  after  several  attempts  to 
obtain  allies  against  Henry,  made  peace  with  him,  1 106  ; 
soon  afterwards  he  joined  Fulk  of  An  jou  against  Henry ; 
sent,  1112,  by  Louis  of  France  as  ambassador  to  Henry, 
who  seized  and  kept  him  hi  close  confinement  until  his 
death.  [iv.  182] 

BELLENDEN,  ADAM  (d.  1639  ?),  bishop ;  son  of  Sir 
John  Bellenden  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1590  ;  minister 
at  Falkirk,  1608  ;  'suspended,'  1614;  released,  1615  ;  left 
presbyterian  church,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Dunblane, 
1616,  and  of  Aberdeen,  1635  ;  deprived  of  see  on  abolition 
of  episcopacy  in  Scotland,  1638.  [iv.  186] 

BELLENDEN,  SIR  JOHN,  of  Auchnoul  or  Auchi- 
noul  (d.  1577);  Scottish  lawyer;  justice-clerk,  1647; 
privy  councillor  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1561 ;  implicated 
in  murder  of  Rizzio,  but  soon  restored  to  favour  ;  joined 
nobles  against  Mary  at  Bothwell;  privy  councillor  to 
Regent  Murray;  employed  hi  framing  pacification  of 
Perth,  1573.  [iv.  187] 

BELLENDEN,  BALLENDEN,  or  BALLENTYNE, 
JOHN  (./I.  1533-1687),  poet;  educated  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Paris ;  D.D.  Sorbonne ;  translated,  by  command  of 
James  V  of  Scotland,  into  Scottish  vernacular,  Boece's 
'  Historia  Scotoruin '  (1536)  and  Livy,  first  published  in 
1822  ;  archdeacon  of  Moray  and  canon  of  Ross ;  opposed 
Reformation  and  withdrew  to  the  continent,  [iv.  186] 

BELLENDEN,  SIR  LEWIS,  LORD  AUCHISOL  (1553  ?- 
1591),  Scottish  judge ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  Bellenden 
[q.  v.]  ;  justice-clerk,  1678 ;  privy  councillor,  1579  :  judge, 
1584 ;  instrumental  in  Earl  of  Arran'8  downfall,  1585 ;  ac- 
companied James  VI  in  his  matrimonial  excursion  to 
Norway  and  Denmark,  1589-90.  [iv.  188] 

BELLENLEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1633  ?),  Scottish  pro- 
fessor ;  employed  in  diplomatic  service  by  James  VI  and 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  professor  at  university  of  Paris  ; 
produced  works  illustrating  Roman  history  by  extracts 
from  Roman  authors.  [iv.  189] 

BELLENDEN,  WILLIAM,  BARON  BELLENDEX  (d. 
1671),  created  Lord  Bellenden,  1661,  and  treasurer-depute 
and  privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1661 ;  supported  Lauder- 
dale  against  Middleton's  faction.  [iv.  189] 

SELLERS,  FETTIPLAOE  (1687-1750?),  dramatist 
and  philosophical  writer ;  F.R.S.,  1711 ;  produced  a 
tragedy  which  was  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  1732,  and  philo- 
sophical works,  including  'A  Delineation  of  Universal 
Law,'  1750.  [iv.  190] 

SELLERS,  JOHN  (1654-1725),  philanthropist ;  mem- 
ber of  Society  of  Friends  ;  devised  schemes  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  war,  education  of  poor  children,  improvement  of 
prisons,  and  establishment  of  hospitals.  He  wrote  many 
short  works,  the  most  important  being  'Proposals  for 
Raising  a  Colledge  of  Industry  of  all  useful  Trades  and 
Husbandry,'  1695.  [iv.  190] 

SELLERS,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1761-1774),  landscape- 
painter  :  contributed  to  exhibitions  of  Free  Society  of 
Artists,  1761-78.  [iv.  192] 

BELLEW,  HENRY  WALTER  (1834-1892),  surgeon- 
general  ;  studied  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London ; 
M.R.O.P.,  1866  ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854-5  ;  assistant  sur- 
geon, Bengal  medical  service,  1856  ;  surgeon,  1867 ;  deputy 
surgeon-general,  1881 ;  served  with  Major  (Sir)  Henry 
Lumaden  [q.  v.]  on  Candahar  mission  ;  C.S.I.,  1873 ;  chief 
political  officer  at  Oabul ;  retired  as  surgeon-general, 
1886;  published  journals,  works  on  oriental  languages, 
and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  167] 


BELLEW 


87 


BENDIGO 


BELLEW,  JOHN  CHIPPENDALL  MONTESQUIEU 
(1823-1874),  author,  preacher,  and  public  reader;  son  of 
Captain  Rot>ert  Higgins;  educated  at  St. Mary's  Hall,  <  >x- 
foni ;  assumed  his  mother's  maiden  name,  Bellew,  1844  ; 
after  holding  two  curacies  in  England,  he  was  chaplain  of 
St.  John's  Cathedral,  Calcutta,  1851-6  ;  successively  minis- 
ter at  several  London  churches  ;  was  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism,  1868,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature  and 
public  readings :  published  miscellaneous  works,  [iv.  192] 

BELLEW,  RICHARD  (fl.  1585),  legal  reporter  ;  pub- 
lislu-d  reports  in  Norman-French  of  cases  in  time  of 
Richard  11.  [iv.193] 

BELLIN,  SAMUEL  (1799-1893),  engraver ;  practised 
in  Kim'land.  r.  1834-70.  His  plates  are  all  from  popular 
English  painters  of  his  day.  [Suppl.  i.  168] 

BELLINGER,  FRANCIS  (d.  1721),  physician  ;  L.C.P., 
1708;  published  medical  works.  [iv.  193] 

BELLIN GHAM,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1549),  lord  deputy 
of  Ireland ;  served  in  Hungary  with  Sir  Thomas  Seymour, 
and  with  Earl  of  Surrey  in  Boulogne  and  Isle  of  Wight 
(1545);  privy  councillor  of  Edward  VI  :  lord  deputy  of 
Ireland.  1548 ;  suppressed  rebellion  in  King's  and  Queen's 
counties.  [iv.  193] 

BELLINGHAM,  RICHARD  (1592?-! 672),  governor 
of  Massachusetts ;  recorder  of  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1625- 
1633  ;  deputy-governor  of  Massachusetts,  1635 ;  governor, 
1641 ;  held  the  office  uninterruptedly,  1665-72  ;  assistant 
major-general,  1664.  [iv.  194] 

BELLLNG8,  RICHARD  (d.  1677),  Irish  historian ; 
studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  composed  a  sixth  book  to 
Sidney's  '  Arcadia,'  1629  ;  Irish  M.P. ;  secretary  to  supreme 
council  of  Irish  confederation,  1642  ;  royalist,  1645-9,  re- 
tiring to  France  till  Restoration  ;  wrote  a  history  of  con- 
temporary Irish  affairs  (part  printed  1882).  [iv.  194] 

BELLOFAGO  or  BELLATAGO.    [See  BKAUFEU.] 

BELLOMONT,    [See  BEAUMONT.] 

BELLOMONT,  CHARLES  HENRY,  EARL  OP  (d. 
1683).  [See  KIRKHOVKN,  CHARLES  HENRY.] 

BELLOT,  HUGH  (1542-1596),  bishop;  B.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1564 ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, 1567 ;  D.D.,  1579  ;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1585  ;  member 
of  council  of  Wales;  bishop  of  Chester,  1595;  assisted 
William  Morgan  in  translating  bible  into  Welsh. 

[iv.  195] 

BELLOT,  THOMAS  (1806-1857),  surgeon  and  philo- 
logist ;  M.R.C.S.,  1828 ;  surgeon  in  navy,  1831 ;  F.R.C.S., 
1844;  hi  charge  of  naval  hospital  of  Therapia  on  Bos- 
phorus,  1854-6  ;  published  'Sanscrit  Derivations  of  Eng- 
lish Words '  (1856),  and  some  classical  translations. 

[iv.  195] 

BELMEI8  or  BELESMAINS,  JOHN,  JOHN  OK  THK 
FAIR  HANDH  (</.  1203  ?),  divine ;  brought  up  in  house- 
hold of  archbishop  Theobald  ;  treasurer  of  York,  c.  1168 ; 
friend  and  adviser  of  Becket  during  controversy  with 
Henry  II ;  bishop  of  Poitiers,  1162 ;  papal  legate,  c.  1177 ; 
one  of  five  chief  ecclesiastics  sent  to  convert  Toulouse, 
1178 ;  elected  archbishop  of  Narbonue,  1181,  but  trans- 
ferred by  pope  to  see  of  Lyons ;  resigned,  1193 ;  came  to 
England  to  perform  vows  at  Becket's  tomb  ;  retired  to  St. 
Bernard's  abbey  of  Glair vaux,  c.  1194 ;  said  to  have  written 
a  history  and  other  learned  works,  now  lost.  [iv.  196] 

BELMEIS  or  BEAUME'fS,  RICHARD  DK,  surnamed 
RUFUS  (d.  1128),  bishop;  follower  of  Roger  of  Mont- 
gomery and  Earl  Hugh,  but  afterwards  adherent  of 
Henry  I ;  royal  agent,  till  1123,  in  Shropshire,  the  forfeited 
palatinate  of  Robert  of  Belleme  ;  bishop  of  London,  1108 ; 
devoted  revenue  of  bishopric  to  carrying  out  the  rebuild- 
ing of  St.  Paul's ;  founded  St.  Osyth's  Priory,  Essex,  where 
he  died.  [iv.  198] 

BELMEIS  or  BEATTMEI8,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1162), 
bishop ;  nephew  of  Richard  de  Beimels  [q.  v.] ;  at  an  early 
age  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and  prebendary  of  St. 
Alkmund's,  Shrewsbury;  converted  estates  of  secular 
canons  of  St.  Alkmund  to  foundation  of  college  at  Lilies- 
hall  of  canons  regular  of  the  Arroasian  branch  of  Augus- 
tinian  order ;  bishop  of  London,  1162.  [Iv.  200] 

BELOE,  WILLIAM  (1756-1817),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Bene't  College,  Cambridge:  for  three  years  assistant 


master  under  Parr  at  Norwich  grammar  school ;  rector  ot 
All  Hallows,  London  Wall,  17l»«  ;  keeper  of  printed  books 
at  British  Museum,  1803-6  ;  contributed  to  Tooke's  '  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,'  and  established  with  Archdeacon 
Nares  the  « British  Critic,'  1793.  Works  include  •  Anecdotes 
of  Literature  and  Scarce  Books,'  1806-12,  the  'Sexa- 
genarian,' consisting  of  personal  recollections,  and  several 
classical  translations.  [iv.  201] 

BELPER,  first  BAIION  (1801-1880).  [See  STRUTT, 
EDWARD.] 

BELSHAM,  THOMAS  (1750-1829),  Unitarian  divine ; 
minister  of  independent  congregation  at  Worcester,  1778  ; 
professor  of  divinity  at  Daventry,  1781-9,  and,  having 
adopted  unitarianism.  at  Hackney  College,  1789-96 ;  minis- 
ter of  Gravel  Pit  chapel,  Hackney,  1794,  and  Essex  Street 
chapel,  1805  ;  published  theological  works.  [iv.  202] 

BELSHAM,  WILLIAM  (1762-1827),  political  writer 
and  historian  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Belsham  [q.  v.]  ;  pub- 
lished philosophical  and  historical  works  in  support  of 
whig  principles.  [iv.  203] 

BEL80N,  JOHN  (fl.  1688),  catholic  gentleman  ;  re- 
nowned for  knowledge  of  history  and  controversial 
matters.  [iv.  203] 

BELSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1589),  catholic  gentleman; 
executed  for  assisting  catholic  priests.  [iv.  204] 

BELT,  THOMAS  (1832-1878),  geologist ;  made  geo- 
logical investigations  in  Australian  gold-diggings,  1852-62; 
superintendent  of  Nova  Scotia  Gold  Company's  mines, 
1862;  conducted  gold-mining  operations  of  Chontales 
Company,  Nicaragua,  1868-72  ;  fellow,  Geological  Society ; 
died  at  Denver,  Colorado ;  published  works  chiefly  relating 
to  glacial  period.  [iv.  204] 

BELTZ,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1777-1841),  Lan- 
caster herald  ;  gentleman  usher  of  scarlet  rod  of  order  of 
the  Bath,  and  Brunswick  herald,  1814 ;  portcullis  pursui- 
vant, 1817-22  ;  Lancaster  herald,  1822 ;  published  genealo- 
gical writings.  [iv.  204] 

BELZONI,  GIOVANNI  BAPTISTA  (1778-1823), 
actor,  engineer,  and  traveller ;  born  at  Padua ;  came  to 
London,  1803,  and  exhibited  feats  of  strength  at  Astley's 
Amphitheatre  ;  toured  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  intro- 
duced improved  hydraulic  machines  in  Egypt,  1815  ;  en- 
gaged in  archaeological  exploration  in  Egypt,  and  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  discoveries,  1820  ;  died  of  dysen- 
tery at  Gato,  Benin,  while  on  journey  of  exploration  to 
Timbuktu.  [iv.  205] 

BEN,  BANE,  BENE,  BENNET,  or  BIORT,  JAMES 
(d.  1332),  bishop ;  archdeacon  and,  1328,  bishop  of  St. 
Andrews ;  chamberlain  of  Scotland,  e.  1331 ,  on  Baliol's 
invasion  fled  to  Bruges,  where  he  died.  [iv.  206] 

BENAZEOH,  CHARLES  (1767?-1794),  painter:  son 
of  Peter  Paul  Benazech  [q.  v.] ;  studied  under  Greuze  in 
Paris.  His  best-known  pictures  are  of  incidents  in  French 
Revolution.  [iv.  207] 

BENAZECH,  PETER  PAUL  (1744  V-1788?),  line- 
engraver  ;  pupil  of  Francis  Vivares.  [iv.  207] 

BENBOW,  JOHN  (1663-1702),  vice-admiral;  served 
as  master's  mate  in  Mediterranean,  1678 ;  master,  1679 ; 
probably  in  merchant  service,  1681-9  ;  captain,  1689 ;  suc- 
cessively master  attendant  of  Chatham  and  Deptford 
dockyards,  1690-6 ;  master  of  the  fleet  in  battle  off  Beachy 
Head,  1690,  and  Barfleurand  La  Hogue,  1692  ;  commanded 
bombarding  flotilla  at  St.  Malo,  1693  and  1696,  and  at 
Dunkirk,  1694 ;  commander-in-chief  of  squadron  before 
Dunkirk,  and,  later,  that  in  the  Soundings,  1696 ;  com- 
mander-in-chief in  West  Indies,  1698-1700,  and  in  Downs, 
1700-1 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  1701 ;  again  in  West 
Indies,  1701-2 ;  encountered  French  under  Du  Casse  off 
Santa  Marta,  and  followed  them  for  several  days,  but  gave 
up  the  pursuit  because  his  captains  protested  against  his 
plan  ;  died  of  wounds  at  Port  Royal.  [iv.  207] 

BENBOW,  JOHN  (1681 7-1708),  traveller,  son  of  John 
Benbow  (1653-1702)  [q.  v.]  ;  volunteer  in  navy,  1695; 
joined  merchant  service ;  served  in  East  Indies  as  fourth 
mate,  and  subsequently  second  mate,  1701 ;  wrecked  off 
Madagascar,  captured  by  natives,  but  escaped  and  returned 
to  England.  [iv.  211] 

BENDIGO  (1811-1889).     [See  THOMPSON,  WILLIAM.] 


BENDINGS 


BENNET 


BENDINGS.  WILLIAM  (.ft.  1180),  judge;  one  of 
Henry  IPs  envoys  to  Ireland  to  fetch  Keimund  Fitz- 
grrald.  1176  :  appointed  to  northern  circuit,  1179  :  shi-rifT 
of  Dorset  and  Somerset,  1184.  [iv.  212] 

BENDISH,  BRIDGET  (1650-1726),  daughter  of 
General  Henry  Ireton,  by  Bridget,  Oliver  Cromwell's  eldest 
daughter ;  married  Thomas  Bendish,  1670 ;  said  to  have 
compromised  herself  in  Rye  House  plot,  1683.  [iv.  212] 

BENDLOWEB,  EDWARD  (1603  ?-1676>  [See  BEX- 
LOWES.] 

BENDLOWEB,  WILLIAM  (1516-1584),  lawyer  :  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  :  serjeant-at-law,  1555 ;  M.P.  successively 
for  Helston,  Penrhyn,  and  Dunheved,  1553-4 :  a  governor 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1576 ;  some  of  his  reports  published 
posthumously.  [iv.  213] 

BENEDICT  (d.  1193),  chancellor  to  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1174:  prior  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury, 
1175;  abbot  of  Peterborough,  1177-93;  built  a  large 
portion  of  his  church ;  wrote  histories  of  the  passion  and 
Thomas  Becket's  miracles.  [iv.  213] 

BENEDICT  BISCOP  (628? -690),  founder  of  monas- 
teries :  thegn  of  Oswiu,  king  of  Northumbria ;  monk  of 
monastery  of  Lerins,  665-7  ;  conducted  Theodore  of  Tarsus 
from  Rome  to  Canterbury,  669;  abbot  of  St.  Peter's, 
Canterbury,  669;  built,  674,  at  mouth  of  river  Wear, 
monastery  of  St.  Peter,  which  by  papal  letter  was  exempted 
from  external  control,  678  :  established  sister  monastery 
of  St.  Paul  at  Jarrow  ;  collected  an  extensive  library. 

[iv.  214] 

BENEDICT  CiiKi/VDoxirs  or  OALBDONIU8  (.ft.  1519), 
abbot  of  Scottish  monastery  at  Vienna  ;  opponent  of 
Luther.  [iv.  216] 

BENEDICT  OK  GLOI'CESTKK  (/.  1120),  monk  of  St. 
Peter's,  Gloucester ;  compiled  a  life 'of  St.  Dubricius. 

[iv.  216] 

BENEDICT  OK  NORWICH  (fl.  1340),  abbot  of  Austin 
friars  at  Norwich ;  suffragan  of  Norwich ;  linguist, 
scientist,  and  theologian.  [iv.  216] 

BENEDICT,  SIH  JULIUS  (1804-1885),  musician; 
born  at  Stuttgart ;  pupil  of  J.  C.  L.  Abeille,  Hummel,  and 
Weber;  conductor  at  Karuthnerthor  Theatre,  Vienna, 
1823-5,  and  at  San  Carlo  and  Fondo  theatres,  Naples, 
1825-35 ;  conducted  series  of  Italian  comic  operas  at 
Lyceum,  1836  ;  conductor  of  English  opera,  Drury  Lane ; 
accompanied  Jenny  Liiid  on  American  tour,  1850 ;  con- 
ductor of  Italian  opera,  1852 ;  for  many  years  conducted 
Norwich  festival ;  knighted,  1871 ;  in  1862  was  performed 
his  well-known  '  Lily  of  Killarney.'  [iv.  216] 

BENEFACTA,  RICHARD  (d.  1090  ?).  [See  CLARE, 
RICHARD  DK.] 

BENEFIELD,  SKUASTIAN  (1559-1630), divine  ;  B.A. 
and  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford;  D.D.,  1608; 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1613 ;  rector  of  Meysey- 
Hampton,  Gloucestershire ;  published  scholarly  religious 
works.  [iv.  217] 

BENESE,  RICHARD  (d.  1546),  divine ;  B.O.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1519  ;  canon  of  Augustinian  priory  of  Mertou,  which 
he  surrendered  to  Henry  VIII,  1538 ;  published  a  work  on 
land  surveying.  [iv.  218] 

BENET,  FATIIKB  (1563-1611).  [See  OAXVIKLD.  BEXE- 
DICT.] 

BENET  or  BENEDICTTJS,  M  A  Gi8TER(rf.  1226),  bishop 
of  Rochester ;  keeper  of  great  seal  on  deposition  of  Long- 
champ,  1191  :  bishop  of  Rochester,  1215.  [iv.  218] 

BENET,  WILLIAM  <,/.  1533),  ambassador :  LL.D. : 
canon  of  Leighlin,  1522  ;  occasionally  acted  as  Cardinal 
w<il .-rv'<  c'liinni— iirv  ;  accompanied  embassy  to  Rome, 
152H,  (in  bu.-inr--  coimc-i-tod  with  Henry  VIII's  divorce; 
jiiubassidor  at.  Home.  1529-33  ;  died  at  Susa  in  Piedmont. 

[iv.  218] 

BENEZET,  ANTHONY  (1713-1784),  philanthropist: 
I  Kirn  at  St.  Qnentin,  France,  whence  his  family  cann-  to 
r.ip/land  on  account  of  their  nrotestant  opinions ;  joined 
Society  of  Friends ;  emigrated  to  America,  1731 ;  school - 
muter  in  Friends'  school,  Philadelphia,  1742;  founded 
school  for  female*,  1755  :  interested  himself  in  cause  of 
negroes  and  Indians  ;  published  pamphlets  embodying  his 
religious  and  social  opinions.  [Iv.  219] 


BENFIELD,  PAUL  (d.  1810),  Indian  trader;  civil 
servant  of  Enst  India  Company,  1764  ;  acquired  large  for- 
tune by  trade  contracts,  and  moneyleuding ;  ordered 
home  and  resigned  the  service,  the  character  of  a  trans- 
action between  him  and  uawab  of  the  Carnatic  being 
called  in  question,  1777  ;  M.P.  for  Oricklade,  1780;  subse- 
quently restored  to  his  position  ;  finally  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1793  ;  lost  fortune  in  unfortunate  speculations;  died 
in  Paris  in  indigent  circumstances.  [iv.  220] 

BENGER,  ELIZABETH  OGILVY  (1778-1827), 
author;  came  to  London,  1800;  made  acquaintance  of 
the  Lambs,  Mrs.  Inchbald,  Campbell,  Sinirke  the  painter, 
and  others ;  published  poem  '  On  the  Slave  Trade,'  illus- 
trated with  engravings  after  Smirke,  1809;  wrote  two 
novels,  several  historical  works,  and  translated  one 
volume  of  Klopstock's  letters.  [iv.  221] 

BENHYEM  or  BENHAM,  HUGO  DK  (d.  1282), 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1272 ;  wrote  theological  works. 

[iv.  222] 

BENISCH,  ABRAHAM  (1811-1878),  hebraifit;  born 
of  Jewish  parents  at  Drosau,  Bohemia ;  studied  medicine 
at  Vienna;  settled  in  England,  1841;  edited  'Jewish 
Chronicle,'  1854-69,  and  1876-8  ;  zealously  promoted  cause 
of  his  co-religionists ;  published  works  on  Hebrew  lite- 
rature, [iv.  222] 

BEN  ISRAEL,  MANASSEH  (1604-1657).  [See 
MANASSKH.] 

BENJAMIN,  JUDAH  PHILIP  (1811-1884),  lawyer ; 
born  of  Jewish  parents  of  English  nationality  in  St.  Croix, 
West  Indies ;  educated  at  Yale ;  called  to  the  bar.  New 
Orleans,  1832;  counsellor  of  supreme  court,  New  Orleans, 
1848  ;  senator  for  Louisiana,  1852  and  1857 ;  on  secession 
of  South  Carolina  cast  in  his  lot  with  the  South  and  wus 


I  attorney-general,  and,  later,  acting  secretary  of  war,  in 
cabinet  of  Da  vis's  provisional  government  for  the  Southern 
confederacy,  1861 ;  secretary  of  state,  1864 ;  on  fall  of 
confederacy  came  to  England;  studied  English  law  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  called  to  the  bar,  1866 ;  joined  northern 
circuit ;  published  a  work  on  contract  of  sale  (1868), 
which  was  immediately  successful ;  '  Palatine  silk '  for 
county  of  Lancaster ;  obtained  large  practice,  chiefly  in 
colonial  appeals  before  the  privy  council ;  retired,  1883 ; 
several  of  his  speeches  published.  [iv.  222] 

BENLOWES,  EDWARD  (1603  ?-1676),  poet,  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  inherited  estate  of  Brent 
Hall,  but  squandered  his  money  on  friends,  among  whom 
were  many  distinguished  men ;  his  chief  work, '  Theophila, 
or  Love's  Sacrifice"  (1652),  was  illustrated  by  Hollar  and 
others.  [iv.  226] 

BENN,  GEORGE  (1801-1882),  historian;  educated 
under  Sheridan  Knowles  at  Belfast ;  engaged  in  distilling 
near  Downpatrick ;  subsequently  discovered  the  presence 
of  iron  ore  in  Glenravel  hills,  which  were  successfully 
worked ;  published  writings  relating  to  history  of  Bel- 
fast, [iv.  227] 

BENN  or  BEN,  WILLIAM  (1600-1680),  divine;  edu- 
;  cated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  :  chaplain  to  Marchioness 
!  of  Northampton;  preacher  at  All  Saints,  Dorchester, 
I  1629-62 ;  ejected  under  Act  of  Uniformity  ;  a  volume  of 
!  his  sermons  was  published  posthumously.  [iv.  228] 

BENNET,  BENJAMIN  (1674-1726),  nonconformist 
divine;  ordained,  1699;  colleague  with  Richard  Gilpin 

I  [q.  v.]  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1703  ;  published  hymns  and 
religious  and  historical  works  including  'Memorial  of 

j  Reformation  in  England,'  1717.  [iv.  228] 

BENNET,    CHRISTOPHER  (1617-1655),  physician; 

1  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1639;   incorporated  M.A. 

Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  M.D.,  1646  ;  F.C.P.,  1049  ; 

and  censor,  1654 :    published  treatise  on  consumption, 

1654.  [iv.  229] 

BENNET,    GEORGE  (1760-1835),  hebraist;    presby- 

terian  minister  at  Carlisle,  and  subsequently  of  Strath- 

uritflo,  Fife ;    devotal  much  time  to  study  of  Hebrew ; 

,  one  of  principal  contributors  to  *  British  Critic ' ;   pub- 

|  lished'Olam  Haimshuiuoth,  a  View  of  the  Intermediate 

SUite,'  1800.  [Iv.  229] 

BENNET.  HENRY  (fl.  1561).  of  Calais  ;  translator ; 
published,  1501,  a  volume  of  translations  from  German 
reformers.  [iv.  230] 


BENNET 


BENNETT 


BENNET  1IKNKY,  first  EARL  OK  ARLINGTON  (1618-  '        BENNET  or  BENNETT,  WILLIAM  O7677-1833  V), 

1G85)   member  of  Cabal  ministry:  pnin.lson  of  Sir  John  musician  ;  studied  under ,  I.  C.  Bach  and  Schroeter;  organist 

Bennet    [<j    v.].    educated    nt  Westminster   and   Christ  of  St.  Andrew's,  Plymouth,  1793  ;  published  musical  com- 

Chnrch,  oxford ;  joined  royal  forces  as  volunteer  ;  travelled  positions.                                                                  [iv.  240] 

in  Framv  and  Italy:  au'i-nt  of  Prince  Charles  at  Madrid,  ;         BENNETT,     AGNES     MARIA    (rf.  1808),    novelist: 

1658 ;  keener  of  privy  purse  after  Restoration  ;  secretary  wn)tr   S|.yi.n    novd      publisbed   between    1785   and  1816, 

of  state,  1062-74 ;  M.P. ;  centre  of  opposition  to  (   arcn. Ion,  j    f     lih  were  tmnslate(1  into  French,     [iv.  240] 
166S  •  created  Lord  Arlington,  1663  ;  probably  ultimately 
ret>on«ibie  for -outbreak  of   first  Dutch  war;  arranged 
conclusion  of  triple  alliance,  16G8  :   member  of  Cabal; 


conclusion   of   triple  ™,,,^ 

arranged  secret  treaty  of  Dover,  1670;  peer  and  K.tr., 
1C72  ;  unsuccessful!:,  impeached  in  House  of  Commons  as 
instrument  of  the  king's  evil  measures,  1674  ;  lord  cham- 
berlain, 1674  ;  spent  his  last  years  in  ratirement. 

[iv.  230] 

BENNET,  JOHN  (ft.  1600),  musician  ;  composed  and 
published  many  excellent  madrigals,  1599-1614.   [iv.  233] 

BENNET,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1627),  ecclesiastic  and 
civilian;  alucated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  junior 
proctor,  1585  ;  LL.D.,  1589  :  prebendary  of  York,  1591 ; 
vicar-general  in  spirituals  to  Archbishop  of  York ;  chan- 
cellor of  the  diocese ;  M.P.  for  Ripon,  1597  and  1603,  and 
York,  1601  ;  member  of  council  of  the  north,  1599 ;  | 
knighted,  1603  ;  judge  of  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury ;  J-«WK«  oury, 
chancellor  to  Queen  Anne  of  Denmark ;  M.P.  for  Oxford 
University,  1614  and  1620  ;  impeached,  1621,  for  admini- 
stering estates  of  intestates  in  consonance  with  wishes  of 
highest  bidder ;  trial  discontinued  by  the  Lords  owing  to 
his  illness,  but  resumed  in  Star-chamber,  1622 ;  sentenced 
to  fine,  imprisonment,  and  permanent  disability  from 
holding  office ;  sentence  remitted,  with  exception  of  fine, 
1624.  [iv.  233] 

BENNET,    JOHN    (d.  1686),    controversial    writer; 
M.A.   Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1683;    published  (1683)  a 
pamphlet   in 
Apostate.' 


BENNETT,  CHABLES  HKXKY  (1829-1867), 
draughtsman  on  wood ;  worked  on  staff  of  '  Punch.' 

[iv.  241] 

BENNETT,  EDWARD  TURNER  (1797-1836),  zoolo- 
gist ;  surgeon  in  London  ;  promoted  establishment  of  ento- 
mological society,  1832,  which  ultimately  developed  into 
London  Zoological  Society  ;  published  zoological  works. 

[iv.  241] 

BENNETT,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1800-1879),  actor; 
served  in  navy,  1813-17  ;  appeared  at  Coveut  Garden  as 
Richard  III  and  Hotspur,  1823  ;  in  Covent  Garden  company 
1830-41 ;  with  Macready  at  Drury  Lane,  1841-3,  and  with 
Phelps  at  Sadler's  Wells,  1844-62.  [iv.  241] 

BENNETT,  JAMES  (1786-1856),  printer  and  book- 
seller at  Tewkesbury,  1810-52  ;  published  'History  of 

[iv.  242] 

BENNETT,  JAMES  (1774-1862),  congregational 
minister  ;  minister  at  Romsey,  1797-1813  ;  tutor  and 
pastor  at  Rotherham,  1813  ;  transferred  to  London,  1828 ; 
secretary  to  London  Missionary  Society ;  publisbed  works, 
chiefly  theological.  [iv.  242] 

BENNETT,  JAMES  GORDON  (1800-1872),  jour- 
nalist ;  went  to  America,  1819  ;  obtained  employment  in 
printing  and  publishing  offices  at  Boston  ;  successively  on 
staff  of  'Charleston  Courier,'  'National  Advocate,'  and 
Enquirer';  started  the  short-lived  'New  York  Globe'; 


.u».vu,  ~- , -.    v *~~~  v ,  .. 

reply   to   Samuel   Johnson's    'Julian    the     contributed  to  ' New  York  Mirror ':  founded  ' New  York 


[iv.  235] 


BENNET,  JOSEPH  (1629-1707),  nonconformist  divine; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1650;  obtained  living 
of  Brightling,  1658;  ejected  under  Act  of  Uniformity, 
1662  ;  subsequently  took  charge  of  nonconformist  congre- 
gations at  Hellingly  and  Hastings.  [iv.  235] 

BENNET,  ROBERT  (d.  1617),  bishop ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1569  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1572  ; 
master  of  hospital  of  St.  Cross,  Winchester,  1683 ;  dean 
of  Windsor,  1595 ;  registrar  of  order  of  Garter,  1696 ; 
bishop  of  Hereford,  1603.  [iv.  236] 

BENNET,  ROBERT  (1605-1683),  parliamentary 
colonel  during  civil  war;  member  of  council  of  state, 
1653 ;  M.P.  for  Cornwall,  1653,  for  Launceston  and  Looe, 
1654,  and  Launceston,  1659.  [iv.  236] 

BENNET  or  BENNETT,  ROBERT  (d.  1687),  author  ; 
B.D.  Oxford ;  rector  of  Waddesden,  1648  ;  ejected,  1662  ; 
subsequently  preached  to  small  congregation  at  Ayles- 
bury ;  published  'Theological  Concordance  of  Synonymous 
Terms  in  Holy  Scriptures,'  1657.  [iv.  237] 

BENNET,  SIR  THOMAS  (1592-1670),  judge;  LL.D. 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1624  ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn  ; 


Herald,'  of  which  for  some  time  he  prepared  the  entire 
contents,  1835  ;  subsidised  Stanley's  expedition  to  find 
Livingstone,  1871-2.  He  made  great  improvements  in 
the  system  of  obtaining  news,  and  regularly  employed 
men  of  literary  attainments.  [iv.  243] 

BENNETT,  Sm  JAMES  RISDON  (1809-1891),  phy- 
sician ;  son  of  Rev.  James  Bennett  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1833 ;  physician  to  Aldersgate  Street  dispensary, 
1837 ;  assistant  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1843, 
and  physician,  1849 ;  physician  to  City  of  London  Hos- 
pital for  Diseases  of  Chest,  1848 ;  F.R.S.,  1876 ;  knighted 
and  made  president  Royal  College  Physicians,  1876  ;  pub- 
lished medical  treatises.  [Suppl.  i.  168] 

BENNETT,  Sm  JOHN  (1814-1897),  sheriff  of  London 
and  Middlesex ;  brother  of  William  Cox  Bennett  [q.  v.] ; 
watchmaker  inCheapside,  1846-89  ;  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  1872  ;  knighted  ;  common  councillor  for  ward 
of  Cheap,  1862-89 ;  thrice  elected  alderman,  but  each 
election  annulled.  [Suppl.  i.  169] 

BENNETT,  JOHN  HUGHES  (1812-1876),  physician 
and  physiologist;  apprenticed  as  surgeon  at  Maidstoue, 
1829 ;  one  of  presidents  of  Royal  Medical  Society :  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1837 ;  proceeded  to  Paris ;  founded,  and  was 
first  president  of,  Parisian  Medical  Society;  studied  in 


admitted  to  College  of  Advocates,  1626 ;  master  in  chan-     Germany  ;    lectured  on  histology  at    Edinburgh,  1841 ; 


eery,  1C35-70  ;  knighted,  1661. 


[iv.  237] 


BENNET.  THOMAS  (1646?-1681),  grammarian; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1669 ;  corrector  of  University 
Press ;  obtained  livings  of  Steventon  by  Ahingdon  and 
Hungerford  ;  published  work  known  as  '  Oxford  [Latin] 
Grammar,'  1673.  [iv.  237] 

BENNET,  THOMAS  ( 1673-1 7.'8),  divine;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1694 ;  fellow  ;  lecturer  at 
St.  Olave's,  Southwark,  deputy  chaplain  to  Chelsea  Hos- 
pital, and  morning  preacher  at  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  c. 
1711;  presented  to  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate :  D.D.,  1711: 
published  works,  including  controversial  treatises  directed 
against  dissenters  and  q  tinkers,  a  paraphrase  of  the  'Book 
of  Common  Prayer,  with  Annotations'  (1708),  and  a 
Hebrew  grammar  (1726).  [iv.  238] 

BENNET,  WILLIAM  (1746-1820),  bishop  of  Cloyue; 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1770;  fellow.  1773  ;  D.D.,  17iH> :  bishop  of  Cork  and 
Ross,  1790-4,  and  of  Cloyne,  1794-1820  ;  F.S.A.,  1790 :  pub- 
lished archaeological  writings.  [iv.  239] 


F.R.S.  and  F.C.P.  Edinburgh;  physician  to  Royal  Dis- 
pensary, and  pathologist  to  Royal  Infirmary;  editor  of 
'London  and  Edinburgh  Monthly  Journal  of  Medical 
Science,'  1846  ;  professor  of  Institutes  of  Medicine,  Edin- 
burgh, 1848-74  :  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1875.  His  works  in- 
clude important  treatises  on  clinical  medicine,  physiology, 
pathology,  pneumonia,  cancerous  and  cancroid  growths, 
and  leucocythtemia.  [iv.  244] 

BENNETT.  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1801-1876),  botanist  : 
studied  at  Middlesex  Hospital  :  was,  till  1870,  keeper  of 
Banksian  herbarium  and  library  on  its  transfer  to  British 
Museum  in  1827 :  F.R.S.,  1841  ;  F.L.S.,  1828,  and  secre- 
tary, 1840-60 ;  published  botanical  papers.  [iv.  246] 

BENNETT,  WILLIAM  COX  (1820-1895),  miscel- 
laneous writer :  watchmaker  at  Greenwich :  on  staff  of 
'  Weekly  Dispatch,'  1869-70 ;  member  of  London  council 
of  the  Education  League ;  published  songs  and  other 
writings.  [Suppl.  i.  168] 

BENNETT,  WILLIAM  JAMES  EARLY  (1804-1886), 
ritualist  divine  ;  born  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1829  ; 


BENNETT 


00 


BENT 


usher  at  Westminster  School,  1826-8 ;  minister  of  Portman 
Chapel,  1836-43,  ami  of  St.  Paul's.  Knightsbridge,  1840 ; 
attracted  hostile  imti'-e  owing  to  his  ritualistic  innova- 
tions ami.  in  consequence,  resigned  incumbency,  185(1 : 
vicar  of  Frome  Sehvood,  Somerset,  1852-86;  published 
sermons  and  controversial  and  other  religious  writings. 


[Suppl.  1.  169] 
ID     (177* 


BENNETT,  WILLIAM  MINEARD  (1778-1858), 
miniaturist ;  pupil  of  Kir  Thomas  Lawrence ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy,  1812-16  and  1834-5.  [iv.  247] 

BENNETT.  SIR  WILLIAM  STERNDALE  (1816-1875), 
musical  composer ;  in  choir  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1824-6 ;  studied  violin  under  Oury  and  Spagnoletti,  and 
piano  under  Cipriani  Potter,  and  Crotch  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Music,  1826-36 ;  attracted  Mendelssohn's  atten- 
tion by  his  first  concerto  (1832),  which  was  the  occasion 
of  a  long  intimacy ;  organist  at  Wandsworth  church, 
1834;  attended  the  Lower  Rhine  Festival  conducted  by 
Mendelssohn,  1836,  and  visited  the  Rhine,  where  he  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  the  '  Naiads,'  which  was  produced  at  the 
Society  of  Musicians,  1837  ;  conducted  performance  of  the 
'  Naiads '  at  the  Gewaudhaus,  Leipzig,  1837 ;  took  pro- 
minent part  in  forming  Bach  Society,  1849 ;  appointed 
permanent  conductor  at  Philharmonic  Society's  concerts, 
1855,  and  professor  of  music  at  Cambridge,  1856 ;  M  us. 
Doc.,  1856 ;  composed  the  '  May  Queen,'  1858 ;  principal 
of  Academy  of  Music,  1866;  received  Beethoven  gold 
medal  from  Philharmonic  Society,  1867  :  lion.  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1867  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870  ;  knighted,  1871.  His 
works  include  overtures  to  the  'Tempest'  (1832)  and 
'Merry  Wives  of  Windsor'  (1833);  'Paradise  and  the 
Peri'  (1862),  symphony  in  G  minor  (1864),  'Woman  of 
Samaria '  (1867),  and  '  Ajax '  (1872).  [iv.  247] 

BENNIS,  GEORGE  GEARY  (1790-1866),  author ;  for 
some  years  grocer  in  Limerick ;  director  of  a  librairie  des 
Strangers,  Paris,  1830-6 ;  librarian  to  British  embassy ; 
editor  of '  Galignaui's  Messenger ' ;  published  miscellaneous 
works.  [iv.  251] 

BENOIST,  ANTOINE  (1721-1770),  draughtsman  and 
engraver ;  born  at  Soissous  ;  teacher  of  drawing  in  Eng- 
land, [iv.  252] 

BENOLT,  THOMAS  (</.  1534),  herald  ;  Berwick  pur- 
suivant in  Edward  IV's  reign  ;  Rougecroix  pursuivant  in 
Richard  Ill's  reign  ;  Windsor  herald  under  Henry  VII; 
Norroy  king-at-arms,  1510 :  Clarencieux  king-at-arms, 
1511 ;  issued  the  challenges  for  tournaments  at  Field  of 
Cloth  of  Gold,  1520.  [iv.  252] 

BENSLEY,  ROBERT  (1738  ?-1817  ?),  actor :  appeared 
at  Drury  Lane  as  Pierre  ('  Venice  Preserved '),  1765,  sub- 
sequently playing  Edmund  ('King  Lear'),  Buckingham 
('Richard  III '),  and  Merlin  ('Cymon'):  at  Covent 
Garden,  1767-75;  alternated  between  Drury  Lane  and 
Haymarket,  1775  to  1796,  when  he  retired  from  stage  with 
a  benefit  performance  of  the  'Grecian  Daughter,'  in 
which  he  took  Evauder  to  Mrs.  Siddons's  Euphrasia. 

[iv.  263] 

BENSLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1833),  printer:  produced 
Macklin's  folio  bible  (1800),  Hume's  'History of  England,' 
and  an  octavo  Shakespeare ;  originated  some  mechanical 
adjustments  adopted  by  the  'Times,'  1814.  [iv.  254] 

BENSLY,  ROBERT  LUBBOCK  (1831-1893),  orien- 
talist: educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and  Gonville 
and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1855 ;  lecturer  in 
Hebrew,  1861-89 :  fellow,  1876-93 ;  under-librarian  of  the 
university,  1864-76 ;  Lord  Almoner's  professor  of  Arabic, 
1887-93 ;  member  of  Old  Testament  revision  committee, 
1870;  published  translations  and  works  connected  with 
oriental  research.  [Suppl.  i.  171] 

BENSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1789-1868), divine;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1816  ;  first  Hulsean  lecturer, 
Cambridge,  1820 ;  canon  of  Worcester,  1825  ;  for  several 
years  master  of  the  Temple;  published  religious  works, 
including  ' Chronology  of  our  Saviour's,  Life'  (1819). 

[iv.  255] 

BENSON,  EDWARD  WHITE  (1829-1896),  archbishop 
of  Canterbury ;  educated  at  King  Edward's  School,  Bir- 
mingham, and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1862; 
senior  chancellor's  medallist :  master  at  Rugby,  1862  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity,  1863 ;  ordained  deacon,  1863  ;  first  mas- 
ter of  Wellington  College,  1869-72 ;  examining  chaplain 
of  Wordsworth,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1868 ;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1869 ;  chancellor  of  Lincoln  Minster,  1872  ;  first 


bishop  of  Truro,  1877  ;  formed  divinity  school  at  Trnro  ; 
served  on  royal  commission  upon  ecclesiastical  courts, 
1881 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1882  ;  advocated  Parish 
Councils  Bill  in  House  of  Lords,  1893 ;  member  of  'sweat- 
ing '  committee  of  House  of  Lords ;  introduced  Clergy 
Discipline  Bill,  passed,  1892 ;  obtained  appointment  of 
royal  commission  to  inquire  into  working  of  Education 
Acts,  1886  ;  created  house  of  laymen  to  sit  in  connection 
with  convocation  of  his  province,  1886 ;  vigorously  op- 
posed disestablishment  of  Welsh  church,  and  organised 
Central  Church  Committee  for  Church  Defence  and  In- 
struction, 1893 ;  presided  and  delivered  judgment  at  trial  of 
Dr.  Edward  King,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  for  alleged  ritual 
offences,  1889-90  :  made  preaching  tour  in  Ireland,  1896  ; 
published  sermons  and  other  works,  including  '  Cyprian  : 
his  Life,  his  Times,  his  Work'  (posthumously,  1897),  and 
'The  Apocalypse'  (posthumously,  1900).  [Suppl.  i.  171] 

BENSON,  GEORGE  (1699-1762),  divine ;  educated  at 
Glasgow  ;  pastor  of  congregation  of  protestant  dissenters 
at  Abingdon,  1723  ;  embraced  Arminian  doctrines;  joint 
pastor  of  presbyterian  congregation  at  Birmingham,  c. 
1742 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1744 ;  pastor  of  congregation  of 
protestant  dissenters  in  Poor  Jewry  Lane,  Orutchedfriars, 
1749-62 ;  published  theological  works,  including  para- 
phrases of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  and  the  Seven  Catholic 
Epistles,  and,  in  1738,  a  '  History  of  the  First  Planting  of 
the  Christian  Religion.'  [iv.  255] 

BENSON,  Sm  JOHN  (1812-1874),  architect  and  en- 
gineer; county  surveyor  to  East  Riding  of  Cork,  1846  • 
engineer  to  Cork  harbour  commissioners,  1850  ;  architect 
of  Great  Industrial  Exhibition,  Dublin,  1853 ;  knighted, 
1853.  [iv.  257] 

BENSON,  JOSEPH  (1749-1821),  Scottish  divine ;  edu- 
cated under  presbyterian  minister,  but  subsequently 
joined  methodists ;  opened  school  in  Cumberland,  c.  1765 ; 
went  to  London,  1766;  appointed  by  Wesley  classical 
master  of  Kiugswood  school ;  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall, 
Oxford,  1769 ;  presented  to  parish  of  Rowley,  near  West 
Bromwich;  became  famous  as  a  preacher;  published 
controversial  and  other  religious  works.  [iv.  257] 

BENSON,  MARTIN  (1689-1752),  bishop ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  prebendary  of 
Durham,  1724 ;  chaplain  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1726;  rector 
of  Bletchley,  1727;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1728;  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  1735.  [iv.  258] 


',  ROBERT,  BAROX  BINGLKY  (1676-1731), 
politician  ;  M.P.  for  Thetford,  1702-5,  and  York,  1705-13 ; 
treasury  lord,  1710;  chancellor,  under-treasurer  of  ex- 
chequer, and  privy  councillor,  1711 ;  raised  to  peerage, 
1713  ;  ambassador-extraordinary  to  Spain,  1713 ;  trea- 
surer of  household,  1730.  [iv.  259] 

BENSON,  ROBERT  (1797-1844),  lawyer ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1821 ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple, 
1821 ;  practised  in  equity  courts ;  recorder  of  Salisbury, 
1836.  His  works  include,  'Memoirs  of  Rev.  Arthur 
Collier '(1837).  [iv.  259] 

BENSON  or  BOSTON,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1549),  divine ; 
member  of  Benedictine  house  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire; 
B.D.  Cambridge,  1521 ;  D.D.,  1528 ;  abbot  of  Benedictine 
monastery  of  St.  Mary  and  St.  Modwen,  Burton-on-Trent, 
1631 ;  abbot  of  monastery  of  Westminster,  1633  ;  surren- 
dered monastery  to  the  king,  and  was  dean  of  Westminster, 
1540.  [iv.  259] 

BENSON,  WILLIAM  (1682-1754),  critic  and  poli- 
tician; sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1710;  published  'Letter  to 
Sir  Jacob  Bankes  .  .  .  concerning  the  late  Minehead 
Doctrine,'  1711;  M.P.  for  Shaftesbury,  1715;  surveyor- 
general  of  works  in  place  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren  ;  auditor 
of  the  imprest ;  a  generous  patron  of  literature ;  erected 
monument  to  Milton  in  Westminster  Abbey,  [iv.  261] 

BENSTEDE,  SIR  JOHN  DK  (d.  1323  ?),  judge ;  keeper 
of  great  seal,  1297,  1298,  and  1304-5 ;  chancellor  of  ex- 
chequer, 1305-7 ;  keeper  of  wardrobe,  1308 ;  one  of  com- 
mission of  trailbaston  on  northern  circuit,  1306  ;  justice 
of  common  bench,  1307,  and  of  common  pleas,  1309. 

[Iv.  261] 

BENT,  JAMES  THEODORE  (1862-1897),  explorer 
and  archaeologist ;  educated  at  Repton  school  and  Wadham 
College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1875  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1874  : 
travelled  abroad ;  studied  local  traditions  and  customs  in 
Karpathos,  Samoa,  and  Tliasos,  1886-7,  and  engaged  in 


BENTHAM 


91 


BENTINCK 


I 


archaeological  research  on  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  1888-9, 
Bahrein  Islands,  1889,Cilicia  Tracheia,  1890,  Mashonaland, 
1891,  Abyssinia,  1893,  and  the  Arabian  peninsula,  1893-7  ; 
published  works  relating  to  his  travels.  [Suppl.  i.  179] 

BENTHAM,  EDWARD  (1707-1776),  divine;  entered 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1724;  vice-principal, 
Magdalen  Hal!  1730 ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1731  ;  M.A.,  1732 ; 
prebendary  of  Hereford,  1743  ;  D.D.,  1749  ;  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1764  ;  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1763  ; 
published  philosophical,  religious,  and  other  works. 

[iv.  262] 

BENTHAM  GEORGE  (1800-1884),  botanist:  son  of 
Sir  Samuel  Bentham  [q.  v.],  and  nephew  of  Jeremy  Bent- 
ham  [q.  v.] ;  lived  in  France,  1814-27 ;  studied  at  Mont- 
auban ;  published  translations  in  French  from  works  of 
Jeremy  Bentham  (Paris,  1823), and  'Catalogue  des  Plantes 
indigenes  des  Pyrenees,'  &c.  (1826) ;  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1826 ;  published,  1827, '  Outlines  of  a  new  System  of 
Logic,'  in  which  the  doctrine  of  qualification  of  predicate 
was  first  clearly  set  forth ;  F.L.S.,1828 ;  honorary  secretary 
of  Horticultural  Society,  1829-40 ;  published  memoirs  of 
genera  and  natural  orders  of  Indian  plants,  1832-6  ;  pub- 
lished '  Handbook  of  British  Flora,'  1858 ;  worked  on  de- 
scriptive botany  at  Kew  after  1861,  and  produced  works 
on  flora  of  Hongkong  and  Australia,  'Genera  Plantarum' 
(7  vols.,  1863-78),  and '  Outlines  of  Botany ' ;  vice-president, 
Linnean  Society,  1858;  president,  1861-74;  member  of 
Royal  Society,  1862  ;  received  royal  medal,  1859  ;  C.M.G., 
1878.  [iv.  263] 

BENTHAM,  JAMES  (1708-1794),  divine;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1738;  vicar  of  Stapleford, 
Cambridgeshire,  1733-7 ;  minor  canon  of  Ely,  1737 ;  rector 
of  Feltwell  St.  Nicholas,  Norfolk,  1768-74,  and  of  North- 
wold,  1774-9;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1779;  published '  His- 
tory of  Ely  Cathedral,'  1771,  and  two  works  embodying 
suggestions  for  improvement  of  the  fen  country. 

BENTHAM,  JEREMY  (1748-1832),  writer  on  juris- 
prudence ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1766  ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  of 
which  society  he  became  a  member  in  1817  ;  made  very 
little  effort  to  succeed  as  a  barrister,  but  turned  his 
mind  to  physical  science  and  speculations  on  politics  and 
jurisprudence ;  produced,  between  1776  and  1780,  work 
printed  in  1780  as  '  Introduction  to  Principles  of  Morals 
and  Legislation';  published  anonymously,  1776,  'Frag- 
ment on  Government,'  a  masterly  criticism  on  Black- 
stone's  'Commentaries,'  which  obtained  for  him  the 
friendship  of  Lord  Shelburne ;  wrote,  in  Russia, '  Defence 
of  Usury,'  and  a  series  of  letters  on  a  '  Panopticon,'  or 
house  for  inspection  of  industries,  by  which  he  hoped  to 
improve  the  condition  of  prison  discipline,  the  scheme 
meeting  with  considerable  favour,  though  a  partial 
failure ;  published  '  Protest  against  Law  Taxes '  and 
*  Supply  without  Burden,  or  Escheat  vice  Taxation,'  1795 ; 
directed  his  attention  to  defects  of  poor  laws,  1797-8; 
completed  criticism  on  working  of  English  libel  law, 
1809;  wrote,  at  Ford  Abbey,  ' Chrestomathia,'  'The 
Church  of  England  and  its  Catechism,'  and  'Not  Paul, 
but  Christ ' ;  published '  A  Catechism  of  Parliamentary  Re- 
form,' 1817 ;  aided  in  establishing  '  Westminster  Review,' 
1823  ;  published  'Petition  for  Justice,'  1829,  letters  advo- 
cating sale  of  public  offices,  1830,  and  'Pannomial  Frag- 
ments,' 1831.  In  his  numerous  works  Bentham  sought  to 
compass  the  whole  field  of  ethics,  jurisprudence,  logic, 
and  political  economy.  To  the  last  science  his  contribu- 
tions are  of  small  account,  and  to  the  literature  of  logic 
he  made  no  very  valuable  additions ;  his  nephew,  George 
Bentham's  '  Outlines  of  a  New  System  of  Logic  '  contains 
his  ideas  on  the  subject.  His  influence  on  jurisprudence 
and  ethics  can  scarcely  be  over-estimated.  His  '  Intro- 
duction to  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation '  ex- 
pounded many  schemes  which  since  his  time  have  been 
applied  to  the  amendment  of  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice. In  the  history  of  ethics  he  stands  out  as  one  of  the 
ablest  champions  of  utilitarianism.  [iv.  268] 

BENTHAM,  JOSEPH  (1594  ?-1671),  divine  ;  rector  of 
Bronghton  and,  later,  of  Neather  Wickenden,  Bucking- 
hamshire ;  sequestered  by  order  of  parliament,  1 643 ;  re- 
stored to  parish  of  Broughton,  1660  ;  published  sermons 
and  religious  treatises.  [iv.  280] 

BENTHAM,  SIB  SAMUEL  (1757-1831),  naval  archi- 
tect and  engineer ;  brother  of  Jeremy  Bentham  [q.  v.] ; 


educated  at  Westminster;  apprenticed  as  shipwright: 
travelled  in  Russia  and  Siberia,  studying  methods  of 
working  metals,  1780-2;  received  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  from  Prince  Potemkin,  who  made  him  superinten- 
dent of  his  shipbuilding  yard  at  Kritchev ;  directed 
equipment  of  flotilla  at  Cherson  for  service  against 
Turks,  1787  ;  commanded  flotilla  in  the  Liman,  1788,  and 
received  military  cross  of  8t  George,  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  sword  of  honour;  returned  to  England, 
1791 ;  assisted  Jeremy  Bentham  in  fitting  up  his  Panop- 
ticon ;  inspector-general  of  navy  works,  1795-1807 ;  .in- 
troduced numerous  improvements  iu  machinery  of  dock- 
yard and  build  of  ships  ;  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1807-12 ; 
published  papers  on  professional  subjects.  [iv.  281] 

BENTHAM,  THOMAS  (1513-1578),  bishop;  per- 
petual fellow,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1546;  M.A., 
1547 ;  ejected  from  fellowship,  1553 ;  bishop  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventry,  1659  ;  D.D.,  1565  ;  translated  Ezekiel  and 
Daniel  (1568)  in  the  Bishops'  Bible.  [iv.  284] 

BENTINCK,  LORD  GEORGE,  whose  full  Christian 
names  were  WILLIAM  GKORGE  FKKDKKIC  CAVKNDISH 
(1802-1848),  statesman;  fifth  child  and  second  surviving 
son  of  fourth  Duke  of  Portland ;  cornet,  10th  hussars, 
1819 ;  private  secretary  to  Canning  (who  married  Ben- 
tinck's  mother's  sister)  when  Canning  was  foreign  secre- 
tary and  leader  of  House  of  Commons :  major,  2nd  life 
guards,  1825 ;  M.P.  for  King's  Lynn,  1826-48 ;  devoted 
himself  to  horse-racing ;  rode  his  first  public  match  at 
Goodwood,  1824;  introduced  many  improvements  in 
management  of  racecourse ;  strongly  opposed  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  measures  for  suspension  of  restrictions  on  imported 
corn  to  meet  failure  of  potato  crop  in  Ireland  and  insuffi- 
cient supply  of  corn  in  England ;  accepted  leadership  of 
protectionists,  1846 ;  sold  his  racing  stud,  1846  ;  proposed 
a  scheme,  which  was  rejected,  for  employment  of  dis- 
tressed Irish  on  construction  of  railways  in  Ireland,  1847  ; 
resigned  leadership,  December  1847 ;  chairman  of  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  interests  of  sugar  and  coffee 
planters,  1848 ;  advocated  unsuccessfully  maintenance  of 
protective  duty  on  foreign  sugar.  [iv.  297] 

BENTINCK,  Sre  HENRY  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1796- 
1878),  general ;  ensign,  Coldstream  guards,  1813 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1851;  served  in  Crimea;  colonel,  1854; 
K.O.B.,  1856  ;  general,  1867.  [iv.  284] 

BENTINCK,  JOHN  ALBERT  (1737-1775),  captain  ; 
grandson  of  William  Bentinck,  first  earl  of  Portland 
[q.  v.] ;  midshipman,  1753 ;  commander,  under  Lord 
Anson  at  St.  Malo,  1758 ;  captain,  1768 ;  employed  in 
cruising,  1760-2 ;  held  various  commands  at  Portsmouth, 
1766-73  ;  count  of  the  empire.  [iv.  285] 

BENTINCK,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  PORTLAND 
(1649-1709),  son  of  Henry  Bentinck  of  Diepenheim  ;  page 
of  honour'in  William  of  Orange's  household ;  gentleman 
of  prince's  bedchamber ;  accompanied  William  to  Eng- 
land, 1670  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1670 ;  sent  by  William  on 
mission  to  Charles  II  to  negotiate  the  marriage  with 
Princess  Mary,  which  took  place  in  1677 :  took  large  share 
in  preparations  for  William's  invasion  of  England,  1688  ; 
created  Baron  Cirencester,  Viscount  Woodstock,  and  Earl 
of  Portland,  and  appointed  groom  of  the  stole,  first  gentle- 
man of  the  bedchamber  and  privy  councillor,  on  corona- 
tion of  William  and  Mary ;  obtained  command  of  regi- 
ment of  Dutch  guards,  and  subsequently  held  rank  of 
lieutenant-general  in  English  army;  became  the  most 
trusted  agent  of  William's  foreign  policy ;  accompanied 
king  on  his  Irish  campaign,  1690,  at  Landen,  1693,  and 
in  Dutch  campaign,  1694 ;  K.  G.,  1697 ;  conducted  negotia- 
tions for  peace  of  Ryswyk,  1697 ;  went  on  an  embassy  to 
France  to  treat  concerning  Spanish  succession,  1698; 
signed  first  partition  treaty,  1698;  resigned  places  in  royal 
household  from  jealousy  of  Albemarle,  1699 ;  took  active 
part  in  direction  of  Scottish  affairs,  and  incurred  much 
odium  by  collapse  of  Darien  scheme ; 
tion  treaty,  1700;  his  impeachment  in  House  of 
after  debates  on  partition  treaties  dismissed,  1701. 

[iv.  285] 

BENTINCK,  LORD  WILLIAM  CAVENDISH  (1774- 
1839),  governor-general  of  India  ;  second  son  of  William 
Henry,  third  duke  of  Portland  [q.v.]:  captain,  1792; 
lieutenant-colonel,  24th  light  dragoons,  1794 ;  on  Duke  of 
York's  staff  in  Netherlands,  1794;  attached  to  head- 
quarters staff  of  Marshal  Snwarrof  8  army  in  Italy  and 
served  in  campaigns  of  1799  ;  with  Austrian  forces,  1801 ; 


BENTINCK 


BEORHTRIC 


governor  of  M;nlni<.  isn3;  major-general ;  refiillcd  after 
mutiny  at  Vcloro,  for  which  he  was  held  mainly  respon- 
sible, 1807 ;  commanded  brigade  at  Corufia  ;  lieutenant- 
general;  commander-in-chief  of  British  fonvs  in  Si.-ily. 
1811;  served  in  Spain,  1813  ;  commanded  successful  ex- 
pedition against  Genoa,  1814  ;  governor-general  of  Bengal, 
1887 ;  effected  important  financial  reforms,  and  greatly 
improved  condition  of  revenue,  reorganised  judicial  de- 
partment, and  extended  system  of  employment  of  natives 
in  official  positions  ;  first  governor-general  of  India,  1833  ; 
met  Macaulay,  with  whom  he  contracted  a  warm  friend- 
ship ;  returned  to  England,  1835  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Glasgow, 
1837.  [iv.  2tt"2] 

BENTINCK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  CAVENDISH, 
third  DUKK  OF  PORTLAND  (1738-1809),  statesman:  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.P.  for 
Weobly,  Herefordshire,  1760;  succeeded  to  dukedom, 
1762  ;  lord  chamberlain  of  household  and  privy  councillor, 
1765;  married  Lady  Dorothy  Cavendish,  daughter  of 
William,  fourth  duke  of  Devonshire,  1766  ;  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  1782;  prime  minister,  1783;  chancellor  of 
Oxford  University,  1792;  allied  with  Pitt  at  time  of 
French  revolution  ;  home  secretary,  1794-1801 ;  K.G.  and 
lord  lieutenant  of  Nottingliamshire,  1794 ;  greatly  as- 
sisted passing  of  Act  of  Union  with  Ireland,  1798 ;  lord 
president  of  the  council  in  Addington's  and  Pitt's  cabi- 
nets ;  retired  on  death  of  Pitt,  but  returned  to  public  life 
when  Pitt's  friends  came  again  into  power,  1807 ;  prime 
minister,  1807 ;  resigned,  1809.  [iv.  302] 

BENTINCK-SCOTT,  WILLIAM  JOHN  CAVEN- 
DISH, fifth  DUKK  OK  PORTLAND  (1800-1 879),  succeeded  to 
his  brother's  title  of  Martinis  of  Titchfield,  1824 ;  M.P.  for 
King's  Lynn,  1824-6;  succeeded  to  dukedom,  1854;  de- 
puty lieutenant  of  Nottinghamshire,  1859-79 ;  lived  life 
of  a  recluse.  [iv.  304] 

BENTLEY,  CHARLES  (1806-1854),  painter :  member 
of  old  Water-Colour  Society,  1844 ;  painted  chiefly  coast 
and  river  scenes.  [iv.  305] 

BENTLEY,  GEORGE  (1828-1895),  publisher  and 
author :  son  of  Richard  Bentley  (1794-1871)  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  London ;  entered  his  father's 
office,  c.  1845 ;  edited  '  Temple  Bar  Magazine,'  1866-95 ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  publisher  in  ordinary  to  the 
queen:  member  of  Stationers'  Company  and  F.R.G.S. 
Among  the  more  notable  novelists  whom  he  introduced 
to  the  public  are  Wilkie  Collins,  Mrs.  Henry  Wood,  Miss 
Rhoda  Broughton,  Miss  'Marie  Corelli,'  Mr.  'Maarten 
Maartens,'  and  Mrs.  Riddeil.  [Suppl.  i.  180] 

BENTLEY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1772),  vice-admiral ;  en- 
tered navy,  c.  1720  ;  lieutenant,  1734;  commander  after 
battle  of  Toulon,  1744  ;  served  at  Finisterrc  and  in  Bay  of 
Biscay,  1747,  and  at  blockade  of  Brest,  1759 ;  knighted, 
1759 ;  commissioner  of  navy,  1761 ;  promoted  to  flag, 
1763  :  vice-admiral,  1770.  [iv.  305] 

BENTLEY,  JOSEPH  CLAYTON  (1809-1851),  land- 
scape painter  and  line-engraver ;  exhibited  paintings  at 
London  and  provincial  exhibitions  from  1833.  Some  of 
his  best  engravings  are  in  Vernou  Gallery.  [iv.  306] 

BENTLEY,  NATHANIEL  (1735  ?-1809),  beau ;  called 
DIRTY  DICK  ;  known  for  many  years  as  the '  Beau  of  Lead- 
euhall  Street'  (where  he  kept  a  warehouse):  frequently 
presented  himself  at  court,  but  in  later  life  developed 
habits  of  squalor,  the  filth  of  his  premises  becoming 
proverbial.  [iv.  306] 

BENTLEY,  RICHARD  (1662-1742),  scholar  and  critic  ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1680;  master  of 
Spalding  school,  Lincolnshire,  1682;  appointed  chaplain 
to  Stillingfleet,  bishop  of  Worcester,  1690 ;  brought  into 
great  repute  as  u  minute  and  accurate  scholar  by  his 
critical  letter  to  Mill  in  Mill's  edition  of  the  'Chronicle  of 
Malt-las,'  1691 ;  delivered  the  first  course  of  Boyle  lectures, 
taking  as  his  subject  'A  Confutation  of  Atheism,'  1692  ;  ! 
prebendary  of  Worcester,  1692 ;  keeper  of  royal  libraries 
and  F.R.S.,  1694;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 'king,  1695; 
contributed  to  second  edition  of  William  Wottou's  '  Re- 
flections on  Ancient  and  Modem  Learning '  (1697),  an 
essay  in  which  he  proved  the  '  Letters  of  Phalaris '  to  be 
forgeries,  and  reviewed  an  edition  of  them  edited,  in  1696, 
by  tin-  Hon.  Charles  Boyle,  who  had  printed  in  his  preface 
an  insolent  reference  to  Bentley  ;  answered  by  Boyle  and 
his  f rieuds  in  '  Dr.  Beiitley's  Dissertations  on  the  Epistles 


of  1'lmlaris,'  &c.,  1698:  retaliated  in  1699,  with  his 
'Dissertation  on  the  Letters  of  Phalnris,'  which  effect- 
ually crushed  his  aggressors  and  takes  rank  as  a  perma- 
nent masterpiece  of  literature  ;  master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1700-42  ;  having  committed  a  number  of  petty 
cncroiiclinu-nts  on  the  privileges  of  the  fellows,  lie  was, 
1714,  brought  to  trial  before  the  bishop  of  Ely  (Moore), 
who  died  before  delivering  sentence,  leaving  judgment 
against  Bentley  among  his  papers  ;  ruled  with  practically 
despotic  power,and  in  1733was  again  brought  before  bishop 
of  Ely  (Dr.  Greene)  and  deprived  of  his  mastership,  but 
retained  it  because  the  successive  vice-masters,  who  alone 
could  execute  the  sentence,  refused  to  act  against  him. 
His  works  include  valuable  editions  of  many  classical 
authors,  including  a  daring  Horace,  1711,  and  a  somewhat 
unsympathetic  edition  of  '  Paradise  Lost,'  1732.  Among  his 
numerous  contributions  to  classical  scholarship  may  be 
mentioned  his  discovery  and  restoration  of  the  '  digamma ' 
to  certain  words  in  the  Homeric  poems.  [iv.  306] 

BENTLEY,  RICHARD  (1708-1782),  miscellaneous 
writer;  youngest  sou  of  Richard  Bentley  (1662-1742) 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1718 ;  fellow, 
1723  ;  lived  many  years  in  south  of  France  and  in  Jersey ; 
constant  correspondent  of  Horace  Walpole  until  1 701,  when 
there  was  a  rupture  between  them  ;  executed  drawings 
for  editions  of  Gray's  poems  printed  by  Walpole,  1763 ; 
wrote,  after  1761,  some  unsuccessful  plays.  [iv.  314] 

BENTLEY,  RICHARD  (1794-1871),  publisher ;  edu- 
cated, at  St.  Paul's  School ;  joined  his  brother  Samuel 
[q.  v.]  in  printing  business,  1819 ;  in  partnership  (1829) 
with  Henry  Oolburn  ;  started '  Bentley's  Miscellany,'  with 
Dickens  as  editor,  1837;  published  'Young  England' 
newspaper,  1845,  and  '  Bentley's  Quarterly  Review,'  1859 ; 
one  of  his  successful  ventures  was  the  issue  of  127  volumes 
of  'Standard  Novels.'  [iv.  316] 

BENTLEY,  ROBERT  (1821-1893),  botanist;  studied 
medicine  at  King's  College,  London;  M.R.O.S.,  1847; 
F.L.S.,  1849  ;  lectured  on  botany,  London  Hospital ;  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  London  Institution  and  King's  College, 
and  of  botany  and  materia  medica  to  Pharmaceutical 
Society ;  edited  '  Pharmaceutical  Journal ' ;  published 
botanical  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  LSI] 

BENTLEY,  SAMUEL  (1785-1868),  printer  and  anti- 
quary ;  brother  of  Richard  Bentley  (\794-1871)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  in  partnership  with  John 
Nichols,  his  brother  Richard  [q.  v.],  1819,  and,  later,  with 
his  nephew,  John  Bentley,  Wilson,  and  Fley.  He  pre- 
pared and  published  several  antiquarian  works,  including 
'  Excerpta  Historica '  (1831).  [iv.  317] 

BENTLEY,  THOMAS  (1693  ?-1742). classical  scholar; 
grandson  of  Thomas  Bentley,  half-brother  of  Dr.  Richard 
Bentley  (1602-1742)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1715;  fellow; 
librarian  of  Trinity ;  LL.D.,  1724  ;  published  annotated 
editions  of  classical  authors,  including  Horace  (1713),  and 
Callimachus  (1741).  [iv.  318] 

BENTLEY,  THOMAS  (1731-1780),  manufacturer  of 
porcelain  ;  apprenticed  to  woollen  and  cotton  trades  in 
Manchester  ;  removed  to  Liverpool,  1754,  where  he  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  body  of  dissenters  called  Octa- 
gonians ;  entered  into  partnership  with  Josiah  Wedgwood 
for  manufacture  and  sale  of  ornamental  pottery,  1768; 
came  to  London,  1769.  [iv.  317] 

BENWELL,  JOHN  HODGES  (1764-1785),  genre 
painter :  studied  at  Royal  Academy  ;  executed  drawings 
in  water-colours  combined  with  crayons.  [iv.  319] 

BENWELL,  MARY  (/.  1761-1800),  portrait  painter; 
exhibited  crayon  portraits  and  miniatures  at  Incorporated 
Society  of  Artists  and  Royal  Academy,  1761-91.  [iv.  319] 

BENWELL,  WILLIAM  (1765-1796),  claasical  scholar ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1789  ;  rector  of  Ohilton, 
Suffolk.  He  edited  Xeuophou's  '  Memorabilia,'  1804. 

BENYNG  or  DK  BININ  WILLIAM  (/.  1250),  bio- 
grapher; prior  of  Cistercian  abbey  of  Newbattle  until 
1243 ;  abbot  of  Oupar,  1243-68 ;  wrote  life  of  John  Scot, 
bishop  of  Dunkeld.  [iv.  320] 

BEORHTRIC  or  BRIHTRIC,  king  of  the  West-Saxons 
(d.  802),  succeeded  Oynewulf,  785;  married  Eadburh, 
daughter  of  Offa,  king  of  the  Mercians,  787 ;  died  from 


BEORHTWULF 


BRRONP3 


the  effects  01  poisou  prepared  by  Eudlmrh  for  her  bus- 
baud's  favourite.  During  bis  reign  the  Northmen  first 
landed  (787)  in  England.  [iv.  320] 

BEORHTWULF  or  BERTTTLF,  king  of  the  Mcn-iuns 
(d.  852),  succeeded  Wiglaf,  839;  defeated  by  invading 
Danes,  H51.  [iv.320] 

BEORN,  Karl  of  the  Middle  Angles  (d.  1049),  son 
of  rif  and  Kstrith, Gnat's  sister :  received  earldom,  e.  1045  ; 
murdered  by  onier  of  Godwine's  eldest  son,  Sweyn,  who 
had  been  banished.  In  (•;,  and  whose  lands  had  been  divided 
netwtvn  I'.eorn  and  Harold.  [iv.  320] 

BEORNWULF,  king  of  the  Mercians  (d.  826), 
til-nosed  CYolwult  and  succeeded  to  kingdom,  823  ;  settled, 
at  councils  held  at  Clevesho,  824  and  825,  the  long  dispute 
!,,twtfii  see  of  Canterbury  and  Mercian  crown  :  defeated 
•it  Hllandune  by  Ecgberht,  king  of  Wessex,  825  ;  killed  in 
light  against  Kast  Anglians.  [iv.  321] 

BERANGER,  GABRIEL  (d.  1817),  artist;  born  in  | 
Rotterdam ;   opened  print  shop  and  artist's  warehouse, 
Dublin,  1750;  antiquarian   draughtsman  in  Dublin  ex- 
chequer office ;  executed  drawings  of  antiquities  in  many 
parts  of  Ireland.  [iv.  322] 

BERCHET,  PETER  (1659-1720),  painter;  boni  in 
France ;  worked  on  decorations  of  William  Ill's  palace  at 
Loo ;  executed  paintings  in  several  important  buildings 
in  En-land.  [iv.  322] 

BERCHTHTTN,  SAINT  (d.  733),  abbot;  first  abbot  of 
Beverley,  700.  [iv.  322] 

BERDMORE,  SAMUEL  (1740-1802),  master  of  Char- 
terhouse ;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1759 ;  fellow : 
M.A.,  1762 ;  master  of  Charterhouse  School,  1769-1791 ; 
D.D.,  1773  ;  published  works  of  criticism  on  poetry. 

[iv.  323] 

BERE,  RICHARD  (</.  1524),  scholar;  abbot  of  Glas- 
tonbury,  1493  ;  accompanied  an  embassy  to  Rome,  1503 ; 
engaged  with  archbishop  Warbam  in  dispute  concerning 
genuineness  of  relics  of  St.  Dunstau  at  Glastonbury,  which 
was  still  unsettled  when  he  died.  [iv.  323] 

BEREBLOCK,  JOHN  (fl.  1566).    [See  BEAIIBLOCK.] 

BEREFORD,  RALPH  DE  (fl.  1329),  judge ;  served  on 
commissions  of  oyer  and  terminer  in  various  counties, 
1314-24 ;  justice  itinerant,  c.  1330.  [iv.  324] 

BEREFORD,  RICHARD  DE  (fl.  1283-1317),  judge; 
treasurer  of  Irish  exchequer,  1300 ;  justice  of  assize  for 
six  English  counties,  1310 ;  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1314. 

[iv.  324] 

BEREFORD,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1326),  judge;  pro- 
bably justice  itinerant,  c.  1292 ;  appointed  justice  of 
common  bench,  1294  and  1307 ;  one  of  twenty-one  Eng- 
lish members  of  parliament  appointed  to  confer  on 
Scottish  affairs  with  Scottish  representatives,  1305;  chief- 
justice  of  common  bench,  1309.  [iv.  324] 

BERENGABJA  (d.  after  1230),  queen  of  Richard  I : 
daughter  of  Sancho  VI  of  Navarre ;  married  and 
crowned  at  Limasol,  Cyprus,  1191;  proceeded  to  Acre 
and  remained  there  till  1192,  when  she  travelled  to  Sicily, 
Rome,  Pisa,  Genoa,  Marseilles,  and  Poitou ;  was  perhaps 
with  Richard  at  Chaluz  when  he  received  his  death  wound ; 
founded,  1230,  Cistercian  monastery  at  Espan,  in  Maine, 
where  she  was  buried.  [iv.  325] 

BERENGER,  RICHARD  (d.  1782),  for  many  years 
gentleman  of  horse  to  George  III ;  famous  for  his  charm- 
ing manner  in  social  life ;  published  works  on  horseman- 
ship and  some  poems  and  essays.  [iv.  326] 

BERESFORD,  JAMES  (1764-1840),  miscellaneous 
writer;  M.A.  Mertou  College,  Oxford,  1798;  fellow; 
rector  of  Kibworth  Beauchamp,  Leicestershire;  author 
of  '  Miseries  of  Human  Life,'  1867.  [iv.  327] 

BERESFORD,  JOHN  (1738-1805),  Irish  statesman ; 
second  son  of  Marcus,  earl  of  Tyrone;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1757;  called  to  bar,  1760,  but  never 
practised;  M.P.  for  Waterford,  1760-1805;  privy  conn 
cillor,  1768 ;  first  commissioner  of  revenue,  1780 ;  intro- 
duced reforms  in  methods  of  revenue  collection  and 
greatly  improved  architecture  and  street  communication 
of  Dublin  :  principal  adviser  of  Pitt  in  his  Irish  policy 

Erivy  councillor  of  England,  1786;  dismissed  from  office 
y  Lord  Fitzwilliam,  1795,  but  reinstated  on  Fitzwilliam's 
recall ;  helped  to  bring  about  the  union,  1801 :   retired 
from  office,  1802.  [iv.  327] 


BERESFORD,  LOUD  JOHN  GEORGE  DE  LA  POER 
(1773-1862),  primate  of  Ireland;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1796 ;  D.D.,  1805 ;  priest, 
1797  ;  dean  of  St.  Macartin's,  Clogher,  1799 ;  bishop  of  Cork 
and  Ross,  1805,  of  Raphoe,  1807,  and  of  Clogher,  1819 ; 
archbishop  of  Dublin  and  privy  councillor  in  Ireland,  1820 ; 
archbishop  of  Armagh  and  primate  of  Ireland,  1822  ;  vice- 
chancellor  of  Dublin  University,  1829,  and  chancellor,  1851 ; 
published  speeches  and  sermons.  [iv.  328] 

BERESFORD,  SIR  JOHN  POO  (1766-1844),  ad- 
miral ;  natural  son  of  Lord  de  la  Poer  (afterwards 
Marquis  of  Waterford) ;  entered  navy,  1782 ;  captain, 
1795 ;  successfully  engaged  French  in  Hampton  roads. 
1795;  commanded  in  North  Sea,  1803,  and  on  North 
American  station,  1806  :  commanded  blockade  of  Lorient, 
1808-9;  senior  officer  off  Brest,  1810,  in  North  Sea,  1811, 
and  on  American  coast.  1812-14;  commanded  Royal 
Sovereign  yacht,  1814 ;  baronet  and  rear-admiral,  1814 ; 
K.C.B.,  1819 ;  commanded  at  Leith,  1820-3,  and  at  Nore, 
1830-3;  vice-admiral,  1821;  admiral,  1H3K;  represented 
various  constituencies  in  parliament  between  1812  and 
1835.  [iv.  329] 

BERESFORD,  MARCUS  GERVAIS  (1801-1885), 
archbishop  of  Armagh :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1828 ;  D.D.,  1840 ;  rector  of  Kildallon,  co.  Cavan,  1824 ; 
vicar  of  Drung  and  Larali,  c.  1827 :  archdeacon  of 
Ardagh,  1839 ;  bishop  of  Kilniore  and  Ardagh,  1854 ; 
bishop  of  Clogher  and  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1862; 
Irish  privy  councillor  ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1864. 

[Suppl.  i.  182] 

BERESFORD,  WILLIAM  CARR,  VISCOUNT  BEKKS- 
KOKU  (1788-1854),  general;  illegitimate  son  of  George 
de  la  Poer  Beresford,  marquis  of  Waterford  ;  entered 
military  school,  Strasburg,  1785  ;  ensign,  1785  ;  served 
in  Nova  Scotia,  1786  ;  captain,  1791 ;  at  Toulon,  1791-3  ; 
in  Corsica,  at  captures  of  Martello,  Bastia,  Calvi,  and  San 
Fiorenzo,  1794  ;  brevet-major  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1794 ; 
commanded  Connaught  rangers  in  reconquest  of  West 
Indies,  1795,  in  Jersey,  1797-9,  India,  1800,  and  Egypt, 
1801-3 ;  brevet-colonel,  1803 ;  commanded  first  brigade 
at  capture  of  the  Cape,  1805  ;  in  conjunction  with  Sir 
Home  Popham  captured  Buenos  Ayres,  but  being  com- 
pelled subsequently  to  capitulate,  was  there  imprisoned 
for  six  months ;  returned  to  England,  1807 ;  occupied 
Madeira  as  governor  and  commander-in-chief,  in  name  of 
king  of  Portugal,  1807-8  ;  major-general  and  commandant 
of  Lisbon,  1808 ;  fought  at  Ooruna,  1809  ;  marshal  in 
Portuguese  army ;  local  lieutenant-general  in  Portugal, 
1809 ;  reorganised  Portuguese  army ;  K.B.  and  Conde  de 
Trancoso  in  Portuguese  peerage,  1810 ;  with  valuable 
assistance  from  Colonel  Hardinge,  quartermaster-general 
of  Portuguese  army,  won  battle  of  Albuera,  1811 ; 
wounded  at  Badajoz ;  present  at  Vittoria  and  battles  of 
Pyrenees,  1813 ;  commanded  centre  of  army  at  battles  of 
Nivelle,  the  Nive,  and  Orthez,  1814 ;  created  Lord  Beres- 
ford of  Albuera  and  Cappoquin,  co.  Carlow,  after  battle 
of  Toulouse ;  resumed  command  of  Portuguese  army  at 
Lisbon;  lieutenant-general,  1812;  governor  of  Jersey, 
1814 ;  returned  to  England,  1822 ;  lieutenant-general  of 
ordnance  and  colonel  of  16th  regiment,  1822 ;  Viscount 
Beresford,  1823 ;  general,  1825  ;  master-general  of  ord- 
nance, 1828-30 ;  published  pamphlets  defending  his  con- 
duct at  Albuera  against  attacks  by  Colonel  Napier. 

[iv.  330] 

BEREWYK,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1312),  judge ;  entrusted 
with  charge  of  vacant  abbey  of  St.  Edmund,  1279,  and  of 
see  of  Lincoln  1279-81 ;  treasurer  of  Queen  Eleanor,  1284 ; 
justice  itinerant,  1292.  [iv.  385] 

BERGENROTH,  GUSTAV  ADOLPH  (1813-1869), 
historical  student ;  born  at  Oletzko,  East  Prussia ;  edu- 
cated at  Kbnigsberg  University;  manifested  advanced 
democratic  opinions  in  outbreak  of  1848 :  emigrated  to 
California,  1850 ;  came  to  London  with  view  of  studying 
Tudor  period  of  history,  1857  ;  after  research  in  Spanish 
archives  at  Simancas,  published  (1862-8)  calendar  of 
Simancas  documents  relating  to  English  affairs  between 
1485  and  1525 ;  died  at  Madrid.  [iv.  335] 

BERGNE,  JOHN  BRODRIBB  (1800-1873),  numis- 
matist and  antiquary:  entered  foreign  office,  1817,  and 
was  superintendent  of  treaty  department,  1854-73 ;  mem- 
bar  of  commission  to  revise  slave  trade  instructions, 
1865 ;  a  founder  and  treasurer  (1843-57)  of  the  Numis- 
matic Society;  F.S.A.;  contributed  to  'Numismatic 
Chronicle.'  '  [iv.  336] 


BERINGTON 


BERKELEY 


BERINGTON,  CHARLES  (1748-1798),  catholic  di- 
vim-;  educated  at  Douay  and  in  Knirlish  seminary,  Paris; 
D.D.,  1776 :  member  of  catholic  committee,  1788 ;  vicar- 
apostolic  of  midland  district,  1795;  renounced,  under 
compulsion  of  the  holy  see,  the  committee's  doctrines, 
1797.  [iv.  337] 

BERINOTON,  JOSEPH  (1746-1827),  catholic  divine  : 
educated  at  St.  Omer  ;  ordained  priest  in  France ;  leader 
of  fifteen  priests  known  as  '  Staffordshire  Clergy ' ;  priest 
at  Oscott,  178C,  and  subsequently  in  London  district,  from 
which  he  was  twice  suspended  for  opinions  expressed  in 
certain  of  his  works ;  priest  at  Buckland,  Berkshire, 
1814-27;  published  philosophical,  historical,  and  theo- 
logical works.  [iv.  337] 

BERKELEY,  FAMILY  OF.  Roger,  first  tenant  of 
Berkeley,  1086,  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  William,  and 
by  William's  son.  Part  of  Berkeley,  with  the  castle,  passed 
in  Henry  II's  reign  to  Robert  Fitz-Harding,  whose  family 
intermarried  with  the  Berkeleys,  and  has  held  the  pro- 
perty for  seven  hundred  years.  From  one  of  Fitz-Harding's 
descendants  sprang  the  Berkeley  family  of  Beverston  Castle, 
important  in  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  ;  while  from 
another  came  the  Berkeleys  of  Stoke  Gifford,  Gloucester- 
shire, of  Bruton  and  Pylle,  Somerset  (now  represented  by 
Edward  Berkeley-Portman,  Baron,  1837,  and  Viscount 
Portman,  1873),  and  of  Boycourt,  Kent.  Berkeley  Castle 
ultimately  passed  to  James  Berkeley,  who  was  summoned 
to  parliament,  1421-61,  in  right  of  his  possession  of  the 
castle.  From  James's  youngest  son  was  descended  Chief 
Baron  Sir  Robert  Berkeley  (d.  1656)  [q.  v.],  of  Spetchley. 
James's  eldest  son,  William,  died  childless,  after  which 
the  castle  passed  into  the  family  of  his  nephew  Maurice. 
Maurice's  descendant,  George  (d.  1698)  [q.  v.],  was  created 
Viscount  Dursley  and  Earl  of  Berkeley,  1679,  after  whom 
the  earldom  descended  to  Frederick  Augustus,  fifth  earl. 
The  fifth  earl  alleged  that  he  secretly  married,  in  1785,  a 
lady  whom  he  publicly  married  in  1796.  His  secret 
marriage  not  being  proved,  the  title  of  sixth  earl  went  to 
Thomas  Moreton  Fitzhardinge  Berkeley,  the  eldest  of  his 
sous  born  after  the  public  marriage.  [iv.  339] 

BERKELEY,  CRAVEN  FITZHARDINGE  (1805- 
1855),  member  of  parliament ;  sou  of  Frederick  Augustus, 
fifth  earl  of  Berkeley ;  officer  in  1st  life  guards ;  M.P. 
for  Cheltenham,  1832 ;  re-elected,  1835,  1837,  1841,  1848, 
and  1852 ;  defeated,  1847,  and  his  election  in  1848  declared 
void.  [iv.  343] 


r,  ELIZA  (1734-1800),  authoress,  nte  Frin- 
sham ;  married  Bishop  George  Berkeley  (1685-1753)  [q.  v.], 
1761 ;  published  with  prefaces  volumes  from  manuscripts 
of  her  husband  (d.  1795)  and  eldest  son  (d.  1793). 

[iv.  344] 

BERKELEY,  FRANCIS  HENRY  FITZHARDINGE 
(1794-1870),  politician ;  fourth  son  of  Frederick  Augustus, 
fifth  earl  of  Berkeley  ;  born  before  his  parents'  marriage 
in  1796 ;  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.  for 
Bristol,  1837,  and  1841-70 :  repeatedly  advocated  ballot, 
but  without  success,  1848-70.  [iv.  345] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE,  BAROX  BERKELEY  (1601- 
1G58),  succeeded  to  family  honours.  1613;  K.B.,  1616; 
canon-commoner,  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1619;  M.A., 
1623 ;  spent  much  time  in  foreign  travel.  [iv.  346] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  o»  BKHKKI.KY 
(1628-1698),  statesman ;  younger  son  of  George  Berkeley 
(1601-1658)  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  as  Baron  Berkeley,  1658 ; 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  one  of  commissioners 
to  invite  Charles  to  England  from  The  Hague,  1660  ;  on 
council  for  foreign  plantations,  1661 ;  original  member  of 
lt<>\  ul  African  Company,  and  F.H.S.,  1663 ;  created  Viscount 
Dursley  and  Earl  of  Berkeley,  1679;  governor  of  Levant 
Company,  1680 ;  a  master  of  Trinity  House,  1681 ;  member 
of  East  India  Company ;  privy  councillor,  1685 ;  member 
of  provisional  government  after  flight  of  James  II,  1688. 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE  (16937-1746),  politician, 
fourth  son  of  Charles,  second  earl  of  Berkeley ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1713;  M.P.  for  Dover,  1718,  and  for  Heydon,  Yorkshire, 
1734-46 ;  master-keeper  and  governor  of  St.  Katharine's, 
near  the  Tower,  1723.  [iv.  348] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE  (1685-1753),  bishop  of  Oloyne ; 
educated  at  Kilkenny,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.A. 


and  fellow,  1707 ;  studied  philosophy  and  published  '  Essay 
towards  a  New  Theory  of  Vision,'  1709,  'Treatise  con- 
cerning Human  Knowledge,'  1710,  and  'Dialogues  be- 
tween Hylas  and  Philonous,'  1713  ;  junior  dean,  1710-11 ; 
junior  Greek  lecturer,  1712  ;  came  to  England,  1713,  and 
became  associated  \vith  Steele,  Addisou,  Pope,  Swift,  and 
others ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Peterborough  while  ambassador 
to  king  of  Sicily,  1713-14 ;  travelled  as  tutor  to  son  of 
Bishop  St.  George  Ashe  [q.  v.],  1716-20 ;  dean  of  Derry, 
1724  ;  circulated  proposals  for  founding,  in  the  Ber- 
mudas, college  for  training  of  missionaries,  1725 ;  senior 
fellow,  Dublin,  1717 ;  divinity  lecturer  and  senior  Greek 
lecturer,  1721;  D.D.,  1721;  Hebrew  lecturer  and  senior 
proctor,  1722 ;  came  to  England,  1724,  and  obtained  charter 
for  proposed  college,  1725 ;  went  to  America,  1728,  and 
returned  on  failure  to  receive  from  government  money 
for  furthering  his  scheme,  1732 ;  published  '  Alciphron,' 
1732  ;  bishop  of  Oloyne,  1734 ;  published  '  Querist,'  1735-7, 
in  which  he  made  a  number  of  suggestions  upon  uses  of 
money :  retired  to  Oxford,  1762,  and  there  died.  As  a 
philosopher  he  aimed  at  discrediting  materialism.  He 
formed  a  link  between  Locke  and  Hume.  [iv.  348] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE  CHARLES  GRANTLEY 
FITZHARDINGE  (1800-1881),  writer  ;  sixth  son  of 
Frederick  Augustus,  fifth  earl  of  Berkeley;  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College  and  Sandhurst;  joined  Cold- 
stream  guards,  1816,  and  subsequently  entered  82nd  foot ; 
M.P.  for  West  Gloucestershire,  1832-52;  his  romance, 
'Berkeley  Castle,'  savagely  reviewed  in  'Fraser's  Maga- 
zine,' 1836 ;  Berkeley,  in  consequence,  publicly  assaulted 
Fraser,  the  publisher  (who  brought  an  action  against 
him  and  obtained  damages),  and  fought  a  duel  with  Dr. 
Maginn,  the  author ;  proposed,  1836,  and  obtained,  1841, 
admission  of  ladies  to  gallery  of  House  of  Commons; 
devoted  himself  largely  to  field-sports  after  1852 ;  pub- 
lished autobiographical,  sporting,  and  other  works. 

[iv.  356] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE  CRANFIELD,  seventeenth 
BAUON  BERKELEY  (1753-1818),  admiral ;  entered  navy, 
1766 ;  accompanied  Caroline  Matilda  to  Denmark ;  with 
Captain  Cook  during  survey  of  coast  of  Newfoundland  and 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence ;  lieutenant,  1772  ;  on  Victory  at 
Ushant,  1778 ;  surveyor-general  of  ordnance,  1786 ;  wounded 
at  victory  of  1  June  1794 ;  rear-admiral,  1799  ;  vice- 
admiral,  on  Halifax  station,  1805 ;  held  chief  command 
on  Portuguese  coast  and  in  Tagus,  1808-12 ;  admiral, 
1810 ;  M.P.  for  Gloucester,  1781-1812 ;  G  C.B.,  1814. 

[iv.  358] 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE  MONCK  (1763-1793),  miscel- 
laneous writer;  son  of  Eliza  Berkeley  [q.v.],  educated 
at  Eton,  St.  Andrews,  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  and  Inner 
Temple;  LL.B.  Dublin,  1789:  his  works  include  two 
dramatic  pieces,  and  'Poems'  edited  by  his  mother 
(1797).  [iv.  359] 

BERKELEY,   GILBERT  (1501-1581),  bishop:   B.D. 

Oxford,  c.  1539 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Walls,  1560 ;  chan- 

!  cellor  of  Wells,  1560-2 ;   D.D.,  1563  ;  opposed  attempt  of 

burgesses  of  Wells  to  obtain  renewal  of  their  ancient 

corporation,  1574.  [iv.  359] 

BERKELEY,  JAMES,  third  EARL  OP  BERKELEY 
(1680-1736),  admiral ;  captain  of  frigate  in  Channel,  1701 ; 
served  in  Mediterranean  with  Sir  George  Rooke  and  Sir 
Olowdisley  Shovell,  1704-7;  raised  to  flag-rank,  1708; 
with  Byug  in  the  Forth,  1708 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Glou- 
cestershire, 1710-11  and  1714:  first  lord  commissioner  of 
admiralty,  1717-27 ;  lord  high  admiral  and  commander- 
in-chief  in  channel,  1719 ;  K.G.,  1718.  [iv.  360] 

BERKELEY,   JOHN,  first  BARON    BERKELEY    o» 
STRATTON  (d.  1678),  soldier  ;  ambassador  from  Charles  I 
to  Christina  of  Sweden  to  propose  alliance  to  help  elector 
palatine,  1637  ;  knighted,  1638 ;  held  commission  in  army 
raised  to  coerce  Scots ;  M.P.  for  Heytesbury,  1640 ;  impri- 
soned in  Tower  on  accusation  of  conspiring  to  corrupt 
army  in  interest  of  king;   received  bail:  royalist  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  Devonshire;  took  Exeter,  1643;  de- 
feated at  Alresford,  1644;    lieutenant-colonel  of  Devon- 
shire and  Cornwall,  1645 ;  surrendered  Exeter  to  Fairfax, 
i  1646 ;  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  mediate  between  king 
!  and  parliamentary  leaders,  1647 ;  accompanied  Charles  in 
<  his  flight  until  the  king  went  to  Oarisbrooke ;  retired  to 
I  France ;  governor  to  Duke  of  York,  1652 ;  accompanied 
I  Duke  of  York  under  Turenne  in  Flanders,  1652-5,  and  in 
Netherlands,  1656;  raised  to  peerage,  1668;  on  admiralty 
staff,  16CO ;   lord-president  of  Conuaught  for  life,  1661 ; 


BERKELEY 


95 


BERNARD 


privy  councillor,  1663  ;  one  of  masters  of  ordnance,  1663; 
on  committee  of  Tangier,  16G5  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  1  ivland, 
1670-2  ;  one  of  the  ambassadors  extraordinary  at  con- 
gress of  Nimeguen,  1676-7 ;  published  An  apology  for  his 
share  in  jin«-c»ilinu's  connected  with  Charles  I'a  Sight 
from  Hampton  Court.  [iv.  361] 

BERKELEY,  JOHN,  third  BAIION  BKHKKU-IY  «P 
STRATTOX  (1663-1697),  admiral;  second  son  of  John 
Berkeley  (d.  1678)  [q.  v.],  lieutenant,  1685 ;  rear-admiral 
of  fleet  under  Lord  Dartmouth,  1688 ;  vice-admiral  of  red 
squadron  under  Admiral  Herbert,  1689 ;  successively  vice- 
admiral  of  blue,  and  admiral  of  blue  under  Killigrew, 
iK-lavall,  and  Shovell,  1693 ;  took  part  in  attack  on  Brest, 
1694 ;  bombarded  Dieppe  and  Havre,  1694 ;  combined 
with  Dutch  in  ineffectual  bombardment  of  St.  Malo,  1695 ; 
engaged  in  harassing  French  coast,  1695-7.  [iv.  364] 

BERKELEY,  MAURICE  FREDERICK  FITZ- 
HAKUINUK,  first  BARON  FITZHARDINOK  (1788-1867), 
admiral,  son  of  fifth  Earl  of  Berkeley ;  entered  navy,  1802 ; 
flag-lieutenant,  1810 :  commanded  flagship  at  Cork,  1828- 
1831 ;  in  Mediterranean,  1841 ;  admiral,  1862  ;  with  brief 
intervals  M.P.  for  Gloucester,  1831-57,  and  held  seat  at 
admiralty,  1833-57  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1861 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  K.O.B.,  1855 ;  G.C.B.,  1861.  [iv.  365] 

BERKELEY,  MILES  JOSEPH  (1803-1889),  botanist; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1828 ;  honorary  fellow,  1883 ;  curate  of  St.  John's, 
Margate,  1829  ;  perpetual  curate  of  Apethorpe  and  Wood 
Newton,  1833 ;  rural  dean  of  Roth  well ;  vicar  of  Sibber- 
toft,  Northamptonshire,  1868 ;  F.L.S.,  1836;  F.R.S.,  1879. 
His  works  include  'Introduction  to  Cryptogamic  Bo- 
tany,' 1857,  'Outlines  of  British  Fungology,'  I860,  and 
the  volume  on  fungi  in  Smith's  'English  Flora,'  1836. 


BERKSHIRE,  EAUL  OP  (1579-1623). 

FRANCIS.] 


[See  NORRIS, 


[Suppl.  i.  183] 
justiciar; 


BERKELEY,  ROBERT  (</.  1219),  justiciar;  eldest 
son  of  Maurice  Berkeley  (d.  1190) ;  succeeded  to  manor  of 
Berkeley,  1 J90 ;  justiciar  at  Derby,  1208 ;  sided  with  barons 
against  John,  and  Berkeley  Castle  being  forfeited,  he  died 
still  dispossessed.  [iv.  366] 

BERKELEY,  Sm  ROBERT  ( 1584-1656),  judge ;  called 
to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1608 ;  high  sheriff  of  Worcester- 
shire, 1613;  called  to  degree  of  coif,  1627;  king's  serjeant 
and  justice  of  court  of  king's  bench,  1632 ;  supported  king 
in  imposition  of  ship-money,  1635-7,  and  was  impeached 
in  House  of  Lords,  1641;  fined,  and  incapacitated  from 
holding  office,  1642.  [iv.  366] 

BERKELEY,  ROBERT  (1713-1804),  author  of  '  Con- 
siderations on  Oath  of  Supremacy,'  and  '  Considerations  on 
Declaration  against  Trausubstantiation.'  [iv.  367] 

BERKELEY,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1639-1666),  vice-admi- 
ral ;  lieutenant,  1661 ;  commander,  1662  ;  rear-admiral  of 
red  squadron  under  Duke  of  York,  1664;  in  Channel, 
1664-5 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Portsmouth,  1665 ;  killed 
in  battle  with  Dutch  off  North  Foreland.  [iv.  368] 

BERKELEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1677),  governor  of 
Virginia  :  brother  of  John,  first  baron  Berkeley  of 
Stratton  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1629 ;  one 
of  commissioners  of  Canada,  1632;  gentleman  of  privy 
chamber  to  Charles  I ;  governor  of  Virginia,  1641 ;  de- 
prived of  office  by  parliament,  but  reappointed  at  Re- 
storation ;  retunial  to  England,  1677;  published  'The 
Lost  Lady,'  a  tragedy,  1638.  [iv.  368] 

BERKENHOTJT,  JOHN  (17307-1791),  physician  ; 
studied  in  Germany ;  entered  Prussian  army ;  cap- 
tain ;  obtained  commission  in  English  army,  1756 ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  at  Leyden,  where  he 
graduated  doctor  of  physic,  1765 ;  accompanied  govern- 
ment commissioners  to  America,  1778-80  ;  published 
'  Outlines  of  Natural  History  of  Great  Britain,'  1769-71, 
3  vols. ; '  Biographia  Literaria,'  1771,  and  several  medical 
and  other  works.  [iv.  369] 

BERKLEY,  JAMES  JOHN  (1819-1862),  engineer; 
educated  at  King's  College,  London ;  pupil  of  Robert 
Stephenson,  1839;  chief  resident  engineer,  Great  Indian 
Peninsula  Railway,  1849;  completed  line  from  Bom- 
bay to  Tanna  (twenty  miles),  initiating  Indian  rail- 
way system,  1853 ;  completed  line  from  Bombay  to 
Calcutta,  Madras,  and  Nagpore  (1,237  miles),  1856  ;  held 
several  municipal  appointments  in  Bombay ;  M.I.O.E.,  1856. 

[iv.  370] 


BERKSTED,  BIRKSTED,  or  BTJRGHSTED,  STE- 
PHEN (d.  1287),  bishop  of  Chichester,  1262  ;  one  of  those 
chosen  after  the  battle  of  Lewes  to  nominate  council  of 
nine  to  exercise  royal  power,  1264 ;  sa«pended  by  cardinal- 
legate,  1266,  and  summoned  to  Rome,  where  he  remained 
till  1272.  [iv.  371] 

BEBXIOZ,  HARRIET  CONSTANCE  (1800-1854). 
[See  SMITHSON.] 

BERMINGHAM,  8m  JOHN,  BARL  OF  LOUTH 
(d.  1328),  lord  justice  of  Ireland  ;  knighted,  1312 ;  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  English  forces  in  Ireland,  1318  :  de- 
feated Edward  Bruce  near  Dundalk;  created  Earl  of 
Louth,  1318 ;  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1321 ;  slain  in  quarrel 
between  Anglo-Irish  families  of  Oriel.  [Iv.  371] 

BERMINGHAM,  MICHEL  (6.  1685),  surgeon  ;  mem- 
ber of  Academy  of  Surgery,  Paris ;  published  medical 
writings  (1720-50).  [iv.  372] 

BERMINGHAM,  PATRICK  (d.  1532),  judge ;  chief 
justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1613-32 ;  chancellor  of 
green  wax  of  exchequer,  Ireland,  1521.  [iv.  372] 

BERMINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1311),  archbishop 
of  Tuam,  1289 ;  litigated  on  visitatorial  powers  with 
Dominican  friars  of  Athenry,  who  obtained  judgment 
against  him  from  lord  chancellor,  1297;  attempted  un- 
successfully to  unite  sees  of  Auuadowu  and  Tuam. 

[iv.  372] 

BEBNAL,  RALPH  (d.  1854),  politician:  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1809  ;  barrister,  1810 ;  M.P. 
for  Lincoln,  1818-20,  Rochester,  1820-41,  and  1847-52, 
and  Weymouth,  1841-7 ;  chairman  of  committees,  c.  1830- 
1850 ;  president  British  Archaeological  Society,  1853.  His 
collection  of  works  of  art  sold  for  71,OOOZ.,  1855.  [iv.  373] 

BEKNAL  OSBORNE,  RALPH  (1808-1882),  poli- 
tician ;  eldest  son  of  Ralph  Bernal  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  ensign, 
71st  regiment,  1831 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Chipping  Wycombe, 
1841  ;  married  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Osborne,  whose 
name  he  assumed,  1844 ;  secretary  of  admiralty,  1852-8 ; 
M.P.  for  Middlesex,  1847,  1852,  Dover,  1857-59,  Liskeard, 
1859-65,  Nottingham,  1866-8,  and  Waterford,  1869-74. 

BERNARD.    [See  also  BARNARD.] 

BERNARD  (/.  865),  traveller  in  Palestine ;  called 
SAPIENS  ;  erroneously  identified  with  Bernard,  a  Scottish 
monk,  and  with  another  native  of  Scotland  who,  accord- 
big  to  Dempster,  preached  the  crusade  in  Scotland,  1095- 
1105 ;  set  out  from  Rome  between  863  and  867,  and  on 
return  from  Palestine  proceeded  to  monastery  of  Mont 
St.  Michel,  Brittany ;  wrote  a  description  of  his  journey  in 
Palestine.  A  '  History  of  Jerusalem '  and  other  works 
have  also  been  attributed  to  him.  [iv.  374] 

BERNARD  (/.  1093),  warrior ;  of  Neufmarche  or  '  of 
Newmarch';  came  to  England  with  Conqueror;  joined 
Norman  lords  against  Rufus,  1088,  and  was  defeated  at 
Worcester ;  invaded  and  settled  in  Brecheiniog ;  founded 
and  endowed  priory  of  St.  John  at  Brecknock,  [iv.  376] 

BERNARD  (d.  1333  ?),  bishop :  chancellor  of  Scotland, 
r.  1307;  abbot  of  Arbroath,  e.  1311;  prol»ably  drew  up 
letter  from  Scottish  nation  to  John  XXII,  claiming  right 
to  choose  its  own  king ;  bishop  of  Sodor,  1324 ;  wrote 
Latin  poem  on  victory  of  Bannockburn.  [iv.  376] 

BERNARD  A  SANCTO  FBJUfCISCO  (1628-1709). 
[See  EYSTON.] 

BERNARD,  CHARLES  (1660-1711),  surgeon:  sur- 
geon to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1686:  Serjeant- 
surgeon  to  Queen  Anne,  1702  ;  master  of  Barber  Surgeons' 
Company,  1703.  [Iv.  377] 

BERNARD,  DANIEL  (d.  1588),  brother  of  John 
Bernard  (d.  1567  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1585  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1577 ;  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1686.  [iv.  382] 

BERNARD,  EDWARD  (1638-1696),  critic  and  as- 
tronomer ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1658 ;  M.A.,  1662  ;  D.D..1684; 
studied  oriental  mathematical  manuscripts  at  Leyden, 
1668 ;  chaplain  to  Dr.  Mews,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 


BERNARD 


BERRIMAN 


1673 ;  Savilian  professor.  Oxford,  1673-91 ;  F.R.S.,  1673  ; 
tutor  at  Paris  to  Dukes  of  drift  on  an.l  Northumberland, 
sons  of  Charles  II  by  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  1676  ;  re- 
turned  to  Oxford,  1677:  obtained  living  of  Brinhtwell, 
Berkshire,  1691 :  left  works  in  manuscript  which  were 
purchased  by  the  Bodleian.  His  writings  include  '  De 
mensuris  et  ponderilms  antiquis  Hhri  tres'  (16HN), 'Ety- 
mologicon  Britannicum*  (UW9),  'ObrDOOiOfifl  Samari- 
nopsis'  (1691),  and  some  astronomical  work*. 

[iv.  378] 

BERNARD,  FRANCIS  (1687-lr.9H).  physician  ;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1678:  F.O.P.,  1687  ;  assistant  physician  to  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1678;  physi.  n  in  onlinary  to 
James  II,  1698.  His  library  of  medic;  I  books  was  re- 
puted to  be  the  largest  ever  made  in  England,  [iv.  380] 

BERNARD,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1711  ?-1779),  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  :  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1736;  called  to  bar  at  Middle 
Temple ;  bencher :  practised  on  midland  circuit ;  governor 
of  province  of  New  Jersey,  1758,  and  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  1760;  his  thorough  administration  of  the  home 
government's  policy,  for  which  he  was  as  a  reward 
created  baronet  in  1769,  undoubtedly  hastened  the  war ; 
recalled,  1769  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1772.  He  published  politi- 
cal writings.  [iv.  380] 

BERNARD,  HERMAN  HEDWIQ  (1786-1857),  he- 
braist;  for  many  years  Hebrew  teacher  at  Cambridge; 
published  works  relating  to  Hebrew  literature  and  history. 

[iv.  381] 

BERNARD,  JOHN  (d.  1567?),  author ;  B.A.  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  1544 :  Trotter's  priest,  1544  ;  fellow, 
c.  1545 ;  M.A.,  1647 ;  bursar,  1551-2 :  wrote  protestant 
religious  tract  in  Latin,  published  (1568),  by  his  brother 
Thomas  Bernard  [q.  v.].  [iv.  381] 

BERNARD,  JOHN  (1756-1828),  actor  :  light  come- 
dian on  Norwich  circuit,  1774 ;  member  of  Bath  company, 
1777;  in  Ireland,  1780-4;  played  Archer  in  'Beaux' 
Stratagem  '  at  Co  vent  Garden,  1787 ;  again  at  Co  vent 
Garden,  1793-6  ;  played  in  New  York,  1797,  Philadelphia, 
1797-1803,  Boston,  1803  :  joint  manager  of  Federal 
theatre,  Boston,  1806-10 ;  travelled  in  United  States  and 
Canada,  1810-17  ;  made  last  appearance,  Boston,  1819  ; 
selections  from  his  'Reminiscences'  appeared  after  his 
death.  [iv.  382] 

BERNARD,  JOHN  PETER  (d.  1750),  biographer  : 
graduate  of  Leyden ;  taught  literature  and  mathematics 
in  London  after  1733 ;  contributed  largely  to  'General  Dic- 
tionary, Historical  and  Critical,'  1734-41.  [iv.  383] 

BERNARD,  MOUNTAGUE  (1820-1882),  international 
lawyer,  B.C.L.  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  Vinerian  scholar 
and  fellow ;  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1846 ;  one 
of  founders  of  'Guardian,'  1846;  first  professor  of  inter- 
national law,  Oxford,  1859-74;  judge  of  chancellor's 
court;  on  commission  of  naturalisation  and  allegiance, 
1868 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  c.  1870 ;  one  of  high 
commissioners  who  signed  treaty  of  Washington,  1871 ; 
privy  councillor ;  member  of  judicial  committee  of 
council  ;  D.C.L. ;  member  of  University  of  Oxford  Com- 
mission, 1877;  original  member  of  Institut  de  Droit 
International  (founded,  1873);  published  works  relating 
to  international  law.  [iv.  383] 

BERNARD,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1661X  divine ;  educated 
at  Cambridge ;  chaplain  and  librarian  to  archbishop 
Ussher ;  dean  of  Kilmore,  1627 ;  incorporated  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1628 ;  prebendary  of  Dromore  and  dean  of  Ardagh, 
1637 ;  preacher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1651 ;  chaplain  and  al- 
moner to  Oliver  Cromwell ;  published  religious,  historical, 
and  other  works,  including  a  life  of  archbishop  Ussher, 
1656.  [iv.  884] 

BERNARD,  RICHARD  (1568-1641),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1598  ;  vicar  of  Worksop, 
1601  presented  to  Batcombe,  1613.  His  numerous  publi- 
cations include  an  edition,  with  translations,  of  'Terence' 
(1598), '  Bible  Battels,  or  the  Sacred  Art  Military '  (1629), 
works  directed  against  the  separatists,  and  various  reli- 
gious and  other  treatises,  some  of  which  enunciated  bene- 
volent schemes  which  have  since  been  generally  adopted. 

[iv.  886] 

BERNARD,  THOMAS  (d.  1682),  divine ;  brother  of 
John  Bernard  (d.  1607  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1583 ;  B.D.  Oxford,  1667 ;  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1646  ;  Cranmcr's  chaplain,  1647. 

[iv.381] 


BERNARD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1750-1818),  philan- 
thropist ;  son  of  Sir  Francis  Bernard  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Harvard;  secretary  to  his  father  in  America;  came  to 
England  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Templa,  1780 :  con- 
veyancer :  with  bishop  of  Durham,  Wilberforce,  and 
others,  founded  Society  for  Bettering  Condition  of  Poor, 
1796 ;  set  on  foot  plan  of  Royal  Institution,  Piccadilly, 
1799;  established  British  Institution  for  Promotion  of 
Fine  Arts,  1805  ;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Durham  ;  M.A. 
lAinbeth  and  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1801.  He  was  con- 
nected with  foundation  of  many  societies  for  relief  of 
poor,  and  was  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  Foundling 
Hospital.  [iv.  :iH7] 

BERNARD,  WILLIAM  BAYLE  (1807-1875),  drama- 
tist ;  born  at  Boston,  America,  of  English  parents ;  came 
to  England,  1820;  clerk  in  army  accounts  office,  1826-:tO; 
wrote  many  dramatic  pieces  of  considerable  merit,  the 
greater  number  being  still  imprinted.  [iv.  389] 

BERNARDI,  JOHN  (1657-1736),  major:  son  of 
Genoese  nobleman  living  in  Worcestershire ;  ran  away, 
and  subsequently  went  to  Holland  with  his  uncle,  Colonel 
Anseline,  and  enlisted  in  States  army,  afterwards  exchang- 
ing into  an  English  independent  regiment ;  received  Eng- 
lish commission  under  Fenwick,  1674  :  captain,  1686 ; 
accompanied  James  II  on  Irish  expedition  from  St.  Ger- 
mains ;  served  in  Scotland,  and  was  captured  after  James's 
defeat  at  the  Boyne,  1690 ;  died  hi  Newgate,  after  nearly 
forty  years'  imprisonment.  [iv.  889] 

BERNAYS,  ALBERT  JAMES  (1823-1892),  chemist ; 
educated  at  King's  College  school ;  Ph.D.  Giesseu  ;  analyst 
and  lecturer  on  chemistry  at  Derby,  1845;  lecturer  on 
chemistry  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London,  1855-60,  and  at 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1860-92 ;  fellow  of  Chemical  Society 
and  of  Institute  of  Chemistry  ;  published  popular  works 
on  chemistry.  [Suppl.  i.  183] 


second  BARON  (1467-1533).    [See  BOOR- 
CHIER,  JOHN.] 

BERNERS,  BERNES,  or  BARNES,  JULIANA 
(&.  1388  ?),  writer ;  said  to  have  been  daughter  of  Sir 
James  Berners  (whose  son  was  created  Baron  Berners, 
temp.  Henry  IV)  prioress  of  Sopwell  nunnery,  Hertford- 
shire ;  probably  spent  youth  at  court  and  shared  in  the 
woodland  sports  then  fashionable;  published  work  on 
field-sports  and  heraldry, '  The  Boke  of  St.  Albans '  (1486). 
The  '  Boke '  contained  treatises  on  '  Hawking,' '  Hunting,' 
4  Lynage  of  Coote  Armiris,'  and  the  '  Blasyug  of  Armys.' 
An  edition  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  149«,  contained 
also  a '  Treatyse  on  Fysshynge  with  an  Angle.'  [iv.  390] 

BERNHER,  AUGUSTINE  (/.  1554),  servant  of 
Latimer;  of  Swiss  or  Belgian  origin;  minister  of  con- 
gregation in  London  during  Mary's  reign :  attended 
Latimer  while  imprisoned  in  Tower,  1553,  and  with  other 
bishops  at  Oxford,  1554 ;  a  constant  friend  of  the  martyrs 
during  Marian  persecution ;  rector  of  Button  in  Eliza- 
beth's reign ;  wrote  religious  works.  [iv.  392] 

BERNICIA,  kings  of.  [See  IDA,  d.  569 ;  ADDA,  d. 
665;  ETHKLFHID,  d.  617;  OSWALD,  606?-642;  OSWY, 
612  ?-670.] 

BERNINGHAM,  RICHARD  DB  (ji.  1313),  justice 
itinerant ;  frequently  summoned  to  parliament,  1313- 
1324 ;  included  in  judicial  commissions  ;  collector  of  scu- 
tages  in  Yorkshire,  1314-16  ;  knight  of  Yorkshire,  1323. 

£iv.  893] 

BERRIDGE,  JOHN  (1716-1793),  evangelical  clergy- 
man; M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1742;  fellow;  in- 
ducted to  college  of  Evertou,  Bedfordshire,  1755,  where  he 
remained  till  death ;  became  acquainted  with  Wesley  and 
Whitefleld,  1768;  began  preaching  tours  in  neighbouring 
counties,  1759;  at  first  an  Arminian  and  afterwards  a 
Calvinist;  published  religious  works.  [iv.  393] 

BERRIMAN,  JOHN  (1691-1768),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1720 ;  rector  of  St.  Olave's  and  St. 
Milan's  ;  published  religious  works  and  edited  his  brother 
William's '  Christian  Doctrines '  (1751).  [iv.  394] 

BERRIMAN,  WILLIAM  (1688-1750), divine;  brother 
of  John  Berriman  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1711;  D.D., 
1722 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Dr.  Robinson,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, 1720 ;  fellow  of  Eton  College,  1727 ;  Boyle  lecturer, 
1730-1 ;  published  theological  works.  [iv.  3s>4] 


BERROW  ! 

BERROW,  CAPEL  (1715-1782),  divine ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  und  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1758  ;  successively  lecturer  of  St.  Benedict 
and  Paul's  Wharf,  rector  of  Rossington,  and  chaplain  to 
Honourable  Society  of  Judges  and  Serjeants  in  Serjeants' 
Inn  ;  published  theological  works.  [iv.  395] 

BERRY,  CHARLES  (1783-1877),  Unitarian  minister; 
educated  for  independent  ministry,  but  subsequently  de- 
veloped heretical  views ;  minister  of  Great  Meeting,  Lei- 
cester, 1803-59;  opened  (1808)  a  school,  which  he  con- 
ducted for  over  thirty  years ;  one  of  founders  of  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society,  and  town  museum,  Leicester. 

[iv.  395] 

BERRY,  SIR  EDWARD  (1768-1831),  rear-admiral; 
volunteer  in  East  Indies,  1779-83 ;  lieutenant,  1794 ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  under  Nelson  at  Porto  Ferrajo,  1796, 
;i  ml  at  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  commander,  1796  ;  Nelson's 
flag-captain  at  battle  of  Nile,  of  which  he  wrote  an  ac- 
count, 1798 ;  captured  by  French  while  carrying  de- 
spatches ;  returned  to  England,  and  was  knighted,  1798  ; 
served  at  blockade  of  Malta,  1800,  Trafalgar,  1805,  and 
St.  Dominpo,  1806 ;  baronet,  1806 ;  K.C.B.,  1815 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1821.  [iv.  396] 

BERRY,  JAMES  (/.  1655),  major-general ;  clerk  in 
ironworks,  Shropshire,  c.  1642 ;  took  service  under  Crom- 
well ;  captain-lieutenant  at  battle  of  Gainsborough,  1643  ; 
president  of  council  of  adjutators,  1647 ;  employed  in 
suppressing  attempted  rising  in  Nottinghamshire,  1665 ; 
major-general  of  Hereford,  Shropshire,  and  Wales,  1655 ; 
member  of  Cromwell's  House  of  Lords  ;  member  of  council 
of  state  and  of  committee  who  nominated  to  offices,  1659 ; 
imprisoned  (1660)  by  council  of  state  in  Scarborough 
Castle.  [iv.  397] 

BERRY,  SIR  JOHN  (1635-1690),  admiral;  entered 
navy,  1663 ;  served  as  boatswain  in  West  Indies  ;  captain, 
1665 ;  commanded  squadron  against  French  and  Dutch 
at  St.  Nevis  and  St.  Kitts,  1667 ;  knighted  for  services  at 
battle  of  Solebay,  1672;  conducted  Duke  of  York  to 
Scotland  in  the  Gloucester,  which  was  wrecked  off  York- 
shire coast  with  considerable  loss  of  life,  1682  :  vice- 
admiral  of  squadron  sent  against  Tangier,  1683 ;  com- 
missioner of  navy,  1683.  [iv.  398] 

BERRY,  MARY  (1763-1852),  authoress;  travelled  in 
Holland,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  France,  1783-5 ;  began 
at  Florence,  1783, 'Journals  and  Correspondence,' which 
she  completed,  1852  ;  made  acquaintance  of  Horace  Wal- 
pole, 1788,  who  addressed  many  letters  to  her  and 
her  sister  Agnes  in  most  affectionate  terms,  and  wrote 
for  their  amusement  his  'Reminiscences  of  Courts  of 
George  I  and  II';  removed,  1791,  to  Little  Strawberry 
Hill,  a  house  of  Walpole's,  which,  on  his  death,  he  left  to 
the  sisters.  To  Mary  and  Agnes,  and  their  father,  Robert 
Berry,  Walpole  entrusted  his  literary  remains,  and  in  1798 
the  'Works  of  Horace  Walpole'  appeared,  nominally 
edited  by  Robert  Berry,  but  in  reality  by  Mary.  She 
published  Mme.  du  Demand's  letters  from  the  originals  at 
Strawberry  Hill,  1810.  Her  works  include  '  Life  of  Rachel 
Wriothesley'  (1819), 'Social  Life  of  England  and  France 
from  1660  to  1830 '  (1828-31).  [iv.  399] 

BERRY,  WILLIAM  (1774-1851),  genealogist;  clerk 
in  College  of  Arms,  1793-1809;  published:  'History  of 
Guernsey,'  1815;  genealogical  peerage  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  begun  in  1832  and  never  completed ; 
'  Encycloptedia  Heraldica,'  1828-40,  and  several  county 
genealogies.  [iv.  401] 

BERSTEDE  or  BTTRGSTED,  WALTER  DE  (fl. 
1257),  justice  itinerant ;  sub-sheriff  of  Kent,  1257 :  sheriff, 
1257-8;  constable  of  Dover  Castle;  justice  itinerant  in 
Leicestershire,  1262,  and  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Lincoln- 
shire, 1263.  [iv.  401] 

BERTHA,  BERCTA,  or  ALUBERGA  (d.  before 
616),  daughter  of  Haribert,  king  of  Franks;  married 
.Etbelberht,  king  of  Kent ;  came  to  England  with  Liud- 
hard,  bishop  of  Senlis,  and  introduced  Christianity  at  St. 
M:irtin's  Church,  Canterbury,  where  Augustine  audi  his 
companions  afterwards  preached.  [iv.  402] 

BERTHEATJ,  CHARLES  (1660-1732),  pastor  of 
church  of  Chareuton,  Paris,  and,  after  edict  of  Nantes 
(1685),  of  French  church,  Threadueedle  Street,  London. 

[iv.  402] 

BERTHON,  EDWARD  LYON  (1813-1899),  inventor  ; 
studied  surgery  in  Liverpool  and  Dublin ;  travelled  on 


BERTIE 


continent ;  invented  screw-propeller  for  ships,  which  he 
abandoned  on  its  rejection  by  admiralty,  1835  ;  studied  at 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1849  ;  curate  of 
Lymiugton,  1845  ;  held  living  of  Holy  Trinity,  Fareham, 
1847-55  ;  invented  a  nautical  log,  which  was  condemned 
by  admiralty  ;  designed  collapsible  boat,  which  was  tried 
and  adversely  reported  upon  by  admiralty  ;  held  living  of 
Romsey  :  recurred  to  design  of  collapsible  boats,  which  at 
length  were  approved  by  admiralty ;  published  remini- 
scences. [Suppl.  i.  184] 

BERTIE,  Sm  ALBEMARLE  (1755-1824),  admiral : 
lieutenant,  1777 ;  captain,  1782 ;  In  action  of  First  of 
June,  1794 ;  rear-admiral,  1804 ;  vice-admiral,  1808 ; 
commander-in-chief  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  commanded 
at  capture  of  Mauritius,  1810 ;  baronet,  1812 ;  admiral, 
1814  ;  K.C.B.,  1815.  [iv.  402] 

BERTIE,  CATHARINE,  DUCHESS  (DOWAGER)  OP 
SUFFOLK  (1520-1580),  only  child  of  William  Willoughby, 
eighth  baron  Willoughby  of  Eresby;  married,  1536, 
Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk  (d.  1545),  and  c.  1552, 
Richard  Bertie ;  distinguished  for  her  zeal  for  the  Refor- 
mation, [iv.  403] 


,TIE,  MONTAGUE,  second  EARL  OF  LINPSKY 
(1608  ?-1666),  royalist ;  served  in  Low  Countries ;  raised 
regiment  of  cavalry  for  king,  1642 ;  prisoner  after  Edge- 
hill  ;  after  being  exchanged,  fought  at  Naseby  ;  as  privy 
councillor  and  gentleman  of  bedchamber,  accompanied 
Charles  in  his  flight,  in  Isle  of  Wight ;  privy  councillor, 
and  one  of  judges  for  trial  of  regicides,  1660  ;  K.G.,  1661. 

[iv.  403] 

-BERTIE,  PEREGRINE,  LORD  WILLOUGHBY  DE 
ERESBY  (1555-1601),  soldier ;  son  of  Richard  and  Catha- 
rine Bertie  [q.  v.],  who  were  fleeing  from  Marian  persecu- 
tion when  he  was  born,  at  Lower  Wesel,  Cleves ;  naturalised 
in  England,  1559 ;  succeeded  to  barony  of  Eresby,  1580 ; 
sent  to  Denmark  to  discuss  commercial  relations  with  Eng- 
land, 1582,  and  petition  to  Frederick  II  to  help  Henry  of 
Navarre,  1585  ;  governor  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  1586 ;  helped 
to  surprise  Axel,  1586 ;  succeeded  Norris  in  command  of 
cavalry,  1587;  assisted  Leicester  in  attempt  to  relieve 
Sluys,  and  succeeded  him  as  commander  of  English  forces 
in  Low  Countries,  1587;  defended  Bergen  against 
Spaniards,  1588;  returned  to  England,  1589;  nominated 
to  command  of  army  sent  to  aid  Henry  of  Navarreiat 
Dieppe,  1589;  took  part  in  capture  of  Vendome,  Mons, 
Aleucon,  and  Falaise ;  returned  home,  1590 ;  governor  of 
Berwick  and  warden  of  East  March,  1598-1601.  [iv.  404] 

BERTIE,  RICHARD  (1517-1582),  husband  of  the 
Duchess  Dowager  of  Suffolk ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College. 
Oxford,  1537 ;  joined  household  of  Thomas  Wriothesley. 
lord  chancellor  (afterwards  Earl  of  Southampton);  fled 
from  Marian  persecution  to  Wesel,  Cleves,  1556,  removed 
thence  successively  to  Strasburg  and  Weinheim,  and  ulti- 
mately to  Poland,  where  the  king  placed  him  in  earldom 
of  Kroze,  Samogitia ;  returned  to  England  after  'Mary's 
death ;  knight  for  county  of  Lincoln,  1563 ;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1564.  [iy.  407] 

BERTIE,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OF  LINDSEY  (1582- 
1642),  admiral ;  eldest  sou  of  Peregrine  Bertie  [q.  v.] ; 
accompanied  expedition  against  Spain,  1597 ;  at  siege  of 
Amiens,  1598 ;  retired  to  Lincolnshire ;  drained  and  re- 
claimed fens  lying  between  Kyme  Eau  and  the  Glen, 
1635-8;  lord  high  chamberlain,  1626:  /served  in  Low 
Countries,  1624,  and  in  Buckingham's  naval  expeditions; 
Earl  of  Lindsey,  1626 ;  admiral  of  fleet  for  relief  of 
Rochelle,  1628;  K.B.,  and  privy  councillor,  1630;  lord 
high  admiral  of  England,  1636";  governor  of  Berwick, 
1639:  raised  counties  of  Lincoln  and  Nottingham  for 
king,  1642 ;  died  from  wounds  received  at  Edgehill. 

[iv.  408] 

BERTIE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1758-1825),  vice-admiral; 
entered  navy,  1773;  lieutenant,  1780;  commander,  1782; 
married  daughter  of  Peregrine  Bertie,  esq.,  whose  name 
he  assumed,  1788;  post-captain,  1790;  with  Nelson  at 
Copenhagen,  1801:  at  blockade  of  Cadiz,  1802;  vice- 
admiral  and  knight,  1813.  [iv.  409] 

BERTIE,  VERB  (d.  1680),  judge :  son  of  Montague 
Bertie  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1659 ; 
master  of  benchers,  1674 ;  eerjeant-at-law,  before  1665 ; 
baron  of  exchequer,  1675  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1678 ; 
discharged  from  office  in  1679.  [iv.  410] 


BERTIE 


98 


BETAGH 


BERTIE.  WILLOVtJHISY.  fourth  HAUL  OK  Am\o- 
i>"v  (1740-1799),  politician,  succeeded  to  earldom,  1760; 
«1  u< -a  tod  at  \\Y~tmiiist4Tand  Magdalen  Collcw,  Oxford; 
M.A..  17G1 ;  adopted  democratic  principles  and  became  a 
friend  and  supporter  of  Wilkes;  published  'Thought*  on 
Burke's  Letter  on  Affairs  of  America,'  1777,  and  a  eulogy 
on  French  revolution,  1798,  both  of  which  pamphlets 
gained  considerable  popularity.  [iv.  410] 

BERTON,  WILLIAM  OF  (/.  1376),  chancellor  of  Ox- 
ford ;  B.D.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1376 ;  D.D.,  and 
chancellor  of  the  university,  c.  1380 ;  issued  decree  con- 
deniniiiir  Wyeliffe's  sacramental  doctrine;  signed  con- 
demnation of  Wycliffe's  'conclusions,'  1382.  [iv.  411] 

BERTRAM.    [See  RATRAMXCS.] 

BERTRAM.  CHARLES  (1723-1765),  sometimes  self- 
styled  CHAHLKS  Jci.irs:  literary  forger:  English  teacher 
in  school  for  naval  Mdete,OapanlM8ni  produced  between 
1747  and  1757  an  alleged  transcript  of  a  manuscript  work 
on  Roman  antiquities  by  Richard  of  Oirencester,  a  four- 
teenth-century chronicler  and  an  inmate  of  Westmin- 
ster, together  witli  a  copy  of  an  ancient  itinerary  of 
Britain,  at  many  points  supplementing  and  correcting 
the  itinerary  of  Antoninus:  imposed  on  Dr.  William 
Stukeley  and  most  English  antiquaries :  published  works 
of  Gildas  and  Nenuius,  with  the  text  of  his  forgery  and  a 
commentary  on  it,  at  Copenhagen,  1757,  and  several  philo- 
logical works.  His  imposture  was  finally  exposed  by  B.  B. 
Woodward  in  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1866-7.  [iv.  412] 

BERTRAM.  ROGER  (d.  1242),  judge  and  baronial 
leader;  deprived  of  castle  and  barony  of  Mitford  for 
share  in  barons'  rebellion,  1215 ;  justice  itinerant  for 
Northumberland,  Cumberland,  and  Lancashire,  between 
1225  and  1237.  [iv.  413] 

BERTRAM,  ROGER  (.ft.  1264),  baronial  leader :  son 
of  Roger  Bertram  (rf.  1242)  [q.  v.] ;  captured  by  Henry  III 
at  Northampton,  1264 ;  freed  by  victory  at  Lewes  ;  sum- 
moned to  De  Moutfort's  parliament,  1264.  [iv.  414] 

BERTRIC  (d.  802).    [See  BEORHTRIC.] 
BERTTTLF  (d.  852).    [See  BEOHHTWULF.] 

BERWICK,  DUKK  OF  (1670-1734).  [See  FrrzJAMK-s, 
JAMES.] 

BERWICK,  third  B'AKON  (<l.  1842).  [See  HILL, 
WILLIAM  NOEL.] 

BERWICK.  EDWARD  (6.  1750),  Irish  divine;  scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  rector  of  Olougish,  and 
domestic  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Moira ;  published  classical 
and  theological  works.  [iv.  414] 

BESSBOROUGH,  fourth  EAHL  OF  (1781-1847).  [See 
PONSONBY,  JOHN  WILLIAM.] 


JOSEPH  (1683  ?-1757),  quaker  convert  from 
Anglican  church;  writing  master  at  Colchester;  pub- 
lished controversial  and  other  works,  including  'Suffer- 
ings of  the  Quakers  from  1650  to  1689,'  1753.  [iv.  414] 

BESSEMER,  Snt  HKNHY  (1813-1898),  engineer  and 
inventor ;  engaged  at  Charlton  in  his  father's  business  as 
manufacturer  of  gold  chains  and  type-founder :  came  to 
London,  1830,  and  traded  in  art  work  in  white  metal ;  in- 
vented perforated  die  for  impressing  date  on  stamps 
affixed  to  deals,  1833,  and  soon  afterwards  produced 
plumbago  pencils ;  invented  type-composing  machine,  c. 
1838 ;  engaged  in  manufacture  of  bronze  powder  and 
gold  paint  by  an  original  process,  1840 ;  made  experiments 
with  view  to  obtaining  stronger  material  for  gun  manu- 
facture than  that  in  use ;  patented  combination  of  cast 
iron  and  steel,  1855,  and  in  the  same  and  following  years 
obtained  patents  for  the  manufacture  of  steel  by  new 
process  from  melted  pig-iron  through  which  air  under 
pressure  or  steam  was  blown  with  object  of  abstracting 
carbon ;  described  process  in  paper  read  at  Cheltenham 
meeting  of  British  Association  for  Advancement  of 
Science,  1866 :  established,  1859,  steel  works  at  Sheffield, 
where  he  made  a  speciality  of  gun-making,  and  subse- 
quently was  extensively  occupied  in  manufacture  of  steel 
rails  ;  invented  swinging  saloon  for  sea-going  vessels, 
which  was  tried  with  small  success,  1876 :  received 
Albert  gold  medal  from  Society  of  Arts,  1872 ;  one  of 
founders,  1868,  and  president.  1871-3,  of  Iron  and  Steel 


Institute :  M.I.O.E.,  1877 ;  F.U.S.,  1879 ;  knighted,  1879. 
The  Bessemer  steel  manufacture  was  introduced  into  the 
United  States  and  developed  by  Alexander  L.  Holley 
(1867-70),  and  at  present  it  is  probably  equal  to  that  of 
the  rest  of  the  world  collectively.  [Suppl.  i.  185] 

BEST,  CHARLES  (fl.  1602),  poet;  contributed  to 
Francis  Davidson's  '  Poetical  Rapsodie.'  [iv.  415] 

BEST,  GEORGE  (rf.  1584  ?),  navigator  ;  accompanied 
Frobisher  in  voyages  to  discover  North-west  Passage, 
1576, 1577,  and  1578,  of  which  he  published  an  account, 
1578.  [iv.  415] 

BEST,  afterwards  BESTE,  HENRY  DIGBY  (1768- 
1836),  author;  M.A.,  and  fellow,  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1791 ;  curate  of  St.  Martin's,  Lincoln ;  published 
'Christian  Religion  Defended  against  Philosophers  and 
Republicans  of  France,'  1793;  entered  Roman  catholic 
church,  1799  ;  lived  some  years  in  France  and  Italy  after 
1818,  and  published  accounts  of  his  residence  there,  1826 
and  1828.  His  'Personal  and  Literary  Memorials' 
appeared  in  1829.  [iv.  416] 

BEST,  PAUL  (1590?-1657),  controversialist;  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Catharine  Hall,  1617; 
served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus ;  studied  Unitarian  theo- 
logy in  Germany;  returned  to  England:  submitted  his 
conclusions  on  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  to  Roger  Ley,  a 
fellow-student  at  Cambridge,  who  appears  to  have  made 
them  public,  with  result  that  Best  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Gatehouse,  1645  ;  released,  1647,  having  addressed  three 
petitions  to  House  of  Commons.  [iv.  417] 


',  SAMUEL  (1738-1825),  pretended  prophet; 
according  to  various  accounts  a  servant  in  London  and 
a  Spitalfields  weaver ;  inmate  of  Shoreditch  workhouse, 
1787,  where,  under  name  of  'Poor-help,'  he  received 
visitors  and  professed  to  foretell  their  future :  gained  con- 
siderable reputation,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Kings- 
laud  Road.  [iv.  418] 

BEST,  THOMAS  (1570?-1638  ?),  navy  captain; 
perhaps  son  of  George  Best  [q.  v.]:  went  to  sea,  1583 ; 
inflicted  on  Portuguese  at  Surat  defeats  which  effected 
recognition  of  English  trading  rights  as  equal  to  those  of 
Portugal,  1612  ;  opened  trade  with  Siam,  1613 ;  appointed 
chief  commander  at  Bantam,  but,  owing  to  disagreement 
with  East  India  Company,  was  dismissed,  1617;  senior 
officer  in  Downs,  1623;  commanded  expedition  against 
Dutch,  who  had  blockaded  a  Dunkirk  privateer  at  Aber- 
deen ;  served  in  disastrous  expedition  to  Rhe,  1627 ;  master 
of  Trinity  House,  1634,  probably  till  death.  [iv.  418] 


',  WILLIAM  DRAPER,  first  BAROX  WYNFonn 
(1767-1846),  judge  :  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1789 ;  joined  home  circuit ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1799 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Petersfield,  1802 ;  re- 
corder of  Guildford,  1809 ;  tory  M.P.  for  Bridport,  1&12; 
solicitor-general,  1813,  and  attorney-general,  1816,  to 
Prince  of  Wales ;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1818 ;  elevated 
to  king's  bench,  1818;  knighted,  1819;  chief- justice  of 
common  pleas  and  privy  councillor,  1824;  raised  to  peer- 
age, 1829;  a  deputy  speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1834.  [iv.  420] 

BEST,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1826-1897),  musician ; 
studied  engineering  at  Liverpool,  where  he  became  or- 
ganist of  baptist  chapel,  Pembroke  Road,  and  subsequently 
adopted  musical  profession;  organist  at  church  for  the 
blind,  1847,  and  to  Liverpool  Philharmonic  Society,  1849 ; 
organist  at  Royal  Panopticon  (now  the  Alhambra),  e. 
1853,  and  at  St.  Martin's-in- the- Fields,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ; 
organist  to  Liverpool  corporation,  1865-94  ;  inaugurated 
organ  at  Albert  Hall,  1871 ;  for  some  years  organist  of 
West  Derby  church.  He  published  '  The  Art  of  Organ 
Playing,'  1869,  besides  pianoforte  and  vocal  pieces  and 
organ  compositions,  including  '  Benedicite,'  1864,  ,and  a 
service  in  F,  also  editing  much  of  the  music  of  Handel 
and  Bach.  [Suppl.  i.  191] 

BESTON,  JOHN  (d.  1428),  prior  of  Carmelite  con- 
vent, Bishop's  Lynn :  doctor  in  theology,  Cambridge  and 
Paris ;  wrote  theological  works.  [iv.  421] 

BETAGH,  THOMAS  (1739-1811),  Jesuit :  professor  of 
languages  at  seminary  of  Society  of  Jesus,  Pont-a-Mous- 
son ;  schoolmaster  at  Dublin,  where  he  became  parish 
priest  and  vicar-general  of  diocese.  [iv.  421] 


BETHAM 

BETHAM,     EDWARD   (1707-1783),  divine:   fellow, 
1731,  ami  bursar.  King's  College,  Cambridge;  held  living  , 
of  Greeuford,  Middlesex,  where  he  founded  and  endowed  I 
charity  schools  (1780);  one  of  preachers  at  Whitehall; 
fellow  of  Eton,  1771.  [iv.  422] 

BETHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1709),  catholic  priest ;  educated 
and  ordained  at  Douay ;  studied  at  Paris ;  doctor  of  the 
Sorbomif,  H',77:   chaplain  to  James  II  in  England,  and 
later  at  St.  Gennains ;    opened   and    presided  over  St.  i 
Gregory's  Seminary,  Paris,  1701 ;  published  sermons. 

BETHAM,  MARY  MATILDA  (1776-1852),' minia- 
turist and  woman  of  letters ;  eldest  daughter  of  William 
Bethaui  [q.  v.] ;  published  'Biographical  Dictionary  of 
Celebrated  Women,'  1804;  gave  Shakespearean  readings  i 
in  London  ;  exhibited  miniature  portraits  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy; formed  friendships  with  the  Lambs,  Coleridge, 
Southey,  and  others  ;  published  three  volumes  of  verse. 

[iv.  423] 

BETHAM,  WILLIAM  (1749-1839),  antiquary ;  head- 
master of  endowed  school  at  Stonham  Aspel,  Suffolk, 
1784-1833  ;  rector  of  Stoke  Lacy,  1833  ;  published  '  Genea- 
logical Tables  of  Sovereigns  of  the  World,'  1795,  and 
•  Baronetage  of  England,'  1801-5.  [iv.  423] 

BETHAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1779-1853),  Ulster  kiug- 
of-arms ;  son  of  William  Betham  (1749-1839)  [q.  v.] ; 
deputy-keej>er  of  records  in  '  the  tower,'  Dublin  Castle, 
1806  ;  sub-commissioner  under  record  commission,  1811- 
1812 ;  knighted,  1812 ;  Ulster  king-of-arms,  1820 ;  member 
of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1826.  Published :  '  Irish  Anti- 
quarian Researches,'  1827  ; '  The  Gael  and  Cymbri,'  1834  ; 
and  '  Etruria  Celtica,'  1842.  [iv.  424] 

BETHEL,  SLINGSBY  (1617-1697),  republican;  in 
business  in  Hamburg,  1637-49;  M.P.,  Kuaresborough,  1659  ; 
member  of  council  of  state,  1660 ;  chosen  sheriff  of  Lon- 
don and  Middlesex,  1680,  though  unable  to  serve  in  conse- 
quence of  not  having  taken  oaths  commanded  by  Corpora- 
tion Act ;  subsequently  qualified  and  elected,  the  election 
and  taking  of  the  oaths  being  the  subject  of  several  pam- 
phlets; in  Hamburg,  1682-9.  His  chief  work  is 'The 
World's  Mistake  in  Oliver  Cromwell,'  1668.  [iv.  425] 

BETHELL,  CHRISTOPHER  (1773-1859),  bishop  of 
Bangor;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1799;  D.D., 
1817  ;  dean  of  Chichester,  1814-24  ;  prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1830 ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1824,  of  Exeter,  1830,  and  of 
Bangor,  1830-59 ;  published  theological  works. 

[iv.  426] 

BETHELL,  RICHARD,  first  BARON  WKSTBURY 
(1800-1873),  lord  chancellor :  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1818  ;  fellow ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1823  ; 
practised  in  equity  courts ;  Q.O.,  1840  ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
Aylesbury,  1851,  and  for  Wolverhamptou,  1852 ;  vice-chan- 
cellor of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1861 ;  solicitor-general  in 
'government  of  all  the  talents,'  1852;  attorney-general, 
1856  ;  supported  Succession  Duty  Bill,  Oxford  University 
Bill  (1854),  Probate  and  Administration  Bill  (1857),  and 
other  important  measures ;  first  of  the  Statute  Law  Re- 
vision Acts  passed  under  his  guidance,  1861 ;  introduced 
the  second  of  these  acts,  1863 ;  lord  chancellor,  with  title 
of  Baron  Westbury  of  Westbury  in  Wiltshire,  1861 ;  passed 
an  unsuccessful  act  to  facilitate  the  proof  of  title  to  and 
the  conveyance  of  real  estate,  1862 ;  sat  as  member  of 
judicial  committee  of  privy  council  to  hear  appeals  on 
'  Essays  and  Reviews '  cases,  1864,  and  acquitted  defendants 
on  all  counts ;  resigned  office  on  passing  of  vote  of  censure 
on  him  in  House  of  Commons  as  being  inattentive  to 
public  interests,  1865  :  retired  to  Italy,  but  soon  returned 
to  sit  on  appeals  in  House  of  Lords  and  privy  council ; 
arbitrator  in  wiuding-npof  affairs  of  European  Assurance 
Society,  a  work  which  his  death  interrupted.  He  had 
extraordinary  power  of  sarcastic  speech  and  an  un- 
equalled mastery  of  luminous  exposition.  [iv.  426] 

BETHUNE,  ALEXANDER  (1804-1843),  Scottish 
poet;  employed  as  a  labourer;  published  'Tales  and 
Sketches  of  Scottish  Peasantry,'  which  were  immediately 
successful,  1838  ;  produced,  with  his  brother  John,  '  Lec- 
tures on  Practical  Economy,'  1839  ;  turnkey  in  Glasgow 
prison;  brought  out  his  'Scottish  Peasants'  Fireside,' 
1842;  prevented  by  his  last  illness  from  undertaking 
editorship  of  '  Dumfries  Standard.'  [iv.  431] 

BETHUNE,  SIR  HENRY  LINDESAY  (1787-1851), 
niajor-geueral ;  appointed  to  Madras  artillery,  1804 ;  as 


)  BETTY 

subaltern  accompanied  Sir  John  Malcolm  to  Persia,  1810 ; 
employed  in  disciplining  Persian  army  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1821 ;  went  back  to  Persia,  1834;  served  in  war  of 
succession,  1835,  and  in  1836-9  as  major-general  in  Asia ; 
died  at  Tabriz.  [iv.  432] 

BETHUNE,  JOHN  (1812-1839),  poet;  brother  of 
Alexander  Bethune  [q.  v.] ;  apprenticed  as  carver ;  set  up 
weaving  looms  with  his  brother,  1825,  but  failed  in  the 
business :  overseer  of  estate  of  Inchtyre,  1835  ;  contributed 
to  his  brother's  'Tales  of  Scottish  Peasantry,'  and  various  • 
Scottish  periodicals.  [iv.  432] 

BETHUNE,  JOHN  DRINKWATER  (1762-1844),  his- 
torian of  the  siege  of  Gibraltar ;  sou  of  one  John  Drink- 
water;  ensign  in  royal  Manchester  volunteers,  c.  1777; 
stationed  at  Gibraltar  during  siege  by  Spanish,  1779-83, 
of  which  he  published  an  account,  c.  1786 ;  captain ;  sta- 
tioned at  Gibraltar,  1787 ;  military  secretary  and  deputy 
judge-advocate  during  English  occupation  of  Corsica ; 
published '  Narrative  of  Battle  of  St.  Vincent ' ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1796 ;  placed  on  half -pay  as  colonel  ;  commissary 
general  of  Helder  force,  1799 ;  member  and  subsequently 
chairman  of  parliamentary  commission  of  military  in- 
quiry, 1805;  comptroller  of  army  accounts,  1811-35;  as- 
sumed surname  of  Bethune.  [iv.  433] 

BETHUNE,  JOHN  ELLIOT  DRINKWATER  (1801- 
1851),  Indian  legislator ;  sou  of  John  Drinkwater  Bethune 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  called  to 
bar,  1827  ;  counsel  to  home  office  ;  legislative  member  of 
supreme  council  of  India,  1848  ;  effected  several  important 
legislative  reforms,  and  established  school  for  native  girls 
at  Calcutta.  [iv.  434] 

BETHUNE,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1148).    [See  ROBERT.] 

BETTERTON,  THOMAS  (1635  ?-1710),  actor  and 
dramatist;  probably  first  acted  in  company  licensed  to 
Rhodes,  a  bookseller,  1659,  his  chief  successes  being  in 
'  Pericles,'  the  '  Mad  Lover,'  the '  Loyal  Subject,'  the  '  Bond- 
man,' and  the  '  Changeling ' ;  joined  Sir  John  Davenant's 
company  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre,  1661 ;  visited 
Paris  by  royal  command,  with  view  of  introducing  in 
England  improvements  in  dramatic  representation ;  played 
Hamlet,  1661,  and  Mercutio,  Sir  Toby  Belch,  Macbeth, 
and  Bosola  ('  Duchess  of  Malfi '),  1662-6 ;  associated  after 
Davenant's  death  (1668)  with  Harris  and  Davenaut's  son 
Charles  in  management  of  Dorset  Garden  Theatre,  1671 ; 
played  Orestes  in  Charles  Davenant's  '  Circe,'  CEdipus  in 
Dryden  and  Lee's  '  CEdipus, '  Timon  of  Athens,  King  Lear, 
Troilus,  and  other  characters  in  adaptations  of  Shake- 
speare by  Dryden,  Shad  well,  and  Tate;  amalgamated  with 
the  rival  company  of  Drury  Lane,  1682 ;  opened  '  theatre 
in  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,'  1695  ;  produced  success- 
fully Cougreve's  '  Love  for  Love,'  Cougreve  undertaking  to 
provide  a  play  each  year,  a  promise  which  was  not  kept ; 
opened  theatre  erected  by  Sir  John  Vanbrugh  in  Hay- 
market,  1705,  but  resigned  management  to  Oongreve  and 
Vanbrugh;  performances  of 'Love  for  Love '(1709)  and 
the ' Maid's  Tragedy'  (1710)  given  for  his  benefit  at  Hay- 
market  ;  highly  esteemed  as  an  actor  by  most  of  his  con- 
temporaries. His  dramas  include  the  'Roman  Virgin,' 
acted  1670,  adapted  from  Webster's  'Appius  and  Vir- 
ginia,' the  'Prophetess,'  1690,  an  opera  from  the  'Pro- 
phetess '  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, '  King  Henry  IV,'  1700 
(in  which  he  played  Falstaff),  from  Shakespeare,  the 
'Amorous  Widow,'  c.  1670,  from  Moliere's '  Georges  Dandin,' 
and  the  '  Bondman,'  1719,  from  Massinger.  [iv.  434] 

BETTES,  JOHN  (</.  1570  ?),  miniature  painter ;  exe- 
cuted oil-painting  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  engravings  for 
Hall's  '  Chronicle.'  [iv.  441] 

BETTESWORTH,  GEORGE  EDMUND  BYRON 
(1780-1808),  naval  captain;  lieutenant,  1804;  served  in 
West  Indies  ;  carried  Nelson's  despatches  from  Antigua  to 
England,  and  was  promoted  post-captain,  1805 ;  killed  in 
engagement  off  Bergen.  [iv.  441] 

BETTS,  JOHN  (d.  1695),  physician  ;  B.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxfonl,  1647  ;  M.D.,  1654 ;  physician  to 
Charles  II :  F.C.P.,  1664 ;  censor,  College  of  Physicians, 
1671, 1673, 1685,  and  1686 ;  '  elect,'  1686 ;  published  medical 
works.  [iv.  442] 

BETTY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  WEST  (1791-1874), 
actor,  called  the  'Young  Rose! us';  played  Romeo  at 
Belfast,  and  Hamlet  and  Prince  Arthur,  at  Dublin 
1803 ;  played  at  Cork,  Waterford,  Glasgow,  Edinburgh 

H2 


BEULAN 


100 


BIANCONI 


Birmingham,  and  at  Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane,  1804 ; 
appeared  on  alternate  niphts  at  Drury  Lane  and  Coveut 
Garden,  1805,  adding'  Richard  III  and  Macbeth  to  his 
Shakespearean  repertoire ;  last  appeared  as  boy  actor  at 
Bath,  1808;  fellow-commoner  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1809  ;  returned  to  stage,  1812,  and  finally  retired, 
1824.  [iv.  442] 

BEULAN,  a  priest  to  whom  the  author  of  'Hlstoria 
Britonum'  (perhaps  'Nennius')  dedicated  bis  work. 
Some  historical  writings  have  been  attributed  to  him. 

[iv.  443] 

BEUNO  or  BEINO,  ST.  (d.  660?),  monk;  related  to 
St.  Cadoc  the  Wise  of  Llancarfan  and  to  St.  Kentigern ; 
became  a  monk  ;  established  religious  society  at  Clynnog 
Fawr,  Carnarvonshire,  616 ;  founded  several  churches. 

[iv.  444] 

BEVAN,  EDWARD  (1770-1860),  physician  and 
apiarian ;  studial  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  M.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1818;  after  some  years'  practice  retired  to 
Bridstow,  near  Ross,  Herefordshire,  where  he  developed  an 
apiary ;  one  of  founders  of  Entomological  Society,  1833 ; 
published  '  The  Honey-Bee :  ite  Natural  History,  Physio- 
logy, and  Management,'  1827.  [iv.  444] 

SEVAN,  JOSEPH  GURNET  (1753-1814),  quaker ; 
entered  his  father's  business  of  chemist  and  druggist, 
1776 ;  retired,  1794 ;  able  quaker  apologist.  His  works 
include  'Refutation  of  Misrepresentations  of  Quakers,' 
1800,  'Thoughts  on  Reason  and  Revelation,'  1805,  'The 
Life  of  St.  Paul,'  1807,  and  memoirs  of  Robert  Barclay, 
Isaac  Peuington,  and  Sarah  Stephenson.  [iv.  445] 

SEVER,  JOHN  (d.  1311),  chronicler.    [See  JOHN  OF 

LOXDON.] 

SEVER,  THOMAS  (1725-1791),  scholar  and  civilian ; 
LL.D.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1768 ;  admitted  to  Doctors' 
Commons,  1758  ;  judge  of  Cinque  Ports  and  chancellor  of 
Lincoln  and  Bangor ;  lectured  on  civil  law,  Oxford,  1762 ; 
published  a  'History  of  Legal  Polity  of  the  Roman  State,' 
1781.  [iv.  446] 

BEVERIDOE,  WILLIAM  (1637-1708),  bishop  ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1660;  vicar  of  Baling, 
1661-72;  published  'Collection  of  Canons  received  by 
Greek  Church,'  1672 ;  vicar  of  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill,  1672  ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1674 ;  D.D.,  1679  ;  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  1684  ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1704.  Several  re- 
ligious works  by  him  were  published  posthumously. 

[iv.  447] 

BEVERLEY,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1788-1868),  na- 
turalist; assistant-surgeon  in  navy,  1810;  accompanied 
Polar  expeditions  under  Ross  (1818)  and  Parry  (1819-20); 
and  assisted  in  preparation  of  examples  of  Arctic  zoology  ; 
full  surgeon  and  F.R.S.,  1821.  [iv.  448] 

BEVERLEY,  HENRY  ROXBY  (1796-1863),  actor  ; 
played  low  comedy  parts  at  Adelphi,  1838 ;  manager  of 
Victoria  Theatre,  1839,  and  later  of  the  Suuderland  theatre 
and  other  houses,  principally  in  north  of  England. 

[iv.  449] 

BEVERLEY,  ST.  JOHN  OP  (d.  721).    [See  JOHN.] 

BEVERLEY,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1414),  Carmelite  ;  doctor 
and  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford  ;  B.D.,  1393  :  canon  of 
St.  John's  Church,  Beverley  ;  probably  same  with  John 
of  Beverley  the  lollard,  who  was  drawn  and  hanged  at  St. 
Giles's  Fields  ;  left  works  in  manuscript.  [iv.  449] 

BEVERLEY,  JOHN  (1743-1827),  esquire  bedell  of 
Cambridge  University ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1770;  esquire  bedell,  1770-1827;  held  office  under  the 
admiralty.  His  works  include  an  account  of  Cambridge 
University  customs.  [iv.  450] 

BEVERLEY  or  INOLEBERD,  PHILIP  (ft.  1290), 
Oxford  benefactor ;  rector  of  Kayiugham,  Yorkshire ; 
endowed  University  College,  Oxford.  [iv.  450] 

BEVERLEY,  THOMAS  OF  (/.  1174).    [See  THOMAH.] 

BEVERLEY,     WILLIAM    ROXBY    (1814V  -1889),  \ 
scene-painter ;   employed  ( 1830)  at  Theatre  Royal,  Man-  ' 
Chester,  managed  by  his  father,  William  Roxby(1765-184J),  | 
who  had  taken  the  name  of  Beverley ;  subsequently  ac- 
companied his  father  on  tour,  and  was  with  his  brother, 
Henry  Beverley  [q.  v.],  at  Victoria  Theatre,  London,  1839  ; 
principal  artist  at  Princess's  Theatre,  1846 :  painted  scenes 
for  Vestris  and  Mathews  at  Lyceum,  1847-55 ;  executed 
dioramic  views  for  'Ascent  of  Mont  Blnnr,'  exhibited  by 
Albert  Smith  at  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly,  1852 ;  scenic 


director  at  Covent  Garden,  1853  ;  bepran  (1854)  connection 
with  Drury  Lane,  which  lasted  till  1884,  and  worked 
exclusively  for  that  theatre,  1868-79 ;  painted  panorama 
of  Lakes  of  Killarucy  for  Grand  Theatre,  Islington,  1884; 
exhibited  pictures  at  Royal  Academy  between  1865  and 
1880.  [Suppl.  I.  192] 

SEVILLE,  ROBERT  (d.  1824),  barrister-at-law ; 
called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple;  practised  on  Norfolk 
circuit ;  registrar  to  Bedford  Level  corporation,  1812-24 ; 
published  treatise  on  law  of  homicide.  [Iv.  450] 

BEVOT,  ELWAY  (/.  1605-1631),  composer :  of  Welsh 
origin ;  gentleman-extraordiunry  of  Chapel  Royal,  1605 ; 
according  to  Wood  organist  of  Bristol,  1589  till  1637, 
when,  as  Roman  catholic,  he  was  dismissed  from  appoint- 
ments; published  'Brief  Instruction  of  Art  of  Musickc,' 
1631,  and  composed  some  church  music.  [iv.  451] 

BEVIS  or  BEVANS,  JOHN  (1693-1771),  aatonomer  ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1718 ;  physician  In  London 
before  1730 ;  fitted  up  an  observatory  at  Stoke  Newlugton, 
c.  1738;  complied  '  Urauographia  Britannica,'  1745-50, 
which  was  not  published,  the  intending  publisher  becom- 
ing bankrupt ;  fellow,  1765,  and  foreign  secretary,  1766-71, 
of  Royal  Society.  He  was  a  diligent  observer,  and  pub- 
lished astronomical  and  medical  works.  [iv.  451] 

BEWICK,  JANE  (1787-1881),  writer  of  memoirs; 
daughter  of  Thomas  Bewick  [q.  v.],  a  memoir  of  whom, 
written  by  himself,  she  edited  and  issued,  1862.  [iv.  452] 

BEWICK,  JOHN  (1760-1795),  wood-engraver; 
younger  brother  of  Thomas  Bewick  [q.  v.],  to  whom  he 
was  apprenticed  at  Newcastle,  1777;  obtained  employ- 
ment in  London  on  blocks  for  children's  books,  1782; 
executed  illustrations  for  '  Gay's  Fables '  (1788), '  Emblems 
of  Mortality,'  a  copy  of  Holbein's 'Icoues' (1789),  'Pro- 
verbs Exemplified '  (1790),  'Progress  of  Man  and  Society' 
(1791),  ' Looking-Glass  for  the  Mind'  (1792),  and  other 
works.  As  an  engraver  he  falls  far  below  his  brother. 

[iv.  453] 

BEWICK,  ROBERT  ELLIOT  (1788-1849),  wood- 
engraver,  son  of  Thomas  Bewick  [q.  v.],  whose  partner 
he  became,  1812 ;  assisted  in  '  Fables  of  jEsop '  (1818)  and 
» History  of  British  Fishes.'  [iv.  454] 

BEWICK,  THOMAS  (1753-1828),  wood-engraver; 
apprenticed  to  Ralph  Beilby  [q.  v.],  1767,  and  was  soon 
entrusted  with  most  of  Beilby's  wood-engraving  business  ; 
executed  cuts  for  several  children's  books,  1771-4 ;  came 
to  London,  1776,  and  shortly  afterwards  went  again  to 
Newcastle  and  entered  into  partnership  with  Beilby ; 
engraved  blocks  for  '  Gay's  Fables  '  (1779), '  Select  Fables ' 
(1784),  'General  History  of  Quadrupeds'  (1790),  for  which 
Beilby  supplied  the  letterpress,  ' History  of  British  Birds' 
(1797  and  1804),  the  text  being  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cotes,  and 
'Fables  of  JEsop'  (1818),  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his 
son,  R.  E.  Bewick  [q.  v.],  and  two  of  his  pupils;  left  un- 
finished illustrations  for  a  'History  of  British  Fishes' 
The  'ChillinghamBulT  (1789)  was  one  of  his  most  am- 
bitious works.  [iv.  455] 

BEWICK,  WILLIAM  (1795-1866),  portrait  and  his- 
torical painter :  pupil  of  Haydon,  1817-20 ;  copied 
Michael  Angelo's  Prophets  and  Sibyls  in  Sistine  Chapel, 
1826-9  ;  exhibited  copies,  1840 ;  took  part  in  Westminster 
Hall  competition,  1843.  He  excelled  in  reproducing 
Rembrandt.  [iv.  460] 

BEWLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1783),  friend  of  Dr.  Burncy  ; 
practised  medicine  at  Massiugham,  Norfolk ;  contributed 
largely  to  '  Monthly  Review.'  [iv.  460] 

BEXFIELD,  WILLIAM  RICHARD  (1824-1853),  com- 
poser ;  articled  to  Dr.  Buck,  organist  of  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1846 :  organist  at  Boston,  Lin- 
colnshire, and,  1848,  of  St.  Helen's,  Bishopsgate  :  Mus.  Doc. 
Cambridge,  1849 ;  wrote  oratorio, '  Israel  Restored,'  1851. 

BEXLEY,  first  BARON  (1766-1881).  [See  VANSI'TTART, 
NICHOLAS.] 

BIANCONI,  CHARLES  (1786-1875),  promoter  of  the 
Irish  car  system  in  Ireland ;  born  at  Tregolo,  Lombardy ; 
itinerant  vendor  of  prints  in  Ireland :  opened  as  carver 
and  gilder  a  shop  in  Carrick-on-Suir,  1806 ;  instituted  car 
to  carry  passengers,  goods,  and  mail-bags  between  Clonmel 
and  Cahir  (8  miles),  1815,  the  result  of  which  was  that  a 
car  system  was  formed  and  rapidly  extended ;  deputy-lieu- 
tenant, 1803  ;  friend  «uid  adherent  of  O'Counell.  [iv.461] 


BIBBY 


101 


BIDDER 


BIBBY,  THOMAS  (1799-1863),  Irish  poetical  writer: 
educated  lit  Kilkenny  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  one 
of  the  best  Greek  scholars  of  his  day  ;  lived  latterly  in 
eccentric  retirement;  published  two  dramatic  poems 
'Gerald  of  Kildare,'  1864,  and  '  Silken  Thomas,'  1S59. 

[iv.4f,2] 

BIBELESWORTH  or  BIBBESWORTH,  WALTER 
DK  (jl.  1270),  poet;  accompanied  Prince  Ed  ward  to  Holy 
Laud,  1270  ;  wrote  two  French  poems.  [Iv.  463] 

BIBER,  GEORGE  EDWARD  (1801-1874),  mis- 
cellaneous writer:  bom  at  Ludwigsburg,  Wlirtemberg, 
an,l  *t  ud  led  at  lyceum  there:  Ph.D.  Tlibingen  ;  LL.D. 
Oiittingeu  ;  took  part  in  agitation  for  German  unity, 
and  retired  successively  to  Italy  and  the  Orisons  ; 
master  in  lV*talo/,/.i  institution,  Yverdun  ;  head  of  classical 
school  at  Hampstead,  and  later  at  Coombe  Wood  :  became 
naturalised  ;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity,  Roehampton,  1842-74  ; 
member  of  council  of  English  Church  Union,  1863-4; 
published  works  dealing  with  theological  questions; 
edited  'John  Bull,'  1848-56.  [iv.  463] 

BICHENO,  JAMES  EBENEZER  (1785-1861),  states- 
man ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1822  ;  joined  Ox- 
ford circuit  ;  F.L.S.,  1812,  and  secretary,  1824-32  ;  pub- 
lished '  Ireland  and  its  Economy,'  1830  :  member  of 
commission  to  investigate  condition  of  poor  in  Ireland, 
c.  1833  :  colonial  secretary  in  Van  Diemeu's  Laud,  1842, 
where  he  died  ;  wrote  works  on  economic  and  scientific 
subjects.  [v.  1] 

BICKERSTAFF,  WILLIAM  (1728-1789),  antiquary  ; 
under-master  of  Lower  Free  grammar  school,  Leicester, 
1750  ;  held  successively  various  curacies  in  Leicestershire  ; 
contributed  papers  on  antiquarian  subjects  to  '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.'  [v.  2] 

BICKERSTAFFE,  ISAAC  (d.  1812?),  dramatic 
writer  ;  page  to  Lord  Chesterfield,  when  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland;  produced  between  1756  and  1771  many  suc- 
cessful dramatic  pieces,  including  'Love  in  a  Village* 
(1762);  fled  abroad,  being  suspected  of  a  capital  crime, 
1772  ;  died  abroad  in  degraded  circumstances.  [v.  2] 

BICKERSTETH,  EDWARD  (1786-1850),  evangelical 
divine;  received  appointment  in  General  Post  Office,  c. 
1800  ;  in  partnership  with  his  brother-in-law,  a  solicitor 
at  Norwich,  1812;  abandoned  practice  of  law,  and  was 
ordained  ;  one  of  secretaries  of  Church  Missionary  Society, 
1816-30,  during  which  time  he  travelled  as  'deputation'  ; 
assistant  minister  of  Wheler  Episcopal  Chapel,  Spital- 
fields;  rector  of  Watton,  Hertfordshire,  1830.  Took  an 
active  part  in  opposing  the  Tractarian  movement  ;  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Parker  Society  and  of  the  Irish 
Church  Missions  Society  ;  frequently  acted  as  '  deputa- 
tion '  for  Society  for  Conversion  of  Jews,  and  other  reli- 
gious associations.  His  works  include  '  Help  to  Studying 
the  Scriptures  '  and  '  Christian  Psalmody,'  a  collection  of 
over  seven  hundred  hymns.  [v.  3] 

BICKERSTETH,  EDWARD  (1814-1892),  dean  of 
Lichfield  ;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1839  ; 
D.D.,  1864  ;  vicar  of  Aylesbury  and  archdeacon  of  Buck- 
inghamshire, 1853  ;  honorary  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1866  ;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1875  ;  during  several 
years  prolocutor  over  lower  house  of  convocation  of 
Canterbury  ;  published  religious  writings 


[Suppl.  i.  194] 
1897),  bishop  of 


BICKERSTETH,  EDWARD  (1850- 
South  Tokyo,  Japan  ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
1873  ;  fellow,  1875  ;  M.A.,  1876  ;  ordained  deacon,  1873  ; 
priest,  1874  ;  head  of  Cambridge  mission  to  Delhi,  1877- 
1882;  rector  of  Framlingham,  1882;  bishop  of  South 
Tokyo,  Japan,  1886.  [Suppl.  L  194] 

BICKERSTETH,  HENRY,  BARON  LAXQDALK  (1783- 
1861),  master  of  rolls,  brother  of  Edward  Bickersteth 
(1786-1850)  [q.v.];  studied  medicine  in  London  and 
Edinburgh:  Hewitt  scholar,  Oaius  College,  Cambridge, 
1802  ;  senior  wrangler  and  senior  Smith's  mathematical 
prizeman,  1808  ;  B.A.  and  fellow  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner 
Temple,  1811  ;  bencher,  1827  ;  M.A.,  1811  ;  gave  valuable 
evidence  before  commission  on  procedure  of  court  of 
chancery,  1824  :  K.C.,  1827  ;  sworn  privy  councillor,  ap- 
jiointed  master  of  rolls,  and  created  Baron  Langdale  of 
Langdale.  Westmoreland,  1836;  temporarily  speaker  of 
House  of  Lords,  1«50;  head  of  commission  entrusted  with 
seal,  1850.  [v.  4] 


BICKERSTETH,  ROBERT  (1816-1884X  bishop  of 
Ripon;  graduated  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1841; 
lion,  secretary  of  Irish  Church  Missions,  1860;  canon 
iv-i.lontiary  nnd  treasurer,  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1864; 
bishop  of  Ripon,  1857  ;  gained  considerable  reputation  as 
evangelical  preacher,  [v.  6] 

BICKERTON,  Sin  RICHARD  (1727-1792),  vice-admi- 
ral ;  entered  navy,  1739  ;  lieutenant  in  West  Indies,  1746- 
1748 ;  post-captain  in  Mediterranean,  1759,  West  Indies, 
and  Channel,  1761 ;  knighted,  1773  ;  baronet,  1778 ;  assisted 
in  second  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1781  ;  commodore  of  first 
class  in  East  Indies,  1782-4 :  commander-in-chief  at  Lee- 
ward Islands,  178C-7  ;  rear-admiral,  1787  ;  vice-admiral, 
1790 ;  port-admiral  at  Plymouth  till  death.  [v.  6] 

BICKERTON,  SIR  RICHARD  HUSSEY  (1759-1832), 
admiral :  son  of  Sir  Richard  Bickerton  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
navy,  1771 ;  lieutenant,  1777 ;  commander,  1779 ;  in 
Channel,  1779-80,  West  Indies,  1781  and  1787-90,  and 
Channel,  1793-4,  West  Indies  and  Newfoundland,  1794, 
North  Sea,  1795,  and  Channel,  1797-9 ;  rear-admiral,  1799  ; 
served  at  Cadiz  and  on  Egyptian  coast ;  commauder-in- 
chief  in  Mediterranean ;  second  in  command  under  Nelson, 
1804-5;  admiral,  1810;  commander-in-chief  at  Ports- 
mouth, 1812 ;  K.O.B.,  1815 ;  general  of  marines,  1830. 

[v.7] 

BICKHAM,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (d.  1758),  en- 
graver ;  son  of  George  Bickham  (d.  1769)  [q.  v.]  ;  pub- 
lished essay  on  drawing,  also  humorous  and  other 
engravings.  [v.  8] 

BICKHAM,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (<f.  1769),  writing 
master  and  engraver;  published  portraits,  engravings, 
and  (1743)  '  The  Universal  Penman.'  [v.  8] 

BICKIEY,  THOMAS  (1518-1596),  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter:  chorister  in  free  school  of  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  fellow,  1541 ;  one  of  Edward  VI's  chaplains  at 
Windsor ;  retired  to  France  during  Mary's  reign  ;  chan- 
cellor in  Lichfield  Cathedral  and  warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  after  Elizabeth's  accession;  bishop  of 
Chichester,  1585.  [v.  8] 

BICKNELL,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1796),  author ;  pub- 
lished works,  including  fiction  and  histories,  between 
1777  and  1785.  [v.  9] 

BICKNELL,  ELHANAN  (1788-1861),  patron  of  art : 
collected,  between  1838  and  1850,  at  his  residence  at 
Herne  Hill,  Surrey,  many  valuable  pictures  by  masters 
of  the  modern  British  school.  [v.  9] 

BICKNELL,  HERMAN  (1830-1875),  author,  oriental- 
ist, and  traveller  ;  son  of  Elhanan  Bicknell  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Paris,  Hanover,  University  College,  and  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  graduated  at  College  of  Sur- 
geons, 1854;  military  surgeon  in  Hong  Kong,  1865,  India, 
1856-60,  and  at  Aldershot ;  resigned  commission,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  languages  and  to  travelling  in  all  parts 
of  the  world.  Translations  from  Hafiz  by  him  were  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [v.  10] 

BICKNELL,  M (1695  ?-1723),  actress :  first  heard 

of  as  playing  at  the  Haymarket  in  Gibber's  'Careless 
Husband,'  1706  ;  at  Drury  Lane,  from  1708  to  1721,  when 
she  was  the  original  Lady  Wrangle  in  Gibber's  '  Refusal ' ; 
last  appeared,  1723.  [v.  11] 

BICKNOR  or  BYKENORE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1349X 
archbishop  of  Dublin;  prebendary  of  Maynooth  and 
treasurer  of  Ireland ;  elected  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1310, 
but  his  election  set  aside  by  Edward  II ;  consecrated, 
1317 ;  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1318 ;  went  on  embassies  to 

i  France.  1323  and   1324 ;    joined    conspiracy  formed  in 

I  France  to  overthrow  the  Despensers ;  sided  with  Queen 
Isabella  against  Edward  II,  1326  ;  papal  collector,  1330  : 
during  last  years  of  his  life,  engaged  in  dispute  with  arch- 

i  bishop    of    Armagh   concerning    primacy   of    Ireland; 

,  founded  college  in  St.  Patrick's  Church,  1320.       [v.  11] 

BIDDER,  GEORGE  PARKER  (1806-1878),  engineer  : 
exhibited,  when  very  young,  by  his  father  as  a  'calcu- 
lating phenomenon ' ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  took  to 
engineering,  and  became  associated  with  Robert  Stephen- 
son  in  London  and  Birmingham  railway,  1834 ;  obtained 
work  in  connection  with  parliamentary  committees ;  a 
founder  of  the  Electric  Telegraph  Company.  His  con- 
structive works  include  the  Victoria  Docks,  London. 
I  [v.  12] 


BIDDLE 


102 


BILL 


BIDDLE,  JOHN  (1615-1662),  Unitarian  :  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1641 ;  master  of  free  school  of  St.  Marv- 
le-<  'rypt,  Gloucester ;  imprisoned  in  Gloucester  by  parlia- 
mentary commissioners,  his  religious  views  being  called  in 
question,  but  released  on  bail,  1 045  ;  brought  before  par- 
liamentary commission  at  \Vi«st  minster,  ami.  having  pub- 
lished works  refuting  Godhead  of  Holy  Spirit,  was  re- 
manded to  prison,  1647  ;  liberated  on  bail,  but  soon  after- 
wards again  confined  in  Newgate ;  released  by  decree  of 
oblivion,  1652 ;  published  '  A  Two-fold  Catechism,'  1654, 
and  was  imprisoned  in  Gatehouse,  1654-5  ;  became  en- 
tangled in  dispute  with  a  baptist  pastor,  and  was  exiled 
to  Scilly  Islands,  1655-8;  released,  but  rearrested;  sub- 
sequently diiil  from  disease  contracted  in  prison.  His 
controversial  writings  attracted  considerable  attention. 

[v.  IS] 

BLDDLECOMBE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1807-1878),  captain 
and  author :  midshipman  in  mercantile  marine,  1823 ; 
second  master  in  royal  navy,  1833  :  in  active  service,  and 
engaged  in  naval  surveys,  c.  1828-64 ;  master  attendant 
at  Woolwich  yard,  1864-8 ;  staff  -captain  and  C.B.,  1867  : 
knighted,  1873  ;  published  works  relating  to  naval 
matters.  [v.  16] 

BIDDULPH,  SIR  THOMAS  MYDDLETON  (1809- 
1878),  general ;  lieutenant,  1829 ;  master  of  Queen  Victoria's 
household,  1851  ;  colonel,  1854  ;  K.C.B.,  1863  ;  keeper  of 
Queen  Victoria's  privy  purse,  1867:  lieutenant-general, 
1873  ;  brevet-general  and  privy  councillor,  1877.  [v.  17] 

BLDDTTLPH,  THOMAS  TREGENNA  (1763-1838), 
evangelical  divine;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1787; 
incumbent  of  Bengeworth,  near  Eveshaui,  1793-1803,  and 
of  St.  James's,  Bristol,  1799-1838  ;  published  theological 
works.  [v.  17] 

BIDGOOD,  JOHN  (1624-1690),  physician  ;  educated  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  Petreian  fellow,  1642  :  bachelor 
of  physic,  1648 ;  excluded  from  fellowship  by  parliamen- 
tarian visitors,  1649-60;  M.D.  Padua;  practised  at  Chard 
and  subsequently  at  Exeter ;  incorporated  M.D.  Oxford, 
1660  ;  F.C.P.,  1686.  [v.  18] 

BLDLAKE,  JOHN  (1755-1814),  divine  and  poet ;  M.A. 
and  D.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1808  ;  minister  at  Stone- 
house  ;  chaplain  to  prince  regent  and  Duke  of  Clarence ; 
Bamptou  lecturer,  1811 ;  afflicted  with  blindness,  1811 ; 
published  religious  and  poetical  works.  [v.  18] 

BIDWILL,  JOHN  OARNE  (1815-1853),  botanist  and 
traveller  ;  became  merchant  at  Sydney,  New  South  Wales ; 
accompanied  exploring  expeditions  in  New  Zealand  and 
made  several  botanical  discoveries;  contributed  to  the 
*  Gardener's  Chronicle.'  [v.  18] 

BIFFIN  or  BEFFIN,  SARAH  (1784-1850),  miniature 
painter  ;  born  without  arms  or  legs,  but  contrived  to  use 
pencil  and  paintbrush  with  her  mouth ;  travelled  about 
the  country  exhibiting  her  powers,  1812  ;  received  medal 
from  Society  of  Artists,  1821.  [v.  19] 

BIFIELD,  NICHOLAS  (1579-1622).    [See  BYFIF.LD.] 

BIGG,  JOHN  STANYAN  (1828-1866),  poet  and  journal- 
ist; published  'The  Sea  King,'  a  metrical  romance,  1848; 
edited  in  Ireland  '  Downshire  Protestant ';  returned  and 
became  editor  and  proprietor  of  '  Olverston  Advertiser,' 
1860-5.  His  most  important  poem, '  Night  and  the  Soul ' 
(1854),  shows  that  his  sympathies  were  with  the 'Spas- 
modic School.'  [v.  19] 

BIGG,  WILLIAM  REDMORE  (1765-1828),  painter ; 
pupil  of  Edward  Penny,  R.A. ;  entered  Academy  schools, 
1778 ;  R.A.,  1814.  [v.  20] 

BIG  OAR,  JOSEPH  GILLIS  (1828-1890),  Irish  poli- 
tician; provision  merchant  at  Belfast,  1861-80;  town 
councillor,  1871 ;  chairman  of  Belfast  water  commission  ; 
joined  Isaac  Butt's  Home  Rule  Association,  1870;  M.P. 
for  co.  Cavan,  1874  till  death ;  joined  Irish  Republican 
Brotherhood  (the  Fenians),  1876,  and  became  member  of 
supreme  council,  but  was  expelled  from  the  body,  1877,  for 
refusing  to  sever  his  connection  with  the  parliamentary 
movement ;  treasurer  of  land  league,  1879 ;  opposed  Glad- 
stone's Irish  policy,  1880-1 ;  suspended  for  disorderly 
conduct,  1881 :  he  was  one  of  the  Irish  politicians  whose 
conduct  was  investigated  during  the  Paniell  commission, 
1887  ;  he  adopted,  with  considerable  success,  from  1876,  a 
policy  of  parliamentary  'obstruction.'  [Suppl.  i.  196] 

BIGLAND,  JOHN  (1760-1832),  schoolmaster  and 
author;  village  schoolmaster;  published  ' Reflections  on 


Resurrection  and  Ascension  of  Christ,'  1803;  adopted 
literary  profession  and  published  series  of  popular  works 
connected  chiefly  with  geography  and  history,  [v.  20] 

BIGLAND,  RALPH  (1711-17H4),  Garter  king-of-arms ; 
blue  mantle,  College  of  Arms,  1757 ;  Somerset  and  regi- 
strar, 1763;  Norroy  king-of-arms,  1773;  Clarenceux, 
1774;  Garter  king-of-arms,  1780;  made  collections  for 
history  of  Gloucestershire.  [v.  21] 

BIGNELL,  HENRY  (1611-1660?),  divine;  B.A.  St. 
Mary's  Hall,  Oxford  ;  rector,  1646,  of  St.  Peter-le-Bayly, 
Oxford,  whence  he  was  ejected  for  scandalous  conduct. 

[v.  21] 

BIGNELL,  Mas.  (1695?-! 723).  [See  BICKXELL,  M .] 

BIGOD  or  BYGOD,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1508-1537),  rebel ; 

knighted,  c.   1629;    educated    at    Oxford;    in    Cardinal 

Wolsey's  service,  1627 :  employed  under  Thomas  Cromwell 

j  in  advancing  Henry  VIII's  reforms  in  Yorkshire :  hanged 

i  for  heading  insurrection  at  Beverley  in  connection  with 

Pilgrimage  of  Grace.  [v.  21] 

BIGOD,  HUGH,  first  EARL  OP  NORFOLK  (d.  1176  or 
1177),  second  son  of  Roger  Bigod  (d.  1107);  governor  of 
Norwich  till  1122  ;  king's  dapifer,  1123 ;  took  active  part 
in  rebellions  against  Henry  I ;  Earl  of  Norfolk  on  Stephen's 
accession ;  held  Norwich  against  Stephen,  J 136  ;  surrendered 
and  was  pardoned;  fought  under  Stephen  at  Lincoln, 
1141 ;  joined  Henry  of  Anjou's  party  and  held  Ipswich 
against  Stephen,  1153,  but  escaped  punishment  on  its  fall ; 
1  showed  signs  of  hostility  to  Henry  II,  but  gave  in  his 
I  submission,  1157 ;  assisted  prince  Henry's  rebellion  against 
his  father,  1173 ;  submitted  to  Henry  II,  1174 ;  probably 
died  in  Holy  Land,  whither  he  had  accompanied  Philip  of 
Flanders  on  pilgrimage.  [v.  22] 

BIGOD,  HUGH  (d.  1266),  justiciar ;  chief  ranger  of 
I  Farndale  forest,  Yorkshire,  1255 ;  chief  justiciar,  1268-60  ; 
i  keeper  of  Tower  of  London,  1258;  governor  of  Dover 
!  Castle,  1258-61.  [v.  24] 

BIGOD,  ROGER,  second  EARL  OP  NORFOLK  (d.  1221), 
son  of  Hugh,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ;  steward  of  royal  household 
under  Richard  I ;  ambassador  to  Philip  of  France  to 
arrange  crusade ;  justiciar  after  Richard's  return ;  justice 
itinerant  in  Norfolk ;  enjoyed  John's  favour  until  1213, 
when  he  was  imprisoned ;  released  and  restored  to  favour ; 
joined  barons  against  John,  1215.  [v.  24] 

BIGOD,  ROGER,  fourth  EARL  OP  NORFOLK  (d.  1270), 
marshal  of  England;  grandson  of  Roger  Bigod,  second 
earl  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1233  ;  head  of  commission  of  jus- 
tices itinerant  in  Essex  and  Hertfordshire,  1234;  accom- 
panied unsuccessful  embassy  to  Lyons  to  protest  against 
papal  exactions,  1245  ;  earl  marshal,  1246 :  played  pro- 
minent part  in  bringing  forward  Provisions  of  Oxford, 
1268 ;  supported  Henry  III  against  Simon  de  Montfort, 
1269,  but  subsequently  joined  de  Montfort's  party. 

[v.  25] 

BIGOD,  ROGER,  fifth  EARL  OP  NORFOLK  (1245-1306), 
marshal  of  England  :  sou  of  Hugh  Bigod  (d.  1266)  [q.  v.]  ; 
refused,  with  Earl  of  Hereford,  to  serve  in  Gascony  un- 
accompanied by  Edward  I,  1297,  and,  on  the  king's  de- 
parture to  Flanders,  protested  in  arms  against  taxation 
without  national  consent,  Edward  renouncing  the  right 
at  Ghent,  1298 ;  gave  up  marshal's  rod,  1301.  [v.  26] 

BIGSBY,  JOHN  JEREMIAH  (1792-1881),  geologist ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1814;  army  medical  officer  at  Cape, 
1817 ;  commissioned  to  report  on  geology  of  Upper  Canada, 
1819 ;  British  secretary  and  medical  officer  of  Canadian 
boundary  commission,  1822 ;  fellow,  Geological  Society, 
1823 ;  F.R.S.,  1869 ;  practised  medicine  at  Newark,  1827- 
1846,  ami  in  London,  1846-81 ;  published  scientific  and 
other  writings.  [v.  27] 

BIGSBY,  ROBERT  (1806-1873),  antiquary;  educated 
for  legal  profession,  but  abandoned  it  and  turned  his 
attention  to  study  and  accumulation  of  antiquities,  ac- 
quiring several  curious  relics  of  Sir  Francis  Drake ;  pub- 
lished historical,  antiquarian,  and  other  works,  [v.  27] 

BLLFBITH  (fi.  750),  anchorite  of  Lindisfarne ;  adorned 
with  gold  and  gems  the  '  Durham  Book,'  a  manuscript  of 
the  gospels  now  in  Cottonian  Library.  [v.  28] 

BILL,  ROBERT  (1754-1827),  inventor :  educated  for 
the  army,  but  occupied  himself  with  literary  and  scientific 
pursuits :  originated  improvements  in  domestic  and  other 
contrivances.  [v.  28] 


BILL 


103 


BINGHAM 


BILL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1561),  dean  of  Westminster : 
BA.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1533;  fellow,  1535; 
MA  1536;  D.D.  and  master  of  his  college,  1547  :  Linacre 
lecturer,  1547-9 :  vice-chancellor,  1549  :  master  of  Trinity 
and  itineniry  chaplain  to  the  king,  1551;  deprived  of 
mastership  by  Mury,  but  reinstated,  1558  ;  chief  uluioner, 
1554 ;  fellow  and  provost  of  Eton  College,  1559  ;  prebendary 
of  Lincoln  1659 :  on  commission  for  revision  of  prayer- 
book,  1560  ;  dean  of  Westminster,  1560.  [v.  29] 

BILLING,  ARCHIBALD  (1791-1881),  physician; 
AB  Trinity  College.  Dublin,  1811;  M.D.,  1818;  incor- 
porated M.D.  Oxford?  1818 ;  P.O.P.,  1819,  censor,  College 
of  Physicians,  1823,  and  councillor,  1852-5;  physician  to 
London  Hospital,  1822-45  ;  instituted  clinical  lectures  in 
London,  1823;  member  of  senate  of  London  University. 
I.s36;  F.K.S. :  published  medical  works  and  a  text-book 
on  engraved  gems,  coins,  and  similar  objects.  [v.  30] 

BILLING,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1481  ?),  lawyer  ;  member 
of  ('.ray's  Inn;  M.P.  for  London,  1448;  recorder,  1451; 
serjeant-at-law,  1454;  king's  serjeant,  1458;  knighted, 
r.  1 158 ;  took  part  against  the  Lancastrians ;  judge  of 
king's  bench,  1464;  chief- justice  of  king's  bench,  1469  till 
death,  [v.  31] 

BLLLINGHAM  or  BTTLLINGHAM,  RICHARD 
(fl.  1350),  schoolman;  educated  at  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  concerned  in  riot  occasioned  by  election  to  chan- 
cellorship of  university,  1349.  [v.  32] 

BILLINGS,  JOSEPH  (6.  1758  ?),  explorer ;  sailed  as 
A.B.  under  Captain  Cook  on  his  last  voyage ;  lieutenant 
in  Russian  navy;  commanded  Russian  exploring  expedi- 
tion to  north-eastern  parts  of  Asia,  1785,  and  was  pro- 
moted successively  captain-lieutenant,  and  captain  of 
second  and  first  class.  [v.  32] 

BILLINGS,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1813-1874),  archi- 
tect :  employed  in  illustrating  architectural  works ;  pub- 
lished on  his  own  account  '  Architectural  Antiquities  of 
County  of  Durham '  (1846),  'Baronial  and  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities  of  Scotland'  (1845-52),  and  other  works ;  re- 
stored many  important  old  buildings  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, [v.  33] 

BILUNGSLEY,  SIR  HENRY  (d.  1606),  lord  mayor 
of  London  and  first  translator  of  Euclid  into  English ; 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1561 ;  studied 
at  Oxford ;  apprenticed  to  London  liaberdasher  ;  sheriff 
of  London,  1584;  lord  mayor,  1596:  knighted,  c.  1597  : 
M.P.  for  London,  1604 ;  published,  1570,  the  first  transla- 
tion of  Euclid  into  English.  [v.  33] 

BLLLINGSLEY,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1625-1684),  non- 
conformist divine ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1648; 
incorporated  B.A.,  1649 :  minister  at  Chesterfield  :  ejected, 
1662,  but  continued  to  preach  in  private ;  published  con- 
troversial and  other  religious  works.  [v.  34] 

BLLLINGSLEY,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1657-1722), 
nonconformist  divine;  son  of  John  Billingsley  (1625- 
1684)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
ministered  successively  at  Chesterfield,  Sheffield,  Selston, 
Kingston-upon-Hnll,  and  at  Crutched  Friars  (1706): 
sided  with  opponents  of  subscription,  1719;  published 
religious  tracts,  [v.  35] 

BILLINGSLEY,  MARTIN  (fl.  1618-1637),  writing- 
master,  probably  to  Prince  Charles ;  published  '  The  Pens 
Excelleucie,  or  the  Secretarys  Delight,'  1618.  [v.  S5] 

BILLINGSLEY,  NICHOLAS  (1633-1709),  poet  and 
divine:  educated  at  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford ; 
held  living  of  Weobley:  ejected,  1662:  kept  school  at 
Abergavenny;  received  living  of  Blakeney  in  parish  of 
Aw  re,  Gloucestershire,  from  which  he  was  subsequently 
suspended ;  published  religions  poems.  [v.  ;!6] 

BLLLINGTON,  ELIZABETH  (1768-1818X  singer; 
daughter  of  Carl  Weichsel,  a  native  of  Freiberg,  Saxony, 
principal  oboist  at  the  King's  Theatre ;  studied  music 
under  her  father  and  Schroeter :  appeared  at  concert  at 
Oxford,  1782:  married  James  Billiugton,  double  bass 
player  at  Drury  Lane,  1783 :  engaged  at  Covent  Garden, 
1786 ;  received  lessons  from  Sacchini  at  Paris,  1786,  and 
later  from  Morelli,  Pner,  and  Himmel :  sang  at  Covent 
Garden,  the  concerts  of  ancient  music,  the  oratorios,  and 
Handel  commemorations,  till  1793:  travelled  on  conti- 
nent, where,  on  her  husband's  death,  she  married  M. 


Felissent,  a  Frenchman,  1799;  appeared,  on  alternate 
uitrhts,  at  Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane,  iWll  ;  sang  at 
King's  Theatre  in  Italian  opera,  1802  till  1811,  when  she 
retired ;  one  of  England's  greatest  singers.  [v.  37] 

BLLLINGTON,  THOMAS  (</.  18:52).  harpsichord  and 
singing  master ;  brother-in-law  of  Elizabeth  Billingtou 
[q.  v.]  ;  member  of  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1777; 
published  instrumental  and  other  musical  compositions. 

[v.  39] 

BILLINGTON.WTLLI  AM  (1827-1884),  dialect  writer; 
employed  in  cotton  mills  at  Blackburn  :  published  verse 
and  prose  writings  in  Lancashire  dialect.  [v.  40] 

BLLNEY  or  BYLNEY,  THOMAS  (</.  1531),  martyr : 
educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;  LL.B.;  gained 
friendship  of  Matthew  Parker  and  Latimer:  licensed  to 
preach  throughout  diocese  of  Ely,  1525,  and  delivered 
many  sermons  against  prayers  to  saints  and  image 
worship ;  arrested  at  instance  of  Wolsey  and  confined  in 
Tower,  1527  :  persuaded  to  recant  and  released,  1529 ; 
preached  in  Norfolk,  1531 :  apprehended  and  subsequently 
burned  at  Bishopsgate.  He  maintained  a  consistent 
orthodoxy,  after  mediagval  standards,  on  the  power  of  the 
pope  and  of  the  church,  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass,  and  the 
doctrine  of  transubstantiation.  [v.  40] 

BLLSON,  THOMAS  (1547-1616),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
1570 ;  D.D.,  1581 ;  prebendary  of  Winchester,  and  warden 
of  Winchester  College,  1576 ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1596 
and  of  Winchester,  1597  ;  published  religious  works. 

[v.  43] 

BINCKES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1712),  dean  of  Lichfield: 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1674;  fellow  of 
Peterhouse ;  M.A.,  1678 :  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1683, 
and  of  Lichfield,  1697;  D.D.,  1699;  dean  of  Lichfleld, 
1703.  [y.  44] 

BINDLEY,  CHARLES,  known  as  HARRY  HIEOVER 
(1795-1859),  sporting  writer ;  published  works  on  sporting 
subjects,  including  a  revised  and  corrected  edition  of 
Delabere  Elaine's  'Encyclopaedia  of  Rural  Sports,'  1862. 

[v.  45] 

BINDLEY,     JAMES    (1737-1818),    book    collector; 

educated  at   Charterhouse  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge: 

j  M.A.,  1762;  commissioner  of  stamp  duties,  1765 ;    senior 

1  commissioner,  1781-1818 ;  F.S.A.,  1765  ;  formed  valuable 

collection  of  rare  books,  engravings,  and  medals,  [v.  46] 

BLNDON,  FRANCIS  (d.  1765),  painter  and  architect ; 
executed  portraits  of  Swift,  Richard  Baldwin  [q.  v.],  and 
other  eminent  Irishmen ;  retired,  c.  1750.  [v.  46] 

BINGHAM,  GEORGE  (1715-1800),  divine;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford:  fellow  of 
All  Souls;  M.A.,  1739;  B.D.,  1748;  proctor,  1746-6: 
rector  of  Pimperne,  Dorsetshire,  1748 ;  /proctor  for 
diocese  of  Salisbury  in  convocations  of  1761,  1768,  1774, 
I  and  1780.  He  assisted  the  Rev.  John  Hutchins  in  compiling 
his  'History  of  Dorsetshire,'  and  published  religious 
works.  [V.  46] 

BINGHAM,  GEORGE  CHARLES,  third  EARL  OK 
LUCAN  (1800-1888),  field-marshal:  educated  at  West- 
1  minster:  ensign,  1816  :  lieutenant,  1820 ;  major,  1825:  and 
j  lieutenant-colonel,  1826-37,  17th  lancers;  M.P.  for  co. 
Mayo.  1826-30;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1839;  elected  re- 
presentative peer  of  Ireland,  1840;  lord- lieutenant  of 
Mayo,  1845 ;  major-general,  1851 ;  commanded  cavalry 
division  in  army  in  Turkey,  1854:  directed  charge  of 
heavy  brigade  at  Balaclava,  and  followed  light  brigade 
with  two  regiments  of  the  heavy  brigade  to  cover  its 
retirement ;  censured  by  Lord  Raglan  and  recalled,  1855  ; 
K.O.B.  and  colonel  of  8th  hussars,  1855  :  lieutenant- 
general,  1858;  general,  1865;  colonel  of  1st  life  guards, 
1865  ;  G.O.B.,  1869  ;  field-marshal,  1887.  [Suppl.  i.  196] 

BINGHAM,  SIR  GEORGE  RIDOUT  (1777-1833), 
major-general ;  ensign  in  Corsica,  1793  :  served  in  Cape 
and  in  Kaffir  war,  1800  ;  major,  1801 ;  lieutenant-colonel 
of  2nd  battalion  58rd  foot  in  Ireland,  1805  :  in  Peninsula, 
1809-14 ;  knighted  :  brigadier-general  in  St.  Helena  till 
1819  ;  commanded  Cork  district,  1827-32.  [v.  47] 

BINGHAM,  JOHN  (1607-1689),  nonoouformistdivine; 
!  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  head-master 
in  free  school,  Derby:  vicar  of  Murstou-upou-Dove, 
Derbyshire;  ejected,  1662,  subsequently  suffering  con- 
siderable persecution  ;  assisted  Walton  with  his  great 
polyglot  bible.  [v.  47] 


BINGHAM 


104 


BIRCH 


BINGHAM,  JOSEPH  (1668-1723),  divine  ;  B.A.  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  1688:  fellow,  1689;  \vith.lr.-\v 
from  university,  being  unjustly  charged  with  preaching 
impious  and  heretical  doctrines,  1696 ;  collated  to  living 
of  Havant,  1712  ;  lost  money  in  South  Sea  Bubble  ;  pub- 
lished '  Origines  Ecclesiastic®,'  or  '  Antiquities  of  the 
Christian  Church,'  10  vols.,  1708-22,  and  other  works 
relating  to  ecclesiastical  history  and  doctrine,  [v.  48] 

BINGHAM,  MARGARET,  COUNTESS  OP  LCCAN 
(d.  1814),  amateur  painter;  married,  1760,  Sir  Charles 
Bingham  (created  Earl  of  Lucan,  1795) ;  spent  many  years 
in  embellishment  of  Shakespeare's  historical  plays.  Her 
miniatures  were  extravagantly  praised  by  Horace  Wai- 
pole,  [v.  50] 

BINGHAM,  PEREGRINE,  the  elder  (1754-1826), 
biographer  and  poet ;  B.C.L.  New  College,  Oxford,  1780 ; 
rector  of  Berwick  St.  John,  Wiltshire,  1817 ;  published 
memoirs  of  his  father,  George  Bingham  [q.  v.]  [v.  51] 

BINGHAM,  PEREGRINE,  the  younger  (1788-1864), 
legal  writer;  son  of  Peregrine  Bingham  (1754-1826) 
[q.  v.] :  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1810 ;  called  to 
bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1818;  for  many  years  legal 
reporter  ;  published  legal  works.  [v.  51] 

BINGHAM  or  BYNGHAM,  SIR  RICHARD  (1528- 
1599),  governor  of  Connaught ;  served  in  Scotland  under 
Somerset,  1547,  at  St.  Quentin,  1557,  in  expedition  against 
Out-isles  of  Scotland,  1558,  under  Don  John  of  Austria 
against  Turks,  in  conquest  of  Cyprus,  1572,  in  Low 
Countries,  1573,  and  under  Dutch  flag  against  Spaniards, 
1578;  knighted  and  appointed  governor  of  Counaught, 
1684 ;  rigorously  suppressed  Connaught  rebellion,  1586 ; 
temporarily  recalled  to  take  part  in  war  in  Netherlands, 
1587-8 ;  repressed  O'Rourke's  revolt,  1590-1 ;  imprisoned 
in  Fleet  on  charge  of  exercising  undue  severity,  1596; 
returned  to  Ireland  as  marshal,  1598.  [v.  62] 

BINGHAM,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (1765-1858), divine; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  B.A., 
1787 ;  D.O.L.,  1801 ;  prebendary  of  Chichester,  1807  ;  im- 
prisoned at  Winchester  for  fraud,  1813,  and  published 
vehement  protestation  of  innocence  ;  issued,  1829,  third 
edition  of  '  Origines  Ecclesiasticae,'  published  by  his  an- 
cestor, Joseph  Bingham  [q.  v.]  [v.  53] 

BINGHAM,  RICHARD,  the  yeunger  (1798-1872), 
divine:  son  of  Richard  Bingham  (1765-1858)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1827;  vicar  of  Queen- 
borough,  isle  of  Sheppey,  1856-70;  published  writings 
relating  to  liturgical  revision,  and  an  edition  of  works  of 
Joseph  Bingham  [q.  v.]  [v.  54] 

BINGLEY,  BARON  (1676-1731).  [See  BENSON, 
ROBERT.] 

BINGLEY,  WILLIAM  (1774-1823),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  M.A.  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  1803 ; 
minister  of  Fitzroy  chapel.  Charlotte  Street,  London, 
1816-23;  F.L.S. ;  published  works  on  various  subjects, 
including  topography  and  natural  history.  [v.  65] 

BINHAM  or  BYNHAM,  SIMON  (/.  1336),  chro- 
nicler ;  monk  of  priory  of  Binhnin,  Norfolk ;  assisted  in 
opposing  exactions  of  Hugh,  abbot  (1308-26)  of  St.  Al- 
baus;  said  to  have  contributed  to  'Chronicle  of  Ris- 
hanger.'  [v.  66] 

BINHAM  or  BYNHAM,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1370),  prior 
of  Wallingford;  D.D.  Oxford,  where  he  was  for  a  time 
intimate  with  Wycliffe,  against  whom  he  afterwards 
wrote  'Contra  Positiones  Wiclevi.'  [v.  66] 

BINNEMAN,  HENRY  (d.  1583).  [See  BYNNEMAN, 
HENRY.] 

BINNEY,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1812-1881),  geo- 
logist ;  practised  as  solicitor  in  Manchester  from  1836 ;  a 
founder  and  first  honorary  secretary  of  Manchester  Geo- 
logical Society ;  president,  1857-9  and  1865-7 ;  member  of 
London  Geological  Society,  1863:  F.R.S.,  1866;  wrote 
many  papers  on  geological  subjects,  of  which  Sigillnria 
was  among  the  most  important.  [v.  66] 

BINNEY,  fHOMAS  (1798-1874),  nonconformist 
divine;  appreutiual  to  a  Newcastle  bookseller :  studied  at 
theological  seminary  at  Wymondley,  Hertfordshire;  pastor 
of  St.  James's  Street  chapel,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  l.v.'  i. 
aud  congregation  at  Weigh  House,  London,  1829-69; 


1  acquired  high  reputation  as  preacher  ;  visited  Australia, 
1857  ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1852  ;  on  two  occasions  he  was 
elected  chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England 
and  Wales  ;  wrote  polemical  works  and  verse  of  a  religious 
character.  [v.  57] 

BINNING,  LORD  (1697-1733).  [See  HAMILTON, 
CHARLES.] 

BINNING,  HUGH  (1627-1653),  Scottish  divine: 
M.A.  Glasgow  ;  professor  of  philosophy,  1647-51  ;  licensed 
minister  ;  called  to  parish  of  Govan,  near  Glasgow,  1649  ; 
ordained,  1650  ;  sided  with  protesteiy  against  resolutioners, 
and  took  prominent  part  in  dispute  before  Cromwell  at 
Glasgow,  1651  ;  published  religious  works.  [v.  59] 

BINNS,  SIR  HENRY  (1837-1899),  prime  minister  of 
Natal  ;  went  to  Natal,  1858  ;  conducted  sugar  estate  at 
Riet  River,  1860,  and  floated,  1868,  Umhlanga  Valley 
Sugar  Estate  Company,  of  which  he  was  general  manager 
till  1892  ;  nominee  member  of  legislative  council,  1879,  and 
was  member  for  Victoria  county,  1883-99  ;  prime  minis- 
ter of  Natal,  1897;  colonial  secretary  and  minister  of 
agriculture,  1897,  but  soon  resigned  latter  portfolio: 
advocated  and  (1898)  brought  about  entrance  of  Natal 
into  South  African  customs  union  ;  K.O.M.G.,  1898. 


[Suppl.  i.  198] 
st  and  politician  ; 


BINNS,  JOHN  (1772-1860),  journalist 
engaged  as  plumber  in  London,  1794  ;  member  of  London 
Corresponding  Company;  connected  with  schemes  of 
United  Irishmen  ;  in  prison,  1798-1801  ;  went  to  America, 
1801  ;  edited  successively  '  Republican  Argus  '  and  '  Demo- 
cratic Press.'  [v.  60] 

BINYON,  EDWARD  (1830  ?-1876),  landscape  painter  ; 
contributed  to  exhibitions  of  Royal  Academy  and  Dudley 
Gallery,  1857-76.  [v.  61] 

BIONDI,  SIR  GIOVANNI  FRANCESCO  (1572-1644), 

historian  ;  born  at  Lesina,  in  Gulf  of  Venice  ;  secretary  to 

Venetian  ambassador  at  Paris  ;  came  to  England,  1609  ; 

j  represented,  James    I    at    Calvinist  assembly,  Grenoble, 

,  1615  ;  knighted,  1622  ;  gentleman  of  king's  privy  chamber  ; 

died  at  Aubonne,  Switzerland;  published  in  Italian  at 

1  Venice  three  romances  and  a  work  on  the  Wars  of  the 

!  Roses,  which  all  appeared  in  English  translations. 
[v.  61] 
BIRCH,  CHARLES  BELL  (1832-1893),  sculptor,  son 
;  of  Jonathan  Birch  [q.  v.]  ;   studied  at  school  of  design, 
Somerset  House,  and    at  Royal  academies,  Berlin   and 
j  London  ;    assistant  to  John  Henry  Foley  [q  v.]  ;    won 
i  premium  from  Art  Union  of  London  for  '  Wood  Nymph,' 
I  1864;  exhibited  at  Burlington  House  from  1864;  A.R.A., 
I  1880  ;  produced  bronze  '  Griffin  '  on  Temple  Bar  memorial, 
}  Fleet  Street,   1880;  his  works  include  a  statue  of  Lord 
i  Beaconsfield  at  Liverpool,  and  statues  of  Queen  Victoria 
at  Aberdeen  and  Oodeypore,  India.  [Suppl.  i.  199] 

BIRCH,  JAMES  (.ft.  1769-1795),  heresiarch;  watch- 
motion  maker  in  London  ;  joined  Muggletouians,  c.  1759, 
but  rejected  part  of  their  doctrine,  1772  ;  began  to  claim 
I  personal  inspiration,  1778  ;  published  theological  works. 

[v.  62] 

BIRCH,  JOHN  (1616-1691),  presbyterian  colonel: 
j  merchant  in  Bristol;  after  surrender  of  Bristol  to 
!  royalists,  levied  regiment  in  London  and  served  as  colonel 
under  Sir  William  Waller  ;  wounded  at  Arundel  '.  present 
at  battle  of  Alresford,  blockade  of  Oxford,  and  skirmish 
at  Cropredy  Bridge  ;  entrusted  with  care  of  Bath  ;  assisted 
in  assault  on  Bristol,  1645,  which,  later,  was  given  into  his 
charge  ;  took  Hereford  and  became  its  governor  ;  M.P. 
for  Leomiuster  ;  opposed  extreme  measures  of  Orom- 
wellians  ;  imprisoned  at  Hereford,  1664-6  :  took  prominent 
part  in  Restoration;  member  of  council  of  state,  1660: 
auditor  of  excise:  M.P.  for  Leoininster  in  Convention 
parliament,  Peurhyn,  1671-8,  and  for  Weobly,  1678-91. 

[v.  02] 

BIRCH,  JOHN  (1745  ?-1815),  surgeon  ;  served  as  sur- 
geon in  army,  and  afterwards  settled  in  London  ;  surgeon 
to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1784-1816;  surgeon  extraor- 
dinary to  prince  regent:  advocated  use  of  electricity  as  a 
remedial  agent,  and  opposed  introduction  of  vaccination  ; 
published  medical  works.  [v.  64] 

BIRCH,  JONATHAN  (1783-1847),  translator  of 
'  Faust*  ;  in  office  of  John  Argelander,  a  timber  merchant 
at  Memel  (with  whom,  in  1807,  the  three  eldest  sons  of 
Frederick  William  III  of  1'ruwin  took  refuge),  1803-12; 


BIKCH 


105 


BIRKBECK 


returned  to  England,  1812  :  on  terms  of  close  intimacy 
with  Frederick  William  IV  of  Prussia  :  published  several 
works,  including  translations  of  Goethe's  '  Faust,'  1839-43, 
ami  tin;  •  NihHungen  Lied,'  1848.  [v.  65] 

BIRCH,  PKTKU  (1652?-1710),  divine:  alucated  at 
(•aiiibri'lu'e  ami  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1G74  ;  D.D., 
!i,s-i  :  -uro-ssivfly  curate  of  St.  Thomas's,  Oxford,  rector 
of  St.  Kbbr's  Church  and  lecturer  at  Carfax;  chaplain  to 
Janifs,  iluke  of  Onnoiiik'  :  chaplain  to  House  of  Commons 
ami  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1689;  rector  of  St. 
James's,  Westminster,  1692,  but  was  removed  owing, 
probably,  to  his  high  church  principles,  which  were  offen- 
sive to  the  court  :  vicar  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street,  1695  ; 
published  sermons.  [v.  66] 

BIRCH,  SIR  RICHARD  JAMES  HOLWELL  (1803- 
1875),  general:  ensign,  Bengal  infantry,  1821;  judge- 
a'lvocate-geueral  to  Bengal  forces,  1841:  O.B.,  1849; 
secretary  to  Indian  military  department,  1852;  colonel, 
1854;  major-general,  1858;  K.C.B.,  1860;  lieutenant- 
l.  1862.  [v.  67] 


BIRCH,  SAMUEL  (1757-1841),  dramatist;  pastry- 
cook in  Cornhill  ;  common  councillor,  1781  ;  alderman  of 
Candlewick  ward,  1807-40;  sheriff,  1811;  lord  mayor, 
1814;  wrote  poems  and  musical  dramas,  of  which  the 
•Adopted  Child'  (1795)  was  the  most  successful,  [v.  67] 

BIRCH,  SAMUEL  (1813-1885),  egyptologist  ;  grand- 
son of  Samuel  Birch  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  where  he  studied  Chinese;  entered  ser- 
vice of  commissioners  of  public  records,  1834  ;  assistant 
in  department  of  antiquities  in  British  Museum,  1836, 
and  was  assistant-keeper,  1844-61  :  studied  egyptology, 
and  quickly  established  importance  of  Champollion's 
system  of  decipherment  of  Egyptian  :  keeper  of  oriental, 
British,  and  mediaeval  antiquities  at  British  Museum, 
1861,  and,  from  1866  till  death,  of  oriental  antiquities 
alone;  founded  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology,  1870, 
and  was  president,  1870-85  ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1862,  and 
Cambridge,  1876  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1876  ;  honorary  fellow 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  Rale  lecturer  at  Cambridge, 
1876  ;  he  published  translations  from  oriental  writings 
and  archaeological,  egyptological,  and  other  treatises, 
besides  popular  educational  works  on  Egyptian  language 
and  history.  [Suppl.  i.  199] 

BIRCH,  THOMAS  (1705-1766),  divine;  rector  of 
Ulting,  Essex,.  1732,  Llandewi-Velfrey,  Pembroke  (a 
sinecure),  1743,  Siddington,  near  Cirencester,  1744,  St. 
Michael,  Wood  Street,  London,  1744,  St.  Margaret  Pattens, 
London,  1746-66,  and  Depden,  Suffolk,  1761-6  ;  D.D. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  of  Lambeth,  1753; 
F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.,  1735;  secretary  of  Royal  Society, 
1752-65  ;  bequeathed  historical  and  biographical  manu- 
scripts to  the  British  Museum;  published  historical 
works  and  contributed  to  'General  Dictionary,  Historical 
and  Critical  '  (1734-41).  [v.  68] 

BIRCH,  THOMAS  LEDLIE  (d.  1808),  Irish  presby- 
terian  divine  ;  minister  of  Saintfield,  1776  ;  went  to  Ame- 
rica after  insurrection  of  1798,  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected ;  published  religious  works.  [v.  70] 

BIRCH,  WILLIAM  (1765-1834),  enamel  painter  and 
engraver:  practised  after  1794  in  Philadelphia;  received 
Society  of  Arts  medal,  1785.  [v.  70] 

BIRCHENSHA,  JOHN  (fl,  1664-1672),  musician: 
lived  in  family  of  Earl  of  Kildare,  and  afterwards  taught 
the  viol  in  London  :  prepared  notes  for  a  work  on  the 
mathematical  basis  of  music.  [v.  70] 

BIRCHUfGTON,  STEPHEN  (fl.  1382),  historical 
writer;  monk  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1382;  trea- 
surer and  warden  of  manors  of  the  monastery  ;  wrote 
historical  works.  [v.  71] 

BIRCHLEY,  WILLIAM  (1613-1669).  [See  AUSTIN, 
Jon\.] 

BERCKBEK,  SIMON  (1584-1656),  divine;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1604  :  B.D.,  1616  ;  vicar  of  Gilling, 
and  of  Forcet,  near  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1617  ;  published 
religious  works.  [v.  71] 

BIRD,  CHARLES  SMITH  (1795-1862),  divine: 
articled  as  conveyancing  solicitor,  Liverpool,  1812; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1818  :  fellow,  1  820  : 
took  pupils,  among  whom  was  Lord  Macaulay  ;  vicar  of 


Gainsborough,  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1843 ;  chan- 
cellor of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1859 ;  F.L.S.,  1828 ;  published 
poems  and  theological  works.  [v.  71] 

BIRD,  EDWARD  (1772-1819),  painter ;  conducted  a 
drawing  school  at  Bristol ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1809 ;  awarded  premium  by  British  Institution  for 
'  Death  of  Eli ' ;  R.A.,  1816 ;  court  painter  to  Queen  Char- 
lotte. 'The  Field  of  Chevy  Chace'  is  considered  his 
greatest  work.  [v.  72] 

BIRD,  FRANCIS  (1667-1731),  sculptor;  studied  at 
Brussels  and  Rome,  and  under  Gibbons  and  Cibber,  to 
whose  practice  he  succeeded ;  employed  in  decorations  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral :  his  best  work  is  the  statue  of  Dr. 
Busby  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [v.  73] 

BIRD,  GOLDING  (1814-1854),  physician ;  studied  at 
Guy's  Hospital,  1832  ;  licensed,  without  examination,  to 
practise  as  apothecary,  1836 ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1838  ; 
M.A.,  1840 ;  L.C.P.,  London,  1840  ;  F.C.P.,  1845 :  lecturer 
on  natural  philosophy  at  Guy's  Hospital,  1836-53 ;  phy- 
sician to  Finsbury  dispensary ;  assistant  physician  to 
Guy's,  1843-53 ;  lecturer  on  materia  medica,  College  of 
Physicians,  1847:  F.R.S.,  and  member  of  Linuean  and 
Geological  societies:  published  'Elements  of  Natural 
Philosophy,'  1839,  and  medical  works.  [v.  74] 

BIRD,  JAMES  (1788-1839),  dramatist  and  poetical 
writer;  apprenticed  as  miller  but  abandoned  the  trade 
for  that  of  stationer,  1820 ;  wrote  two  plays  which  were 
produced  with  some  success,  and  some  narrative  poems. 

[v.  75] 

BIRD,  JOHN  (d.  1558),  bishop ;  Carmelite  friar ;  B.D. 
Oxford,  1510;  D.D.,  1513  ;  provincial  of  his  order,  1516-19, 
and  1522-5  ;  suffragan  to  bishop  of  Llandaff ,  with  title  of 
bishop  of  Penrith,  1537  ;  accompanied  Wotton  on  embassy 
to  Germany,  1539 ;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1539,  and  of  Chester, 
1541 ;  deprived  of  his  bishopric  on  account  of  his  being 
married,  1564;  suffragan  to  Bonner,  bishop  of  London, 
1554 ;  left  religious  writings  in  manuscript.  [v.  76] 

BIRD,  JOHN  (1709-1776),  mathematical  instrument 
maker ;  employed  by  Sisson,  in  London,  in  making  mathe- 
matical instruments,  1740 ;  carried  on  business  independ- 
ently in  Strand,  1745;  acquired  considerable  fame  by 
making  instruments  of  improved  accuracy  for  the  astro- 
nomer Bradley;  constructed  brass  mural  quadrant  for 
Greenwich  Observatory,  1750,  and  for  several  continental 
observatories ;  published  treatises  describing  his  methods 
of  working.  [v.  77] 

BIRD,  RICHARD  (d.  1609),  canon  of  Canterbury ; 
B.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1669 ;  fellow ;  M.A., 
1572 ;  D.D.,  1608 ;  archdeacon  of  Cleveland,  1589  ;  canon 
of  Canterbury,  1590.  [v.  77] 

BIRD,  ROBERT  MERTTINS  (1788-1853),  Bengal  civil 
servant;  commissioner  of  revenue  and  circuit  forGorakh- 
pur  division,  1829 ;  member  of  board  of  revenue,  1832 ; 
successfully  conducted  settlement  of  revenue  of  north- 
west provinces,  1833-41 ;  returned  to  England,  1842. 

[v.  78] 

BIRD,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1600),  divine;  M.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1673  ;  fellow,  Corpus  Christi  College, 
1573-6;  minister  of  St.  Peter's,  Ipswich,  c.  1580-1604; 
incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1605;  published  religious 
works.  [v.  79] 

BIRD,  WILLIAM  (1538  ?-1623).    [See  BYRD.] 

BIRDSALL,  JOHN  AUGUSTINE  (1775-1837),  Bene- 
dictine; joined  Benedictines  at  Lamspringe,  Hanover, 
1795  ;  priest,  1801 ;  came  to  England  on  suppression  of 
abbey,  1803;  established  catholic  mission  at  Cheltenham, 
1810,  and  at  Broadway,  Worcestershire,  1828 ;  provincial 
of  Canterbury,  1822  :  re-elected,  1826 ;  president-general 
of  Benedictines  in  England,  and  cathedral  prior  of  Win- 
chester, 1826 ;  abbot  of  Westminster,  1830.  [iv.  79] 

BIRINUS,  SAINT  (d.  650),  first  bishop  of  Dorchester ; 
Benedictine  monk  of  Rome ;  landed  in  Wessex,  634  :  made 
many  converts  to  Christianity ;  bishop  of  Dorchester,  635. 

[v.80] 

BIRKBECK,  GEORGE  (1776-1841),  founder  of  me- 
chanics' institutions  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1 799  ;  professor 
of  natural  philosophy,  Andersonian  University,  Glasgow, 
1799 ;  established,  1800,  for  working  men  at  Glasgow,  cheap 
courses  of  lectures  on  science,  which  developed  into  the 
'  Glasgow  Mechanics'  Institution,'  1823 ;  practised  as 


BIRKENHEAD 


IOC 


BISSE 


physic-inn  in  London  ;  founder  and  first  president  of  Birk- 
beck  Mechanics'  Institution,  London,  1824  ;  founder  and 
councillor  of  University  College,  London,  1827.  [v.  80] 

BIRKENHEAD  or  BERKENHEAD,  SIR  JOHN 
(1616-1679),  author  of  'Mercurius  Aulicus';  M.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1639  :  probationer-fellow,  All  Souls'  Col- 
lege, 1640;  devised  and  mostly  wrote  '  Mercurius  Aulicus,' 
the  weekly  journal  of  royalists  at  Oxford,  1642-5  ;  in  exile 
with  Prince  Charles,  1648;  probably  knighted  at  St.  Ger- 
mains,  1649  :  D.C.L.,  1661  ;  M.P.  for  Wilton  ;  member  of 
Royal  Society:  one  of  masters  of  requests;  published 
satirical  poems.  [iv.  81] 

BIRKENSHAW,  JOHN  (fl.  1664-1672).     [See  Bin- 

rUKXSHA.] 

BIRKHEAD  or  BIRKET,  GEORGE  (d.  1614),  nreh- 
priest;  educated  at  Douay  and  Rome;  ordained,  1577; 
joined  English  mission,  1580;  archpriest  of  England, 
1608-14.  [v.  83] 

BIRKHEAD,  HENRY  (1617  ?-1696),  Latin  poet; 
scholar,  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1636  ;  studied  at  St. 
Omer  :  B.A.  :  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1638-57  ;  M.A.,  1641  ; 
registrar  of  diocese  of  Norwich,  1660-81  ;  published  poems 
in  Latin  and  left  in  manuscript  an  allegorical  play  ;  pro- 
fessorship of  poetry  at  Oxford  founded  in  1708  from  funds 
im. 


BISHOP,    ANN    (1814-1884),    soprano   singer;     me 

Riviere ;  student  of  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1824-31  ; 

married  Sir  Henry  Rowley  Bishop   [q.  v.],  1831 ;    took 

prominent  place  at  Vauxhall :   eloped  with  Bochsa,  the 

!  Imrp-player,  1339;  travelled  and  sang  in  European  towns, 

;  lH:59-4»;.  in   England,  1846-7,  America,  1847,  and  Aus- 

1  tralia,  1855 ;  died  at  New  York.  [v.  89] 


BISHOP,  GEORGE  (1785-1861),  astronomer;    pro- 


left by  him. 


[v.  83] 


BERKS,  THOMAS  RAWSON  (1810-1883),  noncon- 
formist divine:  second  wrangler  and  second  Smith's 
prizeman,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1834  ;  fellow  ; 
Ticar  of  Trinity  Church,  Cambridge,  1866-77  ;  honorary 
canon  of  Ely,  1871  ;  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  Cam- 
bridge, 1872.  His  works  include  '  The  Bible  and  Modern 
Thought,'  1861,  and  '  Modern  Utilitarianism,'  1874. 

BIRMINGHAM.  JOHN  (1816-1884),  astronomer  ;  "re- 
vised Schjellerup's  'Catalogue  of  Red  Stars,'  1872;  dis- 
covered a  deep  red  star  in  Oygnus,  which  became  known 
by  his  name,  1881  :  inspector  under  board  of  works. 

[v.  85] 

BERNEE,  ALEXANDER  (1826-1862),  poet  and  jour- 
nalist ;  baptist  minister  at  Preston  :  painter  at  Falkirk  ; 
joined  staff  of  '  Falkirk  Advertiser  '  ;  started  *  Falkirk 
Liberal,'  which  was  unsuccessful  :  made  his  way  on  foot 
to  Edinburgh  and  thence  to  Newcastle,  and  died  of  starva- 
tion at  Morpeth.  [v.  86] 

BIRNIE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1760  ?-1832),  police  magis- 
trate; partner  in  an  extensive  saddler  and  harness- 
maker's  business  in  Haymarket,  London  ;  police  magis- 
trate at  Union  Hall  and  subsequently  at  Bow  Street; 
knighted,  1821.  [v.  86] 

BERNIE,  WILLIAM  (1663-1619),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1688;  became 
shipmaster  merchant;  vicar  of  Lanark,  1597;  master 
and  economus  of  St.  Leonard's  hospital  and  almshouse, 
1603  ;  dean  of  Cliapel  Royal,  1612  :  constant  moderator  of 
presbytery,  1606  ;  member  of  high  commission  court, 
1610  and  1616.  [v.  87] 

BERNSTAN  (d.  933).    [See  BVUXRTAN.] 

BIRREL,  ROBERT  (/.  1567-1606),  diarist;  burgess 
of  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  a  diary,  1532-1605,  published  in 
•  Fragments  of  Scottish  History,'  1798.  [v.  88] 

BISBYorBISBEE,  NATHANIEL(1635-1695),diviiK>: 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxfonl,  1660  ;  D.D.,  166X  :  rector  of 
Long  Melford,  1660  :  deprived  as  nonjuror,  1690;  wrote 
against  nonconformists.  [v.  88] 

BI8CHOFF,  JAMES  (1776-1845),  author  of  works  on 
the  wool  trade  :  connected  with  woollen  trade  in  Leeds, 
and  subsequently  carried  on  business  as  merchant  and 
insurance  broker  in  London  ;  publiahed  works  aiming  at 
reform  in  laws  relating  to  wool.  [v.  88] 

BISCOE,  JOHN  (</.  1679),  puritan  divine;  B.A.  New 
Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1627  ;  minister  of  St.  Thomas's,  Sonth- 
wark  ;  ejected,  1660  ;  published  religious  works,  [v.  89] 

BISCOE,  RICHARD  (rf.  1748),  divine:  dissenting 
minister  of  meeting-house  in  Old  Jewry,  1716  :  conformed 
and  became  rector  of  St.  Martin  Outwich,  London,  1727  ; 
chaplain  to  George  II  ;  Boyle  lecturer,  17:16-3  ;  published 
lectures,  1742.  [v.  89] 


prietor  of  a  wine-making  business  in  London ;  admitted 
to  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1830;  secretary,  1833-9; 
treasurer,  1840-57;  president,  1867  and  1858;  F.R.S., 
1848 ;  fellow  of  Society  of  Arts ;  on  council  of  University 
College,  London ;  erected,  1836,  an  observatory  near  his 
residence  at  SouthVilla,  Regent's  Park,  where  Rev.  William 
Dawes  and  Jolm  Russell  Hind  conducted  many  important 
1  investigations.  [v.  90] 

BISHOP,  Sm  HENRY  ROWLEY  (1786-1856),  musi- 
cal composer;  his  first  opera,  'The  Circassian  Bride,' 
I  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  1809 ;  composer  and  director  at 
I  Covent  Garden,  1810;  produced  'Knight  of  Snowdoun' 
(founded  on  Scott's  '  Lady  of  the  Lake '),  1811,  which  was 
followed,  in  rapid  succession,  by  other  pieces,  including 
'  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,'  1816,  '  Comedy  of  Errors,' 
1819, '  Antiquary,'  1820, '  Twelfth  Night,'  1820, '  Henry  IV 
Part  II,'  1821,  '  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,'  1821,  and  '  As 
you  like  it,'  1824 ;  original  member  of  Philharmonic  So- 
ciety, 1813;  musical  director  of  King's  Theatre,  Hay- 
market,  1816-17 ;  sole  manager,  1820,  of  the  'oratorios' 
given  during  Lent ;  engaged,  1825,  at  Drury  Lane,  where 
he  produced  '  Aladdin '  as  counter-attraction  to  Weber's 
'  Oberon '  at  Oovent  Garden,  1826 ;  wrote  music  for 
'  Faustus '  in  collaboration  with  Oooke  and  Horn,  1835, 
'Hamlet,' 1830, 'Kenilworth'  and  'Waverley,'  1832,  and 
'  Love's  Labour's  Lost,'  1839,  and  '  Fortunate  Isles '  to  cele- 
brate Queen  Victoria's  marriage,  1840  :  musical  director 
at  Vauxhall  Gardens,  1830-3 ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1839 ; 
professor  of  harmony,  Royal  Academy  of  Music ;  Reid 
Professor  at  Edinburgh,  1841-3 ;  conducted  Antient  Con- 
certs, 1840-8 ;  knighted,  1842  :  professor  of  music,  Ox- 
ford, 1848;  Mus.  Doc.,  1853.  His  fame  rests  almost  en- 
tirely on  his  glees.  [v.  91] 

BISHOP,  JOHN  (1665-1737),  musical  composer; 
teacher  of  choristers  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1688 : 
organist  of  Winchester  College,  1695 ;  lay- vicar,  1696,  and 
organist  and  master  of  choristers,  1729,  Winchester 
Cathedral ;  published  psalm-tunes  and  anthems  and  left 
compositions  in  manuscript.  [v.  94] 

BISHOP,  JOHN  (1797-1873),  surgeon  :  studied  at  St. 
George's  Hospital ;  obtained  diploma  of  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  1824 ;  senior  surgeon,  Islington  dispensary,  and 
surgeon  Northern  and  St.  Paucras  dispensaries ;  F.R.S., 
e.  1844 ;  wrote  surgical  works.  [v.  95] 

BISHOP,  SAMUEL  (1731-1795),  poet:  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow,  1753;  M.A.,  1768;  head-master  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  1783  ;  rector  of  Ditton,  Kent,  and  St. 
Martin  Outwich,  London ;  published  essays  and  poems. 

[v.  95] 

BISHOP,  WILLIAM  (1654-1624),  catholic  divine; 
educated  at  Oxford  and  at  English  college,  Rhcims :  or- 
dained priest,  1583 :  joined  English  mission ;  imprisoned 
in  Marshalsea,  1583-4;  studied  at  Paris;  returned  to 
English  mission,  1591 ;  D.D.  Paris ;  sent  to  Rome  to 
remonstrate  against  maladministration  of  George  Black- 
well  [q.  v.],  archpriest  ;  confined  in  English  college ; 
imprisoned  for  refusing  oath  of  allegiance  to  James  I, 
1611 ;  on  release  went  to  Arras  College,  Paris ;  vicar- 
apostolic  and  bishop  of  Chalcedon,  1623 ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, 1623 ;  published  theological  works.  [v.  96] 

BISLEY,  GEORGE  (rf.  1691).    [See  BKRRLKY.] 

BISSAIT  or  BISSET,  BALDRED  (/.  1303),  divine; 
rector  of  Kinghorn :  commissioner  to  pope  in  dispute  be- 
tween Boniface  VIII,  Edward  I,  and  Scottish  government. 
His  '  Progressus  contra  flgrnenta  regis  Angliae '  contains 
earliest  mention  of  Scottish  coronation  stone.  [v.  97] 

BISSE,  PHILIP  (1667-1721),  bishop  of  Hereford ; 
ednont^l  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford:  M.A., 
1693  :  D.D.,  1705  :  F.R.S.,  1706  :  bishop  of  St.  Davi.1V,  1710, 
und  Hereford,  1713:  published  sermons.  [v.  98J 


BISSE 


107 


BLACKADDER 


BISSE,  THOMAS  (d.  1731),  divine  :  younger  brother 
of  Philip  BUse  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1698  ;  D.D.,  1712  :  preaclier  at  Rolls  chapel,  1715  ; 
chancellor  of  Hereford,  1716;  prebendary  of  Hereford, 
1731  ;  published  religious  works.  [v.  98] 

BISSET,  CHARLES  (1717-1791),  physician  and 
military  engineer;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  ;  second 
•nrgeon  of  military  hospital,  Jamaica,  174(1;  served  in 
Admiral  Vernon's  fleet;  returned  to  England,  1745;  eu- 
Hign  in  42nd  Highlander?,  1746  ;  prepared  reports  of  pro- 
trri'ss  of  sifgL-  of  Bereen-Op-Zoom  ;  engineer-extraordinary 
in  engineer  brigade:  practised  medicine  at  Skelton, 
Yorkshire:  published  works  on  fortificatiou  and  on  medi- 
c:il  subjects.  [v.  99] 

BISSET,  JAMES  (1762  ?-1832),  artist,  publisher,  and 
vi  T~t-  writer;  established  museum  and  curiosity  shop  at 
Birmingham:  coined  medals  and  practised  as  miniature 
and  fancy  painter  ;  opened  museum,  news-room,  and  pic- 
tun-  gallery  at  Leamington,  1812.  His  publications 
include  'Poetic  Survey  round  Birmingham'  (1800)  and 
volumes  of  verse.  [v.  loO] 


BISSET,  JAMES  (1795-1872),  scholar;  educated  at 
Marischal  College  and  University,  Aberdeen  ;  D.D.,  1851  : 
assumed  control  of  private  school  kept  by  his  father,  and 
developed  remarkable  teaching  ability,  1812  ;  minister  at 
Bourtrie,  Aberdeeushire,  1826  ;  moderator  of  general 
assembly  of  church  of  Scotland,  1862.  [v.  100] 

BISSET,  SIR  JOHN  (1777-1854),  commissary-general  ; 
commissary-general  in  Spain,  1811  ;  knight  commander 
of  Quelphic  order,  1830  ;  K.O.B.,  1850  ;  published  a  work 
on  commissariat  duties.  [v.  101] 

BISSET,  BISSAT,  or  BISSART,  PETER  (d.  1568), 
professor  of  canon  law;  studied  at  St.  Andrews,  Paris, 
and  Bologna  ;  LL.D.,  and  subsequently  professor  of  canon 
law,  Bologna  ;  wrote  two  works  in  Latin.  [v.  101] 

BISSET,  ROBERT  (1769-1805),  historian;  LL.D.; 
master  of  an  academy  in  Sloane  Street,  Chelsea.  His 
works  include  a  life  of  Burke  (1798)  and  a  'History  of 
George  III  '  (1804).  [v.  101] 

BISSET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1747),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  B.A., 
1690  :  rector  of  Whiston,  1697  ;  elder  brother  of  St. 
Catherine's  Collegiate  Church,  1699;  published,  1710, 
reply  to  Dr.  SachevereU's  sermon  of  6  Nov.  1709,  occasion- 
ing pamphlet  war  to  which  he  largely  contributed  ;  chap- 
lain to  Queen  Caroline.  [v.  102] 

BISSET,  WILLIAM  (1758-1834),  Irish  bishop  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A., 
1779  ;  M.A.,  1782  ;  D.D.  ;  rector  of  Dunbin,  co.  Louth, 
1784;  prebendary  of  Armagh,  1791-1807;  archdeacon  of 
Ross,  1804;  chancellor  of  Armagh,  1817;  bishop  of 
Raphoe,  1822.  [v.  102] 

BIX,  ANGEL  (d.  1695),  Franciscan  friar  ;  chaplain 
to  Spanish  ambassador  in  London  in  James  II's  reign  ; 
published  sermons.  [v.  103] 

BIZAEI,  PIETRO  (1530  ?-1586  ?X  Italian  historian 
and  poet  ;  adopted  reformed  faith  and  came  to  England  ; 
fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1549  ;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  1567;  published  historical,  poetical,  and 
other  works  in  Italian  and  Latin,  and  left  manuscripts, 
which  include  a  '  Universal  History.'  [v.  103] 

BLAATJW,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1793-1870),  anti- 
quary; educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1815  ;  F.S.A.,  1850  :  treasurer  of  Camden  Society  ; 
published,  1844,  history  of  barons'  war  of  Henry  Ill's 
reign.  [v.  105] 

BLACALER  or  BLACKADER,  ROBERT  (d.  1608), 
Scottish  archbishop:  prebendary  of  Glasgow  and  rector 
of  Cardross  :  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1480,  and  of  Glasgow, 
before  1484;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1492:  frequently 
employed  in  public  transactions  with  English  :  died  in 
Holy  Land  on  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  [v.  106] 

BLACATER,  ADAM  (fl.  1319),  born  in  Scotland; 
professor  of  philosophy  successively  in  Poland  and  at 
Bologna  and  rector  of  a  college  in  Paris  University. 

[v.  105] 

BLACHFORD,  BARON  (1811-1889).  [See  ROGERS, 
FJUOMBUO.] 


BLACK,  ADAM  (1784-1874),  politician  and  publisher  ; 

i  carried  on  bookselling  business  at  Edinburgh,  at  first 
alone,  and  subsequently  in  partnership  with  his  m-phi-w 
Charles;  twice  lord-provost  of  and,  1856-65,  liberal  .M.I'. 
for  Edinburgh.  His  firm  acquired  copyrights  of  'Encyclo- 

|  paxlia  Britaunica,'  1H27,  imd  Scott's  novels,  1851.  [v.  105] 

BLACK,  ALEXANDER  (1789-1864),  Scottish  theo- 
i  logian;  studied  medicine  at  Aberdeen  ;  ordained  minister 

of  Tarves,  1818  ;  professor  of  divinity,  Marischal  O'ollegf, 
,  1832-43;  accompanied  expedition  to  the  East  in  conmv- 
I  tion  with  proposed  formation  of  mission  to  Jews,  1839 ; 

joined  Free  church,  1843  ;  D.D.  [v.  106] 

BLACK,  JAMES  (1788?-1867),  physician;  L.C.S. 
Edinburgh,  1808 ;  served  in  navy ;  practised  successively 
at  Manchester,  1839-48,  Bolton,  1848-56,  and  Edinburgh  : 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1820  ;  L.R.C.S.,1823  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1860  :  pub- 
lished medical  works  and  papers  on  geological  subjects. 

[v.  106] 

BLACK,  JOHN  (1783-1855),  journalist ;  employed  as 
;  clerk  at  Dunse:    in  accountant's  office  at  Edinburgh, 
i  where  he  studied  at  the  university ;  contributed  to  'Uni- 
versal Magazine*  ;  went  to  London,  1810 ;  translator  of 
i  foreign  correspondence  and  reporter  to  'Morning  Chro- 
|  nicle ' ;  became  editor,  1817,  and  maintained  the  journal's 
j  position  as  the  most  uncompromising  of  opposition  papers 
till  1843,  when  a  decline  of  energy  in  its  management 
occasioned  a  request  for  his  resignation  ;  retired  to  Snod- 
land.  near  Maidstone ;  published  translations  from  Leo- 
!  pold  von  Buch,  Schlegel,  and  others.  [v.  107] 

BLACK,  JOSEPH  (1728-1799),  chemist;  studied 
medicine  at  Glasgow  and  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  gra- 
!  dnated  M.D.  with  an  important  thesis, '  De  humore  acido 
!  a  cibis  orto,  et  Magnesia  alba,'  which  laid  the  foundations 
of  quantitative  analysis  and  pneumatic  chemistry,  1754 ; 
professor  of  medicine,  Glasgow,  1756-66;  practised  as 
physician ;  made  investigations  into  the  question  of 
'  latent  heat,'  which  formed  the  basis  of  modern  thermal 
science,  and  gave  the  first  impulse  to  Watt's  improve- 
ments in  the  steam  engine,  1756-62 ;  experimented  with 
object  of  testing  validity  of  thermometrical  indications, 
and  originated  theory  of  'specific  heat,'  1760;  professor 
of  medicine  and  chemistry,  Edinburgh,  1766-97.  He  was 
first  physician  to  George  III  for  Scotland  and  a  member 
of  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh,  and  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, [v.  109] 

BLACK,  PATRICK  (1813-1879),  physician;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford:  M.D.,  1836; 
physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  1860;  lecturer 
on  medicine ;  F.C.P. ;  published  medical  treatises. 

[v.  112] 

BLACK,  ROBERT  (1752-1817),  Irish  presbyterian 
divine ;  educated  at  Glasgow ;  ordained  minister  of 
Dromore,  1777 ;  captain  of  Irish  volunteers,  1782 :  joint- 
minister  at  Derry,  1784 ;  synod  agent  for  refjium  tlonum, 
1788-1817  ;  D.D. ;  strongly  advocated  catholic  emancipa- 
tion and  parliamentary  reform,  and  was  the  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Castlereagh :  committed  suicide  from 
disappointment  at  lack  of  success  of  his  opposition  to 
establishment  of  Belfast  Academical  Institution  (opened 
1814).  [v.  112] 

BLACK,  WILLIAM  (1749-1829),  physician:  M.D. 
Leydeu,  1772 ;  L.C.P.,  1787 ;  practised  in  London  :  one  of 
the  first  Englishmen  who  published  (1783)  statistics  of 
diseases  and  mortality.  [v.  113] 

BLACK,  WILLIAM  (1841-1898),  novelist:  studied 
art  at  Glasgow  :  became  contributor  to  '  Glasgow  Citizen ' : 
came  to  London,  1864,  and  was  connected,  1865,  with 
'  Morning  Star,'  for  which  paper  he  was  war  correspon- 
dent during  Franco-Prussian  war,  1866 :  subsequently 
sub-editor  of  'Daily  News.'  His  novels  include  'A 
Daughter  of  Heth,'  1871,  '  The  Strange  Adventures  of  a 
Phaeton,'  1872,  and  '  A  Princess  of  Thule,'  1874. 

[Suppl.  i.  202] 

BLACK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1808-1872), antiquary ; 
assistant  keeper  in  Public  Record  Office.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer  on  antiquarian  subjects.  [v.  114] 

BLACKADDER,  ADAM  (fl.  1674-1696),  covenanter, 
son  of  John  Blackadder  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  apprenticed 
as  merchant  at  Stirling:  repeatedly  imprisoned  for 
Calvinistic  principles  ;  retired  to  Sweden,  and  subsequently 
settled  in  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  narrative  of  his  father's 
sufferings.  [v.  114] 


BLACKADDER 


108 


BLACKLOCK 


BLACKADDER,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1615-1686),  Scot- 
tish divine;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1650;  called  to  parish  of 
Troqueer,  1652 ;  ordained,  1653 :  ejected  by  episcopal 
party  and  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh,  1662 ;  preached  in 
conventicles  and  was  outlawed,  1674;  fled  to  Rotterdam, 
1678:  returned  to  Edinburgh,  1679;  arrested,  1681,  and 
imprisoned  on  Bass  Rock,  where  he  died.  [v.  115] 

BLACKADDER,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1664-1729), 
lieutenant-colonel;  son  of  John  Blackadder  (1615-1686) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  served  in  Cameronian 
regiment  against  highlanders  at  Dunkeld,  under  Prince  of 
Orange  in  Flanders,  and  in  Marlborough's  campaigns ; 
promoted  to  command  of  regiment,  1709 ;  sold  commis- 
sion ;  fought  at  Stirling,  1715 ;  deputy  governor  of  Stirling 
f:i-tle,  1717.  [v.  115] 

BLACKADDER,  WILLIAM  (1647-1704),  physician  ; 
brother  of  John  Blackadder  (1664-1729)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh;  M.D.  Leyden,  1680;  accompanied  Earl  of 
Argyle  in  expedition  to  Scotland,  1685 :  apprehended  and 
imprisoned ;  on  liberation  retired  to  Holland ;  conducted 
secret  negotiations  for  Prince  of  Orange  in  Edinburgh, 
1688 ;  physician  to  William  III.  [v.  116] 

BLACKADER,  OUTHBERT(rf.  1485),  Scottish  border 
chieftain ;  fought  for  Lancastrians  in  Wars  of  the  Roses  ; 
killed  at  Bosworth.  [v.  116] 

BLACKADER,  ROBERT  (d.  1508).    [See  BLACADKK.] 

BLACKALL,  JOHN  (1771-1860),  physician  ;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1796;  M.D.,  1801;  studied  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital:  physician  to  Devon  and 
Exeter  Hospital,  1797 ;  resigned,  1801 :  reappointed,  1807 ; 
physician  to  St.  Thomas's  lunatic  asylum,  1812;  pub- 
lished 'Observations  on  Nature  and  Cure  of  Dropsies,' 
1813:  F.O.P.,1815.  [v.  117] 

BLACKALL  or  BLACKBALL,  OFFSPRING  (1654- 
1716),  bishop  of  Exeter;  educated  at  St.  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge ;  rector  of  St.  Mary,  Aldermary,  London,  1694 ; 
chaplain  to  William  III;  Boyle  lecturer,  1700 ;  bishop  of 
Exeter,  1708 ;  renowned  as  a  preacher  ;  published  sermons 
and  controversial  pamphlets.  [v.  117] 

BLACKALL,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1792),  divine;  grandson 
of  Offspring  Blackall  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  1763 :  B.D.,  1770 ;  fellow  and  tutor :  rector  of 
Loughborough,  1786-92 ;  published  sermons  and  contro- 
versial pamphlets.  [v.  118] 

BLACKBOURNE,  JOHN  (1683-1741),  nonjuror ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1705;  consecrated  by 
'  King  James  III '  bishop  of  nonjurors,  1726  ;  member  of 
the  section  of  nonjurors  known  as  '  nonusagers.'  His 
publications  include  an  edition  of  Bacon's  works  (1730). 

[v.  119] 

BLACKBURN,  COLIN,  BARON  BLACKBURN  (1813- 
1896),  judge ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1838 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1870 ; 
called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1838 ;  honorary  bencher, 
1877 ;  joined  northern  circuit ;  appointed  justice  of 
queen's  bench,  and  invested  with  cob*,  1859 ;  knighted, 
1860 ;  justice  of  high  court,  1875 :  raised  to  peerage,  1876 ; 
privy  councillor,  1876 ;  retired,  1886 :  served  on  several 
royal  commissions  ;  published  legal  writings. 

[Suppl.  i.  203] 

BLACKBURN,  WILLIAM  (1750-1790),  surveyor  and 
architect ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy :  obtained  highest 
premium  in  competition  for  penitentiary  houses,  1782, 
and  subsequently  executed  designs  for  prisons  and  other 
structures  throughout  the  country.  [v.  120] 

BLACKBURNE,  ANNA(rf.  1794),  botanist ;  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Linnaeus.  [v.  121] 

BLACKBTTRNE,  FRANCIS  (1706-1787),  divine; 
educated  at  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  rector  of  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  1739-87 :  prebendary  of  York ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Confessional,'  1766,  controversial  works,  and 
memoirs  of  Thomas  Hollis  [q.  v.]  [v.  121] 

BLAOKBURNE,  FRANCIS  (1782-1867),  Irish 
lawyer :  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  studied  at 
King's  Inn,  Dublin,  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  London ;  called  to 
bar,  1805 ;  joined  home  circuit  ;  administered  Insurrec- 
tion Act  on  its  renewal,  1822,  in  Limerick:  Serjeant, 
1826:  attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1830-4  and  1841; 
master  of  rolls  in  Ireland.  1H42:  chtef-iustice  of  queen's 
bench,  1846  ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1862,  and  resigned 


the  same  year ;  commissioner  of  national  education,  1852  ; 
lord  justice  of  appeal  in  Ireland.  1856 ;  reappoiuted  lord 
chancellor,  but  resigned,  1866  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Dublin 
University.  [v.  122] 

BLACKBURNE,  JOHN  (1690-1786),  botanist:  main- 
tained extensive  garden  at  Orford.  [v.  123] 

BLACKBURNE,  LANCELOT  (1668-1 743),  archbishop 
of  York;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  ordained,  1681 ;  M.AM  1683 ;  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  1691,  and  sub-dean,  1695 ;  rector  of  Calstock, 
Cornwall,  1696  :  resigned  sub-deanery,  1702  ;  reinstated, 
1704;  dean  of  Exeter,  1705;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1717-24  ; 
archbishop  of  York,  1724-43.  [v.  123] 

BLACKBURNE,  RICHARD  (6.  1652),  physician  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1669;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1676  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1687  :  censor,  College  of  Physicians,  1688  ; 
probably  wrote  'Tbomse  Hobbes  Angli  Malmesburiensis 
Philosophi  Vita,'  sometimes  attributed  to  Hobbes  himself, 
and  certainly  wrote  a  supplement  to  it.  [v.  124] 

BLACKBURNE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1764-1839),  major- 
general  ;  infantry  cadet  in  Madras  army,  1782  ;  Mahratta 
interpreter  at  Tanjore,  1787  ;  captain,  1801 ;  resident  at 
Tanjore,  1801-23  ;  major-general ;  knighted,  1838. 

[v.  125] 

BLACKER,  GEORGE  (1791-1871),  antiquary;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1868  :  vicar  of  Maynooth,  1840  ; 
prebendary  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral ;  published  (pri- 
vately) antiquarian  works.  [v.  126] 

BLACKER,  VALENTINE  (1778  ?-1823),  lieutenant- 
colonel  :  obtained  commission  in  Madras  cavalry,  1798 ; 
cornet,  1799 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Colonel  Stevenson  in 
Wainad,  1800;  quartermaster-general,  1810;  served  in 
Deccan,  1817;  lieutenant-colonel;  surveyor-general  of 
India  :  C.B.,  1818 ;  published  history  of  Mahratta  war. 

[v.  125] 

BLACKERBY,  RICHARD  (1574-1648),  puritan; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  minister  at  Feltwell, 
Norfolk ;  taught  classics  and  theology  to  private  pupils  at 
Ashdon,  Essex ;  minister  at  Great  Thurlow.  [v.  126] 

BLACKET,  JOSEPH  (1786-1810),  poet :  apprenticed 

I  to  his  brother,  a  shoemaker,  in  London,  1797 ;  suffered 

I  much  from  poverty,  but  gained  patrons  and  achieved 

!  some  reputation  as  a  poet.    A  volume  of  his  poetry  was 

published  in  1809,  and  his  '  Remains,'  containing  poems 

and  dramatic  sketches,  in  1811.  [v.  126] 

BLACKBALL,  GILBERT  (/.  1667),  Scottish  catholic  : 
entered  Scots  College,  Rome,  1626 ;  ordained ;  returned 
to  Scotland,  1630  ;  fled  from  Jesuit  opposition  to  Paris  : 
missionary  in  Scotland,  1637-43  ;  wrote  autobiography  in 
Paris,  c.  1666.  [v.  127] 

BLACKBALL,  OFFSPRING  (1664-1716).  [See 
BLACKALL.] 

BLACKTE,    JOHN    STUART   (1809-1895),  Scottish 

professor  and  man  of  letters  ;  educated  at  Marischal  Col- 

i  lege,  Aberdeen,    Edinburgh  University,  Gottingeu,  and 

I  Berlin  :    studied  for  Scottish  bar ;  advocate,  1834 ;  ap- 

|  pointed  first  regius  professor  of  humanity  (Latin)  at 

Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1839,  and  installed,  1841  ; 

j  instituted  '  Hellenic  Society,'  Aberdeen,  1850  ;  professor  of 

Greek  at  Edinburgh,  1862-82 ;    founded    and   endowed 

Celtic  chair  at  Edinburgh,  1882.    His  publications  include 

'  Faust . . .  translated  into  English  Verse,'  1834  ;  '  Lyrical 

Dramas  of  . Ksrliylus  . . .  translated  into  English  Verse,' 

1850,  '  Lays  and  Legends  of  Ancient  Greece,'  1857,  and 

many  other  works  in  verse  and  prose.       [Suppl.  i.  204] 

BLACKLOCK,  THOMAS  (1721-1791),  poet ;  born  of 
humble  parents;  lost  his  sight  when  six  mouths  old; 
began  to  write  poetry  when  twelve  years  old,  and  was 
noticed  by  Dr.  Stevenson,  a  physician  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  studied  at  the  university ;  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  David  Hume,  who  exerted  himself  in  his  behalf ; 
minister  at  Kirkcudbright,  e.  1762-4  ;  took  private  pupils 
in  Edinburgh ;  D.D.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1767 ; 
published  poems,  religious  works,  and  translations. 

[v.  127] 

BLACKLOCK,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1815  ?-1858), 
landscape  painter  ;  apprenticed  as  bookseller  at  Carlisle  ; 
adopted  art  as  profession,  and  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy and  other  exhibitions,  1836-56.  [v.  129] 


BLACKLOE 


109 


BLACKWOOD 


BLACKLOE,  THOMAS  (1593-1676).  [See  WHITE, 
THOMAS.] 

BLACKMAN,    JOHN   (fl.   1436-1448).    [See    BLAK- 

MAN.] 

BLACKMORE,  CHEWNING  (1663-1737),  minNt«T  : 
son  of  William  Uluckmore  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  at  Worcester, 
1688-1737.  [v.  131] 

BLACKMORE,  SIB  RICHARD  (d.  1729),  physician 
and  writer:  educated  at  Westminster  and  St.  Edmund 
Hull,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1676  ;  M.D.  Padua  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1687  ; 
crnsor,  College  of  Physicians,  1716;  elect,  1716-22 ;  phy- 
sician in  ordinary  to  William  III,  and  knighted,  1697 ; 
physiriau  to  Queen  Anne.  He  produced  religious  and 
mulinil  treaties  and  some  indifferent  poems,  including 

•  (  n -at  ion,'  1712,  which  was  warmly  praised  by  Dr.  John- 

[v.  129] 

BLACKMORE,  RICHARD  DODDRIDGE  (1825-1900), 
novelist  and  barrister:  educated  at  Blundell's  school, 
Tivfrtou,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1852;  en- 
gaged as  private  tutor  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple, 
1H52  ;  practised  as  conveyancer  ;  classical  master  at  Wel- 
lesley  House  school,  Twickenham  Common,  1853 ;  pub- 
lished 'Poems  by  Melanter,'  1853,  and,  later,  'Epullia,' 
and  other  volumes  of  verse,  including  'The  Farm  and 
Fruit  of  Old,'  1862  ;  established  himself,  c.  1858,  at  Gomer 
House,  Teddiugton,  where  he  remained  till  death ;  pro- 
duced 'Olura  Vaughan,'  1864,  '  Cradock  Nowell,'  1866, 
'  Lorua  Doone,'  1869,  and  twelve  other  novels. 

[Suppl.  i.  207] 

BLACKMORE,  THOMAS  (1740  V-1780  V),  mezzotint 
engraver  ;  practised  in  London,  1769-71.  HiB  works  in- 
clude plates  after  pictures  by  Reynolds  and  Vandyck. 

[v.  131] 

BLACKMORE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1684),  nonconformist 
divine ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  rector  of  Peutloe, 
Essex,  1645  ;  presbyter,  1647  :  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Corn- 
hill,  1666  ;  arrested  on  charge  of  complicity  in  Christopher 
Love's  plot,  but  released,  1651;  seceded  with  noncon- 
formists, 1662.  [v.  131] 

BLACKNER,  JOHN  (1770-1816),  historian  of  Not- 
tingham ;  apprenticed  as  stocking-maker  in  Nottingham  ; 
edited  successively  the  'Statesman'  (a  London  radical 
daily  paper),  1812,  and  '  Nottingham  Review ' ;  published 

•  History  of  Nottingham '  (1815).  [v.  132] 

BLACKRLE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1772),  apothecary; 
published  work  exposing  secret  of  Dr.  Chittick's  cure  for 
gravel,  1766.  [v.  132] 

BLACKSTONE,  JOHN  (d.  1753),  botanist :  apothe- 
cary in  London  :  published  botanical  works.  [v.  132] 

BLACKSTONE  or  BLAXTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1675), 
one  of  the  earliest  episcopal  clergymen  in  Massachusetts  ; 
lived  successively  on  peninsula  of  Shawmut  (where  Bos- 
ton now  stands),  in  colony  of  Roger  Williams,  1631,  and 
at  Blaxtou  river,  near  Providence.  [v.  132] 

BLACKSTONE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1723-1780),  judge ; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  School  and  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1741;  fellow  of  All 
Souls,'  1744 ;  B.C.L.,  1745 ;  called  to  bar ;  recorder  of 
Wallingford;  first  professor  of  English  law,  Oxford, 
1758-66;  published  'Considerations  on  Copyholders,' 
1758.  and  his  edition  of  the  Great  Charter,  1759  ;  M.P.  for 
Hindoo,  Wiltshire,  and  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  1761-6  ; 
solicitor-general  to  the  queen,  1763  ;  published  lectures  as 
'  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England,'  4  vols.,  1765-9, 
which  met  with  a  considerable  amount  of  more  or  less 
hostile  criticism,  but  still  remains  the  best  general  history 
of  English  law  ;  M.P.  for  Westbury,  Wiltshire,  1768  ;  gave 
it  as  his  opinion  that  Wilkes  was  disqualified  from  sitting 
in  parliament,  and  was  answered  by  Grenville's  quoting 
from  the  '  Commentaries '  the  causes  of  disqualification, 
none  of  which  applied  to  Wilkes:  retired  from  parlia- 
ment ;  appointed  justice  of  common  pleas,  1770,  but  ex- 
changed into  court  of  king's  bench  ;  returned  to  common 
pleas  in  same  year.  The  '  Commentaries '  have  passed 
through  numerous  editions,  and  have  been  translated  into 
French,  German,  Italian,  and  Russian.  [v.  133] 

BLACZWALL,  ANTHONY  (1674-1730),  classical 
scholar:  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1698; 
headmaster  of  Derby  school  and  lecturer  of  All  Saints, 
Derby ;  headmaster  of  Market  Bosworth  grammar  school, 


1722-6  and  1729-HO,  where  Dr.  Johnson  was  perhaps  his 
assistant  for  a  few  months  r  rector  of  Clapham,  1726-9. 
His  most  important  work  is  the  'Sacred  Classics  D* 
fended,'  1725.  [v.  140] 

BLACKWALL,  JOHN  (1790-1881),  zoologist;  en- 
gaged in  importation  of  Irish  linen  at  Manchester ;  re- 
tired to  Llanrwst,  North  Wales,  1833:  contributed  to 
scientific  publications  ;  published  '  History  of  Spiders  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,'  1861-4.  [v.  142] 

BLACKWELL,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1747),  adventurer ; 
probably  brother  of  Dr.  Thomas  Blackwell  [q.  v.]  ;  prac- 
tised as  printer  in  London,  1730 :  became  bankrupt ; 
studied  medicine  and  agriculture ;  inspector  of  Duke  of 
Chandos's  improvements  at  Cannons ;  physician  in  or- 
dinary to  king  of  Sweden :  suspected  of  quackery ;  ar- 
rested for  his  connection  with  a  political  intrigue,  the  true 
nature  and  object  of  which  remain  a  mystery ;  condemned 
without  public  trial  and  executed ;  published  works  on 
agriculture.  [v.  142] 

BLACKWELL,  ELIZABETH  (ft.  1737),  botanical 
delineator ;  wife  of  Alexander  Blackwell  [q.  v.] ;  relieved 
her  husband  when  in  embarrassed  circumstances  by  pub- 
lishing 'A  Curious  Herbal,'  1737,  containing  illustrations 
of  medicinal  plants,  which  she  executed,  engraved,  and 
coloured.  [v.  144] 

BLACKWELL,  GEORGE  (1545  ?-1613),  archpriest; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1562;  perpetual  fellow, 
1566  ;  M.A.,  1567 ;  left  fellowship  and  retired  to  Gloucester 
Hall :  entered  English  College  at  Douay,  1574  ;  ordained 
priest,  1575  ;  B.D.,  1575 ;  joined  English  mission,  1576  ; 
imprisoned  1578,  and,  after  release,  lived  in  continual  fear 
of  arrest ;  appointed  archpriest  over  secular  clergy,  1598  ; 
incurred  great  unpopularity  by  his  stern  fulfilment  of  his 
duties  ;  deprived  of  office,  1608,  for  subscribing  to  an  oath 
which  was  imposed  on  catholics  in  1606,  to  test  their  civil 
allegiance,  and  which  was  twice  condemned  by  the  pope ; 
published  theological  works.  [v.  144] 

BLACKWELL,  JOHN  (1797-1840),  Welsh  poet;  shoe- 
maker at  Mold,  Flintshire ;  educated  by  friends'  liberality : 
B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1828  :  presented  to  living  of 
Manor  Dei vy,  Pembrokeshire ;  edited  a  Welsh  illustrated 
magazine,  Y  Cylchgrawn.'  His  poems  and  essays  were 
published  in  1851.  [v.  146] 

BLACKWELL,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1660  ?-1728), 
Scottish  divine;  presbyteriau  minister  at  Paisley,  Ren- 
frewshire, 1694,  and  Aberdeen,  1700  ;  professor  of  divinity, 
Marischal  College,  1710-28,  principal,  1717-28;  published 
theological  writings.  [v.  147] 

BLACKWELL,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1701-1757), 
classical  scholar ;  sou  of  Thomas  Blackwell  (1660  7-1728) 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  M.A., 
1718;  professor  of  Greek,  1723-57;  principal,  1748-57; 
LL.D.,  1752.  His  works  include '  An  Enquiry  into  Life 
and  Writings  of  Homer,'  1735,  and  'Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  Augustus,'  1753-5,  a  third  and  incomplete 
volume  being  published  posthumously,  1764.  [v.  147] 

BLACKWOOD,  ADAM  (1539-1613),  Scottish  writer: 
educated  at  university  of  Paris;  studied  civil  law  at 
Toulouse :  taught  philosophy  at  Paris ;  published  '  De 
Vinculo,'  1575,  and  another  work  condemning  heretics  as 
rebels  against  divinely  constituted  authority :  counsellor 
or  judge  of  parliament  of  Poictiers  ;  entered  into  contro- 
versy with  George  Buchanan  ;  published,  in  French,  ac- 
{  count  of  sufferings  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1587. 

[v.  149] 

BLACKWOOD,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1838-1880), 
major;  educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy  and  at  Addis- 
combe  :  second  lieutenant,  Bengal  infantry,  1857 ;  cap- 
tain, 1867 ;  commanded  artillery  in  Looshai  expedition, 
1872;  major,  1875  ;  served  in  second  Afghan  campaign; 
killed  at  Maiwand.  [v.  150] 

BLACKWOOD,  HELEN  SELINA  (1807-1867).  [See 
SHEIUOAN.] 

BLACKWOOD,  HENRY  (rf.  1614),  physician  :  M.D. 
Paris  ;  M.C.P.  Paris,  and  subsequently  dean  of  the  faculty; 
left  philosophical  and  medical  manuscripts.  [v.  150] 

BLACKWOOD,  Sm  HENRY  (1770-1832),  vice-ad- 
miral ;  entered  navy  as  volunteer,  1781 ;  lieutenant,  1790 ; 
studied  in  Paris,  1792  ;  captain,  1795  ;  attached  to  North 
Sea  fleet,  1796-8 ;  on  Newfoundland  station,  1798-9  ;  in 


BLACKWOOD 


110 


BLAIR 


Channel,  1799  :  rendered  distinguished  service  at  blockade 
of  Malta,  1800;  commanded  inshore  squadron  at  Tra- 
falgar, 1805 ;  took  part  in  ceremonies  at  Nelson's  funeral ; 
commanded  inshore  squadron  at  blockade  of  Toulon, 
1810  ;  baronet  and  rear-admiral,  1814 ;  K.C.B.,  1819  ;  com- 
mander-iii-chief  in  East  Indies,  1819-22 ;  vice-admiral, 
1821 ;  commauder-iu-chief  at  Nore,  1827-30.  [v.  150] 

BLACKWOOD,  JOHN  (1818-1879),  publisher ;  son  of 
William  Blackwood  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity ;  entered  London  publishing  firm,  1839 ;  superin- 
tendent of  London  branch  of  Blackwood's  Edinburgh 
firm,  1840-5 ;  editor  of  'Blackwood's  Magazine '  on  death 
of  eldest  brother,  1845 ;  became,  by  death  of  another 
brother,  head  of  publishing  business,  1852;  published 
nearly  all  George  Eliot's  works.  [v.  152] 


BLAGRAVE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1688),  musician ;  gentle- 
man of  the  chapel,  1661 ;  clerk  of  the  cheque,  1662 ;  member 
of  Charles  Il's  private  baud ;  author  of  some  songs  pub- 
lished in  contemporary  collections.  [v.  158] 

BLAGROVE,  HENRY  GAMBLE  (1811-1872),  musi- 
cian ;  studied  with  Spaguoletti,  1821,  and  at  Royal  Academy 
of  Music  under  Dr.  Crotch  and  F.  Cramer  ;  solo- violinist 
in  royal  private  band,  1830-7 ;  studied  with  Spohr  at 
Cassel,  1832-4;  played  with  success  on  continent;  con- 
nected with  state  band,  1837-72 ;  published  violin  exer- 
cises and  studies.  [v.  158] 

BLAGUE  or  BLAGE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1611),  divine; 
B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  non-resident  rector  of 
Braxted  Magua,  Essex,  1570 ;  held  livings  of  St.  Vedast, 
Foster  Lane,  London,  1571,  and  Ewelme,  Oxfordshire, 
1580-96;  D.D.  Oxford;  dean  of  Rochester,  1591;  non- 
resident rector  of  Bangor,  1604 ;  author  of  '  A  Schoole  of 
wise  Conceytes,'  1572.  [v.  159] 

BLAIKIE,  WILLIAM  GARDEN  (1820-1899),  Scottish 
divine;  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and 
Edinburgh ;  licensed  by  Aberdeen  presbytery,  1841 ; 
minister  of  Drumblade,  1842 ;  joined  free  church  of  Scot- 
land, 1843;  minister  of  Pilrig,  1844-68;  edited  'Free 
Church  Magazine,'  1849-53, '  North  British  Review,  1860- 
1863,  'Sunday  Magazine,'  1873-4,  and  'Catholic  Presbyte- 
rian,' 1879-83;  professor  of  apologetics  and  pastoral 


BLACKWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1776-1834),  publisher; 
apprenticed  as  bookseller  at  Edinburgh ;  manager  of  pub- 
lishing business,  Glasgow;  employed  by  bookseller  in 
London :  began  business  independently  in  Edinburgh, 
1804 ;  principal  founder  of  '  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,' 
1810 ;  combined,  as  Edinburgh  agent,  with  John  Murray, 
in  publication  of  Scott's  'Tales  of  my  Landlord';  esta- 
blished, 1817,  'Edinburgh  Monthly  Magazine,'  which 
became  '  Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Magazine.'  His  publica- 
tions include  '  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia,'  1810  (completed 
1830),  and  '  New  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland.' 

BLADEN,  MARTIN  (1680-1746),  soldier  and  politi-  i  theology,  New  College,  Edinburgh,  1868-97 ;  Cunningham 
cian ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  served  in  Low  Countries     lecturer,  1888 ;    moderator    to  general   assembly,  1892 ; 


r  [q.  v.]  ; 
Ulaldoii, 


and  Spam ;  aide-de-camp  to  Henri  de  Ruvigny 
lieutenant-colonel ;  M.P.  for  Stockbridge,  1715-34,  , 

Essex,  1734-41,  and  Portsmouth,  1741-6 ;  comptroller  of 
the  mint,  1714;  commissioner  of  trade  and  plantations, 
1717-46 ;  a  steady  supporter  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

BLADES,  WILLIAM  (1824-1890),  printer  and  biblio- 
grapher; apprenticed  to  his  father's  printing  firm  of 
Blades  &  East,  London,  1840,  and  subsequently  became 
partner ;  wrote  '  Life  of  Caxton '  (2  volumes,  1861-3),  for 
which  he  carefully  collated  many  works  from  Caxton's 
press:  liveryman  of  Scriveners'  Company;  published 
works  chiefly  relating  to  early  history  of  printing,  and 
edited  facsimiles  and  other  reprints.  [Suppl.  i.  210] 

BLAGDEN,  Sm  CHARLES  (1748-1820),  physician; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1768  ;  medical  officer  in  army  till  1814 ; 
F.R.S.,  1772,  and  secretary,  1784 ;  contributed  to  '  Philoso- 
phical Transactions.'  [v.  155] 

BLAGDON,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  (1778-1819),  journal- 
ist and  author ;  engaged  successively  as  newspaper  seller, 


amanuensis,  and  probably  teacher  of  Spanish  and  Italian  ; 
nndertook  various  literary  works,  including  series  of 
'  Modern  Discoveries,'  1802-3,  and  '  Flowers  of  Literature 


honorary  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1864,  and  LL.D.  Aberdeen, 
1872  ;  published  religious,  biographical,  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  212] 

BLAIR,  HUGH  (1718-1800),  divine  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh, 
1739 ;  licensed  preacher,  1741 ;  ordained  minister  of 
Colessie,  Fife,  1742 ;  minister  to  Lady  Tester's  church, 
Edinburgh,  1754,  und  to  High  church,  1758-1800 ;  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric,  1760 ;  regius  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres,  1762.  Published  'Critical  Dissertation  on 
Poems  of  Ossian,'  1763,  and  Sermons,  5  vols.  1777-1801. 
He  belonged  to  the  distinguished  literary  circle  that  in- 
cluded Hume,  A.  Carlyle,  Adam  Ferguson,  Adam  Smith, 
and  Robertson.  [v.  160] 

BLAIR,  JAMES  (1656-1743),  Scottish  episcopalian 
divine;  held  a  benefice  in  revived  episcopal  church  In 
Scotland  till  c.  1679 ;  sent  as  missionary  to  Virginia,  1685 ; 
commissary  under  Sir  Francis  Nicholson  when  lieutenant- 
governor,  1689;  obtained  charter,  1692,  for  a  college  in 
Virginia,  of  which  he  became  president,  1729 ;  president 
of  council  of  Virginia  ;  published  commentary  on  Sermon 
on  the  Mount. 


[v.  161] 

BLAIR,  SIR  JAMES  HUNTER  (1741-1787),  lord-pro- 
__     vost  of  Edinburgh ;  one  of  head  partners  in  Ooutts's  bank- 

(with  Rev.  F.  Prevost),  1803-9  :  assistant  editor  of  '  Morn-  ing  bo"^:  !Sfl$S£ft:."2?!5  l7™^*?™,*™*,  ??fe'8 

ing  Post,'  c.  1806 :  came  into  conflict  with  William  Cob-  \™™  of  Bla.ir»  J7,77 ;  M'R  for  Edinburgh,  1781  and  1784 . 
bett  [q.  v.],  1809.    His  works  include  '  Authentic  Memoirs 
of  George  Morlaud,'  1806,  and  'Letters  of  Princess  of 


Wales,'  1813. 


[Suppl.  i.  211] 


BLAGGE  or  BLAGE,  ROBERT  (</.  1522  ?),  judge ;  ap- 
t   pointed  for  life  king's  remembrancer  in  exchequer,  1502 ; 
f    third  baron  of  exchequer,  1611 ;  repeatedly  justice  of  the 
peace  for  Kent  and  Middlesex ;  joint-surveyor  of  crown 
hinds,  1515  ;  one  of  general  purveyors  of  king's  revenue, 
1515;    successively  commissioner   of   sewers  in    several 
counties,  1615-17.  [v.  156] 


BLAGRAVE,  DANIEL  (1603-1668),  regicide;  uephe* 
of  John  Blagrave  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  for  the  bar ;  M.P.  for 
Reading,  1640 ;  recorder  of  Reading,  1645-56  and  1658 ; 
signed  diaries  I's  death  warrant;  sat  in  Convention 
parliament,  1668;  settled  at  Aachen,  1660,  and  there 
died.  [v.  156] 

BLAGRAVE,  JOHN  (<l.  1611),  mathematician;  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  <  published  works 
describing  instruments  of  his  own  invention,  and  other 
mathematical  treatises.  [v.  157] 


lord-provost,  1784.    Bums  wrote  an  elegy  on  his  death. 

[v.  162] 

BLAIR,  JOHN  (fl.  1300),  chaplain  to  Sir  William 
Wallace ;  educated  at  Dundee  and  university  of  Paris ; 
joined  Benedictines  at  Dunfermliue  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Wallace  when  governor  of  Scotland ;  wrote  life  of 
Wallace.  [v.  162] 

BLAIR,  JOHN  (d.  1782),  chronologist :  educated  at 
Edinburgh ;  schoolmaster  near  London ;  published  '  Chro- 
nology of  World  from  Creation  to  1753,'  1754;  F.R.S., 
1756 ;  chaplain  to  Princess-dowager  of  Wales ;  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  1761 ;  rector  of  St.  *  ' 


Westminster,  1776. 


John  the  Evangelist, 
[v. 162] 


BLAIR,  PATRICK,  M.D.  (/.  1728),  physician :  prac- 
tised as  doctor  successively  at  Dundee,  London,  and  Boston, 
Lincolnshire  :  published  medical  and  botanical  works. 

[v.  163] 

BLAIR,  ROBERT (1593-1666), divine;  M.A.Glasgow; 
professor  at   Glasgow  University,  c.   1616-22      licensed 
presbyterian  preacher,  1616 ;  minister  of  Bangor,  Ireland, 
,  1623 ;  suspended,  1631,  and  deposed  for  nonconformity, 
1632;  restored,  again  ejected  and  excommunicated,  1634; 
BLAGRAVE,  JOSEPH  (1610-1682),  astrologer;  lived     minister  at  Burutisland,  1638,  and  at  St.  Andrews,  1639  ; 


at  Swallowfield,  near  Reading.  His  works  include : 
'  Ephemerides,  with  Rules  for  Husbandry,'  1668,  1659, 1660, 
and  1665;  'Astrological  Practice  of  Physick,'  1671,  and 
'Introduction  to  Astrology,'  published  posthumously, 
1682.  [V.167] 


moderator  of  general  assembly,  1646 :  chaplain  in  ordinary 
to  king  ;  joined  party  of '  resolutioners,'  1650 :  resigned  as 
covenanter,  1661,  and  continued  to  preach  at  hazard  of 
his  life ;  left  political  and  theological  manuscripts. 

[v.  163] 


BLAIR 


111 


BLAKESLEY 


BLAIR,  ROBERT  (1699-1746),  poetical  writer;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  and  in  Holland;  ordained  ministerof 
Athelstaneford,  East  Lothian,  1731  :  published,  1743,  the 
'Grave,'  a  poem  in  blank  verse,  which  enjoyed  instant 
success.  Blair  forms,  as  a  poet,  a  connecting  link  between 
Otway  and  ('rabbi-,  [v.  164] 

BLAIR,  ROBERT,  of  Avoutouu  (1741-1811),  judge; 
eon  of  Robert  Blair  (1699-1746) ;  educated  at  Edinburgh : 
advocate  depute  and  solicitor-u'eneral  for  Scotland,  1789- 
1806 ;  dean  of  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1801 ;  president  of 
College  of  Justice,  1808.  [v.  166] 

BLAIR,  ROBERT  (cl.  1828),  inventor  of  the '  aplanatic ' 
telescope;  appointed  to  chair  of  practical  astronomy 
em-ted  for  his  benefit,  Edinburgh,  17H5;  invented  fluid 
lenses  of  media,  consisting  of  metallic  solutions,  with 
t  of  removing  the '  secondary  spectrum ';  fellow  of 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  (1786),  in  whose  'Transac- 
tions '  appeared,  1794,  an  abridgment  of  his  '  Experiments 
on  Betaingibility  of  Light.'  [v.  166] 

BLAIR,  WILLIAM  (1741-1782),  captain,  royal  navy ; 
commander,  1777 ;  captain,  1778 ;  fought  at  Doggerbank, 
1781 ;  killed  in  battle  off  Dominica.  [v.  167] 

BLAIR,  WILLIAM  (1766-1822),  surgeon;  surgeon  to 
Lock  Hospital,  the  Asylum,  Fiusbury  and  Bloomsbury 
dispensaries,  female  penitentiary,  Peutonville,  and  New 
Rupture  Society;  M.R.C.S.;  edited  'London  Medical 
Review  ami  Magazine' ;  published  works  on  surgical  and 
miscellaneous  subjects,  including  stenography  and  cipher 
writing.  [v.  168] 

BLAK  or  BLACK,  JOHN  (rf.  1563),  Dominican  friar 
of  Aberdeen  ;  stoned  to  death  by  protestants  ;  wrote  reli- 
gious treatises.  [v.  169] 

BLAKE,  CHARLES  (1664-1730),  divine  and  poet; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  M.A.,  1688 :  D.D.,  1696 ;  successively  pre- 
bendary of  Chester  and  (1716)  of  York;  archdeacon  of 
York,  1720  ;  published  Latin  verses.  [v.  169] 

BLAKE,  Sin  FRANCIS  (1708-1780),  mathematician ; 
assisted  government  in  Durham  during  rebellion,  1745 ; 
baronet,  1774  ;  F.R.S.,  1746.  [v.  169] 

BLAKE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1738  ?-1818),  political  writer ; 
son  of  Sir  Francis  Blake  (1708-1780)  [q.v.]  ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  LL.B.,  1763  ; 
published  political  tracts.  [v.  169] 

BLAKE,  JAMES  (1649-1728),  Jesuit,  known  as  JAMKS 
CROSS  ;  professed  father  of  Society  of  Jesus,  1675 ;  pro- 
vincial in  England,  1701.  [v.  170] 

BLAKE,  JOHN  BRADBY  (1745-1773),  naturalist; 
supercargo  in  East  India  Company,  Canton  ;  collected 
Chinese  plants  and  seeds,  which  were  successfully  propa- 
gated in  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies.  [v.  170] 

BLAKE,  MALACHI  (1687-1760),  dissenting  minister ; 
presbyterian  minister  of  Blandford ;  published,  1735,  ac- 
count of  fire  at  Blandford  (1731).  [v.  170] 

BLAKE,  ROBERT  (1599-1657),  admiral  and  general 
at  sea ;  entered  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1615 ;  removed  to 
Wadham  College ;  graduated  ;  engaged  in  business  of 
merchant;  M.P.  for  Bridgwater,  1640  and  1645;  took 
part  in  defence  of  Bristol  against  royalists,  1643 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  Popham's  regiment ;  held  Lyme  against 
royalists,  1643-4 :  took,  and  held,  Taunton,  1644-5 ; 
governor  of  Taunton,  1645  ;  appointed  admiral  and  gene- 
ral at  sea,  1649 ;  unsuccessfully  blockaded  Prince  Rupert 
at  Kinsale,  1649,  and  pursued  him  to  Portugal,  1660 ; 
blockaded  mouth  of  Tagus,  1650,  and  subsequently  fol- 
lowed Rupert  to  Mediterranean  and  destroyed  many  of 
his  ships ;  commanded  squadron  in  Irish  Sea,  and  reduced 
Scilly  Islands,  which  were  held  by  royalist  privateers, 
1G51 ;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Jersey,  1661 ;  member  of 
council  of  state,  1651-2;  with  Rear-admiral  Bourne,  de- 
feated Dutch  under  Tromp  in  Downs.  1652  ;  defeated  De 
Witt  and  De  Ruyter  off  mouth  of  Thames,  and,  later,  was 
defeated  by  Tromp  off  Dungeness,  1652 ;  in  company 
with  Deane,  Monck,  and  Penii,  fought  indecisive  battle 
with  Tromp  off  Portsmouth,  1653,  the  advantage  being 
slightly  with  the  English  ;  took  part  in  battle  of  3  June, 
1 653  ;  engaged  in  admiralty  business  at  London,  and  exe- 
cutive duties  at  Portsmouth ;  destroyed  Turkish  pirate 
fleet  at  Porto  Farina,  1655  ;  destroyed  Spanish  West  Indian 


fleet  at  Santa  Cru/,,  1657;  died  of  fever  while  return- 
ing to  England.  His  body  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  but  removed  after  Restoration.  [v.  170] 

BLAKE,  THOMAS  (1597?-1657),  puritan;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  took  holy  orders;  joined  cove- 
nanters, 1648  ;  pastor  successively  at  Shrewsbury  and  Tarn- 
worth  ;  assistant  to  Crom well's  commissioners  for  ejecting 
ministers  ;  published  works  on  puritan  theology. 

[v.  179] 

BLAKE,  WILLIAM  (1773-1821),  dissenting  minister ; 
educated  at  Northampton  under  Horsey;  presbyterian 
minister  at  Crewkerue,  1798-1821;  published  religious 
works.  [v.  180] 

BLAKE,  WILLIAM  (1757-1827),  poet  and  painter; 
apprenticed  to  James  Basire,  engraver  to  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, 1771-8 ;  executed  plates  for  Gough's  '  Sepulchral 
Monuments ' ;  student  at  Royal  Academy,  1778 ;  engraved 
plates  for  Harrison's  '  Novelists'  Magazine ' ;  kept,  in 
partnership,  priutseller's  shop  in  Broad  Street,  1784-7; 
engraved  and  published  '  Songs  of  Innocence,'  1789,  and 
'Songs  of  Experience,'  1794;  employed  by  Johnson,  the 
bookseller,  on  engravings  for  Mary  Wollstonecraft's 
works,  1791;  illustrated  Young's  'Night  Thoughts'; 
(Edwards's  edition),  1793-1800  ;  made  designs  for  Blair's 
'Grave,' which  were  subsequently  engraved  by  Schiavo- 
;  netti;  executed  series  of  'Spiritual  Portraits,'  c.  1818: 
executed  and  engraved '  Inventions  to  Book  of  Job,'  his 
finest  work,  from  1820,  and  produced  designs  for  '  Divina 
Commedia,'  of  which  only  seven  were  published,  1827; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1780-1808,  his  'Prophetic 
Books'  (1793-1804),  and  most  of  his  other  works,  en- 
graved and  coloured  by  hand.  His  favourite  tenet,  which 
he  translated  into  art,  was  that  '  all  things  exist  in  the 
human  imagination  alone.'  [v.  180] 

BLAKELEY,  WILLIAM  (1830-1897),  actor;  accom- 
panied Sotherii  on  tour;  appeared  first  in  London  at 
Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre,  1867 ;  at  Olympic,  1871 ;  with 
|  Sothern  in  America,  1880 ;  at  Criterion,  with  which  his 
name  is  chiefly  associated,  1881.    Among  his  best  parts 
I  was  Hardcastle  in  '  She  stoops  to  conquer.' 

[Suppl.  i.  213] 

BLAKELY,  FLETCHER  (1783-1862),  Irish  remon- 
j  straiit  minister;  graduated  at  Glasgow;  presbyterian 
j  minister  of  Moneyrea,  co.  Down,  1809-57 ;  adopted  uni- 
!  tariau  principles;  joined  remonstrant  secession  from 
j  synod  of  Ulster,  1829 ;  joint-editor  of  '  Bible  Christian,' 
1830-3  ;  published  tracts  and  sermons.  [v.  184] 

BLAKELY,  JOHNSTON  (1781-1814),  commander  in 

United  States  navy :    born  in  Dublin  ;   entered  United 

!  States  navy,  1800 ;  lieutenant,  1812 ;  commanded  sloop  in 

I  Channel,  and  captured  English  brig,  1814;  lost  in  the 

Atlantic.  [v.  185] 

BLAKENEY,  Siu  EDWARD  (1778-1868),  fleld-mar- 
l  shal ;  commanded  7th  foot  in  Peninsular  campaign,  1811- 
I  1814 ;  in  Belgium  and  at  Paris,  1815 ;  colonel,  7th  foot, 
!  1832-54 ;  cominander-m-chief  in  Ireland,  1838-55  ;  colo- 
nel of  1st  foot,  1854-68;  governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 
1856 ;  general,  1854 ;  field-marshal,  1862.  [v.  186] 

BLAKENEY,  RICHARD  PAUL  (1820-1884),  divine ; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1842;  LL.D.;    rural  dean  of  Bridliugtou, 
!  1876 ;  canon  of  York,  1882 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1868  ;  pub- 
j  lished  controversial  works.  [v.  186] 

BLAKENEY,  WILLIAM.  BAROX  BLAKKNKY  (1672- 
1761),  defender  of  Minorca ;  volunteered  with  army  in 
Flanders  ;  ensign,  1702 ;  adjutant  in  Marlborough's  cam- 
paigns ;  colonel,  1737 ;  brigadier-general  in  expedition  to 
Cartagena,  1741  ;  major-general,  and  lieutenant-governor 
of  Stirling  Castle,  1744 ;  defended  Stirling  against  high- 
landers,  1746 ;  lieutenant-general  and  lieutenant-governor 
of  Minorca,  1747 ;  gallantly  defended  Minorca  against 
French,  but,  from  want  of  reinforcements,  was  compelled 
to  surrender.  1756 ;  made  K.B.,  colonel  of  Eimiskillen 
regiment,  and  a  peer  of  Ireland.  [v.  186] 

BLAKESLEY,  JOSEPH  WILLIAMS  (1808-1885), 
dean  of  Lincoln ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Corpus 
Christi  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  when  he  became 
a  friend  of  Tennyson ;  M.A.,  1834  :  B.D.,  1849 ;  fellow  of 
Trinity,  1831 ;  tutor,  1839-45 ;  vicar  of  Ware,  1845-72 ; 
canon  of  Canterbury,  1863 ;  proctor  in  convocation  for 
his  chapter  ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1872 ;  wrote  extensively  for 
the  '  Times.'  His  chief  work  was  an  edition  of  Herodotus, 
1852-4.  [y.  187] 


BLAKEWAY 


112 


BLANDFORD 


BLAKEWAY,  JOHN  BRICKDALB  (1765-1826), 
topographer ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1795 ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1789 ; 
joined  Oxford  circuit:  ordained,  1793:  minister,  1794, 
and,  subsequently,  official  of  Royal  Peculiar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Shrewsbury;  published  history  of  Shrewsbury,  l.s'25. 

[v. 189] 

BLAKE Y,  NICHOLAS  (Jl.  1753),  Irish  engraver; 
lived  chiefly  in  Paris  :  associated  with  Fruucis  Hayman, 
R.A.,  in  producing  s«t  of  English  historical  prints. 

[v.  189] 

BLAKEY,  ROBERT  (1795-1878),  miscellaneous 
writer;  of  humble  parentage;  received  private  tuition; 
contributed  to  '  Newcastle  Magazine '  and  other  periodi- 
cals ;  published  philosophical  works,  1831  and  1833 ;  pro- 
duced, 1838, '  Newcastle  Liberator,'  and,  1840,  '  Northern 
Liberator  and  Champion '  newspapers ;  studied  philo- 
sophy in  France  and  Belgium ;  published  '  History  of 
Philosophy  of  Mind,'  1848 ;  professor  of  logic  and  meta- 
physics, Queen's  College,  Belfast,  1848.  His  works  include 
books  on  angling.  [v.  189] 

BLAKISTON,  JOHN  (1603-1649),  regicide;  mercer  in 
Newcastle ;  excommunicated  for  puritanical  principles ; 
MJ>  for  Newcastle,  1641 ;  one  of  Charles  I's  judges, 
signing  his  death-warrant.  [v.  190] 

BLAKISTON,  JOHN  (1785-1867),  major;  served  at 
Assaye,  at  capture  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  and  Java,  and 
in  Peninsular  war  ;  published  reminiscences. 

[Suppl.  i.  214] 

BLAKISTON,  THOMAS  WRIGHT  (1832-1891),  ex- 
plorer and  ornithologist ;  son  of  preceding  ;  educated  at 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich ;  commissioned  in 
royal  artillery,  1861 ;  served  in  Crimea ;  member  of 
scientific  expedition  under  John  Palliser  [q.  v.]  for  ex- 
ploration of  British  North  America  between  Canada  and 
Rocky  Mountains,  1857  :  served  in  Chinese  war,  1859,  and 
organised  exploration  of  middle  and  upper  course  of  Yang- 
tsze-Kiang,  1861  :  resigned  commission,  1862 ;  settled  as 
merchant  in  Hakodate,  Japan,  and  engaged  in  ornitho- 
logical and  other  investigations,  on  which  he  published 
various  writings  ;  died  at  San  Diego,  California  ;  published 
'  Five  Months  on  the  Yang-tsze,'  1862.  [Suppl.  i.  214] 

BLAKMAN,  BLAKEMAN.  or  BLACKMAN,  JOHN 
(>I.  1436-1448),  biographer ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  1436,  and,  later,  was  fellow  of  Eton  ;  said  to  have 
been  B.D.  and  monk  of  Charterhouse  ;  wrote,  in  Latin,  a 
memoir  of  Henry  VI,  published,  1732,  by  Thomas  Hearne 
[q.v.]  [Suppl.  L  215] 

BLAMIRE,  SUSANNA  (1747-1794),  poetess;  the 
*Muse  of  Cumberland';  was  associated  with  Catherine 
Gilpin.  Some  of  her  poems,  which  depict  with  admirable 
truth  the  Cumbrian  folk,  appeared  in  magazines,  but  no 
collection  of  them  was  published  until  1842.  She  wrote 
several  songs  of  high  merit  in  Scottish  dialect,  including 
4  The  Traveller's  Return '  and  '  What  ails  this  heart  o' 
mine  V  '  [v.  191] 

BLAMIRE,  WILLIAM  (1790-1862),  tithe  commis- 
sioner ;  nephew  of  Susanna  Blamire  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1811  ; 
farmer  at  Thackwood  Nook,  Cumberland  ;  high  sheriff  of 
Cumberland,  1828 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Carlisle,  1831 ;  chief 
commissioner,  1836-51,  for  carry  big  into  effect  Tithe 
Commutation  Bill  of  1834  ;  commissioner  for  carrying  out 
Copyhold  Enfranchisement  Act,  1841 ;  enclosure  commis- 
sioner, [v.  192] 

BLANCHARD,  EDWARD  LITT  LAMAN  (1820- 
1889),  miscellaneous  writer;  son  of  William  Blanchard 
[q.v.],  whom  he  accompanied  to  New  York,  1831  :  edited 
Chambers's  'London  Journal,'  1841,  and  'New  London 
Magazine,'  1845.  He  produced  pantomimei  for  Drury 
Lane  for  thirty-seven  years,  besides  many  other  dramatic 
pieces,  and  contributed  extensively  to  newspapers  and 
periodicals.  [SuppL  i.  216] 

BLANOHARD,  SAMUEL  LAMAN  (1804-1845),  au- 
thor ;  clerk  to  a  proctor  in  Doctors'  Commons ;  made 
acquaintance  of  Douglas  Jerrold  ;  joined  travelling  troop 
of  actors ;  contributed  to '  Monthly  Magazine ' :  secretary 
to  Zoological  Society,  1827-30;  published  'Lyric  Offer- 
ings ' ;  acting  editor  of  '  Monthly  Magazine ' ;  edited 
4  True  Sun,'  1832-6, '  Constitutional,'  1836,  awl '  Courier,' 
1837-9  (all  liberal  papers),  and  '  Court  Journal,'  1837 ; 
connected  with  'Examiner,'  1841-5;  edited  'George 
Cruikeuank's  Omnibus,'  1843 ;  published  L.  E.  Landou's 


i  '  Life  and  Literary  Remains,'  1841.    Three  volumes  of 
his  essays  appeared  in  1846.  [v.  194] 

BLANCHARD,     WILLIAM   (1769-1835),  comedian: 
in  office  of  his  uncle,  William  Blanchard,  proprietor  of 
I  'York  Chroniole,'  1782;   joined  Welsh's  travelling  com- 
pany of  actors,  1785 ;   became  manager  of  several  provin- 
I  cial  theatres;  played,  1800,  Bob  Acres  at  Coven t  Garden, 
i  where  he  remained  almost  continuously  till  death.    His 
i  characters  include  Sir  Hugh  Evans,  Fluellen,  Meiienius, 
and  Polonius.  [v.  195] 

BLANCHARD,  WILLIAM  ISAAC  (d.  1796),  steno- 
grapher; practised  as  shorthand-writer  in  Westminster 
Hall,  1767-96;  published  two  original  systems  of  steno- 
graphy, [v.  196] 

BLAND,  ELIZABETH  (fl.  1681-1712),  hebraist ;  rnfe 
Fisher;  married,  1681 :  wrote  in  Hebrew  a  phylactery  for 
Thoresby's  '  Museeum  Thoresbianum.'  [v.  196] 

BLAND,   HUMPHREY    (16867-1763),    general   and 
military  writer ;   obtained  commission,  1704 ;   served  as 
lieutenant  and  captain  in  Marlborough's  campaigns ;  at 
battle  of  Almanara,  1710 ;  successively  lieutenant-colonel 
and  colonel  of  dragoons,  and  colonel  of  foot:  quarter- 
master-general at  headquarters,  1742 ;  served  in  Flanders ; 
l  major  -  general    in    Culloden    campaign ;    governor   of 
Gibraltar,  1749,  and  of  Edinburgh,  1752-63  ;  commauder-iu- 
1  chief  of  forces  in  Scotland,  1753 ;  published  '  Treatise  on 
i  Discipline,'  1727.  [v.  196] 

BLAND,  JOHN  (d.  1666),  Marian  martyr;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Cambridge :  M.A. :  schoolmaster ;  rector  of 
Adisham.Kent ;  opposed  celebration  of  mass,  1653 ;  burned 
at  Canterbury.  [v.  197] 

BLAND,  JOHN  (1702-1750),  writing-master;  edu- 
cated' at  Westminster;  clerk  in  custom-house,  1717; 
writing-master  at  academy  in  Little  Tower  Street,  and 
subsequently  establ ished  himself  independently ;  published 
'  Essay  on  Writing,'  1730.  [v.  198] 

BLAND,  JOHN  (d.  1788),  dramatist ;  author  of  drama, 
'Song  of  Solomon,'  1750.  [v.  198] 

BLAND,  MARIA  THERESA  (1769-1838),  vocalist; 
daughter  of  Italian  Jews  named  Romanziui ;  first  sang  at 
Drury  Lane,  1786 ;  married  the  actor  Bland,  1790 ;  at- 
tached to  Drury  Lane  almost  continuously  from  1789  to 
1824,  but  sang  also  at  Haymarket  and  Vauxhall ;  de- 
veloped melancholia  after  1824.  [v.  198] 

BLAND,    MILES  (1786-1868),  mathematician  ;    B.A., 

second  wrangler,  and  Smith's  prizeman,  St.  John's  College, 

Cambridge,  1808;    fellow,   1808;     public    mathematical 

examiner,  1817-18  :  prebendary  of  Wells  and  D.D.,  1826  ; 

;  F.R.S.  ;  F.S.A. ;  published  mathematical  works,  [v  199] 

BLAND,  NATHANIEL  (1803-1865),  Persian  scholar ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1825  ; 
contributed  valuable  papers  to  Royal  Asiatic  Society's 
'  Journal,'  1843-53  ;  committed  suicide.  [Suppl.  i.  216] 

BLAND,  ROBERT,  the  elder  (1730-1816),  physician  ; 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1778 ;  L.C.P.,  1786 ;  published  works 
on  midwifery.  [v.  199] 

BLAND,  ROBERT,  the  younger  (1779  ?-1825),  divine ; 
son  of  Robert  Bland  (1730-1816)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1802 ; 
assistant  master,  Harrow;  minister  to  English  church, 
Amsterdam  :  held  two  English  curacies  ;  published  works 
relating  to  Greek  classics.  [v.  199] 

BLAND,  TOBIAS  (1563  ?-1604),  divine;  B.A.  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1581 ;  expelled  from  Corpus  Christ! 
College  for  libelling  the  master  ;  M.A.,  1584  ;  B.D.,  1591 ; 
sub-almoner  to  Elizabeth,  1694 ;  canon  of  Peterborough, 
1602.  [v.  200] 

BLAND,  WILLIAM  (1789-1868),  Australian  states- 
man ;  son  of  .Robert  Bland  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  passed  naval 
surgeon,  fifth  rate,  1809 ;  exiled  to  Sydney  for  duelling, 
1814  ;  pardoned  ;  practised  surgery  :  imprisoned  twelve 
months  for  libel ;  passed  naval  surgeon,  1826  ;  member  of 
i  elective  legislature  for  Sydney,  1843.  [v.  200] 

BLANDFORD,  W ALTER  (1619-1676),  bishop  ;  fellow, 

i  Wadham    College, .  Oxford,  1644;     warden,   1669;     pro- 

!  Tinlary  of  Gloucester ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king  ; 

i  vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  1663  :  bishop  of  Oxford, 

1665  ;  dean  of  Chapel  Royal ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1671. 

[v.20l] 


BLANDIE 


113 


BLEW 


BLANDIE  or  BLANDY,  WILLIAM  «  ri.  1580), 
uiithor  ;  id:ieated  nt  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
H.  \.,  ISM ;  '  fellow  '  of  Middle  Tcm;il'' ;  served  with  Eng- 
lish army  in  Low  Countries,  15X0:  published  works  re- 
luting  to  jwlitical  and  civil  custom-,  [v.  201] 

BLANDY,  MAKY  (./.  17.1'.'),  murderer  :  at  tin-  in- 
stance of  her  lover,  William  Henry,  son  of  liftli  Lord 
Oraustoun,  poisoned  her  lather,  who  objected  to  her  en- 
gagement ;  \\a<  eonvicted  and  hanged  ut  Oxfonl. 

[v.  202] 

BLANE,  Sii£<;iLBi;i;T<17l'.i   isiii),  p],.\-.i.-hn  :    M.I). 

•o\v,   177S;    private   physician    to    Admiral    Uixlney. 

whom  lie  aecompaninl  to  West    Indies,  1779;    physician 

to  licet,  177-.I  w:;  :  .-nine  to  KiiLrland  with  Iloduey,  1781,  but 

n  turned.    1782:     L.O.P.,    1781;    did    much    to   improve 

ry  condition   of  navy;    published  work  oil  means 

for  preserving  health  of  seamen,  1780 ;  physician  at  St. 

iaa'8  Hospital  on  return  to  England,  1783,  till  1795: 

physician  extraordinary,  and  later  physician  in  ordinary 

nice  of   Wales,   1785:   commissioner  for  sick  and 

wounded  seamen,   1795-1H02  ;   assisted   in  framing  rules 

lorming  basis  of  Quarantine  Act,  1799  :  sent  to  report  on 

condition  of  army  in  Walcheren  expedition,  and  arranged 

for  transport  of  sick  and  wounded  ;  created  baronet,  1812  : 

physician   in   ordinary  to  George  IV  ;  F.R.S. :  published 

dixc  nations  on  medical  subjects.  [v.  202] 

BLANEFORDE,  HENRY  (./f.  1330),  chronicler  ; 
monk  of  St.  Albans  ;  wrote  chronicle  for  years  1323-4 
(Cotton  MSS.  Claudius^D.  vi. )  [v.  204] 

BLANFORD,  HENRY  FRANCIS  (1834-1893),  meteoro- 
logist and  treologist ;  studied  at  Royal  School  of  Mines  ; 
appointed  to  geological  survey  of  India,  1855  ;  professor 
at  Presidency  College,  Calcutta,  1862-72  ;  meteorological 
reporter  to  government  of  Bengal,  1872,  and  later  to 
government  of  India:  retired  and  returned  to  England, 
1888  :  published  scientific  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  217] 

BLANKET!,  JOHN  (d.  i80l),  admiral :  volunteer  and 
midshipman  at  reduction  of  LouLsbourg,  1758,  and  Quebec, 
1759  ;  lieutenant,  1761;  commander,  1779;  served  in  East 
Indies ;  captain,  1780 ;  in  Mediterranean,  1783 ;  com- 
manded convoy  to  China,  1790 ;  commodore  of  squadron 
sent  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  serving  at  reduction  of  that 
settlement ;  served  in  Egyptian  operations  ;  rear-admiral, 

1799.  [v.  205] 

BLANTYRE,  BARONS.  [See  STKWART,  WAI.TKH, 
first  BARON,  d.  1437 ;  STEWART,  ALEXAXDKR,  fifth  BARON, 
d.  1704.] 

BLAQUIEKE,  JOHN,  BARON  DK  BLAQUIERE  (1732- 
1812),  politician  :  son  of  a  French  emigrant ;  under  Lord 
Harcourt  as  secretary  of  legation  in  France,  1771-2, 
and  chief  secretary  in  Ireland,  1772-7 ;  M.P.  successively 
for  several  Irish  and  English  constituencies:  privy 
councillor,  1774  ;  baronet,  1784  ;  raised  to  Irish  peerage, 

1800.  [v.  205] 

BLATHWAYT,  WILLIAM ( 1649  ?-l 717),  politician; 
secretary  to  Sir  William  Temple  at  the  Hague,  1668 ;  en- 
gaged in  public  business  successively  at  Rome,  Stockholm, 
and  Copenhagen;  secretary-at-war,  1683-1704;  clerk  of 
privy  council,  1689  ;  secretary  of  state  with  William  III 
in  Flanders  ;  commissioner  of  trade.  1696-1706  ;  M.P.  for 
Newtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  1685-8,  and  Bath,  1693-1710. 

[v.  206] 

BLAYNEY,  ANDREW  THOMAS,  eleventh  BARON 
I'.'.  \V\KV  (1770-1834),  lieutenant-general ;  ensign,  1789; 
captain,  1792  ;  major  in  89th  regiment,  part  of  which  he 
rii-'-l  in  Ireland,  1794;  served  under  Duke  of  York  in 
nand'Ts.  1794-5;  lieutenant-colonel  of  89th  regiment  in 
Ireland,  1798;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Malta;  major- 
u'rneral  in  Peninsula,  1810;  captured  at  Malaga;  im- 
prisoned in  France.  1810-14;  lieutenant-general,  1819; 
published  account  of  his  captivity,  1814.  [T.  206] 

BLAYNEY.  BKN.J  A  M I X  (1728-1801 ),  Hebrew  scholar; 
M.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1753;  fellow,  and  after- 
wards vice-principal,  Hertford  College ;  -B.D.,  1768 ;  pre- 
pared for  Clarendon  Press  edition  of  authorised  version  of 
bible.  1769 ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew,  canon  of  Christ 
riraivh,  und  D.D ,  1787  ;  published  dissertations  on  and 
translations  of  Old  Testament  Scriptures.  [v.  208] 

BLEDRI,  surnamed  DDOETH,  or  the  Wise  (d. 
1022?),  perhaps  bishop  of  Llandaff  between  995  and 
1005.  [v.  208] 


ARTHUR  HKNHY  ( 1H27V-1877),  oriental- 
ist ;  successively  employed  in  I'.ritish  Museum  and  inland 
transport  corps  at  Sinope  during  ( 'rimean  war  :  published 
works  on  oriental  languages  and  a  translation  of  the 
'  A  vesta.'  [v.  209] 

BLEEK,  WILHKLM  HKINKN'H  IMMAM'KL 
(1K27-IH75).  philologist:  horn  at  Berlin  ;  educated  at 
Bonn  and  Berlin  :  set  out  with  W.  I'..  Blaikie  [q.  v.]  in 
expedition  up  N'iger,  18M:  interpreter  to  Sir  George  Grey 
at  Capetown,  1H57.  and  subsequently  librarian  to  Grey's 
library ;  published  works  on  South  African  languages. 

[v.  209] 

BLEGBOROUOH,    RALPH  (1769-1827),  physician; 
I  educated  :it   Kdinburgh  and  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hos- 
pitals ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1804;  L.C.P.,  1805;  devoted  him- 
self exclusively  to  midwifery.  [v.  210] 

BLENCOW  or  BLINCOW,  JOHN  (fl.  1640),  divine  ; 
fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1627 ;  B.C.L.,  1633 ; 
probably  expelled  from  fellowship,  1648.  [v.  210] 

BLENCOWE,  SIR  JOHN  (1642-172(5),   judge;  called 

to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1673  ;  master  of  the  bench,  1687  ; 

I  serjeiint-at-law,  1G89 ;  M.P.  for  Brackley,  Northamptou- 

,  shire,   1690-5  ;   baron   of  exchequer,   1696 ;  probably  re- 

•  moved  to  king's  bench,  1G97,  and  to  common  pleas,  1714  ; 

knighted,  1714  ;  retired,  1722.  [v.  210] 

BLENCOWE,  WILLIAM  (1683-1712),  decipherer; 
;  son  of  Sir  John  Bleucowe  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College, 
j  Oxford,  1701;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  1702;  M.A.,  1704;  de- 
j  cipherer  to  government,  1703 ;  shot  himself  during  tem- 
|  porary  insanity.  [v.  211] 

BLENERHASSET,  THOMAS  (1550 V-1625 V),  poet; 
educated  at  Cambridge ;  entered  army ;  captain  at 
Guernsey  Castle  ;  one  of  '  undertakers '  for  plantation  of 
Ulster,  1610.  His  publications  include  an  expansion 
(1678)  of  the  'Mirrour  for  Magistrates'  and  a  work  on 
j  'Plantation  in  Ulster.'  [v.  211] 

BLENKIN80P,  JOHN  (1783-1831),  one  of  pioneers 

'  of  the  locomotive :  engaged  hi  Middletou  collieries,  near 

!  Leeds ;  obtained,  1811,  patent  for  double  cylinder  loco- 

1  motive  worked  by  means  of  racked  rail  and  toothed  wheel, 

'<  which  was  successfully  tested,  1812.    Locomotives  made 

i  upon  the  Blenkinsop  pattern  were  employed  regularly 

j  from  1812.  [Suppl.  i.  217] 

BLENKIRON,  WILLIAM  (1807  ?-1871),  breeder  of 
racehorses  ;  farmer  in  Yorkshire ;  manufacturer  of  stocks 
and  collars,  1845  ;  kept  racehorses  at  Dai-ton,  and  subse- 
quently at  Middle  Park,  Kent,  Waltham  Cross,  and 
Esher,  his  stud  becoming  the  most  celebrated  in  Europe. 

[v.  212] 

BLENNERHASSET,  HARMAN  (1764  ?-1831), 
lawyer ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  and 
LL.B.,  1790 ;  travelled  on  continent,  adopted  republican 
principles,  and  settled,  1798,  near  Parkersburg  on  the 
Ohio;  became  implicated  in  schemes  of  Aaron  Burr; 
arrested,  but  released,  1807 ;  lawyer  in  Montreal,  1819 ; 
retired  to  Guernsey.  [v.  213] 

BLESSINGTON,  MARGUERITE,  COUNTESS  OP 
(1789-1849), authoress;  n6e  Power;  married,  1804, captain 
Maurice  Farmer  (d.  1817),  from  whom  she  separated  almost 
immediately ;  married,  1818,  Charles  John  Gardiner,  first- 
earl  of  Blessington  ;  travelled  on  continent  with  her  hus- 
band and  Alfred,  count  d'Orsay,  1822 :  made  acquaintance 
of  Byron;  settled  in  Paris,  1828;  removed  to  London, 
1831 ;  published  her  first  novel,  '  Cassidy,'  1833 ;  edited 
'Book  of  Beauty 'from  1834,  and  'The  Keepsake,'  1841- 
1849;  contributed  to  'Daily  News'  on  its  foundation, 
1846  ;  became  bankrupt,  1849,  and  fled  to  Paris  to  Count 
d'Orsay,  who  had  lived  with  her  for  some  years  ;  died  in 
Paris.  Her  first  book,  'The  Magic  Lantern,'  was  pub- 
lished anonymously,  1822,  and  between  1833  and  1847  she 
produced  numerous  works  of  fiction  and  personal  re- 
miniscence. 'Country  Quarters,'  a  novel,  appeared 
posthumously  in  1850.  [v.  213] 

BLETHYN,  WILLIAM  (d,  1590),  divine :  educa,ted  at- 
Oxford ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  15*5.  [v.  216] 

BLEW,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1808-1894),  liturgiologist : 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1832 ;  curate  of  Nut- 
hurst,  1832-40,  and  of  St.  Anne's,  Soho,  1840-2 ;  incum- 
bent of  St.  John's,  Milton-next-Gravesend,  1842-60 ;  pub- 
lished edition  of  •  Aberdeen  Breviary,'  1864,  translations 
from  Greek,  and  other  works.  [Suppl.  i.  218] 

I 


BLEWITT 


114 


BLOMEFIELD 


BLEWITT.  .Ii»N.\S  (rf.  1805),  organist,  in  i-ity  of 
London  :  published  a  '  Treatise  on  the  Organ,'  and  musical 
compositions.  [v.  215] 

BLEWITT,  JONATHAN  (1780?-1853),  composer: 
son  of  Jonas  Blewitt  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  successively  in 
London,  Haverhill,  Brecon,  Sheffield,  :iud  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Dublin  ;  in  London,  1826;  produced  numerous  pantomime 
compositions  ;  at  different  times  musical  director  at 
Theatre  Royal,  Dublin,  Sadler's  Wells,  and  Vauxhull. 

[v.  216] 

BLEWITT,  OCTAVIAN  (1810-1884).  secretary,  Royal 
Literary  Fund ;  studied  medicine  at  infirmary  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover  Square,  London :  secretary  of  Royal 
Literary  Fund,  1839-84 ;  knight  of  the  order  of  Leopold, 
1872 ;  published  topographical  and  other  works. 

[v.  216] 

BLICKE,  SIR  CHARLES  (1745-1815),  surgeon;  sur- 
geon of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1787;  governor  of 
College  of  Surgeons,  1801  :  knighted,  1803 ;  edited  '  Essay 
on  Yellow  Fever  of  Jamaica,'  1772,  anonymous,  [v.  217] 

BLIGH  or  BLIOHE,  EDWARD  (1685-1775),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  Irish  M.P.  for  Athboy,  co.  Meath,  1715 ; 
captain,  1717;  lieutenant-colonel,  6th  horse;  colonel  of 
20th  foot,  1740;  brigadier-general,  1745;  major-general, 
1747;  colonel,  6th  horse,  1747;  lieutenant-general,  1754 ; 
commanded  unsuccessful  expedition  against  French  to 
create  diversion  in  favour  of  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick, 
1758 ;  retired,  1759.  [v.  217] 

BLIGH,  RICHARD  (1780-1838  ?),  chancery  barrister ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1806  ;  published  legal  works.  [v.  218] 

BLIGH.  SIR  RICHARD  RODNEY  (1737-1821),  ad- 
miral ;  entered  navy,  1751 ;  commander  under  Rodney 
in  West  Indies,  1762 ;  captured  by  French,  1793 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1794:  released,  1795;  second  in  command  in 
Jamaica,  1796-9;  vice-admiral,  1799;  commander-in- 
chief  at  Leith,  1803-4 ;  admiral,  1804 ;  G.C.B.,  1820. 


[v.  218] 
liral ;  entered 


BLIGH,  WILLIAM  (1 754-1817),  vice-adm 
navy  and  accompanied  Cook  as  sailing-master  in  second 
voyage  round  world,  1772-4,  and  discovered  bread-fruit  at 
Otaheite;  lieutenant;  commanded  vessel  sailing  to  Ota- 
heite  to  obtain  bread-fruit  plants,  1787;  cast  adrift  in 
open  boat  by  his  mutinous  crew  ;  landed  at  Timor,  1789 ; 
reached  England,  1790 ;  poet-captain ;  sailed  to  Society 
Islands,  1791;  received  Society  of  Arts'  medal,  1794; 
F.R.S.,  1801 ;  captain-general  and  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1805 ;  forcibly  deposed,  1808,  and  imprisoned  till 
1810 ;  returned  to  England,  1811 ;  rear-admiral,  1811,  and 
vice-admiral  of  blue,  1814.  [v.  219] 

BLIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1785-1862),  rear-admiral; 
lieutenant,  1803  ;  at  Trafalgar,  1805 ;  agent  for  trans- 
ports, Palermo,  1812-14  ;  commander,  1821 ;  post-captain, 
1830 ;  retired  as  rear-admiral,  1855.  [v.  220] 

BLIND,  MATHILDE  (1841-1896),  poetess;  born  at 
Mannheim  ;  daughter  of  a  banker  named  Cohen ;  adopted 
name  of  Blind ;  came  to  London,  c.  1849 ;  published 
'Poeme  by  Claude  Lake,'  1867,  'The  Prophecy  of  St. 
Oran,'  1881,  'The  Heather  on  Fire,'  1886,  'Ascent  of 
Man,'  1888,  'Dramas  in  Miniature,'  1891,  'Songs  and 
Sonnets,'  1893,  and  '  Birds  of  Passage,'  1895.  She  trans- 
lated Strauss's  'Old  Faith  and  New,'  1873-4,  and  'Journal 
of  Marie  Bashkirteeff,'  1890.  [Suppl.  L  219] 

BLISS,  NATHANIEL  (1700-1764), astronomer;  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1723;  rector  of  St.  Ebbe's, 
Oxford,  1736  ;  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  and  F.R.R., 
1 742 ;  assisted  Bradley  at  Royal  Observatory :  astronomer- 
royal,  1762-4.  Observations  made  under  his  supervision 
were  published  in  1806.  [v.  220] 

BLISS,  PHILIP  (1787-1857),  antiquary ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow,  1809 ;  D.C.L.,  1820 ;  ordained  priest,  1818 ;  under- 
librarian  of  Bodleian,  1822-8 :  university  registrar,  1824- 
1853 ;  keeper  of  archives,  1826-67 ;  registrar  of  university 
court,  1831 :  principal  of  St.  Mary  Hali,  1848-67 ;  deputy 
professor  of  civil  law :  compiled  and  edited  many  anti- 
quarian works,  including  editions  of  Wood's  *  Athene 
Oxonienses,'  1813-20,  and  '  Reliquiae  Hearnianae,'  1867. 

[v.  221] 

BLITH,  WALTER  (fi.  1649),  agricultural  writer: 
published,  1649, '  The  English  Improver,  or  a  new  Survey 


of  Husbandry,'  reissued,  1652,  as 'The  English  Improver 
Improved.'  He  was  probably  a  captain  in  parliamentary 
army.  [Suppl.  i.  220] 

BLITHEMAN  or  BLYTHEMAN,  WILLIAM  (d. 
1591),  organut  and  gentleman  of  the  chapel  under  Kliza- 
beth ;  left  musical  compositions  in  manuscript.  Dr.  John 
Bull  [q.  v.]  was  perhaps  his  pupil.  [v.  222] 

BLLZARD,  THOMAS  (1772-1838),  surgeon;  nephew 
of  Sir  William  Blizard  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  to  London  Hos- 
pital ;  published  surgical  writings.  [v.  222] 

BLIZARD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1743-1836),  surgeon; 
studied  at  London  and  St.  Bartholomew's  hospitals ; 
surgeon,  1780,  to  London  Hospital,  where,  with  Dr.  Mac- 
laurin,  he  founded  medical  school,  1785  ;  F.R.S.,  1787  ;  twice 
president  of  College  of  Surgeons;  published  medical 
writings.  [v.  223] 

BLOCHMANN,  HENRY  FERDINAND  (1838-1878X 
orientalist  ;  born  at  Dresden ;  studied  oriental  languages 
at  Leipzig  and  Paris ;  came  to  England  and  enlisted  in 
British  army,  1858 ;  vrent  as  private  soldier  to  India,  ob- 
tained employment  in  office  at  Fort  William,  received 
discharge,  and  entered  service  of  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Company  as  interpreter;  assistant  professor  of  Arabic 
and  Persian,  in  Calcutta  Madrasa,  1860-2;  M.A.  and 
LL.D.  Calcutta,  1861 ;  professor  of  mathematics,  Doveton 
College,  1862-5 ;  returned  to  the  Madrasa,  1865,  and  ulti- 
mately became  principal ;  published  oriental  works,  in- 
cluding translation  of  first  volume  of  '  Ain-i-Akbari '  of 
Abiil-FazL  [Suppl.  i.  220] 

BLOET,  BLUET,  or  BLOETT,  ROBERT  (<l.  1123), 
Norman  divine;  chancellor  successively  to  William  the 
Conqueror  and  William  II ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1094  ;  justiciary  under  Henry  I ;  besieged  Tickhill,  Robert 
of  Belesme's  castle,  for  the  king,  1102.  [v.  223] 

BLOI8,  PETER  DK  (/.  1190).    [See  PKTKR.] 

BLOMBEEG,  WILLIAM  NICHOLAS  (1702  ?-1750), 
divine  ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1726  ;  fellow ;  held 
livings  in  Middlesex  and  Kent;  published  life  of  his 
grandfather,  Edmund  Dickinson,  M.D.  [v.  224] 

BLOKE,  RICHARD  (<f.  1705),  publisher  and  com- 
piler ;  issued  many  splendid  works  by  the  aid  of  subscrip- 
tions adroitly  levied.  His  publications  include  editions 
of  Guillim's  'Display  of  Heraldrie,'  1660  and  1679 :  'Geo- 
graphical Description  of  ...  the  World,'  1670 ;  and  '  Bri- 
tannia,' 1673.  [v.  225] 

BLOMEriELD,  FRANCIS  (1705-1752),  topographer; 
B.A.  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1727 ;  rector 
of  Hargham,  1729-30;  held  living  of  Fersfield,  1730;  set 
up  private  press,  1736,  and  began  to  issue  in  numbers  his 
4  History  of  Norfolk,'  1739 ;  died  leaving  the  third  volume 
unfinished.  The  published  volumes,  chiefly  based  on 
Le  Neve's  collections,  contained  accounts  of  Thetford 
and  Norwich.  His  work  was  continued  by  the  Rev.  Charles 
Parkin,  and  ultimately  finished  by  a  hack  writer,  the 
whole  being  republished,  1805-10.  [v.  226] 

BLOMEFLELD,  LEONARD,  formerly  LEONARD 
JENTNS  (1800-1893),  naturalist;  educated  at  Eton  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1822 ;  curate,  1823, 
and  vicar,  1828-49,  of  Swaffham  Bulbeck,  Cambridge- 
shire ;  published  '  Manual  of  British  Vertebrate  Animals,' 
1836;  removed  successively  to  South  Stoke,  near  Bath, 
1860,  Swainswick,  1852,  and  Bath,  1860 ;  founder,  1885, 
and  first  president  of  Bath  Natural  History  and  Anti- 
quarian Field  Club ;  presented  to  the  town  of  Bath  the 
'  Jenyns  Library ' ;  member  of  Linnean  Society  and  of 
I  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society,  1822 ;  original  member 
1  of  Zoological  (1826),  Entomological  (1834),  and  Ray  (1844) 
societies ;  adopted  name  of  Blomefield,  1871 ;  published* 
writings  relating  to  natural  history  and  an  autobiography 
(privately  printed,  1889).  [Suppl.  i.  221] 

BLOMEFIELD,  MILES  (1625-1574 ?),  alchemist: 
licensed  physician  by  Cambridge  University;  practised 
at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ;  published  works  on  alchemy. 

[v.  228] 

BLOMEFIELD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1744-1822),  major- 
I  general ;  joined  navy,  but  entered  as  cadet  military 
academy,  Woolwich,  1758 :  lieutenant  fire-worker,  c,  1759 ; 
commanded  bomb- ketch  at  bombardment  of  Havre ;  joined 
Hawke's  fleet  at  Quiberon  ;  personal  aide-de-camp  succes- 
sively to  General  Conway  and  Lord  Townshend,  master- 


BLOMFIELD 


115 


BLOUNT 


general  of  ordnance,  1771 :  brigade-major  to  Brigadier 
Phillips  in  Aim-riran  war;  wounded  at  Saratoga; 
captain  insprctor  of  artillery,  and  superintendent  of 
Royal  Kniss  Foundry,  17W) :  entrusted  with  reorganisa- 
tion of  onlnance  department,  1783;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1793 ;  colonel,  1800 ;  major-general,  1803  ;  colonel-com- 
mandant of  battalion,  1HU6;  commanded  artillery  in 
Copenhagen  expedition,  1807  ;  created  baronet,  [v.  228] 

BLOMFIELD,  SIR  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  (1829-1899), 
architect ;  son  of  Charles  James  Blomfleld  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
(••itf.1  ;it  Kiitfby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
••ticlol  to  I'hilip  Charles  Hardwick  (1822-1892), 
son  of  1'hilip  I  lard  wick  [q.  v.] ;  opened  office  in  Adelphi 
Trrm.v  1S56:  president  of  Architectural  Association, 
l-l  ,  F.H.I.B.A.,  1867,  and  vice-president,  1886;  architect 
to  Bank  of  England,  1883 ;  associated  with  Arthur 
Edmund  Street,  sou  of  George  Edmund  Street  [q.  v.],  in 
i-nvtion  of  Law  Courts  in  London,  1881;  A.R.A.,  1888; 
i,  1889.  His  works  include  Sion  College  Library  on 
Thames  Embankment,  Queen's  School  at  Eton  College,  the 
scheme  for  Church  House,  Dean's  Yard,  Westminster,  and 
many  churches  in  England  and  abroad.  He  made  im- 
portant restorations  in  the  cathedrals  of  Salisbury, 
Canterbury,  Lincoln,  and  Ohichester.  [Suppl.  i.  223] 

BLOMFIELD,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1786-1867),  bishop 
of  London;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1808; 
fellow ;  presented  to  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate ;  bishop  of 
Chester,  1H24 ;  translated  to  see  of  London,  1828 ;  insti- 
tuted, 1836,  for  building  and  endowing  churches  in 
metropolis  a  fund  which,  1854,  was  merged  in  London 
Diocesan  Church  Building  Society  ;  in  the  Tractarian 
movement  (c.  1842)  upheld  definitely  the  views  of 
neither  party  while  agreeing  on  some  points  with  both ; 
edited  five  plays  of  ^scbylus,  with  notes  and  glossaries, 
three  Greek  lyric  poets  for  Gaisford's  'Poetae  Minores 
Graeci '  (1823),  and  contributed  on  classical  subjects  to 
magazines.  [v.  229] 

BLOMFIELD,  EDWARD  VALENTINE  (1788-1816), 
classical  scholar;  brother  of  Charles  James  Blomfield 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1811  :  first 
chancellor's  classical  medallist;  classical  lecturer  and 
fellow,  Emmanuel  College,  till  death.  His  chief  work,  a 
translation  of  Matthias's  'Greek  Grammar,'  appeared 
posthumously,  edited  by  his  brother.  [v.  230] 

BLOMFIELD,  EZEKIEL  (1778-1818),  nonconformist 
divine ;  minister  at  Wymondham ;  founded  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Auxiliary  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society; 
partner  of  Brightley,  printer,  of  Bungay;  published 
various  compilations.  [v.  231] 

BLON,  JACQUES  CRISTOPHE,  LE  (1670-1741). 
[See  LE  BLON.] 

BLONDEL,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  (d.  1734),  physician : 
born  in  Paris  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1692 ;  practised  in  London  ; 
L.O.P.,  1711 ;  published  medical  writings.  [v.  232] 

BLOOD,  HOLCROFT  (16607-1707),  general;  son  of 
Thomas  Blood  [q.  v.]  :  served  at  sea  in  Dutch  war,  1672, 
and  in  Irish  campaigns  after  1688 ;  rendered  signal 
service  as  engineer,  Namur,  1696,  and  Hochstadt,  c.  1703 ; 
subsequently  promoted  brigadier-generaL  [v.  232] 

BLOOD,  THOMAS  (1618 ?-1680),  adventurer:  ob- 
tained estates  in  Ireland  which  were  forfeited  at  Restora- 
tion ;  headed  unsuccessful  attempt  to  take  Dublin  Castle 
from  royalists,  1663 ;  escaped  arrest,  and  subsequently 
fled  to  Holland;  returned  to  England,  associated  with 
Fifth-monarchy  men,  and  later  with  covenanters  till 
1666;  attempted,  perhaps  at  Buckingham's  instigation, 
to  assassinate  Duke  of  Ormonde,  who,  however,  escaped, 
1670  ;  formed  an  elaborate  plan,  1671,  to  steal  the  crown 
jewels,  and  actually  with  an  accomplice  made  off  with 
the  crown  and  globe,  but  was  arrested ;  obtained  admis- 
sion to  Charles  IPs  presence,  gained  his  favour,  and 
received  back  his  Irish  estates ;  committed  by  court  of 
king's  bench  for  slander  of  Buckingham,  1680,  but  re- 
ceived bail.  [v.  232] 

BLOOMTEBLD,  BENJAMIN,  first  BARON  BLOOM- 
FIELD  (1768-1846),  lieutenant-general ;  second  lieutenant, 
royal  artillery,  1781;  chief  equerry  to  Prince  of  Wales, 
c.  1806;  major-general,  1814;  knighted,  1816;  keeper  of 
privy  purse  and  receiver  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1817 ; 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  Stockholm,  1824:  raised  to 
Iwsh  peerage,  1825 ;  commanded  garrison  at  Woolwich. 

[v.  235] 


BLOOMFIELD,  JOHN  ARTHUR  DOUGLAS,  second 
BAKON  BI.OOMFIELD  (1802-1879),  diplomatist:  son  of 
Benjamin  Bloomfleld  [q.  v.] ;  joined  diplomatic  service, 
1818;  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
at  St.  Petersburg,  1844,  and  Berlin,  1851 ;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary and  plenipotentiary  to  emperor  of  Austria, 
1860-71 ;  created  peer  of  United  Kingdom,  1871.  [v.  235] 

BLOOMFIELD,  ROBERT  (1766-1823),  poet ;  worked 
as  shoemaker  under  his  brother  George,  in  London; 
endured  extreme  poverty ;  wrote  his  '  Farmer's  Boy,' 
c.  1798  (published  1800) ;  under-sealer  in  seal  office,  1802  ; 
manufactured  JEolian  harps;  embarked  unsuccessfully 
in  book-trade ;  visited  Wales  and  wrote  '  Banks  of  the 
Wye,'  1811.  A  collected  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in 
1821.  [v.  236] 

BLOOR,  JOSEPH  (d.  1846),  assistant  at  Robert 
Bloor's  Old  Derby  China  Works.  [v.  237] 

BLOOR,  ROBERT  (rf.  1846),  ceramist,  brother  of 
Joseph  Bloor  [q.  v.]  ;  worked  in  and,  <r.  1811,  bought  Old 
Derby  China  Works.  [v.  237] 

BLORE,  EDWARD  (1787-1879),  architect  and  artist; 
sou  of  Thomas  Blore  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  on  illustrations 
for  his  father's  '  History  of  Rutland,'  Britton's  '  English 
Cathedrals,'  and  Surtees's  '  Antiquities  of  Durham ' ;  built 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  house  at  Abbotsford,  c.  1816 ;  managed 
production  of  Scott's  'Provincial  Antiquities  of  Scot- 
land' ;  architect  to  William  IV  and  Quern  Victoria,  and 
to  Westminster  Abbey ;  F.R.S. ;  F.S.A. ;  hon.  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1834  ;  published  '  Monumental  Remains  of  Emi- 
nent Persons,'  1824.  [v.  37] 

BLORE,  ROBERT  (d.  1866  ?),  manufacturer  of  porce- 
lain '  biscuit '  figures  in  Bridge  Gate,  Derby ;  apprenticed 
at  Old  Derby  China  Works.  [v.  238] 

BLORE,  THOMAS (1764-1818), topographer;  solicitor 
at  Derby,  and,  later,  at  Hopton ;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1795;  published  topographical  writings  and  left  manu- 
script collections  for  history  of  Hertfordshire,  [v.  238] 

BLOTJNT,  CHARLES,  fifth  BARON  MOITNTJOY  (d. 
1545),  son  of  William  Blount,  fourth  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  page 
to  Queen  Catherine :  served  with  Henry  VIII  in  France, 
1544 ;  patron  of  learning.  [v.  239] 

BLOTTNT,  CHARLES,  EARL  OF  DEVONSHIRE  and 
eighth  BARON  MOUNTJOY  (1563-1606),  grandson  of 
Charles  Blount,  fifth  baron  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1589  : 
entered  Inner  Temple ;  came  to  court,  c.  1583  :  M.P.  for 
Beeralston,  1584, 1586,  and  1593  ;  knighted,  1586  ;  served 
in  Netherlands,  in  pursuit  of  Armada,  and  in  Brittany, 
1586-93 ;  captain  of  town  and  island  of  Portsmouth, 
1594 ;  lieutenant  of  land  forces  in  Essex's  expedition  to 
Azores,  1597;  K.G.,  1597;  implicated  in  Essex's  con- 
spiracy, but  escaped  punishment ;  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
1601 ;  put  down  Tyrone's  rebellion  ;  reinstated  deputy  by 
James  I:  styled  lord-lieutenant,  1603;  suppressed  dis- 
affection resulting  from  military  occupation ;  returned 
to  England,  and  was  created  Earl  of  Devonshire,  1603 ; 
master  of  ordnance,  1603 ;  keeper  of  Portsmouth  Castle, 
1604;  commissioner  to  discharge  office  of  earl  marshal, 
1605 ;  married,  1605,  Lord  Rich's  divorced  wife,  Essex's 
sister,  Penelope,  with  whom  he  had  contracted  a  liaison  in 
early  life.  [v.  240] 

BLOUNT,  CHARLES  (1654-1693),  deist :  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Blount  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  freethinking  books 
which  have  caused  him  to  be  considered  as  a  link  between 
Herbert  of  Cherbury  and  Toland.  These  include  '  Anima 
Mundi';  an  attack  on  priestcraft  entitled  'Great  is 
Diana  of  the  Ephesians,'  1680:  and  a  translation  with 
notes  of  '  The  Two  First  Books  of  Apollonius  Tyaneus,' 
1680.  He  published  also  political  papers  of  whig  ten- 
dency, and  a  'Vindication  of  Liberties  of  the  Press.' 

[v.  243] 

BLOTINT,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1565  ?-1601),  soldier : 
probably  younger  brother  of  Charles,  earl  of  Devonshire 
[q.  v.] ;  gentleman  of  horse  to  Elizabeth ;  served  in 
Netherlands ;  knighted,  1588 ;  married,  c.  1689,  widow  of 
first  Earl  of  Essex  (d.  1576) ;  colonel  of  land  force,  and, 
later,  camp  master  in  Essex's  expedition  to  Cadiz,  1696  ; 
joined  attempt  on  Azores,  1R97 ;  M.P.  for  Staffordshire, 
1597 ;  marshal  of  Essex's  nrmy  in  Ireland,  1599 ;  assisted 
in  Essex's  conspiracy  against  government,  and  was  exe- 
cuted on  Tower  Hill.  [v.  245] 

12 


BLOUNT 


116 


BLUND 


BLOUNT  or  BLUNT.  EDWARD  (ft.  1588-1632), 
stationer;  freeman  of  Stationers'  Company,  1588;  pub- 
lished Florio's  '  Italian  and  English  Dictionary,'  1596,  and 
translation  of  'Montaigne's  i  •;."  M;irlo\\v's 

'Hero  and  Leander,'  1598,  Sbelton's  'Don  Quixote,'  1620, 
the  first  folio  of  Shakespeare's  *  Works,'  with  Isaac 
Jaggard  and  others,  1623,  and  Lyly's '  Sixe Court  Comedies,' 

..  besides  '  Are  Aulica,'  1607,  and  other  translations  by 
himself.  [v.  246] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  HENRY  (1602-1682),  traveller;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1618;  entered  Gray's  Inn; 
travelled  on  continent  and  in  Egypt ;  published  '  Voyage 
to  the  Levant,'  1636 ;  knighted,  1640 ;  sided  with  royalists 
in  civil  war.  [v.  247] 

BLOTJKT,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1493),  lieutenant  of  Hammes, 
1476 ;  son  of  Walter  Blouut,  first  baron  Montjoy  (d.  1474) 
[q.v.] ;  knighted,  1485.  [v.  258] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  JOHN  (ft.  1413),  governor  of  Calais  : 
sou  of  Sir  Walter  Blount  [q.  v.]  ;  K.G.,  1413  ;  at  siege  of 
Rouen, 1418.  [v.  258] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  JOHN,  third  BARON  MOUNTJOY  (d. 
1485),  second  son  of  Walter  Blount,  first  baron  [q.v.]; 
captain  of  Guisnes  and  Hammes,  1477.  [v.  258] 

BLOUNT,  MARTHA  (1690-1762),  friend  of  Pope; 
educated  at  Hammersmith  and  in  Paris ;  made  acquaint- 
ance of  Pope  as  early  as  1705  :  Pope  dedicated  to  her  his 
'Epistle  on  Women,'  1735,  and  at  his  death  bequeathed 
her  considerable  property.  [v.  248] 

BLOUNT,  MOUNT  JOY,  BARON  MOUNT  JOY  and  EARL 
OP  NEWPORT  (1597  7-1666),  natural  son  of  Charles  Blount, 
earl  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.],  by  Penelope,  lady  Rich ;  created 
Baron  Mountjoy,  in  Irish  peerage,  1618,  and  in  English 
peerage.  1627 ;  served  in  Low  Countries,  1622 ;  created 
Earl  of  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  1628 ;  rear-admiral  of 
fleet  in  Rochelle  expedition,  1628 ;  accompanied  Charles  I 
to  Scotland,  1639;  joined  opposition  in  the  Lords  to 
Charles  I  in  Long  parliament ;  constable  of  Tower,  1641 ; 
fought  with  king's  forces  in  Yorkshire,  1642  ;  lieutenant- 
general  under  Duke  of  Newcastle ;  quarrelled  with  New- 
castle and  was  imprisoned  in  Pomfret  Castle,  and  subse- 
quently committed  to  custody  of  gentleman  usher  of 
House  of  Lords,  1643 ;  released,  1644 ;  fought  for  king  at 
Newbury,  1644 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Dartmouth,  1646 ; 
released  on  bail;  committed  to  Tower  on  suspicion  of 
treason,  1655 ;  pensioned  as  gentleman  of  bedchamber, 
1662.  [v.  249] 

BLOUNT,  RIOHARD(1565-1638X  Jesuit;  educated  at 
Oxford,  English  College,  Douay  (temporarily  removed  to 
Rhfcims),  and  Rome ;  ordained  priest,  1589 ;  went  to  Spain 
and  came  thence  to  England,  1591,  in  disguise ;  entered 
Society  of  Jesus  in  England,  1696  ;  professed  of  four  vows, 
1608 ;  superior  of  English  missions,  1617  ;  provincial, 
1623  ;  lived  in  hiding  in  London.  [v.  262] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1400),  supporter  of  Ri- 
chard II ;  deputy  king's  'naperer,'  1377;  joined  barons' 
insurrection  against  Henry  IV,  1399  ;  captured  and  exe- 
cuted near  Oxford.  [v.  263] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  THOMAS  (ft.  1422),  treasurer  of  Calais 
in  Henry  VI's  reign ;  son  of  Sir  Walter  Blount  [q.  v.] ; 
founded  chantry  at  Newark,  1422.  [v.  258] 

BLOUNT  or  BLUNT,  THOMAS  (ft.  1668),  parlia- 
mentarian colonel;  on  committee  of  Kent,  1643;  im- 
prisoned, 1660 ;  member  of  Royal  Society,  1666 ;  noted  for 
several  ingenious  inventions.  [v.  253] 

BLOUNT,  THOMAS  (1613-1679),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  entered  Inner  Temple ;  compelled,  being  Roman 
catholic,  to  flee  from  bis  home  during  agitation  due  to 
popish  plot,  1678;  published  historical,  legal,  and  other 
works,  including  '  Academic  of  Eloquence,'  1654,  'Glosso- 
graphia,'  1686,  'A  Law  Dictionary,'  1670,  'Fragmenta 
An tiquitatis,  Ancient  Tenures  of  Land,'  1679,  and  'Bos- 
cobel,'  1660,  a  history  of  Charles  II's  escape  after  battle  of 
Worcester.  He  left  in  manuscript  a  '  History  of  Hereford,' 
now  lost.  [v.  264] 

BLOUNT,  SIR  THOMAS  POPE  (1649-1697),  politi- 
cian ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Blount  [q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet, 
1679 ;  M.P.  for  St.  Albans ;  knight  of  shire  for  Hertford  : 
commissioner  of  accounts  in  House  of  Commons;  pub- 
lished 'Censura  celebriorum  Authorum,'  1690,  'A  Natural 
History,'  1693, ' Remarks  on  Poetry,'  1694,  and  'Essays  on 
several  Subjects,'  1G'J2.  [v.  256] 


BLOUNT,  SIR  WALTER  (d.  1403),  soldier;  accom- 
panied Black  Prince  to  Spain,  1367  ;  probably  went  with 
John  of  Gaunt  to  Castile,  1386  ;  one  of  Gaunt's  executors, 
1399;  M.P.  for  Derbyshire,  1399;  killed  at  buttle  of 
Shrewsbury.  He  figures  as  Blunt  in  Shakespeare's 
'  1  Henry  IV.'  [v.  257] 

BLOUNT,  WALTER,  first  BAKON  MOXTJOY  or 
MOUNTJOY  (d.  1474),  lord  high  treasurer  of  England  ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Walter  Blount  [q.  v.] ;  fought  for  Yorkists 
at  Towton,  1461 ;  knighted  ;  governor  of  Calais ;  high 
treasurer  of  England,  and  raised  to  peerage,  1465  ;  K.G. 

[v.  258] 

BLOUNT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1471),  son  of  Walter  Blount 
(d.  1474)  [q.  v.]  ;  killed  fighting  for  Edward  IV  at  Barnet. 

[v.  258] 

BLOUNT,    WILLIAM,   fourth   BARON    MOUNTJOY    t 
(d.  1534),  statesman  and  patron  of  learning :  grandson  of 
Walter  Blount  (d.  1474)  [q.  v.] ;  privy  councillor ;  studinl 
in  Paris,  c.  1496,  under  Erasmus,  whom  he  brought  to    1 
England,  1498 ;    became  intimate    with  Prince  Henry, 
afterwards  Henry  VIII ;  served  against  Perkin  Warbeck, 
1497 :  lieutenant  of  marches  of  Calais,  1509 ;    bailiff  of 
Tournai,  1514-17 ;  attended  Henry  VIII  at  Field  of  Cloth 
of  Gold,  1520,  and  at  meeting  with  Charles  V  at  Dover, 
1522 ;  master  of  mint ;  K.G.    Among  the  scholars  whom 
he  befriended  were  Erasmus,  Leland,  Richard  Whytfonie,     i 
Battus,  and  Richard  Sampson.  [v.  269] 

BLOW,    JAMES  (d.  1759),  printer ;  apprenticed  to     J 
Patrick  Neill  [q.  v.],  at  Glasgow,  and  was  subsequently  his     3 
assistant  in  Belfast ;  printed  works  for  the  presbyterians, 
'Church    Catechism    in  Irish  and  English,'   1722,  and 
some  editions  of  the  bible,  after  c.  1726.  [v.  260] 

BLOW,  JOHN  (1648-1708),  composer ;  one  of  children    \ 
of  Chapel  Royal,  1660 ;  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey,     j 
1669-80;  master  of  the  children  of  Chapel  Royal,  1674; 
organist  of  Chapel  Royal,  1676 ;  composer  in  ordinary  to 
James  II,  1685  ;  almoner  and  master  of  choristers  at  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1687-93  ;    composer  to  Chapel  Royal, 
1699;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.    His  compositions     j 
include  anthems  for  '  Divine  Services  and  Anthems,'  1663, 
the '  Club  Anthem  ' '  I  will  always  give  thanks,'  1663,  duet 
to  Herrick's  '  Goe,  per jur'd  man,' '  Venus  and  Adonis '  (a     ] 
masque  never  printed),  and  a  collection  of  part-songs. 

[v.  261] 

BLOWEE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1701),  nonconformist  divine ;      . 
ejected  from    fellowship  at  Magdalen  and,   1662,  from 
Woodstock,  Oxfordshire;    subsequently    founded    Castle 
Hill  meeting-house,  Northampton.  [v.  263] 

BLOXAM,  ANDREW  (1801-1878)),  divine  ;  educated 
at  Rugby  and  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  fellow;  made 
collection  of  natural-history  specimens  on  voyage  to 
Sandwich  Islands,  1824 ;  wrote  works  relating  to  natural 
history.  [v.  264] 

BLOXAM.  JOHN  ROUSE  (1807-1891),  historian  of 
Magdalen  College ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Worcester 
and  Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1836  ;  D.D.,  1847 ; 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  1836-63  ;  pro-proctor  of  uni- 
versity, 1841 ;  held  various  offices  at  his  college  till  1862  : 
he  was  in  full  sympathy  with  the  Tractarians ;  vicar  of 
Upper  Seeding,  Sussex,  1862-91 :  published  and  left  in 
manuscript  valuable  collections  relating  to  the  history  of 
Magdalen  College.  [Suppl.  i.  224] 

BLOXAM,  MATTHEW  HOLBECHE  (1806-1888), 
antiquary ;  brother  of  John  Rouse  Bloxam  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby,  where  he  was  articled  as  solicitor ;  clerk 
to  magistrates  for  Rugby  division,  1832-72  ;  F.S.A.,  1863  ; 
published,  1829,  'Principles  of  Gothic  Architecture' 
(issued  in  an  enlarged  form,  1882),  and  other  architec- 
tural and  antiquarian  works.  [Suppl.  i.  226] 

BLOXHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1334  V),  Carmelite  of  Chester  ; 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  provincial  of  his  order  in  England ; 
wrote  religious  works.  [v.  264] 

BLOXHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1387),  warden  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  bachelor  of  theology,  Oxford;  seventh 
warden  of  Merton,  1376.  [v.  264] 

BLUND  or  BLUNT,  JOHN  LE  (d.  1248),  divine :  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  and  Paris ;  canon  of  Chichester ;  chan- 
cellor of  York ;  nominated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  by 
Peter  des  Roches  and  elected,  1232,  but  the  pope  refused 
assent  and  the  election  was  annulled.  [v.  264] 


BLUNDELL 


117 


BOASE 


BLUNBELL,     HFAKV    (17-1  1810),    art    collector 
made  at  Ince-Blundell  Hull,  Lam-ashire,  valuable  collec 
ti'.ii   of  pictures,  statuary,  ami  other  works  of  art;  pub- 
lished works  relating  to  his  collection.  [v.  265] 

BLUNDELL.  JAMES  (1790-1877),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1813 :  lectured  on  midwifery  at  Guy's  Hos- 
pital; L.t.l'.,  1S1H;  F.C.P.,  1838;  published  medical 
works.  [v.  366] 

BLUNDELL,  PETER  (1520-1601),  merchant;  of 
humble  origin  :  accumulated  great  wealth  as  merchant 
ainl  inanufai'tiirer  in  kersey  trade;  endowed  Blundell's 
•;ol  1004),  Tiverton.and  left  considerable  sums 
for  charitable  purposes.  [v.  266] 

BLUNDELL,  WILLIAM  (1620-1698),  topographer; 
<-:ipt;iin  of  dragoons  in  royalist  army,  1642;  wounded  at 
LanrusttT.  He  left  a  topographical  manuscript  relating 
to  Isle  of  Man  (published  1876-7),  and  other  writings. 

[v.  267] 

BLUNDEVTLL,  RANDULPH  DE,  EARL  OF  CHESTER 
('/.  li'3'J),  warrior  and  statesman;  succeeded  as  earl  of 
Cli-'-ter,  1180:  married  Constance,  widow  of  Geoffrey,  son 
(-1  Henry  11,1187  ;  joined,  in  Richard's  interest,  in  siege  of 
Nottingham,  1194:  accompanied  Richard  to  Normandy; 
quarrelled  with  Constance  and  imprisoned  her  in  castle  of 
St.  Jean  Beverou,  1196  ;  married  Clemence,  sister  of 
Geoffrey,  c.  1200;  accompanied  John  abroad,  1199;  led 
armies  engaged  in  Welsh  wars,  1210  seq. ;  accompanied 
John  to  Poitou,  1214;  took  John's  and,  later,  Henry  Ill's 
ivrainst  barons,  1215 ;  with  Fulk  de  Breaute  stormed 
and  plundered  Worcester,  1216;  laid  siege  unsuccessfully  to 
.Moimtsorrel,  Leicestershire,  and  shared  in  royalist  victory 
at  Lincoln,  1217  ;  received  earldom  of  Lincoln ;  went  to 
Holy  Land,  1218  ;  joined  in  siege  of  Damietta,  1219 ;  de- 
serted royal  party  and  plotted  ineffectually  with  Aumale 
and  De  Breaute  to  surprise  the  Tower  and  obtain  dis- 
missal of  Hubert  de  Burgh,  but  ultimately  submitted ; 
took  part  with  Henry  in  siege  of  Nantes,  1230,  and  was 
left  in  Brittany  with  Aumale  and  William  Marshall  in 
charge  of  the  army ;  returned  to  England,  1231.  [v.  267] 

BLUNDEVILLE  or  BLUNVILLE,  THOMAS  DE 
(d.  1236),  bishop  of  Norwich;  nephew  of  Hubert  de 
Burgh ;  clerk  in  exchequer ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1226. 

[v.  272] 

BLUNDEVILLE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1561),  writer  on 
horsemanship ;  inherited  and  lived  on  estate  at  Newton 
Flotmaii ;  published  '  The  fower  chiefyst  offices  belonging 
to  Horsemanshippe,1  1565-6,  and  works  on  horses,  govern- 
ment, education  of  young  gentlemen,  logic,  and  astro- 
nomy, [v.  271] 

BLTJNT.    [See  also  BLOUNT.] 

BLUNT,  ARTHUR  CECIL  (1844-1896).  [See  CECIL, 
ARTHUR.] 

BLUNT,  HENRY  (1794-1843),  divine;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge :  B.A.,  1817 ;  fellow ;  vicar  of  Clare,  Suffolk,  1820  : 
incumbent,  1830.  and  rector,  1832,  Trinity  Church,  Sloane 
stm;t:  rector  of  Streatham,  1835-43;  published  religious 
works,  including  lectures  on  the  life  of  Christ,  [v.  272] 

BLUNT,  JOHN  LE  (d.  1248).    [See  BLUND.] 

BLUNT,  JOHN  HENRY  (1823-1884),  divine ;  engaged 
in  business  as  manufacturing  chemist ;  entered  University 
College,  Durham,  1850 ;  M.A.,  1855 ;  vicar  of  Kenuing- 
ton,  near  Oxford,  1868 ;  held  crown  living  of  Beverston, 
Gloucestershire,  1873-84 ;  D.D.,  1882  ;  published  works  of 
theology  and  ecclesiastical  history.  [v.  273] 

BLUNT,  JOHN  JAMES  (1794-1855),  divine  ;  B.A.  and 
fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1816 ;  M.A.,  1819 ; 
B.D.,  1826  ;  appointed  a  Wort's  travelling  bachelor,  1818 ; 
travelled  in  Italy  and  Sicily,  and  published  results  of  ob- 
servations ;  preached  (and  afterwards  published)  Hulsean 
Lectures,  1831  and  1832 ;  rector  of  Great  Oakley,  Essex, 
1834-9 ;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1839  ;  author 
of  sermons,  lectures,  and  other  theological  works,  some  of 
which  were  published  posthumously.  [v.  274] 

BLYKE,  RICHARD  (d.  1775),  antiquary;  P.R.S.; 
F.S.A. ;  deputy-auditor  of  office  of  imprest:  clerk  of 
journals,  1764 :  left  manuscript  collections  for  topographi- 
cal history  of  Herefordshire.  [v.  276] 


BLYSSE,  JOHN  (d.  1630),  physician;  B.A.  Oxford, 
1507  ;  M.C.P.,  1525  ;  left  'astronomical  tables'  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  now  lost.  [v.  276] 

BLYTH,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1823-1891),  premier  of  South 
Australia:  born  and  educated  at  I'.irmin^ham  :  v.x-iit  to 
South  Australia,  1H39;  engagedin  business  as  ironmonger 
in  Adelaide;  member  of  Adelaide  chamber  of  commerce: 
member  for  Yatala  district  in  legislative  council,  1855 : 
member  for  Gumeracha  in  first  elected  council,  1857,  and 
1870;  commissioner  of  works,  1857  and  1868-60;  trea- 
surer, 1860-1,  1862,  and  1866  ;  commissioner  of  lands  and 
immigration,  1864-5  and  1870-1;  chief  secretary  and 
premier,  1866-7 ;  premier  and  treasurer,  1871-2 ;  premier, 
1873-5;  member  for  North  Adelaide,  1875;  treasurer, 
1876:  agent-general  for  the  colony  in  England,  1x77; 
K.C.M.G.,  1877 ;  C.B.,  1886.  [Suppl.  L  226] 

BLYTH,  EDWARD  (1810-1873),  zoologist:  druggist 
at  Tooting ;  curator  of  museum  of  Asiatic  Society  of  Ben- 
gal, Calcutta,  1841 ;  returned  to  England  with  pension, 
1862 ;  published  catalogues  of  the  museum  and  other 
zoological  works.  [v.  276] 

BLYTHE,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1530),  bishop  of  Lichfleld 
and  Coventry ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  prebendary  of  York,  and  archdeacon  of 
Cleveland,  1493 ;  treasurer  of  church  of  Sarum,  1494 ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  c.  1496:  dean  of  York,  1496; 
master  of  King's  Hall,  1499-1528 ;  prebendary  and  arch- 
deacon of  Sarum,  1499 ;  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry, 
1503;  LL.D.;  lord-president  of  Wales,  1512-1524. 

[v.  277] 

BLYTHE,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1542),  divine ;  M.A.  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1523 ;  LL.D.,  1529;  master  of  King's 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1528.  [v.  278] 

BLYTHE,  JOHN  (d.  1499),  bishop  of  Salisbury: 
warden  of  King's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1488  ;  master  of  rolls, 
1492 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1494 ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
University,  1493-6.  [v.  278] 

BLYTHE,  JOHN  DEAN  (1842-1869),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  successively  factory  band,  newspaper  reporter  at 
Ashtou-under-Lyne,  and  assistant  in  a  Manchester  firm  ; 
left  miscellaneous  writings,  selections  from  which  were 
published  posthumously.  [v.  278] 

BOADEN,  JAMES  (1762-1839),  journalist;  editor  of 
'Oracle'  newspaper,  1789:  studied  at  Middle  Temple; 
wrote  several  successful  plays  and  published  an  exposure 
(1796)  of  the  Ireland  Shakespearean  forgeries,  a  work 
(1837)  on  Shakespeare's  'Sonnets,'  identifying  Mr.  W.  H. 
with  William  Herbert  (afterwards  Earl  of  Pembroke),  and 
biographies  of  actors  and  actresses.  [v.  278] 

BOADEN,  JOHN  (d.  1839),  portrait  painter ;  son  of 
James  Boaden  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1810- 
1833.  [v.  279] 

BOADICEA  (d.  62),  wife  of  Prasutagus,  king  (d.  e.  60), 
of  Iceni  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  who  revolted  ineffec- 
tually against  Ostorius,  c.  60 :  headed  revolt  of  Iceni  and 
Trinobautes,  destroyed  Camulodunum  and  Londiniurn, 
and,  being  at  length  defeated  by  Suetonius  Paullinus,  took 
poison.  [v.  279] 

BOA6,  JOHN  (1775-1863),  compiler  of  the  '  Imperial 
Lexicon ' ;  educated  at  Glasgow ;  joined  congregationalista 
and  acted  for  many  years  as  evangelist;  pastor  and 
schoolmaster  at  Blackburn,  Linlithgowshire ;  published 
'  Imperial  Lexicon '  (c.  1847-8),  which  held  its  own  until 
publication  of  Ogilvie's  '  Dictionary.'  [v.  280] 

BOARDMAN,  BORDMAN,  BOURDMAN,  or  BOUR- 

MAN,  ANDREW  (1550 ?-1639),  divine;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1575:  D.D.,  1594:  Lady  Margaret 
fellow,  1573 ;  Greek  lecturer,  1580 ;  junior  bursar,  1582 ; 
held  livings  at  Allchurch,  Warwickshire,  1586-1639. 

[v.  281] 

BOASE,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1828-1895),  historian ; 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1860;  fellow,  1860;  M.A., 
1853  ;  ordained  deacon,  1855 ;  tutor,  1855-84  ;  lecturer  in 
Hebrew,  1859-69,  and  in  modern  history,  1855-94;  uni- 
versity reader  in  modern  history,  1884-94;  honorary 
secretary  of  Oxford  Historical  Society,  1884 ;  published 
listorical  works  relating  to  Oxford  and  other  writings, 
ncluding  a  translation  (with  Dr.  GK  W.  Kitchin)  of 
Ranke's  '  History  of  England.  [SuppL  L  227] 


BOAbE 


118 


BOEHM 


BOASE,  QBORGE  CLEMENT  (1829-1897),  biblio- 
grapher. ».  rot  her  of  Charles  William  Boaae  [q.  v.]  :  en- 
gaged in  banking  and  insurance  offices  successively  in 
.nice  and  London;  in  Australia,  lx.r>4-64;  manager 
of  provision  business  of  Whitehead  &  Co.  1866-74  :  retired 
and  occupied  himself  with  literary  pursuits;  published 
bibliographical  and  antiquarian  writings.  [SuppL  i.  228] 

BOASE,  HENRY  (1763-1827),  banker  and  author; 
chief  clerk  in  Messrs.  Hansom.  Morland,  and  Hammers- 
Ixjndon  banking  house,  1792,  and  managing  partner, 
r.  1799  :  became  partner  in  Penzance  Union  Bank  ;  fellow 
of  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  1821  ;  published  works  on 
finance,  [v.  281] 

BOASE,  HENRY  SAMUEL  (1799-1883),  geologist, 
son  of  Henry  Boase  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  chemistry  at  Dublin  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1821  ;  physician  at  Penzance  :  removed 
to  London  ;  F.R.S.,  1837  ;  managing  partner  to  Turnbull 
Brothers,  bleachers,  of  Claverhouse  Bleachfleld  ;  published 
scientific  works.  [v.282] 

BOAST,  JOHN  (1643  ?-1694).    [See  BOSTK.] 

BOATE,  DE  BOOT,  BOOTIUS,  or  BOTITT8,  ARNOLD 
(1600?-1653?X  hebraist;  M.D.  Leyden;  studied  Hebrew 
rabbinical  writings  ;  practised  medicine  at  Dublin  ;  phy- 
sician-general of  English  forces  in  Ireland;  removed 
to  Paris  ;  published  *  Animadversiones  sacra;  ad  textum 
Hebraicum  Veteris  Testament!,'  1644,  also  medical  and 
other  works.  [v.  283] 

BOATE,  DE  BOOT,  BOOTITTS,  or  BOTHTS,  GERARD 
(1604-1660),  physician;  brother  of  Arnold  Boate  [q.  v.]  ; 
born  at  Gorcum,  Holland  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1628  ;  settled  in 
London  ;  physician  to  the  king  ;  produced,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brother,  a  treatise  depreciatory  of  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy,  1641;  L.C.P.,  1646;  doctor  to  hospital  at 
Dublin,  1649;  wrote  'Ireland's  Naturall  History,'  which 
was  published  posthumously  in  1662  by  Samuel  Hartlib, 
Milton's  friend.  [v.  284] 

BOBART  or  BOBERT,  JACOB,  the  elder  (1699-1680), 
botanist  ;  born  at  Brunswick  ;  superintendent,  1632,  of 
Oxford  Physic  Garden,  of  which  he  published  a  catalogue. 


[v.  285] 
,  botanist  ; 


BOBART,  JACOB,  the  younger  (1641-1719), 
sou  of  Jacob  Bobart  (1699-1680)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  superintendent  of  Oxford  Physic  Garden  ;  bota- 
nical professor,  Oxford,  1683-c.  1719  ;  brought  out  the 
third  part  of  M  orison's  '  Historia  Plantarum,'  1699,  and 
left  manuscripts  relating  to  botanical  subjects,  [v.  286] 

BOBBIN,  TIM  (1708-1786).    [See  COLLIER,  JOHN.] 

BOCFELD,  ADAM  (fi.  1360),  Franciscan;  wrote 
commentaries  on  Aristotle.  [v.  286] 

BOCHER,  BOUCHER,  or  BUTCHER,  JOAN  <</. 
1660),  anabaptist  martyr;  sometimes  called  JOAN  OF 
r  ;  friend  of  Anne  Askew  [q.  v.]  ;  asserted,  1648, 
that  Christ  did  not  '  take  flesh  of  the  virgin  '  ;  examined 
by  Oranmer,  imprisoned,  and  subsequently  burned  at 
Smithfield.  .  [v.  286] 

BOCK,  EBERHARDT  OTTO  GEORGE  VON  (d.  1814), 
baron  ;  entered  Hanoverian  cavalry,  e.  1781  ;  captain, 
1800  ;  came  to  England  ;  raised,  and  was  made  colonel  of 
1st  dragoons,  king's  German  legion,  1804  ;  major-general, 
1810;  served  in  Peninsula;  wrecked  in  transport  on 
Tulbeat  rocks.  [v.  287] 

BOOKING,  EDWARD  (d.  1634),  Benedictine  ;  leading 
supporter  of  Elizabeth  Barton  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D.  Canterbury  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1618;  warden;  entered  Benedictine  priory 
of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  c.  1626  ;  sent  to  report  on 
Elizabeth  Barton's  alleged  revelations,  and  induced  her 
to  feign  her  manifestations  ;  hanged  as  one  of  her  sup- 
porters. [v.  287] 

BOOKING,  RALPH  (./.  1270),  Dominican;  private 
confessor  to  Richard  Wych,  bishop  of  Chichester,  whose 
life  he  wrote.  [T.  288] 

BOOKMAN,  R.  (fl.  1760),  portrait  painter  and  mezzo- 
tint engraver  in  Amsterdam  and  later  in  England  ;  pro- 
duced engravings  after  Yandyck  and  others.  [v.  288] 

BOCLAND,  GEOFFREY  DE  (fl.  1196-1224),  justice; 
justiciar,  1196-7,  1201-4,  and  1218;  justice  itinerant  in 
Herefordshire,  1220  ;  dean  of  St.  Martin's-le-Grand  ;  con- 
cerned in  baron*'  revolt,  1216  ;  died  before  1231. 

[v.  289] 


BOCLAND,  HUGH  nE,  or  HUGH  OF  BUCKLAND 
(d,  1119?),  sheriff  of  Berkshire  before  1100,  and  subse- 
quently sheriff  of  Middlesex  and  other  counties,  [v.  289] 

BODDINGTON,  HENRY  JOHN  (1811-1865),  artist; 
son  of  Edward  Williams  ;  took  his  wife's  name,  Boddington, 
to  prevent  confusion  with  relations  who  were  artists  ;  from 
1837  exhibited  scenes  of  country  life  at  Royal  Academy 
and  Society  of  British  Artists.  [v.  29(1] 

BODE,  JOHN  ERNEST  (1816-1874),  divine ;  educated 
at  Eton,  Charterhouse,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
1840 ;  censor,  1844 ;  examiner  in  classics,  1846-8  ;  Bampton 
lecturer,! 855;  rector  of  Westwell,  1847,  and  of  Castle  Camps, 
1860  ;  published  poetical  and  other  works.  [v.  290] 

BODEN,  JOSEPH  (d.  1811),  lieutenant-colonel ;  lieu- 
tenant in  Bombay  native  infantry,  1781;  major,  1802; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1806 ;  judge-advocate ;  member  of 
military  board,  Bombay ;  left  money  to  found  Boden  pro- 
fessorship of  Sanscrit,  Oxford.  [v.  291] 

BODENHAM,  JOHN  (/.  1600),  reputed  editor  of 
Elizabethan  miscellanies :  planned  publication  of  the 
Elizabethan  miscellanies;  'Wits  Commonwealth,'  1597, 
'  Wits  Theater,'  1598,  '  Belvedere,  or  the  Garden  of  the 
Muses,'  1600,  and  'Englands  Helicon,'  1600.  [v.  291] 

BODICHON,  BARBARA  LEIGH  SMITH  (1827- 
1891),  benefactress  of  Girton  College ;  daughter  of  Ben- 
jamin Smith  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  water-colour  drawing  under 
William  Henry  Hunt  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Dr.Eugene  Bodichon, 
1857  ;  proposed  plan  of  and  endowed  Girton  College. 

[Suppl.  i.  229] 

BODKIN,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1791-1874),  legal 
writer ;  hon.  secretary  of  Society  for  Suppression  of  Men- 
dicity, 1821 ;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Innt  1826  ;  joined 
home  circuit ;  recorder  of  Dover,  1832 ;  M.P.  for  Rochester, 
1841-7;  assistant  judge  of  Middlesex  sessions,  1859; 
knighted,  1867 ;  counsel  to  treasury ;  wrote  work  relating 
to  poor  laws.  [v.  292] 

BODLEY,  SIR  JOSIAS  (1650  ?-1618),  military  en- 
gineer; educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford;  served  in 
Netherlands ;  captain  in  Leinster  against  Tyrone,  1598 ; 
governor  of  Newry;  trenchmaster  at  sieges  of  Kinsale, 
1601,  Waterford,  1603,  and  other  garrisons;  superin- 
tendent of  Irish  castles,  1607 ;  assisted  in  survey  of  Ulster 
plantations,  1609 ;  appointed  for  life  director-general  of 
fortifications  in  Ireland,  1612  ;  left  manuscripts  relating 
to  his  life  and  duties  in  Ireland.  [v.  293] 

BODLEY,  LAURENCE  (d.  1615),  canon  of  Exeter: 
elder  brother  of  Sir  Josias  Bodley  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1668  ;  D.D. ;  canon  of  Exeter  before  1588. 

[v.  294] 

BODLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1545-1613),  diplomatist  and 
scholar;  eldest  brother  of  Josias  and  Laurence  Bodley 
[q.v.];  educated  at  Geneva,  whither  his  parents  had  fled 
from  protestant  persecution,  and  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1566  ;  lecturer  in  natural  philosophy  ; 
university  proctor,  and  deputy  public  orator,  1569  ;  usher 
to  the  queen ;  engaged  in  missions  to  Denmark,  1585,  and 
to  Henry  III  of  France,  1688 ;  queen's  permanent  resident 
in  United  Provinces,  1589-96  ;  began,  1598,  formation  of 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  which  was  opened  1603  and 
endowed  by  Bodley  in  1611 ;  knighted,  1604.  A  portrait 
of  him  is  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  [v.  294] 

BOECE  or  BOETHIUS,  HECTOR  (1465?  - 1536), 
historian ;  educated  at  Dundee  and  Paris,  in  which  uni- 
versity he  was  regent  or  professor,  c.  1492-8,  Erasmus 
being  one  of  his  contemporaries  ;  assisted  William  Elphin- 
stone,  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  in  founding  (1505)  university 
of  Aberdeen  ;  first  principal ;  published  lives  of  bishops  of 
Mortlach  and  Aberdeen,  1622,  and  history  of  Scotland  to 
accession  of  James  III,  1527  (both  printed  ui  Paris) :  the 
history  was  translated  into  Scottish  prose  by  John 
Bellenden,  1630-3  (printed  1536),  and  into  English  for 
Holinshed's  chronicles  by  William  Harrison,  1677  ;  chap- 
lain of  St.  Andrew's  altar  in  church  of  St.  Nicholas, 
Aberdeen  :  vicar  of  Tullynessle,  1528.  [v.  297] 

BOEHM,  ANTHONY  WILLIAM  (1673-1722),  divine; 
born  at  Pyrmont,  Germany ;  came  to  London,  1701 ; 
opened  school,  1702  ;  assistant  chaplain  to  Prince  George, 
and  subsequently  to  George  I ;  published  and  left  in 
manuscript  many  works  and  translations  in  German  and 

[v.  300] 


BOEHM 


119 


BOLD 


BOEHM,  Sm  JOSEPH  EDGAR,  first  BARONET 
(1834-1890).  sculptor  :  born  at  Vienna  ;  studied  sculpture 
in  London,  Italy,  Paris,  and  Vienna;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  from  1802,  and  soon  obtained  extensive  practice 
as  portrait  sculptor;  R.A.,  1*80;  lecturer  on  sculpture 
at  Royal  Academy ;  sculptor  in  ordinary  to  Queen 
Victoria  ;  created  baronet,  1889.  [Suppl.  i.  229] 

BOGAN,  ZAOHARY  (1625-1659),  author;  M.A. 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1650  ;  fellow,  1647  ;  tutor  ; 
published  religious  and  learned  works,  [v.  301] 

BOGDANI  or  BOGDANE,  JAMES  (d.  1720),  painter 
of  still-life  and  birds ;  born  in  Hungary ;  patronised  in 
liiiL'liind  by  Queen  Amu-.  [v.  301] 

BOGLE,  GEORGE  (1746-1781),  diplomatist;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University ;  entered  service  of  East 
India  Company,  1769;  assistant  secretary  to  revenue 
ln>;tnl,  1772;  envoy  to  and  subsequently  personal  friend 
of  Lama  of  Tibet,  1774-5  ;  superintended  renewal  of  leases 
.  >i  •  •oiapauy's  provinces,  1776;  commissioner  of  lawsuits  ; 
collector  of  Ruiigpur,  1779 ;  left  manuscript  journal. 

[v.  302] 

BOGUE,  DAVID  (1750-1825),  divine;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  :  licensed  as  preacher  ;  usher  in  academies  at 
Edmonton,  Hampstead,  and  Oamberwell ;  congregational 
minister  at  Gosport ;  tutor  in  institution  for  training 
for  ministry,  Gosport,  1780  ;  a  founder  of  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
and  Religious  Tract  Society ;  published  religious  works, 
including  '  History  of  Dissenters,'  1809.  [v.  302] 

BOGTJE,  RICHARD  (1783-1813),  captain  royal  artil- 
lery ;  second  lieutenant  royal  artillery,  1798 ;  second 
captain,  1806  ;  killed  at  Leipzig.  [v.  303] 

BOHEMTTS,  MAURITIUS  (/.  1647-1662),  noncon- 
formist divine ;  born  at  Colberg ;  rector  of  Halluton, 
Leicestershire  ;  ejected,  1662  ;  published  religious  works. 

[v.  303] 

BOHLEK,  JOHN  (1797-1872),  botanist ;  became  col- 
lector of  medicinal  plants  for  doctors,  and  subsequently 
published  botanical  writings.  [v.  304] 

BOHN,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1796-1884),  bookseller 
and  publisher  ;  entered  his  father's  business  of  bookbinder 
and  second-hand  bookseller ;  began  business  indepen- 
dently, 1831 ;  published  '  guinea  catalogue '  of  old  books, 
1841 ;  took  up  the  '  remainder '  trade ;  published 
'  Standard  Library,'  1846,  '  Scientific  '  and  '  Antiquarian,' 
1847,  'Classical,'  1848,  'Illustrated,'  1849, ' Shilling  Series,' 
1850,  'Ecclesiastical,'  1851,  'Philological,'  1852,  'British 
Classics,'  1853,  the  series  numbering  in  all  over  600 
volumes ;  he  made  some  translations  for  his  '  Classical 
Library,'  and  produced  works  and  compilations,  including 
reprint  of  Lowndes's  '  Bibliographer's  Manual.'  [v.  304] 

BOHN,  JAMES  STUART  SURGES  (1803-1880), 
bookseller ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Gbttingen ; 
opened  bookselling  business  in  London,  1834  ;  republished 
Dugdale's  '  Monasticon '  and  compiled  catalogues. 

[v.  306] 

BOHTTN,  EDMUND  (1645-1699),  chief-justice  of 
Carolina ;  fellow-commoner  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1663 ;  on  commission  of  peace ;  licenser  of  publica- 
tions, 1692 ;  imprisoned,  1693,  for  sanctioning  publication 
of  tract  by  Charles  Blount  [q.  v.]  defending  doctrine  of 
conquest  by  William  III ;  chief- justice  of  Carolina,  1698 ; 
published  tracts,  compilations,  and  translations,  [v.306] 

BOHTTN,  HENRY  DE,  first  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (1176- 
1220),  created  earl,  1199  ;  grandson  of  Humphrey  III  de 
Bohun  [q.  v.] ;  constable  of  England ;  joined  barons 
against  John,  1215  ;  died  on  pilgrimage  to  Holy  Land. 

[v.  307] 

BO  HTTN,  HUMPHREY  III  DE  (d.  1187),  baron  ;  sewer 
to  Stephen,  1140;  taken  prisoner  at  Winchester  while 
fighting  for  Matilda,  1141 ;  attended  council  at  Clarendon, 
1164  ;  took  Henry  II's  side  in  rebellion  of  Prince  Henry, 
1173.  [v.  307] 

BOHTTN,  HUMPHREY  V  DE,  second  EARL  OF  HERE- 
FORD and  first  EARL  OF  ESSEX  (d.  1274),  constable  of 
England ;  joined  Richard  of  Cornwall  against  the  king, 
1227  :  marshal  of  the  household,  1236  ;  sheriff  of  Kent, 
1239-41  ;  took  part  in  Henry's  French  expedition,  1242  ; 
joined  federation  of  barons,  1258  ;  justice  itinerant,  1260  ; 
served  with  king  against  de  Montfort,  1263  ;  taken  prisoner 
at  Lewes,  1264.  [v.  308] 


BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  VII  DE,  third  EARL  OF  HKHK- 
K<mi»  and  second  EARL  OF  ESSEX  (</.  1298),  constable  of 
England;  served  witli  Welsh  army  of  occupation,  1286 ; 
joined  Roger  Bigod,  earl  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.],  in  opposing 
Edward  I's  reforms  ;  refused  to  serve  in  Gascouy.  and  was 
deprived  of  office  of  constable,  1297.  [v.  309] 

BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  VIII  DE,  fourth  EARL  OF 
HBKKVORD  and  third  MAIU.  .,!•  Kssi:x  (1276-1322),  con- 
stable of  England  ;  sent  to  oppose  Robert  Bruce,  1308 ; 
among  barons  who  besu*.'(»l  Gaveston  at  Scarborough, 
1312  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Bannockburn,  l:U4,  and  exchanged 
for  Bruce's  wife,  then  captive  in  Kn^hmd  :  quelled  rising 
in  Wales,  1315  ;  served  in  expedition  against  Scotland, 
1318-19  ;  took  lead  in  denouncing  the  Despensers ;  de- 
feated by  king  and  slain  at  Borough  bridge,  Yorkshire, 
1322.  [V.  309] 

BOHTJN,  WILLIAM  DE,  EARL  OF  NORTH  AMI-TON 
(d.  1360),  earl,  1337 ;  son  of  Humphrey  de  Bohan  VIII 
[q.  v.] ;  king's  lieutenant  and  captain-general  in  Brittany, 
1342  and  1345-6  ;  fought  at  Cressy ;  warden  of  Scottish 
marches,  1350  ;  in  France,  1365,  and  Gascony,  1357-9. 

[v.  310] 

BOILEATJ,  SIR  JOHN  PETER  (1794-1869),  archiw- 
logist;  second  lieutenant  of  Rifle  Corps,  1813;  created 
baronet,  1838  ;  F.R.S.,  1843<;  F.S.A.,  1852  ;  vice-president 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  1858-62,  and  1863-7,  and  of  other 
scientific  societies ;  sheriff  in  Norfolk,  1844 ;  published 
archaeological  papers.  [v.  311] 

BOIS,  JOHN  (1561-1644),  translator  of  the  bible; 
educated  at  St.  John's  and  Magdalene  Colleges,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's,  1580  ;  Greek  lecturer  at  Cambridge, 
1584-95;  appointed  one  of  Cambridge  translators  for 
King  James's  bible,  1604,  and  member  of  board  of  revision ; 
translated  portions  of  Apocrypha  and  of  the  section  from 
Chronicles  to  Canticles;  assisted  in  Sir  Henry  Savile's 
edition  of  'St.  Chrysostom '  (printed  in  1610-13);  pre- 
bendary of  Ely,  1615  ;  published  treatise  on  Greek  accents, 
1630.  His  critical  notes  on  passages  in  Greek  Testament 
appeared  posthumously,  1665.  [v.  311] 

BOISIL,  SAINT  (d.  664),  superior  of  the  monastery 
at  Melrose  ;  gives  name  to  St.  Boswell's,  Roxburghshire  ; 
several  religious  writings  are  attributed  to  him.  [v.  313] 

BOISSIEK,  GEORGE  RICHARD  (1791-1851),  eccle- 
siologist ;  B.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1828  ;  in- 
cumbent of  Oakfield,  Kent;  published  'Notes  on  Cam- 
bridgeshire Churches,'  1827.  [v.  313] 

BOIT,  CHARLES  (d.  1726  ?),  enamel  painter  ;  born  at 
Stockholm ;  worked  with  success  as  enamel  painter  in 
London ;  ran  into  debt  and  fled  to  Paris,  where  he  pro- 
spered ;  died  in  Paris.  [v.  313] 

BOITARD,  LOUIS  PETER  (/.  1750),  engraver ;  born 
in  France  ;  pupil  of  La  Farge ;  executed  in  England  por- 
traits and  plates  for  publications.  [v.  314] 

BOKHNHAM  or  BOKENAM,  OSBERN  (1393-1447  ?), 
poet ;  professed  member  of  Augustinian  convent  of  Stoke 
Clare,  Suffolk.  His  writings  include  poems  in  Suffolk 
dialect  commemorating  lives  of  twelve  holy  women  and 
of  the  11,000  virgins  (Arundel  MSS.  Brit.  Mus.  No.  327, 
printed  for  Roxburghe  Club,  1835).  [v.  314] 

BOKYNGHAM  or  BUCKINGHAM,  JOHN  (rf.  1398), 
bishop;  prebendary  and,  1349,  dean  of  Lichfield ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1352 ;  keeper  of  privy  seal  to  Ed- 
ward III ;  elected  bishop  of  Ely,  but  election  quashed  by 
pope,  1361 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1363-97,  and  retired  to 
Christ  Church  monastery,  Canterbury ;  opponent  of  the 
Wycliffltes.  [v.  315] 

BOLCXOW,  HENRY  WILLIAM  FERDINAND 
(1806-1878),  ironmaster ;  born  at  Sulten,  Mecklenburg ; 
came  to  England,  1827;  entered  partnership,  1841,  as 
manufacturer  of  iron  at  Middlesbrough,  to  which  town  he 
was  an  extensive  benefactor,  and  (1853)  first  mayor ;  M.P., 
1868.  [v.  316] 

BOLD,  HENRY  (d.  1677),  divine  ;  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Arlington,  [v.  317] 

BOLD,  HENRY  (1627-1683),  poetical  writer  :  educated 
at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  probationer- 
fellow  ;  dislodged,  1648  ;  employed  in  the  examiner's  office 
in  Chancery ;  published  several  volumes  of  poems  in  Eng- 
lish and  Latin  and  translations  from  Latin.  [v.  316] 


BOLD 


120 


BOMELIUS 


BOLD,  JOHN  (1679-1751).  divim-:  B.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1698  ;  curate  of  Stoney  Stanton,  1702- 
1761 ;  wrote  religious  works.  [v.  317] 

BOLD.  SAMUEL  (1649-1737).  controversialist:  vicar 
of  Shapwick,  Dorsetshire,  1674:  resigned  or  was  ejected, 
1688;  rector  of  Steeple,  Isle  of  Purheck  (1682-1737),  to 
which  Tyneham  was  united  in  1721;  preached  against 
•:ition,  and  published  '  Plea  for  Moderation  towards 
Dissenters,'  1682,  for  which  he  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 
UU  works  include  tracts  defending  John  Locke's  philo- 
sophy, [v. 317] 

BOLDERO.  Kl>Mrxi>  <lfi08-1679),  divine.  M.A.  and 
fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1631  :  ejected  from 
fellowship  under  Commonwealth  and  imprisoned :  D.D., 
1660 ;  held  rectories  in  Suffolk  ;  master  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  1663  ;  vice-chancellor  of  university,  1668  and 
1674.  [v.  318] 

BOLEYN,  ANNE  (1507-1536).    [See  ANNK.] 

BOLEYN,  GEORGE,  VISCOUNT  ROCHKORP  (</.  1536), 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Boleyu,  earl  of  Wiltshire  [q.  v.]  and 
brother  of  Anne  Boleyn  ;  chief  steward  of  honour  of  Beau- 
lieu,  1529  ;  governor  of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  1529  ;  knighted 
and  created  Viscount  Rochford,  r.  1530 ;  warden  of  Cinque 
ports,  1534  ;  arraigned  for  incest  and  high  treason,  and 
executed,  17  May,  two  days  before  his  sister.  [v.  319] 

BOLEYN,  GEORGE  (rf.  1603),  divine:  perhaps  son  of 
George  Boleyn,  viscount  Rochford  [q.  v.]  ;  sizar.  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1544  ;  M.A.,  1560  ;  prebendary  of  York, 
1560;  prebendary  of  Ohichester:  canon  of  Canterbury, 
1566;  D.D.,and  dean  of  Lichfleld,  1576  ;  prebendary  of 
Dasset  Parva,  1577-9.  [T.  320] 

BOLEYN,  SIR  THOMAS,  EARL  OP  WILTSHIRE:  (1477- 
1539),  lord  privy  seal ;  keeper  of  exchange  at  Calais  and 
of  foreign  exchange  in  England,  1509  :  joint-constable  of 
Norwich  Castle.  1512  :  accompanied  Sir  Edward  Poyu- 
ings  on  embassy  to  Low  Countries  ;  took  part  in  invasion 
of  France,  1513  ;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1517  ;  went  on  embassy 
to  Francis  I,  1519-20,  and  negotiated  arrangements  for 
Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold ;  Wolsey's  agent  in  conferences  at 
Calais,  1521  :  joint-ambassador  to  Spain,  1522-3  ;  treasurer 
of  household,  1522  :  created  Viscount  Rochford,  1525  ; 
ambassador  with  Sir  Anthony  Browne  to  France,  1527: 
created  Earl  of  Wiltshire  and  Ormonde,  1529  :  lord  privy 
seal:  ambassador  to  Charles  V,  1530,  and  to  France  on 
business  of  Henry  V Ill's  divorce:  father  of  Queen  Anne 
Boleyn.  [v.  321] 

BOLINGBROKE,  EARL  OP  (1580?- 1646).  [See  ST. 
JOHN,  OLIVKR.] 

BOLINGBROKE,  VISCOCNT  (1678-1751).  [See  ST. 
JOHN,  HKNHY.] 

BOLINGBROKE,  HENRY  (1785-1855),  writer  on 
Demerara,  whither  he  made  a  voyage  in  1798.  [v.  323] 

BOLLAND,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1772-1840),  judge: 
MA.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  17U7  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Middle  Temple,  1801 ;  practised  at  Old  Bailey :  recorder 
of  Reading,  1817-29 ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1829-39 :  one 
of  originators  of  Roxburghe  Club.  [v.  323] 

BOLLARD,  NICHOLAS  (./f.  1500VX  naturalist:  au- 
thor of  a  manuscript  work  on  cultivation  of  trees. 

[v.  324] 

BOLRON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1674-1680),  informer :  suc- 
cessively jeweller's  apprentice,  foot-soldier,  and  manager  of 
Sir  Thomas  Gascoigne's  collieries,  Barmbow,  Yorkshire  : 
became  party  to  popish  plot  against  James  II,  and  in- 
formed against  Gascoigne,  who  was  tried  and  acquitted. 

[v.  324] 

BOLTON.  DOKBB  <>P.  [See  PAULKT,  OHARLKS,  tirst 
DUKE,  16257-1699:  PAULBT,  CHARLES,  second  DUKK, 
1661-1722:  PAULKT,  OHAKLKS,  third  DUKE,  1686-1754: 
PAULBT,  HARRY,  sixth  DUKK,  1719-1794.] 

BOLTON,    DITHKSH   OP  (1708-1760).     [See    I 
LAVINIA.] 

BOLTON,  first  HABON  (1746-1807).  [See  Onnu, 
THOMAS.] 

BOLTON  or  BOULTON,  EDMUND  (1675  V-lG3:i  V), 
historian  and  poet;  free  commoner,  Trinity  Hull,  f'.un 
bridge:  studied  at  Inner  Temple;  contributed  to  '  Eng- 
land's Helicon,'  1600 ;  formulated  a  scheme,  1617,  for  a 
royal  academy  of  letters  and  science,  which  was  favour- 


ably received  by  James  I,  who  died  before  it  was  carried 
out;  subsequently  imprisoned  successively  in  Fleet  and 
Marshalsea.  Among  his  writings  are  '  The  Roman  His- 
tories of  Lucius  lulitis  Florus'  (translated),  1618,  '  Nero 
Oiesar,'  1624,  and  a  life  of  Henry  II.  [v.  325] 

BOLTON,  SIR  FRANCIS  JOHN  (1831-1887),  soldier 
and  electrician:  enlisted  in  royal  artillery:  ensign  in 
Gold  Coast  artillery  corps,  1857 ;  served  at  Crobboe 
Heights,  1858;  captain,  12th  foot,  1860;  engaged,  with 
Captain  (afterwards  Rear-admiral)  Philip  Howard  Oolomb 
[q.  v.],  in  developing  system  of  visual  signalling  :  in- 
vented oxy-calcium  light  for  night  signalling  ;  brevet- 
major,  1868  :  assisted  in  founding  Society  of  Telegraph 
Engineers  and  Electricians,  1871 :  lieutenant-colonel, is? 7 
honorary  colonel,  1881  :  designed  and  controlled  coloured 
fountains  and  electric  lights  for  exhibitions  at  South  Ken- 
sington, 1883-6  ;  knighted,  1884.  [Suppl.  i.  230] 

BOLTON,  SIR  GEORGE  (rf.  1807  ?),  preceptor  to  royal 
|  princesses ;  knighted  ;  wrote  on  firearms.  [v.  327] 

BOLTON,    JAMES    (fl.    1775-1795),    naturalist;    of 
'  humble  birth  :  published  works  on  natural  history. 

[v.  327] 

BOLTON,     JAMES    JAY    (1824-1863),   evangelical 
i  divine  :  educated  in  America  and  at  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
1  lege,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1848  ;    incumbent  of  St.  Paul's 
Episcopal  Chapel,  Kilburn  ;  published  religious  works. 

[v.  328] 

BOLTON,  SIK  RICHARD  (1570?-1648),  lawyer  ;  prac- 
tised at  English  bar ;  recorder  of  Dublin,  1604  ;  member  of 
Society  of  King's  Inn,  Dublin,  1610-13  ;  M.P.  for  Dublin, 
1613  ;  knighted,  1618  :  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1619  : 
j  attorney-general  to  court  of  wards,  Dublin,  1622 :  chief 
!  baron  of  Irish  exchequer,  1625  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
!  1639  ;  chief  adviser  of  Strafford  in  his  attempts  to  intro- 
duce arbitrary  government ;  impeached  of  high  treason 
I  by  Irish  House  of  Commons,  but  the  impeachment  aban- 
doned, 1641-2  ;  one  of  principal  counsellors  of  Ormonde  in 
negotiating  with  Irish  confederation  concerning  peace, 
i  1644 ;  published  '  Statutes  of  Ireland,'  1621,  and  other  legal 
;  writings.  [v.  328] 

BOLTON,  ROBERT  (1572-1631),  puritan  ;  educated 
i  at  Blackburn  and  Lincoln  and  Brasenose  colleges,  Ox- 
|  ford  :  B.A.,  1596;  fellow  of  Brasenose  and  M.A.,  1602; 
I  lecturer  in  logic  and  moral  and  natural  philosophy  ;  B.D., 
|  1609 ;  rector  of  Broughton,  Northamptonshire,  1610-31  ; 
published  religious  works.  [v.  330] 

BOLTON,  ROBERT  (1697-1763),  divine ;  M.A.  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  1718  ;  LL.D. ;  transferred  to  Hart 
Hall,  1719  ;  fellow  of  Dulwich  College,  1722-5  ;  preacher 
at  Rolls  Chapel,  London,  1729  :  dean  of  Carlisle,  1735,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Reading,  1738-63  ;  published  religious 
works.  [v.  332] 

BOLTON,  SAMUEL  (1606-1654),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge :  member  of  Westminster 
assembly  of  divines,  1643  ;  D.D.  ;  master  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege, 1645 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1651  : 
published  religious  works.  [v.  333] 

BOLTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1532),  architect;  prior  of 
monastery  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  Smithfield,  r.  1506 :  said 
to  have  designed  Henry  VII's  chapel  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  [v.  333] 

BOLTS,  WILLEM  or  WILLIAM  (1740  ?-1808),  Dutch 
adventurer :  merchant  in  Lisbon ;  entered  Bengal  civil 
service,  1759:  second  in  council  at  Benares,  1764;  re- 
signed the  service,  being  reprimanded  for  using  the  East 
India  Company's  authority  for  private  trading  scheme, 
1766  :  deported  to  England,  1768  :  publish"!  work  attack- 
ing government  in  Bengal  :  became  colonel  in  Austrian 
service,  1778,  and  founded  establishmente  in  India  for  an 
Austrian  East  India  Company;  died  in  Paris,  [v.  333] 

BOMELIUS.  ELISEUS  or  LIOIUS  (<l.  1574  ?),  physi- 
cian and  astrologer;  born  at  Wesel ;  M.D.  Cambridge; 
physician  and  astrologer  in  London  :  arrested  for  prac- 
tising without  license  of  College  of  Physicians,  1567; 
'open  prisoner,'  1570;  settled  in  Russia,  1670,  and,  as 
magician,  gained  favour  of  Ivan  IV ;  arrested,  e.  1674,  on 
charges  of  intriguing  with  kings  of  Poland  and  Sweden 
against  the  tear,  and  subsequently  died  in  prison  :  pub- 
lished astrological  works.  [v.  334] 


BONAR, 


121 


BONIFACE 


BONAR,  ANDKKNV  A  I,  KX  A  XDER  (1810-1892),  Scot- 
tish divim;  ;  brother  of  Horatius  Bouar  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
:it  I'Minburgh;  licensed  preacher,  1835  ;  ordained  minister 
of  Collar,-.  IVrthshirr,  1S38;  joined  Free  church,  1st:;; 
minister  of  Finuieston,  Glasgow,  1856-92  ;  published  re- 
ligious writings.  [Suppl.  i.  282] 

BONAR,  ARCHIBALD  (1753-1816),  divine:  son  of 
John  Bonar  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 
minister  successively  at  Newburn,  Glasgow,  nn<l  Oimaood  ; 
published  religious  works.  [v.  336] 

BONAR,  HORATIUS  (1808-1889),  Scottish  divine; 
.-.liKMtfd  ut  Edinburgh  University:  engaged  in  mission 
work  at  Leith  :  minister  of  new  North  Church,  Kelso, 
1837  ;  joined  Free  church,  1843  ;  honorary  D.D.  Aberdeen, 
I  <•  :;  ;  minister  of  Chalmers  Memorial  Church,  Edinburgh, 
1866  ;  moderator  of  general  assembly  of  Free  church,  1883  ; 
edited  several  religious  periodicals,  and  published  hymns 
(in,  lu.lin,'  '  I  heard  the  voice  of  Jesus  say')  and  other 
religious  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  231] 

BONAR,  JAMES  (1757-1821),  brother  of  Archibald 
Bonar  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  solicitor  in  excise 
office  :  treasurer  of  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh  ;  promoter 
of  Astronomical  Institution  ;  contributed  to  '  Encyclo- 
paedia lirituunica  '  and  '  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia.' 

[v.  335] 

BONAE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1722-1  761),  Scottish  divine  ; 
iilm-ated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  minister  of  Cockpen, 
near  Dalkeith,  1746  ;  called  to  collegiate  church  of  Perth, 
1766  ;  published  sermons  and  other  religious  works. 

[v.  336] 

BONAR,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1747-1807),  first  solicitor 
of  excise  in  Scotland:  son  of  John  Bonar  (1722-1761) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  joint-editor  of  '  Miscel- 
laneous Pieces  of  Poetry,'  1766.  [v.  336] 

BONAR,  JOHN  JAMES  (1803-1891),  Scottish  divine  ; 
brother  of  Horatius  Bonar  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  D.D.,  1883  ;  licensed  preacher,  1827  ;  minister  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Greenock,  1836  ;  joined  Free  church,  1843  ; 
published  religious  handbooks.  [Suppl.  i.  232] 

BONA  VENTURA,  THOMASINE  (d.  1510  ?),  Cornish 
benefactress  :  Cornish  peasant  girl  ;  married  successively 
three  rich  London  merchants,  the  last  Oeing  Sir  John 
Percy  vail,  lord  mayor,  1498;  worked  for  the  improve- 
ment of  social  conditions  in  Cornwall.  [v.  336] 

BOND,  DANIEL  (1725-1803),  painter;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  Society  of  Arts,  1762-3,  and  received 
premiums  from  the  society,  1764  and  1765.  [v.  337] 

BOND,  DENNIS  (d.  1658),  politician:  woollen 
draper  at  Dorchester  ;  bailiff,  1630  ;  mayor,  1635  ;  M.P., 
1640  ;  one  of  commissioners  to  try  Charles  1,  1649  ;  member 
Of  council  of  state,  1649-63  ;  president  of  council,  1652 
and  1653  :  member  of  council's  committee  for  trade,  1655  ; 
M.P.  for  Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Regis,  1654  and 
1656  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  but  body  exhumed, 
1661.  [v.  337] 


,  Sm  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS  (1815-1898), 
principal  librarian  of  British  Museum  :  educated  at  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  ;  assistant  in  Record  Office,  1833, 
and  in  British  Museum,  1838  ;  Egerton  librarian,  1850  ; 
keeper  of  manuscripts,  18661;  principal  librarian,  1878-88  ; 
substituted  printed  for  manuscript  catalogue  in  printed 
book  department,  and  adopted  sliding  press  for  books  ; 
founded,  with  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson,  Palaeographical 
Society,  1873  ;  O.B.,  1885  ;  K.C.B.,  1898  :  honorary  LL.D. 
Cambridge.  He  edited  historical  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  232] 

BOND,  GEORGE  (1750-1796),  lawyer;  barrister  of 
Middle  Temple:  serjeant,  1786;  practised  at  Surrey 
sessions.  [v.  338] 

BOND,  HENRY  JOHN  HALES  (1801-1883),  physi- 
cian ;  M.B.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1825  ;  M.D., 
1831  ;  studied  at  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Paris  ;  regius 
professor  of  physic,  Cambridge,  1851-72.  [v.  338] 

BOND,  JOHN  (1550-1612),  physician  and  classical 
scholar;  M.A.  Oxford,  1579  ;  master  of  free  school,  Taunton  ; 
practised  as  physician;  probably  chief  secretary  to 
lord  chancellor  Egerton  ;  M.P.  for  Taunton,  1601  and 
1603  :  published  commentaries  on  Horace  (1606X  and 
left  notes  on  Persius  (published  posthumously,  1614). 

[r.  339] 


BOND,  .JOHN  (1612-1676),  puritan  divine ;  son  of 
Dennis  Bond  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  St.  Catharine's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1631 ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1635  ;  LL.D.,  1645  ;  minister, 
1646,  and  master  of  the  Savoy ;  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
1646 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1658 : 
professor  of  law,  Ore-sham  College,  London,  1649  ;  lost 
preferments  at  Restoration.  [v.  340] 

BOND,  .JOHN  JAMKS  (1819-1883),  chronologist  ; 
senior  assistant  keeper  in  public  record  office  ;  compiled 
chronological  tables.  [v.  340] 

BOND,  JOHN  LINNELL  (1766  -  1837 X  architect, 
gold  medallist,  Royal  Academy,  1786  ;  prepared  design  for 
Waterloo  Bridge.  [v.  340] 

BOND,  MARTIN  (1558-1643),  merchant  adventurer  ; 
son  of  William  Bond  (d.  1576)  [q.  v.]  ;  chief  captain  of 
train-bands,  1588-1643 ;  treasurer  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  1619-36.  [v.  840] 

BOND,  NATHANIEL  (1634-1707),  king's  serjeant: 
son  of  Dennis  Bond  [q.  v.]  ;  B.O.L.  All  Souls'  College, 
Oxford,  1654  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1661  : 
M.P. ;  recorder  of  Weymouth,  1683  :  serjeant-at-law, 
1689  ;  king's  serjeant  and  knighted,  1693.  [v.  338] 

BOND,  NICHOLAS  (1540-1608),  president  of  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1564 ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1565-75  ;  M.A. 
Oxford,  1574  ;  D.D.,  1580  ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1582  ; 
chaplain  of  Savoy  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  qneen ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1590-1  and  1592-3  ; 
president  of  Magdalen  College,  1590.  [v.  341] 

BOND,  OLIVER  (1760  ?-1798),  republican;  wool 
merchant  in  Dublin  ;  original  member  of  '  Society  of 
United  Irishmen,'  1791 ;  tried  and  imprisoned  in  New- 
gate as  secretary  of  society  for  publication  of  resolutions 
condemning  government's  policy  towards  Ireland  and 
catholics,  1793  ;  directed  organisation  to  establish  inde- 
pendent Irish  republic,  1798;  found  guilty  of  high 
treason  ;  died  in  prison.  [v.  341] 

BOND,  THOMAS  (1765-1837),  topographer;  town 
clerk  of  East  Looe  and  West  Looe,  Cornwall,  on  which 
places  he  published  a  topographical  work  (1823).  [v.  342] 

BOND,  WILLIAM  (d.  1576),  sheriff  of  London  in 
1567.  [v.  340] 

BOND,  WILLIAM  (d.  1735),  dramatist;  wrote 
'  Tuscan  Treaty '  (acted  at  Covent  Garden,  1733),  and 
other  works,  including  contributions  to  'Plain  Dealer,' 
1724.  [v.  342] 

BONE,  HENRY  (1755-1834),  painter;  employed  in 
London  as  enameller;  exhibited  portraits  in  Royal 
Academy  from  1780 ;  enamel  painter  to  Prince  of  Wales, 
1800,  and  to  the  king  1801,  till  death  ;  A.R.A.,  1801 ; 
R.A.,  1811.  [v.  343] 

BONE,  HENRY  PIERCE  (1779-1855),  painter:  son 
of  Henry  Bone  [q.  v.]  ;  painted  classical  subjects  in  oils, 
1806-33,  and  subsequently  in  enamels.  [v.  344] 

BONE,  ROBERT  TREWIOK  (1790-1840),  painter; 
brother  of  Henry  Pierce  Bone  [q.  v.]  ;  painter  of  sacred, 
classic,  and  domestic  subjects.  [v.  344] 

BONER,  CHARLES  (1815-1870),  author  ;  lived  with 
Baron  August  Doernberg  and,  later,  with  Prince  Thurn 
and  Taxis  in  Germany  and  Ratisbon  ;  special  correspon- 
dent of  '  Daily  News'  in  Vienna,  1865  ;  published  poetical 
and  other  works.  [v.  344] 

BONHAM.  SIR  SAMUEL  GEORGE  ( 1803-1 863  \ 
politician ;  employed  under  East  India  Company ; 
governor  of  Penang,  Singapore,  and  Malacca,  1837-47 ; 
governor  of  Hongkong  and  plenipotentiary  and  superin- 
tendent of  trade  in  China,  1847  ;  K.C.B.,  1851 ;  returned 
to  England  and  was  made  baronet,  1853.  [v.  845] 

BONHAM,  THOMAS  (d.  1629  ?X  physician:  M.D. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1611 ;  his  medical  writings  were  published  post- 
humously, [v.  345] 

BONHOTE,  ELIZABETH  (1744-1818X  authoress; 
published  novels,  essays,  and  other  works,  1773-1810. 

[v.  345] 

BONIFACE.  PAIXT  (680-755),  the  apostle  of  Ger- 
many; born  at  Kirton  or  Crediton,  Devonshire;  his 


BONIFACE 


122 


BONYTHON 


original  name  Winfrid  or  Winfrith  :  educated  in  inonas- 
.it  Exeter,  ami  at  Nursling,  near  Winchester:  or- 
dained prii-st,  r.  7K':  went  to  Frisia,  716,  but  being 
refus,-!  hy  Kadbod,  the  pagan  chief,  permission  to  preach, 
returned  to  Nursling  ;  went  to  Rome,  718,  and  obtaining 
a  of  authority  from  Gregory  II  proceeded  to 
Bavaria  and  Thuringia ;  on  death  of  Radbod  laboured 
successfully  among  Frisians  and  Hessians,  719-22 :  bishop, 
723  :  instituted  ecclesiastical  organisation  in  Heesia  and 
Thurinsria  ;  archbishop,  732  :  organised  Bavarian  church, 
appointed  legate  to  Pope  Zacharias,  and  entrusted 
with  reformation  of  Frankish  church,  741 ;  took  posses- 
sion of  see  of  Menta,  with  jurisdiction  over  sees  of 
Worms,  Cologne,  Utrecht,  and  others  established  by  him 
in  Germany,  746 :  established  monasteries  at  Fr'itxlur, 
Utrecht,  Fulda,  Amanaburg,  and  Ordorf  or  Ohrdruf ; 
slain  with  his  followers  by  pagans  at  Dokkum  on  the 
Bordau.  He  left  a  set  of  ecclesiastical  statutes,  fifteen 
sermons,  and  other  religious  works.  [v.  346] 

BONIFACE  OP  SAVOY  (d.  1270),  archbishop ;  son  of 
Thomas  I,  count  of  Savoy;  entered  Carthusian  order; 
bishop  of  Belley,  near  Ohambery,  1234 :  undertook  ad- 
ministration of  bishopric  of  Valence,  1241 ;  related  to 
Henry  III  by  the  marriage  of  his  sister  Beatrix's  daughter 
Eleanor  :  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1241 :  came 
to  England,  1244  ;  reformed  financial  management  of 
archbishopric :  attended  council  of  Lyons,  1244  ;  returned 
to  England,  1249 ;  instituted  visitation  of  province  of 
Canterbury,  which  was  strongly  resisted;  retired  to 
Rome,  1250-2 ;  made  expedition  to  relieve  his  brother 
Thomas  when  imprisoned  for  tyranny  by  people  of 
Turin,  1255  ;  took  part  at  first  with  bishops  against  king 
and  pope,  1256,  but  joined  papal  legate  in  excommuni- 
cating rebellious  barons  (1263)  at  Boulogne ;  returned  to 
England,  1265 ;  died  at  St.  Helena,  Savoy,  while  accom- 
panying Edward  I  on  crusade.  [v.  350] 

BONINGTON,  RICHARD  PARKES  (1801-1828), 
painter;  studied  water-colour  painting  under  Louis 
Francia  at  Calais  and  at  the  Louvre  and  Institute,  and 
under  Baron  Gros  in  Paris  :  first  exhibited  at  Salon,  1822 ; 
made  drawings  for  Baron  Taylor's  '  Voyages  Pittoresques 
dans  1'ancienne  France '  and  other  works  ;  began  to  paint 
in  oil-colours,  c.  1824 ;  visited  England  (1825),  where  he 
first  exhibited,  1826 ;  painted,  in  England, '  Deux  femmas 
au  milieu  d'un  paysage'  (engraved  for  the '  Anniversary,' 
1828)  ;  died  during  visit  to  England.  [v.  352] 

BONNAR,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1796-1836),  wood- 
engraver  :  executed  wood-engravings  for  Douce's  edition 
of  '  The  Dance  of  Death,'  1833,  and  other  works,  [v.  354] 

BONNAR,  WILLIAM  (1800-1853),  painter ;  foreman 
of  decorative  business  ;  member  of  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
demy soon  after  its  foundation.  His  pictures  include  por- 
traits and  historical,  rural,  and  humorous  pieces. 

[v.  354] 

BONNEATJ,  JACOB  (d.  1786),  painter:  teacher  of 
drawing  and  perspective;  member  of  the  Society  of 
British  Artists,  exhibiting  landscapes,  1765-78.  [v.  355] 

BONNELL,  JAMES  (1653-1699),  accountant-general 
of  Ireland ;  born  of  English  parents  at  Genoa :  came  to 
England,  his  father  (and  himself  in  reversion)  having  been 
appointed  accountant-general  of  Ireland  in  return  for  ser- 
vices to  Charles  H  while  in  exile ;  educated  at  St.  Catha- 
rine's Hall,  Cambridge;  undertook,  c.  1684,  duties  of 
accountant-general  of  Ireland.  He  translated  parts  of 
Synesius  into  English.  [v.  355] 

BONNER  or  BONER,  EDMUND(1500  9-1669), bishop 
of  London  ;  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  was 
ordained  and  took  degrees  of  bachelor  of  canon  and  civil 
law,  1519 ;  D.O.L.,  1526 ;  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Wolsey, 
1529 ;  sent  to  Rome  to  protest  against  Henry  VIII's  being 
cited  thither  on  the  question  of  his  divorce,  1532;  re- 
ceived benefice  of  Cherry  Burton,  1532 ;  appealed  in  per- 
son to  Clement  VII  against  Henry's  excommunication 
after  marriage  with  Anne  Boleyn,  1633 ;  received  living 
of  East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  1534;  bishop  of  Hereford  and 
ambassador  to  French  court,  1538;  bishop  of  London, 
1539;  ambassador  to  the  emperor,  1542-3 ;  imprisoned  in 
Fleet  for  non-acceptance  of  Edward  VI's  injunctions  and 
the  Book  of  Homilies,  1547 :  reprimanded  for  neglecting  to 
enforce  use  of  new  prayer-book,  and  imprisoned  in  Mar- 
shalsea,  1549-53 ;  deprived  of  bishopric  for  omission  to 
set  forth  in  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross  that  Edward's  autho- 
rity in  his  minority  was  not  less  than  if  he  were  of 


mature  years ;  restored  to  his  see,  1553  ;  joined  in  judicial 
capacity  with  great  severity  in  Marian  persecution ;  re- 
fused oath  of  supremacy  and  was  deprived  of  bishopric 
1559 ;  died  in  the  Mar/halsea.  [v.  356] 

BONNER,  RICHARD  (/.  1548),  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  sacrament.  [v.  36u] 

BONNET,  HENRY  KAYE  (1780-1862),  divine  ;  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse.  Emmanuel  and  Christ's  colleges, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  isos  :  D.D.,  1824 :  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, 1807 :  examining  chaplain  to  Dr.  Pelham,  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  1820;  dean  of  Stamford,  1827.  His  published  works 
include  a  life  of  Jeremy  Taylor,  1815.  [v.  360] 

BONNOR,  CHARLES  (./?.  1777-1 829?),  actor ;  appren- 
ticed as  coachmaker :  appeared  successfully  on  stage  at 
Bath,  1777,  and  played  at  Covent  Garden,  1 783;  endeavoured 
ineffectually  to  establish  an  English  theatre  in  Paris, 
1784  ;  appointed  deputy-comptroller  of  tho  post-office  and 
retired  from  stage,  c.  1785 ;  comptroller-general,  1788  ; 
comptroller  of  inland  department,  1792-4.  [v.  361] 

BONNOR,  THOMAS  (ft.  1763-1807),  topographical 
draughtsman ;  engraved  plates  for  several  county  his- 
tories, [v.  362] 

BONNYCASTLE,  JOHN  (1750  ?-1821),  mathematical' 
writer  ;  kept  an  academy  at  Hackney  ;  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  c.  1782; 
wrote  works  on  elementary  mathematics.  [v.  362] 

BONNYCASTLE,  SIB  RICHARD  HENRY  (1791- 
1847),  lieutenant-colonel  royal  engineers  ;  first  lieutenant, 
royal  engineers,  1809  ;  in  American  campaigns,  1812-14, 
and  with  army  of  occupation  in  France  ;  served  during 
Canadian  rebellion  of  1837-9  ;  knighted,  1838  ;  command- 
ing engineer  in  Newfoundland  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1840  ; 
retired,  1847 ;  published  topographical  works  relating  to 
America.  [v.  363] 

BONOMI,  JOSEPH,  the  elder  (1739-1808),  architect ; 
born  at  Rome  ;  came  to  England,  1767  ;  settled  in  prac- 
tice in  London,  1784  ;  A.R.A.,  1789  ;  exhibited  drawings 
at  Royal  Academy,  1783-1806.  His  works,  which  are 
chiefly  in  Grecian  renaissance  style,  include  several 
country  mansions.  [v.  363] 

BONOMI,  JOSEPH,  the  younger  (1796-1878),  sculptor 
and  draughtsman  ;  son  of  Joseph  Bonomi  (1739-1808) 
[q.  v.]  ;  student  at  Royal  Academy :  studied  sculpture 
under  Nollekens ;  visited  Egypt  with  Lepsius,  1842 ; 
made  drawings  for  Warren  and  Fahey's  panorama  of 
Nile  ;  curator  of  Soane's  Museum,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
1861-78  ;  illustrated  egyptological  works.  [v.  364] 

BONVILLE,  ANTHONY,  alias  THRILL  (1621-1676), 
Jesuit ;  born  at  Cnnford  ;  educated  at  St.  Omer  and  Eng- 
lish college,  Rome  ;  ordained  priest,  1647  ;  entered  Society 
of  Jesus,  1647  ;  successively  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Florence  and  Parma,  and  of  theology  and  mathematics 
at  Liege ;  published  philosophical  and  religious  treatises. 

[v.  364] 

BONVISI,  ANTONIO  (d.  1558),  merchant ;  of  Italian 
descent ;  probably  born  in  London  ;  dealt  in  wool,  jewels, 
and  foreign  articles,  and  acted  as  banker  to  government ; 
fled  to  continent  at  beginning  of  Edward  VI's  reign,  being 
a  catholic  ;  died  at  Lou  vain.  [v.  365] 

BONWICZE,  AMBROSE,  the  younger  (1692-1714), 
non juror ;  son  of  Ambrose  Bonwicke  (1662-1722)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  having  been,  as  hon juror,  disqualified  at 
Oxford.  [v.  366] 

BONWICKE,  AMBROSE,  the  elder  (1652-1722),  non- 
juror;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1675  ;  B.D.,  1682  ; 
ordained  priest,  1680 :  head-master  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  1686  ;  refused  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  III, 
and  was  dismissed  from  head-mastership,  1691.  [v.  366] 

BONYTHON,  CHARLES  (d.  1706),  lawyer  ;  called  to 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1678  ;  steward  of  courts  of  Westmin- 
ster, 1683-1705  ;  M.P.  for  Westminster,  1686-7  ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1692  ;  committed  suicide.  [v.  367] 

BONYTHON,  RICHARD  (1580-1650?),  American 
settler ;  settled  In  Maine,  America,  1631 ;  commissioner 
for  government  of  Maine,  1636 ;  member  of  council, 
1640-7.  [v.  367] 


BOOKER 


123 


BOOTH 


BOOKER,  JOHN  (1603-1667),  astrologer  ;  apprenticed 
as  haberdasher  in  London,  and  was  subsequently  writing- 
rat  lladleyaud  clerk  in  the  city;  became  profes- 
sion :tl  astrologer  ;  licenser  of  mathematical  works  ;  pub- 
lished '  Tt.-k'scopium  Uranium,'  au  almanack,  from  1631, 
'  Bloody  Irish  Almanack,'  and  other  works.  [v.  368] 

BOOKER,  LUKE  (1762-1835),  divine  and  poet ;  rector 
of  TedBtone-de-la-Mere,  Herefordshire,  1806,  and,  in  addi- 
tion. vi.-:irof  Dudley,  1812;  published  history  of  Dudley 
Castle,  1825,  and  poetical  and  religious  works,  [v.  368] 

BOOLDE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1455),  monk  and  '  notarius  ' 
of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury;  wrote  historical  and 
topographical  works.  [v.  369] 

BOOLE,  GEORGE  (1815-1864),  mathematician ; 
npniwl  a  school  in  Lincolnshire,  c.  1835 ;  professor  of 
matics,  Queen's  College,  Cork,  1849-64;  public 
examiner  (Queen's  University;  Royal  Society  medallist, 
1844 ;  Keith  medallist,  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh,  1857  ; 
LL.D.  Dublin ;  D.C.L.  Oxford ;  published,  besides  text- 
books on  '  Differential  Equations,'  •  Finite  Differences,' 
and  other  mathematical  treatises,  '  Laws  of  Thought ' 
(1864),  in  which  he  employed  symbolic  language  and 
notation  in  a  generalisation  of  logical  processes,  the 
fundamental  principle  being  that  of  continued  dichotomy. 

BOONE,  JAMES  SHERGOLD  (1799-1859),  author ; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1823 ;  master  at  Charterhouse ;  incumbent  of  St. 
John's,  Paddington,  1832-59  ;  edited  '  The  Council  of  Ten,' 
1822-3  ;  published  sermons,  essays,  and  poems,  [v.  370] 

BOORDE  or  BORDE,  ANDREW  (1490  ?-1549),  phy- 
sician and  traveller  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  joined  Carthu- 
sians ;  suffragan  bishop  of  Chichester,  c.  1621 ;  studied 
medicine  abroad;  took  oath  of  conformity  at  London 
Charterhouse,  1534  ;  sent  abroad  by  Cromwell  to  report 
on  state  of  feeling  about  Henry  V11I,  1535 ;  practised 
medicine  at  Glasgow,  1536  ;  journeyed  to  Jerusalem,  1538  ; 
settled  at  Montpellier,  c.  1638-42 ;  imprisoned  in  Fleet, 
1549  ;  published  accounts  of  his  travels  and  treatises  on 
medical  subjects.  [v.  371] 

BOOT,  ARNOLD  (1600  ?-1653  ?).  [See  BOATB.] 
BOOTH,  ABRAHAM  (1734-1806),  dissenting  minis- 
ter; superintendent  of  Kirby-Woodhouse  baptist  con- 
gregation, 1760;  ordained  pastor  of  Particular  baptist 
church,  Little  Prescot  Street,  Goodman's  Fields,  1769 ; 
published  works  vindicating  baptist  doctrine,  [v.  373] 

BOOTH,  BARTON  (1681-1733),  actor;  educated  at 
Westminster;  appeared  as  Oroonoko  at  Smock  Alley 
Theatre,  Dublin,  1698  ;  engaged  by  Betterton  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  1700-4,  and  accompanied  him  to  newly  erected 
Haymarket  Theatre,  1705;  played  Ghost  to  Wilks's 
Hamlet  at  Drury  Lane,  1708 ;  gained  great  reputation  by 
his  performance  of  Pyrrhus  in  Philips's  'Distressed 
Mother,'  1712,  and  Cato  in  Addison's  tragedy,  1713  ;  be- 
came by  command  of  Queen  Anne  joint-manager  with 
Colley  Gibber,  Doggett,  and  Wilks,  of  Drury  Lane,  c. 
1713  ;  retired,  1727  ;  published  •  Death  of  Dido,  a  Masque,' 
1716.  Among  his  best  impersonations  were  Brutus,  Lear, 
Henry  VIII,  and  Hotspur.  [v.  374] 

BOOTH,  BENJAMIN  (/.  1789),  writer  on  book- 
keeping; merchant  in  New  York  and  afterwards  in 
London ;  published  a  system  of  bookkeeping,  1789. 

[v.  376] 

BOOTH,  MRS.  CATHERINE  (1829-1890),  '  mother  of 
the  Salvation  Army ' ;  daughter  of  John  Mumford,  a 
coachbuilder :  came  to  London,  1844,  and  joined  Wes- 
leyan  church  in  Brixton ;  excommunicated  with  '  re- 
formers '  from  Wesleyan  church,  1848 ;  married,  1856, 
William  Booth,  pastor  of  reformers,  who  held,  1858-61,  a 
ministry  at  Gateshead,  where  Mrs.  Booth  first  appeared  as 
preacher,  1860 ;  founded  at  Whitechapel  with  her  hus- 
band, 1865,  '  Christian  Revival  Association ' ;  which  by 
1877  had  developed  into  the  '  Salvation  Army ' ;  published 
many  religious  papers  and  addresses.  [Suppl.  i.  233] 

BOOTH,  DAVID  (1766-1846),  lexicographer ;  brewer 
near  Newburgh,  Fifeshire,  and,  later,  schoolmaster  at 
Newburgh  ;  came  to  London  and  superintended  for  press 
publications  of  Society  for  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge, 
c.  1820  ;  published  first  volume  of  an  '  Analytical  Dic- 
tionary of  English  Language '  (1835),  and  other  works. 

[v.  376] 


BOOTH,  EDWARD  (1639-1719).    [See  BARLOW.] 

BOOTH,  SIH  FELIX  (1775-1850),  promoter  of  Arctic 
exploration;  head  of  firm  of  Booth  <fe  Co.,  distillers; 
Hheritr  of  London  and  Middlesex,  1828;  provided  funds 
for  (,'aptain  Ross's  voyage  of  discovery  in  north-eastern 
America,  1828  ;  baronet,  1835.  [v.  377] 

BOOTH,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  DKLAMEH  or  DKI.A- 
MKKK  (1622-1684), took  parliamentarian  side  in  civil  war; 
military  commissioner  for  Cheshire  and  treasurer-at-war, 
1655;  M.P.  for  Cheshire,  1646,  1664,  and  1656;  joined 
4  New  Royalists ' ;  entered  plot  for  restoring  Charles,  and 
commanded  king's  forces  in  Cheshire,  Lancashire,  and 
North  Wales,  1659 ;  seized  Chester,  but  was  defeated  by 
Lambert  at  Nantwich ;  apprehended,  but  released  on 
bail ;  raised  to  peerage  at  Charles  II's  coronation  ;  custot 
rotulorum  in  county  of  Chester,  1660-73.  [v.  377] 

BOOTH,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OF  WARRINGTON 
(1675-1758),  lord-lieutenant  of  Chester,  1694 ;  published 
pamphlet  in  defence  of  divorce  for  incompatibility  of 
temper,  1739.  [v.  379] 

BOOTH,  GEORGE  (1791-1859),  divine;  M.A.  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1816  ;  B.D.,  1823  ;  fellow,  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1816-34,  vice-president,  1830,  and  dean 
of  divinity,  1832 ;  vicar  of  Findon,  1833  ;  published  Latin 
verses.  [v.  380] 

BOOTH,  HENRY,  second  BARON  DELAMKUE  and  first 
EARL  OF  WARRINGTON  (1652-1694),  custos  rotulorum  of 
county  of  Chester,  1673-c.  1683  ;  committed  to  Tower  on 
suspicion  of  being  concerned  in  Rye  House  plot,  1683,  but 
released  on  bail ;  charged  with  complicity  in  Monmonth's 
rebellion,  and  acquitted,  1686  ;  took  up  arms  for  Prince 
of  Orange,  1688  ;  one  of  those  deputed  to  advise  James  to 
retire  from  the  metropolis  ;  privy  councillor,  1689  ;  chan- 
cellor of  exchequer,  1689-90 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  city  and 
county  of  Chester  ;  reappointed  custos  rotulorum  of  the 
county ;  created  Earl  of  Warrington,  1690 ;  mayor  of 
Chester,  1691.  [v.  380] 

BOOTH,  HENRY  (1788-1869),  railway  projector; 
corn  merchant  at  Liverpool ;  honorary  secretary  to  com- 
mittee for  promoting  railway  between  Liverpool  and 
Manchester,  1822,  and  secretary  and  treasurer  to  com- 
pany, 1826  ;  secretary  to  northern  section  of  London  and 
North- Western  Railway  company,  1846  ;  director,  1848- 
1849 ;  published  writings  on  questions  relating  to  railways 
and  other  subjects,  and  invented  many  mechanical  con- 
trivances still  in  use  on  railways.  [v.  382] 

BOOTH,  JAMES  (d.  1778),  lawyer;  licensed  and 
practised  as  conveyancer,  being  disabled  as  Roman 
catholic  from  practising  at  bar.  [v.  384] 

BOOTH,  JAMES  (1806-1878),  mathematician ;  M.A., 
1840,  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  LL.D.,  1842  ;  principal  of 
Bristol  College,  1840-3  ;  ordained,  1842  ;  vice-principal  of 
Liverpool  Collegiate  Institution,  1843-8 ;  vicar  of  Stone, 
near  Aylesbury,  1859  ;  F.R.S.,  1846  ;  F.R.A.S.,  1859  ;  pub- 
lished works  on  mathematics  and  education.  [v.  384] 

BOOTH,  JAMES  (1796-1880),  legal  writer  ;  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1824 ;  practised  in  chancery  courts : 
counsel  to  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1839 ;  secretary 
to  board  of  trade,  1850-65 ;  O.B.,  1866.  He  prepared 
the  Clauses  Consolidation  Acts,  and  published  legal 
writings.  [v.  385] 

BOOTH,  JOHN  (1584-1659),  genealogist;  made  re- 
searches into  Cheshire  pedigrees.  [v.  385] 

BOOTH,  JOHN  (1779-1857),  cattle  breeder;  son  of 
Thomas  Booth  (d.  1835)  [q.  v.]  [v.  390] 

BOOTH.  JUNIUS  BRUTUS  (1796-1852),  actor ;  first 
appeared  on  stage  at  a  theatre  in  Pancras  Street,  London, 
1813,  and  subsequently  played  in  Belgium  and  Holland  ;  at 
Oovent  Garden  as  Sylvius  ('  As  you  like  it '),  1815 ;  acting 
manager  at  Worthing;  played  Richard  III  at  Oovent 
Garden,  lago  to  Kean's  Othello  at  Drury  Lane,  and,  return- 
ing to  Covent  Garden,  gave  Richard  III  amid  general 
disapproval,  1817 ;  in  America  from  1821  till  1862,  except 
from  1825-6,  when  he  played  Brutus  at  Drury  Lane  and 
travelled  on  continent,  and  1886-7,  when  he  appeared  at 
several  London  theatres.  [v.  386] 

BOOTH  or  BOTHE,  LAWRENCE  (d.  1480),  arch- 
bishop of  York  ;  licentiate  in  civil  and  canon  law?  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge;  master,  1460;  chancellor  of 


BOOTH 


124 


BOROUGH 


university:  prebendary  and,  1456,  dean  of  St.  Paul's: 
provost  of  Beverley,  1453;  prebendary  of  York  and  of 
Lichfield  ;  chancellor  to  Queen  Margaret :  keeper  of  privy 
seal,  c.  1456  ;  tutor  to  Prince  of  Wales  ;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1457:  suspended,  1462-4:  keeper  of  great  seal,  1473-4; 
archbishop  of  York,  1476.  [v.  387] 

BOOTH.  PENISTON  (1681-1765),  dean  of  Windsor, 
1729 :  chancellor  of  London,  1733  :  D.D.  [v.  388] 

BOOTH,  RICHARD  (1788-1864),  cattle  breeder  at 
Studley  and,  1835,  at  Warlaby ;  son  of  Thomas  Booth 
(d.  1835)  [q.  v.]  [v.  390] 

BOOTH,  ROBERT  (d.  1657),  puritan  divine ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1610;  minister  of  Halifax, 
1650-7 ;  left  philosophical  manuscript.  [v.  389] 

BOOTH,  SIR  ROBERT  (1626-1681),  chief-justice  of 
king's  bench  in  Ireland :  son  of  Robert  Booth  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  called  to  bar 
at  Gray's  Inn,  1649 ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  Ireland. 
1660 ;  knighted,  1668;  chief- justice  of  common  pleas  (1669) 
and  of  king's  bench  (1679)  in  Ireland.  [v.  389] 

BOOTH,  SARAH  (1793-1867),  actress;  at  Surrey 
Theatre,  1810,  and  Oovent  Garden,  where,  later,  she  played 
Cordelia  to  Junius  Brutus  Booth's  Lear.  [v.  389] 

BOOTH,  THOMAS  (fl.  1611),  divine ;  B.D.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1609.  [v.  390] 

BOOTH,  THOMAS  (d.  1835),  cattle  breeder,  at 
KUlerby,  Yorkshire,  and,  1819,  at  Warlaby ;  raised  a 
greatly  improved  breed  of  shorthorns.  [v.  390] 

BOOTH  or  BOTHE,  WILLIAM  (1390  ?-1464),  arch- 
bishop of  York ;  half-brother  of  Lawrence  Booth  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  at  Gray's  Inn  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ; 
prebendary  of  Southwell,  1416 :  sub-dean  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  e.  1420,  and  chancellor,  1421 ;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1420,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  1421 ;  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfleld,  1447 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1452. 

[Suppl.  i.  235] 

BOOTH,  SIR  WILLIAM  (fl.  1673-1689  \  captain  in 
navy ;  captain,  1673 ;  served  against  Algerine  pirates  in 
Mediterranean ;  knighted  and  appointed  commissioner 
of  navy,  1689 ;  engaged  in  unsuccessful  plot  to  assist 
James  IL  and  fled  to  Prance.  [v.  391] 

BOOTHBY,  SIR  BROOKE  (1743-1824),  baronet  and 
poet ;  friend  of  the  Edgeworths  and  the  Lichfleld  literary 
circle  ;  published  poems  and  works  on  political  questions 
of  the  day.  [v.  391] 

BOOTHBY,  Miss  HILL  (1708-1756),  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  her  letters  to  whom  were  published  in  1805. 

[v.  391] 

BOOTHBY,  LOUISA  CRANSTOUN,  LADY  (1812  ?- 
1858).  [See  NISBETT.] 

BOOTHROYD,  BENJAMIN  (1768-1836),  independent 
minister  and  Hebrew  scholar ;  ordained  minister,  1790, 
at  Pontefract,  where  he  opened  a  shop  as  bookseller  and 
printer;  co-pastor  at  Highfleld  chapel,  Huddersfleld, 
1818 ;  LL.D. ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1824  ;  published  at  his  own 
press  a  Hebrew  bible,  1810-13,  a  '  Family  Bible,'  1818,  and 
other  works.  [v.  392] 

BOOTT,  FRANCIS  (1792-1863),  physician  ;  born  in 
Boston,  United  States :  educated  at  Harvard ;  made 
several  journeys  to  England  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1824 ; 
practised  in  London ;  F.L.S.,  1819,  secretary,  1832-9,  and 
treasurer,  1856-61;  published  botanical  and  medical 
works.  [v.  3<J3] 

BORDE,  ANDREW  (1490  ?-1549).     [See  BOORDK.] 

BORDWINE,  JOSEPH  (d.  1835),  professor  at  Addis- 
combe  ;  born  in  America :  served  under  General  Whit- 
lock  ;  professor  of  fortification  at  East  India  Company's 
College,  Addiscombe ;  published  work  on  fortification. 

[v.  393] 

BOREMAN  or  BOURMAN,  ROBERT  (d.  1675), 
royalist  divine:  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1631;  fellow,  1634:  M.A., 
1635;  deprived  of  fellowship;  restored,  1660:  D.D., 
1660 ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1667 ;  published  re- 
ligious works,  including  a  pamphlet  directed  against 
Richard  Baxter.  [v.  394] 

BORGARD,  ALBERT  (1659-1 751),  lieutenant-general : 
born  at  Holbech  :  served  in  Danish  army  against  Swc.lt  n. 
1C75-9 ;  fire-worker,  1679 :  served  in  Polish  and  Prussian 


armies ;  lieutenant-colonel  under  Lord  Galway  in  Spain 
and  Portugal :  chief  fire  master  in  England,  1712 ; 
formed,  and  became  colonel-commandant  of,  regiment  of 
royal  artillery,  1722  ;  lieutenant-general,  1739.  [v.  395] 

BORGARUCCI,  GIULIO  (/.  1564-1579),  physician: 
came  to  England  as  protestant  refugee;  M.O.P. :  .M.I). 
Cambridge,  1572  ;  successfully  treated  plague  in  London 
(1563)  by  bleeding :  physician  to  royal  household  for  life, 
1573.  [v.  396] 

BORDfGDON,  JOHN,  second  BARON  (1772-1840). 
[See  PARKER,  JOHN.] 

BORLAND,  JAMES  (1774-1863),  inspector-general  of 
army  hospitals  :  surgeon's  mate,  42nd  Highlanders,  1792  ; 
served  in  Flanders.  West  Indies,  and  Helder  expedition, 
!  1793-9;  inspector-general  of  army  hospitals,  1807;    re- 
ported, with  Dr.  Lempriere  and  Sir  Gilbert  Blane  [q.  v.] 
:  oustateof  health  at  Walchereu  ;  M.D  ;  principal  medical 
j  officer  in  Mediterranean,  1810-16  ;  honorary  physician  to 
!  H.R.H.  Duke  of  Kent.  [v.  396] 

BORLASE  or  BTTRLACE,  EDMUND  (d.  1682),  his- 
;  torical  writer ;  educated  at  Dublin ;  doctor  of  physic, 
]  Leyden,  I860  :  practised  at  Chester;  M.D.  Oxford,  1660; 
.  published  works  on  Irish  history.  [v.  397] 

BORLASE,  HENRY  (1806-1835),  separatist  clergy- 
man ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1828  ;  took  orders 
in  established  church,  but  subsequently  joined  '  Plymouth 
Brethren ' ;  published  religious  writings.  [v.  398] 

BORLASE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1649),  soldier ;  master  of 
ordnance  in  Ireland,  1633-49 ;  lord  justice  in  Ireland, 
1640-4.  [v.  398] 

BORLASE,  WILLIAM  (1695-1772),  antiquary;  M.A. 

Exeter  College,  Oxford ;    presented,  1722,  to    living   of 

Ludgvan,  near  Penzance,  to  which  the  vicarage  of  St. 

i  Just  was  added,  1732  ;  published,  in '  Philosophical  Trans- 

|  actions,'  essay  on  Cornish  diamonds,  and  was  made  F.R.S., 

1750 :    subsequently  produced  several    works,   including 

I  'Cornish  Antiquities,'  1754;  LL.D.,  1766;  presented  col- 

i  lections  to  Ashinolean  Museum.  [v.  398] 

BOROUGH,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1579-1587),  tra- 
veller ;  son  of  Stephen  Borough  [q.  v.] ;  acted  as  Russian 
interpreter  to  Muscovy  Company's  expedition  into  Persia 
and  Media,  1579.  His  account  of  the  journey  appears  in 
Hakluyt.  [v.  399] 

BOROUGH,    BTJRGH,    or  DE   BTTRGO,   JOHN  (d. 
1386),  divine;   D.D.  Cambridge;  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity, 1384 ;  rector  of  CoUingham,  Nottinghamshire : 
i  wrote  theological  works.  [v.  400] 

BOROTJGH,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1643),  Garter  king-of- 
arms ;  studied  at  Gray's  Inn ;  keeper  of  Tower  records, 
1623 ;  Norroy  king-of-arms,  1623  ;  knighted,  1624  ;  Garter 

]  king-of-arms,  1634  ;  attended  Charles  I  during  civil  war  ; 

|  clerk  to  conferences  between  royalists  and  par  li  amen  ta- 

i  rians  at  York,  Ripon,  and  London :  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1643  ; 

j  wrote  historical  works,  some  of  which  were  printed  post- 
humously, [v.  401] 

BOROUGH,  STEPHEN  (1525-1584),  navigator ;  served 
i  as  master  in  the  only  successful  ship  of  three  which  at- 
tempted the  first  voyage  of  the  English  to  Russia,  1553: 
I  discovered  Russia  and  named  North  Cape  ;  discovered  en- 
|  trance  to  Kara  Sea,  1556 ;  took  charge  of  fleet  of  three 
ships  of  merchant  adventurers  on  voyage  to  Muscovy, 
1560,  and  probably  again  in  1561 ;  chief  pilot  and  one  of 
four  masters  of  queen's  ships  in  Medway,  1563-84  :  wrote 
records  of  his  voyages,  some  of  which  were  published  in 
Hakluyt.  [v.  402] 

BOROUGH,  WILLIAM  (1536-1599),  navigator  and 
author  ;  brother  of  Stephen  Borough  [q.  v.],  with  whom, 
as  common  seaman,  he  sailed  to  Russia,  1553, 1556,  and 
1657 ;  engaged  in  voyages  to  St.  Nicholas,  1668-68 ;  ac- 
companied voyage  to  discover  passage  to  Cathay,  1568 ; 
dispersed  pirates  in  Gulf  of  Finland,  1670;  agent  to 
merchant  adventurers  journeying  between  St.  Nicholas, 
Moscow,  and  Narva,  1674-5 ;  comptroller  of  queen's 
navy ;  probably  commanded  fleet  at  Flushing,  1685 ; 
vice-admiral  under  Drake  in  expedition  to  Cadiz,  1587, 
when  he  was  put  under  arrest  for  questioning  Drake  on 
wisdom  of  an  attack  on  Lagos :  commanded  a  vessel 
against  Armada,  1588.  His  work?  include  a  treatise  on 
variation  of  compass,  several  charts,  and  accounts  of  his 
voyages  (printed  In  Hakluyt).  [v.  404] 


BORREKL 


125 


BOSTOCK 


30RRELL,  H.  \\  (d.  1851),  numismatist;  engaged 
in  tradu  at  Smyrna  ;  published  writings  on  numismatics. 

[v.  406] 

BORRER,  WILLIAM  (1781-1862),  botanist;  fellow 
of  Hoval,  l.ninraii,  aii'l  \Vernerian  societies;  contributed 

ttlcal  publications,  [v.  406] 

BORROW,     GEORGE     (1803-1881),    author;    edu 

1 1  burgh  High  School;  articled  to  solicitor  at 

Nor\vi.-ii  :  adopted  literature  as  profession;   assisted  in 

compiling  '  Ni-w^ate  Calendar  ' ;  toured  through  England 

:ui.l   loiinn-yed  in  France,  Germany,  Hunsia, 'Spain,  and 

tin-   Ka  t,  studying  the  language   of   each  country  be 

ut  for  British   and  Foreign  Bible  Society; 

*-tt!nl  at  unlton  Broad,  where  he  became  celebrated  for 

his  promiscuous  hospitality ;  published  translations  and 

.!    volumes,    including   'Bible    in    Spain"    (1843). 

-ies    in    Spain  '  (1841),    •  Lavengro'    (1861),    and 

'  Romany  Rye '  (1W57),  relating  to  his  travels,  and  marked 

hv  thi-ir  idi-alisation  of  an  open  air  and  vagrant  life. 

[v.  407] 

BORSTALE,  THOMAS  (d.  1290?),  theologian;  Au- 
gustinian  friar  at  Norwich  ;  D.D.  Sorbonne,  Paris. 

[v.  408] 

BORTHWICK,  DAVID  (d.  1581),  lord  advocate  of 
Scotland ;  educated  at  St.  Leonard's  Collesre,  St.  Andrews  ; 
called  to  bar,  1549  ;  legal  adviser  to  Bothwell ;  king's  ad- 
vocate and  lord  of  session,  1573.  [v.  408] 

BORTHWICK,  PETER  (1804-1852),  editor  of  the 
4  Homing  Post ' :  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow-commoner,  Downing 
College ;  spoke  against  abolition  of  slavery ;  M.P.  for 
Bvesham,  1835-47 ;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1847 ; 
editor  of  '  Morning  Post,'  1850-2  ;  published  speeches. 

[v.  409] 

BORTHWICK,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON  BORTH- 
WICK (d.  1542),  guardian  of  James  V,  1513.  [v.  410] 

BORTHWICK,  WILLIAM  (1760-1820),  general; 
served  in  royal  artillery  in  Flanders  ;  prepared  siege  trains 
for  Ciudad  Rodrigo  and  Badajoz,  1812;  major-general, 
1812.  [v.  410] 

BORTON,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1814-1893),  general  and 
governor  of  Malta ;  educated  at  Eton ;  ensign,  9th  foot, 
1832 ;  colonel,  1854 ;  major-general,  1868 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1875  ;  general,  1877 ;  colonel  of  Norfolk  regiment, 
1889  ;  served  in  Afghanistan  campaign,  1842,  Satlaj  cam- 
paign, 1845-6,  Crimea,  1854-6,  and  Canada,  1856 ;  com- 
manded Maisur  division  of  Madras  army,  1870-6 ;  K.C.B., 
1877 ;  governor  and  commander-in-chief  of  Malta,  1878- 
1884 ;  G.O.M.G.,  1880 ;  G.O.B.,  1884.  [SuppL  i.  235] 

BORUWLASKI  or  BORTJSLAWSKI,  JOSEPH  (1739- 
1837),  dwarf ;  born  at  Halicz,  Polish  Galicia ;  enjoyed, 
until  his  marriage,  the  patronage  of  Countess  Humiecka, 
with  whom  he  travelled  in  France,  Holland,  and  Ger- 
many ;  came  to  England,  where  he  lived  chiefly  on  pro- 
ceeds of  concerts  ;  published  *  Memoirs '  in  French  and 
English  (the  English  a  translation  by  M.  des  Carrieres), 
1788.  [v.  410] 

BOS  A  (d.  705),  bishop  ;  monk  of  Hilda's  monastery  at 
Streoneshalch  (Whitby) ;  bishop  of  York,  678,  on  division 
of  Wilfrid's  diocese  by  Ecgfrith  and  Archbishop  Theodore ; 
superseded  by  Wilfrid,  686,  but  probably  reinstated,  691. 

[v.  411] 

BOSANaUET,  CHARLES  (1769-1850),  city  mer- 
chant ;  governor  of  South  Sea  Company ;  high  sheriff  of 
Northumberland,  1828,  and  J.P.  and  D.L.  for  that  county  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1819,  and  later  colonel  of  light  horse 
volunteers  ;  published  economic  treatises.  [v.  412] 

BOSANQ.UET,  JAMES  WHATMAN  (1804-1877), 
chronologist ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  became  partner 
in  banking-house  of  Bosanquet,  Salt  &  Co. ;  published 
works  embodying  researches  into  biblical  and  Assyrian 
chronology.  [v.  412] 

BOSANQTTE7,  SIR  JOHN  BERNARD  (1773-1847), 
judge;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church.  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1800  ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,'  1800 ;  counsel 
to  East  India  Company  and  to  Bank  of  England ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1814 ;  king's  t-crjeant,  1827 ;  presided  over  com- 
mission to  inquire  into  practice  of  common  law  courts, 
1828-30 ;  judge  ot  common  pleas  and  knighted,  1830 ; 
privy  councillor,  1833 ;  lord  commissioner  of  great  seal, 
1835-6.  [v.  413] 


BOSANaiTET,    SAMUEL    RICHARD    (1800-1882), 

author ;    educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 

M.A.,  1829  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple  ;  one  of  revising 

barristers  appointed  on  passing  of  Reform  Act,  1832; 

!  chairman    of     Monmouthshire    quarter    sessions;    pub- 

1  lished  miscellaneous  works,   including  '  Hindoo  Chrouo- 

I  logy  and  Antediluvian  History.'  [v.  413] 

BOSCAWEN,  FAMILY  OK.    The  first  member  of  im- 

I  portance,  Hugh  (d.  1641),  recorder  of  Truro,  whose  son 

I  Edward  was  father  of  Hugh,  first  viscount   Falmouth 

;  [q.  v.],  from  whom  was  descended  Edward  [q.  v.],  the 

admiral,  whose  j'onugest  son,  George  Evelyn,  was  third 

viscount ;  George  Evelyn's  son,  Edward  [q.  v.],  became 

first  Earl  of  Falmouth.  [v.  414.] 

BOSCAWEN,  EDWARD  (1711-1761),  admiral,  third 

son  of  Hugh,  first  viscount  Falmouth  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant, 

1732  ;  served  at  Porto  BeJlo,  1739-40,  at  Cartagena,  1741 ; 

|  commanded  small  squadron  in  Soundings,  1746  :  wounded 

I  off  Finisterre,  1747  ;  appointed  coinmander-iu-chief  by  laud 

I  and  sea  in  East  Indies,  1747  ;  unsuccessfully  attempted 

to  reduce  Pondicherry ;  nominally  M.P.  for  Truro  after 

!  1741 ;    lord  commissioner  of  admiralty,  1751-61 ;    vice- 

|  admiral,  1755  ;  commanded  on  North  American  station, 

j  in  Channel,  off  Brest,  and  in  Bay  of  Biscay  at  intervals 

1  between   1755  and    1757 ;    second    in    command    under 

i  Hawke,  1757;    admiral  of    the  blue,  1758;   commander- 

iu-chief   of    fleet   at   siege   of    Louisburg,  1758 ;    privy 

councillor,  1759  ;  commanded  squadron  in  Mediterranean, 

and    defeated  French  in   Lagos  Bay,  1769 ;    general  of 

marines;    commanded  fleet  in  Quiberon  Bay,  1760;    his 

portrait  was  painted  by  Reynolds.  [v.  416] 

BOSCAWEN,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  OF  FALMOUTH 
(1787-1841),  son  of  George  Evelyn,  third  viscount  Fal- 
mouth ;  ensign  in  Coldstream  guards ;  recorder  of  Truro ; 
created  earl,  1820.  [v.  419] 

BOSCAWEN,  HUGH,  first  VISCOUNT  FALMOUTH 
(d.  1734),  M.P.  for  Tregony,  1702-5,  county  of  Cornwall, 
1705-10,  Truro,  1710-13,  and  Penryn,  1713-1720  :  steward 
of  duchy  of  Lancaster  and  lord  warden  of  the  Stannaries, 
1708  ;  comptroller  of  household,  1714-20  ;  joint  vice-trea- 
surer of  Ireland,  1717-34  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1720. 

[v.  420] 

BOSCAWEN,  WILLIAM  (1752-1811).  author ;  nephew 
i  of  Edward  Boscaweu  (1711-1761)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
;  Eton  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  commissioner  of  vic- 
:  tualliug  office,  1785 ;  published  translations  of  Horace  and 
j  other  works.  [v.  420] 

BOSGRAVE,   JAMES    (1547  ?-1623),  Jesuit;    entered 
I  Society  of  Jesus  at  Rome,  1564 ;    ordained  priest,  1572 ; 
!  came  to  England,  1580 ;  suffered  much  persecution,  and 
was  sent  into  exile,  1585  ;  died  in  Poland.  [v.  420] 

BOSHAM,  HERBERT  DE  (/.  1162-1186).  [See 
1  HERBERT.] 

BOSO  (d.  1181  ?),  third  English  cardinal ;  nephew  of 
Nicholas  Breakspear,  pope  Adrian  IV  [q.  v.] ;  monk  of  St. 
Albans ;  joined  Adrian  at  Rome ;  cardinal-priest,  1156 ; 
wrote  in  verse  lives  of  female  saints.  [v.  421] 

BOSSAM,  JOHN  (fl.  1550),  painter  and  draughtsman 
;  in  black  and  white.  [v.  422] 

B08SEWELL,  JOHN  (/.  1572),  antiquary  and  public 
notary  ;  published  writings  on  heraldry.  [v.  422] 

BOSTE    or    BOAST,    JOHN    (1543?-1594),  catholic 
priest ;    M.A.  Oxford ;    entered  English   College,  Dpuay 
i  (temporarily    removed    to     Rheims);    ordained    priest; 
I  joined  English  mission,  1581 ;  executed.  [v.  422] 

BOSTOCK,  JOHN  (d.  1465).    [See  WHETHA.MSTEDE.] 

BOSTOCK,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1740-1774),  physician ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1769  ;  extra  licentiate,  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, London,  1770  ;  practised  in  Liverpool ;  physician 
to  Royal  Infirmary.  [v.  422] 

BOSTOCK,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1773-1846),  physician, 
son  of  John  Bostock  (1740-1774)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1798  ;  practised  in  Liverpool ;  removed  (1817)  to 
London,  where  he  abandoned  medicine  for  general  science ; 
lectured  on  chemistry  at  Guy's  Hospital ;  F.R.S. ;  pre- 
sident, Geological  Society,  1826;  vice-president,  Royal 
!  Society,  1832  ;  chief  work,  •  System  of  Physiology,'  1824. 

[v.  422] 


BOSTON    BURIENSIS 


126 


BOTHWELL 


BOSTON  BURIENSIS  <  fl.  1410),  or  JOHN  BOSTON  OP 
BURY,  bibliographer:  Augustinian  monk  of  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's ;  wrote  '  Catalogus  Scriptortun  Ecclesiae,'  a  list, 
with  authors'  names,  of  books,  in  libraries  of  English 
monasteries  and  elsewhere  ;  and  '  Speculum  Ooenobitarum,' 
an  account  of  origin  of  monastic  life.  [v.  423] 

BOSTON,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1677-1732),  Scottish 
divine :  employed  in  office  of  Alexander  Oockburn,  writer 
to  signet,  1689 ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1694 ;  studied  theo- 
logy, 1690-1701 ;  parish  schoolmaster  at  Glencairn,  1696  ; 
onlained  minister  at  Simprin,  Berwickshire,  1699  ;  clerk 
of  synod,  1701  ;  minister  at  Ettrick,  1707-32  ;  basing  his 
views  on  a  work  entitled  '  Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity,' 
h<\  with  eleven  others,  opposed  act  of  assembly  (1720) 
condemning  the  book,  the  twelve  being  nicknamed  '  the 
twelve  apostles '  and  '  Marrow-men  ' ;  published  reli- 
gious works,  a  treatise  on  Hebrew  accente  appearing 
posthumously.  [v.  424] 

BOSTON,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1713-1767),  Scottish 
relief  minister  ;  son  of  Thomas  Boston  (1677-1732)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University :  ordained,  1733 ; 
minister  at  Oxnam,  Roxburghshire,  1749 ;  prohibited  by 
presbytery,  1758,  from  employment  in  any  office;  con- 
tinued in  his  ministry  at  Jedburgh  in  independent 
capacity,  and  with  Thomas  Gillespie  and  another  minister 
formed,  1761,  new  ecclesiastical  body  called  'presbytery 
of  relief,'  of  which  Boston  was  first  moderator,  [v.  426] 

BOSVILLE,  WILLIAM  (1745-1813),  bon  vivant ; 
lieutenant,  1769  ;  served  in  American  war ;  retired  from 
army,  1777  ;  travelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Morocco,  and 
subsequently  settled  in  Welbeck  Street,  London,  where  he 
;  renowned  for  his  hospitality.  [v.  427] 


BOSWELL,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  AUCHINLECK 
(1706-1782),  Scottish  judge ;  graduated  at  Leyden,  1727  ; 
member  of  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1729  ;  sheriff-depute  of 
Wigtownshire,  1748-50  ;  lord  of  session,  1754  ;  lord  justi- 
ciary, 1755-80.  [v.  428] 

BOSWELL,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1775-1822),  antiquary 
and  poet ;  eldest  sou  of  James  Bos  well  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Oxford  ;  settled  at  Auchin- 
leck,  where  he  established  a  private  press,  1815,  and  issued 
a  series  of  reprints  of  old  poems  under  title  of  '  Frondes 
Oaducae,'  1816-18  ;  member  of  Roxburghe  Olub,  1819  ;  con- 
servative M.P.  for  Plympton,  Devonshire,  1818  and  1820  ; 
accepted  Ohiltern  Hundreds,  1821  ;  created  baronet,  1821 ; 
died  from  effects  of  duel  with  James  Stuart  of  Dunearn, 
whom  he  had  attacked  in  the  '  Glasgow  Sentinel ' ;  origi- 
nated the  idea  of  erecting  on  banks  of  the  Doon  the  monu- 
ment to  Burns  ;  published  poetical  and  antiquarian  writ- 
ings, and  edited  several  reprints  of  old  works,  [v.  428] 

BOSWELL,  OLAUD  IRVINE,  LORD  BALMUTO 
(1742-1824),  Scottish  judge  ;  nephew  of  James  Boswell, 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
member  of  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1766  ;  lord  of  session, 
1799-1822.  [v.  430] 

BOSWELL,  EDWARD  (1760-1842),  solicitor;  pub- 
lished antiquarian  works.  [v.  430] 

BOSWELL,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1740-1795),  biographer 
of  Johnson;  son  of  Alexander  Boswell,  lord  Auchinleck 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  univer- 
sity ;  studied  law  at  Glasgow  under  Adam  Smith,  and  at 
Edinburgh ;  made  acquaintance  of  Johnson  in  London, 
1763;  studied  civil  law  at  Utrecht,  1765,  and  travelled 
thence  to  Berlin  and  Geneva,  meeting  Voltaire  and  Rous- 
seau ;  made  acquaintance  of  Wilkes  in  Italy,  and  was 
introduced  to  General  Paoli  in  Corsica  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1766 ;  advocate,  1766  ;  published '  Account  of  Corsica,' 
1768,  and  'Essays  in  Favour  of  the  Brave  Oorsicans,' 
1769  ;  took  part  in  Shakespearean  jubilee  celebration  at 
Stratford,  1769 ;  made  frequent  visit*  to  Johnson  in  Lon- 
don between  1772  and  1784 ;  toured  with  Johnson  in 
Hebrides,  August  to  November,  1773  :  elected  member  of 
Literary  Olub,  1773 ;  began  to  keep  terms  at  Inner 
Temple,  1775  ;  succeeded  to  bis  father's  estate,  1782  ;  pub- 
lished '  Letter  to  People  of  Scotland  on  Present  State  of 
the  Nation,'  hoping  to  gain  political  influence,  1783 ;  pub- 
lished '  Journal  of  Tour  to  Hebrides,'  the  work  being  re- 
vised by  Malone,  1786  ;  called  to  English  bar,  1786  ;  re- 
corder of  Carlisle,  1788-90 ;  came  to  reside  in  London, 
1789  ;  published  '  Life  of  Johnson '  (also  previously  revised 


by  Malone),  1791 ;  secretary  of  foreign  correspondence  to 
Royal  Academy,  1791.  His  portrait  was  painted  by  Rey- 
nolds. '  [v.  431] 

BOSWELL,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1778-1822),  law- 
yer ;  second  surviving  son  of  James  Boswell  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Bnisenose  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1806 ;  Vinerian  fellow  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Inner  Temple,  1806  ;  commissioner  of  bankrupts ;  com- 
pleted second  edition  of  Malone's  Shakespeare  :  member  of 
Roxburghe  Club;  edited  third  variorum  Shakespeare, 
1821.  [v.  438] 

BOSWELL,  JOHN  (1698-1766),  author ;  B.A.  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1720  ;  tutor ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1736  ;  published  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [v.  439] 

BOSWELL,  ROBERT  (1746-1804),  psalmist ;  writer 
to  signet ;  teaching  elder  in  church  of  '  Sandemanians,' 
Edinburgh  ;  published  metrical  version  of  Psalms. 

[v.440] 

BOSWELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1649),  diplomatist ; 
fellow,  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1606 ;  secretary  to  Sir 
Dudley  Carleton,  when  ambassador  at  the  Hague,  suc- 
ceeding him  in  the  post ;  knighted,  1633  ;  continued  Carle- 
ton's  policy  at  the  Hague,  and  supported  Gomarists 
against  Barneveldt  and  the  '  remonstrants.'  [v.  440] 

BOSWORTH,  JOSEPH  (1789-1876),  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar ;  M.A.  and  LL.D.  Aberdeen ;  member  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Little  Horwood,  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1817-29;  chaplain  at  Amsterdam,  1829,  and 
afterwards  at  Rotterdam ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1839 ;  incor- 
porated member  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1857  ;  Rawlin- 
son  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon,  Oxford,  1868 ;  F.R.S. ; 
published  '  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary,'  1838,  and  translated 
Alfred's  '  Orosius,'  1855.  [v.  440] 

BOSWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1607-1660?),  poetical 
writer.  A  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  posthu- 
mously in  1651.  [v.  442] 

BOTELER.    [See  BUTLER.] 

BOTELER,  EDWARD  (d.  1670),  divine;  fellow  of 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  ejected,  1644;  king's 
chaplain,  1660 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1665.  [v.  442] 

BOTELER,  NATHANIEL  (fl.  1625-1627),  navy  cap- 
tain ;  served  in  expeditions  to  Cadiz  and  Isle  of  Re; 
wrote  an  account  of  naval  customs  (published,  1685). 

[v.  442] 

BOTELER,  WILLIAM  FULLER  (1777-1845),  com- 
missioner of  bankruptcy ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  senior  wrangler,  1799; 
fellow  of  St.  Peter's  College ;  M.A.,  1802  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1804  ;  K.O.,  1831 ;  senior  commissioner  of 
district  court  of  bankruptcy,  Leeds,  1844.  [v.  442] 

BOTEVILLE,  FRANCIS  ( 1545  ?-1608).  [See  THYNNK.] 
BOTEVILLE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1646).    [See  THYXXK.] 

BOTFIELD,  BERIAH  (1807-1863),  bibliographer; 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.. 
1828 ;  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire,  1831 ;  M.P.  for  Lud- 
low,  1840-7,  and  1857-63  ;  established  private  press  at 
Norton  Hall,  Northamptonshire.  His  publications  include 
'Notes  on  Cathedral  Libraries  of  England,'  1849.  and 
editions  for  the  Roxburghe,  Maitland,  Abbotsford.  and 
Banuatyne  clubs,  and  Surtees  Society.  [v.  443] 

BOTHWELL,  EARLS  OF.  [See  HEPBURN,  PATRICK, 
third  EARL,  1512  ?-1556  ;  HEPBURN,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL, 
1536  ?-1578 ;  HEPBURN,  FRANCIS  STEWART,  fifth  EARL, 
rf.  1624.] 

BOTHWELL,  ADAM  (1527  7-1593),  divine ;  bishop  of 
i  Orkney,  1669 ;  on  commission  for  revising  Book  of  Dis- 
|  cipline,  1563  ;  lord  of  session,  1565  ;  performed,  after  pro- 
testant  form,  marriage  ceremony  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots 
and  James  Hepburn,  earl  of  Bothwell,  at  Holyrood  House, 
and  crowned  and  anointed  Mary's  son,  Charles  James,  at 
Stirling,  1567 ;  suspended  from  ministry  for  solemnising 
the  marriage,  1667-8;  exchanged  greater  part  of  tem- 
poralities of  Orkney,  while  retaining  title  of  bishop,  for 
abbacy  of  Holyrood  House,  1570  ;  on  commission  to  frame 
revised  ecclesiastical  settlement,  1672 ;  one  of  council  of 
twelve  forming  provisional  government  overthrown  on 
10  June,  1678;  one  of  lords  of  articles  at  parliament, 
1584.  [v.  444] 


1-27 


BOURCHIER 


BOTLEY,  SAMUEL  (1842-1696?),  writer  on  steno- 
graphy. !>•  4463 

BOTOLPH  or  BOTULF  (d.  680),  saint ;  studied  in 
Germany,  where  he  became  a  Benedictine  monk  ;  founded 
monastery  lit  Ikanho  (iwrhaps  near  present  town  of 
Boston),  054  ;  commemorated  on  17  June.  [v.  446] 

BOTONER,    WILLIAM   (1415-1482?).      [See    WOR- 

CKSTKK.] 

BOTT,  TH«»M\s  (1688-1754),  divine:  held  various 
living  in  Norfolk:  published  '  Answer  to  Warburton's 
Divine  Lection,'  1743.  [v.  446] 

BOTT,  T  HOM  AS  (1829-1870),  china  painter  ;  artist  in 
Royal  Porcelain  Works,  Worcester,  where  his  work  in 
'  Worcester  enamel '  gained  considerable  reputation. 

[v.  447] 

BOTTETOURT,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1324),  baron  and  ad- 
miral ;  governor  of  St.  Briavel's  Oastle,  and  warden  of 
Itonst  of  Dean ;  commanded  fleet  at  burning1  of  Cherbourg, 
rrvcd  iiinlt'r  Edward  I  in  Gascouy  and  Scotland; 
joined  Warwick  against  Piers  Gaveston.  [v.  447] 

BOTTISHAM  or  BOTTLESHAM,  WILLIAM  OP 
(-/.  IKK)),  bishop  ;  Dominican  ;  D.D.,  and  fellow,  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge ;  bishop  of  Bethlehem,  c.  1385,  Llan- 
daff,  1386,  and  Rochester,  1389.  [v.  447] 

BOTTOMLEY,  JOSEPH (.#.1820),  musician:  organist 
at  Bradford,  1807,  and  Sheffield,  1820  ;  published  dictionary 
of  music  (1816)  and  other  musical  works.  [vi.  1] 

BOTTCH,  SIR  THOMAS  (1822-1880),  civil  engineer : 
resident  engineer  on  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway; 
manager  and  engineer  of  Edinburgh  and  Northern  rail- 
way, 1849 ;  instituted  steam  ferries  over  Forth  and  Tay : 
constructed  Tay  bridge,  1870-7 ;  knighted,  1879 ;  died  from 
mental  shock  resulting  from  destruction  of  Tay  bridge  by 
hurricane  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1858.  [vi.  1] 

BOUCHER,  JOHN  (1777-1818),  divine;  fellow,  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1799 :  M.A.,  1802 ;  vicar  of  Kirk 
Newton,  Northumberland,  1804-18;  his  sermons  were 
published  posthumously.  [vi.  2] 

BOUCHER,  JOHN  (1819-1878),  divine;  Unitarian 
minister  successively  at  Southport,  Glasgow,  and  Hackney ; 
studied  for  Anglican  orders  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; B.  A.,  1857.  [vi.  2] 

BOUCHER,  JONATHAN  (1738-1804),  divine;  en- 
gaged in  tuition  in  America,  c.  1754-62 ;  held  successively 
several  ecclesiastical  charges  in  America,  where  until  the 
war  of  independence  he  was  intimate  with  George  Wash- 
ington ;  returned  to  England,  1775 ;  vicar  of  Epsom, 
1786-1804 ;  published  sermons  and  writings  relating  to 
Cumberland,  and  left  incomplete  a  supplement  to  John- 
son's '  Dictionary.'  [vi.  3] 

BOUCHERY,  WEYMAN  (1683-1712),  Latin  poet: 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1706 ;  rector  of  Little 
Blakenham,  1709 ;  published  a  Latin  poem.  [vi.  4] 

BOUCHIER,  BARTON  (1794-1865),  religious  writer  ; 
son  of  Jonathan  Boucher  [q.  v.] :  changed  hia  name  to 
Bouchier  after  1822 ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1827  ; 
published  hymns  and  religious  works.  [vi.  4] 

BOUCHIER  or  BOURCHIER,  GEORGE  (d.  1643), 
royalist :  merchant  of  Bristol ;  hanged  for  conspiring  to 
deliver  Bristol  to  Prince  Rupert,  1643.  [vi.  4] 

BOUCICAULT,  DION  (1820  ?-1890),  originally  called 
BOURCICAULT,  actor  and  dramatist :  educated  at  London 
University;  produced  his  '  London  Assurance '  at  Covent 
Garden  theatre,  1841 ;  sometimes  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  Benjamin  Webster  [q.  v.] ;  manager  of  Astley's, 
1863;  produced  '  Arrah-na-Pogue '  at  Princess's,  1865, 
himself  playing  Shaun  ;  retired,  1876,  to  America,  where 
he  died.  His  plays,  invariably  adapted  from  some  pre- 
vious play  or  novel  by  another  hand,  include  '  Faust 
and  Marguerite,'  1852,  and  the  'Colleen  Bawn,'  1860. 

[Suppl.  i.  237] 

BOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1822-1878),  landscape-painter; 
successively  shoemaker  and  lawyer's  clerk  in  Carlisle; 
wandered  about  England  making  sketches  ;  Bcene-painter 
in  Manchester  and  Glasgow :  took  to  landscape-painting, 
member  of  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1875.  [vi.  4] 

BOUGHEN,  EDWARD  (1587-1660  ?),  royalist  divine ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 


M.A.,  1612;  rector  of  Woodchurch,  1633-40;  D.D.,  1646; 
published  sermons  and  religious  works.  [vi.  5] 

BOUGHTON,     JOAN    (d.  1494),  martyr;    burnt    at 
Smithneld,  at  the  age  of  eighty  or  more,  for  supjui 
Wycliffe's  doctrines.  [vi.  6] 

BOULT,  SW1NTON  (1809-1876),  agent  for  insurance 
offices  in  Liverpool ;  founded,  1836,  and  became  managing 
director  of,  Liverpool  Fire  Office  (afterwards  Liverpool, 
London,  and  Globe  Insurance  Company).  [vi.  0] 

BOULTBEE,  THOMAS  POWNALL  (1818-1884), 
divine;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1844;  theo- 
logical tutor  and  chaplain  of  Cheltenham  College,  1852-63  ; 
principal  of  London  College  of  Divinity,  1863 ;  LL.D., 
1872  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1883 ;  published  religious 
works.  [vi.  6] 

BOULTER,  HUGH  (1672-1742),  archbishop  of 
Armagh;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1693  ;  D.D.,  1708 ;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Tenisou ; 
chaplain  to  George  I  in  Hanover,  bishop  of  Bristol,  and 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1719 ;  protestant  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  1724  ;  frequently  acted  as  lord  justice 
in  Ireland,  displaying  prejudice  against  the  Irish,  [vi.  7] 

BOULTON,  MATTHEW  (1728-1809),  engineer: 
entered  partnership  with  Watt,  whom  he  greatly  assisted 
in  completion  and  introduction  of  the  steam-engine ;  made 
coins  for  Great  Britain  and  other  countries,  and  supplied 
new  mint  with  machinery  (1805)  ;  F.R.S.  [vi.  8] 

BOULTON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1697-1724),  physician  : 
educated  at  Braseuose  College,  Oxford ;  published  medical 
works.  [vi.  9] 

BOUND,  NICHOLAS  (  d.  1613).    [See  BOWNDE.] 

BOUaUET,  HENRY  (1719-1765),  general ;  born  at 
Rolle,  Switzerland  ;  served  in  armies  of  States-General  of 
Holland,  king  of  Sardinia,  and  Prince  of  Orange ;  captain- 
commandant  of  Swiss  guards  at  Hague,  1 748 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  America,  1754;  brigadier-general  and  com- 
mandant in  southern  British  America.  [vL  9] 

BOUQUETT,  PHILIP  (1669-1748),  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor: educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  fellow;  M.A.,  1696;  D.D.,  1711;  professor  of 
Hebrew,  1712.  [vL  10] 

BOURCHIER,  GEORGE  (d.  1643).    [See  BOUCHIER.] 

BOURCHIER,  HENRY,  first  EARL  OF  EsaEX  (d.  1483), 
great-grandson  of  Robert  Bourchier  [q.  v.]  :  lieutenant- 
general  under  Duke  of  York  in  France,  1440 ;  captain  of 
Crotoy,  Picardy,  1443;  married  Isabel,  aunt  of  Ed- 
ward IV;  treasurer  of  England,  1455-6  and  1471-83; 
with  March  and  Warwick  at  battle  of  Northampton, 
1460 ;  created  Earl  of  Essex,  1461.  [vi.  10] 

BOURCHIER,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OF  ESSEX 
(d.  1539),  grandson  of  Henry  Bourchier,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
member  of  Henry  VII's  privy  council;  captain  of 
Henry  VIII's  bodyguard ;  served  at  Teroueune  and 
Tournay,  1513  ;  chief  captain  of  king's  forces,  1514 ; 
attended  Henry  at  Guisnes,  1520.  [vL  11] 

BOURCHIER  or  BOUSSIER,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1330  ?> 
judge ;  justice  of  assize  for  Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex, 
1315  ;  justice  of  common  bench,  1321  till  death,  [vi.  11] 

BOURCHIER,  JOHN,  second  BARON  BERNERS 
(1467-1533),  statesman  and  author;  grand-nephew  of 
Henry  Bourchier,  first  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.] ;  marshal  of 
Surrey's  army  in  Scotland,  1513 ;  chancellor  of  exchequer, 
1516 1  accompanied  John  Kite,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  to 
Spain  to  negotiate  alliance  between  Henry  VIII  and 
Charles  V,  1518 ;  attended  Henry  at  Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold, 
1520 ;  deputy  of  Calais,  1520-33 ;  published  translation  of 
Froissart's  '  Chronicles,'  1523-5 :  and  translated  '  Huon  of 
Burdeux'  (probably  printed  in  1534).  'Castell  of  Love' 
(printed  1540),  and,  under  title  of  '  Golden  Bokeof  Marcos 
Aurelius '  (1534),  a  French  version  of  Guevara's  '  El  redox 
de  Principes.'  [vi.  12] 

BOURCHIER,   SIR  JOHN  (d.  1660),  regicide;    M.P. 

for  Ripon,  1645 ;   one  of  Charles  I's  judges,  1648 ;  signed 

death-warrant :    member  of  council  of  state,  1651   and 

1652 ;  surrendered  as  regicide,  1660,  but  died  before  settle- 

i  ment  of  exceptions  to  act  of  indemnity.  [  vi.  14] 


BOURCHIER 


128 


BOUVERIE 


BOURCHFER  <>r  BOUSSIER,  ROBERT  <./.  Ml"). 
chancellor:  son  of  John  de  Bomvhier  [q.  v.]  ;  .M.I'.  i,.r 
Essex,  mo,  13U2.  1338,  and  l.'KV.t  ;  ehamvllor.  13|u  1  • 
fought  at  Crecy,  1316.  [vi.  14] 

BOURCHIER,  THOMAS  (1404?-1486),  canlinal  : 
brother  of  Henry  Bourchier.  first  carl  >|.  v.]: 

educated  at  Oxford  ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1424  ;  chan- 
cellorof  Oxford  University,  11.11;  bi>hop  <>t  Won-.-^t.-r. 
14H4,  ami  of  Kly,  1113;  an-hhishop  of  Canterbury,  1  K> ;  : 
lord-chancellor,  1455-6;  Lancastrian,  drawing  up  with 
\Vnyntiete  terms  of  agreement  between  Lancastrians  and 
Yorkists,  1458;  crowned  Edwanl  IV.  1  tr.l,  and  liis  queen, 
Elizabeth  Woodville,  1465  ;  nominated  canliual,  14U7,  and 
installed,  1473  ;  raised  troops  for  restoration  of  Edwanl  IV 
to  throne,  1471 ;  one  of  four  arbitrators  to  whom  diffi- 
culties between  England  and  Prance  were  referred  by 
peace  of  Amiens,  1475 ;  headed  deputation  which  per- 
suaded the  queen-dowager  to  entrust  her  second  son, 
Richard,  to  his  uncle,  the  Protector  ;  officiated  at  corona- 
tion of  Richard  III,  1483 ;  married  Henry  VII  to  Eliza- 
beth of  York,  1486.  [vi.  15] 

BOURCHIER,  THOMAS  (d.  1586  ?),  friar  of  Obser- 
vant order  of  Franciscans ;  probably  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford  ;  doctor  of  theology,  Sorbonne,  Paris  ; 
joined  Reformed  Franciscans  at  Rome  ;  penitentiary  in  the 
Lateran  ;  wrote  a  history  of  Franciscan  martyrs  (1582). 

[vi.  18] 

BOURDIEU,   ISAAC    nu  (1597  7-1692  V).     [See  Du 

BOURDIEU.] 

BOURDIEU,    JEAN    nu     (1642  ?-l  720).      [See    Du 

BOKDIKU.] 

BOURDILLON.JAMKS  I)KWAR(1811-1883),  Madras 
civil  servant ;  went  to  Madras,  1829  ;  secretary  to  go- 
vernment in  revenue  and  public  works  departments, 
1854-61 ;  did  much  for  improvement  of  irrigation  and 
system  of  land  revenue.  [vi  19] 

BOURGEOIS,  Sm  PETER  FRANCIS  (1766-1811), 
painter ;  studied  under  De  Loutherbourg ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  and  British  Institution  between  1779  and 
1810 ;  R.A.,  1793  :  landscape-painter  to  George  III,  1794  ; 
painter  to  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  and  knighted,  1791 ; 
bequeathed  371  pictures  to  Dulwich  College.  [vi.  19] 

BOURKE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1777-1855),  colonial  go- 
vernor ;  educated  for  bar :  ensign  in  grenadier  guards, 
1798 ;  captain,  1799  ;  assistant  quartermaster-general  to 
army  in  Portugal,  1808-9  ;  in  Galicia,  1812  ;  colonel  and 
O.B. ;  major-general,  1821 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  eastern 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1825-8 ;  governor  of  New  South  Wai.  • .;, 
1831-7 ;  established  regular  scheme  of  emigration  ;  K.O.B., 
1835  ;  general,  1851.  [vi.  20] 

BOURKE,  RICHARD  SOUTHWELL,  sixth  EARL  OP 
MAYO  (1822-1872),  viceroy  and  governor-general  of 
India ;  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.P.  for 
Kildare,  1847-52,  Ooleraiue,  1852-7,  and  Cockermouth, 
after  1857 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  under  conserva- 
tive governments,  1852,  1858,  and  18G6 ;  viceroy  and 
governor-general  of  India,  1869 ;  assassinated  at  Port 
Blair.  His  policy  was  to  endeavour,  while  insisting  on 
the  superior  power  of  Britain,  to  maintain  intimate  rela- 
tions of  friendship  with  neighbouring  states,  opposing 
their  neutralisation  in  the  European  sense.  In  nuance  be 
adopted  a  policy  of  '  decentralisation.'  [vi  21] 

BOURMAN,  ROBERT  (d.  1876).    [See  BOREMAN.] 
BOURN,  NICOL  (/.  1581).    [See  BURNK.] 

BOURN,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1648-1719),  dissenting 
minister ;  educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ; 
presbyterian  minister  at  Came,  1679,  and  Bolton,  1696- 
1719.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  appeared,  1722.  [vi.  24] 

BOURN,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1689-1764),  dis- 
senting minister;  second  son  of  Samuel  Bourn  (1648- 
1719)  [q.  v.] ;  joint- pastor  at  New  Meeting,  Birmingham, 
and  at  Coseley,  1732;  published  controversial  and  reli- 
gious works.  [vi.  25] 

BOURN,  SAMUEL  (1714-1796),  dissenting  minister: 
second  son  of  Samuel  Bourn  (1689-1764)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Glasgow  University;  joint-minister  of  presbyterian 
congregation  at  Norwich,  1764  ;  published  controversial 
and  religious  works.  [vi.  27] 

BOURN,  THOMAS  (1771-1832),  school  teacher;  com- 
piled « Gazetteer  of  the  World,1 1807.  [vi.  28] 


BOURN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1583).    [See  BOURN K.] 

BOURNE,  GILBERT  (d.  1569),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
\\Ylls  :  fellow,  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1531  ;  B.A., 
15:!2  :  pivbend'iry  of  Worcester,  1541,  of  St.  Paul's,  1545  : 
proctor  for  clergy  of  diocese  of  London,  1547  ;  chaplain  to 
I'.Uhop  Bonuer :  bishop  of  Bath  ami  Wells,  1554  ;  warden 
of  Welsh  marches :  refused  oath-*  of  allegiance  to  Kli/.a- 
beth,  and  was  committed  to  Tower,  1559  ;  subsequently 
detained  in  private  custody.  [vi  28] 

BOURNE,  HENRY  (1696-1733),  divine  and  antiquary : 
M.A.  Christ  College,  Cambridge,  1724 :  published  '  An- 
tiquitates  Vulgares,'  1726,  and  left  unfinished  a  history  of 
Newcastle  (published,  1736).  [vi.  29} 

BOURNE,  HUGH  (1772-1852),  founder  of  the  primi- 
tive methodists  :  local  preacher  among  Wesleyan  metho- 
diste  :  revived  camp  meetings  for  preaching  and  fellow- 
ship, 1807,  and  accordingly  was  expelled  from  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Society,  1808;  founded  primitive  methodiste, 
1810,  and  subsequently  travelled  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and 
America,  enrolling  recruits ;  published  work  relating  to 
his  sect.  [vi.  29] 

BOURNE,  IMMANUEL  (1590-1679),  divine;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1616  ;  rector  of  Waltham-on-the- 
Wolds,  1656  ;  conformed  at  Restoration  :  rector  of  Ayle- 
stone,  1670-9 ;  published  religious  works.  [vi  30] 

BOURNE,  NEHEMIAH  (fl.  1649-1662),  major  in 
parliamentary  army  ;  captain  in  navy  on  remodelling  of 
fleet,  c.  1649 ;  rear-admiral  of  fleet,  1652 ;  commissioner 
for  equipment  of  fleets,  1652 ;  emigrated  to  America  on 
Restoration.  [vi.  31] 

BOURNE,  REUBEN  (fl.  1692),  dramatist;  member 
of  Middle  Temple ;  published  '  The  Contented  Cuckold,'  a 
comedy,  1692.  [vi.  31] 

BOURNE,  ROBERT  (1761-1829),  physician;  M.D. 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1787;  F.R.O.P.,  1790;  pro- 
fessor of  physic,  1803,  and  clinical  medicine,  1824,  Oxford. 

[vi32] 

BOURNE,  VINCENT  (1695-1747%  Latin  poet ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,  1720;  M.A.,  1721 ;  master  at  Westminster  School, 
Cowper  being  one  of  his  pupils  ;  housekeeper  and  deputy 
serjeant-at-arms  to  House  of  Commons,  1734  ;  published 
'  Poemata,  Latine  partim  reddita,  partim  scripta  '  (1734), 
some  of  which  were  translated  by  Oowper  and  Lamb. 

[vi.  32] 

BOURNE  or  BOURN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1583),  mathe- 
matician ;  self-taught ;  probably  employed  at  Gravesend 
as  gunner  and  ship-carpenter  ;  published  almanacks  and 
works  on  gunnery  and  navigation,  leaving  manuscripts 
on  similar  subjects.  [vi  33] 

BOURNE,  WILLIAM  STURGES-  (1769-1845),  politi- 
cian ;  educated  with  Canning  at  Winchester  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1793  ;  D.C.L.,  1831 ;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1793;  M.P.,  1798-1831;  joint-secretary 
of  treasury,  1804-6 ;  lord  of  treasury,  1807-9 ;  privy 
councillor,  1814  ;  home  secretary,  1H27 ;  commissioner  of 
woods  and  forests,  1827 ;  lord  warden  of  New  Forest,  1828- 
1831.  [vi.  34] 

BOUTEL,  MRS.  (/.  1663-1696),  actress ;  member  of 
Theatre  Royal  company ;  her  first  recorded  character, 
Estifania  in  '  Rule  a  Wife,  and  Have  a  Wife,'  c.  1664,  and 
her  last,  Thomyris,  in  '  Cyrus  the  Great,'  1696.  [vi.  35] 

BOUTELL,  CHARLES  (1812-1877),  archreologist ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1834:  incorporated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  M.A.,  1836;  rector  of 
Norwood,  Surrey;  published  works  on  archaeology  and 
heraldry.  [vi.  35] 

BOUTFLOWER,  HENRY  CREWE  (1796-1863).  Hul- 
sean  essayist :  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1822  ; 
Hulsean  prizeman,  1816  ;  head-master,  Bury  school,  Lan- 
ca<hire,  1823;  rector  of  Elmdon,  1857-63;  published 
Hulsean  essay.  [vi.  36] 

BOUVERIE,  EDWARD  PLEYDELL-  (1818-1889), 
politician  ;  second  son  of  William  Pleydell-Bouverie,  third 
earl  of  Radnor  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1838  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1843 ;  liberal  M.P.,  Kilrnar- 
nock,  1844-74  ;  president  of  poor-law  board,  1856-8 ;  op- 
posed Gladstone's  Irish  University  Bill,  1873;  wrote 
numerous  letters  to  the  '  Times '  signed  E.  P.  B. 

[xlv.  423] 


BOUVERIE 


129 


BOWERBANK 


BOUVERIE,  Sin  HENRY  FREDERICK  (1783-1852), 

•d  ;  cn-iu'ii,  1799;  aide-de-cainp  to  Ko-dyn,  Isu7, 
:'ui,!  \Vrll.-h-y,  1809;  oil  staff,  1810  ;  colonel,  1814  ;  K.(  '.I'-., 
1H1"»-  u'ovcrnor  and  cominandcr-in-chief  of  Malta,  1830- 
1843  :  lieutenant-general,  1838  ;  G.O.B.,  1852.  [vi.  36] 

BOUVERIE,  WILLIAM  PLEYDELL-,  third  i:\iti. 
OK  It  \D\int  (1779- Hi;;)),  whig  politician  ;  M.P.  for  Down- 
ton,  l*ul,  and  Sali-l>ury,  1802-28;  actively  supported 
social  in>M-iin-s  :  friend  of  William  Cobbett.  [vi.  36] 

BOUYER,  KHYNOLD  GIDEON  (d.  1826),  divine; 
LL.H.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1769 ;  prebendary  of 
Sariiin.  I7s:>:  c-tublis bed  parochial  libraries  throughout 
Northumberland,  [vi.  37] 

BOVEY  or  BOEVEY,  CATHARINA  (1669-1726), 
philanthropist  ;  n&e  Riches  ;  mafried,  1684  ;  associated 
\viili  a  Mrs.  Mary  I'ope  in  many  charitable  works. 

[vi.  37] 

BOVILL.  Silt  WILLIAM  (1814-1873),  judge;  bar- 
rister of  Middle  Temple,  1841;  Q.O.,  1855;  conservative 
M.I',  for  Guildford,  1857;  solicitor-general  and  chief- 
j nst ice  of  common  pleas,  1866  ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870  ; 
K.R.S. ;  presided  at  first  Tichborne  trial.  [vi.  38] 

BOVHLU8  (d.  1526).    [See  BULLOCK,  HENRY."] 

BOWACK,  JOHN  (fl.  1737),  writing-master  at  West- 
minster School;  clerk  to  turnpike  commissioners,  1732; 
tant  secretary  to  Westminster  Bridge  commissioners, 
1737;  began  publication  of  'Antiquities  of  Middlesex,' 
17ot5.  [vi.  39] 

BOWATER,  SIR  EDWARD  (1787-1861),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  ensign,  1804 ;  served  in 
Peninsula  and  Waterloo  campaigns,  1808-15 ;  groom-in- 
waiting  in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  1846  ;  lieutenant-gene- 
ral and  colonel  49th  foot.  [vi.  39] 

BOWDEN.  JOHN  (d.  1750),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
minister  at  Frome,  1707-50  ;  published  sermons  and  con- 
tributed to  '  Divine  Hymns  and  Poems  '  (1704).  [vi.  40] 

BOWDEN,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1798-1844),  ecclesias- 
tical writer;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford;  M. A.,  1823;  commissioner  of  stamps,  1826-40; 
intimate  friend  of  John  Henry  Newman,  and  a  zealous 
partisan  in  the  Tractarian  movement.  His  works  include 
a '  Life  of  Gregory  VII '  (1840).  [vi.  41] 

BOWDEN,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1733-1761).  physician; 
published  poems,  1733-5.  [vi.  41] 

BOWDICH,  THOMAS  EDWARD  (1791-1824),  African 
traveller ;  obtained  writership  in  service  of  African  Com- 
pany, and  went  to  Cape  Coast  Castle,  1814;  formed 
treaty  with  king  of  Ashantee,  granting  peace  to  British 
settlements  on  Gold  Coast,  1815 ;  returned  to  England, 
1818 ;  studied  science  in  Paris ;  published  works  and 
translations  relating  to  Ashantee  and  African  explora- 
tion, [vi.  41] 

BOWDLER,  HENRIETTA  MARIA  (1754-1830),  re- 
ligious writer ;  sister  of  John  Bowdler  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
published  religious  poems  and  essays.  [vi.  43] 

BOWDLER,  JANE  (1743-1784),  authoress  ;  sister  of 
Henrietta  Maria  Bowdler  [q.  v.]  ;  a  selection  of  her  poems 
and  essays  appeared,  1786.  [vi.  43] 

BOWDLER,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1783-1815),  author  ; 
younger  son  of  John  Bowdler  (1746-1823)  [q.  v.]  ;  bar- 
rister of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1807 ;  selections  from  his  verse 
and  prose  appeared,  1816.  [vi.  44] 

BOWDLER,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1746-1823),  author; 
chamber  conveyancer,  1770-80:  one  of  founders  of 
Church  Building  Society;  published  political  and  re- 
ligious pamphlets.  [vi.  43] 

BOWDLER,  THOMAS  (1754-1825),  editor  of  Shake- 
speare ;  brother  of  John  Bowdler  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1776  ;  F.R.S.  and  L.O.P.,  1781 :  F.S.A.,  1784  ; 
visited  Low  Countries,  1787,  and  wrote  narrative  of  their 
political  disunion ;  published  '  Family  Shakespeare ' 
(10  vols.  1818),  an  expurgated  version  of  the  text ;  pre- 
pared, on  similar  lines,  edition  of  Gibbon's  'History.' 
1 1  is  works  gave  rise  to  the  term  '  bowdlerise.'  [vi.  44] 

BOWDLER,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1782-1856), 
divine:  son  of  John  Bowdler  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St. 
Iota's  OoUege,  Cambridge,  1*06;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1849  ;  edited  (1826)  his  uncle's  '  Gibbon.'  [vi.  46] 


CHARLES  SYNGB  CHRISTOPHER, 
BAKOX  BUWKN  (1S35-1K94),  judge;  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1857;  M.A.,  1872; 
D.O.L.,  1883 ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1861  : 
bencher,  1879 ;  joined  western  circuit ;  junior  counsel 
against  '  Claimant '  in  '  Tichborne  case,'  1871-4 ;  ap- 
pointed judge  of  queen's  bench  and  knighted,  1879  ;  lord 
of  appeal  in  ordinary,  receiving  life  peerage,  1893  ;  pub- 
lished translations  from  Virgil,  and  other  writings. 

[Suppl.  i.  238] 

BOWEN,  KMANUKL  (fl.  1762).  map-engraver  to 
George  II  and  Louis  XV.  [vi.  48] 

BOWEN,  SIR  GEORGE  FERGUSON  (1821-1899), 
colonial  governor  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Trinity 
College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  and  fellow  of  Brasenose,  1844 ; 
M.A.,  1847 ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1844 ;  president  of 
university  of  Corfu,  1847-51 ;  chief  secretary  to  govern- 
ment in  Ionian  Islands,  1854 ;  K.O.M.G.,  1856 ;  first 
governor  of  Queensland,  1859 ;  G.O.M.G.,  1860 ;  appointed 
governor  of  New  Zealand,  1867;  successfully  pursued 
policy  of  conciliation  towards  Maoris  and  settlers ;  go- 
vernor of  Victoria,  1872  ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1875  ; 
appointed  to  Mauritius,  1879,  and  Hongkong,  1882  ;  re- 
constructed colonial  legislature  and  established  friendly 
foreign  policy ;  retired  from  office,  1887  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1886  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1886  ;  chief  of 
royal  commission  on  new  constitution  of  Malta,  1887  ; 
published  '  Mount  Athos,  Thessaly,  and  Epirus*  (1852), 
and  other  works.  [Suppl.  i.  240] 

BOWEN,  JAMES  (d.  1774),  painter  and  topographer  ; 
made  collections  for  history  of  Shropshire.  [vi.  4fl] 

BOWEN,  JAMES  (1751-1835),  rear-admiral;  com- 
manded ship  in  African  and  West  India  trade  ;  master  in 
navy,  1781-9 ;  inspecting  agent  of  transports  in  Thames, 
1789  ;  master  of  Howe's  flagship  in  battle  of  1  June  1794  : 
captain,  1795  ;  commissioner  of  transport  board,  c.  1803, 
and  of  navy,  1816-25  ;  rear-admiral,  1825.  [vi.  46] 

BOWEN,  JOHN  (1756-1832),  painter  and  genealogist : 
son  of  James  Bowen  (d.  1774)  [q.  v.] ;  made  antiquarian 
collections  relating  to  Shropshire.  [vi.  47] 


',  JOHN  (1815-1859),  colonial  bishop :  emi- 
grated to  Canada,  1835 ;  returned  home  and  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1843  ;  LL.D.,  1857  ;  visited  many 
foreign  stations  of  Church  Missionary  Society,  1848-51 
and  1854-6  ;  bishop  of  Sierra  Leone,  1857.  [vi.  47] 

BOWEN,  THOMAS  <-d.  1790),  map-engraver ;  son  of 
Emanuel  Bowen  [q.  v.] ;  his  works  include  maps  and 
charts  of  West  Indies  from  Captain  James  Speer's  sur- 
veys, [vi.  48] 

BOWER,  ALEXANDER  (ft.  1804-1830),  assistant- 
librarian  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  published  biographi- 
cal and  historical  works.  [vi.  48] 

BOWER,  ARCHIBALD  (1686-1766),  historian  :  edu- 
cated at  Scots  college  at  Douay ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus, 
1706  ;  studied  divinity  at  Rome,  1717-21 ;  professed  of 
four  vows,  c.  1723 ;  came  to  England,  1726  ;  conformed  to 
church  of  England  ;  classical  tutor  to  Lord  Aylmer  ;  con- 
tributed history  of  Rome  to '  Universal  History,'  1735-44  ; 
readmitted  Jesuit,  1745,  but  again  left  the  society,  1747  ; 
published '  History  of  the  Popes,'  7  vols.  1748-66  ;  accused, 
in  pamphlets,  by  Rev.  Alban  Butler  and  Rev.  John  Douglas 
(afterwards  bishop  of  Salisbury),  and  proved  guilty  of 
being  secretly  a  member  of  catholic  church.  [vi.  48] 

BOWER  or  BOWERS,  GEORGE  (d.  1690),  engraver 
to  the  mint,  1664-90.  [vi.  51] 

BOWER  or  BOWMAKER,  WALTER  (d.  1449),  abbot 
of  Inchcolm :  probably  member  of  Augustiuian  priory 
of  St.  Andrews  ;  B.C.L. ;  commissioner  to  collect  ransom 
money  of  James  I  (of  Scotland),  1423  and  1424  ;  present 
at  council  held  at  Perth,  1432:  reputed  continuator 
( 1440-7)  pi  Fordun's  'Chronica  Gentis  Scotorum,'  as  it 
appears  iir  the  '  Scotichronicon,'  of  which  he  wrote  an 
abridgment  called  '  Book  of  Cupar.'  A  complete  edition 
of  the  '  Scotichronicon  '  was  published  in  1759.  [vi.  62] 

BOWERBANK,  JAMES  SCOTT  (1797-1877),  geo- 
logist ;  partner  in  London  distillery  ;  lectured  on  botany, 
1822-4,  and  human  osteology,  1831 ;  one  of  founders  of 
'London  Clay  Club,'  1836,  and  of  Palaeontographical 
Society,  1847;  F.R.S.,  1842:  most  important  work, 
'  Fossil  Fruits  of  the  London  Clay '  (1840).  [vi.  53] 


BOWEKS 


130 


BOWMAN 


BOWERS,  (1KOHGK  HULL  (1794-1872).  ilivin.-  : 
D.D.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1849  ;  dean  of  Manches- 
ter, 1847-71  ;  mint  founder  of  Marl  borough  School;  pub- 
lished works  on  ecclesiastical  mutters.  [vi.  54] 

BOWES,  ELIZABETH  (1502  ?- 1568),  disciple  of  John 

Knox  ;    nte  Aske  ;   married   Ki.-liunl,  sou  of   Sir  Ralph 

:t-ll  under  intltifiic.'  of  John   Knox,  who  adopted 

her  as  a  relative  ami  married  her  daughter,  Marjory  ; 

lived  chiefly  with  Knox,  from  1556.  [vi.  55J 


J,  SIR  GEORGE  (1517-1556),  commander  in 
border  wars;  accompanied  Hertford  in  his  raid,  1541, 
and  was  knighted.  [vi.  55] 

BOWES,  Siu  GEORGE  (1527-1580),  soldier:  son  of 
Elizabeth  Bowes  [q.  v.] ;  marshal  of  Berwick,  1558 : 
knighted,  1560;  provost  mai>li:tl  of  Karl  ot  Sussex's  army : 
M.I',  for  Knaresborouph,  1571,  and  Morpeth,  1572;  high 
sheriff  of  county  palatine,  1576.  [vi.  56] 

BOWES,  SIK  .IKHOMK  <,/.  itilii),  ambassador;  tem- 
porarily banished  from  court  for  slandering  Earl  of 
Leicester,  1577:  ambassador  to  Russia,  1583:  dismissal 
after  death  of  the  Czar  Ivanvasilovitch  ;  translated  from 
French  an  '  Apology  for  Christians  of  France,'  1579. 

[vi.  57] 

BOWES,  JOHN  (1690-1767),  lord  chancellor  of  Ire- 
land;  called  to  bar  in  England,  1718,  and  in  Ireland, 
1725 ;  solicitor-general,  1730 ;  M.I',  for  Taghmou,  1731  ; 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1739,  chief  barou  of  ex- 
chequer, 1741,  and  chancellor,  1757 :  received  title  of 
Baron  of  Clonlyon,  1758 ;  lord  justice  in  Ireland,  1765 
and  1766.  [vi.  58] 

BOWES,  JOHN  (1804-1874),  preacher;  preached 
among  Wesleyans ;  became  primitive  uiethodist  minister : 
renounced  all  party  appellations  and  started  mission  at 
Dundee,  1830  ;  open-air  preacher :  published  pamphlets. 

[vi.  58] 

BOWES,  M.YRMADUKE  (d.  1585),  catholic  martyr; 
executed  at  York  for  harbouring  catholic  priests,  [vi.  59] 

BOWES,  Sm  MARTIN  (1500?-1566),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  deputy  *  keeper  of  exchange,'  1530  :  sub-trea- 
surer of  mint ;  sheriff  of  London,  1540 ;  lord  mayor, 
1545.  [vi.  59] 

BOWES,  MARY  ELEANOR,  COUNTESS  OP  STRATH- 
MORK  (1749-1800);  nie  Bowes;  married,  1767,  John 
Lyon,  ninth  earl  of  Strathmore  (d.  1776) ;  married  Lieu- 
tenant Andrew  Stoney ;  left  Stouey  and,  1789,  obtained 
divorce  for  cruelty  ;  published  '  Confessions '  and  other 
writings.  [vi.  60] 

BOWES,  PAUL  (d.  1702),  editor  of  D'Ewes's  'Jour- 
nals ' ;  pensioner  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1650  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1661  :  bencher,  1679 : 
F.RJ3.,  1699 :  edited  '  Journals '  of  his  uncle,  Sir  Simonds 
D'Ewes,  1682.  [vi.  61] 

BOWES,  SIK  ROBERT  (1495?-1554),  commander 
and  lawyer ;  warden  of  east  and  middle  marches,  1550, 
and  drew  up  'Book  of  State  of  Frontiers  and  Marches 
betwixt  England  and  Scotland  ' ;  privy  councillor,  1651 ; 
master  of  rolls,  1552.  [vi.  81] 

BOWES,  ROBERT  (1535  ?-1597),  English  ambassa- 
dor to  Scotland ;  sou  of  Elizabeth  Bowes  [q.  v.] ;  sheriff 
of  county  palatine  of  Durham,  1569  ;  M.P.  for  Carlisle, 
1571 ;  treasurer  of  Berwick,  1575-97 ;  ambassador  in 
Scotland,  1577-83.  [vi.  62] 

BOWES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1586),  translator :  translated 
first  and  second  parts  of  Peter  de  Primauduye's  '  French 
Academy,'  1586-94.  [vi.  62] 

BOWES,  SIK  WILLIAM  (1389-146(1?),  military  com- 
mander ;  served  in  French  wars,  1415-82 ;  knighted  at 
Verneuil ;  governor  of  Berwick.  [vi.  63] 

BOWET,  HKNKV  (d.  1423),  archbishop  of  York: 
chaplain  to  Urban  VI  at  Rome;  enjoyed  confidence  of 
Richard  II;  prebendary  of  Lincoln  before  1386^  banished 
as  abettor  of  Bolinu'broke,  1399  ;  prebendary  of  London  ; 
one  of  four  regents  of  king's  possessions  in  southern 
France :  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  1401 :  treasurer, 
\402;  archbishop  of  York,  1407;  accompanied  army 
against  Scottish  invaders,  1417.  [vi.  63] 

BOWIE,  JAMES  (d.  1853),  botanist:  travelled  in 
Brazil,  1814,  and  the  Cape,  1817  and  1827;  collector 
for  Kew  Gardens,  1814-23.  [vi.  65] 


BOWLBY,  THOMAS  WILLIAM (1817-1860),  'Times' 
correspondent;    solicitor   in   London;    correspondent  of 
the  -Times'  in   Iterlin,  1H48,  and  China,  1860  ;  cupt 
by  Tartar  general  San-ko-lin-siu  :   died  from  effects 
ill-treatment,  [vi.  65] 

BOWLE  or  BOWLES,  JOHN  (d.  1637),  bishop 
Rochester;    fellow,  Trinity  College,    Cambridge:    D.D., 
1613 ;   incorporated  D.D.  Oxford,  1615  ;   dean   of  Suli 
bury,  1620;   bishop  of   Rochester,   1629;    published 
ligious  works.  [vi.  66] 

BOWLE,  JOHN  (1725-1788),  writer  on  Spanish  litera- 
ture :  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1750;  F.S.A.,  1776; 
vicar  of  Idmiston  :  member  of  Johnson's  Essex  Head 
( 'lul) ;  earliest  discoverer  of  Lauder's  forgeries ;  published, 
1781,  a  life  of  Cervantes  in  Spanish.  [vi. 

BOWLEB-,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (d.  1869),  landscap 
painter;    assistant-astronomer  at   the  Cape;    published 
views  of  South  African  scenery.  [vi.  67] 

BOWLES,  CAROLINE  ANNE  (1786-1854).  [See 
SOUTHEY.] 

BOWLES,  EDWARD  (1613-1662),  presbyterian 
minister ;  educated  at  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  parlia- 
mentary minister  in  York,  1644 ;  actively  supported 
Restoration,  1660  ;  published  religious  works,  [vi.  67] 

BOWLES,  SIR  GEORGE  (1787-1876),  general:  served 
in  Peninsular  and  Waterloo  campaigns:  in  Canada, 
1818-20 ;  deputy  adjutant-general  in  West  Indies,  1820-5 ; 
lieutenant-colonel  in  Canada,  1838;  master  of  queen's 
household,  1845;  major-general,  1846;  K.C.B.  and  lieu- 
|  tenant  of  Tower,  1851.  [vi.  68] 

BOWLES,  JOHN  (d.  1637).    [See  BOWLE.] 

BOWLES,     PHINEAS     (rf.     1722),    major-general; 

colonel  of    foot  regiment  in  Ireland,   1705;    served  at 

i  Barcelona,  Almauza,  Saragossa  (1710),  and  was  captured 

1  in  Castile ;  raised  corps  of  dragoons  (now  12th  lancers), 

I  1715.  [vi.  68] 

BOWLES,  PHINEAS  (d.  1749),  lieutenant-general; 
i  son  of  Pbineas  Bowles  (d.  1722)  [q.  v.]  :  succeeded  his 
I  father  as  colonel  of  1 2th  dragoons ;  lieutenant-general, 
I  1745,  and  governor  of  Londonderry.  [vi.  68] 

BOWLES,  WILLIAM  (1705-1780),  naturalist ;  studied 
j  science    in    Paris ;    superintendent   of    state    mines    in 
Spanish  service,   \  752  :   published   work  in  Spanish  on 
;  natural  history  and  geography  of  Spain,  1775.    [vi.  69] 

BOWLES,    WILLIAM    LISLE    (1762-1850),   divine, 
i  poet,  and  antiquary ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Trinity 
1  College,  Oxford:    B.A.,  1792;  vicar  of  Bremhill,  Wilt- 
shire, 1804-50 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1804,  and  canon 
residentiary,  1828 ;  chaplain  to  prince  regent,  1818  ;  pub- 
lished poems,  his  sonnets  being  especially  graceful,  1789- 
1837,  an  edition  of  Pope,  1806,  and  various  ecclesiastical 
,  and  antiquarian  works.  [vi.  69] 

BOWLEY,  ROBERT  KANZOW  (181 3- 1870),  amateur 
musician ;   conductor  of   Benevolent  Society  of  Musical 
Amateurs:    connected    with   Sacred  Harmonic  Society, 
j   1834-70  ;  originated  plan  of  Handel  festivals,  1856. 

[vi.  71] 

BOWLY,  SAMUEL  (1802-1884),  quaker ;  cheese 
j  factor  at  Gloucester ;  took  active  part  in  the  anti-slavery 
|  agitation,  and  was  a  strong  advocate  of  total  abstinence. 

[vi.  71] 

BOWMAN,  EDDOWES  (1810-1 869), dissenting  tutor: 

son  of  John  Eddowes  Bowman  (1785-1841)  [q.  v.] :  sub- 

;  manager  of  Varteg  ironworks,  near  Pontypool,  1835-40 : 

M.A,    Glasgow;    professor   of    classical    literature    and 

history  at  Manchester,  New  College.  1846-63 ;  published 

;  theological  and  other  works.  [vi.  71] 

BOWMAN,  HENRY  (fl.  1677),  musician  :  organist  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  published  songs  and  other 
musical  compositions.  [vi.  72] 

BOWMAN,  HENRY  (1814-1883),  architect ;  son  of 
,  John  Eddowes  Bowman  (1785-1841)  [q.  v.]  ;  joint  author 
of  '  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Great  Britain,'  1845. 

[vi.  73] 

BOWMAN,  JOHN  EDDOWES,  the  elder  (1786-1841), 
,  banker  and  naturalist ;  managing  partner  of  a  bank  at 
j   Wrexham;  fellow  of  Linnean  and  (Jeolo^ical  Societies; 
published  writings  on  natural  history.  [vi.  72] 


BOWMAN 


131 


BOYD 


BOWMAN,  JOHN  EDDOWES,  the  younger  (1819- 
1854),  chemist ;  son  of  John  Eddowes  Bowman  (1786- 
1841)  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of  chemistry,  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, !«;>! ;  published  scientific  works.  [vi.  73] 

BOWMAN,  WALTER  (</.  1782),  antiquary:  comp- 
troller of  port  of  Bristol ;  F.S.A.,  1735  ;  F.R.8.,  1742. 

BOWMAN,  Sill  WILLIAM  (1816-1892),  ophthalmic 
surgeon  ;   surgeon,   King's  College   Hospital,  1*66  ;  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  and  general  and  morbid  anatomy, 
1848  •     member    of    council,     1879 ;    surgeon    to    Royal 
Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Moortields,  1881-76;  F.R.S.,  1841; 
1-<11  ;  lir-t  pivsiil.-nt  of  Ophthalmological  Society 
of  United  Kingdom,  188U  ;  created  baronet,  1884 ;    esta- 
.vith    Hobert  Bentley  Todd  (1809-1860)  [q.  v.], 
St.  John's   House    and   sisterhood;    published    surgical 
writings.  [Suppl.  L  242] 

BOWNAS,  SAMUEL  (1676-1753),  quaker  minister  ; 
cam,-  under  influence  of  Anne  Wilson,  a  quakeress,  and 
subsequently  travelled  as  missionary  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland ;  went  to  America,  1702,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
Long  Island  for  preaching,  1702-3  ;  returned  to  England, 
170ti ;  revisited  America,  1726-8  ;  wrote  autobiographical 
and  other  works.  [vi.  73] 

BOWNDE  or  BOUND,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1613),  divine ; 
fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1570  ;  M.A.,  1576  ;  D.D., 
1594 ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1577 ;  minister  of 
church  of  St.  Andrew  the  Apostle,  Norwich,  1611-13  ; 
published  religious  works,  including  '  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Sabbath,'  1595,  which  gave  rise  to  the  first  disagreement 
between  high  church  party  and  puritans  on  point  of  doc- 
trine, [vi.  74] 

BOWNE,  PETER  (1575-1624  ?),  physician  ;  fellow, 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford;  D.M.,  1614;  F.O.P., 
1617  ;  published  '  Pseudo-Medicorum  Anatomia,'  1624. 

[vi.  75] 

BOWNESS,  WILLIAM  (1809-1867),  painter  of  domes- 
tic and  figure  subjects  :  self-taught ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1836-67  ;  wrote  pieces  in  Westmoreland  dialect. 

[vi.  75] 

BOWBJNG,  SIR  JOHN  (1792-1872),  linguist,  writer, 
and  traveller  ;  acquired  many  languages  in  a  mercantile 
house  at  Exeter  ,  clerk  in  London  house  of  Milford  &  Co., 
who  sent  him  to  Peninsula,  1811 ;  began  business  inde- 
pendently ;  editor  of  '  Westminster  Review,'  1824  ;  LL.D. 
Groningen,  1829  ;  made  journeys  to  examine  system  of 
keeping  public  accounts  in  European  countries ;  appointed 
(1831)  secretary  to  commission  for  inspecting  accounts  of 
United  Kingdom;  sent  by  government  on  commercial 
mission  to  Belgium,  1833.  and  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Turkey, 
1837-8  ;  M.P.  for  Clyde  burghs,  1835-7 ;  assisted  in  form- 
ing Anti-Cornlaw  League,  1838  ;  M.P.  for  Bplton,  1841 ; 
obtained  issue  of  florin  as  first  step  towards  introduction 
of  decimal  system  of  currency  ;  consul  at  Canton,  1847  ; 
plenipotentiary  to  China,  governor,  commander-in-chief 
and  vice-admiral  of  Hong-Kong,  1854  ;  knighted,  1854  ; 
established  diplomatic  and  commercial  relations  with 
Siam,  1855 ;  went  on  commercial  mission  to  Philippine 
Islands,  1858 ;  returned  to  England,  1860 ;  investigated 
British  commercial  relations  with  Italy,  1860;  F.R.S. 
His  publications  include  accounts  of  his  missions,  works 
connected  with  European  and  eastern  poetry,  hymns,  and 
political  and  economical  treatises.  [vi.  76] 

BOWTELL,  JOHN  (1753-1813),  topographer  ;  book- 
binder and  stationer  at  Cambridge  ;  left  manuscript  his- 
tory of  Cambridge.  [vi.  80] 

BOWYER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1740  ?-1800),  admiral; 
lieutenant,  1758  ;  captain,  1762 ;  served  in  West  Indies 
under  Byng  and  Rodney,  1778-81 ;  M.P.,  Queenborough, 
1784;  rear-admiral,  1793;  wounded  in  engagement  .off 
Ushant,  1794  ;  created  baronet,  1794  ;  admiral  1799. 

[vi.  81] 

BOWYER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1811-1883),  seventh  baro- 
net ;  lawyer ;  cadet  at  Royal  Military  College,  Woolwich  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  and  created  hon.  MA. 
Oxford,  1839 ;  equity  draughtsman  and  conveyancer ; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1844 ;  reader  in  law  at  Middle  Temple, 
1850  ;  M.P.  for  Dundalk,  1852-68,  and  for  Wexford  county, 
1874-80  ;  magistrate  and  deputy-lieutenant  of  Berkshire  ; 
published  a  series  of  valuable  text-books  on  constitutional 
jiiri-^rudence.  [vi.  81] 


BOWYER,  ROBERT  (1768-1834),  painter  ;  exhibited 
miniatures  at  Royal  Academy,  1783-1828  ;  produced,  with 
assistance  of  other  artists,  an  illustrated  edition  of  Hume's 
'  History  of  England.1  [vi.  82] 

BOWYER,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1663-1737),  printer  ; 
apprenticed  to  Miles  Flesher,  1679  ;  freeman  of  Stationers' 
Company,  1686 ;  liveryman,  and  one  of  twenty  printers 
allowed  by  Star-chamber,  1700.  [vi.  82] 

BOWYER,  WILLIAM,  the  younger (1699-1777X  'the 
learned  printer';  son  of  William  Bowyer  (1663-1737) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  under  Ambrose  Bonwicke  the  elder 
[q.  v.],  and  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  partner 
with,  and  corrector  of  the  press  for,  his  father,  1722  : 
printer  of  votes  of  House  of  Commons,  1 729  ;  printer  to 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  F.S.A.,  1736 ;  liveryman  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1738;  master,  1771 ;  in  partnership 
with  James  Emouson,  1754-7  ;  printer  to  Royal  Society, 
1761 ;  appointed  printer  of  rules  of  parliament  and  journal 
of  House  of  Lords,  1767  ;  published  •  Origin  of  Printing,' 
1774.  He  supplied  notes  and  prefaces  to  many  of  his 
publications,  and  wrote  (1763)  *  Conjectural  Emendations ' 
of  the  Greek  Testament.  [vi.  83] 

BOXALL,  JOHN  (d.  1571),  secretary  of  state;  edu- 
cated at  Winchester,  and  graduated  at  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  dean  of  Ely,  prebendary  of  Winchester,  and  secre- 
tary of  state  to  Mary,  1553-8 ;  warden  of  Winchester  Col- 
lege, 1554  ;  privy  councillor,  and  master  and  councillor  of 
court  of  requests,  1556  ;  registrar  of  order  of  Garter ;  D.D., 
and  prebendary  of  York  and  Salisbury,  1558 ;  deprived 
of  ecclesiastical  preferments,  1560;  committed  to  Tower 
and  subsequently  to  'free  custody '  of  the  archbishop. 

[vi.  86] 

BOXALL.  SIR  WILLIAM  (1800-1879),  portrait- 
painter  ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  and  in  Italy ;  first 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1823  ;  R.A.,  1863  ;  director 
of  National  Gallery,  1866-74  ;  knighted,  1867.  [vi.  87] 

BOXER,  EDWARD  (1784-1855),  rear-admiral;  en- 
tered navy,  1798 ;  commander,  1815 ;  took  part  in  siege 
of  Acre,  and  was  made  C.B.,  1840 ;  harbour-master  at 
Quebec,  1843-53  ;  rear-admiral,  1853  ;  second  in  command 
in  Mediterranean,  and  superintendent  at  Balaclava,  1854  ; 
died  of  cholera.  [vi.  87] 

BOYCE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1775),  author  of  a  dramatic 
pastoral,  and  several  poems.  [vi.  88] 

BOYCE,  THOMAS  (d.  1793),  dramatist ;  rector  of 
Worlingham,  Suffolk;  author  of  'Harold,'  a  tragedy 
(1786).  [vi.  88] 

BOYCE,  WILLIAM  (1710-1779),  musician  ;  chorister 
at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  composer  and  joint-organist  to 
Chapel  Royal,  1736 ;  member  of  Royal  Society  of  Musicians ; 
produced  '  Solomon,'  his  best  work,  1743  ;  Mus.Doc.  Cam- 
bridge, 1749 ;  organist  of  Allhallows  the  Great  and  Less, 
Thames  Street,  1749-69 ;  master  of  the  king's  band  of 
musicians,  and  conductor  of  festivals  of  Sons  of  the  Clergy, 
1755  ;  organist  of  Chapel  Royal,  1758  ;  composed  birthday 
and  new  year  odes,  settings  to  masques  and  plays  (includ- 
j  ing  '  Tempest,'  '  Oymbeline '  and  '  Winter's  Tale '),  songs 
(including  '  Hearts  of  Oak '),  and  church  music,  editing 
also  the  collection  entitled  '  Cathedral  Music.'  [vi.  88] 

BOYCOTT,  CHARLES  CUNNINGHAM  (1832-1897), 
land  agent,  from  whose  name  the  word  '  boycott '  is  de- 
rived ;  educated  at  Woolwich ;  obtained  commission  in 
39th  foot,  1850 ;  retired  as  captain  ;  agent  for  Lord  Erne's 
estates  in  county  Mayo,  1873 ;  came  into  conflict  with 
Land  League  agitators,  1879,  and  suffered  annoyances 
which  in  1880  gave  rise  to  word  '  boycott.'  [Suppl.  i.  243] 

BOYD,  ANDREW  KENNEDY  HUTOHINSON  (1826- 
1899),  Scottish  divine;  studied  at  King's  College  and 
Middle  Temple,  London,  and  at  Glasgow ;  B.A.,  1846 ; 
minister  of  St.  Bernard's,  Edinburgh,  1859 ;  honorary 
D.D.  Edinburgh,  1864 ;  minister  of  first  charge,  St.  An- 
drews, 1866  ;  LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  1889 ;  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  1890.  His  publications  include  '  Re- 
creations of  a  Country  Parson,'  three  series,  1859-61-78. 

[SuppL  i.  244] 

BOYD,  ARCHIBALD  (1803-1883),  divine;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1884 :  D.D.,  1868 ;  honorary 
canon  of  Gloucester,  1867-67  :  dean  of  Exeter,  1867  ;  pub- 
lished '  History  of  Book  of  Common  Prayer '  (1860)  and 
other  works.  [vi.  90] 

K  2 


BOYD 


132 


BOYLE 


BOYD,  BENJAMIN  (1796-1851),  Australian  squatter  : 
stockbroker  in  Ix>udon,  is'Jl  3;> :  went  to  Sydney  to  or- 
ganise branches  of  Koyal  Australian  Banking  Company  ; 
engaged  in  whaling  and  sheep  farming.  [vi.  91] 

BOYD,  HENRY  (</.  1832),  translator  of  Dante ;  pro- 
bably educated  at  Dublin  University  ;  published  trans- 
lations in  Knglish  verse  of  Dante's  'Inferno,'  1785,  and 
'Di viiia  Commedia,'  1802,  also  other  translations  and 
original  poems.  [vi.  91] 

BOYD,  HUGH  (1746-1794),  essayist;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1765;  studied  law  in  London;  became 
acquainted  with  Goldsmith,  Garrick,  Burke,  and  Rey- 
nolds ;  secretary  to  Lord  Macartney,  governor  of  Madras, 
17M,  and  subsequently  master-attendant  at  Madras; 
conducted  •  Madras  Courier '  and  other  papers  in  India  ; 
his  writings  were  collected  and  published  after  his  death. 
The  '  Letters  of  Junius '  have  been  attributed  to  him. 

[vi.  92] 

BOYD,  HUGH  STUART  (1781-1848),  Greek  scholar  ; 
educated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge;  taught  Greek 
when  blind  (1828-48)  to  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning ; 
published  classical  translations  and  other  works. 


[vi.  92] 
;  M.A.  Glasgow: 


BOYD,  JAMES  (1795-1856),  author  .  , 

studied  medicine;  licensed  preacher  by  presbytery  of 
Dumbarton,  1822;  house  governor  in  George  Heriot's 
Hospital,  Edinburgh,  1825  ;  classical  master,  high  school, 
Edinburgh,  1829-56  ;  edited  school-books.  [vi.  93] 

BOYD,  MARK  (1805  ?-1879),  author;  engaged  in 
business  hi  London ;  promoted  colonisation  of  Australia 
and  New  Zealand ;  published  'Reminiscences.'  [vi.  93] 

BOYD,  MARK  ALEXANDER  (1563-1601),  Latin 
scholar ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  served  in  troop  of  horse 
under  Henri  III,  1587;  subsequently  travelled  in  France 
and  Low  Countries,  meeting  with  many  adventures  ;  pub- 
lished letters  and  Latin  and  Greek  poems,  1592,  leaving 
also  manuscripts  in  prose  and  verse.  [vi.  94] 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  LORD  BOYD  (d.  1469?),  Scottish 
statesman ;  created  Lord  Boyd,  1454  ;  one  of  regents  during 
minority  of  James  III,  1460  ;  conspired  with  his  brother, 
Sir  Alexander,  obtained  possession  of  king's  person,  and 
was  made  by  act  of  parliament  sole  governor  of  realm ; 
negotiated  marriage  between  James  and  Margaret  of 
Norway,  1468 ;  appointed  great  chamberlain  for  life,  1467 ; 
found  guilty  of  treason,  1469 ;  fled  to  Alnwick,  North- 
umberland, where  he  died.  [vi.  95] 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  fourth  LORD  BOYD  (d.  1590), 
statesman ;  assisted  the  regent  Arran  in  quelling  Len- 
nox's rebellion,  1544 ;  took  part  with  lords  of  congrega- 
tion in  war  against  queen  regent,  1559 ;  signed  treaty  of 
Berwick  and  joined  English  army  at  Prestonpans,  1560  ; 
subscribed  to  •  Book  of  Discipline  of  Kirk,'  1561 ;  perhaps 
privy  to  murder  of  Darnley ;  member  of  jury  which  ac- 
quitted Bothwell,  1567,  but  joined  confederacy  of  nobles  to 
protect  the  young  prince  against  Bothwell  after  his  mar- 
riage to  Mary  ;  subsequently  again  took  Both  well's  part 
against  bis  calumniators  ;  made  a  permanent  member  of 
privy  council,  1567 ;  with  Mary's  forces  at  Langside,  1568; 
member  of  Mary's  council,  1569  ;  suspected  of  complicity 
in  murder  of  Murray,  1670 ;  joined  regent's  party  (per- 
haps at  Mary's  suggestion),  and  was  made  privy  council- 
lor, 1570;  appointed  by  Morton  extraordinary  lord  of 
session,  1673  ;  party  to  '  Raid  of  Ruthven  '  and  banished, 
1583 ;  restored  to  place  on  bench,  1686 ;  one  of  wardens 
of  marches,  1587.  [vi.  96] 

BOYD,  ROBERT,  of  Trochrig  (1578-1627),  divine  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  on  continent ;  professor  in 
university  of  Saumur,  1606  ;  principal  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1615-21,  and  of  Edinburgh  University,  1622,  but 
was  deprived  for  nonconformity  with  '  five  articles  of 
Perth ' ;  minister  of  Paisley,  1627 ;  wrote  '  Commentary 
on  Epistle  to  Ephesians '  (published  posthumously)  and 
other  works.  [vi.  98] 

BOYD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1710-1794),  general ;  storekeeper 
(civilian)  of  ordnance  at  Port  Mahon,  Minorca,  till  1756  ; 
distinguished  himself  at  siege,  1756,  and  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1758  ;  colonel  of  39th  foot,  1766  ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Malta,  1768 ;  lieutenant-general,  1777 ;  second 
in  command  at  defence  of  Gibraltar,  1779-83 :  K.B. ; 
general,  1793.  [vi.  99] 


BOYD,  ROBERT  (rf.  1883),  alienist ;  M.R.C.S.,  1830 ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1831  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1H52  ;  proprietor  of  a 
private  lunatic  asylum,  Southall  Park  ;  published  treatises 
relating  to  insanity.  [vi.  100] 

BOYD,  THOMAS,  EARL  OF  ARRAN  (Ji.  1469),  son  of 
Robert,  first  lord  Boyd  [q.  v.]  ;  created  Earl  of  Arran 
and  Baron  Kilinarnock,  1467  ;  married  Lady  Mary,  sister 
of  James  III  of  Scotland,  1467;  escorted  Margaret  of 
Norway  from  Denmark  to  Scotland,  1469  ;  fled  on  hearing 
of  his  father's  trial,  and  died  at  Antwerp.  [vi.  95] 

BOYD,  WALTER  (1754  ?-1837),  financier;  banker 
in  Paris;  fled  from  revolution  and  established  bu 
with  Paul  Benfield  [q.  v.]  in  London,  1793  ;  contracted 
for  large  government  loans ;  M.P.  for  Shaftesbury,  1796- 
1802;  bankrupt,  1799;  visited  France,  c.  1802,  and  was 
detained  until  1814;.  M.P.  for Lyniiugtoii,  1823-30;  wrote 
pamphlets  on  financial  subjects.  [vi.  100] 

BOYD,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  OP  KILMARNOCK 
(1704-1746),  general;  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  joined  Young 
Pretender  in  hope  of  advancement,  1745  ;  made  privy 
councillor  to  Prince  Charles,  colonel  of  guards,  and  sub- 
sequently general ;  fought  at  Falkirk,  1746 ;  captured  at 
Culloden ;  executed  on  Tower  Hill.  [vi.  101] 

BOYD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1772),  Irish  presbyteriau  di- 
vine; ordained  minister  of  Macosquiu,  co.  Derry,  1710; 
carried  commission  signed  by  many  presbyterians  to 
Colonel  Suitte,  governor  of  New  England,  proposing  emi- 
gration to  that  colony,  1718  ;  signed  Westminster  con- 
fession, 1721;  elected  moderator  at  Dungannon,  1730; 
one  of  the  divines  who  drew  up  'Serious  Warning," 
1747 ;  published  religious  works.  [vi.  102] 

BOYD,  ZAOHARY  (15857-1653),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1607;  minister  of  Barony  parish, 
Glasgow,  1623;  dean  of  faculty,  rector,  and  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Glasgow  University ;  published  works  in  verse 
and  prose,  and  left  various  manuscripts.  [vi.  103] 

BOYDELL,  JOHN  (1719-1804),  engraver ;  studied  at 
St.  Martin's  Lane  academy;  published  small  sets  of 
landscape  engravings  and  views  of  London,  Oxford,  and 
other  towns ;  set  up  as  printseller  and  publisher  of  en- 
gravings, c.  1751,  and  rapidly  established  extensive  trade : 
sheriff  of  London,  1785;  lord  mayor,  1790;  commissioned 
well-known  artists  to  paint  pictures  illustrative  of  Shake- 
speare (engravings  from  which  were  contained  in  an  edi- 
tion of  Shakespeare  published  hi  1802)  and  built  Shake- 
speare Gallery  in  Pall  Mall  for  their  exhibition  ;  compelled 
by  financial  difficulties  to  dispose  of  his  property  by 
lottery,  but  died  before  lottery  was  drawn.  [vi.  104] 

BOYDELL,  JOSIAH  (1762-1817),  painter  and  en- 
graver; nephew  of  John  Boydell  [q.  v.],  and  partner  and 
successor  in  his  engraving  business :  painted  pictures  for 
the  Shakespeare  Gallery;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1772-99  ;  master  of  Stationers'  Company  and  alderman  of 
Cheap  ward.  [vi.  106] 

BOYER,  ABEL  (1667-1729),  miscellaneous  writer; 
born  in  Upper  Languedoc;  came  to  England,  1689; 
French  teacher  to  William,  duke  of  Gloucester ;  published 
yearly  register  of  political  and  other  occurrences,  1703-13, 
and '  Political  State  of  Great  Britain,'  a  monthly  periodical, 
1711-29.  [vi.  107] 

BOYES,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1811-1879),  classical 
scholar;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  M.A. ;  head-master,  Walthamstow 
proprietary  school ;  published  works  relating  to  classical 
and  English  poetry.  [vi.  108] 

BOYLE,  CHARLES,  fourth  EARL  OF  ORRERY  and 
first  BARON  MARSTON  (1676-1731),  antagonist  of  Bentley ; 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  edited  epistles  of 
Phalaris,  which  led  to  controversy  with  Richard  Bentley 
[q.  v.],  and  to  Swift's  '  Battle  of  the  Books ' ;  fought 
at  Malplaquet ;  major-general,  1709 ;  took  part  in  nego- 
tiations preceding  treaty  of  Utrecht ;  privy  councillor ; 
lord  of  bedchamber,  1714-16 :  imprisoned  for  connection 
with  Layer's  Jacobite  plot,  1721.  [vi.  109] 

BOYLE,  DAVID,  LORD  BOYLE  (1772-1853),  presi- 
dent of  session;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1793;  solicitor- 
general  for  Scotland,  1807 ;  M.P.  for  Ayrshire,  1807-11; 
iu-ticiary  and  lord  justice  clerk,  1811;  privy  councillor, 
1820;  lord  justice  general  uud  president  of  Scottish  court 
of  session,  c.  1810-52.  [vi.  109] 


BOYLE 


133 


BOYS 


BOYLE,  HENRY,  BARON  OARLKTON  (d.  1725),  poli- 
tician;  M.I',  for  Tainworth,  MS'.I  '.MI,  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, 1692-1705,  Westminster,  17ur»-lu;   chancellor  of  ex- 
j.r,  1701  ;  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1704-10;  principal 
iry  of  state,  170H-10;  raised  to  peerage,  1714;  lord 
.-nt  of  council,  1721-5  ;  patron  of  Addisou.  [vi.  110] 

BOYLE,  HENRY,  EAIU,  UK  SHANNON  (1682-1764), 
wlu'K  ixilitidan ;  privy  councillor,  chancellor  of  exchequer, 
commissioner  of  revenue,  and  speaker  of  Irish  House  of 
Commons,  1733  ;  created  Earl  of  Shannon,  1756  ;  fre- 
quently acted  as  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  [vi.  110] 

BOYLE,  JOHN  (1563  ?-1620),  Irish  bishop,  brother  of 
Richard,  first  earl  of  Cork  [q.  v.];  D.D.  Oxford;  bishop 
of  Hoscarberry,  Cork,  and  Cloyne,  1617.  [vi.  112] 

BOYLE,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  OP  COHK,  fifth  EARL  OP 
oi;m:i:Y,und  second  BARON  MAR8TON(  1707-1762),  author; 
son  of  Charles  Boyle  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  D.C.L.,  1743;  F.H.S.,  1750;  friend  of  Swift, 
Pope,  and  Johnson ;  his  works  include  '  Remarks  on 
Swift,'  1751,  and  a  •  Translation  of  Letters  of  Pliny  the 
Younger,'  1751.  [vL  111] 

BOYLE,  MICHAEL,  the  elder  (1580  ?-1635),  Irish 
bishop :  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
J i >hn's  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1601  ;  D.D.,  1611  ;  bishop 
of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  1619.  [vi.  112] 

BOYLE,  MICHAEL,  the  younger  (1609  ?-1702), 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  nephew  of  Michael  Boyle  (1580  ?- 
1635)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  incorporated 
M.A.  Oxford,  1637  ;  D.D.,  1637  ;  chaplain-general  to  Eng- 
lish army  in  Munster ;  privy  councillor  in  Ireland  and 
bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross,  1660 ;  bishop  of 
Dublin,  1663 ;  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1665  ;  archbishop 
of  Armagh,  1675.  [vi.  112] 

BOYLE,  MURRAGH,ViscouNT  BLESSINGTON  (d.1712), 
son  of  Michael  Boyle  (1609  ?-1702)  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  'The 
Lost  Princess,'  a  tragedy.  [vi.  113] 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OP  CORK  (1566-1643), 
Irish  statesman ;  called  the  '  great  earl ' ;  educated  at 
Sennet's  (Corpus  Ohristi)  College,  Cambridge:  entered 
Middle  Temple ;  went  to  Ireland,  1588 ;  escheator  to 
John  Crofton,  escheator  general,  1590 ;  imprisoned  on 
charge  of  embezzling  records,  1592 ;  again  accused  of 
embezzling  records,  but  obtained  acquittal ;  clerk  of 
council  of  Munster ;  conveyed  news  to  Elizabeth  of  vic- 
tory near  Kinsale,  1601 ;  purchased  for  l.OOO/.  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh's  Irish  possessions,  out  of  which  he  rapidly  ac- 
quired a  large  fortune  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  privy  councillor 
for  Munster,  1606,  and  for  Ireland,  1612 ;  created  Lord 
Boyle,  baron  of  Youghal,  1616,  and  Viscount  Dungarvan 
and  Earl  of  Cork,  1620  ;  appointed  one  of  lords  justices  of 
Ireland,  1629  ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1631 ;  he  worked  skil- 
fully and  with  persistent  secrecy  to  undermine  Went- 
worth's  authority  from  1633,  and  was  probably  largely 
responsible  for  his  impeachment,  1641.  [vi.  113] 

BOYLE,  RICHARD  (d.  1644),  divine ;  brother  of 
Michael  Boyle  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  dean  of  Waterford,  1603  ; 
bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross,  1620 ;  archbishop  of 
Tuam,  1638.  [vi.  116] 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OF  BURLINGTON 
and  second  EARL  OP  CORK  (1612-1697),  statesman:  son 
of  Richard  Boyle,  first  earl  of  Cork  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
1624;  assisted  his  father  in  Irish  rebellion,  1642 ;  sup- 
ported king  during  war ;  created  Baron  Clifford  of 
Lanesborough,  Yorkshire,  1643 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  custos  rotulorum,  e.  1663 ; 
created  Earl  of  Burlington,  1663  ;  promoted  cause  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary.  [vi.  116] 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  third  EARL  OP  BURLINGTON  and 
fourth  EARL  OP  CORK-  (1695-1753),  statesman;  privy 
councillor,  1714  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, custos  rotulorum  of  North  and  West  Ridings,  and 
lonl  high  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1716 ;  K.C.G.,  1730 ;  he 
was  a  patron  of  literature  and  art,  and  spent  large  sums 
of  money  in  gratifying  a  taste  for  architecture,  altering 
mid  partly  reconstructing  Burlington  House,  London, 
1716.  [vi.  117] 

BOYLE,  HON.  ROBERT  (1627-1691),  natural  philo- 
sopher and  chemist ;  son  of  Richard  Boyle,  first  earl  of 
Cork  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  by  private  tutors ; 


studied  on  continent :  returned  to  England,  1644  ;  settled 
at  oxfoni,  1654,  erected  l:itior:itory,  and  in  1  •',<;<»  pi'hlir-lied 
'  New  Experiment-  l'iiyM<'o-Mfchanir;il,'(to  .-ivond  -ditioii 
of  which  (1662)  was  appended  his  'Defence  against 
Linus,'  containing  experimental  proof  of  proportional 
relation  between  elasticity  and  pressure,  known  as 
'Boyle's  Law';  published  moral  and  religious  essays, 
and  studied  Hebrew,  Greek,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac  :  governor 
of  Corporation  for  the  Spread  of  the  Gospel  in  New  Eng- 
land, 1661-89,  and  a  director  of  the  East  India  Company  ; 
took  leading  part  in  founding  Royal  Society,  on  first 
council  of  which  he  sat,  declining  office  of  president 
from  a  scruple  about  the  oaths.  His  voluminous  writings 
(published  between  1660  and  1691),  while  embodying  no 
great  discovery,  exhibit  vividly  the  fruitfulness  of  the 
experimental  method ;  the  first  complete  edition  of 
them  was  published  by  Birch  in  1744,  5  vols.  Boyle 
bequeathed  his  mineralogical  collections  to  the  Royal 
Society,  and  by  his  will  founded  and  endowed  the  '  Boyle 
Lectures.'  [vi.  118] 

BOYLE,  ROGER,  BARON  BROGHILL  and  first  EARL 
OP  ORRERY  (1621-1679),  statesman,  soldier,  and  dramatist ; 
son  of  Richard  Boyle,  first  earl  of  Cork  [q.  v.] ;  created 
Baron  Broghill,  1627 ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, and  at  Oxford ;  travelled  in  France  and  Italy  ;  com- 
manded troops  in  Scotland,  and  (1641-2)  Ireland  ;  served 
under  parliamentarians,  1647-8 ;  accepted  from  Crom- 
well general's  command  in  Ireland,  1650  ;  M.P.  for  Cork, 
1664,  and  for  Cork  and  Edinburgh,  1656,  being  sent,  as 
lord  president  of  council,  to  Scotland  ;  member  of  Crom- 
well's council ;  obtained  command  in  Munster,  being  con- 
vinced that  Richard  Cromwell's  cause  was  hopeless,  and, 
with  Sir  Charles  Coote,  secured  Ireland  for  the  king; 
M.P.  for  Arundel  in  Convention  parliament ;  one  of  lords 
justices  of  Ireland,  and  created  Earl  of  Orrery,  1660  ;  im- 
peached for  raising  money  by  his  own  authority  from  the 
king's  subjects,  but  proceedings  stopped  by  the  king's 
proroguing  parliament ;  his  publications  include  a  '  Trea- 
tise on  the  Art  of  War '(1677),  and  rhymed  tragedies, 
some  of  which  were  produced  with  success.  [vi.  123] 

BOYLE,  ROGER  (1617  ?-1687),  bishop;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  dean  of  Cork  ;  bishop  of  Down 
and  Connor,  1667,  and  of  Clogher,  1672  ;  wrote  religious 
works.  [vi.  126] 

BOYNE,  first  VISCOUNT  (1639-1723).  [See  HAMIL- 
TON, GUSTAVUS.] 

BOYDTE,  JOHN  (d.  1810),  water-colour  painter  and 
engraver  ;  drawing  master  in  London  ;  his  works  include 
heads  from  Shakespeare's  plays.  [vi.  127] 

BOYS  or  BOSCHTTS,  DAVID  (d.  1451),  Carmelite; 
i  lecturer  in  theology  at  Oxford ;    head  of  Carmelite  com- 
munity at  Gloucester.  [vi.  127] 

BOYS,  EDWARD  (1599-1667),  divine;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1627  ; 
B.D.,  1634  ;  rector  of  Mautboy,  Norfolk,  1639-67. 

[vi.  127] 

BOYS,  EDWARD  (1785-1866),  captain  ;  sou  of  John 

Boys  (1749-1824)  [q.  v.]  ;    entered  navy,  1796;    prisoner 

in  France,  1803-9  ;  commander,  1814  ;  superintendent  of 

I  Deal  dockyard,  1837-41 ;    published  account  of  his  cap- 

I  tivity,  1827.  [vi.  128] 

BOYS,  JOHN  (1571-1625),  divine;  M.A.  Corpus 
!  Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Clare  Hall ;  master 
I  of  Eastbridge  Hospital ;  D.D.,  1605 ;  dean  of  Canterbury, 
1  1619;  member  of  high  commission  court,  1620;  chief 
|  works,  '  Expositions '  of  the  Dominical  epistles  and  gospels 
and  of  the  proper  psalms.  [vi.  128] 

BOYS,  JOHN  (1561-1644).    [See  Bois.] 

BOYS,    JOHN  (1614 ?-1661),  translator   of   Virgil; 
|  nephew  of  Edward  Boys  (1699-1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  presented  to 
i  mayor  of  Canterbury  declaration  in  favour  of  the  a-^sem- 
bly  of  a  free  parliament,  and  narrowly  escaped  imprison- 
ment, 1660  ;  published  verse  translations  from  Virgil. 

[vi.  129] 

BOYS,  SIR  JOHN  (1607-1664),  royalist;  captain  in 
royal  army  and  governor  of  Donning  ton  Castle,  Berk- 
shire, which  he  three  times  successfully  defended,  1644  ; 
knighted,  and  appointed  colonel,  1644 ;  imprisoned  for  peti- 
tioning for  free  parliament,  1659  ;  receiver  of  customs  at 
Dover  under  Charles  II.  [vi.  130] 


BOYS 


134 


BRADE 


BOYS,  JOHN  (1749-1824),  Kentish  agriculturist: 
famous  for  his  breed  of  Southdown  sheep ;  published 
works  on  agricultural  subjects.  [vi.  131] 

BOYS,  THOMAS  (1792-1880),  theologian  and  anti- 
quary ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1817  ;  attached 
to  military  cheat  in  Peninsula,  1813  ;  ordained,  1822  :  in- 
cumbent of  Holy  Trinity,  Hoxtou  ;  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  .Missionary  College,  Islington,  1836  ;  published  transla- 
tion of  bible  into  Portuguese.  [vi.  131] 

BOYS,  THOMAS  SHOTTER  (1803-1874),  water-colour 
painter  and  lithographer  ;  studied  painting  in  Paris  ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  from  1824 ;  executed,  litho- 
graphed, and  engraved  illustrations  for  several  publica- 
tions, including  Uu- kin's  'Stones  of  Venice.'  [vi.  132] 

BOYS,  WILLIAM  (1735-1803),  surgeon;  mayor  of 
Sandwich,  1767  and  1782  ;  F.S.A.,  1776  :  surgeon  to  sick 
and  wounded  seamen  at  Deal,  1789 ;  published  archaeo- 
logical and  topographical  writings.  [v.  132] 

BOYSE,  JOSEPH  (1660-1728),  presbyterian  minister ; 
ministered  at  Brownist  church  at  Amsterdam,  1682 ; 
minister  at  Dublin,  1683-1728 ;  published  controversial 
tracts  in  behalf  of  the  presbyterian  dissent.  [vi.  133] 

BOYSE,  SAMUEL  (1708-1749),  poet ;  son  of  Joseph 
Boyse  [q.  y.] ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  ;  adopted 
no  profession,  and  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  ex- 
perienced great  poverty.  His  writings  include  'The 
Deity,'  a  poem  (1739),  and  '  An  Historical  Review  of  the 
Transactions  of  Europe,  1739-45 '  (1747).  [vi.  135] 

BRABAZON,  ROGER  LK  (d.  1317),  judge ;  justice 
itinerant  of  pleas  of  forest  in  Lancashire,  1287  ;  justice  of 
king's  bench,  1289 ;  prepared  proofs  of  legality  of  Ed- 
ward I's  claim  to  suzerainty  over  Scotland,  1291 ;  justice 
itinerant  in  west  of  England,  1291 ;  chief- justice,  1295- 
1316  :  member  of  Prince  Edward's  council,  1297  ;  sat  on 
trial  of  Earl  of  Atholl  and  convicted  him,  1307  ;  commis- 
sioner of  various  royal  forests,  1300-16.  [vi.  137] 

BRABAZON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1552),  lord  justice  of 
Ireland;  knighted  and  appointed  vice-treasurer  and 
general  receiver  of  Ireland,  1534  ;  lord  justice  of  Ireland, 
1543, 1546,  and  1549  ;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1547. 

BRABOURNE,  BARON  (1829-1893).     [See  K'NATCH- 

BULI,-HUGE8SEN,  EDWARD   HUOKSSEN,] 

BRABOURNE,  THEOPHILUS  (6.  1590),  divine; 
ordained  before  1628 :  minister  at  Norwich ;  published 
4  Discourse  upon  Sabbath  Day,'  maintaining  that  Satur- 
day was  the  sabbath,  1628,  and  '  Defence  of  Sabbath  Day,' 
1632 ;  imprisoned  and  ultimately  recanted  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  high  commission  court.  [vi.  139] 

BRACEGIRDLE,  ANNE  ( 1663  ?-1748),  actress;  ap- 
peared at  Theatre  Royal,  1688,  as  Lucia  in  Shadwell's 
'Squire  of  Alsatia';  with  Betterton  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields  Theatre  as  Angelica  in '  Love  for  Love,'  1695;  created 
Belinda  in  Vanbrugh's  •  Provoked  Wife,'  and  Almeria  in 
Congreve's  'Mourning  Bride,'  1697;  played  Isabella, 
Portia,  Desdemona,  Ophelia,  Cordelia,  and  Mrs.  Ford,  in 
Shakespearean  adaptations ;  eclipsed  by  Mrs.  Oldfleld, 
1707,  retiring  from  the  stage  in  consequence,  [vi.  141] 

BRACEOIRDLE,  JOHN  (d.  1611),  poet ;  B.D.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1602  ;  vicar  of  Rye,  1602-14 ;  author 
of  a  poetical  translation  from  Boethius.  [vi.  142] 

BRACKEN,  HENRY  (1697-1764),  physician  ;  studied 
in  London,  Paris,  and  Leyden ;  M.D.  Leyden  ;  mayor  of 
Lancaster,  1747-8,  and  1757-8;  groundlessly  imprisoned 
for  abetting  Jacobite  rebellion,  1746  ;  published  works  on 
farriery.  [vi.  142] 

BRACKENBTJRY,  CHARLES  BOOTH  (1831-1890), 
major-general ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1850  ; 
served  in  Crimea ;  captain,  1865  ;  military  correspondent 
of  the '  Times  '  with  Austrian  army,  1866,  in  Le  Mans 
campaign,  1870-1,  and  Turkish  war,  1877  ;  colonel,  1882  ; 
director  of  artillery  studies  at  Woolwich,  1887  ;  received 
temporary  rank  of  major-general,  1889 ;  wrote  on  mili- 
tary subjects.  [Suppl.  L  246] 

BRACKENBURY,  SIB  EDWARD  (1785-1864),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  lieutenant,  1803  ;  served  in  Peninsula  ; 
attached  to  Portuguese  and  Spanish  army,  1814-16; 
knighted,  1836  ;  lieutenantroolonel,  1837.  [vi.  143] 


BRACKENBURY,  JOSEPH  (1788-1864),  poet;  gra- 
duated at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  chaplain  to 
Madras  establishment,  1812  ;  published  poems,  [vi.  144] 

BRACKENBURY  or  BRAKENBURY,  SIR  ROBERT 
(d.  1485),  constable  of  the  Tower;  appointed  ma-tn- 
worker  of  moneys  and  keeper  of  king's  exchange  at  Te    . 
I  of  London,  and  constable  for  life  of  Tower,  1483  ;  serve 
against  rebels  headed  by  Henry  Stafford,  second  duke 
Buckingham  [q.  v.] ;  '  esquire  of  royal  body  ' ;  keeper 
lions  in  Tower,  1484  ;  vice-admiral  and  commissioner  of 
admiralty,  1484  ;  knighted  ;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1485  :  rcfi 
to  obey  command  of  Richard  III  to  make  away  with 
princes  in  Tower  and  delivered  keys  to  Sir  James  Tyrrell 
[q.  v.] ;  held  command  under  Richard  at  Bosworth  and 
was  killed.  [Suppl.  i.  246] 

BRACKLEY,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  EGKRTON,  SIR  THOMAS, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1540  ?-1617 ;  EGKRTON,  JOHN,  second 
VISCOUNT,  1579-1649.] 

BRACTON,  BRATTON,  or  BRETTON,  HENRY  DB 
(d.  1268),  ecclesiastic  aud  judge;  justice  itinerant  for 
Nottinghamshire  and  Derbyshire,  1245,  Northumberland, 
Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  and  Lancashire,  1246,  and 
western  counties  between  1260  and  1267 ;  chancellor  of 
Exeter  Cathedral,  1264 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter  and  of 
I  '.o-l  m 1 11.  and  perhaps  chief- justice  ;  wrote,  between  1235 
and  1259,  'De  Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Angliae '  (first 
complete  edition,  Richard  Tottell's,  1569),  the  earliest 
attempt  to  treat  the  whole  extent  of  the  law  in  a  manner 
at  once  systematic  and  practical.  [vi.  144] 

BRADBERRY,  sometimes  called  BRADBURY, 
DAVID  (1736-1803),  nonconformist  divine  ;  minister  of 
baptist  congregations  in  London,  Ramsgate,  and  Man- 
chester ;  published  religious  works.  [vi.  147] 

BRADBRIDGE  or  BRODEBRIDGE,  WILLIAM 
(1501-1578),  bishop  of  Exeter  ;'  B.A.  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1528;  fellow,  1529;  M.A.,  1532;  B.D.,  1539; 
espoused  reformed  religion  and  fled  from  England,  1553  ; 
prebendary  of  Sarum,  1555 ;  canon  of  Chichester ;  sub- 
scribed to  articles  of  1562  and  1571 ;  chancellor  of  Chi- 
chester, 1562  ;  dean  of  Salisbury,  1563  ;  bishop  of  Exeter, 
1571.  [vi.  147] 

BRADBURN,  SAMUEL  (1751-1816),  methodist 
preacher;  itinerant  minister,  c.  1772,  and  one  of  the 
greatest  preachers  of  his  day.  [vi.  149] 

BRADBURY,  GEORGE  (d.  1696),  judge ;  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1663  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1667  ;  one  of 
chiefs  of  bar  summoned  to  consult  with  peers  on  political 
crisis,  1688 ;  judge  in  exchequer  court,  1689.  [vi.  149] 

BRADBURY,  HENRY  (1831-1860),  writer  on  print- 
ing ;  studied  nature-printing  in  Vienna.  [vi.  150] 

BRADBURY,  THOMAS  (1677-1759),  congregational 
minister;  pastor  of  independent  congregations  in  New 
Street,  Fetter  Lane,  1707,  and  at  New  Court,  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  1728  ;  published  religious  works  and  sermons, 
many  of  which  were  political.  [vi.  150] 

BRADDOCK,  EDWARD  (1695-1756),  major-general ; 
ensign,  1710  ;  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel,  grenadier 
company,  1735  ;  second  major,  Coldstreams,  1743 ;  accom- 
panied Admiral  Lestock's  expedition  to  L'Orient,  1746; 
served  under  Prince  of  Orange  in  Holland,  1746-8  ;  colonel . 
of  14th  foot  at  Gibraltar,  1753 ;  major-general,  1754 ; 
general  and  commander-in-chief  in  North  America,  1755  ; 
commanded  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  1755, 
when  he  was  mortally  wounded.  [vi.  163] 

BRADDOCKE,  JOHN  (1666-1719),  divine ;  M.A.  St. 
Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1678;  chaplain  to  Bishop 
of  Exeter,  1707  ;  master  of  Eastbridge  Hospital,  Kent, 
1709.  [vi.  155] 

BRADDON,  LAURENCE  (d.  1724),  politician  :  called 
to  bar  at  Middle  Temple;  imprisoned,  1683-9,  for  dis- 
seminating rumours  that  Earl  of  Essex  (who  died  in 
Tower,  1683)  was  murdered ;  solicitor  to  wine  licence 
office,  1695 ;  published  works  relating  to  Essex's  death, 
and  other  writings.  [vi.  155] 

BRADE,  JAMES  (1795  ?-1860).    [See  BRAID.] 

BRADE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1616),  English  musician; 
violinist  to  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp  and  to  town  of 
Hamburg ;  capellmeister  to  margrave  of  Brandenburg, 
1619 ;  perhaps  died  at  Frankfurt,  1647 ;  published  musical 
compositions.  [vi.  166] 


BRADFIELD 


135 


BRADSHAW 


BRADFIELD,    HENRY    JOSEPH    RTEELE    (1805- 

1862).   surgeon   and   author:   stipendiary    magistrate  in 

-.'15,  and  Trinidad,  1838;  colonial  secretary  in 

Barbados.  IHI'2;  dismissed;  published  poetical  and  other 

works.  [vi.  156] 

BRADFORD,  first  EARL  OP  (1619-17U8).    [See  NKW- 

I'OHT,  KHANCIS.] 

BRADFORD,  BAH«>\>  <-K.  [s«v  NKWIN.HT,  RHHAHH, 
first  BAIION,  1587-1651  ;  NKWI-OUT,  FRANCIS,  second 
HAH.IX,  1619-1708.] 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (1510  ?-1565),  protestant  martyr : 

studied  at  Inner  Temple,  1547;  entered  St.  Catharine's 
Hall.  Cambridge,  1548 ;  M.A.,  1649;  fellow  of  Pembroke 
Hall :  chaplain  to  Bishop  Ridley ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1551  ;  one  of  king's  chaplains  in  ordinary;  im- 
prisoned on  charge  of  preaching  seditious  sermons,  1553-5  ; 
condemned  and  burnt  at  Smithfield  ;  wrote  sermons  and 
cither  reliirioiis  works  and  translations.  [vi.  157] 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (d.  1780),  Welsh  poet,  presided  in 
bardic  chair  of  Glamorgan,  1750.  [vi.  159] 

BRADFORD,  JOHN  (1750-1805),  dissenting  minister ; 
B.A.  \Vadham  College,  Oxford;  curate  at  Frelsham, 
Berkshire ;  joined  Countess  of  Huntingdon's  connexion  ; 
preached  at  City  Chapel,  Grub  Street,  London,  1797-1805 ; 
published  religious  works.  [vi.  160] 

BRADFORD,  SAMUEL  (1652-1731),  bishop  of 
Rochester ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  Charterhouse, 
and  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1680 ;  D.D., 
1706  ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1697  ;  rector  of  St. 
Mary-le-Bow,  1693 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  William  III, 
1698 ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1708 ;  Boyle  lecturer, 
1699  ;  master  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  1716-24 ;  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  1718 ;  bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of  West- 
minster, 1723  ;  dean  of  order  of  Bath,  1725.  [vi.  160] 

BRADFORD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1777-1853),  general; 
ensign,  1793;  assistant  adjutant-general  in  Scotland, 
1801;  served  in  Peninsula,  1808;  colonel,  1810;  com- 
manded Portuguese  division  at  Vittoria  ;  held  command 
in  France,  1815-17,  and  in  Scotland,  1819-25  ;  commander- 
in-chief  at  Bombay,  1826-9  ;  Q.C.B.,  1838 ;  general,  1841. 


[vi.  161] 
,  second  go 


BRADFORD  WILLIAM  (1590-1657),  second  governor 
of  Plymouth,  New  England  ;  joined  Brownists,  1606,  and 
followed  them  to  Amsterdam,  1607 ;  accompanied  the 
community  to  Leyden,  1609,  and,  in  the  Mayflower,  to 
Plymouth,  New  England,  1620 ;  succeeded  Carver  as 
governor  of  Plymouth,  1621,  and  was  re-elected  every  year 
(with  exception  of  two  intervals  of  three  years  and  two 
years  respectively  at  his  own  request) ;  joint  author  of  '  A 
Diary  of  Occurrences,'  1622,  leaving  in  manuscript  a 
'  History  of  the  Plymouth  Plantation '  (published  1856). 

[vi.  161] 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM  (1663-1752),  first  printer  in 
Pennsylvania ;  accompanied  William  Peun  on  his  first 
voyage  to  Pennsylvania,  1682  ;  established  first  American 
paper  mill,  near  Philadelphia,  1686  ;  appointed  royal 
printer  for  New  York  and  New  Jersey ;  projected  first 
book  printed  in  America,  1688 :  began  publication  of 
'New  York  Gazette,'  the  first  New  York  newspaper, 
1726.  [vi.  164] 

BRADICK,  WALTER  (1706-1794),  merchant  at 
Lisbon  ;  published  poetical  and  other  writings,  [vi.  165] 

BRADLAUGH,  CHARLES  (1833-1891),  freethought 
advocate  and  politician  ;  private  soldier  in  army,  1850-3  ; 
clerk  in  solicitor's  office  in  London,  1863 ;  entered  into 
freethought  and  radical  propaganda  under  name  of 
'  Iconoclast ' ;  proprietor  of  •  National  Reformer  '  from 
1862 ;  member  of  parliamentary  reform  league,  1866 ; 
elected  M.P.  for  Northampton,  1880 ;  was  refused  right  to 
affirm  instead  of  swearing  on  bible  ;  unseated  ;  re-elected, 
1881,  and  was  ejected  from  house  by  force ;  expelled,  1882  ; 
re-elected,  1882,  and  excluded,  1883;  re-elected,  1884,  ex- 
cluded, 1885 ;  again  elected,  1885,  and  allowed  to  take  his 
seat,  1886,  remaining  M.P.  for  Northampton  till  death. 
He  engaged  in  several  lawsuits  to  maintain  freedom  of 
press,  published  pamphlets,  and  from  1874  to  1885  was 
associated  with  Mrs.  Besant's  work.  [Suppl.  i.  248] 

BRADLEY,  CHARLES  (1789-1871).  preacher:  edu- 
cated at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford ;  vicar  of  Glasbury, 
Brecknockshire,  1825-71 ;  incumbent  of  St.  James's  Chapel, 
Clapham,  1829-52  ;  published  sermons.  [vi.  165] 


BRADLEY.  EDWARD  (1827-1889),  author  of '  Verdant 
(ireen  ' ;  B.A.  University ColW«j,  Durham,  1848  ;  licentiate 
in  theology,  1849;  rector  of  Stretton,  Rutland.  1871; 
published  'Adventures  of  .Mr.  Verdant  Green,  an  Oxford 
Freshman,'  1863-6 ;  vicar  of  Lenton  with  Hanby,  18H3  : 
contributed  extensively  (as  E.  B.  or  'Cuthbert  Bale')  to 
pericxlicals,  and  published  works  in  verse  and  prose,  some 
illustrated  by  himself.  [Suppl.  i.  250] 

BRADLEY,  GEORGE  (1816-1863),  editor  of  'New- 
castle Guardian,'  1848  ;  published  system  of  shorthand. 

[vl.  166] 

BRADLEY,     JAMES    (1693-1762),    divine    and   as- 
tronomer;  M.A.    Balliol  College,    Oxford,    1717;    made 
observations  on  Jovian  system  and  had  his  'Corrected 
Tables'  printed  in  Halley's    'Planetary    Tables,'  1719: 
F.R.S.,  1718 ;  presented  to  vicarage  of  Brldstow,  1719 ; 
chaplain  to  bishop  of  Hereford  ;  elected  Savilian  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  resigned  preferments,  1721  ; 
announced  discovery  of  '  aberration  of  light '  in  paper 
read  to  Royal  Society,  1729 ;  lecturer  on  experimental 
i  philosophy  at  Oxford,  1729-60 ;    astronomer-royal,    and 
I  D.D.  by  diploma,  Oxford,  1742  ;  published  discovery  of 
nutation  of  earth's  axis  in  paper  read  to  Royal  Society, 
j  1748,  and  was  awarded  Copley  medal ;  member  of  council 
;  of  Royal  Society,  1752-62.    His  observations  were  pub- 
:  lished  in  two  volumes  (1798  and  1805).  [vi.  166] 

BRADLEY,  RALPH  (1717-1788),  lawyer :  called  to 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn ;  conveyancing  barrister  at  Stockton- 
on-Tees  ;  published  works  on  conveyancing.  [vi.  171] 

BRADLEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1732),  botanist;  F.R.S., 
i  1720  ;  appointed  professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  1724  : 
;  lectured  on  '  Materia  Medica,'  1729 :  published  horti- 
i  cultural  works.  [vi.  172] 

BRADLEY,    THOMAS     (1597-1670),    divine:    B.A. 

Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1620 ;  accompanied  Buckingham 

to  Isle  of  Rh6  and  Rochelle  as  chaplain,  1627  ;  chaplain  to 

I  Charles  1, 1628  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1642  ;  temporarily  deprived 

i  of  his  livings  in  Yorkshire  by  parliamentary  committee ; 

prebendary  of  York,  1666 ;  published  sermons,    [vi.  172] 

BRADLEY,  THOMAS  (1751-1813),  physician ;  M.D. 
!  Edinburgh,  and  L.O.P.,  1791 ;  physician  to  Westminster 
Hospital,  1794-1811 ;  published  revised  edition  of  Fox's 
j  '  Medical  Dictionary,'  1803.  [vi.  173] 

BRADLEY,  WILLIAM  (1801-1857),  portrait  painter  : 
exhibited    at    Royal    Academy    and   other    institutions 
i  between  1823  and  1846.  [vi.  173] 

BRADOCK,  THOMAS  (/.  1576-1604),  translator: 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1580  :  incorporated 
M.A.  Oxford,  1584 ;  head-master,  Reading  grammar 
school,  1588  ;  translated  into  Latin  Jewell's  confutation 
of  Harding's  attack  on  Jewell's  '  Apologia.'  [vi.  173] 

BRADSHAIGH,  RICHARD  (1601-1669).  [See 
BAKTON.] 

BRADSHAW,  ANN  MARIA  (1801-1862),  actress  and 
vocalist ;  nte  Tree  :  appeared,  after  1819,  as  Ariel,  Viola, 
:  Imogen,  Julia  ('  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona '),  Ophelia, 
j  and  Rosalind  at  Covent  Garden  ;  retired,  1825.  [vi.  174] 

BRADSHAW,  GEORGE    (1801-1853),   originator  of 

I  railway    guides  ;    engraver   and  printer  at  Belfast  and 

I  afterwards  at  Manchester  ;  first  produced,  1839, '  Railway 

Time  Tables,'  which  developed  into  '  Bradshaw's  Monthly 

Railway  Guide '  (first  published  1841) ;  associate  of  In- 

1  stitution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1842.  [vi.  174] 

BRADSHAW,  HENRY  (d.  1513),  Benedictine  monk 

'  of    Chester;    studied    theology     at   Gloucester   College, 

!  Oxford.    Wrote 'De  Antiquitate  et  Magnificeutia  Urbis 

i  Oestrine '  and  '  Chronicon  and  a  Life  of  St.  Werburgh ' 

in  English  verse  (published  1521).  [vi.  176] 

BRADSHAW,  HENRY  (rf.  1661),  parliamentarian : 
elder  brother  of  John  Bradshaw  (1602-1659)  [q.  v.]  ;  served 
in  parliamentary  ariny  ;  sat  on  court-martial  which  tried 
Earl  of  Derby  and  other  royalists  at  Chester,  1652  ;  im- 
prisoned for  this  act,  1660-1  ;  pardoned,  1661.  [vi.  181] 

BRADSHAW,  HENRY  (1831-1886),  scholar,  anti- 
quary, and  librarian ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1853 ;  B.A.,  1864 :  assistant  in 
Cambridge  University  Library,  1866-8;  appointed  to 
supervise  and  arrange  manuscripts  and  early  printed 
books  at  Cambridge,  1869:  took  prominent  part  in 


BRADSHAW 


136 


BRAHAM 


exposing  pretences  of  forger  Simonides,  1863 ;  librarian 
of  the  university,  1867-HC, :  published  treatise  on  typo- 
graphical and  antiquarian  -ubuvts  some  con; 
original  discoveries.  The  'Henry  I'.rad-lmw  So,-iet\.' 
for  ix li tins?  rare  liturgical  texts,  was  founded  in  his 
memory,  IH'.to.  [Suppl.  i.  251] 

BRADSHAW,  JAMES  (1636  ?-1702),  nonconformist 
divine:  educated  at  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford : 
ordained  minister  of  Hindley,  Lancashire  :  concerned  in 
si r  George  Booth's  royalist  rising;  ejected,  1662 :  minis- 
ter at  Rainford  chapel,  Prescot,  1672;  published  re- 
ligious works.  [vi.  176] 

BRADSHAW,  JAMES  (1717-1746),  Jacobite  rebel ; 
merchant  in  Manchester ;  joined  cause  of  Young  Preten- 
der, 1745 ;  captured  at  Culloden  and  subsequently  exe- 
cuted, [vi.  176] 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN  (1576-1618).    [See  WHITE.] 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN  (1602-1659),  regicide  ;  called  to 
bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1627  ;  judge  of  sheriffs'  court,  in 
London.  1643 ;  chief-justice  of  Chester  and  judge  in 
Wales,  1647 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1648  ;  lord  president  of 
parliamentary  commission  for  trial  of  Charles  I,  1649  ; 
presided  at  Charles's  trial  and  pronounced  sentence,  and 
subsequently  at  trials  of  leading  royalists ;  president  of 
council  of  state,  1649-52 ;  attorney-general  of  Cheshire 
and  North  Wales,  1649 ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1649-53 ;  opposed  Cromwell's  gradual  assumption 
of  arbitrary  power,  and  temporarily  retired  from  political 
life ;  member  of  council  of  state  and  commissioner  of 
great  seal,  1659 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  In  1660 
Bradshaw,  Cromwell,  Ireton,  and  Pride,  though  dead, 
were  attainted,  and  their  bodies  exhumed,  hanged,  and 
reburied  at  Tyburn.  [vi.  176] 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN  (fl.  1679),  political  writer; 
condemned  to  death  for  violence  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  but  pardoned;  subsequently  turned 
quaker  and,  later,  papist.  [vL  181] 

BRADSHAW,  LUORETIA  (/.  1714),  actress  ; 
married  Martin  Folkes  [q.  v.],  1714  ;  played  Sylvia  in  the 
'  Double  Dealer.'  [xix.  362] 

BRADSHAW,  RICHARD  (fl.  1650),  parliamentarian  ; 
quartermaster-general  under  Sir  William  Brereton 
[q.  v.]  in  civil  war :  employed  by  parliament  on  diplo- 
matic missions,  1650-9  ;  commissioner  of  navy,  1660. 

[vi.  181] 

BRADSHAW,  THOMAS  (fl.  1591),  poet;  M.A. 
Oxford,  1549  ;  published  « The  Shepherd's  Starre,'  1591,  a 
Theocritean  paraphrase  in  prose  and  verse.  [vi.  182] 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM  (1571-1618),  puritan  di- 
vine ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge :  came  under 
influence  of  Thomas  Cartwright  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1699 ;  lecturer  at  Chatham, 
1601,  but  suspended  for  heretical  teaching ;  lecturer  at 
Christ  Chnrch,  Newgate,  c.  1605;  published  'English 
Puritanisme,'  1605,  basing  a  scheme  of  church  polity  on 
complete  autonomy  of  individual  congregations,  while 
advocating  strongly  duty  of  submission  to  civil  authority. 

[vi.  182] 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM  (/.  1700),  hack  writer, 
employed  by  the  eccentric  bookseller  John  Dunton,  whom 
he  robbed.  [vi.  185] 

BRADSHAW,  WILLIAM  (1671-1732),  bishop  of 
Bristol ;  M.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1700  ;  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  1717 ;  D.D.,  1723  ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Bristol,  1724.  [vi.  185] 

BRADSHAWE,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1635),  author  of 
'  Canticvm  Evangelicvm  Suminam  Sacri  Evangelii  con- 
tinens,'  1635.  [vi.  186] 

BRADSTREET,  ANNE  (1612-1672),  poetess;  nte 
Dudley:  settled  at  Charlestown,  New  England,  1630, 
at  Ipswich,  1634,  and  Merrimac,  1638 ;  published  "The 
Tenth  Muse*  (1650),  and  left  in  manuscript  'Medita- 
tions.' [vi.  186] 

BRADSTREET,  DUDLEY  (1711-1763),  adventurer; 
employed  as  spy  by  government  officials  and  the  Dukes  of 
Newcastle  and  Cumberland  during  Jacobite  rising,  1745  ; 
wrote  an  acting  play  entitled  the  'Magician,  or  Bottle 
Conjurer,'  printed  with  his  '  Life '  (1755).  [vi.  187] 


BRADSTREET,  ROBERT  (1766-1836),  poet  ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1789;  published  'The 
Sabine  Farm,'  a  poem,  in  10.  [vi.  187] 

BRADSTREET,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1735  ?- 1791), 
baronet;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1768;  recorder  of  Dublin, 
1766 ;  M.P.  for  city  of  Dublin  in  Irish  parliament,  1776 
and  1783  :  judge,  1784  ;  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1788. 

[vi.  188] 

BRADWARDINE,  THOMAS  (1290  ?-1349),  arch- 
!>i<hop  of  Canterbury;  educated  at  Merton  College, 
Oxford ;  university  proctor,  1325 ;  expanded  his  lectures 
on  theology  into  a  treatise  which  earned  for  him  the  title  of 
Doctor  Profundus  ;  chaplain  to  Richard  of  Bury,  bishop 
of  Durham,  1335 ;  chancellor  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1337;  prebendary  of  Lincoln;  royal  chaplain  and  con- 
fessor, 1338  ;  one  of  commissioners  to  treat  of  peace  with 
King  Philip  after  battles  of  Cressy  and  Neville's  Cross  ; 
consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  at  Avignon,  1349  ; 
wrote  religious  treatises.  [vi.  188] 

BRADY,  SIR  ANTONIO  (1811-1881),  admiralty 
official ;  second-class  clerk  in  accountant-general's  office, 
Somerset  House,  1844;  registrar  of  contracts,  1864  ;  first 
superintendent  of  admiralty  new  contract  department, 
1869-70;  knighted,  1870;  devoled  himself  to  social, 
educational,  and  religious  reforms.  [vi.  190] 

BRADY,  HENRY  BOWMAN  (1835-1891),  natural- 
ist and  pharmacist ;  carried  on  business  as  pharmaceutical 
chemist  at  Newcastle,  185»-76  :  on  council  of  pharmaceu- 
tical Society;  F.L.S.,  1859-87;  F.R.S.,  1874;  honorary 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1888  ;  published  '  Report  on  Fora- 
minifera,  collected  by  H.M.S.  Challenger,'  1884,  and  other 
works.  [Suppl.  i.  254] 

BRADY,  HUGH  (d.  1584),  Irish  bishop  ;  bishop  of 
Meath  and  Irish  privy  councillor,  1563  ;  bishop  of  united 
see  of  Meath  and  Clonmacnoise  from  1568.  [Suppl.  i.  254] 

BRADY,  JOHN  (d.  1814),  clerk  in  victualling  office  ; 
published  '  Clavis  Calendaria,'  1812.  [vi.  191] 

BRADY,  Sm  MAZIERE  (1796-1871),  Irish  lawyer; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819 ;  called  to  Irish  bar, 
1819 ;  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1837  ;  attorney-general, 
1839  ;  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1840  ;  judge  of  Irish  court 
of  chancery,  1846 ;  lord  chancellor  in  Ireland,  1847-52, 
1853-8  and  1859-66 ;  first  vice-chancellor  of  the  Queen's 
University,  1850 ;  created  baronet,  1869.  [vi.  191] 

BRADY,  NICHOLAS  (1659-1726),  divine  and  poet; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford : 
B.A.,  1682  ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1685 :  M.A.,  1686 ;  D.D.,  1699  ; 
prebendary  of  Cork,  1688;  upheld  cause  of  Prince  of 
Orange  during' re  volution;  held  living  of  Richmond,  Surrey, 
1696-1726,  rectory  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  1702-5,  and 
rectory  of  Clapham,  1705-6 ;  chaplain  to  William  III, 
Mary,  and  Anne,  and  to  Duke  of  Ormonde's  regiment  of 
horse;  wrote,  with  Nahum  Tate,  metrical' version  of 
Psalms.  [vi.  192] 

BRADY,  ROBERT  (d.  1700),  historian  and  physician ; 
M.D.  and  master  of  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1660; 
F.O.P.,  1680:  physician  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II  and 
James  II ;  regius  professor  of  physic  at  Cambridge ;  M.P. 
for  the  university,  1681  and  1685  ;  published  works  on 
English  history.  [vi.  193] 

BRADY,  THOMAS  (17527-1827),  general;  major- 
general,  1796,  and  lieutenant-general,  1801,  in  Austrian 
service ;  governor  of  Dalmatia,  1804 ;  privy  councillor, 
1807  ;  general,  1809.  [vi.  193] 

BRAGG,  PHILIP  (d.  1759),  lieutenant-general; 
served  in  Marlborough's  campaigns ;  captain  in  Ireland, 
1713 ;  master  of  Royal  Hospital,  Kilmainham,  1732 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1747 ;  M.P.  for  Armagh.  [vi.  194] 

BRAGGE,  WILLIAM  (1823-1884),  engineer  and 
antiquary  ;  engineer  on  railway  from  Chester  to  Holy- 
head  ;  engaged  in  railway  engineering  in  Brazil ;  ma- 
naging director  of  firm  of  Sir  John  Brown  &  Co., 
Sheffield,  1868-72;  developed  organisation  for  manu- 
facture of  watches  by  machinery  at  Birmingham,  1876  ; 
collected  books  and  curios ;  F.S.A. ;  F.R.G.S.  [vi.  194] 

BRAHAM,  FRANCES  ELIZABETH  ANNE,  after- 
wards COUNTESS  WALDBQRAVB  (1821-1879).  [See 
WALDKGRAVB.] 


BRAHAM 


137 


BRAND 


BRAHAM,  JOHN  (1774?-1856),  tenor  singer;  first 
appeared  at  Covcnt  Garden,  1787;  engaged  at  I  loyalty 
Theatre,  \Vdlclose  Square,  1787-9;  at  Bath,  1794-6  ; 
achieved  great  success  at  Drury  Lane,  1796;  toured  on 
continent  with  Nancy  Storace,  1797-lsui  : 
with  .-torace  at  J)rury  Lane  !r»m  I  su:>  until  her  retire- 
nn nt.  1-iiix;  continiied  attached  to  Drury  Lane,  but 
appe:ir.-d  alM»  at  other  theatres,  in  Italian  opera,  and  in 
most  provincial  festivals  and  important  concerts  and 
oratorio- :  made  provincial  tour  with  Mrs.  Billington, 
1810;  joined  Van-  in  buying  the  Colosseum,  Regent's 
1'ark,  1H31,  and  built  St.  James's  Theatre,  1835,  both 
speculations  proving  disastrous ;  toured  unsuccessfully 
in  America,  is  I":  retired,  1852.  The  duet 'All's  Well'  is 
one  of  the  In-st-remembered  of  his  works.  [vi.  195] 

BRAHAM,  ROBERT  (/.  1555),  editor  of  Lydgate's 
'Auucient  Historic  of  Warres  betwixte  Grecians  and 
•r.nyans'(1555).  [vi.  197] 

BRAID,  JAMES  (17957-1860),  writer  on  hypnotism  ; 
nlth-atcd  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  M.R.O.S.E. ;  surgeon 
to  miners  at  Earl  Hopetoun's  works  in  Lanarkshire ; 
made  experiments  relating  to  mesmerism,  and  proved 
the  personal  nature  of  the  mesmeric  influence ;  published 
works  on  hypnotism,  which  term  he  originated,  [vi.  198] 

BRAIDLEY,  BENJAMIN  (1792-1845),  writer  on 
Sunday  schools;  constable  of  Manchester,  1831,  and 
boroughreeve,  1832 ;  high  constable  of  hundred  of  Salford  ; 
published  a  work  on  'Sunday  Schools.'  [vi.  199] 

BRAIDWOOD,  JAMES  (1800-1861),  superintendent 
of  London  fire-brigade ;  builder,  and  afterwards  super- 
intendent of  fire-engines  in  Edinburgh;  superintendent 
of  London  fire-engine  establishment,  1832;  killed  in  a 
fire  near  Londoi  Bridge ;  published  pamphlet  relating  to 
fire-brigades.  [vi.  199] 

BRAIDWOOD,  THOMAS  (1715-1806),  teacher  of  the 
deaf  and  dumb;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University; 
kept  mathematical  school  at  Edinburgh,  and  subsequently 
school  for  teaching  the  deaf  and  dumb,  which  he  removed, 
in  1783,  to  Hackney.  [vi.  199] 

BRAILSFORD,  JOHN,  the  elder  (ft.  1712-1739), 
poetical  writer;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1717  ;  rector  of  Kirby,  Nottinghamshire.  [vi.  200] 

BRAILSFORD,  JOHN,  the  younger  (d.  1775),  divine ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1766  ;  head-master 
of  free  school,  Birmingham,  1766-75.  [vi.  200] 

BRAITHWATTE,  JOHN  (/.  1660),  quaker ;  follower  of 
George  Fox,  writing  in  support  of  his  doctrines,  [vi.  200] 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN  (1700  ?-1768 ?),  historian; 
served  under  African  Company,  in  fleet  in  Anne's  reign, 
and,  later,  in  army;  published  'History  of  Morocco, 
1727-8 '(1729).  [vi.  201] 

BRAITHWAITE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (d.  1818),  engi- 
neer ;  constructed  one  of  the  earliest  successful  diving 
bells,  c.  1783.  [vi.  201] 

BRArrHWATTE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1797-1870), 
engineer;  son  of  John  Braithwaite  (d.  1818)  [q.  v.]; 
arranged  ventilation  of  House  of  Lords  by  means  of  air- 
pumps,  1820  ;  constructed  donkey-engine,  1822 ;  manu- 
factured first  practical  steam  fire-engine,  c.  1829;  built 
with  Ericsson  caloric  engine,  1833  ;  engineer-in-cbief  to 
Eastern  Counties  rail  way,  1836-43;  F.S.A.,1819;  M.I.C.E., 
1838 ;  M.S.A.,  1819  ;  joint-founder  and  editor  of  •  Railway 
Times,'  1837.  [vi.  201] 

BRAITHWAITE,  RICHARD  (1588?-1873).  [See 
BRATHWAITE.] 

BRAKELONDE,  JOCELIN  DE  (/.  1200).  [See 
JOCELIX.] 

BRAMAH,  JOSEPH  (1748-1814),  inventor;  worked 
as  cabinet-maker  in  London  ;  invented  Bramah  locks ; 
patented  the  '  Bramah '  hydraulic  press,  1795.  [vi.  202] 

BRAMHALL,  JOHN  (1594-1663),  archbishop  of 
Armagh  :  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1616  ; 
D.D.,  1630;  sub-dean  of  Ripon ;  chaplain  to  Wentworth 
in  Ireland,  1633  ;  bishop  of  Derry,  1634  ;  impeached  by 
Irish  Commons  for  rigorous  opposition  to  covenanters,  and 
imprisoned,  but  liberated  through  influence  of  Ussher, 
1641 ;  came  to  England  and  assisted  royalists,  1644  ; 


retir.-d  to  continent,  1644;  in  Ireland,  1G48-9,  but  again 
retired  to  continent;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  KJtil  ; 
speaker  of  Irish  House  of  Lords,  1G61  ;  enforced  con- 
formity, though  with  comparative  moderation.  His 
religious  writings  were  collected  and  published  1077. 

[vi.  203] 

BRAMIS  or  BROMIS,  JOHN  (14th  cent.),  writer; 
monk  of  Thetford ;  translated  'Romance  of  Waldef' 
from  French  metre  into  Latin  prose.  [vi.  206] 

BRAMLEY-MOORE,  JOHN  (1800-1886),  chairman 
of  the  Liverpool  docks  ;  in  trade  in  the  Brazils  ;  alderman 
of  Liverpool,  1841 ;  chairman  of  dockyard  committee, 
1842;  mayor,  1848;  conservative  M.P.  for  Maldon, 
1854-9,  and  for  Lincoln,  1862-5  ;  chairman  of  Brazilian 
chamber  of  commerce  in  Liverpool.  [Suppl.  i.  255] 

BRAMSTON,  FRANCIS  (d.  1683),  judge  ;  son  of  Sir 
John  Bramston  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1640 ;  fellow,  c.  1642  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle 
Temple,  1642  ;  steward  of  king's  courts  in  Essex,  1660  ; 
bencher  and  reader  of  Middle  Temple,  1668;  serjeant-at- 
law  and  steward  of  court  of  common  pleas,  Whitechapel, 
1669;  baron  of  exchequer,  1678-9.  [vi.  206] 

BRAMSTON,  JAMES  (1694?-1744),  poet;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1720 ; 
vicar  of  two  Sussex  parishes ;  published  '  Art  of  Politicks,' 
1729,  and  '  Man  of  Taste,'  and  other  poems.  [vi.  207] 

BRAMSTON,  JAMES  YORKE  (1763-1836),  catholic 
bishop ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  studied 
at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  theological  student  at  English  college, 
Lisbon,  1792 ;  engaged  in  missionary  work  at  Lisbon ; 
entrusted  with  catholic  mission  in  St.  George's-in-the- 
Fields;  vicar-general  of  London  district,  under  Bishop 
Poynter,  1812 ;  vicar-apostolic,  1827  ;  bishop  of  Usulse 
in  partibus  infldelium,  1823.  [vi.  207] 

BRAMSTON,  SIR  JOHN,  the  elder  (1577-1654),  judge ; 
educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  studied  at  Middle 
Temple ;  reader,  1623 :  counsel  to  Cambridge  University, 
1607  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1623  ;  queen's  serjeant,  1632 ;  king's 
serjeant,  1634  ;  chief-justice  ef  king's  bench,  1635 ;  pre- 
sided temporarily  in  House  of  Lords,  1640 ;  impeached  by 
Commons  for  subscribing  opinion  on  ship-money,  1640 ; 
removed  from  office  in  king's  bench,  1642,  but  restored, 
1643,  having  been  made  serjeant-at-law.  [vi.  208] 

BRAMSTON,  Sm  JOHN,  the  younger  (1611-1700), 
lawyer  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Bramston  (1577-1654)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  called  to  bar  at 
Middle  Temple,  1635  ;  K.B.,  1660 ;  frequently  acted  as 
chairman  of  committees  of  whole  House  of  Commons  ; 
M.P.  for  Maldon,  1685,  and,  later,  for  Chelmsford;  left 
autobiography  (published  1845).  [vi.  210] 

BRAMWELL,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  WILSHERE, 
BARON  BRAMWELL  (1808-1892),  judge;  studied  law  under 
Fitzroy  Kelly  [q.  v.]  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple, 
1838  ;  joined  home  circuit ;  Q.C.,  1851  ;  served,  1853,  on 
commission  resulting  in  Companies  Act  (1862)  ;  appointed 
judge  of  exchequer  and  knighted,  1856 :  lord  justice, 
1876-81 ;  raised  to  peerage,  1882.  [Suppl.  i.  256] 

BRANCASTRE  or  BRAMCESTRE,  JOHN  DE  (d. 
1218),  clerk  in  exchequer ;  vicar  of  Brancaster,  Norfolk ; 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1208.  [vi.  211] 

BRANCH,  THOMAS  (fl.  1753),  author  of  '  Thoughts 
on  Dreaming '  (1738)  and  '  Principia  Legia  et  ^Equitatis ' 
(1753).  [vi.  211] 

BRANCKER  or  BRANKER,  THOMAS  (1633-1676), 
mathematician ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1665 ; 
fellow,  1656  ;  M.A.,  1658  ;  rector  of  Tilston,  near  Malpas, 
1668  ;  head-master  of  Macclesfield  grammar  school ;  pub- 
lished translation  of  introduction  to  algebra  from  High 
Dutch  of  Rhonius.  [vL  211] 

BRAND,  BARBARINA,  LADY  DACRR  (1768-1854), 
poet  and  dramatist:  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir  Chaloner 
Ogle;  married,  first,  Valentine  Wilmot,  and,  secondly, 
1819,  Thomas  Brand,  twenty-first  lord  Dacre :  wrote 
dramas,  translations,  and  poems.  [vi.  212] 

BRAND,  HANNAH  (d.  1821),  actress  and  dramatist ; 
schoolmistress  at  Norwich  ;  appeared  at  King's  Theatre, 
Haymarket,  in  her  own  tragedy  of  'Huniades,'  1792; 
played  Lady  Townly  in  '  Provoked  Husband '  at  York 
Theatre,  1794;  again  became  governess;  published 
'Dramatic  and  Poetical  Works,'  1798.  [vi.  212] 


BRAND 


BRANTHWAITE 


BRAND,  SIR  HENRY  BOUVERIE  WILLIAM,  first 
VISCOUNT  HAMPDEX  and  twenty-third  BAROX  DACRE 
(1814-1892),  speaker :  educated  at  Eton  :  .private  secretary 
to  Sir  George  Grey  [q.  v.],  1846  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  LBWW, 
1852,  1857,  1859,  and  1865,  and  for  Cambridgeshire,  1868- 
1884;  parliamentary  secretary  to  treasury,  1859-66: 
speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1872-84 ;  G.C.B.,  1881 : 
created  Viscount  Hampden  of  Glynde,  1884  ;  succeeded  to 
title  of  Dacre,  1890.  [Suppl.  i.  267] 

BRAND,  SIR  JOHANNES  HKXRICUS  (JAN  HKX- 
DHIK)  (1823-1888),  president  of  the  Orange  Free  State  : 
born  at  Cape  Town  ;  educated  at  South  African  College, 
Cape  Town,  and  Leyden :  LL.D.  Leyden,  1845  ;  called  to 
bar  nt  Inner  Temple,  1849  :  practised  in  supreme  court  of 
Cape  Colony  ;  member  for  Clamvilliam  in  first  House  of 
Assembly,  1864  ;  professor  of  law,  South  African  College, 
1858;  elected  president  of  Orange  Free  State,  1863;  en- 
gaged in  war  with  Basutos,  1865-6  and  1867  ;  re-elected 
president,  1869, 1874,  and  1879 ;  remained  neutral  during 
Transvaal  war,  1881 ;  G.C.M.G.,  1886  ;  resigned,  1887,  in 
consequence  of  vote  of  censure  of  Raad  on  his  negotia- 
tions with  President  Kruger  of  Transvaal,  who  unsuc- 
cessfully sought  his  alliance  against  British  on  railway 
question ;  withdrew  resignation.  [Suppl.  i.  258] 

BRAND,  JOHN  (1668 9-1738),  Scottish  minister: 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1688 ;  minister  of  Borrowstouness,  Lin- 
lithgowshire,  1695;  journeyed  to  Orkney,  1701,  and  pub- 
lished •  A  Brief  Description  of  Orkney.'  [vi.  213] 

BRAND,  JOHN  (1744-1806),  antiquary ;  apprenticed 
as  oordwainer  at  Newcastle,  1758  ;  B.A.  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1776 :  received  perpetual  curacy  of  Cramlington, 
near  Newcastle,  1774;  F.S.A.,  1777;  rector  of  St.  Mary- 
at-Hill  and  St.  Mary  Hubbard,  London,  1784  ;  resident 
secretary  to  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1784-1806 ;  published 
'  History  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne '  and  other  works,  leav- 
ing in  manuscript  antiquarian  collections.  [vi.  213] 

BRAND,  JOHN  (d.  1808),  divine ;  M.A.  Oaius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1772  ;  rector  of  St.  George's,  South- 
wark,  1797-1808;  published  in  tory  interest  pamphlets 
on  politics  and  political  economy.  [vi.  214] 

BRAND,  THOMAS  (1636-1691),  nonconformist 
divine ;  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  studied  law 
at  the  Temple  ;  ordained  minister  of  Staplehurst,  whence 
he  was  driven  by  persecution.  He  built  many  meeting- 
houses, and  devoted  large  sums  to  charitable  purposes. 

[vi.  216] 

BRANDARD,  ROBERT  (1805-1862),  engraver; 
studied  under  Edward  Goodall ;  exhibited  oil  and  water- 
colour  paintings  between  1831  and  1858.  [vi.  216] 

BRANDE,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1788-1866),  che- 
mist ;  apprenticed  as  apothecary ;  delivered  lectures  in 
London  on  physics,  chemistry,  and  mater  i  a  medica,  1808 ; 
F.R.S.,  1809 ;  professor  of  chemistry,  1812,  and,  later,  of 
materia  medica,  to  Apothecaries'  Company:  succeeded 
Sir  Humphry  Davy  as  professor  of  chemistry  at  Royal 
Institution,  1813 ;  chief  officer  of  coinage  department  of 
mint,  1864 ;  joint-editor  of  '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science 
and  Art,'  1825 :  one  of  secretaries  of  "Royal  Society,  1816- 
1826  ;  fellow  and  member  of  Senate  of  London  University, 
and  examiner  in  chemistry,  1846-58  ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford  ; 
F.R.S.  Edinburgh  ;  published  •  Manual  of  Chemistry '  and 
•Dictionary  of  Pharmacy  and  Materia  Medica,'  besides 
editing  '  Dictionary  of  Science  and  Art,'  1842.  [vi.  216] 

BRANDER,  GUSTAVUS  (1720-1787),  merchant  and 
antiquary ;  trader  in  London :  director  of  Bank  of  Eng- 
land ;  F.R.S. ;  curator  of  British  Museum ;  collected  an- 
tiquarian curiosities,  pictures,  and  books.  [vi.  218] 

BRANDON,  first  VISCOUNT  (d.  1694).  [See  GERARD, 
CHARLES.] 

BRANDON,  CHARLES,  first  DUKK  OP  SUFFOLK  (d. 
1545),  soldier  and  statesman ;  squire  of  the  royal  body  to 
Henry  VIII,  and  chamberlain  of  principality  of  North 
Wales,  1509 ;  marshal  of  king's  bench,  1510 :  ranger  of 
New  Forest,  1512  ;  created  Viscount  Lisle,  1513  ;  marshal 
of  army  invading  France,  1513  ;  created  Duke  of  Suffolk, 
1514  ;  went  on  royal  mission  to  France,  1514,  and,  although 
lie  had  already  a  wife  living,  secretly  married  Henry'- 
sister,  Mary,  at  Paris,  1515,  the  validity  of  the  marriage 
being  secured  by  a  papal  bull ;  accompanied  Henry  to 
Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520 ;  commanded  unsuccessful 
invasion  of  France,  1628  ;  supported  Henry  in  efforts  to 


obtain  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon ;  warden  of 
marches  against  Scotland,  1542;  commanded  arrny  in- 
vailing  France  and  captured  Boulogne,  1544  ;  ste\%-ard  of 
king's  household.  [vi.  218] 

BRANDON,  HENRY  (1535-1551),  and  CHARLES 
(1537  ?-155l),  DUKES  OF  SUFFOLK;  sons  of  Charles  Hnui- 
don,  first  duke  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  under  Thomas 
(afterwards  Sir  Thomas)  Wilson,  and  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  they  caught  the  sweating  sickness, 
i  which  proved  fatal.  [vi.  222] 

BRANDON,  JOHN  (fl.  1687),  divine  ;  B.A.  Oriel  Col- 
i  lege,  Oxford,  1665 ;  rector  of  Finchamstead ;  published 
|  religious  works.  [vi.  222] 

BRANDON,    JOHN   RAPHAEL  (1817-1877),  archi- 
tect ;  carried  on  business  with  his  brother,  Joshua  Arthur 
i  Brandon   [q.  v.],   whom  he  assisted  in  writing  '  Parish 
I  Churches,'  1848, '  Analysis  of  Gothic  Architecture,'  1847, 
and  '  Open  Timber  Roofs  of  Middle  Ages,'  1849  ;  com- 
mitted suicide.  [vi.  222] 

BRANDON,  JOSHUA  ARTHUR  (1802-1847),  archi- 
tect ;  joint-author  with  his  brother,  John  Raphael  Bran- 
don [q.  v.],  in  architectural  publications.  [vi.  222] 

BRANDON,  RICHARD  (d.  1649),  executioner  of 
Charles  I  and  various  distinguished  royalists ;  son  of 
Gregory  Brandon,  common  hangman  of  London. 

BRANDON,  SAMUEL  (16th  cent.),  autho/of '*  The 
Tragi-comoedi  of  the  Virtuous  Octavia,'  1598.  [vi.  224] 

BRANDON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1509),  diplomatist; 
uncle  to  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ;  Lan- 
castrian :  accompanied  embassies  to  conclude  peace  with 
France,  1492,  and  a  treaty  with  Emperor  Maximilian  at 
Antwerp,  1503 ;  held  offices  in  royal  household ;  K.G. 

[vi.  224] 

BRANDRAM,  SAMUEL  (1824-1892),  reciter;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  King's  College  schools 
and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1849 ;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1850 ;  practised  as  barrister  till  1876  ; 
became  professional  reciter,  gaining  wide  popularity; 
published  selections  for  recitation.  [Suppl.  i.  260] 

BRANDRETH,  JEREMIAH,  called  JEREMIAH  COKE 
(rf.  1817),  rebel :  served  in  army :  headed,  as  tool  of  one 
|  Oliver,  a  rising  in  midland  counties ;  executed  at  Derby. 

[vi.  224] 

BRANDRETH,  JOSEPH  (1746-1816),  physician: 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1770  ;  established  the  Dispensary  at 
Liverpool ;  published  medical  treatises.  [vi.  225] 

BRANDRETH,  THOMAS  SHAW  (1788-1873),  scho- 
lar and  mathematician;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  second  wrangler,  second  Smith's 
prizeman,  and  chancellor's  medallist,  1810  :  M.A.,  1813  ; 
fellow:  called  to  bar;  practised  at  Liverpool;  F.R.S., 
1821 :  invented  several  mechanical  devices  connected  with 
locomotion  :  published  a  treatise  on  the  digamma,  and  a 
verse  translation  of  the  '  Iliad.'  [vi.  226] 

BRANDT,  FRANCIS  FREDERICK  (1819-1874),  legal 
writer ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1847 ;  published 
treatises,  relating  chiefly  to  the  law  as  affecting  sport. 

[vi.  226] 

BRANDWOOD,  JAMES  (1739-1826),  quaker  :  joined 
Quakers,  1761,  and  became  itinerant  preacher.  A  selec- 
tion from  his  letters  and  papers  was  published  posthu- 
mously, 1828.  [vi.  226] 

BRANXER,  THOMAS  (1633-1676).  [SeeBRANCKKR.] 

BRANSBY,  JAMES  HEWS  (1783-1847),  Unitarian 
divine  ;  minister  of  presbyterian  congregation  at  Moreton 
Hampstead,  Devonshire,  1808 ;  kept  a  school  at  Dudley ; 
developed  tendency  to  kleptomania,  and  subsequently 
committed  forgery,  and  was  permitted  to  retire  to  Wales, 
1828 ;  published  historical  and  other  works.  [vi.  227] 

BRANSTON,  ALLEN  ROBERT  (1778-1827),  wood- 
engraver  ;  apprenticed  to  his  father  as  copper-plate  en- 
graver;  came  to  London,  1799;  illustrated  Bloomfield's 
'  Wild  Flowers,'  1806,  and  other  works.  [vi.  227] 

BRANTHWATTE,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1620),  translator 
of  the  bible;  B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1682;  fellow 
of  Emmanuel  College,  1684;  M.A.,  1686:  D.D.,  1598; 
member  of  one  of  two  Cambridge  committees  appointed 
to  revise  translation  of  bible,  1607-11,  his  share  being  the 
Apocrypha.  [vl.  228] 


BRANTINGHAM 


139 


BRAITBROOKE 


BRANTINGHAM,  THOMAS  DE  (d.  1394),  lord  trea- 
surer and  bishop  of  Exeter ;  canon  and  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1361 :  treasurer  of  Calais  and  Guisnes,  1361-8 ; 
prebendary  of  Hereford,  1363  ;  treasurer  of  Bath  and 
\\Yll-.  Cathedral,  1367:  lord  treasurer,  1369-71,1377-81, 
jiinl  KM'J;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1370 :  one  of  lords  appointed 
to  reform  and  regulate  realm  and  king's  household,  1386. 

[Suppl.  i.  260] 

BRANWHITE,  CHARLES  (1817-1880),  landscape 
painter  ;  son  of  Nathan  Brauwhite  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  as 
luinl-caiM'  painter  in  water-colour  ;  exhibited  pictures 
from  1  HI'.).  [vi.  228] 

BRANWHITE,  NATHAN  (fl.  1825),  miniature 
painter  and  engraver ;  son  of  Peregrine  Bran  white  [q.  v.]  ; 
cxliiiiited  at  Royal  Academy  between  1802  and  1825 

[vi.  228] 

BRANWHITE,  PEREGRINE  (1745-1795?),  minor 
poet ;  conducted  a  school  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk  ;  pub- 
lished poetical  writings.  [vi.  229] 

BRAOSE,  PHILIP  DE  (fl.  1172),  soldier ;  uncle  of 
William  de  Braose  [q.  v.] ;  held  command  in  Henry  IPs 
military  operations  at  Wexford,  1172.  [vi.  229] 

BRAOSE,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1211),  rebel  baron; 
sheriff  of  Herefordshire,  1192-9  ;  justice  itinerant  in  Staf- 
fordshire, 1196;  with  Richard  in  Normandy,  1195; 
granted,  by  John,  all  the  lands  he  could  conquer  from 
Wt-Nh  ;  sheriff  of  Herefordshire,  1206-7  ;  obtained  honour 
of  Limerick  (without  the  city),  1201 :  attended  John  at 
Rouen,  1203  :  received  grant  of  city  of  Limerick  at  ferm, 
I'.xtf :  lost  favour,  and  subsequently  (1210)  raised  a  rebel- 
lion in  Wales  ;  died  an  outlaw  in  France.  [vi.  229] 

BRASBRIDGE,  JOSEPH  (1743-1832),  autobiogra- 
pher ;  silversmith  in  London ;  became  bankrupt ;  pub- 
lished '  Fruits  of  Experience,'  an  autobiography,  1824. 

[vi.  231] 

BRASBRIDGE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1590),  divine ;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1562 ;  M.A.,  1664 ;  obtained 
living  at  Banbury,  where  he  opened  a  school  and  prac- 
tised medicine  ;  published  miscellaneous  writings. 

[vi.  231] 

BRASBRIGG  or  BRACEBRIGGE,  JOHN  (fl.  1428), 
priest  of  convent  of  Syon.  Reputed  author  of  manu- 
script entitled  'Oatholicon  continens  quatuor  partes 
grainmaticae.'  [vi.  231] 

BRASS  or  BRASSE,  JOHN  (1790-1833),  educational 
writer  ;  fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1811 ;  M.A., 
1814  ;  D.D.,  1829  ;  held  living  of  Stotfold,  Bedfordshire, 
1824-33  ;  published  educational  works.  [vi.  231] 

BRASSEY,  ANNA  or  ANNIE,  BARONESS  BRASSET 
(1839-1887),  traveller  and  authoress ;  nte  Allnutt ;  married, 
1860,  Mr.  Thomas  Brassey  (created  Baron  Brassey,  1886) ; 
published  'Voyage  of  the  Sunbeam,'  1878,  and  other 
descriptions  of  long  sea-voyages ;  dame  chevaliere  of 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  1881 ;  died  at  sea  near 
Brisbane.  [Suppl.  i.  261] 

BRASSEY,  THOMAS  (1805-1870),  railway  con- 
tractor ;  originally  articled  to  a  land  surveyor ;  contracted 
for  various  works  on  London  and  Southampton  railway, 
and  subsequently  for  many  large  railway  undertakings, 
including  English  Great  Northern  (1847-51),  Canadian 
Grand  Trunk  (1852-9),  Crimean  (1854),  Australian  (1859- 
1863),  Argentine  (1864),  and  Indian  (1858-65).  [vi.  232] 

BRATHWAITE,  RICHARD  (1588  ?-1673),  poet; 
educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford;  possibly  served  on 
royalist  side  in  civil  war ;  produced  between  1611  and  1665 
a  number  of  works  of  varying  merit,  of  which  the  most 
famous  is  '  Barnabas  Itiuerarium,  or  Barnabee's  Journal,' 
a  record  of  English  travel  in  doggerel  verse  (1638). 

[vi.  233] 

BRAVONITTS  (d.  1207).    [See  SEKATUS.] 

BRAXFIELD,  LORD  (1722-1799).  [See  MACQUEEN, 
ROBERT.] 

BRAY,  ANNA  ELIZA  (1790-1883),  novelist  ;  nie 
Kempe ;  married  Charles  Alfred  Stothard  [q.  v.],  an  artist, 
1818 ;  he  died,  1821,  while  engaged  on  a  work, '  Monu- 
mental Effigies  of  Great  Britain,'  which  was  completed  by 
his  widow  and  published  1832 ;  she  married,  secondly,  the 
Rev.  Edward  Atkyns  Bray  [q.  v.]  ;  published  several 
novels  of  historical  character  between  1826  and  1874, 
besides  other  writings,  including  letters  to  Southey  on 
legends  of  the  Tainar  and  Tavy.  [vi.  234] 


BRAY,  CHARLES  (1811-1884),  philosophical  writer  ; 
ribbon  manufacturer  at  Coventry,  1835  till  1856  ;  engaged 
in  numerous  enterprises  for  amelioration  of  condition  of 
working  classes  ;  published  philosophical  writings,  based 
chiefly  on  phrenology  and  the  docrine  of  necessity. 

[vi.  235] 

BRAY,  EDWARD  ATKYNS  (1778-1857),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  called  to  the  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1806  : 
joined  western  circuit,  but  abandoned  law  for  the  church ; 
vicar  of  Tavistock  and  perpetual  curate  of  Brent  Tor, 
1812 ;  B.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1822  :  published 
selections  of  sermons  by  eminent  divines.  His  'Poetical 
Remains '  appeared,  1869.  [vl.  236] 

BRAY,  JOHN  (fl.  1377),  physician:  author  of  a 
manuscript  list  of  herbs  in  Latin,  French,  and  English. 

[vi.  287] 

BRAY,  SIR  REGINALD  (d.  1503),  statesmfl*  and 
architect ;  receiver-general  and  steward  of  household  to 
Sir  Henry  Stafford,  second  husband  of  Margaret,  countess 
of  Richmond,  mother  of  Earl  of  Richmond,  afterwards 
Henry  VII ;  actively  engaged  in  bringing  about  marriage 
of  Earl  of  Richmond  with  the  Princess  Elizabeth  ;  created 
K.B.  at  Henry  VII's  coronation  ;  K.G. :  privy  councillor 
and  •  joint  chief- justice  of  forests  south  of  Trent ;  high 
treasurer  and  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster ;  pay- 
master of  forces  in  Brittany,  1492 ;  high  steward  of 
Oxford  (and  perhaps  of  Cambridge)  university,  1494; 
knight-banneret,  after  Blackheath,  1497;  conducted  im- 
provements in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  and  probably 
designed  Henry  VII's  Chapel,  Westminster.  [vi.  237] 

BRAY,  THOMAS  (1656-1730),  divine;  B.A.  All 
Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1678 ;  M.A.  Hart  Hall,  1693 ; 
rector  of  Sheldon,  1690  ;  published  '  Catechetical  Lectures,' 
which  brought  him  immediate  popularity ;  selected  by  the 
bishop  of  London  as  his  commissary  in  Maryland,  which 
province  had  lately  been  divided  into  parishes ;  projected 
a  scheme  for  establishing  parochial  libraries  in  England, 
which  was  successful,  and  developed  into  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge ;  D.D.  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1696 ;  arrived  in  Maryland,  1700,  but  returned  at 
once,  finding  that  he  could  serve  the  Maryland  church 
better  in  England ;  obtained  charter  incorporating  society 
for  propagating  gospel  throughout  British  plantations, 
1701 ;  received  living  of  St.  Botolph-Without,  Aldgate, 
1706;  negrophile;  published  religious  works  and  writings 
relating  to  his  various  projects.  [vi.  239] 

BRAY,  THOMAS  (1759-1820),  archbishop  of  Cashel  ; 
author  of  a  work  in  Latin  and  English  (privately  printed, 
1813),  containing  a  papal  bull  against  freemasonry,  and  a 
decree  of  Council  of  Trent  against  duellists ;  D.D. 

[vi.  241] 

BRAY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1644),  divine ;  M.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1620 ;  B.D.,  1631 ;  chaplain  to  Arch- 
bishop Laud ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1632 ;  vicar  of 
St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  1633  ;  sequestered,  1643. 

[vi.  241] 

BRAY,  WILLIAM  (1736-1832),  [antiquary;  educated 
at  Rugby ;  held  position  in  board  of  green  cloth  for  nearly 
fifty  years  ;  F.S.A.,  1771,  treasurer,  1803.  He  completed  the 
Rev.  Owen  Manning's  'History  of  Surrey'  (1804-14),  and 
published  antiquarian  writings  of  his  own.  [vi.  242] 

BRAYBROC,  HENRY  DK  (d.  1234  ?),  judge :  sheriff  of 
Rutlandshire,  Buckinghamshire,  Northamptonshire,  and 
Bedfordshire;  joined  barons  against  John,  and  was  ex- 
communicated, 1215 ;  reinstated  in  his  lands  after  battle 
of  Lincoln,  1217 ;  justice  of  assize  in  Bedfordshire  and 
Buckinghamshire,  1224  ;  imprisoned  by  Falkes  de  Breaute 
[q.  v.] ;  justice  itinerant  for  Bedfordshire  and  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1225 ;  justice  of  bench,  1227.  [vi.  242] 

BRAYBROKE,  ROBERT  DE  (d.J404),  ecclesiastic 
and  judge ;  licentiate  in  civil  law  at  Oxford  ;  prebendary 
of  York,  1366,  Lincoln,  1378,  and  Lichfield,  1379  :  dean  of 
Salisbury,  1380;  bishop  of  London  and  chancellor  of 
Bristol,  1381 j  tried,  unsuccessfully,  to  mediate  between 
Richard  II  and  barons,  1387;  reformed  chapter  of  St. 
Paul's,  1398  ;  privy  councillor  under  Henry  IV.  [vi.  243] 

BRAYBROOKE,  BARONS  OP.  [See  GRIFFIN,  JOHN- 
GRIFFIN,  first  BARON,  1719-1797 ;  NEVILLE,  RICHARD 
ALDWORTH  GRIFFIN-,  second  BARON,  1760-1826 :  NEVILLE, 
RICHARD  GRIFFIN,  third  BARON,  1783-1858 ;  NEVILLE, 
RICHARD  OORNWALLIS,  fourth  BARON,  1820-1861.] 


BRAYL.EY 


140 


BRENT 


BRAYLEY.  EDWARD  WEDLAKE,  the  elder  <  1773- 
1854),  topographer  and  archaeologist;  associated  with 
John  Brittou(  1771-1867)  [q.  v.]  in  several  publications, 
im-luding  'Beauties  of  England  and  Wales,'  to  which  he 
contributed :  F.S.A..  18:':; :  librarian  and  secretary  of 
Russell  Institution,  Great  Ooram  Struct,  1825-54 ;  published 
topographic-ill  and  archaeological  works.  [vL  244] 

BRAYLEY,  EDWARD  WILLIAM,  the  younger 
(1802-1870),  writer  on  science ;  son  of  Edward  Wedlake 
Brayley  [q.  v.] :  studied  science  in  London  and  Royal 
Institutions :  joint-librarian  of  London  Institution,  Pins- 
bury  Circus :  joint-editor  of  '  Annals  of  Philosophy,' 
'Zoological  Journal,'  and  '  Philosophical  Magazine,'  1822- 
1845 ;  an  original  member  of  the  Chemical  and  Zoological 
societies ;  wrote  and  edited  several  scientific  works,  and 
contributed  to  '  English  Cyclopaedia '  and  other  works ; 
F.R.S.,  1864.  [vL  246] 

BRAYNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1657),  governor  of  Jamaica ; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  foot  in  Scotland,  1653 ;  governor  of 
Inverlochy  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1656-7.  [Suppl.  i.  262] 

BREADALBANE,  second  MARQUIS  (1796-1862).  [See 
CAMPBELL,  JOHN.] 

BREADALBANE,  EARLS.  [See  CAMPBELL,  J"OHN, 
first  EARL,  1635-1716;  CAMPBKLL,  JOHN,  third  EARL, 
1696-1782 ;  CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL,  1796-1862.] 

BREAKSPEAR,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1159).  [See 
ADRIAN  IV.] 

BREARCLIFFE,  JOHN  (1609  ?-1682).    [See  BRIER- 

CLIFFE.] 

BREATTTE,  PALKES  DE  (d.  1226).  military  adven- 
turer; a  Norman  of  mean  birth;  sheriff  of  Glamorgan, 
1211 ;  became  one  of  John's  evil  counsellors  ;  held  com- 
mand in  royal  army  against  barons,  1215-17  ;  conducted 
his  operations  with  considerable  success,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  victory  over  the  dauphin  Louis  at  Lincoln 
which  virtually  ended  the  war  ;  abetted  Albemarle's  revolt, 
1220  ;  assisted  Hubert  de  Burgh  in  quelling  insurrection  in 
favour  of  Louis  at  Oxford,  1222  ;  joined  Earl  of  Chester 
and  other  lords  in  scheme  for  seizing  the  Tower,  1223  ; 
surrendered  to  king  at  Northampton  on  threats  of  ex- 
communication ;  found  guilty  of  more  than  thirty  acts 
of  wrongful  disseisin,  1224,  and  heavily  fined;  ordered 
his  garrison  at  Bedford  to  seize  the  justices,  one  of  them, 
Henry  de  Braybroc  [q.  v.],  being  in  consequence  captured 
and  imprisoned  at  Bedford  Castle,  which  was  commanded 
by  Falkes's  brother  William,  and  was  surrendered  to  the 
king  after  a  stubborn  resistance;  captured  soon  after- 
wards, and,  his  possessions  being  forfeited,  was  com- 
mitted to  keeping  of  bishop  of  London ;  banished,  1225 ; 
enlisted  the  sympathies  of  the  pope,  who  appealed  unsuc- 
cessfully to  Henry  III  in  his  behalf.  [vL  247] 

BRECB3N,  SIR  DAVID  (d.  1321),  Scottish  warrior  ; 
gained  title  of  '  The  Flower  of  Chivalry '  for  feats  of  arms 
probably  in  crusades ;  supported  English  cause  in  Scot- 
land ;  warden  of  Dundee,  1312  :  captured  at  Bannock- 
burn,  1314,  and  gained  favour  of  King  Robert ;  executed 
for  complicity  in  Lord  Soulis's  conspiracy  against  Robert. 

[vi.  251] 

BREE,  ROBERT  (1759-1839),  physician ;  B.A.  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  1778 ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh;  M.A.,  1781;  M.D.,  1791;  F.R.O.S.,  1807; 
censor,  College  of  Physicians,  1810,  1819,  and  1830  ;  elect, 
1830;  Harveian  lecturer,  1827;  F.R.S. :  vice-president, 
1811 ;  published  medical  writings.  [vi.  252] 


J,  JAMES  WILKINSON  (1830-1872),  Indian 
civil  servant ;  entered  Madras  civil  service,  1849;  com-  j 
missioner  of  the  Nilagiris,  c.  1867 ;  died  from  illness  con- 
tracted while  collecting  tribal  utensils,  arms,  &c.,  for  j 
Indian  Museum,  Calcutta ;  wrote  '  Account  of  Tribes  and  . 
Monuments  of  the  Nilagiris,'  published  posthumously  by 
government.  [vi.  252] 

BREEN,  JAMES  (1826-1866),  astronomer  :  calculator 
at  Greenwich,  e.  1842  ;  assistant  in  Cambridge  observa- 
tory, 1846  ;  spent  some  years  in  study  abroad  ;  F.R.A.S., 
1862 ;  published  astronomical  writings.  [vi.  253] 

BREGWIN  or  BREGOWINE  (d.  766),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  born  in  the  old  Saxon  land ;  came  to  Eng- 
land to  study  ;  archbishop,  759  ;  buried  at  Canterbury. 

[vL  253] 


BREKELL.  JOHN  (1697-1769),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
solo  pastor  at  Kaye  Street,  Liverpool,  1744-69  ;  published 
religious  works.  [vi.  254] 

BREMBRE,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (d.  1388),  lord  mayor  of 

London  :    alderman  of  Bread  Street  ward,   1376  ;   lord 

!  mayor,  1377  and  1378 ;  one  of  collectors  of  customs  for 

:  port   of    London,    c.    1379-86,  his    comptroller    being 

'  Geoffrey  Chaucer ;  accompanied  king  to  Smithfield  on 

•  rising  of  Commons,   1381,  and  was  knighted ;  M.P.  for 

•  city  of  London,  1383 ;  obtained  by  force  his  election  as 
lord  mayor,  1 383 ;  supported  Richard  IPs  struggle  for 
absolute  power,  1387,  and  was  executed.  [vi.  255] 

BREMER,  SIR  JAMES  JOHN  GORDON  (1786-1850), 
!  rear-admiral ;  lieutenant  in  navy,  1805 ;  captain,  1814 ; 
C.B.,  1816 ;  took  part  in  Burmese  war ;  K.O.H.,  1836  ; 
commanded  expedition  to  China,  1840-1 ;  K.C.B.,  1841 ; 
second  in  command  of  Channel  squadron,  1846  ;  commo- 
dore superintendent  of  Woolwich  dockyard,  1846 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1849.  [vi.  256] 

BREMNER,  DAVID  (d.  1852),  engineer  for  Clyde 
trustees  ;  son  of  James  Bremner  [q.  v.].  [vi.  257] 

BREMNER,  JAMES  (1784-1856),  engineer ;  settled 
as  shipbuilder  at  Pulteney  Town,  and  was  engaged  in 
designing  harbours  and  piers  on  northern  coast  of  Scot- 
land ;  published  professional  writings.  [vL  257] 

BREMNER,  ROBERT  (d.  1789),  music  printer  and 
publisher;  produced  several  collections  of  songs  and 
works  of  musical  instruction,  including  '  Rudiments  of 
Music '  (1756).  [vi.  257] 

BRENAN,  —  (fl.  1756),  painter  in  Dublin  ;  published 
'Painter's  Breakfast,'  a  dramatic  satire,  1756.  [vi.  268] 

BRENAN,  JOHN  (1768?-1830),  physician;  M.D. 
Glasgow;  practised  at  Dublin  from  1801;  started 
'Milesian  Magazine'  (1812),  in  which  he  attacked  College 
of  Physicians  and  ventilated  grievances  in  satirical  verse 
of  considerable  poignancy ;  discovered  remedy  for  puer- 
peral fever  and  internal  inflammation.  [vi.  258] 

BRENCHLEY,  JULIUS  LUCIUS  (1816-1873),  tra- 
veller and  author  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1843  ;  ordained  curate  of  Holy  Trinity,  Maidstone,  1843 ; 
made  (1847-67)  journeys  to  Utah,  New  Mexico,  Panama, 
Ecuador,  Peru  and  Chili,  India,  China  and  Mongolia,  and 
Japan,  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  Siberia  and  Poland  ; 
bequeathed  large  miscellaneous  collections  to  Maidstone  ; 
published  writings  on  his  travels.  [Suppl.  i.  263] 

BRENDAN  or  BRENAINN,  SAINT  (490  ?-673),  of 
Birr,  now  Parsonstpwn,  King's  County ;  of  second  order 
of  Irish  saints ;  a  disciple  of  St.  Finnian  of  Clonard.  His 
day  is  29  Nov.  [vi.  259] 

BRENDAN  or  BRENAINN,  SAINT  (484-577),  of 
Olonfert ;  of  second  order  of  Irish  saints  ;  studied  under 
St.  Ita,  Bishop  Ere,  and  St.  Jarlath  of  Tnam  ;  presbyter  ; 
perhaps  made  journey  to  western  and  northern  islands, 
which  formed  basis  of  mediaeval  legend  of  '  Navigation  of 
St.  Brendan,'  in  the  original  form  of  which  two  journeys 
are  described ;  visited  Brittany  between  520  and  530 ; 
founded  monastery  of  Cluain  Fearta,  553.  His  day  is 
16  May.  [vi.  259] 

BRENT,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1802),  singer ;  pupil  of 
Dr.  Arne  ;  first  appeared  in  public,  1758 ;  engaged  at 
Covent  Garden,  1759-70,  creating  principal  parts  in 
several  operas;  married  Thomas  Pinto,  1766;  toured 
with  her  husband  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  1770-80 ;  last 
appeared  in  '  Comus '  at  Covent  Garden,  1784.  [vi.  261] 

BRENT,  JOHN  (1808-1882),  antiquary  and  novelist ; 
held  offices  in  Canterbury  corporation  :  F.S.A.,  1853  ; 
member  of  British  Archaeological  Association  and  other 
societies  ;  published  poetical  works  and  novels,  and  con- 
tributed to  archaeological  publications.  [vi.  261  ] 

BRENT,  SIR  NATHANIEL  (157:5  9-1652),  warden  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1698 ;  university  proctor,  1607  ;  bachelor  of  law,  1623  : 
warden  of  Merton,  1622;  commissary  of  diocese  of 
Canterbury  and  vicar-gcucral  to  the  archbishop  ;  judge 
of  prerogative  court :  knighted,  1629  ;  successfully  op- 
posed Laud,  who  on  a  visitation  to  Merton,  1638,  insisted 
on  many  radical  reforms ;  sided  with  parliament  on  out- 
break of  civil  war  ;  was  made  judge-marshal,  and  signed 
the  covenant ;  deposed  from  wardenship  by  Charles  I, 


BRENTFORD 


141 


BRETT 


umed  office,  1646  ;  president  of  parliamentary 
cumuli  — :nn  tor  visitation  of  universities.  1647-51  ;  pub- 
lished translation  into  English  of  Pietro  Sarpi's  'History 
of  Council  of  Trent,'  1(520,  and  other  works.  [vi.  262] 

BRENTFORD,  EARL  OF  (15737-1651).    [See  RUTH- 

VKN,  PATRICK.] 

BRENTON,  EDWARD  PELHAM  (1774-1839),  navy 

captain  :  entered  navy.  1788;  lieutenant,  1795;  captain, 
iSiiH:  vervcd  in  American  war,  1811  ;  flag-captain  to  Hi r 
Benjamin  Hallowell.  1H15;  published  •  Naval  History  of 
C  iv.n  Uritain,  17H3-1822,'  1823.  [vi.  264] 

BRENTON,  SIR  JAHLEEL (1770-1844 ),vioc-a.lmiral : 
horn  in  Rhode  Island;  served  in  royalist  navy  at  out- 
break  of  war  of  independence;  accepted  comuiis-ion  in 
Swedish  navy,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant  in  English 
navy,  1790;  post-captain,  1800;  flag-captain  to  Sir 
James  Saumarez,  1801 ;  prisoner  of  war  in  French  hands, 
1803-6  ;  served  in  Mediterranean,  1807  till  1810,  when  he 
was  wounded  in  action  off  Naples  ;  baronet,  1812  ;  K.O.B., 
IM.r> :  connni^ioner  of  dockyard  of  Port  Mahon,  1813, 
and,  later,  of  Oape  of  Good  Hope  till  1822  ;  rear-admiral, 
ls:;n;  lieutenant-governor,  Greenwich  Hospital,  1831;  ! 
vice-admiral,  1840  ;  published  religious  writings,  [vi.  265] 

BRERELEY,    JOHN    (Jl.  1624).     [See  ANDERTON,  ' 
JAMES.] 


BRERETON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (17s9-isi;i).  li.-ut.-nant- 
general ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1805  ;  served  in 
Peninsular  and  Waterloo  campaigns,  1809-15  ;  after  varied 
service,  he  was  second  in  command  in  Bocca  Tigris  ex- 
pedition, and  at  capture  of  Canton,  1848  ;  at  siege  of 
Sevastopol,  1854  ;  K.C.B.,  1861  ;  lieutenant-general,  1864. 


[vi.  272] 
JIDM 


BRERELEY  or  BRIERLEY,  ROGER  (1586-1637), 
divine  and  poet ;  perpetual  curate  of  Grindleton  Chapel, 
Mitton-iu-Craven,  where  his  followers  became  known  as 
Grindletonians  ;  probably  charged  (before  1628)  at  York 
by  high  commissioners  with  holding  doctrines  of  anti- 
nomiau  tendency,  but  acquitted ;  received  living  of  Burn- 
ley, Lancashire,  1631.  Volumes  of  his  literary  remains 
appeared  posthumously.  [vi.  266] 


BRERETON,  JOHN  (fl.  1603),  voyager  to  New  Eng- 
land ;  accompanied  first  party  of  English  who  landed  in 
New  England  with  intention  of  settling,  1603,  but  re-  ' 
turned  almost  immediately  ;   published  '  Description  of  i 
Elizabeth's  He,  and  soma  others  towards  North  Part  of  j 


Virginie,  1602.' 


[vi.  267] 


BRERETON,  OWEN  SALUSBURY  (1715-1798),  an- 
tiquary; educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  called  to  bar,  1738  ;  recorder  of  Liverpool,  ! 
1742-98  ;  vice-president,  Society  of  Arts,  1765-98  ;  M.R.S.  ; 
bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  treasurer  and  keeper  of  Black 
Book;  M.P.  for  Ilchester,  1775-80;  contributed  to 
'  Archaeologia  '  and  '  Philosophical  Transactions.' 

[vi.  268] 

BRERETON,  THOMAS  (1691-1722),  dramatist  ;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1712  ;  held  government  office 
connected  with  customs  at  Chester  ;  drowned  while  at- 
tempting to  escape  prosecution  for  libel  ;  published  two 
Knirlish  adaptations  from  plays  by  Racine  and  Corneille, 
and  some  poetical  writings.  [vi.  269] 

BRERETON,  THOMAS  (1782-1832),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  volunteered  in  West  Indies,  1797  ;  ensign,  1798  ; 
captain,  1804  ;  invalided  home,  1813  ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Senegal  and  Goree,  1814;  lieutenant-colonel  royal 
African  corps,  1815  ;  commanded  Oape  Town  garrison, 
1819-23  ;  commanded  troops  quartered  near  Bristol  at 
outbreak  of  the  Reform  riots,  1831  ;  court-martialled  for 
negligence,  inaction,  and  neglect  of  civil  authority  ;  com- 
mitted suicide  before  trial  was  concluded.  [vi.  269] 

BRERETON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1541),  lord  justice  in 
Ireland  ;  knighted,  1523  ;  deputy  chamberlain  of  Chester  ; 
marshal  of  army  in  Ireland  and  Irish  privy  councillor, 
1539  ;  temporarily  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1540. 

[Suppl.  i.  264] 

BRERETON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1604-1661),  parliamen- 
tary commander  ;  created  baronet,  1627  ;  travelled  in 
Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  on  continent,  1634-5  (his 
•  Diary  '  published  by  Chetham  Society,  1844)  ;  M.P.  for 
Cheshire,  1628  and  1640  ;  headed  parliamentary  movement 
in  riicslrire,  c.  1642;  commander-iu-chief  of  forces  in 
Cheshire  and  neighbouring  southern  counties  ;  defeated 
Sir  Thomas  Aston  at  Nantwich  and  at  Middlewich,  1643  ; 
defeated  Rupert  at  Tarvin  and  captured  Liverpool  and 
iSliivw-tniry,  1644:  captured  Lichfleld  and  Dudley  Castle 
and  defeated  Lord  Ashley  near  Stow-in-the-Wold,  1646  ; 
chief  forester  of  Macclesfield  forest  and  seneschal  of 
hundred  of  Maoclestield  on  conclusion  of  war.  [vi.  271] 


BREREWOOD  or  BRYERWOOD,  EDWARD  (1565  ?- 
1613),  antiquary  and  mathematician  :  M.A.  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  1590  ;  first  professor  of  astronomy,  Gres- 
ham  College,  London,  1596  ;  member  of  Old  Society  of 
Antiquaries  ;  left  mathematical,  religious,  and  antiquarian 
manuscripts,  which  were  published  posthumously. 

[vi.  273] 

BREREWOOD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1588-1654),  judge: 
educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Middle  Temple,  1615 ;  judge  of  North  Wales,  1637 ;  re- 
corder of  Chester,  1639  ;  reader  at  Middle  Temple,  1638  ; 
serjeant-aMaw,  1640 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1641 ;  knighted, 
1643  ;  judge,  1644.  [vi.  274] 

BREREWOOD,  THOMAS  (d.  1748),  poetical  writer; 
grandson  of  Sir  Robert  Brerewood  [q.  v.]  His  '  Galfred 
and  Juetta '  appeared  in  1772.  [vi.  274] 

BRETLAND,  JOSEPH  (1742-1819),  dissenting  minis- 
ter ;  minister  of  Mint  Chapel,  Exeter,  1770-2  and  1789- 
1793,  and  at  George's  meeting  house,  Exeter,  1794-7,  where 
he  kept  a  classical  school,  1772-90  ;  tutor  at  academy  in 
west  of  England  for  educating  protestant  dissenters, 
1799-1805.  [vi.  274] 

BRETNOR,  THOMAS  (fl.  1607-1618),  almanac  maker  ; 
published  two  almanacs,  1607  and  1615,  and  a  work  (trans- 
lated from  French)  on  opium.  [vi.  275] 

BRETON,  JOHN  LE  (d.  1275),  bishop  of  Hereford ; 
canon,  and,  c.  1268,  bishop  of  Hereford.  He  was  believed 
at  beginning  of  14th  century  to  have  been  author  of  the 
work  known  as  '  Britton '  (mainly  Bracton's  treatise  on 
English  law  condensed),  probably  written  c.  1290. 

[vi.  275] 

BRETON,  NICHOLAS  (1545  7-1626  ?),  poet ;  probably 
educated  at  Oxford,  perhaps  at  Oriel  College ;  produced 
between  1577  and  1626,  satirical,  religious,  romantic  and 
pastoral  writings,  in  verse  and  prose,  which  include  (in 
verse)  '  The  Countess  of  Penbrook's  (Pembroke's) Passion* 
(first  privately  printed)  (1853),  'Pasquil's  Mad-cappe* 
(earliest  known  copy)  (1626),  'The  Soules  Heavenly 
Exercise '  (1601), «  The  Passionate  Shepheard '  (1604), '  The 
Honour  of  Valour '  (1605),  and  (in  prose)  an  angling  idyll 
entitled '  Wits  Trenchmour '  (1597), '  The  Wil  of  Wit,  Wit's 
Will  or  Wil's  Wit'  (1599),  '  Crossing  of  Proverbs,'  1616, 
'The  Figvre  of  Foure '  (first  published  c.  1597),  and  'A 
Mad  World,  my  Masters '  (1603),  a  dialogue.  [vi.  275] 

BRETON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1356).    [See  BRITON.] 

BRETT,  ARTHUR  (d.  1677?),  poet;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1659 ; 
vicar  of  Market  Lavington,  Wiltshire  ;  subsequently  sub- 
sisted by  begging  in  London ;  published  poetical  writings. 

[vi.  281] 

BRETT,  GEORGE  (1630-1659).    [See  KEYNES.] 

BRETT,  HENRY  (d.  1724),  colonel ;  studied  at  Oxford 
and  the  Temple:  M.P.  for  borough  of  Bishop's  Castle, 
Shropshire,  c.  1700;  lieutenant-colonel  of  foot  regiment 
raised  by  Sir  Charles  Hotham,  1705  ;  member  of  Addisou's 
circle.  [vi.  282] 

BRETT,  JOHN  (d.  1785),  navy  captain :  lieutenant, 
1734 ;  captain.  1741 ;  served  on  North  American  coast, 
1755 ;  published  translations  from  Spanish  of  Feyjoo. 

[vi.  282] 

BRETT,  JOHN  WATKINS  (1805-1863),  telegraphic 
engineer:  originated  scheme  of  submarine  telegraphy; 
established  telegraphic  communication  between  England 
and  France,  1850.  [vi.  283] 

BRETT,  SIR  PEIRCY  (1709-1781),  admiral;  second 
lieutenant  under  Commodore  Anson  at  Paita,  1741 ;  en- 
gaged and  disabled  the  Elisabeth,  which,  with  munitions 
of  war,  was  convoying  Young  Pretender's  vessel  to  Scot- 
land, 1745;  served  at  Finisterre,  1747:  knighted,  1753; 
commodore  in  Downs,  1758-61 :  second  in  command  in 
Mediterranean,  1762;  lord  commissioner  of  admiralty, 
1766-70;  vict-udmirai.  1770  ;  admiral,  1778.  [vi.  283J 


BRETT 


11-2 


BREWSTER 


BRETT,  RICHARD  (1560  ?-1637),  divine:  B.A.  Hart 
Hall,  Oxfonl:  rVllow  of  Lincoln  College:  D.D.,  1605: 
rector  of  Quainton,  1595  :  appointed  by  .1  nines  I  one  of 
translators  of  bible  into  English  ;  published  translations 
from  Greek  into  Latin.  [vi.  284] 

BRETT,  ROBERT  (1808-1874),  surgeon  ;  studied  at 
St.  George's  Hospital,  London ;  M.R.C.S.E.,  and  L.S.A.L., 
1830  ;  practised  at  Stoke  Newington  :  took  active  part  in 
Tractarian  movement,  Dr.  Pusey  being  among  his  friend  : 
vice-president  of  English  Church  Union.  [vi.  284] 

BRETT,  THOMAS  (1667-1743),  nonjuring  divine; 
LL.B.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1689 ;  LL.D., 
1697 ;  rector  of  Ruekinge,  1706,  and  soon  afterwards  adopted 
nonjuring  principles:  resigned  living,  1714;  consecrated 
bishop  by  nonjuring  bishops  Collier,  Spinckes,  and  Howes, 
1716  ;  published  religious  and  other  works.  [vi.  285] 

BRETT,  WILLIAM  BALIOL,  VISCOUNT  EsHKR(1816- 
1899),  judge;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Caius  Colleere, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1845 ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1846  ;  bencher,  1861 :  joined  northern  circuit ;  Q.O.,  1861 : 
conservative  M.P.  for  Helston,  Cornwall,  1866-8;  soli- 
citor-general, 1868 :  additional  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1868  ;  justice  in  high  court,  1875  ;  privy  councillor,  1876  ; 
lord  justice  of  appeal,  1877 ;  master  of  rolls,  1883  ;  created 
Baron  Esher  of  Esher,  1885  ;  retired,  and  was  created  Vis- 
count Esher,  1897.  [Suppl.  i.  264] 

BEETTARGH,  KATHARINE  (1579-1601),  puritan  ; 
sister  of  John  Bruen  [q.  v.]  ;  married  William  Brettargh, 
c.  1599  ;  persecuted  for  her  religious  opinions,  [vi.  286] 

BEETTELL,  JACOB  (1793-1862),  Unitarian  divine ; 
educated  at  Manchester  College,  York ;  minister  of  Rother- 
ham,  1816  ;  took  part  in  anti-corn  law  agitation. 

[vi.  287] 

BRETTELL,  JACOB  CHARLES  GATES  (1817-1867), 
lawyer  :  son  of  Jacob  Brettell  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  for  uni- 
tarian  ministry  :  became  Roman  catholic  and  went  to 
America,  where  he  was  successively  tutor,  minister  of  a 
German  church,  and  barrister;  published  poetical,  reli- 
gious, and  other  works.  [vi.  287] 

BEETTINOHAM,  MATTHEW,  the  elder  (1699-1769), 
architect ;  pupil  of  William  Kent,  designer  of  Holkham, 
the  Earl  of  Leicester's  seat  in  Norfolk,  on  which  Bretting- 
ham  worked  ;  designed  mansions  in  Palladian  style ;  pub- 
lished '  Remarks '  on  places  visited  in  Continental  tours. 

[vi.  287] 

BRETTINGHAM,  MATTHEW,  the  younger  (1725- 
1803),  architect;  son  of  Matthew  Brettingham  (1699- 
1769)  [q.  v.] ;  worked  in  Palladian  style.  [vi.  288] 

BRETTINGHAM,  ROBERT  FURZE  (1750-1806?), 
architect;  nephew  of  Matthew  Brettingham  the  elder 
[q.v.]  ;  studied  in  Italy ;  erected  many  mansions  through- 
out the  country,  and,  after  1 790,  obtained  extensive  prac- 
tice as  prison  architect ;  resident  clerk  of  board  of  works, 
c.  1771-1805.  [vi.  288] 

BEEVAL,  JOHN  DURANT  (1680?-1738),  miscel- 
laneous writer;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1702  ;  M.A.,  1704 ;  expelled 
for  alleged  misconduct,  1708  ;  volunteer  in  army  in  Flan- 
ders ;  became  successively  ensign  and  captain  ;  employed 
by  Marlborough  in  diplomatic  missions ;  subsequently 
engaged  in  dramatic  and  other  writing  in  London; 
noticed  at  some  length  in  the '  Dunciad*  in  retaliation  for 
his  merciless  ridicule  of  Pope.  [vi.  289] 

BREVINT  or  BREVIN,  DANIEL (1616-1695), divine ; 
educated  at  protestant  university  at  Saumur ;  M.A., 
1624 ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1637  ;  incorporated 
M.A.  Oxford,  1638;  deprived  of  fellowship  by  parlia- 
mentary commissioners  ;  retired  to  Jersey,  bis  birthplace, 
ami  thence  to  France  :  chaplain  to  Turenne ;  returned  to 
England,  1660 ;  received  stall  in  Durham  Cathedral,  1660 ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1663;  dean  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1682  ;  published  protestant  polemics,  and  devotional  works, 
including  '  The  Christian  Sacrament  and  Sacrifice,'  1673. 

[vi.  290] 

BREWER,  ANTONY  (fl.  1665),  dramatic  writer; 
wrote  '  The  Love-sick  King."  [vi.  292] 

BREWER,  EBENEZER  COBHAM  (1810-1897),  mis- 
cellaneous  writer ;  son  of  John  Sherreu  Brewer  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.O.L.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1835:  ordained  priest, 


1836;  LL.D.,    isio.     His   works   include   'Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable,'  1870.  [Suppl.  i.  auti] 

BREWER,  GEORGE  (b.  1766),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
served  as  midshipman  in  navy  ;  lieutenant  in  Swedish 
navy,  1791  ;  Attorney  in  London  ;  contributed  to  the 
'  European  Magazine,'  and  published  dramas,  novels,  and 
miscellaneous  writings.  [vi.  292] 

BREWER,  JAMES  NORRIS  (Jt.  1799-1829),  author 
of  many  novels  and  topographical  compilations,  inelinliiitr 
contributions  to  series  called  '  Beauties  of  England  and 
Wales.'  [vi.  293] 

BREWER,  JEHOIADA  (1752  ?-1817),  dissenting 
minister  ;  published  religious  writings.  [vi.  293] 

BREWER,  JOHN  (1744-1822),  English  Benedictine 
monk  ;  appointed  to  mission  at  Bath,  where  a  new  chapel 
built  by  him  was  destroyed  by  rioters,  1780.  [vi.  294] 


,,  JOHN  SHERREN  (1810-1879),  historical 
writer  ;  graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1832  ;  lec- 
turer hi  classical  literature,  King's  College,  London,  1839, 
and  professor  of  English  language  and  literature  and  lec- 
turer in  modern  history,  1855-77  ;  commissioned,  1856,  by 
master  of  rolls,  Sir  John  Romilly,  to  prepare  calendar  of 
state  papers  of  Henry  VIII ;  principal  of  Working  Men's 
College ;  received  crown  living  of  Toppesfield,  1877  ;  pub- 
lished historical  works,  including  '  Student's  Hume.' 

[vi.  294] 

BREWER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1743  ?),  botanist :  engaged 
in  woollen  manufacture  at  Trowbridge,  Wiltshire; 
having  met  with  misfortune  became  head-gardener  to 
Duke  of  Beaufort  at  Badminton.  He  rendered  valuable 
assistance  to  Dillenius  in  his  botanical  work.  [vi.  295] 


,,  THOMAS  (/.  1624),  author  of  tracts  in 
verse  and  prose,  including  'The  Life  and  Death  of  the 
Merry  Deuill  of  Edmonton  '  (prose),  1631,  '  A  Knot  of 
Fooles '  (satirical  verses),  1624  ;  and  poems  descriptive  of 
the  plague.  [vi.  296] 

BREWER,  THOMAS  (b.  1611),  musician;  educated 
at  Christ's  Hospital;  a  celebrated  performer  on  viol; 
published  musical  compositions.  [vi.  297] 

BREWER,  BRIWERE,  or  BETTER,  WILLIAM 
(d.  1226),  baron  and  judge :  sheriff  of  Devon ;  justice 
itinerant,  1187  ;  one  of  four  justices  left  by  Richard  in 
charge  of  the  kingdom,  1189;  assisted  Richard,  then  in 
captivity,  at  interview  with  Emperor  Henry  VI,  and, 
later,  with  other  envoys,  arranged  peace  of  Nantes,  1193 ; 
one  of  John's  evil  advisers ;  signed  charter  surrendering 
crown  and  kingdom  of  England  to  Innocent  III,  1213 ; 
joined  barons  after  their  entry  into  London,  1215  ;  signed 
Great  Charter;  leader  in  John's  army  on  outbreak  of 
baronial  war ;  assisted  Henry  III  against  French,  c. 
1216 ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1221.  [vi.  297] 

BREWSTER,  ABRAHAM  (1796-1874),  Irish  lawyer  ; 
M.A.  Dublin,  1847;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1819;  took 
silk,  1835  ;  solicitor-general  of  Ireland,  1846  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor in  Ireland,  1853:  attorney-general,  1853-5;  lord 
justice  of  appeul  in  Ireland,  1866  ;  lord-chancellor  of  Ire- 
land, 1867.  [vi.  299] 

BREWSTER,  SIR  DAVID  (1781-1868),  natural  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  editor  of 
'Edinburgh  Magazine'  (afterwards  called  successively, 
'Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal'  and  'Edinburgh 
Journal  of  Science'),  1802;  licensed  preacher,  1804,  but 
subsequently  abandoned  clerical  profession;  LL.D.  St. 
Andrews,  1807 ;  M.A.  Cambridge ;  editor  of  '  Edinburgh 
Encyclopedia,'  1807-29;  F.R.S.,  and  Copley  medallist, 
1816 ;  Rumford  medallist,  1818,  and  subsequently  Royal 
medallist  for  discoveries  in  relation  to  polarisation  of 
light;  invented  kaleidoscope,  1816;  M.I.O.E.  London, 
1820 ;  flrstdirector  of  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts,  1821 : 
assisted  in  organising  British  Association  for  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  1831 ;  knighted,  1831 ;  principal  of  united 
colleges  of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  university  of 
St.  Andrews,  1838 ;  aided  Scottish  Free  church  movement, 
1844  :  vice-chancellor,  Edinburgh  University,  1860 ;  presi- 
dent, Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  1864.  His  works  relate 
chiefly  to  optical  investigations.  [vi.  299] 

BREWSTEE,  Sm  FRANCIS  (ft.  1674-1702),  writer 
on  trade  ;  lord  mayor  of  Dublin,  1G74  ;  published  writings 
on  trade  and  navigation.  [vi.  303] 


BREWSTER 


143 


BRIDGES 


BREWSTEE,  JOHN  (1753-1842),  author  ;  M.A.  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1778:  rector  of  RedmanhaQ,  isi>5, 
BoMon,  INU'J,  iiiid  K^'k-solitTc,  1HU  ;  published  'History 
of  Stockton-on-Tees,'  and  religious  works.  [vi.  303] 

BREWSTER,  PATRICK  (1788-1859),  Scottish  divine ; 
brother  of  Sir  David  Brewster  [q.  v.]  ;  held  second  cliarge 
of  Abbey  Church,  Paisley,  1818-69;  published  sermons. 

LVI.  304J 

BREWSTER,  THOMAS  (b.  1705),  translator  ;  M.D. 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1738  ;  fellow  ;  published  verse 
tninsliitions  from  IVrsius,  1733-84.  [vi.  304] 

BREWSTER,  WILLIAM  (1560?-1644),  a  founder  of 
Plymouth,  New  England  ;  educated  at  Peterhouse,  Oain- 
t.ri.kr ;  t-iiU-n-l,  .-.  K>M,  service  of  William  Davison  [q.  y.], 
whom  lu-  accompanied  on  embassy  to  Low  Countries, 
i:,*..  7;  keener  of  'post  office'  at  Scrooby,  1594-1607:  J 

r.il     himself    in    separatist  movement,  and  after 
-iirtVring  considerable    persecution  went  to  Amsterdam,  ; 
1 1,1  is  ;  set  up  printing  press  at  Leyden  :  sailed  for  Virginia 
in  Mayflower,  1620,  and  founded  New  Plymouth,  where  he  I 
workcil  as  teacher  and  preacher.  [vi.  304] 

BRIAN  (926-1014),  king  of  Ireland  ;  known  as  Brian  ( 
mac  Kennedy  (or  Cennedigh)  ;  son  of  Oenneide ;  with  his 
brother  Mathgamhain,  chief  of  the  Dal  Oais  ;  defeated 
Danes  at  Sulcoit,  Tipperary,  c.  968 ;  chief  of  Dal  Cais, 
976 ;  defeated  and  slew  Maelmuadh,  king  of  Oashel,  978, 
and  succeeded  him  ;  defeated  Gillapatric,  king  of  Ossory, 
and  was  acknowledged  king  of  Leinster,  984  :  allied  with 
Maelsechlainn  mac  Domhimill,  chief  king  of  Ireland,  and 
defeated  Danes  at  Glentnama,  Wicklow,  1000;   defeated 
Maelsechlainn  and  became  chief  king  of  Ireland,  1001 ;  re- 
ceived   submission    of    Connaughtmen ;    made   charter  j 
acknowledging  ecclesiastical  supremacy  of  Armagh,  1004 ;  j 
made  circuit  of  Ireland,  icceiviug  hostages  of  all  territories  j 
through  which  he  passed  ,  joined  Maelsechlainn  and  be- 
sieged Danes  near  Dublin,  without  success,  1013  ;  defeated  ! 
Danes  at  Oluantarbh ;  after  the  battle  was  murdered  by  a  ' 
Dane  in  his  tent,  1014.  [vi.  306] 

BRIANT.    [See  BRYAN.] 

BRIANT,  ALEXANDER  (1553-1581),  Jesuit ;  edu- 
cated at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and  at  Douay  and  Rheims ; 
ordained  priest,  1578;  joined  English  mission,  1579;  im- 
prisoned in  Compter,  tortured,  and  executed  for  high 
treason  at  Tyburn,  having  been  admitted  while  in  prison 
to  the  Society  of  Jesus.  [vi.  309] 

BRICE,  ANDREW  (1690-1773),  printer;  apprenticed 
in  Exeter ;    carried  on  a  printing  business  in  spite  of 
financial  difficulties  for  many  years  after  1714 ;  issued  a  I 
weekly  newspaper,  c.  1715-73.   His  works  include  a '  Grand  j 
Gazetteer,  or  Topographic  Dictionary,'  1769.      [vi.  310] 

BRICE   or   BRYOE,   EDWARD  (1569?-1636),  first  ; 
presbyterian  minister  in  Ireland ;  entered  Edinburgh  Uni-  : 
versity,  e.  1589 ;  minister  of  Bothkenner,  1596,  and  Dry-  ' 
men,  1602 ;     deposed  on   charge  of  adultery ;    received 
cure  of  Templecorran,  co.  Antrim,  c.  1614  ;  prebendary  of 
Kilroot,  1619  ;  silenced  for  non-subscription  to  the  canons, 
1636.  [vi.  310] 

BRICE,  THOMAS  (d.  1570),  martyrologist ;  ordained 
deacon  and  priest,  1560 ;  published  '  A  Compendious  Re- 
gister in  Metre*  (1559),  containing  names  of  martyrs  in 
England,  4  Feb.  1656  to  17  Nov.  1568.  [vf.  311] 

BBICIE,  BRICmS,  or  BRIXIUS  (d.  1222),  bishop ; 
second  prior  of  Lesmahagow  ;  bishop  of  Moray,  1203  ; 
founded  college  of  canons  at  Spynie.  [vi.  312] 

BRICMORE.  BRICHEMORE.  or  BRYGEMOORE, 
H —  (14th  cent.),  surnamed  SOPHISTA  ;  scholastic ;  said  to 
have  studied  at  Oxford,  to  have  been  canon  of  Holy 
Rood,  Edinburgh,  and  to  have  written  commentaries  on 
Aristotle  ;  perhaps  identical  with  BRICHKMON. 

[vi.  312] 

BRIDE,  SAINT  (463-523).    [See  BRIGIT.] 

BRIDELL,  FREDERICK  LEE  (1831-1863),  landscape 
painter ;  apprenticed  to  a  picture  dealer,  who  arranged 
for  his  education  abroad ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy 
from  1861.  'The  Temple  of  Venus,'  1858,  and  'Sunset 
on  the  Atlantic,'  1857,  are  among  his  best-known  works. 

[vi.  812] 

BRIDECAKE,  RALPH  (1613-1678),  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1686;  master 
of  Manchester  free  grammar  school,  1638,  mid  feoffee, 


1663  ;  lost  mastership  on  outbreak  of  civil  war  ;  preacher 
of  the  rolls ;  vicar  of  Witney,  Oxfordshire,  1654-63 ; 
commissioner  for  approbation  and  admission  of  presby- 
terian  ministers,  1659  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II,  canon  of 
Windsor,  and  D.D.,  1660 ;  dean  of  Salisbury,  1667 ;  bishop 
of  Ohichester,  1676.  [vi.  313] 

BRIDFERTH  (/.  1000).    [See  BYRHTFKRTH.] 

BRIDGE,  BEWICK  (1767-1883),  mathematician  and 
senior  wrangler;  B.A.  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
1790;  M.A.,  1793 ;  B.D.,  1811 ;  fellow ;  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  East  India  Company's  College,  Haileybury ; 
vicar  of  Cherryhinton,  1816-83  ;  F.R.S. ;  published  mathe- 
matical works.  [vi.  314] 

BRIDGE,  SIR  JOHN  (1824-1900),  police  magistrate; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1849 ;  called  to  bar  at 
Inner  Temple,  1860;  practised  on  home  circuit;  police 
magistrate  in  London ;  chief  metropolitan  magistrate, 
1890 ;  knighted,  1890.  [SuppL  L  2«7] 

BRIDGE  or  BRIDGES,  RICHARD  (ft.  1760),  organ- 
builder  ;  constructed  organ  for  Christ  Church,  Spital- 
flcids.  and  other  churches.  [vi.  316] 

BRIDGE,  WILLIAM  (1600?-1670),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  CoUege,  Cambridge,  1626 :  fellow ;  lec- 
turer at  Colchester,  1631 :  rector  of  St.  Peter's  Hungate, 
Norwich,  1636  ;  excommunicated  ;  high  pastor  at  Rotter- 
dam ;  frequently  preached  before  Long  parliament ; 
ejected  from  living  at  Great  Yarmouth,  1662  ;  one  of  the 
writers  of  the  '  Apologetical  Narration,'  Io43.  [vi.  315] 

BBJDGEMAN,  HENRY  (1615-1682),  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man;  son  of  John  Bridgemau  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1632 ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  CoUege,  1633-9  ; 
M. A.,  1635  ;  rector  of  Barrow,  Cheshire,  1639  (sequestered, 
1643),  and  of  Bangor-is-coed,  Flintshire,  1640  (sequestered, 
1646)  ;  regained  rectories  on  Restoration  ;  dean  of  Chester, 
D.D.,  and  prebendary  of  York,  1660 ;  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man,  1671.  [vi.  316] 

BBIDGEMAN,  JOHN  (1577-1652),  bishop  of  Chester  ; 
B.D.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1596 ;  foundation  fellow  of 
Magdalene  CoUege,  1599 ;  M.A.,  and  incorporated  M.A. 
Oxford,  1600  ;  D.D.,  1612  ;  canon  residentiary  of  Exeter  ; 
prebendary  of  Peterborough;  chaplain  to  James  I; 
bishop  of  Chester,  1619;  opposed  nonconformity;  lived 
in  retirement  after  temporary  overthrow  of  episcopacy. 

BRIDGEMAN,  SIR  ORLANDO  (1606  ?-1674),  lord 
keeper ;  son  of  John  Bridgeman  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  and  feUow  of  Magdalene  CoUege, 
1624;  caUed  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1632;  bencher,  c. 
1660 :  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1638  ;  attorney  of  court  of 
wards,  and  solicitor-general  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1640; 
M.P.  for  Wigan  in  Long  parliament  and  knighted,  1640  ; 
sat  in  Oxford  parliament,  1644 ;  serjeant-at-arms,  chief- 
baron  of  exchequer,  and  baronet,  1660 ;  presided  at  trial 
of  regicides  ;  lord  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1660-8  ; 
lord  keeper  of  great  seal.  1667-72.  [vi.  318] 

BRIDGES.    [See  also  BRYDGES.] 

BRIDGES,  CHARLES  (1794-1869),  evangelical  di- 
vine ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1831 ;  vicar  of 
Weymouth,  1849 ;  published  religious  writings,  [vi.  320] 

BRIDGES,  JOHN  (d.  1618),  bishop  of  Oxford,  1604 ; 
M.A.  Pembroke  HaU,  Cambridge,  1660;  feUow,  1556: 
D.D.  Canterbury,  1575 ;  dean  of  Salisbury,  1677 ;  took 
part  in  Hampton  Court  conference,  1608 ;  published  re- 
ligions works,  of  which  the  most  important,  being  the 
immediate  cause  of  the  Martin  Mai-prelate  tracts,  is  '  A 
Defence  of  the  Government  established  in  the  Church  of 
Englande  for  Ecclesiasticall  Matters,'  1587,  replying  to 
Cartwright's  'Discourse  on  Ecclesiastical  Government' 
(1574),  and  Theodore  Beza's  '  Judgment.'  [vi.  320] 

BRIDGES,  JOHN  (1666-1724),  topographer  ;  bencher 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  :  solicitor  to  customs,  1695 ;  governor  of 
Bridewell  and  Bethlehem  hospitals;  F.S.A.,  1718.  Left 
manuscript  collections  for  history  of  Northamptonshire 
(published  1762-91).  [vi.  321] 

BRIDGES,  NOAH  (ft.  1661),  stenographer  and  mathe- 
matician; educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  B.C.L., 
1646;  clerk  of  parliaments  at  Oxford.  1643  and  1644: 
kept  a  school  at  Putney  :  published  works  on  arithmetic, 
stenography,  and  cryptography.  [vi.  3^2] 


BRIDGES 


144 


BRIGHT 


BRIDGES.  THOMAS  (fl.  1759-1775),  dramatist  and 
parodist:  published  coinic  operas  (produced  ut  Hay- 
market,  1771  and  1775)  aud  parodies  of  Homer  and  other 
poets.  [vi.  323] 

BRIDGET,  SAINT  (453-523).    [See  BHIOIT.] 

BRIDGETOWZR,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  POL- 
GREEN  (1779-1840?),  violinist;  studied  under  Barthele- 
nion  :  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  at  an  oratorio  con- 
cert, 1790;  became  member  of  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
private  band  at  Brighton ;  at  Vienna  met  Beethoven, 
who  composed  for  him  his  Kreiit/er  Sonata:  Mus.Bac. 
Cambridge,  1811.  [vi.  323] 

BRIDGET!,  THOMAS  EDWARD  (1829-1899),  Ro- 
man catholic  priest;  pensioner  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1847  :  entered  Roman  catholic  church,  1850  : 
joined  Redemptorist  order ;  priest,  1856  ;  founded  Con- 
fraternity of  Holy  Family,  Limerick,  1868  ;  wrote  mainly 
on  history  of  Reformation.  [Suppl.  i.  267] 

BRIDGEWATER,  third  DUKK  OP  (1736-1803).  [See 
EGERTON,  FRANCIS.] 

BRIDGEWATER,  EARLS  OP.  [See  EQKKTON,  JOHN, 
first  EARL,  1579-1649 ;  KGKRTON,  JOHN,  second  EARL, 
1628-1686;  EOBRTON,  JOHN,  third  EARL,  1646-1701; 
EGERTON,  FRANCIS,  sixth  EARL,  1736-1803 ;  EGERTON, 
FRANCIS  HENRY,  eighth  EARL,  1756-1829.] 

BRIDGEWATER,  JOHN  (1532  ?-1596  ?),  latinised 
form  AQCEPONTANUS,  catholic  divine ;  M.A.  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  1556  ;  rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1563-74 ; 
canon  residentiary  of  Wells ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Robert 
Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester ;  master  of  Hospital  of  St. 
Katharine,  near  Bedminster,  1570  :  prebendary  of  Wells, 
1572;  visited  English  college  at  Douay,  1574;  published 
theological  and  historical  works  in  Latin.  [  vi.  324] 

BRIDGMAN  or  BRIDGEMAN,  CHARLES  (d.  1738), 
gardener  to  George  I  and  George  II ;  king's  gardener  be- 
fore 1729 ;  laid  out  Serpentine  and  gardens  between  it  and 
Kensington  Palace,  1730-3 ;  probably  designed  royal 
gardens  at  Richmond.  He  did  much  towards  abolishing 
formal  methods  of  landscape  gardening.  [SuppL  i.  268] 

BRIDGMAN,  RICHARD  WHALLEY  (1761  ?-1820), 
legal  writer ;  attorney  and  one  of  clerks  to  Grocers'  Com- 
pany ;  published  legal  works.  [vi.  325] 

BRIDLINGTON,  JOHN  OP,  SAINT  (d.  1379).  [See 
JOHN.] 

BRIDPORT,  VISCOUNT  (1727-1814).  [See  HOOD, 
ALEXANDER.] 

BRIDPORT  or  BRIDLESFORD,  GILES  OP  (d.  1262), 
bishop  of  Salisbury ;  dean  of  Wells,  1253 ;  went  on  em- 
bassy from  Henry  III  to  Alexander  IV,  1256 ;  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  1257 ;  nominated  by  Henry  III  one  of  arbi- 
trators between  king  and  barons,  1261 ;  founded  College 
of  Vanx,  Salisbury,  1260.  [vi.  325] 

BRIERCLIFFE  or  BREARCLIFFE,  JOHN  (1609  ?- 
1682),  antiquary  ;  made  collections  for  history  of  Halifax. 

[vi.  325] 

BRIERLEY,  BENJAMIN  (1825-1896),  Lancashire 
dialect  writer;  son  of  a  hand-loom  weaver:  worked  as 
hand-loom  weaver  and,  later,  as  silk-warper;  became 
(1863)  sub-editor  of  '  Oldham  Times ';  assisted  in  found- 
ing Manchester  Literary  Club,  1864 ;  edited '  Ben  Brierley's 
Journal,'  1869-91.  He  published  works  written  largely  in 
dialect  of  South  Lancashire.  A  collected  edition  ap- 
peared, 1882-6.  [Suppl.  i.  269] 

BRTERLEY,  ROGER  (1588-1637).    [See  BRKRELEY.] 

BRIERLY,  SIR  OSWALD  WALTERS  (1817-1894), 
marine  painter ;  studied  at  academy  of  Henry  Sass  [q.  v.] 
at  Bloomsbury  ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1839 ; 
settled  in  Auckland,  1841-51 :  F.R.G.S.,  1853 :  accom- 
panied Hon.  Henry  Keppel  during  operations  in  Baltic, 
1854,  and  in  Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  Azov,  1855,  publishing 
drawings  of  incidents  in  war ;  with  Duke  of  Edinburgh 
in  voyage  round  world,  1867-8,  and  with  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales  in  tour  to  Nile  and  Crimea,  1868 ;  asso- 
ciate, 1872,  and  member,  1880,  of  Royal  Water-colour 
Society,  to  whose  exhibitions  he  contributed  scenes  from 
naval  history ;  marine  painter  to  Queen  Victoria,  1874 ; 
knighted,  1885.  [SuppL  i.  270] 


BRIGGS,      HENRY     (1561-1630),    mathematician 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1585;  fellow,  1588 
first  professor  of  geometry,  Gresham  College,  Londor 
1596-1620;  Savilian  professor  of  astronomy,  fellow-cone 
inoner  of  Merton  College,  and  incorporated  M.A..  Oxford, 
1619  ;  published  and  left  in  manuscript  works  on  mathe- 
1  matics  and  navigation.  [vi.  826] 

BRIGGS,  HENRY  PERRONET  (1791  ?-1844),  subject 
and  portrait  painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from 
j  1814;  R.A.,  1832.  [Ti  817] 

BRIGGS,  JOHN  (1788-1861),  catholic  divine;  edu- 
|  cated  at  St.  Cuthbert's  College,  Ushaw  ;  received  tonsure 
and  four  minor  orders,  1804  ;  professor  at  St.  Cuthbert's, 
and,  in  1832,  president :  bishop  of  Trachis  in  Thessalia, 
1833 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  northern  district,  1836 ;  bishop 
of  Beverley,  1850-60.  [vi.  327] 

BRIGGS,  JOHN  (1785-1875),  Indian  officer ;  served 
I  in  Mahratta  wars,  and  became  resident  at  Sattiiru; 
senior  commissioner  for  government  of  Mysore,  l«:;i; 
resident  of  Nagpur,  1832  ;  left  India,  1835  ;  major-general, 
1838 ;  member  of  court  of  proprietors  of  East  India 
Company ;  F.R.S. ;  translated  Persian  works  into  English. 

[vi.  328] 

BRIGGS,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1819-1876),  naturalist  and 
topographer;  contributed  writings  on  natural  history 
and  archaeology  to  the  '  Field '  and  other  newspapers ; 
fellow,  Royal  Society  of  Literature ;  member  of  British 
Archaeological  Association.  His  works  include  a  '  His- 
,  tory  of  Melbourne,  Derbyshire.'  [vi.  328] 

BRIGGS,     SIR     JOHN    THOMAS    (1781-1865),   ac- 
countant-general of  the  navy ;  secretary  to  commission 
on    civil  affairs    of    navy,   1806-9;    commissioner    and 
accountant-general    of    victualling   board ;    accouutant- 
,  general  of  navy,  1832 ;  knighted,  1851.  [vi.  329] 


BRIGGS,    WILLIAM    (1642-1704),     physician     and 

<  oculist ;  fellow,  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1668 ; 

M.A.,    1670 ;    studied  under  Vieussens  at  Montpellier ; 

M.D.  Cambridge,  1677  ;  F.O.P.,  1682 ;  censor,  1685,  1686, 

and  1692 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  William  III  from  1696 ; 

i  published  '  Theory  of  Vision,'  1682-3.  [vi.  329] 

BRIGHAM,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1558),    antiquary;   ap- 
pointed by  Mary  general  receiver  of  subsidies,  fifteenths, 
!  and  benevolences,  1558;  wrote  epitaph  on  Chaucer,  for 
whose  bones    he    built    tomb    in   Westminster    Abbey, 
1555.  [vi.  330] 

BRIGHT,  SIR  CHARLES  TILSTON  (1832-1888), 
telegraph  engineer;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
school ;  entered  employ  of  Electric  Telegraph  Company, 
1847 ;  consulting  engineer  of  Magnetic  Company,  1860-70 ; 
patented  the  acoustic  telegraph  known  as  '  Bright's  Bells,' 
1855:  engineer  to  Atlantic  Cable  Company,  1856;  on 
board  the  Niagara,  which,  with  the  Agamemnon,  under 
Professor  W.  Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin),  laid  the  first  cable 
from  Valentia  to  Newfoundland,  1858 ;  knighted,  1858  ; 
engaged  in  cable-laying  work  in  Mediterranean,  Persian 
Gulf,  and  West  Indian  Islands  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Green- 
wich, 1865;  M.I.O.E.,  1862;  president  of  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers,  1886-7.  [Suppl.  i.  271] 

BRIGHT,  HENRY  (1814-1873),  water-colour  painter : 
dispense  at  Norwich  Hospital ;  studied  art  and  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy,  1845-50:  member  of  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours.  [vi.  331] 

BRIGHT,  HENRY  ARTHUR  (1830-1884),  merchant 
and  author;  educated  at  Rugby;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1867 ;  M.A.,  1860 :  partner  in  shipping  firm 
of  Gibbs,  Bright  &  Co. ;  on  commission  of  peace  for  Lon- 
don, 1865,  and  for  Middlesex,  1870 ;  member  of  Roxburghe 
Club  and  Philobiblon  Society,  for  each  of  which  he  edited 
a  publication.  [vi.  331] 

BRIGHT,  JACOB  (1821-1899),  radical  politician, 
brother  of  John  Bright  (1811-1889)  [q.  v.] :  M.P.  for 
Manchester,  1867-74  and  1876-85,  and  southern  division, 
Manchester,  1886-95  ;  privy  councillor,  1895. 

[Suppl.  L  291] 

BRIGHT,  SIR  JOHN  (1619-1688),  parliamentarian; 
raised  companies  for  parliament ;  captain,  1643 ;  governor 
of  Sheffield,  1644  ;  served  under  Cromwell  in  Scotland  ; 
high  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  and  governor  of  Hull  and  York, 
1654  and  1655  ;  probably  joined  royalist  party  before 
I  Restoration ;  created  baronet,  1660.  [vi.  333] 


BRIGHT 


145 


BRINKLEY 


BRIGHT,  JOHN  (1783-1870),  physician  :  M.D.  Wad- 
l.ain  College,  Oxford,  1808;  physician  to  General  Hos- 
pitiil,  Birmingham,  1810 ;  F.C.P.,  ISO'J  ;  I larveian  orator, 
l.sau  ;  lord  chttticeUor's  adviser  in  luuacy,  1836.  [vi.  333] 

BRIGHT,  JOHN  (1811-1889),  orator  and  statesman  ; 
son  of  ii  R(H-l>.lale  miller  ;  worked  in  his  father's  mill ; 
made  tirst  public  speech,  1830,  in  defence  of  temperance 
mowni'iit ;  gained  reputation  as  orator  by  his  opposi- 
tion of  principle  of  church  rates,  1834-41  ;  advocated 
abolition  of  capital  punishment ;  formed  friendship  with 
Colxlen,  <•.  1835  ;  treasurer  of  Rochdale  branch  of  Anti- 
Cornhiw  League,  1840;  began  agitation  in  London 
against  corn  laws,  lsi2,sind  subsequently  carried  on  cam- 
paign'in  midlands  and  Scotland  ;  M.P.for  Durham,  1843  ; 
,,t,p.^nl  Maynooth  grant,  1845  ;  spoke  against  Lonl  Ash- 
l,.v'»  t.-n  hours  factories  bill,  1846  ;  M.P.for  Manchester, 

1847  and  1H52;  Introduced  bill  for  repeal  of  game  laws, 

1848  ;  advocated  facilitation  of  sale  of  encumbered  estates 
in   Inland,  provision    of   occupation  for  peasantry  by 
increasal  partition  of  landed  property,  and  disestablish- 
ment ;  chairman,  1848,  of  select  committee  (for  which  he 
had  moved,  1847)  to  inquire  into  obstacles  to  cultivation 
of  cotton  in  India ;  subsequently  assisted  in  raising  funds 
for  private  commission  of  inquiry  in  India  ;  joined  Cob- 
den  in  forming  « The  Commons'  League,'  for  financial  and 
parliamentary  reform,  1849  ;  opposed  Russell's  resolution 
excluding  Sir  David  Salomons  [q.  v.]    from  House  of 
Commons  as  a  Jew,  1851  ;  recommended  that  government 
of  India  should  be  made  a  department  of  the  British 
government,  1853 ;    opposed  war  with  Russia,  1853-4 ; 
opposed  Russell's  Oxford   University    reform    bill,    and 
grant  to  dissenting  ministers  in  Ireland,  1854  ;  defeated 
in  election  at  Manchester  and  elected  for  Birmingham, 
1857,  1858,  1865,  1868,  1873, 1874,  1880-5  ;  advocated  de- 
centralisation in  India,  1858  and  1879  ;  opposed  govern- 
ment reform  bill,  in  speech  in  which  he  insisted  on  need 
for  redistribution,  1859  ;  negotiated  preliminary  treaty  of 
commerce  with  France,  1860 ;  member  of  committee  to 
inquire  into  precedents  for  power  of  Lords  to  deal  with 
tax  bills,  1860 ;  supported  northern  cause  in  American 
war,  1861  ;   member  of  Jamaica  committee  for  trial  of 
Governor  Eyre  for  execution  of  Gordon,  1865 ;  supported, 
1866,   Gladstone's  government  reform  bill,  which  was 
defeated  ;  advocated  Irish  disestablishment,  1868  ;  presi- 
dent of  board  of  trade  in  Gladstone's  first  ministry,  1868- 
1870 ;    member  of  cabinet  and  of  privy  council,  1868 ; 
temporarily  withdrew  from  politics  owing  to  ill-health, 
1870-2  ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1873 ;  opposed 
Beaconsfield's  Turkish  policy,  1876,  and  advocated  neu- 
trality ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster  with  seat  in 
cabinet  in  Gladstone's  ministry,  1880 ;  supported  Brad- 
laugh's  request  for  permission  to  affirm,  1880 ;  lord  rector 
of  Glasgow  University,  1880 ;  approved  of  re-establish- 
ment of  autonomy  of  Transvaal,   1881 ;  resigned  chan- 
cellorship of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  on  British  inter- 
vention in  Egyptian  affairs,  1882  ;  M.P.  for  central  divi- 
sion of  Birmingham,  1885  ;  made  in  1887  last  public  speech 
(an  attack  on  Gladstone's  home    rule    bill    of    1886) ; 
honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1886.     Bright  and  Cobden  were 
the  two  leading  representatives  of  the  emergence  of  the 
manufacturing  class  as  a  force  in  English  politics  after 
the  Reform  Act  of  1832.    Volumes  of  his  speeches  and 
addresses   were    published,    1868    and    1879.      Bright's 
portrait,  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Ouless,  R.A.,  is  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  [SuppL  L  273] 

BRIGHT,  MYNORS  (1818-1883),  decipherer  of  Pepys  ; 
son  of  John  Bright  (1783-1870)  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1843  ;  fellow  and  president  of  the  col- 
lege ;  afterwards  proctor,  1853  ;  deciphered  and  published 
Pepys's  '  Diary,'  1876-9.  [vi.  333] 

BRIGHT,  RICHARD  (1789-1858),  physician  ;  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Guy's  Hospital,  London ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1812  ;  studied  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  travelled 
on  continent,  1818-20 ;  physician,  Guy's  Hospital,  1824-43 ; 
consulting  physician,  1843 ;  assisted  Addison  in  '  Ele- 
ments of  Practice  of  Medicine '  (1839) ;  published  first 
volume  of  '  Reports  of  Medical  Cases,'  1827,  containing 
his  discovery  of  '  Bright's  Disease,'  and  second  volume, 
1831 ;  contributed  to  '  Guy's  Hospital  Reports,'  first  pub- 
lished, 1836  ;  F.C.P.,  1832,  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1833,  censor, 
1836  and  1839,  Lumleian  lecturer,  1837,  and  member  of 
council,  1838  and  1843 ;  F.R.S.,  1821 ;  physician  extra- 
prdinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837 ;  published  accounts  of 
travels,  medical  treatises,  and  other  writings,  [vi.  334] 


BRIGHT,  TIMOTHY  (1551  ?-161(i),  inventor  of 
modern  shorthand;  M.D.  Trinity  Colhre,  Cambridge, 
157'J  ;  studied  medicine  in  Pans  ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  1586-9U;  abandoned  im-diea!  protV-Mon  ; 
rector  of  Methley,  1591,  and  of  Berwk-k-iu-Elmet,  York- 
shire, 1594  ;  published  '  A  Treatise  of  Melancholic,1  1586 
<-:iid  to  have  suggested  to  Burton  his  'Anatomy  of 
Melancholy'),  and  ' Characterie,'  1688,  a  work  on  the 
lost  art  of  shorthand,  which  Bright  re-invented. 

[vi.  337] 

BRIGHTMAN,  THOMAS  (1562-1607),  puritan  divine  ; 
M.A.  and  fellow,  Queens.'  College,  Cambridge,  1584  ;  B.D., 
1591;  rector  of  Hawnes,  Bedfordshire,  1592:  wrote 
biblical  commentaries  (including  a  treatise  on  the  Apo- 
calypse, which  he  believed  himself  to  liave  written  under 
divine  inspiration),  published  posthumously,  [vi.  339] 

BRIGHTWELL,  CECILIA  LUCY  (1811-1875),  etcher 
and  authoress ;  drew  and  lithographed  figures  for  her 
father  Thomas  Brightwell's  work  on  'Fauna  of  East 
Norfolk,'  1848  ;  produced  some  original  etchings  and 
others  after  old  and  modern  artists ;  published  works  for 
the  young,  mainly  biographical.  [vi.  340] 

BRIGIT,  SAIXT,  of  Kildare  (453-523),  Irish  saint ; 
born  at  Faugher,  near  Dundalk ;  daughter  of  Dubhthach 
(grandson  of  Tuathal  Teachtmhar,  monarch  of  Erinii), 
by  his  bondmaid  and  concubine  Brotsech  ;  lived,  when 
grown  up,  with  her  father,  who,  disliking  her  generous 
bestowal  of  his  property  on  the  poor,  gave  her  her  free- 
dom ;  took  the  veil  and  was  probably  invested  with  rank 
corresponding  with  that  of  bishop ;  founded  the  church  of 
Kildare.  Her  day  is  1  Feb.  [vi.  340] 

BRIGSTOCXE,  THOMAS  (1809-1881),  portrait- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1843-65.  [vi.  342] 

BRIHTNOTH  (<f.  991),  earldorman  of  East-Saxons  ; 
died  of  wounds  received  in  battle  against  Norwegian  fleet 
near  Maldon.  [vi.  342] 

BRIHTEIC  (d.  802).    [See  BEORHTRIC.] 

BRIHTWALD  (650  ?-731),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 
abbot  of  Reculver,  c.  670 :  elected  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 692,  and  consecrated  by  archbishop  of  Lyons,  693 ; 
presided  at  council  of  Estrefeld  (near  Ripon  ?),  in  which 
Wilfrith,  archbishop  of  York,  was  excommunicated,  702  ; 
an  energetic  and  tactful  ecclesiastic.  [vi.  343] 

BRIHTWOLD  (d.  1045),  monk  of  Glastonbury ;  eighth 
bishop  of  Ramsbury,  1006-45.  [vi.  344] 

BRIMLEY,  GEORGE  (1819-1857),  essayist  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  college  librarian,  1845  ;  con- 
tributed to  '  Spectator '  and  *  Fraser's  Magazine,'  essays, 
of  which  a  selection  was  published,  1868.  [vi.  344] 

BRIND,  SIR  JAMES  (1808-1888),  general ;  educated 
at  East  India  Company's  College,  Addiscombe;  second 
lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1827  ;  captain,  1845  ;  major, 
1856  ;  colonel,  1861 ;  major-general,  1867  ;  general,  and 
colonel-commandant,  royal  artillery,  1877 ;  distinguished 
himself  at  siege  of  Delhi,  1867;  O.B.,  1868;  commanded 
Sirhind  division,  Bengal  army,  1873-8 ;  G.C.B.,  1884. 

[SuppL  i.  291] 

BRIND,  RICHARD  (d.  1718),  chorister  and,  1707-18, 
organist  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [vi.  344] 

BRINDLEY,  JAMES  (1716-1772),  engineer;  began 
business,  1742,  as  repairer  of  old  machinery  at  Leek,  and 
introduced  many  important  improvements  in  machinery  ; 
designed  canal  from  Worsley  coal  mines  to  Manchester, 
1759,  and  subsequently  constructed  over  366  miles  of  canals, 
including  Bridgewater  (Manchester  and  Liverpool)  and 
Grand  Trunk  (Trent  and  Mersey).  [vi  345] 

BRINE,  JOHN  (1703-1765),  baptist  minister ;  born  of 
poor  parents ;  joined  baptists  when  young  ;  pastor  of  con- 
gregation at  Curriers'  Hall,  Oripplegate,  London,  1730; 
published  religious  works.  [vi.  345] 

BRIJTKELOW,  HENRY  (d.  1546),  satirist ;  left  order 
of  St.  Francis  and  became  citizen  and  mercer  of  London ; 
adopted  opinions  of  reforming  party  and,  under  pseudo- 
nym of  Roderigo  Mors,  published  satires  on  social  and 
religious  subjects  ;  perhaps  banished  from  England. 

[vi.  346] 

BRINKLEY,  JOHN  (1763-1835),  bishop  and  astro- 
nomer;  senior  wrangler,  and  first  Smith's  prizeman, 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1788  ;  M.A.,  1791 ;  D.D.,  1806 ; 


BBINKNEL.L 


146 


BROADBENT 


Andrews  professor  of  astronomy,  Dublin  University, 
and  first  astronomer  royal  for  Ireland,  1792;  F.K.S., 
IWuS  :  claimed  to  have  discovered  an  annual  (double) 
parallax  for  a  Lyrte  of  2"  52,  1810,  and,  though  he  was 
•Mtkan,  GfMawlob  observations  failM  to  disprove  his 
statements  ;  Copley  medallist,  1824  ;  president,  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  1822-35;  president  Royal  Astronomical  So- 
ciety, 1831-3;  prebendary  of  Kilircyhliii  nnd  rector  of 
Derrybrush,  1806;  bishop  of  Cloyue,  1826;  published 
•  Elements  of  Astronomy '  (1808).  [vi.  347] 

BRINXNELL  or  BRYNKNELL,  THOMAS  (rf.1539  ?), 
divine:  D.D.  University  Oolleire,  Ovfonl,  1508;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  and  master  of  St.  John's  Hospital, 
Baubury,  1511  ;  professor  of  divinity,  Oxford,  1621. 

[vi.  348] 

BRINSLEY,  JOHN,  the  elder  (fl.  1663),  puritan 
divine;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1588;  took 
orders  ;  master  of  school  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch ;  ejected 
from  mastership,  c.  1620,  for  his  religious  opinions  ;  pub- 
lished translations  and  educational  works.  [vi.  348] 

BRINSLEY,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1600-1665),  puri- 
tan divine ;  son  of  John  Brinsley  (/.  1663)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1623  :  appointed  minister 
to  corporation  of  Great  Yarmouth,  1625,  but  dismissed  by 
court  of  high  commission,  1627;  again  town  preacher 
of  Yarmouth,  1644 ;  ejected,  1660 ;  published  religious 
treatises.  [vi.  349] 

BRINTON  or  BRITNTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1389), 
bishop  of  Rochester:  Benedictine  monk  at  Norwich ; 
'doctor  decretorum,'  Oxford;  penitentiary  of  holy  see; 
bishop  of  Rochester,  1373  :  confessor  to  the  king. 

[vi.  350] 

BRINTON,  WILLIAM  (1823-1867),  physician; 
studied  at  King's  College,  London  ;  M.D.  London,  1848 ; 
F.O.P.,  1854  ;  lecturer  on  forensic  medicine,  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  and  subsequently  physician  and  lecturer  on 
physiology  :  published  treatises  relating  chiefly  to  diseases 
of  the  stomach.  [vi.  350] 

BRIOT,  NICHOLAS  (1579-1646),  medallist  and  coin- 
engraver  ;  engraver-general  of  coins  of  Prance,  1605-25  ; 
endeavoured,  but  without  success,  to  introduce  improved 
methods  of  coining  in  France  ;  chief  engraver  to  English 
mint,  1633  ;  master  of  Scottish  mint,  1635.  [vi.  351] 

BRISBANE,  SIB  CHARLES  (1769  ?-1829),  rear- 
admiral  ;  entered  navy,  1779  ;  lieutenant,  1790  ;  in  Medi- 
terranean under  Captain  Nelson  and  Lord  Hood,  1793-4  ; 
commander,  1794 ;  promoted  captain  for  his  capture  of 
Dutch  ships  in  Saldana  Bay,  1796  ;  knighted  for  success 
against  Dutch  off  Curacao,  1807  ;  governor  of  St.  Vincent, 
1808-29  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  rear-admiral,  1819.  [iv.  352] 

BRISBANE,  SIR  JAMES  (1774-1826),  commodore; 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Brisbane  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant  in 
navy,  1794 ;  commander,  1797 ;  commanded  squadron 
blockading  Corfu,  1808  ;  engaged  in  reduction  of  Ionian 
Islands ;  in  Channel,  1812,  and  Mediterranean,  1815 : 
O.B.,  1815 ;  knighted,  1816  ;  commander-in-chief  in  East 
Indies,  1825  ;  died  at  Penang.  [vL  353] 

BRISBANE,  JOHN  (d.  1776?),  physician:  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1750 ;  L.O.P.,  1766 :  physician  to  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1768-73  ;  published '  Anatomy  of  Painting,'  1769. 

[vi.  363] 

BRISBANE,  SIB  THOMAS  MAKDOUQALL-  (1773- 
1860),  soldier  and  astronomer  :  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University ;  ensign,  1789  ;  major,  1795  ;  with  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby  in  West  Indies,  1795-8;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1800;  in  Jamaica,  1800-3  ;  devoted  himself  to  astronomy 
at  his  observatory  at  Brisbane,  Scotland ;  colonel  and 
assistant  adjutant-general,  1H10 ;  brigadier-general  under 
Wellington  in  Peninsula,  1812  ;  major-general,  1813  ;  in 
Canada,  1813 ;  K.C.B.,  1814 ;  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1821-5  ;  encouraged  emigration  but  lacked  energy 
as  governor ;  erected  observatory  at  Paramatta,  near 
Sydney,  1822 ;  returned  to  England,  1825  ;  colonel  of  34th 
regiment,  1826 ;  M.R.S.  Edinburgh,  1811,  and  president, 
1833-60;  gold  medallist,  Royal  Astronomical  Society, 
1828  ;  built  and  equipped  observatory,  and,  1841,  magnetic 
Observatory,  Makerstoun,  Scotland ;  Keith  medallist, 
1848  ;  M.R.S.,  1810  ;  created  baronet,  1836  ;  Q.O.B.,  1837  ; 
general,  1841.  [vL  363] 

BRISTOL,  EARLS  OP.  [See  DIGBY,  JOHN,  first 
EARL,  1580-1664 :  DIQBY,  GKORGE,  second  EARL,  1612- 
1677  ;  HERVEY,  JOHN,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation, 


1655-1751 ;  HERVEY,  AUGUSTUS  JOHK,  third  EARL,  1724- 
1770;  HERVKY,  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS,  fourth  EAKL, 
1730-1803.] 

BRISTOL,  RALPH  PE  (d.  1232),  bishop  of  Cashel ;  first 
treasurer  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  1219  ;  bishop 
of  Oashel,  1223.  [vi.  356] 

BRISTOW,  EDMUND  (1787-1876),  painter;  ex- 
hibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  other  exhibitions,  1809- 
1838.  [vi.  357] 

BRISTOW,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1817-1889),  geolo- 
gist ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ;  director  of 
Geographical  Survey  for  England  and  Wales,  1872-88; 
F.G.S.,  1843  ;  F.R.S.,  1862  ;  published  geological  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  292] 

BRISTOW,  RICHARD  (1538-1581),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1562;  fellow  of 
Exeter,  1667  ;  appointed  by  Dr.  Allen  first  moderator  of 
studies  at  Douay  ;  priest,  1573  ;  D.D.  Douay,  1575  ;  had 
care  of  the  seminary  on  removal  to  Rheims,  1578 ;  returned 
to  England  for  his  health,  1581  ;  published  theological 
works,  and  assisted  Allen  in  revising  '  Douay  Bible.' 

[vi.  357] 

BRISTOWE,  JOHN  SYER  (1827-1895),  physician : 
educated  at  King's  College  school ;  studied  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital ;  M.R.O.S.  and  L.S.A.,  1849  :  M.D.  London,  1852 ; 
physician,  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1860  ;  lecturer  on  medi- 
cine, 1876-92 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1858  ;  Oroonian  lecturer,  1872,  nnd 
Lumleian  lecturer,  1879  ;  F.R.S.,  1881 ;  honorary  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1884  ;  president  of  Medical  Society  of  Lon- 
don, 1893 ;  published  '  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,' 
1876,  and  other  medical  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  293] 

BRIT,  BRYTTE.orBRITHTTS,  WALTER  (fl.  1390), 
mathematician  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  nnd 
reputed  author  of  a  treatise  on  surgery  and  astronomical 
and  mathematical  works.  [vi.  358] 

BRITHWALD  (650  ?-731).    [See  BRIHTWALD.] 
BRITHWOLD  (d.  1045).    [See  BRIHTWOLD.] 

BRITO  or  LE  BRETON,  RANULPH  (d.  1246),  canon 
of  St.  Paul's  ;  king's  treasurer ;  displaced  and  fined  on 
chnrge  of  misapplying  revenues,  1232  ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's ; 
imprisoned  on  false  charge  of  treason,  1239,  but  released 
at  instance  of  prelates.  [vi.  358] 

BRITON  or  BRETON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1356),  theolo- 
gian ;  Franciscan  or  Cistercian ;  wrote  '  Vocabulnrium 
Biblite,'  a  treatise  explaining  obscure  biblical  words. 

[vi.  359] 

BRITTAIN,  THOMAS  (1806-1884),  naturalist ;  pro- 
fessional accountant ;  one  of  promoters  of  Manchester 
Microscopical  Society,  1858 ;  wrote  on  various  subjects, 
including  natural  history.  [vi.  359] 

BRITTON,  JOHN  (d.  1275).    [See  BRETON.] 

BRITTON,  JOHN  (1771-1857),  antiquary  and  topo- 
grapher; cellarman  in  Smithfield  and  subsequently 
attorney's  clerk ;  published  '  Adventures  of  Pizarro,'  1799, 
and  received  commission  to  prepare  '  Beauties  of  Wilt- 
shire,' 1801 ;  first  edited  with  E.  W.  Brayley  [q.  v.],  nnd 
subsequently  contributed  to  'Beauties  of  England  and 
Wales,'  1801-14;  published  'Architectural  Beauties  of 
Great  Britain,'  1805-14,  with  supplement,  1818-26,  and 
other  writings,  including  an  '  Autobiography,'  1850. 

[vi.  360] 

BRITTON,  THOMAS  (1654  ?-1714),  the  'musical 
small-coal  man ' ;  vendor  of  small-coal  in  Clerkenwell ; 

I  established  over  his  shop  a  musical  club,  where  concerts 
of  vocal  and  instrumental  music  were  given  every  Thurs- 
day, 1678,  the  greatest  performers  of  the  day  taking  part. 
He  also  interested  himself  in  chemistry  and  the  occult 
sciences,  of  works  relating  to  which  he  formed  a  large 

i  collection.  His  portrait  by  Woolaston  is  in  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  [vi.  361] 

BRIWER,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1226).    [See  BREWER.] 
BRIxniS  (d.  1222).    [See  BRICIE.] 

BROADBENT,  THOMAS  BIGGIN  (1793-1817),  tutor; 
son  of  William  Broadbent  [q.  v.]  :  graduated  at  Glasgow, 
1813:  classical  tutor  in  Unitarian  academy,  Hackney, 
1813-16.  [vi.  363] 


BROADBENT 


147 


BRODIE 


BROADBENT,  WILLIAM  (1755-1827),  Unitarian 
divine ;  educated  at  Daventry  academy,  where  he  became 
tutor  in  classics,  1782,  and  in  mathematics,  natural  philo- 
sophy, and  logic,  1784;  minister  at  Warrington,  1792- 
1822 ;  joined  Unitarians  of  Belsham  school.  [vi.  363] 

BROADFOOT,  (iK<  >K< ;  !•;  (1807  lH-t.r>).  major;  ensign 
34th  mrimt-nt  Madras  native  infuntry,  IH'JO  :  comnmnilcd 
sappers  in  Sir  Kolx-rt  Sali-'s  march  from  Cabul  to.  Jellala- 
bad,  1KH  :  distin'-'mshnl  himself  in  Pollock's  Oabdl  cam- 
paign: C.H.  and  commissioner  of  Moulmein,  and  later 
governor-general  of  Sikh  frontier ;  died  of  wounds  received 
at  K.-roxshah.  [vi.  364] 

BROADHZAD,  WILLIAM  (1815-1879),  instigator  of 
trades-union  outrages  ;  worked  as  saw-grinder  successively 
at  shrihVM  and  Loxley  Valley ;  became  secretary  of  saw- 
grinders'  union,  r.  1848,  and  instigated  numerous  out- 
rages against  employers  and  anti-union  workmen ;  coming 
tm-li-r  suspicion  (1866)  made  as  witness  an  avowal  of  his 
practices  in  a  government  examination  of  the  union's 
.-aiion  ;  emigrated  to  America,  1869;  subsequently 
L'ro'vr  in  Shi'flleld.  He  figures  as  Grotait  in  Charles 
Beade's  novel, '  Put  Yourself  in  his  Place.'  [Suppl.  i.  294] 

BROADWOOD,  JOHN  (1732-1812),  pianoforte  manu- 
facturer ;  entered  partnership  with  Buri^.iardtTschudi,  a 
Swiss  harpsichord  maker,  who  retired  in  favour  of  Broad- 
wood,  1769 ;  his  first  patent  for  a  '  new  constructed  piano- 
forte,' was  dated  1783,  and  the  firm  rapidly  acquired  a 
European  reputation.  [vi.  364] 

BROCAS,  SIR  BERNARD  (1330  ?-1395),  warrior; 
fought  at  Poitiers,  and  probably  at  Crecy  and  Najara ; 
constable  of  Aquitaine;  captain  of  Calais  after  Ed- 
ward Ill's  death ;  M.P.  for  Hampshire  in  ten  parliaments, 
1367-95 ;  chamberlain  to  Richard  II's  queen,  Anne  of 
Bohemia.  [vi.  365] 

BROCHMAEL,  YSQYTHRAWG  (fl.  584),  king  of 
Powis ;  probably  lord  of  Uriconium  and  Severn  Valley, 
and  leader  ofBritons  against  West-Saxons  at  Fethan-leag ; 
mentioned  in  Llywarch  Hen's  elegy.  [vi.  366] 

BROCK,  DANIEL  DE  LISLE  (1762-1842),  bailiff  of 
Guernsey  ;  jurat  of  royal  court  of  Guernsey,  1798 ;  several 
times  represented  Guernsey  in  London  in  respect  of 
measures  relating  to  the  island ;  bailiff  of  Guernsey,  1821- 
1812.  [vi.  366] 

BROCK,  Sm  ISAAC  (1769-1812),  major-general; 
brother  of  Daniel  de  Lisle  Brock  [q.  v.] ;  ensign  in  8th 
(king's)  regiment,  1785;  raised  men  for  an  independent 
company,  and  was  gazetted  captain  ;  served  in  West 
Indies,  1791-3  :  major,  1795 ;  served  in  North  Holland, 
1799,  and  in  Baltic  operations,  1801,  in  Canada,  1802-5, 
and  from  1806 :  commanded  at  Quebec,  and  (1810)  in 
Upper  Canada :  major-general,  1811 ;  received  surrender 
of  General  Hull's  forces  at  Detroit,  and  was  made 
extra  knight  of  Bath,  1812 ;  killed  in  engagement  with 
General  Van  Renn?elaer  at  Queenstown,  where  a  monu- 
ment to  him  now  stands.  [vi.  367] 

BROCK,  WILLIAM  (1807-1875),  dissenting  divine; 
studied  at  Stepney  College :  advocated  abolition  of  West 
Indian  slavery,  1834  ;  pastor  of  Bloomsbury  Chapel,  Lon- 
don, 1848-72;  toured  in  United  States,  1866;  first  pre- 
sident of  London  Association  of  Baptist  Churches ;  pre- 
sident of  Baptist  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
1869  ;  published  controversial  works.  [vi.  368] 

BROCK,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1817?-1863),  divine; 
B.A. ;  incumbent  of  living  of  Hayfleld,  1853-63 ;  pub- 
lished poems  and  sermons.  .  [vi.  369] 

BROCKEDON,  WILLIAM  (1787-1854),  painter, 
author,  and  inventor ;  student  at  Royal  Academy,  1809 ; 
contributed  regularly  to  exhibitions  of  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution,  1812-37,  several  of  his  pictures 
(on  biblical  subjects)  becoming  famous;  member  of 
academies  of  Rome  and  Florence;  made  many  journeys 
hi  the  Alps,  and  published  '  Illustrations  of  Passes  of  the 
Alps '  (1827-9),  and  '  Journals  of  Excursions  in  the  Alps ' 
(1833) ;  published  '  Italy,  Classical,  Historical,  and  Pic- 
turesque,* 1842-4,  with  illustrations  by  himself  and  other 
artists ;  took  out  patents  for  inventions,  including  a  sub- 
stitute for  corks,  made  with  vulcanised  india-rubber,  and 
an  artificial  plumbago  for  lead-pencils ;  assisted  in  found- 
ing Royal  Geographical  Society,  1830,  and  was  member  of 
its  first  council ;  F.R.S.,  1834.  [vL  369] 


BROCKETT,  JOHN  TROTTER  (1788-1842),  anti- 
quary ;  attorney  at  Newcastle ;  made  collections  of  books, 
coins,  and  medals;  originated  Newcastle  Typographical 
so»-i.-ty,  and  contributed  to  its  series  of  private  publica- 
tions. His  own  publications  include  a  '  Glossary  of  North 
Country  Words  in  Use,'  1825.  [vi.  372] 

BROCKIE,  MARIANUS  (1687-1755),  Benedictine 
monk ;  born  in  Edinburgh ;  joined  Scottish  Benedictines 
at  Ratisbon,  1708  ;  professor  of  philosophy  and  divinity 
at  Scottish  monastery,  Erfurt;  on  catholic  mission  in 
Scotland,  1727-39 ;  prior  of  St.  James's,  Ratisbon ;  wrote 
4  Monasticon  Scoticon ' ;  D.D.  [vi.  373] 

BROCKLE8BY,  RICHARD  (1636-1714),  non-abjuring 
divine;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1660; 
rector  of  Folkingham,  Lincolnshire:  declined  to  abjure 
and  retired  to  Stamford  ;  published  '  Explication  of  Gospel 
Theism,'  1706.  [vi.  373] 

BROCKLESBY,  RICHARD  (1722-1797),  physician; 
educated  with  Burke  at  school  at  Ballitore,  co.  Kildare ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh;  M.D.  Leyden,  1745  ;  L.O.P.,  1751 ; 
incorporated  M.D.  Cambridge,  1754;  F.C.P.,  1756:  ap- 
pointed physician  to  army,  1768,  and  served  in  Germany ; 
enjoyed  friendship  of  Burke  and  Johnson,  attending  the 
latter  in  his  last  illness ;  Harveian  orator.  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, 1760 ;  F.R.S. ;  published  '(Economical  and  Medi- 
cal Observations,'  1764,  and  other  medical  works,  including 
an  essay  on  therapeutic  application  of  music,  [vi.  374] 

BROCKY,  CHARLES  (1807-1855),  portrait  and  sub- 
ject painter ;  born  at  Temeswar,  Hungary ;  studied  in 
Vienna  and  Paris  ;  settled  hi  London,  c.  1838 ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy,  1839-54.  [vi.  375] 

BRODERIC,  ALAN,  LORD  MIDLETON  (1660  ?-1728). 
[See  BRODRICK.] 

BRODERIP,  FRANCES  FREELING  (1830-1878), 
authoress  ;  n6e  Hood  ;  married  Rev.  John  Somerville  Brode- 
rip,  1849  ;  published  works,  mainly  for  the  young,  in  some 
of  which  Thomas  Hood  the  younger  assisted,  [vi.  375] 

BRODERIP,  JOHN  (d.  1771  ?),  organist :  organist  of 
Wells  Cathedral,  1741  ;  sub-treasurer,  1769 ;  published 
religious  musical  compositions.  [vi.  376] 

BRODERIP,  ROBERT  (d.  1808),  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  composed  a  volume  of  musical  instruction  and 
several  collections  of  psalms,  glees,  &c.  [vi.  376] 

BRODERIP,  WILLIAM  (1683-1726),  organist;  sub- 
treasurer  of  Wells  Cathedral,  1706 ;  received  cathedral 
stall,  1708  ;  organist,  1712-26  ;  composed  an  anthem  (in 
Tudway  collection).  [vi.  376] 

BRODERIP,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1789-1859),  lawyer 
and  naturalist ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1812  ;  called 
to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1817  ;  magistrate  at  Thames 
police-court,  1822-46,  and  at  Westminster,  1846-56; 
bencher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1850 ;  treasurer,  1851 ;  F.L.S., 
1824;  F.R.S.,  1828;  a  founder  and  original  fellow  of 
Zoological  Society,  1826 ;  published  zoological  writings. 

[vi.  377] 

BRODIE,  ALEXANDER  (1617-1 680),  Scottish  lawyer ; 
educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  M.P.  for  co.  Elgin, 
1643 ;  representative  to  general  assembly  of  Scottish 
church ;  lord  of  session  and  commissioner  to  meet 
Charles  II  at  Hague,  1649  ;  retired  till  1658  :  superseded 
at  Restoration.  [vi.  377] 

BRODIE,  ALEXANDER  (1830-1867),  sculptor: 
brother  of  William  Brodie  (1815-1881)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  ;  committed  suicide,  [vi.  378] 

BRODIE,  SIR  BENJAMIN  COLLINS,  the  elder 
(1783-1862),  surgeon  ;  studied  anatomy  in  London  under 
Abernethy  and  Wilson ;  entered  St.  George's  Hospital, 
1803,  as  pupil  of  Sir  Everard  Home,  and  was  surgeon,  1822  ; 
F.R.S.,  1810 ;  Copley  medallist,  1811,  for  papers  on  l  In- 
fluence of  Brain  on  Action  of  the  Heart '  and  '  Effects  pro- 
duced by  certain  Vegetable  Poisons ' ;  published '  Diseases  of 
the  Joints,'  1818  ;  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  and 
physiology,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1816  ;  attended 
George  IV  ;  sergeant-surgeon  to  William  IV,  1832,  and  sub- 
sequently to  Queen  Victoria  ;  created  baronet,  1834 ;  presi- 
dentof  Royal  Society,  1858-61, of  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
1844;  D.O.L.  Oxford;  contributed  to  scientific  publica- 
tion. [vL  378] 

L2 


BRODIE 


148 


BROMLEY 


BRODIE.  Silt  HKN.IAMIN  CnLLINS,  the  younger 
(1817-1SHO),  chemi-t  :  son  oi  Sir  Itcnjamm  Collins  Kro-iie 
( 17S3-18G2)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Harrow  ami  Halliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  B.A.,  1838;  professor  of  .-hcmi-m  at  Ox- 
ford, 1865  ;  president  of  Chemical  Society.  1H59  and  1860  : 
F.R.S. ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1872.  H\f  most  important 
discovery  was  that  of  graphitic  acid.  [vi.  380] 

BRODIE,  DAVID  (17097-1787),  cnptuin  royal  navy  : 
lieutenant  in  navy,  1736  :  captain.  1748  ;  served  at  capture 
of  Port  Louis,  in  unsuccessful  attempt  on  Santiago,  and  in 
battle  off  H  avail  mi.  1748  ;  pensioned,  1753.  [vi.  180] 

BRODIE,  GEORGE  (1786?-1867),  historian  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  University :  member  of  Faculty  of  Advo- 
cates, 1811;  attacked  Stuarts  in  'History  of  British 
Empire  from  Accession  of  Charles  I  to  Restoration '  ; 
historiographer  of  Scotland,  1836.  [vi.  381] 

BRODIE,  PETER  BELLINGER  (1778-1854),  con- 
veyancer ;  pupil  of  Charles  Butler  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner 
Temple,  1815  ;  member  of  real  property  commission, 
182S,  assisting  largely  in  drawing  up  its  reports  :  published 
4  Treatise  on  a  Tax  on  Successions  to  Real  and  Personal 
Property,'  1850.  [vi.  381] 

BRODIE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1788),  burglar;  cabinet- 
maker in  Edinburgh,  and  one  of  ordinary  deacon  coun- 
cillors of  the  city  :  assumed  leadership  of  a  gang  of  burg- 
lars, who  (1788)  broke  into  the  excise  office,  Canougate ; 
hanged,  one  of  his  confederates  turning  king's  evidence. 

[vi.  382] 

BRODIE,  WILLIAM  (1815-1881),  sculptor;  showed 
talent  for  modelling,  and  was  enabled  by  friends  to  study 
at  Trustees'  School  of  Design,  Edinburgh;  member  of 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1859,  and  secretary,  1876  ;  exe- 
cuted portrait  busts  of  contemporary  celebrities. 

[vi.  383] 

BRODRICK,  ALAN,  VISCOUNT  MIDLETON  (1660?- 
1728),  Irish  statesman ;  attainted  by  Irish  parliament  of 
James  II  as  a  supporter  of  William  of  Orange ;  king's  ser- 
jeant,  1691 ;  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1695-1703 : 
member  for  city  of  Cork  in  Irish  parliament,  1692 ;  speaker, 
1703  :„  attorney-general  for  Ireland,  17U7  ;  chief -justice  of 
queen's  bench,  1710  ;  dismissed  for  revolutionary  principles, 
1711 ;  again  member  for  city  of  Cork  and  speaker,  1713  ; 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1714-25  ;  made  Baron  Brodrick 
of  Midleton,  1715,  and  Viscount  Midleton,  1717.  [vi.  383] 

BRODRICK,  THOMAS  (d.  1769),  vice-admiral ;  en- 
tered navy,  c.  1723  ;  lieutenant,  1739  ;  served  at  Porto  Bello, 
1739,  and,  as  commander,  at  Cartagena,  1741  ;  in  Lee- 
ward Islands,  1744-8;  rear-admiral  in  Mediterranean, 
1756 ;  vice-admiral  (1759)  at  blockades  of  Toulon  and 
Cadiz.  [vi.  384] 

BROOHILL,  BARON  (1621-1679).  [See  BOYLK, 
ROGER.] 

BROGR AVE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1613),  lawyer ;  autumn 
reader  at  Gray's  Inn,  1576 ;  treasurer,  1580  and  1684  ; 
attorney  for  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1580  ;  counsel  to  Cam- 
bridge University,  1581 ;  knighted  by  James  I ;  left  legal 
writings.  [vL  385] 

BROKE.    [See  also  BROOK  and  BROOKE.] 

BROKE  or  BROOKE,  ARTHUR  (d.  1563),  translator ; 
author  of  '  The  Tragicall  Historye  of  Romeus  and  lulieit,' 
1562,  a  free  translation  from  the  French  version  of  Ban- 
dello's  Italian  story,  in  the  '  Histoires  Tragiques '  (Paris, 
1559)  of  Pierre  Boaistuau  de  Launay  and  Belle-Forest. 
The  volume  is  the  source  whence  Shakespeare  drew  the 
plot  of  '  Romeo  and  Juliet.'  [vi.  385] 

BROKE,  SIR  PHILIP  BOWES  VERB  (1776-1841), 
rear-admiral  ;  educated  at  Royal  Naval  Academy,  Ports- 
mouth dockyard  ;  entered  navy,  1792 ;  served  in  Mediter- 
ranean ;  captain,  1801 ;  commanded  Shannon  on  coaat  of 
Spitzbergen,  1807,  and  at  reduction  of  Madeira ;  engaged 
in  cruising  on  outbreak  of  American  war,  1812,  bringing 
his  crew  to  high  state  of  proficiency  ;  captured  American 
frigate  Chesapeake  ;  received  severe  wound  and  returned 
to  England,  1813 ;  created  baronet,  1813  :  K.C.B.,  1815 ; 
rear-admiral,  1830.  [vi.  386] 

BROKE  or  BROOKE,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1529),  chief 
baron  of  exchequer;  double  reader  at  Middle  Temple, 
and  serjeant-at-law,  1510 ;  under  sheriff  and  (1611-20)  re- 
corder of  London,  representing  city  in  several  parliaments  ; 


judge  of  common  pleas  and  knight,  1520  ;  chief  baron  of 

exchequer,  1526.  [vi.  388] 

BROKE  or  BROOKE,  SIR  ROBERTA.  1 558), speaker ; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1621  ;  autumn  reader  at  Middle  Temple, 
1542;  double  reader,  1551  ;  common  serjeant  and  (1545) 
recorder  of  London,  representing  city  in  several  parlia- 
ments ;  serjeant-at-law,  1552 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1654  ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1554  ;  knighted, 
1655  ;  left  legal  works  (including  'Abridgement'  of  year 
books  down  to  his  time)  published  posthumously. 

[vi.  389] 

BROKE  or  BROOK,  THOMAS  (ft.  1550),  translator  ; 
alderman,  chief  clerk  of  exchequer  and  customer  of 
Calais  ;  adopted  '  reformed '  opinions  and  endured  much 
persecution;  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet,  1539  and  1540-2; 
M.P.,  1539  ;  paymaster  of  Dover,  1549  ;  published  trans- 
lations of  religious  works,  including  the  preface  to  John 
Calvin's  Geneva  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  [vi.  390] 

BROKESBY  or  BROOKESBUY,  FRANCIS  (1637- 
1714),  nonjuring  divine  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.D.,  1666;  rector  of  Rowley,  Yorkshire,  1670; 
deprived  for  refusing  oath  to  William  and  Mary,  1690 ; 
chaplain  to  nonjurprs  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1706 ; 
refused  oath  of  abjuration  on  death  of  James  II ;  pub- 
lished religious,  antiquarian,  and  other  works,  [vi.  391] 

BROME,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1332),  founder  (1324)  and 
first  provost  (1325)  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  chancellor  of 
Durham,  1316.  [vi.  392] 

BROME,  ALEXANDER  (1620-1666),  poet  ;  attorney ; 
royalist  in  civil  war ;  published  dramatic  and  poetical 
works,  and  edited  plays  by  Richard  Brome  [q.  v.],  and 
variorum  translation  of  Horace,  1666.  [vi.  392] 

BROME,  JAMES  (d.  1719),  writer  of  travels  ;  vicar  of 
Newington,  1677 ;  chaplain  to  Cinque  ports ;  published 
books  of  English  and  continental  travel.  [vi.  393] 

BROME,  RICHARD  (d.  1652  ?),  dramatist :  servant  to 
Ben  Jonson,  whose  friendship  he  afterwards  enjoyed; 
wrote  in  conjunction  with  Jonson's  eldest  son,  Benjamin, 
'  A  Fault  in  Friendship,'  a  comedy,  1623 ;  subsequently 
wrote  plays  for  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars  (King's 
players),  and  the  Cockpit  in  Drury  Lane  and  Salisbury 
Court  in  Fleet  Street  (Queen's  players),  and  other 
theatres ;  associated  with  Thomas  Heywood  in  author- 
ship of  'Late  Lancashire  Witches,'  printed  1634.  Hia 
works  (twenty-four  In  number)  include  :  '  A  Jovial  Crew,' 
acted  1641,  printed  1652;  'The  Northern  Lass,'  printed 
1632  ;  '  Queen  and  Concubine,'  printed  1669,  and  '  Queen's 
Exchange,'  printed  1657,  hints  for  which  were  probably 
taken  from  Shakespeare's  '  Winter's  Tale,'  '  Henry  VIII,' 
'  King  Lear,'  and  '  Macbeth.'  Some  of  his  plays  may  be 
described  as  comedies  of  actual  life  after  the  model  of 
Jonson,  others  as  romantic  comedies.  The  two  species, 
however,  are  not  strictly  kept  asunder.  Ten  plays  were 
published  under  the  care  of  Alexander  Brome  (no  relation) 
[q.  v.]  [vi.  393] 

BROME,  THOMAS  (d.  1380),  Carmelite  divine  ;  D.D. 
Oxford ;  prior  of  Carmelite  monastery  in  London ;  pro- 
vincial in  England,  1362-79  ;  wrote  religious  works. 


[vi.  397] 
bisl 


BROMFIELD,  EDMUND  DE  (d.  1393),  bishop  of 
Llandaff ;  monk  of  Benedictine  monastery,  Bury  St. 
Edmunds ;  sent  to  Rome  as  public  procurator  for  Bene- 
dictine order ;  appointed  by  pope,  abbot  of  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  and,  on  arrival  in  England,  imprisoned  ten 
years  under  statute  of  Provisors;  bishop  of  Llandaff, 
1389.  [vi.  397] 

BROMFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1712-1792),'  surgeon; 
surgeon  to  Lock  Hospital  (the  plan  of  which  he  formed 
with  Martin  Madau),  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  and  to 
George  Ill's  queen ;  published  surgical  works,  [vi.  398] 

BROMFIELD,  WILLIAM  ARNOLD  (1801-1861), 
botanist :  M.B.  Glasgow,  1823  :  travelled  in  many  parts  of 
the  world,  and  died  at  Damascus ;  made  collections  for 
flora  of  Isle  of  Wight,  published  1866.  [vi.  398] 

BROMHALL,  ANDREW  (/.  1659),  divine ;  rector  of 
Maiden  Newton,  Dorsetshire  ;  one  of  '  triers '  for  Dorset- 
shire, commissioned  to  eject  immoral  and  inefficient 
ministers,  1663-4.  [vi.  399] 

BROMLEY,  HENRY  (pseudonym;  (fl.  1793).  [See 
WILSON,  ANTHONY.] 


BROMLEY 


149 


BROOKE 


BROMLEY,  JAMES  (1800-1838),  mezzotint-engraver ; 
eon  of  William  Bromley  (1769-1842)  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at 
Suffolk  .Street  Gallery,  1829-33.  [vi.  399] 

BROMLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1717),  translator;  probably 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1688;  curate  of  St.  (Jilrs's- 
iii-thc-Ficl<is  ;  joined  Homiin  catholic  church  ;  corrector 
of  presn  in  kintr's  printing  house ;  probably  translator  of 
'  Canons  ami  Decrees  of  the  Council  of  Trent,'  1687. 

[vi.  399] 

BROMLEY,  Sm  RICHARD  MADOX  (1813-1866), 
civil  servant;  entered  admiralty  department  of  civil 
service,  1829  ;  secretary  to  commission  for  auditing  public 
accounts,  184K  ;  civil  C.B.,  1854;  accountant-general  of 
navy  durum'  Itu^sian  war;  K.C.B.,  1858  ;  commissioner  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,  1863.  [vi.  399] 

BROMLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1555  ?),  judge ;  reader 
at  Inner  Temple,  1532  and  1539 ;  king's  serjeant,  1640  ; 
jtidire  of  king's  bench,  1544 ;  on  Edward  Vl's  council 
of  recent -y  :  implicated  in  Northumberland's  plot,  but 
escaped  punishment;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas, 
1553-5.  [vi.  400] 

BROMLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1530-1587),  lord  chan- 
cellor;  B.O.L.  Oxford,  1560;  autumn  reader  at  Middle 
Temple,  1566 ;  recorder  of  London,  1566-9 ;  solicitor- 
genernl,  1569  ;  treasurer  of  Inner  Temple,  1574 ;  lord 
chancellor,  1579;  took  his  seat  in  House  of  Lords,  1582  ; 
presided  over  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586. 

[vi.  400] 

BROMLEY,  VALENTINE  WALTER  (1848-1877), 
painter  ;  associate  of  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours  ;  contributed  to  '  Illustrated  London  News.' 

[vi.  403] 

BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1664-1732),  secretary  of 
state;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1681;  travelled  on 
continent  and  published,  1692  and  1702,  accounts  of  his 
tours  :  knight  for  Warwickshire,  1689;  refused  allegiance 
to  William  III;  M.I',  for  Oxford  University,  1702-32; 
D.C.L.,  1702 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1710 ; 
secretary  of  state,  1713-4.  [vi.  403] 

BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1699 ?-1737),  politician; 
•on  of  William  Bromley  (1664-1732)  [q.  v.] ;  D.O.L. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1732 ;  M.P.  for  borough  of  Warwick, 
1727,  and  for  Oxford  University,  1737.  [vi.  404] 

BROMLEY,  WILLIAM  (1.769-1842),  line-engraver; 
associate  engraver,  1819,  of  Royal  Academy,  where  he  ex- 
hibited between  1786  and  1842  ;  engraved  G.  J.  Corbould's 
drawings  of  Elgin  marbles.  [vi.  404] 

BROMPTON,  JOHN  (/?.  1436).  supposed  chronicler ; 
abbot  of  Jorvaux,  1436 ;  possibly  author  of  chronicle  from 
coming  of  St.  Augustine  to  death  of  Richard  I.  [vi.  406] 

BROMPTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1782),  portrait-painter  ; 
studied  under  Benjamin  Wilson  and  Raphael  Mengs ; 
portrait- painter  to  Empress  of  Russia.  William  I'itt,  tirst 
earl  of  Chatham,  wit  to  him.  •  [vi.  405] 

BROMSOROVE,  RICHARD  (d.  1435),  successively 
monk,  inflrmarer,  and,  1418,  abbot  of  Benedictine  abbey 
of  Evesham.  [vi.  405] 

BROMYARDE,  JOHN  DE  (fl.  1390),  Dominican  friar ; 
studied  at  Oxford;  lectured  on  theology  at  Cambridge; 
opposed  Wycliffe's  doctrines;  wrote  'Surnma  Pnedi- 
cautiuin '  (Nuremberg,  1485).  [vi.  405] 

BRONTE,  ANNE  (1820-1849),  authoress;  sister  of 
Charlotte  Bronte  [q.  v.]  ;  governess,  1839,  and  after ; 
wrote  verse,  and,  under  the  pseudonym  of  Acton  Bell, 
assisted  her  sisters  in  '  Poems  by  Onrrer,  Ellis,  and  Acton 
Bell,'  1846 ;  published  '  Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall '  and 
•  Agnes  Grey,'  1848.  [vi.  406] 

BRONTE,  CHARLOTTE,  afterwards  NHMIOLLS  (1816- 
l*5o),  novelist:  daughter  of  Patrick  Bronti-  [q.  v.],  sister 
of  Kinily  Jane  Bronte  [q.  v.],  and  Anne  Bronte  [q.  v.];  edu- 
cated at  a  school  for  clergymen's  daughters  at  Cowan's 
Bridge,  and,  1*31-2,  at  Roehead,  where  she  taught,  1835-8; 
governess,  1839  and  1841 ;  went,  in  1842,  with  Emily  Bronte 
to  study  languages  at  a  school  at  Brussels,  where,  during 
1843,  she  was  retained  as  teacher  ;  much  distressed  by  the 
vicious  habits  of  her  brother;  wrote,  her  sisters  co-operat- 
ing, a  volume  of  verse  entitled  'Poems  by  Ourrer,  Ellis, 
and  Acton  Bell,'  1846  ;  her  •  Professor'  refused  by  Messrs. 
Smith  i  Elder,  while  Emily's  '  Wuthering  Height* •  and 


Anne's  '  Agnes  Grey '  were  accepted  in  1847  by  J.  Oautley 
Newby,  and  published  in  1848  ;  her  'Jane  Eyre,'  accepted 
with  enthusiasm  by  Smith  &  Elder,  1847,  achieved  imme- 
diate success.  Miss  Uronto  then  produced  'Shirley,'  1849, 
and  '  Villette,'  1853,  both  under  the  pseudonym  of  Curror 
Bell.  The  secret  of  authorship,  which  by  1849  had  rx-coi  in- 
transparent,  was  in  that  year  openly  abandoned.  She 
married,  in  1854,  her  father's  curate,  the  Rev.  A.  U. 
Nicholls.  Her  '  Professor '  appeared  posthumouMy  in  1857, 
and  'Emma,'  a  fragment,  in  the  'Coruhill  Magazine,' 
I860.  [vi.  406] 

BRONTE,  EMILY  JANE  (1818-1848),  authoress; 
sister  of  Charlotte  Bronte  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  her  sisters  in 
'Poems  by  Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton  Bell,'  1846,  using  pseudo- 
nym of  Ellis  Bell ;  regarded  by  some  as  the  ablest  of  the 
sisters  ;  published  '  Wutheriug  Heights,'  1848.  [vi.  406] 

BRONTE,  PATRICK  (1777-1861).  author  and  per- 
petual curate  of  Haworth,  Yorkshire,  from  1820  till  death ; 
born  in  co.  Down  of  parents  named  Prunty ;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1806 ;  was  father  of  Anne, 
Charlotte,  Emily  Jane  Bronte,  and  four  other  children,  all 
of  whom  he  survived.  [vi.  406] 

BRONTE,  PATRICK  BRANWELL  (1817-1848), 
brother  of  Charlotte  Bronte  [q.  v.] ;  clerk  on  the  Leeds 
and  Manchester  railroad  ;  dismissed  for  culpable  negli- 
gence, 1842 ;  private  tutor,  1843-5 ;  took  to  opium  and 
died  of  consumption.  [vi.  406] 

BROOK.    [See  also  BROKE  and  BROOKE.] 

BROOK,  ABRAHAM  (fl.  1789),  bookseller  of  Nor- 
wich ;  published  work  on  physics,  1789.  [vi.  413] 

BROOK,  SIR  BASIL  (1576-1 646?),  royalist ;  knighted, 
1604 ;  committed  to  Tower  by  House  of  Commons,  1644 ; 
imprisoned  in  King's  Bench,  1645 ;  translated  from  French 
'  Entertainments  for  Lent.'  [vi.  413] 

BROOK,  BENJAMIN  (1776-1848),  nonconformist 
divine ;  studied  at  Rotherham  College  ;  congregatioiialist 
minister  at  Tutbnry,  Staffordshire,  1801-30 ;  member  of 
educational  board  of  Springhill  College,  opened  1838; 
wrote  on  history  of  religious  liberty.  [vi.  414] 

BROOK,  CHARLES  (1814-1872),  philanthropist; 
partner  in  banking  and  cotton-spinning  firm  of  Jonas 
Brook  Brothers,  at  Melton  ;  spent  large  sums  of  money 
in  promoting  welfare  of  his  workpeople.  [vi.  414] 

BROOK,  DAVID  (d.  1558),  judge ;  reader  at  Inner 
Temple,  1634  and  1540 ;  treasurer,  1540 ;  serjeant-at-law, 
c.  1547 ;  received  coif,  1547 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1551 ;  lord 
chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1553.  [vi.  414] 

BROOKBANK,  BROOKSBANK,  or  BROOKES- 
BANKE,  JOSEPH  (6.  1612),  minister  and  schoolmaster ; 
B.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford;  minister  at  West 
Wycombe,  Buckinghamshire,  c.  1648 ;  minister  and 
schoolmaster  in  Jerusalem  Court,  Fleet  Street,  1C54 ;  pub- 
lished educational  and  religious  works.  [vi.  416] 

BROOKE,    [See  also  BROKK  and  BROOK.] 

BROOKE,  BARONS.  [See  GREVILT.K,  SIR  FULKK,  first 
BARON,  1554-1628;  GRKVILI.E,  ROBERT,  second  BARON, 
1608-1643.] 

BROOKE,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1772-1843),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  ensign,  44th  regiment,  1792 :  in  West  Indies, 
1795-8:  in  Egypt,  1801:  lieutenant-colonel,  1804;  com- 
manded 44th  in  garrison  at  Malta,  1804-12 ;  colonel,  1813 ; 
in  Spain,  1813 ;  C.B. ;  served  in  United  States  ;  governor 
of  Yarmouth :  colonel  of  86th  regiment  and  K.O.B.,  1833  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1837.  [vi.  416] 

BROOKE,  SIR  ARTHUR  DE  OAPELL  (1791-1858), 
baronet ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1816  ;  entered 
army  and  (1846)  became  major ;  spent  many  years  in 
foreign  travel ;  originated  and  was  president  of  Raleigh 
Club,  which  became  merged  in  Royal  Geographical  Society ; 
M.R.S. ;  published  works  of  travel.  [vi.  417] 

BROOKE,  CHARLES  (1777-1852),  Jesuit  from  1818; 
provincial,  1826-32;  superior  of  Stonyhurst  College;  col- 
lected materials  for  history  of  English  province. 

[vi.  417] 

BROOKE,  CHARLES  (1804-1879),  surgeon  and  in- 
ventor ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  H.M.,  1828;  M.A.,  1853;  studied  medicine  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  M.O.S.,  1834 ;  F.O.S.,  1844 ; 


BROOKE 


160 


BROOKES 


on  surgical  staff  of  Metropolitan  Free  Hospital  aud 
Westminster  Hospital ;  F.il.S.,  1847 ;  invented  self- 
recording  meteorological  instruments,  and  published 
religious  and  scientific  works.  [vi.  417] 

BROOKE,  CHARLOTTE  (<*.  1793), authoress;  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  Brooke  (1703  V-1783)  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
•Reliquesof  Irish  Poetry'  (consisting  of  Irish  poems  in 
original  character  with  translations  in  English  verse), 
1789,  and  other  works.  [vi.  418] 

BROOKE,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1628),  poet ;  studied 
law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  bencher  aud  summer  reader,  1614  ; 
became  acquainted  with  Selden,  Jousou,  Draytou,  and 
John  Davies  of  Hereford.  His  works  include  'The 
Ghost  of  Richard  the  Third,'  1614,  and  an  eclogue 
appended  to  William  Browne's  '  Shepheard's  Pipe,'  1614. 

[vi.  419] 

BROOKE,  ELIZABETH,  LAUY  (1601-1683),  religious 
writer ;  nte  Colepeper  :  married  Sir  Robert  Brooke,  1620. 
Selections  from  her  religious  writings  appeared  post- 
humously, [vi.  420] 

BROOKE,  MRS.  FRANCES  (1724-1789),  authoress; 
n£e  Moore  ;  conducted  weekly  periodical  called  '  The  Old 
Maid,'  1755;  married,  c.  1756,  Rev.  John  Brooke,  D.D., 
rector  of  Ooluey,  Norfolk,  and  chaplain  to  garrison  of 
Quebec,  whither  the  pair  went  soon  after  marriage; 
published  '  Virginia,'  a  tragedy,  1756  ;  produced  several 
novels,  and  a  tragedy  'The  Siege  of  Sinope'  (played  at 
Oovent  Garden,  1781),  and  in  1783  'Rosina,'  a  highly 
successful  musical  entertainment.  [vi.  420] 

BROOKE,  GEORGE  (1568-1603),  conspirator  ;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1586;  prebendary  of  York; 
disappointed  of  mastership  of  hospital  of  St.  Cross,  near 
Winchester,  promised  him  by  Elizabeth,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  formed,  1603,  with  Sir  Griffin  Markhain, 
scheme  to  obtain  possession  of  James  I's  person,  from 
which  sprang  the  '  Bye '  plot ;  sent  to  Tower  and  subse- 
quently executed  at  Winchester.  [vi.  421] 

BROOKE,  GUSTAVUS  VAUGHAN  (1818-1866), 
actor  ;  first  appeared  at  Dublin,  1833 ;  with  Macready  at 
Drury  Lane,  1840 ;  played  Othello  with  success  at  Olympic, 
1848,  and  having  appeared  as  Richard  III,  Shylock,  Vir- 
ginias, Hamlet,  and  Brutus,  successfully  in  United  States 
and  Australia,  experienced  misfortune  as  manager  of 
Astor  Place  Opera  House,  New  York,  1852,  and,  later,  in 
Melbourne ;  drowned  at  sea.  [vl.  422] 

BROOKE,  HENRY,  eighth  BARON  COBHAM  (d.  1619), 
conspirator ;  brother  of  George  Brooke  [q.  v.] ;  friend 
and  political  ally  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  who  married  his 
sister  Elizabeth  ;  warden  of  Cinque  ports,  1597 :  K.G., 
1599;  arrested  (1603)  for  complicity  in  'Main'  plot  to 
place  Arabella  Stuart  on  throne;  declared  that  he  had 
been  instigated  to  communicate  with  the  ambassador  of 
the  Spanish  archduke  by  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  who  was 
accordingly  also  arrested  ;  condemned  to  death,  but  con- 
fined in  Tower  till  1619.  [vi.  423] 

BROOKE,  HENRY  (1694-1767),  divine  ;  M.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1720  ;  D.C.L.,  1727  ;  fellow ;  head-master 
of  Manchester  grammar  school  (where  he  was  educated), 
1727-49 ;  fellow  of  collegiate  church,  1728  ;  held  living  of 
Tortworth,  Gloucestershire,  1730-57;  published  'Essay 
concerning  Christian  Peaceableness '  (1741)  and  other 
writings.  [vi.  424] 

BROOKE,  HENRY  (1703  ?-l  783),  author;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  studied  at  Temple,  London  : 
published,  1735,  a  poem  called  '  Universal  Beauty,'  said 
to  have  furnished  foundation  for  Darwin's  'Botanic 
Garden ' ;  published  tragedy  entitled  '  Gustavus  Vasa,' 
which  was  prohibited  by  lord  chamberlain,  but  was  sub- 
sequently acted  in  Dublin,  where  other  dramatic  pieces 
by  him  were  produced  ;  settled  in  Dublin,  c.  1740  ;  con- 
tributed to  Edward  Moore's  '  Fables  for  Female  Sex,' 
published  1744;  barrack-master  at  Dublin,  c.  1745;  em- 
ployed by  Irish  Roman  catholics  to  advocate  publicly 
their  claims  for  relaxation  of  penal  laws,,  and  published 
'Tryal  of  Cause  of  Roman  Catholics,'  1761;  published 
'  Juliet  Grenville,'  a  novel,  1774.  An  edition  of  his  works 
was  issued  by  his  daughter,  Charlotte  Brooke  [q.  v.], 
1792.  [vi  424] 

BROOKE,  HENRY  (1738-1806),  painter;  historical 
painter  in  London,  1761-7 ;  subsequently  met  with 
pecuniar)-  embarrassments.  [vi.  427] 


BROOKE,  HENRY  JAMES  (1771-1857),  crystallo- 
grapher ;  studied  for  bar,  but  subsequently  engaged  in 
various  businesses ;  collected  minerals ;  F.G.S.,  1815  • 
F.L.S.,  1818 ;  F.R.S.,  1819 ;  published  '  Introduction  to 
Crystallography,'  1823.  [vi.  427] 

BROOKE,  HUMPHREY  (1617-1693),  physician; 
M.D.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1659 ;  F.O.P.,  1674 ;  cen- 
sor ;  published  medical  and  other  writings.  [vi.  427] 

BROOKE,  SIR  JAMES  (1803-1868),  raja  of  Sarawak  ; 
born  at  Benares  ;  educated  at  Norwich  ;  ran  away  from 
school  and  was  made  cadet  of  infantry  in  Bengal,  c.  1819  ; 
served  in  Burma  war,  wounded  and  invalided  home ; 
resigned  East  India  Company's  service,  1830;  made 
voyage  in  private  schooner  to  Borneo,  1838,  and,  pro- 
ceeding to  Sarawak,  was  received  courteously  by  Muda 
Hassim,  uncle  of  the  Malay  sultan  of  Brunei,  the  nominal 
ruler  of  the  whole  island  ;  revisited  Sarawak,  1840,  took 
part  in  suppressing  rebellion  then  in  progress,  and  at 
invitation  of  Muda  Hassim  assumed  government  of  the 
country,  1 841 ;  substituted  simple  scheme  of  taxation  fo 
unpopular  system  of  forced  trade ;  put  down  piracy 
among  Malays,  Dayaks,  and  other  tribes  in  Borueau  seas ; 
charges  of  cruelty  and  illegal  conduct  brought  against 
him,  but  found  by  a  government  commission  of  inquiry 
at  Singapore  impossible  to  establish  ;  rsvisited  England, 
1847 ;  hoii.  D.C.L.  Oxford ;  K.C.B. ;  British  commis- 
sioner and  consul-general  of  Borneo,  and  governor  of 
Labuan ;  finally  left  Sarawak,  1863.  [vi.  428] 

BROOKE,  JOHN  (d.  1582),  translator  ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1554 ;  translated  religious  works  from 
the  French.  [vi.  430] 

BROOKE,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1748-1794),  Somerset 
herald ;  Rouge  Croix  pursuivant,  1773  ;  Somerset  herald, 
1777  ;  F.S.A.,  1775 ;  killed  in  accident  at  Haymarket 
Theatre ;  left  manuscript  collections,  chiefly  relating  to 
Yorkshire.  [vi.  430] 

BROOKE,  RALPH  (1553-1626),  herald  ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  Rouge  Croix  pursuivant  hi 
College  of  Arms,  1580 ;  York  herald,  1593 ;  published, 
1597,  'A  Discoverie  of  certaiue  Errours '  in  Camdeu's 
'Britannia '  (1594),  which  occasioned  a  bitter  controversy 
with  Oamdeu  and  Vincent.  Brooke's '  Catalogue  of  English 
kings,  princes,  and  peers,'  appeared  in  1619.  [vi.  431] 

BROOKE,  RICHARD  (1791-1861),  antiquary-;  soli- 
citor at  Liverpool ;  member  of  Society  of  Antiquaries  and 
of  council  of  Liverpool  Literary  and  Philosophical  So- 
ciety ;  published  antiquarian  writings  chiefly  relating  to 
English  battlefields  of  the  fifteenth  century,  [vi.  432] 

BROOKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1802?),  governor  of  St. 
Helena;  ensign  on  Bengal  establishment  of  East  India 
Company,  1764 ;  substantive  captain,  1767 ;  served 
against  Oossim  All,  Soojah  Dowlah,  and  Hyder  All  (1768- 
1769)  ;  collector  of  Corah  ;  served  in  Rohilla  war  ;  erected 
industrial  village  6f  Prosperous,  co.  Kildare,  with  ob- 
ject of  developing  cotton  manufacture,  the  undertaking, 
however,  failing  commercially,  1787 ;  governor  of  St. 
Helena,  c.  1787.  [vi.  432] 

BROOKE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1632),  master  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  brother  of  Christopher  Brooke  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1604  ;  D.D.,  1616 : 
chaplain  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  and  subsequently  to 
James  I  and  Charles  I ;  professor  of  divinity,  Gresham 
College,  1612-29;  rector  of  St.  Margaret's,  Lothbury, 
London,  1618 ;  incorporated  D.D.  Oxford,  1621 ;  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1629  ;  wrote  Latin  plays 
and  religious  treatises.  [vi.  433] 

BROOKE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (d.  1860),  satirical 
draughtsman  ;  portrait-painter  in  London  ;  contributed 
drawings  to  '  Satirist,'  a  monthly  periodical,  1812-14  ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1810-26.  [vi.  434] 

BROOKE,  ZAOHARY  (1716-1788),  divine:  fellow, 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1741 :  D.D.,  1763  ; 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge,  1765 ;  chaplain 
to  the  king ;  published  controversial  writings,  [vi.  434] 


JOSHUA  (1754-1821),  eccentric  divine ; 
of  humble  origin ;  educated  with  friends'  assistance  at 
Brasenose    College,    Oxford ;    M.A.,    1781  :    chaplain   of 
I  collegiate    church,    Manchester,     17901821;    assistant- 


BROOKES 


151 


BROUGHAM 


•-at  Manchester  grammar  school,  where  his  eccen- 
tric- manners  and  deliciency  as  teacher,  though  not  as 
scholar,  made  him  unpopular.  [vi.  434] 

BROOKES,  JOSHUA  (1761-1833),  anatomist;  studied 
In  inndon  and  I'ari-  ;  successfully  taught  anatomy  in 
London,  and  f ormeil  large  private  museum ;  F.R.S. ;  pub- 
lished writings,  mainly  anatomical.  [vi.  435] 

BROOKES.  RICHARD  (ft.  1760),  physician ;  pub- 
lished compilations  and  translations  on  medicine  and.other 
subjects,  including  a '  General  G  azetteer,'  17G2.  [vi.  436] 

BROOKFIELD,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1809-1874), 
divine:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1836;  curate 
of  St  Luke's,  Berwick  Street,  1841 ;  inspector  of  schools, 
1848  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  [vi.  436] 

BROOKING,  CHARLES  (1723-1759),  marine  painter  ; 
originally  ship  painter  at  Deptford;  became  noted  as 
painter  of  sea-pieces.  [vi.  436] 

BROOKS,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  SHIRLEY  (1816- 
1S7M,  editor  of 'Punch';  articled  as  solicitor;  passed 
Incorporated  Law  Society's  examination,  1838;  parlia- 
mentary reporter  to  'Morning  Chronicle,'  which  journal 
m  (1853),  as  special  commissioner  to  inquire  into 
•object  of  labour  and  the  poor  in  Russia,  Syria,  and  Egypt : 
leader-writer  on  '  Illustrated  London  News  ' ;  conducted 
•  Literary  Gazette,'  1858-9  ;  joined  staff  of  '  Punch,'  1851, 
contributing  under  signature  'Epicurus  Rotundas'; 
editor,  1870;  F.S.A.,  1872;  published  several  novels,  dra- 
matic pieces,  and  volumes  of  humorous  verse,  [vi.  437] 

BROOKS,  FERDINAND  (1584  ?-1642).  [See  GREEN, 
HUGH.] 

BROOKS,  GABRIEL  (1704-1741),  calligrapher ;  con- 
tributed plates  to  '  Universal  Penman '  (1741).  [vi.  438] 

BROOKS,  JAMES  (1512-1560),  bishop  of  Gloucester  ; 
fellow,  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1532  ;  B.A.,  1532  ; 
D.D.,  1546;  master  of  Balliol  College,  1547  ;  chaplain  and 
almoner  to  Bishop  Gardiner ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1554 ; 
delegated  by  the  pope  to  examine  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and 
Latimer,  1555 ;  commissioned  by  Cardinal  Pole  to  visit 
Oxford  University,  1558 ;  refused  oath  of  supremacy  to 
Elizabeth,  and  died  in  prison.  [vi.  438] 

BROOKS,  JOHN  (/.  1755),  engraver ;  enameller  of 
china  in  Dublin  and  London.  [vi.  439] 

BROOKS,  THOMAS  (1608-1680),  puritan  divine: 
educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  chaplain  to 
Rainsborough,  admiral  of  Parliamentary  fleet ;  minister 
at  St.  Margaret's,  Fish  Street  Hill,  1653 :  ejected,  1662  ; 
continued  ministry  in  a  building  in  Moorfields  ;  published 
religious  works.  [vi.  439] 

BROOKSHAW,  RICHARD  (ft.  1804),  mezzotint-en- 
graver :  worked  in  England  and  subsequently  in  Paris, 
where  his  plates  gained  him  a  high  reputation,  [vi.  440] 

BROOM,  HERBERT  (1815-1882),  legal  writer  :  gra- 
duated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1837  ;  LL.D.,  1864  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1840  ;  published  legal  works 
•  and  two  novels.  [vi.  440] 

BROOME,  SIB  FREDERICK  NAPIER  (1842-1896), 
colonial  governor;  engaged  in  sheep-farming  in  New 
Zealand,  1857-69  ;  contributor  to  '  Times ' ;  colonial  secre- 
tary of  Natal,  1875,  and  of  Mauritius,  1877 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Mauritius,  1880 :  governor  of  Western 
Australia,  1882-90,  Barbados,  1890,  and  later  of  Trinidad. 

[Suppl.  i.  295] 

BROOME,  WILLIAM  (1689-1745),  translator  of 
Homer ;  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  assisted  Ozell  and  Oldisworth  in  prose  translation 
of  '  Iliad '  (published,  1712) ;  employed  by  Pope  in  con- 
densing Eustathius's  notes  on  Homer  ;  collaborated  with 
Pope  and  Fenton  in  translation  of  '  Odyssey,'  1722-6 ; 
LL.D.,  1728  ;  rector  of  Oakley  Magna  and  vicar  of  Eye, 
Suffolk ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Cormvallis  ;  published  sermons 
and  poems  and  contributed  translations  of  the  pseudo- 
Anacreon  to  '  Gentleman's  Magazine.'  [vi.  441] 

BROOMFIELD,  MATTHEW  (ft.  1550),  Welsh  poet ; 
left  works  in  manuscript.  [vi.  442] 

BROTHERS,  RICHARD  (1757-1824),  enthusiast; 
born  at  Placentia,  Newfoundland  ;  studied  at  Woolwich  ; 
midshipman,  c.  1771 ;  served  as  master's  mate  at  Ushaut ; 


in  West  Indies,  1781  :  travelled  in  France,  Spain,  and 
Italy  ;  came  to  London,  1787,  and,  e.  1792,  gave  himself 
out  to  be  a  descendant  of  David,  declaring  that  he  was  to 
be  '  revealed'  as  prince  of  the  Hebrews  and  ruler  of  the 
world,  and  that  King  George  must  deliver  up  his  crown 
to  him  ;  arrested  on  charge  of  treasonable  practices,  1 795, 
and  confined  as  criminal  lunatic,  but  subsequently  re- 
moved to  private  asylum  at  Islington  ;  released  (1806), 
warrant  for  high  treason  being  withdrawn  ;  published 
'A  Revealed  Knowledge  of  the  Prophecies  and  Times, 
wrote  under  the  direction  of  the  Lord  God,'  2  vols.  1794, 
and  other  works  of  similar  tendency.  [vi.  442] 

BROTHERTON,  EDWARD  (1814-1866),  Sweden- 
borgian;  engaged  in  silk  trade  at  Manchester,  and  oh 
retiring  interested  himself  in  popular  education,  his 
letters  to  Manchester  newspapers  leading  to  formation 
of  Education  Aid  Society  ;  published  writings  on  mor- 
mouism,  spiritualism,  and  popular  education,  [vi.  445] 

BROTHERTON,  JOSEPH  (1783-1857),  parliamentary 
reformer  :  engaged  in  cotton  manufacture  at  Manchester 
till  1819 ;  joined  Bible  Christian  Church,  1805,  becoming 
pastor,  1818 ;  M.P.  for  Salford,  1832-57  ;  chairman 
of  private  bills  committee,  free-trader  and  reformer; 
contributed  essays  to  'Letters  on  Religious  Subjects' 
(e.  1819).  [vi.  446] 

BROTHERTON,  THOMAS  OK  (1300-1338).  [See 
THOMAS.] 

BROTHERTON,  Siu  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1785- 
1868),  general ;  ensign,  1800 ;  captain,  1801 ;  in  Egypt, 
1801,  Hanover,  1806,  and  Peninsula,  1808-14;  major, 
1812  ;  O.B.,  1814  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1817  ;  colonel  and 
aide-de-camp  to  king,  1830  ;  general,  1860  ;  G.C.B.,  1861. 

[vi.446] 

BROUGH,  ROBERT  BARNABAS  (1828-1860),  writer ; 
said  to  have  practised  as  portrait-painter  in  Manchester ; 
set  on  foot  '  Liverpool  Lion,'  weekly  satirical  journal ; 
wrote  alone,  or  in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  William 
Brough  (1826-1870)  [q.  v.],  series  of  burlesques,  played 
with  some  success  at  London  theatres.  [vi.  447] 

BROUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1671),  dean  of  Gloucester  ; 
B.D.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1627;  D.D.,  1636; 
chaplain  to  the  king ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1638 ;  ejected  by 
parliamentary  commissioners :  dean  of  Gloucester,  1644 ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1645 ;  published  religious  works,  [vi.  448] 

BROTJGH,  WILLIAM  (1826-1870),  journalist  and 
author ;  brother  of  Robert  Barnabas  Brough  [q.  v.],  with 
whom  he  was  associated  in  dramatic  pieces.  [vi.  448] 

BROUGHAM,  HENRY  (1665-1698),  divine;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1689;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1691 ;  published,  1694,  work  proving  spuriousness  of 
'  Genuine  Remains '  of  Dr.  Barlow,  late  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
published  by  Sir  Peter  Pett,  1692,  Barlow  having  left  his 
remains  to  Brougham  and  William  Offley,  on  condition  of 
their  not  making  them  public.  [vi.  448] 

BROUGHAM,  HENRY  PETER,  BAROX  BROUGHAM 
AND  VAUX  (1778-1868),  lord  chancellor ;  educated  at  high 
school  and  university,  Edinburgh :  passed  advocate,  1800 ; 
went  on  southern  circuit ;  joined,  1802,  founders  of 
'Edinburgh  Review,'  contributing  three  articles  to  the 
first  number;  admitted  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1803: 
supported  himself  in  London  mainly  by  writing  for 
'  Edinburgh  Review ' ;  secretary  to  Lords  Rosslyn  and  St. 
Vincent  on  mission  to  Lisbon,  1806  ;  secured  good  opinion 
of  Wilberforce  by  his  sympathy  with  anti-slavery  move- 
ment; called  to  bar,  1808;  M.P.  for  Camelford,  1810, 
for  Winchelsea,  1815 ;  advocated  retrenchment  and  a 
sound  commercial  policy,  drew  attention  to  importance 
of  popular  education,  and  instituted  inquiry  into  charity 
abuses,  which  he  extended  to  Eton,  Winchester,  and  the 
universities ;  was  constantly  consulted  by  the  Princess  of 
Wales,  who,  on  becoming  queen,  appointed  him  her 
attorney-general;  called  within  the  bar,  1820;  defended 
Queen  Caroline  during  her  trial,  1820  ;  urged  government 
to  resist  the  dictation  of  the  Holy  Alliance  in  Europe,  1824  ; 
proposed  vote  of  censure  on  government  of  Demerara, 
1824 ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1825 ;  brought 
forward,  1828,  scheme  of  law  reform,  which  was  occasion 
of  vast  improvement  in  system  of  common  law  pro- 
cedure; M.P.  for  Knaresborough,  and  later  for  York- 
shire, 1830;  received  great  seal,  and  was  elevated  to 
peerage  as  Baron  Brougham  and  Vaux,  1830;  effected 


BROUGHAM 


152 


BROWELL 


considerable  improvements  in  court  of  chancery,  tin' 
abolition  of  court  of  delegates,  tin-  substitution  for  it  of 
judicial  committee  of  privy  council,  ami  institution  of 
the  central  criminal  court;  brought  in  a  bankruptcy 
bill  which  eventually  became  basis  of  n  statute  :  published 
'Observations  on  Education  of  the  People.'  1H25;  formed 
Society  for  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  ls-J5  ;  founde«l 
London  University,  1828:  made  celebrated  speech  on 
second  reading  of  "Reform  Bill,  1831;  lost  office  on  dis- 
missal of  Lord  Melbourne's  government,  1834  ;  advocated 
immediate  abolition  of  slavery,  1838;  sat  constantly  in 
supreme  court  of  appeal  and  in  judicial  committee  of 
privv  council;  strenuously  opposed  repeal  of  navigation 
acts,  1849 ;  president  of  Social  Science  Association,  1857 
and  1860-6;  chancellor  of  Edinburgh  University,  1860: 
received  second  patent  of  peerage,  with  remainder  to 
his  brother  William  and  his  heirs  mule,  Istiu.  in  recog- 
nition of  services  in  cause  of  education  and  suppression  of 
slavery;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford:  F.R.S.  His  critical,  his- 
torical, ami  miscellaneous  writings  were  published  under 
his  own  direction  in  a  collected  edition,  11  vols.,  1865-61. 
His  works  include  '  An  Enquiry  into  the  Colonial  Policy  of 
European  Powers,'  2  vols.  1803,  '  Historical  Sketches  of 
Statesmen  in  time  of  George  III,'  1839-43,  'Demosthenes 
upon  the  Crown,  translated,'  1810,  and  'Life  and  Times 
of  Lord  Brougham,'  written  by  himself,  published  post- 
humously, 3  vols.,  1871.  [vi.  448] 

BROUGHAM,  JOHN  (1814-1880),  actor  and  drama- 
tist: educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  studied  sur- 
gery at  Peter  Street  Hospital ;  appeared  at  Tottenham 
Street  Theatre,  1830,  and  at  the  Olympic,  1831 ;  manager 
of  Lyceum,  1840  ;  went  to  New  York  and  managed  suc- 
cessively Park  Theatre,  Niblo's  Garden,  Brougham's 
Lyceum,  and  Bowery  Theatre :  in  England,  1860-5 ; 
returned  to  America:  acted  at  Winter  Garden  Theatre, 
1865  ;  manager  of  Brougham's,  1869  ;  subsequently  con- 
nected with  several  stock  companies  ;  died  at  New  York  ; 
wrote  many  dramatic  pieces.  [vi.  458] 

BROUGHAM,  WILLIAM,  second  BAROK  BROUGHAM 
AND  VAUX  (1795-1886),  brother  of  Henry  Peter,  first  baron 
[q.v.];  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1819;  M.P.  for 
Southwark,  1831-5  ;  master  in  chancery,  1836-40. 

[vi.  457] 

BROUGHTON,  BARON  (1786-1869).  [See  HOBHOUSE, 
JOHN  CAM.] 

BROUGHTON,  ARTHUR  (d.  1803  ?),  botanist :  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1779  ;  settled  in  Jamaica,  where  he  died ; 
published  medical  and  botanical  works.  [vi.  469] 

BROUGHTON,  HUGH  (1549-1612),  divine  and  rabbi- 
nical scholar  ;  B.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1570 ; 
successively  fellow  of  St.  John's  and  Christ's  colleges; 
prebendary  and  reader  in  divinity  at  Durham :  published 
'A  Concent  of  Scripture,'  1588,  in  which  he  attempted  to 
settle  the  scripture  chronology  ;  in  Germany,  e..  155)0-1  and 
1592-1G03;  published  at  Middleburg  'An  Epistle  to  the 
learned  Nobilitie  of  England,  touching  translating  the 
Hible  from  the  Original,'  1597  ;  published,  15i)9,  •  Explica- 
tion '  of  article  respecting  Christ's  descent  into  hell,  main- 
taining that  hades  was  place  not  of  torment  but  of  de- 
parted souls ;  in  England,  1603  ;  preacher  to  English  con- 
gregation, Middleburg,  1604-11 :  satirised  by  Ben  Jonson. 
His  works,  which  include  versions  of  the  prophets,  were 
collected  by  Dr.  John  Lightfoot  and  published,  1662. 

[vi.  459] 

BROUGHTON,  JOHN  ( 1705-1789),  pugilist ;  attached 
himself  as  'public  bruiser'  to  George  Taylor's  booth  in 
Tottenham  Court  Road  ;  joined  yeoman  of  guard  ;  esta- 
blished theatre  for  boxing  in  Han  way  Street,  17 12  ;  beaten 
by  Slack,  1750.  [vi.  462] 

BROUGHTON,  RICHARD  (rf.  1634),  Roman  catholic 
historian;  studied  at  Oxford  and  at  English  college, 
Rheiins  ;  priest,  1593  :  joined  catholic  mission  in  Knjrland  : 
vicar-general  to  Dr.  Smith,  bishop  of  Oalcedon.  His  works 
include  'The  Ecclesiastical  Historic  of  Great  Brittaiue' 
(Douay,  1633).  [vi.  462] 

BROUGHTON,  SAMUEL  DANIEL (1787-1 837),  army 
surgeon :  studied  at  St.  George's  Hospital ;  assistant-sur- 
geon, 2nd  life  guards,  1812 :  served  as  additional  surgeon, 
with  temporary  rank,  in  Peninsula,  and  South  of  France, 
and  at  Waterloo  ;  surgeon,  1821 ;  F.R.8. ;  F.G.&. ;  published 
letters  relating  to  campaigning  experiences.  [vi.  463] 


BROUGHTON,  THOMAS  (1704-1774),  divine; 
rated  at  Eton  and  Gonville  and  Cains  ('oik -.re.  Oambrl 
M.A. ;  vicar  of  Bedminster,  near  Bristol,  1744  ;  pret>ei 

I  of  Salisbury  ;  published  bioirraphical  and  miscellaneous 
works,  includirg  'Dictionary  of  Religions,'  1742,  and  a 
translation  of  '  Don  Quixote",'  with  the  name  of  Jurvis, 
who  had  been  unable  to  bring  the  work  to  a  successful 

i  issue,  prefixed.  [vi.  464] 

BROUGHTON,  THOMAS  (1712-1777),  divine  ;  fellow, 
I  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1734  ;  B.  A.,  1737;  joined  methodista; 
curate  at  Tower  of  London,  1736  ;  lecturer  at  St.  Helen's, 
:  Bishopsgate   Within,    and   (1741)   at    Allhallows,    Lom- 
bard Street ;  secretary  of  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge,    1743-77;    held   living    of    Wotton,  Surrey, 
!  1752-77  ;  published  sermons.  [vi.  464] 

BROUGHTON,  THOMAS  DUER  (1778-1835),  writer 
on  India ;  cadet  on  Bengal  establishment,  1795  ;  lieu- 
tenant on  Madras  establishment,  1797;  colonel,  1829; 
published  writings  on  India  and  selections  from  Hindoo 
poetry.  [vi.  465] 

BROUGHTON,  WILLIAM  GRANT  (1788-1853), 
divine ;  clerk  in  East  India  House,  1807-12 ;  entered 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1814:  M.A.,  1823:  D.D., 
1836;  chaplain  to  Tower  of  London,  1828,  and,  later, 
archdeacon  of  New  South  Wales ;  bishop  of  Australia, 
1836 ;  bishop  of  Sydney  and  metropolitan  of  Austral- 
asia, on  subdivision  of  diocese  of  Australia,  1847 ;  pub- 
lished writings  relating  to  authorship  of  '  EIKWC  BacriAtKij,' 
and  other  works.  [vi.  465] 

BROUGHTON,  WILLIAM  ROBERT  (1762-1821),  navy 
captain  ;  -employed  on  survey  of  Columbia  river,  c.  1790  ; 
on  north-west  coast  of  America,  c.  1794  :  made  survey  of 
coast  of  Asia,  1794-8 ;  captain,  1797  ;  held  command  in 
Lord  Gambler's  expedition,  1809  ;  at  reduction  of  Mau- 
ritius, 1810;  took  charge  of  expedition  to  Java,  1811; 
O.B. ;  died  at  Florence ;  published  accounts  of  his  voyages 
and  surveys.  [vi.  466] 

BROUN.    [See  BROWN  and  BROWNE.] 

BROUN,  JOHN  ALLAN  (1817-1879),  magmetician 
and  meteorologist ;  educated  at)  Edinburgh  University ; 
director  of  magnetic  observatory  «t  Makerstouu,  1842-9, 
the  results  of  his  observations  forming  vols.  xvii-xix. 
of  '  Transactions  of  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh' (1845- 
1860) ;  director  of  Trevaudrum  Magnetic  Observatory, 
1852 ;  built  observatory  on  Agiwtia  Malley,  the  highest 
peak  of  Travancore  i ; hats ;  left  India,  1865  ;  lived  suc- 
cessively at  Lausanne  and  Stuttgart,  and  came  to 
London,  1873  ;  aided  by  grant  from  Royal  Society,  under- 
took to  complete  reduction  of  magnetic  observations 
made  at  colonial  stations  ;  M.R.S.,  1853.  Published  re- 
ports on  Makerstoun  and  Trevandruin  observatories.  He 
discovered  that  the  earth  loses  or  gains  magnetic  inten- 
sity not  locally,  but  as  a  whole,  and"  that  great  magnetic 
disturbances  proceed  from  particular  solar  meridians. 

[vi.  4G7] 

BROUN,  SIR  RICHARD  (1801-1858).  miscellaneous 
writer;  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy.  Is  14;  wrote  pam- 
phlets, articles,  and  letters  regarding  many  schemes,  of 
which  '  The  London  Necropolis  and  National  Mausoleum 
at  Wokiug,'  1849,  is  the  most  notable.  [vi.  469] 

BROUNCKER,  HENRY,  third  VISCOUNT  BKOI-XCKKR 
(</.  1688),  courtier  ;  brother  of  William  Brouncker,  second 
viscount  Brouncker  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1646  ;  commis- 
sioner of  trade  and  plantations,  1671.  [vi.  470] 

BROUNCK3IR  or  BROUNKER,  WILLIAM,  second 
Visrorvr  BuorNfKKR  of  Castle  Lyons  in  Irish  peerage 
(1620  ?-1684),  first  president  of  the  Royal  Society  :  M.I). 
Oxford,  1647  ;  first  to  Introduce  continued  fractions  and 
to  give  a  series  for  quadrature  of  a  portion  of  the  equi- 
lateral hyperbola  ;  original  member  of  Royal  Society,  1662, 
and  first  president.  1662-77;  president  of  Greshiun  Col- 
lege, 1664-7  ;  chancellor  cf  Queen  Catherine,  1662  ;  com- 
missioner for  executing  office  of  lord  high  admiral,  1664  ; 
master  of  St.  Catherine's  Hospital,  1681.  [vi.  469] 

BROWELL,  WILLIAM  (1759-1831),  navy  captain; 
lieutenant,  1778  ;  served  at  Toulon,  1794  ;  captain,  1794  : 
nag-captain  under  Lord  Hugh  Seymour  at  battle  off 
1 -orient,  1795;  one  of  captains  of  Greenwich  Hospital, 
1805,  and  lieutenant-governor,  1809-31.  [vi.  471] 


BROWN 


153 


BROWN 


BROWN,  f'HAKLKS  ('/.  1753),  naval  officer  ;  entered 
the  navy  about  Ii;;i3:  received  his  first  command,  ITn'.i; 
served  iii  tin-  Baltic  and  the  Mediterranean  ;  distinguished 
1,1,11-.  !i  at  I'ortobcllo,  1739  ;  commissioner  of  the  navy  at 

(.'hatlKim,    1711.  [Vil.   1] 

BROWN,  CHARLES  ARMITAGE  (1786-1842),  friend 
of  Keats  ;  in  Imsines.-  at  St.  Petersburg  till  1810  ;  inhumed 
a  competency,  mid  devoted  him-elf  to  literature  ;  met 
Ke.its  before  September,  1H17  ;  travelled  with  him  in  Scot- 
land, IM*.  :md  made  him  an  inmate  of  his  house  at 
H.unpsteiid  till  1H2(J;  in  Italy,  1822-35  ;  lectured  on  Krat- 
and  shake-peare ;  went  to  New  Zealand,  1841.  From  him 
Keats  learned  Ariotto.  His  papers  about  Keats  were  of 
oe  to  Lonl  Hough  ton  in  his  life  of  the  poet.  He 
published  a  work  on  the  personal  interpretation  of  Shake- 
M  t  .  1838.  [viLl] 

BROWN,  OLIARLES  PHILIP  (1798-1884),  Telugu 
M-holar  ;  son  of  David  Brown  (1763-1812)  [q.  v.]  Centered 
Madr.i-;  fivil  service,  1817;  postmaster-general  and 
Teliiirii  translator  to  the  Madras  government,  1846-55  ; 
professor  of  Telugu  in  University  College,  London  ;  pub- 
lished Telugu  grammar,  dictionary,  and  reader,  and  other 
liiuruistic  works.  [vii.  2] 

BROWN,  DAVID  (ft.  1795),  landscape-painter; 
painted  copies  of  George  Morland's  works  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1792-7  ;  taught  drawing  in  the  country. 

[vii.  3] 

BROWN,  DAVID  (1763-1812),  Bengal  chaplain  ;  edu- 
cate! at  Cambridge  ;  went  to  Calcutta,  1786  ;  zealous  in 
the  cause  of  missions.  [vii.  3] 

BROWN,  FORD  MADOX  (1821-1893),  painter ;  born 
at  Calais  ;  studied  art  at  Bruges,  Ghent,  and  Antwerp  ; 
exhibited  'The  Giaour's  Confession'  at  English  Royal 
Academy,  1841 ;  studied  in  Paris,  1843-4 ;  exhibited  car- 
toon, '  Bringing  Body  of  Harold  to  the  Conqueror,'  at 
Westminster  Hall,  1844  ;  studied  in  Rome,  1845 ;  accepted 
Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  as  pupil,  1848,  and  thus  came  into 
contact  with  pre-Raphaelites,  by  whom  his  work  was  gra- 
dually influenced;  executed  panels  for  town-hall,  Man- 
el  iester,  illustrating  history  of  that  city,  1878  ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  Hogarth  Club  ;  a  leading  member,  1861-74,  of 
firm  of  Morris,  Marshall,  Faulkner  &  Co.,  manufacturers 
of  artistic  furniture,  founded  by  William  Morris  [q.  v.] 

[Suppl.  i.  296] 

BROWN,  GEORGE,  or  GREGORY  in  religion  (d.  1628), 
an  English  Benedictine  ;  died  in  France.  [vii.  4] 

BROWN,  GEORGE  (1650-1730),  arithmetician ; 
minister  of  Strauracr,  and,  1680,  of  Kilmaurs,  Ayrshire  ; 
invented  a  method  of  teaching  the  simple  rules  of  arith- 
metic, which  he  explained  in  his  *  Rotula  Arithmetical 
1700  ;  wrote  other  arithmetical  works.  [vii.  4] 

BROWN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1790-1865),  general ;  ensign, 
1806 ;  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsula ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1HH  ;  after  many  stuff  appointments,  be- 
oame lieutenant-general,  lKf>l  ;  K.C.B.,  1 852  :  commanded 
the  Ufht  division  in  the  Crimea,  and  the  English  contin- 
gent against  Kertch,  1865;  commander-in-chief  in  Ire- 
land. IHUO-fi.  [vii.  4] 

BROWN,  <;i;oUCK  (1818-18SD),  Canadian  politician  ; 
son  of  1'eter  Brown  [q.  v.]  ;  publisher  and  business  manager 
of  -British  Chronicle'  in  New  York;  founded  'Globe,' 
political  journal  at  Toronto,  in  support  of  reform  party  ; 
abandoned  reform  party  and  became  extreme  radical 
member  for  county  of  Kent  in  Canadian  legislative  as- 
sembly, 1851 ;  member  for  Lambton  county,  1854,  Toronto, 
1867-61,  and  South  Oxford,  1863-7  ;  formed  (1858)  minis- 
try, which  lasted  for  four  days  ;  president  of  council,  1864  ; 
member  of  senate,  1873  ,  refused  the  honour  of  K.O.M.G., 
1879;  died  from  effects  of  shot  fired  by  discharged  em- 
ploye at '  Globe  *  office.  [Suppl.  i.  299] 

BROWN,  GEORGE  HILARY  (1786-1866),  Roman 
catholic  prelate ;  professor  of  theology  at  Ushaw ;  mis- 
sioner  at  Lancaster;  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Lancashire  dis- 
trict, titular  bishop  of  Tloa,  1840 ;  Roman  catholic  bishop 
of  Liverpool,  1860  ;  D.D.  [vii.  5] 

BROWN.  GILBERT  (d.  1612),  Scottish  catholic 
divine  ;  a  Cistercian  ;  abbot  of  New  Abbey,  Kirkcudbright ; 
an  influential  opponent  of  the  Reformation  in  the  south- 
west of  Scotland,  1578-94;  imprisoned,  1605;  died  in 
exile  at  Paris  ;  published  controversial  tracts,  [vii.  5] 


BROWN,  HDGH  STOWELL  (1823-1886),  baptist 
minister;  eon  of  Robert  I'.rown  ('/.  1846)  [q.  v.] ;  em- 
ployed in  ordnance  surveys  in  Cheshire,  Shrewsbury,  and 
York;  entered  London  and  I'.iriniiiL'ham  Railway  Com- 
pany's works,  1840 ;  baptist  minister  at  Stony  Stratford, 
1847-86  ;  president  of  Baptist  Union,  1878 ;  published  lec- 
tures. [Suppl.  i.  300.] 

BROWN,  IGNATIUS  (1630-1679),  Roman  catholic 
writer  ;  of  Irish  parentage  ;  educated  in  Spain  ;  rector  of 
Jesuit  college  at  Poitiers,  1676 ;  confessor  to  queen  of 
Spain  ;  died  at  Vallndolid ;  published  controversial  tracte. 

[vii.  6] 

BROWN,  JAMES  (1709-1788),  orientalist ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School ;  resident  in  the  Levant,  1722-5, 
acquiring  Turkish  and  modern  Greek  ;  projected  a  trade 
directory  for  London,  1732,  afterwards  carried  out  by 
Henry  Kent ;  in  1741  travelled  through  Russia  to  Reshd 
in  Persia,  where  he  established  a  factory  ;  returned  to 
London,  1746  ;  compiled  a  Persian  dictionary  and  gram- 
mar, never  published.  [vii.  6] 

BROWN,  JAMES  (1812-1881),  Roman  catholic  pre- 
late ;  professor  at  Oscott ;  president  of  Sedgeley  Park  aca- 
demy ;  bishop  of  Shrewsbury,  1851 ;  showed  great  energy  in 
his  diocese ;  D.D.  [viL  7] 

BROWN,  JAMES  BALDWIN,  the  elder  (1785-1843), 
miscellaneous  writer:  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple, 
1816  ;  judge  of  requests  at  Oldham,  1840 ;  wrote  memoir 
of  Howard  the  philanthropist,  and  works  on  the  penal 
laws.  [vii.  7] 

BROWN,  JAMES  BALDWIN,  the  younger  (1820- 
1884),  congregational  divine :  eldest  son  of  James  Bald- 
win Brown  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  one  of  the  first  graduates  of 
London  University  ;  congregational  minister  at  Derby, 
1843,  and  in  London,  1846  ;  famous  for  his  liberal  theo- 
logical views  both  in  the  pulpit  and  in  the  press ;  pub- 
lished theological  treatises.  [vii.  7] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (rf.  1532),  sergeant  painter  to 
Henry  VIII ;  employed  chiefly  as  an  heraldic  painter : 
alderman  of  London,  1522-5  ;  gave  his  house  to  be  a  hall 
for  the  company  of  Painter  Staiuers.  [vii.  8] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1610?-1679),of  Wamphray,  Scottish 
ecclesiastic  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  minister  of  Wam- 
phray, Dumfries,  1656 ;  ejected,  1662,  and  banished ;  minis- 
ter of  the  Scottish  church  at  Rotterdam ;  published  doc- 
trinal and  historical  treatises.  [vii.  9] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1627  ?-1685),  the  '  Christian  carrier ' ; 
one  of  the  most  famous  of  the  covenanter  martyrs;  a 
small  farmer  and  carrier  at  Priestfield,  Ayrshire  ;  shot  by 
order  of  Claverhouse  at  his  own  door  and  in  his  wife's 
presence.  [vii.  9] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (d.  1736),  chemist;  F.R.S.,  1722; 
published  discoveries  in  chemistry.  [vii.  10] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1715-17G6),  author  of  the  'Esti- 
mate'; educated  at  Wigton  and  St.  John's  Oollww,  Cam- 
bridge; H.A.,  1735;  minor  canon  of  Carlisle  and  a  whig 
preacher ;  rector  of  Great  Horkesley,  Essex,  1756,  and  of  St. 
Nicholas,  Newcastle,  17C1  ;  gained  the  friendship  of  War- 
burton  by  an  '  Kssay  upon  Satire,'  published  in  Dodsloy's 
miscellanies ;  wrote  an  essay  (1751)  on  Shaftesbury's 
'  Characteristics,'  which  is  memorable  for  its  clear  state- 
ment of  utilitariaiiism  ;  brought  into  repute  hv  his  '  Esti- 
mate of  the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the  Times,'  1757  ; 
committed  suicide  on  being  forbidden  by  the  doctors  to 
go  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  hoped  for  a  liigh  educa- 
tional post;  published  numerous  tragedies,  epics,  odes, 
sermons,  essays.  [vii.  10] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1722-1787),  of  Haddineton,  biblical 
commentator  ;  as  a  herd-boy  taught  himself  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew  ;  at  one  time  a  pedlar  ;  served  as  a  soldier  in 
the  Edinburgh  garrison,  1746  ;  taught  school  in  Kinross- 
shire  and  Midlothian:  joined  the  Burgher  church,  1747; 
minister  to  the  Burgher  congregation  at  Haddington, 
1760-87  ;  acted  as  professor  of  divinity  to  Burgher  stu- 
dents after  1768 ;  published  an  explanation  of  the  West- 
minster ( Vmfession  of  Faith,  1758.  His  '  Self-interpreting 
Bible,'  1778,  a  plain  commentary  for  the  people,  became 
immensely  popular.  [vii.  13] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1735-1788),  medical  reformer ;  son 
of  a  Berwickshire  labourer  ;  educated  at  Dunse  school ; 
became  a  private  tutor  at  Edinburgh  ;  enabled  to  complete 


BROWN 


154 


BROWN 


his  medical  course  by  the  liberality  of  the  Edinburgh  medi- 
cal professors,  Monro  and  Cullen ;  vigorously  attacked 
their  system  in  his  tutorial  lectures,  alleging  that  most 
diseases  were  due  to  weakness,  ami  t  hut  their  practice  of 
blood-letting  was  erroneous ;  incurred  the  hostility  of  the 
faculty  in  Edinburgh  ;  compelled  to  take  his  M.D.  degree 
from  St.  Andrews,  1779  ;  in  consequence  of  debt  and 
other  troubles  left  Edinburgh  for  London  in  1786.  His 

•  Klcineuta  Medicinae,'  1780,  setting  forth  his  views,  had 
made  him  famous,  and  he  was  gaining  a  good  practice  in 
London,  when  he  was  cut  off  by  apoplexy.    His  ideas 
have  since  been  generally  adopted.  [vii.  14] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (d.  1829),  miscellaneous  writer ;  pub- 
lished a  '  History  of  Bolton,'  1825  ;  went  to  London  to 
advocate  the  claims  of  his  friend,  Samuel  Crompton,  the 
inventor;  committed  suicide  in  despair  at  his  want  of 
success  in  life.  [vii.  17] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1754-1832),  of  Whitburn,  Scottish 
divine ;  eldest  sou  of  John  Brown  (1722-1787)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh;  minister  of  the  Burgher  church 
at  Whitburn,  Liulithgowshire,  1776-1832:  wrote  memoirs 
of  James  Hervey,  1806,  and  many  religious  treatises. 

[vii.  1 7] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1778-1848),  of  Langton,  theologian  ; 
minister  of  Langton,  Berwickshire,  1810 ;  D.D.  Glasgow, 
1815  ;  joined  the  Free  church  in  1843  ;  wrote  in  defence  of 
presbyterian  orders  and  church  government,  [vii.  18] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1784-1858),  of  Edinburgh,  divine ; 
eldest  son  of  John  Brown  (1754-1832)  [q.  v.];  educated 
at  Edinburgh ;  taught  school  in  Fife ;  minister  of  the 
Burgher  church  at  Biggar,  1806,  and  of  the  Relief  church 
at  Edinburgh,  1822 ;  D.D.,  1830 ;  professor  of  exegetics  in 
the  Relief  college,  1834,  and  in  the  United  Presbyterian 
College,  1847 ;  wrote  expositions  of  several  epistles,  and 
many  religious  treatises.  [vii.  18] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1780-1859),  geologist ;  apprenticed 
as  stonemason :  abandoned  his  trade  (1830)  for  geological 
study ;  contributed  to  scientific  journals. 

[Suppl.  i.  301] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1797-1861),  geographer;  midship- 
man hi  the  East  India  Company's  service  till  1819 ;  after- 
wards a  wealthy  diamond  merchant ;  advocated  Arctic 
exploration  and  the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin. 

[vii.  20] 

BROWN,  JOHN  (1810-1882),  essayist;  sou  of  John 
Brown  (1784-1858)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High 
Sehx>l  and  University ;  M.D.,  1833 ;  practised  in  Edin- 
burgh with  success  till  his  death  ;  published  '  Hone 
Subsecivae,'  three  volumes  of  essays,  1858-82,  and  'Rab 
and  his  Friends,'  1859.  [vii.  20] 

BROWN,  Sin  JOHN  (1816-1896),  pioneer  of  armour- 
plate  manufacture ;  apprenticed  to  factor  at  Fargatc ; 
manager  of  business,  1831;  invented  conical  steel  spring 
buffer  for  railway  wagons,  1848;  opened  Atlas  Steel 
Works,  Sheffield,  1856  ;  originated  use  of  rolled  steel 
armour  plating  for  war  vessels,  1860,  and  his  method  was 
approved  by  royal  commission,  1863 ;  knighted,  1867. 

[Suppl.  i.  301] 

BROWN,  JOHN  CRAWFORD  (1805-1867),  landscape- 
painter  ;  travelled  in  Holland  and  Spain.  [vii.  21] 

BROWN,  JOHN  WRIGHT  (1836-1863),  botanist ;  of 
Edinburgh ;  student  of  Scottish  flora.  [vii.  21] 

BROWN,  JOSEPH  (1784-1868),  physician:  army 
surgeon  in  Wellington's  campaigns;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1819;  practised  in  Sundcrland :  wrote  on  medical  sub- 
ject*, [vii.  21] 

BROWN,  LANCELOT  (1715-1783),  reviver  of   the 
natural  style  of  landscape-gardening;  laid  out  gardens 
at    Kew   and    Blenheim;    architect   of    many    country  j 
houses ;    high  sheriff  of  Huntingdon,   1770 ;    known  as 

•  Capability  Brown.'  [vii.  22] 

BROWN,  LEVINIUS  (1671-1764),  Jesuit;  educated 
at  St.  ( inier  and  Rome  ;  resided  at  Ladyholt,  Sussex,  1700, 
where  he  was  a  friend  of  Alexander  Pope ;  rector  of  the 
English  college  at  Rome,  1723-31 ;  provincial,  1733 :  rector 
of  Liege  College,  1737 ;  spent  his  last  years  at  St.  Omer. 

[vii.  22] 

BROWN,  OLIVER  MADOX  (1856-1874),  novelist 
and  painter  in  water-colours ;  son  of  Ford  Madox  Brown 
[q.  T.I:  first  exhibited,  1869 ;  published 'Gabriel  Denver,' 


his  first  novel,  1873.     Other  novels  are  contained  in  his 
4  Literary  Remains,'  1876.  [vii.  22] 

BROWN,  PETER  (1784-1863),  Canadian  journalist ; 
went  to  New  York,  1838,  and  founded  '  British  Chronicle  ' 
newspaper ;  removed  to  Toronto,  1843,  and  renamed  paper 
'  The  Banner,'  which  became  organ  of  Free  church  of 
Scotland  in  Canada.  [Suppl.  i.  299] 

BROWN,  PHILIP  (d.  1779),  botanist ;  medical  prac- 
titioner in  Manchester ;  collected  foreign  plants. 

[vii.  23] 

BROWN,  RAWDON  LUBBOOK  (1803-1883),  histori- 
cal student ;  resided  in  Venice,  1833-83,  makiupr  careful 
researches  among  the  Venetian  archives,  especially  among 
the  reports  sent  home  by  the  Venetian  ambassadors  in 
London.  His  'Calendar  of  State  Papers  ...  in  the 
Archives  of  Venice '  is  indispensable  for  the  study  of  Eng- 
lish history  from  1202  to  1558.  In  addition  he  wrote 
historical  works  in  English  and  Italian.  [vii.  24] 

BROWN,  Sm  RICHARD  (</.  1669).    [See  BROWNK.] 

BROWN,  ROBERT  (d.  1753),  painter ;  assisted  Sir 
James  Thornhill  in  painting  the  cupola  of  St.  Paul's ; 
painted  altar-pieces  in  several  London  churches.  Sonic 
of  his  pictures  have  been  engraved.  [vii.  24] 

BROWN,  Sm  ROBERT  (d.  1760),  diplomatist ;  mer- 
chant hi  Venice  and  British  resident  till  1734  ;  created 
baronet,  1732  ;  M.P.  for  Ilchester,  1734  ;  a  noted  miser. 

[vii.  25] 

BROWN,  ROBERT  (1757-1831),  writer  on  agricul- 
ture; a  Haddiugton  fanner  ;  published  'Treatise on  Rural 
Affairs,'  1811,  and  other  works.  [vii.  25] 

BROWN,  ROBERT  (d.  1846),  divine  ;  chaplain  of  St. 
Matthew's  chapel,  Douglas,  1817 ;  vicar  of  Kirk  Braddan, 
1836-46.  [Suppl.  i.  300] 

BROWN,  ROBERT  (1773-1858),  botanist;  educated 
at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh;  studied  flora  of  Scotland, 
1791 ;  army  official  in  Ireland,  1795,  and  London,  1798 ; 
naturalist  to  Captain  Flinders's  Australasian  expedition, 
1801-5 ;  librarian  to  the  Linnean  Society,  and  to  Sir 
Joseph  Banks ;  published  '  Prodromus  Flora  Novae  Hol- 
landise  et  insulae  Van-Diemen,'  1810 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1832 ;  eminent  for  his  investigations  into  the  impregna- 
tion of  plants.  [vii.  25] 

BROWN,  ROBERT  (1842-1895),  geographical  com- 
piler ;  B.A.  Edinburgh,  1860 ;  studied  at  Leyden,  Copen- 
hagen, and  Rostock ;  Ph.D.  Rostock ;  botanist  to  British 
Columbia  expedition,  and  commander  of  Vancouver  ex- 
pedition, 1864 ;  travelled  widely,  1861-9 ;  lecturer  in 
natural  history  in  high  school  and  Heriot-Watt  College, 
Edinburgh,  1869-76  ;  removed  to  London,  1876  ;  compiled 
several  popular  geographical  works  and  published  scien- 
tific and  other  volumes.  He  was  F.L.S.,  and  on  council 
of  Royal  Geographical  Society.  [SuppL  i.  302] 

BROWN,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1700),  surgeon  at  Madras; 
collector  of  Indian  plants.  [vii.  27] 

BROWN,  Sm  SAMUEL  (1776-1852),  engineer;  naval 
officer,  1795;  commander,  1811 ;  captain,  1812  :  knighted, 
1838  ;  devised  an  improved  method  of  chain-links  for  ship- 
cables  and  suspension  bridges.  [vii.  27] 

BROWN,  SAMUEL (1817-1856),  chemist;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1839 ;  devoted  himself  to  chemical  research  ;  wrote 
on  the  atomic  theory.  [vii.  28] 

BROWN,  SAMUEL  (1810-1875),  statist ;  an  actuary 
by  profession;  advocated  uniformity  of  coinage  and 
weights  and  measures ;  joint-editor  of  the  '  Journal  of  the 
Institute  of  Actuaries.'  [viL  28] 

BROWN,  STEPHEN  (fl.  1340  ?),  theologian ;  supposed 
to  have  been  born  at  Aberdeen ;  a  Carmelite  monk,  and 
reputed  author  of  several  theological  pieces.  His  identity 
is  doubtful.  Stephen  Brown,  bishop  of  Ross  in  Ireland, 
1399,  was  a  different  person.  [vii.  28] 

BROWN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1170).    [See  THOMAS.] 

BROWN  or  BROUNS,  THOMAS  (d.  1445),  eccle- 
siastic ;  LL.D. ;  sub-dean  of  Lincoln,  1414  ;  dean  of  Salis- 
bury, 1431 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1485,  and  of  Norwich, 
1436  ;  ambassador  to  France,  1439.  [vii.  29] 

BROWN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1570),  translator ;  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  translated  the  '  Nobilitas  Literata 


of 


Sturinius. 


[vii.  29] 


BROWN 


155 


BROWNE 


BROWN,  THOMAS  (1663-1704),  satirist;  entered 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1678,  where  he  wrote  the  famous 
•  I  do  not  love  thee,  Dr.  Fell,'  and  other  verses,  Latin  and 
English ;  taught  school  at  Kin^ston-ou-Thames  ;  after- 
wards settled  in  London  as  a  hack  writer  and  translator  ; 
fertile  in  satirical  verse.-  ;  wrote  against  Dryden,  Durfey, 
Titus  Oates,  Sir  Richard  Blackmore.  His  collected 
works  appeared  in  1707.  [vii.  29] 

BKOWN,  THOMAS  (1778-1820),  the  last  of  the 
Scottish  school  of  metaphysicians  ;  educated  iu  London 
and  at  Edinburgh  University;  a  disciple  of  Dugald 
Me  \\art  ;  criticised  Knisimis  Darwin's  '  Zoouomia,"  1798  ; 
studied  medicine  at  Kdiutmrgh,  1798-1803,  and  prac- 
tised there,  IHUC  ;  wrote  philosophical  tracts,  and  tried  to 
obtain  a  chair  in  the  university  ;  elected  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  1810 ;  became  au  extremely  popular 
lecturer ;  published  poetry  and  essays.  His  •  Lectures ' 
\\crc  once  hiphly  esteemed,  but  were  severely  criticised  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton.  [vii.  31] 

BROWN,  THOMAS  EDWARD  (1830-1897),  Manx 
poet ;  son  of  Robert  Brown  (d.  1846)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
KhiL-  William's  College,  Isle  of  Man,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  B.A.,  1853;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1864-8;  M.A., 
185(5;  master  of  King  William's  College  and  vice- 
principal,  1858-61 ;  head-master  of  Crypt  School,  Glou- 
cester, 1861-4 ;  second  master  at  Clifton,  1864-93  ;  curate 
of  St.  Barnabas,  Bristol,  1884-93.  He  published '  Fo'c'sle 
Yarns,'  1881,  and  other  tales  in  verse  in  Manx  dialect 
appeared  in  subsequent  years.  A  collected  edition  of 
his  poems  was  issued,  1900.  [Suppl.  i.  303] 

BROWN,  THOMAS  JOSEPH  (1798-1880),  Roman 
catholic  prelate ;  Benedictine  monk,  1813 ;  professor  of 
theology  at  Downside,  1823-41 ;  took  prominent  part  in 
controversies  both  in  the  press  and  on  the  platform,  1^'SO ; 
D.D.,  1834;  titular  bishop  of  Apollonia,  1840,  and  in 
charge  of  the  Welsh  district ;  bishop  of  Newport  and 
Meuevia,  I860.  [vii.  33] 

BROWN  or  BROWNE,  ULYSSES  MAXIMILIAN 
VON  (1705-1757),  count,  baron  de  Camus  and  Mountany  ; 
Austrian  general;  of  Irish  extraction;  entered  the 
Austrian  service  early  and  rose  rapidly ;  colonel  of  infantry, 
1734  ;  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Piacenza  and 
the  operations  round  Genoa,  and  advanced  as  far  as 
Toulon,  1743-8 ;  field-marshal,  1753 ;  accepted  second 
command  in  Bohemia,  and  died  of  wounds  received  before 
Prague.  [vii.  35] 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1814),  rear-admiral ;  lieu- 
tenant R.N.,  1788;  commander,  1792;  captain,  1793; 
commanded  the  Ajax  in  the  action  off  Cape  Finisterre, 
22  July  1805,  and  was  partly  to  blame  for  its  indecisive 
character ;  commissioner  of  dockyards  ;  rear-admiral, 
1812 ;  appointed  to  the  Jamaica  station,  1813.  [vii.  35] 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  (1766-1835),  historical  writer; 
D.D.  Aberdeen,  1816  ;  minister  of  Eskdalemuir,  Dumfries, 
1792-1835  ;  wrote  '  Antiquities  of  the  Jews,'  1826. 

[vii.  36] 

BRpWN,  WILLIAM  (1777-1857),  admiral  in  the 
Argentina  service ;  born  in  Ireland ;  taken  to  America  as 
a  boy ;  went  to  sea,  and  was  pressed  into  the  English 
navy,  1796 ;  captain  of  a  merchantman ;  settled  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1812;  accepted  naval  command,  1814,  and  de- 
feated two  Spanish  squadrons ;  privateer  against  the 
Spaniards  ;  defeated  a  Brazilian  fleet  in  the  La  Plata, 
1826  and  1827,  but  was  then  overpowered  by  superior 
force  ;  blockaded  Monte  Video,  1842-5.  [vii.  36] 

BROWN,  SIH  WILLIAM  (1784-1864),  benefactor  to 
Liverpool ;  engaged  in  the~linen-trade  at  Baltimore,  and 
opened  a  branch  office  in  Liverpool,  1809  ;  afterwards  an 
Anglo- American  banker ;  alderman  of  Liverpool,  1831 ; 
advocate  of  free  trade' and  the  volunteer  movement ;  M.P. 
for  South  Lancashire,  1846-59 ;  erected  free  public 
library  and  Derby  museum  at  Liverpool,  1860  ;  created 
baronet,  1863.  [vii.  37] 

BROWN,  WILLIAM  LAURENCE  (1755-1830), 
theological  writer ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and 
Utrecht ;  minister  of  the  English  church,  Utrecht,  1778, 
and  professor;  of  philosophy  and  church  history  there, 
1788 ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1784 ;  professor  of  divinity, 
Aberdeen  ;  principal  of  Aberdeen  University,  1796  ;  wrote 
theological  treatises.  [vii.  37] 

BROWNBILL,  THOMAS  ROBSON  (1822  ?-1864). 
[See  ROBSOX.] 


BROWNE.    [See  also  BROUN  and  BROWN.] 

BROWNE,  ALEXANDER  (fl.  1660),  miniature- 
painter,  engraver,  and  printseller ;  published  '  Are 
Pictoria,'  1675.  [vii.  38] 

BROWNE,  Sm  ANTHONY  (d.  1548),  politican ; 
knighted,  1523  ;  esquire  of  the  body  to  Henry  VIII,  1524  ; 
ambassador  to  Franco,  1528  and  1533  ;  master  of  the 
horse,  1539 ;  K.G.,  1540 ;  justice  in  eyre,  1545 ;  named 
guardian  to  Prince  Edward  and  Princess  Elizabeth.  He 
received  Battle  Abbey,  1538,  and  other  large  grants  of 
church  lauds  and  manors,  and  was  a  great  builder. 
Cowdray,  Sussex,  and  other  large  estates,  he  inherited 
from  his  half-brother,  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  1543. 

[vii.  38] 

BROWNE,  ANTHONY  (1510?-1567),  judge;  reader 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  1553;  active  in  prosecution  of 
puritans  in  Essex,  1554 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1555 ;  chief- 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1558  ;  reduced  to  the  place  of 
puisne  justice,  1559,  for  refusing  to  cede  his  official 
patronage  to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  knighted,  1666.  [vii.  39] 

BROWNE,  ANTHONY,  first  VISCOUNT  MOXTAUUK 
(1526-1592),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Anthony  Browne  (d.  1548) 
[q.  v.] ;  a  staunch  Roman  catholic,  but  of  unquestioned 
loyalty  both  to  Edward  VI  and  to  Elizabeth,  though 
stoutly  opposing  in  parliament  the  acts  of  supremacy 
and  allegiance,  1559  and  1562  ;  knighted,  1547  ;  imprisoned 
for  recusancy,  1551 ;  entertained  Edward  VI  at  Cowdray, 
Sussex,  1562 ;  created  Viscount  Montague,  1654,  made 
master  of  the  horse,  and  sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  pope ; 
lieutenant-general  at  St.  Queutiu,  1557 ;  ambassador  to 
Spain,  1561  ;  on  the  commission  which  tried  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  1587 ;  entertained  Elizabeth  at  Cowdray,  1591. 

[vii.  40] 

BROWNE,  ARTHUR  (1756 ?-1805),  Irish  lawyer; 
born  in  New  England ;  of  Irish  parentage ;  educated  at 
Harvard  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  was  elected 
junior  fellow,  1777  ;  LL.D.,  1784 ;  senior  fellow,  1795-1805 ; 
became  regius  professor  of  law  in  Dublin,  1785 ;  several 
times  professor  of  Greek;  practised  at  the  Irish  bar ;  last 
'  prime  serjeant,'  1802  ;  M.P.  for  Dublin  University  in  the 
Irish  parliament,  1783-1800  ;  advocated  the  union ;  wrote 
on  legal  and  miscellaneous  subjects.  [vii.  41] 

BROWNE,  DAVID  (fl.  1638),  writer  on  penmanship  ; 
published  at  St.  Andrews  '  The  New  Invention,  intituled 
Calligraphia,'  1622.  [viL  41] 

BROWNE,  EDWARD  (1644-1708),  physician  and 
traveller;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne  (1605-1682) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Norwich  grammar  school  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.B.,  1663 ;  attended  lectures  in 
London ;  travelled  in  Italy,  Holland,  Austria,  Hungary, 
North  Greece,  and  the  Low  Countries,  1668-73;  settled 
as  a  practitioner  in  London,  1675  ;  president,  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  1704.  His  collected  travels  appeared 
in  1685.  [vii.  42] 

BROWNE,  EDWARD  (d.  1730),  quaker;  native  of 
Cork,  and  subsequently  a  wealthy  merchant  in  Sunder- 
land.  [vii.  43] 

BROWNE,  EDWARD  HAROLD  (1811-1891),  bishop 
of  Ely  and  of  Winchester ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1836;  D.D.,  1864;  fellow, 
1837-40;  accepted  charge  of  Holy  Trinity,  Stroud,  1840; 
vice-principal  of  St.  David's  College,  Lampeter,  1843-9 ; 
prebendary  of  Exeter,  1849 ;  vicar  of  Heavitree,  Exeter, 
and  canon  of  Exeter,  1857  ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1864-73,  and  of 
Winchester,  1873-90 ;  published  religious  writings. 

[Suppl.  i.  304] 

BROWNE,  FELICIA  DOROTHEA  (1793-1835).    [See 

HEMAN8.] 

BROWNE,  GEORGE  (d.  1556),  archbishop  of  Dublin ; 
the  chief  instrument  of  Henry  VIII  iu  the  Irish  reforma- 
tion ;  provincial  of  the  Austin  Friars,  1534 ;  archbishop 
of  Dublin,  1536 ;  spoke  in  the  Irish  parliament  iirfavour 
of  Henry  VIII's  ecclesiastical  supremacy,  and  obtained 
for  the  king  a  grant  of  the  first-iruits  of  the  Irish  abbeys ; 
travelled  widely,  publishing  the  royal  injunctions  and 
collecting  first-fruits ;  hated  by  the  clergy  and  by  most 
of  the  Irish  council ;  in  disfavour ;  took  a  leading  part  in 
introducing  the  first  English  prayer-book  in  Ireland, 
1550 ;  made  by  patent  primate  of  Ireland ;  at  Mary's  ac- 
cession deprived  of  the  primacy  and  deposed  from  his 
archbishopric  as  being  a  married  man ;  D J).  [vii.  43] 


BROWNE 


156 


BROWNE 


BROWNE,  GEOlUiK.  O>r\T  i>R  (1698-1792),  soldier 
of  fortune ;  educated  at  Limerick ;  took  service  with  the 
elector  palatine  ;  transferred  himself  to  the  Russian 
service,  1730;  taken  prisoner  and  enslaved  by  the  Turks  ; 
served  in  Finland  and  against  the  Swedes;  contributed 
materially  to  the  victories  of  Kollin,  1757,  and  /orndorf, 
1758  ;  field-marshal ;  governor  of  Livonia.  [vii.  46] 

BROWNE,  HAHLOT  KNIGHT  (1815-1882),  water- 
colour  painter  and  book-illustrator;  known  as  I'm/.; 
apprenticed  to  an  engraver,  and  subsequently  opened  a 
studio;  illustrated  Charles  Dickens's  '  Sunday  as  it  is  by 
Timothy  Sparks.1  1«3«,  and  th«-  '  Pickwick  Papers,'  taking 
the  pseudonym  Phi-?  to  match  the  author's  pseudonym 
Boz ;  fond  of  horses,  hunting,  and  water-colour  painting  ; 
a  prolific  illustrator,  especially  of  novels  by  Dickens, 
Lever,  and  Ainsworth.  [vii.  46] 

BROWNE,  HENRY  (1804-1875),  classical  and  biblical 
scholar;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1830 ;  principal  of  Chichester 
Theological  College,  1842-7 ;  rector  of  Pevensey,  Sussex, 
1884-75;  published  classical  text-books  and  treatises  on 
biblical  chronology.  [viL  47] 

BROWNE,  ISAAC  HAWKINS,  the  elder  (1705-1760), 
wit  and  poet:  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn ; 
M.P.  for  Wenlock,  1744-54 ;  his  conversational  powers 
praised  by  Samuel  Johnson ;  wrote  poems,  some  of  which 
are  distinguished  by  their  sprightly  humour.  [vii.  47] 

BROWNE,  ISAAC  HAWKINS,  the  younger  (1745- 
1818),  essayist ;  son  of  Isaac  Hawkins  Browne  the  elder 

S[.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Hertford  College, 
xford  ;  D.O.L.,  1773  ;  M.P.  for  Bridgnorth,  1784-1812  ; 
published  essays  on  moral  and  religious  subjects,  [vii.  48] 

BROWNE  or  BROWN,  JAMES  (1616-1685),  theo- 
logian ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1638  ;  chaplain  in  the 
army  of  the  parliament;  his  'Antichrist  in  Spirit' 
answered  by  George  Fox.  [vii.  49] 

BROWNE,  JAMES  (1793-1841),  journalist  and  his- 
torian; educated  at  St.  Andrews  University;  minister 
of  the  church  of  Scotland  ;  Scottish  advocate ;  finally 
settled  in  Edinburgh  as  a  journalist ;  LL.D.  St.  Andrews. 
His  works  include  a  '  History  of  the  Highlands,'  1835. 

[vii.  49] 

BROWNE,  JOHN  (1642-1700?),  surgeon;  served  as 
naval  surgeon  ;  surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1683-91, 
and  to  Charles  II  and  William  III  ;  author  of  anatomical 
and  surgical  treatises.  [vii.  49] 

BROWNE,  JOHN  (1741-1801),  engraver  of  land- 
scapes ;  pupil  of  John  Tinney  and  William  Woollett. 

[vii.  60] 

BROWNE,  JOHN  (1823-1886),  nonconformist  his- 
torian ;  B.A.  London.  1843 ;  uiiif  ler  at  Lowestoft, 
1844-6,  and  Wrentharn,  Suffolk,  1H48-8C  ;  published 
'  History  of  Congregationalism,'  1H77,  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  304] 

BROWNE,  .loSKPII  (.//.  1706).  physician;  libHlctl 
Queen  AnneV  administration,  1 7ut> ;  wrote  and  lectured 
against  Harvey's  theory  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

[vii.  61] 

BROWNE,  .InSKPTT  (17(K)-17r,7),  provost  of  Queen's 
College.  Oxford,  1756 ;  rector  of  Bramshot,  Hampshire, and 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Oxford,  1746-67. 

[vii.  61] 

BROWNE,  LANCELOT  (d.  1605),  physician;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge  ;  M.D.,  1676 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1584 ;  phy- 
sician to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  [vii.  61] 

BROWNE.  LYDE,  the  elder  (d.  1787),  virtuoso; 
director  of  the  Bank  of  England;  possessed  a  famous 
cabinet  of  Greek  and  Roman  art  treasures  at  Wimbledon. 

[vii.  52] 

BROWNE,  LYDE,  fchc  younger  (d.  1803),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  entered  the  army,  1777 ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1800 ;  shot  by  Emmet's  mob  in  Dublin.  [vii.  62] 

BROWNE,  MMSKS  1 1704-1787),  chief  poetical  con- 
tributor to  the  '(Ji-ntlcmanV  Matrazinc';  pen-cutter; 
and  subsequently  vicar  of  Olney.  1753  ;  wrote  poems,  in- 
cluding '  Piscatory  Eclogues,'  1729,  and  sermons. 

[vii.  52] 

BROWNE.  PATRICK  (1720  V-1790),  naturalist; 
virited  Antisrua,  1737  ;  studied  science  in  Paris,  and  at 
Leyden ;  M.D.,  1743  ;  settled  in  Jamaica  ;  published  '  Civil 


and  Natural  History  of  Jamaica,'  1756,  and  other  zoo- 
logical works.  [vii.  53] 

BROWNE,  PETER  (d.  1735),  divine;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1692  ;  provost,  1699  ;  bishop  of  Cork  and 
Ross,  1710 ;  published  theological  tractates.  [vii.  53] 

BROWNE,  SIR  RICHARD  (rf.  1669),  parliamentary 
general  and  a  leader  of  the  presbyterian  party  ;  officer  of 
the  London  trained  bands ;  sent  to  disarm  the  Kentish 
royalists,  1642  ;  present  at  the  siege  of  Winchester ;  sup- 
pressed Kentish  rising,  1643  :  fought  at  Alresford,  1644  ; 
major-general  with  task  of  reducing  the  Oxford  district, 
1644 ;  present  at  the  surrender  of  Oxford,  1646  ;  a  com- 
missioner to  receive  Charles  from  the  Scots,  1647  ;  present 
at  the  seizure  of  Charles  at  Holmby,  and  afterwards 
favourable  to  the  king ;  M.P.  for  Wycombe,  but  expelled 
by  the  influence  of  the  army,  1648,  and  imprisoned  for 
five  years;  excluded  from  parliament  for  refusing  the 
'  engagement,'  1656 ;  M.P.  for  London  in  Richard  Crom- 
well's parliament;  privy  to  Sir  George  Booth's  rising, 
1659 ;  intrigued  for  the  recall  of  Charles  II ;  knighted  ; 
lord  mayor  of  London,  1660,  and  made  a  baronet  for 
suppressing  Vernier's  rising.  [vii.  54] 

BROWNE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1605-1683),  diplomatist ; 
educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  travelled  in  France ; 
clerk  of  the  council,  1641-72 ;  resident  at  the  French 
court  for  Charles  I  and  Charles  II,  1641-60 ;  provided  in 
Paris  a  chapel  for  Anglican  services,  a  home  for  Anglican 
divines,  and  a  cemetery  for  protestauts ;  created  baronet, 
1649  ;  returned  to  England,  1660.  [vii.  56] 

BROWNE  or  BROWN,  RICHARD  (./1. 1674-1694), 
physician :  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  M.D. 
Leydeii,  1675 ;  published  medical  treatises.  [vii.  55] 

BROWNE,  ROBERT  (1550 ?-1633 ?),  separatist;  re- 
garded as   the  founder  of   Congregationalism ;  was  con- 
nected with  several  families  of  influence,  particularly  with 
Cecil,  lord  Burghley  ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1572,  that  college  being  then  notoriously  puritan 
in  sympathies ;  probably  ordained  about  1573 ;  taught 
school  in  London,  and   preached  at   Islington  without 
episcopal  licence ;  preached  constantly   in  villages   near 
Cambridge,  and  in  Cambridge  itself,  c.  1578,  denouncing 
the  parochial  system  and  ordination,  whether  by  bishops 
or  by  presbytery ;  destroyed  a  licence  to  preach  which  his 
brother  had  obtained  for  him  from  the  bishop  of  Ely,  and 
j  was  then  inhibited  :  went  to  Norwich  r.  1580,  and,  with 
i  Robert  Harrison,  ejected  a  congregation,  which  they 
j  called  '  the  church,'  but  which  was  popularly  known  as 
i  'the  Brpwniste';  imprisoned  by  the  bishop  of  Norwich 
I  for  seditious  preaching  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1581,  but 
I  set  free  by  Burgbley,  who  also  delivered  him  from  the 
i  primate;  emigrated  to   Middleburg  with  his    followers, 
1581,  whence  he  issued  books,  the  circulation  of  which 
in  England   was   punished    by   death  ;    quarrelled   with 
Harrison,  1583,  and   was  followed   by  four  families  to 
:  Scotland,  where  he  was  atrain  imprisoned  ;  imprisoned  on 
his  return  to  England,  1594 ;   betran  preac.hin.tr  at  North- 
ampton, 1586;  excommunicated  by  the  bishop  of  Peter- 
j   borough    for    ignoring    a    citation;    submitted    to    tin- 
bishop,  and  became  master  of  Stamford  grammar  school, 
i   1586 ;  reetorof  Achureh,  Northamptonshire,!  591-1G31 :  <li«vl 
in  Northampton  gaol,  to  which  he  h:vd  been  sent  for  an 
assault  committed  in  a  characteristic  outbreak  of  temper. 

[vii.  57] 

BROWNE,  SAMUEL  (1575  ?-1632),  divine :  M.A.  All 
Souls,  Oxford,  1605  ;  minister  of  St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury  ; 
I  published  tracts.  [vii.  61] 

BROWNE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1668),  judge ;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1623  ;  M.P.  for  Clifton,  Devonshire,  1640 ; 
an  active  member  of  the  Commons  committee  for  the  im- 
peachment of  Laud,  1644 ;  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
j  treat  with  Charles  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1648 ;  serjeant- 
'  at-law,  1648  ;  justice  of  the  common  pleas  and  knighted, 
i  1660.  [vii.  61] 

BROWNE,  SIMON  (1680-1732),  conpregationalist ; 
I  pastor  at  Portsmouth,  and  (1716-23)  in  the  Old  Jewry, 
!  London  ;  published  hymns  and  sermons.  [vii.  62] 

BROWNE,    THEOPHILUS   (1763-1836),    Unitarian; 

I  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1785  ;  vicar  of  Oherry- 

i  Hiuton,  Cambridgeshire,  1793,  but  resigned  on  adopting 

unitarianism ;   Unitarian  minister  at   Warminstcr,   1800, 

Norwich,  1809,  Congleton,  1812,  and  Gloucester,  1816-23 ; 

•  published  theological  treatises.  [vii.  C2] 


BROWNE 


157 


BROWNRIGG 


BROWNE,  THOMAS  ((/.  1585),  haul-master  of  W«-st- 
•  r  School,  1564-70  ;  educated  at   Kt<>n  ,-ui.l   Kind's, 
Cumt.iriilt.a-  ;  H.D.,  1  !>;">'.<  ;  n-c-tor.it'  Duntou-Waylett,  i 

Li-.inard'-,  Foster  Lam-,  London,  1567,  and 
of  Chelsea,  1571  ;  author  of  occasional  poems,     [vii.  63] 

BROWNE  or  BROWN,  THnMAS  (1604?-1673), 
divine;  .-indent  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1620;  BJX  ; 

tic  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Laud,  1637;  canon  of 
\Viinl-or,  lil.'i'.i;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Aldennary,  London, 
mid  of  nddin^ton,  Oxfordshire;  took  refuge  in  Holland; 

red  his  benefice-,  liitiu  ;  published  sermons. 

[vii.  64] 

BROWNE,  Sue  THOMAS  (1605-1682),  physician  ami 
author;  educate!  at  Winchester  and  Broadgatn  Hall, 
n\iord;  M.A.,  Hii"J  :  praottfled  medicine  in  Oxford-hire; 
-tudii'-l  imiliciiif  at  Montpelller  aiulPoilna  ;  M.D.  Leydcn, 
lt;;W;  Incorporated  M.D.  at  Oxford,  1637  ;  sett.  It  il  in 

,-h,  h;:>7,  and  practised  physic;  expressed  I  lis  belief 
in  witchcraft  at  a  trial  of  witches  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 

knighted  in  1671,  on  occasion  of  a  royal  visit  to 
Norwich.  Hia  '  Ut-ligio  Medici  '  appeared  without  his  sanc- 
tion in  I'M-,  but  was  reissued  with  his  approval  in  1643, 
and  ua--  afterwards  published  on  the  continent  in  Latin, 

,  French,  and  German  translations.  'Pseudodoxia 
(Epidemics:  Enquiries  into  Vulgar  Errors,'  appeared  in 
1046,  and  '  Hydriotaphia  :  Urn  Burial,'  and  a  mystical 
treatise  entitled  '  The  Garden  of  Cyrus,'  in  1658.  Com- 
munications from  him  are  to  be  found  in  the  works  of 
John  Kvelyn,  William  Dugdale,  Christopher  Merrett,  John 
Ray,  and  Anthony  a  Wood.  The  best  edition  of  his  col- 
lected works  is  by  Simon  Wilkin,  1836.  [vii.  64] 

BROWNE,  THOMAS  (1672-1710),  physician  ;  son  of 
Edward  Browne  (1644-1708)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  MJ).,  1700  ;  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 1707.  [vii.  72] 

BROWNE,  THOMAS  (1708  7-1780),  herald  and  land- 
surveyor  ;  called  '  Sense  Browne,'  to  distinguish  him  from 
Lancelot  Brown  [q.  v.]  ;  Garter  king-of-anns,  1774. 


[vii.  72] 
7-1887 


BROWNE,  Sm  THOMAS  GORE  (1807-1887),  colonel 
and  colonial  governor  ;  ensign  28th  foot,  1824  ;  captain, 
1829  ;  major,  1834  ;  served  in  first  Afghan  war  ;  O.B., 
1843  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1845  ;  governor  of  St.  Helena, 
1851,  i*ew  Zealand,  1855,  and  Tasmania,  1862-8  ;  K.O.M.G., 
1869  ;  temporarily  governor  of  Bermuda,  1870-1. 

[Suppl.  i.  305] 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM  (1591-1643  ?),  poet  ;  educated 
at  Tavistock  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  entered  the 
Inner  Temple,  1611;  published  'Britannia's  Pastorals,' 
book  L,  1613,  book  ii.,  1616,  but  book  iii.  remained  in  manu- 
script till  1862  ;  contributed  eclogues  to  '  The  Shepheards 
Pipe,'  1614  ;  superintended  the  Inner  Temple  masque  on 
the  story  of  Ulysses  and  Circe,  1615  ;  returned  to  Oxford 
as  tutor  to  the  Hon.  Kobert  Dormer,  1624,  and  then  gra- 
duated M.A.  ;  in  the  retinue  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke  at 
Wilton.  His  poetry,  which  closely  resembles  Spenser, 
greatly  influenced  Milton,  Keats,  and  Mrs.  Browning. 
Works  collected  by  W.  Carew  Hazlitt,  1868.  [vii.  72] 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM  (1628-1678),  botanist  ;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  B.D.,  1666.  [vii.  75] 

BROWNE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1692-1774),  physician; 
M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1714  ;  M.D.,  1721  ;  practised 
medicine  at  Lynn,  1716-49  ;  knighted,  1748  ;  removed  to 
London,  1749  ;  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
1765  ;  founded  the  Browne  medals  at  Cambridge  ;  pub- 
lished verses  and  orations.  [vii.  75] 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM  (1748-1825),  gem  and  seal 
engraver  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1770-1823  ; 
chiefly  employed  by  the  courts  of  Russia  and  France. 

[vii.  76] 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1768-1813),  oriental 
traveller;  B.A.  Oxford,  1789  ;  went  to  Egypt  in  1792,  a?jd 
to  Darfur,  1793-6  ;  returned  to  England,  1798,  by  way 
of  Syria  and  Constantinople  ;  published  narrative  of  his 
travels,  1800  ;  travelled  in  Turkey  and  the  Levant,  1800-2  ; 
set  out  for  Tartary,  1812,  travelling  through  Asia  Minor 
and  Armenia,  but  was  murdered  near  Tabriz  in  Persia, 
1813.  [vii.  76] 

BROWNING,  ELIZABETH  BARRETT  (1806-1861), 
poetess;  the  name  of  Barrett  adopted  by  her  father, 
originally  nnmed  Moultou  on  succeeding  to  an  estate; 


road  Homer  in  Greek  and  wrote  vr-r-c-  at  the  ai/e  ofeitrht ; 
her  -pine  injured  by  a  fall  at  the  ;ILT  <>;  titu-en.  in  con- 
sequence of  which  lor  many  years  she  was  compelled  to 
lie  on  her  back  ;  published  her  '  Essay  on  Mind,'  1826,  and 
in  1H33,  'Prometheus  Bound,'  her  rir-t  volume  of  poems; 
con-tantly  wrote  prose  and  verse  from  this  time  onwards  ; 
met  Hubert  I'.nmniiiL',  IhliS ;  married  him,  1846,  and  went 
with  him  through  France  to  Florence,  where  they  mainly 
resided  till  her  death.  She  took  a  keen  interest  in  Italy 
and  the  Italian  struggle  for  freedom.  [vii.  78] 

BROWNING,  JOHN  (/.  1684),  divine;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  H.D.,  1577;  censured  for 
heretical  preaching,  1572  ;  D.I).  Oxford,  1580,  and  incor- 
porated D.D.  at  Cambridge,  1581 ;  an  vice-master  of 
Trinity,  tried  to  eject  the  master  for  marrying,  1584,  but 
was  by  him  expelled  from  his  fellowship.  [vii.  82] 

BROWNING,  JOHN  (ft.  1634),  divine  and  author. 

[vii.  82] 

BROWNING,  ROBERT  (1812-1889),  poet;  son  of 
Robert  Browning,  a  clerk  in  the  Bank  of  England ;  edu- 
cated at  a  school  at  Peckham,  and  by  a  private  tutor ; 
studied  Greek  at  University  College,  London,  1829-30  ; 
displayed  in  early  years  some  power  of  musical  composi- 
tion and  wrote  settings  for  a  number  of  sough  ;  published 
'  Pauline,'  1832  ;  first  visited  Italy,  1834  :  produced  (1855) 
'  Paracelsus,'  which  attracted  the  friendly  notice  of  Car- 
lyle,  Leigh  Hunt,  Wordsworth,  Dickens,  and  other  men  of 
letters  ;  published  a  tragedy, '  Strafford,'  which  was  played 
at  Co  vent  Garden  by  Macready  and  Helen  Faucit,  18:57  ; 
published  ' Bordello,'  1840;  'Bells  and  Pomegranates' 
(comprising '  Pippa  Passes,'  1841,  'A  Blot  in  the  'Scutcheon,' 
performed  at  Drury  Lane,  1843,  by  Phelps  and  Helen 
Faucit,  '  Luria,'  and 'A  Soul's  Tragedy,'  1846,  and  other 
pieces,  eight  in  all),  1841-6 ;  made  acquaintance,  1845,  of 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Moulton  Barrett  [see  BROWNING, 
ELIZABETH  BARRETT],  whom  he  married,  1846 ;  lived  at 
Pisa,  1846-/  ;  and  at  Florence,  1847-51,  and  returned  to 
England,  1851 ;  in  Paris,  1851-2 ;  lived  in  Italy,  staying 
chietly  at  Florence,  from  1852  till  1856  ;  returned  (1866) 
to  Italy,  living  for  the  most  part  at  Home  and  Florence, 
where  Mrs.  Browning  died,  1861  ;  in  1861  Browning 
settled  in  London,  but  frequently  revisited  Italy  in  later 
life;  published' Dramatis  Persons,'  1864 ;  honorary  M.A. 
Oxford,  1868 ;  made  acquaintance,  1868,  of  George  Smith, 
who  became  his  publisher  and  intimate  friend ;  {published, 
in  four  successive  instalments,  1868-9,  'The  Ring  and  the 
Book,'  the  rewriting  of  which  had  occupied  him  since 
1862;  published  « Balaustion's  Adventure,'  and  'Prince 
Hohenstiel-Schwangau.'  1871.  Fifine  at  the  Fair,'  1872, 
'  Red  Cotton  Nightcap  Country,'  1873, '  The  Inn  Album,' 
1875, '  Pacchiarotto,'  1876 ;  translation  of  '  Agamemnon,' 
1877,  'La  Saisiaz,'  and  'Two  Poets  of  Oroisic'  (one 
volume),  1878,  and '  Dramatic  Idylls,'  first  series,  1879,  and 
second  series,  1880 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884 ; 
foreign  correspondent  to  Royal  Academy,  1886 ;  died  at 
Venice,  16  Dec.  1889  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  ;  hia 
last  volume  of  poems, '  Asolando,'  appeared  on  the  day  of 
his  death.  Portraits  of  him  by  Field,  Talfourd,  Mr.  G.  F. 
Watts,  R.A.,  and  Mr.  Rudolf  Lehmann,  are  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  His  poems  were  collected  in  two  volumes, 
1896 ;  several  volumes  of  his  correspondence  with  Mrs. 
Browning  have  been  published.  Browning  was  at  his 
best  in  psychological  monologue;  his  poems  everywhere 
attest  unflinching  optimism.  [Suppl.  i.  306] 

BROWNLOW,  RICHARD  (1563-1638),  chief  protho- 
notary  of  court  of  common  pleas,  1591-1638 ;  entered 
the  Inner  Temple,  1583  ;  left  in  manuscript  law  reports. 

[vii.  82] 

BROWNRIG,  RALPH  (1592-1659),  bishop  of  Exeter; 
educated  at  Ipswich  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1617  ;  D.D.,  1626;  rector  of  Barley,  Hertfordshire, 
1621;  master  of  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge;  de- 
prived of  the  mastership,  1645  ;  canon  of  Durham,  1641 ; 
bishop  of  Exeter,  1641 ;  lived  in  retirement  during  the 
Commonwealth,  ordaining  privately;  chaplain  of  the 
Inner  and  Middle  Temples,  1658 ;  a  strict  Cal vinist ;  left 
sermons  in  manuscript.  [vii.  83] 

BROWNRIGG,  ELIZABETH  (d.  1767),  murderess; 
wife  of  a  London  house-painter ;  practised  as  midwife ; 
barbarously  murdered  her  apprentice ;  hanged  at  Tyburn. 

[vii.  84] 

BROWNRIGG,  SIR  ROBERT  (1769-1833),  general; 
ensign,  1775 ;  captain,  1784 ;  served  in  the  Netherlands, 


BROWNRIGrG 


158 


BRUCE 


1793;  colonel,  1796;  quartermaster-general,  1803;  lieu- 
tcnant-L'fneral,  1808;  governor  of  Oeylon,  1811;  took 
Kumly  and  annexed  the  kingdom,  1815  ;  created  baronet, 
1816  ;  general,  1819  ;  returned  to  England,  1820. 

[vii.  85] 

BROWNRIGG,  WILLIAM  (1711-1800),  chemist; 
studied  medicine  at  London  and  at  Leyden  ;  M.D.,  1737 ; 
practised  at  Whitehaven  for  many  years ;  made  valuable 
researches  into  the  phenomena  of  fire-damp,  mineral 
waters,  and  platina.  [vii.  85] 

BROWN-SEQUARD,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1817- 
1894),  physiologist ;  born  in  Mauritius ;  studied  medicine 
at  Paris ;  M.D.,  1846 :  secretary  of  Societe  de  Biologic, 
1848;  subdued  epidemic  of  cholera  in  Mauritius,  1854-5  ; 
professor  at  Virginia  Medical  College,  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia, 1855 ;  engaged  in  scientific  teaching  in  Paris,  1855- 
1857 ;  established,  1858,  and  published  till  1864,  •  Journal 
de  Physiologic ' ;  lectured  in  England  on  physiology  and 
pathology ;  fellow  of  Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
at  Glasgow,  1859 ;  P.R.S.  and  F.R.C.P.,  1860 ;  professor 
of  physiology  and  pathology  of  nervous  system  at  Har- 
vard, U.S.A.,  1863-8 ;  founded,  with  Vul  plan  and  Charcot, 
'Archives  de  Physiologic,' Paris ;  sole  editor,  1889;  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  at  Paris,  1869-72,  of  physiology  at 
Geneva,  1877,  and  of  experimental  medicine  at  College  of 
France,  1878-94 ;  honorary  LL.D.  of  Cambridge,  1881 ; 
contributed  to  scientific  publications.  [Suppl.  i.  319] 

BROWNSWERD,  JOHN  (15407-1589),  master  of 
Macclesfteld  grammar  school ;  published  Latin  poems. 

[vii.  86] 

BROXHOLME,  NOEL  (1689  ?-1748),  physician ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1705 ;  M.A.,  1711 ;  Radcliffe  travelling  fellow,  1715  ; 
M.D.,  1723 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1725 ;  practised  in  London. 

[vii.  87] 

BRUCE,  ALEXANDER,  second  EARL  OP  KINCAR- 
niNE  (rf.  1681),  resided  in  North  Germany  and  Holland, 
1657-60 ;  succeeded  his  brother  in  title  and  estates  at 
Oulross,  Fifes  hi  re,  1663,  where  he  managed  his  coal,  salt, 
stone,  and  marble  works;  privy  councillor  in  Scotland; 
extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1667  ;  continued  to  support 
Lauderdale  till  1674 ;  dismissed  from  the  privy  council  for 
trying  to  protect  the  covenanters,  1676.  [vii.  87] 

BRUCE,  ALEXANDER  BALMAIN  (1831-1899), 
Scottish  divine ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
minister  at  Oardross,  1859,  and  Broughty  Ferry,  1868; 
Cunningham  lecturer,  1874 ;  professor  of  apologetics  and 
New  Testament  exegesis  at  Free  Church  Hall,  Glasgow, 
1875-99;  Gifford  lecturer,  Glasgow  University,  1896-7; 
published  sermons  and  other  religious  works,  and  assisted 
in  compilation  of  hymn-books.  [Suppl.  i.  321] 

BRUCE,  ARCHIBALD  (1746-1816),  Scottish  divine  ; 
educated  at  Glasgow ;  minister  of  the  Anti-burgher  con- 
gregation at  Whitburn,  Linlithgow,  1768 ;  divinity  pro- 
fessor to  the  Anti-burgher  ('Associate')  church,  1786- 
1806;  with  three  other  clergymen  formed  a  secession 
church ;  author  of  poems,  chiefly  satirical.  [vii.  89] 

BRTJCE,  DAVID  (1324-1371),  DAVTO  IT,  king  of 
Scotland  ;  only  son  of  Robert  de  Bruce  VIII  [q.  v.],by  his 
second  wife ;  born  at  Dunfermline,  5  March  1324 ;  suc- 
ceeded, 9  June  1329 ;  was  crowned,  24  Nov.  1331 ;  his 
supporters,  led  by  the  regent  Archibald  Douglas,  defeated 
at  Halidon  Hill,  1333,  by  Edward  Baliol,  who  was  actively 
assisted  in  his  claim  to  the  Scottish  crown  by  Edward  III ; 
retired  to  Dumbarton,  and  thence  to  France,  1334 ;  for 
seven  years  he  wad  royally  entertained  by  the  French  king ; 
returned  to  Scotland  in  May  1341,  and  took  the  adminis- 
tration of  affairs  into  his  own  hands,  1312;  invaded 
England  at  the  request  of  Philip  of  France,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Neville's  Cross,  17  Oct.  1346 ;  remained  in  cap- 
tivity for  eleven  years;  set  free  by  the  treaty  of  Berwick, 
1357,  on  the  severe  terms  of  paying  a  ransom  of  100,000 
merks  in  ten  years ;  began  to  intrigue  for  the  re- 
mission of  the  ransom  on  condition  of  bequeathing  his 
crown  to  a  son  of  Edward  III,  proposals  to  this  effect 
being  brought  before  the  estates  in  1363. 

David  was  married  to  Jounna,  sister  of  Edward  III, 
12  July  1328;  she  accompanied  him  in  his  exiles,  and  died 
near  London,  14  Aug.  1863.  Next  year  he  married  Mar- 
garet Drummond,  widow  of  Sir  John  Logic,  and  divorced 
her  in  1369.  He  had  no  child.  [vii.  89] 


BRUCE,  DAVID  (fl.  1660),  physician  :  M.A.  St.  An- 
drews ;  studied  physic  in  France ;  M.D.  Valence,  1657 ; 
incorporated  M.D.  at  Oxford,  1660  ;  physician  to  the  Duke 
of  York ;  subsequently  practised  at  Edinburgh. 

[vii.  94] 

BRUCE,  EDWARD  (rf.  1318),  king  of  Ireland; 
younger  brother  of  Robert  de  Bruce  VIII  [q.  v.],  king  of 
Scotland  ;  took  part  in  the  Ayrshire  campaign,  1307; 
subdued  Galloway,  1308  ;  reduced  Dundee,  1313  ;  besieged 
Stirling  Castle,  and  granted  the  governor  a  year's  truce, 
June  1313 ;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Bannockburn, 
1314 ;  recognised  as  heir  presumptive,  May  1315  ;  accepted 
an  invitation  from  the  Ulster  chieftains,  took  Carrick- 
fergus,  and  was  crowned  king  of  Ireland,  1315  ;  opposed 
by  the  clergy ;  being  joined  by  his  brother,  pushed  on  to 
Limerick,  but  when  left  alone,  fell  back  on  Oarrickfergus, 
1317  ;  killed  in  battle  at  Dundalk.  [vii.  94] 

BRUCE,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  BRUCR  OF  KIN- 
LOSS  (1549  ?-16ll),  judge  :  judge  of  the  commissary  court, 
Edinburgh,  before  1583;  granted  Kinloss  Abbey,  Ayr- 
shire, in  commendam,  1583 ;  envoy  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
1594 ;  lord  of  session,  1597  ;  envoy  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
1598  and  1601;  created  Baron  Bruce  of  Kinloss,  1603; 
accompanied  James  I  to  England,  1603,  and  was  appointed 
master  of  the  rolls.  [vii.  96] 

BRUCE,  SIR  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  ADOLPHUS 
(1814-1867),  diplomatist ;  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Bruce, 
seventh  earl  of  Elgin  [q.  v.]  ;  attached  to  Lord  Ashbur- 
ton's  mission  to  Washington,  1842  ;  colonial  se«retary  at 
Hongkong,  1844  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Newfoundland, 
1846  ;  charge  d'affaires  to  Bolivia,  1848,  and  to  Uruguay, 
1851;  consul-general  in  Egypt,  1853;  secretary  to  the 
embassy  to  China,  1857  ;  envoy  to  China,  1858 ;  K.O.B., 
1862  ;  envoy  to  Washington,  1865  ;  died  at  Boston. 

BRTJCE,  GEORGE  WYNDHAM  HAMILTON 
KNIGHT-  (1852-1896),  first  bishop  of  Mashonaland ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1881  ; 
D.D.,  1886 ;  curate  of  St.  Andrew,  Bethnal  Green,  1884-6 ; 
bishop  of  Bloemfontein,  1886,  and  of  Mashonaland,  1891- 
1894  ;  vicar  of  Bovey  Tracey,  1895-6  ;  published  personal 
memoirs.  [Suppl.  i.  322] 

BRUCE,  HENRY  AUSTIN,  first  BARON  ABKRDARE 
(1815-1895),  statesman ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1837  ;  stipendiary  magistrate  for  Merthyr  Tydvil  and 
Aberdare,  1847-52;  liberal  M.P.  for  Merthyr  Tydvil, 
1852-68  ;  under-secretary  of  state  for  home  department, 
1862-4  ;  privy  councillor  and  vice-president  of  committee 
of  council  on  education,  1864;  M.P.  for  Renfrewshire, 
1869 ;  home  secretary,  1869-73 ;  conducted  reform  in 
licensing  laws  ;  lord  president  of  council,  1873-4 ;  created 
Baron  Aberdare,  1873  ;  F.R.S.,  1876  :  president  of  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  1881,  and  of  Royal  Historical 
Society,  1878-92;  chairman  of  National  African  (after- 
wards Royal  Niger)  Company,  1882-95  ;  first  president  of 
University  College,  Cardiff,  1883 ;  first  chancellor  of  uni- 
versity of  Wales,  1894 ;  G.O.B.,  1885.  [SuppL  i.  322] 

BRUCE,  JAMES  (1660  ?-1730),  Irish  presbyterian  : 
eldest  son  of  Michael  Bruce  (1635-1693)  [q.  v.] ;  minister 
of  KiUeleagh,  co.  Down,  1684 ;  fled  to  Scotland,  1689  ;  re- 
turned to  KiUeleagh,  1692  ;  founded  a  presbyterian  college 
there,  1697 ;  joined  the  '  subscribers '  to  the  Westminster 
Confession,  1721,  but  was  tolerant  to  the  '  non-sub- 
scribers.' [vii.  97] 

BRUCE,  JAMES  (1730-1794),  African  traveller  ;  edu- 
cated at  Harrow ;  engaged  in  the  Portuguese  wine  trade, 
1753 ;  visited  Spain  and  Portugal,  1754 ;  studied  Arabic 
and  Ethiopic ;  studied  antiquities  in  Italy,  especially  at 
Paestum ; '  consul  at  Algiers,  1763,  with  a  mission  to 
study  antiquities ;  made  an  archaeological  tour  in  Bar- 
bary,  1765  ;  shipwrecked  near  Crete ;  visited  Palmyra  and 
Baalbec;  reached  Egypt,  1768;  sailed  up  the  Nile  to 
Assouan  ;  crossed  the  desert  to  the  Red  Sea ;  landed  at 
Masuah,  the  port  of  Abyssinia,  September  1769  ;  reached 
Gondar,  the  capital,  February  1770 ;  explored  the  sources 
of  the  Blue  Nile ;  left  Gondar,  1771 ;  travelled  to  Sen- 
naar  in  Nubia ;  reached  Assouan,  November  1772,  and 
England,  1774  ;  published  his  travels,  1790  ;  died  of  a  fall. 

[vii.  98] 

BRUCE,  JAMES  (1765  ?-1806),  essayist ;  educated  at 
St.  Andrews  and  Cambridge :  episcopalian  clergyman  in 
Scotland ;  tory  journalist  in  London.  1803.  [vii.  102] 


BRUCE 


159 


BRUOE 


BRUCE,  JAMES  (1808-1861),  author;  journalist  at 
Aberdeen,  at  (Jupar-Fif.-,  1H45,  and  at  Belfast,  1850  (?) 
till  death  ;  published  '  Letters  on  the  ...  Condition  of 
the  Highlands,'  1H47,  biographies  and  travels,  [vii.  103] 

BRUCE,  JAMES,  eighth  EARL  OF  ELGIN  and  twelfth 
EAUI.  <'K  KISV.UUMNK  (1811-1863),  diplomatist;  second 
son  of  Thom.is  Bruce,  seventh  earl  of  Elgin  [q.  v.] ; 
edu.-atfl  nt  Eton  and  Oxford;  fellow  of  Merton,  1832; 
M.I'.  Muithamptou,  1841;  succeeded  to  the  peerage, 
1841 ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1842 ;  governor-general  of 
Canada,  1847-54,  during  a  period  of  distress  and  unrest ; 
envoy  to  China,  1K57  ;  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Tientsin, 
t,,l  .lupnii  and  concluded  a  treaty,  1868  ;  post- 
viieral,  1859  ;  envoy  to  China,  1860-1,  punishing 
tin-  emperor's  treachery  by  destroying  the  summer  palace 
at  IVkiii ;  viceroy  of  India,  1862.  [vii.  104] 

BRUCE,  SIR  JAMES  LEWIS  KNIGHT-  (1791-1866), 
judge ;  known  as  J.  L.  Knight  till  September  1837 ;  edu- 
caU-il  at  Sht-rborne  school;  solicitor;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1817;  practised  in  the  equity  courts  ;  M.P. 
..p's  Castle,  1831;  vice-chancellor  and  knighted, 
1841  ;  chief  judge  in  bankruptcy,  1842;  lord  justice  of 
appeal,  1851.  [vii.  106] 

BRUCE,  JOHN  (1745-1826),  historian :  educated  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  was  professor  of  logic :  keeper  of 
the  state  paper  office ;  historiographer  to  the  East  India 
Company ;  M.P.  for  Michael,  Cornwall,  1809-14 ;  joint 
king's  printer  for  Scotland ;  published  philosophical  and 
historical  works.  [vii.  107] 

BRUCE,  JOHN  (1802-1869),  antiquary;  educated 
partly  at  Aberdeen ;  lawyer ;  devoted  himself  to  historical 
research  from  1840  :  edited  the  Calendars  of  Domestic 
State  Papers  for  1625-39 ;  published  numerous  historical 
tracts.  [vii.  108] 

BRUCE,  JOHN  OOLLINGWOOD  (1805-1892),  anti- 
quary ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1826  ;  LL.D.,  1853  ;  proprietor  of 
Percy  Street  academy,  Newcastle,  1834-63 ;  P.S.A.,  1852 : 
secretary  and  vice-president  of  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Newcastle,  1846  ;  published  antiquarian  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  325] 

BRUCE,  SIR  JOHN  HOPE  (1684  ?-1766),  baronet  of 
Kinross  ;  reputed  author  of  the  ballad  '  Hardyknute ' ; 
governor  of  Bermuda,  1721 ;  lieutenant-general,  1758 ; 
M.P.  for  Kinross-shire.  [vii.  109] 

BRUCE,  MICHAEL  (1635-1693),  Irish  presbyterian ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1654 ;  minister  of  Killinchy,  co.  Down, 
1657 ;  continued  to  preach,  in  defiance  of  the  bishop, 
1660;  outlawed,  1664;  returned  to  Scotland,  1666;  sen- 
tenced to  transportation  for  field-preaching,  July  1668; 
imprisoned  in  London;  allowed  to  return  to  Killinchy, 
1670;  driven  out  by  the  rebellion,  1688;  minister  of 
Anwoth,  Wigtonshire,  1689  till  death.  [vii.  109] 

BRUCE,  MICHAEL  (1686-1735),  Irish  presbyterian : 
eldest  son  of  James  Bruce  (1660  ?-1730)  [q.  v.] ;  minister 
of  Holywood,  co.  Down,  1711 ;  held  liberal  opinions  in 
theology ;  a  leader  of  the  '  non-subscribers '  (to  the  West- 
minster Confession),  1720.  [vii.  Ill] 

BRUCE,  MICHAEL  (1746-1767),  poet ;  son  of  a  poor 
weaver  in  Kinross-shire ;  at  one  time  a  herd-boy ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University,  1762-5  ;  taught  school  in 
Kinross-shire  and  Clackmannanshire,  1765-6;  died  of 
consumption;  his  poems  published  posthumously,  1770. 
The  'Ode  to  the  Cuckoo1  is  variously  attributed  to  him 
aud  to  John  Logan.  [vii.  Ill] 

BRUCE,  PETER  HENRY  (1692-1757),  military  engi- 
neer ;  born  in  Westphalia  ;  of  Scottish  descent ;  educated 
in  Scotland,  1698;  studied  fortification  in  Germany, 
1704;  entered  the  Prussian  service,  1706;  entered  the 
Russian  service  and  visited  Constantinople,  1711 ;  attended 
Peter  the  Great  at  court  and  in  the  field,  1711-24 ;  settled 
in  Scotland,  1724;  superintended  fortifications  at  the 
Bahamas,  1740-4,  and  in  Scotland,  1745;  published 
•  Memoirs.'  [vii.  113] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE  I  (d.  1094?),  founder  of  the 
family  in  England  and  Scotland.  He  came  from  Bruis,  a 
castle  near  Cherbourg,  with  William  the  Conqueror,  1066, 
and  received  large  grants  of  laud  in  Cleveland,  York- 
shire, [vii.  114] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE  II  (1078  ?-1141),  son  of  Robert 
de  Bruce  I  [q.  v.] ;  a  companion  of  David  I  of  Scotland 


at  the  court  of  Henry  I ;  received  the  lordship  of  Aiituui- 
•  hile,  in  Dumfriesshire,  1124;  benefactor  to  the  church 
in  Yorkshire;  forfeited  Annandale  by  fighting  on  the 
English  side,  1138.  [vii.  114] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE  III  (Jl.  1138-1189?),  second 
son  ot  Robert  de  Bruce  II  [q.  v.] ;  received  the  lordship 
of  Annandaie,  possibly  in  HUH  ;  confirmed  in  it,  1166. 

[vii.  114] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DK  IV,  son  of  Robert  de  Bruce  III 
[q.  v.] ;  died  before  1191,  possibly  during  his  father's  life- 
time, [vii.  115] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DK  V  (d.  1245),  son  of  William  de 
Bruce  (d.  1215),  son  and  heir  of  Robert  de  Bruce  III 
[q.  v.]  His  marriage  with  Isabel,  second  daughter  of 
David,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  younger  brother  of  William 
the  Lion,  founded  the  claim  of  his  descendants  to  the 
crown.  [vii.  115] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DK  VI  (1210-1295),  called  the 
COMPETITOR,  from  his  claim  to  the  crown ;  son  of  Robert 
de  Bruce  V  [q.  v.] ;  recognised  as  heir-presumptive, 
1238-41 ;  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Gilbert  de  Clare, 
earl  of  Gloucester,  1244  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  Lord  of 
Anuaudale,  1245 ;  a  justiciary  in  England,  1250 ;  suc- 
ceeded to  his  mother's  English  estates,  1251 ;  one  of  the 
regents  in  Scotland,  1255  ;  frequently  a  justiciary  in  Eng- 
land from  1257;  sheriff  of  Cumberland  and  warden  of 
Carlisle  Castle ;  fought  for  Henry  III  in  the  barons'  ware  ; 
chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1268 ;  returned  to  Scot- 
land, 1272 ;  recognised  the  right  of  Princess  Margaret  to 
the  crown,  1284 ;  entered  a  league  to  assert  his  own  claim, 
1286;  assented  to  the  marriage  of  Princess  Margaret 
with  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and  the  union  of  Scotland 
and  England,  1290 ;  accepted  arbitration  of  Edward  I  on  his 
claim  to  the  crown,  1291 ;  prepared  to  resist  an  unfavour- 
able decision,  June  1292;  prevented  by  his  great  age 
from  further  action,  when  Edward  I  decided  in  favour  of 
John  de  Baliol  [q.  v.],  November  1292.  [vii.  115] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE  VII  (1253-1304),  son  of  the 
Competitor,  Robert  de  Bruce  VI  [q.  v.]  ;  styled  EARL  OF 
OARRICK  (jure  tixorit),  1274  ?-92 ;  afterwards  styled 
LORD  OF  ANNANDALK;  accompanied  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,  on  the  crusade,  1269 ;  married  Marjory,  countess 
of  Oarrick,  c.  1274  ;  envoy  of  Alexander  III,  1278  ;  privy 
to  his  father's  designs  on  the  crown,  1286-92  ;  absent  in 
Norway,  1293  ;  paid  homage  to  Edward  I  for  his  English 
fiefs,  became  warden  of  Carlisle  Castle,  and  joined  Ed- 
ward  I  in  his  war  with  John  de  Baliol  [q.  v.],  1295  ;  paid 
homage  to  Edward  I,  as  king  of  Scotland,  24  Aug.  1296, 
and  thenceforward  lived  in  England.  [vii.  116] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE  VIII  (1274-1329),  king  and 
liberator  of  Scotland ;  son  of  Robert  de  Bruce  VII  [q.  v.] ; 
Earl  of  Carrick  on  his  mother's  death,  1292 ;  paid  homage 
to  Edward  I,  as  king  of  Scotland,  24  Aug.  1296  ;  refused, 
with  other  Scottish  nobles,  to  accompany  Edward  I  to 
Flanders,  1297,  and  ravaged  the  lands  of  Edward's  adhe- 
rents ;  was  still  in  arms  against  Edward  in  1298 ;  co- 
regent  of  Scotland,  1299  ;  during  Edward's  invasion  of 
Scotland,  1302-4,  apparently  favoured  Edward,  but  was 
really  in  treaty  with  the  patriotic  party ;  murdered  John 
Comyn,  at  Dumfries,  10  Feb.  1306;  crowned  king  at 
Scone,  27  March  ;  defeated  at  Methven,  19  June ;  wan- 
dared  in  the  central  and  western  highlands,  and  sought 
shelter  on  the  island  of  Rachrine,  on  north  coast  of 
Antrim  ;  excommunicated  and  outlawed  ;  returned  to 
Arran,  and  thence  to  Carrick ;  won  the  battle  of  Loudon 
Hill,  10  May  1307,  but  had  to  fall  back  for  a  time; 
harried  the  lands  of  his  chief  opponents,  Buchan  and 
Lome,  1308;  recognised  as  king  by  the  Scottish  clergy, 
1310  ;  the  Hebrides  «eded  to  him  by  the  king  of  Norway, 
1312 ;  raided  the  north  of  England,  1312, 1313 ;  defeated 
Edward  II  at  Bannockburn,  24  June  1314 ;  subdued  the 
Hebrides,  1316:  joined  his  brother,  Edward  Bruce  (d. 
1318)  [q.  v.],  in  a  campaign  in  Ireland,  1317 ;  took  Ber- 
wick, 1318 ;  initiated  legislation  for  the  defence  and  ad- 
ministration of  the  kingdom :  conspiracy  of  Sir  William 
Soulis  against  him  detected,  1320 ;  baffled  an  invasion  by 
Edward  II,  and  ravaged  Yorkshire,  1322 ;  recognised  by 
the  pope  as  king  of  Scotland,  1323 ;  settled  the  succession, 
1326 ;  concluded  peace  with  Edward  III,  April  1328 ; 
died  of  leprosy ;  his  body  buried  at  Duuferinline,  his 
heart  (which  had  been  destined  for  Jerusalem)  at  Mel- 
rose.  He  married,  first,  Isabella,  daughter  of  Donald, 
earl  of  Mar,  and  had  by  her  a  daughter,  Marjory,  through 


BRUCE 


ICO 


BRUNNE 


whom  tl:<-  cro\vii  ilr-ivnd.tl  to  the  Stuarts;  secondly, 
KluaU'th  iU-  Unroll,  daughter  of  the  Karl  of  Ulster,  by 
whom  he  had  a  son,  David  Bruce  [q.  v.],  his  successor. 

[vii.  117] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  (rf.  1602),  political  agent  and  spy  : 
in  M  rvice  of  James  Beaton,  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  and 
of  Mary  Stuart;  studied  at  Scottish  Collie,  I'ont-a- 
Mou.-son,  1581-6;  sent  by  Duke  of  Gui.-e  and  I'riuce  of 
Purniii  as  envoy  to  James  VI  of  Scotland,  1587,  and  tried, 
unsuccessfully,  to  win  him  to  Roman  catholic  cause  :  im- 
pri-oned  at  Brussels  on  charge  of  misappropriating  funds 
and  U'traying  plans,  1599-1600;  in  Scotland,  1601;  .lied 
in  Paris  ;  left  unfinished  a  work  against  the  Jesuits. 

[Suppl.  i.  326] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  (1564-1631),  Scottish  pre*bytcrian  ; 
studied  law  at  Paris  and  theology  at  St.  Andrews;  presby- 
teriau  minister  in  Edinburgh,  1587 ;  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly,  1588  and  1592;  anointed  Anne  of 
Denmark  at  her  coronation,  1590  ;  resisted  the  attempt  to 
introduce  episcopacy  into  Scotland,  1596  ;  ordered  to 
leave  Edinburgh,  1600  ;  confined  to  Inverness,  1605-9,  and 
again  1620-4  ;  resided  chiefly  on  his  estate  of  Kinuaird, 
Stirlingshire,  1624  till  death;  published  sermons  in  the 
Scottish  dialect.  [vii.  128] 

BRUCE,  ROBERT  (>i.  168S),  succeeded  as  second 
EARL  OF  ELGIN,  1663,  and  created  EARL  OP  AILESBURY, 
1664;  joint  lord-lieutenant  of  Bedfordshire,  1660,  and 
lord-lieutenant,  1667  ;  privy  councillor,  1678 ;  lord  cham- 
berlain, 1685.  [vii.  129] 

BRUCE,  THOMAS,  third  EARL  OF  ELGIN  and  second 
EARL  OF  AILESBURY  (1655  ?-1741),  eldest  surviving  son 
of  Robert  Bruce  (d.  1685),  second  earl  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to 
the  earldom,  1685  ;  courtier  of  James  II,  1688  ;  imprisoned 
as  a  Jacobite,  1690, 1696  ;  resided  in  Brussels,  1696-1741. 

[vii.  130] 

BRUCE,  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL  OF  ELGIN  and 
eleventh  EARL  op  KINCARDINE  (1766-1841),  succeeded 
in  1771 ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  in  Paris  ;  entered  the 
army,  1785;  envoy  to  the  emperor,  1790;  to  Brussels, 
1792 ;  to  Berlin,  1795 ;  and  to  the  Porte,  1799-1803 ;  de- 
tained in  France,  1803-6 ;  major-general,  1837.  He  em- 
ployed artists  to  make  drawings  of  sculptures,  &c.,  at 
Athens,  1800-3,  and  arranged  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
Parthenon  frieze,  &c.,  to  England,  1803-12.  He  sold  these 
1  Elgin  marbles '  to  the  nation,  1816.  [vii.  130] 

BRUCE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1710),  architect,  of  Kin- 
ross ;  designed  Holyrood  House,  1671-9,  and  several  man- 
sions in  Scotland ;  intrigued  for  the  Restoration ;  clerk 
to  the  bills,  1660  ;  created  baronet,  1668  ;  king's  surveyor  in 
Scotland,  1671 :  M.P.  for  Kinross-shire,  1681.  [vii.  131] 

BRUCE,  WILLIAM  (1702-1755),  a  publisher  in 
Dublin  ;  published  pamphlets.  [vii.  132] 

BRUCE,  WILLIAM  (1757-1841),  theologian;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Wnrriugton  aca- 
demy ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Lisburn,  1779,  in  Dublin, 
1782,  and  in  Belfast,  1789-1831?;  principal  of  Belfast 
academy,  1790-1822;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1786;  a  founder  of 
the  Unitarian  Society,  1831 ;  resident  in  Dublin,  1836  ; 
published  exegetical  works.  [vii.  133] 

BRUCE,  WILLIAM  (1790-1868),  Irish  presbvterian  ; 
second  son  of  William  Bruce  (1757-1841)  [q.  T.I  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1809;  presbyterian  minister  in 
Belfast,  1812-67  ;  professor  of  classics  and  Hebrew,  1821- 
1826,  and  of  Hebrew,  1825-49,  in  Belfast  academy;  in- 
clined to  unitarianism  ;  a  leader  of  the  '  non-subscribers,' 
1862 ;  published  controversial  works.  [vii.  136] 

BRUCKNER,  JOHN  (1726-1804),  Lutheran  divine; 
born  in  Zeelaud  :  educated  at  Franeker :  Lutheran  pastor 
at  Leyden;  pastor  of  the  Walloon  church  at  Norwich, 
1753-1804,  and  of  the  Dutch  church  there,  1766-1804; 
taught  French  ;  committed  suicide.  [viL  135] 

BRUDENELL,  JAMES  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL  OP 
CARDIGAN  (1797-1868),  lieutenant-general;  involved  by 
his  domineering  temper  in  constant  wrangles  with  his 
brother  officers;  M.P.  for  Marlborough,  1818-29;  cornet, 
1824 ;  lieutenant-colonel  by  purchase,  1830 ;  M.P.  for 
North  Northamptonshire,  1832;  commanded  the  16th 
hussars,  1832-3,  and  the  llth  hussars,  1836-47  ;  succeeded 
to  the  earldom,  1837;  major-general,  1847;  commandul 
the  light  cavalry  brigade  in  the  Crimea,  and  destroyed  it 


in  the  famous  'charge,'  1K54;  colonel  of  the  ">th  draeroon 
guards  1H59,  and  of  the  llth  hussars,  1860;  lieutvnant- 
-eiieral.  ls.il.  [vii.  186] 

BRUDENELL,  ROBERT  (1461-1531),  judpe ;  edu- 
cated at  (."am'iridifc :  barrister  before  1490;  M.P.,  1503; 
scr  ieunt-at-law,  150 1 ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1507  ; 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1609,  and  chief- justice,  1521- 
1531.  [vii.  138] 

BRUEN,  JOHN  (1660-1625),  a  typical  puritan  lay- 
nun:  sent  to  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1577  :  married  and 
l leeame  a  hunting  squire,  1580 ;  began  to  practise  great 
strictness  in  religious  observances,  1587;  his  house  fre- 
quented by  puritans  ;  lived  latterly  in  Chester. 

[vii.  139] 

BRUERNE,  RICHARD  (1519?-15C5),  ecclesiasti,- ; 
obnoxious  to  the  reformers ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1538,  and  of  Eton.  1645  ;  B.D.,  1547  ;  professor  of 
Hebrew,  Oxford,  1548-59;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1553, 
and  of  Windsor,  1557 ;  elected  provost  of  Eton,  1561,  but 
his  election  annulled.  [vii.  140] 

BRUGIS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1640?),  army  surgeon  during 
the  civil  war,  afterwards  in  practice  at  Rickmans worth, 
Hertfordshire  ;  published  medical  handbooks,  [vii.  140] 

BRUHL,  JOHN  MAURICE,  COUNT  OF  (1736-1809), 
diplomatist  and  astronomer;  born  in  Saxony  ;  studied  at 
Leipzig;  employed  in  the  Saxon  diplomatic  service  at 
Paris,  1755,  and  Warsaw,  1759;  ambassador  to  London, 
1764-1809  ;  published  astronomical  works.  [vii.  141] 

BRUMMELL,  GEORGE  BRYAN  (1778-1840),  gen< 
rally  called  BEAU  BRUMMELL  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  cornet 
in  the  10th  hussars,  1794;  captain,  1796;  retired,  1798; 
friend  of  the  prince  regent,  and  leader  of  fashion  in  Lon- 
don ;  retired  to  Calais  in  debt,  1816 ;  removed  to  Caen, 
1830 ;  died  in  the  asylum  there.  [vii.  141] 


BRUNJEUS,     THOMAS    (rf.    1380). 
THOMAS.] 


[See   BROME, 


BRUNDISH,  JOHN  JELLIAND  (d.  1786),  poetical 
writer ;  fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  author  of 
'An  Elegy  on  a  Family  Tomb,'  1783.  [vii.  142] 

BRUNEI,  ISAMBARD  KINGDOM  (1806-1859),  civil 
engineer ;  only  son  of  Sir  Marc  I.  Brunei  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
privately  and  in  Paris ;  clerk  to  his  father,  1823  :  resident 
engineer  of  the  Thames  tunnel,  1826  ;  designed  Clifton 
suspension  bridge,  1831 ;  engineer  to  the  Great  Western 
railway,  1833  ;  applied  the  screw  propeller  to  steamships, 
1845  ;  designed  the  Great  Eastern  steamship,  1852-8 ;  de- 
signed numerous  docks  and  bridges,  both  iron  and 
masonry ;  an  advocate  of  broad-gauge  railways  and  of 
very  large  steamers;  invented  improvements  in  ar- 
tillery, [vii.  143] 

BRUNEI,  SIR  MARC  ISAMBARD  (1769-1849),  civil 
engineer ;  born  in  Normandy ;  educated  for  the  church 
at  Gisors  and  Rouen :  served  for  six  years  in  French 
navy ;  emigrated  to  America,  1793 ;  practised  as  surveyor, 
architect,  and  civil  engineer ;  planned  the  defences  of  New 
York;  came  to  England,  1799,  to  patent  his  machinery 
for  making  ships'  blocks;  erected  saw-mills  with  im- 
proved machinery,  1806-12;  improved  dockyard  ma- 
chinery at  Chatham,  1812 ;  experimented  in  steam  navi- 
gation, 1812 ;  imprisoned  for  debt,  1821 ;  improved  docks 
at  Liverpool,  1823-6 ;  engineer  of  Thames  tunnel,  1825- 
1843 ;  knighted,  1841.  [vii.  144] 

BRUNING,  ANTHONY  (1716-1776),  Jesuit,  1733; 
served  in  the  English  mission ;  professor  at  Liege ;  left  in 
manuscript  theological  treatises.  [vii.  147] 

BRUNING,  GEORGE  (1738-1 802),  Jesuit,  1756  ;  served 
1  in  the  English  mission  ;  lived  at  East  Hendred,  Berkshire, 
;  uud  at  Isleworth ;  published  theological  tracts. 

BRUNLEES,  SIR  JAMES  (1816-1892),  civil  engineer ; 
i  engaged  in  gardening  and  farm  work;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh University;  assistant  to  (Sir)  John  Hawkshaw 
[q.  v.]  on  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  railway ;  prepared 
plans  for  several  railways  in  Brazil  from  1856,  and  assisted 
in  Mersey  railway:  knighted,  1886;  constructed  Avon- 
mouth  dock,  Bristol,  1868-77 ;  M.I.O.E.,  1852,  and  presi- 
dent, 1882-3 :  wrote  on  engineering  subjects. 

BRUNNE,  ROBERT  DE,or  MANNYNG  f/f.  1288-1338). 
1  [See  MANNYNG.] 


BRUNNING 


161 


BRYDGE8 


BRUNNING.  BENJAMIN  (A  1664),  nonconformist; 

fellow  of  .Jesus  College,  Cainbri'lLM-,   1645;  ejected,  1662; 
.••luently  nonconformist  minister  at  Ipswich  ;  author 

mona.  [vii.  147] 

BRUNTON,  ALEXANDER  (1772-1854),  minUt.-rand 
professor  of  oriental  languages  in  Edinburgh.  His  works 
include  a  bioeraphy  of  his  wife,  Mary  Brunton  [q.  v.], 
1819,  and  a  '  Persian  (iraniinar,'  1822.  [vii.  148] 

BRUNTON,  ELI/ABETH  (1799-1860).  [See  YATKS.] 
BRUNTON,  GEORGE  (1799-1836),  Scottish  lawyer  and 
journalist ;  educated  in  Edinburgh  ;  solicitor,  1831 ;  wrote 
a  collection  of  short  biographies  entitled  '  An  Historical 
Account  of  the  Senators  of  the  College  of  Justice  from 
MI.XXXII.'  [vii.  147] 

BRUNTON,  LOUISA  (1785  ?-l860).    [See  CRAVEN.] 

BRUNTON,  MARY  (1778-1818),  novelist ;  born  in 
Orkney ;  married  Alexander  Bruntou  [q.  v.] ;  settled  iu 
Ivlmburgh,  1803 ;  wrote  novels.  [vii.  148] 

BRUNTON.  WILLIAM  (1777-1851),  engineer  and  in- 
ventor; working  engineer,  1790;  employed  in  Boulton 
and  Watt's  works.  Soho,  1796-1818;  had  works  of  his 
own  in  Birmingham,  1815-25 ;  a  civil  engineer  in  London, 
1825-35 ;  ruined  by  mining  and  brewery  speculations  in 
Wales  ;  maker  of  the  first  marine  steam  engines. 

[vii.  148] 

BRUNYARD,  WILLIAM  (Ji.  1350),  reputed  author 
of  theological  treatises ;  probably  identical  with  John  de 
Bromyarde  [q.  v.]  [vii.  149] 

BRUODINE,  ANTHONY  (/.  1672),  Irish  Franciscan  ; 
lecturer  in  a  convent  at  Prague;  wrote  theological  and 
historical  treatises.  [vii.  149] 

BRUTTON,  NICHOLAS  (1780-1843),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  ensign  of  foot,  1795  ;  served  in  India,  1799-1805  ; 
exchanged  into  the  hussars,  and  served  in  India,  1809-17  ; 
major,  1H21 ;  in  command  of  the  llth  hussars  in  Eng- 
land, 1830-7 ;  retired  to  Bordeaux.  [vii.  149] 

BRWYNLLYS,  BEDO  (fl.  1450-1480),  Welsh  poet, 

[vii.  150] 

BRYAN,  AUGUSTINE  (d.  1726),  classical  scholar; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1711 ;  rector  of  Piddle- 
hinton,  Dorset,  1722  ;  edited  Plutarch's  « Lives'  (1723-9), 
completed  after  his  death  by  Moses  du  Soul.  [vii.  150] 

BRYAN,  Sm  FRANCIS  (d.  1550),  courtier  and  diplo- 
matist ;  captain  of  a  ship-of-war,  1513  ;  in  high  favour  at 
Henry  VIU's  court,  1515  ;  knighted  for  service  in  the 
field,  1522 ;  employed  in  several  missions  to  France,  1523- 
1525 ;  sent  to  Rome  to  obtain  the  pope's  sanction  for 
Queen  Catherine's  divorce,  1528,  and  displayed  great 
energy  in  forwarding  the  cause  of  his  cousin,  Anne 
Boleyn :  cited  Catherine  to  appear  before  Cranmer,  1533  ; 
turned  against  Anne  Boleyu,  1636  ;  married  the  widow  of 
the  Earl  of  Ormonde,  and  went  to  Ireland  as  lord  mar- 
shal, 1548  ;  appointed  lord  justice,  1549  ;  published  verses 
and  translations.  [vii.  150] 

BRYAN,  JOHN  (d.  1545),  logician ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  rector  of  Shellow- 
Bowells,  Essex,  1523.  [vii.  152] 

BRYAN,  JOHN  (d.  1676),  nonconformist:  educated 
at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Coventry,  1644 ;  ejected,  1662 ;  continued  to  preach  and 
to  educate  nonconformists  ;  D.D. ;  founded  presbyterian 
congregation  in  Coventry,  1672 ;  published  sermons  and 
poems.  [vii.  163] 

BRYAN,  MARGARET  (/.  1815),  proprietress  of  a 
pirl>'  school  at  Blackheath;  published  treatises  on  as- 
tronomy and  physics.  [vii.  154] 

BRYAN,  MATTHEW  (d.  1699),  Jacobite  preacher; 
educated  at  Oxford;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1685;  incumbent  of 
St.  Mary's,  Newingtpn,  and  lecturer  of  St.  Michael's, 
Crooked  Lane;  nonjuror  and  minister  of  a  Jacobite 
congregation  in  Fleet  Street ;  published  sermons. 

[vii.  154] 

BRYAN,  MICHAEL  (1757-1821),  connoisseur;  re- 
sided in  Flanders,  1782-90;  agent  for  the  purchase  of 
important  pictures,  1798-1804;  published  'Biographical 
.  .  .  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers,'  1813-16. 

[vii.  155] 

BRYANT,  HENRY  (1721-1799),  botanist;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1749 ;  rector  of  Colby. 

[vii.  155] 


BRYANT,  JACOB  (1715-1804),  classical  Fcholar ; 
(iln.-ated  at  Eton,  1730-6;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  tutor  to  the  Marquis  of  Blandford  ;  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  175G ;  held  lucrative  office 
in  the  ordnance;  resided  for  several  years  at  Blenheim, 
ami  published  description  of  the  Marlborough  collection 
of  antique  gems,  1783;  resided  latterly  at  Farnham 
Royal,  Buckinghamshire ;  published  treatises  on  ancient 
mythology  and  Homeric  questions,  in  one  of  which  he 
denied  that  such  a  city  as  Troy  ever  existed,  and  wrote  on 
theological  subjects.  [vii.  165] 

BRYCE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1832),  military  engi- 
neer ;  educated  at  Woolwich,  1782 ;  commissioned  in  the 
artillery,  1787;  transferred  to  the  engineers,  1789; 
captain,  1794 ;  served  in  America,  Egypt  (under  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby),  and  Italy;  major-general,  1825; 
inspector-general  of  fortifications,  1829.  [vii.  157] 

BRYCE,  DAVID  (1803-1876),  architect  in  Edinburgh  ; 
apprentice  and  partner  to  William  Burn  [q.  v.]  ;  in  busi- 
ness as  an  architect,  1844-76 ;  revived  the  '  Scottish 
Baronial '  style  ;  architect  of  Fettes  College,  [vii.  158] 

BRYCE,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1767-1857),  divine ;  edn- 
cated  at  Glasgow  ;  minister  of  the  Anti-burgher  church, 
1796 ;  removed  to  Ireland ;  minister  of  the  Anti-burgher 
church  at  Killaig,  Londonderry,  1805-57  ;  founder  of  the 
Associate  Presbytery  of  Ireland.  [vii.  158] 

BRYCE,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1806-1877),  geologist ; 
third  son  of  James  Bryce  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Glasgow  ;  schoolmaster  at  Belfast,  1828,  at  Glasgow, 
1846-74 ;  published  various  mathematical  treatises  and 
papers  on  the  geology  of  the  north  of  Ireland  and  of 
Scotland.  [vii.  159] 

BRYDALL,  JOHN  (b.  1635  ?),  law-writer ;  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  secretary  to  the 
master  of  the  rolls.  [vii.  159] 

BRYDGES,  EDMUND,  second  BARON  CHANDOS  (d. 
1573),  eldest  surviving  sou  of  Sir  John  Brydges  [q.  v.], 
served  in  France ;  succeeded  to  the  barony,  1556. 

[vii.  163] 

BRYDGES,  GEORGE,  sixth  BARON  OHANDOS  (rf. 
1655),  succeeded  to  the  barony,  1621 ;  fought  in  the  civil 
war.  [vii.  161] 

BRYDGES,  GILES,  third  BARON  CHAXDOS  (1547- 
1594),  son  of  Edmund  Brydges,  baron  Chaudos  [q.  v.], 
M.P.  Gloucestershire,  1572 ;  succeeded  to  the  barony, 
1573.  [vii.  163] 

BEYLGES,  GREY,  fifth  BARON  CHANDOS  (1579?- 
1621),  imprisoned  in  connection  with  the  insurrection  of 
the  Earl  of  Essex,  1601 ;  succeeded  to  the  barony,  1602 ; 
a  favourite  courtier  of  James  I,  1605  ;  on  service  in  the 
Low  Countries,  1610 ;  kept  great  state  at  Sudeley  Castle  ; 
reputed  author  of  '  Horse  Subsecivae,'  1620.  [vii.  160] 

BRYDGES,  SIR  HARFORD  JONES  (1764-1847), 
diplomatist ;  originally  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service;  as  Harford  Jones,  created  baronet  in  1807; 
envoy  to  Persia,  1807-11 ;  took  the  name  of  Brydges, 
1826 ;  published  travels  and  pamphlets.  [vii.  161] 

BRYDGES,  JAMES,  first  DUKE  OP  CHANDOS  (1673- 
1744),  M.P.  for  Hereford  city,  1698-1714;  paymaster  of 
the  forces  abroad,  1707-12;  succeeded  as  ninth  Baron 
Chandos,  and  was  created  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  1714; 
created  Duke  of  Chandos,  1719 ;  lord  lieutenant  of  Here- 
ford and  Radnor  shires,  1721 ;  chancellor  of  St.  Andrews 
University ;  built  the  great  house  at  Canons,  near  Kdg- 
ware ;  patron  of  Handel ;  satirised  by  Pope.  [vii.  162] 


BRYDGES,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  OHANDOS  (1490  ?- 
1556);  Roman  catholic;  knighted,  1513;  servant  and 
companion  of  Henry  VIII,  1632 ;  constable  of  Sudeley 
Castle,  1538 ;  served  in  France,  1549 ;  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower,  1553  to  June  1554 ;  suppressed  Wyatt's  rebellion, 
and  was  created  Baron  Chandos  of  Sudeley,  1554  ;  ordered 
to  superintend  the  execution  of  Bishop  Hooper  at  Glou- 
cester, 1555.  [vii.  163] 

BRYDGES,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1558),  son  of  Sir  John 
Brydges  [q.v.].  knighted,  1553.  [vii.  164] 

BRYDGES,   SIR  SAMUEL  EGERTON    (1762-1837), 
bibliographer    and    trencalogist ;    educated     at    Queens' 
i  College,  Cambridge,  1780  ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple, 


BRYDGES 


1787 ;  urged  his  elder  brother  to  claim  the  barony  of 
Cliandos,  1790-1803  :  issued  bibliographical  and  tre'nea- 
logical  works:  resided  at  Lee  Priory,  near  Canterbury, 
1810-18,  issuing  from  his  private  press  reprints  of  rare 
English  pieces;  M.P.  for  Maidstonc,  1812-18;  created 
baronet,  1814:  lived  chiefly  at  Geneva  after  1818.  His 
bibliographical  books  are  numerous  and  valuable:  his 
poems  and  novels  mediocre.  [vii.  164] 

BRYDGES,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1659),  son  of  Sir  John 
Brydges  [q.  v.],  lieutenant  of  Tower,  1664.  [vii.  164] 

BRYDON,  WILLIAM  (1811-1873),  army  surgeon; 
went  to  India,  1835  ;  sole  survivor  of  the  retreat  from 
Cabul,  1842  ;  in  the  sieves  of  Jellalabad,  1842,  and  of 
Lucknow,  1857  ;  settled  in  Scotland,  1869.  [viL  166] 

BRYDONE.  PATRICK  (1736-1818),  traveller;  tra- 
Telled  partly  as  a  tutor,  in  Switzerland,  Italy,  Sicily,  and 
Malta,  1765-71 ;  lived  latterly  in  Berwickshire  ;  published 
travels  and  papers  on  electricity.  [vii.  166] 

BRYDSON,  THOMAS  (1806-1855),  poet :  educated  at 
Glasgow  and  Edinburgh :  minister  of  Kilmalcolm,  Ren- 
frewshire, 1842-66.  [vii.  167] 

BRYER.  HENRY  (d.  1799),  engraver  and  print- 
seller  in  London.  [vii.  167] 

BRYERWOOD,  EDWARD  (1565  7-1613).  [See 
BRERKWOOD.] 

BRYGHTWELL  or  BRYTHWELL,  THOMAS  (d. 
1390),  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford :  a  Wyclifflte  ; 
submitted  to  the  church,  1382  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1386,  and  of  Lincoln  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University, 
1388  ;  D.D.  [vii.  167] 

BRYNE,  ALBERTDS  (1621  P-1677?),  composer: 
organist  of  St.  Paul's,  c.  1638,  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
of  Dulwich  College,  1671-7.  [vii.  168] 

BRYNKNELL,  THOMAS  (d.  1539  ?).  [See  BRINK- 
NELL.] 

BRY8XETT,  LODOWICK  or  LEWIS  (fl.  1571- 
1611 ),  translator ;  of  Italian  origin  ;  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1559 ;  official  in  Ireland,  1571 ;  ac- 
companied Philip  Sidney  on  his  continental  tour,  1572-5  ; 
held  offices  under  government  in  Ireland,  1577-1600 ; 
friend  of  Edmund  Spenser,  1582  ;  Irish  landowner,  1606  ; 
published  translations  and  poems,  contributing  two 
elegies  to  Spenser's  •  Astrophel,'  1*86.  [vii.  168] 

BRYSON,  ALEXANDER  (1802-1869),  medical 
writer ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  ;  naval  sur- 
geon, 1827  ;  director-general  of  the  naval  medical  de- 
partment, 1864.  [vii.  169] 

BRYSON,  JAMES  (1730  ?-1796),  Irish  presbyterian  ; 
minister  at  LUburn,  1764,  and  at  Belfast,  1773  ;  an  origi- 
nator of  the  Orange  Society,  1795  ;  published  sermons. 

[vii.  169] 

BRYSON,  WILLIAM  (1730-1815),  Irish  presby- 
terian ;  minister  of  the  '  non-subscribers '  at  Antrim, 
1764-1810  ;  published  sermons.  [vii.  170] 

BUG  or  BUCK,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1623),  poet;  went 
on  the  expedition  to  Cadiz,  1596  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  master 
of  the  revels  and  licenser  of  plays,  1608-22 ;  author  of 
poems  and  works  on  English  history.  [vii.  170] 

BUCCLEUCH,  DUKES  OF.  [See  SCOTT,  HENRY,  third 
DUKK,  1746-1812 ;  SCOTT,  WALTER  FRANCIS,  fifth  DUKE, 
1806-1884.] 

BUCER  or  BTJTZER,  MARTIN  (1491-1651),  protes- 
tant  divine;  entered  Dominican  monastery  at  Schlett- 
gtodt,hi*  native  town,  1608  ;  studied  at  Heidelberg,  where 
he  heard  Luther  dispute,  April  1518 ;  corresponded  with 
Luther,  and  became  a  protestant ;  obtained  papal  dis- 
pensation from  his  monastic  vow,  1621 ;  became  pastor  at 
Landrituhl,  in  the  Palatinate,  1522  ;  travelled  in  order 
to  propagate  reformed  doctrines  ;  preached  at  Weissen- 
burg,  in  Lower  Alsace,  1522  or  1523,  and  was  excom- 
municated ;  took  refuge  in  Strassburg,  1523,  where  he 
became  representative  reformer  ;  lived  mainly  at  Strass- 
burg till  1649;  favoured  the  tenets  of  Zwingli  in  the 
great  eucharistic  controversy,  1625-30,  and  was  con- 
sequently involved  in  controversy  both  with  Luther 
and  his  followers  and  with  Erasmus  :  consulted  by 
Henry  VIII  about  his  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon  ; 


BUCHANAN 


laboured  after  Zwingli's  death  to  find  a  common  state- 
ment of  belief  which  would  unite  the  Lutherans,  the  re- 
formed churches  of  South  Germany,  and  the  Swi.-s 
church,  1631-8 ;  censured  Servetus,  1531 ;  approved  of 
Calvin's  views  on  church  discipline,  1538  ;  consulted  by 
the  promoters  of  the  attempt  to  reconcile  protestants  and 
catholics,  1640-6,  and  by  the  archbishop  of  Cologne  in 
the  effort  to  protestantise  his  diocese,  1641-3  ;  caused 
Strassburg  to  resist  to  the  last  the  interim  imposed  by 
Charles  V,  1648  ;  but  was  forced  to  withdraw  to  England, 
April  1549  ;  kindly  received  in  London  by  Cranmer,  Ed- 
wunl  VI,  and  the  Protector  Somerset ;  was  appointed 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  1549,  where 
his  views  excited  much  controversy ;  consulted  as  to  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  1550  ;  buried  in  the  university 
church,  1551 ;  his  body  exhumed  by  Queen  Mary's  com- 
missioners, 1557  ;  produced  ninety-six  separate  treatises. 

[vii.  172] 

BUCHAN,  EARLS  OP.  [See  COMYN,  ALEXANDER, 
second  EARL,  d.  1289 ;  COMYN,  JOHN*,  third  EARL,  d. 
1313  ? ;  STKWAKT,  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  1343  ?-1406  ?  ;  STEWART,  JOHN,  first  EARL  of 
the  third  creation,  1381?-1424;  ERSKI.VK,  JAMES,  sixth 
EARL  of  the  fourth  creation,  d.  1640 ;  ERSKINE,  DAVID 
STEUART,  eleventh  EARL,  1742-1829.] 

BUCHAN,  ALEXANDER  PETER  (1764-1824), 
physician ;  son  of  William  Buchan  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  in 
London,  Edinburgh,  and  Leyden  (M.D.,  1793)  ;  practised 


hi  London ;  published  medical  tracts. 


[vii.  178] 


BUCHAN,  ANDREW  OP  (d.  1309  ?),  bishop  of  Caith- 
ness, 1296 ;  Cistercian;  abbot  of  Cupar- Angus,  1272. 

[vii.  178] 

BUCHAN  or  SIMPSON,  ELSPETH  (1738-1791), 
foundress  of  the  '  Buchanite '  ^ect  (extinct  1848) ;  wife  of 
a  potter ;  separated  from  him,  1781 ;  persuaded  Hugh 
White,  Relief  minister  of  Irvine,  that  she  was  inspired, 
1783  :  on  being  expelled  from  Irvine,  settled  in  Closeburu, 
Dumfries,  1784.  [vii.  178] 

BUCHAN,  PETER  (1790-1854),  collector  of  Scottish 
ballads  ;  by  the  help  of  his  kinsman,  the  Earl  of  Buchan. 
set  up  a  press  in  Peterhead,  1816,  where  he  printed  his 
own  works  and  collections :  published  poems  and  histori- 
cal tracts.  [vii.  179] 

BUCHAN,  THOMAS  (d.  1720),  Jacobite  general;  a 
highlander  by  birth ;  served  abroad  ;  commanded  a  foot- 
regiment  in  Scotland,  1682  ;  employed  against  the  coven- 
anters, 1684  ;  colonel,  1686  ;  appointed  major-general  by 
James  II  in  Ireland,  1689,  and  sent  to  command  his  forces 
in  Scotland ;  surprised  at  Oromdale,  1690 ;  retired  to 
Lochaber ;  retired  to  France,  1692 ;  Jacobite  agent  in 
Scotland,  1707.  [vii.  180] 

BUCHAN,  WILLIAM  (1729-1805),  author  of  the 
popular  '  Domestic  Medicine,'  1769  ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh ;  practised  in  Yorkshire  ;  settled  in  Edinburgh, 
1766 ;  removed  to  London,  1778  ;  pubUshed  medical  tracts. 

[vii.  180] 

BUCHANAN,  ANDREW  (1690-1759),  Virginia  mer- 
chant in  Glasgow;  bought  Drumpellier,  Lanarkshire, 
1735 ;  lord  provost  of  Glasgow,  1740 ;  strenuously  op- 
posed the  insurgents,  1745.  [vii.  181] 

BUCHANAN,  SIR  ANDREW  (1807-1882),  diploma- 
tist ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  1825  ;  was  resident  at 
nearly  every  court,  first  as  attache,  afterwards  as  minis- 
ter ;  retired,  1878 ;  created  baronet,  1878.  [vii.  181] 

BUCHANAN,  CLAUDIUS  (1766-1815),  Indian 
traveller ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University,  1782 ;  clerk 
in  London,  1787 ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1791 ; 
chaplain  in  Bengal,  1797 ;  vice-provost  of  college  at 
Fort  William,  1799-1807;  D.D.  Glasgow  and  Cambridge; 
made  two  tours  in  south  and  west  of  India,  1806-7 ;  returned 
to  England,  1808 ;  advocate  of  missions  ;  issued  transla- 
tions of  the  scriptures  into  various  oriental  languages. 

[vii.  182] 

BUCHANAN,  DAVID  (1595  ?-1652  ?),  Scottish  his- 
torian ;  resided  in  Paris,  1636  ;  back  in  Scotland  before 
1644  ;  published  and  left  in  manuscript  treatises  on  Scot- 
tish history,  biography,  and  topography.  [vii.  184] 

BUCHANAN,  DAVID,  the  elder  (1745-1812),  printer 
and  publisher  at  Montrose  ;  published  miniature  editions  of 
English  classics.  [vii.  185] 


BUCHANAN 


163 


BUCKINGHAM 


BUCHANAN,  DAVID,  the  younger  (1779-184H), 
journaiir-t.  in  Edinburgh;  son  of  David  Buchanan  tin1 
elder  [<i.  v.]  ;  editor  of  the  'Caledonian  Mercury,'  1810-27, 
aud  of  the  •  Edinburgh  Couraut,'  1827-48  ;  wrote  on  politi- 
cal ironiiinv  und  statistics,  [vii.  185] 

BUCHANAN,  DUGALD  (1716-1768),  Gaelic  poet, 
'  tlic  <  'OSVJMT  i>f  the  highlands  ' :  native  of  Balquhidder  ; 
catechist  nt  Kinloch  Hannoch,  1756.  [vii.  185] 

BUCHANAN,  FRANCIS  HAMILTON  (1762-1829), 
writer  on  Indian  subjects  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1783  ;  naval 
snr'jv'Mi ;  Hrnu'ttl  surgeon,  1794;  travelled  in  Burma, 
17'X>,  in  .Mysore  and  .Malabar,  1800,  and  in  Nepal,  1802  ; 
compiled  a  statistical  survey  of  Bengal,  1807-15  ;  settled 
in  .-..-otland,  1816  ;  published  travels.  [vlL  186] 

BUCHANAN,  GEORGE  (1506-1582),  historian  and 
scholar  :  studied  at  Paris,  1520-2  ;  served  at  the  siege  of 
Werk,  1523  ;  studied  at  St.  Andrew's  under  John  Major, 
lf.2l;  15. A.,  1625  ;  went  to  Paris,  1526 ;  graduated  M.A. 
in  the  Scots  college,  Paris,  March  1528 ;  taught  gram- 
mar in  the  college  of  St.  Barbe ;  tutor  to  Gilbert,  earl  of 
;it  Paris,  1529-34  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1536  ; 
tutor  to  a  natural  son  of  James  V,  1536-8  ;  urged  by  the 
king  to  satirise  the  morals  of  the  clergy,  and  so  provoked 
Cardinal  Beaton ;  escaped  from  prison  at  St.  Andrews, 
and  fled  to  London,  1539 ;  taught  Latin  at  Bordeaux, 
1540-3 ;  taught  in  the  college  of  Cardinal  le  Moiue  at 
Paris,  1544-7 ;  invited  to  teach  in  the  college  at  Ooimbra, 
1547,  and  imprisoned  there  by  the  inquisition,  1549-51  ; 
came  to  England,  1552  ;  returned  to  Paris,  and  taught  in 
the  college  of  Boncourt,  1563;  tutor  to  Timoleon  de 
Cosse,  cointe  de  Brissae  (killed  in  action,  1569),  1554-9,  in 
France  and  Italy  ;  returned  to  Scotland  and  professed 
himself  a  protestant  before  1563 ;  lay  member  of  the  gene- 
ral assembly,  1663-8,  and  moderator,  1567  ;  principal  of 
St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1566-70 ;  assigned  a 
pension  out  of  the  revenues  of  Crossraguel  Abbey  ;  lived 
in  England,  October  1568,  to  January  1569,  as  secretary 
of  Regent  Moray's  commissioners,  and  vouched  that  the 
casket  letters  were  in  Queen  Mary's  handwriting ;  pub- 
lished, in  Scottish  dialect  (1570),  pamphlets  attacking  the 
Hamiltons  on  account  of  Moray's  assassination,  and  ridi- 
culing Maitland  of  Lethiugtou,  the  queen's  advocate ; 
resided  at  Stirling  as  tutor  to  James  VI,  1570-8 ;  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal,  1570-8;  published  'Detectio  Marite  Re- 
ginte,'  a  venomous  attack  on  Queen  Mary,  1571,  in  Latin 
and,  1572,  in  French  and  Scottish ;  wrote  Latin  poems. 
His  '  De  Jure  Regni  apud  Scotos,'  1579,  was  long  a  text- 
book of  the  opponents  of  absolutism.  His  '  Pcrum  Scoti- 
carum  historia,'  1582,  was  the  chief  source  from  which 
foreigners  derived  their  knowledge  of  Scotland. 


Jvii.  186] 
engineer ; 


BUCHANAN,  GEORGE  (1790  ?-1852),  cb 
thin  I  son  of  David  Buchanan  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh ;  constructed  harbours  and  bridges ;  an 
authority  on  salmon-fishery  disputes  ;  published  scientific 
treatises.  [vii.  193] 

BUCHANAN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1831-1895),  physician  ; 
B.A.  London,  1851 ;  studied  medicine  at  University  Col- 
lege ;  M.D.  London,  1855 ;  physician  at  London  Fever 
Hospital,  1861-8,  and,  later,  consulting  physician ; 
F.R.O.P.,  1866,  censor,  1892-4,  and  Lettsomian  lecturer, 
1867 ;  F.R.S.,  1882 ;  permanent  inspector  in  medical 
department  of  privy  council,  1869;  principal  medical 
officer,  1879-92,  of  local  government  board ;  knighted, 
1H'.)2  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1893  :  fellow  of  Uni- 
versity College,  1864 ;  chairman  of  royal  commission  on 
tuberculosis.  His  reports  have  become  classical  works  in 
sanitary  literature.  [Suppl.  i.  328] 

BUCHANAN,  JAMES  (1 804-1 870),Free  church  leader ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  ;  minister  of  North  Leith,  1828,  and 
of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  1840  :  joined  the  Free  church, 
184:t;  minister  of  Free  St.  Stephen's,  Edinburgh;  D.D. 
Princeton  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow  ;  professor  in  the  Free  church 
college,  1845-68  ;  published  theological  works,  [vii.  194] 

BUCHANAN,  JOHN  LANNE  (/.  1780-1816),  author; 
educated  at  Glasgow  ;  assistant  minister  at  Comrie ;  mis- 
sioner  in  the  Hebrides,  1780  ;  subsequently  resided  in 
London  ;  published  works  on  the  Hebrides  and  highlands. 

[vii.  195] 

BUCHANAN,  ROBERT  (1813-1866),  socialist; 
taught  school ;  lecturer  in  Manchester  before  1839  ;  jour- 
nalist iii  Glasgow  ;  published  controversial  writings. 

[TiL  196] 


BUCHANAN,  ROBERT  (1785-1873),  benefactor  of 
Glasgow  University  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  minister  of 
Peebles,  1813-24  ;  assistant  professor  of  logic  in  Glasgow, 
1824,  and  professor,  1827-64;  author  of  tragedies  and 
poems.  [vii.  196] 

BUCHANAN,  ROBERT  (1802-1875),  Free  church 
leader ;  educated  at  Glasgow ;  minister  of  Gargunnock, 
1826,  of  Salton,  Haddingtonshire,  1829,  and  of  the  Tron 
church,  Glasgow,  1833-43 ;  took  leading  part  in  anti- 
patronage  agitation,  1K38,  and  joined  the  Free  church, 
1843;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1840;  died  at  Rome;  wrote  on 
church  history,  also  a  narrative  of  travels  in  Palestine. 

[vii.  196] 

BUCHANAN,  ROBERTSON  (1770-1816),  civil  engi- 
neer of  Glasgow ;  published  treatises  on  machinery. 

[vii.  197] 

BUCHANAN,  WILLIAM  (1781-1863),  Scottish  advo- 
cate ;  son  of  David  Buchanan  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  ;  advocate,  1806  ;  solicitor  of  teinds,  1856  ; 
author  of  law  reports,  &c,  [vlL  197] 

BUCK,  ADAM  (1759-1833),  portrait-painter;  exhi- 
bited at  Royal  Academy  from  1795  ;  published  '  Paintings 
on  Greek  Vases,'  1811.  [Suppl.  i.  330] 

BUCK,  CHARLES  (1771-1815),  author  of  « A  Theo- 
logical Dictionary,'  1802,  and  other  pieces  ;  congregational 
minister  at  Sheerness  and  in  London.  [vii.  198] 

BUCK,  SIR  GEORGE  (rf.  1623).  [See  Buc,  Sm 
GEORGE.] 

BUCK,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (</.  1821),  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1813  ;  barrister  ;  published  law  reports.  [vii.  198] 

BUCK,  SAMUEL  (1696-1779),  draughtsman  and  en- 
graver ;  issued  series  of  views  of  towns,  ruined  abbeys, 
and  castles,  <fcc.,  in  England  and  Wales  ;  worked  in  con- 
junction with  his  brother  Nathaniel,  1727-53.  [viL  198] 

BUCK,  ZACHARIAH  (1798-1879),  composer;  cho- 
rister at  Norwich  ;  organist  of  St.  Peter  Maucroft,  1818- 
1821,  and  of  Norwich  Cathedral,  1819-77  ;  Mus.Doc.  Lam- 
beth, 1847.  [vii.  199] 

BUCKE,  CHARLES  (1781-1846),  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  [vii.  199] 

BUCKENHAM,  ROBERT  (ft.  1530),  prior  of  the 
Black  Friars,  Cambridge ;  B.D.,  1524  ;  D.D.,  1531 ;  preached 
against  Latimer  at  Cambridge,  1529  ;  withdrew  to  Edin- 
burgh, 1534 ;  went  to  Louvain  to  take  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  William  Tyndale,  1535^  [vii.  199] 

BUCKEBIDGE  or  BUCKB1DGE,  JOHN  (1562  ?-1631), 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  Ely  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1578 ; 
B.A.,  1583  ;  D.D.,  1597  ;  tutor  to  William  Laud ;  preben- 
dary of  Rochester,  1687 ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Whit- 
gift,  1596  ;  rector  of  North  Fambridge,  Essex,  1696-9,  and 
of  North  Kilworth,  Leicestershire,  1599-1608  ;  vicar  of  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate,  1604  ;  president  of  St  John's,  Oxford, 
1605-11  ;  preached  at  Hampton  Court,  1606  ;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1606 :  bishop  of  Rochester,  1611  ;  voted  in 
favour  of  the  Earl  of  Essex's  divorce,  1613  ;  defended  Dr. 
Richard  Montague,  1626;  bishop  of  Ely,  1628;  edited 
Bishop  Andrewes's  sermons,  1629  ;  published  sermons. 
[vii.  200] 

BUCKHURST,  first  BARON  (1536-1608).  [See  SACK- 
VILLE,  THOMAS.] 

BUCKINGHAM,  DUKES  OP.  [See  STAFFORD,  HUM- 
PHREY, first  DUKE,  1402-1460  ;  STAFFORD,  HENRY,  second 
DUKK,  1454  ?-1483  ;  STAFFORD,  EDWARD,  third  DUKE, 
1478-1521 ;  VILLIKRS,  GEORGE,  first  DUKE  of  the  second 
creation,  1592-1628 ;  VILLIERH,  GEORGE,  second  DUKE, 
1628-1687.] 

BUCKINGHAM,  first  MARQUIS  OF  (1753-1813).  [See 
GRENVILLE,  GEORGE  NUGENT- TEMPLE-.] 

BUCKINGHAM,  EARL  OF.  [See  THOMAS  OF  WOOD- 
STOCK, 1355-1397.] 

BUCKINGHAM  AND  CHANDOS,  DUKES  OF.  [See 
GRENVILLB,  RICHARD  TEMPLE  NUOKNT  BRYDGES  OHAN- 
DOS,  first  DUKK,  1776-1839  ;  GRKNVILLK,  RICHARD  PLAN- 

TAGENET    TEMPLE    NUGK.VT    BHYDGES    (JHANDO8,    Second 

DUKK,  1797-1861 ;  GRKNVILLE,  RICHARD  PLANTAGENKT 
GAMPRELL  TEMPLE  NUGENT  BRYDGES  OHANDOS,  third 
DUKK,  1823-1889.] 

M2 


BUCKINGHAM 


164 


BUDD 


BUCKINGHAM,   JAMK3  SILK  (178G-1856),  author 

and  traveller  ;  at  sea  for  several  years  from  17'.it;  ;  journalist 

at  Calcutta,  1818  ;  expelled  from  India  for  attacks  on  the 

government,  1823  ;  travelled  in  Syria  and  Palestine,  1H23  ; 

journalist  in  Loudou,  1824-30;  M.P.  for  Sheffield,  1832-7  ; 

lied  lu  America,  1837-40,  au«i  on  the  continent,  iH»7  ; 

re  vived  a  pension,  1851  ;  travelled  as  a  lecturer ;  author 

of  an  autobiography,  travels,  utid  temperance  pamphlets. 

[vii.  202] 

BUCKINGHAM,  LEICESTER  SILK  (1825-1867), 
dramatist :  youngest  sou  of  James  Silk  Buckingham 
[q.  v.]  ;  travelled  with  his  father ;  a  popular  lecturer, 
1864 ;  his  first  pieces  put  on  the  stage,  1856  ;  produced 
historical  treatises,  comedies,  anil  farces.  [vii.  203] 

BUCKINGHAM,      OSBERN     (1393-1447?).        [See 

BOKKNHAM.] 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,   first  DUKK  OF  (1648-1721). 
KKiKLn,  JOHN.] 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  HOBART, 
JOHN,  first  EAKL,  1694  ?-1766 ;  HOBAHT,  JOHN,  second 
EARL,  1723-1793 ;  HOBART,  GEOROK,  third  EARL,  1732- 
1804 ;  HOBART,  ROBERT,  fourth  EARL,  1760-1815.] 

BUCKLAND,  FRANCIS  TREVELYAN  (1826-1880), 
naturalist ;  son  of  William  Buckland  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Winchester,  1839-44  ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1848  ; 
studied  surgery  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  1848-51 ; 
army  surgeon  in  Loudou,  1854  ;  contributor  to  the  •  Field,' 
1856-65  :  started  '  Land  and  Water '  in  1866  ;  inspector  of 
salmon  fisheries,  1867-80 :  published '  Curiosities  of  Natural 
History,'  and  kiiidred  works.  [vii.  204] 

BUCKLAND,  RALPH  (1564-1611),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1571,  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1579  ;  law-student  in  London ; 
studied  at  libeling  and  Rome,  1586  ;  ordained  priest,  1588 ; 
sent  on  the  English  mission  ;  banished,  1606 ;  author  of 
theological  works.  [vii.  205] 

BUCKLAND,  WILLIAM  (1781-1856),  geologist; 
educated  at  Winchester,  1798,  and  Corpus  Christ),  Oxford, 
1801,  fellow,  1808-25  ;  made  geological  tour  in  the  south- 
west of  England,  1808-12;  professor  of  mineralogy  at 
Oxford,  1813,  and  reader  in  geology,  1819 ;  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1825;  dean  of  Westminster,  1845-56; 
president  of  the  Geological  Society,  1824  and  1840 ;  upheld 
the  Mosaic  account  of  the  flood  ;  wrote  geological  pipers. 

[vii.  206] 

BUCKLE,  SIR  CLAUDE  HENRY  MASON  (1803- 
1894),ad_miral ;  entered  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth, 
1817 ;  lieutenant,  1827 ;  captain,  1815  ;  flag-captain  to 
Commodore  Arthur  Fanshawe  on  west  coast  of  Africa, 
1849-50;  in  Black  Sea,  1854;  C.B.,  1865;  superintendent 
Deptford  dockyard,  1857-63 ;  commauder-iu-chief  at 
Queenstown,  1867-70;  K.O.B.,  1875  ;  admiral,  1877. 


[Suppl.  i.  330] 
1-1862),  historian 


BUCKLE,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1821 
of  civilisation  ;  son  of  a  wealthy  London  shipowner  ;  re- 
ceived no  school  or  college  training ;  being  left  independent 
at  his  father's  death,  devoted  himself  to  travelling  on  the 
continent,  where  he  acquired  the  principal  languages, 
1840  and  1843  ;  settled  in  London,  1842  ;  bought  and  read 
thousands  of  books,  making  careful  notes ;  had  settled  the 
plan  of  his  '  History  of  Civilisation  in  England '  by  1853  ; 
published  the  first  volume,  1857,  the  second,  1861 ;  died 
at  Damascus  on  an  Eastern  tour ;  inclined  to  freethought 
in  religion.  Miscellaneous  works  by  him  appeared  post- 
humously. [viL  208] 

BUCKLER,  BENJAMIN  (1718-1780),  antiquary;  of 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1732;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1739; 
D.D.,  1769;  vicar  of  Cuuinor,  1755;  keeper  of  archives, 
Oxford,  1777-80 ;  published  ' Stenimata Chicheleana,'  1765. 

[vii.  211] 

BUCKLER,  JOHN  (1770-1851),  topographical  artist ; 
practised  as  architect  in  London  till  1826  ;  issued  aqua- 
tint engravings  of  colleges,  cathedrals,  <tc.,  1797-1815; 
exhibited  in  water-colours  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1796- 
1849;  F.S.A.,1810.  [vii.  212] 

BUCKLER,  WILLIAM  (1814-1884),  entomologist; 
exhibited  water-colours  at  the  Academy,  1836-56;  a 
student  of  larva-.  [vii.  213] 

BUCKLEY,  CECIL  WILLIAM  (1828-1872),  naval 
officer,  1846-72 ;  received  the  Victoria  cross  for  services 
in  the  Black  Sea,  1865  ;  captain  R.N.,  180i.  [vii.  213] 


BUCKLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1598).    [See  JONKS,  JOHN.] 

BUCKLEY,  MRS.  OLIVIA  (1799-1847),  organist: 
daughter  of  Sophia  Dussek  [q.  v.] ;  married  a  Mr.  Buckley ; 
wrote  pianoforte  music  and  songs,  and  published  (1843) 
4  Musical  Truths.'  [xvi.  268] 

BUCKLEY,  ROBERT  or  SIGEBERT  (1517-1610), 
English  Benedictine;  professed  at  Westminster  during 
the  Marian  revival,  c.  1557 ;  imprisoned  as  a  recusant, 
1660-1603,  latterly  at  Framlingham ;  imprisoned  in  Lou- 
don,  1605-10.  He  was  the  last  of  the  old  English  Benedic- 
tine congregation,  and  surrendered  his  authority  for 
perpetuating  the  succession  to  Thomas  Preston.  1609. 

[vii.  J!13] 

BUCKLEY,  THEODORE  WILLIAM  ALOIS  (1825- 
1856),  translator  from  the  classics ;  servitor  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1845 ;  chaplain  ;  M.A.,  1853  ;  became  a 
literary  hack ;  author  of  classical  translations  and  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [vii.  214] 

BUCKLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1570  ?),  mathematician ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1545  ;  tutor  to  the  royal  henchmen,  1550  ;  taught  mathe- 
matics at  King's,  Cambridge,  c.  1552  ;  published  an  arith- 
metical tract.  [vii.  215] 

BUCKLEY,  WILLIAM  (1780-1856),  colonist;  en- 
listed, 1799 ;  transported  for  a  plot  to  shoot  the  Duke  of 
Kent,  1802  ;  escaped  from  Port  Phillip,  December  1803  ; 
lived  with  native  tribes  till  July  1835  ;  pardoned,  and  em- 
ployed as  interpreter  ;  settled  in  Tasmania,  1837. 

[vii.  215] 

BUCKMAN,  JAMES  (1816-1884),  geologist;  studied 
natural  science  in  London ;  professor  at  Oirencester 
Agricultural  College,  1848-63;  farmed  land  in  Dorset, 
1863-84 ;  wrote  botanical,  geological,  and  agricultural 
papers.  [vii.  216] 

BUCKMASTER,  THOMAS  (/.  1566),  almanack- 
maker,  [vii.  216] 

BUCKMASTER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1545),  divine  ;  fellow 
of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1517  ;  D.D.,  1528 ;  carried  to 
court  as  vice-chancellor  the  university's  reply  to 
Henry  VIII's  questions  concerning  his  divorce,  1530 ; 
signed  the  articles  of  religion,  1536 :  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1539.  [vii.  216] 

BUCKNILL,  SIR  JOHN  CHARLES  (1817-1897),  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  University  College,  Lon- 
don;  L.S.A.,  M.R.C.S.,  and  M.B.  London,  1840;  M.D., 
1852 ;  first  medical  superintendent,  Devon  County 
Asylum,  1844-62  :  chancellor's  medical  visitor  of  lunatics, 
1862-76;  F.R.C.P.,  1859;  censor,  1879-80;  Lumlcian 
lecturer,  1878  :  F.R.S.,  1866  ;  knighted,  1894  ;  published 
4  Manual  of  Psychological  Medicine,'  1858,  aud  other 
works.  [Suppl.  i.  331] 

BUCKSHORN,  JOSEPH  (fl.  1670),  Dutch  painter; 
employed  by  Sir  Peter  Lely  to  fill  in  his  canvases,  1670  ; 
painted  portraits  in  Lely's  manner.  [vii.  217] 

BUCKSTONE,  JOHN  BALDWIN  (1802-1879), 
comedian  ;  solicitor's  clerk  ;  went  on  the  provincial  stajre, 
c.  1820  ;  performed  at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  1823  ;  his  first 
piece  played,  1826  ;  manager  of  the  Haymarket,  1853-76  ; 
composed  numerous  farces.  [vii.  217] 

BUDD,  GEORGE  (fl.  1756),  painter ;  London  hosier ; 
painted  portraits  and  landscapes.  [vii.  218] 

BUDD,  GEORGE  (1808-1882),  professor  of  medicine  in 
King's  College,  London,  1840-63  ;  fellow  of  Oaiua  College, 
Cambridge,  1831 ;  M.D.,  1840  ;  studied  also  in  London  aud 
Paris ;  physician  to  the  hospital  ship  at  Greenwich,  1837  ; 
practised  in  London,  1840-67 ;  retired  to  Bamstaple ; 
wrote  medical  tracts.  [vii.  219] 

BUDD,  HENRY  (1774-1853),  theologian:  son  of 
Richard  Budd  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1801 ;  chaplain  of  Bridewell  Hospital,  London,  1801-:U : 
rector  of  White  Roothiug,  Essex,  1808-53;  published 
tracts.  [vii.  219] 

BUDD.  RICHARD  (1746-1821),  physician  :  M.I). 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1776;  practised  at  Newbury, 
Berkshire  ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1780- 
1801,  and  an  active  official  of  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, [vii.  220] 

BUDD,  WILLIAM  (1811-1880),  physician;  studied 
medicine  at  London,  Edinburgh,  Paris  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 


BUDDEN 


1C5 


BULLEIN 


1838 :  practise!  at  North  Tawton,  Devonshire,  1839,  and 
in  l'.ri<tol,  1842-73;  made  important  researches  into  the 
conditions  of  /.yuiotic  diseases  ;  published  numerous 
medical  papers.  [vii.  220] 

BUDDEN,  JOHN  (1566-1620),  professor  of  civil  law  at 
Oxford,  1611-20 ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1583  ; 
M.A.  (rioueester  Hall,  1580  ;  philosophy  reader  of  Magda- 
len College,  and  D.O.L.,  1602  ;  principal  of  New  Inn  Hull. 
IGD'.t-lH,  and  of  Broadgates  Hall,  1618-20;  wrote  two 
Latin  biographies,  1602  and  1607.  [vii.  221] 

BUDDLE,  ADAM  (d.  1715),  botanist;  M.A.  Oam- 
briiU'i1,  1685;  noujuror,  1689;  possessed  a  fine  collection 
of  mosses  and  grasses ;  rector  of  North  Fambridge,  Essex, 
1703  ;  left  ;in  Kn^lish  flora  in  manuscript,  [vii.  2'22] 

BUDDLE,  JOHN  (1773-1843),  mining  engineer ;  taught 
liy  I, N  father,  a  practical  miner ;  manager  of  Wallseud 
colliery,  1806  ;  made  experiments  on  ventilation  in  mines 
and  introduced  an  improved  method  of  coal-working. 

[vii.  222] 

BUDGE,  EDWARD  (1800-1865),  theological  writer; 
B.A.  Cambridge,  1824 ;  vicar  of  Manaccan,  Cornwall, 
1839 ;  rector  of  Bratton  Clovelly,  Devon,  1846-65  ;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [vii.  223] 

BUDGELL,  EUSTACE  (1686-1737),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  cousin  of  Addisou ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1705  ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple ;  contributed 
to  the  4  Spectator' ;  held  official  posts  in  Ireland,  1714-18  ; 
travelled ;  ruined  by  the  South  Sea  scheme,  1721 ;  loet 
his  reason ;  wrote  against  Walpole,  1728 :  journalist, 
1733-5;  accused  of  embezzlement ;  drowned  himself. 

[vii.  224] 

BUDGETT,  SAMUEL  (1794-1851),  a  successful 
Bristol  merchant.  [vii.  226] 

BUDWORTH,  JOSEPH,  afterwards  PALMKR(<*.  1815). 
[See  PALMKR.] 

BUDWORTH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1745),  schoolmaster; 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1726 ;  vicar  of  Brewood,  Staffordshire, 
and  master  of  the  school  there ;  declined  the  services  of 
Samuel  Johnson  as  usher,  1736.  [vii.  226] 

BUFTON,  ELEANOR,  afterwards  MRS.  ARTHUR 
SWANBOUOUGH  (1840 V-1893),  actress;  appeared  at  St. 
James's,  1854;  with  Charles  Kean  at  the  Princess's, 
1856-7  ;  last  appeared  (1872)  at  Drury  Lane.  Her  parts 
include  Regan  ('Lear'),  Hennia  ('Midsummer  Night's 
Dream '),  Ferdinand  ('  Tempest '),  and  Hero  ('  Much 
Ado ';.  [Suppl.  i.  332] 

BUGG,  FRANCIS  (1640-1724?),  writer  against 
Quakerism :  wool-comber  at  Mildeuhall,  Suffolk,  and, 
from  boyhood,  a  quaker ;  suspected  of  informing  against 
a  quaker  meeting,  1675  ;  left  the  society  after  a  long 
quarrel,  1680;  issued  virulent  pamphlets  against  the 
quakers,  1682-1724.  [vii.  226] 

BUGGA   or   BUGGE,  SAIXT   (rf.  751).     [See  EAD- 

Ht-RGA.] 

BUISSIERE  or  BUSSIERE,  PAUL  (d.  1739),  ana- 
tomical writer:  surgeon  of  Orange,  France;  Huguenot 
exile;  settled  in  Copenhagen;  naturalised  in  England, 
1688 ;  practised  as  surgeon  in  London.  [vii.  228] 

BUIST,  GEORGE  (1805-1860),  journalist  and  man  of 
science ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh ;  licen- 
tiate of  the  church  of  Scotland,  1826  ;  newspaper  editor 
in  Dundee,  Perth,  and  Cupar-Fife,  1832-8  ;  LL.D. ;  edited 
the  '  Bombay  Times,'  1839-59  :  inspector  of  the  Bombay 
observatories,  1842-59;  published  scientific  and  other 
papers.  [vii.  228] 

BUITE,  SAINT  (,/.  521),  born  near  Mellifout,  Louth  ; 
visited  Wales  and  Italy  ;  returned  through  Germany  and 
Scotland  to  Antrim,  and  thence  to  Louth,  where  he  built 
Monasterboice,  i.e.  the  Monastery  of  Buite.  [vii.  229] 

BULKELEY  or  BOKELEY,  ARTHUR  (d.  1553), 
bishop  of  Bangor ;  doctor  of  canon  law,  Oxford,  1525  ; 
m-tor  of  Llanddeusant,  Anglesey,  and  canon  of  St.  Asaph, 
1525  ;  rector  of  St.  James,  Garlick  Hythe.  London,  1531 ; 
prebendary  of  Clynnoc  Vechan,  1537  ;  bishop  of  Baiigor, 
1541 ;  resident  in  his  diocese  ;  involved  in  lawsuits. 

[vii.  231] 

BULKELEY,  LAUNCELOT  (1568  ?-1650),  archbishop 
of  Dublin:  M.A.  Oxford,  1593;  beneficed  in  Wales,  1593- 
ic-.'ti;  ftrohdMOOQ  of  Dublin,  1613-19;  archbishop  of 


Dublin,  1619  ;  claimed  the  primacy  unsuccessfully  ;  im- 
prisoned, 1647 ;  his  see  sequestered  by  the  Commonwealth, 
1649.  [vii.  231] 

BULKELEY,  SIR  RICHARD  (1533-1621),  knight; 
constable  of  Beaiimaris,  1561 ;  M.P.  for  Anglesey,  1570- 
1614 ;  knighted,  167« ;  a  favourite  courtier  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  [viL  231] 

BULKELEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1650),  royalist  general ; 
loet  Anglesey,  1648.  [vii.  232] 

BULKELEY,  SIR  RICHARD  (1644-1710),  enthusiast; 
M.A.,  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1681  ;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy  of  Dunlavan,  1685 ;  took  up  with  the 
so-called  '  prophets  of  the  Oevennes,'  c.  1708 ;  published 
pamphlets.  [vii.  233] 

BULKELEY,  LADY  or  MRS.  SOPHIA  (fl.  1688),  a 
court  beauty,  1668  ;  married  Henry  Bulkeley,  master  of 
the  household;  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  James  II's 
queen,  and  present  at  the  birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
1688.  [vii.  233] 

BULKLEY,  CHARLES  (1719-1797),  baptist  minister ; 
educated  at  Northampton  academy,  1736 ;  presbyter ian 
minister  at  Welford,  Northamptonshire,  and  Colchester ; 
joined  the  general  baptists  ;  minister  of  that  denomination 
in  London,  1743-97 ;  published  philosophical  tracts  and 
sermons.  [vii.  234] 

BULKLEY,  PETER  (1583-1659),  puritan  divine; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambritlge ;  MJL,  1608  ;  rector 
of  Odell,  Bedfordshire,  1620 ;  ejected  for  contempt  of  church 
ceremonies,  1634  ?  ;  emigrated  to  New  England,  1635  ; 
founded  Concord,  1636  ;  pastor  of  Concord  till  death ; 
published  sermons.  [vii.  235] 

BULL,  DANIEL  (/.  1657-1681),  nonconformist 
divine  ;  intruded  minister  of  Stoke  Newington,  1657-60 ; 
ejected,  1662  ;  afterwards  presbyterian  minister  in  Lon- 
don ;  published  sermons.  [vii.  236] 

BULL,  GEORGE  (1634-1710),  Anglican  theologian ; 
bishop  of  St.  David's ;  left  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1649, 
to  avoid  taking  '  the  Engagement ' :  educated  privately ; 
ordained  secretly  by  Bishop  Skinner,  1655 ;  minister  of 
St.  George's,  near  Bristol;  rector  of  Suddington  St. 
Mary's,  1658-86  ;  vicar  of  Suddington  St.  Peter's,  Glouces- 
tershire, 1662-86 ;  published  '  Harmonla  Apostolica,'  1670 ; 
prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1678;  published  'Defensio 
Fidei  Nicaense,'  1685  ;  rector  of  Avening,  Gloucestershire, 
1685;  D.D.  Oxford,  1686;  published  'Judicium  Ec- 
clesise  Catholicte,'  1694  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1705  ;  pub- 
lished theological  works  and  sermons.  [vii.  236] 

BULL,  HENRY  (d.  1575?),  theologian;  fellow  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1539  ;  ejected  from  his 
fellowship  by  Queen  Mary's  commissioners,  1563 ;  pub- 
lished theological  works  and  (1577)  translated  Luther's 
'PsalmiGraduum.'  [vii.  239] 

BULL,  JOHN  (1563  ?-1628),  composer :  Mus.Bac. 
Oxford,  1586 ;  Mus.Doc.,  1592 ;  chorister  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  c.  1572 ;  organist  of  Hereford  Cathedral,  1582  ; 
singing- man  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1585,  and  organist, 
1591-1613  ;  professor  of  music  at  Gresham  College,  1597- 
1607  ;  travelled  in  France  and  Germany,  1601  ;  conductor 
at  the  entertainment  of  James  I  and  Prince  Henry  by  the 
Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  1607  ;  musician  to  Prince 
Henry,  1611 ;  left  England,  1613 ;  an  organist  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Brussels,  c.  1614;  organist  of  Antwerp 
Cathedral,  1617-28.  [vii.  239] 

BULL,  JOHN  (d.  1642),  a  London  weaver ;  imprisoned 
for  pretending  to  inspiration,  1636.  [vii.  242] 

BULL,  WILLIAM  (1738-1814),  congregationalist 
minister  ;  studied  at  Daventry  academy,  1759 ;  pastor  at 
Newport  Paguel,  1764,  and  conducted  school  on  a  large 
scale  from  1783  onwards  ;  friend  of  Rev.  John  Newton  of 
Olney,  and  of  the  poet  Cowper.  [vlL  243] 

BULLAKER.    [See  also  BULLOKAR,] 

BULLAKER,  THOMAS,  In  religion  JOHN  BAPTIST 
(1604  ?-1642),  catholic  martyr  ;  educated  at  St.  Omer  and 
Valladolid,  where  he  became  a  Franciscan  ;  studied  theo- 
logy at  Segovia ;  worked  In  the  English  mission  ;  executed 
for  celebrating  mass.  [vii.  844] 

BULLED*,  RICHARD  (d.  1563),  physician. 


BULJLEIN 


1GG 


BULWER 


BULLEIN.  WILLIAM  (,/.  157ti),  physician;  rector 
of  Hiuxhull.  Suffolk,  1550-3:  studk-d  m.-dieim-  abroad: 
ru.sidi.il  in  London  from  15C1.  Mi-  '  Itonke  of  Simples' 
(part  of  his  '  Hul  warke  against  Sickue*,'  1562)  is  one  of 
the  earliest  English  herbal>.  '  A  Dialogue  against  the 
Fever  Pestilence '  appeared  1564.  [vii.  244] 

SULLEN,  Sin  CHARLES  (1769-1853),  naval  officer; 
served  in  Mediterranean  and,  after  1801,  on  west  coast  of 
Africa;  commanded  the  Britannia  at  Trafalgar,  1805; 
rear-admiral,  1837  ;  K.C.B.,  1«39 ;  admiral,  1852. 

[vii.  246] 

BULLEN,  UEOHGK  (1816-1894),  keeper  of  printed 
books  at  British  Museum ;  sui>ernumerary  assistant  in 
WpUtOMDt  of  printed  books  in  British  Must-inn,  1838; 
senior  assistant,  1850;  superintendent  of  reading  room, 
18U6;  keeper  of  printed  books,  1875-90;  assisted  in  com- 
piling printed  catalogue  ;  F.S.A.,  1877  ;  hou.  LL.D.  Glas- 
gow, 1889  ;  CJJ.,  1890.  [Suppl.  i.  332] 

BULLER,  CHARLES  (1806-1848),  liberal  politician ; 
taught  by  Thomas  Carlyle,  1822-5  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  182«  ;  M.P.  for  West  Looe,  Cornwall,  1830-1  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1831 ;  M.I',  for  Liskeard, 
1832-48 ;  secretary  to  the  governor-general  of  Canada, 
1838 ;  judge-advocate-geueral,  1846 ;  chief  poor  law  com- 
missioner, 1847  ;  published  pamphlets.  [vii.  246] 

BULLER,  Sm  FRANCIS  (1746-1800),  judge ;  special 
pleader,  1765;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1772; 
judge  of  the  county  palatine  of  Chester,  1777;  justice  of 
the  king's  bench,  1778;  created  baronet,  1790 ;  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  1794-1800.  [vii.  248] 

BULLER,  Sm  GEORGE  (1802-1884),  general ;  entered 
the  army,  1820 ;  colonel,  1841  ;  commanded  brigade,  and 
lifter  wards  division,  in  the  Kaffir  and  Boer  wars,  1847-8 
and  1852-3;  commanded  brigade  in  the  Crimea,  1854; 
wounded  at  Inkermau ;  K.O.B.,  1855  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1862;  general,  1871.  [vU?249] 

BULLINOHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1598),  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester; fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1550;  a 
catholic ;  withdrew  to  Rouen ;  was  restored  to  his  fellow- 
ship, and  graduated  M.A.,  1554;  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Gardiner ;  rector  of  Boxwell,  Gloucestershire,  1554  ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1565 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Magda- 
lene, Milk  Street,  1566 :  D.D.,  1568 ;  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, 1568;  canon  of  Worcester,  1570;  rector  of  With- 
ingtou,  Gloucestershire,  of  Burton-by-Lincoln,  and  of 
Brington,  Huntingdon,  1671;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1581-98, 
holding  also  the  see  of  Bristol  iii  commendam,  1581-9  • 
scurrilously  attacked  by  Martin  Marprelate.  [vii.  250] 

BUUJNOHAM,  NICHOLAS  (1512  ?-1576),  bishop  of 
Lincoln  and  Worcester ;  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College  Ox- 
ford, 1636  ;  B.C.L.,  1541 ;  studied  canon  law ;  chaplain  to 
Archbishop  Craumer ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln  1647  • 
rector  of  Thimbleby,  Lincolnshire,  1552  ;  deprived  of  his 
preferments,  as  being  married,  1553 ;  withdrew  to  Emden  ; 
restored  to  his  prefermente,  1558 ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Parker;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1559;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1560;  purged  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  Romanism 
1566 ;  translated  to  Worcester,  1571.  [vii.  251] 

BULLDfOHAM,    RICHARD  (Jt.   1360).     [See  BIL- 

LIMiHAM.] 

BULLOCH,  JOHN  (1805-1882),  author  of  'Studies  of 
the  Text  of  Shakespeare,'  1878  ;  worked  at  Aberdeen  us 
mechanic.  [vii.  253] 

BULLOCK,  CHRISTOPHER  (16907-1724),  come- 
dian; son  of  William  Bullock  (1657  V-1740V)  [q.  v  ]  • 
first  appeared  in  1708  at  Drury  Lane;  attached  to  the 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre,  1715-24 ;  produced  seven 
plays,  some  possibly  written  by  other  hands,  [vii.  253] 

BULLOCK,  GEORGE  (1621?-1580  V),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  fellow  of  8k  John's  College,  Cambridge :  B.A., 
1539 ;  witness  at  Bishop  Gardiner's  trial,  1651 ;  withdrew 
to  Nevers  in  France ;  canon  of  Durham,  1564 ;  B.D.,  1654  • 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1554,  and  Lady 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1666  ;  vicar  of  St. 
Sepulchre,  London,  1656-6;  rector  of  Much  Mundeu, 
Hertfordshire,  1556 ;  deprived  of  his  preferments  for  re- 
cusancy, 1659 ;  divinity  lecturer  at  Antwerp,  1567  ;  died 
at  Antwerp;  author  of  '  (Economia  Coucordantiarum 
Scriptune  sacne,'  1567.  [vii.  264]  I 


BULLOCK,  HENRY,  latinised  BOVILLUB  (d.  1526X 
divine ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1604,  and  fellow  of  Queens'  Col- 
lege, 1606  ;  D.D.,  1620  ;  studied  Greek  and  lectured  on 
.-t.  Matthew  ;  friend  of  Erasmus  ;  rector  of  St.  Martin's, 
Ludgate,  1522-G ;  published  Latin  orations  and  epistles. 

[vii.  254] 

BULLOCK,  WILLIAM  (1657?-1740  ?),  comedian; 
|  first  mentioned  in  1696 ;  attached  to  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 
1  Theatre,  1716  till  death.  [vii.  255] 

BULLOCK,    WILLIAM    (ft.    1827),    antiquary    and 
;  naturalist;  Liverpool  goldsmith  ;  exhibited  a  museum  of 
I  curiosities,  1808 ;    exhibited  his  collections  in    London, 
I  1812-19  ;  sold  them,  1819  ;  travelled  in  Mexico,  1822,  and 
on  his  return  exhibited  his  Mexican  collections ;  travelled 
!  in  the  States  and  Mexico,  182G-7  ;  perhaps  settled  in  Cin- 
cinnati ;  published  narrative  of  his  travels.       [vii.  25G] 

BULLOCK,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1818-1879),  theo- 
logical writer;  B.A.  Oxford,  1847;  assistant  secretary, 
1850,  and  secretary,  1865-79,  of  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  th«  Gospel ;  published  biblical  papers  and  ser- 
mons, [vii.  256] 

BULLOKAR,  JOHN  (/.  1622),  lexicographer ;  physi- 
cian at  Chichester ;  published  *  An  English  Expositor,' 
1616  (3rd  edit.  1641),  and  a  metrical  life  of  Christ,  1618. 

[vii.  257] 

BULLOKAR,  WILLIAM  (Jt.  1586),  phonetist ;  en- 
gaged in  tuition,  1550 ;  served  in  the  army,  1557 ;  again 
employed  in  teaching,  1573  ;  advocated  spelling  reform  in 
a  pamphlet,  1575,  and  in  a  book,  158U  ;  translated  '  ^Esop's 
Fables,'  1585 ;  issued  an  English  grammar,  1586. 

[vii.  257] 

BULMER,  AGNES  (1775-1836),  poetess;  wrote 
•  Messiah's  Kingdom,'  1833.  [vii.  258] 

BULMER,  WILLIAM  (1757-1830),  printer ;  appren- 
ticed at  Newcastle-ou-Tyne  ;  friend  of  Thomas  Bewick ; 
printed  under  his  own  name  in  London,  1791-1819. 

[vii.  258] 

BULSTRODE,  EDWARD  (1588-1659),  lawyer ;  bar- 
rister of  the  Inner  Temple,  1613 ;  a  justice  of  North 
Wales,  1649,  and  in  Warwickshire,  1653 ;  published  law 
reports.  [vii.  259] 

BULSTRODE,  Sm  RICHARD  (1610-1711),  diplo- 
matist ;  second  son  of  Edward  Bulstrode  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge;  entered  the  Inner 
Temple,  1633 ;  served  in  the  king's  army,  1642,  ultimately 
becoming  quartermaster-general ;  agent  at  Brussels,  1673 : 
knighted,  1676;  envoy  at  Brussels,  1676-88;  followed 
James  II  to  St.  Germains ;  author  of  '  Life  of  James  II.' 

[vii.  259] 

BULSTRODE,  WHITELOCKE  (1650-1724),  essayist: 
second  son  of  Sir  Richard  Bulstrode  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 
Inner  Temple,  1664 ;  commissioner  of  excise ;  bought 
Houuslow  manor,  Middlesex,  1705;  published  contro- 
versial tracts  and  essays.  [vii.  260] 

BULTEEL,  HENRY  BELLENDEN  (1800-1866),  theo- 
logian ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1823-9 ;  M.A., 
1824 ;  curate  in  Oxford,  1826  ;  preached  in  dissenting 
chai>els  ;  left  the  Anglican  church  and  built  a  chapel  in. 
Oxford,  1831;  adopted  some  of  Edward  Irving's  ideas, 
1832  ;  published  controversial  tracts.  [vii.  261] 

BULTEEL,  JOHN  (fl.  1683),  miscellaneous  writer; 
issued  pamphlets,  romances,  and  translations  between 
1656  and  1683.  [vii.  261] 

BULWER,  EDWARD  GEORGE  EARLE  LYTTON, 
BARON  LYTTON  (1803-1873).  [See  LYTTON.] 

BULWER,  JOHN  (ft.  1654),  physician;  published 
'  Philocophus,  or  the  Deafe  and  Dumbe  Man's  Friend,' 
1648,  advocating  the  instruction  of  deaf-mutes,  partly  by 
gestures,  partly  by  reading  the  lips  (an  idea  borrowed 
from  the  Spanish) ;  published  medical  and  rhetorical 
treatises.  [Vu.  262] 

BULWER,  ROSINA  BOYLE,  LADY  LYTTON  (1804- 
1882).  [See  LYTTON.] 

BULWER,  WILLIAM  HENRY  LYTTON  EARLE, 
BAROX  DALLIXQ  AND  BULWKU  (1801-1872),  diplomatist, 
better  known  as  SIR  HKNRY  BULWKR  :  educated  at  Har- 
row and  at  Trinity  and  Downing  colleges,  Cambr 
published  poems,  1822  ;  in  Om-w,  acting  for  the  revolu- 
tionary committee,  1824;  army  officer,  1825-9;  attache 
at  Berlin,  1827,  Vienna,  1829,  and  the  Hayue,  1H30  ;  in 


BUNBURY 


167 


BURCHELL 


during  the  revolution,  1830:  M.P.  for  Wilton,  BUNTING,    WILLIAM    MAOLARDIE  (1805-1866), 

183U,  for  Coventry,  1831,  and  for  Murylebone,  1«35  ;  chaivc      \\V~lr\  ;IH  ;  eldest  son  of  Jabez  Bunting  [q.  v.]  ;  minister 


d'alTain--  nt  I;I-U-"M-IS,  1835;  secretary  of  embassy  at  Con- 
stantinople, 1H37;  charge  d'affaires  at  1'uris,  ln:»9  ;  iim- 
biKsa-lor  at  .Ma.lri.l,  1H43-8;  K.O.B.,  1848;  ambassador  I 
at  Washington,  1849 ;  concluded  the  Bolwer-Glajtop 
treaty:  minister  at  Florence,  1«52  ;  commissioner  in  the 
Daniibian  principalities,  185G  ;  ambassador  at  Constanti- 
nople, Ifvvs-iio  ;  M.I',  for  Tamworth,  1868  ;  created  Baron 
Dulling  and  Bulwer,  1871 ;  published  historical  works. 

BUNBURY,    Sm    HKNllY    EDWARD    (1778-1860), 
seventh  baronet  (succeeded,  1820),  of  Mildenhall,  Suffolk, 
soldier  and  historian :  son    of    Henry   William    Bunbury 
fa.  Y.I;  fdiicat.-d  at  Westminster;  served  in   the  army, 
17U5-lH»m:  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Maida, 
1806;  undersecretary  of  state  for  war,  1809-16 ;  major-  i 
urt-ni-ral  and  K.C.B.,  1H15;  conveyed  to  Napoleon  sentence 
of  deixjrtntion  to  St.  Helena,  1815  ;  M.P.  for  Suffolk,  1830  ;  j 
a  pioneer  of  the  volunteer  movement,  1859  ;  author  of  j 
military  narratives.  [vii.  265] 

BUNBURY,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1750-1811),  artist 
and  caricaturist ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  St. 
Catharine'. -I  Hall,  Cambridge;  travelled  in  France  and 
Italy  before  1771  :  chiefly  drew  in  pencil  and  chalk,  and 
had"  his  designs  reproduced  by  engravers :  executed 
numerous  drawings,  especially  burlesque.  [vii.  267) 

BUNDY,  RICHARD  (d.  1739),  divine  ;  B.A.  Oxford* 
1713  :  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  George  II;  D.D.  Lambeth* 
vicur  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street,  and  prebendary  of  West- 
minster, 1732-3 ;  published  sermons  and  translations. 

[vii.  268] 

BUNGAY,  THOMAS  (fl,  1290),  Franciscan  ;  studied 
at  Paris ;  divinity  lecturer  of  his  order  in  Oxford  and 
Cambridge;  provincial  minister  in  England;  vulgarly 
accounted  a  magician.  [vii.  268] 

BUNN,  ALFRED  (1796  ?-1860),  theatrical  manager  ; 
nicknamed  '  Poet  Bunn ' ;  stage-manager  of  Drury  Lane, 
1823 ;  manager  of  Birmingham  Theatre,  1 826  ;  manager 
of  Drury  Lane  and  Covent  Garden  theatres,  1 833-48 ; 
brought  out  English  operas  ;  published  verses. 

[vii.  269] 

BUNN,  MARGARET  AGNES  (1799-1883),  actress  ; 
nte  Somerville;  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1816,  at 
Covent  Garden,  1818 ;  married  Alfred  Bunn  [q.  v.],  1819  ; 
acted  at  Drury  Lane,  1823 ;  retired  while  still  young. 

[vii.  269] 

SUNNING,  JAMES  BUNSTONE  (1802-1863),  archi- 
tect ;  entered  his  father's  office,  1815 ;  surveyor  to  several 
public  bodies  and  companies,  1825  onwards  ;  architect  to 
the  city  of  London,  1843-1863.  [vii.  270] 

BUNNY,  EDMUND  (1540-1619),  theological  writer: 
B.A.  and  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1560  ;  en- 
tered Gray's  Inn,  1561 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1564 ; 
fellow  of  Merton,  1565 :  B.D.,  1570 ;  chaplain  to  Arch- 
bishop Grindal,  1570:  sub-dean  of  York,  1570-9  ;  preben- 
dary of  York,  1576 ;  rector  of  Bolton  Percy,  Yorkshire, 
1575-1600 ,  prebendary  of  Carlisle,  1585 ;  travelled  over 
England,  preaching ;  wrote  doctrinal  and  devotional 
tracts.  [vii.  271] 

BUNNY,  FRANCIS  (1543-1617),  theological  writer; 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1561-72 ;  M.A.,  1567 ; 
prebendary  of  Durham,  1572 ;  archdeacon  of  Northum- 
berland, 1573-8;  rector  of  Ryton,  Durham,  1578  till 
death  ;  author  of  devotional  tracts.  [vii.  272] 

BUNSEN,  FRANCES  (1791-1876),  nte  Waddington : 
Welsh  heiress ;  married  at  Rome,  1817,  Baron  Christian 
Bunsen  (German  ambassador,  1841-54) ;  at  Carlsruhe, 
1855-76 ;  published  '  Memoir  of  Baron  Buusen,'  1868. 

[vii.  272] 

BUNTING.  EDWARD  (1773-1843),  musician;  or- 
ganist and  music-teacher  in  Belfast,  1784;  travelled  in 
Ireland,  collecting  old  Irish  airs,  1792;  published  two 
series  of  these,  1796  and  1809;  settled  in  Dublin,  1819; 
published  a  third  collection,  1840.  >  [vii.  273] 

BUNTING,  JABEZ  (1779-1858),  Wesleyan  methodist ; 
studied  medicine,  c.  1793;  admitted  a  Wesleyan  minister, 
1799  ;  served  at  many  centres  ;  stationed  at  headquarters 
in  London,  1833 :  president  of  the  theological  institute, 
1835;  organised  the  connexion,  and  completed  its  seve- 
rance from  the  Anglican  church  ;  published  sermons. 

[vii.  273] 


at  various  centres,  1828-49 ;  published  sermons  and 
hymns.  [viL  275] 

BUNYAN,  JOHN  (1028-1688),  author  of  'Pilgrim's 
Progress ' ;  son  of  Thomas  Bunyan  (rf.  1676),  tinsmith,  of 
Klstow,  near  Bedford  ;  learned  reading  and  writing  ;  was 
early  set  to  his  father's  trade  ;  lost  his  mother,  June  1644  ; 
enlisted  that  year,  in  anger  at  his  father's  re- marriage, 
possibly  in  the  parliamentary  forces  (stationed  at  Newport 
Pagnel,  1644-6) ;  deeply  moved  by  the  death  of  a  comrade, 
shot  while  serving  in  his  place  ;  profited  by  two  devotional 
books  belonging  to  his  wife ;  gave  up  amusements  and  a 
bad  habit  of  swearing  :  read  the  bible  narratives ;  attended 
church  services ;  overheard  a  religious  conversation  of 
certain  poor  women  in  Bedford,  and  in  1653  joined  their 
society,  which  then  met  in  St.  John's  Church,  under  '  Mr. 
Gifford '  (rf.  c.  1656),  an  ex-royalist  officer ;  removed  from 
Klstow  to  Bedford,  1655  ;  chosen  deacon  in  his  church  : 
began  to  preach  ;  lost  his  wife,  c.  1656,  and  was  left  with 
four  young  children,  one  of  them  blind;  his  first  pub- 
lications 'Some  Gospel  Truths  opened,'  1656,  and  'A 
Vindication'  of  it,  1657,  both  directed  against  the 
quakers ;  being  set  apart  as  a  preacher,  1657,  preached 
throughout  the  district,  still  working  at  his  craft;  in- 
dicted at  the  assizes  in  consequence  of  the  opposition  of 
the  settled  presbyterian  clergy,  1658 ;  married,  c.  1659, 
his  second  wife.  Elizabeth  (d,  1691)  ;  arrested  for  preach- 
ing, 12  Nov.  1660,  and  imprisoned,  the  laws  against  un- 
licensed preaching  being  rigorously  enforced ;  allowed  out 
of  prison,  pending  trial,  to  preach  at  his  meeting-house  ; 
sentenced  to  a  short  term  of  imprisonment  at  the  Bedford 
assizes,  January  1661,  but,  refusing  to  discontinue  public 
preaching,  was  kept  in  prison  (with  an  interval  of  a  few 
weeks  in  1666)  till  the  spring  of  1672,  when  he  was  released 
I  by  Charles  Il's  Declaration  of  Indulgence ;  aUowed  much 
I  freedom  in  prison,  making  tagged  laces  for  a  li ving,  preach- 
'  ing  to  the  prisoners,  and  writing  numerous  pieces,  prose 
and  verse.  He  is  supposed  to  have  undergone  a  short  impri- 
sonment in  1675,  and  to  have  then  written  his  'Pilgrim's 
Progress,'  published  in  1678.  Otherwise  he  was  un- 
molested, and  from  1672  till  death  preached  in  many 
places,  especially  in  London,  and  wrote  largely.  He  was 
buried  in  Buuhill  Fields,  London.  His  collected  works 
were  published  in  1736.  [vii.  275] 

BURBAGE,  JAMES  (rf.  1597),  actor ;  a  joiner  by 
trade ;  one  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester's  players,  1574 ; 
leased  land  in  Finsbury  Fields  (1576),  on  which  he  erected, 
of  wood,  the  first  building  in  England  specially  intended 
for  plays  ;  acquired  a  house  in  Blackfriars,  and  converted 
it  into  '  Blackfriars  Theatre,'  1596  ;  Uved  in  Holywell 

I  Street,  Shoreditch,  1576-97.  The  first  English  playhouse 
is  mentioned  in  an  order  of  council,  August  1577,  and 
was  known  as  '  The  Theatre ' ;  the  fabric  was  removed, 
c.  December  1598,  to  the  Baukside  and  set  up  as  the 
Globe  Theatre.  [vii.  284] 

BURBAGE,  RICHARD  (1567  ?-l619),  actor ;  son  of 

!  James  Burbage  [q.  v.],  from  whom  he  inherited  a  share  in 
Blackf  riars  Theatre,  and  an  interest  in  the  Globe  Theatre 
(burnt  down  1613);  acted  as  a  boy  at  the  theatre  in 
Shoreditch ;  was  an  actor  of  repute  by  1588 ;  an  actor 

'  of  chief  parts,  1595-1618,  in  plays  by  Shakespeare,  Ben 
Jonson,  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  :  excelled  in  tragedy  ; 

;  Uved  in  Holywell  Street,  Shoreditch,  1603-19 ;  known 
also  as  a  painter  in  oil-colours.  [vii.  285] 

BURCH,   EDWARD  (ft.   1771),  artist;   art-student, 
I  1769;  R.A.,  1771 ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1771-1808; 
miniature-painter  ;  librarian  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1780. 

[vii.  289] 

BURCHARD,  SAINT  (rf.  754),  first  bishop  of  Wlirz- 
i  burg:  reputed  of  English  origin  ;  evangelised  the  district 
:  of   the  Main ;    consecrated  bishop  of    Wiirzburg,  741 ; 
resigned,  751 ;'    retired  to    a    monastery  at    Homburg ; 
canonised,  984  ;   some  manuscript  sermons  ascribed  to 
him.  [vii.  289] 

BURCHELL,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1782  ?-1863),  explorer 
and  naturalist ;  botanist  at  St.  Helena,  1805-10;  studied 
Cape-Dutch  at  Cape  Town,  1810 ;  travelled  extensively  in 
South  Africa,  1811-15,  making  scientific  observations, 
and  collecting  natural  history  specimens:  published 
account  of  his  travels,  1822 :  at  Lisbon,  1825 ;  at  Rio 
Janeiro,  1825-6 ;  travelled  in  the  Brazilian  forests,  1826-9, 
collecting  plants  and  insects ;  hon.  D-O.L.  Oxford,  1834. 
Botanical  manuscripts  by  him  are  at  Kew.  [vii.  390] 


BURCHETT 


168 


BURGESS 


BURCHETT.  ,l»SI.\H  (IGfiG? -1746),  secretary  of  the 
admiralty:  clerk  to  Samuel  IVpys,  Itisn  7:  secretary  to 
AdBdnlBdwmrd  Hu.wll.  16»4,and  perhaps  curlier  ;  jo'int- 
aeoretary,  1695,  anil  sole  secretary,  1G9S-1742,  of  the 
admiralty  :  M.P.  for  Sandwich,  1703-13,  1721-41  ;  pub- 
li.-hwi  a  iiaval  history,  1720.  [vii.  291] 

BURCHETT,  RICHARD  (1815-1875),  historical 
painter;  student  at  the  School  of  Design  at  Somerset 
Hou~e,  1HJ1  ;  headed  agitation  against  the  manage- 
ment: assistant-master,  and,  1851,  head-master  of  the  art 
school.  South  Kensington ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy, 
1847-73 ;  published  treatises  on  drawing.  [vii.  292] 

BURCKSARDT,  JOHN  LEWIS  (1784-1817),  traveller 
in  the  East ;  educated  at  Leipzig,  1800,  and  Gbttingen, 
1804 ;  came  to  England,  1806  ;  studied  Arabic  at  Cam- 
bridge and  Malta,  1809 :  travelled,  disguised  as  a  Mo- 
hammedan trader  of  Hindustan,  from  the  coast  to 
Aleppo;  resided  at  Aleppo  two  years,  studying  Arabic 
and  Mohammedan  law  ;  made  a  tour  to  Palmyra,  Damas- 
cos,  Baalbek,  1810:  journeyed  through  Palestine  and 
Arabia  to  Egypt,  1812  ;  travelled  along  the  Nile  above 
Assouan,  1813  ;  journeyed  through  Abyssinia  to  Suakim, 
1814  :  crossed  to  Jeddah :  went,  in  the  train  of  the 
viceroy  of  Egypt,  to  Mekka  and  Medina,  1815  :  journeyed 
to  Suez  and  Sinai,  1816 ;  died  at  Cairo ;  published  travels. 

[vii.  292] 

BURDER,  GEORGE  (1752-1832),  eongrejjrationalist 
theologian;  engraver,  1778:  took  to  preaching,  1776; 
pastor  at  Lancaster,  17  78 ;  travelling  preacher  in  England 
and  Wales ;  pastor  at  Coventry,  1784 :  pastor  of  the 
Fetter  Lane,  London,  congregation,  1803-32 ;  secretary 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  1803-27 ;  a  founder  of 
the  London  Missionary  Society,  1795,  of  the  Religious 
Tract  Society,  1799,  and  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society,  1804  ;  edited  devotional  books.  [vii.  294] 

BUILDER,  HENRY  FORSTER  (1783-1864),  congre- 
gationalist ;  eldest  son  of  George  Burder  [q.  v.]  ;  a  mer- 
chant's clerk  ;  studied  at  Hoxton  Academy  and  Glasgow 
University ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1807  ;  professor  of  philosophy 
and  mathematics,  Hoxton  College,  1810-30;  pastor  in 
Hackney,  1814-52;  published  sermons  and  devotional 
books ;  D.D.  Glasgow.  [vii.  295] 

BURDER,  SAMUEL  (1773-1837),  divine;  congrega- 
tional minister  at  St.  Albans ;  ordained  in  the  Anglican 
church,  c.  1809 ;  preacher  in  various  London  churches ; 
published  theological  works.  [vii.  296] 


sician 

1815 

bridge  Wells.  [vii.  296] 

BURDETT,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1770-1844),  politician; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Oxford ;  travelled  on  the 
continent;  was  in  Paris  during  the  early  part  of  the 
French  revolution:  returned  to  England  and  married 
Sophia  Ooutts,  1798;  M.P.  for  Boroughbridge,  1796; 
advocated  parliamentary  reform,  and  denounced  the  war 
with  France ;  suffered  heavy  expenses  over  the  disputed 
election  for  Middlesex,  1802-6;  M.P.  for  Westminster, 
1807-37 ;  denounced  flogging  in  the  army  and  corruption 
in  parliament ;  imprisoned  on  political  charges,  1810,  and 
again,  1820;  after  Reform  Bill  inclined  to  the  conser- 
vatives ;  conservative  M.P.  for  North  Wilts,  1837-44. 

[vii.  296] 

BURDON,  WILLIAM  (1764-1818),  miscellaneous 
writer;  wealthy  coal-owner;  educated  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1788-96  : 
M.A.,  1788;  lived  near  Morpeth;  published  political 
pamphlets.  [vii.  299] 

BURDY,  SAMUEL  (1760?-1820),  historian;  B.A. 
Trinity  College.  Dublin,  1781 ;  curate  of  Ardglass,  1783, 
and  incumbent  of  Kilclief,  co.  Down,  c.  1800-20 ;  published 
1  History  of  Ireland,'  memoirs,  and  poem*,  [vii.  899] 

BURELL,  JOHN  (fl.  1690).    [See  BDRREL.] 

BURFORD,  first  EARL  OF  (1670-1726).  [See  BEAU- 
CLERK,  CHARLES.] 

BURFORD,  ROBERT  (1791-1861),  artist:  exhibited 
panoramas  in  Leicester  Square,  praised  by  Ruskin ; 
exhibited  at  the  Academy  from  1812.  [vii.  300] 

BURFORD,  THOMAS  (/I.  1740-1766),  mezzotint 
engraver,  chiefly  of  portrait-.  [vii.  301] 


BURGES  or  BURGESS,  CORNELIUS  (1589  ?-1665), 
puritan  divine;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1615; 
M.A.  Lincoln  College,  1618;  D.D.,  1627;  rector  of  St. 
Magnus,  London  Bridge,  1626-41 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary 
to  Charles  I,  e.  1626  :  brought  before  the  court  of  high 
commission,  1636,  for  charging  the  bishops  with  favouring 
Arminianism  and  Romanism ;  conveyed  to  Charles  I  at 
York  the  petition  of  the  London  clergy  against  'the 
etcetera  oath,'  1640 ;  of  great  influence  with  the  House 
of  Commons  ;  put  forward  as  spokesman  of  the  proposal 
to  suppress  cathedrals,  1641 ;  chaplain  to  Essex's  regi- 
ment of  horse,  1642  :  a  vice-president  of  the  Westminster 
assembly,  1643  ;  opposed  imposition  of  'covenant,'  1648  ; 
lecturer  at  St.  Paul's  and  resident  in  the  deanery,  1644  ; 
agitated  against  the  execution  of  Charles  1, 1649  ;  preacher 
at  Wells  Cathedral,  1650-60;  bought  the  deanery  and 
part  of  the  cathedral  estates  ;  ruined  by  their  forfeiture, 
1660 ;  sold  his  library ;  published  sermons  and  contro- 
versial tracts.  [vii.  301] 

BURGES,  GEORGE  (17867-1864),  classical  scholar; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1810 ;  long  a  private  tutor  in  Cambridge ;  attacked 
Blomfleld  in  Valpy's  'Classical  Journal';  published 
classical  texts  and  translations,  including  'Greek  An- 
thology '  for  Bohn's  classical  library.  [vii.  304] 

BURGES,  SIR  JAMES  BLAND  (1752-1824),  poli- 
tician ;  known  as  Sm  JAMES  LAMB  after  1821,  by  royal 
license  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  University  College, 
Oxford ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1773 ;  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1777;  commissioner  in  bankruptcy,  1777; 
M.P.  for  Helston,  Cornwall,  1787-90  :  supported  Warren 
Hastings  when  impeached  ;  advocated  abolition  of  slavery 
and  amelioration  of  conditions  of  imprisonment  for 
debt ;  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1789-95 ;  created 
baronet,  1795 ;  wrote  poems,  plays,  and  epigrams. 

[vii.  305] 

BURGES,  JOHN  (1745-1807),  physician ;  educated  at 
Westminster;  M.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1774;  phy- 
sician to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  1 774-87  ;  made 
collections  for  '  Materia  Medica.'  [vii.  306] 

BURGES,  MARY  ANNE  (1763-1813),  authoress, 
linguist,  and  naturalist.  [vii.  307] 

BURGES,  WILLIAM  (1827-1881),  architect ;  trained 
by  Edward  Blore  [q.  v.],  1844,  and  Digby  Wyatt,  1849 ; 
studied  mediaeval  architecture  on  the  continent ;  em- 
ployed, 1856  onwards,  in  important  buildings  and  restora- 
tions ;  designed  Brisbane  Cathedral,  1859,  and  Cork  Cathe- 
dral, 1862 ;  restored  Cardiff  Castle,  1865 ;  wrote  archi- 
tectural papers.  [vii.  307] 

BURGESS,  ANTHONY  (/.  1662),  nonconformist; 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  fellow  of 
Emmanuel  College;  chaplain  to  the  parliamentary  gar- 
rison, Coventry  ;  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  ; 
rector  of  Sutton  Ooldfield,  Warwickshire  ;  ejected,  1662  ; 
author  of  sermons  and  doctrinal  treatises.  [vii.  308] 

BURGESS,  DANIEL  (1645-1713),  nonconformist: 
educated  at  Westminster  ;  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
1660  :  acted  as  domestic  chaplain  to  nonconformist  gentry ; 
master  of  Oharleville  school,  co.  Cork ;  ordained  by  the 
presbytery  of  Dublin  ;  imprisoned  at  Marlborough  for 
preaching,  1674;  pastor  to  a  congregation  in  London, 
1685-1713  ;  his  meeting-house  sacked  by  the  Sacheverell 
mob,  1710  ;  published  sermons  and  devotional  pieces. 

BURGESS,  DANIEL  (rf.  1747),  secretary  to^Princess 
Sophia,  1714,  at  Hanover,  and  afterwards  to  the  Princess 
of  Wales  ;  son  of  Daniel  Burgess  (1645-1713)  [q.  v.]  ;  in 
the  government  service,  1702  ;  obtained  the  government 
grant  (regium  donum)  for  English  dissenting  ministers, 
!723.  [vii.  309] 

BURGESS,  HENRY  (1808-1886),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Stepney  dissenting  college;  nonconformist  minister; 
ordained  in  the  Anglican  church,  1850 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow, 
1851  ;  Ph.D.  Gbttingen,  1862 ;  incumbent  of  Clifton 
Reynes,  Buckinghamshire,  1854-61  ;  vicar  of  Whittlesea 
Cambridgeshire,  1861-86 ;  published  essays  and  trans- 
lations from  the  Syriac.  [vii.  309] 

BURGESS,  JOHN  (1563-1635),  puritan;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1586 ;  rector  of  St.  Peter  Hun- 
gat*,  Norwich,  1590 ;  resigned  in  consequence  of  the 
surplice  question,  e.  1591  ;  beneflced  in  Lincoln  diocese, 
c.  1596 ;  imprisoned  for  sermon  preached  at  Greenwich 


BURGESS 


109 


BURGH 


before  James  I,  1604 ;  led  the  opposition  to  the  1603 
i-jfcted  from  his  benefice ;  retired  to  Legrdea, 
win-re  be  studied  medtotoe  and  graduated  MJ). ;  ineor- 
ix>rat(tl  M.D.  at  Cambridge ;  returned  to  England,  c.  1612 ; 
forbidden  to  practi-i-  in  London;  practised  medicine  at 
|-l,"A(irth,  Middl.-se\:  preacher  at  Bishop-.ratr  :  rector  of 
Sut ton  Coldtirld,  Warwick,  1617-35;  chaplain  to  Sir 
Horatio  Ven  al.mud.  lU'J'i :  prebendary  of  Lichneld,  1C25  ; 
published  controversial  tnicts.  [vii.  310] 

BURGESS,  JOHN*  (rt.  1671),  nonconformist;  intruded 
rector  of  Asliprinirton,  Devonshire;  ejected,  1662  ;  retired 
to  Dartmouth ;  afterwards  pastor  at  Hackney ;  kept  a 
boaniintf-scliool  at  Islington.  [vii.  312] 

BURGESS,  JOHN  BAGNOLD  (1829-1897),  painter; 
grandson  of  William  Burgess  (1749  ?-1812)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  I  toy al  Academy  ;  exhibited  at  Academy  first  in  1860, 
and  regularly,  1852-97  ;  visited  Spain,  1858,  and  after,  the 
majority  of  his  pictures  being  studies  of  Spanish  life  and 
character  ;  R.A.,  1889.  [Suppl.  i.  333] 

BURGESS,  JOHN  OART  (1798-1863),  painter  of 
tlmv.Ts  in  water-colours  ;  teacher  of  painting ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1812 ;  published  treatises  on 
painting  and  perspective.  [vii.  312] 

BURGESS,  JOSEPH  TOM  (1828-1886),  antiquary; 
wood  enirraver  at  Northampton,  c.  1844  ;  went  with  Dr. 
David  Alfred  Doudney  [q.  v.]  to  Ireland,  and  became 
editor  of  '  Clare  Journal ' ;  edited  various  local  newspapers 
in  England  and  published  miscellaneous  works,  including 
4  Historic  Warwickshire,'  1876.  [Suppl.  i.  336] 

BURGESS,  RICHARD  (1796-1881),  divine;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  priest,  1823  :  Anglican  chap- 
lain at  Geneva,  1828,  and  Rome,  1831  ;  rector  of  Upper 
Chrl-ta,  1836-61  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1850;  rector 
of  Horniugsheath,  Suffolk,  1869.  [vii.  312] 

BURGESS,  THOMAS  ( ft.  1786),  historical  painter; 
exhibited  in  London,  1766  ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy, 
1778-86  ;  taught  drawing  in  London.  [vii.  313] 

BURGESS,  THOMAS  (17847-1807),  painter;  son  of 
William  Burgess  (1749  ?-1812)  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Academy,  1802-6.  [vii.  313] 

BURGESS,  THOMAS  (1756-1837),  bishop  of  St.  David's 
and  Salisbury ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Corpus  Ohriati 
College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1778  ;  fellow,  1783 ;  resided  in 
Oxford  till  1791 ;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1794 ;  rector  of 
Winston,  Durham,  1795  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1803  ; 
worked  hard  for  his  diocese  :  founded  St.  David's  College, 
Lampeter,  for  education  of  Welsh  clergy,  1822 ;  translated 
to  Salisbury,  1825 ;  author  of  charges,  sermons,  and 
pamphlets  ;  D.D.  [vii.  313] 

BURGESS,  THOMAS  (1791-1854),  catholic  prelate : 
educated  at  Ampleforth  ;  Benedictine  monk,  1807  ;  secular 
priest,  1830 ;  priest  of  Portland  Chapel,  Bath,  1832  ;  bishop 
of  Clifton,  1851 ;  D.D.  [vii.  314] 

BURGESS,  WILLIAM  (U49  ?-1812),  painter  ;  son  of 
Thomas  Burgess  (fl.  1786)  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  In  London, 
1769  ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1774-99 ;  teacher  of 
drawing.  [vii.  314] 

BURGESS,  WILLIAM  (1755  7-1813),  engraver  ;  issued 
prints  of  Lincolnshire  churches  ;  baptist  minister  at  Fleet, 
Lincolnshire.  [vii.  315] 

BURGESS,  WILLIAM  OAKLEY  (1818-1844),  mezzo- 
tint engraver ;  pupil  of  Thomas  Goff  Lupton  ;  engraved 
pictures  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence.  [vii.  315] 

BURGH,  BENEDICT  (/.  1472),  translator  of  Gate's 
precepts,  printed  by  Caxton,  1483  ;  rector  of  Sandon, 
BMOA,  1440 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1472.  [vii.  315] 

BURGH,  HUBERT  DK  (d.  1243),  chief  justiciar  ;  of 
Norinan-Irish  birth  ;  employed  by  Richard  I ;  envoy  from 
Kiiitf  John  to  Portugal,  1200  ;  chamberlain  to  King  John, 

1201  ;  perhaps  gaoler  of  John's  nephew,  Arthur,  at  Falaise, 

1202  ;  envoy  to  Philip  of  France,  1203  ;  defended  Chinon, 
1204  ;  seneschal  of  Niort  and  Poitou,  1214  ;  named  a  con- 
servator of  Magna  Charta,  and  appointed  justiciar,  1215  ; 
defended  Dover  Castle  against  French,  1216  ;  continued 
in  the  jnsticiarship    after  John's  death  ;  destroyed  the 
French  fleet  off  North  Foreland,  August,  1217  ;  head  of 
the  national  party  against  the  foreigners  and  the  bishop 
of  Winchester,  1219;  married  (his  fourth  wife)  Mareraret, 
sister  of  Alexander  II  of  Scotland,  1221  ;  demanded  the 


surrender  of  the  royal  castles  held  by  nobles,  1221 ;  de- 
feated the  nobles' plot  to  seize  the  king,  1223;  advist-l 
Henry  III  to  declare  himself  of  full  age  and  banish  the 
bishop  of  Winchester,  1227  ;  create!  Karl  of  Kent,  1227  ; 
violently  attacked  by  Henry  III  in  consequence  of  the 
lack  of  money  in  the  treasury,  1229  ;  deprived  of  power  by 
combination  of  the  church,  the  nobles,  and  the  Londoners, 
1231  ;  granted  justiciarship  of  Ireland,  June  1232  ;  dis- 
missed from  office,  July  1232,  and  accused  of  many  crimes ; 
imprisoned  in  the  tower,  1232,  and  In  Devizes  Castle, 
February  1233  ;  escaped  to  Chepstow,  November  1233,  to 
Richard,  carl  of  Pembroke;  his  outlawry  reversed  and 
earldom  restored,  1234  ;  reconciled  to  the  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 1237  ;  acquitted  after  a  renewal  of  the  old  charges, 
1239.  [vii.  315] 

BURGH,  JAMES  (1714-1775),  political  writer ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrews  ;  press  corrector,  afterwards  usher, 
in  London  ;  kept  private  school  at  Stoke  Newington, 
1747-71 ;  author  of  •  Political  Disquisitions,'  1774-6,  and 
pamphlets.  [vii.  322] 

BURGH,  SIR  JOHN  (1562-1594),  military  and  naval 
commander ;  took  troops  from  Lincolnshire  to  serve  in 
Netherlands,  1585  ;  knighted ;  governor  of  Doesburg ; 
governor  of  the  Briel,  1588  ;  commanded  one  of  the  English 
regiments  which  helped  Henry  IV  of  France,  1589-90 : 
knighted  on  the  field  at  Ivry,  1590  ;  commanded  the 
squadron  which  captured  the  great  Spanish  treasure-ship 
off  the  Azores,  1592;  killed  in  a  duel  respecting  the 
plunder.  [viL  322] 

BURGH,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1243),  Irish  settler ;  dis- 
possessed by  King  John  of  his  lauds  in  Connaught ;  pil- 
grim to  Compostella,  1222  ;  restored  by  Henry  III,  1222  ; 
fought  against  Aedh  O'Conor  of  Connaught,  1230 ;  invaded 
the  Irish  estates  of  Richard,  the  earl  marshal,  and  con- 
tributed to  his  death,  1234 ;  sailed  to  join  Henry  III  in 
France  ;  died  in  France.  [viL  323] 

BURGH,  RICHARD  DK,  second  EARL  OP  ULSTER 
and  fourth  EARL  OF  OONXAUOHT  (1259  ?-1326),  eldest 
son  of  Walter  de  Burgh,  earl  of  Ulster  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded 

|  to  earldom,  1271 ;  made  war  on  his  late  guardian,  1282 ; 

i  ravaged  Oonuaught,  1286  ;  deposed  Brian  O'Neill  and  made 
Niall  Culauach  O'Neill,  king  of  Ireland,  1286  ;  ceded  Isle 
of  Man  to  Edward  1, 1290 :  conquered  Magnus  O'Oonor  of 
Connaught,  1292 ;  summoned  by  Edward  to  serve  in 
France,  1294 ;  imprisoned  by  Fitzgerald,  his  feudal  enemy, 
1294-5  ;  made  Aedh  O'Conor  chief  in  Oonnaughfv,  1296 ; 
joined  Edward  I  in  Scotland,  1296 ;  summoned  to  serve  in 

|  France,  1297 ;  served  in  Scotland,  1304  ;  built  Sligo  Castle, 

j  1310  ;  at  war  with  other  Irish  nobles,  1311 ;  made  Felim. 
O'Conor  chief  in  Counaught,  1315  ;  fought  against  Edward 
Bruce,  1315  ;  imprisoned  at  Dublin,  1317,  in  order  that  he 
might  not  join  his  son-in-law,  Robert  Bruce ;  frequently 
summoned  to  serve  with  Edward  II  in  Scotland  till  1322. 


[vii.  324] 
MAROJ 


BURGH,  ULIOK  DE,  fifth  EARL  and  MARQUIS  op 
CLAXRICARDE  (1604-1657),  succeeded  to  earldom,  1635 ; 
served  with  Charles  I  against  Scots,  1639  ;  of  suspected 
loyalty,  1641 ;  Charles  I's  commissioner  to  meet  the 
Irish  confederates,  1643;  commander  of  the  forces  in 
Connaught,  1644 ;  created  marquis,  1645  ;  tried  to  recon- 
cile the  Irish  to  Charles  I,  1646  ;  reduced  Galway,  1648; 
deputy  in  Ireland  for  Ormonde,  December  1650 :  dis- 
trusted by  the  Irish ;  capitulated  to  the  parliament,  1682. 

[vii.  325] 

BURGH,  SIR  ULYSSES  BAGENAL.  second  BARON 

DOWXKS    (1788-1863),  general ;   ensign,  1804 ;    captain, 

1806 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington  in  Peninsula,  1809-14 ; 

lieutenant-colonel,  1812;  K.C.B.,    1814;    colonel,    1826; 

I  succeeded  to  barony,  1826  ;  clerk  of  the  ordnance,  1828- 

!  1830  ;  general,  1864.  [vii.  327] 

BURGH,  WALTER  DE,  called  EARL  OP  ULSTER 
i  (d.  1271),  second  son  of  Richard  de  Burgh  (rf.  1243) 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  brother  in  the  estates,  1248 ; 
granted  possession,  1250 ;  came  of  age,  1253  ;  at  war  with 
the  Irish  of  Oonuaught,  1256-70  ;  at  war  with  Fitzgerald, 
1264-5.  [vii.  328] 

BURGH,  WALTER  HUSSEY  (1742-1783),  Irish 
lawyer  ;  known  as  Walter  Hussey  till  1762  ;  B.A.  Dublin, 
1762 ;  married,  1767  ;  Irish  barrister,  1769  ;  M.P.  in  the 
Irish  parliament  for  A  thy,  1769,  and  for  Dublin  Univer- 
sity, 1776 ;  prime  Serjeant,  1777 ;  advocated  free  trade ; 
opposed  the  union  ,  chief  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer, 
1782  ;  celebrated  orator.  [vii.  329] 


BURGH 


170 


BURKE 


BURGH,  WILLIAM  M:  (,/.  1204),  Anglo-Norman 
Imron  of  Ireland  :  from  liMO  harried  the  ('onnaiurlit 
Irish,  supporting  the  attempts  of  the  pretender,  Caihal 
Carrach,  to  dispossess  Cathal  Crobhdcrg  of  the  throne  of 
Couuaught.  [xix.  105] 

BURGH,  WILLIAM  DK,  sixth  LORD  OF  OONN AUGHT 
and  thinl  EARL  OP  ULSTKK  (1312-1332),  succeeded  as  a 
minor,  1326  ;  knighted,  ami  obtained  possession  of  his 
estates,  1328 :  at  war  with  the  O'Brians,  1328-30 ;  at- 
tended parliament  in  Dublin,  1329 ;  at  war  with  Fitz- 
gerald, 13IJO  :  imprisoned  :  iu  England,  1331  ;  at  war  with 
Sir  Walter  de  Burgh,  1332.  [vii.  331] 

BURGH,  WILLIAM  (1741-1808),  controversialist: 
an  Irish  landowner :  with  Walter  Huasey  Burgh  [q.  v.] 
M.P.  for  Athy,  1769-76;  advocated  abolition  of  slavery  : 
opposed  the  union ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1788  ;  wrote 
against  unitarianisin.  [vii.  331] 

BURGHALL,  EDWARD  (d.  1665),  puritan ;  school- 
master at  Bunbury,  Cheshire,  1632 ;  plundered  by  royalist 
troops,  1643 ;  intruded  vicar  of  Acton,  Cheshire,  1646-62 ; 
taught  school,  1663  ;  left  diary  in  manuscript  [vii.  332] 

BURGHERS,  MICHAEL  (1653  ?-l  727),  engraver; 
born  in  Amsterdam ;  settled  in  Oxford,  1673  ;  engraved 
for  the  university  press,  1676-1720;  engraver  to  the 
university,  1692 ;  principally  engraved  portraits. 

BURGHERSH,  BARON.    [See  FANE.] 

BURGHERSH.  BARTHOLOMEW,  BARON  BURO- 
HEKSH,  the  elder  (d.  1355),  succeeded  to  barony,  1310 : 
served  in  Scotland,  1317 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1321  ; 
constable  of  Dover  Castle  frequently  from  1327 ;  cham- 
berlain of  Edward  III  and  his  attendant  in  France  and 
Scotland;  envoy  to  Philip  of  France,  1329;  admiral  of 
Channel  fleet,  1337  ;  served  in  Qascony,  1349.  [vii.  333] 

BURGHERSH,  BARTHOLOMEW,  BARON  BURO- 
HKRSH,  the  younger  (d.  1369),  son  of  Bartholomew, 
baron  Burghersh,  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Flanders, 
1339,  in  Brittany,  1342-3,  at  Crecy,  1346,  at  Calais,  1347, 
in  Qasoony,  1349  ;  K.G.,  1350  ;  pilgrim  to  Palestine,  1354 ; 
succeeded  his  father,  1355 ;  served  in  France,  1355-6,  and 
1359-60 ;  commissioner  on  the  state  of  Ireland,  1362,  and 
to  Pope  Urban  V,  1366.  [vii.  334] 

BURGHERSH,  HENRY  (1292-1340),  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln ;  studied  abroad  ;  proposed  for  the  see  of  Winchester 
by  his  family,  1319;  intruded  into  the  see  of  Lincoln, 
1320;  his  temporalities  seized  by  Edward  II,  1322,  but 
restored,  1324  ?;  supported  Queen  Isabella,  1326  ;  com- 
missioner to  obtain  Edward  IPs  abdication,  1327 ;  lord 
treasurer,  1327 :  lord  chancellor,  1328-30 :  candidate  for 
see  of  Canterbury,  1328;  accompanied  Edward  III  to 
France,  1329 ;  baptised  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1330 ;  im- 
prisoned in  Tower,  1330:  lord  treasurer,  1334-7;  em- 
ployed by  Edward  III  in  Flanders,  1338,  in  the  southern 
counties,  1340,  and  again  in  Flanders,  1340,  where  he 
died.  [vii.  335] 

BURGHLEY,  BARONS.  [See  CECIL,  WILLIAM,  first 
BAHOX,  1620-1598;  CECIL,  THOMAS,  second  BARON, 
1542-1622.] 

BURGIS  EDWARD  (1673  ?-1747),  in  religion  AM- 
BROSE ;  Dominican  friar :  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  history. 

[vii.  338] 
BURGO,  DR.  (1710  ?-1776).    [See  BURKE,  THOMAS.] 

BURGON,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1813-1888),  dean  of 
Chiehester;  son  of  Thomas  Burgon  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at 
University  College,  London  ;  published 4  Life  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gresham,'  1839  ;  entered  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1841 ; 
fellow  of  Oriel,  1846  ;  M.A.,  1848  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Oxford,  1864  ;  Gresham  professor  of  divinity,  1867 ;  dean 
of  Chiehester,  1876  :  published '  Lives  of  Twelve  Good  Men,' 
1888,  sermons,  and  works  of  religious  controversy ;  •  a 
high  churchman  of  the  old  school.'  [SuppL  i.  335] 

BURGON,  THOMAS  (1787-1858),  Turkey  merchant 
and  member  of  court  of  assistants  of  Levant  Company  ; 
employed  in  coin  department  of  British  Museum,  1841. 


[SuppL  i.  336] 
J3-1870),  captain 


BURGOYNE,  HUGH  TALBOT  (183! 
royal  navy,  only  son  of  Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy,  1847 ;  gained  Victoria  cross  for  service  in 
Black  Sea,  1856  ;  drowned  in  the  turret-ship  Captain  off 
Cape  Finisterre.  [vii.  338] 


- 


BURGOYNE,  SIR  .JOHN  (1739-1785),  general, 
seventh  baronet  of  Sutton,  Bedfordshire;  entered  the 
army  when  young  :  rapidly  promoted  ;  raised  a  regiment 
of  light  dragoons  for  India,  1781  ;  served  in  India,  17S2- 
1785  ;  major-g»neral,  17S3.  [vii.  3:t'.i] 

BURGOYNE,  JOHN  (1722-1792),  dramatist  and 
general;  educated  at  Westminster;  lieutenant,  1741; 
eloped  with  Lady  Charlotte  Stanley,  daughter  of  the  Earl 
of  Derby,  1743;  captain,  c.  1743;  resided  in  France  to 
escape  his  creditors,  1749-55 ;  lieutenant-colonel.  L7WJJ 
raised  dragoon  regiment,  1759  ;  M.P.  for  Midhnrst,  1761  ; 
brigadier-general  in  Portugal,  1762 ;  govenior  of  Fort 
William,  1768-78  ;  M.P.  for  Preston,  1768  ;  major-genend 
1772;  attacked  Olive  in  parliament,  1773;  wrote  plays, 
1774-86  ;  served  in  New  England,  1775,  and  censured  his 
brother-officers  ;  second  in  command  in  Canada,  17  76,  and 
censured  his  superior  officer :  lieutenant-general,  1777 ; 
given  supreme  command  in  Canada,  but  capitulated  at 
Saratoga,  October  1777  ;  made  commander-in-chief  in  Ire- 
land by  the  whigs,  1782 ;  manager  of  the  impeachment 
of  Warren  Hastings  ;  wrote  plays,  including  the '  Heiress ' 
1786.  [vii.  340] 

BURGOYNE,  SIR  JOHN  FOX  (1782-1871),  engineer 
officer;  illegitimate  son  of  John  Burgoyne  (1722-1792) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Woolwich ;  entered  royal 
engineers,  1798;  served  in  Malta,  Sicily,  Egypt,  1800-7; 
engineer  in  Sir  John  Moore's  expedition,  1808-9  ;  engineer 
with  Wellington  throughout  the  Peninsular  war ;  engineer 
in  American  campaign,  1814-15;  commander  of  the 
engineers  in  France,  1815-18,  and  in  Portugal,  lH2f. ; 
chairman  of  public  works  board,  Ireland,  1831-45  ;  major- 
general  and  K.O.B.,  1838;  inspector-general  of  fortifica- 
tions, 1845-68  ;  lieutenant-general,  1850  ;  present  in  the 
Crimean  campaign,  1853-5  ;  general,  1855  ;  created 
baronet,  1856 ;  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London.  1865 ; 
field-marshal,  1868.  [vii/342] 

BURGOYNE,  MONTAGU  (1750-1836),  politician; 
educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  held  sinecure  office 
in  the  exchequer ;  published  pamphlets.  [vii.  344] 

BURGOYNE,  SIR  MONTAGUE  ROGER  (d.  1817), 
eighth  baronet  of  Sutton,  Bedfordshire  ;  eldest  son  of  Sir 
John  Burgoyne  [q.  v.]  ;  comet  Scots  Greys,  1789 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel 32ud  light  dragoons,  1795 ;  major-generaL 
1810.  [vii.  339] 

BURGSTED,    WALTER  DE  (fl.  1257).    [See  BER- 

STEDE.] 

BURGUNDY,  DUCHESS  OF  (1446-1503).    [See  MAR- 

GARKT.] 

BURHILL  or  BURGHILL,  ROBERT  (1572-1641), 
divine ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1585 ; 
M.A.,  1594 ;  D.D.,  1632 ;  rector  of  Northwold,  Norfolk, 
and  of  Snail  well  Cambridgeshire,  and  prebendary  of 
Hereford,  1604 ;  assisted  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  in  his  '  His- 
tory of  the  World ' ;  wrote  works  on  controversial  divinity. 

[vii.  344] 

BURHRED  or  BURGRJED  (reigned  852-874),  king 
of  Mercia  ;  succeeded  Beorhtwulf  [q.  v.]  ;  subdued  the 
revolt  of  North  Wales  and  Anglesey,  by  help  of  JEthel- 
wulf  of  the  West-Saxons,  863 ;  married  ^Ethelswyth, 
JEthelwulfs  daughter,  854 ;  solicited  West-Saxon  help 
against  the  Danes,  868;  vainly  besieged  the  Danes  in 
Nottingham ;  accepted  Danish  supremacy :  received  the 
expelled  Northumbrian  king,  872  ;  conquered  by  the  Danes, 
874  ;  fled  to  Rome,  and  died  there.  [vii.  344] 

BURKE,  EDMUND  (1729-1797),  statesman;  second 
son  of  Richard  Burke,  attorney,  of  Dublin  ;  brought  up 
as  a  protestant  by  his  father ;  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1743;  B.A.,  1748;  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
London,  1750 ;  troubled  by  weak  health :  travelled  in  the 
west  of  England  and  in  France ;  punished  for  neglect  of 
his  legal  studies  by  discontinuance  of  the  allowance  from 
his  father,  1755 ;  first  published  works,  '  Vindication  of 
Natural  Society,'  and  'On  the  Sublime  and  Beautiful,' 
1756 ;  married  a  catholic,  who  afterwards  turned  pro- 
testant, Jane  Nugent,  daughter  of  his  physician,  1756, 
and  was  for  some  time  dependent  on  his  father-in-law ; 
unsuccessfully  applied  for  the  consulship  at  Madrid, 
1759;  started  the 'Annual  Register,'  1759,  and  contri- 
buted to  it  till  1788 ;  private  secretary  to  William  Gerard 
Hamilton,  1759-64,  accompanying  him  to  Ireland,  1761-2, 
and  again  1763-4 ;  resigned  a  pension  which  Hamilton 
had  obtained  for  him,  17G1 ;  private  secretary  to  tlia 
Marquis  of  Ttocktngham,  July  17G5,  who  from  time  to 


BURKE 


171 


BUKLEY 


time  helped  him  I  iy  advances  of  money  and  destroyed  his 
bond-  at  his  death;  inherited  a  small  Iri^h  estate  inim  a 
brother,  17G5,  which  he  sold  in  17'.to;  el.-etcd  M.P.  for 
NVendovcr,  1705-74,  through  the  intiueneeot'  Kalph.Mvond 
earl  \Yrney  ;  tin-t  spoke  in  parliameiit,  27  Jan.  1700,  on 
the  A-mericunrnttcstttm ;  ackuuwl.-di.-vu  .i.>  an.  orator  of  the 
•HSrcla^,  lint  out  of  touch  with  the  house  ;  visited 
Ireland,  ently  attacked  the  administration  of 

Chatham  and  Grafton,  especially  in  regard  to  their  deal- 
ing \sith  Ka-t  Indian.  1 7M,  and  American  questions,  1767; 
partieipated  in  the  stockjobbing  operations  of  a  brother, 
a  kinsman,  and  Lord  Vemey  ;  was  partly  involved  in 
their  ruin,  17C'J,  and  remainud  lor  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
continuous  financial  difficulties ;  bought  his  estate  at 
Bwiconsfield,  17U8,  before  the  crash  came;  vigorously  j 
attacked  the  foreign  and  domes  tic  policy  of  the  tory  govern- 
;  rn'.i ;  issued 'Thoughts  on  the  Present  Discontents,' 
23  April  1770,  accusing  the  government  of  strangling 
public  opinion  ;  carried  the  day  in  favour  of  giving  publi- 
city to  proceedings  in  parliament,  1771 ;  agent  for  New •"•--'- 


province^!771j_jdoleutly  assailed*" By  pamphleteers 
the"~IHTpression  that  he  was  author  of  the  *  Letters  of 
Juniu.-,'  1772;  voted  for  removal  of  disabilities  of  pro- 
U-stam  di~-i  nters  and  advocated  taxing  absentee  Irish 
landlords,  1773  ;  visited  Paris,  February-March  1773,  and 
returned  with  a  pronounced  aversion  to  French  demo- 
cracy ;  joined  by  Charles  James  Fox  in  his  violent  attacks 
on  North's  conduct  of  atl'airs,  1774-5 ;  M.P.  for  Bristol, 
1774-80,  on  the  invttattoit-ef  the  citizens,  who  afterwards 
took  oil'eiice  at  his  championship  of  Irish  trade  and 
catholic  emancipation ;  strongly  advocated  peace  with 

America,     1775-6;     ilplivftivd     his 


employing  Indians  uPllie  Amencauwar,  February  1778; 
helped  Admiral  Keppel  in  his  successful  de'fence  before  a 
court-martial,  1779;  advocated  economical  reform  in  the 
public  service  and  restrictions  on  the  slave-trade,  1780 ; 
became  M.P.  for  Maltou,  Yorkshire,  1781-94,  through 
Lord  Kockingham's  influence;  again  advocated  econo- 
mical reform,  and,  by  his  attacks  -ou-tlie-eeuduetofthe 
American  war,  fureeil  "North  to  resign,  1781-2 ;  kept  out 
of  the  cabinet  by  the  whips  on  their  coming  into  office,  i 
but  .made  paymaster  of  the  forces,  March-July  1782 ; 
grged  UUUUUniteal  ll'fnnn  ^  i  Ux_par tial  success,  and  the 
conferring  of  self-government  on  Ireland,  1782;  retired 
from  the  ministry  with  Fox,  July  1782 ;  acquiesced  in  the 
coalition  government  of  Fox  and  North  under  the  Duke 
of  Portland,  and  accepted  paymastership  of  the  forces, 
1783 ;  active  member  of  the  committee  which  investigated 
the  affairs  of  the  East  India  Company,  wrote  the  '  Ninth 
Report,'  on  the  trade  of  Bengal  and  the  system  pursued 
by  Warren  Hastings,  and  the  '  Eleventh  Report,'  on  the 
system  of  presents,  and  drafted  the  government's  East 
India  bill,  1783  ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1784 
and  1785  ;  personally  unpopular  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  continued  his  attack  on  Warren  Hastings,  1785  ; 
travelled  in  Scotland,  1785  ;  joined  by  Philip  Francis  in 
urging  the  impeachment  of  Hastings,  1786,  which  was 
accomplished,  10  May  1787  ;  opened  the  case  for  the  im- 
peachment in  Westminster  Hall,  February  1788;  again 
pushed  over  by  Fox  in  forming  a  cabinet,  1788  ;  joined 
Fox  in  upholding  right  of  Prince  of  Wales  to  regency, 
1788  ;  supported  Wilberforce  in  advocating  abolition  of 
the  slave-trade,  1788-9  ;  spoke  in  parliament  against  the 
French  democracy,  February  1790,  and  issued  his  '  Reflec- 
tions on  the  French  Revolution,'  November  1790 ; 
estranged  in  consequence  from  Fox  and  Sheridan ;  pre- 
vailed on  the  new  parliament  to  continue  the  impeach- 
ment of  Hastings,  1790 :  LL.D.  Dublin,  1791  ;  finally 
quarrelled  with  Fox  and  the  whigs,  1791  ;  voted  against 
removal  of  disabilities  from  Unitarians,  and  against  par- 
liamentary reform,  advised  his  friends  to  support  Pitt  and 
the  tories,  pleaded  for  war  with  France,  and  openly  joined 
the  ministerial  party,  1792  ;  continued  his  quarrel  with 
Fox  and  Sheridan,  1794  ;  delivered  his  nine-days'  speech 
for  the  jmrnMbnant  of  Hastings  in  reply  to  the  defence, 
171)4;  retired  from  parliament,  July ;  .pensioned  by  the 
ministry,  1794;  encouraged  the  foundation  of  Maynooth 
College,  1795  ;  present  at  the  acquittal  of  Hastings,  179*  ; 
established  a  school  for  sons  of  French  refugees  at  Penn, 
Buckinghamshire,  and  wrote '  Letters  on  a  Regicide  Peace,' 
1796.  His  collected  works  were,  published,  17<J2-1827. 

[vii  345] 

BURKE,  EDMUND  PLUNKETT  (1802-1835),  judge; 
educated  at  Caen,  Normandy,  and  Cambridge  ;  called  to 
bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  ;  judge  in  St.  Lucia ,  West  Indies, 
I8o2  ;  wrote  on  civil  law.  [vii.  365] 


BURKE,  JOHN  (1787-1848),  genealogical  and  heraldic 

writer;  i>Mied  •  1  Verage  and  Baronetage,'  l.v.'C,  >  Kxtinct 
Peerage,'  1881,  'Commoners,'  1833-8  (in  later  editions 
called  '  Landed  Gentry '),  '  Extinct  Baronetcies,'  1838, 
and  •  Knightage,'  1841,  also  works  on  the  royal  family  ami 
on  heraldry.  [vii.  365] 

BURKE,  SIR  JOHN  BERNARD  (18H-1892),  Ulster 
king-ol-arms,  son  of  John  Burke  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Caen  College,  Normandy  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple. 
1839;  Ulster  king-of-arms  in  Ireland,  1853;  knighted, 
1854;  keeper  of  state  papers  in  Ireland,  1855;  honorary 
LL.D.  Dublin,  18G2  ;  C.B.,  1868  ;  appointed  a  governor  of 
National  Gallery  ol  Ireland,  1874.  He  annually  ru-editcd 
his  father's  works,  including  '  Peerage,'  1847-92,  publish- 
ing also  '  Vicissitudes  of  Families,'  1859-63,  and  other 
genealogical  works.  [SuppL  i.  338] 

BURKE,  PETER  (1811-1881),  legal  writer ;  eldest  sou 
of  John  Burke  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Caen,  Normandy  ; 
barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1839  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1859  ; 
"wrote  on  legal  subjects  and  remarkable  trials,  [vii.  366] 

BURKE,  ROBERT  O'HARA  (1820-1861),  Australian 
explorer  ;  educated  in  Belgium  ;  captain  in  the  Austrian 
service  ;  entered  the  Irish  constabulary,  1848  ;  inspector 
of  police  in  Victoria,  1853 ;  leader  of  expedition  to  cross 
Australia  from  south  to  north,  1860;  reached  estuary  of 
Flinders  river,  1861  ;  starved  to  death  at  Cooper's  Creek, 
June  1861 ;  buried  at  Melbourne.  [vii.  366] 

BURKE,  THOMAS  (1710  ?-1776),  latinised  DE  BURQO, 
church  historian  ;  native  of  Dublin ;  joined  Dominicans 
at  Rome,  1726;  compiled  '  Offlcia  propria  Sanctorum  Hi- 
bernise,'  1751  (revised  edition,  1769) ;  began  the  history 
of  the  Dominicans  in  Ireland,  1753  (published,  1762,  '  Hi- 
beruia  Domiuicaua,'  and  a  supplement,  1772);  bishop  of 
Ossory,  1759 ;  wrote  theological  works.  [vii.  367] 

BURKE,  THOMAS  (1749-1815),  engraver,  chiefly  of 
works  by  Angelica  Kauffmann.  [vii.  368] 

BURKE,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1829-1 882),  undersecre- 
tary for  Ireland,  1869-82 ;  began  official  life  at  Dublin 
Castle,  1847 ;  murdered  in  Phrenix  Park.  [vii.  368] 

BURKE,  THOMAS  NICHOLAS  (1830-1883),  Domi- 
nican preacher  and  lecturer ;  at  Rome,  1847 :  joined 
Dominicans  at  Perugia  ;  studied  theology  at  Rome ;  priest 
on  the  English  mission,  1853 ;  founded  the  convent  at 
Tallaght,  Dublin  ;  prior  of  convent  in  Rome ;  lectured  in 
the  United  States,  1872  ;  published  lectures  and  sermons. 

[vii.  368] 

BURKE,  ULICK  RALPH  (1845-1895),  Spanish  scho- 
lar ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1867 ;  called  to  bar 
at  Middle  Temple,  1870 ;  travelled  in  Spain,  and  subse- 
quently studied  Spanish  literature  and  history  ;  barrister 
at  high  court  of  North- West  Provinces,  India,  1873-8,  and 
in  Cyprus,  1885-9;  registrar  i  of  quarter-sessions,  1889; 
published  '  History  of  Spain,'  1895,  und  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  338] 

BURKE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1798),  supposed  author  of 
the  '  Letters  of  Junius ' ;  entered  Westminster  School, 
1743,  and  Christ  Church.  Oxford,  1747;  B.C.L.,  1755; 
under-secretary  of  state,  1755-8  ;  M.P.  for  Great  Bedwin, 
1766-74 ;  stock-jobber ;  bankrupt,  1769 ;  in  India,  1777- 
1792  ;  lived  with  his  kinsman,  Edmund  Burke  [q.  v.],  at 
Beacousfield,  1793.  [vii.  369] 

BURKE,  WILLIAM  (1792-1829),  murderer ;  navvy  in 
Scotland,  1818 ;  lodged  with  William  Hare  in  Edinburgh, 
1827,  and  sold  a  dead  body  to  the  surgeons ;  smothered 
people  for  the  purpose  of  selling  their  bodies,  1828; 
hanged  at  Edinburgh,  [vii.  370] 

BURKHEAD,  HENRY  (.ft.  1646),  author ;  published 
at  Kilkenny,  1646,  '  Cola's  Fury,  or  Lirenda's  Misery,'  a 
tragedy  on  the  Irish  troubles.  [vii.  371] 

BURKITT,  WILLIAM  (1650-1703),  divine  and  com- 
mentator ;  educated  at  Cambridge  grammar  school  and  at 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1672 ;  rector  of  Milden, 
Suffolk ;  vicar  of  Dedham,  Essex,  1692-1703  ;  author  of 
sermons  and  expository  works.  [vii.  371] 

BURLEIGH,  BARONS  OF.  [See  BALFOUR,  ROBERT, 
second  BARON,  d.  1663 ;  BALPOUR,  JOHN,  third  BARON, 
d.  1688 ;  BALFOUR,  ROBERT,  fifth  BARON,  d.  1757.] 

BURLEY,  JOHN  (</.  1333),  Carmelite  of  Stamford. 

[vii.  372] 


BUKLEY 


172 


BTJRNELL 


BURLEY  or  BURLEIGH,  JOHN  (</.  1648),  royalist 
officer  :  captain  of  a  ship-ot'-war,  1(142  ;  served  in  Charles  I'e 
armv,  tHvomiiiLT  a  ^enrnil  of  ordnance;    executed  for  a  ! 
quixotic  utu-mpt  to  release  Charles  ut  Newport,  1647. 

[vii.  372] 

BURLEY,  Sin  SIMON  ( 1336-1 388), soldier  and  courtier ; 
served  at  sea,  1350,  and  in  France,  1355  ;  attended  the  | 
Black  Prince  in  Aquitaine,  1364  :  envoy  to  Pedro  of  Oas-  ! 
tile,  1366-7  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  French,  1369 ;  ex- 
changed, 1370  :  made  guardian  to  Prince  Richard  ;  accom- 
panied Richard  II  to  Ixnidon,  1377  :  governor  of  Windsor 
Castle,  1377-88 ;  tutor  of  Richard  II,  1380 ;  negotiated 
the  king's  marriage  with  Anne  of  Bohemia,  and  escorted 
her  to  London,  1381;  K.O.,  1381;  constable  of  Dover 
Oastle,  1384-7  ;  served  in  Scotland,  1385  ;  impeached  by 
Richard's  opponent*  and  beheaded,  1388.  [vii.  373] 

BURLEY,  WALTER  (1275-1345  ?),  Aristotelian  com- 
mentator :  probably  a  secular  priest ;  reputed  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford ;  studied  at  Paris  under  Duns 
Scotus;  almoner  to  Philippa,  consort  of  Edward  III, 
1327 ;  envoy  to  the  pope,  1327  and  1330 ;  possibly  pre- 
bendary of  Wells,  1332  :  reputed  tutor  to  the  Black  Prince, 
c.  1342 ;  possibly  identical  with  a  petitioner  for  the  arch- 
deaconry of  Richmond,  1345.  His  '  De  Vita  et  Moribus 
Philosophorum '  was  printed  1467.  Several  other  treatises 
by  him  were  issued  in  the  fifteenth  and  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  many  survive  in  manuscript. 

[vii.  374] 

BURLEY,  WILLIAM  (/.  1436),  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  1436  and  1444 :  M.P.  for  Shropshire  at  in- 
tervals from  1417  to  1455  ;  sheriff  of  Shropshire,  1426. 

[vii.  376] 

BURLINGTON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BOYLK,  RICHARD, 
first  EARL,  1612-1697:  BOYLE,  RICHARD,  third  EARL, 
1695-1753.] 

BURLOWE,  HENRY  (d.  1837).    [See  BEHNES.] 

BURLY,  JOHN  (d.  1333).    [See  BURLEY.] 

BURMAN,  THOMAS  (d.  1674),  sculptor,    [vii.  376] 

BURN,  EDWARD  (1762-1837),  writer  against  Dr. 
Joseph  Priestley  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trevecca  College, 
Wales;  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1784;  M.A., 
1791  ;  lecturer  of  St.  Mary's  Chapel,  Birmingham,  1785- 
1837  ;  rector  of  Smethcott,  Shropshire  ;  published  sermons 
and  tracts.  [vii.  376] 

BURN,  JOHN  (1744  ?-1802),  lawyer  ;  a  Westmoreland 
squire ;  son  of  Richard  Burn  [q.  v.] ;  issued  revised 
editions  of  his  father's  manuals.  [vii.  377] 

BURN,  JOHN  SOUTHERDEN  (1799  ?-l 870),  anti- 
quary :  solicitor,  1819  ;  registrar  of  marriages  at  chapels 
prior  to  1754, 1831 ;  secretary  to  commission  for  inquiry 
into  non-parochial  registers,  1836-41 ;  published  '  History 
of  ...  foreign  Refugees  settled  in  England,'  1846,  and 
other  antiquarian  works.  [Suppl.  i.  339] 

BURN,  RICHARD  (1709-1785),  legal  writer;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1734  ;  vicar  of  Orton,  Westmore- 
land, 1736-85  ;  D.O.L.,  1762  ;  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  1765. 
His  works  include  '  Justice  of  the  Peace,'  1755, '  Ecclesias- 
tical Law,'  1760,  •  History  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land,' 1771.  [vii.  377] 

BURN,  WILLIAM  (1789-1870),  architect  of  nume- 
rous mansions  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ;  in  business 
in  Edinburgh,  c.  1814 ;  removed  to  London,  1844. 

[vii.  378] 

BURNABY,  ANDREW  (17347-1812),  traveller;  at 
Westminster  School,  1748 ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1757  ;  travelled  in  North  America,  1759-60  ;  chap- 
lain at  Leghorn,  1762-7,  travelling  in  Italy  and  Corsica  ; 
vicar  of  Greenwich,  1769 ;  archdeacon  of  Leicester,  1786  ; 
author  of  travels,  sermons,  and  charges.  [vii.  379] 

BURNABY,  OHARLES  (?)  (ft.  1700),  reputed  author 
of  four  comalies.  printed  1700-2.  It  is  possible  that  they 
were  really  written  by  William  Buruaby  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxfonl,  1691,  and  the  Middle  Temple,  1693,  trans- 
lator of  Petroiiius,  1694.  [vii.  379] 

BURNABY,  FREDERICK  GUSTAVUS  (1842-1885), 
cavalry  officer  and  traveller  ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  in 
Germany ;  a  facile  linguist ;  cornet,  1859 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1880;  commanded  the  3rd  household  cavalry, 
1881-5  ;  travelled  in  Central  and  Southern  America,  c. 
1862,  lu  Spain  and  Morocco,  1808  in  South  Russia,  1870, 


in  Spain,  1874,  and  in  the  Soudan,  1875  ;  rode  from  Kazala 
to  Khiva,  1875;  rale  from  Scutari  into  Armenia,  and 
thence  to  Uatoum,  1H76  :  attended  Valentine  Baker's  opera- 
tions iu  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  1877;  contested  Bir- 
mingham, 1880  ;  attached  himself  to  the  Egyptian  expe- 
dition, 1884  ;  killed  in  action  in  the  attempt  to  relieve 
Khartoum  ;  student  of  military  ballooning,  and  author  of 
narratives  of  his  travels.  [vii.  380] 

BURNARD,  NEVILL  NORTHEY  (1818-1878), 
sculptor,  chiefly  of  portrait-busts  ;  native  of  Cornwall ; 
carver  of  marble  to  London  sculptors  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Academy,  1855-67.  [vii.  382] 

BURNE  or  BOURN,  NIOOL  (ft.  1581),  controver- 
sialist;  Calviuist;  professor  at  St.  Andrews;  adopted 
Catholicism  ;  imprisoned  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh, 
1680;  banished,  1581 ;  published,  at  Paris,  1581,  a  virulent 
attack  on  Knox  and  Luther.  [vii.  383] 

BURNE,  ROBERT  (1765  ?-1825),  general;  ensign, 
1773  ;  served  in  India,  1784-98  ^ieutenaut-colonel  of  the 
36th  foot,  1799  ;  served  in  Hanover,  1805,  and  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1807  ;  colonel,  1808  ;  served  at  Vimeiro  and  Corufta, 
1808;  and  at  Flushing,  1809;  major-general,  1811  ;  in- 
valided from  Spain,  1811 ;  held  home  commands,  1812-14 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1821.  [vii.  383] 

BURNE-JONE8,  SIR  EDWARD  COLEY  (1833- 
painter ;  educated  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  where  he  made 
acquaintance  of  William  Morris  [q.  v.]  and  others,  who 
formed  '  the  Brotherhood ' ;  became  friend  of  Rossetti, 
and  studied  art ;  executed  St.  Frideswide's  window  in 
Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Oxford,  1859  ;  came  to  London  ; 
associate  of  the  *  Old  Society,'  1863  ;  comparatively  little 
known  until,  in  1877,  he  exhibited  '  Chant  d' Amour,' '  Days 
of  Creation,'  and  '  Beguiling  of  Merlin '  at  the  Grosvenor 
Gallery ;  exhibited  also  at  the  New  Gallery ;  elected 
A.R.A.,  1885  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  •  The  Depths 
of  the  Sea '  (1886) :  exhibited  frequently  at  Paris  from 
1878  ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1881 ;  honorary  fellow, 
Exeter  College,  1882 ;  created  baronet,  1894.  He  did 
much  decorative  wonc.  Among  the  best-known  of  hia 
pictures  are  the  '  Pygmalion  '  series  (1879),  the  *  Golden 
Stairs '  (1880), '  King  Oophetua '  (1884),  and  the  'Garden 
of  Pan  '  (1887).  [Suppl.  i.  340] 

BURNELL,  ARTHUR  COKE  (1840-1882),  an  au- 
thority on  Sanscrit  and  the  languages  of  Southern  India  ; 
of  King's  College,  London  ;  entered  the  Indian  Civil  Ser- 
vice, 1867 ;  served  in  Madras,  1860-8 ;  tour  through 
Arabia,  Egypt,  Nubia,  1868 ;  magistrate  at  Mangalore 
and  Taujore,  1869-80  ;  published  treatises  on  Hindu  law, 
translations  from  the  Sanscrit,  and  linguistic  and  his- 
torical tracts  ;  collector  of  Sanscrit  manuscripts  now  at 
the  India  Office  ;  hon.  Ph.D.  Strasburg.  [vii.  384] 

BURNELL,  EDWARD  (ft.  1542),  professor  of  Greek 
at  Rostock.  [vii.  386] 

BURNELL,  HENRY  (/.  1641),  published  at  Dublin, 
1641, '  Landgartha,'  a  burlesque  tragedy,  performed  there 
in  1639.  [vii.  386] 

BURNELL,  ROBERT  (d.  1292),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  accompanied  Prince  Edward  to  France,  1260,  and 
in  Wales,  1263 ;  began  to  acquire  estates  in  Shropshire, 
1263 ;  employed  on  a  mission  in  South  Wales,  1265 ; 
licensed  to  impark  his  land,  126C,  and  to  have  a  weekly 
market  and  two  fairs  at  Acton  Burnell,  1269  ;  befriended 
by  Prince  Edward,  who  tried  to  obtain  Canterbury  for 
him,  1270;  trusted  minister  of  Edward  I,  and  inconstant 
attendance  on  him  at  home  and  abroad  ;  co-regent  during 
Edward's  absence  on  crusade,  1272  ;  lord  chancellor,  1274 
till  death  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1275  ;  one  of  Prince 
Llewelyn's  judges,  1276  ;  employed  on  a  mission  in  France 
and  Gascony,  1278 ;  postulated  for  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury at  the  request  of  Edward  I,  1278,  and  elected  to 
see  of  Winchester,  1280,  but  set  aside  by  the  pope  :  settled 
the  court  of  chancery  in  London,  1280,  instead  of  follow- 
ing the  court  ;  employed  on  the  Welsh  bonier,  1282-3  ; 
framed  the  statute  of  Rhuddlan,  1282  ;  parliament  met  in 
his  hall  at  Acton,  1283 ;  with  Edward  I  in  France, 
1286-9;  conducted  an  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of  the 
juderes  during  the  king's  absence,  1290  ;  lived  a  covetous  and 
ambitious  life, owning  estates  in  nineteen  counties  (eighty- 
two  manors)  ;  built  the  episcopal  hall  at  Wells ;  procured 
franchises  and  liberties  for  Wells  Cathedral  ;  defended  the 
right's  of  the  crown  against  Peckham,  the  Franciscan 
primal.-,  [vii.  380] 


BURNES 


173 


BURNETT 


BURNES,  SIR  A  LKXANDER  (1805-1841),  Indian  po- 
litical oilirer;  ollicerin  the  Bombay  iiutive  infantry,  1H21 ; 
studied  native  languages :  assistant  resident  in  Cutch, 
1829  ;  visited  Siud  and  the  Punjab,  1830  ;  visited  Afghau- 
iutan,  Bokhara,  the  Turkoman  country,  Persia,  1H32  ;  in 
England,  1M3-5  ;  envoy  to  Dost  Mahomed,  1836  ;  ad- 
vised alliance  with  him  ;  knighted,  1839  ;  political  officer 
with  the  army  at  Cabul,  1839-41 ;  slain  in  the  massacre. 

[vii.  3891 

BURNES,  JAMKS  (1801-1862),  physician  in  India; 
studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  London ;  in  the 
medical  service  at  Bombay,  1821;  surgeon  at  Outch ; 
ucniiiip.iiHi-'l  tin-  Sind  expedition,  1825;  published  his 
•  Narrative,'  1830  :  in  England,  1H34-6  :  LL.D.  Glasgow, 
1K31  ;  garrison-surgeon,  1837,  and  afterwards  physician- 
general  at  Bombay  ;  returned  to  England,  1849. 

[vii.  391] 

BURNESTON  or   BORASTON,    SIMON   (./*.  1338), 
preacher   and    theological   writer  ;    reputed  D.D.  Oam- 
mernber  of    the  Dominican    convent,  Oxford : 
provincial.  [vii.  391] 

BURNET,  ALEXANDER  (1614-1684),  archbishop  in 
Scotland  ;  a  relative  of  the  Earls  of  Traquair  and  Teviot ; 
chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Traquair  ;  refugee  in  England,  c. 
1639 ;  took  Anglican  orders ;  beneficed  in  Kent ;  ejected 
1650 ;  crossed  the  Channel,  and  held  correspondence  for 
Charles  II ;  chaplain  to  Dunkirk  garrison,  c.  1660  ;  bishop 
of  Aberdeen,  1663  ;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1664  ;  a  strong 
high  churchman,  opposed  to  terms  with  the  presby- 
terians,  provoking  the  covenanter  rising  by  his  severity, 
1666 ;  strongly  opposed  to  Lauderdale's  conciliatory 
policy,  1669 ;  compelled  to  resign  his  see,  1669,  but  re- 
stored, 1674  ;  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1679-84. 

[vii.  392] 

BURNET,  ELIZABETH  (1661-1709),  authoress  of 
•A  Method  of  Devotion,'  1709  ;  nte  Blake ;  married,  1678, 
Robert  Berkeley  (d.  1693)  of  Spetchley,  Worcestershire ; 
resided  at  the  Hague,  1684-9  ;  married  (third  wife)  Gilbert 
Burnet  (1643-1715)  [q.  v.],  1699.  [vii.  393] 

BURNET,  GILBERT  (1643-1715),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury ;  of  an  Aberdeenshire  family ;  son  of  a  well-to-do 
Edinburgh  lawyer,  three  times  exiled  for  refusing  the 
covenant ;  his  mother  a  strict  presby terian  ;  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  M.A. ;  studied  law  ;  after- 
wards studied  divinity  and  history ;  probationer  of  the 
Scottish  church,  1661 ;  practised  extemporary  preaching  ; 
thought  ill  of  the  oppressive  policy  of  the  Scottish  bishops, 
1663 ;  visited  Cambridge,  Oxford,  and  London,  and  re- 
fused the  parish  of  Saltoun,  Haddmgtonshire,  1663 ;  studied 
Hebrew  at  Amsterdam ,  visited  Paris  and  the  court  at 
London,  1664  ;  F.R.S.,  1664  ;  minister  of  Saltoun,  1665-9  ; 
wrote  against  the  Scottish  bishops  and  in  favour  of  Lauder- 
dale's milder  policy,  1666;  clerk  of  Haddington  presby- 
tery, 1667  ;  sounded  as  to  a  proposal  to  divorce  Charles  IPs 
queen  for  barrenness ;  in  Lauderdale's  confidence,  1667  ; 
employed  by  Archbishop  Leighton  to  negotiate  with  the 
presbyterians,!  669 ;  employed  by  the  Duchess  of  Hamilton 
to  obtain  the  king's  sanction  for  placing  presbyterian 
ministers  in  certain  parishes ;  professor  of  divinity  at 
Glasgow,  1669 ;  advised  the  privy  council  to  send  a  com- 
mission into  the  west  to  inquire  into  the  growing  dis- 
content ;  employed  by  Leighton  to  urge  the  moderate 
presbyterians  to  accept  the  offers  of  the  court,  1670,  and 
by  the  Duchess  of  Hamilton  to  arrange  her  family  papers 
(published  '  Memoirs  of  the  Dukes  of  Hamilton,'  1676) ; 
persuaded  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  to  accept  the  court 
measures,  1671 ;  summoned  to  London  to  advise  Lauder- 
dale,  and  offered  the  bishopric  of  Edinburgh,  1671; 
married  his  first  wife  [see  BUKNET,  MARGARET],  1671 ; 
joined  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  in  reprobating  Lauderdale's 
new  policy  of  violence,  1672 ;  wrote  in  favour  of  obedience 
to  episcopacy,  and  against  popery,  1673  ;  visited  London ; 
as  king's  chaplain  remonstrated  with  Charles  II  on  his 
profligacy,  1673 ;  incurred  the  hatred  of  Lauderdale,  1673  ; 
went  to  London,  June  1674  ;  dismissed  by  the  king  from 
his  chaplaincy  ;  preached  in  London  churches  ;  chaplain 
of  the  Kolls  Chapel  and  lecturer  of  St.  Clement's,  1675-84  ; 
witness  against  Lauderdale  before  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1675 ;  offered  the  see  of  Chichester,  1678 ;  depre- 
cated persecution  of  Roman  catholics  during  the  popish 
plot,  1678-80,  incurring  the  dislike  both  of  the  court  and 
of  the  extreme  anti-popery  party ;  published  his  '  History 
of  the  Reformation  in  England,'  vol.  i.  1679  [vol.  ii.  1681, 
vol.  iii.  1714] ;  remonstrated  with  Charles  II  on  his  evil 


life,  1680  ;  attended  the  deathbed  of  the  Karl  of  Rochester, 
1680;  intimate  with  William,  lord  Russell,  1681;  asked, 
but  was  refused,  the  mastership  of  the  Temple ;  obtained 
places  in  England  for  dispossessed  Scottish  clergy,  1682 ; 
wrote  against  popery  ;  attended  Lord  Russell  on  the  scaf- 
fold ;  withdrew  to  1'aris,  lt>s;{ ;  returned  to  England ; ejected 
from  his  chaplaincy  at  the  Kolls  and  his  lectureship  by 
Charles  II,  1684  ;  visited  Paris,  Rome,  Geneva,  Strasburg, 
Frankfort,  Heidelberg,  and  Utrecht,  1685-6  [publishing  a 
narrative  of  his  tour,  1687] ;  visited  the  Hague  on  in- 
vitation of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1686;  outlawed  by 
James  II,  1687 ;  married  his  second  wife,  Mary  Scott 
(rf.  1698),  1687;  obtained  from  Mary,  consort  of  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  a  promise  to  place  power  in  William's 
hands  ;  advised  Sophia  of  Hanover  of  the  intended  inva- 
sion of  England  ;  drafted  William's  '  declaration ' ;  ac- 
companied William  to  Torbay  and  London,  1688  ;  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  1689  :  advocated  toleration  in  the  House  of 
Lords  ;  preached  the  coronation  sermon  ;  carried  the  bill 
to  attaint  Sir  John  Fenwick,  1 697 ;  appointed  to  attend 
Peter  the  Great,  1698  ;  married  his  third  wife  [see  BURNBT, 
ELIZABETH]  ;  published  'Exposition  of  the  xxxix 
Articles,'  1699  (censured  by  the  lower  house  of  convoca- 
tion, 1701);  had  charge  of  the  succession  bill,  1701; 
attended  William  on  his  deathbed,  1702;  opposed  the 
occasional  conformity  bill,  1703  ;  obtained  first-fruite  and 
tenths  for  church  purposes  ('Queen  Anne's  Bounty'), 
1704 ;  spoke  against  Sacheverell,  1710 ;  remonstrated 
with  Anne  for  countenancing  the  Pretender,  James 
Edward  ;  lived  latterly  in  Clerkenwell  ;  wrote  a  '  History 
of  his  own  Times '  (published,  1723-34),  sermons,  contro- 
versial treatises,  and  political  pamphlets.  [vii.  394] 

BURNET,  GILBERT  (1690-1726),  pamphleteer ;  son 
of  Gilbert  Burnet  (1643-1715)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Ley- 
den  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1706  ;  chaplain  to 
George  1, 1718 ;  rector  of  EastBarnet,  1719-26.  [vii.  404] 

BURNET,  JAMES  M.  (1788-1816),  landscape-painter ; 
came  to  London,  1810 ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1812- 
1814.  [vii.  405] 

BURNET,  JOHN  (1784-1868),  painter  and  engraver  ; 
trained  in  Edinburgh  ;  came  to  London,  1806  ;  engraved 
pictures  by  David  Wilkie;  exhibited  at  the  Academy, 
1808-23,  and  at  the  British  Institution  ;  pensioned,  1860  ; 
wrote  treatises  on  drawing  and  painting.  [vii.  406] 

BURNET,  MARGARET  (1630  V-1685  ?),  eldest 
daughter  of  John  Kennedy,  sixth  earl  of  Cassilis;  a 
determined  presbyterian ;  long  in  the  confidence  of 
Lauderdale;  married  Bishop  Gilbert  Burnet  (1643-1715) 
[q.  v.],  1671.  [vii.  407] 

BURNET,  SIR  THOMAS  (16327-1715?),  physician; 
studied  medicine  at  Montpellier ;  M.D.,  1659 ;  practised 
in  Edinburgh  ;  published  '  Thesaurus  Mediciuae  practicae,1 
1672 ;  original  fellow  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, 1681 ;  knighted  before  1691 ;  published  medical 
works.  [vii.  408] 

BURNET,  THOMAS  (1635  ?-1715),  master  of  the 
Charterhouse,  1685-1715;  educated  at  Northallertou 
school  and  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1667  ; 
M.A.,  1658 ;  withstood  James  IPs  attempt  to  appoint  a 
catholic  pensioner  of  the  Charterhouse,  1687 ;  chaplain 
and  clerk  of  the  closet  to  William  III,  1689-92  ;  published 
works  on  theology  and  cosmogony,  which  excited  much 
contemporary  criticism.  [vii.  408] 

BURNET,  THOMAS  (d.  1750),  divine;  rector  of 
West  Kington,  Wiltshire,  1706-50  ;  D.D.  New  College, 
Oxford,  1720  ;  wrote  works  of  doctrinal  theology. 

[vii.  410] 

BURNET,  SIR  THOMAS  (1694-1753),  judge ;  youngest 
son  of  Gilbert  Burnet  (1643-1716)  [q.  v.] ;  at  Leyden, 
1706-7 ;  travelled  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy ; 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  1709  ;  barrister,  1715  ;  consul 
at  Lisbon,  1719  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1736 ;  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  1741;  knighted,  1745;  published  pam- 
phlets, chiefly  political.  [viL  410] 

BURNET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1729),  colonial  governor; 
son  of  Gilbert  Burnet  (1643-1715)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Cambridge  and  Leyden ;  governor  of  New  York  and  of 

Massachusetts,  1728.  [vii.  404] 

BURNETT,  GEORGE  (1776  ?-1811),  compiler  of 
'  Specimens  of  English  Prose,'  1807 ;  entered  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  subsequently  the  dissenting  college  at 


BURNETT 


174 


BURNS 


Manchester ;  pastor  at  Yarmouth  ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh :  surgeon  in  ti  militia  regiment ;  tutor  iu 
Poland,  of  which  country  he  printed  a  •  VTiew,'  1807. 

[vii.  411] 

BURNETT,  GEORGE  (1822-1890),  historian  and 
heraldic  author;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  lsj;>;  Lyon 
depute,  1864 ;  Lyon  king-of-arms,  1866 ;  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1884  ;  chief  work,  an  edition  of  '  Exchequer  Rolls, 
1264-1607  '  (1881-90).  [Suppl.  i.  344] 

BURNETT,  GILBERT  THOMAS  (1800-1835),  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  King's  College,  London,  1831-5 ; 
practised  medicine  in  London  ;  published  botanical  text- 
books, [vii.  412] 

BURNETT,  JAMES,  Lonn  MOVBODDO  (1714-1799), 
Scottish  judge ;  educated  at  Aberdeen,  Edinburgh,  and 
Grb'niugen  ;  advocate,  1737  ;  sheriff  of  Kincardine,  1764  ; 
lord  of  session,  taking  his  title  from  his  estate,  1767; 
visited  at  Monboddo  by  Samuel  Johnson,  1773  ;  published 
•Origin  ...  of  Language,'  1773-92,  'Antient  Meta- 
physics,' 1778-99,  and  law  reports.  [vii.  412] 

BURNETT,  JOHN  (1729-1784),  Aberdeen  merchant ; 
founder  of  the  Burnett  prize.  [vii.  414] 

BURNETT,  JOHN  (17647-1810),  advocate,  1785; 
sheriff  of  Haddington,  1803 ;  judge-admiral  of  Scotland, 
1810 ;  wrote  '  Criminal  Law  of  Scotland.'  [vii.  414] 

BURNETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1779-1861),  apprentice 
to  a  Montrose  surgeon ;  naval  surgeon  at  St.  Vincent, 
the  Nile,  Trafalgar ;  physician  to  the  Mediterranean 
fleet,  1810-13,  and  at  Chatham,  1814;  practised  at 
Chichester,  1816  ?-22:  physician-general  of  the  navy, 
1824  ?-41 ;  knighted,  1831 ;  patented  a  disinfecting  fluid  ; 
published  medical  tracts.  [vii.  414] 

BURNEY,  CHARLES  (1726-1814),  musician  and 
author ;  educated  at  Chester :  taught  music  by  his 
brother  at  Shrewsbury,  1741,  and  by  Thomas  Augustus 
Arne  in  London,  1744-7  ;  published  his  first  compositions, 
1745-7 ;  organist  and  conductor  of  concerts  in  London, 
1749;  organist  at  Lynn  Hegis,  1751-60;  Mus.  Doc. 
Oxford,  1769 ;  travelled  in  France,  Switzerland,  Italy, 
1770  (publishing  an  account  of  his  tour,  1771)  ;  travelled 
in  Belgium,  Holland,  Germany,  Austria,  1772,  and  pub- 
lished a  narrative  of  his  tour,  1773  ;  organist  at  Chelsea 
hospital,  1783-1814  ;  pensioned,  1806  :  author  of  musical 
compositions,  biographies  of  musicians,  and  a  '  History  of 
Music,1  1776-89.  [vii.  416] 

BURNEY,  CHARLES  (1757-1817),  classical  scholar ; 
son  of  Charles  Burney  (1726-1814)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse,  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  and  Aberdeen ; 
M.A.,  1781 ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1812  ;  kept  private  school  at 
Hammersmith,  1786-93,  and  at  Greenwich,  1793-1813 ; 
rector  of  Cllffe,  Kent,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  Deptford  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1817 ;  published  tracts  and  papers, 
chiefly  of  Greek  lexicography  and  tragic  metres.  His 
library  was  bought  for  the  British  Museum,  [vii.  418] 

BURNEY,  FRANCES  (1752-1840).  [See  ARBLAY, 
MADAMK  i>'.] 

BURNEY,  JAMES  (1750-1821),  captain,  royal  navy ; 
son  of  Charles  Burney  (1726-1814)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the 
navy,  1764;  sailed  with  Captain  Cook  on  his  second 
(1772-4)  and  third  voyages  (1775-80);  captain,  1782;  in 
the  action  off  Cuddalore,  1783 ;  retired ;  wrote  '  Dis- 
coveries in  the  Pacific,'  1803-17 ;  '  North-eastern  Voyages 
of  Discovery,'  1819,  and  some  pamphlets.  [vii.  419] 

BURNEY,  SARAH  HARRIET  (1770  ?-1844),  novelist ; 
published  '  Clarentine,',  1796,  and  other  novels  later; 
youngest  daughter  of  Charles  Burney  (1726-1814)  [q.  v.] ; 
resided  in  Florence,  1816-39.  [vii.  419] 

BURNEYEAT,  JOHN  (1631-1690),  qnaker ;  a  Cum- 
berland farmer ;  joined  the  quakers,  1653 ;  began  to  in- 
terrupt church  services  and  was  imprisoned,  1667  ;  in 
Scotland,  1658;  in  Ireland,  1659;  again  imprisoned  at 
Carlisle,  1660;  went  on  circuit  to  Barbados,  Virginia, 
New  England,  1664-7,  and  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
••:  Kin-land,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  1668-70 ;  imprisoned  in 
London,  1670 ;  went  to  America,  1670  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1', 7:; ;  went  finally  to  Ireland,  r.  1676 ;  imprisoned 
at  Dublin,  1683 :  afterwards  lived  unmolested  ;  published 
pamphlets.  [vii.  420] 


BURNHAM,  RICHARD  (1711-1752),  clergyman,  pog. 
sibly.a  congregationalist ;  compiler  of  '  Pious  Memorials,* 
published  1763.  [vii.  421] 

BURNHAM,  RICHARD  (17497-1810),  baptist  and 
hymn-writer ;  a  Wesleyan  at  High  Wycombe ;  baptist 
pastor  at  Staines  ;  preacher  in  London,  1780  till  death. 

[vii.  422] 

BURNS,  ALLAN  (1781-1813),  lecturer  on  surgery 
and  anatomy  at  Glasgow ;  studied  medicine  in  Glasgow, 
1795 ;  visited  Russia,  1804 ;  published  anatomical  trea- 
tises, [vii.  422] 

BURNS,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1795-1890),  ship- 
owner;  brother  of  John  Burns  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  partnership 
with  his  brother  James  as  general  merchant  at  Glasgow, 
c.  1818  ;  founded,  1839,  with  Samuel  Canard  [q.  v.],  Robert 
Napier  (1791-1876)  [q.  v.],  and  others  Canard  Company, 
which  obtained  admiralty  contract  for  carrying  North 
American  mails ;  created  baronet,  1889.  [Suppl.  i.  344] 

BURNS,  ISLAY  (1817-1872),  theologian;  educated 
at  Aberdeen  and  Glasgow ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1863  ;  minis- 
ter of  Free  St.  Peter's,  Dundee,  1843-64 ;  professor  in  the 
Free  Church  College,  Glasgow,  1864-72  ;  wrote  memoirs 
and  works  on  church  history.  [vii.  422] 

BURNS,  JABEZ  (1805-1876),  temperance  lecturer  :  a 
methodist ;  in  business  in  Yorkshire ;  came  to  London, 
1826 ;  joined  the  general  baptists ;  published  his  first 
book,  1828  ;  pastor  in  Edinburgh,  1829 ;  at  Perth,  1830-6  ; 
advocate  of  total  abstinence ;  pastor  in  Marylebone, 
1835  ;  D.D.  Middletowu,  1846 ;  baptist  delegate  to  Ame- 
rica, 1847  ;  wrote  sermons,  devotional  books,  and  travels. 

[vii.  42H] 

BURNS,  JAMES  (17th  cent.),  merchant ;  baillie  of 
Glasgow.  His  'Memoirs  of  the  Civil  War  .  .  .  1644  to 
1661 '  are  preserved  in  the  mutilated  transcript  of  George 
Crawford.  [vii.  424] 

BURNS,  JAMES  (1789-1871),  shipowner ;  employed 
steam-power,  1824;  a  founder  of  the  Cunard  Company, 
1839.  [vii.  424] 

BURNS,  JAMES  DRUMMOND  (1823-1864),  divine; 
educated  at  Heriot's  Hospital,  the  University,  1837,  and 
the  Free  Church  College,  Edinburgh,  1843  ;  Free  church 
minister  at  Dunblane,  1845,  at  Funchal,  Madeira,  1847- 
1853,  and  at  Hampstead,  1855-64  ;  author  of  hymn*  and 
sermons.  [vii.  424] 

BURNS,  JOHN  (1774-1850),  author  of  '  Principles  of 
Midwifery,' 1809;  studied  medicine  at  Glasgow  ;  surgeon's 
clerk  in  Glasgow  Infirmary,  1792  ;  M.D. ;  lectured  on 
anatomy,  and  afterwards  on  midwifery ;  professor  of 
surgery  in  Glasgow  University,  1815  ;  drowned  at  sea ; 
author  of  medical  works.  [vii.  425] 

BURNS,  ROBERT  (1759-1796),  poet ;  son  of  a  cottar 
(d.  "1784);  born  at  Alloway ;  educated  by  his  father; 
worked  as  a  farm-labourer,  1772;  read  the  'Spectator,' 
Pope's  '  Homer,'  Allan  Ramsay,  and  pedlar's  slip-songs ; 
composed  his  first  verses,  1776  ;  learnt  surveying,  1777,  and 
associated  with  tippling  smugglers  at  Kirkoswald ;  wrote 
'  Death  of  Poor  Mailie,' '  John  Barleycorn,'  and  occasional 
poems ;  read  Thomson,  Shenstone,  Sterne,  and  Ossian ; 
member  of  convivial,  debating,  and  masonic  clubs  at 
Tarbolton,  1780-1 ;  courted  Ellison  Begbie  ('  Mary  Mori- 
son  '  of  the  song),  who  rejected  him ;  worked  in  a  flax- 
dresser's  shop  at  Irvine,  June-December  1781 ;  began  a 
common-place  book,  1783 ;  farmed  118  acres  in  partner- 
ship with  his  brother  Gilbert  at  Mossgiel,  1784-8  ;  wrote 
some  of  his  best  work—'  Cottar's  Saturday  Night,' '  The 
Twa  Dogs,'  '  Halloween,'  '  The  Jolly  Beggars,'  the  ad- 
dresses'To  a  Mouse 'and 'To  a  Mountain  Daisy'— nud 
some  of  his  sharpest  satires—'  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook ' 
(against  a  village  grocer-druggist)  and  'Holy  Willie's 
Prayer'  (against  a  Mauchline  elder)— in  1786  and  1786 ; 
conceived  the  idea  of  sending  to  a  magazine  his  '  Epistle  to 
Da  vie'  (Sillar),  1786 ;  discovered  that '  The  Twa  Herds,'  a 
satire  against  two  Culvinists,  had  a  lively  circulation  in 
manuscript ;  gave  Jean  Armour,  daughter  of  a  Mauchline 
mason,  a  written  declaration  of  marriage,  which  her 
father  destroyed,  April  1786,  preferring  his  daughter's 
loss  of  reputation  to  the  proposed  match;  obtained 
the  poet  of  overseer  on  a  Jamaica  plantation,  1786,  and, 
to  provide  passage-money,  arranged  with  John  Wilson, 
printer,  Kilmarnock,  for  an  edition  of  his  poems  ;  trysted 
with  Mary  Campbell,  a  sailor's  daughter  from  Argyllshire, 
to  go  with  him  as  his  wife,  1786 ;  composed  after  her  death, 


BURNS 


175 


BURROWES 


in  mrmory  of  her,  '  Will  ye  go  to  the  Indies,  my  Mary  ? ' 
•  To  Mary  in  H.iiven1  (October  1789),  and  'Highland 
Mary'  (November  17U2)  ;  liN  poems  f;ivourahly  mentioned 
in  Edinburgh  reviews  and  praised  personally  to  liurns  ; 
gained  access  to  the  literary  circles  by  his  reputation 
as  'a  heavfii-taiiirht  ploughman,'  and  by  liis  convivial 
power-  to  tin1  iiiaMinir  and  drinking  clubs  of  the  capital ; 
the  second  (17*7)  edition  of  his  poems  undertaken  by 
William  Creech,  who  about  178H  completed  his  payment 
of  5oo/.,  Hums  parting  with  the  copyright;  met  James 
Johnson,  projector  of  the  'Scots  Musical  Museum,'  to  the 
six  volumes  (1787-1803)  of  which  he  contributed  songs; 
trectul  a  memorial-stone  to  the  poet  Fergussou,  February 
1787;  travelled  through  the  border  counties  and  Argyll- 
shire, 1787  ;  spent  July  at  Mossgiel,  renewing  his  relations 
with  Jean  Armour;  returned  to  Kdinbnrgh  in  August 
1787  ;  travelled  through  the  central  highlands  and  the 
eastern  counties  in  September,  and  Stirling,  Clackmannan, 
and  Kinnvs  in  October;  began  in  Edinburgh  a  tender 
cor respom lence  with  Margaret  Chalmers  ('Peggy'),  and 
also  with  Agnes  M'Lehose  ('  Clarinda '),  whose  husband 
was  abroad  ;  decided  to  marry  Jean  Armour,  an  intention 
effected  in  August  1788  ;  gave  up  his  share  in  the  farm  at 
Mossgiel,  lending  his  brother  Gilbert  ISO/,  to  carry  it  on, 
and  engaged  Ellisland,  a  farm  six  miles  from  Dumfries, 
March  1788  ;  lived  at  Ellisland,  June  1788  to  Decemberl79l. 
his  wife  Jean  (to  whom  he  addressed  '  0'  a'  the  airts  the 
wind  can  blaw  ')  living  for  the  time  at  Mauchline ;  turned 
his  holding  into  a  dairy-farm,  to  be  managed  by  his  wife, 
while  he  took  an  exciseman's  place,  about  August  1789,  at 
a  salary  of  40Z. ;  wrote  *  Auld  Lang  Syne '  and  '  Tarn  o' 
Shanter,'  c.  1789 ;  gave  up  Ellisland  and  settled  in  Dum- 
fries, December  1791,  as  exciseman  on  a  salary  of  701. ; 
suspected  by  the  government  on  account  of  the  Jacobite 
s^tirnent  of  his  songs  and  his  freeman's  sympathy  with 
the  French  democracy,  coming  within  an  ace  of  dismissal, 
December  1 792 ;  gladly  accepted  an  invitation  by  George 
Thomson,  then  projecting  a  new  collection  of  Scottish 
songs,  to  supply  words  for  old  melodies,  1792,  'Scots  wha 
hae'(1793)  being  written  for  this  purpose  ;  his  reputation 
prejudiced  and  health  shattered  by  his  association  with 
the  hard-drinking  gentry  of  the  district;  fell  asleep  by 
the  roadside  after  a  carouse,  a  mischance  followed  by 
rheumatic  fever ;  died  at  Dumfries.  A  subscription  and 
a  memorial  edition  of  his  works  (1800),  edited  by  James 
Carrie,  provided  for  the  immediate  wants  of  his  family. 
His  children  shared  their  father's  independent  spirit,  his 
wife  resigning  a  pension  of  50*.  as  soon  as  they  were 
able  to  support  her  (1818).  [vii.  426] 

BURNS,  ROBERT  (1789-1869),  theologian:  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh ;  minister  at  Paisley,  1811 ;  joined 
the  Free  church,  1843 ;  delegate  to  America,  1844  ;  minister 
of  Knox's  church,  Toronto,  1845-56  ;  professor  in  Knox's 
(presbyterian)  College,  Toronto,  1866  till  death  :  D.D. ; 
wrote  tracts  on  points  of  church  history.  [vii.  438] 

BURNS,  WILLIAM  CHALMERS  (1815-1868),  mis- 
sionary;  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  licentiate  of  the  church  of 
Scotland,  1839 ;  revivalist  preacher  in  Scotland,  north  of 
England,  and  Canada;  missionary  in  China,  1846  till 
death  ;  translated  the  '  Pilgrim's  Progress '  into  Chinese. 

BURNSIDE,  ROBERT  (1759-1826),  baptist  ^edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity ;  preacher  and  pastor  in  London,  1780-1826  ; 
teacher  of  languages ;  wrote  religious  tracts,  [vii.  439] 

BURRANT,  ROBERT  (  ft.  1553),  editor  of  Sir  David 
Lindsay's  •  Tragical  Death  of  David  Beaton  ' ;  translated 
'  Preceptes  of  Cato,'  1553.  [vii.  439] 

BURRARD,     Sm     HARRY    (1755-1813),    general 
entered  the  army,  1772 ;    M.P.    for  Lymingtou,  1780 
served  in  America,  1778-9,  1781-2,  in  Flanders,  1793-5 
and    at    Copenhagen,    1807  ;     lieutenant-general,    1806 
created  baronet,  1807  ;  sent  to  take  command  in  Portugal 
1808  ;  allowed  ArthurWeltesley,  whom  be  had  been  selected 
to  supersede,  to  command  against  the  French  at  Vimiera 
(21  Aug.),  but  forbade  pursuit  after  their  rout ;  acquitted 
by  court-martial ;    commanded  the  guards    brigade  in 
London,  18 10.  [viiT440] 

BURREL  or  BUREL,  JOHN  (ft.  1590),  poet: 
author  of  a  description  of  James  VI's  queen's  entry  into 
Edinburgh,  1590 ;  supposed  to  be  the  same  with  John 
Burrel,  a  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh,  whose  name  occurs  in 
a  title-deed  of  1628.  [vii.  440] 


BURRELL,  LITELLUS  (1753-1827),  major-general ; 
served  in  the  Bengal  army,  1770-1821,  rising  from  the 
rank  of  volunteer-private  to  major-general ;  returned  to 
England,  1*21.  [vii.  441] 

BURRELL,  SOPHIA,  LADY  (1750  ?-1802),  dramatist ; 
published  poems  and  tragedies,  1773-18UO  ;  n/ie  Raymond ; 
married  (1)  Sir  William  Burrell  [q.  v.],  1773  ;  (2)  the  Rev. 
William  Clay,  1797.  [vii.  442] 

BURRELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1732-1796),  antiquary ; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  LL.D.,  1760  : 
advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1760;  practised  in  the 
admiralty  court ;  chancellor  of  Worcester,  1764,  and  of 
Rochester  ;  M.P.  for  Haslemere,  1768  ;  married,  1773  [see 
BURRELL,  SOPHIA,  LADY]  ;  baronet  by  reversion,  1789 ; 
collected  materials  for  a  history  of  Sussex  ;  lived  at 
Deepdenc,  Sussex,  1787-96  ;  wrote  law  reports,  [vii.  442] 

BURROUOH,  CHRISTOPHER.    [See  BOROUGH.] 

BURROUOH,  EDWARD  (1634-1662),  quaker ;  be- 
came a  presbyterian  ;  joiaed  the  quakers,  1652  ;  travelling 
minister  in  Scotland  and  north  of  England  ;  wrote  tracte 
while  in  prison.  1653 ;  preached  in  London  and  Bristol, 
1654  ;  expelled  from  Ireland,  1656  ;  imprisoned  for  refus- 
ing oath  of  abjuration,  1656 ;  vindicated  the  quakere 
against  John  Bunyan,  1657 ;  pleaded  lor  toleration  with 
Oliver  Cromwell.  1657,  and  Richard  Cromwell,  1658  ;'  at 
Dunkirk,  1669 ;  begged  Charles  II  to  protect  the  perse- 
cuted quakers  in  New  England,  1660 :  visited  Bristol, 
1662  ;  died  in  Newgate  prison  ;  published  pamphlets. 

[vii.  4431 

BURROUGH,  SIR  JAMES  (1691-1764),  amateur 
architect;  educated  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  and  Oaius 
College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1711 ;  fellow,  1738 ;  master, 
1764-64  ;  esquire  bedell,  1727  ;  knighted,  1754  ;  consulted 
or  employed  on  most  Cambridge  buildings  of  his  day ;  an 
advocate  of  the  classical  style  in  architecture,  [vii.  444] 

BURROUGH,  SIK  JAMES  (1750-1839),  judge; 
barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1773 ;  recorder  of  Ports- 
mouth ;  knighted,  1816 :  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
1816-29.  [vii.  445] 

BURROUGH,  STEPHEN  (1525-1584).  [See  BOROUGH.] 
BURROUGH,  WILLIAM  (1536-1599).  [SeeBoROUGH.] 

BORROUGHES  or  BORROUGHS,  JEREMIAH 
(1599-1646),  congregational  divine:  M.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1624 ;  puritan  rector  of  Tivetshall, 
Norfolk,  1631-6 ;  minister  at  Rotterdam,  1637-41 ;  preacher 
at  Stepney  and  Cripplegate,  1641  till  death ;  member  of 
Westminster  Assembly,  1643  ;  presented  the  congrega- 
tioualist  case  to  parliament,  1644  ;  wrote  devotional  and 
controversial  treatises.  [vii.  445] 

BURROUGHS,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1643).    [See  BOROUGH.] 

BURROUGHS,  JOSEPH  (1685-1761),  baptist  minis- 
ter ;  educated  at  Leydeu ;  preacher  and  pastor  in  Lon- 
don, 1714-61  ;  published  sermons.  [vii.  447] 

BURROW,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1785-1861),  miscella- 
neous writer  ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1808 ; 
D.D.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1820  ;  incumbent  of  Bemp- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  1810-16,  and  of  Hampstead  chapel-of-ease, 
1816-23 ;  civil  chaplain  at  Gibraltar,  1835  ;  archdeacon 
of  Gibraltar,  1842 ;  resided  latterly  in  Devonshire ;  pub- 
lished treatises  on  shells,  art  (including  the  'Elgin 
Marbles,'  1817  and  1837),  and  theology.  [vii.  447] 

BURROW,  SIR  JAMES  (1701-1782),  editor  of  law 
reports,  1756-80  ;  master  of  the  crown  office ;  barrister  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  1725  ;  knighted,  1773.  [vii.  448] 

BURROW,  REUBEN  (1747-1792),  mathematician; 
a  small  farmer's  son ;  clerk  and,  subsequently,  usher  in 
London  ;  kept  school  at  Portsmouth ;  assistant  at 
Greenwich  Observatory,  1770  ;  opened  a  school  in  Green- 
wich ;  mathematical  teacher  at  the  Tower,  1776  ?;  edited 
Carnan's  '  Ladies'  .  .  .  Almanack,'  1775-82  ;  employed  in 
teaching  and  survey  work  in  Bengal,  1782-92  ;  published 
'A  Restitution  of  ...  Apollonius  Pergaeus  on  Inclina- 
tions,' 1779.  [vii.  448] 

BURROWES,  JOHN  FRECKLETON  (1787-1852X 
composer  ;  organist  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly  ;  published 
text-books  on  music.  [vii.  449] 

BURROWES,  PETER  (1753-1841),  Irish  politician ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  barrister  of  the 


BURROWS 


176 


BURTON 


Middle  Temple,  17S5  :  M.P.  for  Knnisoorthy  in  the  Irish 
parliament :  opposed  the  union :  counael  for  Robert 
Kmmet,  1803  ;  judge  of  insolvent  debtors'  court,  1821. 

[vii.  450] 

BURROWS,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1801-1887), 
physician  ;  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  B.A. 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1825  ;  M.D.,  1831  :  D.C.L.,1872  ; 
junior  fellow  and  mathematical  lecturer,  1825-35  ;  studied 
medicine  on  continent ;  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence 
at  St.  Bartholomew's,  1834 ;  lecturer  on  medicine,  1841 ; 
physician,  1841-63  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1832,  and  president,  1871- 
1875 :  P.R.S.,  1846 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1881  ;  physician 
in  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1873 ;  created  baronet, 
1874  ;  honorary  fellow  of  Oaius  College,  1880  ;  published 
medical  writings.  [Snppl.  i.  345] 

BURROWS,  GEORGE  MAN  (1771-1846),  physician  ; 
studied  medicine  and  practised  in  London  ;  kept  a  private 
asylum  after  1816;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1824;  agitated  for 
improving  medical  education  ;  wrote  on  insanity. 

[vii.  450] 

BURROWS,  SIR  JOHN  OORDY  (1813-1876),  sur- 
geon ;  apprenticed  in  Suffolk ;  studied  in  London  ;  prac- 
tised in  Brighton,  1837  ;  knighted,  1873  ;  promoted  public 
improvements  in  Brighton.  [vii.  451] 

BURSCOUOH,  ROBERT  (1651-1709),  divine;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1682 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1701 ;  archdeacon  of  Barnsteple,  1703 ;  author  of  works 
of  controversial  divinity.  [vii.  451] 

BURT,  ALBTN  R.  (d.  1842),  engraver  and  portrait- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1830.  [vii.  452] 

BURT,  EDWARD  (d.  1755),  author  of  'Letters  from 
a  Gentleman  in  the  North  of  Scotland '  (printed,  1754)  ; 
employed  by  General  Wade  in  Scotland,  1724-8. 

[vii.  452] 

BURT,  WILLIAM  (1778-1826),  miscellaneous  writer; 
educated  at  Exeter  ;  solicitor's  apprentice  at  Bridgwater  ; 
solicitor  and  journalist  at  Plymouth ;  wrote  on  various 
topics,  including  banking  and  politics.  [vii.  452] 

BURTHOGGE,  RICHARD  (16387-1694?),  theolo- 
gian ;  educated  at  Exeter  grammar  school ;  B.A.  Oxford, 
1658;  M.D.  Leyden,  1662;  practised  medicine  at  Bow- 
den  ;  published  philosophical  and  theological  treatises,  in 
one  of  which  he  anticipated  Hamilton's  doctrine  of  the 
•  relativity  of  knowledge.'  [vii.  453] 

BURTON,  first  BARON  (d.  1743).  [See  PAGET, 
HENRY.] 

BURTON,  OASSIBELAN  (1609-1682),  translator; 
only  son  of  William  Burton  (1575-1645)  [q.  v.]  ;  translated 
Martial  (not  published);  gave  his  father's  collections 
to  Walter  Chetwynd  [q.  v.]  [viii.  1] 

BURTON,  CATHARINE  (1668-1714),  Carmelite  nun 
at  Antwerp,  1694.  [viii.  1] 

BURTON,  CHARLES  (1793-1866),  theologian;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
LL.B.,  1822;  D.C.L.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1829; 
originally  Wesleyan  minister  ;  rector  of  All  Saints',  Man- 
chester (built  by  himself),  1820  ;  published  hymns,  poems, 
sermons,  and  controversial  tracts.  [viii.  1] 

BURTON,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1846-1882),  astro- 
nomer ;  B.A.  Dublin  ;  assistant  in  Lord  Rosse's  obser- 
vatory, 1868 ;  observed  the  eclipse  in  Sicily,  1870,  the 
transit  of  Venus  at  Rodriguez,  1874,  and  the  opposition  of 
Mars,  near  Dublin,  1879  ;  wrote  astronomical  papers. 

[viii.  2] 

BURTON,  DECIMUS  (1800-1881},  architect ;  designed 
Horner's  Colosseum,  1823  ;  laid  out  Hyde  Park,  1826  ; 
architect  of  a  building  estate  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  1828- 
1848 ;  designed  many  country  houses ;  travelled  in  Italy, 
Greece,  and  North  America.  [viii.  3] 

BURTON,  EDWARD  (1584  7-1624?).  [See  CATCHER, 
EDWARD.] 

BURTON.  EDWARD  (1794-1836),  theologian;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1813 ;  M.A.,  1818  ;  travelled  ;  Bampton  lecturer,  1828 ; 
regins  professor  of  divinity,  Oxford,  1829-36  ;  D.D.,  1829  ; 
wrote  classical  and  theological  works.  [viii.  4] 

BURTON,  SIR  FREDERIC  WILLIAM  (1816-1900), 
painter  in  water-colours,  and  director  of  National  Portrait 
Gallery  ;  member  of  Hoyal  Hibernian  Academy,  1839 ; 


practised  with  success  as  portrait-painter  in  Dublin ; 
lived  in  Munich,  1H51-8,  and  studied  German  masters; 
member  of  '  Old '  (now  Royal)  Water-Colour  Society,  1856 ; 
F.S.A.,  1863  ;  director  of  National  Gallery,  London,  1874- 
1894  ;  LL.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1896.  A  portrait  by 
him  of  'George  Eliot'  is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 
Among  his  best  pictures  are  '  Peasantry  of  Franconia 
waiting  for  Confession,'  and  '  The  Meeting  on  the  Turret 
Stairs.'  [Suppl.  i.  346] 

BURTON,  GEORGE  (1717-1791),  chronologer  ;  pub- 
lished treatises  on  biblical  chronology,  1766-87  ;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1740  ;  rector  of  Elveden,  1740,  and  of  Heringa- 
well,  Suffolk,  1751.  [viii.  4] 

BURTON,  HENRY  (1578-1648),  independent ;  MJL 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1602  ;  tutor  to  Sir  Robert 
Carey's  sons  ;  clerk  of  the  closet  to  Prince  Henry,  and  to 
Prince  Charles,  1612-25  ;  offended  Charles  I  by  accusing 
Laud  of  popery,  April  1625  ;  rector  of  St.  Matthew's, 
Friday  Street,  1625  ;  prosecuted  for  attacks  on  the  bishops, 
1627 ;  imprisoned,  1629 ;  tried  in  the  Star-chamber  for 
'  seditious '  preaching,  and  sentenced  to  deprivation,  degra- 
dation, fine,  pillory,  loss  of  ears,  and  perpetual  imprison- 
ment, 1636  ;  his  removal  to  Lancaster  Castle  witnessed  by 
sympathetic  crowds,  1636  ;  removed  to  Castle  Cornet, 
Guernsey,  1636  ;  freed  by  parliament,  November  1640  ;  made 
a  triumphal  progress  from  Dartmouth  to  London ;  his 
sentence  reversed,  1641 ;  ministered  to  an  independent 
congregation  in  St.  Matthew's,  Friday  Street,  1642  ;  Tues- 
day lecturer  at  St.  Mary's,  Aldermaubury,  till  1645  ;  wrote 
polemical  tracts.  [viii.  6] 

BURTON,  HEZEKIAH  (d.  1681),  divine  ;  fellow  of 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1651  ;  B.D.,  1661 ;  D.D., 
1669 ;  prebendary  of  Norwich,  1667 ;  rector  of  St.  George's, 
South wark,  1668,  and  of  Barnes,  Surrey,  1680 ;  his  sermons 
published  posthumously.  [viii.  7] 

BURTON,  ISABEL,  LADY  (1831-1896),  wife  of  Sir 
Richard  Francis  Burton  [q.  v.],  whom  she  married,  1861 ; 
daughter  of  Henry  Raymond  Arundell :  shared,  as  far  as 
possible,  her  husband's  life  in  travel  and  literature,  and 
after  his  death  prepared  his  biography  and  a  memorial 
edition  of  his  works ;  published  '  Inner  Life  of  Syria  * 
(1875)  and  '  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  India,'  1879. 

[Suppl.  i.  348] 

BURTON,  JAMES  (1788-1862).  [See  HALIBURTON, 
JAMES.] 

BURTON,  JAMES  DANIEL  (1784-1817),  methodist ; 
itinerant  preacher,  1805,  chiefly  in  Lancashire ;  published 
a  devotional  tract.  [viii.  8] 

BURTON,  JOHN  (1696-1771),  classical  scholar ;  scholar 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1713,  tutor,  1717,  fellow, 
1721  ;  M.A.,  1721 ;  D.D.,  1752  ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1733 ;  vicar 
of  Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire,  1734-66;  rector  of  Wor- 
plesdon,  Surrey,  1766-71 ;  wrote  tracts,  sermons,  Latin 
verses,  and  Greek  text-books.  [viii.  8] 

BURTON,  JOHN  (1710-1771),  antiquary;  edu- 
cated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege,  Cambridge ;  M.B.,  1733 ;  studied  medicine  at  Leyden ; 
M.D.  Rheims  ;  practised  medicine  in  York ;  wrote  on 
midwifery  and  on  the  antiquities  of  Yorkshire,  [viii.  10] 

BURTON,  JOHN  HILL  (1809-1881),  Scottish  his- 
torian ;  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  articled  to  a  solicitor ; 
read  for  the  bar  in  Edinburgh ;  advocate,  but  had  little 
practice ;  wrote  much  for  Edinburgh  booksellers,  reviews 
and  newspapers ;  made  his  mark  by  a  life  of  David 
Hume,  1846 ;  secretary  to  the  prison  board,  1854-81 ; 
pu  I  dished'  History  of  Scotland,' 1853,  'The  Bookhunter,1 
1860, '  The  Scot  Abroad,'  1864,  and  many  other  treatises 
and  editions,  chiefly  historical.  [viii.  10] 

BURTON,    Sm   RICHARD    FRANCIS    (1821-1890), 

explorer  and  scholar ;  taken  abroad  at  an  early  age  by  hie 

parents;  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1840. 

but  did  not  graduate  ;  cadet  in  Indian  army,  1842  :  ensign 

18th  regiment  Bombay  native  infantry,  1842;  captain: 

studied  oriental  languages ;   assistant   in  Sind  survey ; 

I  lived  a  wandering  life  among  natives  and  gained  intimate 

I  knowledge  of  Muhammadan  manners  and  customs ;  re- 

|  turned  to  England,  1849  ;  published  three  philological  works 

relating  to  Asiatic  languages,  1849,  and  other  volumes  on 

India,  1851  -3  ;  made  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  adopting  various 

disguises   and  assuming  name  of  Al-Haj  (the  pilirrim) 

Abdullah.  1853,  and  published  '  Personal  Narrative,'  1855  ; 


BUBTON 


177 


BUSBY 


explore  Somaliland,  1854 ;  served  in  Crimea,  1855  ;  went 
;ion  \vitli  <i>eke,  as  second  in  command,  to  dis- 
cover -our.-.--  ..i   Nile,  1856-9;  reached  Laki-  Tanganyika, 
1858(Spekc.  on  tin-  return  journey,left  the  party  mid  alone 
:  Yn-toria  Nyiiny.ii) :  travelled  in  North  America, 
I860:    inurru-1    Isabel    Arunddl    [sec-    HrinoN,    I.HABKL, 
LADY],  1*''>1  :   Hritish  consul  at  Fernando  Po,  1861-5,  and 
'.i.  .luring  both  of  which  periods  he  made 
i9Crous  journeys  of  discovery  ;  consul  at  Damascus, 
1869-71  ;  consul  fit  Trieste  (1872),  whence  he  made  many 
tours  into  neighbouring  unexplored  territories;  went  to 
i  -.i-i-t  for  gold  in  company  with  Captain  Verney 
Lovett   ( •aiuerou    [q.  v.],    l««l-2 ;    nominated    K.O.M.G., 
lit-;  later  years  devoted  himself  to   literature, 
poblUhiug  translations  of  Camoens,  1880  and  1884,  'Book 
of  the  Sword,'   I**!,  and  complete  translation  of  'The 
\rabiaii  Niifhts,'  1885-8.    His  translations  of  the  'Penta- 
merone'   of   Basile   and  of   'Catullus'    appeared    post- 
-lv.  [Suppl.  i.  349] 

BURTON,  ROBERT  (1577-1640),  author  of  the 'Ana- 
tomy ..r  Melancholy,'  1621  ;  called  'Democritus  Junior'  ; 
educated  at  Nuneaton  and  Button  Coldfleld  schools ;  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1693  ;  student  of  Christ  Church, 
: ».,  1H1-4 ;  vicar  of  St.  Thomas's,  Oxford,  1616,  and 
Segrave,  Leicestershire,  1630-40.  [viii.  12] 

BURTON.  ROBERT  or  RICHARD  (1632  ?-1725  ?), 
reputed  to  be  a  miscellaneous  writer.  [See  CROUCH, 
NATHANIEL.] 

BURTON,  SIMON  (1690  7-1744),  physician  ;  educated 
at  Rnt'by  and  New  College,  Oxford;  M.D.,  1720;  began 
practice  at  Warwick;  removed  to  Savile  Row,  London, 
1732.  [viii.  16] 

BURTON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1656-1659),  diarist :  M.P.  for 
Westmoreland,  1656  ;  reputed  author  of  a  diary  (printed, 
•i raining  reports  of  proceedings  in  parliament, 
3  Dec.  1656-22  April  1659.  [viii.  17] 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1616),  puritan;  edu- 
cated at  Winchester;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1661-5 ;  B.A.,  1665 ;  perhaps  usher  in  Norwich  school, 
1576  ;  minister  in  Norwich,  1684  ?-9 :  received  into  house- 
hold of  Thomas,  baron  Wentworth  ;  preached  in  Bristol, 
1590  ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Reading,  1591 ;  resided  in  Lon- 
don from  about  1608  :  published  catechism  and  sermons  ; 
translated  seven  dialogues  of  Erasmus,  1606.  [viii.  17] 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  (1676-1645),  antiquary  ;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1594 ;  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  1603  ;  retired  to  his  estate  at  Falde,  Stafford- 
shin-  ;  published  his  '  Description  of  Leicestershire,' 
1622 ;  finished  revision  of  it,  1638 ;  gave  John  Leland's 
manuscripts  to  the  Bodleian,  1631.  [viii.  18] 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  (1609-1657),  author  of  'A 
Commentary  on  Antoninus  his  Itinerary  .  .  .  (for) 
Britain,'  1668 ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London ; 
member  of  Queen's  College,  and  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford ; 
B.C.L.,  1630;  usher  in  Thomas  Farnaby's  school; 
master  of  Kingston-on-Thames  school;  published  Latin 
orations  and  translations  from  Latin.  [viii.  19] 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  EVANS  (1802-1860),  actor 
and  dramatist ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ; 
went  on  the  provincial  stage,  1823 ;  first  acted  in 
London,  1831  ;  went  to  the  United  States,  1834  ;  managed 
'  and  Burton's  theatres,  New  York,  1841-68 ; 
afterwards  head  of  a  travelling  company ;  wrote  plays, 
humorous  books,  and  magazine  articles.  [viiL  20] 

BURTON,  WILLIAM  PATON  (1828-1883),  land- 
scape painter  in  water-colours ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ; 
exhibited  in  London,  1862-80.  [viii.  21] 

BURTT,    JOSEPH    (1818-1876),   archaeologist:  em- 
ployed in  calendaring  records  at  Westminster  chapter- 
house, 1832 ;  assistant-keeper  of  the  Record  Office,  1869- 
•  ranged  muniments  at  Westminster   Abbey  and 
Lincoln  Cathedral ;  wrote  archaeological  papers. 

[viii.  21] 

BURY.  VISCOUNT  (1832-1894).  [See  KKPPEL, 
WILLIAM  COUTTS,  seventh  EARL  OF  ALBEMARLE.] 

BURY,  ARTHUR  (1624-1713),  theologian ;  son  of 
John  Bury  (1580-1667)  [q.  v.] :  entered  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1639;  fellow,  1643  (ejected,  1648:  restored, 
!>;»*, -2) ;  canon  of  Exeter,  1661  ;  rector  of  Exeter  College, 
1666-89,  expelled  by  the  Tisitor  for  disobedience ;  his 


expulsion  confirmed  by  the  House  of  Lords,  1694  ;  D.D.. 
1666  ;  part  vicar  of  Hampton,  Oxfordshire,  1671-1707  ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Naked  Gospel,'  1690,  an  attempt  to  set  aside 
later  dogmatic  accretions;  his  book  burnt  by  Oxford 
University,  1690;  published  other  theological  treatises, 
and  sermons.  [viii.  21] 

BURY,  LADY  CHARLOTTE  SUSAN  MARIA 
(1775-1861),  novelist  ;  youngest  daughter  of  the  fifth 
Duke  of  Argyll  ;  married  (1)  in  1796,  Colonel  John 
Campbell  (rf.  1809) ;  (2)  in  1818,  Rev.  Edward  John 
Bury  (d.  1832)  ;  lady-in-waiting  to  Caroline,  princess  of 
Wales,  1809;  published  numerous  novels,  1826-64, 
poems,  and  a  'Diary  Illustrative  of  the  Times  of 
George  IV,'  1838.  [viii.  22] 

BURY,  EDWARD  (1616-1700),  nonconformist ;  a 
presbyterian  minister  ;  intruded  rector  of  Great  Bolas, 
Shropshire,  before  1654;  ejected,  1662;  resided  at  Great 
Bolas  till  1680  ;  suffered  for  nonconformity,  1681,  and  for 
a  time  moved  from  place  to  place;  became  blind;  pub- 
lished devotional  tracts.  [viii.  23] 

BURY,  EDWARD  (1794-1858),  engineer;  at  one 
time  manufacturing  engineer  at  Liverpool ;  constructed 
railway  engines,  1830,  and  steamship  engines,  1840 ; 
manager  of  rolling  stock  of  London  and  Birmingham 
railway,  1838,  and  of  Great  Northern  railway,  [viii.  24] 

BURY,  Mas.  ELIZABETH  (1644-1720),  nonconfor- 
mist ;  n&e  Lawrence  ;  married  (1)  in  1667,  Griffith  Lloyd 
(rf.  1682) ;  (2)  in  1697,  Samuel  Bury  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  '  Diary,' 
beginning  1664.  [viii.  24] 

BURY,  HENBY  DK  (ft.  1380).    [See  BEDERIC.] 
BURY,  JOHN  OF  (fl.  1460).    [See  JOHN.] 

BURY,  JOHN  (/.  1557),  translator;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1555  ;  published  a  translation  from  Isocrates,  1557. 

Iviii.  25] 

BURY  or  BERRY,  JOHN  (1580-1667),  divine; 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1597;  Blun- 
dell  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  1603;  M.A.,  1605; 
vicar  of  Heavitree,  Devonshire,  1626,  and  rector  of  W'id- 
worthy  ;  canon  of  Exeter,  1627  ;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Major, 
Exeter,  1662-7  ;  published  sermons.  [viii.  25] 

BURY,  RICHARD  DE  (1281-1346),  bishop  of 
Durham,  patron  of  learning  and  collector  of  books ; 
named  from  his  birthplace,  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ;  son  of 
Sir  Richard  Aungerville ;  studied  at  Oxford ;  entered 
Benedictine  monastery  at  Durham  ;  tutor  to  Edward  III 
when  Prince  of  Wales  ;  treasurer  of  Guienue  ;  of  the  house- 
hold of  Edward  III ;  dean  of  Wells,  1333  ;  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 1333  ;  lord  chancellor,  September  1334  to  July  1335  : 
lord  high  treasurer,  1337  ;  employed  by  Edward  III  in 
Paris,  Hainault,  Germany,  1336,  and  in  Scotland,  1337  and 
1342 ;  founded  a  library  in  Durham  College,  Oxford ;  wrote 
'  Philobiblon '  (first  printed,  1473).  [viii.  25] 

BURY,  SAMUEL  (1663-1730),  presbyterian  ;  son  of 
Edward  Bury  (1616-1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Doolittle's 
academy,  Islington ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  from  before  1689  to  1719  ;  minister  at  Bristol, 
1720-30  ;  published  sermons  and  hymns.  [viii  27] 

BURY,  THOMAS  (1655-1722),  judge;  B.A.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1668;  barrister  of  Gray's  Inn,  1676; 
serjeant-at-law,  1700;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1701,  and 
chief  baron,  1716-22.  [viii.  28] 

BURY,  THOMAS  TALBOT  (1811-1877),  architect ; 
pupil  of  Augustus  Pugiu,  1824  ;  started  business,  1830 ; 
exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1846-72 ;  designed  many 
churches  and  schools ;  wrote  on  architectural  subjects. 

[viii.  29] 

BUSBY,  RICHARD  (1606-1695),  head-master  of 
Westminster  School ;  educated  at  Westminster  :  student 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1624  ;  M.A.,  1631  :  D.D.,  1660  ; 
head-master  of  Westminster,  1638-95  ;  rector  of  Cudworth, 
Somerset,  1639  (ejected,  c.  1648) ;  prebendary  of  West- 
minster and  canon  of  Wells,  1660  :  a  famous  schoolmaster 
and  a  zealous  churchman ;  published  classical  school- 
books,  [viii.  29] 

BUSBY,  THOMAS  (1755-1838),  composer;  taught 
by  various  masters  in  London  ;  sang  at  Vauxhall,  1769  ; 
articled  to  Battishill,  1777 ;  journalist  and  parliamen- 
tary reporter  ;  organist  at  St.  Mary's,  Newington,  1786  ; 
taught  music  and  French ;  joint-editor  of  a  '  Musical 


BUSH 


178 


BUTLER 


Dictionary,'  1786:  edited  two  collections  of  music; 
organist  at  St.  Mary  Woolnotb,  1798  ;  produced  his  first 
oratorio,  'The  Prophecy,'  1799;  Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge, 
1801 ;  composed  music  for  stage  ;  published  treatises  on 
musical  subjects.  [  v iii.  3 1  ] 

BUSH,  PAUL  (1490-1558),  first  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1518  :  afterwards  D.D. ;  a  Bonhomme  friar  ; 
provost  of  house  of  Bonhommes  at  Ediugton,  Wiltshire ; 

endary  of  Salisbury,  1539,  and  canon;  chaplain  to 
j  VIII ;  bishop  of  Bribtol,  1542 ;  resigned  1554,  to 
avoid  deprivation  for  marriage  ;  rector  of  Winterbourue, 
Gloucestershire,  1555-8  ;   published  devotional  tracts  and 

[viii.  32] 


BUSHE,  CHARLES  KENDAL  (1767-1843),  Irish 
judge ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1782  ;  Irish  bar- 
rNt.T,  1790,  subsequently  acquiring  an  extensive  practice  ; 
M.P.  for  Callan  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1797 ;  opposed 
the  union;  serjeant-at-law,  1805;  solicitor-general  for 
Ireland,  1805-22;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1822- 
1841.  [viii.  84] 

BUSHELL,  BROWN  (rf.  1651),  sea-captain :  in  the 
parliamentary  garrison  at  Scarborough  ;  seized  the  castle 
there  for  the  parliament,  when  the  commander  sur- 
rendered to  the  royalists,  1643 ;  surrendered  to  royalists, 
1644  ?  ;  sent  to  London  under  suspicion,  1645  ;  given 
command  of  ship-of-war ;  delivered  his  ship  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1648;  imprisoned  in  Windsor  Castle, 
1649-50  ;  executed.  [viii.  34] 

BUSHELL,  SETH  (1621-1684),  divine;  educated  at 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1639-44  ;  M.A.,  1655  ;  D.D.,  1672  ; 
minister  of  Whitley,  Yorkshire,  and  of  Buxton,  Lancashire, 
under  the  Commonwealth :  vicar  of  Preston,  1664-82,  and 
of  Lancaster,  1682-4 ;  published  sermons.  [viii.  35] 

BUSHELL,  THOMAS  (1594-1674),  speculator  and 
mining  engineer ;  page  to  Francis  Bacon,  who  taught 
him  what  was  then  known  of  mineralogy ;  seal-bearer  to 
Bacon ;  lay  hid  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  for  a  few  years  from 
1621 ;  lived  in  hiding  on  the  Calf  of  Man,  1626-9 ;  his 
walks  and  fountains  at  Enstone,  Oxford,  visited  by 
Charles  I,  and  by  the  queen,  1636  ;  farmed  royal  mines  in 
Wales,  1636-7 ;  master  of  the  mint  at  Aberystwith,  1637, 
at  Shrewsbury,  1642,  and  at  Oxford,  1643  ;  held  Lundy  for 
Charles  I  till  1647,  and  then  lived  in  concealment ;  gave 
security  for  good  behaviour,  1652;  leased  crown  mines 
from  Protector  ;  wrote  pamphlet*  respecting  his  schemes. 

[viii.  35] 

BUSHEE,  LEONARD  (fl.  1614),  pioneer  of  religious 
toleration ;  member  of  Brownist  congregation  of  Thomas 
Helwys  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Religious  Peace,'  1614,  pro- 
bably the  earliest  publication  in  which  liberty  of  con- 
science is  openly  advocated.  [Suppl.  i.  356] 

BUSHNAN,  JOHN  STEVENSON  (1808  ?-1884), 
writer  on  medical  subjects  :  M.D.  Heidelberg  ;  qualified 
as  practitioner  at  Edinburgh,  1830;  editor,  in  London,  of 
'  The  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,'  1849-52 ;  lost  his  eight ; 
pensioner  of  the  Charterhotiso.  [viii.  37] 

BUSHHELL,  MRS.  CATHERINE  (1825-1861).  [See 
HAYES,  CATHERINE.] 

BUSHNELL,  JOHN  (rf.  1701),  sculptor;  pupil  of 
Thomas  Burman  [q.  v.],  in  London ;  then  studied  in 
France,  Rome,  Venice ;  executed  many  statues  for  public 
buildings  in  London  ;  died  insane.  [viii.  38] 

BUSHNELL,  WALTER  (1609-1667),  divine;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1634  ;  vicar  of  Box,  Wiltshire, 
1644  ;  ejected,  1656 ;  restored,  1660,  and  held  the  living  till 
death;  published  narrative  of  the  proceedings  against 
him.  [viii.  38] 

BUSK,  GEORGE  (1807-1886),  man  of  science ;  born 
at  St.  Petersburg;  student  at  College  of  Surgeons  ani 
St.  Thomas's  and  St.  Bartholomew's  hospitals  ;  served  as 
surgeon  in  navy ;  settled  in  London,  1866 ;  F.R.O.S., 
1843,  and  president.  1871 ;  treasurer  of  Royal  Institution ; 
Hunterian  professor  and  trustee  of  Huuterian  Museum ; 
F.R.S.,  1860 ;  F.L.S.,  1846  ;  F.2LS.,  1866 ;  president  of 
Anthropological  Institute,  1873-4;  published  scientific 
bMttM,  [Suppl.  i.  357] 

BUSK,  HANS,  the  elder  (1772-1862),  a  Radnorshire 
squire:  published  poems,  1814-34.  [viii.  39] 

BUSK,  HANS,  the  younger  (1816-1882),  a  pioneer  of 
the  volunteer  movement,  son  of  Hans  Busk  the  elder 


[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1844  ;  called  to  bar  at  Mid.llo  Temple, 
1841  ;  high  sheriff  of  Radnorshire,  1847 ;  wrote  on  mili- 
tary  and  naval  topics.  [viii.  39] 

BUSS,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1804-1875),  painter  of 
theatrical  portraits,  and  of  historical  and  humorous 
subjects  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  other  institu- 
tions, 1826-59  ;  illustrated  books  ;  wrote  on  art  topics. 

[viii.  40] 

BUSSY,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1399),  sheriff  of  Lincoln,  13TI 
1381,  1391 ;  M.P.  for  Lincolnshire,  1388-98  ;  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  1394,  1397,  1398 ;  subservient  to 
Richard  II ;  executed  at  Bristol  by  the  Lancastrians. 

[viii.  40] 

BUTCHELL,  MARTIN  VAN  (1735-1812  ?),  eccentric; 
pupil  of  John  Hunter ;  practised  as  dentist,  truss-makei; 
and  fistula  specialist ;  advertised  largely  ;  kept  mummiflflt 
body  of  his  first  wife  in  his  parlour  for  years  from  1775. 

[viii.  40] 

BUTCHER,  EDMUND  (1767-1822),  Unitarian;  ap. 
prenticed  to  a  London  linendraper ;  wrote  for  periodical! ; 
presbyterian  student  at  Daventry  academy,  1783 ;  minis- 
ter at  Sowerby,  Yorkshire ;  in  London,  1789-97,  and  at 
Sidmouth,  1798-1820  ;  withdrew  to  Bath,  1821 ;  published 
hymns,  sermons,  and  devotional  books.  [viii.  41] 

BUTCHER,  RICHARD  (1583-1665?),  compiler  of 
'  The  Survey  and  Antiquitie  of  ...  Stamforde,'  1C46 ; 
town  clerk  of  Stamford.  [viii.  42] 

BUTCHER,  SAMUEL  (1811-1876),  bishop  of  Meath  ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1829;  fellow,  1837-H 
and  lecturer  ;  D.D.,  1849 ;  professor  of  ecclesiastical  hto- 
tory,  1850,  and  of  divinity,  1852-66 ;  incumbent  of  Bally- 
money,  Cork,  1864-66  ;  bishop  of  Meath,  1866  ;  published 
sermons  and  charges.  [viii.  42] 

BUTE,  third  EARL  OP  (1713-1792).  [See  STUAB-^ 
JOHN.] 

BUTE,  third  MARQUIS  OF  (1847-1900).  [See  STUART, 
JOHN  PATRICK  CRICHTON.] 

BUTLER,  ALBAN  (1711-1773),  hagiographer  ;  com- 
piler of '  The  Lives  of  the ...  Principal  Saints,'  1756-9  ;  edu- 
cated at  Douay ;  professor  of  philosophy  and  divinity  at 
Donay;  ordained  priest,  1735;  sent  into  England, '1746; 
chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  and  tutor  to  his  heir 
(d.  1767) ;  president  of  the  English  College  at  St.  Omer, 
1768-73 ;  published  also  travels,  sermons,  and  biographies. 

[viii.  43] 

BUTLER,  CHARLES  (d.  1647),  author  of  '  T 
nine  Monarchic,  or  a  Treatise  concerning  Bees,'  1609; 
chorister  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1579-85  ;  M.A^ 
1587  ;  master  of  Basingstoke  school,  and  rector  of  Nately- 
Scures,  Hampshire,  1593-1600 ;  vicar  of  Wootton  St.  Law- 
rence, 1 600-47  ;  published  also  treatises  on  rhetoric,  Eng- 
lish grammar  (advocating  spelling-reform),  music,  and 
affinity  as  a  bar  to  marriage.  [viii.  44] 

BUTLER,  CHARLES  (1750-1832),  Roman  catholic 
lawyer;  educated  at  Douay,  1769-66;  studied  con- 
veyancing in  London,  1769  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1775; 
an  eminent  conveyancer,  1775-1826  ;  secretary  of  commit- 
tees for  repeal  of  penal  laws,  1782-91 ;  first  catholic  bar- 
rister since  James  II,  1791  ;  published  several  legal,  histo- 
rical, biographical,  and  theological  works.  [Yiii.  46]  |j 

BUTLER,  EDMUND  (d.  1551),  archbishop  of  Cashel; 
studied  at  Oxford  ;  prior  of  canons  regular  at  Athassel, 
Tipperary ;  archbishop  of  Oashel,  1527  ;  held  synod  at 
Limerick,  1529;  surrendered  Athassel  Abbey  to  the 
crown,  1637  ;  present  in  parliament  at  Dublin,  1541 ;  one 
of  the  king's  commissioners  at  Limerick,  1560. 

[viii.  47] 

BUTLER,  SIR  EDWARD  GERARD  (1770-18251 
soldier  ;  cornet,  1792  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1793  ;  knighted 
for  saving  the  emperor's  life  at  Villiers-en-Couche,  IT'.H; 
major,  1796  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804  ;  served  in  the  West 
Indies,  1797-1806,  and  at  the  La  Plata,  1806 ;  major-general, 
1814.  [viii.  48] 

BUTLER,  ELEANOR,  LADY  (1745  ?-l 829),  recluse; 
sister  of  the  seventeenth  Earl  of  Ormonde ;  one  of  '  the 
ladies  of  the  vale '  of  LJangollen,  1779-1829.  [viii.  48] 

BUTLER,  GEOHGE  (1774-1863),  head-master  of 
Harrow  ;  second  son  of  Weedeu  Butler  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ft* 
fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  senior 
wrangler,  1794 ;  M.A.,  1797 ;  D.D.,  1805 ;  head-master  of 


BUTLER 


170 


BUTLER 


Harrow,  1805-29:  rector  of  Gayton,  Northamptonshire, 
1814 ;  chancellor  of  Peterborough,  1836 ;  dean  of  Peter- 
borough, 1H42  ;  published  sermons  and  Harrow  notes. 

[viii.  49] 

BUTLER,  GEORGE  (1819-1890),  canon  of  Winchester ; 
son  of  Geonre  Butler  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Harrow,  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  Petrean 
fellow,  1M-J;  M.A.,  1846;  tutor  at  Durham  University, 
1848;  examiner  at  Oxford,  1860-2;  curate,  1854;  prin- 
cipal of  Hu  tier's  Hall,  Oxford,  1856-8;  vice-principal  of 
••>nham  College,  1857-65;  principal  of  Liverpool 
College,  1866-82;  canon  of  Winchester,  1882;  published 
sermons  and  other  writings.  [Snppl.  i.  358] 

BUTLER,  GEORGE  SLADE  (1821-1882),  writer  on 
antiquities  of  Sussex  ;  solicitor,  1843  ;  town  clerk  of  Rye, 
.>.A.,  1862.  [viii.  50] 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  second  EARL  OF  ORMONDK  (1331- 

.  styled  'the  noble  earl'  in  virtue  of  his  being  son 

.  granddaughter  of  Edward  I ;  succeeded  to  earldom, 

i:;3*  ;  a  favourite  with  Edward  III  and  Richard  II ;  lord 

e  of  Ireland,  April  1359,  and  again,  March  1360 ; 

held  command  kinder  the  Duke  of  Clarence  in  the  war, 

1361-2  :  lord  deputy,  1364 ;  lord  justice,  1376-8. 

[viii.  50] 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  OP  ORMONDE   (d. 
1452),  styled  'the  white  earl';    succeeded,  1405;    lord 
deputy  of  Ireland,  1407  ;  went  with  Thomas  of  Lancaster 
mcv.  1412 ;  served  in  Henry  V's  French  wars  ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1420 ;   made  war  on  the  O'Mores, 
lord-lieutenant,  1424 ;    lord    justice,  1426 ;    lord 
deputy,  1440 ;  lord-lieutenant,  1443-6.  [viii.  50] 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  fifth  EARL  OF  ORMONDE  and  EARL 
I«K  WILTSHIRE  (1420-1461),  eldest  son  of  James  Butler, 
fourth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  attended  Richard,  duke  of  York,  to 
France,  1439 ;  a  zealous  Lancastrian  ;  created  Earl  of 
Wiltshire  in  the  English  peerage,  1449 ;  lord  deputy  of 
Ireland,  1450-1 ;  succeeded  to  the  Ormonde  peerage,  1452  ; 
lord-lieutenant,  1453-5;  made  lord  high  treasurer  of 
England,  1455  ;  fought  at  St.  Albans,  22  May  1455  ;  again 
made  lord  high  treasurer,  1458 ;  K.G.,  1459  ;  fought  at 
Wakefield,  December  1460,  Mortimer's  Cross,  February 
1461,  Towton,  March  1461 ;  beheaded  at  Newcastie-on- 
Tyne  ;  attainted  and  his  estates  forfeited.  [viii.  51] 

BUTLER,  JAMES  (d.  1546),  created  VISCOUNT 
THURLKS,  1535 ;  restored  as  ninth  EARL  OF  ORMONDE, 
1541 ;  poisoned  in  London,  1546.  [viii.  78] 

BUTLER,  JAMES  (ft.  1631-1634),  Irishman  hi  the 
Imperialist  service ;  raised  regiment  in  Poland,  called  '  the 
Irish  regiment,'  from  ite  officers ;  brought  this  regiment 
to  Frankfort-on-Oder  to  reinforce  Tiefenbach  in  spring 
of  1631 ;  sent  to  Tilly  to  ask  further  help  ;  present  at  the 
storming  of  Magdeburg,  20  May  1631 ;  defeated  the  Saxons 
at  Nimburg-on-Elbe,  November  1631 ;  fought  in  the  Polish 
•ervice  against  Russia,  1632-4.  [viiL  51] 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  twelfth  EARL  and  first  DUKE  OF 
ORMONDE  (1610-1688),  son  of  Thomas,  viscount  Thnrles 
(d.  1619);  grandson  of  Walter  Butler,  eleventh  earl  of 
Ormonde  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Viscount  Thurles,  1619 ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom,  1633;  created  marquis,  1642; 
created  Earl  of  Brecknock  in  the  English  peerage,  1660  ; 
created  Duke  of  Ormonde  in  the  Irish  peerage,  1661, 
and  in  the  English  peerage,  1682 ;  placed  by  his  mother 
under  a  catholic  tutor  at  Finchley,  1619 ;  made  king's 
ward  and  brought  up  in  the  protestant  religion  at 
Lambeth  under  Archbishop  Abbot ;  entrusted  to  Richard 
Preston,  earl  of  Desmond,  1624-8 ;  lived  with  his  grand- 
father at  Drury  Lane,  1625-7,  and  at  Carrickfergus,  1630  ; 
came  to  England,  1631 ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1633 ;  op- 
posed Wentworth  in  the  Irish  parliament,  but  urged 
granting  supplies  to  Charles  I,  1634;  raised  troop  of 
cuirassiers,  1638;  supported  Wentworth  (now  Earl  of 
Straff ord),  1640;  assembled  troops  at  Carrickfergus,  July 
1640 ;  defended  Strafford  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1641 ; 
commander  against  the  Irish  rebels,  but  kept  inactive  by 
the  lords  justices,  1641 ;  defeated  rebels,  January-March 
1642 ;  quieted  Connaught,  1642 ;  again  obstructed  by  the 
lords  justices,  1642 ;  commissioned  by  Charles  I  to  ascer- 
tain the  demands  of  the  Irish  rebels,  1643  ;  defeated  them 
at  Ross,  18  March  1643 ;  ordered  in  April  to  conclude 
truce ;  concluded  truce  for  a  year  in  September  ;  sent  five 
thousand  troops  into  Cheshire,  November  1643;  lord- 


lieutenant  of  Ireland,  January  1644  ;  sent  Irish  troops 
into  Scotland  to  help  Montrose  ;  opposed  both  by  the 
catholic  rebels  and  by  the  proteetant  parliamentarians, 
April  1644-April  1645  ;  negotiated  peace  with  the  rebels  ; 
superseded  in  August  1646  by  Glamorgan  ;  arranged  terms 
of  peace  between  the  king's  forces  and  the  catholic  rebels, 
.March  1646  ;  asked  parliament  for  help  against  the  rebels, 
October-November  1646  :  induced  by  the  rebels'  rejection 
of  his  terms  (February  1647)  to  approach  parliament, 
with  which  he  concluded  peace,  June  1647  ;  conferred 
with  Charles  I  at  Hampton  Court,  August  1647  ;  with- 
drew to  Paris,  1648  ;  royalist  commander  in  Ireland, 

I  October  1648  :  concluded  peace  with  rebels,  January  1649  ; 

•  proclaimed  Charles  II  ;  attacked  Dublin  ;  defeated  at 
Rat  famines,  August  1649  ;  his  garrisons  crushed  by  Crom- 
well, September-  December  1649  ;  left  Ireland,  December 
1650  ;  employed  in  personal  attendance  on  Charles  II  or 
on  embassies  in  his  interest,  1651-9;  royalist  spy  in 
England,  January-  March*  1658;  negotiated  with  Monck, 
1659  ;  received  back  his  estates,  and  also  his  grandfather's 
county  palatine  of  Tipperary;  appointed  lord  steward 
of  the  household,  1660  ;  lord  high  steward  at  the  corona- 
tion, 1661  ;  restored  the  protestant  episcopate  in  Ireland  ; 
appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  4  Nov.  1661  ;  resided 
in  Ireland,  July  1662-June  1664  ;  in  London,  July  1664- 

i  May  1665  ;  again  in  Ireland,  1665-8  ;  returned  to  London, 
1668  ;  dismissed  from  the  lord-lientenancy,  March  1669  ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1669  ;  his  life  attempted 
by  Thomas  Blood,  1669,  at  Buckingham's  instigation; 
opposed  attempts  to  repeal  Act  of  Settlement,  1671-3  ;  in 
Ireland  on  private  affairs,  July  1671-April  1675  ;  recalled 
to  London,  1675  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1677-82  ;  at 
court  in  London,  1682  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1684  ;  removed 
from  the  lord-lientenancy,  October  1684  ;  proclaimed 

i  James  II  before  he  left  Dublin,  February  1685  ;  lord  high 
steward  at  James  IPs  coronation  ;  continued  to  be  lord 

'  steward  of  the  household  ;  withdrew,  as  much  as  he  could, 
from  public  life,  1685,  broken  by  the  deaths  of  his  wife 
and  children  ;  resisted  some  of  James  IFs  arbitrary  acts, 
1687.  [Tin.  52] 

BUTLER,  JAMES  (d.  1709X  Irishman  in  the  French 
service  ;  killed  at  Malplaqnet.  [viii.  73] 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  second  DUKE  OF  ORMONDE  (1665- 
1746),  eldest  surviving  son  of  Thomas  Butler,  earl  of 
Ossory  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  In  France,  1676,  and  at  Oxford, 
1879  ;  resided  in  Ireland,  1680-2  ;  styled  Earl  of  Ossory, 

I  1680  ;  married  Lady  Anne  Hyde  (d.  1684),  1682  ;  at  the 
siege  of  Luxemburg,  April^June  1684;  served  against 
Monmouth,  1685  ;  married  Lady  Mary  Somerset  (d.  1733), 
1685  ;  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  1688  ;  elected  chancellor 
of  Oxford  University,  23  July  1688  :  K.G.,  1688  ;  signed 
petition  for  a  free  parliament,  17  Nov.  1688  :  joined  Prince 

1  of  Orange,  25  Nov.  1688  ;  lord  high  constable  at  coronation 
of  William  and  Mary,  1689  ;  attainted,  and  his  estates 
forfeited,  by  James  II,  May  1689  ;  fought  at  the  Boyne, 

,  secured  Dublin,  and  took  Kilkenny  Castle,  July  1690  : 
went  with  William  III  to  Holland,  1691  ;  fought  at  Stein- 
kirk,  1692  ;  taken  prisoue'  at  Landen,  1693,  but  exchanged  : 
present  at  William  Ill's  deathbed,  March  1702  ;  commanded 
troops  sent  against  Cadiz  and  Vigo,  August-October  1702  ; 

!  in  Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  September  1703-June  1705, 

,  and  again  1710-11  ;  appointed  commander-in-chief,  and 
captain-general,  1712  ;  sent  tocommand  in  Flanders,  April 
1712,  but  directed  to  remain  inactive  ;  lord-  warden  of  the 
Cinque  ports,  1713-14  :  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1713  ; 
deprived  of  the  captain-generalship,  1714  ;  a  recognised 
leader  of  the  Jacobites  in  London  ;  impeached,  21  June 
1715  ;  withdrew  to  France,  8  Aug.  ;  attainted  and  his 
estates  forfeited,  20  Aug.  1715  ;  sailed  to  Plymouth  to  head 
an  expected  rising,  1715  ;  accepted  command  of  Spanish 
fleet  intended  to  restore  Stuarts,  1719  ;  was  living  at 
Madrid,  1721  ;  resided  chiefly  at  Avignon  ;  visited  Madrid, 

|  1740,  to  suggest  an  invasion  of  England  ;  buried  in  West- 

I  minster  Abbey.  [riiL  60] 

BUTLER,  JAMES  ARMAR  (18S7-1854),  captain  in 
the  army  ;  educated  abroad  and  at  Sandhurst  ;  ensign, 
1843  ;  served  in  the  Kaffir  war,  1846-7  ;  captain,  1863  ; 
defended  Silistria  against  the  Russians,  1854.  [viii.  65] 

BUTLER,  JOHN,  sixth  KARL  OF  ORMONDE  (d.  1478X 

I  knighted  before  1460  ;  attainted,  1461,  with  bis  brother, 

James  Butler,  fifth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  soon  pardoned  and  re- 

covered his  estates  ;  died  in  Palestine  on  a  pilgrimage. 


vi 


BUTLER 


180 


BUTLER 


BUTLER.  JOHN  (d.  1800),  Roman  catholic  bishop  of 
Cork,  1763-86;  succeeded  to  barouy  of  Duuboyne  (uuder 
attainder X  December  1785 ;  was  refused  dispensation  to 
resign  his  see  and  marry ;  embraced  protestantism,  1787  ; 
reconciled  to  Catholicism,  1800 ;  bequeathed  the  Duuboyue 
estate  to  Maynooth  College ;  D.D.  [viii.  66] 

BUTLER,  JOHN  (1717-1802),  bishop  of  Hereford ; 
born  at  Hamburg ;  entered  University  College,  Oxford, 
1733  ;  D.C.L.,  1752;  chaplain  to  the  Princess-dowager  of 
Wales,  1754;  a  popular  London  preacher;  minister  of 
Great  Yarmouth,  1758 ;  prebendary  of  Winchester,  1760; 
rector  of  Everley,  Wiltshire ;  chaplain  to  George  III ; 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1777;  translated  to  see  of  Hereford, 
1788 ;  published  political  tracts,  sermons,  and  charges. 

BUTLER,  JOSEPH  (1692-1752),  bishop  of  Durham ; 
son  of  a  retired  draper  at  Wantage,  a  presbyterian  ;  edu- 
cated at  Samuel  Jones's  dissenting  school,  Gloucestershire ; 
sent  Samuel  Clarke  criticisms  on  his  Boyle  lectures, 
1713 ;  conformed  to  the  Anglican  church ;  entered  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1715  ;  B.A.,  1718 ;  B.O.L.,  1721 ;  D.O.L., 
1733  ;  ordained  priest,  1718 ;  preacher  at  the  Rolls,  1719- 
1726  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1721-38 ;  rector  of  Hough- 
ton-le-Skerne.  Durham,  1722-5  ;  rector  of  Stanhope,  1725- 
1740  ;  published  '  Fifteen  Sermons,'  1726,  and  the '  Ana- 
logy of  Religion,'  maintaining  that  the  frame  of  nature 
shows  a  moral  governor  revealed  through  conscience, 
1736 ;  prebendary  of  Rochester,  1736-40 ;  clerk  of  the 
closet  to  the  queen,  1736  ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1738  ;  asked 
John  Wesley  to  cease  preaching  in  his  diocese,  1739 ;  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  1740 ;  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,  1746 ; 
said  to  have  refused  see  of  Canterbury,  1747 ;  suggested 
plan  for  establishing  bishops  in  American  colonies,  1750 ; 
translated  to  Durham,  1750 ;  suspected  by  some  to  have 
died  a  Roman  catholic.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1804.  [viii.  67] 

BUTLER.  SIR  PIERCE  or  PIERS,  eighth  EARL  OF 
ORMONDE  and  first  EARL  OF  OSSORT  (d.  1539),  succeeded 
to  the  Ormonde  earldom,  1515 ;  active  in  suppressing 
Irish  rebellions ;  lord  deputy,  1521-4 ;  lord  treasurer  of 
Ireland,  1524 ;  forced  by  Henry  VIII  to  surrender  the 
Ormonde  title  to  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  1527 ;  created,  in 
compensation,  Earl  of  Ossory,  February  1528 ;  lord  jus- 
tice, 1528 :  given  large  grants  of  land  for  helping  to  sup- 
press Sir  Thomas  Fitzgerald's  rising,  1534-5  ;  suppressed 
the  Earl  of  Desmond's  rising.  [viii.  72] 

BUTLER,  PIERCE,  third  VISCOUNT  GALMOT  (1652- 
1740),  colonel  in  the  French  service  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1677 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Kilkenny ;  colonel  of  horse  be- 
sieging Londonderry,  1689;  fought  at  the  Boyne,  1690, 
and  Aughrim,  1691 ;  outlawed,  but  given  the  benefit  of 
the  treaty  of  Limerick,  1691 ;  withdrew  to  France ; 
created  Earl  of  Newcastle  by  James  II ;  attainted,  and 
his  estates  confiscated,  1697  ;  served  with  distinction  as 
colonel  of  Irish  horse  in  the  French  service.  [viii.  73] 

BUTLER,  RICHARD,  fln>t  VISCOUNT  MOUNTGARRET 
(d.  1671),  created  1550.  [viii.  73] 

BUTLER,  RICHARD,  third  VISCOUNT  MOUNTGARRET 
(1678-1651),  joined  in  the  rebellion  of  his  father-in-law, 
Hugh,  earl  of  Tyrone,  1597-8 ;  succeeded,  and  had  his 
estates  confirmed,  1605  ;  sat  in  the  Irish  parliament, 
1613,  1615,  1634;  took  castlee  in  Kilkenny,  Waterford, 
and  Tipperary,  and  was  chosen  general  of  the  Irish  rebels, 
1641  ;  defeated  at  Kilrush,  1642 ;  fought  at  Ross,  1643  ; 
excepted,  though  dead,  from  pardon  in  the  act  of  1662. 

[viii.  73] 

BUTLER,  RICHARD  (d.  1791),  officer  in  the  Ameri- 
can army  ;  by  birth  an  Irishman  ;  emigrated  before  1760 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1775 ;  major-general,  1791  :  killed 
while  fighting  in  St.  Glair's  expedition  against  the 
Indians.  [viii.  74] 

BUTLER,  SAMUEL  (1612-1680),  satirist ;  son  of  * 
Worcestershire  farmer;  educated  at  Worcester  free 
school ;  for  some  years  page  to  Elizabeth,  countess  of 
Kent,  at  Wrest,  Bedfordshire,  c.  1628 ;  clerk  to  various 
puritan  justices  of  the  peace,  including  Sir  Samuel  Luke 
of  Bedfordshire,  and  Sir  Henry  Rosewell  of  Devonshire, 
from  whom  he  derived  traits  for  '  Hudibras ' ;  sojourned 
in  France  and  Holland  ;  published  an  anonymous  pamph- 
let in  favour  of  the  Stuart*,  1659 :  secretary  to  the  lord 
president  of  Wales,  1660;  steward  of  Ludlow  Castle; 
married  a  widow  with  a  jointure,  and  came  to  London ; 


published  •  Hudibras,'  part  i.  1663,  part  ii.  1664,  and 
part  iii.  1668  ;  was  neglected  by  the  court,  and,  according 
to  the  most  authentic  accounts,  died  in  poverty.  Some 
manuscript  pieces  were  first  printed  in  1764.  [viii.  74] 

BUTLER,  SAMUEL  (1774-1839),  bishop  of  Lichfleld ; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1796;  fellow,  1797;  D.D.,  1811;  head-muster  of 
Shrewsbury,  1798-1836 ;  vicar  of  Kenihvorth,  1802  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lichfield,  1807 ;  edited  '  ^Eschylus '  (four 
volumes),  1809-26;  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry, 
1836 ;  published  atlases  and  text-books  of  ancient  and 
modern  geography.  [viii.  76]  \ 

BUTLER,  SIMON  (1767-1797),  Irish  politician  ;  called 
to  the  Irish  bar,  1778  ;  presided  at  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Dublin  '  United  Irishmen,'  1791 ;  issued  digest  of  the  laws 
against  catholics,  1792  ;  political  prisoner  for  six  mouths 
in  Newgate,  1793 ;  subsequently  withdrew  to  Edinburgh. 

[viii.  77] 

BUTLER,  THEOBALD  (d.  1205-6),  first  'butler'  of 
Ireland,  'Pincerna  Hiberuue';  named  WALTER,  WAL- 
TERI,  and  FITZWALTER  from  his  father ;  BUTLER  and  LK 
BOTILLER  from  his  office  ;  elder  brother  of  Hubert  Walter 
[q.  v.],  the  primate  and  justiciar  ;  met  with  as  owner  of 
Amounderness,  Lancashire,  c.  1166 ;  went  with  Prince 
John  to  Ireland,  1185;  glinted  lands  in  Limerick,  and 
fought  with  the  Irish.  1186 ;  granted  Arklow,  co.  Wick- 
low,  before  1189  ;  in  England,  1188  ;  in  France,  1189  ;  in 
constant  attendance  on  John,  who  (as  Domirus  Hibernias, 
1177)  made  him '  butler' ;  first  used  the  title,  May  1192  ; 
governor  of  Lancaster  Castle  for  Prince  John,  1192 ;  sur- 
rendered it  to  the  justiciar,  1194  ;  sheriff  of  Lancashire, 
1194-1200 ;  justice  itinerant,  1198 ;  deprived,  by  King 
John,  of  Amounderness  and  Limerick,  1201 ;  made  his 
peace  and  got  back  Amounderness,  1202  ;  retired  to  Ire- 
land, 1203  ;  founded  monasteries  in  Ireland.  [viii.  77]  - 

BUTLER,  THOMAS  (A  1570),  translator:  published 
a  catholic  4  Treatise  of  ...  the  Masse,'  translated  from 
the  Italian,  1570  ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1548  ;  LL.D.  of  some 
foreign  university.  [viii.  79] 

BUTLER,  THOMAS,  tenth  EARL  OF  ORMONDE  (153*- 
1614),  called  •  the  black  earl ' ;  son  of  James  Butler,  ninth 
earl  [q.  v.] ;  brought  up  at  Henry  VIII's  court  as  a  pro- 
testant;  knighted,  1547;  sent  to  Ireland  to  allay  dis- 
affection among  his  Irish  tenantry,  1554 ;  tried  to  re- 
concile the  Irish  and  their  English  rulers ;  privy  councillor 
and  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1559  ;  deprived  of  Olonmel 
and  other  manors  by  the  Earl  of  Desmond,  1560 ;  his  lands 
ravaged  by  Desmond,  1561-7;  persuaded  Shan  O'Neill, 
king  of  Ulster,  to  acknowledge  Elizabeth's  supremacy, 
1661 ;  made  war  on  O'Neill  to  protect  the  MacDonnells, 
1563 ;  fought  with  Desmond  at  Affone,  1565 ;  at  Eliza- 
beth's court,  1666-9 ;  returned  to  Ireland,  where  his 
brotner  had  revolted,  July  1569 ;  suppressed  the  Earl  of 
Thomond's  rebellion,  1570  ;  repressed  risings  in  Munster, 
1571 ;  visited  London,  1572,  and  again  1579 ;  crushed  the 
Desmonds  in  Kerry,  1580-3 ;  helped  to  capture  and  kill 
the  Spanish  refugees  who  bad  escaped  the  wreck  of  the 
Armada,  1588 ;  helped  to  suppress  the  Earl  of  Tyrone's 

i  rebellion,  1598-9 ;  lord  treasurer,  1599 ;  granted  con- 
fiscated lands  in  Munster,  1602 ;  vice-admiral  of  Ireland, 

i  1612.  [viii.  79] 

BUTLER,  THOMAS,  EARL  OF  OSSORY  (1634-1680), 
eldest  son  of  James  Butler,  first  duke  of  Ormonde  [q.  v.] ; 
lived  in  Kilkenny  Castle  from  birth  till  1647 ;  taken  to 
France,  1648 ;  educated  in  a  French  protestant  school  at 
Caen,  1648-52  ;  in  London,  1652-5  ;  imprisoned  for  some 
months  in  the  Tower  as  a  political  suspect,  1655  ;  went  to 
Holland,  1666 ;  married  Emilia,  a  relative  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  1669  ;  gambled  ;  in  favour  with  Charles  II  and 
the  Duke  of  York,  1660  :    lieutenant-general  of   horse, 
1661,  and  of  the  army  in  Ireland,  1665 :  M.P.  for  Bristol, 
i  1661;   called  to  the  Irish  House  of  Peers,  1662;   lord 
deputy  of  Ireland,  1664-6  ;  a  volunteer  in  the  sea-fight  in 
'  the  Downs,  1  and  2  June  1666 ;  created  Baron  Butler  of 
Moore  Park  in  the  English  peerage,  1666  ;  quarrelled  with 
Buckingham,  1666  ;  lord  deputy  in  Ireland,  1668-9 :  at- 
tended the  Prince  of  Orange  on  his  visit,  1670-1 ;  took 
part  in  the  attack  on  the  Dutch  merchant  fleet,  1672 ; 
!  commanded  a  ship  at  South  wold  Bay,  May  1672;  K.G., 
•  1672 :    envoy    to   Paris,  November    1672 ;    rear-admiral, 
1  1673 ;  in  the  sea  fight,  11  Aug.  1673 :  sent  to  offer  the 
Prince  of  Orange  marriage  with  Princess  Mary,  November 
i  1674 ;  made  a  campaign  in  Flanders,  1677 ;  commanded 


BUTLER 


181 


BUTTON 


British  contingent  at  Moiis,  1678 ;  defended  his  father  in  | 
the  House  of  Lords  against  Shaftesbury,  167tf  ;  ordered  to  ! 
takV  i-ommaud  at  Tangier,  1680.  [viii.  81] 

BUTLER,  THOMAS  HAMLY  (17627-1823),  com- 
poser ;  chorister  of  the  Oliapel  Royal ;  studied  in  Italy  ; 
wrote  music  to  Cumberland's  '  Widow  of  Delphi,  pro- 
duced 1780;  music-master  in  Edinburgh,  1780-1823. 

BUTLER,  WALTER,  of  Kilcash,  eleventh  EARL  OP 
OKMOXI.K  (1569-1633),  served  under  his  uncle,  Thomas 
Butler,  tenth  earl  of  Ormonde  [q.  v.],  1599-1600 ;  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1614  ;  refused  to  accept  James  I's 
award  of  the  estates  to  Sir  Richard  Preston,  baron  Ding- 
wall,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet,  1617-25 ;  deprived 
of  the  county  palatine  of  Tipperary  ;  recovered  part  of 
his  estates,  1625  ;  lived  in  Drury  Lane,  1625-7  ;  retired  to 
Ireland,  1627  ? ;  acknowledged  heir  to  the  estates  of  his 
viiii-1.-,  Thomas,  tenth  earl  of  Ormonde,  1630.  [viii.  86] 

BUTLER,  WALTER,  COUNT  (d.  1634),  of  Irish  ex- 
traction ;  fought  at  the  battle  of  Prague,  1620;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  and  in  temporary  command  of,  his  kinsman's 
[see  BUTI.KK,  JAMKS,  Jl.  1631-1634]  Irish  regiment  at 
Frankfort-on-Oder,  1631 ;  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the 
Swedes  under  Gustavus  Adolphns,  1631 ;  collected  recruits 
in  Poland  ;  sent  by  Wallenstein  to  defend  Sagan  against 
Saxons,  1632 ;  ordered  by  Wallenstein  to  bring  his  dra- 
goons to  Prague,  February  1634 ;  went  with  Wallen- 
stein to  Eger,  but  sent  his  chaplain,  23  Feb.,  to  receive 
instructions  from  Piccolomini ;  arranged  murder  of  Wal- 
lensteiu  and  his  officers,  25  Feb.  1634  ;  rewarded  by  the 
grant  of  the  estate  of  Friedberg ;  fought  at  Nbrdliugen, 
September  1634 ;  reduced  Aurach  and  Schorndorf  in 
Wurtemberg,  1634.  [viii.  86] 

BUTLER,  WEEDEN,  the  elder  (1742-1823),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  solicitor's  clerk ;  amanuensis  to  Dr. 
William  Dodd,  1764-77  ;  preacher  at  Pimlico  chapel,  1776- 
1814 ;  kept  a  private  school  at  Chelsea ;  published  bio- 
graphies and  dramatic  pieces.  [viii.  89] 

BUTLER,  WEEDEN,  the  younger  (1773-1831),  author ; 
eldest  son  of  Weeden  Butler  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1797  ;  preacher  in 
London;  rector  of  Great  Woolston,  Buckinghamshire, 
1816  ;  usher  in,  afterwards  master  of,  his  father's  school 
in  Chelsea  ;  published  pamphlets  and  verses,  [viii.  89] 

BUTLER  or  BOTELER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1410?), 
writer  against  Wyclifflsm  ;  provincial  of  the  Franciscans 
in  England ;  member  of  Franciscan  convent  at  Oxford ; 
wrote  against  English  translations  of  the  bible,  1401 ; 
afterwards  lived  in  the  convent  at  Reading.  [viii.  89] 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM  (1535-1618),  physician;  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1566 ;  licensed  to  practise  medi- 
cine, 1572  ;  attended  Prince  Henry,  1612  ;  an  eccentric. 

[viii.  90] 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM  ARCHER  (1814  ?-1848),  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  av  Dublin,  1837-48 ;  brought 
up  as  a  Roman  catholic  ;  embraced  protestantism  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  prebendary  of  Raphoe,  1837 ; 
rector  of  Raymoghy,  Donegal,  1842  ;  visited  Wordsworth, 
1844 ;  active  in  alleviating  distress  in  the  Irish  famine, 
1846-7  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Dublin  University  Review.' 
His  professorial  'Lectures'  were  published,  1856,  and 
sermons,  1856-6.  [viii.  91] 

BUTLER,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1818-1894),  dean  of 
Lincoln  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1844 ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1847  ;  honorary 
canon  of  Christ  Church,  1872;  vicar  of  Wantage,  1846  ; 
founder,  1860,  and  warden  till  death  of  sisterhood  of 
St.  Mary's,  Wantage :  elected  proctor  for  clergy  of  Ox- 
ford, 1874  ;  canon  of  Worcester,  1880  ;  appointed  dean  of 
Lincoln,  1 886.  His  '  Life  and  Letters  '  appeared,  1 897. 

[Suppl.  i.  359] 

BUTT,  Sm  CHARLES  PARKER  (1830-1892),  judge  ; 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1854  ;  bencher,  1869  ;  prac- 
tised in  consular  courts  at  Constantinople  ;  Q.C.,  1868  ; 
liberal  M.P.  for  Southampton,  1880 ;  appointed  justice  of 
high  court,  probate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  division,  and 
knighted,  1883 ;  president  of  the  division,  1891. 

[Suppl.  i.  360] 

BUTT,  GEORGE  (1741-1795),  divine;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1768 ; 
D.D.,  1793  ;  rector  of  Stanford  and  vicar  of  Clifton,  Wor- 
cestershire, 1771 ;  vicar  of  Newchurch,  Isle  of  Wight, 


1778-83  ;  rector  of  Notgrove,  Gloucestershire,  1783 ;  chap- 
lain to  George  III,  1783;  vicar  of  Kidderminster,  1787  ; 
published  sermons  and  verses.  [viii.  92] 

BUTT,  ISAAC  (1813-1879),  founder  of  the  Irish  home 
rule  party ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  LL.D., 
1840  ;  edited  the  '  Dublin  University  Magazine,'  1834-8 ; 
professor  of  political  economy,  1836-41 ;  Irish  barrister, 
1838  ;  opposed  O'Connell ;  M.P.  for  Harwich,  1852  ;  M.P. 
for  Youghal,  1862-65 ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
1859;  defended  Fenian  prisoners,  1865-9;  M.P.  for 
Limerick,  1871;  published  translation  of  Virgil's 
'  Georgics '  and  historical  and  political  tracts,  [viii.  93] 

BUTTER,  JOHN  (1791-1877),  ophthalmic  surgeon; 
studied  in  Devonshire  hospitals  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1820  ; 
practised  as  an  oculist  in  Plymouth  ;  became  blind,  1866  ; 
wrote  medical  treatises.  [viii.  94] 

BUTTER,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1664),  printer  and  jour- 
nalist ;  son  of  a  London  stationer  ;  freeman  of  Stationers' 
Company,  1604  ;  issued  books  in  his  own  name,  1604-11 ; 
issued  pamphlets  describing  murders  and  plays,  1606-39  ; 
issued  weekly  redactions  of  foreign  newsletters,  1622-39  ; 
issued  half-yearly  volumes  of  foreign  news,  1630-40. 

[viii.  94] 

BUTTER,  WILLIAM  (1726-1805),  physician ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1761;  practised  successively  in  Derby  and 
London  ;  wrote  on  medical  subjects.  [viii.  95] 

BUTTERFIELD,  ROBERT  (fl.  1629),  Anglican  con- 
troversialist ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1626  ; 
published  '  Maschil,'  1629.  [viii.  95] 

BUTTERFIELD,  SWITHUN  (d.  1611),  author  of  re- 
ligious and  legal  tracts ;  possibly  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1608.  [viii.  96] 

BUTTERFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1814-1900),  architect ; 
articled  at  Worcester ;  established  himself  in  London ; 
erected  missionary  college  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury, 
1846,  chapel  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1866-7,  All  Saints', 
Margaret  Street,  London,  1859,  new  buildings  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1864,  school  buildings  at  Rugby,  1875,  and 
Keble  College,  Oxford,  1876  ;  executed  designs  for  several 
colonial  cathedrals;  made  a  careful  study  of  Gothic 
architecture.  [Suppl.  i.  360] 

BUTTERWORTH,  EDWIN  (1812-1848),  publisher  of 
historical  and  biographical  works  on  Lancashire,  1829-47  ; 
youngest  son  of  James  Butterworth  [q.  v.] ;  collected 
materials  for  history  of  Lancashire ;  registrar  of  births 
and  deaths  at  Cbadderton.  Some  of  his  collections  are 
preserved  at  Oldbam.  [viii.  96] 

BUTTERWORTH,  HENRY  (1786-1860),  London  law 
publisher ;  apprentice  to  his  uncle,  Joseph  Butterworth 
1  [q.  v.]  ;  began  business  on  bis  own  account,  1818. 

[viii.  97] 

BUTTERWORTH,  JAMES  (1771-1837),  author  of 
I  poems  in  the  Lancashire  dialect  and  of  contributions  to 
|  Lancashire  county  history,  1800-30  ;  son  of  a  Lancashire 
I  weaver  ;  taught  school ;  (postmaster  of  Oldham. 

[viii.  97] 

BUTTERWORTH,  JOHN  (1727-1803),  baptist  minis- 
ter at  Coventry,  1753-1803;  published    'A  New    Con- 
I  cordance,'  1767.  [viii.  98] 

BUTTERWORTH,  JOSEPH  (1770-1826),  law  book- 
seller, Fleet  Street,  London;  son  of  John  Butterworth 
[q.  v.] ;  M.P.  for  Dover  ;  Wesleyan  philanthropist ;  pub- 
lished a  priced  '  Catalogue  of  Law  Books.'  [viii.  98] 

BUTTEVANT,  VISCOUNT  (1550-1617).  [See  BARRY, 
DAVJD  FITZJAMES  UK.] 

BUTTON,  RALPH  (d.  1680),  puritan ;  B.A.  Exeter 
|  College,  Oxford,  1630 ;  fellow  of  Merton,  1633  ;  M.A., 
1640  ;  withdrew  to  London,  1642  ;  professor  of  geometry 
in  Gresham  College,  1643-8 ;  a  delegate  to  visit  Oxford 
University,  1647  ;  intruded  canon  of  Christ  Church,  and 
public  orator,  1648-60  ;  left  Oxford,  1660 ;  kept  a  school 
at  Brentford  ;  and  at  Islington,  1672-80.  [viii.  98] 

BUTTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1634),  admiral ;  entered 
the  navy,  c.  1589  ;  served  in  the  West  Indies  ;  present  at 
the  siege  of  Kiusale,  1601  ;  explored  Hudson's  Bay,  1612- 
1613 ;  admiral  in  charge  of  Irish  coasts,  1614-34 ; 
knighted,  1616  ;  served  against  Algiers,  1620 ;  served  on 
commission  for  inquiring  into  state  of  navy,  1626  ;  quar- 
relled with  the  navy  board,  1628.  [viii.  99] 


BUTTON 


182 


BYNQ 


BUTTON  or  BITTON,  WILLIAM  !(</.  1264),  bishop 
of  Bath  aud  Wells  ;  named  from  Bittou,  Gloucestershire  ; 
rector  of  Sowy  ;  sub-dean,  and  afterwards  archdeacon,  of 
Wells ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1247  ;  went  to  Home  to 
protest  against  the  primate's  claims,  1251 ;  present  in 
parliament,  1253  ;  ambassador  to  Castile  ;  with  Henry  in 
in  Gascony,  1254  ;  quarrelled  with  the  abbot  of  Glaston- 
bury  over  certain  possessions  and  rights  which  the  abbey 
had  lost  to  the  bishopric;  present  at  the  dedication  of 
Salisbury  Cathedral,  1258.  [viil.  100] 

BUTTON  or  BITTON,  WILLIAM  II  (d.  1274),  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells  ;  nephew  of  William  Button  I  [q.  v.] ; 
dean  of  Wells  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1267 ;  reverenced 
locally  as  a  saint.  [viii.  101] 

BUTTON,  SIB  WILLIAM  (d.  1654),  baronet ;  plun- 
dered by  the  parliamentary  troops,  1643-4;  final  for 
•delinquency,'  1646.  [viii.  101] 

BUTTS,  JOHN  (d.  1764),  self-taught  Irish  landscape- 
painter,  [viii.  101] 

BUTTS,  ROBERT  (1684-1748),  bishop  of  Ely  ;  edu- 
cated at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1711 ;  D.D.,  1728 ;  preacher  at  Bury,  1703  ; 
political  agent ;  rector  of  Ickworth,  Suffolk,  1717-33  ; 
chaplain  to  George  H,  1728 ;  dean  of  Norwich,  1731 ; 
bishop  of  Norwich,  1733  ;  translated  to  Ely,  1738;  pub- 
lished sermons  and  charges.  [viii.  102] 

BUTTS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1545),  physician  to 
Henry  VIII  and  his  court;  owned  lands  in  Norfolk; 
B.A.  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge,  1506 ;  M.D.,  1518. 

[viii.  103] 

BUXHULL,  Sm  ALAN  (1323-1381),  constable  of  the 
Tower  of  London,  1365-81 ;  inherited  his  father's  lands 
in  Sussex  and  Dorset,  1325 ;  served  with  Edward  III  in 
Prance,  1355  ;  chamberlain  to  Edward  III,  1369 ;  castellan 
in  Normandy,  1370 ;  K.G.,  1372.  [viii.  104] 

BUXTON,  BERTHA  H.  (1844-1881),  novelist ;  n&e 
Leopold  ;  published  novels  and  books  for  children,  1874  ?- 
1881 ;  travelled  with  her  parents,  who  were  German  musi- 
cians ;  married  a  London  club-manager.  [viii.  106] 

BUXTON,  CHARLES  (1823-1871),  liberal  politician  ; 
third  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Fowell  Buxton  [q.  v.]  ;    B.A.  I 
Trinity,1  College,  Cambridge,  1845;  partner  in   Truman,  ! 
Hanbnry,  Buxton    &  Co.'s  brewery,  Spitalfields,  1845  ; 
bought  an  estate  in  Kerry,  1852  ;  M.P.  for  Newport,  1857, 
for  Maidstoue,  1859,  and  for  East  Surrey,  1865-71 ;  pub- 
lished biography  of  his  father  and  political  pamphlets,  { 
1853-69.  [viii.  106] 

BUXTON,  JEDIDIAH  (1707-1772),  calculating  pro-  j 
digy  ;  farm-labourer  at  Elmton,  Derbyshire ;  exhibited  in  ! 
London,  1764.  [viii.  106] 

BUXTON,  RICHARD  (1786-1865),  botanist ;  a  Lau-  ! 
cashire  shoemaker  and  self-taught  botanist;   published 
4  Botanical  Guide '  to  Manchester  district,  1849. 

[viii.  106] 

BUXTON,     SIR   THOMAS    FOWELL    (1786-1845),  i 
philanthropist;    educated   at   private  schools;    entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1803  ;  partner  in  Truman,  Han-  ' 
bury  &  Co.'s  brewery,  1808 ;    advocated  prison  reform, 
1816-80 ;  M.P.  for  Weymouth,  1818-37 ;  advocated  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  British  dominions,  1822-33  ;  advocated 
repression  of  African  slave-trade  and  the  Niger  expedition, 
1839-40  ;  created  baronet,  1840  ;  accorded  a  monument  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [viii.  107] 

BY,  JOHN  (1781-1836),  lieutenant-colonel  royal  engi- 
ers;  studied  at  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich; 
second  lieutenant  royal  engineers,  1799  :  lieutenant,  18ol ; 
first  captain,  1809  ;  lieutenantrcolonel,  1824  ;  served  in 
Canada,  1802-11,  and  Portugal,  1811;  in  charge  of  royal 
gunpowder  mills  at  Faversham,  Purfleet,  and  Waltham 
Abbey,  1812-21 ;  constructed  Rideau  canal  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Canadian  lakes,  1826-32,  Bytown  (now 
Ottawa)  being  named  after  him.  [Suppl.  i.  363] 

BYAM,  EDWARD  (1685-1639),  divine;  brother  of 
Henry  Byam  [q.  v.]  ;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxfoni, 
1601-10 ;  M.A.,  1607  ;  vicar  of  Dulverton,  Somerset,  1612- 
1625  ;  precentor  of  Oloyne,  1637,  and  prebendary  of  Lis- 
more,  1639,  holding  also  other  Irish  preferments. 

[viii.  110] 

BYAM,  HENRY  (1580-1669),  divine;  brother  of 
Edward  Byam  [q.  v.]  ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 


1599;  M.A.,  1606;  B.D.,  1612;  D.D..  1643;  rector  of 
Luccombe  and  of  Selworthy,  Somerset,  1614  ;  sequestered, 
1656  ;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1632  ;  chaplain  to  the  royalist 
garrison  in  Jersey,  1646-51  ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1660  ; 
published  sermons.  [viii.  109] 

BYAM,  JOHN  (1683  ?-1653),  divine;  brother  of 
Edward  Byam  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1606  ;  rector  of  Clotworthy,  Somerset,  1609  ;  vicar  of 
Dulverton,  1626  ;  sequestered  aud  imprisoned  for  royalist 
correspondence.  [viii.  109] 

BYER,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1681),  portrait-painter;  of 
Norwegian  birth  ;  protege  of  Sir  William  Temple. 

[viii.  110] 

BYERLEY,  KATHARINE  (1797-1862).  [See  THOM- 
SON.] 

BYERLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1826),  London  journalist  ; 
published  under  the  pseudonyms  of  Stephen  Collet  aud  of 
Reuben  Percy  '  Relics  of  Literature,'  1823,  '  The  Percy 
Anecdotes,'  1821-3,  and  '  London  .  .  .  Memorials,'  1823. 

[viii.  110] 

BYERS  or  BYRES,  JAMES  (1733-1817),  virtuoso; 
resided  in  Rome,  1750-90,  collecting  antique  art  treasures  ; 
studied  Etruscan  architecture.  [viii.  110] 

BYFIELD,  ADONIRAM  (d.  1660),  puritan,  third  son 
of  Nicholas  Byfleld  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  chaplain  to  a  parliamentary  regiment  ; 
a  clerk  of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  of  which  he  took 
minutes  (printed  1874)  ;  rector,  till  1645,  and  vicar,  till 
1657,  of  Fulham  ;  rector  of  Collingbourn  Ducis,  Wiltshire, 
before  1654  ;  on  Wiltshire  committee  for  ejecting  clergy, 
1654.  [viii.  Ill] 

BYFIELD,  JOHN  (fl.  1830),  wood  engraver. 

[viii.  Ill] 

BYFIELD,  NICHOLAS  (1579-1622),  puritan  ;  studied 
at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1597-1601  ;  preacher  at  Chester 
before  1611  ;  vicar  of  Isleworth,  1615-22  ;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [viii.  112] 

BYFIELD,  RICHARD  (1698  ?-1664),  puritan  ;  entered 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1616  ;  M.A.,  1622  ;  rector  of 
Long  Ditton,  Surrey,  before  1630  ;  elected  into  the  West- 
minster Assembly,  1645  ;  on  the  Surrey  committee  for 
ejecting  clergy,  1654;  ejected  from  Long  Ditton,  1662; 
published  theological  treatises.  [viii.  113] 

BYLES,  SIB  JOHN  BARNARD  (1801-1884),  judge  ; 
barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1831  ;  recorder  of  Bucking- 
ham, 1840-66  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1843  ;  one  of  the  last  queen's 
Serjeants,  1857  ;  knighted,  1858;  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  1858-73  ;  published  legal  treatises.  [viii.  113] 


BYLOT  or  BUOT,  ROBERT  (fl.  1610-1616),  explorer 
!  of  the  north-west  passage;  sailed  with  Henry  Hudson 
I  [q.  v.],  1610-11,  and  Sir  Thomas  Button  [q.  v.],  1612-13, 
!  and  Gibbons,  1614;  commanded  the  attempt  of  1616 
I  with  William  Baffin  [q.  v.]  as  mate.  [viii.  114] 

BYNG,  ANDREW  (1574-1651),  professor  of  Hebrew, 
i  Cambridge,  1608  ;   educated  at  Peterhouse,  Ca  abridge  ; 
one  of  the  translators  of  the  authorised  versi*  n,  1606  ; 
D.D.  [viii.  115] 

BYNG,  GEORGE,  VISCOUNT  TORRIXGTON  (1668- 
1733),  admiral  ;  served  in  the  navy,  1678-81  ;  officer  of 
Tangier  garrison,  .1681-3  ;  lieutenant  in  the  army,  1684- 
1690  ;  naval  lieutenant,  1684  ;  at  Bombay,  1686-7  ; 
canvassed  ship-commanders  to  join  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
1688  ;  served  under  Admiral  Herbert,  1689  ;  at  Beachy 
Head,  1690;  served  in  Mediterranean,  1693-5;  served 
under  Sir  Clowdisley  Shovell,  1702-3  ;  rear-admiral,  1703  ; 
present  at  taking  of  Gibraltar  aud  the  battle  off  Malaga, 
1704;  knurhted,  1704;  vice-admiral,  1706;  served  in 
Mediterranean,  1706-7  ;  repulsed  James  Edward  the  Pre- 
tender's fleet,  1708  ;  commanded  in  Mediterranean,  1709  ; 
commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1709-18;  prevented  sup- 
plies reaching  the  Jacobite  insurgents,  1715  ;  created 
baronet,  1715  ;  sent  to  the  Baltic,  1717  ;  admiral  of  the 
fleet,  1718  ;  held  command  in  Mediterranean,  1718-20, 
destroying  Spanish  fleet  oft  Cape  Passaro,  31  July  1718; 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  1721-4  ;  created  Viscount  Torring- 
ton,  1721  ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1727-33.  [viii.  115] 

BYNG,  JOHN  (1704-1767),  admiral  ;  fourth  son  of 
George  Byng,  viscount  Torrington  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 
navy,  1718  ;  commanded  a  frigate  in  the  Mediterranean, 
1727-36,  selecting  the  easy  post  of  guardship  at  Port 


BYNG 


183 


BYRON 


Mahon,  Minorca :  rear-admiral,  1745 :  commanded  in 
Mediterranean,  17-17-8  ;  sent  to  prevent  the  French  taking 
Minorca,  1756  ;  reached  Port  Mahon,  19  May,  handled  his 
ships  unskilfully,  and  was  defeated,  20  -May  ;  Hailed  back, 
in  accordance  with  the  resolutions  of  his  council  of  war, 
25  May  :  recalled  ;  sentenced  by  court-martial  to  death 
for  neglect  of  duty,  27  Jan.  1757  ;  shot  at  Portsmouth. 

[viii.  118] 

BYNG,  SIK  JOHN,  EARL  OP  STRAFPORD  (1772-1860), 
general  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1793-5,  in  the  Irish  re- 
bellion, 1798,  and  at  Walcheren,  1809;  colonel,  1810; 
commanded  brigade  in  Peninsula  and  south  of  France, 
1811-14;  major-general,  1813;  commanded  brigade  at 
!<><>  ami  in  France,  1815  ;  lieutenant-general,  1825  ; 
commander-iii-ohief  in  Ireland,  1828-31;  M.P.  for  Poole, 
1.S31  :  created  Baron  Straff ord,  1835  ;  general,  1841  ; 
created  Earl  of  Strafford,  1847  ;  field-marshal,  1855. 

[viii.  121] 

BYNG,  THOMAS  (rf.  1599),  civilian  ;  fellow  of  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1558;  M.A.,  1559;  LL.D.,  1570;  public 
orator,  1566  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1567  ;  master  of  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1571 ;  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  1574  ; 
dean  of  arches,  1595  ;  wrote  official  letters,  orations,  and 
verses.  [viii.  122] 

BYNHAM,  SIMON  (fl.  1335).    [See  BINHAM.] 

BYNNEBLAN,  HENRY  (d.  1583),  London  printer; 
apprenticed,  1560 ;  liveryman  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1578  ;  imprinted  books  under  his  own  name,  1566-83. 

[viii.  122] 

BYRD,  WILLIAM  (1538  ?-1623),  composer  ;  pupil  of 
Tallis ;  organist  of  Lincoln,  1563 ;  joint-organist  of  the 
L'hapel  Royal,  1569  ;  granted  monopoly  of  issuing  printed 
music  and  music-paper,  1576  ;  published  'Gantiones  .  .  . 
sacra?,'  1575  ;  lived  obscurely,  as  a  catholic  recusant,  at 
Harlington,  Middlesex,  1578-88  ;  composed  the  first  Eng- 
lish madrigals,  1588;  published  'Psalmes,  Sonets,  and 
Songs,'  1588  ;  published  '  Songs  of  Sundrie  Natures,'  and 
;•  primus  Sacrarum  Cantionum,'  1589,  'Liber 
secundus,'  1591,  'Gradualia,'  1607,  and  'Psalmes,  Songs, 
and  Sonnets,'  1611 ;  composed  numerous  pieces,  many  still 
in  manuscript.  [viii.  123] 

BYRHTFERTH  or  BRIDFERTH,  (fl.  1000),  ma- 
thematician; possibly  at  first  monk  of  Thorney ;  monk 
of  Ramsey  after  970 ;  pupil  of  Abbo  of  Fleury  (d.  1004)  ; 
travelled  in  France ;  wrote  commentaries  on  treatises  of 
Beeda  (printed  1612),  and  a  mathematical  treatise  (Ash- 
mole  MS.,  328).  [viii.  126] 

BYRNE,  ANNE  FRANCES  (1776-1837),  flower  and 
fruit  painter  ;  eldest  daughter  of  William  Byrne  [q.  v.]  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  elsewhere  in  Lon- 
don, 1796-1832.  [viii.  127] 

BYRNE,  CHARLES  (1761-1783),  Irish  giant;  ex- 
hibited in  various  towns  ;  measured  eight  feet  two  inches, 
1782  ;  his  skeleton  92J  inches  in  length.  [viii.  127] 

BYRNE,  JULIA  OLA71A  (1819-1894),  author; 
daughter  of  Hans  Busk  (1772-1862)  [q.  v.] ;  married 
William  Pitt  Byrne,  1842.  She  published  a  number  of 
books,  some  of  which  she  illustrated  herself,  dealing  with 
her  own  experiences,  social  questions,  and  the  customs  of 
various  countries.  [Suppl.  i.  364] 

BYRNE,  LETITIA  (1779-1849),  engraver;  third 
daughter  of  William  Byrne  [q.  v.] ;  book-illustrator ;  ex- 
hibited landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1799-1848. 

[viii.  127] 

BYRNE,  MILES  (1780-1862),  United  Irishman;  a 
leader  of  the  1798  insurrection  ;  clerk  in  a  Dublin  timber- 
yard,  1799-1803;  a  leader  in  Robert  Emmet's  sedition, 
1803  ;  sent  to  solicit  Napoleon's  help,  1803 ;  served  in 
Napoleon's  Irish  legion,  1804-15  :  captain,  1810 ;  chef-de- 
bataillon,  1830-5 ;  lived  latterly  in  Paris.  [viii.  1271 

BYRNE,  OSCAR  (1796  ?-1867),  ballet-master  ;  first 
appeared  on  stage,  1803  ;  abroad  or  in  Ireland  for  several 
years  :  employed  in  London,  1850-67.  [viii.  128] 

BYRNE,  WILLIAM  (1743-1805),  landscape  en- 
graver ;  trained  in  Birmingham  and  Paris ;  exhibited  in 
London,  1760-80.  [viii.  128] 


ber   of   legislative  council,  and   solicitor  general,  1890  ; 
prime  minister  of  Queensland,  1898.  [Suppl.  i.  365] 

BYRNSTAN,  BIRNSTAN,  or  BEORNSTAN(</.933), 
bishop  of  Winchester  ;  attendant  on  King  Edward  the 
Elder  as  thegn,  900-2  ;  priest,  902-10  :  perhaps  monk  at 
Winchester  ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  931  ;  afterwards  re- 
puted saint  ;  translated  to  a  new  tomb,  1150.  [viii.  129] 

BYROM,  JOHN  (1692-1763),  teacher  of  shorthand  ; 
entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1707  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1714  ;  M.A.,  1716;  studied  medicine 
at  Montpellier,  1716  ;  taught  shorthand  in  Manchester 
(where  he  cliiefly  lived),  London,  and  Cambridge;  suc- 
ceeded to  estates,  1740  ;  copyrighted  his  system,  1742  ; 
a  Jacobite  ;  his  shorthand  system  printed,  1767  ;  his 
verses  collected  and  published,  1773,  and  his  diary  printed, 
1854-7. 


J,  THOMAS  JOSEPH  (1860-1898),  premier 
of  Queensland ;  born  in  Queensland ;  B.A.  and  LL.B. 
Melbourne  University;  called  to  the  bar  in  Victoria, 
1884  ;  practised  at  supreme  court  bar,  Queensland  ;  mem- 


BYRON, GEORGE  GORDON,  sixth  BAROX  (1788- 
1824),  poet  ;  son  of  a  profligate,  '  mad  Jack  '  Byron  (1756- 
1791),  late  of  the  guards,  by  his  second  wife  (m.  at  Bath, 
1786),  Catherine  Gordon  (d.  1811),  of  Gicht,  Aberdeen,  an 
hysterical  Scotch  heiress;  born  in  London,  after  his 
father  had  dissipated  his  mother's  fortune  in  France  ; 
hopelessly  lame  in  both  feet  ;  removed  to  Aberdeen,  where 
his  mother  took  lodgings,  having  an  income  (under 
trust)  of  135  J.,  afterwards  of  190J.  a  year  ;  lost  his  father 
in  August  1791,  who,  having  fled  from  his  creditors 
to  France,  died  at  Valenciennes  ;  alternately  petted  and 
abused  by  his  mother  ;  taught  the  bible  by  his  nurse, 
May  Gray  ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1794-8  ; 
unexpectedly  became  heir-presumptive  to  the  barony  in 
consequence  of  the  fifth  baron's  grandson  falling  in 
action  in  Corsica,  1794  ;  succeeded  to  title  and  encumbered 
estates,  1798  ;  taken  to  the  family  seat  of  Newstead  Abbey, 
Nottinghamshire,  1798  ;  put  under  the  guardianship  of  the 
fifth  Earl  of  Carlisle,  a  distant  relative  ;  sent  to  private 
schools,  Newstead  Abbey  being  let,  1799  ;  wrote  lampoons, 
1799,  and  love  verses,  1800  ;  at  Harrow,  1801-6,  where  he 
proved  himself  a  poor  scholar,  a  considerable  reader,  and 
a  good  boxer  and  batsman  ;  proposed  to  Mary  Anne 
Ohaworth,  heiress  of  Annesley  Hall,  Nottinghamshire, 
who  rejected  him,  1803  ;  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
October  1805-May  1806,  May  1807-May  1808  ;  M.A.  July 
1808  ;  at  Cambridge  read  much  history  and  fiction,  and 
practised  boxing  and  swimming,  but  kept  low  company 
and  li  ved  extravagantly  ;  got  deeply  in  debt,  the  income 
(500J.)  allowed  him  by  the  court  of  chancery  being  inade- 
quate for  his  position  and  expectations  ;  his  chief  college 
friend,  John  Cam  Hobhouse,  printed  privately  at  Newark, 
October  1806,  a  small  volume  of  poems  by  Byron  entitled 
'  Fugitive  Pieces,'  which  Byron  reprinted  with  changes  in 
January  1807,  and  published,  with  further  changes,  in  the 
summer  of  1807,  as  '  Hours  of  Idleness  '  ;  his  book  denounced 
by  the  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  January  1808  ;  settled  at  New- 
stead,  July  1808,  where  he  entertained  company  in  theatri- 
cal imitation  of  Medmenham  ;  took  his  seat  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  March  1809  ;  issued  '  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers  '  (1809),  which  soon  ran  into  its  fifth  edition  ; 
sailed  with  Hobhouse  from  Falmouth,  July  1809  ;  rode 
from  Lisbon  to  Cadiz  ;  sailed  from  Cadiz,  visiting  Gibral- 
tar and  Malta  on  the  way,  to  North  Greece  ;  rode  through 
Acaruania  to  Athens,  24  Dec.  ;  addressed  '  Maid  of  Athens  ' 
to  Theresa  Macri,  his  hostess's  daughter  ;  sailed,  5  March 
1810,  from  Athens  to  Smyrna,  Ephesus,  the  Troad, 
swimming  the  Hellespont  (3  May),  and  Constantinople  ; 
parted  company  with  Hobhouse  :  sailed,  14  July,  for 
Athens  ;  travelled  in  the  Morea  ;  wintered  in  Athens  ; 
reached  Portsmouth,  July  1811  :  took  London  lodgings, 
October  1811;  spoke  twice  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
February  and  April  1812;  published  'Childe  Harold,' 
cantos  i.  and  ii.,  March  1812  ;  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Thomas  Moore;  proposed  to  Anne  Isabella,  daughter 
of  Sir  Robert  Milbauke,  but  was  rejected,  1812  ;  tried  to 
sell  Newstead,  September  1812  ;  injured  his  constitution 
by  devices  to  avoid  corpulency  ;  published  a  succes- 
sion of  poems,  1813-16;  annoyed  by  the  attentions  of 
Lady  Caroline  Lamb,  1813  ;  proposed  again  to  Miss 
Milbanke,  September  1814  ;  married  her  2  Jan.  1815  ; 
took  the  additional  name  of  Noel,  April  ;  made  his  will, 
July;  much  importuned  by  his  creditors;  sold  bis 
library,  November  ;  frequented  the  theatre  and  theatrical 
suppers  ;  accused,  8  Jan.  1816,  of  insanity  by  his  wife, 
who  left  him,  16  Jan.:  signed  a  deed  of  separation 
and  withdrew  to  the  continent,  April  ;  travelled  through 
Belgium  and  the  Rhine  country  to  Geneva  ;  travelled  in 


BYRON 


1st 


CADE 


Switzerland  with  Shelley  in  June,  and  with  Hobhouse  in 
September ;  wrote  '  Childe  Harold,'  canto  iii. ;  travelled 
with  Hobhousc  to  Italy,  October;  wintered  in  Yeiii<v  ; 
r  of  n  child  by  Jane  Clairmont,  January  1817; 
visited  Rome,  April-May  1817  ;  settled  in  a  house  on  the 
Qrand  Canal,  Venice,  and  abandoned  himself  to  degrading 
excesses  ;  wrote  canto  iv.  of  'Childe  Harold,'  July  1817  ; 
received  large  sums  for  his  copyrights ;  sold  Newstead, 
November  1817  ;  wrote  the  first  five  cantos  of '  Don  Juan,' 
1818-20 ;  met  Teresa,  countess  Quiccioli  (1803-1873), 
April  1819,  whom  he  followed  to  Ravenna  and  Bologna, 
and  took  from  her  husband  to  live  with  him  in  Venice ; 
visited  by  Thomas  Moore,  to  whom  he  entrusted  his 
autobiography  (burnt,  May  1824) ;  followed  to  Ravenna 
the  Countess  Quiccioli,  who  had  returned  to  her  husband, 
1819  ;  wrote  much  while  at  Ravenna,  the  bulk  of  his  work 
consisting  of  dramas  (beginning  with  '  Marino  Faliero,' 
April-July  1820) ;  lived  with  Countess  Guiccioli  at  Pisa, 
October  1821 -July  1822,  and  wrote  later  cantos  of 
'  Don  Juan ' ;  started  a  short-lived  newspaper,  '  The 
Liberal,'  with  Leigh  Hunt  as  editor,  in  which  he  printed 
his  'Vision  of  Judgment,'  a  poem  satirising  Southey's 
apotheosis  of  Qeorge  III ;  present  at  the  cremation  of 
Shelley,  1822;  lived  at  Genoa  with  Countess  Guiccioli, 
August  1822-July  1823 ;  offered  to  join  the  Greek  in- 
surgents, May  1823  ;  sailed  from  Genoa,  July  ;  lingered 
in  Cephalonia,  August-December  ;  landed  at  Missolonghi, 
January  1824  ;  enlisted  a  regiment  of  Suliotes,  which  he 
disbanded,  in  consequence  of  their  mutinous  temper,  in 
February ;  tried  to  raise  another  corps  to  garrison 
Missolonghi;  died  of  marsh-fever,  19  April;  buried  in 
England,  at  Hucknall  Torkard  ;  his  collected  '  Life  [by 
Tom  Moore]  and  Works,'  published,  1832-6.  [viii.  132] 

BYRON,  HENRY  JAMES  (1834-1884),  dramatist; 
medical  student  in  London  and  Buxton  ;  appeared  on  the 
stage  ;  began  to  write  for  the  stage,  c.  1856  ;  entered  the 
Middle  Temple,  1858 ;  joint-manager  of  the  Princess  of 
Wales's  Theatre,  London,  1865-7 ;  manager  of  theatres  in 
Liverpool,  1867 ;  acted,  in  his  own  pieces,  in  London, 
1869-81 ;  manager  of  Criterion  Theatre,  London,  1874 ; 
editor  of  '  Fun ' ;  wrote  '  Paid  in  Full,'  a  novel,  1865 ;  pro- 
duced a  number  of  farces,  comedies,  and  extravaganzas, 
between  1857  and  1882.  [viii.  155] 

BYEON,  JOHN,  first  BARON  BYRON  (d.  1652),  M.P. 
for  Nottingham,  1624-5  ;  K.B.  at  Charles  I's  coronation, 
1625  ;  M.P.  for  Nottinghamshire,  1628-9 ;  served  in  the 
Low  Countries  ;  served  against  the  Scots,  1640  ;  lieutenant 
of  the  Tower,  December  1641 -February  1642 ;  joined 
Charles  I  at  York  ;  sent  from  Coventry  to  Oxford  ;  held 
Oxford,  28  Aug.-lO  Sept.  1642;  victorious  at  Powick 


Bridge,  22  Sept. ;  fought  at  Edgehill,  23  Oct.  1642  ; 
in  Buckinghamshire  and  Oxfordshire,  December    1642- 
May  1643  ;   fought  at  Roundway  Down  and   New  bury, 
1643;  created  Karon  Byron  of  Rochdale,  October  1643; 
given  command  in   Lancashire;  defeated  at  Nantwioh, 
1644;   fought  at   Marston   Moor,  Ormskirk,  and   Mont- 
gomery,  1644  ;  besieged  in  Chester,  1645-6  ;  surrendered . 
Carnarvon  Castle,  1646 ;  went  to  Paris  ;    sent  to  seize 
Anglesey,  1648  ;  sent  by  Ormonde  to  invite  Charles  II  to  j 
Ireland,  January  1649 ;  i proscribed  by  the  parliament; 
tutor  to  the  Duke  of  York.  [viii.  157]     i 

BYRON,  JOHN  (1723-1786),  navigator ;  midshipman" 
of  the  Wager,  1740;  wrecked  on  the  Chili  coast,  1741; 
sailed  from  Valparaiso,  1744,  reaching  England,  February 
1746;  captain,  1746;  cruised  off  the  coast  of  GninM 
1749,  and  of  France,  1757-63;  commanded  the  Dolphin, 
in  the  voyage  round  the  world,  2  July  1764  to  9  May  1766 ; 
published  a  '  Narrative '  of  his  shipwreck,  1768 ;  governor 
of  Newfoundland,  1769-72 ;  rear-admiral,  1775 ;  com-  \ 
manded  the  West  Indies  fleet,  1778-9 ;  worsted  off 
Grenada,  1779.  [viii.  161] 

BYRON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1644),  commander  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  regiment ;  severely  wounded  at  Hoptou 
Heath,  1643  ;  wounded  in  a  scuffle  at  Oxford,  7  Dec.  1643, 
and  died  of  the  wound,  [viii.  163] 

BYRTH,  THOMAS  (1793-1849),  divine;  quaker;. 
druggist's  apprentice,  1809-14 ;  taught  school ;  entered 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  181 8  ;  joined  the  Anglican  church, 
1819  ;  curate  in  Devonshire,  1823-6  ;  M.A.,  1826  ;  vicar  of 
Latchford,  Cheshire,  1827;  rector  of  Wallasey,  1834-49; 
D.D.,  1839  ;  published  sermons.  [viii.  164] 

BYSSHE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1615 ?-1679),  herald; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1633 ;  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn;  M.P.  for  Bletchingley,  1640;  appointed 
Garter  king-of-arms  by  parliament,  1646-60;  M.P.  for 
Reigate,  1654,  and  for  Gatton,  Surrey,  1669  ;  Clarencenx 
king-of-arms,  1661 ;  knighted,  1661 ;  M.P.  for  Bletchingley, 
1661;  edited  heraldic  treatises  and  (1665)  Palladius, '  de 
Gentibus  Indiae  et  Bragmanibus.'  [viii.  164] 

BYSSHE,  EDWARD  (fl.  1712),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
published  •  The  Art  of  English  Poetry,'  1702  ;  translated 
Xeuophon's  '  Memorabilia,'  1712.  [viii.  165] 

BYTHNER,  VICTORENUS  (1605  ?-1670  ?),  hebraist; 
native  of  Poland ;  taught  Hebrew  at  Oxford,  1635-43 ;  at 
Cambridge,  1643 ;  in  London ;  again  in  Oxford,  1651 ; 
practised  medicine  in  Cornwall,  1664  ;  published  treatises 
on  Hebrew  grammar.  [viii.  165] 


CABANEL,  RUDOLPH  (1762-1839),  architect ;  born 
at  Aix-la-ChapeUe  ;  came  to  England  early  in  life  ;  con- 
structed theatres  in  London ;  invented  the  '  Cabanel ' 
roof.  [viii.  166] 

CABBELL,  BENJAMIN  BOND  (1781-1874),  patron 
of  art ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Oxford,  1800-3 ; 
barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1816  ;  F.R.S.,  1837 ;  M.P. 
for  St.  Albaus,  1846,  and  for  Boston,  1847-57 ;  a  free- 
iiiii-i.n.  [viii.  166] 

CABOT,  SEBASTIAN  (1474-1567),  navigator  and 
map-maker ;  born  in  Bristol ;  son  of  a  Venetian,  John 
Cabot,  or  Caboto,  trading  at  Bristol ;  taken  to  Venice, 
1476 ;  brought  back  to  England,  1493 ;  named  with  his 
father  and  brothers  in  Henry  V 1  I's  licence  to  make  a 
voyage  of  discovery,  March  1496 ;  sailed  with  them, 
1497,  discovering  Nova  Scotia;  not  mentioned  in  the 
similar  licence  obtained  by  his  father,  February  1498 ; 
probably  did  not  accompany  his  father  in  the  American 
voyages  of  1498  and  1499 ;  made  for  Henry  VIII  a  map 
of  Gascony  and  Guienne,  1512 ;  employed  at  Seville  as 
map-maker  to  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  1512-16  ;  returned 
to  England,  1616  ;  according  to  Eden,  was  designed  to 
sail  with  Sir  Thomas  Perte  (1517)  on  a  voyageof  discovery, 
which  did  not  take  place  ;  returned  to  Spain,  1619  ;  pilot- 
major  to  the  emperor  Charles  V,  1619-26 ;  investigated 
the  variation  of  the  compass  needle ;  made  proposals  to 
the  Venetians  to  send  him  to  seek  a  north-east  passage  to 


China,  1522  ;  commanded  unsuccessful  expedition  to  the 
La  Plata,  1526-30 :  imprisoned  and  banished  to  Oran  in 
Africa,  1630;  recalled  to  Seville,  1533  ;  reinstated  in  his 
office  of  pilot-major,  1533-44  ;  published  an  engraved  map 
of  the  world,  1544;  returned  to  Bristol,  1547 ;  pensioned 
by  Edward  VI,  1548  ;  his  return  in  vain  demanded  by 
Charles  V,  1550  and  1653 ;  settled  dispute  between  Han- 
seatic  League  and  merchants  of  London,  1551  ;  again 
approached  the  Venetians  with  the  project  of  seeking 
north-east  passage  to  China,  1551 ;  suggested  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Company  of  Merchant  Adventurers  of  London 
to  seek  for  the  passage,  1551 ;  supervised  the  north-east 
!  expeditions  to  Russia,  1553  and  1656;  his  pension  con- 
j  firmed  by  Queen  Mary,  1556  ;  deprived  of  half  his  pension, 
perhaps  at  the  instance  of  Philip  II,  1557.  [viii.  166] 

CADDICK.  RICHARD  (1740-1819),  hebraist;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1776 ;  M.A.,  1799 ;  resided  near 
London,  1780-1819;  published  a  Hebrew  grammar,  a 
Hebrew  New  Testament,  and  sermons.  [viii.  171] 

CADE,  JOHN  (d.  1450),  rebel ;  said  to  have  been  a 
young  Irishman  of  the  household  of  Sir  Thomas  Dacre 
in  Sussex  ;  banished  for  murder,  1449  ;  served  in  France ; 
soon  returned,  under  the  name  of  Aylmer,  a  physician  ; 
leader  of  the  Kentish  rebellion,  May  1460 ;  given  out  to 
be  a  nobleman.  Mortimer,  cousin  of  the  Duke  of  York  ; 
encamped  on  Blackheath ;  demanded  the  dismissal  of 
certain  ministers  of  Henry  VI;  defeated  the  knur's 


CADE 


185 


CADWALADR 


troops  at  Sevenoaks,  27  June  ;  entered  Southwark,  1  July  ; 
and  London,  2  July;  beheaded  Baron  Say  and  Willium 
Orowmer,  sheriff  of  Kent,  4  July  ;  repitls<-d  at  London 
Bridge;  amnestied,  6  July;  withdrew  to  Rochester; 
repulHttl  at  Queenborough  ;  mortally  wounded  at  Heath- 
fleld,12July.  [viii.171] 


,   JOHN    (1734-1806),  antiquary;    educated  at 
D    lington  school  ;  linendraper  in  London  and  Dublin  ; 

rrcin-t  mid  ^tii.lifl  Knglish  antiquities.  [viii.  174] 

CADE  or  CADDY,  LAURENCE  (ft.  1583),  Roman 
catholic  seminarist;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  became  a  catholic  ;  entered  Douay  College,  1678  ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  ;  publicly  renounced  Catholicism, 
1581  ;  Carmelite  friar  at  Paris,  1583.  [viii.  174] 

CADE,  SALUSBURY  (1680  ?-1720),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1691  :  physician  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  London,  1708-20.  [viiL  175] 

CADELL  (d.  909),  Welsh  prince;  son  of  Rhodri 
Mawr  ;  began  to  reign  over  Oeredigion,  877  ;  said  to  have 
conquered  Powys  ;  ravaged  Dyved  and  Brecheiniog  ;  sub- 
mitted to  King  Alfred,  885  ?;  his  territory  ravaged  by 
A  narawd,  king  of  Gwynedd  894  ;  harassed  by  the  Irish 
Danes.  [viii.  175] 

CADELL  (d.  943),  Welsh  prince  ;  son  of  Arthvael  ; 
lord  of  Morgan  wg  and  part  of  Qwent;  rebelled  against 
the  West-Saxons,  940  ;  killed  by  the  Saxons,  [viii.  175] 

JADELL  (d.  1175),  Welsh  prince;  son  of  Gruffudd, 
the  son  of  Rhys  ;  ruled  over  part  of  Ceredigion  and  the 
vale  of  Towy,  1137  ;  captured  the  Norman  castles  on  the 
Towy,  including  Carmarthen,  1145-7;  wasted  Kidwelly, 
1152;  won  back  Ceredigion  from  Owain  Gwynedd; 
severely  handled  by  the  Flemings  of  Tenby  in  an  ambus- 
cade ;  made  pilgrimage  to  Rome  ;  became  a  monk  at 
Strata  Florida.  [viii.  176] 

CADELL,  FRANCIS  (1822-1879),  Australian  explorer  ; 
midshipman  in  the  East  India  Company's  service  ;  served 
in  the  Chinese  war,  1840-1  ;  captain  of  a  vessel,  1844  ; 
studied  steamboat  building  ;  examined  the  mouth  of  the 
Murray  river,  1848  ;  explored  the  Murray  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  steamers,  1853-9  ;  squatter  on  the  Darling  ; 
murdered  by  his  crew  at  sea.  [viii.  176] 

CADELL,  JESSIE  (1844-1884),  Persian  scholar  ;  wife 
of  an  army  officer  ;  long  resident  at  Peshawur  ;  published 
'  Ida  Craven,'  a  novel,  1876  ;  wrote  on  Omar  Khayyam, 
1879  ;  died  at  Florence.  [viii.  177] 

CADELL,  ROBERT  (1788-1849),  Edinburgh  pub- 
lisher ;  entered  the  house  of  Archibald  Constable  &  Co., 
1807;  partner,  1811;  dissolved  partnership,  1826  ;  secured 
copyright  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novels,  1827,  of  which  he 
issued  several  editions.  [viii.  178] 

CADELL,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1742-1802),  London 
publisher  ;  apprenticed  to  Andrew  Millar  in  the  Strand, 
1758;  partner,  1765;  took  over  the  business,  1767; 
retired,  1793;  alderman  of  London,  1793,  and  sheriff, 
1800-1.  [viii.  179] 

CADELL,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1773-1836),  pub- 
lisher ;  son  of  Thomas  Cadell  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  took 
over  his  father's  business,  1793,  and  carried  it  on  till 
death.  [viii.  179] 

CADELL,  WILLIAM  ARCHIBALD  (1775-1865), 
traveller  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  :  Scottish  advocate, 
1798  ;  F.R.S.,  1810  ;  published  narrative  of  his  continental 
'  Journey,  1817-18,'  1820  ;  author  of  mathematical  papers. 

[viii.  179] 

CADEMAN  or  CADYMAN,  Sm  THOMAS  (1590  ?- 
1651),  physician  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1609  ;  M.D.  Padua,  1620  :  catholic 
recusant,  1626  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1630  ;  held  patent  for  distilling 
strong  waters  and  vinegar  ;  wrote  medical  tracts. 

[viii.  180] 

CADOC  the  WISE,  in  Welsh  CATTWG  DDOKTH  (>i. 
670?),  Welsh  saint;  son  of  Gwynllyw  Filwr,  lord  of 
Gwynllwg  in  Glamorganshire  ;  taught  by  Irish  ascetics  ; 
visited  Rome,  Jerusalem,  Ireland,  and  Scotland  ;  founded 
abbey  and  school  of  Llancarvan,  Glamorganshire  ;  suffered 
martyrdom  at  Beneventum  ;  commemorated  on  14  Jan.  ; 
reputed  composer  of  proverbs,  triads,  and  fables. 

[viii.  181] 


CADOGAN.    [See  also  CADWUAN.] 

CADOGAN,  CHARLES,  second  BARON  OADOOAN 
(1691-1776),  general ;  entered  the  army,  1706  ;  served  m 
Mnrlborough's  later  campaigns,  and  in  Scotland,  1716  ; 
M.P.  for  Reading,  and  for  Newport,  lale  of  Wight ;  suc- 
ceeded to  barony,  1726  ;  general,  1761.  [viii.  186] 

1  CADOGAN,  HENRY  (1780-1813),  colonel ;  educated 
at  Eton ;  entered  the  army,  1797  ;  gained  rapid  promotion 
by  purchase ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1805  ;  aide-de-camp  to 
Wellesley  in  the  Peninsula,  1808-10 ;  commanded  the  71st 
Highlanders,  1810-11;  commanded  brigade,  1811-13; 
killed  at  Yittoria;  honoured  with  a  monument  in  St. 
Paul's.  [viii.  181] 

CADOGAN,  WILLIAM  (1601-1661),  parliamentarian  : 
went  to  Ireland,  1633  ;  captain  of  horse  there  before  1641 ; 
major  of  horse  in  Cromwell's  Irish  army,  1649  ;  governor 
of  Trim,  1649-61.  [viii.  182] 

CADOGAN,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  CADOGAN  (1675- 
1726),  general ;  cornet  at  the  Boyne,  1690  ;  served  in  the 
dragoons  under  William  III  in  Ireland  and  Flanders  ; 
quartermaster-general  to  Marlborough,  1701-11,  and  pre- 
sent in  all  his  great  battles  ;  colonel  of  the  dragoon  regi- 
ment, called  'Cadogan's  horse,'  1703-12;  brigadier-gene- 
ral, 1704  ;  M.P.  for  Woodstock  from  1705  ;  major-general, 
1706;  envoy  to  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  1707-10;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1709-12 ;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  1709- 
1715 ;  took  Bouchain,  1711 ;  quartermaster-general  to 
Ormonde,  1712;  withdrew  to  Holland;  ejected  by  the 
Jacobite  party  from  his  offices,  1712  ;  returned  to  London, 
1714 ;  restored  to  his  lieutenant-generalship,  1714  ;  lieu- 
tenant of  ordnance,  1714-18 ;  colonel  of  Coldstream 
guards,  1714 ;  M.P.  for  Woodstock,  1714 ;  envoy  at  the 
Hague,  1714-18  ;  second  in  command  against  Scotch  in- 
surgents, 1715-16 ;  created  Baron  Oadogan,  1716  :  governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1716  ;  general,  1717 ;  created  Earl 
Cadogan,  1718 ;  negotiated  the  quadruple  alliance,  1720  ; 
commander-in-chief,  1722  [viii.  182] 

CADOGAN,  WILLIAM  (1711-1797),  physician ;  B.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1731 ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1737 ;  army 
physician ;  practised  medicine  in  Bristol ;  physician  to 
the  London  Foundling  Hospital,  1754;  M.D.  Oxford, 
1755 ;  wrote  on  medical  topics.  [viii.  187] 

CADROE,  SAINT  (d.  976  ?),  abbot  in  Lorraine  ;  born 
in  Scotland  of  noble  parents ;  brought  up  by  a  clerical 
kinsman,  Beanus,  at  lona  ;  studied  at  Armagh ;  taught  in 
Scotland ;  travelled  from  Abernethy,  940  ?,  through 
Strathclyde  to  Winchester,  942  ?,  thence  to  Peronne,  943  ; 
anchorite  in  '  Sylva  Theorascensis ' ;  monk  at  Fleury,  944  ; 
abbot  of  Wassor,  near  Dinant,  946,  and  of  St.  Felix  and 
(948)  of  St.  Symphorien,  both  near  Metz.  [viii.  187] 

CADVAN  (6th  cent.),  Welsh  saint ;  fled  from  Brittany 
from  the  Franks  early  in  the  sixth  century ;  built 
churches  in  Wales;  abbot  of  a  monastery  on  Bardsey 
Isle.  [viii.  190] 

CADVAN  (d.  617  ?  or  634?),  semi-mythical  king  of 
Gwynedd  (or  North  Wales)  ;  fought  against  the  Angles  of 
Northumbria.  [viii.  190] 

CADWALADER.    [See  C.KDWALLA.] 

CADWALADR  (d.  1172),  Welsh  prince;  son  of 
Gruffudd  ap  Cynan,  king  of  Gwynedd ;  with  his  brother, 
Owain,  conquered  Meirionydd,  1121,  and  the  north  of 
Ceredigion,  1135-6;  granted  lordship  of  these  when 
Owain  succeeded  to  Gwynedd,  1137 ;  expelled  by  Owain 
for  slaying  (1143)  Anarawd,  son  of  Gruffudd  of  South 
Wales  ;  to  avenge  himself,  brought  over  Danes  from  Ire- 
land, who,  suspecting  treachery,  blinded  him  ;  ransomed  ; 
driven  from  Meirionydd  by  his  nephews,  1146-8,  from 
Ceredigion  by  the  brothers  of  Anarawd,  and  from  Anglesey 
by  Owaiu ;  fled  to  the  English ;  restored  by  Henry  II,  1157  ; 
invaded  South  Wales,  1168;  resisted  Henry  IPs  third 
invasion,  1165  ;  buried  at  Bangor.  [viii.  190] 

CADWALADR  CASAIL  (ft.  1590),  Welsh  poet. 

[viii.  191] 

CADWALADR  VKNDIGAID,  i.e.  the  BLESSED  (d. 
661?),  semi-mythical  king  of  the  Britons;  led  the  North 
and  Strathclyde  Welsh  in  their  struggle  against  the 
Angles  under  Oswiu  and  Penda ;  died  of  the  plague. 

[viii.  191] 


CADWAKLADOR 


186 


CAIN 


CADWALLADOR,  ROGER  (1668-1810),  Roman  ca- 
tholic martyr  :  fdiu-aUil  at  U  lid  ma  and  Valladolid  :  catholic 
Driest  in  Herefordshire,  1594 ;  arrested  and  executed, 
1610.  [viii.  192] 

CADWALLON.     [See  CACOWALLA.] 

CADWGAN  (</.  1112),  Welsh  prince;  son  of  Bleddyn 
ap  Cynvyn,  king  of  part  of  Qwynedd ;  attacked  Rhys  ap 
Tewdwr,  king  of  South  Wales,  1087,  but  was  defeated  at 
Llechryd;  ravaged  Dyved,  1093,  but  was  driven  out  by 
the  Normans ;  joined  Gruffudd  ap  Cynan,  king  of 
Qwynedd,  In  recovering  Ceredigion  and  Dyved  and 
ravaging  the  English  border;  ravaged  Pembrokeshire; 
repulsed  William  Rufos's  invasion,  1097 ;  defeated  in 
Anglesey  by  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  1099;  accepted 
Oeredigion  and  part  of  Powys  as  a  fief  from  the  earl,  1100 ; 
joint-!  1  him  in  making  war  on  Henry  1, 1102 ;  restored  to  his 
territories  by  lorwerth  ;  driven,  1110,  from  Ceredigion  by 
his  nephews,  who  had  been  incited  to  attack  his  son  Owain 
for  carrying  off  Nest,  wife  of  Gerald  of  Windsor  ;  deposed 
by  Henry  I ;  granted  Powys,  1111 ;  murdered  by  Ms 
nephew.  [viii.  192] 

CADWGAN,  also  called  MARTIN  (d.  1241),  bishop  of 
Bangor ;  styled  •  of  Llandyvai' ;  abbot  of  Whitland,  Car- 
marthenshire ;  named  bishop  of  Bangor  by  King  John, 
1815 ;  resigned,  1236,  and  entered  Dore  Abbey,  Hereford- 
shire, [viii.  194] 

CADYMAN,  SIR  THOMAS  (1590  ?-1651).  [See 
OADEMAN.] 

CJEDMON  (corruptly  CEDMON),  SAINT  (fl.  670),  poet ; 
entered  the  monastery  of  Streaneshalch  (Whitby),  when 
already  an  elderly  man,  between  658  and  680 ;  said 
by  Baeda  to  have  been  an  unlearned  man,  who  received 
suddenly,  in  a  vision,  the  power  of  putting  into  English 
verse  passages  translated  to  him  from  the  scriptures ; 
generally  recognised  as  a  saint :  commemorated  on  11  or 
12  Feb.  The  name  Oaedmon  cannot  be  explained  in  Eng- 
lish, and  has  been  conjectured  to  be  Celtic  (an  adaptation 
of  the  British  Catu maims).  In  1655  Francois  Dujon 
(Franciscus  Junius)  published  at  Amsterdam  from  the 
unique  Bodleian  manuscript  long  scriptural  poems,  which 
he  took  to  be  those  of  Caedmon.  It  is  now  generally  ad- 
mitted that  these  poems  are  of  at  least  two  dates,  the  first 
portion  (containing  versions  of  Genesis,  Exodus,  Daniel) 
being  earlier  than  the  second  portion  (1.  the  fall  of  man  ; 

2.  the  descent  into  hell,  ascension,  and  second  advent; 

3.  the  temptation),  and  all  of  them  later  than  Csedmou. 
Three  pieces  are  by  some  still  claimed  for  Oaedmon  him- 
self :  1.  a  Northumbrian  version  of  Baeda's  Latin  para- 
phrase of  Caedmou's  first  song,  found  in  a  Cambridge 
manuscript  of  Baeda,  in  a  hand  possibly  of  the  eighth 
century  ;  2. '  The  Dream  of  the  Holy  Rood,'  of  which  a 
fragment  is  found  in  runes  on  the  Ruthwell  cross,  Dum- 
friesshire, and  the  whole  in  a  West-Saxon  manuscript  at 
Vercelli ;  3.  the  fragment  on  the  temptation  and  fall  of 
man,  interpolated  in  the  version  of  Genesis  in  the  Bod- 
leian manuscript,  published  in  1665.  [viii.  195] 

CJED  WALLA  (d.  634),  also  spelt  OADWALADER  and 
OADWALLON,  king  of  Gwynedd  or  North  Wales ;  sou  of 
Cadvan(d.  617?  or  634?)[q.v.];  invaded  Northumbria, 
629 ;  defeated  by  the  Anglian  king,  Eadwine,  and  driven 
to  Ireland:  in  alliance  with  Peuda  of  Mercia,  defeated 
and  slew  Eadwine  at  Hatfield,  near  Doncaster,  633 ; 
mercilessly  ravaged  Northumbria ;  killed  Osric  and 
Eanfrith,  Northumbrian  princes,  who  tried  to  recover  the 
kingdom,  634  ;  defeated  and  slain  near  Hexhamiby  Oswald, 
nephew  of  Eadwine.  [viii.  201] 

CJEDWALLA  (659  ?-689),  king  of  Wessex  ;  expelled 
from  Wessex  by  King  Centwine ;  lived  as  an  outlaw  in 
the  forest  of  Anderida ;  met  Wilfrith,  c.  681 ;  ravaged 
Sussex,  and  killed  King  JEthelwealh,  685  ;  acknowledged 
king  of  Wessex,  686 ;  subdued  Sussex,  ravaged  Kent,  and 
conquered  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  resigned,  688  ;  baptised  at 
Rome  by  Pope  Sergius  I,  689  ;  died  at  Rome.  [viii.  201] 

CAERLEON,  LEWIS  ov  (15th  cent.),  mathematician, 
theologian,  and  medical  writer  of  Oxford.  [x.  128] 

CAERNARVON.    [See  CARNARVON.] 

CJESAR,  ADELM  ARE  (d.  1569),  physician  ;  originally 
known  as  CKSARK  ADELMARR  ;  graduate  of  Padua ;  censor 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  London,  1655 ;  medical  ad- 
viser to  Queen  Mary  in  1558,  and  subsequently  to  Queen 
Elizabeth.  [viii.  204] 


SIR  CHARLES  (1590-1642),  judge;  third 
son  of  Sir  Julius  Caesar  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Magdalen  Col- 
lege Oxford,  1602;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1605-11,  by 
king's  mandate ;  M.A.,  1608 ;  entered  the  Inner  Tetnple, 
1611 ;  D.O.L.,  1612 ;  knighted,  1613  ;  M.P.  for  Bletchingley, 
Surrey,  1614 ;  master  of  chancery,  1616-39 ;  judge  of 
court  of  audience  and  master  of  the  faculties  from  b" 'ore 
1626  till  death  ;  paid  James  I  15.000/.  for  the  mastertQ  ip 
of  the  rolls,  1639 ;  died  of  small-pox.  [viii.  202] 

CJESAR,  HENRY  (1562  ?-1636),  dean  of  Ely ;  educated 
at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  withdrew  to  the  continent  as 
a  Roman  catholic  ;  returned  and  recanted,  1583  ;  vicar  of 
Lostwithiel,  Cornwall ;  prosecuted  as  a  suspected  papist, 
1584, 1589 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1595  ;  rector  of  St.  Christopher- 
le-Stocks,  London,  1596-7,  and  of  Somersham,  Huntingdon- 
shire, 1597 ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1609-25  :  dean  of 
Ely,  1614-36.  [viii.  203] 

CJESAR,  SIR  JULIUS  (1658-1636),  judge ;  son  of  an 
Italian,  Cesare  Adelmare,  physician  to  Queen  Mary  and 
Elizabeth  [see  CAESAR,  ADELMARE]  ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1578 ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1580 ;  LL.D. 
Paris,  1581;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1584  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty, 
1584  ;  a  master  of  chancery,  1588-91 ;  M.P.,  Reigate, 
1589,  Bletchingley,  1593,  Windsor,  1596  and  1601,  West- 
minster, 1607-11,  Middlesex,  1614,  and  Maldon,  1620-2  ; 
master  of  requests,  1591  (senior  master,  1600);  master  of 
St.  Katharine's  Hospital,  London,  1596 ;  knighted,  1603 ; 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1606  ;  master  of  the  rolls, 
1614-36 ;  wrote  on  legal  topics.  [viii.  204] 

CJESAR,  JULIUS  (1656  ?-1712  ?),  physician,  of  Ro- 
chester ;  composed  catches.  [viii.  207] 

CJESAR,  SIR  THOMAS  (1561-1610),  judge  ;  brother  of 
Sir  Julius  Caesar  [q.  v.] :  left  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
1578 ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1580 ;  cursitor  baron  of 
the  exchequer  and  knighted,  1610.  [viii.  207] 

CATFLN,  SIR  JAMES  CRAWFORD  (1812-1883),  ad- 
miral ;  entered  the  navy,  1824 ;  commander,  1842  ;  on  the 
commission  which  adopted  screw-propeller  for  navy,  1845  ; 
captain,  1847 ;  served  in  the  Baltic,  1854-5 ;  director  of 
stores,  1858-68 ;  rear-admiral,  1865  ;  K.C.B.,  1868  ;  admiral, 
1877.  [viii.  208] 

CAFFYN,  MATTHEW  (1628-1714),  general  (or  Ar- 
minian)  baptist;  claimed  to  have  been  expelled  from 
Oxford  for  nonconformity ;  farmer  and  baptist  minister 
at  and  near  Horsham,  Sussex,  his  native  place ;  several 
times  imprisoned  for  unlicensed  preaching ;  engaged  in 
platform  and  pamphlet  war  with  quakers,  1655-62 ;  first 
accused  of  Arianism,  1673  ;  local  churches  and  the  baptist 
assembly  greatly  agitated  by  his  doctrinal  position,  1691- 
1701,  the  result  being  a  schism  in  the  connexion,  1701-4 ; 
wrote  polemical  tracts.  [viii.  208] 

CAHLLL,  DANIEL  WILLIAM  (1796-1864),  Roman 
catholic  lecturer ;  educated  at  Carlow  College  and  May- 
nooth,  1816  ;  ordained  ;  teacher  of  mathematical  sciences 
at  Carlow  College,  1825  ;  created  D.D.  by  the  pope  ;  kept 
school  at  Williams  town,  1835-41,  and  at  Blackrock,  Dublin, 
1841-6;  journalist  in  Dublin  till  1859;  lectured  and 
preached  in  the  United  States  on  behalf  of  Roman  catholic 
institutions,  1860-4  ;  remains  removed  to  Glasnevin,  1885. 

[viii.  210] 

CAILLAUD,  JOHN  (d.  1810),  Indian  officer  ;  arrived 
in  India,  1753 ;  in  constant  service  till  his  retirement, 
1775  ;  brigadier-general,  1763  ;  settled  at  Aston-Rowant, 
Oxfordshire ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1773.  [viii.  210] 

CALLLLN  (fl.  560),  Irish  saint ;  educated  at  Rome ; 
recalled  to  stay  feuds  among  his  kindred,  the  Conmaicne, 
of  Dunmor  (Connaught);  obtained  for  them  lands  in 
Roscommon,  Mayo,  and  other  counties  ;  at  Duubaile  con- 
verted to  Christianity  Aedh  dubh  (afterwards  called  Aedh 
finn),  son  of  Fergna,  king  of  Breifney,  received  Dunbaile 
(now  Fenagh,  in  Leitrim)  from  Aedh  dubh,  and  built  a 
monastery  there ;  commemorated  on  13  Nov.  [viii.  211] 

CALKIN  or  CAMIN,  SAINT  (d.  653) ;  of  the  race  of 
Cathaoir  M6r  of  Leinster ;  son  of  Dima,  a  noble,  and 
Cummau  ;  an  ascetic ;  lived  on  Keltra  island  in  Lough 
Derg ;  reputed  author  of  glosses  on  the  119th  Psalm. 

[viii.  212] 

CAIN.  RHYS  (16th  cent.),  Welsh  poet ;  named  from 
his  birth  near  the  river  Cain,  Merionethshire ;  wrote  com- 
plimentary poems,  1570-1600.  [viii.  213] 


OAINNECH 


187 


OAT. AMY 


CAINNECH  or  CANNICU8,  SAINT  (d.  598?),  Irish 
saint,  after  whom  Kilkenny  (Cill-raiiineth)  and  Cambus- 
kenneth,  in  S-otlaml,  were  named;  studied  in  \Vules  and 
Italy;  lived  at  ('lonurd  Abbey,  Meath,  c.  543,  and  sub- 
sequently at  i  ;ia-iieviu,  Dublin  ;  visited  Columba  at  lonu  ; 
founded  Aghaboe  (Acliadh-bo)  Abbey,  Queen's  County, 
some  time  before  577.  [viii.  213] 

CAIRD,  Sin  JAMES  (1816-1892),  agriculturist  and 
author ;  educated  at  high  school  and  university,  Edin- 
burgh ;  managed  a  farm  near  Stranraer ;  occupied  farm  of 
Baldoon,  near  Wigtown,  1841-60 ;  took  part  in  free  trade 
controversy :  commissioned  by  Peel  to  report  to  govern- 
ment on  agricultural  state  of  Ireland,  1846  ;  special  com- 
missioner of  'Times'  to  inquire  into  distressed  state  of 
agriculture  since  adoption  of  free  trade,  1850 ;  liberal  con- 
servative M.P.  for  Dartmouth,  1857-9  ;  toured  in  Canada 
and  United  States,  1858-9,  and  published  '  Prairie  Farming 
in  America,'  1859  ;  M.P.  for  Stirling  burghs,  1859-65  ; 
chairman  of  royal  commission  on  condition  of  sea  fisheries, 
1863-6  ;  advocated  increased  importation  of  cotton  from 
India,  1863 ;  enclosure  commissioner,  1865-82 ;  senior 
member  of  laud  commission,  1882 ;  G.B.,  1869 ;  F.R.S., 
1865  ;  on  commission  to  inquire  into  Indian  famine,  1878- 
1879 ;  president  of  Statistical  Society,  1880  and  1881 ; 
K.C.B.,  1882 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884 ;  privy 
councillor,  1889  ;  director  of  land  department  of  board  of 
agriculture,  1889-91.  He  published  numerous  writings 
on  agricultural  questions.  [Suppl.  i.  365] 

CAIRD,  JOHN  (1820-1898),  principal  of  Glasgow 
University ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University ;  M.A., 
1845  ;  honorary  D.D.,  1860 ;  minister  of  Lady  Tester's, 
Edinburgh,  1847-9,  Errol,  Perthshire,  1849-57,  and 
Park  Church,  Glasgow,  1857 ;  professor  of  theology, 
Glasgow,  1862  ;  principal,  1873 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1884 ;  Gifford  lecturer  at  Glasgow,  1890-1  and 
1896  ;  published  works,  including  '  Introduction  to  the 
Pliilosophy  of  Beligion '  (1880).  [Suppl.  i.  368] 

CAIRNCROSS,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1701),  archbishop 
of  Glasgow ;  a  dyer  in  Edinburgh  ;  parson  of  Dumfries  ; 
bishop  of  Brechin,  1684  ;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1684-7  ; 
bishop  of  Raphoe,  1693-1701.  [viii.  215] 

CAIRNCROSS,  ROBERT  (d.  1544),  bishop  of  Ross ; 
provost  of  Corstorphine ;  abbot  of  Holyrood ;  bishop  of 
Ross,  1539,  holding  in  commendam  the  abbacy  of  Fern ; 
lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1528-9  and  1537-9. 

[viii.  215] 

CAIRNECH,  SAINT  (d.  539  ?),  son  of  '  Sarran,  king  of 
Britain ' ;  harassed  in  his  monastery  by  his  brother,  King 
Luirig ;  delivered  by  his  cousin,  Mucertach  MacErca : 
attended  a  synod  at  Tours ;  bishop  of  Temhar  (Tara)  and 
the  clan  O'Neil,  c.  604.  [viii.  215] 

CAIRNES,  DAVID  (1645-1722),  defender  of  London- 
derry ;  a  lawyer ;  advised  defence  of  town,  December  1688  ; 
sent  to  William  III  to  ask  help ;  commanded  regiment 
during  the  siege,  April-August  1689  ;  afterwards  recorder 
and  M.P.  for  Londonderry.  [viii.  216] 

CAIRNES,  JOHN  ELLIOT  (1823-1875),  economist ; 
educated  at  private  schools ;  employed  in  a  brewery  at 
Drogheda  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1854 ;  professor 
of  political  economy,  1856-61,  and  at  Galway,  1859-65  ; 
Irish  barrister,  1857  ;  professor  of  political  economy,  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  1866;  invalided,  1872;  hon. 
LL.D.  Dublin,  1874 ;  published  anti-slavery  tracts,  eco- 
nomic treatises,  and  pamphlets  on  university  education 
in  Ireland.  [viii.  216] 

CAIRNS,  HUGH  McOALMONT,  first  EARL  CAIRNS, 
(1819-1885),  lord  chancellor;  educated  at  Belfast  academy 
and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  1838  :  barrister  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1844  ;  migrated  to  Lincoln's  Inn  and  soon 
acquired  a  large  practice ;  M.P.  for  Belfast,  1862 ;  Q.C., 
1866 ;  made  his  mark  as  a  speaker  in  parliament,  1858 ; 
attorney-general  and  lord  justice  of  appeal,  1866  ;  created 
Baron  Cairns,  1867  :  lord  chancellor,  1868  ;  leader  of  the 
conservative  opposition  in  the  lords,  1869-74;  strongly 
opposed  disestablishment  of  Irish  church  ;  lord  chan- 
cellor, 1874-80 ;  created  Earl  Cairns,  1878  ;  a  lucid  lawyer ; 
philanthropist.  [viii.  217] 

CAIRNS,  JOHN  (1818-1892),  presbyterian  divine; 
son  of  a  shepherd ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
M.A.,  1841  ;  honorary  D.D.,  1858  ;  honorary  LL.D.,  1884; 
entered  Presbyterian  Secession  Hall,  1840 ;  studied  at 


Merlin,  18-13-4;  licensed  preacher,  1845  ;  minister  of  Golden 
Square  Church,  Berwu-k-on-Tweed,  1845-76  ;  professor  of 
apologetics  in  United  I'rt-.-tiytcrian  Theological  Hall,  1867, 
!  and  joint  professor  of  systematic  theology  and  apologetics, 
I  1876 ;  principal,  1879 ;  Cunningham  lecturer  at  Free 
rhmvh,  1.S77  and  1880;  preached  in  America  and  in 
many  Continental  towns  ;  published  religious  works  and 
translations  and  contribute^  largely  to  periodicals;  he 
wrote  the  article  on  Kant  in  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nicii,'  8th  edition.  [Suppl.  i.  369] 

CAIRNS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1848),  philosophical  writer ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  ;  divinity  student  at  the  Anti-burgher 
College,  1800 ;  minister  of  the  secession  church,  Johns- 
haveu,  Kincardiueshire,  1808-15 ;  professor  of  logic  in 
Belfast  Institution,  1816-48  ;  published  'Treatise on  Moral 
Freedom,'  1844.  [viii.  220] 

CAISTOR,  RICHARD  (d.  1420),  theologian  ;  vicar  of 
St.  Stephen's,  Norwich,  1402  ;  his  tomb  in  Norwich  sub- 
sequently a  place  of  pilgrimage.  [viii.  220] 

CAITHNESS,  EARLS  OF.  [See  SINCLAIR,  SIR  WILLIAM, 
first  EARL,  1404  ?-1480 ;  SINCLAIR,  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL, 
d.  1582 ;  SINCLAIR,  GKORQE,  fifth  EARL,  1566  ?-1643  ;  SIN- 
CLAIR, JAMES,  fourteenth  EARL,  1821-1881.] 

CATCTS  or  KAY,  JOHN,  called  the  elder  (fl.  1480), 
translator  into  English  of  a  Latin  poem  on  the  defence  of 
Rhodes  (1480),  printed  in  London,  1506.  [viii.  221] 

CAIUS,  JOHN  (1510-1673),  scholar  and  physician, 
called  John  Caius,  junior ;  educated  at  Norwich,  and 
Gouville  Hall,  Cambridge  (fellow,  1533;  M.A.,  1535); 
studied  Greek  ;  went  to  Padua,  1539  ;  lectured  there  on 
Aristotle,  studied  medicine  under  Giambattista  Montano 
and  anatomy  under  Andre  Vesale;  M.D.  Padua,  1541; 
visited  the  great  libraries  of  Italy,  France,  and  Germany  ; 
lectured  on  anatomy  in  London,  1644-64 ;  resided  at 
Shrewsbury  (where  he  observed  the  '  sweating  sickness '), 
and  Norwich  ;  F.C.P.,  1547 ;  physician  to  Edward  VI  and 
Mary ;  refounded  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge,  1557,  and  was 
master,  1559-73  ;  dismissed  from  attendance  on  Queen 
Elizabeth  as  a  Roman  catholic,  1568;  published  under 
the  name  '  Loudinensis '  a  tract  claiming  for  Cambridge 
priority  over  Oxford,  1668  ;  edited  and  translated  Galen, 
and  wrote  on  medical  subjects  and  Greek  pronunciation. 

[viii.  221] 

CATUS  or  KEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1672),  author  ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1525  ;  M.A.,  1630  ;  registrar 
of  the  university,  1535-52;  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
1559;  master  of  University  College,  Oxford,  1561-72; 
rector  of  Tredington,  Worcestershire,  1563-72  ;  defended 
the  priority  of  Oxford  against  John  Oaius  (1510-1673) 
[q.  v.]  ;  author  of  translations  into  English  and  Latin. 

[viii.  225] 

CALAH,  JOHN  (1758-1798),  composer  of  church 
I  music ;  organist  of  Newark-on-Trent,  1781-5,  and  of 
|  Peterborough  Cathedral,  1785-98.  [viii.  226] 

CALAMY,  BENJAMIN  (1642-1686),  divine ;  second 
son  of  Edmund  Oalamy  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School ;  entered  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  before 
i  1660  ;  M.A.,  1668  and  fellow ;  D.D.,  1680 ;  incumbent  of  St. 
Mary,  Aldermanbury,  1677 ;  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry, 
1683 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1685  ;  tried  to  obtain 
pardon  for  Alderman  Henry  Cornish  [q.  v.],  1685;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [viii.  226] 

CALAMY,  EDMUND,  the  elder  (1600-1666),  puritan  ; 
B.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1619 ;  known  as  a 
Calvinist  ;  B.D.,  1632  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Swaffham, 
Cambridge ;  lecturer  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1627  ?-36, 
retiring  when  the  bishop  insisted  on  observance  of 
church  ceremonies ;  lecturer  at  Rochford,  Essex ;  incum- 
bent of  St.  Mary's,  Aldermanbury,  1639-62 ;  one  of  the 
authors  of  '  Smectymnuus,'  written  against  Bishop 
Joseph  Hall's  claim  of  divine  right  for  episcopacy ; 
member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ;  presbyterian 
and  intolerant  of  Congregationalism  ;  opposed  Charles  I's 
trial  and  execution ;  advocated  the  Restoration ;  com- 
pelled by  his  wife  to  refuse  the  see  of  Lichfield  and 
Coventry  ;  member  of  Savoy  conference,  1661  ;  ejected, 
1662;  imprisoned  for  unlicensed  preaching,  1663;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [viii.  227] 

CALAMY,  EDMUND,  the  younger  (1635  ?-1685), 
puritan  ;  eldest  son  of  Edmund  Calamy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1652-6, 


CALAMY 


188 


CALDERWOOD 


and  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1656 ;  M.A.,  1658 ; 
ordained  presbyterian  minister,  1653 ;  intruded  rector  of 
Moreton,  Essex,  1659-62  ;  withdrew  to  London  ;  preached 
in  private  houses  :  opened  mwting-houso,  1672. 

[viii.  230] 

CALAMY,  EDMUND  (1671-1732),  nonconformist 
biographer  ;  only  son  of  Edmund  Calamy  the  younger 
[q.  v.]:  educated  in  private  schools  kept  by  ejected 
puritan  ministers ;  studied  at  Utrecht,  1688-91 :  resided 
In  Oxford,  1691-2,  reading  in  the  Bodleian  and  preaching 
in  meeting-houses  in  the  district ;  assistant  minister  to 
presbyterian  congregation  at  Blackfriars,  1692-5,  and  at 
Bishopsgate,  1696-1703  ;  brought  about  a  public  presby- 
terian ordination,  1694  ;  presbyterian  minister  at  West- 
minster  and  lecturer  at  Salters'  Hall,  1703-32 ;  visited 
Scotland,  1709,  and  was  made  D.D.  of  Edinburgh,  Aber- 
deiMi,  and  Glasgow;  visited  the  west  of  England,  1713; 
published  sermons  and  biographies,  including  an  *  Account 
of  the  Ministers  .  .  .  ejected  by  the  Act  for  Uniformity,' 
1702,  and  '  A  Continuation  of  the  Account,'  1727  ;  wrote 
an  autobiography  (printed,  1829).  [viii.  231] 

CALAMY,  EDMUND  (16977-1755),  presbyterian; 
eldest  son  of  Edmund  Calamy  (1671-1732)  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School,  Edinburgh  University  (M.A., 
1717),  and  Leyden ;  assistant  presbyterian  minister  in 
London,  1726-49.  [viii.  235] 

CALCOTT.    [See  also  OAT.LCOTT.] 

CALCOTT,  WELLINS  (fl.  1756-1769),  author  of 
essays  (published  1756),  and  a  treatise  on  freemasonry, 
1769.  [viii.  235] 

CALCRAFT,  Sm  GRANBY  THOMAS  (1770-1820), 
cavalry  officer ;  younger  son  of  John  Calcraft  the  elder 
[q.  v.];  cornet,  1788;  served  in  Flanders,  1793-5; 
knighted  for  protecting  the  Emperor  Leopold  at  Villiers- 
en-Couche,  1794 ;  aide-de-camp  to  General  Lord  Paget, 
1799 ;  in  command  of  the  3rd  dragoon  guards,  1800-13 ; 
M.P.  for  Wareham,  1807-8  ;  served  through  the  Peninsu- 
lar war,  partly  in  command  of  cavalry  brigades,  1809-13 ; 
major-general,  1813.  [viii.  235] 

CALCRAFT,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1726-1772),  politi- 
cian ;  son  of  the  Duke  of  Rutland's  election  agent  at 
Grantham ;  placed  by  the  Rutland  influence  in  the  pay 
office  ;  made  agent  for  several  regiments  by  Henry  Fox, 
lord  Holland,  paymaster-general,  1757  ;  deputy  commis- 
sary-general, 1757-63 ;  made  a  fortune  as  army  con- 
tractor ;  deserted  Fox  for  Pitt,  1763  ;  M.P.  for  Rochester, 
1768  ;  agitated  for  parliamentary  reform ;  bought  Remp- 
ston,  Isle  of  Pur  beck,  1757,  and  Wareham,  Dorset,  1767. 

[viii.  236] 

CALCRAFT,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1765-1831),  poli- 
tician ;  eldest  son  of  John  Calcraft  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
M.P.  for  Wareham,  1786-90,  1800-6,  and  1818-31,  for 
Rochester,  1806-18,  and  for  Dorset,  1831  ;  clerk  of 
ordnance,  1806-7  ;  paymaster-general,  1828-30  ;  a  whig  ; 
joined  tones,  1828  ;  voted  for  the  Reform  bill,  1831 ;  com- 
mitted suicide.  [viii  237] 

CALCRAFT,  WILLIAM  (1800-1879),  hangman; 
successively  shoemaker,  watchman,  butler,  and  hawker ; 
employed  to  flog  boys  at  Newgate ;  first  acted  as  hangman, 
1828;  appointed  hangman,  1829;  last  public  execution, 
26  May,  and  first  private,  3  Aug.  1868 ;  pensioned,  1874. 

[viii.  238] 

CALDECOTT,  JOHN  (1800-1849),  astronomer ;  com- 
mercial agent  for  the  rajah  of  Travancore  at  Allepey, 
1832-6  :  director  of  the  rajah's  observatory  at  Trevan- 
drum,  1837-49 ;  author  of  meteorological  and  other  papers. 

[viii.  238] 

CALDECOTT,  RANDOLPH  (1846-1886),  artist; 
educated  at  Chester  school ;  early  showed  drawing 
talent  ;  bank  official  at  Whitchurch  and  Manchester ; 
settled  in  London,  1872  ;  drew  for  periodicals ;  made  his 
mark  as  a  book-illustrator,  1875  ;  designed  in  coloar 
children's  books,  1878-85 ;  worked  for  the  '  Graphic ' ;  ex- 
hibited at  various  galleries.  [viii.  239] 

CALDECOTT,  THOMAS  (1744-1833),  bibliophile; 
educated  at  Winchester  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
B.C.L.,  1770  ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple  ;  collected  a 
fine  library  of  English  sixteenth-century  literature; 
printed  privately  Shakespearean  commentaries. 

[viii.  240] 

CALDER,  JAMES  TAIT  (1794 ?-1864),  author; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  :  parish  schoolmaster  of  Canisbay, 


Caithness ;  published  poems,  1842-6,  and  a  meritorious 
•Sketch  of  ««• .  -  .  lli.-toryof  Caithness,'  1861.  [viii.  241] 

CALDER,  JOHN  (1733-1815),  author  ;  educated  at 
Aberdeen ;  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Northumberland ; 
librarian  of  Dr.  D.uiiel  Williams's  Library,  London  ;  non- 
conformist minister  in  London ;  helped  in  Thomas 
Percy's  edition  of  the  '  Spectator.'  [viii.  241] 

CALDER,  ROBERT  (1650  ?-1723),  Scottish  episco- 
palian ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  minister  of  Neuthorn, 
Berwickshire,  1689,  but  ejected  as  a  Jacobite ;  in  prison 
at  Edinburgh,  1693  ;  conducted  a  private  episcopalian 
chapel  at  Aberdeen  till  1707  ;  prevented  from  settling  in 
Elgin  ;  conducted  chapel  in  Edinburgh ;  published  treatise^ 
in  defence  of  episcopalian  positions  ;  reputed  compiler  of 
the  caustic  '  Scottish  Presbyterian  Eloquence  displayed,' 
1693.  [viii.  241] 

CALDER,  Sm  ROBERT  (1745-1818),  admiral; 
entered  the  navy,  1759;  shared  in  the  prize-money  for 
the  Spanish  Hermione,  the  richest  prize  on  record,  1762 ; 
commanded  ships  on  the  home  station,  1780-3  ;  fought  at 
the  battle  of  St.  Vincent ;  knighted  for  bringing  home  the 
despatches,  1797 ;  created  baronet,  1798  ;  rear-admiral, 
1799 ;  allowed  a  French  squadron  to  outmanoeuvre  him, 
1801 ;  came  upon  Villeneuve's  fleet  off  Finisterre,  22  July 
1805 ;  neglected  to  engage  it,  23  July  ;  dispersed  his  ships, 
and  had  to  fall  back  before  Villeneuve,  9  Aug.,  leaving  Eng- 
lish coast  exposed  to  attack ;  recalled,  and  censured  for 
error  of  judgment,  1806 ;  admiral,  1810.  [viii.  242] 

CALDERBAtfX,  JAMES  (1769-1821),  Benedictine 
monk  ;  priest ;  stationed  at  Weston,  Somerset ;  at  Bath, 
1809-17,  and  afterwards  at  Liverpool ;  published  contro- 
versial letters.  [viii.  243] 

CALDERBANK,  LEONARD  (1809-1864),  Roman 
catholic  priest  and  canon  of  Clifton  ;  educated  at  Ample- 
forth,  at  Prior  Park,  Bath,  1829,  and  in  Rome ;  priest, 
1832 ;  missiouer  in  west  of  England  from  1833 ;  vice-presi- 
dent and  professor  at  Prior  Park,  1849-50.  [viii.  244] 

CALDERON,  PHILIP  HERMOGENES  (1833-1898), 
painter ;  born  at  Poitiers ;  articled  to  civil  engineer  in 
England ;  studied  in  Paris  under  Francois  Edouard  Picot ; 
first  exhibited  Royal  Academy,  1863 ;  R.A.,  1867  ;  keeper 
of  Royal  Academy,  1887.  He  was  regarded  as  the  leader 
of  the  '  St.  John's  Wood  school '  of  painters.  Among  his 
most  important  works  are  '  After  the  Battle,'  1862,  '  Her 
Most  High,  Noble,  and  Puissant  Grace,"  1866  (gold  medal, 
Paris,  1867),  and  '  The  Renunciation  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary,'  1891.  [Suppl.  i.  371] 

CALDERWOOD,  DAVID  (1575-1650),  presbyterian 
apologist;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  minister  of  Crailing, 
Roxburghshire,  1604  ;  confined  to  his  parish  for  opposing 
Bishop  James  Law,  1608 ;  one  of  the  protesters  against 
James  I's  church  measures,  1617 ;  personally  scolded  by 
the  king:  banished;  in  Holland,  1619-25;  published 
'The  Altar  of  Damascus,'  1621,  a  defence  of  presby- 
terianisin  ;  and  an  expanded  Latin  version  of  it,  1623  ; 
minister  of  Pencaitland,  East  Lothian,  1640  ;  one  of  the 
compilers  of  the  official  '  Directory  for  Public  Worship ' ; 
wrote  '  History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland '  (first  printed,  in 
an  abridgment,  1678) ;  published  controversial  tracts. 


[viii.  244J 
phi" 


CALDERWOOD,  HENRY  (1830-1897),  philosopher ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  Theological  Hall 
of  United  Presbyterian  Church  ;  licensed  preacher, 
1856;  published,  1864,  'Philosophy  of  the  Infinite,'  a 
criticism  of  the  agnostic  tendencies  of  Sir  William 
Hamilton's  philosophy ;  ordained  minister  of  Greyfriars 
Church,  Glasgow,  1866-68 ;  examiner  in  philosophy, 
Glasgow,  1861  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1865 ;  professor  of  moral 
philosophy,  Edinburgh,  1868  ;  F.R.S.  Edinburgh,  1869 ; 
moderator  of  synod,  1880;  edited  'United  Presbyterian 
Magazine ' ;  first  chairman  of  Edinburgh  school  board, 
1873-7  ;  published  philosophical  works,  including  '  Evolu- 
tion and  Man's  Place  in  Nature,'  1893.  [Suppl.  i.  373] 

CALDERWOOD,  MARGARET  (1716-1774),  diarist ; 
nte  Steuart ;  married,  1735  ;  withdrew  to  Brussels,  1766  ; 
wrote  from  that  date  a  diary  and  narrative  of  events  in 
Scotland  (printed  1842).  [viii.  246] 

CALDERWOOD,  Sm  WILLIAM,  LOKD  POLTON 
(16607-1733),  Scottish  advocate,  1687;  knighted  before 
1707  ;  lord  of  session,  1711.  [viii.  246] 


CALDICOTT 


189 


CALLCOTT 


OALDICOTT,  ALFRED  JAMES  (1842-1897),  mu- 
sician ;  chorister  at  Worcester  Cathedral  :  articled  aa 
organist  ;  studied  music  at  Leipzig  ;  organist  at  St. 
Stephen's,  Worcester,  1865-82  ;  composed  operettas  for 
Thomas  German  Reed  [q.  v.]  ;  conducted  at  Prince  of 
Wales's  Theatre,  1889-90  ;  conductor  to  Miss  Agnes 
Huntingdon's  light  opera  company  in  America,  1890; 
professor  at  Royal  College  of  Music  and  Guildhall  School 
of  Music,  1K90-2:  principal  of  London  College  of  Music; 
conductor  at  Comedy  Theatre,  1893.  He  composed  many 
part-songs,  operettas,  and  glees.  [Suppl.  L  374] 

CALDWALL,  JAMES  (6.1739),  portrait-engraver; 
exhibited,  1768-80.  [viii.  246] 

CALDWALL,  RICHARD  (1505  ?-1584),  physician; 
H.A.  brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1533;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  1547  ;  M.D.,  1555  ;  practised  in  London. 


[viii.  246] 
1 


CALDWELL,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1763-1839),  artil- 
lery officer  ;  educated  at  Woolwich  ;  served  in  Bengal, 
1783-1806;  at  the  storming  of  Seringapatam,  1799; 
major,  1807  ;  served  in  Java,  1811  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1812  ;  retired,  1821  ;  major-general  and  K.CJB.,  1837. 

[viii.  247] 

CALDWELL,  ANDREW,  the  elder  (1733-1808),  Irish 
barrister  :  studied  law  in  London  ;  Irish  barrister,  1760  ; 
published  pamphlets.  [viii.  247] 

CALDWELL,  SIR  BENJAMIN  (1737  ?-1820),  ad 
miral  ;  entered  the  navy,  1756  ;  commanded  frigate,  1765  ; 
(•••mmander  of  the  Agamemnon  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
1781,  and  in  the  West  Indies,  1782-3  ;  rear-admiral,  1793  : 
commanded  the  Impregnable  in  the  action  of  1  June 
1794  ;  in  command  on  Leeward  Islands  station,  1794-5  ; 
admiral,  1799  ;  G.C.B.,  1820.  [viii.  248] 

CALDWELL,  HUME  (1733-1762),  Irishman  ;  colonel 
in  the  Austrian  service  ;  served  through  the  seven  years' 
war  ;  led  the  storming  party  at  Schweidnitz,  1761  ;  died 
of  wounds.  [viii.  248] 

CALDWELL,  SIB  JAMES  LILLYMAN  (1770-1863), 
general  :  cadet  in  East  India  Company's  service,  1788  ; 
ensign,  Madras  engineers,  1789  ;  captain-lieutenant,  1796  ; 
captain,  1802  ;  colonel,  1825  ;  major-general,  1846  ; 
general,  1854  ;  served  in  campaigns  against  Tippu,  1791-2 
and  1799  ;  engineer  in  charge  of  central  division  of  Madras 
army,  1811  ;  special  surveyor  of  fortresses,  1813  ;  O.B., 
1815  ;  acting  chief  engineer  of  Madras,  1816  ;  lieuteuant- 
colonel-commandant  of  his  corps,  1824  ;  retired  and  was 
made  K.C.B.,  1837  ;  G.O.B.,  1848.  [Suppl.  i.  375] 

CALDWELL,  JOHN  (1628-1679).    [See  FENWICK.] 

CALDWELL,  ROBERT  (1814-1891),  coadjutor  bishop 
of  Madras  ;  B.A.  Glasgow,  1837  ;  LL.D.,  1867  ;  sent  by 
London  Missionary  Society  to  Madras;  joined  English 
church  and  associated  himself  with  Society  for  Propaga- 
tion of  Gospel,  1841  ;  established  himself  at  Tinnevelly, 
1841  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Tinnevelly  as  coadjutor  to 
bishop  of  Madras,  1877  ;  assisted  in  Tamil  versions  of 
Prayer-book,  1842  and  1872,  and  bible,  1868-69  ;  D.D. 
Durham,  1874;  published  'Comparative  Grammar  of 
South  Indian  Family  of  Languages,'  1856,  and  works 
relating  to  history  of  Tinnevelly  mission,  and  other  writ- 
ings. [Suppl.  i.  376] 

CALENIUS,  WALTER  (d.  1151),  archdeacon  of  Ox- 
ford ;  name  used  by  John  Bale  for  an  undefined  '  Walter,' 
who  was  archdeacon  of  Oxford  from  1115  to  1138,  and 
before  and  after  these  dates  ;  king's  justiciar,  1118  ?  and 
1125.  This  Walter,  according  to  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 
brought  from  Brittany  the  Celtic  original  of  the  Chronicle 
which  Geoffrey  professed  to  translate.  '  Galena,'  a  mis- 
reading for  Calleva  (i.e.  Silchester),  being,  in  the  bastard- 
Latin  of  the  sixteenth  century,  used  for  Oxford,  Bale,  by 
1  Calenius,'  meant  only  '  Walter  of  Oxford.'  White  Kennett, 
following  the  later  but  equally  erroneous  identification  of 
Galena,  styles  him  '  Walter  of  Wallingford.'^  He  is  some- 
times confused  with  later  archdeacons  of  Oxford,  W  alter 
of  Ooutances,  1183,  and  Walter  Map,  1196.  [viii.  249] 

CALETO  or  CAUX,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1263),  minister  of 
Henry  III  :  so  called  probably  from  his  birthplace,  the 
Pays  de  Caux,  Normandy  ;  monk  of  St.  Swithun's,  Win- 
chester, and  (1247)  chosen  prior  ;  abbot  of  Peterborough,  by 
royal  mandate,  1250-63  ;  justice  itinerant,  1254-8  ;  trea- 
surer of  England,  1260.  [viii.  260] 


CALEY,  JOHN  (d.  1834),  government  official ;  em- 
ployed in  the  Record  Office;  keeper  of  records  in  the 
Augmentation  Office,  1787,  and  (concurrently)  in  the 
treasury  at  Westminster,  1818,  and  (jointly  with  both 
offices)  special  sub-commissioner  of  records  ;  secretary  to 
the  first  record  commission,  1801-31 ;  accused  of  incom- 
petence, indolence,  and  dishonesty  in  his  offices ;  F.S.A., 
1786 ;  wrote  on  archaeological  subjects.  [viii.  251] 

CALFHILL  or  CALFLELD,  JAMES  (1630  ?-1570), 
divine ;  at  Eton,  1540  ;  at  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1545;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1548;  M.A., 
1562  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church  and  B.D.,  1561 ;  rector  of 
St.  Andrew  Wardrobe,  London,  and  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1562 ;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Ox- 
ford, 1664 ;  rector  and  dean  of  Bocking,  and  archdeacon 
of  Colchester,  1565-70  ;  D.D.,  1566 ;  nominated  bishop  of 
Worcester,  but  died  before  consecration  ;  Calvinist;  wrote 
Latin  verses  and  a  polemical  tract.  [viii.  252] 

'   CALGACTJS  (J,.  84  ?).    [See  GALGACUS.] 

CALHOTJN,  PATRICK (1727-1796),  American  settler; 
emigrated  from  Ireland,  1733  ;  settled  successively  in  Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia,  and  South  Carolina ;  fought  against 
the  Indians  and  against  the  British.  [viii.  253] 

C ALTON,  JAMES  (1786-1862),  composer;  music- 
master  in  London ;  organist  of  Regent  Square  Church, 
Gray's  Inn  Road,  London.  fidii.  253] 

CALL,  SIR  JOHN  (1732-1801),  military  engineer; 
went  to  Bengal  with  Benjamin  Robins  (d.  1751),  chief 
engineer  to  the  East  India  Company,  1750  ;  employed  in 
fortifying  Fort  St.  David,  Carnatic,  1751 ;  served  with 
Olive,  1752 ;  chief  engineer  at  Fort  St.  David,  1752-7  ; 
chief  engineer  of  the  Coromandel  coast,  1768;  at  siege 
of  Pondicherry,  1761,  and  Vellore,  1762 ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1769 ;  high  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1771 ;  served  on 
commission  on  crown  lands  from  1782 ;  M.P.  for  Calling- 
ton,  1784-90  ;  created  baronet,  1791 ;  became  blind,  1795. 

[viii.  253] 

CALLACHAN,  KING  OF  IRELAND  (d.  954).  [See 
OEALLACHAN.] 

CALLAN  AN,  JEREMIAH  JOHN  (1795-1829),  poet ; 
native  of  Cork ;  Erse  scholar ;  at  Maynooth  and  Trinity 
College,  Dublin ;  taught  school ;  wandered  in  south-west 
Ireland,  collecting  legends  and  songs  (never  published) ; 
died  at  Lisbon ;  wrote  verses,  and  translated  largely  from 
the  Irish  and  Portuguese ;  his  poems  printed,  1830. 

[viii.  254] 

CALLAUDER,  EARL  OF  (d.  1674).  [See  LIVING- 
STONE, JAMES.] 

CALLANDER,  JAMES  (1745-1832).  [See  CAMP- 
BELL, SIR  JAMES.] 

CALLANDER,  JOHN  (d.  1789),  Scottish  advocate ; 
wrote  notes  on  Milton  and  the  Greek  poets ;  published 
redaction  of  Australian  voyages,  1766-8,  and  other  works. 

[viii.  255] 

CALLAWAY,  HENRY  (1817-1890),  missionary 
bishop  of  St.  John's,  Kaffraria ;  schoolmaster  at  Heavi- 
tree,  1833;  studied  surgery  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital; L.R.C.S.,  1842;  L.A.S.,  1844;  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
1853 ;  joined  Society  for  Propagation  of  Gospel,  1854,  and 
proceeded  to  Durban ;  in  charge  of  mission  church  of 
Ekukanyeni,  near  Pietermaritzburg,  1854  ;  minister  of  St. 
Andrew's  Church,  1855;  settled  at  Spring  Vale  on  the 
Insuuguze,  1868,  and  studied  native  traditions;  conse- 
crated at  Edinburgh  missionary  bishop  of  St.  John's, 
Kaffraria,  1873 ;  honorary  D.D.  Oxford,  1874 ;  resigned 
bishopric,  1886 ;  chief  work,  '  Religious  System  of  the 
Amazulu,'  1868-70.  [Suppl.  L  378] 

CALLCOTT,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  WALL  (1779-1844), 
painter ;  chorister  of  Westminster  Abbey ;  art  student 
of  the  Royal  Academy;  R.A.,  1810;  married,  1827  [see 
OALLCOTT,  MARIA,  LADY]  ;  knighted,  1837  ;  exhibited  at 
the  Academy,  1799  ;  exhibited  in  the  main  English  land- 
scapes, 1804-24,  foreign  landscapes,  1830-6,  and  figure- 
paintings,  1837-40.  [viii.  256] 

CALLCOTT,  JOHN  WALL  (1766-1821),  composer; 
brother  of  preceding;  learned  the  organ,  1778,  clarinet, 
1780,  and  oboe,  1781;  sang  in  the  chorus  of  operas: 
assistant-organist  of  St.  George-the- Martyr,  Bloomsbury, 
1783-5;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1784;  organist  of  the 
Female  Orphans  Asylum,  1793-1802 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford, 
1800 ;  lecturer  on  music  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1806 ; 


CALLCOTT 


190 


CALVERT 


gleee  and  catches  publishal,  1824 ;  some  of  his  manuscripts 
preserved  in  British  Museum.  [viii.  256] 


latterly  insane ;  published  '  Musical  Grammar,'  1806  ;  his 

luscripts 
ii.  256] 

CALLCOTT,  MARIA,  LADY  (1786-1842),  author  ;  nfr 
Dundas ;  married  (1)  in  India,  Thomas  Graham  (d.  1822), 
captain  R.N.,  in  1809  ;  and  (2)  Sir  Augustus  Wall  Oall- 
oott  [q.  v.] ;  published  descriptions  of  her  surround- 
ings in  India,  Brazil,  Ohili,  Italy,  also  '  Little  Arthur's 
History  of  England,'  1885.  [viii.  258] 

CALLCOTT,  WILLIAM  HUTOHINS  (1807-1882), 
composer  ;  son  of  John  Wall  Callcott  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  of 
Ely  Place  Chapel :  composed  songs,  glees,  and  arrange- 
ments for  the  piano.  [viii.  258] 

CALLENDER,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1830-1878), 
surgeon  ;  student  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
1849,  and  surgeon,  1871 ;  lectured  there  on  anatomy,  1865, 
and  surgery,  1873 ;  published  anatomical  treatises. 

[viii.  259? 

CALLENDER,  JAMBS  THOMSON  (d.  1803),  jour- 
nalist; prosecuted  for  a  pamphlet,  1793;  withdrew  to 
America,  1794 ;  journalist  at  Philadelphia,  1794-8,  and 
Richmond ;  wrote  bitterly  against  the  first  three  presi- 
dents of  the  United  States.  [viii.  259] 

CALLIS,  ROBERT  (fl,  1634),  serjeant-at-law;  of 
Gray's  Inn  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1627  ;  published  law  tracts. 

[viii.  260] 

CALLOW.  JOHN  (1822-1878),  painter  of  landscapes 
and  sea-pieces  in  water-colours ;  studied  in  Paris,  1835- 
1844 ;  an  esteemed  teacher  of  drawing  and  painting  in 
London ;  taught  drawing  at  the  military  academies  of 
Addiscombe,  1851-60,  and  Woolwich.  [viii.  260] 

CALTHORPE,  Sm  HENRY  (1586-1637),  lawyer ;  of 
the  Middle  Temple ;  counsel  in  political  cases,  1627  and 
1630 ,  recorder  of  London,  1635-6,  by  king's  mandate ; 
attorney  of  court  of  wards,  1636  ;  knighted,  [viii.  260] 

CALTHROPE,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1616),  Irish  lawyer  ; 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1583-1606,  employed  in  safe- 
guarding crown  claims  on  forfeited  estates ;  knighted, 
1604 ;  justice  of  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  1606. 

[viii.  261] 

CALVELEY,  SIR  HUGH  (d.  1393),  soldier;  com- 
mander of  free-lances  in  the  war  in  Brittany,  1341-64 ; 
fought  at  Auray,  1364  ;  served  with  Henry  of  Trastamare, 
1366,  but  left  him  and  joined  the  Black  Prince,  1367 ; 
wasted  the  county  of  Armagnac ;  governor  of  the  Channel 
islands,  1376-88;  deputy  of  Calais,  and  fighting  the 
French,  1377-9;  governor  of  Brest;  a  commander  in 
Buckingham's  futile  invasion  of  France,  1380 ;  founded 
college  at  Bunbury,  Cheshire,  1385.  [viii.  262] 

CALVER,  EDWARD  (ft.  1649),  puritan ;  published 
metrical  pieces,  1641-9.  [viii.  263] 

OALVERLEY,  CHARLES  STUART  (1831-1884) 
poet  and  parodist ;  son  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Blayds,  who 
assumed  the  name  Calverley,  1852  ;  at  Harrow,  1846-9  ; 
athlete  and  writer  of  Latin  verse ;  scholar  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1850-2 ;  migrated  to  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1852,  fellow,  1858,  M.A.,  1859 ;  barrister  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  1865 ;  published  '  Verses  and  Translations,' 
1862  ;  translated  Theocritus,  1869.  [viii.  264] 

CALVERLEY,  HENRY  (1604-1661),  royalist ;  heir  of 
Walter  Oalverley  [q.  v.] ;  fined  for  delinquency. 

[viii.  265] 

OALVERLEY,  WALTER  (<f.  1605),  murderer,  whose 
tragic  history  was  widely  celebrated ;  squire  of  Oalverley 
Hall,  Yorkshire ;  studied  at  Cambridge,  1579;  forced  by 
his  guardian  to  marry  Philippa  Brooke;  by  gambling 
and  drink  brought  himself  to  bankruptcy  ;  murdered  two 
of  his  young  sons,  1605  ;  pressed  to  death  at  York  ;  sub- 
ject of  '  Miseries  of  Enforced  Marriage,'  1607,  and  '  York- 
shire Tragedy,'  1608.  [viii.  265] 

CALVEET,  CAROLINE  LOUISA  WARING  (1834- 
1872),  author  of  descriptions  of  Australian  scenery  and 
Australian  tales,  published  under  her  maiden  name,  LOUISA 
ATKINSON  ;  daughter  of  a  settler  in  New  South  Wales  : 
lived  on  the  rivers  Hawkesbury  and  Kurrajong ;  collected 
specimens  for  the  government  botanist ;  the  genus  Atkin- 
tonia  and  the  species  (Epacrit)  Calver  liana  named  after 
her ;  married  (1870)  James  Snowden  Calvert  [q.  v.] 

[viii.  265] 


CALVERT,  CHARLES,  the  elder  (1754-1797),  estate 
agent  and  amateur  jainter.  [viii.  266] 

CALVERT,  Ol-ARLES,  the  younger  (1785-1852), 
landscape-painter ;  Cotton  merchant,  then  art-teacher, 
in  Manchester.  [viii.  266] 

CALVERT,  CHARLES  ALEXANDER  (1828-1879), 
actor  ;  educated  at  Kii  g'8  College  School,  London  ;  clerk 
in  the  city :  appeared  On  the  provincial  stage,  1852  ; 
appeared  in  London,  186i  ;  stage-manager  at  Manchester, 
J859  ;  staged  Shakespearean  plays,  1864-77.  [viii.  266] 

CALVERT,  EDWARD  (1799-1883),  artist ;  midship- 
man in  the  navy ;  art  student  at  Plymouth  and  London  ; 
friend  of  William  Blake  ;  exhibivo^  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1825-36  ;  engraver.  [viii.  267] 

CALVERT,  FREDERICK,  sixth  BARON  BALTIMORK 
(1731-1771),  a  rake ;  lived  much  abroad  ;  the  title  extinct 
on  his  death  ;  published  journal  of  a  '  Tour  in  the  East 
. . .  1763-4,'  and  Latin  verses.  [viii.  268] 

CALVERT,  FREDERICK  BALTIMORE  (1793-1877), 
actor  and  lecturer  ;  son  of  Charles  Oalvert  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  for  Roman  catholic  priesthood ;  went 
on  the  stage ;  published  '  A  Defence  of,  the  Drama,'  1824 ; 
travelled  as  a  lecturer  on  elocution  in  Great  Britain  and 
America,  1829-46;  lecturer  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow, 
1846-77 ;  published  treatises  on  elocution.  [viii.  268] 

CALVERT,  FREDERICK  GRACE  (1819-1873), 
chemist;  resided  in  France  studying  and  practising 
chemistry,  1835-46,  chiefly  under  Michel  Eugene  Ohevreul ; 
chemical  teacher,  specialist,  and  manufacturer  in  Man- 
chester, 1846-73  ;  died  at  the  Vienna  exhibition  ;  published 
scientific  papers.  [viii.  269] 

CALVERT,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  BALTIMORE 
(1580?-1632),  statesman;  entered  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1594  ;  B.A.,  1597  ;  travelled  ;  secretary  to  Sir  Robert 
Cecil ;  clerk  of  council  in  Ireland,  1608  ;  M.P.  for  Bos- 
siney,  1609-11;  temporary  secretary  of  state,  1612-13; 
a  commissioner  to  investigate  Irish  grievances,  1613 ; 
knighted,  1617 ;  secretary  of  state,  1619-25 ;  a  pensioner 
of  the  king,  1620 ;  M.P.  for  Yorkshire,  1621 ;  received 
large  grants  of  land  in  Longford  county  ;  planted  a 
colony  (Avalon)  in  Newfoundland,  1621-3 ;  professed 
Roman  catholic,  1625 ;  created  baron,  1625 ;  wintered  at 
Avalon,  1628-9 ;  prevented  by  the  Virginia  Company 
from  planting  a  colony  south  of  the  James  river,  1629-31 ; 
obtained  a  grant  of  land  for  a  colony  (Maryland)  north  of 
the  Potomac,  1632.  [viii.  269] 

CALVERT,  GEORGE  (1795-1825),  surgeon. 

[viii.  272] 

CALVERT,    SIR    HARRY     (1763  ?-1826),    general; 
entered  the  army,  1778 ;    served  in  America,  1779-81 ; 
;   prisoner-of-war,  1781-3 ;  captain,  1786 ;  aide-de-camp  to 
the  Duke  of  York  in  Holland,  1793-4 ;  adjutant-general 
of  the  forces,  1799-1818 ;    major-general,   1803  ;  G.O.B., 
1816  ;    created    baronet,    1818 ;    lieutenant-governor  of 
I   Chelsea  Hospital,  1820  ;  general,  1821  ;  his  journals  pub- 
lished, 1853.  [viii.  272] 

CALVERT,  JAMES  SNOWDEN  (1825-1884),  Austra- 
lian explorer;  emigrated,  1840;  joined  Ludwig  Leich- 
hardt's  exploring  party,  1844-5.  [viii.  273] 

CALVERT,  LEONARD  (d.  1647),  governor  of  Mary- 
1  land ;   second  son  of  George  Oalvert,  baron  Baltimore 
[q.  v.]  ;   planted  Maryland,  1634 ;  fought  with  Captain 
Olayborne,  a  prior  settler,  1636 ;  sent  out  to  Maryland 
with  a  new  commission,  1644 ;  finally  defeated  Clayborne, 
i   1646-7.  [viii.  273] 

CALVERT,  MICHAEL  (1770-1862),  author  of  a 
•  History  of  Knaresborough,'  1844  ;  druggist,  [viii.  274] 

CALVERT,  R AISLE Y  (d.  1794),  sculptor. 

[viii.  266] 

CALVERT,  THOMAS  (1606-1679),  puritan  ;  educated 
at  Cambridge  ;  preacher  in  York  minster  and  incumbent 
of  two  churches  in  York ;  ejected,  1662  :  published  ser- 
mons, [viii.  274] 

CALVERT,  THOMAS  (1776-1840),  divine;  called 
Thomas  Jackson  till  1819,  when  he  inherited  property ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1797;  fellow,  1798: 

j  tutor,  1814  ;  D.D.,  1823  ;  Norrisian  professor  of  divinity, 
1814-24 ;  vicar  of  Holme,  Yorkshire,  1822 ;  warden  of 

1  Manchester,  1823 ;  published  sermons.  [viii.  376] 


CAMBEKL 


191 


CAMERON 


CAMBELL  or  CAMPBELL,  SIR  JAMES  (1570-1642), 
ironmonger,  of  London  ;  aldermau,  1620 ;  lord  mayor, 
1629  ;  knighted,  1630.  [viii.  276] 

CAMBRENSIS,   GIRALDUS    (11467-1220?).      [See 

GlRALIM'S.] 

CAMBRIDGE,  DUKE  OK  (1774-1850).  [See  ADOLPHUS 
FHKDKUICK.] 

CAMBRIDGE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  LANGLRY,  EDWARD 
DE,  1341-1402 ;  RICHARD,  d.  1415 ;  HAMILTON,  JAMES, 
first  EARL,  1589-1625  :  HAMILTON,  JAMBS,  second  EARL, 
1606-1649 ;  HAMILTON,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1616- 
1651.] 

CAMBRIDGE,  JOHN  (d.  1335).  [See  OANTEBRIO, 
JOHN  DK.] 

CAMBRIDGE,  RICHARD  OWEN  (1717-1802), 
author  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1734;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1737;  published  satirical 
verses,  1752-6,  and  a  '  History  of  the  War  upon  the 
Coast  of  Ooromandel,'  1761.  [viii.  276] 

CAMDEN,  MARQUIS  OP  (1759-1840).  [See  PRATT, 
JOHN  JEFFREYS.] 

CAMDEN,  EARL  OF  (1713-1793).  [See  PRATT, 
CHARLES.] 

CAMDEN,  WILLIAM  (1551-1623),  antiquary  and 
historian  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  (1564-6)  at 
St.  Paul's  School ;  servitor  (apparently  to  Thomas 
Cooper,  schoolmaster)  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1566  ; 
migrated  to  Broadgates  Hall,  and  afterwards  to  Christ 
Church  (perhaps  as  servitor) ;  asked  grace  for  B.A.,  1570  ; 
left  Oxford,  1671,  having  been  excluded  from  an  All 
Souls'  fellowship  by  the  catholic  fellows  ;  began  to  travel 
up  and  down  England,  probably  subsidised  by  Gabriel 
Goodman  (d.  1601),  dean  of  Westminster,  collecting 
archaeological  material;  usher  of  Westminster  School, 
1575-93  ;  appointed  head-master,  1593 ;  continued  in  vaca- 
tions, 1578-1600,  his  personal  tours  of  antiquarian  in- 
vestigation;  published  'Britannia,'  1586;  asked  grace 
for  M.A.,  June  1688  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury  (though  a 
layman),  1589-1623  ;  published  a  Greek  grammar,  1597  ; 
Clarenceux  king-of-arms,  1597-1623;  answered  in  his 
fifth  edition  of  '  Britannia,'  1600,  the  criticisms  (printed, 
1599)  of  Ralph  Brooke  (or  Brookesmouth)  [q.  v.]  ;  printed 
the  epitaphs  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1600  :  published  cer- 
tain chronicles  (being  some  of  his  early  collections  for  the 
•Britannia'),  'Anglica  ...  a  veteribus  scripta,'  Frank- 
fort, 1603,  containing  in  the  text  of  Asser  [q.  v.]  the  in- 
terpolation about  King  Alfred's  foundations  in  Oxford, 
and,  1605,  '  Remains  concerning  Britain ' ;  issued  the 
sixth  (greatly  enlarged)  edition  of  'Britannia,'  and 
printed  the  official  account  of  the  Gunpowder  plot  trials, 
1607  ;  named  a  foundation  fellow  of  Matthew  Sutcliffe's 
projected  college  at  Chelsea,  1610 ;  offered  M.A.  by  Oxford 
University,  1613  ;  communicated  to  Thuanus  (Jacques 
Auguste  de  Thou)  his  manuscript  history  of  Elizabeth's 
reign,  c.  1607 ;  published  '  Annales  .  .  .  regnante  Eliza- 
betha  ...  ad  annum  1589,'  1615  [the  second  part  was 
printed  posthumously,  1628]  ;  wrote  a  skeleton  life  of 
James  I  (printed,  1691) ;  founded  a  chair  of  history  in 
Oxford  University,  1622;  memorial  verses,  'Camdeni 
Insignia,'  printed  after  his  death  by  Oxford  University, 
1624;  bis  correspondence  printed  by  Thomas  Smith, 
1691.  [viii.  277] 

CAMELEAC  (d.  927).    [See  OIMELLIAUC.] 

CAMELFORD,  first  BARON  (1737-1793).  [See  PITT, 
THOMAS.] 

CAMERON,  SIR  ALAN  (1763-1828),  of  Errach, 
general ;  volunteer  officer  in  America,  1776-82  ;  prisoner 
of  war,  1782;  returned  to  Scotland,  1784;  raised  the 
Cameron  Highlanders  (79th  regiment),  1794  ;  commanded 
it  in  Flanders,  1795,  and  the  West  Indies,  1796  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1796 ;  recruited  his  regiment,  1798  ;  com- 
manded it  in  Holland,  1799,  and  Egypt,  1801 ;  raised  a 
second  battalion,  1804 ;  colonel,  1804 ;  commanded  the 
79th  in  Denmark,  1807  ;  brigadier-general,  1808  ;  collected 
the  stragglers  of  Sir  John  Moore's  army,  1809  ;  com- 
manded brigade  at  Talavera,  1809,  and  Busaco,  1810; 
major-general  and  invalided  home,  1810 ;  K.O.B.,  1815 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1819.  [viii.  286] 


CAMERON,  ALEXANDER  (1747-1828),  Roman 
catholic  prelate  ;  educated  at  Rome  ;  missioner  at  Strath- 
av.  M,  1772;  rector  of  the  Scots  college,  Valladolid,  1780; 
titular  bishop  of  Mnximianopolis,  1798  ;  coadjutor-bishop 
in  Scotland,  1802,  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Lowlands, 
1806-26.  [viii.  286] 

CAMERON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1781-1860),  of 
Inverailort,  general :  ensign,  1797 ;  lieutenant,  1800 ; 
served  in  Holland,  1799,  Denmark,  1800,  and  Egypt,  1801 : 
captain,  1805 ;  served  with  distinction  in  Peninsula, 
1808-13;  brevet  major,  1811;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel, 
1812 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1813,  and  at  Quatre  Bras  and 
Waterloo,  1815 ;  major-general  and  K.C.B.,  1838. 

[viii.  286] 

CAMERON,  ARCHIBALD  (1707-1753),  Jacobite;  a 
younger  son  of  Lochiel ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
and  Paris ;  practised  in  Lochaber ;  acted  as  physician  to 
the  insurgents,  1745 :  effected  the  escape  of  Prince 
Charles,  1746 ;  became  physician  to  a  regiment  in  the 
French  service ;  arrested,  1753,  while  collecting  money  in 
Scotland ;  executed  at  London.  [viii.  287] 

CAMERON,  CHARLES  DUNCAN  (d.  1870),  British 
consul ;  army  officer,  1846-51 ;  served  in  South  Africa, 
1846-7  and  1851-2;  political  agent  in  Zululand  and 
magistrate  in  Natal ;  officer  it  the  Turkish  service  at  Kars, 
1855 ;  British  vice-consul  in  A.  in  Minor,  1858 ;  consul  at 
Massowah,  1862 ;  imprisoned  by  King  Theodore  at 
Gondar,  1864,  an  act  which  occasioned  the  Abyssinian 
war ;  released,  1868.  [viii.  288] 

CAMERON,  CHARLES  HAY  (1795-1880),  jurist; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1820 ;  commissioner  on  law 
administration  in  Ceylon,  1831,  and  on  the  poor  laws, 
1833  ;  law  member  of  the  Supreme  Council  of  India,  1835  ; 
employed  in  codifying  the  Indian  penal  laws ;  returned 
to  England,  1848 ;  retired  to  Ceylon,  1875.  [viii.  288] 

CAMERON,    DONALD   (1695  ?-1748),   the   GEXTLK 

LOCHIEL  ;  succeeded  to  chieftaincy  of  the  clan  Cameron, 

1719  ;    reluctantly  joined  Prince  Charles,  1745 ;  accom- 

!  panied  him  to  Edinburgh  and  Derby ;  wounded  at  Fal- 

|  kirk,  1746,  apd  Culloden,  1746 ;  attainted ;  escaped  with 

i  Prince  Charles  to  France,  1746  ;  commanded  regiment  in 

ithe  French  service.  [viii.  289] 

CAMERON,    SIR    DUNCAN    ALEXANDER    (1808- 
j  1888),  general;    ensign,  42nd  royal  highlanders,  1825; 
I  captain,  1833  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1843 ;  served  in  Crimea, 
with  local  rank  in  Turkey  of  brigadier ;    C.B.,  1865 ; 
major-general,  1859 ;  commander  of  forces  in  New  Zea- 
land, 1861 ;    K.C.B.,  1864 ;  resigned  commission  and  re- 
turned to  England,  1865  ;  colonel,  1863  ;  general,  1874 ; 
governor  of  Sandhurst,  1868-75  ;  G.C.B.,  1873. 

[SuppL  i.  379] 

CAMERON,  SIR  EWEN  or  EVAN  (1629-1719),  of 
Lochiel ;  a  hostage  in  the  hands  of  the  Marquis  of 
Argyll,  1641-7  ;  resided  in  Lochaber,  1647,  hunting  wolves 
and  fighting  the  Macdonalds ;  raised  his  clan  to  fight  the 
Commonwealth  forces,  1652 ;  submitted  on  honourable 
terms  to  Monck,  1658  ;  accompanied  Monck  to  London  ; 
received  at  Charles  IPs  court,  1660,  but  his  claims  dis- 
regarded ;  at  feud  with  the  Macintoshes  ;  knighted,  1681 ; 
raised  his  clan  to  join  Viscount  Dundee,  1690 ;  retired  to 
Lochaber  after  Killiecrankie  ;  submitted  to  William  III, 
1692  ;  sent  his  clan  to  join  the  Earl  of  Mar's  rising,  1714. 

[viii.  290] 

CAMERON,  GEORGE  POULETT  (1806-1882), 
colonel ;  cadet  in  the  Madras  army,  1821 ;  served  against 
the  Mahrattas,  1824-5  :  served  with  Don  Pedro  in  Portu- 
gal, 1832-3  ;  in  the  Persian  service,  1836-8  ;  in  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  1842-58  ;  published  travels  and 
memoirs.  [viii.  293] 

CAMERON,  HUGH  (1705-1817),  millwright;  intro- 
duced spinning-wheel  into  the  highlands ;  designed  the 
first  barley-mill  north  of  the  Forth ;  built  numerous  lint- 
mills  in  the  highlands.  [viii.  2»3] 

CAMERON,  JOHN  (d.  1446),  bishop  of  Glasgow; 
probably  of  a  Midlothian  family ;  official  of  Lothian, 
1422;  rector  of  Cambuslang,  Lanarkshire,  1424  ;  secretary 
to  James  I  of  Scotland ;  provost  of  Lincluden,  1426 ; 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1426  : 
chancellor  of  Scotland,  1426-39 ;  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1428 ; 
supported  the  royal  authority  against  the  ecclesiastical 
courts :  envoy  to  the  council  of  Basle,  1433,  to  Italy,  1436, 
and  to  England,  1437.  [viii.  293] 


CAMERON 


192 


CAMPBELL, 


CAMERON,  JOHN  (1579?-1626),  theologian ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  ;  taught  Greek  and  Latin  at  Bordeaux, 
1600,  and  Sedan,  1602 :  sent  by  the  protestant  church  at 
Bordeaux  to  study  divinity  at  Paris,  Geneva,  and  Heidel- 
berg, 1604-8  :  protestant  minister  at  Bordeaux,  1608-17  ; 
professor  of  divinity  at  Sauinur,  1618  ;  withdrew  to  Lon- 
don, 1630;  principal  of  Glasgow  University,  1622  ;  hated 
for  his  subserviency  to  James  I ;  returned  to  Saumur, 
1623 ;  professor  of  divinity  at  Montauban,  1624 ;  wrote 
theological  treatises.  [viii.  295] 

CAMERON,  JOHN  (1724-1799),  presbyterian :  book- 
seller's apprentice  at  Edinburgh ;  graduated  M.A.  there ; 
minister  of  the  reformed  presbyterian  church ;  itinerant 
preacher  in  Ulster,  1750 ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Dun- 
luce,  1765-99 :  published,  mainly  anonymously,  treatises 
of  a  Unitarian  tendency.  [viii.  296] 

CAMERON.  JOHN  (1771-1815),  of  Fassiefern,  colonel ; 
educated  at  Aberdeen ;  ensign,  1793 ;  lieutenant,  1794 ; 
served  in  Holland,  1799,  and  Egypt,  1801 ;  major,  1801 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1808 ;  commanded  Gordon  Highlanders 
(92nd  regiment)  in  Holland,  1809,  and  throughout  the 
Peninsular  war,  1810-14  ;  killed  at  Quatre  Bras. 

[viii.  297] 

CAMERON,  SIR  JOHN  (1773-1844),  of  Oalchenna, 
general ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  ensign,  1787  ;  served  in  West 
Indies,  1793  ;  captain,  1794 ;  prisoner  of  war,  1794-7  ; 
served  in  West  Indies,  1797-1800:  lieutenant-colonel, 
1807 ;  commanded  battalion  of  9th  regiment  in  Portugal, 
1808,  Holland,  1809,  and  the  Peninsula,  1810-13  ;  colonel, 
1814  ;  held  command  in  Canada,  1814,  and  France,  1815  : 
K.O.B.,  1816 ;  major-general,  1821  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1837.  [viii.  298] 

CAMERON,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  (d.  1885),  war 
correspondent;  bank  clerk  in  Inverness;  merchant's 
clerk  in  Bombay ;  war  correspondent  in  Afghanistan, 
1878-80,  Natal,  1880-1,  Egypt,  1882,  Madagascar,  Ton- 
quin,  and  Egypt,  1884  ;  killed  in  action.  [viii.  299] 

CAMERON,  JULIA  MARGARET  (1815-1879),  photo- 
grapher of  Charles  Darwin,  Alfred  Tennyson,  and  Robert 
Browning :  n6e  Pattle  ;  born  at  Calcutta  ;  married,  1838, 
Charles  Hay  Cameron  [q.  v.]  ;  came  to  England,  1848 ; 
took  up  photography,  c.  1865  ;  retired  to  Ceylon,  1876. 

[viii.  300] 

CAMERON,  LUCY  LYTTELTON  (1781-1858), 
writer  of  religious  tales  for  children  :  daughter  of  George 
Butt  [q.  v.]  ;  married,  1806,  the  Rev.  Charles  Richard 
Cameron.  [viii.  300] 

CAMERON,  RICHARD  (d.  1680),  covenanter  ;  school- 
master and  precentor  at  Falkland,  Fife;  tutor  in  the 
family  of  Scott  of  Harden ;  field  preacher  in  Dumfries 
and  Lanark  shires ;  went  to  Holland,  1678 ;  returned, 
1680;  joined  in  the  act  of  deposing  Charles  II  at 
Sanquhar ;  outlawed ;  killed  in  a  skirmish  at  Aird's 
Moss,  Ayrshire.  The  '  Reformed  Presbyterians '  are  from 
him  popularly  termed  '  Oameronians.'  [viii.  301] 

CAMERON,  VERNEY  LOVETT  (1844-1894), 
African  explorer :  entered  navy,  1857 ;  midshipman, 
1860  :  lieutenant,  1866  :  in  Abyssinian  campaign,  1868  ; 
employed  in  suppression  of  slave  trade  in  East  Africa  ; 
leader  of  Royal  Geographical  Society's  expedition  to  aid 
Livingstone,  1873 ;  journeyed  from  Rahenneko  to  Unyan- 
yembe,  where  he  heard  of  Livingstone's  death  ;  proceeded 
to  Lake  Tanganyika,  and  the  sources  of  the  Zambesi  and 
Bine,  and  arrived  at  Katombela,  1876  :  commander  and 
O.B.,  1876  ;  received  R.G.S.  gold  medal ;  honorary  D.O.L. 
Oxford  :  travelled  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  1878  ;  accompanied 
Sir  Richard  Francis  Burton  [q.  v.]  to  west  coast  of  Africa, 
1882 ;  retired  from  navy,  1883  ;  published  tales  of  adventure 
and  accounts  of  his  travels.  [Suppl.  i.  379] 

CAMERON,  WILLIAM  (1761-1811),  Scottish  poet; 
educated  at  Aberdeen :  minister  of  Kirknewton,  Mid- 
lothian, 1786;  joint-editor  of  the  Scots  'Paraphrases'; 
wrote  chiefly  didactic  verse.  [viii.  302] 

CAMIDOE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1735-1803),  organist : 
chorister  of  York  Minster;  partly  taught  by  Handel; 
organist  of  York  Minster,  1756-99.  [viiL  302] 

CAMIDOE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1790-1859),  or- 
ganist ;  taught  by  his  father,  Matthew  Camidge  [q.  v.] ; 
ilns.Bac.,  1812,  and  Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge,  1819  ;  assistant 
organist  at  York  Minster,  and  organist,  1842-69 :  pub- 
lished church  music.  [viii.  303] 


CAMIDGE,  MATTHEW  (1758-1844),  organist  ;  son  of 
John  Oamidge  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  chorister  of  the  Chapel 
Royal;  assistant  organist  at  York  Minster;  organist, 
1799-1842  ;  published  musical  compositions,  [viii.  303] 

CAMM,  ANNE  (1627-1705),  quakeress  ;  nte  Newby; 
educated  in  puritan  surroundings  in  London,  1640-7  ; 
married,  at  Kendal,  1650,  John  Audland  (d.  1663)  ;  joined 
the  quiikers,  1652,  and  preached  for  the  rest  of  her  life, 
especially  in  Oxfordshire ;  imprisoned  at  Banbury,  1663  ; 
married  Thomas  Oamm  [q.  v.],  c.  1665.  [viii.  303] 

CAMM,  JOHN  (1604?-1656),  quaker  minister  ;  joined 
the  quakers,  1652 ;  came  to  London  to  interview  Crom- 
well, 1654  ;  visited  Bristol  and  London,  1656  ;  published 
tracts.  [viii.  304] 

CAMM,  THOMAS  (1641-1707),  quaker  minister  ;  son 
of  John  Oamm  [q.  v.] ;  imprisoned  for  not  paying  tithes, 
1674 ;  fined  for  unlicensed  preaching,  1678  ;  imprisoned, 
probably  for  preaching,  1680-6  ;  published  tracts. 

[viii.  304] 

CAMMIN,  SAINT  (d.  653).    [See  CAIMIN.] 

CAMOCKE,  GEORGE  (1666  ?-1722  ?),  naval  officer  ; 
of  an  Essex  family ;  born  in  Ireland  ;  entered  the  navy, 
1682:  lieutenant,  1690;  served  in  the  Channel,  the 
Mediterranean,  and  off  Spain,  1690-7  ;  served,  chiefly  on 
the  Irish  coast,  1699-1712;  captain,  1702;  served  in 
Mediterranean,  1713-14 ;  convoyed  the  Spanish  army 
from  Sicily  to  Spain  on  his  own  responsibility,  1714,  and 
was  cashiered  in  consequence,  1715  ;  rear-admiral  in  the 
Spanish  service  ;  tried  to  bribe  English  naval  officers  to 
join  the  Jacobite  party,  1718  :  defeated  off  Cape  Passaro, 
1718 ;  banished  by  Spain  to  Ceuta,  1719.  [viii.  305] 

CAMOYS,  THOMAS  DE,  fifth  BARON  (d.  1420), 
succeeded  to  the  barony,  1372  ;  served  in  France,  c.  1377, 
Scotland,  1385,  and  Spain,  1386  ;  removed,  by  Gloucester's 
influence,  from  the  court  of  Richard  II,  1388 ;  served 
against  the  Welsh,  1401 ;  envoy  to  Flanders,  1405,  and 
France,  1406  ;  commanded  left  wing  at  Agincourt,  1415  ; 
E.G.,  1416.  [viii.  306] 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1608),  bishop  of 
Brechin,  1566-1608  ;  made  bishop  by  the  Earl  of  Argyll, 
solely  that  that  nobleman  might  get  hold  of  the  estates 
of  the  see ;  never  consecrated,  though  he  sat  in  parlia- 
ment ;  studied  at  Geneva,  1573  :  acted  as  minister  at 
Brechin  after  his  return  in  1574,  and  was  frequently 
prosecuted  in  the  church  courts  for  neglect  of  duty. 

[viii.  307] 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER,  second  EARL  OF  MARCH- 
MONT  (1675-1740),  younger  son  of  Patrick  Hume,  first 
earl ;  took  the  name  Campbell  on  his  marriage  with  the 
heiress  of  Campbell  of  Cessnock,  Ayrshire,  1697  ;  studied 
law  at  Utrecht ;  Scottish  advocate,  1696  ;  lord  of  session 
with  style  of  Lord  Cessnock,  1704-14  :  M.P.  for  Berwick- 
shire in  the  Scottish  parliament,  1706 ;  advocated  the 
union  :  lord-lieutenant  of  Berwickshire,  1716  ;  envoy  to 
Denmark,  1715-21  ;  lord  clerk  register  of  Scotland, 
1716-33 ;  envoy  to  the  congress  at  Cambray,  1722 ; 
succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1724  ;  a  representative  Scottish 
peer;  opposed  Walpole's  excise  scheme,  1733.  [viii.  308] 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER  (1764-1824),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  organist  and  music-master  in  Edinburgh, 
Sir  Walter  Scott  being  one  of  his  pupils  ;  studied  medi- 
cine ;  published  tours  in  Scotland,  collections  of  Scottish 
songs,  musical  compositions,  and  verses.  [viii.  308] 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER  (1788-1866),  founder  of 
the  '  Oampbellites ' ;  native  of  Antrim  ;  studied  at  Glas- 
gow, 1808 ;  followed  his  father,  a  secession  church 
minister,  to  the  United  States,  1809  :  ordained  minister 
in  his  father's  sect,  1811 :  prospered  as  a  farmer  ;  allied 
himself  to  the  baptists,  1812 ;  quarrelled  with  the 
baptists,  1826,  and  founded  a  new  church,  called  'the 
Church  of  the  Disciples '  (popularly  '  the  Campbellites ') ; 
founded  for  it  Bethany  College,  West  Virginia,  1841  ; 
wrote  theological  tracts.  [viii.  310] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1822-1892),  Cana- 
dian politician ;  taken  to  Canada  at  early  age ;  admitted 
attorney,  and  called  to  bar,  1842 ;  Q.C.  and  bencher  of 
Law  Society,  1856 ;  dean  of  faculty  of  law.  Queen's 
University,  Kingston  ;  member  for  Cataraqui  of  legisla- 
tive council,  1858,  and  speaker,  1863 ;  commissioner  of 
crown  lands,  1863-4  ;  privy  councillor  of  Canada,  1867 : 
postmaster-general,  1867-73,  1879,  1880,  and  1885-7; 


CAMPBELL, 


193 


CAMPBELL 


senator,    1KG7 ;    leader    of    conservative   opposition    in 
te      IH::>,  M;     receiver-general,     1878;     minister    of 
militiu,  isT'.i  ;  minister  of  justice,  1881  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1879  ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Unturio,  1887-92.  [Suppl.  i.  381] 

CAMPBELL,  ANNA  MACKENZIE,  OOUNTKSS  OK 
BAWARRKS,  anil  afterwards  of  AKUYLL  (1621  ?-17uf,  V), 
•  ter  of  Colin  Maekcn/.ir,  earl  Of  Seaforth  ;  married, 
1640,  Alexander  Lindsay,  afterwards  earl  of  BaL 
(d.  1G5(.»),  an  ardent  royalist;  joined  her  husband  in  the 
highlands,  1051  ;  sold  tier  jewels  to  meet  debts  incurred  by 
her  husband  in  the  king's  cause,  1661 ;  accompanied  her 
husband  to  France,  1654;  governess  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange  at  the  Hague,  1657-9  ;  returned  to  France,  Itit'.o; 
was  living  in  England  in  distressed  circumstances,  1661 ; 
returned  to  Scotland,  1662;  received  a  pension  from  the 
n,  1664;  laboured  to  clear  the  Balcarres  estates  of 
debt  ;  married,  1670,  Archibald  Campbell,  marquis  and 
eighth  earl  of  Argyll  [q.  v.]  ;  impoverished  by  his  forfeiture, 
imprisoned  at  Stirling,  1685,  but  released  after 
Argyll's  execution.  [viii.  311] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  second  EARL  OF  ARGYLL 

(d.  1513),  eldest  son  of  Colin  Campbell,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 

v. led  to  the  earldom,  1493;  lord  high  chancellor  of 

ml,  1494  ;  joint-administrator  of  the  lordship  of  the 

,  Jim  ;  suppressed  revolt  of  islanders,  1504  ;  governor 

of  the  Argyllshire  islands,  1506  ;  slain  at  Flodden. 

[viii.  312] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  fourth  EARL  OK  ARGYLL 
(d.  1558),  eldest  sou  of  Colin  Campbell,  third  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
snivelled  to  the  earldom,  1530 ;  suppressed  rebellion  in 
Argyllshire  islands,  1530 ;  imprisoned  on  charge  of  having 
•  •..•d  the  rebellion  by  oppression;  joined  Huntly  and 
other  peers  in  taking  the  infant  queen  Mary  from  the 
ly  of  the  Earl  of  Arran,  then  regent,  1543  ;  resisted 
tit  Earl  of  Lennox's  descent  on  the  Clyde,  1544,  and  ob- 
tained  a  grant  of  his  forfeited  estates ;  commanded  right 
win-.,'  at  Pinkie,  1547 ;  generally  opposed  the  aggressions 
of  Henry  VIII:  became  a  reformer;  entertained  John 
Knox  at  Castle  Campbell,  Clackmannanshire,  1656  ;  signed 
the  first  protestaut  engagement,  1557.  [viii.  313] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  fifth  EARL  OF  ARGYLL 
(1530-1573),  eldest  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  fourth 
earl  [q.  v.]  ;  styled  Lord  of  Lorne  up  to  1558 ;  a  hearer  of 
John  Knox,  1556 ;  joined  in  inviting  Knox  to  return  from 
Geneva,  1557 ;  signed  the  first  protestaut  engagement, 
1557  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  August  1558 ;  supported 
the  queen-regent  in  repressing  the  protestant  mob  at 
Perth,  May  1559,  but  joined  Lord  James  Stuart  and  'the 
lords  of  the  congregation '  in  signing  the  protestant  en- 
gagement ;  present  at  the  destruction  of  St.  Andrews  Cathe- 
dral, June  1559  ;  marched  with  Lord  James  Stuart  against 
the  queen-regent  at  Cupar-Fife ;  captured  Perth  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  brought  his  highlanders  to  fight  the  French 
garrison  of  Leith ;  asked  Elizabeth's  intervention,  1560, 
in  return  for  a  promise  to  help  her  in  subduing  Ireland ;  a 
commissioner  to  destroy  popish  monuments  in  the  west, 
1560 :  received  Queen  Mary  at  Leith,  1561,  and  enter- 
tained her  in  Argyllshire,  1663;  opposed  her  marriage 
with  Darnley,  1565 ;  forced  by  Queen  Elizabeth's  non- 
intervention to  make  his  peace  with  Mary ;  privy  to  the  plot 
to  murder  Darnley,  1567  ;  assented  to  Mary's  marriage  with 
Bothwell,  1567;  intrigued  to  deliver  Mary  from  Loch- 
leven  Castle ;  sentenced  by  the  general  assembly  to  do 
penance  for  his  domestic  quarrels ;  Mary's  defeat  at  Lang- 
side  caused  by  his  half-hearted  support,  1568 ;  submitted 
to  the  regent  Moray,  1669 ;  intrigued  for  Mary's  return, 
1570  ;  again  submitted  to  the  young  king  James  VI's 
party,  1571 ;  lord  high  chancellor,  1672.  [viii.  314] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  seventh  EARL  OF  ARGYLL 
(1576  ?-1638),  eldest  son  of  Colin  Campbell,  sixth  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1684 ;  defeated  by 
Huntly  at  Glenlivat,  1594;  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh, 
1595  ;  reconciled  to  Huntly,  1603 ;  joined  Huutly  in  ex- 
terminating the  Macgregors,  1608  ;  embraced  Catholicism  ; 
subdued  the  Clandonalds  of  Kintyre,  1815  ;  fled  from  his 
creditors  into  Flanders,  ceding  his  estates  to  his  son, 
1619  ;  attainted  ou-account  of  his  being  in  the  Spanish 
service,  1619 ;  restored,  1621 ;  returned  to  London. 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  MARQUIS  OF  ARGYLL 
and  eighth  EARL(1598-1661),  nicknamed,  from  his  squint, 
•  GUlespie  Grumach '  and  '  the  glaed-eyed  marquis ' ;  eldest 


son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  seventh  earl  [q.v.] ;  styled  Lord 
of  Lorne  till  November  1638 ;  fought  in  Kintyre,  1615  ;  took 
over  the  estates  from  his  father,  1619  ;  privy  councillor, 
i  1626  ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1G34  ;  summoned  to 
London  to  advi-e  Charles  I,  after  the  renewal  of  the 
covenant,  1638;  discovered  that  Charles  I  had  empowered 
the  Earl  of  Antrim  to  invade  Kintyre;  succeeded  to  the 
earldom,  November  1638  ;  accepted  the  abolition  of  epi- 
scopacy by  the  general  assembly,  1638 ;  raised  un  army, 
took  Brodick  Castle,  ami  i-ncanipcd  at  Stirling;  nego- 
tiated the  peace  of  Berwick  between  the  Scots  and 
( 'harles  I,  June  1639  ;  iilienated  by  his  continual  opposition 
to  the  king  from  Montrose;  jM'rsuaded  the  Scottish  parlia- 
ment to  sit  in  defiance  of  the  king's  order,  and  to  appoint 
an  executive  committee,  1640 ;  ravaged  the  lands  of 
royalist  nobles  in  IVrth,  Aberdeen,  and  Forfar  shires  ; 
imprisoned  Montrose  on  a  charge  of  slandering  him  to 
the  king,  June  1641 :  negotiated  with  the  king  at  Edin- 
burgh, September  1641 ;  fled  from  Edinburgh,  alleging 
that  there  was  a  plot  to  arrest  him,  October  1641 ;  forced 
Charles  I  to  accept  the  terms  of  the  Scottish  parliament, 
November  1641 ;  intrigued  to  prevent  Charles  from  getting 
help  from  Scotland,  1642  ;  accompanied  the  Scottish  army 
into  England,  January  1644 ;  sent  to  repress  Huntly's 
northern  rising,  April,  and  the  Irish  invasion  of  the 
west,  July,  1644 ;  resigned  his  commission,  having  been 
out-generalled  by  Montrose;  surprised  at  Inverary  by 
Montrose,  and  the  Campbell  country  ravaged,  December 
1644  ;  routed  by  Moutrose  at  Inverlochy,  February  1645, 
and  at  Kilsyth  in  August ;  recovered  his  influence  after 
Montrose's  defeat  at  Philliphaugh,  September  1645  ;  ne- 
gotiated with  Charles  at  Newcastle,  May  1646,  and  at 
London  with  the  parliament,  June  1646  ;  became  head  of 
j  the  new  executive  committee  and  invited  Cromwell  to 
|  Edinburgh,  October  1646 ;  enraged  at  the  execution  of 
1  Charles  I,  joined  in  proclaiming  Charles  II,  February 
1650 ;  consented  to  Montrose's  execution,  May  1650 ; 
joined  Charles  II,  but  did  not  obtain  his  confidence; 
set  the  crown  on  Charles  IPs  head,  January  1651 ;  vainly 
opposed  the  invasion  of  England ;  was  besieged  at  In- 
verary ;  submitted  to  the  Commonwealth,  August  1652  ; 
engaged  in  intrigues  in  London,  1656  ;  M.P.  for  Aberdeen- 
shire  in  the  Commonwealth  parliament,  1658 ;  came  to 
London  to  welcome  Charles  II,  1660 ;  charged  with  high 
treason ;  condemned  at  Edinburgh  and  executed,  May 
1661.  [viii.  319] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  ninth  EARL  OF  ARGYLL 
(d.  1685),  eldest  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  marquis  and 
I  eighth  earl  of  Argyll  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Lord  of  Lorne  till 
j  1663 ;    travelled   in    France  and   Italy,    1648-9 ;    a   far 
more    energetic  royalist   than    his    father ;    captain    of 
Charles  1 1's  Scottish  lifeguard,  1650  ;  fought  at  Duubar ; 
tried  to  raise  his  clan  for  Charles  II,  September  1650 ; 
joined  the  highland  royalists,  1653  ;  quarrelled  with  them 
and  withdrew  his  own  men,  January  1654  ;  was  excepted 
j  from  Cromwell's  act  of  pardon,  May  1654,  and  remained 
|  in  arms ;  directed  by  Charles  II  to  make  his  peace  with 
Cromwell,    March  16S6 ;    submitted   accordingly,  1655 ; 
suspected  of  plotting  a  royalist  rising,  August  1656  ;  im- 
prisoned   at    Edinburgh,    1657-60;     well    received    at 
I  Charles  II's  court,  1660 ;  strong  efforts  made  by  Middleton 
to  involve  him  in  his  father's  fall,  1661 ;  supported  by 
i   Laudcrdale ;    imprisoned,  July   1661,  and    sentenced    to 
i  death,  August,  but  the  date  left  in  Charles  II's  hands  ; 
released,  June  1663  ;  sentence  of  death  recalled  ;  restored 
to  earldom  and  heavily  burdened  estates,  1663 ;  Scottish 
privy  counsellor,  1664  ;  disarmed  covenanters  in  Kintyre, 
1665;  hated  by  the  extreme  episcopalians,  who  accused 
him  of  favouring  the  insurgents.  1666  ;  commissioner  for 
quieting  the  highlands,  1667  ;  raised  a  militia  regiment, 
1670 ;  was  constantly  enjoined  to  repress  conventicles 
after  1671,  and  constantly  urged  gentler  measures  ;    ex- 
traordinary lord  of  session,  1674-80 ;   at  war  with  the 
McCleaus  of  Mull,  1674-8 ;  ordered  to  disarm  and  secure 
i  highland  papists,  1679  ;  ordered  to  send  his  highlanders  to 
!  be  quartered  in  the  whig  districts  ;  opposed  the  arbitrary 
I  measures  resorted  to  by  James,  duke  of  York,  then  high 
l  commissioner  for  Scotland,  1680 ;   strongly  opposed  the 
|  Scottish  test  act,  1681  ;  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  trea- 
son, November,  sentenced  to  death  and  his  estates  for- 
feited, December  1681 ;  escaped  to  London  and  to  Hol- 
land, 1682 ;   in  treaty  with  the  Rye  House  conspirators, 
1683  ;  appointed  commander  of  the  descent  on  Scotland, 
April  1685  ;  published  declaration  in  favour  of  Monmouth 
at  Caiapbeltown,  May,  but  was  not  joined  by  his  elan ; 

0 


CAMPBELL 


194 


CAMPBELL 


worsted  by  the  king's  ships  at  Inverary  :  taken  prisoner, 
June  10S5 :  cM-rntnl.  without  trial,  at  Rdinboxgb,  in 
virtue  of  the  sentence  passed  in  1681.  [viii.  329] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  first  DUKK  OK  ARGYLL 
(</.  1703),  eldest  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  ninth  earl 
[ij.  v.] ;  granted  maintenance  out  of  the  forfeited  estates, 
c.  1682:  offered  to  resist  his  father's  invasion,  1685; 
(ailed  to  obtain  restoration  of  his  title  and  estates  by 
embracing  Catholicism  ;  joined  William  of  Orange  at  the 
Hague,  and  accompanied  him  to  England ;  took  his  place 
in  the  Scottish  convention  as  Earl  of  Argyll,  March  1689  : 
commissioner  to  offer  the  crown  of  Scotland  to  William 
and  Mary  ;  Scottish  privy  councillor,  May ;  restored  to 
the  title  and  estates,  June  1689 :  undertook  to  extirpate 
the  Macdonalds  of  Glencoe,  1692 ;  extraordinary  lord  of 
session,  1694  ;  created  Duke  of  Argyll,  June  1701. 

[viii.  338] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD  (d.  1744),  bishop  of 
Aberdeen ;  said  to  have  taken  part  in  Argyll's  invasion, 
1685 ;  withdrew  to  Surinam  ;  a  rigid  noujuror  on  his 
return  ;  frequently  imprisoned :  consecrated  bishop  by 
three  ejected  Scottish  bishops,  1711 ;  resided  in  London  ; 
negotiated  for  the  union  of  the  nonjurors  with  the  Greek 
church,  1717;  elected  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1721,  but 
resided  in  London  ;  resigned,  1724,  and  formed  a  separate 
noujuring  community ;  published  theological  tracts. 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD  (1691-1756),  theologian  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  minister  of  Lar- 
bert,  1718  ;  a  philosophical  treatise  by  himself  published 
fraudulently  under  a  friend's  name,  1728 ;  professor  of 
church  history  at  St.  Andrews,  1730  ;  published  theologi- 
cal treatises,  [viii.  340] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD,  third  DUKE  OF  ARGYLL 
(1682-1761),  younger  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  first 
duke  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Lord  Archibald  Campbell  till  1705  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Glasgow  ;  studied  law  at  Utrecht : 
served  under  Marl  borough  ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scot- 
land, 1705  :  promoted  the  union ;  created  Earl  of  Islay, 
October  1705  ;  a  Scottish  representative  peer,  1707 ;  extra- 
ordinary lord  of  session,  1708 ;  justice-general,  1710  ;  lord 
register  of  Scotland,  1714;  raised  Argyllshire  for 
George  I,  1715:  fought  at  Sheriffmuir,  1715;  overcame 
Scottish  opposition  to  the  malt  tax,  1725,  and  became 
Walpole's  chief  adviser  in  Scotland ;  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal,  1725,  and  of  the  great  seal,  1734-61 ;  chancellor  of 
Aberdeen  University ;  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  1743  ; 
advised  the  raising  of  highland  regiments,  1746 ;  rebuilt 
Inverary  Castle.  [viii.  341] 

CAMPBELL,  ARCHIBALD  (1726  ?-1780),  satirist: 
son  of  Archibald  Campbell  (1691-1756)  [q.  v.]  ;  purser  of 
a  man-of-war ;  befriended  William  Falconer,  1745  ;  satirised 
Biimuel  Johnson  in '  Lexiphanes  '  and  other  writers  in '  Sale 
of  Authors,'  1767  ;  died  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  [viii.  342] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (1739-1791),  of  Inver- 
neil,  general ;  captain,  1757  ;  served  in  America,  1757-64, 
and  in  India  till  1773,  becoming  lieutenant-colonel ;  M.P. 
for  Stirling  burghs,  1774  and  1789  ;  prisoner  of  war  in 
America,  1775;  brigadier-general,  1776;  captured  Sa- 
vannah ;  major-general,  1782  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  and 
active  in  checking  the  French;  K.C.B.,  1785;  governor 
of  Madras,  1786-9.  [viii.  342] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (1769-1843),  general ; 
ensign,  1787;  served  in  India,  1788-99,  distinguishing 
himself  at  Seringapatam :  captain,  1799  ;  major,  1804  ; 
served  in  Portugal  and  in  Sir  John  Moore's  campaign, 
1808 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1809 :  commanded  Portuguese 
regiment,  1810,  and  Portuguese  brigade,  1811-14  ;  colonel, 
1814 ;  K.O.B.,  1815 ;  Portuguese  commander  at  Lisbon, 
1816-20  ;  commanded  regiment  in  India,  1821 ;  entrusted 
with  conduct  of  Burmese  war;  took  Rangoon,  May 
1824 ;  defeated  Bundoola,  the  chief  Burmese  general, 
1825 ;  took  Prome ;  made  major-general ;  marched  on 
Ava,  December  1825  ;  dictated  terms  of  peace,  February 
1826 :  governor  of  British  Burmah,  1826-9 ;  created  baro- 
net, 1831  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswickr-1831-7  ; 
1'.,  -itenant-f/eneral,  1838.  [viii.  343] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN,  second  LORD  CAMPBELL  and 
first  EARL  OF  ARGYLL  (d.  1493),  succeeded  his  grand- 
father in  the  peerage,  1453 :  obtained  by  marriafrc  and 
treuty  the  estates  and  lordship  of  Lome ;  created  Earl  of 


Argyll,  1457  ;  lord  justiciary,  1465  ;  lord  high  chancellor, 
1  l.sii  ;   joined  the  conspiracy  against  James   III, 
envoy  to  England,  1488.  [viii.  345] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN,  third  EARL  OF  ARGYLL  (d. 
1530),  eldeft  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  st-i-oinl  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1513  ;  frustrated  the 
plans  of  Donald,  lord  of  the  Isles,  1518-17;  became  the 
chief  power  in  the  west  highlands  ;  one  of  the  council 
of  regency,  1525  ;  took  James  V's  side  against  the  regent 
Angus,  1528 ;  made  hereditary  sheriff  of  Argyllshire 
and  hereditary  justiciary  ;  lord  justice-general,  1529. 

[viii.  346] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN,  sixth  EARL  OF  ARGYLL  (d. 
1584),  second  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  fourth  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  half-brother,  Archibald  Campbell, 
fifth  earl  [q.  v.],  1573 ;  compelled  by  the  regent  Morton 
to  surrender  the  crown  jewels,  1575  ;  plotted  with  Atholl 
to  overthrow  Morton,  1578  ;  collected  an  army,  but  came 
to  terms  ;  lord  high  chancellor,  1579 ;  a  promoter  of 
Morton's  execution,  1581 ;  implicated  in  the  '  raid  of 
Ruthveu1  to  seize  James  VI,  1582,  and  in  the  plot  to 
release  him,  June  1583.  [viii.  347] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN  (1644-1726),  theologian;  edu-i 
cated  at  St.  Andrews ;  minister  of  Ardchattan,  Argyll- 
shire, 1667-1726 ;  corresponded  with  Isaac  Newton  ;  wrote 
theological  treatises.  [viii.  348] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN  (d.  1729),  architect ;  designed 
the  Rolls  House,  Chancery  Lane,  1717,  and  Drumlaurig 
Castle ;  published  '  Vitruvius  Britanuicus,'  1717-25. 

[viii.  348] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN  (d.  1782),  of  Kilberry,  Argyll- 
shire ;  major  in  the  army  ;  cashiered  for  the  manslaughter 
of  Captain  John  McKaarg  at  Martinico,  1762.  [viii.  349] 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN  (1754-1814),  general;  ensign, 
1771 ;  lieutenant,  1774 ;  served  in  North  America  and 
West  Indies,  1775-95;  major,  1783;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1795;  served  in  Ireland,  1796-1811;  at  Vinegar  Hill, 
1798 ;  major-general,  1811 ;  lieutenant-general,  1811 ; 
acting  governor  of  Gibraltar,  1811-14.  [viii.  349] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  COLIN  (1776-1847),  general ;  ran 
away  to  sea,  1792 ;  midshipman  on  an  East  Indiaman, 
1793  ;  militia  officer,  1795  ;  served  in  West  Indies,  1799- 
1801 ;  lieutenant,  1801 ;  served  in  India,  1802-6  :  distin- 
guished himself  at  Ahmednuggm\  1803 ;  brigade-major 
at  Assaye,  1803;  served  In  Denmark,  1807.  and  in 
Portugal,  1808 ;  major,  1808 ;  served  in  the  Peninsula, 
1809-14;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1810;  assistant 
quartermaster-general,  1812 ;  K.C.B.,  1814  ;  at  Waterloo, 
1815 :  major-general,  1825 ;  appointed  governor  ot  Nova 
Scotia,  1833,  and  of  Ceylon,  1839 ;  returned  to  England, 
1847.  [viii.  350] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  COLIN,  BARON  CLYDE  (1792-1863), 
field  marshal :  son  of  Colin  Macliver,  a  Glasgow  carpen- 
ter ;  took  the  name  Campbell  through  an  error  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  1807 ;  ensign,  1808 ;  served  in  Portugal 
and  under  Sir  John  Moore,  1808;  at  Walcheren,  1809; 
lieutenant,  1809 ;  served  in  the  Peninsula,  1810-13,  dis- 
playing conspicuous  courage  at  Barossa,  1811,  San 
Sebastian,  and  the  Bidassoa,  1813 ;  captain,  1813  ;  served 
in  Nova  Scotia,  1814,  at  Gibraltar,  1816,  and  in  the  West 
Indies,  1819-26 ;  major,  1825  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1832 ; 
served  in  China,  1842-6  ;  brigadier-general,  1844  ;  served 
in  India,  1846-53 ;  K.C.B.,  1849 ;  major-general,  1854 ; 
commanded  highland  brigade  at  the  Alma,  1854 ;  com- 
manded first  division  in  Crimea,  1854-5 ;  returned  to 
England,  having  been  badly  treated  by  the  authorities, 
1855;  lieutenant-general,  1856:  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1867; 
commander-in-chief  in  India,  1857-60;  suppressed  the 
Indian  mutiny,  1867-8 ;  created  Baron  Clyde,  1858 ; 
field-marshal,  1862 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[viii.  351] 

CAMPBELL,  DANIEL  (more  correctly  DONALD) 
(1666-1722),  divine:  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1686 ;  minister  of  Glassary, 
Argyllshire,  1691-1722;  published  'Sacramental  Medita- 
tions,' 1698,  and  other  devotional  works.  [viii.  354] 

CAMPBELL,  DANIEL  or  DONALD  (1671  ?-1763), 
of  Shawfield,  member  of  parliament;  a  successful  Glas- 
gow merchant :  M.P.,  Inverary,  1702;  bought  Shawfield, 
1707;  M.P.,  Glasgow  burghs,  1716-34;  Shawfield  House 
burnt  by  the  malt- tax  mob,  1725  ;  bought  Islay,  1727. 

[viii.  355] 


: 


CAMPBELL, 


195 


CAMPBELL 


CAMPBELL,  DONALD  (d.  1562),  ecclesiastic; 
youngest  son  of  Archibald  Campbell,  second  earl  of 
Arevll  [q.  v.l ;  abbot  of  Cupar-Angus,  1626  till  death  : 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal ;  lord  of  session,  1541 ;  privy 
coum-illor,  ,1643  and  1647;  lord  of  the  articles,  1546  and 
1654  ;  nominated  to  the  see  of  Brechin,  but  refuse! 
admission  by  the  pope,  1659.  [viii.  366] 

CAMPBELL,  DONALD  (1751-1804),  of  Barbreck, 
Indian  traveller ;  published  account  of  his  '  Journey  over 
land  to  India.'  [viii.  355] 

CAMPBELL,  DUNCAN  (1680 ?-1730),  charlatan; 
born  in  Lapland  ;  son  of  a  Scottish  seaman  and  a  native ; 
deaf  and  dumb ;  a  fortune-teller  in  London,  1694  ;  with- 
drew, in  debt,  to  Rotterdam ;  returned  to  London  ;  told 
tor-turns  and  sold  miraculous  cures;  married  a  rich 
widow  Pamphlets  on  his  life  and  adventures  were 
written  by  Daniel  Defoe,  1720-6.  [viii.  356] 

CAMPBELL,  LORD  FREDERICK  (1729-1816),  lord 
clerk  register  of  Scotland,  1768-1816;  M.P.,  Glasgow 
burghs,  1761-80 ;  M.P.,  Argyllshire,  1780-99.  [viii.  357] 

CAMPBELL,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1782-1846), 
genealogist;  eldest  son  of  Donald  Campbell  (1751-1804) 
[q.  v.] ;  captain  in  the  army  ;  compiled  genealogy  of  the 
Campbells  of  Barbreck.  [viii.  857] 

CAMPBELL,  GEORGE  (1719-1796),  theologian  ;  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  ;  minister  of  Banchory 
Ternan,  Aberdeenshire,  1748  ;  minister  of  Aberdeen,  1767  ; 
principal  of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1759-92,  and 
professor  of  divinity  there,  1771-92 ;  D.D.,  1764 ;  minister 
of  Grey  Friars,  Aberdeen,  1771-92.  His  works  include  a 
•  Dissertation  on  Miracles,'  1762.  [viii.  357] 

CAMPBELL,  GEORGE  (1761-1817),  poet ;  shoemaker 
at  Kilmarnock ;  studied  at  Glasgow ;  minister  of  the 
secession  church,  Stockbridge,  Berwickshire,  1794-1817 ; 
published  •  Poems,'  1787,  and  '  Sermons,'  1816.  [viii.  358] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  GEORGE  (1824-1892),  Indian 
administrator;  educated  at  Edinburgh  New  Academy, 
Madras  College,  St.  Andrews,  St.  Andrews  University, 
and  Haileybury;  went  to  India,  1842;  collector  at 
Badaon,  Rohilcund,  1843  ;  in  England,  1851-4 ;  called  to 
bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1854 ;  magistrate  and  collector  of 
Arimghur,  1854 ;  assistant  to  John  Russell  Colvin  [q.  v.] 
In  general  government  of  northern  provinces,  1855 ;  com- 
missioner of  Ois-Sutlej  states,  1855;  served  in  Indian 
mutiny ;  employed  by  Lord  Canning,  governor-general, 
to  write  official  account  of  mutiny  for  the  home 
authorities,  1857 ;  second  civil  commissioner  of  Oude ; 
judge  of  high  court  of  Bengal,  1862 ;  head  of  commission 
to  inquire  into  causes  of  famine  in  Bengal,  1866 ;  chief 
commissioner  of  central  provinces,  1867  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1870;  lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal,  1871-4;  K.O.S.I., 
1873;  liberal  M.P.  for  Kirkcaldy,  1875-92.  His  works 
include  •  Ethnology  of  India,'  1865.  [SuppL  i.  383] 

CAMPBELL,  GEORGE  DOUGLAS,  eighth  DUKK  OF 
ARGYLL  (1823-1900) ;  succeeded  his  brother,  John  Henry 
(b.  1821),  as  Marquis  of  Lome,  1837  ;  published  writings 
relating  to  the  struggle  in  church  of  Scotland,  1842-8 ; 
succeeded  to  dukedom,  1847  ;  F.R.S.,  1851 ;  chancellor  of 
St.  Andrews  University,  1861 ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow 
University,  1854;  president  of  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1861 ;  prominent  in  politics  as  a  whig  ;  privy  seal, 
1853-5,  1859-60,  and  1860-6  ;  postmaster-general,  1855-8 
and  1860 ;  secretary  of  state  for  India,  1868-74,  and  adopted 
foreign  policy  of  friendship  to  neighbouring  states,  and 
financial  policy  of '  decentralisation ' ;  opposed  tory  govern- 
ment's policy  iu  Eastern  question,  and  in  Afghanistan, 
1877-80  ;  privy  seal,  1880-1 ;  opposed  home  rule,  1886  and 
1893 ;  K.T.,  1856  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870 ;  K.G.,  1883.  A 
follower  of  the  cataclysmal  school  in  geology,  and  never 
in  agreement  with  the  younger  evolutional  school,  he 
yet  exerted  a  useful  influence  on  scientific  progress.  H 
published  works  on  science,  religion,  and  politics. 

[Suppl.  i.  385] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  GUY  (1786-1849),  major-general; 
eldest  son  of  Colin  Campbell  (1754-1814)  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign, 
1795 ;  lieutenant,  1796 ;  served  in  Ireland,  1798,  and 
Canada,  1803  ;  captain,  1804  ;  served  in  Portugal  and  with 
Sir  John  Moore,  1808 ;  major,  1813 ;  served  in  the  Peninsula, 
1813  ;  baronet,  1816  ;  at  Waterloo,  1815 ;  in  Ireland,  1828  ; 
major-general,  1841.  [viii.  358] 


CAMPBELL,  HAHRIETTE  (1817-1841),  novelist; 
mblished  'The  Only  Daughter,'  1837,  and  two  other 
novels.  [viii.  359] 

CAMPBELL,  HUGH,  third  EARL  OP  LOUDOUN  (</. 
1731) ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1684  ;  Scottish  privy 
councillor,  1697;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1699- 
1731 :  joint  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  1704  ;  strongly 
advocated  the  union ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  Scot- 
land, 1708-13 ;  Scottish  representative  peer ;  English 
privy  councillor,  1708  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ayrshire,  1715  ; 
fought  at  Sheriffmuir,  1715;  frequently  lord  high  com- 
missioner to  the  general  assembly  of  the  kirk  of  Scot- 
land, [viii.  359] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  ILAY  (1734-1823),  of  Succoth, 
Scottish  judge  ;  advocate,  1757  ;  engaged  on  the  Douglas 
peerage  case,  c.  1764-9  ;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland, 
1783;  lord  advocate,  1784;  M.P.  for  Glasgow  burghs, 
1784 ;  lord  president  of  the  court  of  session,  1799-1808, 
styled  Lord  Succoth;  created  baronet,  1808;  published 
Scots  law  reports.  [viii.  360] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JAMES  (1570-1642).  [See  CAM- 
BELL.] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JAMES  (1667-1745),  of  Lawers, 
general ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Scots  Greys,  1708 ;  at 
Malplaquet,  1709  ;  colonel,  1717  ;  M.P.,  Ayrshire,  1727  ; 
major-general,  c.  1727;  governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle, 
1738;  lieutenant-general,  1742;  knighted  at  Dettingen, 
1743 ;  killed  at  Fontenoy,  1745.  [viii.  361] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JAMES  (1763-1819),  of  Inverneil, 
general ;  ensign,  1780 ;  lieutenant,  1781 ;  served  in 
America ;  captain,  1787  ;  served  in  India,  1787-94  ;  major, 
1794 ;  served  in  Ireland ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804  ;  served 
in  Sicily,  1805-13 ;  major-general,  1808  ;  lieutenant-gene- 
ral, 1813;  governor  of  the  Ionian  islands,  1814-16; 
created  baronet,  1818.  [viii.  362] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JAMES  (1745-1832),  of  Ardkiuglass ; 
eldest  son  of  John  Callander  (d.  1789)  [q.  v.]  ;  took  the 
name  Campbell  on  succeeding  to  the  estate;  ensign, 
1759 ;  served  with  troops  in  Mediterranean  till  1802 ;  in- 
volved in  a  celebrated  matrimonial  suit ;  wrote  his  own 
« Memoirs.'  [viii.  362] 

CAMPBELL,  Sm  JAMES  (1773  ?-1835),  general ;  cap- 
tain, 1794 ;  served  at  Minorca,  1798 ;  major,  1803 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel 1804 ;  served  with  distinction  in  India, 
1803-7,  and  the  Peninsula,  1810-13 ;  colonel,  1813  ;  major- 
general,  1819  ;  K.C.B.,  1822.  [viii.  363] 

CAMPBELL,  JAMES  DYKES  (1838-1896),  biographer 
of  Coleridge ;  entered  house  of  Messrs.  Cochrane  &  Co., 
manufacturers  of  'Verreville  pottery,'  Glasgow,  1854; 
partner  in  Ireland,  Fraser  &  Co.'s  firm  in  Mauritius,  1873- 
1881.  He  spent  many  years  in  collecting  materials  for  a 
biography  of  Coleridge,  which  was  prefixed  to  an  edition 
of  Coleridge's  poetical  works,  1893,  and  appeared  in  a 
separate  volume,  1894.  [Suppl.  i.  391] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1470-1563),  of  Lundy,  Scot- 
tish judge ;  lord  of  session,  1532-63  ;  captain-general  of 
foot,  1533;  privy  councillor,  1540;  often  employed  as 
envoy  by  James  V  of  Scotland.  [viii.  364] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  LOUDOUN  (1598- 
1663),  travelled  abroad  ;  married,  1620,  the  heiress  of  the 
barony  of  Loudoun ;  in  bis  wife's  right,  took  his  seat  m 
the  Scottish  parliament,  1622  his  patent  for  an  earldom 
stopped  by  Charles  I  because  of  his  strenuous  opposition 
to  episcopacy,  1633 ;  took  leading  part  in  organising  the 
covenant,  1637-8 ;  a  leader  of  the  armed  insurrection  in 
Scotland,  1639  ;  envoy  from  Scotland  to  Charles  1, 1640 : 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower ;  joined  the  Scottish  army  of 
invasion,  August  1640;  again  envoy  to  London;  lord 
chancellor  of  Scotland,  1641-60 ;  created  Earl  of  Loudoun, 
1641 ;  frequently  envoy  to  Charles  I  from  the  parliament^ 
1642-7 ;  present  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  II,  1651,  and 
fought  at  Dunbar ;  joined  the  highland  rising,  1663 ;  sub- 
mitted to  Monck ;  excepted  from  Cromwell's  act  of  par- 
I  don,  1654 ;  heavily  fined  by  Charles  II,  1662.  [viii.  364] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  BREADALBANK 
(1635-1716),  joined  the  royalist  insurgents  in  the  high- 
lands, 1653  ;  M.P.  for  Argyllshire,  1661 ;  obtained  from 
the  bankrupt  Earl  of  Caithness  a  cession  of  his  title  and 
estates,  1672 ;  took  possession  of  the  estates,  1673  ;  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  title,  1677;  led  his  highlanders 

r/2 


CAMPBELL 


196 


CAMPBELL 


to  be  quartered  on  the  west-country  whips,  1G7H  :  made 
war  on  the  heir-male,  \vlio  claimed  tin-  ( 'aithncss  peerage, 
1680;  obtained  the  earldom  of  Breadalbane,  when  the 
privy  council  decided  against  his  claim  to  the  Caithness 
peerage  and  estates,  1681  ;  privy  councillor,  1685 ;  sub- 
mitted to  William  III,  September  1689;  employed  to 
bribe  the  highland  chiefs  to  submit  to  William  III,  1690- 
l«9l ;  contrived  the  massacre  of  the  Macdonalds  of 
Qlencoe,  1692 :  encouraged  a  French  invasion,  1707  ;  half- 
heartedly joined  Mar's  rising,  1715,  but  withdrew  after 
Sheriff  rnuir.  [viii.  366] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  second  DOTCK  op  ARGYLL  and 
DUKE  OF  GREENWICH  (1678-1743),  eldest  son  of  Archi- 
bald Campbell,  first  duke  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  1694  ; 
served  in  Flanders,  1702 ;  succeeded  to  dukedom  of 
Argyll,  17C3 ;  a  prime  agent  in  bringing  about  the  union, 
1705 ;  created  Earl  of  Greenwich  in  the  English  peerage, 
1705 ;  served  with  much  distinction  in  Flanders,  1706- 
1709  ;  lieutenant-general,  1709 ;  developed  bitter  hostility 
to  Marlborough,  1709 ;  ambassador  and  Commander-in- 
chief  in  Spain,  1711 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland, 
1712 :  violently  opposed  tlie  proposed  malt  tax,  1713  :  took 
a  leading  part  in  proclaiming  George  1, 1714  ;  sent  to  sup- 
press Mar's  insurrection,  1715  ;  collected  troops  at  Stir- 
ling, secured  Edinburgh,  and  repulsed  Mar  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  1715 ;  crushed  the  revolt,  January  1716 ;  deprived 
of  his  offices,  1716  ;  restored,  1719  ;  created  Duke  of 
Greenwich,  1719 ;  helped  to  remove  Scottish  opposition  to 
the  malt  tax,  1725 ;  field-marshal,  1736  ;  defended  Edin- 
burgh city  from  the  indignation  of  the  court  after  the  Por- 
teoosriot,  1737  ;  began  violently  to  oppose  Walpole,  1738  ; 
deprived  of  hi*  offices,  1740  ;  restored,  1742,  but  speedily 
resigned.  [viii.  369] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  (1708-1776),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
lawyer's  clerk  at  Windsor  ;  highly  successful  as  a  profes- 
sional man  of  letters  in  London  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1754  ; 
agent  for  Georgia,  1765-75 ;  contributed  much  to  histori- 
cal and  biographical  series,  and  edited  books  of  travel.  His 
chief  works  are'  Military  History  of  Prince  Eugene,'  1736, 
•Travels  of 'a  fictitious  'Edward  Sevan,'  1739,  'Lives  of 
the  Admirals,'  1742-4,  and  '  Political  Survey  of  Britain,' 
1774.  [viii.  373] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OP  BREADALBANE 
(1696-1782);  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  styled 
Viscount  Glenorchy,  1716-52;  envoy  to  Denmark,  1718; 
K.B.,  1725  ;  M.P.,  Saltash,  1727  and  1734  ;  ambassador  to 
Russia,  1731 ;  M.P.,  Oxford  City,  1741 ;  master  of  the 
jewel  office,  1746  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1752 ;  Scot- 
tish representative  peer,  1762 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1756  ;  a 
chief-justice  in  eyre,  1761-6 ;  vice-admiral  of  Scotland, 
1776.  [viii.  375] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL  OF  LOUDOUN 
(1705-1782X  only  son  of  Hugh  Campbell,  third  earl 
[q.v.];  entered  the  army,  1727;  succeeded  to  the  earl- 
dom, "^731;  Scottish  representative  peer,  1734-82;  go- 
vernor of  Stirling  Castle,  1741 ;  supported  George  II  in 
the  highlands,  1745-6 ;  commander-in-chief  in  America, 
1766  ;  superseded,  1758  ;  second  in  command  in  Portugal, 
1762 ;  general,  1770 :  fond  of  forestry.  [viii.  376] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  (1763-1784),  lieutenant-colonel ; 
ensign,  1771 ;  lieutenant,  1774  ;  served  in  America,  1774- 
1780;  major,  1777;  lieutenant^colonel,  1781;  in  India, 
1782;  defended  Maugalore  against  Tippoo  Sultan,  May 
1783-Jauuary  1784.  [viii.  376] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  (1720  ?-1790),  vice-admiral ;  ap- 
prenticed to  the  master  of  a  coaster ;  midshipman,  1740  ; 
sailed  round  the  world  with  Anson  :  lieutenant,  1745 ; 
captain,  1747 ;  in  constant  service,  1747-79 :  rear-admiral, 
1778 ;  vice-admiral,  1779 ;  governor  of  Newfoundland, 
1782-6.  [viii.  377] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  (1766-1840),  philanthropist;  a 
founder  of  the  Scottish  Religious  Tract  Society ;  advocated 
Sunday  schools,  lay-preaching,  Magdalene  societies,  and 
abolition  of  slavery ;  minister  of  an  independent  congre- 
gation, Kingslaud,  London,  1802 ;  inspected  the  London 
Missionary  Society's  stations  in  South  Africa,  1812-14, 
and  1819-21  ;  published  accounts  of  his  travels. 

[viii.  378] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1807-1865).  general ;  only 
Bon  of  Sir  Archibald  Campbell  (1769-1843)  [q.v.]:  en- 
sign, 1821 ;  lieutenant,  1824 ;  aide-de-camp  in  Burmah, 


1824-6;  captain,  1826:  civil  servant  in  Burmah,  1826-9; 
aide-de-camp  in  New  Brunswick,  1831-7 ;  lieutenant/- 
colonel, 1840 ;  baronet,  1843:  commanded  brigade  in  the 
Crimea,  1864;  major-general,  1854;  killed  before  the 
lledan,  1855..  [viii.  378] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  first  BARON  CAMI-BKLL  (1779- 
1861),  lord  chancellor  ;  son  of  the  minister  of  Cupar-Fife ; 
attended  arts  classes  at  St.  Andrews,  1790,  and  divinity 
classes,  1794;  private  tutor  in  London,  1798;  wrote  for 
the  press ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1800  ;  parliamentary  and 
law  reporter ;  read  law  in  chambers,  1804 ;  barrister, 
1806;  quickly  acquired  a  profitable  practice;  K.C.,  1827; 
employed  on  commission  on  law  of  real  property,  1828- 
1833  ;  M.P.  for  Stafford,  1830  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
Commons  in  matters  of  law  reform  ;  solicitor-general, 
1832  ;  attorney-general,  1834-41 ;  liberal  M.P.,  Edinburgh, 
1834-41  ;  his  wife  made  Baroness  Stratheden,  1836 ; 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  June-September  1841 ;  created 
Baron  Campbell,  June  1841  ;  took  a  foremost  place  in  the 
Lords  in  questions  of  law ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1846;  chief-justice  of  the  queen's  bench,  1860; 
lord  chancellor,  1859;  published  'Nisi  Prius  Reports,* 
1809-16,  'Speeches,'  1842, '  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors,' 
1845-7,  'Lives  of  the  Chief- Justices,'  1849, 1857,  law  pam- 
phlets, and  '  Lives  of  Lyndhurst  and  Brougham,'  1869. 

[viii.  379] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  second  MARQUIS  OP  BREADAL- 
BANE (1796-1862) ;  styled  Viscount  Glenorchy  till  1831 ; 
M.P.  for  Okehampton,  1820-6 ;  styled  Earl  of  Ormelie, 
1831-4 ;  M.P.,  Perthshire,  1832 ;  succeeded  as  marquis, 
1834 ;  entertained  Queen  Victoria  at  Taymouth,  1842 ;  a 
strenuous  free  churchman  in  the  disruption  controversy. 

[viii.  386] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1780-1863),  soldier  ;  edu- 
cated at  Harrow ;  cornet,  1800  ;  captain,  1806  ;  served  in 
South  America,  1807,  and  Spain,  1808  ;  commanded  a 
Portuguese  cavalry  regiment^  1809-14 ;  knighted,  1815  ; 
military  adviser  of  the  Portuguese  government.  1815-19  ; 
Portuguese  major-general,  1820 ;  English  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1820-4 ;  fought  for  Dom  Miguel  in  Portugal, 
1828-34 ;  resided  in  London.  [viii.  386] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  (1794-1867),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  a  blacksmith ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  Glas- 
gow ;  a  congregational  minister  in  Ayrshire,  and  at 
Moorfields,  London ;  started  the  '  Christian  Witness,' 
1844,  and  other  newspapers ;  published  much  on  missions, 
ritualism,  &c.  [viii.  387] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1802-1877),  of  Lochend, 
Indian  official :  ensign,  1819  ;  an  officer  in  the  East  India 
Company's  forces,  1820-37;  captain,  1830;  magistrate 
over  the  Khomls  of  Orissa,  1837-42 :  served  in  China, 
1842 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1842 ;  held  command  in 
Madras,  1842-7 ;  reappoiuted  magistrate  over  the 
Khonds,  1847-9;  colonel,  1853;  major-general,  1859; 
published  narrative  of  affairs  in  Orissa,  1864  ;  K.C.S.L, 
1866  ;  general,  1872.  [viii.  387] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1822-1885),  of 
Islay  ;  Gaelic  scholar ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Edinburgh  ; 
a  government  official  ;  published  '  Popular  Tales  of  the 
West  Highlands.'  1860-2 ;  published  Gaelic  texts,  1872 ; 
wrote  also  on  natural  science.  [viii.  388] 

CAMPBELL,  JOHN  McLEOD  (1800-1872),  theo- 
logian ;  educated  at  Glasgow,  1811-20,  and  Edinburgh, 
1821;  licentiate  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  1821; 
minister  of  Row,  Dumbartonshire,  1825  ;  ejected  for 
heresy,  1830;  preached  in  the  highlands,  1830-2; 
minister  of  a  congregation  in  Glasgow,  1833-59  ;  D.D. 
Glasgow,  1868;  retired  to  Roseneath,  1870;  published 
'  Sermons,'  1832,  and  theological  tracts.  [viii.  388] 

CAMPBELL,  NEIL  (d .  1627),  Scottish  bishop ;  parson 
of  Kilmartin,  Argyllshire,  1574 ;  bishop  of  Argyll,  1606-8. 

[viii.  389] 

CAMPBELL,  SIR  NEIL  (1776-1827).  general :  en- 
sign, 1797;  lieutenant,  1799;  major,  1805;  stationed  in 
the  West  Indies,  1798-1800  ;  in  home  garrisons,  1800-6  ; 
in  the  West  Indies,  1806-10 :  lieutenant-colonel,  1808 ; 
colonel  of  Portuguese  infantry,  1811-13  ;  military  attache 
with  the  Russian  army  invadinar  France,  1813-14  ;  colonel, 
1814  ;  escorted  Napoleon  to  Elba  ;  served  at  Waterloo  ; 
major-general,  1825 ;  governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  1826. 

[viii.  389] 


CAMPBELL, 


197 


CANNE 


CAMPBELL,  Snt  I'ATKIOK  (1773-1841),  of  Melfort, 
naval  officer  ;  lietitunant,  17SH  :  captain,  1800;  on  active 
service,  1799-1815  and  1827-30;  rear-admiral,  1830; 
naval  commander  at  Cape  Town,  1834-7  ;  K.C.B.,  1836  ; 
vice-admiral,  1838.  [viii.  390] 

CAMPBELL,  ROBERT  (<I.  1722),  presbyterian ; 
native  of  Scotland  :  presbytcrian  minister  at  Ray,  Done- 
gal, 1671;  imprison.-.!,  K.si-2;  minister  at  Roseneath, 
Dumbartonshire,  lt;s<t-91  ;  and  then  again  at  Ray,  1691- 
1722  ;  published  sermon-.  [viii.  391] 

CAMPBELL,  ROBERT  CALDER  (1798-1867),  mis- 
cellaneous writer  ;  cadet  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  1817  ;  captain,  1826  ;  served  in  Burmah,  1826-7  ; 
invalided  home,  1^1;  settled  in  London;  major,  1836; 
published  verse  and  prose,  1831-57.  [viii.  391] 

CAMPBELL,  THOMAS  (1733-1795),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1761  ;  curate  of 
CloL'her,  1761-72;  chancellor  of  St.  Macartin's,  Clogher, 
1773  :  published  works  on  Irish  topography  and  history  ; 
wrote  a  diary  of  his  visits  to  England,  1775-92. 

[viii.  392] 

CAMPBELL,  THOMAS  (1777-1844),  poet  ;  son  of  a 
ruim-d  Glasgow  merchant ;  at  Glasgow  "University.  1791- 
tor  in  Mull,  1795,  and  Argyllshire,  1796  ;  settled 
in  Edinburgh  as  law-clerk  and  tutor;  published 
•Pleasures  of  Hope,'  1799 ;  travelled  in  Germany  and  Den- 
mark, June  1800-March  1801;  well  received  in  London, 
1801  ;  returned  to  Edinburgh  ;  resided  in  or  near  London, 
as  a  man  of  letters,  1804-44  ;  pensioned  by  the  crown, 
1805  ;  issued  '  Poems,'  1805  ;  visited  Paris,  1814  ;  published 
•  Specimens  of  the  British  Poets,'  1819;  edited  the 'New 
Monthly  Magazine,'  1820-30  ;  advocated  a  university  for 
London,  1825  ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1826-9 ; 
visi to!  Algiers  1835;  died  at  Boulogne;  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  [viii.  392] 

CAMPBELL,  THOMAS  (1790-1868),  sculptor  in 
bronze  and  marble ;  apprenticed  to  an  Edinburgh  marble- 
cutter  ;  studied  in  London  and  (1818)  at  Rome ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1827-57.  [viii.  396] 

CAMPBELL,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1805),  presbyterian ;  a 
native  of  Newry,  co.  Down ;  entered  Glasgow  University, 
1744 ;  licensed  by  Armagh  presbytery,  1760 ;  tutor  in 
Prance  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1758  ;  minister  at  Antrim, 
1759  ;  minister  of  First  Armagh,  1764-89  ;  D.D.  Glasgow, 
1784 ;  minister  at  Clonmel,  1789-1805  ;  published  pam- 
phlets, [viii.  397] 

CAMPBELL,  WILLIELMA,  VISCOUNTESS  GLKN- 
OBCHY  (1 741-1786),  a  daughter  of  William  Maxwell  of  Pres- 
ton, Kirkcudbrightshire ;  married,  1761,  John  Campbell, 
viscount  Gleuorchy  (d.  1771) ;  adopted  peculiar  religious 
views,  c.  1764  ;  founded  chapels  for  her  followers  in  Edin- 
burgh, Carlisle,  Matlock,  Strathflllan.  [viii.  397] 

CAMPDEN,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  HICKS,  BAPTIST,  first 
VISCOUNT,  1551-1629 ;  NOEL,  EDWARD,  second  VISCOUNT, 
1682-1643 ;  NOEL,  BAPTIST,  third  VISCOUNT,  1611-1682.] 

CAMPEGGIO,  LORENZO  (1472-1539),  papal  legate ; 
born  at  Bologna ;  studied  law  at  Pa  via  and  Bologna  ; 
ordained  after  his  wife's  death ;  bishop  of  Feltri,  1512 ; 
cardinal,  1517  ;  legate  to  Henry  VIII  to  urge  a  crusade 
against  the  Turks,  1618 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1524-34 ; 
archbishop  of  Bologna ;  legate  to  England  to  hear 
Henry  VIII's  suit  to  divorce  Queen  Catherine,  October 
1528-July  1529.  [viii.  398] 

CAMPION,  'EDMUND  (1540-1581),  Jesuit  martyr; 
sou  of  a  London  bookseller ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital ;  delivered  a  speech  at  Queen  Mary's  state  entry  to 
London,  1553 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1567  ;  M.A.,  1664  ;  a  speaker  at  Queen  Elizabeth's  state 
visit  to  Oxford,  1666  ;  patronised  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester  ; 
Anglican  deacon,  c.  1568 ;  junior  proctor,  April  1568- 
April  1569;  asked  B.D.  1569,  but  did  not  obtain  it; 
withdrew  to  Dublin,  1569,  expecting  promotion  in  the 
projected  Romanist  college ;  withdrew,  as  a  suspected 
papist,  to  London,  June  1571;  went  to  Douay,  and 
graduated  B.D.  there ;  went  to  Rome,  1572 ;  joined  the 
Jesuits,  1573  ;  passed  his  novitiate  in  Prague  and  Brlinn  ; 
ordained  priest,  1578 ;  chosen,  with  Robert  Parsons,  to 
coerce  temporising  catholics  in  England ;  reached  Dover, 
Jane  1580 ;  preached  privately  in  London ;  his  '  Decem 
Rationes '  distributed  at  Oxford,  1581 ;  arrested  at  Lyford, 


I'.erk-hire,  1581;  sent  to  the  Tower;  examined,  under 
torture,  1581  ;  sentenced  to  death  ;  executed,  1  Dec.  1581  ; 
published  controversial  works.  [viii.  398] 

CAMPION,  GEORGE  B.  (1798-1870),  water-colour 
painter;  exhibited  in  London,  1834  onwards;  drawing- 
master  at  Woolwich  ;  retired  to  Munich.  [viii.  403] 

CAMPION,  MARIA  (1777-1803);    [See  POPE.] 

CAMPION,  THOMAS  (d.  1619),  poet  and  musician  ; 
probably  educated  abroad;  mentioned  as  'doctor  in 
phisicke,'  1607,  and  '  physician,'  1616  ;  published  Latin 
verses,  1596,  and  '  Observations  on  ...  English  Poesie,' 
1602  ;  prepared  masques  presented  at  court,  1607-17  ; 
published  '  Books  of  Ayres,'  1610,  1612,  'Songs'  on  the 
death  of  Prince  Henry,  and  a  musical  treatise,  1613. 

[viii.  403] 

CAMPION,  alias  WKJMORK,  WILLIAM  (1599- 
1665),  Jesuit  ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1624  ;  missioncr  in  Eng- 
land, and  in  Wales,  1686  ;  rector  of  a  seminary  in  Ghent  ; 
wrote  on  trausubstantiation.  [viii.  404] 

CAMVILLE,  GERARD  DK  (d.  1215  ?),  judge  ;  adhered 
to  Prince  John  ;  became,  by  marriage,  sheriff  of  Lincoln- 
shire, and  keeper  of  Lincoln  Castle,  c.  1190;  his  removal 
vainly  attempted  by  Richard  I's  vicegerents,  1191  ;  re- 
moved and  fined,  on  Richard's  return,  1194;  restored  by 
King  John,  1199  ;  justice  itinerant  for  Cambridgeshire, 
1209.  [viii.  404] 

CAMVILLE,  THOMAS  DE  (d.  1236),  judge  ;  deprived 
by  John  of  estates  in  Kent  and  Essex,  1215  ;  restored, 
1217  ;  acted  as  a  justice,  1229.  [viii.  404] 

CANADA,  VISCOUNT  (1567  ?-1640).  [See  ALEXANDER, 
SIR  WILLIAM.] 

CANCELLAK,  JAMES  (fl.  1564),  theologian  ;  of  the 
queen's  chapel  ;  published  devotional  treatises,  1553-64. 


CANDIDUS,  HUGH  (fl.  1107  ?-1155  ?). 
CANDISH.    [See  CAVENDISH.] 


[viii.  405] 
[See  HUGH.] 


CANDLER,  ANN  (1740-1814),  versifier,  'the  Suffolk 
cottager  '  ;  daughter  of  a  Suffolk  glover  named  More  ; 
married  a  militia-man,  1762  ;  lived  in  the  workhouse, 
1780  and  1783  ;  wrote  verses,  1788-9  ;  her  collected  verses 
published,  1803.  [viii.  405] 

CANDLISH,  ROBERT  SMITH  (1806-1873),  Free 
church  leader  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ,  assistant  minister  in 
Glasgow,  at  Bonhill,  Dumbartonshire,  and  (1833)  at  St. 
George's,  Edinburgh  ;  minister  of  St.  George's  ;  from  1839 
took  a  leading  part  against  the  authority  of  the  civil 
courts  in  patronage  cases  ;  suggested  as  professor  of 
biblical  cri  ticism  in  Edinburgh,  but  objected  to  by  Lord 
Aberdeen  ;  D.D.  Princeton,  1841  ;  went  out  at  the  dis- 
ruption, 1843  ;  minister  of  Free  St.  George's  till  death  ; 
leader  of  the  Free  church  ;  principal  of  the  Free  church 
college,  Edinburgh,  1862  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1865  ;  wrote 
theological  treatises.  [viii.  405] 

CANE,  ROBERT  (1807-1868),  writer  on  Irish  history  ; 
a  chemist's  assistant;  M.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1836  ; 
practised  medicine  at  Kilkenny.  [viii.  408] 

CANES,  VINCENT  (d.  1672),  Franciscan  friar,  named 
in  religion  JOHN-BAPTIST  ;  studied  at  Cambridge  ;  travelled 
on  the  continent  ;  joined  the  Franciscans  at  Douay  ; 
served  on  the  English  mission,  1648.  in  Lancashire  and 
London  ;  published  controversial  tracts  under  the  initials 
J.  V.  C.,  1655-72.  [viii.  409] 

CANFIELD,  BENEDICT  (1563-1611),  Capuchin 
friar  ;  really  WILLIAM  FITCH,  of  Little  Canfield,  Essex  ;  of 
the  Middle  Temple  ;  withdrew  to  Douay  ;  joined  the 
Capuchins  at  Paris  ;  came  to  England,  1589  ;  imprisoned 
for  three  years  ;  master  of  the  novices  at  Rouen  ;  wrote 
devotional  works.  [viii.  409] 

CANICUS  or  KENNY,  SAINT  (d.  698?).  [See 
CAINNECH.] 

CANN,  ABRAHAM  (1794-1864),  champion  wrestler 
of  Devonshire  ;  fought  a  drawn  match  with  the  Cornish 
champion,  1826  ;  afterwards  an  innkeeper.  [viii.  410] 

CANNE,  JOHN  (d.  1667?),  theologian  ;  pastor  of  an 
independent  congregation  in  London  ;  pastor  of  the  Eng- 
lish independents  in  Amsterdam,  1630-47  ;  visited  England, 
1640  ;  published  a  reference  bible,  1647  ;  returned  to 


CANNERA 


198 


CANTEBRIG 


1648 ;  garrison  chaplain  at  Hull,  1650,  and  in 
fierce  controversy  with  his  colleague,  John  Shawe ;  ex- 
pelled, 1657 ;  came  to  London ;  returned  to  Amsterdam  ; 
published  'Bible  with  Marginal  Notes,'  1664;  published 
other  theological  and  controversial  works.  [viii.  411] 

CANNERA  or  CAINNER,  SAINT  (d.  530  ?),  an  Irish- 
woman ;  anchorite ;  wished  to  join  the  monastery  of  St. 
Senan,  on  Inis-cathey,  but  was  refused.  [viii.  413] 

CANNING,  CHARLES  JOHN,  EARL  CANNING 
(1812-1862),  governor-general  of  India;  third  son  of 
George  Canning  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton,  and,  1829-33, 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.,  Warwick,  1836  ;  suc- 
ceeded as  Viscount  Canning  in  the  Irish  peerage,  1837 ; 
under-aecretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1841-6 ;  attached 
himself  to  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  postmaster-general,  1853-5 ; 
assumed  the  governor-generalship  of  India,  February 
1856 ;  confronted  by  three  difficulties :  (i.)  war  with 
Persia,  to  restore  Herat  to  Afghanistan,  with  the  question 
of  subsidising  the  ameer,  (ii.)  the  assimilation  of  the  terms 
of  service  of  the  Bengal  native  army  with  those  of  the  Bom- 
bay and  Madras  armies,  especially  as  regards  service  over- 
sea, (Hi)  the  settlement  of  Oudh  (annexed,  7  Feb.  1856) ; 
his  second  year  marked  by  the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny, 
February  1857,  the  wide  extent  of  which  he,  like  other 
officials,  was  slow  to  apprehend;  by  a  happy  instinct, 
gave  full  freedom  of  action  to  Sir  Henry  Lawrence  in 
Oudh,  and  John  Lawrence  in  the  Punjab,  and  showed 
unshaken  confidence  throughout;  involved  in  a  con- 
troversy with  Lord  Elleuborough  about  the  terms  of 
settlement  in  Oudh,  1858 ;  created  earl,  1859 ;  engaged  in 
reorganising  the  financial,  legal,  and  administrative 
systems  in  India,  1859-62.  [viiL  414] 

CANNING,  ELIZABETH  (1734-1773),  impostor;  a 
sawyer's  daughter  ;  maid-servant  in  Aldermanbury ; 
falsely  asserted  that  she  had  been  kidnapped  and  kept 
prisoner  by  a  procuress,  1-29  Jan.  1753 ;  examined  before 
Henry  Fielding  ;  secured  the  conviction  of  the  people 
she  accused  ;  tried  for  perjury  and  transported,  1754. 
Her  case  led  to  a  war  of  pamphlets  and  London  public 
opinion.  [viii.  418] 

CANNING,  GEORGE  (1770-1827),  statesman ;  son  of 
a  barrister ;  brought  up  by  an  uncle,  a  whig  banker  in 
London  :  educated  at  Eton,  and,  1788-91,  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1791 ;  in  horror  of  the 
French  revolution  attached  himself  to  William  Pitt, 
1793  ;  M.P.,  Newport,  1794 ;  M.P.,  Wendover,  1797 ;  under- 
secretary for  foreign  affairs  in  Pitt's  administration, 
1796-9;  member  of  the  India  board,  1799-1800;  pay- 
master-general,  1800-1 ;  opposed  Henry  Addington's 
administration,  1801-4;  treasurer  of  the  navy  in  Pitt's 
administration,  May  1804-February  1806  ;  refused  office 
in  Grenville's  administration  ;  foreign  secretary  in  Port- 
land's administration,  March  1807 ;  planned  seizure  of 
Danish  fleet,  September  1807  :  dissatisfied  with  Castle- 
reagh's  policy  at  the  war  office,  1808  ;  fought  duel  with 
Oastlereagh,  and  resigned  office,  September  1809  ;  refused 
office  under  Spencer  Perceval,  November  1809;  refused 
the  foreign  office  under  Lord  Liverpool,  May  1812  ;  M.P., 
Liverpool,  1812-22;  visited  Portugal  and  the  south  of 
France,  1814-16  ;  designated  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Portugal,  1814 ;  joined  Lord  Liverpool's  administration 
as  president  of  the  India  board,  June  1816;  resigned, 
January  1821,  as  favouring  Queen  Caroline;  wintered 
abroad,  1821-2;  nominated  governor-general  of  India, 
27  March,  but  resigned,  September  1822 ;  M.P.,  Harwich, 
1822  ;  foreign  secretary  in  Lord  Liverpool's  administra- 
tion, September  1822 ;  acknowledged  independence  of 
Spain's  American  colonies,  1823;  shielded  Greece  from 
conquest  by  Turkey,  1825-7 ;  supported  the  popular  party 
in  Portugal  against  absolutism,  1826-7  ;  on  Lord  Liver- 
pool's death,  made  premier  .by  George  IV,  and  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  April  1827  ;  endeavoured  to  reform  the 
corn-laws ;  friend  and  correspondent  of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
His  'Poems'  were  published,  1823,  and  his  'Speeches,' 
1828.  [viii.  420] 

CANNING,  RICHARD  (1708-1775),  Suffolk  anti- 
quary ;  at  Westminster  School,  1723  ;  M.A.St.  Catharine's 
College,  Cambridge,  1735  ;  rector  of  Harkstead,  Suffolk 
1738-69 ;  rector  of  Preston,  Suffolk,  1756-75 ;  published 
sermons,  pamphlets,  a  history  of  Suffolk,  and  Ipswich 
collections.  [viii.  431] 

CANNING,  STRATFORD,  first  VISCOUNT  STRAT- 
FORD DB  RKDCLIFFK  (1786-1880),  diplomatist,  styled  'the 


Great  Elchi,'  i.e.  ambassador  par  excellence ;  educated  at 
Eton,  1794,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1805 ;  clerk 
in  the  foreign  office,  1807  ;  secoud  secretary  to  the  envoy 
to  Denmark,  1807 ;  secretary  to  the  envoy  to  Constanti- 
nople, 1808  •.  left  in  charge  of  the  embassy  at  Constanti- 
nople, 1810,  to  counteract  Napoleon's  influence,  to  protect 
British  interests  in  the  Levant,  and  to  prevent  war 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  so  as  to  leave  Russia  free  to 
fight  Napoleon  ;  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Bucharest  be- 
tween Russia  and  Turkey,  May  1812 ;  returned  to  Lon- 
don ;  pensioned ;  visited  Paris,  1814 ;  plenipotentiary  to 
Switzerland,  1814-20,  to  settle  federal  government  there ; 
his  arrangements  sanctioned  by  the  congress  of  Vienna, 
1815  ;  envoy  to  Washington,  1820-4,  but  failed  to  obtain 
settlement  of  disputed  points ;  envoy  to  St.  Peters- 
burg to  settle  the  Alaska  boundary  and  discuss  the  Greek 
question,  1824 ;  envoy  to  Constantinople  to  obtain  re- 
cognition of  Greek  independence,  1825  ;  his  mediation  on 
behalf  of  Greece  followed  by  the  joint  intervention  of 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Russia  1827,  but  negotiations 
broken  off  by  the  battle  of  Navarino,  October  1827 ; 
withdrew  to  Corfu,  and  to  London,  February  182 
negotiated  the  settlement  of  Greek  affairs  at  Poros", 
with  the  French  and  Russian  envoys,  December  1828  ; 
M.P.,  Old  Sarum,  1828  ;  resigned  his  ambassadorship, 
1829  ;  G.O.B.,  December  1829 ;  M.P.,  Stockbridge,  by  pur- 
chase, 1830  ;  drew  up  the  British  case  in  the  American 
boundary  dispute,  1830  ;  sent  to  Constantinople  to  ob- 
tain enlargement  of  the  Greek  frontier,  November  1831 ; 
fruitlessly  advised  Palmerston  to  support  the  sultan 
against  the  viceroy  of  Egypt,  1832 ;  failed  to  reconcile 
the  rival  parties  in  Portugal,  1832  ;  named  envoy  to  St. 
Petersburg,  1833,  but  the  czar  refused  to  receive  him ; 
declined  governorship  of  Canada,  1835  and  1841 ;  M.P., 
King's  Lynn,  1835-41 ;  ambassador  at  Constantinople, 
1842 ;  obtained  abolition  of  execution  for  apostasy,  1844 ; 
obtained  permission  for  Sir  Henry  Layard  to  explore 
Nineveh ;  home  on  leave,  1846-7  ;  envoy  to  Switzerland, 
November  1847 ;  returned  to  Constantinople,  1848 ;  en- 
couraged Turkey  to  protect  the  refugees  from  Hungary ; 
visited  England  1852  ;  created  Viscount  Stratford  de 
Redcliffe,  May  1852 ;  advised  the  sultan  to  refuse  the 
czar's  demands  for  a  protectorate  over  the  Greek  church, 
1853  ;  visited  the  Crimea,  1855  ;  resigned  his  ambassador- 
ship, 1858  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1858  ;  K.G.,  1869 ;  pub- 
lished verses  and  pamphlets.  A  statue  of  him  was 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [viii.  431] 

CANNON,  RICHARD  (1779-1865),  historian  ;  clerk 
at  the  Horse  Guards,  1802-64 ;  chief  compiler  of  the  in- 
complete official  statement  of  the  services  of  the  several 
regiments,  'Historical  Records  of  the  British  Army,' 
1836-53.  [viii.  444] 

CANNON,  ROBERT  (1663-1722),  ecclesiastic ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1685 ;  D.D.,  1707 ;  married  the  bishop  of  Ely's 
daughter  ;  a  pluralist  in  rectories  and  prebends  ;  dean  of 
Lincoln,  1721  ;  wrote  controversial  tracts.  [viii.  445] 

CANON  or  CANONICUS,  JOHN  (ft.  1329),  school- 
man ;  studied  at  Oxford ;  joined  the  Franciscans  ;  studied 
at  Paris  ;  returned  to  Oxford  and  graduated  D.D. ; 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  '  Sentences '  of  Peter  Lom- 
bard. His  commentary  on  the  '  Physics '  of  Aristotle, 
printed  1476,  and  often  afterwards,  was  a  favourite 
mediaeval  text-work.  [viii.  445] 

CANOT,  PETER  CHARLES  (1710-1777),  line- 
engraver  ;  came  from  France  to  London,  1740  ;  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Artiste,  1766,  and  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  1770.  [viii.  446] 

CANSFIELD,  BENEDICT   (1563-1611).     [See  OAX- 

FIKLU.] 

CANT,  ANDREW  (1590  ?-1663),  covenanting  leader  ; 
invited  by  the  people  to  be  minister  of  Edinburgh,  but 
rejected  by  James  I,  c.  1623  ;  minister  of  Pitsligo,  Aber- 
deeushire,  1633  ;  fruitlessly  endeavoured  to  persuade  the 
university  and  clergy  of  Aberdeen  to  adopt  the  covenant, 
July  1638;  member  of  the  Glasgow  general  assembly 
which  abolished  episcopacy,  1G38 ;  minister  of  Newbattle, 
Midlothian ;  chaplain  to  the  Scottish  army,  1640 ; 
minister  of  Aberdeen,  1640 ;  courageously  advocated 
monarchy  in  the  time  of  Cromwell.  [viii.  446] 

CANTEBEIG  or  CAMBRIDGE,  JOHN  DK  (d. 
1335),  judge  ;  a  large  landowner  near  Cambridge  ;  M.P., 


CANTELUPE 


199 


CANUTE 


Cambridgeshire     from     1321;     king's    seriennt,     1330; 
knighted,  October  1330  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1331. 

[viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE.  CANTILUPE,  CANTELO,  or  CAN- 
TELEO.  FITLK  DK  (/.  12i)'.i),  adherent  of  King  John  ; 
sent  to  expel  tin-  monkl  "f  Ciititcrbury  and  to  administer 
Ihe  archiepiscopal  .•stat.-s.  li'nr.  [viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE,  GEORGE  DE  (d.  1273),  styled  BARON 
OK  BKK<;  \VK\NY  ;  son  of  William,  the  third  baron 
Uiinteinpc  by  tenure  (<l.  1254)  [q.  v.]  and  Eva,  co-heiress 
of  Witliiim  de  Braose  ;  knighted,  1272  ;  put  in  possession 
of  his  estates,  April  1273.  [viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE.  NICHOLAS  DE,  third  BARON  CANTE- 
i.ri'K  by  \vrit  (</.  1355),  lord  of  Gresley,  Nottinghamshire  ; 
with  Kdwanl  II  in  Scotland,  1320;  knighted,  1326; 
governor  of  Jlerwick-on-Tweed,  1336  :  summoned  to  par- 
liament, l.'i.'iT  54  :  served  in  Scotland  and  Flanders,  1339; 
envoy  to  France,  1343  ;  attended  Edward  III  at  Orecy, 
1346 ;  commissioner  to  defend  Lincolnshire,  1362  ;  founded 
a  chantry  in  Lincoln  Cathedral  and  a  Carthusian  house  in 
Nottinghamshire.  [viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE,  ROGER  DE  (ft.  1248),  legist ;  adherent 
of  Henry  III ;  envoy  to  Rome,  1231 ;  perhaps  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  1248.  [viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE,  SIMON,  called  LE  NORMAN  (d.  1249), 
chancellor  ;  envoy  to  Rome,  1238 ;  archdeacon  of  Norwich, 
1238-40 ;  chancellor,  August  1238,  but  removed  for  op- 
posing wool  tax,  1239.  [viii.  447] 

CANTELUPE,  THOMAS  DK  (12187-1282),  saint; 
bishop  of  Hereford  ;  son  of  William  de  Cantelupe,  second 
baron  [q.  v.] ;  nephew  of  Walter  de  Cantelupe  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Worcester;  studied  possibly  at  Oxford,  1237, 
afterwards  at  Paris ;  attended  council  of  Lyons,  1245, 
and  obtained  papal  dispensation  to  hold  benefices  in 
plurality ;  studied  civil  law  at  Orleans  and  canon  law  at 
Paris ;  taught  canon  law  at  Oxford  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1262-3 ;  stated  the  case  of  the  revolted  barons 
before  St.  Louis  at  Amiens,  1263-4  ;  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  February-August  1265  ;  pensioned  by  Henry  III, 
March  1265,  but  took  refuge  at  Paris  in  August ;  lectured 
in  theology  at  Paris,  and,  1272,  at  Oxford ;  possibly  again 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University  ;  prebendary  of  Hereford, 
1273,  in  a  place  claimed  by  Peter  de  Langona ;  held 
several  canonries  and  rich  rectories,  especially  in  Here- 
fordshire, in  plurality  ;  attended  council  at  Lyons,  1274  ; 
elected  bishop  of  Hereford,  June,  and  consecrated,  Septem- 
ber 1275  ;  chief  supporter  of  Edward  I  and  opponent  of 
Llewelyn  of  Wales  ;  a  bitter  enemy  of  the  Jews  ;  active 
in  reforming  diocese  of  Hereford,  and  in  maintaining 
claims  of  see  against  Earl  Gilbert  of  Gloucester,  1278, 
Lord  Corbet,  and  the  bishops  of  St.  Asaph  and  St.  David's ; 
led  the  opposition  to  Archbishop  Peckham  in  the  council 
at  Reading,  July  1279  ;  involved  in  a  bitter  dispute  with 
Peckham  regarding  jurisdiction  ;  withdrew  for  safety  to 
Normandy,  and  appealed  against  Peckham  to  Rome,  c. 
1281 ;  vigorously  sued  at  Rome  for  the  prebend  of  Here- 
ford by  Peter  de  Langona,  1281 ;  tried  to  bribe  the  curia  ; 
excommunicated  by  Peckham  through  a  dispute  as  to 
jurisdiction  ;  appealed  to  Rome ;  went  in  person  to  Italy 
to  press  his  appeal,  March  1282  ;  died  at  Orvieto,  August ; 
buried  in  Hereford  Cathedral ;  translated  to  a  new  tomb 
there,  1287  ;  miracles  worked  at  his  tomb  ;  popularly  ac- 
cepted as  a  saint ;  the  pope  urged  to  canonise  him,  1290, 
1299, 1305  ;  canonised  by  Pope  John  XXII  as  St.  Thomas 
of  Hereford,  1320.  [viii.  448] 

CANTELUPE,  WALTER  DE(<*.  1266),  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester; defender  of  English  liberties  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  crown  and  the  papacy;  second  son  of 
William,  first  baron  Cantelupe  [q.  v.] ;  pluralist,  while 
still  in  minor  orders  ;  at  Rome,  1229  ;  justice  itiner- 
ant, 1231;  elected  bishop  of  Worcester,  1236;  ordained 
deacon  and  priest,  and  consecrated  bishop  at  Viterbo, 
May  1237 ;  enthroned,  October  1237  ;  defended  plurali- 
ties against  the  papal  legate,  Otho,  at  the  council  of  St. 
Paul's,  1237 ;  laboured  earnestly  to  reform  his  diocese ; 
mediated  between  BisJiop  Grosseteste  and  the  chapter 
of  Lincoln,  1239;  escorted  Otho  ns  far  as  Burgundy, 
1241;  tirLrpd  Henry  III  to  accept  William  de  Raleigh  as 
bishop  of  Winchester  ;  accompanied  Archbishop  Boniface 
to  the  papal  court  at  Lyons,  1245  ;  promised  to  join  the 
crusaders,  1247  ;  again  at  Lyons,  1260  ;  a  second  time 
vowed  to  go  on  crusade,  1250  ;  resisted  Archbishop  Boni- 


face's claim  of  the  right  of  visitation,  1251,  and  the  pope's 
demand  of  a  tenth  for  Henry  1 1 1,  1252  ;  joined  in  excom- 
i  municating  the  infringers  of  Magna  Charta,  1253  ;  went 
with  Henry  III  to  Gascony,  1253,  and  was  sent  as  envoy 
to  Castile ;  resisted  demand  for  an  aid  for  the  pope  and 
Henry  III,  1255  ;  envoy  to  France,  1267  ;  a  representative 
of  the  barons  on  the  committee  of  regency  ('  provisions  of 
Oxford'),  1258;  aided  Prince  Edward's  escape  from 
Bristol,  1264 ;  encouraged  the  barons  at  Lewes,  1264,  and 
Evesham,  1265  ;  suspended  by  Ottoboni  and  summoned  to 
Rome  ;  died  before  starting,  and  was  buried  in  Worcester 
Cathedral.  [viii.  452] 

CANTELUPE,  WILLIAM  DE,  first  BARON  CANTK- 
LUPE  (rf.  1239),  a  constant  adherent  of  King  John ; 
steward  of  the  household ;  sheriff  of  Warwick,  Leicester, 
Worcester,  and  Hereford  for  John ;  justiciar,  1203 ;  at- 
tached himself  to  Henry  III,  1216  ;  sheriff  of  Warwick 
and  Leicester ;  justice  itinerant  in  Bedfordshire,  1218 ;  a 
witness  to  the  confirmation  of  Magna  Charta,  1236  ; 
founder  of  Studley  Hospital.  [viii.  454] 

CANTELUPE,  WILLIAM  DE,  second  BARON  OANTE- 
LtTPE  (d.  1251),  son  of  William  de  Cantelupe,  first  baron 
[q.  v.]  ;  an  adherent  of  King  John  and  of  Henry  III ; 
steward  of  the  household  to  Henry  III ;  envoy  to  the 
papal  court  at  Lyons,  1245.  [viii.  454] 

CANTELUPE,  WILLIAM  DE,  third  BARON  CANTE- 
LUPE (d.  1254),  son  of  William  de  Cantelupe,  second 
baron  [q.  v.] ;  obtained  by  marriage  the  honour  of  Ber- 
gavenny  ;  accompanied  Henry  III  to  Gascony,  1263. 

CANTERBURY,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  MANNERS-SUT- 
TON,  CHARLES,  first  VISCOUNT,  1780-1845 ;  MANNKRS- 
SUTTON,  JOHN  HENRY  THOMAS,  third  VISCOUNT,  1814- 
1877.] 

CANTLLLON,  RICHARD  (d.  1734),  economist;  of 
Irish  extraction  ;  merchant  in  London  and  Paris  ;  said  to 
have  helped  John  Law  to  float  his  paper-money  scheme  in 
Paris,  1716 ;  returned  to  London  ;  murdered  by  his  cook. 
His  '  Essai  sur  la  Nature  du  Commerce'  (published,  1755), 
contains  striking  anticipations  of  later  theories. 

CANTON,  JOHN  (1718-1772),  electrician ;  Twelver's 
apprentice;  went  to  London,  1737,  and  taught  school 
there ;  conducted  valuable  experiments  in  electricity  and 
magnetism  ;  F.R.S.,  1749.  [viii.  456] 

CANTRELL,  HENRY  (1685  7-1773),  controversialist ; 
educated  at  Derby  grammar  school ;  M.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1710 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Alkmund's, 
Derby,  1712-73  ;  wrote  against  lay-baptism,  [viii.  457] 

CANTWELL,  ANDREW  (d.  1764),  physician ;  of 
j  Irish  birth ;  graduated  in  medicine  at  MoutpeUier,  1729  : 
I  migrated  to  Paris,  1733  ;  M.D.  Paris,  1742,  and  professor 
;  of  surgery,  1750,  and  of  pharmacy,  1762  ;  a  bitter  oppo- 
i  nent  of  inoculation  against  small-pox ;  visited  England  ; 
j  wrote  on  medical  subjects.  [viii.  457] 

CANUTE  or  CNUT  (9947-1035),  called  'the  Great,' 

king  of  the  English,  Danes,  and  Norwegians;   son  of 

Sweyn,  king  of    the    Danes ;    a   pagan    in  childhood ; 

j  baptised,  c.  1000 ;  accompanied  Sweyn  in  his  invasion 

I  of  England,  1013  ;  acknowledged  as  king  of  England  by 

the    invaders    on   Sweyn's   death,  near   Gainsborough, 

February   1014  ;  outlawed,  the  witan   having  recalled 

j  ^Ethelred  from  Normandy ;  withdrew  before  the  forces 

j  of  ^Ethelred,  1014,  to  Sandwich  in  Kent,  where  he  muti- 

|  lated  his  English  hostages,  and  thence  to  Denmark  ;  soon 

i  supplanted  his  brother  Harold,  who  had  been  (1014) 

!  acknowledged  king  of    Denmark ;   made   war    on    the 

Slavs  on  the  south  coast  of  the  Baltic  ;  openly  resisted 

by  Olaf  Haroldsson,  who  was  made  king  of  Norway, 

1014-15 ;    ravaged    Wessex,    1015,   and    Warwickshire, 

1016  ;  marched  to  York,  and  received  the  submission  of 

Northumbria ;  fruitlessly  besieged  London,  May  1016  ; 

suffered  defeat  in  Kent,  but  routed  Eadmund,  ^Ethelred's 

successor,  at  Assandun  (?Ashington,  Essex);  followed 

Eadmund  into  Gloucestershire,  and.  by  the  treaty  of 

Olney  Isle,  arranged  that  Eadmund  should  have  Wessex, 

and  probably  East  Anglia,  while  he  himself  ruled  the 

north  ;  wintered  at  London ;   chosen  by  the  witan  at 

London,  1017,  king  of  all  England,  after  the  murder  of 

Eadmund  (1016) ;  married  Emma  or  ^Elfgifu,  -Sthelred's 

widow,  arranging  that  if  a  son  were  born  to  her  he  should 

succeed  to  the  crown,  excluding  Cnut's  sons,  Harold  and 


CANUTE 


200 


CAPPE 


Sweyn,  by    .Wfgifu    [q.  v.]  ;    levied   a    large  subsidy, 
1018;  paid  and  dismissed  his  Danish  forces;   hold  a 


gemot  at  Oxford,  where  he  vowed  to  rule  justly  : 

:!iark,  1019,  and  fought  against  the  Wends  ;  returned 
to  England,  1020,  and  courted  English  favour,  by  bene- 
factions to  many  monasteries  and  honours  to  English 
saints  :  fouirht  in  Wihtland,  Esthonia,  1022  ;  demanded 
the  submission  of  Olaf  of  Norway  ;  was  defeated  by  the 
None  and  Swedes  in  the  Helga  river  ;  crushed  a  rising 
in  Denmark,  1026  ;  visited  Rome,  1027,  and  was  present 
at  the  coronation  of  the  Emperor  Conrad,  with  whom  he 
agreed  to  make  the  river  Eider  the  boundary  between 
Denmark  and  Germany  ;  invaded  Scotland,  c.  1027  ;  re- 
conquered Norway,  1028  ;  sent  his  son  Sweyn  to  govern 
Norway,  1030,  and  his  son  Harthacnut  to  govern  Den- 
mark ;  benefactor  to  the  church  ;  died  at  Shaftesbury, 
and  was  buried  at  Winchester  ;  bequeathed  England  and 
Denmark  to  Harthacnut,  and  Norway  to  Sweyn.  [ix.  1] 

CANTTTE,  ROBERT  (fl.  1170).  [See  ROBERT  OF 
CRICKLADE.] 

CANTANE,  PETER  (1720-1786),  introducer  of  castor 
oil  into  British  pharmacy  ;  born  in  America  ;  studied 
medicine  at  Leyden  and  Rheims  ;  L.O.P.  London,  1744  ; 
practised  at  St.  Kitts,  West  Indies,  and  afterwards  at 
Bath  ;  withdrew  to  Brussels.  [ix.  8] 

CANYNGES,  WILLIAM  (1399?-1474),  merchant 
and  five  times  mayor  of  Bristol  (1441,  1449,  1457,  1461, 
1466  )  ;  brought  up  by  his  stepfather,  a  Bristol  merchant, 
1406  ;  traded  with  Iceland  and  Finmark,  1450  ;  M.P., 
Bristol,  1461  and  1455;  supported  the  Yorkists  and 
Edward  IV  ;  rebuilt  St.  Mary  Redcliff  e,  Bristol,  and  the 
college  at  Westbury  ;  became  a  monk  at  Westbury,  1467, 
and  dean  of  the  college,  1469.  [ix.  8] 

CAPE,  WILLIAM  TIMOTHY  (1806-1863),  Aus- 
tralian colonist  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  ; 
taken  to  Tasmania  by  his  father,  1821,  and  to  Sydney, 
1822  ;  assistant  to  his  father  in  Sydney  public  school  ; 
head-master,  1829  ;  kept  private  school,  1830  ;  head- 
master of  Sydney  College,  1835-42  ;  kept  private  school, 
1842-55  ;  member  of  New  South  Wales  legislature,  1859  ; 
magistrate  ;  died  in  London  while  on  a  visit,  [ix.  10] 

CAPEL,  ARTHUR,  first  BARON  CAPEL  OF  HADHAM 
(1610?-1649),  royalist  leader;  a  Hertfordshire  squire; 
M.P.  for  Hertfordshire  in  the  Short  parliament,  1640,  and 
the  Long  parliament,  1640;  attached  himself  to  the 
court  party  ;  created  Baron  Capel  of  Hadham,  1641  ; 
attended  Charles  I  to  York,  January  1642  ;  his  estates 
confiscated  by  parliament,  1643  ;  the  king's  lieutenant- 
general  in  Shropshire,  Cheshire,  and  North  Wales,  1643  ; 
appointed  to  attend  the  Prince  of  Wales  ;  commissioner 
for  Charles  I  at  Ux  bridge,  1645  ;  escorted  the  queen  to 
Paris,  1646;  withdrew  to  Jersey;  obtained  leave  to 
reside  in  Hertfordshire;  aided  Charles  I's  escape  from 
Hampton  Court,  November  1647  ;  joined  the  insurgents 
of  1648  ;  surrendered  at  Colchester,  August  1648  ;  es- 
caped from  the  Tower  ;  re-arrested  ;  condemned  by  the 
parliament,  1649,  and  beheaded.  [ix.  10] 

CAPEL.    ARTHUR,    EARL   OF    ErfsKx    (1631-1683), 
eldest  son  of  Arthur  Oapel,  first  baron  Capel  of  Hadham 
[q.  v.]  ;  fought  in  the  king's  army,  1643;  succeeded  to 
barony,  1649  ;    lord-lieutenant  of    Hertfordshire,    1660  ; 
created  Earl  of  Essex,  April  1661  ;  opposed  Charles  II's 
endeavours   to   obtain    arbitrary    power   and    leanings  ! 
towards  Catholicism  ;  travelled  in   France,  1667  ;  lord-  I 
lieutenant  of  Wiltshire,  1668  ;  envoy  to  Denmark,  1670;  j 
lord-lieutenant  of   Ireland,  1672  ;    hated   by  the  king's  I 
favourites  for  opposing  grants  to  them  ;  recalled,  April 
1677;   joined  the  opponent*  of   Danby,  1678;  accepted  I 
the  '  Popish  plot'  story  ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  March  i 
to  November  1679  ;  joined  Shaftesbury  in  advocating  the 
Exclusion   Bill,    1680;    petitioned    Charles    II    against 
holding  the  parliament  at  Oxford,  1681  ;  spoke  bitterly 
against  the  popish  peers  ;  associated  himself  with  Mon- 
mouth's  schemes,  1682;  his  share  in  them  betrayed  by 
Lord  Howard  of  Escrick  ;  sent  to  the  Tower  ;  found 
with  his  throat  cut,  July  1683,  having  probably  committed  i 
suicide,  though  many  thought  him  assassinated  by  order 
of  the  court.    His  extensive  correspondence  is  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum  Library.  [ix.  12] 

OAPEL,  SIR  HENRY,  BARON  CAPEL  OP  TKWKKS- 
BURT  (d.  1696),  second  son  of  Arthur  Oapel,  first  baron 
Capel  of  Hadham  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1661  ;  a  commissioner  of 


the  admiralty,  1679-80  ;  supported  the  Exclusion  Bill  in  the 
Commons,  1680  ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1689  and 
1692  ;  created  Baron  Capel  of  Tewkesbury,  1692  ;  lord 
justice  in  Ireland,  1693  ;  lonl  deputy.  May  1695  ;  induced 
the  Irish  parliament  to  annul  James  II's  acts.  [ix.  17] 

CAPEL,  RICHARD  (1586-1656),  puritan;  demy  of 
Mairdaleu,  College,  Oxford,  1604;  M.A.,  1607;  fellow, 
1608-14 ;  chaplain  to  Carr,  earl  of  Somerset,  1613  ;  rector 
of  Eastington,  Gloucestershire,  1613  ;  resigned,  declining  to 
read  in  his  church  the  '  Book  of  Sports,'  1633  ;  licensed 
to  practise  physic ;  puritan  preacher,  1641 ;  published 
sermons  and  tracts.  [ix.  17] 

CAPEL,  SIR  THOMAS  BLADEN  (1776-1853)),  ad- 
miral ;  put  on  the  navy  books,  1782 ;  in  active  service, 
1792-1837 ;  lieutenant,  1797 ;  fought  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile,  1797 ;  captain,  1798  ;  at  Trafalgar,  1805 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1825 ;  K.C.B.,  1832 ;  commander-in-chief  in  East 
Indies,  1834-7  ;  admiral,  1847.  [ix.  18] 

CAPEL,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  ESSEX  (1697- 
1743),  succeeded  to  earldom,  1709  ;  gentleman  of  the  bed- 
chamber  to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  1718,  and  to  George  II, 
1727;  lord-lieutenant  of  Hertfordshire,  1727;  envoy  to 
Turin,  1731-6  ;  K.G.,  1738.  [ix.  19] 

CAPELL,  ED  WARD  (1713-1781),  Shakespearean  com- 
mentator: educated  at  Cambridge;  deputy-inspector  of 
plays,  1737;  published  a  text  of  Shakespeare,  10  vols. 
1768 ;  began  to  publish  his  commentary,  1774  ;  bequeathed 
part  of  his  library  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  His 
commentary  appeared  (3  vols.)  in  1783.  [Ix.  19] 

CAPELL-CONUfGSBY,  CATHERINE,  COUNTESS  OF 
ESSEX  (1794-1882).  [See  STEPHENS,  CATHERINE.] 

CAPELLANTTS,  JOHN  (fl.  1410  ?),  real  name  JOHN 
WALTON  ;  translated  into  English  verse  Boethius's  '  De 
Consolatione  Philosophise.'  [ix.  20] 

OAPERN,  EDWARD  (1819-1894), « the  rural  postman 
of  Bideford';  employed  in  lace  factory  at  Tiverton; 
rural  letter  carrier  at  Bideford,  1847  ;  published  by  sub- 
scription, 1856,  his  '  Poems,'  which  attracted  much  favour- 
able attention ;  subsequently  published  verses. 

[Suppl.  i.  393] 

CAPGRAVE,  JOHN  (1393-1464),  theologian  and 
historian ;  studied  perhaps  at  Cambridge  ;  an  Augustinian 
friar ;  resided  most  of  his  life  in  the  friary  at  Lynn  ;  or- 
dained priest,  c.  1418 ;  D.D.,  possibly  of  Oxford ;  visited 
Rome;  a  client  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester;  pro- 
vincial of  the  Augustinian  friars,  1466 ;  wrote  in  Latin 
sermons,  theological  tracts,  and  commentaries  on  many 
books  of  scripture.  His  chief  Latin  historical  works  are 
Nova  Legenda  Anglise,'  -De  illustribus  Henricis,'  and 
Vita  Humfredi  Duels  Glocestrise.'  In  English  he  wrote 
lives  of  Sfe.  Gilbert  of  Sempringham  and  of  St.  Katharine, 
also  a  chronicle  of  English  history  extending  to  A.D.  1417. 

[ix.  20] 

CAPON,  JOHN,  alias  SALCOT  (d.  1557),  bishop  of 
Salisbury  ;  Benedictine  monk ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1488 ; 
prior  of  St.  John's  Abbey,  Colchester ;  D.D.  Cambridge, 
1515;  preached  at  court,  1616-17;  abbot  of  St.  Benet's 
Hulme,  Norfolk ;  client  of  Cardinal  Wolsey ;  solicited  Cam- 
bridge University  for  a  decree  hi  favour  of  Henry  VIII's 
divorce,  1530 :  abbot  of  Hyde,  near  Winchester,  1530-9  ; 
nominated  bishop  of  Bangor,  1533 ;  consecrated,  1534,  in 
defiance  of  the  pope's  veto  ;  translated  to  Salisbury,  1639 : 
surrendered  Hyde  Abbey  to  the  king ;  reconciled  to  Rome, 
1553.  [ix.  22] 

CAPON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1550),  ecclesiastic ;  B.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1499;  D.D.,  1617;  fellow  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  a  pluralist  in  benefices  and  prebends ;  chaplain 
to  Cardinal  Wolsey  ;  master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1516-46  ;  dean  of  Wolsey's  short-lived  college  at  Ipswich, 
1528.  [ix.  23] 

CAPON,  WILLIAM  (1757-1827),  architect  and  scene- 
painter  ;  a  portrait  painter ;  scene-painter  at  Drury  Lane, 
1794-1809,  and  at  Oovent  Garden,  1802 ;  architectural 
draughtsman  to  Duke  of  York,  1804 ;  exhibited  views  of 
i>uil. lings  at  the  Royal  Academy  ;  made  plans  of  the  old 
palace  of  Westminster  and  the  substructure  of  the  abbey. 

[ix.  23] 

CAPPE,  NEWOOME  (1733-1800),  Unitarian;  edu- 
cated by  dissenting  ministers ;  pastor  of  St.  Saviourgate 
chapel,  York,  1766-1800;  published  sermons  and  theo- 
logical tracta,  [ix.  24] 


CAPPER 


201 


CARDROSS 


CAPPER,  FRANCIS  (1735-1818),  divine;  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  rector 
of  Monk  tfohiim  and  Earl  Soham,  Suffolk,  1769-1818. 

[ix.  25] 

CAPPER.  JAMES  (1743-1825),  meteorologist ;  edu- 
cated  at  Harrow;  colonel  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service ;  afterwards  resided  in  South  Wales  and  Norfolk ; 
\vrot«-  \-iatic  itineraries  and  books  on  meteorological  sub- 
jects and  farming.  [ix.  25] 

CAPPER,  JOSEPH  (1727-1804),  eccentric;  grocer  in 
London  ;  lodged  in  the  Horns  inn,  Kennington,  1779-1804. 

[ix.  25] 

CAPPER,  LOUISA  (1776-1840),  daughter  of  James 
Capper  [q.  v.j ;  published  an  abridgment  of  '  Locke  on  the 
Human  Understanding,' 1811.  [ix.  25] 

CAPPOCH,  THOMAS  (1719-1746).    [See  OOPPOCK.] 

CARACCIOLI,  CHARLES  (/.  1766),  topographer; 
master  of  Arundel  grammar  school;  published,  1776, 
•  I  'in-  Antiquities  of  Arundel.'  Other  works  of  doubtful 
authenticity  are  attributed  to  him.  [ix.  26] 

CARACTACUS  (ft.  50),  king  of  the  Britons;  his 
name  in  English,  Caradoc,  in  Welsh,  Caradawg ;  a  son  of 
Cunobelin  of  Colchester;  as  chief  of  the  Catuvellauni, 
took  the  lead  in  resisting  the  Roman  invasion,  A.D.  43  ; 
(Irtrated  on  the  Thames  and  in  Essex  ;  withdrew  to  South 
\Vnlt-s,  and  continued  to  harass  the  Romans;  defeated 
(perhaps  near  Shrewsbury),  A.D.  50;  sent  captive  to 
Rome ;  died  in  captivity.  [ix.  26] 

CARADOC,  SIR  JOHN  FRANCIS,  first  BARON  How- 
DKN  (1762-1839),  general;  only  son  of  John  Cradock 
[q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Dublin;  changed  his  name  to 
Caradoc  in  1820  :  cornet,  1777 ;  captain,  1781  ;  major, 
1785  ;  M.P.  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1785-1800 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1789 ;  served  in  West  Indies,  1790  and  1793-5 ; 
stationed  in  Ireland,  1795 ;  took  active  part  in  suppressing 
Iri<h  rebellion,  1798;  major-general,  1798;  served  in 
Egypt,  1801 ;  K.B.,  1803 ;  commander-in-chief  at  Madras, 
1804-7  ;  lieutenant-general,  1805  ;  partly  responsible  for 
mutiny  at  Vellore,  1806 ;  took  command  in  Portugal,  1808 ; 
removed  to  the  governorship  of  Gibraltar,  1809  ;  governor 
of  the  Cape,  1811-14 ;  general,  1812  ^created  Baron  How- 
den  in  the  Irish  peerage,  1819,  and  in  the  English  peerage, 
1831.  [ix.  27] 

CARADOC,  SIR  JOHN  HOBART,  second  BARON 
HOWDEN  (1799-1873),  diplomatist ;  only  child  of  Sir  John 
Francis  Caradoc,  first  baron  Howden  [q.  v.] ;  ensign, 
1816  ;  aide-de-camp  in  France,  1815-18 ;  captain,  1818 ; 
aide-de-camp  at  Lisbon  and  in  Malta;  on  the  embassy 
staff  at  Berlin,  1824,  and  Paris,  1825 ;  major,  1825  ;  envoy 
to  Egypt,  1827;  M.P.,  Dundalk,  1830;  military  attache 
with  the  French  army,  1832,  and  the  Spanish  army,  1834 ; 
succeeded  to  barony,  1839 ;  colonel,  1841 ;  minister  to 
Brazil.  1847-50 ;  broke  up  the  British  blockade  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  1847;  minister  at  Madrid,  1850-8;  lieutenant- 
general,  1859  ;  G.C.B. ;  died  at  Bayonne.  [ix.  29] 

CARADOG  (d.  1035),  a  South  Welsh  prince  ;  a  son  of 
Rhydderch ;  fought  against  the  sons  of  Edwin,  1032-5 ; 
slain  by  the  English.  [ix.  30] 

CARADOG  OF  LLANCARVAN  (d.  1147  ?),  Welsh  chro- 
nicler ;  of  the  suite  of  Earl  Robert  of  Gloucester ;  a 
friend  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth ;  wrote  continuation  of 
Geoffrey's  chronicle,  and  other  works,  not  now  extant. 

[ix.  30] 

CARADORI-ALLAN,  MARIA  OATERINA  ROSAL- 
BINA  (1800-1865),  vocalist:  born  at  Milan;  daughter  of 
Baron  de  Munck  ;  took  her  mother's  maiden  name,  Oara- 
dori,  for  her  professional  name  ;  married  E.  T.  Allan,  secre- 
tary of  the  King's  Theatre,  London,  1824  ;  sang  in  the 
Italian  opera  in  London,  1822-7,  in  Venice,  1830,  and 
again  in  London  in  1834  ;  quitted  the  stage,  and  sang  in 
oratorios  and  concerts ;  retired,  1845.  [ix.  30] 

CARANTACTJS,  in  Welsh  OARANNOO,  SAINT  O?.450), 
said  to  have  declined  the  princedom  of  Cardigan  in  order 
to  become  a  hermit;  joined  St.  Patrick,  and  laboured 
wit  h  him  in  the  conversion  of  Ireland ;  changed  his  name 
to  Cernach  ;  perhaps  to  be  identified  with  the  St.  Cairnech 
whose  festival  is  16  May ;  returned  to  Wales ;  died  in 
Ireland.  [ix.  31] 

CARAUSmS  (245  ?-293),  Roman  emperor  in  Britain  ; 
originally  pilot  on  the  Scheldt ;  served  under  the  Emperor 


Maximian  against  the  revolted  Gauls,  286 ;  given  com- 
mand of  the  Boulogne  fleet  against  the  Saxon  pirates; 
enriched  himself  by  plunder  ;  suspecting  Maximian's  hos- 
tility, crossed  to  Britain,  proclaimed  himself  emperor, 
raised  troops,  and  struck  coins,  287  ;  defeated  Maximian's 
fleet;  admitted  to  partnership  in  tin;  empire,  290;  his 
garrison  at  Boulogne  subdued  byConstantius,  292  ;  assassi- 
nated by  Allectns  [q.  v.]  Hia  coins,  chiefly  minted  at 
London  and  Colchester,  are  exceptionally  numerous. 

CARBERY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  VAUGHAN,  RICHARD, 
second  EARL  of,  1600  ?-1686;  VAUQHAN,  JOHN,  third 
EARL  of,  1640-1713.] 

CARD,  HENRY  (1779-1844),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  1800  :  D.D.,  1823  ;  vicar  of  Great  Malvern,  1815, 
and  of  Dormiugton,  Herefordshire,  1832  ;  published  verses 
and  historical  and  theological  tracts.  [ix.  36] 

CARDAIE,  JOHN  BATE  (1802-1877),  founder  of  the 
Catholic  Apostolic  (popularly  called  the  Irvingite)  church  : 
son  of  a  wealthy  London  solicitor ;  educated  at  Rugby, 
1815-18 ;  practised  as  solicitor  in  London,  1824-34 ;  went 
to  Scotland,  1830,  to  investigate  the  reported  'speaking 
with  tongues ' ;  opened  a  prayer-meeting  in  London,  to 
wait  for  the  gift,  October  1830  ;  the  gift  of  speaking  •  In  a 
tongue '  obtained  by  his  wife,  1831 ;  became,  1831, '  apostle ' 
of  the  new  church ;  member,  with  his  wife,  of  Edward 
Irving's  [q.  v.]  congregation,  in  which  (October  1831) 
speaking  with  tongues  began ;  ordained  Irving  to  be  minis- 
ter of  the  new  church,  1833 ;  settled  at  Albury,  Surrey, 
1835,  where  a  cathedral  was  built ;  issued  liturgy,  1842 ; 
published  sermons  and  theological  tracts.  [ix.  36] 

CARDALE,  PAUL  (1705-1775),  Socinian;  educated 
at  a  nonconformist  seminary  in  Derbyshire,  1720  ;  presby- 
ter ian  preacher  at  Kidderminster,  1726;  minister  at 
Evesham,  1733-75 ;  published,  anonymously,  many  Soci- 
nian sermons  and  tracts,  1740-74.  [ix.  38] 

CARDER,  PETER  (fl.  1577-1586),  a  Cornish  sea- 
man ;  appeared  in  England,  November  1586,  with  a  tale 
that  he  had  sailed  with  Sir  Francis  Drake,  November 

1577,  been  wrecked  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  October 

1578,  lived  with  savages,  and  made  his  way  to  Pernam- 
buco.  [ix.  39] 

CARDIGAN,  seventh  EARL  OP  (1797-1868).  [See 
BRUDENELL,  JAMES  THOMAS.] 

CARDMAKER/aZuw  TAYLOR,  JOHN  (d.  1556),  pro- 
testant  martyr  ;  an  Observant  friar ;  married  after  the 
suppression  of  his  order  by  Henry  VIII ;  vicar  of  St. 
Bridget's,  Fleet  Street,  and  lecturer  at  St.  Paul's  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Wells ;  tried  to  escape  over  sea  ;  arrested  in 
London,  November  1554  ;  sentenced  to  death  for  heresy, 
May  1555  ;  burnt  in  Smithfield.  [ix.  39] 

CARDON,  ANTHONY  (1772-1813),  engraver;  a 
native  of  Brussels;  came  to  London,  1792;  illustrated 
books  ;  engraved  in  stipple,  chiefly  portraits  and  battle- 
pieces,  [ix.  40] 

CARDON,  PHILIP  (d.  1817  ?),  engraver,      [ix.  40] 

CARDONNE1,  ADAM  [DE]  (d.  1719),  secretary  to 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  from  1692  throughout  his  cam- 
paigns ;  sou  of  a  Huguenot  refugee  ;  clerk  In  the  war 
office  ;  M.P.  for  Southampton,  1701 ;  his  name  put  for- 
ward by  Marlborough  for  the  secretaryship  of  war, 
January  1710,  but  rejected  by  the  tories  ;  expelled  the 
house  on  a  charge  of  receiving  gratuities  from  army  con- 
tractors, 1712.  [ix.  40] 

CARDONNEL,  afterwards  CARDONNEL-LAWSON, 
ADAM  [MANSFELDT]  DE  (d.  1820),  antiquary;  by 
profession  a  surgeon;  studied  antiquities  and  numis- 
matics ;  F.S.A.  Scotland,  1780 :  resided  in  Edinburgh  ; 
gave  much  assistance  to  Francis  Grose  ;  took  the  name 
Lawsoii  and  removed  to  Northumberland,  on  succession 
to  an  estate,  c.  1790  ;  often  visited  Bath  ;  published 
treatises  on  Scottish  coins  and  antiquities.  [ix.  41] 

CARDONNEL,  PHILIP  DB  (d.  1667),  author  of 
verses  on  Charles  II's  marriage.  [ix.  41] 

CARDROSS,  BARONS.  [See  ERSKINB,  DANIEL,  second 
BAKON,  1616-1671;  ERSKINE,  HKNRY,  third  BABON, 
1660-1693.] 


CARD  WELL 


202 


CAREW 


CARDWELL,  HOWARD  (1787-1861),  church  his- 
toriau  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1809  :  D.D.,  18:il ; 
fellow  and  tutor  ;  Camden  professor  of  ancient  history, 
1826-61  ;  rector  of  Stoke  Brnerne,  Northamptonshire. 
1828 ;  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1831-61 ;  pub- 
IMu-d  sermons,  editions  of  Aristotle's  '  Ethics,'  the  Greek 
Testament,  and  .losophiis,  and  oolUvtimi-  for  tin-  history 
(1546-1717)  of  the  church  of  England  and  of  the  prayer- 
book,  [ix.  42] 

CARDWELL,  EDWARD,  VBCOCST  CARDWKLL  (1813- 
1886  X  statesman  ;  son  of  Liverpool  merchant ;  educated 
at  Winchester  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1835 ; 
barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1838  :  M.P.  for  Clitheroe, 
1843  ;  attached  himself  to  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  secretary  to 
the  treasury,  1845-6  ;  M.P.  for  Liverpool,  1847-52 ;  M.P. 
for  Oxford  city,  1852 ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
in  Lord  Aberdaen's  coalition  cabinet,  1852-5 ;  carried 
through  the  Merckant  Shipping  Act,  1864  served  on  the 
commission  regarding  the  manning  of  the  navy,  1858 : 
secretary  for  Ireland  under  Lord  Palmerston,  1859-61 : 
secretary  for  the  colonies  under  Lord  Palmerston  and 
Russell,  1864-6  :  withdrew  British  troops  from  colonial 
stations  and  abolished  transportation  ;  secretary  for  war 
under  Mr.  Gladstone,  1868-74;  introduced  short  service 
and  the  army  reserve ;  abolished  commissions  by  pur- 
chase ;  created  Viscount  Cardwell,  1874.  [ix.  43] 

CARE,  HENRY  (1646-1688),  journalist;  edited  a 
partisan  anti- Romanist  journal,  called  the  'Weekly 
Pacqnet  of  Advice  from  Rome,'  1678-9,  suppressed  in 
1680,  but  afterwards  continued  till  1683  :  published  seve- 
ral controversial  pamphlets  and  some  translations. 

[ix.  48] 

CARELESS,  WILLIAM  (<*.  1689).     [See  CARLOS.] 

CARENCROSS,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1701X  [See 
CAIRNCROSS.] 

CAREW.    [See  also  CAREY  and  CART.] 

CAREW,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1609-1644),  second 
baronet,  of  Antony,  Cornwall ;  M.P.  for  Cornwall,  1640  ; 
governor  for  the  parliament  of  St.  Nicholas  Island  in 
Plymouth  harbour ;  arrested  on  suspicion  of  betraying 
his  charge ;  found  guilty,  1644  ;  executed  on  Tower  Hill. 

[ix.  46] 

CAREW,  BAMPYLDE  MOORE  (1693-1770?),  king 
of  the  gipsies ;  son  of  a  Devonshire  rector ;  ran  away 
from  Tiverton  school,  and  joined  the  gipsies ;  became  a 
clever  sharper:  went  to  Newfoundland;  returned  to 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  ;  elected  king  of  the  English  gipsies  ; 
transported  to  Maryland ;  escaped,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land ;  followed  Prince  Charles  Edward's  army  to  Derby. 
1745.  [ix.  47] 

CAREW,  SIR  BENJAMIN  HALLOWELL  (1760- 
1834),  admiral;  named  Hallowell  up  to  1828,  when  he 
took  the  name  Oarew  on  succeeding  to  certain  property  ; 
born  in  Canada  ;  served  in  the  navy,  chiefly  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1781-1814 ;  commander,  179U  :  commanded  a  ship 
in  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  1798  ;  presented  Nelson  with  a 
coffin  made  of  the  timbers  of  the  L'Orient ;  rear-admiral, 
1811 ;  K.O.B.,  1816 ;  commanded  on  home  stations,  1816- 
1824 ;  admiral,  1830.  [ix.  47] 

CAREW,  SIR  EDMUND  (1464-1513),  soldier ;  adherent 
of  Henry  VII ;  knighted  on  Bosworth  field,  1485 ;  drove 
Perkin  Warbeck  from  Exeter,  1497 ;  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Thcrouanne.  [ix.  49] 

CAREW,  ELIZABETH,  LADY  (fl.  1590).  [See 
CAREY,  EUZABETH,  LADY.] 

CAREW,  GEORGE  (d.  1683),  ecclesiastic  :  third  son 
of  Sir  Edmund  Oarew  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oxford,  1522;  a 
pluralist  in  rectories  and  prebends ;  dean  of  Bristol, 
1552-3  and  1559-71 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford' 
1659-61 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1660-77 ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1571- 
1683.  [ix.  51] 

CAREW,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1612),  lawyer  and  diplo- 
matist ;  probably  at  Oxford  ;  travelled  :  barrister ;  secre- 
tary to  lord  chancellors  Hatton  and  Egerton ;  M.P.  for 
various  Cornish  boroughs,  1584-1601 ;  envoy  to  Sweden 
and  Poland,  1598;  a  master  in  chancery,  1599-1612; 
knighted,  1603 :  envoy  to  France,  1606-9 ;  master  of 
court  of  wards,  1612  ;  drew  op  reports  of  causes  in  chan- 
cery, [ix.  50] 

CAREW,  GEORGE,  BARON  CAREW  OF  CLOPTON  ami 
EARL  OF  TOTXES  (1555-1629),  statesman ;  son  of  George 


Carew  (d.  1583)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Broadgates  Hall, 
Oxford,  1564-73  ;  attended  Sir  Peter  Carew  [q.  v.]  to  Ire- 
land, 1574  ;  volunteer  in  Ireland,  1575  ;  given  charge  of 
l^i'.'lilin  Castle,  1576;  repulsed  Kory  Oge  O'More,  1577; 
captain  in  navy,  1578  ;  commanded  troops  in  Ireland, 
1679-80;  knighted,  1586;  sent  to  report  on  Irish  aff  airs 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1586  ;  master  of  ordnance  in  Ireland, 
1588-92  ;  lieutenant-general  of  ordnance  in  England, 
1592  ;  went  with  the  expeditions  to  Cadiz,  1596,  and  the 
Azores,  1597  ;  envoy  to  Prance,  1598  ;  treasurer  at  war  in 
Ireland,  1599  ;  lord  justice,  1599  ;  president  of  Minister, 
1600-3  ;  ruthlessly  suppressed  Irish  rebellion  ;  M.P.  for 
Hastings,  1604  ;  created  Baron  Carew  of  Clopton  House, 
1605  ;  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1608-17  ;  governor 
of  Guernsey,  1610-21  ;  visited  Ireland,  1610  ;  created  Earl 
of  Tctnes,  1626.  Portions  of  his  large  collections  for  Irish 
history  are  in  the  Lambeth  and  Bodleian  libraries. 

[ix.  51] 
CAREW,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1362),  jnsticiar  in  Ireland  ; 

:  owned  Mulesford  Manor,  Berkshire,  1327  ;  went  to  Ire- 
land, 1332;  negotiated  with  the  Irish  rebels,  1346: 
justiciar,  1349  ;  king's  escheator  in  Ireland,  1349,  1352, 
1356,  and  1356  ;  attended  the  council  at  Waterford,  1369  : 
at  Westminster,  1361  ;  followed  Prince  Lionel  to  Ireland. 

[ix.  53] 

CAREW,  JOHN  (d  .  1660),  regicide  ;  of  Antony,  Corn- 
wall ;  of  republican  opinions  ;  co-opted  by  the  Long  par- 
liament into  the  seat  for  Tregony:  commissioner  at 
Holdenby,  1646  ;  sat  as  judge  on  Charles  I  and  signed  the 

I  death-warrant  ;  served  in  the  Commonwealth  parliaments 
of  1651  and  1654  ;  imprisoned  by  Cromwell,  1655  ;  retired 
to  his  estates;  again  imprisoned,  1658;  fined  for  not 


attending  in  parliament,  1659  ;  tried  at  London  as  a  regi- 
660  ;  executed  at  Charing  Cross. 


j  cide,  1 


[ix.  64] 

CAREW,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1785  ?-1868),  sculptor  ; 
assistant  in  London  to  Sir  Richard  Westmacott,  1809- 
1823  ;  employed  at  Petworth  by  the  third  Earl  of  Egre- 
mont,  1823-37  ;  lived  latterly  in  London  ;  exhibited  ab 
the  Royal  Academy,  1830-48.  [ix.  54] 

CAREW,  SIR  MATTHEW  (d.  1618),  lawyer  ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  studied  law  abroad:  travelled  in  Italy;  prac- 
tised in  the  court  of  arches  ;  a  master  in  chancery,  1583- 
1618  ;  knighted,  1603.  [ix.  55] 

CAREW,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (d.  1539),  of  Beddington, 
Surrey  ;  courtier  of  Henry  VIII  ;  attended  Henry  VIII  in 
France,  1513;  knighted  before  1517;  keeper  of  Green- 
wich Park,  1517  ;  sheriff  of  Surrey  and  Sussex,  1519  and 
1529  ;  removed  by  the  privy  council  from  attendance  on 
the  king,  1619  ;  sent  to  Calais,  as  lieutenant  of  the  castle  ; 
attended  Henry  VIII  in  France,  1520  ;  returned  to  court, 
1521  ;  master  of  the  horse,  1622  :  envoy  to  France,  1527  ; 
M.P.,  Surrey,  1529  ;  envoy  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V, 
1629-30  ;  entertained  Henry  VIII  at  Beddington,  1531  ; 
envoy  to  France,  1532  ;  K.G.,  1536  ;  condemned  for  his  share 
in  the  Marquis  of  Exeter's  treason  ;  beheaded,  [ix.  56] 

CAREW,  SIR  PETER  (1514-1575),  soldier;  went  to 
France  as  a  page  ;  became  a  muleteer  ;  servant  to  a 
French  officer  in  Italy,  1525  ;  in  the  service  of  Philibert, 
prince  of  Orange,  1525-30  ;  recommended  to  Henry  VIII, 
who  made  him  a  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  ;  tra- 
velled in  Italy  and  Turkey,  1540  ;  served  in  the  war  with 
France,  1644  ;  knighted,  1645  ;  sheriff  of  Devonshire, 
1646  ;  active  in  repressing  the  Devonshire  rising,  1549  ; 
opposed  Queen  Mary's  marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain  ; 
fled  oversea;  arrested  in  Antwerp;  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower,  1556  ;  went  to  Ireland  to  claim  estates  in  Munster, 
1568  ;  engaged  in  civil  war  with  the  Butlers  ;  recalled  ; 
constable  of  the  Tower,  1572  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1674. 

[ix.  59] 

CAREW,  RICHARD  (1555-1620),  antiquary;  edu- 
cated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  succeeded  to  the  estates 
at  Antony,  Cornwall  :  justice  of  the  peace,  1581  ;  M.P. 
for  Saltash,  1584  ;  high  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1586  ;  M.P. 
for  Michell,  1597  ;  published  a  translation  of  the  first  five 
cantos  of  Tasso's  '  Godfrey  of  Bvlloigne  '  ('  Jerusalem  De- 
livered'), 1594,  and  a  'Svrvey  of  Cornwall,'  1602. 

OAREW,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1643  ?),  writer  ^edu- 
cation ;  eldest  son  of  Richard  Carew  (1555-1620)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Oxford  and  the  Middle  Temple  ;  travelled  in 
France:  M.P.  for  Cornwall,  1614;  M.P.  for  Michell, 
1620  ;  created  baronet,  1642  ;  wrote  tract  on  teaching 
Latin.  [ix.  62] 


CAREW 


203 


CAREY 


CAREW  or  GARY,  ROBERT,  also  called  CKRVIMTS 
(ft.  1325),  schoolman:  D.D.Oxford;  wrote  commentaries 
on  Aristotl.-,  1'cter  Lombard,  and  the  scriptures. 

CAREW,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1431),  soldier  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Henry  IV  and  Henry  V.  [ix.  63] 

CAREW,  THOMAS  (15987-1639?),  poet;  son  of 
Sir  Matthew  Carew  [q.  v.]  :  entered  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  16UK  ;  B.A.,  1611 ;  entered  at  Middle  Temple, 
1612 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Dudley  Oarleton  in  Italy,  1613- 
1615 ;  quarrelled  with  Oarleton,  1616 ;  accompanied 
Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  to  France,  1619  ;  employed  in 
the  court  of  Charles  I,  who  gave  him  Sunninghrll ;  a  man 
of  dissipated  habits  ;  wrote  masques  and  songs. 

[ix.  63] 

CAREW,  THOMAS  (1590-1672  ?),  traveller  and  his- 
torian. [See  CARVK.] 

CAREY.     [See  also  OAREW  and  GARY.] 

CAREY,  DAVID  (1782-1824),  journalist ;  whig  jour- 
nalist in  London,  c.  1804,  in  Inverness,  1807,  in  Boston, 
1812,  and  again  in  London,  1813  ;  published  verses,  novels, 
and  notes  of  travel.  [ix.  64] 

CAREY  or  CAREW,  ELIZABETH,  LADY,  the  elder 
(/.  1590),  daughter  of  Sir  John  Spencer  of  Althorpe; 
kinswoman  of  Edmund  Spenser,  who  dedicated  his 
'  Muiopotmos  '  to  her ;  married  Sir  George  Carey,  after- 
wards second  baron  Hunsdon  [q.  v.]  [ix.  64] 

CAREY  or  CAREW,  ELIZABETH,  the  younger  (d. 
1635),  daughter  of  Lady  Elizabeth  Carey  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
patroness  of  Thomas  Nash  the  satirist;  married  Sir 
Thomas  Berkeley  ;  possibly  authoress  of  '  The  Tragedie  of 
Marian,'  1613.  [ix.  64] 

CAREY,  EUSTACE  (1791-1855),  missionary;  edu- 
cated in  baptist  seminaries ;  baptist  missionary  at  Cal- 
cutta, 1814-25  ;  visited  baptist  churches  in  Great  Britain, 
advocating  missions,  from  1826 ;  published  tracts  on 
missions.  [ix.  65] 

CAREY,  FELIX  (1786-1822),  auther  of  a  Burmese 
grammar  and  dictionary,  and  translations  into  Burmese  ; 
son  of  William  Carey  (1761-1834)  [q.  v.]  ;  missionary ; 
died  at  Serampur,  Bengal.  [ix.  65] 

CAREY,  GEORGE,  second  BARON  HUNSDON  (1547- 
1603),  eldest  son  of  Henry  Carey,  first  baron  Huusdon 
[q.  v.] ;  married  Lady  Elizabeth  Carey  (fl.  1590)  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1560 ;  envoy  to  Scot- 
land, 1569 ;  served  against  the  northern  rebels,  and  the 
Scots,  1570 :  knighted,  1570 ;  constable  of  Bamborough 
Castle,  1574  ;  envoy  to  Scotland,  1582  ;  captain-general  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  1582 ;  fortified  the  Isle  of  Wight  in 
expectation  of  the  Armada,  1687  ;  envoy  to  Scotland, 
1689  ;  succeeded  to  barony,  1596  ;  lord  chamberlain  of  the 
household,  1597.  [ix.  66] 

CAREY  or  GARY,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1617),  of  Cock- 
iugton ;  treasurer  at  war  in  Ireland,  1588 ;  lord  justice, 
1603.  [ix.  52] 

CAREY,  GEORGE  JACKSON  (1822-1872),  major- 
general  ;  educated  at  Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey ;  en- 
sign, 1846  ;  served  in  South  Africa,  1846-57  ;  captain, 
1848 ;  brevet-colonel,  1864  ;  served  in  New  Zealand, 
1863-6  ;  on  home  stations,  1867-72  ;  major-general,  1868. 

[ix.  66] 

CAREY,  GEORGE  SAVILLE  (1743-1807),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  posthumous  son  of  Henry  Carey  (d. 
1743)  [q.  v.] ;  brought  up  as  a  printer  ;  took  to  the  stage, 
1763 ;  failed  as  an  actor ;  a  successful  vocalist  and  mimic 
in  London  and  the  provinces,  1770-1807  ;  published  songs, 
plays,  burlettas,  and  operas,  1766-1801.  [ix.  67] 

CAREY,  HENRY,  first  BARON  HUNSDON  (1524?- 
1596),  son  of  Anne  Boleyn's  sister  and  first  cousin  to 
Queen  Elizabeth ;  M.P.,  Buckingham,  1547-55  ;  received 
lands  in  Buckinghamshire  from  Edward  VI,  1549; 
knighted,  1558  ;  created  Baron  Hunsdon,  January  1659, 
and  given  lands  in  Hertfordshire  and  Kent  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  K.G.,  1561  ;  in  attendance  at  court ;  envoy  to 
France,  1564  ;  governor  of  Berwick,  1668-87 ;  active  in 
repressing  the  northern  rebellion,  1569-70  ;  entertained 
Elizabeth  at  Hunsdon  and  received  hinds  in  Yorkshire, 
1571 ;  favoured  Queen  Elizabeth's  projected  marriage 
with  the  Due  d'Aujou,  1579  ;  lord  chamberlain  of  the 


household,  1583  ;  commissioner  on  various  treason  trials, 
1585-95  ;  commissioner  to  try  Mary  Stuart,  1586  ;  envoy 
to  Scotland,  1687  ;  in  command  of  the  forces  at  Tilbury, 
1588 ;  envoy  to  France,  1591.  [ix.  68] 

CAREY,    HENRY,    second    EARL    OF    MONMOUTH 
;  (1596-1661),  translator;  eldest  sou  of  Robert  Carey,  first 
i  earl  of  Moumouth  [q.  v.]  ;  spent  his  boyhood  with  his 
father  on  the  borders  and  at  the  court  of  James  1 ;  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1613;   travelled,  1613-16;  K.B., 
1616  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1639  ;  lived  in  retire- 
ment;   published    translations    from    the    Italian    and 
French,  1637-58.  [ix.  70] 

CAREY,  HENRY  (d.  1743),  author  of  'Sally  incur 
Alley';  published  his  first  poems,  1713;  wrote  farees, 
burlesques,  and  songs  for  the  London  theatres,  1715-39. 
His  '  Dramatic  Works  '  appeared  1743.  [ix.  71] 

CAREY,  JAMES  (1845-1883),  Fenian  and  informer ;  a 
bricklayer  of  Dublin  ;  a  successful  Dublin  builder ;  joined 
the  Fenians,  1861 ;  became  a  leader  of  the  *  Invincibles,' 
1881 ;  directed  the  assassination  of  Lord  Frederick  Caven- 
dish [q.  v.],  May  1882 ;  arrested,  January  1883 ;  turned 
queen's  evidence,  February  ;  murdered  at  sea.  [ix.  72] 

CAREY,  JOHN,  third  BARON  HUNSDON  (d.  1617), 
second  son  of  Henry  Carey,  first  baron  Hunsdon  [q.  v.] ; 
deputy  warden  of  the  eastern  marches  and  marshal  of 
Berwick ;  proclaimed  James  I,  king  of  England,  at  Ber- 
wick, 25  March  1603  ;  succeeded  to  barony,  September 
1603.  [ix.  73] 

CAREY,  JOHN  (1756-1826),  classical  scholar ;  born 
in  Ireland ;  educated  in  France ;  visited  the  United 
States,  1789  ;  settled  in  London  as  a  teacher  of  classics 
and  French;  edited  Dryden's  'Virgil,'  1803  and  1819; 
edited  many  classical  texts  and  school-booka.  [ix.  73] 

CAREY,  MATTHEW  (1760-1839),  bookseller ;  son  of 
a  Dublin  baker ;  apprenticed  to  a  bookseller ;  went  to 
Paris,  1779,  fearing  prosecution  for  a  pamphlet  reflecting 
on  the  penal  laws ;  conducted  the  Dublin  '  Freeman's 
Journal1  and  (1783)  'The  Volunteer's  Journal';  emi- 
grated to  Philadelphia,  1784  ;  journalist  at  Philadelphia, 
1785-92 ;  bookseller  and  publisher,  1792-1824  ;  published 
'  Vindiciae  Hiberaicae,'  1819,  to  extenuate  the  rebellion  of 
1641 ;  wrote  a  multitude  of  papers  on  political  and  social 
subjects.  [ix.  74] 

CAREY,  PATRICK  (Jl.  1651).    [See  GARY.] 

CAREY,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OP  MONMOUTH  (1560  ?- 
1639),  youngest  son  of  Henry  Carey,  first  baron  Huns- 
don [q.  v.]  ;  employed  in  the  public  service  in  the 
Netherlands,  1577-81,  and  in  Scotland,  1583  ;  M.P.,  Mor- 
peth,  1586-93  ;  fought  in  the  Netherlands,  1587,  against 
the  Armada,  1588,  and  in  Normandy,  1591 ;  envoy  to 
Scotland,  1588  and  1593 ;  knighted,  1591 ;  employed  on 
the  Scottish  border,  1593-1603 ;  M.P.,  Northumberland, 
1598  and  1601 ;  conveyed,  by  three  days'  riding,  news  of 
Elizabeth's  death  to  James  VI  of  Scotland,  1603  ;  master 
of  the  robes  to  Prince  Charles,  1611,  and  chamberlain, 
1617-25 ;  created  Baron  Leppington,  1622 ;  followed 
Prince  Charles  to  Spain,  1623  ;  created  Earl  of  Monmouth, 
1626 ;  wrote  an  autobiography  (printed  1759).  [ix.  75] 

CAREY,  VALENTINE  (d.  1626).    [See  GARY.] 

CAREY,  WILLIAM  (1761-1834),  orientalist  and  mis- 
sionary ;  son  of  a  Northamptonshire  schoolmaster ;  a 
shoemaker  ;  joined  the  baptists,  1783  ;  pastor  at  Moulton, 
Northamptonshire,  1786,  and  Leicester,  1789 ;  devoted 
himself  to  study  ;  founded  Baptist  Missionary  Society  ; 
went  to  Calcutta,  1794 ;  made  a  living  as  foreman  at 
an  indigo  factory  at  Maldah  ;  preached  there  in  Bengali, 
1795-9  ;  removed  to  Serampur,  1799  ;  professor  of  Sanskrit 
at  Fort  William  College,  1801 ;  opened  mission  chapel  at 
Calcutta,  1805 ;  issued  translations  of  the  scriptures ; 
compiled  grammars  and  dictionaries  of  several  native 
languages  and  edited  the  '  Ramayana,'  1806-10. 

[ix.  77] 

CAREY,  WILLIAM  (1769-1846),  bishop  of  Exeter 
and  St.  Asaph ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  entered 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1789 ;  M.A.,  1796 ;  censor,  1798- 
1802 ;  vicar  of  Cowley,  Oxford ;  head-master  of  West- 
minster, 1803-14  ;  D.D.,  1807  ;  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
1809 ;  vicar  of  Sutton-in-the-Forest,  Yorkshire;  bishop 
of  Exeter,  1820 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asapb,  1830-46  ;  bene 
factor  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  [ix.  77] 


CAREY 


204 


CAKLHjE 


CAREY,  WILLIAM  PAULET  (1759-1839),  art 
eritio  ;  eneniver  at  Dublin;  a  dealer  in  pictures  .un<l 
prints  in  London  ;  one  of  the  first  to  nvoiriiis.-  the  ironius 
of  Ohantrey,  the  sculptor ;  removed  to  Birmingham,  1834 ; 
published  many  works  on  artistic  and  literary  questions, 
1801-36.  [I*-  78] 

CARGILL.  ANN  (17487-1784),  actress  and  vocalist ; 
acted  under  the  name  of  Miss  Brown  at  Coveut  Garden, 
1770-80,  and  under  that  of  Mrs.  Cargill  at  the  Hay- 
market,  1780 ;  went  on  a  professional  tour  to  India,  1782 ; 
drowned  off  Scilly.  [ix.  79] 

CARGILL.  DONALD,  or,  according  to  some,  DANIEL 
( 1619  ?-1681),  covenanter  ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  St. 
Andrews ;  minister  of  Barony  parish,  Glasgow,  1656  ; 
ejected  by  the  privy  council  for  rebuking  Charles  IPs 
conduct,  1662 :  field  preacher  in  the  lowlands ;  present 
at  battle  of  Both  well  Bridge,  1679  ;  pronounced  Charles  II 
deposed  and  excommunicated,  1680;  captured,  1680; 
executed  at  Edinburgh.  [ix.  79] 

CARGILL,  JAMES  (fl.  1605),  botanist:  medical 
practitioner  in  Aberdeen  after  studying  botany  at  Basle. 

[ix.  80] 

CARHAMPTON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LUTTRELL,  HENRY 
LA  WES,  second  EARL,  1743-1821;  LUTTRELL-OLMIUS, 
JOHN,  third  EARL,  d.  1829.] 

CARIER,  BENJAMIN  (1566-1614),  convert  to  Roman 
Catholicism ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, 
1686,  and  fellow,  1589-1602;  D.D.,  1602;  rector  of 
Paddlesworth,  Kent,  1598-9 ;  vicar  of  Thurnham,  Kent, 
1600-13  ;  rector  of  West  Tarring,  Sussex,  1602 ;  rector  of 
Old  Romney,  Kent,  and  chaplain  to  James  1, 1603  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury,  1608 ;  fellow  of  Sutcliffe's  college 
at  Chelsea ;  withdrew  to  Spa ;  converted  to  Romanism 
at  Cologne  ;  died  in  Paris  :  published  treatise  in  justifi- 
cation of  his  conversion,  1613.  [ix.  80] 

CARILEF,  WILLIAM  DB,  SAINT  (d.  1096),  bishop  of 
Durham  ;  secular  priest  at  Bayeux  ;  monk  at  St.  Carilef 
(or  Calais),  Maine ;  abbot  of  St.  Vincent ;  bishop  of 
Durham,  1081 ;  expelled  ,the  secular  canons  at  Durham 
and  put  monks  in  their  place,  1083 ;  an  adviser  of  Wil- 
liam I;  chief  minister  to  William  11/1088;  rebelled; 
took  refuge  in  Normandy  ;  pardoned,  1091 ;  commenced 
the  rebuilding  of  Durham  Cathedral,  1093;  helped 
William  II  in  his  proceedings  against  Anselm,  1095, 
though  he  had  previously  maintained  that  bishops  were 
exempt  from  the  royal  jurisdiction.  [ix.  81] 

CARZEET,  SAMUEL  (d.  1746),  presbyterian ; 
minister  at  Totnes,  1710  ;  removed  to  Bodmin,  c.  1729  ; 
published  sermons.  [ix.  84] 

CARXES8E,  JAMES  (fl.  1679),  verse  writer ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1662  ;  master  of  Magdalen  College  School,  Oxford  ;  joined 
the  Roman  catholic  church  before  1679;  published 
'  Lucids  Intervalla,*  a  volume  of  doggerel  rhymes,  1679. 

[ix.  84] 

CARKETT,  ROBERT  (d.  1780),  naval  officer ;  sea- 
man in  the  navy,  1734  ;  midshipman,  c.  1738  ;  lieutenant, 
1745;  distinguished  himself  in  action,  1758;  captain, 
1758  ;  failed  to  understand  Rodney's  instructions,  17  April 
1780,  thereby  spoiling  that  commander's  plans ;  his  ship 
wrecked  in  a  hurricane,  all  hands  being  lost,  1780. 

[ix.  84] 

CARLEILL,  CHRISTOPHER  (1551  P-1593),  military 
and  naval  commander ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  Sir 
Francis  Walsingham's  son-in-law  ;  served  at  sea  and  on 
land  with  the  Dutch,  1572-7  ;  served  under  Oonde  at  La 
Rochelle;  escorted  English  mercliant  fleet  to  Russia, 
1582 ;  projected  voyage  of  exploration  to  America,  1683  ; 
commander  at  Ooleraine,  1584:  commanded  the  land 
forces  against  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  1585 ;  governor 
of  Ulster,  1588.  [ix.  85] 

OARLELL,  LODOWIOK  (fl.  1629-1664),  dramatist ; 
a  court  official  under  Charles  I  and  Charles  II :  pub- 
lished nine  plays  (eight  extant).  [ix.  86] 

CARLETON,  BARON  (d.  1726).    [See  BOYLK,  HENRY.] 

CARLETON,  SIR  DUDLEY,  VISCOUNT  DORCHESTER 
(1573-1632),  diplomatist;  educated  at  Westminster 
School ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1696 ;  travelled, 
1596-1600;  ambassador's  secretary  at  Paris,  1602-3: 
M.P.,  St.  Mawes,  1604-11  ;  secretary  to  Henry,  earl  of 
Northumberland;  travelled  with  Francis,  lord  Norreys, 


1605 ;  suspected  of  complicity  in  the  Gunpowder  plot, 
1606  ;  knighted,  1610  ;  ambassador  to  Venice,  1610-15 ; 
ambassador  at  the  Hague,  1616-25  ;  envoy  to  Paris,  1626  ; 
M.P.,  Hastings,  1626  ;  created  Baron  Oarleton  of  Imber- 
eourt.  May  1616  ;  envoy  to  the  Hague,  1626-8 ;  created 
Viscount  Dorchester,  July  1628  ;  secretary  of  state,  1628  ; 
left  a  mass  of  official  correspondence.  [ix.  87] 

CARLETON,  GEORGE  (1659-1628),  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester;  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1576;  fellow 
of  Merton  College,  1580 ;  M.A.,  1585  ;  vicar  of  Mayfleld, 
Sussex,  1589-1605 ;  D.D.,  1613  ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1618; 
represented  the  church  of  England  at  the  synod  at  Dort, 
1018-19 ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1619 ;  published  compli- 
mentary verses,  theological  tracts,  and  a  life  of  Bernard 
Gilpin.  [ix.  90] 

CARLETON,  GEORGE  (fl.  1728),  captain  ;  published 
at  London,  1728,  an  autobiography  entitled  '  Military 
Memoirs  from  1672  to  1713 '  (long  thought  to  be  one  of 
Defoe's  fictions)  ;  volunteer  in  the  English  fleet,  1672 ;  in 
the  Prince  of  Orange's  service  in  the  Netherlands ;  sta- 
tioned in  Scotland,  1690?-1705;  served  in  Spain  under 
Peterborough,  1705.  [ix.  91] 

CARLETON,  GUY  ( 1598  ?-1685),  bishop  of  Chichester ; 
educated  at  Carlisle  school ;  entered  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1625  ;  fellow ;  M.A.,  1629  ;  followed  Charles  I's  army, 
although  a  divine ;  imprisoned  at  Lambeth ;  escaped 
oversea ;  D.D.,  1660 ;  dean  of  Carlisle,  1660 ;  bishop  of 
Bristol,  1671 ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1678.  [ix.  92] 

CARLETON,  GUY,  first  BARON  DORCHESTER  (1724- 
1808),  governor  of  Quebec ;  ensign,  1742 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1757  ;  served  in  America,  1758-62  ;  colonel,  1762 ; 
acting  governor  of  Quebec,  1766-70 ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1770  ;  major-general,  1772  ;  advocated  the  Quebec 
Act,  1774 ;  governor  of  Quebec,  1775-7 ;  defeated  by  an 
American  force,  1775;  successfully  defended  Quebec, 
December  1775  to  May  1776 ;  defeated  the  Americans  on 
Lake  Champlain,  October  1776 ;  K.B.,  1776  ;  returned  to 
England,  1778  ;  commander-in-chief  in  America,  1782-3  ; 
created  Baron  Dorchester,  August  1786  ;  resided  in  Quebec 
as  governor,  1786-91  and  1793-6  ;  general,  1793. 

[ix.  93] 

CARLETON,  HUGH,  VISCOUNT  OARLKTON  (1739- 
1826),  Irish  judge  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
solicitor-general,  1779  ;  lord  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  1787-1800 ;  created  Baron  Oarleton,  1789 ;  created 
Viscount  Oarleton,  1797  ;  lord  chief  justice,  1800. 

[ix.  95] 

CARLETON,  MARY  (1642  ?-1673),  'the  German 
princess ' ;  criminal ;  born  in  Canterbury  and  named 
Mary  Moders;  came  from  Holland  to  England,  1661, 
pretending  to  be  a  noble  German  heiress ;  married 
bigamously  John  Carleton,  1663;  went  on  the  stage, 
1664;  transported  for  theft  to  Jamaica,  1671 ;  returned 
to  London  ;  hanged  for  theft ;  subject  of  two  broadsides 
and  an  4  Historicall  Narrative.'  [ix.  95] 

CARLETON,  RICHARD  (1560  ?-1638?),  composer; 
B.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1577 ;  Mus.  Bac. ;  em- 
ployed at  Norwich  Cathedral ;  rector  of  Bawsey,  Norfolk, 
1612  ;  published  madrigals.  [ix.  96] 

CARLETON,  THOMAS  (1593  7-1666).     [See  OOMP- 

TON.] 

CARLETON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1309?),  judge;  justice 
over  the  Jews,  1286-90 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1291 ; 
senior  baron,  1300.  [ix.  97] 

CARLETON,  WILLIAM  (1794-1869),  Irish  novelist ; 
born  in  Tyrone ;  son  of  a  poor  cottar ;  taught  by  u 
hedge-priest ;  intended  for  the  church  ;  tutor  in  Dublin  ; 
published  numerous  realistic  tales  delineating  Irish  life, 
1830-62  ;  pensioned.  [ix.  97]  • 

CARXIELL,  ROBERT  (d.  1622?),  poet;  published, 
1620, '  Britaines  Glorie,'  an  allegorical  poem  praising  the 
church.  [ix.  98] 

CARLILE. 
OARLYLE.] 

CARLILE  or  CARLISLE,  ANNE  (d.  1680  ?),  minia- 
turist ;  mentioned,  1658,  as  painting  in  oil.  [ix.  99] 

CARLILE,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1588?),  divine ;  fellow 
of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1541 ;  B.D.,  1552  ;  D.D. : 
was  residing  at  Monks'  Horton,  Kent,  1563;  published 
two  controversial  treatises.  [ix.  99] 


[See  also    OARLIELL,  CARLISLE,  and 


CARLrLE 


205 


CARLYLE 


CARLILE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1551  7-1593).    [See  OAR- 

LEILL,  ClUUSTorilKK.] 

CARLILE,  JAMES  (d.  1691),  dramatist ;  an  actor  at 
Drury  Lane,  1CK2-1  :  captain  in  the  army:  brought  out 
4  Fortune  Hunters,'  a  comely,  1689 ;  killed  at  Aghrim. 

[ix.  99] 

CARLILE.  JAMES  (1784-1854),  divine  ;  born  at  Pais- 
ley '  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  D.D.  ;  joint  minister  of  a  Scots 
church  in  Dublin,  1813-54  ;  commissioner  of  education, 
1830-9 ;  inaugurated  mission  to  Roman  catholics  at 
I'arsonstown,  1839;  published  theological  and  contro- 
versial tracts.  [ix.  100] 

CARLILE,  RICHARD  (1790-1843),  freethinker;  a 
Devonshire  shoemaker's  son ;  chemist's  shopboy  in 
Exeter ;  journeyman  tinsmith ;  mechanic  in  London, 
1813;  a  disciple  of  Thomas  Paine,  1816;  vendor  of  pro- 
hibited papers,  1817 ;  printer  and  author  of  freethought 
papers ;  issued  Paine's  works,  1818 :  imprisoned  at  Dor- 
chester, 1819-25;  Lssued  'The  Republican,'  a  journal, 
1819-26 ;  his  wife,  sister,  and  shopmen  imprisoned,  in 
spite  of  which  the  journal  still  appeared ;  opened  hall  for 
free  discussion,  1830;  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  pay 
church  rates,  1830-3  and  1834-5 :  wrote  numerous  con- 
troversial tracts  and  serials.  [ix.  100] 

CARLINGFORD,  EARLS  OP.  [See  TAAKE,  THEO- 
BALD, first  EARL,  d.  1677;  TAAFE,  FRANCIS,  third  EARL, 
1639-1704.] 

CARLINGFORD,  VISCOUNTS  OF.  [See  TAAFE,  THEO- 
BALD, second  VISCOUNT,  d.  1677 ;  TAAFE,  FRANCIS,  fourth 
VISCOUNT,  1639-1704  ;  TAAFE,  NICHOLAS,  sixth  VISCOUNT, 
1877-1769.] 

CARLINGFORD,  BARON,  1823-1898.  [See  FORTESCUE, 
OHICHESTER  SAMUEL  PARKINSON.] 

CARLLNI,  AGOSTINO  (d.  1790),  sculptor  and  painter ; 
born  at  Genoa ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1760-86 ; 
celebrated  for  his  treatment  of  drapery.  [ix.  103] 

CARLISLE.  [See  also  CARLEILL,  OARLIELL,  CARLILE, 
and  OABLYLE.] 

CARLISLE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  HARCLAY,  ANDREW. 
d.  1323 ;  HAY,  JAMES,  d.  1636  ;  HOWARD,  CHARLES,  first 
EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1629-1685;  HOWARD, 
CHARLES,  third  EARL,  1674-1738;  HOWARD,  HKNUY, 
fourth  EARL,  1694-1758;  HOWARD,  FREDERICK,  fifth 
EARL,  1748-1825  ;  HOWARD,  GKOROE,  sixth  EARL,  1773- 
1848  ;  HOWARD.  GEORGE  WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  seventh 
EARL,  1802-1864.] 

CARLISLE,  COUNTESS  OF  (1599-1660).  [See  HAY, 
LUCY.] 

CARLISLE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1768-1840),  surgeon: 
apprenticed  to  practitioners  in  York  and  Durham  ;  studied 
in  London  ;  surgeon  to  the  Westminster  Hospital,  1793- 
1840 ;  professor  of  anatomy  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1808- 
1824 ;  knighted,  1820 ;  introduced  the  thin-bladed,  straight- 
edged  amputating  knife ;  wrote  on  medical,  artistic,  and 
scientific  subjects.  [ix.  103] 

CARLISLE,  NICHOLAS  (1771-1847),  antiquary; 
born  at  York;  purser  in  the  East  India  Company's  ser- 
vice ;  secretary  to  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1807 ;  assistant 
librarian,  Royal  Library,  1812  ;  compiler  of  topographical 
dictionaries,  family  histories,  and  similar  works. 

[ix.  104] 

CARLOS,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1798-1851),  antiquary ; 
au  official  of  the  lord  mayor's  court  office ;  wrote  descrip- 
tions of  London  churches  and  old  buildings.  [ix.  105] 

CARLOS,  CARLES,  or  CARELESS,  WILLIAM 
(d.  1689),  royalist ;  major  or  colonel  in  the  civil  wars ; 
after  Worcester  fight,  3  Sept.  1651,  hid  himself  in  an  oak 
tree  near  Boscobel  House;  shared  his  retreat  with 
Charles  II,  6  and  7  Sept. ;  escaped  to  France ;  was  taken 
into  Charles's  service ;  granted  one-third  of  the  tax  on 
hay  and  straw  in  London  and  Westminster,  1661 ;  re- 
ceived a  bounty  from  James  II,  1687.  [ix.  105] 

CARLSE,  JAMES  (1798-1856),  engraver;  of  London  ; 
engraved  chiefly  for  annuals  and  books.  [ix.  106] 

CARLYLE,  ALEXANDER  (1722-1805),  Scottish 
divine;  nicknamed  'Jupiter  Carlyle,'  from  his  fine  pre- 
sence; eye-witness  of  the  Porteous  riots,  1736,  and  the 
battle  of  Prestonpaus,  1746 ;  entered  Edinburgh  Univer- 


sity, 1735  ;  M.A.,  1743  ;  studied  also  at  Glasgow,  1743-4, 
and  Leyden,  1745  ;  D.D. ;  minister  of  Inveresk,  Midlothian, 
1748-1805  ;  leader  of  the  Scottish  '  Broad  church '  party  ; 
censured  for  attending  the  performance  of  John  Home's 
'Douglas,'  1757  ;  published  jM)litical  pamphlets,  1758-64  ; 
sent  to  London  to  ask  exemption  of  Scottish  clergy  from 
window-tax,  1769  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly, 
1770 ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1789 ;  his  autobiography 
printed,  1860.  [ix.  106] 

CARLYLE,  JANE  BAILLIE  WELSH  (1801-1866), 
only  child  of  John  Welsh  (d.  1819),  physician,  of  Had- 
dington  ;  a  self-willed  girl ;  wrote  verses,  1815  ;  of  feeble 
health  and  querulous  disposition,  but  with  much  shrewd 
wit ;  wished  to  marry  Edward  Irving  [q.  v.],  1818-23 ; 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Thomas  Carlyle  (1795-1881) 
[q.  v.],  1821 ;  rejected  him,  1823 ;  accepted  him,  1825  ; 
married  him,  1826  ;  resided  first  at  Edinburgh  and  Oraigen- 
puttock,  and  then  in  Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea,  1834-66; 
formed  a  coterie  of  lady  friends,  1841 ;  impaired  her  own 
and  her  husband's  happiness  by  groundless  jealousy, 
1845-57 ;  became  a  great  invalid,  1858 ;  died  suddenly  of 
the  shook  of  a  trivial  accident ;  her  letters  were  published, 
1883.  [ix.  114] 

CARLYLE,  JOHN  AITKEN  (1801-1879),  physician ; 
younger  brother  of  Thomas  Carlyle  (1795-1881)  [q.  v.] ; 
born  at  Ecclefechan ;  master  in  Annan  academy  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1825;  studied  also  in  Germany;  failed  to 
gain  practice  in  London  ;  physician  to  the  Countess  of 
Clare  in  Italy,  1831-7,  and  to  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch 
abroad,' 1838-43  ;  lodged  in  Chelsea;  published  a  prose 
translation  of  Dante's  '  Inferno,'  1849 ;  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, c.  1855  ;  latterly  resided  at  Dumfries ;  studied 
Icelandic  ;  benefactor  to  Edinburgh  University,  [ix.  108] 

CARLYLE,  JOSEPH  DACRE  (1759-1804),  Arabic 
scholar  ;  B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1779  ;  fellow  ; 
B.D.,  1793 ;  published  translations  from  the  Arabic, 
1792-6;  professor  of  Arabic,  1795;  travelled  in  the 
Levant,  1799-1801;  vicar  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1801. 
His  poems  and  Arabic  bible  appeared  posthumously. 

[ix.  109] 

CARLYLE,  THOMAS  (1803-1855),  an  apostle  of  the 
Catholic  Apostolic  church ;  schoolfellow  of  Edward  Irving 
[q.  v.]  at  Annan  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh ;  advocate  at  the 
Scottish  bar,  1824  ;  published  theological  tracts,  1827-9 ; 
settled  at  Albury,  Surrey,  as  ninth  apostle,  1835  ;  received 
North  Germany  as  his  province,  1838,  and  travelled  widely 
there ;  died  at  Albury  ;  published  'The  Moral  Phenomena 
of  Germany,'  1845.  [ix.  110] 

CARLYLE,  THOMAS  (1795-1881),  essayist  and  his- 
torian ;  son  of  a  mason  at  Ecclefechan,  Dumfriesshire ; 
educated  at  the  parish  school,  and  (1805)  at  Annan 
academy ;  entered  Edinburgh  University,  1809 ;  studied 
mathematics ;  intended  for  the  church ;  mathematical 
teacher  at  Annan,  1814 ;  schoolmaster  at  Kirkcaldy,  1816, 
where  he  became  intimate  with  Edward  Irving  [q.  v.] ; 
read  law  in  Edinburgh,  1819,  where  he  developed  extreme 
sensitiveness  to  physical  discomforts  ;  took  pupils  ;  read 
German ;  met  his  future  wife  [see  JANE  BAILLIE  WELSH 
CARLYLE],  1821 ;  tutor  to  Charles  Buller  [q.  v.]  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Dunkeld,  1822-4;  contributed  a  'Life  of 
Schiller'  to  the  'London  Magazine,'  1824;  translated 
Legendre's  '  Geometry '  and  Goethe's  '  Wilhelm  Meister,' 
1824;  visited  Paris,  1824;  lodged  in  Islington,  1825; 
retired  to  Dumfriesshire,  1825;  married  and  settled  in 
Edinburgh,  1826  ;  contributed  to  the  'Edinburgh  Review,' 
1827-9;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  moral  philosophy 
chair  at  St.  Andrews  ;  removed  to  Craigenputtock,  Dum- 
friesshire, 1828,  where  he  wrote  on  German  literature  for 
the  magazines ;  in  great  monetary  difficulties,  1831 ;  in 
London,  1831,  where  he  failed  to  get  '  Sartor  Resartus ' 
published  ;  returned  to  Craigenputtock,  1832  ;  removed  to 
Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea,  1834 ;  the  manuscript  of  the  first 
volume  of  his  '  French  Revolution  '  accidentally  burnt  by 
John  Stuart  Mill,  March  1835  :  met  John  Sterling  [q.  v.], 
1835 :  published  his  '  French  Revolution,'  1837,  and  made 
his  reputation ;  gave  four  lecture-courses  in  London, 
1837-40,  the  last  on  '  Hero-worship '  (published  1841); 
urged  formation  of  London  Library,  1839;  published 
'  Chartism,'  1839,  « Past  and  Present,'  1843,  and  '  Oliver 
Cromwell,'  1846  ;  visited  Ireland,  1846  and  1849 ;  published 
'  Life  of  Sterling,'  1851 ;  wrote '  Frederick  the  Great,'  1851- 
1865  (published  1858-65)  ;  travelled  in  Germany,  1852  and 
1868 ;  lord  rector  of  Edinburgh  University,  1866-6 ;  lost 


CABLYON  5 

his  wife  1866;  wrote  his  'Reminiscences'  (published 
1881V  published  pamphlet  in  favour  of  Germany  in  r,-- 
g£d 'to  Franco-German  war.  WO;  his  right  hand  para- 
iWed,  1872;  received  the  Prussian  order  of  merit,  1874;  • 
buried  at  KooK-fivhaii  :  hem-factor  of  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity His  'Collected  Works'  first  appeared  1857-8.  His 
•life'  was  written  with  great  frankness  by  his  friend  and 
disciple,  James  Anthony  Froude  [q.  v.]  [ix.  Ill] 

CARLYON,  CLEMENT  (1777-1864),  physician  ; 
member  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge ;  travelled  in 
Germany  •  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  London  ; 
settled  in  Truro ;  friend  of  Coleridge;  published  an 
autobiography  and  miscellaneous  tracts.  [ix.  127] 

CARMARTHEN,  MARQUIS  OF  (1631-1712).  [See 
OSBORNE,  THOMAS.] 

CARMELIANTJS,  PETER  (d.  1527),  court  poet ;  born 
at  Brescia ;  came  to  England,  c.  1480  ?  ;  wrote  first  in 
laudation,  subsequently  in  vituperation,  of  Richard  III ; 
pensioned  by  Henry  VII,  1486  ;  Latin  secretary  and  chap- 
lain to  Henry  VII ;  lute-player  to  Henry  VIII ;  prebendary 
of  York,  1498-1527  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1517-26  ; 
beneficed  in  Yorkshire;  prebendary  of  St.  Stephens, 
Westminster,  1524.  [i*«  127] 

CARMICHAEL,  FREDERICK  (1708-1761),  divine; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1725  ;  minister  of  Monimail,  1737,  and  of 
Inveresk,  1747-51 ;  published  sermons.  [ix.  128] 

CARMICHAEL,  JAMES  (ft.  1587),  a  Scot,  published 
a  small  Latin  grammar  at  Cambridge.  [ix.  129] 

CARMICHAEL,  SIR  JAMES,  first  BARON  OARMICHAEL 
(1578?-1672),  Scottish  judge;  successively  styled  of 
Hyndford,  of  Westeraw,  and,  1600,  of  Carmichael ;  cour- 
tier of  James  VI  of  Scotland ;  created  baronet  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1627 ;  sheriff  of  Lanark,  1632 ;  lord  justice  clerk, 
1634-6;  treasurer-depute,  1636-49;  a  lord  of  session, 
1636-49,  with  style  of  Lord  Oarmichael;  created  Baron 
Carmichael,  1651 ;  fined  by  Cromwell,  1654.  [ix.  128] 

CARMICHAEL,  JAMES  WILSON  (1800-1868),  ma- 
rine painter ;  went  to  sea ;  a  shipbuilder's  draughtsman ; 
painted  at  Newcastle  in  water-colours  and  (1825)  in  oils ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1838-62;  wrote  on 
painting.  [ix.  129] 

CARMICHAEL,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1600),  of  Carmichael : 
tried  to  deliver  Morton,  1581 ;  involved  in  the  raid  of 
Kuthven,  1584 ;  warden  of  the  west  marches,  1588-92 ; 
envoy  to  Denmark,  1589 ;  envoy  to  England,  1690 ;  again 
warden,  1598 ;  murdered  by  the  Armstrongs,  [ix.  130] 

CARMICHAEL,  JOHN,  second  BARON  CARMICHAEL 
and  first  EARL  OF  HYNDFORD  (1638-1710),  succeeded  to 
the  barony,  1672 ;  lord  privy  seal  of  Scotland,  1689 ;  com- 
missioner to  the  general  assembly,  1690  and  1694-9 ; 
colonel  of  dragoons,  1693-7  ;  secretary  of  state,  1696-1702  ; 
created  Earl  of  Hyudford,  1701 ;  supported  the  Act  of 
Union.  [ix.  130] 

CARMICHAEL,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OF  HYNDFORD 
(1701-1767),  diplomatist ;  army  captain,  1733  :  succeeded 
to  earldom,  1737  ;  Scottish  representative  peer  ;  sheriff  of 
Lanark,  1739 ;  commissioner  to  the  general  assembly, 
1739-40 ;  envoy  to  Prussia,  1741-2,  to  Russia,  1744-9,  and 
to  Vienna,  1752-64.  [ix.  130] 

CARMICHAEL,  RICHARD  (1779-1849),  surgeon; 
assistant-surgeon  to  the  Wexford  militia,  1795-1802; 
practised  in  Dublin,  1803  ;  surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital, 1803,  to  the  Lock  Hospital,  1810,  and  to  the  Rich- 
mond Hospital,  1816-36  ;  advocated  the  improvement  of 
medical  education  in  Ireland ;  founded  and  endowed  the 
Carmichael  School  of  Medicine,  1826  ;  wrote  on  medical 
subjects  ;  drowned.  [ix.  131] 

CARMYLYON,  ALICE  or  ELLYS  (ft.  1627-1631), 
decorative  painter  to  Henry  VIIL  [ix.  132] 

CARNABY,  WILLIAM  (1772-1839),  composer; 
chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  organist  at  Eye  and  at 
Huntingdon;  Mus.  Bac.  Cambridge,  1805;  Mus.  Doc., 
1808 ;  organist  to  Hanover  Chapel,  Regent  Street,  London, 
1823-39 ;  composed  songs,  duets,  and  pianoforte  pieces. 

[ix.  132] 

CARNAC,  SIR  JAMES  RIVETT  (1785-1846),  Indian 
official ;  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1801 ; 
political  officer ;  resident  at  Baroda,  1817-19  ;  major ; 
returned  to  England,  1822 ;  created  baronet,  1836  ;  chair- 


CABOLINE 


man  of  the  East  India  Company,  1836-7;  M.P.,  Sand- 
wich. 1837;  governor  of  Bombay,  1838;  returned  to 
England,  1841.  [ix.  133] 

CARNAC,  JOHN  (1716-1800),  colonel ;  captain  in 
the  East  India  Company's  service,  1768 ;  major,  1760 ; 
brigadier-general,  1764 ;  returned  to  England,  1767 ; 
M.P.,  Leominster,  1767  ;  served  in  Bengal,  1771 ;  member 
of  council  at  Bombay,  1776-9  ;  died  at  Mangalore. 

[ix.  133] 

CARNARVON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  DORMER,  ROHKKT, 
first  EARL,  d.  1643 ;  HERBERT,  HENRY  JOHN  GEORGE, 
third  EARL  of  the  third  creation,  1800-1849  ;  HERBERT, 
HENRY  HOWARD  MOLYNEUX,  fourth  EARL,  1831-1890.] 

CARNE,  SIR  ED  WARD  (d.  1661),  diplomatist ;  D.O.L. 
Oxford,  1524  ;  a  commissioner  for  suppressing  the  monas- 
teries, 1539  ;  bought  Ewenny  Abbey,  Glamorganshire  ; 
envoy  to  the  pope,  1531  ;  envoy  to  the  Low  Countries, 
1538  and  1541 ;  knighted  by  Charles  V  ;  M. P.,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1554-5  ;  ambassador  to  the  pope,  1555-9  ;  remained 
at  Rome  till  death.  [ix.  134] 

CARNE,  ELIZABETH  CATHERINE  THOMAS 
(1817-1873),  author;  fifth  daughter  of  Joseph  Oarne 
[q.  v.]  ;  head  of  the  Penzance  bank,  1858-73 ;  founded 
several  schools  in  Cornwall ;  a  geologist ;  published  notes 
of  travel.  [ix.  135] 

CARNE,  JOHN  (1789-1844),  traveller  and  author; 
educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  published  poems, 
1820 ;  travelled  in  the  East,  1821 ;  ordained  deacon, 
1826 ;  resided  in  Penzance ;  published  travels,  biographies 
of  eminent  missionaries,  and  tales.  [ix.  135] 

CARNE,  JOSEPH  (1782-1868),  geologist;  manager 
of  Hayle  copper  works,  1810 ;  manager  of  Penzance  bank, 
1820 ;  wrote  papers  on  Cornish  geology,  1816-51,  and  on 
mining.  [ix.  136] 

CARNE,  ROBERT  HARKNESS  (1784-1844),  theo- 
logian ;  son  of  a  Cornish  mercer ;  B.A.  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1806  ;  curate  at  Crediton  ;  his  licence  to  preach 
revoked  for  doctrinal  reasons ;  withdrew  from  the  Angli- 
can church,  1820 ;  pastor  of  a  chapel  at  Exeter ;  with- 
drew to  Jersey  ;  published  theological  tracts,  1810-30. 

[ix.  137] 

CARNEGIE,  SIR  DAVID  of  Kiunaird,  BARON  CAR- 
NEGIE and  EARL  OF  SOUTHESK  (1576-1658),  succeeded 
to  the  Kinnaird  estate,  1598  ;  travelled,  1601  ;  knighted, 
1603 ;  supported  James  I's  church  policy  in  Scotland ; 
created  Baron  Caroegie,  1616;  a  lord  of  session,  1616- 
1625  ;  supported  Charles  I's  church  policy  in  Scotland ; 
created  Earl  of  Southesk,  1633 ;  imprisoned  in  Edinburgh 
by  the  covenanters,  1640 ;  fined  by  Cromwell,  1654. 

[ix.  137] 

CARNEGIE,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1566),  of  Kinnaird, 
Scottish  judge  ;  a  lord  of  session,  1547,  styled  Lord  Kin- 
uaird ;  envoy  to  England,  1548,  and  to  France,  1551  ; 
clerk  to  the  treasurer,  1553 ;  an  adherent  of  Mary  of 
Guise,  queen  regent,  who  gave  him  lands  in  Forfarshire. 


[ix.  138} 

N«m 


CARNEGIE,  WILLIAM,  seventh  EARL  OF  NORTHKSK 
(1758-1831),  admiral ;  served  in  the  navy,  1771-1806  ;  cap- 
tain, 1782  ;  styled,  bv  courtesy,  Lord  Rosehill.  from  1788  ; 
succeeded  as  seventh  earl,  1792 ;  imprisoned  by  the  Nore 
mutineers,  1797 ;  rear-admiral,  1804  ;  fought  at  Trafal- 
gar, 1805;  admiral,  1814;  commander-in-chief  at  Ply- 
mouth, 1827-30.  [ix.  139] 

CARNWATH,  EARLS  OF.  [See"  DALYELL,  ROBERT, 
second  EARL,  </.  1651;  DALYELL,  SIR  ROBERT,  sixth 
EARL,  d.  1737.] 

CAROLINE  (1683-1737),  queen  of  George  II ;  daugh- 
ter of  John  Frederick  (d.  1687),  margrave  of  Branden- 
burg-Ansbach  ;  resided  with  her  mother  chiefly  at  Dres- 
den, 1692-6  ;  wished  to  marry  Frederick  II  of  Saxe-Gotha, 
c.  1 695 ;  resided  at  Berlin  under  the  tutelage  of  Frederick, 
king  of  Prussia  (in  1701)  and  his  consort  Sophia  Char- 
lotte (d.  1704),  daughter  of  Electress  Sophia  of  Hanover  ; 
became  acquainted  with  Leibniz,  and  with  the  Electress 
Sophia ;  a  proposal  to  marry  her  to  Archduke  Charles, 
afterwards  Charles  VI,  discussed,  1698-1705,  but  aban- 
doned in  consequence  of  her  protestantism  ;  returned  to 
Ansbach,  1704 ;  married,  September  1705,  to  George 
Augustus,  prince  of  Hanover ;  resided  at  Hanover,  in- 
triguing for  the  English  succession,  1706-14  ;  her  chil- 
dren born,  1707-24 ;  laarnt  a  little  English,  1713 ;  acoom- 


CAROLINE 


207 


CARPENTER 


paoied  her  husband  to  England  as  Princess  of  Wales, 
1714  ;  was  included  in  George  I's  displeasure  against  her 
husband,  1717;  lived  at  Richmond  Lodge,  1718,  which 
afterwards  l>ecame  her  favourite  residence ;  connived  at 
her  husband's  amour  with  her  bedchamber- woman  (  Mrs. 
Ho  ward,  afterwards  Countess  of  Suffolk) ;  found  a  capable 
and  honest  adviser  as  to  English  politics  in  John,  lord 
Hervey ;  became  queen,  1727,  and  thenceforward  gave 
unwavering  support  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  maintained 
her  influence  over  George  II  by  flattering  his  vanity  and 
conniving  at  his  amours;  had  an  intense  hatred  of  her 
eldest  son,  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales  ;  favoured  the  low 
church  party;  regent  in  George  II's  absence,  1729,1732, 
1735, 1736-7  ;  was  more  German  than  English  to  the  last 
in  her  conceptions  ;  died  after  an  unsuccessful  operation 
lor  rupture.  [ix,  139] 

CAROLINE  MATILDA  (1751-1775),  queen  of  Den- 
mark, posthumous  child  of  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales, 
eldest  son  of  George  II ;  married  Christian  VII,  king  of 
Denmark,  at  Frederiksberg  Palace,  near  Copenhagen, 
8  Nov.  1766 ;  badly  treated  from  the  first  by  her  husband, 
a  profligate  sinking  into  imbecility ;  birth  of  her  son 
(afterwards  king),  January  1768  ;  resided  at  Frederiks- 
berg during  her  husband's  foreign  tour,  1768-9  ;  her  hus- 
band much  influenced  by  his  ambitious  German  physician, 
John  Frederick  Struensee;  treated  by  Christian  VII  with 
more  respect  in  consequence  of  the  representations  of 
Struensee  (1769),  who  became  all  powerful  in  the  palace, 
1770,  and  chief  minister,  1771 ;  believed  to  be  Struensee's 
paramour  by  the  Danes,  who  detested  him  ;  a  daughter 
born  to  her,  July  1771 ;  imprisoned  at  Kronborg,  January 
1772 ;  Struensee  being  arrested  (subsequently  executed), 
the  queen  was  said  to  have  acknowledged  her  guilt,  March 
1772;  divorced,  April  1772  ;  left  Denmark,  May  1772.  Her 
brother,  George  III  of  England,  accepted  the  case  against 
her.  She  retired  to  Oelle  in  Hanover,  where  she  died  sud- 
denly, in  the  midst  of  Danish  overtures  for  her  recall. 

[ix.  145] 

CAROLINE  AMELIA  ELIZABETH,  of  Brunswick- 
Wolfeubiittel  (1768-1821),  queen  of  George  IV ;  second 
daughter  of  Duke  Charles  William  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick-Wolf  enblittel,  and  01  Princess  Augusta  of  England, 
George  Ill's  sister ;  a  kind-hearted  but  eccentric  girl ; 
forced  by  George  III  as  a  bride  on  the  Prince  of  Wales  ; 
embarked  at  Ouxhaven,  March  1795 ;  married  at  St. 
James's,  8  April  1795  ;  lived  at  Carltoir  House,  persecuted 
by  the  prince's  mistresses ;  birth  of  her  child,  Princess 
Charlotte  Augusta  [q.  v.],  7  Jan.  1796 ;  deserted  by  her 
husband,  April  1796  ;  lived  at  Shooter's  Hill ;  removed  to 
Blackheath,  1801 ;  painful  accusations  brought  against  her 
in  consequence  of  her  unguarded  speeches,  1806  ;  gained  no 
increased  dignity  from  her  husband's  becoming  regent, 
1811 ;  denied  access  to  her  child,  1812-13 ;  allowed  to  travel 
abroad,  August  1813  ;  took  into  her  service,  in  Italy,  1814, 
Bartolomeo  Bergami  and  his  relatives,  and  travelled  in  the 
Levant ;  her  conduct  much  talked  of ;  wintered  at  Mar- 
seilles, 1819 ;  started  for  England  on  hearing  of  George  Ill's 
death  ;  her  name  omitted  from  the  state  prayers ;  on  the 
way  rejected  an  offer  of  settlement,  on  condition  of  her 
living  abroad  and  not  claiming  the  title  of  queen  ;  entered 
London,  June  1820,  amid  popular  rejoicings ;  a  bill  pro- 
moted in  the  lords  for  divorcing  her,  July,  but  abandoned, 
November  1820,  from  fear  of  a  revolution ;  denied  a 
palace ;  voted  an  allowance  by  parliament ;  forcibly  ex- 
cluded from  the  coronation  at  Westminster  Abbey,  29  July 
1821  ;  died  in  London  broken-hearted ;  buried  at  Bruns- 
wick beside  her  father.  [ix.  150] 

GABON,  REDMOND  (1605"?-1666),  controversialist; 
Franciscan  friar  at  Athlone  and  Drogheda;  studied  at 
Sulzburg  and  Louvain  ;  professor  at  Louvain  ;  commis- 
sary-general  of  the  recollects  in  Ireland ;  published  con- 
troversial treatises,  1635-62.  [ix.  153] 

CARPENTER,  ALEX  ANDER,  latinised  as  FABRICIUS 
(.ft.  1429),  called  also 'Alexander  Anglus';  author  of 
'  Destructorium  Vitiorum,'  an  invective  against  church 
abuses,  printed  frequently  before  1516.  [ix.  153] 

CARPENTER,  ALFRED  JOHN  (1825-1892),  physi- 
cian ;  apprenticed  to  his  father,  a  surgeon,  at  Rothwell, 
1839  ;  entered  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1847 ;  M.R.O.S.  and 
L.S.A.  1851 ;  practised  at  Croydon  ;  M.B.  London,  1856  ; 
M.D.,  1859;  M.R.C.P.  1883;  liberal  M.P.  for  Reigate, 
1885,  and  North  Bristol,  1886 ;  president  of  council  ol 


British  Medical  Association,  1878-81  ;  published  •  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  School  of  Hygiene,'  1887,  and  other 
works.  [Suppl.  i.  393] 

CARPENTER,  GEORGE,  BARON  GARPKNTER  (1657- 
1732),  general;  page  at  the  embassy  at  Paris,  1671; 
cavalry  officer,  1672-1689  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1690 ;  served 
in  Ireland  and  Flanders  ;  quartermaster-general  to  Peter- 
borough in  Spain,  1705  ;  attached  himself  to  the  Hanove- 
rian party ;  M.P.,  Whitchurch,  1714  ;  suppressed  the 
northern  rebellion  at  Preston,  1715 ;  commaiider-iu-chief 
in  Scotland ;  created  Baron  Carpenter  in  the  Irish  peer- 
age, 1719 ;  M.P.,  Westminster,  1722-9.  [ix.  154] 

CARPENTER,  JAMES  (1760-1845),  admiral :  served 
in  navy,  1776-1812,  chiefly  in  West  Indies ;  lieutenant, 
1782 ;  rear-admiral,  1812 ;  admiral,  1837.  [ix.  154] 

CARPENTER,  JOHN  (1370  7-1441  ?),  benefactor  of 
London ;  clerk  in  the  town  clerk's  office ;  town  clerk  of 
London, .  1417-38 ;  M.P.,  London,  1436,  1439;  compiled 
'  Liber  Albus,'  an  account  of  city  privileges,  <fcc.  (printed 
1859) ;  lett  lands  for  education,  out  of  which  the  City  of 
London  School  was  erected  (1837).  [ix.  155] 

CARPENTER,  JOHN  (d.  1476),  bishop  of  Worcester  ; 
D.D.  Oriel  College,  Oxford;  master  of  St.  Antony's 
Hospital,  London,  1420 ;  provost  of  Oriel,  1427-35  ;  rector 
of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Old  Fish  Street,  London,  1436 ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1437  ;  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, 1444-76 ;  benefactor  of  the  college  at  Westbury 
and  of  Oriel  College.  [ix.  156] 

CARPENTER,  JOHN  (d.  1621),  divine ;  educated  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1570-3;  rector  of  Northleigh, 
Devonshire,  1587-1621 ;  published  devotional  tracts,  1580- 
1606.  [ix.  156] 

CARPENTER,  LANT  (1780-1840),  Unitarian;  edu- 
cated in  dissenting  seminaries ;  at  Glasgow  University, 
1798-1801 ;  taught  school ;  librarian  of  Liverpool  Athe- 
naeum, 1802-5  ;  Unitarian  minister  and  master  of  a  board- 
ing-school in  Exeter,  1805-17 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1806  ; 
Unitarian  minister,  1817-39,  and  master  of  a  boarding- 
school,  1817-29,  at  Bristol ;  drowned  off  Leghorn ;  pub- 
lished sermons  and  controversial  tract*.  [ix.  167] 

CARPENTER,  MARGARET  SARAH  (1793-1872), 
portrait-painter  ;  nit  Geddes ;  settled  in  London,  1814 ; 
married,  1817,  William  Hookham  Carpenter  [q.  v.] ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1818-66 ;  pensioned,  1866. 

[ix.  159] 

CARPENTER,  MARY  (1807-1877),  philanthropist ; 
eldest  child  of  Lant  Carpenter  [q.  v.]  ;  opened  a  girls' 
school  at  Bristol,  1829 ;  superintended  a  Sunday  school, 
1831-56;  agitated  for  institutions  to  rescue  juvenile 
criminals;  founded  at  Bristol  a  ragged  school,  1846,  a 
reformatory,  1852,  a  girls'  reformatory,  1854,  and  an  in- 
dustrial school,  1859  ;  visited  India  to  improve  female 
education  and  prison  management,  1866, 1868, 1869, 1875  ; 
visited  Germany,  1872,  and  America,  1873;  published 
verses,  memoirs,  and  treatises  on  education  and  criminal 
reform,  1845-68.  [ix.  159] 

CARPENTER,  NATHAN AEL  (1589-1 628?),  author  ; 
son  of  John  Carpenter  (d.  1621)  [q.  v.];  educated  at 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  by 
mandate  from  James  I,  1607;  B.A.,  1610;  D.D.,  1626; 
schoolmaster  of  the  king's  wards  in  Dublin ;  wrote 
sermons  and  treatises  on  geography  and  philosophy,  the 
hitter  directed  against  Aristotelianism.  [ix.  161] 

CARPENTER,  PHILIP  HERBERT  (1852-1891), 
palaeontologist  and  zoologist ;  son  of  William  Benjamin 
Carpenter  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  University  College  School, 
London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1878; 
Sc.D.,  1884  ;  biological  master  at  Eton,  1877 ;  F.L.S., 
1886 ;  F.R.S.,  1885.  He  published  extensive  writings  on 
various  groups  of  fossils.  [Suppl.  i.  394] 

CARPENTER,  PHILIP  PEARSALL  (1819-1877), 
conchologist ;  youngest  child  of  Lant  Carpenter  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  London,  1841  ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Stand, 
1841,  and  Warrington,  1846-61 ;  settled  at  Montreal, 
18G5  ;  bought,  1855,  a  mass  of  California!!  shells  ;  subse- 
quently paid  much  attention  to  couchology.  [ix.  162] 

CARPENTER,  RICHARD  (/.c.  1680),  alchemist. 

[ix.  164] 


CARPENTER 


208 


CARRINGTON 


CARPENTER.  RICHARD  (1575-1627),  divine  ;  B.A. 
Exeter  roller,  oxford,  1696:  fellow,  1696-1606;  D.D., 
li,17  •  rector  of  Sherwdl  and  Loxhore,  Devonshire,  16UG 
1627  ;  published  sermons.  [ix.  1G3] 

CARPENTER,  RICHARD  (d.  1670?),  ecclesiastic; 
educated  at  Kton  and  Kind's  College,  Cambridge,  1622  : 
Convert  to  Roman  Catholicism  ;  travelled  on  tJMOOntl- 
ntMit  ;  Ik'iiedietine  monk  at  Douay  :  sent  on  the  English 
mission ;  returned  to  Anglicanism ;  vicar  of  Poling, 
Sussex,  1636-42  ;  Itinerant  preacher  ;  went  back  to  Paris 
and '.Romanism  :  came  to  Knu'land  and  joined  the  inde- 
pendents; preacher  at  Aylesbury  ;  returned  to  Romanism  : 
wrote  a  play,  an  autobiography,  and  various  pamphlets. 

[ix.  164] 

CARPENTER.  RICHARD  CROMWELL  (1812-1865), 
architect ;  educated  at  Charterhouse];  1  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1830-49 ;  designed  churches  in  Birming- 
ham, Brighton,  and  London.  [ix.  164] 

CARPENTER,  WILLIAM  (1797-1874),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  apprentice  to  a  London  bookseller ;  journalist, 
1831-54 ;  an  advocate  of  political  and  legal  reform  ;  wrote 
on  biblical  subjects,  1825-68,  and  published  political 
pamphlets.  [ix.  165] 

CARPENTER,  WILLIAM  BENJAMIN  (1813-1885), 
naturalist ;  eldest  son  of  Lant  Carpenter  [q.  v.] ;  appren- 
ticed to  a  physician ;  visited  West  Indies ;  studied 
medicine  in  London  and  (1835)  in  Edinburgh  ;  lecturer 
at  Bristol  Medical  School ;  published  papers  on  physio- 
logy, 1837,  and  •  Principles  of  ...  Physiology,'  1839  ; 
professor  of  physiology  in  London,  1844  ;  professor  of 
forensic  medicine,  University  College,  London  ;  registrar 
of  the  University  of  London,  1856-79 ;  an  unwearied 
investigator  in  the  sciences  of  zoology,  botany,  and 
mental  physiology,  1843-71 ;  contributed  much  to  scien- 
tific journals  and  cyclopaedias.  [ix.  166] 

CARPENTER,  WILLIAM  HOOKHAM  (1792-1866), 
connoisseur  in  prints ;  a  London  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher ;  studied  prints  and  drawings  ;  married,  1817  [see 
CARPKNTKR,  MARGARET  SARAH]  ;  keeper  of  prints  in 
the  British  Museum,  1846-66  ;  wrote  memoir  of  Antony 
Vandyck  and  a  catalogue  of  prints  in  the  British  Museum 
show-cases.  .  [ix.  168] 

CARPENTIERE    or   CHARPENTIERE,    (d. 

1737),  statuary ;  employed  by  the  Duke  of  Chandos  at 
Canons  ;  afterwards  settled  in  London.  [ix.  169] 

CARPENTEBRS,  CARPENTIER,  or  CHARPEN- 
TIERE, ADRIEN  (fi.  1760-1774),  portrait-painter  ; 
native  of  France  or  Switzerland;  came  to  England, 
c.  1760 ;  exhibited  in  London,  1760-74.  [ix.  169] 

CARPUE,  JOSEPH  OON8TANTINE  (1764-1846), 
surgeon  and  anatomist :  of  a  catholic  family  of  Spanish 
origin  ;  educated  at  Douay ;  travelled  on  continent ; 
studied  surgery  in  London  :  surgeon  to  the  Duke  of 
York's  Hospital,  Chelsea ;  private  lecturer  on  anatomy, 
1800-32 ;  advocate  of  vaccination ;  surgeon  of  the 
National  Vaccine  Institution.  [ix.  169] 

CARE,  JOHN  (1723-1807),  architect ;  called  Carr  of 
York  ;  workman  in  York  ;  designed  many  buildings  in 
the  northern  counties.  [ix.  170] 

CARR,  JOHN  (1732-1807),  translator  of  Lucian  ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  head-master  of  Hertford 
grammar  school ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen ;  published  his  trans- 
lation of  Lucian,  1773-98  ;  wrote  verses  and  parodies 

[ix.  170] 

CARR,  SIR  JOHN  (1772-1832),  traveller;  barrister 
of  the  Middle  Temple :  travelled,  for  health,  over  greater 
part  of  Europe;  knighted,  c.  1806;  published  accounts 
of  his  tours,  1803-11,  and  verses.  [ix.  170] 

CARR,  JOHNSON  (1744-1765),  landscape-painter. 

[ix.  171] 

CARR,  NICHOLAS  (1524-1568),  Greek  scholar ;  B.A. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1541  ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1544  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1546 ;  regius  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  1547 ;  consistently  adhered  to  Roman 
Catholicism  ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1568  ;  practised  medicine 
in  Cambridge ;  published  Latin  versions  of  Eusebius  and 
Demosthenes.  [ix.  171] 

CARR,  R.  (>f.  1668),  engraver.  [Ix.  172] 

CARR,  RICHARD  (1651-1706),  physician;  M.A. 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1674  ;  master  of  Saffron 


Walden  grammar  school,  1676-83 ;  studied  medicine  at 
Leydon,  1683-6  ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1686  ;  practised  medi- 
cine in  London  ;  published  medical  essays.  [ix.  172] 

CARR  or  KER,  ROBERT,  EARL  OF  SOMEKSKT  (</. 
1646);  a  cadi  t  of  KIT  uf  IVrnirhiirsr,  Roxburghshire; 
brought  up  in  Scotland  ;  accompanied  James  I  to  England 
as  page,  lt.o:l  :  in  France  for  a  time  ;  returned  to  James  I's 
court;  knighted,  1607;  given  Sir  Walter  Ralegh's  manor 
of  Sherborne,  1609;  created  Viscount  Rochester,  1011; 
private  secretary  to  the  king,  1612;  obtained  the  im- 
prisonment in  the  Tower  of  his  friend  Sir  Thomas 
i  tvi-rbury,  who  opposed  his  projected  marriage  with  the 
Countess  of  Essex,  April  1613  :  K.G.,  23  April  ;  a  decree 
of  nullity  of  her  marriage  with  the  Earl  of  Essex  ob- 
tained by  the  countess,  25  Sept.  1613,  soon  after  Overbury 
had  been  poisoned,  15  Sept.  1613  ;  created  Earl  of  Somer- 
set, 3  Nov.  1613 ;  lord  treasurer  of  Scotland,  23  Dec. ; 
married  the  divorced  Countess  of  Essex,  26  Dec.  1613 ;  at- 
tached himself  to  his  wife's  great-uncle,  Henry  Howard, 
earl  of  Northampton, and  the  Spanish  party;  acting  lord 
privy  seal,  on  Northampton's  death,  June  1614 ;  lord 
chamberlain,  July;  dislodged  from  the  place  of  first 
favourite  of  James  I  by  George  Villiers  (afterwards  Duke 
of  Buckingham),  November  1614;  quarrelled  with  the 
king,  on  Buckingham's  account,  1615  ;  accused  of 
poisoning  Overbury,  September  1615,  his  countess  plead- 
ing guilty,  May  1616,  and  receiving  a  pardon,  July  1616 ; 
prosecuted  by  the  attorney-general,  Francis  Bacon,  and 
found  guilty,  May  1616 ;  kept  prisoner  in  the  Tower  till 
January  1622 ;  afterwards  pardoned ;  prosecuted  in  the 
Star-chamber,  1630.  [ix.  172] 

CARR,  ROBERT  JAMES  (1774-1841),  bishop  of 
Worcester  ;  M.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1806  ;  D.D., 
1820 ;  vicar  of  Brighton,  1798  ;  prottgt  of  the  prince 
regent;  dean  of  Hereford,  1820;  bishop  of  Chichester, 
1824;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1831-41.  [ix.  176] 

CARR,  ROGER  (d.  1612),  divine;  B.A.  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1670;  rector  of  Rayne,  Essex,  1573- 
1612 ;  published  devotional  tracts.  [ix.  177] 

CARR,  THOMAS,  alias  MILES  PINKNEY  (1599-1674). 
[See  CARRE,  THOMAS.] 

CARR,  WILLIAM  HOLWELL  (1758-1830),  art  con- 
noisseur ;  called  Holwell  till  1798,  when  he  took  the  name 
Carr  on  account  of  his  wife's  estate ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1778-93;  B.D.,  1790;  travelled  and 
collected  pictures,  1781 ;  vicar  of  Meuheniot,  Cornwall, 
1792;  amateur  exhibiter  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1797- 
1820 ;  bequeathed  pictures  to  the  nation.  [ix.  177] 

CARRE,  THOMAS  (1599-1674 ),really  MILES  PINKNEY, 
Roman  catholic  divine ;  born  in  Durham ;  educated  at 
Douay :  priest,  1625  ;  procurator  of  Douay  College  till 
1634  ;  founder  and  confessor  of  an  Augustinian  nunnery 
at  Paris  ;  prottgt  of  Cardinal  Richelieu ;  died  at  Paris ; 
published  English  translations  of  devotional  and  contro- 
versial tracts.  [ix.  177] 

CARRE,  WALTER  RIDDELL  (1807-1874),  topo- 
grapher ;  took  the  name  Carre,  c.  1853,  on  succeeding 
to  an  estate  in  Roxburghshire ;  merchant  in  London ; 
resided  latterly  in  Roxburghshire  ;  wrote  papers  on  topics 
connected  with  the  borders.  [ix.  178] 

CARRICK,  EARL  OF  (1253-1304).  [See  BRUCE, 
ROBERT  DE  VII.] 

CARRICK,  JOHN  DONALD  (1787-1837),  author; 
shopman  in  London,  1807 ;  china- warehouseman  in  Glas- 
gow, 1811-25 ;  journalist  in  Glasgow,  1828,  in  Perth, 
1833,  and  in  Kilmarnock,  1834-5 ;  wrote  Scottish  songs 
and  biographies.  [ix.  178] 

CARRICK,  THOMAS  ( 1802-1875),  miniature  painter ; 
chemist  in  Carlisle ;  a  self-taught  artist ;  became  famous 
locally  as  a  miniaturist ;  removed  to  Newcastle,  1836,  and 
London,  1839  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1841-66. 

[ix.  179] 

CARRIER,  BENJAMIN  (1566-1614).  [See  CARIER, 
BENJAMIN.] 

CARRINGTON,  LORD  (1617-1679).  [See  PRIMROSK, 
SIR  ARCHIBALD.] 

CARRINGTON,  first  BARON  (1752-1838).  [See  SMITH, 

RoBKKT.] 


CARRINGTON 


209 


CARTER 


CARRINGTON,  Sm  CODRINGTON  EDMUND  (1769- 
1849),  judge :  educated  at  Winchester  ;  barrister  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  17'.»2  ;  practised  at  Calcutta,  1793-9  ;  drew 
up  a  code  for  Ceylon,  1800 ;  knighted  ;  chief-justice  of 
(Vvlon,  1800-6;  reside*!  afterwards  in  Buckinghamshire 
and  then  in  Jersey  ;  M.P.,  St.  Mawes,  1826-31 ;  published 
legal  pamphlets.  [lx.  180] 

CARRINGTON,  FREDERICK  GEORGE  (1816-1864), 
journalist ;  ?on  of  Noel  Thomas  Oarrington  [q.  v.]  ;  on 
the  stuff  of  various  West  of  England  newspapers ;  wrote 
for  many  magazines  and  encyclopaedia?.  [ix.  180] 

CARRINOTON,  NOEL  THOMAS  (1777-1830),  Devon- 
shire  poet :  son  of  a  Plymouth  grocer  ;  served  in  the  fleet ; 
taught  si-hool  at  Maidstone,  1804-9,  and  at  Plymouth 
Kork,  1H09-30;  wrote  verses  describing  Devonshire  scenery 
and  traditions.  [ix.  180] 

CARRINOTON,  RICHARD  CHRISTOPHER  (1826- 
1  s7,r>  i,  astronomer  ;  son  of  a  wealthy  brewer  ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1844-8 ;  devoted  himself  to 
astronomy  :  observer  to  Durham  University,  1849-52  ;  wit- 
-i  the  total  solar  eclipse  in  Sweden,  1851 ;  built  private 
observatory  at  Reigate,  Surrey,  1853  ;  engaged  in  mapping 
•ten  and  sun-spots  ;  visited  German  observatories,  1856  ; 
managed  the  Brentford  brewery,  1858-65  ;  died  suddenly. 

[ix.  181] 

CARRODUS,  JOHN  TIPLADY  (1836-1895),  violinist ; 
studied  under  Molique  in  London  and  in  Stuttgart ;  joined 
orchestra  of  Royal  Italian  Opera,  1865,  and  became  leader, 
1869  ;  professor  of  violin  at  National  Training  School  for 
Music,  1876  ;  professor  at  Guildhall  School  of  Music  and 
Trinity  College,  London  ;  published  musical  compositions 
and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  395] 

CARROLL,  ANTHONY  (1722-1794),  Jesuit ;  born  in 
Ireland ;  joined  the  Jesuits  at  St.  Diner's,  1744  ;  served  on 
the  English  mission,  1754-73  and  1775-94 ;  murdered  in 
London.  [ix.  183] 

CARROLL,  LEWIS  (1883-1898),  pseudonym.  [See 
DODGSON,  OHARLKS  LUTWIDGE.] 

CARRTTTHERS,  ANDREW  (1770-1852),  Roman 
catholic  prelate ;  native  of  Kirkcudbrightshire ;  educated 
at  Douay  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  e.  1790 ;  priest,  1795  ; 
titular  bishop  of  Ceramis,  1832,  with  jurisdiction  over  the 
east  of  Scotland.  [ix.  183] 

CARRTJTHER8,  JAMES  (1759-1832),  Roman  catholic 
historian  ;  native  of  Kirkcudbrightshire  ;  educated  at 
Douay  :  catholic  priest  at  Scottish  stations ;  published  a 
Romanist '  History  of  Scotland,'  1826-31.  [ix.  184] 

CARRTJTHERS,  ROBERT  (1799-1878),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  bookseller's  apprentice  in  Dumfries ;  national 
schoolmaster  at  Huntingdon ;  published  a  '  History  of 
Huntingdon,'  1824;  editor  of  the  'Inverness  Courier,' 
1828-78 ;  wrote  verses,  and  papers  on  the  history  of  the 
highlands ;  edited  Pope's  works  (4  vols.),  1853  ;  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1871.  [ix.  184] 

CARSE,  ALEXANDER  (ft.  1812-1820),  painter,  called 
•  Old  Oarse ' ;  came  to  London,  1812  ;  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh, 1820.  [ix.  185] 

CARSE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1818-1845),  painter  ;  probably 
son  of  Alexander  Carse  [q.  v.]  :  art-student  in  London, 
1818 ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  1820-9, 
and  at  Edinburgh,  1830-45.  [ix.  185] 

CARSEWELL,  JOHN  (/.  1560-1572),  bishop  of  the 
Isles ;  rector  of  Kilmartin,  Argyllshire ;  superintendent 
of  Argyll,  1560  ;  censured  by  the  assembly  for  accepting 
the  see,  1569.  [ix.  185] 

CARSON,  AGLIONBY  ROSS  (1780-1850),  classical 
scholar;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University,  1797;  head- 
master of  Dumfries  grammar  school,  1801 ;  classical 
master,  1806,  and  rector  (1820-45)  of  Edinburgh  High 
School ;  LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  1826 ;  edited  Tacitus  and 
Phaedrus.  [ix.  185] 

CARSON,  ALEXANDER  (1776-1844),  baptist ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow ;  minister  at  Tobermore,  Derry,  to  a 
presbyterian  congregation,  1798-1804,  and  to  an  inde- 
pendent chapel,  1814-44  ;  joined  the  baptists,  1831 ;  wrote 
works  of  controversial  divinity.  [ix.  186] 

CARSON,  JAMES  (1772-1843),  physician  :  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1799 ;  practitioner  in  Liverpool ;  wrote  medical 
pamphlets.  [ix.  186] 


CARSTARES,  WILLIAM  (1649-1715), Scottish  states- 
man and  divine ;  nick-named  '  the  cardinal '  from  his  poli- 
tical influence  under  William  III ;  son  of  the  covenanting 
minister  of  Cathcart,  Lanarkshire;  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, 1663-7 ;  withdrew  to  Holland  after  his  father's 
outlawry;  studied  at  Utrecht,  1669-72  ;  came  to  London, 
probably  as  an  agent  of  William  of  Orange,  1672 ;  political 
prisoner  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  1674-9  ;  resided  in  England ; 
conducted  intrigues  in  Scotland,  Holland,  and  London, 
preparing  for  the  Karl  of  Argyll's  invasion,  1683  ;  arrested, 
1683  ;  political  prisoner  at  Edinburgh  ;  his  evidence,  taken 
under  torture,  used  to  bring  Baillie  of  Jerviswood  to  the 
block,  1684  ;  released  ;  minister  of  a  Scottish  congregation 
at  Leyden,  1686;  accompanied  William  of  Orange  to 
England  as  chaplain,  1688;  chaplain  to  William  III  at 
court,  and  in  his  campaigns  in  Ireland  and  Flanders ; 
William's  chief  adviser  in  Scottish  affairs ;  principal  of 
Edinburgh  University,  1703-15  ;  minister  of  Grey  Friars', 
Edinburgh ;  leader  of  the  church  of  Scotland ;  a  chief 

? remoter  of  the  union  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly, 
705,  1708,  1711,  and  1715.  [ix.  187] 

CAR8WELL,  Sin  ROBERT  (1793-1857),  physician; 
studied  medicine  at  Glasgow,  Paris,  and  Lyons;  M.D. 
Aberdeen,  1826  ;  made  drawings  illustrative  of  pathology 
at  Paris,  1826-31 ;  professor  of  pathological  anatomy, 
University  College,  London,  1831-40  ;  published  his '  Forms 
of  Disease/  1837  ;  went  to  Brussels  as  physician  to  the 
king  of  Belgium,  1840;  knighted;  wrote  on  medical 
subjects.  [ix.  191] 

CARTE,  SAMUEL  (1653-1740),  antiquary  ;  educated 
at  Magdalen  College  School,  Oxford  ;  beneflced  successively 
in  Warwick,  Leicester,  Lincoln  shires.  [ix.  191] 

CARTE,  THOMAS  (1686-1754),  historian;  son  of 
Samuel  Carte  [q.  v.] ;  admitted  at  University  College, 
Oxford,  1698  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  1702 ;  M.A.  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1706  ;  ordained ;  reader  at  Bath  Abbey, 
1707-14 ;  refused  the  oaths  to  George  1, 1 715  ;  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Coleshill,  Warwickshire;  secretary  to  Bishop 
Atterbury :  fled  to  France  on  Atterbury's  imprisonment, 
1722 ;  went  by  the  name  of  Phillip  ;  collected  materials  to 
illustrate  de  Thou's  '  Historia  sui  temporis ' ;  returned  to 
England,  1728 ;  published  his  '  Life  of  Ormonde,'  1736, 
and  a  'Collection  of  ...  Papers,'  1744;  energetic  in  en- 
rolling subscribers  to  a  projected  •  History  of  England ' ; 
published  his  history,  vols.  i.-iii.  1747-52  (vol.  iv.  post- 
humous, 1755).  His  manuscript  collections  are  now  in  the 
Bodleian.  [ix.  191] 

CARTER,  EDMUND  (fl.  1753),  topographer  ;  school- 
master ;  published,  1753,  histories  of  Cambridgeshire  and 
Cambridge  University.  [ix.  194] 

CARTER,  ELIZABETH  (1717-1806),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  daughter  of  a  Kent  clergyman ;  learned  classical 
and  modern  languages  ;  wrote  for  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine' from  1734:  published  poems,  1738  and  1762  ;  trans- 
lated from  the  French  and  Italian  ;  published  a  translation 
of  Epictetus,  1758 ;  friend  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  ;  lived 
at  Deal,  Kent ;  travelled  on  the  continent.  Her  corre- 
spondence was  published  posthumously.  [ix.  194] 

CARTER,  ELLEN  (1762-1816),  artist :  nte  Vavasour: 
native  of  Yorkshire;  educated  in  a  convent  at  Rouen; 
married,  1787,  the  Rev.  John  Carter,  vicar  of  St.  Swithin's, 
Lincoln  ;  book-illustrator.  [ix.  196] 

CARTER,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1783),  traveller ;  published, 
1777,  a  narrative  of  his  tour  (1772)  in  Moorish  Spain  ;  col- 
lected Spanish  books ;  left  in  manuscript  a  history  of 
early  Spanish  literature.  [ix.  197] 

CARTER,  GEORGE  (1737-1794),  painter  ;  mercer  in 
London ;  travelled ;  exhibited  privately,  1785.  [ix.  197] 

CARTER,  HARRY  WILLIAM  (1787-1863),  physi- 
cian; M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1810;  M.B.,  1811; 

i  travelled ;  M.D.,  1819 ;  practised  at  Canterbury,  1819-35 ; 

!  wrote  on  medical  topics.  [ix.  198] 

CARTER,  HENRY,  otherwise  FRANK  LESLIK  (1821- 

'  1880),  engraver ,  sou  of  an  Ipswich  glovemaker ;  appren- 
ticed to  a  London  draper ;  early  showed  talent  for  drawing 
and  engraving ;  artist  to  the  '  Illustrated  London  News ' ; 
emigrated  to  New  York,  1848,  and  took  the  name  of  Frank 
Leslie ;  worked  for  illustrated  paper? :  separated  from  his 
wife,  1860 ;  commenced  '  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  News- 
paper,' 1865,  the  'Chimney  Corner,'  1865,  and  other 
journals;  issued  an  illustrated  history  of  the  American 
civil  war,  1862.  [ix.  198] 


CARTER 


210 


CARTWRIGHT 


CARTER,  JAMES  (1798-1855),  of  London  :  engraver 
of  architectural  and  landscape  plates  for  books. 

[ix.  199] 

CARTER.  JOHN,  theeldor(1554-1635), puritan. livinr  : 
educated  at  Glare  Hall,  Cambridge;  vicar  of  Bramford, 
Suffolk,  1683  ;  rector  of  Belstead,  Suffolk,  1617-35  ;  pub- 
lished  expository  tracts.  [ix.  199] 

CARTER,  JOHN,  the  younger  (d.  1655),  divine ;  son 
of  John  Garter  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  1603  ;  curate  of  St.  Peter  Mancroft, 
Norwich,  1631,  and  vicar,  1638-52  ;  rector  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Norwich,  c.  1654 ;  published  a  memoir  of  his  father. 

[ix.  200] 

CARTER,  JOHN  (1784-1817),  draughtsman  and 
architect;  a  surveyor's  clerk,  1764;  draughtsman  to  the 
•Builder's  Magazine,'  1774-86,  and  to  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, 1780  ;  published  many  books  of  views  of  buildings 
in  England,  1780-1814.  [ix.  200] 

CARTER,  JOHN  (1815-1850),  silkweaver ;  paralysed 
by  an  accident,  1836 ;  copied  pictures  by  means  of  a 
pencil  or  brush  held  in  the  mouth.  [ix.  202] 

CARTER,  LAWRENCE  (1672-1745),  judge :  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  recorder  of  Leicester,  1697-1729  ;  M.P.  for 
Leicester,  1698, 1701,  and  1722,  for  Beeralston,  1710,  1714, 
and  1716 ;  crown  counsel  against  the  rebels,  1715 ; 
knighted,  1724  ;  puisne  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1726-45. 

[ix.  202] 

CARTER,  MATTHEW  (fl.  1660),  loyalist ;  Kentish 
squire ;  joined  the  Kentish  insurgents,  1648 ;  prisoner  at 
Colchester ;  published,  1650,  a  narrative  of  the  rising ; 
published  'Honor  Redivivus,'  a  treatise  on  heraldry, 
1655.  [ix.203] 

CARTER,  OLIVER  (15407-1605),  divine:  scholar  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1555;  fellow,  1563  ;  B.D., 
1569  ;  a  preacher  of  Manchester  Collegiate  Church,  after 
1571,  and  fellow  before  1576  ;  fellow  on  the  new  founda- 
tion, 1578-1605 ;  a  bitter  opponent  of  Dr.  John  Dee, 
warden  in  1695  ;  published,  1679,  a  controversial  treatise 
against  Richard  Bristow.  [ix.  203] 

CARTER,  OWEN  BROWNE  (1806-1859),  architect ; 
practised  as  an  architect  at  Winchester;  published 
papers  on  Winchester  Cathedral  and  Hampshire  churches ; 
published,  1840,  views  taken  at  Cairo,  1830 ;  exhibited 
architectural  drawings  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1847-9. 


[ix.  205] 
of  a  logical 


CARTER,  PETER  (1530  ?-1590),  author 
treatise,  1563 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1566;  M.A.,  1557;  master  of  Preston  School,  Lancashire. 

CARTER,  RICHARD  (d.  1692),  rear-admira?;  served 
in  the  fleet,  1672-81 ;  commander  of  a  ship  at  Beachy 
Head,  1680;  rear-admiral,  1691;  killed  in  action  at 
Barfleur.  [ix.  205] 

CARTER,  THOMAS  (d.  1795),  sculptor  of  tomb- 
stones and  memorial  tablets.  [ix.  206] 

CARTER,  THOMAS(1735  7-1804),  musical  composer ; 
chorister  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin :  organist  of  St.  Wcr- 
burgh's,  Dublin,  1761-69 ;  studied  music  in  Italy  ;  musical 
director  of  Calcutta  Theatre ;  settled  in  London,  e.  1775, 
and  composed  for  the  theatres ;  published  glees  and  songs, 
including  '  O  Nanny,  wilt  thou  gang  wi'  me  ? '  [ix.  206] 

CARTER,  THOMAS  (d.  18«7),  clerk  at  the  Horse 
Guards,  1839 ;  wrote  regimental  histories.  [ix.  207] 

CARTER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1584),  printer ;  apprentice 
to  John  Cawood  [q.  v.],  1563;  secretary  to  Nicholas 
Harpsneld ;  secretly  printed  Roman  catholic  books 
against  Queen  Elizabeth,  1679-83  ;  executed  for  treason. 

[ix.  207] 

CARTERET,  SIR  GEORGE  (it.  1680),  governor  of 
:  of  an  old  Jersey  family ;  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
1632;  captain,  1633:  second  in  command  against  the 
Sallee  pirates,  1637  ;  controller  of  the  navy,  1639 :  offered 
a  coimnuiHl  Ity  parliament,  1642  ;  from  St.  Malo,  Brittany, 
sent  supplies  and  arms  to  the  royalist*  in  the  west  and  in 
the  Channel  islands  :  sent  by  Charles  I  to  Jersey,  1643 ; 
reduced  the  island ;  sent  out  privateers  against  English 
ships ;  gave  a  refuge  to  royalists,  1646  ;  created  baronet, 
1646 :  granted  estates  in  Jersey  and  America,  1649 ;  sur- 
rendered to  the  Commonwealth  forces,  December  1651 : 


vice-admiral  in  the  French  navy:  imprisoned,  August 
1667  ;  banished  from  France,  December  1657  ;  withdrew 
to  Venice ;  treasurer  of  the  navy,  1660-7  ;  vice-chamber- 
lain of  the  household,  1660-70 ;  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1661-9 ; 
a  proprietor  of  Carolina,  1663 ;  deputy-treasurer  of  Ire- 
land, 1667-73;  board  of  trade  commissioner,  1668-72; 
naval  commissioner,  1673-9.  [ix.  208] 

CARTERET,  JOHN,  EARL  GRANVILLK  (1690-1763), 
politician ;  succeeded  his  father  as  second  Baron  Carteret 
of  Hawnes,  1695 :  educated  at  Westminster  School ; 
entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1706 ;  became  a  good 
classical  scholar ;  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
1711 ;  a  champion  of  the  protestant  succession ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Devonshire,  1716-21 ;  a  parliamentary  ad- 
herent of  the  Earl  of  Sunderland,  1717 ;  envoy  to  Sweden, 
1719 ;  secured  the  opening  of  the  Baltic  to  British  com- 
merce ;  negotiated  peace  between  the  Baltic  powers, 
1719-20 ;  advocated  punishment  of  South  Sea  Company's 
officials,  1721  ;  secretary  of  state  in  Walpole's  administra- 
tion, 1721-4 ;  became  favourite  of  George  I  through  speak- 
ing German  and  advocating  interests  of  Hanover ;  accom- 
panied George  I  to  Hanover,  1723 ;  intrigued  to  oust 
Walpole  from  office :  factiously  fostered  sedition  in  Ireland ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1724-30 ;  friendly  to  Jonathan 
Swift ;  virulently  opposed  Walpole's  administration,  1730- 
1742;  secretary  of  state,  1742-4  :  accompanied  George  II  .^ 
in  the  campaign  of  1743  ;  intensely  unpopular  through  his 
partiality  for  Hanover  to  the  prejudice  of  British  interests  ; 
succeeded  as  Earl  Granville,  on  his  mother's  death,  1744  ;  J 
advised  George  II  to  exclude  William  Pitt  from  office, 
1746 ;  failed  to  form  a  ministry,  February  1746  ;  K.G., 
1750 :  lord  president  of  the  council,  1751-63 ;  hon.  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1756.  His  correspondence  is  in  the  British 
Museum.  [ix.  210] 

CARTERET,  SIR  PHILIP  DK  (1584-1643),  knight;  1 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey,  1626-43 ;  seigneur  of  St. 
Ouen,  Jersey ;  at  Oxford  University,  1594-1601 :  obtained 
from  the  privy  council  canons  assimilating  the  Jersey 
churches  to  the  Anglican  church;  showed  kindness  to 
William  Prynne  during  his  imprisonment,  1639-41  ; 
allowed  by  parliament  to  return  to  Jersey,  1642  ;  declared 
for  the  king ;  besieged  by  the  parliamentary  forces. 

[ix.  216] 

CARTERET,  PHILIP  (d.  1796),  rear-admiral ;  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Dolphin  in  John  Byron's  voyage,  1764-6  ; 
sailed  round  the  world  in  the  Swallow,  1767-9,  making 
numerous  discoveries  in  the  Pacific;  captain,  1771; 
served  in  the  West  Indies,  1777-81;  retired  as  rear- 
admiral,  1794.  [ix.  216] 

CARTHACH,  SAINT,  the  elder  (d.  580?),  of  a  royal 
house :  visited  Rome ;  disciple  of  St.  Oiaran  of  Saighir, 
King's  County ;  succeeded  him  at  Saighir,  c.  550 ;  tutor  of 
St.  Carthach  the  younger  [q.  v.];  commemorated  on 
March  5.  [ix.  216] 

CARTHACH,  SAINT,  the  younger  (d.  636),  called  also 
MOCHUDA;  sou  of  the  king  ofQKerry's  swineherd;  for- 
sook the  court  to  join  St.  Carthach  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
bishop  in  Kerry ;  founded  the  monastery  of  Rahen,  King's 
County,  e.  590 :  expelled  from  Rahen,  c.  631 ;  founded 
monastery  at  Lismore ;  commemorated  on  May  14. 

[ix.  217] 

CARTHEW,  GEORGE  ALFRED  (1807-1882),  Norfolk 
antiquary ;  mainly  self-taught ;  practised  as  a  solicitor 
at  Framlingham,  Suffolk,  1830-9,  and  East  Dereham, 
Norfolk ;  wrote  much  on  Norfolk  antiquities  ;  chief  work, 
'  History  of  Launditch  Hundred,'  1877-9.  [ix.  218] 

CARTHEW,  THOMAS  (1657-1704),  serjeant-at-law  ; 
barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1686  ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1700 ;  wrote  law  reports.  [ix.  219] 

CARTIER,  SIR  GEORGE  ETIENNE  (1814-1873),  Ca- 
nadian statesman :  educated  at  Montreal ;  barrister  of 
Lower  Canada,  1835 ;  member  of  the  legislature,  1848 : 
attorney-general,  1856  ;  a  leading  member  of  the  cabinet, 
1857-8  ;  premier,  1858-62 :  attorney-general,  1864 ;  minis- 
ter of  militia,  1867-73  ;  created  baronet,  1868 ;  died  in  Lon- 
don ;  wrote  French-Canadian  songs.  [ix.  219] 

CARTWRIGHT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1602-1658),  di- 
vine; entered  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1617;  M.A.,  1624: 
fellow,  1625  :  a  minister  in  York ;  student  of  rabbinical 
literature  ;  published  sermons  and  works  of  controversial 
divinity.  [ix.  220] 


GARTWBJGrHT 


211 


GABY 


CARTWRIGHT,  EDMUND  (1743-1823),  reputed  in- 
ventor of  the  power-loom ;  entered  University  College, 
Oxford,  17«0;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1764: 
M.A.,  1766  ;  married  an  heiress  ;  incumbent  of  Brampton, 
Yorkshire :  rector  of  Goadby  Marwood,  Leicestershire, 
1779  ;  viMtvd  cotton-spinniii£  mills  near  Matlock,  1784, 
ami  romvui-d  the  idea  of  a  weaving-mill;  patented  a 
power-loom,  1785-7;  removed  to  Doncaster,  where  he 
built  a  weaving-mill,  1787;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1786; 
I>:itnit«il  a  wool-combing  machine,  1789-92;  bankrupt; 
sold  his  Uoiicaster  factory,  1793 ;  removed  to  London ; 
•,t«l  an  alcohol  engine.  1797:  agricultural  experi- 
iiiriit.T  to  tin-  Dukes  of  Bedford  at  Woburn,  Bedfordshire, 
1800-7;  D.D.,  1806;  rewarded  by  parliament,  1809 ; 
farn»nl  in  Kent.  [ix.  221] 

CARTWRIOHT,  FRANCES  DOROTHY  (1780-1863), 
authoress  ;  youngest  child  of  Edmund  Cartwright  [q.  v.]  ; 
published  a  biography  of  her  uncle,  John  Cartwright 
(1740-1824)  [q.  v.],and  devotional  poems,  and  translations 
from  the  Spanish.  [ix.  223] 

CARTWRIOHT,  GEORGE  (ft.  1661),  author  of  '  The 
Heroick  Lover,'  a  tragedy,  printed  1661.  [ix.  224] 

CARTWRIGHT,  JOHN  (ft.  1763-1808),  painter; 
studied  in  Rome ;  returned  to  England,  1779  ;  exhibited, 
1784-1808 ;  a  friend  of  Henry  Fuseli.  [ix.  224] 

CARTWRIGHT,  JOHN  (1740-1824),  political  re- 
former :  served  in  the  navy,  c.  1758-70,  chiefly  in  New- 
foundland ;  lieutenant,  1766 ;  wrote  against  taxing  the 
American  colonies,  1775 ;  major  of  militia,  1775-90 ;  re- 
sided in  Lincolnshire;  removed  to  London,  1805;  wrote 
in  favour  of  strengthening  the  navy,  reforming  parlia- 
ment, abolishing  slavery,  emancipating  Greece,  and  crush- 
ing absolutism  in  Spain.  [ix.  224] 

CARTWRIGHT,  JOSEPH  (1789  ?-1829),  marine 
painter  ;  appointed  paymaster  of  the  forces  at  Corfu,  c. 
1811 ;  published  » Views  in  the  Ionian  Islands  ' ;  exhibited 
in  London.  [be.  225] 

CARTWRIGHT,  SAMUEL  (1789-1864),  dentist ;  an 
ivory  turner  ;  attended  medical  classes  in  London ;  prac- 
tised as  dentist,  1811-67.  [ix.  826] 

CARTWRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1535-1603),  puritan; 
entered  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1547  ;  scholar  of  St.  John's, 
Cambridge,  1550;  left  Cambridge  at  Mary's  accession, 
1653;  lawyer's  clerk;  returned  to  Cambridge,  1559; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  1560  ;  M.A.,  1560 ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  1562 ;  one  of  the  disputants  at  Elizabeth's 
state  visit,  1564 ;  attacked  the  use  of  the  surplice,  1565 ; 
accompanied  Bishop  Adam  Loftus  to  Ireland  as  chap- 
lain, 1565  ;  returned  to  Cambridge,  1567 ;  Lady  Margaret 
professor  of  divinity,  1569 ;  lectured  and  preached  against 
the  constitution  of  the  church  of  England ;  deprived  of 
his  professorship,  1570,  and  of  his  fellowship  at  Trinity, 
1571;  retired  to  Geneva;  returned  to  England,  1572; 
withdrew  to  the  continent.  1573 ;  tried  to  organise  the 
Huguenots  of  the  Channel  Islands,  1576:  employed  by 
English  puritan  leaders  to  criticise  the  Rhemish  version 
of  the  New  Testament,  1582  :  pastor  of  the  English  con- 
gregation at  Antwerp ;  declined  divinity  chair  at  St. 
Andrews,  1584 ;  returned  to  England,  1585 ;  master  of 
the  Earl  of  Leicester's  hospital  at  Warwick,  1586 ;  im- 
prisoned as  a  puritan,  1590-2  ;  accompanied  Edward, 
baron  Zouche,  to  Guernsey,  1595-8 ;  published  exegetical 
and  controversial  treatises.  [ix.  226] 

CARTWRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1634-1689),  bishop  of 
Chester;  tabarder  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  e.  1650: 
M.A.,  1655 ;  chaplain ;  secretly  ordained  by  Bishop  Robert 
Skinner,  c.  1655 :  vicar  of  Walthamstow,  Essex,  1657 : 
preacher  at  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Milk  Street,  London, 
1659;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1660;  vicar  of  Barking, 
1660-89 :  D.D.,  1661 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and  vicar 
of  St.  Thomas,  London,  1665  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary ; 
dean  of  Ripon,  1675;  a  favourite  of  James,  duke  of 
Tork;  rector  of  Wigan;  bishop  of  Chester,  1686;  a 
chief  instrument  in  carrying  out  James  II's  unconstitu- 
tional acts;  one  of  James  II's  ecclesiastical  commis- 
sioners, 1687 ;  chief  visitor  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
to  enforce  submission  to  James  II,  1687 ;  withdrew  to 
Prance,  1688 ;  nominated  bishop  of  Salisbury  by  King 
James,  1689,  whom  he  followed  to  Ireland.  [ix.  230] 

CARTWRIGHT,  SIR  THOMAS  (1795-1860),  diplo- 
matist ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1812 ;  envoy  to 
Sweden ;  knighted,  1834 ;  died  at  Stockholm,  [ix.  232] 


CARTWRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1611-1643), dramatist; 
educated  at  Wostminster  School;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1628  ;  M.A.,  1635;  a  florid  preacher  :  his 
•  lioyal  Slave*  acted  before  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1636; 
I  junior  proctor,  April  1643  ;  died  of  pestilence,  November. 
His  plays  and  poems  were  published,  1651.  [ix.  232] 

CARTWRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1687),  actor ;  acted 
at  Whitefriars  Theatre  before  the  civil  war ;  turned  book- 
seller when  the  theatres  were  closed  ;  joined  the  king's 
company  of  players,  e.  1661,  and  the  Duke  of  York's 
company,  1682;  bequeathed  books  and  portraits  to 
Dulwich  College.  [ix.  233] 

CARUS,  THOMAS  (d.  1572?),  judge;  barrister  of 
the  Middle  Temple ;  serjeant-at-law,  1569  ;  justice  of  the 
queen's  bench,  1565  till  death.  [ix.  234] 

CARVE,  THOMAS  (1590-1672  ?),  traveller  and  histo- 
rian ;  really  OARUE,i.e.  Carew  ;  catholic  priest  in  Leighlin 
diocese  ;  army  chaplain  in  the  imperialist  service  in  Ger- 
many, from  before  1626  to  1643  ;  visited  Ireland,  1630  and 
1633;  vicar-choral  of  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral,  Vienna, 
1643;  published  abroad  '  Itinerarium,'  being  an  account 
of  his  services,  1639-46,  a  treatise  on  Irish  history,  1651, 
and  other  works.  [ix.  234] 

CARVELL,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1566),  poet ;  educated  at 
Eton ;  entered  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1546 ;  M.A., 
1553;  withdrew  to  Zurich,  1553-9:  probably  author  of 
two  poems  in  the  '  Mirror  for  Magistrates.'  [ix.  235] 

CARVER,  JOHN  (1575 ?-1621),  leader  of  the  'pil- 
grim fathers ' ;  an  English  puritan  ;  withdrew  to  Hol- 
land, 1608 ;  deacon  in  the  English  congregatioualist  church 
in  Leyden;  sailed  in  the  Mayflower,  September  1620; 
chosen  governor  by  the  colonists  at  Massachusetts,  De- 
cember ;  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  March  1621 ; 
died  of  sunstroke.  [ix.  236] 

CARVER,   JONATHAN  (1732-1780),  American  ex- 
plorer ;  born  in  Connecticut ;    son  of  the  English  go- 
vernor ;  served  in  the  colonial  forces,  1757-63 ;  travelled 
j  along  Lake  Superior  and  in  unexplored  Minnesota,  1766-8  ; 
|  claimed  to  have  received  large  grants  of  land  from  the 
i  Indians ;  came  to  England,  1769 ;  further  journeys  and 
j  colonisation  schemes  prevented  by  the  American  rebel- 
!  lion  ;  published  account  of  his  travels,  1778,  and  a  tract 
\  on  tobacco,  1779.  [ix.  237] 

CARVER,  ROBERT  (d.  1791),  landscape  and  scene 
painter ;  son  and  pupil  of  an  Irish  artist ;  exhibited  in 
Dublin  ;  scene  painter  to  Drury  Lane  Theatre  and  after- 
wards to  Covent  Garden  Theatre ;  exhibited  landscapes 
in  London,  1765-90.  [ix.  238] 

CARVOSSO,  BENJAMIN  (1789-1854),  Wesleyan 
minister ;  a  Cornishman  ;  Wesleyan  minister,  1814  ;  went 
to  Tasmania,  1820 ;  thence  to  New  South  Wales ;  started 
the  '  Australian  Magazine,'  1820  ;  returned  to  Tasmania, 
1825 ;  returned  to  England,  1830,  and  served  at  different 
centres  ;  published  tracts.  [ix.  239] 

CARWAEDINE,  PENELOPE,  afterwards  MRS.  BUT- 
LER (1730?-1800?),  miniaturist;  exhibited,  1761-72; 
friend  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  [ix.  239] 

CARWELL,  THOMAS  (1600-1664),  Jesuit ;  real  name 
THOROLD  ;  of  Lincolnshire  ;  embraced  Romanism,  1622  ; 
studied  at  St.  Oiner's  ;  joined  the  Jesuits  at  Rome,  1633 ; 
professor  at  Liege ;  sent  on  the  English  mission,  1647 ; 
served  chiefly  in  London ;  wrote  against  Archbishop  Laud, 
1658.  [ix.  239] 

CART.    [See  also  CAREW  and  CAREY.] 

OAKY,  EDWARD  (d.  1711).  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
went  abroad,  1646 ;  priest,  1651 ;  sent  on  the  English 
mission;  army  chaplain  to  James  II;  Jacobite  agent; 
published  a  tract.  [ix.  240] 

GARY,  ELIZABETH,  VISCOUNTESS  FALKLAND  (1585- 
1639),  daughter  of  Sir  Lawrence  Tanfleld,  the  judge; 
married,  c.  1600,  Sir  Henry  Gary,  afterwards  first  viscount 
Falkland  [q.  v.] ;  a  linguist ;  secretly  embraced  Roman 
Catholicism,  c.  1604 :  accompanied  her  husband  to  Ireland, 
1622 ;  separated  from  him  on  account  of  religion,  1626. 

[Ix.  241] 

GARY,  FRANCIS  STEPHEN  (1808-1880),  artist;  a 
younger  son  of  Henry  Francis  Gary  [q.  v.] ;  studied  art 
in  London.  Paris  (1829),  Italy,  and  Munich ;  travelled, 
1833-5 ;  exhibited  in  London  from  1836 :  art  teacher  in 
Bloomsbury,  1842-74.  [ix.  240] 


GARY 


212 


CASE 


CARY,  PIR  HENRY,  first  Visr<»f\T  FAT,KL\NI>  (rf. 
1633),  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  ;  con  of  a  Hertfordshire 
knipht ;  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  ;  served  abroad  ; 
gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  James  I ;  K.B.,  1608 ; 
controller  of  the  household,  1617-21;  created  Viscount 
Falkland  in  the  Scottish  peerage,  1620;  lord-deputy  of 
Ireland,  1622  ;  failed  in  that  office ;  recalled,  1629. 

[ix.  240] 

CART,  HENRY  FRANCIS  (1772-1844),  translator ; 
of  Irish  extraction ;  born  at  Gibraltar  ;  educated  at  Bir- 
mingham ;  wrote  verses,  from  1787,  chiefly  for  the '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine' ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1790  : 
M.A.,  1796 ;  vicar  of  Abbot's  Bromley,  Staffordshire,  1796, 
and  of  Kingfcbury,  Warwickshire,  1800 ;  published  his 
translation  of  Dante's  '  Inferno,'  1805,  and  of  the  'Purga- 
torio '  and  '  Paradiso,'  1812  ;  became  a  non-resident  par- 
son, 1807 ;  resided  in  London,  taking  clerical  work  and 
writing  for  the  magazines ;  translated  the  '  Birds '  of 
Aristophanes,  1824 ;  an  official  of  the  British  Museum 
Library,  1826-37 ;  translated  Pindar,  1832 ;  travelled, 
1833-5  ;  pensioned,  1841.  [ix.  242] 

OAKY,  JOHN  (rf.  1395?),  judge;  warden  of  the 
Devonshire  ports,  1373 ;  refused  to  be  serjeant-at-law, 
1383  :  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1386  ;  impeached  and 
banished  to  Waterford  for  favouring  Richard  II,  1388. 

[ix.  244] 

CAKY,  JOHN  (</.  1720?),  merchant  and  writer  on 
trade ;  son  of  a  vicar  of  Bristol :  West  India  sugar  mer- 
chant; compliant  to  James  II,  1687;  published,  1695, 
'  An  Essay  on  ...  England  in  relation  to  its  Trade ' ; 
advocated  workhouses  for  paupers ;  consulted  by  the 
government  on  Irish  manufactures,  1704 ;  published 
pamphlets  on  trade  and  the  currency.  [ix.  244] 

GABY,  LUCIUS,  second  VISCOUNT  FALKLAND  (1610  ?- 
1643),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Gary,  afterwards  first  viscount 
Falkland  [q.  v.],  and  Elizabeth  Gary  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied 
his  parents  to  Dublin,  1622 ;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  deprived  of  command  of  a  company  by  his 
father's  opponents,  1629 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  to  pre- 
vent his  fighting  a  duel,  January  1630 ;  succeeded  to  the 
Burford  estate,  e.  1630 ;  vainly  sought  service  in  Holland ; 
lived  in  retirement  at  Great  Tew,  Oxfordshire ;  succeeded 
to  the  viscounty  and  his  father's  encumbered  estates, 

1633  ;  supposed  to  have  sold  his  life  interest  in  the  Bur- 
ford  estate,  1634;  resided  with  his   mother,  a   Roman 
catholic,  1633-4 ;  retired  to  Great  Tew,  1634 :  served  as 
volunteer  against  the  Scots,  1639 ;  M.P.  for  Newport  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  in  the  Short  parliament,  April  1640, 
and  in  the  Long   parliament,  November  1640 ;    spoke 
against  Laud's  ecclesiastical   tyranny,  February  1641 ; 
spoke  in  favour  of  Stratford's  attainder,  April  1641;  op- 
posed   abolition    of    episcopacy,    May    1641;    accepted 
secretaryship    of    state,    January    1642 ;    accompanied 
Charles  I  to  York ;  sent  to  negotiate  with  the  parliament, 
September  1642  ;  present  at  the  siege  of  Gloucester,  August 
1643 ;  despairing  of  peace  threw  away  his  life  at  Newbury 
fight,  September  1643.    Some  of  his  verses  and  philosophi- 
cal tractates  were  published  posthumously.       [ix.  246] 

CAKY,  PATRICK  (fl.  1 651  \  poet:  a  younger  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Gary,  first  viscount  Falkland  [q.  v.] ;  brought 
up  as  a  Roman  catholic  in  France  and  Italy ;  a  protege 
of  Pope  Urban  VIII;  an  abbe  in  Italy,  before  1644; 
Benedictine  monk  at  Douay,  e.  1650 ;  came  to  England ; 
wrote  verses  at  Waruford,  Hampshire,  1651  (first  printed, 
1771).  [ix.  251] 

CAKY,  ROBERT  (1615?-1688),  chronologer;  of  the 
Carys  of  Cockiugton,  Devonshire ;  entered  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1631 ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 

1634  ;  M.A.,  1639 ;  D.C.L.,  1644  ;  rector  of  Portsmouth, 
Devonshire,  1666-88 ;  archdeacon  of  Exeter,  1662-4 ;  pub- 
lished •  Palieologia  Chronica,'  1677.  [Ix.  252] 

CAKY,  VALENTINE  (<*.  1626),  bishop  of  Exeter ; 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  migrated  to 
Christ's  College,  1585  ;  B.A.,  1589 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's, 
1591 ;  fellow  of  Christ's,  1595  ;  again  fellow  of  St.  John's, 
1599 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1601  ;  vicar  of  East  Tilbury, 
1603 ;  rector  of  Great  Parndon,  1606 ;  vicar  of  Epping, 
1607 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1607-21  ;  master  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1609-20  :  ejected  the  puritan  fellows ; 
rector  of  Orsett,  Essex,  and  of  Toft,  Cambridgeshire, 
1610 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1614-21 ;  attended  James  I  to 
Scotland,  1617;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1621-6;  chancellor  of 
Exeter,  1622-4  ;  vicar  of  Exmlnster,  1624.  [ix.  352] 


CAKY,  WILLIAM  (1769-1825),  philosophical  instru- 
ment maker  in  London,  1790-1825.  [ix.  253] 

CAKYL,  JOSEPH  (1602-1673),  independent  divine; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1627  ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1632-47;  a  frequent  preacher  before  the  Long  par- 
liament; member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  1643; 
minister  of  St.  Magnus,  London,  1646-62;  chaplain  to 
Oliver  Cromwell  in  Scotland;  pastor  of  a  London  non- 
conformist congregation,  1662-73 ;  published  sermons  and 
a  commentary  on  Job,  1651-66.  [ix.  253] 

CAKYLL,  JOHN,  titular  BAHON  OARYLL  (1625-1711X 
diplomatist ;  of  a  Roman  catholic  family  in  Sussex  ; 
wrote  a  tragedy,  1666,  and  a  comedy,  1671 ;  translated 
parts  of  Ovid  and  Virgil,  1680-3 ;  envoy  to  Rome,  It; 85  ; 
secretary  to  Queen  Mary  of  Modena,  1686  ;  withdrew  to 
France,  1689 ;  secretary  of  state  to  the  exiled  dynasty ; 
his  estate  forfeited,  1696 ;  published  a  version  of  the  Psalms, 
1700 :  created  by  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender,  Baron 
Oaryll,  1701 ;  died  at  Paris.  [ix.  254] 

CAKYLL,  JOHN  (1666  ?-1736),  friend  of  Pope,  with 
whom  he  corresponded,  1710-35  ;  Roman  catholic  squire 
in  Sussex.  [ix.  255] 

CAKYSFORT,  EARLS  OF.  [See  PROBT,  JOHN 
JOSHUA,  first  EARL,  1751-1828;  PROBY,  GRANVII.LK 
LEVESON,  third  EARL,  1781-1868.] 

CAKYSFOKT,  first  BARON  (1720-1772).  [See  PROBT, 
JOHN.] 

CASALI,  ANDREA  (1720  ?-1783  ?),  painter ;  born  at 
1  Oivita  Vecchia,  Tuscany;    studied  painting  at  Rome; 
!  came  to  England,  1748  ;  styled  '  cavaliere '  after  1761 ;  re- 
turned to  Rome,  1769 ;  exhibited  at  London  till  1783. 

[ix.  256] 

CASANOVA,  FRANCIS  (1727-1805),  battle  painter ; 
born  in  London,  1727,  his  parents  being  there  on  an  acting 
tour:  studied  art  at  Venice,  Paris  (1751),  and  Dresden 
(1752-6);  returned  to  Paris,  1757;  exhibited  in  London, 
1767 ;  died  at  Vienna.  [ix.  256] 

CASAUBON,  ISAAC  (1559-1614),  classical  scholar ; 
born  at  Geneva  ;  son  of  Huguenot  refugees ;  brought  up 
at  Crest  in  Dauphine ;  learned  Greek  at  Geneva  from 
I  Francis  Portus,  a  Cretan  ;  succeeded  Portus  as  professor 
of  Greek,  1581;  published  notes  on  Diogenes  Laertius, 
1583;  his  second  wife  a  daughter  of  the  great  printer, 
Henri  Estienne ;  published  commentaries  on  several 
Greek  authors,  1587-95  ;  met  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  1593 ; 
corresponded  with  Joseph  Scaliger ;  professor  at  Mont- 
pellier,  1596 ;  began  his  diary  ('  Ephemerides,'  published 
1850),  1597 ;  published  his  Atheuteus  at  Lyons,  1600 ; 
removed  to  Paris,  1600  ;  pensioned  by  Henry  IV ;  keeper 
of  the  royal  library,  1604;  Importuned  to  embrace  Ro- 
manism ;  published  Persius,  1605,  and  Polybius,  1609 
(completed  1617);  invited  to  England,  July  1610;  came 
to  England,  October  1610 ;  prebendary  of  Canterbury, 
1611 ;  attached  to  the  court  and  pensioned  by  James  I : 
employed  to  confute  Baronlus  ('Exercitationes  xvi  ad 
Baronii  Annales,'  published  1614)  ;  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  [ix.  257] 

CASATTBON,  MERIO  (1599-1671),  classical  scholar;  a 
younger  son  of  Isaac  Casanbon  [q.  v.]  :  born  at  Geneva ; 
brought  up  at  Sedan ;  brought  to  England,  1611  ;  at 

I  Eton ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1614-27 ;  pub- 
lished vindications  of  his  father  against  Roman  catholic 
detractors,  1621  and  1624  :  M.A.,  1622 ;  rector  of  Bleadon, 

1  Somerset,  1626  ;  B.D.,  1628 ;  prebendary  of  Canterbury, 
1628  ;  vicar  of  Minster  and  Monckton,  Thanet,  1634  ; 
D.D.,  1636  ;  ejected  by  parliament  from  his  benefices, 
1644  ;  invited  by  Oliver  Cromwell  to  write  a  history  of 
the  civil  war  ;  invited  to  Sweden  by  Queen  Christina ; 
married  a  rich  wife,  1651  ;  recovered  his  benefices, 
1660 :  rector  of  Ickham,  Kent,  1662  ;  published  classical 
commentaries,  including  Marcus  Aurelins,  1643,  and 
Epictetus,  1659,  translations  and  theological  treatises, 
1631-70.  [ix.  261] 

CASE,  JOHN  (<f.  1600),  Aristotelian  commentator  ; 
chorister  at  Oxford  ;  scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1564  ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1572  :  M.D.,  1589  ;  canon  of  Salisbury, 
I  1589  ;  practised  medicine  in  Oxford  ;  published  philosophi- 
cal text-books,  1584-99 ;  wrote  also  '  Apologia  Musices,' 
1588.  [ix.  262] 

CASE,  JOHN  (Jt.  1680-1700),  astrologer  ;  resided  in 
Lambeth,  1682  ;  friend  of  John  Partridge  the  astrologer  ; 


CASE 


213 


CAT 


published  two  anatomical  treatises,  1695,  two  astrological 
,  169fi-7,  and  a  medical  tract,  1698;  styled   .M.I).; 
practised  medicine  aud  astrology  in  London,      [ix.  263] 

CASE,  THOMAS  (1698-1682),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
educated  at  Canterbury  and  Merchaut  Taylors'  School ; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1616;  M.A.,  1«23; 
curate  at  North  Ilepps,  Norfolk;  incumbent  of  Krping- 
liain,  Norfolk ;  preacher  at  Manchester  and  Salford, 
1635 ;  pm-ecuU-d  for  contempt  of  church  ceremonies  iu 
both  <li(xv-rH  (Norwich  aud  Chester)  ;  married  into  an 
Influential  family,  1637;  lecturer  in  several  London 
chun-ln's  1641-2  ;  member  of  the  Westminster  assembly, 
1643 ;  intruded  rector  of  Stockport,  Cheshire,  1645-6  ; 
i-jeeted  by  parliament  from  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalen,  Milk  Street,  1649  ;  imprisoned  as  privy  to  the 
prf-ti\  U'rian  plot  to  recall  Charles  II,  1651  ;  rector  of  St. 
(ii]f--ui-the-Fields,  London,  1652?;  deputed  by  pres- 
bvterians  to  congratulate  Charles  II  at  the  Hague, 
166U  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II ;  member  of  the  Savoy  con- 
ference, 1661 ;  ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662 ;  published 
sermons.  [Ix.  264] 

CASEY,  JOHN  (1820-1891),  mathematician  ;  en- 
gaged as  national  school  teacher ;  scholar.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1861 ;  B.A.,  1862  ;  honorary  LL.D.,  1869  :  mathe- 
matical master  in  Kingston  school,  1862-73  ;  member  of 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  1866,  and  councillor,  1880 ;  pro- 
fessor of  higher  mathematics  and  mathematical  physics. 
Catholic  university,  1873-81 ;  F.R.S.,  1876 ;  fellow  of 
Royal  University,  1881 ;  honorary  LL.D.,  1885  ;  lecturer  in 
mathematics,  University  College,  Stephen's  Green,  1881- 
1891 ;  published  mathematical  treatises.  [Suppl.  i.  395] 

CASLON,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1692-1766),  type- 
founder ;  born  in  Worcestershire ;  engraver  on  metal ; 
eet  up  shop  in  London,  1716  ;  began  type-founding,  1716, 
his  type  becoming  famous.  [ix.  267] 

CASLON,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1720-1778),  type- 
founder ;  eldest  sou  of  William  Caslon  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
partner  in  his  father's  business,  1742 ;  carried  it  on 
successfully  after  his  father's  death.  [ix.  267] 

GA88,  SIR  JOHN  (1666-1718),  merchant  and  bene- 
factor of  city  of  London ;  alderman  of  Portsoken  ward, 
London,  1710 ;  M.P.  for  city,  1710  and  1713 ;  sheriff, 
1711;  knighted,  1712;  founded  by  legacy  a  school  at 
Hackney.  [Suppl.  i.  396] 

CA88AN,  STEPHEN  HYDE  (1789-1841),  ecclesias- 
tical biographer ;  born  at  Calcutta ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1815 ;  curate  in  Somerset  and  Wiltshire ;  vicar 
of  Bruton,  Somerset,  1831 :  published  sermons  and  trite 
lives  of  the  bishops  of  Salisbury,  1824,  of  Winchester, 
and  (1830)  of  Bath  and  Wells.  [ix.  268] 

CASSEL  or  CASSELS,  RICHARD  (rf.  1751).  [See 
CASTLK,  RICHARD.] 

CASSELL,  JOHN  (1817-1865),  publisher  ;  son  of  a 
Manchester  publican  ;  bred  a  carpenter  ;  self-taught ;  a 
teetotal  lecturer ;  removed  to  London,  1836 ;  opened  a 
grocer's  shop  before  1847 ;  commenced  publishing  maga- 
zines and  books  for  popular  instruction,  1850.  [ix.  268] 

CASSIE,  JAMES  (1819-1879),  painter ;  exhibited  in 
Edinburgh  and  London.  [ix.  269] 

CASSILLIS,  EAHLS  OF.  [See  KKXNKDY,  GILBERT, 
second  EARL,  d.  1527 ;  KENNEDY,  GILBERT,  third  EARL, 
1517  ?-1558 ;  KENNEDY,  GILBERT,  fourth  EARL,  1541  ?- 
1576 ;  KENNEDY,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL,  1567  ?  -  1615  ; 
KKXNKDY,  JOHN,  sixth  EARL,  1595  ?-1668 ;  KENNEDY, 
JOHN,  seventh  EARL,  1646  ?-1701.] 

CASSIVELLAUNUS  (ft.  54  B.C.),  in  Welsh,  CASWAL- 
LAWN,  British  prince :  chief  of  the  Catuvellauni  (Hert- 
ford, .Buckingham,  and  Berk  shires)  ;  opposed  Julius  Caesar 
in  his  second  campaign  in  Britain  ;  defeated  at  a  ford 
over  the  Thames ;  his  store-town  shown  to  Caesar  by  re- 
volted subject  tribes;  submitted  to  Csesar,  and  gave 
hostages.  [ix.  270] 

CASTEEL8,  PETER  (1684-1749),  painter  and  en- 
graver of  still-life  ;  born  at  Antwerp  ;  came  to  England, 
1703 ;  designer  of  calico  patterns  at  Tooting,  1735,  and 
Richmond.  [ix.  271] 

CA8TELL,  EDMUND  (1606-1685),  Semitic  scholar ; 
entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1621 ;  M.A.,  1628  ; 
B.D.,  1G35  ;  began  his  'Lexicon  Ueptaglwtton,'  1651  (pub- 


lished  1669)  ;  helped  Brian  Walton  in  the  •  Biblia  Poly- 
glotta  '  (published  1657)  ;  published  verses  congratulating 
Charles  II  on  the  Restoration,  1660  ;  D.D.,  1661  :  chaplain 
to  Charles  II,  1666;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1667; 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge  ;  successively  incumbent 
of  Hatneld  Peverel  and  Woodham  Walter,  Essex,  and 
Higham-Gobion,  Bedfordshire  ;  bequeathed  oriental  manu- 
scripts to  Cambridge  University.  [ix.  271] 

CA8TELL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1646),  author  of  two  pam- 
phlete  on  America,  1641-4  ;  rector  of  Courteeuhall,  North- 
amptonshire, 1627.  [ix.  272] 

CASTELLO,  ADRIAN  UK  (1460  ?-1521?).  [See 
ADRIAN  DE  CASTELLO.] 

CASTILLO,  JOHN  (1792-1845),  or  CASTELLO,  author 
of  poems  in  the  Cleveland  dialect;  born  of  Roman 
catholic  parents  near  Dublin  ;  brought  up  near  Whitby, 
Yorkshire  ;  stonemason  in  Cleveland  ;  joined  the  Wes- 
leyaus,  1818  ;  a  local  preacher.  [ix.  273] 


THOMAS  (d.  1793  ?),  soldier  ;  a  Manx- 
man ;  serjeant  in  the  4th  foot  ;  deserted  ;  served  in  the 
French  forces  in  America  ;  said  to  have  been  colonel  of 
foot  in  France,  c.  1789  ;  wrongly  identified  with  General 
Adam  Philip  de  Custiue  (guillotined  1793).  [ix.  273] 

CASTLE,  EDMUND  (1698-1750),  ecclesiastic;  edu- 
cated at  Canterbury  ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College 
Cambridge,  1716  ;  B.A.,  1719  ;  fellow,  1722  ;  public  orator 
at  Cambridge,  1726-9  ;  vicar  of  Elm  and  Emneth,  Isle  of 
Ely,  1729  ;  rector  of  Barley,  Hertfordshire  :  head-master  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  1744  ;  master  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge,  1744  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1747  ; 
dean  of  Hereford,  1748.  [ix.  274] 

CASTLE,  GEORGE  (1635  ?-1673),  physician  ;  educated 
at  Thame  school  ;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1654  ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls',  1655  ;  M.D.,  1665  ;  practised  in  West- 
minster ;  physician  to  the  Charterhouse;  published  a 
medical  tract.  [ix.  274] 

CASTLE,  OASSEL,  or  CASSELS,  RICHARD  (rf. 
1751),  architect;  born  in  Germany  of  German  parents; 
went  to  Ireland  before  1720  ;  designed  many  buildings  in 
Dublin  and  the  provinces  ;  published  one  pamphlet,  1736. 

[ix.  274] 

CASTLE,  THOMAS  (1804?-  1840?),  physician;  ap- 
prenticed to  a  surgeon  at  Hythe  ;  studied  at  Guy's  Hospi- 
tal, 1826  ;  resident  in  Brighton  ;  styled  himself  M.D.  in 
1838  ;  published  medical  and  botanical  text-books,  1826- 
1837.  [ix.  275] 

CASTLEHAVEN,  third  EARL  OF  (1617  ?-1684).  [See 
TOUCHET,  JAMES.] 

GASTLEMAINE,  COUNTESS  OF  (1641-1709).  [See 
ViLLDiRg,  BARBARA,  DUCHESS  OF  CLEVELAND.] 

CASTLEMAINE,  EARL  OF  (d.  1705).  [See  PALMER, 
ROGER.] 

CASTLEREAOH,  VISCOUNT  (1739-1821).  [See 
STEWART,  ROBERT.] 

CASTLETON,  EARL  OF  (d.  1  723).  [See  SAUNDERSO.V, 
JAMES.] 

CASTRO,  ALFONSO  Y  (1495-1558),  theologian:  a 
Spaniard  ;  Franciscan  friar  ;  chaplain  to  the  Spanish 
merchants  at  Bruges,  1532  ;  published  his  famous  '  Ad- 
versus  Haereses,'  1534  ;  preacher  at  Salamanca  ;  chaplain 
to  Charles  V  ;  published  sermons,  1537-40,  '  De  fusta 
hsereticorum  puuitione,'  1547,  and  'De  potestate  legia 
pojnalis,'  1550  ;  sent  with  Philip  of  Spain  to  England  as 
his  adviser,  1554  ;  declared  the  burnings  of  English 
heretics  to  be  carried  out  too  hastily,  February  1566  ;  had 
a  discussion  in  prison  with  John  Bradford  (1510  ?-1555) 
[q.  v.]  ;  at  Antwerp,  1556  ;  named  archbishop  of  Com- 
postella,  1557  ;  died  at  Brussels.  [ix.  275] 

CASWALL,  EDWARD  (1814-1878),  hymn-writer; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1838;  incumbent  of 
Stratford-sub-Castle,  Wiltshire  ;  embraced  Roman  Catho- 
licism, 1847  ;  a  father  of  the  Birmingham  Oratory,  1860  ; 
published  Oxford  jeux  tfesprit,  1836-7,  sermons,  1846, 
hymns  and  verses,  1849-65.  [ix.  276] 

CAT,  CHRISTOPHER  (ft.  1703-1733),  keeper  of  the 
'  Oat  and  Fiddle  '  in  London  and  afterwards  of  the  '  Foun- 
tain '  tavern,  in  which  the  Kit-Cat  Olub  met,  1703-20. 

[ix.  277] 


CATCHER 


214 


CATHERINE 


CATCHER  or  BURTON,  EDWARD  (1584?-1624  ?), 
Jesuit:  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1597;  B.A.  Halliol  Col- 
l<>K'f.  1603  ;  embraced  Roman  Catholicism  at  Rome,  1606  ; 
joined  the  Jesuits  at  Louvain,  c.  1609  ;  procurator  of  the 
Jesuits  at  Liege,  1621-3 ;  scut  oil  the  English  mission ; 
translated  theological  tracts.  [ix.  278] 

CATCHPOLE,  MARGARET  (1773-1841),  adven- 
turess :  daughter  of  a  Suffolk  labourer ;  domestic  servant 
in  Ipswich  ;  stole  her  master':*  horse  to  join  a  seaman  in 
London,  1797 ;  escaped  from  Ipswich  gaol,  1800 ;  trans- 
ported to  Australia,  1801 ;  married  a  settler ;  resided  in 
Sydney,  1828-4L  [lx.  278] 

CATCOTT,  ALEXANDER  (1725-1779),  divine; 
eldest  son  of  Alexander  Stopford  Oatcott  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
Winchester  School,  1739  ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1748 ;  curate  in  Bristol ;  vicar  of  Temple  Church,  Bristol ; 
wrote  in  defence  of  the  traditional  interpretation  of  the 
Mosaic  deluge,  1756-68.  [ix.  278] 

OATCOTT,  ALEXANDER  STOPPORD  (1692-1749), 
divine  and  poet :  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1699  ; 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1709  ;  fellow,  1712- 
1722;  B.C.L.,  1718;  head-master  of  Bristol  grammar 
school,  1722-44 ;  preacher  in  Bristol ;  rector  of  St. 
Stephen's,  Bristol.  1744  ;  published  poems,  1715-17,  ex- 
positions of  the  views  of  John  Hutchinson  [q.  v.],  1738, 
and  sermons.  [ix.  279] 

CATE8,  WILLIAM  LEIST  READWIN  (1821-1895), 
compiler  ;  passed  in  law  at  London  University  ;  articled 
as  solicitor  at  Thateham,  1844 ;  engaged  in  private 
tuition  ;  assisted  Bernard  Bolingbroke  Woodward  [q.  v.] 
in  '  Encyclopaedia  of  Chronology,'  1860-72;  edited'  Dic- 
tionary of  General  Biography,'  1867,  and  published  other 
compilations.  [SuppL  i.  396] 

OATESBY,  SIB  JOHN  (d.  1486),  judge  ;  of  Whiston, 
Northamptonshire  :  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1458 ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1463  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1481 ;  knighted, 
1483.  [ix.  280] 

CATESBY,  MARK  (1679  ?-1749),  naturalist ;  studied 
natural  science  in  London ;  collected  plants  in  North 
America,  1710-19,  and  again,  1722-6  ;  resided  in  London  ; 
published  a  •  Natural  History  of  Carolina,'  1731-43,  and 
descriptions  of  some  American  fauna  and  flora. 

[ix.  281] 

CATESBY,  ROBERT  (1573-1605),  conspirator ;  son 
and  heir  of  Sir  William  Catesby  of  Lapworth,  Warwick- 
shire, a  rich  Roman  catholic  squire,  often  harassed  for 
recusancy ;  possibly  educated  at  Douay ;  of  Gloucester 
Hall,  Oxford,  1586  ;  inherited  Ohastletou,  Oxfordshire, 
1593 ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Earl  of  Essex's  rising, 
1601 ;  heavily  fined ;  sold  Ohastleton  and  retired  to  his 
mother's  house  at  Ash  by  St.  Legers,  Northamptonshire  ; 
imprisoned  as  a  malcontent,  1603 ;  released ;  joined 
Thomas  Winter  and  Guy  Fawkes  in  the  Gunpowder  plot, 
summer  of  1604 ;  fled  from  Westminster  to  Ashby  St. 
Legers  on  Guy  Fawkes's  arrest,  5  Nov.  1605  ;  killed  at  Hoi- 
beach,  Staffordshire,  8  Nov.,  resisting  arrest,  [ix.  281] 

CATESBY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1485),  squire  of  the  body 
to  Richard  III,  named  in  the  popular  satire  ('  The  cat, 
the  rat,  and  Lovel,'  &c.);  a  lawyer  ;  favourite  of  Richard, 
while  Duke  of  Gloucester  ;  contrived  the  fall  of  his  patron, 
William,  lord  Hastings,  1483;  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1483 ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Northampton- 
shire and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1484  ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Bos  worth  ;  beheaded.  [lx.  284] 

CATHARINE.    [See  CATHKIUXK.] 

GATHOAKT,  CHARLES,  ninth  BAROX  CATHCART 
(1721-1776),  soldier ;  entered  the  army  when  very  young ; 
succeeded  to  barony,  1740 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1742 ; 
prottgt  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  under  whom  he 
served  In  Flanders,  Scotland,  and  Holland ;  wounded  at 
Fontenoy,  1745;  hostage  in  Paris,  1748;  lieutenant- 
general,  1760 ;  envoy  to  Russia,  1768-71 ;  commander  of 
the  forces  in  Scotland.  [ix.  285] 

CATHCART,  CHARLES  MURRAY,  second  EARL 
CATHCART  (1782-1859),  general;  son  of  William  Schaw 
Oathcart,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ;  cornet,  1800 ;  served  in  Italy 
and  Sicily,  1805-6  ;  major,  1807  ;  styled  Lord  Greenock, 
from  November  1807 ;  nerved  at  Walcheren,  1809  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1810 ;  served  in  the  Peninsula,  1810-12 ; 
quartermaster-general,  1814-23 ;  nerved  at  Waterloo  ;  took 
an  Interest  in  geology ;  governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle, 


1837-42;  discovered  the    mineral   'Greenockite,'    1841; 
succeeded    to    earldom,    1813  ;    commauder-in-ehief    in 
,  British  North  America,  1846-9  ;  general,  1854.  [ix.  285] 

CATHCART,    DAVID,  LORD  ALLOW  AY  (</.    ISL»J>, 
Scottish  judge ;  advocate,  1785  ;  lord  of  session,  styled  Lord 
1  Alloway,  1813  till  death.  [ix.  286] 

CATHCART,   SIR    GEORGE    (1794-1854),    general; 
younger  son  of  William  Schaw  Oathcart,  first  earl  Cath- 
i  cart  [q. v.];    cornet,  1810;    lieutenant,  1811;  aide-de- 
camp to  his  father  with  the  Russian  army,   1813-14 ; 
I  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington  at  Waterloo  and  in  France, 
I  1816-18;  lieutenant-colonel,  1826;   deputy-lieutenant  of 
the  Tower,  1846-51 ;  published  a  book  on  the  1812-13 
campaign,  1815 ;    major-general,    1851 ;    commander-in- 
!  chief  in  South  Africa,  1862-4 ;  crushed  the  Kaffirs  and 
,  Basutos;  K.O.B.,  1853;  commanded  the  fourth  division 
j  in  the  Crimea ;   vainly  urged  an  immediate  attack  on 
Sebastopol,  September  1854 ;  killed  at  Inkermaun,  5  Nov. 

[ix.  286] 

CATHCART,  SIR  WILLIAM  SOHAW,  tenth  BARON 
i  OATHCABT  in  the  Scottish  peerage,  and  first  Vieroirxr 
;  and  EARL  CATHCART  (1755-1843),  general ;  eldest  sou  of 
1  Charles  Oathcart,  ninth  baron  [q.  v.] ;  at  Eton,  1766-71 ; 
at  St.  Petersburg,  with  his  father,  1771 ;  studied  law  at 
!  Dresden  and  Glasgow ;    advocate,    1776 ;    succeeded  to 
j  barony,    1776 ;    captain  of  dragoons,    1777 ;    served  in 
!  America,  1777-80,  commanding  the  '  British  legion '  of 
i  colonials,  1778-80,  and  the  38th  foot,  1780 ;  re'turued  to 
I  England,  1780 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1781 ;   representative 
:  peer  of  Scotland,  1788 ;  brigadier-general  in  the  Quiberon 
;  expedition,  175)3 ;  major-general,  1794  ;  served  in  Hano- 
ver, 1794-5 ;    lieutenant-general,    1801 ;    commauder-in- 
chief  in  Ireland,  1803-5  ;  served  ingloriously  in  Hanover, 
1806 ;   bombarded  Copenhagen,  1807 ;   created  Viscount 
Oathcart,  1807  ;  commander-iii-chief  in  Scotland ;  gene- 
ral, 1812 ;  ambassador  and  military  commissioner  with 
the  Russian  army,  1813-14  ;  created  Earl  Oathcart,  1814  ; 
ambassador   at  St.  Petersburg,  1814-21 ;   retired  from 
politics,  1831.  [ix.  287] 

CATHERINE    OF    V  ALOIS    (1401-1437),     queen    of 
i  Henry  V ;  youngest  daughter  of  Charles  VI,  the  insane 
king  of  France  ;  born  at  Paris ;  neglected  by  her  mother, 
Isabel  of  Bavaria  ;  brought  up  at  a  convent  at  Poissy ; 
I  asked  in  marriage  for  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  1413  ;  de- 
|  manded  in  marriage  by  Henry,  now  Henry  V,  who  also 
asked  an  immense  dowry  in  money  and  territory,  1414, 
war  with  France  ensuing  on  the  rejection  of  his  terms  ; 
met  Henry  V,  1419  ;  married  him  atTroyes,  2  June  1420 ; 
|  came  to  England,  February  1421 ;  crowned  at  Westmiu- 
|  ster,  1421 :  made  a  progress  in  the  north  ;  birth  of  her 
son  (Henry  VI),  2  Dec.  1421 ;  accompanied  Henry  V  to 
|  France,  May  1422  ;  returned  with  his  corpse  to  England, 
October  1422  ;  granted  Bayuard's  Castle,  Surrey,  for  a 
residence,  1424 ;  reported  to  be  intriguing  with,  or  secretly 
married  to  Owen  Tudor,  c.  1425 ;  marriage  with  her  for- 
bidden by  parliament  except  with  consent  of  the  privy 
council,  1428 ;  by  Owen  Tudor  had  Edmund  (created.  1452, 
Earl  of  Richmond,  father  of  Henry  VII),  and  other  issue ; 
withdrew  to  Bermoudsey  Abbey,  1436  ;  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  with  inscription  by  Henry  VI  describing 
her  as  widow,  of  Henry  V  ;  new  inscription  afterwards 
put  there  by  Henry  VII,  acknowledging  her  marriage  to 
Tudor.  [ix.  289] 

CATHERINE  OF  ARRAQON  (1485-1536),  first  queen 
of  Henry  VIII ;  youngest  child  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella of  Spain  ;  sought  in  marriage  when  two  years  old 
by  Henry  VII  for  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales  (he  being  one 
year  old),  1487 ;  became  an  excellent  Latin  scholar ; 
treaty  of  marriage  concluded,  1500  ;  sailed  from  Corufia, 
1501  ;  reached  Plymouth  2  Oct.  1501 ;  married  to  Prince 
Arthur  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  14  Nov.,  she  being  almost 
sixteen,  he  just  fifteen  years  of  age  ;  deprived  of  Prince 
Arthur  by  death,  1602  ;  proposal  made  for  her  marriage 
with  Prince  Henry ;  suggestion  made  for  her  marriage 
with  Henry  VII  (a  widower,  February  1503) ;  treaty  of 
marriage  to  Prince  Henry  signed,  23  June  1503  ;  papal 
dispensation  and  brief  of  Pope  Julius  II  for  the  marriage 
granted,  1504  ;  left  in  poverty  and  distress  through  the 
heartless  intrigues  of  Henry  VII,  wlio  desired  a  better 
match  for  the  prince,  1505-9  ;  married  to  the  prince,  now 
Henry  VIII,  11  June  1609  (she  well  over  23,  he  just  18) ; 
crowned,  24  June  ;  gave  birth  to  and  lost  four  children, 
1510-14;  regent  during  Henry  VIII's  French  campaign, 


CATHERINE 


215 


CATBIK 


1513  ;  birth  of  Princess  Mary,  1516  :  Henry  VIII  vexed  by 
her  father's  duplicity,  she  vexed  by  Henrys  inhdditirs 
Heurv  l.-it/.r.,v,  bastard  by  Elizabeth  lUount,  widow  of 
Sir  (iilbn-t  Tailbois,  born  1519,  created  Duke  of  Rich- 
II10I1d,  l.VJ.-,,  died  1536),  1518;  visited  by  her  nephew 
Charl.-  V  M:iv  1520;  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to 
France,  l.vj.i  ;  Second  visit  of  Charles  V,  1522;  harassed 
by  ii.triiru.-s  of  King  Henry  to  annul  Iris  marriage,  1526  ; 
Stormed  by  him  that  cohabitation  must  cease  till  the 
validity  of  their  marriage  IHJ  determined,  22  June  1526; 
ipL'atiiu-  powers  to  try  the  cause  given  to  Cardinal 
Lorenzo  Campeggio  [q.  v.],  who  arrival  in  October  1528  ; 
persecuted  with  the  intention  of  making  her  retire  to  a 
nunnery  •  appeared  before  the  tontine  court,  1529  ;  ap- 
irmlin'oiLn  court  to  Henry  VIII's  justice,  and  to  the  | 
nope  1629 ;  her  ca«e  revokeil  to  Rome ;  attended  the 
kin -;s  progress  to  Woodstock  as  queen,  September  1629  ; 
leit  at  Richmond  while  the  king  and  Anne  Boleyn  were 
in  London,  February  1 530  ;  English  and  foreign  univer- 
sities consulted  by  Henry  VIII  for  warrant  to  dissolve  his 
marriage  •  ill  with  fever,  1530 ;  urged  by  the  peers  to 
allow  her  case  to  be  tried  by  English  judges,  May  and 
October  1531 ;  finally  abandoned  by  Henry  VIII  (who 
took  Anne  Boleyn  with  him),  July  1531 ;  separated  from 
her  daughter,  Princess  Mary;  removed  to  Moor,  Hert- 
fordshire, 1531,  and  to  Bishop's  Hatfield,  1532;  much  I 
sympathy  felt  for  her  by  the  people,  Henry  VIII  and 
Anne  Boleyn  being  secretly  married,  25  Jan.,  and  the 
marriage  acknowledged,  13  April  1533 ;  ordered  to  be 
styled  'the  princess  dowager';  her  marriage  declared 
null  by  Archbishop  Oranmer,  1533  ;  removed  to  Buck- 
den,  Huntingdonshire,  1533  ;  forcibly  resisted  an  attempt 
to  remove  her  to  Somersham,  Isle  of  Ely,  1533  ;  in  fear  of 
poison,  1534  ;  her  marriage  pronounced  valid  by  the  pope, 
23  March  1534 ;  her  jointure  transferred  by  parliament 
to  Anne  Boleyn  steadily  refused  to  accept  the  Act  of 
Succession,  1534 ;  many  other  supporters  executed,  1535 ; 
serious  illness,  December  1535  ;  died  possibly  of  cancer  of 
the  heart,  7  Jan.  1536  ;  buried  in  Peterborough  Abbey. 

£ix.  290^ 

CATHERINE  HOWARD  (rf.  1542),  fifth  queen  of 
Henry  VIII ;  daughter,  by  his  first  wife,  of  Lord  Ed- 
mund Howard,  a  younger  son  of  Thomas,  second  duke  of 
Norfolk  her  education  neglected  through  her  father's 
poverty ;  on  her  father's  second  marriage  became  a  de- 
pendant in  her  grandmother's  (Agnes,  dowager  duchess 
of  Norfolk's)  house  at  Horsham,  Norfolk,  and  afterwards 
at  Lambeth  ;  improperly  familiar  with  Henry  Mannock 
(or  Manox),  her  music-master ;  passed  privately  as  wife 
of  Francis  Dereham,  a  retainer  of  the  duchess ;  during 
Dereham's  absence  in  Ireland,  was  thought  likely  to 
marry  her  cousin,  Thomas  Cul pepper  of  Kent;  met 
Henry  VIII  at  Bishop  Stephen  Gardiner's  palace :  claims 
for  promotion  pressed  on  her  by  her  old  associates,  on 
the  report  that  Henry  would  divorce  Anne  of  Cleves  and 
marry  her :  married  secretly  to  King  Henry,  July,  and 
acknowledged,  August  1540 ;  accompanied  Henry  on  his 
midland  progress,  September-October  1540,  and  again, 
to  Yorkshire,  July-October  1541 ;  clandestinely  met  Oul- 
pepper  at  Lincoln  and  Pontefract,  1541,  by  help  of  her 
cousin  Jane,  viscountess  Rochford,  and  27  Aug.,  made 
Dereham  her  secretary ;  a  statement  of  her  former  inti- 
macy with  Mannock  and  Dereham,  supplied  by  maid-ser- 
vants, given  to  Henry  VIII,  2  Nov. ;  driven  to  confess 
pre-nuptial  nnchastity  with  Dereham  and  familiarities 
with  Mannock,  a  strict  inquiry  having  been  held ;  given 
by  the  king  a  promise  to  spare  her  life  and  sent  to  Sion 
House,  November  1541;  evidence  of  adultery  vainly 
sought ;  all  persons  supposed  privy  to  her  misconduct 
imprisoned,  Culpepper  and  Dereham  being  sentenced  to 
death,  and  several  of  her  relatives  and  servants  to  im- 
prisonment and  forfeiture,  1641  ;  a  bill  attainting  her  and 
Lady  Rochford  (now  insane)  brought  in,  21  Jan.,  and 
passed  7  Feb.  1542 ;  a  new  confession,  but  only  of  pre- 
nuptial  nnchwtity,  wrung  from  her  ;  taken  to  the  Tower, 
10  Feb.,  and,  with  Lady  Rochford,  beheaded  13  Feb.  1^542. 

CATHERINE  PARR  (1512-1548),  sixth  queen  of 
Henry  VIII ;  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Parr  (d.  1517)  of 
Keudal;  well  educated;  married  to  Edward  Borough 
(possibly  Edward,  the  insane  Baron  Borough  of  Gains- 
borough, d.  1529) ;  third  wife  of  John  Neville,  baron 
Latimer  (d.  1542) ;  ready  to  marry  Sir  Thomas  Seymour, 
brother  of  Jane,  the  late  queen ;  forced  to  marry  Henry 
VIII,  12  July  1543;  showed  great  kindness  to  Prince 


Edward  and  the  Princesses  Elizabeth  and  Mary ;  tried 
to  diminish  religious  persecution  ;  regent  duriiiL'  Henry 
VIII's  French  expedition,  1544;  her  life  ndftBfMMd  by 
her  protestant  leanings  ;  secretly  married,  c.  April,  Sir 
Thomas  Seymour,  now  Baron  Seymour  of  Sudeley, 
Henry  VIII  having  died  in  January  1547;  obtained  Ed- 
ward Vl's  consent  to  the  match  ;  disgusted  by  her  hus- 
band's brutalities  to  Princess  Elizabeth  ;  gave  birth  to  a 
daughter  at  Sudeley  Castle,  30  Aug.  1548.  [ix.  308] 

CATHERINE  <>K  BKAGANZA  (1638-1706),  queen  of 
Charles  II;  born  at  Villa  Vtcosa;  her  father  king  of 
Portugal  in  1640  ;  her  education  utterly  neglected  ;  mar- 
riage with  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  proposal  for  her  by 
her  father,  1645  ;  renewed  proposals  made  by  the  Portu- 
guese for  her  marriage  with  Charles  II,  May  1660  ;  pro- 
posals opposed  by  the  Spanish  party,  on  the  ground  of 
her  probable  barrenness  ;  the  match  determined  upon  by 
Charles  II,  acting  under  French  influence,  November 
1660-March  1661  ;  formal  intimation  of  the  match  well 
received  in  England  and  enthusiastically  in  Portugal ; 
marriage  treaty  signed,  23  June  1661 ;  Catherine  sailing 
for  England,  23  April  1662,  and  reaching  Portsmouth, 
13  May ;  privately  married,  21  May  ;  arrived  at  Hampton 
Court,  29  May  ;  compelled  by  Charles  to  receive  at  court 
his  mistress,  Lady  Castlemaine,  July ;  arrived  at  White- 
hall, 23  Aug. ;  submissively  accepted  Charles  H'a  infideli- 
ties ;  showed  kindness  to  his  illegitimate  children,  and 
lived  mostly  at  Somerset  House,  and  not  at  court,  being 
often  in  great  poverty  through  non-payment  of  her  allow- 
ances ;  tried  to  obtain  from  the  pope  recognition  of  Portu- 
guese independence,  1662 ;  seriously  ill,  October  1663  ;  kept 
court  in  Oxford  during  the  plague  of  London,  1665-8  ; 
proposals  rumoured  for  dissolution  of  her  marriage  on 
account  of  her  childlessness,  1667-70  ;  complaints  made  of 
the  concourse  of  English  people  to  her  chapel  services, 
1667 ;  went  a  progress  in  the  eastern  counties,  1671 : 
assailed  by  the  whigs  as  privy  to  the  '  popish  plot,'  1678- 
1680,  but  protected  by  Charles  ;  attended  the  Oxford  par- 
liament, 1681 ;  again  abandoned  by  Charles  for  the  Duchess 
of  Portsmouth;  instrumental  in  securing  Charles  II's 
deathbed  profession  of  Romanism,  February  1685  ;  after- 
wards lived  in  retirement  at  Somerset  House  and  Ham- 
mersmith ;  vainly  begged  James  II  to  spare  Monmouth ; 
present  at  the  birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  10  June  1688  ; 
gave  evidence  as  to  his  legitimacy  before  the  council ; 
tried  to  recover  damages  from  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon, 
her  late  chamberlain,  for  negligence  in  money  matters ; 
visited  by  William  of  Orange,  but  soon  quarrelled  with 
both  William  and  Mary ;  travelled  through  France  and 
Spain,  reaching  Lisbon,  January  1693  ;  resided  near 
Lisbon ;  regent  for  her  brother  Pedro,  1704-5 ;  favoured 
Italian  music  ;  unpopular  in  consequence  of  her  ignorance 
of  affairs,  her  haughtiness  to  her  household,  and  her  parsi- 
mony, [ix.  312] 

CATHROE  or  KADROE,  SAINT  (d.  976?).  [See 
OADROE.] 

CATLEY,  ANN  (1745-1789),  vocalist ;  sang  at  Vaux- 
hall,  1762  ;  legal  proceedings  undertaken  by  her  father  to 
regain  custody  of  her,  1763 ;  pupil  of  Charles  Macklin ; 
an  extremely  popular  performer  at  Dublin,  1763-70,  and 
in  London,  1770-84;  married  Major-general  Francis 
Lascelles.  [ix.  319] 

CATLHf,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1574),  judge;  reader  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  1547 :  obtained  the  manor  of  Beby, 
Leicestershire,  1653;  serjeant-at-law,  1565;  justice  of 
common  pleas,  1558 ;  chief- justice  of  the  queen's  bench, 
1559-74  ;  knighted,  1569.  [ix.  320] 

CATNACH,  JAMES  (of  the  Seven  Dials)  (1792-1841), 
publisher ;  son  of  John  Catnach ;  printei  in  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne ;  came  to  London,  1813 ;  issued  penny  and 
farthing  chap-books,  ballads,  and  broadsides ;  retired, 
1838.  [ix.  321] 

CATON,  WILLIAM  (1636-1665),  quaker ;  met  George 
Fox  at  Swarthmore,  Ulverston,  Lancashire,  1652,  and 
embraced  quakerism  ;  travelled  as  a  quaker  preacher, 
1654 ;  imprisoned  at  Maids  tone ;  roughly  handled  by 
English  residents  in  Holland,  1655  ;  preached  in  Scotland  ; 
settled  in  Amsterdam,  1656  ;  frequently  visited  England  ; 
married  a  Dutch  woman,  1662  ;  imprisoned  at  Yarmouth  ; 
published  many  pamphlets  in  English,  Dutch,  and  Ger- 
man ;  his  autobiography  printed,  1689.  [ix.  321] 

CATRIK,  JOHN  (d.  1419).    [See  KKTTKRICH.] 


CATTERMOLE 


216 


CAVE 


CATTERMOLE,  GEORGE  (1800-1868),  painter;  son 
of  a  Norfolk  squire ;  employed  as  .Iramrht-.uan  by  John 
Hritton  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1819-27, 
and  historical  and  other  pictures  at  the  Water  Colour 
Society  1822-60;  a  prolific  book-illustrator,  1830-48; 
painted  in  oils,  chiefly  biblical  subjects,  from  1850. 

CATTERMOLE,  RICHARD  (1795  7-1868),"  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
B.D.,  1831 ;  curate  at  Brixton,  Surrey,  1826-31 ;  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  1833-52 ;  vicar  of 
Little  Mar'low,  Buckinghamshire;  published  verses,  ser- 
mons, and  elegant  extracts,  1825-46.  [Ix.  324] 

CATTI,  TWM  SHON  (1630-1620?).  [See  JONES,  j 
THOMAS.] 

CATTON,  CHARLES,  the  elder  (1728-1798),  painter; 
successful  coach-painter  in  London  ;  exhibited  from  1760, 
chiefly  landscapes.  [ix.  325] 

CATTON,  CHARLES,  the  younger  (1756-1819), 
painter  ;  son  of  Charles  Oatton  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
art  in  London  :  went  on  sketching  tours  in  England  and 
Scotland  ;  exhibited,  1775-1800  ;  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  1804.  [ix.  325] 

CATTON,  THOMAS  (1760-1838),  astronomer;  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1781 ;  fellow  and 
tutor ;  B.D.,  1791 ;  curator  of  the  college  observatory, 
1791-1832  ;  his  observations  published,  1853.  [ix.  325] 

CATTON  or  CHATTODUNUS,  WALTER  (d.  1343), 
Franciscan  friar  of  Norwich  ;  died  at  Avignon.  None  of 
his  works  are  extant  [ix.  325] 

CATTWO,  DDOETH  (d.  670  ?).    [See  CADOC.] 

CAULFEILD,  JAMES,  fourth  VISCOUNT  and  first 
EARL  OP  OHARLEMONT  (1728-1799),  Irish  statesman; 
born  in  Dublin ;  succeeded  to  the  viscounty,  1734 ;  tra- 
velled in  Italy  and  the  Levant,  1746-54 ;  served  against 
the  French  at  Oarrickfergus,  1760;  created  Earl  of  Charle- 
mont,  1763 ;  resided  in  London,  frequenting  literary 
coteries,  1764-73 ;  removed  to  Dublin,  1773 ;  associate  of 
Henry  <;  rattan  and  Henry  Flood ;  intrigued  for  Irish 
independence,  1780-2;  opposed  catholic  emancipation 
and  the  union  ;  wrote  verses.  [ix.  326] 

CAULFEILD,  SIR  TOBY  or  TOBIAS,  first  BARON 
OHARLKMONT  (1565-1627),  of  an  Oxfordshire  family; 
served  under  Martin  Frobisher,  and  (1596)  at  Cadiz; 
commanded  troop  of  horse  at  Newry,  1698 ;  served  at 
Kin  sale,  1601 ;  officer  at  Fort  Charlemont  on  the  Black- 
water  ;  knighted,  c.  1604  ;  receiver  of  Tyrone's  rents, 
1607-10;  received  grants  of  forfeited  lands;  M.P., 
Armagh,  1613 ;  master  of  ordnance,  1615  ;  created  Baron 
Oharlemont,  1620.  [ix.  328] 

OAULFEILD,  TOBY  or  TOBIAS,  third  BARON 
OHARLEMOXT  (d.  1642),  M.P.,  Tyrone,  1639 ;  governor  of 
Fort  Oharlemont,  1641 ;  surprised  by  Sir  Phelim  O'Neill 
[q.  v.]  ;  murdered.  [ix.  328] 

CAULFEILD,  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON  and  first 
VISCOUNT  CUARLEMONT  (d.  1671),  succeeded  to  barony 
and  estates,  1642 ;  secured  the  execution  of  Sir  Phelim 
O'Neill  [q.  v.]  ;  created  viscount,  1665.  [ix.  328] 

CAULFEILD,  WILLIAM,  second  VISCOUNT  CHARLK- 
MONT  (d.  1726),  son  of  William  Caulfeild,  first  viscount 
[q.  v.1 ;  attainted  by  James  II  ;  restored  by  William  III ; 
served  in  West  Indies,  1702,  and  under  Peterborough  in 
Spain,  1706  ;  major-general,  1708.  [ix.  328] 

CAULFIELD,  JAMES  (1764-1826),  publisher;  son  of 
a  London  music-engraver ;  printseller  and  compiler  of 
book-catalogues  ;  published  numerous  biographies,  with 
engraved  portraits  of  historical  personages  and  crimi- 
nals, 1790-1824;  prevented  by  Edmund  Malone  from 
issuing  a  volume  of  extracts  from  John  Aubrey's  manu- 
script*, 1797.  [ix.  329] 

CAULFIELD,  RICHARD  (1823-1887),  Irish  anti- 
quary; B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1848  ;  LL.B.,  1864  ; 
LL.D.,  1866;  F.S.A.,  1862;  librarian  of  Royal  Cork 
Institution,  1864,  and  to  Queen's  College,  Cork,  1876; 
published  council  books  of  corporation  of  Cork,  1876, 
Youghal,  1878,  and  Kinsale,  1878,  with  other  works. 

[Suppl.  i.  397] 

CAUNT,  BENJAMIN  (1815-1861),  pugilist ;  son  of  a 
servant  of  Lord  Byron  at  Newstead ;  fought  with 
William  Thompson  (' Bendigo '),  1835,  and  was  beaten  ; 


beat  Bendigo,  1838,  and  was  styled « champion ' ;  beat  John 
Leechman  f  Brassey '),  1840,  and  was  styled  '  champion 
of  England';  visited  the  United  States,  1841-2;  sub- 
sequently publican  in  London.  [ix.  331] 

GAUNTER,  JOHN  HOBART  (1794-1851),  miscel- 
laneous writer;  cadet  in  India,  1809;  B.D.  Cambridge, 
1828 ;  clergyman  in  London,  Sussex,  and  Essex  ;  pub- 
lished 'Romance  of  History'  (India),  1836,  verses,  ser- 
mons, and  novels.  [ix.  332] 

CAUS,  SALOMON  DE  (1576-f630).    [See  DE  CAUS.] 
OAUSTON,  MICHAEL  DE  (d.  1395).    [See  OAWSTON.] 

CAU8TON,  THOMAS  (d.  1569),  composer ;  gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  contributed  church  music  to  John 
Day's  issues.  [ix.  332] 

CAUTLEY,  Sin  PROBY  THOMAS  (1802-1871), 
colonel ;  joined  Bengal  artillery,  1819 ;  served  at  Bhurt- 
pore,  1828 ;  assisted  in  reconstructing  Dot'ib  canal, 
1824  ?-30;  in  charge  of  it,  1831-43;  planned  Gauges 
canal  (his  plans  being  censured  by  Sir  Arthur  Cotton 
[q.  v.]);  superintended  its  construction,  1843-5  and 
1848-54  ;  visited  England,  1846-8 ;  K.O.B.,  1864 ;  member 
of  council  of  India,  1858-68;  presented  Indian  fossils 
to  the  British  Museum  ;  wrote  on  canals  and  on  fossils. 

[ix.  333] 

CAUX,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1263).     [See  OALETO,  JOHN  DK.] 

CAVAGNARI,  SIR  PIERRE  LOUIS  NAPOLEON 
(1841-1879),  diplomatist ;  son  of  Adolphe  Cavaguari,  one 
of  Napoleon's  officers,  by  his  Irish  wife ;  born  in  France ; 
entered  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1861 ;  naturalised, 
1857;  cadet  in  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1858; 
lieutenant,  1860 ;  political  officer,  1861 ;  employed  on 
Afghan  frontier,  1868-78  ;  K.O.B.,  1879  ;  appointed 
British  resident  in  Cabul,  1879 ;  murdered  by  mutinous 
Afghans.  [ix.  335] 

CAVALIER  or  CAVALLIER,  JEAN  (1681-1740), 
major-general ;  son  of  a  Languedoc  peasant ;  baker  at 
Geneva;  a  leader  of  the  protestaut  insurgents  in  the 
Cevennes,  1702;  defeated  and  obliged  to  surrender,  1704; 
taken  before  Louis  XIV  at  Versailles ;  escaped  into 
Switzerland ;  served  under  the  Duke  of  Savoy ;  raised 
regiment  in  Holland  for  English  service  in  Spain,  1706 ; 
severely  wounded  at  Almanza,  1707;  paid  addresses  to 
Mademoiselle  Dunoyer  at  the  Hague,  1708;  pensioned  by 
the  British  government;  resided  at  Portarlingtou,  Ire- 
land; published  his  'Memoirs,' 1726  ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Jersey,  1738 ;  major-general,  1739.  [ix.  335] 

GAVALLO,  TIBERIUS  (1749-1809),  natural  philo- 
sopher ;  born  in  Naples  ;  settled  in  England,  before  1776  ; 
F.R.S.,  1779;  investigated  electrical  and  chemical  phe- 
nomena ;  invented  electrical  instruments ;  wrote  on 
electricity  and  magnetism.  [Ix.  337] 

CAVAN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LAMBART,  CHARLES,  first 
EARL,  1600-1660;  LAMBART,  RICHARD  FORD  WILLIAM, 
seventh  EARL,  1763-1836.] 

CAVE,  ALFRED  (1847-1900),  congregational  divine ; 
studied  at  New  College,  London;  B.A.  London,  1870; 
minister  at  Berkhampsted,  1872,  and  Watford,  1876-80  ; 
professor  of  Hebrew  and  church  history,  Hackney  College, 
1880;  principal  and  professor  of  theology,  1882-1900; 
honorary  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1889 :  published  theological 
works.  [Suppl.  i.  397] 

CAVE,  SIR  AMBROSE  (d.  1568),  of  Northampton- 
shire;   knight   hospitaller   of    St.  John  of    Jerusalem; 
visited  Rhodes,  1525  ;  pensioned  at  the  suppression  of  the 
Knights'    Hospital   at   Shingay,  Cambridgeshire,  1540; 
sheriff  of  Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire,  1548 ;  M.P. 
I  for  Warwickshire,  1657 ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
1  caster,  1558;  frequently  employed  on  government  com- 
missions, 1558-64.  [ix.  338] 

CAVE,    EDWARD    (1691-1754),  printer;    son  of   a 

i  Rugby  cobbler ;  apprenticed  to  a  London  printer ;  printer 

and    journalist  at   Norwich ;    married   and  settled   in 

London;    for  a  short   time  clerk    in    the   post  office; 

,  furnished  London  news  to 


•jo  country  papers,  and  country 
,  1726  :  conducted  the  'Gentle- 


i  news  to  a  London  paper,  17X6 ;  conducted  tne  -uenne- 
i  man's  Magazine,'  1731-54 ;  denounced  in  parliament  for 
!  publishing  George  II's  answer  to  an  address  before  it  had 
!  even  been  reported  from  the  chair,  1738;  invented  a 
'  spinning-machine,  1740 ;  published  many  journals  and 
i  books.  [ix.  338] 


CAVE 


217 


CAVENDISH 


CAVE,  JOHN  (d.  1657),  divine  ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1619  ;  rector  of  Pickwell,  Leicestershire,  1629-42 ; 
persecuted  by  the  puritans.  [ix.  340] 

CAVE,  Sin  LEWIS  WILLIAM  (1832-1897),  judge ; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1865 ;  M.A.,  1877 ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1H69 ; 
bencher,  1877 ;  revising  barrister,  1865;  recorder  of  Lin- 
coln, 1873;  Q.C.,  1875;  justice  of  high  court,  queen's 
bench  division,  1881 ;  knighted,  1881 ;  bankruptcy  judge, 
1883-91  :  edited  legal  works.  [Suppl.  i.  398] 

CAVE,  SIK  STEPHEN  (1820-1880),  politician ;  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1846-  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1846  ;  M.P.,  Shore- 
Lain,  1H59-80;  paymaster-general,  1866-8,1874-80;  pub- 
lished pamphlet-.  [ix.  341] 

CAVE,  WILLIAM  (1637-1713),  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian ;  sou  of  John  Cave  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1660  ;  D.D.,  1672  ;  vicar  of  Islington,  1662-89  ; 
vicar  of  Allhallows  the  Great,  London,  1679-89  ;  canon 
of  Windsor,  1684,  and  vicar  of  Isleworth,  Middlesex, 
1690  till  death  ;  published  '  Primitive  Christianity,'  1672, 
and  other  important  works  on  early  ecclesiastical  history. 

[ix.  341] 

CAVELLUS,  HUGO  (1571-1626).  [See  MACCAGH- 
WKLL,  HUGH.] 

CAVENDISH  (1830-1899)  (pseudonym).  [See  JONES, 
HENRY.] 

CAVENDISH,  ADA  (1839-1895),  actress ;  first  ap- 
peared at  New  Royalty,  1863,  and  subsequently  played  at 
many  London  theatres  and  in  America ;  her  parts  in- 
clude Juliet,  Beatrice,  Rosalind,  and  Lady  Teazle. 

[Suppl.  i.  398] 

CAVENDISH,  CHARLES  (1620-1643),  royalist  gene- 
ral ;  second  son  of  William  Cavendish,  second  earl  of 
Devonshire  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  in  the  East,  1638-40 ;  served 
under  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1641 ;  volunteer  in  the 
guards  ;  given  troop  after  Edgehill ;  raised  regiment  of 
horse ;  stationed  at  Newark  :  given  command  in  Notting- 
hamshire and  Lincoln ;  victorious  at  G  ninth  am,  March 
1643,  Ancaster,  April,  and  Burton-on-Trent,  July  1643 ; 
defeated  and  slain  at  Gainsborough.  [ix.  343] 

CAVENDISH,  SIR  CHARLES  (1591-1664),  mathe- 
matician ;  brother  of  William  Cavendish,  first  duke  of 
Newcastle  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied  Sir  Henry  Wotton  [q.  v.] 
to  France,  1612;  knighted,  1619;  M.P.  for  Nottingham, 
1624, 1628,  and  1640 ;  served  for  king  under  his  brother  as 
lieutenant-general  of  horse,  1642  ;  travelled  on  continent, 
1644-51 ;  suffered  sequestration  of  estates,  but  made  sub- 
mission and  was  admitted  to  compound.  He  was  noted 
for  his  mathematical  knowledge,  and  was  acquainted  with 
many  eminent  mathematicians  of  his  day. 

[Snppl.  i.  399] 

CAVENDISH,  CHRISTIANA,  COUNTESS  OF  DKVOX- 
BHIRE  (d.  1675),  daughter  of  Edward  Bruce,  baron  Kin- 
loss  [q.  v.]  ;  wife  of  William  Cavendish,  second  earl  of 
Devonshire  [q.  v.],  who  died  1628 ;  zealous  supporter  of 
the  royalist  cause.  [ix.  343] 

CAVENDISH,  ELIZABETH,  DUCHESS  OP  DEVON- 
SHIRK  (1759-1824),  daughter  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Bristol ; 
married  John  Thomas  Foster ;  refused  offer  of  mar- 
riage from  Edmund  Gibbon,  1787  ;  married  the  fifth  Duke 
of  Devonshire,  1809 ;  lived  latterly  at  Rome ;  subsidised 
editions  of  Horace  and  Virgil,  1816-19.  [ix.  344] 

CAVENDISH,  LORD  FREDERICK  (1729-1803),  field- 
marshal;  third  son  of  the  third  Duke  of  Devonshire; 
ensign,  1750;  colonel,  1758;  M.P.  for  Derbyshire,  1751, 
and  for  Derby,  1754-80 ;  served  in  Germany,  1767  ;  prisoner 
in  France,  1758-60;  commanded  brigade  in  Hanover, 
1760-3 ;  major-general,  1761 ;  field-marshal,  1796. 

CAVENDISH,  LORD  FREDERICK  CHARLES 
(1836-1882),  chief  secretary  for  Ireland ;  second  son  of 
William  Cavendish,  seventh  Duke  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1858;  M. P.,  Yorkshire 
West  Riding,  1866-82  ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1882  ; 
murdered  by  members  of  a  secret  political  society  in 
Phoenix  Park,  Dublin,  6  May.  [ix.  345] 

CAVENDISH,  GEORGE  (1500-1661  ?),  biographer  of 
Wolsey  ;  in  constant  attendance  on  Wolsey,  as  his  usher, 
from  1626;  retired  to  Glemsford,  Suffolk,  1530;  zealous 


Roman  catholic ;  wrote  life  of  Wolsey,  e.  1667  (published 
1815).  [ix.  346] 

CAVENDISH,  GEORGIANA,  DUCHESS  OF  DEVON- 
SHIRE (1757-1806),  eldest  daughter  of  the  first  Earl 
Spencer ;  married,  1774,  the  fifth  Duke  of  Devonshire  ; 
canvassed  for  Fox  in  the  Westminster  election,  1784. 

[ix.347] 

CAVENDISH,  HENRY  (d.  1616),  soldier  and  politician, 
eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Cavendish  (1506  V-1657)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.  for  Derbyshire,  1672  ;  fought  in  the  Low  Countries, 
1678;  travelled  in  the  East ;  custodian  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots.  [ix.  363] 

CAVENDISH,  SIR  HENRY  (1732-1804),  parliamen- 
tary reporter ;  M.P.  for  Lostwithiel,  1768-1774  ;  took  short- 
hand notes  of  the  debates  (now  in  the  British  Museum  ; 
partly  printed,  1839-43);  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1776; 
official  in  Ireland,  1779.  [ix.  348] 

CAVENDISH,  HENRY  (1731-1810),  natural  philo- 
sopher ;  grandson  of  the  second  Duke  of  Devonshire ; 
born  at  Nice  ;  educated  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1749- 
1753  ;  a  millionaire  ;  studied  mathematics  ;  experimented 
in  physics  and  chemistry,  1764  ;  began  to  communicate 
papers  to  the  Royal  Society,  1766 ;  discovered  the  consti- 
tution of  water  and  atmospheric  air  before  1783 ;  experi- 
mented on  electricity,  1772  and  1776,  and  on  the  density 
of  the  earth,  1798.  [ix.  348] 

CAVENDISH,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1381),  judge;  pleader 
in  1348;  serjeant-at-law,  1366;  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1371 ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1372-81 ;  murdered 
in  Jack  Straw's  rising.  [ix.  353] 

CAVENDISH,  LORD  JOHN  (1732-1796),  politician  ; 
fourth  son  of  the  third  Duke  of  Devonshire ;  M.A.  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1753 ;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1763 ;  M.P., 
Knaresborougb,  1761;  M.P.,  York,  1768-90;  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  March  to  July  1782,  and  April  to  De- 
cember, 1783  ;  M.P.,  Derbyshire,  1794-6  ;  friend  of  Edmund 
Burke.  [ix.  363] 

CAVENDISH,  MARGARET,  DUCHESS  OF  NEW- 
CASTLE (1624?-1674),  writer;  youngest  child  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lucas,  of  St.  John's,  Colchester  ;  maid  of  honour 
to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  1643  ;  accompanied  her  to 
Paris,  1645;  married  (second  wife)  William  Cavendish, 
marquis  (afterwards  duke)  of  Newcastle,  April  1646; 
lived  at  Paris,  Rotterdam,  and  Antwerp  in  pecuniary  dis- 
tress ;  came  to  London,  to  solicit  an  allowance  out  of  her 
husband's  confiscated  estates ;  derided  by  Charles  II's 
court  after  the  Restoration  ;  lived  in  retirement ;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey ;  wrote  and  published  a  multitude  of 
verses,  essays,  and  plays,  1663-68,  together  with  an  auto- 
biographical sketch  in  'Nature's  Pictures,'  1656,  and  a 
life  of  her  husband,  1667.  [ix.  355] 

CAVENDISH,  RICHARD  (d.  1601?),  politician: 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  employed 
by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  to  carry  letters  to  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  1568-9  ;  witness  against  the  duke,  1572 ;  M.P.  for 
Denbigh,  1672  and  1585  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1573  ;  appointed 
by  Elizabeth  to  a  law  office,  but  excluded  by  the  judges, 
1587;  translated  Euclid  into  English,  and  published  a 
theological  tract.  [ix.  367] 

CAVENDISH,  THOMAS  (1560-1592),  circumnavi- 
gator; supplied  and  commanded  n  ship  in  Sir  Richard 
Greenvile's  Virginia  voyage,  9  April-18  Sept.  1686 ;  fitted 
out  three  ships  in  imitation  of  Sir  Francis  Drake's  1577-9 
voyage,  1586 ;  sailed  from  Plymouth,  21  July  1586 ; 
touched  at  Sierra  Leone,  21  Aug. ;  at  Cape  Frio,  Brazil, 
31  Oct. ;  discovered  Port  Desire,  Patagonia,  17  Dec. ;  en- 
tered Magellan  Straits,  6  Jan.  1587  ;  reached  the  Pacific, 
24  Feb. ;  captured  the  great  treasure-ship  off  Cape  St. 
Lucas,  California,  14  Nov. ;  reached  the  Ladrones,  3  Jan. 
1588 ;  threaded  the  Eastern  archipelago ;  sighted  Cnpe  of 
Good  Hope,  19  March  ;  touched  at  St.  Helena,  8  June ; 
reached  Plymouth,  10  Sept. ;  planned  another  voyage,  in 
conjunction  with  Captain  John  Davis  [q.  v.],  1591 ; 
sailed  from  Plymouth,  26  Aug.  1691  :  reached  Brazil, 
29  Nov. ;  at  Port  Desire,  18  March  1592 ;  got  only  half- 
way through  Magellan  Straits,  21  April :  started  to  return, 
15  May ;  parted  from  Davis  in  the  night  off  Port  Desire, 
20  May  1592 ;  sailed  eastwards  towards  St.  Helena,  and 
died  at  sea,  June  1592 ;  search  for  him  undertaken  by 
Davis  along  the  Patagonian  coast.  His  ship  in  the  voyage 
of  1586  was  the  Desire :  in  the  voyage  of  1591  he  com- 
manded the  Leicester,  Davis  sailing  in  the  Desire. 

[ix.  358] 


CAVENDISH 


218 


CAWSTON 


CAVENDISH,  SIK  WILLIAM  (1505  7-1567),  states- 
man  :  agent  for  Henry  VIII  in  securing  the  property  of 
the  monasteries  at  the  dissolution,  1630-41 ;  received 
grants  of  church  lands  from  Henry  VIII  and  Edward  VI ; 
knighted,  1546 ;  returned  to  Roman  Catholicism  under 
Queen  Mary ;  treasurer  of  the  royal  chamber  to 
Henry  VHI,  1546,  and  to  Mary,  1553  ;  began  to  build 
Chateworth,1553.  [ix.  363] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  DEVON- 
SIIIHK  (d.  1686),  second  son  of  Sir  William  Cavendish 
(1605  ?-1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Newport,  1688  ;  courtier  of 
James  I :  created  Baron  Cavendish  of  Hardwicke,  1606 ; 
created  Earl  of  Devonshire,  1618.  [ix.  364] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OF  DEVON- 
SHIRK  (1591  ?-1628),  second  son  of  William  Cavendish, 
first  earl  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Thomas  Hobbes ;  travelled ; 
knighted,  1609 :  courtier  of  James  I ;  M.P.  for  Derby, 
1621-6 ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1626  ;  in  debt,  1628. 

[ix.  364] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  DUKE  OF  NKWCASTLK 
(1592-1676),  son  of  Sir  Charles  Cavendish  of  Welbeck, 
Nottinghamshire,  and  the  heiress  of  the  barony  of  Ogle, 
Northumberland ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; K.B.,  1610;  travelled:  entertained  James  I  at 
Welbeck,  1619 ;  created  Viscount  Mansfield,  November 
1620 ;  created  Earl  of  Newcastle,  March  1628 ;  succeeded 
to  the  Ogle  estates,  1629 ;  spent  20,000*.  in  entertaining 
Charles  I  at  Welbeck,  1633,  Ben  Jonson  writing  the 
masques;  governor  of  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  1638-41 ; 
lent  Charles  I  10,0007.  and  raised  a  troop  at  his  own  cost 
against  the  Scots,  1639;  withdrew  from  court,  1641,  to 
avoid  prosecution  by  parliament  for  again  raising  troops 
for  the  king;  named  governor  of  Hull  by  Charles  I, 
January  1642,  but  not  accepted  by  the  garrison  ;  joined 
Charles  I  at  York ;  sent  to  secure  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
June,  and  to  command  in  the  north ;  raised  troops  at  his 
own  charges  :  invaded  Yorkshire,  November  1642 ;  raised 
the  ?iege  of  York,  and  advanced  southwards ;  forced  to 
fall  back  on  York,  January  1648 ;  advanced  into  the 
West  Riding,  but  was  forced  back ;  detached  troops  to 
escort  the  queen  to  Oxford ;  secured  all  Yorkshire  by  the 
victory  of  Adwalton  Moor,  1643;  advanced  as  far  as 
Lincoln  ;  recalled  to  besiege  Hull ;  raised  the  siege,  11  Oct. 
1643  ;  created  Marquis  of  Newcastle,  27  Oct.  1643  :  sent 
to  oppose  the  Scots,  1644 ;  forced  to  fall  back  on  York ; 
fought  as  volunteer  at  Marston  Moor,  having  vainly 
urged  Prince  Rupert  to  wait  for  reinforcements,  1644 ;  at 
Ha'mburg,  July  1644  to  February  1645 :  in  Paris,  April 
1645-8 ;  married  [see  CAVENDISH,  MARGARET,  DUCHESS 
OF  NEWCASTLE];  at  Rotterdam,  1648,  and  Antwerp, 
1648-60;  for  some  time  lived  in  great  pecuniary  difficul- 
ties, pawned  ,his  wife's  jewels,  and  incurred  heavy  loans ; 
obtained  an  allowance  out  of  his  confiscated  estates; 
accompanied  Charles  II  to  London,  1660 ;  had  only  part 
of  his  lands  restored,  having  spent  nearly  1,000,000/.  in 
the  royal  service:  created  Duke  of  Newcastle,  March 
1665 ;  withdrew  to  Welbeck ;  patron  of  Ben  Jonson  and 
Dryden.  His  works  include  plays,  1649-77,  poems,  and 
•  Methode  et  Invention  .  .  .  de  dresser  les  Chevaux,'  Ant- 
werp, 1657,  and  '  New  Method  ...  to  Dress  Horses,'  1667. 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF^DEVON- 
HHIRK  (1617-1684),  eldest  sou  of  William  Cavendish, 
second  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  of  Thomas  Hobbes  K.B.,  1625  : 
succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1628;  travelled,  1634-7;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Derbyshire,  1638-42  ;  belonged  to  the  court 
party ;  joined  Charles  I  at  York,  1642;  attainted  by  par- 
liament, 1642,  and  his  estates  sequestrated  ;  went  abroad  ; 
returned,  1645 ;  fined  by  parliament,  1646 ;  lived  at  his 
mother's  house,  Latimers,  Buckinghamshire;  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Derbyshire,  1660.  [ix.  369] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  first  DUKE  OF  DEVON- 
SHIRE (1640-1707),  eldest  sou  of  William  Cavendish,  third 
earl  [q.  v.] :  styled  Lord  Cavendish  (of  Hardwicke)  till 
1684  ;  educated  abroad  :  M.P.  for  Derby,  1661 ;  in  Ireland, 
1662  ;  hon.  M.A.  Oxford,  1663 ;  served  in  the  fleet,  1665  ; 
envoy  to  France,  1669  ;  provoked  a  fracas  at  the  opera  in 
Paris ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  instigating  a  duel, 


from  the  succession,  1680-1  ;  made  his  peace  with 
Charles  II,  October,  1681  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1684 ;  fined 
30,OOW.  for  brawling  at  court,  1685  ;  built  Chatsworth, 


1687-1706;  joined  in  inviting  William  of  Orange 
England,  1687  and  1688  ;  arranged  with  the  Earl  of  Danby 
to  raise  the  north  in  favour  of  William  of  Orange  ;  seized 
Derby  and  Nottingham,  1688 ;  raised  regiment  of  horse ; 
escorted  Princess  Anne  to  Oxford  ;  moved  an  address  of 
welcome  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  December,  1688  ;  armed 
for  .lames  II's  deposition,  1689  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Derby- 
shire, 1689  ;  lord  high  steward  at  coronation,  1689  ;  with 
William  III  in  Flanders,  1690-2 ;  created  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, 1694  lord  high  steward  at  Anne's  coronation,  1702 ; 
advocated  toleration  of  nonconformists  and  the  union 
with  Scotland ;  of  profligate  private  life ;  a  patron  of 
horse-racing.  [ix.  370] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  fourth  DUKE  OF  DEVON- 
SHIRE (1720-1764),  styled  Marquis  of  Hartiugton  till  1755 ; 
M.P.  for  Derbyshire,  1741-51 ;  married,  1748,  the  heiress 
of  the  Cork  and  Burlington  estates  in  Ireland  ;  called  to 
the  peers  as  Baron  Cavendish,  1751  ;  succeeded  to  the 
dukedom,  1755  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1755-6  ;  prime 
minister,  1756-7  ;  lord  chamberlain,  1757-62.  [ix.  375] 

CAVENDISH,  Sin  WILLIAM,  seventh  DUKK  OF 
DEVONSHIRE  (1808-1891),  great  grandson  of  William 
Cavendish,  fourth  duke  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1829  ;  honorary  LL.D., 
1835 ;  M.P.  for  Cambridge  University,  1829-31,  Malton, 
Yorkshire,  1831  Derbyshire,  1831,  North  Derbyshire,  1832- 
1834 ;  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  second  Earl  of  Burling- 
ton, 1834,  and  his  cousin  William  George  Spencer  Caven- 


privy  councillor,  1876 ;  liberal  benefactor  of  scientific  and 
industrial  enterprises.  [SnppL  i.  400] 

CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  SPENCER,  sixth 
DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE  (1790-1858),  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1811 ;  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  July,  1811 ; 
British  envoy  at  the  coronation  of  Nicholas,  c/.ar  of  Russia, 
1825 ;  lord  chamberlain,  1827-8,  and  1830-4 ;  bibliophile 
and  collector  of  coins.  [ix.  376] 

CAVENDISH-BENTINCK.     [See  BENTINCK.] 

CAVERHELL,  JOHN  (d.  1781),  physician ;  licentiate 
of  the  London  College  of  Physicians,  1767;  wrote  on 
medical  topics.  [ix.  376] 

CAW,  JOHN  YOUNG  (1810  ?-1858),  banker  ;  educated 
at  St.  Andrews  and  Cambridge;  banker  in  Manchester, 
c.  1828-58  ;  published  pamphlets.  [ix.  376] 

CAWDELL,  JAMES  (d.  1800),  comedian  in  the  north 
of  England ;  retired,  1798  ;  published  poems  and  plays, 
|   1778-98.  [ix.  377] 

CAWDRY,  DANIEL  (1588-1664),  presbyterian ;  edu- 
cated at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  rector  of  Great  Billing, 
Northamptonshire,  1625 ;  member  of  the  Westminster 
Assembly,  1643  ;  ejected  from  bis  living  for  nonconformity, 
1662  ;  wrote  against  churchmen  and  independents,  1645-61. 

[ix.  377] 

CAWDRY,  ZAOHARY  (1616-1684),  divine ;  entered 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1633 :  M.A.,  1642  ;  rector  of 
Barthomley,  Cheshire,  1649-84;  published  'A  Discourse 
on  Patronage,'  1675.  [ix.  377] 

CAWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1602-1666  ?),  regicide ;  son  of 
a  rich  brewer  of  Ohichester  ;  founded  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  Ohichester,  1626  :  M.P.,  Chichester,  1627  ;  fined 
for  refusing  knighthood,  1629  ;  M.P.,  Midhurst,  1640 ;  an 
active  member  of  the  Long  parliament ;  one  of  the  king's 
judges ;  member  of  the  council  of  state,  1651 ;  M.P.,  1659 : 
excepted  from  pardon,  1660;  withdrew  to  Belgium  and 
Switzerland  ;  his  estates  bestowed  by  crown  on  the  Duke 
of  York.  [ix.  378] 

GAWOOD,  JOHN  (1514-1572),  printer;  apprenticed 
in  London  ;  printed  in  his  own  name,  1549-72  ;  appointed 
queen's  printer  to  Mary,  1663,  and  joint  queen's  printer  to 
Elizabeth,  1560  ;  active  member  of  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany, [ix.  379] 

CAWSTON  or  CATTSTON,  MICHAEL  DE  (d.  1395), 
master  of  Michaelhouse,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge ;  D.D. :  master  of  Michaelhouse  after  1359 ; 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1361 :  benefactor  of  the  univer- 
sity ;  dean  of  Chichester  at  some  date  between  1383  and 
1400.  [ix.  380] 


CAWTHORN 


219 


CECIL 


CAWTHORN,  JAMES  (1719-1761),  poet;  son  of  a 
Sheffield  upholsterer ;  usher  in  several  country  schools  ;  of 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  usher  in  London  ;  head-master  of 
Tollbridge  school,  c.  1743;  styled  M.A.,  1748;  publi-hi-d 
'  \lirlanl  ami  Heloise '  in  'Poetical  Calendar,'  1746;  his 
collected  poems  published,  1771.  [ix.  380] 

CAWTON,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1606-1659),  divine; 
educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  puritan ;  vicar 
of  Vuvenhoe,  Essex,  1637-44;  minister  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's, London,  1644  ;  opposed  the  execution  of  Charles  1 ; 
imprisoned,  February  to  August,  1649,  for  praying  for 
'  King  Charles  II':  involved  in  the  projected  rising  of 
1651  ;  fled  to  Holland  ;  minister  of  an  English  congrega- 
tion at  Rotterdam.  [ix.  381] 

CAWTON,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (16367-1677), 
orientalist;  studied  at  Rotterdam  and  Utrecht;  B.A. 
Merlon  College,  Oxford,  1660 ;  left  Oxford  in  consequence 
of  his  nonconformity,  1662 ;  independent  minister  at  West- 
minster ;  published  a  life  of  his  father,  Thomas  Cawtou 
the  elder  [q.  v.],  1662,  also  philological  and  theological 
tracts.  [ix.  381] 

CAXTON,  WILLIAM  (1422  ?-1491),  the  first  English 
printer;  born  in  Kent;  apprenticed,  1438,  to  a  London 
mercer  ;  went,  after  his  master's  death,  to  Bruges,  1441 ; 
wa-  at  Bruges,  in  business  for  himself,  1446-70,  visiting 
London,  1453,  and  Utrecht,  1464;  at  Bruges,  acted  as 
governor  of  the  English  merchants  in  the  Low  Countries, 
1465-9,  and  was  employed  in  negotiating  commercial 
treaties  with  the  Dukes  of  Burgundy,  1464  and  1468; 
began  translating  the  French  romance  'Le  Recueil  des 
Hifitoires  de  Troye,'  March  1469,  at  Bruges,  and  finished 
it,  1471,  at  Cologne ;  in  the  household  of  Margaret  (sister 
of  Edward  IV),  duchess  of  Burgundy,  1471-6 ;  learned 
printing  after  1471  and  before  1474,  perhaps  at  Cologne 
and  in  company  of  Colard  Mansion;  printed  his  'Re- 
cuyell  of  the  Histories  of  Troy,'  folio,  probably  in  1474, 
and  *  The  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse,'  another  transla- 
tion from  French,  probably  in  1475,  both  perhaps  at  a 
press  set  up  in  1473  by  Colard  Mansion  at  Bruges  and 
belonging  to  Oaxton ;  came  to  England,  1476,  and  con- 
tinued in  favour  with  Edward  IV,  Richard  III,  and 
Henry  VII ;  established  press  at  Westminster,  from  which 
he  issued,  1477-91,  nearly  eighty  separate  books,  many 
of  them  translations  by  himself  from  French  romances 
(the  first  of  them  was  the  Earl  of  Rivera's  translation  of 
•  The  Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the  Philosophers,'  1477).  Six 
distinct  founts  of  type  were  used  by  Caxton.  [ix.  381] 

CAY,  HENRY  BOULT  (d.  1795),  legal  writer ;  B.A. 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1752 ;  fellow,  1752-70 ;  barrister 
of  the  Middle  Temple;  published  supplements  to  the 
'  Abridgment '  of  his  father,  John  Cay  [q.  v.]  [ix.  390] 

CAY,  JOHN  (1700-1757),  editor  of  the  'Statutes'; 
born  in  Northumberland  ;  barrister  of  Gray's  Inn,  1724  ; 
a  judge  of  the  Marshalsea,  1750;  published  an  'Abridg- 
ment of  the Publick Statutes '  (1215-1737 ),  1739 ;  and  'The 
Statutes  at  Large '  (1215-1766),  issued  1758.  [ix.  389] 

CAYLEY,  ARTHUR  (d.  1848),  author  of  trite  lives 
of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  1805,  and  of  Sir  Thomas  More, 
1808;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1796;  rector  of 
Normanby,  Yorkshire,  1814.  [ix.  390] 

CAYLEY,  ARTHUR  (1821-1895),  mathematician; 
senior  wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1842;  fellow,  1842-62,  and  1875-95,  and 
honorary  fellow,  1872 ;  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1849 ;  practised  as  conveyancer ;  Sadlerian  professor  of 
pure  mathematics,  Cambridge,  1863-95 ;  president  of 
British  Association,  1883  ;  F.R.S.,  1852  ;  Copley  medallist, 
1882 ;  member  of  the  leading  British  and  foreign  scientific 
societies  ;  contributed  many  valuable  papers  to  mathe- 
matical journals.  [SuppL  i.  401] 

CAYLEY,  CHARLES  BAGOT  (1823-1883),  trans- 
lator ;  son  of  a  Russian  merchant :  born  near  St.  Peters- 
burg; educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and  Cam- 
bridge (B.A.,  1846).  His  verse  translations  include  Dante, 
1851,  ^Jschylus,  1867,  Homer,  1877,  and  Petrarch,  1879. 

[ix.  390] 

CAYLEY,  CORNELIUS  (1729-1780?),  religious 
writer ;  for  some  years  clerk  in  the  treasury  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales ;  methodist  preacher ;  travelled  in  Holland  and 
France,  1772 ;  published  an  autobiography,  1768,  travels, 
1777,  and  verses  and  devotional  tracts.  [ix.  391] 


CEADDA,  SAINT  (</.  672),  better  known  as  CHAD  ;  an 
Angle  of  Northumbria  ;  disciple  of  St.  Aidan  at  Lindis- 
farue;  trained  in  Jtiithiurlsiiru  monastery,  co.  Louth, 
Ireland;  called  to  succeed  his  brother  Cedd  [q.  v.]  as 
abbot  of  Lastingham,  North  Yorkshire,  664  ;  consecrated 
at  Winchester  as  bishop  of  Lindisfarne  or  York  (in  place  of 
Wilfrith,  elected  hut  absent  in  Gaul),  c.  665 ;  acted  as 
bishop,  c.  666-9  (Wilfrith  not  claiming  the  see) ;  resigned, 
at  the  instance  of  Archbishop  Theodore,  and  retired  to 
Lastingham ;  sent  to  be  bishop  of  the  Mercian.-,  c.  670  : 
fixed  the  see  at  Lichfield,  where  he  built  a  church  and 
cell ;  probably  built  a  cell  at  Barrow,  Lincolnshire ;  died 
of  pestilence ;  revered  aa  an  English  saint ;  commemorated 
on  2  March.  [ix.  391] 

CEADWALLA.    [See  C^DWALLA.] 

CEALLACHAN  (d.  954),  king  of  Cashel,  935-54  ; 
ravaged  the  neighbouring  districts,  935-9;  prisoner  in 
Donegal,  941 ;  victorious  at  Maghduin,  942 ;  ancestor  of 
the  O'Callaghans.  [ix.  3.93] 

CEARBHALT.  (d.  888),  lord  of  Ossory ;  ravaged  the 
neighbouring  districte,  sometimes  in  alliance  with  the 
Danes,  sometimes  with  the  Irish,  845-872  ;  chosen  king  of 
Dublin  by  the  Danes,  875 ;  defeated  the  Munstennen  at 
Clonmel,  876.  [ix.  393] 

CEAWLIN  (d.  593),  king  of  the  West-Saxons; 
fought  at  Beranbyrig,  near  Marlborough,  61 J  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  Cynric,  560 ;  took  Silchester ;  defeated  the 
Jutes  of  Kent  at  Wimbledon,  568 ;  by  a  victory  at  'Deor- 
ham,1 577,  conquered  Gloucestershire  :  ravaged  the  upper 
Severn  valley,  583  ;  repulsed  by  the  Welsh  at  Vale  Royal, 
Cheshire ;  deprived  of  conquests  by  his  nephew,  Ceobric, 
who  headed  a  revolt,  591;  defeated  at  Wanborough, 
Wiltshire,  592  ;  fell  in  battle.  [ix.  394] 

CECIL,  ARTHUR,  whose  real  name  was  ARTHUR 
CECIL  BLUNT  (1843-1896),  actor;  appeared  with  the 
German  Reeds  in  '  No  Cards '  and  '  Box  and  Cox,'  1869, 
and  subsequently  played  at  many  London  theatres ;  was 
with  John  Clayton  [q.  v.]  joint-manager  of  the  Court 
Theatre.  His  parts  include  Touchstone,  Sir  Peter  Teazle, 
and  Tony  Lumpkin.  [SuppL  i.  402] 

CECIL,  Sm  EDWARD,  VISCOUNT  WIMBLEDOX  (1572- 
1638),  third  son  of  Thomas  Cecil,  first  earl  of  Exeter 
[q.  v.] ;  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  1596-1610 ;  captain 
of  foot,  1599 ;  in  command  of  the  English  contingent, 
1610 ;  knighted,  1601 ;  a  favourite  of  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham ;  given,  by  Buckingham,  command  of  the  Spanish 
expedition,  1626  ;  miserably  mismanaged  the  operations 
at  Cadiz,  20-29  Oct.,  and  missed  the  treasure-ships; 
created  Baron  Cecil  of  Putney,  1625 ;  created  Viscount 
Wimbledon,  1626 :  lord-lieutenant  of  Surrey,  1626  ;  held 
command  in  Holland,  1627-9 ;  governor  of  Portsmouth, 
1630-8.  [ix.  395] 

CECIL,  JAMES,  third  EARL  OF  SALISBURY  (d.  1683), 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  succeeded  to 
earldom,  1669  ;  advocated  exclusion  of  James,  duke  of 
York,  from  the  succession  ;  'prisoner  in  the  Tower,  1677 ; 
made  his  peace  with  Charles  II,  1679.  [ix.  397] 

CECIL,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  OP  SALISBURY  (d. 
1693),  eldest  sou  of  James  Cecil,  third  earl  [q.  v.] ;  im- 
prisoned as  a  Roman  catholic,  1689 ;  imprisoned  as  a  Jaco- 
bite, 1692.  [ix.  397] 

CECIL,  alias  SNOWDEN,  JOHN  (1558-1626),  priest 
and  political  adventurer ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  ;  joined  Roman  catholic  seminary  at  Rheims,  1583 ; 
studied  at  English  college,  Rome,  and  took  holy  orders ; 
at  Valladolid  with  Father  Parsons,  who  (1591)  sent  him  to 
England  ;  captured,  subsequently  becoming  spy  in  ser- 
vice of  Burghley  and  Sir  Robert  Cecil ;  acted  for  ten  years 
as  political  agent  of  Scottish  catholic  earls  in  rebellion 
against  their  king ;  subsequently  (1601)  joined  John 
Mush  [q.  v.],  Anthony  Champney  [q.  v.],  and  other 
priests  who  laid  before  the  pope  grievances  against  Black- 
well  and  the  Jesuits ;  in  1606  with  Champuey  presented 
to  the  pope  petition  of  English  priests  for  episcopal  go- 
vernment ;  chaplain  and  almoner  to  Margaret  of  Valois : 
died  at  Paris.  [Suppl.  i.  403] 

CECIL,  RICHARD  (1748-1810),  evangelical  divine; 
youngest  child  of  a  wealthy  London  dyer ;  a  dilettante ; 
ordained  priest,  1777  ;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1777 : 
curate  in  Lincolnshire  and  Leicestershire ;  rector  of  All 
Saints',  1777-98,  and  St.  Thomas,  Lewes,  1777-97;  a 


CECIL 


220 


CENWALH 


popular  preacher  in  and  near  London,  1780-1808 ;  vicar  of 
Ohobhara,  Surrey,  1800 :  wrote  devotional  and  biopraphi- 
cal  tracts,  published  posthumously.  [ix.  398] 

CECIL,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OF  SALISBURY  and 
first  VwroUNT  CRANBORNK  (1563  ?-1612),  statesman ; 
sou  of  William  Cecil,  baron  Burghley  [q.  v,]  ;  educated 
privately,  being  of  weak  health  ;  resident  in  France,  e. 
1584-7  •  attached  to  the  Earl  of  Derby's  mission  to  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  1588 ;  M.P.  for  Hertfordshire,  1589 
and  1601 ;  acted  as  secretary  of  state ;  knighted,  1691  ;  secre- 
tary of  state,  1596-1608;  envoy  to  France,  1598;  com- 
missioner to  try  the  Earl  of  Essex  for  leaving  Ireland, 
1600  ;  accused  by  Essex  of  doubting  Elizabeth's  title,  1601 ; 
made  overtures  to  James  VI  of  Scotland ;  secured  the  ac- 
cession  of  James  VI  to  the  English  throne,  1603 ;  created 
Baron  Cecil,  1603,  Viscount  Oranbome,  1604,  and  Earl  of 
Salisbury,  1605  ;  forced  by  James  I  to  exchange  Theobalds 
for  Hatfield,  1607  ;  built  Hatfield  House ;  known  as  the 
•  crook-backed '  earl ;  died  deeply  in  debt.  [ix.  400] 

CECIL,  THOMAS,  fire*  EARL  OP  EXETER  and  second 
BARON  BURGHUTY  (1542-1622),  eldest  son  of  William 
Cecil,  baron  Burghley  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  privately  ;  lived 
dissolutely  at  Paris  and  in  Germany,  1561-3;  M.P., 
Stamford,  1563  ;  served  against  the  northern  rebels,  1569  ; 
served  in  Scotland,  1573  ;  knighted,  1576  ;  served  in  the 
Low  Countries,  1585,  and  against  the  Armada,  1588  ;  suc- 
ceeded to  barony,  1698 ;  president  of  the  council  of  the 
north,  1599  ;  helped  to  crush  the  Earl  of  Essex's  rising, 
1601 ;  created  Earl  of  Exeter,  1605 ;  founded  a  hospital 
at  Liddington,  Rutlandshire ;  benefactor  of  Clare  College, 
Cambridge.  [ix.404] 

CECIL,  THOMAS  (ft.  1630),  one  of  the  few  English 
engravers  of  the  early  seventeenth  century;  engraved, 
chiefly  portraits,  in  London,  1627-35.  [ix.  405] 

CECIL,  WILLIAM,  BARON  BURGHLEY  (1520-1598), 
statesman ;  only  son  of  a  wealthy  Northamptonshire 
squire  (d.  1552),  in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII ;  educated 
at  Grantham  school ;  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1635-41 ;  studied  Greek ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1541 ;  allied 
by  marriage  with  Sir  John  Cheke,  of  Cambridge,  the  Greek 
scholar ;  held  the  lucrative  office  of  custos  brevium  in 
.the  court  of  common  pleas,  1647-61 ;  M.P.,  Stamford, 
1647 ;  secretary  to  Lord  Protector  Somerset ;  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower  on  Somerset's  fall,  1549  ;  secretary  of  state, 
1660-3  ;  recorder  of  Boston,  1651 ;  knighted,  1551 ;  began 
building  Burleigh  House  and  Wimbledon  House,  1553 ; 
employed  by  Queen  Mary  to  recall  Cardinal  Pole,  1554, 
and  (unsucces? fully)  to  mediate  between  the  French  king 
and  emperor,  1655  ;  M.P.,  Lincolnshire,  1555  ;  secretary 
of  state,  1558-72;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1659  ;  envoy  to  Scotland,  1560 ;  his  influence  threatened 
by  Elizabeth's  partiality  to  Lord  Robert  Dudley  (earl  of 
Leicester  in  1664) ;  master  of  the  court  of  wards,  1561 ; 
attended  Queen  Elizabeth  on  her  state  visits  to  Cambridge, 
1664,  and  to  Oxford,  1566;  organised  secret  police  to 
detect  plots  against  Elizabeth,  1570 ;  created  Baron  of 
Burghley,  February  1571  ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1572-98,  and 
chief  minister  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  responsible  for  execu- 
tion of  Mary  Qu«en  of  Scots,  1587  ;  founded  a  hospital 
at  Stamford  Baron;  his  correspondence  preserved  at 
Hatfield.  [ix.  406] 

CECILIA  or  CECILY  (1469-1507),  third  daughter  of 
Edward  IV  ;  betrothed  to  James,  eldest  son  of  James  III 
of  Scotland,  1474;  betrothed  to  Alexander,  duke  of 
Albany,  1482 ;  took  sanctuary  at  Westminster  from 
Richard  III,  1483 ;  surrendered  to  Richard  III,  1484 ; 
taken  into  favour  by  Henry  VII,  1486 ;  married  John, 
viscount  Wells  (d.  1498),  e.  1487;  married  Thomas 
Kymbe  or  Kyne,  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  c.  1604.  [ix.  412] 

CEDD  or  CEDDA,  SAINT  (d.  664),  brother  of  Ceadda 
[q.  v.],  with  whom  he  is  sometimes  confused :  an  Angle 
of  Northumbria ;  pupil  of  St.  Aidan  at  Lindisfarne ;  sent 
to  Christianise  the  Middle  Angles,  653 ;  sent  to  Essex  to 
Christianise  the  East  Saxons,  653  ;  consecrated  bishop  of 
the  East-Saxons,  664  ;  founded  a  monastery  near  Maldou, 
and  another  at  West  Tilbury,  Essex  ;  founded  and  ruled 
the  monastery  at  Lastingham,  Yorkshire ;  attended  the 
council  at  Whitby,  664 :  accepted  the  Roman  computa- 
tion of  Easter ;  died  of  plague ;  revered  at  an  English 
saint ;  commemorated  on  7  Jan.  [ix.  413] 

CEDMON,  SAINT  (Jt.  670).    [See  OJCDMOV.] 


CELECLERECH,  SAINT  (d.  697).    [See  OILIAN.] 

CELE8IA.  DOROTHEA  (1738-1790),  authoress  of 
4  Altnida,'  a  tragedy,  1771,  and  '  Indolence,'  a  poem,  1772  ; 
daughter  of  David  Mallet  [q.  v.]  ;  married  I'ietro  Pnolo 
(Vlosia,  Genoese  ambassador  (1755-9);  resided  at  Genoa, 
1759-90.  [ix.  414] 

CELESTE,  MADAME,  properly  CKI,KSTK-KU,H>TT 
(1814  ?-1882),  actress  ;  trained  in  Paris  ;  visited  America, 
1827  ;  married  a  Mr.  Elliott  there  ;  appeared  in  Liverpool, 
1830,  London,  1831  and  1833,  America,  1834-7,  London, 
1837-41,  Liverpool,  1843,  and  London,  1844-74  ;  withdrew 
to  Paris.  [ix.  416] 

CELLACH,  SAINT  (6th  cent.),  bishop  of  Killala; 
otherwise  OELLAN  ;  commemorated  on  1  May ;  eldest  son 
of  a  king  in  Mayo  ;  monk  at  Cloumacuois  ;  cursed  by  St. 
Ciarau  for  leaving  the  monastery  to  become  king ;  re- 
turned to  monkish  life  ;  chosen  bishop  in  Mayo  with  his 
see  at  Killala  (Cell  Alaidh)  ;  murdered  by  order  of  Guaire, 
king  in  Galway.  [ix.  415] 

CELLACH,  SAINT  (1079-1129).    [See  OELSUS.] 

CELLLEE,  ALFRED  (1844-1891),  composer  and  con- 
tributor ;  one  of  children  of  Chapel  Royal,  1865 ;  held 
successively  several  appointments  as  organist;  first 
musical  director  at  Court  Theatre,  1871 ;  director  of 
orchestra  at  Opera  Comique,  Manchester,  1871-5,  and 
Opera  Comique,  London,  1877-9 ;  joint-conductor  with 
Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  [q.  v.]  at  Covent  Garden,  1878-9 ; 
composed  many  comic  operas,  including  '  Dorothy,'  1886, 
and  '  Mountebanks '  (produced  posthumously,  1892) ;  his 
opera  '  Pandora '  produced  in  Boston,  U.S.A.,  1881. 

CELLLER,  ELIZABETH  (fl.  1680),  "mE  'Dormer ; 
married  Peter  Cellier,  a  Frenchman;  embraced  Ro- 
manism ;  midwife  in  London ;  agent  for  distributing 
alms  to  the '  popish  plot'  prisoners,  1679 ;  acquitted,  1680, 
on  a  charge  of  plotting  the  king's  murder  ('  the  meal-tub 
plot')  ;  fined  and  pilloried  for  libel  in  her  pamphlet  about 
her  trial  ('  Malice  defeated ') ;  published  two  pamphlets 
on  the  training  of  midwives,  1687-8.  [ix.  417] 

CELLING,  WILLIAM,  perhaps  more  properly  WIL- 
LIAM TILLY  OF  SELLING  (d.  1494),  born  in  Kent ;  monk 
at  Christ  Church,  Canterbury ;  B.D.  Oxford,  1458  ;  pos- 
sibly fellow  of  All  Souls'  College  ;  prior  of  Christ  Church, 
Canterbury,  1472-94 ;  collected  Latin  and  Greek  manu- 
scripts on  the  continent,  c.  1473  ;  improved  the  buildings 
of  his  convent ;  taught  Thomas  Linacre ;  envoy  to  Rome, 
1486;  commissioner  in  negotiations  between  England, 
France,  and  Brittany,  1490-1.  [ix.  417] 

CELSTTS  or  CELLACH,  SAINT  (1079-1129),  archbishop 
of  Armagh  ;  son  of  ^klh,  of  a  family  which  held  the  see 
hereditarily;  succeeded  as  archbishop,  September  1105; 
created  suffragan  bishops  ;  visited  in  his  province,  col- 
lecting dues,  1106-20;  mediator  between  Irish  princes, 
1107-28 ;  presided  at  a  synod  to  establish  rules  of  conduct, 
1111 ;  attended  a  council  to  fix  the  boundaries  of  Irish 
dioceses,  1117 ;  chosen  bishop  of  Dublin,  1121,  but  per- 
haps never  made  good  his  title  against  his  rival  Gregory  ; 
taught  St.  Malachy,  whom  he  recommended  for  his  suc- 
cessor ;  robbed  by  the  O'Ruarcs  and  O'Briaus,  1128  ;  com- 
memorated on  6  April.  [ix.  418] 

CENNICK,  JOHN  (1718-1755),  divine;  joined  me- 
thodists  under  Wesley,  1739  ;  made  tour  among  Moravian 
brethren  in  Germany,  1745  ;  ordained  deacon  in  Moravian 
church,  London,  1749  ;  published  sermons  and  hymns. 

[Suppl.  i.  406] 

CENTLIVRE,  SUSANNAH  (1667  ?-1723),  actress  and 
dramatist;  acted  in  the  provinces,  often  in  her  own 
comedies  ;  called  herself  S.  Carroll ;  married,  at  Windsor, 
1706,  Joseph  Centlivre,  cook  to  Queen  Anne ;  lived  with 
her  husband  in  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  London,  1712- 
1723  ;  wrote  eighteen  plays,  chiefly  comedies,  1700-22. 
[ix.  420] 

CENTWLNE  or  KENTEN  (d.  685),  king  of  the  West- 
Saxons  ;  came  to  the  throne,  676 ;  took  the  Quautock 
hills  from  the  Welsh ;  sheltered  Wilfrith  for  a  time ; 
benefactor  of  Glastoubury  Abbey.  [ix.  422] 

CENWALH,  XENWEALH,  or  COINWALCH  (d. 
672),  king  of  the  West-Saxons;  succeeded  his  father 
CynegiU  [q.  v.],  643 ;  a  pagan  ;  put  away  his  Mercian 
wife;  driven  from  his  kingdom  by  Penda  of  Mercia, 


OENWULF 


221 


CHALKLEY 


e.  645  ;  sought  asylum  in  East  Anglia ;  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity ;  refined  his  kingdom,  648;  built  St.  Peter's, 
Winobetter  ;  made  Agilbc-rht  bishop  of  Winchester,  650  ; 
defeated  the  Welsh  at  Bradford-on-Avon,  652,  and  annexed 
North  Wiltshire;  defeated  the  Welsh,  658,  ami  annexed 
country  from  the  Axe  to  the  Parrot ;  mode  Wini  bishop 
of  Winchester,  660 ;  defeated  by  Wulfhere  of  Mercia,  661  ; 
accented  Hlodhere  (Leutherius)  as  bishop  of  Winchester, 
670.  [ix.423] 

CENWULF  or  KENTTLF  (d.  1006),  abbot  of  Peter- 
borough, 992  ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1005.  [ix.  424] 

CEOLFRID  or  CEOLFRITH,  SAINT  (642-716),  abbot 
of  Wearmouth  ;  monk  at  Gilling,  Yorkshire,  andatllipon  ; 
priest,  669 ;  visited  Kent  and  Lincolnshire ;  prior,  under 
Hi'iu-dict  Biscop  [q.  v.],  at  Wearmouth,  674  ;  visited  Rome, 
i;7s,iiiid  c.  684  ;  abbot  of  Jarrow,682 ;  abbotof  Wearmouth 
ami  Jurrow  combined,  688-716 ;  encouraged  transcription 
of  manuscripts  ;  induced  the  northern  Irish,  704,  and  the 
Picts,  710,  to  observe  the  Komau  Easter ;  set  out  for  Rome; 
died  at  Laugres  ;  commemorated  on  25  Sept.  fix.  424] 

CEOLNOTH  (d.  870),  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  c. 
833  ;  made  an  alliance  between  Ecgberht  and  /Kthrhuilf . 
kings  of  the  West-Saxons,  838 ;  plundered  by  the  Danes, 
851 ;  bought  off  the  Danes,  864.  [ix.  426] 

CEOLRED  (d.  716),  king  of  the  Mercians,  709  ;  invaded 
Wessex,  715 ;  repulsed  at  Wanborough,  Wiltshire ;  op- 
pressed the  church  ;  died  insane.  [iz.  426] 

CEOLRIC  or  CEOL  (d.  597),  king  of  the  West-Saxons, 
692,  after  defeating  Oeawlin  [q.  v.]  [ix.  427] 

CEOLWTTLF,  SAINT  (d.  764),  king  of  Northumbria, 
729 ;  to  him  Bteda  dedicated  his  '  Historia  Ecclesiastics ' ; 
dethroned  and  restored,  731 ;  made  Ecgberht  bishop  of 
York,  734  ;  resigned,  737,  and  became  a  monk  at  Liudis- 
farne ;  his  body  translated  from  Liudisfarue  to  Norham ; 
commemorated  on  15  Jan.  [ix.  427] 

CERDIC  (d.  534),  king  of  the  West-Saxons  ;  a  Saxon 
ealdorman;  landed  near  Southampton,  and  fought 
against  the  Britons,  495 ;  defeated  the  Britons,  508,  and 
acquired  South  Hampshire  up  to  the  Avon  ;  reinforced, 
5 1  -t  ;  defeated  the  Britons  at  Charford,  Hampshire,  519 ; 
took  the  title  of  king ;  defeated  by  the  Britons  at  Bad- 
bury,  Dorset,  520 ;  conquered  the  Isle  of  Wight,  530. 

[lx.427] 

CERNACH,  SAINT  (fl.  450).    [See  OARANTACUS.] 

CERVETTO,  GIAOOBBE  (1682  ?  -  1783),  violon- 
cellist ;  really  named  BASBVI  ;  an  Italian  Jew ;  resided  in 
London,  1739-83 ;  played  in  the  orchestra  at  Drury  Lane. 

[ix.  428] 

CERVETTO,  JAMES  (1749  7-1837),  violoncellist  ; 
taught  by  his  father,  Giacobbe  Cervetto  [q.  v.] ;  first 
performed,  1760  :  travelled  on  the  continent,  1764 ; 
performed  in  London,  1765-83  ;  retired  on  his  lather's 
fortune.  [Ix.  429] 

CESTRETON ,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1269),  judge ;  chaplain 
to  Henry  III ;  master  of  the  London  domus  convertorum, 
1265  ;  justice  itinerant  in  1268.  [ix.  429] 

CHABHAM  or  CHOBHAM,  THOMAS  DE  (/.  1230), 
theologian ;  sub-dean  of  Salisbury,  1214 ;  author  of 
'  Summa  de  Poenitentia ' ;  other  works  lost  ;  confused 
with  Bishop  Thomas  de  Oobham  [q.  v.]  [ix.  429] 

CHABOT,  CHARLES  (1815-1882),  expert  in  hand- 
writing ;  born  in  Battersea  ;  originally  a  lithographer  ; 
examined  professionally  the  letters  of  .Tunius,  identifying 
the  handwriting  with  that  of  Sir  Philip  Francis,  1871. 

[ix.  429] 

CHACEPORC  or  CHACEPORT,  PETER  (d.  1254), 
favourite  of  Henry  III  ;  a  Poitevin  ;  royal  clerk,  1243  ; 
keeper  of  the  wardrobe,  1245  ;  rector  of  Ivinghoe,  Buck- 
inghamshire ;  archdeacon  of  Wells,  1250  ;  treasurer,  1253  ; 
treasurer  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1254 ;  accompanied 
Henry  III  to  France  ;  died  at  Boulogne.  [ix.  430] 

CHAD,  SAINT  (d.  672).    [See  OEADDA.] 

CHADERTON,  LAURENCE  (1536?-1640),  theologian  ; 
son  of  a  wealthy  Roman  catholic  gentleman  in  Lanca- 
shire ;  disowned  on  becoming  a  protestant  at  Cam- 
bridge, c.  1566 ;  entered  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1665 ;  RA.,  1567  ;  fellow,  1568  ?-1576  ;  preacher  for  fifty 


yearp  at  St.  Clement's,  Cambridge :  B.D.,  1578 ;  chosen  by 
tnr  Walter  Mildmay,  the  founder,  to  be  master  of 
Emmanuel  College,  1584  ;  a  member  of  the  Hampton 
Court  conference,  1604 ;  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
authorised  version,  1607-11 ;  D.D.,  1613 ;  resigned  master- 
ship, 1622.  [ix.430] 

CHADERTON,  CHADDERTON,  or  CHATTERTON, 
WILLIAM  (1640  V-1608),  bishop  of  Chester  and  of  Lin- 
coln ;  born  in  Manchester ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1658  ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1558 ;  B.D.,  1666  ; 
D.D.,  1568 ;  a  disputant  at  Elizabeth's  visit ;  agent  in 
Cambridge  for  Sir  William  Cecil  and  Leicester  ;  Lady 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1667-9;  president  of 
Queens'  College  (by  court  pressure),  1668-79 ;  regius  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  1569-80 ;  opposed  the  Cambridge 
puritans ;  prebendary  of  York,  1574,  and  of  Westminster, 
1576  ;  warden  of  Manchester  College,  1580 ;  rector  of 
Baugor  ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1579-95,  carrying  oat  court 
orders  to  suppress  popery  and  puritaniam  ;  translated  to 
Lincoln,  1595,  where  he  repressed  popish  recusancy. 

CHADS,  SIR  HENRY  DUCIE  (1788  ?-1868),  ad- 
miral ;  served  in  the  Mediterranean,  1803-6  ;  lieutenant, 
1806 ;  took  part  in  operations  leading  to  the  capture  of 
Mauritius,  1810  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  American  frigate 
Constitution,  1812 ;  released,  1813  ;  served  in  West  Indies, 
1813-15  ;  served  in  Burmah,  1823-7  ;  commanded  ship  In 
East  Indies,  1834-45  ;  head  of  the  naval  gunnery  school  at 
Portsmouth,  1845-53  ;  rear-admiral  in  the  Baltic,  1864-6  : 
K.O.B.,  1885 ;  admiral,  1863.  [ix.  454] 

CHADWICK,  SIR  EDWIN  (1800-1890),  sanitary  re- 
former ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1830 ;  published, 
1829,  article  on  '  Preventive  Police '  in  '  London  Review,* 
which  gained  him  the  admiration  and  friendship  of 
Jeremy  Bentham  ;  assistant  commissioner  for  poor-law, 
1832 ;  chief  commissioner,  1833  ;  on  royal  commission  to 
Investigate  condition  of  factory  children,  1833  ;  secretary 
to  new  poor-law  commissioners,  1834-46 ;  member  of  sani- 
tary commission,  1839  and  1844  ;  C.B.,  1848  ;  member  ot 
board  of  health,  1848-54 ;  presented  '  separate  system,' 
which  was  adopted  for  drainage  of  Cawnpore,  1871 ; 
knighted,  1889 ;  published  numerous  pamphlets,  reports, 
and  papers.  [Suppl.  i.  406] 

CHADWICK,  JAMES  (1813-1882),  Roman  catholic 
prelate ;  born  at  Drogheda  ;  educated  at  Ushaw ;  mis- 
sionary priest  in  the  north  of  England  ;  professor  at 
Ushaw  ;  bishop  of  Hexham,  1866  ;  published  devotional 
tracts.  [ix.  435] 

CHAFFERS,  RICHARD  (1731-1762),  set  up  pottery 
fabric  for  blue  and  white  earthenware  at  Liverpool,  1758, 
and  became  rival  of  Wedgwood.  [Suppl.  i.  409] 

CHAFFERS,  WILLIAM  (1811-1892),  authority  on 
old  plate  and  pottery ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School ;  F.S.A.,  1843  ;  published  '  Hall  Marks  on  Gold  and 
Silver  Plate,'  1863,  and  'Marks  and  Monograms  on 
Pottery  and  Porcelain,'  1863.  [Suppl.  i.  409] 

CHAFT,  WILLIAM  (1779-1843),  benefactor  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  entered  King's  School,  Can- 
terbury, 1788  ;  B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  1800 ;  fellow, 
1801  ;  B.D.,  1810  ;  master  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  1818- 
1843  ;  D.D.,  1813 ;  king's  chaplain.  [Ix.  436] 

CHAIGNEATT,  WILLIAM  (1709-1781),  author  of 
1  Jack  Connor,'  an  Irish  novel,  1752,  and  of  a  farce ; 
served  In  Flanders  ;  army  agent  in  Dublin.  [ix.  436] 

CHALK,  SIR  JAMES  JELL  (1803-1878),  secretary  to 
the  ecclesiastical  commission ;  entered  the  ecclesiastical 
commission  office,  1836  ;  secretary,  1849-71 ;  barrister  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  1839 ;  knighted,  1871.  [ix.  436] 

CHAT.TTffTLL,  JOHN  (fl.  1600),  poet;  author  of  a 
pastoral,  'Thealma  and  Olearchus,'  published,  1683,  by 
Izaak  Walton,  who  knew  him  In  youth.  [ix.  437] 

CHALKLEY,  THOMAS  (1676-1741),  quaker  ;  son  of 
a  Southwark  tradesman ;  preached  In  the  south  of  Eng- 
land, in  Scotland,  1697,  and  in  Virginia,  1698  ;  emigrated 
to  Philadelphia,  1700;  visited  Barbados,  1701;  visited 
Great  Britain,  Holland,  and  Germany,  1707-10  ;  travelled 
In  America  as  a  preacher,  1712-18;  visited  Barbados, 
1735 ;  died  at  the  Virgin  Islands  ;  published  pamphlets, 
and  an  autobiography.  [ix.  437] 


CHAL.LICE 


222 


CHAMBERLAIN 


CHALLICE,  ANN  IK  EMMA  (1821-1875),  author  of 
tales  and  historical  sketches,  1847-73:  n<V  Armstrong;  < 
married  John  Ohallicc  [q.  v.]  [ix.  438] 

CHALLICE,  JOHN  (1815-1863),  physician;  M.I). 
Edinburgh  :  medical  officer  of  health  at  Batternea  ;  pub- 
lished tracts  on  sanitary  questions,  1848-56.  [ix.  438] 

CHALLINOR,    MRS.   HANNAH   (/.   1670).      [See 

WOOLLKY.] 

CHALLIS.  JAMES  (1803-1882),  astronomer ;  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1821 ;  senior  wrangler,  1825  ; 
fellow,  1826-31 :  rector  of  Papworth  Everard,  Cambridge- 
shire, 1830-52 ;  Plumiau  professor  of  astronomy,  1836-82 ; 
director  of  Cambridge  observatory,  1836-61 :  observed 
Neptune,  without  knowing  it,  4  Aug.  1846 ;  published 
'Astronomical  Observations  made  at  ...  Cambridge,' 
1832-64 :  published  his  theory  of  physical  forces,  1869 : 
published  his  astronomical  lectures,  1879;  wrote  on 
scriptural  and  educational  topics.  [ix.  438] 

CHALLONER,  RICHARD  (1691-1781),  Roman  catho- 
lic prelate  :  son  of  a  Sussex  dissenter ;  befriended  by 
Roman  catholic  squires  ;  studied  at  Douay,  1704 ;  priest, 
1716;  B.D.,  1719;  D.D.,  1727;  professor  of  philosophy, 
1713-20  ;  vice-president  and  professor  of  divinity,  1720- 
1730  ;  mlssloner  In  London,  1730 ;  entered  into  contro- 
versy with  Bishop  Conyers  Middleton,  1737;  titular 
bishop  of  Debra  and  coadjutor  in  London,  1741 ;  bishop  in 
charge  of  the  London  district,  1758-81 ;  published  '  Me- 
moirs of  ...  Priests  . . .  that  have  suffered  Death  in  Eng- 
land, 1577-1684,'  1741-2,  'Britannia  Sancta ;  Lives  of  ... 
Sainte,'  1745,  the  bible  in  English  for  Roman  catholics, 
1749-50,  and  numerous  devotional  and  controversial 
tracts,  1706-67.  [ix.  440] 

CHALMERS,  ALEXANDER  (1759-1834),  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  son  of  a  printer ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  ; 
M.A.;  journalist  in  London,  1777-1834;  F.S.A.,  1805;  a 
voluminous  editor  of  English  prose-writers  and  poets  ;  ; 
author  of  biographies ;  published  '  History  of  the  Colleges 
of  Oxford,'  1810,  and  'The  General  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary,' 1812-17.  [ix.  443] 

CHALMERS  or  CHAMBERS,  DAVID  (1530  7-1592). 
[See  CHAMBKRS.] 

CHALMERS,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1791),  portrait- 
painter  ;  born  in  Edinburgh  of  a  family  which  had  lost 
estates  by  forfeiture ;  travelled ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1775-90.  [ix.  445] 

CHALMERS,  GEORGE  (1742-1825),  Scottish  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh ;  emi- 
grated ;  lawyer  at  Baltimore ;  settled  in  London,  1775 ; 
published  pamphlets  on  the  American  colonies,  1777-82  ; 
government  clerk,  1786  :  published  biographies  of  De  Foe 
and  Tom  Paine ;  edited  Scottish  poets  and  wrote  numerous 
Scottish  biographies ;  his  chief  work,  '  Caledonia :  an 
account  of  ...  North  Britain,'  1807-24.  [ix.  445] 

CHALMERS,  GEORGE  PAUL  (1836-1878),  painter  ; 
a  shopman ;  studied  art  at  Edinburgh ;  exhibited  in 
London,  1863-76  ;  murdered  by  thieves  in  Edinburgh. 

[ix.  446] 

CHALMERS,  JAMES  (1782-1853),  post-office  re- 
former ;  bookseller  and  newspaper  publisher  in  Dundee  ; 
advocated  accelerated  mail  service,  1825 ;  suggested  an 
adhesive  stamp,  1834  ;  promulgated  this  plan,  1837. 

[ix.  447] 

CHALMERS,  SIR  JOHN  (1756-1818),  major-general  ; 
ensign  in  Madras,  1775;  lieutenant,  1780;  defended 
Coimbatoor,  June-November  1791 ;  captain,  1792  ;  major- 
general,  1812 ;  K.O.B.,  1814 ;  held  command  In  India, 
1803-18 ;  died  at  sea.  [Ix.  447] 

CHALMERS,  PATRICK  (1802-1854),  Scottish  anti- 
quary; of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1818;  captain  of 
dragoons ;  retired  to  Anldbar,  1826  ;  M.P.  for  Montrose 
burghs,  1836-42 ;  published  antiquarian  papers  ;  author 
of  '  Ancient  Sculptured  Monuments  ...  of  Angus,'  1848  ; 
died  at  Rome.  [ix.  448] 

CHALMERS,  THOMAS  (1780-1847),  theologian; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews ;  minister  of  Kilmeny,  Fife, 
1803-16  ;  lectured  on  chemistry  at  St.  Andrews  ;  minister 
of  Tron  parish,  Glasgow,  1816-90,  and  of  St.  John's,  Glas- 
gow, 1820-3 ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1816 ;  visited  London,  1817  ; 
professor  of  moral  philosophy,  St.  Andrews,  1823-8 ,-  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  Edinburgh,  1828-43 ;  lectured  in  London, 


1838 ;  an  active  pioneer  of  the  movement  which  led  to 
the  disruption  of  the  Scottish  Established  church  and 
to  the  formation  of  the  Free  church,  1843  ;  devised  the 
sustentation  fund  of  the  newly  founded  Free  church ; 
principal  and  divinity  professor  of  the  Free  Church 
College,  Edinburgh,  1843-7  ;  advocated  home  missions ; 
author  of  theological,  philosophical,  expository,  and  de- 
votional treatises,  from  1813.  [ix.  449] 

CHALMERS,  W.  A.  (  /f.  1798),  water-colour  painter ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1790-8.  [ix.  454] 

CHALMERS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1787-1860),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  lieutenant,  1803  ;  served  in  Sicily,  1806-7  ;  cap- 
tain, 1807  ;  served  in  Portugal,  1808,  at  Walcheren,  1809, 
in  the  Peninsula,  1810-13,  in  Belgium,  1816,  at  Waterloo, 
1815,  and  in  France,  1815-17;  major-general,  1846; 
knighted,  1848 ;  lieutenant-general,  1854.  [ix.  454] 

CHALON,  ALFRED  EDWARD  (1780-1860),  portrait 
and  subject  painter  ;  born  in  Geneva  ;  studied  art  in  Lon- 
don, 1797 ;  exhibited,  1810-57.  [ix.  455] 

CHALON,  JOHN  JAMES  (1778-1854),  landscape  and 
genre  painter ;  born  in  Geneva ;  studied  art  in  London, 
1796  ;  exhibited,  1806-44.  [ix.  456] 

CHALONER,  JAMES  (1603-1660),  regicide ;  fourth 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1617  ;  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
1619 ;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  Yorkshire,  1645-53  ;  parliamen- 
tary commissioner  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  1652  ;  governor  of 
Man,  1658  ;  imprisoned  by  the  army  in  Peel  Castle,  1659. 

[ix.  456] 

CHALONER,  RICHARD  (d.  1643),  linendraper,  of 
London;  hanged  for  share  In  Edmund  Waller's  royalist 
plot,  1643.  [ix.  456] 

CHALONER,  SIR  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1521-1565), 
diplomatist ;  son  of  a  London  mercer ;  attached  to  the 
embassy  to  Spain,  1540-1 ;  clerk  to  the  privy  council ; 
served  in  Scotland  and  was  knighted,  1547  ;  granted  Guis- 
borough  priory  lands,  Yorkshire,  1550,  Steeple  Claydon, 
Buckinghamshire,  1557,  and  other  lands,  1553-61 ;  envoy 
to  Scotland,  1551-2,  to  France,  1653,  to  Scotland,  1556,  to 
the  emperor,  1559,  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  1559-60,  and 
Spain,  1561-4  ;  wrote  Latin  verses  (published,  1579)  ;  pub- 
lished translations  from  the  Latin.  [ix.  457] 

CHALONER,  SIR  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1561-1615), 
naturalist ;  only  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1579  ;  B.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  1582  ;  travelled,  1580  ;  served  in  France 
and  was  knighted,  1591 ;  in  Italy,  1596-7  ;  opened  alum 
mines  on  his  Yorkshire  estate,  1600  ;  envoy  to  Scotland  ; 
accompanied  James  VI  of  Scotland  to  England  ;  governor 
of  Prince  Henry,  1603,  and  his  chamberlain,  1610 ;  bene- 
factor of  St.  Bees'  School.  [ix.  458] 

CHALONER,  THOMAS  (1596-1661),  regicide  ;  third 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Ohaloner  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1611 ;  travelled ;  incensed  with 
Charles  I  for  confiscating  his  Yorkshire  alum  mines  ;  M.P. 
for  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1645-53  ;  commissioner  in 
Munster,  1647 ;  one  of  Charles  I's  judges ;  councillor  of 
state,  1651 ;  M.P.,  Scarborough,  1659 ;  excluded  from 
pardon,  1660  ;  died  in  Holland.  [ix.  460] 

CHAMBER  or  CHAMBERLAYNE,  JOHN  A  (d. 
1489),  rebel ;  knight  of  influence  in  the  north  of  England  ; 
hanged  at  York  for  spreading  agitation  in  the  north  against 
payment  of  a  subsidy  to  Henry  VII.  [x.  1] 

CHAMBER,  JOHN  (1470-1549).    [See  CHAMBRE.] 

CHAMBER,  JOHN  (1546-1604),  astronomer;  B.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1668  :  fellow,  1669  ;  M.A.,  1573  ; 
studied  medicine ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1682  ;  canon  of  Wind- 
sor, 1601 ;  wrote  against  astrology,  1601.  [x.  1] 

CHAMBERLAIN.    [See  also  OHAMBERLAINE,  CHAM- 

BERLANE,  OHAMBERLAYNE,  OHAMBKRLEN,  and  OUAHBER- 
UN.] 

CHAMBERLAIN  or  CHAMBERLATNE,  GEORGE 
(1676-1634),  bishop  of  Ypres ;  of  the  Shirburn  family ; 
born  at  Ghent ;  educated  at  Rome ;  dean  of  St.  Bavon, 
Ghent ;  bishop  of  Ypres,  1626-34.  [x.  1] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  JOHN  (1553-1627),  letter-writer ; 
born  in  London  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1670 ;  resided  in  or  near  London.  His  letters  date  from 
1598  to  1626.  [x.  2] 


CHAMBERLAIN 


CHAMBERS 


CHAMBERLAIN,  JOHN  HENRY  (1831-1883),  archi- 
tect ;  .-MI lit*  1  architecture  in  offices  in  Leicester  and  Lon- 
don :'  vi.-i t«>  1  Italy  :  much  employed  in  Birmingham  and 
district  Iroin  I*.V'. ;  patron  of  the  Birmingham  school  of 
art  and  other  educational  institutions.  [x.  2] 

CHAMBERLAIN  or  CHAMBERLAYNE,  Sm 
LEONARD  (d.  1561),  governor  of  Guernsey;  son  of  Sir 
Edward  ( 'hamberlayne  (1484  V- 1543  V)  [q.  v.]  :  keeper  of 
Woodstock  Park,  1543  ;  obtained  grants  of  church-lands, 
1643  :  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire  :ind  Berkshire,  1647  and  1562  ; 
knighted,  1553 ;  an  officer  of  the  Tower,  1649-53 ;  M.P. 
for  Scarborough,  1553,  and  for  Oxfordshire,  1554  :  gover- 
nor of  Guernsey,  1553-61.  [x.  3] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  ROBERT  (fl.  1640-1660),  poet;  a 
barrister's  clerk  ;  entered  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1637 ; 
published  apophthegms  and  verses,  1638,  a  comedy  en- 
titlfd  •  The  Swaggering  Damsell '  and  jests,  1640.  [x.  4] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  ROBERT  (Jl.  1678),  arithmeti- 
cian ;  accountant,  of  London  ;  published  '  The  Accompt- 
ant's  Guide,'  and  'A  Plaine  .  .  .  Explanation  of  .  .  . 

Arithmetick,'  1679.  [x.  5] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  ROBERT  (</.  1798?),  ceramist; 
employed  at  the  Worcester  porcelain  works,  1751-83 ; 
started  business  as  Chamberlain  &  Sou,  Worcester,  1786. 

[x.5] 

CHAMBERLAIN  or  CHAMBEELAYNE,  THOMAS 
(d.  11525),  judge;  barrister  of  Gray's  Inn,  1585;  serjeant- 
at-law.  1614  ;  knighted ;  a  judge  in  North  Wales,  1615 ; 
chief- justice  of  Chester,  1616-20 ;  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  1620-4  :  temporary  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
1625  ;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1624-5.  [x.  6] 

CHAMBERLAIN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1807),  portrait  and 
animal  painter  ;  a  Londoner  ;  pupil  of  John  Opie  ;  ex- 
hibited, 1794-1802.  [x. 6] 

CHAMBERLAINE,  JOHN  (1745-1812),  antiquary: 
keeper  of  the  king's  drawings,  1791 ;  edited  reproductions 
of  drawings  in  the  royal  collection,  1792-1812.  [x.  7] 

CHAMBERLANE,  ROBERT  (d.  1638),  theologian  ; 
an  Irishman ;  educated  at  Salamanca ;  Franciscan  lec- 
turer at  Louvain ;  wrote  theological  tracts.  [x.  7j 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Sm  EDWARD  (1470-1541),  of 
Geddiug,  Suffolk  ;  succeeded  to  his  maternal  estates,  1522. 

[x.7] 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Sm  EDWARD  (1484  ?-1543  ?),  of 
Shirburn  Castle,  Oxfordshire ;  succeeded  to  his  estates, 
1497 ;  keeper  of  Woodstock  Park,  1508 ;  served  against 
France,  1512-14  and  1522 ;  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire  and 
Berkshire,  1518 ;  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  France, 
1620 :  M.P.,  Wallingford,  1529 ;  attendant  on  Catherine 
of  Arragon  at  Kimbolton,  1533-6.  [x.  7] 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  EDWARD  (1616-1703),  author ; 
of  Odington,  Gloucestershire ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall, 
Oxford,  1641 ;  travelled,  1642-60  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1671 ; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1672;  tutor  to  the  Duke  of  Grafton, 
1679,  and  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark;  published 
4  Angliae  Notitiae,  or  the  Present  State  of  England,'  1669 
(20th  edition,  1702)  ;  published  other  pamphlets  and  trans- 
lations, [x.  8] 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Sm  JAMES  (d.  1699),  third 
baronet,  of  Wickham,  Oxfordshire ;  published  sacred 
poems,  1680-1.  [x.  9] 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  JOHN  (1666-1723),  miscella- 
neous writer;  younger  son  of  Edward  Chamberlayne 
(1616-1703)  [q.v.];  educated  at  Oxford,  1685,  and  Ley- 
den,  1688 ;  usher  to  Queen  Anne  and  George  I ;  F.R.S., 
1702  ;  published  a  tract  on  'Coffee,  Tea,  and  Chocolate,' 
1685 ;  translated  from  French,  Italian,  and  Dutch  ;  con- 
tinued his  father's  '  Present  State  of  England' ;  published 
'Oratio  Dominica,'  the  Lord's  prayer  in  various  lan- 
guages, 1715.  [x.  9] 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  WILLIAM  (1619-1689),  poet; 
physician  at  Shaf  tesbury,  Dorset ;  published  a  play,  en- 
titled 'Love's  Victory,'  1658,  an  epic  poem  entitled 
'  Pharonnida,'  1659,  and  congratulatory  verses  to 
Charles  II,  1660.  [x.  10] 

CHAMBERLEN,  HUGH,  the  elder  (./f.  1720),  man- 
midwife  and  projector ;  eldest  son  of  Peter  Chamberlen 
(1601-1683)  [q.  v.] ;  accoucheur  in  London  ;  translated 
Franco! *  Maurieeau's  text-book  of  midwifery,  1672  ; 
court  physician,  1673  ;  F.R.S.,  1681  ;  published  '  Mauuale 


Medicum,'  1685  ;  prosecuted  for  practising  medicine  with- 
out (nullification,  1688 ;  too  late  to  witness  the  birth  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  lf>88;  published  bank  scheme,  1690, 
and  plan  for  paying  doctors  out  of  the  taxes,  1694  ;  with- 
div.v  to  Scotland,  Itl'.i'.t  ;  renewed  his  bank  scheme  there, 
1700  ;  published  in  favour  of  the  union,  \7()'2  ;  withdrew 
to  Amsterdam  :  communicated  the  use  of  the  midwifery 
forceps  to  Hendrik  van  Hoonhuisen.  [x.  10] 

CHAMBERLEN,  HUGH,  the  younger  (1664-1728), 
physician ;  eldest  son  of  Hugh  Chamberleu  the  elder 
[q.v.];  educated  at  Cambridge  and  Leyden  ;  M.D.Cam- 
bridge, 1689 ;  a  fashionable  London  physician  and  ac- 
coucheur, [x.  12] 

CHAMBERLEN,  PAUL  (1635-1717),  empiric: 
second  son  of  Peter  Chamberlen  (1601-1683)  [q.  v.] ; 
accoucheur  in  London ;  invented  '  Anodyne  Necklace,' 
an  amulet  for  children  teething  and  women  in  labour, 
recommending  it  in  pamphlets.  [x.  12] 

CHAMBERLEN,  PETER,  the  younger  (1672-1626), 
surgeon  ;  younger  brother  of  Peter  Chaml>erlen  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  born  at  Southampton ;  surgeon  and  accoucheur 
in  London,  1600 ;  prosecuted  for  practising  medicine 
without  qualification  ;  advocated  incorporation  of  London 
midwives,  1616.  [x.  14] 

CHAMBERLEN,  PETER,  the  elder  (</.  1631),  sur- 
geon ;  son  of  a  Paris  surgeon  and  protestant  refugee ;  ac- 
coucheur at  Southampton  ;  learnt  the  use  of  the  forceps 
in  midwifery  and  made  it  a  family  secret ;  came  to  Lon- 
don, 1596 ;  court  accoucheur ;  prosecuted  for  practising 
medicine  without  qualification,  1612.  [x.  13] 

CHAMBERLEN,  PETER  (1601-1683),  physician  and 
projector ;  son  of  Peter  Ohamberlen  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Cambridge; 
M.D.  Padua,  1619  ;  used  the  midwifery  forceps,  the  family 
secret:  F.R.C.P.,  1628-49;  advocated  incorporation  of 
London  midwives,  1634 ;  advocated  public  baths,  1648 ; 
for  some  time  an  anabaptist ;  physician  to  Charles  II, 
1660 ;  published  theological  and  other  pamphlets. 

[x.  14] 

CHAMBERLIN,  MASON  (d.  1787),  portrait  painter  ; 
originally  a  merchant's  clerk;  exhibited  in  London,  1760- 
1787.  [x.  15] 

CHAMBERS,  DAVID,  LORD  ORMOND  (1530  ?-1592), 
Scottish  judge  ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  studied  theology 
and  law  in  France  and  Italy ;  parson  of  Buddy ;  chan- 
cellor of  Ross  ;  lord  of  session,  with  style  of  Lord  Ormond, 
1566 ;  partisan  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  privy  to  Darn- 
ley's  murder,  1567  ;  attended  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at 
Langside,  1568  ;  attainted,  1568 ;  withdrew  to  Spain  and 
France ;  published,  1579, '  Abbrege  des  Histoires  .  .  . ,'  a 
chronological  summary  of  European  history,  with  an 
appendix  on  Scotland :  returned  to  Scotland,  c.  1582 ;  his 
attainder  reversed,  1584  ;  lord  of  session,  1586-92. 

[x.  16] 

CHAMBERS,  EPHRAIM  (d.  1740),  encyclopaxiist : 
apprenticed  to  a  London  map-maker ;  published  his 
'  Cyclopaedia,  or  ...  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences,' 
1728  (two  volumes  folio);  visited  France;  translated 
French  scientific  treatises.  [x.  16] 

CHAMBERS,  GEORGE  (1803-1840),  marine  painter, 
went  to  sea,  1813 ;  visited  the  Baltic  and  Mediterranean  ; 
house-painter  at  Whitby  ;  scene-painter  in  London  ;  exhi- 
bited pictures  of  naval  battles.  [x.  17] 

CHAMBERS,  JOHN  (d.  1556),  first  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough ;  Benedictine  monk  at  Peterborough  ;  studied  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1505 ;  abbot  of 
Peterborough,  1528 ;  entertained  Wolsey,  1630 ;  surren- 
dered Peterborough  Abbey  to  the  king,  1639 ;  B.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1539 ;  king's  chaplain  ;  bishop  of  Peterborough, 
1541-56.  [x.  18] 

CHAMBERS,  JOHN(1780-1839),  topographer ;  trained 
as  an  architect ;  of  ample  private  means  ;  resided  at  Wor- 
cester, afterwards  at  Norwich;  published  histories  of 
Worcestershire,  1819-20,  and  Norfolk,  1829.  [x.  19] 

CHAMBEES,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1817-1874),  warden 
of  the  '  House  of  Charity  ' ;  eldest  sou  of  John  Chambers 
(1780-1839)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Norwich  school  and 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1843 ,  curate  of 
Sedbergh,  Yorkshire,  1842  ;  Anglican  clergyman  at  Perth, 
1846-55 :  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Soho,  and  warden  of  the 
'House  of  Charity,'  Soho,  1866-74  ;  published  sermons. 

[x.  191] 


CHAMBERS 


224 


CHANCY 


CHAMBERS,  JOHN  GRAHAM  (1843-1883),  athlete 
ami  journalist :  nt  Eton,  1856 ;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambri'1'..v.  1  >»;.">  :  ;i  university  nthletc  and  oarsnmn  : 
patron  of  athletics :  contributor  to  the  '  Standard ' ;  editor 
of  •  Land  ami  Water,'  1871-83.  [x.  20] 

CHAMBERS,  RICHARD  ( 1 588  ?-1658),  London  mer- 
chant: opposed  levy  of  tonnage  and  poundage  without 
junction  of  parliament,  1628 ;  illegally  imprisoned  by  the 
king,  1629-36 :  again  imprisoned  for  resisting  ship-money, 
1836 :  voted  compensation  by  parliament,  but  was  never 
paid ;  alderman  of  London,  1642-9 :  surveyor  of  customs, 
London,  1648-9  ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  recognise  the 
Commonwealth,  1649-51 ;  died  poor.  [x.  21] 

CHAMBERS,  ROBERT  (1671-1624?),  Roman  catholic 
priest ;  born  in  Yorkshire ;  at  Rheims,  1682 ;  at  Rome, 
1593  :  confessor  at  Brussels,  1599-1623  ;  died  in  England ; 
published  devotional  tracts.  [x.  21] 

CHAMBERS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1737-1803),  Indian  judge ; 
exhibitioner  of  Lincoln  College,  1754,  and  fellow  of  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  1761 ;  B.O.L.,  1766 ;  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor of  law,  1762-77;  friend  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
1766:  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1766-1803; 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Bengal,  1774 ;  showed 
great  weakness  in  the  trial  of  Nuucomar,  1776  ;  knighted, 
1778;  chief-justice  in  Bengal,  1789-99;  died  in  Paris. 
His  collection  of  Sanskrit  MSS.  is  now  at  Berlin,  [x.  22] 

CHAMBERS,  ROBERT  (1802-1871),  publisher  and 
author  :  educated  at  Peebles  and  in  Edinburgh  till  1816  ; 
clerk  ;  opened  bookstall,  e.  1818 :  founded  with  his  brother 
the  publishing  firm  of  W.  <fc  R.  Chambers,  Edinburgh  ; 
attracted  notice  by  his  '  Traditions  of  Edinburgh,' 1823  ; 
wrote  and  issued  a  multitude  of  books  on  Scottish  history, 
biography,  and  literature,  1824-67;  established  'Cham- 
bers's  Journal,'  1832  ;  wrote  and  published,  anonymously, 
1  Vestiges  of  Creation,'  1844 ;  hon.  LL.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1861 :  compiled '  Book  of  Days,'  an  antiquarian  miscellany, 
1862-4.  [x.  23] 

CHAMBERS,  ROBERT  (1832-1888),  publisher;  son  of 
Robert  Chambers  (1802-1871)  [q.  v.]  ;  editor  of  •  Cham- 
bers's  Journal,'  1874 ;  took  active  part  in  production  of 
4  Ohambers's  Encyclopaedia,'  1859-68.  [SuppL  i.  409] 

CHAMBERS,  SABINE  (1560  9-1633),  Jesuit ;  born  in 
Leicestershire;  M.A.  Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford,  1583; 
joined  Jesuits  at  Paris,  1587  :  theological  lecturer  at  Dole : 
missioner  in  London,  1609-33  ;  published  devotional 
tracts.  [x.  25] 

CHAMBERS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1814-1891),  recorder  of 
London ;  LL.B.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1K46 ;  called  to 
bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1840 ;  bencher,  1861  ;  treasurer, 
1872 ;  Q.O.,  1861 ;  common  serjeant,  1857 ;  recorder  of 
city  of  London,  1878 ;  knighted,  1872 ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
Hertford,  1852-7,  and  for  Marylebone,  1865-85  ;  published 
legal  writings.  [Suppl.  i.  410] 

CHAMBERS,  8m  WILLIAM  (1726-1796),  architect ; 
son  of  a  Scottish  merchant  at  Stockholm  ;  supercargo  on 
a  Swedish  ship  sailing  to  China,  1742-4  ;  studied  architec- 
ture in  Italy  and  Paris ;  settled  as  architect  in  London, 
1765;  employed  at  Kew  Gardens,  1757-62;  published 
1  Treatise  of  Civil  Architecture,'  1759 ;  a  Swedish  knight, 
1771 ;  satirised  for  his  ideas  on  Chinese  gardening,  1772  ; 
designed  Somerset  House,  1775.  [x.  26] 

CHAMBERS,  WILLIAM  (1800-1883),  publisher  and 
author ;  apprenticed  to  an  Edinburgh  bookseller,  1814 ; 
opened  bookstall,  1819 ;  joined  with  his  brother  Robert 
Chambers  (1802-1871)  [q.  v.]  in  founding  the  publishing 
house  of  W.  &  R.  Chambers,  Edinburgh  ;  issued  a  multi- 
tude of  cheap  educational  works ;  issued  '  Cbambers's 
Encyclopaedia,'  1859  ;  published  notes  of  travel,  tales,  <tc. ; 
lord  provost  of  Edinburgh,  1866-9;  hon.  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1872 ;  presented  a  public  library  to  Peebles ;  re- 
stored 8k  Giles's,  Edinburgh.  [x.  27] 

CHAMBERS,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (1786-1855), 
physician ;  born  in  India ;  came  to  England,  1 793 ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1811 ; 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1818  ;  studied  medicine  in  London  and 
Edinburgh  ;  physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London, 
1816-39  ;  an  eminent  consulting  physician ;  retired,  1848. 

[x.  29] 


CHAMBRE,  SIH  ALAN  (1739-1823),  judge;  barrister, 
of  Gray's  Inn,  1767:  recorder  of  Lancaster,  1796:  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1799  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1799  ;  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  1800-15.  [x.  30] 

CHAMBUE,  JOHN  (1470-1549),  physician  ;  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1492  :  M.D.  Padua,  1506  ;  phy- 
sician to  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII :  an  original 
member  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1518;  rector  of 
Tichmarsh,  Northamptonshire,  149U,  of  Great  Bowden, 
Leicestershire,  1508,  and  of  Aller,  Somerset,  1622-49  :  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1494-1649  ;  warden  of  Merton  College, 
1525-44 ;  dean  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster  ;  M.D.  Oxford, 
1531.  [x.  30] 

CHAMBRE,  WILLIAM  DR  (ft.  1365?),  probable 
author  of  a  Latin  biography  of  Bishop  Richard  de  Bury. 


[x.  31] 
ml  of   Dr. 


CHAMIER,  ANTHONY  (1725-1780),  frien 
Samuel  Johnson  ;  born  in  London ;  of  French  extrac- 
tion ;  government  official :  deputy  secretary  at  war, 
1772 ;  under-secretary  of  state,  1775  ;  M.P.,  Tamworth, 
1778.  [x.  32] 

CHAMIER,  FREDERICK  (1796-1870),  novelist; 
entered  navy,  1809  ;  lieutenant,  1816  ;  served,  chiefly  in 
Mediterranean,  1810-27 ;  captain,  1856  ;  published  nautical 
novels,  1832-41,  a  continuation  of  James's  'Naval 
History,'  1837,  and  notes  of  travel,  1849-55.  [x.  32] 

CHAMP  AIN,  SIR  JOHN  UNDERWOOD  BATEMAN 
(1835-1887).  [See  BATKMAN-OHAMPAIN.] 

CHAMPION,  ANTHONY (1725-1801), poet:  educated 
at  Eton,  1739,  and  Oxford,  1743 ;  barrister  of  the  Middle 
Temple ;  M.P.  for  St.  Germans,  1754,  and  for  Liskeard, 
1761-8  ;  wrote  verses.  [x.  33] 

CHAMPION,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1815  ?-1854),  botanist : 
ensign,  1831 ;  served  in  the  Ionian  islands,  Ceylon,  and 
(1847-50)  Hongkong ;  brought  plants  to  England,  1850, 
and  gave  them  to  Kew  herbarium ;  wounded  at  Inker- 
mann,  1854 ;  lieutenant-colonel ;  died  at  Scutari,  [x.  33] 

CHAMPION,  JOSEPH  (/.  1762),  calligrapher ;  pupil 
of  Charles  Snell,  penman ;  schoolmaster  in  London  :  pub- 
lished text-books  of  arithmetic  and  penmanship,  1733-62. 

[x.  33] 

CHAMPION,. RICHARD  (1743-1791),  ceramist;  mer- 
chant's clerk  in  Bristol,  1762  ;  commenced  making  china, 
1768 ;  manager  of  William  Cookworthy's  Bristol  china 
works.  1770 ;  carried  on  the  works  in  his  own  name, 
1773-81  ;  a  friend  of  Edmund  Burke  ;  government 
official,  1782-4  ;  emigrated  to  Carolina.  [x.  34] 

CHAMPION,  THOMAS  (d.  1619).    [See  CAMPION.] 

CHAMPNEY,  ANTHONY  (1569  ?-1643  ?),  contro- 
versialist ;  born  in  Yorkshire ;  studied  at  Rheims,  1590, 
and  Rome,  1593  :  D.D.  and  fellow  of  the  Sorbonne,  Paris ; 
vice-president  and  divinity  lecturer  at  Douay,  1619-26 ; 
confessor  at  Brussels,  1626 ;  returned  to  Douay,  1628  ; 
missioner  In  England ;  published  controversial  tracts, 
1601-23  ;  wrote  against  the  validity  of  Anglican  orders, 
1616.  [x.  35] 

CHAMPNEY8,  JOHN  (ft.  1548),  a  London  layman  ; 
prosecuted  by  Archbishop  Craumer  for  Calvlnlstlc 
opinions  expressed  in  his  published  works.  [x.  36] 

CHAMPNEYS,  JOHN  (rf.  1556),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  skinner,  of  London  ;  lord  mayor,  1534  ;  knighted  ; 
became  blind.  [x.  36] 

CHAMPNEYS,  WILLIAM  WELDON  (1807-1875), 
dean  of  Lichfteld ;  entered  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1824;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1831;  curate  of  St.  Ebbe's, 
Oxford,  1831 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Whltechapel,  London, 
1837-60 ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  1861 :  rector  of  St.  Pancras, 
London,  1860:  dean  of  Lichfleld,  1868-75;  published 
sermons  and  religious  biographies.  [x.  36] 

CHANCELLOR,  RICHARD  (d.  1556),  navigator; 
sailed  to  the  Levant,  1550 ;  given  command  of  a  ship  in 
Sir  Hugh  Willoughby's  [q.  v.]  expedition  to  discover  a 
north-east  passage  to  India,  1558 ;  reached  Archangel ; 
visited  the  Russian  court  at  Moscow ;  sailed  back  from 
Archangel,  1564  ;  revisited  Archangel  and  Moscow,  1555  ; 
wrecked  on  the  Aberdeenshire  coast  on  his  return. 

[x.  37] 

CHANCY  or  CHAWNEY,  MAURICE  (d.  1581). 
[See  OHAUNCY.] 


CHANDLER 


225 


CHAPMAN 


CHANDLER,  ANNE  (1740-1814).    [See  OANDLKH.] 

CHANDLER,  HKN.JAMIN  (1737-1786),  surgeon; 
practiced  medicine  at  Canterbury;  wrote  on  'Inocula- 
tion,1 1767,  aud  '  Apoplexies,'  17H5. 

CHANDLER,  EDWAKD  (1668  ?-1750),  bishop  of 
Durham ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1693 ; 
DD  1701-  prebendary  of  Lichtield,  1697,  Salisbury, 
1703,  and  Worcester,  1706;  bishop  of  Lichfleld,  1717; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1730-50  ;  published  sermous  and  con- 
troversial trea'  [x.  38] 

CHANDLER,  HKNKY  WILLIAM  (1828-1889), 
scholar;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1852;  fellow, 
1853  ;  M.A.,  1865 ;  Wayutiete  professor  of  moral  and 
ini'taphv.-iral  philosophy,  1867-89;  curator  of  Bodleian 
Library,  1884.  Mis  works  include  Practical  Introduction 
t<>  linrk  Accentuation,'  1864,  and  catalogue  of  (1868)  and 
i-hnmologicul  index  to  (1878)  editions  of  Aristotle's 
•  N  icoinachean  Ethics.'  [Suppl.  i.  410] 

CHANDLER,  JOHANNA  (1820-1875),  philanthropist ; 
sold  work  and  collected  subscriptions,  1856-9,  to  found  a 
hospital  for  paralytics  in  London.  [x.  38] 

CHANDLER,  JOHN  (1700-1780),  apothecary ;  pub- 
lished medical  tracts,  1729-61.  [x.  39] 

CHANDLER,  J.  W.  (rf.  1805  ?),  portrait  painter ;  ex- 
hibited  in  London,  1787-91 ;  removed  to  Aberdeenshire, 
1800,  and  Edinburgh ;  died  insane,  e.  1805.  [x.  39] 

CHANDLER,  MABY  (1687-1745),  writer  of  a  metrical 
•Description  o  Bath'  (sixth  edition,  1744);  shopkeeper 
in  Bath,  1705-44.  [x.  39] 

CHANDLER,  RICHARD  (rf.  1744),  printer  and  book- 
seller; in  partnership  with  Caesar  Ward  in  London, 
York,  and  Scarborough  ,  published  '  The  History  ...  of 
the  House  of  Commons  .  .  .'  to  1743  (fourteen  volumes), 
1742-4  ;  failed ;  committed  suicide.  [x.  39] 

CHANDLER,  RICHARD  (1738-1810),  classical  anti- 
quary and  traveller ;  educated  at  Winchester ;  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1757,  and  fellow,  1770 ;  M.A., 
1761;  D.D.,  1773;  published  fragments  of  the  Greek 
lyriste,  1759,  and  '  Marmora  Oxoniensia,'  1763  ;  travelled, 
for  the  Dilettanti  Society,  in  Asia  Minor  and  Greece, 
1764-6 ;  published  his  results  in  '  Ionian  Antiquities,' 
1769, '  Inscriptiones  Antiquae,'  1774,  and  '  Travels,'  1775-6 ; 
vicar  of  East  Worldham,  Hampshire,  1779,  and  of  Tile- 
hurst,  Berkshire,  1800-10  ;  travelled  in  Switzerland  and 
Italy,  1785-7  ;  publishal  '  History  of  Ilium,'  1802  ;  wrote 
'The  Life  of  (bishop)  Waynflete'  (published  1811). 

[x.  40] 

CHANDLER,  SAMUEL  (1693-1766),  theologian; 
educated  at  Gloucester  and  Leyden  ;  minister  of  a  presby- 
terian  congregation  at  Peckham,  1716  ;  bookseller ;  non- 
conformist minister  at  the  Old  Jewry,  1726-66  ;  hon.  D.D. 
Edinburgh  ;  published  pamphlets  against  deism,  1725-62, 
and  against  Roman  Catholicism,  1732-45,  as  well  as  other 
controversial  tracts  and  sermons.  [x.  42] 

CHANDLER  or  CHATTNDLER,  THOMAS  (1418?- 
1490).  [See  CHAUNDLER.] 

CHANDOS,  DUKE  OF  (1673-1744).     [See  BRYDOES, 

J  \M  ]•:.-.] 

CHANDOS,  BARONS.  [See  BRYDGES,  SIR  JOHN,  first 
BARON,  1490  ?-l556 ;  BRYDGES,  GRKY,  fifth  BARON,  1579  ?- 
1621 ;  BRYDGES,  GEORGE,  sixth  BARON,  rf.  1655.] 

CHANDOS,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1370),  soldier :  present  at 
the  siege  of  Cambrai,  1337,  and  the  battle  of  Crecy,  1346  ; 
K.G.,  c.  1349 ;  saved  the  Black  Prince's  life  at  Poitiers, 
1356  ;  granted  lands  in  Lincolnshire  and  the  Coutantin  ; 
Edward  Ill's  lieutenant  in  France,  1360  ;  constable  of 
Guiciinc,  1362;  won  the  battle  of  Auray,  Brittany,  1364; 
fought  at  Navarette,  Spain,  1367 ;  withdrew  from 
Gtiiennc,  1368  :  recalled,  1368 ;  seneschal  of  Poitiers,  1369  ; 
died  of  his  wounds  at  Mortemer.  [x.  43] 

CHANDOS,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1428),  of  Herefordshire. 

[x.44] 

CHANNELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  PRY  (1804-1873), 
judge  ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1827  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1840 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1857 ;  knighted,  June 
1867.  [x.  44] 

CHANTREY,  SIR  FRANCIS  LEGATT  (1781-1842), 
sculptor  ;  sou  of  a  carpenter ;  grocer'a  boy  in  Sheffield  ; 


apprentice  to  a  Sheffield  wool-carver,  1797-1802  ;  learned 
drawing,  stoni'-rarviyii:,  :uul  painting  in  oil;  portrait 
painter  in  Sheffield,  1«02,  and  continued  his  visits  there 
till  1808 ;  resided  chiefly  in  London  from  1802,  studying 
art,  painting  portraits,  and  practising  wood-carving :  ex- 
hibited pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1804-7 ;  worked 
chiefly  at  statuary  from  1804 ;  exhibited  statues,  1809 ; 
paid  by  George  IV  three  hundred  guineas  for  his  bust, 
1822 ;  knighted,  1835 ;  bequeathed  hia  property  to  the 
Royal  Academy.  [x.  44] 

CHAPLEATT,  SIR  JOSEPH  ADOLPHE  (1840-1898), 
Canadian  statesman ;  born  at  Sainte  Therese  de  Blain- 
ville,  in  province  of  Quebec  ;  called  to  bar  of  Lower 
Canada,  1861;  Q.C.,  1873;  conservative  member  for 
county  of  Terrebonne  in  provincial  parliament,  1867-82, 
and  in  Canadian  House  of  Commons,  1882-92  ;  solicitor- 
general,  1873-4  ;  premier  and  minister  of  agriculture  and 
public  works,  1879  ;  secretary  of  state  for  Canada,  regis- 
trar-general and  privy  councillor,  1882;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Quebec,  1892  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1896. 

[SuppL  i.  411] 

CHAPMAN,  EDMUND  (fl.  1733).  surgeon  ;  a  country 
accoucheur,  1708  ;  practitioner  in  London,  1733 ;  published 
a  treatise  on  midwifery.  [x.  47] 

CHAPMAN,  FREDERIC  (1823-1896),  publisher  ;  en- 
tered, 1834,  house  of  Chapman  &  Hall ;  partner,  1847,  and 
head  of  firm,  1864;  purchased  (1870)  copyright  of 
Dickens's  works,  many  of  which  the  firm  had  published ; 
projected  and  published  '  Fortnightly  Review,'  1865  ;  pub- 
lished works  for  the  Brownings,  Lord  Lytton,  Trollope, 
and  Mr.  George  Meredith.  [Suppl.  i.  412] 

CHAPMAN,  SIR  FREDERICK  EDWARD  (1815- 
1893),  general;  educated  at  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1835 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1859 ;  lieutenant-general  and  colonel- 
commandant,  1872  ;  general,  1877  ;  made  survey  for  de- 
fences of  Dardanelles,  1864  ;  directed  operations  during 
latter  part  of  siege  of  Sebastopol ;  C.B.,  1856 ;  K.C.B., 
1867  ;  governor  and  commander-in-chief  of  Bermudas, 
1867-70 ;  inspector-general  of  fortifications  and  director 
of  works  at  war  office,  1870-5 ;  G.C.B.,  1877. 

[Suppl.  i.  413] 

CHAPMAN,  GEORGE  (1559  ?-1634),  poet ;  nothing 
known  of  his  education;  published  "The  Shadow  of 
Night'  (hymns),  1594,  and  « Quid's  Banquet  of  Sence '  and 
other  poems,  1595 ;  completed  Marlowe's  '  Hero  and 
Leauder,'  1598 :  said  to  have  been  imprisoned  for  satirising 
James  I's  Scottish  followers,  1605  ;  mentioned  by  the 
poet  John  Da  vies  of  Hereford  as  having  lived  in  his  later 
days  in  straitened  circumstances  ;  contributed  to  plays  by 
Ben  Jonsou  and  Shirley.  Chapman's  first  known  play, 
'  The  Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria,'  appeared  1596,  and  was 
printed  in  1698 ;  the  comedies  '  All  Fools '  (printed  1605) 
and  '  An  Humerous  dayes  Myrth '  belong  to  1599,  as  also 
other  plays  now  lost.  The  bulk  of  his  dramas  appeared 
between  1606  and  1612.  Chapman  published  a  specimen 
of  his  rhyming  fourteen-syllable  version  of  the  '  Iliad '  in 
1598,  and  the  whole  4  Iliad '  in  1611,  adding  the '  Odyssey ' 
(rhyming  ten-syllable)  in  1614,  and  the  hymns  Ac.  in 
1624.  Translations  by  him  from  Petrarch  appeared  in 
1612,  from  Musaeus  in  1616,  Hesiod's  'Georgicks  '  in  1618, 
and  a  satire  of  Juvenal  in  1629.  He  wrote  also  copies  of 
verses  for  his  friends'  books,  court  poems,  and  a  masque 
(1614).  His  collected  works  appeared  in  1873-5.  [x.  47] 

CHAPMAN,  GEORGE  (1723-1806),  author  of  tracts 
on  education ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1741,  and  LL.D. ;  taught 
school  in  Dalkeith,  1747,  Dumfries,  1751-74,  and  Banff  ; 
was  afterwards  a  printer  in  Edinburgh.  [x.  53] 

CHAPMAN,  HENRY  SAMUEL  (1803-1881),  colonial 
judge ;  emigrated  to  Canada,  1823 ;  newspaper  editor  in 
Montreal,  1833-4  ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1840  : 
judge  in  New  Zealand,  1842-62  ;  barrister  and  member  of 
the  legislature  at  Melbourne,  1854-65  ;  judge  in  New 
Zealand,  1865-77 ;  died  at  Dune-din ;  wrote  on  legal  and 
economical  topics.  [x.  54] 

CHAPMAN,  JOHN  (1704-1784),  divine ;  educated  at 
Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1731 ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1741 ,  rector  of  Smeeth,  Kent,  1739,  ami  of 
Saltwood,  1789-41,  and  of  Mersham,  1744  ;  archdeacon  of 
Sudbury  ;  presented  himself  to  the  precentorship  of  Lin- 
coln, but  was  ejected,  1760 ;  wrote  on  classical  antiquities 
and  controversial  divinity.  [x.  54] 


CHAPMAN 


CHARLES  I 


CHAPMAN,  JOHN  (1801-1854),  political  writer:  bred 
as  a  clockumker  at  Loughborough,  Leicestershire  ;  joiiieU 
baptists,  1822  ;  opeued  factory  (or  spinning  machinery, 
1822;  failed  iu  business",  1834;  withdrew  to  London; 
edited  the  '  Mechanic's  Magazine  '  ;  patented  improve- 
ment on  the  IwiiMmi  cab,  1836  ;  wrote  much  for  the 
newspapers  ;  projected  railway  and  irrigation  schemes  in 
India  ;  published  several  treatises  on  Indian  finance  and 
administration.  [x.  55] 

CHAPMAN.  JOHN  (1822-1894),  physician,  author 
and  publisher  ;  apprenticed  as  watchmaker  at  Works-op, 
and  was  In  business  in  Adelaide  ;  studied  medicine  in 
Paris  and  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London;  publisher 
and  bookseller  in  London  ;  editor  and  proprietor  of  '  West- 
minster Review,'  1851  ;  graduated  in  medicine  at  St.  An- 
drews, 1857,  and  practised  as  physician  ;  wrote  medical 
and  other  works.  [Suppl.  i.  414] 

CHAPMAN,  MARY  FRANCIS  (1838-1884),  novelist: 
published  '  Mary  Bertrand,'  1856,  and  other  novels,  under 
the  pseudonym  J.  0.  Ayrton.  Her  last  novel,  'The  Gift 
of  the  Gods  '  (1879),  appeared  under  her  own  name. 


[x.  66] 
76- 


CHAPMAN,  SIR  STEPHEN  REMNANT  (1776-1851), 
military  engineer  ;  educated  at  Woolwich  ;  entered  royal 
engineers,  1793  ;  captain,  1805  ;  served  in  Holland,  1799, 
Denmark,  1807,  and  Portugal,  1809;  secretary  to  the 
master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1810-25  ;  lieuteuant- 
colonel,  1812  ;  secretary  at  Gibraltar,  1825-31  ;  knighted, 
1831  ;  governor  of  the  Bermudas,  1831-9  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1846.  [x.  57] 

CHAPMAN,  THOMAS  (1717-1760),  ecclesiastic  ;  fel- 
low of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1746  ;  D.D.,  1749  ;  rector  of  Kirkby- 
over-Blow,  Yorkshire,  1749;  prebendary  of  Durham, 
1750  ;  published  a  classical  tract.  [x.  57] 

CHAPMAN,  WALTER  (1473  ?-1538  ?).  [See  OIIEP- 
•AV.] 

CHAPMAN,  WILLIAM  (1749-1832),  engineer  ;  con- 
structed canals  in  Ireland,  and  docks  in  England  and 
Scotland  ;  wrote  on  canal  navigation  and  the  corn  laws. 

[x.  57] 

CHAPONE,  HESTER  (1727-1801),  essayist;  nte 
Mulso  ;  married  (1760)  one  Chapone(d.  1761),  an  attorney  ; 
friend  of  Samuel  Richardson  ;  published  verses  and  tales, 
1750-3,  and  essays,  1773-7.  Her  •  Works  '  and  •  Post- 
humous Works  '  appeared  hi  1807.  [x.  58] 

CHAPPELL,  WILLIAM  (1582-1649),  bishop  of  Cork  ; 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1599  ;  fellow,  1607  ;  for 
some  time  college  tutor  of  John  Milton  :  patronised  by 
William  Laud  ;  dean  of  Oashel,  1633  ;  provost  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1637-40  ;  treasurer  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dub- 
lin, 1636-8  ;  bishop  of  Cork  and  Ross,  1638  ;  imprisoned  at 
Dublin,  1641,  and  at  Teuby,  Pembrokeshire,  1642  ;  with- 
drew to  Nottinghamshire.  [x.  59] 

OHAPPELL,  WILLIAM  (1809-1888),  musical  anti- 
quary ;  managed,  1834-43,  music  publishing  business,  of 
which  his  father,  Samuel  Chappell  (d.  1834),  had  become 
sole  partner,  1826;  published  'Collection  of  National 
English  Airs,'  1838;  F.S.A.,  1840;  one  of  founders  of 
Percy  Society  and  Musical  Antiquarian  Society  ;  joined 
publishing  business  of  Cramer  <fc  Co.,  1845  ;  retired, 
1861  ;  vice-president  of  Musical  Association,  1874.  His 
works  include  the  first  volume  of  a  '  History  of  Music  ' 

[Suppl.  i.  415] 

CHAPPELOW,  LEONARD  (1683-1768),  orientalist; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1716  :  fellow,  1717-31  ;  I 
rector  of  Hormead,  Hertfordshire  ;  professor  of  Arabic,  ' 
1720  ;  published  an  Arabic  grammar,  1730,  translations, 
and  '  Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Job,'  1752.        [x.  61] 

CHAPPINGTON  or  OHAPINOTON,  JOHN  (rf.  1606X 
organ-builder  ;  built  an  organ  for  St.  Margaret's,  West- 
minster, 1596,  and  for  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1597. 

CHAPPLE,  SAMUEL  (1775-1833),  organist;  Uwt  his 
Bight  before  1785  ;  learned  music  at  Exeter  ;  organist  of 
Ashburtou  Church,  1795-1833  ;  published  music,  [x.  61] 

CHAPPLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1677-1745),  judge  ;  M.P 
Dorchester,  1722-37;  serjeant-at-law,  1724;  judge  in 
North  Walea,  1728  ;  knighted,  1729  ;  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  1737-46.  [x.  62] 


CHAPPLE,    WILLIAM    (1718-1781),    topographer; 

self-taught;    surveyor's    clerk  in  Exeter,     173* ;    land- 

j  steward  to  the  Courtenay  family  ;  compiled  vocabulary 

of  Exmoor  dialect,  1746 ;  projected  recension  of  Risdou's 

•  Survey  of  Divon '  (partly  printed,  1785).  [x.  62] 

CHARD,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1765  ?-1849),  organ- 
ist ;  chorister  of  St.  Paul's,  London  ;  lay-clerk  of  Win- 
chester Cathedral,  1787 ;  organist  of  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral, 1802-49  and  of  Winchester  College,  1832-49  ;  Mus. 
|  Doc.  Cambridge,  1812.  [x.  63] 

CHARD,   JOHN    ROUSE    MERRIOTT  (1847-18971 
j  hero  of  Horke's  Drift ;  educated  at  Royal  Military  Aca- 
I  demy,    Woolwich ;    lieutenant,    royal    engineers,    1868 ; 
|  lieutenant-colonel,  1893 ;    colonel,  1897 ;    served  in  Zulu 
I  war,  1878 ;  attached  to  Brigadier-general  Glyn's  column ; 
defended  Rorke's  Drift,  22-23  Jan.  1879,  with  a  force 
numbering  139,  against  about  3,000  Zulus ;  received  Vic- 
toria cross  ;  commanding  royal  engineers  at  Singapore, 
1892-6.  [Suppl.  i  416] 

CHARDIN,  SIR  JOHN  (1643-1713),  traveller;  born 
in  Paris ;  a  wealthy  jeweller ;  travelled  as  a  jewel  mer- 
chant through  Turkey  to  Persia  and  India,  1664-70  and 
1671-7 ;  published  notes  of  his  travels,  1671,  1686,  and 
1711 ;  protestaut  refugee,  1681  ;  jeweller  to  the  English 
court ;  knighted,  1681 ;  F.R.S.,  1682  ;  envoy  to  Holland, 
1684  ;  his  biblical  illustrations  incorporated  in  Thomas 
Banner's  '  Observations  on  .  .  Scripture,'  1776. 

CHARDON,  CHARLDON,  or  CHARLTON,*JOHN 
(d.  1601),  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor  ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1565-8;  M.A.,  1572;  schoolmaster  at 
Worksop,  Nottinghamshire,  1571 ;  vicar  of  Heavitree, 
Exeter,  1571 ;  D.D.,  1586  ;  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor, 
1596 ;  warden  of  Youghal  College,  1598 ;  published 
sermons  and  translations.  [x.  64] 

CHARITE,  WILLIAM  (1422-1502  ?),  prior  of  St. 
Mary's  Abbey,  Leicester;  compiled  rent-roll  and  cartu- 
lary of  the  abbey.  [x.  65] 

CHARKE,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1760?),  actress  and 
writer  ;  youngest  daughter  of  Oolley  Gibber  [q.  v.] ; 
amused  herself  with  masculine  pursuits  ;  married  Richard 
Charke,  a  theatrical  musician,  c.  1729 ;  separated  from 
him,  c.  1730 ;  first  appeared  on  the  stage,  1730 :  per- 
formed in  various  London  companies,  chiefly  in  male 
parts,  till  1737 ;  afterwards  employed  at  puppet-shows 
and  low  theatres  ;  attempted  management  of  Haymarket 
Theatre,  1745  ;  published  an  autobiography,  1755;  wrote 
plays  and  novels.  [x.  65J 

CHARKE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1580),  puritan ;  fellow  of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge;  expelled  for  nonconformity, 
1572;  wrote  against  Edmund  Campion  [q.  v.],  1580; 
held  disputation  with  Campion  in  the  Tower;  preacher 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  1581-93.  [x.  67] 

CHARLEMONT,  first  EAKL  OF  (1728-1799).  [See 
OAULFKILD,  JAMES.] 

CHARLEMONT,  VISCOUNTS  OF.  [See  OAULFEILD, 
WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUNT,  d.  1671 ;  OAULFEILD,  WILLIAM, 
second  VISCOUNT,  d.  1726;  OAULFEILD,  JAMBS,  fourth 
VISCOUNT,  1728-1799.] 

CHARLEMONT,  BARONS.  [See  OAULPEILD,  SIR 
TOBY,  first  BARON,  1565-1627  ;  CAULFEILD,  TOBY,  third 
BARON,  d.  1642 ;  CAULFKILD,  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON,  rf. 
1671.] 

CHARLES  I  (1600-1649),  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  ;  second  sou  of  James  VI  of  Scotland  and  Anne 
of  Denmark  ;  born  at  Dunfermliue  ;  created  Duke  of  Al- 
bany, December  1600 ;  brought  to  England,  1604 ;  created 
Duke  of  York,  1605  ;  a  sickly  child ;  became  heir-apparent, 
1612 ;  created  Prince  of  Wales,  November  1616 ;  nego- 
tiation for  his  marriage  with  Princess  Christina  of 
France  broken  off,  1616 ;  match  between  him  and  Prin- 
cess Maria  of  Spain  formally  proposed,  1617,  dropped, 
1618;  went  to  Madrid  to  urge  his  suit,  February,  1623, 
but  returned,  October,  finding  the  religious  difficulty  in- 
surmountable ;  betrothed  to  Princess  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France,  December  1624,  he  and  bin  father  pledging  them- 
selves to  toleration  for  all  English  catholics  ;  succeeded 
to  the  throne,  27  March  1626  ;  married  by  proxy,  May  ; 
received  his  bride  at  Canterbury,  June  1625  ;  refused  by 
his  fir^t  parliaments,  who  distrusted  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, supplies  equal  to  the  undertakings  into  which  he 


CHARLES  I 


227 


CHABLE8  II 


and  the  favourite  rashly  plunged;  to  help  the  Elector 
Palatine,  equipped  by  his  personal  credit  au  English  force 
to  be  placed  in  command  of  the  German  adventurer, 
Ernst  von  Mansfeld,  1625  ;  promised  a  subsidy  to  Chris- 
tian IV  of  Denmark  to  make  war  on  the  German  csitho- 
lic  states,  but  was  unable  to  pay,  Christian  being  subse- 
quently routed  (August  1626):  enabled  by  the  help  of 
loans  and  pawning  the  crown  jewels  to  fit  out  an  expedi- 
tion against  Cadiz,  which  miserably  failed,  October  1626  ; 
lost  in  a  storm  a  second  fleet,  obtained  by  levying  ships 
from  the  coast-counties ;  sent  an  expedition  to  relieve 
the  protestants  of  Rochelle,  which  (1627)  failed  shame- 
fully, peace  being  concluded  with  France,  1629,  and  with 
Spain,  1630;  outof  touch  with  English  sentiment,  which  as 
reflected  in  the  houses  of  parliament  was  in  respect  of 
doctrine  overwhelmingly  Oalvinistio,  and  in  respect  of 
policy  anti-Romanist  ;  repudiated  the  pro-Romanist 
clauses  of  his  marriage  treaty,  1626,  but  was  reasonably 
suspected  of  favouring  catholics ;  promoted  Armiuiau 
clergy,  and  prevented  parliament  from  prosecuting  them, 
1625 ;  forbade  preaching  in  favour  of  Calvinist  dogmas, 
1629 ;  had  recourse  to  extraordinary  expedients  for  ob- 
taining supplies,  exacting  forced  loans,  and  removing 
the  judges  who  dissented  from  his  measures  ;  involved 
by  his  foreign,  domestic,  and  ecclesiastical  policy  in 
quarrels  with  his  parliaments ;  his  first  parliament, 
which  met,  June  1625,  dissolved  in-August,  in  consequence 
of  its  attacks  on  Buckingham  and  the  king's  Roman 
catholic  leanings ;  dissolved  in  June  1626,  after  a  four 
mouths'  session,  his  second  parliament,  which,  in  spite 
of  the  devices  of  making  the  king's  chief  opponents 
sheriffs  and  imprisoning  others,  pressed  charges  against 
Buckingham  ;  signed  the  statement  of  grievances  which 
his  third  parliament,  led  by  Sir  Thomas  Wentworth, 
submitted  (the  'petition  of  right'),  June  1628;  op- 
posed by  Commons  for  his  levy  of  taxes  without  parlia- 
mentary grant,  and  his  ecclesiastical  policy  ;  dissolved 
parliament,  lu  March  1629  ;  governed  without  parliament 
for  eleven  years ;  levied  tonnage  and  poundage,  1629 ; 
exacted  fines  for  not  taking  up  knighthood,  1630,  and  for 
encroaching  on  forest  hinds ;  raised  money  by  granting 
monopolies,  and  by  demanding  ship-money  from  the  sea- 
ports, 1634,  and  from  the  inland  counties,  1635  ;  showed 
marked  favour  to  the  papal  envoys  at  the  queen's  court, 
1834-7  ;  supported  Laud  in  his  severe  measures  to  enforce 
Arminian  doctrine  and  church  ceremonies  on  the  puritan 
party  in  the  church,  1633-7 ;  obtained  verdict  in  the 
ship-money  case  against  John  Hampden,  1638;  was 
crowned  in  Scotland,  18  June  1633,  giving  offence  by  the 
episcopal  ceremonial  he  required ;  caused  great  irritation 
by  a  fruitless  order  to  Scottish  ministers  to  use  the  sur- 
plice ;  riots  in  Edinburgh  caused  by  his  attempt  (1637)  to 
enforce  the  use  of  a  liturgy,  drawn  up  under  Laud's  in- 
fluence ;  affronted  by  the  signing  of  the  '  national  cove- 
nant,' 1638,  and  the  abolition  of  episcopacy  by  the  gene- 
ral assembly  at  Glasgow,  November  1638;  collected 
troops,  and  invaded  Scotland,  May  1639 ;  compelled  by 
want  of  funds  to  sign  the  treaty  of  Berwick,  1639 ;  sum- 
moned parliament  (April  1640),  hoping  to  obtain  supplies  ! 
for  renewing  war  with  Scotland ;  dissolved  it,  5  May  | 
1640,  on  its  demanding,  under  leadership  of  John  Pym,  i 
redress  of  grievances ;  elated  by  Stafford's  success  in 
raising  an  army  in  Ireland ;  lost  Newcastle  and  Durham, 
which  were  occupied  by  the  Scots,  who  on  the  invitation  ! 
of  parliament  had  crossed  the  Tweed,  1640  ;  advised,  by  a 
council  of  peers  convoked  at  York,  to  negotiate  with  the  ! 
Scots  and  summon  parliament,  24  Sept.  1640  ;  defied  by  ' 
the  Long  parliament  which  met,  3  Nov.  1640,  and  at  I 
once  attacked  Strafford  and  Laud ;  plotted  to  save  Straf- 
ford,  but  finally  assented  to  his  execution,  May  1641,  and  I 
pledged  himself  not  to  dissolve  this  parliament  except  by 
its  own  vote;  indirectly  caused  the  formation  of  two 
parties  in  the  Commons,  a  party  in  favour  of  moderate 
episcopacy,  and  an  extreme  party  which  desired  to 
abolish  bishops  and  the  prayer-book  ;  went  to  Scotland, 
swkhiK  support  against  the  extremists,  August  1641; 
discredited  by  a  plot  formed  among  his  courtiers  to 
murder  the  Scottish  leaders  ('the  Incident');  appealed 
for  help  to  the  Irish  catholic  peers,  and  was  in  consequence 
generally  supposed  privy  to  the  Ulster  massacres,  October 
1641 ;  well  received  by  London  on  his  return,  November 
1641 ;  resolved  to  resist  the  parliament's  demands  for  a 
responsible  ministry  and  church  reform  ;  tried  to  seize 
'th«  five  members'  in  the  House  of  Commons,  4  Jan. 
1642  ;  left  Whitehall  to  collect  troops  in  the  north,  10  Jan.  | 
1642 ;  declared  war  at  Nottingham,  22  Aug.  1642 ;  pushed 


asifle  the  parliamentary  army  at  Edgehill,  23  Oct., 
advanced  as  far  as  Brentford,  November,  but  withdrew  to 
winter  in  Oxford  ;  formed  plan,  1643,  for  Hoptou  to  ad- 
vance on  London  from  the  west,  Newcastle  through  the 
eastern  counties,  and  Charles  himself  from  Reading; 
baulked ;  carried  on  fruitless  negotiations  during  the 
winter ;  entertained  design,  1644,  of  operating  from  Oxford 
and  attacking  the  parliamentary  army  in  detail,  a  design 
which  came  to  nothing  through  Rupert's  defeat  at  Mar- 
stoii  Moor  (2  July);  conducted  fruitless  negotiations  at 
Uxbridge,  January-February,  1645  ;  vainly  tried  to  obtain 
large  forces  from  Ireland  and  from  Lorraine ;  cheered  by 
Montrose's  success  in  the  highlands,  September  1644- 
February  1645 ;  his  main  army  crushed  at  Naseby,  14  June 
1646  ;  again  sought  help  from  Ireland  and  France ;  left  Ox- 
ford ;  surrendered  to  the  Scots  at  Newark,  5  May  1646,  and 
was  conducted  to  Newcastle,  13  May ;  tried  to  negotiate 
separately  with  the  Scots  and  with  parliament,  parlia- 
ment meanwhile  coming  to  terms  with  the  Scots  ;  taken 
by  parliamentary  commissioners  to  Holmby  House, 
January  1647  ;  tried  to  get  terms  from  parliament,  un- 
favourable to  the  army ;  taken  in  charge  by  Joyce's 
troopers,  4  June,  and  conducted  to  Hampton  Court, 
24  Aug.,  while  the  army  occupied  London ;  escaped  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  16  Nov.  1647,  having  offended  parlia- 
ment by  dallying  with  the  army  proposals,  but  was  there 
kept  in  custody  by  Colonel  Hammond  ;  refused  his  assent 
to  fresh  proposals  of  parliament,  December  1647  ;  made  a 
secret  treaty  with  the  Scots  by  which  he  accepted  presby- 
terianism  and  obtained  promise  of  a  Scots  army  ;  cava- 
lier risings  in  his  favour  crushed  before  September  1648  ; 
negotiated  with  parliamentary  commissioners  at  New- 
port, September-October  1648 ;  his  death  demanded  by 
the  army  in  November ;  taken  to  Hurst  Castle,  1  Dec.,  to 
Windsor,  23  Dec.  1648,  and  to  St.  James's,  London, 
19  Jan.  1649,  all  who  favoured  him  in  parliament  having 
been  excluded  by  the  army  leaders  ('  Pride's  purge '), 
6  Dec.  1648 ;  refused  to  plead  before  the  court  which  the 
Commons  constituted  for  his  trial,  20  Jan. ;  condemned, 
27  Jan.,  and  executed,  30  Jan.  1649.  [x.  67] 

CHARLES  II  (1630-1685),  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland ;  second  son  of  Charles  I  and  Henrietta  Maria ; 
born  at  St.  James's,  London  ;  given  an  establishment  as 
Prince  of  Wales,  1638;  took  his  seat  hi  the  House  of 
Lords,  1640;  joined  Charles  I  at  York,  March  1642;  < 
present  at  Edgehill ;  resided  in  Oxford,  October  1642  to 
March  1645,  and  at  Bristol,  March  to  April  1645 ;  at 
Barnstaple,  June ;  withdrew  to  Cornwall,  July ;  tried  to 
hold  Devon  and  Cornwall  against  Fairfax  ;  at  Falmouth, 
February  1646  ;  withdrew  to  Scilly,  March,  and  to  Jersey, 
April ;  at  Paris,  July  1646 ;  went  to  Helvoetsluys,  July 
1648  ;  made  a  descent  on  the  shipping  at  Thames  month ; 
tried  to  avert  Charles  I's  execution,  January  1649  ;  pro- 
claimed king  in  Edinburgh,  5  Feb.,  and  in  Ireland ;  re- 
turned to  Paris ;  went  to  Jersey,  1649 ;  withdrew  to  Breda, 
1650 ;  accepted  the  covenant  and  the  terms  of  the  Scottish 
commissioners,  March ;  reached  Cromarty  Frith,  and  took 
up  his  residence  at  Falkland  Palace,  Fife,  June  1650 ;  prac- 
tically a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  Argyll  and  the  presbyte- 
rian  party ;  secretly  negotiated  with  the  English  catholics  ; 
defeated  at  Dunbar,  3  Sept.  1650  ;  tried  to  escape  from 
Argyll  to  join  Huntly  ( *  The  Start ' ) ;  crowned  at  Scone, 
1  Jan.  1661,  accepting  the  covenant :  at  Stirling,  April ; 
marched  southwards,  1651 ;  routed  at  Worcester,  3  Sept. 
1661;  dismissed  all  his  followers,  except  Wilmot ;  reached 
Fecamp,  Normandy,  1651 ;  resided  In  poverty  at  Paris, 
October  1651-June  1654 ;  withdrew  to  Cologne ;  went  to 
Middelburg,  March  1655,  to  wait  the  issue  of  a  cavalier 
rising  ;  removed  his  court  to  Bruges,  1666  :  dissoluteness 
of  his  court  much  spoken  of  ;  formally  excluded  from  the 
succession  by  act  of  parliament,  November  1666  ;  offered 
to  raise  English  troops  for  the  Spanish  service  in  Flanders  ; 
removed  his  court  to  Brussels,  February  1668  :  withdrew 
to  Breda,  August :  returned  to  Brussels,  September  1658 ; 
went  to  Brittany,  to  wait  the  issue  of  a  cavalier  rising, 
August  1659 ;  followed  Mazarin  to  Spain  to  ask  French 
and  Spanish  help ;  returned  to  Brussels,  December  1659 ; 
negotiated  with  the  English  presbyterians  and  with 
Monck  ;  went  to  Breda,  and  Issued  his  declaration  there, 
4  April  1660  :  proclaimed  king  in  London ;  landed  at 
Dover,  26  May;  entered  London,  29  May;  urged  the 
House  of  Lords  to  pass  Act  of  Indemnity;  issued  a 
declaration  for  the  settlement  of  Ireland,  30  Nov.  1660  ; 
dissolved  the  Convention  parliament,  29  Dec.  1660,  which 
had  settled  on  him  1,200,UOO/.  a  year ;  accepted  by  the 


CHARLES 


228 


CHARLETON 


Scottish  parliament,  1661 ;  threatened  by  Venuer's  plot ; 
formally  crowned,  23  April  1661 ;   married,  20  May  1662, 
Catherine  of  Bnuranza  [O,  v.],  and  so  became  pledged  to 
support  Portugal  agaiut>t  Spain ;   coldly  supported  the 
administration  of  Clarendon,  1660-7  :  aimed  at  securing 
toleration  for  English  catholics,  but  thereby  only  excited 
the  jealousy  of  parliament  and  the  severities  of  the  Act 
of  Uniformity,  May  1662 ;   was  thus  forced  to  violate  his 
promises  to  the  presbyterian  party  made  in  his  solemn 
declarations,  April  aud  October  1660 ;    the  severe  Con- 
venticle Act,  1664,  and  the  Five-mile  Act,  1665,  brought 
on  by  his  Declaration  of  Indulgence,  1662 ;  neglected  to 
take  efficient  measures  to  recover  estates  forfeited  during 
the  Commonwealth,  thereby  bringing  great  odium  on 
Clarendon  ;    secretly   allied    himself    with    Louis   XIV, 
receiving  a  large  subsidy  to  attack  Spain,  1661,  selling 
Dunkirk  and  Mardyke  to    France,  December  1662,  and 
declaring  war  on  the  Dutch,  February  1665 ;   created  a 
bastard  son,  James,  Duke  of  Monmouth,  1663 ;   withdrew 
to  Salisbury,  to  avoid  the  plague,  July  1665,  and  to  Ox- 
ford, September,  returning  to  London,  January  1666; 
showed  unwonted  energy  on  occasion  of  the  fl re  in  London, 
September  1666  ;    hoped  by  means  of   the    Dutch  war 
to  obtain  the  stadtholdership  for  his  nephew,  William  of 
Orange,  but  the  Dutch  fleet  destroyed  the  shipping  in  the 
Medway  (June  1667),  and  Charles  was  forced  to  conclude 
peace,  July  1667  ;  the  king  protected  himself  by  ordering 
Clarendon  to  leave   England,  November  1667;    himself 
conducted   secretly    the   most   important   negotiations, 
though  the  period  (1667-74)  is    nominally  that  of  the 
ascendency  of  Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale ; 
received  large  subsidies  from  Louis  XIV,  promising  hi 
return  to  favour  French  designs  on  the  Netherlands  aud 
to  reduce  England  to  Romanism ;  assented  to  the  triple 
alliance  with  Sweden  aud  Holland,  January  1668,  in  order 
to  force  Louis's  hand :  concluded  with  Louis  the  shame- 
ful secret  treaty  of  Dover,  May  1670  ;  his  Declaration  of 
Indulgence  in  favour  of  English  catholics,  March  1671, 
cancelled,  owing  to  parliamentary  agitation,  March  1673, 
and  followed  by  the  Test  Act ;  forced  by  popular  discon- 
tent to  close  the  Dutch  war  (begun  March  1672),  February 
1674 ;    stopped    payment*    by  the   exchequer,  January 
1672,  and  abandoned  himself  with  his  court  to  excess ; 
directed  foreign  policy,  though  Danby  was  nominally 
at  the    head  of  affairs,  1674-8;    entered  into  a  secret 
treaty  not  to  oppose  Louis  XIV,  1676  :  forced  by  popular 
feeling   against    France   to  assent  to   the  marriage  of 
Princess  Mary  with  William  of  Orange,  November  1677, 
but  renewed  his  secret  treaty  with  Louis,  1678 ;  gave  way 
to  the  persecution  engendered  by  the  pretended  'popish 
plot,'  August  1678,  contenting  himself  with  protecting 
the  queen  ;  dissolved  parliament,  January  1679,  to  shield 
Danby  ;  repeatedly  declared  the  Duke  of  Moumouth  ille- 
gitimate, in  order  to   foil  the  anti-court  party,  led  by 
Shaf  tesbury,  which  now  set  itself  to  secure  the  exclusion 
of  James,  duke  of  York,  from  the  succession  ;  ordered  the 
Duke  of  York  to  withdraw  from  England,  and  offered  to 
accept  a  protestant  regency  ;   dissolved  parliament,  July 
L679  and  January  1681,  aud  the  Oxford  parliament,  March 
1681,  which  violently  opposed  his  efforts  ;  warmly  received 
in  London,  October  1681  ;    laid  the  foundation-stone  of 
Chelsea  Hospital,  February  1682  :   the  whigs  in  Scotland 
grievously  persecuted  by  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York ; 
rigorously  enforced  penal  laws  against  English  noncon- 
formists ;  his  opponents  discredited  by  the  discovery  of 
the  Rye  House  plot,  June  1683  ;  Charles  resolved  to  govern 
without  a  parliament,  in  compliance  with  the  wishes  of 
Louis  XIV ;   popularly  reported  as  being  about  to  declare 
himself  a  Roman  catholic,   1684,  the  Duke  of  York,  in 
defiance  of  the  Test  Act,  being  reappointed  acting  lord  high 
admiral,  May  1684  ;  had  an  apoplectic  stroke,  2  Feb.  1685, 
and  died  6  Feb.,  acknowledging  himself  a  Roman  catholic  ; 
buried  at  Westminster,  17  Feb.  Thirteen  of  his  mistresses 
are  known  by  name,  the  chief  being  the  Duchesses  of 
Cleveland,  Portsmouth,  and  Mazariu,  and  Nell  Gwynn. 
Of  his  numerous  illegitimate  children  six  were  created 
dukes.    He  was  fowl  of  conversation,  coarse  wit,  walk- 
ing aud  hunting,  patronised  the  stage,  and  was  interested 
in  chemistry  and  naval  architecture.  [x.  84] 

CHARLES  EDWARD  Louis  PHII.II>  CASIMIR  (1720- 
1788),  the  Youxo  PRKTKNDKK;  eldest  sou  of  the  titular 
James  HI;  born  and  bred  at  Rome;  served  at  Gaeta, 
1734;  sent  from  Rome  to  bead  a  French  invasion  of 
England,  1743 ;  foiled  by  the  English  fleet  at  Dunkirk, 
1711 ;  duiled  from  Belldale,  1745  ;  reached  the  Hebrides, 


August  1745  ;  unfurled  his  standard  at  Glenfiunan,  entered 
Edinburgh,  and  defeated  Cope  at  Prestonpans,  1715; 
reached  Carlisle  and  Derby ;  retreated,  6  Dec.  1746 ; 
defeated  Hawley  at  Falkirk,  1746 ;  crushed  by  Cumber- 
laud  atCuLodeu,  1746  ;  fugitive  in  the  highlands  ;  escaped 
to  France,  1746;  expelled  from  France,  1748;  alienated 
the  Jacobites  by  drunkenness  anil  by  refusing  to  separate 
from  his  mistress,  Clementina  Walkenshaw  [q.  v.],  a  re- 
puted spy  ;  said  to  have  visited  London,  1750,  1752,  1754  ; 
resided  at  Basle,  1756;  titular  king,  1766;  resided  in 
Rome ;  pensioned  by  France  ;  married  Louisa  von  Stolberg, 
1772;  separated  from  her,  1780;  removed  to  Florence; 
died  at  Rome.  [x.  108] 

CHARLES,  DAVID  (1762-1834),  author  of  sermons ; 
a  weU-to-do  Carmarthen  tradesman  ;  lay-preacher,  1808 : 
Calvinistic  methodist  minister  m  South  Wales,  1811 ; 
paralysed,  1828.  [x.  ill] 

CHARLES,  DAVID  (rf.  1878),  methodist ;  co-founder 
of  Bala  College,  1837;  principal  of  Trevecca  College, 
1842-62.  [x.  114] 

CHARLES,  MRS.  ELIZABETH (1828-1896),  author; 
tiee  Rundle ;  began  early  to  write,  and  attracted  atten- 
tion of  James  Anthony  Froude  and  Tennyson ;  married, 
1851,  Andrew  Paton  Charles,  with  whom  she  made  several 
journeys  in  the  East.  Her  works  include  'Tales  and 
Sketches  of  Christian  Life  in  different  Lands  and  Ages,' 
1850,  and  'Chronicles  of  the  Scbouberg-Ootta  Family,' 
1862.  [Suppl.  i.  417] 

CHARLES,  JOSEPH  (1716-1786),  author  of  'The 
Dispersion  of  the  Men  of  Babel,'  a  tract  on  Genesis,  1755 ; 
vicar  of  Wightou,  Norfolk,  1740-86.  [x.  Ill] 

CHARLES  or  CARLES,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1613), 
herald ;  Blanch-Lion  pursuivant ;  Lancaster  herald,  1609  ; 
visited  Derbyshire,  1611,  and  Huntingdonshire,  1613  ;  his 
manuscript  collections  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

CHARLES,  THOMAS  (1755-1814),  of  Bala';'  Welsh 
preacher  ;  son  of  a  Carmarthenshire  fanner ;  brought  up 
a  methodist ;  studied  at  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1776-8 ; 
curate  of  Queen's  Camel,  Somerset,  1778;  B.A.,  1779; 
married  a  wealthy  tradeswoman,  and  settled  at  Bala, 
1783  ;  took  occasional  clerical  duty  ;  Calvinistic  methodist 
minister  at  Bala,  1784  ;  went  on  preaching  tours  through 
North  Wales ;  established  methodist  schools,  1785,  and 
Sunday  schools,  1789  ;  published  Welsh  theological  tracts 
and  magazines,  1789-1813;  set  up  a  press  at  Bala,  1803; 
visited  London  yearly  from  1793 ;  visited  Ireland,  1807 ; 
organised  the  Welsh  Calvinistic  methodists,  1810-11. 

CHARLESWORTH,  EDWARD  PARKER  (1783- 
1853),  physician  ;  apprenticed  to  a  Horncastle  physician ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1807 ;  practised  at  Lincoln  ;  visiting 
physician  to  the  asylum,  1820  ;  advocated  humane  treat- 
ment of  the  insane.  [x.  114] 

CHARLESWORTH,  JOHN  (1782-1864),  divine; 
B.D.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1826  ;  rector  of  Flowton, 
Suffolk,  1814-44  ;  rector  of  St.  Mildred's,  London,  1844-62. 

OHARLESWORTH,  MARIA  LOUISA  (1819-1880), 
author ;  daughter  of  John  Charlesworth  [q.  v.]  ;  visitor 
in  her  father's  parishes ;  retired  to  Nutfield,  Surrey,  1864  ; 
published  religious  tales  and  devotional  tracts,  1846-80. 

[x.  115] 

CHARLETON.    [See  also  CHARLTOX.] 

CHARLETON,  RICE  (1710-1789),  physician  ;  entered 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1740  ;  M.A.,  1747 ;  M.D.,  1767  ; 
practised  medicine  at  Bath;  physician  to  Bath  General 
Hospital,  1757-81 ;  published  tracts  on  the  Bath  waters, 
1750-74.  [x.  115] 

CHARLETON,  ROBERT  (1809-1872),  quaker  ;  pin 
manufacturer  at  Bristol,  1833-52 ;  became  a  quaki-r : 
advocated  total  abstinence ;  one  of  the  peace  deputation 
to  the  Czar  Nicholas,  1864  ;  a  quaker  preacher  in  England 
and  Ireland,  1860-72  ;  published  theological  tracts. 


[x.  116] 
physi< 


CHARLETON,  WALTER  (1619-1707),  physician; 
entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1635;  M.D.,  by  king's 
mandate,  1643;  nominally  physician  to  Charles  I  and 
Charles  II ;  practised  physic  in  London,  1660-92 ;  with- 
drew to  Nantwich  ;  returned  to  London  before  1698  ;  pub- 


CHARLETT 


229 


CHASTILLON 


lished  medical,  philosophical,  and  antiquarian  tracts,  1650- 
1705,  including  'Chorea  Gigantum'  (1663),  to  prove  that 
Stoneheu^re  was  made  by  the  Danes.  [x.  116] 

CHARLETT,  ARTHUR  (1655-1722),  master  of  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford  :  entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
16(59;  M.A.,  1676;  fellow,  1G8U  ;  travelled  in  Scotland, 
1GH3 ;  B.D.,  1684 ;  published  a  theological  tract,  1686 ; 
tutor  to  Lord  Guilford,  1688  ;  master  of  University  Col- 
lege and  D.D.,  1692  ;  rector  of  Hambledon,  Buckingham- 
shire, 1707-22 ;  king's  chaplain,  1697-171?  ;  his  large  cor- 
respondence is  preserved  in  the  Bodleian.  [x.  119] 

CHARLEWOOD,  CHARLWOOD,  or  CHERLWOD, 
JOHN  (</.  1592),  London  printer;  printed  before  1659; 
issued  ballads,  tracts,  and  popular  pieces,  1562-92 ;  held  the 
monopoly  of  printing  playbills,  1587-92;  often  fined  for 
litcrury  piracy.  [x.  120] 

CHARLOTTE  AUGUSTA,  PRINCESS  (1796-1817),  only 
child  of  George,  prince  of  Wales  (afterwards  George  IV), 
and  Caroline  of  Brunswick  ;  brought  up  by  Lady  Elgin  at 
t'arlton  House  till  1804 ;  at  Lower  Lodge,  Windsor,  1805- 
1  s  1 l  ;  ignored  by  her  father  ;  engaged  to  William,  prince  of 
Orange,  1813  ;  angered  her  father  by  breaking  off  her  en- 
gagement, 1814 ;  in  seclusion  at  Cranbourii  Lodge,  Windsor, 
1814-16  ;  married  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg,  May 
1816  ;  died  in  childbirth,  19  Nov.  1817.  [x.  120] 

CHARLOTTE  AUGUSTA  MATILDA,  PRINCESS 
ROYAL,  afterwards  QUEEN  OK  WURTEMBEUO  (1766-1828), 
el-k-t  daughter  of  George  III ;  betrothed,  1796  ;  married 
(second  wife)  Frederick  William  Charles,  prince  of 
Wlirtemberg,  May  1797 ;  Duchess  of  WUrtemberg,  De- 
cember 1797  ;  queen  of  WUrtemberg,  1806  ;  queen-dowager, 
1816.  [x.  122] 

CHARLOTTE  SOPHIA  (1744-1818),  queen  of 
George  III ;  of  Meckleuburg-Strelitz  ;  married  in  London, 
8  Sept.  1761 ;  crowned,  22  Sept. ;  managed  the  royal 
household  during  the  king's  insanity,  1788  and  1810-18. 

[x.  123] 

CHARLTON.    [See  also  OHARLETON.] 

CHARLTON  or  CHERLETON,  EDWARD,  fifth  and 
last  BARON  CHARLTON  OF  POWYS  (1370-1421),  married, 
1398,  the  widowed  Countess  of  March,  thus  obtaining 
Usk  and  Caerleon  ;  took  Henry  IV's  side,  1399  ;  succeeded 
to  the  barony,  October  1401 ;  attacked  by  Owen  of  Glyn- 
dwfrdwy,  1402  ;  allowed  to  make  a  private  truce  with  the 
Welsh,  1404 ;  again  attacked  by  Owen,  1409 :  captured 
Sir  John  Oldcastle  in  Powys,  1417.  [x.  123] 

CHARLTON,  SIR  JOB  (1614-1697),  judge ;  son  of  a 
London  goldsmith;  B.A.  Oxford,  1632;  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  M.P.,  Ludlow,  1659-78 ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1660  ;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1662-80  and  October  1686- 
1689  ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  4-18  Feb.  1673  ; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1680 ;  removed,  April  1686,  for 
opposing  James  II's  dispensing  power  ;  created  baronet, 
1686.  [x.  124] 

CHARLTON  or  CHERLETON,  JOHN  DE,  first 
BAKON  OHARLTON  OF  POWYS  (d.  1353),  succeeded  to 
estates  at  Charlton  and  Pontesbury,  Shropshire,  c.  1300 ; 
chamberlain  to  Edward  II,  1307 ;  knighted  before  1308  ; 
obtained  by  marriage  Powys  Castle  and  it"  domains, 
1309 ;  raised  Welsh  troops  for  the  king's  service  from 
1310;  at  feud  with  his  Welsh  neighbours,  1311-13  and 
1315-30  ;  summoned  to  the  peers,  1313-46  ;  joined  Lan- 
caster's revolt,  1321 ;  pardoned,  1322 ;  joined  Mortimer's 
rebellion,  1326;  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1337;  recalled,  1338; 
latterly  interested  himself  in  religion.  [x.  125] 

CHARLTON,    JOHN    Of.  1571).      [See   CHARDON, 

JOHX.] 

CHARLTON  or  CHERLETON,  LEWIS  (d.  1369), 
bishop  of  Hereford  ;  an  Oxford  graduate  in  law  and 
theology  ;  resided  in  Oxford ;  prebendary  of  Hereford 
(1336)  and  Pontesbury ;  recognised  as  a  benefactor  of 
Oxford  University,  1356  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1361. 

CHARLTON,  LIONEL  (1720-1788),  author *of  'The 
History  of  Whit  by,'  1779  ;  schoolmaster  at  Whitby. 

CHARLTON  or  CHERLETON,  THOMAS  (*.'  1344), 
bishop  of  Hereford  ;  younger  brother  of  John  Oharlton, 
first  baron  Charlton  [q.  v.]  ;  doctor  of  civil  law  ;  privy 
seal  to  Edward  II :  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  of  St.  Mary's, 
Stafford,  and  (1316)  of  Pontesbury  ;  failed  to  obtain  the 


see  of  Durliam,  1316,  and  of  Hereford,  1317  ;  bishop  of 
Hereford,  1327  ;  lord-treasurer,  1328-30 ;  chancellor  of 
Ireland,  1337,  and  viceroy,  1338 ;  returned  to  Entrlund, 
1340.  [x.  128] 

CHARNOCK,  JOB  (d.  1693),  founder  of  Calcutta  ; 
went  to  India,  1655  ;  entered  the  East  India  Company's 
service ;  stationed  at  Kasimbiizar,  1658-64,  at  Patua, 
1664,  at  Kasimbiizar,  and  at  Hugli,  April  1686  ;  withdrew, 
in  face  of  native  hostility,  to  the  island  Hijili,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ganges,  December  1686 ;  superseded  and 
sent  to  Madras,  1688  ;  re-appointed  to  the  Bengal  agency  ; 
obtained  from  Arangzib  a  grant  of  land  at  Sutunati 
(now  Calcutta),  1690.  [x.  129] 

CHARNOCK,  JOHN  (1756-1807),  author ;  educated 
at  Winchester  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  journalist ; 
naval  volunteer  ;  published  'Biographia  Navalis,"  1794-8, 
'History  of  Marine  Architecture,'  1801-2, '  Life  of  Nelson,* 
1806,  and  some  political  tracts.  [x.  132] 

CHARNOCK  or  CHERNOCK,  ROBERT  (1663  ?-1696), 
Jacobite  conspirator ;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1680 ;  M.A.,  1686 ;  fellow,  by  mandate  from  Jamea  II, 
1686  ;  embraced  Roman  Catholicism  ;  James  II's  agent  in 
his  oppression  of  the  college,  1687  ;  vice-president, 
January  1688  ;  expelled,  October  1688  ;  styled  'captain' ; 
in  London,  planning  the  assassination  of  William  TTT, 
1692-6  ;  arrested  February  1696 ;  executed,  1696.  [x.  132] 

CHARNOCK,  STEPHEN  (1628-1680),  puritan :  son. 
of  a  London  solicitor ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  puritan  preacher  in  Southwark ;  intruded  into  a 
fellowship  at  New  College,  Oxford,  1650;  proctor,  1654; 
chaplain  to  Henry  Cromwell  in  Ireland,  1667  ;  withdrew 
to  London,  1658  ;  co-pastor  of  the  Bishopsgatc  Street 
presbyterian  church,  1675 ;  his  theological  works  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [x.  134] 

CHARNOCK,  THOMAS  (1526-1581),  alchemist; 
learned  alchemy  from  a  Salisbury  clergyman  ;  served  at 
Calais,  1557  ;  lived  in  retirement  in  Somerset,  [x.  136] 

CHARPENTIERE.     [See  OARPENTIKRE  and  CAR. 

PENTIEBS.] 

CHARRETEB,  ANNA  MARIA  (1819-1876),  miniature 
and  oil  painter  ;  nte  Kenwell ;  married,  1841,  John  Char- 
retie  (d.  1868) ;  exhibited,  1843-75.  [x.  136] 

CHARTERIS,  FRANCIS  (1675-1732),  styled 
'colonel ' ;  of  a  Dumfriesshire  family  ;  dismissed  the  army 
for  cheating :  dismissed  the  Dutch  service  for  theft ; 
captain  in  the  1st  foot  guards ;  censured  for  fraud,  1711 ; 
accumulated  a  fortune  by  gambling  and  usury;  the 
typical  profligate  of  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  and  Hogarth  ; 
landowner  in  Haddington  and  Midlothian ;  convicted  of 
rape,  but  pardoned,  1730.  [x.  135] 

CHARTERIS,  HENRY,  the  elder  (d.  1599),  book- 
seller and  printer,  of  Edinburgh ;  brought  out  a  black- 
letter  edition  of  Sir  David  Lyndsay's  works,  1568  ;  printed 
from  1581  theological  tracts,  bibles,  and  religious  publi- 
cations, [x.  136] 

CHARTERIS,  HENRY,  the  younger  (1566-1628), 
Scottish  divine  :  eldest  son  of  Henry  Charteris  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1587 ;  a  regent  of  Edinburgh 
Uni  versity,  1 589 ;  principal  and  professor  of  divinity, 
1599-1620;  minister  of  North  Leith,  1620;  professor  of 
divinity,  1627-8.  [x.  137] 

CHARTERIS,  LAWRENCE  (1625-1700),  Scottish 
divine;  younger  son  of  Henry  Charteris  the  younper 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1646  ;  minister  of  Bathans  (or 
Yester),  Haddingtonshire,  1654-75  ;  professor  of  divinity 
in  Edinburgh,  1675-81  ;  minister  of  Dirleton,  Haddington- 
shire,  1688-97  ;  published  theological  tracts.  [x.  137] 

CHARY,  CHINTAMANNY  RAGOONATHA  (d. 
1880),  astronomer ;  assistant  at  Madras  observatory ;  a 
good  observer  ;  wrote  on  -astronomical  topics,  [x.  139] 

CHASE,  JOHN  (1810-1879),  water-colour  painter; 
exhibited,  chiefly  architectural  views,  1826-78.  [x.  139] 

CHASTILLON  or  CASTILLUN,  HENRY  DK  (Jl. 
1195),  archdeacon  of  Canterbury ;  a  justiciary,  1195  ; 
agent  in  negotiations  between  Archbishop  Hubert  and 
monastery  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1198-9  :  sup- 
ported King  John  against  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury. 
1202.  [x.  139] 


CHATELAIN 


230 


CHAUNCY 


CHATELAIN,  CLARA  DE  (1807-1876),  composer  and 
author ;  of  French  extraction ;  nit  de  Pontigny ;  born 
in  London  ;  resided  in  France,  1826  ;  returned  to  London, 
1827 ;  married  J.  B.  F.  E.  de Chatelain  [q.  v.],  1843  ;  wrote 
many  tales  for  magazines,  under  various  pseudonyms ; 
composed  ballads  and  songs ;  died  insane.  [x.  140] 

CHATELAIN,  JEAN-BAPTISTE  FRANgOIS 
ERNEST  DE  (1801-1881),  journalist :  born  and  educated 
in  Paris :  French  journalist  in  London,  1826 ;  visited 
Rome,  1827  :  journalist  in  Bordeaux,  1830,  and  Paris, 
1833-8;  returned  to  England,  1842;  naturalised,  1848; 
published  literary  and  political  papers.  [x.  14U] 

CHATELAINE,  JOHN  BAPTIST  OLAUDB  (1710- 
1771),  draughtsman  and  engraver;  real  name,  PHILIPPE  ; 
of  French  extraction  ;  resided  at  Chelsea  ;  of  improvident 
habits ;  engraved  chiefly  landscapes.  [x.  141] 

CHiTELHERAULT,  DUKE  OP  (d.  1575.).  [See 
HAMILTON,  JAMES.] 

CHATFIELD,  EDWARD  (1800-1839),  painter  ;  son 
of  a  Oroytlon  distiller ;  pupil  of  B.  R.  Haydon  ;  painted 
portraits  and  historical  scenes,  1821-38 ;  wrote  in  the 
magazines  under  pseudonym  of  '  Echiou.'  [x,  141] 

CHATHAM,  EARLS  OP.  [See  PITT,  WILLIAM,  first 
EARL,  1708-1778 ;  PITT,  JOHX,  second  EARL,  1756-1835.] 

CHATTERLEY,  WILLIAM  SIMMONDS  (1787- 
1822),  actor ;  member  of  the  Drury  Lane  company,  1789- 
1804;  acted  also  at  Birmingham,  Cheltenham,  1804,  and 
Bath,  1810 ;  returned  to  London,  1816.  [x.  142] 

CHATTERTON,         HENRIETTA        GEORGIANA 
MAROIA     LASCELLES,     LADY     (1806-1876),    miscel-  ] 
laneous  writer ;  nte  Iremouger ;  married,  1824,  Sir  William 
Abraham  Chatterton  (d.  1855),  of  co.  Cork;  retired  to  ' 
England,  1852  ;  married,  1859,  Edward  Heneage  Dering  ; 
embraced   Romanism,  1875 ;   published  numerous  tales, 
notes  of  travel,  and  poems,  1837-76.  [x.  143] 

CHATTERTON,  JOHN  BALSIR  (1802  ?-1871), 
harpist :  son  of  a  Portsmouth  music-master ;  harpist  in 
London,  1824-71 ;  composed  music  for  the  harp. 

[x.  143] 

CHATTERTON,  THOMAS  (1752-1770),  poet;  post- 
humous child  of  a  poor  Bristol  schoolmaster ;  began  to 
show  signs  of  interest  in  reading,  1759  ;  obtained 
access  to  the  charters  of  St.  Mary  Redcliffe  Church, 
Bristol ;  wrote  his  first  verses,  1762  ;  published  verses  in 
*  Felix  Farley's  Bristol  Journal,'  1763 ;  began  to  repre- 
sent his  'antique'  verses  as  genuine  old  pieces,  1764; 
began  to  fabricate  '  Thomas  Rowley's '  verses,  1765 ;  in- 
vented a  pedigree  for  a  Bristol  pewterer,  1767 ;  ap- 
prenticed to  a  Bristol  attorney,  1767-70  ;  published  in 
the  *  Bristol  Journal'  a  piece  dated  1248,  1768;  en- 
couraged in  his  fabrications  by  the  credulity  of  George 
Catcott  of  Bristol,  1768 ;  wrote  to  James  Dodsley,  offering 
old  plays,  December  1768-Febrnary  1769;  wrote  to 
Horace  Walpole,  forwarding  ancient  histories  of  painting 
in  England,  1769  ;  neglected  by  Walpole,  who  omitted  to 
return  his  pieces,  1769 ;  satirised  leading  people  in  Bristol, 
1769 ;  meditated  suicide,  1770 ;  came  to  London,  1770 ; 
lodged  in  Short-ditch,  and  subsequently  in  Brooke  Street, 
Holborn  ;  wrote  for  the  journals  ;  poisoned  himself  with 
arsenic  in  desperation  at  his  poverty,  1770 ;  editions  of 
"Thomas  Rowley,'  as  genuine  fifteenth-century  poems, 
published  1777  and  1782.  His  collected  works  appeared  in 
1803.  [x.  143] 

CHATTO,  WILLIAM  ANDREW  (1799-1864),  mis- 
cellaneous writer  ;  born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyue ;  tea- 
dealer  in  London,  1830-4 ;  published,  under  the  pseudo- 
nym of  'Stephen  Oliver,'  notes  of  rambles  in  the 
northern  counties,  1834-5  ;  wrote  also  on  wood-engraving, 
1839-48;  edited  'New  Sporting  Magazine,'  1839-41,  and 
Tuck,'  a  comic  paper,  1844.  [x.  154] 

CHATTODUNUB,  WALTER  (d .  1343).   [See  CATTON.] 

CHATJCER,  GEOFFREY  (1340  ?-1400),  poet ;  son  of 
John  Chaucer  (d.  1366),  vintner,  of  London  ;  page  to 
Elizabeth  de  Burgh,  wife  of  Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence, 
third  son  of  Edward  III,  1357  ;  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion to  France,  1359 ;  taken  prisoner  in  Brittany ; 
ransomed  by  Edward  III,  1360;  married  Philippa 
(?Roet,  d.  1387  V),  a  servant  of  the  Duchess  of  Lan- 
caster (wife  of  John  of  Gaunt),  probably  in  1366,  certainly 
before  1374;  received  from  Edward  III  pension  of 


137.  6«.  8rf.,  in  1367,  being  then  yeoman  of  the  chamber ; 
in  service  in  France,  1369  ;  abroad,  on  the  king's  service, 
1370  ;  styled  'esquire'  (armiger),  from  1372  ;  on  si  mission 
to  Genoa  and  Florence,  1372-3,  when  he  met  Boccaccio 
and  perhaps  Petrarch  ;  received  additional  pension  of 
137.  6s.  8<7.  frcm  Edward  III,  1374  ;  appointed  comptroller 
of  .the  customs  and  subsidy  of  wools,  &c.,  London,  June 
1374 ;  received  pension  of  107.  from  John  of  Gaunt,  June 
1374  ;  resided  over  Aldgate,  London,  1374-86,  except  when 
abroad  on  the  king's  service ;  sent  on  secret  service  to 
Flanders,  1376  and  1377 ;  attached  to  embassies  to  France 
and  Lombardy,  1378  ;  a  party  to  the  abduction  of  Cecilia 
Chaumpaigue,  1380;  appointed  comptroller  of  petty 
customs,  London,  and  allowed  to  have  a  deputy,  1382; 
allowed  to  have  a  deputy  in  his  comptroller-ship  of  the 
customs,  1385 ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  1386 ; 
removed  from  both  comptroller-ships,  1386  ;  went  the 
Canterbury  pilgrimage,  April  1388 ;  to  raise  money  for 
his  immediate  needs,  sold  his  two  pensions  from  the  king, 
1388 ;  clerk  of  the  king's  works  at  various  places,  acting 
by  deputy,  July  1389-September  1391 ;  robbed  by  high- 
waymen, 9  Sept.  1390  :  joint  forester  of  North  Petherton 
Park,  Somerset,  1391 ;  sole  forester,  1397  ;  received  pension 
of  201.  from  Richard  II,  1394 ;  received  additional  pension 
of  267.  13*.  4d.  from  Henry  IV,  1399 ;  lensed  a  house  at 
Westminster,  1399 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey ;  a 
monument  erected  to  him,  1555. 

Chaucer's  writings  fall  into  three  periods  :  (1)  The 
period  of  French  influence  (1359-72),  in  which  he  uses  the 
octosyllabic  couplet.  To  this  period  belong  '  The  Boke  of 
the  Duchesse,'  1369,  and  a  lost  translation  of  the  '  Roman 
de  la  Rose.'  (2)  The  period  of  Italian  influence,  especially 
of  Dante  and  Boccaccio,  1372-86,  in  which  he  leaves  off 
the  octosyllabic  couplet,  uses  mainly  the  '  heroic '  stanza 
of  seven  lines,  and  begins  to  use  the  heroic  couplet.  To  \ 
this  period  belong  '  The  House  of  Fame ' ;  *  The  Assembly 
of  Foules ' ;  '  Troylus  and  Oryseyde ' ;  '  The  Legende  of 
Good  Women ' ;  and  the  first  'drafts  of  some  of  his  tales. 
(3)  The  period  of  his  maturity,  1386-1400,  in  which  he 
uses  the  heroic  couplet.  To  this  period  belong  the  '  Can- 
terbury Tales,'  designed  about  1387.  The  'Canterbury 
Tales '  were  first  printed  by  Caxton  in  1475 ;  the  collected 
works  were  first  issued  by  W.  Thyime  in  1532.  [x.  154] 

CHATJCER,  THOMAS  (1367  ?-1434),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons;  supposed  to  be  son  of  Geoffrey 
Chaucer  [q.  v.]  and  Philippa  Roet;  obtained  Ewelme, 
Oxfordshire,  by  marriage ;  received  two  annuities  of  107. 
from  John  of  Gaunt ;  chief  butler  to  Richard  II,  Henry  IV, 
Henry  V,  and  Henry  VI ;  received  from  Richard  II  a 
pension  of  137.  6*.  8d.,  March  1399  ;  constable  of  Walling- 
ford  Castle  ;  granted  Woodstock  Manor,  1411 ;  M.P.  for 
Oxfordshire  in  most  parliaments,  1400-31 ;  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  1407,  1410,  1411,  1414 ;  fought  at 
Agincourt,  1415  ;  envoy  to  France,  1417  ;  member  of  the 
council,  1424  ;  an  executor  of  the  Duchess  of  York's  will, 
1431 ;  reputed  to  be  of  great  wealth.  [x.  167] 

CHAUCOMBE,  HUGH  DE  (fl.  1200),  justiciar ;  of 
Ghalcombe,  Northamptonshire,  1168 ;  sheriff  of  Stafford- 
shire, Warwickshire,  and  Leicestershire,  1196-8;  accom- 
panied King  John  to  Normandy,  1199 ;  in  attendance  on 
John,  1203-4,  in  England;  justiciar,  1204;  sheriff  of 
Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire,  and  keeper  of  Kenil- 
worth  Castle,  1204-7 ;  a  monk  at  Chalcombe  Priory,  1209. 

[x.  168] 

CHAUNCEY,  CHARLES  (1706-1777),  physician; 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1739 ;  collected  pictures,  coins,  and 
books.  [x. 168] 

CHAUNCEY,  IOHABOD  (rf.  1691),  physician  ;  army 
chaplain  at  Dunkirk  before  1660 ;  beneficed  in  Bristol : 
ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662 ;  practised  medicine  at 
Bristol,  1662-84  ;  banished  for  nonconformity,  1684  ;  re- 
turned to  Bristol,  1686.  [x.  169] 

CHAUNCY,  CHARLES  (1592-1672),  puritan;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1609 ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1617 ;  B.D.,  1624  ;  vicar  of 
Ware,  Hertfordshire,  1627-33;  vicar  of  Mars  ton  St. 
Lawrence,  Northamptonshire,  1633-7 ;  prosecuted  for 
neglect  of  church  ceremonies,  1630  and  1634  ;  submitted 
to  Laud,  1636 ;  assistant  minister  at  Plymouth,  New 
England,  1637  ;  minister  at  Scituate,  1641 ;  invited  back 
to  England,  1654 ;  president  of  Harvard  College,  1654-72 ; 
published  sermons,  theological  tracts,  and  Latin  verses 
and  speeches.  [x.  169] 


CHAUNCY 


231 


CHEPMAN 


CHAUNCY,  Sin  HENRY  (1632-1719),  topographer ; 
entered  Cains  Collide,  Cambridge,  1647  ;  barrier  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1C56;  recorder  of  Hertford,  1680; 
knightM,  1681 ;  succeeded  to  the  family  estates,  1681 ; 
wrjmnt-ut-hiw.  l.iSH;  justice  in  South  Wales,  1688;  pub- 
lished  '  The  Historical  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire,  1700  ; 
caused  a  '  witch '  to  be  arrested  in  Hertfordshire,  1712. 

CHAUNCY,  ISAAC  (1632-1712),  congregational ist ; 
eldest  son  of  Charles  Chauncy  [q.  v.] ;  taken  to  New  Kng- 
land  1G37  •  at  Harvanl  College,  1651 ;  studied  also  at 
Oxford;  intruded  rector  of  Woodborotigh,  Wiltshire; 
ejected  1662;  congregationalist  minister  at  Andover, 
Hampshire :  L.C.P.  London,  1669  ;  practised  medicine  in 
London,  1669  till  death ;  was  also  a  congregationalist 
minuter  in  St.  Mary  Axe,  1687-1701,  and  divinity  tutor  of 
the  London  DtoMOttag  Academy  ;  published  controversial 
treatises,  1681-1700.  [*.  171] 

CHAUNCY,  MAURICE  (d.  1681),  Carthusian  monk  ; 
studied  ftt  Oxford  and  Gray's  Inn,  London ;  entered  the 
Charterhouse ;  took  the  oath  to  Henry  VIII,  1535; 
joined  in  the  surrender  of  the  Charterhouse,  1537 ;  with- 
drew to  Bruges  ;  returned  to  England,  June  1565  :  prior 
of  the  Carthusians  at  Shene,  1556  ;  withdrew  to  Bruges, 
1659,  and  to  Louvain,  1578 ;  died  at  Bruges  :  published 
4  Historia  aliquot  nostri  seeculi  Martyrum,'  1550. 

L^C.  172J 

CHAUNDLEK  or  CHANDLER,  THOMAS  (1418?- 
1490)  dean  of  Hereford ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1437  ;  M.A. ;  proctor,  1444  ;  B.D., 
145U  •  warden  of  Winchester  College,  1460,  and  of  New 
College,  1461 ;  B.Can.L.,  1451 ;  chancellor  of  Wells  Cathe- 
dral 1452;  D.D.  and  warden  of  New  College,  1455-75; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1457-61  and  1472-9,  and 
vice-chancellor,  1463-7  f  prebendary  of  York,  St.  Paul's, 
Southwell,  and  Hereford  ;  dean  of  Hereford,  1482  ;  left  a 
sacred  drama  and  other  writings  In  manuscripts  which 
he  illustrated  with  tinted  drawings.  [Suppl.  i.  419] 

CHAVAS8E,  WILLIAM  (1786-1814),  of  the  East 
India  Company's  service  ;  died  near  Bagdad  on  a  journey 
to  explore  Xeuophou's  route  in  the  Retreat  of  the  Ten 
Thousand.  [x.  173] 

CHEADSEY,  WILLIAM  (1510  ?-1674  ?).  [See 
CHEDSEY.] 

CHEAPE,  DOUGLAS  (1797-1861),  Scottish  advocate  : 
professor  of  civil  law,  Edinburgh,  1827-42;  author  of 
legal  squibs.  [x.  173] 

CHEAPE,  SIR  JOHN  (1792-1876),  general ;  second 
lieutenant,  Bengal  engineers,  1809;  captain,  1821  ;  colonel, 
1844 ;  brigadier-general,  1852  ;  K.O.B.,  1849 ;  on  active 
service  in  India,  1809-23;  in  the  first  Burmese  war, 
1824-6 ;  in  the  Sikh  war,  1848-50 :  conquered  Pegu,  1853  ; 
returned  to  England,  1855  ;  promoted  general,  1866. 

CHEBHAM,  THOMAS  DK  (ft.  1230).  [See' OH  AB- 
EAM.] 

CHEDSEY  or  CHEADSEY,  WILLIAM  (1510?- 
1574?),  divine;  born  in  Somerset;  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1528 :  fellow,  1531 :  M.A.,  1534  ; 
D.D.,  1546 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Bonner  ;  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's,  1548 ;  disputed  against  the  reformed  doctrines, 
1549;  imprisoned  for  preaching  against  the  reformed 
doctrines,  1561 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  with  other  promotion, 
1554 ;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1566 :  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1557  :  president  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1558-9 ;  deprival  of  his  benefices  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Fleet  as  a  recusant,  1659;  published 
theological  tracts.  [x.  174] 

CHEDWORTH,  fourth  BARON  (1754-1804).  [See 
HOWK,  JOHN.] 

CHEDWORTH,  JOHN  (d.  1471),  bishop  of  Lincoln  ; 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  provost,  1446  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1440  ; 
prebendary  of  Lincoln ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1452 ;  very 
active  against  the  lollards  in  his  diocese.  [x.  175] 

CHEEKE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1613),  author  of  '  Anagram- 
mata  et  Chron-Auagrammata ' ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, 1596.  [x.  176] 

CHEERE,  SIR  HENRY  (1703-1781),  statuary ;  pupil 
of  Peter  Scheemakers  ;  worked  in  marble,  bronze,  and 


;  carved  statues  for  gardens  and  funeral  monuments  ; 
knighted,  1760 ;  created  baronet,  1766  ;  patron  of  Louis 
Francois  Roubillac.  [x.  176] 

CHEESMAN,  THOMAS  (1760-1835  ?),  engraver  mid 
draughtsman  ;  pupil  of  Francesco  Bartolozzi ;  resided  in 
London.  [x.  177] 

CHEFER  or  CHEFFER,  RICHARD  (fl.  1400?), 
theological  writer ;  probably  an  Augustinian  friar  of 
Norwich.  [x.  177] 

CHEKE,  HENRY  (1548?-1586?),  translator;  eldest 
son  of  Sir  John  Cheke  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  King'?  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1568 ;  M.I',  tor  Bedford,  1572-83 ;  travelled  in 
Italy,  1576-6 ;  secretary  to  the  council  of  the  north  at 
York,  1581  till  death ;  M.P.,  Boroughbridge,  Yorkshire, 
1584 ;  translated  an  Italian  morality  play  by  Francesco 
Negri  de  Bassano.  [x.  178] 

CHEZE,  SIR  JOHN  (1514-1567),  Greek  scholar ;  born 
in  Cambridge ;  son  of  an  esquire-bedel ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1529 ;  M.A.,  -1533  ;  embraced 
protestantism  ;  an  efficient  college  tutor ;  professor  of 
Greek,  Cambridge,  1540-51 ;  introduced  a  new  pronuncia- 
tion of  Greek  ;  public  orator,  Cambridge,  1544  ;  tutor  to 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  1644;  canon  of  King  Henry 
VIII's  College,  Oxford  ;  pensioned  by  Henry  VIII,  1545  ; 
granted  church  lands  by  Edward  VI,  1547 ;  M.P.  for 
Bletchiugley,  1547  and  1553 :  provost  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1548,  by  king's  mandate ;  took  orders  before 
1549;  knighted,  1552;  granted  additional  lands  by  Ed- 
ward VI ;  clerk  of  the  council ;  secretary  of  state,  1553 ; 
supported  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  by 
Queen  Mary,  July  1553-September  1654 ;  withdrew  to 
Basle;  travelled  in  Italy:  taught  Greek  at  Strasbnrg; 
treacherously  invited  to  Brussels,  1556,  by  Lord  Paget  and 
Sir  John  Mason,  and  sent  prisoner  to  England,  1556 ;  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower ;  compelled  to  abjure  protestantism, 
1556 ;  published  Greek  texts,  translations  into  Latin,  and 
theological  treatises.  [x.  178] 

CHELLE  or  CHELL,  WILLIAM  (/.  1550),  musician  ; 
Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1524  ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1532-59, 
and  precentor,  1554-9 ;  perhaps  taught  music  in  London. 

[x.  1831 

CHELMESTON  or  CHELVESTON,  JOHN  (ft.  1297), 
theological  writer ;  a  Carmelite  friar  ;  taught  at  Oxford, 
Bruges,  and  Brussels.  [x.  183] 

CHELMSFORD,  first  BARON  (1794-1878).  [See 
THESIGER,  FREDERICK.] 

CHELSTJM,  JAMES  (1740  ?-1801),  opponent  of  Gib- 
bon ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  B.A.,  1759  ;  D.D.,  1773 ;  rector  of  Droxford,  Hamp- 
shire, with  other  preferment ;  died  insane :  pubh'shed 
sermons,  a  history  of  mezzotint  engraving,  1786,  and  two 
pamphlets  on  Gibbon's  treatment  of  Christianity,  1776 
and  1785.  [x.  183] 

CHENERY,  THOMAS  (1826-1884),  editor  of  'The 
Times ' ;  born  at  Barbados  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1858 ;  barrister  :  '  Times  '  correspondent 
at  Constantinople,  1864-6  ;  leader  writer  to  '  The  Times ' ; 
editor,  1877-84 :  a  great  linguist ;  professor  of  Arabic, 
Oxford,  1868-77 ;  one  of  the  Old  Testament  revisers  ; 
wrote  on  Arabic  and  Hebrew.  [x.  184] 

CHENEVIX,  RICHARD  (1698-1779),  bishop  of 
Waterford  and  Lismore ,  of  Huguenot  extraction ;  B.A. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1716;  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of 
Scarborough,  17i  and  to  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  1728 ; 
D.D.,  1744  ;  chaplain  to  Chesterfield  when  lord-lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  1745  ;  bishop  of  Killaloe,  1745  ;  translated  to 
Waterford,  1746.  [x.  184] 

CHENEVIX,    RICHARD  (1774-1830),  chemist  and 

mineralogist ;  born  in  Ireland :  of  Huguenot  extraction ; 

began  to  contribute  to  French  chemical  journals,  1798, 

and  to  English  journals,  1800 ;  F.R.S.,  1801 ;  resided  in 

!  Paris,  1808  ;  pubh'shed  also  dramas  and  poems,  [x.  185] 

CHEPMAN,  WALTER  (1473  ?-1538  ?),  printer,  of 
Edinburgh;  clerk  in  the  king's  secretary's  office,  1494, 
and  was  still  in  the  king's  service  in  1528  ;  general  mer- 
chant ;  bought  lauds  in  and  near  Edinburgh,  1605-9 ;  sup- 
plied capital  to  Andrew  M  \  liar,  who  had  learned  printing 
at  Rouen,  to  set  up  a  press  in  Edinburgh,  the  first  in 
Scotland  ;  obtained  by  patent  the  right  to  exclude  books 
printed  abroad,  1507  ;  issued  some  poetical  pieces,  1608, 


CHERBTJRY 


232 


CHESTERFIELD 


and  the  Aberdeen  breviary,  1509-10;  perhaps  abandoned 
printing,  1510;  dean  of  guild,  1515;  founded  chantry  in 
St.  Giles's,  Edinburgh.  [x.  180] 

CHERBTTRY  or  CHIRBTJRY,  DAVID  (/.  1430), 
bishop  of  Drouiore,  1427-30 ;  afterwards  suffragan  to  the 
bishop  of  St.  David's ;  a  Carmelite  friar.  [x.  188] 

CHERMSIDE,  Sm  ROBERT  ALEXANDER  (1787- 
1860),  physician  ;  array  surgeon  in  the  Peninsula  and  at 
Waterloo ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1817  ;  settled  as  practitioner 
in  Paris,  1821.  [x.  188] 

CHERON,  LOUIS  (1655-1725),  painter  and  engraver ; 
born  in  Paris ;  travelled  in  Italy ;  settled  as  a  painter  in 
Paris  before  1687 ;  Huguenot  refugee  in  London,  1695 ; 
his  reputation  mainly  based  on  his  book  illustrations. 

[x.  188] 

CHERRY,  ANDREW  (1762-1812),  actor  and  drama- 
tist ;  bookseller's  apprentice  in  Dublin ;  joined  an  Irish 
strolling  company,  1779  ;  attached  to  the  Dublin  theatre, 
1787  ;  acted  in  Yorkshire,  1792 ;  returned  to  Dublin,  1794 ; 
acted  at  Manchester,  and  (1798)  at  Bath  ;  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1802-7  ;  brought  out  some  ten  dramatic  pieces, 
1793-1807,  the  most  successful  being  'The  Soldier's 
Daughter,'  a  comedy,  1804.  [x.  189] 

CHERRY,  FRANCIS  (1665  ?-17l3),  nonjuror  ;  of 
Shottesbrooke,  Berkshire  ;  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, 1682 ;  collected  books  and  coins ;  benefactor  of 
Thomas  Hearne;  friend  of  Bishop  Ken  and  other  non- 
jurors,  [x.  190] 

CHERRY,  THOMAS  (1683-1706),  friend  of  Thomas 
Hearne ;  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1700  ;  M.A.,  1706  : 
curate  of  Witney,  Oxfordshire.  [x.  191] 

CHERTSEY,  ANDREW  (fi.  1508-1532),  translator 
into  English  of  French  devotional  books  for  Wynkyn  de 
Worde's  press.  [x.  191] 

CHESELDEN,  WILLIAM  (1688-1752),  surgeon  and 
anatomist ;  studied  surgery  in  London  ;  pupil  of  William 
Cowper  the  anatomist,  1703  ;  lectured  ou  anatomy  in 
London,  1711 ;  F.R.S.,  1712 ;  surgeon  of  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  1719-38,  of  St.  George's  Hospital,  1734-7,  and  of 
Chelsea  Hospital,  1737-52  ;  invented  the  lateral  operation 
for  the  stone,  1727  ;  published  works,  including  '  The 
Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body,'  1713,  and  '  Osteographia,' 
1733.  .  [x.  192] 

CHESHAM,  FRANCIS  (1749-1806),  engraver;  first 
exhibited,  1777.  [x.  194] 

CHESHIRE,  JOHN  (1695-1762),  physician  ;  entered 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1713 ;  medical  practitioner  at 
Leicester  ;  published  trite  treatises  on  rheumatism,  1723, 
and  gout,  1747.  [x.  194] 

CHESNEY,  CHARLES  OORNWALLIS  (1826-1876), 
military  critic ;  entered  Woolwich,  1843 ;  sub-lieutenant, 
royal  engineers,  1845 ;  stationed  in  Ireland  and  the 
colonies,  1845-56 ;  captain,  1854 ;  professor  of  military 
history  at  Sandhurst;  lieutenant-colonel,  1868.  His 
principal  works  are :  4  Campaigns  in  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land,' 1863,  'Waterloo  Lectures,*  1868,  and  'Essays  hi 
Military  Biography,'  1874.  [x.  195] 

CHESNEY,  FRANCIS  RAWDON  (1789-1872), 
general;  served  as  volunteer  against  the  Irish  rebels, 
1798;  received  commission  in  the  royal  artillery,  1805; 
fruitlessly  petitioned  to  be  sent  on  active  service ;  visited 
Turkey,  1829 ;  surveyed  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  1830,  and 
showed  that  a  canal  was  practicable  ;  explored  valley  of 
the  Euphrates,  1831,  with  a  view  to  a  trade-route  from 
the  Syrian  coast  to  Kurrachee ;  navigated  the  lower 
Euphrates  and  explored  the  Tigris,  1835-7  ;  stationed  at 
Hongkong,  1843-7 ;  major-general,  1855  :  surveyed  course 
of  projected  railway  from  Antioch  to  the  Euphrates, 
1856 ;  general,  1868  ;  published  narratives  of  his  surveys. 

[X.  195] 

CHESNEY,  Sm  GEORGE  TOMKYNS  (1830-1895), 
general ;  brother  of  Colonel  Charles  Coruwallls  Chesney 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  at  East  India  Company's  College,  Addis- 
combe  ;  second  lieutenant,  Bengal  engineers,  1848 ; 
captain,  1858;  lieutenant-colonel,  1874;  colonel,  1884; 
colonel-commandant,  royal  engineers,  1890 ;  general,  1892  ; 
served  in  Indian  mutiny;  president  of  engineering  col- 
lege, Calcutta ;  head  of  department  of  accounts,  1860 ; 
prepared  scheme  for  Royal  Indian  Civil  Engineering 
College,  Cooper's  Hill,  1868;  first  president,  1871-80; 


secretary  to  military  department  of  Indian  government, 
188U-6  ;  member  of  governor's  council,  1886-91 ;  K.C.B 
1H9U;  M.P.  for  Oxford,  1892;  published  novels  and  poli- 
tical writings.  [Snppl.  i.  420] 

CHESNETT,  ROBERT  I>K  (d.  1166),  or  DK  QCKH.-K-IO, 
bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  archdeacon  of  Leicester ;  of  u  mild 
disposition  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1148  ;  injured  the  see  by 
alienating  its  estates,  pledging  the  cathedral  jewels  to 
Aaron  the  Jew,  and  (1163)  allowing  St.  Albaus  Abbey 
exemption  from  episcopal  control :  commenced  building 
the  bishop's  palace  at  Lincoln,  1155,  and  bought  a  London 
house  for  the  see,  1162;  urged  Archbishop  Becket  to 
submit  to  the  king,  1164.  [x.  198] 

CHESSAR,  JANE  AGNES  (1835-1880),  teacher ;  eda- 
cated  in  Edinburgh ;  teacher  in  a  London  seminary, 
1852-66;  member  of  the  London  School  Board,  1873-5; 
died  at  Brussels.  [x.  200] 

CHESSHER,  ROBERT  (1750-1831),  surgeon  ;  studied 
surgery  in  London,  1768;  practised  at  Hinckley. 

[x.  200] 

CHESSHYRE,  Sm  JOHN  (1662-1738),  lawyer;  of 
Halwood,  Cheshire ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1696 ; 
serjeant-at-law,  1705;  endowed  a  church  and  library  at 
Halton,  Cheshire ;  knighted  before  1733.  [x.  200] 

CHESTER,  EARLS  op.  [See  HUGH,  d.  1101 ;  RAXDULP, 
d.  1129?;  RANDULF,  d.  1153;  HUGH,  d.  1181;  BLUXDE- 
VILL,  RAXDULF  DK,  d.  1232  ;  EDMUXD,  1245-1296  ;  MOXT- 
FORT,  SIMON  OF,  1208?-1265:  EDWARD  III,  1312-1377; 
EDWARD,  PRIXCE  OF  WALES,  1330-1376.] 

CHESTER,  JOSEPH  LEMUEL  (1821-1882),  genea- 
logist;  born  in  Connecticut;  went  to  New  York,  1838; 
merchant's  clerk  ;  published  verses  under  the  pseudonym 
of  '  Julian  Cramer,'  1843  ;  removed  to  Philadelphia,  1846  ; 
journalist,  and  newspaper  editor;  aide-de-camp  to  the 
governor  of  Philadelphia  and  titular  '  colonel,'  1855 ; 
settled  in  London,  1858-82;  collected  materials  for  the 
history  of  American  families  from  the  wills  in  Doctors' 
Commons,  parish  registers,  the  registers  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity and  the  see  of  London ;  chief  publications  : '  John 
Rogers,  the  compiler  of  the  first  Authorised  English 
Bible,'  1861,  and  'Registers  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster,'  1876.  [x.  201] 

CHESTER,  ROBERT  (ft.  1182),  author  of  astro- 
nomical  tracts  preserved  In  manuscript  in  the  Bodleian ; 
his  Latin  version  of  an  Arabic  treatise  on  alchemy, 
printed,  1564.  [x.  203] 

CHESTER,  ROBERT  (1566  ?-1640  ?),  poet ;  published 
« Love's  Martyr,'  1601,  republished,  1611,  under  the  title, 
'  The  Anuals  of  Great  Brittaine,'  an  appendix  to  the  poem 
containing  Shakespeare's  '  Phoenix  and  Turtle.'  [x.  203] 

CHESTER,  ROGER  OF  (fl.  1339),  writer  of  '  Polycra- 
tica  Temporum':  probably  a  misdescrlption  of  Ranulf 
Higden  [q.  v.],  monk  of  St.  Werburgh's,  Chester,  and  an 
alternative  title  of  Higden's  '  Polychronicon '  or  '  Poly- 
craticon.'  [x.  203] 

CHESTER,  WILLIAM  OP  (fl.  1109).   [See  WILLIAM.] 

CHESTER,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1509  ?-1595  ?),  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  son  of  a  London  draper ;  educated  at 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  draper  in  London  before  1532  ; 
partner  in  the  first  sugar  refinery  in  England,  1544  ; 
alderman  of  London,  1553-72 ;  showed  kindness  to  the 
Protestant  martyrs  when  sheriff,  1564  ;  knighted,  1557  ; 
lord  mayor,  1660 ;  M.P.,  London,  1563  :  honorary  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1667;  traded  with  Russia,  the  Levant,  and 
the  African  coast ;  lived  in  retirement  at  Cambridge,  1572 
till  death ;  benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital  and  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital.  [x.  204] 

CHESTERFIELD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  STANHOPE,  PHILIP, 
first  EARL,  1584-1666  ;  STANHOPR,  PHILIP,  second  EARL, 
1633-1713 ;  STANHOPE,  PHILIP  DORMER,  fourth  EARL, 
1694-1773  ;  STANHOPE,  PHILIP,  fifth  EARL,  1755-1815.] 

CHESTERFIELD,  COUNTESS  OP  (d.  1667).  [See 
KIRKHOVKN,  CATHERINE.] 

CHESTERFIELD  or  WORSHOP,  THOMAS  (d. 
14*1  ?),  canon  of  Lichfield  ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1425, 
and  of  Hereford,  1450 ;  archdeacon  of  Salop,  1428-30  : 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  the  bishops  of  Lichfield  down  to 
1347  (printed  1691).  [x.  205] 


CHESTEBS 


233 


CHEYNELL, 


CHESTERS,  LOUD  (</.  1C38).  [Sec  HKNHYSON,  Sm 
THOMAS.] 

CHESTRE,  THOMAS  (/.  1430),  author  of  an  Arthu- 
rian romance  in  English,  '  The  Noble  Knighte  Syr  Laun- 
f:il '  ( printed  1802).  [x.  206] 

CHETHAM,  HUMPHREY  (1580-1653),  founder  of 
the  ( 'ht'tham  Hospital  anil  Library,  Manchester  ;  son  of 
a  Manchester  merchant ;  educated  at  Manchester  gram- 
mar school :  apprenticed  to  a  linendraper :  merchant, 
woollen-cloth  manufacturer,  and  usurer  in  Manchester; 
partner  with  his  brother  George  in  a  London  grocery 
busings  ;  bought  land  in  and  near  Manchester,  1620-8  : 
bequeathed  K,ooo/.  for  educating  poor  boys  (Chctham 
Hospital,  opened  1656)  and  founding  a  public  library. 

[x.  206] 

CHETHAM,  JAMES  (1640-1692),  writer  on  angling ; 
published  'The  Angler's  Vade  Mecum,'  1681.  [x.  207] 

CHETTLE,  HENRY  (d.  1607  ?),  dramatist ;  son  of  a 
London  dyer ;  stationer's  apprentice,  1577  ;  partner  in  a 
printing  business,  1591;  edited  Robert  Greene's  'Groats- 
worth  of  Wit,'  1592;  wrote  two  satirical  pamphlets, 
1  Kind- Hart's  Dreame,'  1593,  and  'Pierce  Plainnes'  .  .  . 
Prentiship,'  1595  :  reputed  author  of  thirteen  and  joint 
author  of  thirty-five  plays,  produced  1698-1603 ;  impri- 
soned for  debt,  1599  ;  published  '  Englande's  Mourning 
Garment,'  an  elegy  on  Queen  Elizabeth^  1603.  [x.  207] 

CHETTLE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1150).    [See  KETEL.] 

CHETWOOD,  KNIGHTLY  (1650-1720),  dean  of 
Gloucester ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge :  M.A., 
1679  ;  chaplain  to  James  II ;  rector  of  Great  Rissington, 
Gloucestershire,  1686  ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1687  ;  in- 
tended by  James  II  for  the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  1688 ; 
chaplain  to  the  forces  in  Holland,  1689-1704 ;  D.D.,  1691 ; 
rector  of  Little  Rissington,  1702 ;  dean  of  Gloucester, 
1707  :  claimant  of  the  barony  of  Wahull ;  published  trans- 
lations from  the  classics,  sermons  and  verses,  [x.  210] 

CHETWOOD,  WILLLYM  RUFUS  (d.  1766),  drama- 
tist ;  a  London  bookseller ;  published  pamphlet  on  the 
stage,  1720 ;  prompter  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1722-40  ; 
imprisoned  for  debt,  1741 ;  prompter  at  the  Dublin 
theatre,  1742 ;  imprisoned  for  debt,  1750  ;  published  four 
dramatic  pieces,  1720-3,  also  a  '  General  History  of  the 
Stage,'  1749,  'The  British  Theatre:  Lives  of  the  .  .  . 
Dramatic  Poets,'  1750,  narratives  of  travels,  and  tales 
from  the  Spanish.  [x.  211] 

CHETWYND,  EDWARD  (1577-1639),  divine  ;  of  the 
Ingestre,  Staffordshire,  family;  B.A.  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1595 ;  D.D.,  1616  ;  preacher  at  Abingdon,  1606, 
and  Bristol,  1607  ;  beneficed ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1617. 

[x.  212] 

CHETWYND  or  CHETWIND,  JOHN  (1623-1692), 
divine;  eldest  son  of  Edward  Ohetwynd  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1648 :  presbyterian  minister  at 
Wells,  1648 ;  took  Anglican  orders,  1660 ;  vicar  of  Temple 
Church,  Bristol ;  prebendary  of  Bristol,  1668 ;  published 
sermons.  [x.  212] 


CHETWYND,  WALTER  (d.  1693),  antiquary;  of 
Ingestre,  Staffordshire ;  M.P.  for  Stafford,  1673-85,  and 
for  Staffordshire,  1689  ;  encouraged  Robert  Plot's  '  Natu- 
ral History  of  Staffordshire.'  [x.  213] 

CHETWYND,  WILLIAM  RICHARD  CHETWYND, 
third  VISCOUNT  CHETWYND  (16857-1770),  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Oxford ;  envoy  to  Genoa,  1708-12  ; 
M.P.  for  Stafford,  1714-22,  for  Plymouth,  1722-7,  and 
for  Stafford,  1734  till  death;  master  of  the  mint, 
1744-69;  succeeded  to  the  Irish  viscounty  of  Chetwynd, 
1767.  [x.  213] 

CHEVAT.TrTR,  JOHN  (1589-1675).  chronicler  of 
Jersey ;  vingtenier  of  St.  Heller's ;  wrote  an  account  of 
affairs  in  Jersey,  1640-51.  [x.214] 

CHEVALIER,  THOMAS  (1767-1824),  surgeon  ;  son 
of  a  Huguenot  refugee ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1792  ;  studied  anatomy  in  London  ;  lectured  on 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  London  ;  published  surgical  trea- 
tises, 1797-1823.  [x.  214] 

CHEVALLIER,  ANTHONY  RODOLPH  (1623-1572), 
hebraist ;  born  in  Normandy ;  learned  Hebrew  from  Fran- 
cis Vatablus  in  Paris  ;  embraced  protestantism  ;  came  to 
England,  c.  1548 ;  patronised  by  the  bishops  :  settled  at 


Cambridge,  1550 ;  withdrew  toStrasbnrg,  1553,  to  Geneva, 
1559,  and  thenoe  to  Caen:  returned  to  London,  1568; 
Hebrew  professor  at  Cambridge,  1569 ;  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  1570  ;  at  Paris,  August  1572  ;  died  in  Guern- 
sey ;  his  chief  writings  first  published  in  Bryan  Walton's 
'  Polyglot  Bible,'  1657.  [x.  214] 

CHEVALLIER,  JOHN  (d.  1846),  agriculturist; 
vicar  of  Aspall,  Suffolk,  1817  ;  kept  a  lunatic  asylum 
there ;  introduced  into  practical  agriculture  the  Chevallier 
barley.  [x.  215] 

CHEVALLIER,  TEMPLE  (1794-1873),  astronomer ; 
entered  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1813;  second 
wrangler,  1817;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1825;  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke and  of  St.  Catharine's,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Great 
St.  Andrew's,  Cambridge,  1821-4 ;  professor  at  Durham, 
1835-71 ;  canon  of  Durham,  1865  ;  published  sermons, 
astronomical  papers,  and  translations  from  the  fathers. 

[x.  215] 

CHEWT,  ANTHONY  (d.  1595  ?).    [See  OHUTK.] 

CHEYNE  or  CHIENE,  CHARLES  VISCOUNT  NEW- 
HAVEN  (1624  ?-1698),  inherited  Cogenho,  Northampton- 
shire, 1644 ;  purchased  Chelsea  estate  with  the  dowry  of 
his  wife,  Lady  Jane  Cheyne  [q.  v.],  1657;  created  a 
Scottish  viscount,  1681 ;  M.P.  for  Newport,  Cornwall, 
1695.  [x.  216] 

CHEYNE,  GEORGE  (1671-1743),  physician ;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  published  medical  and  mathe- 
matical tracts,  1702-3  ;  settled  in  London,  c.  1702 ;  re- 
moved to  Bath ;  advocated  vegetarianism ;  published 
treatises  on  diet  and  natural  theology.  [x.  217] 

CHEYNE  or  LE  CHEN,  HENRY  (d.  1328),  bishop 
of  Aberdeen,  c.  1282 ;  submitted  to  Edward  1, 1291 ;  de- 
clared for  Robert  Bruce,  1309 ;  said  to  have  built  Bal- 
downie  Bridge.  [x.  219] 

CHEYNE,  JAMES  (d.  1602),  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician ;  studied  at  Aberdeen  and  in  France ;  professor 
at  St.  Barbe  College,  Paris,  and  at  Douay ;  canon  of 
Tournai ;  published,  1575-87,  Latin  treatises  on  various 
subjects,  including  astronomy,  geography,  and  the  Aristo- 
telian philosophy.  [x.  219] 

CHEYNE,  LADY  JANE  (1621-1669),  elder  daughter 
of  William  Cavendish,  first  duke  of  Newcastle  [q.  v.]  ; 
brought  up  at  Welbeck,  Nottinghamshire  ;  married,  1654, 
Charles  Oheyne  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  verses  (not  published). 

[x.  220] 

CHEYNE,  JOHN  (1777-1836),  medical  writer ;  edu< 
rate<l  at  Edinburgh  ;  graduated  in  medicine,  1795  ;  army 
surgeon ;  stationed  at  Leith  Fort,  1799 ;  removed  to 
Dublin,  1809 ;  acquired  a  lucrative  practice ;  appointed 
physician-general  to  the  forces  in  Ireland,  1820  ;  retired 
to  Buckinghamshire,  1831 ;  published  medical  tracts, 
1802-21 ;  wrote  an  autobiography.  [x.  220] 

CHEYNE,  CHEYNEY,  or  CHENEY,  Sra  THOMAS 
(I486  ?-1558),  treasurer  of  household,  and  warden  of 
Cinque  ports  ;  knighted,  c.  1511 ;  sent  on  mission  to  Pope 
Leo  X,  1513-14 ;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1516  :  squire  of  body  to 
Henry  VIII,  c.  1519;  resident  ambassador  at  French 
court,  1522  and  1526  ;  served  in  Brittany,  1523;  warden 
of  Cinque  ports,  1536  ;  treasurer  of  household,  1539 ;  K.G., 
1539 ;  Henry  VIII's  deputy  in  Paris  at  christening  of 
Henry  III  of  France,  1546  ;  M.P.  for  Kent,  1542, 1544, 
1547,  1553, 1554,  and  1558  ;  joined  opposition  to  Somerset, 
1549  ;  took  field  against  Wyatt,  1554 ;  retained  his  offices 
under  Mary  and  Elizabeth.  [Suppl.  i.  421] 

CHEYNE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1438?),  judge;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1410;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1415; 
chief-justice,  1424  till  death  ;  knighted,  1426.  Probably 
not  identical  with  the  William  Cheyne  who  was  recorder 
of  London  in  1379.  [x.  222] 

CHEYNE,  WILLIAM,  second  VISCOUNT  NEWHAVEW 
(1657-1738),  lord-lieutenant  of  Buckinghamshire,  1712- 
1714 ;  M.P.,  Buckinghamshire,  under  Queen  Anne :  sold 
Chelsea  Manor,  1712.  [x.  217] 

CHEYNELL,  FRANCIS  (1608-1665),  puritan  ;  son  of 
an  Oxford  physician ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  1629  ; 
M.A.,  1633  ;  was  refused  the  degree  of  B.D.  because  of  his 
Oalvinist  opinions ;  vicar  of  Marston  St.  Lawrence, 
Northamptonshire,  1637  ;  plundered  by  the  king's  troops, 
c.  1642 ;  chaplain  in  the  parliamentary  army :  member 
of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ;  intruded  rector  of 


CHEYNEY 


234 


CHILD 


Petworth,  Sussex,  1643-60 ;  violent  adversary  of  William 
Chilliugworth  [q.  v.],  1643-4 ;  one  of  the  parliamentary 
visitors  of  Oxford  University,  1647  ;  intruded  president 
of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1648-50 ;  Lady  Margaret 
professor  of  divinity,  1648-52  ;  D.D.,  1649  ;  retired  to  his 
estate  at  Preston,  Sussex,  c.  1660 ;  published  works  of 
controversial  divinity,  1643-7.  [x.  222] 

CHEYNEY,  JOHN  (fl.  1677),  congregationalist 
preacher  in  Cheshire,  1674;  published  four  bitter  pam- 
phlete  against  Quakerism,  1676-7.  [x.  224] 

CHEYNEY,  RICHARD  (1513-1679),  bishop  of 
Gloucester ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1532 :  B.D.,  1540 ;  courtier  of  Edward  VI :  beneflced  in 
Buckingham,  Hereford,  Gloucester,  and  Warwick  shires  ; 
disputed  against  transubstantiation,  1553 ;  canon  of 
Gloucester,  1558,  and  of  Westminster,  1560;  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  1562,  with  Bristol  in  commendam ;  of  decided 
Lutheran  opinions ;  strongly  opposed  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  1563  ;  gave  great  offence  by  preaching  Lutheran 
doctrines,  1668 ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1569  ;  reluctantly  signed 
the  articles,  1571.  [x.  224] 

CHIBALD,  JAMES  (6.  1612),  royalist  divine ;  son  of 
William  Ohibald  [q.  v.] ;  chorister  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1624 ;  M.A.,  1633  ;  rector  of  St.  Nicholas  Cole 
Abbey,  London,  1641 ;  sequestrated  by  parliament,  1642. 

[x.  226] 

OHIBALD,  WILLIAM  (1575-1641),  divine  ;  chorister 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1588;  M.A.,  1599  ;  rector  of 
St.  Nicholas  Cole  Abbey,  London,  1604-1640-1 ;  published 
sermons  and  devotional  tracts.  [x.  226] 

CHICHELE  or  CHICHELEY,  HENRY  (1362  ?-1443), 
archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  son  of  a  yeoman  of  Highain 
Ferrer?,  Northamptonshire;  patronised  by  William  of 
Wykeham;  educated  at  Winchester,  1373,  and  New 
College,  Oxford,  1387 ;  fellow,  1389  ;  B.C.L.,  1390  ;  bene- 
ficed  in  Wales,  1391;  D.O.L.;  rector  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Walbrook,  1396-7 ;  advocate  in  court  of  arches ;  pre- 
bendary of  Salisbury,  1397-1409;  archdeacon  of  Dorset, 
1397  ;  canon  of  Abergwilly,  and  of  Lichfleld,  1400 ;  vicar 
of  Odihatn,  Hampshire,  1402;  archdeacon  of  Salisbury, 
1402-4  ;  chancellor  of  Salisbury,  1404-10  ;  rector  of  Mel- 
combe,  Dorset,  and  of  Sherston,  Wiltshire  ;  envoy  to  Pope 
Innocent  VII,  1405,  and  to  Gregory  XII,  1407  ;  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  1408  (enthroned,  1411) ;  envoy  to  the  council 
of  Pisa,  1409 ;  envoy  to  France,  1410  and  1413 ;  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  1414;  assented  to  the  French  war;  ap- 
pointed a  special  thanksgiving  for  Agincourt,  1415 ; 
active  in  proceedings  against  lollardism,  1416-22 ;  with 
Henry  V  in  France,  1418  ;  negotiated  surrender  of  Rouen, 
1419  ;  provided  for  independence  of  Gallican  church,  1420  ; 
Infringed  the  independence  of  the  primacy  by  recalling  an 
indulgence  at  the  order  of  Pope  Martin  V,  1422 ;  under- 
took visitation  of  his  province,  1423  ;  founded  college  and 
hospital  at  Higham  Ferrers,  1424 ;  upheld  in  council  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester  against  Bishop  Beaufort,  1424-31 ; 
endeavoured,  under  orders  from  Pope  Martin  V,  to  get 
the  anti-papal  statutes  repealed,  1427-8 ;  slighted  by  Pope 
Eugenius  IV,  1438-9 ;  benefactor  of  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral ;  founded  the  Chichele  chest  in  Oxford  University  for 
relief  of  poor  students ;  built  a  house  for  Cistercians  in 
Oxford :  founded  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1437 ;  con- 
secrated its  chapel,  1443.  [x.  226] 

CHICHELEY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1691),  rear-admiral; 
captain  in  the  navy,  1663;  knighted,  1665;  served  in 
Dutch  war,  1665-6,  in  Mediterranean,  1668-71,  and  in 
Dutch  war,  1672-3  ;  rear-admiral,  1673 ;  commissioner  of 
the  navy,  1675-80  ;  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1681-4 
and  1689-90.  [x.231] 

CHICHELEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1618-1694),  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance ;  of  Wimple,  Cambridgeshire : 
high  sheriff,  1637  ;  M.P.  for  Cambridgeshire,  1640 ;  ejected 
by  the  roundheads,  1642  ;  M.P.  for  Cambridgeshire,  1661 ; 
knighted,  1670 ;  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1670-4  ; 
M.P.  for  Cambridge  town,  1678-9,  1685,  1689 ;  lived  ex- 
travagantly, and  was  obliged  to  sell  Wimple,  1686. 

[x.  231] 

CHICHESTER,  EAIU.S  OF.  [See  LRIOH,  FRANCIS, 
first  EARL,  d.  1653 ;  WRIOTHEBLKY;  THOMAS,  second 
EARL,  1607-1677;  PKLHAM,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  of  the 
third  creation,  1728-1805;  PKLHAM,  THOMAS,  second 
EARL,  1766-1826;  PKI.HAM,  HKNHY  THOMAS,  third  EARL, 
1804-1886.] 


CHICHESTER,  ARTHUR,  BARON  OHICHKSTKR  of 
Belfast  (1563-1625),  lord  deputy  of  Ireland ;  entered 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1583  ;  assaulted  a  royal  purveyor, 
and  prudently  withdrew  to  Ireland,  where  he  remaim*! 
till  pardon  was  granted  ;  served  against  the  Armudu, 
1588,  in  DrakeS  expedition,  1595,  in  Essex's  Cadiz  expe- 
dition, 1596,  in  France,  1597,  and  in  the  Low  Countrir- ; 
knighted,  1597  ;  colonel  of  a  regiment  at  Drogheda,  1598 ; 
governor  of  Oarrickfergus,  and  active  against  the  Irish 
insurgents,  1599-1603;  lord-deputy,  1604-14;  aimed  at 
disarming  the  natives  and  breaking  down  the  dim 
system ;  forced  by  James  I  into  repressive  measuria 
against  Roman  catholics,  1605-7 ;  advocated  translation 
of  the  common  prayer  book  in  to  Irish,  1607-8  ;  endeavoured 
to  pacify  Ulster,  1607-8 ;  engaged  in  planting  Ulster  with 
Scottish  colonists;  created  Baron  Chichester,  1613;  re- 
called in  consequence  of  his  reluctance  to  resume  repres- 
sion of  the  Roman  catholics,  November  1614 ;  lord 
treasurer  of  Ireland,  1616-25 ;  envoy  to  the  Elector 
Palatine,  1622  ;  opposed  war  with  Spain,  1624.  [x.  232] 

CHICHESTER,  ARTHUR,  first  EARL  OP  DONEGAL 
(1606-1675),  captain  in  the  Irish  army,  1627;  M.P., 
Antrim,  1639  ;  raised  troops  against  Irish  rebels,  1641 ; 
governor  of  Oarrickfergus,  1643-4 ;  refused  the  covenant, 
1644  ;  created  Earl  of  Donegal,  i647  ;  one  of  the  hostages 
for  Ormonde,  1647  ;  governor  of  Carrickfergus,  1661-75  ; 
benefactor  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  [x.  235] 

CHICHESTER,  SIR  CHARLES  (1795-1847),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  educated  at  Stonyhurst ;  ensign  of  foot, 
1811 ;  lieutenant,  1812  ;  served  in  Mediterranean  stations, 
1811-17,  in  India,  1817-21,  and  America,  1821 ;  major, 
1826  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1831  ;  brigadier-t?eneral  of  the 
British  legion  against  the  Oarlists,  1835-8;  knighted, 
1840 ;  commanded  his  regiment  in  American  stations ; 
died  at  Toronto.  [x.  236] 

CHICHESTER,  FREDERICK  RICHARD,  styled  by 
courtesy  EARL  OP  BELFAST  (1827-1853),  author  ;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  gave  lectures  in  Belfast,  1851 ;  died  at  Naples  ; 
wrote  essays  and  tales.  [z.  236] 

CHICHESTER,  HENRY  MANNERS  (1832-1894), 
writer  on  military  history  ;  lieutenant  in  86th  regiment ; 
served  at  Mauritius  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope :  assisted  in 
compiling  and  editing  works  on  military  history  ;  contri- 
buted extensively  to  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography ' ; 
assisted  in  preparation  of '  Records  and  Badges  of  Regi- 
ments in  British  Army,'  1895.  [SuppL  i.  423] 

CHICHESTER,  ROBERT  (d.  1155),  bishop  of  Exeter, 
1138-55  ;  dean  of  Salisbury.  [x.  237] 

CHIFFINCH,  THOMAS  (1600-1666),  closet-keeper  to 
Charles  II ;  page  to  Charles  I,  1641 ;  page  to  Charles, 
prince  of  Wales,  1645,  attending  him  during  his  exile; 
keeper  of  the  king's  jewels,  1660 ;  receiver-general  of  the 
revenues  of  the  plantations,  1663.  [x.  237] 

CHIFFINCH,  WILLIAM  (1602  ?-1688),  page  to 
Charles  II  before  1666 ;  closet-keeper  after  the  death  of 
his  brother  Thomas  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  in  secret  and  con- 
fidential transactions  ;  received  Charles's  French  pension 
for  him  ;  closet-keeper  to  James  II.  [x.  238] 

CHIFFNEY,  SAMUEL,  theelder  (1753  ?-1807),  jockey ; 
jockey  and  trainer  at  Newmarket,  1770-1806  ;  won  the 
Oaks,  1782,  and  the  Derby,  1789 ;  suspected,  along  with 
his  employer,  George,  prince  of  Wales,  of  dishonest  riding, 
1790-1 ;  published  an  autobiography,  1796  and  1800 :  in- 
vented a  bit  for  horses.  [z.  239] 

CHIFFNEY,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1786-1864), 
jockey  and  trainer  at  Newmarket,  1802-51 ;  won  the  Oaks 
five  times  and  the  Derby  twice ;  son  of  Samuel  Ohiffney 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  [x.  239] 

CHIFFNEY,  WILLIAM  (1784-1862),  trainer  at  New- 
market ;  son  of  Samuel  Ohiffney  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[x.  239] 

CHILCOT,  THOMAS  (d.  1766),  organist  of  Bath 
Abbey,  1733  ;  composed  songs  and  concertos,  [x.  240] 

CHILD,  SIR  FRANCIS,  the  elder (1642-1713), banker; 
goldsmith's  apprentice  in  London,  1656-64;  married, 
1671,  Elizabeth  Wheeler,  heiress  of  the  wealthy  goldsmiths 
of  that  name ;  in  partnership  with  Robert  Blauchard 
(d.  1681),  his  wife's  stepfather,  1677,  at  the  •  Marygold'; 
in  partnership  as  Francis  Child  and  John  Rogers,  1681  ; 
gave  up  goldsmith's  and  pawnbroker's  business  and  con- 


CHILD 


235 


CHIPPENDALE 


final  himself  to  banking,  1690  ;  alderman  of  London,  1689 : 
knighted,  1689;  sheriff,  1690;  lonl  mayor,  1698-9;  M.P. 
for  city  of  London,  1705  and  1708,  and  for  Devizes,  1710  ; 
benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital.  [x.  240] 

CHILD,  Sm  FRANCIS,  the  younger  (1684?-1740), 
banker ;  younger  son  of  Sir  Francis  Child  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
head  of  the  firm  of  Francis  Child  &  Co.,  1721 ;  alderman 
of  London,  1721  ;  sheriff,  1722  ;  M.P.  for  city  of  London, 
1722,  and  for  Middlesex,  1727  and  1734 ;  lord  mayor,  1731-2  ; 
knighted,  1732.  [x.  242] 

CHILD,  JOHN  (1638?-1684),  baptist  preacher:  born 
at  Bedford;  artisan  and  baptist  preacher  at  Newport 
Pagnel ;  removed  to  London  ;  published  pamphlets  arguing 
against  dissent  from  the  church,  1682 ;  hanged  himself ; 
bis  death  regarded  as  a  '  judgment*  against  apostacy. 

[x.  242] 

CHILD,  Sm  JOHN  (rf.  1690),  governor  of  Bombay; 
brother  of  Sir  Josiah  Child  [q.  v.] ;  went  to  India  as  a 
boy  ;  in  the  East  India  Company's  service  at  Rajahpur ; 
transferred  to  Surat,  1680  ;  tried  to  suppress  the  Bombay 
mutiny,  1683 ;  captain-general  of  the  company's  forces, 
1684 ;  created  baronet,  1685  ;  removed  to  Bombay,  1685  ; 
given  authority  over  all  the  company's  possessions,  1686  ; 
involved  the  company  in  wan  with  A"rangzib,  1689 ; 
charged  with  tyrannical  conduct  and  want  of  faith  with 
natives  ;  died  at  Bombay.  [x.  243] 

CHILD,  Sm  JOSIAH  (1630-1699),  author  of  'A  new 
Discourse  of  Trade,'  1668  (4th  edition,  1693) ;  son  of  a 
London  merchant;  naval  store-dealer  at  Portsmouth, 
1655 ;  mayor  of  Portsmouth ;  bought  Wanstead  Abbey, 
1673  ;  created  baronet,  1678 ;  despotic  chairman  of  East 
India  Company ;  retained  power  by  bribing  the  court. 

[x.  244] 

CHILD,  WILLIAM  (1606?-1697),  musician ;  chorister 
at  Bristol ;  clerk  and  assistant  organist  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,  1630  ;  Mua.  Bac.  Oxford,  1631 ;  sole 
organist  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  1634  ;  said  to  have  been 
also  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall ;  ejected  by 
the  puritans,  1643  ;  restored,  1660  ;  chanter  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  Whitehall;  composer  to  the  king;  Mus.  Doc. 
Oxford,  1663  ;  published  twenty  anthems,  1639  ;  much  of 
bis  music  still  in  manuscript.  [x.  245] 

CHILDE,  EL1AS  (fl.  1798-1848),  landscape  painter. 

lx.  247] 

CHILDE,  HENRY  LANGDON  (1781-1874),  inventor 
of  dissolving  views  ;  perfected  the  magic  lantern  ;  adapted 
the  limelight  to  it;  gave  popular  lantern  lectures  in 
London  and  the  provinces  ;  devised  double  lanterns  and 
dissolving  views,  1807.  [x.  247] 

CHILDE,  JAMES  WARREN  (1780-1862),  miniature 
painter  ;  exhibited  landscapes,  1798 ;  exhibited  miniatures, 
1815-53.  [X.  248] 

CHLLDERLEY,  JOHN  (1565-1645),  divine ;  entered 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1575  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1579 ;  D.D.,  1603 ;  beneficed  in  London  and 
Essex  ;  sequestrated  as  a  royalist,  1643.  [x.  248] 

CHELDEES,  HUGH  CULLING  EARDLBY  (1827- 
1896),  statesman ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1850 ; 
inspector  of  schools,  Melbourne,  1851,  and,  later,  secretary 
to  education  department  and  emigration  agent  at  port  of 
Melbourne;  auditor-general  and  member  of  legislative 
council,  1852  ;  first  vice-chancellor  of  Melbourne  Univer- 
sity ;  collector  of  customs  and  member  of  executive 
council,  1853;  member  for  Portland  in  parliament  of 
Victoria,  1856;  agent-general  for  Victoria  in  London, 
1857;  M.P.  for  Pontefract,  1860-85:  member  of  royal 
commission  on  penal  servitude,  1863  ;  financial  secretary 
to  treasury,  1865-6 ;  appointed  first  lord  of  admiralty  and 
privy  councillor,  1868 ;  resigned  office,  1871 :  chancellor 
of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1872-3  ;  secretary  of  state  for  war, 
1880-2;  produced  successful  scheme  of  army  reform, 
1881 ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1882-5 ;  M.P.  for  South 
Edinburgh,  1886 ;  home  secretary,  1886  ;  supported  Glad- 
stone's home  rule  bill.  [Suppl.  i.  423] 

CHILDERS,  ROBERT  C-2ESAR  (1838-1876),  orien- 
talist ;  civil  servant  in  Ceylon,  1860 ;  studied  Sinhalese, 
Pali,  and  Buddhist  sacred  books ;  returned  to  England, 
1864 ;  sub-librarian  at  the  India  Office,  1872  ;  professor  of 
Pali,  University  College,  London,  1873  ;  edited  Pali  texts, 
1869-74  ;  compiled  the  first  Pali  dictionary,  1872-5 ;  estab- 
lished the  Aryan  character  of  Sinhalese,  1873-5. 

[x.248] 


CHILDREN,  GEORGE  (1742-1818X  electrician  ;  B.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1762 ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple ; 
banker  at  Tuubridge  ;  studied  galvanic  electricity,  1802. 

[x.  249] 

CHILDREN,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1777-1852),  scientist  ; 
only  son  of  George  Children  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge ;  F.R.S.,  1807 ;  published  notes  on  electricity, 
1808-15  ;  employed  in  the  British  Museum,  1816-40 ;  trans- 
lated chemical  tracts,  1819-22 ;  studied  entomology. 

[x.  249] 

CHILDREY,  JOSHUA  ( 1623-1670),  antiquary  ;  clerk 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1640 ;  B.A.,  1646  ;  school- 
master at  Faversham,  1648 ;  M.A.,  1661 ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  rector  of  Upwey,  Dorsetshire,  and  archdeacon 
of  Sarum,  1664 ;  published  two  astrological  tracts,  1652-3, 
and  '  Britannia  Baconica,'  1660.  [x.  250] 

CHILDS,  CHARLES  (1807-1876),  head  of  John 
Childs  &  Sou,  printers,  Bungay,  Suffolk ;  son  of  John 
Childs  [q.  v.]  [x.  261] 

CHILDS,  JOHN  (1783-1853),  printer,  of  Bungay, 
Suffolk;  issued  cheap  editions  of  standard  authors  and 
annotated  bibles  ;  a  quaker ;  refused  to  pay  church  rates, 
1836.  [x.  251] 

CHILDS,  ROBERT  (d.  1837),  brother  and  partner  of 
John  Childs  [q.  v.]  [x.  251] 

CHILLENDEN,  EDMUND  (/.  1656),  author  of 
'  Preaching  without  Ordination,'  1647 ;  lieutenant,  after- 
wards captain,  in  the  parliamentary  army.  [x.  262] 

CHILLESTER,  JAMES  (/.  1571),  translator  from 
the  French  of  '  A  most  excellent  Hystorie  of  ...  Chris- 
tian Princes.'  [x.  262] 

CHILLINGWORTH,  JOHN  (fl.  1360),  mathemati- 
cian ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  wrote  on  astro- 
logy and  mathematics.  [x.  262] 

CHILLINGWORTH,  JOHN  (d.  1445),  astronomer ; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  junior  proctor,  1441. 

[x.  252] 

CHILLINGWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1602-1644),  theo- 
logian ;  son  of  an  Oxford  mercer ;  godson  of  William 
Laud ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1618 ;  M.A., 
1624  ;  fellow,  1628 ;  one  of  Laud's  Oxford  informers,  1628  ; 
disputed  against  Roman  Catholicism  with  '  John  Fisher,' 
Jesuit;  embraced  Romanism  and  went  to  Douay,  1630; 
returned  to  Oxford,  1631 ;  abjured  Romanism,  1634 ;  vio- 
lently attacked  by  Romanist  writers,  especially  (1636)  by 
Edward  Knott ;  published  '  The  Religion  of  Protestants  a 
safe  Way  of  Salvation,'  1638  ;  prebendary  and  chancellor 
of  Salisbury,  1638 ;  wrote  against  the  Scots ;  with  the 
king's  army  at  Gloucester,  1643 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Arundel 
Castle,  1643 ;  harassed  by  Francis  Cheynell  [q.  v.] 

[x.  252] 

CHILMARK  or  CHYLMARK,  JOHN  (Ji.  1386), 
schoolman ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford. 

[x. 267] 

CHILMEAD,  EDMUND  (1610-1654),  sometimes  erro- 
neously styled  '  Edward,'  miscellaneous  writer ;  clerk  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1625-32 ;  M.A.,  1632 ;  chaplain 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1632 ;  ejected,  1648 ;  hack- 
writer in  London ;  compiled  a  catalogue  of  Greek  manu- 
scripts in  Bodleian,  1636 ;  published  translations  and 
pamphlets,  1640-60 ;  composed  songs  ;  his  translation  of 
,  Malalas  was  published  1691.  [x.  257] 

CHINNERY,  GEORGE  (fl.  1766-1846),  portrait  and 
landscape  painter  ;  exhibited  in  London,  1766  ;  in  Dublin, 
1798 ;  at  Canton,  1830  ;  visited  India  ;  published  etchings 
!  of  •  Oriental  heads,'  1839-40 ;  died  at  Macao,      [x.  258] 

CHIPP,  EDMUND  THOMAS  (1823-1886),  composer ; 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Paul  Ohipp  [q.  v.]  ;  chorister  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall;  organist  of  various  London 
churches,  1843-62;  professional  violinist;  Mus.Bac. 
Cambridge,  1859  ;  Mas. Doc.,  1860  ;  organist  in  Belfast, 
1862-6 ;  organist  of  Ely  Cathedral,  1866-86 ;  published 
music.  [x.  268] 

CHIPP,  THOMAS  PAUL  (1793-1870),  musician: 
chorister  of  Westminster  Abbey ;  harpist ;  drummer ; 
member  of  London  orchestras,  1818-70.  [x.  259] 

CHIPPENDALE,  MARY  JANE  (1837  7-1888), 
actress  ;  nie  Seaman ;  married  William  Henry  Chippen- 
dale [q.  v.],  1866 ;  at  Lyceum  and  in  America  with  (Sir) 
Henry  Irving.  [SuppL  ii.  1] 


CHIPPENDALE 


236 


OHOUffONBELE  ¥ 


CHIPPENDALE,  THOMAS  (/.  1760),  furniture 
maker, of  London  ;  published  'The  Geiitleman  and  Cabinet 
Milker's  Director,'  1762.  [x.  259] 

CHIPPENDALE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1801-1888), 
actor;  apprenticed  as  printer  and  auctioneer;  appeared 
as  David  in  '  Rivals  '  at  Montrose,  1819  at  Park  Theatre, 
NV\v  York,  1836-53  ;  appeared  as  Sir  Anthony  Absolute 
at  Haymarket,  1853 ;  and  Inter  as  Malvolio,  Adam,  and 
Hardens  tie ;  at  Lyceum,  as  Polouius,  1874.  [Snppl.  ii.  1] 

CHIRBURY,  DAVID  (/.  1430).    [See  CHERBUBY.] 

CHIRK,  LOBD  OP  (1256  ?-1326).  [See  MORTIMER, 
BbCHBL] 

CHISENHALE  or  CHISENHALL,  EDWARD  (d. 
1653  ?),  historian ;  colonel  in  Charles  I's  army ;  published 
'Catholike  History,'  1653,  in  favour  of  the  church  of 
England.  [x.  269] 

CHISHOLM,  AENEAS  (1759-1818),  Scottish  catholic 
prelate;  educated  at  Valladolid;  tutor  at  Douay,  1786; 
priest  in  Strathglass,  1789  ;  titular  bishop  of  Diocaesarea, 
1805  ;  coadjutor,  1805,  and  vicar-apostolic,  1814,  of  the 
highland  district.  [x.  260] 

CHISHOLM,  ALEXANDER  (1792  ?-1847),  portrait 
and  historical  painter ;  weaver's  apprentice  at  Peterhead  ; 
removed  to  Edinburgh  ;  came  to  London,  1818 ;  exhibited, 
1820-47.  [X.  259] 

CHISHOLM,  ARCHIBALD  (d.  1877),  officer  in  the 
East  India  Company's  service,  1817-45 ;  captain,  1833 ; 
major.  [x.  261] 

CHISHOLM,  CAROLINE  (1808-1877),  the  emigrant's 
friend ;  n6e  Jones ;  married  Archibald  Chisholm  [q.  v.], 
1830;  opened  schools  for  soldiers'  daughters,  Madras, 
1832  ;  opened  home  for  female  immigrants,  Sydney,  1841 ; 
came  to  London",  1846;  wrote  on  emigration,  1850;  re- 
turned to  Australia,  1854 ;  returned  to  England,  1866  ; 
pensioned,  1867.  [x.  260] 

CHISHOLM,  COLIN  (d.  1825),  medical  writer ;  sur- 
geon in  the  West  Indies,  1796  ;  practitioner  in  Bristol,  c. 
1800.  [x.  261] 

CHISHOLM,  JOHN  (1752-1814),  Scottish  catholic 
prelate ;  educated  at  Douay ;  titular  bishop  of  Oria,  1792  : 
vicar-apostolic  of  highland  district,  1792-1814.  [x.  261] 

CHISHOLM,  WALTER  (1856-1877),  poet;  a  Ber- 
wickshire shepherd ;  wrote  verses  in  the  local  papers, 
1875.  Poems  by  him  appeared  in  1879.  [x.  261] 

CHISHOLM,  WILLIAM  I  (d.  1564),  bishop  of  Dun- 
blane, 1527-64 ;  a  man  of  infamous  character ;  alienated 
the  episcopal  estates  to  his  illegitimate  children,  [x.  262] 

CHISHOLM,  WILLIAM  II  (d.  1593),  bishop  of  Dun- 
blane ;  coadjutor  to  his  uncle,  William  Chisholm  I  [q.  v.], 
1561 ;  bishop  of  Dunblane,  1664 :  envoy  for  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  1566-7 ;  withdrew  to  France  before  1570 ;  de- 
posed, 1573 ;  bishop  of  Vaison,  France,  1570-84  ;  monk  of 
the  Chartreuse;  prior  of  the  Chartreuse  at  Lyons  and 
Rome.  [x.  262] 

CHISHOLM,  WILLIAM  III  (d.  1629),  bishop  of 
Vaison,  1584,  in  succession  to  his  uncle,  William  Ohis- 
nolm  II  [q.  v.]  ;  intrigued  in  Scottish  affairs,  1602,  wish- 
ing to  obtain  the  cardiualate,  in  the  interest  of  the  Scottish 
catholics ;  rector  of  the  Veuaissin,  1603-29.  [x.  262] 

CHISHULL,  EDMUND  (1671-1733),  antiquary; 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1687 ;  M.A., 
1693 ;  fellow,  1696 ;  B.D.,  1705 ;  chaplain  at  Smyrna, 
1698-1702 ;  vicar  of  Walthamstow,  Essex,  1708-33,  with 
other  preferment ;  published  Latin  verses,  uumismatical 
notes,  notes  of  travel,  and  '  Antiquitates  Asiatic-re,'  1728. 

[x.  26:!] 

CHISHULL,  JOHN  UK  (<l.  1280),  bishop  of  London ; 
rector  of  Isleham,  Cambridgeshire,  1262,  and  of  Upwell, 
Norfolk,  1256 ;  archdeacon  of  London,  1262-8 ;  clerk  of 
Henry  III ;  envoy  to  Paris,  1263  ;  baron  and  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  1264 ;  provost  of  Beverley,  1264 ;  dean  of 
St.  Paul's,  1268 ;  lord  treasurer,  1269 :  bishop  of  London, 
1274-80 ;  his  duties  performed  by  deputies,  1280. 

[x.  264] 

CHISWELL,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (1639-1711),  pub- 
Usher  at  the  '  Rose  and  Crown,'  Paul's  Churchyard. 

[x.  265] 


CHISWELL,  RICHARD,  the  younger  (1673-1751) 
traveller-  son  of  Richard  Chiswell  the  elder  [q.  v.]  •  a 
Turkey  merchant;  travelled  in  the  East;  Ml'  Cable 
1714  ;  bought  Debden  Hall,  Essex,  1715.  [x.  2G5]  ' 

CHISWELL,  TRENCH,  originally  RICHARD  Mrii.- 
MAX  (17357-1797),  antiquary  ;  son  of  a  Dutch  merchant; 
changed  his  name  on  succeeding  to  the  Debden  Hall 
estate,  1772;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  Yorkshire:  collected 
notes  relating  to  history  of  Essex  :  committed  suicide. 

CHITTING,  HENRY  (d.  1638),  Chester  heraM.'lGlH ; 
visited  Berkshire,  Gloucestershire,  and  Lincolnshire. 

[x.  266] 

CHITTY,  EDWARD  (1804-1863),  legal  reporter; 
third  son  of  Joseph  Ohitty  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  barrister, 
1829  ;  equity  draughtsman;  published  'Equity  Index' 
1831,  and  bankruptcy  cases  ('  Deacon  and  Ohitty '  >.  ls:;3- 
1839  :  subsequently  lived  in  Jamaica.  [x.  266] 

CHITTY,  JOSEPH,  the  younger  (d.  1838),  special 
pleader ;  sou  of  Joseph  Chitty  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  author 
Of  '  Ohitty  on  Contracts,'  1841,  and  other  legal  works. 

[x.  267] 

CHITTY,  JOSEPH,  the  elder  (1776-1841),  legal 
writer  ;  special  pleader ;  barrister,  1816  ;  retired  from 
practice,  1833  ;  published  law  manuals,  1799-1837. 

CHITTY,  SIR  JOSEPH  WILLIAM  (1828-1899), 
judge  ;  son  of  Thomas  Chitty  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1855  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1856  ;  bencher,  1875  ;  treasurer,  1895 ; 
Q.O.,  1874 ;  M.P.  for  Oxford,  1880  :  appointed  justice  of 
high  court,  chancery  division,  and  knighted,  1881 ;  lord 
justice  of  appeal,  1897  ;  nominated  judge  under  the  Bene- 
fices Act,  1898.  [Suppl.  ii.  2] 

CHITTY,  THOMAS  (1802-1878),  legal  writer ;  special 
pleader,  1820-77 ;  edited  standard  law  books,  1835-45 ; 
published  'Chitty's  Forms'  (of  practical  proceedings), 
1834.  [x.  267] 

CHOKE,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1483  ?),  judge ;  pleader 
by  1441 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1453 ;  bought  Long  Ashton, 
Somerset,  1464  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1461  till  death  ; 
knighted,  1464.  [x.  267] 

CHOLMLEY,  HUGH  (1574 ?-1641),  controversialist; 
schoolfellow  of  Bishop  Joseph  Hall ;  entered  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1589;  M.A.,  1596;  beneficed  at 
Tiverton,  1604 ;  canon  of  Exeter,  1632  ;  published  '  The 
State  of  the  Now-Romane  Church,'  1629.  [x.  268] 

CHOLMLEY,  SIR  HUGH  (1600-1657),  royalist ;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge  and  Gray's  Inn  ;  M.P.,  Scarborough, 
1624-6  and  1640;  refused  to  pay  ship-money,  1639; 
actively  opposed  Straff ord,  1640  ;  raised  troops  in  York- 
shire for  parliament,  1642 ;  fought  half-heartedly  for 
parliament  in  Yorkshire,  1642-3  ;  joined  the  queen  at 
York,  1643 ;  held  Yorkshire  coast  for  Charles  I ;  taken 
prisoner,  1645 ;  withdrew  to  Rouen ;  returned,  1649 ; 
imprisoned,  1651 ;  wrote  an  autobiography,  1656  (printed, 
1787).  [x.  268] 

CHOLMLEY,  SIR  ROGER  (d.  1565),  judge ;  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  serjeant-at-law,  1531 ;  recorder  of  London, 
1535-45;  knighted,  1537;  M.P.  for  London,  1542;  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1646  ;  commissioner  to  suppress 
the  chantries,  1547  ;  chief- justice  of  king's  bench,  1552 ; 
deprived  by  Queen  Mary,  1553  ;  founded  Highgate  gram- 
mar school,  1562.  [x.  269] 

CHOLMLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1584),  grocer,  of  London  ; 
wrote,  1553,  a  political  tract  (first  printed,  1863),  entitled 
'  The  Request  and  Suite  of  a  True-hearted  Englishman.' 

[x.  270] 

CHOLMONDELEY,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OF 
OHOLMOXDBLEY  (rf.  1733),  general ;  brother  of  Hugh 
Oholmondeley,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ;  educated  'at  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  cornet  of  horse,  1686  ;  in 
arms  for  Prince  of  Orange,  1688 ;  cavalry  officer  at  the 
Boyue,  1690,  and  Steinkirk,  1692;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1695 ;  major-general,  1702  ;  created  Baron  Newborough, 
1716  ;  succeeded  as  second  Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  1724  ; 
general  of  horse,  1727 ;  governor  of  Guernsey,  1732. 

[x.271] 

CHOLMONDELEY  or  CHOLMLEY,  SIR  HUGH 
(1513-1596),  soldier ;  of  Cholmondeley,  Cheshire ;  knighted 
for  service  in  Scotland,  1542 ;  served  against  the  Scots, 
1657  ;  high  sheriff  of  Cheshire.  [x.  271] 


CHOLMONDELEY 


237 


CHRISTINA 


CHOLMONDELEY,  HUGH,  first  K\KI,  of  CHOLMON- 
HKI.KV  ('/.  17:' i).  MI.'. vtiini  as  Viscount  OholmondflUj ol 
Kells,  1681  ;  created  Baron  Cholmondeley,  in  the  peerage 
of  England,  1G8'J,  and  Earl  of  Cholmoudeley,  1706 ;  trea- 
surer of  the  household,  1708-13  and  1714-24.  [x.  271] 

CHOLMONDELEY,  MARY,  LADY  (1563-1626),  liti- 
gant ;  <l;uighter  of  Charles  Holford  (</.  15H1),  of  Holfonl, 
Cheshire  :  married,  c.  1580,  Sir  Hugh  Uholuiondeley  [q.  v.]  : 
litigation  concerning  her  patrimony,  begun  1581,  endetl,  by 
compromise,  c.  1620.  [x.  272] 

CHOLMONDELEY,  ROBERT,  EAKL  OP  LKINBTKR 
(1584  V-1659),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Oholmondeley 
[q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet,  1611 ;  created  Viscount 
Oholmondeley  of  Kells,  1628 ;  raised  troops  in  Cheshire 
for  Charles  1, 1642  ;  created  Baron  Choliuondeley,  in  the 
peerage  of  England,  1645  ;  created  Earl  of  Leiuster,  1646  ; 
fined  by  parliament.  [x.  272] 

CHOELEY,  CHARLES  (1810  V-1874),  journalist  at 
Truro ;  printed  privately  translations  from  various  lan- 
guages, [x.  272] 

CHORLEY,  HENRY  FOTHERGILL  (1808-1872), 
critic  ;  clerk  in  Liverpool ;  wrote  for  magazines,  1827 ; 
contributed  musical  criticisms  to  the  '  Athenaeum,'  1830- 
1868  ;  resided  in  London,  on  the  staff  of  the  '  Athenaeum,' 
1833-66  ;  wrote  unsuccessful  novels  and  dramas,  1836- 
1859,  memoirs  on  music,  1841-62,  a  life  of  Mrs.  Hemans, 
1836,  and  an  autobiography.  [x.  273] 

CHORLEY,  JOHN  RUTTER(  1807?- 1867),  poet ;  clerk 
in  Liverpool ;  secretary  to  Grand  Junction  railway  be- 
tween Liverpool  and  Birmingham  ;  removed  to  London  ; 
contributed  to  the  '  Athenaeum,'  1846-54  ;  published  '  The 
Wife's  Litany,'  a  rhyming  drama,  1865;  gave  to  the 
British  Museum  his  fine  collection  of  Spanish  plays. 

[x.  2Z4] 

CHORLEY,  JOSIAH  (rf.1719?),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  M.A. ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Norwich,  1691  till 
death  :  published  an  '  Index  to  the  Bible,'  appending  '  A 
Poetical  Meditation,'  1711.  [x.  275] 

CHORLEY,  RICHARD  (Jl.  1757),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter in  Norfolk  ;  son  of  Josiah  Chorley  [q.  v.]  [x.  275] 

CHOR1TON,  JOHN  (1666-1705),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
educated  in  Richard  Fraukland's  [q.  v.]  academy,  1682  ; 
presbyterian  pastor  in  Manchester,  1687-1705  ;  conducted 
a  presbyteriau  divinity  college  in  Manchester,  1699-1705. 

[x.  275] 

CHRISMAS.    [See  CHRISTMAS.] 

CHRISTIAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1823),  lawyer;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1779  ;  fellow,  1780-9  ;  bar- 
rister of  Gray's  Inn,  1786  ;  failed  on  circuit ;  professor  of 
law  at  Cambridge,  1788 ;  chief-justice  of  Isle  of  Ely ; 
published  legal  treatises,  1790-1821.  [x.  276] 

CHRISTIAN,  FLETCHER  (ft.  1789),  mutineer; 
master's  mate  of  the  exploring  ship  Bounty,  1787; 
headed  the  mutiny  in  the  Pacific,  28  April  1789,  against 
William  Bligh  [q.  v.],  commander  of  the  ship  ;  sailed  to 
Tahiti ;  reported  to  have  been  in  England,  1809. 

[x.  277] 

CHRISTIAN,  Sm  HUGH  OLOBERRY  (1747-1798), 
rear-admiral ;  served,  chiefly  in  Mediterranean,  1761-71 ; 
captain,  1778 ;  served  in  West  Indies,  1779-82 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1795 ;  knighted,  1796  ;  cominauder-iu-chief  in 
West  Indies,  1796,  and  at  the  Cape,  1798.  [x.  278] 

CHRISTIAN,  THOMAS  (d.  1799),  translator  into 
Manx  of  part  of  '  Paradise  Lost,'  1796 ;  vicar  of  Kirk 
Marown,  Man,  1779-99.  [x.  279] 

CHRISTIAN,  WILLIAM  <I608-1663),  iLUAMDnO.VE 
(  '  Brown-haired  William '  )  of  Manx  story  ;  third  sou  of 
one  of  the  deemsters  of  Man  ;  his  family,  with  others, 
irritated  by  the  laud  policy  of  James,  seventh  earl  of 
Derby  and  tenth  lord  of  Man  ;  received  from  his  father 
UoualdBway  estate,  1643  ;  receiver-general  of  Man,  1648- 
1658 ;  appointed  commander  of  Manx  troops,  August 
1651,  by  the  Earl  of  Derby  (beheaded  15  Oct.) ;  headed  an 
insurrection  against  the  Counters  of  Derby  ;  surrendered 
Man  to  the  parliamentary  forces,  1661 ;  compelled  the 
countess  to  surrender  Rusheu  and  Peel  castles,  November 
1661  ;  governor  of  Man,  1656  ;  superseded  and  accused  of 
peculation,  1658;  escaped  to  England;  imprisoned  in 
London,  1660  ;  returned  to  Man,  confiding  in  the  Act  of 
Indemnity,  c.  1661  ;  arrested  by  Charles,  eighth  carl  of 


Derby,  September  16G2  :  appealed  to  Charles  II ;  found 
guilty  of  treason  by  the  Manx  authorities,  under  great 
pre-sure  from  the  earl,  29  Dec.  16K2 ;  executed,  2  Jan. 
Ida  Charles  II  expressed  great  indignation  at  the  pro- 
eee.  liners,  punished  tin-  iluenish-rs  and  governor,  and  re- 
stored Ronaldsway  to  Christian's  son.  [x.  279] 

CHRISTIE,  ALEXANDER  (1807-1860),  historical 
painter  ;  educated  in  Edinburgh  ;  served  apprenticeship 
to  a  writer  to  the  signet;  studied  art  in  Edinburgh 
(1H3H),  London,  and  Paris ;  art  teacher  in  the  Edinburgh 
School  of  Art,  1843  ;  exhibited  in  Edinburgh,  [x.  282] 

CHRISTIE,  HUGH  (1710-1774),  schoolmaster;  M.A. 
Aberdeen,  1730 ;  rector  of  Brechin,  afterwards  of  Mont- 
rose,  academy ;  published  a  Latin  grammar  and  primer, 
1758-60.  [x.  283] 

CHRISTIE,  JAMES,  the  elder(1730-1803),  auctioneer 
in  London,  1766-1803.  [x.  283] 

CHRISTIE,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1773-1831),  anti- 
quary and  auctioneer ;  eldest  son  of  James  Christie  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  took  over  his  father's  busi- 
ness, 1803 ;  wrote  on  the  antiquity  of  chess,  1801,  Etruscan 
vases,  1806,  Greek  vases,  1822-5,  and  sculpture,  1833  (post- 
humously published).  [x.  283] 

CHRISTIE,  RICHARD  COPLEY  (1830-1901), 
scholar  and  bibliophile ;  B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1853  ;  M.A.  1855  ;  professor  of  ancient  and  modern  his- 
tory, 1854-66,  political  economy  and  commercial  science, 
1856-66,  and  jurisprudence  and  law,  1855-69,  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  holding  chairs  in  plurality  ;  called 
to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1857 ;  governor  and  member  of 
council  of  Owens  College,  Manchester,  1870  ;  member  of 
council  and  university  court,  Victoria  University,  1880  ; 
hon.  LL.D.,  1895 ;  chancellor  of  see  of  Manchester, 
1872-94;  became  joint-legatee  of  Sir  Joseph  Whit- 
worth  [q.  v.],  1887,  and  was  subsequently  a  munificent 
benefactor  of  Owens  College ;  chairman  of  Chetham 
Society,  1883-1901;  bequeathed  his  library  to  Owens 
College;  contributed  to  the  'Dictionary  of  National 
Biography '  and  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.'  Hie  publi- 
cations include  'Etieime  Dolet,  the  Martyr  of  the  Re- 
naissance,' 1880.  [SuppL  ii.  3] 

CHRISTIE,  SAMUEL  HUNTER  (1784-1865),  ma- 
thematician ;  son  of  James  Christie  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1800  ;  second  wrangler, 
1805  ;  mathematical  teacher  and  professor  at  Woolwich 
Military  Academy,  1806-54;  F.R.S.,  1826;  studied 
magnetism,  and  served  constantly  upon  the  compass 
committee ;  contributed  to  scientific  journals,  [x.  284] 

CHRISTIE,  THOMAS  (1761-1796),  political  writer  ; 
banker's  clerk ;  studied  science  privately ;  studied 
medicine  in  London  (1784)  and  Edinburgh  ;  contributed 
scientific  papers  to  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1784; 
wrote  for  the  '  Analytical  Review ' ;  published  his  '  Mis- 
cellanies,' 1789  ;  visited  Paris,  1789  ;  wrote  in  defence  of 
the  French  revolution,  1790-1 ;  returned  to  Paris,  1792  ; 
wrote,  for  the  '  National  Assembly,'  an  English  version 
of  the  new  French  constitution  ;  partner  in  a  London 
carpet  factory,  1792  ;  died  at  Surinam.  [x.  285] 

CHRISTIE,  THOMAS  (1773-1829),  physician ;  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen  ;  surgeon  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  Ceylon,  1797-1810  ;  introduced  vaccination  there, 
1802  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1810 ;  practitioner  in  Cheltenham, 
1810-29;  physician  extraordinary  to  the  prince  regent, 
1813 ;  wrote  on  '  Vaccination  in  Ceylon,'  1811.  [x.  287] 

CHRISTIE,  WILLIAM  (1748-1823),  Unitarian: 
merchant  in  Montrose  ;  opened,  and  became  minister  of, 
a  Unitarian  church  in  Moutrose,  1782,  the  first  of  the 
denomination  in  Scotland ;  Unitarian  minister  in  Glas- 
gow, 1794 ;  emigrated  to  America,  1795 ;  published 
Unitarian  treatises,  1784-1811.  [x.  287] 

CHRISTIE,  WILLIAM  DOUGAL  (1816-1874), 
diplomatist ;  son  of  an  army  physician ;  born  at  Bombay ; 
B.A.  Cambridge,  1838 ;  barrister,  1840 ;  M.P.,  Weymouth, 
1842-7  ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  1848 ;  envoy  to 
Brazil,  1859-63  ;  pensioned,  1863  ;  edited  Dryden's  works, 
1870 :  vindicated  John  Stuart  Mill's  memory  against 
Abraham  Hay  ward's  adverse  criticism  ;  published  a  life  of 
Shaftesbury,  1871.  [x.  288] 

CHRISTINA  (fl.  1086),  nun  of  Romsey  ;  daughter  of 
the  aetheliug  Eadward ;  born  in  Hungary ;  brought  to  Eng- 
land, 1067 ;  tied  to  Scotland  with  her  brother  Eadgar, 


OHRISTISON 


238 


OHURCHER 


1067 ;  submitted  to  William  the  Conqueror :  obtained 
lands  in  Oxfordshire  and  Warwickshire ;  nun  at  Romsey, 
Hampshire,  1086  ;  brought  up  Eadgyth  (or  Matilda),  and 
opposed  her  marriage  with  Henry  1, 1100.  [x.  289] 

CHRISTISON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1797-1882),  toxicolo- 
gist ;  educated  in  Edinburgh ;  M.D.,  1819 ;  house 
physician  to  Edinburgh  Infirmary,  1817-20 ;  studied  in 
London,  under  John  Abernethy,  and  in  Paris,  under 
Robiquet,  the  chemist,  and  Orfila,  the  toxicologist ; 
medical  professor  in  Edinburgh,  1822-77  ;  physician  to 
Edinburgh  Infirmary,  1827  ;  medical  adviser  to  the  crown, 
1829-66  ;  created  baronet,  1871 ;  published  '  Treatise  on 
Poisons,'  1829,  and  contributed  largely  to  medical  and 
scientific  periodicals.  [x.  290] 

CHRISTMAS,  GERARD,  or  GARRETT  OHRISMAS 
(d.  1634),  carver  and  statuary ;  carved  funeral  monu- 
ments ;  carver  to  the  navy,  1614-34  ;  designer  of  figures 
for  several  lord  mayors'  shows  between  1619  and  1632. 

[x.  291] 

CHRISTMAS,  HENRY,  afterwards  NOEI/-FKARN 
(1811-1868),  miscellaneous  writer ;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1840 ;  in  holy  orders,  1837  ;  librarian  of 
Sion  College,  1841-8 ;  editor  of  church  periodicals,  1840- 
1860;  published  verses,  theological  and  philosophical 
pamphlets,  and  notes  of  travel ;  wrote  on  numismatics, 
1844-64 ;  his  collection  of  coins  sold,  1864.  [x.  292] 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  JOHN  (d.  1558),  bishop  of 
Chichester ;  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1543  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
1541,  of  St  John's  College,  and,  1546,  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  withdrew  to  Louvain,  e.  1547;  master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1553:  confessor  to  Queen 
Mary ;  dean  of  Norwich,  1554  ;  rector  of  Swanton  Mor- 
ley,  Norfolk,  1556 ;  a  visitor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1557  ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1557  ;  persecuted  protestants 
in  his  diocese ;  imprisoned  for  violent  preaching,  1558 ; 
benefactor  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  translated  into 
Latin  the  ecclesiastical  historians,  four  books  of  Philo, 
and  other  Greek  authors.  [x.  293] 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1613),  Roman 
catholic  divine  ;  educated  at  Douay  ;  wrote  '  A  Treatise  of 
Antichrist,'  in  defence  of  Bellarmine,  1613.  [x.  295] 

CHRISTY,  HENRY  (1810-1865),  ethnologist ;  banker 
in  London ;  travelled,  for  ethnological  purposes,  in  the 
East,  1850,  in  Scandinavia,  1852-3,  in  North  America, 
Cuba,  and  Mexico,  1856-7  ;  explored  the  Ve/ere  valley 
caves,  1864  ;  died  iu  Belgium ;  bequeathed  his  collections 
to  the  nation.  [x.  295] 

CHRYSTAL,  THOMAS  (d.  1535).    [See  ORYSTALL.] 

CHUBB,  CHARLES  (d.  1845),  locksmith;  iron- 
monger in  Winchester ;  locksmith  at  Portsea  ;  founded 
firm  of  Chubb  &  Co.,  London  ;  patented  lock?  and  safes, 
1824-33.  [x.  296] 

CHUBB,  JOHN  (1816-1872),  manufacturer  of  locks 
and  safes  ;  son  of  Charles  Chubb  [q.  v.]  [x.  296] 

CHUBB,  THOMAS  (1679-1747),  deist ;  glover's  ap- 
prentice at  Salisbury,  1694  ;  tallow-chandler's  assistant, 
1705  ;  published  'The  Supremacy  of  the  Father  asserted,' 
1716  ;  servant  to  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll ;  helped  iu  a  tallow- 
chandler's  shop  in  Salisbury,  c.  1716  till  death  ;  published 
Arian  tracts,  1725-32,  and  deietical  tracts,  1734-46. 

[x.  297] 

CHUBBES  or  JUBBS  or  8HUBYS,  WILLIAM 
(d.  1505),  writer  on  logic ;  B.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1465 ;  fellow  ;  D.D.,  1491 ;  first  master  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  1497-1506.  [x.  298] 

CHUDLEIGH,  ELIZABETH,  CouxTHRS  OF  BRISTOL 
(1720-1788),  calling  herself  DUCHKHS  OF  KINGSTON; 
daughter  of  Colonel  Thomas  Ohudleigh  (d.  1726)  ;  beau- 
tiful, bat  weak-minded,  and  illiterate;  befriended  by 
William  Pulteuey,  afterwards  earl  of  Bath;  maid  of 
honour  to  Augusta,  princess  of  Wales,  at  Leicester  House, 
1743;  courted  by  James,  duke  of  Hamilton,  a  minor, 
1744 ;  married,  secretly,  Augustus  John  Hervey,  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  brother  of  the  second  Earl  of  Bristol,  1744  ; 
concealed  birth  and  death  of  a  son,  November  1747 ;  ob- 
tained separation  from  her  husband ;  carried  on  flirtatious 
with  George  II ;  privately  took  means  to  establish  the 
fact  of  her  marriage,  1759  ;  appeared  openly  as  concubine 
of  Evelyn  Plerrepoiut,  second  duke  of  Kingston,  1760 ; 


visited  Berlin  and  Dresden,  as  'Madame  Ohudleigh,1 
1 765  ;  denied  the  marriage  with  Hervey,  on  oath,  February 
1769,  after  her  husband  threatened  (1768)  a  trial  for 
divorce ;  being  legally  declared  a  spinster,  she  married  the 
Duke  of  Kingston,  8  March ;  left  heiress  of  the  duke's 
property,  September  1773 ;  went  to  Rome  ;  accused  of 
bigamy  by  the  Duke  of  Kingston's  nephew,  1774  ;  quarrelled 
with  Samuel  Foote,  August  1775  ;  found  guilty  of  bigamy 
by  the  peers,  1776  ;  withdrew  to  Calais ;  her  marriairr  with 
Hervey,  who  in  1775  became  third  Earl  of  Bristol  (</.  1779), 
declared  valid,  1777  ;  visited  the  czarina  Catherine,  1777  ; 
visited  Rome  and  other  capitals  ;  died  at  Paris,  [x.  298] 

CHUDLEIGH,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1657),  parliamen- 
tarian commander  ;  M.P.  for  St.  Michael,  Cornwall,  1601, 
for  Lostwithlel,  1614,  1621,  and  1625,  and  for  Tiverton, 
1624 ;  created  baronet,  1622 ;  parliamentarian  officer  in 
Cornwall,  1643 ;  resigned  his  commission,  1643,  after  his 
son  James  Chudleigh  [q.  v.]  had  been  accused  of  treason ; 
subsequently  espoused  the  royalist  cause.  [x.  301] 

CHUDLEIGH,  JAMES  (d.  1643),  parliamentarian 
major-general ;  third  son  of  Sir  George  Chudleigh  [q.  v.] ; 
captain  in  the  parliament's  army  In  Yorkshire,  1641 ; 
sergeant-major-general  in  Cornwall ;  victorious  over  the 
royalists,  1643 ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  royalists,  1643 ; 
suspected  of  treachery  in  the  action  ;  accepted  a  colonel- 
ehip  in  the  king's  army,  May  1643 ;  mortally  wounded, 
September  1643.  [x.  302] 

CHUDLEIGH,  MARY,  LADY  (1656-1710),  authoress ; 
n£e  Lee  ;  married  Sir  George  Chudleigh,  hart.,  of  Ashtou, 
Devonshire,  1685  ;  published  verses  and  essays,  1701-10. 

[x.  303] 

CHUDLEIGH,  THOMAS  (/.  1689),  diplomatist; 
secretary  to  the  embassy  to  Sweden,  1673,  and  to  Nime- 
gueu,  1677;  envoy  to  Holland,  1678-87;  converted  to 
Roman  Catholicism,  1687.  [x.  303] 

CHURCH,  FREDERICK  JOHN  (1854-1888),  trans- 
lator of  Dante's  'De  Monarchia,'  1878;  eldest  son  of 
Richard  William  Church  [q.  v.]  [Suppl.  ii.  8] 

CHURCH,  JOHN  (1675  ?-1741),  musician  ;  chorister 
of  New  College,  Oxford ;  member  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1697  ;  lay  vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey,  c.  1700  ;  published 
•  Introduction  to  Psalmody,'  1723.  [x.  303] 

CHURCH,  RALPH  (d.  1787),  editor  of  Spenser's 
'  Faery  Queen,'  1738 :  son  of  John  Church  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1732 ;  vicar  of  Pyrtoii  and  Shir- 
burn,  Oxfordshire.  [x.  304] 

CHURCH,  SIR  RICHARD  (1784-1873),  liberator  of 
Greece ;  ensign  13th  light  infantry,  1800 ;  served  in 
Egypt,  1801 ;  lieutenant,  at  Malta,  1803 ;  captain  of  the 
Corsican  rangers,  1806 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Capri, 
1808,  and  in  the  Ionian  islands,  1809 ;  major,  1809,  and 
colonel,  1812-15,  of  Greek  troops  in  Ionian  islands  ;  British 
attache  with  the  Austrian  army,  1815  ;  Neapolitan 
major-general ;  suppressed  brigandage  in  Apulia ;  de- 
feated by  the  Sicilian  insurgents,  1820 ;  K.O.H.,  1822 ; 
generalissimo  of  the  Greek  insurgents,  1827 ;  defeated, 
through  disobedience  of  the  Greek  chief  Tzavellas,  at 
Athens  ;  drove  the  Turks  out  of  Akarnauia,  1827 ;  pro- 
tested against  restoring  North  Greece  to  Turkey,  1830-2  : 
led  the  Greek  revolution,  1843;  general  in  the  Greek 
army,  1854  ;  lived  in  retirement  at  Athens.  [x.  304] 

CHURCH,  RICHARD  WILLIAM  (1815-1890),  dean 
of  St.  Paul's  ;  born  at  Lisbon  :  lived  at  Florence,  1818-28  ; 
B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1836  ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1838- 
1852 ;  formed  lasting  friendship  with  Newman  ;  ordained 
deacon,  1839  ;  junior  proctor,  1844  ;  one  of  originators  of 
'  Guardian,'  1846  ;  priest,  1852  ;  accepted  living  of  What- 
ley,  1852  ;  select  preacher  at  Oxford,  1868,  1876-8,  and 
1881-2  ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1871-90  ;  leading  member  of 
the  high  church  party.  A  contributor  to  the  'English 
Men  of  Letters '  scries,  and  author  of  a  '  History  of  the 
Oxford  Movement'  (posthumously  published,  1891). 

[Suppl.  ii.  6] 

CHURCH,  THOMAS  (1707-1756),  controversialist; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1731  ;  D.D.,  1749 ;  vicar 
of  Battersea,  1740-66  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1744 ; 
wrote  against  deism  and  methodism.  [x.  306] 

CHURCHER,  RICHARD  (1659-1723),  founder  of 
'Ohurcher's  College  '  at  Petersfield,  Hampshire,  for  naval 


CHURCHEY 


239 


CHURCHILL 


owlets'  of  the  East  ludla  Company;  apprenticed  to  a 
London  barber-surgeon,  1675-82  ;  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service  ;  settled  at  Petersfleld.  [x.  306] 

CHURCHEY,  WALTER  (1747-1805),  methodist  ; 
attorney  of  Brecon  ;  corresponded  with  John  W»--l.-.v, 
1771  ;  wrote  religious  verse,  1789-1804.  [x.  306] 

CHURCHILL,  ALFRED  B.  (1826-1870),  journalist ; 
bom  at  Constantinople  ;  proprietor  of  the  Turkish  -fini- 
officiul  journal,  the  '  Jeride  Hawades  ' ;  published  Turkish 
books  ;  visited  England,  1867.  [x.  306] 

CHURCHILL,  ARABELLA  (1648-1730),  mistress  of 
James  II :  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill 
[q.  v.] ;  maid  of  honour  to  Anne,  duchess  of  York,  c. 
1666  ;  intrigued  with  James,  from  1668,  by  whom  she  had 
two  sons  and  two  daughters  ;  pensioned  ;  married  Colonel 
Charles  Godfrey.  [x.  307] 

CHURCHILL,  AWNSHAM  (at.  1728),  bookseller  and 
publisher  in  partnership  with  his  brother  John  at  the 
•  Black  Swan,'  London,  from  1665  ;  bought  estates  in 
Dorset ;  M.P.,  Dorchester,  1706-10.  [x.  307] 

CHURCHILL,  CHARLES  (1666-1714),  general; 
younger  sou  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill  [q..  v.] ;  of  the 
household  of  Christian  V  of  Denmark,  and  of  Prince 
George  of  Denmark  ;  served" in  Ireland,  1690  ;  fought  at 
Lauden,  1693,  and  Blenheim,  1704  ;  major-general,  1694  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1702;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1701-10; 
governor  of  Guernsey,  1706-10  ;  general,  1707.  [x.  308] 

CHURCHILL,  CHARLES  (1731-1764),  satirist  ;  sou 
of  a  Westminster  curate  ;  at  Westminster  School,  1739- 
1748 ;  curate  in  Somerset,  1754 ;  curate  at  Rainham, 
Essex,  1756 ;  curate  of  St.  John's,  Westminster,  1758-63, 
in  succession  to  his  father  ;  separated  from  his  wife,  1761 ; 
became  famous  by  his  '  Rosciad  '  and  '  Apology,'  1761 ; 
attached  himself  to  John  Wilkes ;  satirised  authors  and 
politicians,  1762-4/,  died  at  Boulogne  ;  his  collected  works 
published,  1763-4. L  [x.  309] 

CHURCHILL,  FLEET  WOOD  (1808-1878),  obste- 
trician ;  apprenticed  to  a  Nottingham  physician,  1822 ; 
studied  in  London,  Dublin,  Paris,  and  Edinburgh  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1831  ;  practitioner  in  Dublin ;  lectured  on 
obstetrics,  1856-64 ;  wrote  on  midwifery  ;  a  strong 
supporter  of  the  episcopal  church  in  Ireland,  [x.  313] 

CHURCHILL,  GEORGE  (1664  -  1710),  admiral  ; 
younger  son  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill  [q.  v.]  ;  naval 
volunteer,  1666 ;  lieutenant,  1672-4 ;  in  command  of  a 
ship,  1678-88 ;  made  haste  to  join  the  Prince  of  Orange  ; 
fought  at  Beachy  Head,  1690,  and  Barfleur,  1692 ;  left  the 
service,  1693  ;  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1699-1702 ; 
rear-admiral,  1701 ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1702  ;  actual 
manager  of  naval  affairs,  though  the  naval  administration 
was  conducted  in  the  name  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark, 
1702-8 ;  rendered  odious  by  his  rapacity  and  incompe- 
tence ;  M.P.  for  St.  Albans,  1700-8,  and  later  for  Ports- 
mouth, [x.  313] 

CHURCHILL,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1685),  master  of  the 
rolls ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1647 ;  practised  in 
chancery ;  possibly  M.P.,  1661-79  :  knighted,  1670  ;  cen- 
sured by  the  Commons  for  appearing  as  senior  counsel 
against  a  member,  1675 ;  recorder  of  Bristol,  1683  ;  master 
of  the  rolls,  1685  ;  M.P.,  Bristol,  1685.  [x.  314] 

CHURCHILL,  JOHN,  first  DUKE  OP  MARLBOROUGH 
(1650-1722),  eldest  surviving  sou  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill 
[q.  v.]- ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  favourite  of  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland  ;  page  to  James,  duke  of  York ;  and 
afterwards  his  confidential  servant;  ensign  in  the  foot 
guards,  September  1667  ;  served  at  Tangiers :  captain  of 
foot,  1672 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1672-7;  colonel  in  French  ser- 
vice, 1674  ;  colonel  of  foot,  February,  1678 ;  married,  1678, 
Sarah  Jennings  [see  CHURCHILL,  SARAH]  ;  envoy  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  and  offered  to  serve  under  him,  1678  ; 
accompanied  the  Duke  of  York  to  Holland,  1679,  and  to 
Scotland,  1679-82,  acting  as  agent  between  the  duke  and 
Charles  II  ;  created  Baron  Churchill  of  Ayinouth  in  the 
Scottish  peerage,  1682  ;  colonel  of  the  1st  dragoons,  1683 ; 
envoy  to  Louis  XIV,  1685;  created  Baron  Churchill  of 
Saudridge  in  the  English  peerage,  1685  :  chief  instrument 
in  crushing  Monmouth's  rebellion,  July  1685 ;  major- 
general  and  colonel  of  the  3rd  horse  guards,  1685 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1688 ;  entered  into  negotiations  with 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  1687,  and  expressed ;  readiness  to 
support  him,  August  1688 ;  vowed  fidelity  to  James  II, 
November  1688 ;  in  command  at  Salisbury  ;  went  over  to 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  24  Nov.  1688 ;  employed  in  quieting 


the  troops  ;  openly  voted  for  a  regency,  but  privately  in- 
duced the  Princess  Anne  to  consent  that  William  of 
Orange  should  reign  over  England  for  life  ;  created  Earl 
of  Marlborough,  1689 ;  commanded  the  English  troops 
in  Flanders,  1689 ;  commander- in-chief  in  England, 
1690  ;  captured  Cork  and  Kinsale,  1690 ;  accompanied 
William  III  to  Flanders,  1691 ;  opened  negotiations  with 
James  II,  1691 ;  persuaded  Princess  Anne  to  write  to  her 
father,  1691 ;  intrigued  with  the  army ;  dismissed  from 
his  offices,  1692  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  two  mouths, 
1692;  revenged  himself  by  causing  the  failure  of  the 
Brest  expedition,  1694  ;  his  overtures  to  William  III  re- 
jected, 1694  ;  voted  with  the  extreme  tories  in  the  Lords  ; 
voted  for  Sir  John  Fenwick's  [q.  v.]  attainder,  1696  ;  re- 
ceived back  into  favour,  1698 ;  governor  of  the  Duka 
of  Gloucester  (rf.  1700),  1698;  restored  to  his  com- 
mands ;  continued  to  vote  with  the  tories,  1701  ; 
accompanied  William  III  to  Holland,  July  1701; 
came  into  power  on  Anne's  accession.  1702  ;  K.G.,  1702  ; 
captain-general  of  the  forces,  1702-11;  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  1702-11 ;  procured  declaration  of  war  with 
France,  1702  ;  commander  of  the  forces  in  Holland  ;  de- 
layed by  the  supineuess  of  his  allies  ;  crossed  the  Meuse, 
July  1702 ;  took  Venloo,  September,  and  Rtiremonde 
and  Li6ge,  October  1702;  created  Duke  of  Marl- 

I  borough,  December  1702 ;  continued  to  vote  with  the 
tories ;  lost  his  only  eon,  February  1703 ;  opened  his 
next  campaign  by  taking  Bonn,  1703  ;  his  plans  thwarted 

I  by  the  incompetency  or  treachery  of  the  Dutch  generals  ; 

!  took  Limburg,  September  1703  ;  opposed  by  the  extreme 
tories  ;  obtained  their  dismissal  from  office,  but  failed  to 
conciliate  the  whigs  ;  persuaded  the  Dutch  to  assent  to  a 
campaign  on  the  Moselle,  1704 ;  transferred  his  army  to 
Bavaria ;  joined  Prince  Eugene,  June  1704 ;  forced  the 
Schellenberg,  2  July  ;  crushed  the  French  and  Bavarians 
at  Blenheim,  13  Aug.  1704 ;  arranged  for  a  campaign  on 
the  Moselle  in  1705 ;  visited  Berlin  ;  created  Prince  of 
Mindelheim  by  the  emperor  (November  1705) ;  voted 
Woodstock  Manor  and  Blenheim  Palace  by  parliament ; 
failed  to  persuade  the  Dutch  and  Germans  to  support  his 
favourite  plan  of  invading  France  by  the  Moselle,  April- 
June,  1705  ;  invaded  Brabant,  July  1705  ;  again  thwarted 
by  the  Dutch  general,  Slangeuberg  ;  visited  Vienna,  Ber- 
lin, and  Hanover  in  order  to  pacify  the  allies ;  opposed  at 
home  by  the  extreme  tories  ;  failed  to  persuade  the  Dutch 
to  undertake  a  campaign  in  Italy,  April  1706  ;  crushed 
the  French  at  Ramillies,  May  1706;  occupied  Brussels, 
Antwerp,  Ostend,  and  other  fortresses,  May-October  1706  ; 
confronted  by  great  jealousy  between  the  Dutch  and  the 
emperor,  which  was  fomented  by  Louis  XIV's  overtures ; 
weakened  by  the  growing  influence  of  the  whigs  at  home ; 
began  to  lose  Anne's  good  will ;  pensioned  by  parliament ; 
visited  the  Elector  of  Hanover,  Charles  XII  of  Sweden, 
and  the  king  of  Prussia,  1707 ;  deserted  by  the  emperor, 
who  sought  to  secure  Naples  by  a  separate  treaty  with 
France;  unable  to  take  the  field  effectually:  became 
involved  in  the  bitter  party  trife  between  the  whig  and 
tory  leaders,  and  forced  Anne  to  dismiss  Harley,  1708 ; 
provided  for  defence  against  the  Pretender's  attempted 
invasion,  1708  ;  delayed  by  the  tardiness  of  the  allies, 
May  1708  ;  crushed  the  French  at  Oudeuarde,  July  1708  ; 
took  Lille  and  Ghent,  December  1708 ;  took  part  in  abortive 
peace  negotiations  at  the  Hague,  May  1709,  missing  an 
opportunity  of  closing  the  war  on  reasonable  terms  ;  took 
Tournay;  his  attack  on  the  French  at  Malplaquet  de- 
layed by  the  allies,  and  the  victory  dearly  bought  in  con- 
sequence, 11  Sept.  1709  ;  took  Mous,  October  1709  ;  com- 
pletely lost  Anne's  personal  favour  through  his  duchess's 
bad  temper  and  his  application  to  be  captain-general  for 
life ;  attended  the  peace  conferences  at  Gertruydenberg, 
February  1710  ;  perceived  that  the  state  of  English  politics 
encouraged  France  to  continue  the  war ;  began  the  cacv- 
paign  in  April ;  took  Douay  and  some  minor  fortresses, 
1710  ;  lost  favour  of  Queen  Anne,  January  1711,  soon  after 
the  fall  of  the  whig  ministry ;  went  abroad  to  conduct  the 
campaign,  March  1711 ;  out-manoeuvred  Villars,  August 
1711 ;  took  Bouchain,  14  Sept.  1711 ;  accused  of  peculation 
soon  after  peace  had  been  concluded  with  France  by  the 
tory  ministry  ;  returned  to  England,  November  :  dismissed 
from  all  his  offices,  31  Dec.  1711;  charges  against  him 
dropped  by  the  hostile  ministry ;  withdrew  to  the  con- 
tinent, November  1712  :  lost  his  territory  at  Mindelheim, 
1713  ;  active  in  arranging  for  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
1714 ;  returned  to  England,  August  1714  ;  captain-general 
and  master  of  the  ordnance  ;  had  a  paralytic  stroke  aud 
fell  into  senile  decay,  1716.  [x.  815] 


CHURCHILL 


240 


CIBBER 


CHURCHILL,  JOHN  SPRIGGS  MOHSS  (1801-1875), 
medical  publisher ;  apprenticed  to  a  Loudon  firm  of 
medical  booksellers,  1816-23 ;  bought  u  business,  1832 ; 
gave  up  the  retail  trade,  1854  ;  issued  medical  text-books 
aud  journals  after  1837.  [x.  341] 

CHURCHILL,  JOHN  WINSTON  SPENCER,  sixth 
DUKE  OF  MARLBOROUGH  (1822-1883),  politician  ;  educated 
at  Eton,  1835-8,  and  Oxford,  1840  ;  as  Marquis  of  Bland- 
ford  was  M.P.,  Woodstock,  1844,  1847-57 ;  succeeded  to 
the  dukedom,  1857  ;  lord-steward  of  the  household,  1866  : 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1866-80.  [x.  341] 

CHURCHILL,  RANDOLPH  HENRY  SPENCER, 
commonly  known  a?  LORD  HANDOMMI  Cnrurim.!.  (1849- 
1894),  statesman  ;  third  ^on  of  John  Winston  Spencer 
Churchill,  sixth  duke  of  Marlborough  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  :  B.A.,  1870 ;  conservative 
M.P.  for  Woodstock,  1874  and  1880  ;  attracted  attention 
by  attack  on  subordinate  members  of  Disraeli  govern- 
ment, 1878  :  became  exponent  of  a  resolute  and  aggres- 
sive toryism,  assisted  by  Sir  Henry  Drnmmond  \Volff, 
Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  John)  Gorst,  and,  occasionally,  Mr. 
Arthur  Balfour ;  his  followers  received  nickname  of  the 
'Fourth  Party';  supported  Charles  Bradlaugh  [q.  v.]  : 
attacked  Irish  Compensation  for  Disturbance  Bill,  and 
while  advocating  the  policy  of  conciliation  in  Irish  affaire, 
strongly  opposed  any  compromise  with  home  rule :  fos- 
tered conservatism  among  working  classes  by  promoting, 
with  Mr.  Gorst's  assistance,  the  establishment  of  con- 
servative clubs,  and  by  establishing  and  popularising  the 
Primrose  League ;  took  prominent  part  in  discussion  of 
franchise  bill,  and  by  advocating  extension  of  franchise  to 
Ireland,  came  into  antagonism  with  a  section  of  his  own 
party,  but  was  subsequently  officially  accepted  as  one  of 
the  party  leaders  ;  visited  India,  1884 :  secretary  of  state 
for  India,  1885-6,  during  which  period  the  annexation  of 
Burmah  was  effected ;  unsuccessfully  opposed  Bright  in 
central  division  of  Birmingham  at  election  of  1885.  and 
was  returned  for  South  Paddington  ;  opposed  home  rule 
bill  ;  re-elected  for  South  Paddington,  1886  ;  chancellor  of 
exchequer  aud  leader  of  House  of  Commons,  1886 ;  re- 
signed offices,  December  1886,  being  unable  to  agree  with 
the  demands  on  the  public  purse  made  by  the  ministers 
for  the  army  and  navy;  honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge, 
1888 ;  travelled  for  health  and  recreation  in  South  Africa, 
1891,  and  contributed  series  of  letters  to  '  Daily  Graphic ' 
(published,  1892,  as 'Men,  Mines,  and  Animals  in  South 
Africa');  re-elected  for  South  PadHington,  1892:  at- 
tacked home  rule  bill  and  Mr.  Asquith's  Welsh  church 
bill ;  died  of  general  paralysis.  [SuppL  ii.  9] 

CHURCHILL,  SARAH,  DUCHESS  OF  MARLBOROUGH 
(1660-1744),  tide  Jennings  :  maid  of  honour  to  Princess 
Anne  before  1676;  married  John  Churchill  (1650-1722) 
[q.  v.],  1678 ;  became  Lady  Churchill,  1682  ;  lady  of  the 
bedchamber  to  Anne,  now  princess  of  Denmark,  1683  ;  ac- 
quired an  absolute  ascendency  over  Anne's  weak  mind ; 
helped  Anne  to  escape  to  Nottingham  on  the  news  of 
James  II's  resolve  to  fly,  1688  ;  induced  Anne  to  accept 
William  III  as  king,  1689;  became  Countess  of  Marl- 
borough,  1689;  helped  Anne  to  secure  a  large  parlia- 
mentary allowance,  1689 :  pensioned  by  Anne,  1690 ; 
persuaded  Anne  to  open  negotiations  with  her  father, 
December  1691 ;  retained  by  Anne  in  defiance  of  William 
and  Mary,  1692  ;  mistress  of  the  robes  and  keeper  of  the 
privy  purse  on  Queen  Anne's  accession,  1702  ranger  of 
Windsor  Park,  1702  ;  began  to  lose  hold  on  Anne  by  her 
want  of  tact  and  violence  of  temper ;  introduced,  before 
1707,  her  relative,  Abigail  Hill  (Mrs.  Masham),  to  the 
queen's  service,  by  whom  she  was  ousted ;  behaved  im- 
periously to  Queen  Anne,  1707-10 ;  sent  in  her  accounts 
as  keeper  of  the  privy  purse,  deducting  2,OOOJ.  a  year  as 
her  pension  since  1702,  1711 ;  went  abroad,  1713 ;  after 
the  duke's  death  in  1722  plunged  into  family  quarrels 
and  lawsuits ;  at  bitter  feud  with  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ; 
wrote  memoirs  of  her  life,  published  1742.  [x.  316] 

CHURCHHLL,  8m  WINSTON  (1620  ?-1688),  politi- 
cian ;  educated  at  Oxfdrd,  1636 ;  impoverished  by  the 
civil  war;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1661-&;  knighted,  1663; 
comptreller  of  the  board  of  green  cloth ;  M.P.,  Lynn 
Kegis,  1685-7 ;  published  '  Divi  Britanuici,'  1675. 

CHURCHYARD,  THOMAS  (1620?-1604),X'miscel- 
laneous.  writer ;  page  to  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey ;  lived  a 
wandering  fife,  partly  as  a  soldier  in  Scotland,  Ireland, 
France,  aud  the  Low  Countries,  partly  us  a  hauger-ou  of 


the  court  and  the  nobility;  at  the  siege  of  Leith.  l.sc.o- 
pensioned  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  1592  ;  publishe-l.  before 
1553,  'A  myrrour  for  man';  between  1560  and  1G03 
issued  a  multitude  of  broadsheets  aud  small  volume.-  in 
verse  and  prtse,  several  containing  autobiographical  pieces 
and  notices  of  current  events ;  sometimes  wrote  in  the 
hope  of  getting  a  little  money  for  the  dedication  ;  his  best- 
known  pieces  are  '  Shore's  Wife,'  1563,  and  '  The  Worthi- 
nes  of  Wales,'  1587.  [x.  343] 

CHURTON,  EDWARD  (1800-1874),  theologian; 
second  son  of  Ralph  Churton  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charter- 
house and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1824  ;  rector  of 
Crayke,  Yorkshire,  1835,  and  archdeacon  of  Cleveland, 
1846-74  ;  published  '  Notes  on  the  Basque  Churches '  and 
'Gongora  .  .  .  with  translations'  (from  the  Spanish), 
1862 ;  wrote  poems  and  works  on  Anglican  theology  ana 
church  history.  [x.  346] 

CHURTON,  RALPH  (1754-1831),  biographer  :  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1772;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1778; 
rector  of  Middleton  Cheney,  Northamptonshire,  1792,  and 
archdeacon  of  St.  David's,  1805-31 ;  published  sermons 
and  lives  of  the  founders  of  Brasenose  College,  of  Alex 
ander  Nowell,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  others.  [x.  347] 

CHURTON,  WILLIAM  RALPH  (d.  1828),  author; 
third  sou  of  Ralph  Churton  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1824  ;  M.A.,  1825  ;  his  '  Remains '  privately 
printed,  1830.  [x.  347] 

CHUTE  or  CHEWT,  ANTHONY  (d.  1595?),  poet; 
attorney's  clerk ;  possibly  purser  with  the  Portugal  expe- 
dition, 1589 ;  attached  himself  to  Gabriel  Harvey  ;  pub- 
lished 'Beawtie  dishonoured,  written  under  the  title  of 
Shore's  Wife,'  and  verses  against  Thomas  Nashe,  1593; 
satirised  by  Nashe,  1596.  [x.  347] 

CHUTE,  CHALONER  (d.  1659),  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple ;  practised 
in  chancery ;  much  employed  as  royalist  counsel,  1641 ; 
bought  the  Vyne,  Hampshire,  1653  ;  elected  M.P.  for 
Middlesex,  1656,  but  was  excluded ;  M.P.  for  Middlesex, 
1659  ;  speaker,  27  Jan.-9  March  1659.  [x.  348] 

CIARAN,  SAINT  (516-549),  of  Clonmacnpi  ;  com- 
memorated on  9  Sept. ;  spelt  also  Keyrau,  Kieran,  and 
Quiaranus;  son  of  an  Ulster  refugee;  educated  by  St. 
Finnian  in  Meath ;  obtained  Olonmacnois,  548,  and 
founded  the  monastery  there.  [x.  349] 

CIARAN,  SAINT  (/.  500-560),  of  Saigir,  bishop  of 
Ossory ;  commemorated  on  5  March ;  born  on  Clear 
Island ;  a  hermit  in  King's  County ;  founded  the  monastery 
of  Saigir  or  SeirMeran,  near  Birr.  [x.  350] 

CIBBER  or  CIBERT,  OAIUS  GABRIEL  (1630- 
1700),  sculptor ;  born  in  Holstein ;  trained  at  Rome ; 
brought  to  England  by  John  Stone ;  his  works  include 
figures  for  Bethlehem  Hospital,  1680,  and  the  phoenix 
above  the  south  door  of  St.  Paul's.  [x.  352] 

CIBBER,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1760  ?).    [See  CHAKKE.] 


OOLLEY  (1671-1757),  actor  and  dramatist ; 
son  of  Caius  Gabriel  Gibber  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Grantham 
school,  1682-7;  served  in  the  Earl  of  Devonshire's  levy 
for  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1688 :  joined  united  companies 
at  Theatre  Royal,  1690 ;  known  as  '  Mr.  Oolley ' ;  played 
minor  parts,  1691 ;  failed  in  tragedy,  but  made  a  good 
impression  in  comedy;  1692-4  ;  brought  out  his  first  play, 
'  Love's  Last  Shift,'  1696  ;  recognised  as  the  leading  actor 
of  eccentric  characters,  1697-1732;  brought  out  some 
thirty  dramatic  pieces,  1697-1748,  including  several  smart 
comedies  :  obtained  a  profitable  share  in  the  management 
of  Drury  Lane,  c.  1711,  and  held  it  in  spite  of  the  machi- 
nations of  the  tones ;  brought  out '  The  Nonjuror,'  1717, 
a  play  directed  against  the  Jacobites  ;  fiercely  attacked 
by  other  writers  on  his  appointment  as  poet  laureate, 
December  1730 ;  '  retired '  from  the  stage,  1733,  but  re- 
appeared at  intervals  till  1745  :  published  an  autobio- 
graphy entitled  'Apology  for  the  Life  of  Colley  Cibbcr, 
Comedian,'  1740,  two  letters  to  Pone,  1742-4,  a  poor  •  ("ha- 
racter  ...  of  Cicero,'  1747,  uiul  some  worthless  official 
odes  ;  made  by  Pope  the  hero  of  the  '  Dunciad '  (1742).  The 
title  of  the  chap-book, '  Colley  Gibber's  Jests,'  1761,  shows 
his  notoriety.  [x.  352] 

CIBBER,  SUSANNAH  MARIA  (1714-1766),  actress ; 
nte  Arne ;  well  educated ;  murried,  1734,  Theophilus  Cibber 
[q.  v.]  ;  separated  from  her  husband,  1738;  first  sung  in 


GIBBER 


241 


CLARE 


opera  at  the  Haymarket,  1732 ;  first  appeared  iii  tragedy, 
1736  ;  highly  esteemed  as  a  vocalist,  both  in  oratorio  and 
opera ;  an  "<*pi-dul  favourite  with  Handel ;  failed  in 
comedy  fail«-l  in  tragedy  till  she  shook  off  the  old- 
fashionwl  style  of  declamation  ;  acknowledged  as  a  power- 
ful t  r:i"edian,  1744;  joined  Garrick's  company  at  Drury 
Laue,  1753  ;  wrote  a  comedy,  'The  Oracle,'  1752. 

GIBBER,  THEOPHILDS  (1703-1758),  actor  and 
playwright;  son  of  Colley  Gibber  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
WincU.-iter;  first  appeared  on  the  stage,  1721 ;  continued 
to  act  at  various  London  theatres  with  success,  till 
death  ;  appeared  at  Dublin,  1743  ;  published  a  life  of  Barton 
Booth, '  Dissertations  on  Theatrical  Subjects,'  1756,  a  few 
dramatic  pieces,  1730-57,  and  pamphlet*.  '  Lives  of  the 
Poete,'  1753,  which  has  Gibber's  name  on  the  title-page, 
was  mainly  compiled  by  Robert  Shiels  [q.  v.]  [x.  362] 

CILIAN,  SAINT  (d.  697),  apostle  of  Franconia ;  com- 
mi-inonitcd  on  8  July ;  spelt  also  Kilian,  Ohillianus, 
(Jii'liuims,  and  Quilliauus ;  born  in  Cavan ;  a  bishop  iu 
Ireland;  went  to  Frauconia,  c.  689 ;  martyred  at  Wlirz- 
burg.  [*•  36S] 

CIMELUATJO  (d.  927),  bishop  of  Llandaff :  given 
estates  for  the  church  of  Llandaff  by  Brochmael  [q.  v.], 
king  of  Qweut ;  excommunicated  Brochmael ;  taken 
prisoner  by  the  vikings,  918,  but  ransomed  by  Bad  ward 
the  elder ;  his  name  spelt  in  modern  Welsh,  Oyfeiliawg  ; 
supposed  by  some  to  be  Saint  Oyfelach.  [x.  364] 

CIPRIANI,  GIOVANNI  BATTISTA  (1727-1785),  his- 
torical painter  and  engraver  ;  born  in  Florence  ;  went  to 
Rome,  1750 ;  came  to  London,  1755  ;  taught  drawing, 
1758 ;  R.A.,  1768 ;  exhibited,  1769-83 ;  a  prolific  book- 
illustrator,  [x.  364] 

CIRENCESTER,  RICHARD  OF  (d.  1401?),  chro- 
nicler; monk  of  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  1355;  visited 
Jerusalem,  1391 ;  returned  to  the  abbey ;  compiled  '  Specu- 
lum Historiale,'  447-1066  A.D.  ;  wrote  other  works  now 
lost.  Charles  Bertram  [q.  v.]  fathered  on  him  a  famous 
forgery, '  De  situ  Britanniae.'  [x.  365] 

CLAGETT,  NICHOLAS,  the  elder  (1610  ?-1663), 
puritan ;  entered  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1628 ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  1634 ;  vicar  of  Melbourne,  Derbyshire,  e. 
1636 ;  preacher  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1644-62  ;  published 
•The  Abuse  of  God's  Grace,'  1669.  [x.  366] 

CLAGETT,  NICHOLAS,  the  younger  (1654-1727), 
controversialist ;  son  of  Nicholas  Clagett  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Norwich  and  Cambridge ;  D.D.,  1704 ; 
preacher  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1680-1727;  rector  of 
Thurlow  Parva,  Norfolk,  1683 ;  archdeacon  of  Sudbury, 
1693 ;  rector  of  Hitcham,  Suffolk,  1707 ;  published  pam- 
phlets, 1683-1710.  [x.  366] 

CLAGETT,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1746),  bishop  of  Exeter ; 
BOD  of  Nicholas  Clagett  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  D.D.  Cam- 
bridge ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1724 ;  bishop  of  St.  David's, 


1732  ;  translated  to  Exeter,  1742. 


[x.  366] 


CLAGETT,  WILLIAM  (1646-1688X  controversialist ; 
eldest  son  of  Nicholas  Clagett  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1659 ;  M.A.,  1667 ;  D.D., 
1683  ;  preacher  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  1672-80  ;  preacher 
at  Gray's  Inn,  1680,  and  at  St.  Michael  Basslshaw,  1686  ; 
rector  of  Farnham  Royal,  Buckinghamshire,  1683  ;  pub- 
lished treatises  against  nonconformity  and  Romanism, 
1680-9.  His  sermons  appeared  posthumously,  1689-1720. 

[x.  367] 

CLAGGET,  CHARLES  (1740  ?-1820  ?),  musician  ;  in 
the  orchestra  at  the  Dublin  theatre,  e.  1766  ;  came  to 
London,  1778  ;  patented  musical  Inventions,  1776  and 
1788  ;  visited  by  Haydn,  1792  ;  published  pamphlets. 

[x.  368] 

CLAIRMONT,  CLARA  MARY  JANE  (1798-1879), 
called  herself  '  Claire ' ;  daughter,  by  a  former  marriage,  of 
Mary  Jane,  second  wife  of  William  Godwin  ;  accompanied 
Mary  Godwin,  her  step-sister  (1814).  in  her  elopement  with 
Shelley;  became  intimate  with  Lord  Byron,  1816  ;  with  the 
Shelleys,  followed  Byron  to  Switzerland  ;  gave  birth  to  a 
daughter,  AUegra,  at  Bath,  January  1817  ;  accompanied 
the  Shelleys  to  Italy,  1818  ;  ner  daughter  taken  from  her 
by  Byron,  1818,  and  placed  in  a  convent  near  Ravenna, 
182i  ;  governess  in  Russia  and  Italy  ;  resided  in  Paris  and 
Florence ;  embraced  Romanbm.  [x.  3G9] 


CLANBRASSIL,  first  BARON  (1788-1870).  [See 
JOCELYN,  ROBERT.] 

CLANCARTY,  fourth  EARL  OF  (1668-1734).  [See 
MACCARTHY,  DONOQH.] 

CLANCARTY,  second  EARL  of  the  second  creation, 
and  first  VISCOUNT  or  (1767-1837).  [See  TRENCH,  RI- 
CHARD LE  POER.] 

CLANEBOYE,  first  VISCOUNT  (1559-1643).  [See 
HAMILTON,  JAMES.] 

CLANNY,  WILLIAM  REID  (1776-1850),  inventor 
(1812)  of  a  mining  safety-lamp  ;  educated  in  Edinburgh  : 
M.D.,  1803 ;  practitioner  at  Bishops wearmouth  ;  published 
medical  tracts.  [x.  370] 

CLANRICARDE,  fifth  EARL  OF  (1604-1657).  [See 
BUKQH,  ULICK  DE.] 

CLANWILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  (1795-1879).  [See 
MEADE,  RICHARD  GEORGE  FRANCIS.] 

CLAPHAM,  DAVID  (d.  1551),  translator  (1542-5)  of 
Cornelius  Agrippa ;  LL.B.  Cambridge,  1533  ;  practised  at 
Doctors'  Commons.  [x.  371] 

CLAPHAM,  HENOCH  (fl.  1600),  theological  writer  ; 
pastor  of  an  English  congregation  at  Amsterdam,  1596-8  ; 
pastor  in  London,  1603 ;  imprisoned,  1603-5 ;  possibly 
vicar  of  Northbourne,  Kent,  1607  ;  published  devotional 
and  doctrinal  treatises,  1695-7,  tracts  against  schismatics, 
1600-9,  and  tracts  on  the  plague  of  1603, 1603-4. 


[x.  371] 
! ;  M.A.  Cam- 


CLAPHAM,  SAMUEL  (1755-1830X  divine ; 
bridge,  1784 ;  vicar  of  Great  Ouseburn,  Yorkshire,  1797 ; 
vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Hampshire,  1802 ;  rector  of  Gus- 
sage  St.  Michael,  Dorset,  1806 ;  published  sermons  and  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [x.  372] 

CLAPOLE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1286).  [See  OLAPWELL.] 
CLAPPERTON,  HUGH  (1788-1827),  African  explorer  ; 
cabin-boy,  1801 ;  pressed  for  the  navy  ;  midshipman  ; 
served  in  the  East  Indies,  1808-13,  and  in  Canada,  1814- 
1817 ;  placed  on  half-pay ;  travelled  in  Nigeria,  1822-5  ; 
commander  R.N.,  1825  ;  travelled  again  in  Nigeria,  1825- 
1827 ;  died  near  Sokota.  Accounts  of  his  travels  were 
published  by  his  companions  Dixon  Denham,  1826,  and 
Richard  Lander,  1830.  [x.  372] 

CLAPWELL  or  KNAPWELL,  RICHARD  (fl.  1286% 
Dominican ;  spelt  also  '  Olapole ' ;  D.D.  Oxford  ;  wrote 
on  scholastic  theology  ;  condemned  for  heresy  by  Francis- 
can primate  (Peckham),  1286,  and  Franciscan  pope 
(Nicholas  IV),  1288  ;  withdrew  to  Bologna.  [x.  374] 

CLARE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CLARE,  RICHARD  DR,  first 
EARL,  d.  1090  ?  ;  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  second  EARL,  d. 
1115  ? ;  CLARE,  RICHARD  DE,  third  EARL,  d.  1136  ?  ; 
CLARE,  ROGER  DE,  fifth  EARL,  d.  1173  ;  CLARE,  GILBERT 
DE,  seventh  EARL,  d.  1230  ;  CLARK,  RICHARD  DK,  eighth 
EARL,  1222-1262  ;  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  ninth  EARL,  1243- 
1295;  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  tenth  EARL,  1291-1314; 
HOLLES,  JOHN,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1664  ?- 
1637 ;  HOLLES,  JOHN,  second  EARL,  1595-1666  ;  HOLLE?, 
GILBERT,  third  EARL,  1633-1689 ;  HOLLES,  JOHN,  fourth 
EARL,  1662-1711;  PELHAM-HO»LKS,  THOMAS,  first  EARL 
of  the  third  creation,  1693-1768  ;  FITZGIBBON,  JOHN,  first 
EARL  of  the  fourth  creation,  1749-1802.] 

GLARE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  O'BRIKN,  DANIEL,  first 
VISCOUNT,  1577P-1663;  O'BRiEN,  DANIEL,  third  VIS- 
COUNT, d.  1690;  O'BRIEN,  CHARLES,  fifth  VISCOUNT,  d. 
1706  ;  O'BRIEN,  CHARLES,  sixth  VISCOUNT,  1699-1761.] 

CLARE,  DE,  FAMILY  OF;  took  its  name  from  the 
manor  of  Clare,  Suffolk;  founded  by  Richard  de  Clare 
(d.  1090  ?)  [q.  v.],  who  followed  the  Conqueror  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  son  of  Gilbert  (d.  1039),  count  of  Eu  or 
Brionne,  and  grandson  of  Godfrey,  a  bastard  of  Richard 
(d.  996)  '  the  Fearless,'  duke  of  Normandy.  Richard's  son, 
Gilbert  de  Clare  (d.  1115  ?),  [q.  v.],  conquered  lands  in 
Wales.  From  him,  by  his  elder  son,  descended  the  Earls 
of  Hertford  or  Clare,  and  by  his  younger  son  the  Earls  of 
Pembroke  or  Strigul.  The  house  attained  its  zenith  in 
Gilbert  de  Clare  (d.  1230)  [q.  v.]  The  male  line  ended  in 
Gilbert  de  Clare,  tenth  earl  [q.  v.]  The  dukedom  of 
'Clarence'  created  1362,  when  the  tenth  Earl's  grand- 
niece  married  Edward  Ill's  third  son  Lionel  [q.  v.] 

[x.  375] 


CLARE 


242 


CLARGES 


CLARE.  KLI/ABETH  DK  (1291  ?-1360),  third 
daughter  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  ninth  carl  (1243-1295)  [q.  v.]  ; 
Itoru  lit  Acre;  married  (1)  John  de  Burgh  (</.  1313),  son 
of  Richard,  second  earl  of  Ulster :  (2)  Theobald,  baron 
Verdon  (c/.  1316);  (3)  Robert  (or  Roger),  baron  Damory 
(./.  1321);  became  (1314),  on  the  death  of  her  brother  Gil- 
bert declare,  tenth  earl  [q.  v.],  Lady  of  Clare ;  endowed, 
1336,  University  Hall,  Cambridge  (afterwards  called  Clare 
Hall  or  College),  and  gave  it  a  body  of  statutes,  1359. 

[x.  376] 

CLARE,  GILBERT  DE  (d.  1115  ?),  baronial  leader ;  son 
of  Richard  de  Clare  (d.  1090  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  tried  to  hold  Tun- 
bridge  Castle  against  Rufus,  1088 ;  in  attendance  on 
Rufus,  1100,  and  on  Henry  1, 1101  ;  conquered  Cardigan, 
1107  or  1111.  [x.  377] 

CLARE,  GILBERT  DK,  seventh  EARL  OF  CLARK, 
fifth  EMU,  OF  HERTFORD,  and  sixth  EARL  OF  GLOU- 
CESTER ('/.  123d),  among  the  twenty-five  barons  appointed 
to  carry  out  Magua  Charta,  1215 ;  excommunicated  by 
Innocent  III,  1216 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  the  earldom  of 
Hertford,  c.  1217;  inherited,  through  his  mother,  the 
earldom  of  Gloucester,  1217  :  fought  against  the  Welsh, 
1228  :  attended  Henry  HI  to  Brittany,  1230.  [x.  378] 

CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  called  the  '  Red,'  ninth  EARL 
OF  GLARE,  seventh  EARL  OK  HERTFORD,  and  eighth  EARL 
OF  GLOUCESTER  (1243-1295),  son  of  Richard  de  Clare, 
eighth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  married  Alice,  niece  of  Henry  III, 
1253;  succeeded  to  the  earldoms,  July  1262;  refused  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Prince  Edward,  1263  ;  acted  with 
Simon  de  Montfort,  1263 ;  was  reconciled  to  Henry  III, 
October  1263;  in  arms  against  Henry;  massacred  the 
Jews  of  Canterbury,  1264 ;  commanded  the  centre  at 
Lewes,  1264 ;  quarrelled  with  De  Moutfort,  November 
1264;  protected  the  banished  marcher  lords;  fled  to 
the  Welsh  marches,  1265;  joined  Prince  Edward, 
and  prevented  De  Montfort  from  crossing  the  Severn  : 
commanded  division  at  Evesham,  August  1265  ;  joined 
Prince  Edward  in  reducing  the  Cinque  ports,  1266; 
pleaded  for  the  disinherited  barons,  266  ;  refused  to  at- 
tend parliament,  January  1267  ;  took  London,  1267,  but 
was  reconciled  to  Henry  III  two  months  afterwards; 
took  the  cross,  1268 :  obtained  the  restoration  of  their 
lands  to  the  disinherited  barons,  1271 ;  proclaimed  Ed- 
ward I,  Novemtjer  1272  ;  divorced  his  first  wife,  1271  (or 
1285);  fought  against  the  Welsh,  1276-1283;  married 
Joan,  daughter  of  Edward  I,  1290  ;  took  the  cross,  1290  : 
imprisoned  for  making  private  war,  1291 ;  driven  out  of 
Wales  by  a  native  rising,  1294.  [x.  378] 

CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  tenth  EARL  OF  CLARE, 
eighth  EARL  OF  HERTFORD,  and  ninth  EARL  OK  GLOU- 
CESTER (1291-1314),  son  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  ninth  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  ward  of  Ralph  de  Monthermer,  1296  ;  companion 
of  Edward  II :  served  in  Scotland,  1306  ;  summoned  to 
parliament,  1308;  commanded  the  English  forces  in 
Scotland,  1309  :  adhered  to  Edward  II  in  his  dispute  with 
Lancaster,  1310 :  mediated  between  Edward  II  and  Lan- 
caster, 1313  ;  killed  at  Banuockburn,  1314.  [x.  382] 

CLARE,  JOHN  (1577-1628),  reputed  author  of  a 
Romanist  tract  ( "The  Converted  Jew'),  published  1630 ; 
tx)rn  in  Wiltshire :  Jesuit,  1605  ;  tutor  at  Louvaiu  and 
Rome  ;  became  rector  of  the  Jesuits  in  Wales  before  1628. 

[x.  383] 

CLARE,  JOHN  (1793-1864),  poet;  sou  of  a 
Northamptonshire  labourer ;  a  herd-boy :  attended  night- 
schools  ;  under-gardener  ;  read  Thomson's  '  Seasons,* 
1808 ;  wrote  songs ;  kept  dissolute  company  ;  militiaman 
at  Oundle,  1812  :  a  vagrant :  issued  proposal  to  print  his 
poems,  1817 :  published  his  first  volume,  1820 ;  visited 
London,  1820,  1822,  1824,  1828  ;  failed  as  a  farmer,  1827 
and  1831 ;  in  constant  poverty,  although  holding  annui- 
ties of  452.  a  year  ;  became  imbecile,  1837 ;  published 
*  Poems  ...  of  Rural  Life,'  1820,  'The  Village  Minstrel,' 
1821  '  Shepherd's  Calendar,'  1827,  and  'The  Rural  Muse,' 
1835.  [x.  384] 

GLARE,  OSBERT  DE  (>f.  1136),  hagiologist;  monk 
of  Westminster;  banished  from  the  monastery,  e.  1129- 
1133;  elected  prior,  1136;  sent  to  Rome  to  advocate 
canonisation  of  Edward  the  Oonfesior,  1141;  again 
expelled  from  the  monastery ;  wrote  lives  of  Saints 
Eadmund,  ^Ethelberht,  Eadburh,  and  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor ;  a  volume  of  his  letters  published,  1846.  [x.  386] 

CLARE,  PETER  (1738-1786),  London  surgeon  ;  pub- 
lished modic-ul  tracts,  1778-80.  [x.  388] 


CLARE,  SIR  RALPH  (1587-1670),  royalist:  fought 
at  Worcester,  1642  and  1661  ;  impoverished  by  the  civil 
war  ;  opponent  of  Richard  Baxter.  [x.  388] 

CLARE,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1090  ?),  founder  of  the 
family  of  dj  Clare  [q.  v.] ;  known  as  Richard  Fitzftilbert 
or  Richard  of  Tonbridge  ;  received  i^tnu-s  in  SutTolk  and 
Kent ;  chief  justiciar,  1075  :  in  attendance  on  William  I 
1080-1.  [x. 389] 

CLARE,  RICHARD  UE  (d.  1136?),  son  of  Gilbert  de 
Clare  (d.  1115  ?)  [q.  v.] ;    perhaps   the  first  to 
surname  of  Clare:    possibly  created  Earl  of  Hertford- 
killed  by  the  Welsh  ;  founded  Tonbridge  Priory,  [x.389] 

CLARE,  RICHARD  I>L\  or  RICHARD  STRONC  BOW, 
jccoud  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE  AND  STRIOUL  (<J.  1 1  r 
ceeded  to  the  estates,  1148:  signed  the  treaty  of  West- 
minster, 11 53;  allowed  to  retain  the  title  (one  of  Stephen'? 
creations);  said  to  have  lost  his  estates,  e.  1167  ;  escorted 
['rhuvss  Matilda  to  Germany,  1168;  induced  by  the  de- 
throned Dermot  [see  MACMURCHADA,  DIAK.MID]  to  inter- 
vene in  Leinster,  1168  ;  stormed  Waterford,  1170  :  married 
Eva,  eldest  daughter  of  Dermot;  reached  Dublin,  Sep- 
tember: invaded  Meath  and  wintered  at  Waterford  :  tried 
to  soothe  Henry  II's  jealousy  by  offering  him  his  Irish 
conquests,  1171 ;  confronted  by  an  Irish  risincr  on 
Dermot's  death,  1171 :  defeated  Roderic  O'Connor  at 
Dublin,  July  1171:  put  to  death  Murrough  O'Brien; 
forced  to  surrender  his  castles  and  seaports  to  Henry  II; 
kept  court  at  Kildare,  while  King  Henry  was  marohH 
through  Ireland,  1171-2  ;  summoned  to  Normandy  to  aid 
King  Henry,  1173;  granted  Wexford,  Waterford,  and 
Dublin;  defeated  in  Muuster,  1174;  held  hostages  from 
all  the  great  Irish  princes,  1175  ;  according  to  legend  slew 
his  sou  for  cowardice.  [x.  390] 

CLARE,  RICHARD  DK,  eighth  EARL  OF  GLARE, 
sixth  EARL  OF  HERTFORD,  and  seventh  EARL  OF  GLOU- 
CESTER (1222-1262),  son  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  seventh  earl 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded,  while  still  a  minor,  1230 ;  obtained 
possession  of  his  Glamorgan  estates,  1240 ;  defeated  by 
the  Welsh,  1244  :  went  on  pilgrimage,  1249  ;  visited  the 
pope  at  Lyons,  1250  :  ref  used  to  join  Henry  Ill's  expedi- 
tion to  Gascony,  1253  ;  envoy  to  Scotland,  1255,  and  to 
Germany,  1256;  defeated  by  the  Welsh,  1257:  joined 
Simon  de  Montfort  against  the  king,  1258 ;  quarrelled 
with  De  Montfort,  1259 ;  in  friendly  attendance  on  the 
king,  1259-61 :  quarrelled  with  Prince  Edward,  1261. 

[x.  393] 

CLARE,  ROGER  DE,  fifth  EARL  OF  CLARE  and 
third  EARL  OF  HERTFORD  (</.  1173),  younger  son  of 
Richard  de  Clare  (d.  1136  ?),  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  brother 
Gilbert  in  the  title  and  estates,  1152;  signed  treaty  of 
Westminster,  1153;  conquered  part  of  Cardigan,  1157: 
defeated  by  Rhys  ap  Grtiffudd,  c.  1159  ;  in  France,  1160-1 ; 
refused  Archbishop  Becket's  claim  for  homage  for  Ton- 
bridge  Castle,  1163;  again  defeated  by  Rhys,  1163;  in 
France,  1171.  [x.  396] 

CLARE,  WALTER  DK  (d.  1138?),  founder  of  Tiutern 
Abbey,  a  monastery  for  Cistercians,  1131.  [x.  397] 

CLAREMBALD  (/.  1161),  secular  priest;  made 
abbot  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  by  Henry  II,  1161 ; 
removed  by  the  pope,  1176 ;  a  justiciar,  1170.  [x.  397] 

CLARENCE,  DUKES  OF.  [See  LIONEL.  1338-1368; 
THOMAS,  1388  ?-1421 ;  GEORGE,  1449-1478 ;  WILLIAM  IV, 
1765-1887.] 

CLARENCE  AND  AVONDALE,  DUKE  OF  (1864- 
1892).  [See  ALBERT  VICTOR.] 

CLARENDON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  HYDE,  EDWARD,  first 
EARL,  1609-1674 ;  HYDK,  HENRY,  second  EARL,  1638- 
1700;  VILLIERS,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  of  the  second  crea- 
tion, 1709-1786  ;  VILLIERS,  JOHN  CHARLES,  third  i:  uu., 
1757-1838:  VILLIERH,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  FREDERICK, 
fourth  EARL,  1800-1870.] 

CLARENDON,  SIR  ROGER  (d.  1402),  reputed  bastard 
son  of  the  Black  Prince ;  hanged  by  Henry  IV  as  being 
a  possible  pretender.  [x.  398] 

CLARGES,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1695),  politician: 
styled  M.D. ;  brother-in-law  of  George  Monck,  1654  ;  sat 
as  a  Scottish  member  in  the  Commonwealth  parliaments, 
1656  and  1658 ;  intermediary  between  Mouck  and  the 
Commonwealth  leaders;  muster-master  general,  16 GO: 
conveyed  to  Charles  II  the  invitation  of  parliament  to 


CLARIBEL 


243 


CLARK 


i-D,  Muy  1660;  kuighted ;  M.P.  for  Westminster, 
1660,  for  Southwark,  1666,  for  Ohristchurch,  1679-85, 
and  for  Oxford  University,  1689,  1690.  [x.  398] 

CLARIBEL  (pseudonym).  [See BARNARD, OH ARLOTTK 

ALIM;T".\,  1830-1869.] 

CLARIDGE,  RICHARD (1649-1723),  quaker  minister ; 

B.A.   Oxford,   1670;    M.A.,  1677;     rector  of  Peopleton, 

\Vnr.v-u-r.-liire,    1C73-91 ;     preacher    in    Oxford,    1692  ; 

t    pn-uchi-r    nnd   schoolmaster  in    London,   1692 ; 

joiiuil  tin-  quiikiTs,  1696  ;   quaker  minister,  1697  ;  school- 

r  ;it   Barking,   1702,  and  at  Tottenham,  1707-23; 

published  political  and  controversial  tracts,  1689-1714; 

author  of  other  works,  which  appeared  posthumously. 

[x.  399] 

CLARINA,  BARON  (1719-1804).  [See  MAS.SEY, 
EYIU:.] 

CLARIS,   JOHN  CHALK  (1797 ?-1866),  journalist; 
;?cd   at    Canterbury;    edited    the    'Kent   Herald,' 
1826-05 ;    published  poems,    1816-22,    under    the   name 
ABTHCK  BROOKE.  [x.  400] 

CLARK.    [See  also  CLARKE,  CLERK,  and  CLKRKE.] 

CLARK,  SIR  ANDREW  (1826-1893),  physician; 
apprenticed  in  Dundee ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  M.R.O.S. 
England,  1844;  joined  naval  medical  service,  1846; 
M.R.C.P.  London,  and  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1854 ;  F.R.C.P., 
1858  ;  Croonian  lecturer,  1868  ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1886, 
and  president,  1888  till  death ;  physician  to  London 
Hospital,  1866-86 ;  created  baronet,  1833  ;  P.R.S.,  1885. 

[Suppl.  ii.  23] 

CLARK,  CHARLES  (1806-1880),  proprietor  of  the 
Great  Totham  press  ;  farmer  at  Great  Totham ;  printed 
a  '  History  of  Great  Totham,'  1831,  and  many  satirical 
broadsides  ;  issued  reprints  of  scarce  tracts  ;  withdrew  to 
Heybridge,  Essex,  before  1859.  [x.  400] 

CLARK,  EDWIN  (1814-1894),  engineer ;  brother  of 
•  Joeiah  Latimer  Clark  [q.  v.]  ;  superintending  engineer  of 
Menai  Straits  bridge  ;  engineer  to  Electric  and  Inter- 
national Telegraph  Company,  1850 ;  M.I.O.E.,  1850  ; 
patented  various  electric  and  hydraulic  appliances. 

[Suppl.  ii.  26] 

CLARK,  FREDERICK  SCOTS9N  (1840-1883), 
organist ;  organist  and  music  master  in  London,  1854- 
1865 ;  organist  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1865 ;  Mus. 
Bac.,  1867  ;  Anglican  chaplain  abroad  ;  organ-master  in 
London,  1875, 1880  ;  composed  slight  pieces.  [x.  400] 

CLARK,  GEORGE  AITKEN  (1823-1873),  manu- 
facturer and  philanthropist ;  threadmaker  in  Paisley 
and  America  ;  benefactor  of  Glasgow  University  and  of 
Paisley.  [x.  401] 

CLARK,  GEORGE  THOMAS  (1809-1898),  engineer 
and  archaeologist  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  ;  employed 
under  Brunei  on  Great  Western  Railway;  engaged  on 
sewerage,  salt,  and  railway  works  in  India,  1843;  on  board  of 
health  ;  trustee  of  Dowlais  estate  and  ironworks  under  will 
of  Sir  Josiah  John  Guest  [q.  v.],  1852,  and  administrator  of 
the  Dowlais  undertakings  till  1897  ;  assisted  (Sir)  Henry 

d 


.]  to  perfect  his  process  of  steel  manufac- 
ture; first  president  of  British  Iron  Trade  Associa- 
tion, 1876  ;  sheriff  of  Glamorganshire,  1868 ;  assisted  in 
founding  Archaeological  Association  (now  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute),  1843.  His  works  include :  '  Mediaeval 
Military  Architecture  in  England,'  1884 ;  and  contribu- 
tions to  the  history  of  Glamorganshire.  [Suppl.  ii.  24] 

CLARK,  JAMES  (<(.  1819),  physician  in  Dominica ; 
afterwards  in  London ;  published  a  memoir  on  '  Yellow 
Fever,'  1797  ;  contributed  to  scientific  journals. 

[x.  401] 

CLARK,  SIR  JAMES  (1788-1870),  physician  ;  M.A. 
Aberdeen  ;  lawyer's  clerk  ;  naval  surgeon,  1809-15  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1817 ;  practitioner  in  Rome,  1819-26,  and  in 
London,  1826-60  ;  court  physician  ;  created  baronet,  1837  ; 
unpopular  in  consequence  of  his  connection  with  the 
case  of  Lady  Flora  Hastings  [q.  v.] ;  published  medical 
papers,  1817-42.  [x.  401] 

CLARK,  JEREMIAH  (d.  1809),  organist ;  chorister 
of  Worcester  Cathedral ;  music  teacher  in  Birmingham,  c. 
1770 ;  Mus.  Bac. ;  organist  of  Worcester  Cathedral,  1806  ; 
published  urn-ic.  [r.  402] 

CLARK,  JOHN  (1688-1736),  writing-master  of  Lon- 
don ;  published  books  on  penmanship  and  book-keeping, 

1708-3-'.  [x.  403] 


CLARK,  JOHN  (1744-1806).  medical  philanthropist ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  ;  surgeon  in  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  1768-75  :  M.D.  St.  Andrews ; 
practitioner  at  Newcastle;  founded  the  Newcastle  Dis- 
pensary ;  wrote  on  medical  subjects.  [x.  403] 

CLARK,  JOHN  (d.  1807),  Gaelic  scholar ;  land  a«>ent 
in  Wales  ;  wrote  on  the  Ossianic  controversy,  1781  ; 
published  (1778)  what  purported  to  be  translations  of 
highland  poems.  [x.  403] 

CLARK,  JOHN  (d.  1879).    [See  CLARKK,  JOHN.] 

CLARK,  JOSEPH  (</.  169«  ?),  posture-master,  of 
London;  nicknamed ' Proteus  Clark."  [x.  403] 

CLARK,  JOSIAH  LATIMER  (1822-1898),  engineer ; 
assistant  engineer  of  Menai  Straits  bridge,  1848 ;  chief 
engineer,  Electric  and  International  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, 1860-70  ;  M.I.C.E.,  1861 ;  in  partnership  with  Sir 
Charles  Tilston  Bright  [q.  v.],  1861-8 ;  formed,  1868, 
with  Henry  Charles  Forde  (1827-1897),  firm  of  Clark, 
Forde  &  Taylor,  which  engaged  in  cable  laying  In  various 
parts  of  the  world  ;  joined  partnership  with  John  Stand- 
field  as  hydraulic  and  canal  engineer,  1874 ;  F.R.S.,  1889  ; 
F.R.G.S. ;  F.R.A.S. ;  patented  electrical  and  other  inven- 
tions ;  published  works  relating  to  engineering. 

[Snppl.  ii.  26] 

CLARK,  RICHARD  (1739-1831),  attorney,  of  Lon- 
don ;  alderman,  1776-98 ;  sheriff,  1777  ;  lord  mayor,  1784  ; 
city  chamberlain,  1798-1831.  [x.  404] 

CLARK,  RICHARD  (1780-1856),  musician  ;  chorister 
of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor  ;  choirman  of  St. 
George's  and  Eton  College,  1802-11,  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1820,  of  St.  Paul's,  1827,  and  Westminster,  1828 ;  wrote  on 
musical  topics.  [x.  404] 

CLARK,  SAMUEL  (1810-1876),  promoter  of  educa- 
tion ;  son  of  a  quaker  basket-maker  of  Southampton ;  self- 
taught;  partner  in  Darton  &  Clark's  publishing  firm, 
London,  1836-43  ;  edited  '  Peter  Parley's  Annuals' :  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1846  ;  vice-principal  of  Chelsea 
Training  College,  1846-50  ;  principal  of  Battersea  Training 
College,  1851-63;  vicar  of  Bredwardine,  Herefordshire, 
1863-71 ;  rector  of  Eaton  Bishop,  1871-5 ;  published 

[x.405] 


CLARK,  THOMAS  (d.  1792),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  licentiate  of  the  seces- 
sion church,  1748  ;  preacher  and  medical  practitioner  in 
Ulster,  1749  ;  emigrated  to  America,  1764  ;  published  con- 
troversial tracts,  1751-5.  [x.  406] 

CLARK,  THOMAS  (1801-1867),  chemist  ;  employed 
in  the  St.  Rollox  chemical  works  ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1831 ; 
professor  of  chemistry,  Aberdeen,  1833-60  ;  inventor  of 
the  soap-test  for  discovering  hardness  of  water  and  of  a 
process  for  softening  chalk  waters.  [x.  407] 

CLARK,  THOMAS  (1820-1876),  Scottish  landscape 
painter ;  studied  art  at  Edinburgh  ;  exhibited,  1840. 

[x.408] 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1603),  Roman  catholic  priest ; 
educated  at  Douay,  1587,  and  Rome,  1589 ;  sent  on  the 
English  mission,  1592  ;  imprisoned  in  Southwark,  1602  ; 
executed,  1603.  [x.  408] 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  (1698-1780?),  physician;  M.D. 
Leyden ;  practitioner  in  London,  and,  1747-72,  at  Brad- 
ford, Wiltshire  ;  wrote  on  midwifery.  [x.  409] 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  (1788-1869),  anatomist ;  son  of 
John  Clark  (1744-1806)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1808  ;  fellow,  1809-27  ;  studied  medicine  in  London  ; 
friend  of  Lord  Byron  ;  professor  of  anatomy,  Cambridge, 
1817-66 ;  travelled,  1818-20  ;  M.D.,  1827  ;  rector  of  Guiseley, 
Yorkshire,  1826-69 ;  wrote  on  science.  [x.  409] 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  (1821-1880),  civil  engineer ;  in 
partnership  in  London,  1851 ;  engineer  in  Calcutta,  1855- 
1874;  planned  the  drainage  of  Madras,  1874,  and  of 
several  Australian  towns,  1876-8.  [x.  410] 

CLARK,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1821-1878),  Shake- 
spearean scholar ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1844,  till  death ;  public  orator, 
1857-70;  joint-editor  of  the  'Cambridge  Shakespeare,' 
1863-6 ;  published  notes  of  travel,  sermons  and  essays  ;  en- 
dowed Clark  lectureship  in  English  literature  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  [x.  410] 


B44 


CLARKE 


CLARK,  WILLIAM  TIERNEY  (1783-1852),  civil 
engineer  :  millwright  at  Bristol ;  mechanic  in  foundrj  at 
Coalbrookdale ;  engineer  to  the  West  Middlesex  Water- 
works ;  designed  suspension  bridges  ;  F.R.S.,  1837. 

[x.  411] 

CLARK-KENNEDY,  JOHN  (1817-1867),  colonel; 
cornet,  1833  ;  captain,  1841 ;  served  in  China,  1842, 1847, 
in  the  Sikh  war,  1848-9,  and  in  the  Crimea,  1854-5; 
commandant  of  the  military  train,  1862 ;  died  at  Cairo. 

[x.  412] 

CLARKE.    [See  also  CLARK,  CLERK,  CLERKK.] 

CLARKE,  ADAM  (1762?-1832),  theologian  ;  educated 
at  Kingswood  school,  near  Bristol :  a  methodist,  1778  ; 
preacher  on  the  Wiltshire  circuit,  1782 ;  lived  near  Lon- 
don from  1805 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1808 ;  published  biblio- 
graphical works,  1803-«,  and  a  scriptural  commentary, 
1810-26  ;  began  to  edit  Rymer's  '  Foedera,'  1818  ;  his  mis- 
cellaneous works  printed,  1836.  [x.  413] 

CLARKE,  ALURED  (1696-1742),  dean  of  Exeter; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  1712-19 ;  entered  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1713;  fellow,  1718;  M.A., 
1720  ;  D.D.,  1728  ;  rector  of  CbJlbolton,  Hampshire,  1723  ; 
prebendary  of  Winchester,  1723,  and  Westminster,  1731 ; 
dean  of  Exeter,  1741 ;  published  sermons.  [x.  414] 

CLARKE,  SIR  ALURED  (1746  ?-1832),  field-marshal ; 
lieutenant,  1760 :  served  in  Germany ;  captain,  1767 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1775  ;  served  in  America  and  West 
Indies,  1776-94  ;  major-general ;  served  at  the  Cape,  1795  ; 
K.B.,  1797 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Bengal,  1797,  and  in 
India,  1798-1801  ;  field-marshal,  1830.  [x.  415] 

CLARKE,  CHARLES  (d.  1760),  judge ;  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1723  ;  recorder  of  Huntingdon,  1731 ;  M.P., 
Huntingdonshire,  1739  ;  M.P.,  Whitchurch,  1741 ;  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1743.  [x.  416] 

CLARKE,  CHARLES  (<*.  1767),  antiquary ;  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1736 ;  F.S.A.,  1752.  [x.  417] 

CLARKE,  CHARLES  (d.  1840),  antiquary ;  clerk  in 
the  ordnance  office,  1783-1807 ;  F.S.A.,  1796 ;  wrote  on 
architectural  subjects.  [x.  417] 

CLARKE,  CHARLES  OOWDEN-  (1787-1877),  author ; 
friend  of  John  Keats  ;  resided  at  Ramsgate,  1810  ;  pub- 
lisher in  London,  1820;  lectured  on  Shakespeare  and 
parts  of  European  literature,  1834-56  ;  withdrew  to  Nice, 
1856,  and  to  Genoa,  1861.  His  wife,  Mrs.  Mary  Victoria 
Oowden-Olarke  [q.  v.],  was  also  an  author.  [x.  418] 

CLARKE,  SIR  CHARLES  MANSFIELD  (1782-1857), 
accoucheur ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  St.  George's 
Hospital,  and  the  Hunterian  School  of  Medicine;  lec- 
turer on  midwifery,  1804-21 ;  M.D.  Lambeth,  1827 ; 
created  baronet,  1831 ;  published  medical  treatises. 

[x.  419] 

CLARKE,  OUTHBERT  (fl.  1777),  writer  on  agricul- 
ture and  mechanics.  [x.  420] 

CLARKE,  EDWARD  (d.  1630),  diplomatist ;  sent  by 
Charles  I  to  Madrid,  1623,  Germany,  1627,  and  Rochelle, 
1628.  [x.  420] 

CLARKE,  EDWARD  (1730-1786),  traveller ;  son  of 
William  Clarke  (1696-1771)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1756 ;  rector  of  Peperharow,  Surrey, 
1758 ;  embassy  chaplain  at  Madrid,  1760 ;  chaplain  at 
Minorca,  1763-8;  vicar  of  Willingdon  and  rector  of 
Buxted,  Sussex,  1769  ;  published  '  Letters  on  Spain,'  1763, 
and  other  works.  [x.  420] 

CLARKE,  EDWARD  DANIEL (1769-1822),  traveller ; 
second  son  of  Edward  Clarke  (1730-1786)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Tonbridge ;  entered  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1786  ; 
fellow ;  M.A.,  1794 ;  LL.D.,  1803  ;  travelled  as  tutor  in 
Great  Britain,  1790,  Italy,  1792,  Germany,  1794,  Wales, 
1794,  Scotland,  1797,  Northern  Europe,  1799,  Southern 
Russia,  1800,  and  Asia  Minor,  Palestine,  Greece,  1801 ; 
collected  minerals,  coins,  manuscripts,  and  marbles  ;  pre- 
sented his  Greek  statues  to  Cambridge  University,  1803  ; 
rector  of  Harlton,  Cambridgeshire,  1806,  and  of  Yeldham, 
Essex,  1809-22;  sold  his  manuscripts  to  the  Bodleian, 
1808 ;  professor  of  mineralogy,  Cambridge,  1808 ;  univer- 
•ity  librarian,  1817 ;  •  Travels,'  published  1810-23 ;  wrote 
on  minerals  and  Greek  antiquities.  [x.  421] 

CLARKE,  EDWARD  GOODMAN  (Jl.  1812),  phy- 
sician ;  army  officer  in  West  Indies ;  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
1791 ;  army  physician  ;  wrote  medical  treatises. 

[x.  424] 


CLARKE,  GEORGE  (1660-1736),  politician  and  vir- 
tuoso: son  of  Sir  William  Clarke  (16237-1666)  [q  v  1  • 
B.A.  Oxford,  1679  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1680-1736  ;  D.C.L ' 
1708 ;  M.P.  for  Oxford  University,  1686,  for  East  Looe. 
1706,  and  lor  Oxford  University,  1717-36 ;  judge-advocate- 
general,  1684-1705  ;  secretary  at  war,  1692-1704 ;  joint 
secretary  to  the  admiralty,  1702-5  ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty. 
1712-14 ;  architect ;  benefactor  of  All  Souls'  and  Worcester 
colleges,  Oxford.  [x.  424] 

CLARKE,  GEORGE  (1796-1843),  sculptor ;  exhibited 
in  London,  1821-39  ;  called  '  the  Birmingham  Chantrey." 

[x.  425] 

CLARKE,  HARRIET  LUDLOW  (d.  1866),  artist; 
wood-engraver,  1837  ;  artist  in  stained  glass,  1861. 

[x.  426] 

CLARKE,  HENRY  (1743-1818),  mathematician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Manchester  grammar  school ;  schoolmaster  to 
Yorkshire ;  land  surveyor  in  Manchester ;  schoolmaster 
in  Salford,  Manchester,  and  (1799)  Bristol;  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1802  ;  professor  in  the  military  academy,  1802-17; 
published  mathematical  treatises.  [x.  426] 

CLARKE,    HEWSON     (1787-1832?),     misceli 
writer ;  chemist's  assistant  at  Gateshead ;  wrote  for 
local  paper ;  for  a  time  at  Emmanuel  College,  Camt 
hack-writer  in  London  ;  satirised,  and  was  satirised 
Byron  ;  wrote  on  contemporary  European  and  Eng 
history.  [x..  " 

CLARKE,  JACOB  AUGUSTUS  LOOKHART  (18 
1880),  anatomist ;  studied  medicine  in  London  ;  consulting 
physician  on  nervous  disorders  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1869 ; 
wrote  on  histology  and  nervous  diseases.  [x.  428] 

CLARKE,  JAMES  (1798-1861),  antiquary  ; 
local  antiquities ;   published   '  The    Suffolk   Antiqc 
1849.  [x. 

CLARKE,   JAMES  FERNANDEZ  (1812-1875), 
cal  writer ;  apprenticed  to  a  London  physician  ; 
medicine  in  Dublin ;  wrote  for  the  '  Lancet,'   1834-74 
practitioner    in    London;    published  an  autobi  _ 
1874.  [x. 

CLARKE,  JAMES  STANIER  (1766  ?-1834),  author ; 
eldest  son  of  Edward  Clarke  (1730-1786)  [q.  v.]  ;  rector  of 
Preston,  Sussex,  1790 ;  naval  chaplain,  1795-9  ;  domestic 
chaplain  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1799 ;  LL.D.  Oambridg^ 
1816  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1821 ;  published  sermons,  naval 
history,  and  lives  of  Nelson  and  James  IL  [x.  429] 

CLARKE,  JEREMIAH  (1669  ?-1707),  composer; 
chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal;  organist  at  Winchester; 
vicar-choral  of  St.  Paul's,  1699 ;  organist  at  the  Chapel 
Royal,  1704 ;  committed  suicide ;  composed  songs,  an- 
thems,  and  music  for  the  theatres.  [x.  430] 

CLARKE  or  CLERK,  JOHN  (1582-1653),  physician; 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1615  ;  practised  in  London  ;  revised  the 
'Pharmacopoeia.'  [x.  431] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1609-1676),  colonist ;  physician  in 
London ;  one  of  the  first  settlers  at  Rhode  Island,  1688 ; 
physician  and  baptist  preacher  there ;  in  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony,  1651-63  ;  obtained  a  charter  for  it, 
1663;  returned  to  Rhode  Island,  1663;  published  pam- 
phlets, [x.  432] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1662-1723),  Jesuit;  called  the 
apostle  of  Belgium ;  born  at  Kilkenny ;  educated  at  St. 
Omer's ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1681 ;  mlssioner  in  Belgium. 
1690-1718.  [x.  432] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1687-1734),  schoolmaster  ;  M.A.  Sfc 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1710;  schoolmaster  at  Hull 
(1720)  and  Gloucester  ;  published  Latin  grammars,  trans- 
lations, and  philosophical  tracts.  [x.  432] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1682-1757),  dean  of  Salisbury; 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1707 ;  D.D.,  1717 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Norwich ;  canon  of  Canterbury,  1721 ;  dean  of 
Salisbury,  1728  ;  published  translations  and  philosophical 
tracts.  [x.  433] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1706-1761),  schoolmaster;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1726 ;  fellow,  1729 ;  M.A., 
1730  ;  incumbent  of  Nun  Moukton,  Yorkshire ;  school- 
master at  Skipton,  Beverley,  1735,  and  Wakefield,  1751. 

[x. 433] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  (1761-1815),  physician;  studied 
medicine  in  London  ;  accoucheur  in  London  ;  lectured  on 
midwifery ;  wrote  medical  treatises.  [x.  434] 


CLARKE 


245 


CLARKE 


CLARKE,  JOHN  (1770-1836),  Mus.  Doc.    [See  WIIIT- 

FELU.] 

CLARKE,  JOHN(J.  1879),  comedian  ;  a  photographer  ; 
acted  in  the  provinces ;  acted  in  London,  1852  ;  became 
celebrated  as  a  burlesque  actor,  1856.  [x.  434] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  RANDALL  (1828  7-1863),  architect ; 
published  architectural  histories  of  Gloucester  and  Llan- 
thony  Abbey,  as  well  as  '  Gloucester  Cathedral '  and 
'  Mauxlcy  Hall,'  two  romances.  [x.  435] 

CLARKE,  JOHN  SLEEPER  (1833-1899),  actor ;  born 
in  Baltimore ;  educated  for  American  law  ;  first  appeared 
on  stage  at  Boston,  1851 ;  joint  lessee  successively  of  Arch 
Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  Winter  Garden  Theatre,  New 
York,  and  other  houses  ;  managed  Haymarket,  1878,  and 
Strand,  1885.  [Suppl.  ii.  27] 

CLARKE,  JOSEPH  (d.  1749),  controversialist :  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  ;  fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridKe:  M.A.  [x.435] 

CLARKE,  JOSEPH  (1758-1834),  physician ;  educated 
at  Glasgow  University,  1775-6 ;  and  Edinburgh  University, 
1776-9;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1779;  studied  midwifery  in 
London,  1781 ;  accoucheur  in  Dublin,  1781-1829  ;  physician 
to  the  lying-in  hospital,  1786  ;  wrote  medical  treatises. 


[x.  435] 
i;  M.A.    St. 


CLARKE.  JOSEPH  (1811  7-1860),  divine 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1841 ;    rector   of    Stretford, 
Lancashire ;  published  tracts.  [x.  436] 

CLARKE,  MARCUS  ANDREW  HISLOP  (1846-1881), 
author  ;  generally  called  MARCUS  CLARKE  ;  emigrated  to 
Victoria,  1863 ;  journalist  in  Melbourne,  1867 ;  wrote 
novels,  plays,  and  pantomimes.  [x.  436] 

CLARKE,  MARY  ANNE  (1776-1852),  mistress  of 
Frederick,  duke  of  York  ;  n4t  Thompson  ;  married  Clarke, 
a  stonemason,  1794 ;  actress  ;  lived  extravagantly,  1803  ; 
bribed  to  use  her  influence  to  obtain  army  promotions 
from  the  Duke  of  York,  commander-in-chief ;  examined 
by  the  Commons,  1809 ;  tried  for  libel,  1809 ;  imprisoned 
tor  libel,  1813  ;  withdrew  to  Paris,  c.  1816.  [x.  436] 

CLARKE,  MARY  VICTORIA  00 WDEN- (1809-1898), 
compiler  of  a  concordance  to  Shakespeare ;  daughter  of 
Vincent  Novello  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Charles  Oowden-Clarke 
fq.  v.],  1828 ;  produced,  1829-41,  '  Complete  Concordance 
to  Shakespeare,'  published  in  monthly  parts,  1844-6  ;  she 
resided  in  Italy  from  1856.  Her  works  include  'The 
Shakespeare  Key,'  1879,  and  'Recollections  of  Writers,' 
1878,  written  in  collaboration  with  her  husband. 

[Suppl.  ii.  28] 

CLARKE,  MATTHEW,  the  elder  (1630  7-1708  7),  con- 
gregational minister ;  son  of  a  Shropshire  parson ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1653 ;  army  chaplain  in  Scotland ;  intruded 
rector  of  Narborough,  Leicestershire,  1657-62 ;  noncon- 
formist preacher  in  Leicestershire  ;  congregational 
minister  at  Market  Harborough,  1672.  [x.  437] 

CLARKE,  MATTHEW,  the  younger  (1664-1726),  con- 
gregational minister ;  son  of  Matthew  Clarke  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  assistant  minister  at  Market  Harborough,  1684 ; 
minister  at  Sandwich,  1687 ;  pastor  of  the  congrega- 
tional church,  Miles  Lane,  London,  1689;  preacher  at 
Pinners'  Hall,  1697 ;  published  sermons.  [x.  438] 

CLARKE,  MATTHEW  (1701-1778),  physician  ;  studied 
medicine  at  Leyden,  1721 ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1728 ;  phy- 
sician to  Guy's  Hospital,  1732-54.  [x.  439] 

CLARKE,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1607),  judge :  barrister  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1668;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1587; 
knighted,  1603.  [x.  439] 

CLARKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1676),  Latin  poet ;  real  name 
GRAINE  ;  educated  at  Douay ;  professor  of  poetry  at 
Douay  :  sent  on  the  English  mission,  1629 ;  Carthusian 
at  Nieuport,  1632-75  ;  wrote,  in  Latin,  plays  and  a  reli- 
gious epic.  [x.  440] 

CLARKE,  SAMUEL  (1626-1669),  orientalist;  edu- 
cated at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1640-4 ;  M.A.,  1648 ; 
schoolmaster  at  Islington;  contributed  to  Walton's 
'  Biblia  Polyglotta ' ;  esquire  bedell  of  law  and  '  architypo- 
graphus,1  Oxford,  1658-69  ;  studied  Hebrew,  Arabic,  Per- 
sian, and  Turkish.  [x.  440] 

CLARKE,  SAMUEL  (1599-1683),  divine:  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1616  ;  curate  in  Cheshire ; 


puritan  preacher  at  Warwick  ;  rector  of  Alcester,  War- 
wickshire, 1633-45 ;  curate  of  St.  Bennet  Fink,  London, 
1642-62  ;  member  of  the  Savoy  conference,  1661 ;  with- 
drew to  Isleworth  ;  published  poems,  devotional  tracts, 
and  numerous  biographies.  [x.  441] 

CLARKE  or  CLARK,  SAMUEL  (1626-1701),  anno- 
tator  of  the  bible ;  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Clarke  (1599- 
1683)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge;  intruded 
fellow,  1644-51 ;  intruded  rector  of  Grendon  Underwood, 
Buckinghamshire  ;  ejected,  1662  ;  congregational  minister 
at  High  Wycombe ;  published  an  annotated  bible,  1690 ; 
a  concordance,  1696,  and  other  bib  cal  works,  [x.  442] 

CLARKE,  SAMUEL'  (1675-1729),  metaphysician; 
B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1695;  D.D. ;  disciple  of 
Isaac  Newton  ;  published  Latin  translation  of  the  Car- 
tesian Jacques  Rohault's  '  Physics,'  with  Newtonian 
notes,  1697  ;  chaplain  to  Moore,  bishop  of  Norwich,  1698  ; 
delivered  Boyle  lectures, '  On  the  Being  and  Attributes  of 
God,'  1704-6 ;  rector  of  Drayton,  near  Norwich  ;  rector 
of  St.  Benet's,  Paul's  Wharf,  London,  1706,  and  of  St. 
James's,  Westminster,  1709 ;  wrote  against  Henry  Dod- 
well,  1706 ;  published  Latin  translation  of  Newton's 
'  Optics,'  1706 ;  published  '  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the 
Trinity,'  1712 ;  edited  Ceesar,  1712  ;  accused  of  Arianism, 
1714 ;  held  a  philosophical  correspondence  with  Leibnitz, 
1715-16 ;  master  of  Wigston's  Hospital,  Leicester,  1718 ; 
declined  the  mastership  of  the  mint,  1727  ;  edited  Homer's 
'  Iliad,'  1729  ;  founder  of  the  '  intellectual '  school,  which 
deduced  the  moral  law  from  a  logical  necessity  ;  his  col- 
lected works  published,  1738.  [x.  443] 

CLAEKE,  SAMUEL  (1684-1750),  theological  writer ; 
congregational  minister  at  St.  Albaus  ;  published 
"The  Saints'  Inheritance;  being  a  Collection  of  the  Pro- 
mises of  Scripture.'  [x.  446] 

CLARKE,  THEOPHILUS  (17767-18317),  painter; 
pupil  of  John  Opie ;  exhibited  in  London,  1795-1810. 

CLARKE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1703-1764),  judge;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster,  1717-21 ;  M.A.,  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1728 ;  fellow,  1727 ;  barrister  of  Gray's  Inn, 
1729 ;  M.P.  for  St.  Michael's,  Cornwall,  1747,  and  for 
Lostwithiel,  1754-61 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1754 ;  knighted, 
1754.  [x.  447] 

CLARKE,  THOMAS  (>l.  1768-1775),  painter  ;  trained 
in  Dublin ;  came  to  London,  1768 ;  exhibited,  1769-75. 

[x.  448] 

CLARKE,  TIMOTHY  (d.  1672),  physician :  of  Bal- 
liol  College,  Oxford ;  M.D.,  1652  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1664  ;  phy- 
sician to  Charles  II ;  F.R.S. ;  friend  of  Samuel  Pepys. 

[x.  448] 

CLARKE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1623  7-1666),  secretary  at 
war ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1653 ;  secretary  to 
Monck ;  secretary  at  war,  1661 ;  knighted ;  mortally 
wounded  in  the  action  off  Harwich.  [x.  448] 

CLABKE,  WILLIAM  (1640  7-1684),  physician  ;  B.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1661;  fellow,  1663-6;  practi- 
tioner at  Bath,  and  afterwards  at  Stepney  ;  wrote  on 
'Nitre,' 1670.  [x.  449] 

CLARKE,  WILLIAM  (1696-1771),  antiquary ;  fellow 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1717;  M.A.,  1719; 
rector  of  Buxted,  Sussex,  1724-68 ;  canon  of  Chichester, 
1738,  and  chancellor,  1770;  wrote  on  miscellaneous 
subjects,  including  the  relation  between  Roman,  Saxon, 
and  English  coins.  [x.  449] 

CLARKE,  WILLIAM  (1800-1838),  writer  of  juvenile 
literature.  [x.  450] 

CLARKE,  WILLIAM  BRANWHITE  (1798-1878), 
geologist ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1824 ;  curate  of  Ramsholt, 
Suffolk ;  made  fifteen  geological  excursions  to  the  conti- 
nent ;  published  poems,  1822,  and  scientific  papers,  1833- 
1838 ;  Anglican  clergyman  in  New  South  Wales,  1840-70 ; 
discovered  gold  there  in  1841,  tin  in  1849,  and  diamonds 
in  1869 ;  studied  the  Australian  coal-measures  ;  visited 
Tasmania,  1866  and  1860  ;  F.R.S.  London,  1876 ;  pub- 
lished numerous  scientific  papers.  [x.  450] 

CLARKE,  WILLIAM  FAIRLIE  (1833-1884X  medical 
writer ;  born  in  Calcutta ;  educated  at  Rugby,  Oxford, 
and  Edinburgh  ;  studied  medicine  in  London  ;  M.B.  Ox- 
ford, 1862;  surgeon  in  London:  M.D.  Oxford,  1876; 
published  a  '  Manual  of  ...  Surgery,'  1866,  and  a  mono- 
graph on  '  Diseases  of  the  Tongue,'  1873.  [x.  462] 


CLARKSON 


246 


CLAYPOOLE 


CLARKSON,  DAVID  (1622-1686),  controversialist; 
V..A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  intruded  fellow,  1646-51; 
intruded  incumbent  of  Mortlnke,  Surrey,  1651-G2 ;  con- 
gregational minister  in  London,  1682 ;  published  sermons 
and  treatises  against  episcopacy  and  Romanism. 

[x.  452] 

CLARKSON,  JOHN  (1697-1763),  Dominican  friar, 
1716 ;  missioner  in  Leicestershire,  1753-46 ;  confessor  in 
BrusgeK  1747  ;  prior  of  Bornhem,1753  ;  died  at  Brussels  ; 
published  devotional  and  philosophical  tracts,  [x.  453] 

CLARKSON,  LAURENCE  (1615-1667).    [See  OLAX- 

TOX.] 

CLARKSON,  NATHANIEL  (1724-1795),  painter; 
coach-painter,  of  Islington  ;  exhibited  portraits,  1762-7  ; 
tried  historical  painting.  [x.  453] 

CLARKSON,  THOMAS  (1760-1846),  philanthropist ; 
son  of  the  schoolmaster  of  Wisbeach ;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  1775-80 :  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1783  ;  in  deacon's  orders  ;  published  a  prize  essay 
against  slavery,  1786 ;  agitated  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery,  1787-94,  and  1806-33  ;  urged  it  on  the  French 
government,  1789-90,  and  on  the  czar,  1818  ;  granted  the 
freedom  of  London,  1839.  His  works  include  pamphlets 
on  shivery,  theological  tracts,  and  a  memoir  of  William 
Penn.  [x.  454] 

CLATER,  FRANCIS  (1756-1823),  author  of  '  Every 
Man  his  own  Farrier,'  1783,  and  '  His  own  Cattle  Doctor,' 
1810 ;  farrier  and  subsequently  druggist.  [xi.  1] 

CLATER,  THOMAS  (1789-1867),  painter ;  third  son 
of  Francis  Olater  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited,  chiefly  genre  works, 
in  London,  1819-63.  [xL  1] 

CLATTDET,  ANTOINE  FRANCOIS  JEAN  (1797- 
1867),  photographer ;  born  at  Lyons ;  director  of  glass- 
works at  Choisy-le-Roi ;  glass  warehouseman  in  London, 
1829  ;  invented  a  glass-cutting  machine,  1833  ;  set  up  as 
daguerreotype  photographer,  1840 ;  soon  adopted  the  collo- 
dion process  ;  introduced  improvements  in  photography  ; 
wrote  on  photographic  subjects  ;  F.R.S.,  1863.  [xi.  2] 

CLATTGHTON,  PIERS  OALVERLEY  (1814-1884), 
bishop  of  Colombo;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1835;  fellow  and  tutor  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
1837-42;  bishop  of  St.  Helena,  1859-62;  bishop  of 
Colombo,  1862-70  ;  archdeacon  of  London,  1870 ;  chap- 
lain-general of  the  forces,  1875  ;  published  sermons  and 
theological  tracts.  [xi.  2] 

CLATTGHTON,  THOMAS  LEGH  (1808-1892),  bishop 
of  St.  Albans;  brother  of  Piers  Calverley  Claughton 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
B.A.,  1831 ;  fellow,  1832-42  ;  M.A.,  1833  ;  public  examiner, 
1835 ;  select  preacher,  1841,  1850,  1860,  and  1868 ;  pro- 
fessor of  poetry,  1852-7  ;  ordained,  1834  ;  vicar  of  Kidder- 
minster, 1841-67 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1867-77  ;  first  bishop 
of  new  diocese  of  St.  Albans,  1877-90 ;  published  sermons 
and  religious  writings.  [SuppL  ii.  29] 

CLAVEL,  JOHN  (1603-1642),  highwayman;  sen- 
tenced to  death  but  pardoned,  1627 ;  published  metrical 
autobiography,  1628.  [xi.  3] 

CLAVELL,  ROBERT  (d.  1711),  bookseller,  of  London ; 
published  pamphlet  against  the  Dutch,  1665 ;  issued 
catalogues  of  current  literature,  1668-1700.  [xi.  3] 

CLAVERHOUSE.  JOHN  GRAHAM  OF  (1649?- 
1689).  [See  GRAHAM,  JOHN,  VISCOUNT  DUNDEE.] 

CLAVERING,  SIR  JOHN  (1722-1777),  opponent  of 
Warren  Hastings  ;  entered  the  Coldstream  guards  ;  briga- 
dier-general in  attack  on  Guadeloupe,  1759  ;  titular  colonel, 
1759  ;  military  attache  in  Hesse-Ca?sel,  1760-3  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1770 ;  given  command  of  the  Bengal  army,  1774 ; 
opposed  Warren  Hastings  in  the  council  of  Bengal ; 
K.B.,  1776  ;  tried  to  hold  Hastings  to  his  resignation,  1777. 

CLAVERING,  ROBERT  (1671-1747),  bishop  of"peter- 
borough ;  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1696  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Univorsity  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1701 ;  dean  and  rector  of  Booking,  Iflnior. 
1714-19;  D.D.,  canon  of  Christ  ("luin-ii.  ;md  professor  of 
Hebrew,  Oxford,  1715;  bishop  of  Llanda;T,  1725;  trans- 
lated to  Peterborough,  1729 ;  published  translations  from 
the  Hebrew,  sermons,  and  charges.  [xi.  5] 


CLAXTON    or     CLARKSON,     LAURENCE    (1615- 
1667),  sectary;    presbyterian,  subsequently   an  amiuo- 
mian ;  intruded  rector  of  Pulham,  Norfolk  ;  joi 
tists,    1644;    imprisoned    at   Bury  St.  Edmuiiu 
joined  the 'Beckers ';  intruded  vicar  of  Samhvi 
fordxhire,  c.  1646,  and  of  a  Lincolnshire  church,  1047  ;  his 
4  Single  Eye  all  Light '  burnt,  by  order  of  the  Commons, 
1650 ;  intruded  incumbent  of  churches  in  Norfolk,  c.  1658 ; 
joined  the  Muggletonians,  1658;  prisoner  for  debt,  1CG6- 
published  sectarian  tracts,  1646-60.  [xi.  5] 

CLAXTON,  MARSHALL  (1813-1881),  historical 
painter ;  art  student  in  London,  1831 ;  exhibited.  1832 ; 
visited  Rome,  1837  ;  returned  to  England  before  1843 ; 
exhibited  pictures  in  Australia,  1850,  and  India  ;  visited 
Egypt ;  returned  to  London,  1858.  [xi.  7] 

CLAY,  ALFRED  BORRON  (1831-1868),  historical 
painter  ;  second  son  of  John  Clay  [q.  v.] ;  art  student  in 
London,  1852  ;  exhibited,  1854-68.  [xi.  7] 

CLAY,  CHARLES  (1801-1893),  ovariotomist ;  ap- 
prenticed as  surgeon  in  Manchester;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh  University;  L.R.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1823;  extra- 
L.R.C.P.  London,  1842  ;  practised  in  Manchester,  where 
he  was  at  one  time  senior  medical  officer  and  lecturer  on 
midwifery  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital ;  placed  the  operation 
ovariotomy  on  a  sure  foundation ;  published  '  Cornp' 
Handbook  of  Obstetric  Surgery,'  1856,  and  other  surgical 
|  works,  besides  treatises  relating  to  geology  and  numis- 
matics. [Suppl.  ii.  30] 

CLAY,  FREDERICK  (1839-1889),  musician;  born  in 
Paris ;  son  of  James  Clay  [q.  v.] ;  private  secretary  to 
Henry  Bouverie  William  Brand  (afterwards  Viscount 
Hampden)  [q.  v.] ;  produced  two  operettas  which  met 
with  success ;  collaborated  with  Tom  Taylor  in  '  Court 
and  Cottage,'  1862  ;  formed  friendship  with  Sir  Arthur 
Seymour  Sullivan  [q.  v.]  ;  subsequently  produced,  with  Mr. 
W.  S.  Gilbert,  Mr.  G.  R.  Sims,  and  other  librettists,  several 
operettas ;  set,  1877,  libretto  constructed  by  W.  G.  Wills, 
from  '  Lalla  Rookh,'  which  contains  his  most  successful 
piece, '  I'll  sing  thee  songs  of  Araby,'  and  the  quartette, 
'  Morn  wanes,  we  must  away.'  [Suppl.  ii.  32] 

CLAY,  JAMES  (1805-1873),  author  of  '  A  Treatise  on 
.  .  .  Whist^l864 ;  son  of  a  London  merchant ;  educated 
at  Winchester;  travelled  in  the  East,  1830;  M.P.  for 
Hull,  1847-73.  [xi.  8] 

CLAY,  JOHN  (1796-1858),  chaplain  of  Preston  gaol 
(1823-58) ;  merchant's  clerk  in  Liverpool ;  ordained,  1821 ; 
B.D.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1835;  published 
reports  on  prison  management,  sermons,  and  other  works. 

[xi.  8] 

CLAY,  JOHN  GRANBY  (1766-1846),  general ;  ensign, 
1782 ;  lieutenant,  1788 ;  served  in  the  West  Indies,  1786- 
1794;  major,  1795  ;  at  home  statiqns,  1795-1800;  in  the 
Egyptian  campaign,  1801;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804;  sta- 
tioned at  Manchester,  where  he  suppressed  the  riots  of 
1808  and  1812;  major-general,  1813  ;  general,  1841. 

CLAY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1791-1869),  politician"'  mer- 
chant in  London ;  M.P.  for  Tower  Hamlets,  1832-57  ; 
created  baronet,  1841;  published  political  pamphlets, 
1834-56.  [xi.  10] 

CLAY,  WILLIAM  KEATINGE  (1797-1867),  anti- 
quary ;  ordained,  1823 ;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1836  ;  minor 
canon  of  Ely,  1837 ;  vicar  of  Waterbeach,  Cambridge- 
shire, 1864-67 ;  wrote  on  the  prayer  book ;  edited  litur- 
gical works ;  published  histories  of  four  Cambridgeshire 
parishes.  [xi.  10] 

CLAYMOND,  JOHN  (1457  ?-1537),  divine ;  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1483  ;  fellow,  1488 ;  president, 
1604-17 ;  D.D.,  1510 ;  vicar  of  Norton,  Durham,  1498- 
1518,  with  much  other  preferment ;  master  of  St.  Cross, 
Winchester,  1605-24 ;  president  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1517-37  ;  wrote  notes  on  classical  authors ; 
benefactor  of  Brasenose,  Magdalen,  and  Corpus  Christi 
colleges.  [xi.  11] 

CLAYPOOLE  or  CLAYPOLE,  ELIZABETH  (1629- 
1658),  second  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell ;  married,  1646, 
John  Claypoole  [q.  v.]  ;  said  to  have  interceded  for 
royalist  prisoners  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xi.  11] 

CLAYPOOLE  or  CLAYPOLE,  JOHN  (d.  1688),  par- 
liamentarian ;  in  arms  for  the  parliament,  1645  ;  married, 


CLAYTON 


247 


CLJELAND 


lillii.     Cromwell's     second     daughter    [see    CI,AVI>OOLK, 
Ku/\>:i  rn] ;  rai-tii  a  troop  of  hor<e,  1651  ;  roaster  of  the 
to  the  Protector:  M.F.,  lo-VI,  Iti5«  ;  one  of  Crom- 
well's peers.  1057  ;  iiimri-o:i<- 1  a-  a  suspect,  1678. 

[xi.  12] 

CLAYTON,  CHARLOTTE,  LADY  RrxnciN  (d.  1742), 
woman  of  tin-  bedchamber  to  Queen  Caroline;  daughter 
of  John  !>yve:  married  William  Clnyton,  afterwards 
Baron  Sundbn  in  the  lri-h  peerage;  became  bedchamber 
woman  to  OUITII  Caroline  when  1'rineessof  \Vales  in  1714  ; 
obtained  great  influence  over  her,  and  controlled  court 
patronage.  [lv.  170] 

CLAYTON,  .JoHN"  (1C93-1773),  botanist;  went  to 
Virginia,  1705  ;  secretary  of  Gloucester  County,  Virginia  ; 
aent  scientific  papers  to  the  Royal  Society,  1739  ;  collected 
American  plants  for  European  botanists.  [xi.  13] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (1709-1773),  divine;  educated  at 
Manchester  school  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
17::-';  joined  'the  Oxford  Methodists,'  c.  1728;  curate  at 
Balford,  17:;.'{  :  tunirht  school  there  ;  one  of  the  chaplains 
of  Manchester  Collegiate  Church,  1740,  and  fellow,  17GO; 
publicly  acknowledged  the  Young  Pretender,  1745  ;  pub- 
li-lie-l  trnct  on  poor  relief,  and  sermons;  edited  'Ana- 
creontica,'  1754.  [xi.  13] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (1728-1800),  painter  of  still-life ; 
surgeon's  apprentice  ;  exhibited,  1761-78 ;  his  studio 
accidentally  burnt,  1769.  [xi.  14] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (1754-1843),  congregationalist ; 
apothecary's  apprentice  in  Manchester  ;  educated  at 
Trevecca  College  ;  preacher  in  the  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don's cnapel,  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  failed  to  obtain  ordina- 
tion, 1 777 ;  presbyterian  minister  at  West  Looe,  Corn- 
wall :  pastor  of  Weighhouse  Chapel,  London,  1778-1826  ; 
published  devotional  treatises.  [xi.  14] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (d.  1861),  architect;  much  em- 
ployed at  Hereford ;  settled  in  London,  1839 ;  exhibited 
architectural  drawings,  1839-56  ;  published  works  on 
architecture,  1846-56.  [xl.  15] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (1780-1865),  congregationalist ;  son 
of  John  Clayton  (1754-1843)  [q.  v.] ;  pastor  of  the  Poultry 
Chapel,  London  ;  published  sermons.  [xu  15] 

CLAYTON,  JOHN  (1843-1888),  actor;  real  name 
JOHN-  ALFRED  OALTHROP  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School ;  joined  Miss  Herbert's  company  at  St.  James's, 
1866,  playing  Hastings  in  '  She  stoops  to  Conquer  '  ;  sub- 
sequently appeared  at  many  London  theatres;  joint- 
manager  of  Court  Theatre,  1881-7,  during  which  period 
he  appeared  in  comic  plays  by  Mr.  Pinero  and  other 
writers.  [Suppl.  ii.  32] 

CLAYTON,  NICHOLAS  (1733  ?-1797),  presbyterian 
divine ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  pastor  at  Boston,  Lincoln- 
shire, 1769-63,  and  in  Liverpool,  1763-81 :  divinity  tutor  at 
Warrington  academy,  1781-3 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1782 ; 
pastor  in  Nottingham,  1785-95.  [xi.  16] 

CLAYTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1612),  dean  of  Peter- 
borough; entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1572; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1576 :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1577  ;  M.A.,  1579  :  D.D.,  1592  ;  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  159:} ;  archdeacon  of  Lincoln,  1596  ; 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1695  ;  built  the 
second  court  there  ;  canon,  1596,  and  dean,  1607,  of 
Peterborough.  [xi.  16] 

CLAYTON,  Sm  RICHARD  (d.  1828),  translator  ;  in- 
herited Adlington,  Lancashire,  1770  ;  barrister  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  1771;  created  baronet,  1774;  recorder  of 
WigAH,  1815  ;  consul  at  Nantes  ;  published  essays  and 
translations,  1790-1817.  [xi.  17] 

CLAYTON  or  CLETON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1629-1707), 
politician :  a  London  scrivener :  bought  Bletchingley, 
Surrey,  1677 ;  alderman  of  London,  1670-88  :  sheriff  and 
knighted,  1671 ;  lord  mayor,  1679-80  ;  M.P.,  London,  1679- 
1681 ;  advocated  the  Exclusion  Bill :  one  of  the  com- 
mittee to  defend  the  city  charter,  1682 ;  M.P.,  1689-1707  ; 
benefactor  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  and  Christ's 
Hospital.  [xi.  17] 

CLAYTON,  ROBERT  (1695-1758),  Irish  bishop  ;  born 
in  Dublin  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  B.A.  and 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1714;  LL.D.,  1722; 
D.D.,  1730  ;  travelled ;  inherited  estates  in  Lancashire, 


'  1728;  bishop  of  Killala  and  Achonry,  1730;  bishop  of 
I  Cork  and  Ross,  1755  ;  bishop  of  Clogher,  1745  ;  denied  the 
i  archbishopric  of  Tuam,  Ixnntf  accused  of  Arianism,  1752  ; 

I  threatened  with  prosecution  for  heresy,  1757  ;  published 
sermons  and  theological  works,  173K-57.  [xi.  19] 

CLAYTON,  THOMAS  (/.  1706),  composer  ;  a  member 

|  of  William    Ill's  band,   1692-1702;   travelled    in    Italy, 

|  1702-4  ;  introduced  Italian  opera  at  Drury  Lane,  1706-fl, 

succeeding  with  'Arsinoe,'  1705,  but  failing  with  '  Rosa- 

!  mond,'  1707.  [rl.  20] 

CLEA8BY,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1804-1879),  judge;  at 
Eton,  1820-3  :  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1828  ; 
M.A.,  1830  ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1831 ;  gained 
lucrative  commercial  practice  ;  unsuccessiul  as  candidate 
for  parliament,  1862-67 :  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1868-78  ; 
knighted,  1868 ;  unsuccessful  on  the  bench.  [xi.  21] 

CLEASBY,  RICHARD  (1797-1847),  philologist: 
broker's  clerk  in  London  ;  studied  in  Italy  and  Germany 
from  1824,  becoming  a  master  of  CJerman  dialects ; 
visited  Denmark  and  Sweden,  1834  and  1839-40 ;  began 
an  *  Icelandic-English  Dictionary '  (published  by  Gudbrand 
Vigfusson,  1873).  [xi.  21] 

CLEAVER,     EUSEBY    (1746-1819),   archbishop    of 
Dublin  ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  M.A.  Christ  Church, 
i  Oxford,  1770 :  D.D.,  1783 ;  rector  of  Spofforth,  Yorkshire, 
|   1774-83  ;  rector  of  Tillington  and  Petworth,  Sussex,  1783  : 
I   prebendary  of  Chicheater,    1787;   chaplain   to  the  lord- 
!  lieutenant'of  Ireland,  1787  :  bishop  of  Cork,  1789,  and  of 
Ferns,  1789  ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,   1809 ;  became  im- 
becile, [xi.  22] 

CLEAVER,  WILLIAM  (1742-1815),  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1761 ;  fellow  of 
Brasenose  College;  M.A.,  1764;  principal  of  Braseuose, 
1785-1809  ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1784  ;  bishop  of 
Chester,  1787,  of  Bangor,  1800,  and  of  St.  Asaph,  1806 ; 
mostly  non-resident ;  published  some  classical  texts  ; 
chiefly  remembered  by  De  Quincey's  encomiums. 

[xi.  23] 

CLEEVE,     BOURCHIER      (1715-1760),    writer    on 
finance ;  a  London  pewterer ;  bought  Foots  Cray  Place, 
!  Kent,  c.  1755  ;  published  scheme  for  reducing  the  national 
!  debt,  1756.  [xL  23] 

CLEGG,  JAMES  (1679-1755),  presbyterian  minister : 
i  M.D. ;  minister  and  physician  at  Malcalf,  1702,  and, 
!  1711-55.  at  Chinley  ;  published  sermons,  1721-36. 

[xi.  24] 

CLEGG,  JOHN    (1714  ?-1746  <•),    violinist;    born    in 
;  Ireland:  trained  in   Italy;  a  professional  of  repute  in 
London,  1723-44  ;  confined  in  Bedlam,  1744-6.     [xi.  24] 

CLEGG,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1814-1856),  en- 
!  giueer  ;  son  of  Samuel  Clegg  (1781-1861)  [q.  v.] ;  surveyor 

in  Portugal,  1836 ;  railway  engineer ;  professor  of  en- 
!  gineering  at  Putney,  and  at  Chatham,  1849-56 ;  published 

treatise  on  coal-gas,  1850.  [xi.  25] 

CLEGG,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1781-1861),  gas  engineer  ; 
;  educated  in  Manchester ;  apprentice  to  Roulton  &  Watt, 
i  engineers,  Soho  :  a  pioneer  of  gas-lighting  in  Yorkshire, 
|  and  (1813)  London ;  invented  the  water  gas-meter ;  gas 
j  engineer  at  Lisbon.  [xi.  24] 

CLEGHORN,  GEORGE  (1716-1789),  physician:  edu- 
;  cated  at  Edinburgh  ;  army  surgeon  at  Minorca,  1736-49 : 
|  M.D. ;  published  observations  on  diseases  epidemic  in 
i  Minorca,  1751 ;  lecturer  and  professor  of  anatomy  in 
j  Dublin,  1751-89.  [xi.  25] 

CLEGHORN,  JAMES  (1778-1838),  actuary  ;  farmer, 
and,  in  1811,  journalist  in  Edinburgh  ;  became  an  account- 
ant of  repute.  [xi.  26] 

CLEIN  or  CLEYN,  FRANCIS  (1590  7-1658),  draughts- 
man ;  born  at  Rostock,  Germany ;  patronised  by  Chris- 
tian IV  of  Denmark :  studied  in  Italy ;  engaged  by 
James  I  as  designer  for  the  Mortlake  tapestry  works, 
1623 ;  pensioned  by  Charles  I,  1625 ;  book-illustrator, 
1637-50.  [xL  26] 

CLELAND,  JAMES  (1770-1840),  statistician;  a  Glas- 
gow cabinet-maker :  superintendent  of  public  works, 
London,  1814 ;  took  the  census  of  Glasgow,  1819,  1821, 
1831 ;  published  histories  of  Glasgow,  1816-36.  [xi.  27] 

CLELAND,  JOHN  (1709-1789),  novelist:  entered 
Westminster  School,  1722 ;  consul  at  Smyrna ;  East  India 


CLELAND 


248 


CLERK-MAXWELL 


Company's  servant  at  Bombay,  1736;  wandered  over 
Europe;  published  his  first  novel,  'Fanny  Hill,'  1760; 
pensioned  ;  journalist  in  London,  1757  ;  published  novels 
and  dramatic  pieces.  [xi.  28] 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM  (16617-1689),  covenanter; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews,  1676  ;  fought  at  Drumclog  and 
Bothwell  Bridge,  1679  ;  took  part  in  Argyll's  invasion, 
1686  ;  escaped  to  Holland  ;  returned  to  Scotland  to  agitate 
for  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1688  ;  killed  in  action  at  Dun- 
keld  ;  his  poems  posthumously  published,  1697.  [xi.  28] 

CLELAND,  WILLIAM  (1674  ?-1741).  friend  of  Pope  ; 
student  at  Utrecht  ;  served  in  Spain,  1705  ;  commissioner 
of  customs  in  Scotland  ;  commissioner  of  taxes  in  Eng- 
land, 1723.  [xi.  30] 

CLEMENT  SCOTUS  I  (ft,  745),  bishop  among  the 
Franks  ;  probably  a  native  of  Ireland  ;  resisted  the 
Romanising  policy  of  Archbishop  Boniface  of  Mentz; 
deposed  and  imprisoned  by  Boniface  as  married  and  a 
heretic,  744  ;  sentence  confirmed,  746.  [xi.  30] 

CLEMENT  SCOTUS  II  (ft.  820),  grammarian  ;  left 
Ireland  for  France,  c.  772  :  taught  at  Charles  the  Great's 
court  ;  died  probably  at  WUrzburg  ;  reputed  author  of 
two  Latin  grammatical  tracts  ;  often  confused  with 
Clemens  Scotus  I,  and  with  Claudius  (d.  839  ?),  wrongly 
called  Clemens  Claudius,  bishop  of  Turin,  a  Spaniard. 
_  [xi.  31] 

CLEMENT  OP  LLANTHONY  (d.  1190  ?),  known  also  as 
CLEMENT  OF  GLOUCESTER,  theological  writer  ;  canon, 
sub-prior,  and  prior  of  Llanthony,  where  he  was  educated. 
His  works  include  'Ooncordia  Quatuor  Evangelistarum,' 
extant  in  several  manuscripts,  and  other  commentaries. 

[Suppl.  ii.  33] 

CLEMENT,  CAESAR  (d.  1626),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
educated  at  Douay,  Rheims,  and  Rome  ;  priest,  1585  ;  D.D.  ; 
dean  of  St.  Gudule's,  Brussels.  [xi.  32] 

CLEMENT,  GREGORY  (d.  1660),  regicide  ;  Spanish 
merchant  in  London  ;  M.P.,  Camelford,  1647-52  ;  sat  in 
the  high  court  of  justice  and  signed  Charles  I's  death- 
warrant  ;  executed.  [xi.  32] 

CLEMENT  or  CLEMENTS,  JOHN  (d.  1572),  physi- 
cian ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  ;  tutor  in  Sir  Thomas 
More's  family  ;  M.D.  ;  Cardinal  Wolsey's  lecturer  in 
rhetoric,  Oxford,  e.  1519  ;  subsequently  reader  in  Greek  ; 
president  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  London,  1544  ;  a 
strong  Romanist  ;  withdrew  to  Louvain,  1547  ;  practised 
medicine  in  Essex,  1554-9  ;  withdrew  to  Mechlin,  1569. 


[xi.  33] 
RET    (1508- 


CLEMENT    or    CLEMENTS,    MARGA 
1670),    ntt   Giggs;    kinswoman  of    Sir  Thomas  More; 
married  John  Clement  [q.  v.],  c.  1530  ;  died  at  Mechlin. 
_  [xi.  33] 

CLEMENT,  WILLIAM  INNBLL  (d.  1852),  part  pro- 
prietor of  the  '  Observer.'  c.  1814  ;  proprietor  of  the  '  Morn- 
ing Chronicle,'  1821-34,  and  of  '  Bell's  Life.'  [xi.  33] 

CLEMENTS,  MICHAEL  (d.  1796  ?),  naval  officer  ;  as 
lieutenant,  distinguished  himself  in  action,  1767  ;  com- 
manded frigate,  1757  ;  took  part  in  capture  of  Thurot's 
squadron  at  Belfast,  1760  ;  served  in  the  Mediterranean, 
1760-3  and  1770;  defended  Admiral  Keppel,  1778,  and  was 
shamefully  neglected  by  the  admiralty  in  consequence; 
retired,  1787  ;  titular  rear-admiral.  [xi.  34] 

CLENCH,  ANDREW  (d.  1692),  physician  :  M.D.Cam- 
bridge, 1671  ;  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  London, 
1680  ;  murdered,  1692.  [xi.  34] 

CLENCH,  JOHN  (d.  1607),  judge  ;  barrister  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1668  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1681  ;  justice  of 
the  queen's  bench,  1584-1603.  [xi.  35] 

CLENNELL,  LUKE  (1781-1840),  wood  engraver  and 
painter  ;  trained  by  Thomas  Bewick  [q.  v.],  1797-1804  ; 
wood  engraver  in  London,  1804-10;  exhibited  water- 
colour  paintings,  1812-18  ;  was  insane  from  1817  till  death. 

CLENOCKE  or  CLYNOG,  MAURICE  (f  1*80?), 
divine  ;  a  Welshman  ;  B.C.L.  Oxford,  1648  ;  chaplain  to 
Cardinal  Pole  ;  a  pluralist  ;  nominated  by  Queen  Mary  to 
the  see  of  Bangor,  1668  ;  withdrew  to  Rome,  1560  ;  officer 
of  the  hospital  for  English  pilgrims,  1667  ;  rector  of  the 
English  college,  15.78-9  :  drowned  at  sea.  [xi.  87] 

CLEPHANE,  JOHN  (d.  1758),  physician  ;  M.D.  St. 
Andrews,  1729;  army  physician;  physician  to  St. 
George's  Hospital,  London,  1761,  [xi.  37] 


CLERISSEAU,  CHARLES  LOUIS  (1721-1820),  archi- 
tectural draughtsman  ;  born  in  Paris  ;  long  resident  in 
Rome,  sketching  ancient  buildings  ;  exhibited  in  London, 
1772-90,  and  in  Paris,  1773-1808;  invited  to  Pt. 
burg,  1783  ;  died  near  Paris.  [xi.  38] 

CLERK.    [See  also  CLARK,  CLARKE,  and  CLKRKK.] 

CLERK,  SIR  GEORGE  (1787-1867),  statesman  :  of 
Penicuik  :  succeeded  as  sixth  baronet,  1798 ;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  and,  1806.  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  advocate  at 
Scottish  bar,  1809  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1810;  M.P.,  1811-62 ; 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1819-27  ;  under-secretary  for  home 
affairs,  1830 ;  master  of  the  mint,  1845-6.  [xi.  38] 

CLERK,  SIR  GEORGE  RUSSELL  (1800-1889),  Indian 
civilian  ;  educated  at  Haileybury  College  ;  writer  in  East 
India  Company's  service,  1817,  and  subsequently  liH<l  suc- 
cessively several  subordinate  positions ;  political  agent  at 
Ambala,  1831 ;  British  envoy  at  Lahore ;  governor  of 
Bombay,  1846-8  and  1860-2  ;  K.C.B.,  1848 ;  permanent 
under-secretary  to  India  board,  1856,  and  secretary,  1867 ; 
permanent  under-secretary  of  state  for  India,  1858  ;  mem- 
ber of  Indian  council,  1863 ;  G.C.S.I.,  1866. 

[Suppl.  ii.  34] 

CLERK,  JOHN  (d.  1541),  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells : 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1502 ;  LL.D.  Bologna ;  rector  of  Hoth- 
field,  Kent,  1508,  with  other  benefices ;  dean  of  Windsor, 
1519 ;  chaplain  and  agent  of  Wolsey :  envoy  to  Rome, 
1521 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1522-3 :  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  1523  ;  tried  to  obtain  the  papacy  for  Wolsey,  1523 ; 
envoy  to  France,  1526,  and  to  Rome,  1527 ;  assented  to 
Henry  VIII's  divorce,  1529 ;  envoy  to  Cleves,  1540. 

[xi.  39] 

CLERK,  JOHN  (d.  1552),  Roman  catholic  writer; 
educated  at  Oxford  :  visited  France  and  Italy ;  secretary 
to  Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk ;  committed  suicide  in  the 
Tower ;  published  translations  and  theological  pieces. 


[xi.  40] 
lik;  anti- 


!,  SIR  JOHN  (1684-1755),  of  Penicui 
quary ;  advocate  ;  M.P.  in  Scottish  parliament,  1702-7  ;  a 
commissioner  for  the  union,  1707  :  judge  of  the  exchequer 
court  in  Scotland,  1708-55  ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet, 
1722:  patron  of  Allan  Ramsay;  collected  antiquities; 
wrote  antiquarian  tracts.  [xi.  40] 


,  JOHN  (1728-1812),  naval  writer  ;  of  Eldin; 
younger  son  of  Sir  John  Clerk  [q.  v.]  ;  successful  mer- 
chant in  Edinburgh ;  practised  drawing  and  etching,  1770 ; 
bought  Eldin,  near  Edinburgh,  c.  1773  ;  wrote  an  '  Essay 
on  Naval  Tactics,'  privately  printed,  1782,  published,  1790, 
and  enlarged,  1797.  [xi.  41] 

CLERK,  JOHN,  LORD  ELDIN  (1757-1832),  Scottish 
judge;  eldest  son  of  John  Clerk  (1728-1812)  [q.  v.] ; 
apprentice  to  a  writer  to  the  signet ;  accountant ;  advo- 
cate, 1785  ;  lord  of  session,  1823-8 ;  failed  as  a  judge. 

[xi.  42] 

CLERK,  JOSIAH  (1639-1714),  physician;  entered 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1656  ;  M.D.,  1666  ;  fellow  of  the 
London  College  of  Physicians,  1675 ;  president,  1708. 

[xi.  43] 

CLERK,  MATTHEW  (1659-1735),  Irish  presby- 
terian  ;  served  in  siege  of  Derry,  1689  ;  minister  of  Kilrea, 
co.  Derry,  1697-1729  ;  wrote  against  non-subscription  to 
the  Westminster  Confession,  1721 ;  minister  and  school- 
master at  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  1729. 

[xi.  43] 

CLEEK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1665),  civilian  ;  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1629  ;  practised  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1629 ;  a 
judge  of  the  admiralty,  1651 ;  published  a  law  pamphlet, 
1631.  [xi.  44] 

CLERK-MAXWELL,  SIR  GEORGE  (1715-1784),  of 
Penicuik  ;  second  son  of  Sir  John  Clerk  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  assumed  the  name  Clerk-Max- 
well on  marrying  the  heiress  of  Middlebie,  Dumfriesshire ; 
succeeded  to  baronetcy  and  Penicuik  estate,  1782  ;  wrote 
on  farming.  [xi.  44] 

CLERK-MAXWELL,  JAMES  (1831-1879),  first  pro- 
fessor of  experimental  physics  at  Cambridge  ;  contributed 
papers  to  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  on  curves, 
1846  and  1849,  and  on  the  equilibrium  of  elastic  solids, 
1850 ;  left  Edinburgh  for  Cambridge :  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  1865 ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Aber- 
deen, 1856-80,  and  at  King's  College,  London,  1860-6 ; 
elected  without  opposition  to  the  new  chair  of  experi- 
mental physics  at  Cambridge,  1871;  his  essay  on 


CLERKE 


249 


CLIFFORD 


'Saturn's  Rings '  gained  the  Adams  prize,  1857  ;  and  his 
studies  on  the  kinetic  theory  of  gases  are  described  In 
many  papers,  but  his  theories  are  not  altogether  accepted 
now ;  investigated  the  theory  of  colours  in  relation  to 
colour-blindness,  on  which  he  read  a  paper  before  the 
Royal  Society,  1860,  and  gained  the  Rmnford  medal.  His 
best-known  researches,  dealing  with  electricity  and  mag- 
netism, commenced  1856  ;  and  the  theories  he  formulated 
in  his  t  realise,  1873,  daily  gain  more  and  more  acceptance  ; 
foremost  physicists  are  engaged  in  developing  his  ideas ; 
be  also  turned  his  attention  to  electrical  measurements 
and  the  velocity  of  propagation  of  electro-magnetic 
waves.  He  founded  a  scholarship  in  experimental 
physics  at  Cambridge.  [xxxvil.  118] 

CLERKE.    [See  also  CLARK,  CLARKE,  and  CLERK.] 

CLERKE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1537  ?-1590),  civilian ; 
educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1557:  M.A.,  1562;  studied  at  Paris;  proctor  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1564  and  1569  ;  LL.D. ;  M.P.  for  Bramber,  1571 ; 
secretary  to  Thomas  Sackville,  lord  Buckhurst,  1571 ; 
dean  of  arches,  1573 ;  archdeacon  of  Wells,  1582  ;  em- 
ployed in  the  Low  Countries,  1585-7 ;  published  a  reply  to 
Nicholas  Sanders,  1573,  and  other  works.  [xi.  45] 

CLERKE,  CHARLES  (1741-1779),  circumnavigator  ; 
entered  the  navy,  c.  1755  ;  sailed  round  the  world  with 
John  Byron  [q.  v.],  1764-6  ;  alleged  that  the  Patagonians 
were  eight  feet  high ;  master's  mate  in  James  Cook's 
[q.  v.]  voyage,  1768-71;  lieutenant  in  Cook's  second 
voyage,  1772-5  ;  commanded  ship  in  Cook's  third  voyage, 
1776.  [xi.  46] 

CLERKE  or  CLARKE,  FRANCIS  (/.  1594),  civi- 
lian;  practised  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1559;  B.C.L. 
Oxford,  1594  ;  wrote  Latin  manuals  of  the  admiralty 
and  ecclesiastical  courts.  [xi.  46] 

CLERKE,  GILBERT  (1626-1697?),  mathematician; 
entered  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1641 ;  fellow, 
1648-55 ;  presbyterian  minister,  1651 ;  lived  in  retirement ; 
published  Latin  mathematical  and  theological  treatises, 
1660-95.  [xi.  47] 

CLERKE,  HENRY  (d.  1687),  physician;  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford  :  fellow,  1642-67  ;  M.A.,  1644  ; 
M.D.,  1652 ;  president,  1672-87.  [xi.  47] 

CLERKE,  RICHARD  (d.  1634),  divine ;  D.D.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Minster,  Thanet,  J597  ;  one 
of  the  six  preachers  at  Canterbury,  J602 ,'  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  Old  Testament ;  his  sermons  published, 
1637.  [xi.  48] 

CLERKE,  THOMAS  HENRY  SHADWELL  j(1792- 
1849),  military  journalist ;  ensign,  1808 ;  disabled  by 
wounds  for  field  service,  1811  ;  major,  1830 ;  editor  of 
1  Ooulburn's  United  Service  Magazine,'  1829-42. 

[xi.  48] 

CLERKE,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1595),  reputed  author  of 
1  The  Triall  of  Bastardie,'  1594,  and  '  Polimanteia,'  1595  ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1575;  fellow,  1579; 
M.A.,  1582.  [xi.  48] 

CLERKE,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1751-1818), 
baronet;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1769;  B.C.L.  All 
Souls'  College,  1778 ;  succeeded  as  eighth  baronet,  1778 ; 
rector  of  Bury,  Lancashire,  1778  ;  imprisoned  for  debt ; 
published  sermons  and  pamphlets.  [xi.  49] 

CLERY,  MICHAEL  (1575-1643).    [See  O'OLEARY.] 

CLEVELAND,  first  DUKE  OP,  second  creation.  [See 
VANE,  WILLIAM  HARRY,  1766-1842.] 

CLEVELAND,  DUCHESS  OP  (1641-1709).  [See  VIL- 
LIERS,  BARBARA.] 

CLEVELAND,  EARL  OP  (1591-1667).  [See  WENT- 
WORTH,  SIR  THOMAS.] 

CLEVELAND,  AUGUSTUS  (1755-1784),  magistrate 
Of  Boglipoor,  Bengal.  [xl.  49] 

CLEVELAND,  JOHN  (1613-1658),  cavalier  poet; 
entered  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1627 ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1634-45  ;  M.A.,  1635  :  tutor  ; 
opposed  Cromwell's  election  as  M.P.  for  Cambridge 
borough,  1640 ;  ejected  as  a  royalist,  1645 ;  his  verses 
famous  in  royalist  circles ;  judge-advocate  at  Newark, 


1645-6 ;  imprisoned  at  Yarmouth,  1655 ;  released  by 
Cromwell ;  published  '  Poems,'  1656  ;  his  works  re-edited, 
1677,  as  •  Clievelandl  Vindiciac.'  [xi.  50] 

CLEVELEY,  JOHN  (1747-1786),  marine  painter  in  oil- 
and  water-colours  ;  twin-brother  of  Robert  Cleveley  [q.v.]  ; 
exhibited,  as  John  Cleveley,  junior,  chiefly  views  on  the 
Thames,  1767-82;  draughtsman  in  Sir  Joseph  Banks's 
voyage  to  the  Hebrides,  1772,  and  Captain  Phipps's  to  the 
north  seas,  1774.  [xi.  53] 

CLEVELEY,  ROBERT  (1747-1809),  marine  painter  in 
oil-  and  water-colours;  twin-brother  of  John  Cleveley 
[q.  v.]  ;  exhibited,  1780-95.  [xi.  53] 

CLEVERLEY,  SAMUEL  (d.  1824),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1797 :  went  to  study  on  the  continent ; 
prisoner  in  France,  1803-14;  practitioner  in  London, 
1815-24.  [xi.  54] 

CLEVES,  ANNE  OP  (1515-1557).  [See  ANNK.] 
CLEYN,  FRANCIS  (1590  ?-1658).  [See  OLEIN.] 
CLEYPOLE.  [See  CLAYPOOLE  or  CLAYPOLE.] 

dJDERHOTT,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1339  ?),  justiciar ;  of 
Bayley,  near  Clitheroe,  Lancashire ;  a  clerk  of  chancery 
under  Edward  I  and  Edward  II;  justice  Itinerant  for 
Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex,  1311 ;  king's  escheator,  north 
of  Trent,  1316  ?-18 ;  parson  of  Wigan  from  before  1321 
till  death ;  fined  for  supporting  Lancaster,  1323 :  built 
chapel  at  Bayley,  1331.  [XL  64] 

CLIFF,  HENRY  DB  (d.  1334),  judge ;  a  master  In 
chancery  before  1317  ;  auditor  of  petitions,  1320  ;  canon 
of  York,  1324 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1325-34.  [xi.  55] 

CLIFFORD,  ANNE,  COUNTESS  OP  DORSET,  PEMBROKE, 
and  MONTGOMERY  (1590-1676),  heiress  of  George  Clifford, 
third  earl  of  Cumberland  [q.  v.] ;  Involved  in  lawsuits 
over  the  estates  ;  educated  by  Samuel  Daniel  [q.  v.],  the 
poet ;  married,  firstly,  February  1609,  Richard  Sackville, 
lord  Buckhurst  (earl  of  Dorset,  1609) ;  claimed  the  barony 
of  Clifford,  1628  ;  married,  secondly,  1630,  Philip  Herbert, 
earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery  (d.  1660) ;  lived  un- 
happily with  both  husbands  ;  inherited  the  Clifford  estates, 
1643 ;  passionately  fond  of  building ;  wrote  an  auto- 
biography, [xi.  66] 

CLIFFORD,  ARTHUR  (1778-1830),  antiquary;  at 
Stonyhurst  College,  1795 ;  published  letters  of  Sir  Ralph 
Sadler  [q.  v.],  1809,  '  Tixall  Poetry,'  1813,  and  «  Tixall 
Letters,'  1815  ;  published  also  a  history  of  the  Cliffords,  a 
history  of  Tixall  parish,  and  educational  pamphlets. 

[xi.  67] 

CLIFFORD,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM  JAMES 
(1788-1877),  usher  of  the  black  rod  (1832-77) ;  educated 
at  Harrow ;  entered  the  navy,  1800 ;  served  in  West 
Indies,  1803,  and  Mediterranean,  1807-12  ;  captain,  1812  ; 
rear-admiral,  ;1848 ;  admiral  of  the  red,  1864  ;  M.P.  for 
Irish  constituencies,  1818-32;  knighted,  1830;  created 
baronet,  1838.  [ri.  68] 

CLIFFORD,  SIR  OONYERS  (d.  1599),  military  com- 
mander ;  of  Bobbing  Court,  Kent ;  knighted,  1591 ;  -M.P. 
for  Pembroke,  1593 ;  hon.  M.A.  Cambridge,  1595  ;  ser- 
geant-major in  the  Cadiz  expedition,  1596  ;  president  of 
Connaught,  1597  ;  killed  in  battle  with  the  Irish. 

[xi.  69] 

CLIFFORD,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  op  CUMBERLAND 
(1558-1606),  naval  commander ;  eldest  son  of  Henry  de 
Clifford,  second  earl  of  Cumberland  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as 
third  earl,  1570  ;  ward  of  Francis  Russell,  second  earl  of 
Bedford;  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1571-4;  M.A., 
1576  ;  a  gambler ;  wasted  his  estates ;  commanded  a 
queen's  ship  against  the  Armada,  1588;  a  favourite  at 
Elizabeth's  court ;  fitted  out  ten  privateering  expeditions, 
mostly  failures,  against  Spain  and  Spanish  America, 
1586-98,  sailing  personally  with  those  of  1589, 1591, 1593, 
and  1598.  [xi.  69] 

CLIFFORD,  HENRY  DE,  fourteenth  BARON  CLIP- 
PORD,  tenth  BARON  OP  WESTMORELAND,  first  BARON 
VESCI  (1456  ?-1523),  celebrated  in  Wordsworth's 
'Brougham  Castle  '  and  'White  Doe  of  Rylstone' ;  eldest 
sou  of  John  de  Clifford,  thirteenth  baron  [q.  v.],  who  was 
attainted  and  his  estates  forfeited,  1461 ;  brought  up  as  a 
shepherd  ;  restored  to  titles  and  estates,  1485  ;  summoned 
to  parliament,  1486-97 ;  received  the  submission  of  the 
I  Yorkshire  rebels,  1486 ;  fought  at  Flodden,  1613 ;  studied 
astrology.  [xi.  81] 


CLIFFORD 


250 


CLIFFORD 


CLIFFORD,  HENRY  DE,  first  EARL  OP  CUMBER- 
LAND, fifteenth  BAROX  CLIFFORD,  eleventh  BARON  OF 
WKST.MHRKLAND,  and  second  BAROX  VKSCI  (1493-1542), 
eldest  son  of  Henry  de  Clifford,  fourteenth  baron  [q.  v.]  : 
page  to  Henry  VIII :  styled  Sir  Harry  Clifford :  sheriff 
of  Yorkshire,  1522 ;  led  his  father's  forces  against  the 
Scots,  1522  ;  succeeded  to  the  barony,  1523  ;  in  constant 
service  against  the  Scots  and  often  warden  of  the  marches, 
1523-34:  created  Earl  of  Cumberland,  1625;  accepted 
Henry  VIII's  divorce,  1529  :  besieged  in  Skipton  Castle  by 
the  northern  insurgents,  1536 ;  rewarded  with  church 
lands.  [xi.  62] 

CLIFFORD,  HENRY  DE,  second  EARL  OF  CUMBER- 
LAND, sixteenth  BARON  CLIFFORD,  twelfth  BARON  OF 
WESTMORELAND,  and  third  BARON  VESCI  (d.  1570),  eldest 
son  of  Henry  de  Clifford,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Lord 
Clifford  ;  succeeded  to  title  and  estates,  1542 :  withdrew 
from  court,  1547;  favoured  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1569; 
alchemist.  [xi.  63] 

CLIFFORD,  HENRY,  fifth  EARL  OF  CUMBERLAND 
(1591-1643),  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1607 ;  B.A., 
1609  ;  K.B.,  1610 ;  summoned  to  the  peers  as  Baron  Clif- 
ford, 1628-9;  lord  lieutenant  of  Northumberland,  Cum- 
berland, and  Westmoreland,  1636-9;  raised  troops  for 
Charles  I's  Scottish  wars,  1639-40 ;  succeeded  to  earldom, 
1641 ;  commanded  royalist  forces  in  Yorkshire,  1G42  :  be- 
sieged in  York,  1642  ;  wrote  verses.  [xi.  64] 

CLIFFORD,  HENRY  (1768-1813),  legal  writer;  of  a 
Roman  catholic  family  of  Tixall,  Staffordshire ;  educated 
at  Liege;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1792;  published 
pamphlets,  1790-1810.  [xi.  65] 

CLIFFORD,  SIR  HENRY  HUGH  (1826-1883),  major- 
general  ;  third  son  of  Hugh  Charles  Clifford,  seventh  baron 
Clifford  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  1846  ;  served  in  South 
Africa,  1847  and  1862-3 ;  served  in  the  Crimea.  1854-6 ; 
V.O.;  brevet  major  ;  served  in  China,  1857-8;  brevet 
colonel ;  staff  officer  at  home  station?,  1860-75 ;  major- 
general,  1869  ;  controlled  lines  of  communication  in  Zulu 
war,  1879  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1879.  [xi.  66] 

CLIFFORD,  HUGH  CHARLES,  seventh  BARON 
CLIFFORD  OF  OHUDLEIOH  (1790-1858),  educated  at  Stony- 
hurst;  served  in  the  Peninsula;  succeeded  to  barony, 
1831 ;  lived  chiefly  in  Italy ;  died  at  Rome ;  published 
political  pamphlets.  [xi.  66] 

CLIFFORD,  JAMES  (1622-1698),  musician ;  sou  of 
an  Oxford  cook ;  chorister  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1632-42 ;  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1661 : 
sacrist,  1682 ;  published  '  Divine  Services  and  Anthems,' 
1663,  and  sermons.  [xi  66] 

CLIFFORD,  JOHN  DE,  thirteenth  BARON  CLIFFORD, 
ninth  BARON  OF  WESTMORELAND  (1435  ?-1461),  son  of 
Thomas  de  Clifford,  twelfth  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  led  troops  to 
London  to  demand  compensation  for  his  father's  death, 
1458 ;  reconciled  to  the  Yorkist  lords  and  attainted  with 
them,  1459 ;  summoned  to  parliament,  1460 ;  fought 
against  Yorkists  at  Wakefield,  1460;  nicknamed  'the 
Butcher.'  for  his  cruelty  ;  fell  at  Ferrybridge ;  attainted  by 
the  Yorkists.  1461.  [xi.  67] 

CLIFFORD,  MARGARET,  COUNTESS  OF  CUMBER- 
LAND (1660?-1616),  youngest  daughter  of  Francis  Russell, 
earl  of  Bedford  ;  married,  1577,  George  Clifford,  third  earl 
of  Cumberland  [q.  v.] ;  separated  from  her  husband ;  en- 
gaged in  lawsuits  to  secure  her  daughter's  estates,  1605 
[see  CLIFFORD,  ANNE,  COUNTKSS  OF  DORSET].  [xL  68] 

CLIFFORD,  MARTIN  (<f.  1677),  author  of  '  A  Treatise 
of  Humane  Reason,'  1674 ;  educated  at  Westminster ; 
B.A.  Cambridge,  1643  ;  buffoon  about  court,  1660 ;  wrote 
anonymously  against  Dryden ;  master  of  the  Charter- 
house, 1671.  [xi.  68] 

CLIFFORD,  RICHARD  (ef.  1421),  bishop  of  London ; 
canon  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster,  1385  :  imprisoned  as 
a  favourite  of  Richard  II,  1388  ;  guardian  of  the  privy  seal, 
1388-1400  ;  pluralist ;  dean  of  York,  1398 ;  nominated  by 
the  pope  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1401 :  bishop  of 
Worcester,  August,  1401 ;  translated  to  London,  1407 ; 
presided  at  the  trials  for  heresy  of  sir  John  Oldcastle, 
1413,  and  of  John  Clayton,  1415  ;  attended  the  council  of 
Constance,  1416-17 ;  obtained  the  papacy  for  Martin  V, 
1417.  [xi.69] 


CLIFFORD,  ROBERT  DK,  fifth  BARON  OUFKORD, 
first  BARON  OF  WESTMORELAND  (1273-1314),  succeeded 
to  the  Clifford  estates,  1285,  and  to  Brougham  Castle  and 
half  the  Vipont  estates  in  Westmoreland,  c.  1 -j-.il  y  ; 
justice  of  forests  north  of  Trent,  1297-1305 ;  warden  of 
the  marches  and  governor  of  Carlisle,  1297  ;  constantly 
fii.'hting  iigainst  the  Scots  from  1297  ;  summoned  to  par- 
liament. 1299-1313 :  took  Caerlnverock  Castle,  1300 ; 
granted  part  of  Robert  Bruce's  English  estates,  1306; 
granted  Skipton  Castle,  1310  :  a  favourite  of  Edward  II ; 
joined  baronial  party,  1311 ;  made  his  peace  with  Ed- 
ward II,  1313  ;  failed  to  relieve  Stirling  Castle,  23  June 
1314  ;  slain  next  day  at  Bannockbnrn.  [xi.  70] 

CLIFFORD,  ROGER  DK  (,l.  1285  ?).  soldier  and  judge; 
succeeded  to  his  patrimony,  as  a  minor,  c.  1231  :  attended 
Henry  III  to  France,  1259 ;  sided  with  De  Montfort, 
1262-4;  aided  Henry  III  at  the  siege  of  Nottingham, 
1264;  justice  of  the  forests  south  of  Trent;  fought  for 
Henry  III  at  Lewes  and  in  the  Welsh  marches,  1264,  and 
at  Evesham,  1265  ;  granted  estates  in  Warwickshire  and 
Leicestershire ;  attended  Prince  Edward  on  the  crusade, 
1270-4;  commissioner  in  Wales,  1274;  envoy  to  France, 
1275 ;  justice  in  Wales,  1279 ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  Welsh 
insurgents,  1282.  [xi.  72] 

CLIFFORD,  ROGER  DE,  ninth  BARON  CLIFFORD, 
fifth  BARON  OF  WESTMORELAND  (1333-1389),  served  in 
Flanders,  1345,  and  against  the  Spanish  fleet,  1350 ;  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  in  the  estates,  c.  1352  ;  summoned  to 
parliament,  1356-88 ;  served  in  Gascony,  1355,  1369-60,  in 
Ireland,  1361,  1368,  in  France,  1373,  and  in  Brittany, 
1388  ;  frequently  warden  of  the  west  marches,  fighting 
against  Scots,  1370-88;  governor  of  Carlisle,  1377. 

[xi.  74] 

CLIFFORD,  ROSAMOND  (FAIR  ROSAMOND)  (d. 
1176  ?),  daughter  of  Walter  de  Clifford  [q.  v.]  ;  probably 
acknowledged  as  mistress  of  Henry  II,  1174 ;  buried  in 
the  choir  of  Godstow  Abbey  ;  her  remains  removed  to  the 
chapter-house,  c.  1191 ;  her  story  already  famous,  1274. 


[xi.  75] 
IN  CLIFI 


CLIFFORD,  THOMAS  DE,  tenth  BARON  CLIFFORD, 
sixth  BAROX  OF  WESTMORELAND  (rf.  1391  ?),  eldest  son  of 
Roger  de  Clifford,  ninth  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  in  attendance  on 
Richard  II,  1385 ;  governor  of  Carlisle  and  warden  of  the 
marches,  1386  ;  banished  from  court  by  the  baronial  party, 
1388  ;  succeeded  to  barony,  1390  ;  summoned  to  "parlia- 
ment, 1390-1 :  slain  in  Germany.  [xi.  77] 

CLIFFORD,  THOMAS  DE,  twelfth  BARON  CLIFFORD, 
eighth  BARON  OF  WESTMORELAND  (1414-1455),  succeeded 
to  barony,  1422;  attended  Bedford  in  France,  1436; 
raised  troops  against  the  Scots,  1435  ;  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment, 1436  ;  called  on  for  aid  in  the  relief  of  Calais,  1452 
and  1454 ;  slain  at  St.  Albans.  [xi.  77] 

CLIFFORD,    THOMAS,    first  BARON  CLIFFORD  OF 

CHUDLEIGH  (1630-1673),   of    Ugbrooke,   Devonshire ;    a 

concealed  Romanist   entered  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1647, 

and  the  Middle  Temple,  1648 ;  travelled ;    M.P.,  Totnes, 

1660-72 ;  joined  court  party,  1663  ;  a  commissioner  for 

the  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  1664 ;  a  trustee  for  the 

Duke   of  Monmouth,  1665 ;    knighted ;    a   confidant   of 

i  Arlington  :    envoy    to    Denmark,    1665 ;    served   at  sea, 

1665-6 ;  comptroller  (1666),  and  treasurer  (1668)  of  the 

household ;  cognisant  of  Charles  II's  wishes  to  establish 

i  Roman  Catholicism  in  England,  1669  ;  intrigued  in  France 

i  against  the  triple  alliance,  1669  ;  privy  to  secret  clauses 

j  of  treaty  of  Dover,  December  1670 :  granted  estates  by 

Charles  II,  1671 :  acting  secretary  of  state,  1672  ;  advised 

I  the  suspension  of  exchequer  payments,  and  the  Declaration 

i  of  Indulgence,  1672 ;  created  Baron  Clifford,  1672 ;  lord 

I  high  treasurer,  1672 ;  resigned  under  the  Test  Act,  1673. 

[xi.  78] 

CLIFFORD,  WALTER  DE  (rf.  1190?),  inherited 
estates  in  Herefordshire  and  other  counties;  obtained 
barony  of  Clifford  before  1138,  through  his  mother  or  by 
marriage ;  owned  estates  in  Shropshire  ;  fought  with  the 
Welsh,  1167-64.  [xi.  81] 

CLIFFORD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1670),  divine:  pretender 
to  the  barony  of  Clifford  ;  educated  at  Douay ;  missioner 
in  England ;  rector  of  the  English  college,  Lisbon : 
superior  of  Tournay  College,  Paris  ;  published  devotional 
tracts.  [xi.  82] 

CLIFFORD,  WILLIAM  KINGDON  (1846-1879), 
mathematician  and  metaphysician;  educated  at  King's 


CLIFT 


251 


CLJTHEROW 


College,  London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  second 
wnnr/lor  ;  irllow,  1HC>8  ;  professor  of  applied  mathematics, 
University  College,  Ix>ndon,  1H71  ;  wrote  philosophical 
treatises,  conceiving  of  consciousness  as  being  built  up  out 
of  simple  elements  of  '  mind-stuff  ' :  K.K.S.,  1*74  :  attacked 
by  consumption,  187G ;  died  at  Madeira ;  his  mathe- 
matical works  published,  1879-85.  [xi.  82] 

CLIFT,  WILLIAM  (1775-1849),  naturalist;  early 
showed  talent  for  drawing  ;  secretary  to  John  Hunter  the 
physician  [q.  v.],  1792-3;  caretaker  of  Hunter's  collec- 
tions, 1793-1844  ;  F.R.S.,  1823  ;  osteologist  and  medicul 
draughtsman  ;  contributed  to  scientific  journals. 

[xi.  85] 

CLIFTON,  FRANCIS  (d.  1736),  physician;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1724 ;  practitioner  in  London ;  withdrew  to 
Jaiimica,  1734  ;  published  medical  tracts,  1724-34. 

[xi.  86] 

CLIFTON,  JOHN  C.  (1781-1841),  composer  of  songs 
and  glees ;  clerk  in  the  stationery  office :  professional 
musician  at  Bath,  and,  1802,  at  Dublin ;  music  master  in 
London,  1818  ;  died  insane.  [xi.  87] 

CLIFTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1616),  puritan;  possibly 
vicar  of  Marnham,  1585,  and  rector  of  Babworth,  Notting- 
ham-hire, 1586;  Brownist  minister  at  Scrooby;  minister 
at  Amsterdam,  1610  ;  wrote  controversial  tracts,  1610-12. 

[xi.  87] 

CLIFTON,  ROBERT  COX  (1810-1861),  divine;  B.A. 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1831 ;  fellow,  1838 ;  chaplain 
to  Manchester  Collegiate  Church,  1837,  and  fellow,  1843 ; 
rector  of  Somerton,  Oxfordshire,  1843-61 ;  canon  of  Man- 
chester, 1840.  [xi.  88] 

CUNE,  HENRY  (1760-1827),  surgeon;  trained  in 
London ;  practised  from  1774 ;  lecturer  on  anatomy  to 
St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1781-1811,  and  surgeon,  1784-1811 ; 
a  strong  whig.  [xi.  88] 

CLINT,  ALFRED  (1807-1883),  etcher  and  marine 
painter ;  son  of  George  Clint  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited,  1828-79, 
at  first  portraits,  afterwards  coast  views.  [xi.  89] 

CLINT,  GEORGE  (1770-1854),  portrait  painter  and 
engraver ;  a  house-painter  ;  miniature  painter,  c.  1808 ; 
much  employed  on  theatrical  portraits ;  mezzotint  en- 
graver, [xi.  90] 

CLINT,  SCIPIO  (1805-1839),  medallist  and  seal- 
engraver  ;  son  of  George  Clint  [q.  v.] ;  first  exhibited, 
1825.  [xi.  90] 

CLINTON,  CHARLES  (1690-1773),  American  colonist, 
of  co.  Longford ;  emigrated,  1729 ;  settled  as  a  farmer 
in  New  York  State,  1731 ;  colonel  of  militia ;  commanded 
regiment  against  Canada,  1758.  [xi.  91] 

CLINTON,  CHARLES  JOHN  FYNES  (1799-1872), 
divine ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Oriel  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  B.A.,  1821 ;  rector  of  Cromwell,  Nottinghamshire, 
1828  ;  published  sermons.  [xi.  91] 

CLINTON,  EDWARD  FIENNES  DE,  ninth  BARON 
CLINTON  AND  SATE,  and  first  EARL  OF  LINCOLN  (1512- 
1585),  lord  high  admiral ;  a  royal  ward,  1517 ;  in  atten- 
dance on  Henry  VIII,  1532 ;  married,  1534,  Elizabeth 
Blount,  Henry  VIII's  mistress ;  summoned  to  parliament, 
1636 ;  served  in  the  fleet  against  the  Scots  and  French, 
1544-7 ;  governor  of  Boulogne,  1547 ;  lord  high  admiral, 
1550-4  and  1558-85;  governor  of  the  Tower,  1553-4; 
abandoned  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  made  his  peace  with 
Mary,  1564;  held  command  in  expedition  to  support 
Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin,  1557 ;  commanded  the  fleet 
against  France,  1558 ;  in  attendance  on  Elizabeth,  1564 ; 
joint-commander  against  the  northern  rebels,  1569  ;  com- 
manded in  North  Sea,  1570 ;  created  Earl  of  Lincoln,  1672 ; 
envoy  to  France,  1572.  [xi.  91] 

CLINTON,  GEOFFREY  DE  (/.  1130),  chamberlain 
and  treasurer  to  Henry  I;  in  attendance  on  Henry  I 
before  1123 ;  founded  Kenilworth  Prior}',  1126 ;  accused 
of  treason,  1130.  [xi.  93] 

CLINTON,  SIR  HENRY,  the  elder  (17387-1795), 
general ;  born  in  Newfoundland,  of  which  his  father  was 
governor ;  captain  of  the  New  York  militia ;  lieutenant, 
Ooldstream  guards,  1751  ;  lieutenant-colonel :  served  in 
Germany,  1760-3  ;  major-general,  1772  ;  M.P.,  1773-84  ; 
fought  at  Bunker's  Hill,  1776;  second  in  command  in 
America,  1776  ;  K.B.,  1777  ;  commander-in-chief,  1778 ; 


took  Charleston,  1780 ;  quarrelled  with  his  second  in 
command,  Lord  Cornwallis  ;  resigned,  1781  ;  M.P.,  1790  : 
vrenenil,  17<J3;  governor  of  Gibraltar,  1794:  died  at 
Gibraltar.  [xi.  94] 

CLINTON,  SIK  HENRY,  the  younger  (1771-1829), 
general ;  younger  son  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  the  elder 
[q.  v.];  ensign,  1787;  served  in  Holland,  1788-9 ;  cap- 
tain, 1791 ;  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  York,  1793  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1795 ;  prisoner  in  France,  1796-7 ; 
military  attache  with  the  Russian  army  in  Italy,  1799 ; 
adjutant-general  in  India,  1802-5  ;  military  attache  with 
the  Russian  army  at  Austerlitz,  1806 ;  commandant  at 
Syracuse,  1806-7  ;  M.P.,  1808-18  ;  adjutant-general  in  Sir 
John  Moore's  campaign,  1808-9 ;  major-general,  1810 : 
commanded  sixth  division  in  Peninsula,  1811-14;  K.B., 
1813  ;  lieutenant-general,  1814 ;  at  Waterloo,  1815. 

[xi.95] 

CLINTON,  HENRY  FIENNES,  ninth  EARL  OF  LIN- 
COLN and  second  DUKK  OF  NKWCASTLK-UNDKR-LYMK 
(1720-1794),  succeeded  his  brother  in  earldom,  1730; 
cofferer  of  the  household,  1764  ;  succeeded  his  uncle  in 
dukedom,  1768 ;  gave  himself  up  to  sport.  [xi.  96] 

CLINTON,  HENRY  FYNES  (1781-1852),  chrono- 
logist ;  son  of  Charles  Fynes,  a  Nottinghamshire  clergy- 
man, who  assumed  the  name  Clinton  in  1821 ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1805  ; 
well  read  in  Greek ;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  1806-26  ;  inherited  a 
fortune,  1811 ;  bought  Wei wyn,  Hertfordshire,  1810 ;  issued 
his  standard  works,  '  Fasti  Hellenici,  1824-30,  and  '  1'asti 
Romaui,'  1845-50  ;  epitomes  of  them  published,  1851-3. 

[xi.  96] 

CLINTON,  HENRY  PELHAM  FIENNES  PELHAM, 
fourth  DUKK  OF  NEWCASTLE  (1785-1851),  grandson  of 
Henry  Fiennes  Clinton,  second  duke  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to 
dukedom,  1795  ;  at  Eton,  1796-1803  ,  prisoner  in  France, 
1803-7 ;  married  a  wealthy  heiress,  1807  ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Nottinghamshire,  1809-39  ;  an  object  of  mob  violence, 
1830-1 ;  withdrew  from  politics,  1832  ;  bought  Worksop  ; 
published  pamphlets.  [xi.  98] 

CLINTON,  HENRY  PELHAM  FIENNES  PELHAM, 
fifth  DUKE  OF  NEWCASTLE  (1811-1864),  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Pelham  Fiennes  Pelham  Clinton,  fourth  duke 
[q.  v.]  ;  styled  Earl  of  Lincoln  ;  at  Eton,  1826  ;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1832 ;  M.P.,  1832-51 ;  chief  secre- 
tary for  Ireland,  February-July  1846 ;  divorced  his  wife, 
1860 ;  succeeded  to  dukedom,  1851 ;  secretary  for  war  and 
the  colonies,  1852-4  ;  secretary  for  war,  1864-5  ;  visited  the 
Crimea,  1855;  colonial  secretary  1869-64;  visited  Canada, 
1860.  [xi.  98] 

CLINTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1769-1846),  gene- 
ral ;  elder  son  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  cornet, 
1784  ;  captain,  1790 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1793  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1794 ;  aide-de-  amp  to  the  Duke  of  York,  1796  ; 
governor  of  Madeira,  1801-2 ;  M.P.,  1806-30 ;  major- 
general,  1808  ;  served  in  Sicily  and  Spain,  1812-13 ;  G.C.B., 
1815 :  lieutenant-general  of  ordnance,  1825-9  ;  com- 
manded British  forces  in  Portugal,  1826-8  ;  general, 
1830.  [xi.  99] 

CLIPSTONE,  JOHN  (/.  1378),  theological  writer ; 
D.D.  Cambridge ;  Carmelite  friar  of  Nottingham. 

[xi.  100] 

CLISSOLD,  AUGUSTUS  (17977-1882),  Sweden- 
borgian ;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1821 ;  curate  of 
Stoke  Newington  ;  joined  the  Swedenborgians,  1838  ;  pub- 
lished Swedenborgian  tracts,  1838-79 ;  benefactor  of  the 
'  New  Church.'  [xi.  100] 

CLISSOLD,  STEPHEN  (17907-1863),  writer  of 
pamphlets  on  trade,  1815-38 ;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1822  ;  rector  of  Wrentham,  Suffolk,  1830-53. 

[xi.  101] 

CLITHEROW,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1641),  mer- 
chant ;  member  of  the  East  India  Company,  1601 ;  sub- 
scribed for  the  discovery  of  a  north-west  passage,  1612  ; 
master  of  the  Ironmongers'  Company,  1618  and  1624 ; 
alderman  of  London,  1625-41 :  sheriff,  1625  :  M.P.  London, 
1628  ;  lord  mayor,  1635  ;  knighted,  1636  ;  an  Eastland  mer- 
chant, 1638 ;  benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital,  [xi.  101] 

CLITHEROW,  MARGARET  (d.  1586),  the  •  martyr  of 
York ' ;  daughter  of  Thomas  Middleton,  wax-chandler, 
York;  married,  1671,  John  Clitherow,  butcher ;  embraced 
Roman  Catholicism,  1574 ;  imprisoned  as  a  recusant ;  bar- 
barously executed  for  harbouring  priests.  [xi.  103] 


OLIVE 


CLOUGH 


CLT7E,  CAROLINE  (1801-1873),  authoress;  nit. 
Meysey-Wigley :  married,  1840,  the  Rev.  Archer  Clive 
(d.  1878)  ;  accidentally  burnt  to  death ;  published,  chiefly 
under  the  initial  '  V.,'  verses  and  novels,  1840-72,  Includ- 
ing *  Paul  Ferroll,'  1855.  [xi.  103] 

CUVE,  CATHERINE,  commonly  known  as  KITTY 
CLIVB  (1711-1785),  actress;  of  Irish  extraction;  n<fe 
Raftor  ;  employed  by  Oolley  Gibber  at  Drury  Lane,  1728- 
1741 ;  made  her  mark  in  comedy,  1731 ;  married  George 
Olive,  a  barrister,  before  1784 ;  travestied  the  part  of 
•  Portia,*  1741 ;  visited  Dublin,  1741 ;  a  favourite  with 
Handel ;  sang  in  Handel's  '  Samson,'  1742  ;  employed  by 
Garrick  at  Drury  Lane,  1746-69 ;  pensioned  by  Horace 
Walpole  ;  wrote  dramatic  sketches,  1753-65.  [xL  104] 

CLIVE,  Sm  EDWARD  (1704-1771),  judge  ;  barrister 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1725  ;  M.P.  St.  Michael's,  Cornwall,  1741 ; 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1745;  justice  of  common 
pleas,  1753-70  ;  knighted,  1753.  [xi.  107] 

OLIVE,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  OF  Powis  (1754-1839), 
governor  of  Madras  ;  eldest  son  of  Robert  Olive,  baron 
Olive  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  Irish  barony,  1774 ;  M.P., 
Ludlow,  1774-94  ;  created  Baron  Clive  of  Walcot,  in  the 
British  peerage,  1794  ;  governor  of  Madras,  1798-1803  ; 
created  Earl  of  Powis,  1804.  [xi.  108] 

OLIVE,  ROBERT,  BARON  CLIVE  (1725-1774),  gover- 
nor of  Bengal ;  eldest  son  of  an  impoverished  Shropshire 
squire ;  exhibited  a  turbulent  and  masterful  temper  at 
school  ;  offered  writerehip  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  1743 ;  reached  Madras  penniless  and  hi  debt 
owing  to  an  exceptionally  protracted  voyage,  1744; 
friendless  and  miserable  ;  tried  to  shoot  himself ;  taken 
prisoner  by  Labourdonnais  at  Madras,  September  1746  ; 
escaped  to  Fort  St.  David  ;  ensign,  1747  ;  showed  great 
bravery  at  the  unsuccessful  siege  of  Pondicherry,  1748  ; 
lieutenant  under  Major  Stringer  Lawrence  at  Devikota  ; 
commissariat  officer ;  twice  sent  in  charge  of  reinforce- 
ments to  Trichinopoly  ;  captain  ;  allowed  to  try  his  plan 
of  attacking  Arcot,  capital  of  the  Oarnatic  ;  marched  from 
Madras,  and  occupied  Arcot,  1751 ;  besieged  by  ten  thou- 
sand troops  23  Sept.-14  Nov. ;  beat  off  all  attacks,  having 
only  eighty  Europeans  and  150  Sepoys  efficient ;  reinforced, 
15  Nov. ;  defeated  the  enemy  at  Ami ;  twice  took  Con  jeve- 
ram :  defeated  the  French  and  natives  at  Caveripak ; 
helped  Major  Lawrence  to  take  Trichinopoly  ;  reduced 
Covelong  and  Ohingleput ;  invalided  to  England,  1753  ;  paid 
his  father's  debts  ;  tried  to  enter  parliament ;  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel ;  reached  Bombay,  1755 ;  helped  to 
reduce  Gheriah,  the  stronghold  of  the  pirate  Angria,  1756  ; 
took  charge  of  Fort  St.  David,  20  June  1756  (the  day  before 
the  'Black  Hole'  of  Calcutta)  ;  recovered  Calcutta  and 
Hugli  ;  came  to  terms  with  Suraj  ud  Dowlah,  the  guilty 
nawab  of  Bengal ;  captured  Chandernagore  ;  discovered 
the  nawab's  intended  treachery  ;  negotiated  privately 
with  his  general  Mir  Jaffler,  through  the  Hindu  Omi- 
chand ;  cheated  Omichand  by  having  two  treaties  drawn 
up,  one  of  them  fictitious  ;  marched  against  the  nawab, 
and  won  the  great  victory  of  Plassey,  1767  ;  installed  Mir 
Jaffier  as  nawab  ;  accepted  from  him  a  large  present  and 
the  quit-rent  of  the  company's  territory  ;  governor  of  the 
company's  Bengal  possessions,  1757-60 ;  repulsed  the 
Dutch  attempt  to  found  a  rival  colony  at  Chinsura, 
1759  ;  sailed  for  England,  1760  ;  M.P.,  Shrewsbury,  1760- 
1774 ;  created  Baron  Clive  in  the  Irisb  peerage,  1762 ; 
sent  out  to  put  down  abuses  in  Bengal ;  assumed  the 
governorship  of  Bengal,  1765  ;  reformed  the  civil  ad- 
ministration ;  restored  military  discipline  and  pen- 
sioned the  nawab  of  Bengal ;  obtained  for  the  company 
the  lordship  of  the  province  ;  created,  out  of  a  legacy  from 
Mir  Jaffier,  a  pension  fund  for  disabled  officers  ;  returned 
to  England  in  shattered  health,  1766 ;  rancorously  at- 
tacked by  politicians  and  others ;  went  through  a  par- 
liamentary inquiry,  1772-3  ;  became  a  victim  to  opium  ; 
committed  suicide.  [xi.  108] 

CLOBERY,  ROBERT  (1719-1800).  [See  GLYN, 
ROBERT.] 

CLOfiTE",  SIR  ABRAHAM  JOSIAS  (1794-1886), 
general ;  born  at  the  Cape ;  cornet,  1809  ;  captain,  1812 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1837  ;  general,  1871  ;  stationed  in  Eng- 
land, 1809-13  ;  aide-de-camp  to  the  governor,  Cape  Colony, 
1813-17  ;  in  India,  1817-19 ;  superintended  the  'settlers  of 
1820  '  at  Oape  Colony  ;  town  major  of  Cape  Town,  1822- 


1840  :  K.H.,  1836  ;  on  service  in  South  Africa,  1840-54 ; 
knighted,  1864  ;  stationed  in  West  Indies,  1855-61 ; 
retired,  1877.  [xi.  120] 

CLOGIE  or  CLOGY,  ALEXANDER  (1614-1698), 
biographer  ;  born  in  Scotland ;  educated  in  Dublin ; 
chaplain  to  William  Bedell  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Kilmore, 
1629  ;  beneficad,  1637  ;  persecuted  by  the  Irish  rebels, 
1641 ;  army  chaplain  in  England,  1643  ;  rector  of  Wig- 
more,  Herefordshire,  1647-98 ;  wrote  memoir  of  Bishop 
Bedell,  1675.  [xi.  120] 

CLONCTJRBY,  second  BARON  (1773-1853).  [See 
LAWLESS,  VALENTINE  BROWNE.] 

CLONMELL,  EARL  o»  (1739-1798).  [See  SCOTT, 
JOHN.] 

CLONTARFF,  VISCOUNT  (d.  1560).  [See  RAWSON, 
JOHN.] 

CLOPTON,  SIR  HUGH  (d.  1497),  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don ;  mercer  in  London ;  sheriff  of  London,  1486 ;  lord 
mayor,  1492 ;  knighted  ;  built  at  Stratford-on-Avon, 
'New  Place'  (afterwards  bought  by  Shakespeare),  1483, 
Trinity  Chapel,  and  the  stone  bridge  over  the  river. 

[xi.  121] 

CLOPTON,  WALTER  DE  (d.  1412  ?),  judge  ;  king's 
serjeant,  1378  ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1389-1400 ; 
K.B.,  1389 ;  became  a  Franciscan  friar  at  Norwich. 

[xi.  122] 

CLOSE,  SIR  BARRY  (d.  1813),  major-general ;  cadet 
at  Madras,  1771  ;  distinguished  himself  at  the  sieges  of 
Seringapatam,  1792  and  1799  :  resident  of  Mysore,  1799 ; 
resident  of  Poona,  1801 ;  returned  to  England,  1811  ; 
created  baronet.  [xi.  122] 

CLOSE,  FRANCIS  (1797-1882),  evangelical  divine; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1820 ;  M.A.,  1825 ; 
rector  of  Cheltenham,  1826  ;  D.D  Lambeth,  1856  ;  dean 
of  Carlisle,  1856-81 ;  published  sermons  and  pamphlets, 
1825-77.  [xi.  123] 

CLOSE,  JOHN  (1816-1891),  'Poet  Close'  ;  son  of  a 
butcher  at  Gunnerside,  Swaledale ;  published  tracts  of 
verse ;  established  himself  as  printer  at  Kirkby  Stephen  ; 
attracted  patrons  by  his  rhyming,  and  obtained,  1860, 
civil  service  pension,  which  was  withdrawn,  1861,  after 
much  public  discussion  ;  continued  to  issue  pamphlets  of 
metrical  balderdash  until  his  death.  [Suppl.  ii.  34] 

CLOSE,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1452),  bishop;  fellow  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1443  ;  a  commissioner  to  Scot- 
land, 1449 ;  archdeacon  of  Colchester  ;  D.D. ;  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  1450 ;  translated  to  Lichfield,  1462.  [xi.  124] 

CLOSE,  THOMAS  (1796-1881),  antiquary  and 
genealogist.  [xi.  125] 

CLOSSE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1585),  divine;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1579 ;  ejected  from  the  vicarage  of 
Ouckfleld,  Sussex,  1581  ;  libelled  the  lord  mayor  of  London 
in  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross,  1585.  [xL  125] 

CLOSTERMAN,  JOHN  (1656-1713),  portrait-painter  ; 
born  at  Osnaburg,  Hanover  ;  visited  Paris,  1679  ;  came  to 
England,  1681 ;  visited  Madrid,  1696,  and  Italy ;  painted 
the  Blenheim  group  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and 
his  family,  c.  1698.  [xi.  125] 

CLOTWORTHY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  MASSE- 
REENE  (d.  1665),  an  Antrim  landowner;  opponent  of 
Strafford's  Irish  administration ;  M.P.,  Maldon,  1640 ;  a 
manager  of  the  proceedings  against  Strafford ;  joined  in 
the  prosecution  of  Laud ;  annoyed  Laud  ou  the  scaffold, 
1645  ;  envoy  to  Ormonde,  1646 ;  accused  by  the  army 
leaders  of  embezzlement,  1647 ;  expelled  from  the  Commons, 
January  1648 ;  replaced,  June  1648  ;  imprisoned,  1648-51  ; 
employed  in  Irish  affairs,  1653-4  ;  agent  in  England  for 
the  Irish  adventurers  and  landholding  soldiers,  1660  ; 
created  Viscount  Massereene,  1660.  [xi.  126] 

CLOUGH,  ANNE  JEMIMA  (1820-1892),  first  principal 
of  Newnham  College,  Cambridge  ;  sister  of  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  [q.  v.] ;  resided  at  Liverpool,  where,  1841,  she 
started  a  school,  which  she  removed  to  Ambleside,  1852  ; 
became  acquainted  with  Miss  Emily  Davies,  Madame 
Barbara  Leigh  Smith  Bodichon  [q.  v.],  and  Miss  Buss  and 
others  interested  in  cause  of  education  of  women  ;  secre- 
tary, 1837-70,  and  president,  1873-4,  of  North  of  England 
council  for  promoting  higher  education  of  women  ;  bead, 


OLOUG-H 


253 


OOBBOLD 


1871,  of  house  of  residence  for  woman  students  at  Cam- 
bridge, which  ultimately  developed  into  Newuham  College. 

[Suppl.  ii.  35] 

CLOUGH,  AUTHOR  HUGH  (1819-1881),  poet;  son  of 
a  Liverpool  cotton  merchant ;  educated  at  Rugby,  1829-36  ; 
scholar  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1837  ;  B.A.,  1841 ; 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1841-8,  and  tutor,  1843-8  ;  visited 
Paris,  Rome,  and  Venice,  1848-50  ;  principal  of  University 
Hall,  Ixmdon,  1849-52  ;  visited  Boston,  America,  1852-3; 
cxiimiticr  in  the  education  office,  London,  1853;  risited, 
In  ill-health,  Greece,  the  Pyrenees,  Italy,  1861 ;  died  at 
Florence ;  published  his  first  poem,  1848  ;  revised  a  trans- 
lation of  Plutarch's  '  Lives,'  1869-60  ;  bis  poems  and  letters 
published,  1869.  [xi.  127] 

OLOUQH,  RICHARD  (rf.  1570),  merchant ;  chorister 
at  Chester  ;  merchant  in  London  ;  went  on  pilgrimage  to 
Jerusalem ;  knight  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre ;  factor  at 
Antwerp  for  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  1552-69;  suggested 
an  exchange,  London,  1561 ;  granted  a  lease  of  crown 
lands,  15G5  ;  visited  Spain,  1567 ;  built  Plas  Clough,  Den- 
bighshire; died  at  Hamburg;  his  wealth  proverbial  in 
Wales.  [xi.  128] 

CLOTTTT,  THOMAS  (1781  ?-1846).    [See  RUSSELL.] 
CLOVER,  JOSEPH  (1725-1811),  farrier;  blacksmith 
in  Norwich  ;  studied  farriery,  1750 ;  practised  as  veterinary 
surgeon,  1765-81.  [xi.  131] 

CLOWES,  BUTLER  (d.  1782X  mezzotint-engraver  and 
printseller  ;  exhibited,  1768-73,  portraits  and  sketches  in 
mezzotint.  [xi.  131] 

CLOWES,  JOHN  (1743-1831),  Swedenborgian ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1769;  fellow;  vicar  of  St. 
John's,  Manchester,  1769  ;  began  to  read  Swedenborg, 
1773 ;  founded  a  Swedenborgian  printing  society,  1780 ; 
issued  translations  of  works  by  Swedenborg,  1781-1816, 
and  theological  pamphlets  and  sermons,  1799-1826  ;  wrote 
an  autobiography.  [xi.  131] 

CLOWES,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1540?-1604X  sur- 
geon ;  surgeon's  apprentice  in  London  ;  army  surgeon  in 
Prance,  1563  ;  naval  surgeon,  1563-9 ;  practised  surgery  in 
London,  1569  ;  surgeon  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
1581-5,  and  of  Christ's  Hospital ;  army  surgeon  in  the 
Low  Countries,  1586-7;  naval  surgeon,  1588;  again 
practised  in  London ;  published  surgical  treatises  of  some 
merit,  1579-1602.  [xi.  132] 

CLOWES,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1582-1648),  sur- 
geon;  son  of  William  Clowes  the  elder  (1540  ?-1604) 
[q.  T.]  ;  practised  in  London,  1605  till  death;  surgeon  to 
Charles  I ;  prosecuted  Leverett  for  assuming  the  royal 
prerogative  of  touching  for  the  king's  evil,  1637. 

[xL  134] 

CLOWES,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1779-1847),  printer ; 
apprenticed  at  Chichester ;  came  to  London,  1802 ;  com- 
menced business  by  himself,  1803  ;  the  first  to  use  steam 
machinery  for  book-printing,  1823.  [xi.  134] 

CLOWES,  WILLIAM  (1780-1851),  primitive  me- 
thodist ;  a  Staffordshire  potter ;  champion  dancer ;  joined 
Wesleyan  methodiste,  1805  ;  local  preacher,  1808-10  ;  co- 
founder  of  the  primitive  methodists,  1810 ;  preached  in 
north  of  England.  [xi.  135] 

CLOWES,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1807-1883), 
printer ;  eldest  son  of  William  Clowes  the  elder  (1779- 
1847)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  his  father's  business,  1823. 

CLUBBE,  JOHN  (1703  9-1773),  satirical  writer  ;  B.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1725 ;  vicar  of  Debenham, 
Suffolk,  1730 ;  rector  of  Whatfleld,  Suffolk,  1735-73  ;  pub- 
lished a  sermon,  1751,  and  burlesques,  1758-70.  [xL  136] 

CLTTBBE,  WILLIAM  (1746-1814),  poetical  writer; 
son  of  John  Clubbe  [q.  v.]  ;  LL.B.  Oaius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1769;  rector  of  Flowton,  1769,  and  vicar  of 
Brandeston,  Suffolk,  1770 ;  published  verses,  1793-1806. 

CLULOW,  WILLIAM  BENTON  (1802-1882^  dissent- 
ing minister ;  pastor  at  Shaldon,  Devonshire,  1823  ;  tutor 
at  Airedale  College,  Bradford,  1836-43  ;  published  essays, 
1843-65.  [Xi.  136] 

OLTTNIE,  JOHN  (1757  ?-1819),  composer  of  Scottish 
Bongs  ;  schoolmaster  and  precentor  of  Markinch,  Fife- 
shire,  1785  ;  minister  of  Borthwick,  Midlothian,  1791. 

[xi.  137] 


CLUTTERBUCK,  HENRY  (1767-1856),  medical 
writer;  surgeon's  apprentice  atTruro;  came  to  London, 
1788 ;  qualified  as  a  surgeon,  1790 ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh,  1802,  and  Glasgow  ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1804  ;  a 
leading  physician  in  London  ;  lectured  on  materia  medica  ; 
published  medical  treatises,  1794-1846.  [xi.  137] 

OLTTTTERBUCK,  ROBERT(1772-1831), topographer  ; 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1794  ;  published  a  finely 
illustrated  history  of  Hertfordshire,  1815-27.  [xi.  138] 

CLYDE,  BARON  (1792-1863).  [See  CAMPBELL,  SIR 
COLIN.] 

CLYFFE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1558),  divine ;  LL.B.  Cam. 
bridge,  1514  ;  LL.D.,  1523  ;  admitted  to  Doctors'  Commons, 
1622  ;  commissary  of  London  diocese,  1522-9  ;  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  1626;  archdeacon  of  London,  1629-33; 
prebendary  of  York,  1532,  precentor,  1534,  treasurer,  1538- 
1547  ;  archdeacon  of  Cleveland,  1533 ;  dean  of  Chester, 
1547-58.  [xi.  138] 

CNUT  (994  7-1035).    [See  CANUTE.] 

OOATES,  CHARLES  (1746  ?-1813),  antiquary ;  edu- 
cated at  Reading  and  Cambridge ;  M.B.,  1767  vicar  of 
Preston,  Dorset,  1780 ;  vicar  of  Osmington,  Dorset  1788- 
1813  ;  F.S.A.,  1793  ;  published  a  history  of  Reading,  1802, 
and  a  supplement,  1809.  [xi.  139] 

OOATES,  ROBERT  (1772-1848),  amateur  actor; 
known  as  ROMEO  OOATES  ;  son  of  a  wealthy  Antigua 
planter ;  at  school  in  England  ;  acted  in  private  theatri- 
cals in  Antigua,  1805 ;  acted  in  Bath,  London,  and  else- 
where, 1810-16 ;  hissed  off  the  stage ;  withdrew  for  a  time 
to  Boulogne.  [xi.  139] 

COATS,  THOMAS  (1809-1883),  thread  manufac- 
turer ;  benefactor  of  Paisley ;  collector  of  Scottish  coins. 

[xi.  140] 

COBB,  JAMES  (1756-1818),  dramatist ;  clerk  in  the 
East  India  Company's  office  ;  wrote  twenty-four  dramatic 
pieces,  1779-1809.  [xi.  140] 

COBB,  SAMUEL  (1676-1713), translator  and  versifier; 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1683-94;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1702;  master  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  1702-13  ;  published  political  odes,  1694-1709,  and 
translations  from  Latin  and  Greek,  published  1709-14. 

[xi.  141] 

COBBE,  CHARLES  (1687-1765),  archbishop  of  Dub- 
lin ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1712;  chaplain  to  the  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
1717 ;  dean  of  Ardagh,  1718 ;  bishop  of  Killala,  1720,  and 
Dromore,  1727  ;  translated  to  Kildare,  1731 ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Dublin ;  D.D.  Dublin,  1735  ;  translated  to  Dublin, 
1743.  [xl.148] 

COBBETT,  WILLIAM  (1762-1835),  essayist,  poli- 
tician, and  agriculturist ;  son  of  a  labourer  at  Farn- 
ham,  Surrey ;  self-taught ;  enlisted  as  soldier,  1783  ;  served 
in  Nova  Scotia,  1784-91 ;  withdrew  to  France  and  to 
Philadelphia,  1792,  to  avoid  prosecution  through  his 
agitating  for  increase  of  soldiers'  pay ;  bookseller  and  pub- 
Usher,  on  the  loyalist  side,  1796  ;  prosecuted  for  libel,  1797 ; 
withdrew  to  New  York,  1797,  and  to  London,  1800 :  an 
active  tory  journalist,  1801;  but  afterwards  adopted 
popular  opinions,  and  from  1804  wrote  in  the  radical  in- 
terest, with  characteristic  directness  and  vigour ;  farmed 
in  Hampshire,  1804-17 ;  withdrew  to  America,  1817-19 ; 
wrote  strongly  in  favour  of  Queen  Caroline,  1820 ;  farmed 
land  in  Surrey,  1821 ;  tried  to  enter  parliament,  1821 ; 
M.P.  Oldham,  1832 ;  wrote,  with  exceptional  perspicuity 
and  force,  on  grammar,  economics,  and  other  subjects. 
•  Cobbett's  Weekly  Political  Register,'  begun  in  January 
1802,  was  continued  till  his  death.  [xi.  142] 

COBBLN,  INGRAM  (1777-1851),  congregational  minis- 
ter, 1802-28 ;  published  scripture  commentaries. 

[xi.  145] 

COBBOLD,  ELIZABETH  (1767-1824),  poetess;  n6e 
Knipe  ;  published  poems,  1787  ;  married  William  Clarke  of 
Ipswich,  1790 ;  published,  as  Eliza  Clarke, '  The  Sword,'  a 
novel,  1791 ;  married  John  Cobbold  of  Ipswich,  1792  ;  her 
collected  poems  published,  1825.  [xi.  145] 

COBBOLD,  JOHN  SPENCER  (1768-1837),  divine; 
fellow  of  Oaius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1793  ;  master 
of  Nuneaton  school,  1794;  rector  of  Woolpit,  Suffolk, 
1831 ;  published  sermons  and  essays.  [xi.  146] 


COBBOLD 


•254 


COCHRANE 


COBBOLD,  RICHARD  (1797-1 877%  novelist ;  son  of 
Bllxabeth  Cobbold,  [q.  *0  :  M.A.  Gains  College,  Cain- 
bridge,  1883:  rector  of  Wortham,  Suffolk  :  published  an 
account  of  Margaret  Catchpole  [q.  v.],  ls»5,  novels  and 

[xi.  146] 


COBBOLD,  THOMAS  SPENCER  (1828-1886),  helmin- 
thologist :  third  son  of  Richard  Cobbold  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon's 
apprentice  in  Norwich:  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
IM7  :  M.D.,  1851;  curator  of  Edinburgh  anatomical 
nm-euni,  1S51-6  ;  lectured  on  botany  and  zoology  in  Lou- 
don,  1S57-84  :  studied  parasitic  worms ;  wrote  treatises  on 
parasite*  from  1864.  [xi.  147] 

COBDEN,  EDWARD  (1684-1764),  author  of  poems 
and  sermons,  1718-68  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1706 ; 
M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1713  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1783 ; 
archdeacon  of  London,  1742  ;  chaplain  to  George  II,  1730- 
1752.  [xi.  147] 

COBDEN.  RICHARD  (1804-1865),  statesman ;  sou  of 
a  Sussex  farmer ;  clerk  (1819)  and  traveller  for  a  London 
calico  merchant ;  partner,  1828,  In  a  London  calico  ware- 
house, and,  1831,  in  a  Lancashire  calico  factory  ;  settled  in 
Manchester,  1832  ;  wrote  on  economics  in  the  '  Manches- 
ter Examiner ' ;  published  his  first  free-trade  pamphlets, 
1835-6 :  travelled  in  America,  the  East,  and  Germany, 
1835-8 :  tried  to  enter  parliament,  1837  :  a  foremost  leader 
of  the  Anti-Corulaw  League,  1838-46 ;  M.P.,  Stockport, 
1841-7  ;  voted  for  the  Maynooth  grant,  1845  :  greatly  con- 
tributed, by  bis  strenuous  advocacy,  to  the  repeal  of  the 
Corn  Laws,  1846  ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1846-7  ; 
M.P.,  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1847-57  ;  advocated  in- 
ternational arbitration  and  disarmament ;  defeated  the 
government  on  the  Chinese  war  question,  1857 ;  failed  to 
secure  re-election  :  visited  America,  1859  :  M.P.,  Rochdale, 
1859 ;  negotiated  the  commercial  treaty  with  France.  1869- 
1860 ;  opposed  intervention  in  favour  of  Denmark,  1864 ; 
last  spoke  in  the  House  of  Commons,  22  July  1864  ;  refused 
office,  1859,  and  a  baronetcy,  1860.  A  subscription  on  his 
behalf  in  1845  yielded  nearly  80,0007. ;  a  second  subscription, 
in  1860,  yielded  40,OOW.  [xi.  148] 

COBHAM.  ViscotrxT  (1669?-1749).     [See  TEMPLE, 

RlCHAKI>.] 

COBHAM,  BARONS.  [See  BROOKE,  HENRY,  d.  1619 ; 
OLDCASTLE,  SIR  JOHN,  rf.  1417.] 

COBHAM,  ELEANOR,  DUCHESS  OP  GLOUCESTER  (d. 
1446  ?X  originally  mistress,  and,  before  1431,  wife  of 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester  [q.  v.]  ;  accused  by  one 
Roger  Bolingbroke,  who  had  induced  her  to  believe  that 
her  husband  would  become  king,  of  being  her  accuser's 
accomplice  in  treason  and  magic,  1441 ;  imprisoned,  1441 ; 
sentenced  to  penance  and  imprisonment ;  imprisoned  at 
Chester  and  Keuilworth.  [xxviii.  243] 

COBHAM.  SIR  HENRY  (1538-1605?),  diplomatist  ; 
accompanied  an  English  embassy  to  Madrid,  1661 ;  envoy  to 
the  emperor  Maximilian  II  at  Vienna,  1567:  envoy  to 
Antwerp,  to  the  emperor  at  Speyer,  and  to  Spain,  1570 ; 
knighted,  1576 ;  envoy  to  Madrid,  1675 ;  ambassador  at 
Paris,  1579-83  :  M.P.,  Kent,  1586-9.  [xi.  154] 

COBHAM,  JOHN  DE,  third  BARON  COBHAM  (rf.  1408), 
succeeded  his  father,  John  de  Cobham,  1355;  served  in 
France,  1367 ;  several  times  envoy  in  Flanders  and  France, 
from  1374 :  often  a  trier  of  petitions,  1379-1401 ;  im- 
peached (1397)  for  serving  (1388)  as  commissioner  at  the 
trial  of  Richard  II's  favourites;  banished  to  Jersey 
recalled,  1399.  [xi.  155] 

COBHAM,  THOMAS  DK  (rf.  1327),  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester :  graduate  of  Paris,  Oxford,  and  Cambridge :  pre- 
bendary of  Hereford,  Wells,  London,  and  York  ;  envoy  to 
the  pope,  1306,  and  to  France,  1312 ;  elected  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  May  1313,  but  set  aside  by  the  pope,  October  ; 
visited  papal  court  at  Avignon,  1313  ;  made,  by  the  pope, 
bishop  of  Worcester,  1317 ;  built  a  library  for  Oxford 
University,  e.  1320 ;  his  books  placed  in  it,  1337. 

COBHAM,  THOMAS  (1786-1842),  actor :  a*  London 
prew  reader ;  played  Richard  III  in  London,  1816,  and 
was  by  some  reckoned  equal  to  Edmund  Keaii ;  acted  in 
Dublin,  1817.  [xi  168] 

COBURO.  Dtnut  OF  (1844-1900).  [See  ALFRED 
BRNKST  ALBERT.] 


COCHRAN,     WILLIAM    (1738-1785),    pa'nti-r  :    art 
student  in  Glasgow,  1754,  and  Italy,  17GI ;  uuioh  em; 
in  Glasgow  as  portrait-painter  and  miniaturist. 

[xi.  159] 

COCHRAN-PATRICK,   ROBERT  WILLIAM  OS42- 
1897),    statesman    and    numismatist;    B.A.    LMin: 
.1861 :  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1864  : 
|  land:  F.S.A.  London,  1871;  conservative  M .1'.  for  North 
I  Ayrshire,  1880-6 :   assessor  to  St.   Andrews    University, 
1888;  honorary  LLJD.  Glasgow,  1887;  permanent  innler- 
-tvretary  for  Scotland,  18*<7 -•>.»:? :  \rice-chnirnmnof  Scottish 
fishery  board,  1896;  published  work.-  n \-..i\\\:  to 
coins  and  medals  and  other  writings.          [Sujipl.  ii.  36] 

COCHRANE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  FORRESTER 
INGLIS  (1758-1832),  admiral ;  younger  son  of  the  eighth 
Earl  of  Dundouald ;  lieutenant  in  navy,  1778 ;  served  in 
West  Indies,  1780-2  :  captain,  1782 ;  commanded  a  ship 
with  credit.  1790-1802:  MJ>.,  Stirling  boroughs,  1802; 
rear-admiral,  1804;  blockaded  Ferrol,  1804;  held  com- 
mand in  West  Indies  and  on  the  American  station, 
1806-15  ;  K.B.,  1806  ;  admiral,  1819  ;  commander-iu-chief 
at  Portsmouth,  1821.  [xi.  159] 

COCHRANE,  ARCHIBALD,  ninth  EARL  OK  DUN- 
DONALD,  styled  LORD  COCHRANK  (1749-1831 X  served  for  a 
time  in  the  navy  and  in  the  army  ;  succeeded  to  the  earl- 
dom, 1778  ;  brought  to  poverty  by  unprofitable  attempts 
to  find  industrial  applications  of  chemical  discoveries; 
published  pamphlets  on  agricultural  chemistry :  died  at 
Paris.  [xi.  160] 

COCHRANE.  SIR  JAMES  (1798-1883X  judge :  born  in 
Nova  Scotia ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1829 ; 
attorney-general  of  Gibraltar,  1837,  and  chief-justice  at 
Gibraltar,  1841-77  ;  knighted,  1845  ;  died  at  Gibraltar. 

[xi.  161] 

COCHRANE,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1650  ?X  royalist ;  com- 
manded regiment  at  Edinburgh,  1640 ;  joined  Charles  I  at 
York,  1642  ;  governor  of  Towcester,  1643  ;  his  estates  for- 
feited, 1644 ;  sent  to  the  continent  to  raise  money  for 
Charles  I.  [xi.  162] 

COCHRANE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1695  ?),  of  Ochiltree,  Ayr- 
shire ;  second  sou  of  William  Cochrane,  first  earl  of  Duu- 
donald  [q.  v.] ;  involved  in  the  Rye  House  plot,  1683 ; 
escaped    to   Holland ;    attainted,    1685 ;   took    part    in 
,  Argyll's  invasion,  1685 ;  taken  prisoner ;  saved  himself  by 
|  turning  king's  evidence ;  employed  to  persuade  the  pres- 
I  byterians  to  accept  James  II's  Declaration  of  Indulgence, 
;  1687  :  recovered  his  estates,  1689 ;  imprisoned  on  a  charge 
of  embezzling  public  money,  1695.  [xi.  162] 

COCHRANE,  JOHN  DUNDAS  (1780-1825),  traveller : 

naval  officer;    travellai    through    France,    Spain,   and 

Portugal,  1815  ;  travelled  in  Russia  and  Siberia,  1820-1 ; 

published  an  account  of  his  journey,  1824  ;  died  in  Vene- 

|  zuela.  [xi.  162] 

COCHRANE,  JOHN    GEORGE   (1781-1852),  biblio- 
grapher: bookseller's  apprentice  in  Glasgow:  as  a  London 
publisher  agitated  against  the  Copyright  Act.  1813  ;  edited 
the  '  Foreign  Quarterly  Review,'  London,  1827-35 :  edited 
'  the  '  Caledonian  Mercury,'   Edinburgh ;   catalogued    Sir 
Walter  Scott's  Abbotsford  library,  1838 ;  newspaper  editor 
I  at  Hertford  ;  librarian  of  the  London  Library,  1841  till 
j  death.  [xi.  163] 

COCHRANE,  ROBERT,  EARL  OF  MAR  (rf.  1482X 
favourite  of  James  III  of  Scotland  ;  in  favour  before 
1476 ;  built  the  great  hall  in  Stirling  Castle ;  procured  the 
murder  of  Mar,  and  the  exile  of  Albany,  the  king's 
brothers,  1479 ;  offended  the  nobles  by  taking  the  earldom 
of  Mar :  depreciated  the  silver  coinage :  hanged  by  the 
nobles  at  Lander.  [xi.  163] 

COCHRANE,  THOMAS,  tenth  EARL  OF  DCN DONALD 
(1775-1860), admiral:  son  of  Archibald  Cochrane,  ninth 
earl  [q.  v.]  ;  styled  Lord  Cochrane ;  held  commission  in 
the  army ;  first  joined  his  ship,  the  Hind,  1793 ;  lieutenant, 
1796  ;  served  on  the  North  American  station,  1796-8,  and 
on  the  French  and  Spanish  coasts,  1798-1800 ;  as  com- 
mander of  the  Speedy,  captured  many  vessels,  1800-1 ; 
captain,  1801 :  captured  by  a  French  squadron,  1801  ; 
exchanged:  studied  at  Edinburgh  University,  1802-3; 
banished  to  the  Orkneys  guardship,  1803-4 ;  cruised  suc- 
cessfully off  the  AioreB,  1805  :  cruised  successfully  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  1806  ;  M.P.,  Honitou,  1806,  Westminster, 
1807 ;  exposed  the  abuses  of  the  admiralty ;  ordered  to 
the  Mediterranean;  tried  to  check  the  venality  of  the 


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d   pafitteal ,  don  before  1710:  phjakmn  to Gicenvieh  Hornital.  1731 : 

.,     .... 


COCKBUBJST 


256 


COFFEY 


COCKBTTRN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1768-1835),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  son  of  Jamea  Cockburn  (jt.  1783)  [q.  v.] ;  ensign, 
1778 ;  served  in  American  war,  1779-83  ;  captain,  1783 ; 
served  in  India,  1790-1802;  lieutenant-colonel,  1798; 
major-general,  1811 ;  lieutenant-general,  1821 ;  succeeded 
as  fifth  baronet  of  Cockburn,  Berwickshire.  [xi.  193] 

COCKER,  EDWARD  (1631-1675),  arithmetician  ; 
taught  writing  and  arithmetic  in  London  from  before 
1657  to  1665  ;  a  book-collector  ;  published  twenty-three 
manuals  of  penmanship,  1657-75  ;  published  his  arith- 
metic, 1664,  which  afterwards  went  through  more  than  a 
hundred  editions  ;  published  verses,  1670, 1676. 

[xi.  193] 

COCKERAM,  HENRY  (Jl.  1650),  author  of  the 
earliest  published  dictionary  of  English  (first  published, 
1623  ;  eleventh  edition  issued,  1655).  [xi.  195] 

COCKERELL,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1788-1863), 
architect ;  son  of  Samuel  Pepys  Cockerell  [q.  v.] ;  trained 
by  his  father ;  studied  architectural  remains  in  Greece, 
Asia  Minor,  Sicily,  and  Italy,  1810-17 ;  discovered,  in 
company  with  two  Germans,  the  frieze  of  the  temple  of 
Apollo  at  Phigaleia,  1812;  architect  in  London,  1817; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1818-58;  designed 
buildings  in  London  ;  R.A.,  1836 ;  professor  of  architec- 
ture to  the  Royal  Academy,  1840-67 ;  designed  the  Tay- 
lorian  Building,  Oxford,  1842  ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1845  ;  completed  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge, 
1845,  and  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  1847 ;  wrote  on 
sculpture  aud  architecture,  1816-62.  [xi.  195] 

COCKERELL,  FREDERICK  PEPYS  (1833-1878), 
architect ;  second  son  of  Charles  Robert  Cockerell  [q.  v.]  ; 
made  a  sketching  tour  in  North  France,  1860 ;  studied 
architecture  in  Paris  and  Italy,  1853-5  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1854-77 ;  architect  of  numerous  man- 
sions and  some  churches ;  died  at  Paris.  [xi.  198] 

COCKERELL,  SAMUEL  PEPYS  (1754-1827),  archi- 
tect ;  pupil  of  Sir  Robert  Taylor ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1786-1803  ;  designed  churches  and  mansions. 

[xi.  199] 

COCKERILL,  JOHN  (1790-1840),  manufacturer  ;  son 
of  William  Cockerill  [q.  v.]  ;  born  in  Lancashire  ;  went 
to  Verviers,  Belgium,  1802  ;  joint-manager  of  the  factory 
at  Liege,  1807 ;  set  up  a  woollen  factory  at  Berlin,  1815  ; 
established  the  great  foundry  and  machine  factory  at 
Seraing,  Belgium,  1817  ;  died  at  Warsaw.  [xi.  200] 

COCKERILL,  WILLIAM  (1769-1832),  inventor;  a 
Lancashire  mechanic ;  employed  in  St.  Petersburg,  1794  ; 
in  Sweden,  1796;  manufactured  spinning  and  weaving 
machinery  at  Verviers,  Belgium,  1799,  and  at  Liege,  1807- 
1812  ;  died  near  Aix-la-Ohapelle.  [xi.  200] 

COCKIN,  WILLIAM  (1736-1801),  author  ;  writing- 
master  in  London,  at  Lancaster,  1764-84,  and  at  Notting- 
ham, 1784-92;  published  an  arithmetic,  essays,  and 
poems.  [xi.200] 

COOKINGS,  GEORGE  (d.  1802),  author  of  poems  and 
dramas ;  an  official  at  Boston,  America  ;  registrar  of  a 
London  society,  c.  1772  till  death,  [xi.  201] 

COCKIS,  JOHN  (Jl.  1572).    [See  OoXB.] 

COCKLE,  SIR  JAMES  (1819-1895),  chief-justice  of 
Queensland  and  mathematician ;  educated  at  Charter- 
house and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1845; 
called  to  the  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1846  ;  practised  on 
Midland  circuit ;  first  chief-justice  of  Queensland,  1863- 
1879;  knighted,  1869;  F.R.A.S.,  1864;  F.R.S.,  1865; 
fellow  of  London  Mathematical  Society,  1870,  and  pre- 
sident, 1886-8.  He  made  noteworthy  contributions  to 
the  theory  of  differential  equations,  and  published  mathe- 
matical writings.  [SuppL  ii.  38] 

COCKS,  ARTHUR  HERBERT  (1819-1881),  Bengal 
civilian ;  educated  at  Haileybury ;  went  to  Bengal,  1837  ; 
sent  to  Scinde,  1843  ;  political  officer  with  Lord  Goug h's 
army,  1848-9 ;  a  district  magistrate ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1863.  [xi.  201] 

COCKS,  ROGER  (/1. 1636),  divine ;  possibly  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1612;  published,  1630,  devotional 
verses,  entitled  '  Hebdomada  Sacra  ' ;  answered,  1642,  Sir 
Edward  Peyton's  book  against  knueliug  at  communion. 

[xi.  201] 


COCKSON  or  COXON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1609-1636),  en- 
graver  of  numerous  portrait*  of  contemporary  notabili- 
ties and  authors.  [xi.  202] 

COCKTON,  HENRY  (1807-1853),  author  of 'Valen- 
tine Vox,'  1840,  and  other  novels.  [xi.  202] 

CODDINGTON,  HENRY  (d.  1845),  mathematician; 
senior  wrangler,  1820 ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1823 ;  vicar  of  Ware,  Hertfordshire ; 
died  at  Rome ;  wrote  chiefly  on  optics.  [xi.  202] 

CODDINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1601-1678),  American 
colonist ;  merchant  at  Boston,  New  England,  1630 ;  re- 
moved to  Rhode  island,  1638;  visited  England,  1661; 
named  governor  of  Rhode  island,  where  he  became  chief 
magistrate.  [xi.  203] 

CODRINGTON,  CHRISTOPHER (1668-1710),  soldier; 
son  of  the  governor  of  the  Leeward  islands  ;  born  in 
Barbados  ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1685  ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls',  1690 ;  M.A.,  1695  ;  showed  great  courage  in 
Flanders,  1694  ;  captain,  1695  ;  governor  of  the  Leeward 
islands.  1697-1703  :  died  at  Barbados :  benefactor  of  All 
Souls' College,  Oxford  ;  left  his  Barbados  estates  to  found 
Codrington  College,  Barbados.  [xi.  203] 

CODRINGTON,  SIR  EDWARD  (1770-1851),  admiral ; 
entered  navy,  1783 ;  lieutenant,  1793  ;  commander,  1794 ; 
commanded  ship  at  Trafalgar,  1805  ;  served  in  the  Scheldt, 
1809,  and  in  the  Mediterranean,  1810-13;  rear-admiral, 
1814 ;  K.O.B.,  1816 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1827  ;  in  treaty  with  Ibrahim  Pasha,  the  Turkish 
admiral,  for  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  1827,  soon  after 
which  hostilities  were  resumed  by  the  Greek  insurgents  ; 
joined  with  the  French  and  Russian  squadrons  in  destroy- 
ing the  weak  Turkish  fleet  at  Navarino,  20  Oct.  1827  :  re- 
called, 1828  ;  visited  St.  Petersburg,  1830 ;  admiral,  1837  ; 
retired  from  active  service,  1842 ;  his  memoirs  published, 
1873.  [xi.  204] 

CODRINGTON,    SIR    HENRY    JOHN    (1808-1877 
admiral ;   third  sou  of  Sir  Edward  Codrington  [q.  v.] 
entered  navy,  1823 ;  wounded  at  Navarino,  1827 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1829  ;  commander,  1831 ;  helped  to  bombard  Acre, 
1840;  served  off  the  Italian  coast,  1847-60,  and  in  the 
Baltic,  1854-5 ;  rear-admiral,  1857 ;  K.O.B.,1867;  admiral 
of  the  fleet,  1877.  [xi.  207] 

CODRINGTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1665),  author ;  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1619-27  ;  M.A.,  1626  ;  travelled  ; 
published  verses  and  translations,  chiefly  theological  and 
historical,  from  French  and  Latin.  [xi.  209] 

CODRINGTON,  THOMAS(<f.l691  ?),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  educated  at  Douay;  secretary  to  Cardinal 
Howard  at  Rome  ;  returned  to  England,  1684 ;  chaplain 
to  James  II ;  tried  to  found  in  England  community  of 
secular  priests ;  followed  James  II  to  St.  Germains  ;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [xi.  210] 

CODRINGTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1804-1884), 
general ;  second  son  of  Sir  Edward  Codrington  [q.  v.]  ; 
ensign,  1821 ;  colonel,  1846  ;  major-general,  1854  ;  showed 
courage  and  promptitude  at  Alma  and  Inkerman; 
K.O.B.,  1855  ;  comnmnder-in-chief  at  Sebastopol,  1856-6  ; 
M.P.,  Greenwich,  1857  ;  governor  of  Gibraltar,  1859-65  ; 
general,  1863.  [xi.  210] 

COEMGEN,  SAINT  (498-618),  of  Glendalough,  co. 
Wicklow ;  popularly  ST.  KEVIN  ;  hermit  at  Glendalough 
and  in  Kildare  and  Westmeath ;  built  two  monasteries 
at  Glendalough,  but  withdrew  to  hermitages  there :  went 
to  Westmeath  to  meet  St.  Oolumba ;  urged  the  king  of 
Lei nster  to  fight  for  his  country  against  JEdh  MacAiu- 
mire,  king  of  Ireland.  [xi.  211] 

COENRED  or  CENRED  (reigned  704-709),  king  of 
Mercia ;  a  minor  at  the  death  of  his  father,  Wulfhere, 
675 ;  king  of  the  Southumbriaus,  702 ;  king  of  Mercia, 
when  his  uncle,  .Sthelred,  resigned,  704  ;  abdicated,  709 ; 
became  a  monk  at  Rome.  [xi.  213] 

COETLOGON,  CHARLES  EDWARD  DK  (1746?- 
1820),  divine ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  1756-66 ; 
M.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  17,3;  vicar  of  God- 
stone,  Surrey,  1794-1820 ;  published  sermons  and  theolo- 
gical tracts.  [xi.  214] 

COFFEY,  CHARLES  (d.  1745),  dramatist  ;  an  Irish- 
man ;  deformed ;  performed  at  Dublin ;  afterwards  in 
London  ;  brought  out  farces  and  farcical  operas,  1 729-45. 

[xi.  215] 


COFFIN 


257 


COKE 


COFFIN,  nliat  HATTON,  EDWARD  (1571-1626),  Jesuit ; 
educated  at  Khoirasand  Home;  mission  priest  in  England, 
1594 ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1598  ;  arrested  near  Antwerp, 
1698 :  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1698-1603 ;  confessor  to 
the  English  college  at  Rome :  died  at  St.  Omer  ;  published 
controversial  treatises,  1619-23.  [xi.  216] 

COFFIN,  Sin  KDWAIM)  PINK  (1784-1802),  com- 
missary-general :  commissariat  clerk,  1805 ;  commis- 
•ary-gi-nerul,  1840;  employed  at  the  Cape,  1805-8;  iu 
the  IVninsiila,  1808-14  ;  in  Belgium  and  France,  1815-16  : 
in  Canada,  1819-22  and  1833-5  ;  in  China,  1843-5  :  knighted 
for  services  during  the  Irish  famine,  1846.  [xi.  216] 

COFFIN,  SIR  ISAAC  (1759-1839),  admiral ;  born  at 
Boston,  America  ;  entered  navy,  1773  ;  commander,  1781 ; 
rcjivted  Sir  George  Rodney's  nominees  to  his  ship  as  un- 
equal to  their  duty,  1782  :  convicted  of  signing  false 
muster-roll,  1788  (conviction  quashed,  1789) ;  disabled  by 
iuvident,  while  rescuing  a  drowning  seaman,  1790  :  com- 
ini-<ioner  of  the  navy  in  Corsica,  1795-6,  in  Minorca,  at 
Halifax,  1798,  and  at  Sheerness  ;  rear-admiral  and  created 
baronet,  1804;  withdrew  from  service,  1808;  adopted 
name  Greenly,  1811-13  :  admiral,  1814;  M.P.,  1818-26. 

[xi.  216] 

COFFIN,  Sm  ISAAC  CAMPBELL  (1800-1872), 
lieutenant-general  ;  cadet  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  1818 ;  lieutenant  in  the  Madras  army,  1821 ; 
served  in  Burmah,  1824  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1845 ;  major- 
general,  1857 ;  K.C.S.I.,  1866  ;  lieutenant-general,  1869. 

[xi.  217] 

COFFIN,  JOHN  PINE  (1778-1830),  major-general : 
cornet,  as  John  Pine,  1795 ;  took  the  name  Coffin,  1797  ; 
lieutenant,  1799;  served  in  Egypt,  1801;  attached  to 
quartermaster-general's  staff ;  employed  in  Italy  and 
Sp;iin,  1808-14;  military  attache  with  Austrian  army  in 
south  France,  1815  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  Helena, 
1819-23  ;  major-general,  1825.  [xi.  218] 

COFFIN,  ROBERT  ASTON  (1819-1885),  Roman 
catholic  prelate  ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1838-45  ;  M.A.,  1843  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalene,  Oxford,  1843 ;  embraced  Catholicism,  1846  ; 
Hedemptorist  father,  1852 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Clapham, 
1855 ;  mission  preacher,  1852-72  ;  D.D.;  bishop  of  South- 
wark,  1882  ;  translated  theological  works.  [xL  219] 

COGAN.  ELIEZER  (1762-1856),  nonconformist  di- 
vine ;  pupil  and  tutor  in  Daventry  (nonconformist) 
academy :  presbyterian  minister  at  Cirencester,  1787-9 ; 
congregational  minister  at  Walthamstow,  1801-16 ;  kept 
boarding-school  at  Walthamstow,  1801-28 ;  published  ser- 
mons and  theological  tracts.  [xi.  219] 

COGAN,  THOMAS  (1545  ?-1607),  physician  ;  fellow 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1563-74  :  M.B.,  1674 ;  practised 
physic  in  Manchester  ;  master  of  Manchester  grammar- 
school,  1574-1600 ;  published  Latin  school-books,  and 
medical  and  devotional  tracts.  [xi.  220] 

COGAN,  THOMAS  (1736-1818),  philosopher ;  edu- 
cated for  congregational  ministry :  presbyterian  minis- 
ter at  Rotterdam,  1759,  and  at  Southampton,  1762  ;  Uni- 
tarian ;  pastor  at  the  Hague ;  married  a  Dutch  heiress  : 
studied  medicine  at  Leyden  ;  M.D.  Leydeu,  1767  :  practised 
medicine  in  Holland  ;  accoucheur  in  London,  c.  1772-80 ; 
founded  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  1774  :  resided  in  Hol- 
land, 1780-95 :  removed  to  Bath ;  afterwards  resided  in 
London ;  published  novels,  notes  of  travel,  translations 
from  the  Dutch,  and,  1802-17,  treatises  '  on  the  passions ' 
and  on  ethics.  [xi.  221] 

COGAN,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1774),  philanthropist ;  mayor 
of  Hull,  1717  and  1736 ;  founded  a  charity  school  and  an 
apprentice  fund  at  Hull.  [xi.  222] 

COGGE8HALL,  HENRY  (1623-1690),  mathema-, 
tician  ;  invented  Coggeshall  sliding-rnle,  1677  ;  wrote  on 
mensuration.  [xi.  222] 

COGGESHALL,  RALPH  OP  (ft.  1207),  chronicler; 
Cistercian  monk;  abbot  of  Ooggeshall,  Essex,  1207-18. 
The  chronicle  known  by  his  name  extends  from  1066  to 
1224,  becoming  more  detailed  after  1187.  [xi.  223] 

COGHLAN,  JEREMIAH  (1775?-1844),  captain  in 
navy ;  mate  of  merchant  ship  at  Plymouth,  1796,  when  he 
attracted  attention  of  Edward  Pellew,  viscount  Exmouth 
[q.  v.],  who  placed  him  on  his  ship  the  Indefatigable ; 
commanded  Viper  frigate,  1800 ;  captured  French  gun- 


brig  Cerbere  after  hard  fight  off  Port  Louis,  and  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant,  1800  ;  commanded  sloop  on  Jamaica 
station,  1804-7  ;  senior  officer  of  light  squadron  in  Baha- 
mas, 1807-11;  captain,  1810;  flag-captain  to  Pellew  in 
Mediterranean,  1812 ;  C.B.,  1816  ;  on  South  American 
station,  1826-30.  [Suppl.  ii.  39] 

COK,  JOHN  (1392  9-1467  ?),  compiler  of  the  chartnlnry 
(145C)  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London  :  gold- 
smith's apprentice;  priest,  1417  ;  brother  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  1419.  [xi.  223] 

COKAYNE,  Snt  ASTON  (1608-1684),  poet  ;  son  of 
Thomas  Cokayne  [q.  v.] ;  fellow-commoner  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  at  the  Inns  of  Court :  travelled  in 
France  and  Italy,  1632 ;  inherited  Pooley,  Warwickshire, 
1639;  received  a  baronet's  patent,  1642;  created  M.A. 
Oxford,  1643;  obtained  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire,  on  his 
mother's  death,  1664;  ran  through  his  estate;  sold  bis 
Derbyshire  property,  1671,  and  his  Warwickshire  pro- 
perty, 1683 ;  published  translations  from  Italian,  1635,  and 
poems  and  dramas,  1658  and  1669.  [xi.  224] 

COKAYNE,  GEORGE  (1619-1691),  independent  mi- 
nister ;  B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1640 ;  in- 
truded rector  of  St.  Pancras,  Soper  Lane,  London  ;  ejected, 
1660 ;  minister  of  Redcross  Street  congregational  chapel, 
London,  1660  ;  published  sermons.  [xi.  225] 

COKAYNE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1438),  judge;  of  Ash- 
bourne,  Derbyshire ;  recorder  of  London,  1394 ;  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1400-13 ;  justice  of  common 
pleas,  1405-29 ;  accompanied  troops  to  France,  1412 ; 
sheriff  of  Derbyshire  and  Nottinghamshire,  1422, 1428,  and 
1435.  [xi.  226] 

COKAYNE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1519  V-1592),  author  of 
'A  Treatise  of  Hunting,'  1591;  of  Ashbourne,  Derby- 
shire ;  page  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury ;  succeeded  to  the 
family  estates.,,1 538  ;  knighted,  1544  ;  served  in  Scotland, 
1548  ;  frequently  high  sheriff  of  Derbyshire,  [xi.  226] 

COKAYNE,  THOMAS  (1587-1638),  lexicographer: 
of  Ashbourne,  Derbyshire;  educated  at  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford  ;  compiled  an  English-Greek  lexicon,  pub- 
lished 1658.  [xi.  227] 

COKAYNE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1G26),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  business  of  merchant, 
1599  ;  sheriff  of  London,  1609  :  alderman  ;  governor  of 
Ulster  colonists,  1612  ;  knighted,  1616  ;  lord  mayor,  1619- 
1620 ;  bought  Rushton,  Northamptonshire.  [xi.  227] 

COKE,  DANIEL  PARKER  (1745-1825),  politician; 
M.A.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1772  ;  barrister,  1768 ; 
M.P.,  Derby,  1775-80  ;  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1780-1812. 

[xi.  228] 

COKE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1552-1634),  judge  and  law 
writer,  commonly  called  LORD  COKK  or  COOKK  ;  educated 
at  Norwich  and  (1567)  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  at 
Clifford's  Inn,  London,  1571 ;  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  1578  ;  soon  obtained  good  practice :  reader  of 
Lyon's  Inn,  1579 :  advanced  by  Burghley's  influence  ;  re- 
corder of  Coventry,  1585;  recorder  of  Norwich,  1586; 
recorder  of  London,  1592  ;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  1589 ;  M.P., 
Norfolk,  and  speaker  of  the  Bouse  of  Commons,  1593 : 
solicitor-general,  1592 :  attorney-general,  to  Francis 
Bacon's  disappointment,  1594 ;  married,  to  spite  Bacon, 
Burghley's  granddaughter,  Lady  Elizabeth  Cecil,  widow 
of  Sir  William  Hatton,  1598 :  began  publishing  his  law 
reports,  1600 :  entertained  Queen  Elizateth  at  Stoke  Pogis, 
1601 ;  showed  great  rancour  in  the  trials  of  the  Earl  of 
Essex,  1600,  Ralegh,  1603,  and  the  gunpowder  plotters, 
1605 ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1606 ;  opposed 
James  I's  claim  to  tax  imports  and  exports,  1606  ;  decided 
that  the  post-nati— persons  bom  in  Scotland  after  the 
union  of  the  crowns — were  English  subjects,  1607 ;  resisted 
Archbishop  Bancroft's  claim,  which  James  I  favoured, 
to  exempt  the  church  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  com- 
mon law  courts,  1606-9 ;  decided  against  the  king's  autho- 
rity to  make  law  by  proclamation,  1610  ;  resisted  Arch- 
bishop Abbot's  attempt  to  have  ecclesiastical  causes  de- 
cided by  the  court  of  high  commission,  1611 :  compelled, 
through  .Bacon's  influence,  and  against  his  own  wish,  to 
accept  the  chief-justiceship  of  the  king's. bench,  1613; 
privy  councillor,  1613 ;  opposed  the  practice  of  consulting 
the  judges  extra-judicially,  1615 ;  favoured  the  courts  of 
common  law  iu  their  endeavour  to  curtail  the  powers  of 
the  chancellor,  1615 ;  refused  to  obey  James  I's  order  to 


COKE 


258 


COLD  WELL 


stay  proceedings  in  the  commendam  case:  showed  un- 
courtly  desire  to  ascertain  the  truth  in  Sir  Thomas  Over- 
tuiry'a  rnso,  1615;  suspended,  partly  through  Bacon's 
representations  to  James  I,  from  the  privy  council  ami 
judicial  functions,  1616 ;  ordered  to  expunge  from  his 
4  Reports '  opinions  unfavourable  to  the  king's  preroga- 
tive: dismissed  from  the  chief-justiceship,  1616;  sepa- 
rated from  his  wife,  in  consequence  of  a  violent  quarrel 
as  to  the  marriage  of  their  daughter,  1617 ;  recalled  to 
the  privy  council,  1617 :  employed  on  several  commission? 
of  inquiry;  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1620-2;  vigorously  attacked 
the  monopolies :  advocated  war  with  Spain ;  incensed 
James  I  by  speaking  against  the  Spanish  marriage  and 
denouncing  interference  with  the  liberties  of  parliament ; 
on  the  committee  to  impeach  Bacon  ;  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower,  1622;  M.P.,  Coventry,  1624:  M.P.,  Norfolk, 
1625-6  ;  opposed  Charles  I's  demand  for  subsidies,  1625  ; 
precluded  from  parliamentary  action  by  being  pricked 
sheriff  of  Buckinghamshire,  1626;  M.P.,  Buckingham- 
shire, 1628 ;  spoke  strongly  against  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, illegal  taxation,  and  illegal  imprisonment ;  lived 
afterwards  in  retirement  at  Stoke  Pogis.  His  papers  were 
seized  by  order  of  Charles  I,  and  detained  till  1641.  Of 
Coke's  'Reports,'  the  first  eleven  parts  were  published 
1600-16,  the  unfinished  twelfth  and  thirteenth  parts  not 
till  1656-9.  His  '  Booke  of  Entries '  appeared  in  1614.  '  The 
First  part  of  the  Institutes  of  the  Laws  of  England' 
(Coke  upon  Littleton)  appeared  in  1628,  the  second  part  in 
1645,  and  the  third  and  the  unfinished  fourth  part  in  1644. 

[xi.  229] 

COKE  or  COOKE,  GEORGE  (d.  1646),  bishop  of 
Hereford ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Coke  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  rector  of  Bygrave,  Hertford- 
shire :  D.D. ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1633  ;  translated  to  Here- 
ford, 1636 ;  one  of  the  twelve  protesting  bishops,  1641 ; 
his  palace  sacked  by  the  parliamentary  troops,  1645. 

[xi.  244] 

COKE,  JEREMIAH  (d.  1817).    [See  BRANDRETH.] 

COKE,  SIR  JOHN  (1563-1644),  secretary  of  state; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1583  ;  employed  by 
Burghley;  deputy- treasurer  of  the  navy,  1591 ;  travelled, 
1594-6 ;  secretary  to  Fulke  GrevUle  [q.  v.],  1597  ;  a  com- 
missioner of  the  navy,  1621-36  ;  M.P.,  1621-9  ;  pensioned 
by  James  I,  1621 ;  a  master  of  requests,  1622  ;  knighted, 
1624 ;  Buckingham's  agent  in  the  parliaments  of  1625  and 
1628 ;  secretary  of  state,  1625 ;  incensed  the  Commons 
by  his  subservience  to  Charles  I ;  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury,  1635-6 ;  a  commissioner  on  Scottish  affairs, 
1638 ;  dismissed  from  office,  1639.  [xi.  244] 

COKE,  ROGER  (fl.  1896),  political  writer  ;  of  Thoring- 
ton,  Suffolk;  educated  at  Cambridge;  wrote  against 
Thomas  Hobbes,  1660  ;  published  pamphlets  on  trade, 
1670-95  ;  published  his  'Detection  of  the  Court  ...  of 
England  during  the  four  last  Reigns '  [Stuarts],  1694. 

[xi.  246] 

COKE,  THOMAS  (1747-1814),  methodist  bishop ;  son 
of  a  wealthy  Brecon  apothecary ;  entered  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  1764  ;  M.A.,  1770 ;  curate  of  South  Petherton, 
Somerset,  1772-6 ;  D.C.L.,  1775 ;  methodist  preacher 
in  London,  1778 ;  frequently  president  of  the  Methodist 
conference  in  Ireland  from  1782;  suggested  that  the 
methodists  should  undertake  foreign  missions,  1784 ;  joined 
with  John  Wesley  in  ordaining  methodist  ministers  for 
America,  1784;  went  to  Baltimore  as '  superintendent '  of  the 
methodiste,  1784 ;  adopted  the  title  of  bishop  in  America, 
1787  ;  opposed  slavery  ;  methodist  secretary  of  conference ; 
vainly  proposed  the  union  of  the  methodist  and  Anglican 
churches  in  America,  1792,  and  in  England,  1799 ;  tried 
to  establish  bishops  in  the  methodist  church  in  England, 
1794  ;  president  of  the  methodist  conference  in  England, 
1 797  and  1805  ;  paid  his  ninth  visit  to  America,  1803 ;  asked 
Lord  Liverpool,  the  premier,  to  make  him  a  bishop  in 
India,  1813 ;  died  on  the  voyage  to  India ;  published 
works,  including  sermons  and  biographies.  [xi.  247] 

OOKE,  THOMAS  WILLIAM,  of  Holkham,  first  EARL 
OT  LEICESTER  (1752-1842),  educated  at  Eton  ;  travelled  ; 
lived  some  time  at  Rome ;  returned  to  England,  1 774  ; 
succeeded  to  his  patrimony,  1776  ;  M.P.,  Norfolk,  1776- 
1806,  and  1807-32  ;  protectionist ;  favoured  parliamentary 
reform  ;  latterly,  '  father '  of  the  House  of  Commons : 
began  farming  on  bis  own  account,  1778 ;  bred  Southdown 
sheep  and  Devon  cattle ;  improved  the  Suffolk  breed  of 
pigs ;  first  grew  wheat  (instead  of  rye)  in  West  Norfolk, 
1787  :  raised  to  the  peerage,  1887.  [xi.  249] 


COKER,  JOHN  (d.  1635?),  antiquary;  vicar  of 
Tincleton,  Dorset,  1576-9  ;  compiled  a  '  Survey  of  Dorset- 
shire'(published  1732).  [xi.  251] 

COLBATCH,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1729),  physician  ;  apothe- 
cary  at  Worcester;  licentiate  of  the  London  College  of 
Physicians,  1696;  knighted,  1716;  published  medical 
tracts,  1695-1723.  [xi.  252] 

COLBATCH,  JOHN  (1664-1748),  opponent  of  Richard 
Bentley ;  at  Westminster  School,  1680-3  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1690  ;  D.D.,  1706  ;  Anglican 
chaplain  at  Lisbon  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury ;  professor 
of  moral  philosophy,  Cambridge,  1707-44 ;  took  part  with 
the  fellows  of  Trinity  against  Richard  Bentley  [q.  v.],  the 
master,  1714 ;  published  pamphlets  against  Bentley : 
rector  of  Orwell,  Cambridgeshire,  1720-48  :  refused  Bentley, 
then  archdeacon  of  Ely,  his  fees  for  archidiaconal  visita- 
tions, 1738.  [xi.  252] 

COLBORNE,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  SKATON  (1778- 
1863),  general ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  ensign, 
1794  ;  captain,  1800  ;  served  in  Egypt,  1801,  and  in  Sicily, 
1806  ;  secretary  to  Sir  John  Moore,  1808-9 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  by  Moore's  dying  request,  1809 ;  commanded  52nd 
foot  in  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo  ;  K.O.B.,  1815  ;  major- 
general,  1825 ;  lieutenant-go venior  of  Guernsey,  1825  ;  of 
Upper  Canada,  1830 ;  crushed  Canadian  revolt,  1838 ; 
created  Baron  Seaton,  1839 :  governor  of  the  Ionian  islands, 
1843-9  ;  general,  1854  ;  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland, 
1855-60  ;  field-marshal,  1860.  [xi.  253] 

COLBTTRN,  HENRY  (d.  1865),  publisher,  of  London ; 
started  a  number  of  London  magazines,  1814-29  ;  kept  a 
circulating  library,  1816  ;  brought  out  a  library  of  modern 
standard  novelists,  1835-41.  His  publications  included 
Evelyn's  and  Pepys's  diaries.  [xi.  254] 

COLBY,  THOMAS  FREDERICK  (1784-1852),  director 
of  the  ordnance  survey :  educated  at  Woolwich ;  second 
lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1801 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1826  : 
major-general,  1846  ;  attached  to  the  ordnance  survey  of 
England,  1802 ;  lost  his  right  hand,  1803  ;  chief  executive 
officer  of  the  survey,  1809  ;  conducted  survey  of  Scotland, 
1813-21 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Aberdeen  ;  director  of  the  survey, 
1820  ;  F.R.S.,  1820 ;  conducted  survey  of  Ireland,  1825-47  ; 
joint-designer  of  a  geological  map  of  West  England,  1833- 
1845  ;  placed  on  the  retired  list,  1847.  [xi.  265] 

COLCHESTEE,  first  BARON  (1767-1829).  [See  ABBOT, 
CHARLES.] 

COLCHTJ,  COELCHTJ,  or  COLGA,  SAINT  (d.  792),  chief 
scribe  of  Clonmacnoise  monastery ;  corresponded  with 
Alcuin  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  '  Scuap  Crabhaigh '  (sweeping  brush 
of  devotion).  [xi.  259] 

COLCLOTJOH,  JOHN  HENRY  (1769-1798),  Irish 
rebel ;  a  Wexford  landowner  ;  an  insurgent  leader  at  New 
Ross,  1798 ;  executed.  [xi.  260] 

COLDEN,  OADWALLADER  (1688-1776),  botanist 
and  American  loyalist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1705 ;  practi- 
tioner in  Pennsylvania,  1708-18  ;  surveyor-general  of  New 
York  colony,  1719 ;  member  of  council,  New  York,  1720: 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  York,  1761 ;  unpopular  as  a 
loyalist ;  withdrew  to  Long  Island,  1775 ;  published  medical 
and  scientific  papers,  including  '  History  of  the  five  Indian 
Nations  of  Canada,'  1727  ;  sent  descriptions  of  American 
plants  to  Linnaeus  and  other  savants.  [xi.  260] 

COLDINOHAM,  GEOFFREY  DE  (fl.  1214),  writer  of 
a  history  of  the  church  of  Durham  from  1152  to  1214  ; 
sacrist  of  Ooldingham  Priory.  [xi.  261] 

COLDOCK,  FRANCIS  (1530-1602),  publisher  ;  master 
of  the  London  Stationers'  Company,  1591  and  1595  :  printed 
a  few  books :  issued  many  books  in  conjunction  with 
Henry  Bynneman  [q.  v.]  [xL  262] 

COLD8TEEAM,  JOHN  (1806-1863),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1827 ;  practitioner  in  Leith,  1829-47  ;  advo- 
cated medical  missions  ;  wrote  medical  papers,  [xi.  262] 

COLDWELL,  JOHN  (d.  1596),  bishop  of  Salisbury ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1558 : 
M.D.,  1564 ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Parker ;  rector  of 
Aldington,  1568,  Tunstall,  1572,  and  Saltwood,  Kent,  1580  : 
dean  of  Rochester,  1681  ;  made  bishop  of  Salisbury  in 
order  that  the  courtiers  might  plunder  the  episcopal 
estates,  1591  ;  died  deeply  in  debt.  [xi.  263] 


COLE 


259 


COLE 


COLE,  ABDI  AH  (1610  ?-1670  ?), « doctor  of  physick ' ; 
translated  and  compiled  medical  text-books,  1655-62. 

COLE,  CHARLES  NALSON  (1723-1804),  lawyer;  H.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1743;  barrister,  Inner 
Teniiil"  rL'gisirur  of  the  Budford  Level  corporation  ;  pub- 
lished law  tracts,  an  edition  of  the  'Works  of  Soame 
Jen  VMS'  1790,  and  other  writings.  [xi.  264] 

COLE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1770-1837),  post-cap- 
tain ;  midshipman,  1780 ;  flag-captain  to  Lord  Hugh 
Seymour  [q.  v.]  in  West  Indies,  1799,  and,  later,  to  Sir 
John  Thomas  Duckworth  [q.  v.] :  post-captain,  1802  ; 
pervt-d  with  Sir  Edward  Pellew  (afterwards  Viscount  Ex- 
mouth)  [q.  v.]  in  East  Indies,  1804  :  despatched  to  relieve 
garrison  at  Amboyna,  1810 ;  effected  capture  of  Neira, 
chief  of  Banda  islands ;  served  on  Malabar  coast,  1811 ; 
knighted  1812;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1812;  in 
Channel,  1813-14  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  M.P.  for  Glamorgan- 
-U7  and  1820-30;  commander  of  yacht  Royal 
Sovereign,  1828 ;  colonel  of  marines,  1830. 

[Suppl.  ii.  40] 

COLE,  SIR  QALBRAITH  LOWRY  (1772-1842), 
general ;  younger  sou  of  the  first  Earl  of  Inniskillen ; 
cornet,  1787;  major,  1793;  served  in  the  West  Indies, 
1794  •  staff  officer  in  Ireland,  1797,  and  in  Egypt,  1801 ; 
M.P.,  Inniskillen,  1798-1800,  and  for  Fermanagh,  1803-23  ; 
brigadier-general  in  Sicily,  1806-8  ;  major-general,  1808 ; 
commanded  4th  division  in  Peninsula,  1809-14;  K.B., 
1813 ;  lieutenant-general,  1813  ;  governor  of  Mauritius, 
1823-8 ;  governor  of  Cape  Colony,  1828-33 ;  general, 
1830.  [xi.  264] 

COLE,  GEORGE  (1810-1883),  painter;  self-taught; 
portrait-painter  at  Plymouth ;  painted  posters  of  wild 
animals  for  Wombwell's  menagerie ;  studied  art  in  Hol- 
land ;  exhibited  in  London,  1838-80,  chiefly  landscapes. 

[xi.  266] 

COLE,  GEORGE  VICAT  (1833-1893),  landscape 
painter ;  son  of  George  Cole  [q.  v.] ;  first  exhibited  at 
British  Institution  and  Suffolk  Street  galleries,  1852,  and 
at  Royal  Academy,  1853 ;  R.A.,  1880.  His  picture,  '  The 
Pool  of  London,'  is  in  the  National  Gallery  of  British 
Art,  Millbank,  [Suppl.  ii.  41  ] 

COLE,  HENRY  (15007-1580),  dean  of  St.  Paul's ; 
educated  at  Winchester ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1521-40,  and  warden,  1542-51;  B.C.L.,  1530;  D.C.L., 
1540 ;  D.D.,  1554 ;  studied  in  Padua  and  Paris ;  lectured 
on  civil  law  in  Oxford ;  submitted  to  the  Reformation  ; 
prebendary  of  Sarum,  1539 ;  advocate  of  the  arches  and 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1540;  rector  of  Chelmsford, 
Essex,  1540-8,  and  of  Newton  Longueyille,  Buckingham- 
shire, 1545-52 ;  joined  Roman  catholic  party  at  Mary's 
accession ;  archdeacon  of  Ely,  1553-6 ;  canon  of  West- 
minster and  provost  of  Eton,  1564-9 ;  held  disputation 
with  Cranmer  at  Oxford,  1554 ;  appointed  to  preach  at 
Cranmer's  execution,  1556  :  one  of  Cardinal  Pole's  com- 
missioners to  visit  Oxford  University,  1556,  and  Cambridge, 
1567 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1556-9 ;  vicar-general  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1557-8 ;  sent  to  Ireland  to 
extirpate  protestantism,  1568 ;  one  of  the  eight  Romanist 
disputants  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1559;  imprisoned, 
from  1560  to  c,  1579.  [xi.  266] 

COLE,  Sm  HENRY  (1808-1882),  official ;  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  1817-23 ;  sub-commissioner  of  the  new  record 
commission,  1833  ;  assistant-keeper  of  the  Record  Office, 
1838;  elaborated  scheme  of  postal  reform  for  treasury, 
1839-42  ;  served  on  managing  committee  of  London  ex- 
hibitions of  1861,  1862,  1871-4 ;  British  commissioner  at 
the  Paris  exhibitions  of  1855  and  1867 ;  joint-secretary  of 
the  Science  and  Art  Department,  1853,  and  sole  secretary, 
1868-73  ;  K.O.B.,  1875 ;  painted  in  water-colours,  etched, 
engraved  book  illustrations,  and  edited,  from  time  to  time, 
several  periodicals.  [xi.  268] 

COLE,  HUMFRAY  (ft.  1570-1580),  engraver  of  a  map 
of  Palestine,  1572,  and  of  brass  mathematical  instruments ; 
employed  at  the  mint.  [xi.  270] 

COLE,  JOHN  (1792-1848),  bookseller  and  antiquary ; 
bookseller's  apprentice  in  Northampton  ;  bookseller  in 
Lincoln,  1817,  in  Hull,  in  Scarborough,  1821,  at  North- 
ampton, 1830 ;  lectured  on  history  and  popular  science ; 
taught  school  at  WeUingborough,  1835,  and  other  places  ; 
failed  in  business  and  in  teaching ;  died  in  poverty ;  pub- 
lished histories  of  Northampton,  1816,  Lincoln,  1818, 


Scarborough,  1822-4,  and  above  a  hundred  other  pieces 
relating  chiefly  to  Yorkshire  and  Northamptonshire. 


[xi.  270] 
second 


COLE,  SIR  RALPH  (1625  ?-1704),  second  baronet, 
of  Brancepeth  Castle,  Durham  ;  studied  painting  under 
Vandyck ;  learned  mezzotint  engraving ;  patronised 
Italian  painters:  M.P.,  Durham,  1676-8;  ran  through 
his  estate ;  sold  Brancepeth,  1701.  [xi.  273] 

COLE,  THOMAS  (d.  1571),  divine;  M.A.  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1560;  D.D.,  1664;  master  of  Maidstone 
school,  1552 ;  dean  of  Salisbury ;  withdrew  to  the  con- 
tinent, 1653  ;  rector  of  High  Ongar,  1659,  and  of  Stanford 
Rivers,  Essex,  1564 :  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and  arch- 
deacon of  Essex,  1560 ;  of  puritan  leanings ;  published 
sermons.  [xi.  273] 

COLE,  THOMAS  (1627  ?-1697),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1647 ;  M.A.,  1651 ;  intruded  principal  of 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1656-60 ;  kept  a  private  academy 
at  Nettlebed,  Oxford;  minister  of  the  congregational 
church  in  Silver  Street  and  Pinners'  Hall,  London,  1674- 
1697 ;  published  sermons.  [xi.  274] 

COLE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1600),  dean  of  Lincoln ;  fellow 
of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1546-63 ;  M.A.,  1552 ; 
D.D.,  1574 ;  withdrew  to  Zurich,  1553,  and  Geneva,  1557 ; 
joined  in  translating  the  'Geneva  Bible';  rector  of  Sud-, 
bourne,  Suffolk,  1561-71,  of  Buscott,  Berkshire,  1571-3, 
and  of  Lower  Heyford,  Oxfordshire,  1572-1600;  made 
president  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College  by  the  crown  hi  de- 
fiance of  the  wishes  of  the  college,  1568  :  lived  at  feud  with 
the  fellows  ;  brought  the  college  into  debt ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1571,  Lincoln,  1574,  and  Winchester,  1579; 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1577 ;  compelled  to  exchange 
his  presidentship  for  the  deanery  of  Lincoln,  1598. 

[xi.  274] 

COLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1863),  frish  settler ;  a  Lon- 
doner ;  resident  in  Fermanagh  before  1607 ;  obtained  for- 
feited lands,  1611 ;  provost  of  Enniskillen ;  knighted, 
1617 ;  leased  Enniskillen  Castle,  1623  ;  M.P.,  Fermanagh, 
1639  ;  colonel  of  foot  against  the  Irish  rebels,  1641-3 ;  de- 
fended his  conduct  before  a  parliamentary  commission, 
1645.  [xL  276] 

COLE  or  COLES,  WILLIAM  (1626-1662),  botanist; 
entered  New  College,  Oxford,  1642 ;  postmaster  of  Merton 
College,  1650-1 ;  B.A.,  1651 ;  resided  at  Putney  ;  secretary 
to  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  1660;  published  'Herbal,' 
1656-7.  [xi.  277] 

COLE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1701),  naturalist;  surveyor  of 
customs,  Bristol ;  landowner  at  Hullavington,  Wiltshire. 

[xi.  277] 

COLE,  WILLIAM  (1635-1716),  physician;  M.D. 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1666;  practised  in  London  and 
Worcester  ;  fellow  of  the  London  College  of  Physicians, 
1694  ;  published  Latin  medical  tracts,  1674-94. 

[xi.  277] 

COLE,  WILLIAM  (1714-1782),  the  Cambridge  anti- 
quary ;  of  Baberham,  Cambridgeshire ;  while  a  schoolboy 
at  Eton  began  to  note  antiquities ;  formed  a  friendship 
with  Horace  Walpole;  entered  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1733;  migrated  to  King's  College,  1735;  M.A.,  1740; 
seriously  thought  of  embracing  Roman  Catholicism  ;  re- 
sided hi  Cambridge;  travelled  occasionally  in  Flanders 
and  Portugal ;  F.S.A.,  1747 ;  non-resident  rector  of 
Hornsey,  Middlesex,  1749-51 ;  resident  rector  of  Bletchley, 
Buckinghamshire,  1753-67 ;  removed  to  Waterbeach,  near 
Cambridge,  1767,  and  to  Milton,  1770  ;  his  income  impaired 
by  the  breaking  of  the  dykes ;  non-resident  vicar  of  Burn- 
ham,  Buckinghamshire,  1774-82  ;  furnished  friends  with 
materials  for  historical  and  antiquarian  books  ;  bequeathed 
his  manuscript  collections,  about  a  hundred  folio  volumes, 
chiefly  dealing  with  Cambridgeshire  and  Cambridge  uni- 
versity, Huntingdonshire,  and  Buckinghamshire,  to  the 
British  Museum.  [xl  278] 

COLE,  WILLIAM  (1753-1808),  classical  scholar; 
foundationer  at  Eton,  1766 ;  scholar  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1773  ;  fellow,  1776  ;  M.A.,  1781 ;  DJX,  Lam- 
beth, 1795  ;  master  at  Eton,  1777-80  ;  chaplain  to  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  ;  rector  of  Mersham,  Kent,  1788  ; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1792  ;  vicar  of  Shorebam, 
Kent ;  author  of  a  Latin  explanation  prefixed  to  '  Marl- 
borough  Gems '  (vol.  ii.)  [xi.  281] 


COLE 


2f>0 


COLERIDGE 


COLE,  WILLIAM  (1754-1812),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1783 ;  vicar  of  Broad  Chalk,  Wiltshire ;  curate  in 
London  ;  published  a  '  Key  to  the  Psalms,'  1788,  a  poem, 
1789,  and  a  novel,  1796.  [xi.  282] 

COLEBROOKE,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1765-1837), 
Sanscrit  scholar  •  writer  at  Calcutta,  1782 ;  magistrate 
at  Purneah ;  studied  Hindu  law  ;  contributed  papers  on 
suttee  to  '  Asiatic  Researches,'  1794  ;  printed  privately 
'  Remarks  on  Husbandry  in  Bengal,'  1795  ;  magistrate  at 
Mirzapur,  near  Benares,  1795 ;  published  translation  of 
'A  Digest  of  Hindu  Law,'  1798  ;  envoy  to  Nagpdr,  1799- 
1801 ;  judge  at  Calcutta,  1801,  and  president  of  the  bench, 
1805 ;  honorary  professor  in  Fort  William  College ;  pub- 
lished his '  Essay  on  the  Vedas,'  1805,  a  Sanscrit  grammar, 
1805,  and  lexicon,  1808,  and  translations  of  Hindu  trea- 
tises on  inheritance  and  contracts,  1810  ;  member  of  the 
Bengal  council,  1807-12 ;  returned  to  England,  1814 ; 
presented  Ins  Sanscrit  manuscripts  to  the  India  House  ; 
wrote  on  Hindu  mathematics  and  philosophy,  and  on 
natural  science;  became  blind;  his  occasional  papers 
collected  in  his  *  Miscellaneous  Essays,1  1837.  [xi.  282] 

COLEBROOKE,  SIR  WILLIAM  MAOBEAN  GEORGE 
(1787-1870),  soldier  and  colonial  governor;  studied  at 
Woolwich  ;  first  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1803  ;  major, 
1813  ;  political  agent  and  commissioner  in  Palembong, 
Sumatra,  1813,  and  in  Bengal,  1814  ;  one  of  commissioners 
of  the  Eastern  inquiry,  1822-32  ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Bahamas,  1834-7 ;  governor  of  Leeward  islands,  1837  ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick,  1841 ;  colonel, 
1846;  governor  of  Barbados  and  Windward  islands, 
1848-56  ;  lieutenant-general,  1859  ;  colonel  commanding 
royal  artillery,  1859-70 ;  O.B.  (civil),  1848. 

[Suppl.  ii.  42] 

COLECHTTRCH,  PETER  DK  (d.  1205),  chaplain  of 
St  Mary  Oolechurch  ;  architect  of  the  first  stone  bridge 
over  the  Thames  in  London,  1176.  [xi.  286] 

COLEMAN,  CHARLES  (d.  1664),  composer ;  member 
of  Charles  I's  band;  music  teacher  in  London,  1641; 
Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge,  1651 ;  composed  part  of  the  music 
for  William  D'Avenant's  'First  Dayes  Entertainment' 
and  '  Siege  of  Rhodes,'  1656  :  member  of  Charles  ITs  band, 
1660  ;  composer  to  Charles  II,  1662  ;  left  music  in  manu- 
script, [xi.  286] 

COLEMAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1669),  musician ;  son  of 
Charles  Ooleman  [q.  v.]  ;  a  celebrated  music-master  in 
London  ;  composed  the  music  for  James  Shirley's '  The 
glories  of  our  blood  and  state,'  1653 ;  sang  in  William 
D'Avenant's '  Siege  of  Rhodes,'  1656 ;  gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1660  ;  member  of  Charles  II's  band,  1662  ; 
friend  of  Samuel  Pepys.  [xi.  287] 

COLEMAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1678),  conspirator;  em- 
braced Roman  Catholicism,  c.  1670  ;  secretary  to  Mary  of 
Modena,  duchess  of  York,  c.  1674;  corresponded  with 
France,  inviting  aid  for  English  catholics,  1674-5 ;  sent  to 
Brussels  to  negotiate  with  the  pope's  nuncio :  accused  by 
Titus  Gates  of  participation  in  the  '  popish  plot,  28  Sept. 
1678 ;  his  papers  seized,  29  Sept. ;  surrendered  himself, 
30  Sept. ;  convicted  on  the  evidence  of  Gates  and  Bedloe, 
27  Nov  ;  executed,  3  Deo. ;  his  fate  discussed  in  several 
broadsheets  and  pamphlets.  [xi.  288] 

COLEMAN,  THOMAS  (1598-1647),  divine;  entered 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1615;  M.A.,  1621;  a  learned 
hebraist,  and  nicknamed  '  Rabbi  Ooleman  * ;  rector  of 
Blyton,  Lincolnshire,  1623-42,  and  of  St.  Peter's,  Corn- 
hill,  1642 ;  member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643. 

[xi.  289] 

OOLEMAN,  WALTER  (d.  1645).    [See  COLMAN.] 

COLEMAN,  WILLIAM  HIGGINS  (d.  1863),  botanist ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1838 ;  ordained,  1840 ; 
joint-author  (with  John  William  Colenso  [q.  v.])  of  '  Ex- 
amples in  Arithmetic  and  Algebra,'  1834,  and  (with  R.  H. 
Webb)  of  '  Flora  Hertfordiensis,'  1849,  and  it«  supple- 
ments, 1851  and  1859  ;  first  introduced  the  river-basin 
delimitation  into  a  county  flora ;  schoolmaster  at  Hert- 
ford, and,  1847,  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch ;  his  'Biblical 
Papers '  published  1864.  [xi.  290] 

COLENSO,  FRANCES  ELLEN  (1849-1887),  daughter 
of  John  William  Colenso  [q.  v.] :  taken  to  Natal,  1865 ; 
joint-author  of  a « History  of  the  Zulu  War,'  1880. 

[xi.  293] 


COLENSO,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1814-1883),  bishop  of 
Natal;  called  by  the  Zulus  'SMBANTU'  ('father  ot  the 
people ')  ;  a  poor  Cornish  boy  ;  sizar  of  St.  John's  OolUye, 
Cambridge ;  second  wrangler,  1836  :  fellow,  1837  ;  a  master 
at  Harrow,  1839-42  ;  tutor  of  St.  John's  College,  18 ; 
vicar  of  Forncett  St.  Mary,  Norfolk.  1846-53;  joint- 
author  (with  William  Higgins  Ooleman  [q.  v.])  of  'Ex- 
amples in  Arithmetic  and  Algebra,'  1834  ;  author  of  text- 
books on  algebra,  1841,  and  arithmetic,  1843  ;  published 
sermons,  1853;  named  bishop  of  Natnl,  1853  ;  pui 
'Ten  Weeks  in  Natal,'  1854;  decided  against  requiring 
polygamous  Kaffir  converts  to  divorce  their  wives  ;  took 
his  family  to  Natal,  1855  ;  held  his  first  diocesan  counril, 
1858 ;  taught  some  Zulus  printing  and  issued  between  1859 
and  1876  a  Zulu  grammar,  dictionary,  instructive  read- 
ing books,  and  translations  of  Genesis,  Exodus,  1  and 
2  Samuel,  and  the  New  Testament ;  evoked  great  opposi- 
tion by  his  'Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans.1 
1861,  attacking  the  sacramental  system  ;  issued  '  Critical 
examination  of  the  Pentateuch,'  1862-79,  concluding  that 
these  books  were  post-exila  forgeries,  Deuteronomy,  in 
particular,  being  a  pious  fraud  of  Jeremiah  the  prophet ; 
formally  deposed  and  excommunicated  by  Robert  Gray, 
bishop  of  Cape  Town,  1863 ;  confirmed  in  possession  of 
the  see  by  the  law  courts,  1866  ;  published  an  examina- 
tion of  the  first  part  of  'The  Speaker's  Commentary,' 
1871-4 ;  exposed  the  corruption  and  tyranny  of  some 
colonial  officials  towards  natives,  1875  ;  denounced  the 
Zulu  war,  1879.  [xi.  290] 

COLEPEPEB,.    [See  also  OULPEPER.] 

COLEPEPER,  JOHN,  first  BARON  COLEPKTKH  (d. 
1660),  of  Wigsell,  Sussex  ;  served  in  foreign  armies ; 
studied  rural  affairs  ;  M.P.,  Kent,  1640  ;  denounced  mono- 
polies and  StraffonL,  1641 ;  defended  episcopacy  and  the 
liturgy  ;  opposed  the  Grand  Remonstrance  and  the  militia 
bill,  1641 ;  taken  into  court  favour ,  made  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1642 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1642-3  ;  advised 
Charles  I's  withdrawal  to  Yorkshire ;  joined  him  at  York, 
1642  ;  presented  Charles's  ultimatum  to  parliament,  1642 ; 
contributed  to  the  victory  of  Edgehill,  1642 ;  master  of 
the  rolls,  1643;  attended  Charles's  Oxford  parliament, 
1644  ;  his  advice  in  military  affairs  sought  by  Charles  I ; 
his  plans  thwarted  by  the  jealousy  of  Rupert;  created 
Baron  Colepeper  of  Thoresway,  1644 ;  urged  Charles  I  to 
make  terms  at  all  costs  with  the  Scots,  1645-6 ,  attended 
the  Prince  of  Wales  in  his  flight  to  the  west,  1646 : 
ordered  to  convey  him  to  the  continent,  August  1646 ; 
accompanied  him  in  the  descent  on  the  Thames,  1648  ;  at 
feud  with  Rupert,  1648  ;  urged  Charles  II  to  accept  the 
Scottish  overtures,  1649  ;  went  to  Moscow  to  borrow  money 
from  the  czar,  1650,  and  to  Holland  to  ask  armed  support, 
1652;  expelled  from  France,  1654;  urged  Charles  II's 
advisers  to  approach  Monck,  September  1668  ;  attended 
Charles  II  on  his  Spanish  journey,  September  1659 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1660.  [xi.  293] 

COLEPEPER,  THOMAS  (1637-1708),  colonel;  in- 
herited Hackington,  Kent,  1643  ;  steward  to  Viscount 
Strangford :  imprisoned  as  a  royalist  conspirator,  1669 ; 
married  secretly  a  daughter  of  John,  baron  Frecheville, 
1662  ;  failed  in  a  lawsuit  to  prevent  Lord  Frecheville  sell- 
ing his  estate  of  Staveley,  Derbyshire,  to  William  Caven- 
dish, first  duke  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.]  ;  imprisoned  and 
sentenced  to  lose  his  hand  for  striking  Devonshire  at 
Whitehall,  1686 ;  pardoned ;  struck  by  Devonshire  at 
Whitehall,  1687 ;  caned  by  Devonshire,  1697  ;  died  in 
great  poverty.  His  genealogical  collections  are  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  [xL  296] 

COLEPEPEB,  WILLIAM  (d.  1726),  poet  and  politi- 
cian; of  Hollingbourn,  Kent;  imprisoned  for  his  share 
in  the  Kentish  petition,  1701 ;  published  verses. 

[xi.  297] 

COLERAINE,  BARONS.  [See  HARE,  HUGH,  first 
BARON,  1606  ?-1667 ;  HARE,  HENRY,  second  BARON, 
1636-1708;  HARE,  HENRY,  third  BARON,  1693-1749; 
HANGER,  GEORGE,  fourth  BARON  of  the  second  creation, 
175i?-1824.] 

COLERIDGE,  DERWENT  (1800-1883),  author; 
second  son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.l ;  educated 
at  Ambleside  school  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1829 ;  ordained,  1826  ;  master  of  Helston  school, 
Cornwall,  1826-41  ;  principal  of  St  Mark's  College, 
Chelsea.  1841-64  :  rector  of  Hanwell,  1864-80 ;  published 
pamphlets,  theological  tracts,  and  biographies  of  his 
brother  Hartley  and  the  poet  Praed.  [xi.  298] 


COLERIDGE 


261 


COLES 


COLERIDGE,  HARTLEY  (1796-1849),  author  ;  eldest 
•on  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.] ;  brouurht  up  by 
Robert  Southey ;    educated  at  Ambleside  school  ;    B.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1819;  probationer  fellow  of  Oriel 
College,    1819,  but   dismissed,    1820,  for  intemperance; 
failed  in  literary  work  in  London,  and,  1830,  in  teaching 
at  Ambh'siilr  ;  published  poems,  1833,  and  biographies  of 
and  Lancashire  worthies,  1888-6  ;  a  master  at 
school,  1837-8 ;  edited  Massingerand  Ford,  1840  ; 
his  '  Kciiuiiii.-,'  verse  and  prose,  published,  1861. 

[xi.  298] 

COLERIDGE,  HENRY  JAMES  (1822-1893),  divine : 
brother  of  Sir  John  Duke,  Lord  Coleridge  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1845  ;  fellow  of 
Oriel  College,  1846  ;  M.A.,  1847  ;  held  cure  in  Devonshire; 
entered  Roman  catholic  church,  1862 ;  studied  at  Rome  ; 
priest,  and  D.D.,  1866  ;  joined  Jesuit  novitiate  ;  editor  of 
tin- '  Month,'  the  periodical  of  the  Jesuit  fathers,  1865-81 ; 
published  theological  works,  including  '  The  Life  of  Our 
Lord,'  1872.  [Suppl.  ii.  43] 

COLERIDGE,  HENRY  NELSON  (1798-1843), literary 
executor  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  1834 ;  nephew  of 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  and  brother  of  James 
Duke  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  and  of  Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King'*  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  visited  Barbados,  1825  ;  barrister,  1826  ;  married 
Sara  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  1829  ;  brought  out  Coleridge's 
•  Table  Talk,1  1835,  and  edited  some  of  his  works  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets.  [xi.  300] 

COLERIDGE,  HERBERT  (1830-1861),  philologist; 
son  of  Henry  Nelson  Coleridge  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  double  first,  1862  ;  barrister, 
1864;  collected  materials  for  the  'Oxford  English  Dic- 
tionary.' [xi.  300] 

COLERIDGE,  JAMES  DUKE  (1788-1857),  divine; 
nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  and  brother  of 
Henry  Nelson  Coleridge  [q.  v.]  and  Sir  John  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge [q.  v.] ;  entered  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1808 ;  D.O.L., 
183i» ;  vicar  of  Kenwyn,  1823-8 ;  rector  of  Lawhitton,  1826- 
1839 ;  vicar  of  Lewannick,  Cornwall,  1831-41  ;  vicar  of 
Thorverton,  Devonshire,  1839-67 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1825  ;  published  sermons  and  devotional  tracts. 

COLERIDGE,  JOHN  (1719-1781),  schoolmaster; 
vicar  of  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Devonshire,  and  master  of  the 
grammar  school ;  an  eccentric  :  published  a  biblical  tract, 
1768,  and  a  Latin  grammar,  1772.  [xi.  302] 

COLERIDGE,  SIR  JOHN  DUKE,  first  BARON  OOLK- 
RinoE  (1820-1894),  lord  chief-justice  of  England  ;  son  of 
Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  1846 ;  fellow  of  Exeter, 
1843-6,  and  honorary  fellow,  1882 ;  called  to  bar  at 
Middle  Temple,  1846 ;  bencher,  1861 ;  joined  western  cir- 
cuit ;  recorder  of  Portsmouth,  1856  ;  Q.C.,  1861  •  liberal 
M.P.  for  Exeter,  1865-73  ;  appointed  solicitor-general  and 
knighted,  1868  ;  attorney-general,  1871 ;  chief  counsel  for 
defendants  in  •  Tichborne  case,'  1871-2  ;  chief- justice  of 
common  pleas,  1873-80  ;  created  Baron  Coleridge,  1874 ; 
F.R.S.,  1875  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1877  ;  chief- justice  of  queen's 
bench,  1880-94.  [Suppl.  ii.  44] 

COLERIDGE,  SIR  JOHN  TAYLOR  (1790-1876), 
judge ;  nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  and 
brother  of  James  Duke  Coleridge  [q.  v.],  and  Henry  Nel- 
son Coleridge  [q.  v.]  ;  colleger  at  Eton  ;  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1809  ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College, 
1812-18  ;  M.A.,  1817  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1819  ;  con- 
tributed to  the  'Quarterly  Review,' and  (1834)  acted  as 
editor;  edited  Blackstone's  'Commentaries,'  1825;  re- 
corder of  Exeter,  1832  ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1835- 
1858 ;  sat  on  several  parliamentary  commissions  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  and  a  life  of  Keble.  [xi.  302] 

COLERIDGE,  SAMUEL  TAYLOR  (1772-1834),  poet 
and  philosopher ;  youngest  child  of  John  Coleridge  (1719- 
1781)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  1782-90  ;  read 
Flotmus  and  argued  on  points  of  metaphysics ;  school- 
fellow and  friend  of  Charles  Lamb  ;  courted  Mary  Evans, 
a  schoolfellow's  sister  ;  read  Greek,  medicine,  and  meta- 
physics ;  sizar,  1791,  and  scholar,  1793,  of  Jesus  College, 
Lambndge;  read  desultorily ;  spent  much  time  in  conver- 
sation ;  adopted  extreme  views  in  politics  and  religion ; 
went  back  to  London,  1793  ;  enlisted  in  the  15th  dragoons, 


as  Silas  Tomkyn  Comberback,  1793  ;  bought  out  by  his 
brothers,  1794  ;  said  to  have  contributed  to  the  '  Morning 
Chronicle,'  1793-5 ;  returned  to  Cambridge,  1794  ;  met 
Robert  Southey  in  Oxford,  and  visited  Wales:  engaged 
himself  to  Sara  Fricker  at  Bristol ;  joined  Southey,  Ro- 
bert Lovell,  and  other  '  pantisocrats '  in  their  scheme  to 
found  a  communistic  colony  on  the  Susquehanna,  Penn- 
sylvania ;  wrote  the  first  act  of  the  '  Fall  of  Robespierre ' 
(published,  1794)  ;  left  Cambridge,  1794  ;  borrowed  money 
of  Joseph  Cottle  [q.  v.],  bookseller,  of  Bristol ;  lectured 
against  Pitt,  1795  ;  married  Sara  Fricker,  1795  ;  published 
his  first  volume  of  'Poems,'  1796;  canvassed  in  Bir- 
mingham, Sheffield,  Manchester,  and  other  towns,  for  sub- 
scribers to  the  •  Watchman '  newspaper,  which  failed 
(May  1796)  at  its  tenth  number ;  preached  occasionally  in 
Unitarian  chapels  ;  began  to  take  laudanum,  1796  ;  main- 
tained by  Thomas  Poole  at  Nether  Stowey,  preaching  in 
Unitarian  chapels  at  Taunton  and  Bath,  1796-7 ;  visited 
Wordsworth,  1797  ;  joined  Wordsworth  in  writing  Lyri. 
cal  Ballads'  (published  1798),  contributing  'The  Ancient 
Mariner';  wrote  the  first  part  of  'Christabel*  and 
'  Kubla  Khan,'  1797 ;  contributed  occasional  poems  and 
articles  to  the  'Morning  Post,'  1798-1802:  went  to 
Shrewsbury  as  Unitarian  minister,  1798,  and  met  William 
Hazlitt ;  accepted  two  annuities  of  7bl.  each  from  Josiah 
and  Thomas  Wedgwood,  on  condition  of  devoting  himself 
to  literature  ;  furnished  with  funds  by  the  Wedgwoods 
to  visit  Germany,  1798-9 ;  published  his  translation  of 
Schiller's  '  Wallenstein,'  1800:  settled  at  Keswick,  1800; 
wrote  the  second  part  of  '  Christabel,'  1800 ;  a  slave  to 
opium,  1803;  visited  Malta,  1804-5,  and  Rome,  1805-6; 
confirmed  in  751.  annuity  by  the  will  of  Thomas  Wedg- 
wood (d.  July  1805) ;  first  met  Thomas  De  Quincey.  at 
Bridgewater,  1807;  lectured,  very  indifferently,  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  1808  :  left  his  family  at  Keswick  and 
became  dependent  on  Wordsworth  at  Grasmere,  1809 ; 
canvassed  for  subscribers  to  the  'Friend'  newspaper; 
published  the  '  Friend,'  August  1809  to  March  1810  ;  con- 
tributed to  the  London  '  Courier,'  1809,  1811,  and  1814; 
his  751.  annuity  from  Josiah  Wedgwood  stopped,  1811 ;  lec- 
tured in  London  on  Shakespeare  and  other  poets,  1810-11, 
1812,  and  1813 ;  his '  Remorse'  acted  with  success  at  Drury 
Lane,  1813  ;  left  his  family  dependent  on  Southey,  allowing 
his  wife  his  751.  annuity  and  quartering  himself  on  his 
friends ;  lectured  on  Shakespeare  and  Milton,  at  Bristol, 
1813 ;  his  shivery  to  opium  now  undisguisable :  domiciled 
with  John  Morgan  at  Calne,  Wiltshire,  1813-16 ;  domiciled 
with  James  Gillman,  at  Highgate,  1816-34 ;  published  his 
autobiography, '  Biographia  Literaria,'  1817  ;  last  lectured 
in  London,  1818 ;  pensioner  of  Society  of  Literature,  1824- 
1830:  published'  Aids  to  Reflection,'  1825;  a  'lion*  of 
London  literary  circles  ;  visited  Germany,  1828 ;  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  introduction  of  English  thinkers  to  the 
results  of  German  thought ;  published  his  collected '  Poeti- 
cal and  Dramatic  Works,'  1828.  [xL  302] 

COLERIDGE,  SARA  (1802-1852),  author  of  'Phan- 
tasmion,'  1837;  daughter  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 
[q.  v.]  ;  married,  1829,  Henry  Nelson  Coleridge  [q.  v.] ; 
annotated  and  edited  her  father's  writings.  [xi.  317] 

COLERIDGE,  WILLIAM  HART  (1789-1849),  bishop 
of  Barbados  ;  nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.]  ; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1808-24 ;  M.A.,  1814 ; 
D.D.,  1824 ;  curate  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn ;  bishop  of 
Barbados,  1824-41 ;  warden  of  St.  Augustine's  Missionary 
College,  Canterbury ;  published  sermons  and  charges. 

COLES,  OOWPER  PHIPPS  (1819-1870),  naval  officer ; 
entered  navy,  1838 ;  captain,  1856  ;  served  in  Black  Sea, 
1863-6 ;  constructed  a  good  gun-raft,  1865 ;  suggested 
building  a  turret-ship,  with  low  freeboard,  and  heavy 
guns,  1861 ;  the  Captain  constructed  after  his  plans,  and 
(1870)  commissioned;  went  down  with  the  Captain  off 
Cape  Finisterre.  [xL  318] 

COLES,  ELISHA  (1640  ?-1680),  lexicographer  and 
stenographer:  chorister  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1658-61 ;  teacher  of  Latin  and  English  in  London,  1663  ; 
usher  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1677;  master  of 
Galway  school,  1678 ;  published  devotional  verses,  1671,  a 
treatise  on  shorthand,  1674,  primers  of  English  and  Latin, 
1674-5,  an  English  dictionary,  1676,  and  a  Latin  dictionary, 
1677.  [xi.  320] 

COLES,  ELISHA  (16089-1688),  Calvinist ;  intruded 
manciple  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  deputy-registrar  to 


COLES 


COLLIER 


the  parliamentary  visitors,  1651 :  intruded  steward  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1657-60 :  clerk  to  the  East 
India  Company ;  published  '  A  Practical  Discourse  of 
God's  Sovereignty,'  1673.  [xi.  319] 

COLES,  BLISHA  (d.  1715  ?),  son  of  Elisha  Coles 
(1608  ?-1688)  [q.  T.]  [xi.  319] 

COLES,  GILBERT  (1617-1676).  divine;  educated  at 
Winchester ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1637 ;  M.A., 
1643  ;  D.D.,  1667  ;  fellow  of  Winchester  College,  1648  and 
1660-76 ;  rector  of  East  Meon,  1648,  of  Easton.  Hamp- 
shire, 1660-76,  and  of  Ash,  Surrey,  1669 ;  published  tract 
against  Romanism,  1674.  [xi.  320] 

COLES  or  COLE,  JOHN  (fl.  1650),  translator  of  part 
of '  Cleopatre '  (1663) ;  probationer  fellow  and  schoolmaster 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  1643 ;  ejected  by  the  parliamen- 
tary visitors,  1648 ;  schoolmaster  at  Wolverhampton. 


[xi.  331] 

of  r 


COLET,  SIR  HENRY  (d.  1505),  lord  mayor  of  London ; 
mercer's  apprentice  and  mercer  in  London;  alderman, 
1476 ;  sheriff,  1477  ;  lord  mayor,  1486  and  1495  ;  knighted, 
1487.  [xi.  321] 

COLET,  JOHN  (1467  ?-1519),  dean  of  St.  Paul's  and 
founder  of  St.  Paul's  School ;  eldest  and  only  surviving 
child  of  Sir  Henry  Colet  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Oxford,  c. 
1483;  M.A.,  c.  1490:  read  mathematics  and,  in  Latin 
versions,  Platonic  and  Neo-platonic  philosophy;  non- 
resident rector  of  Dennington,  Suffolk,  1485-1619 ;  ;  vicar 
of  St.  Dunstan's,  Stepney,  1485-1605  ;  rector  of  Thurniug, 
Huntingdonshire,  1490-3  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1494,  and 
of  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  1494-1504 ;  chaplain  of  Hilber- 
worth,  Norfolk ;  travelled  in  Italy,  studying  the  fathers, 
canon  and  civil  law,  and  the  rudiments  of  Greek,  1493-6  ; 
resided  in  Oxford,  and  lectured  on  the  New  Testament, 
1496-1504  ;  priest,  1498 ;  met  Erasmus,  1498 ;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  1502  ;  D.D.,  1604 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1504-19 ; 
Inherited  his  father's  vast  fortune,  1505 ;  founded  St.  Paul's 
School,  writing  for  it  in  English  a  Latin  accidence,  1509  ; 
endowed  thebchopl,  1511-14 ;  preached  before  convocation 
against  ecclesiastical  corruptions,  1512  ;  preached  against 
war  with  Prance,  1512-13 ;  accused  of  heresy  by  FitzJames, 
bishop  of  London,  1613-14;  made  the  Canterbury  pil- 
grimage, 1514 ;  paid  an  annuity  to  Erasmus ;  preached  at 
Wolsey's  installation  as  cardinal,  15  ".5  ;  drew  up  statutes 
for  St.  Paul's  School,  1518 ;  some  of  his  devotional  works 
published,  1634  ;  his  complete  works  first  issued,  1867-76. 

[xi.  321] 

COLEY,  HENRY  (1633-1695?),  mathematician  and 
astrologer  ;  teacher  of  mathematics  in  London  ;  published 
4  Ola  vis  Astrologiae,'  1669;  amanuensis  and  adopted  son 
of  William  Lilly,  1677;  continued  (Lilly's)  'Merlini 
Anglici  Ephemeris '  from  1681  to  1695.  [xi.  328] 

COLFE  or  CALF,  ABRAHAM  (1580-1657),  divine; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1599  ;  curate,  1604-10,  and 
vicar,  1610-57,  of  Lewisham,  Kent ;  rector  of  St.  Leonard's, 
Eastcheap,  London,  1609-47;  founded  grammar  school 
at  Lewisham,  1662,  and  bequeathed  money  to  found  a 
library  and  an  almshouse.  [xi.  329] 

COLFE,  ISAAC  (1660?-1597),  divine  ;  born  at  Canter- 
bury; of  French  refugee  parentage;  M.A.  Broadgates 
Hall,  Oxford,  1582  ;  ricar  of  Stone,  1585-7,  and  of  Brook- 
land,  Kent,  1687  ;  master  of  Kingsbridge  Hospital,  Can- 
terbury, 1696 ;  published  sermons.  [xi.  330] 

COLGAN,  JOHN  (d.  1657  ?),  hagiographer ;  born  in 
Ulster;  Franciscan  friar  and  divinity  professor  at 
Louvain  ;  published  '  Acta  Sanctorum  .  .  .  Hiberniae '  (in 
the  calendar,  January-March),  1645, '  Trias  Thaumaturga ' 
(lives  of  SS.  Patrick,  Columba,  and  Bridget),  1647,  and  a 
life  of  Duns  Scotus,  1655.  [xi.  330] 

COLINTON,  LORD  (d.  1688).  [See  FOULIS,  SIR 
JAMES.] 

OOLLARD,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1772-1860), 
pianoforte  manufacturer ;  partner  in  firm  of  Clementi  & 
Co.,  1800-31,  of  Collard  &,  Collard,  1832-60.  [xi.  330] 

COLLARD,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (1776-1866), 
partner  in  Clementi  <fc  Co. ;  partner  with  his  brother 
Frederick  William  Collard  [q.  v.],  1832-42.  [xi.  331] 

COLLEDGE,  THOMAS  RICHARDSON  (1796-1879), 
physician ;  officially  employed  in  Canton,  Macao,  and 


other  Chinese  port's  till  1841 ;  founded  medical  mission  in 
China,  1837  ;  pensioned  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1839  :  practised 
at  Cheltenham,  1841-79.  [xi.  331] 

COLLEGE,  STEPHEN  (1635 7-1681),  'the  protestant 
]oiner  ' ;  a  clever  London  carpenter  ;  of  presbyterian  and 
democratic  opinions;  conformed  to  the  church,  1G6U; 
issued  ballads  and  pamphlets  against  Romanism  ;  daring 
the  excitement  of  the  'popish  plot'  sold  'protestant 
flails,'  pocket  bludgeons  to  repel  anticipated  Romanist 
assassins ;  came  in  arms  to  Oxford,  at  the  sitting  of  par- 
liament, 1681 ;  arrested  in  London,  1681 ;  bill  against  him 
thrown  out  by  the  grand  jury,  July  1681 ;  taken  to  Oxford^ 
condemned  and  executed.  His 


several  ballads  and  pamphlets. 


s  fate  was  the  subject  of 
[xi.  331] 


COLLES,  ABRAHAM  (1773-1843),  surgeon  ;  studied 
surgery  in  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  and  London;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh,   1796  ;    practised    medicine    in    Dublin,    1797-9 ;      I 
specialised  in  surgery  ;  resident  surgeon    1799-1813,  and     j 
visiting  surgeon,  1813-41,  of  Steevens's  Hospital,  Dublin  ; 
professor  of  anatomy  and    surgery,   1804-36  ;    an  able 
operator ;  discoverer  of  Colles's  fracture  of  the  radius ; 
published  surgical  treatises.  [xi.  333] 

COLLET,  JOHN  (1725P-1780),    painter;    exhibited,    J 
chiefly  humorous  pieces,  1721-80;  his  pictures  pleasing 
to  the  popular  taste  and  often  engraved.  [xi.  334] 

COLLETON,  JOHN  (1548-1635),  Roman  catholic  di- 
vine ;  educated  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1565,  Louvain, 
and,  1576,  Douay ;  priest  on  the  English  mission,  1576  ; 
prisoner  in  the  Tower,  1581-4  ;  exiled,  1684  ;  returned  to 
England,  1587 ;  laboured  in  London  and  Kent ;  imprisoned, 
1610  ;  dean  and  vicar-general,  1623-6  ;  urged  the  pope  to 
sanction  Prince  Charles's  marriage  with  Henrietta  Maria, 
1624  ;  published  polemical  tracts.  [xi.  335] 

COLLET,  SIR  GEORGE  POMEROY  (1835-1881), 
major-general ;  an  Irishman  ;  educated  at  Sandhurst ; 
ensign,  1852;  border  magistrate  and  surveyor  in  Cape 
Colony,  1857  ;  captain,  1860 ;  served  in  China ;  brevet- 
major,  1863 ;  professor  at  the  Staff  College,  Sandhurst ; 
lieutenant-colonel  in  Ashanti  campaign,  1873 ;  visited 
Natal  and  the  Transvaal,  1875  ;  secretary  to  the  viceroy 
of  India,  1876 ;  chief  of  staff  in  Zulu  war,  1879 ;  K.O.S.I., 
1879 ;  major-general  and  governor  of  Natal,  1880  ;  de- 
feated by  the  Boers  at  Laing's  Nek,  January  1881 ; 
defeated  and  killed  at  Majuba  Hill,  26  February  1881. 

[xi.  336] 

COLLET,  JOHN  (/.  1440),  theological  writer  ;  Car- 
melite friar  of  Doncnster.  [xi.  337] 

COLLIBER,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1718-1737),  author  ot 
'  Columna  Rostrata,'  a  history  of  recent  Dutch  naval  wars, 
1727,  and  of  theological  tracts.  [xi.  338] 

COLLIER,  ARTHUR  (1680-1732),  metaphysician  ;  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1698  ;  rector  of  Langford  Magna, 
Wiltshire,  1704-32 ;  published  'Clavis  Universalis,'  1713, 
a  metaphysical  treatise,  anticipating  Berkeley's  views, 
'A  Specimen  of  True  Philosophy,'  1730,  and 'Logology,' 
1732 ;  wrote  in  'Mist's  Journal '  against  Bishop  Hoadly'a 
opinions,  1719.  [xi.  338] 

COLLIER,  SIR  FRANCIS  AUGUSTUS  (1783  7-1849X 
rear-admiral ;  second  son  of  Sir  George  Collier  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy,  1794 ;  lieutenant,  1803 ;  sent  against  Arab 
pirates  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  1819-20 ;  rear-admiral,  1846. 

[xi.  339] 

COLLIER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1738-1795),  vice-admiral: 
entered  navy,  1751 ;  commander,  1761 ;  visited  Paris  and 
Brussels,  1773 ;  knighted,  1775  ;  senior  officer  at  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  1776-9  ;  inflicted  great  damage  on  American 
shipping,  1779 ;  commanded  ship  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar 
and  captured  Spanish  frigate,  1781 ;  M.P.,  Houiton,  1784 ; 
rear-admiral,  1793 ;  vice-admiral,  1794.  [xi.  339] 

COLLIER,  GILES  (1622-1678),  author  of  sabbatical 
tracts  ;  entered  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1638 ;  MA.,  1648  ; 
took  the  covenant,  1648 ;  vicar  of  Blockley,  Worcester- 
shire, c.  1648  till  death.  [xi.  341] 

COLLIER,  JEREMY  (1650-1726),  nonjuror  ;  educated 
at  Ipswich  and  from  1669  at  Oaius  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1676  ;  rector  of  Ampton,  Suffolk,  1679-86  ;  lecturer 
of  Gray's  Inn,  London,  1685  ;  published  sermons,  1686-7, 
numerous  pamphlets  against  William  III,  1688-93,  and 
essuya,  1694-7  ;  publicly  absolved  on  the  scaffold  two  of 
those  executed  for  the  assassination  plot,  1696 ;  outlawed, 


COLLIER 


263 


COLLItfS 


but  unmolested:  published  'Short  View  of  the 
Immorality  and  Profanenesa  of  the  English  Stage,'  1698, 
Cd  re  joinders  to  those  who  replied  1699-1708;  minister 
of  u  London  nonjuring  congregation  ;  published  an  'Hid- 
cal  Dictionary.'  adapted  from  Louis  Moreri,  1705-21, 
bU  learned 'Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain,' 
•i-ll;  was  ordained  a  nonjuring  bishop,  1713;  or- 
lined  nonjuriug  bishop.*,  1716  and  1722;  introduced  a 
9V  (Romanising)  communion  office,  and  produced  a 
among  the  nonjurore,  1718.  [xl.  341] 

COLLIER,  JOEL  (18th  cent.),  musician;  pseudonym 
of  GEOHQE  Yi:  \  i. ;  tenor-playeV  at  the  Italian  opera  ; 

slished  'Musical  Travels  in  England,'  1774,  satirising 
Burney  ,(1726-1814)  [q.  v.],   and   'Joel    Collier 

iivivus,'  1818,  satirising  Jeau-Baptiste  Logier. 

[xi.  347] 

COLLIER,  JOHN,  'TiM  BOBBIN  '  (1708-1786),  author 
and  painter;  usher  (1729)  and  master  (1739-86)  of  Miln- 
row  school,  near  Rochdale  ;  painted  grotesque  figures  for 
tap-room  walls ;  published  twenty-six  grotesque  engrav- 
ings, 1772-3;  under  the  name  'Tim  Bobbin,'  published 
satirical  pieces  in  the  Lancashire  dialect,  1739-71,  and  two 
squibs  directed  against  John  Whitaker's  'History  of 
Maii.-liuster,'  1771-3.  [xi.  347] 

COLLIER,  JOHN  PAYNE  (1789-1883),  Shakespearean 
critic  :  brought  up  at  Leeds ;  reporter  to '  Times,'  London, 
iwiu  '.'I:  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1829;  F.S.A.,  1830 ; 
published  anonymously  satirical '  Criticisms  on  the  Bar,' 
1819;  on 'Morning  Chronicle'  staff,  1821-47;  published 
'  Poetical  Decameron,'  1820,  showing  much  knowledge  of 
less-known  Elizabethan  poets  ;  edited  '  Old  Plays,'  supple- 
menting those  in  Dodsley's  'collection,  1826-7,  1833,  and 
186 1 ;  forged  ballads  ;  falsified  documents  belonging  to 
Dulwich  College,  the  public  records,  and  the  Egerton 
(Bridgewater  House)  collection  ;  published  a  '  History  of 
English  Dramatic  Poetry,'  1831,  and  '  Facts '  and  '  Par- 
ticulars'  concerning  Shakespeare,  1836-6  and  1839,  largely 
utilising  his  forgeries ;  librarian  to,  and  pensioner  of,  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire  :  edited  papers  for  the  Oainden  Society, 
1838-63,  the  Percy  Society,  1840-4,  and  the  Shakespeare 
Society,  1841-61 ;  secretary  to  the  British  Museum  commis- 
sion, 1847-60 ;  edited  '  Roxburghe  Ballads,'  1847, '  Regis- 
ters of  the  Stationers'  Company,'  1848-9,  and  Thomas 
Hey  wood's  works,  1860-1 ;  received  a  civil  list  pension, 
1860 ;  forged  marginal  corrections  in  a  first  folio  of  Shake- 
speare ('the  Egerton  folio')  before  1841,  and  in  a  second 
folio  ('the  Perkins  folio ')  before  1852  ;  brought  out  anno- 
tated editions  of  Shakespeare,  1842-4, 1858,  and  1876-8,  and 
a  text  of  Shakespeare,  1853,  based  on  these  forgeries  ;  pub- 
lished what  he  alleged  to  be  Coleridge's  (1811)  lectures  on 
Shakespeare,  1866;  his  Shakespeare  forgeries  exposed, 
1859-61 ;  edited  Edmund  Spenser's  works,  1862 ;  reprinted 
privately  old  pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  1863-71 :  published 
notes  on  rare  English  books,  1865 ;  wrote  also  original 
verse  and  an  autobiographical  fragment.  [xi.  348] 

COLLIER,  ROBERT  PORRETT,  first  BARON  MONKS- 
WELL  (1817-1886),  judge;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1843  :  a  liberal  in  politics  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1843 ;  went  on  the  western  circuit  ;  secured  pardon  of 
Brazilian  pirates,  1846 ;  recorder  of  Penzance ;  M.P., 
Plymouth,  1852-71;  counsel  to  the  admiralty,  1859; 
solicitor-general,  1863-6 ;  attorney-general,  1868-71 ;  made 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1871,  to  qualify  for  the  judicial 
committee  of  the  privy  council ;  created  Baron  Monks- 
well,  1886  ;  landscape  painter  ;  published  law  treatises. 

[xi.353] 

COLLIER,  THOMAS  (ft.  1691),  baptist ;  owned  land 
in  Godalming,  1634  ;  baptist  preacher  in  Guernsey,  in 
Yorkshire,  1646,  and  in  the  south  and  west  of  England  ; 
published  polemical  tracts,  1645-91.  [xi.  364] 

COLLIGNON,  CATHERINE  (1766-1832),  translator 
of  Jean-Baptiste  Ladvocat's  'Historical  Dictionary,' 
1792  ;  daughter  of  Charles  Oollignou  [q.  v.] ;  benefactor 
of  Addenbrooke's  Hospital ,  Cambridge.  [xi.  355] 

COLLIGNON,  CHARLES  (1725-1786),  physician; 
M.B.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1749  ;  M.D.,  1764 ;  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  Cambridge,  1753-86 ;  his  '  Miscellaneous 
Writings '  published,  1786.  [xi  865] 

COLLING,  CHARLES  (1751-1836),  stockbreeder; 
occupied  farm  at  Ketton,  near  Darlington,  from  1782 ; 
greatly  improved  the  breed  of  shorthorn  cattle  on  the 


Tees  and  Skerne,  and  produced  many  celebrated  animals, 
including  the  bull '  Hubback.'  [Suppl.  ii.  46] 

COLLING,  ROBERT  (1749-1820),  stockbreeder; 
brother  of  Charles  Colling  [q.  v.] :  occupied  farm  at 
Barmpton,  where  he  became  a  noted  breeder  of  short- 
horns. [Suppl.  ii.  46] 

COLLINGES,  JOHN  (1623-1690),  presbyterian ;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge ;  presbyterian  chaplain  at  Bures, 
Essex,  1645  ;  intruded  vicar  of  St.  Saviour's,  1646-53,  and 
of  St.  Stephen's,  Norwich,  1653-60  ;  D.D. ;  published  con- 
troversial tracts,  1651-8,  sermons  and  devotional  tracts, 
1650-2  and  1075-81;  contributor  to  Matthew  Poole's 
bible.  [xi.  356] 

COUJNGRIDGE,  PETER  BERNARDINE  (1757- 
1829),  Roman  catholic  prelate ;  born  in  Oxfordshire ; 
Franciscan  friar  at  Douay,  1770 ;  president  of  Baddesley 
College,  Birmingham,  1791  ;  stationed  in  London ;  pro- 
vincial, 1806  ;  D.D. ;  titular  bishop  of  Thespiw  and  co- 
adjutor of  the  western  district,  1807.  [xi.  367] 

GOLLINGS,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1780-1790  ?),  painter  and 
caricaturist ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1784-9  ;  de- 
signed caricatures  engraved  by  Thomas  Rowlandson ; 
wrote  verses.  [xi.  357] 

COLLINGTON,  JOHN  (1548-1635).    [See  OOLUTTON.] 

COLLINGWOOD,  OUTHBERT,  first  BARON  COLLING- 
WOOD  (1750-1810),  vice-admiral ;  served  on  home  stations, 
1761-74  ;  served  at  Bunker's  Hill,  1776  ;  lieutenant,  1775  ; 
served  in  West  Indies,  1776-81,  1783-6,  1790-1 ;  censured 
for  petulance,  1777 ;  lieutenant  in  Nelson's  ship,  1778 ; 
wrecked  1781 ;  commanded  ship  in  battle  of  1  June,  1794, 
and  in  the  Mediterranean,  1795-7 ;  did  good  service  at 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  blockaded  Cadiz,  1797-8 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1799  ;  blockaded  Brest,  1799-1805 ;  vice-admiral, 
1804  ;  cruised  off  Cadiz,  1805 ;  took  command  on  Nelson's 
death  at  Trafalgar,  October  1805  ;  lost  many  of  the  prizes 
through  neglecting  Nelson's  last  order ;  raised  to  the 
peerage  and  pensioned  ;  cruised  off  Spain,  1806-7  :  sent  to 
the  Dardanelles,  1807  ;  cruised  off  Sicily,  1807-8  ;  culpably 
missed  a  chance  of  destroying  the  Toulon  fleet,  1808; 
blockaded  Toulon,  1808-10 ;  died  at  sea ;  buried  in  St. 
Paul's.  [xi.  357] 

COLLINGWOOD,  GEORGE  (d.  1716),  Jacobite ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Preston,  executed  at  Liverpool.  [xi.  362] 

COLLINGWOOD,  ROGER  (/.  1513),  mathematician; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1497-1510;  M.A., 
1499 ;  travelled,  1507-10  ;  proctor,  1513.  [xi.  362] 

COLLINS,  ANTHONY  (1676-1729),  deist ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  friend  of  John 
Locke,  1703-4;  published  political  tracts,  1707-10;  at- 
tacked the  first  clause  ('authority  in  controversies  of 
faith ')  of  the  twentieth  Article  of  Religion,  1709  and 
1724  ;  visited  Holland,  1711  and  1713  ;  published  his  'Dis- 
course of  Freethinking,'  1713 ;  ridiculed  by  Bentley  and 
Swift ;  published  '  Enquiry  Concerning  Human  Liberty,' 
1715, '  The  Grounds  of  the  Christian  Religion,'  1724,  and 
'  Literal  Scheme  of  Prophecy,'  1726.  [xi.  863] 

COLLINS,  ARTHUR  (1690  ?-1760),  author  of  the 
'  Peerage' ;  bookseller  in  London ;  published  his  '  Peerage 
of  England,' one  volume,  1709  (fourth  edition,  1717),  and 
'Baronetage  of  England,'  two  volumes,  1720;  revised 
issue  of  the  '  Peerage,'  three  volumes,  1735  (second  edition, 
1741 ;  supplement,  1750) ;  pensioned ;  enlarged  edition  of 
the  '  Peerage,'  six  volumes,  1756 ;  published  histories  of 
noble  families,  1732-56  ;  the  definitive  edition  of  Collins'a 
'  Peerage,'  by  Sir  Egerton  Brydges  (nine  volumes),  appeared 
in  1812,  and  that  of  the  '  Baronetage '  (five  volumes),  by 
Wotton,  in  1741.  [xi.  364] 

COLLINS,  CHARLES  ALLSTON  (1828-1873),  painter 
and  author  ;  son  of  William  Collins  (1788-1847)  [q.  v.] ;  a 
pre-Raphaelite ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy ;  pub- 
lished essays  and  novels.  [xi.  366] 

COLLINS,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1820-1864),  sporting 
journalist  in  London  ;  published  burlesques  ami  novels. 

[xi.  366] 

COLLINS,  DAVID  (1766-1810),  colonial  governor; 
lieutenant  of  marines,  1770 ;  served  at  Bunker's  Hill,  1776, 
and  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782 ;  secretary  with  Arthur 
Phillip  at  Botany  Bay,  1787-96  ;  published  '  Account  of 
. . .  New  South  Wales,'  1798-1802 ;  governor  of  Tasmania, 
1804-10.  [xi.  366] 


COLLINS 


264 


COLLINSON 


COLLINS,  GREENVILE  (fl.  1679-1693),  hydro- 
grapher  :  director  of  the  coast  survey  of  Great  Britain, 
1681-8  ;  published  '  Great  Britain's  Coasting  Pilot,'  1693. 

[xi.  367] 

COLLINS,  HERCULES  (  d.  1702),  baptist  minister  at 
Wapping  :  published  sermons  and  controversial  tracts, 
1680-96.  [xi.  3G7] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (<L  1634),  physician  ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1598  ;  M.D.,  1608  :  fellow  of 
the  London  College  of  Physicians,  1613  ;  regius  professor 
.of  medicine,  Cambridge,  1026-34.  [xi.  368] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (1625-1683),  mathematician  ;  book- 
seller's apprentice  in  Oxford  ;  clerk  in  Prince  Charles's 
kitchen:  served  at  sea  off  Crete.  1642-9;  mathematical 
teacher  in  London  ;  published  mathematical  treatises, 
1652-9  ;  government  clerk,  1660-72  :  F.R.S.,  1667  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  on  trade,  1680-2  ;  his  large  scientific 
correspondence  partly  printed,  1712.  [xi.  368] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (1632?-1687),  congregational  minis- 
ter :  taken  as  a  boy  to  America  ;  fellow  of  Harvard, 
c.  1649  ;  chaplain  in  Monck's  army,  1659-60  :  congrega- 
tional minister  in  London  ;  published  sermons. 

[xi.  369] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (1725?-1759?),  painter  of  Italian 
landscapes  ;  scene-painter  to  various  London  theatres. 

[xi.  370] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (1741-1797),  Shakespearean  scholar  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  from  1759  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  : 
B.C.L.,  1766  ;  curate  of  Ledbury,  Herefordshire  ;  defended 
Edward  Capell  [q.  v.]  against  George  Steevens  [q.  v.], 
1777;  edited  Capell's  'Notes'  on  Shakespeare,  1781;  be- 


came imbecile  ;  died  in  penury. 


[xi.  370] 


COLLINS,  JOHN  (d.  1807),  colonel:  nicknamed 
'King  Collins'  ;  cadet  in  the  Bengal  army,  1769  ;  major, 
1794  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1796  ;  resident  at  the  court  of 
Daulat  Rao  Sindhia,  1795-1803:  envoy  to  Jeypore,  1799  : 
resident  at  the  Nawab  of  Oudh's  court,  Lncknow,  1804-7. 

[xi.371] 

COLLINS,  JOHN  (d.  1808),  actor  and  poet;  son  of  a 
tailor  at  Bath  ;  a  staymaker  ;  went  on  the  stage  at  Bath  : 
acted  at  Dublin,  1764  ;  gave  a  popular  vocal  and  anec- 
dotal entertainment  in  London  and  the  provinces,  1775- 
1793;  published  '  Scripscrapologia  '  (verses),  1804,  and 
contributed  verses  to  the  '  Birmingham  Chronicle.' 

[xi.  371] 

COLLINS,  MORTIMER  (1827-1876),  man  of  letters  ; 
son  of  a  Plymouth  solicitor  ;  mathematical  master  in 
Guernsey,  1850-6  ;  published  verses,  1855  and  1860  :  wrote 
for  periodicals  :  settled  in  Berkshire,  1862  ;  published 
humorous  novels,  political  squibs,  essays.  [xi.  373] 

COLLINS,  RICHARD  (d.  1732),  draughtsman  of  the 
Spalding  Society  ;  pupil  of  Michael  Dahl  [q.  v.]  [xi.  374] 

COLLINS,  RICHARD  (1755-1831),  miniature  painter 
in  London  ;  pupil  of  Jeremiah  Meyer  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited, 
1777-1818  ;  retired  to  Pershore,  Worcestershire,  1811  ; 
returned  to  London,  1828.  [ix.  374] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (1576-1651),  divine  :  born  and 
educated  at  Eton  ;  scholar  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1691  ;  M.A.,  1599  ;  D.D.,  1613  ;  chaplain  to  archbishops 
Bancroft  and  Abbot  ;  rector  of  Fen  Ditton,  Cambridge- 
shire (ejected  1643)  ;  sinecure  rector  of  Milton,  Cambridge- 
shire; provost  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1615  ;  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge,  1617-51  ;  prebendary  of 
Ely,  1618  ;  ejected  by  puritans  from  provostehip,  1645  ; 
published  pamphlets  against  Bella  r  mine.  [xi.  374] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (1619-1670),  author  of  the 
•  Present  State  of  Russia  '  (published  1671)  :  entered 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1635;  M.D.  Padua, 
1651  ;  incorporated  M.D.  at  Oxford,  1659  ;  physician  to 
the  Czar  of  Russia  at  Moscow,  1660-9  ;  died  at  Paris. 

[xi.  375] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (1617-1686),  physician;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1637  ; 
B.A.,  1638;  studied  medicine  at  Leyden  :  M.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1648  ;  intruded  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  and 
incorporated  as  M.D.,  1650  ;  fellow  of  the  London  College 
of  Physicians,  1651  ;  practised  in  London.  [xi.  376] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (1618-1710),  comparative  ana- 
tomist; fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 


1G42 :  travelled  ;  M.D.  Padua,  1654 :  incorporated  M.D 
at  Oxford,  1659,  and  at  Cambridge,  1(>73  ;  fellow  of  the 
London  College  of  Physicians,  1668,  and  president,  1695 ; 
practised  in  London ;  published  '  A  Systeine  of  Anatomy,' 
1685.  [xi.  376] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (./f.  1760-1780),  miniature- 
painter,  [xi.  377] 

COLLINS,  SAMUEL  (1802-1878),  '  the  bard  of  Hale 
M  oss  ' ;  a  Lancashire  weaver  and  radical  politician  ;  pub- 
lished 'Miscellaneous  Poems,'  partly  in  the  Lancashire 
dialect.  .  [xi.  377] 

COLLINS,  THOMAS  ( ft .  1615),  author  of  "The 
Penitent  Publican,'  a  devotional  poem,  1610,  and  'The 
Teares  of  Lone,'  a  pastoral,  1615.  [xi.  377] 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM  (1721-1759),  poet;  son  of  a 
Chichester  hatter  ;  educated  at  Winchester  ;  demy  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1741 :  B.A.,  1743  ;  published 
verses  in  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1739;  published 
his  '  Persian  Eclogues,'  1742,  and  his  '  Odes,'  which  take 
a  very  high  rank  among  English  lyrics,  1747 ;  contributed 
some  odes  to  Dodsley's  '  Museum,'  1749 ;  became  imbecile ; 
affectionately  cared  for  by  his  sister  ;  his  collected  works 
first  published,  1766.  [xi.  377] 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1793),  modeller  of  bas- 
reliefs  for  chimney-pieces  and  reredoses  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1760-8.  [xi.  380] 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM  (1788-1847),  landscape,  por- 
trait, and  figure  painter ;  exhibited,  1807-46 ;  also  etched  : 
his  paintings  very  popular,  and  many  of  them  engraved ; 
R.A.,  1820.  [xi.  380] 

COLLLNS,  WILLIAM  LUCAS  (1817-1887),  miscel- 
laneous writer  :  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1841 ;  vicar 
of  Kilsby,  1867-73,  and  rector  of  Lowick,  Northampton- 
shire, 1873-87 ;  wrote  popular  monographs  on  great 
writers.  [xi.  381] 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM  WILKIE(  1824-1889), novelist; 
son  of  William  Collins  (1788-1847)  [q.  v.]  ;  articled  to  a 
firm  of  tea  merchants  in  London  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1846,  and  was  called  to  the  bar,  1851  :  published  « An- 
tonina,'  1850,  and  '  Rambles  beyond  Railways,'  1851 ;  soon 
adopted  the  profession  of  literature  :  made  acquaintance 
of  Dickens  ;  contributed  to  'Household  Words'  and  the 
'  Holly  Tree '  from  1855  :  collaborated  with  Dickens  in 
'  Lazy  Tour  of  Two  Idle  Apprentices '  and  *  Perils  of 
certain  English  Prisoners,'  1857  ;  contributed '  The  Woman 
in  White '  to  '  All  the  Year  Round,'  1860,  and  subsequently 
issued  serial  stories  in  this  and  other  magazines,  including 
'Oornhill'  and  '  Temple  Bar ';  joined  Dickens  in  writing 
'  No  Thoroughfare,'  1867  ;  gave  public  readings  in  United 
States,  1873-4.  His  works  include  'The  Dead  Secret,' 
1857,  'Armadale,'  1866,  'Moonstone,'  1868,  'The  Two 
Destinies,'  1876,  and  several  plays.  [Suppl.  ii.  46] 

COLLINSON,  JAMES  (1825?-1881),  painter;  one  of 
the  pre-llaphaelites ;  embraced  Roman  Catholicism ;  ex- 
hibited at  various  institutions,  1847-80 ;  wrote  verse. 

[xi.  381] 

COLLINSON,  JOHN  (1757  ?-1793),  county  historian  : 
vicar  of  Clanfield,  Oxfordshire :  vicar  of  Long  Ashtou, 
Somerset,  1787-93;  published  'Beauties  of  British  Anti- 
quities,' 1779,  and  'History  .  .  .  of  Somerset,'  1791. 

[xi.  382] 

COLLINSON,  PETER  (1694-1768),  naturalist  and 
antiquary ;  born  near  Windermere :  a  North  American 
merchant ;  F.S.A. :  F.R.S.,  1728  ;  correspondent  of  Ben- 
jamin Franklin ;  studied  plants  and  insects ;  contributed 
to  scientific  journals.  [xi.  382] 

COLLINSON,  SIR  RICHARD  (1811-1883),  admiral: 
entered  the  navy,  1823  ;  employed  on  survey  work  on  the 
South  American  coast,  1828,  and  in  the  China  seas,  1840-6 : 
captain,  1842  ;  went  through  Behring  Straits  in  search  of 
Sir  John  Franklin,  1850-4  ;  rear-admiral,  1862 ;  admiral 
and  K.O.B.,  1876 ;  wrote  geographical  papers,  [xi.383] 

COLLINSON,  SEPTIMUS  (1739-1827),  provost  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
1767  ;  D.D.,  1793  :  rector  of  Dowlish,  Somerset,  1778,  and 
of  Holwell,  Dorset,  1794;  provost  of  Queen's  College, 
1796,  and  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Oxford, 
1798-1827.  [xi.  384] 


I 


COLLiIS 


265 


COLQUHOUN 


COLLIS,  JOHN  DAY  (1816-1879),  author  of  classical 
school-books ;  educated  at  Rupby,  1832-4 ;  fellow  of 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1839-47  :  M.A.,  1841  :  D.D., 
1860  ;  head-master  of  Bromsgrove  school,  1842-67  :  vicar 
of  Stratford-on-Avon,  1867-79.  [xi.  384] 

COLLOP,  JOHN  (ft.  1660),  royalist  writer;  M.D. ; 
published  '  Poesis  Rediviva,'  1666,  being  verses  against 
the  sectaries,  a  plea  for  religious  toleration  eutitled 
'Medici  Catholicon,'  1656,  and  'Itur  (sic)  Satyricum,' 
1660,  verses  welcoming  the  Restoration.  [xi.  385] 

COLLYER,  JOSEPH,  the  elder  (d.  1776),  compiler 
and  translator  :  published  '  History  of  England,'  1774-5. 

[xi.  385] 

COLLYER,  JOSEPH,  the  younger  (1748-1827),  en- 
graver :  son  of  Joseph  Collyer  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  engraved 
chiefly  ]>ort rait-  ;  a  book  illustrator :  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1770-1822.  [xi.  385] 

COLLYER,  MARY  (d.  1763),  authoress  ;  nte  Mitchell ; 
wife  of  Joseph  Oollyer  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  translated 
Oesner  (1761 )  and  Klopstock.  [xi.  386] 

COLLYER,  WILLIAM  BENOO  (1782-1854),  congre- 
gational minister  ;  educated  at  Homertou  College,  1798  ; 
minister  at  Peckbam,  1800-54 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  180£ ; 
preacher  at  Salters'  Hall  Chapel,  1813 ;  published  sermons, 
hymns,  and  tracts.  [xL  386] 

COLMAN  of  Oloyne,  SAINT  (522-600),  known  as 
MacLenin ;  commemorated  on  24  Nov. ;  bard  to  the  king 
of  Cashel ;  converted  to  Christianity  and  named  Colman 
(Columbanns) ;  taught  by  St.  Jarlath  of  Tuam ;  mis- 
sionary in  east  Cork ;  settled  at  Oloyne.  [xi.  386] 

COLMAN,  ELA  or  ELO,  SAINT  (553-610),  son  of 
Beogua  and  Mor,  sister  of  St.  Columba  ;  commemorated 
on  26  Sept. ;  born  at  Qlenelly,  Tyrone ;  ordained  presbyter 
at  Hy  (lona) ;  founded  Muckamore  Abbey,  Antrim,  and 
Laud-Elo  (now  Lyually),  King's  County ;  visited  lona. 

[xi.  387] 

COLMAN,  SAINT  (d.  676),  bishop  of  Lindisfarue; 
commemorated  on  8  Aug.  in  Ireland,  and  on  18  Feb.  in 
Scotland ;  born  in  Mayo ;  monk  at  lona ;  bishop  of  Lin- 
disfarue, 661 ;  unsuccessfully  defended  Celtic  usages 
against  Wilfrith  and  the  Roman  party,  664  ;  withdrew  to 
lona,  and  thence  (668)  to  Inishboftn  island,  Mayo. 

[xi.  389] 

COLHAN,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1732-1794),  dramatist ; 
born  in  Florence,  where  hifl  father  (d.  1733)  was  British 
envoy;  nephew  of  William  Pulteney,  afterwards  (1742) 
Earl  of  Bath :  educated  at  Westminster ;  entered  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1751 :  M.A.,  1758 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1755  ;  went  on  the  Oxford  circuit,  1759 ;  joint-editor  of 
•The  Connoisseur,'  1754-6  ;  friend  of  David Garrick,  1758  ; 
successfully  brought  out  a  farce,  his  first  dramatic  piece, 
1760 ;  made  his  mark  with  'The  Jealous  Wife,'  1761 ;  be- 
tween 1762  and  1789  wrote  or  adapted  some  thirty  dra- 
matic pieces;  inherited  945J.  a  year  from  the  Earl  of 
Bath,  1764  ;  translated  Terence,  1765  ;  manager  of  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  1767-74 ;  manager  of  Havmarket  Theatre, 
1777-89  ;  edited  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  1778  ;  translated 
Horace's  '  Art  of  Poetry,'  1783 ;  published  miscellaneous 
essays,  1787 ;  became  insane.  [xi.  390] 

COLMAN,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1762-1836),  dra- 
matist ;  son  of  George  Colman  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
Westminster  School,  1772,  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1779, 
and  Aberdeen  University,  1781 ;  sent  to  London  his  first 
dramatic  piece,  1782 ;  returned  to  London ;  between  1784 
and  1822  wrote  or  adapted  some  twenty-five  dramatic 
pieces,  the  best  known  being '  The  Heir  at  Law,'  a  comedy, 
1797,  and  'John  Bull,'  a  comedy,  1803 ;  manager  of  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  1789-1813;  published  coarse  comic 
poems,  1797-1820  ;  showed  great  scrupulosity  as  examiner 
of  plays,  1824-36  ;  involved  in  litigation  and  debt ;  osed 
sometimes  the  pseudonym  of  Arthur  Griffinhoofe;  pub- 
lished '  Random  Records,'  an  autobiography,  1830. 

[xL  393] 

COLMAN,  WALTER  (d.  1645),  poet;  educated  at 
Douay ;  an  Observant  friar ;  priest  on  the  English  mis- 
sion;  Imprisoned,  1641-5;  published,  c.  1632, 'La  Dance 
Machabre.'  [xi  396] 

COLNAGHI,  DOMINIC  PAUL  (1790-1879),  print 
dealer ;  son  of  Paul  Colnaghi  [q.  v.]  ;  chief  partner  in 
firm  of  Coluaghi  i  Co.,  London,  1833-65;  collected 
ancient  armour.  [xi.  397] 


COLNAGHI  or  COLNAGO,  PAUL  (1751-1833),  print 
dealer  ;  born  in  Milan  ;  Paris  agent  of  Signer  Torre,  print 
dealer,  of  London  ;  partner  of  Colnaghi  &  Co. ;  a  natu- 
rali.-wl  Englishman.  [xi.  397] 

COLOMB,  PHILIP  HOWARD  (1831-1899),  vice-ad- 
miral ;  entered  navy,  1846  ;  served  in  Burmese  war, 
1852  ;  lieutenant,  1852 ;  flag-lieutenant  to  Sir  Thomas 
SaMiie  Pasley  [q.  v.],  1857,  and  later  to  (Sir)  Thomas 
Matthew  Charles  Symonds  [q.  v.] :  made  reports  to  ad- 
miralty on  day  and  night  signals,  and  devised  night 
system  known  as '  Colomb's  Flashing  Signals,'  1858 ;  com- 
mander, 1863;  post-captain,  1870;  rear-admiral,  1887; 
vice-admiral,  1892  ;  published  numerous  writings  on  naval 
and  other  subjects.  [SuppL  ii.  49] 

COLOMIES  or  COLOMESITTS,  PAUL  (1638-1692), 
librarian  ;  son  of  a  physician  at  La  Rochelle :  educated 
at  Summit-  and  Paris ;  visited  Isaac  Vossins  in  Holland, 
1665 ;  resided  at  La  Rochelle,  1665-81  ;  reader  in  Peter 
Allix's  [q.  v.]  church  ;  rector  of  Eynesford,  Kent,  1687 ; 
naturalised,  1688;  gave  up  librarianship  of  Lambeth 
Library,  1690  ;  compiled '  Gallia  Orientalis,'  a  bibliography 
of  French  orientalists,  1665  ;  published  epigrams,  collec- 
tions of  'ana,'  historical  tracts,  and  theological  pieces, 
1668-90;  his  'Italia  et  Hispania  Orientalis'  published 
1730.  [xL  397] 

COLONIA,  ADAM  DE  (1634-1685),  painter ;  son  of 
Adam  Louisz  de  Colonia,  a  Rotterdam  painter ;  painted 
cattle-pieces,  village  wakes,  and  conflagrations  by  night ; 
etched ;  made  copies  of  Bassano's  pictures ;  settled  in 
England  ;  died  in  London.  [xi.  399] 

COLONSAY,  LORD  (1793-1874).  [See  MACNEILL, 
DUNCAN.] 

COLORIBTTS,  JOHN  DE  (/.  1525),  Dominican  friar  ; 
a  foreigner  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1517 ;  a  protege  of  Wolsey  : 
lectured  at  Oxford  on  theology;  member  of  Wolsey'a 
Oxford  college,  1525.  [xi.  399] 

COLPOYS.Sm  JOHN  (1742  ?-1821),  admiral ;  entered 
navy,  1766  ;  served  in  West  Indies,  1758-62,  and  in  East 
Indies,  1770-4  ;  aptaiii,  1773  ;  commanded  ship  in  West 
Indies,  and  in  the  Mediterranean,  1776-93  ;  rear-admiral, 
1794;  on  board  the  London  at  the  mutiny  at  Spithead, 
15  April  1797,  and  at  St.  Helens,  7  May ;  ordered  by  the 
admiralty  to  submit  to  the  mutineers,  14  May;  K.B., 
1798  ;  admiral,  1801 ;  commander-in-chief  at  Plymouth, 
1803 ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1804 ;  treasurer,  1806,  and 
governor,  1816-21,  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  [xi.  399] 

COLaUHOTJN,  ARCHIBALD  CAMPBELL-  (d.  1820), 
lord  clerk  register ;  son  of  John  Campbell  of  Clatbick ;  took 
the  name  Colquhoun,  1804,  on  inheriting  Killermont,  Dum- 
bartonshire ;  advocate,  1768 ;  M.P.,  1810-20  :  lord  ad- 
vocate, 1807-16  ;  lord  clerk  register,  1816-20.  [xi.  400] 

COLQTJHOTJN,  JANET,  LADY  (1781-1846),  author 
of  anonymous  religious  tracts  (1822-39)  ;  nte  Sinclair : 
married,  1799,  James  Colquhoun,  afterwards  (1805)  third 
baronet,  of  Luss,  Dumbartonshire.  [xi.  401] 

COLQTJHOTJN,  JOHN  (1748  -  1827),  theological 
writer  ;  a  Dumbartonshire  shepherd :  D.D. ;  studied  at 
Glasgow ;  minister  in  South  Leith,  1781-1827 ;  published 
devotional  tracts,  1813-18.  [xi.  402] 

COLaTJHOTJN,  JOHN  (1805-1885),  writer  on  sport ; 
son  of  Janet,  lady  Colquhoun  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  army  officer  in  Connaught,  1828  ;  published  '  The 
Moor  and  the  Loch,'  1840,  and  similar  works,  1849-74. 


[xi.  402] 
(1785-1854), 


COLQTJHOUN,  JOHN  CAMPBELL 
writer  on  psychical  research ;  younger  son  of  the  second 
baronet  of  Luss :  educated  at  Gbttingen  ;  advocate  at 
Scottish  bar  ;  sheriff -depute  of  Dumbartonshire,  1815-54 : 
wrote  on  'animal  magnetism,'  1833;  translated  part  of 
Kant,  1806,  and  Wienholt's  '  Somnambulism,'  1845. 

[xi.  408] 

COLQTJHOTJN,  JOHN  CAMPBELL-  (1803-1870), 
miscellaneous  writer ;  eldest  son  of  Archibald  Campbell- 
Colquhoun  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  B.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1823  ;  M.P.,  1832-47  ;  published  biographies 
and  political  and  religious  pamphlets.  [xi.  403] 

COLQTJHOTJN,  PATRICK  (1745-1820X  metropolitan 
police  magistrate  (1792-1818):  merchant  in  Virginia, 
and,  1766-89,  in  Glasgow  ;  removed  to  London,  1789  ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Glasgow,  1797;  published  pamphlets  on  trade, 
liquor  traffic,  poor  relief,  and  police  questions,  [xi.  403] 


COLQUHOUtf 


COLVIN 


COLQTTHOUN,    Sm   PATRICK    MACCHOMBAICH 
(1815-1891),  diplomatist,  author,  and  oarsman  ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  I 
1844  ;  LL.D.,  1851 ;  honorary  fellow,  1886  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Inner  Temple.  1838  :  bencher,  1869,  treasurer,  1888  ;  Q.O., 
1868 ;  plenipotentiary  to  Hanse  towns,  1840  ;  aulic  coun-  ! 
cillor  to  king  of  Saxony,  1867  ;  member  of  supreme  court 
of  justice  in  Ionian  islands,  1858  ;  knighted  and  appointed 
chief- justice  of  the  court,  1861;  secretary  of  the  Leander 
boat  club  ;  published  legal  and  other  writings. 

COLSON,  JOHN  (1680-1760),  mathematician;  en- 
tered Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1699 ;  mathematical  master 
at  Rochester  ;  F.R.S.,  1713  ;  vicar  of  Chalk,  Kent,  1724- 
1740  •  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1728 ;  Lucasian 
professor  of  mathematics,  1739;  rector  of  Lockington, 
Yorkshire ;  published  mathematical  treatises  and  transla- 
tions, 1726-52.  [xL  405] 

COLSON,  LANCELOT  (fl.  1668),  or  OOKLSON,  astro- 
loger, of  London ;  published  almanacks,  1660-80 ;  and  a 
treatise  on  alchemy, '  Philosophia  Maturata,'  1668. 

[xi.  406] 

COLSTON,  EDWARD  (1636-1721),  philanthropist  ; 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London  ;  resided  in  Bristol, 
trading  with  the  West  Indies,  1683  ;  resided  at  Mortlake, 
Surrey,  1689-1721  ;  M.P.,  Bristol,  1710-13  ;  founded  and 
endowed  almshousea  and  schools  at  Bristol,  1690-1712 ; 
founded  school  at  Mortlake  and  an  almshouse  at  Sheen ; 
benefactor  of  poor  benefices  in  England  and  of  London 
hospitals:  commemorated  by  the  Colston  banquets  in 
Bristol.  [xi.  406] 

COLT,  JOHN  (fl.  1618),  sculptor  ;  probably  son  of 
Maximilian  Colt  [q.  v.]  [xi.  407] 

COLT  or  COULT,  aliat  POULTRAIN  or  POWTRAN, 
MAXIMILIAN  (fl.  1600-1618),  sculptor  ;  native  of  Arras  ; 
carved  monuments  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1605-8 ;  master 
carver  to  James  1, 1608 ;  carved  the  decorations  of  court 
barges,  1611-24 ;  prisoner  in  the  Fleet,  1641.  [xi.  407] 

COLTON,  CHARLES  CALEB  (1780?-1832),  author 
of 4  Lacon  '  (1820-2),  two  volumes  of  aphorisms  ;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1804 ;  non- 
resident rector  of  Prior's  Portion,  Tiverton,  1801,  and 
vicar  of  Kew  and  Petersham,  Surrey,  1818-28 ;  wine 
merchant  in  London  ;  bankrupt ;  withdrew  to  America : 
committed  suicide ;  published  satires,  verses,  essays,  and 
sermons,  1809-22.  [xi.  408] 

COLTON,  JOHN  (d.  1404),  archbishop  of  Armagh ; 
master  of  Gonville  College,  Cambridge,  and  doctor  of 
canon  law,  1348 ;  rector  of  Terrington,  Norfolk,  1350  ; 
prebendary  of  York ;  official  in  Ireland,  raising  troops 
against  the  natives,  1372  ;  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1374  and 
1381  •  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1374-82  ;  chancellor 
of  Ireland,  1379-1381 ;  lord  justice,  1381 ;  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  1382.  [xi.  408] 

COLTTMBA,  otherwise  COLUMCILLE  or  COLUMBANUS, 
SAINT  (521-597),  commemorated  on  9  June ;  son  of  Feldil- 
mid,  an  Ulster  chief  ;  born  at  Gartan,  Donegal  ;  a  pupil 
of  St.  Finnian ;  reclose  at  Glasnevin,  near  Dublin ;  built 
churches  at  Derry  and  other  places ;  went  to  Scotland, 
663  ;  founded  the  monastery  of  Hy  (lona)  and  preached  to 
the  Picts  ;  received  Aidan  [q.  v.]  into  his  community, 
674 ;  visited  Ireland,  575  and  585  ;  his  reliques  translated 
to  Ireland,  878,  and  destroyed  by  the  Danes,  1127  ;  several 
books  believed  to  liave  been  written  by  him  long  vene- 
rated in  Ireland  ;  his  life  written  by  Adamnan  [q.  v.] 

[xi.  409] 

COLTJMBAN,  SAINT  (543-615),  abbot  of  Luxeuil ; 
commemorated  on  21  Nov. ;  born  in  Leinster  ;  recluse  at 
Lough  Erne ;  wrote  religious  verses ;  monk  under  St. 
Oomgall  [q.  v.]  at  Bangor,  co.  Down ;  resided  in  Bur- 
gundy, 585-610  ;  built  monasteries  at  Anegray  and  (590) 
Luxeuil,  Haute-SaOne,  for  which  he  drew  up  a  monastic 
4  rule,'  afterwards  common  in  France,  till  replaced  by  that 
of  St.  Benedict ;  quarrelled  with  the  Frank  bishops  about 
Easter  and  the  tonsure ;  expelled  from  Burgundy  by 
Theodorik  II,  610  ;  befriended  by  Hlothair  II  of  Soissons, 
and  by  Theodebert  II  of  Metz,  611  ;  preached  to  the 
heathen  Alemanni  and  Suevi ;  settled  at  Bregenz  in  the 
Tyrol ;  founded  the  monastery  of  Bobbio,  Piedmont,  613, 
and  died  there ;  his  reputed  writings  edited  by  Patrick 
Fleming  In  1621.  [xi.  413] 


COLVILE  or  COLDEWEL,  GEORGE  (fl.  1566),  trans- 
lator of  '  Boethius  de  Oonsolatione,'  1556.  [xi.  416] 

COLVILE,  SIR  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1810-1880),  judge ; 
of  Oraigflower,  Fifeshire;  educated  at  Eton  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  CamtVidge,  1834  ;  barrister  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
1835;  advocate-general  at  Calcutta,  1845;  justice,  1848, 
and  chief-justice,  1855-9,  of  Bengal;  knighted,  1848; 
member  of  the  judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council, 
1869-80.  [xi.  417] 

COLVTLL  or  COLVLLLE,  ALEXANDER  (1700-1777), 
Irish  presbyterian  minister;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1715; 
studied  medicine  ;  licensed  by  presbytery  of  Cupar-Kife, 
1722  ;  refused  ordination  by  presbytery  of  Armagh  to  the 
presbyterian  pastorate  of  Dromore,  1724-5,  for  refus- 
ing subscription  to  Westminster  Confession  ;  ordained  by 
presbytery  of  Dublin  ;  joined  himself  and  his  followers  to 
the  expelled  presbytery  of  Antrim,  1730 ;  M.D. ;  raised 
troops  for  the  government,  1745  ;  published  pamphlets  and 
sermons.  [xi.  417] 

COLVILLE,  ALEXANDER  (1530  ?-1697),  Scottish 
judge ;  granted  Oulross  Abbey,  1567 ;  opponent  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots ;  a  lord  of  session,  1575-87  and  1587-97 ; 
served  on  various  public  commissions,  1578-92.  [xi.418] 

COLVILLE,  ALEXANDER  (1620-1676),  Scottish 
episcopalian ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  incumbent  of 
Dysart,  Fifeshire ;  professor  at  Sedan,  France  ;  died  in 
Edinburgh ;  published  pamphlets  and  verses  against  the 
presbyterians.  [xi.  418] 

COLVILLE,  SIR  CHARLES  (1770-1843),  general; 
ensign,  1781;  lieutenant-colonel,  1796;  served  in  West 
Indies,  1791-7,  against  the  Irish  rebels,  1798,  in  Egypt, 
1801,  and  against  Martinique,  1809  ;  commanded  brigade, 
and  afterwards  division,  in  the  Peninsula,  1810-14,  and 
division  in  Belgium,  1815  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1819 ;  commander-in-chief  at  Bombay,  1819-25 ;  governor 
of  Mauritius,  1828-34  ;  general,  1837.  [xi.  418] 

COLVILLE,  ELIZABETH,  LADY  OOLVILLR  OF  OUL- 
ROS  ( fl.  1603),  poetess ;  nte  Melville ;  wife  of  John 
Oolvilie  of  Wester  Cumbrae,  who  in  1640  became  entitled  to 
the  barony  of  Oolvilie  of  Culros.  but  never  claimed  it ; 
reputed  authoress  of  a  religious  poem,  'Ane  Godlie 
Dreame  ...  be  M.M.,'  1603,  founded  on  a  traditional 
4  Lady  of  Culross's  Dream.'  [*i.  419] 

COLVILLE,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1540  ?),  diplomatist ;  of 
Easter  Wemyss ;  sat  in  the  Scottish  parliament,  1525-36  : 
comptroller  of  Scotland,  1625-38:  exchanged  ancestral 
estate  of  Ochiltree  for  Easter  Wemyss,  1629  ;  knighted 
and  made  a  lord  of  session,  1632;  commissioner  to 
England,  1533-4  ;  charged  with  treason,  1539 ;  withdrew 
to  England  ;  his  estates  forfeited,  1541,  but  restored,  1543. 

[xi.  420J 

COLVILLE,  JOHN  (1542  ?-1605),  Scottish  politician  ; 
of  Oleish,  Kinross-shire ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1561  ;  non- 
resident minister  of  Kilbride,  Lanarkshire,  1567,  of  Oar- 
munnock,  Lanarkshire,  and  of  Eaglesham,  Renfrewshire  ; 
chanter  of  Glasgow,  1569  ;  master  of  requests,  1578 ;  spy 
for  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Scotland  ;  attached  himself  to  the 
Gowrie  faction  J681 ;  published  justification  of  the  4raid 
of  Ruthven.'  1682 ;  envoy  to  England  .  imprisoned,  1583, 
and  expelled  from  his  offices  by  parliament;  restored, 
1586 ;  a  lord  of  session,  1587,  at  once  resigning ;  sat  in 
the  Scottish  parliament.  1587  ;  joined  the  Earl  of  Beth- 
well's  faction,  1591 ;  outlawed,  1593  ;  pardoned  on  betray- 
ing his  associates  ;  renounced  protestantism ;  visited 
Rome:  died  in  Paris;  published  his  '  Palinod,'  1600, an 
acknowledgment  of  James  VI's  title,  and  his  4  Paraenesis,' 
1601,  a  justification  of  his  conversion,  and  Latin  verses 
and  orations  ;  some  of  his  letters  printed,  1858. 

COLVILLE  or  COLVILL,  WILLIAM  (d.'  1676), 
Scottish  divine;  of  Cleish,  Kinross-shire ;  M.A.  St. 
Andrews,  1617 ;  minister  in  Edinburgh,  1635-48 ;  envoy 
to  France,  but  taken  prisoner  by  Charles  1, 1640  ;  deposed, 
1649,  for  favouring  the  4  engagement ';  minister  at 
Utrecht ;  elected  principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  1652, 
but  removed  bv  Cromwell,  1663  ;  minister  of  Perth,  1664  ; 
principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  1662-75 ;  published 
sermons.  Cxi-  422] 

COLVIN,  JOHN  RUSSELL  (1807-1857),  Indian  offi- 
cial ;  in  the  East  India  Company's  service  in  Bengal, 
1826-35  ;  private  secretary  to  the  governor-general,  1836- 


COLWAL.L 


267 


COMPTOK 


ident  of  Nepaul,  1845:  commissioner  in  Tenas- 
serini,  is  Ki;  member  of  the  Sudder  revenue  court,  1849; 
lieuti-iKint-governor  of  the  north-west  provinces,  1853 ; 
died  at  Agra.  [xi.  422] 

COL  WALL,  DANIEL  (d.  1690),  citizen  of  London ; 
F.K.S.,  l»:i,  ;ni'l  treasurer,  1C65-79 :  inaugurated  the 
iOciety'K  museum,  1666;  benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital. 

[xi.  424] 

COLYEAR,  SIK  DAVID,  first  EARL  OF  PORTMORK 
I,  a  scion  of  the  Robertsons  of  Strowan,  Perth- 
;tiTf.l  Duu-h  service,  1674;    served  under  Wil- 
1  am  III  in  Ireland  (1689-90)  and  Flanders;  married  the 
Counter  of  Dorchester,  mistress  of  James  II;    created 
IfciMiii  1'ortmore,  1699;  major-general,  1702  ;  created  Earl 
of  I'oi  unore.  1703 ;  served  in  Ormonde's  futile  expeditions 
to  Spain,  1702,  and  Flanders,  1712;  general,  1711;  non- 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1713-30.  [xi.  424] 

COLYNGHAM,  THOMAS  (fl.  1387),  Cistercian  monk ; 
graduate  of  Paris  ;  theological  writer.  [xL  425] 

COMBE,  ANDREW  (1797-1847),  physiologist  and 
phrenologist ;  of  a  sickly  constitution ;  qualified  as  a 
surgeon,  1817 ;  studied  anatomy  in  Paris,  1817 ;  disciple  of 
Johann  Gaspar  Spurzheim,  1818 ;  practised  medicine  in 
Edinburgh,  1823-32,  1836-40;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1825; 
contributed  to  medical  journals  ;  published  popular  health 
treatises,  1831-40;  joined  the  Phrenological  Society,  1820, 
and  contributed  to  the  'Phrenological  Journal,'  1823-46. 

[xi.  425] 

COMBE,  CHARLES  (1743-1817),  numismatist;  son 
of  a  London  apothecary ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  apothe- 
cary in  London,  1768 ;  F.S.A.,  1771 ;  helped  William 
Hunter  to  collect  coins  from  1773 ;  F.R.S.,  1776 ;  one  of 
Hunter's  trustees,  1783  ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1783  ;  accoucheur 
in  London,  1784-1817:  published  'Index  nummorum 
omnium  Imperatorum,  Augnstorum  et  Caesarum,'  1773,  a 
catalogue  of  some  coins  in  Hunter's  collection,  1782,  and 
other  uumismatical  tracts ;  edited  Horace,  1792-3. 

[xi.  426] 

COMBE,  GEORGE  (1788-1858),  phrenologist ;  son  of  an 
Edinburgh  brewer ;  educated  in  Edinburgh ;  a  lawyer's  ap- 
prentice, 1804 ;  writer  to  the  signet,  1812 ;  became  a  dis- 
ciple of  Spurzheim  ;  retired  from  business,  1836 ;  wrote  in 
defence  of  phrenology,  1818-19 ;  founded  the  Phrenological 
Society.  1820,  and  the  '  Phrenological  Journal,'  1823  ;  lec- 
tured on  phrenology  in  Edinburgh  from  1822 ;  published 
•Elements  of  Phrenology,'  1824,  and  '  Essay  on  the  Consti- 
tution of  Man,'  1828 ;  lectured  in  America,  1838-40,  and 
Germany,  1842 ;  published  pamphlets  on  education  and 
social  ethics.  [xi.  427] 

COMBE,  TAYLOR  (1774-1826),  numismatist :  son  of 
Charles  Combe  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Harrow  and,  1791, 
Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1798 ;  F.S.A.,  1796 ;  keeper 
of  coins,  1803,  and  of  antiquities,  1807-26,  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  F.R.S.,  1806  ;  published  catalogues  of  Museum 
coins  and  antique  marbles,  1814-26;  contributed  to 
'Archaeologia.'  [xi.  429] 

COMBE,  THOMAS  (1797-1872),  printer;  son  of  a 
Leicestershire  bookseller ;  connected  with  the  Clarendon 
press,  Oxford,  from  1837;  a  leading  benefactor  of  the 
church  in  Oxford.  [xi.  430] 

COMBE,  WILLIAM  (1741-1823),  author  of  'Doctor 
Syntax ' ;  educated  at  Eton ;  eaid  to  have  been  at  Oxford, 
«.  J760;  travelled  in  France  and  Italy;  lived  extrava- 
gantly in  London  and  (1768)  in  Bristol ;  nicknamed 
'Count  Combe';  withdrew  to  France,  hopelessly  in 
debt ;  returned  to  London  ;  roamed  about  in  the  liberties 
of  the  Fleet,  c.  1772  till  death :  compiled  and  translated 
travels  and  histories  for  the  booksellers,  1774-1821 ;  made 
a  hit  by  '  The  Diaboliad,'  a  satire  on  Simon,  lord  Irnlmm, 
1776 ;  issued  similar  metrical  satires,  1777-84 :  published 
supposititious  '  Letters,'  1777-85 ;  published  novels,  1784- 
1790 ;  published  political  pamphlets,  1789-92,  and  was 
pensioned  by  Pitt,  1789-1806,  as  a  government,  writer; 
wrote  letterpress  for  Boydell's  'River  Thames,'  1794-6, 
for  Ackermann's  'Thames,'  1811,  'Westminster  Abbey,' 
1812, 'Oxford,'  1814, '  Cambridge,'  1815,  and  other  illus- 
trated works :  contributed  to  the  '  Times,'  1803-9 ;  wrote 
letterpress  for  Thomas  Rowlaudson's  third  volume  of 
'The  Microcosm  of  London,'  1810,  for  his  three  '  Tours  of 
Dr.  Syntax,'  1812, 1820,  and  1821,  for  his 'Dance  of  Death,' 
1815-16,  and  '  Dance  of  Life,"  1816,  and  for  his  '  Johnny 
Quae  Genus,'  1822.  [xi.  430] 


COMBER,  THOMAS  (1575-1654),  dean  of 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1593  ;  fellow,  1697  ; 
M.A.,  1598;  visited  France;  chaplain  to  James  I :  rector 
of  Worplesdon,  Surrey,  1615;  D.D.;  dean  of  Carlisle, 
1629  ;  master  of  Trinity,  Cambridge,  1631 ;  ejected  by  the 
parliament.  [xi.  435] 

COMBER,  THOMAS  (1645-1699),  dean  of  Durham ; 
B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1663:  M.A., 
1666  ;  rector  of  Stonegrave,  Yorkshire,  1669  ;  prebendary, 
1677,  and  precentor,  1683,  of  York ;  D.D. ;  dean  of  Dur- 
ham, 1691 ;  published  '  Companion  to  the  Temple,'  1672- 
1676,  and  other  treatises  expository  of  the  liturgy,  1675- 
1696,  anti-Romanist  treatises,  1673-95,  and  pamphlets  in 
favour  of  William  III,  1689-92.  [xi.  435] 

COMBERFORD,  COMERFORD,  or  aUEMERFORD, 
NICHOLAS  (15447-1599),  Jesuit;  born  at  Waterford ; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1563  ;  went  to  Louvain  ;  D.D.,  1575 ;  joined 
the  Jesuits,  1578 ;  published  controversial  tracts. 

[xi.  438] 

COMBERMERE,  VISCOUNT.  [See  COTTON,  SIR 
STAPLETON,  1773-1865.] 

COMERFORD,  JOHN  (17627-1832?),  miniature- 
painter  in  Dublin ;  exhibited  in  London,  1804-9. 

[xi.  438] 

COMGALL,  SAINT  (6th  cent.),  Latinised  as  FAUSTUS  ; 
commemorated  on  10  May  ;  native  of  Antrim  :  a  soldier ; 
pupil  of  SS.  Finuiau  and  Ciaran  ;  missionary  priest ;  re- 
cluse on  Lough  Erne  ;  founded  Baugor  Abbey,  co.  Down, 
c.  558,  and  other  monasteries ;  friend  of  St.  Columba ; 
author  of  a  monastic  '  rule '  copied  by  his  pupil  St.  Oolum- 
ban  [q.  v.]  [xi.  438] 

COMTN,  COMINES,  or  CUMIN,  ROBERT  DK,  EARL 
OF  NORTHUMBERLAND  (d.  1069),  accompanied  William 
the  Conqueror  to  England  ;  created  Earl  of  Northumber- 
i  land,  and  deputed  to  reduce  the  north  of  England,  1068 ; 
killed  in  a  tumult  at  Durham ;  reputed  ancestor  of  the 
Comyn  family.  [xi.  440] 

COMMAN  or   COMMOC    of    Ross-Commain,  SAINT, 
550) ;  commemorated  on  26  Dec.,  of  a  noble  Ulster 
ily ;  pupil  of  St.  Finnian  ;  missionary  in  Connaught ; 
founded  Roscommon  and  other  monasteries,     [xi.  441] 

COMMIUS  (fl.  B.C.  57-51),  ambassador  from  Julius 
Caesar  to  the  Britons ;  a  Belgic  Gaul  set  over  the  Atre- 
bates  by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  57  ;  sent,  as  envoy,  to  Britain, 
B.C.  55  ;  served  against  the  Menapii,  B.C.  53  ;  joined  the 
1  revolted  Gauls,  B.C.  52-61 ;  possibly  withdrew  to  Britain, 
where  three  '  sous  of  Commius '  are  found  inscribed  on 
coins.  [xi.  441] 

COMPOTISTA  orCOMPUTISTA,  ROGER  (fl.  1360?), 
monk  and  prior  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds ;  compiled  '  Expo- 


fami 


sitiones  vocabulorum  Bibliae.' 


[xi.  442] 


COMPTON,  HENRY  (1632-1713),  bishop  of  London  ; 
younger  son  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  earl  of  Northamp- 
ton [q.  v.]  ;  possibly  served  in  the  civil  war ;  nobleman 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1649-62 ;  travelled  in  Italy ; 
possibly  served  in  Flanders ;  cornet  in  the  horse  guards, 
1660;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1661;  incorporated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1666 ;  rector  of  Cottenham,  Cambridge- 
shire ;  advanced  in  the  church  by  his  family  influence  and 
the  favour  of  Danby ;  master  of  St.  Cross,  Winchester, 
1667 ;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  D.D.,  1669 ; 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1674  ;  translated  to  London,  1675  ;  dean 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1675  ;  privy  councillor,  1676 ;  pro- 
I  cured  the  banishment  of  Joannes  Lyserus ;  religious  in- 
•  structor  of  Princesses  Mary  and  Anne  ;  his  hopes  of  the 
see  of  Canterbury  frustrated  by  the  opposition  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  1677  ;  assisted  the  persecuted  French  protestants, 
1681 ;  strongly  opposed  repeal  of  Test  Act,  1685 ;  dismissed 
from  the  privy  council  and  the  deanery  of  the  Chapel 
;  Royal,  1685 ;  suspended  from  episcopal  functions  for  re- 
fusing to  inhibit  John  Sharp  [q.  v.]  at  the  king's  order, 
1686  ;  agreed  to  support  William  of  Orange,  1687 ;  joined 
the  revolutionary  committee,  1688 ;  signed  the  invitation 
to  William,  30  June  1688;  reinstated  in  his  see,  1688; 
joined  the  bishops'  protest  against  James  II's  illegal  acts, 
October  and  November  1688  ;  conveyed  Princess  Anne  to 
Nottingham  ;  marched,  as  colonel  of  a  regiment,  to  Oxford ; 
welcomed  William  in  London,  December  1688;  ordered 
omission  of  prayers  for  James  II  and  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
1689 ;  voted  for  declaring  the  throne  vacant ;  reinstated 
as  privy  councillor  and  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  crowned 


COMPTON 


268 


CONCANEN 


William  and  Mary,  April  1689  ;  acted  as  primate  during 
Bancroft's  suspension,  1689-90  ;  supported  the  toleration 
bill,  1691 ;  lord  almoner,  1702  ;  voted  for  Sacheverell,  1710 ; 
collected  foreign  plants ;  spent  his  revenues  in  charity  ; 
published  translations  from  French  and  Italian,  1666-77, 
and  '  Letters '  and  '  Charges '  to  his  clergy,  1679-1701. 

[xi.  443] 

COMPTON,  HENRY  (1805-1877),  comedian;  real 
name  CHARLKS  MAOKKNZIK  ;  merchant's  clerk  in  Lon- 
don ;  went  on  the  provincial  stage ;  first  acted  in  London, 
1837 ;  at  Dublin,  1840-1  ;  acknowledged  to  be  the  best 
Shakespearean  clown  of  his  epoch  ;  last  acted,  at  Liver- 
pool, 1877.  [xi.  447] 

COMPTON,  SIB  HERBERT  ABINGDON  DRAPER 
(1770-1846),  judge:  army  officer  in  India;  journalist  in 
London ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1808 ;  advocate-general 
at  Madras  and  Calcutta ;  knighted,  1831  ;  chief-justice  of 
Bombay,  1831-9.  [xi.  448] 

COMPTON,  SPENCER,  second  EARL  OF  NORTHAMP- 
TON" (1601-1643),  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  K.B.,  1616  ;  styled  Lord  Compton,  1618 ;  M.P., 
Ludlow,  1621-2  ;  master  of  the  robes  to  Charles,  as  prince 
of  Wales,  1622,  and  as  king,  1625-8 ;  accompanied  Prince 
Charles  to  Spain,  1623;  called  to  the  peers  as  Baron 
Oompton,  1626;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1630;  sup- 
ported Charles  I  against  the  Scots  and  the  parliament, 
1639-42 ;  commissioned  to  raise  Warwickshire  for  the 
king,  1642 ;  fought  in  several  actions,  and  was  killed  at 
Hopton  Heath,  1643.  [xi.  449] 

COMPTON,  SPENCER,  EARL  OF  WILMINGTON  (1673  ?- 
1743),  third  son  of  the  third  Earl  of  Northampton  ;  M.P., 
1698-1710  and  1713-27,  and  speaker  of  the  house,  1715- 
1727 ;  acted  with  the  whigs  ;  flattered  the  court ;  pay- 
master-general, 1722-30;  K.B.,  1725;  created  Baron 
Wilmington,  1728,  and  Earl,  1730 :  lord  privy  seal,  1730 ; 
lord  president  of  the  council,  1730 ;  turned  against  Wai- 
pole,  1739 ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1742  till  death. 


[xi.  450] 
rNE,  second 


COMPTON,  SPENCER  JOSHUA  ALWY3 
MARQUIS  OF  NORTHAMPTON  (1790-1851),  styled  Lord 
Compton  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1810  :  styled 
Earl  Comptou  ;  M.P.,  1812-20  ;  voted  with  the  whigs ;  in 
Italy,  1820-30  ;  succeeded  as  marquis,  1828 ;  president  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1838-49  ;  published  verses,  [xi.  451] 

COMPTON,  alias  CARLETON,  THOMAS  (1593?- 
1666),  Jesuit ;  born  in  Cambridgeshire  ;  joined  the  Jesuits, 
1617 ;  ordained  priest  at  Douay,  1622 ;  sent  to  England, 
1625  ;  professor  at  St.  Omer  and  Liege ;  published  Latin 
scholastic  and  theological  treatises.  [xi.  452] 

OOMPTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1482  ?- 1528),  soldier; 
inherited  Oompton,  Warwickshire,  1493 ;  in  personal  at- 
tendance on  Henry  VIII,  1509-23 ;  knighted  at  Tournay, 
1613  ;  absentee  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1513-16  :  served  in 
the  Scottish  war,  1523.  [xi.  452] 

COMPTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1625-1663),  royalist; 
third  son  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  earl  of  Northamp- 
ton [q.  v.]  ;  fought  bravely  at  taking  of  Banbury,  16 12 ; 
knighted,  1643;  royalist  governor  of  Banbury,  1642  :  be- 
sieged, 1644 ;  surrendered,  1646  ;  took  part  in  the  Kentish 
rising,  1648 ;  imprisoned,  1648, 1655,  and  1658  ;  master  of 
the  ordnance,  1660 ;  M.P.,  1661.  [xi.  453] 

COMRIE.  ALEXANDER  (1708-1 774),  writer  against 
rationalism  ;  a  Scot :  merchant's  clerk  in  Holland ;  Ph.D. 
Leyden,  1734  ;  pastor  of  Woubrugge,  1734-73 :  wrote  in 
Dutch.  [xi.  454] 

COMYN,  ALEXANDER,  second  EARL  OF  BUCHAX 
(d.  1289),  constable  of  Scotland ;  succeeded  to  earldom, 
1233  ;  member  of  the  king's  council,  1244 ;  justiciary  of 
Scotland.  1253;  banished  from  court,  1255;  again  in 
power,  1257 ;  head  of  Comyn  family,  1258 ;  plundered  the 
revolted  Western  Isles,  1264  ;  inherited  great  estates  in 
Galloway,  1264 ;  sheriff  of  Wigtou,  1266 ;  constable  of 
Scotland,  1270 ;  pledged  himself  to  support  the  Maid  of 
Norway,  1283 ;  one  of  the  regents,  1286.  [xi.  455] 

COMYN,  JOHN  (rf.  1212),  archbishop  of  Dublin; 
Henry  II's  emissary  against  Becket  to  the  emperor,  1168, 
and  the  pope,  1166  ;  excommunicated  by  Becket:  justice 
itinerant,  1169;  envoy  to  Spain.  1177  :  a  justiciar,  1179; 
elected,  by  King  Henry's  command,  archbishop  of  Dublin. 
1181;  first  visited  Ireland,  1184-6:  sided  with  Prince 
Richard,  1188 ;  founded  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1190 ;  set 


on  foot  controversy  with  see  of  Armagh  as  to  precedence  • 
!  excommunicated  the  viceroy,  1197;  imprisoned  in  Nor- 
j  mandy  ;  restored,  1198  ;  taken  into  favour  by  Kin^  John, 
!  1199  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1203.  [xi.  455] 

COMYN,  JOHN  (d.  1274),  justiciar  of  Galloway ;  held 
large  estates  in  Nithsdale  and  Tynedale  ;  in  power  at  the 
Scottish  court,  1249-55  ;  recovered  power,  1257  ;  conspired 
against  Henry  III,  1258;  took  Henry  Ill's  part  a.Mim-t 
the  barons,  1263  ;  captured  at  Lewes,  12G4  :  rowan  led  by 
Henry  III,  1265.  [xi.  458] 

COMYN,  JOHN,  the  elder  (rf.  1300?),  claimant  to 
Scottish  throne  ;  suruamed  THK  BLACK  ;  son  and  lu-ir  of 
John  Comyn  (d.  1274)  [q.  v.]  ;  inherited  Badenoch,  1258 ; 
assented  to  marriage  of  Princess  Margaret  with  Eric  II  of 
Norway,  1281 ;  acknowledged  her  daughter  Manraret's  title 
to  throne,  1284  ;  one  of  the  regents,  1286-92  ;  claimed  the 
throne,  1291 ;  supported  his  brother-in-law,  John  deBaliol 
(1249-1315)  [q.  v.] ;  banished  south  of  Trent  by  Edward  L 
1296 ;  restored,  1297.  [xi.  459] 

COMYN,  JOHN,  the  younger  (rf.  1306),  surnamed 
THE  RED  ;  son  of  John  Comyn  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  fought 
for  his  uncle,  John  Baliol,  against  Edward  1, 129G  :  taken 
prisoner  at  Dunbar;  released,  1297;  visited  France; 
fought  at  Palkirk,  1298 ;  elected  joint-guardian  of  Scot- 
land by  the  nobles,  1299  ;  expelled  Edward  I's  officials, 
1302,  and  defeated  his  officer,  1303  ;  driven  northward  by 
Edward  I ;  submitted,  1304  ;  pardoned,  on  payment  of  a 
fine,  1305;  murdered  at  Dumfries  by  Robert  Bruce's 
followers.  [xi.  460] 

COMYN,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OF  BUCHAN  (d.  1313  ?), 
constable  of  Scotland ;  son  of  Alexander  Comyn,  second 
earl  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded,  1289 ;  friendly  to  Edward  I,  1290- 
1293 ;  summoned  to  serve  in  Gascony,  1294  ;  joined  John 
Baliol,  1296 ;  banished  south  of  Trent ;  sent  to  Scotland 
to  suppress  Wallace's  rising,  1297  :  elected  joint-guardian 
of  Scotland,  1299 :  envoy  to  request  French  intervention, 
1303;  his  English  estates  forfeited,  1304,  but  soon  re- 
stored ;  acknowledged  Edward  I  as  king  of  Scotland, 
1305  ;  at  blood-feud  with  Bruce  for  the  murder  of  his 
cousin,  John  Comyn  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  opposed  by  his 
wife  Isabella,  who  crowned  Bruce  at  Scone,  1306 ;  de- 
feated by  Bruce,  1307  and  1308 ;  his  estates  seized  by 
Robert  Bruce,  c.  1313.  [xi.  462] 

COMYN,  SIR  ROBERT  BUCKLEY  (1792-1853), 
judge;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School :  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  1815;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1814 ;  knighted,  1825 ;  justice  of  Bengal,  1825 ;  chief- 
justice  of  Madras,  1835-42  ;  published  legal  and  historical 
works.  [xi.  463] 

COMYN,  WALTER,  EARL  OF  MKXTKITH  (d.  1268), 
half-brother  of  Alexander  Comyn,  second  earl  of  Buchan 
[q.  v.] ;  in  attendance  on  Alexander  II,  1221-7 ;  acquired 
Badenoch,  1229;  acquired  the  earldom  of  Menteith  by 
marriage,  1230 ;  built  castles  in  Galloway,  1235 :  acquired 
the  chief  power  in  Scotland,  1249  ;  put  down  by  Henry  III, 
1255  ;  regained  power,  1257.  [xi.  463] 

COMYNS,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1740),  judge  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1690  ;  M.P.,  Maldon,  1701-26  ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1705 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1726  ;  justice  of  common 
pleas,  1736 ;  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1738 :  wrote  in 
law-French  'Reports'  and  a  'Digest  of  English  Law,' 
since  translated.  [xi.  464] 

CONJETTS  (d.  1640).    [See  CONN,  GEORGE.] 

CONANT,  JOHN  (1608-1694),   theologian:   entered 

Exeter  College,  Oxford,    1627:    fellow,  1633-47;    M.A., 

1   1634  ;  D.D.,  1664  ;  withdrew  from  Oxford,  1642  ;  preached 

in  Somerset  and  London;    chaplain  to  George,  baron 

i  Chandos,  at  Uxbridge ;  rector  of  Exeter  College,  1649-62  ; 

regius  professor  of   divinity,  1654-60 :    vice-chancellor, 

1667-60 ;  ejected  from  his  headship  for  nonconformity, 

•   1662  ;  ordained  priest,  1670  :  vicar  of  All  Saints,  North- 

I  ainptou,  1671 ;  archdeacon  of  Norwich,  1676 ;  prebendary 

j  of  Worcester,  1681 ;  became  blind ;  published  sermons. 

CONANT,  JOHN  (1664?-1723),  biographer*!'  son  of 
:  John  Conant  [q.v.]:  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1676-87 :  D.C.L.,  1683  :  practised  at  Doctors'  Commons ; 
I  wrote  a  life  of  his  father  (published,  1823).        [xi.  467] 

CONCANEN,  MATTHEW  (1701-1749), author:  born 
in  Ireland ;  brought  out  a  comedy  and  poems,  1721-2 ; 


CONCHES 


2G9 


CONINGTON 


back- writer  and  government  journalist  in  London  :  be- 
friended by  William  Warburton,  1726 ;  wrote  against 
Pope,  1728,  and  was  accordingly  placed  in  the  '  Dunoiad,' 
17 i".i :  attorney-general  of  Jamaica,  1732-48.  [xi.  467] 

CONCHES,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1154).    [See  WILLIAM.] 

GONDE,  JOHN  (fl,  1785-1800),  engraver  ;  of  French 
nationality  ;  engraved  portraits  of  celebrities,  [xi.  468] 

CONDELL,  HENRY,  or  CUNDKLL  (d.  1627),  actor; 
partner  in  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars  theatres ;  acted 
leading  parts  in  plays  by  Shakespeare,  Jonson,  Beaumont 
and  Flrtrher.  \\YlisU-r,  and  Murston,  1598-1623 :  member 
of  the  lord  chamberlain's  company,  and,  1603-25,  of  the 
king's  company  of  players  ;  received  a  mourning  ring  by 
will  from  Shakespeare,  1616;  with  John  Heming  [q.  v.], 
edited  the  first  folio  of  Shakespeare's  plays, 1623. 

[xi.  468] 

CONDELL,  HENRY  (1757-1824),  composer  ;  violinist 
in  London  orchestras;  composed  stage-music,  1803-8, 
also  catches,  songs,  and  duets.  [xi.  469] 

CONDER,  JAMES  (1763-1823),  numismatist ;  youngest 
son  of  John  Conder  [q.  v.]  ;  published  a  catalogue  of 
modern  '  Provincial  Coins,  Tokens,'  &c.,  1798.  [xii.  1] 

CONDER,  JOHN  (1714-1781),  congregational  minis- 
ter ;  educated  in  London  ;  pastor  at  Cambridge,  1739-54  ; 
D.D. ;  theological  tutor  in  a  London  dissenting  academy, 
1754-81 ;  preacher  in  London.  [xii.  1] 

CONDER,  JOSIAH  (1789-1855),  bookseller  and 
author;  son  of  a  London  bookseller;  assistant  in  his 
father's  shop,  1802 ;  wrote  verses  for  periodicals,  1806 ; 
bookseller  in  London,  1811-19 ;  edited  the  '  Eclectic  Re- 
view,' 1814-37,  the  'Patriot,'  1832-55,  nonconformist 
periodicals ;  brought  out  the  '  Modern  Traveller,'  thirty 
volumes  of  travels,  1825-9 ;  published  also  verses,  essays, 
and  religious  tracts.  [xii.  2] 

CONDLAED  OF  KILDARE,  latinised  CONLIANUS 
(d.  520),  bishop  and  saint ;  commemorated  on  3  May ;  a 
relative  of  St.  Brigit  [q.  v.j  ;  spiritual  director  of  Brigit's 
convent  at  Kildare  ;  devoured  by  wolves  in  co.  Wicklow. 

[xii.  3] 

CONDUITT,  JOHN  (1688-1737),  master  of  the  mint ; 
at  Westminster  School,  1701,  and  Trinity  College,  Gam- 
bridge,  1705;  travelled:  judge-advocate  in  Portugal, 
17lf;  captain  of  dragoons;  M.P.,  1715-37 ;  married  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  niece,  1717 :  master  of  the  mint,  1727 ; 
wrote  on  the  coinage,  1730 ;  collected  materials  for  a 
life  of  Newton.  [xii.  4] 

CONDY  or  CTJNDY,  NICHOLAS  (1793  ?-1857),  land- 
scape painter  in  water-colours;  ensign,  1811 ;  served  in 
the  Peninsula ;  lieutenant,  1818 ;  resided  at  Plymouth ; 
exhibited  in  I.ondon,  1830-45 ;  joint-author  of  a  book  de- 
scribing Cotehele,  on  the  Tamar.  [xii.  5] 

CONDY,  NICHOLAS  MATTHEWS  (1818-1851),  art- 
teacher  at  Plymouth  ;  son  of  Nicholas  Condy  or  Cundy 
[q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  sea-pieces  in  London,  1842-5.  [xii.  5] 

CONEY,  JOHN  (1786-1833),  draughtsman  and  en- 
graver ;  exhibited  architectural  drawings,  1805-21  ;  pub- 
lished engravings  of  Warwick  Castle,  1815,  London 
churches,  1820.  English  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  1842,  and 
continental  buildings,  1832 ;  other  volumes  appeared  pos- 
thumously, 1842-3.  [xii.  5] 

CONGALLUS  I,  in  Gaelic  CONALL,  third  reputed 
king  of  the  Scots  of  Dalriada  (511-535  ?),  son  of  Doman- 
gart,  son  of  Fergus  Mor  Mac  Bare.  [xii.  6] 

CONGALLTJS  H,  in  Gaelic  OONALL,  sixth  reputed 
king  of  the  Scots  of  Dalriada  (557-574),  son  of  Oong- 
allus  I ;  gave  lona  to  St.  Columba ;  fought  against  the 
Picts,  574.  [xii.  6] 

CONGALLUS  IH,  in  Gaelic  OONALL  CRANDONNA 
(d.  660),  king  or  joint-king  of  the  Scots  of  Dalriada  (642- 
660),  son  of  Eocha  Buidhe;  perhaps  subdued  by  the 
Britons.  [xii.  6] 

CONGLETON,  BARONS.  [See  PARNELL,  HENRY 
BROOKE,  first  BARON,  1776-1842 ;  PARNELL,  JOHN  VESEY, 
second  BARON,  1805-1883.] 

CONGREVE,  RICHARD  (1818-1899),  positivist ;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1843  ; 
fellow  and  tutor;  met  Barthelemy  St.-Hilaire  and 


Anguste  Comte  in  Paris  nnd  adopted  positivism  ;  founded 
positivist  community  in  London,  1855  ;  studied  medicine ; 
M.R.O.P.,  I860;  took  part  in  founding  propaganda  in 
Chapel  Street,  Lamb's  Conduit  Street,  London  ;  published 
political,  historical,  religious,  and  other  writings. 

[Suppl.  ii.  51] 

CONGREVE,  WILLIAM  (1670-1729),  dramatist; 
taken  as  a  boy  to  Ireland  ;  educated  at  Kilkenny  and  (1685) 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  being  schoolfellow  and  fellow- 
student  of  Swift ;  entered  the  Middle  Temple ;  published, 
as  Cleophil,  '  Incognita,'  a  feeble  novel ;  contributed  to 
Dryden's  metrical  versions  of  'Juvenal,'  1692,  and  '  Vinril.' 
1697;  brought  out  his  comedies,  the  'Old  Bachelor,' 
1693,  the  '  Double  Dealer,'  1693,  •  Love  for  Love,'  1695,  and 
i  the  '  Way  of  the  World,'  1700,  and  his  tragedy,  the 
;  '  Mourning  Bride,'  1697  :  replied  to  Jeremy  Collier's  [q.  v.] 
i  '  Short  View,'  1697  ;  published  his  collected  works,  1710  ; 
well  provided  for  by  a  commissionership  of  hackney 
coaches,  1695-1707,  of  wine  licences,  1705-14,  the  secre- 
taryship of  Jamaica,  1714,  and  other  offices ;  affected  to 
be  a  man  of  fashion:  flattered  by  Alexander  Pope; 
visited  by  Voltaire :  favoured  by  the  second  Duchess  of 
Marlborough  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  [xii.  6] 

CONGREVE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1772-1828),  inventor 
j  (1808)  of  the  Congreve  rocket ;  eldest  son  of  the  comp- 
troller of  the  Royal  Laboratory,  Woolwich ;  officer  of  the 
royal  artillery,  1791 ;  attached  to  the  Royal  Laboratory, 
1791,  and  was  comptroller,  1814-28 ;  directed  to  form  two 
rocket  companies,  1809 ;  M.P.,  1812-28 :  served  with  a 
rocket  company  at  Leipzig,  1813,  and  in  South  France, 
1814 ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet,  1814 ;  wrote  on 
currency  and  his  own  inventions.  [xii.  9] 

CONINGHAM,  JAMES  (1670-1716),  presbyterian ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1694;  presbyterian  minister  at  Pen- 
rith,  1694,  Manchester,  1700,  and  London,  1712 ;  tutor  of 
the  Manchester  dissenting  academy,  1705-12.  [xiL  9] 

CONINGSBTJRGH,  EDMUND  (./*.  1479),  archbishop 
of  Armagh;  LL.D.  Cambridge;  resided  in  Cambridge, 
1465-72;  non-resident  rector  of  St.  Leonard,  Foster 
Lane,  London,  1448,  vicar  of  South  Weald,  1450,  rector  of 
Copford,  Essex,  1451,  and  rector  of  St.  James's,  Colchester, 
1470 ;  envoy  to  the  pope,  1471  ;  made  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  1477 ;  resigned  in  deference  to  the  pope,  1479. 

[xii.  10] 

CONINGSBY,  Sin  HARRY  (fl.  1664),  translator: 
knighted,  1660  ;  printed  a  metrical  paraphrase  of 
'  Boethius  de  Consolatione '  and  a  memoir  of  his  father, 
Thomas  Coningsby.  [xii.  10] 

CONINGSBY,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (/.  1480-1527), 
serjeant-at-law,  1495 :  justice  of  the  king's  bench  and 
knighted,  1509.  [xii.  13] 

CONINGSBY,  SIR   THOMAS  (d.  1626),  soldier;   of 

Herefordshire ;  visited  Italy,  1573  ;  served  in  Normandy, 

|   1591 ;    knighted,  1591 ;    M.P.,  Hereford,  1693  and  1601 ; 

i  founded  hospital  at  Hereford,  1614 ;  wrote  an  account  of 

j  his  French  campaign  (printed  1847).  [xii.  11] 

CONINGSBY,  THOMAS,  EARL  CONINGSBY  (1656  ?- 
1729),  M.P.,  Leominster,  1679-1710,  and  1716  ;  a  strong 
I  whig ;  wounded  at  the  Boyne,  1690 ;  one  of  the  lords- 
justices  of  Ireland,  1690-2 ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
1693-4  and  1698-1702 ;  suspected  of  peculation ;  created 
Baron  Coningsby  of  Clanbrassil  in  Ireland,  1692  ;  granted 
crown  lands  in  England,  1697 ;  a  commissioner  to  inves- 
tigate the  intrigues  ending  in  the  peace  of  Utrecht,  and 
to  impeach  Harley,  1715  ;  baron  in  the  English  peerage, 
1715  ;  created  earl,  1719  ;  involved  in  lawsuits  as  to  his 
title  to  the  manors  of  Leominster  and  Mardeu,  Hereford- 
shire, [xii.  11] 

CONINGSBY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1540?),  judge; 
second  son  of  Sir  Humphrey  Couingsby  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Eton ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  of  the 
Inner  Temple ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  and  knighted, 
1540.  [xii.  13] 

CONINGTON,  FRANCIS  THIRKILL  (1826-1863), 
chemist ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Cbristi  College,  Oxford,  1849- 
1863;  M.A.,  1853;  published  a  'Handbook  of  Chemical 
Analysis,'  1858.  [xii.  13] 

CONINGTON,  JOHN  (1825-1869),  claesical  scholar; 
educated  at  Rugby,  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1843 ;  scholar,  1846.  and  fellow,  1848-55,  of  University 


CONN 


270 


CONSTABLE 


College,  Oxfonl ;  contributed  to  the  '  Morning  Chronicle,' 
1849-60;  professor  of  Latin,  Oxford,  1854-69;  edited 
.lEschylus's  '  Agamemnon,'  1848,  and  '  Choephoroe,'  1857  ; 
edited  Virgil  and  Persius ;  published  verse  translations  of 
Horace,  1863-9,  the '  -Sneid,'  1866,  and  half  the '  Iliad,'  1868 ; 
his  '  Miscellaneous  Writings '  published  posthumously. 

[xii.  13] 

CONN  OF  THE  HUNDRKD  BATTLKS  (d.  157),  in  Irish 
CONN  OEAD  CATHACH,  king  of  Ireland ;  son  of  King 
Fedlimid  'the  Lawgiver' :  succeeded  to  the  throne,  123  ; 
defeated  Leinster  and  Munster  at  Castlekuock,  killing 
Cumhal ;  forced  to  surrender  South  Ireland  to  Mogh 
Nuadat,  of  the  Ebereans  ;  after  fourteen  years'  war,  killed 
Mogh  Nnadnt  at  Kilbride,  King's  County ;  acknowledged 
king  of  all  Ireland ;  slain  at  Tar  a.  [xii.  17] 

CONN-NA-MBOCHT  (d.  1069), « Conn  of  the  Paupers ' ; 
head  of  the  Ciildees  of  Ireland  and  bishop  of  Clonmacnois ; 
endowed  Culdce  hospital  at  Iseal  Chiarain.  [xii.  19] 

CONN  (CONJETTS),  GEORGE  (d.  1640),  Scottish 
catholic :  educated  at  Douay,  Paris,  Rome,  and  Bologna : 
secretary  to  Cardinals  Montalto,  1623,  and  Barberini,  and 
to  the  congregation  of  rites ;  papal  agent  at  Queen  Hen- 
rietta Maria's  court,  1636-9 ;  died  at  Rome ;  published,  in 
Latin,  tracts  on  Scottish  affairs  and,  1624,  a  life  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Soots.  [xii.  20] 

CONNELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1765  ?-1831),  lawyer ;  advo- 
cate, 1788 ;  sheriff -depute  of  Renfrewshire,  1806  ;  law  ad- 
viser of  the  church  of  Scotland,  1806 ;  judge  of  the  Scots 
admiralty  court,  1816-30  ;  knighted,  1822 ;  wrote  on  Scot- 
tish ecclesiastical  law.  [xii.  21] 

CONNELLAN,  OWEN  (1800-1869),  Irish  scholar; 
transcribed  manuscripts  for  the  Royal  Irish  Academy: 
Irish  historiographer  royal,  1822-37 ;  professor  of  Irish  at 
Cork,  1846-69 ;  published  Irish  linguistic  tracts,  1830-44, 
and  translated  'The  Four  Masters,'  1846,  and  a  bardic 
tale,  1860.  [xii.  21] 

CONNELLAN,  THADDEUS  (d.  1854),  author  of  Irish 
linguistic  works,  1814-25.  [xiL  21] 

CONNOR  or  O'CONNOR,  BERNARD  (1666  ?-1698), 
author:  born  in  Kerry;  studied  medicine  in  France; 
M.D.  Rheims,  1691 ;  physician  to  King  John  Sobieski ; 
came  to  London,  1695;  F.R.S.,  1695;  licentiate  of  the 
London  College  of  Physicians,  1696;  lectured  in  Oxford 
and  London,  1695,  and  at  Cambridge,  1697:  published 
scientific  papers,  1691-5,  an  attack  on  miracles,  entitled 
'  E  vangelium  Medici,'  1697,  and,  1698,  a '  History  of  Poland.' 

[xii.  21] 

CONNOR,  CHARLES  (d.  1826),  comedian;  born  in 
Ireland  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  represented  Irish 
characters  in  London,  1816-26.  f  xii.  23] 

CONNOR,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1822-1883),  divine; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1851 ;  vicar  of  Newport, 
Isle  of  Wight,  1852-83 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1883 ;  published 
sermons.  •  [xii.  23] 

CONNY,  ROBERT  (1645?-1713),  physician;  B.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1676 ;  M.D.,  1685  ;  naval  phy- 
sician at  Deal,  1692  ;  practised  at  Rochester.  [xii.  24] 

OONOLLY,  ARTHUR  (1807-1842  ?),  traveller  ;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  Addiscombe ;  cornet  of  Bengal 
cavalry,  1823 ;  captain,  1838 :  published,  1834,  a  descrip- 
tion of  his  overland  journey  (1829-31)  to  India ;  official  in 
Rajpootana,  1834-8 ;  travelled  through  Turkey  in  Europe 
and  Asia  to  India,  1839 ;  sent  to  Oabul,  1840,  to  Merv, 
Khiva,  and  Bokhara ;  imprisoned  at  Bokhara,  1841 ;  mur- 
dered in  prison;  contributed  to  the  Asiatic  Society's 
'Journal.'  [xii.  24] 

CONOLLY,  EDWARD  BARRY  (1808-1840),  captain 
of  Bengal  cavalry ;  brother  of  Arthur  Conolly  [q.  v.] ; 
killed  near  Oabul ;  contributed  to  the  Asiatic  Society's 
'  Journal.'  [xii.  26] 

CONOLLY,  ERSKINE  (1796-1843),  writer  of  Scottish 
songs  ;  bookseller's  apprentice  at  Anstruther ;  solicitor  in 
Edinburgh.  [xii.  26] 

CONOLLY,  HENRY  VALENTINE  (1806-1855), 
Indian  civilian ;  brother  of  Arthur  Conolly  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby ;  civil  servant  at  Madras,  1824-56  ;  mur- 
dered by  fanatics.  [xii.  26] 

CONOLLY,  JOHN  (1794-1866),  physician;  of  Irish 
extraction ;  ensign  in  the  militia,  1812-16 ;  lived  at  Tours ; 


medical  student  at  Edinburgh,  1817  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1821  ;  practised  medicine  at  Ohichester  :  removed  to 
Stratford-on-Avon,  1822-7;  visitinir  physician  of  War- 
wickshire asylums  ;  medical  professor  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  1828;  resident  at  Warwick,  1830-8,  visiting 
asylums  ;  refident,  1839-44,  and  visiting,  1844-52,  physi- 
cian to  Hanwell  Asylum,  introducing  the  humane  treat- 
ment of  lunatics  ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1852  ;  published 
treatises  on  insanity  and  asylum  methods,  1847-56  ;  con- 
tributed to  medical  journals.  [xii.  26] 

CONOLLY,  JOHN  BALFOUR  (d.  1842),  lieutenant  of 
Bengal  infantry  ;  brother  of  Arthur  Conolly  [q.  v.]  ;  died 
at  Oabul.  [xii.  26' 

CONOLLY,  THOMAS  (1738-1803),  Irish  politician; 
M.P.  for  Malmesbury,  1759,  and  for  Chichester,  1768-84  ; 
M.P.  for  Londonderry  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1761-1800  ; 
held  various  offices  in  Ireland  ;  advocated  the  union. 

[xii.  29] 

CONOLLY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1729),  Irish  politician  ;  an 
Irish  barrister  ;  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons, 
1715-29  ;  frequently  a  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1717-29  ; 
chief  commissioner  of  Irish  revenues.  [xii.  30] 

CONQJJEST,  JOHN  TRICKER  (1789-1866),  ac- 
coucheur ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1813  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1819  ;  pub- 
lished insignificant  medical  treatises.  [xii.  30] 


CONRY,  FLORENCE,  in  Irish  FLATHRI 
CHONAIRE  (1561-1629),  Irish  Roman  catholic  prelate; 
educated  in  Spain  and  the  Spanish  Netherlands;  Ob- 
servant friar  at  Salamanca  ;  provincial  of  the  Observants 
in  Ireland;  sent  by  Philip  II  to  foment  rebellion  in 
Ireland;  archbishop  of  Tuam,  1609;  died  at  Madrid; 
wrote  theological  tracts  in  Latin,  published  1619-44,  and 
two  in  Irish,  published  1616  and  1625.  [xii.  31] 

CONST,  FRANCIS  (1751-1839),  lawyer  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1783;  chairman  of  the  Westminster 
sessions.  [xii.  31] 

CONSTABLE,  ARCHIBALD  (1774-1827),  publisher; 
bookseller's  apprentice  in  Edinburgh,  1788  ;  bookseller  in 
Edinburgh,  1795  ;  began  to  publish  pamphlets  and  ser- 
mons, 1798  ;  commenced  the  '  Farmer's  Magazine,1  1800  ; 
proprietor  of  the  'Scots  Magazine,'  1801;  started  the 
'  Edinburgh  Review,'  1802  ;  part-publisher  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  •  Minstrelsy,'  1802,  '  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,' 
1805,  and  '  Marmion,'  1807  ;  requested  Scott  to  edit  Swift, 
1808;  partner  in  a  London  publishing  firm,  1808-11; 
acquired  copyright  of  'Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  1812, 
and  brought  out  supplementary  '  Dissertations  '  ;  advised 
Scott  to  publish  '  Waverley,'  1814  ;  deserted  by  Scott, 
through  the  sinister  influence  of  James  Ballantyne  [q.  v.]  ; 
bankrupt  through  the  failure  of  his  London  agents,  1826  ; 
began  '  Constable's  Miscellany,'  1827.  [xii.  32] 

CONSTABLE,  OUTHBERT  (d.  1746),  antiquary: 
known  as  Cuthbert  Tnnstall,  educated  at  Douay,  1700  ; 
M.D.  Montpellier  :  took  the  name  Constable,  1718,  on  in- 
heriting a  Yorkshire  estate  ;  a  Roman  catholic  ;  collected 
manuscripts.  [xii.  33] 

CONSTABLE,  HENRY  (1562-1613),  poet  ;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1580  :  embraced  Roman  Catho- 
licism ;  withdrew  to  Paris  ;  in  friendly  correspondence 
with  the  English  authorities,  1584-5  ;  published  '  Diana,' 
a  volume  of  sonnets,  1592,  which  he  enlarged,  1694  ; 
failed  to  obtain  his  recall  to  England,  1595  ;  papal  envoy 
to  Edinburgh,  1599  :  pensioned  by  the  French  king  ; 
came  to  London,  1603  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1604  ; 
released,  1604  ;  died  at  Liege:  verses  by  him  embodied  in 
various  collections,  1591-1610  ;  collected  works  published, 
1869.  [xii.  34] 

CONSTABLE,  HENRY,  VISCOUNT  DUNBAR  (rf. 
1645),  succeeded  to  Burton  Constable  estate,  Yorkshire, 
1608:  knighted,  1614:  a  Roman  catholic;  created  Vis- 
count Dunbar,  in  the  Scottish  peerage,  1620.  [xii.  35] 

CONSTABLE,  JOHN  (ft.  1520),  epigrammatist; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  :  M.A.  Oxford,  1515  ;  pub- 
lished Latin  '  Epigrammata,'  1520.  [xii.  36] 

CONSTABLE,  JOHN  (1676  ?-1744X  Jesuit  ;  educated 
at  St.  Omer,  as  •  John  Lacey  '  :  joined  the  Jesuits,  1695  ; 
chaplain  to  the  Fitzherberts  of  Swinnerton,  Staffordshire  ; 
wrote,  frequently  as  '  Clerophilus  Alethes,'  against  Angli- 
can orders,  Charles  Dodd's  [q.  v.]  'Church  History,'  and 
in  reply  to  other  controversialists.  [xii.  36] 


CONSTABLE 


271 


CONYBEARE 


CONSTABLE,  JOHN  (1776-1837),  landscape-painter  ; 
educated  at  Dedham  school,  Esisex  :  encouraged  by  Sir 
George  Beaumont  [q.  v.]  :  art-student  in  London,  1796- 
1797  ;  learnt  etching;  resided  in  London,  except  for  sum- 
mer tours,  from  1799  ;  sketched  in  water-colours  ;  painted 
;  exhibited  his  first  landscape  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
isic' ;  painted  two  altar-pieces  for  Suffolk  churches,  1804 
and  Isn'.t;  painted  in  his  own  style  quiet  English  land- 
;;7,  \vithoutrecognition  in  England;  employed 
in  painting  portraits  and  making  copies  of  pictures: 
made  a  great  impression  at  the  French  Salon,  1824  ;  inhe- 
rited a  competency,  1828  ;  R.A.,  1829  ;  twenty  of  his  land- 
scapes engraved  by  David  Lucas,  1833 ;  lectured  on 
•  Landscape  Art,'  1833  and  183C.  [xii.  37] 

CONSTABLE,  SIR  MARMADUKE  (1455  ?-1518), 
landowner  and  soldier,  of  Flamborough,  Yorkshire ; 
served  in  France,  1475  and  1492  ;  knighted  ;  served  at  the 
siege  of  J5er\\ick,  1482  ;  steward  of  Tutbury,  Staffordshire, 
1  ts:i ;  sheriff  of  Staffordshire,  1486-7,  and  of  Yorkshire, 
1487-8  and  1509-10 ;  inherited  Flamborough,  1488 ;  at- 
tached to  the  personal  service  of  Henry  VII ;  cominis- 
siimer  to  Scotland,  1509-10;  commanded  left  wing  at 
Flodden,  1513.  Scholarships  were  founded  in  his  name 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1522.  [xii.  42] 

CONSTABLE,  Sm  MARMADUKE  (1480  ?-1545), 
second  son  of  Sir  Marmaduke  Constable  (1465  7-1518) 
[q.  v.] ;  knighted  for  service  at  Flodden,  1513  ;  sheriff 
of  Lincolnshire,  1513-14 ;  in  personal  attendance  on 
Henry  VIII,  1520 ;  served  in  Scotland,  1522-3 ;  M.P., 
Yorkshire,  1529  ;  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1532-3  ;  member  of 
the  council  of  the  north,  1537-45 ;  obtained  a  grant  of 
Drax  Priory,  Yorkshire,  1538.  [xiL  44] 

CONSTABLE,  SIR  ROBERT  (14787-1637),  Roman 
catholic  insurgent ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Marmaduke  Con- 
stable (1455  ?-1518)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted  at  Blackheath  for 
service  against  the  Cornish  insurgents,  1497  ;  a  leader  in 
the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1536,  seizing  Hull ;  pardoned  ; 
refused  to  come  to  London  ;  taken  prisoner  to  the  Tower, 
1637  ;  executed  at  Hull.  [xii.  44] 

CONSTABLE,  THOMAS  (1812-1881),  printer  and 
publisher  ;  youngest  son  of  Archibald  Constable  [q.  v.] ; 
learnt  printing  in  London  ;  queen's  printer  in  Edinburgh 
In  partnership  with  his  father,  1839,  and  with  his  son, 
1869  ;  publisher  in  Edinburgh,  bringing  out  mainly  school- 
books,  1847-60  ;  wrote  memoirs  of  his  father,  1873,  and 
other  works.  [xii.  45] 

CONSTABLE,  Sm  THOMAS  HUGH  CLIFFORD 
(1762-1823),  author ;  known  as  Thomas  Hngh  Clifford  ; 
of  a  Roman  catholic  family ;  educated  at  Liege  and  Paris  ; 
travelled  in  Switzerland  ;  inherited  Tixall,  Staffordshire, 
1786  ;  created  baronet,  1815  ;  took  the  name  Constable 
on  inheriting  Burton  Constable,  Yorkshire,  1821 ;  died  at 
Ghent ;  wrote  both  of  topography  and  flora  of  Tixall,  1817  ; 
wrote  devotional  works.  [xii.  46] 

CONSTABLE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1655),  regicide; 
served  under  Essex  in  Ireland,  1599  ;  knighted  at  Dublin  ; 
pardoned  for  his  share  in  Essex's  revolt,  1601 ;  created 
baronet,  1611  ;  M.P.,  1626, 1628,  and  1642  ;  refused  to  pay 
the  forced  loan,  1627  ;  sold  Flamborough,  Yorkshire,  1636  ; 
raised  regiment  for  the  parliament ;  fought  at  Edgehill, 
1642 ;  routed  the  Yorkshire  royalists,  1644 ;  sided  with 
the  army  against  the  parliament,  1647 ;  joint-gaoler  of 
Charles  I  at  Carisbrook,  January  1648;  governor  of 
Gloucester,  1648-51;  regular  in  his  attendance  as  one 
of  the  king's  judges,  1649 ;  member  of  the  Commonwealth 
councils  of  state  ;  his  estates  confiscated,  1660.  [xii.  46] 

CONSTANTIIS,  WALTER  DE  (d.  1207).  [See  Cou- 
TANCES,  WALTER  DK.] 

CONSTANTINE  I  (d.  879),  king  of  Alba  (Scotland, 
north  of  Forth),  863-79 ;  son  of  Kenneth  Macalpine ; 
raided  by  the  Norse  kings  of  Dublin,  865-79  ;  fell  in 
battle.  [xii.  46] 

CONSTANTINE  II  (d.  952),  king  of  Alba  (Scotland, 
north  of  Forth),  900-43 ;  sou  of  ^Edh ;  raided  by  the 
northmen,  W3  ;  crushed  the  invaders,  904  ;  held  council  at 
Scone  to  make  agreement  between  the  Pictish  and  Scot- 
tish churches,  906 ;  made  his  brother  Donald  king  of 
Ptrathclyde,  908;  raided  by  Danish  pirates  under  Regnwald, 
912 ;  defeated  by  Regnwald,  918,  and  driven  out  of 
Northumberland  ;  his  Bright  to  Northumbria  challenged 
by  jEthelstan  of  Wessex,  c.  926 ;  part  of  his  dominions 


ravaged  by  ^thelstan,  933-4,  bis  counter-invasion  re- 
pnl  i  d  at  Brunanburh,  Yorkshire,  937  ;  resigned  his  crown, 
943  ;  became  a  Culdee  monk  at  St.  Andrews,  [xii.  47] 

CONSTANTINE  HI(d.  997),  king  of  Scotland,  995-7  ; 
eonot  Colin,  his  predecessor ;  murdered.  [xii.  48] 

CONSTANTINE  MAC  FERGUS  (d.  820),  king  of 
tin-  Picts,  807-20 ;  founded  a  monastic  church  at  Dun- 
keld  ;  possibly  ruled  also  over  the  Scots  of  Dalriada  ; 
harassed  by  the  Norsemen  (lona  being  ravaged,  806). 

[xii.  49] 

CONSTANTINE,  GEORGE  (1501 7-1559),  protes- 
tant  reformer  ;  bred  a  surgeon  ;  bachelor  of  canon 
law,  Cambridge,  1524  ;  adopted  protestantism  ;  wrote  in 
conjunction  with  William  Tyndal  at  Antwerp  ;  surgeon 
in  Brabant  ;  came  to  England  to  sell  protestant  books  ; 
arrested,  1530  ;  saved  himself  by  turning  king's  evidence  ; 
returned  to  Antwerp,  1631 ;  returned  to  England  before 
1536  ;  vicar  of  Llawhaden,  Pembrokeshire  :  registrar  of 
St.  David's  diocese,  c.  1546  ;  archdeacon  of  Carmarthen, 
1549 ;  substituted  a  movable  table  for  the  altar,  1649  :  an 
accuser  of  Bishop  Robert  Ferrar,  1555 ;  archdeacon  of 
Brecon,  1569.  [xii.  49] 

CONWAY,  ANNE,  VISCOUNTESS  COSWAY  (d.  1679), 
daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Finch  [q.  v.]  ;  married,  1651,  Ed- 
ward, third  viscount  Conway  ;  an  hysterical  invalid ;  cor- 
responded with  Henry  More  of  Cambridge ;  joined  the 
quakers  ;  reputed  authoress  of  a  philosophical  tract,  pub- 
lished, 1690.  [xii.  50] 

CONWAY,  EDWARD,  first  VISCOUNT  CONWAY  (d. 
1631),  son  of  Sir  John  Conway  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted  for 
service  in  the  Cadiz  expedition,  1596  :  governor  of  Brill ; 
M.P.,  1603  and  1624 ;  secretary  of  state,  1623-30 :  lord 
president  of  the  council  ;  envoy  to  Prague,  1623-5 ; 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1625  ;  created  Baron  Con- 
way,  1625,  Viscount  Killultagh,  in  Ireland,  1626,  and  Vis- 
count Conway,  1627.  [xii.  50] 

CONWAY,  FRANCIS  SEYMOUR,  MARQUIS  OF 
HERTFORD  (1719-1794),  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole : 
succeeded  as  second  Baron  Conway,  1732  ;  created  Earl  of 
Hertford,  1750,  and  Marquis,  1793;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  1765-6  ;  lord  chamberlain,  1766-82.  [xii.  61] 

CONWAY,  HENRY  SEYMOUR  (1721-1795),  field- 
marshal  ;  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  given  a  com- 
mission when  a  boy  ;  M.P.  Antrim,  in  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment, 1741 ;  M.P.  for  various  pocket  boroughs  in  the 
British  parliament,  1741-84 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1742 ; 
present  at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  1743,  Fontenoy,  1745, 
Culloden,  1746,  and  Lauffeld,  1747  ;  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  1746 ;  secretary  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland,  1756-6  ;  major-general,  1756 ;  failed  in 
the  Rochfort  expedition,  1757,  his  behaviour  becoming 
the  subject  of  several  pamphlets,  1758;  lieutenant- 
general,  1759  ;  served  under  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick, 1761-3 ;  dismissed  from  his  offices  and  employ- 
ments for  opposing  George  Ill's  arbitrary  measures, 
1764  ;  secretary  of  state,  1765-8  :  lieutenant-general  of 
the  ordnance,  1767-72  ;  general,  1772  ;  governor  of  Jersey, 
where  he  occasionally  resided,  1772-95  ;  opposed  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  American  war,  1775-81  :  commander-in- 
chief,  1782-3  ;  joined  Fox  in  attacking  Pitt,  1784 ;  with- 
drew from  politics,  1784 ;  dabbled  in  forestry  and  verse- 
writing  ;  field-marshal,  1793.  [xii.  61] 

CONWAY,  SIR  JOHN  (d .  1603),  governor  of  Ostend  ; 
of  Arrow,  Warwickshire ;  knighted,  1559 ;  governor  of 
Ostend,  1586  ;  imprisoned,  1688  ;  published  devotional  tracts 
and  verses.  [xii.  57] 

CONWAY,  ROGER  OF  (d.  1360),  Franciscan  ;  D.D. 
Oxford ;  provincial  of  the  English  Franciscans  ;  wrote  in 
defence  of  the  mendicant  orders  against  Richard  FitzRalph, 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  e.  1367.  [xii.  68] 

CONWAY,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  (1789-1828X 
real  name  RUGG  ;  appeared  on  the  provincial  stage,  c.  1808 ; 
performed  in  Dublin,  1812,  London,  1813-16,  Bath,  1817- 
1820,  and  London,  1821 ;  attacked  by  Theodore  Hook,  1821 ; 
acted  in  America,  1824-8 ;  committed  suicide.  [xii.  59] 

CONY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1707),  naval  captain,  1704: 
taken  prisoner  by  a  French  squadron,  1705 ;  wrecked  off 
Scilly.  [xii.  60] 

CONYBEAEE,  JOHN  (1692-1755),  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1710 ;  M.A.,  1716  ;  DJX, 


CONYBEARE 


272 


COOK 


1730 :  rector  of  Exeter  College,  1730-33 ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1733-55 :  bishop  of  Bristol,  1750  ;  pub- 
lished sermons,  and  '  Defence  of  Revealed  Religion,'  1732, 
against  Matthew  Tiudal.  [xii.  60] 

CONYBEARE,  JOHN  JOSIAS  (1779-1824),  geologist : 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1800-13  ;  M.A.,  1804  ; 
vicar  of  Batheaston,  Somerset ;  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon 
at  Oxford,  1807-12,  and  of  poetry,  1812-21 ;  published 
tracts,  geological,  1817-24,  chemical,  1822-3,  and  theolo- 
gical, 1824  ;  translations  from  Anglo-Saxon  by  him  pub- 
lished, 1826.  [xii.  61] 

CONYBEARE,  WILLIAM  DANIEL  (1787-1857),  geo- 
logist ;  educated  at  \Vestminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1811;  vicar  of  Axminster,  Devonshire, 
1836-44 :  dean  of  Llaudaff ,  1845-57  :  published  geological 
papers  ;  first  to  describe  the  ichthyosaurus.  [xii.  61] 

CONYBEARE,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1815-1857), 
divine  ;  eldest  son  of  William  Daniel  Conybeare  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1837  :  principal  of  Liverpool  Collegiate 
Institution,  1842-8 ;  vicar  of  Axminster,  Devonshire, 
1848-54  ;  published  essays  and  a  novel,  1856  ;  joint-author 
(with  J.  S.  Howson)  of  '  Life  of  St.  Paul,'  1851.  [xii.  62] 

CONYERS,  Sm  JOHN  (/.  1469).  [See  ROBIN  OF 
REDESDALE.] 

CONYNGHAM,  HEXRY,  first  MARQUIS  COXYXGHAM 
(1766-1832),  succeeded  as  third  baron,  1787  ;  created  vis- 
count, 1789,  earl,  1797,  and  marquis,  1816,  in  the  Irish 
peerage ;  representative  Irish  peer,  1801 ;  created  Baron 
Minster,  in  the  British  peerage,  1821 ;  lord  steward  of  the 
household,  1821-30;  his  wife  possessed  great  influence 
over  George  IV.  [xii.  63] 

CONYNGTOK,  RICHARD  (rf.  1330),  Franciscan; 
D.D.  Oxford ;  lectured  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  :  pro- 
vincial of  the  English  Franciscans,  1310  ;  wrote  on 
scholastic  philosophy  and  theology.  [xii.  63] 

COODE,  SIR  JOHN  (1816-1892),  civil  engineer  ; 
articled  to  James  Meadows  Rendel  [q.  v.]  of  Plymouth  ; 
practised  as  consulting  engineer  in  Westminster,  1844-7  ; 
resident  engineer  in  charge  of  works  at  Portland  har- 
bour, 1847,  and  engineer-in-chief,  1856-72  ;  knighted, 
1872  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1886  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1849  ;  president,  1889-91 : 
associated  with  several  important  harbour  works  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  including  (1874-85)  those  at 
Colombo,  Ceylon  ;  author  of  professional  reports  and  papers. 

[Suppl.ii.52] 

COOK.    [See  also  COKE  and  COOKE.] 

COOK,  EDWARD  DUTTON  (1829-1883),  dramatic 
critic ;  son  of  a  London  solicitor  ;  educated  at  King's 
College  School,  London  ;  brought  out  a  melodrama,  1859 ; 
dramatic  critic  of  London  journals,  1867-83  ;  published 
novels,  1861-77,  and  essays  on  the  stage.  [xii.  64] 

COOK,  ELIZA  (1818-1889),  poet ;  began  to  write  at 
early  age  and  published  '  Lays  of  a  Wild  Harp,'  1835 ; 
contributed  to  *  Weekly  Dispatch,'  in  which  appeared 
the  '  Old  Arm  Chair,'  the  most  popular  of  her  poems,  1837, 
and  to  other  periodicals ;  conducted  Eliza  Cook's  Journal,' 
1849-54.  Her  complete  collected  poems  were  published, 
1870.  [Suppl.  ii.  53] 

COOK,  FREDERIC  CHARLES  (1810-1889),  editor 
of  the  '  Speaker's  Commentary ' ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1844  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  queen, 
1857 ;  preacher  .  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1860-80 :  canon- 
residentiary  at  Exeter,1864 ;  chaplain  to  bishop  of  London, 
1869;  precentor  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  1872:  appointed, 
1864,  editor  of  the  'Speaker's  Commentary'  (published 
1871-81,  10  vols.),  a  critical  commentary  on  the  bible 
occasioned  by  the  appearance  of  '  Essays  and  Reviews.' 

[Suppl.  ii.  54] 

COOK,  GEORGE  (1772-1845),  Scottish  church  leader  ; 
son  of  a  St.  Andrews  professor :  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ; 
M.A.,  1790 ;  D.D.,  1808 :  minister  of  Laurencekirk,  Kin- 
rardineshire,  1796-1829 ;  professor  of  moral  philosophy, 
St.  Andrews,  1829-45 ;  moderator  of  the  church,  1825  ; 
a  leader  of  the  '  moderate  '  party  in  the  patronage  ques- 
tion, 1833-43  ;  published  histories  of  the  'Reformation  in 
Scotland,'  1811,and  of  the  'Church  of  Scotland,'  1815,  and 
other  works,  biographical  and  theological.  [xii.  65] 

COOK,  HENRY  (1642-1700),  painter;  studied  art  in 
Italy ;  employed  in  England  as  a  decorative  artist ;  fled  to 
Italy  to  escape  justice :  returned ;  repaired  Raphael's 
cartoons  ;  painted  altar-pieces  and  portraits,  [xii.  66] 


COOK,  JAMES  (d.  1611),  divine:  educated  at  Win- 
chester; perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1592; 
D.C.L.,  1608;  rector  of  Houghton,  Hampshire,  1609; 
published  a  controversial  tract.  [xii.  66] 

COOK,  JAMES  (1728-1779),  circumnavigator;  a 
I  labourer's  son ;  seaman  in  the  Baltic  trade ;  common  seaman 
in  t lie  navy,  1755  ;  master,  1759 :  surveyed  the  St.  Lawrence, 
1759;  employed  on  the  North  American  station,  1759-67; 
published  his  'Sailing  Directions,'  1766-8;  lieutenant, 
1768 ;  sailed,  1768,  in  the  Endeavour,  for  Tahiti,  round 
Cape  Horn ;  observed  the  transit  of  Venus,  3  June : 
charted  the  coasts  of  New  Zealand,  the  east  coast  of 
Australia,  and  part  of  New  Guinea,  1769-70 ;  returned  by 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  reaching  the  Downs,  1771 ;  com- 
mander, 1771 :  sailed  in  the  Resolution  to  disprove  the 
existence  of  an  Antarctic  continent,  1772;  rounded  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  22  Nov.  1772 ;  visited  many  Pacific 
islands :  skirted  the  Antarctic  icefields,  1773-5  ;  reached 
Plymouth,  1775,  having,  by  new  hygienic  rules,  escaped 
scurvy  and  fever ;  captain,  1775 ;  attempted  to  sail 
round  North  America  from  the  Pacific,  1776 ;  passed  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  (1778)  discovered  the  Sandwich 
islands;  charted  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America, 
1778 ;  touched  at  Hawaii,  1779 ;  driven  off  by  storm,  and 
on  putting  back  to  refit  was  murdered  by  natives. 

[xii.  66] 

COOK,  JOHN  (rf.  1660),  regicide ;  travelled  ;  barrister. 
Gray's  Inn ;  appointed  by  parliament  to  conduct  the 
prosecution  of  Charles  I ;  master  of  St.  Cross,  Winchester, 
1649 ;  justice  in  Munster,  1649  :  granted  Irish  lands,  1653 ; 
justice  of  the  upper  bench,  Ireland,  1655  ;  in  England, 
1657-9;  arrested  in  Ireland,  1660 ;  executed  in  London; 
published  political  and  legal  pamphlets.  [xii.  70] 

COOK,  JOHN  (1771-1824),  professor  of  Hebrew  ;  M.A. 
St.  Andrews,  1788  ;  minister  of  Kilmany,  Fifeshire,  1798- 
1802;  D.D.;  professor  of  Hebrew,  St.  Andrews,  1802-24 ; 
moderator  of  the  church,  1816.  [xii.  71] 

COOK,  JOHN  (1808-1869),  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history ;  eldest  son  of  John  Cook  (1771-1824)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1823;  D.D.,  1848;  minister  of  St. 
Leonards,  St.  Andrews,  1845-63  ;  moderator  of  the  church 
of  Scotland,  1869 :  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history,  St. 
Andrews,  1860-8  ;  published  sermons  and  theological  and 
legal  pamphlets.  [xii.  71] 

COOK,  JOHN  (1807-1874),  Scottish  divine :  eldest  son 
of  George  Cook  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1823 ;  D.D., 
1843;  minister  at  Haddington,  1833-74;  moderator  of  the 
church  of  Scotland,  1866.  [xii.  72] 

COOK,  JOHN  DOUGLAS  (18087-1868),  journalist; 
born  in  Aberdeenshire ;  for  some  time  in  India ;  wrote  for 
4  Times '  and  '  Quarterly  Review ' ;  edited  the  '  Morning 
Chronicle,'  1848-54,  and  the 'Saturday  Review,' 1856-68. 

[xii.  72] 

COOK,  JOHN  MASON  (1834-1899),  tourist  agent ;  son 
of  Thomas  Cook  (1808-1892)  [q.  v.]  ;  engaged  in  business 
as  printer ;  partner  with  his  father  from  1864 ;  extended 
the  firm's  connections  with  America  and  the  continent, 
and  became  agent  for  developing  traffic  to  many  railways 
in  England  and  abroad :  appointed  by  Khedive  govern- 
ment agent  for  passenger  traffic  on  Nile,  1870;  opened 
branch  office  at  Cairo,  1873 :  granted  by  Egyptian  govern- 
ment exclusive  right  of  carrying  mails,  specie,  and  civil 
and  military  officials  between  Assiout  and  Assouan,  1889 ; 
made  a  like  contract  with  the  English  government,  and 
performed  valuable  services  in  the  Nile  campaigns,  1885-6  ; 
greatly  developed  touring  arrangements  in  Norway  from 
1875  ;  acquired  railway  up  Mount  Vesuvius  ;  carried  out 
schemes  for  travelling  in  India  ;  devised  plans  for  the 
safer  travel  and  better  treatment  of  pilgrims  to  Jeddah 
and  Yambo,  and  to  Mecca  and  Medina ;  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  German  Emperor's  visit  to  the  Holy  Land, 
1898.  [Suppl.  ii.  66] 

COOK,  RICHARD  (1784-1857),  historical  painter; 
art  student  in  London  :  exhibited,  1808-22 ;  illustrated 
many  books  ;  R.A.,  1822.  [xii.  78] 

COOK,  ROBERT  (d.  1693?),  herald  and  portrait- 
painter  ;  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1653 :  M.A^ 
1561 ;  Chester  herald,  1562 :  Clarenceux  king-of-arms, 
1667  ;  commissioned  to  visit  his  province,  1568  :  took  out 
a  grant  of  arms,  1577 :  acted  as  Garter,  1584-6  ;  left 
manuscript  collections,  heraldic  and  genealogical. 

[xii.  73] 


COOK 


273 


COOKE 


OOOK,  ROBERT  :  (1646 7-1726?),  vegetarian;  an 
eccentric  Waterford  landowner;  reaided  in  Ipswich  and 
Bristol,  1688-92  ;  nicknamed  'Linen  Cook.'  [xii.  74] 

OOOK,  SAMUEL  (1806-1859),  water-colour  painter; 
housr-jiainUT  at  Plymouth  ;  exhibited  coast  scenes  in 
London,  1830-59.  '  [xii.  74] 

COOK,  SAMUEL  EDWARD  (</.  1856).  [See  WIDDRINO- 

TON.] 

COOK,  THOMAS  (1744  ?-1818),  engraver,  of  London  ; 
much  employed  in  engraving  portraits  and  book  illustra- 
tions ;  copied  all  Hogarth's  works  for  '  Hogarth  Restored,' 
1806.  [xii.  75] 

COOK,  THOMAS  (1808-1892),  tourist  agent ;  appren- 
ticed as  wood-turner  ;  entered  a  printing  and  publishing 
firm  at  Loughborough  ;  joined  Association  of  Baptist- ; 
travelled  as  missionary  in  Rutland,  e,  1828-9  ;  wood-turner 
at  Market  Harborough,  and  secretary  to  the  branch  there 
of  the  South  Midland  Temperance  Association,  in  con- 
nection with  which  he  organised  the  first  publicly  adver- 
tised excursion  by  train  in  England,  1841 ;  induced  by  the 
success  of  this  excursion  (Leicester  to  Loughborough  and 
back)  to  make  the  organising  of  excursions  at  home  and 
abroad  a  regular  occupation;  published  handbooks  for 
tourists,  and  subsequently  issued  coupons  for  hotel  ex- 
penses; issued  'Excursionist,'  monthly  magazine,  from 
«.  1846  ;  removed  to  London,  1864.  [Suppl.  ii.  55] 

COOK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1824),  miscellaneous  writer; 
squandered  his  own  and  his  wife's  fortune ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1777  ;  published  poems,  memoirs  of  actors, 
and  a  comedy,  1775-1815.  [xii.  75] 

COOKE.    [See  also  COKE  and  OOOK.] 

COOKE,  ALEXANDER  (1564-1632),  divine;  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1581 ;  fellow  of  University 
College,  1587 ;  B.D.,  1596 ;  vicar  of  Louth,  Lincolnshire, 
1601 ;  vicar  of  Leeds,  1615-32  ;  published  bitter  anti- 
Romanist  tracts,  1610-25.  [xii.  75] 

COOKE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1504-1676),  politician :  of 
Gidea  Hall,  Romford,  Essex;  father-in-law  of  Lord 
Burghley;  tutor  to  Edward,  prince  of  Wales;  K.B., 
1647 ;  M.P.,  1547 ;  served  on  several  ecclesiastical  com- 
missions, 1547-9  ;  obtained  church  lands,  1552 ;  im- 
prisoned, 1553  ;  withdrew  to  Strasburg,  1554  ;  returned  to 
England,  1558 ;  M.P.,  Essex,  1559-67 ;  served  on  various 
commissions,  1559-76.  [xii.  76] 

COOKE,  BENJAMIN  (1734-1793),  musician ;  son  of 
a  London  music-seller ;  pupil  of  J.  C.  Pepusch  [q.  v.] ; 
deputy-organist,  1746,  choir-master,  1757,  and  organist, 
1762-93,  of  WestminsterAbbey ;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge,  1775, 
and  Oxford,  1782  ;  librarian,  1749,  and  conductor,  1752-89, 
of  Academy  of  Ancient  Music ;  organist  of  St.  MartinV 
in-the-Fields,  1782-93.  [xii.  77] 

COOKE,  EDWARD  (Jt.  1678),  author  of  a  tragedy, 
•  Love's  Triumph,'  1678.  [xii.  78] 

COOKE,  EDWARD  (1772-1799),  naval  officer;  lieu- 
tenant, 1790;  captain,  1794;  served  at  Toulon,  1793, 
Calvi,  1794,  and  in  East  Indies,  1796-9 ;  mortally  wounded 
in  action.  [xii.  78] 

COOKE,  EDWARD  (1755-1820),  under-secretary  of 
otate ;  son  of  William  Oooke  (1711-1797)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1777; 
official  in  Ireland,  1778 ;  under-secretary  in  the  Irish 
military  department,  1789-95,  and  civil  department,  1796- 
1801;  M.P.,  Leighlin,  1790-1800:  quarrelled  with  Earl 
Fit/.william,  1795;  a  favourite  of  Castlereagh :  wrote, 
1798,  and  intrigued  for  the  union,  1800 ;  under-secretary 
in  London  for  war,  1807,  and  for  foreign  affairs,  1812-17. 


[xii.  79] 
0),  m 


COOKE,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1811-1880),  marine 
painter :  sou  of  George  Cooke  (1781-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  drew 
plants  for  botanical  books ;  etched  coast  scenes  ;  made 
drawings  of  the  progress  of  new  London  Bridge,  1825-31 : 
travelled  on  the  continent,  1830-46 ;  R.A.,  1864 ;  a  fre- 
quent exhibitor.  [xii.  80] 

CjOKE,  GEORGE  (1781-1834),  line  engraver;  pupil 
of  James  Basire  [q.  v.] ;  a  prolific  workman ;  illustrated 
numerous  works  on  landscape  and  antiquities,  [xii.  81] 

COOKE,  SIR  GEORGE (1768-1837), lieutenant-general; 
ensign,  10th  foot  guards,  1784  ;  captain,  1792  ;  served  in 


Flanders,  1794,  and  in  Holland,  1799 ;  captain  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1798;  major-general,  1811;  at  Cadiz, 
1H11-13  ;  commanded  first  division  of  guards  at  Waterloo, 
1815;  K.C.U.  aud  colonel,  1815;  lieutenant-general,  1821. 

[Suppl.  ii.  58] 

COOKE,  GEORGE  (1807-1863),  actor  ;  first  appeared 
on  provincial  stage,  1828,  and  in  London,  1837 ;  committed 
suicide.  [xii.  82] 

COOKE,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1756-1811),  actor; 
printer's  apprentice  at  Berwick  ;  first  appeared  on  pro- 
vincial stage,  1776,  and  in  London,  1778 ;  a  favourite  in 
Newcastle,  Manchester,  and  other  northern  towns ;  re- 
appeared in  London,  1801-10,  at  first  with  success  :  well 
received  in  New  York,  1810 ;  occasionally  a  brilliant  per- 
former, but  uncertain  through  intemperance,  [xii.  82] 

COOKE,  GEORGE  LEIGH  (17807-1853),  mathema- 
tician ;  scholar,  1797,  and  fellow,  1810-15,  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford ;  B.D.,  1812 ;  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, 1810-53  ;  beneficed  in  Warwickshire,  1824  ;  edited 
part  of  Newton's  'Principia,'  1850.  [xii.  85] 

COOKE,  GEORGE  WINGROVE  (1814-1865),  man  of 
letters :  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1834 ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1835  ;  employed  by  the  tithe  and  enclosure 
commissions  ;  copyhold  commissioner,  1862 ;  '  Times '  cor- 
respondent in  China,  1857,  and  Algeria ;  published  me- 
moirs of  Bolingbroke,  1835,  and  Shaftesbnry,  a  history  of 
party  politics.  1837,  legal  treatises,  1844-57,  and  notes  of 
travel,  1856-60.  [xiL  85] 

COOKE,  HENRY  (d.  1672),  musician  :  chorister  of  the 
Chapel  Royal  ;  entered  Charles  I's  army,  1642,  and  became 
captain ;  teacher  of  music  in  London  before  1655,  several 
of  his  pupils  becoming  afterwards  distinguished  com- 
posers ;  part-composer  of  the  music  for  Sir  William 
D'Avenant's  operas,  1666;  choir-master  of  the  Chapel 
Royal ;  composed  the  music  for  the  coronation  service, 
1661 ;  composer  to  Charles  II,  1664  ;  marshal  of  the  Corpo- 
ration of  Musicians,  1670.  [xii.  86] 

COOKE,     HENRY    (1788-1868),    Irish    presbyterian 
leader  ;  entered  Glasgow  University,  1802  :  studied  science 
and  medicine  at  Glasgow,  1815-17,  and  Dublin,  1817-18  ; 
D.D.  Jefferson  College,  U.S.A.,  1829  ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1837  ; 
presbyteriau  minister  at  Duneaue,  1808,  and  Donegore, 
co.  Antrim,  1811,  at  Killeleagh,    co.  Down,  1818,  and 
I  Belfast,  1829-68;    professor  of   ethics,  Queen's  College, 
Belfast,  1847 ;  leader  of  the  orthodox  party  in  the  contro- 
versy, 1821-40,  which  excluded  the  Arian  ministers  from 
j  the  presbyterian  church ;  strongly  opposed  disestablish- 
|  ment  of    Irish   episcopal    church :    published   sermons, 
i  pamphlets,  and  hymns;    a  voluminous    contributor  to 
periodicals ;   reputed  one  of  the  most  effective  of  Irish 
1  preachers  and  debaters.  [xii.  87] 

COOKE,  JO.  (/.  1614), author  of  'Greene's  TuQuoque,1 
comedy,  printed  1614  ;  possibly  also  of  '  Epigrams,'  1604. 

[xii.  90] 

COOKE,  Sill  JOHN  (1666-1710),  civilian:  entered 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1673  :  entered  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1684  ;  lieutenant  of  foot  at  the  Boyne,  1689  ; 
D.O.L.,  1694;  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1694; 
knighted,  1701 ;  dean  of  arches,  1703 ;  vicar-general  of 
see  of  Canterbury.  [xii.  90] 

COOKE,   JOHN  (1763-1806),  naval  officer:    entered 
navy,  1776  ;  captain,  1794  :  put  on  shore  by  the  Spithead 
:  mutineers,  1797  ;  killed  at  Trafalgar.  [xii.  91] 

COOKE,  JOHN  (1731-1810),  London  bookseller ;  issued 
annotated  bibles,  British  poets,  and  other  works  in  weekly 
sixpenny  parts.  [xii.  91] 

COOKE,  JOHN  (1738-1823),  chaplain  of  Greenwich 
Hospital :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1764  :  rector 
of  Denton,  Buckinghamshire,  1773  :  published  a  history 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1789,  memoirs  of  Lord  Sandwich, 
1799,  and  sermons.  [xii.  92] 

COOKE,  JOHN  (1756-1838),  physician:  dissenting 
preacher  in  Lancashire ;  studied  medicine  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  and  Leydcn:  M.D.  Leyden ;  medical  practi- 
tioner and  lecturer  in  London ;  physician  to  the  General 
Dispensary  and,  1784-1807,  to  the  London  Hospital ;  pub- 
lished '  A  Treatise  on  Nervous  Diseases,'  1821-3. 

[xii.  9»] 


COOKE 


274 


COOMBES 


COOKE,  ROBERT  (1550-1616),  divine;  fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1573-90  ;  proctor,  1582-3  ;  B.D., 
1584 ;  vicar  of  "Leeds,  1590-1615  ;  prebendary  of  Durham, 
1614  :  wrote  and  preached  actively  against  Romanism. 

[xii.  92] 

COOKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1814),  musician ;  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Cooke  [q.  v.] :  organist  of  St.  Martin's-in-the- 
Fields,  1793,  and  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1802  ;  drowned 
himself  :  composed  songs  and  glees.  [xii.  93] 

COOKE,  ROBERT  (1820  ?  -1882),  Irish  Roman  catholic 
divine;  mission  priest  in  Leicestershire,  Yorkshire,  1847, 
and  London  ;  published  biographies  of  Roman  catholics, 
1875-82.  [xii.  93] 

COOKE,  ROGER  (ft.  1563),  astrologer ;  assistant  of 
John  Dee  [q.  v.],  1567-81 ;  perhaps  published  an  almanack, 
1586.  [xii.  93] 

COOKE,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1478),  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don ;  a  warden  of  the  Drapers'  Company,  1439 ;  inter- 
mediary between  Jack  Cade  and  the  citizens,  1450 ; 
sheriff  of  London,  1453,  alderman,  1464,  lord  mayor,  1462 ; 
K.B.,  1465  ;  began  Oidea  Hall,  Romford,  1467  ;  impri- 
soned and  heavily  fined  by  Edward  IV,  1467  and  1471. 

[xii.  94] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  (1703-1756),  author,  commonly 
called  HESIOD  COOKE  ;  son  of  a  Braintree  innkeeper  ;  edu- 
cated at  Felstead  school ;  whig  journalist  and  pamphleteer 
in  London,  1722 ;  attacked,  anonymously,  Pope  and  Swift, 
1725  and  1728,  and  consequently  won  a  place  in  the  '  Duu- 
ciad ' ;  wrote  against  Pope,  1729-31 ;  published  poems, 
1726-42;  author  or  joint-author  of  four  dramatic  pieces, 
1728-39;  translated  Bion  and  Moschus,  1724,  Hesiod, 
1728,  Terence,  1734,  and  parts  of  Cicero  and  Plautus, 
1754  ;  edited  Virgil,  1741 ;  edited  the  •  Craftsman '  from 
1741.  [xii.  95] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  (1722-1783),  eccentric  divine; 
educated  at  Durham  school  and,  1743,  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  dismissed  from  the  curacy  of  Embleton,  North- 
umberland, for  his  strange  behaviour ;  street  preacher  in 
London  ;  confined  in  Bedlam ;  published  two  comedies, 
1762-71,  and  sermons.  [xii.  96] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  (1763-1818),  lecturer  and  writer  on 
physiognomy.  [xii.  97] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  (1807-1868),  optician;  taught 
school  at  AUerthorpe,  1823,  and  York,  1829-36  ;  made  his 
mark  as  a  constructor  of  astronomical  telescopes,  1851  ; 
invented  appliances  for  facilitating  telescopic  observation, 
and  was  largely  employed  as  a  maker  of  turret  clocks. 

[xii.  97] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  POTTER  (1786-1864),  actor  ;  son 
of  a  London  surgeon  ;  served  in  the  navy,  1796-1802 ; 
appeared  on  the  London  stage,  1804 ;  stage  manager  of 
the  Surrey  Theatre,  1809  ;  made  a  great  success  at  the 
Lyceum,  1820  ;  acted  in  Paris,  1826,  and  Edinburgh,  1827  ; 
reputed  the '  best  sailor  .  .  .  that  ever  trod  the  stapre ' ; 
last  appearance  on  the  stage,  1860.  [xii.  98] 

COOKE,  THOMAS  SIMPSON  (1782-1848),  composer  ; 
member  of  the  Dublin  orchestra  ;  sang  in  opera  ;  came  to 
London,  1813  ;  principal  tenor,  1815,  and  musical  director, 
1821-42,  of  Drury  Lane ;  an  esteemed  singing-master ; 
composed  stage  music  and  glees  ;  published  a  manual  of 
singing.  [xii.  99] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1553),  judge;  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1530 ;  recorder  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1645  ;  scrjeanfc-at-law,  1646 ;  justice  of  common 
picas,  1552.  [xii.  100] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1780),  numismatist ;  vicar  of 
Enford,  Wiltshire,  1733-80  ;  rector  of  Oldbury,  Gloucester- 
shire ;  translated  Sallust,  1746 ;  wrote  on  Druidical  reli- 
gion, 1764;  his  'Medallic  History  of  Imperial  Rome,' 
published  posthumously,  1781.  [xii.  100] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  (1711-1797),  divine ;  entered  Har- 
row, 1718,  Eton,  1721,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1731 ;  fellow,  1734  ;  B.A.,  1736  ;  D.D.,  1766  ;  head-master 
of  Eton,  1743-6  ;  vicar  of  Sturminster-Marshall,  Dorset, 
1745-8 ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1748 ;  rector  of  Denham,  Buck- 
inghamshire, 1748,  and  of  Stoke  Newington,  1768;  pro- 
vost of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1772;  dean  of  Ely, 
1780  ;  published  verses,  1732,  and  sermons.  [xii.  100] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  (<f.  1824),  Greek  professor  ;  son  of 
William  Cooke  (1711-1797)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  King's  Col- 


lepc ;  professor  of  Greek,  Cambridge,  1780-93  ;  rector  of 
Hfinpatead,  Norfolk,  1785-1824:  edited  Aristotle's 
'  Poetics,'  1785  ;  wrote  on  the  Apocalypse,  1789  ;  became 
insane.  [xii.  101] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  (1757-1832),  legal  writer;  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge  :  I'.. A.. 

1776  ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1782  ;  published  a 
manual  of  '  Bankrupt  Laws,'  1785  ;  practised  in  chancery 
and  bankruptcy  cases  ;  sent  to  Milan  to  collect  evidence 
against  Queen  Caroline,  1818  ;  retired,  1825.      [xii.  101] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  BERNARD  (1778-1855),  line- 
engraver  ;  a  prolific  engraver  of  landscapes  for  illus- 
trated books  ;  excelled  in  sea-views.  [xii.  102] 

COOKE,  Sm  WILLIAM  FOTHERGILL  (1806-1879), 
electrician  ;  educated  at  Durham  and  Edinburgh  ;  army 
officer  in  India,  1826-31 ;  studied  medicine  at  Paris  and 
Heidelberg ;  shown  the  principle  of  electric  telegraphy  by 
Professor  Mlincke,  1836  ;  patented,  jointly  with  Sir  Charles 
Wheatstone  [q.  v.],  telegraphic  apparatus,  1837,  and  pro- 
duced a  workable  instrument,  1845 ;  quarrelled  with 
Wheatstoue ;  knighted,  1869 ;  pensioned,  1871. 

[xii.  102] 

COOKE,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1797-1865), line-engraver  ; 
employed  in  illustrating  books  ;  withdrew  to  Darmstadt, 
c.  1840.  [xii.  103] 

COOKES,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1701),  baronet,  of  Bentley 
Pauncefot,  Worcestershire ;  benefactor  of  Bromsgrove 
and  Feckenham  schools ;  bequeathed  10,OOOZ.  to  Oxford 
University,  with  which  Gloucester  Hall  was  converted 
into  Worcester  College.  [xii.  103] 

OOOKESLEY,  WILLIAM  GIFFORD  (1802-1880),  clas- 
sical scholar  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1827 ;  assistant  master  at  Eton ;  vicar  of 
St.  Peter's,  Hammersmith,  1860 ;  rector  of  Tempsford, 
Bedfordshire,  1868;  published  classical  school-books, 
1838-61 ;  sermons,  1843-4,  and  pamphlets,  1845-67. 

[xii.  104] 

COOKSON,  GEORGE  (1760-1835),  general ;  entered 
navy,  1773 ;  transferred  to  the  royal  artillery,  1778  ;  served 
in  the  West  Indies,  and,  1793,  the  Netherlands ;  brevet- 
major,  1800 ;  served  with  distinction  in  Egypt,  1801 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1802  ;  served  at  Copenhagen,  1807,  and 
with  Sir  John  Moore,  1808 ;  major-general,  1814 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1830.  [xii.  104] 

COOKSON,  HENRY  WILKINSON  (1810-1876),  mas- 
ter of  Peterhouse ;  godson  of  Wordsworth  ;  educated  at 
Sedbergh  and,  from  1828,  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  D.D. ;. 
master  of  Peterhouse,  1847  till  death  ;  rector  of  Glaston,, 
Rutland,  1847-67.  [xii.  105] 

COOKSON,  JAMES  (1752-1835),  divine:  rector  of 
Colmer,  Hampshire,  1775  ;  entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 

1777  ;  M.A.,  1786  :  vicar  of  Harting,  Sussex,  1796  ;  master 
of  Churcher's  College,  Petersfield,  c.  1783 ;  F.S.A.,  1814 ; 
published  theological  pieces,  1782-4.  [xii.  106] 

COOKWOETHY,  WILLIAM  (1706-1780),  porcelain- 
maker  ;  quaker  preacher  ;  discovered  '  kaolin '  (china- 
clay)  and  'petunze'  (china-stone)  near  St.  Austell,  1756, 
specimens  of  which  from  Virginia  had  been  shown  him  in 
1746  ;  obtained  patent  for  porcelain  factory  at  Plymouth, 
1768 ;  sold  the  patent,  1777.  [xii.  106] 

COOLEY,  THOMAS (1740-1784), architect;  originally 
a  carpenter  ;  designed  the  Royal  Exchange,  Dublin,  1769, 
the  Four  Courts,  1784,  and  other  buildings  in  Ireland. 

[xii.  107] 

COOLEY,  WILLIAM  DESBOROUGH  (d.  1883),  geo- 
grapher ;  published  •  History  of  ...  Discovery,'  1830-1 ; 
exposed  Douville's  fictitious  '  Voyage  au  Congo,'  1832  ; 
pensioned,  1869 ;  honorary  free  member,  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society  of  London,  1864  ;  published  papers  on 
African  geography,  1841-74,  and  a  manual  of  'Physical 
Geography,'  1876.  [xii.  107] 

COOLING  or  COLDfG,  RICHARD  (d.  1697),  clerk  of 
the  privy  council,  1689,  and  gossip  of  Samuel  Pepys; 
secretary  to  the  lord  chamberlain  of  the  household,  1660- 
1680 ;  hon.  M.A.  Oxford,  1666.  [xii.  108] 

COOMBES,  ROBERT  (1808-1860),  champion  sculler ; 
a  Thames  waterman  ;  rowed  his  first  sculling  race,  1836  ; 
champion  of  the  Thames,  1846-52  ;  coached  the  Cambridge 
crew,  1852  ;  died  insane.  [xii.  108] 


COOMBES 


275 


COOPEB, 


COOMBES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1767-1850),  Roman 
catholic  divine :  born  in  Somerset ;  educated  at  Douay  ; 
priest,  1791 ;  driven  from  France  by  the  revolution  ;  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Old  Hall  Green  ;  D.D.,  by  the  pope, 
1801 ;  priest  at  Shepton  Mallet,  1810-49  ;  published  devo- 
tional tracts  and  translations.  [xii.  109] 

COOPER,  ABRAHAM  (1787-1868),  battle  and  animal 
painUT  ;  patronised  by  (Sir)  Henry  Meux,  1809 ;  R.A., 
1820 ;  over  four  hundred  pieces  by  him  exhibited,  1812-69. 

[xii.  109] 

COOPER,  ALEXANDER  (fl.  1630-1660),  miniature 
painter ;  withdrew  to  Amsterdam,  and  to  the  court  of 
Queen  Christina  of  Sweden ;  possibly  painted  also  land- 
scapes, [xii.  110] 

COOPER,  ANDREW  or,  probably  erroneously, 
ANTHONY  (fl.  1660),  author  of  '  SrpaToAoyui,'  a  metrical 
history  of  the'civil  war,  by  'An.  Cooper,'  1660  :  identified 
with  Andrew  Cooper,  a  uewswriter,  author  of  '  A  Speedy 
Post,1  1042.  [xii.  110] 

COOPEE,  ANTHONY  ASHLEY,  first  BAROX  ASHLET 
and  first  EARL  OK  SBAFTKSBURY  (1621-1683),  succeeded 
at?  second  baronet,  1631,  inheriting  large  estates,  including 
(through  his  mother,  it.  1628)  Wimborne  St.  Giles,  Dorset ; 
put  into  the  court  of  wards  ;  plundered  by  the  law  officers  ; 
appealed  for  protection  to  attorney-general  Noy,  1634 ; 
entered  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1637,  and  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1638 ;  elected  M.P.  for  Tewkesbury,  for  the  Short  Parlia- 
ment, 1640,  but  did  not  sit ;  elected,  on  a  double  return, 
for  Dowuton,  Wiltshire,  for  the  Long  parliament,  1640,  but 
consideration  of  his  election  shelved  by  the  Commons ; 
with  Charles  I,  but  not  committed  to  him,  at  Nottingham 
and  Derby,  1642  ;  brought  to  Oxford  an  offer  of  the  Dorset 
gentry  to  rise  for  Charles  I,  1643  :  raised,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, foot  and  horse  for  King  Charles's  service ;  promised 
the  governorship  of  Weymouth  ;  had  great  difficulty  in  ob- 
taining it,  1643 ;  resigned  his  commissions  to  Charles  I, 
1644 ;  attached  himself  to  the  parliamentarians ;  obtained 
command  of  the  parliamentary  forces  in  Dorset,  1644 ; 
captured  royalist  strongholds  and  helped  to  relieve  Taun- 
ton,  1644 ;  vainly  tried  to  obtain  his  seat  in  parliament, 
1645;  took  Oorfe  Castle,  1646;  withdrew  from  public 
affairs,  but  continued  to  attend  to  local  administration, 
serving  as  parliamentary  high  sheriff  for  Wiltshire,  1646- 
1648 ;  sat  for  Wiltshire  in  Cromwell's  parliaments,  1653-8 ; 
Berveil  on  the  council  of  state,  1653-4 ;  led  the  parliamen- 
tary opposition  to  Cromwell,  1656-8 ;  sat  for  Wiltshire  in 
Richard  Cromwell's  parliament,  1659.  opposing  the  govern- 
ment ;  claimed  his  seat  for  Downtou  in  the  Rump  parlia- 
ment, 1659  ;  sat  on  the  council  of  state  ;  imprisoned  as  a 
political  suspect,  1659 ;  promised  to  co-operate  with  Monck, 
1659 ;  seized  the  Tower  and  persuaded  the  fleet  to  declare 
for  parliament,  December  1659 ;  sat  on  the  new  council  of 
state ;  took  his  seat  for  Downton,  and  became  colonel  of 
Fleetwood's  horse,  1660 ;  urged  the  admission  of  the  ex- 
cluded members ;  negotiated  with  Charles  II,  March  1660 ; 
M.P.  for  Wiltshire  in  the  Convention  parliament,  April ; 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  recall  Prince  Charles ;  ad- 
mitted privy  councillor,  May  1660 ;  received  a  formal  par- 
don for  the  past,  June  1660;  opposed  the  vindictive 
actions  of  the  royalists ;  created  Baron  Ashley,  1661 ; 
under-treasurer,  1661-7 :  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
1661-72 ;  steadily  opposed  Clarendon's  repressive  measures, 
the  Corporation  Act,  1661,  Act  of  Uniformity,  1662, 
and  the  Five-mile  Act,  1665 ;  advi3ed  and  supported 
Charles  II's  first  Declaration  of  Indulgence,  1662-3  ;  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  Carolina,  1663,  and  an  interest  in  the 
Bahamas,  1670 ;  treasurer  of  prizes  in  Dutch  war,  1665-8 ; 
made  the  acquaintance  at  Oxford,  1666,  of  John  Locke, 
who  became  his  one  intimate  friend;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Dorset,  1667 ;  attached  himself  to  Buckingham,  1669,  and 
became  a  strong  partisan  of  the  scheme  to  legitimise 
Moumouth,  1670 ;  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  secret  pro- 
visions of  the  treaty  of  Dover,  negotiated  by  Clifford, 
December  1670;  assented  to  declaration  of  war  with 
Dutch ;  opposed  the  raising  of  funds  for  the  war  by 
the  stoppage  of  exchequer  payments,  1672;  approved 
Charles  II's  Declaration  of  Indulgence  for  protestant  dis- 
senters, 1672  ;  created  Earl  of  Sbaftesbury,  1672  ;  president 
of  the  board  of  trade,  1672-6 :  refused  the  lord  high  trea- 
surership ;  lord  chancellor,  1672-3  ;  offended  the  Commons 
by  issuing  writs  to  fill  up  the  vacant  seats  ;  alienated  the 
king's  mistresses  by  refusing  to  pass  grants  of  money  to 
them,  and  Lauderdale  by  interfering  with  his  despotic  rule 


in  Scotland :  discovered  the  deceit  practised  on  him  by 
the  king  and  Clifford  in  1670,  in  the  treaty  of  Dover ;  con- 
trary to  his  own  principles,  supported  the  Test  Act,  1673  ; 
dismissed  from  the  chancellorship  and  ordered  to  with- 
draw from  London,  1673  ;  rejected  overtures  of  accommo- 
dation by  Charles  and  by  Louis  XIV  ;  set  himself,  in  par- 
liament and  in  the  city  of  London,  to  fan  the  apprehension 
of  a  Romanist  revival,  January  1674  ;  dismissed  from  the 
privy  council  and  removed  from  the  lord-lieutenancy  of 
Dorset,  1674  ;  withdrew  to  Wimborne  St.  Giles ;  led  agita- 
tion for  dissolution  of  parliament,  1675-6  ;  led  the  opposi- 
tion to  Danby,  1675-6 ;  refused  to  leave  London  on  an 
order  from  Charles  II,  1676;  imprisoned,  with  Bucking- 
ham, Salisbury,  and  Wharton,  by  order  of  the  House  of 

j  Lords,  1677;  released  on  his  submission,  1678;  rejected 
overtures  of  accommodation  with  the  Duke  of  York  ;  en- 
couraged the  '  popish  plot '  frenzy  as  a  weapon  against  the 
government,  1678  ;  led  the  opposition  in  parliament,  1679 ; 
accepted  presidentship  of  privy  council,  1679 ;  passed  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act,  1679  ;  supported  the  Exclusion  Bill, 
May  1679 ;  dismissed  from  office,  October  1679 ;  brought 
Monmouth  back  to  London,  November  1679  ;  agitated  for 
the  re-assembling  of  parliament ;  tried  to  make  capital 
out  of  an  alleged  Irish  '  popish  plot,'  1680  ;  tried  to  pro- 
secute the  Duke  of  York  as  a  popish  recusant,  June  1680  ; 

I  foiled,  by  Halifax,  in  bis  attempt  to  carry  the  Exclusion 
Bill,  1680 ;  petitioned  Charles  II  against  holding  parlia- 
ment at  Oxford,  1681 ;  lodged  in  Balliol  College ;  brought 
in  a  bill  to  repeal  the  penalties  against  protestant  dissen- 
ters, 1681 ;  committed  to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason  ;  asked  leave  from  Charles  to  withdraw  to  Caro- 
lina, October  1681 ;  released,  the  charge  against  him  being 
dismissed  by  the  whig  grand  jury,  1681 ;  satirised  by 
Dryden  in  'Absalom  and  Achitophel' ;  planned  a  revolt 
in  London,  the  west,  and  Cheshire,  1682  ;  fled  to  Harwich 
and  sailed  for  Holland,  1682 ;  reached  Amsterdam  and, 
was  admitted  a  burgher  of  that  city,  1682 ;  died  there ; 
buried  at  Poole,  Dorset.  [xii.  Ill] 

COOPER,  ANTHONY  ASHLEY,  third  EAHL  OP 
SHAFTKSBURY  (1671-1713),  moral  philosopher;  styled 
Lord  Ashley,  from  January  1683 ;  travelled  in  Italy, 
France,  and  Germany;  M.P.,  Poole,  1695  8 ;  advocated 
allowing  counsel  to  prisoners  charged  with  treason,  1695  ; 
visited  Holland  and  came  under  Pierre  Bayle's  influence  ; 
his  '  Inquiry  concerning  Virtue,'  published  surreptitiously, 
1699  ;  succeeded  as  third  Earl  of  Shaftesbnry,  1699  ;  voted 
with  the  whigs,  1700-2  ;  dismissed  from  the  vice-admiral 
ship  of  Dorset  by  Anne,  1702;  withdrew  to  Holland, 
1703-4  ;  left  England  for  Naples,  1711 ;  died  there  ;  pos- 
sible originator  of  the  phrase  '  moral  sense '  in  its  philo- 
sophic signification  ;  issued  his  collected  writings,  as 
'  Oharacteristicks  of  Men,'  &c.,  1711 ;  his  '  Letters,'  pub- 
lished, 1716, 1721,  and  1830.  [xii.  130] 

COOPER,  ANTONY  ASHLEY,  seventh  EARL  OP 
SHAFTESBURY  (1801-1885).  philanthropist;  styled  Lord 
Ashley  from  May  1811  ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Clirist 
Ohnrch,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1832  ;  D.O.L.,  1841 ;  M.P.,  1826- 
1851 ;  held  minor  offices,  1828  and  1834  ;  urged  reform  of 
lunacy  laws,  1829,  and  the  protection  of  factory  opera- 
tives, 1833-44,  colliery  workers,  1842,  and  chimney-sweeps  ; 
joined  whig  party,  1847;  advocated  ragged  schools  and 
the  reclamation  of  juvenile  offenders,  1848 ;  succeeded  to 
the  earldom,  1851 ;  advocated  the  supervision  of  lodging 
houses,  1851,  and  the  better  housing  of  the  poor  ;  chair- 
man of  the  sanitary  commission  in  the  Crimea  ;  an  active 
member  of  religious  associations.  [xii.  133] 

COOPER,  SIR  ASTLEY  PASTON  (1768-1841),  sur- 
geon ;  fourth  son  of  Samuel  Cooper  (1739-1800)  [q.  v.] ; 
pupil  of  Henry  Cline  [q.  v.] ;  studied  in  London,  Edin- 
burgh, and  Paris  ;  anatomy  demonstrator,  1789,  and  lec- 
turer, 1791-1825,  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  acquired  a 
lucrative  practice ;  lecturer  on  anatomy,  1793-6,  and  on 
comparative  anatomy,  1813-15,  to  the  College  of  Surgeons ; 
surgeon,  1800,  and  consulting  surgeon,  1825,  to  Guy's 
Hospital ;  F.R.S.,  1802 ;  created  baronet,  1821  ;  published 
surgical  and  anatomical  treatises,  1800-40,  and  contri- 
buted much  to  professional  journals.  [xii.  137] 

COOPER,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1808-1866),  Cam- 
bridge antiquary  ;  settled  in  Cambridge,  1826  :  admitted 
a  solicitor,  1840 ;  coroner,  1836,  and  town  clerk  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1849-66;  published  'Guide  to  Cambridge,'  1831, 
'  Annals  of  Cambridge,'  1842-53, '  Atbenae  Cautabritrien^,' 

T2 


COOPER 


276 


COOPEPx, 


1818-61,  and  '  Memorials  of  Cambridge,'  1868-66;  left 
much  biographical  material  in  manuscript ;  his  memoir 
of  Margaret,  counter  of  llichmoud,  published,  1874. 

[xii.  139] 

COOPER.  CHAULES  PURTON  (1793-1873),  lawyer ; 
entered  Wadhaui  College,  Oxford,  1810  ;  took  double-first 
honours,  1814:  M.A.,  1817;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1816 ;  an  equity  draughtsman  ;  queen's  serjeant  for  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster;  secretary  of  the  second  record 
commission  ;  published  law  tracts  and  reports,  1828-68, 
an  account  of  the  public  records,  1832,  and  pamphlets, 
1860-7 ;  died  at  Boulogne.  [xii.  140] 

COOPER,  DANIEL  (1817?-1842),  naturalist;  medical 
student ;  zoological  assistant.  British  Museum ;  curator 
of  the  Botanical  Society,  London  :  compiled  a  '  Flora 
Metropolitaua,'  and  a  list  of  London  shells  ;  lectured  on 
botany  ;  army  surgeon,  1840.  [xii.  141] 

COOPER  or  COWPER,  EDWARD  (</.  1725?),  a 
leading  London  printseller  from  c.  1685.  [xii.  141] 

COOPER,  EDWARD  JOSHUA  (1798-1863),  astro- 
nomer; educated  at  Eton,  and,  1816-18,  Ohrist  Church, 
Oxford ;  travelled  extensively  on  the  continent  and  in 
the  East;  published '  Views  in  Egypt,'  1824;  manager  of 
his  imbecile  uncle's  estates  at  Markree,  Sligo,  1830  ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  estates,  1837  :  M.P.,  Sligo  county,  1830-41, 
and  1867-9  ;  built  observatory  at  Markree ;  accumulated 
astronomical  and  meteorological  observations,  1833-63; 
published  'Catalogue  of  Stars,'  observed  at  Markree, 
1861-6,  and  '  Oometic  Orbits,'  1862  ;  F.R.S.,  1853. 

[xii.  142] 

COOPER,  ELIZABETH  (/.  1737),  authoress:  an 
auctioneer's  widow;  published  'The  M  uses'  Library,' 
vol.  i.  1737,  a  selection  of  English  verse;  brought  out 
two  dramas, '  The  Rival  Widows,'  1735,  and  '  The  Noble- 
man,' 1736.  [xii.  143] 

COOPER,  GEORGE  (1820-1876),  organist ;  son  of  a 
London  organist :  organist  of  various  London  churches, 
1834-76 ;  assistant  organist  of  St.  Paul's,  1838-76 ;  or- 
ganist of  the  Chapel  Royal.  1856-76 ;  organist  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  1843  ;  composed  hymn-tunes ;  published  manuals 
for  the  organ.  [xii.  144] 

COOPER,  SIR  GREY  (d.  1801),  politician  ;  barrister- 
at-law ;  published  pamphlets  in  defence  of  the  Rocking- 
ham  ministry,  1766 ;  pensioned  by  the  ministry  :  M.P., 
1766-90  ;  a  secretary  of  the  treasury,  1705-82  :  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  treasury,  1783.  [xii.  144] 

COOPER,  JOHN  (d.  1626).  [See  Corrauiuo,  GIO- 
VANNI.] 

COOPER,  JOHN  (fl.  1810-1870),  actor  :  went  on  the 
Bath  stage,  1811 ;  appeared  in  London,  1811 ;  acted  in 
the  provinces,  1812-20  ;  a  favourite  London  actor,  1820- 
1858.  [xii.  145] 

COOPER,  JOHN  GILBERT  (1723-1769),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  educated  at  Westminster,  and,  1743,  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  contributed  verses,  as  '  Philaretes,'  to 
Dodsley's  '  Museum,'  from  1746 ;  published  treatises  on 
questions  of  aesthetics,  1745  and  1754,  a  life  of  Socrates, 
1749,  collected  poems,  1764,  and  other  works,  [xii.  145] 

COOPER,  RICHARD,  the  elder (</.  1764),  engraver; 
pupil  of  John  Pine ;  studied  art  in  Italy  :  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh ;  much  employed  in  engraving  portraits. 

[xii.  146] 

COOPER,  RICHARD,  the  younger  (1740  ?-1814  ?), 
painter  and  engraver :  son  of  Richard  Cooper  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  in  Paris  under  J.  P.  Le  Has  :  exhibited 
drawings  and  engravings  in  London,  1761-4 ;  visited 
Italy ;  published  tinted  drawings  of  scenes  near  Rome, 
1778-9:  exhibited  drawings  at  the  Iloyal  Academy,  1778- 
1809  ;  drawing-master  at  Eton.  [xii.  146] 

COOPER,  ROBERT  (  ff .  1681),  geographer;  entered 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  16«7  :  H.A.,  1670  ;  fellow ; 
M.A.,  1673;  rector  of  Hurlingtou,  Middlesex,  1681 ;  pub- 
lished an  optical  tract,  1679,  and  an  'Introduction  to 
Geography,'  1680.  [xii.  147] 

COOPER,  ROBERT  (/.  1800-1836),  engraver;  much 
cmplovod  in  illustrating  books  and  engraving  portrait". 

[xii.  147] 

COOPER,  SAMUEL  (1609-1672),  miniature  painter  ; 
painted  portraits  of  celebrities  of  the  Common  wealth  nnd 
Restoration  ;  visited  Kraiu-e  and  Holland,  [xii.  148] 


COOPER,  SAMUEL  (1789-1800),  divine:  B.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1760  ;  D.D.,  1777  ;  published 
sermons  and  pamphlets ;  provoked  merriment  by  pub- 
lishing a  dull  poem,  'The  Task,'  shortly  after  William 
Oowper's  '  Task.'  [xii.  137] 

COOPER,  SAMUEL  (1780-1848),  surgical  writer; 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1800 ;  qualified  as 
surgeon,  1803;  army  surgeon,  1813-15;  practitioner  in 
London ;  published  treatise  on  cataract,  1805,  and  '  Sur- 
gical. Dictionary,'  1809  ;  surgeon  of  University  College 
Hospital,  1831 ;  F.R.S.,  1846.  [xii.  148] 

COOPER  or  COUPER,  THOMAS  (1517  7-1594), 
bishop  of  Winchester ;  son  of  an  Oxford  tailor ;  chorister 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1531 ;  B.A.,  1539 ;  fellow, 
1539-45  ;  M.A.,  1543  ;  master  of  Magdalen  College  school, 
1549-68;  qualified  for  M.B.,  1566  ^satirised  for  his  wife's 
misconduct :  issued  an  enlargement  of  Eliot's  Latin  dic- 
tionary, 1648,  a  continuation  of  Languet's  'Chronicle' 
('Cooper's  Chronicle,'  A.H.  17-1547),  1549,  'An  Answer,' 
in  defence  of  Jewel,  1562,  and '  Thesaurus  Lingua;  Ro- 
manae,'  known  as  'Cooper's  Dictionary,'  1565  ;  D.D.,  1567 ; 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  1667  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford, 
1567-70;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1669;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1570;  published  a  'Brief  Exposition'  of  the  Sunday 
lessons,  1573,  and  sermons,  1575-80 ;  bishop  of  Winchester, 
1584-94;  lampooned  by  'Martin  Mar- Prelate,'  1588-9; 
published  an  '  Admonition,'  in  his  own  defence,  1589. 

[xii.  149] 

COOPER,  COUPER,  or  COWPER,  THOMAS  (Jf. 
1626),  divine;  educated  at  Westminster;  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1598;  B.D.,  1600;  vicar  of  Great 
Budwortb,  Cheshire,  1601-4;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Coventry,  1604-10 ;  preacher  to  the  fleet,  1626 ;  published 
tracts  against  the  Gunpowder  plot,  1606-9,  against  witch- 
craft, 1617,  and  murder,  1620.  [xii.  151] 

COOPER,  THOMAS  (1759-1840),  natural  philosopher 
and  lawyer ;  entered  University  College,  Oxford,  1779 ; 
studied  law  and  medicine ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1787 ; 
went  as  democratic  envoy  to  Paris,  1792;  attacked  by 
Edmund  Burke ;  defended  himself  in  a  pamphlet ;  failed 
as  a  bleacher  at  Manchester ;  a  lawyer  in  Pennsylvania 
from  before  1799  to  1811:  M.D. ;  professor  of  chemistry 
in  various  colleges,  1812-34  ;  published  political  pam- 
phlets and  manuals  of  American  law,  1800-40,  and  a 
scientific  encyclopedia,  1812-14.  [xii.  151] 

COOPER,  THOMAS  (1805-1892),  .chartist;  appren- 
ticed as  shoemaker  at  Gainsborough,  where  after  private 
study  he  opened  a  school,  1827 ;  engaged  in  journalistic 
and  other  work  at  Lincoln  and  in  London  ;  •  joined  staff 
of '  Leicester  Mercury,'  1840  ;  became  chartist  and  edited 
the  chartist '  Midland  Counties  Illuminator ' ;  imprisoned 
on  charge  of  sedition  and  conspiracy,  1843-5  ;  subse- 
quently took  no  part  in  chartist  movements  ;  published 
a  political  epic  entitled  'The  Purgatory  of  Suicides,'  1845, 
and  other  works  in  verse  and  prose.  [Suppl.  Ji.  58] 

COOPER,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1759  ?-1840  V),  botanist ; 
compiled  a  list  of  Sussex  plants,  1835.  [xii.  162] 

COOPER,  THOMAS  THORNVILLE  (1839-1878), 
traveller;  travelled  In  Australia;  merchant's  clerk  at 
Madras,  1859-61 ;  travelled  in  India  and  Burmah  ;  at 
Shanghai,  1863 ;  published  '  A  Pioneer  of  Commerce,'  de- 
scribing an  attempt,  Janunry-Novemter  1868,  to  travel 
from  China  through  Thibet,  and  'Mishmee  Hills,'  nar- 
rating his  endeavours,  1869,  to  reach  China  from  Assam ; 
employe  of  the  India  Office ;  ixrtitical  agent  at  Bamd, 
Burmah,  1876  ;  murdered  at  Bam6.  [xii.  153] 

COOPER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1663),  puritan ;  vicar  of 
Ringmerc,  Sussex ;  chaplain  to  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
Bohemia,  at  the  Hague,  1644-8 :  ejected  from  St.  Olave's, 
Southwark,  1662 ;  imprisoned,  1681 ;  published  sermons. 

[xii.  164] 

COOPER,  WILLIAM   DURRANT  (1812-1875),  anti- 

|  quary :  folicitor,  1832 ;  journalist :  solicitor  to  the  Reform 

I  Club,  1837,  and  to  St.  Pancras  vestry,  1858 ;  published  a 

I  'Parliamentary  History'  of  Sussex,  1834,  a  glossary  of 

Sussex  words,  1836,  and  memoirs  of  Sussex  poets,  1812; 

contributed  to  archaeological  journals.  [xii.  164] 

COOPER,  WILLIAM  RICKETTS  (1843-1878), 
oriental  student;  secretary  to  the  Society  of  Biblical 
A n-hirology.  1870-6;  published  papers  on  Egyptian  and 
A«-yrian  antiquities,  1873-7.  [\ii.  166] 


COOPER 


'277 


COPELAND 


COOPER,  WILMA.M  WHITK  (1816-1886),  surgeon- 
ooulist;  qualified  it.s  ;i  surgeon,  1H;18;  ophthalmic  surgeon 
to  St.  Mary's  Ho-pital,  PaddingtOO  ;  wrote  on  profes- 
sional arid  miscellaneous  subjects.  [zii.  155] 

COOTE,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1642),  soldier ;  went  to 
Ireland  as  captain,  1600;  fought  at  Kinsale,  1602;  pro- 
vost-marshal, 1605,  and  vice-president,  1620,  of  Con- 
nuiitf  lit  ;  a  ^n>at  Oonnaught  landowner  ;  created  baronet, 
1621  ;  M.P.,  Queen's  County,  1639 ;  governor  of  Dublin, 
1641  :  fought  vigorously  against  the  Irish  rebels,  1641-2; 
killed  in  action.  [xii.  156] 

COOTE,  Sin  CHARLES,  EARL  OK  MOUNTRATH  (d. 
1661),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Charles  Coote  (d.  1642)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.P.,  Leitrim,  1639  :  fought  vigorously  against  the  Irish 
rebels,  1641-2 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1642 ;  provost- 
iii:ir-hul,  1642,  and  president,  1645,  of  Connaught;  con- 
tinually in  -rms  against  the  Irish  royalists  and  rebels, 
1649-62 ;  a  commissioner  to  govern  Ireland,  1669  ;  joined 
Roger  Boyle,  baron  Tiroghill,  in  securing  Ireland  for 
Charles  II,  1CCO  ;  reuppoiuted  president  of  Couuaught, 
granted  the  lands  of  barony  of  \Yestmeath,  and  named  a 
lord  malice  of  Ireland,  1660 ;  created  Earl  of  Mountrath, 
1661.  [xii.  156] 

COOTE,  CHARLES  (17G1-1836),  historian  :  son  of  a 
London  bookseller ;  at  St.  Paul's  School,  1773-8 ;  B.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1782:  fellow,  1784;  D.C.L., 
1789 ;  an  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1789  ;  published 
an  English  grammar,  1788,  a  history  of  England  (to  1802), 
1791-1803,  a  history  of  the  union  with  Ireland,  1802,  and 
lives  of  English  civilians,  1804 ;  published  (1818-27)  con- 
tinuation of  Russell's  Modern  Europe.'  [xii.  157] 

COOTE,  EDMUND  (ft.  1597),  grammarian;  often 
wrongly  given  as  EDWARD;  entered  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge, 1566;  M.A.,  1583;  master  of  Bnry  St.  Edmunds 
school,  1596-7  ;  published  '  The  English  Schoolmaster,'  a 
method  of  learning  English.  1597,  which  went  through 
some  fifty  editions  before  1704.  [xii.  158] 

COOTE,  SIR  EYRE  (1726-1783),  general;  served 
against  the  Scottish  insurgents,  1745;  sailed  for  India, 
1754 ;  captain,  1765 :  voted  for  immediate  action  at 
Plassey,  and  led  a  division  in  the  battle,  June  1757  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1759 ;  assumed  command  of  the  troops  in 
Madras,  and  took  Wandewash,  1759 ;  crushed  Lally  at 
Wandewash,  1760 ;  took  Pondicherry,  1761 ;  returned  to 
England,  1762 ;  bought  West  Park,  Hampshire ;  colonel, 
1765 ;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1768 ;  went  to  Madras  as  com- 
mander-in-chief,  1769,  but  resigned ;  K.B.,  1771 :  major- 
general,  1775;  lieutenant-general,  1777;  named  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  India,  1777;  assumed  command  at 
Calcutta,  1779  ;  sent  to  Madras  to  cope  with  Hyder  Ali ; 
raised  the  siege  of  Wandewash,  1781 ;  repulsed  at  Ohelam- 
bakam,  1781 ;  routed  Hyder  Ali  at  Porto  Novo,  1  July,  and 
in  several  later  engagements,  August-December,  1781 ;  died 
at  Madras.  [xii.  158] 

COOTE,  SIR  EYRE  (1762-1824?),  general;  nephew 
and  heir  of  Sir  Eyre  Ooote  (1726-1783)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 

1775 


at  Eton  ;  ensign,  1774  ;  served  in  America,  1775-81 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1788  ;  served  in  the  West  Indies,  1793  and 
1795;  major-general,  1798;  fought  at  Ostend,  1798,  and 
Bergen,  1799 ;  served  in  Egypt,  1801 :  K.B.,  1802 ;  M.P., 
Queen's  County,  1802 ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1805-8 ;  be- 
sieged Flushing,  1809 ;  general,  1814  ;  M.P.,  Barnstaple,  j  1807-38  ;  his  autobiography  published,  1857.  [xii.  167] 
1810-18.  [xii.  161] 


COPCOT,  JOHN  (<*.  1590),  divine ;  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1562;  B.A.,  1566;  fellow;  D.D., 
1682  ;  an  instrument  of  Burghley  in  Cambridge ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1686-7  ;  made  master  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1587  :  rector  of  St.  Dunstan-in-the-East,  London  ; 
published  sermons.  [xii.  164] 

COPE,  ALAN  (d.  1678),  Roman  catholic  divine :  fel- 
low of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1549;  M.A.,  1552; 
student  of  civil  law  ;  withdrew  to  Flanders,  1560,  and  to 
Rome ;  created  D.D.  by  the  pope ;  canon  of  St.  Pett-rV, 
Rome ;  died  in  Home ;  published  '  Syntaxia  Histories 
Evangelicte,'  1672;  edited  Nicholas  Harpsfleld's  'Dialog! 
sex,'  against  the  English  reformers,  1566.  [xii.  165] 

COPE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (d.  1551),  author;  of  Han- 
well,  Oxfordshire ;  travelled ;  chamberlain  to  Queen  Cathe- 
rine Parr ;  knighted,  1647  ;  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire,  1548 ; 
published  'The  Historic  of  ...  Anniball,'  1644,  and  'A 
Moditacion  upon  .  .  .  Psalmes,'  1647.  [xii.  165] 

COPE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1548  ?-16l4X  high  sheriff  of 
Oxfordshire,  1581  ;  of  Hanwell,  Oxfordshire ;  M.P.,  Ban- 
bury,  1586-1604  ;  imprisoned  as  a  puritan,  1687  ;  knighted, 
1690.  [xii.  166] 

COPE,  CHARLES  WEST  (1811-1890),  historical 
painter ;  studied  at  Sass's  academy,  1827,  and  the  Royal 
Academy,  1828,  and  subsequently  in  Paris,  Naples,  and 
Florence ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  '  Paolo  and 
Francesca,  1837, '  Osteria  di  Campagna,'  1838,  and  '  Poor 
Law  Guardians,'  1841 ;  obtained  prize  of  300J.  in  com- 
petition for  decoration  of  houses  of  parliament,  1843 ;  was 
one  of  the  six  painters  commissioned,  1844,  to  prepare  de- 
corations for  the  House  of  Lords,  and  executed  several 
f rescof  * ;  studied  fresco  painting  in  Italy  and  at  Munich ; 
R.A.,  1818;  exhibited  "The  Firstborn,'  1849,  and  subse- 
quently ^  reduced  many  paintings  and  frescoes  illustrating 
incidents  in  history  and  romance  ;  professor  of  painting 
to  Royal  Academy,  1867-75  ;  one  of  committee  of  artists 
employed  in  decoration  of  Westminster  Palace,  1871 ;  ex- 
hibited, 1876, '  The  Council  of  the  Royal  Academy,'  now  in 
council-room  of  the  Academy.  [Suppl.  ii.  59] 

COPE,  EDWARD  MEREDITH  (1818-1873),  classical 
scholar ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1837 ;  senior 
classic,  1841 ;  fellow,  1842 ;  M.A.,  1844 ;  tutor,  1845 ;  be- 
came insane,  1869 ;  translated  Plato's  '  Phsedo,'  and  edited 
Aristotle's  'Rhetoric.'  [xii.  166] 

COPE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1760),  lieutenant-general ;  cornet, 
1707 ;  K.B.  and  lieutenant-general,  1743 ;  commander-in- 
chief  in  Scotland,  1745;  marched  from  Stirling  against 
the  Jacobite  insurgents,  August  1745  ;  reached  Inverness 
and  came  by  sea  to  Dunbar  ;  routed  by  Prince  Charles  at 
Prestonpans,  21  Sept.  1745 ;  stationed  in  Ireland,  175,1. 

[xii.  166] 

COPE,  MICHAEL  (ft.  1557),  English  protestant 
refugee  at  Geneva  :  preached  in  French  at  Geneva :  pub- 
lished '  Expositions '  of  Ecclesiastes  and  Proverbs,  1557  and 
1564.  [xii.  167] 

COPE,  RICHARD  (1776-1856),  congregationalist 
minister ;  educated  at  Hoxton  Theological  College,  1798-9  ; 
minister  and  proprietor  of  a  boarding-school  at  Launce- 
ston,  1800-20  ;  hon.  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1819  ;  minister  in 
Wakefield,  1822-9,  Abergavenny,  1829-36,  and  Penryn, 
Cornwall,  1836-56 ;  published  sermons,  tracts,  and  verses, 


COOTE,  HENRY  CHARLES  (1815-1885),  lawyer ;  son 
of  Charles  Coote  [q.  v.]  ;  proctor  in  Doctors'  Commons, 
1840;  solicitor,  1857;  published  legal  treatises,  1846-60, 
and  historical  essays,  pointing  out  Roman  influence  on 
Anglo-Saxon  civilisation,  1864  and  1878.  [xii.  162] 

COOTE,  IIOLMKS  (1817-1872),  surgeon  ;  studied  in 
London ;  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1863 ; 
published  professional  treatises,  1849-67.  [xii.  163] 

COOTE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OP  BELLAMONT  (1636- 
1701),  governor  of  New  York ;  succeeded  as  second  Baron 
Coote  of  Coloony,  1683  ;  M.P.,  Droitwich,  1688-95  ;  served 
in  Ireland,  1689 ;  created  Earl  of  Bellamont,  1689 ;  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  England  to  repress  piracy,  1698  ; 
commissioned  ship  for  Captain  William  Kiild  to  arrest 
pirates  ;  reached  New  York,  1697  ;  arrested  Kidd,  1699  ; 
died  at  New  York.  [xii.  16S] 


COPE,  SIR  WALTER  (d.  1614),  politician:  built 
Cope  Castle  (now  Holland  House),  Kensington,  1607; 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer,  1609  ;  master  of  the  wards, 
1613.  [xii.  168] 

COPELAND,  THOMAS  (1781-1865),  writer  on  surgery ; 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  qualified  as  a 
surgeon,  1804 ;  army  surgeon  in  Spain,  1809 ;  an  eminent 
practitioner  in  London  ;  F.R.S.,  1834  published  '  Diseases 
of  the  Rectum,'  1810,  and  other  works.  [xii.  168] 

COPELAND,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1804-1886),  divine ; 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  1815-24  ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1824;  M.A.,  1831:  fellow,  1832-49;  B.D.,1840; 
rector  of  Farnham,  Essex,  1849-85.  [xii.  168] 

COPELAND,  WILLIAM  TAYLOR  (1797-1868X 
,  porcelain  manufacturer  of  Stoke-on-Trent ;  made  a 
i  specialty  of  parian  groups  and  statuettes  ;  sheriff  of  Lon- 
1  don,  1829  ;  lord  mayor,  1835 ;  M,P.,  1831-66.  [xii.  169] 


COPERAB1O 


278 


CORAM 


COPERARIO  or  COPRARIO,  GIOVANNI  (d.  1626) 
musician  ;  said  to  be  an  Kii.u'lii-hinan,  JOHN  Corn-Kit  : 
trained  in  Italy  :  published  '  Funeral  Teares,'  1606,  ami 
'Songs  of  Mourning '  (for  Prince  Henry),  1613  ;  composed 
music  for  court  masques,  1607-13  ;  composer  to  Charles  I, 
1625 ;  teacher  of  William  and  Henry  Lawes ;  left  much 
unpublished  music  in  manuscript.  [xii.  170] 

COPINGER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1416),  clerk ;  to  him  Bale 
and  Pits  erroneously  assigned  two  manuscript  treatises  on 
theology.  [xii.  170] 

COPLAND,  JAMES  (1791-1870),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1815 ;  visited  the  Gold  Coast ;  travelled  in 
France  and  Germany  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1820 ;  F.R.S.,  1833  :  prac- 
titioner in  London ;  contributed  to  professional  journals ; 
published  'Dictionary  of  Practical  Medicine,'  1832,  and 
other  medical  works.  [xii.  171] 

COPLAND,  PATRICK  (1749-1822),  professor  at  Aber- 
deen of  natural  philosophy,  1775-9  and  1817-22,  and  of 
mathematics,  1779-1817  ;  LL.D. ;  formed  a  museum  of 
natural  philosophy.  [xii.  172] 

COPLAND,  ROBERT  (/.  J  508-1547),  author  and 
printer :  pupil  of  Wynkyu  de  Worde ;  issued  books  with 
his  imprint,  1515-47  :  translated  from  the  French,  '  The 
Kalender  of  Shepeherdes,'  1508,  « The  Rutter  of  the  See,' 
1528,  three  romances  and  devotional  and  metrical  pieces ; 
his  best-known  poems,  '  The  Hye  Way  to  the  Spyttel 
Hous,'  '  Jyl  of  Breyntford's  Testament,'  and  '  The  Seuen 
Sorowes  that  Women  have.'  [xii.  172] 

COPLAND,  WILLIAM  (/.  1556-1569),  printer; 
succeeded  Robert  Copland  [q.  v.]  in  business,  1548  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1556 ;  issued  books  with  his 
imprint,  1548-61;  compiled  'A  boke  of  ...  Herbes,' 
1552.  [xii.  174] 

COPLESTON,  EDWARD  (1776-1849),  bishop  of  Llan- 
daff ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1791 ; 
B.A.,  1795;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1795-1814;  tutor,  1797; 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  1800 ;  professor  of  poetry, 
1802-12  ;  D.D.,  1815  ;  provost  of  Oriel  College,  1814-28 ; 
dean  of  Chester,  1826  ;  bishop  of  Llandaff  and  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  1828-49 ;  published  pamphlets  on  education,  the 
currency,  and  pauperism ;  worked  hard  for  his  diocese  ; 
published  charges  to  his  clergy.  [xii.  174] 

COPLEY,  ANTHONY  (1567-1607?),  poet;  third  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Copley  [q.  v.]  ;  withdrew  to  Rouen,  1582, 
and  to  Rome,  1584  ;  resided  in  the  Low  Countries,  1586-90  ; 
prisoner  in  the  Tower,  1590  ;  pardoned ;  published  '  Wits, 
Fittes,  and  Fancies,'  containing  verses,  and  jests  from  the 
Spanish,  1595,  and  a  "poem,  'A  Fig  for  a  Fortune,'  1596  ; 
wrote  for  the  secular  priests  against  the  Jesuits,  1601-2 ; 
conspired  to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne,  1603  ; 
turned  king's  evidence  and  was  pardoned ;  in  Rome  in 
1606.  [xii.  176] 

COPLEY,  SIR  GODFREY  (d.  1709).  founder  of  the 
Royal  Society's  Copley  medal ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet, 
1684  ;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  1678-81,  Thirsk,  1695-1705  ; 
F.R.S.,  1691  ;  controller  of  army  accounts,  1704. 

[xii.  177] 

COPLEY,  JOHN  (1577-1662),  divine  ;  youngest  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Copley  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Lou  vain  ;  a  Roman 
catholic  priest ;  published  *  Reasons  '  for  embracing  pro- 
testantism, 1612 ;  vicar  of  Bethersden,  1612-16  ;  rector  of 
Pluckley,  Kent,  1616;  ejected  by  parliament,  1643:  re- 
stored, 1660.  [xii.  189] 

COPLEY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  the  elder  (1737-1815), 
portrait-painter  in  oil  and  crayons;  born  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts  ;  taught  by  his  step-father,  Peter  Pelham 
(d.  1761),  portrait- painter  and  engraver,  of  Boston  ;  began 
painting  and  engraving  portraits,  1753  ;  painted  George 
Washington's  portrait,  1755;  exhibited  'The  Boy  with 
the  Squirrel,'  in  London,  1766 ;  left  America,  1774, 
having  executed  nearly  three  hundred  pictures ;  visited 
London  ;  visited  continental  galleries,  1774-6  ;  settled  in 
London,  1776 ;  employed  as  a  portrait-painter  :  exhibited 
his  first  imaginative  picture,  'A  Youth  rescued  from  a 
Shark,'  1779;  became  famous  as  an  historical  painter  by 
painting  '  Chatham's  last  Appearance  in  the  Lords,' '  Re- 
pulse of  the  Spanish  Floating  Batteries  at  Gibraltar,'  1790, 
and '  Charles  I  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  Five  Mem- 
bers '  (began  1785).  [xii.  177] 

COPLEY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  the  younger,  BARON 
LYNDHURBT  (1772-1863),  lord  chancellor;  son  of  John 


Singleton  Copley  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  born  in  Boston.  Mas- 
sachusetts :  brought  to  England,  1775  ;  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1790  ;  second  wrangler,  IT'.t  1  ;  follow. 
1795-1804  ;  M.A.,  1796  :  went  to  Boston  to  try  to  recover 
his  father's  property,  1795  ;  toured  in  the  United  States; 
took  chamber*  as  a  special  pleader ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1804  ;  joined  the  Midland  circuit ;  became  popular  at 
Nottingham  by  defending  a  Luddite  rioter,  1812; 
serjeant-at-law,  1813  ;  became  responsible  for  his  father's 
debts,  1815 ;  increased  his  reputation  by  gaining  the 
bobbin-net  lace  case,  1816,  and  defending  Arthur 
Thistle  wood,  1817 ;  engaged  by  the  crown  as  prosecuting 
counsel,  1817  ;  toryM.P.,  1818-26  ;  chief-justice  of  Chest  cr, 
1819  ;  solicitor-general,  1819  ;  conducted  the  prosecution 
of  Arthur  Thistlewood  for  treason,  and  that  of  Queen 
Caroline  before  the  lords,  1820  :  knighted  ;  attorney- 
general,  1824-6 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1826 ;  recorder  of 
Bristol,  1826  ;  lord-chancellor,  1827-30  ;  created  Baron 
Lyndhurst,  1827  ;  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1831-4  ; 
again  lord  chancellor,  1834-6  :  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
debates  in  the  Lords,  1835-41  ;  high  steward  of  Cambridge 
University,  1840 ;  a  third  time  lord  chancellor,  1841-6 ; 
benefited  by  operations  for  cataract,  1849-52  ;  declined  a 
fourth  tenure  of  the  lord  chancellorship,  1851 ;  last  speech 
in  the  Lords,  1861.  [xii.  182] 

COPLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1534-1584),  of  Gatton, 
Surrey,  and  Roughay,  in  Horsham  parish,  Sussex ; 
knighted  abroad  ;  created  baron  by  Philip  II,  and  so 
often  styled  LORD  COPLEY  ;  claimed  the  barony  of  Hoo 
and  Hastings  ;  M.P.  for  Gatton,  a  private  borough,  1553- 
1567  ;  opposed  the  measures  of  Philip  and  Mary,  1558  ;  a 
favourite  with  Elizabeth  ;  embraced  Roman  Catholicism  : 
imprisoned  as  a  recusant ;  went  abroad,  1670  ;  entered  the 
Spanish  service ;  died  in  Flanders.  [xii.  189] 

COPLEY,  THOMAS  (1594-1652  ?),  Jesuit :  of  Gatton, 
Surrey  ;  took  part  in  planting  the  colony  of  Maryland. 

[xii.  189] 

COPPE,  ABIEZER,  alia*  HIGHAM  (1619-1672), 
fanatic:  of  disordered  mind  and  disorderly  life ;  servitor 
of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1636  ;  post-master  of  Mertou 
College :  baptist  preacher  in  Warwickshire  and  other 
midland  counties  ;  joined  the  ranters  ;  his  '  Fiery  Flying 
Roll '  burnt,  as  blasphemous,  by  order  of  parliament, 
1650  ;  imprisoned  at  Warwick,  and,  1651,  in  Newgate ; 
released,  on  his  recantation,  1651 ;  practised  physic,  after 
1660,  at  Barnes,  Surrey,  as '  Dr.  Higham.'  [xii.  190] 

COPPIN  or  COPPING,  JOHN  (d.  1583),  Brownist : 
disciple  of  Robert  Browne  [q.  v.]  ;  subjected  to  nominal 
imprisonment,  1676 ;  taught  his  fellow-prisoners  that 
Queen  Elizabeth  was  an  idolater  and  perjured  :  executed 
for  treason.  [xii.  191] 

COPPIN,  RICHARD  (/?.  1646-1659),  universalist ; 
Anglican,  presbyterian  (1646),  independent,  and  baptist ; 
claimed  to  have  had  a  special  revelation  to  preach,  1648  ; 
patronised,  1649,  by  Abiezer  Ooppe  [q.  v.]  ;  preached, 
1649-54,  in  several  midland  counties  ;  often  indicted  for 
heresy,  but  leniently  treated;  preacher  to  familists  at 
Rochester,  1655  ;  published  pamphlets,  1649-59. 

[xii.  191] 

COPPINGER,  EDMUND  (d.  1692),  fanatic;  sup- 
ported William  Hacket  [q.  v.],  who  claimed  to  be  the 
Messiah  ;  died  in  prison.  [xii.  193] 

COPPOCZ,  JAMES  (1798-1857),  election  agent: 
draper's  clerk,  then  silk-mercer,  in  London  ;  qualified  as  a 
solicitor,  1836  ;  employed  in  disputed  election  cases. 

[xii.  193] 

COPPOCK  or  CAPPOCH,  THOMAS  (1719-1746), 
Jacobite  :  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1742 ;  a  clergy- 
man :  joined  Prince  Charles  at  Manchester  ;  executed  at 
Carlisle  ;  popularly  thought  to  have  been  named  bishop  of 
Carlisle  by  the  Pretender ;  subject  of  various  pamphlets. 

[xii.  193] 

COPSI,  COPSIGE,  or  00X0,  EARL  OP  NORTHUM- 
BKRLAXD  (d.  1067),  thegn  of  Northumberland  under 
Tostig,  1065  ;  submitted  to  William  I  at  Barking,  1066  : 
created  earl  and  sent  to  reduce  Northumberland  ;  slain  by 
Oswulf,  [xii.  194] 

CORAM,  THOMAS  (1668?-1751),  philanthropist; 
born  at  Lyme,  Dorset  ;  shipbuilder  at  Taunton,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1694 ;  merchant  in  London,  1720  ;  a  trustee  for 
Georgia,  1732 ;  planned  colonisation  of  Nova  Scotia,  1735  ; 
advocated  the  establishment  of  Foundling  Hospital; 
obtained  a  charter,  1739  ;  opened  the  building,  1745 ; 
received  an  annuity  by  subscription,  1749.  [xii.  194 J 


CORBAUX 


279 


CORCORAN 


CORBAUX.  MARIE  FRANCOISE  CATIIKIUNH 
DOETTEU  (1812-1883),  painter;  usually  called  FANNY 
CORBAUX  ;  painted  in  oil-  and  water-colours :  first  ex- 
hibited, 1827  ;  book  illustrator  ;  wrote  on  Old  Testament 
history  ;  pensioned,  1871.  [xii.  195] 

CORBEIL,  CTJRBTTIL,  or  CORBEUIL,  WILLIAM  OP 
(d.  11H6),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  born  at  one  of  the 
Corbeilrt  in  Normandy  :  pupil  of  Anselm  at  Laon  ;  clerk 
of  lianulf  Flnmbard,  bishop  of  Durham ;  present  at  the 
dedication  of  Durham  Cathedral,  1104;  became  a  canon 
regular  of  St.  Augustine :  prior  of  St.  Osyth,  Essex  : 
chosen,  under  pressure  from  Henry  I, archbishop,  and  con- 
secrated, 1123;  went  to  Rome  for  the  pallium:  opposed 
there  by  Thurstan,  archbishop  of  York :  his  contention 
with  Thurstan  left  undecided  at  a  legatine  court  held  at 
Westminster  by  John  of  Crema,  1126  ;  summoned  to  Rome 
by  Thurstan  ;  obtained  from  Honorius  II  the  position  of 
legate  in  England  and  Scotland  :  took  the  oath  to  secure 
the  succession  to  Matilda,  1126 ;  held  council  at  London  to 
proceed  against  married  clergy,  1129 ;  built  Rochester 
Castle  and  helped  to  rebuild  the  cathedral ;  completed 
Canterbury  Cathedral  and  dedicated  it,  1130 ;  consented 
to  the  election  of  Stephen,  whom  he  crowned  in  1135. 

[ru.  195] 

CORBET,  CLEMENT  (d.  1652),  civilian ;  scholar  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1592:  fellow,  1598;  LL.D., 
1605  ;  professor  of  law,  Gresham  College,  London,  1607-13 ; 
muter  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1611-26  ;  advocate  at 
Doctors'  Commons,  1612  ;  chancellor  of  Chichester ;  vicar- 
geueral  of  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  1625.  [xii.  198] 

CORBET,  EDWARD  (d.  1658),  divine;  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1624  ;  M.A.,  1628 ;  member  of  the 
Westminster  Assembly,  1643  ;  one  of  the  parliamentary 
visitors  of  Oxford  University,  1647;  intruded  canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1648 ;  D.D.,  1648 ;  rector  of  Great 
Hasely,  Oxfordshire,  1649-68.  [xii.  199] 

CORBET,  JOHN  (1603-1641),  divine :  M.A.  Glasgow, 
1623  ;  minister  of  Bonhill,  Dumbartonshire,  1637  ;  deposed, 
1639 ;  withdrew  to  Ireland  ;  attacked  presbyterianism  in 
'The  Ungirding  of  the  Scottish  Armour,"  and  'The 
Epistle  Congratulatorie  of  Lysimachus  Nicanor,'  1639-40 ; 
incumbent  of  Killaban,  Queen's  County ;  murdered  in  the 
rebellion.  [xii.  199] 

CORBET,  SIR  JOHN  (1594-1662),  patriot ;  of  Shrop- 
shire ;  created  baronet,  1627 ;  probably  not  the  Sir 
John  Corbet  who  was  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  pay  the 
forced  loan,  1627;  high  sheriff  of  Shropshire,  1629; 
imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  for  speaking  against  the  muster- 
master  wages,  1629 ;  again  imprisoned,  1635 ;  M.P.  for 
Shropshire,  1640,  in  the  Long  parliament ;  took  the  parlia- 
ment side.  [xii.  200] 

CORBET,  JOHN  (1620-1680),  puritan;  son  of  a 
Gloucester  shoemaker ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1639  ; 
incumbent  and  under-schoolmaster  of  St.  Mary-de-Crypt, 
Gloucester,  1640;  chaplain  to  Colonel  Edward  Massey, 
parliamentary  governor  ;  published  a  narrative  of  events 
at  Gloucester,  1645 ;  preacher  at  Bridgwater,  and  after- 
wards at  Chichester;  rector  of  Bramshot,  Hampshire: 
ejected,  1662 ;  resided  in  Richard  Baxter's  [q.  v.]  house ; 
nonconformist  minister  at  Chichester,  1671-80;  pub- 
lished controversial  and  devotional  tracts ;  his  '  Remains ' 
published,  1684.  [xii.  201] 

CORBET,  MILES  (d.  1662),  regicide:  of  a  Norfolk 
family ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn ;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth, 
1628,  and  in  the  Long  parliament ;  active  against  Laud  ; 
chairman  of  the  committee  of  examinations  ;  clerk  of  the 
court  of  wards,  1644  ;  registrar  of  the  court  of  chancery, 
1648 ;  attended  one  meeting  of  the  commission  and  signed 
Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649;  a  commissioner  for 
settling  Irish  affairs,  1650  ;  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland,  1655 ;  arrested  in  Dublin,  1669 ;  M.P.,  Yar- 
mouth, 1660,  but  his  election  annulled ;  went  abroad  ; 
arrested  in  Holland,  1662;  brought  to  London  and 
executed.  [xii.  202] 

CORBET,  REGINALD  (<f.  1566),  judge;  of  a  Shrop- 
shire family ;  reader  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1551 ;  justice 
of  the  queen's  bench,  1559.  [xii.  203] 

CORBET,  RICHARD  (1582-1635),  bishop  of  Oxford 
and  of  Norwich :  son  of  a  Surrey  gardener  ;  educated  at 
Westminster ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1599 ; 


M.A.,  1605 ;  proctor,  1612 ;  D.D.,  1617  ;  vicar  of  Cassiug- 
ton,  near  Oxford ;  chaplain  to  James  I ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1620-31 ;  vicar  of  Stewkley,  Berkshire,  1620-36  ; 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  1620-28 ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1628  ; 
translated  to  Norwich,  1632  ;  withdrew  from  the  Walloon 
congregation  the  use  of  the  bishop's  chapel,  1634 ;  his  col- 
lected poems  issued,  1647.  [xii.  203] 

CORBET,  ROBERT  (d.  1810),  naval  officer ;  of  a  Shrop- 
shire family ;  lieutenant,  1796 ;  served  off  Egyptian  coast, 
1801  :  commander,  1802 ;  captain,  1806 ;  his  men  incited 
to  mutiny  by  his  inhuman  cruelty  to  them,  1808  ;  censured 
by  the  admiralty,  1809 ;  served  with  distinction  off  the 
Isle  of  Bourbon,  1809;  a  mutiny  nearly  caused  by  his 
appointment  to  the  Africaine,  1810  ;  killed  in  battle  with 
the  French,  strange  stories  being  current  about  the  bad 
management  of  his  ship  in  action.  [xii.  204] 

CORBET,  WILLIAM  (1779-1842),  Irish  rebel;  en- 
tered Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1794 ;  joined  the  United 
Irishmen  ;  expelled  from  Trinity  College  for  seditious 
practices,  1798  :  went  to  France  ;  given  a  captain's  com- 
mission ;  attached  to  Humbert's  expedition,  but  never 
landed  ;  arrested  at  Hamburg,  1798 ;  imprisoned  at  Kil- 
mainham,  1799  ;  escaped  to  Paris,  1803  ;  served  on  French 
side  in  Peninsula,  1810-13,  and  in  German  campaigns, 
1813-14  ;  colonel,  1815 :  slighted  by  the  Bourbons  ;  went 
with  the  French  expedition  to  Greece,  1828 ;  general  of 
brigade ;  commanded  French  troops  in  Greece,  1831-2 ; 
general  of  division,  1833.  [xii.  206] 

'  CORBETT,  THOMAS  (d.  1751),  secretary  to  Admiral 
George  Byng  in  the  Sicilian  expedition,  1718-20 ;  senior 
secretary  of  the  admiralty,  1742.  [xii.  207] 

CORBETT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1748),  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  composed  music  for  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre, 
1700-3 ;  leader  of  the  opera  band,  1705-11 ;  visited  Italy, 
c.  1711-13 ;  member  of  the  court  band,  1714-47 ;  visited 
Italy,  c.  1716-24,  collecting  music  and  musical  instru- 
ments; supposed  government  spy  on  the  Jacobites;  re- 
turned to  England,  1724;  composed  flute  and  violin 
music ;  published  concertos,  1728  and  1742.  [xii.  207] 

CORBIE  or  CORBINGTON,  AMBROSE  (1604-1649), 
Jesuit ;  son  of  Gerard  Corbie  [q.  v.]  ;  born  near  Durham  : 
educated  at  St.  Omer,  1616,  and  Rome,  1622  ;  joined  the 
Jesuits,  1627  ;  rhetoric  lecturer  at  St.  Omer ;  minister  at 
Ghent,  1645  ;  died  at  Rome ;  wrote  lives  of  Jesuits. 

[xii.  208] 

CORBIE  or  CORBINGTON,  GERARD  (1558-1637), 
Roman  catholic  exile;  native  of  Durham;  withdrew  to 
Ireland  and  to  Belgium  ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1628. 

[xii.  209] 

CORBIE  or  CORBINGTON,  RALPH  (1598-1644), 
Irish  Jesuit ;  son  of  Gerard  Corbie  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  in 
Belgium  and  Spain;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1626;  mission 
priest  in  Durham,  1631-44 ;  hanged  at  Tyburn. 

[xii.  209] 

CORBMAC,  SAINT  (6th  cent.),  son  of  Eogan ;  com- 
memorated on  13  Dec.;  born  in  Munster;  founded  a 
monastery  in  co.  Mayo.  [xii.  209] 

CORBOULD,  HENRY  (1787-1844),  painter;  son  of 
Richard  Corbould  [q.  v.] ;  studied  art  in  London ;  first 
exhibited,  1807;  much  employed  as  a  book-illustrator ; 
employed  by  the  British  Museum  to  make  drawings  of 
the  Greek  marbles.  [xii.  211] 

CORBOULD,  RICHARD  (1757-1831),  painter;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1776-1811 ;  a  fine  book- 
illustrator.  [xiL  211] 

CORBRIDGE,  THOMAS  OF  (d.  1304),  archbishop  of 
York ;  D.D. :  prebendary  of  York  ;  chancellor  of  York, 
1279-90 ;  visited  Rome  on  cathedral  business,  1281 ;  re- 
signed chancellorship  on  becoming  sacrist  of  St.  Sepulchre's 
Chapel,  York,  1290  ;  went  to  Rome  in  hope  of  recovering 
his  chancellorship,  1290,  but  failed ;  sacrist,  1290-9  ;  elected 
archbishop  of  York,  1299 ;  involved  in  ecclesiastical  dis- 
putes with  the  prior  of  Beverley,  the  bishop  of  Durham, 
and  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  lost  favour  with  the 
king  over  a  question  of  patronage.  [xii.  212] 

CORCORAN,  MICHAEL  (1827-1863),  American  gene- 
ral ;  born  in  co.  Sligo :  emigrated,  1849  :  post  office  clerk 
in  New  York;  colonel  of  militia;  wounded  at  Hull's 
Run,  1861 ;  brigadier-general,  1862.  [xii.  213] 


CORDELL, 


280 


CORNISH 


CORDELL,  CHARLE?  (1720-17tfl),  Roman  catholic 
divine:  of  English  l>irth  :  educated  at  l)ouay  :  chaplain  at 
Arundel  Castle,  1748  :  priest  in  Yorkshire,  Isle  of  Man, 
and  (1705-91 )  at  Ne\vcastle-on-Tyne ;  published  theological 
and  biographical  works.  [xii.  213] 

CORDELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (rf.  1581),  master  of  the 
rolls ;  educated  at  Cambridge :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1544;  M.P.,  Steyuing,  1553;  solicitor-general,  1553;  con- 
ducted prosecution  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  1554  ;  knighted  ; 
master  of  the  rolls,  1657-81 ;  M.P  Suffolk,  and  speaker  of 
House  of  Commons,  1558 ;  M.P.  for  Middlesex,  1663,  and 
for  Westminster,  1672.  [xii.  213] 

OORDEN,  WILLIAM  (1797-1867),  painter ;  painted 
china  for  the  Derby  works ;  painted  miniature  portraits 
on  ivory  and  china.  [xii.  214] 

CORDER,  WILLIAM  (1804-1828),  murderer;  mur- 
dered  Maria  Marten,  near  Ipswich,  1827 ;  executed,  amid 
popular  execration,  1828.  [xii.  214] 

CORDEROY,  JEREMY  ( ft.  1600),  divine ;  B.A.  St. 
Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1581 ;  M.A .,  1684  ;  chaplain  of  Mer- 
tou  College,  1590 ;  published  theological  tracts,  1G04  and 
1608.  [xii.  215] 

CORDINER,  CHARLES  (1746  ?-1794),  antiquary; 
minister  of  St.  Andrew's  Episcopal  Church,  Banff,  1769- 
1794.  His  works  include  'Antiquities  of  the  North  of 
Scotland,'  1780.  [xii.  215] 

CORDINER,  JAMES  (1775-1836),  traveller:  third 
son  of  Charles  Cordiner  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  179?; 
army  chaplain  at  Madras,  1797,  and  at  Colombo,  1798- 


1804 ;  minister  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church,  Aberdeen, 
1807-34;  published  '  A  Description  of  Ceylon,'  1807,  and 
'  A  Voyage  to  India,'  1820.  [xii.  215] 

COREY,  JOHN  (ft.  1700-1731),  actor ;  a  favourite 
London  actor,  17012-31 ;  brought  out  a  comedy,  1701,  and 
a  farce,  1704.  [xii.  216] 

CORFE,  ARTHUR  THOMAS  (1773-1863),  organist ; 
third  son  of  Joseph  Corfe  [q.  v.] ;  chorister  of  West- 
minster Abbey  ;  organist  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1804-63  ; 
composed  anthems,  and  wrote  on  '  The  Principles  of  Har- 
mony and  Thorough-bass.'  [xii.  216] 

CORFE,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1814-1883),  organist 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1846-82  ;  younger  sou  of  Arthur 
Thomas  Corfe  [q.  v.]  ;  Mus.Doc.  Oxford,  1852  ;  composed 
glees  and  anthems.  [xii.  217] 

CORFE,  JOHN  DAVIS  (1804-1876),  organist  of 
Bristol  Cathedral ;  eldest  sou  of  Arthur  Thomas  Corfe 
[q.  v.]  [xii.  217] 

CORFE,  JOSEPH  (1740-1820X  composer ;  chorister, 
lay  vicar,  and  organist,  1792-1804,  of  Salisbury  Cathedral ; 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1783 ;  composed  church 
music,  anthems,  and  glees.  [xii.  217] 

CORK,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BOYLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL, 
1566-1643;  BOYLE,  RICHARD,  second  EARL,  1612-1697; 
BOYLE,  RICHARD,  fourth  EAHL,  1695-1753 ;  BOYLE,  JOHN, 
fifth  EARL,  1707-1762.] 

CORE,  OOUXTESS  OK  (1746-1840).  [Sec  MONCKTOX, 
MARY.] 

CORKER,  JAMES  or  MAURUS  (1636-1715),  Bene- 
dictine monk ;  a  Yorkshiremau  ;  embraced  Romanism  ; 
Roman  catholic  chaplain  in  England,  1665-77  ;  arrested, 
1678 ;  sentenced  to  death,  1680 ;  released,  1685  ;  built  a 
monastery  at  Olerkenwell ;  received  at  court  as  envoy 
from  Cologne,  1688;  abbot  of  Lambspring,  Germany, 
1690-6 ;  lived  in  London,  1696-1715 ;  published  memoirs 
of  Viscount  Stafford  and  other  'popish  plot"  victims, 
1681-3,  and  theological  tracts,  1680-1710.  [xii.  217] 

CORMAC  MAC  ART,  also  known  as  CORMAC  I-A 
Ct'ixx  and  CORMAC  ULKAOA  (</.  260),  king  of  Ireland : 
procured  the  murder  of  Lugaid  Mac  Con,  217,  and  of 
Fergus  Dubhdeadach,  218,  and  so  became  king,  218; 
frequently  at  war  with  the  tribal  chiefs  ;  once  an  exile  in 
Scotland;  introduced  the  first  water-mill  into  Ireland  : 
abdicated,  254  ;  composed  laws  in  retirement  at  sknvn, 
near  Tara :  said  to  have  become  a  Christian :  buried  at 
ROB  na  righ.  [xii.  219] 

CORMAC,  PRESBYTER  (6th  cent.)    [See  OORBMAC.] 

CORMAC  (836-908),  king  of  Caehel ;  son  of  Cuilenuan  ; 
chief  bishop  in  Leth  Mogha  ;  became  king  of  Cashel,  900  ; 


defeated  Flann,  king  of  Ireland,  at  Tullamore,  906 ;  i 
and  slain  by  Flann  ;  traditional  author  of  '  Sanas 
inaii-;  an  ancient  glossary  (printed,  1862).  [xii.  221] 

CORMACK,  Sin  JOHN  ROSE  (1815-1882),  physinan  ; 
M.I).  Edinburgh,  1837;  M.D.  university  of  Frani-c.  lK7n  ; 
jihysi«-i:in  to  Edinburgh  Infirmary,  c.  1840-5  ;  practitioner 
in  London,  1H47-66,  and  in  Paris,  1869-82  ;  knighted, 
1872 ;  wrote  on  medical  subject?.  [xii.  221] 

CORNBURY,   VIS.-OUXT   (1710-1753).     [See 
HEXRY.] 

CORNEUSZ,  LUCAS  (1495-1562  ?),  painter ;  m 
pupil  of  Cornells  Eugelbrechtsen,  a  Ley  den  artist ; 
also  DK  KOK,  as  being  a  cook ;    painted  in  oil  and 
temper ;  came  to  London,  c.  1527  ;  designer  for  taj 
works  at  Ferrara,  1535-47.  [xii.  222] 

CORNELIUS  A  SANCTO  PATRICIO  (/?.  1650) 
[See  MAHOXY,  OOXXOR,  CORXELIUS,  or  OOXSTAXTIXE.] 

CORNELIUS,   JOHN  (1557-1594),  Jesuit;     of  Ir 
descent ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College.  Oxford.  1676-8; 
drew  to  Rheims,  and,  1580,  to  Rome;    Roman  catholic 
chaplain  in  England,  1583  ;  arrested  and  executed,  1694. 

[xii.  222] 

CORNELYS,  THERESA  (1723-1797),  ball-manager; 
tide  Imer ;  daughter  of  an  actor ;  born  at  Venice ;  mar- 
ried Pompeati,  a  dancer;  directress  of  theatres  in  the 
Austrian  Netherlands,  as  Mme.  Trenti ;  as  Mme.  Ponj- 
peati,  sang  in  London,  1746  and  1761 ;  as  Mme.  Comely*, 
at  Carlisle  House,  Soho  Square,  gave  subscription  balls  and 
masquerades,  1760-72,  and  concerts,  1764-72 ;  bankrupt, 
1772 ;  hotel  keeper  at  Southampton,  1774-6 ;  lived  ob- 
scurely as  a  huckstress,  under  name  of  Smith ;  died  in 
the  Fleet.  [xii.  223] 

CORNER,  GEORGE  RICHARD  (1801-1863),  anti- 
quary ;  a  London  solicitor  ;  F.S.A.,  1833  ;  vestry  clerk  of 
St.  Olave's,  South wark,  1835  ;  contributed  papers,  chiefly 
on  Southwark  antiquities,  to  archaeological  journals, 
1834-60.  [xii.  225] 

CORNER,  JOHN  (/.  1788-1825),  engraver ;  issued 
'  Portraits  of  Celebrated  Painters,'  1816.  [xii.  225] 

CORNER,  JULIA  (1798-1875),  writer  for  the  young ; 
published  educational  works,  stories,  and  plays. 

[Suppl.  ii.  62] 

CORNETO,  ADRIAN  DE  (1460  ?-1521  ?).  [See 
ADRIAX  DE  CASTELLO.] 

CORNEWALL,  CHARLES  (1669-1718),  vice-admiral ; 
spelt  his  name  CORXWALL,  from  May  1709 ;  entered  navy, 
1683;  commanded  ship  in  Mediterranean,  1693-6  and 
1705-8 ;  M.P.,  1708-9 ;  comptroller  of  the  navy,  1714 ; 
rear-admiral,  1716;  commanded  against  Sallee  corsair?, 
1716-17 ;  vice-admiral,  1717 ;  second  in  command  off 
Cape  Passaro,  1718  ;  died  at  Lisbon.  [xii.  226] 

CORNEWALL,  FOLLIOTT  HERBERT  WALKER 
(1754-1831),  bishop  of  Worcester;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1780 ;  chaplain  to  House  of  Commons, 
1780  ;  D.D. ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1784 ;  d«an  of  Canterbury, 
1792 ;  bishop  successively  of  Bristol,  1797,  Exeter,  1803, 
and  Worcester,  1808-31 ;  published  sermons,  [xii.  227] 

CORNEWALL,  JAMES  (1699-1744),  navy  captain ; 
captain,  1724  ;  served  on  North  American  station,  1724-8, 
off  Morocco  coast,  1732-4,  off  Guinea  coast,  1737-8,  and 
in  Mediterranean,  1741-3 ;  killed  in  action  off  Toulon. 

[xii.  227] 

CORNEY,  BOLTON  (1784-1870),  critic ;  ensign,  1803  ; 
clerk  at  Greenwich  Hospital :  very  deaf,  and  a  literary 
recluse :  wrote  on  the  Bayeux  tapestry,  1836 ;  criticised 
D'Israeli's  'Curiosities  of  Literature,'  1837,  and  the  'Gene- 
ral Biographical  Dictionary '  of  Hugh  James  Rose,  1839  ; 
contributed  to  literary  journals.  [xii.  227] 

CORNHILL,  WILLIAM  OP  (<].  1223),  bishop  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfleld ;  one  of  King  John's  clerks ;  an 
offlcenof  the  exchequer,  1204  ;  rector  of  Maidstone,  1206  ; 
justiciar,  1208  ;  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichtield,  121E  ; 
much  employed  by  King  John  and  faithful  to  him  to  the 
last;  supported  Henry  ill  ;  benefactor  of  Lichfield 
Cathedral.  [xii.  228] 

CORNISH,  HENRY  (rf.  1685),  alderman  of  London  : 
presbyterian  and  whig ;  elected  sheriff  of  London,  1680, 
against  the  strongest  court  pressure ;  took  leading  part 
in  petition  for  a  session  of  parliament,  1681 ;  witness  in 


CORNISH 


281 


GORKI 


favour  of  Edward  Fitzharris,  1681 :  one  of  the  committee 
to  protect  the  city  charter,  1682;  prosecute!.  1682,  for 
Inciting  riots  (condemned,  and  fined,  May  H1H3);  unsiic- 
'  il  candidate,  through  court  intrigue,  for  the  lord 
inayorship,  1682 ;  condemned  and  executed  for  alleged 
Implication  (1683)  in  the  Hye  Hou-e  plot;  his  attainder 
n-v.-rsi-.i  \>\  parliament,  1689.  [xii.  229] 

CORNISH,  JOSEPH  (1750-1823),  nonconformist  di- 
vine: entered  Hoxton  Academy,  1767;  adopted  Arian 
vifws ;  minister,  1772-1823,  and  private  schoolma-trr, 
1782-1819,  at  Colyton,  Devonshire :  published  pamphlet* 
and  tracts,  1772-90,  and  histories  'of  the  Puritans,'  1772, 
and  'of  Nonconformity,'  1797.  [xii.  230] 

CORNISH,  Sin  SAMUEL  (d.  1770),  vice-admiral; 
lieutenant,  1739 :  served  at  Cartagena,  1741,  and  in  the 
Mediterranean,  1742-4;  rear-admiral,  1759  ;  took  Manila 
and  the  Philippines,  1762;  vice-admiral,  October  1762; 
created  baronet,  1766.  [xii.  231] 

CORNWALL,  EARLS  OP.  [See  RICHARD,  1209-1272  ; 
BDMUXD,  second  EARL,  1250-1300;  UAVESTOX,  PIERS,  d. 

mi;  JOHN,  131G-133G.] 

CORNWALL,  BARUY  (1787-1874).  [See  PROCTER, 
UKYAX  WALLER.] 

CORNWALL,  CHARLES  WOLPRAN  (1735-1789), 
politician ;  educated  at  Winchester ;  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn ;  M.P.,  1768-89 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
1780-9.  [xii.  232] 

CORNWALL,  HENRY  OF  (1235-1271).  [See  HENRY.] 
CORNWALL,  JOHN  OP  (/.  1170).    [See  JOHX.] 

CORNWALLIS,  CAROLINE  FRANCES  (1786-1858), 
authoress ;  lived  much  in  Italy ;  friend  of  Sismondi ; 
published  '  Philosophical  Theories,'  1842,  and  other  'small 
books  on  great  subjects ' ;  contributed  to  journals  ;  her 
'  Letters '  published,  1864.  [xii.  233] 

CORNWALLIS,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1629),  diplo- 
matist ;  second  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Cornwallis  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted,  1603 ;  ambassador  in  Spain,  1605-9 ;  treasurer 
of  the  household  to  Prince  Henry,  1610-12 ;  a  commis- 
sioner on  Irish  affairs,  1613 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower 
for  hostility  to  the  Scots,  1614 ;  wrote  memoir  of  Prince 
Henry,  1626.  [xii.  234] 

CORNWALLIS.  CHARLES,  first  MARQUIS  and 
second  EARL  CORNWALLIS  (1738-1805),  governor-general 
of  India  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  styled  Viscount  Brome  from 
June  1763-62  ;  ensign,  1756 ;  aide-de-camp  to  the  Marquis 
of  Granby  in  Germany,  1758-9 ;  M.P.,  1760 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1761 ;  served  in  Germany,  1761-2 :  succeeded  as 
second  Earl  Cornwallis,  1762  ;  acted  with  the  whig  peers, 
1765-9 ;  constable  of  the  Tower,  1770-83,  and  1786-1805 ; 
major-general,  1776 ;  sent  out  with  reinforcements  to 
North  America,  1776 ;  given  command  of  the  reserve  divi- 
sion ;  subdued  New  Jersey,  1776 ;  occupied  Philadelphia, 
1777 ;  given  the  second  command  in  America,  1778,  but 
kept  inactive  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  [q.  v.]  supineness ; 
left  in  command  at  Charleston,  1780;  invaded  Vir- 
ginia, 1781;  ordered  to  hold  Yorktowu,  bjit  forced  to 
capitulate,  1781;  petitioned  to  be  governor-general  and 
commander-iH-chief  in  India,  to  reform  abuses,  1782,  1785, 
and  1786 ;  took  command  at  Calcutta,  1786 ;  spent  three 
years  in  reforming  the  civil  and  military  administration ; 
took  command  against  Tippoo  Sultan,  at  Madras,  1790; 
took  Bangalore,  1791 ;  defeated  Tippoo  near  Seringapatam, 
1791 ;  fell  back  on  Bangalore ;  invested  Seringapatam, 
1792 ;  dictated  terms  of  peace  to  Tippoo ;  created  Mar- 
quis Cornwallis.  1792 ;  tried  to  settle  Bengal  by  making 
the  zemindars  owners  of  the  soil,  1793 ;  reorganised  the 
law  courts ;  general,  1793  ;  resigned  office,  October  1793 : 
reached  England,  1794 ;  despatched  to  the  continent  to 
encourage  the  allied  forces,  1794 ;  master-general  of  the 
ordnance,  1795-1801 ;  was  named  governor-general  of 
India,  1797,  but  did  not  take  up  the  appointment;  ap- 
pointed viceroy  and  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland,  1798, 
to  crush  an  expected  rebellion  ;  ordered  the  arrest  of  the 
ringleaders,  and  forced  the  French  under  Humbert  to 
capitulate,  1798 ;  supported  Castlereagh  in  carrying  the 
act  of  union  by  bribery,  1799-1800  ;  resigned  office,  1801,  in 
consequence  of  the  king's  refusal  to  grant  catholic  eman- 
cipation ;  negotiated  the  unfavourable  treaty  of  Amiens, 
1801-2  ;  sent  to  India  to  try  to  conclude  a  lasting  peace 
with  the  native  powers,  1805  ;  took  command  at  Calcutta, 
1805,  but  died  the  same  year  at  Ghazipore.  [xii.  234] 


CORNWALLIS,  CHARLES,  second  MARQCTS  OOR\- 
WALLIS  (1774-1823),  only  son  of  Charles  Cornwallis,  first 
marquis  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Viscount  Brome ;  styled  Karl 
Cornwallis  after  August  1792;  succeeded  as  recond  mar- 
quis, 1805.  [xii.  241] 

CORNWALLIS,  FREDERICK  (1713-1783),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury;  younger  son  of  Cliarles,  fourth 
Baron  Cornwallis;  educated  at  Eton;  U.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1736;  fellow;  D.D.,  1748;  heueflced 
in  Suffolk  and  Norfolk,  1740;  canon  of  Windsor,  1746; 
bishop  of  Lichfleld  and  Coventry,  1760 .  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
1766;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1768;  noted  for  his 
hospitality  at  Lambeth ;  published  four  sermons. 

I  CORNWALLIS.  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  CORXWALLW 
(1742-1824),  bishop  ;  third  son  of  Charles,  first  earl 
Cornwallis  ;  educated  at  Eton;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1763  ;  fellow  of  Merton  ;  M.A.,  1769 ;  a  pluralist 
rector  in  Kent,  1769-81 ;  D.C.L.,  1775  ;  dean  of  Salisbury, 

1  1776;  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1781-1824;  dean 
of  Windsor,  1791 ;  dean  of  Durham,  1794 ;  succeeded  as 
fourth  Earl  Cornwallis,  1823 ;  published  five  sermons. 

CORNWALLIS,  JANE,  LADY  OOBNWALUB  (1581- 
1659),  nfe  Meautys  :  second  wife  of  Sir  William  Corn- 
wallis,  of  Brome,  Suffolk,  1608-11  ;  afterwards  wile  of  Sir 
Nathaniel  Bacon,  of  Culford,  Suffolk,  1613;  her  'Corre- 
spondence '  (1613-44)  published,  1842.  [xii.  242] 

CORNWALLIS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1519-1604),  diplo- 
matist ;  of  Brome  Hall,  Suffolk ;  knighted,  1548 ;  sent 
against  the  Norfolk  insurgents,  1549 ;  sheriff  of  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk,  1553 ;  commissioner  to  treat  with  Scotland, 
i  1553  ;  sent  to  escort  Princess  Elizabeth  to  London,  1564 ; 
commissioner  for  trial  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  1664  ;  trea- 
surer of  Calais,  1554-7  ;  popularly  supposed  to  have  sold 
Calais  to  France ;  comptroller  of  the  household,  1567-8 ; 
M.P.,  Suffolk,  1558 ;  catholic  recusant.  [xii.  842] 

CORNWALLIS,  THOMAS  (1663-1731),  commissioner 
of  lotteries ;  a  younger  son  of  Charles,  second  baron  Corn- 
wallis ;  educated  at  Cambridge,  1676  ;  officer  in  the  guards  ; 
devised  parliamentary  lotteries,  1709.  [xii.  244] 

CORNWALLIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1631  ?),  essayist ; 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Cornwallis  [q.  v.] ;  knighted,  1602 ; 
published  essays,  1600-17.  [xii.  244] 

COKNWALLIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1744-1819),  admiral ; 
a  younger  son  of  Charles,  first  earl  Cornwallis ;  entered 
navy,  1755 ;  commander,  1762 ;  in  constant  service, 
1755-87,  taking  part  in  the  actions  off  Grenada,  1779,  St. 
Kitts,  1782,  and  Dominica,  1782 ;  commander-in-chief  in 
East  India  waters,  1789-93 ;  rear-admiral,  1793 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1794 ;  brought  his  squadron  off  safely  on  meeting 
a  great  French  fleet,  1795 ;  quarrelled  with  the  admiralty, 
1796 ;  admiral,  1799  ;  commanded  Channel  fleet,  1801  and 
1803-6 ;  G.C.B.,  1816.  [xii.  244] 

CORJTYSSHE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1524?),  musician; 
member  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1493,  and  master  of  the 
chapel  children,  1509-22  ;  combed  music  for,  and  acted 
in  court  pageants  for  Henry  V 1 1  and  Henry  VIII ;  impri- 
soned in  the  Fleet  for  satirising  Sir  Richard  Empson  [q.  v.], 
1504 ;  forced  Wolsey  to  give  up  one  of  his  choristers  to  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1518  :  attended  Henry  VIII  to  France,  1518 ; 
obtained  corrodies  in  Thetford  and  Malmeshurv  monas- 
teries, 1523.  Little  of  his  music  has  survived,  [xii.  247] 

CORPRE  CROMM,  i.e.  Corpre  the  bent,  SAIXT  (rf. 
900);  confused  in  the  «Martyrology  of  Donegal'  with 
Corpre  Cromm,  an  Irish  prince  (ft.  640) ;  commemorated 
on  6  March  ;  son  of  Decill ;  became  abbot  of  Clonmacnois, 
886 ;  harassed  by  Oonnaughtmen,  895.  [xii.  249] 


CORRANUS,     ANTONIO     DE     (1527-1591). 

CORRO.] 


[See 


CORRI,  DOMENICO  (1746-1825),  musician; 
of  orchestras  at  Rome,  1756 ;  pupil  of  Porpora  at  Naples, 
1763-7 ;  conductor  of  concerts  in  Edinburgh,  singing- 
master,  and  (in  partnership  with  Natale  Oorri,  his  brother) 
music  publisher,  1771-87  ;  published  Scottish  and  English 
songs, '  Country  Dances,'  1797,  'Art of  Fingering,'  a'  Musi- 
cal Dictionary,'  1798,  and  'Singer's  Preceptor,'  1810 :  pro- 
duced two  successful  operas,  1774  and  1806  ;  insane  in 
later  life,  [*«•  26<'J 


CORRIE 


COSIN 


CORRIE,  ARCHIBALD  (1777-1867),  agriculturist ; 
gardener  in  Edinburgh,  1797;  estate  manager  in  Perth- 
shire; wrote  on  agriculture  in  the  journals,  [xii.  251] 

CORRIE.  DANIEL  (1777-1837),  bishop  of  Madras; 
educated  at  Cambridge ;  disciple  of  Charles  Simeon  [q.  v.]  ; 
Bengal  cbapluin,  1806-15;  senior  chaplain  at  Calcutta, 
1817;  LL.D.;  archdeacon  of  Calcutta,  1823;  bishop  of 
Madras,  1835.  [xii.  251] 

CORRIE,  GEORGE  ELWES  (1793-1886),  divine; 
B.A.  St.  Catharine's  College,  Cambridge,  1817;  tutor, 
1817-49;  Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  1838-54  ;  master 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1849,  and  rector  of  Newton, 
Cambridgeshire,  1851-85  ;  wrote  papers  on  English  church 
history;  edited  works  of  Anglican  theology,  [xii.  251] 

CORRIGAN,  Sin  DOMINIC  JOHN  (1802-1880), 
physician;  born  in  Dublin;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1825; 
acquired  the  leading  practice  in  Dublin ;  created  baronet, 
1866 ;  M.P.,  Dublin  city,  1870-4 ;  published  medical  tracts. 

[xii.  252] 

CORRO,  ANTONIO  PE,  otherwise  CORRAXUS  and 
BELLKRIVE  (1527-1591),  theologian;  born  at  Seville;  a 
Spanish  monk;  adopted  protestantism,  1557;  resided  in 
Prance  and  Flanders,  1558-68;  doctor  of  a  foreign 
university;  came  to  London,  1568;  by  Cecil's  influence, 
was  pastor  of  the  Spanish  congregation,  London,  1568-70, 
and  Latin  divinity  lecturer  at  the  Temple,  1571-4 ;  by 
Leicester's  influence,  was  lecturer  on  divinity  in  Oxford, 
1578-86;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1585;  accused  of 
heresy  ;  published  theological  treatises,  1567-79 ;  compiled 
a  Spanish  grammar,  1590.  [xii.  253] 

COREY,  HENRY  THOMAS  LOWRY  (1803-1873), 
politician :  second  son  of  Somerset  Oorry,  second  earl  of 
Belmore ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1823 :  M.P.,  Tyrone, 
1826-73  ;  junior  lord,  1841-5,  secretary,  1845-6  and  1858-9, 
and  first  lord,  1867-8,  of  the  admiralty.  [xii.  254] 

CORRY,  ISAAC  (1755-1813),  Irish  politician;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.P.,  Newry,  in  the  Irish 
parliament,  1776-1800;  attached  to  the  government  as 
surveyor  of  the  ordnance  in  Ireland,  1788,  and  a  commis- 
sioner of  revenue,  1789-98 ;  chancellor  of  the  Irish  ex- 
chequer, 1798-1804 ;  surveyor  of  Irish  crown  lands,  1799- 
1813 ;  chief  government  speaker  in  favour  of  the  union, 
1799-1800 ;  fought  a  duel  with  Henry  Grattan,  1800  ;  M.P., 
1800-4.  [xii.  255] 

CORRY,  JOHN  (fl.  1825),  topographer  ;  journalist  in 
Dublin,  and,  1792,  in  London  ;  published,  1782-1820, 
verses,  tales,  and  memoirs,  and,  1810-25,  histories  of  Liver- 
pool, Bristol,  Macclesfield,  and  Lancashire.  [xii.  256] 

COR8ER,  THOMAS  (1793-1876),  bibliographer ;  edu- 
cated at  Manchester  grammar  school,  1808-12;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1818 ;  rector  of  Stand,  near  Man- 
chester, 1826,  and  non-resident  vicar  of  Norton,  near 
Daventry,  1828-76 ;  F.S.A.,  1860 ;  collected  a  fine  library 
of  early  English  poetry,  described  in  '  Collectanea  Anglo- 
Poetica,'  1860-80.  [xii.  256] 

CORT,  HENRY  (1740-1800),  ironmaster ;  navy  agent 
in  London,  1765-75 ;  bought  premises  near  Fareham, 
Hampshire,  in  which  to  carry  on  processes  (patented 
1783-4)  for  purifying  iron  by  'puddling' ;  ruined,  1789,  by 
the  prosecution  of  his  partner,  Adam  Jellicoe,  for  em- 
bezzlement of  naval  funds ;  pensioned,  1794.  [xii.  257] 

COHVTJS,  JOANNES  (ft.  1512-1544),  painter ;  real 
name  Jan  Rave,  of  Bruges ;  came  to  England.  His  pro- 
traits  include  Bishop  Richard  Fox  (after  1522)  and  the 
Princess  Mary,  1544.  [xii.  258] 

CORY,  ISAAC  PRESTON  (1802-1842),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1827. 

[xii.  258] 

CORY,  WILLIAM  JOHNSON  (1823-1892),  poet  and 
master  at  Eton ;  son  of  Charles  Johnson  of  Torrington ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  won 
chancellor's  medal  for  English  poem,  1843 :  fellow,  1845-72  ; 
B.A.,  1845 ;  assistant  master  at  Eton,  1845-72 ;  assumed 
name  of  Cory  and  retired  from  fellowship  and  mastership, 
1872 ;  published  educational  works,  besides  several 
volumes  of  poems,  some  of  which  give  him  a  permanent 
place  among  English  lyrists.  [Suppl.  ii.  62] 

CORYATE,  GEORGE  (rf.  1607),  divine;  educated  at 
Winchester;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1560-70; 


M.A.,  1569;  rector  of  Odcombe,  Somerset,  1570-16U7;  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1594;  wrote  copies  of  Latin  verses  to 
the  nobility.  [xii.  258] 

CORYATE,  THOMAS  (1577  9-1617),  traveller  ;  son  of 
George  Cor/ate  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford, 
1696;  a  buffoon  at  court;  of  Prince  Henry's  household  ; 
travelled,  mainly  on  foot,  through  France  to  Venice, 
and  thence  by  Switzerland,  Germany,  and  Holland  to 
London,  1608 ; "published  his  narrative,'  Coryats  Crudities,' 
with  commendatory  verses  from  the  wits,  and  two  appen- 
dices, 'OoryatsCrambe'  and 'The  Odcombian  Banquet,' 
1611;  visited  Constantinople  (1612),  Asia  Minor,  Greece, 
and  Egypt;  travelled  through  Palestine,  Mesopotamia, 
and  Persia,  to  India,  reaching  Agra,  October  1616  ;  died  at 
Surat ;  some  'letters '  from  him  published,  1616  and  1618. 

[xii.  259] 

CORYTON,  WILLIAM  (</.  1651),  politician;  vice- 
warden  of  the  stannaries,  1603-27  and  1630-40  ;  M.PM 
1623-9 ;  imprisoned,  1627-8,  for  refusing  to  pay  the  forced 
loan,  and,  1629-30,  for  abetting  Sir  John  Eliot  ('.'  March 
1629) ;  M.P.,  1640.  in  the  Short  parliament ;  elected  to  the 
Long  parliament,  but  unseated  and  dismissed  from  hf 
employments  for  malpractices.  [xii.  261] 

COSBY,  ALEXANDER  (  ft.  1580),  soldier  :  eldest  son 
of  Francis  Cosby  [q.  v.]  ;  killed  in  skirmish  with  the  Irish. 

[xii.  262] 

COSBY,  ARNOLD  (/.  1580),  soldier ;  second  son  of 
Francis  Cosby  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1587. 

[xii.  262] 

COSBY,  FRANCIS  (d.  1580),  Irish  general ;  serve 
against  the  Irish,  1548-58;   granted  Stradbally  Abbey, 
Queen's  County,  1562 ;  assisted  in  slaughter  of  the  O'Mores, 
1567 ;  killed  in  battle.  [xii.  262] 

COSBY,  SIR  HENRY  AUGUSTUS  MONTAGU 
(1743-1822),  lieutenant-general :  volunteer  at  the  taking 
of  Gheria,  1766  ;  in  active  service  at  Madras,  1760-75, 
becoming  lieutenant-colonel,  1773  ;  commander  of  the 
nawab  of  Arcot's  cavalry,  1778 :  served  against  Haidar 
Ali,  1780 ;  invalided  to  England,  1782 ;  knighted ;  left 
India,  1786 ;  lieutenant-general,  1822.  [xii.  262] 

COSBY,  PHILLIPS  (1727  7-1808),  admiral :  born  in 
Nova  Scotia ;  entered  navy,  1745 ;  commander,  1760 ;  on 
active  service.  1745-70;  receiver-general  of  St.  Kitts, 
1771-8 ;  on  the  North  American  station,  1779-81 ;  held 
Mediterranean  command,  1786-9;  rear-admiral,  1790; 
admiral,  1799.  [xii.  263] 

COSIN  or  COBYN,  EDMUND  (/.  1558),  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge ;  B.A.  King's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1535 ; 
fellow ;  M.A.,  1541 ;  vicar  of  Grendon,  Northamptonshire, 
1538-41 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1546 ; 
B.D.,  1647  ;  a  strong  catholic  ;  master  of  St.  Catharine's 
Hall;  pluralist  in  Norfolk  and  (1558-60)  vice-chancellor 
of;  Cambridge ;  resigned  his  preferments,  1560 ;  went 
abroad,  1568.  [xii.  264] 

COSIN,  JOHN  (1594-1672),  bishop  of  Durham  :  fellow 
of  Caius  College,  Cambridge;  chaplain  to  Overall,  bishop 
of  Lichfield;  friend  of  Laud  and  Richard  Montague: 
prebendary  of  Durham,  1624,  archdeacon  of  the  East 
Riding,  1625,  and  rector  of  Ehvick  and  Brancepeth,  Dur- 
ham, 1626;  defended  Montague's  'Appello  Csesarem,' 
1626:  compiled,  by  request  of  Charles  I,  'Collection  of 
Private  Devotions,1  1627 ;  at  once  accused  of  Romanist 
leanings  ;  introduced  ornate  ornaments  and  services  into 
Durham  Cathedral,  1627-33  ;  D.D.,  1628 ;  procured  the 
ejection  of  Peter  Smart,  puritan  prebendary  of  Durham, 
1628;  was  appointed  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1635,  where  he  introduced  ornate  chapel  ornaments  and 
services ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1639,  and  dean  of 
Peterborough,  1640  ;  accused  by  Smart  to  the  Long  parlia- 
ment, and  deprived  of  his  benefices,  1640 ;  sent  Peter- 
house  plate  to  Charles  1, 1642  ;  ejected  from  the  master- 
ship, 1644 ;  chaplain  to  the  Anglican  royalists  at  Paris, 
1642-60 ;  wrote,  but  did  not  publish,  a  treatise  against 
Romanism  (published  1675),  and,  1652,  an  explanation  of 
Anglicanism  (published  1707) ;  resumed  his  ecclesiastical 
preferments,  1660;  bishop  of  Durham,  1660;  member  of 
the  Savoy  conference,  1661  ;  proposed  several  slight 
changes  in  the  liturgy,  1661  ;  visited  his  diocese,  1661-2  : 
used  his  ex-officio  powers  as  lord-lieutenant  of  Durham  to 
employ  the  militia  to  drive  nonconformists  to  church, 
sold  the  offices  in  his  patronage,  and  was  most  exacting 
in  levying  dues  to  provide  money  for  his  buildings  at 


COSIN 


COTTERELL 


Auckland  and  Durham,  for  the  library  at  Durham,  for 
scholarships  at  Cambridge,  for  provision  for  his  family, 
ami  for  general  charity  ;  published  '  History  of  the  Canon 
of  Scripture,'  1657  ;  bis  collected  works  published,  1843-55,  I 
and  his  correspondence,  1868-70.  [xii.  264] 

COSIN,  RICHARD  (1549?-1597X  civilian;  fellow  of  ! 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  LL.D.,  1580;  dean  of  the  I 
archer,  1583  ;  .M.I'.,  1586-9;  a  master  iu  chancery,  1588;  | 
published  treatises  on  ecclesiastical  law.  [xii.  271] 

COSPATRIC,  EARL  OF  NORTHUMBERLAND  (fl.  1067). 
[See  Gosi'ATRic.j 

COSTA,  EMANUEL  MKNDES  DA  (1717-1791),  natu- 
ralist ;  son  of  a  London  Jew;  studied  conchology  and 
collected  fossils  ;  F.R.S.,  1747-63  ;  imprisoned,  1767-72  ; 
published  treatises  on  fossils  and  shells,  1757-78. 

[xii.  271] 

COSTA,  Sin  MICHAEL  (1810-1884),  composer;  born 
and  trained  at  Naples;  composed  for  Italian  theatres, 
1825-9 ;  employed  at  the  King's  Theatre,  London,  1830-46, 
reforming  the  orchestra,  1832,  and  producing  four  ballets 
and  two  operas,  1831-44  ;  director  of  music  at  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre  from  1846;  conductor  of  the  Philharmonic 
concerts,  1847-54 ;  conducted  the  festivals  at  Birmingham, 
1849-79,  and  Leeds,  1874-80,  and  the  Handel  festivals, 
1857-77 ;  produced  two  oratorios, '  Eli,'  1855,  and '  Naaman,' 
1864  ;  knighted,  1869 ;  director  of  the  Italian  opera  from 
1871.  [xii.  272] 

COSTARD,  GEORGE  (1710-1782),  astronomical 
writer ;  fellow  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1733  ; 
vicar  of  Whitchurch,  Dorset:  vicar  of  Twickenham, 
1764-82 ;  published  tracts  on  biblical  criticism,  1733-62, 
and  treatises  on  the  history  of  astronomy,  especially  in 
antiquity,  1746-67.  [xii.  274] 

COSTE,  PIERRE  (1668-1747),  translator;  a  French- 
man ;  Huguenot  minister  at  Amsterdam,  1690 ;  translated 
two  of  Locke's  tracts  into  French ;  French  tutor  in  Eng- 
land; translated  Locke's  'Essay,'  under  Locke's  super- 
vision, 1697 ;  translated  Newton's  '  Optics ' ;  annotated 
French  standard  authors.  [xii.  275] 

COSTELEY,  GUILLAUME  (1531-1606),  composer  of 
French  chansons,  published  1554-97 ;  of  Scottish  extrac- 
tion ;  organist  to  Henry  II  and  Charles  IX  of  France ; 
lived  at  Evreux,  1571-1606.  [xiL  276] 

COSTELLO,  DUDLEY  (1803-1865),  journalist:  of 
Irish  extraction;  ensign,  1821;  stationed  at  Bermuda, 
1824-8 ;  copyist  of  illuminated  manuscripts  at  Paris ; 
lived  in  London,  1833-8 ;  foreign  correspondent  of  London 
journals ;  wrote  for  periodicals ;  pensioned,  1861 ;  pub- 
lished novels  and  notes  of  travel,  1845-61.  [xii.  276] 

COSTELLO,  LOUISA  STUART  (1799-1870),  artist 
and  author  ;  sister  of  Dudley  Oostello  [q.  v.]  ;  miniature- 
painter  in  Paris,  1814,  and  London  ;  copyist  of  illuminated 
manuscripts ;  pensioned,  1852 ;  lived  latterly  at  Boulogne ; 
published  poems,  1815-56,  '  Specimens  of  the  Early  Poetry 
of  France,'  1835,  notes  of  travel,  1840-6,  novels,  and 
memoirs,  1844-55.  [xii.  277] 

COSTELLO,  WILLIAM  BIRMINGHAM  (1800-1867), 
Burgeon :  native  of  Dublin ;  M.D. ;  practitioner  in  Lon- 
don, 1832 ;  withdrew  to  Paris ;  wrote  on  medical  topics. 

[xii.  277] 

COSWAY,  MARIA  CECILIA  LOUISA  (fl.  1820), 
miniature-painter;  n6e  Hadfield;  born  in  Florence;  of 
English  extraction ;  educated  in  Rome ;  miniature-painter 
in  London  of  portraits  and  mythological  subjects ;  first 
exhibited,  1781 ;  married,  1781,  Richard  Cosway  [q.  v.]  ; 
lived  much  abroad  :  a  prolific  etcher  and  book- illustrator. 

[xii.  278] 

COSWAY,  RICHARD  (1740-1821),  painter;  art- 
student  in  London ;  drawing-master ;  designer  of  snuff- 
box lids ;  dealer  in  old  pictures ;  R.A.,  1771 ;  in  great 
request  as  portrait-painter  in  oil  and  miniature ;  a 
favourite  of  the  prince  regent :  his  art  collection  sold, 
IMI>-_>  ;  ;i  folio  volume  of  his  designs  published  by  his 
widow,  Florence,  1826.  [xii.  279] 

COSWORTH  or  COSOWARTH,  MICHAEL  (fl. 
1600),  metrical  translator  of  psalms;  of  Cornish  family; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1580.  [xii.  280] 

COTES,  FRANCIS  (1725?-1770),  portrait-painter  in 
crayons  and  oil ;  of  Irish  extraction ;  R.A. ;  worked  in 
London  and  Bath.  [xii.  281  ] 


COTES,  ROGER  (1682-1716),  mathematician;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1705 ;  M.A.,  1706 ;  Plumian  professor  of  astro- 
nomy, 1706 ;  helped  Newton  in  the  reissue  of  the  '  Prin- 
cipia,'  1709-13;  F.R.S.,  1711;  published  '  Logometria,'  a 
treatise  on  ratios,  1713  ;  partially  observed  the  total  solar 
eclipse,  April  1715:  his  mathematical  papers  published, 
1722  and  1738,  and  his  correspondence,  1850.  [xii.  282] 

COTES,  SAMUEL  (1734-1818),  miniature-painter: 
taught  by  his  brother,  Francis  Cotes  [q.  v.] ;  executed 
crayon  portraits  and  miniatures  on  enamel  and  ivory; 
exhibited,  1760-89  ;  fellow  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of 
Artists.  [xii.  284] 

COTGRAVE,  JOHN  (fl.  1655),  author  of  'The  Eng- 
lish Treasury  ...  of  ...  Dramatick  Poems,'  and  '  Wit's 
Interpreter,'  1655.  [xii.  284] 

COTGRAVE,  RANDLE  (rf.  1634?),  compiler  of  the 
French-English  dictionary,  1611  (second  edition,  1632); 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1587 ;  secretary 
to  William  Cecil,  afterwards  second  Earl  of  Exeter. 

[xii.  286] 

COTMAN,  JOHN  SELL  (1782-1842),  landscape- 
painter,  chiefly  in  water-colours ;  art-student  in  London, 
1798 ;  exhibited  in  London,  1800-6 ;  drawing-master  in 
Norwich,  1807-34 ;  painted  portraits  and  landscapes ; 
etched  plates  of  buildings  and  antiquities,  chiefly  in  Nor- 
folk, 1811-39 ;  published,  1822,  etchings  of  '  Architectural 
Antiquities  of  Normandy,"  taken  1817-20;  exhibited 
again  in  London,  1825-39;  drawing-master  in  King's 
College,  London,  1834-42.  [xii.  286] 

COTMAN,  JOSEPH  JOHN  (1814-1878),  landscape- 
painter  ;  son  of  John  Sell  Ootman  [q.  v.]  ;  drawing-master 
in  Norwich,  1836  ;  became  mentally  deranged,  [xii.  287] 

COTMAN,  MILES  EDMUND  (1810-1858),  landscape- 
painter  and  etcher ;  eldest  son  of  John  Sell  Cotman  [q.  v.] : 
drawing-master  in  Norwich,  1834,  and  in  London,  1836- 
c.  1845  ;  exhibited  river  and  sea  views  in  oil-  and  water 
colours,  1835-56.  [xii.  288] 

COTTA  or  COTTEY,  JOHN  (1675  ?-1650  ?X  physi- 
cian ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1590-6; 
M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1597 ;  M.D.,  1603  ; 
practised  medicine  in  Northampton,  1603  till  death :  pub- 
lished *  Discoverie  of  ...  Ignorant  Practisers  of  Physicke,' 
1611,  'The  Triall  of  Witchcraft,'  1616,  and  'Cotta  contra 
Antonium,'  1623  (against  Francis  Anthony  [q.  v.]) 

[xii.  288] 

COTTAM,  THOMAS  (1549-1582),  Jesuit ;  born  in  Lan- 
cashire :  M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1572 ;  school- 
master in  London  :  embraced  Roman  Catholicism ;  with- 
drew to  Douay  ;  afterwards  lived  at  Rome  and  at  Rheims  ; 
.joined  the  Jesuits ;  imprisoned  in  London,  1580-2 ;  exe- 
cuted at  Tyburn.  [xii.  289] 

COTTENHAM,  EARL  OP  (1781-1851).  [See  PKPT8 
CHARLES  CHRISTOPHER.] 

COTTER,  GEORGE  SACKVILLE  (1755-1831),  trans- 
lator ;  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and,  1771,  Peter- 
.house,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1779 ;  beneficed  in  co.  Cork, 
Ireland ;  published  poems,  1788 ;  translated  Terence,  1826, 
and  Plautus,  1827.  [xii.  289] 

COTTER,  PATRICK  (1761  ?-1806),  Irish  giant;  born 
at  Kinsale;  a  bricklayer:  exhibited  himself  in  Great 
Britain  as  O'BBIKN,  1779-1804 ;  his  height  sometimes  given 
as  over  eight  feet.  [xii.  289] 

COTTERELL,  SIR  CHARLES  (1616-1687  ?),  courtier : 
knighted,  1644;  master  of  the  ceremonies,  1641-9;  at 
Antwerp,  1649-52 ;  steward  at  the  Hague  to  Elizabeth, 
queen  of  Bohemia,  1652-4 ;  secretary  to  Henry,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  1655-GO ;  master  of  the  ceremonies,  1660-86 ; 
master  of  requests,  1670-86 ;  M.P.,  Cardigan,  1663-78 ; 
translated  French  romances  and  histories,  and  'The 
Spiritual  Year,'  a  Spanish  devotional  tract.  [xii.  290] 

COTTERELL,  SIR  CHARLES  LODOWICK  (1654- 
1710),  courtier ;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Ootterell  [q.  v.] ;  LL.D. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  knighted,  1687  ;  master  of 
the  ceremonies,  1686-1710 ;  published  memoir  of  Prince 
George  of  Denmark,  1708.  [xii.  291] 

COTTERELL,  SIR  CLEMENT  (d.  1758),  courtier  ;  son 
of  Sir  Charles  Lodowick  Cotterell  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1710 ; 
master  of  the  ceremonies,  1710-58;  assumed  the  name 
DORMKR,  1741,  on  inheriting  Rousham,  Oxfordshire, 

[xii.  291]  • 


COTTERELL 


284 


COTTON 


COTTERELL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1744),  bishop  in  Ireland  : 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Lodowick  Cotterell  [q.  v.]  ;  dam  of 
Raphoe,  1725 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1733  ;  bishop  of  Ferns  and 
Leighlin,  1743.  [xii.  291] 

COTTISFORD,  THOMAS  (d.  1555),  protestant  divine : 
M.A.  Cambridge :  imprisoned  as  n  protestaut,  1641 ;  re- 
signed rectories  at  Walpole,  Norfolk,  1544  ;  vicar  of  Little- 
bury,  Essex,  1545  :  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate,  1553, 
but  withdrew  to  the  continent ;  died  at  Frankfort ;  pub- 
lished theological  and  devotional  tracts,  1543-53. 

[xii.  291] 

COTTE8LOE,  BARON  (1798-1890).  [See  FUKMANTLK, 
THOMAS  FRANCIS.] 

COTTINGHAM,  LEWIS  NOCKALLS  (1787-1847), 
architect ;  builder's  apprentice  at  Ipswich ;  architect  in 
London,  1814  ;  much  employed  in  restoration  of  churches  ; 
published  drawings  of  Westminster  Abbey  and  Hall,  and 
other  architectural  treatises.  [xii.  292] 

COTTINGHAM,  NOOKALL3  JOHNSON  (1823-1854), 
architect :  older  sou  of  Lewis  Nockalls  Cottingham  [q.  v.]  ; 
drowned  at  SMI.  [xii.  293] 

COTTINGTON,  FRANCIS,  BARON  OOTTINGTON 
(1678  ?-1652),  diplomatist ;  attached  to  Sir  Charles  Oorn- 
wallis's  embassy  at  Madrid,  1605-9;  English  agent  at 
Madrid,  1609-11;  consul  at  Seville,  1612;  clerk  of  the 
council,  1613-16  ;  again  envoy  to  Spain,  1616-18  ;  secretary 
to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  1622 ;  created  baronet,  1623  ; 
ordered  to  accompany  Prince  Charles  to  Madrid,  1623 ; 
professed  Romanism  there  ;  a  leader  of  the  party  favour- 
able to  Spain ;  dismissed  from  court  by  Buckingham's 
influence,  1623 ;  privy  councillor,  1628 :  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  1629-42  ;  ambassador  to  Spain  to  conclude 
peace,  1629-31 ;  created  Baron  Oottington,  1631 ;  a  com- 
missioner on  Irish  affairs,  1634 ;  master  of  the  court  of 
wards,  1635-41 ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  and  in 
conflict  with  Laud,  1635-6  ;  a  commissioner  on  Scottish 
affairs,  1638 ;  built  Hanworth  House,  Middlesex ;  constable 
of  the  Tower,  1640  ;  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1643  :  lord 
treasurer,  1643 ;  went  to  Rouen,  1646  ;  joined  Prince  Charles 
at  the  Hague,  1648 :  unsuccessful  in  an  embassy  to  Spain 
to  raise  money  for  Prince  Charles,  1649 ;  embraced  Roman 
Catholicism  and  settled  at  Valladolid,  1651 ;  died  at  Valla- 
dolid.  [xii.  293] 

COTTISFORD,  JOHN  (</.  1540?),  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford ;  B.A.  Oxford,  1505 ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
1509-18,  and  rector,  1519-39 ;  D.D.,  1525 ;  vice-chancellor, 
1527-32  ;  directed  to  suppress  protestant  books ;  arrested 
Thomas  Garret  [q.  v.],  1*28;  canon  of  Henry  VIII's 
Oxford  college,  1532 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1538. 

[xii.  296] 

COTTLE,  AMOS  SIMON  (1768 ?-1800),  translator; 
B.A. Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1799;  wrote  verses; 
translated,  in  metre,  the  Edda  of  Saemund,  1797. 

[xii.  296] 

COTTLE,  JOSEPH  (1770-1853),  author  ;  bookseller  in 
Bristol,  1791-9 ;  met  Coleridge  and  Southey,  1794 ;  brought 
out  Coleridge's  'Poems'  and  Southey's  'Joan  of  Arc,' 
1796,  and  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth's  '  Lyrical  Ballads,' 
1798;  published  verses  and  essays,  1798-1829,  and 'Early 
Recollections '  of  Coleridge  and  Southey,  1837.  [xii.  296] 

COTTON,  SIR  ARTHURTHOMAS(1803-1899),general, 
and  irrigation  engineer  ;  studied  at  East  India  Company's 
college,  Addisoombc;  obtained  commission  in  Madras 
engineers,  1819  ;  assistant  engineer  in  Madras,  1821 ;  ac- 
companied expeditionary  force  to  Burmah,  1824  :  placed  in 
charge,  1828,  of  irrigation  works  in  Tanjore,  which  he 
greatly  extended  and  improved  by  construction  of  anicnts 
on  the  Coleroon,  1835-6 ;  constructed  an  anicut  across 
Godavery  river  below  Rajahmundry  for  irrigation  of 
Godttvery  district,  1847-52  ;  subsequently  projected  the 
anicut  on  the  Krishna  river,  the  construction  of  which 
was  carried  out  by  Major-general  Charles  Orr ;  knighted, 
1861 ;  second  class  K.C.S.I.,  1866 ;  retired  from  govern- 
ment service,  1862,  but  continued  to  give  his  attention  to 
irrigation  schemes;  retired  from  army  with  rank  of 
general,  1877.  [Suppl.  ii.  63] 

COTTON,  BARTHOLOMEW  OK  (d.  1298?),  historian  ; 
monk  of  Norwich :  compiled  '  Historia  Anglicana,'  in 
which  the  events  of  1291-8  seem  to  be  described  from  per- 
sonal knowledge.  [xii.  298] 

COTTON,  CHARLES  (1630-1687),  poet ;  of  Beresford, 
Staffordshire  ;  travelled  ;  single  copies  of  Ms  verses  printed 


(1049-74),  but  they  circulated  chiefly  in  manuscript; 
l>ecame  deeply  involved  in  debt;  army  captain  in  ire- 
land,  1670 :  published  burlesques  of  Virgil,  1664,  and  of 
Lucian,  1675,  and  translations  from  the  French,  1667-74 ; 
reputed  author  of  ' The  Complete  Gamester,'  1674 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Planter's  Manual '  of  fruit-trees,  1676,  a 
•  second  part'  of  Walton's  '  Complete  Angler,1  167C,  'The 
Wonders  of  the  Peak,'  1681,  and  a  standard  translation  of 
Montaigne's  '  Essays,'  1685 ;  his  poems  collected,  1689,  and 
his  works.  1715.  "  [xii.  298] 

COTTON,  SIR  CHARLES  (1753-1812),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1772 ;  commander,  1779;  succeeded  as 
fifth  baronet  of  Madiugley,  Cambridgeshire,  1795 ;  in 
active  service,  1772-83,  and  1793-1801;  rear-admiral, 
1797 ;  vice-admiral,  1802  ;  held  command  in  Tagua, 
1807-8,  in  Mediterranean,  1810 ;  in  command  of  Channel 
fleet,  1812.  [xii.  301] 

COTTON,  GEORGE  EDWARD  LYNCH  (1813-1866X 

bishop  of  Calcutta;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity 

College,  Cambridge ;  a  house-master  at  Rugby,  1837-52  ; 

head-master  of  Marlborough,  1852-8 ;  D.D. ;  bishop  of 

j  Calcutta,  1868 ;  founded  schools  for  poor  European  and 

!  Eurasian  children ;  opposed    presbyterian  claim  to  use 

government  churches ;  drowned  in  the  Ganges. 

[xii.  302] 

COTTON,     HENRY    (1789-1879),  bibliographer  and 

'  historian;  at  Westminster    School,  1803-7;  student    of 

I  Christ  Church,   Oxford,    1807-19;    M.A.,  1813;  D.C.L., 

I  1820 ;  sub-librarian  of  the  Bodleian,  1814-22 ;  treasurer  of 

Christ  Church,  Dublin,  1832-72  ;  titular  dean  of  Lismore, 

!  1834-72;  became  blind  ;  published  a  bibliography  (1505- 

I  1820)  of  the  English  bible,  1821,  and  a  bibliography  of 

English  Roman  catholic  versions,  1855,  'Typographical 

Gazetteer,'  1824, '  Fasti  Ecclesiae  Hibernicje,'  1845-78,  and 

other  works.  [xii.  304] 

COTTON,  SIR  HENRY  (1821-1892),  judge;  son  of 
William  Cotton  (1786-1866)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1843  ;  called  to  bar 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1846  ;  practised  in  equity  courts  ;  stand- 
ing counsel  to  Bank  of  England ;  Q.C.,  18€6 ;  standing 
counsel  to  Oxford  University,  1872;  appointed  lord 
justice  of  appeal,  sworn  privy  councillor,  and  knighted, 
1877 ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1877.  [Suppl.  ii.  67] 

COTTON,  JOHN  (12th  cent.?),  author  of  a  treatise  on 
music  (published  178i).  [xii.  305] 

COTTON,  JOHN  (1584-1652),  nonconformist  divine  : 
M.A.  Trinity  Oollege,'Cambridge,  1606 ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College,  c.  1607 ;  later,  was  dean ;  B.D.,  1613 ;  vicar  of 
Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1612 ;  temporarily  suspended  for 
disuse  of  the  'ceremonies,'  1615,  but  subsequently  in- 
dulged in  his  nonconformity  with  James  I's  sanction; 
took  theological  pupils ;  cited  for  nonconformity  by  high 
commission  court,  1633,  resigned  living,  and  sailed  with 
Thomas  Hooker  [q.  v.]  and  others  for  New  England ; 
joint-minister  at  Trimountain,  the  name  of  which  town 
was  at  tliis  time  changed  to  Boston ;  rendered  consider- 
able assistance  in  consolidating  the  Massachusetts 
government.  His  numerous  publications  include  sermons, 
works  on  church  government,  doctrinal  questions,  and 
controversial  and  expository  treatises.  [Suppl.  ii.  67] 

COTTON,  Sin  JOHN  (1621-1701),  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Cotton  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as  third  baronet,  1662  ; 
offered  the  Cottonian  Library  to  the  nation,  1700. 

[xii.  314] 

COTTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1679-1731),  succeeded  his 
grandfather  [see  COTTON,  SIR  JOHN,  1621-1701]  as 
fourth  baronet,  1701 ;  transferred  the  Oottonian  Library;  to 
the  nation,  1702 ;  M.P.,  Huntingdonshire,  1711.  [xii.  314] 

COTTON,  SIR  JOHN  (<l.  1752),  son  of  Sir  Robert 
Cotton  [q.  v.] ;  sixth  and  last  baronet.  [xii.  314] 

COTTON,  SIR  JOHN  HYNDE  (rf.  1752),  Jacobite; 
succeeded  (1712)  as  fourth  baronet  of  Madingley,  Cam- 
bridgeshire ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1706 :  M.P.,  1708-52  ;  a 
pronounced  tory ;  forced  on  George  II  as  treasurer  of  the 
chamber,  1744-6.  [xii.  305] 

COTTON,  JOSEPH  (1745-1825),  mariner;  son  of 
Nathaniel  Cotton  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1760 ;  en- 
tered marine  service  of  East  India  Company ;  an  elder 
brother  of  the  Trinity  House,  1788-1808 ;  a  director  of 
the  East  India  Company,  1796-1823 ;  compiled  history  of 
Trinity  House,  1818,  .  [xii.  306] 


COTTON 


285 


COUBAYER 


COTTOIT,  NATHANIEL  (1705-1788).  physician  : 
studied  medicine  at  Leyden,  1729  ;  medical  practitioner 
and  keeper  of  a  lunatic  asylum  at  St.  Albans,  1740-88  ; 
wrote  verses,  which  were  collected  and  published,  1791. 

[xii.  307] 

COTTON,  RICHARD  LYNCH  (1794-1880),  provost 
of  Worcester  College,  Oxford  ;  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house ;  B.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1815,  fellow, 
1816-38  and  provost,  1839-80;  D.D.,  1839;  vicur  of 
Denchworth,  Berkshire,  1823-38;  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1852-7  ;  published  sermons.  [xii.  307] 

COTTON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1300).    [SeeOowTON.] 

COTTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1669-1749),  son  of  Sir  John 
Ootton  (1621-1701)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  nephew  as  fifth 
baronet,  1731.  [xii.  314] 

COTTON,  Sm  ROBERT  BRUOE  (1571-1631),  anti- 
quary; of  Connington,  Huntingdonshire;  educated  at 
W.*tminster  School  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge; 
B. A.,  1585 ;  settled  in  'Cotton  House,'  Westminster,  and 
collected  manuscripts  and  coius  ;  gave  free  use  of  hie 
library  to  Bacon,.  Camden,  Ralegh,  Selden,  Speed,  Ussher, 
and  other  scholars  ;  made  an  antiquarian  tour  with  Cam- 
di-M  to  ( 'arlisle.  1600  :  wrote  papers  on  questions  of  prece- 
dents and  other  antiquarian  topics  ;  sent  a  gift  of  manu- 
scripts to  the  Bodleian  Library  on  its  foundation,  1601 ; 
rebuilt  Connington  House,  1602;  knighted  by  James  I, 
1603  ;  M.I'.,  Huntingdon,  1604  ;  his  advice  in  public  affairs 
sought  by  the  king  ;  created  baronet,  1611 ;  contributed  to 
Speed's  '  History  of  England,'  1611 ;  bequeathed  valuable 
manuscripts  by  Arthur  Agard  [q.  v.],  1614;  contributed 
to  Oamden's  '  Elizabeth,'  1615  ;  imprisoned  for  trying  to 
screen  the  Earl  of  Somerset  by  altering  dates  of  letters, 
1615-16  ;  received  valuable  papers  by  bequest  from  Cam- 
den,  1623 ;  M.P.,  Old  Sarnm,  1624,  and  Tbetford,  1625, 
attaching  himself  to  Eliot  and  the  parliamentary  party ; 
ojwuly  affronted  by  Charles  I  in  consequence,  1626  ;  wrote 
against  debasing  the  coinage,  1626 ;  published  political 
tracts, '  History  of  Henry  III,'  1627,  and '  Dangers  wherein 
the  Kingdom  now  standcth,'  1628;  M.P.,  Castle  Rising, 
1628-9,  acting  throughout  with  Eliot ;  excluded  in  conse- 
quence from  his  library  by  order  of  Charles  I,  1629-31 ; 
papers  by  him  printed  posthumously,  1641-1771.  The 
rottoiiian  Library  was  transferred  to  the  nation,  1702  ; 
placed  iii  Essex  House,  1712 ;  removed  to  Ashburnham 
House,  1730,  where  it  suffered  severely  in  the  fire  of  October 
1731 ;  deposited  in  Westminster  School,  1731,  and  removed 
to  the  British  Museum,  1753.  Catalogues  of  it  appeared 
•  in  1696,  1732,  and  1802.  [xii.  308] 

COTTON,  ROGER  (.ft.  1596),  poet ;  draper  in  Lon- 
don ;  published  a  devotional  tract  entitled  *  A  Direction 
to  the  Waters  of  Lyfe,'  1590,  and  two  devotional  poems, 
'  An  Armor  of  Proofe,'  and '  A  Spirituall  Song,'  1596. 

[xii.  315] 

COTTON,  Sm  ST.  VINCENT  (1801-1863),  sixth 
baronet  of  Madingley,  Cambridgeshire ;  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Charles  Ootton  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  lieutenant  of  dragoons,  1827- 
1830 ;  played  cricket,  1830-5 ;  patron  of  sport ;  gambled 
away  his  estates;  made  a  living  by  driving  the  stage 
coach  between  London  and  Brighton.  [xii.  316] 

COTTON,  Sm  STAPLETON,  VISCOUNT  OOMBKR- 
MERK(  1773-1865),  field-marshal;  at  Westminster  School 
1785-9 ;  lieutenant  of  foot,  1790 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of 
horse,  1794;  served  in  Flanders,  1793-4,  at  Cape  Town, 
1795,  and  against  Tippoo  Sahib,  1799 ;  returned  to  England, 
1800;  major-general,  1805;  M.P.,  Newark,  1806-14; 
commanded  cavalry  division  in  Peninsula,  1808-12  ;  suc- 
ceeded as  sixth  baronet  of  Combermere,  1809  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  and  invalided  by  wounds,  1812  ;  served  in  Pyrenees 
campaign,  1813-14;  created  Baron  Combermere  and  pen- 
sioned, 1814 ;  commanded  the  allied  cavalry  in  France, 
1815-16 :  governor  of  Barbados,  1817-20 :  commauder-in- 
chief  in  Ireland,  1822-5 ;  general,  1825  ;commander-in-chief 
in  India,  1825-30 ;  captured  Bhurtpore,  1826  ;  created  Vis- 
count Combermere,  1827 ;  separated  from  his  wife,  1830  ; 
constable  of  the  Tower,  1852  ;  field-marshal,  1865. 

[xii.  316] 

COTTON,  SIR  SYDNEY  JOHN  (1792-1874),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  comet  (1810)  and  lieutenant  (1812)  of 
dragoons ;  captain  of  foot,  1822  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1843 ; 
served  in  India,  in  Burmnh,  and  Australia,  1810-58; 
K.(J.U.  uud  major-general,  1858;  lieutenant-general,  1866  ; 


governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1872  ;  wrote  on  military 
subjects,  1857-ttS.  [xii.  319] 

COTTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1594-1662),  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Bruce  Cotton  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  St.  Germans,  1828-9 ; 
succeeded  as  second  baronet,  1631 ;  obtained,  with  diffi- 
culty, possession  of  his  father's  library ;  M.P.  for  Hunt- 
ingdon, 1640  (the  Short  parliament);  left  Cotton  House 
in  the  hands  of  the  parliament.  [xii.  313] 

COTTON,  WILLIAM  (</.  1621),  bishop  of  Exeter : 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1576  ;  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's,  1677-98 ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1598-1621  ;  "pre- 
centor of  Exeter,  1599-1606  :  probeivlary  of  Exeter,  1608- 
1621 ;  rector  of  Silvertou,  Devonshire,  1600-21 ;  opposed 
the  puritans.  [xii.  321] 

COTTON,  WILLIAM  (1786-1866),  philanthropist: 
third  son  of  Joseph  Cotton  [q.  v.] ;  managing  partner  of  a 
Limehouse  rope-factory,  1807-38  ;  resided  at  Leytoustone, 
1819-66;  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  England,  1821-65; 
inventor  of  the  sovereign  weighing-machine,  1844;  un- 
weariedly  advocated  school  and  church  extension  from 
1811.  [xii.  321] 

COTTON,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1813-1879),  writer 
on  bee*  ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Cotton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1836  ;  held  living 
of  Frodshaui,  Cheshire,  1857  till  death ;  first  secretary  of 
Apiarian  Society.  [Suppl.  ii.  67] 

COTTON,  Sm  WILLOUGHBY  (1783-1860),  general ; 
educated  at  Rugby;  ensign,  1798;  lieutenant,  1799; 
served  in  Hanover,  1805,  at  Copenhagen,  1807,  and  in  the 
Peninsula,  1809-11  and  1813-14;  lieutenant-colonel,  1821 : 
served  in  Burmah,  1825-6 ;  K.O.H.  and  major-general, 
1830  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1829-34  ;  commanded  a  divi- 
sion in  the  Afghan  war,  1838-9 ;  lieutenant-general,  1841 ; 
commander-iu-chief  in  Bombay,  1847-50 ;  general,  1854. 

[xii.  322] 

COTTRELL.    [See  COTTERKLL.] 

COUCH,  JONATHAN  (1789-1870),  naturalist :  studied 
medicine  in  London ;  medical  practitioner  at  Polperro, 
1809-70 ;  published  '  Illustrations  of  Instinct,'  1847, '  His- 
tory of  British  Fishes,'  1860-5, '  History  of  Polperro,'  and 
'Cornish  Fauna.'  [xii.  323] 

COUCH,  RICHARD  QUILLER  (1816-1863),  natural- 
ist ;  eldest  son  of  Jonathan  Couch  [q.  v.] :  medical  practi- 
tioner at  Peuzauce,  1845-63 ;  an  able  zoologist ;  contri- 
buted to  scientific  journals.  [xii.  324] 

COUCHE.  WILLIAM  (1732-1763),  Jesuit ;  a  Cornish- 
man  ;  educated  at  St.  Omer ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1749  :  died 
at  Liege.  [xii.  325] 

COULSON,  WALTER  (1794  ?-1860),  journalist  and 
lawyer ;  a  Oornishmau  ;  amanuensis  to  Jeremy  Bentham  ; 
parliamentary  reporter  of  the '  Morning  Chronicle ' ;  editor 
of  the  'Globe,'  1823;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1828;  con- 
veyancer ;  counsel  for  the  home  office ;  friend  of  Charles 
Lamb  and  Leigh  Hunt.  [xii.  325] 

COULSON,  WILLIAM  (1802-1877),  surgeon;  sur- 
geon's apprentice  at  Penzance ;  studied  surgery  in  Lon- 
don and,  1824-6,  Berlin ;  on  the  staff  of  the  '  Lancet,' 
1823  ;  qualified  as  a  surgeon,  1826  ;  practised  in  London  ; 
senior  surgeon  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Paddington  ;  pub- 
lished surgical  treatises,  1836-54  ;  contributed  to  profes- 
sional journals.  [xii.  326] 

COULTON,  DAVID  TREVENA  (1810-1857),  journal- 
ist ;  conducted  the  '  Britannia '  newspaper,  1839-50,  and 
the  'Press,'  1864-7;  published  a  novel,  1853,  and  an  'In- 
quiry into  the  Authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Juniiis.' 

[xii.  327] 

COUPER.    [See  also  COOPER  and  Cowrai.] 

COUPER,  ROBERT  (1750-1818),  author;  student  at 
Glasgow,  1769;  tutor  in  Virginia;  medical  student  in 
Glasgow,  1776;  M.D. ;  modical  practitioner  in  Wiijtou- 
shire  and,  1788-1806,  at  Fochnbers,  Banffshire  ;  published 
'Poetry,  chiefly  in  the  Scottish  Language,'  1804. 

[xii.  328] 

COUPERIE,  ALBERT  ETIENNE  JEAN  BAPTISTE 
TERRIEN  DE  LA  (d.  1894).  [See  TERKIKN.] 

COURAYER,  PIERRE  FRANCOIS  us  (1681-1776), 
French  divine ;  born  at  Rouen ;  joined  the  fraternity  of 
St.  Genevieve ;  appellant  against  the  bull  '  UnigcnituF,' 
1714  ;  corresponded  with  Archbishop  Wake,  1721-3 ; 


OOUBCI 


OOURTENAY 


published  a  dissertation  admitting  the  validity  of  Anglican 
orders,  1723,  a  'Defence'  of  the  dissertation,  1726,  and 
'Historical  Relation,'  a  further  defence,  1729;  hon.  D.D. 
Oxford,  1727;  pensioned  by  the  government;  translated 
into  French  Father  Paul's  '  Council  of  Trent,'  1736,  and 
Sleidan's  '  Reformation,'  1769-77;  published  theological 
tracts  of  Sociuiau  tendency.  [xii.  328] 

COURCI,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1219  ?),  conqueror  of  Ulster  : 
went  to  Ireland  with  William  FitzAldelm,  Henry  II's 
minister,  1176 ;  seized  Downpatrick,  1177 ;  after  fire  years' 
righting,  subdued  Uladh  (i.e.  Down  and  Antrim) ;  mar- 
ried, 1180,  Affreca,  a  daughter  of  the  king  of  Man ;'  jus- 
tic  mr  '  of  Ireland  from  1185  ;  savagely  revenged  the  mur- 
der of  his  brother  Jordan  by  a  native,  1197  ;  outlawed  in 
Ireland  by  William  de  Lacy,  King  John's  officer,  1200,  and 
his  English  estate  forfeited ;  raided  by  Hugh  de  Lacy, 
1203 ;  taken  prisoner  by  Hugh  de  Lacy,  1204 ;  obtained 
his  freedom  by  giving  hostages;  withdrew  to  Tyrone; 
submitted,  and  recovered  his  English  estate,  1205  ;  re- 
belled on  Hugh  de  Lucy's  being  granted  his  lauds  in 
Ulster,  1205 ;  collected  a  pirate  fleet  and  ravaged 
Antrim,  but  was  defeated ;  licensed  to  visit  England, 
1207;  pensioned,  and  in  personal  attendance  on  King 
John,  1210-16.  [xii.  330] 

COURTEN,  SIR  PETER  (d.  1625),  baronet ;  of  Al- 
dington, Northamptonshire ;  sou  of  Sir  William  Oourten 
or  Ourteeue  [q.  v.] ;  created  baronet,  1622.  [xii.  334] 

COURTEN  or  CURTEENE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1572- 
1636),  merchant ;  sou  of  a  London  silk  merchant,  a  protes- 
tant  refugee  from  Meuiu,  Flanders ;  factor  at  Haerlem  for 
his  father's  business ;  returned  to  London,  1600 ;  partner  in 
Council  and  Money,  silk  and  linen  merchants,  1606; 
heavily  fined  by  the  Star-chamber,  1619 ;  had  a  fleet  of 
twenty  ships  trading  with  Guinea,  Spain,  and  the  West 
Indies ;  knighted,  1622 ;  lent  large  sums,  never  repaid,  to 
James  I  and  Charles  I;  obtained  grants  of  Barbados 
(discovered  by  one  of  his  ships  in  1624),  and  sent  colonists 
there,  1625  and  1628 ;  his  colonists  forcibly  expelled  by 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  1629;  bought  Northamptonshire 
estates,  1628-33  ;  traded  with  the  East  Indies ;  sent  to 
China  two  ships,  which  were  lost.  [xii.  333] 

OOURTEN,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (d.  1655), 
merchant;  younger  sou  of  Sir  William  Courten  or 
Curteene  [q.  v.] ;  his  East  India  ships  seized  by  the 
Dutch,  1641;  became  bankrupt,  1643 ;  withdrew  to  Italy ; 
died  at  Florence.  [  xii.  334] 

COURTEN,  WILLIAM (1642-1702),  naturalist;  went 
sometimes  by  the  name  of  Oharleton ;  son  of  William 
Courteu  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Moutpellier ; 
resided  in  England,  1663-70 ;  tried  to  enforce  his  grand- 
father's claims  on  money  lent  to  the  crown  and  on  Bar- 
bados, 1660  and  1677;  lived  abroad,  1670-84;  opened 
botanical  museum  in  London,  1684.  [xii.  335] 

COURTENAY.    [See  also  COURTNEY.] 

COURTENAY,  EDWARD,  EARL  OK  DEVONSHIRE 
(d.  1509),  created  earl,  and  granted  large  estates  in  Devon- 
shire, 1485 ;  defended  Exeter  against  Perkin  Warbeck, 
1497.  [xii.  336] 

OOURTENAY,  EDWARD,  EARL  OP  DKVONSHIRB 
( 1526  ?-l556X  son  of  Henry  Courteuuy,  marquis  of  hxc-ter 
[q.  T.];  prisoner  iu  the  Tower,  1538-53;  attainted,  1539; 
released  and  taken  into  favour  by  Queen  Mary,  August 
1553;  lived  dissolutely;  created  Earl  of  Devonshire, 
September  1553 ;  his  attainder  reversed,  October  1553 ; 
disappointed  in  his  hope  of  marrying  Queen  Mary; 
formed  designs  of  marrying  Princess  Elizabeth  and 
making  her  queen,  December  1553 ;  imprisoned,  1554 ; 
exiled,  1555 ;  died  at  Padua ;  translated  an  Italian 
devotional  treatise,  1548  (printed,  1856).  [xii.  335] 

COURTENAY,  GERTRUDE,  MARCHIONESS  or 
EXKTER  (d.  1558),  daughter  of  William  Blouut,  fourth 
baron  Mount  joy  [q.  v.]  ;  second  wife  of  Henry  Courtenay, 
marquis  of  Exeter  [q.  v.] ;  a  devout  Roman  catholic ; 
patronised  Elizabeth  Barton  [q.  v.] ;  prisoner  in  the 
Tower,  1538;  attainted,  1539;  her  attainder  reversed, 
1553 ;  lady-in-waiting  to  Queen  Mary.  [xii.  337] 

COURTENAY,  HENRY,  MARQUIS  OF  EXETER  and 
EARL  OF  DEVONSHIRE  (1496?-1538),  son  of  Sir  William 
Oourtenay  [q.  v.]  ;  cousin  of  Henry  VIII ;  allowed  to  suc- 
ceed to  earldom  of  Devonshire,  1511 ;  served  against  France, 


1513;  privy  councillor  and  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber 
1520  :  attended  Henry  VIII  to  France,  1521 ;  granted 
estates  and  offices,  1521-3  ;  constable  of  Windsor  Castle, 
1525  ;  created  Marquis  of  Exeter,  1525  ;  envoy  to  France, 
1525 ;  supported  Henry  VIII  in  his  divorce  proceedings, 
1529-33  ;  king's  agent  to  seize  the  lands  of  the  smaller 
monasteries,  1535  ;  commissioner  to  try  Anne  Boleyn,  1636 ; 
sent  to  suppress  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1536 ;  lord  steward 
to  try  Thomas,  lord  Darcy,  1537  ;  sent  to  the  Tower  as 
an  aspirant  to  the  crown,  1538 ;  beheaded  and  attainted. 

[xii.  336] 

COURTENAY,  HENRY  REGINALD  (1741-1803), 
bishop  of  Exeter ;  at  Westminster  School,  1755-9  ;  tutor 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1763-8 ;  M.A.,  1766 ;  D.C.L., 
1774 ;  rector  of  Lee,  Kent,  1773 ;  rector  of  St.  George's, 
Hanover  Square,  1774-1803;  prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1772-94,  of  Rochester,  1773-4  and  1783-97;  bishop  of 
Bristol,  1794;  bishop  and  archdeacon  of  Exeter,  1797- 
1803  ;  published  sermons  and  charges.  [xii.  337] 

COURTENAY,  JOHN  (1741-1816),  politician  ;  private 
secretary  to  George,  viscount  Townshend,  1767-82 ;  M.P., 
1780-1807  and  1812 ;  surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance, 
1783 ;  spoke  against  Warren  Hastings,  1786 ;  advocated 
abolition  of  slavery ;  defended  French  revolution ;  pub- 
lished essays  and  verses,  1772-1811.  [xii.  338] 

COURTENAY,  PETER  (rf.  1492),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester ;  of  the  Powderham,  Devonshire,  family  ;  studied 
at  Oxford  and  Padua ;  doctor  of  laws ;  dean  of  Windsor, 
1477 ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1478-87  ;  attainted  by  Richard  III 
for  raising  insurrection  in  the  west,  1484 ;  fled  to  Brit- 
tany ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal  to  Henry  VII,  1485-7 ; 
bishop  of  Winchester,  1487-92.  [xii.  339] 

OOURTENAY,  RICHARD  (d.  1415),  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich ;  of  Powderham,  Devonshire ;  studied  in  youth  at 
Oxford  ;  doctor  of  civil  and  canon  law  ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1394,  Lincoln,  1401,~and  York,  1403 ;  precentor  of 
Chichester,  1400 ;  dean  of  St.  Asaph,  1403  ;  archdeacon  of 
Northumberland,  1410  ;  dean  of  Wells,  1410 ;  inherited  his 
father's  lands,  1406 ;  resided  in  Oxford,  where  he  was 
chancellor,  1407  and  1411-12,  unsuccessfully  resisting,  1411, 
Archbishop  Ar under s  title  to  hold  a  metropolitan  visita- 
tion of  Oxford  University,  and  organising  Thomas  de  Cob- 
ham's  [q.  v.]  library;  friend  to  Henry  V,  when  prince, 
and  treasurer  of  his  household,  1413 ;  non-resident  bishop 
of  Norwich,  1413;  envoy  to  France,  1414  and  1415; 
accompanied  Henry  V  to  France,  August  1415,  and  died 
at  Harfleur.  [xii.  340] 

COURTENAY,  THOMAS  PEREGRINE  (1782-1841), 
politician;  younger  son  of  Henry  Reginald  Courtenay 
[q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Totnes,  1810-31 ;  secretary  to  the  India 
commission,  1812-28;  vice-president,  board  of  trade, 
1828-30 ;  published  pamphlets,  1808-40, '  Commentaries  on 
Shakespeare's  Historical  Plays,'  1840,  and  a  memoir  of  Sir 
William  Temple,  1836.  [xU.  342] 

COURTENAY,  WILLIAM  (1342  7-1396),  archbishop 
of  Canterbury ;  fourth  son  of  Hugh,  second  earl  of  Devon ; 
studied  at  Oxford ;  doctor  of  canon  and  civil  law ;  the 
first  chancellor  of  Oxford  elected  independently  of  the 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  1367;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  Wells, 
and  York;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1370;  opposed  papal  and 
royal  exactions,  1373;  bishop  of  London,  1375 ;  commis- 
sioner to  regulate  the  realm,  1376 ;  censured  for  excom- 
municating the  London  Florentine  merchants  at  the 
pope's  bidding,  1376;  proceeded  against  Wycliffe  for 
heresy,  1377;  lord  keeper,  1381 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
1381 ;  held  synod  to  condemn  Wyclifle's  opinions,  1382  ; 
obtained  the  kiug'slicence  to  repress  the  lollards.  1382 ; 
crushed  the  lollards  at  Oxford,  November;  commenced 
the  visitation  of  bis  province,  1382,  and  persevered  in  it, 
in  spite  of  the  resistance  of  the  bishops  of  Exeter  and 
Salisbury ;  reproved  Richard  II  for  his  bad  government, 
1385  ;  one  of  the  regents,  1386 ;  crushed  the  lollards  at 
Leicester,  1389 ;  opposed  the  statute  of  pro  visors,  1390  ; 
helped  to  carry  the  statute  of  praemunire,  1393.  [xii.  342] 

COURTENAY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1512),  courtier  of 
Henry  VII ;  son  of  Edward  Courtenay,  earl  of  Devon- 
shire (d.  1509)  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1487 ;  attainted,  1503,  as  a 
possible  claimant  to  the  crown ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower, 
1503-9;  allowed  his  succession  to  the  earldom  by 
Henry  VIII,  1511,  but  died  before  reversal  of  the  attainder. 

COURTENAY,  WILLIAM  REGINALD,  eleventh 
EARL  ov  DEVON  (1807-1888),  politician  and  philaii- 


COURTEVILLE 


287 


COVENTRY 


thropist;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  B.A.,  1828;  B.O.L.,  1831;  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College,  1828-31 ;  D.C.L.,  1838;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1832  ;  conservative  and  I'eolite  M.P.  for  South  Devon, 
1841-9;  secretary  to  p<x>r  law  board,  1850-9,  and  presi- 
dent, 1867-8;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1859;  chancellor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1866-7 ;  privy  councillor,  1866. 

[Suppl.  ii.  70] 

COURTEVILLE.  RAPHAEL  or  RALPH  (d.  1772), 
organist  and  political  writer  ;  author  of  'Memoirs  of  ... 
BurK'k'h,'  173H;  editor  of  the  '  Gazetteer,*  a  government 
oruan,  and  so  nicknamed  'Court-evil.'  He  has  been 
doubtfully  identified  with  Ralph  Courteville,  formerly 
chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  composer  of  instrumental 
and  vcx-al  music,  l(>90-5,  who  was  appointed  organist  of 
St.  James's,  Westminster,  in  1691.  [xii.  347] 

COURTHOPE,  WILLIAM  (1808-1866),  genealogist  \ 
clerk  in  the  Heralds'  College,  1833;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1851  ;  Somerset  herald,  1854 ;  edited  Debrett  and 
Sir  Harris  Nicolas's  peerages.  [xii.  348] 

COURTHOPP,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1620),  sea-captain ; 
entered  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1609 ;  held 
captive  by  the  Turks  at  Aden  and  Mocha;  agent  in 
Borneo;  held  Pulo  Roon  against  the  Dutch,  1616-20; 
killed  in  action.  [xii.  348] 

COURTNEY.    [See  also  COURTENAY.] 

COURTNEY,  EDWARD  (1599 ?-1677),  Jesuit;  real 
name  LEEDES  ;  born  in  Sussex  ;  educated  at  St.  Omer  and 
Rome ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1621 ;  political  prisoner  in  Lon- 
don, 1634  ;  rector  of  the  colleges  at  St.  Omer,  Rome,  and 
Liege ;  published  Latin  complimentary  speeches,  1621-56, 
and  a  memoir  of  Peter  Wright,  Jesuit.  [xii.  348] 

COUSE,  KENTON  (1721-1790),  architect ;  employed 
by  the  board  of  works ;  designed  Richmond  bridge,  1774- 

[xii.  349] 

COUSEN,  JOHN  (1804-1880),  line-engraver  of  land- 
scapes :  pupil  of  John  Scott ;  much  employed  as  a  book- 
illustrator  ;  engraved  largely  after  Turner.  [xii.  349] 

COUSINS,  SAMUEL  (1801-1887),  mezzotint  engraver ; 
apprentice  (1814)  and  assistant  to  S.  W.  Reynolds;  en- 
graved on  his  own  account,  1826-83;  instituted  a  fund 
for  the  relief  of  indigent  artists.  [xii.  350] 

COUTANCES  (DE  CONSTANTIIS),  WALTER  DB 
(d.  1207),  statesman ;  one  of  Henry  IPs  clerks ;  styled 
chaplain  of  Blythe ;  rector  of  Woolpit,  Suffolk ;  canon  of 
Rouen,  1173;  vice-chancellor  of  England,  1173 ;  envoy  to 
Flanders  and  to  France,  1177;  sealbearer  to  Henry  II, 
1180;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1183;  archbishop  of  Rouen, 
1184;  ambassador  to  France,  1186  and  1188;  took  the 
cross,  1188;  invested  Richard  I  with  the  dukedom  of 
Normandy,  1189 ;  in  attendance  on  Richard  I  in  England 
and  Sicily,  1189-90 :  sent  back  to  govern  England,  1191 ; 
took  over  Nottingham  and  other  castles  from  Prince 
John;  became  chief  justiciar  (1191)  in  place  of  Long- 
champ,  the  chancellor ;  caused  the  bishop  of  Bath  to  be 
translated  to  Canterbury ;  caused  Hubert  Fitz Walter  to 
be  elected  to  Canterbury;  drove  Longchamp  to  Nor- 
mandy and  excommunicated  him ;  made  efforts  to  raise 
Richard  I's  ransom,  1193;  joined  Richard  in  Germany 
and  became  hostage  for  him,  1194;  returned  to  Nor- 
mandy, 1194  ;  quarrelled  with  Richard  for  taking  church 
land  to  build  Chateau  Gaillard,  1196 ;  accepted  com  pen- 
Ration;  invested  John  with  the  dukedom  of  Normandy, 
1199;  invested  Philip  II  of  France  with  the  dukedom, 
1204.  [xii.  351] 

COUTTS,  JOHN  (1699-1751),  merchant ;  commission 
agent  and  bill  negotiator,  Edinburgh ;  lord  provost,  1742- 
1744.  *  [xii.  354] 

COUTTS,  THOMAS  (1735-1822),  founder  and,  1778, 
sole  partner  of  the  London  banking  firm,  Ooutts  &  Co. ; 
fourth  son  of  John  Ooutts  [q.  v.]  [xii.  354] 

COVE,  MORGAN  (1763  ?-1830),  divine ;  LL.B.  Cam- 
bridge, 1776;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1810;  rector  of  Eaton- 
Bishop,  Herefordshire,  1799 ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1800 ; 
published  pamphlets  on  tithe,  1795  and  1800.  [xiL  355] 

COVEL,  COVELL,  or  COLVELL,  JOHN  (1638-1722), 
traveller ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1658 ;  fellow  ; 
M.A.,  1661 ;  chaplain  at  Constantinople,  1670-6 ;  collected 
plants;  visited  Asia  Minor,  1677;  travelled  in  Italy, 


1677-9  ;  D.D.,  1679 ;  rector  of  Littlebury,  Essex,  1680,  and 
of  Kegworth,  lyeicestcrshirc,  1681 ;  chaplain  to  the  Princess 
of  Orange  at  the  Hague,  1681-5  ;  chancellor  of  York,  1687  ; 
master  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1688 ;  published 
an  account  of  the  Greek  church,  1722  ;  his  manuscript 
travels  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  [xii.  355] 

COVELL,  WILLIAM  (</.  1614  ?),  sub-dean  of  Lincoln  ; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1589  ;  D.D.,  1601 ; 
beneficed  in  Kent ;  sub-dean  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln ; 
wrote  in  defence  of  Hooker's  '  Ecclesiastical  Polity,'  1603, 
and  of  church  ceremonies,  1604-6.  [xii.  356] 

COVENTRY,  ANDREW  (1764-1832),  agriculturist; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  member  of  Medical 
Society,  1782 ;  M.D.,  1783 ;  first  professor  of  agriculture 
at  Edinburgh,  1790-1831 ;  frequently  arbitrated  on  land 
questions  ;  published  works  on  agricultural  subjects. 

[Suppl.  ii.  71] 

COVENTRY,  ANNE,  OOUXTHW  OF  (1673-1763), 
author  of  '  Meditations  and  Reflections,'  1707 ;  daughter 
of  the  first  Duke  of  Beaufort ;  married,  e.  1700,  Thomas, 
second  earl  of  Coventry  (d.  1710).  [xii.  357] 

COVENTRY,  ANNE,  COUNTKSS  .  OP  (1690-1788), 
ntfe  Masters ;  married  Gilbert,  fourth  earl  of  Coventry  (d. 
1719),  and  1725,  Edward  Pytts  ;  obtained  a  verdict  in  her 
favour,  1724,  with  reference  to  a  settlement  made  on  her 
first  marriage.  [xii.  357] 

COVENTRY,  FRANCIS  (1598-1680).  [See  DAVEX- 
PORT,  CHRISTOPHER.] 

COVENTRY,  FRANCIS  (<f.  1759?),  verse-writer; 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1752  ;  incumbent  of  Edgware  ;  published 
verses  and  satires,  1750-3.  [xii.  357] 

COVENTRY,  HENRY  (1619-1 686),  secretary  of  state ; 
a  younger  son  of  Thomas,  first  baron  Coventry  [q.  v.]  ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford ;  B.O.L.,  1638 ;  at- 
tended Charles  II  in  exile ;  envoy  to  Sweden,  1664-6  and 
1671,  and  to  Holland,  1667  ;  secretary  of  state,  1672-9. 

[xii.  357] 

COVENTRY,  HENRY  (<f.  1752),  fellow  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1733 :  published  a  theological 
work,  'Philemon  to  Hydaspes,'  1736-44.  [xiL  368] 

COVENTRY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1682),  after  whom  the 
'  Coventry  Act '  against  mutilation  was  named ;  M.P., 
Evesham,  1640 ;  unseated  as  a  royalist,  1645 :  K.B.,  1661 ; 
M.P.,  Weymouth,  1667-82 ;  waylaid  by  ruffians  and  his 
nose  slit,  21  Dec.  1670,  for  having  alluded  to  Charles  IPs 
relations  with  actresses.  [xii.  358] 

COVENTRY,  JOHN  (1735-1812),  maker  of  telescopes 
and  hygrometers.  [xii.  359] 

COVENTRY,  MARIA,  COUNTESS  OF  (1733-1760), 
daughter  of  a  poor  Irish  squire ;  a  famous  beauty  in 
London,  1751 ;  married,  1752,  George  William,  sixth  earl 
of  Coventry.  [xii.  359] 

COVENTRY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1647-1606),  judge; 
B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1565  ;  fellow,  1666  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple ;  serjeant-at-law,  1603 ;  justice  of  the 
common  pleas  and  knighted,  1606.  [xii.  360} 

COVENTRY,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  COVENTRY 
(1578-1640),  lord-keeper ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Coventry 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1692 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1603 ;  recorder  of  London,  1616 ;  solicitor- 
general  and  knighted,  1617 ;  attorney-general,  1621 : 
M.P.,  Droitwich,  1621  :  lord-keeper,  1625 ;  opened  the 
parliaments  of  February  1626  and  March  1628 :  created 
Baron  Coventry  of  Aylesborough,  1628 ;  tried  to  mediate 
between  Charles  I  and  the  parliamentary  leaders,  1629 ; 
judge  of  Star-chamber  ;  assented  to  the  levying  of  ship- 
money,  1634.  [xii.  360] 

COVENTRY,  WALTER  OF(/.  1293  ?),  reputed  author 
of  an  historical  compilation, '  Memoriale,'  of  value  for  the 
period  1199-1225 ;  possibly  a  monk  of  York.  [xii.  362] 

COVENTRY,  WILLIAM  OF  (ft.  1360).  [See  WIL- 
LIAM.] 

COVENTRY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1628  P-1686),  politician : 
n  younger  son  of  Thomas,  first  baron  Coventry  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1642 ;  captain  of  foot  in 
Charles  I's  service;  withdrew  to  France;  secretary  to 
the  Duke  of  York,  1660-7  ;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1661- 
1679 ;  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1C62,  and  so  friend  of 


COVERDALE 


COWPER 


Samuel  Pepys :  kniphted,  1665  ;  spoke  against  Clarendon, 
1667;  quarrelled  with  Buckingham:  imprisoned,  1668; 
published  pamphlets,  1673  and  1685 ;  reputed  author  of 
'  Character  of  a  Trimmer,'  published  1688.  [xii.  362] 

COVERDALE,  MILES  (1488-1568),  translator  of  the 
bible;  studied  at  Cambridge  (bachelor  of  canon  law 
1631);  ordained  priest,  1514;  resident  in  the  Austin 
friary,  Cambridge,  1514-26  :  friend  of  Thomas  Cromwell 
[q.  v.] ;  adopted  Lutheran  views ;  assisted  Robert  Barnes 
[q.  v.]  in  his  defence  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  1626; 
preached  against  images  ;  went  abroad ;  published  trans- 
lations of  two  theological  tracts,  1534 ;  translated  at 
Antwerp,  apparently  in  the  pay  of  Jacob  van  Meteren, 
the  bible  and  Apocrypha  from  German  (Zurich,  1531), 
and  from  Latin  versions  with  aid  of  Tyndale's  New  Testa- 
ment; his  translation  first  printed  perhaps  by  Chris- 
topher Froschouer  of  Zurich,  and  brought  into  Englauc 
by  James  Nicolson  of  South wark,  1635;  modified  his 
version.  1537 ;  translated  theological  tracts,  1537 ;  super- 
intended the  printing  of  the  1539  'Great  Bible'  at  Paris, 
1838-9,  and  in  London,  1539 ;  superintended  '  Cranmer's 
Bible,'  1640;  published  'Goostly  Psalmes,'  translations 
from  German  hymns,  e.  1540 ;  went  abroad,  1540  ;  D.D 
TUbingen;  pastor  and  schoolmaster  at  Bergzabern  in 
Deux- Fonts,  1543-7,  under  the  name  of '  Michael  Anglus '  • 
returned  to  England,  1548;  employed  to  preach  against 
anabaptists,  1549-50,  and  the  Devonshire  insurgents, 
1551,  and  to  visit  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1551 ;  trans- 
lated theological  tracts,  1550 ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1551-3 
allowed  to  leave  England,  1554 ;  returned  to  Bergzabern . 
in  Geneva,  1558 ;  returned  to  England :  joined  in  the 
consecration  of  Archbishop  Parker,  1559  ;  D.D.  Cambridge, 
1563  ;  published  •  Letters  of  Saintes,'  his  last  book,  1564 ; 
rector  of  St.  Magnus,  London  Bridge,  1563 ;  resigned  for 
puritanical  reasons,  1566  ;  preached  privately  in  London, 
1567-8;  his  collected  works  published,  1844-6.  [xii.  364] 

COWARD,  JAMES  (1824-1880),  .organist ;  chorister 
of  Westminster  Abbey ;  organist  at  Lambeth  and  other 
churches;  organist  of  the  Crystal  Palace;  composed 
glees,  songs,  and  other  music.  [xii.  372] 

COWARD,  WILLIAM  (1657  ?-1725).  physician; 
scholar  of  Wadhain  College,  Oxford,  1675;  fellow  of 
Merton,  1680 ;  M.D.,  1687 ;  practitioner  in  Northampton, 
and,  1693-1706,  in  London;  published  medical  tracts; 
rendered  notorious  by  his  '  Second  Thoughts  concerning 
Human  Soul,'  1702,  arguing  its  mortality,  'The  Grand 
Essay,'  1704,  and  'The  Just  Scrutiny,'  and  '  Ophthal- 
moiatria,'  1706,  deistical  pamphlets ;  published  didactic 
poems,  1705  and  1709.  [xii.  373] 

COWARD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1738),  London  merchant 
and  Jamaica  planter  ;  provided  funds  for  courses  of  non- 
conformist sermons  in  London,  1730-5 ;  bequeathed  money 
for  the  education  of  nonconformist  ministers,  [xii.  374] 

GOWDEN-CLARKE,  [See  CLAKKE,  CHARLES  Cow- 
DEN  ;  CLARKE,  MARY  GOWDEN.] 

COWELL,  JOHN  (1554-1611),  civilian ;  educated  at 
Eton,  and,  1570,  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  LL.D. ;  ad- 
vocate of  Doctors'  Commons,  1584 ;  regius  professor  of 
civil  law,  Cambridge,  1594-1610;  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1698-1611 ;  vicar-general  of  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1608;  published  '  Institutiones  Juris  Angli- 
cani,'  1605,  and  "The  Interpreter,'  a  law  dictionary,  1607, 
censured  for  its  absolutist  opinions,  1610.  [xii.  375] 

COWELL,  JOSEPH  LEATHLEY  (1792-1863), actor; 
real  name,  HAWKINS  \VnrnKrr;  midshipman,  royal 
navy,  1805-9;  first  appeared  (1812)  on  the  Plymouth 
stage ;  acted  in  London  and  the  provinces  till  1821 ; 
scene-painter;  acted  in  the  United  States,  1821-46  ;  pub- 
lished an  autobiography,  1844.  [xii.  376] 

COWELL,  SAMUEL  HOUGHTON  (1820-1864),  actor ; 
son  of  Joseph  Leathley  Cowell  [q.  v.] ;  taken  to  America, 
1822;  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Boston,  1829;  acted  in 
most  American  theatres:  came  to  Edinburgh  and 
became  a  favourite  comic  singer  between  acts  :  acted  in 
London,  Glasgow,  Belfast,  and  Dublin  ;  confined  himself 
latterly  to  character  singing  ;'  wrote  songs,  [xii.  377] 

COWEN,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1800-1873),  radical  M.P.  for 
Newcastle,  1865-73.  [Suppl.  ii.  73] 

COWEN.  JOSEPH  (1831-1900),  politician  and  jour- 
uuliat ;  ecu  of  Sir  Joseph  Cowcu  [<j.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edin- 


burgh University;  interested  himself  in  revolutionary 
movements  on  the  continent,  18-18,  and  became  active  sup- 
porter of  chartists  and  member  of  northern  reform  league 
(founded  1858) ;  contributor  to,  and  subsequently  was  pro- 
prietor and  editor  of,  '  Newcastle  Chronicle ' ;  established 
monthly  ' Northern  Tribune';  libenil  M.P.  for  Newcastle, 
1873-85.  [Suppl.  ii.  72] 

COWEN,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1811-1860),  painUr  and 
etcher;  sketched  in  Great  Britain,  .Switzerland,  Italy, 

i  and  (1840)  Corsica  ;  exhibited  landscapes,  1811-60;  pub- 
lished etchings,  1817-48 ;  wrote  '  Six  Weeks  in  Corsica,' 

j  1848.  [xii.  378] 

COWHERD,  WILLIAM  (1763-1816),  founder  of  the 
Bible  Christians  or  '  Cowherdites ' ;  tutor  in  a  dissenting 
academy ;  Swedenborgian  preacher  in  Manchester ;  built 
a  chapel  in  Salford,  in  which  he  preached  as  a  Sweden- 
borgian, 1800-9,  but  afterwards  founded  a  new  church, 
requiring  vegetarianism  and  teetotalism ;  opened  a  board- 
ing school,  1810 ;  a  dispensing  chemist,  known  as  '  Dr. 
Cowherd ' ;  published  hymns  for  the  use  of  his  sect. 

[xii.  378] 

COWLE,  BENJAMIN  MORGAN  (1816-1900),  dean  of 
Exeter ;  senior  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1839 ;  M.A.,  1842  ;  B.D.,  1855 ;  D.D.,  1880 ;  fellow,  1839-43 ; 
entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1837 ;  ordained  priest,  1842 ;  prin- 
cipal ami  senior  mathematical  lecturer  at  college  for 
civil  engineers,  Putney,  1844-51 ;  select  preacher  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1852  and  1866;  Hulsean  lecturer,  1853  and  1854; 
professor  of  geometry,  Gresham  College,  London,  1855 ; 
fifth  minor  canon  and  succentor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
1856 ;  rector  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  1857 ;  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  the  queen,  1871 ;  dean  of  Manchester,  1872, 
and  of  Exeter,  1883 ;  published  religious  works. 

[Suppl.  ii.  73] 

COWIE,  ROBERT  (1842-1874),  author  of  '  Shetland, 
Descriptive  and  Historical ' ;  M.A.  Aberdeen  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh ;  practitioner  in  Lerwick.  [xii.  379] 

COWLEY,  first  EARL  (1804-1884).  [See  WELLESLEY, 
HENRY  RICHABD  CHARLES.] 

COWLEY,  BARON  (1773-1847).  [See  WKI.LKMLEY, 
HENRY.] 

COWLEY,  ABRAHAM  (1618-1667),  poet:  kin-'? 
scholar  at  Westminster;  published  'Poetical  Blossoms,' 
1633,  and  '  Sylva,'  1636 ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1637  ;  fellow,  1640 ;  M.A.,  1642  ;  published  '  Love's 
Riddle,'  a  pastoral  drama,  1638;  brought  out,  at  Cam- 
bridge, '  Naufragiuui  Joculare,'  a  Latin  comedy,  1638,  and 
'  The  Guardian,'  a  comedy,  1641 ;  ejected  by  the  parlia- 
ment, 1644 ;  resided  in  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  went 
to  France,  1646;  published  'The  Mistress,' poems,  1647, 
and  'Miscellanies,'  with  other  poems,  including  four 
books  of  the  '  Davideis,'  a  sacred  epic,  1656 ;  cipher  secre- 
tary to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  c.  1647;  royalist  spy  in 
England,  1666;  M.D.  Oxford,  1667;  withdrew  to  France ; 
published  odes  on  the  Restoration  and  against  Cromwell, 
1660-1 ;  was  refused  the  mastership  of  the  Savoy,  1661 ; 
P.R.S. ;  published  '  Verses  upon  several  Occasions,'  1663  : 
a  competence  provided  for  him  by  Earl  of  St.  Albans  and 
Dukeof  Buckingham ;  his  collected  works  published  1668. 

[xii.  379] 

COWLEY,  HANNAH  (1743-1809),  dramatist;  mfe 
Parkhouse;  married,  c.  1768;  brought  out  thirteen  dra- 
matic pieces,  1776-95,  including  'The  Belle's  Stratagem,' 
1782  ;  published  poems,  1780-94 ;  contributed  weekly  sen- 
timental verses  to  the  '  World,'  as  '  Anna  Matilda.' 

[xii.  382] 

COWPER.    [See  also  COOPER  and  COLTKH.] 

COWPER,  SIR  CHARLES  (1807-1876),  Australian 
statesman ;  son  of  William  Cowper  (1780-1858)  [q.  v.] ; 
born  in  Lancashire:  government  clerk  in  New  South 
Wales,  1825-33  ;  sheep  farmer ;  uiemtjer  of  the  legislature, 
c.  1843 ;  advocated  colonial  railways,  1846  ;  opposed  further 
transportation  of  convicts,  1850  ;  several  times  minister, 
1856-70 :  agent-general  for  New  South  Wales,  1870 : 
knighted,  1872.  [xii.  383] 

COWPER,  DOUGLAS  (1817-1839),  painter;  art- 
student  in  London ;  'exhibited,  1837-9.  [xii.  385] 

COWPER,  EBENEZER(  1804-1880),  manufacturer  of 
printing  machines  in  partnership  with  his  brother  Ed- 
ward Cowper  [q.  v.]  [xii.  386] 


OOWPER 


289 


COX 


COWPER,  EDWARD (1790-1852), inventor;  patented 
a  wall-paper  printing  machine,  J816 ;  a  printer,  1818: 
patented  process  for  Hinmltaneoii.-ly  printing  both  sides 
of  paper,  1818;  invented,  jointly  with  Augustus  Apple- 
L'arth,  the  newspaper  'four-cylinder'  press,  1827. 

[xii.  385] 

COWPER,  HENRY  (1758-1840),  lawyer ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1775  ;  published  law  report*,  1783  ;  clerk 
of  the  House  of  Lords.  [xii.  38G] 

COWPER,  MARY,  first  OoVNTKBS  COWPKR  (1685- 
1724),  nfe  Olavering ;  married  William,  first  earl  Cowper 
[q.  v.l,  1706 ;  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  Princess  of 
Wales,  1714  ;  her  diary  published,  1864.  [xii.  386] 

COWPER,  SPENCER  (1669-1727),  judge;  educated  at 
Westminster ;  barrister ;  controller  of  the  Bridge  House 
estates,  1690  ;  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  Sarah  Stout  of 
Hertford,  1699  ;  M.P.,  Beeralston,  1705,  1708,  Truro,  1711 ; 
chief- Justice  of  Chester,  1717;  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1727.'  [xii.  386] 

COWPER,  SPENCER  (1713-1774),  dean  of  Durham, 
1746-74 ;  youngest  son  of  William,  first  earl  Cowper 
[q.Y.];  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1734;  D.D.,  1746; 
rector  of  Fordwich,  Kent ;  published  sermons. 

[xii.  387] 

COWPER  or  COUPER,  WILLIAM  (1568-1619), 
bishop  of  Galloway ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1583  ;  usher  at 
Hoddesdon,  Hertfordshire  ;  minister  of  Bothkennar,  Stir- 
lingshire. 1587,  and  at  Perth,  1595 ;  assented  to  episcopacy, 
1608 ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Edinburgh,  and  bishop  of 
Galloway,  1612-19;  published  devotional  tracts,  1611-18  ; 
bis  '  works '  published,  1623.  [xii.  387] 

COWPER  or  COOPER,  WILLIAM  (1666-1709),  sur- 
geon ;  surgeon's  apprentice  in  London,  1682  ;  qualified  as 
a  surgeon,  1691 ;  practised  in  London ;  F.R.S.,  1696 ; 
published  (1694)  '  Myotomia  Reforuiata,'  a  treatise  on 
the  muscles,  and  (1698) '  The  Anatomy  of  Humane  Bodies ' ; 
defended  himself,  1701,  against  Godefridus  Bid  loo,  a  Ley- 
den  professor ;  published,  1702,  a  description  of  'Oowper's 
glands'  ;  contributed  to  medical  journals.  [xii.  388] 

COWPER,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  COWPEK  (d.  1723), 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1688 ;  volunteered  for  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  November  1688 ;  recorder  of  Colchester,  1694 ; 
M.Pn  Hertford,  1695  and  1698,  Beeralston,  1701 ;  crown 
prosecutor,  1694-9 ;  lord-keeper,  1705  ;  a  commissioner  for 
the  union  with  Scotland,  April  1706  ;  succeeded  as  second 
baronet,  1706;  created  Baron  Oowper,  November  1706; 
first  lord  chancellor  of  Great  Britain,  May  1707-Septem- 
ber  1710 ;  presided  at  Sacheverell's  trial,  1710 ;  spoke  in 
the  whig  interest  in  the  Lords'  debates,  1711-14 ;  helped  to 
dismiss  Bolingbroke  from  the  secretaryship  of  state,  1714 ; 
again  lord  chancellor,  1714-18 ;  wrote  out  a  description 
of  English  parties  for  George  I's  guidance,  1714 ;  presided 
at  the  trial  of  the  Earl  of  Winton  for  rebellion,  1716 ; 
supported  the  Mutiny  bill,  1718;  created  Earl  Oowper, 
1718 ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Lords'  debates,  1718-23. 

[xii.  889] 

COWPER,  WILLIAM  (1701-1767),  antiquary;  stu- 
died medicine  at  Leyden,  1719 ;  medical  practitioner  at 
Chester ;  published  a  life  of  St.  Werburgh,  1749,  and  '  II 
Penseroso  :  an  Evening's  Contemplation  in  ...  Chester,' 
1767  ;  left  manuscript  collections  relating  to  Chester  and 
Cheshire.  [xii.  394] 

COWPER,  WILLIAM  (1731-1800),  poet ;  son  of  John 
Oowper,  rector  of  Great  Berkhampstead ;  barbarously 
treated  at  a  private  school,  1737-8,  in  Hertfordshire :  at 
Westminster  School,  1741-9;  articled  to  a  solicitor,  1760- 
1752 ;  took  chambers  in  the  Middle  Temple,  1752 ;  first 
attacked  by  melancholia,  c.  1753;  barrister.  Middle 
Temple,  1754 ;  proposed  to  marry  his  cousin,  Theodora 
Jane  Oowper  (d.  1824),  but  his  Intention  frustrated  by 
her  father,  who  had  noticed  Cowper's  morbidity,  1756 ; 
contributed  verses  to  various  papers,  1756-61 ;  a  com- 
missioner of  bankrupts,  1759-64 ;  offered  a  clerkship  of 
the  House  of  Lords  by  his  cousin,  William  Oowper,  clerk 
of  the  parliaments,  1763  ;  thrown  into  a  nervous  fever  by 
fear  of  opposition  to  his  appointment ;  tried  to  commit 
suicide ;  an  inmate  of  Nathaniel  Cotton's  private  asylum, 
1763-5  ;  a  boarder  in  Morley  Unwin's  house  at  Huntingdon, 
1765 ;  ceased  corresponding  with  his  cousin  Harriet  (d. 
1807),  wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Hesketh,  in  consequence  of 
her  indifference  to  his  new  pietistic  zeal ;  removed  with 
Mary,  Morley  Unwin's  widow,  to  Olney,  1767  ;  lay-reader 
and  district  visitor  to  John  Newton,  the  evangelical 


curate  of  Olney  ;  composed  hymns  (sixty-seven  appearing 
i  in  Newton's  'Oluey  Hymns,'  1779);  became  engaged  to 
I  Mrs.  Unwin  ;  again  deranged,  1773  ;  a  guest  in  Newton's 
i  house,  1773-4;   recovered   before  1776;  acquainted  with 
William  Bull  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  much  verse,  1777-81 ;   pub- 
lished  'Anti-Thelyphthora,'    1781,    against    hia    cousiu 
Martin  Madan's  '  Thelyphthora  * ;  published  poems,  1782 ; 
at  the  suggestion  of  Ann  (d.  1802),  widow  of  Sir  Robert 
I  Austen,  wrote  '  John  GUpin,'  November  1782,  and  '  The 
Task,'  1783 ;  quarrelled,  through  Mrs.  Uuwiu's  jealousy, 
with  Lady  Austen,  1784  ;  began  to  translate  Homer,  1784  ; 
resumed  his  correspondence  with  Lady  Hesketh,  October 
1786 ;  again  became  insane,  1787,  and  never  entirely  re- 
covered ;  published  his  translation  of  '  Homer,'  by  sub- 
scription, 1791 ;   undertook  to  edit  Milton ;  received  a 
government  pension,  1794  ;  removal  by  his  cousin,  John 
Johnson,  with  Mrs.  Unwiu  (d.  1796),  to  East  Dereham, 
Norfolk,  1796  ;  wrote  « The  Castaway,'  1798.    His  life  was 
;  written  by  William  Hayley,  1803  ;  his  Milton  papers  pub- 
1  lished,  1808-10,  his  letters,  1824,  and  his  'complete  works,' 
1834-7.  [xii.  394] 

COWPER,  WILLIAM  (1780-1858),  Australian  divine ; 
born  in  Lancashire  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Philip's,  Sydney, 
1809  ;  archdeacon,  1848.  [xii.  402] 

COWPER  (afterwards  COWPER- TEMPLE),  WIL- 
LIAM FRANCIS,  BAROX  MOUNT-TKMPLK  (1811-1888), 
educated  at  Eton  ;  cornet  In  royal  horse  guards,  1827  ; 
lieutenant,  1832  ;  brevet  major,  1852  ;  M.P.  for  Hertford, 
1835-63,  and  South  Hampshire,  1868-80 ;  junior  lord  of 
treasury,  1841 ;  lord  of  admiralty,  1846-52,  and  1852-5  ; 
under-secretary  for  home  affairs,  1855  ;  president  of  board 
of  health  and  privy  councillor,  1855 ;  vice-president  of 
committee  of  council  on  education,  1857-8,  and  of  board 
of  trade,  1859 ;  commissioner  of  works,  1860-6  ;  raised  to 
peerage,  1880.  [Suppl.  ii.  74] 

COWTON,  ROBERT  (ft.  1300),  Franciscan  ;  educated 
at  Oxford  and  Paris ;  D.D.  of  the  Sorbonne ;   confessor 
|  in  Oxfordshire,  1300 ;  wrote  scholastic  treatises  ;   tradi- 
tionally known  as  '  doctor  amoeuus.'  [xii.  402] 

COX.    [See  also  OOXE.] 

COX,  CAPTAIN  ,  of  Coventry  (ft.  1575),  collector 

of  ballads  and  romances ;  present  at  Keuil  worth  on 
Queen  Elizabeth's  visit,  1575.  [xii.  403] 

COX,  ANNE  (1766-1830).    [See  WOODROOFFE,  AXNE.] 

COX,  COXE,  or  COCESS,  BENJAMIN  (ft.  1646), 
baptist  minister;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1609; 
M.A.  Broadgates  Hall,  1617 ;  beneficed  in  Devonshire ; 
retracted  puritan  opinions,  1639 ;  baptist  preacher  at 
Bedford  ;  imprisoned  at  Coventry,  1643  ;  baptist  preacher 
in  London,  1645 ;  conformed,  1662  ;  again  became  a  bap- 
tist ;  published  controversial  tracts,  1645-6.  [xii.  403] 

COX,  DANIEL  (d.  1750),  physician;  M.D.  St.  An- 
drews, 1742  ;  physician  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  1746- 
1749  ;  published  medical  tracts.  [xii.  404] 

COX,  DAVID  (1783-1859),  landscape-painter  in 
water-colours ;  son  of  a  Birmingham  blacksmith ;  taught 
drawing  by  Joseph  Barber  [q.v.];  apprenticed  to  a 
Birmingham  locket-painter;  assistant  to  De  Maria,  an 
Italian  scene-painter ;  scene-painter  in  London,  1804 ; 
sold  sketches  of  Thames  scenery  near  London ;  sketched 
in  Wales,  1805-6;  drawing-master  at  Dulwich;  drawn 
for  the  militia,  and  forced  to  leave  home;  went  to 
Hastings,  1812,  and  sketched  in  oils ;  drawing-master  at 
Hereford,  1 814-26,  making  summer  sketching-tours ; 
began  to  etch  on  copper,  1812  :  published  '  A  Treatise  on 
Landscape  Painting,' 1814, 'Lessons  in  Landscape,' 1816, 
'  Views  of  Bath,'  1820,  and  '  Young  Artists'  Companion,' 
1826  :  taught  by  W.  J.  MUller  [q.  v.]  to  paint  in  oils, 
1839;  removed  to  neighbourhood  of  Birmingham,  1841, 
visiting  Bettws-y-Ooed  yearly  (1844-56)  ;  his  merits  un- 
recognised during  his  lifetime.  [xii.  404] 

COX,  DAVID,  the  younger  (1809-1886),  water-colour 
painter;  only  child  of  David  Cox  (1783-1869)  [q.v.]; 
educated  at  Hereford  ;  exhibited  in  London,  1827. 

[xii.  409] 

COX,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1809-1879%  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  educated  at  Taunton ;  published  verses,  1829-30 : 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1843  ;  proprietor  and  conductor 
of  the  '  Law  Times,'  1843-79,  the '  County  Courts  Chro- 
nicle,' 1846,  the  'Field,'  the  'Queen,'  1861,  and  other 
periodicals ;  recorder  of  Falmoutb,  1857-68 :  M.P.,  1865  ; 

U 


cox 


290 


COZENS 


serjeant-at-law.  1868  ;  recorder  of  Portsmouth,  1868-79  ; 
publishal  law  reports  and  legal  treatises,  1846-78,  political 
pamphlets,  1852-66,  and  spiritualistic  pamphlets,  1877-8. 

[xii.  409] 

COX,  FRANCIS  AUGUSTUS  (1783-1853),  baptist 
preacher ;  a  wealthy  man :  M.A.  Edinburgh ;  baptist 
minister  in  Northamptonshire,  1806,  and  at  Hackney, 
1811-53;  honorary  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1824;  librarian  of 
London  University,  1828;  published  biographical  and 
biblical  works.  [xii.  Ill] 

COX,  GEORGE  VALENTINE  (1786-1875),  author  of 
'  Recollections  of  Oxford,'  1868 :  M.A.  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1808 ;  an  esquire  bedell  of  Oxford  University,  1806- 
1866 ;  published  a  norel,  1837,  and  translations  of  German 
works  ou  ancient  history,  1845-51.  [xii.  411] 

COX,  LEONARD  (fl.  1572),  schoolmaster  ;  B.A.  Cam- 
bridge: asked  M.A.  at  Oxford,  1530;  schoolmaster  at 
Reading,  1541-6;  travelled:  taught  school  at  Caerleon ; 
schoolmaster  at  Coventry,  1672 ;  published  '  Rhetoryke,* 
1524,  a  grammatical  tract,  1540,  and  translations. 

[xii.  411] 

COX,  RICHARD  (1500-1581),  bishop  of  Ely :  educated 
at  Eton:  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge:  B.A., 
1524 ;  canon  of  Wolsey's  Oxford  college,  1526 ;  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1526 ;  head-master  of  Eton  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1537 ; 
favourite  of  Archbishop  Cranmer ;  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, 1642-7 ;  lord  almoner ;  tutor  to  Prince  Edward, 
1644-50  ;  dean  of  Osney,  1544,  and  of  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1547-53;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1547-52,  de- 
stroying '  popish '  statues,  pictures,  and  books ;  rector  of 
Harrow,  1547 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1548 ;  on  the  commis- 
sion to  draw  up  the  English  liturgy,  1 548-50 ;  dean  of  West- 
minster, 1549  ;  imprisoned,  1553  ;  in  exile,  1554-8,  chiefly 
living  at  Frankfort,  where  he  led  the  opposition  to  John 
Knox :  one  of  the  commission  to  visit  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, 1559;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1559:  bishop  of  Ely, 
1559-80 ;  alienated  much  property  of  the  see  to  court 
favourites  ;  resigned,  1580.  [xii.  412] 

COX,  Sin  RICHARD  (1650-1733),  Irish  judge;  a 
strong  protestunt ;  an  Irish  attorney ;  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn,  1673 ;  practised  law  in  Ireland ;  withdrew  to  Bristol, 
1685 ;  wrote  in  favour  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1689 ; 
published  a  trite  history  of  Ireland,  1689-90 ;  present  at 
the  Boy ne,  1690;  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1690; 
military  governor  of  Cork,  1691-2  ;  Irish  privy  councillor 
and  knighted,  1 692 ;  removed  from  the  privy  council  for 
urging  observance  of  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  1695 ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  on  Irish  affairs,  1696-8 ;  chief-justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  1701-3:  lord  chancellor,  1703-7; 
created  baronet,  1706  ;  publishal  theological  tracts,  1709- 
1713 ;  chief-justice  of  the  queen's  bench,  1711-14. 

[xii.  414] 

COX,  ROBERT  (1810-1872X  anti-Sabbatarian  writer ; 
writer  to  the  signet,  Edinburgh;  edited  the  'Phrenolo- 
gical Journal';  advocated  Sunday  trains,  1850;  pub- 
lished treatises  on  the  Sabbath  question,  1853-65. 

[xii.  416] 

COX,  SAMUEL  (1826-1893),  theological  writer;  ap- 
prenticed at  London  docks :  studied  for  baptist  ministry 
at  Stepney  College ;  pastor  of  baptist  chapel,  St.  Paul's 
Square,  Southsea,  1852,  at  Ryde,  1854-9,  and  at  Mansfield 
Road,  Nottingham,  1863-88;  contributed  to  religious 
periodicals ;  editor  of  the  •  Expositor,'  1875-84 ;  D.D.  St. 
Andrews,  1882  ;  published  numerous  theological  works,  of 
which  the  most  influential  was  'Salvator  Mundi,'  1877. 

[Suppl.  ii.  75] 

COX,  THOMAS  (d.  1734),  topographer;  rector  of 
Ohignal-Smealy,  1680-1704 :  vicar  of  Broomfleld,  1685- 
1734,  and  rector  of  Stock- Harvard,  Essex,  1703-34  ;  pub- 
lished translations  ami  sermons,  1694-1726;  edited  a 
meritorious  recension  of  Camden's  '  Britannia,'  1720-31. 

[xii.  417] 

CpX,  WALTER  (1770-1837),  Irish  journalist;  a 
Dublin  gunsmith ;  edited  two  violent  newspapers,  •  The 
Union  Star,'  1797,  and  'Irish  Magazine,'  1807-16;  pen- 
sioned; resident  in  New  York,  1816,  and  France,  1820; 
forfeited  his  pension  by  returning  to  Irelrnd,  1835. 

[xii.  417] 

COX,  WILLIAM SANDS(1802-1876),iurgeon  ;  studied 
medicine  in  Birmingham,  London,  1821-3,  and  Paris, 
1824 ;  lectured  on  anatomy  in  Birmingham,  1825  ;  joint* 
founder  of  the  Birmingham  School  of  Medicine,  1828,  the 
Queen's  Hospital,  1841,  and  Queen's  College,  Birmingham, 
1843  ;  publishal  medical  treatises.  [xii.  418] 


COXE,  FRANCIS  (ft.  15CO),  quack  doctor  ; 
•  for  sorcery,  1561 ;  published  an  '  Unfained  Retrartat'on.1 
I  another  pamphlet  against  necromancy,  and,   1575,  'lie 
oleis  . . .  conficiendis,'  a  volume  of  receipts.      [xii.  418] 

COXE,  HENRY  OCTAVIUS  (1811-1881),  palirogra- 

'  pher;  educated  at  Westminster ;  M.A.  Worcester  College, 

I  Oxford,  1836;   assistant  in  the  manuscript  department, 

British  Museum,  1833  ;  sub-librarian,  1838,  and  librarian, 

|  1860-81,  of  the  Bodleian  Library  ;  made  an  archaeological 

tour  in  the  Levant,  1857;  rector  of  Wytliain,  Berkshire, 

1868;  edited  historical  manuscripts,  1840-50;  catalogued 

manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian  and  Oxford  college  libraries, 

1852-4;  superintended  cataloguing  of  Bodleian  printed 

books,  1859-80.  [xii.  419] 

COXE  or  COCKIS,  JOHN  (  fl.  1572),  translator  of 
some  treatises  by  Bullinger.  .  [xii.  420] 

COXE,  PETER  (d.  1844),  poet;  a  London  auctioneer; 
published  pamphlets  and  verses,  1807-23.  [xii.  420] 

COXE  or  COX,  RICHARD  (rf.  1596),  divine;  B.A. 
Cambridge,  1582;  M.A.  Oxford,  1584;  rector  of  Diss, 
Norfolk,  1589  ;  published  a  catechism,  1591,  and  sermon*. 

[xii.  420] 

COXE,    RICHARD  CHARLES    (1800-1865),   divine; 
j  M.A.  Oxford,  1824;    vicar  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1841; 
I  vicar  of  Eglingham  and  archdeacon  of  Lindisfarne,  1853 ; 
canon  of  Durham,  1857 ;  published  sermons  and  verses. 

[xii.  420] 

COXE,  THOMAS  (1615-1685),  physician  in  the  parlia- 
mentary army :  M.A.  Cambridge,  1638 :  M.D.  Padua,  1641 ; 
F.O.P.,  1649 ;  died,  a  bankrupt,  in  France.  [xii.  421] 

COXE.  WILLIAM  (1747-1828),  historian ;  educated  at 
Eton;  fellow,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1768;  M.A., 
1772 ;  occasionally  travelled,  as  tutor,  on  the  continent ; 
vicar  of  Kingston-on-Thame?,  1786-8  ;  rector  of  Bemerton, 
1788-1828,  holding  also  other  benefices;  archdeacon  of 
Wiltshire,  1804;  published  notes  of  travel,  1779-1801; 
compiled  memoirs  of  the  House  of  Austria,  1807,  of  the 
Spanish  Bourbons,  1813,  of  Walpole,  1798,  Marlborough, 
1818-19,  Shrewsbury,  1821,  and  Henry  Pelham,  post- 
humously published,  1829.  [xii.  421] 

COXETER,  THOMAS  (1689-1747),  literary  antiquary ; 
enteral  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1705 ',  collected  old  English 
plays ;  forged  titles  of  plays ;  "his  name  attached  to  a 
worthless  edition  of  Massinger,  1759.  [xii.  422] 

COXON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1609-1636).     [See  OOCKSON.] 

COXON,  THOMAS  (1654-1735),  Jesuit;  born  in  Dur- 
ham ;  joined  the  Jesuit?,  1676 ;  mission  priest  in  England, 
1695-1724 ;  died  at  St.  Omer.  [xii.  423] 

COXWELL,  HENRY  (TRACEY)  (1819-1900),  aero- 
naut ;  apprenticed  as  surgeon-dentist,  1836  ;  made  his 
first  balloon  ascent,  1844;  projected  and  edited  'The 
Balloon,'  1845 ;  entrusted  with  management  of  a  balloon 
at  Brussels,  1848,  and  subsequently  made  ascents  in 
British  Islands  and  on  the  continent ;  attained,  1862,  with 
Dr.  James  Glaisher,  F.R.S.,  with  whom  he  had  made 
meteorological  observations,  greatest  height  on  record 
(about  seven  miles);  managed  war  balloons  for  the 
Germans  in  Franco-German  war,  1870 ;  made  his.  last 
ascent,  1885 ;  published '  My  Life  and  Balloon  Experiences,' 
1887-9.  [Suppl.  ii.  76] 

COYNE,  JOSEPH  STIRLING  (1803-1868), dramatist; 
journalist  in  Dublin ;  brought  out  three  farces  in  Dublin, 
1835-6 ;  settled  as  journalist  in  London,  1836 ;  wrote 
nearly  sixty  dramatic  pieces.  [xii.  -123] 

COYTE,  WILLIAM  BEESTON  (1741  7-1810),  bota- 
nist; M.B.  Cambridge,  1763:  medical  practitioner  in 
Ipswich  ;  published  botanical  tracts,  1785-1807. 

[xii.  424] 

COZENS,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1786),  landscape-painter 
in  water-colours ;  born  in  Russia ;  reputal  son  of  Peter 
the  Great ;  studied  art  in  Italy ;  settled  in  England,  1746  ; 
exhibited,  1760-81 :  drawing-master  at  Eton,  1763-8  ;  pub- 
lished tracts  on  art,  1771-85.  [xit  424] 

COZENS,  JOHN  ROBERT  (1752-1799),  landscape- 
painter  in  water-colours ;  son  of  Alexander  Cozens  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited,  1767  ;  made  sketching  tour  in  Switzerland,  1776 
and  Italy ;  returned  to  England,  1782  ;  insane,  1794-9. 

[xii.  425] 


OKAB 


291 


CRAIO 


CRAB,  ROGER  (1621  ?-1680),  ascetic;  hocamc  a.  vege- 
tariun  ami  watrr-rlrinkor,  1641 ;  in  the  parliamentary 
army,  1642-9  ;  hatter  at  Gheabam,  1649-51  ;  quack  doctor 
near  Uxbridge ;  imprisoned  in  London,  1665  ;  vulgarly 
said  to  have  foretold  the  Restoration  and  the  accession  of 
William  of  Orange  ;  published  an  autobiography,  1655,  and 
tracts  against  the  Quakers.  [xii.  426] 

CRABB,  GEORGE  (1778-1851),  miscellaneous  writer; 
studied  German  at  Bremen,  1801 ;  published  German  text- 
books ;  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1814  ;  M.A.,  1822  ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1829 ;  compiled  technical  and 
historical  dictionaries  and  published  law  treatises. 

[xii.  426] 

CRABB,  HABAKKUK  (1750-1794),  congregational 
minister  ;  educated  at  Daventry  academy,  1766 ;  minister 
at  Stowmarket,  1772-6,  subsequently  in  other  towns ;  hold 
Arian  opinions ;  his  sermons  published  posthumously, 
1796.  [xii.  427] 

CRABB,  JAMES  (1774-1851),  Wesleyan  methodist; 
private  schoolmaster  at  Romsey,  and  preacher  at  South- 
ampton ;  missionary  to  the  New  Forest  gipsies  ;  promoted 
Southampton  educational  charities.  [xii.  427] 

CRABBE,  GEORGE  (1754-1832),  poet ;  born  at  Aide- 
burgh,  Suffolk ;  mostly  self-taught ;  worked  in  a  ware- 
house ;  servant  to  a  country  doctor,  1768-75 ;  met  Sarah 
Elmy,  his  future  wife,  1771 ;  published  verses,  1772-5 ; 
studied  botany  and  surgery ;  practised  surgery  at  Aide- 
burgh  ;  went  to  London  and  published  the  '.Candidate,' 
1780;  befriended  by  Edmund  Burke;  published  the 
'Library,'  1781;  curate  of  Aldeburgh,  1781;  chaplain  at 
Belvoir  to  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  1782-5 ;  published  the 
« Village,'  1783  ;  beneficed,  but  non-resident,  in  Dorset ; 
LL.B.  Lambeth ;  curate  at  Stathern,  Leicestershire,  1785  ; 
published  the  'Newspaper,'  1785;  rector  of  Muston, 
Leicestershire,  and  non-resident  vicar  of  Allington,  Lin- 
colnshire, 1789;  inherited  property;  wrote,  and  burned, 
novels  and  a  treatise  on  botany;  absented  himself  for 
many  years  from  Muston  rectory  ;  recalled  thither  by  the 
bishop,  1805 ;  published  the  '  Parish  Register,'  1807 ;  the 
'  Borough,'  1810,  and '  Tales  in  Verse,'  1812 ;  resident  rector 
of  Trowbridge,  Wiltshire,  1814-32,  and  non-resident  vicar 
of  Oroxton,  Leicestershire ;  published  '  Tales  of  the  Hall,* 
1819 ;  visited  Edinburgh,  1822 ;  his  collected  works  pub- 
lished, 1834.  [xii.  428] 

CRABBE,  GEORGE  (1785-1857),  biographer ;  son  of 
George  Orabbe  (1754-1832)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1807  ; 
vicar  of  Bredfield,  Suffolk,  1834 ;  published  a  life  of  his 
father,  1834.  [xii.  431] 

ORABTREE  or  KRABTREE,  HENRY  (fl.  1685), 
astrologer  ;  published  an  almanack, « Merlinus  Rusticus," 
1685  ;  curate  of  Todmorden,  Lancashire.  [xii.  431] 

ORABTREE,  WILLIAM  (1610-1644?),  astronomer; 
educated  at  Manchester  grammar  school;  a  cloth  mer- 
chant ;  studied  astronomy  :  jointly  with  Jeremiah  Horrox 
[q.  v.]  observed  the  transit  of  Venus,  1639.  [xii.  431] 

GRACE,  FREDERICK  (1779-1859),  architectural  de- 
corator in  London ;  from  1818,  collected  maps  (1560-1859) 
and  views  of  London  ;  his  collections  catalogued,  1878, 
and  bought  by  the  British  Museum,  1880.  [xii.  432] 

CRAOHERODE,  CLAYTON  MORDAUNT  (1730- 
1799),  bibliophile ;  entered  Westminster  School,  1742 ; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1746-99 ;  M.A.,  1763 ; 
curate  of  Binsey ;  a  great  buyer  of  books  from  1775 ;  be- 
queathed his  books  and  prints  to  British  Museum. 

[xii.  433] 

CRADOCK,  EDWARD  (/.  1571),  alchemist:  student 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1552  ;  M.A.,  1559 ;  D.D.,  1565 ; 
Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1565-94 ;  published 
a  devotional  tract,  '  The  Shippe  of  Assured  Safetie,'  1571 ; 
left  manuscript  treatises  on  the  philosopher's  stone. 

[xii.  434] 

CRADOCK,  JOHN  (1708  ?-1778),  archbishop  of 
Dublin ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge :  B.A., 
1728 ;  D.D.,  1749 ;  rector  of  Dry  Drayton,  Cambridgeshire, 
and  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden ;  chaplain  to  the  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1757  ;  bishop  of  Kilmore,  1757  ; 
translated  to  Dublin,  1772;  published  sermons  and 
charges.  [xii.  434] 

CRADOCK,  SIR  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1762-1839).  [See 
OARADOC.] 


CRADOCK,  Ji-SEPlM  17-42-1820),  author;  ofUumley, 
Leicestershire,  entered  Kmmamicl  College,  Cambridge, 
1769 ;  honorary  M.A-,  1766  ;  a  patron  of  the  London  stage ; 
adapted  Voltaire's  '  Les  Scythes,'  1771 ;  published  a 
pamphlet  against  John  Wilkes,  1773,  account  of  u  tour 
in  Wales,  1777,  a  tragedy,  a  novel,  essays,  and,  1 «:,'«, 
'  Literary  Memoirs.'  [xii.  435] 

CRADOCK,  MARMADUKE  (16607-1716),  wrongly 
called  '  Luke,'  painter ;  house-painter's  apprentice  in 
London  :  painted,  without  recognition,  animals,  birds, 
and  still-life;  some  of  his  pictures  engraved,  1743. 

[xii.  436] 

CRADOCK,  MATTHEW  (d.  1641),  first  governor 
(1628-9)  of  the  Massachusetts  Company ;  London 
merchant  ;  traded  with  East  Indies,  1618  ;  resigned 
governorship,  1629,  to  allow  headquarters  to  be  trans- 
fern-.  1  to  New  England ;  sent  help  to  the  colony,  1630-6  ; 
M.P.,  London,  in  Long  parliament ;  opposed  to  the  king. 

[xii.  436] 

CRADOCK,  SAMUEL  (1621  ?-1706),  congregational 
divine ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1645-56  ; 
B.D.,  1651 ;  rector  of  North  Cadbury,  Somerset,  1656-62  ; 
inherited  Geesings,  Suffolk,  1662  ;  kept  a  congregational 
chapel  and  academy  there,  1672-96;  congregational 
preacher  near  Bishop's  Stortford,  1696-1706  ;  published 
theological  treatises,  1659-90.  [xii.  437] 

CRADOCK,  WALTER  (1606  7-1659),  congregational 
minister ;  curate  at  Cardiff  and  Wrexham :  chaplain  to 
Sir  Robert  Harley  of  Herefordshire ;  congregational  minis- 
ter at  Llanvaches,  Monmouthshire ;  preacher  in  London, 
1646 ;  published  sermons,  1646-51 ;  his  works  collected, 
1800.  [xiL  438] 

CRADOCK,  ZACHARY  (1633-1695),  provost  of  Eton ; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1654 ;  chaplain  at 
Lisbon,  1656;  canon  of  Ohichester,  1670;  fellow  of  Eton, 
1671,  and  provost,  1681-95  ;  published  sermons. 

[xii.  438] 

CRAFT,  WILLIAM  H.  (<*.  1805?),  enamel-painter; 
exhibited  decorative  and  portrait  enamels,  1774-95; 
employed  at  Battersea  enamel  works.  [xii.  438] 

CRAGGS,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1657-1721),  postmaster- 
general;  army  clothier;  imprisoned,  1695,  for  refusing 
a  parliamentary  commission  access  to  his  books;  M.P., 
Grampound,  1702-13 ;  member  of  committee,  East  India 
Company,  1702 ;  secretary  of  the  ordnance  office  till  1714; 
clerk  of  the  deliveries ;  agent  of  Sarah,  duchess  of  Marl- 
borough  ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1715-20 ;  accumu- 
lated great  wealth ;  proceeded  against  for  promoting  the 
South  Sea  Company,  1721.  [xii.  439] 

CRAGGS,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1686-1721 ),  secretary 
of  state ;  younger  son  of  James  Craggs  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
travelled;  friend  of  George,  elector  of  Hanover;  M.P., 
1713;  secretary  at  war,  1717;  secretarv  of  state,  1718; 
implicated  in  the  South  Sea  Company  scandal ;  friend  of 
Alexander  Pope.  [xii.  440] 

CRAIG,  ALEXANDER  (1567  7-1627),  poet ;  M.A.  St. 
Andrews,  1586;  published  'Poetical  Essayes,'  flattering 
James  I,  1604;  pensioned,  1605;  published  'Amorose 
Songes,'  1606,  « Poetical  Recreations,'  1609  and  1623,  and, 
posthumously,  'The  Pilgrime  and  Heremite';  wrote 
commendatory  verses  in  books;  his  works  collected, 
1873-4.  [xii.  441] 

CRAIG,  JAMES  (d.  1795),  architect ;  of  Edinburgh; 
published  designs  for  laying  out  Edinburgh  New  Town, 
1767 ;  continued  his  architectural  designs,  1786. 

[xii.  442] 

CRAIG,  SIR  JAMES  GIBSON  (1765-1860),  politician  ; 
born  James  Gibson ;  took  the  name  Craig  on  inheriting 
Riccarton,  Midlothian,  1823 ;  writer  to  the  signet,  Edin- 
burgh, 1786-1850 ;  an  ardent  whig ;  created  baronet,  1831 ; 
opposed  the  disruption  of  the  church,  1843.  [xii.  442] 

CRAIG,  SIR  JAMES  HENRY  (1748-1812),  general ; 
ensign,  1763 ;  captain,  1771 ;  served  in  North  America, 
1774-81 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1781 ;  served  in  the  Nether- 
lands, 1794 ;  major-general,  1794  ;  took  Cape  Colony,  1795  ; 
governor  at  the  Cape,  1795-7  ;  K.B.,  1797  ;  in  India,  1797- 
1802 ;  lieutenant-general,  1801 ;  commanded  troops  in 
Italy  and  Sicily,  1806-6;  governor  of  Canada,  1807-11  ; 
general,  1812.  [xii.  443] 


CRAIG 


292 


CEAMPTON 


CRAIG,  JAMES  THOMSON  GIBSON  (1799-1886), 
antiquary ;  second  son  of  Sir  James  Gibson  Craig  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  University: 
writer  to  the  signet,  Edinburgh  ;  book  collector. 

[xii.  445] 

CRAIG,  JOHN  (1512?-1600),  Scottish  divine;  edu- 
cated  at  St.  Andrews  ;  became  a  Dominican  friar ;  im- 
;>r  soned  for  adopting  protestaut  tenets,  1536 ;  visited 
Cambridge;  employed  in  Italy  on  Dominican  missions; 
rector  of  the  Dominican  convent,  Bologna ;  read  Calvin's 
'Institutes';  sentenced  to  death  by  the  inquisition  at 
Rome;  escaped  to  Vienna,  and,  1560,  to  England  ;  minister 
at  Holyrood,  Edinburgh,  1561 ;  John  Knox's  colleague  in 
the  High  Church,  Edinburgh,  1562-71 ;  approved  Rizzio's 
murder ;  protested  against  Mary  Stuart's  marriage  with 
Both  well ;  chaplain  to  James  VI,  1579-94  ;  urged  the 
abolition  of  episcopacy,  1575-81,  and  opposed  its  restora- 
tion, 1584;  offended  the  violent  presbyteriaus,  1685  ;  drew 
up,  1581,  a  confession  of  faith  (the  original  of  the  '  Cove- 
nant'), and  a  form  for  examination  before  communion, 
1590.  [xii.  445] 

CRAIG,  JOHN  (rf.  1620),  physician  ;  third  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Craig  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Basle ;  physician  to  James  VI, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  England;  M.D.  Oxford,  1605; 
corresponded  with  Tycho  Brahe.  [xii.  447] 

CRAIG,  JOHN  (rf.  1655),  physician;  son  of  John 
Craig  (d.  1620)  [q.  v.] ;  physician  to  James  I ;  F.C.P. ; 
M.D. ;  declared  that  James  I  had  died  by  poison  ;  physi- 
cian to  Charles  I.  [xii.  448] 

CRAIG,  JOHN  (d.  1731),  mathematician ;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  1708;  published  mathematical  treatises, 


1685-1718. 


[xii.  448] 


CRAIG,  SIR  LEWIS,  LORD  WRIGHTSLANDS  (1569- 
1622),  Scottish  judge;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Craig 
[q.  v.];  M.A.Edinburgh,  1597;  studied  law  at  Poitiers; 
advocate,  1600 ;  a  lord  of  session  and  knighted,  1605. 

[xii.  448] 

CRAIG,  ROBERT  (1730-1823),  Scottish  advocate, 
1764 ;  a  judge  of  the  Edinburgh  commissary  court,  1756- 
1791 ;  wrote  in  favour  of  the  French  democracy,  1795 ; 
Inherited  Riccarton,  Midlothian,  1814.  [xii.  448] 

CRAIG,  SIR  THOMAS  (1538-1 608), Scottish  feudalist; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews;  studied  law  at  Paris,  1555-61 ; 
advocate,  1563;  as  justice-depute,  presided  over  criminal 
trials,  1664-73 ;  sheriff-depute  of  Edinburgh,  1573 ; 
knighted,  1603;  published  '  Jus  Feudale,'  1603;  attended 
James  I  to  England,  1603 ;  a  commissioner  for  the  union, 
1604  ;  wrote,  but  left  unpublished,  treatises  in  vindication 
of  James  VI's  title  to  the  English  crown,  against  the 
English  claim  for  homage  from  Scotland,  and  in  favour 
of  the  union,  1603-6 ;  advocate  for  the  Scottish  church, 
1606 ;  published  complimentary  Latin  verses,  1566, 1603. 


[xii.  448] 
-181 


CRAIG,  WILLIAM,  LORD  CRAIG  (1745-1813),  Scot- 
tish jndge;  educated  at  Edinburgh;  advocate,  1768; 
sheritf -depute  of  Ayrshire,  1787;  a  lord  of  session,  1792- 
1813  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Mirror '  and  '  Lounger.' 

[xii.  451] 

CRAIG,  SIR  WILLIAM  GIBSON  (1797-1878),  second 
baronet,  of  Riccarton,  Midlothian;  eldest  son  of  Sir 
James  Gibson  Craig  [q.  v.] ;  advocate,  1820  ;  travelled  ; 
M.P.,  Midlothian,  1837-42,  and  Edinburgh,  1842-52 ;  lord 
clerk  register,  1862-78.  [xii.  451] 

CRAIG,  WILLIAM  MARSHALL  (/.  1788-1828), 
painter;  exhibited  miniature-portraits,  landscapes  in 
water-colours,  and  other  paintings,  1788-1827 ;  a  popular 
book-illuHtrator ;  published  manuals  on  drawing,  1793- 
1821.  [xii.  451] 

CRAIGHALL,  LORD  (1605  ?-1654).  [See  HOPE,  SIR 
JOHN.] 

ORAIGIE,  DAVID  (1793-1866),  physician;  MJX 
Edinburgh,  1816;  practitioner  in  Edinburgh;  published 
'  Pathological  Anatomy,'  1828,  and  other  medical  works. 

[xii.  462] 

CRAIGIE,  ROBERT  (1685-1760),  Scottish  judge;  ad- 
vocate, 1710;  lord  advocate,  1742;  president  of  the  court 
of  session,  1764.  [xii.  462] 

CRACK,  MBS.  DINAH  MARIA  (1836-1887).  [See 
MCLOCK.] 


CRAIK,  GEORGE  LILLIE  (1798-1866X  author; 
studied  divinity  at  St.  Andrews ;  tutor,  1816  ;  editor  of 
the  '  Star,'  a  local  newspaper  ;  wrote  for  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge;  professor  of  English  lite- 
rature  and  history  at  Belfast,  1849-G6 ;  chief  \\orks, 
'Spenser  and  his  Poetry,'  1845,  and  '  The  Pictorial  His- 
tory of  England,'  1837-1841.  [xiii.  1] 

CRAKANTHORPE,  RICHARD  (1567-1624),  divine; 
student  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1598 ;  appointed 
one  of  the  chaplains  to  Lord  Evers,  ambassador  extra- 
ordinary to  the  emperor  Rudolf  II,  c.  1603  ;  admitted  to 
the  rectory  of  Black  Notley,  Essex,  1605,  of  Puu'lesham, 
1617 ;  defended  with  vigour  and  learning  church  of  Eng- 
land against  Antonio  de  Dominis  [q.  v.] ;  chief  works,  :* 
'Defensio  Ecclesise  Anglicante'  (against  De  Dominis), 
1625  (posthumously  published),  and  >  Logicoe  libri  quinque 
de  Praedicabilibus,'  1622.  [xiii.  2] 

CRAKE,  AUGUSTINE  DAVID  (1836-1890),  devo- 
tional  writer  ;  B.A.  London,  1864  ;  second  master  and 
chaplain  of  All  Saints'  school,  Bloxham,  1865-78 ;  vicar 
of  St.  Peter's,  Haveustreet,  Isle  of  Wight,  1879-86,  of 
Cholsey,  near  Walliugford,  1885-90  ;  published  devotional 
works,  and  stories  relating  to  church  history,  besides 
'History  of  Church  under  Roman  Empire,"  1873. 

[Suppl.  ii.  77] 

CRAKELT,  WILLIAM  (1741-1812),  classical  scholar  ; 
master  of  Northfleet  grammar  school;  vicar  of  Chalk, 
1774;  edited  Entick's  Latin  dictionaries  and  translated 
Mauduit's  'New  Treatise  of  Spherical  Trigonometry,' 
1768.  [xiii.  3] 

CRAMER,  FRANZ  or  FRANQOIS  (1772-1848),  violin- 
ist ;  son  of  Wilhelm  Cramer  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Schwetzingen  : 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1794  ;  one  of 
the  first  professors  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 

[xiii.  3] 

CRAMER,  JOHANN  BAPTIST  (1771-1858),  pianist ; 
son  of  Wilhelm  Cramer  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Mannheim  ;  stu- 
died in  boyhood  under  Clementi  and  G.  F.  Abel,  1785, 
becoming  the  foremost  performer  of  his  tune  ;  met  Haydn, 
1788,  Berlioz  and  Beethoven  later :  resided  both  in  Eng- 
land and  on  the  continent.  His  '  Eighty-four  Studies'  is 
still  a  classic  composition.  [xiii.  3] 

CRAMER,  JOHN  ANTONY  (1793-1848),  dean  of 
Carlisle,  1844 ;  born  at  Mittoden,  Switzerland ;  educated 
at  Westminster;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1817; 
D.D.,  1831 ;  regius  professor  of  modern  history,  1842 ; 
principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1831-47;  wrote  on 
classical  geography.  [xiii.  4] 

CRAMER,  WILHELM  (1745  ?-1799),  violinist ;  born 
at  Mannheim ;  originally  a  member  of  the  elector's  band ; 
came  to  London  in  1772  ;  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Musicians,  1777 ;  appeared  in  most  of  the  musical  per- 
formances of  his  time.  [xiii.  5] 

CRAMP,  JOHN  MOOKETT  (1791-1881),  baptist 
minister ;  founded  the  baptist  church  at  St.  Peter's,  Isle 
of  Thanet ;  D.D. ;  president  of  the  baptist  college,  Mont- 
real, 1844,  and  of  Accadia  College,  Nova  Scotia,  1851-69  ; 
theological  essayist  and  conductor  of  periodicals. 

[xiii.  6] 

CRAMPTON,  SIR  JOHN  FIENNES  TWISLETON 
(1805-1886),  diplomatist ;  son  of  Sir  Philip  Orampton 
[q.  v.] ;  became  secretary  of  legation  at  Berne,  1844 ; 
transferred  to  Washington,  1845  ;  recalled,  1856,  from  fear 
of  complications  with  the  U.S.A.  government,  which  he 
had  offended  by  recruiting  soldiers  in  America  for  the 
Crimean  war  ;  K.O.B.,  1856 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  and 
envoy  extraordinary  at  Hanover,  1857.  [xiii.  6] 

CRAMPTON,  SIR  PHILIP  (1777-1858),  surgeon; 
studied  medicine  in  Dublin ;  surgeon  to  the  Meath  Hos- 
pital, Dublin,  1798  ;  graduated  at  Glasgow,  1800 ;  surgeon 
in  ordinary  to  the  queen  ;  created  baronet,  1839  ;  F.RA  ; 
interested  in  zoology.  [xiii.  7] 

CRAMPTON,  THOMAS  RUSSELL  (1816-1888), 
railway  engineer  ;  assistant,  1839-44,  to  the  elder  Brunei, 
and  later  to  (Sir)  Daniel  Gooch,  and  John  and  George 
Ronnie;  began  business  independently,  1848;  patented 
design  for  Crampton  engine,  1843;  received  gold  medal 
at  Great  Exhibition,  1861,  for  locomotive;  laid  trans- 
marine cable  between  Dover  and  Calais,  1851 ;  constructed 
lines  in  Kent,  now  merged  in  London,  Chatham,  and  Dover 


Railway ;  M.I.O.E.,  1864. 


[Suppl.  ii.  78] 


CRAMPTON 


203 


ORANSTOUN 


CRAMPTON,  VICTOIRE,  LADY  (1887- 
ringer  ;  second  daughter  of  Michael  William  Halfe  [q.  v.]  ; 
born  iu  Paris ;  appeared  first  at  the  Lyceum,  1857,  as 
Ainina  in  '  Sonuambula ' ;  married  Sir  John  Kiennes 
Twisletou  Crampton  [q.  v.]  ;  dial  at  Madrid,  [xiii.  7] 

CRANBORNE,    first  VISCOUNT   (1563  ?-1612).    [See 

Ci:«  II.,    KollKKT.] 

CRANCH,  JOHN  (1751-1821),  painter;  self-taught; 
contributed  pictures  to  the  Society  of  Artiste  and,  1808, 
the  British  Institution,  excelling  in  the  'poker'  style; 
wrote  discussion  on  way  to  improve  British  art. 

[xiii.  8] 

CRANE,  EDWARD  (1721-1749),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  assistant  minister,  Norwich,  1746  ;  began  to  preach 
to  the  Dutch  congregation  there,  1749,  though  not  ap- 
proving the  Heidelberg  catechism.  [xiii.  8] 

CRANE,  Si»  FRANCIS  (rf.  1636),  director  of  the 
tapestry  works  established  at  Mortlake  by  James  I ;  clerk 
of  the  parliament,  1606  ;  secretary  to  Charles  1  when 
lYincr  of  Wales  ;  M.P.,  Penryn,  1614  and  1621,  Lauuces- 
ton,  1624  ;  reported  in  1619  to  have  received  the  valuable 
uriviKvc  of  creating  three  baronets,  in  1623  ten  or  twelve 
at-law  at  6007.  apiece;  envied  by  courtiers  for 
the  numerous  manors  granted  him  by  the  king  as  security 
for  advances ;  died  at  Paris.  [xiii.  9] 

CRANE,  JOHN  (1572-1652),  apothecary  ;  sheriff  of 
Cambridgeshire,  1641.  [xiii.  10] 

CRANE,  LUCY  (1842-1882),  art  critic :  daughter  of 
the  miniaturist  Thomas  Crane  [q.  v.] ;  musician  and 
redactor  of  nursery  tales  ;  delivered  lectures  on  '  Art  and 
the  Formation  of  Taste '  which  her  brothers  Thomas  and 
Walter  issued,  1882.  [xiii.  10] 

CRANE,  NICHOLAS  (1622 ?-1588 ?),  presbyterian; 
educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  imprisoned  for 
performing  service  out  of  the  Geneva  prayer- book,  1568-9 ; 
subsequently  inhibited ;  died  in  Newgate.  [xiii.  11] 

CRANE,  RALPH  (/.  1625),  poet ;  educated  for  the 
law;  a  transcriber  of  popular  works;  published  'The 
Workes  of  Mercy,  both  Oorporeall  and  Spirituall,'  1621. 

[xiii.  11] 

CRANE,  THOMAS  (1631-1714),  divine  and  theolo- 
gical writer ;  ejected  from  the  living  of  Rampisham  at 
the  Restoration.  [xiii.  12] 

CRANE,  THOMAS  (1808-1859),  artist ;  gold  medallist, 
Royal  Academy,  1825  ;  miniature-painter ;  produced  litho- 
graphic views  of  North  Wales ;  treasurer  of  the  Liverpool 
Academy,  1841.  [xiii.  12] 

CRANE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1530),  master  of  the  children 
of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  water-bailiff  for  the  town  and  har- 
bour of  Dartmouth,  1509-10;  controller  of  the  tonnage 
and  poundage  of  customs  in  the  port  of  London,  1514; 
licensed  to  export  merchandise  not  belonging  to  the  staple 
of  Calais,  1514 ;  appointed  master  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
choristers,  1526,  and  water-bailiff  of  the  port  of  Lynn, 
1536.  [xiii.  13] 

CRANFIELD,  LIONEL,  EARL  OF  MIDDLESEX  (1675- 
1645),  originally  apprenticed  to  llichard  Shephard,  a 
merchant  adventurer;  member  of  the  Company  of 
Mercers :  appearing  in  its  behalf  before  the  privy  council, 
attracted  the  notice  of  James  I,  the  Earl  of  Northampton, 
and  subsequently  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham ;  appointed 
receiver  of  customs  for  Dorset  and  Somerset,  1606;  surveyor- 
general  of  customs,  1613,  master  of  the  great  wardrobe, 
1618,  and  master  of  the  court  of  wards,  and  chief  commis- 
sioner of  the  navy,  1619 ;  checked  waste  in  all  these  depart- 
ments; privy  councillor,  1620  ;  attacked  Bacon,  disliking 
his  views  on  patents  and  monopolies,  1621 ;  created  Baron 
Cranfield  of  Cranfield,  1622,  and  Earl  of  Middlesex,  1622  ; 
charged  by  Coke  with  corrupt  practices  as  master  of  court 
of  wards,  and  condemned,  1624 ;  released  from  the  Tower, 
1624 ;  pardoned,  1625.  [xiii.  14] 

CRANFORD,  JAMES  (1592?-1657),  presbyterian 
divine ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1624 ;  rector  of  St. 
Christopher,  London,  1643 ;  wrote  a  '  Confutation  of  the 
Anabaptists,'  '  Haereseomachia,'  1646,  and  various  pre- 
faces, [xiii.  16] 

CRANKE,  JAMES  (17467-1826),  portrait-painter,  of 
the  school  of  Reynolds;  a  successful  copyist  of  great 
pictures.  [xiii.  17] 


CRANLEY,  THOMAS  (1337?-1417),  archbishop  of 
Dublin;  D.D.  Oxford,  and  fellow  of  Merton,  1366;  first 
warden  of  Winchester  College,  1382  :  principal  of  Hart 
Hall,  13K4  ;  warden,  New  College,  Oxford,  1389-96;  chan- 
cellor of  the  university,  1390 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1397- 
1417  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland  under  Henry  IV.  [xiiL  17] 

CRANLEY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1635),  poet  and  friend  of 
George  Wither  [q.  v.J ;  published  •  Amanda,'  1635. 

[xiii.  18] 

CRANMER,  GEORGE  (1563-1600),  secretary  to 
Davison.  secretary  of  state,  subsequently  to  Sir  Henry 
Killitfrew;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford  ;  wrote  a  letter  to  Hooker 
'Concerning  the  new  Church  Discipline,' 1598  ;  killed  in 
skirmish  with  Irish  rebels  at  Carlingford.  [xiii.  18] 

CRANMER,  THOMAS  (1489-1556),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  studied  philosophy,  logic,  and  classics  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1515  ;  forfeited  fellowship  at  Jesus  College  by 
marriage  ;  re-elected  ;  D.D. ;  public  examiner  in  theology ; 
expressed  privately  an  opinion  that  the  establishment  of 
the  invalidity  of  Henry  VIII's  marriage  with  Catherine 
of  Arragon  would  justify  a  divorce,  1529 ;  propounded 
these  views  in  a  treatise ;  attended  the  Earl  of  Wiltshire, 
ambassador  to  Charles  V,  1530 ;  returned  to  England, 
1533,  being  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury;  gave 
formal  sentence  of  the  invalidity  of  the  king's  marriage 
with  Catherine  of  Arragou,  1533 ;  pronounced  King 
Henry's  marriage  with  Anne  Boleyn  to  be  lawful ;  granted 
bulls  and  dispensations  ;  maintained  the  king's  claim  to 
be  the  supreme  head  of  the  church  of  England ;  pro- 
nounced his  marriage  with  Anne  Boleyn  null  and  void, 
1536  ;  promulgated  ten  articles  of  doctrine,  1536  ;  in  con- 
junction with  Cromwell  had  the  supposed  relics  of  St. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury  investigated,  1638,  but  did  not  take 
part  in  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries;  unsuccess- 
fully opposed  the  Act  of  the  Six  Articles  '  for  Abolishing 
Diversity  of  Opinions,'  1539 ;  became  an  instrument  for 
the  divorce  of  Anne  of  Cleves ;  did  not  oppose  the  bill  of 
attainder  against  Thomas  Cromwell,  1540 ;  conveyed  to 
the  king  information  of  the  infidelity  of  his  fifth  wife, 
Catherine  Howard,  1541;  defended  the  'Great  Bible' 
against  the  criticisms  of  Bishop  Gardiner,  1642  ;  vindi- 
cated by  Henry  VIII  against  charges  of  heresy ;  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  council  to  govern  during  the  minority  of 
j  Edward  VI,  1547 ;  supervised  the  production  of  the  first 
prayer-book,  1548  ;  deserted  the  falling  Protector  Somer- 
set, 1549  ;  made  overtures  to  Melanchthon  with  the  view 
of  promoting  union  of  reformed  churches  ;  wrote  against 
transubstautiation  ;  made  a  revision  of  the  prayer-book, 
but  could  not  induce  the  Princess  Mary  to  recognise  the 
new  use,  which  was  authorised  (1552)  by  an  Act  of  Uni- 
formity ;  promulgated  forty-two  articles  of  religion 
(afterwards  reduced  to  thirty-nine),  1552 ;  joined  in  signing 
a  will  of  Edward  VI  excluding  the  Princess  Mary  from 
the  succession,  1553 ;  committed  to  the  Tower  for  dis- 
seminating seditious  bills  against  the  mass  and  for  having 
been  a  partisan  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  1553 ;  released  that  he 
might  argue  in  justification  of  his  alleged  heresies,  1554; 
adjudged  to  be  in  the  wrong  at  a  discussion  held  at  Ox- 
ford; formally  cited  to  appear  before  the  pope,  1665; 
refused  to  recognise  papal  jurisdiction ;  condemned  for 
heresy  by  Cardinal  Pole,  recently  appointed  archbishop 
of  Canterbury;  degraded,  1656;  signed  six  documents 
admitting  the  supremacy  of  the  pope  and  the  truth  of  all 
Roman  catholic  doctrine  except  transubstantiation,  iu 
vain ;  burned  at  the  stake  repudiating  these  admissions, 
21  March  1556 ;  compiled  a  '  Reformatio  Legum  Ecclf- 
siasticnrum,'  1560,  and  wrote  on  Anglican  discipline  and 
theology.  [xiii.  19] 

CRANSTOUN,  DAVID  (.fl.  1509-152C),  professor  of 
belles-lettres  at  the  College  of  Montucute,  Paris ;  Theol. 
Doc. :  wrote  additions  to  the  '  Moralia '  of  Aliuain,  1526, 
and  to  the  '  Parva  Logicalia '  of  de  Villascusa,  1520. 

[xiii.  31] 

CRANSTOUN,  GEORGE,  LORD  COREHOUSE  (d.  1850X 
Scottish  judge ;  advocate  at  the  Scottish  bar,  1793 ;  sheritT- 
depute  for  Sutherland,  1806  ;  dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Ad- 
vocates, 1823 ;  raised  to  the  bench  as  Lord  Corehouse, 
1826 ;  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  author  of  a  skit  en- 
titled '  The  Diamond  Beetle  Case.'  [xiii.  32] 

CRANSTOUN,  HELEN  D'ARCY  ( 1 766-1 838),  song- 
writer ;  sister  of  George  Cranstoun,  lord  Corehouse  [q.  v.] ; 
wife  of  Dugald  Stewart  [q.  T.]  [liv.  283] 


CRANSTOUN 


294 


CRAWFORD 


CRANSTOUN,  JAMES,  eighth  BARON  ORANSTOUN 
(1755-1796),  naval  officer;  fought  against  the  French  in 
Basseterre  roads,  1782 ;  captain,  1782 ;  commanded  Rod- 
ney's flag-ship,  1782  ;  died  just  after  being  made  governor 
of  Grenada  island,  1796.  [xiii.  32] 

CRANSTOUN,  WILLIAM  HBNRY  (1714-1752), 
disowned  his  marriage  with  Anne  Murray  of  Leith,  1746, 
in  order  to  marry  Mary  Blandy  [q.  v.]  The  latter  murdered 
her  father  for  remonstrating,  but  there  is  no  proof  that 
Oranstoun  was  implicated.  [xiii.  32] 

CRANWRLL,  JOHN  (d.  1793),  poet:  fellow  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1751 ;  incumbent  of 
Abbott's  RipUm ;  translator  of  two  modern  Latin  poems. 

[xiii.  33] 

CRANWORTH,  BARON  (1790-1868).  [See  ROLFE, 
ROBERT  MONSEY.] 

CRASHAW,  RICHARD  (16137-1649),  poet;  son  of 
William  Crashaw  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1637- 
1643 ;  M.A.,  1638 ;  expelled  from  Peterhouse  for  refusing 
to  accept  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  1643 ;  entered 
the  Roman  catholic  church  and  travelled  to  Paris ;  in- 
troduced by  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  to  Cardinal  Palotta  of 
Rome;  went  to  Italy,  1648  or  1649;  sub-canon  of  the 
Basilica-church  of  Our  Lady  of  Loretto,  1649;  died  at 
Loretto  the  same  year,  probably  from  overheating  himself 
in  the  journey  thither.  His  '  Steps  to  the  Temple,'  appeared 
1646,  another  edition,  containing  designs  by  himself,  1652. 
The  book  includes  a  section  of  secular  poems,  entitled 
*  Delights  of  the  Muses.'  iii.  33] 

CRASHAW,  WILLIAM  (1572-1626),  puritan  divine 
and  poet;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1592V; 
M.A.,  1595 ;  nominated  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  bishop 
of  Ely's  fellowship,  1594 ;  B.D.,  1603 ;  prebendary  of  Ripou, 
1604 ;  ordered  by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  retract 
his  '  Translation  of  the  Life  of  the  Marchese  Caraccioli,' 
1609 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1617 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Mary, 
Whitecha pel,  London,  1618-26;  wrote,  among  other  works, 
•Romish  Forgeries  and  Falsifications,'  1606,  and  a 'Dia- 
logue betwixt  the  Soule  and  the  Bodie  of  a  damned  Man,' 
1616.  [xiii.  36] 

CRATFIELD,  WILLIAM  (d  1415),  Benedictine; 
camerarius  and,  1390-1414,  abbot  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds ; 
compiled  a  '  Registrum '  of  his  house.  [xiii.  38] 

CRATHORNE,  WILLIAM  (1670-1740),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  student,  subsequently  professor  at  the 
English  college,  Douay;  missioner  at  Hammersmith; 
translated  a  '  Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Sales'  and  an  '  Histori- 
cal Catechism '  from  the  French.  [xiii.  38] 

CRAUFTJRD.    [See  also  CRAWFORD  and  CRAWFURD.] 

CRATJFTJRD,  SIR  CHARLES  GREGAN-  (1761-1821), 
lieutenant-general ;  lieutenant,  1781 ;  equerry  to  the  Duke 
of  York,  1785;  translated  Tielke's  work  on  military 
science  and  the  history  of  the  Prussian,  Austrian,  and 
Russian  war  from  1766  to  1763,  1787;  representative  of  the 
English  commander-in-chief  in  the  Netherlands  at  the 
Austrian  headquarters ;  major-general,  1803  ;  M.P.,  East 
Retford,  1806-12  ;  lieutenant-general,  1810 ;  G.C.B.,  1820. 

[xiii.  38] 

ORAUFURD,  JAMES,  LORD  ARDMILLAN  (1805-1876), 
Scottish  judge;  educated  at  the  burgh  school,  Edinburgh, 
and  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  universities;  advocate, 
1829;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1853;  lord  of  the 
court  of  session  and  lord  of  justiciary,  1855-76. 

[xiii.  39] 

CRATTFTTRD,  JOHN  WALKINSHAW  (1721-1793), 
lieutenant-colonel ;  fought,  as  cornet,  at  Dettingen,  1743, 
and  Fonteuoy,  1745;  king's  falconer  for  Scotland,,  1761 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1772  ;  laird  of  Craufurdlaud,  Ayrshire. 

[xiii.  39] 

CRAUFURD,  QUINTIN  (1743-1819),  author;  ser- 
vant of  the  East  India  Company  till  1780 ;  adhered  to  the 
French  royal  family  during  the  revolution,  having  settled 
at  Paris;  published  a  history  of  the  Bastille,  17'JH,  re- 
searches on  the  Hindoo  civilisation,  1817,  and  essays  on 
French  literature,  1803.  [xiii.  40] 

CRAUFURD,  ROBERT  (1764-1812),  major-general; 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Gregan-Oraufurd  [q.  v.] ;  fought, 
as  captain,  against  Tippoo  Sultan,  1790,  1791,  and  1792 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1797  :  served  as  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  of  Ireland  against  the  Irish  rebels,  1798;  com- 


manded light  brigade  in  attack  on  Buenos  Ayres,  1807; 
served  in  Peninsula  with  distinction  as  commander  of 
light  troops,  1807  and  1809;  major-general,  1811  ;  killed 
at  Oiudad  Kodrigo.  [xiii.  41] 

CRAVEN,  ELIZABETH,  COUNTKSS  OF  (1750-1828). 
[See  ANSPACH,  ELIZABETH,  MARGRAVINE  OF.] 

CRAVEN,  JOHN,  BARON  ORAVKN  OFRYTON  (d.  1649), 
founder  of  scholarships;  second  sou  of  Sir  William 
Craven  [q.v.]  ;  Baron  Craven,  1643;  founded  the  Craven 
scholarships  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  [xiii.  49] 

CRAVEN,  KEPPEL  RICHARD  (1779-1851),  tra- 
veller ;  settled  at  Naples,  1805  ;  chamberlain  to  the  Princess 
of  Wales,  1814  ;  friend  of  Sir  William  Gell  [q.  v.] ;  pub- 
lished 'Excursions  in  the  Abruzzi,'  1838,  and  'Italian 
Scenes,'  1825.  [xiii.  42] 

CRAVEN,  LOUISA,  COUNTESS  OK  (1786  V-1860), 
actress  ;  nie  Brunton  ;  made  her  debut  as  Lady  Townley 
in  the  '  Provoked  Husband'  and  Beatrice  in  '  Much  Ado,' 
1803  ;  married  William,  first  Earl  of  Craven,  of  the  second 
creation,  1807.  [xiii.  43] 

CRAVEN,  Mas.  PAULINE  MARIE  ARMANDE 
AGLAE  (1808-1891),  authoress;  daughter  of  Comte 
Auguste  Marie  de  La  Ferronays,  a  French  emigrant  in 
London;  married  Augustus,  son  of  Keppel  Richard 
Craven  [q,  v.],  1834,  and  lived  successively  at  various 
continental,  towns  where  her  husband  was  attached  to 
English  legations;  published,  1866,  'Recit  d'uue  Sueur,' 
relating  the  history  of  her  family,  which  met  with 
success.  Her  subsequent  writings  include  novels  and 
historical  and  autobiographical  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  79] 

CRAVEN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1648  ?-1618),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  originally  apprenticed  to  Robert  Hulsou,  mer- 
chant taylor;  entered  into  partnership  with  him,  having 
obtained  the  freedom  of  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company, 
1569;  warden  of  the  company,  1593;  gave  50/.  towards 
the  building  of  the  (library,  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
founded  a  grammar  school  at  Burnsall,  Yorkshire,  1602 ; 
knighted,  1603;  lord  mayor  of  London,  1610;  president 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  1611-18.  [xiii.  43] 

CRAVEN,  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  OHAVEN  (1606-1697), 
eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Craven  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Maurice,  prince  of  Orange,  1623 ;  knighted  on  re- 
turning to  England,  1627;  commanded  English  troops 
fighting  for  Gustavus  Adolphus,  1681;  contributed 
30,OOOZ.  to  the  cause  of  the  palatine  house,  1637 ;  fought 
beside  Prince  Rupert  at  Limgea;  taken  prisoner  by  the 
imperialists,  1637;  purchased  his  liberty,  1639 ;  aided 
Charles  I  with  money;  drafted  a  protest  for  the  then 
exiled  Elizabeth  of  Bohemia  against  the  parliament's 
stoppage  of  her  pension ;  deprived  of  his  estates  for 
loyalty  to  Charles  1, 1651 ;  recovered  his  lands  at  the  Re- 
storation; privy  councillor,  1666  and  1681;  created  Vis- 
count Craven  of  Ufflugton  and  Earl  of  Craven,  1664; 
offered  bis  London  mansion,  Drury  House,  to  Elizabeth 
i  of  Bohemia,  1661 ;  said,  without  much  probability,  to  have 
;  been  privately  •married  to  her ;  lieutenant-general  of  the 
forces,  1686  ;  bidden  by  James  II  to  hand  over  the  duty 
of  guarding  Whitehall  to  the  Dutch  troops  under  Soltns, 
1G88.  He  was  early  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

[xiii.  43] 
CRAWFORD.    [See  also  UKAUFUUD  and  CKA  WFUKU.] 

CRAWFORD,  EARLS  OK.  [See  LINDSAY,  SIR  DAVID, 
first  EARL,  1365  ?-1407  ;  LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  fourth 
EARL,  d.  1454 ;  LINDSAY,  DAVID,  fifth  EAJIL,  1440  ?- 
1495  ;  LINDSAY,  DAVID,  tenth  EARL,  d.  1574 ;  LINDSAY, 
DAVID,  eleventh  EARL,  1547?-1607  ;  LINDSAY,  LUDOVIC, 
sixteenth  EARL,  1600-1652?;  LINDSAY,  JOHN, seventeenth 
EARL,  1596-1678 ;  LINDSAY,  DAVID,  twelfth  EARL,  d. 
1621  ;  LINDSAY,  WILLIAM,  eighteenth  EARL,  d.  1698 : 
LINDSAY,  JOHN,  twentieth  EARL,  1702-1749;  LINDSAY, 
ALEXANDER  WILLIAM,  twenty-fifth  EARL,  1812-1880.] 

CRAWFORD,  ADAIR  (1748-1795),  physician  and 
chemist ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  military  academy, 
Woolwich,  and  physician  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  pub- 
lished work  maintaining  the  '  phlogiston '  hypothesis, 
1779 ;  wrote  '  On  Cancer  and  the  Aerial  Fluids,'  1790,  and 
an  'Inquiry  into  the  Effects  of  Tonics  on  the  Animal 
Fibre,'  published  1817.  [xiii.  49] 

CRAWFORD,  ANN  (173 1-1801).    [See  BIRRY,  ANN- 

Sl'RANOKK.] 


CRAWFORD 


295 


CREECH 


CRAWFORD,  DAVID  (1665-172(5),  historiographer 
for  Scotland;  educate!  at  Glasgow  University;  wrote 
two  comedies.  Hi-  '  Memoirs  '  from  1567  to  hisown  times 
on  the  Scottish  revolution,  published  170G,  were  asserted  by 
Laiug  to  be  untrustworthy.  [xiii.  51] 

CRAWFORD,  EDMUND  THORNTON  (1806-1883), 
landscape  and  marine  painter,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
memlxjr!;  of  the  Koyal  Scottish  Academy.  [xiii.  51] 

CRAWFORD,  JOHN  (1816-1873),  Scottish  poet; 
wrote  '  Doric  Lays,'  1850,  and  'Memorials  of  Alloa,'  a 
posthumous  publication.  [xiii.  52] 

CRAWFORD,  LAWRENCE  (1611-1646),  soldier; 
served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  Christian  of  Den- 
mark ;  commanded  foot  regiment  in  Ireland,  1641 : 
refused  to  fight  against  the  parliament,  and  was  obliged 
to  leave  Scotland,  1G43  ;  sergeant-major-general,  1644; 
quarrelled  with  Cromwell,  but  fought  bravely  for  the 
parliament ;  killed  at  the  siege  of  Hereford.  [xiii.  52] 

CRAWFORD,  ROBERTA.  1733),  author  of  'Tweed- 
side'  and  other  well-known  Scottish  songs;  contributed 
to  Ramsay's  'Tea-table  Miscellany.'  [xii.  53] 

CRAWFORD  or  CRAUFURD,  THOMAS  (1530?- 
1603),  soldier:  taken  prisoner  at  Pinkie,  154V;  entered 
the  service  of  Henry  II  of  France,  1550;  became  one 
of  the  gentlemen  of  Lord  Darnley,  1561 ;  expressed 
an  opinion  that  Mary  treated  Darnley  too  much  like 
a  prisoner ;  joined  association  for  bringing  Darnley's 
murderers  to  trial;  unsuccessfully  demanded  justice  on 
Maitland  and  Sir  James  Balfour  as  the  murderers,  1569  ; 
captured  castle  of  Dumbarton,  1571 ;  received  the 
surrender  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  1573 ;  rewarded  with  a 
grant  of  lands  at  Dairy,  1578.  [xiii.  53] 

CRAWFORD,  THOMAS  JACKSON  (1812-1875), 
Scottish  divine;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  University; 
D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1844;  professor  of  divinity,  1859  ; 
dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal;  moderator  of  the  general 
assembly,  1867  ;  died  at  Genoa  ;  wrote  various  theological 
works  on  presbyterian  lines.  [xiii.  55] 

CRAWFORD,  WILLIAM  (1739?-1800),  Irish  presby- 
terian minister  and  historian ;  minister  of  Strabane,  co. 
Tyrone,  1766-98;  M.A.  Glasgow;  D.D.  1785;  promoted 
volunteer  movement,  1778;  founded  an  unsectarian 
academy  at  Strabane,  1785 ;  admitted  into  the  Antrim 
presbytery,  1798 ;  wrote  a  critique  on  Chesterfield's 
'Letters  to  his  Son,'  1776,  and  published  a  'History  of 
Ireland '  in  the  form  of  letters,  1783.  [xiii.  66] 

CRAWFORD,  WILLIAM  (1788-1847),  philanthropist ; 
obtained  an  appointment  in  the  naval  transport  office, 
1804 ;  secretary  to  the  London  Prison  Discipline  Society  ; 
sent  to  examine  United  States  prison  system,  1833  ;  helped 
to  introduce  system  of  separate  cells  in  England ; 
inspector  of  prisons  for  the  London  and  midland  district, 
1835-47.  [xiii.  67] 

CRAWFORD,  WILLIAM  (1825-1869),  painter; 
studied  at  Rome ;  especially  famous  for  his  crayon 
portraits.  [xiii.  58] 

CRAWFORD,  WILLIAM  SHARMAN  (1781-1861), 
politician :  sheriff  of  Down,  1811 ;  advocated  Roman 
catholic  emancipation ;  M.P.  for  Duudalk,  1835-7 ; 
brought  forward  a  bill  to  compensate  evicted  tenants  for 
improvements,  1835,  which  was  not  carried ;  supported 
the  chartists,  1837  :  M.P.  for  Rochdale,  1841-62 ;  procured 
the  formation  of  the  Tenant  Right  Association  in  Ulster, 
1846;  promulgated  the  'federal  scheme'  for  an  Irish 
parliament  in  opposition  to  O'Counell,  1843.  [xiii.  68] 

CRAWFTJRD.    [See  also  CRAUFURD  and  CRAWFORD.] 

CRAWFTIRD,  ARCHIBALD  (1785-1843),  Scottish 
poet :  apprenticed  to  a  baker  in  boyhood ;  obtained  an 
enLM^ement  in  the  family  of  General  Hay  of  Ranues; 
published  'St.  James's  in  an  Uproar,"  1819;  started  two 
periodicals,  '  The  Correspondent '  and  '  The  Gaberlunzie,1  ' 
and  (1824)  wrote  '  Tales  of  a  Grandfather.'  [xiii.  69] 

CRAWFTIRD,    GEORGE  (d.  1748),   genealogist  and 
historian  ;   enabled   by  his  researches  Simon   Fraser  to  i 
obtain  the  barony  of  Lovat,  but  was  not  recompensed ; 
wrote  on  Scottish  history  and  genealogy.  [xiii.  60] 

CRAWFTIRD,  JOHN  (1783-1868),  orientalist;  army  I 
doctor  in  N.W.  Provinces  of  Iiidiu;  held  appointments  ' 


under  I/ml  Minto  in  Java  from  1811 ;  envoy  to  the  court 
of  Siam  ;  appointed  to  administer  government  of  .Singa- 
pore, 1823  ;  envoy  to  the  court  of  Ava  ;  published  '  History 
of  the  Indian  Archipelago,'  1H20,  and  '  A  Grammar  an-i 
Dictionary  of  the  Malay  Language,'  1852.  [xiii.  GO] 

CRAWFTIRD  or  CRAWFORD,  THOMAS  (d.  1662), 
professor;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  University;  M.A., 
1621;  professor  of  humanity,  Edinburgh,  1626;  rector  of 
the  high  school,  Edinburgh,  1630;  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Edinburgh,  1640-62 ;  wrote  a  '  History  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  from  1580  to  1646 '  (published, 
1808).  [xiii.  61] 

CRAWLEY,  8m  FRANCIS  (1584-1649),  jmlw : 
scholar  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1592 ;  studied  law  at 
Staple  Inn  and  Gray's  Inn :  serjeant-at-law,  1623 :  counsel 
for  the  Earl  of  Bristol,  1026  ;  pirsne  judge  in  the  common 
pleas,  1632 ;  knighted,  1632  ;  maintained  legality  of  ship- 
money,  1636;  impeached  and  restrained  from  going  on 
circuit,  1641.  [xiii.  62] 

CRAWLEY,  RICHARD  (1840-1893),  scholar:  edu- 
cated at  Marlborough  and  University  College,  Oxford  : 
B.A.,  1866  ;  fellow  of  Worcester  College,  1866-80 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1869 :  translated  Thucydides,  1866-74,  an-1 
wrote  in  verse  and  prose.  [Suppl.  it.  81] 

CRAWSHAY,  ROBERT  THOMPSON  (1817-1879), 
ironmaster ;  son  of  William  Crawshay  [q.  v.] ;  acting 
manager  of  Cyfarthfa  ironworks ;  sole  manager,  1867 ; 
assented  to  combination  of  masters  to  meet  workmen's 
strikes ;  closed  works  on  the  invention  of  the  Bessemer 
steel  process.  [xiii.  62] 

CRAWSHAY,  WILLIAM  (1788-1867),  ironmaster; 
proprietor  of  the  Oyfarthfa  ironworks  ;  sheriff  of  Glamor- 
ganshire, 1822 ;  subscribed  600/.  on  behalf  of  the  Hungarian 
refugees  in  Turkey,  1849.  [xiii.  63] 

CREAOH,  PETER  (d.  1707),  Roman  catholic  bishop 
of  Cork  and  Cloyne,  1676 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1693 ; 
died  an  exile  at  Strasburg.  [xiii.  63] 

CREAGH,  RICHARD  (1626  ?-1685),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh  ;  studied  at  Louvain  ;  B.D.  of  the 
Pontifical  College,  1556 ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1564 ; 
committed  to  the  Tower  of  London,  1565  ;  tried  for  high 
treason  in  Dublin,  1567 ;  acquitted,  but  died  in  the  Tower, 
1585 :  wrote  works  of  Irish  philology,  theology,  and  an 
'  Ecclesiastical  History.'  [xiii.  63] 

CREALOCK,  HENRY  HOPE  (1831-1891),  soldier, 
artist,  and  author ;  educated  at  Rugby  ;  lieutenant  90th 
light  infantry,  1852 ;  captain,  1854  ;  served  in  Crimea  ;  in 
China,  1856-8 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1868  ;  in  India,  1858-9  ; 
military  secretary  to  Lord  Elgin  in  China,  1860  ;  major- 
general,  1870 ;  served  in  Zulu  war,  1879 ;  O.M.G.,  1879 ; 
retired  as  lieutenant-general,  1884.  His  '  Deer  Stalking  in 
Highlands  of  Scotland '  was  published  posthumously,  1892, 
with  illustrations  from  his  own  drawings. 


[Suppl.  ii.  81] 
[ID  (1812-1 


CREASY,  SIR  EDWARD  SHEPHERD  (1812-1878X 
historian ;  educate!  at  Eton ;  fellow,  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1834  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1837  ;  professor  of 
modern  and  ancient  history,  London  University,  1840; 
knighted,  1860  ;  chief-justice  of  Ceylon,  1860  ;  best  known 
by  his  '  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World,'  1852. 

[xiii.  64] 

CREECH,  THOMAS (1659-1700),  translator;  scholar 
of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1676;  M.A.,  1683;  B.D., 
1«96 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  Oxford,  1683  ;  head-master  of 
Sherhorne,  1694-6 ;  committed  suicide  from  disappointed 
love  and  pecuniary  difficulties,  1700.  He  translated 
Lucretius,  1682  (verse),  the  Ode?.  Satires,  and  Epistle?  of 
Horace,  1684  (verse),  Theocritus,  1684,  Manilius,  1697 
(verse),  the  XHIth  satire  of  Juvenal,  1693,  and  parts  of 
Plutarch  and  less  famous  Greek  and  Latin  writers. 

[xiii.  64] 

CREECH,  WILLIAM  (1746-1815),  Edinburgh  pub- 
lisher and  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh ;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh University:  partner  with  the  publisher  Kincaki, 
1771;  on  the  withdrawal  of  Kincaid,  1773,  l>eenme  the 
foremost  publisher  in  Scotland,  and  was  first  to  bring 
out  the  works  of  Blair,  Beattie,  Mackenzie,  and  Burns ; 
quarrelled  with  Burns ;  helped  to  found  the  Speculative 
Society:  contribute!  under  the  pseudonym  of  'Theo- 
phrastus '  essays  to  the  newspapers ;  lord  provost  of 
Edinburgh,  1811-13.  [xiii.  67] 


CREED 


296 


CREW 


CREED,  GARY  (1708-1775),  etcher;  published  plates 
from  the  marbles  at  Wiltou  House.  [xiii.  68] 

CREED,  ELIZABETH  (1644?-1728),  philanthropist; 
nit  Pickering  ;  married  John  Creed  [q.  v.],  of  Oundle, 
1668;  gave  free  instruction  to  girls  in  drawing  and 
needlework;  painted  altar-pieces  for  churches  near 
Oundle.  [xiii.  68] 

CREED,  JOHN  (./f.  1663),  official;  deputy-treasurer 
of  the  fleet,  1660;  secretary  to  the  commissioners  for 
Tangier,  1662 ;  F.R.S.,  1663.  [xiii.  68] 

CREED  or  CREEDE,  THOMAS  (d.  1616  ?),  stationer ; 
printed  the  1599  quarto  of  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,' 
'Richard  III'  (1598  quarto),  and  'Henry  V  (1600 
quarto).  [xiii.  69] 

CREED,  WILLIAM  (1614  V-1663),  divine;  scholar  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1631 ;  M.A.,  1639  ;  B.D.,  1646; 
regius  professor  of  divinity,  Oxford,  1660 ;  archdeacon 
of  Wiltshire,  1660;  prebendary  of  Salisbury;  rector  of 
Stockton,  Wiltshire.  [xiii.  69] 

CREIGHTON.    [See  also  ORICHTON.] 

CREIGHTON,  MANDELL  (1843-1901),  bishop  of 
London;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1866;  B.A., 
1867 ;  tutor ;  held  living  of  Embleton,  Northumberland, 
1875-84  ;  rural  dean  of  Alnwick,  1879 ;  took  prominent 
part  in  organising  new  diocese  of  Newcastle,  1881 ; 
was  examining  chaplain  to  Bishop  Wilberforce,  1882 ; 
honorary  canon  of  Newcastle,  1883  ;  published,  1882,  the 
first  two  volumes  of  his  '  History  of  the  Papacy '  (vols.  iii. 
and  iv.  appearing  in  1887,  vol.  v.  1894);  honorary  D.D. 
Cambridge ;  first  Dixie  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history, 
and  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1884;  first 
editor  of 'English  Historical  Review,'  1886-91;  canon  of 
Worcester,  1885;  canon  of  Windsor,  1890;  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  1891  ;  represented  English  church  at 
coronation  of  Emperor  Nicholas  II  at  Moscow,  1896; 
first  president  of  Church  Historical  Society,  1894-1901 ; 
Hiusean  lecturer,  1893-4,  and  Rede  lecturer,  1895,  at 
Cambridge ;  Romanes  lecturer  at  Oxford,  1896  ;  bishop 
of  London,  1897 ;  opposed  the  extravagances  of  some  of 
the  ritualistic  clergy ;  D.D.  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  hou. 
LL.D.  Glasgow  and  Harvard;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford  and 
Durham ;  hon.  Litt.D.  Durham.  His  works  include  '  The 
Age  of  Elizabeth,'  1876,  'Cardinal  Wolsey,'  1888,  'Queen 
Elizabeth,'  1896,  and  numerous  sermons,  lectures,  and 
historical  and  other  writings.  He  contributed  several 
memoirs  to  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.' 

[Suppl.  ii.  82] 

CREIGHTON  or  CRICHTON,  ROBERT  (1593-1672), 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1621 ;  professor  of 
Greek,  1625-39;  public  orator,  1627-39;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1631;  dean  of  St.  Burians,  Cornwall,  1637; 
chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  dean  of  Wells ;  restored  Wells 
Cathedral ;  signalised  himself  by  his  outspokenness  on 
the  sins  of  Charles  IPs  court ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1670 ;  translated  Sguropulus,  1660.  [xiii.  69] 

CREIGHTON  or  CREYGHTON,  ROBERT  (1639?- 
1734),  precentor  of  Wells  ;  son  of  Robert  Oreighton  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1662 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1662 ;  professor  of  Greek,  Cambridge,  1662-74 ; 
canon  and  precentor  of  Wells,  1674 ;  D.D.  1678.  [xiii.  70] 

CRESSENER,  DRUE  (1638  ?-1718),  protestant 
writer  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambndge,  1662 ;  M.A., 
1685 ;  D.D.,  1708 ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1700  ;  wrote  on  the 
Apocalypse.  [xiii.  71] 

CRESSINGHAM.  HUGH  (•/.  1297),  treasurer  of 
Scotland ;  originally  steward  of  Eleanor,  queen  of  Ed- 
ward I ;  audited  the  debts  due  to  Henry  III,  1292 ;  pre- 
bendary in  several  English  churches  ;  defeated  and  slain 
fighting  against  Wallace  at  Catnbuskcimeth,  1297. 

[xiii.  71] 

OREB8WELL,  MADAM  (/.  1670-1684),  courtesan 
and  self-proclaimed  religious  devotee;  satirised  by 
Rochester.  •  [xiii.  72] 

CRE8SWELL,  SIR  CRESSWELL  (1794-1863),  judge  ; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge; 'wooden  spoon*;  M.A.,  1818:  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1819;  together  with  Alexander,  leader  of  the 
northern  circuit ;  king's  counsel,  1834 ;  M.P.  for  Liverpool, 
1837  aixl  1841 ;  puisne  judge  of  the  court  of  common 


pleas,  1842-58;   first  judge  in  ordinary  and  organiser  of 
the  probate  and  divorce  court,  1868-63.  [xiii.  72] 

CRESSWELL,  DANIEL  (1776-1844),  divine  and 
mathematician;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge- 
D.D.,  1823  ;  vicar  of  Enfleld,  1822-44  ;  F.R.S. ;  J.P.  for 
Middlesex,  1823  ;  published  mathematical  works. 

[xiii.  73] 

CRESSWELL,  JOSEPH  (1557-1623  ?),  Jesuit ;  rector 
of  the  English  college,  Rome,  1589-92;  worked  also  in 
Spain  ;  rector  of  the  college  at  Ghent,  1621 ;  died  at  Ghent ; 
published  polemical  treatises  and  religious  biographies, 
also  a  '  Relacion  del  Estado  de  Inglaterra  en  el  gobieruo 
de  la  Reina  Isabella '  (unpublished).  [xiii.  73] 

CRESSY,  HUGH  PAULINUS  or  SERENUS  (1605- 
1674),  Benedictine  monk  ;  B.A.  Oxford,  1623 ;  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  1626  ;  M.A.,  1629  ;  chaplain  to  Thomas, 
lord  Wentworth  ;  prebendary  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin, 
and  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1636  ;  dean  of  Leighlin,  1637 ; 
publicly  renounced  protestantism  at  Rome,  1646  ;  studied 
theology  at  Paris ;  D.D. ;  confessor  to  the  English  nuns 
at  Paris,  1651 ;  servant  of  Catherine  of  Braganza,  queen 
of  Charles  II ;  definitor  of  the  southern  province,  1666  ; 
cathedral  prior  of  Rochester,  1669.  His  chief  works  were 
'  Exomologesis,'  being  reasons  for  his  conversion,  1647- 
1653,  and  '  The  Church  History  of  Brittany,  or  England,' 
in  two  parts  (part  I.  published  1668).  He  also  edited 
various  books  of  catholic  mysticism.  [xiii.  74] 

CRESSY,  ROBERT  (/?.  1450  ?),  Carmelite  ;  wrote  a 
book  of  '  Homiliae.'  [xiii.  76] 

CRESTADORO,  ANDREA  (1808-1879),  biblio- 
grapher; born  and  educated  at  Genoa:  Ph.D.  Turin; 
professor  of  natural  philosophy,  Turin ;  took  out  patents 
in  England  which  proved  useless,  one  being  for  aerial 
locomotion,  1852,  1862.  1868,  and  1873 ;  chief  librarian  of 
the  Manchester  Free  Libraries,  1864 ;  wrote  Italian  trea- 
tises, and  a  book  on  the  '  Art  of  making  Catalogues.' 

[xiii.  76] 

CRESWICK,  THOMAS  (1811-1869),  landscape- 
painter  ;  studied  under  John  Vincent  Barber  [q.  v.]  ;  exhi- 
bited for  more  than  thirty  years  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
also  at  the  Suffolk  Street  Gallery,  and  the  British  Insti- 
tution ;  R.A.,  1851 ;  member  of  the  Etching  Club ;  favour- 
ably criticised  by  Ruskin.  [xiii.  77] 

CRESWICK,  WILLIAM  (1813-1888),  actor ;  played 
in  travelling  companies,  and  appeared  at  Queen's  Theatre, 
London,  1835  ;  joined  Phelps's  company  at  Sadler's  Wells, 
1846;  at  Princess's,  1847,  and  Haymarket,  1847-8; 
joint-manager  of  the  Surrey,  1849-62;  at  Drury  Lane, 
1862-6 ;  toured  in  America  and  Australia ;  last  appeared 
at  Drury  Lane,  1886.  His  parts  included  Hotspur, 
Hamlet,  Othello,  lago,  Macbeth,  lachimo,  and  King  John. 

[Suppl.  ii.  88] 

CRESY,  EDWARD  (1792-1858),  architect  and  civil 
engineer;  travelled  in  England  and  on  the  continent, 
drawing  and  measuring  ancient  buildings  ;  F.S.A.,  1820  ; 
member  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association ;  wrote 
on  sanitary  engineering,  and  the  architecture  of  mediaeval 
Italy,  also  an  '  Encyclopaedia  of  Civil  Engineering,'  1847. 

[xiii.  78] 

CREW,  JOHN,  first  BARON  CHEW  of  Stene  (1598- 
1679),  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Crew  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.  for  Amers- 
ham,  1625,  for  Brackley,  1626,  1640,  for  Banbury,  1628, 
for  Northamptonshire,  1640;  voted  against  Stratford's 
attainder,  1641 ;  supported  the  '  self-denying  ordinance ' ; 
arrested  among  the  '  secluded  members '  for  not  approving 
Charles  I's  trial,  1648 ;  M.P.  for  Northamptonshire,  1654, 
1660 :  one  of  the  council  of  state,  1660  :  met  Charles  II  at 
the  Hague ;  created  Baron  Crew  of  Stene,  1661.  [xiii.  78] 

CREW,  NATHANIEL,  third  BAROX  CREW  of  Stene 
(1633-1722),  bishop  of  Durham  :  sou  of  John,  first  baron 
Crew  of  Stene  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1656  : 
fellow  ;  rector,  1668 ;  dean  of  Chichester,  1669 ;  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1671 ;  married  Duke  of  York  to  Maria  d'Este, 
1673;  bishop  of  Durham,  1674;  privy  councillor,  1676; 
rewarded  for  subserviency  to  James  II  with  deanery  of 
Chapel  Royal;  helped  to  administer  diocese  of  London, 
1686 ;  specially  exoepted  from  general  pardon,  1690,  but 
retained  as  bishop  of  Durham ;  benefactor  of  diocese  of 
Durham  and  Lincoln  College.  [xiii.  79] 

CREW  or  CREWE,  RANDOLPH  (1631-1657),  artist ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Rauulphe  Crew  [q.  v.] ;  executed  a  map 
of  Cheshire  ;  died  from  violence  at  Paris.  [xiii.  82] 


CREW 


297 


CRISPIN 


CREW  or  ORE  WE,  SIR  RANULPHE  or  RAX- 
DOLIMf  n55S-.lt;  It;),  judsre;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1584;  M.]'.,  lirackley,  1597;  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1600;  knighted,  1(514;  speaker,  1(514.  .-crjrant-at-law, 
1615;  commissioner  for  the  examination  of  Edmond 
Peacham  [q.  v.],  1615,  also  of  We? ton,  as  the  murderer  of 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  1615  ;  maintained  the  contention 
of  the  Lords  that  the  Commons  had  no  right  to  pass 
sentence  on  Floyde  for  litwlling  the  princess  palatine, 
1621  ;  lord  chief-justice  of  the  kind's  bench,  1625  ;  re- 
moved for  denying  the  legality  of  forced  loans,  1626. 

[xiii.  81] 

CREW.  THOMAS  (ft.  1580),  author  of  'A  Nosegay  of 
Moral  Philosophy,'  1580.  [xiii.  82] 

CREW  or  CREWE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1565-1634), 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons ;  Lent  reader,  Gray's 
Inn,  1612;  M.P.  for  Lichfield,  1603,  for  Northampton, 
1621,  for  Aylesbury,  1623,  for  Gatton,  1625  ;  declared  the 
liberties  of  parliament  to  be  '  matters  of  inheritance,' 
1621 ;  placed  on  an  Irish  commission,  1622 ;  speaker, 
1623  and  1625 ;  knighted,  1623 ;  member  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal commission,  1633.  [xiii.  82] 

CREWDSON,  ISAAC  (1780-1844),  author:  minister 
of  the  Society  of  Friend*,  1816-c.  1836 ;  seceded,  1836 ; 
author  of  several  works,  including  'A  Beacon  to  the 
s.x-ii-ty  of  Friends,'  1835,  and  '  Trade  to  the  East  Indies,' 
e.  1827.  [xiiL  83] 

CREWDSON,  JANE  (1808-1863),  poetess ;  nte  Fox ; 
published  'Lays  of  the  Reformation,'  1860,  and  other 
poems,  chiefly  religious.  [xiii.  84] 

CREWE,  FRANCES  ANNE,  LADY  CRKWK  (</.  1818), 
daughter  of  Fulke  Greville ;  married  John  (afterwards 
Lord)  Crewe  [q.  v.],  1776  ;  a  fashionable  beauty  and  friend 
of  Fox,  Burke,  and  Sheridan.  [xiii.  84] 

CREWE,  JOHN,  first  BARON  OREWE  of  Crewe 
(1742-1829),  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1764 ;  M.P.,  Stafford,  1765,  Cheshire, 
1768 ;  carried  bill  for  disfranchising  excise  officers,  1782 ; 
created  Baron  Crewe,  1806.  [xiii.  84] 

CREYGHTON.    [See  CREIGHTOX.] 

CRIBB,  TOM  (1781-1848),  champion  pugilist ;  cham- 
pion, 1808  ;  sparred  before  the  emperor  of  Russia  and  the 
king  of  Prussia,  1814;  guarded  the  entrance  to  West- 
minster Hall  at  the  coronation  of  George  IV.  [xiii.  84] 

CRICHTON.    [See  also  CREIGHTOX.] 

CRICHTON,  Sm  ALEXANDER  (1763-1856),  physi- 
cian ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1785 ;  studied  at  Paris,  Stuttgard, 
Vienna,  and  Halle;  abandoned  surgery  and  became 
L.C.P.,  1791;  physician,  Westminster  Hospital,  1794; 
F.L.S.,  1793;  F.R.S.,  1800;  F.G.S.,  1819;  physician  in 
ordinary  to  Alexander  I  of  Russia,  1804 ;  decorated  with 
various  Russian  and  Prussian  orders ;  wrote  on  medical 
and  geological  subjects.  [xiii.  85] 

CRICHTON,  ANDREW  (1790-1855),  biographer  and 
historian ;  educated  at  Dumfries  and  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity; LL.D.  St.  Andrews.  1837;  licensed  preacher;  con- 
tributor to  periodicals  and  the  'Edinburgh  Cabinet 
Library'  series;  editor  of  the  'Edinburgh  Advertiser,' 
1832-51.  [xiii.  86] 

CRICHTON,  GEORGE  (1555  ?-1611),  jurist  and  clas- 
eical  scholar  ;  studied  the  classics  at  Paris  and  jurispru- 
dence at  Toulouse :  regent,  College  Harcourt,  1583 :  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  College  Royal;  doctor  of  canon  law, 
Paris,  1609.  His  works  consist  chiefly  of  public  orations 
in  Latin.  [xiii.  86] 

CRICHTON,  JAMES,  'TiiK  ADMIRABI.K'  (1560- 
1585  V),  scholar  ;  son  of  Robert  Orichton  [q.  v.]  of  Eliock  ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1575  ;  travelled  to  Paris,  1577,  where 
he  is  said  to  have  disputed  on  scientific  questions  in 
twelve  languages ;  served  in  French  army ;  visited  Genoa, 
1579,  and  Venice,  1580 ;  introduced  to  the  learned  world 
at  Venice  by  the  scholar-printer,  Aldus  Manutius;  dis- 
puted doctrines  of  Thomists  and  Scotists  ;  entertained  by 
Cornelius  Aloisi  at  Padua,  1581 ;  successfully  challenged 
the  university  there ;  a  good  swordsman ;  killed  in  a  brawl 
at  Mantua.  His  authentic  and  extant  works  consist 
mainly  of  odes  and  orations  addressed  to  Italian  nobler 
and  scholars.  His  title  of  Admirable  originated  in  Sir 
Thomas  Urquhart's  narrative  of  his  career,  1652. 

[xiii.  87] 


CRICHTON,  JAMI-N.  VIM-..I-XT  FiiKVintAriiHT  (rf. 
1650),  descendant  of  William,  Baron  Crichtou  [q.  v.]; 
created  Viscount  Frendraught,  1642  ;  killed  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Invercharran,  from  grief  at  Moutrose's  defeat, 
1650.  [xiii.  91] 

CRICHTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1586?),  of  Eliock,  lord 
advocate  of  Scotland,  1662-73  and  1573-81  ;  sole  advocate 
and  senator  of  the  College  of  Justice,  1581.  [xiii.  87] 

CRICHTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (/.  1604),  son  of  Robert 
Orichton  [q.  v.]  of  Eliock;  forcibly  removed  his  half- 
sister  Marion  from  her  guardians  at  Ardoch  Castle,  1591 ; 
denounced  by  the  privy  council,  1593  ;  forfeited  his  pro- 
perty by  non-appearance  when  charged  with  assaulting  a 
courtier  in  James  VI's  presence,  1602.  [xiii.  90] 

CRICHTON,  ROBERT,  sixth  BAROX  SANQUHAR  (</. 
1612),  assassin  ;  hanged  in  Great  Palace  Yard  for  having 
hired  two  men  to  assassinate  Turner,  a  fencing-master, 
who  had  accidentally  deprived  him  of  one  eye. 

[xiii.  91] 

CRICHTON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  BARON  ORICHTON  «/. 
1454),  chancellor  of  Scotland ;  knighted,  1424  ;  ambassa- 
dor to  Eric  of  Norway,  1426 ;  privy  councillor  of  Scot- 
land ;  self-appointed  guardian  of  James  I  of  Scotland's 
infant  sou,  1437  ;  allied  himself  with  Livingston,  who 
had  been  sent  by  the  queen's  influence  to  arrest  him  in 
Edinburgh  Castle,  1437  ;  supported  the  young  king  against 
Livingston  and  Douglas  ;  created  Baron  Orichton,  1445  ; 
arranged  marriage  between  James  II  and  Mary,  daughter 
of  the  Duke  of  Gueldres,  1448.  [xiii.  92] 

CRICHTON,  CEEIGHTON,  or  CREITTON,  WIL- 
LIAM (/.  1615),  Jesuit ;  enabled  de  Gouda,  the  pope's 
legate,  to  escape  from  Scotland,  1 662 ;  intrigued  unsuccess- 
fully to  convert  James  VI  to  Catholicism  ;  saved  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  from  execution  in  Holland  for  supposed  com- 
plicity in  the  murder  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1684 ; 
planned  rising  in  England,  1586  ;  sent  to  Rome  in  the  in- 
terest of  Scottish  catholics,  1592;  forced  to  flee  from 
Scotland,  1595  ;  founded  seminary  at  Douay.  [xiii.  93] 

CRIDIODTTNTJS,  FHIDERIOUS  (d.  838),  bishop  of 
Utrecht;  said  by  William  of  Malmesbury  to  have  been 
nephew  of  St.  Boniface ;  more  probably  a  Frisian,  and 
unconnected  with  the  saint.  [xiii.  94] 

CRIPPS,  JOHN  MARTEN  (rf.  1853),  traveller  and 
antiquary  ;  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  F.S.A., 
1805 ;  travelled  over  Europe  and  the  near  East :  naturalised 
kohl-rabi,  a  Russian  vegetable.  [xiii.  95] 

CRISP,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1599  ?-1666),  royalist ;  re- 
ceived from  Charles  I  the  exclusive  right  of  trading  to 
Guinea,  in  company  with  five  others,  1632 ;  one  of  the 
body  which  contracted  for  the  '  great '  and  '  petty '  cus- 
toms farms,  1640;  knighted,  1641 ;  M.P.  for  Winchelsea, 
but  expelled  from  parliament  as  a  monopolist,  1641 ; 
fined  for  having  collected  duties  on  merchandise  without 
parliamentary  grant;  raised  regiment  for  Charles  I, 
1643;  received  commission  to  equip  fifteen  war- vessels, 
1644  ;  his  property  sequestered  by  the  parliament,  1645  ; 
fled  to  France ;  supported  Monck  at  the  Restoration, 
1660  ;  compounded  the  king's  debt  to  the  East  India 
Company,  1662 ;  customs  farmer  ;  created  baronet,  1665. 

[xiii.  95] 

CRISP,  SAMUEL  (d.  1783),  dramatist;  soured  by 
the  severe  criticism  to  which  his  tragedy  of  '  Virginia ' 
was  subjected,  1754.  [xiii.  97] 

CRISP,  STEPHEN  (1628-1692),  quaker;  separatist, 
then  baptist,  1648,  and  quaker,  1(155  ;  imprisoned,  1656  : 
visited  Holland,  1663  and  1667,  and  also  Germany  and 
Denmark  as  a  missionary ;  fined  for  infringing  the  Con- 
venticle Act,  1670  ;  tried  to  get  the  penal  laws  suspended, 
1688  ;  wrote  tracts  in  Dutch  and  English.  [xiii.  98] 

CRISP.  TOBIAS  (1600-1643),  antinomian  ;  brother 
of  Sir  Nicholas  Crisp  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cambridge ; 
subsequently  removed  to  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1626  ;  rector  of  Newiugton  Butts,  also  of  Brink  worth, 
Wiltshire,  1627  ;  his  discourses  published  posthumously. 

[xiii.  99] 

CRISPIN,  GILBERT  (</.  1117?),  abbot  of  Westmin- 
ster :  educated  at  Bee ;  made  abbot  by  Lanfranc,  1085 ; 
exhumed  the  body  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  1102 ;  am- 
bassador to  Theobald  of  Blois,  1118:  author  of  'Vita 
Herluini '  and  '  Disputatio  Jud;ui  cum  Christiano.' 

[xiii.  100] 


CRISTALL 


293 


CHOKE 


CEISTALL,  JOSHUA  (1767-1847),  painter  in  oil  and 
water  colours ;    china    dealer    at    Kotherhithe ;    china-  j 
painter ;    first  president   of    reconstituted  Water-colour  . 
Society,   1821  ;  founded  the  Sketching  Society;  leader  in 
the  English  school  of  water-colours.  [xiii.  1U1] 

CRITCHETT,  GEORGE  (1817-1882),  ophthalmic  snr- 
geon;  studied  at  the  London  Hospital:  M.R.C.S.,  1839: 
F.R.O.3.,  1844:  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and,  1861-3, 
surgeon  to  the  London  Hospital ;  member  of  council  of  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  1870 ;  ophthalmic  surgeon  and  lecturer, 
Middlesex  Hospital,  187G-82.  [xiii.  102] 

CROCKER,  CHARLES (1797-1861), poet:  shoemaker's 
apprentice;  sexton,  Ohichester  Cathedral,  1845;  bishop's 
verger  ;  his  poems  published  by  subscription,  the  sonnet 
'  To  the  British  Oak '  being  specially  praised  by  Southey. 

[xiii.  102] 

CROCKER,  JOHANN  (1670-1741).  [Sec  CHOKER, 
JOHN.] 

CROCKFORD,  WILLIAM  (1775-1844),  proprietor  of 
Orockford's  Club ;  originally  a  fishmonger ;  set  up  his 
famous  gambling  club,  1827,  out  of  which  lie  amassed 
1,200,000/.  in  a  few  years.  [xiii.  103] 

CROFT,  EDWARD  (</.  1601),  sou  of  Sir  James  Croft 
(rf.  1591)  [q.  v.];  M.P.  for  Leominster,  1571  and  1586; 
accused  of  having  caused  the  death  of  Leicester,  his 
father's  enemy,  by  magic,  1588.  [xiii.  112] 

CROFT,  GEORGE  (1747-1809),  divine:  educated  at 
the  grammar  school  of  Boltou  Abbey  and  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  servitor  and  bible  clerk,  1762 ;  chancellor's 
English  essay  prizeman,  1768  ;  M.A.,  1769  ;  fellow  of  his 
college,  1779 ;  vicar  of  Arncliffe,  1779 ;  head-master  of 
Brewood  school,  1780-91 ;  Hampton  lecturer,  1786 ;  rector 
of  Thwing,  1802  ;  author  of  sermons  and  tractates,  theo- 
logical and  political.  [xiii.  103] 

CROFT,  SIR  HERBERT  (d.  1622),  Roman  catholic 
writer  ;  son  of  Edward  Croft  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford:  M.P.  for  Carmarthenshire,  1589,  for 
Launeeston,  1597,  for  Herefordshire,  1592, 1601,  1604,  and 
1614 ;  Benedictine  monk  at  Douay,  1617 ;  wrote  contro- 
versial works.  [xiii.  104] 

CROFT,  HERBERT  (1603-1691),  bishop  of  Hereford; 
son  of  Sir  Herbert  Croft  (d.  1622)  [q.  v.] ;  student  at 
Oxford,  1616  ;  placed  by  his  father  in  the  English  college, 
St.  Omer,  Jiud  converted  to  Catholicism ;  con  victor  in  the 
English  college,  Rome,  1626 ;  brought  back  to  the  church 
of  England  by  Morton,  bishop  of  Durham ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1639 ;  D.D.,  1640 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  1 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Worcester,  1640 :  canon  of  Windsor,  1641 ;  dean 
of  Hereford,  1644  ;  ejected  in  the  great  rebellion ;  bishop 
of  Hereford,  1661-91 ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1668-70 ; 
wrote  controversial  pamphlets  against  Roman  Catholicism. 

[xiii.  105] 

CROFT,  SIR  HERBERT,  bart.  (1751-1816),  author ; 
matriculated  at  University  College,  Oxford,  1771 ;  entered 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  barrister ;  B.C.L.,  1785  ;  vicar  of  Prittle- 
well,  Essex,  1786-1816 ;  imprisoned  for  debt  at  Exeter, 
1795 :  withdrew  to  Hamburg  :  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
by  the  king  of  Sweden  ;  returned  to  England,  1800 ;  died 
at  Paris,  in  receipt  of  a  pension  of  200/.  per  annum  from 
the  English  government.  He  contributed  a  memoir  of 
Young  to  Johnson's '  Lives  of  the  Poets,'  and  planned  a  new 
edition  of  Johnson's  '  Dictionary,'  but  could  not  proceed 
for  want  of  subscribers,  1793.  In  his '  Love  and  Madness,' 
which  he  published  in  1780,  he  introduced  letters  con- 
cerning Chatterton  that  he  had  obtained  from  Chatter- 
ton's  relations,  it  is  said,  under  false  pretences  and 
without  remunerating  their  owners.  Among  his  works 
are  'The  Abbey  of  Kilkhamptou,'  being  a  collection  of 
satirical  epitaphs,  1780,  '  Horace  eclairci  par  la  1  '<  met  na- 
tion,' 1810,  and  'The  Will  of  King  Alfred,'  a  translation, 
1788.  [xiii.  107] 

CROFT,  Sin  JAMES  (d.  1591),  lord  deputy  of  Ireland 
and  controller  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  household;  knighted, 
1547  ;  governor  of  Haddington,  1649 ;  served  in  the  Calais 
marches,  1550 ;  pacified  Cork,  but  was  unable  to  conciliate 
Ulster  and  Oonnaught,  1551;  implicated  in  Wyatt's  re- 
bellion, and  (1555)  fined  500/.;  Heneschalof  Hereford  and 
governor  of  Berwick,  1569;  corresponded  with  Knox  on 
Scottish  affairs ;  M.P.  for  Herefordshire,  1564,  1670,  and 
1585-7 ;  privy  councillor,  1570 ;  commissioner  for  the 
trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Seotn,  1686 ;  had  treawnnM.-  inter- 


course with  the  Duke  of  Parma,  when  on  an  emba-^y, 
1588.  [xiii.  110] 

CROFT,  Sin  JAMES,  the  youngei  (./I.  1603),  son  of  Sir 
James  Croft(d.  1591  )[q.  v.] ;  gentleman-pensioner  to  Qn.vu 
Elizabeth  ;  knighted,  1603.  [xiii.  112] 

CROFT,  JOHN  (1732-1820),  antiquary:  learnt  wine 
trade  at  Oporto;  sheriff  of  York,  1773  :  author  of  'Anno- 
tations on  the  Plays  of  Shakespear,'  1810,  and  'Kxcerpta 
Autiqua,'  1797,  the  outcome  of  researches  at  York. 

[xiii.  112] 

CROFT,  SIR  RICHARD,  bart.  (1762-1818),  accoucheur  : 
brother  of  Sir  Herbert  Croft  (1751-1816)  [q.  v.] ;  attended 
the  Duchess  of  Devonshire ;  accused  of  negligence  in  con- 
nection with  the  Princess  Charlotte's  accouchement,  1817 ; 
shot  himself,  1818.  [xiii.  113] 

CROFT,  WILLIAM  (1677  ?-1727),  musician  ;  chorister 
of  the  Chapel  Royal :  organist  of  St.  Anne's,  Westminster, 
1700-11;  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1707;  organist, 
Westminster  Abbey,  1708 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1713 ;  wrote 
various  anthems,  as  composer  at  the  Chapel  Royal. 

[xiii.  113] 

CROFTON,  ZACHARY  (</.  1672),  Irish  nonconformist 
divine ;  educated  at  Dublin ;  expelled  from  the  living  of 
Wrenbury,  Cheshire,  for  refusing  to  take  the  engagement, 
1651;  vicar  of  St.  Botolph,  Aldgate;  ejected  at  the  Re- 
storation ;  committed  to  the  Tower  for  maintaining  that 
the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  was  still  binding  on  the 
English  nation,  c.  1660 :  published  controversial  tracts. 

[xiii.  114] 

CROFTS  or  CROFT,  ELIZABETH  (ft.  155 1),  impostor ; 
denounced  the  projected  marriage  of  Mary  and  Philip  of 
Spain  from  within  a  wall  in  Aldersgate  Street. 

[xiii.  115] 

CROFTS  or  CRAFTE,  GEORGE  (d.  1539),  divine; 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1513-19  ;  B.A.,  1513 :  rector 
of  Shepton  Mallet  and  Winford,  Somerset,  1524 ;  chan- 
cellor of  Chichester  Cathedral,  1631 ;  executed  for  affirm- 
ing the  pope's  supremacy,  1539.  [xiii.  115] 

CROFTS,  JAMES,  DCKK  OF  MONMOUTH  (1649-1685). 
[See  SCOTT.] 

CROFTS,  WILLIAM,  BARON  CROFTS  OF  SAXHAM 
(1611  ?-1677),  captain  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  guards 
before  outbreak  of  civil  war,  during  which  he  continued 
in  attendance  on  the  king  and  queen ;  given  manors  in 
Essex  and  Suffolk,  1645  ;  gentleman  of  bedchamber  to 
Charles  II,  1652 ;  created  peer,  1658 ;  employed  on  several 
royal  missions  after  the  Restoration.  [Suppl.  ii.  88] 

CROGHAN,  GEORGE  (d.  1782),  captain  or  colonel, 
Passayunk,  Pennsylvania  ;  British  crown  agent  with  the 
Indians;  trader,  1746;  deputy-agent  with  the  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Ohio  Indians,  1756;  formed  settlement  near 
Fort  Pitt,  1766.  [xiii.  116] 

CROKE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1758-1842),  lawyer  and 

author  ;  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  D.O.L.,  1797 ; 

member  of  the  College  of  Advocates,  1797  ;  answered  the 

strictures  of  Schlegel,  a  Danish  lawyer,  upon  the  English 

admiralty  court,  1801 ;  judge  in  the  vice-admiralty  court, 

I  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  1801-15  ;  knighted,  1816;  wrote  on 

I  law  and  on  genealogy  and  rhyming  Latin  verses ;  author 

of  the  '  Progress  of  Idolatry,'  a  poem,  1841.     [xiii.  116] 

CROKE,  CHAKLES  (d.  1657),  professor ;  third  son  of 
Sir  John  Oroke  [q.  v.]  ;  tutor  of  Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford;  D.D. ;  professor  of  rhetoric,  Gresham  College, 
London,  1613-19  ;  rector  of  Waterstock,  Oxfordshire.  1616 ; 
died  in  Ireland.  [xiii.  119] 

CROKE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1560-1642),  judge  and  law  re- 
porter ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1584  ( treasurer,  1609  ;  M.P.,  Beeralston,  Devonshire,  1597  ; 
knighted,  1623 ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1628 ;  spoke 
against  ship-money  and  the  prosecution  of  Hampden, 
1638.  His  reports,  written  in  Norman-French,  extend  over 
!  sixty  years  (1580-1640).  [xiii.  117] 

CROKE,   JOHN  (d.  1554),  lawyer;    descended  from 
!  the    family  of  Le  Blouut  to  which  Sir  Thomas  Blount 
(d.   1400)  [q.  v.]  belonged :  scholar  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1507  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1646  ;    M.P.,  Chippen- 
|  ham,  1547;  master  in  Chancery,  1549;  author  of    Ordi- 
nances upon  the  Estate  of  the  Chancery  Court,'  1564. 

[xiii.  118] 

CROKE,  SIR  JOHN  (1553-1620),  judge  and  recorder  of 
I  London ;  grandson  of  John   Crokc  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 


CHOKE 


Inner  Temple,  1570;  treasurer  of  his  Inn,  1697;  M.P.  for 
London,  1597  and  1601 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
1601  ;  king's  Serjeant,  1603 ;  knighted,  1603.  [xiii.  118] 

CHOKE  or  CROCUS,  RICHARD  (14897-1558),  Greek 
scholar  and  diplomatist;  educated  at  Eton  and  Kind's 
College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1510;  studied  at  Paris,  1513; 
recommended  to  Oolet  by  Erasmus  for  pecuniary  assist- 
ance without  elTeet:  Greek  lecturer  at  Leipzig,  1515-17, 
where  he  taught  Camerarius ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1517; 
taught  Henry  VIII  Greek  ;  lecturer  at  Cambridge,  1518; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  1623  ;  D.D.,  1524  ;  sent  to  Italy 
to  collect  the  opinions  of  canonists  on  the  king's  divorce, 
1629;  deputy  vice-chancellor,  Cambridge,  1531  ;  rector  of 
Long  Buckby,  Northamptonshire,  1531 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1632 ; 
canon  and  sun-dean  of  Cardinal's  College,  after  wards  Christ 
Church,  1532:  testified  to  Cranmer's  heresy  at  Oxford, 
1655 ;  his  chief  work  was  an  edition  of  Ausonius,  1515. 

[xiii.  119] 

CHOKE,  UNTON  (/.  1658),  parliamentarian  colonel ; 
son  of  UutonCroke(1594V-1671)[q.  v.];  colonel  in  par- 
liamentary army ;  B.C.L.  Oxford,  1649 ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1653  ;  high  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire,  1658. 

[xiii.  119] 

CROKE,  UNTON  (1594  V-1671),  fourth  son  of  Sir  John 
Oroke  [q.  v.] ;  bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1635  ;  M.P.  for 
Walliugford,  1626  and  1640;  commissioner  for  treason 
trials,  1656.  [xiii.  119] 

CROKER,  JOHN,  or  CROCKER,  JOHANN  (1670- 
1741 X  engraver  of  English  coins  and  medals;  born  at 
Dresden ;  came  to  England,  1691 ;  chief  engraver  at  the 
mint,  1705 ;  public  medallist.  [xiii.  121] 

CROKER,  JOHN  WILSON  (1780-1857),  politician 
and  essayist;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin:  student  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1800;  attached  to  the  Munster  circuit; 
JO*,  for  Downpa trick,  1807 ;  temporarily  chief  secretary 
for  Ireland,  1808 ;  friend  of  Canning  ;  contributor  to  the 

*  Quarterly  Review,1  1809,  and  afterwards  famous  for  his 
scathing  criticism  of  Keats's  '  Eudymion,'  1818  ;  secretary 
to  the  admiralty,  exposing  (1810)  defalcations ;  offended 
the  Duke  of  Clarence,  afterwards  William  IV  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  friend  of  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  resigned  his  office  at 
the  admiralty,  1830  ;  spoke  against  the  Reform  Bill,  1831 ; 
edited  Boswell's  '  Life  of  Johnson,'  1831,  and  was  severely 
criticised  by  Macaulay ;  retired  from  parliament  on  the 
passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  1832;  introduced  the  term 
•conservatives,' 1830;  while  in  retirement  supported  Sir 
Robert  Peel  until  Peel  gave  in  his  adherence  to  Cobden's 
policy,  1845  ;  the  supposed  original  of  Rigby  in  Disraeli's 
novel    'Coningsby';    attacked    Macaulay's    'History  of 
England,'  1849.    Besides  his  edition  of  Boswell's '  John- 
son* in  1831,  his  works  include  'An  Intercepted  Letter 
from  Canton '  (satire  on  Dublin  society),  1804,  '  Military 
Event*  of  the  French  Revolution  of   1830,'    1831,  and 
'  Essays  on  the  Early  Period  of  the  French  Revolution,' 
1857.  [xiii.  123] 

CROKER,  MARIANNE  (rf.  1854),  artist;  wife  of 
Thomas  Crofton  Croker  [q.  v.]  [xiii.  133] 

CROKER,  TEMPLE  HENRY  (1730  ?-1790?),  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  17-16 ;  removed  to 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1760;  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Hills- 
borough  :  rector  of  Igtham,  Kent,  1769-73  ;  rector  of  St. 
John's,  Capisterre,  St.  Christopher's,  in  the  West  Indies. 
He  translated  the  '  Orlando  Furioso,'  1755,  the  '  Satires  of 
Ariosto,'  1759,  wrote  on  '  Experimental  Magnetism,'  1761, 
and  compiled  a  '  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences,'  1764- 
1766.  [xiii.  132] 

CROKER,  THOMAS  CROFTON  (1798-1864),  Irish 
antiquary  ;  friend  of  Tom  Moore,  to  whom  he  forwarded 
fragments  of  ancient  Irish  poetry,  1818 :  clerk  at  the  admi- 
ralty in  London,  1818-50  ;  helped  to  found  the  Camden 
Society,  1839,  the  Percy  Society,  18-10,  and  the  British 
Archaeological  Association,  1843  ;  best-known  works, 

•  The  Fairy  Legenda  and  Traditions  of  the  South  of  Ire- 
land,' 1825,  and  •  Popular  Songs  of  Ireland,'  1839  ;  edited 
memoirs  and  books  connected  with  the  topography  and 
archax)logy  of  Ireland.  [xiiL  132] 

CROKESLEY,  RICHARD  DK  (d.  1258),  ecclesiastic 
and  judge  ;  abbot  of  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  1247  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Westminster ;  arranged  marriage  between 
Prince  Edward  and  the  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brabant, 
ll'47;  L-haplain  to  the  pope  at  Lyons,  1251,  whither  he 


299 
I 


CROMB 


bad  been  sent  to  bring  about  a  meeting  between  the  pope 
and  Henry  III  ;  unsuccessful  in  his  negotiations  for  the 
restoration  of  Henry  Ill's  French  provinces,  1257;  arbi- 
trator for  Henry  III  at  the  Oxford  conference,  1258; 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1250  and  1257.  [xiii.  134] 

CROLL,  FRANCIS  (1826  ?-1854),  line  engraver; 
articled  to  an  Edinburgh  draughtsman ;  executed  en- 
gravings for  the  '  Art  Journal '  and  for  the  Royal  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Promotion  of  the  Fine  Arts  in  Scotland. 

[xiii.  135] 

CROLL,  JAMES  (1821-1890),  physical  geologist :  ap- 
prenticed as  wheelwright  at  Collace ;  worked  as  joiner  at 
Banchory  ;  kept  temperance  hotel  at  Blairgowrie,  1862-3  ; 
keeper  of  Andersonian  University  and  Museum,  Glasgow, 
1859 ;  keeper  of  maps  and  correspondence  of  Geological 
Survey  of  Scotland,  1867-80 ;  F.R.S.  and  LL.D.  St.  An- 
drews, 1876 ;  retired  owing  to  ill-health.  1880 ;  published 
'Climate  and  Time,'  1875,  'Philosophic  Basis  of  Evolu- 
tion,' 1890,  and  other  writings  chiefly  on  questions  in 
physical  geology.  [Suppl.  ii.  89] 

CROLLY,  WILLIAM  (1780-1849),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh ;  entered  Maynooth,  18ol  ;  priest, 
1806 ;  professor  at  Maynooth  ;  parish  priest  of  Belfast, 
1812-26  ;  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  1825  ;  archbishop 
of  Armagh,  1835.  [xiii.  135] 

CROLY,  GEORGE  (1780-1860),  author  and  divine ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  licensed  to  an  Irish 
curacy,  1804 ;  settled  in  London,  1810  ;  dramatic  critic  to 
the  '  New  Times '  and  contributor  to  the  '  Literary 
Gazette'  and  'Black wood's  Magazine' ;  gained  reputation 
for  eloquence  when  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook, 
1835-47;  afternoon  lecturer  at  the  Foundling,  1847; 
wrote  'Salathiel,'  a  romance,  1829,  '  Catiline,' a  tragedy, 
1822, '  Paris  in  1815,'  a  poem,  1817, '  Divine  Providence,  or 
the  Three  Cycles  of  Revelation,'  1834,  '  Marston,'  a  novel, 
1846,  and  numerous  narrative  and  romantic  poems. 

[xiii.  135] 

CROMARTY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MACKENZIE,  GEORGE, 
first  EARL,  1630-1714 ;  MACKENZIE,  GEORGE,  third  EARL, 
d.  1766.] 

CROMARTY,  COUNT,  in  the  Swedish  peerage  (1727- 
1789).  [See  MACKENZIE,  JOHN.] 

CROMBIE,  ALEXANDER  (1762-1840),  philologist  and 
schoolmaster :  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ; 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  1777;  LL.D.,  1798;  licentiate  of  the 
church  of  Scotland;  kept  private  school  in  Highgate ; 
wrote 'A  Defence  of  Philosophic  Necessity,'  1793, 'Gym- 
nasium sive  Symbola  Oritica,'  1812,  and  '  Natural  Theo- 
logy,' 1829,  also  tractates  on  questions  of  political  eco- 
nomy, [xiii.  136] 

CROMBIE,  JAMES  (1730-1790),  presbyteriau  minis- 
ter ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1752 ;  presented  to  the  living  of 
Lhanbryd,  near  Elgin,  1760 ;  tutor  in  the  family  of  the 
Earl  of  Moray ;  co-pastor  in  the  first  non-subscribing 
presbyterian  congregation  of  Belfast,  1770;  sole  pastor, 
1781-90  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1783  ;  founder  of  the  Belfast 
Academy,  1786,  and  its  principal ;  wrote  '  An  Essay  on 
Church  Consecration,'  1777,  and  a 


tion  of  Sabbath  observance. 


tractate  on  the  ques- 
[xiii.  137] 


CROME,  EDWARD  (d.  1562),protestaut  divine;  M.A. 

Cambridge,  1507;  D.D.  1526;  fellow  of  Gouville  Hall: 
j  university  preacher,  1516 ;  maintained  the  nullity  of 
:  Henry  VIIPs  marriage  with  Catherine  of  Arragon,  1530 ; 
j  in  sympathy  with  Roman  catholic  doctrine;  parson  of 
!  St.  Antholin's,  London,  and  subsequently  of  St.  Mary 

Aldermary;  preached  against  the  mass,  1546;  recanted; 
;  managed  to  escape  the  stake  in  Mary's  reign,  [xiii.  138] 

CROME,  JOHN  (1768-1821),  landscape-painter;  born 
!  in  humble  circumstances  ;  apprenticed  to  a  sign-painter, 
1783  ;  introduced  the  art  of  graining  at  Norwich ;  picked 
up  an  informal  education  in  art  from  Thomas  Harvey  of 
Oatton,  Norfolk,  who  allowed  him  access  to  his  collection 
[  of  Flemish  and  Dutch  pictures ;  taught  drawing ;  founded 
the  Norwich  school  of  painting  and  a  '  joint-stock  asso- 
I  elation  of  accomplishments  and  worldly  goods,'  which 
|  exhibited  from  1805  to  1833 ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
:  demy,  first  in  1806.  His  painting  of  trees  was  exceptionally 
{  sympathetic  in  its  treatment  of  the  subject,  the  •  Oak  at 
Poringland '  and  the  k  Willow  '  being  among  the  best  pic- 
ture* in  their  kind.  [xiii.  140] 


OBOME 


300 


CKOMWEKL 


CROME,  JOHN  BERNAY  (1794-1842),  painter  ;  son 
of  John  Crome  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Norwich  grammar 
school ;  landscapes  by  him  exhibited  (1811-43)  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  other  institutions  ;  travelled  in  France, 
Holland,  Belgium,  and  Italy.  [xiii.  143] 

CROMEK,  ROBERT  HARTLEY  (1770-1812),  en- 
graver ;  studied  under  Bartolozx.i ;  published  an  edition  of 
Blair's  '  Grave,'  with  etching*  after  Blake  by  Schiuvonetti ; 
compiled  '  Reliques  of  Burns,'  1808,  and  '  Select  Scottish 
Songs,'  1810.  [xiii.  144] 

CHOICER,  GEORGE  (rf.  1642),  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
1622;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1532;  opposed  Henry 
VIII's  attempt  to  make  the  reformatory  measures  passed 
at  Westminster  binding  upon  the  parliament  of  Dublin, 
1636 ;  refused  to  recognise  the  king  as  supreme  head  of 
the  church ;  intrigued  with  the  pope  and  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  to  prevent  the  Reformation  setting  foot  in  Ire- 
laud,  [xiii.  144] 

CROMLEHOLME,  SAMUEL  (1618-1672),  head-master 
of  St.  Paul's  School ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ; 
master  of  the  Mercers'  Chapel  School,  London ;  sur- 
master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  1647-61 ;  master  of  Dor- 
chester grammar  school,  1661-7;  headrmaster,  St  Paul's 
School,  1667-72.  [xiii.  146] 

CROMMELIN,  SAMUEL-LOUIS  (1662-1727),  director 
of  Irish  linen  enterprise;  born  at  Armandcourt,  Picardy  ; 
his  family  compelled  to  leave  France  upon  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes  ;  arrived  at  Lisburn,  Ireland, 
by  invitation  of  William  III,  for  the  pin-pose  of  inquiring 
into  the  linen  manufacture  of  the  French  colony  there, 
1698 ;  overseer  of  the  royal  linen  manufacture  of  Ireland  ; 
thanked  by  the  Irish  parliament,  1707  ;  promoted  settle- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  hempen  sail-cloth  in 
southern  Ireland,  1717  ;  wrote  on  his  work,  1706. 

[xiii.  146] 

CROMPTON,  SIR  CHARLES  JOHN  (1797-1866), 
justice  of  the  queen's  bench ;  graduated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1821 ;  joined  the 
northern  circuit ;  postman  in  the  exchequer  ;  counsel  for 
the  board  of  stamps  and  taxes ;  assessor  of  the  court  of 
passage,  Liverpool,  1836 ;  knighted,  1862 ;  raised  to  the 
bench,  1862.  [xiii.  146] 

CROMPTON,  HUGH  (/.  1667),  poet;  published 
'  Poems  by  Hugh  Crompton,  the  Son  of  Bacchus  and  God- 
son of  Apollo,'  1667,  and  •  Pierides,'  1668  (?).  [xiii.  147] 

CROMPTON,  JOHN  (1611-1669),  nonconformist 
divine ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  lecturer  at 
All  Saints',  Derby  ;  rector  of  Brailsford ;  forced  to  retire 
at  the  Restoration ;  vicar  of  Arnold,  near  Nottingham ; 
ejected  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity.  [xiii.  147] 

CROMPTON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1573-1699),  lawyer; 
educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford;  bencher  of  the 
Inner  Temple  ;  summer  reader,  1573 ;  Lent  reader,  1678  ; 
edited  Fitzherbert's  '  Office  et  Aucthoritie  de  Justices  de 
Peace,'  1583;  wrote  '  L'Authoritie  et  Jurisdiction  des 
Courts  de  la  Maiestie  de  la  Uoygne,'  1594,  and  '  The  Man- 
sion of  Magnanirnitie,'  1599.  [xiii.  148] 

CROMPTON,  SAMUEL  (1753-1827),  inventor  of  the 
spinning  mole;  induced  by  the  imperfections  of  Har- 
greaves's  spinning- jenny  to  invent  a  substitute,  1779  ;  gave 
it  to  the  public,  but  received  no  pecuniary  advantage ; 
granted  6,0001.  by  the  House  of  Commons,  1812. 

[xiii.  148] 

CROMPTON,  WILLIAM  (1599  V-1642),  puritan 
divine ;  son  of  Richard  Crompton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1623;  lecturer  at  Barn- 
staple,  1828-40 ;  pastor  of  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Magda- 
lene, Launeeston.  Hi«  chief  work, '  St.  Austin's  Religion,' 
1624,  was  written  to  prove  that  St.  Aiiftiu  'agreed  with 
the  religion  of  the  protestants.'  [xiii.  150] 

CROMPTON,  WILLIAM  (1633-1696),  nonconformist 
divine ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  ejected  from  his  living  of  Collumptou, 
Devonshire,  for  nonconformity  at  the  Restoration ;  author 
of  some  puritan  tractates.  [xiii.  151] 

CROMWELL.  EDWARD,  third  BARON  CUOMWKI.L 
(1559  7-1607),  politician  ;  pupil  of  Richard  Bancrof t  [q.v.] 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1893 ;  colonel  under 
Essex  when  sent  to  aid  Henri  IV  in  Normandy,  1891 ; 
served  against  Spain,  1697 ;  accompanied  Essex  to  Ireland. 


1599;  sent  to  the  Tower  for  complicity  in  Essex's  rebel- 
lion, 1601 ;  fined  6,000/.  and  released,  1601 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1603  ;  appointed  governor  of  Lecale,  1606. 

CROMWELL,  HENRY  (1628-1674),  sou  ""'  Oliver 
Cromwell ;  entered  the  parliamentary  army ;  colonel, 
1660;  defeated  Lord  Inchiquin  near  Limerick,  1650;  en- 
tered at  Gray's  Inn,  1654;  represented  Ireland  in  the 
Barebones  parliament,  1653  ;  sent  to  Ireland  to  counter- 
act the  influence  of  the  anabaptists  ;  major-general  of  tho 
forces  in  Ireland,  and  member  of  the  Irish  council,  1(154  ; 
remonstrated  against  the  oath  of  abjuration  imposed  upon 
Irish  catholics  in  1667,  but  did  not  mitigate  the  rigour  of 
the  transplantation ;  lord-deputy,  1657  ;  attempted  to  re- 
lieve the  financial  difficulties  of  the  Irish  administration, 
but  was  thwarted  from  home  ;  urged  his  father  to  refuse 
the  title  of  king,  1667 ;  advised  the  remodelling  of  the 
army,  1658;  governor-general  of  Ireland,  1658;  unsuc- 
cessfully solicited  by  partisans  of  Prince  Charles,  1659 ; 
returned  to  England  and  went  into  retirement,  1659 ;  lost 
his  lands  at  the  Restoration,  but  subsequently  had  his  pos- 
sessions in  Meath  and  Oonuaught  confirmed  to  his  trustees 
in  compensation,  [xiii.  152] 

CROMWELL,  OLIVER  (1699-1658),  the  Protector ; 
matriculated  from  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
1616 ;  said  to  have  been  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ; 
married  Elizabeth  Bourchier,  1620  ;  M.P.  for  Hunting- 
don, 1628  ;  J.P.  for  Huntingdon,  1630:  said  to  have  in- 
tended emigrating  to  America  :  became  a  religious  en- 
thusiast, 1638;  M.P.  for  Cambridge,  1640;  moved  the 
second  reading  of  Strode's  bill  for  reviving  the  old  law 
of  Edward  III  for  annual  parliaments,  1640;  proposed 
committee  to  put  the  kingdom  in  a  posture  of  defence, 
1642 ;  fought  at  EdgehiU  in  the  army  of  Essex,  1642 ; 
converted  his  troop  of  horse  into  a  regiment,  1643; 
suppressed  a  royalist  rising  at  Lowestoft,  1643 ;  re- 
captured Stamford,  1643  ;  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Ely, 
and  second  in  command  to  the  Earl  of  Manchester, 
1643  ;  lieutenant-general,  1644  ;  took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Lincoln,  1644 ;  commanded  the  left  wing  at  the  victory 
of  Marston  Moor,  1644 ;  urged  toleration  for  differences 
of  religious  opinion  in  the  parliamentary  army,  and  de- 
manded the  dismissal  of  Major-general  Crawford,  an 
intolerant  presbyteriau,  but  subsequently  forgave  him ; 
fought  at  Newbury,  1644  ;  accused  the  Earl  of  Manches- 
ter of  half-hearteduess,  who  retaliated  by  charging  him 
with  contempt  for  the  Scots  and  presbyteriaus,  1644; 
largely  helped  the  remodelling  of  the  army  and  the  passing 
of  the  'Self-denying  Ordinance,'  which  he  was  excused 
from  obeying,  1644 ;  relieved  Tauntou,  1645  ;  fought  with 
success  in  Oxfordshire  and  at  Naseby,  1645  ;  took  part  in 
the  sieges  of  Bridge  water,  Sher  borne,  and  Bristol,  1645 ; 
captured  Devizes,  Winchester,  and  Basing  House,  1645 ; 
thanked  by  the  House  of  Commons,  1646;  assisted  in 
negotiations  for  surrender  of  Oxford,  1646 ;  recognised 
the  grievances  of  the  army  in  its  quarrel  with  parliament, 
1647 ;  restored  military  subordination  when  commissioner, 
1647  ;  supposed  to  have  planned  the  seizure  of  Charles  I, 
1647 ;  his  policy  based  on  the  assumption  that  terms 
might  ultimately  be  arrived  at  with  the  king ;  entered 
into  an  engagement  with  the  soldiers  for  the  redress  of 
their  wrongs,  1647  ;  induced  parliament  to  vote  that  no 
further  address  should  be  made  to  the  king,  the  case 
seeming  hopeless,  1648 ;  accused  by  Lilburn  of  apostacy 
and  double-dealing,  1648 ;  subdued  a  Welsh  insurrection, 
1648;  routed  the  Scots  at  Preston,  1648;  denounced  the 
treaty  made  by  parliament  'with  Charles  1  at  Newport, 
1648 ;  active  in  the  prosecution  of  Charles  I,  1648  ;  tem- 
porary president  of  the  council  of  state  after  Charles's  exe- 
cution ;  opposed  the  anarchical  designs  of  the  '  levellers,' 
1649;  commander-in-chief  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
1649  ;  stormed  Drogheda  and  Wexford,  massacring  their 
garrisons,  1649  ;  compelled  to  raise  the  siege  of  Waterford, 
1649 ;  reduced  Cahir,  Cashel,  Kilkenny,  and  Clonmel,  1660 ; 
treated  non-combatants  with  leniency,  but  forbade  the 
exercise  of  catholic  worship ;  returned  to  Encrland,  1660 ; 
commauder-iu-chief,  1650 ;  defeated  the  Scots  at  Duubar, 
3  Sept.  1650 ;  stirred  up  dissension  among  the  Scots,  some 
of  them  being  convinced  by  his  arguments  and  humane 
policy ;  captured  Perth,  1651  ;  defeated  the  Scots,  in 
whose  army  was  Prince  Charles,  at  Worcester,  3  Sept. 
1651 ;  procured  the  Act  of  Pardon  and  Oblivion,  1652 ; 
dissolved  the  Long  parliament,  which  had  shown  itself 
unequal  to  dealing  satisfactorily  with  the  complaints  of 
the  army,  1652;  convoked  the  Little  parliament ;  dissolved 


CROMWELL, 


301 


CROOK 


it  in  consequence  of  its  rejection  of  a  scheme  for  the 
appointment  and  maintenance  of  the  clergy  ;  installed  as 
protector  and  head  of  the  executive  power,  1G53  ;  during 
the  aljeyance  of  parliament  issued  ordinances,  having 
the  force  of  law  until  parliament  otherwise  ordered, 
providing  for  the  administration  of  justice  in  Scotland, 
the  representation  of  Ireland  in  the  IJriti.-h  parliament, 
and  the  re-organisation  of  the  church  in  Kugland  ou 
comprehensive  lines,  1653-4 ;  reorganised  the  court  of 
chaiiivry,  recommended  the  revision  of  the  criminal  code, 
1657,  and  appointed  new  judges  ;  engaged  in  negotiations 
for  the  acquisition  of  Dunkirk,  1652 ;  signed  au  advan- 
tageous peace  with  the  Dutch  States-General,  1654  :  con- 
cluded commercial  treaties  with  Sweden  and  Denmark, 
li)6l,  the  latter  country  having  been  recently  in  open 
hostility  to  England ;  ended  a  war  with  Portugal  by  a 
commercial  treaty,  1653  ;  failed  to  get  unanimous  re- 
cognition of  the  authority  which  had  been  conferred  on 
him  by  the  army  from  parliament,  1664 :  dissolved  par- 
liament, the  Commons  having  delayed  a  vote  of  supplies, 
1656 ;  became  the  object  of  conspiracies,  which  were 
speedily  foiled,  1665 ;  parcelled  out  the  country  into 
twelve  divisions,  each  under  the  command  of  a  major- 
general,  1655 ;  imprisoned  lawyers  for  impugning  the 
validity  of  his  ordinances,  and  dismissed  malcontent 
judges  ;  prohibited  the  use  of  the  prayer-book,  1665  ; 
found  himself  compelled  to  prosecute  the  anabaptists,  but 
protected  the  quakers  and  Jews ;  sent  Blake  to  bombard 
Tunis,  1655;  championed  the  cause  of  the  persecuted 
Vaudois,  and,  by  the  influence  of  Cardinal  Mazarin, 
obliged  the  Duke  of  Savoy  to  respect  their  rights  as  his 
subjects,  1665 ;  made  a  treaty  with  France  against  Spain, 
1655  ;  at  war  with  the  latter  country  owing  to  its 
aggressive  Catholicism  and  exclusive  colonial  policy  ; 
refused  the  title  of  king,  1657;  installed  Protector  a 
second  time,  that  being  a  style  to  which  the  army  did  not 
object,  as  it  objected  to  the  royal  title,  1657 ;  acquired 
right  to  appoint  his  own  successor ;  concluded  offensive 
and  defensive  alliance  with  France,  1657  ;  formed  league 
with  Sweden  against  the  Austrian  Hapsburgs  ;  dissolved 
the  parliament  of  1658  in  consequence  of  its  restiveness  ; 
again  intervened  on  behalf  of  the  Vaudois  ;  humbled  the 
Spaniards  at  Dunkirk,  1658 ;  alleged  to  have  prejudiced 
the  interests  of  trade  by  friendship  for  Holland  and  hos- 
tility to  Spain,  1659 ;  assailed  by  plots,  Gerard's,  1654,  and 
Sindercombe's,  1657 ;  denounced  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
'  Killing  no  Murder,'  1657  ;  died  of  a  tertian  ague,  3  Sept. 
1658 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  23  Nov. ;  disinterred 
and  hung  ou  the  gallows  at  Tyburn,  30  Jan.  1661. 

[xiii.  155] 

CROMWELL,  OLIVER  (1742  ?-1821),  biographer; 
solicitor  in  the  Strand  and  clerk  to  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pital ;  wrote  •  Memoirs  of  the  Protector  Oliver  Cromwell, 
and  of  his  sons,  Richard  and  Henry,"  from  whom  he  was 
descended.  [xiii.  186] 

CROMWELL,  RALPH,  fourth  BARON  CROMWELL 
(1394 ?-1466),  lord  treasurer  of  England;  fought  at 
Agincourt,  1415 ;  first  summoned  to  parliament,  1422 ; 
chamberlain  of  exchequer,  c.  1423-32  ;  lord  treasurer, 
1433-43  ;  served  at  relief  of  Calais,  1436 ;  master  of  king's 
me  WB  and  falcons,  1436 :  constable  of  Nottingham  Castle, 
and  warden  of  Sherwood  Forest,  1445  ;  led  attack  on 
Suffolk,  1449 ;  founded  a  college  at  Tattershall. 

[Suppl.  ii.  90] 

CROMWELL,  RICHARD  (1626-1712),  Lord  Pro- 
tector ;  third  son  of  Oliver  Cromwell ;  member  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1647  ;  M.P  for  Hampshire,  1654,  for  Cam- 
bridge, 1656 ;  member  of  committee  of  trade  and  naviga- 
tion, 1656  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1657 ;  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state,  1657 ;  sat  in  Cromwell's  House 
of  Lords;  twice  nominated  as  his  father's  successor, 
31  Aug.  and  2  Sept.  1658  ;  proclaimed  protector  amid 
apparent  satisfaction ;  refused  the  petition  of  a  number  of 
officers  that  a  commander-in-chief  should  be  appointed, 
and  increased  the  pay  of  the  soldiers,  1658  ;  compelled  to 
assent  to  the  retirement  of  his  chief  adviser,  Thurloe, 
1658  ;  inclined  to  ignore  his  father's  treaty  with  Sweden ; 
recognised  as  his  father's  successor  by  parliament,  1659  ; 
retained  the  right  to  make  peace  or  war ;  opposed  by 
parliament  in  the  matter  of  supplies  and  by  Fleetwood, 
who  took  advantage  of  the  grievances  of  the  army  to  stir 
up  mutiny ;  driven  to  throw  in  his  lot  with  the  army  and 
dissolve  parliament,  21  April  1659  ;  obliged  to  recall  the 
Long  parliament,  7  May  1659 ;  said,  probably  without 
much  foundation,  to  have  intrigued  for  the  restoration  of 


the  Stuarts  :  practically  deposed  by  the  army,  May  1669  ; 
appealed  to  Monck  for  pecuniary  assistance,  arrange- 
in.  •! its  formulated  by  parliament  for  the  payment  of  his 
debts  having,  come  to  nothing,  1660;  retired  to  the  conti- 
nent and  lived  at  Paris  under  the  name  of  John  Clarke, 
1G60;  returned  to  England,  c.  IGso,  and  lived  in  retire- 
numt.  [Xiii.  186] 

CROMWELL,  THOMAS,  EARL  OP  ESSKX  (1485?- 
1540),  statesman;  compelled  to  leave  England  when 
young  owing  to  a  misdemeanor  ;  said  to  have  been  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Garigliano,  1503 ;  escaped  to  Florence 
in  a  state  of  destitution ;  much  of  his  early  history  un- 
certain in  point  of  date,  its  obscurity  being  increased  by 
the  fact  that  he  was  sometimes  called  '  Thomas  Smyth ' ; 
clerk  at  Antwerp ;  visited  Italy  a  second  time,  and  intro- 
duced himself  to  Pope  Julius  II,  in  company  with  one 
Geoffrey  Chambers ;  stated  by  Cardinal  Pole  to  have  been 
clerk  to  a  Venetian  merchant ;  engaged  in  money-lending, 
legal  practice,  and  cloth  dressing  in  England,  c.  1513; 
appointed  by  Wolsey  collector  of  the  revenues  of  the  see 
of  York,  1514 ;  entered  parliament,  1523 ;  humoured  the 
king's  designs  upon  France,  while  deprecating  their  imme- 
diate execution  ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1524  ;  one  of  the 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  influence  of  Wolsey  to  in- 

r're  into  the  state  of  the  smaller  monasteries,  1625; 
wed  great  harshness  when  on  this  commission  ;  re- 
ceiver-general of  Cardinal's  College,  Oxford ;  managed  all 
Wolsey's  legal  business,  as  his  secretary,  drawing  up  the 
deeds  for  the  foundation  of  Cardinal's  College  and  Ipswich 
College ;  pleaded  Wolsey's  cause  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
1529 ;  suggested  to  Henry  VIII  the  policy  of  making  himself 
head  of  the  church  of  England,  and  so  facilitating  his 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon ;  attempted  to  convert 
Cardinal  Pole  to  the  doctrines  of  Machiavelli,  1529  ;  privy 
councillor,  1531 :  master  of  the  jewels  and  master  of  the 
king's  wards,  1532;  obtained  grant  of  the  lordship  of 
Romney  in  Newport,  South  Wales,  1532  ;  medium  of  com- 
munication between  Henry  VIII  and  Chapuys,  the  im- 
perial ambassador;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1633; 
king's  secretary,  1534  ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1534 ;  endorsed 
the  frivolous  charge  of  treason  against  Bishop  Fisher, 
1534 ;  vicar-general,  1535  ;  commissioned  to  hold  a  general 
visitation  of  churches,  monasteries,  and  clergy,  1535 ; 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Cambridge  ;  took  a  great 
part  in  procuring  the  dissolution  of  the  smaller  monasteries^ 
1536  ;  conveyed  Anne  Boleyn  to  the  Tower,  1536  ;  made  lord 
privy  seal  and  Baron  Cromwell  of  Oakham,  1536 ;  knight 
of  the  Garter,  1537;  dean  of  Wells,  1537;  appointed  to 
oversee  the  printing  of  the  bible  for  five  years,  1539  ;  re- 
warded with  confiscated  lands  of  the  larger  monasteries, 
1538-40  ;  lord  great  chamberlain  of  England,  1539 ;  nego- 
tiated the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII  with  Anne  of  Cleves, 
1539 ;  created  Earl  of  Essex,  1540  ;  accused  of  treason  by 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk  and  executed,  the  king,  who  was  dis- 
satisfied with  Anne  of  Oleves  and  the  German  protestant 
alliance,  not  interposing,  1540.  [xiii.  192] 

CROMWELL,  THOMAS,  fourth  BARON  CROMWELL 
(d.  1653X  son  of  Edward  Cromwell  [q.  v.] ;  created  Vis- 
count Lecale,  1624,  and  Earl  of  Ardglass,  1645. 

[xiii.  151] 

CROMWELL,  THOMAS  [KITSON]  (1792-1870),  dis- 
senting minister ;  entered  literary  department  of  Messrs. 
Longmans ;  Unitarian  minister,  Stoke  Newington  Green, 
1839-64 ;  F.S.A.,  1838 ;  minister  of  the  old  presbyterian 
congregation  at  Canterbury ;  chief  works,  *  Oliver 
Cromwell  and  his  Times,'  1821, '  The  Soul  and  the  Future 
Life,'  1869,  '  The  Druid :  a  Tragedy,'  1832,  and  a  '  History 
of  the  Ancient  Town  and  Borough  of  Colchester,'  1825. 

[xiii.  202] 

CRONAN,  SAINT  (7th  cent.),  abbot  and  founder  of 
Roscrea,  Tipperary ;  born  in  Munster  ;  travelled  over  the 
south  and  west  of  Ireland  founding  monasteries ;  appeased 
the  auger  of  Fiugen,  king  of  Cassel,  against  the  people  of 
Ely,  a  district  on  the  borders  of  Counaught  and  Munster. 

[xiii.  202] 

CRONE,  ROBERT  (d.  1779),  landscape-painter;  a 
native  of  Dublin  ;  exhibited  paintings  of  Italian  scenery 
at  the  Society  of  Artists,  1768-9,  and  the  Royal  Academy, 
1770-8.  [xiii.  2031 

CROOK,  JOHN  (1617-1699),  quaker ;  knight  of  the 
shire  for  Bedfordshire,  1653 ;  commissioner  of  the  peace ; 
joined  quakers,  and  lost  his  commission,  1654 ;  tried  at 
the  Old  Bailey  for  refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance,  1662 ; 


CROOKE 


302 


CROSS 


remanded  to  priiou,  but  soon  liberated  :  imprisoned  again, 
1669  ;  author  of  '  An  Apology  for  the  Quakers,1  1662,  and 
numerous  books  of  quaker  exegesis.  [xiii.  204] 

CROOKE,  HELKIAH  (1576-1635),  physician;  scholar 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1591 ;  B.A.,  1596  ;  M.U. 
Leyden,  1597;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1604;  physician  to 
James  I;  F.C.P.,  1620-35 ;  anatomy  reader,  1629;  go- 
vernor of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  1632 ;  took  no  notice  of 
Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  chief 
work, '  Mikrokosrnographia,  u  Description  of  the  Body  of 
Man,'  1616.  [xiii.  205] 

CROOKE,  SAMUEL  (1575-1649),  divine;  son  of 
Thomas  Orooke  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School;  scholar  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge;  B.D. 
Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College ;  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  reader  in  the  public  schools  ;  rector  of  Wring- 
ton,  Somerset,  1602  ;  parliamentarian  in  his  leanings,  but 
submissive  to  the  royal  commissioners,  1643;  ono  of  the 
ministers  appointed  to  superintend  the  district  of  Bath 
and  Wrington,  under  a  scheme  for  the  presbyterian 
government  of  Somerset,  1648.  [xiii.  205] 

CROOKE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1582),  divine;  scholar, 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1562;  fellow;  M.A.,  1566; 
D.D.,  1578;  rector  of  Great  Waldingfield,  Suffolk,  1574; 
took  part  in  conferences  between  English  churchmen  and 
Roman  catholics,  1582 ;  urged  Oartwright  to  publish  his 
book  011  the  Rhemish  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 

[xiii.  206] 

CROOKSHA1TKS,  JOHN  (1708-1795),  navy  captain  ; 
lieutenant,  1734 ;  captain  of  the  Lowestoft  frigate,  1742  ; 
appeared  unwilling  to  risk  fighting  on  three  occasions, 
thereby  causing  general  discontent,  1742,  1746,  and  1747  ; 
charged  with  neglect  of  duty,  and  dismissed  by  court- 
martial  at  Jamaica,  1747 ;  brought  groundless  accusations 
of  unfairness  against  the  court,  1759  and  1772 ; 


restored  to  the  half-pay  of  his  rank. 


ultimately 
[xiii.  206] 


CROONE  or  CROTTtfE,  WILLIAM  (1633-1684),  physi- 
cian ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  fellow  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  professor  of  rhetoric, 
Gresham  College,  London,  1659-70;  M.D.  Cambridge, 
1662 ;  F.R.S.,  1663 ;  anatomy  lecturer  on  the  muscles  to 
the  Company  of  Surgeons,  1670-84;  F.O.P.,  1675;  left 
money  to  the  Royal  Society,  also  funds  to  establish 
algebra  lectures  at  Cambridge  and  the  Croonian  lecture  ; 
published  '  De  ratione  motus  Musculorum,'  1664. 

[xiii.  207] 

CROPHILL,  JOHN  (ft.  1420),  astrologer ;  his  writings 
preserved  among  the  Harleian  MSS.  (British  Museum, 
1735).  [xiii.  208] 

CROPPER,  JAMES  (1773-1840),  philanthropist; 
founded  mercantile  house  of  Cropper,  Benson  &  Co., 
Liverpool ;  worked  for  abolition  of  slavery  in  West 
Indies  and  amelioration  of  social  conditions  among  Irish 
poor ;  director  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway, 
1830;  started  agricultural  industrial  school  near  War- 
rington,  1833.  [xiii.  208] 

CROSBIE,  ANDREW  (<*.  1786),  Scottish  advocate ; 
stated  to  have  been  the  original  of  *  Councillor  Pleydell ' 
in  'Guy  Mannering';  friend  of  Johnson  and  Boswell; 
died  in  distressed  circumstances.  [xiii.  209] 

CROSBY,  ALLAN  JAMES  (1835-1881),  archivist; 
educated  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1858 ;  clerk 
in  the  Record  Office;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1865; 
edited,  1871-81,  'Calendar  of  State  Papers'  (Foreign 
Series)  from  1558.  [xiii.  210] 

CROSBY,  BRASS  (1725-1793),  lord  mayor  of  London  ; 
attorney  in  London ;  city  remembrancer,  1760 ;  sheriff, 
1764;  alderman,  1766;  M.P.  for  Honiton,  1768-74;  lord 
mayor,  1770;  refused  to  back  the  press  warrants, 
1770;  committed  to  the  Tower  for  releasing  from  cus- 
tody one  Miller,  printer  of  the  'London  Evening  Post,' 
who  had  been  summoned  to  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  had  refused  to  attend,  1771 ;  returned  to  the 
Mansion  House  at  the  close  of  the  session,  1771 ;  president 
of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  1772 ;  governor  of  the  Irish  Society, 
1786.  [xiii.  210] 

CROSBY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1475),  alderman  of  London ; 
M.P.  for  London,  1466;  alderman,  1468;  sheriff,  1470; 
helped  to  repel  Falconbridge's  attack  on  London,  1471 ; 
knighted,  1471 ;  despatched  on  missions  to  tbt  Duke  of 


Burgundy,  1472  and  1473 ;  mayor  of  the  Staple  of  Calais  ; 
built  a  mansion  of  some  fame  in  Bishopsgate  Street. 

[xiii.  211] 

CROSBY,  THOMAS  (/.  1740),  author  of  •  History  of 
the  Baptists ' ;  deacon  of  the  baptist  church,  Horsley- 
down ;  chief  works,  a  '  History  of  the  English  Baptist? 
from  the  Reformation  to  the  beginning  of  the  Reign  of 
George  I,'  1738-40,  and  '  The  Book-keeper's  Guide,'  1749. 

[xiii.  212] 

CROSDHL,  JOHN  (1751  ?-1825),  violoncellist;  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1768;  principal 
'cello  at  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music,  1776  ;  violist  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1778-1825;  chamber  musician  to  Queen 
Charlotte,  1782;  principal  violoncellist  at  the  Handel 
festival  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1784.  [xiii.  212] 

CROSFIELD,  GEORGE  (1785-1847),  botanist:  elder 
in  the  Society  of  Friends,  1815 ;  published  '  Calendar  of 
Flora,'  1810,  'Memoirs  of  S.  Fothergill,'  1837,  and  reli- 
gious works.  [xiii.  213] 

CROSKERY,  THOMAS  (1830-1886),  theologian  and 
reviewer ;  entered  at  the  old  college,  Belfast,  1845  ;  re- 
porter in  connection  with  the  Belfast  press ;  licensed  to 
preach,  1851;  ordained,  1860;  in  charge  of  the  presby- 
teriau  congregation  at  Creggan,  at  Clouakilty,  1863,  and 
at  Waterside,  Londonderry,  1866 ;  professor  of  logic  and 
belles-lettres,  Magee  College,  Londonderry,  1875-9 ;  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  1879-86 ;  D.D.  of  the  Presbyterian 
Theological  Faculty,  Ireland,  1883  ;  published  '  Plymouth 
Brethrenism  :  a  Refutation  of  its  Principles  and  Doctrines,' 
1879,  and  '  Irish  Presbyterianism,'  1884.  [xiii.  213] 

CROSLAND,  MRS.  CAMILLA  DUFOUR(1812-1895X 
[See  TOULMIN.] 

CR08LY,  DAVID  (1670-1744),  baptist  minister ;  origi- 
nally stonemason  at  Walsden ;  minister  at  Tottlebank, 
near  Lancaster,  1695-1705;  pastor  of  the  particular 
baptist  church,  Curriers'  Hall,  London  Wall,  1705  ;  ground- 
lessly  slandered,  and  expelled,  1718;  kept  school  at 
Goodshaw;  correspondent  of  George  Whitefield;  pub- 
lished sermons  and  (1720)  a  poem,  entitled  '  Adam,  where 
art  Thou  'i '  [xiit  214] 

CROSS,  JOHN  (1630-1689),  Franciscan;  provincial  of 
his  order  in  England  for  three  years,  1674-7;  re-elected, 
1686 ;  D.D. ;  established  a  small  community  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  1687 ;  compelled  to  retire  from  the  place  by 
popular  violence,  1688;  died  at  Douay;  published  de- 
votional works  and  a  treatise, '  De  Dialectica.' 

[xiii.  216] 

CROSS,  SIR  JOHN  (1766-1842),  judge  in  bankruptcy ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1795  ;  king's  Serjeant,  1827  ;  attorney-general 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1827 ;  judge  in  bankruptcy, 
1831 ;  knighted,  1831 ;  subsequently  became  chief  judge. 

[xiii.  215] 

CROSS,  JOHN  (1819-1861),  painter;  studied  at  St. 
Quentin ;  director  of  the  old  French  classical  school ;  un- 
successful candidate  for  the  decoration  of  the  houses  of 
parliament,  1844;  exhibited  a  picture,  by  which  he  be- 
came famous,  called  '  The  Clemency  of  Richard  Oceur-de- 
Lion  towards  Bertrand  de  Gourdon,'  at  the  exhibition  of 
1847;  sent  historical  pictures  to  the  Royal  Academy; 
broke  down  under  pecuniary  failure.  [xiii.  216] 

CROSS,  MARY  ANN  or  MARIAN  (1819-1880), 
novelist  under  the  name  of  GEORGE  ELIOT  ;  nie  Evans  ;  was 
sent  to  school  at  Coventry,  1832;  reproduced  much  of 
her  early  history  in  her  novels;  converted  from  evan- 
gelism to  more  liberal  views  by  the  influence  of  Charles 
Bray  [q.  v.],  a  ribbon  manufacturer  of  Coventry,  1842  : 
finished  Miss  Brabant's  translation  of  Strauss's  '  Life  of 
Jesus,*  1846 ;  visited  Geneva,  1849  ;  on  returning  to  Eng- 
land contributed  to  the  '  Westminster  Review,'  of  which 
she  became  (1861)  assistant  editor;  resigned  the  post, 
1853 ;  translated  Feuerbach's  '  Essence  of  Christianity,' 
1854 ;  attracted  by  positivism ;  formed  a  lifelong  union 
without  legal  form  with  George  Henry  Lewes,  1864; 
visited  Berlin,  1854 ;  published  '  Amos  Barton '  serially  in 
'Blackwood's  Magazine,'  1887,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
'  George  Eliot';  published  '  Scenes  of  Clerical  Life,  1858, 
'Adam  Bede,'  1859,  'The  Mill  on  the  Floes,'  1860,  and 
'  Silas  Marner,'  1861 ;  visited  Florence,  1860  and  1861,  in 
search  of  material  for  an  Italian  story  of  the  time  of 
Savonarola ;  published  '  Uomola'  in  serial  instalments  in 
the  'Oornhill  Magazine,'  1862-3;  finished  'Felix  Holt,' 


CROSS 


303 


CROUCH 


1866;  travelled  in  Spain,  1867:  produced  'The  S[ 
Gypsy,' 1868;  published  '  Middleman^,' in  parts,  1871-2, 
and  'Daniel  Deronda,'  in  the  same  way,  1874-6;  wrote 
the  '  Impressions  of  Thcophrastns  Such,'  1878  (published, 
1H79);  founded,  after  Lewes's  death  in  1878  the  'George 
Henry  Lewps  Studentship,'  1879  ;  married  Mr.  J.  W.  Cross, 
then  ;i  bunker  at  Nrw  York,  t>  May  1880.  In  addition  to 
her  novels  she  published 'Agatha,'  a  poem,  18C.9,  'Jtibal 
and  other  1'ot-tiis,'  1H74,  and  many  pssays.  She  claimed 
in  all  IUT  books  to  be  an  {esthetic  teacher  and  to  in- 
terpret philosophical  ideas.  Most  of  her  novel?,  despite 
the  tendency  to  didacticism,  stand  in  the  lir.-t  rank  of 
literary  fiction.  [xiii.  216] 

CROSS,  MICHAEL  (//.  1630-1660),  painter;  copied 
pictures  for  Charles  I  in  Spain  and  Italy  ;  reported  to 
have  executed  a  copy  of  a  Madonna  by  Raphael  so  accu- 
rately that  it  was  interchangeable  with  the  original. 

[xiii.  222] 

CROSS,  NATHANIEL  (18th  cent.),  English  violin- 
maker;  worked  in  partnership  with  Barak  Norman; 
excelled  as  a  maker  of  violoncello?  on  the  model  of  Jacob 
Stainer.  [xiii.  222] 

CROSS,  NICHOLAS  (1616-1698),  Franciscan;  pro- 
vincial, 1662,  1671,  1680,  and  1689;  chaplain  to  Anne, 
diH'hfs-=  of  York;  died  at  Douay,  1698;  published  'The 
Cyuosura,'  a  paraphrase  on  the  50th  Psalm,  1670. 

[xiii.  222] 

CROSS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1632-1682),  engraver:  em- 
ployed in  engraving  portraits  of  authors  and  celebrities 
as  frontispieces  to  books ;  engraved  music,  [xiii.  223] 

CROSSE,  ANDREW  (1784-1855),  electrician:  edu- 
cated at  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1802 ;  lived,  at  Fyne 
Court  in  Somerset,  the  life  of  an  amateur  scientist ;  ex- 
perimented on  electro-crystallisation  and  metallurgy ; 
gained  notoriety  by  announcing  the  appearance  of  insects 
of  genus  Acants  in  connection  with  the  arrangements  of 
a  voltaic  battery,  1837.  [xiii.  223] 

CROSSE,  JOHN  (1739-181 6),  vicar  of  Bradford:  stu- 
died at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1768 ;  ordained ; 
appointed  to  the  Lock  Chapel,  London ;  incorporated  B.A. 
at  Cambridge,  1776;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge; 
incumbent  of  Todmorden  and  Halifax  in  Yorkshire,  also 
of  White  Chapel,  Cleckheaton  ;  presented  to  the  vicarage 
of  Bradford,  1784;  published  religious  pamphlets. 

[xiii.  224] 

CROSSE,  JOHN  (1786-1833),  writer  on  music  ;  F.S.A. ; 
published  '  History  of  the  York  Festivals,1 1825. 

[xiii.  225] 

CROSSE,  JOHN  GREEN  (1790-1850),  surgeon ;  stu- 
died at  St.  George's  Hospital  and  the  school  of  anatomy, 
Windmill  Street,  London  ;  demonstrator,  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  surgeon,  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital,  from 
1826 ;  famous  as  a  lithotomist :  F.R.S.,  1836 ;  president  of 
the  Provincial  Medical  and  Surgical  Association,  1846 : 
wrote  on  the  urinary  calculus  (Jacksonian  prize-essay, 
1833),  and  (1820)  on  the  variolous  epidemic  which  occurred 
in  1819  at  Norwich.  [xiii.  225] 

CROSSE,  LAWRENCE  (1650  ?-1724),  miniature- 
painter  ;  imitated  Samuel  Cooper  (1609-1672)  [q.  v.] ; 
said  to  have  created  an  erroneous  type  of  the  features 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  by  renovating  a  portrait  of  her. 

[xiii.  225] 

CROSSE,  RICHARD  (1742-1810),  miniature-painter  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1770-95,  and  other  insti- 
tutions; painter  in  enamel  to  the  king,  1790;  portrait- 
painter  in  water-colours  and  oil.  [xiii.  226] 

CROSSE,  ROBERT  (1605-1683),  puritan  divine  ;  fel- 
low of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1627 ;  B.D.,  1637 ;  nomi- 
nated to  the  assembly  of  divines,  1643 ;  declined  regius 
professorship  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1648 ;  vicar  of  Chew 
Magna,  Somerset,  c.  1648-83 ;  entered  into  controversy 
with  Joseph  Glanvill  on  the  Aristotelian  philosophy; 
published  •  Aovov  dAovut,'  a  denial  of  reason  in  matters 
of  faith,  1655.  [xiii.  226] 

CROSSE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1630),  poet  and  translator ; 
educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1613 ;  preacher 
to  Sir  Edward  Horwood's  regiment  at  Cadiz,  1626,  and  to 
the  company  of  the  Nonsuch  at  Rochelle,  1630 ;  wrote  a 
boo  of  verses  on  the  Spanish  ware  in  Holland,  1625 ; 
collaborator  in  Edward  Grimestone's  'Historic  of  the 
Netherlands,'  1627  ;  translated  Sallust,  1629.  [xiii.  227] 

CROSSLEY,  DAVID  (1670-1744).    [See  OROSLY.] 


CROSSLEY,  SIR  FRANCIS  (181 7-1 872),  carpet  manu- 
facturer and  philanthropist ;  with  his  father,  John  Cross- 
ley,  and  brothers,  constituted  the  firm  of  J.  Cropsley  «k 
Sons,  carpet  manufacturers,  Halifax  ;  applied  machinery 
to  carpet-making,  driving  out  the  hand-looms  ;  mayor  of 
Halifax,  1849  and  1850;  M.P.  for  Halifax,  1852-9,  for  the 
West  Hiding  of  Yorkshire,  1H59,  for  the  northeni  division 
of  the  West  Hiding,  1869-72  ;  erected  almshouses  at  Hali- 
fax. 1H55;  presented  a  park  to  the  townspeople,  1857; 
built  orphan  school  on  Skircout  Moor,  1860;  created 
baronet,  1863 ;  gave  20,0007.  to  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  1870.  [xilL  227] 

CROSSLEY,  JAMES  (1800-1883),  author;  articled  to 
Thomas  Ainsworth,  solicitor,  1817 :  wrote  for  '  Black- 
wood's  Magazine '  and  for  the '  Retrospective  Review,'  1820 : 
assisted  Lockhart  in  the  '  Quarterly  Review ' ;  edited  Sir 
Thomas  Browne's  'Tracts,'  1822;  wrote  the  'Fragment 
on  Mummies,'  generally  ascribed  to  Sir  Thomas  Browne, 
for  Wilkin's  edition  of  that  author ;  partner  with  Thomas 
Ainsworth,  1823;  president  of  the  Incorporated  Law 
Association  of  Manchester,  1840  and  1857 ;  president  of 
the  Manchester  Athenteum,  1847-50;  formed  Chetham 
Society,  1843.  becoming  president,  1848 ;  edited  Dr.  John 
Worthington's  '  Diary,'  1848-52.  [xiii.  228] 

GROSSMAN,  SAMUEL  (16247-1684),  divine  and 
poet ;  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge ;  B.D., 
1660  ;  rector  of  Little  Henny,  Essex  ;  ejected,  1662 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Bristol,  1667 ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1683-4 :  pub- 
lished homiletic  poems  and  sermons.  [xiii.  230] 

CROSSRIG,  LORD  (1643-1707).  [See  HCMK,  Sm 
DAVID.] 

CROSTON,  THOMAS  (16037-1663?).  [See  OROX- 
TOX.] 

CROTCH,  WILLIAM  (1775-1847),  composer;  per- 
formed on  the  organ  in  London,  1779 ;  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1786,  at  Oxford,  1788  ;  organist  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1790-1807,  at  St.  John's  College,  1787,  and  at  St. 
Mary's,  Oxford;  professor  of  music,  1797-1806;  Mus. 
Doc.,  1799  ;  published  six  etchings  of  Christ  Church,  1809  ; 
member  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  1814-19 ;  first  prin- 
cipal of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1822-32 ;  played 
the  organ  at  a  Handel  festival,  Westminster  Abbey,  1834  ; 
composed  two  oratorios  of  note,  'Palestine,'  1812,  and 
'  The  Captivity  of  Judah,'  1834,  besides  a  juvenile  work, 
'The  Captivity  of  Judah,'  1789;  published  anthems,  lec- 
tures on  music,  and  (1812)  'Elements  of  Musical  Com- 
position.' [xiii.  230] 

GROTTY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1742),  Irish  highwayman 
and  rapparee ;  hanged  at  Waterford.  [xiii.  232] 

CROUCH,  ANNA  MARIA  (1763-1805),  vocalist ;  nie 
Phillips;  played  Mandane  in  Arne's  ' Artaxerxes,'  1780; 
appeared  as  Clarissa  in  '  Lionel  and  Clarissa,'  1781,  and  as 
Venus  in  Dryden  and  Purcell's  '  King  Arthur ' ;  generally 
performed  at  Drury  Lane ;  married  Crouch,  a  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  1785  ;  taught  Michael  Kelly  [q.  v.]  English, 
1787  ;  separated  from  her  husband,  1791 ;  retired  from  the 
stage  and  society,  1801.  [xiii.  232] 

CROUCH  or  CROWCH,  HUMPHREY  (fl.  1635- 
1671),  ballad- writer  and  pamphleteer ;  published  a  folio 
broadside  in  verse  entitled  'A  Whip  for  the  back  of  a 
backsliding  Brownist,'  1640?;  wrote  numerous  poems 
and  ballads,  including  '  Love's  Court  of  Conscience,'  1637, 
'The  Heroic  History  of  Guy,  Earl  of  Warwick,*  'The 
Madman's  Morris,'  and  'The  Welch  Trareller,'  1671,  as 
well  as  a  few  prose  tracts.  [xiii.  233] 

CROUCH,  JOHN  (fl.  1660-1681),  royalist  verse- writer  : 
probably  brother  of  Humphrey  Crouch  [q.  v.]  ;  at  one 
time  servant  to  Robert  Pierrepoint,  marquis  of  Dorches- 
ter ;  author  of  numerous  elegies,  panegyrics,  and  verses 
on  the  events  of  his  time.  [xiii.  234] 

CROUCH,  NATHAND3L  (16327-1725?),  miscella- 
neous author  under  initials '  R.  B.';  apprenticed  to  a  London 
stationer,  1656;  made  free  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1663 ;  issued  several  journals.  [xiii.  235] 

CROUCH,  WILLIAM  (1628-1710),  qaaker ;  appren- 
ticed to  an  upholsterer  of  Oornhill,  1646  ;  Imprisoned  for 
refusing  to  pay  tithes ;  declined  to  be  parish  constable, 
1662  ;  complained  of  the  persecution  of  his  sect  to  Arch- 
bishop Bancroft,  1683;  published 'The  Enormous  Sin  of 
Oovetousness  detected,'  1708.  [xiii.  235] 


CROUNE 


304 


CROYLAND 


CROTTNE,  WILLIAM  (1633-1684).    [See  CROONE.] 

CROW,  FRANCIS  (d.  1692),  nonconformist  divine ; 
M.A. ;  vicar  of  Hundon,  Suffolk  ;  ejected,  1(562  ;  preached 
at  Ovington,  Essex,  and  Bury  St.  Edmund:' ;  retired  to 
Jamaica,  1686;  returned  to  Kssox  -upon  K.  J.-imesV 
liberty';  published 'The  Vanity  and  Impiety  of  Judicial 
Astrology '  in  Jamaica,  1690 ;  his  '  Meusalia  Sacra '  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [xiii.  235] 

GROW,  HUGH  (1765-1829%  voyager;  captain  of  a 
merchant  vessel  in  the  African  trade ;  his  '  Memoirs,' 
posthumously  published,  valuable  for  their  descriptions  of 
the  west  coast  of  Africa.  [xiii.  236] 

CROW,  MITPORD  (d.  1719),  colonel;  as  British 
diplomatic  ageut  in  Catalonia  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Archduke  Charles  ;  governor  of  Barbados,  1707-11 ;  M.P., 
Southampton  ;  friend  of  Swift.  [xiii.  236] 

CROWDER  or  CROWTHER,  ANSELM  (1588-1666), 
Benedictine  monk ;  sub-prior  and  professor  of  philosophy, 
Douay ;  deflnitor,  1621 ;  cathedral  prior  of  Rochester, 
1633,  of  Canterbury,  1657 ;  provincial  of  Canterbury, 
1653-66  ;  died  in  the  Old  Bailey  ;  wrote  devotional  works. 

[xiii.  236] 

CROWDER,  SIR  RICHARD  BUDDEN  (1795-1859), 
judge :  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1821 ;  joined  western  circuit, 
1821 ;  Q.C.,  1837  ;  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1849-54  ;  puisne  justice 
in  the  court  of  comuiou  pleas  and  knighted,  1854 ;  counsel 
to  the  admiralty  and  judge-advocate  of  the  fleet. 

CROWE,  CATHERINE  (18009-1876),  novelist  and 
writer  on  the  supernatural ;  n&e  Stevens  ;  chief  works,  the 
'  Night  Side  of  Nature,'  1848, '  Spiritualism,  and  the  Age  we 
live  in,'  1859,  and  two  novels, '  Susan  Hopley,'  1841,  and 
'Lilly  Dawson,'  1847;  translated  Kerner's  'Seeress  of 
Prevorst,'  1845.  [xiii.  237] 

CROWE,  EYRE  EVANS  (1799-1868),  historian;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  visited  Italy,  1822  ; 
Paris  correspondent  of  the  '  Morning  Chronicle ' ;  editor 
of  the  '  Daily  News,'  1849-51 ;  contributed  a  '  History  of 
France '  to  Lardner's  '  Encyclopaedia,'  1830 ;  published 
'  The  Greek  and  the  Turk,'  1853, '  History  of  Louis  XVIII 
and  Charles  X,'  1854,  and  novels,  1825-53.  [xiii.  237] 

CROWE,  Sm  JOSEPH  ARCHER  (1825-1896),  journal- 
ist, art-critic,  and  commercial  attache ;  son  of  Eyre  Evans 
Crowe  [q.  v.]  ;  became  correspondent  for  '  Morning  Chro- 
nicle '  and '  DailyNews,'  1843 ;  correspondent  to '  Illustrated 
London  News '  in  Crimea,  and  to  '  Times '  during  Indian 
Mutiny,  1857,  and  war  between  Austria  and  Italy,  1859  ; 
consul-general  for  Saxony,  1860 ;  consul-general  for  West- 
phalia and  Rhenish  Provinces,  1872  ;  commercial  attache 
to  embassies  at  Berlin  and  Vienna,  1880 ;  commercial 
attachd  for  whole  of  Europe,  residing  at  Paris,  1882 ;  O.B., 
1885  ;  K.O.M.Q.,  1890 ;  published  in  collaboration  with 
Cavalcaselle,an  Italian  painter,  works  relating  to  Italian 
painting.  [Suppl.  ii.  92] 

CROWE,  WILLIAM  (1616-1675),  bibliographer  ;  edu- 
cated at  Oaius  College,  Cambridge ;  chaplain  and  school- 
master of  the  hospital  of  Holy  Trinity,  Croydon,  1668-75  ; 
committed  suicide.  His  bibliographical  work  was  ex- 
clusively concerned  with  the  scriptures.  [xiii.  238] 

CROWE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1743),  divine ;  educated  at 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1713;  M.A.,  1717;  D.D., 
1728;  rector  of  8k  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate,  1730,  of 
Finchley,  1731-43 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  George  II. ; 
said  to  have  lent  his  notes  on  Greek  literature  to  Bentley ; 
published  sermons.  [xiii.  238] 

CROWE,  WILLIAM  (1745-1829),  poet  and  divine; 
scholar  of  Winchester  College,  1758;  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1767;  B.C.L.,  1773;  rector  of  Alton 
Barnes,  Wiltshire,  1787-1829;  public  orator,  Oxford, 
1784-1829 ;  lectured  on  poetry  at  the  Royal  Institution ; 
author  of  » Leweadon  Hill,'  a  poem,  1788,  and  of  several 
sermons  and  orations  ;  edited  Collins's  poems,  1828. 


[xiii.  239] 
7-1876),  Hebrew 


CROWFOOT,  JOHN  RUSTAT  (1817 „  «,„«„ 

and  Syriac  scholar ;  foundation  scholar  at  Eton ;  B.A. 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1839  :  fellow,  1840  ;  M.A.,  1842 ; 
B.D.,  1849  ;  curate,  Great  St.  Mary's,  Cambridge,  1851-3  ; 
vicar  of  Wangford-cum-Reydon,  Suffolk,  1860;  issued 
pamphlets  on  university  matters  ;  travelled  in  Egypt  in 
search  of  ByrUc  manuscripts  of  the  gospels,  1873 ;  pub- 
lished '  FragmeuU  Evangelica,1  1870.  [xiii.  240] 


CROWLEY,  NICHOLAS  JOSEPH  (1819-1857), 
painter :  exhibited  '  The  Eventful  Consultation '  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1835 ;  member  of  the  Ro3ral  Hibernian 
Academy,  1838 ;  painted  historical  pictures  and  portraits. 

CROWLEY,  PETER  O'NEILL  (1832-1867)!UFeniau  I 
shot  in  a  skirmish  with  the  constabulary  at  Kilclooney 
Wood,  1867.  [xiii.  241] 

CROWLEY,  CROLE,  or  CROLETJS,  ROBERT 
(1518  ?-1588),  author,  printer,  and  divine;  demy,  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford  ;  probationer-fellow  and  B.A.,  1542  ; 
printed  his  metrical  version  of  the  Psalms,  1549  ;  printed 
three  impressions  of  the  'Vision  of  Pierce  Plowman,' 
1550 ;  exile  at  Frankfort,  1554 ;  returned  to  England  on 
the  death  of  Queen  Mary ;  archdeacon  of  Hereford,  1559  ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1563 ;  opposed  Archbishop 
Parker  on  the  question  of  the  surplice,  1564 ;  vicar  of  St. 
Lawrence  Jewry,  1676-8  ;  published  a  few  satirical  writ- 
ings, sermons,  and  controversial  tractates,  several  of 
which  have  been  reprinted  by  the  Early  English  Text 
Society.  [xiii.  241] 

CROWNE,  JOHN  (d.  1703?),  dramatist;  returned  to 
England  from  Nova  Scotia,  whither  his  father  had  been 
compelled  to  emigrate ;  became  gentleman-usher  to  a  lady 
early  in  Charles  II's  reign  ;  wrote  '  Pandion  and  Amphi- 
genia '  (romance),  1666, '  Juliana,  or  the  Princess  of  Po- 
land '  (tragi-oomedy),  1671,  and  '  History  of  Charles  the 
Eighth,'  a  rhyming  tragedy,  1672;  satirised  Settle's 
'Empress  of  Morocco,'  1673;  prepared  'Calisto,'  a  court 
masque,  1676 ;  produced  'Sir  Courtly  Nice,'  comedy,  1685, 
'Darius,'  tragedy,  1688,  and  'Dseneids,'  burlesque  poem, 
1692;  published  'The  Married  Beau,*  a  comedy,  1694; 
wrote  songs  and  a  few  other  dramas,  including  '  Thyestes,' 
founded  on  Seneca's  play,  1681.  [xiii.  243] 

CROWBILL,  ALFRED  (pseudonym)  (1804-1872). 
[See  FORRESTER,  ALFRED  HENRY.] 

CROWTHER,  JAMES  (1768-1847),  botanist ;  worked 
as  draw-boy  at  a  loom  and  as  porter  ;  assisted  J.  B.  Wood 
in  compiling  the  '  Flora  Mancuniensis ' ;  first  to  discover 
the  lady's-slipper  orchid  at  Malham,  Yorkshire. 

[xiii.  246] 

CROWTHER,  JONATHAN  (1760-1824),  methodist 
preacher ;  sent  to  Scotland  by  John  Wesley,  1787  ;  presi- 
dent of  conference,  1819;  president  of  the  Irish  con- 
ference, 1820 ;  author  of  two  books  on  methodism  and  a 
life  of  Thomas  Coke,  D.O.L.  [q.  v.]  [xiiL  245] 

CROWTHER,  JONATHAN  (1794-1856),  Wesleyan 
minister;  nephew  of  Jonathan  Crowther  (1760-1824) 
[q.  v.]  ;  head-master  of  Kings  wood  school,  Gloucestershire, 
1823 ;  general  superintendent  of  the  Wesleyan  missions  in 
India,  1837-43  ;  classical  tutor  in  the  Wesleyan  Theological 
Institution  at  Didsbury,  Lancashire,  1849 ;  examiner  at 
Wesley  College,  Sheffield.  [xiii.  246] 

CROWTHER,  SAMUEL  ADJAI  (1809  ?-1892),  negro 
bishop  of  the  Niger  territory  from  1864  till  death  ;  born 
of  negro  parents  in  the  Yoruba  country,  West  Africa ; 
carried  off  as  slave,  but  recovered  by  British,  1821 ;  studied 
at  Fourah  Bay  College,  Sierra  Leone  ;  ordained  in  England, 
1843  ;  missionary  in  Yoruba  country.  [Suppl.  ii.  93] 

CROXALL,  RODNEY  (.ft.  1745),  brother  of  Samuel 
Oroxall  [q.  v.]  ;  prebendary  of  Hereford.  1732 ;  treasurer, 
1746.  [xiii.  247] 

CROXALL,  SAMUEL  (d.  1752),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1717 ;  D.D.,  1728 ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1727 
and  1730;  vicar  of  St.  Mary  Somerset  and  St.  Mary 
Mounthaw,  London,  1731-62 ;  archdeacon  of  Shropshire, 
1732;  chancellor  of  Hereford,  1738;  built  a  house  with 
the  materials  of  an  ancient  chapel  in  Hereford  Cathedral ; 
published  'An  Original  Canto  of  Spencer  (*tc),'  1713  and 
1714  (satire  on  the  Earl  of  Oxford),  'The  Vision,'  1715,  a 
translation  of  Ovid's  'Metamorphoses,'  1717,  'The  Fair 
Circassian,'  an  indelicate  adaptation  of  the  Song  of  Solo- 
mon, first  printed  in  1720,  a  translation  of  -rEsop's '  Fables,' 
1722,  and  'Scripture  Politics,'  1735.  [xiii.  246] 

CROXTON,  THOMAS  (1603  ?-1663  ?),  colonel  in  the 
parliamentarian  army,  1650;  militia  commissioner  for 
Chester,  1650 ;  defended  Chester  Castle  against  Sir  George 
Booth's  royalists  for  three  weeks,  1659 ;  arrested  for  con- 
spiracy, 1663  ;  possibly  released.  [xiii.  248] 

CROYLAND,  ROGER  OF  (d.  1214  ?).    [See  ROGER.] 


CROZIER 


;{ ,.-, 


CRYSTAKL 


CROZIER,  FRANCIS  RAWDON  MOIRA  (1796?- 
1848),  navy-captain  ;  went  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  as 
mate  of  the  Doterel  sloop,  1818  ;  accompanied  Captain 
Parry  in  Arctic  voyages,  1821-7  ;  lieutenant,  1826  ;  served 
off  Portugal,  1831-5  ;  commander  of  the  Cove,  1837  ;  went 
with  Iloss  to  explore  Antarctic  Ocean,  1839 ;  discovered 
north-west  passage  in  company  with  Sir  John  Franklin 
(record  found,  1859)  ;  lost  in  Arctic  regions,  1848. 

[xiii.  248] 

CRUDEN,  ALEXANDER  (1701-1770),  author  of  the 
'  Biblical  Concordance '  :  educated  at  Mariscbal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen ;  M.A. ;  amanuensis  to  the  tenth  Earl  of 
Derby,  1729 ;  discharged  on  account  of  his  ignorance  of 
French,  1729  ;  tutor  in  the  Isle  of  Man  ;  bookseller  in  the 
Itoyal  Exchange,  London,  1732 :  published  his  '  Concord- 
ance,' 1737;  became  insane,  1738;  escaped  from  confine- 
ment, 1738;  corrected  works  of  learning  for  the  press; 
believed  himself  divinely  appointed  to  reform  the  nation ; 
received  with  great  respect  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
1755  ;  wrote  pamphlets  on  his  experiences  and  contempo- 
rary events ;  repulsed  by  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Abney,  to  whom  he  paid  his  addresses,  1755  ;  founded 
bursary  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen.  [xiii.  249] 

CRUDEN,  WILLIAM  (1725-1785),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  174S ;  minister  of  the  Scottish  presby- 
terian  church,  Covent  Garden,  1773  ;  chief  work,  '  Nature 
Spiritualised,'  a  book  of  religious  poems.  [xiii.  251] 

CRUIKSHANK,  GEORGE  (1792-1878),  artist  and 
caricaturist ;  son  of  Isaac  Cruikshunk  [q.  v.] ;  his  ear- 
liest important  caricature  'Sir  Francis  Burdett  taken 
from  his  house,  No.  80  Piccadilly,  by  warrant  of  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,'  1810  ;  supplied  etch- 
ings to  '  The  Scourge,'  a  satirical  periodical,  1811-16,  and 
to  "The  Meteor,'  1813-14;  produced  caricatures  of  Bona- 
parte, Joanna  Southcott,  the  purchase  of  the  Elgin 
marbles,  and  contemporary  events ;  did  much  to  put  an 
end  to  the  death-penalty  for  forgery  of  bank-notes  by  a 
cartoon  entitled  'Bank-note  not  to  be  Imitated,'  1818; 
produced  coloured  etchings  for  the  'Humourist'  (series 
of  tales),  1819-21,  and  two  volumes  of  etchings  for  Grimm's 
'Popular  Tales,'  1824-6,  by  some  considered  his  master- 
piece ;  produced  '  Phrenological  Illustrations,'  1826 ;  sub-  j 
stitnted  wood-engraving  for  etching,  1828 ;  issued  the 
firs  tn umber  of  the  '  Comic  Almanack,'  1835 ;  engraved  for 
Dickens's '  Sketches  by  Boz,'  1836  and  1837 ;  designed  a  cover 
and  supplied  126  plates  for  Bentley's  '  Miscellany,'  1837-43 ; 
illustrated  Ainsworth's '  Tower  of  London,'  1840,  and '  Guy 
Fawkes,'  1841,  also 'Ainsworth'sMagazine,'  1842-4;  claimed, 
without  much  show  of  reason,  to  have  suggested  to  Dickens 
the  story  of  '  Oliver  Twist,'  and  to  Ainsworth  the  general  I 
plan  of  the  'Miser's  Daughter';  started  'The  Table  I 
Book,'  a  miscellany,  1845  ;  illustrated  for  it  Thackeray's 
'  Legend  of  the  Rhine ' ;  published  '  The  Bottle,'  a  famous 
picture,  1847,  and  'The  Drunkard's  Children,'  1848,  in 
support  of  the  cause  of  total  abstinence ;  essayed  a  new 
'  Cruikshank's  Magazine,'  which  he  soon  dropped,  1854 ;  ! 
supplied  frontispiece  to  Lowell's  '  Biglow  Papers,' 1859 ;  ' 
issued  satirical  pamphlet  against  General  W.  Napier's 
aspersions  on  the  British  volunteers  of  1803,  1860,  and 
another  against  spiritualistic  seances,  1863;  exhibited 
oil  paintings  at  the  Royal  Academy  on  humorous  subjects, 
such  as  'Moses  dressing  for  the  Fair,'  1830,  and,  his 
magnum  oput,  a  cartoon  entitled '  The  Worship  of  Bacchus  : 
or,  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society,'  1862.  In  the  treat- 
ment and  moral  tone  of  his  drawings  he  resembled 
Hogarth.  [xiii.  252] 

CRUIKSHANK,  ISAAC  (1766  7-1811  ?),  caricaturist 
and  water-colour  painter ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1790  and  1792  ;  designed  frontispiece  for  the '  Witti- 
cisms and  Jests  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,'  1791  :  executed 
caricatures  of  Gillray  and  Rowlandson  type,  some  political 
and  some  social.  [xiii.  258] 

CRUIKSHANK,  ISAAC  ROBERT,  or  ROBERT 
(1789-1856),  caricaturist  and  miniature-painter;  son  of 
Isaac  Cruikshank  [q.  v.]  ;  midshipman  in  the  East  India 
Company's  ship  Perseverance ;  gave  up  a  seaman's  life  for 
an  artist's ;  satirised  social  extravagances  ;  published  car- 
toon urging  neutrality  on  England,  1823 ;  illustrated 
various  books  dealing  with  the  humours  of  English,  and 
especially  London,  life,  including  the  '  English  Spy,'  1825, 
and  '  The  Orphan,'  a  translation  of  the  '  MathSde '  of 
Eugene  Sue.  [xiii.  259] 


CRUIKSHANK,  WILLIAM  CUMBERLAND  (1745- 
1800),  anat.mist;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1767;  French  and 
Italian  scholar;  assistant  to  Dr.  William  Hunter,  1771; 
partner  with  Hunter  in  the  Windmill  Street  school  ; 
F.R.S.,  1797  ;  proved  the  effluence  of  carbolic  acid  from  the 
skin  ;  chief  work,  '  The  Anatomy  of  the  Absorbing  Vessels 
of  the  Human  Body,'  1786.  [xiii.  860] 

CRUISE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1824),  legal  writer  ;  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1773  ;  licensed  conveyancer  ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1791,  a  statute  of  William  III,  which  ex- 
cluded him  as  a  catholic,  having  been  repealed  ;  published 
'An  Essay  on  the  Nature  and  Operation  of  Fines  and 
Recoveries,'  1783,  'A  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  England  re- 
specting Real  Property,'  1804,  and  a  few  other  legal 


[xiii.  261] 

CRULL,  JODOCUS  (d.  1713?),  miscellaneous  writer; 
native  of  Hamburg;  M.D.  Leyden,  1679;  M.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1681  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1692  ;  translated  and  compiled  for 
the  booksellers  ;  among  other  bookti  translated  Pufendorf, 
'  On  the  Nature  and  Qualification  of  Religion,  in  reference 
to  Civil  Society,'  1698,  and  published  an  account  of  '  The 
Autient  and  Present  State  of  Muscovy,'  1698.  [xiiL.  262] 

CRUMLEHOLME  or  CRUMLUM,  SAMUEL  (1618- 
1672).  [See  CROMLEHOLMK.] 

CRUMP,  HENRY  (/.  1382),  theologian  ;  Cistercian 
of  the  monastery  of  Baltinglass,  co.  Wicklow  ;  probably 
fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford  ;  D.D.  ;  preached 
against  Wycliffe's  scheme  of  putting  church  property 
under  secular  control  ;  subscribed  to  the  document  con- 
demning Wycliffe's  doctrine  of  the  sacrament,  1381; 
suspended  from  his  academical  '  acts  '  by  Robert  Rygge 
[q.  v.],  the  chancellor,  1382;  reinstated  by  the  king, 
1382  ;  condemned  for  heresy  and  opposition  to  mendicant 
orders  at  Meath,  1385  ;  returned  to  Oxford  ;  compelled  to 
abjure,  1392  ;  wrote  polemics  against  the  friars  and  a  book 
of  scholastic  logic,  all  lost.  [xiii.  262] 

CRUMPE,  SAMUEL  (1766-1796),  Irish  physician; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1788  ;  author  of  '  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  Properties  of  Opium,'  1793,  and  '  An  Essay  on 
the  best  Means  of  providing  Employment  for  the  People 
of  Ireland,'  1793.  [xiii.  263] 

CRUSIUS,  LEWIS  (1701-1775),  biographer  ;  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1737  ;  head-master 
of  the  Charterhouse  School,  1748-69  ;  prebendary  of  Wor- 
cester, 1751  ;  F.R.S.,  1764  ;  rector  of  Stoke  Prior,  Wor- 
cester, 1754,  St.  John's,  Bedwardine,  1764;  prebendary  of 
Brecknock  ;  published  '  The  Lives  of  the  Roman  Poets,'  a 
critical  and  historical  work,  1733.  [xiii.  264] 

CRUSO,  JOHN  (rf.  1681),  civilian;  entered  Cains 
College,  Cambridge,  1632;  fellow;  M.A.  Oxford,  1639; 
lost  his  Cambridge  fellowship  on  account  of  his  royalist 
views  ;  LL.D.,  1662  ;  member  of  the  College  of  Advocates, 
1662  ;  chancellor  of  St.  David's  ;  wrote  books  on  military 
science  and  '  Euribates,'  a  drama.  [xiii.  264] 

CRUSO,  TIMOTHY  (1656  ?-1697),  presbyterian 
minister  ;  studied  in  the  Newington  Green  Academy  ; 
M.A.  of  one  of  the  Scottish  universities  ;  pastor  at 
Crutched  Friars,  1688  ;  appointed  to  Pinners'  Hall  mer- 
chants' lectureship,  1694  ;  published  homilies  and  sermons. 

[xiii.  264] 

CRUTTWELL,  CLEMENT  (1743-1808),  author  and 
compiler  ;  surgeon  at  Bath  ;  took  orders  ;  published 
Bishop  Wilson's  bible  and  works,  with  a  life,  1786,  a 
'Concordance  of  the  Parallel  Texts  of  Scripture,'  'Gazet- 
teer of  France,'  1793,  'Gazetteer  of  the  Netherlands,'  1794, 
and  the  '  Universal  Gazetteer,'  1798.  [xiiL  266] 

CRUTTWELL,  RICHARD  (1776-1846),  writer  on  the 
currency  ;  educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  B.C.L., 
1803  ;  chaplain  of  H.M.S.  Trident,  and  secretary  to  Rear- 
admiral  Sir  Alexander  John  Ball  [q.  v.]  ;  perpetual  curate 
of  Holmfirth,  Yorkshire;  rector  of  Spexhall,  Suffolk, 
1822-46  ;  wrote  '  Treatise  on  the  State  of  the  Currency  ' 
(against  Ricardo),  1825,  '  The  System  of  Country  Banking 
defended,'  1828,  '  Reform  without  Revolution,'  1839,  and 
other  works  on  monetary  and  social  questions. 

[xiii.  265] 

CRYSTAL!,  THOMAS  (d.  1536),  abbot  of  the  Cis- 
tercian monastery  of  Kinloss,  Morayshire  :  recommended 
in  youth  by  his  musical  talent  to  Galbraith,  abbot  of  Kin- 
loss  ;  novice,  1487;  monk,  1488;  abbot,  1499;  recovered 
by  legal  processes  the  property  of  his  foundation  ;  erected 

X 


CUBBON 


306 


CTJLLTJM 


mills  at  Strathisla  and  repaired  abbey  buildings  of  Kinloss  ; 
benefactor  of  monastery  mid  church  at  Ellon  ;  as  visitor 
of  his  order  restored  the  foundations  of  Deer  and  Culross ; 
patronised  learning.  [xiii.  266] 

CUBBON,  Sm  MARK  (1784-1861),  commissioner  of 
Mysore;  cadet,  Madras  infantry,  1800;  captain,  1816; 
deputy  commissary-general,  Madras  Presidency,  1822,  and 
a  commissioner  to  inquire  into  Mysore  rebellion,  1831 ; 
colonel,  1831 ;  commissioner  of  Mysore,  1834-61 ;  lieuten- 
ant-general, 1852;  K.C.B.,  1859;  died  at  Suez  on  his  way 
home,  1861.  [xiii.  267] 

CUBITT,  JOSEPH  (1811-1872),  civil  engineer ;  son 
of  Sir  William  Cubitt  [q.  v.] ;  constructed  the  Great 
Northern  railway,  the  London,  Chatham,  and  Dover  rail- 
way, and  part  of  the  London  and  South- Western  ;  built 
the  new  Blackfriars  Bridge.  [xiii.  269] 

CTIBITT,  THOMAS  (1788-1855),  builder ;  In  early  life 
made  a  voyage  to  India  as  ship-carpenter ;  master  car- 
penter in  London,  1809 ;  built  the  London  Institution, 
Pinsbury  Circus,  1815  ;  carried  out  building  operations  in 
London ;  built  east  front  of  Buckingham  Palace ;  sup- 
ported Thames  embankment  scheme ;  guaranteed  a  sum 
of  money  to  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851 ;  much  interested 
in  sewage  questions.  [xiii.  267] 

CUBITT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1785-1861),  civil  engineer; 
invented  self-regulating  windmill  sails,  1807;  chief 
engineer  of  Messrs.  Ransome's  establishment,  Ipswich, 
1812-21 ;  partner,  1821-6 ;  invented  the  treadmill,  1818  ; 
constructed  Oxford  canal  and  the  Liverpool  Junction 
canal ;  F.R.S.,  1830 ;  constructed  docks  at  Cardiff  and 
Middlesborough ;  constructed  South-Eastern  railway ;  con- 
sulting engineer  to  the  Great  Northern  railway  and  to  the 
Boulogne  and  Amiens  railway;  constructed  the  water- 
works of  Berlin ;  president  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  1850,  1851 ;  knighted,  1851.  [xiiL  268] 

CUBITT,  WILLIAM  (1791-1863),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  partner  in  the  building  firm  of  his  brother, 
Thomas  Oubitt  [q.  v.],  at  Gray's  Inn  Road ;  subsequently 
sole  proprietor ;  M.P.,  Andover,  1847-61, 1862 ;  sheriff  of 
London,  1847 ;  lord  mayor,  1860-1, 1861-2 ;  president  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  [xiii.  269] 

CUDDON,  AMBROSE  (fl.  1827),  Roman  catholic  pub- 
lisher and  journalist;  began  the  publication  of  'The 
Catholic  Miscellany,'  1822;  published  'A  Complete 
Modern  British  Martyrology,'  1824-5.  [xiii.  270] 

CUDMOEE,  RICHARD  (1787-1840),  musician ;  pupil 
of  Salomon  ;  led  the  band  at  the  Chichester  Theatre,  1799- 
1808;  solo  pianist  and  violinist  in  London  after  1808  ;  led 
the  Gentlemen's  Concerts,  Manchester ;  composed  '  The 
Martyr  of  Antioch,'  an  oratorio.  [xiii.  270] 

CTJDWORTH,  RALPH  (1617-1688),  divine;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1639 ;  fellow  and  tutor, 
1639;  master  of  Clare  Hall,  1645;  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew,  1645-88  ;  presented  to  the  living  of  North 
Cadbury,  Somerset,  1650 ;  D.D.,  1651 ;  master  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1654;  consulted  with  a  committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  on  a  proposed  revision  of  the 
translation  of  the  bible,  1657;  originated  theory  of  a 
'  plastic  nature '  to  combat  doctrines  of  chance  and  con- 
stant divine  interference ;  chief  works,  '  The  True  Intel- 
lectual System  of  the  Universe,'  1678,  and  a  'Treatise 
concerning  Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality,'  published 
posthumously.  [xiii.  271] 

CUFF  or  CUFFE,  HBNRY  (1563-1601),  author  and 
politician;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1578; 
fellow  1683  ;  tutor  at  Mertou,  1586 :  M.A.,  1589 ;  lecturer 
at  Queen's  College;  professor  of  Greek,  1590-6;  accom- 
panied Essex  to  Cadiz  as  secretary,  1596 ;  faithful  to  his 
master  when  in  disgrace,  but  a  reckless  adviser ;  impri- 
soned for  complicity  in  Essex's  treason,  1601 ;  executed, 
1601.  Cuff  wrote  'The  Differences  of  the  Ages  of  Man's 
Life,'  1600,  and  assisted  Columbanus  in  his  edition  of 
Longus's  '  Pastoral  of  Daphnia  and  Ohloe.'  [xiii.  272] 

CUFF,  JAMES  DODSLEY  (1780-1853),  numismatist; 
employed  in  the  Bank  of  England  ;  F.S.  A. ;  contributed 
descriptions  of  coins  to  Hearne's  'Supplement*  to 
Ainslie's  'Illustrations  of  the  Anglo-French  Coinage,' 
1830.  [xiii.  275] 

CUIT  or  CUITT,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1743-1818), 
painter ;  sent  to  study  in  Italy  by  Sir  Lawrence  Dundas, 


1769  :  exhibited  'The  Infant  Jupiter  fed  with  goat's  milk 
and  honey,'  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1776.          [xiii.  275] 

CUITT,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1779-1864),  etcher; 
son  of  George  Cuit,  or  Ouitt,  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
etchings  of  anctent  buildings  in  England  and  Wales,  1810. 

[xiii.  275] 

CULBERTSON,  ROBERT  (1766-1823),  Scottish 
divine ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  pastor  of  the 
associate  congregation,  Leith,  1791 ;  editor  of  the  'Chris- 
tian Magazine,'  and  author  of  secessionist  treatises  of 
divinity.  [xiii.  276] 

CULEN  or  COLIN  (967-971  ?),  king  of  Scotland ;  de- 
feated Dubh,  who  had  taken  the  crown  by  the  law  of 
tanistry,  967 ;  slain  by  the  Britons,  971.  [xiii.  276] 

CULLN,  PATRICK  (d.  1534),  bishop  of  Clogher  ;  prior 
of  St.  John  without  Newgate,  in  Dublin,  till  1531 ;  bishop 
of  Clogher,  1516  ;  compiled  a  register  of  the  antiquities  of 
|  his  church,  1525.  [xiii.  276] 

CULLEN,  LORDS.    [See  GRANT,  SIR  FRANCIS,  1658- 
:  1726 ;  CULLEN,  ROBERT,  d.  1810.] 

CULLEN,  PAUL  (1803-1878),  cardinal;  studied  at 
Carlow  College  and  in  the  Urban  College  of  the  Propa- 

j  ganda,  Rome  ;  made  a  doctor  by  the  pope  in  person,  1 828  ; 
priest,  1829 ;  rector  of  the  Irish  College,  Rome ;  rector  of 
the  Propaganda  College,  1848-9,  which  he  saved  from 

j  Mazzini  by  placing  it  under  American  protection,  1848 ; 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  1849-52 ;  summoned  synod  of 
Irish  catholic  clergy  at  Thurles,  1850  ;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1852  ;  delegate  apostolic  for  the  foundation  of  a 
catholic  university  in  Ireland;  opposed  the  Fenian 
brotherhood ;  cardinal-priest,  1866  ;  presided  at  the  synod 
of  Maynooth,  1875.  [xiii.  277] 

CULLEN,  ROBERT,  LORD  OULLEN  (d.  1810),  Scottish 
judge  ;  son  of  William  Oullen  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh University ;  advocate,  1764  ;  introduced  bill  for 
reform  of  Scottish  representation,  1785  ;  lord  of  session, 
1796  ;  lord  justiciary,  1799.  [xiii.  278] 

CULLEN,  WILLIAM  (1710-1790),  physician ;  studied 
at  Glasgow  University ;  studied  at  the  Edinburgh  Medical 
School,  1734-6 ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1740 ;  professor  of  medicine, 
Glasgow,  1751-5  ;  professor  of  chemistry,  Edinburgh,  1756 ; 
i  clinical  lecturer,  1757  ;  professor  of  the  theory  of  physic, 
1  1766 ;  president  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Physicians, 
1773-5 ;  F.R.S.,  1777 ;  attacked  by  John  Brown  (1735- 
1788)  [q.  v.],  founder  of  the  Brunonian  system;  chief 
works,  '  An  Essay  on  the  Cold  produced  by  Evaporating 
Fluids,'  1755,  and  '  First  Lines  of  the  Practice  of  Physic,' 
1776-84.  [xiii.  279] 

CULLEY,  GEORGE  (1735-1813),  cattle-breeder ;  pupil 
of  Bakewell ;  author  of  works  on  agriculture,  [xiii.  282] 

CULLIMORE,     ISAAC    (1791-1852),    egyptologist ; 
|  began  to  publish  the  oriental  seals  and  cylinders  of  the 
British  Museum,  1842.  [xiii.  282] 

CULLUM,  SIR  DUDLEY,  third  baronet  (1657-1720), 
horticultural  writer ;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Cullum 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1675  ; 
corresponded  with  Evelyn ;  recorded  his  horticultural 
experiments  at  Hawsted,  Suffolk,  in  the  '  Philosophical 
Transactions,'  1694;  high  sheriff,  1690;  M.P.,  1702. 

[xiii.  282] 

CULLUM,  SIR  JOHN,  sixth  baronet  (1733-1785),  anti- 

j  quary  and  divine  of    Hardwick,   Suffolk ;    educated  at 

!  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  fourth  junior  optime,  1756 ; 

fellow ;  rector  of  Hawsted,  1762  ;  vicar  of  Great  Thurlow, 

I  1774  ;  F.S.A.,  1774 ;  F.R.S.,  1775  ;  published  '  The  History 

and  Antiquities  of  Hawsted  and  Hardwick  in  the  County 

of  Suffolk' ;  an  accomplished  botanist.  [xiii.  283] 

CULLUM,  SIR  THOMAS  (1687?-1664),  sheriff  of 
j  London  ;  apprenticed  to  John  Rayney,  draper ;  alderman 
and  member  of  the  Drapers'  Company  ;  sheriff,  1646 ;  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  as  a  royalist,  1647 ;  created  baronet, 
1660 ;  compelled  to  disburse  a  large  sum,  1663,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  excise,  of  which  he  had  formerly  been 
commissioner.  [xiii.  283] 

CULLUM,   SIR  THOMAS  GERY  (1741-1831),  Bath 

1  king-at-arms  ;  educated  at  the  Charterhouse ;  member  of 

',  the  Corporation  of  Surgeons,  1800  ;  practised  at  Bury  St. 

Edmunds;  printed  privately  'Florae  Anglicse  Specimen 

imperfectum  et  ineditum,'  1774.  [xiii.  284] 


OULMER 


307 


GUNDY 


CTTLMER,  RICHARD  (./*.  1660),  fanatical  diviue ; 
educated  at  the  King's  School,  Canterbury  ;  B.A.  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  1619 ;  rector  of  Goodnestone, 
Kent,  1630  ;  suspended  for  refusing  to  read  the  '  Book  of 
Sabbath  Sports,'  1635  ;  rector  of  Ohartham,  Kent,  1643  ; 
appointed  by  the  parliament  to  destroy  the  monuments 
and  stained  glass  of  Canterbury  Cathedral,  1643 ;  appointed 
to  the  living  of  Minster,  Thanet,  1644 ;  excited  great  dis- 
like by  his  fanaticism  and  personal  peculiarities  ;  ejected, 
1660  ;  arrested  for  supposed  complicity  In  Venner's  con- 
spiracy, but  liberated.  [xiii.  284] 

CULPEPER.    [See  also  OOLKPEPER.] 

CULPEPER,  NICHOLAS  (1616-1654),  writer  on 
astrology  and  medicine;  astrologer  and  physician  in 
Spitalfields,  1640 ;  fought  for  parliament  in  civil  war ; 
published  a  translation  of  the  College  of  Physicians' 
'  Pharmacopeia,'  for  which  he  was  virulently  lampooned, 
1649 ;  published  '  The  English  Physician  Enlarged,'  1653, 
'Semeiotica  Uranica,'  1651,  and  other  quaint  medleys  of 
astrology  and  medicine;  many  of  his  manuscripts  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [xiii.  286] 

CULPEPER,  SIR  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1578-1662), 
writer  on  usury ;  entered  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1591 ;  student 
at  one  of  the  Inns  of  Court ;  knighted,  1619  ;  published 
'  Tract  against  the  high  rate  of  Usurie,'  1621.  [xiii.  287] 

CULPEPER,  SIR  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1626-1697), 
writer  on  usury;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Culpeper  (1578- 
1662)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1643 ;  pro- 
bationer-fellow All  Souls'  College ;  knighted ;  wrote 
pamphlets  against  usury.  [xiii.  288] 

CULVERWEL,  NATHANAEL  (d.  1651?),  divine ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1640 :  fellow,  1642 ; 
author  of  the  'Light  of  Nature,'  1662;  one  of  the  Cam- 
bridge platoiiists.  [xiii.  288] 

CULY,  DAVID  (d.  1725),  sectary ;  founded  the  Culi- 
mite  sect  of  anabaptists.  [xiii.  289] 

CUMBERLAND,  DUKES  OF.  [See  RUPERT,  1619- 
1682 ;  GEORGE,  PRINCE  OF  DENMARK,  1653-1708 ;  WIL- 
LIAM AUGUSTUS,  1721-1765;  HENRY  FREDERICK,  1745- 
1790 ;  ERNEST  AUGUSTUS,  1771-1851.] 

CUMBERLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CLIFFORD,  HENRY 
DE,  first  EARL,  1493-1542 ;  CLIFFORD,  HENRY  DE,  second 
EARL,  d.  1670 ;  CLIFFORD,  GEORGE,  third  EARL,  1558- 
1605 ;  CLIFFORD,  HENRY,  fifth  EARL,  1591-1643.] 

CUMBERLAND,  COUNTESS  OF  (1560  ?-1616).  [See 
CLIFFORD,  MARGARET.] 

CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD  (1631-1718),  bishop  of 
Peterborough  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  at  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1656;  M.A.,  1666; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1657;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1663;  rector  of 
Brampton,  Northamptonshire,  1658-67;  respondent  at 
the  public  commencement,  Cambridge,  1680 ;  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  1691  ;  published  '  De  Legibns  Naturae 
Disquisitio  philosophica,'  1672,  in  opposition  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Hobbes  ;  author  of  a  translation  of  Sanchoniatho, 
published  1720.  [xiii.  289] 

CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD  (1732-1811),  dramatist; 
great-grandson  of  Richard  Cumberland  (163 1-1 718)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  fellow-;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Halifax  in  the 
board  of  trade ;  Ulster  secretary,  1761 ;  clerk  of  reports  in 
the  board  of  trade ;  secretary  to  the  board  of  trade,  c.  1776 ; 
sent  to  Spain  to  arrange  a  separate  treaty  with  England, 
1780;  wrote  pieces  of  the  sentimental  comedy  type,  his 
best  play  being  the  •  West  Indian,'  acted  1771 ;  with  Sir 
James  Bland  Burges  [q.  v.]  wrote  an  epic  called  the 
'  Exodiad,'  1808 ;  author  of  some  tragedies,  a  translation 
of  Greek  comic  fragments,  and  the  '  Clouds '  of  Aris- 
tophanes, two  novels, '  Arundel,'  1789,  and  '  Henry,'  1795, 
and  the  '  Observer,1  a  periodical.  [xiii.  290] 

CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD  FRANCIS  G.  (1792- 
1870),  captain ;  grandson  of  Richard  Cumberland  (1732- 
1811)  [q.  v.]  ;  captain  3rd  foot  guards,  1814  ;  aide-de-camp 
to  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  Peninsula.  [xiii.  293] 

CUMUfE  AILBHE  or  FINN  (657  ?-669  ?),  seventh 
abbot  of  Hy ;  of  the  race  of  Conall  Gulban  ;  attempted  to 
introduce  into  the  ancient  Irish  church  the  Roman  cycle 


for  calculating  Easter ;  author  of  a  life  of  St.  Oolnmba, 
published  by  Mabillon,  1733 ;  his  day,  24  Feb.  [xiii.  293] 

CUMINO.    [See  also  COMYN  and  OUMMIM;.] 

CUMING  or  GUMMING,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1690?- 
1776),  chief  of  the  Cherokees ;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar, 
1714 ;  sailed  to  America,  1729  ;  chosen  lawgiver  of  the 
Cherokee  nation,  1730;  presented  seven  Cherokee  chiefs 
in  audience  to  George  II,  1730;  drew  up  an  4 agreement* 
with  them  in  the  name  of  the  British  nation,  1730; 
ineffectually  proposed  to  settle  Jewish  families  in  the 
Cherokee  mountains ;  accused  of  having  defrauded  settlers 
of  South  Carolina ;  imprisoned,  1737  ;  poor  brother  of  the 
Charterhouse,  1765.  [xiii.  294] 

OUMING,  HUGH  (1791-1866),  naturalist ;  sail-maker 
at  Valparaiso,  1819 ;  collected  shells  and  living  orchids  in 
the  Pacific,  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  and  in  the  Philippine 
islands,  1835 ;  finally  returned  to  England,  1839. 

[xiii.  296] 

GUMMING.    [See  also  COMYN  and  OUMING.] 

GUMMING,  ALEXANDER  (1733-1814),  mathema- 
tician and  mechanic ;  F.R.S. ;  wrote  largely  on  the 
mechanical  laws  and  action  of  wheels.  [xiii.  296] 

GUMMING,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1817-1893),  admiral  ; 
studied  at  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth  ;  mate 
and  lieutenant,  1840 ;  served  with  distinction  off  South 
America;  commander,  1846;  captain,  1854;  served  in 
Baltic,  1864,  and  Black  Sea,  1855-6 ;  with  Channel  fleet, 
1859-63 ;  C.B.,  1867 ;  commander-in-chief  in  East  Indies, 
1872-6;  vice-admiral,  1876;  admiral,  1880;  K.O.B., 
1887.  [Suppl.  iL  93] 

GUMMING,  JAMES  (d.  1827),  official  in  the  India 
Office ;  head  of  the  revenue  and  judicial  department  under 
the  board  of  control,  1807-23  ;  collaborator  hi  a  House  of 
Commons  report  on  the  government  of  Madras. 

[xiii.  296] 

GUMMING,  JAMES  (1777-1861),  professor  of  che- 
mistry at  Cambridge;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1801 ;  fellow,  1803  ;  professor  of  chemistry,  1815-60  ;  an 
independent  discoverer  of  thermo-electricity,  publishing 
•  A  Manual  of  Electro-Dynamics,'  1827.  [xiii.  296] 

GUMMING,  JOHN  (1807-1881),  divine;  M.A.  Aber- 
deen, 1827 ;  licensed  to  preach,  1832 ;  appointed  to  the 
National  Scottish  Church  at  Crown  Court,  Covent 
Garden,  1832 ;  took  part  in  Maynooth  controversy,  1845 ; 
opponent  of  'papal  aggression,'  1860  ;  published  (1848-70) 
books  on  the  Apocalypse,  maintaining  that  the  'last  vial' 
was  to  be  poured  out  between  1848  and  1867.  [xiii.  297] 

CUMMDfG,  JOSEPH  GEORGE  (1812-1868),  geolo- 
gist and  divine ;  senior  op  time,  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1834;  vice-principal  of  King  William's  College, 
Isle  of  Man,  1841-56 ;  warden  and  professor,  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Birmingham,  1858  ;  rector  of  Mellis,  Suffolk,  1862-7 ; 
wrote  on  the  history  and  geology  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  1848. 

[xiii.  298] 

GUMMING,  ROUALEYN  GEORGE  GORDON-  (1820- 
1866),  African  lion-hunter  ;  cornet,  Madras  cavalry,  1838- 
1840;  joined  the  Cape  mounted  rifles,  1843;  resigned, 
to  take  up  a  sportsman's  life,  1843  ;  published  on  his  re- 
turn to  England  '  Five  Years  of  a  Hunter's  Life  in  the  Far 
Interior  of  South  Africa,'  1850.  [xiii.  298] 

GUMMING,  THOMAS  (d.  1774),  quaker  ;  successfully 
organised  expedition  against  French  posts  in  South  Bar- 
bary.  [xiii.  299] 

GUMMING,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1797-1823),  portrait- 
painter  ;  one  of  the  first  fourteen  academicians  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy,  1821.  [xiii.  299] 

GUMMING,  WILLIAM  (1822  ?-1866),  pioneer  of 
modern  ophthalmology  ;  demonstrated  that  light  falling 
on  the  retina  might  be  reflected  back  to  an  observer's  eye, 
1846.  [xiii.  299] 

CUNARD,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1787-1865),  shipowner; 
merchant  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia ;  established  British 
and  North  American  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Company, 
1839  ;  F.R.G.S.,  1846  ;  created  baronet,  1859.  [xiii.  300] 

GUNDY,  JAMES  (1792-1826),  sculptor ;  sou  of  Thomas 
Cundy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xiii.  301] 

GUNDY,  JOSEPH  (1796-1875),  architect  in  Belgravia ; 
son  of  Thomas  Oundy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xiii.  301] 


GUNDY 


308 


CUNNINGHAM 


CUNDY,  NICHOLAS  WILOOCKS  (ft.  1778),  archi- 
tect ;  brother  of  Thomas  Oundy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  designed 
the  Pantheon,  Oxford  Street,  London.  [xiii.  3U1  ] 

CUNLY,  SAMUEL  (d.  1866),  architect ;  son  of  James 
Candy  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  on  restorations  at  Westminster 
Abbey  and  St.  Albans.  [xiii.  301] 

CUNDY,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1765-1825),  architect 
and  builder.  His  name  is  associated  with  Ha  warden 
Castle,  Siou  House,  .Osterley  Fark,  and  other  famous 
buildings.  [xiii.  300] 

CUNDY,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1790-1867),  archi- 
tect; son  of  Thomas  Oundy  (1765-1825)  [q.  v.]  ;  surveyor 
to  Earl  Qrosvenor's  London  estates,  1825-66  ;  built  nume- 
rous churches  in  west  end  of  London.  [xiii.  301] 

CUNGAB,  or  CYNGAK,  SAINT  (fl,  500  ?),  anchorite ; 
Raid  to  have  been  the  son  of  an  emperor  of  Constantinople ; 
founded  oratories  at  Congresbury  in  Somerset  and 
Morgan wy  in  Glamorganshire;  granted  land  by  King 
Iva.  [xiii.  301] 

CUNINGHAM.    [See  also  CUNNINGHAM  and  Cux YNU- 

HAM.] 

CUNINGHAM  or  KENINGHAM,  WILLIAM 
Of-  1586),  physician,  astrologer,  and  engraver ;  M.B. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1557;  M.D.  Heidel- 
berg, 1559  ;  public  lecturer  at  Surgeons'  Hall,  1563 ;  chief 
works, '  The  Cosmographicall  Glasse,'  1559, '  Commentaria 
in  Hippocratem,'  and  '  Organographia.'  [xiii.  302] 

CUNLIFFE-OWEN,  SIR  FRANCIS  PHILIP  (1828- 
1894).  [See  OWEN.] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF  GLEN- 
CAIRN  (d.  1488),  lord  of  parliament  with  the  title  Lord 
Kilmaurs,  c.  1450 ;  created  Earl  of  Gleucairn,  1488 ;  slain 
at  the  battle  of  Sauchieburn,  1488.  [xiii.  303] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALEXANDER,  fifth  EARL  OF  GLEN- 
CAIRN  (d.  1574),  principal  promoter  of  the  reformation  in 
Scotland ;  surrendered  by  his  father  as  pledge  for  perform- 
ance of  treaty  against  England,  1544;  invited  Knox  to 
return  from  Geneva,  1557  ;  prevented  the  queen-regent  of 
Scotland  from  advancing  against  the  Scottish  reformers 
in  Perth,  1559 ;  signed  letter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  for  assist- 
ance against  the  queen-regent,  1559 ;  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land to  claim  aid  from  Elizabeth  in  repelling  French  in- 
vasion, 1560 ;  commissioned  to  destroy  the  monasteries 
and  '  monuments  of  idolatry '  in  western  Scotland,  1561 ; 
privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1561 ;  declared  guilty  of  lese- 
majesty  for  not  appearing  before  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to 
answer  a  charge  of  rebellion  in  having  accompanied  Moray 
in  an  attack  on  Edinburgh,  1565 ;  commanded  the  insur- 
gents under  the  Earl  of  Morton ;  commanded  a  division  at 
Langside,  1568 ;  nominated  for  the  regency,  but  defeated 
by  the  Earl  of  Morton,  1671.  [xiii.  303] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALEXANDER  (1655  ?-1730),  critic ; 
educated  in  Holland  and  at  Edinburgh ;  professor  of  civil 
law,  Edinburgh,  1698 ;  ousted  for  political  reasons,  1710  ; 
retired  to  the  Hague,  1710 ;  attacked  Bentley's  edition  of 
Horace,  1721 ;  published  an  edition  of  Horace,  1721 ;  friend 
of  Burmann  and  Leclerc ;  famous  as  a  chess-player ;  edited 
Virgil,  published,  1743,  and  Phaedrus,  published,  1757. 

[xiii.  306] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALEXANDER  (1654-1737),  histo- 
rian; sometimes  confused  with  Alexander  Cunningham, 
(1655  7-1730)  [q.  v.]  ;  tutor  to  John,  marquis  of  Lome, 
1697 :  employed  by  William  III  as  a  spy  upon  the  French 
military  preparations,  1701 ;  travelling  tutor  to  Lord 
Lonsdalein  Italy,  1711 ;  British  envoy  to  Venice,  1715-20  ; 
wrote  in  Latin  a  history  of  Great  Britain  '  from  the  Revo- 
lution in  1688  to  the  accession  of  George  I,'  which  was 
translated  and  published  in  1787.  [xiii.  306] 

CUNNINGHAM,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1703-1785).  [See 
DICK.] 

CUNNINGHAM,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1814-1893),  sol- 
dier and  archaeologist ;  son  of  Allan  Cunningham  (1784- 
1842)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Addis- 
combe  ;  second-lieutenant,  Bengal  engineers,  1831 ;  aide- 
de-camp  to  Lord  Auckland,  1836  ;  executive  engineer  to 
King  of  Oudh,  1840,  and  at  Gwalior,  1844-5 ;  field-engi- 
neer in  first  Sikh  war,  1846,  and  in  second,  1848-9 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel;  chief  engineer  in  Burmab,  1856-8,  and 
in  north-western  provinces,  1858-61 ;  retired  as  major- 


general,  1861 ;  archaeological  surveyor  to  government  of 
India,  1861-5;  director-general  of  Indian  archajolosrical 
survey,  1870-85  ;  O.S.I.,  1871 ;  C.I.E.,  1878  ;  K.C.I.E.,  1887  ; 
published  valuable  treatises  on  Indian  archaeology  and 
numismatics,  including '  The  Ancient  Geography  of  India ' 
(Buddhist  period),  1871,  and  'Coins  of  Mediaeval  India,' 
posthumously,  1894.  [SuppL  u.  94] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALLAN  (1791-1839),  botanist; 
botanical  collector  to  the  royal  gardens,  Kew,  1814; 
travelled  on  a  botanical  expedition  in  South  America,  1815, 
in  Australia,  1817,  and  subsequently  in  Tasmania  :  declined 
post  of  colonial  botanist  to  New  South  Wales  in  favour  of 
his  brother  Richard,  1832 ;  colonial  botanist  on  his  brother's 
death,  1835 ;  reached  Sydney,  1836 ;  resigned,  1836 ;  buried 
at  Sydney.  [xiii.  308] 

CUNNINGHAM,  ALLAN  (1784-1842),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  friend  of  Hogg  the  Ettrick  shepherd  ;  provided 
R.  H.  Cromek  [q.  v.]  with  '  old  ballads '  of  his  own  com- 
position, 1809  ;  published  in  London  '  Remains  of  Nithsdale 
and  Galloway  Song,'  1810 ;  parliamentary  reporter  to  the 
'Day,'  1810-14 ;  secretary  to  Francis  Chantrey,  1814-41 ; 
contributed  '  Recollections  of  Mark  Macrabin,  the  Came- 
ronian '  to  *  Blackwood's  Magazine,'  1819-21 ;  published 
'  Traditional  Tales  of  the  English  and  Scottish  Peasantry,' 
1822,  'The  Songs  of  Scotland,  Ancient  and  Modern," 
including  the  famous  '  A  Wet  Sheet  and  a  Flowing  Sea,' 
1825,  'Lives  of  the  most  Eminent  British  Painters,  Sculp- 
tors, and  Architects,'  1829-33,  and  an  edition  of  Burns, 
1834.  [xiii.  308] 

CUNNINGHAM,  SIR  CHARLES  (1765-1834),  rear- 
admiral  ;  first  lieutenant  of  the  Hinchingbroke  with  Nelson, 
1779 ;  attached  to  Mediterranean  fleet  on  outbreak  of 
war  with  France,  1793 ;  practically  ended  the  mutiny  at 
the  Nore,  1797 ;  rear-admiral,  1829 ;  knight  commander  of 
the  Royal  Hanoverian  Guelphic  Order,  1832.  [xiii.  310] 

CUNNINGHAM  or  CALZE,  EDMUND  FRANCIS 
(1742  ?-1795),  portrait-painter  ;  son  of  a  Jacobite  refugee ; 
studied  in  Italy  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  under 
the  name  Oalze,  1770-81 ;  entered  the  service  of  Catharine  II 
of  Russia;  went  to  Berlin,  1788;  painted  portraits  of 
Frederick  the  Great's  court.  [xiii.  311] 

CUNNINGHAM,  FRANCIS  (1820-1876),  commentator 

on  Ben  Jonson;  son  of  Allan  Cunningham  (1784-1842) 

j  [q.  v.]  ;  field-engineer  at  Jellalabad  ;  member  of  the  Mysore 

;  commission;  edited  Marlowe,  1870,  Massinger,  1871,  and 

Ben  Jouson,  1871.  [xiii.  312] 

CUNNINGHAM,  JAMES  (d.  1709  ?),  botanist ;  surgeon 

i  to  the  East  India  Company's  factory,  Emotii,  China,  1698  ; 

escaped  massacre  at  Pulo  Condore,  1705 ;  driven  from 

i  Banjar-Massin  by  a  native  rising,  1707 ;  chief  of  Banjar, 

1707,  under  the  East  India  Company ;  botanical  collector 

in  China ;    author  of  meteorological    and    geographical 

papers.  [xiii.  312] 

CUNNINGHAM,  JAMES,  fourteenth  EARL  OF  GLEN- 
CAIRN  (1749-1791),  friend  of  Burns ;  captain  in  the  West 
|  Fencible  regiment,   1778;    Scottish    representative  peer, 
!  1780.  [xiii.  313] 

CUNNINGHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1684),  lawyer ;  de- 
fended Argyll,  1661 :  created  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1669 : 
suspended  by  Charles  II  for  maintaining  the  right  of 
appeal  from  the  court  of  session  to  parliament,  1674; 
M.P.  for  Ayrshire,  1681.  [xiii.  313] 

CUNNINGHAM,  JOHN  (1729-1773),  poet;  published 
'  Love  in  a  Mist,'  a  farce,  1747  ;  strolling  actor ;  author  of 
'  The  Contemplatist,'  1762, '  Fortune,  an  Apologue,'  1765, 
and  « Poems,  chiefly  Pastoral,'  1766.  [xiii.  313] 

CUNNINGHAM,  JOHN  (1819-1893),  historian ;  edu- 
i  cated  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  Universities;  minister  of 
Crieff,  Perthshire,  1846-86 ;  successfully  advocated  intro- 
duction of  instrumental  music  into  church,  1867  ;  mode- 
I  rator  of  general  assembly  and  principal  of  St.  Mary's 
'  College,  St.  Andrews,  1886;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1860  ;  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  1886 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Dublin,  1887 ;  published 
'Church  History  of  Scotland,'  1859.  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  ii.  96] 

CUNNINGHAM,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1780-1861),  evan- 
gelical divine ;  fifth  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1802;  fellow,  1802;  vicar  of  Harrow,  1811-61; 
editor  of  the  '  Christian  Observer,  1860-8;  wrote  on  mis- 
sions and  religious  work.  [xiii.  314] 


CUNNINGHAM 


300 


CUBRAN 


CUNNINGHAM,  JOSEPH  DAVEY  (1812-1851),  his- 
torian of  the  Sikhs  ;  son  of  Allun  Cunningham  (1784-1842) 
[q.  v.] ;  nominated  to  the  Bengal  engineers,  1831  ;  fortifu1-! 
Firozpur,  1 H37  ;  entrusted  with  various  important  missions 
in  the  Sikh  country ;  fought  at  Sobraon ;  captain,  1845 : 
political  agent  at  Bhopal,  1846  :  published  '  History  of  the 
Sikhs,'  1849 ;  removed  for  having  revealed  governmental 
secrets  in  his  '  History,'  1860.  [xiii.  :U4] 

CUNNINGHAM,  PETER  (d.  1805),  poet ;  curate  at 
Eyam,  near  the  Peak,  1775-90  V ;  author  of  '  Leith  Hill,' 
1789,  and  of  '  St.  Anne's  Hill,'  1800.  [xiii.  316] 

CUNNINGHAM,  PETHR  (1816-1869),  author  and 
critic ;  son  of  Allan  Cunningham  (1784-1842)  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital ;  chief  clerk  in  the  audit  office ; 
treasurer  of  the  Shakespeare  Society;  edited  Walpole's 
'Letters,'  1857,  and  the  works  of  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden,  1833 ;  compiled  a  '  Handbook  to  London,'  1849. 

[xiii.  316] 

CUNNINGHAM,  PETER  MILLER  (1789-1864),  navy 
surgeon ;  assistant-surgeon  to  the  English  fleet  off  Spain, 
1810 ;  surgeon,  1814 ;  surgeon-superintendent  of  convict 
ships  sailing  to  New  South  Wales ;  failed  as  settler  in 
Australia  ;  served  at  Alexandria,  1840 ;  wrote  '  Two  Years 
In  New  South  Wales,'  1827,  and  a  book  on  the  influence  of 
galvanic  action  on  the  human  constitution,  1834. 

[xiii.  316] 

CUNNINGHAM,  RICHARD  (1793-1835),  botanist; 
colonial  botanist  at  Sydney,  1833-6  ;  murdered  by  natives. 

[xiii.  317] 

CUNNINGHAM,  THOMAS  MOUNSEY  (1776-1834), 
Scottish  poet ;  foreman  superintendent  of  Fowler's  chain 
cable  manufactory,  London ;  contributed  to  the '  Scots 
Magazine,'  1806,  and  to  the  'Edinburgh  Magazine,'  1817  ; 
author  of  'The  Hills  o'  Qallowa,'  and  other  songs  and 
satires.  [xiii.  317] 

CUNNINGHAM,  TIMOTHY  (d.  1789),  antiquarian  ; 
F.S.A.,  1761 ;  founded  Cunningham  prize  in  Royal  Irish 
Academy ;  compiled  legal  and  antiquarian  works. 

[xiii.  318] 

CUNNINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  OF  GLEN- 
CAIRN  (d.  1547),  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1526 ; 
sent  to  France  to  conclude  a  treaty  for  James  V's  mar- 
riage with  Mary  of  Guise,  1538  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Sol  way 
Moss,  1542;  supported  the  reformers;  acknowledged 
Henry  VIII  as  protector  of  Scotland,  1544 ;  defeated  by 
the  Earl  of  Arran,  1544 ;  treacherously  lost  the  battle  of 
Coldingham  in  the  interests  of  England,  1544 ;  went  over 
to  the  queen-regent,  1544.  [xiii.  318] 

CUNNINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL  OF  GLEN- 
CAIRN  (1610  ?-1664),  privy  councillor  and  commissioner  of 
the  treasury,  1641 :  lord  justice-general,  1646 ;  privy  to 
the  attempted  rescue  of  Charles  I,  1648  ;  commissioned 
by  Charles  II  to  command  the  lung's  forces  in  Scotland, 
1653;  defeated  at  Dunkeld,  1654;  arrested  by  Monck, 
1655;  excepted  from  Cromwell's  'grace  and  pardon'; 
chancellor  of  Glasgow  University,  1660 ;  lord  chancellor 
of  Scotland,  1661.  [xiii.  320] 

CUNNINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1805-1861),  church 
leader  and  theologian ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
minister  of  Trinity  College  Church,  Edinburgh,  1834;  D.D. 
Princeton,  New  Jersey,  1842  ;  professor  of  church  history 
in  the  Free  church,  New  College,  1845 ;  principal,  1847 ; 
Calvinist  controversialist  and  writer  of  'Historical 
Theology.'  [xiii.  321] 

CUNNINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1754-1810),  antiquary; 
F.S.A. ;  excavated  numerous  barrows  in  Wiltshire. 

CUNOBELINU8  (d.  43  ?),  British  king ;  supposed  son 
of  Oassivelaunus ;  ally  of  Augustus  and  paramount  ruler 
of  Britain.  Shakespeare's  Cymbeline  is  named  after  him, 
but  is  not  historical.  [xiii.  323] 

CUNYNGHAME,  SIR  ARTHUR  AUGUSTUS  THUR- 
LOW  (1812-1884),  general ;  second  lieutenant  60th  royal 
rifles,  1830  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Saltoun,  1841 ;  present 
at  the  investment  of  Nankin  ;  brevet-colonel,  1854 ;  fought 
at  Inkermann  and  held  the  fortress  of  Kertch,  1855; 
K.C.B.,  1869;  commanded  in  South  Africa,  1874-8; 
general,  1877.  [xiii.  324] 

CURE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1632),  statuary  ;  master-mason 
to  James  I ;  worked  under  Inigo  Jones  at  the  Banqueting 
House,  Whitehall  [xiii.  324] 


CURETON,  SIR  CHARLES  (1826-1891),  general;  son 
of  Charles  Robert  Oureton  [q.  v.] ;  ensign  in  East  India 
Company's  army,  1843 ;  major-general,  1870 ;  general, 
1888;  served  in  Sutlej  and  Punjab  and  north-west  frontier 
campaigns,  1846-52;  in  Indian  Mutiny,  1857,  and  in 
north-west  frontier  campaign,  1860;  commanded  Oude 
division,  Bengal  army,  1879-84 ;  K.C.B.,  1891. 

CURETON,  CHARLES  ROBERT  ( 1789- 1848),' briga- 
dier-general ;  ensign  in  Shropshire  militia,  1806;  lieu- 
tenant ;  fled  from  creditors  and  enlisted,  1808 ;  served  in 
Peninsular  war ;  gazetted  ensign  in  40th  foot,  1814  ;  lieu- 
tenant 20th  li-.'ht  dragoons,  1816  ;  adjutant,  1816  ;  captain, 
16th  lancers,  1826;  major,  1833;  brevet  colonel,  1846; 
served  in  India,  1822-6,  Afghanistan,  1839,  and  Gwalior 
campaign,  1843;  C.B.,  1844;  commanded  cavalry  in 
Satlaj  campaign,  1846 ;  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1846;  adjutant-general  in  East  Indies,  1846; 
killed  in  action  at  Ramnagar  in  second  Sikh  war. 

[Suppl.  ii.  97] 

CURETON,  EDWARD  BURGOYNE  (1822-1894), 
lieutenant-general ;  son  of  Charles  Robert  Oureton  [q.  v.]  ; 
ensign,  13th  foot,  1839;  major-general,  1878;  colonel, 
12th  lancers,  1892 ;  served  in  India  and  in  the  Kaffir  and 
Crimean  wars.  [Suppl.  ii.  98] 

CURETON,  WILLIAM  (1808-1864),  Syriac  scholar ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1833 ;  D.O.L.,  1868 ;  chaplain 
of  Christ  Church ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  queen, 
1847  ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1849-64 ;  discovered  (1846), 
when  assistant-keeper  of  manuscripts  at  the  British 
Museum,  the  epistles  of  St.  Ignatius  among  manuscripts 
from  the  Nitrian  monasteries,  also  the  'Curetonian 
Gospels ' ;  edited  Arabic  texts.  [xiii.  325] 

CURLE,  HIPPOLITUS  (1592-1638),  Scottish  Jesuit ; 
studied  in  the  Scots  seminary,  Douay ;  rector,  1633. 

[xiii.  326] 

CURLING,  HENRY  (1803-1864),  novelist;  captain  in 
the  52nd  foot.  [xiii.  326] 

CURLI,    EDMUND   (1675-1747),    bookseller;    pam- 
|  phleteer   during    the    Sacheverell     controversy,     1710 ; 
offended  Pope  by  ascribing  to  him  the  authorship  of 
'  Court  Poems,'  1716;  published  a  pirated  edition  of  the 
trial  of  the  Earl  of  Wintoun,  1716 ;  convicted  of  printing 
j  immoral  books,  1725 ;  claimed  to  have  unearthed  a  plot 
!  against  the  government,  but  was  ignored,  1728  ;  accused 
by  Pope  of  selling  forged  letters  under  the  name  of  '  Mr. 
Pope's  Literary  Correspondence  for  thirty  years,'  1735  ; 
published  among  other  books  Swift's  '  Meditation  upon  a 
Broomstick,'  1710,  John  Bale's  'Discourse,'  1720,   and 
Betterton's  '  History  of  the  English  Stage  from  the  Re- 
storation to  the  Present  Times,"  1741.  [xiii.  327] 

CTJRLL,  WALTER  (1575-1647),  bishop  of  Winchester; 
entered  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1592 ;  fellow ;  D.D., 
1612 ;  chaplain  to  James  I ;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1621 ;  bishop 
of  Rochester,  1628-9*;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1629; 
bishop  of  Winchester,  1632 ;  helped  to  defend  Winchester 
Castle  against  Cromwell,  1645 ;  compelled  to  surrender 
and  deprived  of  his  private  property  and  episcopal  in- 
come, 1645.  [xiii.  331] 

CURRAN,  JOHN  PHILPOT (1750-1817),  Irish  judge; 
sizar  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1769  ;  studied  law  at  the 
Middle  Temple,   1773;  studied  declamation  in  private; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1775 ;  gained  a  verdict  for  Neale, 
'  a  Roman  catholic  priest,  who  sued  Lord  Doneraile  for 
assault,  1780;    king's  counsel,  1782;    M.P.,    Kilbeggan, 
1  Westmeath,  1783 ;  joined  Grattan's  party ;  M.P.,  liathcor- 
j  mac,  co.  Cork ;  spoke  in  favour  of  Flood's  motion  for  par- 
i  liamentary  reform,  1783  ;  fought  a  duel  with  Fitzgibbon, 
(  an  old  friend,  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  at  a  debate  on 
the  abuse  of  attachments  in  the  king's  bench,  1785 ;  re- 
I  fused  at  the  price  of  a  judgeship  to  vote  for  the  adoption 
by  the  Irish  parliament  of  Pitt's  measure  limiting  the 
power  of  the  regent,  1786  ;  spoke  on  the  question  of  the 
Portugal  trade,  1786 ;  lost  his  chancery  practice  in  con- 
sequence of  the  hostility  of  Fitzgibbou  (then  chancellor 
'  and  Lord  Clare),  1789  :  attacked  the  extravagance  of  the 
administration,  and  was  indirectly  led  thereby  into  fight- 
ing one  of  his  five  duels,  1790 ;  spoke  on  Roman  catholic 
disabilities,  1792 ;  defended  Archibald  Hamilton  Rowan, 
secretary  of  the  Dublin  Society  of  United  Irishmen,  when 
prosecuted  for  a  seditious  publication,  1794 ;  spoke  on  the 
disarming  of  Ulster,  1797  ;  supported  Ponsonby's  scheme 
for    parliamentary  reform   and    catholic   emancipation, 


CURRER 


310 


CUSINS 


1797 ;  defended  all  the  leaders  of  the  United  Irishmen 
conspiracy  when  brought  to  trial,  1798;    refused  to  be  [ 
intimidated ;   sympathised  with  Robert  Emmet's  insur- 
rection of  1803  ;  troubled  by  domestic  misfortunes ;  ap- 
pointed master  of  the  rolls,  with  a  seat  in  the  privy  | 
council,  by  the  whig  ministry  of  1806 ;  a  famous  orator. 

[xiii.  332] 

CUEEEE,  FRANCES  MARY  RICHARDSON  (1785-  j 
1861),  book-collector ;  possessed  a  library  of  fifteen  thou- 
sand volumes  (catalogued  1820  and  1833);  printed 'Ex- 
tracts from  the  Literary  and  Scientific  Correspondence  of  [ 
Richard  Richardson,  M.D.,'  1835.  [xiii.  340] 

CUEEEY,  FREDERICK  (1819-1881X  mycologist; 
educated  at  Eton;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1844 ;  secretary  of  the  Linnean  Society,  1860-80 ;  trans- 
lated Hofmeister's  '  Higher  Oryptogamia  ' ;  fungi  Curreya 
named  after  him.  [xiii.  341] 

CUEETE,  SIR  FREDERICK,  first  baronet  (1799- 
1875),  Indian  official ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  the 
East  India  Company's  College,  Haileybury ;  cadet,  Bengal 
civil  service,  1817 ;  judge  of  sudder  adawlut,  N.W.  Pro- 
vinces, 1840-2 ;  foreign  secretary  to  the  Indian  govern- 
ment, 1842-9 ;  drew  up  the  treaty  with  the  Sikhs  after 
Sobraon  ;  created  baronet,  1847  ;  member  of  the  supreme 
council,  1849-53  ;  chairman  of  the  East  India  Company, 
1867 ;  vice-president  of  the  council  of  India ;  honorary 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1866.  [xiii.  341] 

CUERIE,  JAMES  (1756-1805),  physician;  entered 
Dumfries  grammar  school,  1769 ;  trader  in  Virginia, 
U.S.A.,  1771 ;  sailed  for  Greenock,  1776,  and  after  many 
hardships,  his  goods  being  confiscated  by  the  revolted 
colony,  reached  London,  1777 ;  studied  medicine  and 
metaphysics  at  Edinburgh  University;  graduated  at 
Glasgow,  1780;  physician  at  Liverpool  from  1780  ;  advo- 
cated abolition  of  slave  trade,  1787;  F.R.S.,  1792;  pub- 
lished brochure  against  war  with  France,  1793  ;  published 
'Medical  Reports  on  the  Effects  of  Water,  cold  and 
warm,  as  a  Remedy  in  Fever,'  1797.  [xiii.  341] 

CURRIEHILL.  LORDS.  [See  SKEXE,  SIR  JOHN, 
1543  ?-1617 ;  MARSHALL,  JOHN,  1794-1868.] 

CUEEY,JOHN  (d.  1780),  historian ;  studied  medicine 
at  Paris  and  obtained  a  diploma  at  Rheims ;  published  an 
'  Historical  and  Critical  Review  of  the  Civil  Wars  in  Ire- 
land,' 1775,  in  defence  of  the  Irish  catholics,  and  an 
'  Essay  on  ordinary  Fevers,'  1743.  [xiii.  343] 

CUR  SON.  DE  COURgON,  DE  CORCEONE,  or  DE 
CUECHUN,  ROBERT  (rf.  1218),  cardinal;  born  at 
Kedleston,  Derbyshire;  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris; 
canon  of  Paris,  1211 ;  cardinal-priest,  1212 ;  legate  a  latere 
in  France  and  preacher  of  a  crusade,  1213  ;  held  a  council 
in  Paris,  1213 ;  arranged  truce  between  King  John  and 
Philip  of  France  after  battle  of  Bouvines,  1214 ;  actively 
opposed  the  heretics  of  Toulouse  a'nd  handed  over  their 
laud  to  Simon  of  Moutfort,  1215  ;  died  at  Damietta. 

[xiii.  344] 

CUETEYS,  RICHARD  (1532  ?-1582),  bishop  of 
Ohichester  ;  scholar,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1550  ; 
M.A.,  1556 ;  senior  fellow,  1559 ;  university  proctor, 
1563 ;  dean  of  Chichester,  1566  ;  D.D.,  1569  ;  bishop  of 
Ohichester,  1570 ;  an  active  reformer  of  abuses,  though 
bigoted;  chief  work, 'The  Truthe  of  Christes  uaturall 
Bodye,'  1577.  [xiii.  345] 

CUETIS,  JOHN  (/.  1790),  landscape-painter;  ex- 
hibited '  A  View  of  Netley  Abbey '  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1790,  and  a  battle-piece,  1797.  [xiii.  346] 

CURTIS,  JOHN  (1791-1862),  entomologist ;  writing 
clerk  in  lawyer's  office;  placed  with  an  engraver  at 
Bungay,  where  he  learned  to  dissect,  draw,  and  describe 
insecte  and  engrave  them  on  copper  ;  executed  engravings 
for  many  eminent  uaturaliste  ;  F.L.3.,  1822  ;  produced  hi 
parts,  1824-39,  his  '  British  Entomology ' ;  president  of 
Entomological  Society,  1855.  His  writings  include  '  Farm 
Insecte,'  1860,  'Guide  to  arrangement  of  British  Insects,' 
1829,  and  numerous  papers  in  scientific  journals. 

[Suppl.  ii.  99] 

CUETIS,  PATRICK  (1740-1832X  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh:  regius  professor  of  astronomy 
and  natural  history  at  Salamanca;  rector  at  the  Irish 
college ;  arrested  as  a  spy  by  the  French,  1811 ;  returned 
to  Ireland,  1818 ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1819 ;  advocated 


catholic  emancipation  before  a  committee  of  the  Lords, 
1825 ;  corresponded  with  the  Duke  of  Wellington  on  the 
subject.  [xiii.  347] 

CUETIS,  SIR  ROGER  (1746-1816),  admiral ;  served 
on  the  coasts  of  Africa  and  Newfoundland ;  lieutenant, 
1771 ;  commander  of  Lord  Howe's  flagship,  1777 ; 
blockaded  by  the  French  at  Minorca,  1781 ;  destroyed 
floating  batteries  at  Gibraltar,  1782 ;  knighted,  1782 ; 
rear-admiral,  1794;  created  baronet,  1794;  admiral,  1803  ; 
commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth,  1809  ;  G.O.B.,  1815. 

[xiii.  348] 

CUETIS,  SAMUEL  (1779-1860),  florist:  succeeded  to 
the  proprietorship  of  the  'Botanical  Magazine*  by  his 
marriage,  1801.  [xiii.  349] 

CUETIS,  WILLIAM  (1746-1799),  botanist  and  ento- 
mologist ;  translated  Linuseus's  '  Fundainenta  Entomo- 
logiae,'  1772  ;  undertook  the  '  Botanical  Magazine,'  1781 ; 
published  'British  Grasses'  and  some  entomological 
pamphlets.  [xiii.  349] 

CUETIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1752-1829),  lord  mayor  of 
London :  alderman  of  the  Tower  ward,  1785  ;  established 
the  present  bank  of  Robarte,  Lubbock  &  Co. ;  sheriff, 
1789;  M.P.  for  London,  1790-1818,  and  1820;  lord 
mayor,  1795 ;  created  baronet,  1802 ;  M.P.  Bletchingley, 
1819,  Hastings,  1826 ;  friend  of  George  IV.  [xiii.  349] 

CUE  WEN,  HENRY  (1845-1892),  journalist;  educated 
at  Rossall  school ;  worked  in  London  for  John  Camden 
Hotten  [q.  v.],  the  publisher ;  went  to  India,  1876  ;  chief 
editor  of  '  Times  of  India,'  1880  ;  a  joint-proprietor,  1889 ; 
published  novels,  compilations,  and  volumes  of  short 
stories,  translations,  and  essays,  including, '  Echoes  from 
French  Poets,'  1870,  and  '  Sorrow  and  Song,'  1874. 

[Suppl.  ii.  100] 

CUEWEN  or  COEEN ,  HUGH  (d.  1568),  archbishop  of 
Dublin;  B.O.L.  Cambridge,  1510;  vicar  of  Buckden, 
Huntingdonshire,  1614  ;  chaplain  to  Henry  VIII ;  D.O.L. 
Oxford,  1632 ;  defended  Henry  VIII's  marriage  with  Anne 
Boleyn,  1533;  dean  of  Hereford,  1541;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1555-67  ;  consecrated  according  to  the  form  of  the 
Roman  pontifical,  1555  ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1556  ; 
lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1557 ;  became  a  protestant  at 
Elizabeth's  accession ;  compelled  to  resign  his  arch- 
bishopric by  the  hostility  and  suspicions  of  Loftus,  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  and  others,  1567 ;  bishop  of  Oxford, 
1567.  [xiii.  350] 

CUEWEN,  JOHN  (1816-1880),  writer  on  music ;  in 
charge  of  the  independent  chapel,  Plaistow,  1844 ;  first  to 
advocate  the  tonic  sol-fa  system,  1842  ;  compiled  'People's 
Service  of  Song,'  1849-60 ;  judge  at  the  Welsh  National 
Eisteddfod,  1873;  founded  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  College 
(incorporated  1875)  ;  published  numerous  books  on  music. 

[xiii.  352] 

CURWEN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1665),  quaker  ;  imprisoned 
at  Lancaster,  probably  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  1660,  2663  ;  imprisoned,  together  with  his  wife, 
at  Boston,  as  a  quaker  missionary,  1678  ;  sent  to  Newgate, 
1683.  [xiii.  363] 

CURZON.  ROBERT,  fourteenth  BARON  ZOUCHK  (or 
DK  LA  ZOUCHE),  of  Harringworth  (1810-1873) ;  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P., 
Clitheroe,  1831 ;  travelled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  in 
search  of  manuscripts,  1833-4;  visited  Mount  Athos, 
1837  ;  attache  at  the  embassy  at  Constantinople,  1841 ; 
joint-commissioner  for  defining  the  boundary  between 
Turkey  and  Persia,  1843  ;  decorated  by  the  shah  and  the 
sultan ;  student  of  the  early  history  of  handwriting ; 
published  a  '  Visit  to  the  Monasteries  in  the  Levant,'  1849, 
and  an  'Account  of  the  most  celebrated  Libraries  of 
Italy,'  1864 ;  succeeded  his  mother  in  barony  of  Zouche, 
1870.  [xiii.  364] 

CUSACE  or  CUSAKE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1490-1671), 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  recommended  the  extension 
of  English  law  to  every  part  of  Ireland ;  lord  chancellor, 
1551 ;  lord  justice,  1552  ;  again  lord  chancellor,  1563. 

[xiii.  355] 

CUSENS,  SIR  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1833-1893), 
pianist  and  conductor ;  studied  under  Fetis  at  Brussels, 
and  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  London,  where  he  was 
subsequently  professor ;  organist  of  Queen  Victoria's 
private  chapel,  Windsor,  1849 ;  conducted  concerts  of 
Philharmonic  Society,  1867-83 ;  master  of  the  music  to 


CUSSANS 


311 


CYPLES 


Queen  Victoria,  1870  ;  professor  of  pianoforte  at  Guild- 
ball,  1885  ;  knighted,  1892  ;  published  musical  composi- 
tions and  writings  on  musical  subjects. 

[Suppl.  ii.  101] 

CUSSANS,  JOHN  EDWIN  (1837-1899),  antiquary  : 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits ;  adopted  authorship 
as  profession,  1863 ;  published  genealogical  and  heraldic 
works.  [Suppl.  ii.  102] 

CTJST,    SIR    EDWARD    (1794-1878),    general    and  j 
military  historian  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  lieutenant,  1810 ;  I 
fought  in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  Peninsular  war  ;  M.P., 
Orantham,  1818-26,  Lostwithiel    1826-32;   knight  com- 
mander of  the  Quelphic  order  of  Hanover,  1831 ;  master 
of  the  ceremonies  to  Queen  Victoria,  1847  ;  honorary  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1853  ;  colonel,  16th  light  dragoons,  1859  ;  general, 
1866;  created  baronet,  1876;  author  of  '  Annals  of  the 
Wars  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.'  [xiii.  355] 

OUST,  SIR  JOHN  (1718-1770),  baronet,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1742 ;  M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge, 
1739  ;  M.P.,  Grauthani,  1743-70  ;  speaker,  1761 ;  privy 
councillor,  1762 ;  again  speaker,  1768-70.  [xiii.  356] 

CUTCLIFFE,  ROCHETAILLADE,  or  DE  RUPES- 
GI88A,  JOHN  (fl.  1345),  Franciscan;  native  of  Dam- 
mage,  Devonshire ;  studied  at  Toulouse ;  became  a 
Franciscan  monk ;  imprisoned  at  Figeac  for  criticising 
the  abuses  of  the  church,  1345  ;  imprisoned  at  Avignon  by 
Alexander  VI,  1349  ;  doubtfully  said  to  have  been  burnt 
at  Avignon  ;  author  of  books  on  alchemy  and  prophetical 
writings.  [xiii.  357] 

CTJTHBERT,  SAINT  (d.  687),  bishop  of  Lindisfarne  ; 
kept  sheep  on  the  hills  near  the  Lauder,  a  tributary  of  the 
Tweed,  651 ;  entered  the  monastery  of  Melrose,  651 ; 
guest-receiver  at  the  monastery  of  Ripon,  but  expelled  for 
refusing  to  adopt  the  Roman  usages,  661 ;  prior  of  Mel- 
rose;  adopted  the  Roman  usages,  664;  abbot  of  Lindis- 
farne ;  anchorite  on  Fame  island,  676 ;  accepted  see  of 
Lindisfarne,  684;  retired  to  Fame  island,  686  ;  died  in  his 
cell,  687 ;  reputed  a  worker  of  miracles.  His  body,  which 
was  said  to  have  remained  in  a  state  of  incorruption  for 
many  years,  was  finally  transferred  to  Durham  Cathedral, 
1104.  [xiii.  359] 

CTJTHBERT  (d.  758),  archbishop  of  Canterbury; 
abbot  of  Liminge,  Kent ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  736  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  c.  740 ;  assessor  of  ^Ethelbald,  king 
of  Mercia,  at  a  council  held  at  Clovesho,  742 ;  summoned 
council  at  Clovesho  to  regulate  the  monastic  life  and 
duties  of  priests,  747 ;  friend  of  Boniface,  archbishop  of 
Mentz  ;  built  a  chapel  to  St.  John  Baptist  at  the  east  end 
of  Canterbury  Cathedral.  [xiii.  362] 

CTTTHBURH  or  CTJTHBTTRGA,  SAINT  (fl.  700),  sister 
of  Ine,  king  of  the  West-Saxons  ;  founder  and  abbess  of 
Wimborne,  Dorset.  [xiii.  363] 

CTJTHRED  (d.  754),  over-lord  of  the  West-Saxon 
kingdom ;  defeated  JEthelbald  of  Mercia  at  Burford,  Ox- 
fordshire, 752 ;  defeated  the  Welsh,  753.  [xiii.  363] 

CUTLER,  Sm  JOHN  (1608?-1693),  London  mer- 
chant ;  promoted  the  subscriptions  raised  by  the  city  of 
London  for  Charles  II,  1660 ;  created  baronet,  1660 ; 
treasurer  of  St.  Paul's,  1663 ;  founded  lectureship  on 
mechanics  at  Gresham  College,  London,  1664 ;  honorary 
F.R.S.,  1664 ;  four  times  master  warden  of  the  Grocers' 
Company ;  benefactor  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1679 ; 
benefactor  of  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret,  Westminster, 
1682 ;  personally  parsimonious,  and  the  occasion  of 
Wycherley's  '  Praise  of  Avarice.'  [xiii.  364] 


play< 
Bac. 


CUTLER,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (6.  1792),  musician  ; 
yed  pianoforte  concerto  at  the  Haymarket,  1800 ;  Mus. 


Oxford,  1812;    organist,  St.   Helen's,  Bishopsgate, 
1818-23 ;  organist  at  Quebec  Street  Chapel,  1823 ;  founded 


an  academy,  which  proved  unsuccessful,  for  teaching 
music  on  the  Logierian  system.  [xiii.  365] 

CTTTPTJRSE,  MOLL  (1584  7-1659).  [See  FRITH, 
MARY.] 

CUTTANCE,  SIR  ROGER  (fl.  1650-1669),  navy  cap- 
tain ;  commanded  the  Sussex  in  the  Dutch  war,  1652-3  ; 
assisted  in  reduction  of  Porto  Farina,  1655  ;  flag-captain 
of  the  Naseby,  1657 ;  knighted,  1665  ;  captain  of  the  fleet, 
1665.  [xiii.  366] 

CUTTTNGE,  FRANOIS(16th  cent. ),lutenist and  com- 
poser; contributed  music  to  Barley's  'New  Booke  of 
Tabliture,'  1596  :  possibly  identical  with  Thomas  Cut- 
tinge,  lutenist  to  the  king  of  Denmark,  1607.  [xiii.  366] 

CUTTS,  JOHN,  BARON  Ourre  of  Gowran,  Ireland 
(1661-1707),  lieutenant-general ;  fellow-commoner,  Catha- 
rine Hall,  Cambridge,  1676;  published  'La  Muse  de 
Cavalier,'  1685  ;  volunteer  against  the  Turks  in  Hungary, 
1686 ;  adjutant-general  to  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  1686 ; 
colonel,  1st  foot  guards ;  fought  for  William  III  at  the 
Boyne,  1690;  created  Baron  Cutts  of  Gowran,  1690; 
honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge  ;  hero  of  siege  of  Namur, 
1695 ;  took  part  in  negotiating  treaty  of  Ryswick,  1697  ; 
with  Marlborough  in  Holland,  1701 ;  captured  Fort  St. 
Michael,  1702 ;  lieutenant-general,  1702 ;  fought  at  Blen- 
heim, 1704;  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland,  1705;  M.P. 
for  Cambridgeshire,  1689-1701,  and  for  Newport,  1702- 
1707.  [xiii.  367] 

CTTTWODE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1599),  poet;  published 
'  Caltha  Poetarum  :  or  the  Bumble  Bee,'  a  satire  on  con- 
temporary poets,  which  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
condemned  to  the  flames,  1599.  [xiii.  370] 

CWICHELM  (d.  636),  king  of  the  West-Saxons  ;  son 
of,  and  co-ruler  with,  Cynegils  [q.  v.] ;  defeated  Britons  at 
Beandun,  614  ;  beaten  by  Eadwine  of  Northumbria,  626 ; 
baptised,  636.  [xiii.  371] 

CYBI,  CTJBI,  or  KEBI  (fl.  560?),  Welsh  saint; 
visited  Ireland,  but  was  expelled  by  Crubthir  Fintam,  a 
local  chief ;  founder,  abbot,  and  bishop  of  monastery  on 
Holyhead  island.  [xiii.  371] 

CYFEIAWG  (d.  927).    [See  CIMELLIAUC.] 
CYMBELINE  (d.  43  ?).    [See  CUXOBELIXUS.] 

CYNEGILS  or  KINEGILS  (d.  643),  king  of  the  West- 
Saxons  ;  together  with  his  son  Cwichelm  [q.  v.],  defeated 
the  Britons  at  Beandun,  614 ;  defeated  by  Eadwine  of 
Northumbria,  626 ;  conquered  the  East-Saxons,  626  ;  bap- 
tised, 635  ;  founder  of  the  see  of  Dorchester,  Oxfordshire. 

[xiii.  371] 

CYNEWUXF  or  CYNWULF  (fl.  750),  Anglo-Saxon 
poet;  probably  a  Northumbrian  minstrel.  The  poems 
ascribed  to  him  are  contained  in  the  '  Exeter  Codex  '  and 
the'  Vercelli  Codex,'  two  manuscript  collections  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  verse.  Many  poems  in  them  may  be  by  Cynewulf ; 
four  certainly  are  his,  viz.  '  The  Christ,'  '  The  Passion  of 
St.  Juliana,'  'Elene,'  and  'The  Dream  of  the  Cross'; 
Cynewulf  s  poems  first  printed,  1842  ;  translated  into 
modern  English  or  into  German  by  various  hands  between 
1871  and  1889.  [xxxi.  358] 

CYNEWULF  (d.  785),  king  of  the  West-Saxons; 
fought  with  the  Welsh  ;  defeated  by  Offa,  777  ;  slain  by 
the  followers  of  Cyneheard  the  setbeling,  a  prince  whom 
he  had  ordered  into  banishment.  [xiii.  372] 

CYNRIC  (d.  560?),  king  of  the  Gewissas  or  West- 
Saxons  ;  probably  son,  and  perhaps  grandson,  of  Cerdic 
[q.  v.],  whom  he  is  said  to  have  succeeded,  534  ;  tradition- 
ally defeated  the  Britons  at  Searobyrig,  552. 

[Suppl.  ii.  102] 

CYPLES,  WILLIAM  (1831-1882),  philosophica\ 
writer ;  published  an  '  Inquiry  into  the  Process  of  Human 
Experience,'  1880 ;  author  of  •  Pottery  Poems  '  and  '  Satan 
Restored,'  1859.  [xiii.  373] 


DABORNE 


312 


DALE 


D 


DABORNE,  ROBERT  (rf.  1628),  dramatist  and  divine ; 
dean  of  Lismore,  1621 ;  collaborated  with  Field  aud  Mas- 
singer  ;  wrote  several  plays,  two  of  which, '  A  Christian 
tarn'd  Turke,'  1612,  and  'The  Poor-man's  Comfort,' are 
still  extant.  [xiii.  373] 

DACRE,  BARONS.  [See  FIKNNES,  THOMAS,  ninth 
BARON,  1617-1541 ;  FIKNNES,  GREGORY,  tenth  BARON, 
1539-1594 ;  LENNARD,  FRANCIS,  fourteenth  BARON,  1619- 
1662.] 

DACRE.  BARONESS.  [See  FIENNES,  ANNE,  d.  1595 ; 
BRAND,  BARBABJNA,  1768-1854.] 

DACRE,  twenty-third  BARON  (1814-1892).  [Bee 
BRAND,  SIR  HENRY  BOUVERIE  WILLIAM.] 

DAGRE,  LEONARD  (d.  1573),  promoter  of  the 
Northern  rebellion  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth ;  de- 
feated near  Carlisle  by  Lord  Hunsdon,  who  had  been 
ordered  to  arrest  him,  1570 ;  fled  to  Scotland,  and  sat  in  a 
convention  of  the  nobles  at  Leith,  1570 ;  died  at  Brussels. 

[xiii.  374] 

DACRES,  ARTHUR  (1624-1678),  physician;  B.A. 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1645  :  fellow,  1646  ;  M.D., 
1654 ;  assistant-physician  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
1653-78 :  professor  of  geometry,  Gresham  College,  1664 ; 
censor  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1672.  [xiii.  375] 

DACRES,  SIR  RICHARD  JAMES  (1799-1886),  field- 
marshal;  captain  in  the  royal  artillery,  1837;  brevet- 
major,  1851 ;  commanded  the  royal  horse  artillery  at  the 
Alma,  1854  ;  engaged  in  the  bombardments  of  Sebastopol ; 
general,  1867  ;  G.O.B.,  1869 ;  field-marshal,  1886. 

[xiii.  375] 

DACRES,  SIR  SIDNEY  COLPOTS  (1806-1884), 
admiral ;  brother  of  Sir  Richard  James  Dacres  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant  in  navy,  1827 ;  reduced  Kastro  Morea,  and 
received  the  crosses  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  and  of  the 
Redeemer  of  Greece,  1828 ;  commanded  the  Sans  Pareil 
before  Sebastopol,  1854 ;  captain  of  the  Mediterranean 
fleet,  1859  :  commander-in-chief  in  Channel,  1683  ;  vice- 
admiral,  1865  ;  G.O.B.,  1871.  [xiii.  375] 

DADE,  WILLIAM  (1740  ?-l  790),  antiquary ;  rector  of 
St.  Mary's,  Castlegate,  York,  and  Barmston ;  F.S.A.,  1783  : 
his  'History  of  Holderness  '  published  by  Poulson,  1840-1 

[xiii.  376] 

DATFORNE,  JAMES  (d.  1880),  writer  on  art ;  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Art  Journal ' ;  published  '  The  Life  and 
Works  of  Edward  Matthew  Ward,  R.A.,'  1879,  and  trans- 
lated De  la  Oroix's  'Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages.'  [xiii.  377] 

DAFFY,  THOMAS  (d.  1680),  inventor  of  Daffy's 
'  elixir  salutis ' ;  rector  of  Harby,  Leicestershire,  1647,  and 
of  Redmile,  Leicestershire,  1666-80.  [xiii.  377] 

DATT,  RICHARD  (1835-1900),  cricketer ;  amateur, 
1857  ;  played  for  Gentlemen,  1858,  and  as  professional  for 
Nottinghamshire,  1858-81;  took  team  to  Canada  and 
United  States,  1879  ;  published  '  Kings  of  Cricket,'  1893. 

[Suppl.  ii.  103] 

D'AGAR,  JACQUES  (1640-1716),  painter;  court 
painter  at  Copenhagen  ;  visited  London,  c.  1700  ;  died  at 
Copenhagen.  [xiii.  377] 

DAGLEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1841),  subject-painter  and 
engraver ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  exhibited  sixty 
pictures  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1785-1833 ;  illustrated 
the  elder  D'laraeli's '  Flim-flams ' ;  author  of  '  Gems  selected 
from  the  Antique,'  1804,  and  other  works.  [xiii.  377] 

D'AGUILAR,  SIR  GEORGE  CHARLES  (1784-1865), 
lieutenant-general :  lieutenant,  1802  ;  brigade-major,  1806  ; 
served  against  the  Marathas  ;  sent  by  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck  on  a  military  mission  to  Yanina  and  Constantinople ; 
major  in  the  rifle  brigade,  1817 ;  commanded  in  the  i 
Chinese  war,  receiving  the  submission  of  Canton,  1847 : 
lieutenant-colonel  and  K.C.B.,  1851 ;  author  of  manuals  of 
military  discipline.  [xiii.  378] 

DAHL,  MICHAEL (1666-1743), portrait-painter;  born 
at  Stockholm;  portrait-painter  in   London  from  1688: 
patronised  by  Queen  Anne  and  most  of  the  nobility  :  un-  ' 
deservedly  styled  the  rival  of  Kneller.  [xiii.  379] 


DAINTREE,  RICHARD  (1831-1878),  geologist ;  edu- 
cated at  Bedford  grammar  school  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  student  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  1856  ; 
field  geologist  on  the  geological  survey  of  Victoria,  1868- 
1864  ;  government  geologist,  North  Queensland,  1869-72  ; 
examined  the  auriferous  strata  of  Queensland ;  agent- 
general  for  Queensland,  1872-8  ;  C.M.G.,  1878. 

[xiii.  379] 

DAIRCELL  or  TAIRCELL,  otherwise  MOLLINO  (d. 
696),  Irish  saint  and  bishop  ;  founded  a  monastery  and 
church  at  Ross  Broc,  on  the  river  Barrow;  settled  the 
boundary  between  Leiuster  and  the  territories  of  Diarmuid 
and  Blathmac.  kings  of  Ireland  ;  procured  a  remission  of 
the  boruma  tax  by  stratagem  from  King  Finnacbta  in 
favour  of  the  Leinstermen  ;  supposititious  author  of  the 
'  Baile  Moiling,'  a  prophetic  rhapsody.  [xiii.  380] 

DAKINS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1607),  divine ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  major 
fellow,  1594  ;  M.A.,  1594  ;  B.D.,  1601  ;  vicar  of  Trumping- 
ton,  1603-5  ;  professor  of  divinity,  Gresham  College,  Lon- 
don, 1604 ;  junior  dean,  Trinity  College,  1606-7  ;  took  part 
in  the  '  authorised  translation '  of  the  bible,  [xiii.  382] 

DALBIAC,  SIR  JAMES  CHARLES  (1776-1848),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  captain,  4th  light  dragoons,  1798  ;  fought, 
as  lieutenant-colonel,  at  Talavera,  1809,  and  at  Salamanca, 
1812 ;  commanded  the  Goojerat  district  of  the  Bombay 
army,  1822-4;  president  of  court-martial  for  trial  of 
Bristol  rioters,  1831 ;  K.C.H. ;  M.P.,  Ripon,  1835-7  ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1838.  [xiii.  382] 

DALBIER,  JOHN  (d.  1648),  soldier ;  perhaps  in  ser- 
vice of  Count  Mansfeld  during  thirty  years'  war  ;  entered 
English  service,  c.  1627,  and  accompanied  Buckingham  to 
Isle  of  Re ;  in  service  of  Sweden,  c.  1628-32 ;  quarter- 
master-general and  captain  of  troop  of  horse  under  Essex 
in  civil  war ;  commanded  forces  at  siege  of  Basing  ;  took 
Donnington  Castle,  1646;  joined  royalists,  1648;  killed 
after  defeat  at  St.  Neots.  [Suppl.  ii.  103] 

DAISY,  ISAAC  (1744-1824),  mathematician  :  mathe- 
matical master  in  the  naval  school,  Chelsea,  1781 :  trigo- 
nometrical surveyor  for  connecting  meridians  of  Green- 
wich and  Paris,  1787  ;  assisted  in  trigonometrical  survey 
of  England  and  Wales ;  professor  of  mathematics,  Sand- 
hurst College,  1799-1820  ;  published  books  on  mathematics, 
especially  trigonometry.  [xiii.  382] 

DALBY,  ROBERT  (d.  1589),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
ordained  priest  at  Douay :  sent  back  to  England  as  a 
missiouer,  1588 ;  executed,  1589.  [xiii.  383] 

DA1DERBY,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1320),  bishop  of  Lincoln : 
archdeacon  of  Carmarthen,  1283 :  chancellor  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1300 ;  denied  the  right  of 
Edward  I  to  tax  ecclesiastics  without  consent  of  pope, 
1301;  papal  commissioner  to  try  the  templars,  1308; 
present  at  the  appointment  of  the '  ordainers,'  1310. 

[xiii.  383] 

DALE,  DAVID  (1739-1806),  industrialist  and  philan- 
thropist ;  fixed  on  New  Lanark  as  a  site  for  the  erection 
of  cotton-mills  in  conjunction  with  Arkwright ;  partner 
in  cotton-mills  at  Catrine ;  established  the  first  Turkey- 
red  dyeing  works  in  Scotland,  1785 ;  imported  at  his  own 
risk  food-stuffs  for  the  poor  in  times  of  dearth. 

[xiii.  384] 

DALE,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1829-1895),  congre- 
gatioual  divine ;  joined  congregational  church,  1844  ; 
usher  successively  at  Brixton  Hill  and  Leamington ; 
studied  theology  at  Spring  College,  Birmingham ;  M.A. 
London,  1863  ;  assistant  minister  at  Carr's  Lane  Chapel, 
Birmingham,  1853  ;  sole  pastor,  1859  ;  lecturer  on  litera- 
ture, philosophy,  and  homiletics  at  Spring  Hill,  1858 ; 
presided  over  international  council  of  congregational 
churches,  1891 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1883  ;  published  numerous 
theological  works,  and  compiled  'The  English  Hymn 
Book,'  1874.  [Suppl.  ii.  104] 

DALE,  SAMUEL  (1659  ?-1739),  physician ;  practised 
at  Braintree,  Essex,  1686 ;  chief  work,  '  Pharmacologia,' 
1693;  wrote  an  appendix  to  Taylor's  'History  and  An- 
tiquities of  Harwich  and  Dovercourt,'  1730.  [xiiL  386J 


DALE 


313 


DALL.INGTON 


DALE,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1619),  naval  commander; 
served  in  the  Low  Countries  ;  marshal  of  Virginia,  1609  ; 
governor  of  Virginia,  1611  and  1614-16  ;  defeated  the 
Dutch  off  Jacatra,  Java,  1618.  [xiii.  385] 

DALE,  THOMAS  (1729-1816),  physician  ;  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Edinburgh  University  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1775  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1786  ;  one  of  the  originators  of 
the  Hoynl  Literary  Fund.  [xiii.  386] 

DALE,  THOMAS  (1797-1870),  dean  of  Rochester; 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1826 ;  vicar  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet 
Street,  1835 ;  professor  of  English  at  London  University, 
1828-30,  and  at  King's  College,  1836-9  ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1843 ;  vicar  of  St.  Pancras,  1846-61 ; 
dean  of  Rochester,  1870 ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1870 :  published 
theological  writings  and  poems,  including  'The  Widow 
of  Nain,'  1817,  and  '  The  Outlaw  of  Taurus,'  1818  ;  trans- 
lated Sophocles,  1824.  [xiii.  386] 

DALE,  THOMAS  PELHAM  (1821-1892),  ritualistic 
divine ;  son  of  Thomas  Dale  (1797-1870)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1848 ;  rector  of  StVedast's,  Foster  Lane, 
with  St.  Michael-le-Querne,  London;  instituted  ritualistic 
practices  and,  after  protracted  legal  proceedings,  was 
lodged  in  Holtoway  gaol,  1880 ;  afterwards  became  rector 
of  Sausthorpe-cum-Aswardby,  Lincolnshire ;  published  re- 
ligious writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  106] 

DALE,  VALENTINE  (d.  1589),  civilian  and  diplo- 
matist; fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1542 ;  B.O.L., 
1545 ;  D.C.L.  Orleans  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1562 ;  ambassador 
in  Flanders,  1563;  in  France,  1573-6;  M.P.,  Chichester, 
1572,  1584,  1586,  and  1589  :  dean  of  Wells,  1575  ;  assisted 
at  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586;  ambassador  to 
Prince  of  Parma,  1588-9.  [xiii.  387] 

DALGAIRNS,  JOHN  DOBREE,  in  religion  BERNARD 
(1818-1876),  priest  of  the  Oratory;  born  in  Guernsey; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1842 ;  converted  to  Catho- 
licism, 1845  ;  superior  of  the  Oratory  at  Brompton,  1863-5 ; 
assisted  in  translating  the  'Catena  Aurea,'  a  mediaeval 
compilation  from  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  1841-5,  and  wrote 
mystical  and  metaphysical  works.  [xiii.  388] 

DALGARNO,  GEORGE  (1626  ?-1687),  pasigraphist : 
educated  at  the  university  of  New  Aberdeen ;  master  of 
Elizabeth  School,  Guernsey,  1662-72  ;  chief  works,  'Dida- 
scalocophns,'  1680,  and  the  '  Ars  Signorum,'  1661,  an 
attempt  to  formulate  a  philosophical  language;  the  latter 
is  alluded  to  by  Leibnitz.  [xiii.  389] 

DALGLLESH,  WILLIAM  (1733-1807),  theological 
writer;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1786  ;  minister  at  Peebles,  1761- 
1807  ;  published  '  The  Self-existence  and  Supreme  Deity  of 
Christ  defended,'  1777,  in  justification  of  his  'True  Son- 
ship  of  Christ  investigated,'  1776.  [xiii.  390] 

DALHOTTSIE,  MARQUIS  OP  (1812-1860).  [See  RAM- 
SAY, JAMKS  ANDREW  BROUN.] 

DALHOUSIE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  RAMSAY,  WILLIAM, 
first  EARL,  d.  1674;  RAMSAY,  JAMKS  ANDREW  BKOUN, 
tenth  EARL,  1812-1860 ;  MAULK,  Fox,  eleventh  EARL, 
1801-1874  ;  RAMSAY,  GEORGE,  twelfth  EAHL,  1806-1880  ; 
RAMSAY,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  thirteenth  EAHL,  1847-1887.] 

DALISON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1559),  judge;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1537;  reader,  1548  and  1552  ;  justice  of  the 
county  palatine  of  Lancaster,  1554 ;  knighted,  1556 ; 
justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1656.  [xiii.  391] 

DALL,  NICHOLAS  THOMAS  (d.  1777),  landscape- 
painter  ;  a  Dane;  in  London,  c.  1760;  A.R.A.,  1771. 

[xiii.  391] 

DALLAM,  GEORGE  (17th  cent.),  organ- builder ; 
added  a  choir  organ  to  Harris's  instrument  at  Hereford 
Cathedral,  1686.  [xiii.  391] 

PALI. AM,  RALPH  (d.  1672),  organ-builder;  built 
organs  at  Rugby,  Hackney  (1665),  and  Lynn  Regis,  as 
well  as  one  for  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  which 
proved  unsatisfactory.  [xiii.  391] 

DALLAM,  ROBERT  (1602-1665),  organ-builder :  son 
of  Thomas  Dallam  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  the  Blacksmiths' 
Company ;  built  organs  for  Durham  Cathedral,  York 
Minster,  1634,  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1634,  and  New 
College,  Oxford,  1661.  [xiii.  391] 


DALLAM,  THOMAS  (fl.  1615),  organ-builder ;  member 
of  the  Blacksmiths'  Company  ;  built  organs  for  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1606,  and  for  Worcester  Cathedral, 
1613.  [xiii.  392] 

DALLAN,  SAINT  (fl.  600),  Irish  saint;  otherwise 
FORGAILL;  wrote  verse  panegyric  on  Columba,  made 
public  after  Golumba's  death,  597,  also  panegyrics  on 
Bishop  Seuan  and  Abbot  Conall  Coel.  [xiii.  393] 

DALLAS,  ALEXANDER  ROBERT  CHARLES  (1791- 
1869),  divine ;  son  of  Robert  Charles  Dallas  [q.  v.] ; 
treasury  clerk,  1805  ;  present  at  Waterloo,  1816 ;  gentle- 
man-commoner, Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1820  ;  vicar  of 
Yardley,  Hertfordshire,  1827 ;  prebendary  of  Llandaff, 
1827 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Sumner ;  M.A.  Lambeth ; 
founded  the  Society  for  Irish  Church  Missions,  1843; 
wrote  theological  works.  [xiii.  393] 

DALLAS,  ELMSLIE  WILLIAM  (1809-1879), artist; 
gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1834 ;  assisted  in 
decoration  of  garden  pavilion  at  Buckingham  Palace, 
1840 ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1842-68. 

[xiii.  394] 

DALLAS,  ENEAS  SWEETLAND  (1828-1879), 
journalist  and  author;  born  in  Jamaica;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  University;  published  'Poetics,'  1862,  "The 
Gay  Science,'  1866,  and  an  abridgment  of  Richardson's 
'  Clarissa  Harlo we,'  1 868.  [xiii.  394] 

DALLAS,  GEORGE  (1630-1702?),  lawyer;  writer  to 
the  signet ;  deputy- keeper  of  the  privy  seal  of  Scotland, 
1660  till  death ;  published  '  A  System  of  Stiles,'  1697. 

[xiii.  395] 

DALLAS,  SIR  GEORGE  (1758-1833),  political  writer; 
educated  at  Geneva ;  writer  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  1776 ;  superintendent  of  the  collections  at 
Rajeshahi ;  created  baronet,  1798 ;  M.P.,  Newport,  1800-2  ; 
published  pamphlet  in  vindication  of  Warren  Hastings, 
1789,  a  defence  of  the  Marquis  Wellesley's  policy  in  India, 
1806,  '  Letters  on  the  Political  and  Commercial  State  of 
Ireland,'  1797,  and  tractates  against  the  French  revolution. 

[xiii.  395] 

DALLAS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1756-1824),  judge;  educated 
at  Geneva ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1782  ;  counsel  for 
Warren  Hastings,  1787 :  counsel  for  Lord  George  Gordon, 
1788 ;  king's  counsel,  1795 ;  M.P.,  St.  Michael's,  Corn- 
wall, 1802-5,  Kirkcaldy,  1805-6  ;  solicitor-general,  1813 ; 
knighted,  1813;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1818-23 ; 
privy  councillor,  1818.  [xiii.  396] 

DALLAS,  ROBERT  CHARLES  (1754-1824),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  born  in  Jamaica ;  lived  on  the  continent, 
in  Jamaica,  and  hi  America ;  prohibited  by  Lord  Eldon 
from  publishing  his  friend  Lord  Byron's  letters,  1824 ; 
died  in  Normandy ;  wrote  tales,  poems,  a  '  History  of  the 
Maroons,'  1803,  and  ethical  treatises.  [xiii.  397] 

DALLAS,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1839),  lieutenant-general ; 
great-grandson  of  George  Dallas  [q.  v.] ;  fought  in  the 
Camatic  and  at  the  siege  of  Seringapatam.  [xiii.  395] 

DALLAWAY,  JAMES  (1763-1834),  topographer  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1784;  appointed  to  a  curacy  near  Stroud ;  F.S.A., 
1789 ;  M.B.  Oxford,  1794 ;  secretary  to  the  earl  marshal, 
1797-1834 ;  prebendary  of  Chichester,  1811 ;  edited  Bur- 
rell's  manuscript '  History  of  the  Three  Western  Rapes  of 
Sussex,'  1811 ;  w.rote  on  heraldry,  English  architecture, 
and  ancient  sculpture,  and  edited  •  The  Letters  and  other 
Works  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu,'  1803,  and 
'  Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting,'  1826-8.  [xiii.  398] 

DALLEY,  WILLIAM  BEDE  (1831-1888),  Australian 
politician ;  born  in  Sydney ;  educated  at  Sydney  and 
St.  Mary's  colleges ;  called  to  bar,  1856 ;  Q.O.,  1877  ; 
member  for  Sydney  in  first  constitutional  parliament, 
1857,  and  for  Cumberland  boroughs ,  1858 ;  solicitor- 
general,  1858-9  ;  attorney-general,  1875-7, 1877,  and  1883  : 
acting  premier  and  foreign  secretary,  1885;  carried  out 
plan  of  sending  troops  to  aid  the  imperial  forces  in  Egypt ; 
privy  councillor,  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  107] 

DALLING  AND  BTTLWER,  BARON  (1801-1872).  [See 
BULWER,  WILLIAM  HENRY  LYTTON  EARLE.] 

DALLINGTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1561-1637),  master  of 
Charterhouse ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  gentleman  of  the 
privy  chamber  in  ordinary  to  Prince  Henry ;  master  of 


DALJLMEYER 


314 


DALRYMPLE 


Charterhouse,  1624-37;  knighted,  1624;  published  'A 
Survey  of  the  Great  Duke's  State  of  Tuscany,'  1605,  and 
part  of  Quiccinrdini's  history,  1613.  [xiii.  399] 

DALLMEYER,  JOHN  HENRY  (1830-1883),  opti- 
cian ;  born  in  Westphalia :  educated  and  apprenticed  at 
OsnabrUck ;  came  to  England,  1851 ;  workman  in,  and 
subsequently  scientific  adviser  to,  the  firm  of  Andrew 
Ross  ;  F.R.A.S.,  1861 ;  received  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  and  the  Russian  order  of  St.  Stanislaus ;  supplied 
photo-heliographs  to  the  Wilna  observatory,  1863,  and  to 
the  Harvard  College  observatory,  1864 ;  executed  five 
photo-heliographs  for  government,  1873 ;  famous  as  a 
maker  of  photographic  lenses  and  object-glasses  for  the 
microscope.  [xiii.  400] 

DALRYMPLE,  ALEXANDER  (1737-1808),  hydro- 
grapher  to  the  admiralty ;  writer  in  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's service,  1752-4;  as  deputy-secretary,  effected  a 
commercial  treaty  with  the  sultan  of  Sulu  ;  attempted  to 
open  up  trade  with  Sulu,  but  failed,  1762 ;  published  chart 
of  northern  part  of  Bay  of  Bengal,  1772 ;  member  of 
council,  Madras,  1775-7  ;  hydrographer  to  the  East  India 
Company,  1779 ;  hydrographer  to  the  admiralty,  1795 ; 
died  broken-hearted  on  his  dismissal,  1808  ;  published  an 
'  Account  of  Discoveries  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  before 
1764,'  1767.  [xiii.  402] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  DAVID,  first  (Nova  Scotia)  baro- 
net of  Hailes(d.  1721),  Scottish  politician  ;  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates,  1688;  created  baronet  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1700 ;  solicitor-general  to  Queen  Anne ;  M.P.  for 
Culross  in  the  Scottish  parliament,  1703 ;  M.P.  for  Had- 
dington  in  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain,  1708-21 ;  com- 
missioner for  the  treaty  of  union,  1706 ;  auditor  to  Scottish 
exchequer,  1720.  [xiii.  403] 

DALRYMPLE,  Sm  DAVID,  LORD  HAILES  (1726- 
1792),  Scottish  judge;  educated  at  Eton  ;  studied  civil  law 
at  Utrecht ;  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1748 ;  judge  of 
the  court  of  session  as  Lord  Hailes,  1766  ;  refused  to  revise 
Hume's  '  Inquiry,'  considering  its  principles  atheistic, 
1753;  friend  and  correspondent  of  Dr.  Johnson,  who 
revised  Hailes's  '  Annals  of  Scotland,' 1 776  ;  judge  of  the 
criminal  court,  1776  ;  wrote  against  Gibbon,  1786.  Other 
of  his  works  are  '  An  Examination  of  some  of  the  Argu- 
ments for  the  High  Antiquity  of  Regiam  Majestatem,  and 
an  Inquiry  into  the  Authenticity  of  the  Leges  Malcolmi,' 
1769,  a  translation  of  the '  Octavius '  of  Minucius  Felix, 
1781, '  Ancient  Scottish  Poems,  published  from  the  Manu- 
script of  George  Bannatyne,  1568,'  1770,  and  '  The  Canons 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,'  1769.  [xiii.  403] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  HEW,  LORD  NORTH  BERWICK 
(1652-1737),  lord  president  of  session;  third  son  of  Sir 
James  Dalrymple,  first  viscount  Stair  [q.  v.]  ;  commissary 
of  Edinburgh  ;  M.P.  for  New  Galloway  burgh,  1690,  and 
for  North  Berwick  burgh,  1702,  in  the  Scots  parliament ; 
dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1695;  created  baronet 
of  Nova  Scotia,  1698 ;  lord  president  of  session,  1698- 
1737;  commissioner  for  the  articles  of  union  between 
England  and  Scotland,  1702  and  1703.  [xiii.  406] 

DALRYMPLE,  Ho\.  SIR  HEW  (1690-1755),  lord 
justiciary,  1745  ;  son  of  Sir  Hew  Dalrymple  [q.  v.]  ;  lord 
of  session  as  Lord  Drummore,  1726.  [xiii.  407] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  HEW  WHITEFOORD,  baronet 
(1750-1830),  general;  great-grandson  of  Sir  James  Dal- 
rymple, first  viscount  Stair  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant,  1766; 
major  77th  royals,  1777 ;  knighted,  1779 ;  colonel,  1790 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Guernsey.  1796-1801 ;  commander 
of  the  Gibraltar  garrison,  1806-8  ;  signed  convention  of 
Ciutra,  18U8 ;  general,  1812;  created  baronet,  1815; 
governor  of  Blackness  Castle,  1818.  [xiii.  408] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  JAMES,  first  VISCOUNT  STAIR 
(1619-1695),  Scottish  lawyer  and  statesman  :  art  graduate 
of  Glasgow  University,  1637;  commanded  a  troop  under 
William,  earl  of  Gleucairn  ;  repent  of  Glasgow  University, 
1641-7  ;  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1648 ;  secretary  to 
commissions  for  treating  with  Charles  II,  1649  and  1650 ; 
judge  of  the  reformed  court  of  session,  1657-60;  advised 
Mouck  to  call  a  full  and  free  parliament,  1660  ;  judge  of 
the  court  of  session  under  Charles  II,  1661 ;  allowed  to 
make  a  proviso  in  taking  the  declaration  against  the 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  1664  ;  president  of  session, 
1670 ;  issued  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  judicial  busi- 
ness and  advocates'  fees ;  M.P.  for  Wigtownshire,  1672  and 
1673-4;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1674;  protested 


aeaiust  Lauderdale's  persecution  of  the  covenanters,  1677 ; 
attempted  to  lessen  the  severity  of  the  Test  Act,  1681  ; 
fled  from  its  operation  to  London ;  published  '  Institu- 
tions of  the  Law  of  Scotland,'  1681 ;  driven  by  the 
hostility  of  the  Duke  of  York  and  Olaverhouse  to  Leyden, 
1682 ;  published  *  Physiologia  Nova  Experimentalis,' 
1686 ;  sailed  to  England  with  William  of  Orange,  1688  ; 
created  Viscount  of  Stair,  Lord  Glenluce  and  Stranraer, 
1690 ;  member  of  the  privy  council  which  advised  that 
Glencoe's  oath  should  not  be  taken  after  the  day  origin- 
ally appointed,  1692 ;  furnished  a  report  on  which  was 
grounded  the  Act  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Judicatures, 
1696;  published  'A  Vindication  of  the  Divine  Perfec- 
tions,' 1695.  [xiii.  409] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  JAMES,  first  (Nova  Scotia)  baro- 
net of  Borthwick  (fl.  1714),  Scottish  antiquary ;  second 
son  of  Sir  James  Dalrymple,  first  viscount  Stair  [q.  v.]  ; 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1675  ;  commissary  of 
Edinburgh  ;  principal  clerk  of  the  court  of  session  ;  created 
baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1698;  chief  work,  'Collections 
concerning  the  Scottish  History  preceding  the  death  of 
King  David  the  First  hi  1153,'  1705.  [xiii.  415] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  STAIR 
(1648-1707),  son  of  Sir  James  Dalrymple,  first  viscount 
Stair  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1667  ;  Scottish  advocate,  1672 ; 
imprisoned,  through  the  hostility  of  Graham  of  Olaver- 
house, in  Edinburgh  Castle,  1682-3 ;  imprisoned  in  the 
Tolbooth,  1684;  king's  advocate,  1686-88:  lord  justice- 
clerk,  1688 ;  moved  in  convention  of  estates  that  James 
Stuart  had  forfeited  the  crown  of  Scotland,  1688 ;  as  lord 
advocate  represented  William  Ill's  government  in  the 
Scottish  parliament ;  opposed  by  Sir  James  Montgomery, 
an  extreme  covenanter ;  conciliated  the  presbyterians  by 
establishing  presbyterian  church  government;  Master  of 
Stair,  1690  ;  joint-secretary  of  state,  1691 ;  commissioned 
the  privy  council  to  make  an  offer  of  indemnity  to  the  high- 
land clans,  in  the  hope  that  its  conditions  would  not  be 
accepted,  1691;  bitterly  hostile  to  the  Macdonalds  of 
Glencoe,  and  implicated  in  the  massacre  of  that  clan, 
1692  ;  accused  by  parliament  of  exceeding  instructions  in 
the  matter,  1695;  resigned  office,  1695;  succeeded  as 
Viscount  Stair,  1695 ;  privy  councillor,  1702 ;  created 
Earl  of  Stair,  1703 ;  supporter  of  the  Act  of  Union,  1707. 

[xiii.  415] 

DALRYMPLE,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OP  STAIR  (1673- 
1747),  general  and  diplomatist;  son  of  Sir  John  Dal- 
rymple, first  earl  of  Stair  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Leyden : 
present  at  the  battle  of  Steenkerk,  1692 ;  master  of  Stair, 
1695 ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  Scots  guards ;  aide-de-camp 
to  Marlborough,  1703 ;  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  the 
Dutch  service,  1705 ;  colonel  of  the  Oameronians,  1706 ; 
sent  home  with  the  despatches  of  the  battle  of  Oudenarde, 
1708 ;  major-general,  1709 ;  ambassador  to  Augustus, 
elector  of  Saxony,  1709;  knight  of  the  Thistle,  1710; 
covered  the  siege  of  Bouchain,  1711 ;  general,  1712  ;  privy 
councillor,  and  ambassador  at  Paris,  1716 ;  secured  ex- 
pulsion of  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender,  from  Paris  ; 
revealed  schemes  of  Alberoni  and  Oellamare;  recalled, 
1720 ;  vice-admiral  of  Scotland,  1720-33  ;  rural  economist ; 
opponent  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  deprived  of  his  vice- 
admiralty  for  asserting  the  right  of  the  Scottish  peers  to 
elect  representative  peers  without  governmental  interfer- 
ence, 1733  ;  field-marshal,  1742  ;  governor  of  Minorca,  1742  ; 
fought  at  Dettingen,  1743  ;  commander-in-chief  in  south 
Britain,  1744  ;  general  of  the  marines,  1746.  [xiii.  420] 

DALRYMPLE,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  OF  STAIR  (1720- 
1789),  army  captain  ;  advocate  of  the  Scottish  bar,  1741 ; 
captain  in  the  army ;  representative  peer,  1771 ;  presented 
a  petition  on  behalf  of  Massachusetts,  1774 ;  published 
pamphlets  on  the  national  finances.  [xiii.  423] 

DALRYMPLE,  SIR  JOHN,  fourth  baronet  of  Oran- 
stoun  (1726-1810),  Scottish  judge ;  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  advocate  at  the 
Scottish  bar,  1748;  exchequer  baron,  1776-1807;  dis- 
covered the  art  of  making  soap  from  herrings ;  chief 
works, '  Essay  towards  a  General  History  of  Feudal  Pro- 
perty in  Great  Britain,'  1757,  and  'Memoirs  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  (1681-1692),'  1771.  [xiii.  424] 

DALRYMPLE,  JOHN,  sixth  EARL  OF  STAIR  (1749- 
1821),  son  of  John,  fifth  earl  of  Stair  [q.  v.] ;  captain  87th 
foot;  served  in  the  first  American  war;  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  Poland,  1782,  and  to  Berlin,  1786. 

[xiii.  426] 


DALRYMPLE 


315 


DAL  YELL 


DALRYMPLE,  JOHN  (1803-1852),  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon;  son  of  William  Dalrymple  (1772-1847)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.R.O.S.,  1827  ;  surgeon  to  the  Royal  London  Ophthal- 
mic Hospital,  1843  ;  F.R.S.,  1850  ;  writer  on  ophthalmic 
science.  [xiii.  425] 

DALRYMPLE,  Sm  JOHN  HAMILTON  MAOGILL, 
eighth  EARL  OP  STAIK  (1771-1863),  son  of  Sir  John  Dal- 
rymple (1726-1810)  [q.  v.]  ;  served  as  captain  in  Flan- 
ders, 1794  and  1795 ;  general,  1838  ;  devised  a  substitute 
for  corporal  punishment  in  the  army ;  M.P.  for  Mid- 
lothian, 1832 ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  Scotland,  1840-1, 
and  1846-52 ;  created  Baron  Oxenford  of  Couslaud,  1841 ; 
K.T.,  1847.  [xiii.  425] 

DALRYMPLE,  WILLIAM  (1723-1814),  religious 
writer ;  minister  of  the  first  charge  at  Ayr,  1756 ;  D.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1779 :  moderator  of  the  general  assembly, 
1781 ;  eulogised  in  Burns's  '  Kirk's  Alarm.'  [xiii.  426] 

DALRYMPLE,  WILLIAM  (1772-1847),  surgeon; 
surgeon  of  the  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital,  1814-39 ; 
successful  as  an  operator  in  tying  the  common  carotid 
artery,  and  in  lithotomy.  [xiii.  426] 

DALTON,  JOHN  (1709-1763),  poet  and  divine  ;  taber- 
dar,  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1730 ;  M.A.,  1734 ;  adapted 
Milton's  '  Comus '  for  the  stage,  1738 ;  fellow  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1741 ;  canon  of  Worcester,  1748 ;  rector 
of  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  1748  ;  D.D.,  1750 ;  published  sermons 
and  didactic  and  descriptive  poems.  [xiii.  427] 

DALTON,  JOHN  (1726-1811),  captain  under  the  East 
India  Company ;  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  8th  marines 
was  employed  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  1745  ;  captain  of 
European  grenadiers  under  the  East  India  Company, 
1749  ;  defended  Trichinopoly,  1753;  returned  to  England, 
1754.  [xiii.  428] 

DALTON,  JOHN  (1766-1844),  chemist  and  natural 
philosopher ;  kept  a  Quaker's  school,  1778 ;  assistant  and 
subsequently  partner  in  a  school  at  Kendal,  1781-93 ; 
commenced  meteorological  journal,  1787 ;  studied  mathe- 
matics, zoology,  and  botany,  compiling  a '  Hprtus  Siccus ' ; 
professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  New 
College,  Manchester,  1793-9;  published  'Meteorological 
Observations  and  Essays,'  maintaining  electrical  origin  of 
aurora  borealis,  1793 ;  revealed  his  discovery  of  colour- 
blindness, 1794 ;  constituted  meteorology  a  science  by  his 
papers  on  the  'Constitution  of  Mixed  Gases,'  and  on 
'  The  Expansion  of  Gases  by  Heat,'  1801 ;  discovered  the 
law  of  chemical  combinations,  and  tabulated  the  atomic 
weights  of  various  elements,  1805 ;  president  of  the  Man- 
chester Philosophical  Society,  1817-44 ;  foreign  associate 
of  the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  1830 ;  prizeman  of  the 
Royal  Society  '  for  his  development  of  the  chemical  theory 
of  Definite  Proportions,'  1825 ;  honorary  D.O.L.  and 
LL.D.  of  Oxford  and  Edinburgh  respectively,  1832  and 
1834 ;  published  'A  New  System  of  Chemical  Philosophy,' 
1808  and  1827,  in  which  he  partly  anticipated  (1808) 
Dulong  and  Petit's  law  of  specific  heats,  and  wrote  the 
article  '  Meteorology '  in  Rees's  '  Cyclopaedia.'  [xiii.  428] 

D' ALTON,  JOHN  (1792-1867),  Irish  historian,  genea- 
logist and  biographer;  graduate  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin:  law  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
1811  ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1813  ;  medallist,  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  1827,  and  prizeman,  1831 :  published  a 
4  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Tithes,'  a  poem  entitled  '  Dermid,' 
•  Memoirs  of  the  Archbishops  of  Dublin,'  1838,  a  •  History 
of  the  County  of  Dublin,'  1838,  and  the  '  Annals  of  Boyle.' 

[xiii.  434] 

DALTON,  JOHN  (1814-1874),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
missioner  at  Northampton,  Norwich,  and  Lynn ;  member 
of  the  chapter  of  the  diocese  of  Northampton  ;  translated 
Latin  and  Spanish  devotional  works,  also  a  'Life  of 
St.  Winif rede '  from  a  British  Museum  manuscript,  1857. 

[xiii.  435] 

DALTON,  LAURENCE  (d.  1561),  Norroy  king-of- 
arrns ;  Rouge  Croix  pursuivant,  1546 ;  Richmond  herald, 
1547 ;  Norroy  king-of-arms,  1557.  [xiii.  435] 

DALTON,  MICHAEL  (d.  1648  ?),  legal  writer :  J.P. 
for  Cambridgeshire;  commissioner  of  sequestrations  for 
the  county  of  Cambridge,  1648 ;  author  of '  The  Countrey 
Justice,'  1618,  and  '  Offlcium  Vicecomitum,  or  the  Office 
and  Authorise  of  Sheriffs,'  1623.  [xiii.  435] 

DALTON,  RICHARD  (1715?-1791),  draughtsman, 
engraver,  and  librarian ;  studied  art  in  Rome ;  travelled, 


1749,  in  Greece,  Constantinople,  and  Egypt,  publishing 
first  drawings  of  monuments  of  ancient  art  in  those 
countries ;  librarian  to  George  III  as  Prince  of  Wales 
and  as  king;  keeper  of  pictures  and  antiquarian  to 
George  III ;  one  of  original  committee  which  drew  up 
project  for  establishment  of  Royal  Academy,  1765 ; 
original  member,  1765,  and  treasurer  of  Incorporated 
Society  of  Artists ;  antiquarian  to  Royal  Academy  ;  F.S.A., 
1767.  [SuppL  it  108] 

DALY  or  O'DALY,  DANIEL  or  DOMINIC  (1595- 
1662),  ecclesiastic  and  author  ;  a  native  of  Kerry ; 
Dominican  monk  at  Lugo,  Galicia,  with  the  name  of 
Dominic  de  Rosario ;  professor  at  the  Irish  Dominican 
college  of  Lou  vain  ;  established  an  Irish  Dominican 
college  at  Lisbon,  and  was  appointed  rector,  1634  ;  enlisted 
men  in  Limerick  for  the  Spanish  service  ;  founded  nun- 
nery for  Irish  Dominicans  at  Lisbon,  1639  :  Portuguese 
envoy  to  Charles  I  and  Charles  II ;  urged  Charles  II  to 
give  the  Irish  civil  and  religious  liberty,  1649 ;  bishop- 
elect  of  Ooimbra  and  president  of  the  Portuguese  privy 
council ;  author  of  an  account  in  Latin  of  the  Geraldine 
Earls  of  Desmond,  1655,  published  at  Lisbon,  [xiii.  436] 

DALY,  DENIS  (1747-1791),  Irish  politician  ;  educated 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.P.  for  Galway  county, 
1768-90,  for  Galway  town,  1790  ;  opposed  the  measure  of 
independence,  1780 :  muster-master-general,  1781 ;  op- 
posed Flood's  bill  for  parliamentary  reform,  1783. 

[xiii.  438] 

DALY,  SIR  DOMINICK  (1798-1868),  governor  of  South 
Australia ;  assistant-secretary  to  the  government  of  Lower 
Canada,  1825-7 ;  provincial  secretary  for  the  united  pro- 
vinces of  Canada,  1840-8  ;  member  of  the  council,  1840  ; 
lieutenant-governor,  Tobago,  1851-4  ;  lieutenant-governor, 
Prince  Edward  island,  1854-9 ;  knighted,  1856 ;  governor 
of  South  Australia,  1861-8.  [xiii.  439] 

DALY,  SIR  HENRY  DERMOT  (1821-1895),  general ; 
ensign  1st  Bombay  European  regiment,  1840 ;  brevet- 
colonel,  1864 ;  major-general,  1870 ;  lieutenant-general, 
1877;  general,  1888;  served  in  Sikh  war,  1848-9,  and 
against  Afridis,  1849;  with  field  force  under  Captain 
Coke,  1851,  and  under  Sir  Colin  Campbell,  1852  ;  served  at 
Delhi  and  Lucknow  and  in  campaign  in  (hide,  1858 ;  com- 
mander of  Central  India  Horse  and  political  assistant  at 
Augur  for  Western  Malwa,  1861 ;  agent  to  governor- 
general  for  Central  India  at  Indore  and  opium  agent  in 
Malwa,  1871 ;  K.C.B.,  1875  ;  O.I.E..  1880 ;  G.C.B.,  1889. 

[Suppl.  ii.  109] 

DALY,  RICHARD  (d.  1813),  actor  and  theatrical 
manager ;  fellow-commoner,  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  first 
appeared  on  the  Dublin  stage  as  Lord  Townley ;  opened 
Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  1781  ;  became  proprietor  of 
Crow  Street  Theatre;  patentee  for  a  theatre  royal  at 
Dublin,  1786  ;  obtained  decision  for  libel  against  Magee,  a 
journalist,  1790  ;  surrendered  his  claim  to  the  theatre 
royal,  1797 ;  pensioned,  1798.  [xiiL  439] 

DALY,  ROBERT  (1783-1872),  bishop  of  Cashel  and 
Waterford ;  son  of  Denis  Daly  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1832 ;  D.D.,  1843 ;  dean  of  St.  Patrick's 
Dublin,  1842;  bishop  of  Cashel  and  Waterford,  1843; 
edited  Bishop  O'Brien's '  Focaloir  Gaoidhilge-Sax-Bhearla, 
or  Irish-English  Dictionary,'  1832.  [xiii.  440] 

DALYELL,  Sm  JOHN  GRAHAM  (1775-1851),  anti- 
quary and  naturalist ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1796 ;  vice-president, 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  1797 ;  knighted,  1836 ; 
president,  Society  of  Arts  for  Scotland,  1839-40 ;  preses  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  the  Zoological  Gardens,  Edin- 
burgh, 1841 ;  published  works,  including  'Scottish  Poems 
of  the  Sixteenth  Century,'  1801,  'The  Darker  Superstitious 
of  Scotland,'  1834,  and '  The  Powers  of  the  Creator  dis- 
played in  the  Creation '  (vol.  L  1851,  vol.  ii.  1853). 

[xiii.  441] 

DALYELL  or  DALZELL,  ROBERT,  second  EARL  OF 
OARNWATH  (d.  1654),  privy  councillor  for  Scotland,  1641 ; 
hostile  to  the  covenanters ;  fined  10,0007.  Scots  for  refusing 
to  appear  in  answer  to  a  charge  of  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  the  queen,  1642 ;  said  to  have  caused  the 
royalist  defeat  at  Naseby  by  his  over-caution,  1646 ;  de- 
clared guilty  of  treason,  1645  ;  committed  to  the  Tower, 
1651.  [xiii.  442] 

DALYELL  or  DALZELL,  SIR  ROBERT,  sixth 
EARL  OF  CAKNWATH  (d.  1737),  educated  at  Cambridge ; 


DALYELL 


316 


DANCER 


captured  on  Stuart  side  at  Preston,  1715 ;  condemned  to 
death  by  the  House  of  Lords  for  favouring  the  Pretender, 
1716,  but  finally  protected  by  the  indemnity,  [xiii.  443] 

DALYELL,  SIR  ROBERT  ANSTRUTHER  (1831- 
1890),  Indian  civilian ;  educated  at  Haileybury ;  entered 
Madras  civil  service,  1851 ;  secretary  of  Madras  govern- 
ment revenue  department,  1868;  member  of  board  of 
revenue  and  chief  secretary  to  Madras  government,  1873  ; 
vice-president  of  council  of  secretary  of  state  for  India, 
1883-4 ;  O.S.I.,  1879 ;  K.C.I.E.,  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  110] 

DALYELL  or  DALZELL,  THOMAS  (1599  ?-1686), 
of  Binns ;  general ;  took  part  in  Rochelle  expedition, 
1628 ;  colonel  in  Ireland,  1642  ;  in  charge  of  the  customs 
at  Oarrickfergus,  1649  ;  proclaimed  banished  from  Scot- 
land, 1650 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Worcester,  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  1651 ;  escaped  to  the  continent,  1662 ; 
assisted  in  the  Scottish  rebellion,  1654;  as  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  Russian  army,  fought  against  the  Poles 
and  Turks  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland,  1666-79 ; 
defeated  the  covenanters  in  the  Pentlands,  1666 ;  privy 
councillor,  1667;  M.P.  in  the  Scottish  parliament  for 
Linlithgow,  1678-85 ;  reapppinted  commander-in-chief, 
1679 ;  commissioner  of  justiciary  to  punish  the  rebels  of 
Bothwell  Bridge,  1679 ;  enrolled  the  Scots  Greys,  1681 ; 
commander-in-chief  with  increased  powers,  1685. 

[xiii.  444] 

DALZEL,  ANDREW  (1742-1806),  classical  scholar ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh  ;  collaborator  in  Dr.  Alexander  Adam's 
'  Latin  Grammar,'  1772  ;  professor  of  Greek,  Edinburgh 
University,  1779-1805  ;  corresponded  with  Heine ;  helped 
to  found  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  1783 ;  principal 
clerk  to  the  general  assembly,  1789  ;  compiled  '  'AvaAeKTo. 
'EAATji/iKa  "Ho'O'Oi'a,'  1789,  'AvaAcxra  'EAAijfiKa  Met^bpa,' 
1805/  translated  Chevalier's  '  Tableau  de  la  Plaine  de 
Troye,'  1791,  and  wrote  a  •  History  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,'  published  1862.  [xiii.  447] 

DALZELL,  NIOOL  ALEXANDER  (1817-1878), 
botanist ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1837  ;  assistant  commissioner 
of  customs,  Bombay,  1841 ;  conservator  of  forests,  Bom- 
bay, 1841 ;  retired,  1870 ;  author  of  'The  Bombay  Flora,' 
1861,  and  other  works  on  Indian  botany.  [xiii.  448] 

DALZELL,  ROBERT  (1662-1768),  general;  said  to 
have  been  in  the  direct  line  of  succession  to  the  earldom 
of  Oarnwath  ;  town-major  of  Portsmouth,  1 702 ;  fought 
as  lieutenant-colonel  under  Marlborough  in  the  Nether- 
lands, 1705-6;  served  in  Spain  as  colonel,  1708;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1727  ;  commander  of  the  forces  in  North 
Britain,  1732;  general,  1745;  sold  his  regimental  com- 
missions, 1749  ;  chairman  of  the  directors  of  the  Sun  Fire 
Office,  1750.  [xiii.  448] 

DAMASCENE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1719),  musician ; 
a  Frenchman  by  birth;  naturalised  in  England  1682; 
gentleman  extraordinary  of  the  Ohapel  Royal,  1690 ;  gentle- 
man of  the  Ohapel  Royal,  1695;  composed  numerous 
eongs.  [xiii.  450] 

DAMER,  ANNE  SEYMOUR  (1749-1828),  sculptress  ; 
daughter  of  Field-marshal  (Henry  Seymour)  Conway 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  under  Oeracchi  and  Cruikshank ;  married 
John  Darner,  lord  Milton,  1767 ;  friend  of  Nelson,  Wai- 
pole,  Josephine  de  Beauharnais,  and  Napoleon ;  made  a 
statue  of  George  III  for  the  Edinburgh  register  office ; 
executed  heads  of  Thame  and  Isis  for  Henley  Bridge, 
1785  ;  executrix  and  residuary  legatee  of  Horace  Wai  pole, 
1797 ;  presented  Napoleon  with  a  bust  of  Fox,  and  the 
king  of  Tanjore  with  a  bronze  cast  of  her  bust  of  Nelson, 
1826.  [xiii.  450] 

DAMON  or  DAMAN,  WILLIAM  (16th  cent.),  musi- 
cian to  Queen  Elizabeth ;  first  composer  to  set  the  psalms 
in  the  vernacular  to  part-music,  1679.  [xiv.  1] 

DAMPIEE,  THOMAS  (1748-1812),  bishop  of  Ely; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1774 ;  D.D.,  1780 ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1782 ;  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1802-8  ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1808-12  ;  celebrated  for 
his  collection  of  books  and  prints.  [xiv.  1] 

DAMPIEE.  WILLIAM  (1662-1716),  pirate;  captain 
R.N.,  and  hydrographer  ;  assistant-manager  of  a  Jamaica 
plantation,  1G74  ;  sailor  on  board  ketch  bound  for  Bay  of 
Campeachy,  1676 ;  log-wood  cutter,  1675  and  1676  :  joined 
buccaneers  in  West  Indies,  1679 ;  separated,  with  some 
others,  from  the  main  body  and  took  service  on  a  French 
pirate  ship,  1081  ;  boarded  Danish  ship  at  Sierra  Leone  ; 


ravaged  the  coast  of  South  America  with  a  fleet  of  free 
i-niisi-rs  under  one  Captain  Davis ;  set  sail  for  East  Indies  ; 
reached  Guam,  1686;  marooned  on  Nicobar  island,  1688  ; 
eventually  escaped  to  Acheen  ;  master-gunner  of  the  fort, 
Bencoolen  ;  escaped  from  this  position  of  captivity,  1691 ; 
published  in  Fnglaud  his '  Voyage  round  the  World,'  1697, 
and  a  '  Discourse  of  Winds,'  1699  ;  surveyed  for  govern- 
ment north,  east,  and  south  coasts  of  New  Britain,  1699  ; 
sailed  for  England,  and  was  shipwrecked  on  Ascension, 
1701 ;  rescued  by  an  East  Indiamau,  1701 ;  fined  by  a 
court-martial  for  excessive  severity  to  his  lieutenant,  1702  ; 
incompetently  commanded  privateer  in  the  South  Seas, 
1703-7  ;  pilot  on  board  the  Duke  privateer,  which  rescued 
Alexander  Selkirk  [q.  v.],  1708  ;  died  in  London,  [xiv.  2] 

DANBY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  DANVERS,  HENRY,  1573- 
1644 ;  OSBORNE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  earl  of  the  second 
creation,  1631-1712.] 

DANBY,  FRANCIS  (1793-1861),  painter;  native  of 
Ireland ;  came  to  London,  1813  ;  A.R.A.,  1825  ;  left  Eng- 
land owing  to  domestic  troubles,  and  lived  near  the  Lake 
of  Geneva,  1829-41 ;  excelled  as  a  painter  of  ideal  and 
poetic  landscapes,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  '  Sun- 
set at  Sea  after  a  Storm,'  1824,  and  '  The  Departure  of 
Ulysses  from  Ithaca,'  1854.  [xiv.  7] 

DANBY,  JAMES  FRANCIS  (1816-1875),  painter ;  son 
of  Francis  Danby  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution  from  1847.  [xiv.  8] 

DANBY,  JOHN  (1767-1798),  musician ;  member  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1785  ;  organist  to  chapel 
of  Spanish  embassy ;  well  known  for  his  collections  of 
glees.  [xiv.  9] 

DANBY,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1471  ?),  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1443  ;  king's  ser  jeant ; 
raised  to  bench  of  common  pleas,  1452 ;  chief-justice. 
1461-71 ;  knighted,  c.  1461.  [Suppl.  ii.  110] 

DANBY,  THOMAS  (1817 ?-1886),  painter;  son  of 
Francis  Danby  [q.  v.] ;  copied  pictures  at  the  Louvre ; 
exhibited  landscapes  in  the  style  of  Claude  ;  member  of 
the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1870.  [xiv.  9] 

DANBY,  WILLIAM  (1752-1833),  miscellaneous 
writer;  high  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1784;  visited  by 
Southey,  1829 ;  chief  works,  •  Ideas  and  Realities,'  1827, 
and  •  Poems,'  1831.  [xiv.  »] 

DANCE,  CHARLES  (1794-1863),  dramatist:  son  of 
George  Dance  the  younger  [q.  v.];  registrar,  taxing- 
offlcer,  and  chief  clerk  in  the  insolvent  debtors'  court; 
author  of  comediettas  and  extravaganzas.  [xiv.  10] 

DANCE,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1700-1768),  architect 
and  surveyor  to  the  corporation  of  London  ;  designed  the 
Mansion  House,  1739.  [xiv.  10] 

DANCE,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1741-1825),  archi- 
tect; son  of  George  Dance  (1700-1768)  [q.  v.]  ;  city  sur- 
veyor, 1768-1815  ;  rebuilt  Newgate,  1770  ;  built  St.  Luke's 
Hospital  and  the  front  of  Guildhall;  F.S.A.,  1794;  pro- 
fessor  of  architecture  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1798-1806. 

[xiv.  11] 

DANCE,  alias  LOVE,  JAMES  (1722-1774),  comedian ; 
son  of  George  Dance  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford: 
attracted  the  notice  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  by  a  party 
poem ;  manager  of  an  Edinburgh  theatre :  invited  to 
Drury  Lane,  1762  ;  published  '  Cricket ;  an  heroic  poem,' 
1740, '  Pamela '  (comedy),  1742,  and  some  pantomimes. 


[xiv.-ll] 

B  HOLL 


DANCE,  NATHANIEL  (1734-1811).  [See  HOLLAND, 
SIR  NATHANIEL  DANCE-.] 

DANCE,  SIR  NATHANIEL  (1748-1827),  commander 
under  the  East  India  Company  ;  brother  of  George  Dance 
the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  commodore  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's homeward-bound  fleet,  1804 ;  deceived  into  flight 
a  French  squadron  by  show  of  force  off  Pulo  Aor,  1804 ; 
knighted,  1804.  [xiv.  11] 

DANCE,  WILLIAM  (1765-1840),  musician  :  member 
of  the  King's  Theatre  orchestra,  1775-93;  led  at  th« 
Handel  festival  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1790  ;  director  and 
treasurer  of  the  Philharmonic  Society,  1813-40. 

[xiv.  12] 

DANCER,  MRS.  ANN  (1734-1801).  [See  BARRY,  MRS. 
ANN  SPRANQBR.] 


DANCER 


317 


DANIELL 


DANCER,  DANIEL  (1716-1794),  miser ;  left  all  his 
wealth  to  widow  of  Sir  Heiiry  Tempest,  who  nursed  him 
in  his  last  illness,  17<J4.  [xiv.  12] 

DANCER,  JOHN  (Ji.  1675),  translator  and  dramatist ; 
probably  at  one  time  in  the  Duke  of  Ormonde's  service ; 
translated,  among  other  works,  Corneille's  '  Nicomede,' 
1C71,  Quinault'B  'Agrippa,'  1675,  and  Tasso's  'Aminta,' 
1660,  the  first  two  in  rhyming  couplets.  [xiv.  13] 

DANCER,  THOMAS  (17557-1810),  botanist;  physi- 
cian to  the  Bath  waters,  1784 ;  M.D. ;  resigned  his  position 
as  '  island  botanist '  in  Jamaica,  the  proposals  of  his  '  Ob- 
servations respecting  the  Botanic  Garden '  not  being 
adopted  by  the  House  of  Assembly,  1804.  [xiv.  13] 

DANCKERTS,  HENRY  (1630  ?-1680  ?),  landscape- 
painter  and  line-engraver ;  born  at  the  Hague ;  painted 
landscapes  and  views  of  the  royal  palaces  for  Charles  II ; 
decorated  panelling  in  the  house  of  Pepys,  the  diarist, 
1669  ;  left  England  in  consequence  of  the  '  popish  plot,' 
1679 ;  engraved  portraits  of  Charles  II  and  of  some  Dutch 
dignitaries.  [xiv.  14] 

DANCXERTS,  JOHN  (/.  1660),  painter  ;  brother  of 
Henry  Danckerts  [q.  v.]  ;  dean  of  the  guild  of  St.  Luke 
at  the  Hague,  1650-2  ;  painted  historical  subjects. 

[xiv.  14] 

DANDRLDGE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (/».  1750),  portrait- 
painter,  [xiv.  15] 

DANELL,  JAMES  (1821-1881),  Roman  catholic  bishop 
of  Southwark  ;  canon  of  Southwark,  1867  ;  vicar-general 
of  the  diocese,  1862 ;  D.D. ;  bishop,  1871.  [xiv.  15] 

DANETT,  THOMAS  (fl.  1566-1601),  translator  of 
De  Oommines's '  Historic,'  1601,  and  part  of  Guicciardini, 
1593.  [xiv.  15] 

DANFORTH,  THOMAS  (1622-1699),  magistrate  in 
New  England ;  taken  to  America  by  his  father,  1634 ; 
deputy-governor  of  Massachusetts,  1679-86  ;  president  of 
Maine,  1681-6  ;  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  old  charter  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  treasurer  and  benefactor  of  Harvard  College. 

[xiv.  15] 

DANGERFLELD,  THOMAS  (1650  ?-1685),  false  wit- 
ness ;  rambled  over  Europe ;  coiner  in  England  ;  escaped 
from  prison  and  was  outlawed,  1675 ;  befriended  by  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Cellier  [q.  v.]  ,  •  the  popish  midwife,1  1679  ;  re- 
vealed  an  apocryphal  plot  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  to 
Charles  II,  1679 ;  appeared  against  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Cellier, 
1680 ;  supported  Gates  as  second  witness  against  the  Earl  of 
Castlemaine,  but  was  discredited,  1680 ;  accused  the  Duke 
of  York  and  others  of  being  privy  to  the  Sham  Plot 
before  the  House  of  Commons,  1680 ;  personated  the  Duke 
of  Monmouth  and  claimed  miraculous  gifts  of  healing, 
1686 ;  convicted  of  perjury,  1685 ;  died  from  a  blow  in- 
flicted by  one  Robert  Frances,  1685.  [xiv.  16] 

DANICAN,  FRANgOIS  ANDRE"  (1726-1795).  [See 
PUIUDOR.] 

DANIEL,  SAINT,  more  correctly  DEINIOL  (d.  684?), 
bishop  of  Bangor ;  founded  numerous  churches  in  Wales 
and  an  abbey  at  Bangor;  bard,  and  one  of  the  'seven 
happy  cousins."  [xiv.  18] 

DANIEL,  or  according  to  Bceda  DANIHEL  (d.  745), 
bishop  of  the  West-Saxons ;  made  Winchester  his  episcopal 
see,  705 ;  literary  coadjutor  of  Baeda  and  correspondent 
of  St.  Boniface.  [xiv.  19] 

DANIEL  A  JEST!  (1572-1649).    [See  FLOYD,  JOHN.] 

DANIEL,  ALEXANDER  (1599-1668),  diarist;  bora 
at  Middleburg,  Walcheren  ;  entered  Lincoln  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1617  ;  left  in  manuscript  a  '  Brief  Chronologicalle  of 
Letters  and  Papers  of  and  for  Mine  Own  Family,  1617- 
1668,'  and  '  Meditations.'  [xiv.  20] 

DANIEL,  EDWARD  (d.  1657),  Roman  catholic  di- 
vine ;  entered  the  English  college  at  Douay,  1618 ;  student 
and,  in  1640,  D.D.  of  Don  Pedro  Continho's  recently 
founded  college  at  Lisbon  ;  president  of  the  college,  1642- 
1648;  regent  of  the  Douay  college,  1651:  dean  of  the 
chapter  in  England,  1653  ;  author  of  '  Meditations,'  1649. 

[xiv.  21] 

DANIEL,  GEORGE,  of  BESWICK  (1616-1667),  cavalier 
poet;  wrote  a  panegyric  'To  the  Memorie  of  the  best 
Dramaticke  English  Poet,  Ben  Jonson,'  1638;  author  of 
'Trinarchodia,'  1649,  '  Idyllia,'  1660,  and  'Scattered 
Fancies,'  1646.  [xiv.  21  ] 


DANIEL,  GEORGE  (1789-1864),  miscellaneous  writer 

and  book-collector;    engaged  through  life  in  business; 

j  published  in  early  life  squibs  on  royal  scandals,  some  of 

I  which  were  suppressed ;  satirised  contemporary  poetasters 

I  in  'The  Modern  Dunciad,1  1814  ;  friend  of  Charles  Lamb 

iiml  Robert  Bloomfield;  edited  John  Cumberland's  '  Bri- 

!  tiah  Theatre,'  1823-31,  and  Davison's  'Actable  Drama'; 

I  wrote  two  farces  for  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  and  humorous 

j  and  religious  poems.     At  his  residence,  18  Canonbury 

i  Square,  London,  he  brought  together  a  splendid  collection 

of  Elizabethan  books,  black-letter  ballads,  and  theatrical 

|  curiosities,  which  were  dispersed  at  his  death,  [xiv.  22] 

DANIEL,  HENRY  (^.  1379),  Dominican  friar ;  left 
manuscripts  of  medical  and  natural  science,  [xiv.  24] 

DANIEL,  JOHN  (fl.  1625),  musician ;  brother  of 
Samuel  Daniel  [q.  v.]  :  Mus.  Bac.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1604 ;  inspector  of  the  children  of  the  queen's  revels,  1618  ; 
published  'Songs  for  the  Lute,  Viol,  and  Voice,'  1606. 

[xiv.  25] 

DANIEL,  JOHN  (1745-1823),  last  president  of  the 
English  college,  Douay ;  president,  1792 ;  imprisoned  at 
Arras  and  Donrlens,  1792 ;  permitted  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, 1795  ;  founded  Ushaw  College,  1795.  [xiv.  24] 

DANIEL,  NEHEMIAS  (d.  1609  7).    [See  DONKLLAN.] 

DANIEL,  ROBERT  MACKENZIE  (1814-1847), 
novelist ;  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and 
Edinburgh  University  ;  editor  of  the  '  Court  Journal,'  and 
of  the  '  Jersey  Herald,'  1845-6 ;  author  of  society  novels. 

[xiv.  25] 

DANIEL,  SAMUEL  (1562-1619),  poet ;  entered  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1579 ;     tutor  to  William    Herbert, 
third  earl  of  Pembroke;  published  'Delia,'  collection  of 
sonnets,  1592, '  The  Complaynt  of  Rosamond,'  narrative 
poem,   1592,  and  'Cleopatra,'  a  tragedy  in  the  style  of 
Seneca,  1594 ;  advised  by  Spenser,  who  admired  his  love 
poems,  to  attempt  tragedy,  1595  ;  published  '  Musopbilus, 
or  A  General  Defence  of  Learning,'  a  poem  of   great 
•  beauty,  1599 ;  maintained,  against  Campion,  the  fitness 
'  of  the  English  language  for  rhyme,  1602 ;  produced  a 
I  tragedy  on  the  story  of  Philotas,  which  he  had  to  defend 
against  the  charge  of  covertly  apologising  for  Essex's  re- 
I  bellion,  1605:  issued  a  new  edition  of  his  'Civill  Warres' 
I  (of  York  and  Lancaster),  extended  to  eight  books,  1609 ; 
\  issued  a  history  of  England  in  prose,  1612-17 ;  composed 
numerous  masques  for  court  festivities,  including  '  Tethys 
Festival,'  1610,  and  '  Hymen's  Triumph,'  1615 ;  inspector 
of  the  children  of  the  queen's  revels,  1615-18.    His  poems 
were  sharply  criticised  by  Ben  Jonson,  with  whom  he  was 
'  at  jealousies,'  but  praised  for  their '  sweetness  of  ryming ' 
by  Drummond  of  Hawthornden,  and  for  their  purity  of 
language  by  Sir  John  Harington.  [xiv.  25] 

DANIEL,  THOMAS  (1720-1779).    [See  WEST.] 

DANIEL  or  O'DOMHNULLL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1628), 
1  archbishop  of  Tuam ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1593  ;  M.A.,  1596  ;  D.D.,  1602  ;  translated  the  New  Testa- 
ment into  Irish,  1602 ;  translated  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  into  Irish,  1608 ;  archbishop  of  Tuam,  1609 ;  privy 
councillor  of  Ireland,  1611 ;  repaired  Tuam  Cathedral, 
1612.  [xiv.  31] 

DANIEL,  WILLIAM  BARKER  (17537-1833),  sport- 
ing writer:  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1790; 
took  orders ;  published  '  Rural  Sports,'  1801.  [xiv.  32] 

DANIELL,  EDWARD  THOMAS  (1804-1843),  archaeo- 
logist ;  took  orders  ;  died  at  Adalia  in  Syria  while  searching 
for  antiquities  in  Asia  Minor  with  Edward  Forbes  [q.  v.]  ; 
sketches  by  him  preserved  in  British  Museum. 

[xix.  389] 

DANIELL,    JOHN    FREDERIC    (1790-1845),    phy- 
]  sicist;  F.R.S.,1813;  invented  Dauiell's  hygrometer,  1820 ; 
published '  Meteorological  Essays,'  1823 ;  constructed  water 
barometer  for  Royal  Society,  1830 :  professor  of  chemistry, 
,  King's  College,  London,  1831-45    invented  DanieU's  con- 
stant battery;  Copley  medallist,  1836;    member  of  ad- 
miralty commission  on  best  way  of  protecting  ships  from 
lightning,  1839 ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1842.  [xiv.  33] 

DANLELL,  SAMUEL  (1775-1811X    artist   and    tra- 
veller ;  secretary  and  draughtsman  on  a  mission  for  ex- 
ploring Bechuanaland,  1801 :  died  in  Ceylon  ;  exhibited 
1  landscapes  at  the  Society  of  Artists  and  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy :  author  of  books  of  travel.  [xiv.  33] 


DANIELL 


318 


DARCY 


DANIELL,  THOMAS  (1749-1840),  landscape-painter : 
went  to  India  with  his  nephew,  William  Daniell  [q.  v.], 
1784  ;  R.A.,  1799  ;  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  and  F.S.A. ;  published 
books  of  views,  including  '  Oriental  Scenery,'  1808,  'Views 
in  Egypt,'  and  '  A  Picturesque  Voyage  to  China.' 

[xiv.  34] 

DANIELL,  WILLIAM  (1769-1837),  landscape- 
painter  :  visited  India,  1784  ;  returned  to  England,  1794  : 
R.A.,  1822;  exhibited  Indian  and  British  views,  1795- 
1837 ;  author,  among  other  works,  of  '  Zoography '  (with 
William  Wood),  and  a  '  Picturesque  Voyage  to  India.' 

[xiv.  34] 

DANIELL,  WILLIAM  FREEMAN  (1818-1865), 
botanist ;  M.R.C.S.,  1841  ;  M.D. ;  assistant-surgeon  to 
army  on  coast  of  West  Africa,  where  he  made  a  study  of 
the  frankincense  tree ;  published '  Medical  Topography  and 
Native  Diseases  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,'  1849  ;  Phrynium 
Danielli  and  Daniellia  named  after  him.  [xiv.  35] 

DANNELEY,  JOHN  FELTHAM  (1786-1834?), 
musician ;  teacher  of  music  at  Ipswich,  1812 ;  organist  at 
St.  Mary-of-the-Tower,  Ipswich ;  best  known  work, '  An 
Encyclopaedia  or  Dictionary  of  Music,'  1825.  [xiv.  35] 

DANSEY,  WILLIAM  (1792-1856),  canon  of  Salisbury ; 
Stapledon  scholar,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1811 ;  M.A., 
1817  :  Med.  Bac.,  1818 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1841-56  ; 
translated  '  Arrian  on  Coursing,'  1831,  and  wrote  '  Horae 
Decanicae  Rurales,'  1835.  [xiv.  35] 

DANSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1694),  nonconformist  divine ; 
chaplain  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1648;  B.A. 
and  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1649 ;  M.A. ; 
minister  at  Sandwich,  Kent ;  ejected,  1660 ;  ejected  from 
the  living  of  Sibton,  Suffolk,  1662;  wrote' largely  against 
the  quakers  and  in  defence  of  predestination,  [xiv.  36] 

DANVERS,  SIR  CHARLES  (1568 ?-1601),  soldier; 
knighted  by  Lord  Willoughby  in  the  Netherlands,  1588 ; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1590;  outlawed  with  his  brother,  Henry 
Danvers,  earl  of  Danby  [q.  v.],  who  had  killed  one  Henry 
Long  in  a  duel;  fled  to  France ;  pardoned,  1598  ;  colonel 
under  Essex  in  Ireland,  1699 ;  beheaded  for  complicity  in 
Essex's  rebellion,  1601,  in  which  he  was  probably  induced 
to  engage  through  his  intimacy  with  Henry  Wriothesley, 
earl  of  Southampton.  [xiv.  36] 

DANVERS,  HENRY,  EARL  OP  DANBY  (1573-1644), 
statesman ;  accompanied  Sir  Philip  Sidney  to  the  Low 
Countries  as  his  page  ;  commanded  under  Maurice,  count 
of  Nassau,  1591  ;  killed  one  Henry  Long,  who  had  chal- 
lenged his  brother,  Sir  Charles  Danvers  [q.  v.],  in  a  duel, 
or,  according  to  another  account,  without  provocation, 
1594 ;  escaped  to  France  with  his  brother ;  pardoned,  1598 ; 
sergeant-major-general  of  the  army  in  Ireland,  1602; 
created  Baron  Danvers  of  Dauntsey,  Wiltshire,  1603  ;  lord 
president  of  Minister,  1607-15  ;  governor  of  Guernsey, 
1621-44;  created  Earl  of  Danby,  1626;  privy  councillor, 
1628;  K.G.,  1633 ;  commissioner  of  the  regency,  1641;  esta- 
blished the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Oxford  in  1622.  [xiv.  37] 

DANVERS,  HENRY  (d.  1687),  anabaptist  and  poli- 
tician ;  colonel  in  the  parliament  army  and  governor  of 
Stafford;  placed  under  arrest  for  supposed  conspiracy 
against  Cromwell's  life,  1657  ;  published  a  seditious  libel 
about  the  death  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  1684  ;  undertook  to 
raise  London  in  favour  of  Monmouth,  but  deserted  his 
leader,  1685  ;  died  at  Utrecht ;  author  of  'Theopolis,'  1672, 
and  some  other  treatises  of  anabaptist  theology. 

[xiv.  39] 

DANVERS,  SIR  JOHN  (1688  ?-1655),  regicide; 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Danvers  [q.  v.] ;  laid  out  Italian 
garden  at  Chelsea ;  knighted  by  James  I ;  M.P.  for  Oxford 
University,  1625,  1626,  1628,  and  1639 ;  colonel  in  the  par- 
liament army,  1642 ;  M.P.,  Malmesbury,  1645 ;  signed 
death-warrant  of  Charles  1, 1649  ;  member  of  the  council 
of  state,  1649-53.  [xiv.  40] 

DANVERS,  alia*  VII.LIERS,  aliat  WRIGHT,  ROBERT, 
called  VISCOUNT  PURBEOK  (1621  ?-1674),  Fifth-monarchy 
man:  natural  son  of  Frances,  daughter  of  Sir  Edward 
Coke,  and  wife  of  Sir  John  Villiere,  viscount  Purbeck ; 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Dauvers  [q.  v.], 
assuming  her  surname ;  M.P.  for  Westbury,  Wiltshire, 
1659 ;  expelled  from  the  House  of  Commons  for  delin- 
quency, 1659 ;  M.P.  for  Malmesbury,  1660 ;  imprisoned  for 
the  expression  of  republican  principles,  1660 ;  surrendered 
his  title  of  viscount,  1660;  became  a  Fifth-monarchy 
man  ;  died  an  exile  in  France.  [xiv.  41] 


D'ARBLAY,  FRANCES  (1752-1840).  [See  ARBLAY, 
FRANCES  (BURNEY),  MADAME  D'.] 

DARBY,  ABRAHAM  (1677-1717),  iron  manufacturer ; 
founded  the  Baptist  Mills  Brass  Works  at  Bristol ; 
patented  a  method  of  casting  iron-ware  in  sand,  1708 ; 
dissolved  connection  with  the  Baptist  Mills,  1709,  and 
leased  furnace  at  Coalbrookdale,  Shropshire,  [xiv.  42] 

DARBY,  ABRAHAM  (1711-1768),  manager  of  iron- 
works; son  of  Abraham  Darby  (1677-1717)  [q.  v.] ; 
devised,  when  manager  of  the  Coalbrookdale  Ironworks, 
a  method  of  smeltinj  iron  ore  by  the  use  of  coke. 

[xiv.  42] 

DARBY,  ABRAHAM  (1750-1791),  manager  of  iron- 
works; son  of  Abraham  Darby  (1711-1763)  [q.  v.] ; 
manager  of  the  Coalbrookdale  Ironworks ;  built  across 
the  Severn  at  Coalbrookdale  the  first  iron  bridge  ever  con- 
structed (opened, 1779).  [xiv.  43] 

DARBY,  GEORGE  (d.  1790),  vice-admiral ;  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  1742 ;  served  at  reduction  of  Martinique, 
1761;  vice-admiral,  1779;  commander-in-chief,  1780; 
admiralty  lord,  1780;  relieved  Gibraltar,  1781;  rear- 
admiral  of  Great  Britain,  1781.  [xiv.  43] 

DARBY,  JOHN  NELSON  (1800-1882),  Plymouth 
brother  and  founder  of  the  Darbyites  ;  educated  at  West- 
minster ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819  ;  resigned 
curacy  and  joined  Plymouth  brethren,  1827 ;  founded  the 
Darbyites,  or  exclusive  party  among  the  Plymouth 
brethren,  1847 ;  visited  Canada,  Germany,  New  Zealand, 
the  West  Indies,  France,  and  the  United  States  ;  published 
devotional  and  controversial  works.  [xiv.  43] 

DARBYSHLRE,  THOMAS  (1518-1604),  Jesuit ;  B.A. 
Broadgates  Hall  (Pembroke  College),  Oxford,  1544  ;  D.O.L., 
1556  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1543 ;  chancellor 
of  the  diocese  of  London  ;  deprived  of  numerous  livings  at 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth ;  obtained  decree  from  council  of 
Trent  against  temporising  with  the  protestants  ;  became 
a  Jesuit  at  Rome,  1563 ;  sent  on  a  mission  to  Scotland ; 
professed  father  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  1572;  died  at 
Pont-a-Mousson  in  Lorraine.  [xiv.  44] 

DARCY  or  DARCIE,  ABRAHAM  (fl.  1625),  author  ; 
native  of  Geneva ;  his  works  include  '  The  Honour  of 
Ladies,'  a  prose  treatise,  1622.  [xiv.  45] 

DARCY,  JOHN  (d.  1347),  baron  ;  sheriff  of  Notting- 
ham, Derby,  and  Yorkshire ;  lord  justice  of  Ireland  ; 
fought  in  Scotland,  1333,  in  France,  1346,  and  in  Flanders ; 
ambassador  to  Scotland  and  France,  1337.  [xiv.  46] 

DARGY,  PATRICK  (1598-1668),  Irish  politician; 
member  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  Dublin  parlia- 
ment, 1640 ;  member  of  the  supreme  council  of  con- 
federated catholics  at  Kilkenny  during  the  revolt,  1641  ; 
maintained  exclusive  right  of  Irish  parliament  to  legislate 
for  Ireland,  1641.  [xiv.  46]  . 

D'ARCY,  PATRICK,  COUNT  (1725-1779),  marechal- 
de-camp  in  the  French  army;  studied  mathematics  in 
France  ;  captured  by  the  English  while  on  expedition  to 
assist  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745 ;  treated  as  French 
prisoner  of  war ;  captain  under  Conde,  1749 ;  fought  as 
colonel  at  Rosbach,  1757 ;  marechal-de-camp,  1770 ;  wrote 
against  Maupertuis's  '  principle  of  least  action,'  1750,  and 
on  artillery,  1760.  [xiv.  46] 

D'AROY,  ROBERT,  fourth  EARL  OF  HOLDERNESS 
(1718-1778),  diplomatist;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  lord-lieutenant  of  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1740  ;  ambassador  to  Venice,  1744-6 ; 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  Hague,  1749-51 ;  secretary 
of  state,  1751-61 ;  privy  councillor,  1761 ;  dismissed  for 
party  reasons,  1761.  [xiv.  47] 

DARCY,  THOMAS,  BARON  DARCY  (1467-1537), 
statesman  and  rebel  leader ;  served  in  the  army  of 
Henry  VII,  1492;  pursued  James  IV  on  his  retreat 
into  Scotland,  1497  ;  captain  of  Berwick,  1498 ;  constable 
and  marshal  of  England  to  punish  Perkin  Warbeck's 
following,  1600 ;  warden  of  the  east  marches,  1505 ;  named 
Baron  Darcy,  1505 ;  K.G.,  1509  ;  volunteered  to  aid  Ferdi- 
nand of  Spain  against  the  Moors,  but  returned  to  England 
as  his  services  were  not  wanted,  1611 ;  raided  Scottish 
borders,  1523 ;  at  first  approved,  but  subsequently,  1632, 
opposed  Henry  VIII's  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragou  ; 
began  to  intrigue  with  Chapuys,  the  imperial  ambassador, 
1634 ;  surrendered  Pomfret  Castle  to  the  insurgents  of 
the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  ostensibly  of  necessity,  1636 ; 


DARELL, 


319 


DARWIN 


by  Henry  VIII  as  a  rebel  leader,  but  pardoned 
consideration  of  his  efforts  for  the  suppression  of  Sir 
incis  Bipod's  rebellion,  1537  ;  betrayed  by  a  treasonable 

letter  to  Robert  Aske,    1537,  which    was    intercepted; 

beheaded,  1537.  [riv.  49] 

DARELL  or  DORELL,    WILLIAM  (d.   1580),  anti- 

ny  ;  M. A.  Corpus Ohristi College, Cambridge;  ciiiiplnin 
}ueen    Elizabeth ;    sub-dean   of    Canterbury,    1560 ; 
chancellor  of  Bangor,  1665-70;  prebendary  of  Lichfield, 
1568  ;  author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  Kentish  castles. 

[xiv.  53] 

DARGAN,  WILLIAM  (1799-1867),  Irish  railway  pro- 
jector ;  constructed  the  Ulster  canal  and  the  chief  Irish 
railways ;  declined  a  baronetcy,  1853.  [xiv.  54] 

BARLEY,  GEORGE  (1795-1846),  poet  and  mathe- 
matician ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1820;  travelled 
in  Italy,  and  wrote  for  the  '  Athenaeum*  on  Italian  art; 
edited  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  1840,  and  drew  up  mathe- 
matical works  for  Taylor's  series  of  scientific  treatises. 
His  chief  works  were  '  Nepenthe,'  a  poem,  1839, '  Sylvia,' 
1827,  '  The  Labours  of  Idleness,'  1826,  and  two  tragedies. 

[xiv.  55] 

DARLEY,  JOHN  RICHARD  (1799-1884),  bishop  of 
Kilmore,  Elphin,  and  Ardagh;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1827  ;  D.D.,  1875  ;  head-master  of  the  grammar 
School  of  Dundalk,  1826,  and  of  the  royal  school  of  Dun- 
gannon,  1831;  bishop,  1874;  published  'The  Grecian 
Drama,'  1840,  and  '  Homer,'  1848.  [xiv.  56] 

DARLING,  Sm  CHARLES  HENRY  (1809-1870), 
colonial  administrator;  military  secretary  in  the  West 
Indies,  1833-6,  in  Jamaica,  1836-9  ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
St.  Lucia,  1847,  of  Cape  Colony,  1851 ;  governor  of  New- 
foundland ;  captain-general  of  Jamaica,  1857 ;  governor 
of  Victoria,  1863 ;  K.C.B.,  1865  ;  recalled  from  Victoria, 
1866.  [xiv.  56] 

DARLING,  GEORGE  (1782  ?-1862),  physician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh ;  L.R.O.P. ;  published  anonymously 
4  An  Essay  on  Medical  Economy,'  1814.  [xiv.  57] 

DARLING,  GRACE  HORSLEY  (1815-1842),  heroine ; 
daughter  of  a  lighthouse-keeper  on  the  Fame  islands; 
rescued  four  men  and  a  woman  from  the  wreck  of  the 
Forfarshire  steamboat,  1838.  [xiv.  57] 

DARLING,  JAMES  (1797-1862),  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher ;  founded  Metropolitan  Library,  1839  ;  brought  out 
in  two  volumes  '  Cyclopaedia  Bibliographica,'  1854, 1859. 

[xiv.  58] 

DARLING,  SIR  RALPH  (1775-1858),  general ;  assisted 
in  suppressing  negro  insurrection  in  Grenada,  1793; 
lieutenant,  1795;  commanded  51st  regiment  in  Spain, 
1808 ;  deputy  adjutant-general  in  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809;  lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1825  ;  incurred  much  unpopularity  in  consequence 
of  excessive  severity  to  two  soldiers  who  had  committed 
larceny  with  a  view  to  getting  their  discharge,  1826; 
alleged  to  have  been  influenced  by  favouritism  in  disposal 
of  crown  lands ;  recalled,  1831 ;  acquitted  by  a  parlia- 
mentary committee  and  knighted,  1835 ;  general,  1841. 

[xiv.  68] 

DARLING,  WILLIAM  (1802-1884),  anatomist; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  the  University  Medical  School, 
New  York,  being  in  the  latter  professor  of  anatomy,  1862- 
1884 ;  M.R.C.S.,  1856  ;  published  anatomical  works. 

[xiv.  61] 

DARLINGTON,  third  EARL  OF  (1766-1812).  [See 
VANE,  WILLIAM  HARRY.] 

DARLINGTON,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1284),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  and  theologian;  Dominican  friar;  assisted  in 
preparing  an  edition  of  the  «  Concordances '  of  Hugh  of 
Saint-Cher  ;  member  of  Henry  Ill's  council,  1256 ;  sided 
with  Henry  III  against  the  barons  ;  helped  to  formulate 
provisions  of  Oxford,  1258  ;  obtained  for  Edward  I  from 
Pope  Nicholas  III  the  tenth  of  ecclesiastical  revenue 
assigned  for  crusading  purposes  by  the  council  of  Lyons, 
1278,  collecting  it  with  difficulty  ;  consecrated  archbishop 


of  Dublin,  1279. 


[xiv.  61] 


DARLUGDACH,  SAINT  (<f.  522),  second  abbess  of 
Kildare,  and  St.  Brigit's  favourite  pupil.  [xiv.  63] 

DARLY,  MATTHEW  (/.  1778),  engraver,   carica- 
turist, and  artists'  colonrman.  [xiv.  63] 


DARNALL,  SIK  JOHN,  the  elder  (d.  1706),  lawyer ; 
clerk  to  the  parliament  during  Oliver  Cromwell's  Pro- 
tectorate ;  king's  Serjeant,  1698  ;  knighted,  1B99. 

[xiv.  63] 

DARNALL,  SIR  JOHN,  the  younger  (1672-1735). 
serjeant-at-law  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Darnall  (d.  1706)  [q.  T.]  : 
serjeant-at-law,  1714 ;  knighted,  1724 ;  ruled  that  George  I 
was  entitled  to  the  custody  of  his  grandchildren  equally 
with  his  subjects,  1717.  [xiv.  64] 

DARNELL,  GEORGE  (1798-1857),  master  of  a  day 
school  at  Islington  ;  started  a  series  of  copybooks,  r.  1840. 

[xiv.  64] 

DARNELL,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1640  ?),  patriot ;  created 
baronet,  1621;  imprisoned  for  having  refused  to  subscribe 
to  the  forced  loan  of  1627 ;  released  from  custody,  1628. 

[xiv.  66] 

DARNELL,  WILLIAM  NICHOLAS  (1776-1866), 
theological  writer  and  antiquary ;  fellow  and  tutor, 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1800 ;  BJX,  1808  ; 
F.S.A.,  1804;  university  examiner,  1801,  1803,  1804; 
select  preacher,  1807:  prebendary  of  Durham,  1816-31: 
published  some  sermons  and  an  edition  of  the  '  Book  of 
Wisdom';  author  of  'The  King  of  the  Picte  and  St 
Cuthbert,'  a  well-known  ballad.  [xiv.  65] 

DARNLEY,  EARL  OF  (1545-1567).  [See  STEWART, 
HENRY.] 

DARRAGOTT,  RISDON  (1717-1759),  independent 
minister ;  pastor  at  Penzance,  1738-9  ;  at  Wellington, 
Somerset,  1741-59  ;  published  'Scripture  Marks  of  Salva- 
tion,' 1755  or  1756.  [xiv.  66] 

DARREL,  JOHN  (/.  1562-1602),  exorcist;  B.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1579 ;  preacher  at  Mansfield ; 
i  prohibited  from  preaching  by  reason  of  his  exorcist 
impostures,  1598 ;  imprisoned  by  an  episcopal  commis- 
sion, 1599.  [xiv.  67] 

DARRELL,  THOMAS  (ft.  1572),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  educated  at  New  College,  Oxford ;  D.D.  Douay, 
1572  ;  chaplain  to  a  French  bishop.  [xiv.  67] 

DARRELL,  WILLIAM  (1651-1721),  Jesuit,  1671; 
procurator  of  the  province  in  Paris,  1696  and  1712 : 
professor  of  casuistry  at  Liege ;  rector  of  the  college, 
1708-12;  chief  works,  'A  Vindication  of  St.  Ignatius 
(Loyola)  from  Phanaticism,'  1688,  and  a  treatise  'Of 
the  Real  Presence,'  1721.  [xiv.  68] 

DART,  JOHN  (d.  1730),  antiquary  ;  curate  of  Yateley, 
Hampshire,  1728-30;  author  of  'History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Canterbury,'  1726,  and 
'  Westmonasterium '  (published  1742).  [xiv.  68] 

DART,  JOSEPH  HENRY  (1817-1887),  conveyancer  ; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1841 ;  Newdigate  prize- 
man ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1841  ;  senior  conveyancing 
counsel  to  the  high  court  of  justice,  1875-86  ;  published 
'  Compendium  of  the  Law  relating  to  Real  Estate,'  1851. 

[xiv.  69] 

DARTIQUENAVE,   CHARLES  (1664-1737),  epicure 

and  humorist ;  probably  of  French  descent ;  paymaster 

of  the  royal  works,  surveyor-general  of  the  king's  gardens, 

and  (1731)  surveyor  of  the  king's  private  roads  ;  referred 

I  to  by  Swift  as  a  punster,  and  by  Pope  as  an  epicure. 

[xiv.  69] 

DARTMOUTH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LEGGE,  WILLIAM, 
first  EARL,  1672-1750;  LEGGE,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL, 
1731-1801 ;  LEGGE,  GEORGE,  third  EARL,  1755-1810.] 

DARTMOUTH,  first  BARON  (1648-1691).  [See 
LEGGE,  GEORGE.] 

DARTON,    NICHOLAS   (1603-1649  ?),  divine  ;  B.A. 
;  Exeter   College,    Oxford,    1622 ;    incumbent   of   Kilsby, 
I  Northamptonshire,  1628-45;    author  of  the  'True  and 
Absolute  Bishop,'  1641.  [xiv.  70] 

DARUSMONT,  FRANCES,  better  known  by  her 
maiden  name  of  FRANCES  WRIGHT  (1796-1862),  philan- 
thropist ;  friend  of  Lafayette ;  formed  a  settlement  of 
negro  slaves  in  the  state  of  Tennessee,  hoping  that  they 
would  work  out  their  liberty,  but  failed,  1824 :  conducted 
a  socialistic  journal  in  Indiana  with  the  assistance  of 
Robert  Dale  Owen;  one  of  the  original  advocates  of 
female  suffrage.  [xiv.  70] 

DARWIN,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1809-1883),  natu- 
ralist ;  grandson  of  Erasmus  Darwin  [q.  T.]  ;  educated  at 
Shrewsbury,  Edinburgh  University,  and  Christ's  College, 


DARWIN 


320 


D'ATJVERGNE 


Cambridge;  embarked  as  naturalist,  by  invitation  of 
Captain  Fitz  Roy,  on  board  the  Beagle,  bound  for  South 
America  on  a  scientific  expedition,  1831  ;  worked  at  South 
American  geology :  returned  to  Knelaml,  1836  ;  published 
'  Zoology  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,'  1840 ;  secretary  to 
•mphical  Society,  1838-41;  wrote 'The  Volcanic 
Islands,'  1844,  and  other  works  in  retirement  necessitated 
by  ill- health :  first  gave  definite  written  shape  to  his 
theory  of  evolution  by  natural  selection,  1844 ;  induced  by 
his  friend  Lyell,  the  geologist,  to  write  out  the  results  of 
his  experiments,  1856 ;  received  a  manuscript  from  the 
naturalist,  A.  R.  Wallace,  containing  a  theory  of  the  origin 
of  species  identical  with  his  own,  1868 ;  published 
Wallace's  es^ay  and  a  letter  of  his  own,  addressed  to  Dr. 
Asa  Gray,  in  1857,  containing  a  sketch  of  his  theory  ;  pro- 
duced •  Origin  of  Species,'  1859:  developed  theory  of 
Pangenesis  in  his  '  Variation  of  Animals  and  Plants 
under  Domestication,'  1868 :  published  '  The  Descent  of 
Man,'  1871,  and  'The  Expression  of  the  Emotions  in 
Man  and  Animals,'  1872;  elaborated  a  paper  which  he 
had  read  before  the  Geological  Society  in  1838  into  a  book 
on  the  'Formation  of  Vegetable  Mould  through  the 
action  of  Worms,'  1881.  In  the  domain  of  botany  he 
resuscitated  Sprengel's  theory  of  the  fertilisation  of  plants 
in  his  '  Fertilisation  of  Orchids,*  1862  (supplemented 
by  his  « Effects  of  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,'  1876),  and 
published  'The  Movements  and  Habits  of  Climbing  j 
Plants,'  1864, '  Different  Forms  of  Flowers '  (the  latter  | 
being  an  investigation  of  heterostyled  plants),  1877, 
'Insectivorous  Plants,'  1875,  and 'The  Power,  of  Move-  I 
inent  in  Plants,'  in  which  was  formulated  his  theory  of  | 
circumnutation,  1880.  In  1879  he  wrote  a  biography  of 
Erasmus  Darwin  for  Dr.  E.  Krause's  '  Essay.'  [xiv.  72] 

DARWIK,  ERASMUS (1731-1802), physician:  Exeter  ! 
scholar,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  B. A.,  1754;  M.B., 
1755 ;    corresponded  with  Rousseau ;   established  a  dis- 
pensary  at    Lichfield    and   founded   the    Philosophical  i 
Society  at  Derby,  1784  ;  declined  invitation  of  George  III  j 
to  become  his  physician  ;  formed  botanical  garden  near 
Lichfield,  1778;    published    'The  Loves  of  the  Plants,' 
1789,  and  the  '  Economy  of  Vegetation,'  1792,  both  form-  i 
ing  parts  of  his  poetic  work, '  Botanic  Garden,'  and  wrote 
4  The  Temple  of  Nature,  or  the  Origin  of  Society '  (pub- 
lished, 1803).     He  was  also  the  author  of  a  few  prose 
works,  maintaining  a  form  of  evolutionism  which  was 
subsequently  expounded  by  Lamarck.  [xiv.  84] 

DASENT,  SIR  GEORGE  WEBBE  (1817-1896),  Scan-  ! 
dinavian  scholar ;  born  in  St.  Vincent ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1843: 
D.O.L.,  1852  ;  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Cartwright  [q.  v.]  ; 
British  envoy  at  Stockholm,  1840-5 ;  studied  Scandina- 
vian literature  and  mythology ;  assistant  editor  of  the 
'  Times,'  1845-70  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1852 : 
professor  of  English  literature  and  modern  history  at  ' 
King's  College,  London,  1853  ;  civil  service  commissioner, 
1870-92;  knighted,  1876;  commissioner  of  historical 
manuscripts,  1870.  He  published  many  translations  from 
Norse,  including '  Popular  Tales  from  Norse,'  1859,  the 
'  Story  of  Burnt  NjaL'  1861,  and  'The  Story  of  Gisli  the 
Outlaw,'  1866,  besides  various  essays  and  other  writings. 

[Snppl.  ii.  Ill] 

DASHWOOD,    FRANCIS,    BAKOX    LK    DESPKNCKK 
(1708-1781),  chancellor  of  the  exchequer;    son  of    Sir 
Francis  Dash  wood,  baronet,  whom  he  succeeded,  1724  : 
lived  riotous  life  on  continent:    entered    household  of 
Frederick  Lewis,  prince  of  Wales ;  leading  member  of 
Dilettanti    Society,  173G,    and  was  arch-master,   1746; 
M.P.  for  New  Romney,  1741,  1747,  and  1754,  and  for 
Weymonth  and  Melcombe  Regis,  1761  and  1762  :  F.R.S., 
1746;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1749;  founded  'Hell-fire  Club,' or  ; 
society  of  the  monks  of  Medmenham  Abbey,  e  1756  :  first  | 
colonel  of  Buckinghamshire  militia,  1757 :  chancellor  of  j 
exchequer,  1762-3:  keeper  of  wardrobe,  1763:  succeeded,  ! 
as  fifteenth  Baron  Le  Despencer,  his  uncle,  John  Fane,  I 
seventh  earl  of  Westmorland  and  fourteenth  baron  Le 
Despencer,  1763  ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1770-81. 

[Suppl.  ii.  112] 

DASHWOOD,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1801-1869),  anti- 
quary ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1825  :  FA  A., 
1844:  vicar  of  Stow  Bardolph,  1852;  wrote  on  the 
archeology  and  antiquities  of  Norfolk.  [xiv.  87] 

DASSIER,  JAMES  ANTHONY  (1716-1759),  medal-  j 
list :  son  of  John  Dassier  [q.  v.] ;  appointed  assistant- 
engraver  to  the  English  mint,  1741 ;  worked  on  the  coin-  ! 


age  of  Elizabeth  of  Russia,  c.  1756  ;  struck  medals  of  Pope 
Clement  XII  and  the  most  distinguished  Englishmen  of 
the  time.  [xiv.  87] 

DASSIER,  JOHN  (1676-1763),  medallist;  born  at 
Geneva  :  employed  at  the  Geneva  mint ;  member  of  the 
Geneva  council  of  Two  Hundred,  1738 :  issued  numerous 
sets  of  medals,  including  a  series  of  celebrated  men  of  the 
age  of  Louis  XIV,  1720,  and  a  series  of  English  sovereigns 
( William  I  to  George  II),  1731.  [xiv.  88] 

D'ASSIGNY,  MARIUS  (1643-1717),  author  and 
translator;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1668;  translated  Drelin- 
ooott'i '  Ohristian'fl  Defence,'  1701,  and  Pierre  Gautruche's 
'  Histoire  Poetique,'  adding  two  appendices  of  his  own  on 
Roman  curiosities  and  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  respec- 
tively, 1671  ;  published  also  theological  works. 

[xiv.  89] 

DASTIN,  DA8TYN,  or  DAUSTIN,  JOHN  (Jl.  1320), 
alchemist ;  correspondent  of  Pope  John  XXII  and  Car- 
dinal Adrian  of  Naples :  left  in  manuscript  a  '  Rosarium  * 
and  a  'Visio  super  Arteni  Alchemicain.'  [xiv.  89] 

DATTBEITEY,  GILES,  first  BAROX  DAUBKNKY  (./. 
1608),  soldier  and  statesman :  commanded  four  men-at- 
arms  and  fifty  archers  under  Edward  IV  in  France,  1475 ; 
fled  to  the  Earl  of  Richmond  in  Brittany  on  the  failure 
of  Buckingham's  rebellion,  and  was  attainted,  1483  ;  privy 
councillor,  1485  :  master  of  the  mint,  1485  :  lieutenant  of 
Calais,  1486  :  created  Baron  Daubeney,  1486  :  K.Q.,  1487: 
arranged  the  fi  rst  treaty  for  the  marriage  of  Prince  Arthur 
with  Catherine  of  Arragon,  1488 ;  took  Ostend,  1489 ;  com- 
mander of  a  force  sent  to  assist  the  Duchess  Anne  in 
Brittany,  1490  ;  negotiated  treaty  of  Etaples,  1492 ;  lord 
chamberlain,  1495  ;  put  down  the  second  rebellion  of 
Perkin  Warbeck  and  the  Cornish  revolt,  1497;  accom- 
panied Henry  VII  to  Calais,  1500.  [xiv.  90] 

DAUBENY,  CHARLES  (1745-1827),  archdeacon  of 
Salisbury :  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1774 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury. 
1784 ;  minister  (1798)  of  Christ  Church,  Walcot,  Bath,  the 
first  free  and  open  church  in  the  country,  to  the  erec- 
tion of  which  he  was  the  chief  subscriber  ;  archdeacon  of 
Salisbury,  1804  :  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1822  ;  author  of  nume- 
rous theological  works,  partly  anticipating  the  tractarian 
movement.  [xiv.  92] 

DATTBENY,  CHARLES  GILES  BRIDLE  (1795-1867), 
chemist  and  botanist :  educated  at  Winchester  and  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford :  B.A.,  1814 ;  lay-fellow  of  Magdalen : 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  1816-18 :  M.D.  Oxford  : 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Oxford,  1822-55  :  professor  of 
botany,  1834,  of  rural  economy,  1840;  F.R.S.;  chief 
works, '  A  Description  of  Active  and  Extinct  Volcanoes,' 
largely  based  on  investigations  in  Auvergne,  1826,  and  an 
'Introduction  to  the  Atomic  Theory,'  1831.  [xiv.  94] 

DATTBUZ,  CHARLES  (1673-1717),  divine;  born  in 
Guienne;  came  to  England,  his  father  having  been 
allowed  to  leave  France  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  1685  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  master  of  Sheffield  grammar 
school,  1696-9 ;  M.A.,  1697 :  vicar  of  Brotherton,  York- 
shire, 1699-1717;  chief  work,  'A  Perpetual  Commentary 
on  the  Revelation  of  St.  John '  (published,  1720). 

[xiv.  95] 

DAUGLISH,  JOHN  (1824-1866),  inventor  of  aerated 
bread :  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  1852  ;  M.D.,  1855 : 
took  out  his  first  patent  for  'an  improved  method  of 
making  bread,'  1856,  silver  medallist  of  the  Society  of 
Arts.  1860.  [xiv.  96] 

DATINCEY  or  DATTUCY,  JOHN  (./I.  1663),  translator 
of  Perefixe's  'Htstoire  de  Henri  le  Grand,'  1663:  pub- 
lished histories  of  Charles  II,  1660,  of  Henrietta  Maria, 
1660,  and  of  Portugal,  1661.  [xiv.  97] 

DAUNT,  ACHILLES  (1832-1878),  dean  of  Cork  :  gold 
medallist  in  classics  at  Dublin,  1863 ;  vicar  of  St.  Matthias, 
Dublin,  1867-78 :  D.D. ;  representative  canon  for  the 
united  diocese  of  Dublin  and  Glendalough ;  dean  of  Cork. 

[xiv.  97] 

DAUS,  JOHN  (fl.  1561),  translator  of  'Sleidanes 
Commentaries,'  1660.  [xiv.  98] 

D'AUVERGNE,  EDWARD  (1660-1737),  military  his- 
torian ;  born  in  Jersey ;  M.A.  Pembroke,  College,  Oxford, 
1686  ;  chaplain  to  the  Scots  guards  in  Flanders,  1691 : 
rector  of  Great  Hallingbury,  1701-37:  published  narra- 
tives of  William  Ill's  campaigns  in  Flanders,  [xiv.  98] 


DAVALL 


321 


DAVIDSON 


DAVALL,  EDMUND  (1763-1798),  botanist ;  F.L.S. ; 
gave  name  to  Davallia  genus  of  ferns ;  resided  at  Orbe, 
Switzerland ;  left  an  unfinished  work  on  the  Swiss  flora. 

[xiv.  99] 

DAVENANT,  CHARLES  (1656-1714),  political 
economist :  son  of  Sir  William  D'Avenant  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1671 ;  M.P.,  St.  Ives,  Cornwall, 
1685;  LL.D. ;  M.P.,  Great  Bedwin,  1698  and  1700;  at- 
tacked the  clergy  in  his  'Essays  upon  the  Ballance  of 
Power,'  1701  ;  secretary  to  the  commissioners  appointed 
to  trwit  for  the  union  with  Scotland,  1702  :  inspector- 
generul  of  imports  and  exports,  1705-14  ;  published  '  An 
Essay  upon  the  Ways  and  Means  of  Supplying  the  War,' 
1695,  and  'An  Essay  on  the  East  India  Trade,'  in 
which,  while  upholding  the  mercantile  system,  he  ques- 
tioned its  applicability  to  this  particular  subject,  1697. 

[xiv.  99] 

DAVENANT,  JOHN  (1576-1641),  bishop  of  Salisbury ; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1597 ;  D.D.,  1609  ; 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1609-21  ;  master  of 
Queens',  1614  ;  represented  the  church  of  England  at  the 
synod  of  Dort,  1618 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1621 ;  accused 
before  Archbishop  Laud  of  Calvinism,  1631 ;  best-known 
work,  a  commentary  on  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Oolos- 
sians,  1631.  [xiv.  101] 

D'AVENANT,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1606-1668),  poet  and 
dramatist ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  earliest  drama  '  The 
Tragedy  of  Alboviue,  King  of  the  Lombards,'  1629 ;  wrote 
masques  for  the  court ;  printed  '  Madagascar  and  other 
Poems,'  1635 ;  published  '  The  Platonick  Lovers '  (tragi- 
comedy), 1636 ;  his  comic  masterpiece,  '  The  Wits,'  acted, 
1633,  published,  1636 ;  poet-laureate,  1638 ;  produced  the 
'  Unfortunate  Lovers,'  1643,  and  '  Love  and  Honour,'  1649, 
in  the  opinion  of  Pepys  '  a  very  good  play ' ;  fled  to  Prance 
when  threatened  by  parliament  with  arrest  on  account  of 
his  active  support  of  Charles  I's  cause,  but  returned ;  was 
knighted  by  Charles  I  (1643)  at  the  siege  of  Gloucester ; 
carried  a  letter  of  advice  from  Henrietta  Maria,  then  in 
France,  to  Charles  1, 1646  ;  sent  by  Henrietta  Maria  on  a 
mission  to  Virginia,  but  was  captured  on  the  way  by  a 
parliament  ship,  1650  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1650-2 ; 
published  (1651)  the  first  edition  of  'Gondibert';  prac- 
tically founded  the  English  opera  by  his  '  Siege  of  Rhodes,' 
1656 ;  opened  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1658  ;  produced  '  The 
Cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  in  Peru,'  1658,  and  '  The  History 
of  Sir  Francis  Drake,'  1659  ;  imprisoned  for  complicity  in 
the  rising  of  Sir  George  Booth  (1622-1684)  [q.  v.],  1659; 
established  the 'Duke's  Theatrical  Company,'  1660,  in  spite 
of  the  opposition  of  Sir  Henry  Herbert,  master  of  the 
revels  ;  in  conjunction  with  Dryden  adapted  Shakespeare's 
'Tempest,'  1667;  produced  versions  of  other  of  Shake- 
speare's plays.  [xiv.  101] 

DAVENANT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1681),  translator;  son 
of  Sir  William  D'Avenant  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1680:  held  a  living  in  Surrey;  translated  into 
English '  Notitia  Historicorum  Selectorum,'  1678 ;  drowned 
In  the  Seine,  1681.  [xiv.  108] 

DAVENPORT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1598-1680),  Fran- 
ciscan ;  better  known  as  FRANCISCUS  A  SANCTA  CLARA  ; 
left  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  went  to  Douay,  1615 ; 
became  a  Franciscan  at  Ypres,  1617  ;  graduated  at  Sala- 
manca ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria ;  gained 
friendship  of  Archbishop  Laud  by  his  liberal  construction  of 
the  Romish  position ;  chaplain  to  Catherine  of  Braganza ; 
chief  work, '  Deus,  Natura,  Gratia,'  1634.  [xiv.  108] 

DAVENPORT,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (1566-1645),  judge ; 
studied  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn, 
1590 :  serjeant-at-law,  1623  ;  knighted,  1624  ;  puisne  judge 
of  common  pleas,  1630-1 ;  president  of  court  of  exchequer,  | 
1631  ;  maintained  legality  of  ship-money,  but  gave  judg-  I 
mi-lit  for  Hampden  on  a  technical  point,  1637  ;  impeached 
by  Long  parliament,  but  passed  over,  1641.     [xiv.  109] 

DAVENPORT,  JOHN  (1597-1670),  puritan  divine ; 
educated  at  Merton  and  Magdalen  colleges,  Oxford ;  M.A. 
and  B.D.,  1625  ;  fled  from  Laud's  hostility  ;  co-pastor  of 
the  English  church  at  Amsterdam,  1G34-5 ;  founded 
colony  of  New  Haven,  Quinnipiac,  1638 ;  argued  against 
the  '  Half  Way  Covenant,'  1662 ;  published  theological 
works.  [xiv.  110] 

DAVENPORT,  MARY  ANN  (1765  ?-1843),  actress ; 
nte  Harvey ;  first  appeared  as  Lappet  in  Fielding's  '  Miser,' 
1784  ;  engaged  at  Oovent  Garden,  1794 ;  most  successful 
in  the  role  of  an  old  woman.  [xiv.  Ill] 


DAVENPORT,  RICHARD  ALFRED  (1777  ?-1852), 
miscellaneous  writer ;  published  '  The  History  of  the 
Bastile,'  1838,  'A  Dictionary  of  Biography,'  1831,  and 
numerous  other  works,  besides  editing  various  British 
poets,  Robertson's  histories,  1824,  Mitford's  'History  of 
Greece,'  1835,  and  Pilkington's  '  Dictionary  of  Painter*,1 
1852  ;  died  from  an  overdose  of  opium.  [xiv.  112] 

DAVENPORT,  ROBERT  (ft.  1623),  poet  and  dra- 
matiBt;  published  'A  Crowne  for  a  Conquerour,'  and 
'  Too  Late  to  call  backe  Yesterday,'  1623  ;  author  of  '  King 
John  and  Matilda*  (tragedy),  published  1655,  'A  New 
Trick  to  Cheat  the  DivelV  1639,  and  '  The  City  Night- 
Cap,'  licensed,  1624.  [xiv.  112] 

DAVENPORT,  SAMUEL  (1T83-1867),  line-engraver ; 
engraved  portraits  for  biographical  works  and  (1828-42) 
plates  for  the  '  Forget-me-not  Annual.'  [xiv.  113] 

DAVERS.    [See  DANVEBS.] 
DAVID.    [See  DAVYDD.] 

DAVID  or  DEWI,  SAINT  (d.  601  ?),  patron  saint  of 
Wales ;  bishop  of  Menevia  (St.  David's) ;  credited  with 
the  foundation  of  monasteries  at  Glastonbury,  Leominster, 
Repton,  Crowland,  Bath,  and  Raglan ;  commemorated 
1  March ;  canonised  by  Pope  Calixtus  in  1120.  [xiv.  113] 

DAVID  (d.  1139  ?),  generally  called  'David  the  Scot,' 
but  probably  of  Welsh  descent ;  teacher  at  WUrzburg  : 
chaplain  to  the  Emperor  Henry  V,  1110  ;  attended  Henry 
in  his  expedition  against  Pope  Paschal  II,  of  which  he 
wrote  an  account,  1110 ;  chosen  bishop  of  Bangor  by  the 
influence  of  Gruff  udd,  king  of  Gwynedd,  1120 ;  took  part 
in  Archbishop  William  of  Oorbeil's  council  at  Westmin- 
ster, 1127.  [xiv.  115] 

DAVID  I  (1084-1153),  king  of  Scotland;  son  of 
Malcolm  Oanmore;  became  an  English  baron  by  his 
marriage  with  Matilda,  countess  of  Northampton  ;  intro- 
duced the  feudal  organisation  into  Cumbria  on  becoming 
its  prince,  1107 ;  king  of  Scotland,  1124 ;  declared  for  the 
Empress  Matilda  against  Stephen,  but  was  defeated  at  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard,  1138;  concluded  an  advantageous 
peace  at  Carlisle,  but  subsequently  (1140)  joined  Matilda 
in  her  flight  to  Winchester ;  unsuccessfully  invaded  Eng- 
land, 1149;  founded  the  sees  of  Brechia,  Dunblane, 
Caithness,  Ross,  and  Aberdeen ;  introduced  into  Scotland 
the  new  regular  orders  of  the  monastic  clergy,  especially 
favouring  the  Cistercians;  founded  the  burghs  of  Edin- 
burgh, Berwick,  Roxburgh,  Stirling,  and  perhaps  Perth  ; 
made  Norman  feudal  law  the  law  of  Scotland,  organised 
a  feudal  court,  and  established  the  office,  of  chancellor  for 
the  administration  of  the  laws  and  the  publishing  of  the 
royal  charters.  [xiv.  117] 

DAVID  n  (1324-1371).    [See  BRUCE,  DAVID.] 

DAVID  (d.  1176),  called  David  the  Second,  bishop  of 
St.  David's ;  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  David's  by  Arch- 
bishop Theobald,  on  condition  of  waiving  the  claims  of 
his  see  to  metropolitan  rank,  1148 ;  involved  in  constant 
disputes  with  his  chapter  and  with  Mabel,  lord  of  Brecon, 
who  disliked  David's  Norman  connections  and  policy ; 
attended  council  of  Tours,  1163.  [xiv.  120] 

DAVID  AP  GWILYM  (14th  cent.),  Welsh  bard ;  said 
to  have  studied  in  Italy;  imprisoned  for  eloping  with 
Morvydd  of  Anglesey,  but  released  on  the  payment  of 
his  fine  by  the  men  of  Glamorgan ;  chief  bard  of  Glamorgan- 
shire ;  wrote  love  poems  and  satires  on  his  personal 
enemies  and  the  monastic  orders.  [xiv.  122] 

DAVID  AB  LLEWELYN  (d.  1415).  [See  GAM, 
DAVID.] 

DAVID  or  DAFYDD,  EDWARD  (d.  1690),  Welsh 
poet ;  lampooned  Cromwell's  Welsh  expedition ;  editor  of 
'Cyfrinach  y  Beirdd,'  a  treatise  on  the  rules  of  Welsh 
poetry  ;  president  of  Gorsedd  Morgan wg,  1660.  [xiv.  122] 

DAVIDS,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1816-1884),  ecclesi- 
astical historian ;  congregational  minister  at  Colchester, 
1840-74  :  secretary  of  the  Essex  Congregational  Union ; 
author  of  '  Annals  of  Evangelical  Nonconformity  in  the 
County  of  Essex,'  1863,  and  (unfinished)  'Annals  of  Re- 
formers before  the  Reformation.'  [xiv.  123] 

DAVIDSON.    [See  also  DAVISOS.] 


DAVIDSON 


322 


DAVIES 


DAVIDSON,  ALEXANDER  DYCE  (1807-1872), 
divine ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University  ;  D.D.,  1854 ; 
minister  of  the  South  church,  Aberdeen,  1832,  of  the 
West  church,  1836 ;  led  the  evangelical  movement  in 
Aberdeen,  1843.  [xiv.  134] 

DAVIDSON,  HARRIET  MILLER  (1839-1883), 
authoress :  daughter  of  Hugh  Miller  [q.  v.] ;  removed  to 
Adelaide  with  her  husband,  the  Rev.  John  Davidson, 
1869.  A  tale,  entitled  'A  Man  of  Genius,' published  in 
an  Adelaide  journal,  is  considered  the  best  of  her  writings. 

[xiv.  1241 

DAVIDSON,  JAMES  (1793-1864),  antiquary  and 
bibliographer ;  published  numerous  works  on  the  topo- 
graphy and  history  of  Devonshire,  also  a  'Glossary  of 
the  Obsolete  and  Unused  Words  and  Phrases  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  in  the  Authorised  English  Version,'  1850. 

[xiv.  125] 

DAVIDSON,  JAMES  BRIDGE  (d.  1885),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  son  of  James  Davidson  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to 
various  journals.  [xiv.  125] 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN  (1549?-1603X  Scottish  church 
leader :  regent  of  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews : 
quarrelled  with  the  regent  Morton,  and  fled  from  Scotland  ; 
allowed  to  return,  1577  ;  minister  of  Liberton,  Edinburgh, 
1579  ;  opposed  James  VI's  desire  to  restore  prelacy  with 
much  plain  speaking  ;  excommunicated  Montgomery, 
bishop  of  Glasgow,  at  the  desire  of  the  general  assembly, 
1682 ;  minister  of  Prestonpans,  1596  ;  opposed  James  VI's 
proposal  that  certain  of  the  clergy  should  vote  in  parlia- 
ment, 1599  ;  interdicted  from  going  beyond  his  own  parish, 
1601 :  author  of  '  Memorials  of  his  Time.'  [xiv.  125] 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN  (d.  1797),  Scottish  antiquary; 
writer  to  the  signet  and  crown  agent ;  printed  privately 
works  on  the  legal  history  of  Scotland,  1771-92. 

[xiv.  127] 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN  (1797-1836),  African  traveller : 
originally  a  pupil  at  St.  George's  Hospital  and  student  at 
Edinburgh  University:  F.R.S.,  1832;  travelled  as  a 
physician  in  the  sultanate  of  Morocco,  1835  ;  murdered  in 
the  great  desert  at  Swekeza,  on  his  way  to  Timbuctoo, 
1836  ;  an  expert  in  egyptology  and  the  topography  of  the 
near  East;  his  notes  of  travel  printed  posthumously, 
1839.  [xiv.  127] 

DAVIDSON,  SAMUEL  (1806-1899),  theologian  and 
biblical  scholar ;  born  in  co.  Antrim  ;  studied  for  presby- 
terian  ministry  at  Royal  Academical  Institution,  Belfast; 
licensed  preacher,  1833  ;  professor  of  biblical  criticism  at 
Belfast,  1835-41 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1838 ;  professor  of 
biblical  literature  and  ecclesiastical  history  at  Lancashire 
Independent  College,  Manchester,  1843-57;  published, 
1856,  as  part  of  an  edition  of  Home's  'Introduction,' 
'  The  Text  of  the  Old  Testament  considered,'  which  was 
objected  to  on  doctrinal  grounds  by  the  Lancashire  College 
committee  ;  resigned  professorship  in  consequence,  1857  ; 
engaged  in  tuition  at  Hatherlow,  Cheshire ;  scripture  ex- 
aminer at  London  University,  1862  ;  published  numerous 
theological  writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  115] 

DAVIDSOK,  THOMAS  (1747-1827),  theologian ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  and  Leyden  ;  D.D. ;  minister  atlnchture, 
1771-3,  at  the  outer  high  church,  Glasgow,  1773,  at  Lady 
Tester's  church,  Edinburgh,  and  subsequently,  1785,  at  the 
Tolbooth  church,  Edinburgh.  [xiv.  128] 

DAVIDSON,  THOMAS  (1838-1870),  Scottish  poet; 
of  English  extraction ;  entered  Edinburgh  University. 
1865  ;  licensed  preacher  of  the  united  presbyterian  church, 
1864;  wrote  songs,  including  '  Myspie's  Den '  and  'The 
Auld  Ash  Tree,'  and  '  Yang-Tsi-Kiang,'  an  extravaganza. 

[xiv.  129] 

DAVIDSON,  THOMAS  (1817-1885),  palaeontologist ; 
educated  in  France,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Edinburgh  ; 
medallist  of  the  Royal  Society,  1870 ;  LL.D.  St  Andrews, 
1 882  ;  wrote  a  monograph  on  the  British  fossil  brachiopods 
for  the  Palaeontological  Society,  1850-70.  [xiv.  129] 

DAVIDSON,  WILLIAM  (1766  ?-1796?),  privateers- 
man  ;  able  seaman  on  board  H.M.8.  Niger,  1791 ;  found 
in  possession  of  a  journal,  1791,  which  showed  that  he 
and  other  pirates  on  board  a  Russian  privateer  had 
plundered  numerous  ships  with  horrible  atrocities  in  the 
Levant,  1788-9 ;  deserted,  1794.  [xiv.  130] 

DAVIE,  ADAM  (A  1308?).    [See  DAVY.] 


DAVIES.    [See  also  DAVIS  and  DAVYS.] 

DAVIES,  BENJAMIN  (1814-1875),  hebraist ;  Ph.D. 
Leipzig,  1838  ;  LL.D. ;  president  of  Stepney  Baptist  Col- 
lege, 1844-7 ;  professor  at  McGill  College,  Montreal,  1847  ; 
professor  of  oriental  and  classical  languages  at  Stepney 
Baptist  College,  1857 ;  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  Old 
Testament ;  translated  Gesenius's  Grammar  and  Lexicon. 

[xiv.  130] 

DAVIES,  CATHERINE  (1773-1841  ?),  authored  of 
'Eleven  Years'  Residence  in  the  Family  of  Murat,  King  of 
Naples,'  published  by  subscription,  1841 ;  governess  in 
Murat's  family,  1802-16.  [xiv.  131] 

DAVIES,  CECILIA  (17507-1836),  vocalist;  visited 
Vienna,  and  sang  before  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Parma,  1769  ; 
taught  the  archduchesses,  Matia  Theresa's  daughters, 
singing ;  engaged  at  the  King's  Theatre  in  Italian  opera, 
1773 ;  returned  to  Italy,  where  she  was  the  first  English- 
woman to  appear  on  the  stage ;  subsequently  appeared  in 
oratorios  at  Drury  Lane,  1791.  [xiv.  131] 

DAVIES,  CHRISTIAN,  alias  MOTHER  Ross  (1667- 
1739),  female  soldier  ;  born  in  Dublin ;  enlisted  tinder 
the  name  of  Christopher  Welsh,  c.  1693  ;  fought  in 
Flanders ;  at  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  1704 ;  her  sex  revealed 
by  an  operation  necessitated  by  a  wound  at  Ramillies,  1706 ; 
dismissed  the  service,  but  still  followed  the  army  ; 
pensioned,  1712 ;  thrice  married,  all  her  husbands  being 
soldiers.  [xiv.  132] 

DAVIES,  DAVID  (d.  1819  ?),  writer  on  poor  laws  ; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1785  ;  D.D.,  1800 ;  rector  of 
Barkham,  Berkshire  ;  published  'The  Case  of  Labourers 
in  Husbandry  stated  and  considered,'  1795.  [xiv.  133] 

DAVIES,  DAVID  CHARLES  (1826-1891),  Welsh 
presbyterian  divine;  educated  at  University  College, 
London ;  M.A.,  1849 ;  ordained  pastor  of  a  bilingual 
church  at  Builth,  1852,  and  1856-8 ;  at  English  church  in 
Windsor  Street,  Liverpool,  1853-6,  Newtown,  1858-9, 
Welsh  church  at  Jewin  Crescent,  London,  1859-76,  and  at 
English  church,  Menai  Bridge,  1876;  principal  of 
Trevecca,  1888-91 ;  published  numerous  contributions  to 
Welsh  theological  literature.  [Suppl.  ii.  116] 

DAVIES,  DAVID  CHRISTOPHER  (1827-1885), 
geologist  and  mining  engineer  ;  fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society,  1872;  opened  quarries  in  North  Wales,  in  the 
south  of  France,  1880-5,  and  in  Germany;  published 
'Treatise  on  Slate  and  Slate  Quarrying,'  1878,  and 
'  Treatise  on  Metalliferous  Minerals  and  Mining.' 

[xiv.  133] 

DAVIES,  EDWARD  (1756-1831),  Welsh  antiquary ; 
master  of  the  grammar  school  at  Chipping  Sodbury, 
Gloucestershire,  1783-99;  chancellor  of  Brecon,  1816; 
associate  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  1824  ;  chief 
work,  '  Celtic  Researches  on  the  Origin,  Traditions,  and 
Language  of  the  Ancient  Britons,'  1804.  [xiv.  134] 

DAVIES,  ELEANOR,  LADY  (d.  1652),  daughter  of 
George  Touchet,  baron  Audley ;  married,  firstly,  e.  1608, 
Sir  John  Davies  (1669-1626)  [q.  v.],  and,  secondly,  Sir 
Archibald  Douglas.  She  published  several  fanatical  books 
of  prophecy.  [xiv.  143] 

DAVTES,  EVAN  (1805-1864),  independent  minister ; 
sent  to  Penang  by  the  London  Missionary  Society,  1836  ; 
superintendent  of  the  Boys'  Mission  School,  Waltham- 
stow,  1842-4;  pastor  of  the  congregational  church, 
Richmond,  1844-57;  published  'China  and  her  Spiritual 
Claims,'  1845,  with  other  religious  works.  [xiv.  136] 

DAVIES,  FRANCIS  (1605-1675),  bishop  of  Llandaff  ; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1628 ;  fellow  and  B.D.,  1640 ; 
ejected  from  his  rectory  of  Llangan  under  the  Common- 
wealth ;  archdeacon  of  Llandaff,  1660  ;  D.D.  1661 ;  bishop 
of  Llandaff,  1667.  [xiv.  135] 

DAVIES,  GEORGE  (d.  1811).    [See  HARLEY.] 

DAVIES,  GRIFFITH  (1788-1865),  actuary;  gained 
repute  by  his  '  Key  to  Bonnycastle's  Trigonometry,'  1814  ; 
permanent  actuary  of  the  Guardian  Assurance  Company, 
1823-56 ;  published  '  Tables  of  Life  Contingencies,'  1825  ; 
engaged  to  report  on  various  Indian  funds  1829-51  ; 
F.R.S.,  1831:  compiled  'Tables  for  the  Use  of  Friendly 
Societies,'  1847.  [xiv.  136] 


DAVIE8 


323 


DAVIES 


DA  VIES,  HENRY  (1782-1862),  physician:  M.C.S., 
1803;  M.D  Aberdeen,  1823;  L.R.C.P.,  1823;  physician 
to  the  British  Lying-in  Hospital,  and  lecturer  on  mid- 
wifery at  St.  George's  Hospital;  published  'The  Young 
Wife's  Guidt','  1844.  [xiv.  137] 

DAVIES,  HERBERT  (1818-1885),  physician;  son  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Davies  (1792-1839)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of  Gon- 
ville  and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1838 ;  B.A.,  1842  ; 
fellow  of  Queens*  College,  Cambridge,  1844 ;  M.D.,  1848 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1850 ;  physician  to  the  London  Hospital,  1854- 
1874;  his  'Lectures  on  the  Physical  Diagnosis  of  the 
Diseases  of  the  Lungs  and  Heart,'  1851,  translated  into 
German  and  Dutch.  [xiv.  137] 

DAVIES,  HUGH  (1739  ?-1821),  botanist ;  educated 
at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  rector  of  Aber ;  published 
'Welsh  Botanology,'  1813,  and  edited  second  edition  of 
Pennant's  '  Indian  Zoology,'  1790.  [xiv.  138] 

DAVIES,  JAMES  (1820-1883),  classical  scholar; 
scholar  and  graduate  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  head- 
master of  Ludlow  grammar  school ;  translated  Babrius, 
In  verse,  1860,  and  Hesiod,  Theognis,  and  Callimachus  in 
proee.  [xiv.  138] 

DAVIES,  SIR  JOHN  (/.  1595),  marshal  of  Con- 
naught  under  Queen  Elizabeth.  [xiv.  144] 

DAVIES,  SIR  JOHN  (/.  1599),  master  of  the 
ordnance  in  Ireland.  [xiv.  144] 

DAVIES,  SIR  JOHN  (/.  1601 ),  conspirator ;  sentenced 
to  death  for  his  share  in  Essex's  conspiracy,  1601 ; 
pardoned.  [riv.  144] 

DAVTES,  JOHN  (1565  ?-1618),  poet  and  writing- 
master;  published  •  Microcosmos,'  1603,  'Humours 

Heau'n  on  Earth As  also  The  Triumph  of  Death,' 

1605,  being  a  description  of  the  plague  ot  1603,  the  '  Holy 
Rcode,'  1609,  '  Wittes  Pilgrimage  (by  Poeticall  Essaies),' 
1611,  'The  Muse's  Sacrifice,'  containing  the  author's 
famous  'Picture  of  an  Happy  Man,'  1612,  and  'Wit's 
Bedlam,'  1617.  He  also  issued  an  '  Anatomy  of  Fair  Writ- 
1633.  Some  of  his  epigrams  are  valuable  for  their 
of  Ben  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  other  contemporary 
poets.  [xiv.  188] 

DAVIES,  SIR  JOHN  (1569-1626),  attorney-general 
for  Ireland  and  poet  ;  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1590 ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1695  ;  M.P.,  Corfe  Castle,  1601 ;  solicitor-general 
for  Ireland,  the  miserable  state  of  which  country  he  re- 
counted in  his  letters  to  Cecil,  1603  ;  attorney-general 
for  Ireland,  1606-19  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1606  ;  used  his  in- 
fluence for  the  banishment  of  Romanist  priests  from 
Ireland ;  on  commission  for  plantation  of  Ulster,  1608 ; 
Serjeant,  1609  ;  M.P.,  co.  Fermanagh,  and  speaker  of  the 
Irish  parliament,  1613  ;  M.P.,  Newcastie-under-Lyme,  1614 
and  1621 ;  appointed  chief-justice  as  a  reward  for  maintain- 
ing the  legality  of  Charles  I's  forced  loans,  1626,  but  died 
before  entering  on  office.  In  1622  he  collected  in  one 
volume, '  Orchestra,'  1694, '  Astraea,'  and  a  set  of  quatrains 
on  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  entitled  '  Nosce  Teipsnm,' 
1699.  He  wrote  also  '.  A  Contention  betwixt  a  Wife,  a 
Widdow,  and  a  Maide,'  which  was  performed  before  the 
queen  In  1602,  a  treatise  on  taxation  (published  1656),  and 
a  discussion  on  recent  Irish  discontent,  1612.  [xiv.  140] 

DAVIES,  JOHN  (1670  ?-1644),  lexicographer ;  B.A. 
Jeeus  College,  Oxford,  1593  ;  rector  of  Mallwyd,  Merioneth- 
shire, 1604-8 ;  B.D.  Lincoln  College,  1608 ;  D.D.,  1616  ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Asaph,  1607  ;  his  most  important  work, 
'Antiquae  Linguae  Britannicae  Dictionarium  Duplex,' 
1632  :  assisted  Dr.  Richard  Parry  in  the  preparation  of  his 
Welsh  translation  of  the  bible,  1620.  [xiv.  144] 

DAVIES,  JOHN  (1627  ?-1693),  translator  ;  educated 
at  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. His  translations  include  '  Treatise  against . . .  Des- 
cartes,' 1654,  •  Les  Provinciales,'  1656,  Scuderi's  '  Clelia,' 
1656,  Appian's  'History,'  1679,  and  a  few  Spanish 
romances.  [xiv.  145] 

DAVIES,  JOHN  (1679-1732),  president  of  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1701 ;  M.A.,  1702  ; 
rector  of  Fen  Ditton,  Cambridge,  1711 ;  prebendary  of  Ely, 
1711  ;  LL.D.,  1711 ;  president  of  Queens'  College,  1717  ; 
D.D.,  1717 ;  vice-chancellor,  1726 ;  edited  many  of  Cicero's 
philosophical  treatises  and  works  of  other  classical 
authors.  [xiv.  146] 


DAVIES  or  DAVIS,  JOHN  SCARLETT  (Jl.  1841 X 
painter  ;  visited  Amsterdam,  1841 ;  devoted  himself  more 
especially  to  painting  interiors! ;  lithographnl  twHvr 
heads  from  studies  by  Rubens.  [xiv.  146] 

DAVIES,  JONATHAN  (1736-1809),  provost  of  Eton; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A., 
1763  ;  cunon  of  Windsor,  1781  91 ;  provost  of  Eton,  1791  ; 
founded  an  exhibition  at  Eton  and  the  Davies  scholarship 
at  Cambridge  ;  bequeathed  2,0007.  to  King's  College. 

[xtv.  147] 

DAVIES,  LADY  LUCY  CLEMENTINA  (1796-1879X 
authoress ;  daughter  of  Lord  Leon  de  Melfort,  titular  earl 
of  Perth;  married,  1823,  Francis  Henry  Davies;  pub- 
lished 'Recollections  of  Society  in  France  and  England,' 
1872.  [xiv.  147] 

DAVIES,  MARIANNE  (1744-1816  ?),  musician  ;  per- 
formed In  public  on  the  armonica,  an  invention  of  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  which  became  her  exclusive  property, 
1762 ;  travelled  in  Italy  and  visited  Vienna,  [xiv.  147] 

DAVIES,  MILES  (1662-1715?),  bibliographer;  ad- 
mitted into  the  Engk'sh  college  at  Rome,  1686;  priest, 
1688 ;  missioner  in  Worcestershire  and  adjacent  counties ; 
recanted,  1705  ;  possibly  adopted  legal  profession  ;  wrote 
and  personally  hawked  his  own  works,  which  include 
'Athenae  Britannicae,'  a  miscellany,  1716-16.  [xiv.  148] 

DAVIES,  OWEN  (1752-1830),  superintendent  of  the 
Welsh  Wesleyan  Mission  ;  religious  writer,  [xiv.  149] 

DAVIES,  RICHARD  (rf.  1581),  bishop  of  St.  David's  ; 
educated  at  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford;  vicar  of  Burnham, 
1560 ;  D.D. ;  fled  to  Geneva  in  Mary's  reign ;  reinstated, 
and  (1560)  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph ;  bishop  of  St. 
David's,  1661 ;  member  of  the  council  of  Wales  and  adviser 
of  Archbishop  Parker  and  Cecil  on  Welsh  affairs  ;  com- 
missioner for  the  suppression  of  Welsh  piracy,  1578; 
founded  Carmarthen  grammar  school  in  conjunction  with 
Walter  Devereux,  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.],  1676 ;  informed 
Cecil  that  there  were  no  recusants  in  his  diocese,  1577 ; 
collaborated  with  William  Salisbury  or  Salesbury  [q.  v.] 
in  translating  the  New  Testament  into  Welsh,  1567 ;  re- 
vised part  of  first  edition  of  'Bishops'  Bible,'  1668. 

[xiv.  149] 

DAVIES,  RICHARD  (1635-1708),  Welsh  quaker;  ori- 
ginally an  independent,  but  became  a  professed  quaker 
while  working  as  a  hatter  in  London,  1659  ;  imprisoned, 
1660;  obtained  the  release  of  some  of  his  followers  on 
their  promising  to  appear  at  Shrewsbury  assizes,  1660; 
friend  of  the  third  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury ;  excom- 
municated, but  restored  with  other  quakers  to  his  former 
privileges  by  Dr.  Lloyd,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1680  ;  a  re- 
ligious autobiography  appeared,  1710.  [xiv.  152] 

DAVIES,  RICHARD  (d.  1762),  physician  ;  fellow  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,,1734;  M.DM  1748; 
F.R.S.,  1738 ;  practised  at  Bath  and  Shrewsbury ;  author 
of  an  essay  on  the  blood,  1760,  and  a  treatise  on  university 
training,  1759.  [xiv.  154] 

DAVIES,  ROBERT  (1684-1728),  Welsh  antiquary  and 
collector  of  Welsh  manuscripts.  [xiv.  154] 

DAVTES,  ROBERT  (1769  9-1835),  Welsh  poet ;  better 
known  as  BARDD  NANTGLYN  and  ROBIN  DDC  O'R  GLYN  ; 
occupied  the  bardic  chair  for  Powis  at  the  Wrexham 
Eisteddfod,  1820  ;  published  a  Welsh  grammar,  1808. 

[xiv.  154] 

DAVIES,  ROBERT  (1793-1875),  antiquary  of  York  ; 
solicitor,  1814 ;  town  clerk  of  York,  1827-48 ;  F.S.A.,  1842  : 
wrote  on  the  antiquities  of  York  ;  edited  York  municipal 
records.  [xiv.  154] 

DAVIES,  ROWLAND  (1649-1721X  denn  of  Cork; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1681  ;  LL.D.,  1706 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Cork,  1671,  1674,  and  1679 ;  prebendary  of 
Cloyne,  1673  and  1676 ;  dean  of  Ross,  1679 ;  left  Ireland, 
1689 ;  chaplain  to  one  of  William  Ill's  regiments  at  the 
Boyne,  1690 ;  dean  of  Cork,  1710 ;  wrote '  Journal '  (printed 
1857)  and  theological  pamphlets.  [xiv.  165] 

DAVIES,  ROWLAND  (1740-1797),  composer  of  sacred 
music  ;  pupil  of  Handel ;  ordained  Roman  catholic  priest 
at  the  college  of  Douay,  1765.  [xiv.  156] 

DAVIES,  SNEYD  (1709-1 769),  poet;  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow;  archdeacon  of 
Derby,  1756;  prebendary  of  Lichfleld;  author  of  Latin 
poems,  imitations  of  Milton,  and  verses  in  the  manner  of 
Swift.  [xiv.  156] 

i  2 


DAVIES 


324 


DAVIS 


DAVIES,  THOMAS0511?-1573),bi8hopofSt.Asaph;  , 
rector  of  Llanbedr  and  vicar  of  Oaerhun,  1535  ;  studied  at 
St.  John's  and  Queens'  Colleges,  Cambridge ;  LL.D.,  1548 ;  i 
chancellor  of  Bangor,  1546  :  received  custody  of  spirituali- 
ties of  Bangor  from  Cardinal  Pole,  1558;  bishop  of  St.  j 
Asaph,  1561-73 ;  issued  charge  to  his  clergy,  1661 ;  founded  ; 
scholarship  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  and  left  money 
for  Bangor  school.  [xiv.  157] 

DAVIES  or  DAVIS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1631-1679),  lord 
mayor  of  London  and  bookseller;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School ;  sheriff,  1667 ;  knighted.  1667  ;  twice  master  of  the 
Stationers'  Company,  1668  and  1669 ;  lord  mayor,  1676-7.  I 

[xiv.  158] 

DAVIES,  THOMAS  (1712  7-1785),  bookseller ;  educated  ; 
at  Edinburgh  University,  1728 ;  played  Pierre  in  '  Venice  , 
Preserved,'  1746 ;  engaged  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1753 ; 
said  to  have  been  driven  from  the  stage  (1762)  by  a  sneer 
in  Churchill's 'Rosciad';  introduced  Boawell  to  Johnson, 
1763 ;  published  a  pirated  edition  of  Johnson's  writings, 
but  was  forgiven  by  the  author,  1773 ;  wrote  a  '  Life  of 
Qarriok,'  1780,  and  'Dramatic  Miscellanies,'  1785;  repub- 
lished  Elizabethan  and  Jacobean  works.          [xiv.  158] 

DAVIES,  THOMAS  (1792-1839),  physician;  M.D. 
Paris,  1821 ;  assistant-physician  to  the  London  Hospital, 
1827;  F.R.C.P.,  1838 ;  published  '  Lectures  on  the  Diseases 
of  the  Lungs  and  Heart,'  1835.  [xiv.  159] 

DAVIES,  THOMAS  (1837-1891),  mineralogist ;  son  of 
William  Davies  (1814-1891)  [q.  v.] ;  assistant  in  mineral 
department  at  .British  Museum,  1858 ;  editor  of  'Minera- 
logical  Magazine  * ;  P.Q.S.,  1870.  [Suppl.  ii.  118] 

DAVIES,  THOMAS  STEPHENS  (1795-1851),  mathe- 
matician and  writer  on  science;  F.R.S.  of  Edinburgh, 
1831-  mathematical  master,  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  1834;  F.S.A.,  1840;  developed  in  his  works  a 
new  system  of  spherical  geometry.  [xiv.  159] 

DAVIES,  WALTER  (1761-1849),  Welsh  bard  and 
essayist;  B.A.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1795;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1803 ;  rector  of  Llanwyddelau, 
Montgomeryshire,  of  Manafon,  1807-37,  and  vicar  of 
Llanrhaiadyr-yn-Mochnant,  Denbighshire,  1837-49  ;  author 
of  a  book  on  Welsh  industries,  1810, 1813,  and  1816,  and  of 
poems  in  the  ancient  bardic  style;  edited  works  of  Lewis 
Glyn  Cothi,  1807,  and  Hugh  Morris,  1823.  [xiv.  160] 

DAVIES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1593),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
studied  in  the  English  college  at  Rheims;  missioner  in 
Wales,  1585  ;  imprisoned  at  Ludlow,  Bewdley,  and  Beau- 
maris ;  formed  a  small  religious  community  in  Beaumaris 
prison,  1592  ;  executed  as  a  priest,  1593.  [xiv.  161] 

DAVIES,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1614),  traveller ;  taken  cap- 
tive when  serving  in  a  trading-ship  off  Tunis  by  some 
Florentine  galleys  and  condemned  to  slavery  at  Leghorn ; 
released  by  the  influence  of  Robert  Thornton,  an  English 
captain,  and  taken  as  ship's  doctor  on  a  voyage  to  the 
Amazon :  imprisoned  by  the  Inquisition  in  Italy ;  escaped 
and  published  '  A  True  Relation '  of  his  travels,  1614. 

[xiv.  161] 

DAVIES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1820),  bookseller;  partner 
with  Thomas  Cadell  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  published  fourth 
to  eighth  editions  of  Boswell's  '  Life  of  Johnson.' 

[xiv.  161] 

DAVIES,  WILLIAM  (1814-1891),  palaeontologist;  ob- 
tained post  in  British  Museum,  1843,  and  worked  succes- 
sively on  mineralogy  and  vertebrate  palaeontology ;  retired, 
1887  ;  F.G.S.,  1877.  [SuppL  ii.  118] 

DAVIES,  WILLIAM  EDMUND  (1819-1879),  betting- 
man  ;  known  as  the  LKVIATHAN  ;  originated  the  betting- 
list  system,  1846;  left  to  the  corporation  of  Brighton 
60,000*.,  of  which  his  widow  obtained  the  enjoyment  till 
her  death,  1879;  noted  for  professional  honesty  and  the 
magnitude  of  his  transactions.  [xiv.  162] 

DAVIS,  CHARLES  (d.  1755),  bookseller  and  publisher ; 
one  of  the  first  to  issue  priced  catalogues  of  second-hand 
books.  [riv.  162] 

DAVIS,  DAVID  (1745-1827),  Welsh  poet ;  ordained 
co-pastor  at  Llwyn-rhyd-owen,  Cardiganshire,  1773  ;  con- 
ducted school  at  Castle  Howel,  1783  ;  initiated  resolutions 
of  condolence  with  Dr.  Priestley  from  Cardiganshire  non- 
conformist^ 1791 ;  translated  Sconenill's  'Life  of  God  in 


the  Soul  of  Man '  into  Welsh,  1779,  and  published  '  Telyn 
Dewi  [Harp  of  David],'  1824.  [xiv.  163] 

DAVIS,  DAVID  DANIEL  (1777-1841),  physician; 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1801 ;  physician  to  the  Sheffield  infirmary, 
1803-13  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1813 ;  attended  the  Duchess  of  Kent  at 
the  birth  of  Queen  Victoria,  1819  ;  obstetric  physician  to 
University  College  Hospital,  1834-41;  chief  work,  'The 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetric  Medicine,'  1836. 

[xiv.  164] 

DAVIS,  EDWARD  (fl.  1683-1702),  buccaneer  and 
pirate;  joined  Cook's  band  [see  DAMPIER,  WILLIAM], 
1683  ;  commissioned  '  to  fish  and  hunt  in  Hispaniola,'  in 
reality  to  plunder,  by  the  governor  of  Petit  Goave,  1684 ; 
defeated  by  Spaniards  in  Panama  Bay,  1685 ;  burnt  Leon, 
1685  ;  accepted  king's  pardon  ;  settled  in  Virginia,  1688  ; 
commissioned  as  privateer  by  the  governor  of  Jamaica, 
1702;  formed  alliance  with  the  Indians  of  the  islands  of 
San  Bias,  under  whose  guidance  he  sailed  up  a  river, 
possibly  the  Atrato,  and  sacked  a  Spanish  settlement. 

[xiv.  164] 

DAVIS,  EDWARD  (1833-1867),  subject  painter  ;  first 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1854  ;  died  in  Rome. 

[xiv.  166] 

DAVIS,  HENRY  EDWARDS  (1756-1784),  opponent 
of  Gibbon  :  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1778  ;  published 
an  '  Examination '  of  Gibbon's  account  of  the  origin  of 
Christianity,  but  was  overmatched,  1778;  priest,  1780; 
fellow  and  tutor  of  Balliol,  1780.  [xiv.  166] 

DAVIS,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1830-1857),  topographer  ; 
left  in  manuscript  '  Memorials  of  the  Hamlet  of  Knights- 
bridge'  (published,  1869),  'Recollections  of  Piccadilly,' 
and  an  account  of  Pimlico.  [xiv.  166] 

DAVIS,  JAMES  (d.  1755),  Welsh  satirist;  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1729;  M.B.  1732;  published 
'  Origines  Divisianae ;  or  the  Antiquities  of  the  Devizes,1 
a  satire  on  the  contemporary  school  of  etymologists,  1754. 

[xiv.  167] 

DAVIS,  JOHN  (1550  ?-1605).    [See  DAVYS.] 

DAVIS,  JOHN  (d.  1622),  navigator ;  made  voyage  to 
the  East  Indies  as  pilot  and  captain ;  captured  by  the 
Dutch  at  Pularoon,  1617 ;  released,  1618 ;  died  at  Batavia, 
1622 ;  wrote  'A  Ruter  .  .  .for  Readie  Sailings  into  the 
East  India,'  1618,  published  in  'Purchas  his  Pilgrimes.' 

[xiv.  167] 

DAVIS,  J.  P.  (called  'POPE'  DAVIS)  (d.  1862), 
painter;  called  'Pope'  from  his  picture  of  the  'Talbot 
family  receiving  the  Benediction  of  the  Pope,*  painted  at 
Rome,  1824;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1811-43; 
published  a  criticism  on  the  Royal  Academy  and  National 
Gallery,  1858.  His  '  Thoughts  on  Great  Painters '  appeared 
in  1866.  [xiv.  167] 

DAVIS,  JOHN  BUNNELL  (1780-1824),  physician; 
M.D.  Montpellier,  1803;  imprisoned  at  Montpellier  and 
Verdun  by  Bonaparte ;  released  in  1806  by  the  influence 
of  Corvisart,  Bonaparte's  physician,  to  whom  he  showed 
his  '  Observations  oa  Precipitate  Burial ' ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1808;  L.R.O.P.,  1810;  physician  to  the  troops 
invalided  home  from  Walcheren.  [xiv.  168] 

DAVIS,  JOHN  FORD  (1773-1864),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1797;  L.R.O.P.,  1808;  physician  to  the 
General  Hospital,  Bath,  1817-34  ;  chief  work,'4  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Symptoms  and  Treatment  of  Carditis.'  1808. 

[xiv.  168] 

DAVIS,  SIR  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1795-1890),  diplomatist; 
writer  in  East  India  Company's  factory  at  Canton,  1813  ; 
accompanied  Lord  Amherst  on  embassy  to  Pekin,  1816  ; 
president  of  factory  at  Canton,  1832 ;  joint  commissioner 
in  China  with  Lord  Napier,  1834  ;  British  plenipotentiary 
and  chief  superintendent  of  British  trade  in  China,  and 
governor  and  commander -in-chief  at  Hongkong,  1844-8 ; 
created  baronet,  1845 ;  K.C.B.,  1864 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1876  ;  published  works  on  China.  [Suppl.  ii.  118] 

DAVIS,  JOSEPH  BARNARD  (1801-1881),  cranio- 
legist ;  surgeon  on  an  Arctic  whaler,  1820  ;  M.C.S.,  1843  ; 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1862  ;  chief  work,  '  Crania  Britannica,' 
1866.  [xiv.  168] 

DAVIS,  LOOKYER  (1719-1791),  bookseller ;  nephew 
of  Charles  Davis  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  the  booksellers' 
club  which  produced  Johnson's  '  Lives  of  the  Poets,' 
1778 ;  translated  La  Rochefoucault's  '  Maxims  and  Moral 
Reflections,'  1749.  [xiv.  169] 


DAVIS 


325 


DAVY 


DAVIS  or  DA  VIES,  MARY  (fl.  1663-1669),  actress  in 
the  company  of  Sir  William  D'Avenant  [q.  v.],  1660  ;  per- 
formed in  various  plays  by  Etherege,  Drycien,  and  Shirley  ; 
mistress  of  Charles  II,  166H  ;  fruqueutly  mentioned  by 
Pepys  as  a  dancer  and  court  beauty.  [xiv.  169] 

DAVTS,  NATHAN  (1812-1882),  traveller  and  exca- 
vator; resided  in  an  old  Moorish  palace  near  Tunis; 
engaged  on  behalf  of  the  British  Museum  ia  excavations 
at  Carthage  and  Utica,  1856-8.  His  works  include  'A 
Voice  from  North  Africa,'  1844,  and  •  Israel's  true 
Emancipator,'  1852.  [xiv.  170] 

DAVIS,  RICHARD  BARRETT  (1782-1864),  animal 
painter;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  (1802-53),  the 
British  Institute,  and  the  Suffolk  Street  Exhibition; 
animal  painter  to  William  IV,  1831.  [xiv.  171] 

DAVIS,  THOMAS  OSBORNE  (1814-1845),  poet  and 
politician:  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1836; 
called  to  the  bar,  1838;  in  conjunction  with  Duffy  and 
Dillon  founded  the  '  Nation  '  newspaper,  to  which  he  con- 
tributed some  stirring  ballads,  1842;  developed  Young 
Ireland  party  out  of  the  extremists  who  were  dissatisfied 
with  O'Connell's  constitutional  methods,  1845.  [xiv.  171] 

DAVIS,  WILLIAM  (1627-1690),  highwayman  on  Wilt- 
shire, Gloucestershire,  and  Worcestershire  roads ;  known 
as  the  '  Golden  Farmer '  from  his  habitually  paying  with 
gold  coin  to  avoid  identification  of  his  plunder ;  lived 
unsuspected  as  a  farmer  till  1690,  when  he  was  identified 
and  hanged.  [xiv.  172] 

DAVIS,  WILLIAM  (1771-1807),  mathematician  and 
editor  of  the  '  Companion  to  the  Gentleman's  Diary ' ; 
bookseller  and  publisher  (1803)  of  Motte's  translation  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton's  '  Principles ' ;  largely  wrote  or  edited 
works  on  fluxions.  [xiv.  173] 

DAVIS,     WILLIAM    (1812-1873),     landscape     and 
portrait    painter ;    professor    of     painting,     Liverpool 
Academy ;  exhibited  landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  | 
1851-72.  [xiv.  173] 

DAVISON.    [See  also  DAVIDSON.] 

DAVISON,   ALEXANDER  (1750-1829),  government  I 
contractor  ;•  member  of  legislative  council  of  Quebec,  1784  ; 
friend  of  Nelson ;  prize-agent  of  Lord  Nelson  after  battle 
of  the  Nile,  1798 ;  clothing  contractor  to  the  army  and 
agent  for  the  purchase  of  barrack  supplies,  1795 ;  fined 
and  imprisoned  for  fraudulently  accepting  government  \ 
commission  on  the  sale  of  private  stock,  1808.  [xiv.  174] 

DAVISON,  EDWARD  (1576  7-1624  ?).  [See  DAWSON.] 

DAVISON,  EDWARD  (1789-1863),  divine;  M.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1819 ;  rector  of  Harlington, 
1822,  and  of  St.  Nicholas,  Durham,  1825-56 ;  published 
'Tentamen  Theologicum'  (manual  on  preaching),  1850. 

[xiv.  175] 

DAVISON,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1602), poet;  son  of  William 
Davison  (1541? -1608)  [q.  v.] ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn, 
1593 ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1595 ;  contributed  some  of  its 
best  poems  to  'A  Poetical  Rapsody,'  1602;  left  in  manu- 
script metrical  translations  from  the  Psalms,  'Tabula 
Analytlca  Poetica,'  and  some  historical  pamphlets. 

[xiv.  175] 

DAVISON,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1813-1885),  journal- 
ist ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music ;  composed 
songs  ;  wrote  monograph  on  Chopin,  1849 ;  musical  critic 
to  the  '  Times,'  1846-85  ;  trained  popular  taste  to  appre- 
ciate Berlioz  and  Mendelssohn.  [xiv.  176] 

DAVISON,  JEREMIAH  (1695?-1750?),  portrait- 
painter.  Among  his  sitters  were  Frederick,  prince  of 
Wales,  1730,  and  Admiral  Byng.  [xiv.  177] 

DAVISON,  JOHN  (1777-1834),  theological  writer; 
educated  at  Durham  Cathedral  school  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  Craven  scholar,  1796 ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1800 ; 
rector  of  Washington,  Durham,  1818,  of  Upton-upon- 
Severn,  1826;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and  (1826)  of 
Worcester.  Hia  most  important  works  are  the  'Dis- 
courses on  Prophecy,'  emphasising  the  moral  aspect  of 
prophetic  revelations,  and  '  An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin 
and  Intent  of  Primitive  Sacrifice,'  1825.  [xiv.  177] 

DAVISON,  MARIA  REBECCA  (1780  ?-1858),  actress  ; 
played  children's  parts  in  Dublin,  Liverpool,  and  New- 
castle ;  played  Lady  Teazle  and  Rosalind  at  Drury  Lane, 
1804;  'created'  Juliana  in  the  'Honeymoon,'  18U5 ;  last 


appeared  at  Drury  Lane  in  1829 ;  styled  by  Leigh  Hunt 
the  best  lady  of  the  comic  stage.  [xiv.  178] 

DAVISON,  WALTER  (1581-1608?),  poet;  son  of 
William  Davison  (1541  ?-1608)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge:  served  in  Low  Countries,  e,  1602; 
author  of  poems  in  '  Poetical  Rapsody,'  1602.  [xiv.  179] 

DAVISON,  WILLIAM  (1541  ?-1608),  secretary  of 
Queen  Elizabeth ;  resident  agent  at  Antwerp,  1577 ;  ob- 
tained for  the  States-General  a  loan  of  60,000*.  from  the 
English  government,  1579  ;  sent  to  Scotland  to  prevent  a 
proposed  French  alliance,  1583;  commander  of  Flushing, 
1585  ;  returned  to  England  to  explain  the  Earl  of  Leices- 
ter's acceptance  of  the  governorship  of  the  Low  Countries 
without  instructions  from  home,  1586 ;  privy  councillor 
and  secretary  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1586  ;  member  of  the 
commission  for  the  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scot*,  1588 : 
fined  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1587-9,  for  'misprision 
and  contempt,'  being  unfairly  charged  by  the  queen  with 
undue  precipitation  in  securing  her  signature  to  the  death- 
warrant  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,;  subsequently  custos 
brevium  in  the  king's  bench  and  clerk  of  the  treasury, 
by  a  reversion  dating  from  1579.  [xiv.  179] 

DAVISON  or  DAVIDSON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1635- 
1660),  chemist  and  physician ;  physician  to  the  king  of 
France  ;  keeper  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden  of  Paris, 
1648-50 ;  senior  surgeon  to  the  king  of  Poland,  1650 ; 
follower  of  Paracelsus  in  '  Philosophia  Pyrotechnica ' 
complete  edition,  1641  ;  published  prolegomena  on  the 
philosophy  of  Severinus,  1660.  [xiv.  182] 

DAVY,  ADAM  (fl.  1308  ?),  fanatical  rhymer ;  formerly 
supposed  to  be  the  author  of  '  Alisaander'  and  the  entire 
Bodleian  MS.  Laud,  622 ;  claimed  to  predict  the  destiny  of 
King  Edward  (III  ?)  in  his  '  Dreams.'  [xiv.  183] 

DAVY,  CHARLES  (1722-1797),  miscellaneous  writer  : 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1748 ;  held  incumbencies 
in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1764-97  ;  published  '  Conjectural 
Observations  on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Alphabetical 
Writing,'  1772,  and  '  Letters,'  in  which  was  embodied  a 
translation  of  'Euclid's  Section  of  the  Canon,  and  Treatise 
on  Harmonic,'  1787.  [xiv.  184] 

DAVY,  DAVID  ELISHA  (1769-1861),  Suffolk  anti- 
quary and  collector;  B.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1790;  receiver-general  for  Suffolk;  left  manuscripts  on 
the  genealogical  history  and  heraldry  of  Suffolk  families, 
now  in  British  Museum.  [xiv.  184] 

DAVY,  EDMUND  (1785-1857),  professor  of  chemistry : 
operator  and  assistant  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Royal  In- 
stitution, 1804-13 ;  professor  and  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Cork  Institution,  1813;  professor  of  chemistry  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  1826 ;  F.R.S.  and  F.O.S. ;  author  of 
papers  on  agricultural  chemistry,  electro-chemistry,  and 
metallurgy.  [xiv.  185] 

DAVY,  EDWARD  (1806-1885),  scientific  investigator ; 
M.R.O.S.,  1829 ;  invented  '  Davy's  diamond  cement,'  1835 ; 
invented  needle  telegraph,  1837 ;  sailed,  as  medical  super- 
intendent of  an  emigrant  ship,  to  Australia,  1839 ;  editor 
of  the  'Adelaide  Examiner,'  1843-5;  in  charge  of  the 
government  assay  office  at  Adelaide,  1852,  and  at  Mel- 
bourne, 1853-4 ;  surgeon  at  Malmesbury,Victoria,  where  he 
died ;  published  '  An  Experimental  Guide  to  Chemistry,' 
1836.  [xiv.  185] 

DAVY,  HENRY  (fl.  1829),  architect  and  landscape- 
painter  ;  executed  etchings  of  the  country  seats  and  anti- 
quities of  Suffolk,  1818  and  1827.  [xiv.  187] 

DAVY,  Sm  HUMPHRY  (1778-1829),  natural  philo- 
sopher; instructed  in  the  rudiments  of  science  by  a 
saddler  of  Peuzance;  educated  at  Penzance  grammar 
school  and  at  Truro;  wrote  'The  Sons  of  Genius,'  a 
poem,  1796;  introduced  to  Dr.  Edwards,  the  chemist,  who 
directed  his  attention  to  some  phenomena  of  what  was 
afterwards  known  as  galvanic  action  ;  superintendent  of 
the  laboratory  of  the  '  Pneumatic  Institution '  at  Bristol, 
1798-9  ;  visited  London,  1799  ;  published  the  first  volume 
of  the  'West-Country  Collections'  and  'Researches, 
Chemical  and  Philosophical,  chiefly  concerning  Nitrous 
Oxide  and  its  Respiration,'  1799  ;  nearly  died  in  attempt 
to  breathe  carburetted  hydrogen  gas,  1800 ;  lectured  on 
galvanism  and '  pneumatic  chemistry '  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution, where  he  was  appointed  director  of  chemi- 
cal laboratory,  1801 ;  chemistry  professor,  Royal  Insti- 
tution, 1802  ;  F.R.S.,  1803  ;  Copley  medallist  of  the  Royal 


DAVY 


DAWES 


Society,  1805 ;  demonstrated  the  elementary  existence  of 
potassium,  sodium,  and  chlorine  by  the  agency  of  the 
galvanic  battery,  1807 ;  discovered  «he  actual  constitution 
of  oxymuriatic  acid,  1807  ;  gained  the  Napoleon  prize 
from  the  Institute  of  France  for  his  discoveries  ;  honorary 
LL.D.  Dublin,  1811 ;  knighted,  1812  ;  appointed  Faraday 
his  assistant  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Royal  Institution, 
1812;  experimented  in  Italy  on  ancient  pigments  and 
combustion  of  diamond,  1812-13 ;  invented  safety-lamp, 
1815;  created  baronet,  1818;  P.R.S.,  1820;  invented  an 
ultimately  abandoned  system  of  protectors  for  preserving 
the  copper  sheathing  of  the  bottoms  of  ships,  1823  ;  died, 
worn  out,  at  Geneva,  1829.  [xiv.  187] 

DAVY,  JANE,  LADY  (1780-1855),  wife  of  Sir  Humphry 
Davy  [q.  v.]  after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Sir 
Shuckburgh  Ashby  Apreece,  in  1807 ;  n£e  Kerr  ;  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  the  society  of  both  Rome  and  London  ;  com- 
mended by  Madame  de  Stael.  [xiv.  193] 

DAVY,  JOHN  (1763-1824),  musical  composer ;  articled 
to  William  Jackson  (1730-1803)  [q.  v.],  organist  of  Exeter 
Cathedral ;  organist  at  Exeter  ;  violinist  in  the  orchestra 
of  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  1800;  set  to  music  various 
dramatic  pieces;  composed  overture  for  Shakespeare's 
' Tempest' ;  popular  song- writer  in  his  day.  [xiv.  194] 

DAVY,  JOHN  (1790-1868),  physiologist  and  anato- 
mist ;  brother  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1814 ;  championed  his  brother's  discovery  of  the 
constitution  of  muriatic  acid  ;  army  surgeon  and  inspec- 
tor-general of  army  hospitals;  FJLS.,  1834;  published 
'  An  Account  of  the  Interior  of  Oeylon,'  1821, '  Discourses 
on  Agriculture,'  1849,  'Physiological  Researches,'  1863, 
and  other  works  of  science  and  travel.  [xiv.  195] 

DAVY,  MARTIN  (1763-1839),  physician  and  master  of 
Gains  College,  Cambridge;  M.D.  Oaius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1797  ;  master  of  Gains,  1803-39 ;  D.D.,  1811 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Chichester ;  vice-chancellor,  1803  and  1827 ; 
adherent  of  the  Brunonian  system  of  medicine. 

[xiv.  196] 

DAVY,  ROBERT  (d.  1793),  portrait-painter ;  studied 
at  Rome ;  under  drawing-master  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich ;  exhibited  at  the  Free  Society  of 
Artists,  1762-8,  and  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1771-82. 

[xiv.  196] 

DAVY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1780),  lawyer;  entered  the 
Middle  Temple,  1741 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1754 ;  king's  ser- 
jeant,  1762 ;  defended  the  runaway  slave  Sommersett 
against  the  claims  of  the  slave-owner,  1772 ;  famous  as  a 
cross-examiner  and  humorist.  [xiv.  197] 

DAVY,  WILLIAM  (1743-1826),  divine;  B.A.  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1766 ;  vicar  of  Winkleigh,  Devonshire, 
1825-6  ;  author  of  a '  System  of  Divinity  on  the  Being, 
Nature,  and  Attributes  of  God,'  which  he  printed  himself, 
1795-1807 ;  his  work  highly  praised  after  his  death. 

[xiv.  198] 

DAVYDD.    [See  also  DAVIP.] 

DAVYDD  I  (d.  1203),  king  of  North  Wales;  son  of 
Owain  Gwynedd  [q.  v.] ;  fought  vigorously  against 
Henry  IPs  troops  in  Wales,  1157  ;  slew  his  rival,  Howel, 
and  became  lord  of  Gwynedd,  1170;  allied  himself  with 
Henry  II,  in  the  hope  of  getting  his  help  against  rival 
chieftains,  1176;  entertained  Archbishop  Baldwin  at 
Rhuddlan  Castle,  1188;  overpowered  and  dethroned  by 
Llewelyn,  son  of  lorwerth,  1194,  [xiv.  199] 

DAVYDD  H  (1208  ?-1246),  prince  of  North  Wales ; 
son  of  Llewelyn  ab  lorwerth  ;  did  homage  to  Henry  III, 
1229 ;  married  to  Isabella,  the  daughter  of  William  de 
Braose  [q.  v.],  1230  ;  defeated  Gruffudd,  his  half-brother 
and  rival  for  the  succession,  1238  ;  recognised  as  prince 
and  knighted  by  Henry  III,  1240  ;  became  alienated  from 
him  by  refusing,  in  1241,  to  liberate  Gruffudd,  whom  he 
had  treacherously  imprisoned  ;  capitulated  to  an  invading 
force  led  by  King  Henry  in  person,  1241 :  sent  Welsh 
troops  for  the  French  war,  1242  ;  invaded  Herefordshire, 
1244  ;  attempted,  but  ultimately  failed,  to  enlist  the  sym- 
pathies of  the  pope  against  Henry  III,  1245  ;  carried  on 
a  border  warfare  till  his  death.  [xiv.  200] 

DAVYDD  m  (d.  1283),  last  native  prince  of  North 
Wales  ;  son  of  Gruffudd  ;  joined  his  brother  Llewelyn  in 
his  opposition  to  the  designs  of  the  king  of  England, 
1268 ;  defeated  the  marcher  lords  of  south-west  Wales, 
1258 ;  accompanied  Edward  I  in  his  expedition  against 


Llewelyn,  1277 ;  arranged  a  treaty  between  Edward  and 
Llewelyn,  for  which  he  was  rewarded,  though  his  lands 
were  handed  over  to  his  brother ;  driven  to  revolt  by 
Edward's  excessive  demands  and  the  contempt  he  showed 
for  the  Welsh  laws,  1282  ;  excommunicated  by  Archbishop 
Peckham  for  refusing  to  go  on  a  crusade,  1282  ;  betrayed 
by  his  own  countrymen,  1283 ;  executed  and  gibbeted, 
1283.  [xiv.  202] 

DAVY8,  GEORGE  (1780-1864),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough ;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow, 
1806 ;  M.A.,  1806  ;  tutor  to  the  Princess  Victoria,  1827  ; 
rector  of  Allhallows-on-the-Wall,  London,  1829-39 ;  dean  of 
Chester  and  D.D.,  1831-9 ;  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1839- 
1864  ;  compiled  educational  works  and  wrote  on  the  Eng- 
lish liturgy,  [xiv.  205] 

DAVYS,  JOHN  (1550  ?-1605),  navigator ;  in  company 
with  his  friend,  Adrian  Gilbert,  and  Dr.  John  Dee  [q.  v.], 
explained  the  possibility  of  the  north-west  passage  to 
Walsingham,  1583  ;  discovered  Davys  Strait,  and  explored 
Baffin's  Bay,  1587  ;  commanded  the  squadron  which  cap- 
tured the  Uggera  Salvagnia,  1690  ;  accompanied  Thomas 
Cavendish  [q.  v.]  in  the  south  seas  on  his  second  voyage, 
for  the  failure  of  which  he  was  unjustly  blamed,  1591-3  ; 
published  'Seaman's  Secrets,' 1594,  and  the  'World's  Hy- 
drographical  Description,'  maintaining  existence  of  north- 
west passage,  1595 ;  embarked,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  as  pilot  of  the  Leeuw,  a  Dutch  East  India- 
man,  1598 ;  pilot  of  the  Tiger,  1604  ;  killed  in  an  affray 
with  Japanese  pirates  off  Singapore,  1605.  [xiv.  206] 

DAVYS,  MARY  (fl.  1756),  dramatist  and  novelist ; 
corresponded  with  Dean  Swift ;  author  of  society  comedies 
and  tales.  [xiv.  209] 

DAWE,  GEORGE  (1781-1829),  portrait-painter  and 
mezzotint  engraver ;  gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy 
for  his  picture  of  '  Achilles  rejecting  the  Consolations  of 
Thetis,'  1803 ;  R.A.,  1814 ;  commissioned  by  Alexander  of 
Russia  to  paint  a  series  of  portraits  of  the  higher  Russian 
officers  who  had  fought  against  Napoleon,  1819  ;  painted 
portraits  of  the  king  of  Prussia  and  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land at  Berlin,  1828.  [xiv.  209] 

DAWE,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1790-1848),  painter  and 
mezzotint  engraver ;  son  of  Philip  Da  we  [q.  v.] ;  member 
of  the  Society  of  British  Artists,  1830 ;  exhibited  at  Suf- 
folk Street,  1824-45,  the  Royal  Academy,  and  the  British 
Institution ;  employed  by  Turner  upon  the  •  Liber 
Studiorum.'  [xiv.  210] 

DAWE,  PHILIP  (ft.  1780).  mezzotint  engraver: 
friend  of  George  Morland  [q.  v.]  ;  contributed  to  the  first 
exhibition  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1763.  [xiv.  211] 

DAWES,  LANCELOT  (1580-1654),  divine ;  M.A.  and 
fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1605 :  incumbent  of 
Ashby,  Westmoreland,  a  charge  of  simony  having  been 
invalidated,  1618-54 ;  prebendary  of  Carlisle ;  D.D.  St. 
Andrews,  c.  1618.  [xiv.  211] 

DAWES,  MANASSEH  (d.  1829),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  author  of  numerous  publications,  including  an 
'  Essay  on  Intellectual  Liberty,'  1780,  and  an '  Epitome  of 
the  Law  of  Landed  Property,'  1818.  [xiv.  212] 

DAWES,  RICHARD  (1708-1766),  Greek  scholar  and 
schoolmaster ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1731  ;  M.A.,  1733  ;  master  of  Newcastle  grammar  school 
and  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Newcastle,  1738 ;  resigned  school 
in  consequence  of  differences  with  the  governors,  1749 ; 
published  '  Miscellanea  Critica,'  containing  his  canons 
of  Greek  moods  and  tenses,  1745;  severely  criticised 
Bentley.  [xiv.  212] 

DAWES,  RICHARD  (1793-1867),  dean  of  Hereford  ; 
fourth  wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1817;  M.A., 
1820  ;  mathematical  tutor  and  bursar  of  Downing  Col- 
lege, 1818 ;  rector  of  King's  Somborne,  Hampshire,  1836- 
1850  ;  founded  a  model  lower-class  school  in  his  parish, 
1842 ;  D.D. ;  dean  of  Hereford,  1850 ;  author  of  some 
pamphlets  on  the  education  of  the  poorer  classes. 

[xiv.  213] 

DAWES  or  DAW,  SOPHIA,  BAKONNB  DK  FEUCHfcRES 
(1790-1840),  adventuress :  daughter  of  a  fisherman  at  St. 
Helen's,  Isle  of  Wight:  became,  in  London  in  1811,  mis- 
tress of  the  Duke  of  Bourbon,  son  of  the  Prince  de  Oonde ; 
married  at  Paris  by  the  Duke  of  Bourbon  to  Baron  Adrien 
Victor  de  Feucheres,  1818  ;  forbidden  the  French  court  by 
Louis  XVIII  on  being  separated  from  her  husband  for 


DAWES 


327 


DAY 


adultery,  18->2:  readmitted  to  the  French  court  by 
Charles  X,  1830;  reputed  to  be  concerned  iu  the  ap- 
parent suicide  of  the  Duke  of  Bourbon,  1830,  and  in  the 
gudden  death  of  her  nephew,  James  Dawes.  [xiv.  214] 

DAWES,  SIR  WILLIAM,  third  baronet  (1671-1724), 
archbishop  of  York:  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
IGHii ;  wrote  »  devotional  work  entitled '  The  Duties  of  the 
Closet,*  e.  1691:  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford; 
master  of  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1696 ;  D.D., 
1696;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  William  III,  1696  ;  preben- 
dary of  Worcester,  1698;  bishop  of  Chester,  1708;  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1713  :  edited  the  works  of  Blackall,  bishop 
of  i:\ftcr,  1723,  and  wrote  religious  poems  and  treatises. 

[xiv.  216] 

DAWES,  WILLIAM  RUTTER  (1799-1868),  astro- 
nomer :  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  studied  medicine  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  and  practised  at  Haddenham, 
Buckinghamshire ;  contributed  to  the  Royal  Astronomi- 
cal Society's  '  Memoirs,' '  Micrometrical  Measurements  of 
121  Double  Stars,  taken  at  Ormskirk  during  the  years  1830, 
1831,  1832,  and  1833':  M.R.A.S.,  1830  ;  in  charge  of  the 
observatory  at  South  Villa,  Regent's  Park,  1839-44  ;  gold 
medallist  of  the  Astronomical  Society,  1855 :  controverted 
Nasmyth's  supposed  discovery  of  solar  '  willow-leaves ' ; 
invented  the  'wedge  photometer,'  exhibited  1865;  esta- 
blished the  non-atmospheric  character  of  the  redness  of 
Mars,  1865  ;  F.R.S.,  1865.  [xiv.  217] 

DAWK3NS,  JAMES  (1722-1757),  archaeologist  and 
Jacobite ;  born  in  Jamaica ;  educated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford:  D.O.L.,  1749;  travelled  on  continent; 
assisted  James  Stuart  (1713-1788)  [q.  v.]  and  Nicholas 
Revett  [q.  v.]  in  taking  measurements  of  Greek  architec- 
ture at  Athens  ;  visited  with  Robert  Wood  [q.  v.]  ruins  of 
Palmyra  and  Baalbec,  1751 ;  engaged  in  Jacobite  intrigues 
in  Paris,  1751-4;  sent  by  George  Keith,  tenth  earl 
Mariscbal  [q.  v.],  as  envoy  to  Frederick  the  Great ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1754;  M.P.  for  Hindon  Borough, 
Wiltshire,  1754-7.  [Suppl.  ii.  119] 

DAWKS.  ICHABOD  (1661-1730),  printer  ;  son  of 
Thomas  Dawks  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  started  'in  script' 
•Dawks's  News- Letter,'  1696;  mentioned  in  the 'Tatler,' 
1709,  1710,  and  in  the '  Spectator,'  1712.  [xiv.  219] 

DAWKS,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (d.  1670),  printer. 

[xiv.  219] 

DAWKS,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (ft.  1636),  printer : 
son  of  Thomas  Dawks  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Merchant 
Taylors' School,  1649  ;  employed  as  compositor  011  Walton's 
Polyglott  bible,  1653-7;  master-printer  at  Blackfriars, 
1674.  [xiv.  219] 

DAWSON,  ABRAHAM  (1713  9-1789),  biblical  scholar  ; 
M.A.;  rector  of  Ringsfield,  Suffolk,  1754-89;  published 
various  translations,  with  notes,  of  the  earlier  chapters  of 
Genesis.  [xiv.  219] 

DAWSON,  AMBROSE  (1707-1794),  physician;  M.D. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1735 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1737 ;  Har- 
veian  orator,  1744;  physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital, 
1745-60;  best  known  by  his  'Thoughts  on  the  Hydro- 
cephalus  Internus,'  1778.  [xiv.  220] 

DAWSON,  BENJAMIN  (1729-1814),  divine  and  phil- 
ologist; brother  of  Abraham  Dawson  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
Glasgow,  1753 ;  presbyterian  minister,  1764-60 :  rector  of 
Burgh,  Suffolk,  1760-1814;  LL.D..  1763:  Lady  Meyer's 
lecturer,  1764 ;  wrote  '  The  Necessitarian,'  a  defence  of 
necessitarianism,  1783  ;  published  first  part  of  a  '  Philolo- 
gical and  Synonymical  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage,' 1806.  [xiv.  220] 

DAWSON  or  DAVISON,  EDWARD  (1576?-! 624?), 
Jesuit ;  studied  in  Spain  and  was  sent  on  the  English 
mission  ;  imprisoned,  and  in  1606  exiled  ;  became  a  Jesuit 
at  Louvain,  1606  or  1609 ;  twice  missioner  in  England : 
died  of  the  plague  at  Brussels ;  translated '  Lives  of  many 
Saints,'  from  the  Spanish,  1615.  [xiv.  221] 

DAWSON,  GEORGE  (1637-1700),  jurist :  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1662 ;  vicar  of  Sunninirhill ; 
wrote  'Origo  Legum,'  in  seven  books,  1694.  [xiv.  221] 

DAWSON,  GEORGE  (1821-1876),  preacher,  lecturer 
and  politician;  entered  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen, 
1837,  and  Glasgow  University,  1838;  M.A.  Glasgow; 
baptist  pastor,  Mount  Ziou,  Birmingham,  1844-6 ;  pastor 
of  the  '  Church  of  the  Saviour,'  Birmingham,  a  new  insti- 


tution on  broad  and  undenominational  lines,  1847-76 ; 
friend  of  Oarlyle  and  Emerson,  whose  teachings  he  popu- 
larised in  his  lectures  and  writings ;  helped  to  found  the 
Shakespeare  Memorial  Library  at  Birmingham ;  sympa- 
thised with  the  patriots  and  exiles  of  Poland,  [xiv.  221] 

DAWSON,  HENRY  (1811-1878),  landscape-painter: 
originally  employed  in  the  lace-making  industry,  for 
which  he  invented  a  machine ;  competed  for  the  decora- 
tion of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  with  a  picture  of 
Charles  I  raising  his  standard  at  Nottingham,  1847  : 
praised  as  a  colourist  by  Husk  in  :  exhibited  at  the  British 
Institution  and  the  Royal  Academy  :  best  known  by  his 
later  pictures  in  the  style  of  Turner,  such  aft  '  Greenwich  ' 
(1874),  'Wooden  Walls,'  'Houses  of  Parliament,'  and 
'  Durham.'  [xiv.  223] 

DAWSON,  JAMES  (1717  ?-1746),  Jacobite:  pen- 
sioner, St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1737 ;  left  the  uni- 
versity and  joined  the  Young  Pretender,  1745  :  captain. 
1745 ;  executed,  his  betrothed  dying  of  grief  the  same 
day,  1746.  [xiv.  325] 

DAWSON,  JOHN  (1734-1820),  surgeon  and  mathe- 
matician ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  surgeon  and 
|  teacher  of  mathematics  at  Sedbergh,  eight  senior 
wranglers  being  among  his  pupils,  1781-94 :  attacked 
Priestley's  doctrine  of  philosophical  necessity,  1781 ;  con- 
troverted William  Emerson's  Newtonian  analysis ;  pub- 
lished, 1768, '  Four  Propositions '  against  Stewart's  '  Son's 
Distance.'  [xiv.  225] 

DAWSON.  SIR  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1820-1899),  geo- 
logist :  born  at  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh University  ;  made  geological  survey  of  Nova  Scotia : 
superintendent  of  education  for  common  schools  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1850  ;  professor  of  geology  and  principal  at  McGill 
College  and  University,  Montreal,  1855-93  :  F.G.S.,  1854  ; 
F.R^?.,  1862  ;  first  president  of  Royal  Society  of  Canada ; 
hon.LL.D.  McGill  University,  1857.  and  Edinburgh,  1884  : 
D.C.L.  Bishop's  College,  Quebec,  1881 ;  C.M.G.,  1882  ; 
knighted,  1884 :  Emeritus  principal,  professor,  and  hono- 
rary curator  of  Redpath  Museum,  1898 ;  published 
numerous  works  and  papers  on  subjects  connected  with 
geology  and  natural  history.  [Suppl.  ii.  120] 

DAWSON,  MATTHEW  (1820-1898),  trainer  of  race- 
horses; presided  over  James  Merry's  stable  at  Russley, 
1860-6 ;  started  as  public  trainer  at  Newmarket,  1866 ; 
had  charge  of  Lord  Falmouth's  stud,  1869-84.  He 
trained  winners  for  six  Derbies,  seven  St.  Legers,  and  four 
Gold  Cups  at  Ascot.  [SuppL  it  122] 

DAWSON,  NANCY  (1730  ?-1767),  dancer;  figure- 
dancer  at  Sadler's  Wells ;  joined  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
and  made  her  reputation  by  dancing  the  hornpipe  in  the 
'  Beggar's  Opera,'  1769,  the  tune  becoming  popular. 

[xiv.  227] 

DAWSON,  ROBERT  (1776-1860),  topographical 
artist  ;  assistant-draughtsman  on  the  ordnance  survey  of 
Great  Britain,  1794 :  first-class  draughtsman  of  the  royal 
military  surveyors,  1802  ;  taught  at  the  Royal  Military 
College  and,  1810,  at  the  East  India  Company's  military 
seminary,  Addiscombe ;  excelled  in  the  artistic  employ- 
ment of  oblique  light.  [xiv.  228] 

DAWSON,   ROBERT  KEARSLEY  (1798-1861),  lieu- 
j  tenant-colonel  royal  engineers:   son  of  Robert  Dawson 
[q.  v.]  ;  employed  on  the  Scotch  and  Irish  surveys  ;  head 
surveyor  of  the  commons  enclosure  and  copyhold  com- 
mission ;  C.B.,  civil  division.  [xiv.  228] 

DAWSON,  THOMAS  (1726  7-1782),  physician; 
brother  of  Abraham  Dawson  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Glasgow, 
1753 :  physician  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  1769-61  ; 
L.R.C.P.,  1762  ;  physician  to  the  London  Hospital,  1764- 
1770.  [xiv.  228] 

DAWSON,  WILLIAM  (1773-1841),  Wesleyan :  lay 
and  (from  1837)  itinerant  preacher.  [xiv.  229] 

DAY,  ALEXANDER  (1773-1841),  painter  and  art 
dealer;  lived  at  Rome,  1794,  and  was  detained  by  the 
French  during  their  war  with  Naples ;  painted  medallions  ; 
imported  into  England  many  valuable  pictures. 

[xiv.  S29] 

DAY.  ALFRED  (1810-1849),  musical  theorist:  took  a 
medical  degree  at  Heidelberg,  and  practised  homoeopathy 
in  London  ;  published  'A  Treatise  on  Harmony,'  1846. 

[xiv.  230] 


DAY 


328 


DEAN- 


,  ANGELL  (/.  1586),  miscellaneous  writer; 
chief  works,  l  The  English  Secretorie  '  (letter-writing 
manual),  1686,  and  '  Daphnis  and  Ohloe '  (translated  from 
Longus),  1587.  [xiv.  230] 

DAY,  DANIEL  (1683-1767),  founder  of  Fairlop  fair, 
a  popular  festival  which  arose  out  of  his  custom  of  yearly 
feasting  his  tenants  on  his  estate  near  Fairlop  Oak  in 
Hainault  forest.  [xiv.  230] 

DAY,  FRANCIS  (d.  1642),  founder  of  Madras; 
founded  a  factory  at  Armagaum,  1625;  built  Fort  St. 
George  on  a  site  less  exposed  to  Dutch  attacks,  1639; 
died  at  Madras.  [xiv.  231] 

DAY,  FRANCIS  (1829-1889),  ichthyologist ;  educated 
at  Shrewsbury ;  studied  medicine  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
London ;  M.R.O.S.,  1851 ;  entered  Madras  medical  service, 
1852 ;  served  in  second  Burmese  war ;  inspector-general 
of  fisheries  in  India ;  retired  as  deputy  surgeon-general, 
1876  ;  C.I.E.,  1885 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1889  ; 
F.Z.S.,  1864 ;  F.L.S.,  1857 ;  published  numerous  writings 
relating  to  ichthyology.  Collections  formed  by  him  are 
in  the  British  Museum  (natural  history)  and  at  Cam- 
bridge. [Suppl.  ii.  122] 

DAY,  GEORGE  (1501  ?-1556),  bishop  of  Chichester ; 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1537  ;  provost  of 
King's  College,  1538-c.  1547 ;  public  orator  ;  member  of 
commission  which  drew  up  the  '  Necessary  Doctrine  and 
Erudition  of  a  Christian  Man,'  1540  ;  bishop  of  Chichester, 
1543 ;  assisted  in  drawing  up  first  English  prayer-book, 
1548,  but  voted  against  its  use,  1549 ;  deprived  of  his 
bishopric  for  contempt  by  the  council,  1551,  and  impri- 
soned in  the  Tower ;  released  at  Mary's  accession,  1553,  and 
restored  to  bishopric  of  Chichester.  [xiv.  231] 

DAY,  GEORGE  EDWARD  (1815-1872),  physician; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1840  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1847  ; 
Ohandos  professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine  at  St.  An- 
drews, 1849-63  ;  M.D.  Giessen,  1849 ;  translated  Russian 
and  German  works  on  pathological  anatomy,  and  pub- 
lished 'Chemistry  in  its  Relations  to  Physiology  and 
Medicine,'  1860.  [xiv.  232] 

DAY,  JAMES  (ft.  1637),  verse-writer ;  published  '  A 
New  Spring  of  Divine  Poetrie,'  163.7.  [xiv.  233] 

DAY,  DAYE,  or  DATE,  JOHN  (1522-1584),  printer : 
imprisoned  for  his  protestant  ardour  by  Queen  Mary ; 
printed  first  church-music  book  in  English,  1560 ;  pro- 
duced first  English  edition  of  Foxe's  '  Martyrs,'  1563 ; 
printed  earliest  collection  of  psalm-tunes  published  in 
England,  1563 ;  first  to  cast  Anglo-Saxon  type  in  Eng- 
land, using  it  for  an  edition  of  ^Ifric's  '  Homily,'  1567, 
Asser's  '  Life  of  Alfred,'  1574,  and  other  works ;  printer  of 
ABO  and  catechisms  by  a  monopoly  which  led  to  liti- 
gation in  1582  ;  master  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1580 ; 
introduced  a  new  italic,  a  Roman,  and  a  Greek  type. 

[xiv.  233] 

DAY,  JOHN  (fl.  1606),  dramatist ;  at  Caius  College, 
Cambridge,  1592-3 ;  referred  to  with  dislike  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  1619.  Among  his  extant  plays  are  '  The  He  of  Gvls,' 
1606,  '  Law-Trickes '  (a  play  in  many  points  resembling 
'  Pericles '),  1608,  and  '  Humour  out  of  Breath '  (rhyming 
comedy),  1608.  His  best  piece  is  'The  Parliament  of 
Bees,'  a  moral  allegory,  1607  (?).  Works  first  collected  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen  in  1881.  [xiv.  235] 

DAY,  JOHN  (1566-1628),  divine :  son  of  John  Day 
(1522-1584)  [q.  v.]  :  commoner  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford, 
1582  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1588  ;  M.A.  and  B.D. ;  vicar 
of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  1609-22 ;  chief  works, '  Oommentarii 
in  octo  libros  Aristotelis  de  Auscultatione  Physica,'  1689, 
and  '  Day's  Dyall,'  1614.  [xiv.  237] 

DAY,  MATTHEW  (rf.  1663),  classical  scholar ;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1637;  rector  of  Everdon, 
Northamptonshire:  ejected,  1644;  master  of  the  free 
school,  Lewisham  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1660 :  D.D. 
Cambridge,  1661 ;  published  '  Excerpta  in  sex  priores 
Homeri  Iliados  libros,'  1652.  [xiv.  238] 

DAY,  DAYE,  or  D'AJE,  RICHARD  (1552-1607  ?), 
printer,  translator,  and  divine;  son  of  John  Day  (1522- 
1584)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton ;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1574 ;  B.A.,  1575 ;  vicar  of  Reigate,  1683-4 ; 
printed  'The  First  Part  of  the  Key  of  Philosophic,  by 
Paracelsus,'  1580 ;  edited  Gilby's  translation  of  '  The  Tes- 
tamentes  of  the  Twelve  Patriarches,'  1581.  [xiv.  238] 


DAY,  STEPHEN  (1610  ?-1668).    [See  DAYF.] 

DAY,  THOMAS  (1748-1789),  author  of  'Sandford  and 
Merton ' ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford  ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1776 ; 
formed  friendship  with  Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  two  orphan  girls,  intending  to  marry  one  and 
apprentice  the  other,  but  subsequently  (1778)  married  a 
Miss  Esther  Milnes ;  took  a  farm  at  Anniugsley,  Surrey, 
and  did  something  to  work  out  his  schemes  of  moral  and 
social  reform  among  the  poor,  1781 ;  published  social  and 
philanthropic  pamphlets  and  the  'History  of  Sandford 
and  Merton,'  vol.  i.  1783,  vol.  ii.  1787,  and  vol.  iii.  1789.  in 
which  he  attempted  to  reconcile  Rousseau's  naturalism 
with  a  sounder  morality.  [xiv.  239] 

DAY,  WILLIAM  (1529-1596),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
brother  of  George  Day  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Chichester ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow, 
1548  ;  M.A.,  1553 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1560 ;  elected  pro- 
vost of  Eton,  1561 ;  B.D.,  1562 ;  destroyed  all  traces  of 
Catholicism  in  Eton  College  chapel ;  offended  De  Foix,  the 
French  ambassador,  when  staying  at  Eton,  by  requiring 
his  submission  to  discipline  and  causing  his  subsequent 
removal,  1563 ;  dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  1572  ;  dean  of 
Windsor,  1572 ;  registrar  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  1584 ; 
chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1587 ;  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 1595;  published  sermons.  [xiv.  241] 

DAY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1666),  divine ;  brother  of  Mat- 
thew Day  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge ;  fellow  of  King's ;  M.A.,  1632  ;  M.A.  Oxford, 
1635  ;  vicar  of  Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire,  1637  ;  divinity 
reader  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  c.  1660 ;  published  scrip- 
ture commentaries.  [xiv.  244] 

DAYE,  STEPHEN  (1610  ?-1668),  first  printer  in  New 
England;  employed  by  President  Dunster  of  Harvard, 
1639-49  ;  printed  in  America  the  '  Freeman's  Oath '  and 
a  complete  metrical  translation  of  the  Psalms,  known  as 
the  Bay  Psalm  Book,  1640.  [xiv.  244] 

DAYES,  EDWARD  (1763-1804),  water-colour  painter 
and  engraver  in  mezzotint;  exhibited  miniatures,  land- 
scapes, and  classic  and  scriptural  subjects,  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1786-1804,  and  the  Society  of  Artists ;  draughts- 
man to  the  Duke  of  York ;  committed  suicide,  1804. 

[xiv.  245] 

DAYROLLES,  SOLOMON  (<*.  1786),  diplomatist: 
master  of  the  revels  to  George  II,  1744 ;  secretary  to  Lord 
Chesterfield,  his  godfather,  when  ambassador  to  The 
Hague  for  the  second  time,  1745 ;  gentleman  usher  of 
the  black  rod  to  Chesterfield,  when  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  1745  ;  resident  at  the  Hague,  1747-51,  at  Brussels, 
1751-7 ;  assisted  Maty  in  writing  his  '  Life  of  Chester- 
field.' [xiv.  245] 

DEACON,  JAMES  (d.  1750),  miniature-painter. 

[xiv.  246] 

DEACON,  THOMAS  (1697-1753),  physician  and  non- 
juring  bishop:  agent  in  the  Jacobite  rising  of  1715; 
physician  at  Manchester,  1720  (?) ;  was  consecrated  a 
nonjuring  bishop,  1733;  supported  Prince  Charles  Ed- 
ward, 1745 ;  founded  '  The  True  British  Catholic  Church ' 
at  Manchester;  translator  of  Tillemont  and  author  of 
some  liturgical  and  theological  works.  [xiv.  246] 

DEACON,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (1799-1846), 
journalist  and  author ;  educated  at  St.  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge;  editor  of  ' The  Dejeune,'  1820:  critic  to  the 
'  Sun  • ;  published  '  The  Innkeeper's  Album,'  1823, '  War- 
reniana '  (burlesque),  1824,  and  the  '  Exile  of  Erin,'  a  tale, 
1835.  [xiv.  248] 

DEALTRY,  THOMAS  (1796-1861),  third  bishop  of 
Madras;  LL.B.  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1829; 
D.D. ;  appointed  to  a  chaplaincy  in  Bengal  by  the  in- 
fluence of  Charles  Simeon,  1829  ;  archdeacon  of  Calcutta, 
1835-48 ;  bishop  of  Madras,  1849-61.  [xiv.  249] 

DEALTRY,  WILLIAM  (1775-1847),  archdeacon  of 
Surrey ;  educated  at  St.  Catharine  Hall  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Trinity,  1798-1814  ;  M.A.,  1799  ; 
D.D.,  1829  ;  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  East  India 
College,  Haileybury ;  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Win- 
chester, 1830  ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1845  ;  published  '  The 
Principles  of  Fluxions,'  1810.  [xiv.  250] 

DEAN,  RICHARD  (1727  9-1778),  divine  and  author ; 
wrote  4  An  Essay  on  the  Future  Life  of  Brutes,'  1767. 

[xiy.  250] 


DEAN 


329 


DE    CAUS 


DEAN,  THOMAS  (18th  cent.),  musician  ;  organist  at 
Warwick  and  Coventry;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1731  ;  wrote 
music  for  Oldmixon's  'Governor  of  Cyprus,'  1703. 

[xiv.  250] 

DEAN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1688),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
educated  in  the  English  college,  liheims  ;  sent  on  the 
English  mission,  1582  ;  executed,  1688.  [xiv.  250] 

DEANE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1638?-1721),  shipbuilder; 
friend  of  Pepys  ;  master  shipwright  at  Harwich,  1664  ; 
mayor  of  Harwich,  1676  and  1682  ;  commissioner  of  the 
navy,  1675  ;  knighted  ;  built  yachts  for  Louis  XIV,  1675  ; 
M.P.,  New  Shoreham,  1678,  Harwich,  1679  and  1685; 
inventor  of  '  Punchinello  '  cannon  ;  P.B.S.,  1681. 

[xiv.  251] 

DEANE,  HENRY  (d.  1503),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  councillor  of  Henry  VII  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
1494  ;  elected  bishop  of  Bangor,  1494  ;  deputy-governor 
of  Ireland,  1496  :  deputy  and  justiciary,  1496  ;  built  a  wall 
to  protect  the  English  pale,  1496  ;  retired,  1496  ;  rebuilt 
Danger  Cathedral,  1498,  and  vindicated  its  right  to  the 
Skerries  fisheries  ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1500-2  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1501  ;  chief  commissioner  for  nego- 
tiating the  marriage  of  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII, 
with  James  IV  of  Scotland,  1502.  [xiv.  252] 

DEANZ,  RICHARD  (1610-1653),  admiral  and  general 
at  sea  ;  commanded  parliament  artillery  in  Corn  wall,  1644, 
and  at  Naseby,  1645  ;  commanded  right  wing  at  Preston, 
1648;  assisted  in  framing  the  'Remonstrance  of  the 
Army,'  1648  ;  showed  great  energy  as  commissioner  for 
the  trial  of  Charles  1,  1649  ;  general  at  sea.  in  charge  of 
the  coast  from  Portsmouth  to  Milford  Haven,  1649; 
fought  as  major-general  at  Worcester,  1651  ;  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  in  Scotland,  his  chief  achievement 
being  the  pacification  of  the  highlands,  oy  an  agreement 
with  the  Marquis  of  Argyll,  1662  ;  imprisoned  Ogilvie, 
governor  of  Dunnottar  Castle,  and  Grainger,  a  minister, 
on  the  charge  of  having  made  away  with  the  Scotch 
regalia,  1652  ;  associated  with  Blake  in  the  battle  off 
Portland,  1653;  paid  great  attention  to  the  details  of  the 
administration  of  the  fleet  ;  killed  in  action  off  Solebay, 
1653.  [xiv.  254] 

DEANE,  THOMAS  (1651-1735),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist  ;  M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1676  ; 
tutor  and  follow,  1684-9;  declared  himself  a  Romanist, 
1685  ;  pilloried  at  Charing  Cross,  1691  ;  published  a  work 
to  prove  that  Luther  was  neither  a  catholic  nor  a  pro- 
testant,  1688.  [xiv.  258] 

DEANE,  Sm  THOMAS  (1792-1871),  builder  and 
architect  in  Cork  ;  mayor  of  Cork,  1830  ;  knighted,  1830  ; 
designed  many  of  the  public  buildings  in  Cork,  the  Vene- 
tian addition  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  the  museum 
at  Oxford  ;  president  of  the  Institute  of  Irish  Architects. 

[xiv.  259] 

DEANE,  Sm  THOMAS  NEWENHAM  (1828-1899), 
architect;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Deane  (1792-1871)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A., 
1849  ;  entered  his  father's  firm,  1850  ;  his  most  important 
works,  the  Science  and  Art  Museum  and  the  National 
Library  of  Ireland,  Dublin,  1885-90;  knighted,  1890; 
inspector  of  national  and  ancient  monuments.  His  other 
works  include  the  Clarendon  Laboratory  and  Examination 
Schools  and  the  Physiological  Laboratory  and  Anthropo- 
logical Museum,  Oxford.  [SuppL  it  123] 

DEANE,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1823-1895),  theological 
writer  ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1847  ;  M.A.,  1872  ;  or- 
dained deacon,  1847;  priest,  1849;  rector  of  South 
Thoresby,  Lincolnshire,  1852-3,  and  of  Ashen,  Essex, 
1853-95  ;  published  a  number  of  exegetical  works. 


[Suppl.  ii.  124] 
-1873),  architect 


DEANE,  WILLIAM  WOOD  (1825 
and  painter;  cashier  at  the  Bank  of  England;  silver 
medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1844;  associate  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  1848;  relinquished 
practical  architecture  in  disappointment,  1856  ;  made  im- 
pressionist sketches  of  architecture  and  local  incident  at 
Rome,  1850,  at  Venice,  1865,  and  in  other  parts  of  Europe  ; 
associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours, 
1870.  [xiv,  260] 

DEARE,  JOHN  (1759-1798),  sculptor  :  sent  by  the 
king  and  the  Royal  Academy  to  Rome,  where  he  settled, 
1785  ;  imprisoned  by  the  commander  of  the  French  troops, 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  Deare's  wife,  1798  ;  his  death 
sometimes  ascribed  to  this  cause.  [xiv.  261] 


DEARE,  JOSEPH  (1 8049-1835),  sculptor:  nephew  of 
John  Deare  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  marble  groups  and  portrait 
busts  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1826-32.  [xiv.  261] 

DBAS,  Sm  DAVID  (1807-1876),  naval  medical  officer  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  high  school ;  licen- 
tiate of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  1827  ;  sur- 
geon R.N.,  1836 ;  served  off  Syria,  subsequently  at 
Sehastopol,  1854 ;  inspector-general  of  hospitals  and  fleete, 
1855-72  ;  K.O.B.,  1867.  [xiv.  261] 

DBAS,  SIR  GEORGE  (1804-1887),  Scottish  judge; 
studied  law  at  Edinburgh ;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar, 
1828;  sheriff  of  Ross  and  Cromarty,  1850-1;  solicitor- 
general,  1851-2  ;  permanent  lord  ordinary  of  session,  with 
title  of  Lord  Deas,  1853 ;  exchequer  judge,  1853  ;  lord 
commissioner  of  justiciary,  1854 ;  knighted,  1858. 

[xiv.  262] 

DBASE,  WILLIAM  (1752  9-1798),  surgeon ;  studied 
medicine  at  Paris  and  Dublin ;  professor  of  surgery,  Sur- 
geons' College,  Dublin,  1785 ;  president,  1789 ;  died  of  an 
internal  wound  under  mysterious  circumstances  ;  pub- 
lished medical  works.  [xiv.  262] 

DEASY,  RICKARD  (1812-1883),  Irish  judge;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1847 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar, 
1835 ;  queen's  counsel,  1849 ;  M.P.,  co.  Cork,  1855-61  ; 

;  attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1860;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1860; 
exchequer  baron  in  Ireland,  1861-78 ;  lord  justice  of  ap- 

j  peal,  1878.  [xiv.  262] 

DE  BAAN,  JACOBUS  (1673-1700),  portrait-painter; 
son  of  Johannes  de  Baan  [q.  v.]  ;  bora  at  the  Hague ; 
painted  in  England  portraits  of  William  III  and  his 
nobility,  and  in  Italy  pictures  for  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany ;  died  at  Vienna.  [xiv.  264] 

DE  BAAN  or  DE  BAEN,  JOHANNES  (1633-1702), 
painter;  born  at  Haarlem;  director  of  the  Painters' 
Guild  of  St.  Luke  at  the  Hague ;  invited  to  England  by 
Charles  II ;  executed  portraits  of  Charles  II,  Catherine  of 
Braganza,  and  the  Duke  of  York,  and,  on  his  return  to 
Holland,  of  eminent  Dutchmen ;  formed  Louis  XIV's 
collection  of  Dutch  masters ;  three  times  escaped  being 
assassinated  by  his  rivals.  [xiv.  263] 

DEBBIEG,  HUGH  (1731-1810),  general ;  cadet-gunner, 
royal  artillery,  1745 ;  studied  at  Royal  Military  Academy, 
I  Woolwich ;  engineer  extraordinary  in  Flanders,  1747 ; 
practitioner  engineer  in  Brabant,  1748  ;  engaged  in  survey 
operations  in  Scotland  and  north  of  England,  1748-51 ; 
sub-engineer  at  Chatham,  1751 :  lieutenant  in  37th  foot, 
1756, and  in  royal  engineers,  1757;  captain-lieutenant,  1758; 
served  in  North  America  and  Canada;  captain,  1759; 
chief  engineer  in  Newfoundland,  1765 ;  went  on  secret 
mission  to  examine  seaports  of  France  and  Spain,  1767-8 ; 
brevet-major,  1772 ;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1777 ;  chief 
engineer  on  staff  of  Jeffrey,  lord  Amherst,  1777;  chief 
engineer  at  Chatham,  1778 ;  had  charge  of  defences  of 
public  build  ings  during  '  no  popery '  riots,  1780  ;  sub- 
director  and  major  in  royal  engineers,  1781 ;  colonel, 
1782  ;  censured  and  temporarily  deprived  of  rank,  owing 
to  disputes  with  third  Duke  of  Richmond,  who  was 
master-general  of  ordnance,  1789 ;  major-general,  1793 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1798 ;  general,  1803.  [Suppl.  ii.  124] 

DEBRETT,  JOHN  (d.  1822),  publisher  and  compiler : 
compiled  a  '  Peerage  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,' 
1802,  and  a  '  Baronetage  of  England,'  1808.  [xiv.  264] 

DE  BETE,  DIRK  or  THEODORE  (1528-1598),  en- 
graver ;  born  at  Liege :  engraved  plates  for  Boissard's 
'Roman  Antiquities,' and  executed  'The  Grand  Funeral 
Procession  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,'  a  series,  1587.  [xiv.  264] 

DE    BRUYN,    THEODORE    (d.    1804),    landscape- 
painter  ;   born  in  Switzerland ;   exhibited  landscapes  at 
j  the  Royal  Academy;   decorated    chapel   at    Greenwich 
Hospital  in  monochrome  imitation  of  bas-relief. 

[xiv.  264] 

DE  CAUS,  ISAAC  (fl.  1644),  mathematician ;  son  or 
nephew  of  Salomon  de  Caus  [q.  v.]  ;  laid  out  the  gardens 
at  Wilton  House;  restated  the  hydraulic  theorems  of 
Salomon  de  Caus,  1644.  [xiv.  265] 

DE  CAUS,  CAULS,  or  CAUX,  SALOMON  (1576- 
1626  ?),  engineer  and  architect ;  native  of  Normandy ; 
mathematical  tutor  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales  ;  laid  out 
gardens  at  Heidelberg  Castle,  1613 ;  left  the  service  of  the 
elector  palatine  to  return  to  France,  1623.  His  work* 


DECKER 


330 


BE    GEX 


include '  Institution  Harmonique,'  1615,  and  a  book  on  the 
motive  power  of  water,  in  which  he  anticipated  the 
steam-engine,  1615.  [xiv.  265] 

DECKER,  SIR  MATTHEW  (1679-1749),  writer  on 
trade;  born  in  Amsterdam;  settled  in  London,  1702; 
director  of  the  East  India  Company;  M.P.  for  Bishops 
Castle;  sheriff  of  Surrey,  1729;  created  baronet,  1716; 
much  interested  in  landscape  gardening.  In  'Serious  Con- 
siderations on  the  High  Duties,'  he  advocated  a  single 
excise  tax  on  all  the  houses  of  Great  Britain,  1743.  His 
*  Essay  on  the  Causes  of  the  Decline  of  the  Foreign  Trade ' 
(1744)  adversely  criticised  by  Adam  Smith,  [xiv.  266] 

DECKER,  THOMAS  (1570?-1641  ?).    [See  DKKKKR.] 

DECLAN,  SAINT  (/.  600-650),  bishop  of  Ardmore,  co. 
Waterford  ;  became  in  Gaul  possessed  of  the  'iluibhin,'  a 
supernatural  gift,  which  was  possibly  a  black  altar-cross  ; 
crossed  to  Ireland  in  a  ship  which  was  miraculously  sup- 
plied to  him ;  founded  church  and  monastery  at  Meath 
and  Ardmore.  [xiv.  267] 

DE  COETLOGON,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1746?- 
1820).  [See  COETLOGON.] 

DE  GORT,  HENRY  FRANCIS  (HKXDRIK  TRANS) 
(1742-1810),  landscape-painter  ;  born  at  Antwerp;  secre- 
tary to  the  new  Antwerp  Academy,  1788 ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  from  1790.  [xiv.  268] 

DE  CRITZ,  EMMANUEL (fl.  1723),  sergeant-painter; 
son  of  John  de  Critz  (d.  1642)  [q.  v.]  ;  painted  scenery  for 
court  masques.  [xiv.  269] 

DE  CRITZ,  JOHN,  the  younger  (fl.  1610),  sergeant- 
painter  ;  son  of  John  de  Critz  (d.  1642)  [q.  v.]  ;  sergeant- 
painter  by  reversion,  1610  ;  killed  on  the  royalist  side  at 
Oxford.  [xiv.  269] 

DE  CRITZ,  JOHN  (d.  1642),  sergeant-painter  from 
1605;  native  of  Flanders;  extolled  in  Meres's  'Palladis 
Tamia,'  15a8  ;  painted  portraits  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  Wal- 
singham,  and  Sir  Philip  Sidney  ;  repaired  the  royal  barges, 
1631.  [xiv.  268] 

DECUMAN  or  DEGEMAN,  SAINT  (d.  706  ?),  Welsh 
hermit ;  miraculously  crossed  the  Bristol  Channel ;  hermit 
near  Dunster  Castle,  Somerset.  [xiv.  269] 

DEE,  ARTHUR  (1679-1651),  alchemist :  son  of  John 
Dee  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  in  Germany,  Poland,  and  Bohemia ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  1592  ;  cited  before  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  as  an  unlicensed  practitioner ;  appointed 
physician  to  the  czar  on  James  I's  recommendation ; 
author  of  a  Rosicrucian  '  Fasciculus  Chemicus,'  1631. 

[xiv.  269] 

DEE,  DUNCAN  (1657-1720),  pleader ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
common  serjeant  of  the  city  of  London,  1700 ;  defended 
Sacheverell  before  the  House  of  Lords,  1710.  [xiv.  270] 

DEE,  FRANCIS  (d.  1638),  bishop  of  Peterborough ; 
scholar  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1591;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1603  ;  D.D.,  1617 ;  chancellor  of 
Salisbury  Cathedral,  1619 ;  '  assistant '  in  the  foundation 
of  Sion  College,  1630 :  dean  of  Cbichester,  1630  ;  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  1634-8;  benefactor  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  [xiv.  270] 

DEE,  JOHN  (1527-1608),  mathematician  and  astro- 
loger ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1545  ;  founda- 
tion-fellow, e.  1546  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  the  clever  stage  effects  he  introduced  into  a  per- 
formance of  the '  Peace '  of  Aristophanes  procured  him  his 
life-long  reputation  of  being  a  magician,  1546  ;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1548 ;  studied  at  Louvain,  1548  •  lectured  at  Paris 
on  Euclid,  1550;  rector  of  Upton-upon-Seveni,  1553: 
acquitted  by  the  Star-chamber  when  accused  of  practis- 
ing sorcery  against  Queen  Mary's  life,  but  put  under 
the  surveillance  of  Bishop  Bonner  as  a  possible  heretic ; 
suggested  to  Queen  Mary  the  formation  of  a  royal  library 
of  ancient;  manuscripts,  1556;  acquired  at  Antwerp 
(c.  1662)  a  manuscript  of  Trithemius's  '  Steganographia ' ; 
visited  Venice,  1563;  made  a  voyage  to  St.  Helena;  tra- 
velled to  Hungary  to  present  his  *  Monas  Hieroglyphica ' 
to  Maximilian  II,  1563 ;  explained  the  appearance  of  n 
new  star,  1572 ;  described  hit*  magic  glass  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, 1675  ;  sent  to  Germany  to  consult  physicians  on  the 
queen's  health,  1578;  drew  up  hydrographical  and  geo- 
graphical description  of  newly  discovered  countries  for 


Queen  Elizabeth,  at  her  request,  1580  ;  made  calculations 
to  facilitate  adoption  in  England  of  Gregory  XIII's  calen- 
dar, 1583  ;  practised  crystallomancy  in  conjunction  with 
Albert  Laski,  palatine  of  Siradz,  1584;  went  to  Prague 
and  had  interviews  with  the  Emperor  Rodolph  II,  1584, 
and  Stephen  of  Poland,  1585  ;  compelled  to  leave  Prague 
by  representations  of  Bishop  of  Piacenza,  1586  ;  head  of  a 
small  confraternity,  which  dissolved  in  1589,  for  seeking 
the  philosopher's  stone  and  invoking  the  angels ;  warden 
of  Manchester  College,  1595-1604  ;  fruitlessly  petitioned 
James  I  to  be  formally  cleared  of  the  imputation  of  being 
a  magician,  1604.  Among  his  numerous  works  were  '  De 
Trigono,'  1565, '  Navigationis  ad  Cathayam  .  .  delineatio 
Hydrographica,'  1680,  and  a '  Treatise  of  the  Rosie  Crucian 
Secrets.'  [xiv.  271] 

DEERING.  GEORGE  CHARLES  (16957-1749), 
botanist ;  native  of  Saxony  ;  secretary  to  Baron  Schach ; 
Russian  envoy  extraordinary  to  Queen  Anne,  1713 ; 
graduated  at  Rheims  and  Leyden,  1718;  member  of 
Dillenius  and  Martyn's  English  Botanical  Society,  1721 ; 
gave  up  medicine  and  enlisted  as  an  ensign  in  the  Not- 
tingham foot  regiment,  1745.  [xiv.  279] 

DEERING,  formerly  GANDY,  JOHN  PETER  (1787- 
1850),  architect;  travelled  in  Greece,  1811-13;  M.P., 
Aylesbury ;  R.A.,  1838  ;  high  sheriff  of  Buckinghamshire. 
1840 ;  designed  numerous  public  buildings  in  London,  and 
published  the  'Rural  Architect,'  1805.  also  assisting  Sir 
William  Gell  [q.  v.]  in  'Pompeiana,'  1817-19.  [xiv.  280] 

DEFOE,  DANIEL  (1661  ?-1731>  journalist  and 
novelist ;  changed  his  name  from  Foe  to  Defoe,  c.  1703 ; 
hose  factor,  1685 ;  joined  Monmouth's  rebellion,  1685 ; 
joined  William  Ill's  army,  1688 ;  accountant  to  the  com- 
missioners of  the  glass  duty,  1695-9 ;  published  an  '  Essay 
upon  Projects,'  1698;  advocated  war  with  France  in  'The 
Two  Great  Questions  considered,'  1700;  published  'The 
True-born  Englishman,  a  Satyr,'  1701  ;  wrote  'The 
Original  Power  of  the  Collective  Body  of  the  People  of 
England  examined  and  asserted '  in  approval  of  the  libera- 
tion of  the  lately  imprisoned  '  Kentish  petitioners,'  1701 : 
wrote  the  'Mock  Mourners,'  a  lament  for  William  III, 
1702 ;  published  (1702) '  The  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissen- 
ters,' a  satiric  pamphlet  which  was  designed  to  teach  high- 
churchmen  the  logical  result  of  suppressing  the  privilege 
of  'occasional  conformity,'  and  for  which  he  was  fined, 
imprisoned,  and  pilloried  while  the  people  drank  his 
health,  1703  :  composed  a  '  Hymn  to  the  Pillory ' ;  started 
the  'Review'  (suppressed  1713) during  his  imprisonment, 
1704 ;  sent  into  Scotland  on  a  secret  mission  by  the 
government,  1705  ;  published  '  Jure  Divino,'  a  long  poli- 
tical satire,  1706 ;  published  a  'History  of  the  Union  with 
Scotland,'  1709 ;  supported  Marlborough  and  Godolphin 
against  the  growing  discontent  with  the  French  war ; 
defended  Sacheverell's  impeachment  in  the  'Review'; 
wrote  in  Harley's  interest,  1710 ;  wrote  in  favour  of  peace 
with  France ;  contributed  to  the  '  Mercator,'  a  journal  of 
economics,  1713  ;  anti- Jacobite  pamphleteer,  1712-13 ;  pro- 
secuted by  the  whigs  for  treasonable  publications,  1713  ; 
condemned,  but  pardoned  under  the  great  seal,  1713 ;  pub- 
lished his  ;  Appeal  to  Honour  and  Justice,'  an  apologetic, 
1715 ;  convicted  (1715)  of  libelling  Lord  Annesley,  Boling- 
broke's  emissary  to  Ireland;  escaped  punishment  by 
favour  of  Lord  Townshend,  secretary  of  state ;  published 
'History  of  the  Wars  of  Charles  XII,'  1715;  started 
'  Mercurius  Politicus,'  a  monthly  paper  in  the  service  of 
the  government,  1716 ;  redactor  of  '  Mist's  Journal,'  a 
Jacobite  organ,  1717-24 :  published  the  first  volume  of  his 
best-known  work,  'Robinson  Crusoe,'  1719,  and 'Serious 
Reflections  during  the  life  ...  of  Robinson  Crusoe,'  a 
sequel,  1720,  both  widely  pirated ;  published '  The  Anatomy 

I  of  Exchange  Alley,'  an  attack  on  stockjobbers,  and  the 
'  Chimera,'  1720 ;  published '  Captain  Singleton,  1720, '  Moll 
Flanders'  and  'Colonel  Jacque,'  1722,  and  'Roxana,' 
1724 ;  author  of  'Journal  of  the  Plague  Year,'  1722,  and  a 
'  New  Voyage  Round  the  World,'  1726,  two  works  of  fic- 
tion ;  produced  didactic  works,  as  well  as  books  of  vulgar 
supernaturalism  and  economic  and  social  pamphlets ; 
adopted  pseudonym  of  Andrew  Morton,  1726  ;  became 

1  acquainted  with  Henry  Baker  (1698-1774)  [q.  v.],  who 
married  his  daughter,  Sophia  Defoe,  1729,  but  apparently 

!  quarrelled  with  him  later  ;  published  over  260  works. 

[xiv.  280] 

DE  GEX,  SIR  JOHN  PETER  (1809-1887),  law 
reporter:  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1834;  barrister 

j  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1835 ;  published  a  volume  of '  Cases  in 


DEGGE 


331 


DELANY 


ikruptcy,'  reported  by  himself,  1852 ;  represented  the 
pliant  against  the  decision  of  the  bankruptcy  court 
__At  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  was  exempt  from  the  law 
of  bankruptcy,  1869;  treasurer  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1882; 
knighted,  1882.  [xiv.  293] 

DEGGE,  SIR  SIMON  (1612-1704),  author  of  the  'Par- 
son's Counsellor ' ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1663  ;  justice 
of  the  \Velsh  marches,  1662  ;  knighted,  1669  ;  bencher  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  1669;  high  sheriff  of  Derbyshire,  1673 : 
published  the  '  Parson's  Counsellor  and  Law  of  Tithes,1 
1676.  [xiv.  293] 

DEGREY.    [See  GREY.] 

DE  HEERE  or  D'HEERE,  LUCAS  (1534-1584), 
painter  and  poet ;  born  at  Ghent ;  adopted  the  reformed 
religion  ;  set  up  a  school  of  painting  at  Ghent,  and  became 
a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Rhetoric ;  published  '  De 
1 1. * i  >],  IJoomgnerd  der  Poesien,'  1665;  banished,  1568; 
lived  in  England,  1568-77  ;  painted  in  England  some  por- 
traits, including  (1564)  one  of  Queen  Mary,  and  an  alle- 
gorical picture  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  1569;  employed  in 
mural  decoration  ;  designed  the  pageants  at  the  entry  of 
the  Prince  of  Orange  Into  Ghent,  1577.  [xiv.  294] 

DEICOLA  or  DEICOLUS,  SAINT  (d.  625);  attended 
St.  Columbauus  for  a  time  in  East  Auglia  and  France, 
690,  as  one  of  the  twelve  companions ;  founded,  and 
placed  under  papal  protection,  a  monastery  at  Luthra 
(Lure).  [xiv.  295] 

DEINIOL,  SAINT  (rf.  584  ?).    [See  DANIEL.] 

DEIOS,  LAURENCE  (/.  1607),  divine :  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oambru  ?e,  1573 ;  M.A.,  1576 ;  B.D.,  1583  ; 
Hebrew  lecturer  and  junior  dean  of  St.  John's  College  ; 
rector  of  East  Horsley,  Surrey,  1590-1.  [xiv.  296] 

DEIRA,  KINGS  OF.  [See  MLL\.  d.  588 ;  Enwix, 
585  ?-633  ;  08BIC,  d.  634  ;  OSWIN,  d.  651.] 

DE  KEYSER,  WILLIAM  (1647-1692 V),  painter: 
native  of  Antwerp,  where  he  painted  altar-pieces ;  tried 
his  fortune  in  England ;  his  prospects  ruined  by  the  over- 
throw of  his  patron,  James  II.  [xiv.  296] 


THOMAS  (1570  ?-164l  ?),  dramatist  and 
pamphleteer ;  engaged  by  Philip  Henslowe  to  write  plays 
(most  of  which  are  now  lost),  in  collaboration  with  Dray- 
ton,  Ben  Jonson,  Day,  and  many  others  ;  published  in  1600 
'  The  Pleasant  Comedie  of  Fortunatus ' :  ridiculed  in  Ben 
Jonson 's '  Poetaster,'  1601,  on  which  he  retorted  in  the 
'Satiroinastix,'  1602;  wrote  'The  Batchelors  Banquet,' 
a  tract  founded  on  '  Les  Quinze  Joyes  de  Mariage,'  1603  ; 
published  'The  Seuen  deadly  Shines  of  London,'  and 
'Newes  from  Hell,'  an  imitation  of  Nash,  1606;  wrote 
'  The  Belman  of  London,'  a  social  satire,  J608  ;  published 
'The  Gnls  Hornebooke,'  1609,  and  '  Fowre  Birds  of  Noahs 
Arke,'  a  prose  devotional  work,  1609 ;  collaborated  with 
Middleton  in  '  Roaring  Girl,'  1611,  and  Massinger  in  *  The 
Virgin  Martyr,'  1622 ;  published '  Match  Mee  in  London,' 
a  tragi-comedy,  1631 ;  composed  the  lyrical  passages  of 
Ford's 'Sun's  Darling'  (published  1656)  and,  with  Ford 
and  Rowley,  produced  '  Witch  of  Edmonton '  (published 
1658).  His  dramatic  works  were  collected  by  Mr.  R.  H. 
Shepherd  in  1873,  and  his  miscellaneous  works  by  Dr. 
Grosart  in  *  The  Huth  Library.'  [xiv.  297] 

DELACY.    [See  LACY.] 

DELAMAINE,  ALEXANDER  (/.  1654-1683),  Mug- 
gletonian;  quaker,  1654;  composed  song  dealing  with 
Muggleton's  trial,  1677.  [xiv.  301] 

DELAMAINE,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (/.  1631),  mathe- 
matician ;  tutor  to  Charles  I  in  mathematics ;  chief  work, 
'  Grammelogia  or  the  Mathematicall  Rin<?,'  1631. 

[xiv.  301] 

DELAMAINE,  RICHARD,  the  younger  (/.  1654), 
mathematician;  son  of  Richard  Delamaiue  (./I.  1631) 
[q.  v.] ;  published  computation  of  rates  due  on  lands  in 
Ireland,  1641 ;  preacher,  1648  ;  helped  to  defend  Hereford 
against  the  royalists.  [xiv.  301] 

DE  LA  MARE,  SIR  PETER  (fl.  1370).  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Hereford 
and  speaker  of  the  Commons  in  the  Good  parliament, 
1376  ;  imprisoned  at  Nottingham  by  the  influence  of  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster,  1376-7;  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1377; 
again  speaker,  1377.  [xiv.  301] 


DELAMER  or  DE  LA  MER,  BARONR.    [See  BOOTH. 
,  GEORGE,  first  BARON,  1622-1684  ;  BOOTH,  HKXKY,  second 
BARON,  1662-1694  ;  BOOTH,  GEORGE,  third  BARON,  1675- 
1758.] 

DE  LA  MOTTE,  FREEMAN  GAGE  (d.  1862).  author 
of  works  on  alphabets  and  illimiiniuion  ;  son  of  William 
de  la  Motte  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Turner.  [xiv.  303] 

DE  LA  MOTTE,  PHILIP  (d.  1805),  lieutenant-colonel 
and  (1803) author  of  a  work  on  British  heraldry  :  cousin  of 
William  de  la  Motte  [q.  v.]  [xiv.  303] 

DE  LA  MOTTE,  WILLIAM  (1776-1863),  painter ;  by 
j  descent  a  Huguenot  refugee ;  contributed  landscapes,  sea- 
!  scenes,  and  architectural  pictures  to  the  Royal  Academy 
I  exhibitions,  1796-1848;  'fellow  exhibitor 'of  the  Water- 
!  Colour  Society,  exhibiting  in  1806,  1807,  and  1808  ;  pub- 
]  lished  '  Thirty  Etchings  of  Rural  Subjects,'  1816. 

[xiv.  302] 

DE  LANCEY,  OLIVER,  the  elder  (1749-1822),  geue- 
,  ral :    descended  from  a    Huguenot    family,  which  had 
[  emigrated  to  America ;  lieutenant,  14th  dragoons,  1770  ; 
captain,  17th  dragoons,  1773 ;  brigadier-general  of  Ameri- 
can loyalists,  1774 ;  fought  at  Brooklyn  and  White  Plains, 
1776 ;    present  at  the   surrender  of    Charleston,    1781 ; 
!  lieutenant-colonel,  17th  dragoons,   1781 ;   major-general, 
|  1794;  M.P.,    Maidstone,    1796-1802;    removed,  in    con- 
!  sequence  of  culpable  carelessness  in  the  keeping  of  his 
j  accounts  as  barrack-master,  1 804 ;  general,  1812. 

[xiv.  303] 

DE  LANCEY,   OLIVER,  the   younger   (1803-1837), 
Christinist  officer ;   son  of  Oliver  de   Lancey  the  elder 
|  [q.  v.];  second  lieutenant,  60th  rifles,  1818 ;  aide-de-camp 
'  to  Lieutenant-general  Sir  Charles  Colville,  G.O.B.,  at  Bom- 
bay, 1821 ;  captain,  1829  ;  relieved  Santander,  1835 ;  de- 
•  puty  adjutant-general  to  the  legion  ;  killed  while  repelling 
Carlist  attack  on  San  Sebastian,  1837.  [xiv.  304] 

DELANCEY,SIR  WILLIAM  HO\VE(rf.  1816),  colonel, 
quartermaster-general's  staff  ;  bom  of  a  Huguenot  family 
at  New  York ;  lieutenant,  16th  light  dragoons,  1793  ; 
served  in  East  Indies,  1795  ;  fought  in  Spain  as  assistant 
quartermaster-general  and  deputy  quartermaster-general, 
1809-14 ;  present  at  capture  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1811,  and 
battle  of  Vittoria,  1813  ;  K.C.B. ;  killed  at  Waterloo,  1815. 

[xiv.  304] 

DELANE,  DENNIS  (d.  1750),  Irish  actor;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  appeared  first  at  the  Smock 
Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  1728 ;  appeared  at  Goodman's 
Fields  as  Chamont  in  the  '  Orphan,'  1730  ;  played  Alexan- 
der, Antony,  Falstaff,  Volpoue,  and  other  characters  of 
Elizabethan  drama  at  Covent  Garden,  1735  ;  engaged  at 
Drury  Lane,  1741 ;  created  Mahomet  in  Miller's  adapta- 
tion from  Voltaire,  1744 ;  resented  the  hostility  of  Gar- 
rick,  and  returned  to  Covent  Garden,  1748.  [xiv.  306] 

DELANE,  JOHN  THADEUS  (1817-1879),  editor  of 
the  '  Times ' ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1839  ;  barrister  of  Middle 
Temple,  1847;  editor  of  the  'Times,'  1841-77;  organised 
a  special  "Times'  express  from  Alexandria  to  London, 
1845 ;  published  information  which  compelled  Lord 
Palmerston  to  apologise  to  the  Neapolitanj?overnment  for 
assisting  insurgents,  1849  :  attacked  the  government  for 
neglecting  Crimean  commissariat ;  prevented  the  govern- 
ment from  assisting  Denmark,  1864.  [xiv.  306] 

DELANE,  SOLOMON  (1727-1784  ?),  landscape- 
painter  ;  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  painted  two  land- 
scapes for  the  Royal  Academy  exhibition,  1771 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1782.  [xiv.  308] 

DELANY,  MARY  (1700-1788),  friend  of  Swift;  rufc 
Gran ville;  married,  firstly,  against  her  will  to  oae 
Alexander  Pendarves,  of  Roscrow,  Cornwall,  1718 ;  married, 
secondly,  Patrick  Delany,  1743 ;  invented  '  flower  mosaic,' 
1774;  corresponded  with  Swift  and  introduced  Miss 
Burney,  the  novelist,  at  court.  [xiv.  308] 

DELANY,  PATRICK  (1685 ?-1768),  divine;  senior 
fellow  and  tutor,  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  an  intimate 
friend  of  Sheridan  and  Swift,  the  latter  styling  him '  the 
most  eminent  preacher  we  have ' ;  made  chancellor  of 
Christ  Church  Cathedral  by  Lord  Carteret,  1727 ;  chan- 
cellor of  St.  Patrick's,  1730;  started  the  'Tribune,1  a 
periodical,  1738 :  appointed  to  the  deanery  of  Down  by 
the  influence  of  his  wife,  Mary  Delauy  [q.  v.],  1744 : 


DELAP 


332 


DELUC 


published  'Revelations  examined  with  Candour,'  1732, 
1734,  and  1736,  'Reflections  upon  Polygamy,' 1738,  an.l  a 
defence  of  Swift  against  Lord  Orrery,  1754.  [xiv.  310] 

DELAP,  JOHN  (1725-1812),  poet  and  dramatist: 
educated  at  Trinity  and  Mapdalene  Colleges,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow  of  Mapdalene,  1748 :  M.A.,  1750 ;  D.D.,  1762 ;  in- 
cumbent of  Iford  and  Kingston,  Sussex,  1766-1812,  of 
Woollavington,  Sussex,  1774-1812  ;  wrote  mediocre  tra- 
gedies for  Drury  Lane  and  elegies.  [xiv.  311] 

DE  LA  POLE.    [See  POLK.] 

DELARAM,  FRANCIS  (d.  1627),  engraver ;  engraved 
portraits  of  Tudor  notabilities.  [xiv.  312] 

DE  LA  RUE,  THOMAS  (1793-1866),  printer ;  native 
of  Guernsey ;  founded  firm  in  card  and  ornamental  paper 
trade  in  London;  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
1865.  [xiv.  313] 

DE  LA  RITE,  WARREN  (1816-1889),  inventor ;  son 
of  Thomas  De  la  Rue  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Guernsey  ;  educated 
in  Paris ;  entered  his  father's  printing  firm ;  studied 
science;  F.R.S.,  1850;  invented  first  envelope-making 
machine,  1851 :  formed  friendship  with  Wilhelm  Hofmann 
(1818-1892)  ;  erected,  c.  1850,  observatory  at  Oanonbury, 
which  was  removed  to  Cranford,  Middlesex,  1857  ;  emi- 
nent in  celestial  photography ;  devised  '  Kew  heliograph ' 
for  taking  daily  photographs  of  sun,  1858  ;  directed  ex- 
pedition to  observe  solar  eclipse  at  Rivabellosa,  Spain, 
1860 ;  observed  sun  spots  with  Balfour  Stewart  [q.  v.] 
and  Mr.  Benjamin  Loewy,  1862 ;  engaged  in  chemical 
researches,  with  Dr.  Hugo  MUller,  on  Rangoon  tar  and 
glyceric  acid  (1859),  terephthalic  acid  (1861),  and  on 
electric  discharge  through  gases,  1868-83  ;  received  gold 
medals  from  Astronomical  (1862)  and  Royal  societies 
(1864) :  D.C.L.  Oxford ;  original  member  of  Chemical 
Society  and  president,  1867-9,  and  1879-80;  president, 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1864-6  ;  published  scientific 
papers.  [xlix.  387] 

DELATRE  or  DELATTRE,  JEAN  MARIE  (1745- 
1840),  engraver ;  born  at  Abbeville ;  assistant  to  Barto- 
lozzi.  [xiv.  313] 

DELAUNE  or  DELAWNE,  GIDEON  (1565  ?-1659), 
apothecary ;  son  of  William  Delaune  (d.  1610)  [q.  v.]  ;  born 
at  Rheims ;  apothecary  to  Anne  of  Denmark,  queen  of 
James  I ;  worked  for  incorporation  of  Apothecaries'  Com- 
pany ;  inventor  of  Delaune's  pills.  [xiv.  313] 

DELAUNE,  PAUL  (1684?-1654?),  physician:  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1610 ;  M.D.  Padua,  1614, 
Cambridge,  1615 ;  senior  censor  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, 1643 ;  professor  of  physic  in  Gresham  College, 
1643-52 ;  went  to  Hispaniola  and  Jamaica  as  physician- 
general  to  Cromwell's  fleet.  [xiv.  314] 

DELATJKE,  THOMAS  (d.  1685X  nonconformist 
writer;  converted  to  protestantism  when  clerk  to  the 
proprietor  of  a  pilchard  fishery  near  Kinsale ;  imprisoned 
for  libel  on  account  of  his  '  Plea  for  the  Nonconformists,' 
1683  ;  died  in  Newgate,  1685.  [xiv.  315] 

DELAUNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1610),  divine  and  physi- 
cian ;  native  of  France,  where  he  became  a  protestant 
minister;  studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  Montpellier; 
Huguenot  refugee  in  England ;  L.R.C.P.,  1582 ;  epitomised 
Calvin's  'Institutions,1  1583.  [xiv.  315] 

DELAUNE,  WILLIAM  (1659-1728),  president  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1683  ;  D.D.,  1697  ; 
president  of  St.  John 's,  1698-1728;  canon  of  Winchester, 
1701 :  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1702-6  ;  accused  of  em- 
bezzling university  funds  ;  Margaret  lecturer  in  divinity, 
1715  ;  one  of  Queen  Anne's  chaplains.  [xiv.  316] 

DELAVAL,  EDWARD  HUSSEY  (1729-1814),  chemist ; 
M.A.  and  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge:  F.R.S., 
1759  :  gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  manufactured 
the  completest  set  of  musical  glasses  then  known  in  Eng- 
land ;  chief  work,  '  The  Cause  of  Changes  in  Opaque  and 
Coloured  Bodies,'  1777.  [xiv.  316] 

DELAY  ALL,  SIR  RALPH  (d.  1707),  admiral ;  com- 
mander of  the  York,  1688 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  1690 ; 
knighted,  1690 ;  commanded  the  rear  squadron  in  the 
battle  of  Beachy  Head,  1690 ;  as  president  of  the  court- 


martial  acquitted  Lord  Torrington  of  remissness  in  that 
action ;  vice-admiral  of  the  red  squadron  at  Barfleur, 
1692; 'as  Jacobite  removed  from  command,  1693  ;  M.I1., 
Great  Bedwin,  1695-8.  [xiv.  317] 

DE  LA  WARR,  EARLS  OP.  [See  WEST,  JOHN,  first 
EARL,  1693-1766;  WEST,  SIR  CHARLES  RICHARD  SACK- 
VILLK-,  sixth  EARL,  1815-1873.] 

DE  LA  WARR,  BARONS  OP.  [See  WEST,  SIR  THOMAS, 
ninth  BARON,  1472  ?-1654 ;  WEST,  THOMAS,  third  or 
twelfth  BARON,  1577-1618;  WEST,  JOHN,  sixth  BARON, 
1693-1766 ;  WEST,  SIR  CHARLES  RICHARD  SACKVILLE-, 
twelfth  BARON,  1815-1873.] 

DELEPIERRE,  JOSEPH  OCTAVE  (1802-1879), 
author  and  antiquary ;  born  at  Bruges ;  doctor  of  laws 
of  Ghent;  avocat,  and  'archiviste  de  la  Flandre  Occi- 
dentale,'  in  Bruges ;  visited  England,  1843 ;  Belgian  consul, 
1849 ;  Belgian  secretary  of  legation ;  F.S.A. ;  published, 
'Ohroniques,  traditions,  &c.,  de  1'ancienne  histoire  des 
Flamands,'  1834, '  Macaroneana,'  1852,  '  A  Sketch  of  the 
History  of  Flemish  Literature,'  1860,  and  other  works. 

[xiv.  318] 

DE  LISLE,  AMBROSE  LISLE  MARCH  PHILLIPPS 
(1809-1878),  Roman  catholic  writer  ;  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism,  1824  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1826;  gave  230  acres  of  land  in  Charnwood  Forest  to 
found  a  Cistercian  monastery,  1835;  received  habit 
of  Third  Order  of  St.  Dominic,  at  Rome,  1837;  prin- 
cipal founder  of  the '  Association  for  the  Promotion  of 
the  Unity  of  Christendom,'  1857 ;  high  sheriff  of  Leices- 
tershire, 1868;  published  theological  works,  [xiv.  321] 

DE  LISLE,  RUDOLPH  EDWARD  LISLE  MARCH 
PHILLIPPS  (1853-1885),  sub-lieutenant  in  the  navy  ;  son 
of  Ambrose  de  Lisle  [q.  v.]  ;  killed  at  Abu  Klea,  1885. 

[xiv.  322] 

DELL,  HENRY  (/.  1766),  bookseller;  author  or 
adapter  of  four  plays  and  (1766)  of  a  poem  called  '  The 
Bookseller.'  [xiv.  322] 

DELL,  JONAS  (d.  1666),  quaker ;  served  in  the  par- 
liamentary army ;  styled  '  the  quaking  soldier ' ;  published 
theological  polemics.  [xiv.  323] 

DELL,  THOMAS  (17407-1780).    [See  HALES.] 

DELL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1664),  master  of  Gonville  and 
Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1631 ;  secretary  to  Laud  ;  master  of 
Caius,  1649-60  ;  declaimed  against  '  the  gospel  of  Christ 
understood  according  to  Aristotle,'  1653  ;  ejected  from  his 
living  of  Yelden,  Bedfordshire,  1662;  anticipated  the 
university  extension  movement  in  his  'Right  Reforma- 
tion of  Learning,  Schools,  and  Universities.'  [xiv.  323] 

DELMARHS,  OJESAR  A  (d.  1569).  [See  O^ESAR 
ADELMARE.] 

DE  LOLME,  JOHN  LOUIS  (17407-1807),  writer  on 
the  English  constitution  ;  born  at  Geneva ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, 1769;  published  'The  Constitution  of  England' 
(first  English  edition,  1775),  the  theory  of  which  led 
D'Israeli  to  call  its  author  '  the  English  Montesquieu ' ; 
subsequently  member  of  the  Geneva  Council  of  Two 
Hundred,  and  sous-prefet  under  Napoleon  ;  published  also 
'  The  History  of  the  Flagellants,'  adapted  from  the  Abb6 
Boileau,  1777,  '  The  British  Empire  in  Europe,'  1787,  and 
other  works.  [xiv.  326] 

DELONEY,  THOMAS  (15437-1607?),  ballad  writer 
and  pamphleteer  ;  by  trade  a  silk- weaver ;  author  of 
ballads  and  broadsides  (three  on  the  Spanish  Armada, 
1588);  collected  ballads  in  'Garland  of  Good  Will,'  1604, 
and  '  Strange  Histories,'  before  1607.  [xiv.  327] 

DELORAINE,  first  EARL  OP  (1676-1730).  [See 
SCOTT,  HENRY.] 

DELFINI,  CARLO  ANTONIO  (d.  1828),  panto- 
mimist  and  scene-mechanician  at  Drury  Lane  (1774), 
Covent  Garden,  and  the  Haymarket ;  acted  afterwards  in 
'  Robinson  Crusoe,'  '  Don  Juan,'  and  the  '  Deserter  of 
Naples ' ;  stage  manager  at  the  opera.  [xiv.  328] 

DELUC,  JEAN  ANDRE  (1727-1817),  geologist  and 
meteorologist  ;  native  of  Geneva ;  member  of  the  Council 
of  Two  Hundred,  1770 ;  settled  in  England,  1773  ;  reader 
to  Queen  Charlotte;  F.R.S. ;  honorary  professor  of 


DELVAUX 


333 


DENHAM 


geology  at  Gottingen,  1798;  endeavoured  to  reconcile 
science  with  Mosaic  cosmogony;  published  'Bacon  W 
qu'il  est,'  1800,  'Geological  Travels,'  1803,  and  an  'Intro- 
duction &  la  Physique  Terrestre,'  1803.  [xiv.  328] 

DELVAUX,  LAURENT  (1695-1778),  sculptor  ; 
born  at  Ghent  ;  studied  at  Home,  1728  ;  chief  sculptor  to 
the  Archduchess  Marie  Elizabeth  and  the  Emperor 
Charles  VI,  1734-50;  chief  sculptor  to  Charles,  duke  of 
Lorraine,  1750-78 ;  executed  works  in  England  in  bronze 
and  marble  ;  died  at  Nivelles.  [xiv.  329] 

DELVIN,  BARONS.  [See  NUGENT,  SIR  RICHARD, 
tenth  BARON,  d.  1460?;  NUGENT,  RICHARD,  twelfth 
BARON,  d.  1538  ?  ;  NUGENT,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER,  fourteenth 
BARON,  15-14-1602;  NUGENT,  SIR  RICHARD,  fifteenth 
BARON,  1583-1642.] 

DEMAINBRAY,  STEPHEN  CHARLES  TRIBOU- 
DET  (1710-1782),  electrician  and  astronomer ;  of  Hugue- 
not extraction ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Leyden ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh ;  discovered  influence  of 
electricity  in  stimulating  growth  of  plants ;  fought  at 
Prestonpans,  1745 ;  tutor  to  George  III,  when  Prince  of 
Wales,  1764 ;  astronomer  at  the  Royal  observatory,  Kew, 
1768-82.  [xiv.  330] 

DEMAINBRAY,  STEPHEN  GEORGE  FRANCIS 
TRIBOUDET  (1760-1854),  astronomer  ;  son  of  Stephen 
Charles  Triboudet  Demainbray  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1778-99 ;  B.D.,  1793 ;  astronomer  at  the 
Royal  observatory,  Kew,  1782-1840  ;  rector  of  Somerford 
Magna,  Wiltshire,  1799-1854.  [xiv.  331] 

DEMATTS,  ROBERT  (1829  ?  -  1874),  biographical 
writer ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1850 ;  schoolmaster  at  Aberfeldy, 
Perthshire,  Alnwick,  1856,  and  Aberdeen,  1858;  deacon, 
1860,  and  priest,  1862  ;  chaplain  to  Thomas  George  Suther, 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1860-5 ;  senior  curate  of  St.  Luke's, 
Chelsea,  1865-74;  principal  of  Whitelands  Training 
College,  1869 ;  published  biographies  of  Latimer  (1869) 
and  Tyndale  (1871)  and  other  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  127] 

DE  MOIVRE,  ABRAHAM  (1667-1754).  [See  MOIVRE.] 

DE  MORGAN,  AUGUSTUS  (1806-1871),  mathema- 
tician ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1823 ;  fourth 
wrangler,  1827  ;  professor  of  mathematics,  University 
College,  London,  1828;  resigned,  1831,  but  was  reap- 
pointed,  1836 ;  resigned  his  professorship,  regarding  the 
refusal  of  the  council  of  University  College  to  elect  James 
Martineau  to  the  chair  of  mental  philosophy  and  logic  as 
a  piece  of  religious  intolerance,  1866 ;  first  president  of  the 
Mathematical  Society,  1865  ;  follower  of  Berkeley  ;  chief 
works,  'Formal  Logic,'  1847;  'Essay  on  Pn babilities,' 
1838,  'Trigonometry  and  Double  Algebra,'  1849,  and  a 
'  Budget  of  Paradoxes,'  collected  1872.  [xiv.  331] 

DE  MORGAN,  CAMPBELL  GREIG  (1811-1876), 
surgeon  ;  brother  of  Augustus  de  Morgan  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  at  the  Middlesex  Hos- 
pital ;  surgeon  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital ;  F.R.S. ;  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  1845;  published  work  on  the 'Origin 
of  Cancer,'  1872.  [xiv.  334] 

DEMPSTER,  GEORGE  (1732-1818),  agriculturist; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  ;  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates,  1755  ;  M.P.,  Forfar  and  Fife  burghs, 
1762-90 ;  provost  of  St.  Andrews,  1780  ;  director  of  the 
East  India  Company,  but  subsequently  withdrew  and  sup- 
ported Fox's  India  Bill ;  promoted  society  for  extension 
and  protection  of  Scottish  fisheries.  His  works  include 
'  Magnetic  Mountains  of  Oannay,'  and  a  disquisition  on 
the  agriculture  of  Forfarshire,  1794.  [xiv.  334] 

DEMPSTER,  THOMAS  (1579?-1625),  biographical 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  entered  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, in  his  tenth  year ;  travelled  in  France,  then  in  a 
disturbed  state,  and  was  sent  from  the  university  of 
Louvain  to  be  educated  at  Rome ;  graduated  at  Douay  ; 
graduated  in  canon  law  at  Paris ;  appointed  professor 
of  humanities  at  Toulouse  ;  elected  professor  of  oratory  of 
Nlmes;  refuted  William  Oowper  (1568-1619)  [q.v.]  in 
a  theological  controversy  at  Perth;  professor  in  the 
Colleges  des  Grassins,  de  Lisieux,  and  de  Plessy,  Paris  ; 
published  an  enlarged  edition  of  Rosinus's  '  Antiquitatum 
Romanarum  Corpus  absolutissimum  '  (1620) ;  appointed 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Pisa  by  Cosmo  II,  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany ;  left  Pisa,  when  an  Englishman,  whom  he 
bad  insulted,  attempted  to  assassinate  him ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  humanities  at  Bologna  ;  accused  of  heresy  by 


his  English  enemy,  to  whom  he  was  subsequently  recon- 
ciled by  a  court  of  arbitration  at  Rome ;  knighted  by 
Urban  VIII ;  died  at  Bologna ;  edited  Claudian,  was 
famous  as  a  Latin  poet,  and  wrote  '  Historia  Ecclesiastica 
Gentis  Scotorum'  (published  1627),  'De  Etruria  Regali ' 
(printed  1723-4),  and  an  autobiography.  [xiv.  335] 

DENBIGH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  FEJLDINO,  WILLIAM, 
first  EARL,  d.  1643;  FEILDING,  BASIL,  second  EARL, 
d.  1675.] 

DENDY,  WALTER  COOPER  (1794-1871),  surgeon ; 
studied  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals  ;  M.C.S., 
1814 ;  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  London ;  pub- 
lished numerous  medical  and  some  speculative  works, 
such  as  '  Zone,'  1841, '  Psyche,'  1853,  and  a  '  Gleam  of  the 
Spirit  Mystery,'  1861.  [xiv.  340] 

DENE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1350),  chronicler ;  notary 
public  to  Haymo,  bishop  of  Rochester  ;  probably  author 
of  '  Annales  Roff enses '  (British  Museum,  Faustina,  B  5). 

DENHAM,  DIXON  (1786-1828),  lieutenTnt^colonel 
and  African  traveller  ;  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
1793 ;  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  as  second  lieutenant, 
23rd  royal  Welsh  fusiliers,  1812;  first  lieutenant,  1813; 
received  the  Waterloo  medal,  1815  ;  volunteered  to  explore 
the  country  between  Timbuctoo  and  the  north  coast  of 
Africa,  1821 ;  crossed  the  Tebu  Desert  and  reached  Kuka, 
1823 ;  took  part  in  inter-tribal  warfare,  1823 ;  partially 
explored  Lake  Tchad,  1824 ;  superintendent  of  liberated 
Africans  on  the  west  coast,  the  post  being  specially 
created  for  him,  1825 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Sierra 
Leone,  where  he  died,  1828.  [xiv.  341] 

DENHAM,  HENRY  (/.  1691),  printer;  underwarden 
of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1586  and  1588 ;  printed  the 
first  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  Welsh,  1567,  and  the 
first  English  translation  of  Ovid's  'Heroycall  Epistles,' 
by  Turbervile.  [xiv.  342] 

DENHAM,  SIR  JAMES  STEUART,  the  elder  (1712- 
1780),  political  economist ;  assumed  surname  of  Denham, 
1733  ;  son  of  Sir  James  Steuart  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  law  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1735 ;  attended 
Prince  Charles  Edward  at  Edinburgh,  1745 ;  excepted  by 
name  from  the  Act  of  Oblivion,  1747  ;  wandered  about  the 
continent,  finally  returning  to  Edinburgh  in»1763.  His 
chief  work,  'Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Political 
Economy,'  1767,  written  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
mercantile  system,  was  the  first  systematic  exposition  of 
the  science  in  English.  [xiv.  343] 

DENHAM,  SIR  JAMES  STEUART,  the  younger  (1744- 
1839),  general ;  son  of  Sir  James  Steuart  Denham  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  ;  captain  105th  royal  highlanders,  1763 ; 
lieutenant-colonel  13th  dragoons,  1776 ;  succeeded  as  baro- 
net of  Coltness  and  West  Shields,  1780 ;  M.P.,  Lanarkshire, 
1781-1801 ;  colonel,  1782 ;  organised  regiments  of  fencible 
cavalry  in  Scotland,  1795  ;  local  lieutenant-general  in  Mun- 
ster,  where  he  behaved  with  great  intrepidity  and  concilia- 
toriness  during  troubled  times,  1797-9;  lieutenant-general, 
1798 ;  general,  1803.  [xiv.  344] 

DENHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (1559-1639),  judge ;  barrister 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1587  ;  lord  chief-baron  of  Irish  exchequer, 
1609;  knighted,  1609  ;  privy  councillor,  1611 ;  lord  chief- 
justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1612;  baron  of  the 
English  exchequer,  1617;  sheriff  of  Bedfordshire  and 
Buckinghamshire,  1622 ;  on  the  high  commission,  1633 ; 
wrote  a  brief  opinion  in  Hampden's  favour,  1638. 

[xiv.  345] 

DENHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (1616-1669),  poet;  son  of  Sir 
John  Denham  (1569-1639)  [q.  v.]  ;  matriculated  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1631 ;  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Sophy,'  an  historical  tragedy,  1642 ;  compelled 
to  surrender  Farnham  Castle,  of  which  he  was  governor, 
to  Sir  William  Waller,  1642;  published  'Cooper's  Hill,' 
his  best-known  poem,  1642 ;  petitioned  Charles  I  to  pardon 
Wither,  of  whose  poems  Denham  thought  meanly; 
councillor  of  Charles  I,  and  attendant  of  Henrietta  Maria 
at  Paris ;  sent  to  Holland  with  a  letter  of  instructions  for 
Charles  II,  1649;  published  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
'  jEneid  II,'  1656 ;  licensed  by  Cromwell  to  live  at  Bury  in 
Suffolk,  1658;  surveyor-general  of  works,  1660;  K.B., 
1661 ;  became  mad  for  a  short  period,  1666,  in  consequence 
of  the  faithlessness  of  his  second  wife,  Lady  Margaret 
Denham  ;  lampooned  by  Samuel  Butler,  author  of  '  Hudi- 
bras,'  1667 ;  published  occasional  verses  and  satires.  His 
'Cooper's  Hill1  is  the  earliest  example  of  strictly  descrip- 
tive poetry  in  English.  [xiv.  346] 


DENHAM 


334 


DENNE 


DENHAM,  MICHAEL  AISLABIE  (</.  1859),  collector 
of  folklore ;  merchant  at  Piersebridge,  Durham  ;  published 
numerous  compilations  of  proverbs  and  North  British 
folklore.  [xiv.  349] 

DENHOLM,  JAMES  (1772-1818),  teacher  of  drawing 
in  Glasgow ;  president  of  the  Glasgow  Philosophical 
Society,  1811-14;  published  'An  Historical  and  Topo- 
graphical Description  of  the  City  of  Glasgow,'  1797. 

[xiv.  350] 

DENIS,  SIR  PETER  (rf.  1778),  vice-admiral ;  sou  of  a 
Huguenot  refugee ;  lieutenant,  1739  ;  took  part  in  Anson's 
fight  with  De  la  J  onquiere  and  carried  home  the  despatches, 
1747;  M.P.,  Hedon,  Yorkshire,  1754  ;  fought  at  Quiberou 
Bay,  1769 ;  created  baronet,  1767 ;  vice-admiral  of  the 
blue,  1775  ;  died  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  1778. 

[xiv.  350] 

DENISON,  ALBERT,  first  BARON  LONUKRBOROCGH 
(1806-1860),  son  of  Henry  Oonyngham,  first  marquis 
Oonyngham  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton;  secretary  of 
legation  at  Florence,  1826,  and  at  Berlin,  1829-31 ;  K.C.H., 
1829 ;  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  ; 
M.P.,  Canterbury,  1835-41  and  1847-50 ;  F.S.A.,  1840 ; 
created  Baron  Londesborough,  1850 ;  assumed  surname  of 
Denison,  1849 ;  F.R.S.,  1850 ;  president  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association,  1843,  and  of  the  London  and 
Middlesex  Archaeological  Society,  1855 ;  student  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  antiquities.  [xiv.  351] 

DENISON,  EDWARD,  the  elder  (1801-1854),  bishop  of 
Salisbury ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  1826 ;  M.A. ;  select  preacher, 
1834  ;  opposed  the  admissiou  of  dissenters  to  the  colleges 
at  Oxford,  1835;  D.D.  and  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1837; 
author  of  sermons  and  charges.  [xiv.  352] 

DENISON,  EDWARD,  the  younger  (1840-1870> 
philanthropist ;  son  of  Edward  Deuison  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  built  and 
endowed  a  school  in  the  Mile  End  Road,  1867;  M.P., 
Newark,  1868 ;  committeeman  of  the  Society  for  Organ- 
ising Charitable  Relief,  1869 ;  died  at  Melbourne,  whither 
he  had  gone  for  the  sake  of  his  health  and  to  study  the 
workings  of  colonisation.  [xiv.  362] 

DENISON,  GEORGE  ANTHONY  (1805-1896),  arch- 
deacon of  Taunton  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1830 ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1828 ;  took 
holy  orders,  1832 ;  college  tutor,  1830-6,  and  treasurer, 
1836;  vicar  of  Broadwinsor,  Dorset,  1838-51,  and  of  East 
Brent,  Somerset,  1861 ;  prebendary  of  Sarum,  1841,  and 
of  Wells,  1849  ;  archdeacon  of  Tauntou,  1851 ;  examining 
chaplain  to  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  but  resigned,  185:>, 
owing  to  disagreement  ou  the  part  of  the  bishop  with  his 
eucharidtic  doctrine ;  having  defined  his  doctrinal  posi- 
tion, was  prosecuted  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  de- 
prived, 1856,  but  the  decision  was  reversed,  1857  ;  edited 
'Church  and  State  Review,'  1862-6;  took  a  prominent 
part  in  religious  controversy  as  a  high  churchman  of  the 
old  school ;  published  religious  and  other  writings,  includ- 
ing a  violent  political  diatribe  against  Gladstone  (1885). 

[SuppL  ii.  127] 

DENISON,  JOHN    (rf.    1629),  divine;    student   and 

Graduate  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  D.D. ;  chaplain  to 
ames  I ;  head-master  of  the  free  school,  Reading,  and 
successively  vicar  of  the  three  churches  in  that  town, 
1604-29 ;    author  of  some  theological  works,    including 
(1621)  a  polemic  against  Cardinal  Bellarmine.  [xiv.  353] 

DENISON,  JOHN  EVELYN,  first  VISCOUNT  OSSING- 
T«»x  (1800-1873;.  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ami  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1828 : 
M.P.for  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  1823,  and  Hastings,  1826  : 
appointed  one  of  the  council  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence 
(afterwards  William  IV),  1827,  M.P.for  Nottinghamshire, 
1831,  and  for  South  Nottinghamshire,  1833  and  1835,  for 
Malton,  1841,  1847,  and  1852,  and  for  North  Nottingham- 
shire, 1857;  privy  councillor,  1857;  speaker,  1867-72; 
honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870 ;  created  Viscount  Ossing- 
ton, 1872.  [xiv.  353] 

DENISON,  WILLIAM  JOSEPH  (1770-1849),  million- 
aire; senior  partner  of  Denison,  Hey  wood  &  Kennard, 
bankers,  Lombard  Street;  M.P.  for  Camelford,  1796-1802, 
for  Kingston-upou-Hull,  1806,  and  for  Surrey,  1818-49. 

[xiv.  364] 

DENISON,  SIR  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1804-1871), 
lieutenant-general,  colonial  and  Indian  governor ;  brother 


of  John  Evelyn  Denison  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  Royal  Mili- 
tary Academy,  Woolwich,  1819 ;  constructed  the  Rideau 
Canal,  Canada,  1827-31 ;  in  charge  of  the  works  at  Wool- 
wich dockyard,  1837 ;  knighted,  1846 ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  1846-64 ;  opened  the  first  session  of 
the  new  representative  assembly,  1852  ;  consolidated  system 
of  public  works  and  education ;  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1854-61 ;  established  parliament  in  New  South 
Wales,  1856;  civil  K.O.B.,  1856;  governor  of  Madras, 
1861-6 ;  opposed  establishment  of  legislative  councils  in 
minor  presidencies  and  provinces  and  native  representa- 
tion ;  carried  out  Sitana  expedition  as  acting  governor- 
general,  1863 ;  published  eesays  on  social  and  educational 
topics  at  Sydney.  [xiv.  355] 

DENMAN,  GEORGE  (1819-1896),  judge;  son  of 
Thomas,  first  baron  Denman  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Reptou 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1842 ;  fellow,  1843 : 
M.A.,  1846  ;  auditor  of  Trinity,  1852-65  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1846 ;  joined  home  circuit ;  counsel  to  Cam- 
bridge University,  1867 ;  Q.C.,  1861 ;  M.P.  for  Tiverton, 
1859-65,  and  1866-72 ;  responsible  for  Evidence  further 
Amendment  Act,  known  as  Denman's  Act,  1869 ;  succeeded 
Sir  James  Shaw  Willes  [q.  v.]  in  court  of  common  pleas, 
1872;  justice  of  common  pleas  division  of  high  court, 
1875  ;  judge  of  high  court  of  justice,  queen's  bench  division, 
1881-92  ;  retired,  1892 ;  privy  councillor,  1893  ;  published 
translations  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  English  verse. 

[Suppl.  ii.  129] 

DENMAN,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1733-1815),  physician  ; 
studied  medicine  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  1753 ;  surgeon 
in  the  navy,  1757-63 ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1764 ;  physician 
accoucheur  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  1769-83 ;  licentiate 
in  midwifery  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1783 ;  published 
works  on  obstetrics.  [xiv.  358] 

DENMAN,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  DENMAN  (1779-1864), 
lord  chief- justice ;  son  of  Thomas  Denman  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
sent  to  Eton,  1788  ;  entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1796;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1806;  deputy-recorder 
of  Nottingham,  and  M.P.  for  Wareham,  1818 ;  M.P.  for 
Nottingham,  1820;  solicitor-general  to  Queen  Caroline, 
1820 ;  procured  the  withdrawal  of  Lord  Liverpool's  bill  of 
pains  and  penalties  against  Queen  Caroline,  whose  inno- 
cence he  maintained  before  the  bar  of  the  Lords,  1820 ; 
common  serjeant,  1822-30 ;  pointed  out  defects  in  the  law 
of  evidence  in  a  review  of  Dumont's  '  Trait6  de  Legisla- 
tion,' 1824 ;  took  silk,  1828,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  having 
with  difficulty  pacified  George  IV,  who  looked  on  Denman 
as  a  slanderer;  again  M.P.  for  Nottingham,  1830;  at- 
torney-general, 1830;  knighted,  1830;  drafted  Reform 
Bill,  1831 ;  undertook  prosecution  of  Reform  rioters,  1832  ; 
privy  councillor  and  lord  chief-justice,  1832;  gazetted 
Baron  Denman  of  Dovedale,  1834 ;  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Lords,  1835 ;  opposed  privilege  of  the  House  of  Commons 
in  the  libel  case  Stockdale  v.  Hansard,  1837  ;  carried  two 
bills  abolishing  death-penalty  for  forgery  and  some  other 
offences,  1837  ;  supported  proposal  to  hold  sittings  in 
bane  at  other  times  than  during  the  legal  terms ;  con- 
demned Moxou,  publisher  of  Shelley's  complete  works, 
for  blasphemy,  1841 ;  published  pamphlets  and  spoke  in 
favour  of  the  extinction  of  the  slave  trade,  1845-54; 
secured  retention  of  squadron  to  intercept  slavers  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  1848 ;  resigned  lord  chief- justiceship, 
I860.  [xiv.  358] 

DENMAN,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  DKNMAN  (1805- 
1899),  son  of  Thomas  Deuman,  first  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Brasenoee  College,  Oxford ;  called  to 
bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1833 ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1864. 

[Suppl.  ii.  130] 

DENMARK,  PRINCK  OF  (1663-1708).    [See  GEORGE.] 

DENNE,  HENRY  (d.  1660?),  puritan  divine;  edu- 
i  cated  at  Cambridge  University ;  one  of  the  ministers 
I  selected  for  preferment  by  the  House  of  Commons,  1641 ; 
',  imprisoned  for  holding  baptist  opinions,  1644;  obtained 
I  the  living  of  Elsly  (Eltisley),  Cambridgeshire,  1646 ;  pub- 
lished controversial  works.  [xiv.  365] 

DENNE,  JOHN  (1693-1767),  antiquary;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1716 ;  tutor  and  fellow  of  his 
college ;  archdeacon  and  prebendary  of  Rochester,  1728 ; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1728 ;  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  subjects  and 
arranged  archives  of  Rochester  Cathedral.  [xiv.  366] 

DENNE,  SAMUEL  (1730-1799),  antiquary;  ion  of 
John  Denne  [q.  v.] ;  M.A  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cum- 


DENNETT 


335 


D'EON 


bridge,  1766 :  held  various  incumbencies  in  Kent ;  F.8.A., 
1783;  published  "The  Histories  and  Antiquities  of  Ro- 
chester and  its  Environs,'  1772,  and  other  works  on  English 
antiquities.  [xiv.  367] 

DENNETT,  JOHN  (1790-1852),  inventor  and  anti- 
qnary ;  invented '  Dennett's  Life-Saving  Rocket  Apparatus,' 
1832 ;  cnetodiau  of  Carisbrooke  Oastle ;  contributed  to 
journal  of  British  Archaeological  Association,  [xiv.  367] 

DENNIE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1785  7-1842),  colonel, 
13th  light  infantry ;  major,  22nd  foot,  1821 ;  served  in 
India,  1804-5,  at  the  capture  of  Mauritius,  1810,  in  the 
Channel  islands  and  Ireland,  and  in  Burmah ;  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  G.B. ;  captured  Ghuznee,  1839 ;  defeated 
Dost  Mahomed  at  Bameean,  1840 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Queen 
Victoria ;  defended  Jellalabad  during  Afghan  war,  and 
was  slain  in  a  sortie  from  that  city,  1842.  [xiv.  368] 

DENNIS.    [See  also  DENIS  and  DENXYS.] 

DENNIS,  JAMES  BLATOH  PIQGOTT  (1816-1861), 
histologist ;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  ordained,  1839  ; 
elected  member  of  the  Geological  Society  for  his  scientific 
discoveries ;  read  a  paper  before  the  British  Association 
« On  the  Mode  of  Flight  of  the  Sterodactyles  of  the  Coprolite 
bed  near  Cambridge,'  1860.  [xiv.  369] 

DENNIS,  JOHN  (1657-1734),  critic ;  B.A.  Cains  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1679  ;  M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  1683 ;  appointed 
royal  waiter  in  the  port  of  London  by  the  influence  of  the 
Duke  of  Marl  borough,  1705;  author  of  -Rinaldo  and 
Annida,'  1699,  and  other  tragedies,  one  of  which, '  Appius 
and  Virginia,'  acted  at  Drory  Lane,  1709,  was  satirised  for 
its  bombast  by  Pope,  to  whom  Dennis  replied  in  his '  Reflec- 
tions, Critical  and  Satirical,'  1711;  defended  the  stage 
against  Law  and  Collier;  wrote  'Gibraltar,'  1705,  and 
some  other  comedies ;  died  in  distressed  circumstances. 
He  is  best  known  as  a  critic,  producing  '  The  Advance- 
ment and  Reformation  of  Modern  Poetry,'  1701,  "Three 
Letters  on  ...  Shakespeare,'  1711,  and  '  Remarks  on  "The 
Fable  of  the  Bees," '  1 724.  [xiv.  369] 

DENNIS  or  DENTS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1480?-1560?>, 
privy  councillor ;  chancellor  of  Anne  of  Cleves  and  cnstos 
rotulorum  of  Devon  ;  frequently  sheriff  of  Devon  between 
1508  and  1556 ;  recorder  of  Exeter,  1514-44 ;  put  Exeter 
in  a  posture  of  defence  against  the  projected  rising  of  Sir 
Peter  Carew  [q.  v.],  1554.  [xiv.  372] 

DENNISTOTTN,  JAMES  (1803-1855X  Scottish  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1824 :  travelled  in  Italy  and 
Germany  collecting  antiques,  1825-6  and  1836-47 ;  deputy- 
lieutenant  for  Renfrewshire ;  edited  papers  and  documents 
illustrative  of  the  history  of  Scotland,  and  published 
among  other  works  'Memoirs  of  the  Dukes  of  Urbino,' 
1851.  [xiv.  373] 

DENNY,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1501-1549),  favourite  of 
Henry  VHI ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  privy  councillor ;  obtained  grants  of 
various  manors  and  the  lands  of  dissolved  monasteries ; 
knighted  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  1544;  appointed  by 
Henry  VHI  counsellor  to  his  son  and  successor,  Ed- 
ward VL  1547:  M.P..  Hertfordshire,  1547;  assisted  in 
of  Kett's  rebellion,  1549.  [xiv.  373] 


EDWARD,  EAHL  OP  NORWICH  (1565?- 
1630X  grandson  of  Sir  Anthony  Denny  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for 
Liskeard,  1585-6,  for  Tregony,  1597-8,  and  for  Essex,  1604 ; 
knighted,  1587  ;  created  Baron  Denny  of  Waltham,  1604, 
and  Earl  of  Norwich,  1626.  [xiv.  374] 

DENNY,  HENRY  (1803-1871),  entomologist :  curator 
of  the  museum  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society, 
Leeds ;  wrote  on  British  parasitic  insects.  [xiv.  374] 

DENNY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (rt.  1653),  author  of  'Pele- 
canicidium,'  1653,  and  of '  The  Shepheards  Holiday,'  1653, 
a  pastoral  poem;  created  baronet,  1642.  [xiv.  375] 

DENNYS,  JOHN  (d.  1609X  author  of  '  The  Secret*  of 
Angling,'  1613,  a  poem  quoted  in  Isaak  Walton's '  Com- 
pleat  Angler.'  [xiv.  375] 

DENT,  ARTHUR  (d.  1607),  puritan  divine:  MA. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  1579 ;  rector  of  South  Shoe- 
bury,  Essex,  1580-1607;  one  of  the  signatories  of  a  peti- 
tion declining  to  recognise  the  scriptural  validity  of  the 
prayer-book :  author  of  sermons  and  turtiifs  of  puritan 

[xiv.  376] 


DENT,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1790-1853X  chronometer 
maker ;  employed  by  the  admiralty  and  the  East  India 
Company ;  supplied  a  Graham's  escapement  for  the  transit 
clock  of  Greenwich  observatory ;  associate  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  1833 ;  established  clock-making 
manufactory,  1843 ;  presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  the 
emperor  of  Russia,  1843 ;  published  '  A  Treatise  on  the 
Aneroid,'  1849,  and  works  on  the  construction  and  work- 
ing of  chronometers.  [xiv.  377] 

DENT,  PETER  (d.  1689),  naturalist ;  M.B.  Lambeth, 
1678;    incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1680;    physician  at 
Cambridge ;  assisted  Ray  in  his  '  Historia  Plantarum,' 
[xiv.  378] 

DENTON,  HENRY  (16337-1681),  writer:  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1659  ;  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1660 ;  chap- 
lain to  the  English  ambassador  at  Constantinople,  1664- 
1672 ;  translated  Georginos's  '  Description  of  the  Present 
State  of  Samoa,  Nicaria,  Patmos,  and  Mount  Athos,'  1678. 

[xiv.  378] 

DENTON,  JAMBS  (d.  1533),  dean  of  Lichfield;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  MJL,  1492 : 
fellow  of  King's  College;  student  and  doctor  of  canon 
law  at  Valencia ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  U09,  of  Lin- 
coln, 1614;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1522-33 ;  chancellor  to  Mary, 
sister  of  Henry  VIII  and  wife  of  Louis  XII,  whom  be  had 
attended  in  France;  chancellor  to  the  council  of  the 
Princess  Mary,  with  jurisdiction  over  the  Welsh  marches, 
1526;  benefactor  of  King's  College  and  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor.  [xiv.  378] 

DENTON,  JOHN  (1625-1708),  nonconformist  divine; 
entered  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1646;  ejected  from 
Oswaldkirk,  Yorkshire,  1662,  but  subsequently  given 
living  of  Stonegrave  and  prebend  at  York:  friend  of 
TUloteon.  [xiv.  379] 

DENTON,   NATHAN   (1634-1720),  last  survivor  of 

the  ejected    ministers;    entered  at   University    College. 

I  Oxford,  1652;  taught  grammar  school    at  Oawthorne, 

;  Yorkshire ;  ejected  from  the  perpetual  curacy  of  Bolton, 

:  1662.  [xiv.  379] 

DENTON,  RICHARD  (1603-1663),  divine;  B.A. 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1623 ;  gave  up  Ooley  Chapel 
and  emigrated  to  New  England,  1640 ;  died  at  Hempstead, 
Long  Island.  [xiv.  380] 

DENTON,     THOMAS     (1724-1777),      miscellaneons 

writer ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1752 ;  rector  of 

j  Ashtead,  Surrey,  1754-77;    published,    in    the  style  of 

Spenser,  two  poems,  '  Immortality,'  1754,  and  "The  House 

of  Superstition,'  1762.  [xiv.  380] 

DENTOF,  THOMAS  (d.  1789),  bookseller  and  arti- 
ficer ;  made  speaking  and  writing  automata ;  translated  a 
French  book  of  parlour-magic,  1784 ;  hanged  for  coining. 

[xiv.  380] 

DENTON,  WILLIAM  (1605-1691),  physician  and 
political  writer ;  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ; 
M.D.  Oxford,  1634 ;  physician  to  Charles  I,  1636 ;  phy- 
sician in  ordinary  to  the  household  of  Charles  II,  1660  ; 
F.R.C.P. ;  author  of  theological  works  largely  directed 
against  the  Roman  catholics.  [xiv.  381] 

DENTON,  WILLIAM  (1815-1888),  divine;  B.A.  Wor- 
cester College,  Oxford,  1844 ;  M.A.,  1848 ;  ordained  priest, 
1845 :  vicar  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Cripplegate,  1850-88 ; 
published  pamphlets  relating  to  social  and  political  ques- 
tions, and  several  religions  and  historical  works,  including 
'  England  in  the  Fifteenth  Century,'  1888. 

[SuppL  ii.  130] 

D  EON  DE  BEAUMONT,  CHARLES.  GENEVIEVE 
LOUIS  AUGUSTE  ANDRE  TIMOTHBE  (1728-1810), 
chevalier ;  born  at  Tonnerre  in  Burgundy ;  educated  as  a 
boy,  though  his  sex  was  long  held  to  be  doubtful ;  secret 
agent  of  the  king  of  France  at  St.  Petersburg,  1755;  in- 
strumental in  bringing  about  an  alliance  between  Russia, 
France,  and  Austria ;  received  lieutenancy  of  dragoons 
as  reward  for  bis  celerity  in  carrying  news  of  battle  of 
Prague  to  Versailles,  1757 ;  secretary  to  the  French  em- 
bassy at  St.  Petersburg,  1757-60 ;  captain  of  dragoons, 
1758 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  in  London,  secretly  corre- 
with  the  king  of  Prance  on  a  projected  invasion 

England;  obtained  a  true  bill  against  Count  de 
Guercby,  the  French  ambassador,  for  plotting  his  assassi- 
nation ;  was  generally  suspected  of  being  a  woman; 
Derationed  by  the  French  government  on  condition  of 
wearing  woman's  clothes,  1774;  adopted  female  attire, 


DE    QUINCEY 


33G 


DESBOBOUGH 


1777:  returned  to  England,  1786;  made  a  living  by  ex- 
hibiting his  skill  as  a  swordsman  ;  discovered  to  be  a  man 
at  his  death,  1810 :  left  in  manuscript  materials  for  a 
life  of  the  Count  de  Vauban ;  published  historical  and 
autobiographical  pamphlets.  [xiv.  381] 

DE    aUINCEY,   THOMAS   (1785-1859),    author   of 

•  Confessions  of  an   Opium  Eater ' ;    educated  at  Bath 
grammar  school  and  at  Winkfield,  Wiltshire ;  sent  to  Man- 
chester grammar  school,  1801 ;  became  acquainted  with 
Roscoe,  Ourrie,  and  Lady  Oarbery,  who  consulted  him  in 
her  Greek  and  Latin  studies ;  left  school  and  rambled  about 
in  Wales,  1802,  finally  going  to  London,  where  he  led  a 
Bohemian  life  and  met  the  Ann  of  his  '  Confessions ' ; 
studied  Hebrew  and  German  at  Worcester  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  matriculated,  17  Dec.  1803,  and  first  began 
opium-eating ;     made   the  acquaintance    of    Coleridge, 
Wordsworth,  and  Southey,  1807,  of  Lamb  and  Sir  H. 
Davy,  1808 ;  read  German  metaphysics  and  drew  up  a 

•  Prolegomena  of  all  future  systems  of  Political  Economy ' 
on  the  lines  of  Ricardo,  1819 ;  editor  of  the  '  Westmoreland 
Gazette,' 1819-20 ;  wrote  his 'Confessions  of  an  English 
Opium-Eater '  in  London,  1821,  for  the  '  London  Maga- 
zine ' ;  translated  the  '  Laocoon,'  1826,  and  wrote  the 
first  part  of  '  Murder  as  one  of  the  Fine  Arts,'  1827,  for 
'  Blackwood's    Magazine ' ;    published  '  Klosterheim '   at 
Edinburgh,  1832 :  contributed  reminiscences  of  the  Lake 
poets  to  '  Tait's  Magazine,'  1834  ;  published  '  The  Logic 
of  Political  Economy,'  1844.    He  aimed  at  popularising 
German  philosophy  and  reviving  the  English  prose  style 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  [xiv.  385] 

DERBY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  FERRERS,  ROBERT  DE, 
1240  ?-1279  7  ;  STANLEY,  THOMAS,  first  EARL,  1435  ?-1504 : 
STANLEY,  EDWARD,  third  EARL,  1608-1572;  STANLEY, 
HENRY,  fourth  EARL,  1531-1593  ;  STANLEY,  FERDINANDO, 
fifth  EARL,  1559-1594;  STANLEY,  JAMES,  seventh  EARL, 
1607-1651 ;  STANLEY,  EDWARD  SMITH,  thirteenth  EARL, 
1776-1851 ;  STANLEY,  EDWARD  GEORQK  GEOFFREY 
SMITH,  fourteenth  EARL,  1799-1869 ;  STANLEY,  EDWARD 
HENRY,  fifteenth  EARL,  1826-1893.] 

DERBY,  COUNTESSES  OF.  [See  STANLEY,  CHAR- 
LOTTE, 1599-1664 ;  FARREN,  ELIZABETH,  1759  ?-1829.] 

DERBY,  ALFRED  THOMAS  (1821-1873),  painter  ; 
son  of  William  Derby  [q.  v.]:  painted  figure-subjects, 
portraits,  and  scenes  from  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novels. 

[xiv.  391] 

DERBY,  WILLIAM  (1786-1847),  water-colour  and 
miniature-painter ;  drew  for  Lodge's  •  Portraits  of  Illus- 
trious Personages  of  Great  Britain,'  1825 ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  and  other  institutions,  1811-42. 

[xiv.  391] 

DERHAM,  SAMUEL  (1655-1689),  physician;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1679;  M.D.,  1687;  published  an 

•  Account  of  Hmington  Waters  in  Warwickshire,'  1685, 
which  established  the  reputation  of  the  place. 

[xiv.  392] 

DERHAM,  WILLIAM  (1657-1735),  divine;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1679;  vicar  of  Wargrave,  1682, 
of  Upminster,  Essex,  1689  ;  F.R.S.,  1702 ;  Boyle  lecturer, 
1711  and  1712;  chief  works,  •  Physico-Theology '  (his 
Boyle  lectures),  published,  1713,  and  'Astro-Theology,' 
1715,  two  statements  of  the  argument  from  final  causes. 

[xiv.  392] 

DERHAM,  WILLIAM  (1702-1767),  president  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  son  of  William  Derham  (1657- 
1735)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1714  ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1724;  M.A.,  1729; 
Whyte's  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1737  ;  D.D.,  1742  ; 
president  of  St.  John's,  1748-57.  [xiv.  393] 

BERING.    [See  also  DEERING.] 

DERHfO,  EDWARD  (16407-1576),  puritan  divine; 
B.A.,  and  fellow,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1560  ;  M.A., 
1663  ;  university  proctor,  1666  ;  chaplain  of  the  Tower  of 
London ;  prohibited  from  preaching  in  consequence  of 
his  denunciations  of  the  clergy,  1570 ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1671 ;  lectured  on  the  first  part  of  the  Epistle 
to  the  Hebrews,  1572 ;  summoned  before  the  Star-chamber 
for  unorthodox  teaching,  but  acquitted,  1573 ;  his  col- 
lected works  published,  1614.  [xiv.  393] 

DERING,  SIR  EDWARD  (1598-1644),  antiquary  and 
politician :  educated  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge ; 
knighted,  1619  ;  created  baronet,  1627 ;  lieutenant  of  Dover 
Castle;  M.P.  for  Kent  in  the  Long  parliament,  1610: 


moved  the  first  reading  of  the  Root  and  Branch  Bill,  1641 ; 
became  an  episcopal  royalist  by  his  vote  on  the  Grand 
Remonstrance,  1641  ;  imprisoned,  1642  ;  escaped  and  took 
up  arms  for  the  king,  but  resigned  his  commission,  1643 ; 
accepted  the  parliament's  pardon,  1644.  [xiv.  395] 

DERING,  HENEAGE  (1666-1750),  antiquary  and 
divine:  entered  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1678;  pensioner  of 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1680 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1690 ;  LL.D.,  per  literas  regias,  1701 ;  prebendary  of 
York,  1705-50 ;  dean  of  Ripon,  1711 ;  author  of  '  Reliquiae 
Eboracenses,'  1743,  and  '  De  Senectute,'  1746,  two  Latin 
poems.  [xiv.  396] 

DERING  or  DEERING,  RICHARD  (d.  1630),  musi- 
cian ;  studied  music  in  Italy ;  organist  to  the  English 
convent  at  Brussels,  1617 ;  organist  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  1625;  published  'Cantiones  Sacrae  sex  vocumcum 
basso  continue  ad  organum '  at  Antwerp,  1697. 

[xiv.  398] 

DERLINGTON,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1284).    [See  DARLING- 

TON.] 

DERMOD,  MACMURRAGH  (1110  ?-1171).     [See  MAC 

M0RCHADA,  DlARMID.] 

DERMODY,  THOMAS (1775-1802),  Irish  poet;  served 
abroad  as  second  lieutenant  in  the  wagon  corps;  pub- 
lished '  Poems  Moral  and  Descriptive,'  1800,  '  Poems  on 
various  Subjects,'  1802,  and  a  pamphlet  entitled  'The 
Rights  of  Justice,'  1793.  [xiv.  399] 

DERMOTT,  LAURENCE  (1720-1791),  freemason; 
deputy  grand-master  of  the  '  Antient  '  masons  of  Atholl, 
1771-87 ;  wrote  '  Ahiman  Rezon,'  a  masonic  work,  1756. 

[xiv.  399] 

DE  ROS,  BARONS.    [See  Ros.] 

DERRICK,  SAMUEL  (1724-1769),  author ;  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson;  published  translations  from  the  French, 
letters,  books  of  minor  criticism,  and  a  few  poems ;  edited 
Dryden's  '  Works,'  1760.  [xiv.  399] 

DERRICKS,  JOHN  (fl.  1578),  author  of  the  '  Image 
of  Ireland,'  a  poem,  published,  1581.  [xiv.  400] 

DERWENTWATER,  third  EARL  OP  (1689-1716). 
[See  RADCLIFFE,  JAMES.] 

DE  RYCK,  WILLIAM  (1636-1697),  history  painter  ; 
born  at  Antwerp  and  bred  as  a  goldsmith ;  visited  Eng- 
land in  the  reign  of  William  III  and  became  a  painter. 

[xiv.  400] 

DESAGTTLIERS,  JOHN  THEOPHILUS  (1683-1744), 
natural  philosopher ;  born  at  La  Rochelle ;  brought  to 
England  by  his  father,  a  Huguenot  refugee,  1686;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1710 ;  lecturer  on  experimental 
philosophy  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1710:  M.A.,  1712; 
F.R.S.,  1714;  presented  to  the  living  of  Whitchurch, 
Middlesex,  1714;  LL.D.  Oxford,  1718;  invented  the 
planetarium :  published  works  on  physics,  astronomy, 
and  mechanics,  also  'The  Contributions  of  the  Free- 
Masons,'  1732.  [xiv.  400] 

DESAGULTERS,  THOMAS  (1725  7-1780),  lieutenant- 
general  and  colonel-commandant  of  royal  artillery ;  son 
of  John  Theophilus  Desaguliers  [q.  v.] ;  cadet  in  the  royal 
artillery,  1740 ;  captain,  1745 ;  engaged  at  Fontenoy, 
1745 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1757  ;  in  charge  of  siege  opera- 
tions at  Belleisle,  1761 ;  Invented  a  method  of  firing  small 
shot  from  mortars  and  an  instrument  for  verifying  the 
bores  of  cannon ;  colonel  commandant  of  the  royal  artil- 
lery, 1762  ;  F.R.S.,  17«3  ;  lieutenant  general,  1777. 

[xiv.  401] 

DE  SAUMAREZ.    [See  SAUMAREZ.] 

DE8BARRE8,  JOSEPH  FREDERICK  WALSH  or 
WALLET  (1722-1824),  military  engineer;  of  Huguenot 
origin  ;  lieutenant  60th  regiment,  1766  :  made  successful 
expedition  against  North  American  Indians,  1767  ;  retook 
Newfoundland,  1762;  surveyed  coast  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1763-73  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Cape  Breton,  1784-1805, 
of  Prince  Edward's  island,  1805-13  :  colonel,  1798  ;  pub- 
lished charts  of  the  Atlantic  and  North  American  coasts. 

[xiv.  402] 

DESBOROUGH,  DESBOROW,  or  DISBROWE, 
JOHN  (1608-1680),  major-general;  commanded  Orom- 
wellian  horse  at  storming  of  Bristol,  1646 ;  colonel,  1648 : 
fought  as  major-general  at  Worcester,  1661 ;  commissioner 
of  the  treasury,  1663 ;  general  of  the  fleet,  1653 ;  M.P., 


DESBOROTJGH 


237 


DEUSDEDIT 


Cambridgeshire,  lf,54,  Somerset,  K'.5tl  :  privy  coun- 
cillor,  1657;  ted  the  army's  opposition  to  Hichanl  Crom- 
well, 1G59;  pi ven  a  colonel's  <%omuii8~ion  by  the  Rump 
parliament,  but  ptxni  na-Oiieri-d,  Inr9;  iinprisonc.1  on 
suspicion  of  being  concerned  in  a  plot  to  kill  l'h.irlc<  II 
and  Queen  Hcnricttii  Maria.  1060;  imprisoned  for  in- 
triguing in  llolhind,  1666:  released,  1667;  nicknamed  the 
'  grim  Grant  Desborough '  in  a  pasquinade  of  1661. 

[xiv.  403] 

DESBOROUGH,  SAMUEL  (1619-1690),  statesman  : 
brother  of  John  Desborough  [q.  v.]  ;  one  of  the  original 
settlers  of  Guilford,  Conuecticuit,  1641;  keeper  ol  tin- 
great  seal  of  Scotland,  1657 ;  represented  Midlothian  in 
parliament,  1656,  and  Edinburgh,  1658-9.  [xiv.  405] 

DESENFANS,  NOEL  JOSEPH  (1745-1807),  pieture- 
doalcr  :  horn  at  Douay  :  commissioned  by  Stanislaus,  hist 
kintr  of  Poland,  to  collect  pictures  in  England  for  a  Polish 
national  collection;  sold  this  collection,  1802,  Poland 
being  dismembered  and  Russia  repudiating  the  debt, 

[xiv.  405] 

DES  GRANGES,  DAVID  (fl.  1625-1675),  miniature- 
painter;  engraver;  limner  to  Charles  II  in  Scotland, 
1651.  [xiv.  406] 

DESMAIZEAUX,  PIERRE  (1673  7-1745),  miscellane- 
ous writer:  born  in  Auvergne;  came  to  England  with 
the  third  Lord  Shaftesbury,  1699  ;  F.R.S.,  1720  :  gentle- 
man of  his  majesty's  privy  chamber,  1722 :  friend  of 
Joseph  Addisou  [q.  v.]  and  Anthony  Collins  [q.  v.] ;  con- 
sulted by  Hume  on  his  'Treatise  of  Human  Nature,'  1739  ; 
edited  Saint-Evremond,  1705,  and  Bayle's  works.  1725-31, 
translated  '  Telemaque,'  1742,  and  was  the  author  of  some 
biographies  and  compilations.  [xiv.  406] 

DESMOND,  EAJILS  OF.  [See  FITZTHOMAS,  MAURICE, 
first  EARL,  d.  1356 ;  FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  fourth  EARL, 
d.  1398;  FITZQKRALD,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL,  1426  ?-1468; 
FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (FITZMADRICK},  thirteenth  EARL,  d. 
1540  ;  FITZGERALD,  JAM  MS  (FITZJOHN),  fourteenth  EARL, 
d.  1558 ;  FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  fifteenth  EARL,  d.  1583 : 
FITZGKRALD,  JAMES,  the  town  EARL,  1570  V-1601 ;  FITZ- 
OKRALD,  JAMES,  the  Sugan  EARL,  d.  1608.] 

D'ESPAGNE,  JEAN  (1591-1659),  French  protestant 
pastor  and  theologian  ;  pastor  at  Orange,  1620 ;  published 
'  Antiduello,'  a  discussion  on  the  morality  of  the  duel, 
1632  ;  pastor  to  a  French  congregation  in  London,  which 
came  to  regard  him  as  a  schismatic.  [xiv.  408] 

DESPARD,  EDWARD  MARCUS  (1751-1803),  officer 
in  colonial  service ;  served  in  Jamaica  as  lieutenant,  50th 
regiment,  1772;  commandant  of  the  island  of  Rattan  on 
the  Spanish  main,  1781 ;  captured  the  Spanish  possessions 
on  the  Black  River,  1782  ;  superintendent  of  his  majesty's 
affairs  in  Yucatan,  1784-90;  suspended  on  frivolous 
charges  by  Lord  Grenville ;  imprisoned  on  account  of  his 
claim  for  compensation,  1798;  devised  in  London  plot 
against  the  government,  1802 ;  executed  for  high  treason 
at  Newington.  [xiv.  408] 

DESPAED,  JOHN  (1745-1829).  general;  brother  of 
Edward  Marcus  Despard  [q.  v.]  ;  fought  in  the  seven 
years'  war ;  lieutenant  hi  the  12th  regiment,  1762  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 7th  regiment,  1767 :  fought  in  the  American  war 
of  independence ;  taken  prisoner  at  York  Town ;  released, 
1782;  colonel,  1795;  commandant  of  troops  at  Cape 
Breton,  1799-1807 ;  general,  1814.  [xiv.  409] 

DESPEN8ER,  EDWARD  LE  (d.  1376),  warrior; 
grandson  of  Hugh  le  Despenser  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ; 
fought  in  Edward  Ill's  French  campaigns  and  under 


Pope  Urban  V  in  1369  ;  K.G. 


[xiv.  416] 


DESPENSER  or  SPENCER,  HENRY  LE  (d.  1406), 
bishop  of  Norwich ;  canon  of  Salisbury :  nominated  by 
Urban  V  to  the  bishopric  of  Norwich,  1370  ;  defeated  the 
Norfolk  peasants  in  their  entrenchments  at  North 
Walsham,  1381 ;  commanded  for  Pope  Urban  VI  against 
the  antipppe's  adherents,  in  Flanders,  whom  he  defeated 
at  Dunkirk,  1383  ;  raised  siege  of  Ypres  ;  came  to  terms 
with  the  French,  September  1383 ;  deprived  of  his  tem- 
poralities ;  denounced  as  a  fighting  bishop  by  Wyeliffe ; 
helped  to  repel  the  French  •  invasion  of  Scotland,  and 
was  restored  to  his  temporalities,  1386 ;  persecuted  the 
lollards,  1389 ;  imprisoned  for  his  loyal  adherence  to 
Richard  II ;  reconciled  to  Henry  IV,  1401.  [xiv.  410] 


DESPENSER,  HUGH  i.i-:(./.  12«5),  last  justiciary  of 
England  ;  accompanied  Richard,  king  of  the  1  tomans,  to 
Germany,  1257  ;  named  commissioner  for  the  barons  by 
the  '  Provisions  of  Oxford,'  1258  ;  justiciary  of  the  barons, 
r.'i.ii ;  reappointed  justiciary,  1263  ;  foujrht  for  the  barons 
at  Lewes,  12G-J  ;  arbitrator  for  arranidntr  tvrms  of  peace, 
1264  :  summoned  to  Simon  de  Moutfort's  parliament, 
li'.JI:  kilh-d  at  Bwbutt,  U  [xiv.  412] 

DESPENSER,  HUGH  LI:,  the  older.  HUM,  nr  \\i\- 
CHKSTKH  (1262-1 32(i),  son  of  Hugh  le  Dt-p.  II>.T  <-/.  1265) 
[q.  v.]  ;  fought  at  Dunbar ;  took  part  in  Edward  I's  ex- 
pedition to  Flanders,  12H7  ;  obtained  a  bull  from  Clement  V 
absolving  Edward  I  from  the  oaths  he  had  taken  to  his 
people,  1305;  upheld  Gaveston,  Edward  II's  favourite, 
1308 ;  forced  to  withdraw  from  the  court  and  the  council, 
1314  ;  supported  Edward  II  at  the  parliament  of  North- 
ampton, 1318;  banished,  together  with  his  son,  Hugh  le 
Despenser  the  younger  [q.  v.],  the  king  giving  way  to  a 
coalition  of  the  nobles,  1321 ;  returned,  and  was  made 
Earl  of  Winchester,  1322;  captured  by  Queen  Isabella, 
whom  he  hail  induced  the  king  to  outlaw,  and  executed, 
1326.  [xiv.  413] 

DESPENSER,  HUGH  LE,  the  younger  (d.  1326), 
baron :  son  of  Hugh  le  Despenser  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted,  1306 ;  king's  chamberlain,  1313  :  attacked  by  a 
confederacy  of  the  barons  under  the  Earl  of  Hereford, 
partly  on  account  of  his  desertion  to  the  side  of  the  king, 
1321;  banished,  1321:  recalled,  1322;  employed  to  ne- 
gotiate a  truce  with  Scotland,  1323  :  attempted  to  weaken 
the  barons  by  enlisting  the  common  people  on  the  side  of 
the  king ;  caught  at  Llantrissaint  by  the  followers  of 
Queen  Isabella,  and  executed  at  Hereford,  1326. 

[xiv.  415] 

DESPENSER,  THOMAS  LE,  EARL  OF  GLOIVKSTKK 
(1373-1400),  son  of  Edward  le  Despenser  [q.  v.] ;  upheld 
Richard  II  against  Gloucester,  Arundel,  and  Warwick, 
1397 ;  created  Earl  of  Gloucester,  1397 ;  accompanied 
Richard  II  to  Ireland,  1399;  commissioner  for  pronounc- 
ing the  sentence  of  deposition  on  Richard  II,  1399 : 
accused  of  poisoning  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  de- 
graded from  his  earldom,  1399;  joined  in  a  conspiracy 
which  was  betrayed  by  the  Earl  of  Rutland  ;  beheaded, 
1400.  [xiv.  417] 

D'ESTE,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  FREDERICK  (1794- 1848), 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Sussex,  who  displeased  his  father, 
George  III,  by  an  illegal  marriage ;  present  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Sir  John  Lambert  at  the  attack  on  New  Orleans, 
1814  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1824  ;  colonel,  1338  ;  knight-com- 
mander of  the  Hanoverian  Guelphic  order,  1830 ;  un- 
successfully claimed  his  father's  title,  1843.  [xiv.*417] 

DE  TABLEY,  BARONS.     [See  LEICESTER,  SIR  JOHN 
!  FLEMING,  first  BARON,  1762-1827:  WARREN,  JOHN  BYRNK 
LEICESTER,  third  BARON,  1835-1895.] 

DETHICK,  SIR  GILBERT  (1519  V-1584),  Garter  king- 
of-arms :  probably  of  Dutch  extraction  and  naturalised ; 
Rouge  Croix  pursuivant,  1540 ;  Richmond  herald,  1540 ; 
Garter  king-of-arms,  1550 :  knighted,  1561 :  accompanial 
Somerset  in  his  Scottish  expedition,  1547;  member  of 
the  old  Society  of  Antiquaries.  [xiv.  418] 

DETHICK,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1543-1612),  Garter  king- 
of-arms  :  son  of  Sir  Gilbert  Dethick  [q.  v.] :  Rouge  Croix 
pursuivant,  1567  :  York  herald,  1570  :  Garter  king-of- 
arms,  1586  ;  suspended  for  unduly  extending  his  preroga- 
tive, but  restored  by  the  queen's  clemency;  member  of 
the  old  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1593 ;  proclaimed  Essex  a 
traitor,  1601;  knighted,  1603;  deprived  of  Garter  for 
irregularities  at  the  investiture  of  the  Duke  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  1605  ;  author  of  some  heraldic  works  and  papers  on 
antiquities,  printed  in  Hearne's  '  Curious  Discourses.' 

[xiv.  419] 

DETROSIER,  ROWLAND  (1800?-1834),  popular 
lecturer  and  political  reformer;  self-educated ;  super- 
vised Swedenborpian  school  at  Hulme ;  framed  a  liturgy 
for  his  chapel  at  Stockport ;  corresponded  with  Bentham 
and  founded  mechanics'  institutions  in  Hulme  and  Sal- 
ford  ;  founder  and  president  of  the  Banksian  Society, 
Manchester,  1829 ;  secretary  of  the  National  Political 
Union,  1831 :  lectured  on  science  at  Manchester  and 
Stratford,  advocating  moral  and  political  instruction  for 
the  working  classes.  [xiv.  421] 

DEUSDEDIT  (d.  663  ?),  sixth  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury and  the  first  of  English  origin.  [xiv.  422] 

Z 


DEUTSCH 


338 


D'EWES 


DEUTSCH,  EMANUEL  OSCAR  MENAHEM  (1829- 
1873),  Semitic  scholar :  lx>rn  in  Silesia ;  proceeded  to  the 
theological  faculty  of  Berlin,  1845 ;  assistant  in  the 
library  of  the  British  Museum,  1856-70  ;  best  known  by 
his  essay  on  the  'Talmud,'  in  the  'Quarterly  Review,' 
1867  ;  deciphered  Phoenician  inscriptions  ;  died  of  cancer 
at  Alexandria.  [xiv.  422] 

DE  VERE.    [See  also  VERE.] 

DE  VERE,  SIR  AUBREY,  second  baronet  (1788- 
1846),  poet :  educated  at  Harrow :  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1818:  published  historical  dramas  and  (1842) 'The  Song 
of  Faith,  Devout  Exercises  and  Sonnets.'  [xiv.  423] 

DEVERELL,  formerly  PEDLEY,  ROBERT  (1760- 
1841),  author:  seventh  wrangler,  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1781;  fellow,  1784;  M.A.  1784:  M.P.,  Salt- 
ash,  1802  :  published  some  eccentric  works  on  the  know- 
ledge of  the  ancients,  and  propounded  in  '  Hieroglyphics 
and  other  Antiquities'  (1813)  a  strange  theory  that 
Shakespeare's  characters  and  incidents  were  suggested  by 
lunar  appearances.  [xiv.  424] 

DEVEREUX,  SIR  JOHN,  second  BARON  DEVEREUX 
(d.  1393),  warrior  :  fought  with  Du  Guesclin  against  Don 
Pedro  in  Spain,  1366  ;  governor  of  Limousin,  1370 ;  de- 
feated by  Du  Guesclin,  1373;  served  with  the  English 
fleet  afsea,  1377  ;  governor  of  Calais,  1380 :  commissioner 
to  negotiate  a  peace  with  France,  1382 ;  warden  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  1387  :  K.G.,  1388.  [xiv.  424] 

DEVEREUX,  ROBERT,  second  EARL  OF  ESSEX 
(1566-1601),  eldest  son  of  Walter  Devereux,  first  earl 
[q.  v.] ;  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1579 ;  M.A.  1581 :  created  knight  banneret  for  his  bravery 
at  Zutphen,  1586 ;  became  a  favourite  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  master  of  the  horse,  1587 ;  quarrelled  with  Charles 
Blount,  earl  of  Devonshire  (1563-1606)  [q.  v.],  and 
offended  Ralegh :  K.G.,  1588 ;  joined  the  faction  of  Don 
Antonio,  a  claimant  to  the  throne  of  Portugal,  1589 ; 
married  Frances,  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  thereby 
displeasing  Elizabeth,  1590:  supposed  to  favour  puri- 
tanism,  1591  ;  commanded  a  force  sent  to  the  help  of  Henry 
of  Navarre,  1591 ;  took  Gournay,  1591 ;  recalled,  1592 ; 
privy  councillor,  1593  ;  unsuccessfully  appealed  to  Eliza- 
beth on  two  occasions  to  give  some  preferment  to  Francis 
Bacon,  then  a  struggling  barrister;  received  political 
advice  and  literary  assistance  from  Bacon  ;  assisted  by 
Don  Antonio,  tracked  out  the  plot  of  Roderigo  Lopez 
[q.  v.]  against  the  queen's  life,  1594 ;  established  a  sort 
of  foreign  intelligence  department,  1595;  defeated  the 
Spaniards  in  a  naval  battle  off  Cadiz,  and  took  the  town, 
1596;  .mistakenly  dissuaded  by  his  colleagues  from 
patting  out  to  intercept  the  Spanish  treasure  fleet ;  master 
of  the  ordnance,  1597 ;  advised  by  Bacon  to  study  Irish 
affairs;  set  out  on  an  expedition  to  the  Azores,  which 
proved  a  failure,  and  was  nearly  intercepted  by  Spanish 
ships  at  Falmouth  on  his  return,  1597  ;  earl-marshal,  1597 ; 
opposed  Burghley's  policy  of  peace  with  Spain,  1598 ; 
affronted  the  queen  when  discussing  the  appointment  of 
a  lord  deputy  in  Ireland,  1598;  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
University,  1598  ;  appointed,  amid  popular  rejoicing,  lieu- 
tenant and  governor-general  of  Ireland,  1599 ;  punished 
his  soldiers  by  decimation  after  a  defeat  at  Arklow,  1599 ; 
forbidden  to  return  to  England,  and  ordered  to  proceed 
against  Ulster,  1599  ;  made  a  truce,  renewable  every  six 
weeks,  with  Tyrone,  and  set  out  for  London,  arriving  there 
28  Sept.  1599  ;  accused  before  a  specially  constituted  court 
of  leaving  his  government  and  entering  into  a  'dishonour- 
able and  dangerous  treaty'  with  Tyrone,  5  June  1600 ;  set 
at  liberty,  August  1600;  induced  by  Mountjoy,  South- 
ampton, and  others  (1601)  to  contrive  a  plot  for  securing 
the  dismissal  of  Elizabeth's  counsellors  ;  attempted  to  raise 
citizens  of  London,  and  was  proclaimed  traitor,  February 
1601 :  tried  at  Westminster  Hall,  where  his  former  friend 
and  protege  Bacon  spoke  for  the  prosecution,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death,  19  Feb. ;  executed  25  Feb.  1601.  Elizabeth 
is  said  to  have  been  ready  to  pardon  him  had  he  asked  for- 
giveness, but  the  story  of  the  ring  and  of  its  suppression 
by  the  Countess  of  Nottingham  is  doubtful.  Essex  wrote 
numerous  sonnets,  and  was  credited  by  Wotton  with 
special  skill  in  masques ;  as  a  patron  of  literature  he 
was  panegyrised  by  Daniel,  Chapman,  Spenser,  and  Ben 
Jonson.  [xiv.  425] 

DEVEREUX,  ROBERT,  third  EARL  op  ESSEX  (1591- 
1646),  parliamentary  general :  son  of  Robert,  second  earl 
of  Ewex  [q.  v.]  ;  restored  in  blood  and  honour  by  act  of 


parliament,  1604;  vice-admiral  in  the  Cadiz  expedition, 
1625;  supported  the  Petition  of  Right,  1628;  voted  for 
disallowing  Charles  I's  appeal  for  assistance  to  the  House 
of  Lords,  1640;  privy  councillor,  1641,  voting  for  the 
death  of  Strafford  contrary  to  Charles  I's  expectations ; 
general  of  the  parliamentary  army,  1642 ;  fought  at 
Edgehill,  1642  ;  took  Reading,  1643  ;  declared  in  favour  of 
Pym's  policy  of  continuing  the  war,  1643  ;  relieved 
Gloucester,  August  1G43 :  fought  without  substantial 
success  at  Newbury,  1643 :  resigned  from  irritation  at 
Cromwell's  hostility  to  the  Scots,  1645.  [xiv.  440] 

DEVEREUX,  WALTER,  first  VISCOUNT  HEREFORD 
(d.  1558),  joint-constable  of  Warwick  Castle,  1511  ;  went 
to  act  with  the  Spaniards  in  an  intended  invasion  of 
Guienne,  1512 ;  fought  under  Admiral  Howard  off  Con- 
quet,  1513;  K.G.,  1523;  chief-justice  of  South  Wales. 
1525  ;  privy  councillor,  1550 ;  created  Viscount  Hereford, 
1550.  [xiv.  443] 

DEVEREUX,  WALTER,  first  EARL  OF  ESSEX  and 
second  VISCOUNT  HEREFORD  (1541  7-1576),  Irish  adven- 
turer :  succeeded  to  his  grandfather's  titles,  Lord  of 
Chartley  and  Viscount  Hereford,  1558  ;  raised  a  troop  to 
aid  in  suppressing  the  northern  rebellion  of  1569  ;  K.G., 
1672 ;  created  Earl  of  Essex,  1572 ;  undertook  to  conquer 
Ulster,  1573 :  attempted  to  rid  Ulster  of  the  Scots  under 
Sorley  Boy,  but  subsequently  decided  to  ally  himself  with 
the  Scots  against  the  Irishry  of  O'Neill ;  treacherously 
seized  and  executed  Sir  Brian  Mac  Phelim,  1574;  earl- 
marshal  of  Ireland,  1575  ;  made  a  useless  and  cruel  raid 
in  Rathlin,  and  was  recalled,  1575  ;  reappointed  earl- 
marshal,  1576;  groundlessly  reported  to  have  been 
poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  who 
married  his  widow.  [xiv.  443] 

DEVEY,  GEORGE  (1820-1886),  architect :  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Institute  cf  Architects ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1841-8 ;  added  to,  and  altered  many  of  the 
English  mansions.  [xiv.  447] 

DEVIS,  ARTHUR  (1711  ?-1787),  portrait-painter; 
exhibited  at  the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  1762-80  :  restored 
Sir  James  Thornton's  paintings  in  the  hall  at  Greenwich. 

[xiv.  447] 

DEVIS,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  (1763-1822),  portrait 
and  history  painter ;  son  of  Arthur  Devis  [q.  v.] ;  ap- 
pointed draughtsman  in  a  voyage  projected  by  the  East 
India  Company,  e.  1783 :  wrecked  on  the  Pelew  islands  ; 
proceeded  to  Canton  and  thence  to  Bengal ;  painted  por- 
traits and  historical  subjects,  sixty-five  of  which  he 
exhibited  (1779-1821)  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[xiv.  448] 

DEVISME,  LOUIS  (1720-1776),  diplomatist;  of 
Huguenot  origin ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1746 :  represented  England 
at  diet  of  Ratisbon  ;  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister 
plenipotentiary  at  Stockholm  ;  died  at  Stockholm. 

[xiv.  448] 

DEVON,  eleventh  EARL  OF.  [See  COURTKNAT,  WIL- 
LIAM REGINALD,  1807-1888.] 

DEVONSHIRE,  DUKES  OF.  [See  CAVENDISH,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  DUKE,  1640-1707;  CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM, 
fourth  DUKE,  1720-1764 ;  CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM  GEORGE 
SPENCER,  sixth  DUKE,  1790-1858  ;  CAVENDISH,  SIR  WIL- 
LIAM, seventh  DUKE,  1808-1891.] 

DEVONSHIRE,  DUCHESS  OF  (1757-1806).  [See 
CAVENDISH,  GBORGIANA.] 

DEVONSHIRE  or  DEVON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  STAF- 
FORD, HUMPHREY,  1439-1469;  COURTENAY,  HENRY, 
1496  7-1538 :  OouRTENAY,  EDWARD,  1526  V-1556  ;  BLOUNT, 
CHARLES,  1563-1606;  OAVKNDISH,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL, 
d.  1626 :  CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL,  1591  ?- 
1628;  CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1617-1684; 
CAVENDISH,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL,  1640-1707.] 

DEVONSHIRE,  COUNTESS  OF  (d.  1675).  [See 
CAVKNDISH,  CHRISTIANA.] 

DEWAR,  JAMES  (1793-1846),  musician  ;  organist  at 
St.  George's  Episcopal  Church,  Edinburgh,  1815-35; 
conducted  the  Edinburgh  Musical  Association. 

[xiv.  449] 

D'EWES  or  DEWES,  GERRARD,  GEERARDT,  or 
GARRET  ( ./.  1691),  printer ;  descended  from  the  ancient 
lords  of  Kessel  In  Guelderland ;  under- warden  of  the 
Stationers'  Company,  1S81.  [xiv.  449] 


DEWEB 


339 


DICK 


DEWZS  or  DUWES,  fHLE3(</.  1535),  writer  on  the 
French  language:  librarian  to  Henry  VII  and  (from 
1509)  Henry  VIII ;  taicher  of  French  ta  Prince  Arthur  ; 
French  teacher  to  the  Princess  Mary,  1627,  for  whom  he 
wrote  a  French  grammar,  supplemented  by  dialogues, 
1628.  [xiv.  449] 

D'EWES  or  DEWES,  PAUL  (1567-1631),  one  of  the 
six  clerks  in  chancery ;  son  of  Uerrard  D'Ewes  [q.  v.] 

[xiv.  449] 

D'EWES,  SIR  SIMONDS  (1602-1650),  antiquarian 
writer ;  grandson  of  Gerrard  D'Ewes  [q.  v.] :  entered 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1618;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  162IJ ;  joined  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  who  had  intro- 
duccd  him  to  ScMi-n,  in  establishing  the  claim  of  Robert 
Vere  to  the  earldom  of  Oxford,  1626 ;  knighted,  1626 ; 
high  sheriff  for  Suffolk,  1639;  M.P.,  Sndbury,  1640; 
created  baronet,  1641;  expelled  from  parliament  by 
Colonel  Pride,  1648:  compiled  an  Anglo-Saxon  diction- 
ary (never  printed):  author  of  'Journals  of  all  the 
Parliaments  during  the  Reign  of  Queen  Kl  i/;tbeth  '  (pub- 
lished, 1682),  of  an  'Autobiography'  (first  published, 
1845),  and  of  unpublished  transcripts  of  monastic  cartu- 
laries and  registers.  [xiv.  450] 

DE  WILDE,  GEORGE  JAMES  (1804-1871),  editor  of 
the  '  Northampton  Mercury,'  and  friend  of  Leigh  Hunt, 
the  Cowden  Clarkes  and  Sir  James  Stephen;  son  of 
Samuel  de  Wilde  [q.  v.]  [xiv.  464] 

DE  WILDE,  SAMUEL  (1748-1832),  portrait-painter; 
born  in  Holland  of  Dutch  parents ;  exhibited  at  the 
Society  of  Artists  (1776)  and  the  Royal  Academy; 
painted  portraits  of  actors  in  character.  [xiv.  463] 

DE  WIHT,  PETER  (1784-1849),  landscape-painter ; 
member  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1807-28 ;  painted  also  in 
oils ;  his  chief  subject  being  the  scenery  of  northern  and 
eastern  England.  [xiv.  454] 

DEWSBTTRY,  WILLIAM  (1621-1688),  quaker 
preacher  and  author ;  joined  the  parliament  army  for  a 
time ;  converted  to  quakerism  by  hearing  George  Fox 
preach ;  frequently  imprisoned  for  his  religious  opinions ; 
wrote  religious  tracts.  [xiv.  455] 

D'EYNCOURT,  CHARLES  TENNYSON  (1784-1861), 
politician  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1818 ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1806 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Great 
Grimsby,  1818-26,  for  Bletchiugley,  1826-31,  and  for  Stam- 
ford, 1831 ;  F.S.A.,  F.R.S.,  1829  ;  M.P.  for  Lambeth,  1832- 
1862 ;  privy  councillor,  1832  :  deputy-lieutenant  for 
Lincolnshire;  advocated  the  repeal  of  the  corn  and 
navigation  laws.  [xiv.  455] 

D'HELE  or  D'HELL,  THOMAS  (1740  7-1780).  [See 
HALKS,  THOMAS.] 

DIAMOND,  HUGH  WELCH  (1809-1886),  photo- 
grapher ;  of  Huguenot  origin  ;  M.R.O.S.,  1834  ;  resident 
superintendent  of  female  patients  at  the  Surrey  County 
Asylum,  1848-58 ;  secretary  to  the  London  Photographic 
Society,  1863  ;  said  to  have  invented  the  paper  or  card- 
board photographic  portrait.  [xv.  1] 

DIBBEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1741),  Latin  poet :  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow,  1698 ;  M.A.,  1703 ;  D.D.,  1721 ;  chaplain  to  lord 
privy  seal  at  congress  of  Utrecht,  1713  :  precentor  of  St. 
Paul's,  1714;  translated  Prior's  'Carmen  Seculare'  for 
1700  into  Latin  verse.  [xv.  1] 

DIBDIN,  CHARLES  (1746-1814),  dramatist  and  song- 
writer ;  composed  '  The  Shepherd's  Artifice,'  a  pastoral 
operetta,  1762 ;  acted  at  Richmond  Theatre,  1762,  and 
later  at  Covent  Garden:  composed  music  for  Garrick's 
Shakespeare  jubilee  at  Stratford,  1769;  quarrelled  with 
Garrick,  but  was  reconciled,  1769  ;  discharged  by  Garrick 
on  account  of  his  ill-usage  of  a  Miss  Pitt,  his  mistress  ; 
his  'Cobler'  and  'Waterman'  produced  at  the  Hay- 
market;  satirised  Garrick  in  'The  Comic  Mirror,'  a 
puppet-play;  wrote  the  'Seraglio,'  containing  'Blow 
high,  blow  low,'  the  earliest  of  his  sea-songs,  1776  ;  pro- 
duced 'Professional  Volunteers,'  'The  Rent  Day,'  ;A 
Thanksgiving,'  and  '  Commodore  Pennant,'  his  last  pieces, 
at  the  Lyceum,  1808;  composed  entertainments  and 
sketches  in  which  were  introduced  the  nautical  songs  by 
which  he  u>  best  remembered,  as  well  as  a  '  History  of  the 


Stage,'  1795,  fin  autobiography  and  two  novels,  '  Hannah 
He  wit,'  1792,  the  '  Younger  Brother,'  17'J3.  [xv.  2] 

DIBDIN,  CHARLES,  the  younger  (1768-1833),  pro- 
prietor and  acting-manager  of  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre,  for 
which  he  wrote  plays,  songs,  and  spectacles  ;  natural  sou 
of  Charles  Dibdtn  [q.  v.]  [xv.  6] 

DIBDIN,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1813-1866),  musician  ; 
son  of  Charles  Dibdin  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  played  the 
harp  at  Paganini's  last  concert,  Covent  Garden  Theatre, 
1832 ;  organist  of  Trinity  Chapel,  Edinburgh,  1833-66  ; 
published  the  'Standard  Psalm  Book,'  1867,  and  'The 
Praise  Book,'  1865.  [xv.  6] 

DIBDIN,  THOMAS  FROGNALL  (1776-1847),  biblio- 
grapher; nephew  of  Charles  Dibdin  (1745-1814)  [q.  v.]  ; 
born  in  India ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1825  ;  D.D.,  1825  ;  brought  under  the  notice  of  Lord 
Spencer  by  his  '  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of  Rare 
and  Valuable  Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Classics,' 
1802;  published  'Bibliomania.'  1809;  was  an  original 
member  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  1812 ;  catalogued  Lord 
Spencer's  library  at  Althorp,  though  hampered  by  his 
ignorance  of  Greek ;  published  a  '  Bibliographical,  An- 
tiquarian, and  Picturesque  Tour'  (1821),  the  outcome 
of  travels  on  the  continent ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Bryan- 
ston  Square,  from  1824.  His  reprints  and  bibliographical 
writings,  although  valued  by  book-collectors,  are  often 
inaccurate.  [XT.  6] 

DIBDIN,  THOMAS  JOHN  (1771-1841),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  illegitimate  son  of  Charles  Dibdin  (1745-1814) 
[q.  v.]  ;  shown  on  the  stage  as  Cupid  to  Mrs.  Siddons's 
Venus,  1775;  apprenticed  to  London  upholsterer;  ran 
away,  and  obtained  theatrical  engagement  at  Eastbourne 
under  name  of  Merchant ;  wrote  operas  and  dramatic 
trifles  for  Sadler's  Wells,  1796  ;  prompter  and  joint  stage 
manager  at  Sadler's  Wells ;  wrote  '  The  British  Raft,'  a 
piece  containing  '  The  Snug  Little  Island,'  a  song  which 
became  very  popular,  1797 ;  composed,  in  honour  of 
Nelson's  victory,  '  The  Month  of  the  Nile,'  while  perform- 
ing on  a  seven  years'  engagement  at  Covent  Garden, 
1798  ;  produced  (1801-2)  '  The  Cabinet,'  his  first  and  best 
opera;  prompter  and  pantomime  writer  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  when  reopened  after  the  fire  of  1809 ;  financially 
ruined  by  his  ill-success  as  proprietor  of  the  Surrey 
Theatre,  1822 ;  wrote  nearly  two  thousand  songs  and 
about  two  hundred  operas  and  plays.  [xv.  9] 

DICCONSON,  ED  WARD  (1670-1752),  Roman  catholic 
prelate;  educated  at  the  English  college,  Douay:  pro- 
fessor of  poetry,  1708-9,  of  syntax,  1709-10,  and  of 
philosophy,  1711-12 ;  D.D. :  vice-president  and  professor 
of  theology,  1714-20 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  the  northern  dis- 
trict of  England,  1740;  bishop  of  Malla  in  partibus 
infldelium,  1741.  [xv.  11] 

DICETO,  RALPH  DK  (</.  1202  ?),  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ; 
archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1152;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1180; 
made  survey  of  capitulary  property  of  deanery,  1181; 
built  deanery- house  and  chapel  within  cathedral  pre- 
cincts; author  of  '  Abbreviations  Chronicorum'  and 
'  Ymagines  Historiarum,'  two  works  on  contemporary 
history ;  frequently  mediated  between  Henry  II  and  the 
ecclesiastics.  [xv.  12] 

DICK,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1703-1785),  physician: 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  M.D.,  1725  : 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1727 :  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy  of 
Dick,  1746 ;  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Edinburgh,  1766-63  ;  assisted  in  obtaining  charter  for 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  gold  medallist  of  Society  of 
Arts  '  for  best  specimen  of  rhubarb,'  1774 ;  correspondent 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  [xv.  14] 

DICK,  ANNE,  LADY  (d.  1741),  verse- writer;  nte 
Mackenzie ;  married  Sir  William  Dick  of  Prestonfield ; 
notorious  for  the  eccentricity  of  her  habits  and  her  viru- 
lent epigrams.  [xv.  14] 

DICK,  DIRTY  (pseudonym)  (1756  ?-1809).  [See 
BENTLEY,  NATHAMKL.] 

DICK,  JOHN  (1764-1833),  theological  writer  :  studied 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  published  '  The  Conduct 
and  Doom  of  False  Teachers,'  to  combat  Unitarian 
thought,  1788 :  maintained  plenary  inspiration  in  an 
'  Essay  on  the  Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures,'  1800  :  minister 
of  Grey  friars,  Glasgow,  1801-33 ;  D.D.  Princeton  Col- 
lege, New  Jersey,  1815 ;  theological  professor  to  the 
associate  synod.  1820-33.  [xv.  14] 

z2 


DICK 


340 


DICKSON 


DICK,  ROBERT  (1811-1866),  geologist  and  botanist ; 
solf-taught ;  apprenticed  to  a  baker ;  re-discovered 
northern  holy-grass,  1834  ;  furnished  information  to  Hugh 
Miller,  for  whom  he  also  procured  fossils.  [xv.  16] 

DICK,  SIR  ROBERT  HENRY  (1785  ?-1846),  major- 
general  ;  lieutenant  62nd  regiment,  1802 ;  captain  1  ;<•--- 
Bhire  buffs,  1804:  served  in  Kgypt,  1807;  major,  1808; 
commander  of  battalions  in  Peninsula,  1809 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1812 ;  senior  major  in  Flanders,  1815  ;  colonel, 
1825;  major-general.  1837;  K.O.B.,  1838;  acting  com- 
mauder-in-chief  at  Madras,  1841-2;  commanded  third 
Infantry  division  in  Sikh  war ;  killed  at  Sobraon. 

[xv.  16] 

DICK,  THOMAS  (1774-1857),  scientific  writer; 
entered  Edinburgh  University,  1794 :  teacher  in  secession 
school  at  Methven,  where  he  did  much  to  popularise 
science,  and  at  Perth ;  LL.D.  New  York  :  M.R.A.S.,  1853 ; 
chief  works,  'The  Christian  Philo ;opher,'  1823,  nnd 
4  The  Sidereal  Heavens,'  1840.  [xv.  18] 

DICK,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1680  ?-1655),  provost  of  Edin- 
burgh; advanced  6.000/.  to  James  VI,  1618;  customs 
and  excise  farmer ;  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh,  1 638  and 
1639 ;  extended  the  trade  of  the  Firth  of  Forth  ;  advanced 
money  for  the  cause  of  Montrose,  1639;  knighted  by 
Charles  1, 1642 ;  created  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  c.  1642 ; 
reduced  to  destitution  by  fine  imposed  by  parliament  for 
lending  20,(XXM.  to  Charles  II  in  1650.  [xv.  18] 

DICKENS,  CHARLES  (1812-1870),  novelist ;  son  of 
a  government  clerk ;  employed  in  making  up  parcels  in 
an  office  at  Hungerford  Stair?,  c.  1823 ;  shorthand 
reporter  of  debates  in  the  Commons  to  the  '  True  Sun,' 
and,  in  1835,  to  the  '  Morning  Chronicle' ;  contributed  to 
4  Monthly  Magazine,'  1833-5,  and  to  '  Evening  Chronicle,' 
1835;  these  articles  were  collected  and  published  as 
'  Sketches  by  Boz,'  1836  ;  commenced  '  Pickwick  Papers,' 
1836;  produced 'Oliver  Twist*  in  Bentley's  'Miscellany,' 
1837-9,  and  'Nicholas  Nickleby,'  1838-9,  in  monthly 
numbers;  wrote  'Master  Humphrey's  Clock,'  a  serial, 
1840-1,  in  which  first  appeared  'Old  Curiosity  Shop' 
and  'Barnaby  Rudge';  edited  'Pic-Nic  Papers'  for  the 
benefit  of  the  widow  of  his  old  publisher,  Macrone,  1841 ; 
sailed  for  America  (1842),  where  he  advocated  international 
copyright  and  abolition  of  shivery ;  commenced  '  Martin 
Chuzzlewit'  in  serial  form,  1843;  assisted  Miss  Coutts, 
afterwards  the  Baroness  Burdett  Coutts,  in  philanthropic 
work ;  wrote  the  '  Christmas  Carol,'  1843 ;  settled  at 
Genoa,  where  he  wrote  the  '  Chimes '  and  learned  Italian, 
1844  ;  first  editor  of  '  Daily  News,'  January  1846,  resign- 
ing in  February;  wrote  in  Switzerland,  1846,  'Dombey 
and  Son'  (published,  1848)  and  'The  Battle  of  Life'; 
manager  of  a  theatrical  company  which  performed  Eliza- 
bethan dramas  and  modern  comedies  in  the  great  pro- 
vincial towns,  1847 ;  started  two  journals,  '  Household 
Words,'  1849,  and  subsequently  '  All  the  Year  Round ' ; 
published  '  The  Haunted  Man,'  1848,  and  '  David  Copper- 
field'  in  monthly  numbers,  1849-50;  produced  'Bleak 
House '  in  serial  form,  1852-3,  '  Hard  Times,'  1854,  and 
'  Little  Dorrit,'  1855-7 ;  began  to  give  public  readings, 
1858 ;  published  his  '  Tale  of  Two  Cities '  in  '  All  the  Year 
Round,'  1859;  produced  'Great  Expectations,'  1860-1, 
and  '  Our  Mutual  Friend,'  1864-5,  both  in  monthly  instal- 
ments ;  gave  public  readings  in  America,  1867  and  1868, 
and  in  England  on  his  return,  1868;  commenced  'The 
Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood'  in  1870,  but  died  suddenly 
before  completing  it.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  14  June  1870.  His  novels  have  probably  had  the 
largest  number  of  readers  of  any  English  works  of  fiction. 

[xv.  20] 

DICKENS,  CHARLES  (1837-1896),  compiler  ;  eldest 
son  of  Charles  Dickens,  the  novelist  [q.  v.] :  educated  at 
King's  College,  London,  and  Eton  ;  entered  Baring's  bank, 
1855  ;  set  up  in  business  in  city,  1861 ;  sub-editor  of  '  All 
the  Year  Round,'  1869,  and  sole  proprietor  on  his  father's 
death ;  chief  partner  in  printing  firm  of  Dickens  &  Evans  ;  I 
published  series  of  dictionary-guides,  1879-84 ;  gave  read-  j 
ings  from  his  father's  works  in  America,  1887 ;  reader  in  I 
firm  of  Macmillan  &  Co.,  c.  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  131] 

DICKENSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1594),  romance- writer ;  j 
author  of  'Arisbas,'  1594,  'Greene  in  Conceipt  ...  The  j 
Tragiqne  Historic  of  Faire  Valeria  of  London,1  1698,  and  I 
a  pastoral  poem  in  English  hexameters.  [xv.  32]  * 


DICKIE,  GEORGE  (1812-1882),  botanist ;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1830;  professor  of  natural 
history,  Belfast,  1849-60;  M.D.,  professor  of  botany, 
Aberdeen,  1860-77;  specialised  on  algae,  and  published 
works  on  flora  of  »nst  Scotland  nnd  Ulster.  [xv.  32] 

DICKINSON,  CHARLES  (1792-1842),  bishop  of 
Meath ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1820 ;  chaplain  of 
the  Female  Orphan  House,  Dublin,  1822 ;  vicar  of  St 
Anne's,  Dublin,  1833  :  D.D.,  1834  :  bishop  of  Meath,  1840-2  ; 
published  sermons  and  tracts.  [xv.  32] 

DICKINSON  or  DICKENSON,  EDMUND  (1G24- 
1707),  physician  and  alchemist;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  probationer- fellow,  1647 ;  M.A., 
1649  ;  M.D.,  1656 :  induced  by  Muudanus,  a  French  adept, 
to  study  chemistry ;  F.O.P.,  1677 ;  physician  in  ordinary 
to  diaries  II  and  James  II ;  published  '  Delphi  Phcenici- 
zantes,'  1666,  and  'Physica  vetuset  vera,'  claiming  to  base 
a  philosophy  on  the  Pentateuch,  1702.  [xv.  33] 

DICKINSON,  JAMES  (1659-1741),  quaker;  quaker 
minister,  1678 ;  made  three  missionary  voyages  to  Ame- 
rica, visiting  Barbados  in  1692;  'commanded'  to  pro- 
claim the  Divine  wrath  at  the  death  of  Queen  Mary,  1694. 

Fxv  341 

DICKINSON,  JOHN  (1815-1876),  writer  on  India; 
educated  at  Eton ;  published  '  Letters  on  the  Cotton  and 
Roads  of  Western  India,'  1851  ;  founded  India  Reform 
Society  (1853),  which  insisted  on  leniency  after  the  mutiny 
of  1857  ;  corresponded  with  Holkar,  maharajah  of  Indore ; 
published  'India,  its  Government  under  Bureaucracy,' 
1852, '  Dhar  not  Restored,'  1864-5,  and  other  pamphlets. 

[xv.  36] 

DICKINSON,  JOSEPH  (d.  1865),  botanist ;  M.A.  and 
M.D.  Dublin  and  Cambridge,  1843;  physician  to  the 
Royal  Infirmary  (1839)  and  other  Liverpool  institutions  ; 
F.R.S.  and  F.R.O.P.;  published  'Flora  of  Liverpool,' 
1861.  [xv.  36] 

DICKINSON,  WILLIAM  (1756-1822),  topographer 
and  legal  writer;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1780;  justice  of  the  peace  for  Nottingham,  Lincoln, 
Middlesex,  Surrey,  and  Sussex ;  wrote  on  Nottinghamshire 


antiquities  and  justice  law. 


[xv.  36] 


DICKINSON,  WILLIAM  (1746-1823),  mezzotint  en- 
graver; awarded  premium  by  Society  of  Arts,  1767; 
printseller,  1773:  died  in  Paris;  engraved  chiefly  after 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  [xv.  37] 

DICKONS,  MARIA  (1770  ?-1833),  vocalist ;  nie  Poole  ; 
made  her  debut  at  Covent  Garden  as  Ophelia,  1793; 
appeared  at  the  Lyceum  as  Clara  in  Sheridan's  '  Duenna,' 
1811,  and  at  the  King's  Theatre  as  the  Countess  in  Mozart's 
'Nozze  di  Figaro,'  1812 ;  honorary  member  of  the  Institute 
Filarmonico  of  Venice.  [xv.  87] 

DICKSON,  ADAM  (1721-1776),  writer  on  agriculture : 
M.A.  Edinburgh ;  incumbent  of  Whittinghame  in  East 
Lothian,  1769-76 ;  chief  works,  '  The  Husbandry  of  the 
Ancients,'  published  1788.  and  a '  Treatise  on  Agriculture,' 
vol.  i.  1762,  vol.  ii.  1770.  [xv.  38] 

DICKSON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1777-1840),  major- 
general,  royal  artillery ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery, 
1794 ;  acting  engineer  at  siege  of  Valetta,  1800 ;  com- 
mander of  artillery  in  South  America,  1807;  brigade, 
major  in  the  operations  before  Oporto,  1809  ;  major  and 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Portuguese  service ;  superin- 
tended artillery  operations  in  Peninsula,  1811  and  1812; 
commanded  allied  artillery  at  Vittoria,  1813 ;  fought  at 
Waterloo,  1816 ;  inspector  of  artillery,  1822 ;  director- 
general  of  the  field-train  department,  1833  ;  major-general, 
1837 ;  G.C.B.,  1838 ;  F.R.G.S.  [xv.  39] 

DICKSON,  ALEXANDER  (1836-1887),  botanist; 
graduated  in  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  1860 ;  professor  of 
botany  at  Dublin,  at  Glasgow,  1868,  and  at  Edinburgh, 
1879  ;  regius  keeper  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Edin- 
burgh, 1879 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow  ;  F.R.S.  Edinburgh ;  pub- 
lished scientific  papers.  [xv.  41] 

DICKSON  or  DICK,  DAVID  (15837-1663),  Scottish 
divine:  M.A.  and  professor  of  philosophy,  Glasgow; 
minister  at  Irvine,  1618;  deprived  for  declining  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  high  court  of  commission,  before 
which  he  was  cited  as  an  assailant  of  the  five  articles 
of  Perth,  1622;  permitted  to  return,  1623;  professor  of 


DICKSON 


341 


DIGBY 


divinity  at  Glasgow,  1640-50;  chaplain  in  the  covenanters' 
army,  1639  ;  professor  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh,  1650-60 ; 
ejected  for  refusing  the  oath  of  supremacy,  1660 :  com- 
mentator on  scripture.  [xv.  41] 

DICKSON,  DAVID,  the  elder  (1764-1820),  theologian ; 
studied  at  Glasgow  aud  Edinburgh;  minister  first  of  the 
College  Church  and  then  of  the  New  North  Church, 
Edinburgh  ;  opponent  of  Dr.  M«GU1.  [xv.  42] 

DICKSON,  DAVID,  the  younger  (1780-1842),  presby- 
torian  divine;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University:  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1824 ;  senior  minibter  of  St.  Cuthbert's  Church, 
Edinburgh,  1827-42 ;  published  '  The  Influence  of  Learn- 
ing on  Religion,'  1814,  and  other  works.  [XT.  43] 

DICKSON,  ELIZABETH  (17937-1862),  philan- 
thropist ;  nee  Dalzel ;  married  John  Dicksou ;  visited 
Algiers;  made  revelations  about  piracy  (1809),  which  led 
to  Lord  Exmouth's  expedition  ;  died  at  Tripoli. 

[xv.  43] 

DICKSON,  JAMES  (1737  7-1822),  botanist ;  of  humble 
origin;  author  of  'Catalogus  Plantarum  Cryptogami- 
carum  Britanniae,'  1795,  and  some  other  botanical  publi- 
cations, [xv.  44] 

DICKSON,  SIR  JAMES  ROBERT  (1832-1901),  Austra- 
lian statesman ;  served  in  City  of  Glasgow  Bank :  emi- 
grated to  Victoria,  1854,  and  entered  Bank  of  Australasia ; 
auctioneer  in  Queensland,  1862 ;  member  for  Enoggera  of 
Queensland  House  of  Assembly,  1872-87,  and,  1876-87,  held 
office  in  ministry ;  member  for  Bulimba,  1892,  1893,  and 
1896  ;  premier,  1898-9  ;  advocated  formation  of  Australian 
commonwealth ;  delegate  for  Queensland  ;  discussed  pro- 
ject for  commonwealth  in  London,  1900;  minister  for 
defence  in  first  government  of  United  Australia,  1900; 
K.O.M.G.,  1901 ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1900. 

[Suppl.  ii.  131] 

DICKSON,  ROBERT  (1804-1876),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1826 ;  P.R.O.P.,  1855 ;  lectured  on  botany  at 
St.  George's  Hospital.  [xv.  44] 

DICKSON,  SAMUEL  (1802-1869),  author  of  the 
'Chrono-thermal  System  of  Medicine';  pupil  of  Liston 
at  Edinburgh  :  assistant-surgeon  in  the  30th  regiment  of 
foot  at  Madras ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1833  ;  published  '  Revela- 
tions on  Cholera,'  1848;  attacked  received  systems  in 
« The  Fallacy  of  Physic  as  taught  in  the  Schools,'  1836, 
and  similar  writings;  originated  hypothesis  of  the 
periodicity  and  intermittency  of  all  vital  actions. 

[xv.  44] 

DICKSON,  WILLIAM  (1745-1804),  Irish  bishop; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Hertford  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1770  ;  friend  of  Charles  James  Fox  ;  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor,  1783.  [xv.  45] 

DICKSON,  WILLIAM  GILLESPIE  (1823-1876),  legal 
writer ;  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  and  Univer- 
sity; member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1847;  pro- 
cureur  and  advocate-general  of  Mauritius,  1856-67 :  sheriff- 
depute  of  Lanark,  1874;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1874;  published  'Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Evidence  in 
Scotland,'  1855.  [xv.  45] 

DICKSON,  WILLIAM  STEEL  (1744-1824),  United 
Irishman;  entered  Glasgow  College,  1761;  denounced 
England's  treatment  of  the  American  colonies,  1776  ; 
advocated  enrolment  of  catholics  as  volunteers,  1779  ; 
minister  at  Portaferry,  1780  ;  D.D.  Glasgow;  member  of 
Wolf  Tone's  society  of  United  Irishmen,  1791 :  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  Catholic  Relief  Act,  1793 ;  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  United  Irish  forces  for  co.  Down, 
1798  ;  imprisoned  for  sedition  at  Belfast  and,  in  1799,  at 
Fort  George,  Inverness-shire ;  released,  1802  ;  minister  of 
Second  Keady,  co.  Armagh,  1803;  resigned  in  broken 
health,  1815 ;  died  in  poverty.  [xv.  46] 

DICTJIL  (fl.  825),  Irish  geographer;  author  of  a 
'  Liber  de  Mensura  Orbis  Terras,'  professing  to  be  based  on 
a  survey  of  the  world  carried  out  by  Theodosius  (I  ?),  and 
embodying  the  reports  of  recent  travellers.  [xv.  48] 

DIEST,  ADRIAEN  VAN  (1656-1704).  [See  VAX 
DlEST.] 

DIGBY,  EVERARD  (/.  K590),  divine  and  author; 
sizar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1567  :  scholar, 
1570;  Lady  Margaret  fellow,  1573;  M.A.,  1674:  B.D., 
1581 ;  senior  fellow,  1585  ;  deprived  for  alleged  insubordi- 
nation and  Romanist  tendencies,  1587 ;  author  of  the 
earliest  treatise  on  swimming  published  in  England, 


1587;  suggested  classification  of  sciences  in  his  'De 
Duplici  Methodo  libri  duo,'  1580,  and  'Theoria  Analytica,' 
1579  ;  propounded  a  theory  of  perception  basal  on  the 
active  correspondence  of  miiid  and  matter.  [xv.  50] 

DIGBY,  Siu  EVERARD  (1578-1606),  conspirator; 
converted  to  Catholicism  at  court  by  John  Gerard,  159B  ; 
knighted,  1603  ;  told  off  to  excite  a  rising  in  the  Midlands 
at  the  time  of  the  Gunpowder  plot,  1606 ;  deserted  hi» 
companions  when  besieged  in  Holbeach  House,  Stafford- 
shire, 8  Nov.  1605  ;  executed,  1606.  [xv.  51] 

DIGBY,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OF  BRISTOL  (1612- 
1677),  son  of  John  Digby,  first  earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.] ; 
born  at  Madrid ;  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1626 ; 
M.A.,  1636  ;  attacked  Roman  Catholicism  in  corre- 
spondence with  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  [q.  v.],  1638-9 ;  M.P., 
Dorset,  1640  ;  opposed  third  reading  of  bill  for  Strafford's 
attainder,  though  on  committee  for  his  impeachment, 
1641 ;  succeeded*  as  Baron  Digby,  1641 ;  fled  to  Holland 
(1642)  and  was  impeached  by  default  for  levying  royalist 
troops  ;  fought  for  Charles  I  at  Edgehill,  1642,  but  gave  up 
his  command  after  a  quarrel  with  Prince  Rupert ;  secretary 
of  state  aud  privy  councillor,  1643 ;  high  steward  of  Oxford 
University,  1643  :  lieutenant-general  of  the  king's  forces 
north  of  the  Trent,  1645 ;  defeated  at  Carlisle  Sands ; 
retired  to  France  and  took  part  in  the  Fronde,  1648; 
lieutenant-general  in  French  army,  1661 ;  detected  in  an 
intrigue  against  Mazariu,  and  forced  to  leave  France; 
reappointed  secretary  of  state  to  Charles  II,  1657  ;  sub- 
sequently deprived  of  the  seals  as  a  catholic  ;  K.G.,  1661 ; 
ineffectually  impeached  Clarendon  (1663),  who  had  foiled 
his  scheme  of  an  Italian  marriage  for  the  king ;  wrote 
comedies  and,  according  to  Walpole,  translated  from 
French  first  three  books  of  '  Cassandra.'  [xv.  52] 

DIGBY,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  BRISTOL  (1580-1653), 
diplomatist  and  statesman  ;  fellow-commoner  of  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1595  ;  knighted,  1607  ;  sent  on 
a  fruitless  embassy  to  negotiate  a  marriage  between 
Prince  Henry  and  Anne,  the  Spanish  infanta,  1611,  and 
between  Prince  Charles  and  the  Infanta  Maria,  1614; 
vice-chamberlain  and  privy  councillor,  1616  ;  again  sent  to 
Spain  (1617)  to  arrange  the  Spanish  match,  which  was 
temporarily  broken  off  by  James  I's  refusal  to  grant 
liberty  of  conscience  to  English  catholics  ;  created  Baron 
Digby,  1618 ;  commissioned  to  negotiate  peace  between 
elector  palatine  and  Ferdinand  II,  emperor  of  Germany, 
1621 ;  returned  to  Spain  in  1622  to  reopen  marriage  treaty 
of  1618 ;  created.  Earl  of  Bristol,  1622 ;  offended  Prince 
Charles  and  Buckingham  at  Madrid,  1623;  vainly  de- 
manded a  trial  in  parliament  to  appease  the  hostility  of 
Charles  I,  1626  ;  impartial  in  debates  over  Petition  of 
Right,  1628 ;  refused  to  vote  on  the  attainder  bill  against 
Strafford,  1641 ;  advised  Charles  I  to  conciliate  the  inde- 
pendents, 1644 ;  his  expulsion  from  the  court  demanded  by 
the  parliament  in  propositions  for  peace  at  Oxford,  1643  ; 
went  into  exile  after  capitulation  of  Exeter,  1646 ;  died  at 
Paris.  [xv.  66] 

DIGBY,  SIB  KENELM  (1603-1665),  author,  naval  com- 
mander, and  diplomatist ;  son  of  Sir  Everard  Digby 
(1578-1606)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Gloucester  Hall  (Worcester 
College),  Oxford,  1618 ;  visited  Paris  and  Angers,  1620 ; 
removed  to  Florence  to  escape  the  importunities  of  Marie 
de  Medicis ;  joined  Prince  Charles  and  Buckingham  at 
Madrid,  1623 ;  knighted,  1623 ;  defeated  French  and 
Venetian  fleet  in  Scanderoon  harbour,  1628 ;  returned  to 
England,  1629;  professed  protestantism  after  1630,  but 
soon  returned  to  Roman  Catholicism  ;  published  '  A  Con- 
ference with  a  Lady  about  Choice  of  a  Religion,'  1638  ;  his 
removal  from  the  royal  councils  requested  by  the  House 
of  Commons  (1641)  for  having  appealed  to  the  English 
Roman  catholics  to  support  Charles  I  in  Scotland  ;  fought 
a  duel  at  Paris  in  defence  of  Charles  1, 1641 :  published  a 
criticism  on  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  '  Religio  Medici,'  1643  : 
wrote  'Of  Bodies'  and  'Of  the  Immortality  of  Man's 
Soul,'  1644  ;  chancellor  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  1644  ; 
pleaded  Charles  I's  cause  with  Pope  Innocent  X,  but 
quarrelled  with  him  and  left  Rome,  1646;  returned  to 
England  and  was  banished,  1649;  visited  by  Evelyn  at 
Paris,  1651 ;  became  acquainted  with  Descartes  ;  returned 
to  England  on  permission,  1664 ;  worked  in  Cromwell's 
interest  on  the  continent,  1656;  returned  to  England, 
1660,  retaining  the  office  of  Queen  Henrietta's  chancellor ; 
forbidden  the  court,  1664  ;  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Royal  Society  when  first  incorporated,  1663.  He  dis- 
covered the  necessity  of  oxygen  to  the  life  of  plants,  and 


DIGBY 


542 


DILLON 


claimed  to  Lave  discovered  a  '  sympathetic  powder '  for  the 
cure  of  wounds  (it  was  of  no  medicinal  value).  In 
philosophy  he  followed  the  schoolmen,  writing  by  the  aid 
of  Thomas  White  [q.  v.]  '  Institutionum  Peripateticarum 
libri  quinque,'  1651.  His  ' Private  Memoirs'  were  first 
printed  in  1827.  [xv.  60] 

DIGBY,  KEXELM  HKNHY  (1800-1880),  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1819 ; 
converted  to  Roman  Catholicism ;  author  of  '  The  Broad- 
Stone  of  Honour,'  1822,  •  Mores  Catholici,'  1831-40,  some 
books  on  the  emotional  aspects  of  Catholicism,  and  a  few 
poems.  [xv.  66] 

DIGBY,  LETTICE,  LADY  (15887-1658);  created 
Baroness  Offaley  :  heiress-general  to  the  Earls  of  Kildare 
on  the  death  of  her  father,  Gerald  Fitzgerald  ;  married 
Sir  Robert  Digby  of  OoleshUl,  1608 ;  held  Geashill  Castle 
against  Irish  rebels,  1642.  [xv.  67] 

DIGBY,  ROBERT  (1732-1815),  admiral :  great-grand- 
son of  William,  fifth  baron  Digby  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded 
the  Dunkirk  at  the  battle  of  Quiberon  Bay,  1759 ;  com- 
manded in  Palliser's  division  off  Ushant,  1778;  rear- 
admiral,  1779 ;  second  in  command  in  Rodney's  expedi- 
tion for  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1779 ;  commander-in-chief  in 
North  America,  1781 ;  admiral,  1794.  [xv.67] 

DIGBY,  VENETIA,  LADY  (1600-1633) ;n*e  Stanley  ; 
married  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  [q.  v.],  1625  ;  commemorated 
in  elegies  by  Ben  Jonson  and  others.  [xv.  60] 

DIGBY,  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON  DIGBY  (1661-1752); 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1681 ;  D.O.L.,  1708 ;  M.P., 
Warwickshire,  1689  ;  included  in  the  Act  of  Attainder 
passed  by  James  II's  parliament  at  Dublin,  1689  ;  member 
of  the  common  council  for  Georgia,  1733.  [xv.  68] 

DIGGES,  SIR  DUDLEY  (1583-1639),  diplomatist  and 
judge ;  son  of  Thomas  Digges  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1601 ;  knighted,  1607 ;  founded  a  com-  : 
pany  to  trade  with  the  East  by  the  supposed  north-west  , 
passage,  1612  ;  authorised  to  lend  10,000*.  from  the  funds 
of  the  East  India  Company  to  the  emperor  of  Russia,  I 
1618;    M.P.,  Tewkesbury,  1621,    1624,  1625,  and    1626; 
opened  case  against  Duke  of  Buckingham,  1626;  M.P.,  j 
Kent,  1628  ;  influential  in  preparing  the  Petition  of  Right,  , 
1628 ;  sharply  maintained  right  of  House  of  Commons  to  ! 
criticise  ministers  of  state,  1628 ;  placed  on  the  high  com- 
mission, 1633 ;   master  of  the  rolls,  1636 ;  joint-author 
with  his  father  of  'Foure  Paradoxes  or  Politique  Dis- 
courses,' 1604.  [xv.  68] 

DIGGES,  DUDLEY  (1613-1643),  political  writer ;  son 
of  Sir  Dudley  Digges  [q.  v.];  M.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1635  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  Oxford,  1633  ;  wrote  in 
support  of  doctrine  of  passive  obedience.  [xv.  70] 

DIGGES,  LEONARD  (d.  1571?),  mathematician; 
studied  at  University  College,  Oxford  ;  author  of  '  Tecto- 
nicon,'  1656,  'A  Geometricall  Practise,  named  Panto- 
metria'  (published,  1571),  and  '  An  Arithmeticall  Militare 
Treatise,  named  Stratioticos  '  (published,  1579)  ;  said  to 
have  anticipated  invention  of  telescope.  [xv.  70] 

DIGGES,  LEONARD  (1588-1635),  poet  and  trans- 
lator :  son  of  Thomas  Digges  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1626 ;  translated  Claudian's  '  Rape  of 
Proserpine,'  1617,  and  Mlerardo,'  a  Spanish  novel,  1622; 
wrote  two  poenis  in  praise  of  Shakespeare.  [xv.  71] 

DIGGES,  THOMAS  (d.  1596),  mathematician  ;  son  of 
Leonard  Digges  (d.  1571  V)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1557  ;  M.P.,  Wallingford,  1572,  Southampton, 
1685 ;  muster-master-geueral  of  the  English  forces  hi  the 
Netherlands,  1586  ;  commissioned,  with  others,  to  equip 
expedition  for  exploration  of  Cathay  and  Antarctic  seas, 
1590 ;  published  some  of  his  father's  works,  and  wrote 
works  on  applied  mathematics,  highly  esteemed  by  Tycho 
Brahe.  [xv.  71] 

DIGGES,  WEST  (1720-1786),  actor :  appeared  first  at 
the  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  as  Jaffier  in  '  Venice 
Preserved,'  1749;  played  Cato  at  the  Haymarket,  1777; 
an  admirable  exponent  of  Shakespeare's  Wolsey. 

[xv. 73] 

DIGHTON,  DENIS  (1792-1827),  battle  painter; 
military  draughtsman  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1815  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1811-25;  died  at  St. 
Servan,  Brittany.  [xv.  74] 

DIGHTON,  ROBERT  (1762  7-1814),  portrait-painter, 
caricaturist,  and  etcher  ;  etched  a  '  Book  of  Heads,'  cari- 


caturing leading  counsel,  military  officers,  actors,  and 
actresses,  1795  ;  discovered  to  Lave  abstracted  etchings 
and  prints  from  the  British  Museum,  1806.  [xv.  74] 

DIGNTJM,  CHARLES  (17657-1827),  vocalist;  first 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane  in  'Love  in  a  Village,'  1784; 
particularly  successful  as  Tom  Tug  in  the  '  Waterman ' 
and  as  Crop  in  '  No  Song,  No  Supper ' ;  sang  at  Drury 
Lane  oratorios.  [xv.  75] 

DILKE,  ASHTON  WENTWORTH  (1850-1883), 
traveller  and  politician ;  younger  son  of  Sir  Charles  Went- 
worth  Dilke  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ; 
travelled  in  Russia  and  Central  Asia;  editor  of  the 
'Weekly  Dispatch';  M.P.  for  Newcastle,  1880;  died  at 
Algiers;  translated  Tourguenieff's  'Virgin  Soil,'  1878. 

[xv.  75] 

DILKE,  CHARLES  WENT  WORTH  (1789-1864),  anti- 
quary and  critic  ;  brought  out  continuation  of  Dodsley's 
'Old  Plays'  between  1814  and  1816:  acquainted  with 
Charles  Armitage  Brown  [q.  v.],  Keats,  Shelley, and  Hood  ; 
edited  the '  Athenaeum,'  1830-46,  procuring  contributions 
from  continental  writers— an  innovation  in  English 
journalism ;  manager  of  the  '  Daily  News,'  1846 ;  discussed 
in  the  'Athenaeum'  af£er  1847  the  authorship  of  the 
'  Letters  of  Juuius,'  his  cnticism  being  mainly  destructive 
of  the  claim  of  Sir  Philip  Francis ;  wrote  in  defence  of 
Wilkes  and  Peter  Pindar  ;  threw  much  light  on  Pope's 
career  and  writings  in  papers  published  in  the  'Athe- 
naeum '  and  '  Notes  and  Queries.'  [xv.  76] 

DILKE,  SIR  CHARLES  WENTWORTH,  first  baronet 
(1810-1869) ;  son  of  Charles  Wentworth  Dilke  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  ; 
B.A.,  1834  ;  among  the  first  to  propose  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1851,  and  one  of  the  executive  committee ; 
created  baronet,  1862  ;  M.P.,  Wallingford,  1865-8 ;  died  at 
St.  Petersburg.  [xv.  77] 

DILKES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1667  7-1707),  rear-admiral ; 
lieutenant  under  James  II;  fought  at  La  Hogue,  1692; 
brought  home  West  Indies  squadron,  1697  ;  rear-admiral 
of  the  white,  1703 ;  captured  French  merchantmen  at 
Avranches,  1703;  knighted,  1704;  defeated  French 
blockading  squadron  at  Gibraltar,  1705  ;  died  at  Leghorn. 

[xv. 78] 

DILLENnJS,  JOHN  JAMES  (1687-1747),  botanical 
professor  at  Oxford;  born  at  Darmstadt;  M.D.  Giessen  ; 
first  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford,  1728-47 ;  M.D.  Oxford, 
1735;  highly  esteemed  as  a  scientist  by  Linnaeus;  chief 
work, '  Historia  Muscorum,'  1741.  [xv.  79] 

DILLINGHAM,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1611),  divine ;  fellow 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1590;  B.D.,  1699; 
renowned  as  a  disputant;  presented  to  the  living  of 
Wilden,  Bedfordshire ;  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
authorised  version  (1611),  and  a  protestant  controver- 
sialist, [xv.  79] 

DILLINGHAM,  THEOPHILUS  (1613-1678),  master 
of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1637 ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
1638 ;  D.D. ;  master  of  Clare  Hall,  1654 ;  vice-chancellor  of 
the  university,  1655,  1656,  and  1661 ;  ejected  from  his 
mastership  at  the  Restoration ;  prebendary  of  York,  1662. 

DILLINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1617  ?-1689),  Latin  poet 
and  controversialist ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1642 ;  M.A.,  1643 ;  master  of  Emmanuel  College, 
1663-62 ;  D.D.,  1655 ;  vice-chancellor  of  the  university, 
1669 ;  deprived  of  mastership  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity, 
1662  ;  rector  of  Woodhill,  Bedfordshire,  1672-89 ;  published 
Latin  poems,  1678,  '^Egyptus  triumpbata,'  1680,  and  other 
poems  and  English  tractates.  [xv.  80] 

DILLON,  ARTHUR  (1670-1733),  general  in  the 
French  service :  colonel  of  a  Jacobite  regiment  serving 
in  France,  1690;  marechal-de-camp,  1704;  lieutenant- 
general  under  Tesse  in  Provence,  1707;  superintended 
entrenchments  at  siege  of  Barcelona,  1714 ;  Pretender's 
agent  at  Paris  ;  died  at  St.  Germain.  [xv.  81] 

DILLON,  ARTHUR  RICHARD  (1750-1794),  general 
in  the  French  service;  nephew  of  Archbishop  Arthur 
Richard  Dillon  [q.  v.]  ;  colonel,  under  Louis  XV,  1767 ; 
governor  of  St.  Kitt's  ;  brigadier-general,  1784  ;  governor 
of  Tobago  and  deputy  for  Martinique  in  the  National 
Assembly  :  Jacobin  general ;  served  in  the  Argonne,  1792 ; 
supplanted  by  Dumourie/-,  1792;  guillotined,  1794. 

[xv.  82] 


DLLLON 


343 


DINGLEY 


DILLON,  ARTHUR  RICHARD  (1721-1806),  French 
prelate  ;  son  of  Arthur  Dillon  (1670-1733)  [q.  v.]  :  bishop 
of  Kvreux,  1753  ;  archbishop  of  Toulouse,  1758,  and  of  Nar- 
bonne,  17(1.1;  his  diocese  abolished  by  a  concordat:  died 
iu  London.  [xv. 82] 

DILLON,  KDOU.VRD  (1751-1839),  French  general  and 
diplomatist;  colonel  of  the  Provence  regiment:  formed  a 
new  Dillon  n^imt-nt  at  Ooblenz,  1791  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1814  ;  ambassador  to  Saxony,  1816-18,  and  to  Tuscany, 
1819.  [xv.  82] 

DILLON,  Sm  JAMES  (/.  1667),  the  first  Dillon  who 
served  in  foreign  armies ;  lieutenant-general  and  governor 
of  Atbloue  and  Connaught  ;  took  part  in  Leinster  revolt, 
1652 ;  excepted  from  pardon  under  Act  of  Settlement, 
1652;  brigadier-general  in  service  of  Spain  ami  the 
Fronde :  pensioned  by  Charles  II  for  his  loyalty,  1662. 

[xv.  83] 

DILLON,  JOHN  BLAKE  (1816-1866),  Irish  politician  : 
graduate  and  moderator,  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  called 
to  the  Irish  bar,  1841 ;  joint-founder  of  the  '  Nation ' 
newspaper,  1842 ;  led  rebels,  1848,  at  Mullinahone  and  Kille- 
nance,  eventually  escaping  to  the  United  States  ;  secretary 
to  the  Irish  National  Association,  1865 ;  M.P.,  Tipperary, 
1865  ;  repealer;  opponent  of  fenianism.  [xv.  83] 

DILLON,  SIR  JOHN  TALBOT  (1740  ?-1805),  traveller, 
critic,  and  historical  writer  ;  M.P.  for  Blessington,  in  the 
Irish  parliament,  1776-83 ;  made  a  free  baron  of  the  Holy  | 
Roman  Empire  at  Vienna,  previous  to  1780 ;  created 
baronet,  1801 ;  published  '  Travels  through  Spain,'  1780, 
a  history  of  Spanish  poetry  in  the  form  of  letters,  1781, 
memoirs  of  the  French  Revolution,  1790,  and  '  Sketches 
on  the  Art  of  Painting,'  translated  from  the  Spanish, 
1782.  [xv.  84] 

DILLON,  SIR  LUCAS  (<*.  1593),  chief-baron  of  Irish 
exchequer ;  son  of  Sir  Robert  Dillon  (1500  7-1580)  [q.  v.]  ; 
solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1565 ;  attorney-general,  1566  ; 
M.P.,  1569 ;  chief  baron  of  court  of  Irish  exchequer,  1570  ; 
knighted,  1576 ;  seneschal  of  Kilkenny  West,  1583  ;  one 
of  lords  justices  appointed  to  administer  government 
pending  arrival  of  Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.],  1584 ;  commis- 
sioner for  plantation  of  Munster,  1587.  [Suppl.  ii.  132] 

DILLON,  PETER  (1785  ?-1847),  navigator  in  South 
Seas ;  engaged  in  sandal- wood  trade  between  West  Pacific 
islands  and  China,  and,  1822-5,  was  employed  in  timber- 
trade  for  the  East  India  market ;  went  in  search  of  lost 
ships  of  La  Perouse,  whose  expedition  was  wrecked  on 
the  Santa  Cruz  group,  1827-8,  and  published  account  of 
voyage,  1829.  [Suppl.  ii.  133] 

DILLON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1500  ?-1580),  Irish  judge ; 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1634 ;  second  justice  of 
queen's  bench,  1554  ;  chief-justice  of  court  of  common 
pleas,  1559-80.  [Suppl.  ii.  135] 

DILLON,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1597),  Irish  judge;  second 
justice  of  presidency  of  Connaught,  1569 ;  chancellor  of 
Irish  exchequer,  1572 ;  second  justice  of  court  of  common 
pleas,  1577 ;  chief  -justice,  1581 ;  accused  of  corruption  and 
cruelty,  imprisoned,  and  compelled  to  resign  chief -justice- 
ship, 1593 ;  declared  innocent ;  restored  to  chief-justice- 
ship of  Ireland,  1595.  [Suppl.  ii.  135] 

DILLON,  ROBERT  CRAWFORD  (1795-1847),  divine  ; 
M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1820;  D.D.,  1836;  chap- 
lain to  Alderman  Venables  when  lord  mayor,  1826,  whom 
he  accompanied  on  an  official  visit  to  Oxford  :  published 
a  turgid  and  puerile  account  of  this  visit,  which  the  lord 
mayor  vainly  requested  him  to  suppress,  1826  ;  suspended 
for  immorality  from  his  proprietary  chapel  in  Charlotte 
Street,  Pimlico,  1840:  founded  a  new  church  in  Friar 
Street,  Blackfriars ; '  first  presbyter.'  [xv.  85] 

DILLON,  THEOBALD  (1745-1792),  general  in  the 
French  service;  lieutenant-colonel  in  Dillon's  regiment, 
1780  ;  took  part  in  attack  on  Grenada,  1779  ;  knight  of 
St.  Louis,  1781 ;  brigadier-general,  1791 ;  murdered  by  his 
own  republican  troops  in  a  panic  at  Ton  may,  1792. 

[xv.  86] 

DILLON,  THOMAS,  fourth  VISCOUNT  DILLON  (1615?- 
1672  ?),  lord  of  the  privy  council  in  Ireland,  1840 ;  joint 
governor  of  co.  Mayo,  1641 ;  served  under  Charles  1, 1642, 
being  deputed  by  the  Irish  parliament  to  present  a  state- 
ment of  its  grievances  to  the  king;  lord  president  of 
Couuaught;  joined  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde's  rising, 
1649 ;  appointed  custos  rotulornm  by  Charles  II,  1662. 

[xv.  86] 


DILLON  or  DE  LEON,  THOMAS  (1613-1676?), 
Jesuit;  novice  of  the  .Society  of  Jesus  at  Seville,  1627; 
professed  father ;  professor  of  humanities  at  Cadiz,  1640- 
1676  ?  ;  a  skilled  orientalist  and  theologian.  [xv.  87] 

DILLON,  WENTWORTH,  fourth  EARL  OF  ROSCOM- 
MOX  (1633  ?-1685) ;  educated  at  the  protestant  university 
of  Caen;  studied  Italian  and  numismatics  at  Rome; 
member  of  the  Irish  parliament,  1661 ;  captain  of  the 
band  of  gentlemen  pensioner*,  1661;  honorary  LL.D. 
Cambridge,  1680 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1683 ;  chief  works,  a 
blank  verse  translation  of  Horace's  •  Ars  Poetica,'  1680, 
and  an  '  Essay  on  Translated  Verse,'  1684.  He  was  the 
first  critic  who  publicly  praised  Milton's  •  Paradise  Lost.' 

[xv.  87] 

DILLON,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1779-1857),  admi- 
ral ;  son  of  Sir  John  Talbot  Dillon  [q.  v.] ;  co-operated 
with  the  army  as  naval  lieutenant  off  Wexford  and 
arrested  Skallian,  1798 :  seized  by  the  Dutch  commodore, 
Valterbach  (1803),  and  handed  over  to  the  French  for  de- 
tention ;  commander,  1805 ;  with  one  sloop  defeated  a 
Danish  man-of-war  brig,  1808;  served  at  Walcheren,  off 
Spain  and  in  East  Indies:  K.O.H.,  and  knighted,  1835; 
vice-admiral  of  the  red,  1853.  [xv.  89] 

DLLLON-LEE,  HENRY  AUGUSTUS,  thirteenth  VIS- 
COUNT DILLON  (1777-1832),  writer :  colonel  in  the  Irish 
brigade,  1794 ;  M.P.,  Harwich,  1799 ;  knight  for  co. 
Mayo,  1802,  1806,  1807,  and  1812;  published  work*  of 
political  jurisprudence,  an  edition  of  .-Elian's  'Tactic?.' 
1814,  and  'The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Sir  Richard  Mnl- 
travers '  (novel),  1822.  [xv.  90] 

DILLWYN,  LEWIS  WESTON  (1778-1865),  natural- 
ist; published  his  Natural  History  of  British  Conferva?,' 
1802-9 ;  in  charge  of  the  Cambrian  pottery  atj  Swansea, 
1802;  trained  public  taste  for  natural-history  designs; 
high  sheriff  of  Glamorganshire,  1818 ;  M.P.,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1832-41 ;  wrote  '  Flora  and  Fauna  of  Swansea '  for 
the  British  Association,  1848.  [rv.  90] 

DLLLY,  CHARLES  (1739-1807),  bookseller;  at  one 
time  in  partnership  with  his  brother  Edward  [q.  v.]  ; 
noted  for  the  hospitality  that  he  extended  towards  the 
writers  of  the  day ;  published  Boswell's  '  Tour  in  the 
Hebrides,'  1780,  and  the  'Life  of  Johnson,'  1791;  master 
of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1803.  [xv.  91] 

DLLLY,  EDWARD  (1732-1779),  bookseller  ;  brother  of 
Charles  Dilly  [q.  v.]  ;  exported  works  of  dissenting  theo- 
logy to  America.  [xv.  92] 

DLLLY,  JOHN  (1731-1806),  brother  of  Charles  Dilly 
[q.  v.] ;  Boswell's  '  Squire  Dilly ' ;  high  sheriff  of  Bedford- 
shire, 1783.  [xv.  91] 

DIMOCK,  JAMES  (d.  1718  ?).    [See  DYMOCKK.] 

DIMOCK,  JAMES  FRANCIS  (1810-1876),  divine; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1833 ;  M.A.,  1837 ; 
minor  canon  of  Southwell,  1846-63 ;  rector  of  Barn- 
borough,  1863  till  death :  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1869-76  ; 
published  works  relating  to  ecclesiastical  and  mediaeval 
history.  [Suppl.  ii.  136] 

DIMSDALE,  THOMAS  (1712-1800),  physician ;  volun- 
teer under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1745  ;  M.D.,  1761 ; 
inoculated  for  small  pox  the  Empress  Catherine,  various 
Russian  princes,  and  the  Hawaiian  Ornai ;  councillor  of 
state  in  Russia  with  hereditary  title  of  baron,  1768 ;  M.P., 
Hertford,  1780  and  1784 ;  wrote  on  inoculation,  [xv.  92] 

DLNELEY-GOODERE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1809),  poor 
knight  of  Windsor;  succeeded  to  baronetcy  of  Burhope 
in  Wellington,  Herefordshire,  1761  ;  subsequently  poor 
knight  of  Windsor  ;  cherished  delusive  claims  to  certain 
(mythical)  estates.  [xv.  93] 

DINGLEY,  ROBERT  (1619-1660),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  parliamentarian 
preacher  and  rector  of  Brightstone,  Isle  of  Wight ;  pub- 
lished religious  works.  [xv.  94] 

DINGLEY  or  DINELEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1695),  anti- 
quary ;  student  of  Gray'3  Inn,  1670  ;  attended  Sir  George 
Downing  (1623  ?-1684)  [q.  v.]  when  ambassador  to  the 
United  Provinces,  1671 ;  died  at  Louvain ;  left  in  manu- 
script '  Travails  through  the  Low  Countreys,  Anno  Domini 
1674,'  an  account  of  travels  in  Ireland,  a  description  of 
Wales,  and  a  'History  from  Marble,' dealing  with  English 
epigraphy  and  church  architecture  (published  1867-8). 

[xv.  94] 


DIODATI 


344 


DIXON 


DIODATI,  CHARLES (1608  7-1638),  friend  of  Milton  ; 
son  of  Theodore  Diodati  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  where  he  first  became  acquainted  with  Milton : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1628;  M.A.  Cambri^. -, 
1629 ;  practised  physic  near  Chester.  Miltou  addressed 
to  him  two  Latin  elegies  and  an  Italian  sonnet,  and 
bewailed  his  death  in  '  Epitnphium  Damouis,'  1645. 

[xv.  95] 

DIODATI,  THEODORE  (15747-1651),  physician: 
born  at  Geneva  of  a  Lucca  family ;  brought  up  in  Eug- 
hunl  as  a  physician  ;  attended  Prince  Henry  and  Princess 
Kli/nht-th:  M.D.  Leyden,  1615;  L.C.P.  London,  1617; 
assisted  Florio  in  his  translation  of  Montaigne,  [xv.  95] 

DIRCKS,  HENRY  (1806-1873),  civil  engineer  and 
author;  life  member  of  the  British  Association,  1837; 
consulting  engineer ;  invented  '  Pepper's  Ghost,'  an 
optical  illusion,  1858 ;  chief  works,  '  Jordantype,  other- 
wise called  Electrotype,'  1852,  '  Perpetuum  Mobile,'  1861, 
and  '  A  Biographical  Memoir  of  Samuel  Hartlib,'  1865. 

[xv.  95] 

DIRLETON,  LORD  (16097-1687).  [See  NISBET,  SIR 
JOHN.] 

DIROM,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1830),  lieutenant-general ; 
deputy  adjutant-general  in  the  second  Mysore  war,  1790-2 ; 
F.R.S.,  1794 ;  published  account  of  the  campaign  against 
Tippoo  Sultan  in  1792,  '  An  Inquiry  into  the  Corn  Laws,' 
1796,  and  « Plans  for  the  Defence  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,'  1797.  [xv.  96] 

DISIBOD,  SAINT  (594  7-674),  bishop;  son  of  an  Irish 
chieftain  :  elected  bishop  against  his  will ;  wandered  into 
Alemannia  (Baden),  where  he  founded  a  Benedictine 
community.  [xv.  96] 

DISNEY,  JOHN  (1677-1730), divine;  magistrate  for 
Lincolnshire ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Nottingham,  1722-30 ; 
wrote  on  the  reformation  of  manners.  [xv.  98] 

DISNEY,  JOHN  (1746-1816),  Unitarian  clergyman; 
grandson  of  John  Disney  (1677-1730)  [q.  v.] ;  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1764 :  vicar  of  Swinderby  and  rector  of 
Panton,  Lincolnshire,  1769-82;  LL.B.,  1770;  D.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1775  :  F.S.A.,  1778 ;  threw  up  preferments  (1782) 
and  assisted  Theophilus  Lindsey  [q.  v.]  at  Essex  Street 
Unitarian  church ;  sole  minister,  1793 ;  published  memoirs 
and  theological  works;  helped  to  secuie  the  act  of  1813 
'to  relieve  persons  who  impugn  the  doctrine  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  from  certain  penalties.'  [xv.  98] 

DISNEY,  JOHN  (1779-1857),  collector  of  classical  anti- 
quities ;  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Disney  (1746-1816)  [q.  v.]  ; 
hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  and  F.R.S. ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple ;  founded  Disney  professorship  of  archaeology  at 
Cambridge,  1851,  to  which  university  he  bequeathed  his 
Roman  marbles ;  published  two  legal  works,  [xv.  100] 

DISNEY,  SIR  MOORE  (17667-1846),  general:  lieu- 
tenant and  captain,  first  grenadier  guards,  1791 ;  colonel, 
1802 ;  commandant  of  Messina,  1808 ;  detailed  to  cover 
Sir  John  Moore's  retreat,  1808 ;  fought  at  Betaiizos  and 
Coruna,  1809;  major-general,  1809;  commanded  first 
brigade  of  guards  at  Walcheren,  1809 ;  colonel,  15th  regi- 
ment, 1814  ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  general,  1837.  [xv.  100] 

DISNEY,  WILLIAM  (1731-1807),  professor  of 
Hebrew;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.  and  senior  wrangler, 
1753 ;  M.A.,  1756 ;  major  fellow,  1756 ;  regius  professor  ot 
Hebrew,  1757-71 ;  vicar  of  Pluckley,  Kent,  1777-1807 ; 
D.D.,  1789.  [xv.  101] 

DISRAELI,  BENJAMIN,  first  EARL  op  BEACONS- 
riELn  (1804-1881),  statesman  and  man  of  letters;  eldest 
son  of  Isaac  D'lsraeli  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824 ; 
published 'Vivian  Grey,'  his  first  novel,  which  attracted 
attention  by  it*  brilliance,  1826 ;  produced '  Vindication  of 
the  British  Constitution,'  1835,  and  some  political  pam- 
phlet*;  published  'The  Young  Duke,'  1831,  'Oontarini 
Fleming,'  1832, '  Alroy,'  1833,  •  The  Rise  of  Iskander,' '  The 
Revolutionary  Epic,'  1834, '  Venetia,*  1837,  and  '  Henrietta 
Temple,'  1837 ;  M.P.,  Maidstone,  1837 ;  his  first  speech  a 
failure,  1837 ;  spoke  in  favour  of  the  chartist  petition, 
1839;  conservative  M.P.  for  Shrewsbury,  1841 ;  a  meinbsr 
of  the  Young  England  party  ;  declared  himself  a  supporter 
of  the  corn  laws  on  political  and  social  grounds,  1843 ; 
violently  attacked  Sir  Robert  Peel  for  repealing  the  corn 
laws,  1846 ;  published  'Coningsby,'  1844,  and  '  Sybil,'  1845, 
two  novels  advocating  a  combination  of  monarchy,  a  sort 


of  social  democracy,  and  Anglicanism  as  a  political  creed, 
and  attacking  the  wins?  principles  of  the  upper  and  middle 
classes  ;  published  '  Tailored,'  1K47  ;  a  champion  of  the  pro- 
tectionists, 1845-5D  :  M.l'.  for  Buckinghamshire,  1847-76  : 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Lord  Derby's  first  govern- 
ment, February  1812,  but  resigned  in  December,  his  party 
being  defeated  on  his  budget ;  attacked  the  Aberdeen  ad- 
ministration in  the  '  Press,'  a  paper  conducted  under  his 
influence,  1853  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of 
the  House  of  Commons  under  Lord  Derby's  second  govern- 
ment, February  1858- June  1859  :  introduced  a  reform  bill, 
which  was  defeat  til  liy  Lord  John  Russell's  amendment, 
1869  ;  criticised  Mr.  Gladstone's  financial  system,  1860  and 
1862,  and  Lord  John  Russell's  foreign  policy  yearly  till 
1866  ;  on  defeat  of  Lord  John  Russell's  reform  bill,  June 
1866,  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Lord  Derby's 
third  government ;  carried  a  bill  for  giving  franchise  to 
all  ratepayers,  1867 ;  prime  minister  on  Lord  Derby's  re- 
tirement, February  1868  :  resigned  after  general  election, 
December  1868  ;  published  '  Lothair,'  1870  ;  criticised  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Irish  and  foreign  policy,  1868-73  ;  prime  minis- 
ter for  the  second  time,  1874 ;  caused  Queen  Victoria  to 
assume  the  title  of  Empress  of  India,  1876 :  created  Earl 
of  Beacousfield,  1876 ;  became  intimate  friend  of  Queen 
Victoria  ;  sought  to  check  the  predominance  of  Russia  in 
Eastern  Europe,  1877-8 ;  English  plenipotentiary  at  the 
congress  of  Berlin,  which  he  forced  upon  Russia  at  the 
close  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  1878 :  K.G.,  22  July  1878  ; 
procured  the  occupation  of  Cyprus,  and  the  retention  of 
Caudahar  ;  resigned  on  the  tory  defeat  at  the  general  elec- 
tion, April  1880;  published  'Eudymion,'  his  last  novel, 
1880 ;  died  in  London,  19  April  1881  ;  buried  at  Hughen- 
den.  A  public  monument  in  his  memory  was  erected  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [xv.  101] 

D'ISRAELI,  ISAAC  (1766-1848),  author;  descended 
from  a  Jewish  family  which  had  fled  from  Spain  to  Venice 
in  time  of  persecution ;  son  of  Benjamin  D'lsraeli,  who 
came  from  Italy  to  settle  in  England  in  1748  ;  studied  at 
Amsterdam ;  issued  anonymously  '  Curiosities  of  Litera- 
ture,' 1791 ;  published  •  Calamities  of  Authors,'  1812-13, 
1  Quarrels  of  Authors,'  1814,  and  some  novels  ;  withdrew 
from  the  Jewish  congregation,  of  which  he  and  his 
family  had  hitherto  been  members,  in  1817;  published 
between  1828  and  1830  'Commentaries  on  the  Life  and 
Reign  of  Charles  I':  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1832;  published 
anonymously  the  '  Genius  of  Judaism,'  1833  ;  completed 
his  '  Amenities  of  Literature,'  though  blind,  1840. 

[xv.  117] 

DISS  or  DYSSE,  WALTER  (<f.  14047),  Carmelite; 
D.D.  Cambridge  :  subscribed  the  Blackfriars  council's 
condemnation  of  Wycliff e's  twenty-four  conclusions,  1382  : 
named  papal  legate  by  Pope  Urban  VI,  to  give  the  cha- 
racter of  a  crusade  to  John  of  Gaunt's  expedition  into 
Castile,  1386,  where  the  rival  pope,  Clement  VII,  had  much 
influence ;  never  went  to  Spain  ;  left  theological  works  in 
manuscript  [xv.  120] 

DITTON,  HUMPHREY  (1675-1715),  mathematician  ; 
master  of  a  new  mathematical  school  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, 1706  ;  devised  an  impracticable  scheme  with  William 
Whiston  [q.  v.],  for  ascertaining  longitudes  by  the  firing 
of  a  shell  timed  to  explode  at  a  certain  height,  1713 ;  pub- 
lished mathematical  works.  [xv.  121] 

DIVE  or  DIVES,  SIR  LEWIS  (1599-1669).  [See 
DYVK.] 

DIX,  JOHN,  alias  JOHN  Ross  (18007-18657),  bio- 
grapher of  Chatterton ;  surgeon  at  Bristol ;  published  a 
'  Life  of  Chatterton,'  containing  a  disputed  portrait  of  the 
poet,  1837  ;  published  miscellaneous  works.  [xv.  122] 

DIXEY,  JOHN  (</.  1820),  sculptor  and  modeller :  sent 
by  the  Royal  Academy  to  complete  his  art  studies  in 
Italy ;  vice-president  of  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  1812 ;  employed  in  the  embellishment  of  private  and 
public  buildings  in  the  United  States.  [xv.  122] 

DIXIE,  SIR  WOLSTAN  (1525-1594),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  sheriff  of  London,  1575  :  lord  mayor,  1585,  when 
George  Peele  [q.  v.]  wrote  the  pageant ;  president  of 
Christ's  Hospital,  1690 :  benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital, 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  and  Market  Bosworth 
school.  [xv.  122] 

DIXON,  GEORGE  (<t.  1800  7),  navigator ;  served  on 
the  Resolution  under  Cook  [see  COOK,  JAMKS];  com- 


DIXON 


345 


DOBREE 


manded  the  Queen  Charlotte  for  the  King  George's  Sound 
Company,  1785  :  fur  trader  in  the  rcirion  of  King  George's 
Sound  and  discoverer  (1787)  of  the  Queen  Charlotte 
islands.  [xv.  123] 

DIXON,  GEORGE  (1820-1898),  educational  reformer  ; 
entered  a  foreign  mercantile  house  in  Birmingham,  l-c',s, 
became  partner,  1844,  and  was  ultimately  head  of  the 
firm;  entered  town  council,  1863;  mayor,  1866;  took 
active  intere-t  in  quorum  of  popular  education  ;  assisted 
in  forming  Uirmintrham  Education  Aid  Society,  and,  in 
1808,  with  Mr.  Joseph  Chamberlain,  John  Sandford 
(1801-1873)  [q.  v.],  George  Dawson  (1821-1876)  [q.  v.], 
and  Robert  William  Dale  [q.  v.],  the  National  Education 
League,  of  which  he  was  first  president,  1869 ;  liberal 
M.P.  for  Birmingham,  1867-76  ;  member  of  first  Birming- 
ham School  Board,  1870,  and  was  re-elected,  1873  and 
1876;  chairman,  187(5-97;  M.P.  for  Edgbaston  division 
of  Birmingham,  1885  till  death ;  joined  liberal  unionists, 
1886.  [Suppl.  ii.  136] 

DIXON,  HENRY  HALL  (1822-1870),  sporting 
writer  ;  known  as  '  The  Druid ' :  educated  at  Rugby  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1846  ;  clerk  to  an 
attorney  at  Doncaster  ;  contributed  to  '  Bell's  Life ' ; 
called  to  bar,  1853,  and  practised  on  midland  circuit ; 
wrote  regularly  for  'Sporting  Magazine'  from  c.  1853, 
and  subsequently  for  '  Illustrated  London  News,'  '  Mark 
Lane  Express,'  and  '  Daily  News.'  His  works  include 
' The  Law  of  the  Farm,' 1858,  'Breeding  of  Shorthorns,' 
1865, 'Post  and  Paddock,' 1856,  'Silk  and  Scarlet,'  1859, 
and  '  Scott  and  Sebright,'  1862.  [Suppl.  ii.  138] 

DIXON,  JAMES  (1788-1871),  Wesleyan  minister 
president  of  the  Wesleyan  conference,  1841 :  president  o1 
the  Canada  conference  ;  English  representative  at  United 
States  conference,  1847 ;  D.D.  :  a  celebrated  preacher ; 
published  works  on  the  history  and  development  of 
inethodism.  [xv.  124] 

DIXON,  JOHN  (rf.  1715),  miniature  and  crayon 
painter ;  pupil  of  Sir  Peter  Lely ;  '  keeper  of  the  king's 
picture  closet '  to  William  III.  [xv.  125] 

DIXON,  JOHN  (1740?-1780?),  mezzotint  engraver; 
engraver  of  silver  plate  in  Ireland ;  engraved,  while  in 
England,  after  the  works  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  ;  member 
of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artiste,  1766.  [xv.  125] 

DIXON,  JOSEPH  (1806-1866),  Irish  catholic  prelate  : 
dean  of  St.  Patrick's  College,  Maynooth ;  professor  of 
sacred  scripture  and  Hebrew  at  Maynooth  :  D.D. ;  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  1852-66  ;  published  '  A  General  Intro- 
duction to  the  Sacred  Scriptures,'  1862,  and  '  The  Blessed 
Cornelius,'  1854.  [xv.  125] 

DIXON,  JOSHUA  (d.  1825),  biographer  :  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1768 ;  practised  at  Whitehaven  ;  author  of  « The 
Literary  Life  of  William  Browurigg,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,'  1801. 

[xv.  126] 

DIXON,  RICHARD  WATSON  (1833-1900),  historian, 
poet,  and  divine ;  son  of  Dr.  James  Dixou  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  King  Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  and  Pem- 
broke College.  Oxford ;  formed  close  friendship  with 
(Sir)  Edward  Burne- Jones  [q.  v.]  and  W'illiam  Morris 
[q.  v.] ;  projected  with  Morris  '  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Magazine ' ;  B.A.,  1857  ;  ordained  curate  of  St.  Mary-the- 
Less,  Lambeth,  1858 ;  curate  of  St.  Mary,  Newiugton 
Butts,  1861 :  second  master  at  Carlisle  high  school,  1863- 
1868;  minor  canon  and  honorary  librarian  of  Carlisle 
Cathedral,  1868-75  ;  vicar  of  Haytou,  Cumberland,  1875- 
1883,  and  of  Warkworth,  Northumberland,  1883  till 
death  :  honorary  canon  of  Carlisle,  1874  ;  rural  dean  of 
Brampton,  1879,  and  of  Alnwick,  1884;  proctor  in  con- 
vocation, 1890-1 :  honorary  D.D.  Oxford,  1899 ;  published 
poetical  and  religious  works,  besides  an  elaborate '  History 
of  Church  of  England  from  Abolition  of  Roman  Juris- 
diction,' 1877-1900.  [Suppl.  ii.  139] 

DIXON,  ROBERT '  (d.  1688),  royalist  divine ;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1638 ;  imprisoned  in  Leeds 
Castle,  Kent,  for  refusing  the  solemn  league  and  covenant, 
1644 ;  rector  of  Tunstall,  Kent,  1647  ;  sequestered  ;  re- 
stored, 1660  ;  prebendary  of  Rochester,  1660  ;  D.D.,  per 
liter  as  reyias,  Cambridge,  1668 ;  author  of  '  The  Doctrine 
of  Faith,  Justification,  and  Assurance  . .  .  farther  cleared,' 
1668,  and  other  theological  works,  possibly  also  of 
1  Canidia,'  a  satire  on  society,  1683.  [xv.  126] 


DIXON,  THOMAS  (1680V-1729),  nonconformist 
tutor  ;  studied  at  Manchester,  1700-5  ;  minister  of  a  dis- 
senting congregation  at  Whitehaven  (1708-23),  where 
he  founded  an  academy  for  the  education  of  noncon- 
formist ministers  ;  hon.  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1709  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh ;  practised  as  a  physician.  [XT.  126] 

DIXON,  THOMAS  (1721-1754),  nonconformist 
minister;  son  of  Thoma-  Di.xon  (1680  ?-1729)  [q.  v.]; 
assistant  to  Dr.  John  Taylor  at  Norwich,  1750-2,  where 
he  began  a  Greek  concordance  ;  ordained,  1753. 

[xv.  127] 

DIXON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1783-1854),  clergyman 
and  antiquary:  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
1809  ;  canon  o'f  Ripon,  canon-residentiary  of  York,  rector 
of  Ettou,  and  vicar  of  Bishopthorpe  :  F.S.A.,  1821  ;  left 
in  manuscript  a  recension  of  James  Torre's  manuscript 
annals  of  the  members  of  the  cathedral  of  York  (part 
published,  with  additions,  1863).  [xv.  127] 

DIXON,  WILLIAM  HEPWORTH  (1821-1879),  his- 
torian and  traveller;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1864  ;  con- 
troverted Macaulay  in  a  'Life  of  William  Penn,'  1861  ; 
published  a  life  of  Admiral  Blake,  1852 ;  editor  of  the 
'Athenseum,'  1853-69;  published  'The  Story  of  Lord 
Bacon's  Life,'  1862,  and  other  works  embodying  researches 
into  Bacon's  history ;  helped  to  found  the  Palestine  Ex- 
ploration Fund ;  published  '  The  Holy  Laud,'  1865 ;  dis- 
covered (1866)  a  collection  of  English  state  papers  in  the 
public  library  at  Philadelphia,  which  were  subsequently 
restored  to  the  British  government ;  J.P.  for  Middlesex 
and  Westminster,  1869;  member  of  the  London  School 
Board,  1870  ;  published  '  The  Switzers,'  1872,  and,  while 
in  Spain  on  a  foreign  bondholders'  mission,  wrote  his 
'  History  of  Two  Queens,'  1873  :  embodied  the  results  of  a 
tour  through  North  America  in  •  The  White  Conquest,' 
1875 ;  travelled  in  Cyprus,  1878 ;  published  part  of  '  Royal 
Windsor,'  1878,  and  'British  Cyprus,'  1879;  F.S.A.  and 
F.R.G.S.  [xv.  128] 

DIXWELL,  JOHN  (rf.  1689),  regicide ;  M.P.,  Dover% 
164(5 :  commissioner  for  the  trial  of  Charles  I,  1649  ;  mem- 
ber of  council  of  state,  1651  and  1659 ;  excluded  from  Act 
of  Indemnity,  1660 ;  became  burgess  of  Hanau ;  settled 
at  Newhaven,  Connecticut,  1665.  [xv.  130] 

DOBB8,  ARTHUR  (1689-1765),  governor  of  North 
Carolina ;  represented  Carrickfergus  in  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment of  1727-30 ;  surveyor-general  in  Ireland,  1730 : 
wrote  an  '  Essay  on  the  Trade  and  Imports  of  Ireland,' 
1729  and  1731 ;  induced  admiralty  to  send  expedition  to 
search  for  north-west  passage,  1741 ;  published  '  An 
Account  of  the  Countries  adjoining  Hudson's  Bay/ 1744, 
which  led  to  an  expedition  for  diverting  the  fur  trade  from 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  1746.  As  governor  of  North 
Carolina  (1754-65)  he  persistently  upheld  the  royal  pre- 

;  rogative  and  consulted  the  interests  of  the  Indians. 

[xv. 130] 
DOBBS,    FRANCIS   (1750-1811),    Irish     politician; 

I  graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1773  ;  published  pamphlets  against  legislative  union 
with  England  ;  issued  a  volume  of  poems,  1788 ;  member 
for  Charlemont  in  the  Irish  House  of  Commons,  1799, 
where  in  a  famous  speech  he  opposed  the  Union  Bill  on 
scriptural  grounds,  18UO ;  published  a  'Universal  His- 
tory,' 1800.  [xv.  132] 

DOBELL,  SYDNEY  THOMPSON  (1824-1874),  poet 
and  critic ;  privately  educated  at  his  parents'  house  at 
Cheltenham ;  resided  for  most  of  his  adult  life  in 
Gloucestershire ;  owing  to  delicate  health  often  wintered 
abroad ;  published '  The  Roman,'  a  dramatic  poem  inspired 
by  sympathy  with  oppressed  nationalities,  1860  ;  published 
4  Balder,'  1853  ;  issued  sonnets  on  the  Crimean  war,  1855  ; 
lived  in  Scotland,  1854-7 ;  published  a  volume  of  verse 
entitled  '  England  in  Time  of  War,'  1856 ;  one  of  the  first 
to  apply  the  principle  of  co-operation  in  trade  :  injured 
by  a  fall  among  the  ruins  of  Pozzuoli,  1866,  and  was 
thenceforth  an  invalid.  [xv.  133] 

DOBREE,  PETER  PAUL  (1782-1825),  Greek  scholar: 
fourth  senior  optime,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1804  ; 
fellow,  1806  ;  M.A.,  1807  :  professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge, 
1823-5 ;  edited  Porson's  manuscript '  Aristophanica,'  1820  : 
•wrote  in  the  'Monthly  Review'  and  Valpy's  'Classical 
Journal,'  which  latter  IK:  helped  to  found  in  ?810  ;  edited 
Porson's  transcript  of  Photius,  with  a  lexicon,  1822  ;  left 


DOBSON 


346 


DODD 


notes  on  the  Greek  historians  and  orators,  which  were 
published  by  Scholefield  in  -Adversaria,'  1831-3;  i!r.-fk 
epigraphist.  [xv.  134] 

DOBSON,  GEORGE  ED  WARD  (1848-1 895),  zoologist ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1866  ;  M.B.  and  M.Oh.,  1867  ; 
M.A.,  1875 ;  entered  army  medical  department,  1868 ; 
served  in  India  ;  retired  as  surgeon-major,  1888  ;  F.L.S., 
1874;  F.R.S.,  1883;  F.Z.S. ;  curator  of  Royal  Victoria 
Museum,  Netley,  c.  1878 ;  published  '  Catalogue  of  Chiro- 
ptera  in  Collection  of  British  Museum,'  1878,  and  other 
writings  on  chiroptera  and  insectivora.  [Suppl.  ii.  140] 

DOBSON,  JOHN  (1633-1681),  puritan  divine ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1669 ;  perpetual  fellow,  1662  ; 
expelled  for  writing  a  libel  in  vindication  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Pierce,  1663,  but  soon  restored ;  B.D.,  1667  ;  held  various 
clerical  preferments.  [xv.  136] 

DOBSON,  JOHN  (1787-1865),  architect ;  designed  for 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  public  buildings,  new  streets,  and 
central  station ;  reputed  pioneer  in  the  modern  Gothic 
revival.  [xv.  136] 

DOBSON,  SUSANNAH  (d.  1795),  translator;  n£e 
Dawson ;  married  Matthew  Dobson ;  translated  Salnte- 
Palaye's  'Literary  History  of  the  Troubadours,'  1779, 
and  'Memoirs  of  Ancient  Chivalry,'  1784,  besides 
Petrarch's  '  View  of  Human  Life,'  1791.  [xv.  137] 

DOBSON,  WILLIAM  (1610-1646),  portrait-painter; 
introduced  to  Charles  I  by  Vandyck ;  sergeant-painter, 
1641 ;  one  of  the  earliest  English  subject  and  portrait 
painters  of  eminence.  [xv.  137] 

DOBSON,  WILLIAM  (1820-1884),  journalist  and  anti- 
quary ;  editor  of  the  '  Preston  Chronicle ' ;  wrote  on  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Preston.  [xv.  138] 

DOBSON.  WILLIAM  CHARLES  THOMAS  (1817- 
1898),  painter  ;  studied  in  Royal  Academy  schools  ;  head- 
master of  government  school  of  design,  Birmingliam, 
1843-5;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1842;  studied 
in  Italy  and  Germany,  and  subsequently  gained  con- 
siderable reputation  as  painter  of  scriptural  subjects  in 
oil-  and  water-colour ;  R.A.,  1872 ;  retired,  1895. 

[Suppl.  ii.  141] 

DO  CHART  Y,  JAMES  (1829-1878),  landscape-painter  ; 
at  one  time  engaged  in  pattern  designing  at  Glasgow ; 
exhibited  highland  scenes  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy, 
associate  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1877;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1865-77.  [xv.  138] 

DOCKING,  THOMAS  OP  (fl.  1250),  Franciscan  ;  D.D., 
and  seventh  Franciscan  reader  in  divinity  in  Oxford 
University ;  left  in  manuscript  scriptural  commentaries. 

[xv.  139] 

DOCXWRAY  or  DOCXWRA,  WILLIAM  (d.  1716), 
London  merchant ;  established  a  penny  po&tal  system  in 
the  metropolis,  1683 ;  cast  in  a  suit  instituted  by  the  Duke 
of  York  to  protect  his  monopoly;  comptroller  of  the 
penny  post,  1697-1700 ;  dismissed  on  charges  of  mal- 
administration, 1700.  [xv.  139] 

DOCWRA,  Sm  HENRY,  first  BARON  DOCWRA  in 
Irish  peerage  (1660 ?-1631),  general;  captain  under  Sir 
Richard  Binghain  [q.  v.]  in  Ireland ;  constable  of  Dun- 
garvan  Castle,  1584 :  commanded  under  Essex  in  the 
Netherlands  and  in  Spain  ;  knighted ;  received  submis- 
sion of  Art  O'Neill  and  founded  modern  city  of  Deny, 
1600;  governor  of  Derry,  1603-8;  treasurer  of  war  in 
Ireland,  1616  ;  created  Baron  Docwra  of  Culmore,  1621 ; 
joint-keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  Ireland,  1627.  [xv.  140] 

DOCWRA,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1527),  prior  of  the 
knighte  of  St.  John  at  Clerkenwell,  1502;  negotiated 
treaty  for  Henry  VII's  marriage  with  Margaret  of  Savoy, 
1606 ;  received  from  Louis  XII  formal  acknowledgment 
of  the  arrears  of  tribute  due  to  England,  1510 ;  attended 
Henry  VIII  in  France,  1513  ;  sent  to  Terouenne  to  settle 
mercantile  disputes  witJi  the  French,  1517 ;  took  part 
in  search  for  suspicious  characters  in  London,  1519-25  : 
attended  Wolsey  when  arbitrating  between  the  French 
and  the  tmparUMi  at  Calais,  1521 :  commissioned  by 
Henry  VIII  to  draw  up  treaty  with  the  imperial  ambas- 
sador for  joint  invasion  of  France,  1524.  [xv.  142] 

DOD,  CHARLES  ROGER  PHIPPS  (1793-1855), 
autlwr  of  the  '  Parliamentary  Companion  ' ;  connected 


with  the  '  Times '  for  twenty-three  years,  contributing 
obituary  notices  and  redacting  the  parliamentary  reports  ; 
compiled  '  Parliamentary  Pocket  Companion,'  1832,  and 
•  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,'  1841.  [xv.  144] 

DOD,  HENRY  (1550  ?-1630  ?),  poet;  published  '  Cer- 
taine  Psalmes  of  David  in  meter,'  1603,  and  '  Al  the 
Psalmes  of  David,  with  certaine  Songes  and  Canticles,' 
1620.  [xv.  144] 

DOD,  JOHN  (1549?-1645),  puritan  divine;  scholar 
and  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  incumbent  of 
Hanwell,  Oxfordshire;  suspended  for  nonconformity, 
1604 ;  rector  of  Fawsley,  Northamptonshire,  1624-46 ; 
reputed  author  of  a  famous  sermon  on  '  malt ' ;  called 
'  Decalogue  Dod '  from  his  exposition  of  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments (published  1604).  [xv.  145] 

DOD,  PEIRCE  (1683-1754),  medical  writer;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1701  :  fellow  of  All  Souls ; 
M.A.,  1705;  M.D.,  1714;  Harveian  orator,  1729;  censor, 
College  of  Physicians,  1724,  1732,  1736,  and  1739;  physi- 
cian to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1725-64;  F.R.S., 
1730  ;  attacked  for  his  book  against  inoculation  (1746)  in 
'  A  Letter  to  the  real  and  genuine  Pierce  (sic)  Dod,  M.D.,' 
1746.  [xv.  146] 

DOD,  ROBERT  PHIPPS  (d.  1865),  compiler ;  son  of 
Charles  Roger  Phipps  Dod  [q.  v.]  ;  captain,  64th  Shrop- 
shire regiment  of  militia,  1855 ;  assisted  in  his  father's 
compilations.  [xv.  144] 

DOD,  TIMOTHY  (d.  1665),  nonconformist  divine: 
son  of  John  Dod  fq.  v.] ;  preacher  at  Daventry,  1640 ; 
ejected,  1662.  [xv.  147] 

DODD,  CHARLES(1672-1743),  Roman  catholic  divine  ; 
real  name,  HUGH  TOOTKL  ;  studied  philosophy  at  Douay, 
1688 ;  received  the  minor  orders  at  Cambray,  1690 ;  B.D. 
at  the  English  seminary  of  St.  Gregory,  Paris  ;  in  charge 
of  a  congregation  at  Harvington,  Worcestershire,  1726-43  ; 
published  '  The  Church  History  of  England,'  1737-39-42, 
'  The  Secret  Policy  of  the  English  Society  of  Jesus,'  1715, 
severely  criticising  the  order,  and  '  A  Philosophical  and 
Theological  Dictionary.'  [xv.  147] 

DODD,  DANIEL  (fl.  1760-1790),  painter;  member 
of  the  Free  Society  of  Artists.  His  works  consist  prin- 
cipally of  oil  and  crayon  portraits  and  scenes  of  fashion- 
able life.  [xv.  149] 

DODD,  GEORGE  (1783-1827),  engineer  ;  son  of  Ralph 
Dodd  [q.  v.] ;  resident  engineer  under  John  Rennie,  the 
designer  of  Waterloo  Bridge :  resigned  his  post,  and 
died,  refusing  all  medicine,  in  the  compter,  1827. 

[xv.  149] 

DODD,  GEORGE  (1808-1881),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
edited  the '  Cyclopaedia  of  the  Industry  of  all  Nations,' 
1851 ;  wrote  for  Oliarles  Knight's  'Weekly  Volumes'  and 
other  serials ;  compiled  guide-books  for  Messrs.  Chambers'a 
publishing  firm  ;  best-known  work, '  The  Food  of  London,' 
1856.  [xv.  149] 

DODD,  JAMES  SOLAS  (1721-1805),  surgeon,  lecturer, 
and  actor :  member  of  the  corporation  of  surgeons, 
London,  1751;  published  'An  Essay  towards  a  Natural 
History  of  the  Herring,'  1752 ;  produced  '  A  Physical  Ac- 
count of  the  Case  of  Elizabeth  Canning,'  1753 :  master- 
surgeon  on  board  the  Hawke,  1762-3 :  delivered  a  series 
of  comic  lectures  on  'Hearts'  and  'Noses'  at  Exeter 
Exchange,  1766 ;  acted  in  London  in  a  play  written  by 
himself  after  De  Lafont's  'Le  Naufrage,'  1779;  tricked 
into  accompanying  Major  John  Savage,  a  soi-disant 
ambassador  to  the  Russian  court,  1781  ;  actor  and 
lecturer  at  Edinburgh,  1782 :  translated  the  '  Ancient  and 
Modern  History  of  Gibraltar'  from  the  Spanish,  1781. 

[xv.  151] 

DODD,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1740  7-1796),  actor;  first 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1765  ;  at  Drury  Lane,  1765-96  ; 
favourably  criticised  by  Charles  Lamb  for  his  sympathetic 
impersonation  of  Sir  Andrew  Aguecheek;  retired  after 
his  failure  in  Oolman's  '  Iron  Chest,'  1796.  [xv.  150] 

DODD,  PHILIP  STANHOPE  (1776-1852),  divine; 
fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1799; 
chaplain  to  the  lord  mayor,  1806 :  rector  of  St.  Mary-at- 
Hill,  1807-12;  published  a  work  basing  arguments  for 
Christianity  on  the  ministry  of  St.  Paul,  1837. 

[xv.  162] 


DODD 


347 


DODSON 


DODD,  RALPH  ( 1756-1822), civil engineer;  published 
1  Account  of  the  principal  Canals  in  the  known  World,' 
1795  ;  largely  occupied  in  forming  projecte  for  the  con- 
struction of  canals  and  a  dry  tunnel  from  Qravesend  to 
Tilbury ;  promoter  of  steam  navigation.  [xv.  153] 

DODD,  ROBERT  (1748-1816  ?),  marine  painter  and 
engraver :  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1782-1809 ; 
distinguished  for  his  rendering  of  storm  effects. 

[xv.  153] 

DODD,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1652-1716),  judge ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1679  ;  bencher,  1700  ;  employed  by  various 
bankers  upon  a  question  of  the  liability  of  the  crown  for 
interest  on  loans  to  Charles  II.  1693  and  1700  ;  negotiated 
fusion  of  old  with  New  East  India  Company,  1701 ; 
counsel  for  Sacheverell,  1710;  knighted,  1714;  serjeant, 
1714  ;  lord  chief -baron,  1714.  [xv.  154] 

DODD,  THOMAS  (1771-1860),  auctioneer  and  print- 
seller  ;  opened  day-school  near  Battle  Bridge,  St.  Pancras, 
1794 ;  print-seller,  1796 ;  his  dictionary  of  monograms 
anticipated  by  Brulliot,  1817  ;  auctioneer  in  Manchester, 
1819 ;  projected  a  scheme  which  was  ultimately  realised 
in  the  Royal  Manchester  Institution,  1823 ;  commenced 
publication  of  his  '  Connoisseur's  Repertorium,'  1825 ; 
catalogued  Douce  collection  of  prints  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,  1839-41.  [xv.  164] 

DODD,  WILLIAM  (1729-1777),  forger ;  entered  at 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1746  ;  B.A.,  1750 ;  acted  as  chaplain 
of  the  '  Magdalen  House,'  1758  ;  editor  of  the  *  Christian 
Magazine,'  1760-7 ;  chaplain  to  the  king  and  prebendary 
at  Brecon,  1763 ;  LL.D.,  1766  ;  founded  Charlotte  Chapel 
in  Pimlico  ;  nick-named  the  '  macaroni  parson  ' ;  rector  of 
Hockliffe  ami  vicar  of  Chalgrove,  1772  ;  •  struck  off  the 
list  of  royal  chaplains  for  improper  solicitation  of  prefer- 
ment from  the  lord  chancellor,  1774 ;  forged  a  bond  for 
4,2007.  in  the  name  of  his  former  pupil,  the  fifth  Lord 
Chesterfield,  1777  :  executed  (1777),  though  numerous  peti- 
tions were  presented  on  his  behalf,  one  being  written  for 
him  by  Dr.  Johnson.  His  numerous  publications  include 
'Beauties  of  Shakespeare,'  1752,  a  translation  of  the 
'  Hymns  of  Callimachus,'  1754,  '  Reflections  on  Death,' 
1763,  and  '  Thoughts  in  Prison,'  1777.  [xv.  155] 

DODDRIDGE  or  DODERIDGE,  SIR  JOHN  (1556- 
1628),  judge ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1677 ;  serjeant- 
at-law  and  Prince  Henry's  serjeant,  1604  ;  solicitor-general, 
1604 ;  M .P.,  Horsham,  Sussex,  between  1603  and  1611  ; 
knighted,  1607 ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1612 ;  M.A., 
honoris  cauxd,  Oxford,  1614  ;  signed  the  letter  refusing  to 
stay  proceedings  at  the  instance  of  the  king  in  the 
eommendam  case  of  1616,  but  subsequently  gave  way  ; 
directed  to  soften  the  rigour  of  the  statutes  against 
popish  recusants,  1623.  His  published  work  includes 
4  The  English  Lawyer,'  1631,  and  '  A  Compleat  Parson ' 
(the  substance  of  some  lectures  on  advowsons),  1630. 

[xv.  157] 

D3DDRIDGE,  PHILIP  (1702-1761),  nonconformist 
divine :  minister  at  Kibworth,  1723  ;  declined  overtures 
from  Pershore,  Worcestershire,  and  Haberdashers'  Hall 
from  unwillingness  to  subscribe  the  Toleration  Act,  a 
probable  condition  of  ordination,  1723  ;  co-minister  with 
his  friend,  David  Some,  at  Market  Harborough,  1725-9  ; 
opened  an  academy  at  Market  Harborough,  1729,  subse- 
quently removing  it  to  Northampton :  presbyter,  1730 ; 
published  'Free  Thoughts  on  the  most  probable  means 
of  reviving  the  Dissenting  Interest,'  1730:  tolerant  of 
Arinnism,  though  rejecting  its  claims ;  D.D.  of  the  two 
universities  of  Aberdeen,  1736 ;  lectured  on  philosophy 
and  divinity  in  the  mathematical  or  Spinozistic  style; 
founded  charity  school  at  Northampton,  1737 ;  took  part 
in  the  institution  of  a  county  infirmary,  1743;  died  at 
Lisbon ;  a  celebrated  hymn-writer  ;  published  '  The  Rise 
and  Progress  of  Religion  in  the  Soul,'  1745.  '  A  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Pneumatology,  Ethics,  and  Divinity '  appeared 
posthumously  in  1763.  [xv.  168] 

DODDS,  JAMES  (1813-1874),  lecturer  and  poet; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University;  solicitor  in  London: 
friend  of  Leigh  Hunt  and  Thomas  Carlyle;  author  of 
'  Lays  of  the  Covenanters,'  posthumously  published  by  the 
Rev.  James  Dodds  of  Dunbar,  and  'The  Fifty  Years' 
Struggle  of  the  Covenanters,  1638-1688.'  [xv.  164] 

DODDS,  JAMES  (1812-1885),  religious  and  general 
writer ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  minister  at 
Humbie  in  East  Lothian,  and,  after  joining  the  Free 
Church,  at  Dunbar,  1843-86  ;  friend  of  Thomas  Oarlyle ; 


published  '  Famous  Men  of  Dumfriesshire,'  '  A  Century  of 
|  Scottish   Church   History,'   and  theological    works    and 
memoirs.  [xv.  i66] 

DODGSON,  CHARLES  LUTWIDGE  (1832-1898), 
writer  of  books  for  children  under  the  pseudonym  of 
LKWIS  QABBOLL,  and  mathematician  ;  educated  at  Rugby 

I  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  nominated  student  of  Christ 
Church,  1852 ;  B.A.,  1854  ;  mathematical  lecturer,  1855-81 ; 

|  M.A.,  1867  ;  ordained  deacon,  1861 :  resided  at  Oxford, 
where  he  published  occasionally  humorous  pamphlet* 
on  matters  of  local  interest.  His  most  popular  works 
are  'Alice's  Adventures  in  Wonderland,'  1865,  and 
'  Through  the  Looking  Glass,'  1871,  both  illustrated  by 
Sir  John  Tenniel.  His  other  publications  include, '  The 
Hunting  of  the  Suark,'  1876,  and  'Sylvie  and  Bruno,' 
1889,  besides  various  mathematical  writings,  of  which  the 
most  valuable  is  '  Euclid  and  his  Modern  Rivals,'  1879. 

DODGSON,  GEORGE  HAYDOOK  (iSll^SeO),  witter- 
colour  painter ;  prepared  plans  for  Whitby  and  Pickering 
railway,  while  apprentice  to  George  Stephenson ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  n  '  Tribute  to  the  Memory 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wren '  (study  in  architectural  draw- 
ing), 1838  ;  member  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
colours,  1852  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1838-50. 

DODINGTON,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1536-1595)',  Greek 

j  scholar;  Lady  Margaret's  scholar,  St.  John's  College, 

Cambridge,  1547 ;    Lady  Margaret's  fellow,  1552  ;  M.A., 

1565 ;    senior  fellow,   1558 ;    fellow  of    Trinity  College, 

Cambridge,  c.  1560 ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1562-86  ; 

;  wrote  Greek  poems  and  Greek  and  Latin  orations. 

[xv. 166] 

DODINGTON,  GEORGE  BU.BB,  BARON  MELCOMBE 
i  (1691-1762) ;  M.P.,  Winchelsea,  1715  ;  envoy  extraordin- 
•  ary  to  Spain,  1715  ;    took  the  surname  Dodington  on 
:  succeeding  to  his  uncle's   estate,  1720 ;    M.P.,    Bridge- 
water,  1722-54  ;  lord  of  the  treasury,  1724  ;  adherent  of 
Walpole;   favourite  of  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales;   at- 
tached himself  to  the  Duke    of  Argyll    and   attacked 
AValpole,  1742  ;  treasurer  of  the  navy  in  Pelham's  admi- 
nistration, 1744 ;  paid  court  to  the  Pelhams,  and  hi  1754 
to  the  Duke  of  Newcastle ;  M.P.,  Weymouth ;  treasurer 
of   the    navy   under  Newcastle  and  Fox,   1755;    spoke 
against  the  execution  of  Byng,  1767  ;  created  Baron  Mel- 
combe  of  Melcombe  Regis,  1761  ;  wit,  patron  of  literature, 
writer  of  occasional  verses,  and  political  pamphleteer. 

[xv. 166] 

DODS,  MARCUS  (1786-1838),  theological  writer; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  presbyterian  minister,  Belford, 
1810-38 ;  D.D. ;  published  a  work  '  On  the  Incarnation  of 
the  Eternal  Word';  criticised  Edward  Irving's  doctrine 
of  the  incarnation.  [xv.  169] 

DODSLEY,  JAMES  (1724-1797),  bookseller;  brother 
of  Robert  Dodsley  [q.  v.]  ;  produced  an  improved  edition 
of  Isaac  Reed's  '  Collection  of  Old  Plays,'  1780,  and 
re-edited  Reed's  '  Collection  of  Poems,'  1 782 ;  member  of 
the  Congeries,  a  well-known  booksellers'  club  ;  suggested 
plan  of  receipt  tax  to  Rockingham's  administration,  1782. 

[xv.  169] 

DODSLEY,  ROBERT  (1703-1764),  poet,  drama- 
tist, and  bookseller  ;  while  a  footman  in  service  of  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Lowther  published  'Servitude,  a  Poem,'  in  the 
'  Country  Journal,'  1729  (afterwards  reissued  as  '  The 
Footman's  Friendly  Advice  to  his  Brethren  of  the 
Livery')  ;  bookseller,  1735  ;  wrote  the  plays  'The  King 
and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield,'  1737,  and 'Sir  John  Cockle 
at  Court,'  a  sequel,  1738  ;  published  for  Pope,  Young,  and 
Akeuside  ;  published  a  'Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays,' 
his  best-known  work.  1744 ;  started  '  The  Publick 
Register,'  1741,  'The  Museum,'  1746,  and  'The  Precep- 
tor ' ;  suggested  to  Johnson  the  scheme  of  an  English  dic- 
tionary ;  published  Johnson's  '  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes  ' 
and  'Irene'  (both  in  1749);  published  an  ode  entitled 
'  Melpomene,'  1758  ;  his  tragedy, '  Oleone,'  acted  atCoveut 
Garden,'  1758;  founded  'The  Annual  Register,'  1758; 
published  with  his  brother  James  Dodsley  [q.  v.].  Gold- 
smith's '  Polite  Learning,'  1759,  and,  with  Johnson  and 
Strahan,  Johnson's  '  Rasselas,'  1769 ;  friend  of  Shenstone, 
some  of  whose  narrative  poems  appeared  in  Dodsley's 
'  Select  Fables,'  1761.  [xv.  170] 

DODSON,  JAMES  (rf.  1767),  teacher  of  mathematics 
and  master  of  the  Royal  Mathematical  School,  Christ's 
Hospital;  F.R.S.,  1755;  master  at  Christ's  Hospital, 


DODSON 


348 


DOLBEN 


1755-7 ;  prepared  the  way  for  ultimate  incorporation 
of  Equitable  Society  :  published  '  The  Anti-Logarithmic 
Canon,'  1742 ;  and  an  '  Accountant,  or  a  Method  of 
Book-keeping,'  1750.  [xv.  174] 

DODSON,  SIR  JOHN  (1780-1858),  judge  of  the 
prerogative  court  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School 
and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1804 ;  D.C.L.,  1808 ; 
advocate  of  the  College  of  Doctors  of  Laws,  1808 ;  M.P., 
Rye,  1819-23;  advocate-general  and  knighted,  1834; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1834 ;  judge  of  the  prerogative 
court  of  Canterbury,  and  dean  of  the  arches  court,  1852- 
1857 ;  privy  councillor,  1852.  [xv.  175] 

DODSON,  JOHN  GEORGE,  first  BARON  MONK- 
BRETTON  (1825-1897),  politician  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Dodson 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
B.A.,  1847 ;  M.A.,  1851 ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1853  ;  travelled  :  liberal  M.P.  for  East  Sussex,  1857-74, 
Chester,  1874-80,  and  Scarborough,  1880-4  ;  chairman  of 
committees  and  deputy  speaker  of  House  of  Commons, 
1865-72 :  privy  councillor,  1872  ;  president  of  local  govern- 
ment board  with  seat  in  cabinet,  1880  ;  chancellor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1882-4 ;  raised  to  peerage,  1884  ; 
liberal  unionist  from  1886.  [Suppl.  li.  144] 

DODSON,  MICHAEL  (1732-1799),  lawyer ;  educated 
at  Marlborough  grammar  school  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1783 :  commissioner  of  bankruptcy,  1770-99 ; 
Unitarian;  edited  Sir  Michael  Foster's  'Report  on  the 
Commission  for  the  Trial  of  Rebels  in  the  Year  1746,' 
and  published  '  A  New  Translation  of  Isaiah,'  1790. 

[xv.  176] 

DODSWORTH,  ROGER  (1585-1654),  antiquary  ; 
studied  in  London  in  the  library  of  Sir  Robert  Cotton  ; 
designed  an  English  baronage,  a  history  of  Yorkshire, 
and  a  Monasticon  Anglicanum,  published  as  '  Monasticon 
Boreale,'  1655,  with  name  of  Dugdale  as  joint-compiler. 

[xv. 176] 

DODSWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1798-1861),  Roman 
catholic  writer :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1823  ; 
adopted  Tractarian  opinions  and  •became  minister  of 
Margaret  Street  Chapel,  Cavendish  Square,  London; 
perpetual  curate  of  Christ  Church,  St.  Pancras,  London, 
1837  ;  joined  the  Roman  catholic  church  after  the  Gor- 
ham  judgment,  1851 :  published  '  Advent  Lectures,'  1837, 
'  Anglicanism  considered  in  its  results,'  1851,  and  catholic 
apologetics.  [xv.  177] 

DODWELL,  EDWARD  (1767-1832),  traveller  and 
archaeologist ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1800 : 
collected  vases,  including  the  well-known  'Dodwell 
Vase '  from  Corinth,  and  marbles  and  coins  in  Greece  and 
the  Archipelago ;  settled  (1806)  in  Italy,  where  he  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  the  pope ;  published  '  A  Classical  and 
Topographical  Tour  through  Greece,  1819,  and  views  and 
descriptions  of  ancient  remains  ;  died  at  Rome. 

[xv.  178] 

DODWELL,  HENRY,  the  elder  (1641-1711),  scholar 
and  theologian ;  scholar  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  resigned  his  fellowship  from  unwillingness  to 
take  holy  orders,  1666  ;  Camden  professor  of  history  at 
Oxford,  1688-91 ;  deprived  for  refusing  oath  of  allegiance, 
1691;  returned  (1710)  to  the  established  church,  from 
which  be  had  been  excluded  as  a  nonjuror;  published 
a  '  Book  of  Schism,'  which  was  controverted  by  Richard 
Baxter ;  '  Annales  Thucydideani,'  for  Hudson's  '  Thucy- 
dides ' ;  *  A  Discourse  concerning  the  Time  of  Phalaris,' 
1704,  and  other  learned  works.  [xv.  179] 

DODWELL,  HENRY,  the  younger  (d.  1784),  deist; 
son  of  Henry  Dodwell  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  1726 ;  published  '  Christianity  not  founded  on 
Argument,'  a  deistical  pamphlet,  which  some  mistook  for 
a  defence  of  Christianity,  1742.  [xv.  181] 

DODWELL,  WILLIAM   (1709-1785),  archdeacon    of 
Berks  and  theological  writer;  son  of  Henry    Dodwell 
(1641-1711)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1732  ; 
prebendary  of  Salisbury ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1760  ;  archdeacon  i 
of  Berks  :  published  controversial  works,  including,  1743,  j 
'Two  Sermons  on  the  Eternity  of  Future  Punishment,'  in  | 
answer  to  Whiston,  and,  1745,  '  Two  Sermons    on  the  j 
Nature,  Procedure,  and  Effect*  of  a  Rational  Faith,'  in  I 
answer  to  hi?  brother,  Henry  Dodwell  the  younger. 

[xv.  182] 

DOOOET,    JOHN    (d.    1501),     provost   of    King's  i 
College,  Cambridge;  educated  at  Eton ;  M.A.  and  fellow,  I 


King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1474  ; 
ambassador  to  Sixtus  IV  and  the  princes  of  Sicily  and 
Hungary,  1479 ;  chaplain  to  Richard  III,  1483  ;  vicar- 
general,  Sarum,  1483,  and  chancellor  of  Lichfield,  1489  : 
doctor  of  canon  law  at  Bologna;  provost  of  King's 
College,  1499-1501;  benefactor  of  King's  College. 

[xv. 183] 

DOGGETT,  THOMAS  (d.  1721),  actor;  'created' 
Ben  in  Oongreve's  '  Love  for  Love,'  1695  ;  author  of  the 
'Country  Wake,*  a  comedy,  in  which  he  acted  him- 
self, 1696 ;  friend  of  Cougreve  and  Colley  Gibber  ;  his 
dignified  style  praised  by  Gibber ;  joint-manager  of  the 
Haymarket,  1709-10,  subsequently  of  DruryLane;  founded 
hi  1716,  in  honour  ot  the  anniversary  of  George  I's  acces- 
sion, a  prize  for  a  rowing  competition  for  Thames  water- 
men, which  is  still  continued.  [xv.  184] 

DOGHERTY.  [See  also  DOCHARTY  and  DOUGHARTY.] 

DOGHERTY,  THOMAS  (d.  1805),  legal  writer  :  of 
Irish  origin  ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn  :  special  pleader,  c. 
1785  ;  clerk  of  indictments  on  the  Chester  circuit ;  wrote 
the  'Crown  Circuit  Assistant.'  1787.  [xv.  185] 

DOGMAEL,  also  called  DOGVAKL,  SAINT  (6th  cent.), 
reputed  founder  of  a  monastery  at  Cemmes,  opposite 
Cardigan,  and  of  some  churches  in  modern  Pembroke- 
shire, [xv.  185] 

DOHARTY,  JOHN  (1677-1755).    [See  DOUGHARTY.] 

DOHERTY,  JOHN  (1783-1850),  chief-justice  of  Ire- 
land ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1806  ;  LL.D.,  1814 ; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1808 ;  M.P.,  New  Ross,  1824-6, 
Kilkenny,  1826,;  solicitor-general,  1827 ;  lord  chief-justice 
of  common  plea's  and  privy  councillor,  1830 :  spoke  against 
O'Connell  in  the  debate  on  the  '  Doueraile  conspiracy,' 
1830.  [xv.  186] 

DOIG,  DAVID  (1719-1800),  philologist  ;  M.A.  St. 
Andrews;  rector  of  the  grammar  school  at  Stirling; 
honorary  LL.D.  Glasgow  ;  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh ;  wrote  '  Two  Letters  on  the  Savag  « State,' 
1792,  against  Lord  Kames's  views  [see  HOME,  HENRY, 
LORD  KAMES],  a  friendship  resulting  between  author  and 
critic ;  published  '  Extracts  from  a  Poem  on  the  Prospect 
from  Stirling  Castle,'  1796.  [xv.  186] 

DOKET  or  DUCKET,  ANDREW  (d.  1484),  first 
president  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  ;  rector  of  St. 
Botolph,  Cambridge,  1444-70 ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield, 
1467,  and  chancellor,  1470-6  ;  authorised  by  royal  charter 
in  1447  to  found  '  the  College  of  St.  Bernard  of  Cambridge,' 
which  was  ultimately  called  '  Queens'  College '  in  honour 
of  its  patronesses,  Margaret  of  Anjou  and  Elizabeth  Wood- 
ville.  [xv.  187] 

DOLBEN,  DAVID  (1581-1633),  bishop  of  Bangor; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1609:  vicar  of 
Hackney,  Middlesex,  1618-33  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Asaph, 
1625  ;  D.D.,  1627  ;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1631-3.  [xv.  188] 

DOLBEN,  Sm  GILBERT  (1658-1722),  judge  ;  son 
of  John  Dolbcii  (1625-1686)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  at  Oxford ;  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  1681 ;  M.P.,  Ripon,  1685,  Peterborough,  1689- 
1707 ;  puisne  judge  in  the  Irish  court  of  common  pleas, 
1701  ;  maintained  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  election  questions,  1704 :  created  baronet, 
1704  ;  M.P.,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1710  and  1714. 

[xv.  189] 

DOLBEN,  JOHN  (1625-1686),  archbishop  of  York : 
son  of  William  Dolben  (d.  1631)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  West- 
minster under  Dr.  Busby  [q.  v.] :  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1640-8 ;  fought  for  Charles  I  at  Marston 
Moor,  1644  ;  captain  and  major:  M.A.  by  accumulation, 
1647 ;  deprived  of  his  studentship,  1648:  privately  main- 
tained the  proscribed  church  of  England  service  ;  canon 
of  Christ  Church,  1660 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1661 : 
dean  of  Westminster,  1662-83  :  maintained  the  immunity 
of  Westminster  Abbey  from  diocesan  control :  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1666:  suspended  at  the  time  of  Clarendon's 
fall,  1667  ;  lord  high  almoner,  1676  :  archbishop  of  York, 
1683-6  ;  reformed  cathedral  discipline.  [xv.  189] 

DOLBEN,  JOHN  (1662-1710),  politician  :  son  of 
John  Dolben  (1625-1686)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  barrister  of  the  Temple;  spent  his  fortune; 
withdrew  to  the  West  Indies;  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1707-10; 
manager  of  Sacheverell's  impeachment,  1709.  [xv.  192] 


DOLBEN 


349 


DONALDSON 


DOLBEN,  Sill  JOHN  (1 684-17511),  divine  :  son  of  Sir 
Gilbert  Dolbc-n  [q.  v.] ;  canon's  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1702;  M.A.,  1707;  prebendary  of  Durham,  171s 
and  1719  ;  rector  of  Burton  Latiuit-r  and  vicar  of  Kim-don, 
1719;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1722;  visitor  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  17^'s  ;  suh-dcaii  of  Qutvn  Caroline's  cliapi-1 ; 
friend  of  Bishop  Atterbury,  paying  him  an  annuity  when 
exiled.  [xv.  193] 

DOLBEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1G31),  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, bishop  designate ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  rector  of  Stanwick  and  lieuefield, 
1623;  D.D. ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln.  1629;  said  by  his 
great-grandson.  Sir  John  Dolben  (1684-1756)  [q.  v.],  to 
have  been  nominated  bishop  of  Gloucester.  [xv.  194] 

DOLBEN,  Siu  WILLIAM  (d.  1694),  judge;  son  of 
William  Dolben  (d.  1631)  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  1655  ;  recorder  of  London  and  knighted,  1676  ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1C77  ;  king's  Serjeant  and  steward  of  the  see 
of  Canterbury  ;  puisne  judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1678-83, 
and  1689.  [xv.  194] 

DOLBEN,  WILLIAM  (1726-1814),  abolitionist ;  son  of 
Sir  John  Dolben  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.  for  Oxford  University, 
1768-1800.  [xv.  194] 

DOLBY,  CHARLOTTE  HELEN  SAINTON-  (1821- 
1885).  [See  SAIXTON-DOLBY,  CHARLOTTK  HELEN.] 

DOLLE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1670-1680),  engraver;  em- 
ployed by  the  booksellers  in  engraving  portraits  and 
frontispieces,  including  portraits  of  Sir  Henry  Wotton 
and  Richard  Hooker  in  Izaak  Walton's  '  Lives'  (1670). 

[xv. 195] 

DOLLOND,  GEORGE  (1774-1852),  optician;  partner 
with  his  uncle.  Peter  Dolloud  [q.  v.],  1805 ;  invented  an 
improved  altazimuth,  1821,  'u  double  altitude  instrument,' 
1823,  and  an  atmospheric  recorder ;  F.R.S.,  1819  ;  F.R.G.S. 


[xv. 195] 
i ;  of  Huguenot 


DOLLOND,  JOHN  (1706-1761),  optician 
origin  :  read  his  '  Account  of  some  Experiments  concern 
ing  the  diff erent  Refrangibility  of  Light '  before  the  Royal 
Society  (1758);  Copley  medallist,  1758 ;  inventor  of  triple 
objectives,  1767-8 ;  his  invention  of  the  achromatic  tele- 
scope independently  made  by  Chester  Moor  Hall  [q.  v.];  in- 
vented modern  heliometer,  1754 ;  F.R.S.  and  optician  to 
the  king,  1761.  [xv.  196] 

DOLLOND,  PETER  (1730-1820),  optician ;  eldest  son 
of  John  Dollond  [q.  v.] ;  optician  in  the  Strand,  1750 ; 
invented  improved  triple  achromatic  object-glasses ;  im- 
proved Hadley's  quadrant  by  a  device  for  bringing  the 
back-observation  into  use;  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  [xv.  198] 

DOLMAN,  CHARLES  (1807-1863),  Roman  catholic 
publisher ;  entered  into  partnership  with  his  cousin, 
Thomas  Booker,  a  Roman  catholic  publisher  in  London, 
1840 ;  set  on  foot  new  series  of  the  •  Catholic  Magazine,' 
1838,  and  'Dolman's  Magazine,'  1845;  noted  for  the 
elaborateness  of  his  typography.  [xv.  199] 

DOMERHAM,  ADAM  OF  (d.  after  1291).  [See  ADAM.] 

DOMETT,  ALFRED  (1811-1887),  colonial  statesman 
and  poet ;  entered  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1829 ; 
barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1841 ;  emigrated  to  New 
Zealand,  1842 ;  friend  of  Robert  Browning,  who  lamented 
his  departure  in  '  Waring,'  1842  ;  M.P.  for  Nelson,  1865  ; 
prime  minister  of  New  Zealand,  1862-3,  and  registrar- 
general  of  land,  1865 ;  returned  to  England,  1871 ;  C.M.G., 
1880 :  author  of  '  Ranolf  and  Amohia,  a  South  Sea  Day 
Dream,'  1872, 'Flotsam  and  Jetsam,'  1877,  and  some  official 
publications.  [xv.  199] 

DOMETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1754-1828),  admiral ;  navy 
lieutenant,  1777 ;  present  in  the  action  off  Ushant,  1778, 
and  in  the  engagement  of  the  Chesapeake,  1781 ;  signal 
officer  at  St.  Kitta  and  off  Dominica,  1782  ;  sent  to  England 
with  Sir  George  Rodney's  despatches,  1782;  nag  captain 
during  the  French  war  of  1793 :  captain  of  Baltic  fleet, 
1801 ;  admiral,  1819 ;  G.C.B.,  1820.  [xv.  200] 

DOMLNICUS  DE  ROSABIO  (1595-1662).  [See  DALY, 
DANIEL  or  DOMINIC.] 

DOMINI8,  MARCO  ANTONIO  DK  (1566-1624),  divine ; 
born  in  the  island  of  Arbe  off  Dalmatia ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Padua,  of  logic  and  rhetoric  at  Brescia ; 
bishop  of  Segui ;  archbishop  of  Spalatro ;  migrated  to 
England  (1616)  from  annoyance  at  the  pope's  imposition 


of  u  tax  upon  the  see  of  Spalatro  to  be  paid  to  the  bishop 
of  Segui ;  defended  his  action  in  'Cousilium  Profeetionis,' 
1616:  dean  of  Windsor  and  master  of  the  Savoy,  1617; 
published  first  part  of  '  De  Uepublica  Ecclesiastic* '  (1617), 
maintaining  right*  of  national  churches;  left  England, 
to  the  annoyance  of  James  I,  1622 ;  wrote  a  recantation 
entitled  '  Concilium  Reditus ' ;  promised  pardon  by  Pope 
Gregory  XV;  imprisoned  by  the  inquisition,  [xv.  201] 

DOMVLLLE,  aliat  TAYLOR,  SILAS  (1624-1678),  anti- 
quary; educated  at  Westminster  and  New  Inn  Hall, 
Oxford;  captain  in  the  parliamentary  army,  and  subse- 
quently sequestrator  in  Herefordshire ;  commissary  for 
ammunition  under  Sir  Edward  Harley  at  Dunkirk,  1660  ; 
surreptitiously  obtained  from  the  library  of  Worcester 
Cathedral  an  original  grant  of  King  Edgar,  dated  964  ; 
published  'The  History  of  Gavelkind,'  1663;  left  in 
manuscript  collections  for  a  history  of  Herefordshire. 

[xv.  203] 

DON,  DAVID  (1800-1841),  botanist;  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Humboldt  and  Cuvierat  Paris,  1821 ;  fellow 
of  the  Linnaeau  Society  ;  professor  of  botany,  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  1836-41;  published  'Prodromus  Florae 
Nepalensis,'  1825.  [xv.  204] 

DON,  SIR  GEORGE  (1754-1832),  general;  lieutenant, 
51st  regiment,  1774 ;  lieutenant-colonel  at  Gibraltar,  1789 ; 
adjutant-general  in  the  Netherlands,  1794  ;  major-general, 
1798  ;  commanded  the  third  division  at  the  Helder,  1799  ; 
prisoner  in  France  till  1800 ;  second  in  command  of  the 
forces  of  Scotland,  1804;  lieutenant-general,  1803;  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Jersey,  1806-14  ;  general,  1814 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Gibraltar  (1814),  where  he  died; 
G.C.B.,  1820  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1825.  [xv.  205] 

DON,  GEORGE  (1798-1856),  botanist ;  collector  on 
behalf  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  in  Brazil,  the 
West  Indies,  and  at  Sierra  Leone,  1821 ;  fellow  of  the 
Liunaean  Society,  1831 ;  published '  A  General  System  of 
Gardening  and  Botany,  founded  upon  Miller's  w  Gardener's 
Dictionary," '  1832-8.  [xv.  206] 

DON,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1825-1862),  actor; 
seventh  baronet  of  Newtondon,  1826 ;  educated  at  Eton ; 
lieutenant,  5th  dragoon  guards,  1845 ;  appeared  on  the 
stage  at  New  York,  1850,  and  at  the  Haymarket,  1857 ; 
played,  in  Australia,  female  characters  in  burlesques ; 
died  at  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania.  [xv.  20C] 

DONALD  IV,  BREAC  (the  Speckled  or  Freckled) 
(d.  643),  Celtic  king  of  Scottish  Dalriada  ;  fought  on  the 
side  of  Congall  Claeu,  king  of  the  Cruthnigh  (Picts), 
against  Donald,  king  of  Ireland,  at  the  battle  of  Rath, 
Ireland,  637 ;  slain  in  battle  at  Strathcarron  by  Owen,  king 
of  the  Strathclyde  Britons.  [xv.  207] 

DONALD  V,  MACALPIN  (d.  864),  king  of  Alban,  the 
united  kingdom  of  the  Scots  and  Rets ;  established  the 
rights  and  laws  of  Aedh,  a  Dalriad  king  of  the  eighth 
century,  at  Forteviot;  according  to  one  account  was 
killed  at  Scone,  864.  [xv.  207] 

DONALD  VI  (d.  900),  king  of  Celtic  Scotland ;  son 
of  Constantine  I  [q.  v.] ;  made  peace  with  the  Danish 
chiefs,  Ronald  and  Sitric  :  di&i,  worn  out  by  his  exertions 
in  reducing  the  highland  robber  tribes.  [xv.  208] 

DONALD,  ADAM  (1703-1780),  called  'the  prophet  of 
Bethelnie ' ;  necromancer  and  quack  physician,  [xv.  208] 

DONALDSON,  JAMES  (ft.  1713),  Scottish  miscel- 
laneous writer :  left  farm  to  serve  in  regiment  of  Earl  of 
Angus  ;  disbanded,  1690  ;  published  '  Husbandry  Anato- 
mized,' 1697-8,  •  Money  encreas'd  and  Credit  rais'd,'  1706, 
and  other  efforts  in  political  economy  and  verse- writing. 

[xv.  209] 

DONALDSON,  JAMES  (yr.  1794),  writer  on  agricul- 
ture ;  land  surveyor  at  Dundee ;  drew  up  county  surveys 
for  the  board  of  agriculture ;  published  '  Modern  Agricul- 
ture,' 1795-6.  [xv.  210] 

DONALDSON,  JAMES  (1751-1830),  founder  of  Donald- 
son's Hospital,  Edinburgh ;  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
'Edinburgh  Advertiser'  after  1764;  left  220.000/.  for  the 
maintenance  and  education  of  three  hundred  poor  children. 

[xv.  210] 

DONALDSON,  JOHN  (d.  1865),  professor  of  music ; 
called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1826 ;  Reid  professor  of  music, 
Edinburgh,  1845-65 ;  investigated  acoustic  problems. 

[xv.  211] 


DONALDSON 


350 


DONNE 


DONALDSON,  JOHN  (1799-1876),  author  of  '  Agri- 
cnltural  Biography,*  1854,  and  other  works  on  agricultural 
subjects.  [Suppl.  ii.  145] 

DONALDSON,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1811-1861),  philo- 
logist ;  brother  of  Sir  Stuart  Alexander  Donaldson  [q.  v.] ; 
sent  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1831 ;  second  in 
classical  tripos,  1834  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  :  pub- 
lished '  New  Oratylus,'  practically  starting  the  science  of 
comparative  philology  in  England,  1839 ;  D.D. ;  head- 
master of  King  Edward's  School,  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
1841-55 ;  published  '  Varronianus,'  advancing  theory  of 
the  Gothic  affinities  of  the  Etruscans,  1844  ;  resigned 
head-mastership,  1855  ;  classical  examiner  to  the  university 
of  London  :  completed  K.  O.  Muller's  'History  of  Greek 
Literature,'  1858 ;  the  main  author  of  the  '  Theatre  of  the 
Greeks ' ;  edited  Pindar's  '  Epinician  Odes '  and  the 
'Antigone'  of  Sophocles;  published  'Jashar'  (1854),  to 
prove  that  a  book  of  Jashar  constituted  'the  religious 
marrow  of  the  scriptures.'  [xv.  211] 

DONALDSON,  JOSEPH  (1794-1830),  author  of  '  Re- 
collections of  the  Eventful  Life  of  a  Soldier ' ;  fdught  in 
Peninsular  war,  1811-14;  discharged  as  sergeant,  1815; 
enlisted  in  the  East  India  Company's  service ;  head-clerk 
in  the  Glasgow  district  staff-office ;  surgeon  at  Obau, 
1827.  .  [xv.  213] 

DONALDSON,  SIR  STUART  ALEXANDER  (1812- 
1867),  Australian  statesman ;  brother  of  John  William 
Donaldson  [q.  v.]  ;  magistrate  of  New  South  Wales,  1838 : 
realised  a  fortune  hi  wool  and  sperm  oil ;  was  member  of 
the  council  of  New  South  Wales,  1848-69  ;  first  minister 
and  colonial  secretary  in  accordance  with  the  New  Con- 
stitution Act,  1856  ;  finance  minister,  1856-57 ;  returned 
to  England,  1859  ;  knighted,  1860.  [xv.  213] 

DONALDSON,  THOMAS  LEVERTON  (1795-1885), 
architect  and  author ;  in  merchant's  office  at  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  1809  ;  silver  medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
1817;  visited  Greece,  Italy,  and  Asia  Minor,  studying 
ancient  buildings ;  president  of  the  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects, 1864 ;  member  of  the  Institut  de  France  :  emeritus 
professor  of  architecture  at  University  College,  London, 
1841-64;  designed  various  London  churches  and  man- 
sions. His  works  include, '  Handbook  of  Specifications ' 
1859,  and  * Architecture  Numismatica,'  1859.  [xv.  214] 

DONALDSON,  WALTER  (fl.  1620),  philosophical 
writer ;  attached  to  embassy  sent  by  James  VI  of  Scot- 
land to  Denmark,  1594  ;  LL.D.  Heidelberg  ;  principal  of 
the  protestant  college  of  Sedan ;  published  a  survey  of 
Greek  philosophy  in  the  form  of  extracts  from  Diogenes 
Laertius,  1612,  and  '  Synopsis  OSconomica,'  1620. 

[xv.  215] 

DONAT  (1038-1074).    [See  DUNAJJ.] 

DONATTTS,  SAINT  (fi.  829-876),  bishop  of  Fiesole ;  of 
Irish  birth;  wandered  about  Europe  visiting  sacred 
places  ;  appointed  bishop  of  Fiesole  as  one  divinely  sent, 
e.  829  ;  obtained  new  charter  for  church  of  Fiesole  from 
the  Emperor  Louis,  son  of  Lothair,  866 ;  his  day,  22  Oct. 

[xv.  216] 

DONCASTER,  first  VIBCOUNT  (d.  1636).  [See  HAT, 
JAMES.] 

DONEGAL,  first  EARL  OF  (1606-1675).  [See  OHICHKS-  I 
TER,  ARTHUR.] 

DONELLAN,  NEHEMIAS  (d.  1609  ?X  archbishop  of 
Tuam ;  sizar  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1580 ;  B.A.  ! 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1582  ;  archbishop  of  Tuam, 
1595-1609 ;  continued  Walsh  and  Kearney's  translation  of 
New  Testament  into  Irish.  [xv.  216] 

DONKIN,  BRYAN  (1768-1855),  civil  engineer  and 
inventor ;  erected  paper-making  machine  at  Froginore, 
Kent,  1804 ;  invented  polygonal  printing-machine,  1813, 
and  composition  printing-roller ;  devised  process  of '  tin- 
ning '  meat  and  vegetables,  1812  ;  F.R.S.,  1838 ;  M.R.A.S. ; 
gold  medallist  of  Society  of  Arts  for  invention  of  count- 
ing-engine and  a  machine  for  registering  velocities  of 
rotation.  [xv.  217] 

DONKIN,  SIR  RUFANE  SHAW  (1773-1841),  general ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School ;  lieutenant,  44th  foot, 
1793  ;  major,  1795  ;  served  at  St.  Lucia,  1796  ;  commanded 
brigade  at  Talavera,  1809 ;  major-general,  1811  ;  served 
in  Mahratta  war,  1817-18 :  K.O.B.,  1818  ;  acting-governor, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1820  ;  founded  Port  Elizabeth ;  lieu- 


tenant-general, 1821 ;  F.R.S.  and  F.R.G.S. ;  M.P.,  Ber- 
wick, 1832  and  1835,  and  subsequently  for  Sandwich  ; 
surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance,  1835;  colonel,  llth 
foot,  1837 ;  general,  1838 ;  author  of  •  A  Dissertation  on 
the  Course  and  Probable  Termination  of  the  Niger,'  1829, 
and  some  unpublished  tractates.  [xv.  218] 

DONKIN,  WILLIAM  FISHBURN  (1814-1869),  astro- 
nomer ;  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1832  ;  double 
first-class,  1836  ;  Johnson  mathematical  scholar,  1837 : 
M.A.,  1839;  fellow  of  University  College;  Savilian  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  1H42-69 ;  F.R.S.  and 
F.R.A.S. ;  contributed  to  learned  periodicals  ;  a  fragment 
of  his  projected  work  on  acoustics  published,  1870. 

[xv.  220] 

DONLEVY,  ANDREW  (1694  ?-1761  ?),  Irish  eccle- 
siastic ;  prefect  in  the  Irish  college  at  Paris  ;  licentiate 
of  laws,  Paris  University ;  D.D. ;  published  '  The  Cate- 
chism, or  Christian  Doctrine,'  1742,  extant  in  Irish  and 
English,  with  an  appendix  on  '  The  Elements  of  the  Irish 
Language.'  [xv.  221] 

DONN  or  DONNE,  BENJAMIN  (1729-1798),  mathe- 
matician ;  started  mathematical  academy  at  Bristol ; 
master  of  mechanics  to  the  king;  published  maps  of 
South-western  England,  charts  of  the  western  ocean, 
and  works  on  mathematics  and  book-keeping,  [xv.  221] 

DONN,  JAMES  (1758-1813),  botanist ;  curator  of  the 
Cambridge  Botanic  Garden,  1790-1813;  fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society  ;  best  known  as  having  named  Claytonia 
perfoliata.  [xv.  222] 

DONNE  or  DUNN,  SIR  DANIEL  (d.  1617),  civilian  ; 
educated  at  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford;  D.O.L.,  1580; 
principal  of  New  Inn,  1580  ;  dean  of  arches  and  master  of 
requests,  1598 ;  member  of  commission  for  suppression  of 
English  piracy,  1601 ;  appointed  Whitgift's  vicar-general ; 
master  in  chancery ;  commissioner  for  proposed  fisheries 
treaty  with  Denmark,  1602  ;  knighted ;  M.P.  for  Oxford, 
1604  and  1614  ;  a  recognised  authority  on  marriage-law. 

[xv.  222] 

DONNE  or  DUNNE,  GABRIEL  (d.  1558),  Cistercian 
monk;  member  of  St.  Bernard's  College,  Oxford,  and 
M.A. ;  planned  the  arrest  of  William  Tyndale  at  Ant- 
werp, 1535  ;  abbot  of  Buckfastleigh,  Devonshire,  which  he 
surrendered  to  Henry  VIII  in  1539 :  keeper  of  the  spiritual- 
ities of  St.  Paul's,  1549  ;  benefactor  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, [xv.  223] 

DONNE,  JOHN  (1573-1631),  poet  and  divine ;  brought 
up  by  his  mother  in  the  Roman  catholic  religion ;  entered 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  at  an  early  age  to  avoid  the  necessity 
of  taking  the  oath  of  supreniacy,  1584;  friend  of  Sir 
Henry  Wotton  and  Henry  Fitzsimon  [q.  v.] ;  admitted  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1592  ;  sailed  in  Essex's  expedition  to  Cadiz, 
1596 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Egerton,  keeper  of  the 
great  seal,  1596  ;  dismissed  hi  consequence  of  an  impru- 
dent marriage,  1601 ;  strongly  urged  by  Thomas  Morton 
(1564-1659)  [q.  v.],  one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  whom  he 
bad  assisted  in  writing  an  '  Apologia  Christiana,'  to  take 
orders  and  accept  the  living  of  Long  Mars  ton  in  York- 
shire ;  refused,  for  religious  reasons,  1607 :  produced  the 
*  Pseudo-Martyr '  in  answer  to  Bellarmine's  justification 
of  the  popish  recusants,  1610 ;  M.A.  Oxford,  by  decree 
of  convocation,  1610  ;  wrote  '  An  Anatomy  of  the  World,' 
an  elegy  on  the  death  of  Elizabeth, daughter  of  Sir  Robert 
Drury,  1611 ;  wrote  a  funeral  elegy  on  Prince  Henry, 
1612  ;  published  an  '  Epithalamium  '  on  the  marriage  of 
the  count  palatine  and  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  1013; 
wrote  '  Essayes  in  Divinity '  (published  1661)  about  this 
time ;  admitted  a  conditional  right  of  suicide  in  '  Bia- 
thanatos'  (printed  1644);  ordained,  1615;  chaplain  to 
James  I,  1615 ;  D.D.  Cambridge ;  rector  of  Keyston, 
Huntingdonshire,  and  Sevenoaks,  Kent,  1616;  divinity 
reader  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  preaching  sermons  which  rank 
among  the  best  of  the  seventeenth  century,  1616; 
preached  at  Heidelberg  before  the  Princess  Elizabeth, 
1619 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1621-31 ;  prolocutor  of  con- 
vocation, 1623  and  1624 ;  frequently  preached  before 
Charles  I.  Collections  of  his  '  Poems  by  J.  D.'  appeared 
hi  1633  and  1649,  and  '  Letters'  by  him  in  1661.  He  was 
one  of  the  'metaphysical*  poets  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  [xv. 223] 

DONNE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1604-1662),  miscella- 
neous writer  ;  son  of  John  Donne  (1573-1631)  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
tried  for  the  manslaughter  of  a  child  eight  years  old,  but 


DONNE 


351 


DORNFORD 


acquittal,  1633  ;  doctor  of  laws,  Padua  :  incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1(138  ;  held  various  livings  ;  author  of  '  Donnes 
Sutyr,'  a  ribald  production,  1M1-2.  [xv.  2:u] 

DONNE,  WILLIAM  BODHAM(  1807- 1882),  examiner 
of  plays  ;  studied  at  Caiu*  College,  Cambridge :  librarian 
of  the  London  Library,  1852-7 ;  examiner  of  plays  in  the 
lord  chamberlain's  office,  1867-74  ;  published  '  Old  Roads 
and  New  Road?,1  1852,  and  'Essays  upon  the  Drama,' 
1858.  [xv.  234] 

DONNEGAN,  JAMES  (>l.  1841),  lexicographer  ;  gra- 
duate in  medicine  of  a  foreign  university  ;  medical  prac- 
titioner in  London,  1820-35 ;  published  '  A  New  Greek 
and  English  Lexicon,'  1826.  [XT.  235] 

DONNELLY,  SIR  ROSS  (1761  7-1840),  admiral ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1781:  commander,  1794:  captain,  1795;  served 
successively  in  Mediterranean,  1801-5,  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  1805,  Buenos  Ayres,  at  capture  of  Monte  Video, 
and  Cadiz,  1808;  rear-admiral,  1814;  admiral,  1838; 
K.C.B.,  1837.  [Suppl.  ii.  146] 

DONOUGHMORE.  EARLS  OF.  [See  HKLY-HUTCHIN- 
SON,  RICHARD,  first  EARL,  1756-1825 ;  HELY-HUTCHIN- 
SON,  JOHN,  second  EARL,  1757-1832 ;  HELY-HUTCHINSON, 
JOHN,  third  EARL,  1787-1851.] 

DONOVAN,  EDWARD  (1768-1837),  naturalist  and 
author ;  founded  London  Museum  and  Institute  of  Natu- 
ral History,  1807 :  published  works  of  natural  history, 
illustrated  with  drawings  by  himself,  including  'The 
Nests  and  Eggs  of  British  Birds.'  and  '  General  Illustra- 
tions of  Entomology,'  1805.  [xv.  235] 

DOODY,  SAMUEL  (1656-1706),  botanist;  apothecary, 
1696 :  assisted  Ray  in  the  *  Historia  Plantarum '  ;  F.R.S. ; 
curator  of  the  Apothecaries'  Garden,  Chelsea,  1693-1706 ; 
specialist  on  cryptogams.  [xv,236] 

DOOLITTLE,  THOMAS  (1632  ?-1707),  nonconformist 
tutor ;  M.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  pastor  of  St. 
Alphage,  London  Wall,  1653  ;  ejected,  1662 ;  opened 
boarding-school  at  Moorfields ;  licensed  by  the  indulgence 
of  1672  to  a  meeting-house  in  Mugwell  Street ;  his  aca- 
demy ruined  by  its  enforced  removal  from  place  to  place, 
1687 ;  published  theological  treatises,  including  his  cate- 
chetical lectures  as  '  A  Complete  Body  of  Practical  Divi- 
nity,' 1723.  [xv.  236] 

DOPPING,  ANTHONY  (1643-1697),  bishop  succes- 
sively of  Kildare  and  Meath :  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1662 ;  M.A.,  1662 ;  D.D.,  1672 :  chaplain  to  the 
Duke  of  Ormonde :  bishop  of  Kildare,  1679 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  bishop  of  Meath  by  letters  patent,  1682  ;  sug- 
gested to  William  III  the  proclamation  of  a  fast  during 
the  struggle  with  James  II ;  published  orations,  theological 
treatises,  and  political  pamphlets.  [xv.  238] 

DORAN,  JOHN  (1807-1878),  miscellaneous  writer  ;  of 
Irish  parentage ;  author  of  '  Justice,  or  the  Venetian 
Jew,'  a  melodrama,  1824  :  doctor  of  philosophy,  Marburg ; 
literary  editor  of  the  '  Church  and  State  Gazette,'  1841- 
1852;  editor  of  the  'Athenaeum,'  1869-70;  published 
'The  Queens  of  the  House  of  Hanover,'  1855,  'Knights 
and  their  Days,'  1856,  and  an  historical  account  of  the 
English  stage,  entitled  '  Their  Majesties'  Servants,'  1860. 

[xv.  239] 

DORCHESTER,  MARQUISES  OF.  [See  PIERREPONT, 
HENRY,  1606-1680:  PIERRKPONT,  EVELYN,  first  mar- 
quis of  the  second  creation,  1666  7-1726.] 

DORCHESTER,  COUNTESS  OF  (1657-1717).  [See 
SEDLEY,  CATHARINE.] 

DORCHESTER,  VISCOUNT  (1573-1632).  [See  CARLE- 
TON,  SIR  DUDLEY.] 

DORCHESTER,  first  BARON  (1724-1808).  [See  CARLE- 
TON,  GUY.] 

DORIGNY,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1658-1746),  painter  and 
engraver  :  born  at  Paris  ;  studied  painting  and  etching 
at  Rome ;  engraver  of  pictures  of  the  various  Italian 
schools ;  invited  to  engrave  Raphael's  tapestries  in  the 
Vatican  ;  came  to  England  to  study  some  of  the  original 
cartoons,  1711 ;  presented  two  complete  sets  of  engravings 
after  Raphael  to  George  1, 1719  ;  knighted,  1720  ;  member 
of  the  French  Academy,  1725  ;  exhibited  paintings  at  the 
Salon  exhibitions,  1739-1743  ;  died  at  Paris,  [xv.  240] 


DORIN,  JOSEPH  ALEXANDER  (1808-1872),  Indian 
official ;  nominated  to  Jk-ntfal  branch  of  East  India  Com- 
pany's service ;  assistant  to  the  accountant-general,  1K21  ; 
deputy  accountant-general ;  entrusted  by  Lord  Ellen- 
borough  with  re-organisation  of  Indian  finance,  1842 ; 
financial  secretary,  1843  ;  member  of  Lord  Dalhousie's 
council,  1853  ;  advocated  annexation  of  Oude,  when  pre- 
sident of  council ;  assailed  in  the  '  Red  Pamphlet '  as  a 
member  of  Lord  Canning's  government  at  the  time  of  the 
Indian  mutiny,  1857.  [xv.  241] 

DORION,  8m  ANTOINE  AIMK  (1818-1891),  Cana- 
dian judge :  born  in  Canada  ;  advocate,  1843  :  Q.O.,  1868  : 
joined  party  founded  by  Louis  Joseph  Papineau  [q.  v.] ; 
member  for  Montreal,  1854-61,  and  Hochelaga,  1862 :  pro- 
vincial secretary,  1862  ;  attorney-general  east  and  leader 
of  French-Canadian  liberals,  1863-64  :  member  for  Napier- 
ville,  1872 ;  minister  of  justice  and  privy  councillor,  1873  : 
chief-justice  of  court  of  queen's  bench,  Quebec,  1874 ; 
knighted,  1877.  [SuppL  ii.  146] 

DORISLATTS,  ISAAC  (1595-1649),  diplomatist,  born 
at  Alkmaar,  Holland ;  LL.D.  Leyden  :  Grenville  lecturer 
on  history,  Cambridge,  1627  :  practically  compelled  to 
resign  for  defending  the  Dutch  resistance  to  Spain,  1627  ; 
member  of  the  College  of  Advocates,  1645  ;  friend  of 
Wotton  and  Selden  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty  court,  1648  ; 
prepared  the  charge  of  high  treason  against  Charles  I, 
1648 ;  assassinated,  when  envoy  to  the  States-General,  by 
royalists  at  the  Hague.  [xv.  242] 

DORISLATTS,  ISAAC,  the  younger  (d.  1688),  manager 
of  the  post  office,  1660 ;  son  of  Isaac  Dorislaus  (1595- 
1649)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1639 ; 
translator  and  interpreter  to  Thurloe  ;  accompanied  em- 
bassy to  Holland,  1651 ;  solicitor  to  the  court  of  admiralty, 
1653  ;  F.R.S.,  1681.  [xv.  844] 

DORMAN,  THOMAS  (d.  15777),  Roman  catholic 
divine :  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  gave  up  a  prospective  fellowship  for  religious 
reasons ;  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  1564  ;  B.O.L.,  1558 : 
B.D.  Douay,  1565  ;  D.D. ;  died  in  possession  of  a  benefice 
at  Tournay  ;  published  controversial  works,  [xv.  244] 

DORMER,  JAMES  (1679-1741),  lieutenant-general; 
lieutenant  and  captain,  1st  foot  guards,  1700  ;  wounded  at 
Blenheim,  1704 ;  levied  the  present  14th  hussars,  1715 ; 
colonel  of  the  6th  foot,  1720  :  envoy  extraordinary  at 
Lisbon,  c.  1728 ;  lieutenant-general  and  colonel,  1st  troop 
of  horse-grenadier  guards,  1737  ;  governor  of  Hull,  1740. 

[xv. 246] 

DORMER,  JANE,  DUCHESS  OF  FKRIA  (1538-1612), 
companion  of  Queen  Mary ;  second  daughter  of  SirWilliam 
Dormer ;  married  in  1558  Don  Gomez  Suarez  de  Figueroa, 
count  of  Feria,  who  came  to  England  with  Philip  U : 
joined  her  husband  in  Flanders,  1569 ;  promoted  papal 
i  interests ;  took  the  habit  of  the  third  order  of  St.  Francix 


and  founded  a  monastery  near  Villalva. 


[xv. 246] 


DORMER,  JOHN  (1636-1700),  Jesuit :  his  real  name 
HUDDLESTON  ;  professed  Jesuit  father,  1673  ;  preacher  to 
James  II ;  rector  of  the  college  of  Liege,  1688-91 :  died  at 
Liege;  defended  the  taking  of  interest  in  'Usury  Ex- 
plain'd,'  1696.  [xv.  247] 

DORMER,  JOHN  (1734  7-1796),  officer  in  the  Austrian 
army ;  first  rittmeister  in  the  Kleinhold  cuirassier  regi- 
ment, 1763;  transferred  to  Serbelloni's  cuirassier  regi- 
ment, 1768 ;  major,  1782  ;  died  at  Grau.  [xv.  248] 

DORMER,  ROBERT,  EARL  OF  CARNARVON  (d.  1643), 
royalist ;  created  Viscount  Asaot  and  Earl  of  Carnarvon, 
1628 ;  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  second  Scottish 
war,  1641 ;  fought  for  Charles  I  at  Edgehill,  1642  ;  took 
part  in  capture  of  Cirencester,  1643  ;  advised  Lord  Wil- 
mot  to  concentrate  his  forces  against  Haselrig's  cuiras- 
siers at  Roundway  Down,  1643 :  effected  submission  of 
Dorset,  1643 ;  fell  at  the  first  battle  of  Newbury,  1641. 

[xv.  248] 

DORMER,  SIR  ROBERT  (1649-1726),  judge ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1675 ;  chancellor  of  Durham  ;  M.P.,  Aylei- 
bury,  1699  :  M.P.  for  Buckinghamshire,  1701,  for  North- 
allerton,  1702,  and  for  Buckinghamshire  again ;  justice 
of  common  pleas,  1706.  [**.  249] 

DORNFORD,  JOSEPH  (1794-1868),  divine;  half- 
brother  of  Josiah  Dornford  [q.  v.] ;  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  Peninsular  war,  1811;  B.A.  Wadham  College, 


DOBNFORD 


352 


DOUGLAS 


Oxford,  1816  ;  Michel  fellow  of  Queen's  College.  Oxford, 
1817  ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1819  :  M.A.,  1820  :  de:m  and  proctor 
of  Oriel  :  rector  of  Plymtree,  Devonshire,  1832  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Exeter,  1844  ;  published  sermons,  [xv.  25U] 

DORNFORD,  JOSIAH  (1764-1797),  miscellaneous 
writer;  M. A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1792:  LL.D.  Got- 
tingen  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  inspector-general  of 
the  army  accounts  in  the  Leeward  islands,  1795  :  died 
at  Martinique  ;  translated  Putter's  '  Historical  Develope- 
ment  of  the  Present  Political  Constitution  of  the  Germanic 
Empire,'  1790,  and  published  'The  Motives  and  Conse- 
quences of  the  Present  War  impartially  considered,'  1793. 

[xv.  250] 

DORRELL,  WILLIAM  (1651-1721).  [See  DARRKLL, 
WILLIAM.] 

DORRUfGTON,  THEOPHILUS  (d.  1715),  contro- 
versialist ;  studied  medicine  at  Leyden,  1680 ;  published 
an  account  of  his  travels  (1698)  in  Holland  and  Germany  ; 
rector  of  Wittersham,  Kent,  1698-1716  ;  M.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1710:  translated  Puffendorfs  'Divine 
Feudal  Law,'  1703,  and  wrote  against  the  tenets  of  the 
dissenters.  [XT.  250] 

D'ORSAY,  ALFRED  GUILLAUME  GABRIEL, 
COUNT  (1801-1852),  artist ;  served  in  the  Bourbons'  body- 
guard, though  of  imperialist  sympathies  ;  visited  Eng- 
land at  the  coronation  of  George  IV,  1821  ;  mentioned  by 
Byron  as  an  ideal  Frenchman  of  the  ancien  regime ;  joined 
the  Countess  of  Blessington  in  establishing  a  fashionable 
coterie  in  London,  1831 :  painted  the  last  portrait  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  ;  left  London  in  consequence  of  pecu- 
niary embarrassments,  1849 ;  appointed  director  of  the  fine 
arts  by  Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  1852,  shortly  before  his 
death.  [xv.  251] 

DORSET,  DUKES  OF.  [See  SACKVILLE,  LIONEL  ORAN- 
PIKLD,  first  DUKE,  1688-1766 :  SACKVILLK,  CHARLES, 
second  DUKE,  1711-1769;  SACKVILLK,  JOHN  FREDERICK, 
third  DUKE,  1745-1799.] 

DORSET,  MARQUISES  OF.  [See  GREY,  THOMAS,  first 
MARQUIS,  1451-1501 ;  GREY,  THOMAS,  second  MARQUIS, 
1477-1630 ;  GREY,  HBNRY,  third  MARQUIS,  d.  1554.] 

DORSET,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BEAUFORT,  SIR  THOMAS, 
first  EARL  of  the  second  creation,  d.  1427 ;  BEAUFORT, 
EDMUND,  first  EARL  of  the  third  creation,  d.  1455 ;  SACK- 
VILLK, THOMAS,  first  EAHL  of  the  fourth  creation,  1536- 
1608;  SACKVILLK,  ROBKRT,  second  EARL,  1561-1609; 
SACKVILLK,  EDWARD,  fourth  EARL,  1591-1652;  SACK- 
VILLK, CHARLKS,  sixth  EARL,  1638-1706 ;  SACKVILLE, 
RICHARD,  fifth  EARL,  1622-1677.] 

DORSET,  COUNTESS  OF  (1590-1676).  [See  CLIFFORD, 
ANNE.] 

DORSET,  ST.  JOHN  (pseudonym)  (1802-1827).  [See 
BELFOUR,  HUGO  JOHN.] 

DORSET,  CATHERINE  ANN  (1750  ?-1817  ?)  poetess  ; 
nie  Turner;  married,  c.  1770,  Captain  Michael  Dorset; 
author  of  '  The  Peacock  "  at  Home," '  a  poem  for  children, 
1807,  and  probably  of  '  The  Lion's  Masquerade,'  a  poem, 
1807. 

DOUBLEDAY,  EDWARD  (1811-1849),  quakcr  ento- 
mologist ;  brother  of  Henry  Doubleday  [q.  v.] ;  published 
papers  occasioned  by  an  entomological  expedition  ( 1835)  to 
the  United  States  ;  assistant  in  the  British^Museum,  1839- 
1849  ;  secretary  of  the  Entomological  Society  ;  commenced 
'Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,'  1846.  [xv.  254] 

DOUBLEDAY,  HENRY  (1808-1875),  quaker  natu- 
ralist ;  introduced  practice*  of  capturing  moths  at  sallow- 
blossoms  and  '  sugaring ' ;  published  '  A  Nomenclature  of 
British  Birds,'  1838 ;  member  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  London,  1833 ;  attempted  to  establish  a  uniform  system 
of  entomological  nomenclature  by  his  'Synonymic  List 
of  British  Lepidoptera,'  1847-50.  [xv.  264] 

DOUBLEDAY,  THOMAS (1790-1870),  poet,  dramatist, 
radical  politician,  and  political  economist ;  agitated  for 
reform,  1832  ;  secretary  to  the  northern  political  union  ; 
joined  in  presenting  address  to  Karl  Grey  pointing  out 
deficiencies  in  the  newly  passed  reform  bill,  1832 ;  published 
'  Essay  on  Mundane  Moral  Government,'  1832, '  The  True 
Law  of  Population  shown  to  be  connected  with  the  Food 
of  the  People,'  1842,  '  The  Eve  of  8k  Mark '  (poem),  and 
drama;  and  other  works.  [xv.  255] 


DOTJCE,  FRANCIP  (1757-183-0.  antiqn:ir\  :  at  one 
time  keeper  of  the  manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum: 
published  '  Illustrations  of  Shakespeare.'  1807  ;  assisted 
Scott  in  the  preparation  of  *  Sir  Tristram ' ;  edited 
'Arnold's  Chronicle,'  1811  ;  edited  'The  Recreative  Re- 
view,' 1821-3;  published  with  a  dissertation  'The  Dance 
of  Death,*  1833:  bequeathed  his  manuscripts,  prints, 
and  coins  to  the  Bodleian  Library,  and  his  unpublished 
essays  to  the  British  Museum.  [xv.  256] 

DOUDNEY,  DAVID  ALFRED  (1811-1894),  educa- 
tional pioneer  ;  entered  printing  firm  in  London,  1832,  and 
started  business  independently,  18:!5 ;  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  'Gospel  Magazine,'  1840 ;  ordained  priest,  1847  ; 
vicar  of  Kilrush  and  curate  of  Monksland,  co.  Waterford, 
1847-59  ;  established  industrial  schools  at  Bunmahon  and, 
later,  at  Bedminster,  where  he  was  perpetual  curate  of 
St.  Luke's,  1859  till  death  ;  published  religious  works. 

[SuppL  ii.  147] 

DOUG  ALL,  JOHN  (1760-1822),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University ;  private  secretary  to 
General  Melville ;  chief  works,  '  The  Modern  Preceptor,' 
1810,  and  '  The  Cabinet  of  Arts,'  1821.  [xv.  257] 

DOUGALL,  NEIL  (1776-1862),  Scottish  poet  and 
musical  composer ;  served  on  board  a  government  pri- 
vateer, and  was  accidentally  wounded  by  a  shot  during 
the  rejoicings  at  Lord  Howe's  victory,  1794 ;  composed 
psalm  and  hymn  tunes ;  published  '  Poems  and  Songs,' 
1854.  [XY.  257] 

DOUGHARTY,  JOHN  (1677-1765),  mathematician ; 
of  Irish  extraction ;  published  '  Mathematical  Digests ' 
and  a  'General  Gauger,'  1750.  [XY.  257] 

DOUGHTIE  or  DOUGHTY,  JOHN  (1598-1672), 
divine;  B.A.,  and  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1619  : 
M.A.,  1622 ;  joined  the  cavalier  forces ;  D.D.,  and  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster  Abbey,  1660 ;  rector  of  Oheam, 
1662.  [xv.  258] 

DOUGHTY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1782),  portrait-painter 
and  mezzotint  engraver ;  pupil  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  : 
painted  a  portrait  of  the  poet  Gray  from  description  and 
profile  outline;  excelled  in  mezzotint  engraving;  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1779  ;  captured  by  a  French 
squadron  while  on  the  way  with  his  wife  to  India ;  died 
at  Lisbon.  [xv.  258] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1738-1812),  physician ; 
son  of  Sir  Robert  Douglas  of  Glenbervie  [q.  v.] ;  M.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1760;  L.R.O.P.,  1796;  physician  to  the 
king's  forces  in  Scotland.  [xv.  258] 

DOUGLAS,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,  tenth  DUKE 
OF  HAMILTON  (1767-1852),  premier  peer  in  the  peerage  of 
Scotland ;  colonel  of  Lanarkshire  militia  and  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  the  county,  1801;  M.P.  for  Lancaster,  1803; 
privy  councillor  and  ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg,  1806  ; 
succeeded  as  Duke  of  Hamilton,  1819 ;  E.G.,  1836  ;  F.R.S. 
and  F.S.A. ;  claimed  to  be  the  true  heir  to  the  throne  of 
Scotland.  [xv.  259] 

DOUGLAS,  ANDREW  (d.  1725),  navy  captain; 
helped  to  burst  the  boom  at  the  siege  of  Londonderry, 
1689;  commander  of  the  Norwich,  1701;  cashiered,  on 
the  charge  of  having  used  his  commission  for  private  ends 
at  Port  Royal,  1704 ;  reinstated,  1709.  [xv.  259] 

DOUGLAS,  ANDREW  (1736-1806),  physician ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University:  surgeon  in  the  navy, 
1756-75  ;  M.D.Edinburgh,  1775  ;  L.R.C.P.,  177G ;  published 
works  on  uterine  surgery.  [xv.  260] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (12967-1333),  regent 
of  Scotland  ;  youngest  son  of  Sir  William  of  Douglas, 
'  the  Hardy '  [q.  v.] :  Scottish  leader  during  the  minority 
of  David  II ;  defeated  Edward  de  Baliol,  the  newly  crowned 
king,  at  Annan,  1332  :  regent,  1333 ;  defeated  and  slain  at 
-Halidon,  1333.  [xv.  261] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  third  EARL  OF  DOUGLAS, 
called  «  THE  GRIM  '  (1328  ?-1400  ?),  natural  son  of  '  the 
Good '  Sir  James  Douglas  (1286  7-1330)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted 
during  a  period  of  detention  in  England  ;  constable  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1361 ;  warden  of  the  western  marches,  1364  and 
1368;  ambassador  from  David  II  to  the  French  court,  1369  ; 
renewed  the  Frencli  alliance  by  the  treaty  of  Vincennes, 
1371  ;  lord  of  Galloway  by  the  purchase  of  land,  1372 ; 
established  and  rigorously  administered  the  feudal  regime 


DOUGLAS 


DOUGLAS 


in  Galloway ;  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Douglas,  1386 ;  nick- 
named the  'Black  Douglas';  invaded  England,  1389; 
worked  towards  including  Scotland  in  the  peace  between 
Kiij.'laud  nnd  France,  1389  and  1391 ;  codified  the  laws  of 
the  marches.  [xv.  261] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  fourth  KARL  OF  DOUGLAS, 
first  DUKK  OK  TouiiAiNK(136'J  ?-l  424),  called  'TVNEMAX,' 
sou  of  Archibald  'the  Grim'  (1328?-1400?)  [q.  v.] ; 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Kobert  III,  1390;  keeper 
of  Edinburgh  Castle,  1400 ;  warden  of  the  marches  ;  allied 
himself  with  the  Duke  of  Albany,  then  forming  designs 
upon  the  throne  of  Scotland,  1402 ;  probably  implicated  in 
murder  of  Rothesay  ;  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  Mil- 
field,  Northumberland,  by  the  Earl  of  March  and  Hotspur, 
1402  ;  fought  on  the  side  of  Hotspur  at  Shrewsbury,  1403, 
when  he  was  again  made  prisoner  ;  ransomed,  1408 ;  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  Jean  Sans  Peur,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
at  Paris,  1412  ;  unsuccessfully  besieged  Roxburgh,  1417  ; 
conciliated  by  Henry  V  in  1421 ;  led  Scottish  contingent 
to  the  help  of  Charles  VIII,  regent  of  France,  1423 ;  re- 
warded by  a  lieutenant-generalship  and  the  duchy  of 
Touraine ;  canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Tours  ;  defeated  by 
the  Duke  of  Bedford  at  Yerneuil  and  slain:  buried  at 
Tours.  [XT.  263] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  fifth  EARL  OP  DOUGLAS 
and  second  DUKE  OF  TOURAIXK  (1391  ?-1439),  son  of 
Archibald,  fourth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  fought  for  Charles  VI 
against  the  English  at  Beauge,  1421 ;  conducted  James  I 
home  from  his  English  captivity :  arrested  by  James  I  for 
disaffection ;  released,  but  (1431)  again  kept  in  custody 
for  a  short  time ;  member  of  the  council  of  regency, 
1437 ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom,  1438-9. 

[xv.  266] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  fifth  EARL  OF  ANGUS, 
•  TUB  GREAT  EARL  '  (Bell-the-Oat)  (1449  ?-1514),  sou  of 
George  Douglas,  fourth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  warden  of  the  east 
marches,  1481  ;  took  part  in  the  alliance  which  the  Scot- 
tish nobles  formed  with  Edward  IV  •  declared  to  his  con- 
federates that  he  would  'bell  the  cat,'  i.e.  kill  Robert 
Cochrane,  Earl  of  Mar  [q.  v.],  the  hated  favourite  of 
James  III ;  followed  up  his  words  by  leading  an  attack  on 
Cochrane,  after  whose  execution  the  king  was  made 
prisoner ;  shared  in  Albany's  intrigues  with  Edward  IV, 
which  he  renounced  in  1483  ;  intrigued  with  Henry  VII, 
1491  ;  received  into  favour  by  James  IV,  1493 ;  chan- 
cellor, 1493-8  ;  tried  to  dissuade  James  IV  from  fighting 
at  a  disadvantage  at  Flodden,  1513 ;  died  at  Whithorn 
Priory,  Wigtownshire,  while  engaged  iu  his  duties  of 
justiciar.  [xv.  268] 

DOUGLAS,  SIB  ARCHIBALD  (1480  ?-1640  ?),  of 
Kilspiudie  ;  high  treasurer  of  Scotland ;  son  of  Archibald 
Douglas,  fifth  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.] ;  provost  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1519  and  1526-8;  member  of  the  privy  council  of 
Scotland ;  searcher-principal  for  preventing  the  export 
of  bullion  ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1526 ;  outlawed  in  conse- 
quence of  a  change  in  the  government  of  Scotland  ;  fled 
to.  the  court  of  Henry  VIII ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1584, 
to  ask  forgiveness  from  James  V,  who  sent  bun  to  France, 
where  he  died  in  exile.  [xv.  270] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  sixth  EARL  OF  Ax<;rs 
(14897-1557),  grandson  of  Archibald  Douglas,  fifth  earl 
[q.  v.1 :  privately  married  in  1514  to  the  queen-dowager, 
Margaret  Tudor,  Henry  VIII's  sister,  whom  the  privy  coun- 
cil declared  to  have  forfeited  the  regency  in  consequence : 
deprived  Beaton,  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  of  the  great  seal 
for  his  influence  over  the  privy  council ;  joined  Argyll  iu 
declaring  the  Duke  of  Albany  protector,  1515 ;  required 
by  Albany  to  give  up  the  possession  of  the  young  king 
James  V,  Margaret's  son,  a  demand  which  the  queen 
resented,  though  her  husband  temporised;  withdrew  to 
Forfarshire,  while  Margaret  was  besiegal  in  Stirling,  1515 ; 
appointed  member  of  council  of  regency  by  Albany,  theu 
just  leaving  for  France ;  contested  the  supreme  power  with 
the  Earl  of  Arran,  whom  Maria  rot  favoured;  defeated 
Arran  in  the  streets  of  Edinburgh,  1520  :  sent  into  exile 
in  France  on  the  return  of  the  Duke  of  Albany,  1520  ; 
escaped  to  the  court  of  Henry  VIII,  1524 ;  returned  to 
Scotland,  where  Margaret  had  obtained  the  recognition  of 
her  son,  a  boy  of  twelve,  as  King  James  V,  1524 ;  ordered 
by  Margaret  to  leave  Edinburgh,  1524:  trusting  to  sup- 
port of  Henry  VIII  and  Scottish  nobles,  demanded  that 
Margaret  should  give  up  the  custody  of  her  son :  licu- 
luiant  of  the  east  and  middle  marches,  1626 ;  guardian  of 


Margaret's  son,  James  V,  in  turn  with  the  Earl  of  Arran 
and  some  other  nobles,  but  refused  to  hand  over  the 
custody  of  him  at  the  end  of  his  allotted  time ;  declared 
the  king's  majority,  1526 :  chancellor,  1526;  maintained 
his  hold  over  the  young  king  against  the  will  of  the  latter, 
who  was  an  accomplice  in  most  of  the  attempts  to  rescue 
him  from  Angus's  custody ;  defeated  and  slew  his  rival, 
Lennox  ;  a  divorce  from  him  obtained  by  Margaret,  1528 ; 
was  ordered  to  live  north  of  the  Spey,  but  disobeyed,  1528 ; 
forfeited  for  high  treason,  1528 :  his  pardon  demanded  by 
Henry  VIII,  but  not  granted ;  lived  in  England  till  1542  ; 
returned  to  Scotland  on  the  death  of  James  V,  a  ruthless 
enemy  of  the  Douglas  family ;  privy  councillor,  1543 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1543  ;  entered  into  hostilities  with  the 
regent  Arran,  but  subsequently  made  compact  with  him 
to  resist  the  English  ;  lieutenant  of  Scotland  south  of  the 
Forth,  1544 ;  commanded  the  van  at  Pinkie,  1547  ;  repelled 
Lonl  Whartou's  invasion,  1548  ;  recognised,  though  with 
some  show  of  ill-humour,  the  regency  of  the  queeu- 
dowager,  Mary  of  Guise,  1554.  [xv.  271] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD  (/.  1565-1686),  parson  of 
Glasgow ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1565 ;  fled  to 
France  after  murder  of  Rizzio,  favourite  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  in  which  he  was  implicated,  1566  ;  lord  of  session, 
1568 ;  made  parson  of  Glasgow  after  some  objections  from 
the  kirk,  1572;  imprisoned  in  Stirling  Castle  for  send- 
ing money  to  the  party  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1572 ; 
accused  before  the  council  of  being  concerned  in 
Darnley's  murder,  1580  ;  fled  to  England;  degraded  from 
the  bench  and  forfeited,  1581 ;  pardoned  for  all  acts  of 
treason,  and  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  Daruley  by  a 
packed  jury,  1586 ;  ambassador  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
witness  against  Queen  Mary.  [xv.  280] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  eighth  EARL  OF  ANGUS 
(1555-1588),  nephew  of  James  Douglas,  fourth  earl  of 
Morton  [q.v.] ;  supported  the  marriage  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  to  Darnley,  in  return  for  her  confirmation  of  the 
charter  granted  by  James  V  to  the  sixth  earl ;  studied 
at  St.  Andrews  ;  member  of  the  privy  council,  1573 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general south  of  the  Forth,  1674  ;  warden  of  west 
marches,  1577  ;  adhered  to  the  Earl  of  Morton,  his  uncle 
and  guardian,  when  removed  from  the  regency,  1578; 
lieutenant-general  of  the  king,  on  Morton's  return  to 
power ;  planned  an  invasion  of  Scotland  with  Randolph, 
the  English  envoy,  but  was  detected  and  fled  to  England ; 
friend  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  ;  pardoned  by  the  influence  of 
the  Earls  of  Mar  and  Gowrie,  1582;  attainted  for  his 
share  in  their  unsuccessful  insurrection,  1584  ;  his  re- 
moval to  Cambridge  suggested  by  the  Earl  of  Arran, 
with  the  consent  of  Elizabeth,  1585 ;  took  Stirling  town 
and  castle  in  pursuance  of  a  plot  formed  in  exile  against 
Arrau,  1585 ;  lieutenant-general,  1586 ;  his  death,  the 
result  of  consumption,  attributed  to  sorcery,  1588. 

[xv.  281] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  EARL  OF  ORMOND  and 
LOKU  ANGUS  (1609-1655),  eldest  son  of  William,  eleventh 
earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.] ;  member  of  the  privy  council  of 
Scotland,  1636  ;  vacillated  hi  his  opinions  on  the  new 
i  service-book,  originally  (1636)  approving  its  use ;  extra- 
j  ordinary  lord  of  session,  1631 ;  signed  the  covenant,  but 
was  unwilling  to  take  up  arms  in  its  defence ;  commis- 
sioner for  the  covenanters  in  England,  1643 ;  colonel  of 
Douglas  regiment  in  France,  1646 ;  member  of  committee 
of  estates,  1650 ;  created  Earl  of  Ormond,  1651 ;  fined 
1,000/.  by  Cromwell's  act  of  grace,  1664.  [xv.  286] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD  (d.  1667),  captain ;  refused 
to  retire  before  De  Kuyter's  fleet  in  the  Medway,  and 
perished  in  the  burning  of  his  ship,  the  Royal  Oak. 

[xv.  285] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  first  EARL  OK  FOUFAR 
(1653-1712),  son  of  Archibald,  earl  of  Ormond  [q.  v.]; 
created  Earl  of  Forfar,  1661;  sat  in  parliament,  1670; 
took  important  part  in  invitation  to  Prince  of  Orange, 
1688  ;  lord  of  the  Scots  treasury ;  built  the  modern  Both- 
well  Castle.  [xv.  286] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  second  EARL  OF  FORFAR 
(1693-1715),  son  of  Archibald  Douglas,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
colonel  of  the  10th  regiment  of  infantry,  1713 ;  envoy 
extraordinary  to  Prussia,  1714 ;  killed  on  the  king's  side  at 
Sheriff muir,  1715.  [xv.  286] 

DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  third  MARQUIS  and  first 
DUKE  OF  DOUGLAS  (1694-1761),  son  of  James,  second 

A  A 


DOUGLAS 


354 


DOUGLAS 


mrmjuis  of  Douglas  [q.  v.]  :  Duke  of  Douglas  by  patent, 
1 7ii."  :  raided  mrimriit  for  the  king  and  fought  nt  slicrilT- 
niuir,  171ft;  actively  resented  the  secret  marriage  of  his 
sister,  Lady  Jane  Douglas,  but,  on  investigating  the 
circumstances  of  the  case  after  her  death,  settled  his 
estates  on  her  son,  Archibald  James  Edward  [q.  v.] 

[xv.  286] 

DOUGLAS  (formerly  STKWART),  ARCHIBALD 
.1 A  M KS  EDWARD,  ftrst  BARON  DOUGLAS  OF  DOUGLAS 
(1748-1827) ;  claimant  in  the  great  Douglas  lawsuit ;  son 
of  Lady  Jane  Douglas  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Rugby  and 
Westminster :  his  right  to  the  Douglas  estates  assailed  by 
the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  heir  male  of  the  family,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  not  a  real  son  of  Colonel  Stewart  and 
Lady  Jane  Douglas ;  the  estates  confirmed  to  him  by  the 
House  of  Lords  on  appeal  from  the  court  of  session,  1769  ; 
lord-lieutenant  and  M.P.  for  Forfarshire ;  created  Baron 
Douglas  of  Douglas,  1790.  [xv.  287] 

DOUGLAS,  Miss  ARCHIBALD  RAMSAY  (1807- 
1886),  miniature-painter;  daughter  of  William  Douglas 
(1780-1832)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1834,  1836,  and  1841.  [xv.  375] 

DOUGLAS,  BRICE  DK  (rf.  1222).    [SeeBRiciK.] 

DOUGLAS,  CATHERINE,  DUOHKSS  OF  QT-KKNS- 
BERRY  (rf.  1777),  an  eccentric  woman  of  fashion  ;  second 
daughter  of  Henry  Hyde,  earl  of  Clarendon  and  Rochester ; 
wife  of  Charles  Douglas,  third  duke  of  Queensberry  [q.  v.]  ; 
correspondent  of  Swift  and  friend  of  Congreve,  Thomson, 
Pope,  Prior,  and  Whitehead.  [xv.  289] 

DOUGLAS,  CHARLES,  third  DUKE  OF  QCEKNSBKRRY 
and  second  DUKK  OF  DOVKR  (1698-1778).  son  of  James 
Douglas,  second  duke  of  Queensberry  and  first  duke  of 
Dover  [q.  v.] ;  privy  councillor  and  vice-admiral  of  Scot- 
land ;  took  up  the  cause  of  Gay,  when  a  license  for  his 
opera  '  Polly '  was  refused,  1728 :  quarrelled  with  George  II 
and  resigned  his  appointments,  1728  ;  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  of  Scotland,  1760  ;  lord  justice-general,  1763-78. 

[xv.  288] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  baronet  (d.  1789), 
rear-admiral :  prevented  by  ice  in  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
carrying  stores  and  reinforcements  to  Quebec,  1775 ; 
relieved  Quebec,  1776  :  created  baronet,  1777  :  captain  of 
the  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Dominica,  1 782 ;  sometimes 
credited  wrongly  with  personally  planning  the  manoeuvre 
of  breaking  the  French  line  which  led  to  the  victory : 
commander-in-chief  on  the  Halifax  station,  1783-6  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1787 ;  invented  improvements  in  naval  gunnery. 

[xv.  289] 

DOUGLAS,  DAVID  (1798-1834),  botanist  and  tra- 
veller ;  collected  in  United  States  for  Royal  Horticultural 
Society,  1823 :  discovered  '  Douglas's  spruce,'  and  intro- 
duced into  Europe  various  plants,  including  the  common 
•  ribes' :  fellow  of  the  Linnean,  Geological,  and  Zoological 
societies  :  gored  to  death  by  a  wild  bull  in  the  Sandwich 
islands,  1834.  [xv.  291] 

DOUGLAS,  FRANCIS  (1710  7-1790  ?),  miscellaneous 
writer:  started  the  'AVierdeeu  Intelligencer,'  a  Jacobite 
organ,  1750:  rewarded  with  the  life-rent  of  Abbots-Inch 
farm,  near  Paisley,  for  a  pamphlet  maintaining  claim  of 
Archibald  Douglas  (1748-1827)  [q.  v.]  to  Douglas  estates. 
His  works  include  '  History  of  the  Rebellion  in  1745  and 
1746,' 1755, and  'Life of  James Crichton of  Clunie'(1760?). 

[xv.  291] 

DOUGLAS,  FREDERICK  SYLVESTER  NORTH 
(1791-1819),  author ;  son  of  Sylvester  Douglas  [q.  v.] : 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1813;  M.P.,  Banbury,  1812  and  1818; 
published  '  An  Essay  on  certain  Points  of  Resemblance 
between  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Greek*,'  1813. 

[xv.  349] 

DOUGLAS,  GAWIN  or  GAVIN  (1474  ?-l 522),  Scottish 
poet  and  bishop ;  third  son  of  Archibald,  fifth  earl  of 
Angus  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews,  1489-94,  and 
perhaps  at  Paris ;  provost  of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  1501 : 
named  abbot  of  Aberbrothock  and  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews,  1514 ;  ousted  from  the  abbacy  by  James  Beaton, 
archbishop  of  Glasgow  [q.  v.],  1614,  also  from  the  arch- 
bishopric by  Hepburn,  the  prior.  1514  :  nominated  bishop 
of  Dunkeld  by  Queen  Margaret  (1515),  but  imprisoned  by 
the  Duke  of  Albany  for  receiving  bolls  from  the  pope ;  re- 
leased on  the  remonstrance  of  Leo  X  :  bishop  of  Dunkold. 
1516-20;  accompanied  Albany  to  France,  1617  ;  deprived 
of  his  bishopric  for  going  to  the  Knglish  court  in  the  inte- 
rest of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Angus,  lf.'.M  ;  friend  of  Polydore 


i  Vergil  [q.  v.]  ;  died  of  the  plague,  1522.    Douglas  wrote  two 
1  allegorical  poems,  entitled,  '  The  Palic*  of  Honour'  (first 
published,  1553  V),  and  'King  Hart'  (first  printed,  1786), 
also  a  translation  of  the  JEneid  with  prologues  (first  edi- 
tion, 1553),  which  constitutes  him   the  earliest  clas-icul 
,  translator  in  the  language.  [xv.  292] 

DOUGLAS,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OF  ANGUS  (13807- 

1403)  ;  created  Earl  of  Angus  by  a  charter  of  Robert  II, 

'   1389  ;  fought  under  Archibald  Douglas  at  Homildon,  an-l 

I  was  taken  prisoner,  1402  ;  died  of  the  plague  in  England, 

1403.  [xv.  295] 

DOUGLAS.  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL  OF  Axom  mid 
LORD  OF  Doi -(;i. AS  ( 1  »12  7-1462) ;  commanded  James  II's 
forces  against  the  Douglases  at  Arkinbolm,  1455  ;  defeated 
Douglas  and  Percy,  1468  ;  supported  Henry  VI  against 
Yorkists,  1461:  resisted  queen-dowager's  schemes  for 
regency  on  death  of  James  I  [ :  transferred  power  of 
Angus  Douglases  from  Forfarshire  to  the  border. 

[xv.  295] 

DOUGLAS.  SIR  GEORGE,  of  Pittendriech,  MASTER 
OF  ANGUS  (1490  7-1552),  younger  brother  of  Archibald, 
sixth  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.] ;  diplomatic  leader  of  the 
English  party  in  Scotland ;  master  of  the  household,  when 
James  V  was  in  the  hands  of  his  brother;  negotiated 
reconciliation  between  his  brother  and  Governor  Arran, 
1542:  imprisoned  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  1544;  favoured, 
but  would  never  actively  support,  English  aggression. 

[xv.  296] 

DOUGLAS,  LORD  GEORGE.  EARL  OF  DUMBARTON 
(1636?-1692),  colonel  of  the  Douglas  regiment  in  the 
service  of  Louis  XIV ;  created  Earl  of  Dumbarton,  1675  ; 
suppressed  Argyll's  rising,  1685;  accompanied  James  II 
to  France :  died  at  St.  Germain-en- Lay e.  [xv.  297] 

DOUGLAS,  GEORGE,  fourth  BAKON  MORDINGTON 
(d.  1741),  author;  defended  constitutional  monarchy  in 
'The  Great  Blessing  of  a  Monarchical  Government, 
when  .  .  .  bounded  by  the  Laws,'  1724.  [xv.  297] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  HOWARD,  third  baronet (1776-1861)  ; 
general ;  son  of  Rear-admiral  Sir  Charles  Douglas  [q.  v.] ; 
first  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1794  ;  commanded  regiment 
at  Quebec-,  employed  on  mission  to  the  Cherokees,  1797  ; 
served  with  Congreve's  mortar-brigade,  1803-4  ;  captain, 
royal  artillery,  1804 ;  major-general  and  inspector-general 
of  instructions  in  the  Royal  Military  College,  High 
Wycombe;  fought  as  assistant  quartermaster-general 
at  Coruna,  1809 ;  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Flushing, 
1809;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1809;  patented  'Douglas's 
reflecting  circle,'  1811 ;  sent  by  Lord  Liverpool  to  report 
on  Spanish  armies  in  Galicia  and  Asturias,  1811  ;  F.R.S., 
1812:  major-general,  1821;  published  work  on  military 
bridges,  1816,  treatise  on  Carnot's  system  of  fortification, 
1819,  and  another  treatise  on  naval  gunnery,  1820: 
governor  of  New  Brunswick,  1823-8,  and  founder  of  the 
university  of  Fredericton ;  published  'Naval  Evolutions,' 
1832,  maintaining  that  his  father  had  originated  the 
manreuvre  of  breaking  the  line  ;  G.C.M.G..  1836  ;  lord  high 
commissioner  of  the  Ionian  islands,  for  which  he  drew  up 
the  Douglas  code,  1835-40 ;  colonel,  99th  foot,  1841  :  G.C.B., 
civil  division,  1841 ;  M.P.,  Liverpool,  1842-6 :  general, 
1851 ;  F.R.G.S.  [xv.  298] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  JAMES,  of  Douglas,  'the  Good,' 
LORD  OF  DOUGLAS  (12867-1330),  son  of  William  dc 
Douglas,  '  the  Hardy '  [q.  v.]  ;  deprived  of  his  inheritance 
by  Pidward  I ;  three  times  destroyed  an  English  garrison 
in  his  castle  of  Douglas,  which  he  burnt  twice  :  joined 
Bruce  in  raiding  the  Lord  of  Lome;  frequently  raided 
England  ;  knighted  at  Bannockburn.  1314  ;  warden  of 
the  marches ;  defeated  the  archbishop  of  York  and  the 
bishop  of  Ely  at  Mitton  in  Yorkshire,  the  engagement  being 
known  as  the  '  Chapter  of  Mitton,'  from  the  large  number 
of  ecclesiastics  slain,  1319  :  surprised  troops  led  by  Edward 
III,  after  which  the  English  army  was  dismissed  and 
peace  followed  ;  set  out  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land, 
carrying  the  heart  of  Bruce,  in  accordance  with  that 
king's  dying  wish,  but  was  killed  on  the  way,  or  some  s-ay 
on  his  return  journey,  while  fighting  against  the  Moors  in 
Andalusia.  [xv.  301] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  second  EARL  OF  DOT-OLA* 
(13587-1388):  married  by  papal  dispensation  to  Isabel, 
daughter  of  Robert  II,  1373  ;  assisted  against  Knsrland  by 
Sir  John  de  Vienne,  admiral  of  France,  1385  :  acquiesced, 
on  payment  of  a  subsidy,  in  the  departure  of  hi?  French 
'  allies,  who  were  weary  of  their  subordinate  position,  1386  ; 


DOUGLAS 


.455 


DOUGLAS 


defeated  (lie  two  son*  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  at 
the  battle  of  Otterburu,  but  was  slain  before  the  victory 
was  assured.  [xv.  304] 

DOUGLAS.  .JAMKS.  ~c \vnth  EARL  OP  DOUGLAS, 
'theGross'  or  '  Fat'  ( 1IJ71  ?-1443),  sou  of  Archibald  '  the 
Grim,'  third  earl  (132s  V-l-KH)  V)  [q.  v.]  ;  supported  the 
regent  Albany,  who  allowed  him  to  make  profit  out  of  the 
customs;  sat  on  the  ;issi/,c-  which  tried  the  Duke  of 
Albany,  1425  ;  granted  lauds  and  baronies  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  bonier  by  James  I ;  created  Earl  of  Avon- 
dale,  1437  ;  possibly  connived  at  the  murder  of  his  grand- 
nephew,  William,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the  earldom. 

[xv.  306] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  ninth  EAIIL  OF  DOUGLAS  (1426- 
1488),  second  son  of  James  '  the  Gross,'  seventh  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
*made  a  journey  to  Rome,  1450 ;  denounced  James  11  as  a 
traitor  after  the  assassination  of  his  brother  William, 
eighth  earl  of  Douglas  [q.  v.],  1452 ;  overawed  into  sub- 
mission after  the  forfeiture  of  his  allies,  Crawford  and 
Lindsay,  promising  to  do  his  duty  as  warden  of  the  marches 
and  relinquish  the  earldom  of  Wigtou  and  lordship  of 
Stewarton,  1452  ;  married  his  brother's  widow,  the  Maid  of 
Galloway,  1453  ;  commissioner  for  arranging  a  truce  with 
England,  1453  ;  forced  to  fly  to  England,  1455,  his  brothers 
and  adherents  having  been  routed ;  forfeited,  1465 ; 
knight  of  the  Garter  in  return  for  his  services  to  Ed- 
ward IV.  While  raiding  Scotland  he  gave  himself  up, 
that  an  old  retainer  might  earn  the  promised  reward  for 
his  capture,  and  died  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Lindores. 

[xv. 307] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  OF  MORTON  (rf. 
1581),  regent  of  Scotland ;  son  of  Sir  George  Douglas  of 
Pittendriech  [q.  v.] ;  Earl  of  Morton  in  right  of  his  wife, 
Elizabeth  Douglas,  1553  ;  subscribed  the  first  bond  of  the 
Scottish  reformers,  1557,  but  withdrew  his  support  in 
1559 ;  privy  councillor  on  arrival  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  in  Scotland  :  assisted  in  suppressing  Huntly's  con- 
spiracy, 1562  ;  lord  chancellor,  1563 ;  supported  marriage 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  Darnley,  but  without  much 
enthusiasm,  1565  ;  procured  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  Mary's 
favourite,  and  joined  Ruthven  and  Maitland  in  signing 
a  bond  which  promised  the  crown  matrimonial  to 
Darnley,  1566;  tied  to  England,  1566,  being  denounced 
by  Darnley  ;  ordered  into  retirement,  1566  ;  pardoned  by 
the  influence  of  Bothwell,  Mary's  new  favourite,  De- 
cember 1566  ;  disapproved  of  the  murder  (1567)  of  Darnley, 
but  refused  to  serve  as  a  juryman  on  the  trial  of  Both- 
well  ;  signed  bond  for  Both  well's  marriage  with  the  queen, 
1567 ;  seized  Edinburgh  and  called  upon  the  citizens  to 
join  the  confederacy  against  Bothwell,  whom,  however, 
he  allowed  to  escape  on  the  surrender  of  Mary  at  Carberry 
Hill,  1567 ;  suggested  Mary's  imprisonment  in  the  fortalice 
of  Lochleven,  1567 ;  lord  chancellor  and  member  of  the 
council  of  regency,  1567 ;  led  the  van  at  Langside,  1568  ; 
adviser  of  the  regent  Moray,  whom  he  prepared  to  sup- 
port at  Maitland's  trial  for  the  murder  of  Darnley; 
induced  Elizabeth  to  declare  for  the  young  king  James  VI, 
in  anger  at  the  assassination  of  Moray,  1569;  prac 
tically  controlled  the  government  during  the  regency  of 
Lennox,  1569 ;  quarrelled  with  Lennox ;  lord-general  of 
the  kingdom  at  the  commencement  of  the  Earl  of  Mar's 
regency  ;  approved  the  proposal  of  Queen  Elizabeth  that 
Mary  should  be  handed  over  to  the  reformers,  1572 ; 
regent,  1572 :  pronounced  a  funeral  eulogy  over  John 
Knox,  1572;  obtained  promises  of  support  from  Eliza- 
beth, and  induced  Huntly  and  the  Hauiiltous  to  desert 
the  cause  of  Mary,  1573;  reduced  Edinburgh  Castle, 
1573 :  passed  an  act  against  '  ryding  and  incursions  in 
Ingland,'  1575;  established  justice  eyres  to  levy  fines 
for  criminal  acts  and  nonconformity  to  protestantism; 
endeavoured  to  perpetuate  the  episcopal  system  and 
bring  about  a  practical  union  with  England ;  accused  of 
avarice  for  taking  into  his  own  hands  the  management 
of  the  third  part  of  the  revenues  of  the  benefices,  which 
had  been  set  apart  for  the  support  of  the  reformed 
clergy ;  refused  to  be  bribed  by  Prance  into  recommend- 
ing Mary's  liberation ;  ousted  from  the  regency  by  Argyll 
and  Atholl,  who  prevailed  on  James  VI  to  assume  the 
government,  1578 ;  re-established  himself  at  the  head  of 
affairs  by  consent  of  a  parliament  held  at  Stirling  Castle, 
1578  ;  had  the  Hamilton  estates  sequestrated  in  retaliation 
for  the  murder  of  Moray  and  Lennox ;  accused  by 
Bsme  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox,  with  the  connivance  of 
James  VI,  of  having  contrived  Darnley's  murder  ;  brought 
to  trial  and  convicted  of  '  being  council,  concealing,  and 


being  art  and  part  of   the  king's  murder ' ;    executed, 
1581.  [xv.  309] 

DOUGLAS,  LORD  JAMES  or  WILLIAM  (1617- 
1645),  military  commander  ;  second  son  of  William,  first 
marquis  of  Douglas  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  Louis  XIII's 
Scots  regiment,  1637 ;  killed  in  a  skirmish  near  Arras. 

[xv.  322] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  second  EARL  OK  QI-KKSSIIKKRY 
(d.  1671) ;  taken  prisoner  when  on  his  way  to  join  Mont- 
rose  after  the  battle  of  Kilsyth ;  final  for  his  allegiance 
to  Charles  I,  1645  and  1654.  [xv.  322] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  second  MARQUIS  OP  DOUGLAS 
(1646  ?-1700),  grandson  of  William  Douglas,  first  marquis 
of  Douglas  [q.  v.]  ;  became  Earl  of  Angus  by  the  death 
of  his  father,  1656  ;  financially  ruined  by  his  factor,  Wil- 
liam Lawrie.  [xv.  323] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  second  DUKK  OF  QUKKXSBKKUY 
and  first  DUKK  OF  DOVER  (1662-1711),  eldest  son  of 
William,  first  duke  of  Queensberry  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Glasgow  University ;  privy  councillor,  1684 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Dundee's  regiment  of  horse ;  joined  Wil- 
liam III,  1688,  and  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  6th  horse 
guards ;  privy  councillor ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1693  ; 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal ;  king's  commissioner  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Scottish  estates  called  to  further  the  prosecution' 
of  the  Darien  enterprise,  of  which  he  procured  the 
abandonment,  1701 ;  K.G.,  1701 ;  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  state  for  Scotland,  1702  ;  encouraged  the  Jacobites 
by  his  undecided  attitude  on  the  question  of  the  settle- 
ment, 1703  ;  deluded  into  unconsciously  furthering  Jacobite 
designs  of  Simon  Fraser  [q.  v.]  (1703);  withdrew  from 
the  government;  reinstated  as  lord  privy  seal,  1706; 
commissioner  of  the  estates,  1706 ;  procured  signing  of 
treaty  of  union  in  face  of  Scottish  opposition,  1706 ; 
created  Duke  of  Dover,  Marquis  of  Beverley,  and  Earl 
of  Ripon,  1708 ;  third  secretary  of  state,  1709.  [xv.  323] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  fourth  DUKB  OF  HAMILTON 
(1658-1712),  eldest  son  of  William  Douglas,  third  dnke  of 
Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  am- 
bassador extraordinary  to  Louis  XIV,  1683-5  ;  com- 
manded regiment  of  horse  against  Monmouth,  1685  ; 
knight-companion  of  the  Thistle,  1687 ;  accompanied 
James  II  to  Salisbury  as  colonel  of  the  Oxford  regiment, 
1688 ;  acquitted  of  conspiracy  on  surrendering  to  a 
warrant,  1696;  Duke  of  Hamilton  by  resignation  of  his 
mother,  1 698 ;  promoted  the  African  Company  in  the 
Scottish  parliament,  1700  ;  leader  of  the  Scottish  national 
party,  1702;  his  project  for  a  commercial  treaty  with 
England  frustrated ;  spoke  against  the  treaty  of  union  in 
the  last  session  of  the  last  parliament  of  Scotland,  but 
prevented  armed  opposition,  1707  ;  foiled  in  his  scheme  of 
petitioning  Anne  for  a  new  parliament ;  taken  prisoner  to 
London  for  complicity  in  the  attempted  French  invasion 
of  Scotland,  1708 ;  chosen  one  of  the  sixteen  Scottish 
representative  peers  by  whig  influence,  1708;  rewarded 
for  his  support  of  Sacheverell  by  the  lord-lieutenancy 
of  Lancashire,  1710;  privy  councillor,  1710;  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance,  1712 ;  K.G. ;  named  ambassador- 
extraordinary  to  France  on  the  eve  of  the  conclusion  of 
the  peace  of  Utrecht;  killed  in  a  duel  before  starting 
by  Lord  Mohun,  who  had  given  the  lie  to,  and  subse- 
quently challenged,  him.  The  duel  was  alleged  at  the 
time  to  be  a  whig  plot.  [xv.  326] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES  (1675-1742),  physician;  M.D. 
Rheims;  F.R.S..  1706;  published  '  Myographiee  Com- 
paratae  Specimen,'  1707  :  compiled  a  general  bibliography 
of  anatomy,  1715  ;  wrote  a  '  Description  of  the  Peritoneum 
and  of  the  Membrana  Cellularis  which  is  on  its  outside,' 
in  connection  with  the  question  of  tapping  in  dropsy  and 
the  high  operation  for  stone  in  the  bladder;  nearly 
anticipated  the  discovery  of  auscultation  ;  physician  to 
Queen  Caroline  ;  referred  to  by  Pope  as  a  bibliophile  as 
well  as  an  obstetric  practitioner :  published  '  The  History 
of  the  Lateral  Operation  for  the  Stone,'  1726.  [xv.  329] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  fourteenth  EARL  OK  MORTON 
(1702-1768);  M.A.  King's  College.  Cambridge,  1722; 
helped  to  transform  the  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh  into 
the  Society  for  Improving  Arts  and  Sciences ;  first  pre- 
sident, 1739  ;  K.T.,  1738 :  lord  of  the  bedchamber  and 
a  representative  peer  of  Scotland,  1739 ;  owner  of  Orkney 

AA2 


DOUGLAS 


356 


DOUGLAS 


and  Shetland  hy  act  of  parliament,  1742 :  imprisoned  in 
theBastile,  1746;  lord  clerk  register  of  Scotland,  1760  ; 
president  of  the  lloyal  Society,  1764.  [xv.  331] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1703-1787), 
admiral ;  member  of  the  court-martial  which  condemned 
Admiral  Byng,  1757  ;  served  at  reduction  of  Quebec,  1759  ; 
commander-iu-chief  on  Leeward  islands!  station,  17CO-2 ; 
captured  Dominica,  1761 ;  second  in  command  at  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique,  1762  ;  admiral,  1778  ;  created  baronet, 
1786 ;  M.P.  for  Orkney.  [xv.  332] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES  (1753-1819),  divine,  antiquary, 
and  artist;  entered  the  Austrian  army  as  a  cadet,  and, 
being  sent  by  Prince  John  of  Liechtenstein  to  purchase 
horses  in  England,  procured  a  lieutenancy  in  the  Leicester 
militia  ;  entered  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  took  orders ; 
chaplain  to  the  Prince  of  Wales;  F.S.A.,  1780;  vicar  of 
Keuton,  Suffolk,  1803 ;  painted  oil  and  miniature  por- 
traits of  his  friends.  His  works  include  '  A  Sepulchral 
History  of  Great  Britain,'  1793.  [xv.  332] 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  fourth  and  last  BARON  DOUGLAS 
(1787-1857),  fifth  son  of  Archibald,  first  baron  [q.  v.],  rec- 
tor of  Marsh  Gibbon,  Buckinghamshire,  1819-25  ;  rector 
of  Broughton,  Northamptonshire,  1825-57.  [xv.  333] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  JAMES  DA  WES  (1785-1862),  general; 
aide-de-camp  to  Major-general  Sir  James  Duff  ;  friend  of 
Napier,  the  military  historian;  captain,  42nd  regiment, 
1804;  deputy-assistant  quartermaster-general  in  South 
America,  1806 ;  present  at  the  battles  of  Roliea,  Vimeiro 
(1808),  and  Corufia,  1809  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  8th  Portu- 
guese regiment,  and  major,  1809;  fought  at  Busaco,  1810 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1811 ;  commanded  the  7th  Portuguese 
brigade  at  the  battles  of  the  Pyrenees,  1813,  and  in 
southern  France,  1814;  major-general,  1825;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Guernsey,  1830-8;  G.O.B.,  1846:  general, 
1854.  [xv.  333] 

DOUGLAS,  LADY  JANE  (1698-1753),  daughter  of 
James,  second  marquis  of  Douglas  [q.  v.] ;  her  engage- 
ment to  Francis,  earl  of  Dalkeith,  broken  off,  1720; 
hindered  from  entering  a  foreign  convent  by  her  mother 
and  brother;  married  Colonel  John  Stewart,  1746,  a  step 
which  she  concealed  for  fear  that  her  brother,  Archibald, 
first  duke  of  Douglas  [q.  v.],  might  withdraw  her  allow- 
ance: became  the  mother  (1748)  at  Paris  of  twin  sons, 
Archibald  and  Sholto ;  deprived  of  her  allowance  on 
informing  her  brother  of  their  birth;  disowned  by  her 
brother.  Her  only  surviving  son,  Archibald  James 
Edward  Douglas  [q.  v.],  claimed  successfully  the  Douglas 
estates  in  great  Douglas  lawsuit.  [xv.  334] 

DOUGLAS,  JANET,  LADY  GLAUM  (rf.  1537),  grand- 
daughter of  Archibald,  fifth  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.] ; 
married  John,  sixth  lord  Glamis,  e.  1520;  forfeited  (1531) 
for  disloyalty:  indicted  on  a  charge  of  poisoning  her 
husband,  which  was  abandoned ;  charged  with  conspiring 
the  death  of  James  V,  and  burnt  at  the  stake  in  Edin- 
burgh, *  without  any  substauciall  ground,'  according  to 
Henry  VIII's  representative  in  Scotland.  [xv.  335] 

DOUGLAS,  JOHN  (d.  1743),  surgeon:  brother  of 
James  Douglas  (1675-1742)  [q.  v.];  F.R.S.;  surgeon- 
lithotomist  to  the  Westminster  Hospital ;  lectured  on 
anatomy  and  surgery:  keen  controversialist  in  medicine; 
published  '  An  Account  of  Mortifications,  1729,  and  advo- 
cated the  high  operation  for  stone,  which  he  claimed  as 
essentially  his  own  discovery,  in  '  Lithotomia  Douglas- 
siaua,'  1720.  [xv.  336] 

DOUGLAS,  JOHN  (1721-1807),  bishop  of  Salisbury  ; 
M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1743  :  present,  as  chaplain 
to  the  3rd  regiment  of  foot  guards,  at  the  battle  of 
Fontenoy,  1745:  Snell  exhibitioner  at  Balliol,  1746  ;  vicar 
of  High  Ercall,  Shropshire,  1750-61  :  exposed  forgeries 
of  William  Lander  [q.v.],  1750;  attacked  Hume's  argu- 
ment against  miracles,  publishing  the  '  Criterion,'  1762 ; 
attacked  the  Hutchinsonians  in  an  'Apology  for  the 
Clergy,'  1755 ;  D.D.,  1758 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1762 ;  P  R.S. 
and  FJS.A.,  1778;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1787-91;  dean  of 
Windsor,  1788;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1791-1807;  edited 
Clarendon's  'Diary  and  Letters,'  1763.  [xv.  337] 

DOUGLAS,  8m  JOHN  SHOLTO,  eighth  MARQUIS 
OF  QUKKNSBKRRY  (1844-1900);  succeeded  his  father, 
seventh  marquis,  1858;  sat  as  representative  peer  for 
Scotland,  1872-80.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  a  patron  of 
boxing,  the  '  Queensberry  rules '  being  drawn  up  under 
his  supervision,  1607.  [Suppl.  ii.  148] 


DOUGLAS,  formerly  MACKENZIE,  SIR  KENNETH, 
first  baronet  (1754-1833),  lieutenant-general ;  lieutenant, 
33rd  regiment,  1775  ;  served  in  West  Indies  and  through- 
out Netherlands  campaign  of  1793  under  paternal  naino 
of  Mackenzie;  cuptain  and  major  in  the  neuly  raisM 
Perthshire  Light  Infantry,  1794  :  lieutenant-colonel  lot- 
services  at  capture  of  Minorca,  17'J8  :  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  44th  before  Alexandria,  1801  ;  governor  of 
Antwerp,  1814  and  1815  ;  lieutenant-general,  1821 ;  made 
baronet '  of  Gleubervie '  (a  second  creation),  1831 ;  took 
the  name  of  Douglas  by  royal  licence,  1831.  [xv.  338] 

DOUGLAS,     LADY    MARGARET,     COUNTESS    OF 
LENNOX  (1515-1578),  mother  of  Lord  Darnley  :  daughter 
I  of   Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of    Angus  [q.  v.],  1>\ 
i  Margaret  Tudor ;  placed  by  Henry  VIII  in  the  Princo.-  t 
!  Mary's  establishment  at  Beaulieu,  1531  ;  friend  of  IV 
|  Mary  ;  displeased  the  king  by  her  private  betrothal  to  Lord 
!  Thomas   Howard,  Anne  Boleyn's   uncle,   and  was   im- 
i  prisoned  in  Syon  Abbey  ;  married  Matthew  Stewart,  earl 
:  of  Lennox  [q.  v.],  1544  ;  excluded  from  the  English  suc- 
cession for  her  Roman  catholic  leanings,  1546 ;  planned 
marriage  between  her  son,    Lord   Daruley,   and    Mary 
Queen  of  Scots ;  arrested  before  its  accomplishment  for 
|  her  treasonable  intentions  towards  Elizabeth,  1562  ;  re- 
j  leased,  but  on  successfully  carrying  out  her  scheme  was 
I  sent  to  the  Tower ;  denounced  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at 
i  the  court  of  Elizabeth  for  Daruley's  murder ;  reconciled  to 
i  Mary,  c.  1572.     Her  aspirations  were  substantially  ful- 
I  filled  by  the  accession  of  her  grandson,  James  VI,  to  the 
throne  of  England.  [xv.  339] 

DOUGLAS,  NEIL  (1750-1823),  poet  and  preacher; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  appeared  as  a  social 
reformer  in  '  A  Monitory  Address  to  Great  Britain,'  1792  : 
minister  of  Relief  Charge  at  Dundee,  1793-8;  published 
'The  Lady's  Scull,'  a  poem,  1794;  wrote  (1799)  his 
'  Journal  of  a  Mission  to  part  of  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land ' ;  '  uuiversalist  preacher,'  1809  :  a  vigorous  aboli- 
tionist ;  arraigned  before  the  high  court  of  justiciary  at 
Edinburgh  for  comparing  George  III  to  Nebuchadnezzar, 
1817  ;  acquitted.  [xv.  343] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  NEIL  (1779-1853),  lieutenant-general ; 
captain,  Cameron  Highlanders,  1804  ;  fought  at  Cortina, 
1809,  and  at  the  siege  of  Copenhagen,  1807,  and  Flushing, 
1809:  wounded  at  Busaco,  1810:  major,  1811 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1812 ;  commanded  battalion  in  south  of  France, 
1814,  and  at  Waterloo,  1815;  knighted,  1831:  major- 
general  and  K.C.B.,  1837  ;  lieutenant-general,  1846. 

[xv.  344] 

DOUGLAS,  PHILIP  (1758-1822),  master  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge;  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1784;  tutor,  1787: 
D.D.  and  master  of  Corpus  Christi,  1795-1822 :  vicar  of 
Gedney,  Lincolnshire,  1796 ;  vice-chancellor,  1795-6  and 
1810-11.  [xv.  345] 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT,  VISCOUNT  BKLHAVKN  (1574  ?- 
1639);  knighted,  1609 ;  master  of  the  household  and  privy 
councillor  under  Charles  I ;  created  Viscount  Belhaven, 
1633  ;  blind.  [xv.  345] 

DOUGLAS,  ROBERT  (1594-1674),  presbyterian 
divine ;  reputed  grandson  of  Mury  Queen  of  Scots ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1614 ;  chaplain  to  a  Scots  brigade 
sent  to  the  assistance  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  e.  1630 ; 
minister  of  the  Tolbooth  Church,  Edinburgh,  1641-2; 
presented  the  solemn  league  and  covenant  to  the  parlia- 
ment, 1649 ;  officiated  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  II  at 
Scone,  1661 :  largely  helped  to  bring  about  the  Restora- 
tion ;  declined  bishopric  of  Edinburgh,  refusing  to 
recognise  episcopacy.  [xv.  346] 

DOUGLAS,  Sm  ROBERT  (1694-1770),  baronet  of 
Glenbervie,  genealogist ;  compiler  of  '  The  Peerage  of 
Scotland,'  1764,  and  of  a  'Baronage  of  Scotland,' vol.  i. 
1798.  [xv.  347] 

DOUGLAS,  SYLVESTER,  BARON  GLENBERVIE 
(1743-1823),  educated  at  Aberdeen  University:  gradu- 
ated at  Leyden,  1 766  ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1776  ; 
king's  counsel,  1793 ;  member  of  the  Irish  parliament  for 
Irishtown,  Kilkenny:  privy  councillor  of  Ireland  and, 
in  1794,  of  England  ;  M.P.  for  Fowey,  Cornwall,  1795,  for 
Midhurst,  Sussex,  1796  ;  lord  of  the  treasury,  1797-1800; 
nominated  governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1800,  but 
did  not  take  the  office;  created  Baron  Olenbervie  of 
Kincardine  (in  Irwh  peerage),  1800;  M.P.,  Plymptou 


DOUGLAS 


357 


DOUGLAS 


Earls,  1801,  Hustings,  1802-6 ;  first  chief  commissioner 
of  the  united  laud  and  forest  department,  1810-14  ;  chair- 
man of  the  secret  committee  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  advance  of  100,0007.  for  secret  naval  services,  1805  : 
published  histories  of  controverted  elections,  15  and  16 
George  II I,  1775  and  1777.  [xv.  348] 

DOUGLAS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1661),  divine ;  ejected  from 
the  living  of  St.  Olave's,  Silver  Street,  London,  at  the 
Restoration  ;  M.D.  Padua  :  published  l  Wea^/jwjros,  or  the 
Great  Mysterie  of  Godlinesse,'  1661.  [xv.  350] 

DOUGLAS,  THOMAS,  fifth  EAKLOF  SKLKIHK,  BAKON 
DAKK  and  Siioinri.KurH  (1771-1820)  ;  educated  at 
K<linlnip_'li  University:  settled  emigrant)*  from  the  high- 
lands of  Scotland  in  Prince  Edward's  island,  1803,  in- 
tending to  direct  towards  British  colonies  the  unavoidable 
emigration  of  the  highlauders;  Scottish  representative 
peer,  1806  and  1807 ;  F.R.S.,  1808 ;  sent  out  pioneers  to 
colonise  the  lied  River  valley  ;  his  colonists  twice  driven 
from  their  settlements,  Forts  Douglas  and  Daer,  by 
soldiers  of  the  North-west  Company,  1815  and  1816  ;  per- 
sonally led  an  attack  on  Fort  William,  the  chief  post  of 
the  North-west  Company,  and  re-established  his  colony 
under  the  name  Kildonau,  1817  ;  fined  2,000/.  by  Cana- 
dian courts  on  the  charge  of  having  plotted  the  ruin  of 
the  North-west  Company,  1818  :  died  at  Pau  :  published 
•  Observations  on  the  Present  State  of  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,'  1805,  in  defence  of  his  colonisation  scheme. 

[xv. 350] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  THOMAS  MONTKATH  (1787-1868), 
general ;  lieutenant,  35th  regiment  of  Bengal  infantry, 
1808  ;  fought  in  the  Bundelkhand  campaigns,  1809  and 
1810,  against  the  Pindaris,  1818,  and  against  the  Mere, 
1820 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1834 ;  took  part  in  capture  of 
Cabal,  1838  ;  second  in  command  at  defence  of  Jellalabad, 
1841-2  ;  colonel  of  his  old  regiment,  1845  ;  took  additional 
surname  of  Douglas,  1851 ;  K.C.B.,  1865  ;  general,  1865. 

[xv. 353] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM  DK,  « the  Hardy '  (</.  1298) ; 
a  crusader  and  knighted  >  lord  of  Douglas,  1288 ;  recog- 
nised Baliol  as  king,  after  some  hesitation  ;  captured  at 
the  taking  of  Berwick,  after  Baliol's  abdication,  and 
imprisoned ;  released ;  again  took  up  arms,  and,  his 
confederates  submitting  to  Edward  I  at  Irvine  water 
(1297),  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  till  his  death. 

[xv.  354] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  KNIGHT  OP  LIDDESDALE 
(1300?-1353),  keeper  of  Lochmaben  Castle  and  warden 
of  the  west  marches,  1332;  slew  the  Earl  of  Atholl, 
Edward  Baliol's  lieutenant,  1337 ;  given  the  lordship  of 
Liddesdale  by  David  II,  1342  ;  ambassador  to  the  French 
court ;  treacherously  wounded  and  starved  in  prison  Sir 
Alexander  Ramsay,  to  whom  David  II  had  given  Rox- 
burgh Castle,  not  knowing  that  it  was  in  the  possession  of 
Douglas ;  pardoned,  and  appointed  constable  of  Roxburgh 
Castle ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  at  Durham,  1346  ; 
released  on  condition  of  becoming  Edward  Ill's  liegeman ; 
murdered  by  his  kinsman,  the  Lord  of  Douglas. 

[xv.  355] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  DOUGLAS 
(1327  ?-1384),  younger  son  of  Sir  Archibald  Douglas  (d. 
1333)  [q.  v.];  trained  in  arms  in  France;  returned  to 
Scotland,  c.  1348,  and  restored  Ettrick  Forest  to  the 
Scottish  allegiance ;  took  part  in  treaty  of  Newcastle,  by 
which  David  II's  ransom  from  captivity  in  England  was 
arranged,  1354;  slew  his  kinsman,  the  Knight  of  Liddes- 
dale, 1353  ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Poitiers,  1356;  war- 
den of  the  east  marches,  and,  in  1358,  created  Earl  of 
Douglas ;  took  up  arms  against  David  II,  who  was  sup- 
posed to  have  appropriated  the  money  raised  for  his 
ransom  and  to  be  intriguing  with  England ;  submitted, 
1363  ;  swore  homage  to  Robert  II,  1371 ;  justiciary  south 
of  the  Forth  from  1371 ;  Earl  of  Mar,  probably  by  mar- 
riage, 1374  ;  defeated  Sir  Thomas  Musgrave  at  Melrose  in 
a  border  raid,  1378 ;  negotiated  truce  with  John  of  Gaunt 
at  Berwick,  1380.  [xv.  357] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  OF  NITHSDALE  (rf. 
1392  ?X  illegitimate  son  of  Archibald,  third  earl  of 
Douglas  [q.  v.] ;  married  Egidia,  daughter  of  Robert  II, 
at  the  same  time  receiving  the  lordship  of  Nithsdale,  1387  ; 
made  retaliatory  raid  on  Ireland,  burning  Carlingford  and 
plundering  the  Isle  of  Man,  1388  ;  commanded  maritime 
expedition  sent  from  Danzig  against  the  Lithuanians, 
1391.  [xv.  360] 


DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  second  EAHL  OK  ANGUS 
(1398?-1437),  elder  son  of  George,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted  by  James  I ;  sat  on  the  assize  at  Albany's  trial, 
1425;  warden  of  the  middle  marches,  1433;  defeated 
English  force  at  Piperden,  1435.  [xv.  3G1] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  sixth  EARL  OK  DOUGLAS  and 
third  DUKE  OF  TOURAINK  (1423  ?-1440),  eldest  son  of 
Archibald  Douglas,  fifth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  said  to  have  be- 
haved as  a  claimant  to  the  Scottish  crown  ;  treacherously 
seized  and  beheaded  after  a  banquet  at  Edinburgh,  to 
which  he  and  his  brother  David  had  been  invited  by 
James  II,  1440.  [rv.  361] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  eighth  EARL  op  DOUGLAS 
(1425  V-1452),  son  of  James  Douglas,  •  the  Gross,'  seventh 
earl  [q.  v.]  ;  used  his  influence  with  James  II  to  dispossess 
the  chancellor,  Sir  William  Orichton.of  office,  1443 ;  burnt 
Alnwick,  1448 ;  negotiated  the  marriage  of  James  II  to 
Mary  of  Gueldres,  1449  ;  assisted  the  king  and  Sir  William 
Crichton  to  overthrow  the  Livingstones,  1449;  made 
journey  to  Rome,  1450  ;  warden  of  the  marches ;  murdered 
McLellau,  a  partisan  of  the  king  :  inveigled  into  Stirling 
Castle,  and  attacked  and  killed  by  James  II  and  his  fol- 
lower*. [XT.  362] 

DOUGLAS.  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL  OF  ANGUS  in 
right  of  entails  (1533-1591);  sided  with  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  against  the  Earl  of  Huntly  at  Oorrichie,  1662 ; 
chancellor  of  the  assize  which  convicted  Francis,  earl  of 
Bothwell ;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland.  [xv.  364] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  of  Lochleven,  sixth  or 
seventh  EARL  OF  MORTON  ((/.  1606) ;  denounced  as  one  of 
the  murderers  of  Rizzio,  favourite  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  1566 ;  joined  confederacy  for  avenging  murder  of 
Darnley,  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  entrusted 
with  the  custody  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  after  her  sur- 
render at  Carberry  Hill,  1567;  commanded  in  the  rear 
guard  at  Langside,  1568 ;  surrendered  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
for  2,OOOZ.,  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  who  had  been  de- 
livered into  his  charge  by  the  regent  Moray,  1572 ;  friend 
of  the  regent  Morton  ;  signed  bond  of  confederate  nobles 
to  stand  by  James  VI,  1582 ;  banished  by  the  counter- 
revolution at  St.  Andrews,  1583  :  i  organised  a  plot,  while 
in  France,  which  led  to  the  overthrow  of  Arran  in  1585  ; 
succeeded  as  Earl  of  Morton,  1588,  the  same  title  being 
held  by  Lord  Maxwell  in  1592.  [xv.  365] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  tenth  EARL  OP  ANGUS  (1554- 
1611),  son  of  William,  ninth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  St. 
Andrews ;  converted  to  Catholicism  at  the  French  court ; 
reconciled  the  Earls  of  Atholl  and  Huntly,  1592;  im- 
prisoned for  his  share  in  the  '  Spanish  Blanks '  conspiracy ; 
escaped,  1593  ;  forfeited  along  with  the  Earls  of  Huutly 
and  Atholl ;  made  a  successful  descent  on  Aberdeen,  1594  ; 
returned  with  his  two  confederates  to  presbyterianism, 
1597  ;  released  from  his  forfeiture,  1597  :  royal  lieutenant 
of  the  borders,  1597  ;  excommunicated  by  the  Scottish 
church,  1608;  died  near  the  abbey  of  St.  Germain-des- 
Pres,  Paris.  [xv.  366] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  QUKKXS- 
BERRY  (rf.  1640)  ;  created  Viscount  of  Drumlanrig,  1617  ; 
created  Earl  of  Queeusberry  (1633),  on  the  occasion  of 
Charles  I's  visit  to  Scotland.  [xv.  367] 

DOUGLAS,  LORD  WILLIAM  (1617-1645).  [See 
DOUGLAS,  LORD  JAMES.] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  seventh  or  eighth  EARL  OF 
MORTON  (1582-1650),  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland; 
grandson  of  Sir  William  Douglas  of  Lochleven  (d.  1606) 
[q.  v.] ;  privy  councillor  and  gentleman  of  the  chamber 
to  James  VI :  commanded  Scots  regiment  in  Rochelle  ex- 
pedition, 1627 ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1630-5 ; 
K.G.  and  privy  councillor  of  England,  1635 ;  sat  in  the 
Scottish  parliament,  1641 ;  nominated  by  Charles  I  for 
the  chancellorship,  but  prevented  from  obtaining  it  by  the 
rancour  of  the  Earl  of  Argyll,  1641;  rewarded  for  ad- 
vances of  money  to  Charles  I  by  a  charter  of  the  Orkney 
and  Shetland  islands,  1643.  [xv.  367] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  eleventh  EARL  OF  ANGUS  and 
first  MARQUIS  OF  DOUGLAS  (1589-1660X  son  of  William, 
tenth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  brought  up  in  the  reformed  religion  : 
created  Marquis  of  Douglas,  1633 ;  went  to  England  to 
assist  Charles  I,  1639;  signed  the  covenant,  1644,  but 
fought  at  Philiphaugh  on  the  side  of  Mont-rose,  1645  ;  im- 
prisoned, 1646 ;  member  of  committee  of  estates,  1651 ; 
fined  by  Cromwell,  1654.  [xv.  368] 


DOUGLAS 


358 


DOVETON 


DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  third  DUKK  OF  HAMILT.-N 
(1635-1694),  eldest  son  of  William,  first  marquis  of 
Douglas  [q.  v.]  :  fined  1,0007.  by  Cromwell,  1654  ;  created 
Duke  of  Hamilton  on  the  petition  of  his  wife,  Anne, 
duchess  of  Hamilton  :  privy  councillor  in  Scotland,  1660- 
1G76  :  at  first  opposed,  and  then  ignored,  in  the  interests 
of  the  Scottish  nobility,  the  governor  Laudenlale's  land 
tax  of  a  year's  assessment,  1672  ;  opposed  Laudenlale's 
demand  for  supplies  to  carry  on  the  Dutch  war,  1673  ; 
ejected  from  the  council,  1676  ;  went  to  London  to  lodge 
complaints  against  Lauderdale,  who  intended  to  have  a 
writ  of  law-burrows  issued  against  him  ;  refused  to 
commit  himself  by  detailing  his  grievances  in  writing, 
1678  and  1679  ;  K.G.  ;  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  and, 
in  1687,  privy  councillor  of  England  ;  royal  commissioner 
under  William  III,  1689  and  1G93.  [  xv.  370] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  and  first  DUKK  OF 
QUEENSBERRY  (1637-1695),  son  of  James,  second  earl  of 
Queensberry  [q.  v.]  ;  privy  councillor,  1667  ;  lord  justice- 
general  of  Scotland,  1680-6  ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scot- 
laud,  1682-6  ;  created  Duke  of  Queensberry,  1684  ;  refused 
to  support  James  II's  measures  against  the  established 
church,  1685  ;  president  of  the  council,  1686  ;  accused  of 
maladministration  by  the  Earl  of  Perth,  and  stripped  of 
his  appointments,  1686  ;  one  of  the  lords  of  privy  council 
of  both  kingdoms,  1687.  [xv.  372] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  MARCH  and 
fourth  DUKE  OF  QUBENSBERRY  (1724-1810),  latterly  known 
as  '  Old  Q.'  ;  notorious  for  his  escapades  and  dissolute  life  ; 
endeavoured  to  develop  horse-racing  into  a  science  ;  K.T., 
1761  ;  representative  peer  for  Scotland,  1761  ;  vice-admiral 
of  Scotland,  1767-76  ;  succeeded  his  cousin  Charles  [q.  v.] 
in  dukedom  of  Queeusberry,  1778  ;  created  Baron  Douglas 
of  Amesbury  in  British  peerage,  1786  ;  friend  of  Prince  of 
Wales  ;  removed  from  the  office  of  lord  of  the  bedchamber 
(1789)  for  having  recommended  a  regency  in  1788  ;  satir- 
ised by  Burns.  [xv.  373] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM  (1780-1832),  miniature-painter 
to  Princess  Charlotte  and  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg, 
1817  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1818,  1819,  and 
1826.  [xv.  374] 

DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  ANTHONY 
ARCHIBALD,  eleventh  DUKK  OF  HAMILTON  (1811-1863), 
son  of  Alexander  Hamilton  Douglas,  tenth  duke  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1832  : 
knight-marisclial  of  Scotland  and  lord-lieutenant  of 
Lanarkshire  ;  married  the  Princess  Marie  Amelie,  Na- 
poleon Ill's  cousin,  1843  ;  died  in  Paris.  [xv.  375] 

DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM  FETTES  (1822-1891), 
artist  and  connoisseur;  assistant  in  Commercial  Bank, 
Edinburgh  ;  studied  drawing  and  adopted  profession  of 
artist,  1847  ;  exhibited  in  Royal  Scottish  Academy  from 
1845;  associate,  1851,  full  member,  1854,  and  president, 
1882;  curator  of  National  Gallery  of  Scotland,  1877-82; 
knighted,  1882;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884;  collector  of 
objects  of  art.  Among  his  best  pictures  are  '  The  Alche- 
mist,' 1855,  and  '  The  Rosicruciaus,'  1856. 


[Suppl.  ii.  149] 
5-1888),  editor  of 


DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM  SCOTT  (1815 
a  library  edition  of  Burns.  1877-9  ;  wrote  '  Picture  of  the 
County  of  Ayr,'  1874.  [xv.  375] 

DOUGLASS,  SIR  JAMES  NICHOLAS  (1826-1898), 
engineer;  apprenticed  to  Messrs.  Hunter  &  English  at 
Bow  ;  manager  to  Messrs.  Laycock  on  the  Tyne  ;  en- 
gineer successively  on  Gun  Fleet  Pile,  Smalls  Rock,  and 
Wolf  Rock  lighthouses,  1854-70  ;  chief  engineei  to  cor- 
poration of  Trinity  House,  1862  ;  designed  and  executed 
new  Eddystoue  lighthouse,  1878-82;  knighted,  1882; 
M.I.O.E.,  1861  ;  F.R.S.,1887  ;  published  pamphlets  relating 
to  lighthouses.  [Suppl.  ii.  150] 

DOUGLASS,  JOHN  (1743-1812),  Roman  catholic  pre- 
late; professor  of  humanities,  1768,  and  subsequently  of 
philosophy  at  the  English  college,  Valladolid  ;  D.D.  : 
vicar-apostolic  of  the  London  district,  1790  :  bishop  of 
Centuria  in  partibus,  1790  ;  suggested  the  employment  of 
the  Irish  oath  of  allegiance  of  1778  to  meet  the  require- 
ment* of  the  Catholic  Relief  Act,  1  791.  [xv.  376] 

DOULTOH,  SIR  HENRY  (1820-1897),  potter:  edu- 
cated at  University  College  School,  London  ;  entered  his 
lather's  pottery  at  Lambeth,  1836,  and  greatly  extended 
it:  began,  e,  1870,  to  develop  'sgraffito'  ware,  which 
rapidly  gained  wide  reputation;  received,  1886,  gold 


Albert  medal  of  Society  of  Arts,  of  which  he  was  vice- 
president,  1890-4;  knighted,  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  150] 

D'OUVILLY,  <;I;OK<;K  <;KKKIKR  (A  1661),  drama- 
tist and  translator ;  of  DtiU-h  origin ;  captain  in  Lord 
I  Craven's   regiment  in  the  Nethi;rhmds  ;  published  'The 
False  Favourite  Disgrac'd,'  a  tragi-comedy,  1657 ;  trans- 
lated biographies  by  Andre  Thevet.  [xv.  376] 

DOVASTON,  JOHN  FREEMAN  MILWARD  (1782- 
1854),  miscellaneous  writer  :  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1807 ;  barrister  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1807 ;  published 
4  Lectures  on  Natural  History  and  National  Melody,'  1839, 
and  poetical  works.  [xv.  37G] 

DOVE,  HENRY  (1640-1695),  archdeacon  of  Rich- 
mond; educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1665  :  vicar  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street, 
1673;  D.D.,  1677:  archdeacon  of  Richmond,  1678 ;  chap- 
kin  to  Charles  II,  James  II,  and  William  III ;  recom- 
mended by  Pearson  for  the  mastership  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1683  ;  published  sermons.  [xv.  377] 

DOVE,  JOHN  (1561-1618),  divine;  scholar  of  West- 
minster: M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1586;  D.D.,  1596  ; 
I  rector  of  St.  Mary  Aldermary,  London,  1596-1618 ;  author 
,  of  '  A  Confutation  of  Atheism,'  1605,  and  other  works. 

[xv.  377] 

DOVE,  JOHN  (</.  1665  ?),  regicide :  M.P.  for  Salisbury, 

|  1645;    commissioner    for    Charles  I's  trial,  1649;    high 

sheriff  of   Wiltshire,  1655 ;    taken  prisoner  by  royalist 

conspirators  at  Salisbury,  1655 ;  submitted  at  the  Restora- 

.  tion.  [xv.  378] 

DOVE,     NATHANIEL     (1710-1754),    calligrapher  : 
I  master  of  an  academy  at  Hoxton ;  contributed  to  the 
'  Universal    Penman,'    published,    1743 ;    clerk    in     the 
victualling  office,  Tower  Hill.  [xv.  378] 

DOVE,  PATRICK  EDWARD  (1815-1873),  philo-' 
sophic  writer ;  farmer  near  Ballantrae,  Aryshire,  from 
1841 ;  published  '  The  Theory  of  Human  Progression,  and 
Natural  Probability  of  a  Reign  of  Justice,'  1850,  a  book 
which  earned  the  praise  of  Oartyle  ;  author  of  '  Elements 
of  Political  Science,'  1854;  inventor  of  rifled  cannon. 
Though  a  strong  individualist,  his  attitude  on  the  question 
of  rent  anticipated  that  of  Henry  George.  [xv.  379] 

DOVE,  THOMAS  (1555-1630),  bishop  of  Peterborough ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  Wattes'  scholar, 
!  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1571 ;    original    scholar  of 
|  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
|  admired  his  eloquence ;  dean  of  Norwich,  1589 ;  bishop  of 
j  Peterborough,  1601 ;  charged  with  remissness  for  allow- 
ing siienced  ministers  to  preach,  1611  and  1614. 

[xv.  380] 

DOVER,  DUKES  OF.  [See  DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  first  DUKE, 
1662-1711 ;  DOUGLAS,  CHARLES,  second  DUKK,  1698-1778.] 

DOVER,  BARONS.  [See  JKRMVN,  HENRY,  1636-1708; 
j  YORKE,  JOSEPH,  first  baron  of  the  second  creation, 
j  1724-1792;  ELLIS,  GKORGK  . I AMKS  WKLBORE  AGAR-,  first 
i  BARON  of  the  third  creation,  1797-1833.] 

DOVER,  JOHN  (d.  1725),  dramatist  ;  demy  of  Mag- 
1  dalen  College,  Oxford,  1661 :  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1672 ; 
rector  of  Dray  ton,  Oxfordshire,  1688 ;   author  of  '  The 
i  Roman  Generalls,'  1667,  a  rhyming  tragedy.      [xv.  380] 

DOVER,  CAPTAIN  ROBERT  (1575  ?-lC41),  founder  of 
j  the  Cotswold  games  on  Cotswold  Hills,  near  Evesham, 
I  c.  1604,  which  were  celebrated  by  the  poets  in  '  Annalia 
i  Dubrensia,'  1636 :  attorney  at  Barton-on-the-Heath,  War- 
wickshire, [xv.  881] 

DOVER,  THOMAS  (1660-1742),  physician:  sailed 
with  the  ships  Duke  and  Duchess  on  a  privateering 
voyage,  as  captain  of  the  Duke,  1708;  sacked  Guayaquil 
in  Peru,  and  cured  a  hundred  and  seventy-two  of  his 
sailors  of  the  plague,  1709 ;  rescued  Alexander  Selkirk 
from  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  1709  :  M.D. ;  L.C.P., 
1721 ;  called  the 'quicksilver  doctor'  from  his  exaggerated 
encomiums  of  metallic  mercury;  inventor  of  Dover's 
powder.  [xv.  382] 

DOVETON,  SIR  JOHN  (1768-1847),  general :  captain, 
1st  Madras  light  cavalry,  1800 ;  colonel,  1813 ;  brigadier- 
general  of  the  Hyderabad  contingent,  1814 ;  defeated 
Apa  Sahib,  raja  of  Nagpur,  who  was  in  league  with  the 
Pinduris,  and  brought  about  the  evacuation  of  Nagpur, 
1817 ;  lieutenant-general  and  U.C.B.,  1837 ;  died  at  Madras. 

[xv.  382] 


DOW 


351) 


DOWNING 


DOW,  .\LR\A\DKK  <•/.  1779),  hi-torian  and 
dramatist  :  workc-d  Ids  \v:iy  t<>  I'.i-in-ool.'M.  ami  became 
swretury  to  tin'  irovurnor  :  raptain  in  tlm  K:i-t  India 
Company'.-  Mrn.Ml  iiii'iintry,  17iit;  lieutenant-colonel, 
irti'.i;  .li.il  at  l.iM.Mlpur:  bil  tni'.'edies,  •  /ingis,'  176», 
and  •  Scthoi'.i.'  17M,  noted  at  Drury  Lane;  translated 
Ferishtu's  history  ot  Hindostan,  1708.  [xv.  383] 

DOWDALL,  (IKOIKJI-:  (1487-1558),  archbishop  of 
Armagh  ;  prior  of  the  hospital  of  St.  John  of  Ardee, 
Armagh  ;  archbishop  of  Annairh.  1513;  reluctantly  sub- 
mitted to  Kd \van I  VI's  order  for  the  public  u-r  of  the 
Knirlish  litunry  in  Ireland,  1550  :  deprived  of  the  primacy 
ol  all  Ireland.  1550:  reinstated,  1553;  member  of  the 
Irish  privy  council,  1556.  [xv.  384] 

DOWDESWELL,  WILLIAM  (1721-1775).  politician  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
studied  at  Lcyden,  1715;  M.P.,  Tewkesbury,  1747-54, 
Worcester,  1761-75  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1765-6  ; 
received  thanks  of  the  mercantile  interest,  1766;  privy 
councillor,  17C5;  refused  to  be  president  of  the  board  of 
trade  or  joint- paymaster  in  Lord  Chatham's  government, 

1766  ;  carried  a  motion  for  the  reduction  of  the  land  tax, 

1767  ;  died  at  Nice.  [xv.  385] 

DOWDESWELL,  WILLIAM  (1761-1828),  general  and 


DOWLING,  TIIADY  ( 1544-1G28),  author  of  •  Annales 
Hibernite';  e»vli-siiistiral  treasurer  (c.  1590)  and  chan- 
cellor (1591)  of  the  see  of  Leighlin,  co.  Carlo\v. 

[xv.  391] 

DOWLING,  VINCENT  GEORGE  (1785-1852),  journal- 
ist ;  elder  brother  of  Sir  James  Dowling  [q.  v.]  ;  engaged 
with  the  '  Star  '  newspaper  and,  in  1809,  with  the  '  Day  ' ; 
crossed  the  Channel  in  an  open  boat  to  give  the  '  Observer ' 
the  first  news  of  Queen  Caroline's  return,  1820  ;  editor  of 
•Bell's  Life,'  1H24-52  ;  issued  annually,  from  1840,  •  Fisti- 
ana ' ;  claimed  to  have  originated  scheme  of  new  police 
system.  [xv.  391] 

DOWNE.  JOHN  (1570?-1631),  divine;  B.D.  and 
fellow,  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  vicar  of  Winsford, 
Somerset:  Latin  poet;  his  'Treatise  of  the  True  Nature 
and  Definition  of  Justifying  Faith '  published,  1635. 

[xv.  391] 

DOWNES,  BARONS.  [See  DOWXKS,  WILLIAM,  first 
BARON,  1752-1826 :  Buuuu,  SIR  ULYSSES  BAUEXAL, 
second  BARON,  1788-1863.] 


print-collector ;  third  son  of  William  Dowdeswell  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant  and  captain,  grenadier  guards,  1785;    M.P.,  J 


Bhurtpore,   1805 ;  commander-in-chief  in    India,    1807 
lieutenant-general,  1810;  collected  prints  by  old 
engravers,  and  made  a  specialty  of '  grangerising.' 


[xv.  386] 

DOWELL,  STEPHEN  (1833-1898),  legal  and  his- 
torical writer;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
1855 ;  M.A.,  1872 ;  assistant  solicitor  to  board  of  inland 
revenue,  1863-96.  [Suppl.  ii.  151] 

DOWLAND,  JOHN  (15637-16267),  lutenist  and 
composer  ;  made  several  journeys  to  Italy  and  Germany, 
becoming  acquainted  with  Gregory  Howet  of  Antwerp, 
Luca  Marenxio,  and  other  famous  musicians ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Oxford,  1588;  published  three  books  of  'Songes  or  Ayres 
of  Fonre  Partes  with  Tableture  for  the  Lute,'  1597,  1600, 
and  1603 ;  dedicated  his  '  Lachrymae '  to  Anne  of  Den- 
mark, apparently  as  her  court  lutenist,  1605  :  lutenist  to 
Charles  1, 1625.  [xv.  387] 

DOWLAND,  ROBERT  (17th  cent),  musician  ;  son 
of  John  Dowland  [q.  v.]  ;  published  a  '  Varietie  of  Lute- 
Lessons  '  and  a  collection  of  English  and  continental  airs, 
entitled  'A  Mvsicall  Banqvet,'  1610;  'musician  in 
ordinary  for  the  consort,'  1626.  [xv.  388] 

DOWLEY,  RICHARD  (1622-1702),  nonconformist 
divine  ;  matriculated  at  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1639 ; 
demy  of  Magdalen,  1640  ;  B.A.,  1643  ;  minister  of  Stoke 
Prior,  Worcestershire,  1656  ;  ejected  at  the  Restoration ; 
licensed  to  hold  meetings  in  his  own  house  by  the 
Declaration  of  Indulgence,  1672;  preached  at  Godalming 
after  the  Toleration  Act  of  1689.  [xv.  389] 

DOWLING,  ALFRED  SEPTIMUS  (1805-1868), 
law  reporter ;  brother  of  Sir  Jamas  Dowling  [q.  v.] ; 
barrister  of  Gray's  Inn,  1828;  judge  of  county  courts, 
circuit  No.  15,  Yorkshire,  1849 ;  commissioner  on  the 
management  of  the  county  courts,  1853 :  published  collec- 
tions of  statutes  passed  11  George  IV— 3  William  IV ; 
compiled  case  reports.  [xv.  389] 


DOWNES,  ANDREW  (1549  7-1628),  Greek  professor 
at  Cambridge  :  Lady  Margaret  scholar,  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1567  ;  M.A.,  1574  ;  senior  fellow,  1581 ;  B.D., 
1582 ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  the  study  of  which  he 
had  helped  to  revive,  1585-1624  ;  one  of  the  translators  of 
the  Apocrypha  for  the  '  authorised  version ' ;  edited  the 

Tewkesbury,  1792:   fought  at  Valenciennes  and  in  the  j  « Eratosthenes '  of  Lysias,  1593:  published  '  Pnelectiones 
battles  before  Dunkirk,  179:!;  governor  of  the  Bahamas,  |  \n  Philippicam  de  Pace  Demosthenis,'  1621.      [xv.  392] 
1 797-1 H02;   colonel,   1797:    commanded    under  Lake  at 

DOWNES,  JOHN  (fl.  1666),  regicide  ;  sat  for  Arundel 
in  the  Long  parliament,  1642  ;  prevailed  upon,  partly 
against  his  will,  to  sign  Charles  I's  death-warrant ;  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state,  1651  and  1659  ;  commissioner 
for  the  revenue,  1659;  arrested  (1660)  for  his  share  in 
the  execution  of  Charles  I,  and  kept  a  close  prisoner  in 
Newgate.  [xv.  393] 

DOWNES,  JOHN  (/.  1662-1710),  writer  on  the  stage  ; 
prompter  to  Sir  William  D'Avenaut's  company  at  the 
theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1662 ;  published  '  Roscius 
Anglicanus,  or  an  Historical  Review  of  the  Stage,'  1708. 

[xv.  394] 

DOWNES,  THEOPHILUS  (</.  1726),  nonjuror  ;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1679 ;  fellow  ;  ejected  for  refusing 
oath  of  allegiance,  1690 ;  published  anonymously  '  A  Dis- 
course concerning  the  Signification  of  Allegiance '  (1689  ?). 

[xv.  394] 

DOWNES,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  DOWNKS  (1752- 
1826),  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench  in  Ireland ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1773 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar, 
1776  ;  M.P.  for  Donegal ;  lord  chief-justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  1803-22;  vice-chancellor  of  Dublin  University, 
1806-16  ;  created  Baron  Downes  of  AghanviUe,  1822. 

[xv.  395] 

DOWNHAM  or  DOWNAME,  GEORGE  (d.  1634), 
bishop  of  Derry  ;  elder  son  of  William  Downham,  bishop 
of  Chester  [q.  v.j ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1585 ;  university  professor  of  logic  ;  chaplain  to  James  I ; 
bishop  of  Derry,  1616 :  published  a  sermon  against  Ar- 
rainianism,  1631,  for  the  suppression  of  which  Laud  pro- 
cured royal  letters  ;  treated  the  presbyterians  with  mode- 
ration; published 'A  Treatise  concerning  Antichrist  .  .  . 
against  .  .  .  Bellarmine,'  1603,  and  a  '  Commeutarius  In 
Rami  Dialecticam,'  1610.  [xv.  395] 


DOWLING.  FRANK  LEWIS  (1823-1867),  journalist ; 


DOWNHAM  or  DOWNAME,  JOHN  (d.  1652),  puri- 

Elivlne  ;  son  of  William  Dowuham,  bishop  of  Chester 
,]  ;  B.D.  Christ's  College,  CamL-idge ;  rector  of  All- 
ws  the  Great,  1630-52 ;  signed  petition  against  Land's 

son  of  Vincent  Georee  DowViiig"[q."vo";  'barrister,"  Middle  i  Jx»k  of  canons,  1640  ;  licenser  of  the  press,  1643;  wrote 
Temple,  1848 ;  edito?  of  '  Bell's  Life,'  1851,  and  '  Fistiana,'  '  Iar8elv  on  religious  subjects.  [xv.  396] 

fxv.  3891  DOWNHAM,  WILLIAM,  whose  name  is  sometimes 

spelt  DOWNAME  and  DOWNMAN  (1505-1577),  bishop  of 
Chester ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1643;  canon -of  Westminster,  1560:  bishop  of  Chester, 
1561-77  ;  reported  to  the  council  for  remissuess  in  en- 
forcing the  Act  of  Uniformity,  1561  and  1570;  D.D. 


[xv.  389] 

DOWLING,  SIR  JAMES  (1787-1844),  colonial  judge  ; 
admitted  to  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  1802 ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1815 ;  author  of  '  The  Practice  of  the 
Superior  Courts  of  Common  Law,'  1834 :  puisne  judge  of 
the  court  of  New  South  Wales,  1827  :  chief- justice,  1837 ; 
knighted,  1838  ;  died  at  Darlinghurst,  Sydney,  [xv.  390] 

DOWLING,  JOHN  GOULTER  (1805-1841),  divine ; 
B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford  :  head-master  of  the  Crypt 
Grammar  School,  Gloucester,  1827-41 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary- 
de-Crypt  with  St.  Owen,  Gloucester,  1834-41 ;  student  of 
patristics  ;  wrote '  An  Introduction  to  the  Critical  Study 
of  Ecclesiastical  History.'  [xv.  390] 


Oxford,  1566. 


[xv.  397] 


DOWNING.  CALYBUTE  (1606-1644),  divine;  B.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1626 :  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge : 
LL.D.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1637  ;  vicar  of  Hackney, 
London,  1637-43  ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Robartes's  regiment 
in  the  Earl  of  Essex's  army :  licenser  of  books  of  divinity, 
1643  ;  probably  became  an  independent.  [xv.  398] 


DOWNING 


360 


DOYLE 


DOWNING,  SIR  QEORQB,  first  baronet  0«23  ?-1684), 
soldier  and  politician  ;  second  graduate  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege ;  scout- master-general  of  Cromwell's  army  in  vSootland, 
1650;  M.P.  for  Edinburgh,  1654,  for  Carlisle  and  Huddini:- 
ton  boroughs,  1656  ;  headed  movement  for  offering  crown 
to  Cromwell:  sent  to  remonstrate  with  Louis  XIV  on 
Vaudois  massacre,  1655  ;  resident  at  the  Hague,  1657, 
1659,  aud  1660:  teller  of  the  exchequer,  1660;  procured 
tin-  arrest  of  three  regicides,  Barkstead,  Okey,  and  Corbet, 
at  Delft,  1662 ;  created  baronet,  1663 ;  began  the  custom 
of  the  appropriation  of  supplies  during  the  Dutch  war, 
which  he  promoted,  1665 ;  M.P.,  Morpeth,  1669-70 :  resi- 
dent at  the  Hague,  1671 :  compelled  by  bis  unpopularity 
to  leave  the  Hague,  1672.  Colbert  called  him  '  le  plus 
grand  querelleur  des  diplomates  de  son  temps.' 

[xv.  399] 

DOWNING,  SIR  GEORGE,  third  baronet  (1684?- 
1749),  founder  of  Downing  College;  grandson  of  Sir 
George  Downing  (1623?-1684)  [q.v.];  M.P.,  Dunwich, 
Suffolk,  1710,  1713,  and  1722-49;  K.B.,  1732:  left  estates 
in  Cambridgeshire,  Bedfordshire,  and  Suffolk,  with  which, 
in  default  of  heirs,  to  buy  land  for  building  a  college  at 
Cambridge.  After  much  litigation,  Downing  College  was 
founded  by  charter  in  1800.  [xv.  401] 

DOWNMAN,  HUGH  (1740-1809),  physician  and  poet : 
B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1763 ;  M.A.  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge ;  medical  practitioner  at  Exeter,  1770 :  author 
of  three  tragedies  and  of  a  poem, '  Infancy,  or  the  Manage- 
ment of  Children,'  3  parts,  1774, 1775,  aud  1776.  [xv.  402] 

DOWNMAN,  ,K»HN  (} 750- 1824),  portrait  and  subject 
painter  :  A.H.A.,  1795  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1769-1819.  [xv.  403] 

DOWNMAN,  SIR  THOMAS  ( 1776-1852),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  served  with  the  guards  in  the  Netherlands,  1793 
and  1794;  taken  prisoner  at  Mouveaux,  1794  ;  served  in 
San  Domingo  from  1798  to  1800;  commanded  cavalry 
engaged  in  covering  Sir  John  Moore's  retreat  from 
run ifn i,  1809  ;  present  in  the  chief  battles  and  sieges  of 
the  Peninsular  war ;  lieutenant-colonel,  royal  horse  artil- 
lery, 1814;  knighted,  1821;  lieutenant-general,  1851; 
K.C.B.,  1852.  [xv.  403] 

DOWNMAN,  WILLIAM  (1505-1577).    [See  Do\r\- 

HAM.] 

DOWNSHIRE,  first  MARQUIS  OP  (1718-1793).  [See 
HILL,  WILLS.] 

DOWNTON,  NICHOLAS  (rf.  1615),  commander  under 
the  East  India  Company ;  sailed  about  among  the  Ilc.l 
Sea  ports  establishing  a  trade,  in  company  with  Sir  Henry 
Middleton,  1611 ;  brought  home  Middleton's  disabled  ship, 
the  Peppercorn,  1613  ;  general  of  the  company's  ships  in 
the  East  Indies;  compelled  the  Portuguese, . under  the 
viceroy  of  Goa,  to  retire,  after  three  weeks'  fighting  off 
Surat,  1615 ;  undermined  by  Edwardes,  his  second  in  com- 
mand ;  set  out,  in  face  of  a  threatened  Portuguese  attack, 
for  Bantam,  where  he  died.  [xv.  404] 

DOWRICHE,  ANNE  (fl.  1589),  poetess:  nte  Edg- 
cumbe :  wrote  '  The  French  Hiatorie,'  a  poem  in  alexan- 
drines describing  three  events  in  the  religious  history  of 
contemporary  France,  1589.  [xv.  406] 

DOWRIOHE,  HUGH  (/.  1596).  husband  of  Anne 
Dowriche  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Ae<rj*o>i;Aa£ ,  the  Taylors 
Oon version,'  1596.  [xv.  406] 

DOWSE,  RICHARD  (1824-1890),  Irish  judge ;  gra- 
duated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1849;  called  to  Irish 
bar,  1862 :  Q.O.,  1863 ;  queen's  serjeant-at-law,  1869 : 
liberal  M.I'.,  Londonderry,  1868  and  1870 ;  solicitor-general 
for  Ireland,  1870 ;  attorney-general,  Irish  privy  councillor, 
and  baron  of  Irish  court  of  exchequer,  1872. 

[Suppl.  ii.  152] 

DOWSING,  WILLIAM  (15969-1679?),  iconoclast; 
parliamentary  visitor  of  the  Suffolk  churches,  1644; 
employed  also  in  Cambridgeshire,  where  an  eye-witness 
described  him  as  having  '  battered  and  beaten  downe  all 
our  painted  glasse,'  1643.  •  [xv.  406] 

DOWSON,  JOHN  (1820-1881),  orientalist:  tutor  at 
Haileybury ;  professor  of  Hindustani  at  University  College, 
London,  and  the  Staff  College,  Sandhurst,  1855-77  :  pub- 
lished an  Urdu  grammar,  1862,  '  History  of  India  as  told 
by  its  own  Historian*.'  1867-77,and  a  dictionary  of  Hindu 
mythology  and  culture,  1879 ;  Indian  epigraphist. 

[xv. 407] 


DOWTON,  HENRY  (b.  1798),  actor;  son  of  William 
Dowtou  (1764-1851)  [q.  v.]  [xv.  408] 

DOWTON,  WILLIAM  (17fi4-1851).  actor ;  appeared 
at  Drury  Lane  as  Sheva  in  Cumberland's  comedy  of  the 
'Jew,'  1796 ;  considered  the  best  representative  of  Malvolio 
on  the  English  stage;  frequently  acted  in  sentimental 
comedy.  [xv.  408] 

DOWTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  18S3),  actor  ;  son  of  William 
Dowton  (1764-1851)  [q.  v.]  ;  manager  of  the  Kent  circuit, 
1815-35  ;  brother  of  the  Charterhouse,  1840-83.  [xv.408] 

DOXAT,  LEWIS  (1773-1871),  journalist;  born  in  the 
British  West  Indies  ;  manager  of  the  '  Observer ' ;  manager 
of  the  « Morning  Chronicle '  after  1821.  [xv.  409] 

DOYLE,  SIR  CHARLES  HASTINGS  (1805-1883), 
general;  son  of  Lieutenant-general  Sir  Charles  William 
Doyle  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  87th  regiment,  1819  ;  captain,  1825  : 
lieutenant-colonel,  1846;  colonel,  1854;  invalided  home 
from  Varna,  1854 ;  commanded  in  Nova  Scotia,  1861 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  1867-73 :  K.O.M.G., 
1869 ;  general,  1877.  [xv.  409] 

DOYLE,  SIR  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1770-1842),  lieu- 
tenant-general :  lieutenant,  14th  regiment,  1793  ;  brigade- 
major  hi  the  Netherlands,  1793 :  aide-de-camp  to  Aber- 
cromby  at  the  battle  of  Lannoy,  and  (1797)  hi  the  West 
Indies  ;  served  as  brigade-major  at  Cadiz,  at  Malta,  1800, 
and  in  Egypt,  1801 :  sent  by  government  to  help  the 
insurgents  in  Spain,  1808  ;  distinguished  in  the  campaigns 
of  1810  and  1811,  and  made  a  Spanish  lieutenant-general ; 
director  and  inspector-general  of  military  instruction, 
1811;  colonel  in  the  English  army,  1813;  O.B.  and 
knighted ;  lieutenant-general,  1837  ;  G.O.H.,  1839  ;  died  in 
Paris.  [xv.  409] 

DOYLE,  SIR  FRANCIS  HASTINGS  CHARLES, 
second  baronet (1810-1888),  poet;  grand-nephew  of  Sir 
Jolin  Doyle  (1750?-1834)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford :  B.A.,  1832 ;  B.C.L.,  1843 :  M.A., 
1867 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1835-44 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1837 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1839  :  receiver-general  of 
customs,  1846-69 ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1867-77  ; 
honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1877 ;  commissioner  of  customs, 
1869-83 ;  published  several  volumes  of  verse,  including 
ballads  on  contemporary  events.  [Suppl.  ii.  152] 

DOYLE,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1827-1892),  director  of 
National  Gallery  of  Ireland,  1869  till  death :  son  of  Joh» 
Doyle  [q.  v.] ;  honorary  secretary  to  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  London,  1865-9 ;  C.B.,  1880.  [Suppl.  ii.  154] 

DOYLE,  JAMES  WARREN  (1786-1834),  Roman 
catholic  bishop  of  Kildare  and  Leighlin:  Augustinian 
monk,  1806 :  entered  the  university  of  Coimbra,  1806 : 
volunteer  under  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley;  accompanied 
Colonel  Murray  with  the  articles  of  convention  to  Lisbon, 
1808 ;  successively  professor  of  rhetoric,  humanity,  and 
theology  at  Carlow  College,  1813-19;  bishop  of  Kildare 
and  Leighlin,  1819 ;  reformed  discipline  of  his  diocese  and 
attacked  established  church ;  examined  by  parliamentary 
committees  on  the  condition  of  Ireland,  1825,  1830,  and 
1832  ;  built  a  cathedral  at  Carlow ;  published  '  Letters  on 
the  State  of  Ireland,'  1824,  1825;  wrote  much  under 
initials  '  J.  K.  L.'  [xv.  411] 

DOYLE,  JAMES  WILLIAM  EDMUND  (1822-1892), 
son  of  John  Doyle  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Official  Baronage  of 
England,'  1886.  [Suppl.  ii.  154] 

DOYLE,  SIR  JOHN  (1750  7-1834),  general :  served  at 
the  siege  of  Charleston,  1780 ;  brigade-major  to  Lord  Oorii- 
wallis,  1780 ;  M.P.  for  Mullingar  in  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons,  1783 :  secretary  at  war,  1796-9 :  raised  the 
87th  regiment,  1793,  and  served  with  it  in  the  Netherlands, 
1794;  fought  at  Alexandria  and  Marabout,  1801;  con- 
structed roads  in  Guernsey  and  organised  the  defences  of 
the  island  when  lieutenant-governor,  1804-15;  created 
baronet,  1805 ;  K.B.,  1812 ;  general,  1819.  [xv.  412] 

DOYLE,  JOHN  (1797-1868),  portrait-painter  and  cari- 
caturist :  produced  in  lithograph,  under  the  signature  of 
'  H.B.,'  satiric  portraits  of  the  political  celebrities  of  con- 
temporary England,  1829-51.  [xv.  413] 

DOYLE,  SIR  JOHN  MILLEY  (1781-1856),  colonel: 
nephew  of  Sir  John  Doyle  (1760  ?-1834)  [q.  v.] :  lieutenant 
in  the  108th  regiment,  17U4  :  assisted  in  the  suppression  of 
the  Irish  insurrection,  1798;  aide-de-camp  to  Brigadier. 


DOYLE 


3G1 


DRAKE 


general  John  Doyle  before  Alexandria,  1801  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  Portuguese  service,  1809  ;  fought  at  Fueutes 
de  Onoro  and  the  capture  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1812; 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  English  army,  1811;  K.O.B. ; 
took  part  in  Portuguese  affairs,  1823  ;  imprisoned  by  Dom 
.Miguel  for  actively  aiding  his  rival  Don  Pedro,  1823; 
M.P.,  co.  Oarlow,  1831-2;  his  financial  claims  on  the 
English  government  repudiated,  1834.  [xv.  414] 

DOYLE,  RICHARD  (1824-1883),  artist  and  carica- 
turist ;  son  of  John  Doyle  [q.  v.] :  contributor  to  '  Punch,' 
1843-50  :  designed  the  cover  of  '  Punch ' ;  contributed  to 
4  Punch '  cartoons  and  the  '  Manners  and  Customs  of  ye 
Englyshe,'  1849  :  resigned  his  connection  with  the  paper 
in  consequence  of  its  hostility  to  papal  aggression,  1850 ; 
illustrated  Ruskin's  '  King  of  the  Golden  River,'  1851, 
Thackeray's  'Newcomes,'  1853-5,  and  other  books  ;  poeti- 
cally treated  moorland  scenes  in  water-colour,  [xv.  415] 

DOYLE,  THOMAS  (1793-1879),  Roman  catholic  di- 
vine ;  D.D.  ;  provost  of  the  cathedral  chapter  of  South- 
\vark,  1850;  the  building  of  St.  George's  Cathedral,  St. 
George's  Fields,  mainly  due  to  his  exertions,  [xv.  417] 

DOYLE,  WELBORE  ELLIS  (</.  1797),  general; 
brother  of  Sir  John  Doyle  (1750  ?-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  com- 
manded the  14th  regiment  in  the  attack  on  Famars, 
1793  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Ceylon.  [xv.  413] 

DOYLEY  or  DOYLY,  EDWARD  (1617-1675),  go- 
vernor of  Jamaica;  fought  for  parliament  during  civil 
war;  lieutenant-colonel  in  expedition  to  West  Indies, 
1654 ;  commander-in-chief  of  forces  in  Jamaica,  1655-6 
and  1657-61  ;  defended  island  against  several  Spanish 
attempts  at  recouquest.  [Suppl.  ii.  155] 

D'OYLIE  or  D'OYLY,  THOMAS  (1548?-1603), 
Spanish  scholar  ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1569  ; 
friend  of  Francis  Bacon  ;  M.D.  Basle,  c.  1581 ;  held  medical 
appointment  in  the  army  at  Antwerp :  censor,  London 
College  of  Physicians,  1593,  1596,  and  1598 ;  assisted  in 
the  compilation  of  Percival's  '  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,' 
1691 ;  drew  up  a  Spanish  grammar  and  dictionary  in 
Spanish,  Latin,  and  English,  licensed,  1590,  which  he 
withdrew  in  favour  of  Percival's  book.  [xv.  417] 

D'OYLY,  SIR  CHARLES,  seventh  baronet  (1781-1845), 
Indian  civilian  and  artist ;  assistant  to  the  registrar  of 
the  Calcutta  court  of  appeal,  1798 ;  collector  of  Dacca, 
1808 ;  opium  agent  at  Behar,  1821 ;  commercial  resident 
at  Patna,  1831 ;  senior  member  of  the  marine  board, 
1833  ;  an  amateur  artist  of  Indian  and  Anglo-Indian  life. 

D'OYLY,  SIR  FRANCIS  (rf.  1815),  colonel'T'brother 
of  George  and  Sir  John  D'Oyly  [q.  v.]  ;  assistant  adjutant- 
general  in  the  Peninsular  campaigns;  K.C.B.;  killed  at 
Waterloo.  [xv.  420] 

D'OYLY,  GEORGE  (1778-1846),  theologian  and  bio- 
grapher ;  brother  of  Sir  Francis  and  Sir  John  D'Oyly 
[q.  v.] ;  second  wrangler.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1800 :  fellow,  1801 ;  moderator  in  the  university, 
1806-9,  and  select  preacher,  1809-11  ;  Hulsean  Christian 
advocate,  1811 ;  D.D. ;  rector  of  Lambeth,  Surrey,  and  of 
Sundridge,  Kent,  1820-46 :  published  « Life  of  Archbishop 
Bancroft,'  1821,  and  theological  works.  [xv.  419] 

D'OYLY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1774-1824),  resident 
of  Knndy ;  brother  of  George  and  Sir  Francis  D'Oyly 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  collector  of  Colombo, 
1802  ;  secretary  to  the  government  of  Ceylon,  1810 ;  largely 
instrumental,  as  head  of  General  Brownrigg's  intelligence 
department,  in  the  overthrow  of  the  king  of  Kandy,  1814 
and  1815  ;  created  baronet,  1821  ;  resident  and  first  com- 
missioner of  government  in  the  Kandyan  provinces :  died 
at  Kandy.  [xv.  419] 

D'OYLY,  SAMUEL  (d.  1748),  translator :  scholar  of 
Westminster,  1697  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge : 
M.A.,  1707  ;  vicar  of  St.  Nicholas,  Rochester,  1710-48 ; 
published  '  Christian  Eloquence  in  Theory  and  Practice,'  a 
translation  from  Blaise  Gisbert,  1718.  [xv.  42o] 

D'OYLY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1585),  antiquary ;  admitted 
at  Gray's  Inn,  1555;  D.C.L. :  read  archaeological  papers 
before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  founded  c.  1572. 

[xv.  421] 

DRAGE,  WILLIAM  (1637  ?-1669),  medical  writer; 
apothecary  at  Hitchin ;  author  of  '  A  Physical  Nosonomy,' 
1665,  and  *  Pretologie,  a  Treatise  concerning  Intermitting 
Fevers,'  1665 ;  a  believer  in  the  occult  sciences,  [xv.421] 


DRAGHI,  GIOVANNI  BATTISTA  (17th  cent.), 
Italian  musician:  wrote  instrumental  interludes  for 
Shadwell's  '  Psyche,'  1674 ;  organist  to  Queen  Catherine  of 
Braganza,  1677  ;  a  skilful  player  on  the  harpsichord  ;  left 
manuscripts  and  printed  songs  ;  adopted  the  English  style 
of  music.  [xv.  421] 

DRAGONETTI,  DOMENIOO  (1755  ?-1846),  performer 
on  the  double-bass ;  native  of  Venice ;  succeeded  his 
master,  Berini,  in  the  orchestra  at  St.  Mark's;  visited 
England,  1794;  left  Venice  for  good,  1797;  friend  ot 
Beethoven,  Haydn,  and  Sechter  :  engaged  in  England  at 
concerts  and  the  opera ;  played  on  one  occasion  in  1'uns 
before  Napoleon,  who  desired  him  to  ask  a  favour  on  hi» 
instrument,  his  speech  being  unintelligible ;  composed 
sonatas  and  three  canzonets.  [xv.  422] 

DRAKARD,  JOHN  (17757-1854),  newspaper  pro- 
prietor and  publisher;  started  the  'Stamford  News,' 
1809;  fined  and  imprisoned  for  an  article  denouncing 
corporal  punishment  in  the  army,  1810;  proprietor  of  the 
'  Stamford  Champion,'  1830-4,  [xv.  424] 

DRAKE,  SIR  BERNARD  (d.  1586),  naval  commander ; 
sent  to  seize  all  Spanish  ships  off  Newfoundland,  in  re- 
taliation for  the  detention  of  English  ships  in  Spain, 
1585 ;  knighted,  1586  ;  died  of  gaol  fever  or  plague  caught 
at  the  trial  at  Exeter  of  the  crew  of  a  Portuguese  ship,  the 
Lion  of  Viana,  which  he  had  captured  off  Brittany. 


DRAKE,  CHARLES  FRANCIS  TYRW 
1874),  naturalist  and  explorer  in  the  Holy  Land ;  educated 
at  Rugby,  Wellington,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
explored,  in  company  with  Professor  Edward  Henry 
Palmer  [q.  v.],  mountains  west  of  the  Arabah  and  parts 
of  Eflom  and  Moab,  1869 ;  investigated,  for  Palestine  Ex- 
ploration Fund,  inscribed  stones  at  Hamah,  1870 ;  died  of 
fever  at  Jerusalem.  Chief  works  : '  Notes  on  the  Birds  of 
Tangier  and  Eastern  Morocco'  ('Ibis,' 1867,  1869),  and 
part  of  '  Unexplored  Syria,'  1872.  [xv.  425] 

DRAKE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1540?-1596),  circumnavi- 
gator and  admiral;  commanded  the  Judith  in  John 
Hawkyns's  ill-fated  expedition,  1567  [see  HAWKINS,  SIR 
JOHN]  ;  made  three  voyages  from  Plymouth  to  the  West 
Indies,  1570, 1571,  and  1572 ;  landed  at  Nombre  de  Dios, 
and  would  have  plundered  the  town,  had  not  his  men 
become  disheartened  at  a  wound  which  their  commander 
received,  1572 ;  burnt  Portobello,  1572 ;  sacked  Venta 
Cruz,  1573 ;  returned  to  Plymouth,  1573 ;  served  under 
Essex  in  Ireland ;  reduced  Rathlin,  1575 ;  set  sail  from 
Plymouth  for  the  River  Plate,  1577  ;  executed  Thomas 
Doughty,  a  deposed  officer  of  his  following,  on  a  charge 
of  conspiracy,  1578 ;  sailed  through  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
1578 ;  plundered  Valparaiso,  1579  ;  captured  a  ship  from 
Acapulco,  commanded  by  one  Don  Francisco  de  Qarate, 
who  sent  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  a  letter,  still  extant, 
giving  an  account  of  Drake,  1579  ;  reached  Pelew  islands 
and  Mindanao,  1579 ;  sailed  through  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, and,  rounding  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  touched  at 
Sierra  Leone,  1580 ;  knighted  at  Deptford  in  1581  by  Queen 
Elizabeth,  who  justified  him  to  the  Spanish  ambassador ; 
mayor  of  Plymouth,  1582 ;  his  assassination  plotted  by 
one  John  Doughty,  an  agent  of  the  king  of  Spain,  1583 ; 
M.P.,  Bossiney,  1584-5 ;  commissioned  by  Elizabeth  with 
the  command  of  a  fleet  and  letters  of  marque,  1585  :  burnt 
St.  lago  and  plundered  Vigo,  1585 ;  took  San  Domingo 
and  Cartagena,  by  the  aid  of  the  land  forces  under  Car- 
leill ;  brought  back  to  England  the  first  colonists  of  Vir- 

finia,  1586  ;  commissioned  to  commit  acts  of  war  against 
pain,  in  accordance  with  which  he  destroyed  an  arma- 
ment in  the  harbour  of  Cadiz,  not  being  aware  that  the 
order,  in  so  far  as  it  related  to  Spanish  territory,  had 
been  countermanded,  1587 ;  superseded  his  vice-admiral, 
William  Borough  [q.  v.],  from  his  command,  1587:  urged 
Elizabeth  to  forestall  a  Spanish  invasion  by  attacking  the 
king  of  Spain  at  home,  1588  ;  stationed  off  Ushant  with 
one  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  English  fleet  to  intercept 
the  Spanish  Armada :  driven  back  to  Plymouth  by  a 
southerly  wind,  July  1688;  defeated  the  Armada  off  Grave- 
lines  and  pursued  it  to  the  north  of  Scotland ;  quarrelled 
with  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  about  spoil  of  Rosario,  a  ship 
captured  by  Drake  in  the  Channel,  1688 :  associated  with 
Sir  John  Norris  [q.  v.]  in  expedition  against  coasts  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,  which  plundered  Coruna,  burnt 
Vigo,  and  destroyed  much  Spanish  shipping,  1589;  regu- 
lated the  water  supply  of  Plymouth  by  bringing  the 


DRAKE 


362 


DRAYTON 


Meavy  into  the  town,  1590  :  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1593;  com- 
manded an  unsuccessful  expedition  to  the  West  Indies 
(1595)  with  Sir  John  Hawkyns  ;  died  off  Portobello,  1596  ; 
hero  of  many  popular  legends.  [xv.  426] 

DRAKE.  FKANCIS  (1696-1771),  author  of  'Ebora- 
cum ' ;  city  surgeon,  York,  1727  :  published  with  numerous 
copper-plate  engravings  '  Eboracum :  or,  the  History 
:md  Antiquities  of  the  City  of  York,'  1736 ;  dedicated 
'  Eboracum '  to  the  Earl  of  BntiiDgton,  whose  influence 
procured  his  release  when  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  for  it 
debt  contracted  by  incautiously  signing  n  bond  for  Sir 
Harry  Slingsby;  F.S.A.,  1736:  investigated  local  anti- 
quarian problems,  such  as  the  Micklegate  Stone  and  the 
site  of  Delgovitia.  [xv.  442] 

DRAKE.  KHANOIS  (1721-1795),  clergyman;  son  of 
Vrancirf  Drake (1G96-1771)  [q.  v.] ;  Trapp's  scholar,  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1739;  M.A.,  1746;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen, 1746  ;  D.D.,  1773 ;  rector  of  Winestead,  Holderness, 
1775-96.  [xv.  444] 

DRAKE,  SIR  FRANCIS  SAMUEL,  first  baronet  (d. 
1789),  rear-admiral;  served  in  West  Indies,  1757-8;  pre- 
sent at  the  defeat  of  the  French  in  Quiberon  Bay,  1759  : 
rear-admiral,  1780 ;  detached  under  Sir  Samuel  Hood  [q.  v.] 
to  blockade  Martinique,  1781 :  commanded  under  Rodney 
in  the  battle  of  Dominica,  1782;  created  baronet,  1782; 
M.P.,  Plymoutli,  1789 ;  junior  lord  of  the  admiralty,  17X9. 

[xv.  445] 

DRAKE,  JAMES  (1667-1707),  political  writer:  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Cains  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A. ; 
M.D.,  1694 ;  F.R.S.,  1701 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1706 ;  prosecuted  for 
his  tory  pamphlet, '  The  History  of  the  Last  Parliament,' 
but  acquitted,  1702  ;  part  author  of  '  The  Memorial  of  the 
Church  of  England  '  (1705),  the  authors  of  which  would 
have  been  prosecuted  had  their  identity  been  established  ; 
published  'The  Antieut  and  Modern  Stages  Reviewed,' 
1700,  and  •  Anthropologia  Nova,'  1707.  [xv.  446] 

DRAKE,  JOHN  POAD  (1794-1883),  inventor  and 
artist ;  painted  a  picture  of  Napoleon  on  board  the 
Bellerophon;  visited  Montreal;  patented  a  diagonal 
arrangement  of  ribs  and  planking  for  ships  and  a  screw 
trenail  fastening,  1837 ;  said  to  have  discovered  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  Snider  Enfield  gun,  1835.  [xv.  447] 

DRAKE,  NATHAN  (1766-1836),  literary  essayist  and 
physician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1789 ;  practised  at  Sud- 
bury,  1790-2,  and  at  Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  1792-1836;  pub- 
lished '  Shakespeare  and  his  Times,'  1817,  'Memorials  of 
Shakespeare,1  1828,  and  miscellaneous  essays ;  advocated 
use  of  digitalis  in  consumption.  [xv.  448] 

DRAKE,  ROGER  (1608-1669),  physician  and  divine; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1631 :  M.D.  Leyden, 
1639;  defended  Harveian  doctrine  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  against  Dr.  James  Primrose  [q.  v.],  1641 ;  arrested 
for  share  in  Love's  plot,  but  pardoned,  1651 ;  minister 
of  St.  Peter's  Cheap,  1653  ;  published '  Sacred  Chronologic,' 
1648,  and  religious  tractates  and  medical  dissertations. 

[xv.  448] 

DRAKE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1673),  royalist  divine  ;  fellow 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1643:  M.A.,  1644; 
ejected  from  fellowship  for  refusing  to  take  the  covenant ; 
fought  at  Newark  ;  incumbent  of  Pontefract,  1660 ;  D.D., 
1661 ;  prebendary  of  Southwell,  1670-1.  [xv.  449] 

DRAKE,  SAMUEL  (1686  ?-1753),  antiquary  ;  brother 
of  Francis  Drake  (1696-1771)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1711;  D.D.,  1724  ;  recfor  of  Treeton, 
Yorkshire,  1728-53,  and  vicar  of  Holme-on-Spalding  Moor, 
1733-53 ;  wrote  on  Christian  ritual ;  edited  Bartholomew 
Clerke's  Latin  translation  of  Castiglione's  'Courtier,'  1713. 

[xv.  450] 

DRAKE,  WILLIAM  (1723-1801),  antiquary  and 
philologist ;  son  of  Francis  Drake  (1696-1771)  [q.  v.] :  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1744  ;  master  of  Felstead  grammar 
school,  1750-77  ;  vicar  of  Isleworth,  Middlesex,  1777-1801 ; 
F.S.  A.,  1770 ;  contributed  paper?  on  the  origin  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  to  '  Archseologia.'  [xv.  450] 

DRAKE,  AUGUSTA  THEODOSIA  (1823-1894),  his- 
torian and  poet ;  brought  up  in  established  church,  but 
joined  Roman  catholics,  1860  :  postulant,  1852,  in  Domi- 
nican convent,  Clifton  (removed  to  Stone,  1853):  pro- 
nounced vows,  1866  ;  prioress,  1872-81  ;  mother  provincial 
of  order,  1881-94:  published  numerous  historical,  bio- 
graplrcul,  and  poetical  works,  chiefly  of  a  religious  ten- 
dency. [Suppl.  ii.  156] 


DRANT,  THOMAS  (./.  157SV),  divim«  and  pm-t  ;  \:.\. 
and  fellow  St.  John's  ('olk'L.'c.(';iinbri(l^,15t;i  :  M.A.,  i:>t;l  : 
domestic  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Grindal :  B.D.,  15G'J  ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1569  ;  prebendary  of  Chichester,  157(1 ; 
archdeacon  of  Lewes,  1570-8 ;  translated  Horace's  epistles, 
satires,  and 'Are  Poetica '  into  English  verse,  1667;  pub- 
lished '  Sylva,'  a  collection  of  Latin  poems,  c.  1576  ;  advo- 
cated the  use  of  classical  metres  in  English  verse. 

[xvi.  1] 

DRAPENTIER,  JAN  (ft.  1674-1713),  engraver: 
native  of  Dordrecht :  engraved  portraits  for  London 
booksellers  and  views  for  Chauncy's  'Hertfordshire' ; 
engraver  to  the  mint.  [xvi.  2] 

DRAPER.  EDWARD  ALURED  (1776-1841),  colonel : 
cousin  of  Sir  William  Draper  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Eton  : 
page  of  honour  to  George  III ;  lieutenant  and  captain,  3rd 
foot  guards,  1796;  brevet-major  and  military  secretary 
to  Lieutenant-general  Grinfield,  1802,  bringing  home 
despatches  after  capture  of  St.  Lucia,  1803;  executive 
official  in  Mauritius,  taking  the  popular  side  in  opposing 
the  home  government's  nomination  ot  a  Mr.  Jeremie  as 
procureur-general,  1832;  recalled:  subsequently  colonial 
treasurer  of  Mauritius.  [xvi.  2] 

DRAPER,  MRS.  ELI7A  (1744-1778).  friend  of  Lau- 
rence Sterne  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Aujeugo  in  India :  daughter 
of  May  Sclater:  married  at  Bombay  Daniel  Draper, 
H.E.I.C.S.  (17257-1805);  met  on  a  visit  to  London, 
1766-7,  Sterne,  who  addressed  to  her  amorous  letters  and 
a  '  Journal  to  Eliza ' :  returned,  1767,  to  India,  where 
she  lived  unhappily  with  her  husband,  and  ran  away  from 
him,  finally  settling  in  England;  eulogised  by  Abbe 
Raynal  and  James  Forbes  in  'Oriental  Memoirs';  died 
at  Bristol  and  buried  in  cathedral  cloisters  there. 

[liv.  211] 

DRAPER,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1811-1882),  chemist; 
studied  at  the  London  and  Pennsylvania  universities : 
M.D.  Pennsylvania,  1836  ;  professor  of  chemistry  and 
physiology,  Hampden  Sidney  College,  Virginia,  1836,  and 
at  New  York,  1839 ;  LL.D. ;  first  to  produce  daguerreo- 
type portraits,  1839 :  president  of  the  New  York  Univer- 
sity, 1850-73;  brought  out  'Scientific  Memoirs,  hciiiLr 
Experimental  Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  Radiant. 
Energy,'  1878 ;  devoted  special  study  to  ultra- violet  rays  of 
spectrum  ;  published  historical  works.  [xvi.  3] 

DRAPER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1721-1787),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; fellow  of  King's  College;  M.A.,  1749;  ensign  in 
Lord  Henry  Beauclerk's  regiment,  1744  :  adjutant,  1st  foot 
guards,  1746:  lieutenant  and  captain,  1749;  commanded 
the  79th  regiment,  raised  by  himself,  at  the  siege  of  Fort 
St.  George,  1758-9  ;  colonel,  1762  ;  captured  Manilla,  1762, 
ransoming  it  for  1,000,000/.  in  bills  on  Madrid,  which  was 
never  paid  ;  colonel,  16th  foot,  1765  :  K.B.,  1766  ;  defended 
the  Marquis  of  Grauby  against '  Junius,'  1769 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1777 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Minorca,  1779-82  ; 
preferred  unfounded  charges  of  misconduct  against  Lieu- 
tenant-general Hon.  James  Murray,  who  had  suspended 
him,  1782;  reprimanded  by  a  general  court-martial, 
1783.  [xvi.  4] 

DRAXE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1618),  divine :  B.D.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge;  vicar  of  Dovercourt-cum-Harwich, 
1601;  author  of '  Treasurie  of  Ancient  Adagies  and  Sen- 
tentious Proverbes,"  1633,  and  other  works.  [xvi.  7] 

DRAYCOT,  ANTHONY  (d.  1571),  divine ;  principal 
of  White  Hall  and  Pirye  Hall,  Oxford;  doctor  of  canon 
law,  1622  :  rector  of  Dray  cot :  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1539,  of  Lichfield,  1566  ;  chancellor  of  Lincoln,  Coventry, 
and  Lichfield ;  stripped  of  all  his  preferments  except 
Draycot,  1559.  [xvi.  8] 

DRAYTON,  MICHAEL  (1663-1631),  poet:  at  one 
time  probably  page  to  Sir  Henry  Goodere  of  Powlesworth  ; 
published  '  Idea.  The  Shepheards  Garland.  Fashioned  in 
nine  Eglogs,'  1593  :  published  three  historical  poems, 
'  Piers  Gavestou,'  1593,  '  Matilda'  (Fit* water),  1594,  and 
'  The  Tragicall  Legend  of  Robert,  Duke  of  Normandie,' 
1596;  composed  in  rhymed  heroics  'Endymion  and 
Phoebe,'  c.  1594:  published  'Ideas  Mirrovr,'  a  series  of 
sonnets  in  honour  of  a  lady  otherwise  unknown,  1594  ; 
republished  his  '  Mortimeriados '  as  '  The  Barrens  Wars,' 
1603;  collaborated  in  dramatic  work  with  Henry  Chettle 
[q.  v.],  Thomas  Dekker  [q.  v.],  and  John  Webster  (1580  ?- 
1625  ?)  [q.  v.]  :  possibly  employed  by  Queen  Kli/abeth  on 
a  diplomatic  mission  to  Scotland  ;  published  '  The  Owle,' 


DKAYTON 


303 


DRUMMOND 


a  satire,  1604;  produced,  e.  1605,  Toemes  Lyrick  ami 
Pastorall,'  containing  the  famous  '  Ballad  of  Agincourt '  ; 
published  ( 1  (>07)  'The  Legt;nd  <>!'  <  ir.-at  <<romwell,'  included 
in  the  1610  edition  of '  Mirour  for  Magistrates'  :  ttnished 
4  Poly-Olbion,'  a  long  poetic  topography  of  Kntrlaml,  1622  ; 
published  '  Nimphidia '  and  other  poems,  1G27  :  frit-mi  01 
Shakespeare;  highly  esteemed  by  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden.  [xvi.  8] 

DRAYTON,  NICHOLAS  DK  (fl.  1376),  ecclesiastic 
and  judge  :  warden  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  13C3  ; 
imprisoned  for  heresy,  1369  :  exchequer  baron,  1376. 

[xvi.  13] 

DREBBEL,  OORNELIS  (1672-1634),  philosoplu-r  :iml 
scientific  inventor  ;  born  at  Alkmaar;  invented  machine 
for  producing  perpetual  motion,  which  he  presented  to 
his  patron,  James  I ;  visited  the  court  of  Kudolph  II ; 
imprisoned  on  the  capture  of  Prague  by  the  elector  pala- 
tine, 1620:  released  at  James  I's  intercession;  sent  in 
charge  of  fireships  on  the  Kochelle  expedition,  1G27  ; 
credited  with  invention  of  telescope,  microscope,  and 
thermometer ;  author  of  a  Dutch  work  on  the  '  Nature  of 
the  Elements,'  1608.  [xvi.  13] 

DREGHORN,  LORD  (1734-1796).  [See  MACLAURIX, 
JOHN.] 

DRELINCOURT,  PETER  (1644-1722),  dean  of  Ar- 
magh :  son  of  a  Huguenot  minister :  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1681 :  LL.D.,  1691  ;  archdeacon  of  Leighlin, 
1683  :  dean  of  Armagh,  1691-1722.  [xvi.  14] 

DRENNAN,  WILLIAM  (1754-1 820),  Irish  poet;  M.A. 
Glasgow,  1771 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1778  ;  formulated  ori- 
ginal prospectus  of  the  Society  of  United  Irishmen,  1791 ; 
chairman,  1792  and  1793 ;  tried  for  sedition,  and  acquitted, 
1794 ;  writer  of  patriotic  lyrics  ;  first  Irish  poet  to  call 
Ireland  the  '  Emerald  Isle.'  [xvi.  14] 

DREW,  EDWARD  (1542  ?-1598),  recorder  of  London  ; 
scholar,  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  admitted  Inner  Temple, 
1560 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1689 ;  M.P.  for  Lyme  Regis,  1584, 
for  Exeter,  1586  and  1588 ;  recorder  (1592-4)  and  M.P.  for 
London,  1592 ;  queen's  Serjeant,  1596.  [xvi.  15] 

DREW,  FREDERICK  (1836-1891),  geologist ;  studied 
at  Royal  School  of  Mines  ;  joined  geological  survey,  1855 ; 
entered  service  of  maharajah  of  Kashmir,  1862,  and  be- 
came governor  of  province  of  Ladakh ;  F.Q.S.,  1858 ; 
science  master  at  Eton,  1875-91 ;  published  geographical 
and  geological  writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  156] 

DREW,  GEORGE  SMITH  (1819-1880),  Hulsean  lec- 
turer ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1843 ;  M.A., 
1847  ;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity,  Lambeth,  1873-80 ;  Hulseau 
lecturer  (1877)  on  'The  Human  Life  of  Christ  revealing 
the  order  of  the  Universe,'  1878.  [xvi.  16] 

DREW,  JOHN  (1809-1857),  astronomer  ;  schoolmaster 
at  Southampton,  c.  1847 :  part  founder  of  the  Meteoro- 
logical Society,  1860 ;  doctor  in  philosophy,  Bale.  His 
works  include  'Chronological  Charts  illustrative  of  An- 
cient History  and  Geography,'  1835,  and  a  '  Manual  of 
Astronomy,'  1845.  [xvi.  16] 

DREW,  SAMUEL  (1765-1833),  metaphysician;  of 
humble  origin ;  Wesleyan  preacher,  1788 :  published 
'  Remarks  upon  Paine 's  "  Age  of  Reason," '  1799 ;  styled 
the  'Cornish  metaphysician"  on  the  publication  of  an 
'Essay  on  the  Immateriality  and  Immortality  of  the  Soul,' 
1802  ;  superintendent  from  1819  of  the  Caxton  press,  first 
at  Liverpool  and  then  in  London.  [xvi.  17] 

DRING,  RAWLINS  (fl.  1688),  physician  ;  fellow  and 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1682  ;  medical  practitioner 
at  Sberborne;  endeavoured  to  disprove  invariability  of 
configurations  assumed  by  crystallising  salts,  [xvi.  18] 

DRINKWATER,  JOHN  (1762-1844).  [See  BETHUXE, 
JOHN  DKIXKWATER.] 

DROESHOUT,  JOHN  (1596-1652),  engraver  ;  brother 
of  Martin  Droeshout  [q.  v.]  ;  engraved  a  set  of  plates  for 
De  Souza's  '  Lusitauia  Liberata.'  [xvi.  19] 

DROESHOTIT,  MARTIN  (/.  1620-1651),  engraver ; 
born  in  London,  of  Flemish  parentage ;  engraved  por- 
trait of  Shakespeare  prefixed  to  First  Folio,  1623. 

[xvi.  18] 

DROGHEDA,  first  MARQUIS  and  sixth  EARL  op 
(1730-1822).  I  See  MOORE,  CHARLES.] 


DROGHEDA,  VISCOUNTS.  9ee  M<.«.KI-:,  sm  GARRET, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1560?-1627;  MOORK,  SIR  CHARLKS, 
second  Visrorxr,  1603-1643.] 

DROKENSFORD,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1329),  bishop  of  Bath 

ami  Wells ;    accompanied   Edward  I  against  the  Scots, 

'\  1291,  1296,  and  probably  also  in  130J ;  rector  of  Droxford, 

!  Hampshire,  ami  prebendary  of  Southwell,  Lichfield,  Lin- 
coln, and  Wells;    chancellor  of  the  exchequer,    1307; 
,  bishop  of  Bath  and  \Vt-lls.  1309-29 :    petitioned  for  ap- 
,  poiutment  of  oniainers,  1310  ;  regent,  1313;  took  oath  to 
support  Queen  Isabella  and  her  eon  Edward  III,  1327. 

[xvi.  19] 

DROMGOOLE,     THOMAS     (1750  ?-182G  ?),     Roman 
:  catholic  agitator ;  native  of  Ireland ;   M.D.  Edinburgh  ; 
I  settled  as  a  physician  in  Dublin  :  denounced  in  1813  all 
i  compromise  in  struggle  for  Catholic  Emancipation,  there- 
by delaying  its  grant  by  parliament ;  died  at  Rome. 

[xvi.  20] 

DROPE,  FRANCIS  (16297-1671),  arboriculturist; 
demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1645;  ejected,  1648; 
M.A.,  1660 ;  fellow,  1662 ;  B.D.,  1667 :  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, 1670  ;  his  '  Short  and  Sure  Guide  in  the  Practice  of 
Raising  and  Ordering  of  Fruit-trees,'  published,  1672. 

[xvi.  21] 

DROPE,  JOHN  (1626-1670),  physician  and  poet; 
brother  of  Francis  Drope  [q.  v.]  :  demy  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1642 ;  fought  for  Charles  I  in  the  garrison 
of  Oxford ;  fellow,  1647 ;  master  at  John  Fetiplace's 
school,  Dorchester,  c.  1654  ;  M.A.,  1660 ;  physician  at 
Borough,  Lincolnshire ;  published  poems.  [xvi.  21] 

DROUT,  JOHN  (/.  1570),  poet ;  attorney,  of  Thavies 
Inn ;  issued,  1570,  a  poetic  tale  '  from  the  Italian.' 


[xvi.  21] 
of  'The  I 


DRUE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1631),  author  of  'The  Life  of 
the  Dvtches  of  Svffolke,'  an  historical  play,  1631. 

[xvi.  21] 

DRUID,  THE  (pseudonym)  (1822-1870).  [See  DIXON, 
HENRY  HALL.] 

DRUITT,  ROBERT  (1814-1883),  medical  writer; 
F.R.C.S.,  1845  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1874  ;  M.D.  Lambeth ;  editor 
of  the  '  Medical  Times  and  Gazette,'  1862-72 ;  president 
of  the  Metropolitan  Association  of  Medical  Officers  of 
Health,  1864-72 ;  published  '  The  Surgeon's  Vade-Mecum,' 
1839,  and  other  writings.  [xvi.  22] 

DRUMCAIRN,  LORD,  EARL  OF  MELROSE  (1563-1637). 
[See  HAMILTON,  SIR  THOMAS.] 

DRUMMOND,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1769),  published 
'Travels  through  ....  Germany,  Italy,  Greece,  and  parts 
of  Asia,'  1754 ;  consul  at  Aleppo,  1754-6.  [xvi.  22] 

DRUMMOND,  ANNABELLA  (1350  ?-1402),  queen  of 
Robert  III  of  Scotland  ;  daughter  of  Sir  John  Drummond 
of  Stobhall;  married  John  Stewart  of  Kyle  (afterwards 
Robert  III),  1367 :  crowned  queen,  1390  ;  proposed  a  mar- 
riage between  a  relation  of  Richard  II  and  one  of  the  royal 
children  of  Scotland,  1394.  David  Stewart,  duke  of  Rothe- 
say  [q.  v.],  her  sou,  was  murdered,  while  regent,  shortly 
after  her  death.  [xvL  22] 

DRUMMOND,  EDWARD  (1792-1843),  civil  servant: 
private  secretary  to  the  Ear1,  of  Ripon,  Canning,  Welling- 
ton, and  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  shot,  in  mistake  for  Peel,  by  one 
Macnaghten.  [xvi.  25] 

DRUMMOND,  GEORGE  (1687-1766),  six  times  lord 
provost  of  Edinburgh ;  said  to  have  calculated  financial 
details  for  the  union,  1705 ;  accountant-general  of  excise, 
1707-15 ;  raised  a  company  of  volunteers  for  service 
against  the  Earl  of  Mar,  1715  ;  member  of  council,  Edin- 
burgh, 1715;  lord  provost,  1725,  1746,  1760-1.  1754-5, 
1758-9,  and  1762-3:  established  a  medical  faculty  and 
five  professorships  in  Edinburgh  University:  joined  Sir 
John  Cope  [q.  v.],  1745 ;  organised  schemes  for  improve- 
ment of  Edinburgh.  [xvi.  25] 

DRUMMOND,  SIR  GORDON  (1772-1854),  general; 
lieutenant,  41st  regiment,  1791  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  8th 
regiment,  1794;  distinguished  himself  at  Nimegueu ; 
colonel,  1798 ;  fought  at  the  capture  of  Alexandria  and 
Cairo,  1801 :  major-general,  1805 ;  commanded  division  in 
Jamaica,  1805  ;  lieutenant-general,  1811 ;  defeated  Ameri- 
cans at  Niagara,  1814 ;  general,  1825  ;  G.C.B.,  1837. 

[xvi.  87] 


DBUMMOND 


364 


DRUMMOND 


DRUMMOND,  HENRY  (1786-1860),  politician; 
studied  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.I'., 
Plympton  Earls,  1810 ;  carried  an  act  against  embezzle- 
ment by  bankers  of  securities  entrusted  to  their  safe- 
keeping, 1812 :  settled  near  Geneva,  and  continued 
Haldane's  movement  against  Soeini;mism  in  the  venerable 
L-ompanv  and  the  consistory  ;  founded  professorship  of 
political  economy  at  Oxford.  1825 ;  joint-founder  of  the 
Irvingite  church;  M.P.,  West  Surrey,  1847-60.  [xvi.28] 

DRUMMOND,  HENRY  (1851-1897),  theological 
writer;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University;  studk-d 
divinity  at  New  College,  Edinburgh;  joined,  1873, 
evangelical  movement  initiated  by  Dwight  L.  Moody  and 
IraD.  Sankey;  lecturer  in  natural  science  at  the  Free 
Church  College,  Glasgow,  1877 :  published  '  Natural  Law 
in  the  Spiritual  World,'  1883  :  made  scientific  exploration 
of  Lake  Nyasa  and  Tanganyika  district  for  African 
Lakes  Corporation,  1883-4,  and  published  'Tropical 
Africa,'  1888  ;  proftssor  of  theology  in  New  Church,  1884 ; 
ordained  in  College  Free  Church,  1884  ;  supported 
students'  mission  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  and  made 
tour  of  American  and  Australian  colleges:  published 
4  Ascent  of  Man,'  1894.  [Suppl.  ii.  157] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES,  first  BARON  MADRRTT  (1540?- 
1623),  'comineudator'  of  Inchaffray ;  lord  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  James  VI,  1585  ;  made  depositions  concern- 
ing the  so-called  Cowrie  plot,  1600.  [xvi.  29] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  and  first  titular 
DUKK  OF  PERTH  (1648-1716)  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ; 
supported  Laudenlale's  policy  of  giving  up  the  disaffected 
western  shires  of  Scotland  to  highland  raids,  1677  ;  member 
of  Lauderdale's  Scottish  privy  council,  1678  ;  subsequently 
joined  Hamilton's  faction ;  partner  with  William  Penn 
in  the  settlement  of  East  New  Jersey,  1681 ;  justice- 
general,  1682 ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1682  :  lord 
chancellor,  1684  ;  introduced  use  of  thumb-screw ;  con- 
verted to  Roman  Catholicism  ;  K.T.,  1687  ;  imprisoned 
in  Stirling  Castle,  1689;  released  on  a  bond  to  leave 
the  kingdom,  1693  :  created  K.G.  by  the  exiled  James  IT ; 
ereated  Duke  of  Perth  by  James  II's  will ;  died  at  St. 
Germain.  [xvi.  29] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES,  fifth  EARL,  and  second  titular 
DUKK  OP  PERTH  (1675-1720),  eldest  son  of  James  Drum- 
mond,  fourth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Paris  ;  imprisoned  as 
a  Jacobite,  1708  ;  commanded  rebel  cavalry  at  Sheriff  muir, 
1715 ;  attainted  ;  attended  James  Edward  [q.  v.],  the 
Old  Pretender,  on  the  continent ;  died  at  Paris,  [xvi.  31] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES,  sixth  EARL  and  third  titular 
DUKE  OF  PKRTH  (1713-1747),  eldest  sou  of  James  Drurn- 
mond,  fifth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Douay :  styled  him- 
self Duke  of  Perth  in  spite  of  his  father's  attainder; 
eluded  government  attempt  to  arrest  him,  1745;  sur- 
prised camp  of  Lord  London,  a  royalist  leader,  1746 ;  com- 
manded the  Young  Pretender's  left  wing  at  Culloden, 
1746.  [xvi.  31] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES  (17847-1863),  botanical  col- 
lector; elder  brother  of  Thomas  Drummond  (d,  1835) 
[q.  v.];  associate  of  Linnean  Society,  1810;  made  up 
sets  of  the  indigenous  vegetation  of  Western  Australia 
for  sale  :  died  in  Western  Australia.  [xvL  33] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES  (1816-1877),  subject  and  his- 
tory painter ;  academician,  Royal  Scottish  Academy, 
1852;  curator  of  the  National  Gallery,  1868;  painted 
scenes  from  later  Scottish  history.  [xvi.  33] 

DRUMMOND,  JAMES  LAWSON  (1783-1853),  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy ;  brother  of  William  Hamilton  Drum- 
mond [q.  v.]  ;  navy  surgeon  in  Mediterranean.  1807-13  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1814;  first  professor  of  anatomy  at  the 
Academical  Institution,  Belfast,  1818-49;  published 
botanical  and  anatomical  works.  [xvi.  33] 

DRUMMOND,  JOHN,  first  BARON  DRUMMONM.  (<l. 
1519),  statesman ;  commissioned  to  negotiate  a  marriage  be- 
tween James,  prince  of  Scotland,  and  Annede  la  Pole,  1484 ; 
created  Baron  Drummond,  1488  ;  privy  councillor,  1488 ; 
justiciary  of  Scotland,  1488 ;  routed  the  rebel  forces  under 
the  so-called  Earl  of  Lennox,  1489  ;  imprisoned  by  Albany 
(1515),  really  for  opposing  his  election  as  regent,  nominally 
for  striking  Lyon  king-at-arms  ;  forfeited,  but  soon  re- 
conciled to  Albany  (1516),  whom  he  supported  against 
Henry  VIII  and  the  queen-dowager  Margaret,  [xvi.  34] 


DRUMMOND,  JOHN,  first  EARL  and  titular  DI:KK 

OK  MKJ.KOHT  (1649-1714),  lieutenant-general  and  master 

of  ordnance,  1680 :   secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  1684  ; 

J  created  Earl  of  Melfort,  1686;  converted  to  Roman  catho- 

j  licisin :  together  with  his  brother  James,  fourth  Karl  of 

Perth   [q.  v.],   practically  ruled  Scotland  :    advocated  a 

wholesale  seizure  of  iufiuential   whigs,   1688 ;    attended 

James  11  for  a  time  in  Ireland  ;  Jacobite  envoy  to  Rome  : 

made  K.G.  at  St.  Germain,  1691 ;  attainted,  1695  ;  wrote 

to  his  brother,  then  at  St.  Germain,  a  letter  from  Paris, 

which  was  intercepted  in  London,  ascribing  to  L.OIUS  XIV 

the  intention  of  restoring  James  II,  1701 ;  suspected  of 

treachery  to  Jacobite  interests,  and  sent  to  Angers  ;  died 

'  at  Paris.  [xvi.  35] 

DRUMMOND,  JOHN,  fourth  DCKK  OF  PERTH  (d. 
1747),  brother  of  James,  sixth  earl  of  Perth  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Douay ;  raised  the  Royal  Scots  regiment,  and  was 
sent  from  France  to  join  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745  ; 
called  on  six  thousand  Dutch  soldiers  to  withdraw,  as 
having  previously  capitulated  in  Flanders ;  mainly  con- 
tributed to  the  Jacobite  victory  at  Falkirk,  1746  ;  fought 
at  Culloden,  1746  ;  died  before  Bergen-op-Zoom. 

[xvi.  32] 

DRUMMOND,  MARGARET  (1472  ?-1501),  mistress 
of  James  IV  of  Scotland ;  daughter  of  John,  first  baron 
Drummond  [q.  v.] ;  poisoned,  together  with  her  two 
sisters,  one  of  them  being  wife  of  Lord  Fleming,  1501. 
The  triple  murder  has  been  sometimes  attributed  to  Lord 
Fleming.  [xvi.  37] 

DRUMMOND,  PETER  ROBERT  (1802-1879),  bio- 
grapher ;  bookseller  at  Dundee  ;  farmer,  and  collector  of 
pictures  and  engravings :  cliief  works,  '  Perthshire  in 
Bygone  Days.'  1879,  and  'The  Life  of  Robert  Nicoll,  poet' 
(published  1884).  [xvi.  38] 

DRUMMOND,  ROBERT  HAY  (1711-1776),  arch- 
bishop  of  York ;  educated  at  Westminster,  where  Queen 
Caroline  remarked  him,  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1735;  royal  chaplain,  1736;  took  the  additional 
surname  of  Drummond,  1739 ;  attended  George  II  on  his 
German  campaign,  1743;  D.D.,  1745 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asapb, 
1748-61  ;  successfully  defended  Bishop  Johnson  of  Glou- 
cester and  two  other  friends  on  a  charge  of  Jacobitisin, 
1753;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1761;  archbishop  of  York, 
1761-76 ;  made  additions  to  the  archiepiscopal  palace. 

[xvi.  38] 

DRUMMOND,  SAMUEL  (1765-1844),  portrait  and 
historical  painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  after 
1791;  A  R.A.,  1808;  curator  of  the  Royal  Academy 
painting  school.  [xvi.  40] 

DRUMMOND,  THOMAS  (d.  1835),  botanical  col- 
lector ;  brother  of  James  Drummond  (1784  ?-1863)  [q.  v.] ; 
assistant-naturalist  in  Sir  John  Franklin's  second  (1825) 
land  expedition ;  made  a  botanical  tour  in  Texas,  sending 
collections  of  plants  to  England  ;  died  at  Havana. 

[xvi.  41] 

DRUMMOND,    THOMAS  (1797-1840),  engineer  and 
administrator ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University ;  entered 
the  royal  engineers,  1815  ;   introduced  '  Drummond '  lime- 
light ;  improved  heliostat ;   head  of  the  boundary  com- 
mission in  connection  with  the  great  Reform  Bill ;  under- 
secretary at  Dublin  Castle,  1835-40  ;  organised  the  Dublin 
police  and  appointed  stipendiaries  to  control   the  local 
I  magistrates :  told  the  landlords  that '  property '  had  '  its 
duties  as  well  as  its  rights ' ;  supported  by  O'Connell;  his 
i  administration   vindicated   by  a  commission  of  inquiry, 
!  1839.  [xvi.  41] 

DRUMMOND,    WILLIAM,  of   Hawthornden   (1585- 

1649),  poet;    related  to    the  royal    family  of   Scotland 

through  Aunabella  Drummond  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh, 

1606;    attended  law  lectures  at  Bourges  and  Paris,  1607 

and  1608;  laird  of  Hawthornden,  1610;  lamented  Prince 

Henry  in  '  Tears  on  the  Death  of  Meliades,'  1613  :  friend 

and  correspondent  of  (Sir)  William  Alexander  of  Menstrie 

[q.  v.]  and  of  Michael  Drayton,  and  an  acquaintance  of 

Ben  Jonsou ;  issued  *  Flowers  of  Zion '  (religious  verse), 

and  'The  Cypresse  Grove,'  a  prose  meditation  on  death, 

J  1623 ;  patented  sixteen  mechanical  inventions,  conipri.-- 

!  ing  weapons  and  scientific  instruments,  1627 ;  drew  up  a 

•  genealogy  of  the  Drummoud  family,  and  sent  Charles  I 

I  a  manuscript  tractate,  in  which  he  rebutted  the  claim 

of  William  Graham,  seventh   earl  of    Menteith,  to   the 

|  earldom  of  Struthearu,  1632  ;  wrote  '  History  of  Scotland 


DRTJMMOND 


365 


DRYANDER 


[1423-1624]'  (first  printer!  1656);  wrote  'Irene'  in  the 
interest  of  concord  during  the  Scottish  political  tunn.nl 
of  1(338  :  protested  against  the  solemn  league  and  cove- 
nant  in  '  Remoras  for  the  National  League  between 
Scotland  and  England,'  1643 ;  wrote  in  favour  of  nego- 
tiation with  Charles  1, 1646 ;  his  death  ascribed  to  grief 
for  Charles  1's  execution.  The  first  collected  edition  of 
his  poems  issued  in  1656.  As  a  sonnetteer  Drummond 
was  much  influenced  byGuariui.  He  invented  the  metre 
employed  in  Milton's  '  Hymn  of  the  Nativity.'  [xvi.  45] 

DKTJMMOND,  WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUNT  OFSTRATH- 
AI.LAX  (1617  ?-1688),  royalist  general;  studied  at  St. 
Andrews;  commanded  royalist  brigade  at  battle  of 
Worcester,  and  was  taken  prisoner,  1651 ;  escaped  and 
entered  the  Russian  service,  becoming  lieutenant-general 
of  the  '  strangers '  and  governor  of  Smoleusko ;  major- 
general  of  the  forces  in  Scotland,  with  seat  on  the 
council,  1666  ;  popularly  supposed  to  have  introduced  the 
thumbscrew ;  urged  the  necessity  of  a  standing  army 
upon  Charles  II,  1667 ;  knighted,  c.  1680 ;  represented 
Perthshire  in  Scottish  parliament,  1669-74, 1678, 1681-2, 
and  1685-6  ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  forces  in  Scotland, 
and  treasury  lord,  1685:  created  Viscount  Strathallau 
and  Baron  Drummond  of  Cromlix,  1686  ;  disapproved 
James  Il's  proposal  of  exclusive  toleration  for  Romanists, 
1686.  [xvi.  49] 

DRUMMOND.  WILLIAM,  fourth  VISCOUNT  OF 
STRATHALLAN  (1690-1746),  Jacobite ;  taken  prisoner  at 
Sheriff muir,  1715;  released  by  the  act  of  grace,  1717; 
killed  while  commanding  under  the  Young  Pretender  at 
Cullodeu,  1746.  [xvi.  50] 

DRUMMOND,  Silt  WILLIAM  (1770  7-1828),  scholar 
and  diplomatist ;  M.P.,  St.  Mawes,  1795,  Lostwithiel, 
1796  and  1801 :  F.R.S.,  1799 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1810  ;  privy 
councillor,  1801 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Naples,  1801 
and  1806 ;  ambassador  to  the  Porte,  1803-6 ;  his  chief 
works,  'Origines,'  1824-9.  and  'ffidipus  Judaicus,'  which 
explained  Old  Testament  stories  as  astronomical  alle- 
gories, 1811.  ,  ^'-  '  [xvi.  51] 

DRUMMOND,  WILLIAM  ABERNETHY  (1719  ?- 
1809),  bishop  of  Edinburgh  ;  of  the  Abernethy  family  at 
Salton;  M.D. ;  episcopalian  minister  at  Edinburgh;  as- 
sumed his  father-Lu-law's  surname  of  Drummond,  1760 ; 
bishop  of  Brechin,  1787 ;  bishop  of  Edinburgh,  1787-1805  ; 
urged  episcopalians  to  submit  to  Hanoverian  dynasty 
after  Prince  Charles  Edward's  death,  1788.  [xvi.  61] 

DRUMMOND,   WILLIAM  HAMILTON  (1778-1865), 
poet  and  controversialist ;  educated  at  the  Belfast  Academy 
and  Glasgow  College ;  ordained  by  the  Antrim  presbytery 
to  Second  Belfast,  1800 ;  D.D.  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
deen, 1810 ;  colleague  to    James    Armstrong  [q.  v.]  at 
Strand  Street,  Dublin,  1815 ;  defended  unitarianism  in  his 
4  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,'  182  7,  and  wrote  an  enthusiastic  | 
life  of   Servetus,    1848;    published    poems   and    (1862)  I 
'  Ancient  Irish  Minstrelsy.'  [xvi.  62] 


DRURY,  HENRY  JOSEPH  THOMAS  (1778-1841), 
scholar ;  sou  of  Joseph  Drury  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow  of  Kind's;  M.A., 
1804 ;  master  of  Harrow  lower  school ;  edited  for  Harrow 
selections  from  the  classic*.  [xvi.  56] 

DRURY,  JOSEPH  (1750-1834),  head-master  of  Har- 
row ;  scholar  of  Westminster,  1765 ;  elected  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1 768 ;  assistant-master  at  Harrow, 
1769;  head-master,  1785-1805;  D.D.,  1789:  helped  to 
establish  Edmund  Keau,  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre ;  pre- 
bendary of  Wells.  1812 ;  repeatedly  mentioned  as  a  great 
schoolmaster  by  his  pupil  Byron.  [xvi.  66] 

DRURY,  SIR  ROBERT  (rf.  1536),  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  barrister-at-law 
of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  governor,  1488-9,  1492-3,  and  1497 ; 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Suffolk ;  speaker,  1495  ;  took  part 
in  attempts  to  conciliate  the  Scottish  borderers,  1510-13  ; 
knight  for  the  body,  1516  ;  commissioner  for  collection  of 
loan  for  French  war,  1524 ;  member  of  legal  committee 
of  privy  council.  [xvi.  57] 

DRURY,  ROBERT  (1567-1607),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  educated  at  Douay ;  ordained  priest  at  Philip  Il's 
College,  Valladolid;  missiouer  in  London,  1593;  sub- 
scribed protestation  of  allegiance,  1603 ;  executed  for 
remaining  in  England  contrary  to  27  Eliz.  [xvi.  58] 

DRURY,  ROBERT  (1587-1623),  Jesuit;  son  of 
William  Drury  (rf.  1589)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  in  London,  and 
at  Douay,  St.  Omer,  and  Posua  ;  rector  of  the  college  at  St. 
Omer,  1620  ;  missioner  in  England ;  Jesuit  professed  of  the 
four  vows,  1622  ;  lost  his  life  at  the  '  Fatal  Vespers,'  when 
the  floor  of  a  room  in  the  French  ambassador's  residence 
at  Blacktriars  collapsed,  1623.  [xvi.  58] 

DRURY,  ROBERT  (.#.1729),  traveller;  forced  to  laud 
in  Androy,  Madagascar,  on  his  return  from  Bengal,  the 
ship  being  disabled ;  escaped  from  the  massacre  of  his 
comrades,  and  subsequently  from  slavery ;  captured  by  the 
Sakalavas;  ransomed  by  his  father;  made  a  subsequent 
voyage  to  Madagascar  as  a  slave  trader;  published  a 
narrative  of  his  travels,  1729.  [xvi.  59] 

DRURY,  Sm  "WILLIAM  (1527-1579),  marshal  of  Ber- 
wick, and  lord-justice  to  the  council  in  Ireland  ;  educated 
at  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge ;  took  part  in  sieges  of 
Boulogne  and  Montreuil,  1544  ;  assisted  in  suppressing 
Devonshire  rising,  1549  ;  declared  for  Queen  Mary,  1553, 
but,  being  a  protestant,  retired  into  private  life ;  marshal 
and  deputy-governor  of  Berwick,  1664-76  ;  with  Earl  of 
Sussex  raided  Scotland,  1570  ;  knighted,  1570 ;  commis- 
sioned to  negotiate  a  peace  in  the  interest  of  James  Vl's 
party  in  Scotland,  1571  and  1672  ;  narrowly  escaped 
assassination  on  several  occasions;  reduced  Edinburgh 
Castle,  1573  ;  president  of  Munster,  1576-8  ;  suppressed  the 
practice  of  coyue  and  livery  ;  lord-justice,  1678.  [xvi.  (iO] 


DRURY,  WILLIAM  (<1.  1589),  civilian;  LL.B. 
!  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1553 ;  regius  professor  of  civil 
DRUMMOND-HAY,  Sm  JOHN  HAY  (1816-1893),  lavv%  1659  .  LL.D.,  1560  ;  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons, 
diplomatist ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  attache  at  Con-  j  1661 .  consulted  by  Elizabeth  on  points  of  international 
stantinople,  1840;  consul-general  at  Morocco,  1845,  charge  jaw  r^ged  by  the  intrigues  of  the  Bishop  of  Ross  on  behalf 
d'affaires,  1847-60,  minister  resident,  1860-72,  and  minister  ' 
plenipotentiary,  1872-86 :  K.C.B.,  1862 ;  G.C.M.G.,  1884 ; 
privy  councillor,  1886  ;  published  '  Western  Barbary '  and 

DRURY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1641),  Latin  dramatist ;  im- 
prisoned as  a  Roman  catholic,  but  released  through  in- 
tercession of  the  Spanish  ambassador,  c.  1616;  taught 
poetry  and  rhetoric  at  the  English  College,  Douay,  1618  ; 


of  Mary  Stuart,  1571 ;  master  of  the  prerogative  court  of 
Canterbury,  1577  ;  master  in  chancery,  1685.     [xvi.  62] 


other  writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  158] 

DRUMMORE,  HEW  DALRYMPLE,  LORD  (1690- 
1765).  [See  DALRTMPLK,  HEW.] 

DRURY,  SIR  DRU  or  DRUE  (1631  ?-1617),  courtier ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Drury  [q.  v.] ;  gentleman- usher  of 
the  privy  chamber  to  Elizabeth  and  James  I ;  knighted, 
1579 ;  joint-warder  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Fother- 
ingay,  1586.  [xvi.  64] 

DRURY,  DRU  (1725-1803),  naturalist ;  silversmith  in 
the  Strand ;  entomological  collector ;  F.L.S. :  correspon- 
dent of  Linnaeus,  Kirby,  and  Fabricius ;  wrote  on  natural 
history  and  entomology  and  published  '  Thoughts  on  the 
Precious  Metals,'  1801.  [xvi.  54] 

DRURY,  HENRY  (1812-1863),  archdeacon  of  Wilts : 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge: 
Browne  medallist,  1833  and  1835:  M.A.,  1840;  classical 
lecturer  at  Caius,  1838-9  :  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1865  : 
chaplain  to  the  House  of  Commons,  1867  ;  archdeacon  of 
Wilts,  1862-3  ;  projected  and  published  •  Arundines  Cami,' 
1841.  [xvi.  56] 


author  of  two  Latin  tragi-couiedies  and 
farce. 


Mora,'  a  Latin 
[xvi.  63] 


DRY,  SIR  RICHARD  (1815-1869),  Tasmaniau  states- 
man ;  born  at  Elphin,  Tasmania ;  nominated  to  the  old 
council  (1844)  by  Lieuteuant-Govemor  Sir  John  Eardley 
Wilmot ;  opponent  of  Wilmot's  financial  schemes,  and  one 
of  the  *  patriotic  six ' :  member  for  Lauuceston  in  new 
legislative  council,  1851  ;  speaker  of  new  legislative 
council,  1851-5;  procured  abolition  of  transportation, 
1853  ;  knighted,  1858  ;  colonial  secretary  and  premier, 
1866-9.  [xvi.  63] 

DRYANDER,  JONAS  (1748-1810),  botanist:  native 
of  Sweden,  and  graduate  of  Lund;  original  fellow  and 
librarian  of  the  Royal  Society;  vice-president  of  the 
Linnean  Society ;  compiled  a  valuable  'Catalogus  Biblio- 
thecse  Historico-Naturalis  Josephi  Banks,  Baronetti,' 
1790-1800.  [xvi.  64] 


DRYDEN 


366 


DUCAREL, 


DRYDEN.  CHARLES  (1666-1704),  chamberlain  to 
Pope  Innocent  XII :  eldest  sou  of  John  Drydeu  (1631- 
1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford  :  translated  Juvenal's  seventh  satire  for  bis 
father's  version,  1692 :  his  horoscope  calculated  by  his 
father  ;  drowned  in  the  Thames.  [xvi.  72] 

DRYDEN.  SIR  ERASMUS  HENRY  (1669-1710),  third 
son  of  John  Dryden  (1631-1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  at  the 
Charterhouse ;  studied  at  Douay ;  sub-prior  of  the  con- 
vent of  Holy  Cross,  Bornheim,  1697-1700 ;  missioner  in 
Northamptonshire ;  baronet  by  succession,  1710. 

[xvi.  73] 

DRYDEBT,  JOHN  (1631-1700),  poet ;  scholar  of  West- 
min^ter  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1654; 
clerk  to  his  cousin,  Sir  Gilbert  Pickering  [q.  v.],  Cromwell's 
chamberlain :  bewailed  Cromwell's  death  in  '  Heroic 
Stanzas,'  1658;  published  *Astnea  Redux,'  1660,  and  a 
'Panegyric*  in  honour  of  the  Restoration,  16(51:  M.R.S., 
1662 :  failed  in  his  first  play,  •  The  Wild  Gallant,'  1663 ; 
brought  out  the  *  Rival  Ladies,"  1663,  and  the  '  Indian 
Emperor,'  1665  ;  wrote  '  Annus  Mirabilis '  in  1666  or  1667, 
and  published  an  '  Essay  on  Dramatic  Poesy,'  defending 
the  use  of  rhyme  in  tragedy,  1668 ;  M.A.  Lambeth,  1668 ; 
poet  laureate  and  historiographer,  1670 ;  wrote  about 
fourteen  plays  between  1668  and  1681  ;  produced 
'  Amboyna,'  a  tragedy  designed  to  exasperate  England 
against  the  Dutch,  1673,  and  'The  Spanish  Friar,'  an 
attack  on  the  papists,  1681 ;  wrote  '  Tyrannic  Love'  and 


1752  ;  exposed  her  father's  heartlessness  in  '  Poems  by  a 
Lady  of  Quality,'  1764;  published  'Theodora'  (novel), 
1770,  and  '  The  Lady's  Polite  Secretary,'  1772.  [xvi.  77] 

DTI  BOIS,  EDWARD  (1622-1699  ?),  painter  ;  brother 
of  Simon  Du  Bois  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  antiques  in  Italy,  and 
executed  some  works  for  Charles  Emmanuel,  duke  of 
Savoy  ;  painted  landscapes  and  historical  subjects. 

[xvi.  80] 

DU  BOIS,  EDWARD  (1774-1860),  wit  and  man  of 
letters ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1809  ;  conducted  the 
'  European  Magazine,'  nnd  edited  the  '  Lady's  Magazine  ' 
and  the  '  Monthly  Mirror  ' :  friend  of  Sir  Philip  Francis 
[q.  v.] ;  assistant  judge  in  the  court  of  requests  ;  treasurer 
and  secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Lunacy  Commission, 
1833-46.  His  works  include  tales,  verses,  and  a  satire  on 
Sir  John  Carr's  travels,  entitled  '  My  Pocket-book,'  1807, 
which  Jed  Carr  to  bring  against  him  a  lawsuit  which 
failed,  1808.  [xvi.  78] 

DU  BOIS,  SIMON  (d.  1708),  painter ;  of  Dutch  or 
Flemish  origin  ;  took  to  painting  cattle  pictures  after  a 
course  of  instruction  from  Wouvermans ;  sold  many  of 
his  pictures  as  the  works  of  the  great  masters  ;  came  to 
England  as  a  portrait-painter,  1686  :  befriended  by  Lord- 
chuncellor  Soiners.  Among  his  sitters  were  Archbishop 
Tenison  and  William  Bentinck,  first  earl  of-  Portland. 

DU  BOSC,  CLAUDE  (1682-1 745?),  engraver3;  born  in 


Almanzor  and  Almahide,'  1669  and    1670;    produced     France  ;  temporarily  assisted  (Sir) Nicholas  Dorigny  [q.  v.] 
Aurengzebe,'  his  last  rhymed  tragedy,  1675  ;  planned  an     ™  engraving  the  cartoons  of  Raphael  at  Hampton  Court, 
epic 


poem  ;  produced  '  All  for  Love,'  his  finest  play, 
1678;  adapted  Shakespeare's  'Tempest,'  and  (1679) 
'  Troilus  and  Cressida ' ;  his  rhyming  tragedies  ridiculed 
in  the  '  Rehearsal,'  1671  ;  involved  in  a  literary  contro- 
versy with  Elkanah  Settle  [q.  v.],  1673;  assaulted,  pro- 
bably at  the  instigation  of  John  Wilmot,  second  earl  of 
Rochester,  1679  ;  satirised  Shaftesbury  in  '  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,'  1681 :  published  '  The  Medal,'  a  satire  on  the 
ignoramus  of  the  grand  jury  at  Shaftesbury's  trial,  1682  ; 
lampooned  his  detractor,  Shadwell,  in  '  Mac  Flecknoe,' 
1682 ;  revised  the  whole  of  the  second  part  of  '  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,'  1682 ;  defended  Anglicanism  in  his  poem 
'  Religio  Laici,'  1682  ;  collector  of  customs  in  the  port  of 
London,  1683 ;  panegyrised  Charles  II  in  '  Albion  and 


Albanius'  and*'  King  Arthur,'  two  operas,  1685 ;  converted  j  Legion,'  1696. 


Raphael  at  Hampton  < 

1712:    engraved    plates    illustrative    of    the    battles    of 
Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene,  1714-17.         [xvi.  80] 

DUBOURDIEU,  ISAAC  (1597  7-1692  ?),  French  pro- 
testant  minister  at  Montpellier;  minister  of  the  Savoy 
Chapel,  London:  published  'A  Discourse  of  Obedience 
unto  Kings  and  Magistrates,'  1684.  [xvi.  80] 

DUBOURDIEU,  JEAN  (1642?-1720),  French  pro- 
testant  minister  ;  son  of  Isaac  Dubourdieu  [q.  v.] ;  pastor 
at  Montpellier ;  argued  with  Bossuet  on  mariolatry,  1682  ; 
Duke  of  Schomberg's  chaplain  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
1690;  chaplain  to  his  son,  Duke  Charles,  at  Marsiglia, 
1693  :  pastor  of  the  French  church  in  the  Savoy:  pub- 
lished '  An  Historical  Dissertation  upon  the  Thebean 


[xvi.  81] 


to  Roman  Catholicism,  1686 :  employed  by  James  II  to 
answer  Stillingfleet  ;  published  '  The  Hind  and  the 
Panther,'  1687;  deprived  of  the  laureateship,  1689; 
finished  his  career  as  a  playwright  with  'Love  Trium- 
phant,' a  tragi -comedy,  1694 ;  translated  Juvenal  and 
Persius,  1693 ;  published  a  translation  of  Virgil  which 
pleased  the  public,  but  was  sharply  criticised  by  Swift  and 
Bentley,  1697 ;  wrote  '  Alexander's  Feast '  for  a  London 
musical  society,  1697;  published  'Fables,  Ancient  and 
Modern,'  1700.  [xvi.  64] 

DRYDEN,  JOHN  (1668-1701),  writer:  second  son  of 
John  Dryden  (1631-1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster and  University  College,  Oxford :  died  at  Rome ; 
translated  Juvenal's  fourteenth  satire  for  his  father's 
version,  and  wrote  one  mediocre  comedy.  [xvi.  73] 

DRYSDALE,  JOHN  (1718-1788),  Scottish  divine; 
entered  Edinburgh  University,  1732;  presented  to  Lady  I 


Tester's  Church,  Edinburgh,  1762  ;  D.D.  Marischal  Col-          DUI 

lege,  Aberdeen,  1765  :  minister  of  the  Tron  Church,  Edin-  '  reputed   founder   of    the    bishopric  of    Llandaff.     The 

1  *—1"v- 


DUBOURDIEU,  JEAN  ARMAND  (d.  1726),  contro- 
versialist ;  son  or  nephew  of  Jean  Dubourdieu  [q.  v.] ; 
pastor  of  the  Savoy  French  church ;  rector  of  Sawtrey- 
Moynes,  1701;  cited  before  the  bishop  of  London  for 
lampooning  Louis  XIV,  1713 ;  published  pamphlets  and 
sermons.  [Xvi.  81] 

DUBOURG,  GEORGE  (1799-1832),  author  of  'The 
Violin,  being  an  account  of  that  leading  Instrument  and 
its  most  eminent  Professors,'  1836 ;  grandson  of  Matthew 
Dubourg  [q.  v.]  [xvi.  81] 

DUBOURG,  MATTHEW  (1703-1767),  violinist : 
played  a  solo  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre,  1715  : 
master  of  the  viceroy  of  Ireland's  band,  1728-67:  played 
at  Handel's  Oratorio  concerts  at  Co  vent  Garden,  1741  and 
1742;  on  one  occasion  loudly  applauded  by  Handel; 
master  of  George  IPs  band,  1752.  [xvi.  81] 

DUBRICTUS  (in  Welsh  DYFRIG),  SAINT  (d.   612), 


burgh,  1767;    royal  chaplain  ;    principal    clerk   of    the 
general  assembly,  1785  ;  friend  of  Adam  Smith  [q.  v.] 

[xvi.  75] 

DUANE,    MATTHEW   (1707-1785),    coin   collector, 
antiquary,  and  conveyancer:    F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.;    pub-  j 
lished  '  Explication  de  quelques  Medailles  Pheuiciennes  du  i 
Cabinet  de  M.  Duane,'  1774.  [xvi.  76] 

DUBHDALETHE  (rf.  1064),  primate  (comharb)  of  , 
Armagh,  1049  ;  made  war  on  the  abbot  of  Clonard,  1055  :  i 
wrote  '  Annals  of  Ireland,'  adopting  chronology  of  the  ' 
Phri-tian  era.  [xvi.  76] 

DUBOIS,  CHARLES  (d.  1740),  treasurer  to  the  East  j 
India  Company  :  cultivated  exotics  at  Mitcham,  Surrey  ;  ' 
contributed  observations  to  the  third  edition  of  Ray's 
'Synopsis,'  1724.  [xvi.  77] 

DU  BOIS,  LADY  DOROTHEA  (1728-1774),  authoress  :  I 
daughter  of  Richard  Annesley,  sixth  earl  of   Anglesey 
[q.  v.],  who  repudiated  his  marriage  and  disinherited  his 


twelfth  century  '  Lectiones  de  vita  Sancti  Dubricii '  de- 
scribe him  as  founder  of  a  university  at  Henllan  on  the 
Wye,  and  grandson  of  Pebiau,  a  British  king.  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  fabulously  state?  that  he  crowned  Arthur 
king  of  Britain  and  was  archbishop  of  Caerleon. 

[xvi.  82] 

DUBTHACH  MACCU  LUGIR  (5th  cent,),  chief  poet 
and  brehon  of  Laogaire,  king  of  Ireland  :  baptised  by  St. 
Patrick ;  author  of  three  poems  on  Leinster  history  pre- 
served in  the  'Book  of  Leinster'  and  a  poem  in  the  '  Book 
of  Rights':  one  of  the  nine  who  drew  up  the 'Son cli us 
Mor '  code  (completed  A.I).  441).  [xvi.  83] 

DUCAREL,  ANDREW  COLTEE  (1713-1785),  civilian 
and  antiquary  ;  born  in  Normandy  :  scholar  at  Eton  and 
gentleman  commoner.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  :  D.C.L., 
1742;  member  of  the  College  of  Advocate?,  1743;  com- 
missary and  official  of  the  city  and  diocese  of  Canterbury. 
1758;  F.S.A.,  1737;  F.R.S.,  1762:  keeper  of  the  Lambeth 
library  from  1757  until  his  death  :  arranged  the  archives 


children,  1740 ;    married  Du   Bois,  a   French  musician,     of  the  state  paper  office  (1763)  and  augmentation  office ; 


DUCHAH, 


DUDLEY 


made  frequent  antiquarian  tours.  Among  his  printed 
works  is  'A  Tour  through  Normandy,'  ITS  I.  He  left  in 
MS.  'Tcstaim-nta  LumbethuiKi  (1312-1636).'  [xvi.  84] 

DTJCHAL.  .IAMK.-  ( ic.'.i?  -1/T.l ).  Irish  presbytrrian 
divine;  M.A.  (tlasirow  < '<>ll<^-<- :  Imdor  of  the  non-sub- 
scribing presbyterians  in  Antrim,  17:10;  D.D.  Glasgow, 
\:v.'>  ;  renowned  as  a  liberal  thinker  and  sermon-writer. 

[xvi.  86] 

DUCIE,  second  KAKI,  OK  (1802-1853).  [See  MORKTOX, 
HKXRY  JOHN  KI:VNOI,I>S-.] 

DUCK.  Sm  ARTHUR  (1580-1648),  civilian:  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1599;  M.A.  Hart  Hall,  1602; 
fellow  of  All  Souls',  1C04  :  LL.D.,  1612  ;  advocate  at 
Doctors'  Commons.  lt;l  I  :  M.T..  MinHiead,  1024  and  Ui4(i : 
chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  London,  c.  1628  ;  chancellor 
of  Bath  and  Wells.  1635;  pleaded  an  ecclesiastical  case 
on  behalf  of  Laud,  1633 ;  master  in  chancerv,  1645 : 
published  a  Latin  'Life of  Chiehely,'  1617.  A  book  by  him 
on  Roman  civil  law  appeared  1653.  [xvi.  87] 

DUCK.  SIK  .JOHN",  first  baronet  (d.  1691),  mayor  of 
Durham ;  mayor,  16HO :  created  baronet.  1686  ;  his  pro- 
sperity said  to  have  been  prognosticated  by  a  raven  drop- 
ping a  gold  Jacobus  at  his  feet.  [xvi.  88] 

DUCK.  NICHOLAS  (1570-1628).  lawyer;  entered 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1584:  barrister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn;  governor  of  the  Inn,  1615-28;  recorder  of  Exeter, 
1618.  [xvi.  88] 

DUCK,  STEPHEN  (1705-1756),  poet:  agricultural 
labourer  in  Wiltshire  :  made  yeoman  of  the  guard  by 
Queen  Caroline.  1733  :  published  'Poems  on  Several  Occa- 
sions,' 1736 ;  rector  of  Byfleet,  1752  :  wrote,  in  imitation 
of  Denham,  '  Caesar's  Camp  on  St.  George's  Hill,'  1755  ; 
drowned  himself  in  a  fit  of  dejection.  [xvi.  89] 

DUCKENFIELD,  ROBERT  (1619-1689),  colonel  in 
the  parliamentarian  army ;  defeated  at  Stockport  bridge, 
1644;  governor  of  Chester,  1650  ;  reduced  the  Isle  of 
Man.  when  governor  designate,  1651;  M.P.,  Cheshire, 
1653 ;  assisted  in  suppressing  Sir  George  Booth's 
•  Cheshire  Rising,'  1659  ;  imprisoned,  1665-c.  1667. 

[xvi.  89] 

DUCKET,  ANDREW  (d.  1484).     [See  DOKKT.] 

DUCKETT,  GEORGE  (d.  1732),  author ;  M.P.,  Calne, 
1705,  1708,  and  1722;  commissioner  of  excise,  1722-32: 
issued,  perhaps  in  conjunction  with  Sir  Thomas  Burnet 
(1694-1753)  [q.  v.],  '  Homerides,'  an  unfavourable  criti- 
cism of  Pope's  'Hind,'  1715;  published  'A  Summary  of 
all  the  Religious  Houses  in  England  and  Wales  '  (anony- 
mous), 1717.  [xvi.  90] 

DUCKETT,  JAMES  (d.  1601),  bookseller  :  hanged  for 
having  Roman  catholic  books  in  his  possession. 

[xvi.  91] 

DUCKETT,  JOHN  (1613-1644),  Roman  catholic 
priest :  educated  at  the  English  college,  Douay ;  mis- 
Bioner  in  Durham  ;  executed  by  the  parliamentarians. 

[xvi.  91] 

DUCKETT,  WILLIAM  (1768-1841),  United  Irish- 
man ;  contributor  to  the  revolutionary  '  Northern  Star ' ; 
outlawed  by  the  Irish  parliament ;  settled  in  Paris  (1796), 
where  he  was  regarded  with  unfounded  suspicion  by 
Wolfe  Tone  :  professor  at  the  resuscitated  college  Sainte- 
Barbe,  Paris,  c.  1803  ;  issued  a  '  Nouvelle  Grammaire  Ang- 
laise,'  1828.  [xvi.  92] 

DUCKWORTH,  Sin  JOHN  THOMAS,  first  baronet 
(1748-1817),  admiral  :  left  Eton,  and  served  as  a  volun- 
teer at  the  battles  of  Lagos  Bay  and  Quiberon  Bay,  1759  ; 
lieutenant,  1771 ;  flag-captain  to  Rear-admiral  Sir  Joshua 
Rowley  in  Jamaica,  1780 ;  officially  mentioned  by  Howe 
after  action  off  Usbant,  1794  ;  rear-admiral  of  the  white, 
1799 ;  took  possession  of  St.  Bartholomew,  St.  Thomas, 
and  other  Swedish  and  Danish  possessions  in  West  Indies, 
1801 ;  K.B.,  1801 :  commander-in-chief  at  Jamaica,  1803- 
1805  ;  acquitted  by  court-martial  of  the  charge  of  usintr 
the  frigate  Acasta  as  a  private  merchantman,  1806 ;  com- 
pletely defeated  French  squadron  off  San  Domineo.  1806 ; 
sent  to  dictate  conditions  at  Constantinople,  but  pre- 
vented by  local  circumstances  from  approaching  within 
eight  mile?  of  the  city,  1K07  :  governor  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  Newfoundland,  1810-13;  admiral,  1810; 
created  baronet,  1813.  [xvi.  92] 

DUCKWORTH.  RICHARD  (.rf.  1695),  author  of  works 
on  campanology  ;  M.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1653  ;  B.D. 


and  fellow  of  Brasenoee  ;  rector  of  Steeple  Aston,  Oxford- 
shire, 1679  ;  principal  of   St.  Alhan  Hall,  1692. 

[xvi.   96] 

DUCROW.  ANDREW  (1793-1842),  equestrian  per- 
former ;  son  of  a  Flemish  '  strong  man ' :  chief  equestrian 
at  Astley's,  1808  :  pantomimist  at  the  Royal  Circus,  St. 
George'ri  Fields,  1813;  travelled  professionally  through 
Francf  and  Flmiders  ;  pnxluoed  spectacles  at  Drury 
Lane,  1833  ;  patronised  by  William  IV.  [xvi.  96] 

DUDGEON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1765),  philosophical 
writer.  [xvi.  97] 

DUDGEON.  WILLIAM  (17537-1813),  poet  and 
farmer  :  author  of  '  The  Maid  that  tends  the  Goats '  and 
other  songs ;  commended  by  Robert  Burns.  [xvi.  97] 

DUDHOPE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  STRYNHU'OUH,  JOHN, 
d.  1643  ;  SCKYMOKOUR.  JAMKS,  second  VISCOUNT,  rf.  1044  ; 
SCRYMOKOUR,  JOHN,  third  VISCOUNT,  d.  1668.] 

DUDLEY,  first  EARL  OK  (1781-1833).  [See  WARP, 
JOHN  WILLIAM.] 

DUDLEY,  ALICE,  DUCHESS  DUPLKY  (d.  1669),  wife 
of  Sir  Robert  Dudley  (1573-1649)  [q.  v.] :  deserted  by  her 
husband,  1605 ;  created  Duchess  Dudley  in  her  own 
right,  1645.  [xvi.  123] 

DUDLEY,  AMBROSE,  EARL  OP  WARWICK  (1528?- 
1590),  third  son  of  John  Dudley,  duke  of  Northumberland 
[q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1549  :  convicted  of  treason  for  sup- 
porting his  sister-in-law.  Lady  Jane  Grey,  but  pardoned, 
1554 ;  assisted  Spaniards  at  siege  of  St.  Quentin,  1557  : 
master  of  the  ordnance,  1660 ;  succeeded  his  father  as 
Earl  of  Warwick,  1561 :  sent  to  help  the  protestants  of 
Havre,  1562 :  expelled  the  inhabitants  of  Havre,  his  life 
being  threatened  :  besieged  in  Havre,  Prince  Cond6  having 
come  to  terms  with  the  catholics,  1563  ;  capitulated, 
1563  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1564  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1666  ;  privy 
councillor,  1573 :  lieutenant  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
1575 :  took  part  in  the  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  who 
appealed  to  his  sense  of  justice,  1586.  [xvi.  97] 

DUDLEY,  LADY  AMYE,  (1532  ?-l560),  n&  Robsart : 
married  Robert  Dudley,  afterwards  earl  of  Leicester, 
1550 ;  found  dead  at  the  foot  of  a  staircase  in  Cumnor 
Hall,  Oxfordshire,  where  she  was  residing ;  her  death  pro- 
bably due  to  suicide,  though  laid  by  common  report  to 
Leicester's  charge.  [xvi.  112] 

DUDLEY,  SIR  ANDREW  (d.  1559).  adherent  of  Lady 
Jane  Grey :  son  of  Edmund  Dudley  [q.  v.] ;  admiral  of 
the  northern  seas,  1547 ;  knighted,  1547 ;  keeper  of  the 
palace  of  Westminster  and  captain  of  Guisnes ;  K.G., 

1653  :  condemned  for  supporting  Lady  Jane  Grey,  but  set 
at  liberty,  1555.  [xvi.  101] 

DUDLEY.  DUD  (1599-1684),  ironmaster  :  summoned 
from  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  to  superintend  his  father's 
ironworks  at  Pensnet,  Worcestershire,  1619 :  first  to  use 
pit-coal  successfully  in  smelting  iron  ore  :  patentee,  1619 
and  1639:  colonel  under  Charles  I:  general  of  the  ord- 
nance to  Prince  Maurice ;  condemned,  but  not  executed, 
1648 ;  published  '  Metallum  Martis,'  1665.  [xvi.  99] 

DUDLEY,    EDMUND   (1462?-!  510),  statesman  and 
lawyer  ;  student  at  Oxford,  1478  ;  studied  law  at  Gray's 
I  Inn  ;  privy  councillor,  1485  ?  ;  nnder-sherift  of  London, 
I  1497  ;  associated  Sir  Richard  Empson  [q.  v.]  with  himself 
in  work  of  rearranging   taxes   and  feudal  dues  under 
Henry  VII ;   speaker  in  the  House  of  Commons,  1504  ; 
;  suspected  of  corruption  :  argued  for  absolute  monarchy 
!  in  his  '  Tree  of  Commonwealth '  (privately  printed,  1859)  ; 
I  executed  on  a  charge  of  constructive  treason,  1510, incon- 
sequence of  his  having  bidden  his  friends  arm  themselves 
i  in  the  event  of  Henry  VII's  death.  [xvi.  100] 

DUDLEY,    EDWARD,   fourth    BAROX   DUPLKY   (d. 
1586):    served  in  Ireland  (1536)  and   Scotland  (1546); 
I  knighted,  1563  ;  lieutenant  of  Hampnes,  Picardy,  1556-8  ; 
entertained  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Dudley  Castle,  1576. 

[xvi.  108] 

DUDLEY,  LORD  GUILDFORD  (d.  1554),  husband  of 
:  Lady  Jane  Grey  :   fourth  son  of  John  Dudley,  duke  of 
j  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  ;  married  to  Lady  Jane  Grey  in 
I  accordance  with  the  self-aggrandising  policy  of  Northum- 
berland, 1553:  beheaded,  1654.  [xvi.  102] 

DUDLEY,  LORD  HENRY  (1531  ?-1557),  fourth  son  of 

i  John  Dudley,  duke  of    Northumberland;    arrested    for 

complicity  in  his  father's  conspiracy,  1553,  but  pardoned, 

1654  ;  killed  at  battle  of  St.  Queutiu.        [Suppl.  ii.  160] 


DUDLEY 


DUFF 


DUDLEY,  SIR  HENRY  (rf.  1565  ?),  conspirator ;  son 
of  John  (Sutton)  de  Dudley,  sixth  baron  Dudley  :  captain 
of  guards  at  Boulogne,  1547  ;  captain  of  the  guard,  1550  ; 
captain  of  Guisnes,  1551;  knighted,  1551;  vice-admiral 
of  the  Narrow  Seas,  1652 ;  devised  plot  to  rob  exchequer, 
marry  Princess  Elizabeth  to  Courtt-nuy,  and  depose  Philip 
and  Mary,  1556 ;  proclaimed  traitor  iu  England,  but  re- 
ceived by  French  king,  Henry  II,  and  continued  intrigues 
iu  France;  probably  returned  to  England  before  1564, 
and  died  c.  1565.  [Suppl.  ii.  159] 

DUDLEY,  SIR  HENRY  BATE,  first  baronet  (1745- 
1824),  journalist ;  curate  of  Hendon,  c.  1773  ;  editor  of  the 
'  Morning  Post ';  started  the  'Morning  Herald,'  1780; 
nicknamed  the  '  Fighting  Parson  ' ;  imprisoned,  1781,  for 
libel  on  Duke  of  Richmond ;  bought  the  advowson  of 
Brad  well- juxta-Mare,  Essex,  1781,  but,  in  consequence  of 
charges  of  simony,  was  never  instituted :  chancellor  of 
Ferns,  1805;  created  baronet,  1813;  prebendary  of  Ely, 
1817;  author  of  a  satire,  comic  operas,  and  dramatic 
adaptations.  [xvi.  102] 

DUDLEY,  HOWARD  (1820-1864),  wood  engraver; 
wrote,  printed,  and  engraved  description  of  part  of  Sussex 
and  Hants,  1835,  and  a  similar  work,  1836.  [xvi.  104] 

DUDLEY,  LADY  JANE,  (1537-1554),  commonly 
called  LADY  JANE  GIIKY,  daughter  of  Henry  Grey,  duke 
of  Suffolk ;  Greek  scholar  and  humanist ;  married  to  Lord 
Guildford  Dudley  [q.  v.],  in  pursuance  of  plot  for  altering 
succession  from  Tudor  to  Dudley  family,  1553  ;  proclaimed 
queen,  1553  ;  her  short  and  unsought  sovereignty  ruined 
on  the  dispersion  of  the  troops  under  her  father-in-law, 
Northumberland,  1553 ;  executed,  after  Wyatt's  rebellion, 
1554.  [xvi.  105] 

DUDLEY,  JOHN  (SUTTON)  DR,  sixth  BARON  DUDLEY 
(1401  ?-1487),  statesman ;  regularly  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment from  1440  to  1487;  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1428-30; 
employed  on  various  diplomatic  missions ;  K.G.,  1451 ; 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Yorkists  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Albnns,  1455 ;  received  into  favour  by  Edward  IV. 

[xvi.  107] 

DUDLEY,  JOHN,  DUKK  OP  NORTHUMBERLAND 
(15027-1553),  sou  of  Edmund  Dudley  [q.  v.] ;  knighted 
by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  France,  1523 ;  deputy-governor 
of  Calais,  1638 ;  warden  of  the  Scottish  marches,  1542 ; 
created  Viscount  Lisle  ;  great  admiral,  1542-7 ;  privy 
councillor  and  K.G.,  1543 ;  led  the  assault  on  Boulogne, 
1544 ;  governor  of  Boulogne,  1544-6  ;  joint-regent,  ac- 
quiescing in  Somerset's  sole  protectorate,  1547 :  created 
Karl  of  Warwick,  and  high  chamberlain  of  England, 
1647 ;  defeated  the  Scots  at  Pinkie,  1547,  and  Ket's  fol- 
lowers at  Dussindale,  1549 :  created  earl  marshal  and 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  1551 ;  procured  the  execution 
of  Somerset,  1552 ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1552;  obtained  from  Edward  VI  letters  patent 'for  the 
limitation  of  the  crown,'  and,  with  the  same  object  of 
altering  the  succession,  married  his  son.  Lord  Guildford 
Dudley  [q.  v.],  to  Lady  Jane  Grey,  1553 ;  executed  for 
resisting  actively  the  succession  of  Mary  to  the  throne, 
1553  ;  avowed  himself  a  Roman  catholic  upon  the  scaffold. 

[xvi.  109] 

DUDLEY,  JOHN,  LORD  LISLE  and  EARL  OP  WAR- 
WICK (rf.  1554),  son  of  John  Dudley,  duke  of  Northumber- 
land [q.  v.]  ;  master  of  the  horse  to  Edward  VI,  1552 ; 
condemned  to  death  as  a  supporter  of  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
but  pardoned,  1554.  [xvi.  Ill] 

DUDLEY,  JOHN  (1762-1856),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
second  wrangler,  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1785  ;  fellow, 
1787;  tutor  and  M.A.,  1788;  vicar  of  Sileby,  1795-1856; 
chief  works, '  Naology,'  1846,  and  '  The  An ti- Materialist,' 
1849.  [xvi.  Ill] 

DUDLEY,  LETTICE,  COUNTESS  OF  LEICESTER  (1641  ?- 
1634),  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Knollys  [q.  v.] ;  mar- 
ried as  her  first  husband  Walter  Devereux,  first  earl  of 
Essex  [q.  v.] ;  married  as  hor  second  husband  Robert 
Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester,  1578.  [xvi.  117] 

DUDLEY,  ROBERT,  EARL  OP  LEICESTER  (1532  ?- 
1588),  Queen  Elizabeth's  favourite;  fifth  son  of  John 
Dudley,  duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  in 
Edward  VI's  reign :  married  Amye  Robsart,  1560  [see 
DUDLEY,  AMYE,  LADY]  :  M.P.,  Norfolk,  1553  ;  proclaimed 
his  iieter-in-law,  Lady  Jane,  at  King's  Lynn,  1553  ;  par- 


doned by  Queen  Mary  for  Mropattng  Lady  Jane,  1554  ; 
master  of  the  ordnance  before  St.  Quentin,  1557  :  K.f}.  and 
I  privy  councillor,  1559 ;  favourite  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who, 
|  to  encourage  him,  affected  to  disdain  the  suit  of  the  Arch- 
duke Charles,  1660  ;  supposed  by  some,  including  the  author 
of  'Leicester's  Commonwealth'  (printed  1584),  to  have 
brought  about  the  murder  of  his  wife  Amye,  1660 ;  at- 
tempted, with  the  queen's  consent,  to  obtain  Spanish  sup- 
port for  his  projected  marriage  with  Elizabeth  at  the  price 
of  acknowledging  the  papal  supremacy,  1561 ;  displeased 
Elizabeth  by  his  presumptuous  behaviour,  1563 ;  high 
steward  of  Cambridge  University,  1562;  created  Baron 
Denbigh  and  Earl  of  Leicester,  1564 ;  his  efforts  for  the 
hand  of  Elizabeth  opposed  by  Cecil  and  the  nobility  ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1564;  induced  by  his 
dislike  of  Cecil  to  abet  the  rebellion  of  the  northern  earls, 
1569:  secretly  married  Lady  Sheffield,  1573,  whose  hus- 
band he  was  said  to  have  poisoned ;  entertained  the  queen 
with  masques  at  Kenilworth,  1675 ;  took  part  in  Drake's 
expedition,  1577 ;  married  Lettice  Knollys,  countess  of 
Essex  [see  DUDLEY,  LETTICK],  1578 ;  charged  by  Elizabeth 
with  being  in  league  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  an  im- 
putation which  he  admitted,  1581 ;  suggested  association 
for  the  protection  of  the  queen's  person,  1584;  com- 
manded expedition  to  assist  United  Provinces  against 
Spain,  1585,  and  was  chosen  absolute  governor,  1586 ; 
allowed  by  Elizabeth,  after  some  insincere  manifestations 
of  displeasure,  to  remain  in  the  post ;  carried  on  an  inde- 
cisive campaign  against  the  Spaniards  ;  finally  recalled, 
1587;  died  'of  a  continual  fever,'  or,  according  to  some 
authorities,  of  poison,  1588.  Roger  Ascham  credits  him 
with  literary  taste.  He  showed  interest  in  the  drama. 

[xvi.  112] 

DUDLEY,  SIR  ROBERT,  styled  DUKE  OP  NORTH- 
UMBERLAND and  EARL  OP  WARWICK  (1673-1649),  naval 
commander  and  inventor;  son  of  Robert  Dudley,  earl 
of  Leicester  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1587 ; 
explored  Guiana,  1594 ;  knighted  by  Essex  at  Cadiz,  1596  ; 
repudiated  his  marriage  with  Alice  Leigh,  1605,  and 
settled  at  Florence  with  one  Elizabeth  Southwell ;  refused 
to  return  and  answer  a  charge  of  having  assumed  the 
title  of  Earl  of  Warwick,  1607;  suggested  the  building 
of  a  new  class  of  warships,  called  Gallizabras,  for  the  Eng- 
lish navy,  1612 ;  created  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  Duke  of 
Northumberland  in  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1620; 
drained  the  morass  between  Pisa  and  the  sea;  died  at 
Villa  Castello,  the  gift  of  Cosmo  II,  duke  of  Tuscany. 
Chief  work,  '  Dell'  Arcano  del  Mare,'  dealing  with  naval 
architecture,  navigation,  and  kindred  subjects,  published 
1646  and  1647.  [xvi.  122] 

DUDLEY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1670-1680),  engraver;  exe- 
cuted etchings  representing  the  life  of  -<Esop,  1678,  and 
portraits  of  John  IV  and  Peter  II  of  Portugal. 

[xvi.  124] 

DUDLEY,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1483),  bishop  of  Durham  ; 
son  of  John  (Sutton)  de  Dudley,  sixth  baron  [q.  v.] :  M.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1457  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1468-73 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1473 ;  prebendary  of  Wells, 
1476;  bishop  of  Durham,  1476;  chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1483.  [xvi.  124] 

DUESBURY,  WILLIAM  (1725-1786),  china  manu- 
facturer; learnt  the  art  of  making  china  figures  from 
Andrew  Planche,  a  French  refugee ;  founded  the  Derby 
ceramic  industry.  [xvi.  125] 

DUESBURY,  WILLIAM  (1763-1 79G),  china  manu- 
facturer; son  of  William  Duesbury  (1725-1786)  [q.  v.]  ; 
proprietor  of  the  Duesbury  China  Works,  Derby. 

[xvi.  125] 

DUFF  (Dubh,  the  Black)  (rf.  967),  king  of  Celtic 
Alban  (Scotland) :  killed  at  Forres,  fighting  against  the 
usurper  Colin.  There  is  a  legend  that  the  sun  did  not 
shine  till  his  body  was  found  and  buried.  [xvi.  125] 

DUFF,  ALEXANDER  (1806-1878),  missionary; 
studied  at  St.  Andrews :  opened  mission  school  at  Calcutta, 
1830  ;  encouraged  by  Lord  William  Cavendish  Bentinck 
[Q-  v-]i  governor-general :  wrote  against  Lord  Auckland's 
policy  of  making  a  compromise  between  'Orientalist* 
and  European  education  for  India,  1839;  chairman  of 
the  general  assembly  of  the  Free  church,  1861 ;  D.D. 
Aberdeen  :  LL.D.  New  York,  1864  ;  condemned  Canning's 
policy  in 'The  Indian  Mutiny:  its  Causes  and  Result-.' 
1868 ;  assisted  in  framing  the  constitution  of  Calcutta 
University;  founded  missionary  chair  in  New  College, 


DUFF 


DUKE 


Edinburgh ;  first  missionary  professor :  published  pam- 
phlets ou  the  church  of  Scotland  aud  higher  education  iu 
India.  [xvi.  125] 

DUFF,  ANDREW  UALLIDAY  (1830-1877).  [See 
UALLIUAY.] 

DUFF,  JAM KS.  s-TOMd  Kvui.  OK  I- IKK  (1729-18O9) : 
M.I',  for  Bauflf,  1754,  1761,  1768,  1774,  un.l  17MO,  for  Kh,'in 
county,  1784;  created  Baron  Fife,  1790;  lord-lieutenant 
of  county  Banff ;  did  much  for  the  improvement  of  agri- 
culture and  cattle-breeding.  [xvi.  128] 

DUFF,  Sin  JAMES  (1752-1839),  general:  lieutenant 
and  captuin,  grenadier  guards,  1775;  knighted,  1779; 
major-general,  1794;  received  command  of  Limerick  ill— 
trict,  1797 ;  kept  Limerick  quiet  during  insurrection  of 
1798 ;  general,  1809.  [xvi.  129] 

DUFF,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  OK  FIFE  (1776-1857), 
Spanish  general :  volunteered  to  help  the  Spaniards  against 
Napoleon ;  fought  at  Talavera  as  major-general  in  the 
Spanish  service,  1809 ;  fourth  Earl  of  Fife  In  Scottish 
peerage.  1811;  M.P.,  Banffshire,  1818 ;  created  Baron  Fife 
in  British  peerage  and  K.T.,  1827.  [xvi.  129] 

DUFF,  JAMES  GRANT  (1789-1858),  historian  :  edu- 
cated at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  East  India  cadet, 
1805  ;  adjutant  and  Persian  interpreter,  Bombay  grena- 
diers ;  assistant  to  Mountstuart  Elphiustone  [q.  v.],  resi- 
dent of  Poona :  served  against  the  Peishwa  Bit jee  Rao ; 
resident  of  Sattara,  1818-22 :  published  in  Scotland  a 

•  History  of  the  Mahrattas,'  1826.  [xvi.  130] 

DUFF,  ROBERT  (d.  1787).  vice-admiral ;  when  senior 
officer  of  a  squadron  on  the  south  coast  of  Bretague,  drew 
the  French  into  the  main  body  of  the  English  fleet,  the 
battle  of  Quiberon  Bay  ensuing,! 759 ;  commander-in-chief 
at  Newfoundland,  1775-7  ;  vice-admiral,  1778  ;  co-operated 
at  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1779.  [xvi.  131] 

DUFF,  SIR  ROBERT  WILLIAM,  for  some  time  styled 
ROBKRT  WILLIAM  DUFP  ABERCROMBY  (1835-1895),  go- 
vernor of  New  South  Wales :  entered  navy,  1848,  and  was 
commander,  1865 :  liberal  M.P.  for  Banffshire,  1861-93 : 
junior  lord  of  treasury  and  liberal  whip,  1882-5 ;  junior 
lord  of  admiralty,  1886  ;  privy  councillor,  1892  ;  G.C.M.G. 
and  governor  of  New  South  Wales,  1893-6. 

[Suppl.  ii.  160] 

DUFF,  WILLIAM  (1732-1815),  miscellaneous  writer : 
M.A. ;  appointed  to  the  ministry  of  various  parishes  by 
the  Scottish  presbytery ;  father  of  the  synod ;  published 
'An  Essay  on  Original  Genius,'  1767,  and  'Rhedi,'  an 
oriental  tale,  1773,  and  ethical  writings.  [xvi.  131] 

DUFF-GORDON,  LUOIE  or  LUOY,  LADY  (1821- 
1869),  author  and  translator ;  only  child  of  John  Austin 
(1790-1869)  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Sir  A.  0.  Duff -Gordon,  bart., 
1840  ;  their  house  in  London  a  rendezvous  for  English  and 
foreign  celebrities  ;  lived  in  Egypt  from  1862  and  died  at 
Cairo;  translated  Niebuhr's  'Ancient  Greek  Mythology' 
(1839),  Meinhold's  '  Mary  Schweidlet '  (1844).  Ranke's '  Me- 
moirs of  the  House  of  Brandenburg '  (1847),  and  •  Ferdi- 
nand I  and  Maximilian  II '  (1863),  and  Moltke's  '  Russians 
in  Bulgaria '  (1854) ;  edited  Van  Sybel's  •  History  of  the 
Crusades'  (1861);  published  '  Letters  from  Egypt.' 

[xxii.  220] 

DUFFERIN,  LADY  (1807-1867).  [See  SHERIDAN, 
HELEN  SELINA.] 

DUFFET,  THOMAS  (fl.  1678),  dramatist  :  travestied 
contemporary  plays,  including  Dryden  and  D'Avenant's 
alteration  of  Shakespeare's  '  Tempest,'  1675.  [xvi.  132] 

DUFFIELD,  ALEXANDER  JAMES  (1821-1890), 
Spanish  scholar  ;  engaged  as  mining  chemist  in  Bolivia 
and  Peru  :  travelled  widely  in  Spain  and  in  various 
parts  of  the  world ;  published  a  valuable  translation  of 

•  Don  Quixote,'  1881,  and  other  writings,  including  novels 
and  works  relating  to  his  travels.  [Suppl.  ii.  161] 

DUFFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1816-1863).  still-life  painter ; 
studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  worked  under  Baron 
Wappers  at  Antwerp.  [xvi.  132] 

DUFFY,  EDWARD  (1840-1868),  Fenian  leader  in 
Connaught ;  sentenced  to  fifteen  years'  penal  servitude, 
1867.  [xvi.  132] 

DUFIEF,  NICOLAS  GOUIN  (1776  ?-1834),  French 
teacher ;  native  of  Nantes ;  served  under  Count  d'Hector, 


1792 ;  emigrated  to  America,  1793 ;  taught  French  in 
America  and  England  ;  chief  work, '  Nature  displayed  iu 
her  Mode  of  teaching  Language  to  Man,'  Itflb. 

[xvi.  132] 

DUGARD,  SAMUEL  (1645  V-1697),  divine  :  scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1662  :  fellow  and  M.A.,  1667  ; 
rector  of  Forton  ;  prebendary  of  Liohneld,  1097  ;  pul.li-hed 
ethical  writings.  [xvi.  133] 

DUGARD,  WILLIAM  (1606-1662),  schoolmaster  : 
M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1630  ;  master  of 
Stamford  (1630),  and  Colchester  grammar  schools,  1637- 
1«43;  head- master  of  Merchant  Taylors',  1644-50:  dis- 
missed and  imprisoned  by  council  of  state  for  printing 
Salmasius's  '  Defensio  regia  pro  Carolo  priino,'  1650;  re- 
instated by  Bradshaw,  1650 ;  dismissed  by  the  governors, 
1661 ;  published  works  on  Latin  and  Greek,  [xvi.  133] 

DUGDALE,  JOHN  (1628-1700),  herald  ;  son  of  Sir 
William  Dugdale  [q.  v.] :  Norroy  herald,  and  knighted, 
16H6 ;  wrote  continuation  of  his  father's  autobiography 
first  published  in  1827.  [xvi.  142] 

DUGDALE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1697),  Surey  demoniac  : 
enabled  by  his  liability  to  hysterical  fits  to  pose  as  a 
prophet.  [xvi.  134] 

DUGDALE.  STEPHEN  (1640  ?  -  1683),  informer  ; 
steward  to  Lord  Aston  at  Tixall,  Staffordshire,  1677 ; 
intimate  with  Romanist  priests ;  speciously  pretended 
knowledge  of  the  '  Popish  plot,'  1678  ;  appeared  airainst  hia 
old  associate,  Stephen  College  [q.  v.],  1681.  [xvi.  135] 

DUGDALE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1605-1686),  Garter  kiug- 
of-arms  ;  employed  by  Sir  Symon  Archer  [q.  v.],  to  collect 
material  for  a  history  of  Warwickshire  ;  Rouge  Croix 
pursuivant,  1639;  commissioned  to  prepare  drawings  of 
monuments  and  armorial  bearings  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  St.  Paul's,  and  other  churches,  1041  ;  accompanied 
Charles  I  to  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1642  :  Chester  herald.  1644  : 
brought  out  the  first  volume  of '  Monasticon  Anglicanum  ' 
conjointly  with  Roger  Dodsworth  [q.  v.],  1655  (second 
|  volume,  1661);  issued  'Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,' 
1656 ;  proclaimed  Charles  II  at  Coleshill,  1660 :  Norroy, 
1660  :  produced  a  '  History  of  Imbanking  and  Drayuing 
of  divers  Fenns  and  Marshes,'  1662,  and '  Originee  Juri- 
dteiales,  1666  ;  brought  out  the  third  volume  of  '  Monas- 
ticon,'  1673  ;  the'  Monasticon '  admitted  as  circumstantial 
evidence  in  the  courts  at  Westminster ;  Garter  king-of- 
arms  and  knighted,  1677;  published  the  'Baronage  of 
England,'  1676-6 ;  correspondent  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
[q.  v.]  [xvi.  136] 

DUGRES,  GABRIEL  (/.  1643),  grammarian  ;  born 
at  Saumur  ;  Huguenot  refugee,  1631  ;  taught  French  at 
Cambridge,  and  subsequently  at  Oxford  :  best  known  by 
his  'Regulae  Pronunciandi,'  1652,  and  other  works  on 
French  grammar.  [xvi.  143] 

DU  GUERNIER,  LOUIS  (1677-1716),  engraver: 
born  in  Paris  ;  member  of  the  Great  Queen  Street  academy : 
assisted  Claude  du  Bosc  [q.  v.]  in  engraving  Marlborough's 
battles,  1714.  [xvi.  143] 

DUHIGG,  BARTHOLOMEW  THOMAS  (1750?- 
1813),  Irish  legal  antiquary  ;  librarian  to  King's  Inns, 
Dublin ;  assistant-barrister  for  co.  Wexford :  wrote  on  the 
insolvent  laws  and  (1806-6)  the  history  of  Kind's  Inns. 

DUIGENAN,  PATRICK  (1735-1816),  Irish'  politi- 
cian ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1756  ;  M.A.  and 
fellow,  1761-71  ;  LL.D.,  1765:  called  to  Irish  bar,  1767; 
king's  counsel  ;  king's  advocate-general  of  the  high  court 
of  admiralty  of  Dublin,  1785  ;  vicar-general  of  Armagh, 
Meath,  and  Elphin ;  judge  of  the  consistorial  court  of 
Dublin ;  M.P.  for  Old  Leighlin  in  Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1790 ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland  :  professor  of 
civil  law,  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.P.  for  the  city  of 
Armagh  in  the  first  united  parliament,  1801 ;  violently 
opposed  catholic  emancipation  in  Ireland.  [xvi.  143] 

DUKE,  EDWARD  (1779-1862),  antiquary  ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1807;  Wiltshire  magistrate: 
.subsequently  engaged  in  clerical  work ;  fellow  of  the  Lin- 
nean  Society";  P.S.A.  ;  maintained  the  existence  of  'a 
vast  planetarium '  on  the  Wiltshire  "downs  in  '  Druidical 
Temples  of  the  County  of  Wilte,'  1846.  [xvi.  144] 

DUKE,  RICHARD  (1«58-1711),  poet  and  divine.: 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1682 ;  fellow,  1683  ;  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1688 ; 


DUMARESQ 


370 


DUNCAN 


chaplain  to  Dr.  Jonathan  Trelawney,  1707,  who  (1710) 
grave  him  the  living  of  Witney  ;  queen's  chaplain ;  fru-n  I 
of  Atterbury  and  Prior  ;  published  occasional  poems, 
including  a  satirical  'Panegyrick  upon  Gates  '  and  (1683) 
an  '  Ode  on  the  Marriage  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark 
and  the  Lady  Anne.'  [xvi.  144] 

DUMARESft,  PHILIP  (1650  ?-1690),  seigneur  of 
Samares,  Jersey ;  navy  captain  ;  jurat  of  the  royal  court, 
1681 :  presented  James  II  with  a  manuscript  account  of 
the  Channel  islands,  1685  ;  friend  and  correspondent  of 
John  Evelyn.  [xvi.  146] 

DTI  MAURIER,  GEORGK  LOUIS  PALMELLA 
BUSSON  (1834-1896),  artist  in  black  and  white  and 
novelist ;  born  in  Paris,  where  he  was  educated ;  studied 
chemistry  at  University  College,  London,  1851 :  studied 
art  under  Gleyre  in  Paris,  1856-7,  and  under  De  Keyser 
and  Van  Lerius  at  Antwerp,  1857-60 ;  worked  at  book 
illustrations  in  London,  1860 ;  contributed  occasional 
drawings  to '  Punch,'  1860 ;  joined  regular  staff  of  '  Punch,' 
1864,  as  successor  to  John  Leech,  and  beuwn  literary  con- 
tributions, in  verse  and  prose,  1865 ;  illustrated  stories  for 
'Cornhill  Magazine,'  1863-83.  He  published,  in  the  first 
instance  serially,  in  'Harper's  Magazine,'  three  novels, 
'Peter  Ibbetson' (1891),  'Trilby'  (1894),  and 'The  Mar- 
tian '  (posthumously,  1896),  the  first  two  of  which  recorded 
numerous  incidents  in  his  own  life ;  '  Trilby '  was  drama- 
tised and  produced  at  the  Haymarket,  London,  1895.  His 
artistic  work  for  'Punch'  chiefly  satirised  middle-class 
society  in  the  spirit  of  Thackeray.  [Suppl.  ii.  161] 

DUMBARTON,  EARL  OF  (1636  ?-1692).  [See  DOUGLAS, 
LORD  GEORGE.] 

DUMBLETON,  JOHN  OP  (fl.  1340),  schoolman ;  of 
Dnmbleton.  Gloucestershire ;  incumbent  of  Rotherfield 
Peppard,  1332-4  ;  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1341, 
also  of  Merton  College ;  left  manuscripts  including 
'Summa  Logicae  et  Naturalis  Philosophic.'  [xvi.  146] 

DUMBRECK,  SIR  DAVID  (1805-1876),  army  medical 
officer ;  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
Edinburgh,  1825;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1830;  surgeon-major 
in  the  army,  1847-54  ;  senior  deputy  inspector-general 
during  the  Russian  war  of  1854-5  :  inspector-general  of  the 
medical  department,  1859-60 ;  K.C.B.,  1871.  [xvi.  147? 

DU  MOULIN.    [See  MOULIN.] 

DUN,  LORD  (1670-1758).    [See  ERSKINE,  DAVID.] 

DUN,  SIR  DANIEL  (d.  1617).    [See  DONNE.] 

DUN,  FINLAY  (1795-1853),  musician;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  University  ;  first  viola  player  at  the  San 
Carlo  Theatre,  Naples ;  published  solfeggi,  1829 ;  edited 
collections  of  Scottish  songs.  [xvi.  147] 

DUN,  JOHN  (1570  ?-1631).     [See  DOWNE.] 

DUN,  SIR  PATRICK  (1642-1713),  Irish  physician ; 
probably  studied  at  Aberdeen  and  on  the  continent  ;  five 
times  president,  Dublin  College  of  Physicians;  M.D. 
Dublin ;  M.P.  in  Irish  House  of  Commons  for  Killileagh, 
1692,  for  Mulliugar,  1695  and  1703  ;  obtained  new  charter 
for  Dublin  College  of  Physicians,  1692  ;  knighted,  1696  ; 
physician-general  to  the  army,  1705 ;  left  money  to  found 
professorship  of  physic  in  Dublin  College  of  Physicians ; 
his  portrait  painted  by  Kneller.  [xvi.  148] 

DUNAN  or  DONAT  (1038-1074),  first  diocesan  bishop 
of  Dublin ;  au  Easterling :  founded  Christ  Church,  Dub- 
lin, c.  1040.  [xvi.  149] 

DUNBAR,  EARL  OP  (d.  1611).  [See  HOME,  SIR 
GEORGE.] 

DUNBAR,  first  VISCOUNT  (d.  1646).  [See  CONSTABLE, 
HENRY.] 

DUNBAR,  AGNES,  COUNTESS  OF  DUNBAR,  called 
'BLACK  AGNES'  (1312  ?-1369),  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Randolph,  first  earl  of  Moray  [q.  v.1 ;  married  Patrick, 
tenth  earl  of  Dunbar  [q.  v.]  ;  spiritedly  defended  Dunbar 
Castle  against  the  English,  1338,  when  her  husband  re- 
belled against  Edward  III.  [xvi.  150] 

DTJNBAR,  OOLUMBA  (1370?-1436),  bishop  of 
Moray  :  grandson  of  Patrick  and  Agnes,  earl  and  countess 
of  Dunbar  [q.  v.] ;  dean  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Bridg- 
north,  c.  1403 ;  bishop  of  Moray,  1422 ;  restored  Elgin 
Cathedral.  [xvi.  150] 


DUNBAR,  GAVIN  (14557-1632),  bishop  of  Aber- 
deen ;  dean  of  Moray,  1487  ;  clerk  register  and  privy 
councillor  in  Scotland,  1503  ;  confirmed  a  league  between 
Scotland  and  France,  1512;  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1518; 
imprisoned  for  his,  adherence  to  the  regent  Albany  by  the 
queen-mother,  1524 ;  released,  on  the  remonstrance  of 
Pope  Clement  VII,  1524  ;  completed  Bishop  Elphinstone's 
bridge  across  the  Dee,  and  improved  St.  Machar's  Cathe- 
dral, [xvi.  151] 

DUNBAR,  GAVIN  (d.  1547),  tutor  of  James  V; 
nephew  of  Gavin  Dunbar  (1455V-1532)  [q.v.];  educated 
at  Glasgow  University ;  dean  of  Moray  and  tutor  to 
James  V  ;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1525-47  ;  solicited  Pope 
Clement  VII  for  exemption  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews ;  privy  councillor,  1526  ;  lord 
high  chancellor,  1628-39;  a  lord  of  the  regency,  1536; 
resigned  the  chancellorship  to  David  Beaton,  cardinal 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  [q.  v.],  1539.  [xvi.  151] 

DUNBAR,  GEORGE  (1774-1851),  classical  scholar;  of 
humble  origin  ;  M.A.  and  professor  of  Greek,  Edinburgh, 
1807-51 ;  edited  Herodotus,  1806-7  ;  endeavoured  to  derive 
Sanscrit  from  Greek,  1827 ;  compiled  Greek  lexicon,  with 
E.  H.  Barker  [q.  v.],  1831.  [xvi.  153] 

DUNBAR,  JAMES  (d.  1798),  philosophical  writer ; 
•regent'  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1766;  LL.D. ; 
wrote  on  primitive  man,  1780.  [xvi.  153] 

DUNBAR,  PATRICK,  tenth  EARL  op  DUNBAR  and 
second  EARL  OF  MARCH  (1285-1369),  sheltered  Edward  II 
after  the  battle  of  Bannockburn,  1314 ;  put  himself  under 
Edward  Ill's  protection,  1333 ;  renounced  his  allegiance 
to  Edward  III,  1334  ;  fought  against  English  at  Durham, 
1338  ;  rebelled  against  David  II,  king  of  Scotland,  1363 ; 
surrendered  his  earldoms  to  his  son  George,  1368. 

[xvi.  150] 

DUNBAR,  ROBERT  NUGENT  (d.  1866),  poet ;  wrote 
in  verse  of  the  West  Indies,  where  he  had  resided. 

[xvi.  154] 

DUNBAR,  WILLIAM  (1465  ?-1530  ?),  Scottish  poet; 
possibly  M.A.  of  St.  Andrews  ;  wrecked  off  Zealand 
while  carrying  out  a  diplomatic  mission  for  James  IV;  for 
a  time  a  Franciscan  friar ;  pensioned,  1500  ;  accompanied 
embassy  to  negotiate  marriage  between  James  IV  and 
Margaret  Tudor :  wrote  '  The  Thrissill  and  the  Rois,'  his 
first  great  poem,  hi  1503  ;  produced  a  satire,  entitled '  The 
Dance  of  the  Sevin  Deidly  Synnis,'  between  1503  and  1508, 
'  The  Goldyn  Targe '  (allegorical  poem),  and  the '  Lament 
for  the  Makaris,'  a  magnificent  elegy ;  described  Queen 
Margaret's  visit  (1511)  to  the  North  of  Scotland  in  'The 
Quenis  Progress  at  Aberdeen '  ;  by  some  supposed  to  have 
fallen  at  Flodden  (1513),  by  others  to  have  written  the 
'  Orisone  '  after  1517.  [xvi.  154] 

DUNBOYNE,  BARON  (d.  1800).  [See  BUTLER,  JOHN.] 

DUNCAN  I  (d.  1040),  king  of  Scotland ;  probably 
appointed  king  over  the  Strathclyde  Welsh,  c.  1018  ;  his 
Cumbrian  subjects  harried  by  Eadulf,  earl  of  the  North- 
umbrians, 1038 ;  made  yearly  progresses  through  Scotland 
to  restrain  oppression  ;  defeated  and  slain,  some  say  assas- 
sinated, by  Maelbaethe  or  Macbeth,  mormaer  of  Moray. 

[xvi.  157] 

DUNCAN  n  (d.  1094),  king  of  Scotland :  eldest  son  of 
Malcolm  Oanmore ;  released  from  captivity  in  Normandy 
and  knighted  by  Robert,  William  I's  sou,  1087  ;  supported 
by  the  Normans  against  the  usurpation  of  his  uncle. 
Donald  Bane,  but  compelled,  when  conqueror,  to  dismiss 
his  allies ;  treacherously  slain  at  Donald  Bane's  instipa- 
tion.  [xvi.  168] 

DUNCAN,  ADAM,  VISCOUNT  DUNCAN  (1731-1804), 
admiral ;  naval  lieutenant,  1755  ;  present  at  the  blockade 
of  Brest,  1769  :  commanded  the  Royal  Exchange,  a  hired 
i  vessel,  employed  hi  petty  convoy  service,  till  it  was  put 
I  out  of  commission,  1769-60 ;  helped  to  reduce  Belle  Isle, 
i  1761,  and  Havana,  1762 ;  eat  on  the  court-martial  on 
'  Keppel,  with  whom  he  showed  much  sympathy,  and  on 
i  that  on  Sir  Hugh  Palliser  [q.  v.],  1779 ;  admiral,  1795 ; 
commander- in-chief  in  the  North  Sea,  1795-1801 ;  pre- 
vented the  mutiny  of  1797  from  extending  to  his  flag- 
ship, the  Venerable ;   defeated  the  Dutch  admiral,  Le 
Winter,  off  Camperdowu,  1797 ;  created  Baron  Duncan 
of  Lundie  and  Viscount  Duncan  of  Camperdown,  1797. 

[xvi.  169] 


DUNCAN 


371 


DUNOANNON 


DUNCAN,  .*  M>U!:\Y,  the  elder(1744-1828),  physician 
and  professor,  tMinlmrgh  University;  M.A.  St.  Andrews, 
.  tiiiii-s  pivM<lrnt.  of  tin-  Koyal  Medical  Sncu-ty; 
surgeon  on  board  the  East  ludiaman,  Asia,  bound  for 
Cli ina,  1708;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1769;  founder  of  the 
Koyal  1'ublic  Dispensary,  Edinburgh  (incorporated,  1818) ; 
instituted  '  Medical  and  Philosophical  Commentaries,'  a 
quarterly  journal,  1773  ;  president  of  the  Edinburgh 
College  of  'Physicians,  1790  and  1824;  professor  of  physi- 
ology, Edinburgh,  1790-1821 ;  obtained  charter  for  erecting 
public  lunatic  asylum  in  Edinburgh,  1807  ;  published 
'Elements of  Therapeutics,'  1770,  and  other  works. 

[xvi.  161] 

DUNCAN,  ANDREW,  the  younger  (1773-1832),  physi- 
cian and  professor,  Edinburgh  University ;  son  of  Andrew 
Duncan  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1793  ;  M.D., 
1794;  studied  on  the  continent;  F.C.P.  of  Edinburgh; 
first  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  and  medical 
police  at  Edinburgh,  1807-19 ;  joint-professor  with  his 
father  of  the  institute  of  medicine  (physiology),  1819 ; 
professor  of  materia  medica,  1821-32 ;  discovered  the 
isolability  of  ciuchonin  ;  published  medical  works. 

[xvi.  163] 

DUNCAN,  DANIEL  (1649-1735),  physician  ;  born  at 
Montauban;  M.D.  Montpellier,  1673;  physician-general 
to  the  army  before  St.  Omer ;  assisted  the  French  re- 
fugees; professor  of  physic  at  Berlin  and  physician  to 
Frederick  I  of  Prussia,  1702-3  ;  settled  in  England  (1714), 
where  he  refused  all  fees  ;  published  iatro-chemical  works. 

[xvi.  163] 

DUNCAN,  EDWARD  (1804-1882),  landscape-painter, 
etcher,  and  lithographer;  exhibited  at  the  Old  Water- 
Colour  Society,  1859  and  1860.  [xvi.  165] 

DUNCAN,  ELEAZAR  (d.  1660).    [See  DUNCON.] 

DUNCAN,  FRANCIS  (1836-1888),  colonel;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1855  ;  obtained  commission 
in  royal  artillery,  1855 ;  served  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
Canada,  1857-62  ;  captain,  1864 ;  major,  1874;  instructor 
in  gunnery  at  the  repository,  Woolwich,  1877  ;  chairman 
of  committee  of  management  of  Oxford  military  college, 
1877;  lieutenant-colonel,  1881;  commanded  Egyptian 
artillery,  1883-5;  colonel  and  C.B.,  1885;  conservative 
M.P.  for  Holborn  division  of  Finsbury,  1885  and  1886 ; 
LL.D.  Aberdeen  ;  D.C.L.  Durham.  [Suppl.  ii.  166] 

DUNCAN,  HENRY  (1774-1846),  founder  of  savings 
banks  :  studied  for  two  sessions  at  St.  Andrews ;  minister 
of  Ruthwell,  Dumfriesshire,  1798-1846;  brought  Indian 
com  from  Liverpool  in  a  time  of  scarcity  ;  instituted  at 
Ruth  well  the  first  savings  bank,  1810  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1823 ;  discovered  the  Ruthwell  runic  cross  ;  pointed  out 
the  footmarks  of  quadrupeds  on  the  new  red  sandstone 
of  Corncockle  Muir  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly, 
1839 ;  published '  The  Sacred  Philosophy  of  the  Seasons,' 
1835-6,  and  other  works.  [xvi.  165] 

DUNCAN,  JAMES  MATTHEWS  (1826-1890),  physi- 
cian ;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1843 ;  M.D., 
1846 ;  assistant  in  Edinburgh  to  James  Young  Simpson 
[q.  v.],  1847  ;  F.R.C.P.  Edinburgh,  1851 ;  lectured  on  mid- 
wifery ;  physician  for  diseases  of  women  in  Edinburgh 
Royal  Infirmary,  1861 ;  obstetric  physician  at  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's Hospital,  London,  1877  ;  F.R.O.P.  London,  and 
F.R.S.,  1883;  published  works  relating  principally  to 
obstetrics.  [Suppl.  ii.  167] 

DUNCAN,  JOHN  (1721-1808),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
grandson  of  Daniel  Duncan  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1746 ;  chaplain  of  the  forces  during  the  siege  of  St. 
Philip's,  Minorca;  D.D.,  1757;  incumbent  of  South 
Warnborough,  1763-1808  ;  wrote  '  Essays  on  Happiness  ' 
(verse)  and  on  religious  philosophy.  [xvi.  166] 

DUNOAN,  JOHN  (1805-1849),  African  traveller; 
sailed  on  the  Niger  expedition  of  1842  as  master-at-arms 
in  the  Albert ;  wounded  by  a  poisoned  arrow  in  the  Capo 
de  Verde  isles ;  reached  Adofidiah  in  Dahomey,  1845  ;  pub- 
lished •  Travels  in  Western  Africa  in  1845  and  1846,'  1847 ; 
made  vice-consul  at  Whydah,  1849,  but  died  at  sea  on 
voyage  out.  [xvi.  166] 

DUNCAN,  JOHN  (1796-1870),  theologian  ;  studied  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  ordained  to  Milton  Church, 
Glasgow,  1836 ;  LL.D.,  1840 ;  appointed  missionary  to  the 
Jews  at  Pesth,  1840 ;  professor  of  oriental  languages  at 
New  College,  Edinburgh,  1843-70;  edited  Robinson's 
'  Lexicon  of  the  Greek  New  Testament,'  1838.  [xvi.  167] 


DUNCAN,  JOHN  (1794-1881),  weaver  and  botanist ; 
appreuticed  to  a  Drumlithie  weaver  ;  formed  herbarium, 
which  he  presented  to  Aberdeen  University,  1880  ;  founded 
by  will  prizes  for  the  encouragement  of  natural  science  in 
schools  of  the  Vale  of  Alford.  [xvL  168] 

DUNCAN,  JOHN  SHUTE  (Jl.  1831),  writer;  brother 
of  Philip  Bury  Duncan  [q.  v.] ;  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  Oxford,  until  1826 ;  chief  work,  '  Analogic*  of 
Organised  Beings,'  1831.  [xvi.  172] 

DUNCAN,  JONATHAN,  the  elder  (1756-1811),  go- 
vernor  of  Bombay;  resident  and  superintendent  at 
Benares,  1788;  first  resident  to  combat  infanticide  at 
Benares;  governor  of  Bombay,  1795-1811 ;  instituted  in 
the  Bombay  presidency  the  policy  of  recognising  petty 
chieftains  as  sovereign  princes.  [xvi.  170] 

DUNCAN,  JONATHAN,  the  younger  (1799-1865), 
currency  reformer  ;  son  of  Jonathan  Duncan  (1756-1811) 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1821 ;  denounced 
S.  J.  Loyd's  monetary  system  and  the  '  silly  sophisms '  of 
Peel  in  4  Jorrold's  Weekly  News.'  His  works  include, '  The 
Religions  of  Profane  Antiquity :  .  .  .  founded  on  Astro- 
nomical Principles,'  1830  ?,  and  '  The  National  Anti-Gold 
Law  League,'  1847.  [xyL  170] 

DUNCAN,  MARK  (1570  ?-1640),  professor  of  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  of  Saumur ;  a  native  of  Max- 
poffle,  Roxburghshire ;  M.D. ;  published  '  Institutiones 
Logics,'  1612  ;  irritated  the  clergy  in  his  '  Discours  de  la 
Possession  des  Religieuses  Ursulines  de  Loudun,1  1634,  by 
ascribing  to  melancholia  some  reputed  cases  of  demonia- 
cal possession.  [xvi.  171] 

DUNCAN,  MARK,  who  adopted  the  additional  sur- 
name of  DE  CKRISANTIS  (<£.  1648),  diplomatist  and  Latin 
poet ;  son  of  Mark  Duncan  (1570  ?-1640)  [q.  v.]  ;  agent  of 
Richelieu  at  Constantinople,  1641 ;  left  the  French  for 
the  Swedish  service ;  Swedish  ambassador  resident  in 
France,  1645 ;  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Guise,  1647  ;  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  engagement  with  the  Spaniards,  1648. 

[xvi.  171] 

DUNCAN,  PETER  MARTIN  (1821-1891),  geologist ; 
M.B.  London,  1846 ;  practised  at  Colchester,  1848-60,  and 
at-Blackheath,  1860 ;  professor  of  geology.  King's  College, 
London,  1870,  and  at  Cooper's  Hill  College,  c.  1871 ;  F.G.S., 
1849,  secretary,  1864-70,  and  president,  1876-8 ;  Wollas- 
ton  medallist,  1881 ;  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S. ;  F.R.S.,  1868  ;  made  a 
special  study  of  corals  and  echinids.  [Suppl.  ii.  168] 

DUNCAN,  PHILIP  BURY  (1772-1863),  keeper  of  the 
Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford ;  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1792 ;  M.A., 
1798 ;  called  to  the  bar,  1796  ;  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean, 
1826-55,  in  succession  to  his  brother  John  Shute  Dun- 
can [q.  v.]  ;  honorary  D.O.L.,  1855 ;  established  at  Bath 
and  Oxford  a  savings  bank  and  a  society  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  mendicity ;  published  '  Reliquiae  Romanse,'  1836. 

[xvL  172] 

DUNCAN,  THOMAS  (1807-1845),  painter ;  studied  at 
the  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh,  eventually  becoming 
head-master  ;  professor  of  colour,  and  subsequently  pro- 
fessor of  drawing,  to  the  Scottish  Academy ;  A.R.A.,  1843  ; 
exhibited  portraits,  genre  pictures,  aiid  scenes  from  Scot- 
tish history  at  various  institutions.  [xvi.  172] 

DUNCAN,  WILLIAM  (1717-1760),  professor  of  philo- 
sophy at  Aberdeen ;  M.A.  Mariscbal  College,  Aberdeen, 
1737  ;  professor  of  natural  and  experimental  philosophy, 
Marischal  College,  1753-60 ;  translated  Caesar's  •  Commen- 
taries,' 1753,  and  edited,  with  a  translation,  •  Cicero's 
Select  Orations.'  [xvi.  173] 

DUNOAN,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTINE  (1811-1885), 
journalist;  studied  at  the  Scots  Benedictine  College, 
Ratisbon,  and  the  new  Blairs  College,  Kincardine ;  emi- 
grated to  Sydney,  New  Bouth  Wales,  1838  ;  editor  of  'Aus- 
tralasian Chronicle,*  a  newly  established  Roman  catholic 
journal,  1839-43 ;  issued  « Duncan's  Weekly  Register  oi 
Politics,  Facts,  and  General  Literature,'  1843 ;  collecto 
of  customs  for  New  South  Wales,  1859-81 ;  O.M.G.,  1881 ; 
translated  a  treatise  of  1610  on  Australia  by  Pedro  Fer- 
naudes  de  Queiros,  1874.  [xvL  174] 

DUNCANNON,  BARONS.  [See  PONBONBY,  JOHN 
WILLIAM,  first  BARON,  1781-1847 ;  PONSONBY,  FRE- 
DERICK GEORGE  BRABAZON,  third  BARON,  1816-1895.] 

BB2 


DUNCANSON 


372 


DUNDAS 


DUNCANSON,  ROBERT  (rf.  1705),  colonel :  second 
in  command  to  Lieutenant-colonel  James  Hamilton : 
delegated  conduct  of  Glencoc  massacre,  with  which  In- 
was  entrusted,  to  Captain  Robert  Campbell,  1692  ;  colonel, 
33rd  regiment,  1705  ;  fell  before  Valencia,  1705. 

[xvi.  1741 

DUNCH,  EDMUND  (1657-1719),  politician  and  bon- 
vivant;  M.P..  Cricklade,  1701-2,  and  1705-13,  Borough- 
bridge,  1713-15,  and  Wallingford,  1715-19;  master  of  the 
royal  household,  1708, 1714  ;  member  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club. 

[XTI.  175] 

DUNCKLEY,  HENRY  (1823-1896),  journalist :  stu- 
died for  baptist  ministry  at  Accrington,  Lancashire ; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1848  ;  LL.D.,  1883  ;  baptist  minister  at 
Salford,  1848-55  ;  editor  of  '  Manchester  Examiner  and 
Times '  fliberal),  1855-89 :  contributed  a  number  of  letters, 
signed  '  Verax,'  on  constitutional  and  political  questions 
to  '  Manchester  Weekly  Times '  and  '  Manchester  Guar- 
dian,' successively,  from  1877.  [Suppl.  ii.  169] 

DUNCOMB,  JOHN  (1765-1839).    [See  DUNCUMB.] 

DUNCOMBE,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1711),  banker  and 
politician ;  apprenticed  to  Edward  Backwell  [q.  v.],  a 
London  goldsmith;  receiver  of  the  customs  under 
Charles  II  and  James  II,  annoying  the  latter  monarch 
by  refusing  •  1,6001.  to  carry  him  over  sea,'  1688 ;  M.P., 
Dowuton,  1695-8,  and  1702-11  ;  opposed,  for  party  reasons, 
the  inception  of  the  Bank  of  England ;  expelled  from 
parliament,  1698,  for  having  falsely  endorsed  certain  ex- 
chequer bills ;  tried,  and  acquitted  through  a  mistake  in 
the  information,  1699;  knighted,  1699;  nominated  lord 
mayor,  1700  and  1701;  elected,  1708;  died  the  richest 
commoner  in  England.  [xvi.  175] 

BUNCOMBE,  JOHN  (1729-1786),  miscellaneous 
writer :  son  of  William  Duncombe  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1752;  fellow  of  Corpus;  held 
livings  of  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Mary  Bredman,  Canterbury  ; 
one  of  the  six  preachers  of  Canterbury  Cathedral ;  wrote 
on  Kentish  archaeology  and  other  subjects.  [xvi.  177] 

DUNCOMBE,  SUSANNA  (1730  ?-1812),  poetess  and 
artist ;  nit  Higbmore ;  wife  of  John  Buncombe  [q.  v.] ; 
wrote  '  Fidelio  and  Honoria '  for  the  '  Adventurer ' ;  fur- 
nished a  frontispiece  to  John  Duncombe's  'Letters  of 
John  Hughes,'  1773,  and  contributed  to  the  'Poetical 
Calendar.'  [xvL  178] 

DUNCOMBE,  THOMAS  SLINGSBY  (1796-1861), 
radical  politician ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  lieutenant,  1815 ; 
retired  from  the  army,  1819  ;  M.P.  for  Hertford,  1826, 
1830,  and  1831 ;  radical  M.P.  for  Finsbury,  1834;  exerted 
himself  in  defence  of  Lord  Durham,  1838 ;  presented 
chartist  petition,  1842  ;  concerned  in  Prince  Louis  Napo- 
leon's escape  from  Ham,  1846;  member  of  council  of 
1  Friends  of  Italy,'  1851 ;  worked  on  behalf  of  Kossuth  in 
the  matter  of  the  Hungarian  notes,  1861.  [xvi.  178] 

DUNCOMBE,  WILLIAM  (1690-1769),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  clerk  in  the  navy  office,  1706-25  :  part  proprietor 
of  '  Whitehall  Evening  Post ' ;  wrote  against  the '  Beggar's 
Opera'  as  immoral,  1728,  thereby  gaining  the  friendship 
of  Dr.  (afterwards  Archbishop)  Herring;  brought  out 
'  Lucius  Junius  Brutus'  at  Drury  Lane,  1734  ;  reprinted  a 
sermon  (of  Arbuthnot's)  on  the  evil  of  rebellion,  1745 ; 
unsuspectingly  compiled  (1749)  from  the  fraudulent  lips 
of  Archibald  Bower  [q.  Y.]  a  narrative  of  Bower's  pre- 
tended '  escape*  from  the  inquisition.  [xvi.  180] 

DUNCON,  EDMUND  (d.  1673),  clergyman ;  brother 
of  Eleazar  Duncon  [q.  v.] ;  sent  by  Nicholas  Ferrar 
[q.  v.]  to  visit  George  Herbert  in  bis  last  illness ;  promoted 
the  publication  of  Herbert's  '  A  Priest  to  the  Temple ' : 
LL.B. ;  rector  of  Friern  Barnet,  Middlesex,  1663-73. 

[xvi.  181] 

DUNCON.  ELEAZAR  (d.  1660),  royalist  divine  :  B.A. 
Caius  College,  Cambridge :  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1618 ;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1628,  of  Winchester. 
1629 ;  D.D.,  1633  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1640  ;  chaplain  to 
Charles  I ;  stripped  of  all  his  preferments  by  parliament ; 
died  at  Leghorn.  [xvi.  181] 

DUNOON,  JOHN  (ft.  1648),  biographer :  brother  of 
Eleazar  Dnncon  [q.  v.] ;  held  a  cure  in  Essex,  c.  1646 ; 
wrote  a  religious  biography  of  Lettice,  viscountess  Falk- 
land, 1648.  [xvi.  181] 


DUNCON,  SAMUEL  (A  1600-1659),  political  writer; 
thrice  distrained  on  for  refusing  to  pay  ship-money, 
n;-H) :  'damnified  about  300/.'  by  the  commissaries'  court 
and  the  court  of  arches ;  high  collector  of  assessments 
for  the  parliament ;  suggested  in  two  tracts,  1651  and 
1659,  appointment  of  '  peacemakers  '  or  public  arbitrators 
as  a  means  of  lessening  litigation.  [xvi.  Ib2] 

DUNCUMB,  JOHN  (1765-1839),  topographer:  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1796 ;  editor  and  printer  of 
1'ugh's  '  Hereford  Journal,'  1788-90 ;  incumbent  of  varioas 
parishes;  engaged  (1790)  by  Charles,  duke  of  Norfolk,  to 
compile  a  history  of  Herefordshire  (second  volume  com- 
pleted, 1866,  third  volume  issued  [1882]  by  Judge  W.  H. 
Cooke) ;  published  a  '  General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of 
Hereford,'  1805.  [xvi.  182] 

DUNDAS,  CHARLES,  BARON  AMESBURY  (1751-1832), 
twice  M.P.  for  Richmond;  barrister;  M.P.  for  Orkney 
and  Shetland,  1781-4,  and  for  Berkshire,  1794-1832  ;  was 
nominated  speaker  in  opposition  to  Abbot,  but  withdrew 
from  the  contest,  1802;  created  Baron  Amesbury,  1832. 

[xvi.  183] 

DUNDAS,  SIR  DAVID  (1735-1820),  general;  lieu- 
tenant fireworker  in  the  royal  artillery,  1754:  lieutenant, 
56th  regiment,  1766 ;  present  at  the  attack  on  St.  Malo, 
the  capture  of  Cherbourg,  and  the  fight  at  St.  Cas :  served 
in  Cuba,  1762;  colonel,  1781:  major-general,  1790;  wrote 
drill-books  which  were  issued  as  the  official  orders  for  the 
army:  defeated  the  French  at  Tuyl,  1794;  lieutenant- 
general,  1797 ;  accompanied  Duke  of  York  to  the  Helder, 
1799;  general,  1802;  K.B.,  1804;  commander-in-chief, 
1809-11  ;  privy  councillor,  1809 ;  tactician  of  Frederick 
the  Great's  school  in  his  'Principles  of  Military  Move- 
ments, chiefly  applicable  to  Infantry,'  1788.  [xvi.  183] 

DUNDAS,  Si«  DAVID  (1799-1877),  statesman  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  student, 
1820:  M.A.,  1822;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1823;  went 
the  northern  circuit ;  M.P.,  Sutherlandshire,  1840-52,  and 
1861-7;  Q.O.,  1840;  knighted,  1847;  judge-advocate- 
general  and  privy  councillor,  1849.  [xvi.  185] 

DUNDAS,  FRANCIS  (d.  1824),  general :  son  of  Robert 
Dundas,  Lord  Arniston  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant  and 
captain,  1st  foot  guards,  1778:  surrendered  with  Corn- 
wallis  at  York  Town,  1781  ;  took  part  as  adjutant-general 
in  capture  of  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe,  1794 :  acting 
governor  of  the  Cape,  1798-9,  and  1801-3 ;  general,  1812. 

[xvi.  185] 

DUNDAS,  HENRY,  first  VISCOUNT  MKLVILLK  (1742- 
1811),  son  of  Robert  Dundas.  Lord  Arniston  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  Univer- 
sity; member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1763  ;  solicitor- 
general  for  Scotland,  1766  :  M.P.  for  Midlothian,  1774-90, 
except  for  few  months  in  1782  when  he  sat  for  Newtown, 
Isle  of  Wight :  lord  advocate,  1775-83  ;  supported  Powys's 
amendment  for  the  repeal  of  the  Massachusetts  charter, 
1778 ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1781-3  ;  carried 
resolution  that  Warren  Hastings  be  recalled  from  India, 
1782  ;  privy  councillor  and  treasurer  of  the  navy,  1782-3 
and  1784-1800 ;  keeper  of  the  Scottish  signet,  1782 ;  de- 
fended Hastings 's  Rohilla  war,  1786  ;  chancellor  of  St. 
Andrews,  1788 ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1789  ;  M.P.,  Edin- 
burgh, 1790-1802;  home  secretary,  1791-4;  president  of 
the  board  of  control,  1793-1801 ;  spoke  in  support  of  the 
East  India  Company,  1793  ;  secretary  of  war,  1794-1801 : 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal  of  Scotland,  1800 ;  planned  and 
carried  out  the  Egyptian  campaign  of  1801  against  the 
opinion  of  Pitt  and  the  king ;  created  Viscount  Melville 
of  Melville,  and  Baron  Dunira,  1802  ;  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1804-5 ;  erased  from  the  roll  of  the  privy  coun- 
cil, 1805,  and  impeached,  1806,  for  malversation:  guilty 
of  negligence,  but  acquitted,  1806 ;  restored  to  the  privy 
council,  1807.  [xvi.  186] 

DUNDAS,  HENRY,  third  VISCOUNT  MELVTLLE  (1801- 
1876),  general;  son  of  Robert  Saunders  Dundas,  second 
viscount  Melville  [q.  v.]  ;  captain,  83rd  regiment,  1824: 
active  in  suppressing  the  Canadian  rebellion,  1837  ;  colonel 
and  aide-de-camp  to  Qneen  Victoria,  1841 ;  second  in 
command  at  the  capture  of  Multan,  1847  ;  general,  1868  ; 
G.O.B.,  1870.  [xvi.  191] 

DUNDAS,  SIR  JAMES,  LORD  ARNISTON  (d.  1679), 
educated  at  St.  Andrews ;  knighted,  1641  :  M.P.,  Edin- 
burgh, 1648 ;  member  of  committee  of  estates,  1648 ;  lord 
of  session  as  Lord  Arniston,  1662-3  ;  refused  to  renounce 
the  covenant,  and  resigned,  1663.  [xvi.  191] 


DUKDAS 


373 


DUNLOP 


DUNDAS,  JAMES  (1842-1879),  captain,  royal  engi- 
geers  ;  V.C.  for  distinguished  bravery  in  storming  a  block- 
house in  Bhootau,  1«05  ;  killed  in  attempt  to  blow  up  a 
fort  near  Cubul,  1879.  [xvi.  192] 

DUNDAS,  SIR  JAMES  WHITLEY  DEANS  (1786- 
1862),  admiral ;  commander  in  the  Baltic,  18u7  ;  took  the 
surname  of  Duudas,  1808  ;  frequently  sat  for  Greenwich 
after  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill ;  C.B.,  1839 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1852;  remiss,  when  in  command  of  the  chief 
naval  operation*  in  the  Russian  war,  1854;  G.C.B. ; 
admiral,  1857.  [XTU  192] 

DTJNDAS,  SIR  RICHARD  SAUNDERS  (1802-1861), 
vice-admiral ;  son  of  Robert  Saunders  Dundas,  second 
vi.-rotmt  Melville  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  navy 
captain,  1824 ;  O.B.  for  his  services  in  the  first  Chinese  war, 
1841 ;  junior  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1853-61 ;  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Baltic  fleet,  1855-61 ;  K.O.B.,  1866  ;  grand 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour ;  vice-admiral,  1858. 

[xvi.  193] 

DUNDAS,  ROBERT,  LORD  ARNISTON  (d.  1726),  or- 
dinary lord  of  session ;  eldest  sou  of  Sir  James  Dundas 
(<i.  1679)  [q.v.];  M.P.,  {Midlothian,  1700-2,  and  1702-7; 
Jord  of  session,  1689.  [xvi.  193] 

DUNDAS,  ROBERT,  LORD  ARNISTON,  the  elder 
(1685-1753),  judge ;  second  son  of  Robert  Dundas  (d. 
1726)  [q.v.];  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1717-20 ;  lord 
advocate,  1720;  dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1721  ; 
M.P.,  Midlothian,  1722-7,  1727-34,  and  1734-7;  chief 
adviser  of  Lord  Ilay's  opponents ;  lord  president  of  session, 
174H-53;  re-introduced  into  Scottish  juries  the  possible 
findings 'guilty 'or  'not  guilty'  as  against  'proven*  or 
'  not  proven,'  1728.  [xvi.  194] 

DUNDAS,  ROBERT,  LORD  ARNISTON,  the  younger 
(1713-1787),  judge;  eldest  son  of  Robert  Dundas,  Lord 
Arniston  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity; studied  Roman  law  at  Utrecht;  solicitor-general 
for  Scotland,  1742-6;  lord-advocate,  1754;  M.P.,  Mid- 
lothian, 1754  ;  lord-president  of  session,  1760  ;  lost  popu- 
larity by  giving  his  casting  vote  against  Archibald 
(Stewart)  Douglas  [q.  v.]  in  the  Douglas  peerage  case, 
1767.  [xvi.  195] 

DTTNDAS,  ROBERT,  OP  ARNISTON  (1758-1819), 
judge ;  son  of  Robert  Dundas,  Lord  Arniston,  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  ;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1784  ;  lord  advocate, 
1789 ;  M.P.,  Edinburghshire,  1790-6 ;  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  Scotland,  1801.  [xvi.  195] 

DUNDAS,  ROBERT  SAUNDERS,  second  VISCOUNT 
MELVILLE  (1771-1851),  statesman ;  son  of  Henry  Dundas, 
first  viscount  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Hastings,  1794,  Rye,  1796  ; 
keeper  of  the  signet  for  Scotland,  1800  ;  M.P.,  Midlothian, 
1801 ;  privy  councillor,  1807 ;  president  of  the  board  of 
control,  1807  and  1809;  Irish  secretary,  1809;  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1812-27 ;  chancellor  of  St.  Andrews 
University,  1814;  K.T.,  1821.  Melville  Sound  was  so 
named  in  recognition  of  his  interest  in  Arctic  exploration. 
[xvi.  195] 

DUNDAS,  THOMAS  (1750-1794),  major-general; 
served  as  major  65th  foot  in  America  and  the  West 
Indies ;  M.P.  for  the  stewartry  of  Orkney  and  Shetland, 
1771,  1774,  and  1784 ;  joint-commissioner  for  arranging 
the  capitulation  at  York  Town,  1781 ;  major-general, 
1793  ;  died  at  Quadaloupe  after  distinguished  services  in 
the  West  Indies,  1794.  [xvi.  196] 

DUNDAS,  WILLIAM  (1762-1845),  politician  ;  son  of 
Robert  Dundas,  Lord  Arniston,  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1788 ;  M.P.  for  Kirkwall,  Wick,  Dor- 
noch,  Dingwall,  and  Tain,  1796  and  1797  ;  privy  council- 
lor, 1800  ;  M.P.,  Sutherland,  1802  and  1806,  Cullen,  1810, 
and  Edinburgh,  1812-31 ;  secretary-at-war,  1804-6  ;  keeper 
of  the  signet,  1814  ;  lord  clerk  register,  1821.  [xvi.  197] 

DUNDEE,  first  VISCOUNT  (1649  7-1689).  [See  GRA- 
HAM, JOHN.] 

DUNDONALD,  EARLS  OP.  [See  OOCHRANR,  SIR 
WILLIAM,  first  EARL.  d.  1686  ;  COCHRANE,  ARCHIBALD, 
ninth  EARL,  1749-1831 ;  COCHRANE,  THOMAS,  tenth  EARL, 

1775-1860.] 

DUNDRENNAN,  LORD  (1792-1851).  [See  MAIT- 
LAND,  THOMAS.] 

DUNFERMLDTE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  SKTON,  SIR 
ALEXANDER,  first  EARL,  1555  ?-1622 ;  SKTON,  OHARLKS, 
second  EARL,  d.  1673.] 


DUNFERMLINE,  BARON  (1776-1858).  [See  ABER- 
CROMBY,  JAMKS.] 

DUNOAL  (ft.  811-827),  Irish  monk  in  deacon's  orders  ; 
driven  from  Ireland  by  the  Danish  invasions  ;  invited  by 
Charlemagne  (81 1)  to  explain  two  rumoured  solar  eclipses 
of  810  ;  recognised  as  an  authoritative  teacher  at  Pavia 
in  a  capitular  of  Lothair,  823.  [xvi.  197] 

DUNGANNON,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  TREVOR,  MARCUS, 
first  VISCOUNT  of  the  first  creation,  1618-1670  ;  TREVOR, 
ARTHUR  HILL-,  third  VISCOUNT  of  the  second  creation, 

1798-1862.] 

DUNGLIS80N,  ROBLEY  (1798-1869X  medical 
writer ;  M.D.  Erlangen,  1824  ;  professor  in  the  university 
of  Virginia,  1825-33  ;  professor  of  the  institutes  of  medi- 
cine in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  1836-G8  ; 
published  a  'Human  Physiology,'  a  'History  of  Medi- 
cine,' and  other  medical  works.  [xvi.  198] 

DUNHAM,  SAMUEL  ASTLEY  (d.  1868),  historian  ; 
LL.D. ;  author  of  works  published  in  Lardner's  '  Cabinet 
Cyclopaedia,'  including  (1832-3)  a  famous  'History  of 
Spain  and  Portugal.'  [xvi.  199] 

DUNK,  GEORGE  MONTAGU,  second  EARL  ov 
HALIFAX  (1J16-1771);  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  colonel,  1745 ;  president  of  the 
board  of  trade,  1748-61 ;  privy  councillor,  1749 ;  aided 
foundation  of  colony  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  town  of  Halifax 
being  thereupon  named  after  him,  1749 ;  styled  the 
'Father  of  the  Colonies'  for  his  success  in  extending 
American  commerce ;  lieutenant-general,  1759 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1761-3 ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1762;  secretary  of  state,  1762;  'triumvir'  with  Lords 
Egremont  and  Grenville,  1763 ;  K.G.,  1764 ;  lord  privy  seal, 
1770 ;  secretary  of  state,  1771.  [xvi.  199] 

DUNKARTON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1770-1811),  engraver 
of  portraits  in  mezzotint.  [xvi.  201] 

DUNKIN,  ALFRED  JOHN  (1812-1879),  antiquary 
and  historian  ;  son  of  John  Dunkin  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
the  Military  College,  Vendome ;  original  member  of  the 
British  Archaeological  Association ;  wrote  on  old  English 
customs  and  the  antiquities  of  Kent ;  printed  and  trans- 
lated the  works  of  Radulphus,  abbot  of  Coggeshall,  sup- 
posing himself  the  original  editor,  1856.  [xvi.  201] 

DUNKIN,  JOHN  (1782-1846),  topographer  ;  original 
member  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association  ;  pub- 
lished '  Outlines  of  the  History  and  Antiquities  of  Bromley 
in  Kent,'  1815,  and  other  antiquarian  works. 

[xvi.  202] 

DUNKIN,  WILLIAM  (1709  ?-l 765),  poet;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1729 ;  D.D.,  1744 ;  received  an 
annuity  from  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  as  stipulated  in 
the  will  of  his  aunt,  a  benefactor  of  the  college  ;  ordained, 
1735  ;  master  of  Portora  Royal  School,  Enniskillen,  1746- 
1765 ;  friend  of  Swift ;  author  of  some  clever  poems  in 
English  and  Latin,  including  '  Bceotia,'  1747,  and  '  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Libel,'  a  poem  attributed  to  Swift. 

[xvi.  203] 

DUNLOP,  ALEXANDER  (1684-1 747),  Greek  scholar  ; 
son  of  William  Dunlop,  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  professor  of 
Greek  in  Glasgow  University,  1706-42  ;  published  a  Greek 
grammar,  1736.  [xvi.  203] 

DUNLOP,  ALEXANDER  COLQUHOUN-STIRL- 
ING-MURRAY-  (1798-1870),  church  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician ;  earnestly  supported  the  '  non-intrusion  '  party  in 
the  church,  which  he  professionally  defended  on  all 
occasions  ;  M.P.,  Greenock,  1852-68 ;  carried  bill  abolish- 
ing Gretna  Green  marriages  ;  attacked  government  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  1861,  for  tampering  with  the  despatches 
of  Sir  Alexander  Burnes,  envoy  at  the  Afghan  court  in 
1839  ;  published  a  treatise  on  the  law  of  Scotland  relating 
to  the  poor,  1825,  another  on  the  law  of  patronage,  1833, 
and  a  third  on  parochial  law.  [xvi.  204] 

DUNLOP,  FRANCES  ANNE  WALLACE  (1730-1815), 
friend  of  Robert  Burns  ;  nte  Wallace ;  married  John 
Dunlop  of  Dunlop,  Ayrshire,  1747;  became  a  corre- 
spondent and  friend  of  Bums  on  the  publication  of  his 
'  Cottar's  Saturday  Night,'  but  afterwards  deserted  him. 

DUNLOP,  JAMES  (rf.  1832),  of  Dunlop* Ayrshire, 
lieutenant-general;  accompanied  the  old  82ud  foot  to 


DUNLOP 


374 


DTTNSTER 


Nova  Scotia  ;  lieutenant,  1779 ;  despatched  to  Charles- 
town  with  the  news  of  seizure  of  Chesapeake  estuary, 
1781;  subsequently  stationed  at  Halifax;  served  against 
Tippoo  Sultan,  1791  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1795  ;  commanded 
brigade  at  Sedaseer  and  at  capture  of  Seriugapatnm, 
1799;  brigadier-general,  1805 ;  M.P.  for  the  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright,  1813-26;  commanded  6th  division  at 
Fuenfcesde  Ouoro,  1811 ;  lieutenant-general,  1817. 

[xvi.  205] 

DUNLOP,  JAMES  (1795-1848),  astronomer;  keeper 
(1823-7)  of  the  Brisbane  observatory  at  Paramatta  ;  made 
most  of  the  observations  for  the  *  Brisbane  Catalogue '  of 
7,385  southern  stars  (completed  1826) ;  gold  medallist  of 
the  Astronomical  Society,  1828;  F.R.A.S.,  1828;  the 
number  of  nebulae  claimed  as  his  discoveries  subsequently 
found  to  be  greater  than  that  actually  existing ;  director 
of  the  Paramatta  observatory,  1829-42 ;  author  of  '  An 
Account  of  Observations  made  in  Scotland  on  the  Distri- 
bution of  the  Magnetic  Intensity,'  1830.  [xvi.  206] 

DUNLOP,  JOHN  (1756-1820),  song-writer ;  lord  pro- 
vost of  Glasgow,  1796  ;  collector  of  customs  at  Borrow- 
ptounness  and  subsequently  at  Port  Glasgow ;  author  of 
the  well-known  lyrics  ' Oh  dinna  ask  me  gin  I  lo'e  ye '  and 
'  Here's  to  the  year  that's  awa.'  [xvi.  207] 

DUNLOP,  JOHN  OOLIN  (d.  1842),  author ;  son  of 
John  Dunlop  [q.  v.]  ;  advocate,  1807  ;  sheriff  depute  of 
Renfrewshire,  1816-42;  published  a  learned  'History  of 
Fiction,'  which  was  criticised  with  unwarranted  severity 
by  Hazlitt,  1814,  a  '  History  of  Roman  Literature,  from 
the  earliest  period  to  the  Augustan  Age,'  1823-8,  and 
'  Memoirs  of  Spain  during  the  Reigns  of  Philip  IV  and 
Charles  II,'  1834.  [xvi.  208] 

DUNLOP,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1649  ?-J  700),  prin- 
cipal of  Glasgow  University;  emigrated  to  California, 
remaining  there  till  1688 ;  minister  of  Ochiltree  and  after- 
wards of  Paisley ;  principal  of  Glasgow  University,  1690 ; 
director  of  the  Darien  Company ;  historiographer  for 
Scotland,  1693.  [xvi.  209] 

DUNLOP,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1692-1720),  pro- 
fessor of  church  history  in  Edinburgh  University ;  son 
of  William  Dunlop  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  licensed  by  the  pres- 
bytery of  Edinburgh,  1714 ;  appointed  by  George  I  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  and  church  history,  Edinburgh. 

[xvi.  209] 

DUNLTTCE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  MACDONNELL,  Sir 
RANDAL,  first  VISCOUNT,  d.  1636 ;  MACDONNKLL,  RANDAL, 
second  VISCOUNT,  1609-1683.] 

DUNMORE,  EARLS  op.  [See  MURRAY,  LORD 
CHARLES,  first  EARL,  1660-1710 ;  MURRAY,  JOHN,  fourth 
EARL,  1732-1809.] 

DUNN,  SIR  DANIEL  (d.  1617).    [See  DONNB.] 

DUNN,  ROBERT  (1799-1877),  surgeon ;  licentiate  of 
the  Society  of  Apothecaries,  1825 ;  F.K.C.S.,  1852 ;  contri- 
buted to  medical  and  psychological  reviews,  [xvi.  210] 

DUNN,  SAMUEL  (d.  1794),  mathematician  ;  inventor 
of  the  '  universal  planispheres,  or  terrestrial  and  celestial 
globes  in  piano,'  1757 ;  master  of  an  academy  at  Ormoud 
House,  Chelsea,  1758-63  ;  mathematical  examiner  to  the 
East  India  Company.  His  works  include  'The  Navi- 
gator's Guide  to  the  Oriental  or  Indian  Seas,'  1775,  and 
'  The  Astronomy  of  Fixed  Stars,'  part  L  1792.  [xvi.  210] 

DUNN,  SAMUEL  (1798-1882),  expelled  Wesleyan 
minister;  first  Wesleyan  minister  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
1822 ;  supposed  to  have  taken  part  in  the  publication  of 
the  'Fly  Sheets,'  pamphlets  advocating  reforms  in  the 
Wesleyan  governing  body,  1847;  called  upon  to  dis- 
continue his  monthly  '  Wesley  Banner  and  Revival  Re- 
cord,' and  expelled  for  contumacy,  1849  ;  D.D.  of  one  of 
the  United  States  universities.  [xvL  212] 

DUNN,  WILLIAM  (1770-1849),  mechanic  and  agri- 
culturist ;  proprietor  of  the  Dalnotter  Ironworks,  1813 ; 
built  mills  at  Duntocher  for  cotton-spinning  and  weaving. 

[xvi.  213] 

DUNNE,  GABRIEL  (d.  1558).    [See  DONNE.] 

DUNNING,  JOHN,  first  BARON  ABHBURTON  (1731- 
1783),  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1756  ;  drew  up  a  defence 
of  the  English  East  India  Company  against  the  Dutch, 
1762 ;  solicitor-general,  1768-70 ;  M.P.  for  Oalne  in  whig 


interest,  1768;  re-elected  for  Calne,  1774;  carried  a  reso- 
lution that  *the  influence  of  the  crown  has  increased,  is 
increasing,  and  ought  to  be  diminished,'  1780 ;  again  re- 
turned for  Calue,  1780  ;  privy  councillor,  1782  ;  created 
|  Baron  Ashburton  bf  Ashburton,  1782  ;  author  of  an  'In- 
quiry into  the  Doctrines  lately  promulgated  concerning 
Juries,  Libels,  &c.,'  1764,  which  Horace  Walpole  con- 
sidered 'the  finest  piece  .  .  .  written  for  liberty  since 
Lord  Somers.'  [xvi.  213] 

DUNRAVEN,  third  EARL  op  (1812-1871).  [See  Quix, 
EDWIN  RICHARD  WINDHAM  WYNDHAM-] 

DUNS,  JOANNES  SCOTUS,  known  as  the  DOCTOR 
SUBTILIS  (1265  ?-1308  ?),  schoolman  ;  said,  without  evi- 
dence, to  have  been  fellow  of  Merton  College.  Oxford,  and 
in  1301  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford ;  stated  to  have 
been 'regent 'of  Paris  University  ;  nicknamed  Doctor  Sub- 
tilis  ;  possibly  died  at  Cologne,  there  being  a  tradition  that 
he  was  buried  alive.  Duns  was  the  author  of  a  philoso- 
phic grammar,  entitled,  'De  Modis  Significandi  sive 
Grammatica  Speculative'  (printed,  1499),  of  logical 
'  Quaestiones '  (edited,  1474),  of  a  work  on  metaphysics 
called  « De  Rerum  Principle '  (edited,  1497),  and  of  the 
'  Opus  Oxoniense,'  (printed,  1481),  a  commentary  on  the 
'  Sententiee '  of  Peter  Lombard.  A  conceptualist  in  logic, 
he  borrowed  from  Ibn  Gebirol  (fi.  1045)  the  theory  of  a 
universal  matter,  the  common  basis  of  all  existences, 
while  in  theology  he  denied  the  possibility  of  rationalism. 

[xvi.  216] 

DUNSANY,  ninth  BARON  (d.  1668).  [See  PLUNKET, 
PATRICK.] 

DUNSINANE,  LORD  (1731  ?-1811).  [See  NAIRNE, 
SIR  WILLIAM.] 

DUNSTABLE,  JOHN  (d.  1453),  musician  and  mathe- 
matician ;  mentioned  in  the  '  Proportionale '  of  Johannes 
Tinctoris  (1445-1611)  as  the  chief  musician  hi  England  ; 
mentioned  in  a  Seville  manuscript  of  1480 ;  compiler  of  a 
manuscript  collection  of  latitudes  and  longitudes,  1438. 

[xvi.  220] 

DUNSTALL,  JOHN  (fl.  1644-1675),  engraver ;  pub- 
lished two  drawing-books.  [xvi.  221] 

DUNSTAN,  SAINT  (924-988),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  educated  by  Irish  scholars  at  Glastonbury  Abbey  ; 
favourite  of  King  j&thelstan  ;  falsely  accused  of  being  a 
wizard,  and  expelled  the  court;  made  his  profession  of 
monastic  vows  to  ^Elfheah,  bishop  of  Winchester ;  prac- 
tised the  arts  of  metal-working,  painting,  and  transcrip- 
tion ;  councillor  of  King  Eadmund  [see  EDMUND],  nar- 
rowly escaping  a  second  dismissal  on  false  charges  ;  abbot 
of  Glastonbury  e.  945 ;  laid  the  foundation  of  a  new 
church,  and  modified  the  constitution  of  the  abbey, 
making  it  also  a  famous  school ;  treasurer  and  chief 
adviser  of  King  Eadred  [see  EDRKD]  :  procured  arrest  of 
Wulfstan,  archbishop  of  York  and  leader  of  the  Danish 
insurgents,  962;  rebuked  King  Edwy  for  leaving  the 
coronation  feast  to  visit  a  mistress ;  retired  to  Flanders  in 
disgrace,  956,  Count  Arnulf  I  assigning  him  a  residence 
at  Ghent ;  appointed  by  Eadgar  [see  EDQAK]  bishop  of 
Worcester,  957 ;  bishop  of  London,  retaining  Worcester, 
959-61 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  961 ;  concentrated  his 
energies  on  making  the  Danes  an  integral  part  of  the 
nation ;  in  company  with  Oswald,  archbishop  of  York, 
crowned  Eadgar  at  Bath,  973;  imposed  penance  on 
Eadgar  for  incontinence;  sympathised  with  the  Bene- 
dictine movement  and  the  abolition  of  secular  monasteries ; 
formulated  ecclesiastical  discipline  in  the  '  Pemtentiale ' ; 
averted  civil  war  by  crowning  Eadward,  975  ;  foretold  to 
King  ^Ethelred  the  calamities  by  which  the  nation  would 
expiate  the  murder  of  Eadward.  [xvi.  221] 

DUNSTAN,  alias  KITCHIN,  ANTHONY  (1477-1663). 
[See  KITCHIN.] 

DUNSTAN,  JEFFREY  (1759?-1797),  'mayor'  of 
Garrett ;  brought  up  as  a  foundling ;  dealer  in  old  wigs  ; 
elected,  in  1785,  mock  mayor,  according  to  custom,  of  the 
Garrett  association  for  protecting  Garrett  common  from 
encroachment ;  successful  at  three  successive  elections. 

[xvi.  230] 

DUNSTANVILLE,  BARON  (1757-1836).  [See  BASSET, 
FRANCIS.] 

DTJNSTER,  CHARLES  (1750-1816),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1770 ;  rural  dean  of 


DUNSTER 


375 


DUKEL, 


West  Sussex  ;  published  works  on  the  gospels  and  an 
attempt  (1HOO)  to  demonstrate  Milton's  obligations  to 
Josuah  Sylvester  [q.  v.]  Lxvl-  281J 

DUNSTER,  HENRY  (d.  1659),  president  of  Harvard 
College  in  Massachusetts ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1634 :  emigrated  to  America,  1640 ;  president  of 
Harvard  College,  1640,  resigning  (1654)  as  an  anti-pffido- 
baptist :  procured  the  Harvard  charters  of  1642  and 16 50 , 
revised  Eliot's  « Bay  Psalm-Book.'  [xvi.  231] 

DUNSTER,  SAMUEL  (1675-1754),  translator  of 
Horace;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1700;  D.D.,  1713; 
prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1717-48,  of  Lincoln,  1720  ;.  vicar 
of  Rochdale,  1722-54  ;  author  of  •  Anglia  Redmya '  1699  : 
translated  into  mechanical  verse  '  The  Satyrs  and  Epistles 
of  Horace,'  1710,  publishing  a  second  edition,  Including 
the  •  Art  of  Poetry,'  1717.  [xvi.  232] 

DUNSTERVILLE,  EDWARD  (1796-1873),  com- 
mander R.N.  and  hydrographer  ;  second  master  of  H.M.S. 
Valorous,  1824;  completed  survey  of  Mosquito  coast, 
1833-5  •  lieutenant  in  operations  off  Syria,  1840 ;  hydro- 
grapher's  assistant  at  the  admiralty,  1842-70  :  produced 
'Admiralty  Catalogue  of  Charts,  Plans,  Views,  and 
Sailing  Directions,'  1860.  [xvi.  233] 

DUNTHORN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1489),  town  clerk  of 
London ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse.  Cambridge,  1455 ;  com- 
mon clerk  of  London,  1461 ;  compiled  the  extant  '  Liber 
Dunthorn ' ;  a  devoted  Yorkist.  [xvi.  233] 

DUNTHORNE,  JOHN  (fl.  1783-1792),  artist ;  of  Col- 
chester; exhibited  small  genre  pictures  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demv  1783-92  ;  his  son  John  was  also  an  artist. 

[xvi.  235] 

DUNTHORNE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1798-1832), 
painter ;  son  of  John  Dunthorne  the  elder  [q.  v.] : 
assisted  the  painter  John  Constable  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1827-32.  [xvi.  234] 

DUNTHORNE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1770-1844),  land- 
scape-painter ;  friend  of  the  painter  John  Constable 
[q.  v.]  [xvi.  234] 

DTTNTHORNE,  RICHARD  (1711-1775),  astronomer ; 
butler  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  scientific 
assistant  to  Dr.  Roger  Long  [q.  v.]  ;  worked  on  Long's 
'Astronomy,'  1770;  conducted  a  survey  of  the  fens,  when 
superintendent  of  the  works  of  the  Bedford  Level  Cor- 
poration ;  published  '  The  Practical  Astronomy  of  the 
Moon,'  1739,  arid  assigned  to  the  acceleration  of  the 
moon's  mean  motion  the  secular  rate  of  10" ;  expert  in 
computing  on  the  basis  of  mediaeval  observations. 

[xvi.  235] 

DUNTON,  JOHN  (1659-1733),  bookseller :  educated 
for  the  church,  but,  being  of  a  restless  temperament,  was 
apprenticed  to  a  bookseller ;  emigrated,  and  wandered 
over  New  England,  learning  something  of  Indian  customs  ; 
bookseller  in  London;  issued  the  'Athenian  Gazette,' 
1690-6;  published  '  The  Dublin  Scuffle,'  narrating  rambles 
in  Ireland,  to  which  domestic  discomforts  impelled  him, 
1699 ;  published  '  Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dunton,'  1705  ; 
attacked  Oxford  and  Bolingbroke  in  » Neck  or  Nothing,' 
one  of  a  large  number  of  political  satires;  issued 
'  Athenianism,  or  the  New  Projects  of  John  Dunton,' 
1710  ;  made  a  fruitless  appeal  for  recognition  (1723)  to 
George  I.  [xvi.  236] 

DTTPONT,  GAINSBOROUGH  (1754  ?-1797),  portrait- 
painter  and  me/.zotint  engraver;  nephew  of  Thomas 
Gainsborough  [q.  v.]  ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1790  ;  engraved  in  mezzotint  from  portraits  by 
Gainsborough  ;  painted  landscapes  in  the  style  of  Poussin. 

[xvi.  238] 

DUPORT,  JAMES  (1606-1679),  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge ;  son  of  John  Duport  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity,  1627  ;  M.A.,  1630  ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1639-54 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  archdeacon 
of  Stow,  1641 ;  Lady  Margaret's  preacher,  1646 ;  ejected 
from  his  professorship  by  the  parliamentarians,  1654; 
vice-master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  from  1655  ; 
king's  chaplain,  and  again  regius  professor,  1660 ;  D.D., 
1660 ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1664  ;  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1668;  vice-chancellor,  1669;  bene- 
factor of  Magdalene  College  and  Peterborough  grammar 
school.  His  works  consist  of  translations  Into  Greek 


verse  of  parts  of  the  Old  Testament,  Latin  lectures  on 
Theophrastus,  a  '  Homeri  Gnomologia,'  1660,  and  Latin 
poems.  [xvi.  239] 

DUPORT,  JOHN  (d.  1617),  biblical  scholar ;  of  Nor- 
man extraction ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, before  1580 ;  rector  of  Fulham,  1583  :  precentor  of 
St.  Paul's,  1586  ;  D.D. ;  master  of  Jesus  College,  1590 ; 
four  times  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  (1609)  pre- 
bendary of  Ely ;  one  of  the  translators  of  the  bible  (1611). 

[xvi.  241] 

DUPPA,  BRIAN  (1688-1662),  bishop  of  Winchester: 
educated  at  Westminster :  student  of  Christ  Church,  1605, 
and  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1612  ;  M.A., 
1614;  D.D.,  1626 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1629-38  ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1632  and  1633  ;  chancellor  of  Salisbury,  1634 ; 
tutor  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke  of  Gloucester ; 
bishop  of  Chichester,  1638-41  :  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1641  ; 
corresponded  with  Sheldon  and  Sir  Edward  Hyde  on  the 
re-establishment  of  episcopacy,  1659;  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 1660  ;  lord  almoner ;  benefactor  of  his  colleges  and 
bishoprics.  [xvi.  242] 

DUPPA,  RICHARD  (1770-1831),  artist  and  author; 
student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1810;  LL.B.  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1814 ;  F.S. A. ;  published  the  '  Life  and 
Literary  Works  of  Michael  Angelo  Buonarotti,'  1806, 
'  Classes  and  Orders  of  Botany.'  1816,  and  other  works. 

[xvi.  243] 

DUPUIS,  THOMAS  SANDERS  (1733-1796),  musi- 
cian ;  M.R.S.M.,  1758 ;  organist  and  composer  to  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1779-96 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1790  ;  composed 
cathedral  music.  [xvi.  243] 

DURAND,  DAVID  (1680-1763),  French  protestant 
minister  and  author ;  born  at  Sommieres ;  taken  prisoner 
at  Almanza,  fighting  among  French  refugees,  1707 : 
pastor  at  Rotterdam;  successively  pastor  of  Martin's 
Lane  and  the  Savoy  French  churches  after  1711 ;  F.R.S., 
1728;  chief  works,  a  history  of  the  sixteenth  century 
(1725-9),  and  a  history  of  painting  in  antiquity,  1725, 
both  in  French.  [xvi.  244] 

DURAND,  SIR  HENRY  MARION  (1812-1871), 
major-general  royal  engineers ;  second  lieutenant,  Bengal 
engineers,  1828 :  blew  up  Oabul  gate  of  Ghaziii,  1839 : 
private  secretary  to  Lord  Ellenborough,  1841 ;  captain, 
1843;  commissioner  of  Tenasserim  provinces,  1844-6: 
served  in  the  Sikh  war ;  political  agent  at  Gwalior  and 
Bhopal ;  appointed  to  Central  India  agency,  1857 ;  held 
Indore  and  reconquered  Western  Malwa,  1857;  C.B. ; 
member  of  council  of  India,  1859;  foreign  secretary  in 
India,  1861 ;  major-general  and  K.C.S.I.,  1867 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  Punjab,  1870-1.  [xvi.  244] 

DURANT  or  DURANCE,  JOHN  (Jl.  1660),  puritan 
divine  ;  denounced  in  Edwards's  '  Gangraena  ' :  ordered  to 
discontinue  his  preaching  in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  c. 
1660 ;  published  theological  works.  [xvi.  246] 

DURAS  or  DURFORT,  LOUIS,  EARL  OP  FKVERSHAM 
(1640  ?-1709),  general  :  Marquis  de  Blanquefort  in  tie 
French  peerage ;  naturalised  in  England,  1665  ;  colonel  ot 
the  Duke  of  York's  guards,  1667 ;  created  Baron  Durus 
of  Holdenby,  1673 ;  English  ambassador  at  Nimeguen, 
1676 ;  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Feversham,  1677 ;  submitted 
proposals  at  French  court  for  treaty  of  peace  with  Flan- 
ders, 1677 ;  lord  chamberlain  to  the  queen,  1680 ;  privy 
councillor,  1685 ;  commanded  James  II's  troops  at  the 
battle  of  Sedgemoor,  1685;  K.G.,  1685:  commander-in- 
chtef  of  James  IPs  forces,  1686  ;  voted  for  a  regency, 
1689.  [xvi.  247] 

D'URBAN,  SIR  BENJAMIN  (1777-1849),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  captain  queen's  bays,  1794 ;  served  in  the 
Netherlands,  Westphalia,  and  (1796)  San  Domingo; 
major,  25th  light  dragoons  ;  superintendent  of  the  junior 
department  of  the  Royal  Military  College,  1803-5  ;  major- 
general  in  the  Portuguese,  and  colonel  in  the  English, 
army,  1813;  K.C.B. ;  K.O.H.,  1818;  lieutenant-governor 
and  commander-in-chlef  of  British  Guiana,  1821-5,  of 
Barbados,  1825-9 ;  lieutenant-general,  1837  :  G.O.B.,  1840 ; 
governor  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Cape,  1848-7 : 
occupied  Natal,  1843 ;  died  at  Montreal  in  command  of  the 
forces  in  Canada.  [xvi.  249] 

DUREL,  JOHN  (1625-1683),  dean  of  Windsor;  en- 
tered Merton  College,  Oxford,  1640  ;  M.A.  of  the  Sylvaniau 


DtT&ELL 


376 


DTJRNO 


College,  Oaen,  1644 ;  assisted  in  the  royalist  defence  of 
Jersey,  1647  ;  founded  the  Savoy  French  episcopal  chapel, 
1660  ;  became  first  minister,  1660 ;  selected  by  Charles  II 
to  translate  English  prayer-book  into  French  for  use  in 
Channel  islands  ;  king's  chaplain,  1662  ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1663,  of  Windsor,  1664  ;  completed  translation 
of  revised  prayer-book,  1670;  prebendary  of  Durham, 
1668  ;  D.D.,  1670 ;  dean  of  Windsor  and  Wolverhampton, 
1677  ;  published  '  Sanctac  Ecclesiae  Anglican®  .  .  .  Vin- 
diciae,'  1669.  [xvi.  250] 

DURELL,  DAVID  (1728-1776),  divine;  M.A.  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  1753 ;  fellow,  and  from  1757  princi- 
pal of  Hertford  College  ;  D.D.,  1764  ;  vicar  of  Ticehurst ; 
prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1767 :  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1766  and  1767;  published  works  including  'The 
Hebrew  Text  of  the  Parallel  Prophecies  of  Jacob  and 
Moses  relating  to  the  Twelve  Tribes,'  with  the  Samaritan- 
Arabic  and  Arabic  versions,  1763.  [xvi.  251] 

D'URFEY,  THOMAS  (1653-1723),  poet  and  drama- 
tist ;  generally  known  as  '  Tom  Durfey ' ;  by  descent  a 
French  Huguenot ;  wrote  a  bombastic  tragedy,  entitled 
4  The  Siege  of  Memphis,'  1676  ;  produced  '  Madam  Fickle,' 
1677,  and  '  The  Virtuous  Wife,'  1680  :  lampooned  by  Tom 
Brown  (1663-1704)  [q.  v.] ;  incidentally  replied  to  the 
strictures  of  Jeremy  Collier  in  his  '  Campaigners,'  a 
comedy,  1698  ;  author  of  '  Wonders  in  the  Sun,'  a  comic 
opera,  in  which  an  imaginary  picture  of  bird-life  was  pre- 
sented ;  issued  various  recensions  of  hia  songs  and  poems, 
first  using  the  title,  '  An  Antidote  against  Melancholy, 
made  np  in  Pills,'  in  1661 ;  published  an  '  Elegy  upon 
Charles  II  and  a  Panegyric  on  James  II,'  1685 ;  issued 
•  Tales,  Tragical  and  Comical,'  1704,  and  •  Tales,  Moral 
and  Comical,'  1706 ;  wrote  •  The  Modern  Prophets,'  and 
'  The  Old  Mode  and  the  New,'  two  social  comedies,  1709 : 
satirised  Bellarmine,  Porto-Carrero,  and  the  Harley- 
Bolingbroke  ministry ;  buried  in  St.  James's  church,  Picca- 
dilly, at  the  expense  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset.  He  had  been 
an  intimate  of  Charles  II  and  James  II.  Many  of  his  bur- 
lesque poems  and  songs  are  still  heard  in  Scotland. 

[xvi.  251] 

DURHAM,  first  EARL  OF  (1792-1840).  [See  LAMB- 
TON,  JOHN  GEOBGK.] 

DURHAM,  JAMES  (1622-1658),  covenanting  divine  : 
studied  at  St.  Andrews  ;  captain  of  a  troop  in  the  civil 
war  ;  divinity  student  at  Glasgow  ;  chaplain  to  the 
king ;  professor  of  divinity,  Glasgow,  1650 ;  inducted  into 
the  '  Inner  Kirk,'  Glasgow  ;  traditionally  reported  to  have 
impressed  Cromwell  by  his  preaching  ;  published  religions 
works.  [xvi.  256] 

DURHAM,  JOSEPH  (1814-1877),  sculptor;  A.R.A., 
1866  ;  his  finest  work, « Leander  and  the  Syren,'  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1875  ;  excelled  in  figures  of  boy- 
athletes,  [xvi.  256] 

DURHAM,  SIR  PHILIP  CHARLES  HENDERSON 
OALDERWOOD  (1763-1845),  admiral;  acting-lieutenant 
of  the  Victory,  1781 ;  saved  from  the  sinking  of  the  Royal 
George,  1782 ;  present  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  and  battle 
off  Cape  Spartel;  brought  home  convoy  from  Mediter- 
ranean, 1794  ;  took  part  in  French  defeat  off  Tory  island, 
1798 ;  fought  In  the  action  off  Cape  Finisterre,  1805  ; 
wounded  at  Trafalgar,  1805;  rear-admiral,  1810;  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  Leeward  islands  station,  1813-16  : 
co-operated  in  reduction  of  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe, 
1815  ;  G.O.B.  and  admiral,  1830.  [xvi.  256] 

DURHAM,  SIMEON  OF  (fl.  1130).    [See  SIMEON.] 
DURHAM,  WILLIAM  OF  (rf.1249).    [SeeWiLMAM.] 

DURHAM,  WILLIAM  (1611-1684),  divine;  M.A. 
New  Inn  Halt,  Oxford,  1633 ;  preacher  at  the  Rolls 
Chapel ;  B.D.,  1649 ;  ejected  from  his  living  of  Tredington 
at  the  Restoration  ;  rector  of  St.  Mildred's,  Bread  Street 
1663-84  ;  published  a  life  of  Robert  Harris,  D.D.,  1660. 

[xvi.  268] 

DURHAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1686),  clergyman :  son  of 
William  Durham  (1611-1684)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of  the 
Charterhouse  and  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1660 ;  univeraity  proctor,  1668 ;  rector  of  Leteomb-Bassett, 
Berkshire,  and  chaplain  to  James,  duke  of  Monmouth ; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1676 ;  published  sermons.  [xvi.  258] 

DURIE,  LORDS.  [See  GIBSON,  SIR  ALEXANDER, 
</.  1644  ;  GIBSON,  SIR  ALKXANDER,  d.  1666.] 


DURIE,  ANDREW  (d.  1558),  bishop  of  Galloway  and 
abbot  of  Melrose ;  brother  of  George  Durie  [q.  v.]  ;  ap- 
pointed by  Archbishop  James  Beaton  ((/.  1639)  [q.  v.]  to 
the  abbacy  of  Melrose,  1526,  against  the  will  of  James  V, 
and  by  means  of  forged  letters  of  recommendation  to  the 
pope  ;  bishop  of  Galloway,  1541  ;  persecuted  the  pro- 
testants.  [xvi.  258] 

DURTE,  GEORGE  (1496-1561),  abbot  of  Dunfermline 
and  archdeacon  of  St.  Andrews;  brother  of  Andrew 
Durie  [q.  v.]  ;  abbot  of  Dunfermline  under  the  direction  of 
his  uncle,  Archbishop  James  Beaton  (d.  1539)  [q.  v.]  ;  in- 
dependent abbot  on  the  archbishop's  death,  1539  ;  en- 
deavoured to  avenge  Cardinal  Beaton's  murder,  1546 ; 
sat  in  parliament,  1640,  1542,  1543,  and  1554  :  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal,  1564  ;  member  of  the  regent  Arran's  privy 
council,  1645  ;  Scottish  privy  councillor,  1547  ;  forced  on 
the  battle  of  Pinkie,  1547 ;  deputed  to  the  French  court 
to  represent  the  situation  of  the  Scottish  catholics,  1560  : 
attempted  to  stir  up  Mary  Stuart's  religious  zeal,  1560; 
beatified,  1563.  [xvi.  259] 

DURIE,  JOHN  (d.  1687),  Scottish  Jesuit;  son  of 
George  Durie  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Paris  and  Lou  vain ; 
joined  the  Society  of  Jesus  ;  assailed  the  theological  posi- 
tion of  William  Whitaker,  1582.  [xvi.  260] 

DUREE,  JOHN  (1537-1600),  presbyterian  minister; 
suspected  of  heresy  when  a  monk  at  Dunfermline,  and 
condemned  to  imprisonment  for  life  ;  escaped  at  the  time 
of  the  Reformation ;  minister  at  Leith,  ardently  support- 
ing John  Knox ;  minister  at  Edinburgh,  e.  1573 ;  im- 
prisoned for  inveighing  against  the  court ;  ordered  to 
leave  Edinburgh  for  reflecting  on  Lennox,  1682;  was 
soon  afterwards  accorded  an  ovation  by  the  people  of 
Edinburgh  ;  pensioned  by  James  VI,  1590.  [xvi.  261] 

DURIE,  JOHN  (1596-1680),  protestant  divine;  son 
of  Robert  Durie  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  to  the  English  Company 
of  Merchants  at  Elbing,  West  Prussia,  1628-30  ;  formed 
scheme  for  uniting  all  the  evangelical  churches,  which 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  whom  he  visited,  approved,  but 
Oxenstiern  disallowed ;  ordained  priest,  1634 ;  king's 
chaplain  ;  worked  at  his  idea  without  success  in  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  but  was  welcomed  by  the  Dukes  of  Bruns- 
wick, Hildesheim,  and  Zelle ;  chaplain  and  tutor  to  Mary, 
princess  of  Orange,  at  the  Hague ;  favourably  received  in 
Switzerland,  the  Netherlands,  and  North  Germany, 
having  the  approbation  of  Cromwell  and  the  English  uni- 
versities, 1664-7 ;  his  plans  finally  rejected  by  the  Great 
Elector,  1668  ;  published  theological  treatises  and  writings 
on  Christian  unity,  including  '  Maniere  d'expliquer 
1'Apocalyse,'  1674.  [xvi.  261] 

DURIE,  ROBERT  (1555-1616),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  son  of  John  Durie  (1537-1600)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews  ;  minister  of  Abercrombie, 
Fifeshire,  1588,  of  Anstruther,  1690 ;  visited  the  island  of 
Lewis  on  a  civilising  and  Christianising  mission,  1598: 
banished  (1606)  for  attending  the  prohibited  general 
assembly  at  Aberdeen,  1605 ;  first  minister  of  the  Scots 
church  at  Leyden.  [xvi.  263] 

DURNFORD,  ANTHONY  WILLIAM  (1830-1879), 
colonel,  royal  engineers  ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  en- 
gineers, 1848  ;  served  in  Ceylon,  1851-6  :  adjutant  at 
Malta ;  major,  1871  ;  accompanied  mission  appointed 
to  attend  Cetshwayo's  coronation  ;  sent  to  seize  Bush- 
man's River  pass  on  revolt  of  Ama  Hlubi  tribe,  1873; 
nearly  killed  by  his  horse  falling  over  a  precipice,  1873 ; 
demolished  Drakensberg  passes,  1874  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1873 ;  colonel,  1878;  raised  a  Basuto  column,  1879  ;  killed 
while  covering  the  retreat  at  Isandhlwana,  1879. 

[xvi.  264] 

DURNFORD,  RICHARD  (1802-1895),  bishop  of 
Chichester;  educated  at  Eton  and  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Oxford  Union,  and 
was  first  president,  1823;  M.A.,  1827;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  1828,  and  honorary  fellow,  1888  ;  ordained 
priest,  1831  ;  held  living  of  Middleton,  Lancashire,  1833- 
1870 ;  rural  dean  and  honorary  canon  of  Manchester,  c. 
1848 ;  archdeacon  of  Manchester,  1867 ;  canon  residentiary 
of  Manchester  Cathedral,  1868 ;  bishop  of  Ohichester, 
1870-95.  [Suppl.  ii.  170] 

DURNO,  JAMES  (17507-1795),  historical  painter: 
assisted  his  master,  Benjamin  West,  in  preparing  repeti- 
tions of  his  pictures :  member  of  the  Society  of  Incor- 
porated Artists ;  died  at  Rome.  [xvi.  206] 


BUBWARD 


377 


DYER 


DURWARD,  ALAN,  EARL  OF  ATHOLI.,  otherwise  i 
known  as  ALANUS  OSTIARIUS,  HOSTIARICS.  DYKWART  'LK 
USHKR'  (d.  1268);  ju^ticiar  of  Scotland  before  1246: 
leafier  of  the  English  party  after  the  death  (1249)  of 
Alexander  II ;  accused  of  treason  for  attempting  to  get 
his  children  by  a  natural  daughter  of  Alexander  II 
legitimatised,  1261;  fled  to  England,  1252;  attended 
Henry  III  on  his  Gascon  expedition,  1253  ;  member  of  the 
new  rouncil  appointed  under  English  auspices  to  go\rru 
Scotland  for  seven  years,  1255;  again  high  justiciar, 
1255  ;  shielded  by  Henry  III  from  the  consequences  of 
Alexander  Ill's  new  anti-English  policy,  1258  ;  one  of  the 
four  temporary  regents  of  Scotland,  1260  ;  Earl  of  Atholl 
by  marriage.  [*vi.  266] 

DUSGATE,  THOMAS  (d.  1532),  protestant  martyr  ; 
scholar  of  Christ's  College  and  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1524;  dissuaded  by  Luther  from  be- 
coming a  priest ;  put  up  bills  on  the  doors  of  Exeter  Cathe- 
dral denouncing  the  Roman  catholic  doctrines  preached 
there  ;  burned  near  Exeter,  1532.  [xvL  268] 

DTJSSEK,  afterwards  BUCKLEY,  OLIVIA  (1799-1847). 
[See  BUCKLKY,  OLIVIA.] 

DTJSSEK,  SOPHIA  (1775-1830  ?),  musician  and  com- 
poser ;  daughter  of  Domenico  Oorri  [q.  v.]  ;  deserted  by 
her  husband,  1800;  performed  as  a  harpist  and  pianist 
iu  Ireland  and  Scotland,  appearing  for  one  season  in  opera. 

[xvi.  268] 

DTJTENS,  LOUIS  (1730-1812),  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters ;  Huguenot  refugee  ;  chaplain  to  the  embassy  at 
Turin,  1758 ;  charge  d'affaires  at  Turin,  1760-2  and  1763-6  ; 
presented  by  the  Duke  of  Northumberland  to  the  living 
of  Elsdon,  1766  ;  historiographer  to  the  king,  and  F.R.S. ; 
nominated  secretary  to  Lord  Walsingham's  embassy  to 
Spain,  1786,  but  did  not  actually  go,  Walsingham's  ap- 
pointment being  cancelled;  edited  Leibnitz,  1769,  and 
published  (1805) '  Memoires  d'un  Voyageur  qui  se  repose ' ; 
wrote  also  works  on  literary  and  philosophical  topics, 
which  appeared  first  in  French.  [xvi.  268] 

LUVAL,  CHARLES  ALLEN  (1808-1872),  painter  ; 
exhibited  portraits  and  subject-pictures  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1836-72 ;  best-known  works,  a  characteristic 
portrait  of  Daniel  O'Oonnell  and  '  The  Ruined  Gamester,' 
a  subject-picture  from  which  '  Punch '  designed  a  cartoon 
caricaturing  Sir  Robert  Peel.  [xvi.  270] 

DTTVAL,  CLAUDE  (1643-1670),  highwayman  :  born 
at  Domf  ront,  Normandy ;  came  to  England  at  the  Re- 
storation in  attendance  on  the  Duke  of  Richmond ;  took 
to  the  road,  and  became  notorious  for  his  gallantry  and 
daring ;  captured  in  London  and  executed.  Samuel 
Butler  satirically  commemorated  his  death  in  a  Pindaric 
ode.  [xvi.  271] 

DUVAI,  LEWIS  (1774-1844),  conveyancer;  LL.B. 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1796 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  Hall ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1804 ;  famous  as  a  chamber 
practitioner ;  acknowledged  to  be  facile  prin&ps  of  con- 
temporary conveyancers :  placed  on  the  real  property 
commission,  writing  the  greater  part  of  its  second  report, 
1830.  [xvi.  272] 

DUVAI,  PHILIP  (d.  1709?),  painter;  of  French 
nationality ;  settled  in  England,  c.  1670 ;  painted  a 
picture  of  '  Venus  receiving  from  Vulcan  the  armour  for 
JEneas,'  1672  ;  received  an  annuity  from  the  Hon.  Robert 
Boyle  [q.  v.]  [xvi.  272] 

DUVAI,  ROBERT  (1644-1 732),  painter;  born  at  the 
Hague ;  director  of  William  Ill's  collections  ;  sent  over  to 
England  to  assist  in  cleaning  and  repairing  Raphael's 
cartoons  ;  director  of  the  Hague  Academy,  [xvi.  272] 

DWARRIS,  SIR  FORTUNATUS  WILLIAM  LILLET 
(1786-1860),  lawyer;  born  in  Jamaica;  educated  at 
Kugby  and  University  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1808; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1811 ;  commissioner  to  inquire 
into  law  of  West  Indies,  1822  ;  knighted,  1838  ;  master  of 
the  queen's  bench ;  treasurer  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1859  ; 
F.R.S. ;  F.S.A. ;  vice-president  of  the  Archaeological  Asso- 
ciation ;  author  of  •  A  General  Treatise  on  Statutes,' 
1830-1,  some  books  on  the  law  of  the  West  Indies, 
4  Alberic,  Consul  of  Rome '  (drama,  1832),  and  '  Some  New 
Facts  and  a  Suggested  New  Theory  as  to  the  Authorship 
of  Juntas,'  1850,  with  other  works.  [xvi.  272] 

DWIGHT,  JOHN  (jf.  1671-1698),  potter;  B.C.L. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1661 ;  patentee  for  the  manufac- 


ture of  '  porcelain,'  1671  and  1684;  established  works  at 
Fulham  ;  achieved  production  of  ware  resembling  oriental 
porcelain ;  executed  stoneware  statuettes  of  contempo- 
raries and  mythological  figures  (Mara  and  Meleager),  for 
which  he  is  doubtfully  said  to  have  employed  Italian 
modellers.  [xvi.  273] 

DWIGHT,  SAMUEL  (16697-1737),  physician  ;  son  of 
John  Dwight  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1693  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1731  ; 
practised  at  Fulham  :  published  '  De  Hydropibus,'  1725, 
and  other  medical  works.  [xvi.  375] 

DWlfN,  LEWYS,  or  more  properly  LKWYS  AP  RHYS 
AP  OWAIN  (d.  1616  ?),  deputy-herald  for  Wales  (1586)  and 
bard.  His  collections  of  pedigrees,  interspersed  with 
poems  by  himself,  were  edited  by  Sir  Samuel  Rush 
Meyrick  [q.  v.]  in  1846.  Transcripts  by  him  of  bardic 
verses  are  among  the  Peniarth  MSS.  [xvi.  276] 

DWYEE,  MICHAEL  (1771-1826),  Irish  insurgent: 
took  part  in  insurrections  of  1798  and  1803,  but  disap- 
proved Emmet's  attempt  upon  Dublin,  1803 ;  surrendered, 
1803 :  sentenced  to  transportation,  dying,  according  to 
Grattan,  before  leaving  Britain,  though,  according  to 
Ross,  he  was  subsequently  for  eleven  years  high  constable 
of  Sydney.  [xvi.  277] 

DYCE,  ALEXANDER  (1798-1869),  scholar;  educated 
at  the  Edinburgh  High  School  and  Exeter  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  B.A.,  1819 ;  held  two  country  curacies  ;  published 
'Specimens  of  British  Poetesses,'  1825;  edited  Collins's 
poems,  1827 ;  edited  George  Peele,  1828  and  1839 ;  published 
'  Demetrius  and  Enanthe '  (Fletcher's  '  Humorous  Lieu- 
tenant '),  1830 ;  published  edition  of  Shakespeare  in  nine 
volumes,  1857.  He  edited  also  the  works  of  Thomas  Mid- 
dleton,  1840,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  1843-6,  Marlowe, 
1850,  Gifford's  Ford,  1869,  Robert  Greene,  1831,  John 
Webster,  and  others.  His  library  was  bequeathed  to  Vic- 
toria and  Albert  Museum,  South  Kensington,  [xvi.  277] 

DYCE,  WILLIAM  (1806-1864),  painter;  cousin  of 
Alexander  Dyce  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
deen, 1822 ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  at 
Rome;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1827; 
originated  '  pre-Raphaelite '  school  of  painting  in  Eng- 
land with  '  Madonna  and  Child,'  1828 ;  Blackwell  prize- 
man at  Marischal  College  for  essay  on  '  Electro-magnet- 
ism ' ;  F.R.S.  of  Edinburgh,  1832  ;  director  and  secretary 
to  council  of  school  of  design,  1840-3 ;  professor  of  fine 
arts,  King's  College,  London,  1844;  R.A.,  1848;  was 
entrusted  with  the  decoration  in  fresco  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  1846,  and  of  the  queen's  robing-room,  1848,  but  did 
not  fully  carry  out  the  former  contract ;  an  accomplished 
musician  and  glass  painter;  leader  in  the  high  church 
movement.  His  paintings  comprise  both  portraits  and 
historical  subjects;  his  frescoes  consist  largely  of  alle- 
gorical and  sacred  figures.  [xvi.  278] 

DYCE-SOMBRE,  DAVID  OOHTERLONY  (1808- 
1851),  an  eccentric  character ;  born  at  Sirdhana,  Bengal ; 
great-grandson  of  one  Walter  Reinhard,  a  native  of  Stras- 
burg,  who  became  satrap  of  Sirdhana  under  the  Mogul 
emperor,  1777  ;  inherited  a  large  fortune  from  his  foster- 
mother,  the  Begum  Sombre,  1836  ;  chevalier  of  the  order 
of  Christ ;  M.P.,  Sudbury,  1841 ;  unseated  for  bribery, 
1842 ;  held  to  be  of  unsound  mind  by  a  commission  de 
luncUico  inquirendo,  1843  ;  published  a  refutation  of  the 
charges  of  lunacy  previously  advanced  against  him,  1849  ; 
lived  mainly  in  France ;  died  in  England,  on  a  visit 
undertaken  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  a  superseded!,  1861. 

[xvi.  281] 

DYCHE,  THOMAS  (/!.  1719),  schoolmaster;  master 
of  Stratford  Bow  school  after  1710  ;  convicted  of  libel  for 
attempting  to  expose  the  peculations  of  the  notorious 
John  Ward  of  Hackney,  1719;  compiled  English  and 
Latin  grammars  and  vocabularies.  [xvi.  282] 

DYEE,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1607),  poet  and  courtier ; 
educated  either  at  Balliol  College  or  Broadgates  Hall, 
Oxford ;  introduced  at  court  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  at 
one  time  falling  under  the  displeasure  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; 
commissioner  for  the  attachment  of  forfeited  lands  in 
Somerset,  1586  ;  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Denmark, 
1589 ;  chancellor  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  and  knighted, 
1596;  intimate  friend  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney;  reputed 
Rosicrucian.  His  most  famous  poem  is  the  description 
of  contentment  beginning  '  My  mind  to  me  a  kingdom  is.' 


DYER 


378 


DYSON 


Meres  mentions  him  as  '  famous  for  elegy,'  and,  accord- 
ing to  Collier,  he  translated  part  of  Theocritus. 

[xvi.  283] 

DYER,  GEORGE  (1755-1841),  author;  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital  and  Emmanuel  Gollege,  Cambridge; 
B.A.,  1778:  usher  at  Dedham  grammar  school,  1779, 
subsequently  in  a  school  at  Northampton  ;  converted  to 
unitariauism  by  Robert  Robinson  (1735-1790)  [q.  v.]:  men- 
tioned by  Charles  Lamb  aa  a  gentle  and  kindly  eccentric  ; 
nearly  drowned  in  the  New  River  while  in  a  fit  of  abstrac- 
tion, 1823.  His  works  include  '  The  Complaints  of  the 
Poor  People  of  England,'  1793,  'Poems,'  1801,  and '  Poems 
and  Critical  Essays,'  1802.  [xvi.  284] 

DYER,  GILBERT  (1743-1820),  antiquary  and  book- 
seller ;  formed  collection  of  theological  works  when  book- 
seller at  Exeter  ;  published  '  A  Restoration  of  the  Ancient 
Modes  of  bestowing  Names  on  the  Rivers,  Hills,  AT.  of 
Britain,'  tracing  back  their  names  to  the  Gaelic, 
1805, '  Vulgar  Errors,  Ancient  and  Modern,'  and  a  pam- 
phlet against '  atheism,'  1796.  [xvi.  286] 

DYER,  SIR  JAMES  (1512-1582),  judge;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  c.  1537;  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1547; 
king's  Serjeant  and  knighted,  1552  ;  M.P.,  Cambridge- 
shire and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1553  ;  judge 
of  the  queen's  bench  ;  president  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  1559 ;  compiled  what  Coke  thought  '  fruitful  and 
summary  collections '  of  cases  covering  the  period  1573-82, 
reports  which  constitute  the  transition  from  the  year- 
book to  the  modern  system.  [xvi.  286] 

DYER,  JOHN  (1700  ?-1758),  poet ;  educated  at  West- 
minster School ;  itinerant  artist  in  South  Wales,  publish- 
ing his  poem  of  '  Grongar  Hill '  in  1727  ;  studied  painting 
in  Italy  ;  returned  to  England  and  held  various  livings  ; 
LL.B.  Cambridge,  1752 ;  published  '  The  Fleece,'  1757. 

[xvi.  287] 

DYER,  JOSEPH  OHESSBOROUGH  (1780-1871),  in- 
ventor ;  born  at  Stonnington  Point,  Connecticut ;  devoted 
himself  to  naturalising  American  inventions  in  England ; 
patented  improvement  of  Danforth's  roving  frame  for 
cotton-spinning,  1825  ;  joint-founder  of  'North  American 
Review,'  1816,  and  of  '  Manchester  Guardian,'  1821 ;  aided 
in  establishing  Royal  Institution  and  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion at  Manchester  ;  abolitionist  and  free  trader. 

[xvi.  287] 

DYER,  SAMUEL  (1725-1772),  translator:  matri- 
culated at  Leyden,  1743 ;  translated  the  lives  of  Pericles 
and  Demetrius  for  Tonson's  Plutarch's  '  Lives,'  1758 ; 
F.R.S.,  1761 ;  obtained  war  office  appointment ;  lived  on 
intimate  terms  with  Burke,  who  wrote  an  obituary  notice 
of  him ;  believed  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  Malone  to 
have  written  '  Junius's  Letters.'  [xvi.  288] 

DYER,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1804-1888),  historian; 
contributed  to  Dr.  William  Smith's  classical  and  bio- 
graphical dictionaries  ;  published  '  Tentamina  ^Eschylea,' 
1841 ;  published  '  A  History  of  the  City  of  Rome,'  1865, 
and  'The  History  of  the  Kings  of  Rome,'  1868,  the  latter 
to  confute  Niebuhr ;  LL.D.  St.  Andrews ;  explored  and 
published  accounts  of  sites  in  Pompeii  and  Athens ;  in- 
vestigated origin  and  nature  of  European  concert  in  his 
'  History  of  Modern  Europe,'  1861-4.  [xvi.  289] 

DYER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1696),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
minister  of  Ohesham,  and  subsequently  of  Cholesbury, 
Buckinghamshire;  ejected,  1662;  published  theological 
treatises  resembling  in  literary  style  those  of  John 
Bunyan.  [xvi.  290] 

DYFRIO  (d.  612).    [See  DUBRICIUS.] 

DYGON,  JOHN  (ft.  1512),  Benedictine  monk  and 
musician  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1512 :  possibly  prior  of  St. 
Augustine's  Monastery,  Canterbury  ;  composer  of  a  piece 
printed  in  John  Hawkins's  '  History  of  Music,'  ii.  518. 

[xvi.  290] 

DYKE,  DANIEL  (d.  1614),  puritan  divine ;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1596;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  1599  ;  follow  of  Sidney  Sussex,  and  B.D.  1606 ; 
minister  of  Coggeshall,  Essex  ;  suspended,  1583 ;  his  re- 
storation refused,  though  Lord  Burghley  interceded  for 
him  ;  published  theological  tracts.  [xvi.  291] 

DYKE,  DANIEL  (1617-1688),  baptist  divine:  son  of 
Jeremiah  Dyke  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  rector  of  Great  Hadham,  Hertfordshire,  1645-60  ; 


chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  1651 ;  trier  for 
the  approval  of  ministers,  1653.  [xvi.  291] 

DYKE,  JEREMIAH  (d.  1620?),  puritan  divine: 
brother  of  Daniel  Dyke  (d.  1614)  [q.  v.] ;  graduate  of 
Sidney  Sussex  Collage,  Cambridge  ;  incumbent  of  Epping, 
1009  till  death  ;  published  tracts.  [xvi.  292] 

DYKES,  JOHN  BACCHUS  (1823-1876),  musician  and 
theologian ;  grandson  of  Thomas  Dykes  [q.  v.]  ;  senior 
optime,  St.  Catherine's  College,  Cambridge,  1847 ;  minor 
canon,  1849,  and  precentor  of  Durham,  1849-62  ;  Mus.  Doe. 
Durham ;  vicar  of  St.  Oswald's,  Durham,  1862  ;  composed 
numerous  hymn-tunes.  [xvi.  292] 

DYKES,  THOMAS  (1761-1847),  divine;  B.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge ;  built  St.  John's  Church,  Hull, 
1791 ;  first  incumbent,  1792 ;  founder  of  female  peni- 
tentiary, Hull,  1812  ;  master  of  the  Charterhouse  at  Hull, 
1833  ;  a  moderate  Calvinist ;  published  sermons. 

[xvi.  293] 

DYMOCK,  ROGER  (/.  1395),  theologian ;  D.D.  Ox- 
ford ;  possibly  a  Dominican  friar ;  author  of  an  unpub- 
lished treatise,  'Ad versus  dnodecim  errores  et  haereses 
Lollardorum.'  [xvi.  293] 

DYMOCKE,  JAMES  (d.  1718?),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  missioner  in  England ;  prior  of  St.  Arnoul,  near 
Ohartres ;  chief  work, '  Le  Vice  ridicule  et  la  Vertu  louee,' 
1671.  [xvi.  294] 

DYMOKE,  Sm  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1801-1865), 
king's  champion  at  George  IV's  coronation,  1821 ;  created 
baronet,  1841.  [xvi.  296] 

DYMOKE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1381),  king's  champion; 
owed  his  advancement  to  a  marriage  with  Margaret  de 
Ludlow  ;  knighted,  1373  ;  M.P.,  Lincolnshire,  1372,  1373, 
and  1377  ;  claimed,  as  lord  of  the  manor  of  Scrivelsby,  to 
act  as  king's  champion  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  II ; 
his  right  challenged  by  Sir  Baldwin  de  Freville,  but 
upheld  by  a  decision  of  the  lord  steward.  [xvi.  294] 

DYMOKE,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1546),  king's  champion  ; 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Dymoke  [q.  v.] ;  knight-banneret ; 
sheriff  of  Lincolnshire,  1484, 1502,  and  1509 ;  champion  at 
the  coronations  of  Richard  III,  Henry  VII,  and  Henry  VIII ; 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Tournay.  [xvi.  295] 

DYMOKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1580),  son  of  Sir  Robert 
Dymoke  [q.  v.]  ;  imprisoned  for  recusancy  at  Lincoln. 

[xvi.  295] 

DYMOKE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1428?-1471) ;  aided  his 
brother-in-law,  Sir  Robert  Wells,  in  collecting  a  Lancastrian 
force  in  Lincolnshire,  1471  ;  beheaded,  1471.  [xvi.  295] 

DYMOND,  JONATHAN  (1796-1828),  quaker  moralist : 
founded  an  auxiliary  peace  society  at  Exeter,  1825  :  chief 
work, '  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Morality  and  on  the 
Private  and  Political  Rights  and  Obligations  of  Mankind ' 
(published  1829),  written  against  Paley's  utilitarianism. 

[xvi.  296] 

DYMPNA,  SAINT  (6th  or  9th  cent.),  Christian  daugh- 
ter of  a  pagan  king  in  Ireland ;  fled  to  Antwerp  from  the 
incestuous  designs  of  her  father ;  overtaken  and  slain  by 
her  father  with  his  own  hand.  [xvi.  296] 

DYOTT,  WILLIAM  (1761-1847),  general ;  lieutenant, 
4th  regiment,  1782 ;  major,  103rd  regiment,  1794 ;  com- 
manded 25th  regiment  at  capture  of  Grenada,  1796 ; 
colonel,  1800;  aide-de-camp  to  George  III,  1801;  com- 
manded brigade  in  battle  of  Alexandria,  1801,  and  hi 
Walcheren  expedition,  1809 ;  lieutenant-general,  1813. 

[xvi.  298] 

DYSART,  first  EARL  OP  (1600  ?-1651).  [See  MURRAY, 
WILLIAM.] 

DYSART,  COUNTESS  OP  (d.  1697).  See  MURRAY, 
ELIZABETH.] 

DYSON,  CHARLES  (1788-1860),  professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  at  Oxford ;  grandson  of  Jeremiah  Dyson  [q.  v.]  ; 
scholar  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford;  friend  of 
Keble  and  Arnold ;  M.A.,  1816  ;  Rawlinsonian  professor 
of  Anglo-Saxon,  1812-16  ;  incumbent  successively  of 
Nunburnholme,  Nasing,  and  Dogmerafleld.  [xvi.  298] 

DYSON,  JEREMIAH  (1722-1776),  civil  servant  and 
politician ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University ;  matri- 
culated at  Leyden,  1742  ;  settled  a  pension  on  his  friend 
Mark  Akenside  [q.  v.]  ;  friend  of  Richardson ;  purchased 
clerkship  of  House  of  Commons,  1748  ;  became  a  tory 


DYVE 


379 


EARDLEY 


after  George  Ill's  accession  ;  discontinued  the  practice  of  ,  DYVE,  SIR  LEWIS  (1599-1669),  royalist;  knighted, 
selling  the  clerkships  subordinate  to  his  office  :  M.P.,  Yar-  >  1620 ;  attended  Prince  Charles  at  Madrid  ;  M.P.,  Bridport, 
mouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1762-8,  Weymouth  and  Melcotnbe  1625,1626,  Weymouth,  1628;  arrested  by  Hotham,  governor 
Regis,  1768-74,  and  Horsham,  1774  :  commissioner  for  the  of  Hull,  for  conspiracy  with  ultimate  object  of  admitting 
board  of  trade,  1764-8 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1768-74  ;  '  Charles  I  into  that  town,  1642  ;  fled  to  Holland  ;  returned, 
privy  councillor,  1774  :  supported  Lord  North's  treat-  ,  and  was  wounded  at  skirmish  at  Worcester,  1642 ;  fought 
rnent  of  the  American  colonies :  nicknamed  '  Mungo '  I  under  Rupert  at  relief  of  Newark,  1644 ;  sergeant-ma  jor- 
(the  ubiquitous  negro  slave  in  Isaac  Bickers taffe's  •  Pad-  .  general  of  Dorset,  1644,  storming  Weymouth,  1645  ;  im- 
lock ')  from  his  omnipresence  in  parliamentary  business ;  ,  prisoned  in  the  Tower,  1645-7 ;  served  in  Ireland,  pub- 
iefended  Akenside's  'Pleasures  of  Imagination'  against  lishing  (1650)  an  account  of  events  there  from  1648  to 
Warburton.  [xvi.  299]  i  1650 ;  finally  took  refuge  in  France.  [xvi.  301] 


E 


EACHAED,  JOHN  (1636  ?-1697),  master  of  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Catharine  Hall,  1658 ;  M.A., 
Ibbu:  master,  1675-97;  D.D.,  1676;  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge,  1679  and  1695 ;  appointed  to  justify  the  vice- 
chancellor's  action  in  disobeying  the  mandamus  of  James  II 
to  confer  the  degree  of  M.A.  without  oaths  on  the  Bene- 
dictine monk,  Alban  Francis  [q.  v.],  1687 ;  published  two 
'  Dialogues '  on  the  philosophy  of  Hobbes,  1672  and  1673, 
and  a  satirical  work  entitled  '  The  Grounds  and  Occasions 
of  the  Contempt  of  the  Clergy  aud  Religion  enquired  into,' 
1670.  [xvi.  302] 

EACHAED,      LAURENCE      (1670  ?- 1730).       [See 

BCUARD.] 

EADBALD,  JEODBALD,  JETHELBALD,  or  ATTDTT- 
WAID  (</.  640),  king  of  Kent ;  son  of  ^Ethelberht ;  broke 
off  his  incestuous  connection  with  his  father's  wife  on 
being  converted  to  Christianity ;  said  to  have  built  a 
church  at  Canterbury  and  another  church  for  Folkestone 
nunnery ;  married  his  sister  ^Ethelburh  to  the  Northum- 
brian king  Eadwine  on  condition  of  her  being  allowed  to 
remain  a  Christian.  [xvi.  303] 

EADBEET  or  EADBEEHT,  SAixr(d.  698),  bishop  of 
Liadisfarne,  688  ;  buried  in  the  grave  which  had  held  St. 
Cuthbert,  whose  remains  he  had  translated,  [xvi.  304] 

EADBEET  or  EADBESHT  (d.  768),  king  of  the 
Northumbrians  ;  divided  the  government  between  himself 
and  his  brother  Ecgberht  [see  EGBERT],  archbishop  of 
York ;  made  alliances  with  the  Franks  and  Picte ;  reduced 
Dumbarton,  756 ;  joined  the  monastery  of  St.  Peter's, 
York,  in  grief  for  the  destruction  of  his  army  in  756. 

[xvi.  304] 

EADBEET  or  EADBEYHT  PBJEH  (Jt.  796),  king  of 
Kent ;  forsook  the  cloister  and  headed  a  revolt  against 
Mercia,  founding  the  independent  kingdom  of  Kent,  796 ; 
defeated  and  mutilated  by  Cenwulf  of  Mercia,  798. 


EADBUEGA,  EADBTTRH,  BTJGGA,  or  BTJGG! 
SAIXT  (<*.  751),  abbess  of  Minster ;  daughter  of  Centwine 
[q.  v.],  king  of  the  West-Saxons  ;  abbess  of  the  nunnery 
founded  in  Thanet  by  the  mother  of  St.  Mildred,  near 
which  she  built  a  new  convent :  friend  and  correspondent 
of  St.  Boniface ;  taught  Lioba  the  art  of  poetry. 

[xvi.  305] 

EADBTJEGA,  EADBTIEGH.  or  EADBUEH  (fl.  802), 
queen  of  the  West-Saxons;  daughter  of  Offa;  prepared 
poison  for  a  favourite  of  her  husband  Beorhtric  [q.  v.]. 
king  of  the  West-Saxons,  which  the  king  accidentally 
drank  himself,  802 :  fled  to  the  court  of  Charlemagne, 
who  made  her  abbess  of  a  nunnery  ;  expelled  for  nnchas- 
tity  and  reduced  to  beg  in  the  streets  of  Pa  via. 

ZADFRID  or  EADFETTH  (d.  721),  bishop  of  Lindis- 
farne,  698 :  ruled  as  a  monastic  bishop  of  the  Celtic  type, 
though  following  Rome  on  points  of  ritual ;  promoted 
the  committal  of  his  master  St.  Cnthbert's  acts  to  writing  ; 
began  the  compilation  of  the  Lindislarne  gospels  manu- 
scripts. [*Ti.  306] 

EADIE,  JOHN  (1810-1876),  theological  author :  studied 
at  Glasgow  University :  minister  of  the  Cambridge  Street 
united  secession  congregation,  Glasgow,  1835 ;  professor 
of  biblical  literature  in  the  United  Secession  Divinity 
Hall,  Glasgow,  1843-76 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1844 ;  D.D.  St. 
Andrew's,  1850 ;  moderator  of  synod,  1857 ;  author  of  a 
popular  'Biblical  Cyclopaedia,'  1848,  and  an  '  Analytical 
Concordance,'  1856  ;  published  commentaries  on  the  Greek 


text  of  the  Epistles  to  the  Ephesians(1854),  the  Colossians 
(1856),  the  Philippians  (1857),  the  Galatiaus  (1869),  and 
the  Thessalonians  (the  last  appearing  posthumously). 

[xvi.  307] 

EADKEE  or  EDKEE  (d.  1124  ?),  historian  :  monk  of 
Canterbury ;  biographer  of  St.  Anselm  ;  chronicler  of 
contemporary  events  in  '  Historia  Novorum ' ;  elected 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  but,  in  consequence  of  the 
rivalry  between  the  northern  and  southern  primates,  never 
consecrated.  [xvi.  309] 

EADNOTH  (d.  1067),  staller,  or  master  of  the  horse, 
under  Eadward  the  Confessor  and  William  I ;  slain  IP 
battle  with  the  sons  of  Harold,  1067.  [xvi.  310] 

EADEIC.     [SeeEDRic.] 

EADSIGE,  EADSIKE,  EDSEE,  or  ELSI  (d.  1050), 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Cnnt : 
archbishop,  1038;  crowned  Harthacnut;  said  to  have 
helped  Earl  Godwine  to  seize  Folkestone.  [xvi.  311] 

EAGEE,  JOHN  (1782-1853  ?),  organist ;  organist  to 
the  corporation  of  Yarmouth,  1803-33;  defended  and 
introduced  J.  B.  Logier's  chiroplast  to  the  public ;  wrote 
pianoforte  sonatas,  songs,  and  glees.  [xvi.  311] 

EAGLES.    [See  also  ECCLES.] 

EAGLES,  JOHN  (1783-1855),  artist  and  author ;  son  of 
Thomas  Eagles  [q.  v.] ;  admitted  to  Winchester  College, 
1797 ;  studied  art  in  Italy,  trying  to  form  his  style  on 
Gaspard  Poussin  and  Salvator  Rosa ;  M.A.  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1818  ;  took  orders  ;  contributed  to  '  Black- 
wood's  Magazine,'  1831-55 ;  wrote  sonnets  and  a  Latin 
macaronic  poem;  translated  'Odyssey,'  books  i.  and  ii. 
and  five  cantos  of  '  Orlando  Furioso.'  [xvL  312] 

EAGLES,  THOMAS  (1746-1812),  classical  scholar; 
entered  at  Winchester  College,  1757 ;  merchant  and  collec- 
tor of  customs  at  Bristol ;  F.S.A.,  1811 ;  translated  part  of 
Athenaeus ;  contributed  to  'The  Crier,'  a  periodical  essay 
(in  •  Felix  Farley's  Bristol  Journal '),  and  left  dissertations 
on  the  Rowley  controversy.  [xvi.  313] 

EALDULF  (d.  1002).    [See  ALDULP.] 

EAKES,  JOHN  (d.  1744),  dissenting  tutor;  educated 

at  Merchant  Taylors'  School;  theological  tutor  in  the 

Fund  Academy,  Moorfields ;  F.RJS.,and  friend  of  Sir  Isaac 

New-ton ;  edited  Isaac  Watts's  « Knowledge  of  the  Heavens 

|  and  Earth  made  easy,'  1726.  [xvL  313] 

EAHBALD  I  (d.  796),  archbishop  of  York;  with 
'  Alcuin  superintended  rebuilding  of  York  Minster ;  arch- 
j  bishop,  780  ;  crowned  Eardwulf  [q.  v.],  796.  [xvi.  314] 

EAJTBALD  H  (d.  810  ?),  archbishop  of  York ;  sent  by 

!  the  church  of  York  to  consult  his  master,  Alcuin,  on  the 

,  succession,    796 ;    archbishop,    796 ;   helped    Cenwulf   of 

Mercia  to  depose  Eardwnlf  of  Northumbria,  807 ;  received 

letters  of  advice  from  Alcnin.  [xvi.  314] 

EANFUED  (&.  626),  qneen    of   Northumbria;    first 

Northumbrian  to  be  baptised,  626;  brought  up  at  the 

court  of  her  uncle  Eadbald  [q.  v.],  king  of  Kent ;  married 

to  Oswiu  of  Northnmbria,  643 ;    hastened  the  synod  of 

I  Whitby  by  her  adherence  to  the  Roman  ritual,  while  her 

j  husband  practised  the  Celtic  ;  joint-abbess  of  Whitby  with 

her  daughter  ^Inaed,  c.  63*.  [xvi.  315] 

EARDLEY,   SIR  CULLING  EARDLEY  (1805-1863), 

religious  philanthropist ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  Col- 

I  lege,  Oxford ;  M .P.,  Pontefract,  1830 :  founded  the  Evan- 

1  gelical  Alliance,  1846.    Under  his  direction  the  Alliance 


EARDWTJiLF 


380 


EASTLAKE 


secured  the  independence  of  the  Bulgarian  church,  1861, 
and  the  abolition  of  the  penal  laws  against  Roman  catho- 
lics in  Sweden,  1858  ;  he  obtained  firmans  of  religious 
liberty  from  the  sultan  of  Turkey  (1866)  and  from  the 
khedive  of  Egypt.  [xvi.  316] 

EARDWTJLF  or  EARDTJLF  (d.  810),  king  of  North- 
nmbria  ;  said  to  have  been  executed  by  order  of  Ethelred. 
but  to  hare  been  miraculously  restored  to  life ;  king  of 
Northumbria,  796 ;  expelled  by  Alfwold,  808,  but  restored 
(809)  by  Charlemagne.  [xvi.  317] 

EARLE,  ERASMUS  (1590-1667),  serjeant-at-law; 
barrister  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  bencher,  1635-41 :  reader, 
1639;  M.P.,  Norwich,  1647;  serjeantrat-law,  1648  and 
1660 ;  counsel  to  the  state,  1653.  [xvi.  317] 

EARLE,  GILES  (16787-1758),  politician  and  wit; 
colonel  in  the  army  and  follower  of  John,  second  duke  of 
Argyll ;  M.P.,  Ohippenham,  1715-22,  Malmesbury,  1722- 
1747;  clerk-comptroller  of  the  king's  household,  1720; 
treasury  lord,  1 737-42 ;  chairman  of  committees  of  elec- 
tion, 1727-41 ;  boon  companion  of  Walpole.  [xvi.  318] 

EART.F.,  HENRY  (1789-1838),  surgeon  ;  third  son  of 
Sir  James  Earle  [q.  v.] ;  M.R.C.S.,  1808 ;  surgeon  to  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1827  :  professor  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1833  ;  president 
of  the  Royal  Medical  and  Ghirurgical  Society,  1835-7; 
surgeon-extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837  ;  published 
'  Practical  Observations  in  Surgery,'  1823 :  maintained, 
against  Sir  Astley  Paston  Cooper,  the  possible  uniting  of 
fracture  of  the  neck  of  the  thigh-bone.  [xvi.  319] 

EARLE.  JABEZ  (1676  ?-1768),  presbyterian  minister ; 
pastor  in  Drury  Street,  Westminster,  1706  ;  established  a 
Thursday-morning  lecture  at  Hanover  Street;  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1728  ;  D.D.  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  chap- 
lain to  Archibald,  duke  of  Douglas  (1694-1761)  [q.  v.] ; 
published  sermons  and  religious  poems.  [xvi.  319] 

EARLE,  SIR  JAMES  (1755-1817),  surgeon ;  surgeon 
to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1784-1815 ;  surgeon- 
extraordinary  to  George  III ;  president  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  and  knighted,  1802  ;  lithotomist ;  improved 
treatment  of  hydrocele ;  chief  work, '  A  Treatise  on  the 
Hydrocele,'  1791.  [xvi.  320] 

EARLE,  JOHN  (1601  ?-1665),  bishop  of  Salisbury ; 
B.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  fellow,  1619;  M.A., 
1624;  rector  of  Bishopston,  Wiltshire,  1639;  tutor  to 
Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  1641 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1640 :  un- 
expectedly appointed  one  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  of 
Divines,  1643  ;  chancellor  of  Salisbury,  1643 ;  deprived, 
as  a  '  malignant ' ;  chaplain  and  clerk  of  the  closet  to 
Charles  II  in  France  ;  dean  of  Westminster,  1660  ;  bishop 
•f  Worcester,  1662-3  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1663-5  ;  opposed 
both  the  Conventicle  and  the  Five-mile  acts ;  author  of 
'  Microcosmographie,'  1628,  and  '  Hortus  Mertonensis,'  a 
Latin  poem.  [xvi.  321] 

EARLE,  JOHN  (1749-1818),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
educated  at  the  English  college,  Douay  ;  priest  at  Spanish 
ambassador's  chapel,  Dorset  Street,  Manchester  Square, 
London ;  published  poem  on  '  Gratitude,'  1791,  and 
critique  (1799)  on  Geddea's  translation  of  the  bible. 

[xvi.  322] 

EARLE.  WILLIAM  (1833-1 885),  major-general;  edu- 
cated at  Winchester;  lieutenant,  49th  regiment,  1854; 
promoted  captain  in  the  Crimea,  1855  ;  captain  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, grenadier  guards,  1863 ;  served  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1862  and  1863  ;  colonel,  1868 ;  military  secretary 
to  Lord  Northbrook  in  India,  1872-6 ;  C.S.I.,  1876  ;  major- 
general,  1880  ;  commanded  garrison  of  Alexandria,  1882- 
1884 ;  O.B. ;  killed  at  Kirbekan  during  the  war  in  the 
Soudan.  [xvi.  323] 

EARLE,  WILLIAM  BENSON  (1740-1796),  philan- 
thropist ;  educated  at  Salisbury  Cathedral  school,  Win- 
chester College,  and  Merton  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1764  ;  published  descriptions  of  continental  tour  extending 
from  1765  to  1767 ;  bequeathed  large  sums  to  learned  and 
charitable  institutions.  [xvi.  323] 

EARLOM,  RICHARD  (1743-1822),  mezzotint  en- 
graver ;  studied  under  G.  B.  Cipriani  [q.  v.],  admiration 
for  whose  allegorical  paintings  on  the  lord  mayor's  state 
coach  induced  him  to  become  an  artist ;  achieved  a  fine 
style  in  the  chalk  manner,  and  in  mezzotint  representation 
of  the  texture  of  flowers ;  executed  prints  after  Claude 
Lorraine  to  further  the  detection  of  spurious  works. 

[xvi.  324] 


EARNSHAW,  LAURENCE  (d.  1767),  mechanician ; 
constructed  an  astronomical  clock  ;  invented  a  machine 
to  spin  and  reel  cotton  simultaneously,  1753,  which  he 
destroyed,  under  the  impression  that  it  would  lessen  the 
demand  for  labour.  [xvi.  324] 

EARNSHAW,  THOMAS  (1749-1829),  watchmaker ; 
first  to  bring  chronometers  within  the  means  of  private 
individuals  ;  invented  cylindrical  balance  spring  and  de- 
tached detent  escapement.  [xvi.  325] 

EARWAKER,  JOHN  PARSONS  (1847-1895),  anti- 
quary; M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1876;  studied  at 
Middle  Temple ;  honorary  secretary  of  Oxford  Archaeolo- 
gical Society;  F.S.A.,  1873;  published  'East  Cheshire,' 
1877-81,  and  other  writings,  relating  chiefly  to  Cheshire 
and  Lancashire  ;  edited  '  Court  Leet  Records  of  Manor  of 
Manchester,'  1884-90.  [Suppl.  ii.  172] 

EAST,  Sm  EDWARD  HYDE  (1764-1847),  chief -jus- 
tice of  Calcutta ;  born  in  Jamaica ;  barrister.  Inner 
Temple,  1786;  M.P.,  Great  Bedwin,  1792;  knighted; 
chief-justice  of  the  supreme  court  at  Fort  William, 
Bengal,  1813-22  ;  chief  promoter  of  the  Hindoo  College  ; 
created  baronet,  1823 ;  M.P.,  Winchester,  1823-30 ;  mem- 
ber of  judicial  committee  of  privy  council ;  F.R.S.,  and 
bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple ;  published  *  Pleas  of  the 
Crown,'  1803  ;  compiled  case  reports.  [xvi.  325] 

EAST,  Sm  JAMES  BULLER  (1789-1878),  barrister  : 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Edward  Hyde  East  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1824  ;  D.C.L., 
1834 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1863  ;  reader,  1869  ;  M.P., 
Winchester,  1830-2  and  1835-64  ;  deputy-lieutenant  for 
Gloucestershire.  [xvi.  326] 

EAST  (also  spelt  EST,  ESTK,  and  BASTE),  MICHAEL 
(15807-1680?),  musical  composer;  probably  son  of 
Thomas  East  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  '  Hence,  stars  too  dim  of 
light,'  a  madrigal,  for  the  'Triumphs  of  Oriaua '  (printed, 
1601) ;  choirmaster  of  Lichfield  Cathedral,  c.  1618  ;  author 
of '  Madrigales,'  pastorals, '  Neopolitanes,'  and  '  anthemes.' 
His  hist  book,  comprising  '  Duos  for  two  Base  Viols '  and 
'  Ayerie  Fancies  of  4  parts '  appeared  in  1638. 

[xvi.  326] 

EAST  (also  spelt  EST,  ESTK,  and  EASTB),  THOMAS 
(1540  ?-1608  ?),  printer  and  music-publisher  ;  published 
Burd's  '  Bassus,'  1587  ;  printed  a  new  edition  of  Damon's 
psalter,  showing  the  ancient  and  modern  methods  of 
harmonising  tunes  for  congregational  use,  1591 ;  edited 
'The  Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes,'  an  early  example  of 
'score,'  1592  ;  published  (1603)  'The  Triumphs  of  Oriana,* 
a  collection  of  madrigals  in  honour  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; 
connected  with  most  of  the  musical  publications  of  the 
time.  [xvi.  327] 

EAST- ANGLES,  KINGS  OF.  [See  REDW  A  LD,  d.  627  ?  ; 
,  SIGEBKRT,  d.  637?;  ETHELBERT,  rf.  794;  EDMUND,  841- 
i  870.] 

EASTCOTT,  RICHARD  (17407-1828),  writer  on 
music  ;  deprecated  the  custom  of  writing  fugal  music  for 
voices  in  '  Sketches  of  the  Origin,  Progress,  and  Effects  of 
Music,'  1793  ;  chaplain  of  Livery  Dale,  Devonshire. 

[xvi.  329] 

EASTCOTJRT,   RICHARD    (1668-1712).     [See   EST- 

COURT.] 

EASTER  KENNET,  LORD  (d.  1594).  [See  HAT, 
ALEXANDER.] 

EASTHOPE,  SIR  JOHN  (1784-1865),  politician  and 
journalist;  M.P.,  St.  Albans,  1826-30,  Banbury,  1831, 
and  Leicester,  1837-47;  magistrate  for  Middlesex  and 
Surrey,  and  chairman  of  various  companies  ;  purchased 
the  '  Morning  Chronicle,'  1834  ;  created  baronet,  1841. 

[xvi.  329] 

EASTLAKE,  SIR  CHARLES  LOCK  (1793-1865),  pre- 
sident of   the    Royal  Academy ;  entered    Charterhouse 
j  School,  1808  ;  studied  art  under  Benjamin  Robert  Haydon 
[q.  v.]  and  in  the  Royal  Academy  schools  ;   returning 
J  from  studying  the  Louvre  masterpieces  (1816)  to  Ply- 
<  mouth,  was  enabled  to  visit  Italy  by  the  proceeds  of  a 
1  portrait  of  Napoleon  I,  devoting  himself  to  landscape- 
painting  at  Rome  ;  visited  Athens,  Malta,  and  Sicily,  on 
a  sketching  tour ;  exhibited  '  banditti '  pictures  at  the 
British  Institution,  1823 ;  exhibited  at  Koyal  Academy 
after   1827;   praised   by   Haydon  for  the    '  Titianesque ' 
simplicity  of  his  '  Champion  '  ;  twice  refused  the  chair  of 
fine  arts  at  the  London    University,    1833    and   1836; 


EASTLAKE 


381 


ECCARDT 


secretary  of  the  Fine  Arts  Commission  ;  commissioner  for 
the  exhibition  of  1851  ;  president  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
1850-65  ;  director  of  the  National  Gallery,  1855  ;  died  at 
Pisa;  F.R.S.  and  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford;  published 
4  Materials  for  the  History  of  Oil-painting,'  some  books  of 
art  criticism,  aud  a  translation  of  Goethe's  'Theory  of 
Colours,'  1840.  [xvi.  330] 

EASTLAKE,  ELIZABETH,  LADY  (1809-1893),  au- 
thoress; daughter  of  Edward  Rigby  (1747-1821)  [q.  v.]  ; 
travelled  in  Germany  and  Russia,  and  published,  1841, 
4  A  Residence  on  the  Shores  of  the  Baltic  ' ;  contributed, 
from  1842,  numerous  articles  to  'Quarterly,'  In  one  of 
which  (1848)  tshe  attacked  'Jane  Eyre';  married  Sir 
Charles  Lock  Eastlake  [q.  v.],  1849.  Her  works  include 
translation  of  Waagen's  4  Treasures  of  Art  in  Great 
Britain,'  1864-7,  •  Five  Great  Painters,'  1883,  and  a  revised 
edition  of  her  husband's  issue  of  KUgler's  •  Handbook  of 
Painting  :  Italian  School?,' 1874.  Her  4  Journals  and  Corre- 
spondence '  appeared,  1895.  [Suppl.  ii.  173] 

EASTMEAD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1847?),  dissenting 
minister;  pastor  at  Kirkby  Moorside,  Yorkshire;  pub- 
li>hed  two  theologico-moral  essays,  also  (1824)  4  Historia 
Rievallensis.'  [xvi.  333] 

EASTON,  ADAM  (d.  1397),  cardinal:  of  humble 
parentage ;  doctor  in  theology,  Oxford ;  erroneously 
(loi-ribed  as  bishop  of  Hereford  or  of  London  ;  car- 
dinal-priest after  1381 ;  nominated  by  papal  provision 
to  the  deanery  of  York,  1382 ;  thrown  into  a  dun- 
geon at  Nocera  by  Urban  II  for  being  concerned  in 
the  cardinals'  plot  against  the  pope's  despotic  rule, 
1385  ;  liberated  by  the  intervention  of  Richard  II,  but  de- 
graded from  the  cardinalate ;  reinstated  by  Boniface  IX, 
1389  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury  before  1392  ;  incumbent  of 
Hecham ;  died  at  Rome.  Of  his  numerous  writings,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  'Perfectio  Vitse  Spiritualis '  and 
4  Hebraica  Saraceui,'  none  are  extant.  [xvi.  333] 

EAST-SAXONS,  KINGS  OF.  [See  SEBEKT,  -/.  616  ?  ; 
SKXKED,  d.  626  ;  SIGEBKRT,  ft.  626 ;  SIGKBKRT,  ft.  653  ; 
SIGHKRI,/!.  665 ;  SKBBI,  d.  695  ?  ;  SIGHARD,./*.  695 ;  OFFA, 
ft.  709  ;  SKLRKD,  d.  746 ;  SIGKRED,/J.  799.] 

EASTWICK,  EDWARD  BACKHOUSE  (1814-1883), 
orientalist  and  diplomatist;  educated  at  Charterhouse 
and  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  given  political  employment 
in  Kattiawar  and  Sindh  ;  professor  of  Hindustani  at  the 
East  India  College,  Haileybury,  1845  ;  assistant  political 
secretary  at  the  India  Office,  1859 ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1860  ;  secretary  of  legation  to  the  Persian  court, 
1860-3 ;  commissioner  for  arranging  a  Venezuelan  loan, 
1864  and  1867;  O.B. ;  M.P.,  Penryn  and  Falmouth, 
1868-74:  translated  Sa'di's  4Gulistan,'  1852,  and  some 
Hindustani  classics,  besides  writing  works  dealing  with 
his  diplomatic  experiences.  [xvi.  334] 

EASTWOOD,  JONATHAN  (1824-1864),  topographer; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1849 ;  incumbent  of 
Hope,  Staffordshire ;  wrote  a  4  History  of  the  Parish  of 
Ecclesfield  in  the  County  of  York,'  1862,  and  a  4  Bible 
Word-book,'  published  1866.  [xvi.  335] 

EATA  (d.  686),  bishop  of  Hexham  and  Lindisfarne ; 
disciple  of  St.  Aidan  and,  in  651,  abbot  of  Melrose  ;  con- 
secrated bishop  of  the  Bernicians,  678 ;  b}shop  of  Lindis- 
farne alone,  and  subsequently  of  Hexham  alone,  his  see 
having  been  divided  in  681.  [xvi.  336] 

BEATON,  MRS.  CHARLOTTE  ANN  (1788-1859).    [See 

EATON,  DANIEL  ISAAC  (d.  1814),  bookseller;  in- 
dicted for  selling  the  second  part  of  Paine's  '  Rights  of 
Man,'  1793,  and  for  a  supposed  libel  on  George  III  in 
4  Politics  for  the  People,'  1794,  but  acquitted :  fled  to 
America,  and  was  outlawed,  1796 ;  translated  Helvetia's 
4  True  Sense  and  Meaning  of  the  System  of  Nature,'  1810 ; 
pilloried,  1812  :  tried,  for  publishing  4  Ecoe  Homo,'  1813, 
but,  being  an  old  man,  was  not  brought  up  for  judgment. 

fxvi.  336] 

EATON,  JOHN  (ft.  1619),  divine  ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1603 ;  vicar  of  Wickham  Market,  Suffolk, 
1604-19  ;  deprived,  as  a  suspected  antinomian,  1619  ;  im- 
prisoned ;  published  works  including  '  The  Honey-Combe 
of  Free  Justification  by  Christ  alone,'  1642.  [xvi.  336] 

EATON,  NATHANIEL  (1609  ?-1674),  president-de- 
signate of  Harvard  College,  Massachusetts;  brother  of 


Theophilus  Eaton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  emigrated  to  America,  1637  ; 
president-designate  of  Harvard  College,  1638-9  ;  dismissed 
by  order  of  the  court  at  Boston  for  cruelty  to  his  pupils 
aud  ushers,  1639;  doctor  of  philosophy  and  medicine, 
Padua,  1647  ;  vicar  of  Bishops  Castle,  Shropshire,  1661  ; 
rector  of  Bidefoni,  1668  ;  died  a  prisoner  for  debt  in  the 
king's  bench.  [xvi.  337] 

EATON,  SAMUEL  (1596  ?-166B),  independent  divine: 
M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1628;  brother  of 
Theophilus  Eaton  [q.  v.] ;  colleague  of  John  Davenport 
[q.  v.]  at  New  Haven  ;  returned  to  England  (1640)  for  the 
purpose  of  gathering  a  company  to  settle  Toboket,  but 
did  not  go  back  to  America  ;  assistant  to  the  parliamen- 
tary commissioners  of  Cheshire  ;  an  influential  preacher : 
teacher  of  a  congregational  church  at  Dukinfield,  Cheshire ; 
wrote  against  the  Socinians  and  quakers.  [xvi.  338] 

EATON,  THEOPHILUS  (1690  7-1658),  first  governor 
of  New  Haven ;  friend  of  John  Davenport  [q.  v.],  at 
New  Haven  ;  deputy-governor  of  the  East  Land  Com- 
pany; agent  of  Charles  I  to  the  court  of  Denmark; 
original  patentee  and  magistrate  of  Massachusetts,  1629  ; 
founded  settlement  of  New  Haven,  1638;  annually  re- 
elected  governor  of  New  Haven,  1639-58 ;  drew  up  the 
4  blue '  code  of  laws,  so  named  from  its  whimsicality  and 
severity  (printed  1656)  ;  treated  Dutch  and  Indians  fairly 
and  prudently.  [xvi.  340] 

EBBA  or  JEBBE,  SAINT  (d.  679  ?),  abbess  of  Colding- 
ham;  daughter  of  ^Ethelfrith,  king  of  Northumbria; 
founded  monastery  at  Ebchester  on  the  Derwent ;  abbess 
of  Coldiugham,  Berwickshire,  a  mixed  monastery  of 
monks  and  nuns,  which  was  burnt  down  in  679  as  a 
divine  punishment  on  the  disorderliness  of  its  inmates, 
according  to  the  dream  of  a  monk  named  Adamnan  ;  said 
to  have  healed  Queen  Eormenburh  of  a  malady  caused  by 
demoniacal  possession.  [xvi.  341] 

EBBA  (ft.  870),  abbess  of  Coldingham  when  the 
house  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes.  [xvi.  342] 

EBDON,  THOMAS  (1738-1811),  organist  of  Durham 
Cathedral,  1763-1811.  His  4  Morning,  Communion,  and 
Evening  Service  in  C '  is  still  occasionally  heard. 

[xvi.  342] 

EBERS,  JOHN  (1785  ?-l  830  ?),  operatic  manager; 
lessee  of  the  King's  Theatre,  opening  it  in  1821  with  4  La 
Gazza  Lad  ru '  ;  produced,  with  alternate  success  and 
failure,  representative  Italian  operas  ;  sublet  the  theatre 
to  Beuelli,  his  assistant  stage .  manager,  who  absconded  in 
1824  ;  ruined  by  the  enormous  rent  of  the  theatre,  1826  : 
became  a  bookseller,  publishing  'Seven  Years  of  the 
King's  Theatre,'  1828.  [xvi.  342] 

EBORARD  or  EVERARD  (1083  V-l  150),  second  bishop 
of  Norwich  ;  archdeacon  of  Salisbury  in  1121 :  consecrated 
bishop  of  Norwich,  1121  ;  one  of  the  bishops  who  attested 
the  great  charter  issued  by  Stephen,  1135 ;  deposed,  ac- 
cording to  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  for  his  cruelty,  c.  1145  ; 
built  the  church  of  Fontenay  Abbey ;  died,  a  Cistercian 
monk,  at  Fonteuay,  1150.  [xvi.  344] 

EBORmS  or  EBTJRIUS  (ft.  314),  bishop  of  Ebora- 
cum  or  York  ;  one  of  the  three  bishops  from  the  Roman 
province  of  Britain  who  attended  the  council  of  Aries, 
314.  [xvi.  345] 

EBSWORTH,  JOSEPH  (1788-1868),  dramatist  and 
musician  ;  baritone  singer  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre ; 
actor  and  prompter  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Edinburgh; 
abandoned  the  stage  to  become  choir-leader  at  St.  Stephen's 
Church :  friend  of  Charles  Dibdin  the  younger  [q.  v.] ; 
author  of  numerous  short  dramas  and  a  collection  of 
songs  in  manuscript.  [xvL  345] 

EBSWORTH,  MARY  EMMA  (1794-1881),  dramatist ; 
wA?  Fairbrother ;  married  to  Joseph  Ebsworth  [q.  v.], 
1817  ;  author  of  works  published  in  Cumberland's  '  Acting 
Drama.*  [xvi.  347] 

EBTJRY,  BARON  (1801-1893).  [See  GROSVEXOR, 
ROBERT.] 

ECCARDT  or  ECXHARDT,  JOHN  GILES  (Jo- 
HANXES  ^EGIDIUS)  (d.  1779),  portrait-painter;  native  of 
Germany  ;  succeeded  to  the  practice  of  his  master,  Vanloo ; 
painted  portraits  of  Beutley,  Gray,  and  Mrs.  Wofflngton. 

[xvi  347] 


ECCLES 


EDEN 


ECCLES,  AMBROSE  (d.  1809),  Shakespearean  scho- 
lar ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  edited  '('yiii.'H-- 
line,'  1793,  'King  Lear,'  1793,  and  «  Merchant  of  Venice,' 
1805,  transposing  scenes  which  he  thought  wrongly 
placed.  [xvi.  348] 

ECCLES,  HENRY  (ft.  1720),  violinist :  son  of  Solo- 
mon Eccles  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  the  king's  baud,  1694- 
1710 ;  member  of  the  French  king's  band ;  published  in 
Paris  '  Twelve  Excellent  Solos  for  the  Violin,'  1720. 

[xvi.  348] 

ECCLES,  JOHN  (d.  1735),  musical  composer  ;  son  of 
Solomon  Eccles  [q.  v.]  ;  contributed  songs  to  about  forty- 
six  plays  ;  master  of  Queen  Anne's  band,  1704  ;  composed 
new-year  and  birthday  songs  for  the  court,  [xvi.  348] 

ECCLES,  SOLOMON  (1618-1683),  musician  and 
quaker  ;  abandoned  music  on  bacoming  a  quaker,  1660  ; 
wandered  naked  through  London  streets,  prophesying 
divine  wrath,  during  the  plague  of  1665  ;  accompanied 
George  Fox  to  the  West  Indies,  1671 ;  banished  from  New 
England,  1672,  and  from  Barbados,  1680 ;  published  '  A 
Musick-Lector,'  1667,  and  '  The  Quakers  Challenge,'  1668, 
the  latter  making  physical  endurance  in  spiritual  exer- 
cises a  proof  of  the  true  religion.  [xvi.  349] 

ECCLESTON,  THOMAS  OF  (/.  1250),  Franciscan  ; 
studied  at  Oxford  ;  wrote  4  De  Adventu  Fratrum  Mino- 
rum  in  Angliam '  (printed  1858).  [xvi.  350] 

ECCLESTON,  THOM*AS  (1659-1743),  Jesuit;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Omer  and  the  English  college,  Rome  :  captain 
in  James  II's  army  after  1688;  professed  of  the  four 
vows,  1712 ;  missioner  in  Yorkshire ;  chaplain  to  Lord 
Petre.  [xvi.  350] 

ECCLESTONE  or  EGGLESTONE,  WILLIAM  (fl. 
1605-1623),  actor ;  joined  the  king's  company  of  actors 
associated  with  the  Blackfriars  and  Globe  theatres  after 
1605,  performing  in  Jonson's  'Alchemist,'  1610;  joined 
Henslowe's  company  at  the  Fortune  Theatre,  1611. 

[xvi.  350] 

ECHARD,  LAURENCE  (1670  ?-1730),  historian; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1695 ;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1697;  archdeacon  of  Stow,  1712-30;  F.S.A.; 
chief  work,  'A  History  of  England,'  1707  and  1718; 
translated  Terence  and  part  of  Plautus,  1694,  writing 
also  various  compendiums  ;  translated  D'Orleans' '  History 
of  the  Revolutions  in  England  (1603-1690) '  (second  edition, 
1722).  [xvi.  351] 

ECTTT.TN,  ROBERT  (d.  1635),  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1596  ;  in  charge  of  second 
congregation  of  Inverkeithing,  1601 ;  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor,  1613  ;  procured  commission  to  inquire  into  causes 
of  impoverishment  of  his  diocese,  1615  ;  abandoned  policy 
of  toleration  and  deposed  (1634)  the  presbyterian  ministers, 
Livingstone  and  Robert  Blair.  [xvi.  352] 

ECTON,  JOHN  (d.  1730),  compiler ;  receiver  of  the 
tenths  of  the  clergy  in  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  office; 
F.S.A.,  1723 ;  bequeathed  his  manuscripts  and  books  to 
Oxford  University  ;  author  of  two  works  of  reference  in 
connection  with  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  Fund.  [xvi.  353] 

EDBTTRGE,  SAINT  (d.  751).    [See  EADBUROA.] 

EDDI,  JEDDE,  or  EDDIUS  (fl.  669),  biographer; 
assumed  the  name  of  Stephanus,  probably  on  taking 
orders ;  brought  to  Northumbria  by  Bishop  Wilfrid  to 
teach  the  Roman  method  of  chanting,  669;  monk  at 
Ripon  ;  wrote  a '  Vita  Wilfridi  Episcopi,'  which  William  of 
Malmesbury  consulted.  [xvi.  354] 

EDDISBTTRY,  first  BARON  (1802-1869).  [See  STAN- 
LEY, EDWARD  JOHN.] 

EDELBURGE,  SAINT  (d.  676  ?).     [See  ETHELBURGA.] 

EDEMA,  GERARD  (1652-1700  ?),  landscape-painter  : 
native  of  Friesland ;  travelled  in  Guiana,  Norway,  and 
Newfoundland  ;  came  to  England,  c.  1670.  His  paintings  of 
novel  and  unknown  scenery  earned  for  him  the  title  of 
'  the  Salvator  Rosa  of  the  North.'  [xvi.  354] 

EDEN,  SIR  ASHLEY  (1831-1887),  Indian  official; 
third  son  of  Robert  John  Eden  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Winchester  ;  magistrate  at  Moor.shedabad,  1856,  doing 
much  to  prevent  disaffection  there,  1857 ;  secretary  to  the 
governor  of  Bengal,  1860-71 ;  envoy  to  Bhutan,  where  he 
was  constrained  to  sign  a  disadvantageous  treaty,  1863 ; 


I  chief  eoumiL  iicmcr  of  British  Burmah,  1871 ;  lieutenant- 
|  governor  of  Bengal,  1877-82  ;  K.C.S.I.,  1878  ;  member  of 
j  the  secretary  of  state's  council,  1882.  [xvi.  354] 

EDEN,  CHARLES  PAGE  (1807-1885),  clerical  author 
I  and  editor ;  bible  clJrk,  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1825  ;  B.A., 
|  1829 ;    Ellerton   and    chancellor's    prizeman ;    fellow  01 
Oriel,  1832;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  1843-50;  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1870 ;   edited  Gunning's  '  Paschal  or 
Lent  Fast,'  1845,  Andrewes's  'Pattern  of  Catechistical 
Doctrine,'  1846,  and  Jeremy  Taylor's  works,    [xvi.  355] 

EDEN,  EMILY  (1797-1869),  novelist  and  traveller ; 
daughter  of  William  Eden,  first  baron  Auckland  [q.  v.]  ; 
accompanied  her  brother,  George  Eden  [q.  v.],  to  India ; 
published  '  Portraits  of  the  People  and  Princes  of  India,' 
1844, '  Up  the  Country,'  1866,  and  two  novels, '  The  Semi- 
detached House,'  1869,  and 'The  Semi-attached  Couple,' 
I860.  [xvi.  356] 

EDEN,  SIR  FREDERICK  MORTON  (1766-1809), 
writer  on  the  state  of  the  poor ;  nephew  of  William  Eden, 
first  baron  Auckland  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1789 ;  chairman  of  the  Globe  Insurance  Company ; 
applied  the  principles  of  Adam  Smith  to  investigations 
into  the  condition  of  the  poor ;  chief  work,  '  The  State 
of  the  Poor ;  or  an  History  of  the  Labouring  Classes  in 
England  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  period,'  1797. 

[xvi.  366] 

EDEN,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OP  AUCKLAND  (1784- 
1849),  statesman  and  governor-general  of  India;  second 
son  of  William  Eden,  first  baron  Auckland  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1808;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1809 ;  M.P.,  Woodstock,  1810-12,  re-elected,  1813 ;  president 
of  the  board  of  trade,  1830-4  and  1835,  and  master  of  the 
mint,  1830-4;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1834;  G.O.B.; 
governor-general  of  India,  1836 ;  instituted  famine  relief 
works  in  the  north-west  provinces,  1838 ;  adopted  the 
policy  of  reinstating  Shah  Shuja  as  ameer  of  Afghanistan, 
1837;  created  Earl  of  Auckland  on  successful  termina- 
tion of  first  Afghan  campaign,  1839;  recalled  by  Peel 
after  catastrophe  of  November  1841 ;  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1846 ;  president  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society 
and  of  the  senate  of  University  College,  London. 

[xvi.  357] 

EDEN,  HENRY  (1797-1888),  admiral;  cousin  of 
George  Eden  [q.  v.] ;  navy  lieutenant,  1817  ;  commanded 
the  Martin  off  the  coast  of  Greece  during  the  Greek 
revolution,  1822-4 ;  flag-captain  to  Sir  Graham  Moore, 
commander-in-chief  at  Plymouth,  1839-42;  admiralty 
1  lord,  1855-8 ;  rear-admiral,  1854  ;  admiral,  1864. 

[xvi.  358] 

EDEN,  MORTON,  first  BARON  HENLEY  (1752-1830), 
diplomatist;  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1770 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  elector  of  Bavaria ; 
envoy  extraordinary  at  Copenhagen,  1779,  at  Dresden, 
1782 ;  K.B.,  1791 ;  ambassador  to  the  Austrian  court, 
1793 ;  privy  councillor,  1794 :  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Vienna,  1794-9 :  created  peer  of  Ireland  as  Baron  Henley 
of  Chardstock,  Dorset,  1799  ;  F.R.S.  [xvi.  359] 

EDEN,  RICHARD  (1521  ?-1576),  translator ;  studied 
at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1535-44 ;  cited  before 
Bishop  Gardiner  for  heresy,  and  deprived  of  his  place  in 
the  English  treasury  of  the  Prince  of  Spain  ;  entered  ser- 
vice of  Jean  de  Ferrieres,  vidame  of  Chartres,  1562 ; 
translated  Mifnster's  'Cosmography,'  1553,  and  John 
Taisner's  '  De  Natura  Magnetis,'  1574,  and  published 
'The  Decades  of  the  Newe  Worlde,  or  West  India,'  1555. 


[xvi.  359] 
Me 


EDEN,  ROBERT  (1804-1886),  bishop  of  Moray,  Roes, 
and  Caithness ;  son  of  Sir  Frederick  Morton  Eden  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
B.A.,  1827 ;  bishop  of  Moray  and  Ross,  1851 :  D.D.,  1851 ; 
primus  of  the  Scottish  church,  1862 ;  founded  St  An- 
drew's Cathedral.  Inverness ;  worked  for  recognition  of 
Scottish  orders  by  the  English  church ;  founder  of  the 
Representative  Church  Council ;  published  tracts. 

[xvi.  360] 

EDEN,  ROBERT  HENLEY,  second  BARON  HENLEY 
(1789-1841),  son  of  Morton  Eden,  first  baron  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1814 ;  barrister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1814  ;  mastery  in  chancery,  1826-40  ;  M.P.,  Fowey, 
1826-30 ;  wrote  on  bankruptcy  laws  and  ecclesiastical 
questions.  [xvi.  361] 

EDEN,  ROBERT  JOHN,  third  BARON  AUCKLAND 
(1799-1870),  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  son  of 


EDEN 


EDGCUMBE 


Kden,  first  baron  Auckland  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalene  Col 
lege,  Cambridge,  1819  ;  D.D.,  1847  ;  royal  chaplain,  1H31-7, 
and  1837-47;  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1S47-54;  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  1854-09  ;  published  pamphlets  and 
edited  -Journal '  of  William,  lord  Auckland,  1860. 

[xvi.  361] 

EDEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1645),  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge ;  scholar  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1696 ; 
fellow,  1699:  LL.B.,  1613;  professor  of  law,  Gresham 
Collcu" •.  London,  ItUG^tO;  member  of  College  of  Advo- 
cates at  Doctors'  Commons,  1615 ;  LL.D.,  1616  ;  M.P.  for 
Cambridge  University,  1626,  1628,  and  1640 ;  master  of 
Trinity  Hall,  1626 ;  chancellor  of  Ely,  1630 ;  took  the 
solemn  national  league  and  covenant,  1644  ;  member  of 
the  admiralty  committee,  1646 ;  benefactor  of  Trinity 
Hall.  [xvi.  361] 

EDEN,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  AUCKLAND  (1744- 
1814),  statesman  and  diplomatist :  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1768;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1769  :  under-secretary  of  state,  1772 ;  M.P., 
Woodstock,  1774  and  1778-84  ;  a  first  lord  of  the  board  of 
trade  and  plantations,  1776  ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland; 
sat  for  Dungannon  in  the  Irish  parliament :  established 
National  Bank  of  Ireland ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  1783  ; 
privy  councillor;  M.P.,  Heytesbury,  1784;  negotiated 
commercial  treaty  with  France,  1786 ;  created  Baron 
Auckland  in  Irish  peerage,  1789  ;  concluded  a  treaty  on 
the  settlement  of  Holland  with  the  Emperor  Leopold  and 
the  king  of  Prussia,  1790;  ambassador  extraordinary  at 
the  Hague  during  the  French  revolution  ;  created  Baron 
Auckland  of  West  Auckland,  Durham,  1793;  joint  post- 
master-general, 1798-1804,  under  both  Pitt  and  Adding- 
ton  ;  excluded  from  Pitt's  second  administration,  1804  ; 
president  of  board  of  trade  in  Grenville's  of  '  All 
the  Talents,'  1806-7;  published  'Principles  of  Penal 
Law,'  1772,  and  a  '  History  of  New  Holland,'  1788. 

[xvi.  362] 

EDERSHEIM,  ALFRED  (1825-1889),  biblical  scholar ; 
born  of  Jewish  parents  at  Vienna;  studied  at  Vienna 
University ;  embraced  Christianity ;  studied  theology  in 
Edinburgh  and  Berlin ;  entered  presbyterian  ministry, 
1846  ;  preached  as  missionary  at  Jassy,  Roumania  ;  minis- 
ter of  free  church,  Old  Aberdeen,  1848,  and  of  presby- 
terian church  at  Torquay,  1861-72  ;  held  living  of  Loders, 
near  Bridport,  Dorset,  1876-82;  Warburtonian  lecturer 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1880-4;  M.A.  Oxford,  1881;  select 
preacher  to  university,  1884-5  ;  Grinfield  lecturer  on  the 
Septuagint,  1886-8  and  1888-90;  published  'Life  and 
Times  of  Jesus  the  Messiah,'  1883',  '  Bible  History '  (of 
Old  Testament),  1876-87,  and  other  religious  writings. 

[Suppl.  ii.  175] 

EDES  or  EEDES,  RICHARD  (1555-1604),  dean  of 
Worcester ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  student,  1571 ;  M.A.,  1578  ;  D.D.,  1590  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Sarum,  1584,  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  1586, 
and  of  Hereford,  1590 ;  treasurer  of  Hereford,  1596 ; 
queen's  chaplain  ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1697  ;  chaplain  to 
James  I ;  prevented  by  death  from  taking  part  in  the 
translation  of  the  bible.  [xvi.  364] 

EDEYRN,  DAVOD  AUR,  Le.  THE  GOLDEN-TONGUED 
(fl.  1270),  Welsh  bard  and  grammarian ;  said  to  have 
compiled  a  Welsh  grammar  and  prosody.  [xvi.  365] 

EDGAE  or  EADGAK  (944-975),  king  of  the  English ; 
younger  son  of  Eadmund  the  Magnificent  [see  EDMUND, 
922  ?-946] ;  chosen  king  of  the  land  north  of  the  Thames 
by  the  northern  rebels,  957 ;  appointed  Dunstan  [q.  v.] 
his  chief  minister :  chosen  king  by  the  whole  people,  959 ; 
imposed  on  the  rebellious  prince  of  North  Wales  a  tribute 
of  three  hundred  wolves'  heads  for  four  years,  c.  968; 
pacified  Northumbria,  966:  entrusted  the  province  to 
Earl  Oslac,  966 ;  said  to  have  purchased  the  goodwill 
of  Kenneth,  king  of  Scotland,  by  the  grant  of  Lothian ; 
allowed  limited  self-government  to  the  Danes  of  the  north ; 
appointed  Oswald,  a  Northumbrian  Dane,  archbishop  of 
York,  972 ;  solemnly  crowned  at  Bath,  possibly  as  an 
'  enunciation  of  the  consummation  of  English  unity,'  973 ; 
received  homage  of  eight  British  princes  at  Chester,  973 ; 
made  an  alliance  with  the  emperor  Otto  the  Great ;  dis- 
possessed clerks  in  favour  of  Benedictine  monks  at  Chert- 
sey,  Milton,  Exeter,  Ely,  Peterborough,  Thorney,  and 
throughout  Mercia  ;  organised  a  system  of  naval  defence 
against  the  northern  pirates,  and  used  the  territorial 
division  of  the  hundred  as  the  basis  of  an  efficient  police 
system  ;  according  to  legend,  was  ordered  by  Dunstan  to 


dp  penance  for  incontinence ;  report*  of  the  looseness  of 
his  private  life  probably  exaggerated  by  the  national  party, 
which  disliked  hi*  Danish  sympathies.  [xvi.  385] 

EDGAR  (1072-1107),  king  of  Scotland;  sou  of  Mal- 
colm Oanmore ;  fled  to  England  on  Donald  Bane's  usur- 
pation 1093;  placed  on  the  Scottish  throne  by  William 
Rufus,  1097  ;  compelled  by  the  Norwegian  king  Majmus 
Barefoot,  to  surrender  all  the  western  islands  round  which 
he  could  steer  a  helm-carrying  vessel,  1098 ;  friend  to  the 
church.  [xvi  3701 

EDGAR  ATHKLING  or  EADOAR  the  ^THELINO 
(fl.  1066-1106),  king-elect  of  England;  son  of  Eadward 
the  Exile;  born  in  Hungary:  chosen  king  by  the  two 
archbishops  and  the  northern  earls,  Eadwine  and  Morkere, 
after  Harold's  defeat,  1066  ;  compelled  by  defection  of  his 
supporters  to  submit  to  William  I  (1068),  who  received 
him  graciously ;  took  part  in  insurrections  of  1068  and 
1069;  allied  himself  with  the  Danes,  1069;  wandered 
about  among  the  courts  of  Scotland,  Flanders,  and  France  • 
lived  at  William  I's  court,  c.  1074-86 ;  joined  the  Normans 
in  Apulia,  1086 ;  resided  at  the  court  of  Duke  Robert  of 
Normandy ;  led  expedition  to  Scotland  to  set  his  nephew 
Edgar  (1072-1107)  [q.  v.]  on  the  throne,  1097:  crusader, 
1099 ;  fought  for  Robert  of  Normandy  against  Henry  I  at 
Tenchebrai,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner,  1106 :  released, 
H06-  [xvi.  371] 

EDGAR,  JOHN  (1798-1866),  theologian  and  philan- 
thropist ;  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Belfast  universities  ; 
minister  of  a  Belfast  congregation,  1820-48 ;  professor  of 
theology  in  the  secession  branch  of  the  presbyterian 
church,  1826:  D.D.  Hamilton  College,  U.S.A.,  1836; 
moderator  of  the  united  presbyterian  church,  1842  ;  LL.D. 
New  York,  1860;  warmly  championed  temperance, 
although  he  disapproved  of  teetotal  movement ;  visited 
America  to  enlist  sympathy  for  the  starving  Irish  pea- 
sants, 1859.  [xvi.  373] 

EDGAR,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1834-1864),  miscellaneous 
writer;  travelled  on  mercantile  business  in  the  West 
Indies ;  first  editor  of  '  Every  Boy's  Magazine' ;  published 
'The  Boyhood  of  Great  Men,'  1853,  and  'Footprints  of 
Famous  Men,'  1853.  [xvi.  374] 

EDGCUMBE,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OF  MOUNT- 
EDGCUMBE  (1721-1795),  son  of  Richard,  first  baron 
Edgcumbe  [q.  v.] ;  navy  lieutenant,  1739 ;  took  part  in 
blockade  of  Brest  and  battle  of  Quiberon  Bay,  1759 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Cornwall,  1761 ;  admiral,  1778 :  created  Vis- 
count Mouut-Edgcumbe,  1781,  and  Earl  of  Mount- 
Edgcumbe,  1789;  one  of  the  vice- treasurers  of  Ireland, 
1771-3,  and  1784-95.  [xvi.  375] 

EDGCUMBE,  SIR  PIERS  (d.  1539),  son  of  Sir  Richard 
Edgcumbe  (d.  1489)  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1489 ;  sheriff  of  Devon- 
shire, 1493, 1494,  and  1497 ;  made  knight-banneret  for  his 
services  at  the  battle  of  Spurs,  1513.  [xvi.  376] 

EDGCUMBE  or  EDGECOMBE,  SIR  RICHARD  (d. 
1489),  statesman ;  M.P.,  Tavistock,  1467 ;  escheator  of 
Cornwall,  1467 :  took  part  in  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's 
rebellion,  escaping  to  Brittany  after  its  failure,  1484; 
knighted  by  Henry  VII  for  valour  at  Bosworth  Field, 
1485 ;  erected  a  chapel  in  honour  of  the  victory ;  privy 
councillor  and  chamberlain  of  the  exchequer ;  sheriff  of 
DevonPhire,  1487 ;  ambassador  to  Scotland  ;  administered 
the  oaths  of  allegiance  in  Ireland,  1488 :  despatched  to 
negotiate  truce  with  Anne,  duchess  of  Brittany,  1488 ; 
died  at  Morlaix.  [xvi.  375] 

EDGCUMBE  or  EDGECOMBE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1499- 
1562),  country  gentleman,  called  'the  good  old  knight  of 
the  castle* ;  son  of  Sir  Piers  Edgcumbe  [q.  v.] ;  knighted, 
1537  ;  sheriff  of  Devon,  1543  and  1544  ;  commissioner  of 
muster  in  Cornwall,  1557.  [xvi.  376] 

EDGCUMBE,  RICHARD,  first  BARON  EDGCUMBE 
(1680-1758)  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1698  ;  M.P., 
Cornwall,  1701,  Plympton  and  St.  Germans,  1702;  trea- 
sury lord,  1716  and  1720  ;  vice-treasurer,  receiver-general, 
treasurer  of  war,  and  paymaster-general  of  George  I's 
revenues  in  Ireland,  1724 ;  adherent  of  Walpole  ;  raised  to 
the  peerage,  1742,  to  prevent  his  being  examined  as  to  the 
management  of  the  Cornish  boroughs ;  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1743-58 ;  privy  councillor,  1744. 

[xvi.  377] 

EDGCUMBE,  RICHARD,  second  BARON  EDGCCMBE 
(1716-1761),  son  of  Richard,  first  baron  [q.  v.] :  major- 
general  in  the  army ;  M.P.,  Lostwithiel,  1747-51,  Penryn, 


EDGCUMBE 


384 


EDMONDSON 


1754  ;  admiralty  lord,  1755-6  :  comptroller  of  his  majesty's 
household,  1756 ;  privy  councillor,  1756  :  friend  of  Horace 
Walpole;  one  of  the  first  to  recognise  the  genius  of 
Reynolds.  [xvi.  377] 

EDGCTTMBE,  RICHARD,  second  KARL  OP  MOUNT- 
r.MBK  (1764-1839),  sou  of  George,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
D.O.L.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1793;  M.P.,  Fowey,  1786- 
1795  ;  captain  of  the  band  of  gentlemen-pensioners,  1808- 
1812 ;  privy  councillor,  1808 :  wrote,  for  private  circula- 
tion, '  Musical  Reminiscences  of  an  Old  Amateur.' 

[xvi'.  378] 

EDGEWORTH  DE  FIRMONT,  HEN  H Y  ESSEX 
(1745-1807),  confessor  to  Louis  XVI;  son  of  an  Irish 
clergyman ;  educated  by  the  Jesuits  of  Toulouse  and  at 
Paris ;  took  name  De  Firmont  when  ordained ;  declined 
an  Irish  see,  preferring  to  work  among  the  poor  of  Paris : 
confessor  to  the  French  Princess  Elizabeth,  179 1  ;  attended 
Louis  XVI  on  the  scaffold  as  friend  and  confessor,  1793 ; 
eventually  accepted  Pitt's  offer  of  a  pension,  from  fear  of 
becoming  a  burden  to  the  exiled  Louis  XVIII,  who  had 
appointed  him  chaplain ;  died  of  a  fever  contracted  while 
attending  French  prisoners  at  Mittau.  [xvi.  378] 

EDGEWORTH,  MARIA  (1767-1849),  novelist; 
daughter  of  Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth  [q.  v.]  ;  undertook 
her  brother  Henry's  education  ;  defended  female  education 
in 'Letters  to  Literary  Ladies,'  1795;  published,  in  con- 
junction with  her  father,  two  volumes  on  '  Practical  Edu- 
cation,' 1798,  adopting,  with  modifications,  the  ideas  of 
Rousseau's  'E"mile';  published  'Castle  Rackreut,'  1800, 
and  '  Belinda,'  1801 ;  issued  '  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls,' 
1802 ;  published  '  Moral  Tales,'  1801 :  brought  out  '  Popu- 
lar Tales '  and  '  The  Modern  Griselda,'  1804,  '  Leonora,' 
1806,  and  two  series  of  'Tales  of  Fashionable  Life,' 1809 
and  1812 ;  brought  out  her  father's  '  Memoirs,'  amid  the 
distractions  of  domestic  troubles  and  society  calls,  1820  ; 
complimented  by  Scott  on  her  descriptions  of  Irish 
character,  1823 ;  published  '  Helen,'  her  last  novel,  1834  ; 
did  much  to  relieve  the  sufferers  in  the  Irish  famine,  1846  ; 
gave  much  literary  advice  to  Basil  Hall.  [xvi.  380] 

EDGEWORTH,  MICHAEL  PAKENHAM  (1812-1881), 
botanist ;  son  of  Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Edinburgh ;  member  of  Indian 
civil  service,  1831-81 :  contributed'  Two  Hours'  Herboriza- 
tion  at  Aden '  to  the  '  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of 
Bengal,'  describing  forty  species,  eleven  quite  new,  which, 
1831,  he  had  collected  there ;  commissioner  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Punjab,  1850  ;  author  of  papers  on  the  botany 
of  India,  a  volume  on  '  Pollen,'  1878,  and  a  '  Grammar  of 
Kashmiri.'  [xvi.  382] 

EDGEWORTH,  RICHARD  LOVELL  (1744-1817), 
author ;  fellow  commoner,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1761 ; 
left  Dublin  in  disgust  at  his  idleness,  and  entered  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1761 ;  led  to  invent  a  plan  for 
telegraphing  by  a  desire  to  know  the  result  of  a  race  at 
Newmarket;  silver  medallist  of  the  Society  of  Arts  for 
a  new  hind-measuring  machine,  1768 ;  friend  of  Thomas 
Day  [q.  v.].  Miss  Seward,  and  Erasmus  Darwin  ;  visited 
Rousseau  and  settled  at  Lvons,  1771 ;  settled  on  his  estates 
in  Ireland,  1782;  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Charlemont,  1783  ; 
succeeded  in  getting  a  government  telegraph  line  erected 
between  Dublin  and  Galway,  1804 ;  raised  a  corps  against 
the  rebels  at  Edgeworthstown,  1798,  and  sat  in  the  last 
Irish  parliament;  served  on  a  board  for  inquiring  into 
Iri.-h  education,  1806-11;  four  times  married;  published 
works  on  educational  and  mechanical  subjects. 

[xvi.  383] 

EDGEWORTH,  ROGER  (d.  1560),  Roman  catholic 
divine :  B.A.  Oxford,  1507 ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1608 ;  D.D., 
1526 ;  prebendary  of  Bristol,  1542 ;  canon  of  Wells  and 
Salisbury ;  chancellor  of  Wells,  1554 ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury  ;  benefactor  of  Oriel  College ;  published  works 
on  church  discipline.  [xvi.  385] 

EDGUARD,  DAVID  (/.  1532),  anatomist ;  educated 
at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  published  '  De  Indiciis  et  Prae- 
cognitionibus,'  1532,  and  'Introductio  ad  Anatomicen,' 
1532.  [xvi.  386] 

EDINBURGH,  DUKE  OF  (1844-1900).  [See  ALKRKD 
ERNEST  ALBERT.] 

EDINGTON,  WILLIAM  op(rf.  1366),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester and  chancellor  :  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1342-6,  of 
Salisbury,  1344-6  ;  bishop  of  Wincliester,  1346  ;  prebendary 
of  Hereford,  1345  ;  king's  treasurer,  1345-66 ;  carried  out 


an  issue  of  base  coinage,  1351 ;  chancellor,  1356-63 ;  re- 
fused the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury  on  account  of  ill- 
health,  1366;  founded  a  college  of  reformed  Austin  friars 
at  Westbury,  Wiltshire,  c.  1347 ;  commenced  recasing  of 
Walkelin's  nave  in  Winchester  Cathedral.  [xvi.  386] 

EDITH  or  EADGYTH,  SAINT  (962  ?-984),  daughter  of 
kins;  Eadgar  and  Wulfthryth  by  a  'hand-fast'  marriage  ; 
built  church  at  Wilton  ;  greatly  venerated  ad  a  suint. 


[xvi.  387] 
Ksulwii 


EDITH  or  EADGYTH  (d.  1075),  queen  of  Eadward  the 
Confessor ;  daughter  of  Earl  Godwine ;  divorced  from 
King  Eadward  and  immured  either  in  Wherwell  or  Wilton 
nunnery,  1051 ;  brought  back  to  the  court  on  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  king  and  Earl  Godwine,  1052;  obtained 
the  abolition  of  the  custom  which  empowered  bishops  and 
abbots  to  receive  kisses  from  ladies  ;  commended  by  the 
dying  Eadward  to  the  care  of  her  brother  Harold,  whose 
cause  she  deserted,  1066.  [xvi.  387] 

EDLIN  or  EDLYN,  RICHARD  (1631-1677),  astro- 
loger ;  contributed  to  his  '  noble  science,'  '  Observationes 
Astrological,'  1669,  and  '  Prae-Nuncius  Sydereus,'  1664. 

[xvi.  389] 

EDMONDES,  SIR  CLEMENT  (1564?-1622),  clerk  to  the 
council ;  matriculated  as  chorister  at  All  Souls'  College, 
Oxford,  1586  :  fellow,  1590;  M.A.,  1593  ;  remembrancer  of 
the  city  of  London,  1605-9 :  clerk  of  the  council  for  life, 
1609  ;  mustermaster-general,  1613  ;  commissioner  to  treat 
with  Holland  concerning  disputes  as  to  throwing  open  the 
East  India  trade  and  the  Greenland  fisheries,  1614; 
knighted,  1617  ;  M.P.,  Oxford,  1620-1 ;  nominated  secretary 
of  state,  1622 ;  wrote  mainly  on  military  tactics. 

[xvi.  389] 

EDMONDES,  SlR  THOMAS  (1563  ?-1639),  diploma- 
tist ;  English  agent  to  Henry  IV  at  Paris.  1592,  1597,  and 
1598 ;  owed  his  advancement  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil ;  French 
secretary  to  Elizabeth,  1596 ;  given  a  clerkship  of  the 
privy  council  for  his  careful  negotiations  with  the  Arch- 
duke Albert  at  Boulogne,  1598;  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1601; 
knighted,  1603  :  M.P.,  Wilton,  1604  ;  aimed  at  preserving 
peace  between  Spain  and  the  States-General,  when  ambas- 
sador to  the  archduke  at  Brussels,  1605 ;  suppressed  a 
despatch  instructing  him  to  open  negotiations  for  the 
marriage  of  Prince  Charles  with  Princess  Christina,  sister 
of  Louis  XIII,  immediately  after  the  death  of  Prince 
Henry,  1612 ;  privy  councillor,  1616 ;  treasurer  of  the  royal 
household,  1618;  succeeded  by  reversion  to  clerkship  of 
crown  in  king's  bench  court,  1620  ;  royalist  M.P.,  Bewdley, 
1620,  Chichester,  1624,  Oxford  University,  1625,  and 
Penryn,  1628.  [xvi.  391] 

EDMONDS,  RICHARD  (1801-1886), scientific  writer: 
published  'The  Land's  End  District:  its  Antiquities, 
Natural  History,  Natural  Phenomena,  and  Scenery,'  1862 ; 
attributed  marine  disturbances  off  the  Cornish  coast  to 
submarine  earthquakes;  wrote  also  on  antiquarian  sub- 
jects, [xvi.  393] 

EDMONDS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1606),  Scottish  colonel 
in  the  Dutch  service  ;  in  command  of  a  regiment  of  Scots 
foot  cut  to  pieces  at  Lefflngen,  1600  ;  killed  during  defence 
of  Rhineberg,  1606.  [xvi.  394] 

EDMONDS,  WILLIAM  (1550  7-1616).    [See  WESTON.] 

EDMONDSON,  GEORGE  (1798-1863),  promoter  of 
education,  originally  a  bookbinder's  apprentice  ;  master  of 
a  boarding-school  at  Broomhail ;  visited  Russia  as  tutor 
to  Daniel  Wheeler's  children,  1817;  reclaimed  the  bog 
land  round  St.  Petersburg,  1825  ;  principal  of  Queen  wood 
Hall,  Hampshire,  an  Owenite  school ;  added  agriculture 
to  the  curriculum ;  an  early  promoter  of  the  College  of 
Preceptors.  [xvi.  394] 

EDMONDSON,  HENRY  (1607?-1659),  schoolmaster  : 
tabarder  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Queen's ; 
M.A.,  1630 ;  master  of  Nort bleach  free  school,  Glouces- 
tershire, 1655-9 ;  chief  work  '  Lingua  Linguarum,'  a 
method  of  learning  languages,  1655.  [xvi.  394] 

EDMONDSON,  JOSEPH  (d.  1786),  herald  and  genea- 
logist ;  led  to  study  heraldry  by  his  employment  of  em- 
blazoning coat-armour  on  carriages :  Mowbray  herald 
extraordinary,  1764  ;  F.8.A. ;  compiled  '  Complete  Body 
of  Heraldry,'  1780,  and  genealogical  works,  [xvi.  395] 

EDMONDSON,  THOMAS  (1792-1851),  inventor; 
brother  of  George  Edmondson  [q.  v.]  ;  quakcr;  railway 
clerk  at  Milton,  near  Carlisle  ;  inventor  of  printed  railway 
tickets,  1837.  [xvi.  396] 


EDMONDSTON 


385 


EDRIC 


EDMONDSTON,  ARTHUR  (177G  V-1841),  writer  on 
the  Shetland  isles ;  army  surgeon  in  Egypt  under  Sir 
Ralph  Abercromby ;  M.D.  ;  subsequently  surgeon  at 
Lerwick ;  wrote  two  treatises  on  ophthalmia,  and  a  'View 
of  the  Ancient  und  Present  State  of  the  Zetland  Islands,' 
1809.  [xvi.  396] 

EDMONDSTON,  LAURENCE (1795-1879), naturalist; 
brother  of  Arthur  Edmondston  [q.  v.] :  studied  medicine 
at  Edinburgh,  and  practised  in  Unst ;  M.D.  ;  familiarised 
the  public  with  the  Shetland  chromnte  of  iron  ;  experi- 
mented in  agriculture  nnd  acclimatised  trees  in  the  Shet- 
lands;  Scandinavian  scholar,  and  author  of  scientific 
pamphlets.  [xyi.  897] 

EDMONDSTON,  THOMAS  (1825-1846),  naturalist; 
sou  of  Laurence  Edmouston  [q.  v.],  of  Shetland  ;  kept  a 
herbarium,  in  which  was  found  Arenaria  nonxgica,  then 
first  discovered  as  a  native  plant ;  assistant-secretary  to 
the  Edinburgh  Botanical  Society ;  left  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity after  a  supposed  aff ront ;  elected  professor  of  botany 
and  natural  history  in  Anderson's  •  University,'  Glasgow, 
1845;  issued  'Flora  of  Shetland,'  1845;  naturalist  on 
board  the  Herald  ;  accidentally  shot  in  Peru,  1846. 

[xvi.  397] 

EDMONSTONE,  SIR  ARCHIBALD,  third  baronet 
(1795-1871),  traveller  and  author :  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1816  ;  published  account  of  his  travels  in  Egypt, 
1822,  'Tragedies,'  1837,  'Leonora,'  1832,  and  religious 
works.  [xvi.  398] 

EDMONSTONE,  SIR  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1813- 
1864),  Indian  civilian ;  sou  of  Neil  Benjamin  Edmonstone 
[q.  v.] ;  commissioner  and  superintendent  of  the  Cis- 
Sutlej  states;  secretary  in  foreign,  political,  and  secret 
department,  1856  ;  drew  up  proclamation  confiscating  the 
land  of  Oudh ;  lieutenant-governor  of  the  north-western 
provinces,  1859-63 ;  created  new  government  of  central 
provinces ;  K.C.B.,  1863.  [xvi.  399] 

EDMONSTONE,  NEIL  BENJAMIN  (1765-1841),  In- 
dian civilian ;  writer  to  the  East  India  Company,  1783  ; 
Persian  translator  to  government,  1794 ;  accompanied 
Lord  Morningtou's  expedition  against  Tippoo  Sultan, 
1799,  translating  and  publishing  Tippoo's  secret  docu- 
ments; secretary  to  the  foreign,  political,  and  secret 
department,  1801 ;  probably  suggested  Lord  Wellesley's 
policy  of  subsidiary  treaties  ;  chief  secretary  to  govern- 
ment, 1809  ;  member  of  the  supreme  council  at  Calcutta, 
1812-17.  [xvi.  399] 

EDMONSTONE,  ROBERT  (1794-1834),  artist ;  ex- 
hibited portraits  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1818;  twice 
visited  Italy ;  successful  with  child  subjects. 

[xvi.  400] 

EDMUND  or  EADMUND  (841-870),  king  of  the  East 
Angles,  martyr  and  saint;  born  at  Nuremberg;  son  of 
King  Alkmund ;  adopted  by  Off  a,  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
c.  854 ;  succeeded  to  Off a's  throne,  855 ;  defeated  by  the 
Danes  at  Hoxne  (870),  though  according  to  another  ac- 
count he  surrendered  to  avoid  further  slaughter  ;  bound 
to  a  tree,  scourged,  and  beheaded  on  refusing  to  renounce 
Christianity ;  interred  at  Hoxne ;  subsequently  enshrined 
at  Bury  ;  canonised.  [xvi.  400] 

EDMUND  or  EADMUND  (922  ?-946),  king  of  the 
English :  son  of  Edward  the  elder ;  besieged  the  inde- 
pendent kings  of  the  north,  Olaf  and  Wulfstan,  at  Leices- 
ter, 943  ;  after  a  truce  expelled  both  of  them  from  Mercia 
and  the  Five  Boroughs,  944 :  handed  over  Cumbria  to 
Malcolm  of  Scotland,  on  condition  that  he  should  be  his 
•fellow- worker,'  945;  demanded  the  release  of  his  nephew, 
King  Lewis,  from  Hugh,  duke  of  the  French  ;  named  the 
'  deed-doer '  or  the  '  magnificent ' ;  stabbed  by  Liofa,  a 
bandit.  His  laws  were  framed  with  a  view  to  the  refor- 
mation of  manners  of  clergy  and  laity.  [xvi.  401] 

EDMUND  or  EADMUND,  called  IRONSIDE  (981?- 
1016),  king;  son  of  jfithelred  the  Unready;  married 
Ealdgyth,  widow  of  the  Danish  earl  Sigeferth,  and  re- 
ceived the  submission  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danish 
confederacy,  1015 ;  crowned  in  London,  1016  :  defeated 
Cnut  at  Peu  in  Somerset  and  at  Sheraton,  Wiltshire: 
utterly  routed  at  Assandun  (Ashington  in  Essex) ;  gave 
the  north  of  England  to  Cnut  by  a  treaty  made  in  Olney, 

island  of  the  Severn,  1016  ;  his  death  due  to  a  sudden 
sickness,  or  possibly  to  the  murderous  resentment  of 
Eadric  (rf.  1017)  [q.  v.]  ;  famous  for  hia  bodily  strength. 

[xvi.  103] 


EDMUND  (RICH),SAiNT(1170?-1240),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  brought  up  in  ascetic  habit* ;  sent  to  study 
at  Paris  (?  1185-1190) ;  taughtat  Oxford,  where  he  showed 
great  tenderness  towards  his  pupils(?  1195-1200)  ;  studied 
theology  at  Paris;  returned  to  Oxford  as  a  teacher  of 
divinity;  treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  c.  122U ; 
preached  the  crusade  at  Gregory  IX's  bidding,  e.  1227  • 
prebendary  of  Calne,  c.  1233 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
1234 ;  procured  the  dismissal  of  Heury  Ill's  favourite* 
by  the  threat  of  excommunicating  the  king,  1234 ;  bade 
Henry  III  interrogate  his  conscience  when  he  disclaimed 
the  murder  of  Richard,  earl  marshal,  the  recognised  head 
of  the  national  party,  1234;  defended  himself  at  Rome 
on  charges  arising  out  of  the  exercise  of  his  archiepiscopal 
authority,  1238;  acknowledged  himself  baffled  by  pope 
and  king  ;  died  at  Soisy  while  on  his  way  to  Pontigny  to 
become  a  monk;  canonised,  1248;  author  of  'Speculum 


canonised, 
Kcelesiaj '  and  other  works. 


Speculum 
[xvi.  405] 


EDMUND,  EARL  OF  LANCASTER  (1245-1296).  [See 
LANCASTER.] 

EDMUND,  second  EARL  OF  CORNWALL  (1250-1300), 
a  younger  son  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall  [q.  v.],  and 
nephew  of  Henry  III ;  knighted,  1272 ;  joint-guardian  of 
the  realm,  1272  and  1279;  guardian  and  lieutenant  of 
England,  1286-9.  [xlviii.  174] 

EDMUND  OF  WOODSTOCK,  EARL  OF  KENT  (1301- 
1330),  youngest  son  of  Edward  I ;  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment, 1320 ;  created  Earl  of  Kent,  1321 ;  joined  Edward  II 
in  his  war  against  the  barons,  1322  ;  besieged  Lancaster's 
stronghold  of  Pontefract  and  witnessed  his  execution, 
1322 ;  lieutenant  of  the  king  in  the  northern  marches, 
1323 ;  after  showing  himself  a  weak  diplomatist  at  the 
French  court,  was  made  lieutenant  of  Aquitaine  (1324), 
where  he  was  soon  invaded  by  Charles  of  Valois  ;  joined 
conspiracy  against  Edward  II,  1 326 ;  one  of  the  standing 
council  appointed  to  govern  for  the  young  king,  Ed. 
ward  III,  1327 ;  resisted  the  ascendency  of  Queen 
Isabella  and  Mortimer,  who  consequently  lured  him  into 
treasonable  designs  against  Edward  III,  and  procured  his 
execution.  [xvi.  410] 

EDMUND,  surnamed  DE  LANOLEY,  first  DUKE  OF 
YORK  (1341-1402).  [See  LANGLEY.] 

EDMUND  TUDOR,  EARL  OF  RICHMOND  (1420  ?-l456> 

[See  TUDOR.] 

EDMUNDS,  JOHN  (<*.  1544),  master  of  Peterhouse; 
M.A.,  1507  ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1517,  of 
St.  John's,  1519  ;  D.D.,  1520;  master  of  Peterhouse,  1522  ; 
vice-chancellor,  1623,  1528,  1529,  and  1541-3 ;  chancellor 
and  prebendary  of  Salisbury  ;  assisted  in  compiling  'The 
Institution  of  a  Christian  Man.'  [xvi.  412] 

EDMUNDSON,  WILLIAM  (1627-1712),  quaker; 
fought  in  Cromwell's  army  at  Worcester  and  in  the  Isle 
of  Man,  1651 ;  tradesman  at  Antrim ;  quaker,  1653 ;  fre- 
quently imprisoned  for  religious  reasons;  worked  with 
George  Fox  hi  Virginia  and  West  Indies,  1671  ;  im- 
prisoned for  not  paying  tithes  (1682),  but  released  by 
the  intervention  of  the  bishop  of  Kildare  ;  remonstrated 
with  James  II  on  the  persecution  of  the  Irish  protestants, 
1689  ;  thrown  into  a  dungeon  at  Athlone,  1690  ;  worked 
against  an  act  enabling  the  Irish  clergy^o  recover  tithes 
in  the  temporal  courts ;  published  quaker  pamphlets ; 
his  '  Journal '  appeared,  1715.  [xvi.  412] 

EDNYVED,  eurnamed  VYCHAN  (Vaughan),  i.e. 
the  Little  (fl.  1230-1240),  statesman  and  warrior; 
signed  a  truce  between  Henry  III  and  Llewelyn  ab 
lorwerth  [q.  v.],  1231;  took  part  in  the  treaty  'apud 
Alnetum,'  near  St.  Asaph,  1241 ;  ancestor  of  the  Tudors. 

[xvi.  414] 

EDRED  or  EADRED  (d.  955),  king  of  the  English ; 
son  of  Edward  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  crowned  946 ;  burnt 
Ripon  to  punish  the  rebellion  of  Wulfstan,  archbishop  of 
York  ;  caught  and  imprisoned  Wulfstan  when  heading  a 
second  insurrection,  952  ;  fought  with  Eric  Bloodaxe,  the 
Danish  king  of  Northumbria,  till  Eric's  death  in  954  ;  con- 
ferred, by  the  advice  of  Duustan,  a  limited  autonomy  on 
the  Danes.  [xvi.  414] 

EDRIG  or  EADRIC,  STREONA  (d.  1017),  ealdonnan 
of  the  Mercians,  1007 ;  married  Eudgyth,  a  daughter  of 
King  ^Sthelred,  1009  ;  frequently  dissuaded  ^Jtholred  f rom 
attacking  the  Danes :  treacherously  slew  Sigeft  rth  and 
Morkere,  chief  thegns  of  the  Danish  confederacy  of  the 

CO 


EDRIO 


386 


EDWARD    II 


4  Seven  (or  Five)  Boroughs,*  1015 ;  said  to  have  en- 
deavoured to  betray  Edmund  Ironside  to  Cnut.  and  pos- 
s.bly  to  murder  him,  1015;  marchei  with  ("nut  into 
Mercia,  1016;  reputed  to  have  spread  a  rumour  of  Ed- 
mund's death  during  the  battle  of  Sherston,  in  order  to 
secure  a  victory  for  the  Danes,  as  also  at  Assandun,  1016  ; 
proposal  peace  of  Olney,  1016  ;  probably  planned  murder 
of  Edmund  Ironside;  slain  by  Cnut  from  fear  of  his 
treacherous  character.  [xvi.  415] 

EDRIC  or  EADRIC  (fl.  1067-1072),  called  the  WILT>  ; 
held  lands  in  Herefordshire  and  Shropshire  under  Edward 
the  Confessor ;  submitted  to  William  I,  10G6,  but  joined 
tin-  Welsh  in  ravaging  Herefordshire,  1067,  and  burning 
Shrewsbury,  1069 :  accompanied  William  I  on  his  Scottish 
expedition,  1072.  [xvi.  418] 

EDRIDGE.  HENRY  (1769-1821),  miniature-painter ; 
F.S.A.,  1814;  travelled  in  Normandy,  1817  and  1819; 
A.R.A.,  1820 ;  executed  portraits,  landscapes,  and  archi- 
tectural studies.  [xvi.  418] 

EDWARD,  EADWARD,  or  EADWEARD,  called  THK 
ELDER  (rf.  924),  king  of  the  Angles  and  Saxons  ;  son  of 
Alfred ;  chosen  king  by  the  '  witan,'  901 ;  defeated  and 
slew  his  rival,  ^Ethelwald,  905  ;  obtained  co-operation  of 
Guthrum  Eohricssou  [see  GUTHRUM  or  GUTHORN],  Danish 
under-king  of  East  Anglia,  in  promoting  a  code  which 
recognised  Danish  customs  ;  defeated  Danish  forces  at 
Tettenhall,  910,  and  at  Wodensfleld,  911 ;  received  the 
submission  of  the  Danes  of  East  Anglia,  Essex,  and  Cam- 
bridge, 918  ;  annexed  Mercia  after  the  death  of  his  sister, 
^Ithelnajd,  '  Lady  of  the  Mercians,'  919 ;  subdued  the 
Welsh,  who  were  abetting  Danish  inroads,  921 ;  extended 
his  dominion  to  the  Hurnber  ;  introduced  the  West-Saxon 
shire-division  into  Mercia  ;  increased  the  number  of  sees 
in  southern  England.  [xvii.  1] 

EDWARD  or  EADWARD  THK  MARTYR  (963  ?-978), 
king  of  the  English  ;  sou  of  Eadgar ;  chosen  king  after 
some  opposition,  975  ;  his  ecclesiastical  policy  directed  by 
Dunstan  ;  assassinated  by  the  thegns  of  his  step-mother, 
.Slfthryth  [q.  v.] ;  officially  styled  martyr  as  early  as  1001. 

[xvii.  5] 

EDWARD  or  EADWARD,  called  THE  CONFESSOR 
(d.  1066),  king  of  the  English  ;  son  of  ^Ethelred  the 
Unready  ;  brought  up  at  the  monastery  of  Ely ;  kept  out 
of  the  sovereignty  by  Cnut ;  resided  at  the  court  of 
Harthacnut,  1041-2 :  crowned,  1043 ;  allied  himself  with 
Henry,  king  of  the  French  ;  received  homage  of  Magnus 
of  Norway  ;  married  Eadgyth  [see  EDITH,  rf.  1075], 
daughter  of  Earl  Godwine  of  Wessex,  1045  ;  favoured 
monasticism  ;  entrusted  the  administration  of  government 
to  personal  favourites ;  appointed  a  coadjutor-archbishop 
of  Canterbury  with  Godwine's  co-operation,  1044 :  fitted 
out  a  fleet  to  meet  a  threatened  Scandinavian  Invasion  ; 
sent  representatives  to  Council  of  Hheims,  1049 ;  built 
Westminster  Abbey  as  the  price  of  papal  absolution  for 
breaking  his  vow  to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome;  rejected 
./Elfric,  a  kinsman  of  Godwine,  who  had  been  canon ically 
elected  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  for  Robert  of 
Jumieges,  bishop  of  London,  1051 :  discontinued  the  here- 
geld,  a  tax  for  the  maintenance  of  the  fleet,  1051 ; 
quarrelled  with  Godwine,  and  entertained  William,  duke 
of  the  Normans, (afterwards  William  I),  at  his  court: 
reconciled  to  Godwine,  who,  with  his  son  Harold,  had 
undertaken  an  invasion  of  England,  1052;  intended  to 
make  his  nephew,  Eadward  the  JEtheling,  heir ;  banished 
jElfgar,  earl  of  the  East-Angles,  who  in  revenue  assisted 
Grnffydd,  prince  of  north  Wales,  to  make  war  on  Eng- 
land ;  compelled  to  part  with  his  favourite  Tostig,  against 
whose  government  of  Northumbriu  the  Danish  population 
had  risen  in  revolt,  1065  ;  buried  in  the  newly  consecrated 
Westminster  Abbey  ;  canonised,  1161.  His  so-called  laws 
are  said  to  have  been  drawn  up  from  declarations  made 
on  oath  by  twelve  men  of  each  shire  in  1070.  [xvii.  7] 

EDWARD  I  (1239-1307),  king  of  England  ;  eldest  son 
of  Henry  III  and  Eleanor  of  Provence  :  married  to  Eleanor 
of  Castile  [q.  v.],  sister  of  Alfonso  X,  1254,  his  father  giving 
him  Gascony,  Ireland,  Wales,  Bristol,  Stamford,  and  Grant- 
ham;  countenanced  his  lieu  tenant  in  Wales,  Geoffrey  Lang- 
ley,  in  forcing  on  the  Welsh  the  English  system  of  counties 
and  hundreds,  thereby  provoking  a  war  with  Llywelyn, 
prince  of  Wales,  1256 ;  acted  with  Simon,  earl  of  Leicester, 
in  obtaining  the  formulation  of  the  provisions  of  Westmin- 
ster, 1259 ;  made  war  upon  the  Welsh,  who  sympathised 
with  the,  burouial  malcontents,  1263;  attacked  North- 


ampton, capturiii','  Simon  de  Montfort  the  younper,  12fi4  ; 
caused  his  father  Henry  Ill's  defeat  at  Lewes  by  nn  ill- 
advised  pursuit  of  the  retreating  Londoners,  lifii-4:  <lp- 
feated  the  barons  at  Kvcsham,  12C.5  ;  received  the  submis- 
sion of  the  Oinqm- ports,  1266:  compelled  the  surrender 
of  Kenilworth  Castle  on  conditions,  1266  ;  overawed  into 
submission  the  rebel  lords  who  had  been  disinherited  after 
Eveshara,  and  were  then  occupying  the  Isle  of  Ely,  lit; 7  ; 
steward  of  England,  1268  ;  warden  of  the  city  and  Tower 
of  London,  1268  ;  gamed  popularity  by  abolishing  the 
levy  of  customs  from  the  city  of  London,  and  by  urging  a 
statute  forbidding  the  Jews  to  acquire  the  property  of 
Christians  by  means  of  pledges,  1269  :  sailed  for  Syria  as 
a  crusader,  1271 ;  relieved  Acre,  and  won  a  victory  at 
Haifa  :  wounded  with  a  poisoned  dagger  by  an  envoy  of 
the  em'.r  of  Jaffa,  1272  ;  made  a  truce  with  the  emir, 
1272 ;  succeeded  to  the  English  crown,  1272 ;  made  a 
triumphal  progress  through  Europe,  and  defeated  the 
Count  of  Chalons  at  the  'little  battle  of  Chalons,'  an 
ostensible  tourney,  1273 ;  crowned  king  of  England, 
1274 ;  legislated  with  a  view  to  the  overthrow  of  feudal- 
ism and  the  growth  of  the  parliamentary  system ;  pro- 
mulgated 'Statute  of  Westminster  the  First,'  1276;  made 
war  upon  Llywelyn  of  Wales,  who  had  repeatedly  refused 
to  attend  any  of  the  king's  parliaments,  and  (1276)  ob- 
tained his  submission ;  promulgated '  Statute  of  Glou- 
cester' to  amend  working  of  territorial  jurisdictions, 
1278  ;  caused  all  the  Jews  and  goldsmiths  in  England  to 
be  arrested  on  the  charge  of  clipping  the  coin,  1278 ;  did 
homage  to  Philip  of  France  for  Ponthieu,  and  surrendered 
all  claim  to  Normandy,  1279  ;  defeated  and  slew  Llywelyn 
in  Radnorshire,  1282  ;  determined  that  David,  Llywelyn's 
brother, '  should  be  tried  before  a  full  representative  of  the 
laity,'  which  sentenced  him  to  be  drawn,  hanged,  beheaded, 
disembowelled,  and  quartered,  1283;  assimilated  the 
administration  of  Wales  to  the  English  pattern  by  the 
'Statute  of  Wales,'  1284  ;  published  'Statute  of  Westmin- 
ster the  Second,'  1285 ;  spent  much  time  in  France  and 
Gascony,  1286-9 ;  returned  to  England,  1289 ;  appointed 
commissioners  to  inquire  into  the  misdemeanours  of  his 
judges  during  his  long  absence,  1289 :  forbade  sub-infeu- 
dation  in  the  statute  '  Quia  emptores,'  1290  ;  banished  the 
Jews,  1290;  lost  his  queen,  Eleanor  of  Castile,  1290; 
appointed  (1290)  Antony  Bek  governor  of  Scotland,  the 
throne  of  which  was  soon  afterwards  claimed  by  thirteen 
competitors;  put  John  Baliol  in  seisin  of  the  Scottish 
kingdom,  1292  ;  deprived  of  Gascony  by  Philip  IV,  1294 ; 
received  grants  for  the  settlement  of  Welsh,  French,  and 
Scottish  difficulties  from- a  parliament  in  which  the  three 
estates  of  the  realm  were  perfectly  represented,  1295; 
stormed  Berwick  to  punish  Baliol  for  contemplating  re- 
volt, 1296  ;  accepted  Baliol's  surrender  of  Scotland,  1296  : 
compelled  the  clergy  to  make  a  grant  for  the  defence  of 
the  kingdom,  1297 ;  met  with  protracted  opposition  from 
his  barons  in  regard  to  proposed  campaign  in  Gascony, 
1297 ;  set  sail  for  Bruges  in  pursuance  of  a  promise  to 
help  the  Count  of  Flanders  against  the  French,  1297; 
induced  by  Boniface  VIII  to  make  a  truce  with  France, 
by  which  he  recovered  Gascony,  but  deserted  his  ally,  the 
Count  of  Flanders,  1298;  defeated  William  Wallace  on 
Linlithgow  Heath,  1298  ;  confirmed  the  Great  Charter,  but 
added  proviso  in  favour  of  the  rights  of  the  crown  to  the 
confirmation  of  the  '  Forest  Charter,'  1299  ;  made  second 
expedition  to  Scotland,  refusing  demand  of  Scottish  lords 
that  Baliol  be  allowed  to  reign,  1300 ;  denounced  as  a 
marauder  by  Archbishop  Robert  de  Winchelsea,  1300 ;  his 
troubles  with  the  baronage  ended  by  the  death  of  Hum- 
phrey Hoi  inn,  earl  of  Hereford  ;  captured  Stirling  Castle, 
1304;  ordered  execution  of  Wallace,  who  had  been  be- 
trayed, 1305  ;  suspended  his  old  enemy,  Archbishop  Win- 
chelsea, by  the  connivance  of  the  new  pope,  Clement  V, 
1306 ;  died  at  Burgh-on-Sauds  while  on  his  way  north- 
ward to  crush  the  rebellion  of  Robert  Bruce,  who  threa- 
tened to  undo  the  judicial  system  recently  drawn  up  for 
Scotland ;  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  on  27  Oct. 
1307.  [xvii.  14] 

EDWARD  H  OP  CARNARVON  (1284-1327),  king  of 
England ;  son  of  Edward  I  and  Eleanor  of  Castile  ;  regent 
during  his  father's  absence  in  Flanders,  1297-8 ;  created 
Prince  of  Wales  and  Earl  of  Chester,  1301 :  served  on  the 
Scottish  campaigns  of  1301, 1303,  and  1304,  carrying  his 
habits  of  extravagance  into  camp-life  ;  knighted,  1306 ; 
devastated  the  Scottish  borders,  1306 ;  succeeded  to  the 
crown,  1307  ;  made  Aymer  de  Valence  guardian  of  Scot- 
land, 1307 ;  created  Piers  Gaveston,  his  favourite,  Earl  of. 


EDWARD    ITT 


387 


EDWARD    IV 


Cornwall,  1307  :  married  Isabella,  daughter  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  king  of  France,  1308  ;  appointed  Gaveston  repent  of 
Jrcl.iiid,  1308,  hems?  compelled  by  the  council  to  banish 
him ;  undermined  baronial  opposition,  and  achieved 
Gaveston's  restoration  to  his  earldom,  1309  ;  comjx'11.^1  by 
threats  of  withdrawal  of  allegiance  to  consent  to  the 
appointment  of  twenty-one  lords  ordainers,  1310  ;  marched 
northwards  under  the  pretence  of  attacking  Bruce,  really 
to  avoid  Lancaster,  his  chief  opponent,  and  the  ordainers, 
1310  ;  allowed  Guveston  to  be  exiled,  1311  ;  committed  to 
a  civil  war  by  the  return  of  Gaveaton,  1312,  who  was  soon 
afterwards  seized  by  the  Earl  of  Warwick  and  murdered, 
June,  1312;  supported  by  Hugh  le  Despenser  [q.  v.]  and 
the  Earls  of  Pembroke  and  Warenne  ;  granted  an  amnesty 
to  the  malcontents,  1313 ;  took  the  field  against  Bruce, 
and,  neglecting  the  Earl  of  Gloucester's  warning  not  to 
join  battle  under  unfavourable  circumstances,  was  defeated 
at  Bannockburn,  1314;  forced  to  submit  to  Lancaster, 
1314;  regained  his  authority  on  Lancaster's  failure  to 
suppress  Irish,  Welsh,  and  Scottish  disaffection,  1316  : 
negotiated  with  Lancaster,  1318  ;  failed  to  take  Berwick, 
1319  ;  made  a  favourite  of  Hugh  le  Despenser  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  :  reluctantly  agreed  to  the  banishment  of  both  De- 
apensers,  1321 ;  besieged  Leeds  Castle,  which  had  closed  its 
gates  against  the  queen,  1321 ;  conducted  a  campaign  in  the 
west  against  the  Mortimers,  1321 ;  recalled  the  Despensers, 
1322  ;  slew  the  Earl  of  Hereford  and  captured  Lancaster, 
who  was  beheaded  without  a  hearing  at  Boroughbridge, 
1322 ;  vainly  attempted  to  subdue  Scotland,  1322 ;  con- 
cluded truce  with  Scotland  for  three  years,  1323  :  alienated 
Queen  Isabella  by  his  fondness  for  the  younger  Despenser, 
1324  ;  allowed  Isabella  to  go  to  France  in  his  stead  to  pay 
homage  for  Aquitaine  and  Ponthieu,  whence  she  returned 
(1326)  to  dethrone  him ;  fled  westward,  and  after  many 
wanderings  was  taken  at  Neath;  forced  to  resign  the 
throne,  1327 ;  brutally  treated  by  his  gaolers  in  Berkeley 
Castle,  and  murdered ;  currently  reported  in  the  next 
generation  to  have  died  a  hermit  in  Lombardy. 

[xvii.  38] 

EDWARD  HI  (1312-1377),  king  of  England :  eldest 
son  of  Edward  II  ;  Earl  of  Chester,  1320  ;  received  county 
of  Ponthieu  and  duchy  of  Aquitaine,  1325 ;  proclaimed 
guardian  of  the  kingdom  in  the  name  of  his  father,  1326 ; 
chosen  king,  1327 ;  was  for  four  years  the  figure-head  of  his 
mother  Isabella  and  of  Mortimer's  rule ;  out-manoeuvred 
in  Scotland  by  Moray  and  Douglas,  1327 ;  gave  up  all 
claim  to  Scotland  by  the  treaty  of  Northampton,  1328 ; 
married  Philippa  of  Hainault,  1328  ;  claimed  the  French 
throne  through  his  mother  Isabella,  but  was  set  aside  for 
Philip  of  Valois,  1328 ;  paid  homage  to  Philip  VI  for  his 
French  fiefs,  1329,  refusing  liege  homage  ;  executed  Mor- 
timer, and  placed  the  queen-mother  in  honourable  con- 
finement, 1330 ;  performed  liege  homage  for  Guyenne  and 
Ponthieu,  1331 ;  invited  Flemish  weavers  to  come  to  Eng- 
land and  teach  the  manufacture  of  fine  cloth,  1332 ; 
secured  recognition  of  Edward  de  Baliol  [q.  v.]  as  king 
of  Scotland,  1332;  defeated  Scots  at  Halidon  Hill,  1333, 
and  restored  Baliol  twice :  his  seneschals  expelled  from 
Agenois  by  Philip  VI,  1336 ;  laid  a  heavy  customs  duty 
on  sacks  of  wool  and  woolfells  to  raise  money  for  a 
war  with  France,  1337 ;  gained  the  goodwill  of  James 
van  Artevelde,  a  citizen  of  Ghent,  who  procured  him  an 
alliance  with  Ghent,  Ypres,  Bruges,  and  Cassel ;  made 
treaty  for  hire  of  troops  with  the  Emperor  Lewis  of 
Bavaria,  thereby  displeasing  Pope  Benedict  XII,  1337 ; 
appointed  imperial  vicar  by  Lewis  of  Bavaria,  1338;  laid 
siege  to  Cambray,  1339.  when  cannon  is  said  to  have  been 
first  used ;  assumed  title  of  king  of  France  in  order  to 
retain  Flemish  support,  1340 ;  returned  to  England  to  get 
supplies  voted  by  parliament ;  defeated  French  fleet  in  the 
Sluys,  1340 ;  reproached  John  de  Stratford,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  for  retarding  supplies,  though  he  had  urged 
him  to  undertake  the  war,  1341 ;  landed  at  Brest  in  con- 
sequence of  an  offer  from  John  of  Montfort  to  hold  Brit- 
tany of  him  conditionally,  1342;  made  truce  with  the 
king  of  France  for  three  years  at  Ste.  Madeleine,  1343 ; 
built  round  tower  of  Windsor  Castle,  1344 ;  wrote  to  the 
pope  that  Philip  had  broken  truce  and  that  he  declared 
war  upon  him,  1345 ;  sacked  Barfleur,  Valonges,  Carentan, 
St.  L6,  and  Caen,  1346;  executed  strategic  movements 
culminating  in  total  destruction  of  French  army  atCrecy, 
near  Abbeville,  1346 ;  the  Scots  routed  at  Nerill's  Cross 
by  his  generals,  1346 ;  blockaded  Calais,  which  surrendered 
at  discretion  (1347),  after  the  withdrawal  of  a  French 
relief  force ;  spared  the  lives  of  the  citizens  of  Calais  at 
the  request  of  bis  queen,  1347 ;  returned  to  England,  1347 ; 


founded  the  order  of  the  Garter,  1349  ;  lo<t  his  daughter, 
Joan,  by  the  black  death  pestilence;  passed  'Statute  of 
Labourers,'  1351  ;  defeated  a  Spanish  fleet  in  the  service 
of  France  off  Winchelsea,  1360  :  enacted  the 'Statute  of 
Provisors,'  1351,  'of  TreAsons,'  1352,  and  'of  Pra?munire,' 
1353  ;  released  King  David  of  Scotland  from  the  Tower, 
1357  ;  gained  Aquitaine,  Calais,  Guisnes,  and  Ponthieu  by 
the  treaty  of  Bretlgny,  in  which  he  renounced  all  claim  to 
the  French  crown,  1360;  entertained  knight*  from  Spain, 
Cyprus,  and  Armenia,  who  had  come  to  solicit  aid  against 
the  Mahometans,  1362;  erected  Gascony  and  Aquitaine 
into  a  principality,  1362  ;  passed  statute  ordering  discon- 
tinuance of  French  in  the  law  courts,  1362 ;  concerted 
project  with  David  II  for  union  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, 1363 ;  forbade  payment  of  Peter's  pence,  1366,  from 
annoyance  at  the  pope's  attempt  to  recover  arrears  of  the 
tribute  promised  him  by  King  John :  endeavoured  by  the 
'  Statute  of  Kilkenny '  (1367)  to  check  the  adoption  of  Irish 
customs  by  the  English  colonists  ;  disapproved  of  the 
depredations  of  the  English  free  companies  in  France ; 
sent  the  Black  Prince  to  help  Pedro  of  Castile  against  his 
half-brother,  Henry  of  Trastaniare,  1367 ;  involved  In  a 
second  French  war  by  Charles  V's  complaints  of  the  free 
companies,  1369;  carried  on  a  desultory  warfare  in 
Poitou  and  Touraine,  in  revenge  for  which  the  French 
burnt  Portsmouth,  1369 ;  gave  himself  up  to  the  influence 
of  Alice  Ferrers  [q.  v.],  a  concubine,  on  the  death  of 
his  queen,  1369 ;  dissented  from  the  Prince  of  Wales's  con- 
duct of  the  French  war  ;  laid  hands  on  church  property 
in  order  to  raise  supplies,  1371;  renewed  league  with 
Brittany,  1371,  and  made  treaty  with  Genoa,  1372 ;  the 
Earl  of  Pembroke,  his  lieutenant  in  Aquitaine,  defeated  by 
a  French  and  Spanish  fleet  at  Rochelle,  1372  ;  despatched 
armament  against  Du  Guesclin  in  Brittany,  1373 ;  lost 
Aquitaine,  1374 ;  his  latter  years  embittered  by  national 
discontent  and  the  rivalry  between  his  chief  minister, 
Lancaster,  and  the  Commons.  During  the  first  part  of  his 
reign  he  inaugurated  an  enlightened  commercial  policy, 
and  devoted  so  much  attention  to  naval  administration  as 
to  be  entitled  by  parliament  the  '  king  of  the  sea.' 

[xvii.  48] 

EDWARD  IV  (1442-1483),  king  of  England ;  son  of 
Richard,  duke  of  York ;  born  at  Rouen  ;  Earl  of  March  ; 
attainted  as  a  Yorkist,  1459  ;  returned  from  Calais  with 
the  Yorkist  earls,  Warwick  and  Salisbury,  and  defeated 
Henry  VI's  force  at  Northampton,  1460 ;  swore  fealty  to 
Henry  VI,  1460 ;  defeated  Henry's  restless  queen,  Mar- 
garet, at  Mortimer's  Cross,  1461 ;  proclaimed  himself  king, 
1461 ;  utterly  defeated  the  Lancastrians  at  Towton,  1461  ; 
crowned,  1461 ;  captured  Margaret's  strongholds  in  the 
north  of  England,  1463  ;  believed  himself,  on  insufficient 
grounds,  to  have  conciliated  Somerset,  a  prominent  Lan- 
castrian, 1463 ;  privately  married  Elizabeth  Woodville, 
widow  of  Sir  John  Grey,  1464,  ultimately  disclosing  the 
fact  to  his  council  when  a  match  with  Bona  of  Savoy 
was  under  consideration  ;  married  his  sister  Margaret  to 
Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  1468 ;  his  position 
threatened  by  the  intrigues  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  who 
was  offended  by  his  rejection  of  the  French  marriage 
alliance  which  he  had  proposed,  and  was,  with  the  Duke  of 
Clarence,  plotting  his  overthrow ;  taken  prisoner  by  ths 
archbishop  of  York,  one  of  the  leaders  in  insurrection  of 
Robin  of  Redesdale  [q.  v.],  1469 ;  released  by  Warwick, 
who,  with  Clarence,  offered  his  assistance  in  putting  down, 
a  rebellion  (1470)  which  he  had  himself  organised;  de. 
feated  the  rebels  at  Losecoat  Field,  1470;  proclaimed 
Warwick  and  Clarence  traitors,  1470 ;  compelled  to  seek 
refuge  in  Holland  by  the  joint-attack  of  Warwick  and 
Clarence,  as  concerted  with  Margaret  of  Anjou,  1470; 
enabled  by  the  money  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  to  return 
to  England,  1471 ;  reconciled  to  Clarence ;  took  Henry  VI, 
who  had  just  been  reappointed  king,  in  the  field,  and  de- 
feated and  slew  Warwick  at  Barnet,  1471 ;  captured  Queen 
Margaret  at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  1471,  and  slew  her 
son  immediately  afterwards ;  quelled  the  Kent  rising 
under  the  Bastard  Falconbridge  [see  FAUCOMIKKU, 
THOMAS],  whom  he  compelled  to  surrender  Sandwich 
and  the  navy  he  had  brought  from  Calais,  1471 ;  raised 
money  by  means  of  benevolences  and  in  other  unpre- 
cedented ways  for  a  projected  invasion  of  France,  1474 ; 
actually  invaded  France,  but  was  beguiled  by  the  astute- 
ness of  Louis  XI,  who  succeeded  in  making  him  desert  his 
ally,  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  by  a  seven  years'  treaty  at 
Picquigny,  1475;  imprisoned  and  murdered  his  brother 
Clarence,  who  had  aspired  to  the  hand  of  Mary,  daughter 
of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  1478 ;  ignored  the  appeal  of 

C  C  2 


EDWARD   V 


388 


EDWARDS 


Mary  of  Burgundy  for  protection  against  Louis  XI  from 
fear  of  losing  his  French  pension  and  the  stipulated 
marriage  of  his  daughter  to  the  dauphin,  both  secured  by 
the  treaty  of  Picquigiiy  ;  undertook  a  partially  successful 
expedition  against  Scotland  to  dethrone  James  III  on  the 
plea  of  illegitimacy,  and  to  procure  the  abandonment  of 
the  old  French  alliance,  1482 ;  died,  as  French  writers 
believed,  of  mortification  at  the  treaty  of  Arras  (1482),  by 
which  it  was  arranged  between  Maximilian  of  Burgundy 
and  Louis  XI  that  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  former 
prince,  should  be  married  to  the  dauphin.  [xvii.  70] 

EDWAED  V  (1470-1483),  king  of  England ;  eldest  son 
of  Edward  IV,  by  his  queen,  Elizabeth  Woodville  [see 
ELIZABETH  (1437  ?-1492)]  ;  created  Prince  of  Wales,  1471 ; 
entrusted  by  his  father  to  the  care  of  a  council  of  control, 
of  which  his  uncles,  Clarence  and  Gloucester,  and  his 
maternal  uncle,  Earl  Rivers,  were  members,  1471 ;  justiciar 
of  Wales,  1476  :  succeeded  to  the  crown,  1483  ;  conducted 
to  London  by  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  who  had  previously 
imprisoned  Earl  Rivers  and  Lord  Richard  Grey  at  Pomfret, 
1483;  sent  to  the  Tower  with  his  brother,  the  Duke  of 
York,  1483 ;  deposed  by  an  assembly  of  Lords  and  Com- 
mons, at  which  was  brought  in  a  roll,  setting  forth 
Gloucester's  right  to  the  crown,  by  the  alleged  invalidity 
of  Edward  IVs  marriage  with  Elizabeth  Woodville  ;  mur- 
dered, with  the  Duke  of  York,  by  order  of  Gloucester,  then 
Richard  III,  according  to  an  irrefragable  account  first 
given  in  detail  by  Sir  Thomas  More.  [xvii.  82] 

EDWARD  VI  (1537-1553),  king  of  England ;  son  of 
Henry  VIII,  by  Jane  Seymour ;  his  education  entrusted 
to  Richard  Cox  [q.  v.],  Sir  John  Oheke  [q.  v.],  Sir 
Anthony  Cooke  [q.  v.],  and  Roger  Ascham  [q.  v.] ;  a 
finished  Greek,  Latin,  and  French  scholar ;  luteuist  and 
amateur  astronomer ;  knighted  by  the  Earl  of  Hertford, 
his  uncle  and  protector  of  the  realm,  1547 ;  appointed 
Hertford  Duke  of  Somerset,  1547  ;  crowned,  1547  ;  made 
John  Knox  and  Bishop  Ridley,  Latimer,  and  Hooper 
court  preachers  ;  commended  by  Martin  Bucer  in  a  letter 
to  Calvin;  agreed  to  the  execution  of  Lord  Seymour 
(1549),  who  had  attempted  to  displace  his  brother,  Somer- 
set, taking  advantage  of  Somerset's  departure  to  Scotland 
to  enforce  a  treaty,  by  which  Edward  was  to  marry  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots;  his  marriage  with  Princess  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Henry  II  of  France,  settled  in  1551,  but  de- 
ferred ;  nonchalantly  agreed  to  the  execution  of  Protector 
Somerset  on  charges  brought  by  Warwick,  then  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  1552 ;  instructed  by  William  Thomas, 
clerk  of  the  council,  in  statecraft ;  preserved  neutral 
attitude  in  war  between  the  emperor  and  the  French  king, 

1552  ;  showed  deep  concern  at  the  illness  of  Sir  John  Cheke, 
his  friend  and  tutor,  1552;   attacked  by  consumption, 

1553  ;  gave  palace  of  Bridewell  to  corporation  of  London 
as  a  '  workhouse,'  1553 ;  converted  the  old  Grey  Friars' 
monastery  into  Christ's  Hospital,  1553 ;  induced  by  North- 
umberland to  'devise '  the  succession  to  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
1553.    Numerous  portraits  of  Edward  are  extant,  most  of 
them  by  Holbein.  [xrii.  84] 

EDWARD,  PRINCE  OP  WALKS  (1330-1376),  called  the 
BLACK  PRINCE,  and  sometimes  EDWARD  IV  and  EDWARD 
OF  WOODSTOCK  ;  eldest  son  of  Edward  III  [q.  v.] ; 
created  Duke  of  Cornwall,  1337  ;  guardian  of  the  kingdom 
in  his  father's  absence,  1338,  1340,  and  1342;  created 
Prince  of  Wales,  1343;  knighted  by  his  father  at  La 
Hogne,  1346 ;  commanded  the  van  at  Orecy,  his  father 
intentionally  leaving  him  to  win  the  battle,  1346 ;  named 
the  Black  Prince  after  the  battle  of  Orecy,  at  which  he 
was  possibly  accoutred  in  black  armour;  took  part  in 
Edward  Ill's  Calais  expedition,  1349 ;  appointed  king's 
lieutenant  in  Gascony,  and  ordered  to  lead  an  army  into 
Aquitaine,  1355 ;  pillaged  Avignonet  and  Casteluaudary, 
sacked  Carcassonne,  and  plundered  Narbonne,  1355 ; 
ravaged  Auvergne,  Limousin,  and  Berry,  1366  ;  failed  to 
take  Bourges,  1356  ;  offered  terms  of  peace  to  King  John, 
who  had  outflanked  him  near  Poitiers,  but  refused  to  sur- 
render himself  as  the  price  of  their  acceptance,  1356 ; 
routed  the  French  at  Poitiers,  and  took  King  John 
prisoner,  1356;  returned  to  England,  1357;  negotiated 
the  treaty  of  Bretiguy,  1360 ;  created  Prince  of  Aquitatue 
and  Gascony,  1362  ;  hifl  suzerainty  disowned  by  the  lord 
of  Albret  and  other  Gascon  nobles  ;  directed  by  h.s  father 
to  forbid  the  marauding  raids  of  the  English  and  Gascon 
free  companies,  1364;  entered  into  an  agreement  with 
I*>n  Pedro  of  Castile  and  Charles  of  Navarre,  by  which 


Pedro  covenanted  to  mortgage  Castro  de  Urdiales  and  the 
province  of  Biscay  to  him  as  security  for  a  loan  ;  a  pas- 
sage was  thus  secured  through  Navarre,  13i;r>  ;  rf<v\til 
letter  of  defiance  from  Henry  of  Trastumare,  Don  Pedro's 
half-brother  and  rival,  1367  ;  defeated  Henry  at  N 
after  an  obstinate  conflict,  1367  ;  failed  to  obtain  either 
the  province  of  Biscay  or  liquidation  of  the  debt  from  Don 
Pedro,  1367  ;  prevailed  on  the  estates  of  Aquitaine  to 
allow  him  a  hearth-tax  of  ten  sous  for  five  years,  1368, 
thereby  alienating  the  lord  of  Albret  and  other  nobles ; 
drawn  into  open  war  with  Charles  V  of  France,  1369  ; 
took  Limoges,  where  he  gave  orders  for  an  indiscriminate 
massacre  (1370)  in  revenge  for  the  voluntary  surrender  of 
that  town  to  the  French  by  its  bishop,  who  had  been  his 
private  friend  ;  returned  to  England,  1371 ;  resigned  the 
principality  of  Aquitaine  and  Gascony,  1372 ;  led  the 
commons  in  their  attack  upon  the  Lancastrian  adminis- 
tration, 1376  ;  buried  in  Canterbury  Cathedral,  where  his 
surcoat,  helmet,  shield,  and  gauntlets  are  still  preserved. 

[xvii.  90] 

EDWARD,  PRIXCK  op  WALES  (1453-1471),  only  son 
of  Henry  VI ;  created  Prince  of  Wales,  1454 ;  taken  by 
his  mother,  Queen  Margaret,  for  safety  to  Harlech  Castle 
after  the  Lancastrian  defeat  at  Northampton,  1460  ;  dis- 
inherited in  parliament,  1460 ;  present  at  the  second  battle 
of  St.  Albans,  1461 ;  knighted  by  his  father,  1461 ;  carried 
by  Margaret  into  Scotland,  14t>l,  and  into  Brittany  and 
France,  1462  ;  ultimately  given,  together  with  his  mother, 
j  a  refuge  in  Lorraine  ;  his  cause  favoured  by  Louis  XI  and 
!  Rene  of  Lorraine,  who  arranged  with  the  Earl  of  Warwick 
a  temporarily  successful  invasion  of  England,  1470  ;  set 
sail  for  England  too  late  to  follow  up  this  advantage ; 
defeated  at  Tewkesbury,   1471,  and   slam,  after    being 
j  brutally  insulted,  by  order  of  Edward  IV.      [xviL  101] 

EDWARD,   EARL   OP  WARWICK  (1475-1499),  eldest 

son  of  George,  duke  of  Clarence ;  brought  up,  after  his 

father's  murder,  by  his  aunt,  Anne,  duchess  of  Gloucester ; 

knighted  by  Richard  III,  1483  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower 

I  by  Henry  VII,  1485 ;  personated  by  Simnel  in  Ireland, 

j  1487,  in  consequence  of  which  Henry  VII  showed  him  for 

!  one  day  in  the  streets  of  London  ;  personated  by  Wilford, 

;  1498;  beheaded  on  the  ridiculous  pretence  that  he  had 

conspired  against  Henry  VII,  though  he  had  merely  helped 

Warbeck  to  plan  the  escape  of  both  from  prison. 

[xvii.  104] 

EDWARD,  DAFYDD  (d.  1690).  [See  DAVID,  ED- 
WARD.] 

EDWARD,  THOMAS  (1814-1886),  the  Banff  natural- 
ist ;  settled  in  Banff  to  work  at  his  trade  of  shoemaker, 
1834 ;  exhibited  at  the  Banff  fair  a  taxodermic  collection, 
j  formed  by  himself,  1845 ;  discovered  twenty  new  species 
!  of  British  sessile-eyed  Crustacea  ;  curator  of  the  museum 
i  of  the  Banff  Institution ;  associate  of  the  Linnean  So- 
ciety, 1866  ;  placed  on  the  civil  list,  1876.        [xvii.  106] 

EDWARDE8,  SIR  HERBERT  BENJAMIN  (1819- 
1868),  Indian  official ;  attended  classes  at  King's  College, 
London,  1837  ;  cadet,  Beneral  infantry,  1841 ;  second  lieu- 
tenant, Bengal  fusiliers,  1842 ;  Urdu,  Hindi,  and  Persian 
•interpreter*  to  his  regiment:  contributed  to  the 'Delhi 
Gazette'  'Letters  of  Brahminee  Bull  in  India  to  his 
cousin  John  in  England ' ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Hugh 
Gough  at  the  battles  of  Moodkee  (1845)  and  Sobraon 
(1846),  and  assistant  (1847)  to  Sir  Henry  Montgomery 
Lawrence,  resident  of  Lahore  ;  reformed  civil  administra- 
tion of  Banu,  1847  ;  twice  routed,  on  his  own  responsibdity, 
the  rebel  Diwan  Mulraj,  prince  of  Multan,  1848  ;  brevet- 
major  and  C.B. ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1850  ;  founded  Abbottabad, 
1853;  commissioner  of  Peshawur,  1853-9  ;  prevailed  upon 
Sir  John  Lawrence  to  make  a  treaty  of  non-interference 
with  the  amir  of  Afghanistan;  induced  Sir  John  Law- 
rence to  sanction  the  levy  of  a  mixed  force,  which  was 
employed  against  the  mutineers,  1«57  ;  knighted;  LL.D. 
Cambridge ;  K.B. ;  commissioner  of  Umballa,  1862  ;  re- 
turned to  England  finally,  1865  ;  major-general  and  C.S.I. ; 
vice-president  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society. 

[xvii.  107] 

EDWARDS,    AMELIA    ANN     BLANFOHD    (18:U- 

189 2),  novelst  and  egyptologist :  contributed  to'Cham- 

bers's  Journal,'  '  Household   NS'onls,'  and  '  All  the   Year 

Hound,'  and  served  on  staff  ot  'Saturday  Rev.ew  '  and 

'  Morning  Post ' ;  published  e.ght  novels  between  1855  and 

j  1880;    first   visited  Kgypt,  1873-4,  and   began  study  of 

i  egyptology ;    did  much    to    bring    about  foundation  of 

1  Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  1882,  and  was  first  joint  houo- 


EDWABDS 


389 


EDWABDS 


rary  secretary;  lectured  in  United  States,  1889-90,  and 
published  lectures  as  'Pharaohs,  Fellah.*,  and  Explorer?,' 
1891.  She  bequeathed  her  egyptologieal  library  and  col- 
lections to  University  College,  London,  together  with 
money  to  found  a  chair  of  egyptology.  [Suppl.  ii.  176] 

EDWARDS,  ARTHUR  (d.  1743),  major;  F.S.A., 
1725;  first  major  of  the  second  troop  of  horse  guards 
iu  lirosv.  nor  r-tnrt,  London  ;  gave  7.UUOJ.  and  bequeatlied 
two  thousand  volumes  of  printed  books  to  the  Cotton 
Library.  [xvii.  Ill] 

EDWARDS,  BHYAN  (1743-1800),  West  India  mer- 
chant ;  partner  in,  and  ultimately  possessor  of,  an  uncle's 
business  in  Jamaica ;  member  of  the  colonial  assembly, 
attacking  taritf  against  United  States ;  West  India  mer- 
chant in  England,  establishing  a  bank  at  Southampton, 
1792  ;  M.I'.,  Grumpouud,  1796  ;  anti-abolitionist;  satirised 
'  Peter  Pindar ' ;  chief  works,  '  The  History  of  the  British 
Colonies  in  the  West  Indies,'  1793,  and  an  '  Historical 
Survey  of  the  Trench  Colony  in  the  Island  of  St.  Do- 
mingo,' 1797.  [xvii.  Ill] 

EDWARDS,  CHARLES  (d.  1691  ?),  Welsh  author ; 
entered  at  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1644;  expelled  by 
the  parliamentary  visitors,  1648 ;  elected  scholar  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1648  ;  honorary  fellow,  1649 ;  B.A.,  1649 ; 
presented  to  the  '  sine  cura '  of  Llanrhaiadr,  1653 ;  de- 
prived, 1GOO.  His  works  include  'Hanes  y  Ffydd 
Dditl'uaut,'  a  kind  of  history  of  Christianity,  1671,  and 
•  Hebraicorum  Cambro-Britannicorum  Specimen,'  main- 
taining the  Hebrew  origin  of  the  Welsh  language,  1875. 

[xvii.  113] 

EDWARDS,  EDWARD  (1738-1806),  painter;  of 
humble  origin ;  gained  premium  of  the  Society  of  Arts 
for  his  '  Death  of  Tatius,'  1764  ;  A.R.A.,  1773  ;  travelled 
in  Italy,  1775-6 ;  professor  of  perspective  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1788  ;  published  fifty-two  etchings,  1792. 

[xvii.  114] 

EDWARDS,  EDWARD  (1803-1879),  marine  zoologist ; 
improved  construction  of  aquaria  by  hia  invention  of  a 
'dark- water  chamber  slope-back  tank.'  [xvii.  115] 

EDWARDS,  EDWARD  (1812-1886),  librarian ;  super- 
numerary assistant  in  the  printed  book  department  of  the 
British  Museum,  1839,  where  he  catalogued  the  Great  Re- 
bellion tracts;  published  returns,  occasionally  untrust- 
worthy, of  library  statistics  in  the  '  Athenaeum,'  e.  1846  ; 
materially  assisted  William  Ewart  [q.  v.],  the  originator 
of  free  library  legislation,  1850;  first  librarian  of  the 
Manchester  Free  Library,  1850-8.  His  works  include 
'  Memoirs  of  Libraries,'  1859, '  Lives  of  the  Founders  of 
the  British  Museum,'  1870,  and  a  biography  of  Sir  Walter 
Ralegh,  1865.  [xvii.  115] 

EDWARDS,  EDWIN  (1823-1879),  painter  and  etcher ; 
at  one  time  examining  proctor  iu  the  admiralty  and  pre- 
rogative courts ;  exhibited  Cornish  coast  scenes  at  the 
Royal  Academy;  published  a. work  upon  'Old  Iniia  of 
England,'  profusely  illustrated  with  etchings,  two  legal 
treatises,  and  'Ecclesiastical  Jurisdiction,'  1833. 

[xvii.  117] 

EDWARDS,  GEORGE  (1694-1773),  naturalist;  ar- 
rested as  a  presumable  spy  by  Danish  soldiers  at  Fried- 
richstadt,  1718 ;  librarian  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 1733:  F.R.S.;  F.S.A.,  1762;  chief  work,  a  '  History 
of  Birds,'  1743-64.  [xviL  117] 

EDWARDS,  GEORGE  (1762-1823),  author;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1772;  author  of  'The  Practical  System  of 
Human  Economy,'  1816,  and  other  books  of  applied 
sociology.  [xvii.  118] 

EDWARDS,  GEORGE  NELSON  (1830-1868),  physi- 
cian ;  medical  student  at  Gonville  and  Cams  College, 
Cambridge  ;  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1451) ;  lecturer  on  forensic  medicine  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1866  ;  physician  to  the  hospital, 
1  ao  7-8  ;  became  gradually  blind ;  published  '  The  Exami- 
nation of  the  Chest  in  a  Series  of  Tables,'  1862. 

[xvii.  118] 

EDWARDS,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1837-1884),  dean  of 
Bangor ;  Williams  exhibitioner  at  Westminster ;  B.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1860 ;  vicar  of  Aberdare,  1866-9, 
.marvon,  1869;  dean  of  Bangor,  1876;  addressed  a 
letter  to  W.  E.  Gladstone  entitled  'The  Church  of  the 
Cymry,'  explaining  the  prevalence  of  dissent  in  Wales, 
1870 ;  published  sermons  and  religious  pamphlets ;  com- 
mitted suicide,  [xvii.  ll:i] 


EDWARES,  HUMPHREY  (d.  1658).  regicide  ;  joined 
parliamentarianc,  finding  loyalty  to  Charles  I  pecuniarily 
unprofitable  ;  M.P.  for  Shropshire ;  signed  Charles  I's 
death-warrant,  1649;  thrust  himself  into  the  chief  u.-her- 
ship  of  the  exchequer,  165U;  commissioner  of  South 
Wales,  1651.  [XviL  119] 

EDWARDS,  JAMES  (1757-1816),  bookseller  and 
bibliographer;  purchased  the  Pinelli  library  at  Venice, 
1788,  and  sold  it  by  auction,  17«9;  purchased  (1786)  the 
Bedford  Missal  (temp.  Henry  VI);  the  'Rinaldo'  of 
Dibdin.  [xvii.  120] 

EDWARDS  or  EDWARDES,  JOHN  (fl.  1638),  Sod- 
leiau  reader  at  Oxford ;  educated  at  Merchant  Tuylon»' 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  probationer-fellow,  1617  ; 
head-master  of  Merchant  Taylors',  1632-4;  Sedleian 
reader  of  natural  philosophy,  163d-48;  deprived,  1648; 
M.D.  [xvii.  121] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (Siox  TREREDVN)  (fl.  1651), 
translator ;  translated  the  '  Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity ' 
into  Welsh,  1651  ;  ejected  from  living  of  Tredynock. 

[xvii.  121] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (1637-1716),  Calvinistic  divine: 
son  of  Thomas  Edwards  (1699-1647)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1657 :  fellow,  1659 ;  M.A.,  1661  ;  lecturer  of  Bury 
St.  Edmunds ;  resigned  his  fellowship  and  became  minister 
of  St.  Sepulchre's,  Cambridge ;  D.D.,  1699  ;  wrote  largely 
against  Sociniauism  and  the  Armenians,  also  against 
Locke's  '  Reasonableness  of  Christians.'  [xviL  121] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (Siox  Y  POTIAU)  (1700  7-1776), 
poet  and  translator  (1767-8)  of  the  '  Pilgrim's  Progress ' 
into  Welsh.  [xvii.  123] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (1714-1785),  dissenting  minister  of 
Leeds ;  published  theological  works.  [xvii.  123] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (SioN  OKIRIOO)  (1747-1792), 
Welsh  poet ;  joint-founder  of  the  Venedotian  Society. 
1770,  and  president,  1783  ;  poet,  orator,  and  astronomer. 

[xvii.  123] 

EDWARDS,  JOHN  (1751-1832),  poetical  writer; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  light  dragoons  in  the  volunteer 
army  of  Ireland  ;  published  '  Interests  of  Ireland,'  1815, 
'  Kathleen  '  (a  ballad  of  Irish  history),  1808,  and  '  Abra- 
dates  and  Pauthea  :  a  Tragedy,'  1808.  [xvii.  123] 

EDWARDS,  JONATHAN  (1629-1712),  controver- 
sialist ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1659  ;  fellow 
of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1662 ;  principal,  1686  ;  rector 
of  Kiddington,  and,  in  1681,  of  Hinton-Ampuer ;  D.D., 
1686 ;  vice-chancellor,  1689-91  ;  treasurer  of  LlandatT, 
1687  ;  treated  Socinus  as  the  founder  of  a  new  religion 
in  '  A  Preservative  against  Socinianism,'  1693-1703. 

[xvii.  123] 

EDWARDS,  LEWIS  (1809-1887),  Welsh  Calviuistic 
methodist;  studied  at  London  and  Edinburgh  univer- 
sities ;  first  Calvinist  M.A.  of  Edinburgh  ;  ordained,  1837 ; 
editor  of  '  Y  Traethodydd  '  ('  The  Essayist '),  1845-65  ; 
principal  of  Bala  College  for  fifty  years,  lecturing  on 
classics,  ethics,  metaphysics,  and  theology  ;  D.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1865  ;  best- known  work  '  Athrawiaeth  yr  lawn ' 
('  Atonement'),  1860.  [xvii.  124] 

EDWARDS,  RICHARD  (1523  ?-1566),  poet  and  play. 
Wright;  B.A.  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  J544 ; 
fellow,  1544 ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  and  M.A.,  1547 ; 
master  of  the  children  of  the  Chnpel  Royal,  1561 ;  competed 
1  Palamon  and  Arcite  '  for  Queen  Elizabeth's  entertain- 
ment at  Oxford,  1666  ;  eulogised  by  Meres.  The '  Excellent 
Comedie  of  ...  Damon  and  Pithias,'  1571,  is  his  only 
extant  play.  [xvii.  126] 

EDWARDS,  ROGER  (1811-1886),  Welsh  Calviuistic 
methodist;  editor  of  'Crouicl  yr  Oes,'  an  early  Welsh 
political  paper,  1835-9 :  secretary  of  the  Calviuistic  Metho- 
dist Association,  1839-74 ;  D.D. ;  editor  of  the  'Drytorfa,' 
1846-86.  [xvii.  126] 

EDWARDS,  SYDENHAM  TEAK  (1769P-1819), 
natural  historical  draughtsman  ;  founder  of  the  '  Botani- 
cal Magazine';  executed  drawings  from  1788  for  the 
'  Botanical  Magazine,'  and  '  Flora  Londiuieusis  ' ;  started 
the  '  Botanical  Register ' ;  supplied  plates  for  the  '  New 
Botanic  Garden,'  1805-7.  [xvii.  126] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1595),  poet ;  author  of  t\\  o 
long  narrative  poems  (recently  discovered),  'Cephaliw 


EDWARDS  J 

nn<l  Procris  '  and  'Narcissus';  contributed  to  Adrianus 
Romauus's  '  Parvum  Theatrum  Urbi  urn,"  fifty-five  Latin 
hexameters  on  the  cities  of  Italy,  1595  ;  possibly  identical 
\v:th  a  Thomas  Edwards  (fellow  of  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford;  D.C.L.,  1590),  who  became  chancellor  to  the 
bishop  of  London.  [xvii.  126] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (1599-1647),  author  of  'Gan- 
graena ' ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  ;  university 
preacher  at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  known  as 
'Young  Luther';  ordered  to  recant,  1628;  licensed  to 
preach  in  St.  Botolph's,  Aldgate,  1629;  suspended  by 
Laud  ;  a  zealous  presbyterian,  attacking  the  independents 
in  '  Antapologia,'  1644 ;  published  '  Gangraena ;  or  a  .  .  . 
Discovery  of  many  Errours,  Heresies,  Blasphemies,  and 
pernicious  Practices,'  1646,  an  intemperate  polemic ; 
died  in  Holland.  [xvii.  127] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (1652-1721),  divine  and 
orientalist ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1677 ; 
engaged  to  assist  in  the  Coptic  impression  of  the  New 
Testament,  1685 ;  chaplain  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
rector  of  Aldwinckle  All  Saints,  1707-21 ;  left  a  Coptic 
lexicon  ready  for  the  press.  [xvii.  128] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (1699-1757),  critic  ;  entered 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1721;  F.S.A.,  1745  ;  published,  on  the 
appearance  of  Warburton's  edition  of  Shakespeare  (1747), 
an  ironical  supplement,  subsequently  named 'The  Canons 
of  Criticism  ' ;  friend  of  Samuel  Richardson  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote 
Miltonic  sonnets.  [xvii.  129] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (1729-1785),  divine;  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1754  ;  fellow;  master  of  the  free 
grammar  school  and  rector  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
Coventry,  1758-79  ;  D.D.,  1766  ;  published  'Prolegomena 
in  Libros  Veteris  Testamenti  Poeticos,'  1762,  and  wrote 
against  doctrine  of  irresistible  grace,  1759.  [xvii.  129] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (/.  1810),  divine  ;  son  of 
Thomas  Edwards  (1729-1785)  [q.  v.j  ;  LL.B.  Clare 
College,  Cambridge,  1782 ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  1787  ; 
LL.D. ;  published  treatise  on  free  inquiry  in  religion,  1792. 

[xvii.  130] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (1775  ?-1845),  law  reporter ; 
LL.D.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1805 ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
Hall  and  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons ;  Surrey  magis- 
trate ;  compiled  a  collection  of  admiralty  cases,  1812. 

[xvii.  130] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  (CAERFALLWCH)  (1779-1858), 
Welsh  author  ;  published  '  An  Analysis  of  Welsh  Ortho- 
graphy,' 1845,  and  an  '  English  and  Welsh  Dictionary,' 
1850.  [xvii.  130] 

EDWARDS,  THOMAS  CHARLES  (1837-1900), 
divine  ;  eon  of  Lewis  Edwards  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  London,  1862  ; 
B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1866;  M.A.,  1872;  first 
principal  of  University  College  of  Wales,  Aberystwyth, 
1872-91,  of  Welsh  Oalvinistic  methodiat  theological  college, 
Bala,  1891 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1887,  University  of  Wales, 
1898 ;  published  religious  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  178] 

EDWARDS,  WILLIAM  (1719-1789),  bridge-builder 
in  South  Wales;  originated  (1761)  the  invention  of  per- 
forated haunches  to  remove  the  pressure  to  which  the 
single  arch  of  his  bridge  over  the  Taff  had  succumbed  ; 
independent  minister.  [xvii.  130] 

EDWARDS,  WILLIAM  CAMDEN  (1777-1855),  en- 
graver, mainly  of  portrait-plates.  "  [xvii.  131] 

EDWARDSTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1396),  Augustinian 
friar  ;  D.D.  Oxford  ;  prior  of  Clare,  Suffolk ;  accompanied 
Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  to  Italy  as  confessor ;  acted  as 
archbishop  of  some  English  diocese.  [xvii.  131] 

EDWIN  or  EADWINE,  Lat.  Atouixus  (585?- 
633),  king  of  Nortlmmbria  ;  eon  of  ^lla,  king  of  Deira, 
on  whose  death  in  688  he  fled  before  JEthelric  of  Bernicia, 
conqueror  of  Deira,  to  Cearl  of  Mercia:  subsequently 
sought  asylum  with  Raedwald,  king  of  the  East-Ansles, 
617;  his  surrender  promised  by  Raedwald  to  ^Jthelfrith, 
.fithelric's  son  and  successor  ;  accosted  by  Paulinus,  who 
gave  him  a  sign  for  future  recognition,  soon  after  which 
Raedwald  defeated  and  slew  .Ethelfrith,  617.  Edwin  there- 
upon became  king  of  Deira,  and,  annexing  Bernicia  and 
neighbouring  territory,  formed  the  united  Northumbrian 
kingdom ;  extended  his  power  in  all  directions  ;  in  625 
married  .fflthelburh,  sister  of  Eadbald,  king  of  Kent ;  con-  | 
verted  to  Christianity  by  the  action  of  Paulinus  in  re-  ! 


EGA3ST 


minding  him  of  the  sign  given  him  at  Rredwald's  court ; 
baptised,  627 ;  appointed  Paulinus  archbishop  of  York; 
defeated  and  slain  in  battle  with  Peuda  [q.  v.]  of  Mnvin. 

EDWIN,     ELIZABETH    REBECCA     (177*1  ?-l  854), 
\  actress  ;  nte  Richnrds  ;  appeared,  when  eight  years  old,  at 
I  the  Crow  Street  Theatre,  Dublin  ;  acted  at  Covent  Garden 
in  Murphy's  'Citizen,'  1789 ;  the  original  Lady  Traffic  in 
'  Riches,  or  the  Wife  and  Brother,'  at  the  Lyceum,  1810  ; 
I  played,  1821,  the  Duenna  in  Sheridan's  comic  opera  at 
j  Drury  Lane,  where  she  had  been  engaged  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  T.  Sheridan.  [xvii.  134] 

EDWIN,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (1642-1707),  lord  mayor 
of  London  ;  wool  merchant  in  Great  St.  Helens  ;  master 
of  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Company,  1688 ;  member  of  the 
Skinners'  Company;  sheriff  of  Glamorganshire,  and 
knighted,  1687  ;  present  as  sheriff  of  London  and  Middle- 
sex (1688-9)  at  the  proclamation  of  William  and  Mary ; 
commissioner  of  excise,  1689-91 ;  captain  of  a  trainband 
regiment  and  of  the  horse  volunteers  :  cashiered  from  his 
military  appointments  for  nonconformity,  1690;  lord 
mayor,  1697  ;  acquiesced  in  an  order  to  discontinue  his 
much  ridiculed  practice  of  attending  nonconformist 
meetings  in  full  civic  state,  1697.  [xvii.  135] 

EDWIN,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1749-1790),  comedian; 
secretary  for  one  year  to  the  South  Sea  Trust  ;  took 
comic  parts  at  the  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  and  at 
Bath;  for  a  long  time  the  mainstay  of  the  Hay  market; 
appeared  at  Covent  Garden  after  1779 ;  associated  with 
John  O'Keeffe,  who  wrote  comic  songs  for  him ;  created 
Figaro  in  the  '  Spanish  Barber  '  and  Punch  in  '  Pleasures 
of  the  Town  '  (adaptation  from  Fielding) ;  played  Dog- 
berry, Cloten,  Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  and  similar  charac- 
ters ;  praised  by  Column  as  a  burletta  singer. 

[xvii.  137] 

EDWIN,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1768-1805),  actor  ;  son 
of  John  Edwin  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  appeared  at  the  Hay- 
market  as  Hengo  in  'Boriduca,'  1778,  and  as  Blister  in 
'The  Virgin  Unmasked,'  1792;  committed  suicide  from 
mortification  at  a  lampoon.  [xvii.  139] 

EDWY  or  EADWIG  (d.  959),  king  of  the  English ; 
eldest  son  of  Eadmund  and  St.  .Slfgifu ;  became  king, 
955 ;  exiled  Dunstan  for  refusing  to  authorise  his  proposed 
marriage  with  ^Elfgifu  [q.  v.] ;  forced  by  the  '  witan '  to 
resign  the  country  north  of  the  Thames  to  his  brother 
Eadgar,  957 ;  appointed  two  opponents  of  Dunstan's 
monastic  reforms  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  [xvii.  140] 

EDZELL,  LORD  (1651  ?-1610).  [See  LINDSAY,  SIR 
DAVID.] 

EEDES,  JOHN  (1609  ?-1667  ?),  divine;  B.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1630;  ejected  from  his  ministry  in  the 
isle  of  Sheppey  during  the  civil  war ;  published  '  The 
Orthodox  Doctrine  concerning  Justification  by  Faith 
asserted  and  vindicated,'  1654.  [xvii.  141] 

EEDES,  RICHARD  (1655-1604).    [See  EDES.] 

EEDES,  RICHARD  (d.  1686),  presbyterian  divine; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1634  ;  subscribed  the 
covenant ;  vicar  of  Beckford,  1647-58 ;  attempted,  with- 
out success,  to  conciliate  the  court  party  after  the  Re- 
storation ;  published  homilies.  [xvii.  141] 

EFFINGHAM,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation 
(1767-1845).  [See  HOWARD,  KENNETH  ALEXANDER.] 

EFFINGHAM,  BARONS.  [See  HOWARD,  LORD  WIL- 
LIAM, first  BARON,  1510?-1573;  HOWARD,  CHARLES, 
second  BAROK,  1536-1624.] 

EGAN,  JAMES  (1799-1842),  mezzotint  engraver ;  of 
humble  origin :  learnt  his  art  while  employed  in  laying 
mezzotint  grounds  for  S.  W.  Reynolds  (1773-1836)  [q.  v.] ; 
died  before  attaining  success.  [xvii.  141] 

EGAN,  JOHN  (1750  ?-1810),  chairman  of  Kilmain- 
ham,  co.  Dublin;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1773; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1778 ;  bencher  of  King's  Inns, 
Dublin,  1787;  LL.D.,  honor-is  causd,  Dublin,  1790;  chair- 
man of  Kilmainham ;  sat  for  Tallagh  in  the  Irish  House 
of  Commons.  [xvii.  142] 

EGAN,  PIERCE,  the  elder  (1772-1849),  author  of 
'  Life  in  London ' ;  attacked  the  Prince  Regent  and  Mrs. 
Robinson  in  '  The  Mistress  of  Royalty ;  or  the  Loves  of 
Florizel  and  Perdita,'  1814 ;  issued  '  Boxiana  ;  or  Sketches 


EGAN 


391 


EGERTON 


of  Modern  Pugilism,'  a  monthly  serial,  1818-24 ;  brought 
out  '  Life  in  London  ;  or.  The  Day  and  Night  Scenes  of 
Jerry  Hawthorn  .  .  .  and  .  .  .  Corinthian  Tom,  accom- 
panied by  Bob  Logic,'  in  monthly  numbers  from  1821,  a 
book  which  was  frequently  dramatised  and  pirated  :  pub-  | 
lished  a  didactic  sequel,    1828:     furnished    the    '  slang  , 
phrases'  to  Francis  Grose's  'Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  : 
Tongue,'  1823  ;  commenced '  Pierce  Main's  Life  in  London 
and  Sporting  Guide,'  a  weekly  newspajHT,  1824  ;  com- 
pleted his  serial, '  Pierce  Egan's  Book  of  Sports  and  Mirror 
of  Life,'  1832 ;  dedicated  to  Queen  Victoria  'The  Pilgrims 
of  the  Thames  in  Search  of  the  National,'  1838. 

[xvii.  142] 

EGAN,  PIERCE,  the  younger  (1814-1880),  novelist; 
son  of  Pierce  Bgan  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  executed  etchings 
for '  The  Pilgrims  of  the  Thames  in  Search  of  the  National,* 
1837 ;  published  novels  of  the  feudal  period ;  edited  the 
4  Home  Circle,'  1849-61 ;  contributed  to '  London  Journal ' 
and  other  periodicals  ;  best-known  works,  '  Eve :  or  the 
Angel  of  Innocence,'  1867,  and  '  The  Poor  Girl,'  1862-3 ; 
pioneer  of  cheap  literature.  [xvii.  144] 

EGBERT  or  ECGBERHT.  SAINT  (639-729),  a  noble 
Angle,  who'  visited  the  cells  of  the  masters '  to  study  in 
Ireland  after  652;  priest  and  monk  in  accordance 
with  a  vow ;  remonstrated  with  the  Northumbrian  king, 
Ecgfrith,  on  his  unprovoked  war  with  the  Irish,  c.  684 ;  ', 
visited  St.  Columba's  monasteries  in  lona,  716 ;  success- 
fully advocated  the  Roman  Easter  in  lona,  716,  intro- 
ducing also  the  Roman  tonsure,  718.  [xvii.  146] 

EGBERT  or   EGGBERHT  (</.    766),  archbishop  of 
York ;  cousin  of  Oeolwulf  [q.  v.],  king  of  Northnmbria  ; 
archbishop  of  York,  732-66 ;  obtained  his  pall  from  Rome, 
735  ;  supreme  in  ecclesiastical  matters,  issuing  also  coins  ( 
bearing  his  own  name  along   with  that  of  his  brother  ' 
Eadbert    [q.   v.],  king  of    Northumbria ;    founded   the  j 
cathedral  scho»l  of  York,  in  which  he  himself  taught ; 
wrote  Latin  ecclesiastical  works.  [xvii.  147] 

EGBERT,  ECGBERHT,  or  ECGBRYHT  (</.  839), 
king  of  the  West-Saxons :  son  of  Ealhmund,  an  under- 
king  of  Kent :  banished  from  England  by  Offa  of  Mercia 
and  Beorhtric  of  Wessex  [q.  v.],  the  latter  conceiving  his 
throne  to  be  endangered  by  Egbert's  ancestral  claims; 
lived  at  the  court  of  Charlemagne  till  802 ;  accepted  as 
king  by  the  West-Saxons,  802  ;  routed  a  force  of  Cornish- 
men,  c.  826  ;  regained  the  kingdom  of  Kent;  received  final 
submission  of  Mercia,  828 ;  overlord  of  Northumbria,  and 
eighth  Bretwalda,  829 ;  defeated  by  Scandinavian  pirates 
at  Charmouth,  835 ;  probably  brought  the  shire  military 
organisation  to  its  completion  in  Wessex  ;  agreed  to  a 
perpetual  alliance  with  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  at 
Kingston,  838;  defeated  nortbmen  and  Cornishmen  at 
Hengestduue,  837.  [xvii.  148] 

EGERTON,  CHARLES  CHANDLER  (1798-1885),  sur- 
geon ;  learnt  medicine  at  the  then  united  hospitals  of  St. 
Thomas's  and  Guy's;  assistant-surgeon  on  the  Bengal 
establishment  to  deal  with  eye-disease  among  the  Indo- 
European  lads  of  the  lower  orphan  school,  1823 ;  oculist 
at  the  Indian  Eye  Hospital :  first  surgeon  at  the  Calcutta 
Medical  College  Hospital.  [xvii.  151] 

EGERTON,  DANIEL  (1772-1835),  actor  ;  bred  to  the 
law ;  member  of  the  Covent  Garden  Company,  Henry 
VIII,  Tullus  Aufidius,  Syphax,  and  Clytus  being  esteemed 
his  best  parts  in  tragedy  ;  manager  of  the  Olympic,  1821, 
and  of  Sadler's  Wells,  1821^ :  ruined  by  the  failure  (1834) 
of  the  Victoria  Theatre,  of  which  he  was  proprietor. 

[xvii.  151] 

EGERTON,  FRANCIS,  third  and  last  DITKB  ov 
BRIDGEWATER  (1736-1803) ;  devoted  himself,  after  making 
the  grand  tour,  to  the  development  of  his  coal  mines  at 
Worsley,  Lancashire,  1759 ;  called  the  founder  of  British 
inland  navigation  on  account  of  the  canal  which  he  em- 
ployed James  Brindley  [q.  v.]  to  construct  from  Worsley 
to  Manchester,  1760 ;  constructed,  under  great  pecuniary 
difficulties,  a  canal  connecting  Manchester  and  Liverpool, 
1762-72;  subscribed  lOO.OOO/.  to  the  loyalty  loan;  'the 
first  great  Manchester  man.'  [xvii.  151] 

EGERTON,  FRANCIS,  first  EARL  op  EI.LESMERE 
(1800-1857),  statesman  and  poet ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  captain  in  the  Staffordshire 
regiment  of  yeomanry,  1819  ;  M.P.,  Bletchingley,  1822-6  ; 
an  early  promoter  of  free-trade  and  the  London  Univer- 
sity ;  M.P.  for  Sutherland,  1826  and  1830,  for  South  Lan- 
cashire, 1835,  1837,  and  1841-6 ;  privy  councillor,  1828 ; 


privy  councillor  for  Ireland,  1828 ;  secretary  at  war,  1830 ; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1834  ;  rector  of  Kind's  (,'olleee,  Aberdeen, 
1838;  first  president  of  Caimli-n  Society,  1H3H  ;  pn 
of  the  British  Association,  1842,  and  of  other  learned 
bodies  ;  created  Viscount  Brackley  of  Brackley  and  Earl 
<,t  Kll.-smere  of  Kllesmere,  1846;  K.G.,  1855.  HiB  trans- 
lations include  'Faust  .  .  .  and  Schiller's  Song  of  the 
Ik-li;  1823,  and  Araari'a  'History  of  the  War  of  the 
Sicilian  Vespers,'  1850,  bin  original  works  '  Donna 
Charitea,  poems,'  and  a  'Guide  to  Northern  Archneology,' 
1848.  [xvii.  153] 

EGERTON,  FRANCIS  HENRY,  eighth  EARL  OF 
BRIDOKWATER  (1756-1829),  founder  of  the  'Bridgewater 
Treatises';  son  of  John  Egerton,  bishop  of  Durham 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton,  Christ  Church  and  All  Souls 
Oollege,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1780 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  1780 ; 
prebendary  of  Durham,  1780  :  held  livings  in  Shropshire: 
F.R.S.,  1781 ;  F.S.A.,  1791 ;  prince  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire:  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  Viscount 
Brackley,  and  Baron  Ellesmere,  182H  :  left  8.000J.  for  tin- 
best  work  on  '  The  Goodness  of  God  as  manifested  in  the 
Creation,'  which  was  divided  among  the  eight  authors 
of  the  'Bridgewater  Treatises';  published  translations, 
family  biographies,  and  other  works.  [xvii.  154] 

EGERTON,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  BKIDOKWATER 
(1579-1649),  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Egerton,  baron  Ellesmere 
[q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Essex's  Irish  expedition,  1599 ;  M.P., 
Shropshire,  1601 ;  knighted,  1603 ;  honorary  M.A.  of 
Oxford,  whither  he  accompanied  James  1, 1605  ;  created 
Earl  of  Bridgewater,  1617 :  privy  councillor,  1626  ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Wales,  1631,  Milton's  '  Comus '  being  written 
for  the  festivities  held  at  Ludlow  Castle  (1634)  on  the 
occasion  of  his  taking  up  the  appointment,  [xvii.  156] 

EGERTON,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OK  BRIDOEWATER 
(1622-1686),  eldest  surviving  son  of  John,  first  earl  [q.  v.] : 
represented  the  Elder  Brother  in  Milton's  '  Oomus '  at  its 
first  performance,  1634;  high  steward  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, 1663 ;  M.A.,  1663 :  privy  councillor,  1666  and 
1679 :  a  commissioner  to  inquire  into  fche  expenditure  of 
the  Dutch  war  vote,  1667.  [xvii.  156] 

EGERTON,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OP  BRIDGEWATEK 
(1646-1701),  eldest  surviving  son  of  John,  second  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1660 ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Buckingham- 
shire, 1685 ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1686 ;  removed  from  lord- 
lieutenancy  of  Buckinghamshire,  as  disaffected,  1687: 
re-instated  by  William  III ;  privy  councillor ;  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1699  ;  lord-justice  of  the  kingdom,  1699. 

[xvii.  157] 

EGERTON,  JOHN  (1721-1787),  bishop  of  Durham : 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  prebendary 
of  Hereford,  1746;  king's  chaplain,  1749;  dean  of  Here- 
ford, 1750;  D.O.L. :  bishop  of  Bangor,  1756-68:  bishop 
of  Lichfield,  1768-71:  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1768; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1771 ;  granted  a  new  charter  to  the 
city  of  Durham,  1780.  [xvii.  158] 

EGERTON,  SIR  PHILIP  DE  MALPAS  GREY-  (1806- 
1881),  palaeontologist:  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1828 ;  travelled  with  a  friend  over 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  in  quest  of  fossil  fishes ; 
M.P.  for  Chester,  1830  and  1835-68,  for  West  Cheshire, 
1868-81 ;  contributed  to  the  '  Decades  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  Great  Britain';  F.G.S.,  1829;  F.R.S.,  1831; 
Wollaston  medallist  of  the  Geological  Society,  1873 ;  pub- 
lished antiquarian  works  and  catalogues  of  his  collections. 

[xvii.  159] 

EGERTON,  SARAH  (1782-1847),  actress  ;  nAt  Fisher : 
appeared  at  Bath,  1803 :  overshadowed  as  a  tragedian  at 
Covent  Garden  (1811-13)  by  Mrs.  Siddons ;  the  original 
Ravina  in  Pocock's  '  Miller  and  his  Men,'  1813  :  excelled 
in  melodrama.  [xvii.  159] 

EGERTON,  STEPHEN  (1555  ?-1621  ?),  puritan 
divine ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1579 ;  leader  in  for- 
mation of  presbytery  at  Wandsworth ;  suspended  for  re- 
fusing to  subscribe  Whitgift's  articles,  1584 ;  imprisoned, 
1590 :  minister  of  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars,  1698-c.  1621 ; 
introduced  petition  to  the  lower  house  of  convocation  for 
a  reformed  prayer-book,  1604 ;  published  sermons. 

[xvii.  160] 

EGERTON,  SIR  THOMAS,  BARON  ELLRSMERK  and 
VISCOUNT  BRACKLKY  (1640  ?-1617),  lord  chancellor  ;  bar- 
rister of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1572  ;  governor  of  the  inn,  1580; 
treasurer,  1587 ;  solicitor-general,  1681 ;  attorney-general, 
1592;  knighted,  1593;  master  of  the  rolls,  1694-1603; 


EGG 


392 


ELDERTON 


lord-keeper,  1596  and  1603;  privy  councillor:  employed 
by  Elizabeth  on  diplomatic  commission*;  befriended 
Francis  Bacon,  and  (1599)  counscllcil  K-sex  to  show 
greater  prudence  ;  made  Baron  RUeNMVeaad  lord  <.-han- 
cellor,  1603;  obtained  a  Star-ch:unber  declaration  that 
the  deprivation  in  1605  of  puritan  ministers  was  legal  : 
enforced  the  catholic  penal  laws  :  helped  to  determine  the 
Act  of  Union  between  England  and  Scotland  (1606  and 
1607),  maintaining  the  right  of  a  Scotsman  born  after 
James  I's  accession  to  hold  land  in  England,  1608  ;  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  1610-17  ;  obtained  from  Bacon  an  opinion 
in  favour  of  the  equity  court  against  Coke,  1616  ;  created 
Viscount  Brackley,  1616  ;  resigned  the  lord  chancellorship, 
1617;  complimented  by  Sir  John  Davies,  Camden,  Ben 
Jouson,  and  Samuel  Daniel  ;  left  in  manuscript  judicial 
and  legal  treatises.  [xvii.  161] 

EGO,  AUGUSTUS  LEOPOLD  (1816-1863),  subject- 
painter  ;  student  in  the  Royal  Academy,  1836,  exhibiting 
his  'Spanish  Girl,'  1838:  R.A.,  1860.  His  first  work  of 
importance,  'The  Victim,'  was  engraved  in  the  'Gems  of 
European  Art.'  [xvii.  163] 

EGGLESFIELD,    ROBERT  (d.  1349).    [See  EGLES- 

KIKLI).] 

EGGLESTONE,    WILLIAM    (Jt.  1605-1623).       [See 

ECCLESTONB.] 

EGOTTON,  FRANCIS  (1737-1805),  painter  on  glass  ; 
partner  with  Boulton  in  the  production  of  'mechanical 
paintings  '  or  l  polygraphs,'  the  process  having  been  per- 
fected by  himself  ;  established  a  factory  at  Birmingham, 
in  which  he  revived  glass-painting,  in  the  form  of  trans- 
parencies on  glass  ;  given  commissions  for  various  eccle- 
siastical buildings.  [xvii.  164] 


,  FRANCIS  (1775-1823),  engraver  :  nephew 
of  Francis  Eginton  (1737-1805)  [q.  v.];  illustrated  topo- 
graphical and  historical  works.  [xvii.  165] 

EGLESFIELD,  ROBERT  OP  (d.  1349),  founder  of  the 
Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  said  to  have  been  B.D.  of  Ox- 
ford ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Philippa,  and  rector  of  Burgh, 
Westmoreland;  established  the  'Hall  of  the  Queen's 
Scholars  of  Oxford"  by  royal  charter,  1341;  drew  up 
statutes  for  his  foundation,  1341  ;  possibly  identical  with 
Robert  de  Eglesfield,  knight  of  the  shire  for  Cumberland 
in  1328.  [xvii.  165] 

EGLET,  WILLIAM  (1798-1870),  miniature-painter  ; 
exhibited  portraits  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1824  and 
at  other  institutions.  [xvii.  166] 

EGLINTON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MONTGOMERIE,  HUGH, 
first  EARL,  1460?-1545;  MONTOOMERIK,  HUGH,  third 
EARL,  15317-1585;  MONTGOMERY,  ALEXANDER,  sixth 
EARL,  1588-1661;  MONTGOMERIB,  HUGH,  seventh  EARL, 
1613-1669;  MONTGOMERIE,  ALEXANDER,  ninth  EARL, 
16607-1729;  MONTGOMERIE,  ALEXANDER,  tenth  EARL, 
1723-1769;  MONTGOMERIE,  ARCHIBALD,  eleventh  EARL, 
1726-1796;  MONTGOMERIE,  HUGH,  twelfth  EARL,  1739- 
1819  ;  MONTGOMERIE,  ARCHIBALD,  thirteenth  EARL,  1812- 
1861.] 

EGLISHAM,  GEORGE  (fl.  1612-1642),  Scottish  phy- 
sician and  poet  ;  M.D.,  probably  of  Leyden  ;  physician  to 
James  VI,  1616;  undertook  in  his  'Duellum  Poeticum' 
to  prove  that  George  Buchanan  had  been  guilty  of  '  im- 
piety towards  God,  perfidy  to  his  prince,  and  tyranny  to 
the  muses,'  1618;  published  (1626)  'Prodromus  Vindictee,' 
a  pamphlet  charging  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  with 
being  a  poisoner  ;  retired  to  Brussels  from  the  anger  of 
the  duke,  1626.  [xvii.  166] 

EGMOHT,  EARLS  OP.  [See  PERCEVAL,  JOHN,  first 
EARL,  1683-1748  ;  PERCEVAL,  JOHN,  second  EARL,  1711- 

EGREMONT,  EARLS  OP.  [See  WTNDHAM,  SIR 
CHARLES,  second  EARL,  1710-1763  ;  WYXDHAM,  SIR 
GEORGE  O'BRIEN,  third  EARL,  1751-1837.] 

EHRET,  GEORG  DIONYSIUS  (1710-1770),  botanic 
draughtsman  ;  born  at  Erfurt  ;  contributed  the  drawings 
to  Linnaeus'B  4  Hortus  Cliffortianus,'  1737  ;  befriended  in 
England  by  the  Duchess  of  Portland,  Dr.  Mead,  and  Sir 
Hans  Sloane  ;  chief  published  works,  •  Plant®  Selectee,' 
1750,  and  'Plant®  et  Papiliones  selectee,'  1748-50. 

[xvii.  167] 


EINEON  (Jl.  1093),  Welsh  prince  and  warrior;  in  ac- 
cordance with  promise  to  Testin  [q.  v.],  prince  of  Mor- 
ganwsr.  secured  Norman  aid  for  him  against  Rhys,  chief 
king  of  South  Wales,  on  the  condition  that  he  should 
marry  Testin's  daughter :  organised  a  revolt  which  gave 
South  Wales  to  the  Normans,  lestin  having  ignored  his 
agreement  when  victorious  [xvii.  167] 

EIRENJEUS,  PHILALETHES(fc.  1622?),  alchemist; 
real  name  unknown :  claimed  to  have  discovered  philo- 
sopher's stone,  1645  ;  friend  of  Robert  Boyle  and  George 
Starkey  [q.  v.] ;  published  works  on  alchemy,  1G54-84. 

[liv.  108] 

EKINS,  SIR  CHARLES  (1768-1855),  admiral;  son  of 
Jeffery  Ekins  [q.  v.] ;  served  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar, 
1782:  lieutenant,  1790:  invalided  home  from  the  West 
Indies  with  despatches,  1801 ;  took  part  in  expedition 
against  Copenhagen,  1807,  operations  off  Portugal,  1808, 
ami  Baltic  cruise,  1809  ;  wounded  at  Algiers,  1816 :  C.B. 
and  C.W.N. :  admiral,  1841 :  G.C.B.,  1852 :  published 
work  on  recent  British  naval  engagements,  1824. 

[xvii.  168] 

EKINS,  JEFFERY  (d.  1791),  dean  of  Carlisle:  edu- 
cated at  Eton ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  : 
M.A.,  1758:  assistant-master  at  Eton;  chaplain  to  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle;  rector  of  Quainton,  1761-75, of  Morpeth, 
1775,  and  of  Sedgefield,  1777 ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1781 : 
dean  of  Carlisle,  1782 ;  friend  of  Richard  Cumberland ; 
poet,  and  translator  of  '  The  Loves  of  Medea  and  Jason ' 
from  Apollonius  Rhodius,  1771.  [xvii.  169] 

ELCHIES,  LORD  (1690-1754).  [See  GRANT,  PA- 
TRICK.] 

ELCHO,  LORD  (1721-1787).    [See  WEMYSS,  DAVID.] 

ELD,  GEORGE  (1791-1862),  antiquary  ;  editor  of  the 
'  Coventry  Standard ' ;  last  mayor  of  Coventry  before 
the  Municipal  Reform  Act,  1834-5 ;  restored  the  four- 
teenth-century interior  of  the  mayoress's  parlour,  Coven- 
try, 1834-5.  [xvii.  169] 

ELDER,  CHARLES  (1821-1851),  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  ;  sent  to  St.  Paul's  School,  1834  ;  commenced 
exhibiting  at  the  Academy  with  a  '  Sappho,'  1845. 

[xvii.  170] 

ELDER,  EDWARD  (1812-1858),  head-master  of 
Charterhouse;  educated  at  Charterhouse:  scholar  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1830;  Ellerton  prizeman;  M.A., 
1836 ;  tutor  of  Balliol ;  head-master  of  Durham  Cathedral 
grammar  school,  1839 ;  head-master  of  Charterhouse,  1853  ; 
D.D.,  1853;  contributed  articles  to  Smith's  'Dictionary 
of  Classical  Biography  and  Mythology.'  [xvii.  170] 

ELDER,  JOHN  (ft.  1555),  Scottish  writer ;  studied 
at  St.  Andrews,  Aberdeen,  and  Glasgow  universities : 
presented  Henry  VIII  with  a  'plot*  or  topographical 
description  of  Scotland,  1542 ;  denounced  Cardinal  David 
Beaton  [q.  v.]  in  a  letter  to  Henry  VIII ;  converted  to 
Romanism,  1553.  [xvii.  170] 

ELDER,  JOHN  (1824-1 869),  marine  engineer  and  ship- 
builder ;  continued  Randolph,  Elder  &  Co.'s  shipbuilding 
business,  1868 ;  successfully  constructed  compound 
engines  ;  read  before  the  United  Service  Institute  a  paper 
on  'Circular  Ships  of  War,  with  increased  motive  power,' 
1868  ;  president  of  the  Glasgow  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders,  1869  :  regarded  as  an  authority  on  the 
capital  and  labour  problem.  [xvii.  171] 

ELDER,  THOMAS  (1737-1799),  lord  provost  of 
Edinburgh,  1788-90,  1792-4,  and  1796-8;  broke  up  the 
Edinburgh  meeting  of  the  British  Convention  unaided, 
1793 ;  first  colonel  of  the  Royal  Edinburgh  Volunteers, 
1794 ;  postmaster-general  for  Scotland,  1795 ;  procured 
rebuilding  of  Edinburgh  College.  [xvii.  172] 

ELDER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1680-1700),  engraver;  an 
expert  engraver  of  writing;  engraved  portrait  of  Ben 
Jonson  for  the  folio  edition  of  Jonson's  works  of  1692. 

[xvii.  172] 

ELDERFIELD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1607-1652), divine  ; 
M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  William 
Goring,  Burton,  Sussex  ;  author  of  '  The  Civill  Right  of 
Tythes,'  1650,  and  a  theological  work.  [xvii.  172] 

ELDERTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1692?),  ballad-writer; 
master  of  a  company  of  comedians;  attorney  in  the 
Sheriff's  Court :  published  '  scurile  balates '  on  Campion's 
execution,  1581.  The  opening  of  one  of  his  ballads  is 
quoted  in  •  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,'  v.  2.  [xvii.  173] 


ELDIN  2 

ELDIN,  LORD  (1757-1832).    [See  CLERK,  JOHN.] 

ELDON,  first  EARL  OF  (1751-1838).  [See  SCOTT, 
JOHN.] 

ELDRED,  JOHN  (1552-1632),  traveller ;  visited,  in 
company  with  some  brother  merchants  (1583),  Tripoli, 
A-leppo,  and  Bassorah ;  wrote  account  of  voyage ;  took 
cargo  of  spices  from  Bassorah  to  Bagdad ;  journeyed 
through  Palestine  and  Arabia ;  member  of  the  first  court 
of  directors  of  the  East  India  Company,  1600 ;  patentee 
for  the  pre-emption  of  tin,  customs  farmer,  and  commis- 
sioner for  the  sale  of  lands  under  James  I.  [xvii.  174] 

ELDRED,  THOMAS  (ft.  1586-1622),  mariner  of  Ips- 
wich ;  nailed  in  one  or  both  of  the  voyages  of  Thomas 
Cavendish  [q.  v.]  ;  commander  or  factor  under  the  Eabt 
India  Company,  1600-9.  [xvii.  175] 

ELDRED,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1646),  master  gunner  of 
Dover  Castle ;  mentions  his  service  as  gunner  in  Germany 
and  the  Low  Countries  in  '  The  Gunner's  Glasse,'  1646, 
an  account  of  the  great  gun  exercise  as  then  practised. 

[xvii.  175] 

ELEANOR,  ALEENOR,  or  JENOR,  DUCHESS  OF 
AQUITAINK,  QUKEN  successively  of  FRANCE  and  ENGLAND 
(1122  ?-1204),  queen  of  Henry  II ;  daughter  of  William  X, 
duke  of  Aquitaine ;  married  by  her  father's  arrangement 
to  Louis  VII  of  France,  1137  ;  intrigued  with  her  uncle, 
Raymond  I,  prince  of  Antioch,  while  attending  her  hus- 
band on  a  crusade,  1146  ;  helped  Louis  to  pacify  Aqui- 
taine, 1152 ;  divorced  from  Louis  by  a  church  council 
on  the  ostensible  plea  of  consanguinity,  1152  ;  married 
Henry,  count  of  Anjou  and  duke  of  Normandy,  after- 
wards Henry  II  of  England.  1152  ;  enabled  by  her  ances- 
tral claims  to  induce  Henry  II  to  attack  Toulouse,  1159 ; 
abetted  her  children's  conspiracy  against  their  father, 
Henry  II,  1173 ;  arrested  and  put  under  strict  guard  at 
Salisbury  or  Winchester,  1173;  present  at  the  reconcilia- 
tion of  Henry  II  and  his  sons,  1184 ;  released,  1185 ; 
secured  the  undisturbed  recognition  of  Richard  I  as  king, 
1189;  prevented  John,  who  was  meditating  treachery 
against  his  brother,  from  crossing  to  France,  and  exacted 
an  oath  of  fealty  to  Richard  I  from  the  lords  of  the  realm, 
1192  ;  organised  force  to  resist  contemplated  invasion  of 
John  and  French  king,  1193  ;  laid  waste  Anjou,  which 
had  declared  for  her  grandson  Arthur  against  King  John, 
1199;  relieved  by  John  when  Arthur  and  Geoffrey  de 
Lusignan  besieged  her  in  Mirabeau  Castle,  1202 ;  buried 
in  Fontevraud  Abbey,  where  she  had  once  lived  in  retire- 
ment, [xvii.  175] 

ELEANOR  OF  OASTILE  (d.  1390),  queen  of  Edward  I ; 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  III  of  Castile ;  married  to  Prince 
Edward,  afterwards  Edward  I,  at  Las  Huelgas,  1254,  there- 
by giving  the  English  crown  claims  on  Gascony  and  her 
mother's  possessions  of  Ponthieu  and  Montreuil ;  entered 
London,  1255;  refugee  in  France,  1264-5;  accompanied 
her  husband  (1270)  on  his  crusade ;  sometimes  said  to 
have  saved  Edward  I's  life  by  sucking  a  poisoned  wound  ; 
crowned,  1274;  acquired  estates  by  help  of  Jewish 
usurers.  Edward  I  marked  the  route  taken  by  her  funeral 
procession  from  Nottinghamshire  to  London  by  erecting 
crosses  at  its  halting-places.  [xvii.  178] 

ELEANOR  OF  PROVENCK  (d.  1291),  queen  of  Henry 
III  ;  daughter  of  Raymond  Berenger  IV,  count  of  Pro- 
vence ;  married  to  Henry  III,  1236  ;  lost  popularity  by  her 
alleged  partiality  to  Poitevin  adventurers  in  England; 
reconciled  Henry  III  and  the  earl  marshal,  1241 ;  accom- 
panied her  husband  on  his  abortive  expedition  to  Gas- 
cony»  1242;  joint-governor  of  England  with  the  king's 
brother,  1253  ;  summoned  council  of  Westminster,  1254  : 
impoverished  herself,  the  king,  and  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  to  support  the  ambition  of  Thomas  of  Savoy, 
1255 ;  collected  mercenaries  at  Sluys  to  fight  for  Henry 
in  the  barons'  war,  1264 ;  died  a  nun  at  Amesbury. 

[xvii.  179] 

ELERS,  JOHN  PHILIP  (ft.  1690-1730),  potter ;  of 
Saxon  descent ;  came  to  London  with  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  1688;  established  pottery  works  near  Burslem, 
c.  1690 ;  with  his  brother  produced  a  red  unglazed  ware 
having  slight  raised  ornamentations  of  an  oriental 
character  ;  introduced  salt-glazing  into  Staffordshire. 

[xvii.  180] 

ELFLEDA  or  JELFUED  (654-714?),  abbess  of  Whitby; 
dedicated  to  the  church  by  her  father,  Oswiu,  as  a  thank- 
offering;  for  his  victory  over  Penda,  655;  abbess  of 


ELIOT 


Whitby,  jointly  with  her  mother,  Eanflaxl  [q.  v.],  680  ;  on 
the  side  of  Wilfrith  at  the  Northumbrian  synod,  705. 

[xri.  316] 
ELFLEDA  (d.  918  ?).    [See  ETHKLFLEDA.] 

ELFORD,  RICHARD  (d.  1714),  vocalist;  gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1702 ;  lay  vicar  at  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  and  Westminster  Abbey ;  took  part  in  the  per- 
formance before  Queen  Anne  of  Eccles's  •  Birthday 
Songs,'  1703 ;  famous  as  a  singer  of  sacred  music. 

ELFORD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1749-1837),  banker,  poli- 
tician, and  amateur  artist;  mayor  of  Plymouth,  1797; 
M.P.,  Plymouth,  1796-1806,  and  Westbury ;  M.P.,  Rye, 
1807-8  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  South  Devon  militia  iii 
Ireland,  1798-9  ;  F.R.S.,  1790  ;  created  baronet,  1800  ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1774-1837;  friend  of 
William  Pitt  (1759-1806).  [xviL  182] 

ELFRIDA  (945-1000).    [See  ^LFTHRYTH.] 

ELGIN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BIIUCK,  ROBERT,  second 
EARL,  d.  1685 ;  BRUCE,  THOMAS,  third  EARL,  1665  ?- 
1741 ;  BRUCE,  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL,  1766-1841  ; 
BRUCE,  JAMES,  eighth  EARL,  1811-1863.] 

ELGIYA  (/.  956).    [See  ^LFGIFU.] 

ELIAS,  JOHN  (1774-1841),  Welsh  Calvinistic  metho- 
diet ;  taught  in  the  '  first  Sunday  school  in  Carnarvon- 
shire ' ;  itinerant  preacher  in  Carnarvonshire ;  learnt 
English  and  studied  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  scriptures ; 
ameliorated  moral  and  religious  condition  of  Anglesey  ; 
ordained,  1811;  helped  to  draw  up  the  methodists' 
articles  of  faith,  1823  ;  opposed  Anninian  methodism  and 
catholic  emancipation  ;  a  famous  preacher ;  published 
religious  tractates  in  Welsh.  [xvii.  182] 

ELIAS,  NEY  (1844-1897),  explorer  and  diplomatist : 
F.R.G.S.,  1865;  went  to  Shanghai  in  employment  of  a 
mercantile  house,  1866  :  led  expedition  to  examine  courses 
of  Hoang-ho,  1868 ;  travelled  across  Gobi  desert  from 
great  wall  to  Nijni  Novgorod,  1872;  received  founder's 
medal  of  Roj  al  Geographical  Society,  1873 :  his  services 
secured  by  Indian  government ;  held  diplomatic  posts  in 
India  ;  made  numerous  journeys  in  various  parts  of  Asia, 
solving  on  one  occasion  the  problem  as  to  which  was  the 
upper  course  of  the  Oxus ;  retired  from  service,  1896  ; 
published  works  relating  to  bis  journeys. 

[Suppl.  ii.  178] 

EMBANK,  LORD  (d.  1621).  [See  MURRAY,  SIR 
GIDEON.] 

EUBANK,  fifth  BARON  (1703-1778).  [See  MURRAY, 
PATRICK.] 

ELIOOK,  LORD  (1712-1793).    [See  VEJTCH,  JAMES.] 

ELIOT.  [See  also  ELIOTT,  ELLIOT,  ELLIOTT,  and 
ELYOT.] 

ELIOT,  EDWARD,  BARON  ELIOT  (1727-1804),  poli- 
tician ;  visited  Montesquieu  in  company  with  Lord 
Charlemont ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Cornwall ;  M.P., 
St.  Germans,  1748-68,  Liskeard,  1768-75,  Cornwall,  1775- 
1784 ;  created  Baron  Eliot  of  St.  Germans,  1784 ;  commis- 
sioner of  board  of  trade  and  plantations,  1760-76 ;  severed 
his  connection  with  Lord  North  by  voting  against  employ- 
ment of  Hessian  troops  in  America,  1776 ;  acquaintance 
of  Dr.  Johnson  and  patron  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynold?. 


[xvii.  184] 
EARL 


ELIOT,  EDWARD  GRANVILLE,  third  EARL  OF  ST. 
GERMANS  (1798-1877),  diplomatist ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.,  Liskeard, 
1824-32  ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Madrid,  1823,  at  Lisbon, 
1824  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  Spain,  where  he  induced  the 
Carlists  and  royalists  to  make  the  '  Eliot  Convention '  for 
the  humaner  treatment  of  prisoners,  1834 ;  M.P.,  East 
Cornwall,  1837-45  ;  deputy-lieutenant  of  Cornwall,  1841 ; 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1841-5 :  carried  bill  for 
registration  of  firearms,  1843 :  honorary  LL.D.  Dublin, 
1843 ;  succeeded  as  Earl  St.  Germans,  1845 ;  appointed 
postmaster-general  and  (1852)  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland ; 
Irish  viceroy  during  Palmerston's  premiership,  1855. 

[xvii.  186] 

ELIOT,  FRANCIS  PERCEVAL  (1756  ?-1818),  writer 
on  finance;  commissioner  of  audit  at  Somerset  House; 
chief  work, '  Observations  on  the  Fallacy  of  the  supposed 
Depreciation  of  the  Paper  Currency  of  th«  Kingdom,'  1811. 

[xrii.  186] 


ELIOT 


394 


ELIZABETH 


ELIOT,  GEORGE  (pseudonym).  [See  CROSS,  MARY 
ANN,  1819-1880.] 

ELIOT,  SIR  JOHN  (1592-1632),  pntriot ;  studied  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1607-10,  and  at  one  of  the  Inns  of 
Court ;  sat  in  the  Addled  parliament  for  St.  Germans, 
1614 ;  knighted,  1618 ;  vice-admiral  of  Devon,  1619 : 
M.P.,  Newport,  Cornwall.  1624,  sympathising  with  Buck- 
ingham's policy  of  war  with  Spain  ;  urged  the  enforcement 
of  the  catholic  penal  laws  when  M.P.  for  Newport,  1625  : 
declared  his  distrust  in  a  war  policy  which  extended 
to  Denmark,  Savoy,  Germany,  and  France,  1625 ;  M.P.,  St. 
Germans,  1626  ;  attacked  Buckingham,  1626,  for  the  Cadiz 
disaster;  summed  up  the  charges  against  Buckingham, 
whom  he  compared  to  Sejanus,  1626 ;  imprisoned  for  re- 
fusing to  pay  his  share  of  the  forced  loan,  1627  ;  M.P., 
Cornwall,  1628 ;  insisted  on  the  full  acceptance  of  the 
Petition  of  Right,  1628  ;  read  three  resolutions  in  parlia- 
ment against  the  king's  religious  proceedings  and  claim  to 
levy  provisionally  tonnage  and  poundage  without  consent 
of  parliament,  2  March,  1629  ;  imprisoned  for  conspiracy 
to  resist  the  king's  lawful  order  for  the  adjournment  of 
parliament  on  2  March,  1629,  to  calumniate  the  ministers 
of  the  crown,  and  to  assault  the  speaker ;  sentenced  to  a 
fine  of  2,000'.,  1630  ;  died  in  prison.  He  left  in  manuscript 
4  The  Monarchic  of  Man  *  and  a  vindication  of  himself  in 
*  An  Apology  for  Socrates,'  also  '  Negotium  Posterorum ' 
and  •  De  Jure  Majestatis'  (all  first  printed,  1879-82). 

[xvii.  186] 

ELIOT,  JOHN  (1604-1690),  styled  the  'Indian 
Apostle';  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1622;  emi- 
grated, 1631 ;  'teacher'  of  the  church  at  Roxbury,  near 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  1632-90  ;  bore  witness  against  the 
religious  enthusiast,  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  [q.  v.],  1637 ; 
preached  his  first  sermon  to  the  aborigines  in  their  own 
tongue  at  Nonantum,  Massachusetts,  1646 :  obtained  an 
ordinance  in  parliament  (1649)  for  the  advancement  of 
civilisation  and  Christianity  among  the  Indians  :  en- 
couraged by  the  formation  of  a  society  (1649),  which  after- 
wards found  funds  for  building  an  Indian  college ;  founded 
at  Natick  the  first  township  of  '  praying  Indians,'  1651 ; 
his  '  Christian  Commonwealth '  suppressed  by  the  gover- 
nor and  council  of  New  England,  1660 ;  translated  Baxter's 
4  Call '  in. to  the  dialect  of  the  Massachusetts  Indians,  1664  ; 
his  translation  of  the  bible  into  the  same  dialect  issued  by 
the  press,  1663 ;  published  '  The  Indian  Grammar  begun,* 
1666,  an  '  Indian  Primer,'  1669,  and  a  '  Logick  Primer,' 
1672 ;  showed  great  solicitude  for  the  natives  during  King 
Philip's  war,  1675-6 ;  published  '  The  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels,'  1678 ;  died  at  Roxbury ;  narrated  the  progress 
of  his  work  in  '  Indian  tracts.'  [xvii.  189] 

ELIOT,  SIR  THOMAS  (1490  ?-1546).    [See  ELYOT.] 

ELIOTT,  SIR  DANIEL  (1798-1872),  Indian  civilian  ; 
educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy  ;  nominated  to  the 
East  India  Company's  civil  service ;  deputy  Tamil  trans- 
lator, 1822 ;  Ma  rat  ha  translator  to  the  Madras  govern- 
ment, 1823 ;  member  of  the  board  of  revenue,  1836 ; 
Madras  member  of  the  Indian  law  commission,  1838 ;  pre- 
sident of  the  revenue,  marine,  and  college  boards,  Madras, 
1850-3  ;  Madras  member  of  the  legislative  council,  1854- 
1859  ;  K.C.S.L,  1867.  [xvii.  194] 

ELIOTT,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  first  BARON  HEATH- 
FIELD  (1717-1790),  general  and  defender  of  Gibraltar: 
educated  at  Leyden  University  and  the  military  college  of 
La  Fere  ;  volunteer  in  the  Prussian  army,  1735-6 ;  cornet 
2nd  life  guards  and  field  engineer,  1739  ;  present  as  adju- 
tant at  Dettingen,  1743,  and  Fontenoy,  1745 ;  aide-de- 
camp to  George  II,  1755  ;  major-general,  1762  ;  second  in 
command  in  the  Cuban  expedition  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1763 ;  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ireland,  1774-5  ; 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1775  ;  defended  Gibraltar  against 
D' Arson  and  the  Spaniards,  1779-83 ;  K.B. ;  created 
Baron  Heathfleld  of  Gibraltar,  1787.  [xvii.  195] 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  Edward  IV  (1437  ?-1492), 
daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Woodville,  afterwards  Earl 
Rivers  :  married  Sir  John  Grey,  who  (1461)  was  killed  at 
St.  Albans ;  privately  married  to  Edward  IV,  whom  she 
personally  petitioned  for  her  husband's  forfeited  lands, 
1464  ;  crowned,  1465  ;  withdrew  into  sanctuary  at  West- 
minster on  Edward  IV's  flight,  1470 ;  principal  executrix 
of  the  will  made  by  her  husband  in  1475 ;  accused  by 
Clarence  of  having  caused  the  death  of  his  wife  by 
sorcery,  1476 ;  favoured  a  match,  which  the  council  of 
Flanders  rejected,  between  her  brother  Anthony  aud  Mary, 


daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold,  late  Duke  of  Burgundy,  1477 : 
took  sanctuary  at  Westminster  from  the  auger  of 
Gloucester  and  Buckingham  after  Edward  IV's  death, 
1483 ;  persuaded  by  Cardinal  Bourchier  to  deliver  up 
the  young  Duke  of  York,  1483 ;  her  marriage  with  Ed- 
ward IV  pronounced  invalid  in  a  parliament  controlled  by 
Richard  III,  1484;  persuaded  by  Richard  III  to  quit  her 
sanctuary  on  a  promise  of  providing  for  herself  and  her 
daughters,  by  which  he  long  postponed,  although  he  in- 
tended to  prevent,  the  marriage  arranged  for  her  daughter 
with  the  exiled  Earl  of  Richmond,  1484;  placed  by 
Henry  VII  in  full  possession  of  her  rights  as  queen- 
dowager,  1486  ;  her  lands  forfeited  (1487)  for  the  perfidy 
she  was  alleged  to  have  shown  in  1484 ;  retired  to  the 
abbey  of  Bermondsey.  She  refounded  and  endowed  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge.  [xvii.  196] 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  Henry  VII  (1465-1503),  of 
York  ;  daughter  of  Edward  IV  and  Elizabeth  Woodville  : 
her  marriage  with  the  dauphin  made  a  condition  of  peace 
between  Edward  IV  and  Louis  XI,  1475,  but  never  per- 
formed ;  promised  in  marriage  to  the  Earl  of  Richmond, 
then  an  exile  plotting  the  dethronement  of  Richard  III, 
an  arrangement  which  was  temporarily  frustrated,  1484, 
by  the  king's  specious  promises  of  protection  to  her 
mother  ;  reported  to  have  received  a  proposal  of  marriage 
from  Richard  HI ;  mentioned  in  the  '  Song  of  the  Lady 
Bessy,*  a  contemporary  composition,  as  having  induced 
Lord  Stanley  to  join  Richmond  ;  married  to  Henry  VII, 
1486,  in  pursuance  of  a  petition  presented  to  the  king  by 
parliament,  1485 ;  crowned,  1487,  after  the  suppression  of 
the  Earl  of  Lincoln's  rebellion ;  received  grant  of  her 
mother's  forfeited  lordships  and  manors  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  1487 ;  her  death  attributed  to  grief  occasioned 
by  the  decease  of  her  eldest  son,  Prince  Arthur.  An  elegy 
upon  her  was  written  by  Sir  Thomas  More.  [xvii.  200] 

ELIZABETH  (1533-1603),  queen  of  England  and  Ire- 
land ;  only  child  of  Henry  VIII  and  his  second  wife,  Anne 
Boleyn  [q.  v.]  ;  declared  illegitimate  by  parliament  in  the 
interest  of  her  father's  third  wife,  Jane  Seymour,  mother 
of  Edward  VI,  1536  ;  refused  (1547)  the  hand  of  Sir  Thomas 
Seymour,  lord  high  admiral,  who,  however,  did  not 
abandon  his  suit  till  his  execution,  1549  ;  read  Latin  and 
Greek  with  Roger  Ascham  ;  refused  to  use  her  influence 
to  save  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  1552  ;  rode  by  the  side  of 
her  elder  half-sister,  Queen  Mary,  at  the  latter's  triumphal 
entry  into  London,  1553 ;  refused  to  compromise  herself 
by  taking  part  in  the  insurrection  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt, 
who  wished  her  to  marry  Edward  Courtenay  [q.  v.],  a 
kinsman  of  the  blood  royal,  1554  ;  thrown  into  the  Tower 
at  the  instance  of  Gardiner,  1554  ;  released  from  custody 
at  Woodstock,  1554 ;  refused  to  engage  in  plots  against 
Queen  Mary :  proclaimed  queen,  in  succession  to  Mary, 
November  1558,  most  of  her  friends  and  foes  alike 
being  already  dead  ;  crowned  by  Owen  Oglethorpe  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  nearly  all  the  bishops  refusing  to  re- 
cognise her  as  head  of  the  church,  1559 ;  made  a  pro- 
clamation that  the  English  litany  should  be  read  in  the 
London  churches,  1559  ;  refused  the  hand  of  Philip  II  of 
Spain ;  declared  to  the  House  of  Commons  that  she  had 
no  intention  of  marrying,  1559  ;  played  off  three  suitors, 
Eric  of  Sweden,  Adolphus,duke  of  Holstein,  and  the  Arch- 
duke Charles,  against  one  another,  1559;  appointed 
Grindal  bishop  of  London  and  Parker  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 1559;  disturbed  by  the  cordiality  existing  be- 
tween Scotland  and  France,  although  a  treaty  had  been 
signed  (1559)  between  those  countries  and  England : 
signed  treaty  with  Scotland  through  her  agent,  Cecil,  in 
which  it  was  laid  down  that  Mary  Stuart  should  give  up 
using  the  title  of  queen  of  England  and  that  the  French 
should  quit  Scotland,  1560 ;  called  in  the  debased  coinage, 
1560  ;  pretended  a  passion  for  Robert  Dudley  [q.  v.], 
afterwards  created  Earl  of  Leicester  ;  sent  help  to  Conde, 
leader  of  the  French  protestants  in  their  war  with  the 
Duke  of  Guise  ;  compelled,  1563,  by  the  reduction  of  the 
garrison  after  the  peace  of  Amboise  to  surrender  Havre, 
which,  with  Dieppe,  had  been  the  price  of  her  support ; 
promulgated  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  and  extended  the 
range  of  the  oath  of  supremacy,  1563 ;  made  writing  in 
defence  of  the  papal  authority  liable  to  the  penalties  of  the 
statute  of  Prtemunire,  1563  ;  suggested  that  her  favourite, 
Dudley,  should  marry  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  encouraged 
the  advances  of  the  Archduke  Charles,  while  maintaining 
in  parliament  her  aversion  to  marriage  in  itself,  1664 : 
grudgingly  thanked  Sir  Henry  Sidney  for  his  services 
against  Shaen  O'Neill  ill  Ireland,  1567  ;  imprisoned  Mary 


ELIZABETH 


EKLERTON 


Queen  of  Scots,  1568  and  15G9  ;  excommunicated  by  I ''>;><• 
Pius  V,  1670 ;  encouraged  the  vindictive  measure-;  mlopt.-il 
in  the  nortli  on  the  suppression  of  the  catholic  rebellion, 
1571 ;  executed  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  1572,  soon  after 
the  discovery  of  the  Hulolfi  plot ;  forbade  parliament  to 
proceed  with  the  bill  of  attainder  against  Mary  Stuart ; 
received  from  Charles  IX  of  France  a  proposal  of  mar- 
riage with  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  1571  ;  gave 
orders  for  the  execution  of  Northumberland,  whom  the 
Scots  had  sold  to  Lord  Hunsdon,  1572  ;  accepted  Francis, 
duke  d'Alencon,  as  a  suitor,  1572-34  ;  vainly  attempted  to 
get  the  regent  Morton  to  pay  for  his  English  auxiliaries  in 
Scotland,  1573  ;  sent  a  force  to  help  the  United  Provinces 
against  Spain,  though  not  fully  understanding  the  sig- 
nificance of  her  action  or  Lord  Burghley's  policy,  1572  : 
recalled  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  her  general  in  the  Nether- 
lands, 1572;  undertook  to  act  as  peacemaker  between 
Philip  II  and  the  Low  Countries,  the  sovereignty  of  which 
phe  declined,  1573  ;  put  in  force  the  penal  laws  against 
Romanists  and  especially  against  the  seminarist  priests  of 
Douay,  who,  after  receiving  their  education  at  Douay,  re- 
turned to  England  to  work  quietly  as  •  missioners,'  1674  ; 
suspended  Griudal,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  refusing 
to  suppress  the  prophesyings  of  the  puritans,  1577  ;  the 
protection  of  her  person  guaranteed  by  a  sort  of  plebiscite, 
which  was  signed  among  others  by  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
1584;  betrayed  into  greater  severity  by  the  discovery  of 
the  Guise  conspiracy ;  transferred  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to 
the  custody  of  Sir  Amyas  Paulet  at  Tutbury,  at  a  time 
when  the  treasonable  acts  of  Mary's  adherents  were  com- 
promising her  safety,  1585  ;  sent  troops  under  Leicester 
(1585)  to  fight  with  the  insurgents  of  the  Netherlands 
against  Parma,  but  soon  necessitated  his  return  by  with- 
holding supplies,  1586  ;  ordered  the  torture  and  execution 
of  the  Babington  conspirators,  1580 ;  shrank,  in  fear  of  the 
moral  condemnation  of  the  world,  from  signing  the  death- 
warrant  of  Mary  Stuart,  but  ultimately  consented,  after 
having  ineffectually  suggested  to  Mary's  warders  the  de- 
sirability of  a  secret  assassination,  1 587 ;  recognised 
James  VI  as  king  of  Scotland,  1687  ;  drawn  into  a  war 
with  Spain  by  Drake's  action  in  destroying  a  Spanish 
squadron  off  Cadiz,  1587 ;  disregarded  the  advice  of 
WaLnngham  and  her  council  to  precipitate  an  attack  upon 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588 ;  caused  the  death  of  many  of 
the  sailors  by  reducing  the  commissariat  of  the  fleet  below 
the  level  of  bare  necessity,  1588 ;  reviewed  her  troops  at 
Tilbury,  1688 ;  supported  Henry  of  Navarre's  claim  to 
inherit  the  French  crown,  1590  and  1691 ;  lost  her  bravest 
commanders,  Drake  and  Hawkins,  in  an  expedition  to  the 
Spanish  main,  despatched  1596 ;  deprived  by  death  of  the 
services  of  her  treasurer,  Lord  Burghley,  1598 ;  her  mar- 
shal in  Ireland,  Sir  Henry  Bagnal,  defeated  by  Tyrone, 
the  leader  of  an  insurrection  prompted  by  maladministra- 
tion and  the  abolition  of  the  ancient  Brehon  law,  1598 ; 
appointed  Essex  'lieutenant  and  governor-general  of 
Ireland,'  in  which  post  he  failed  signally,  1599  ;  humoured 
the  Commons  by  the  revocation  of  monopolies,  1601  ; 
threw  upon  the  church  courts  the  burden  of  dealing  with 
puritans  and  sectaries ;  kept  many  of  the  sees  vacant  in 
order  to  use  their  revenues  for  governmental  purposes ; 
sent  Essex  to  the  scaffold,  his  attempted  insurrection 
leaving  her  no  option,  1601 ;  sanctioned  a  plundering  ex- 
pedition to  the  coast  of  Spain,  which  failed  to  secure  any 
treasure,  1602 ;  died  at  Richmond  of  the  effects  of  a  cold 
supervening  on  health  already  broken,  2*  March  1602-3  ; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  28  April  1603.  [xvii.  203] 

ELIZABETH  (1635-1650),  princess  ;  second  daughter 
of  Charles  I;  appealed  to  the  lords  to  be  allowed  to 
retain  in  her  service  the  principal  members  of  her  house- 
hold, 1642 ;  devoted  herself,  when  separated  from  her 
parents,  to  the  study  of  languages  and  theology,  in  which 
she  made  great  proficiency ;  dedicatee  of  Alexander  Bow- 
ley's  biblical  lexicon  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  1648  ;  named 
'Temperance1  from  her  gentle  bearing;  facilitated  the 
escape  of  the  Duke  of  York,  1648 ;  panegyrised  by  Chris- 
topher Wase  in  his  translation  of  Sophocles'  '  Electra,' 
1649  ;  died  a  prisoner  at  Carisbrooke  Castle,  [xvii.  232] 

ELIZABETH  (1596-1662),  queen  of  Bohemia; 
daughter  of  James  VI  of  Scotland :  represented  the 
nymph  of  the  Thames  in  Daniel's  '  Tethys's  Festival '  at 
Whitehall,  1610;  married,  after  the  falling  through  of  many 
other  political  plans,  to  the  Elector  Palatine,  Frederick  V, 
1613  ;  her  husband  chosen  king  of  Bohemia,  till  then  an 
appanage  of  the  empire,  1619;  crowned,  1619;  found  a 
temporary  refuge  with  George  William,  elector  of  Bran- 


denburg, aft?  r  her  husband's  defeat  by  the  Emperor  Fre- 
derick II  at  Prague,  1B20  ;  the  seizure  of  her  husband'H 
dominions  by  Maximilian,  duke  of  Bavaria,  confirmed  at 
the  conference  of  Katisbon,  1623;  named  the  Queen  of 
Hearts  for  her  winning  demeanour  ;  her  <>:uisi:  ineffec- 
tually championed  by  her  chivalrous  cousin,  Duke  Chris- 
tian of  Brunswick,  1623  ;  her  charm  immortalized  in  a 
poem  by  .Sir  Henry  Wottou  ;  lost  her  eldest  son,  1629,  and 
her  husband,  1632,  soon  after  the  death  of  GU-T 
Adolphus  at  Lutzeii  ;  levied  a  small  army  on  behalf  of 
her  eldest  surviving  son,  Charles  Lewis,  1633,  to  whom 
part  of  the  Palatinate  was  restored  by  the  peace  of  West- 
phalia, 1648  ;  subsidised  by  William,  first  earl  of  Craven 
[q.  v.]  ;  deserted  by  her  children,  Charles  Lewis  allowing 
his  mother  to  remain  dependent  on  the  generosity  of 
Holland;  granted  10,000*.  by  the  parliament  of  the 
Restoration,  1660  ;  pensioned  by  her  nephew,  Charles  II, 
who  had  at  first  looked  coldly  on  her  coming  to  England  ; 
bequeathed  to  her  favourite  son,  Prince  Rupert,  most  of 
her  jewellery,  1662  ;  dial  at  Leicester  House,  Leicester 
Fields,  London,  13  Feb.  1661-2,  and  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey;  long  regarded  as  a  martyr  to  protes- 
tantism. [xvii.  233] 

ELIZABETH,  PRINCESS  OF  ENGLAND  and  LAND- 
GRAVINE OF  HESSE-HOMBURG  (1770-1840),  artist  ;  daugh- 
ter of  George  III  ;  designed  a  series  of  pictures,  entitled. 
'The  Birth  and  Triumph  of  Cupid,'  1795;  established 
society  at  Windsor  for  giving  dowries  to  poor  girls,  1808  ; 
married,  1818,  Frederick  Joseph  Louis,  hereditary  prince 
of  Hesse-  Homburg,  who  died  1829  ;  set  apart  6.000/.  a 
year  to  reduce  the  deficits  of  Hesse-  Homburg  ;  reissued 
her  sketches  '  Power  and  Progress  of  Genius,'  to  benefit 
the  poor  of  Hanover,  1834.  [xvii.  240] 

ELKINGTON,  GEORGE  RICHARDS  (1801-1865), 
introducer  of  electro-plating;  Birmingham  magistrate, 
1856;  introduced,  in  conjunction  with  his  cousin,  Henry 
Elkington  [q.  v.],  the  industry  of  electro-  plating  and 
electro-gilding,  at  first  using  the  voltaic  pile  and  subse- 
quently Wright's  solution  ;  patentee  for  '  mercurial  gild- 
ing,' 1836  and  1837.  [xvii.  240] 

ELKINGTON,  HENRY  (1810-1852),  inventor  ;  cousin 
of  G.  R.  Elkington  [q.  v.]  ;  invented  and  patented  the 
pautascopic  spectacles.  [xvii.  241] 

ELLA. 


ELLA,  JOHN  (1802-1888),  violinist  and  director  of 
concerts  ;  first  appeared  in  the  orchestra  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  1821  ;  founded  the  Saltoun  Club  of  Instru- 
mentalists and  the  Societa  Lirica,  c.  1826  ;  musical  editor 
of  the  'Athenseum,'  c.  1826;  wrote  a  'Victoria  March.' 
1837  ;  inaugurated  the  '  Musical  Union,'  a  set  of  chamber 
concerts;  musical  lecturer  to  the  London  Institution, 
1865  ;  published  '  A  Personal  Memoir  of  Meyerbeer  '  and 
'  Musical  Sketches  Abroad  and  at  Home,'  1869. 

[xvii.  241] 

ELLACOMBE  or  ELLICOMBE,  HENRY  THOMAS 
(1790-1885),  divine  and  antiquary;  B.A.  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1812  ;  M.A.,  1816  ;  vicar  of  Bitton,  1835-50,  and 
rector  of  Clyst  St.  George,  1850-86  ;  restored  or  built 
various  churches  ;  invented  apparatus  enabling  one  man 
to  chime  all  the  bells  in  a  steeple  ;  wrote  on  campanology 
and  the  antiquities  of  Bitton  and  Clyst  St.  George. 

[xvii.  242] 

ELLENBOROUGH,  EARL  OF  (1790-1871).  [See  LAW 
EDWARD.] 

ELLENBOROUGH,  BARONS.  [See  LAW,  EDWARD, 
first  BARON,  1760-1818  ;  LAW,  EDWARD,  second  BARON, 
1790-1871.] 

ELLERKER,  SIR  RALPH  (d.  1646),  warrior; 
knighted  on  Flodden  Field,  1513  ;  possibly  MJ\  for  Scar- 
borough, 1529  ;  J.P.  for  the  East  Riding  ;  M.P.,  York- 
shire, 1541  ;  marshal  of  the  English  army  in  France  ; 
took  the  crest  from  the  dauphin  at  the  capture  of 
Boulogne,  1544  ;  buried  at  Boulogne.  [xvu.  243] 

ELLERKER,  THOMAS  (1738-1795),  Jesuit;  emi- 
grated from  Liege  to  Stonyhurst,  1794;  published 
'  Tractatus  Theologicus  de  Jure  et  Justitia,'  1767,  and  '  De 
Incamatione.'  [xvii.  243] 

ELLERTON,  EDWARD  (1770-1851),  founder  of 
Hcholurships  ;  M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1796  ; 
master  of  Magdalen  College  School,  1799  ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
daleu  ;  D.D.,  1815  ;  held  various  country  curacies  :  founded 


EKLERTON 


396 


ELLIOT 


the  Ellerton  theological  essay  prize,  1825,  and  exhibitions 
:it  Magdalen  and  Richmond  School ;  joint-founder  of  the 
1'ii-t-y  and  Klk-rton  scholarships,  1832;  wrote  against 
Tractarianism,  1846.  [xvii.  244] 

ELLERTON,  JOHN  LODGE,  formerly  JOHN  LODGE 
(1801-1873),  amateur  musical  composer ;  M.A.  Brase- 
uoee  College,  Oxford,  1828:  studied  counterpoint  at 
Rome ;  produced  '  Paradise  Lost,'  a  successful  oratorio, 
1867,  but  failed  in  his  English  opera  'Domenica,'  1838; 
member  of  the  Musical  Union,  1847-71 ;  published  poems. 

[xvii.  244] 

ELLESMEEE,  BARON  (1640  7-1617).  [See  EUERTOX, 
SIR  THOMAS.] 

ELLESMERE,  first  EARL  OF  (1800-1867).  [See 
Kiii.uiMN,  FRANCIS.] 

ELLEY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1839),  lieutenant-general ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Gateau,  1794;  lieutenant  colonel 
by  purchase,  1808  :  served  in  Peninsula ;  fought  at  Water- 
loo, 1816;  K.C.B. :  governor  of  Qalway,  1820;  colonel, 
17th  lancers,  1829;  M.P.,  Windsor,  1836;  lieutenant- 
general,  1837.  [xvii.  246] 

ELLICE,  SIR  CHARLES  HAY  (1823-1888),  general ; 
nephew  of  Edward  Ellice  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Sandhurst ;  ensign  and  lieutenant,  1839 ;  captain,  1845  ; 
served  in  India,  1846;  major,  1849;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1861 ;  colonel,  1864  ;  served  in  Indian  mutiny  :  C.B.,  1868 ; 
commanded  second  battalion  of  24th  in  Mauritius,  1860-2 ; 
major-general,  1865;  lieutenant-general,  1873 ;  general, 
1877 ;  K.O.B.,  1873 ;  G.C.B.,  1882.  [Suppl.  ii.  179] 

ELLICE,  ED  WARD,  the  elder  (1781-1863),  politician  ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ; 
M.A.,  1800 ;  engaged  in  the  Canada  fur  trade,  1803  ;  amal- 
gamated North-west,  X.Y.,  and  Hudson's  Bay  companies, 
1821 ;  M.P.,  Coventry,  1818,  1820,  1830,  and  1831-63 ; 
secretary  to  the  treasury,  and  whip  in  Lord  Grey's  govern- 
ment, 1830-2  ;  proposed,  when  secretary  at  war  (1832-4), 
that  appointments  in  the  army  should  be  made  directly 
from  his  office  ;  helped  to  found  Reform  Club,  1836  ;  sup- 
ported Palmerston  as  premier ;  D.C.L.  St.  Andrews ; 
privately  urged  French  government  to  send  troops  into 
Spain,  1836  ;  deputy-governor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany. [xviL  246] 

ELLICE,  EDWARD,  the  younger  (1810-1880),  poli- 
ticiau ;  son  of  Edward  Ellice  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1831 ; 
private  secretary  to  Lord  Durham  in  Russia,  1832,  in 
Canada,  1838;  M.P.  for  Huddersfield,  1836,  and  subse- 
quently for  St.  Andrews  burghs  ;  free-trader  and  advocate 
of  Irish  disestablishment ;  proposed  that  there  should  be 
some  nominated  members  in  the  House  of  Commons,  1869 ; 
condemned  the  Highland  administration  of  the  poor  law 
in  '  The  State  of  the  Highlands  in  1854,'  1855. 

[xviL  347] 

EUJCOMBE.     [See  also  KLLACOMBK.] 

ELLICOMBE,  SIR  CHARLES  GRENE  (1783-1871), 
general,  royal  engineers ;  educated  at  the  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich;  first  lieutenant,  royal  engineers, 
1801 ;  associated  in  the  direction  of  attack  on  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  1812;  brigade-major  to  the  corps  of  royal  en- 
gineers at  the  siege  of  San  Sebtistiau,  1813 ;  major- 
general,  1841 ;  general  and  colonel  commandant  of  royal 
engineers ;  K.C.B.,  1862.  [xvii.  248] 

ELLICOTT,  EDWARD  (d.  1791),  sou  of  John  EUicott 
[q.  v.] ;  clockmaker  to  the  king.  [xvii.  260] 

ELLICOTT,  JOHN(1706  ?-1772),  clockmaker  and  man 
of  science  ;  olockmaker  to  George  III ;  improved  the 
pyrometer,  1736 ;  invented  a  compensated  pendulum, 
1752  ;  F.R.S.,  1738 ;  made  observations  of  the  transit  of 
Venus,  1761;  published  'Essays  towards  discovering  the 
Laws  of  Electricity,'  1748.  [xviL  249] 

ELLIOT.    [See  also  ELIOT,  ELIOTT,  and  ELLIOTT.] 

ELLIOT,  ADAM  (</.  1700X  traveller ;  B.A.  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  1668 ;  taken  captive  by  the  Moore, 
aud  sold  into  slavery,  1670;  ordained  priest,  1672; 
accused  by  Titus  Oates  of  being  a  Jesuit  priest  aud  a  Ma- 
hommedan;  author  of  a  'Narrative  of  my  Travails,  Cap- 
tivity, aud  Escape  from  Salle,  in  the  Kingdom  of  Fez,' 
bouud  up  with  au  attack  on  Oates,  lo*>2.  [xvii.  260] 


ELLIOT,  SIR  CHARLES  (1801-1875),  admiral  ;  son 
of  Hugh  Elliot  [q.  v.]  ;  present  at  the  bombardment  of 
Algiers,  1816  ;  lieutenant  on  the  Jamaica  station,  1822; 
advanced  to  post  rank,  1828 :  protector  of  slaves  in 
Guiana,  1830-3 :  chi«»f  superintendent  and  plenipotentiary 
on  the  China  Trade  Commission,  1687  ;  forced  to  surrender 
4.000.000/.  worth  of  opium,  1839 ;  virtually  directed  hos- 
tilities in  China  ;  ransomed  Canton  ;  governor  of  lirnmiiki, 
1846-54,  of  Trinidad,  1864-6,  and  of  St.  Helena,  18G3-9  ; 
K.C.B.,  1856 ;  admiral,  1865.  [xvii.  261] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  GEORGE  (1784-1863),  admiral ;  second 
son  of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot,  first  earl  of  Minto  [q.  v.]  ;  present 
in  the  battles  of  Cape  St.  Vincent  and  the  Nile  ;  comman- 
der, 1802  ;  highly  esteemed  by  Nelson  ;  served  at  the  re- 
duction of  Java,  1811 ;  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  1834- 
1835 ;  commauder-in-chief  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
1837-40 ;  commander-iu-chief  aud  joint-plenipotentiary 
with  Sir  Charles  Elliot  [q.  v.]  in  China,  1840 ;  admiral, 
1863  ;  K.C.B.,  1862.  [xvii.  251] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  GILBERT,  LORD  MINTO  (1651-1718), 
judge ;  writer  in  Edinburgh  ;  helped  to  organise  the  Earl 
of  Argyll's  rising,  and  was  forfeited,  1685 ;  condemned 
to  death,  but  pardoned  ;  advocate,  1688 ;  knighted  ;  clerk 
of  the  privy  council,  1692  ;  created  baronet,  1700  ;  M.P. 
for  Roxburghshire  from  1703;  judge  of  session,  with  the 
title  of  Lord  Miuto,  1705 ;  opposed  the  union. 

[xvii.  252] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  GILBERT,  LORD  MIXTO  (1693-1766), 
Scottish  judge  ;  son  of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot  (1651-1718) 
[q.  v.] ;  advocate,  1715  ;  M.P.  for  Roxburghshire,  1722-6  ; 
lord  of  justiciary,  1733-66 ;  justice  clerk,  1763-6  ; 
narrowly  escaped  seizure  by  Prince  Charles  Edward's 
highlauders,  1746  ;  said,  rather  doubtfully,  to  have  intro- 
duced the  German  flute  into  Scotland.  [xvii.  263] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  GILBERT,  third  baronet  of  Miuto 
(1722-1777),  statesman,  philosopher,  aud  poet ;  sou  of  Sir 
Gilbert  Elliot  (1693-1766)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  Leydeu  universities ;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1742  ; 
M.P.  for  Selkirkshire,  1754  and  1762-5,  for  Roxburgh- 
shire, 1766-77  ;  admiralty  lord,  1756  ;  keeper  of  the  signet 
in  Scotland,  1767  ;  treasurer  of  the  navy,  1770 ;  at  first  a 
supporter  of  Pitt  and  the  GrenviUes,  afterwards  of  Lord 
Bute ;  overruled  Lord  North  by  haranguing  on  the 
threatened  liberties  of  the  house,  at  the  time  of  the  Lou- 
don  riots,  1771 ;  encouraged  George  Ill's  policy  towards 
America  ;  declined,  from  dislike  of  the  sceptical  philosophy, 
to  co-operate  in  his  friend  Hume's  '  Dialogues  of  Natural 
Religion  ' ;  died  at  Marseilles.  His  fame  as  a  song-writer 
rests  upon  his  pastoral  ditty, « Araynta,'  and  in  a  less  de- 
gree upon  '  'Twas  at  the  hour  of  dark  midnight,'  1745. 

[xvii.  263] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  GILBERT,  first  EAKL  OF  MIXTO 
(1751-1814),  governor-general  of  India  ;  son  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Elliot  (1722-1777)  [q.  v.]  ;  schoolfellow  of  Mirabeau  at 
the  Pension  Militaire,  Fontainebleau  ;  gentleman  com- 
moner, Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1768;  barrister  of  Liu- 
coin's  Inn,  1774;  M.P.  for  Morpeth,  1776-84:  M.P.  for 
Berwick,  1786-90:  carried  motion  condemning  Sir  Elijah 
Impey's  conduct  at  Fort  William,  1787  ;  M.P.  forHelston, 
Cornwall,  1790 ;  opposed  Fox,  1793  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1793  ;  constitutional  viceroy  of  Corsica,  1794-6  ;  expelled 
General  Paoli ;  created  Barou  Minto  of  Minto,  1798  ; 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  Vienna,  1799  ;  F.R.S.,  1803 : 
president  of  board  of  control,  1«06 ;  goveruor-geueral 
of  ladia,  1807-13  ;  subsidised  Shah  Shuja,  ameer  of 
Afghanistan,  to  secure  his  loyalty,  1809 ;  annexed  Am- 
boyna,  the  Molucca  islands,  and,  in  1H1 1,  Java,  whither  he 
weut  in  person  ;  projected  the  establishment  of  colleges 
for  Indian  Mahommedaus  ;  created  Viscount  Melgund 
and  Earl  of  Miuto,  1813.  [xvii.  265] 

ELLIOT,  GILBERT,  second  EARL  OK  MINTO  (1782- 
1869),  eldest  sou  of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  :  whig  M.P.  for  Ash- 
burtou,  1806-14  ;  privy  councillor  ;  British  ambassador  to 
Berlin,  1832-4  ;  G.C.B. ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1835- 
1841 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1846  ;  prevailed  on  king  of  Naples  to 
grant  Sicily  a  separate  parUauieu  t ;  F . Jl.S.  [xvii.267] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  HENRY  MIERS  (1808-1853),  Indian 
civil  servant  and  historian;  educated  at  \Vun-in--u-r: 
first  '  competition  wallah  '  for  an  immediate  post  in 
India  1826;  secretary  to  the  Sudder  board  of  revenue 
lor  the  uorth-wt»t  provinces  ;  foreign  becroutry  to  the 


ELLIOT 


397 


ELLIS 


erovernor-general  in  council,  1847  ;  negotiated  the  Sikh 
treaty  of  1849 ;  K.C.B.  ;  died  at  Simon's  Town ;  published 
first  volume  of  '  Bibliographical  Index  to  the  Historians 
of  Mohammaoan  India,'  1849.  [xvii.  268] 

ELLIOT,  HUGH  (1752-1830),  diplomatist;  school- 
fellow of  Mirabeau  at  Paris  ;  studied  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1768-70  ;  minister  plenipotentiary  atMuuich,  1773  ; 
minister  plnnpou-niiary  to  Prussia,  1777,  to  Denmark, 
1782;  instigated  by  the  queen  of  Naples,  when  envoy 
plenipotentiary,  to  forbid  Sir  James  Henry  Craig  [q.  v.] 
to  withdraw  his  English  troops  from  Italy,  1803: 
recalled ;  governor  of  the  Leeward  islands,  1808-13  ;  privy 
councillor  and  governor  of  Madras,  1814.  [xyii.  269] 

ELLIOT,  JANE  or  JEAN  (1727-1806),  poet ;  daughter 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot  (1693-1766)  [q.  v.]  ;  outwitted  her 
lather's  highland  pursuers,  1746  ;  authoress  of  '  Flowers 
of  the  Forest,'  a  celebrated  ballad,  1766.  [xvii.  269] 

ELLIOT,  JOHN  (1725-1782),  antiquary;  articled  to 
a  solicitor  ;  F.S.A.,  1780  ;  furnished  information  on  the 
feudal  barony  to  the  Hev.  John  Watson  (1726-1783)  [q.  v.] 

[xvii.  260] 

ELLIOT,  JOHN  (rf.  1808),  admiral  ;  third  sou  of  Sir 
Gilbert  Elliot  (1693-1 766)  [q.  v.]  :  navy  lieutenant,  1756  ; 
captured  the  French  frigate  Miguoune,  1759  ;  defeated 
Thurot's  squadron  oti  the  '  Isle  of  Mann,'  1760  ;  fought  at 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  1780,  and  under  Kempenfelt,  1781 ; 
governor  and  commander-in-chief  at  Newfoundland, 
1786-9  ;  admiral,  1796.  [xviL  261] 

ELLIOT  or  SHELDON,  NATHANIEL  (1706-1780), 
jeeuit ;  professed  of  the  four  vows,  1741  ;  rector  of 
St.  U trier  College,  1748-56,  of  the  English  College  at  Home, 
1756-62,  of  the  Greater  College,  Bruges,  1766-80  ;  pro- 
vincial in  England,  1766  ;  translated  Pinamouti's  '  Cross 
in  its  True  Light,'  1776.  [xvii.  262] 

ELLIOT,  ROBERT  (fl.  1822-1833),  captain  R.N.  and 
topographical  draughtsman,  1822-4  ;  his  sketches  pub- 
lished as  '  Views  in  the  East,'  1830-3.  [xvii.  262] 

ELLIOT,  SIR  WALTER  (1803-1887),  Indian  civil  ser- 
vant and  archaeologist ;  sent  to  Haileybury  College,  1818 ; 
assistant  to  the  magistrate  of  Salem,  1823 ;  private  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Elphinstone,  1836;  deputed  to  investigate 
the  revenue  difficulties  of  Guntur,  1845  ;  commissioner 
for  the  administration  of  the  Northern  Sirkars  till  1864 ; 
member  of  the  council  of  the  governor  of  Madras,  1854  ; 
K.O.S.I.,  1866 ;  F.R.S.,  1877  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1878 ; 
deputy-lieutenant  and  magistrate  for  Roxburghshire ; 
published  in  the  '  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society '  a 
paper  on  '  Hindu  Inscriptions,'  1837,  and  wrote  a  treatise 
on  the  coins  of  Southern  India,  1888.  [xvii.  262] 

ELLIOT80N,  JOHN  (1791-1868),  physician;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  M.D., 
1821 ;  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine  to  London 
University,  1831-8  ;  procured  the  foundation  of  University 
College  Hospital;  founder  and  first  president  of  the 
Phrenological  Society;  professor  of  clinical  medicine, 
London,  1831 ;  compelled  to  resign  the  professorship  of 
the  practice  of  medicine  for  his  unauthorised  interest  in 
mesmerism,  1838;  Harveian  orator,  1846;  established  a 
mesmeric  hospital,  1849 ;  started  the  '  Zoist,'  a  journal  of 
mesmeric  healing ;  first  to  use  the  stethoscope  ;  published 
his  Lumley  lectures  (1829)  on  diseases  of  the  heart,  1830. 

[xvii.  264] 

ELLIOTT.    [See  also  ELIOT,  ELIOTT,  and  ELLIOT.] 

ELLIOTT,  CHARLOTTE  (1789-1871),  hymn-writer : 
friend  of  Caesar  Malan;  wrote  many  religious  poems, 
including  (1834)  « Just  as  I  am.'  [xvii.  266] 

ELLIOTT,  EBENEZER  (1781-1849),  'the  corn-law 
rhymer ' ;  commended  by  Southey  for  his  *  Tales  of  the 
Night ' ;  started  in  business  in  the  Sheffield  iron  trade, 
1821  ;  withdrew  from  the  chartists  on  their  dissenting 
from  the  corn-law  agitation ;  bitterly  condemned  the 
'  bread-tax,'  to  which  he  attributed  all  the  national  mis- 
fortunes, in  'Corn-Law  Rhymes,'  1831,  'The  Ranter,' 
'The  Village  Patriarch,'  1829,  and  '  The  Splendid  Village.' 

[xvii.  266] 

ELLIOTT,  EDWARD  BISHOP  (1793-1875),  divine ; 
brother  of  Henry  Venn  Elliott  [q.  v.] ;  third  senior 
optiine,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1816 ;  fellow,  1817 ; 
Seatonian  prizeman,  1821  and  1822 ;  prebendary  of  Heytes- 
bury,  Wiltshire,  1863 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Mark's,  Brighton  ; 
chief  work  '  Horae  Apocalypticte,'  1844.  [xvii.  268] 


ELLIOTT,  GRACE  DALRYMPLE  (1758  ?-1823),  ntt 
Dalrymple ;  married  Sir  John  Elliott  [q.  v.] ;  eloped  with 
Lord  Valentia,  1774 :  gave  birth  to  a  child  whom  the 
Prince  of  Wales  considered  his  son,  1782  ;  described  her 
life  in  France  during  the  Revolution  in  a  '  Journal,'  in 
which  she  claimed  to  have  received  an  offer  of  marriage 
from  Bonaparte.  [xvii.  268] 

ELLIOTT,  HENRY  VENN  (1792-1865),  divine; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1811 ;  B.A.,  1814 ; 
fellow  of  Trinity,  1816 ;  travelled  to  Greece,  Constanti- 
nople, and  Jerusalem,  1817  ;  held  the  priory  of  St.  John's, 
Wilton;  first  preacher  of  St.  Mary's  proprietary  chapel, 
Brighton,  1827  :  originated  (1832)  and  helped  to  manage 
school  for  daughters  of  poor  clergymen.  [xvii.  269] 

ELLIOTT,  JOHN  (rf.  1691),  adherent  of  James  II ; 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1681 ;  F.R.O.P.  and  censor,  1687 ;  im- 
prisoned, and  released  on  bail,  1690,  for  publishing  a  soi- 
disaut  manifesto  of  James  II,  1689.  [xvii.  270] 

ELLIOTT,  SIR  JOHN  (1786-1 788),  physician ;  surgeon 
to  a  privateer;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1769;  L.R.C.P.,  1762; 
knighted,  1776  ;  created  baronet,  1778  ;  physician  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  ;  published  '  The  Medical  Pocket-Book,' 
1781,  and  superficial  compilations  on  physiology  and 
hygiene.  [xvii.  270] 

ELLIOTT,  JOHN  (1747-1787),  physician;  M.D. ; 
discharged  a  pistol  at  a  Miss  Boydell,  his  sweetheart, 
1787  ;  tried  for  murder  and  acquitted  as  insane ;  re- 
arrested  for  assault ;  died  in  Newgate. 

ELLIOTT  or  ELLIOT,  WILLIAM  (1727-1766),  en- 
graver of  landscapes  ;  exhibited,  1761-6.  [xvii.  271] 

ELLIOTT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1792),  lieutenant  R.N.  and 
marine  painter ;  president  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of 
Artists,  1791  ;  exhibited  paintings  of  the  naval  actions 
between  1780  and  1790  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  other 
works  at  various  institutions.  [xvii.  271] 

ELLIOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1792-1 874), 
general;  ensign,  1809  ;  lieutenant,  1812 ;  served  in  Penin- 
sula ;  fought  at  Waterloo,  1816  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  183s ; 
commanded  the  51st  in  Australia,  Van  Diemen's  Land, 
New  Zealand,  and  at  Bangalore  till  1852;  discovered, 
when  commandant  at  Rangoon,  a  plot  to  massacre  the 
English  inhabitants,  1863  ;  G.C.B.,  1870 :  general,  1871. 

[xvii  272] 

ELLIS,  ALEXANDER  JOHN  (1814-1890),  philo- 
logist and  mathematician ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  Etou, 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1837 ;  entered 
Middle  Temple  ;  wrote  extensively  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects and  published  '  Algebra  identified  with  Geometry,' 
1874  ;  arranged  with  (Sir)  Isaac  Pitman  [q.  v.]  a  system 
of  printing  called  phouotypy,  which  aimed  at  the  accurate 
representation  of  sounds  in  print ;  published  '  Fouettc 
Frend,'  1849,  and  '  Spelling  Reformer,'  1849-60,  periodicals 
advocating  reform  of  spelling ;  published,  in  five  part*, 
'Early  English  Pronunciation,'  1869-89  ;  honorary  LL.D. 
Cambridge,  1890 ;  F.R.S.,  1864 ;  F.S.A.,  1870 ;  president 
of  Philological  Society,  1872-4  and  1880-2;  fellow  of 
London  Mathematical  Society,  1866.  His  works  include 
numerous  treatises  on  philological,  mathematical,  musical, 
and  other  subjects.  [Suppl.  iL  180] 

ELLIS,  ALFRED  BURDON  (1852-1894),  soldier  and 
writer ;  lieutenant  in  1st  West  India  regiment,  1873 ; 
served  in  Ashauti  war,  1873  ;  seconded  for  service  with 
Gold  Coast  constabulary,  1877  ;  captain,  1879  ;  attached 
to  intelligence  department  in  Zulu  campaign ;  major, 
1884 ;  commanded  troop  on  Gold  Coast,  1881  and  1886, 
and  in  Baham... ,  1889  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1891 ;  local 
colonel  in  West  Africa,  1892 ;  C.B.,  1892  ;  died  of  fever 
contracted  after  expedition  against  the  Sofas,  1893 ;  pub- 
lished works  relating  to  native  peoples  among  whom  he 
had  been  stationed.  [Suppl.  ii.  182] 

ELLIS,  ANTHONY  (1690-1761).    [See  ELLYS.] 

ELLIS,  ARTHUR  AYRES  (1830-1887),  Greek  Testa- 
ment critic;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1852; 
fellow,  1854 ;  M.A.,  1865  ;  divinity  lecturer  at  Christ's 
College ;  vicar  of  Stotfold,  1860-87  :  published  Bentley's 
•Critica  Sacra,'  1862.  [xviL  272] 

ELLIS,  SIR  BARROW  HELBERT  (1823-1887),  Anglo- 
Indian  ;  educated  at  University  College  School,  London 
University,  and  Haileybury  ;  chief  commissioner  in  Sindu, 


ELLIS 


ELLIS 


1857;  chief  secretary  of  the  Bombay  povcrmnent  :  mem- 
ber (1865)  of  the  Bombay  council ;  member  of  the 
viceroy's  council,  1870;  K.C.S.I. :  M.U.A.S.,  1876:  left 
2,500J.  for  the  poor  of  Rntnnjiri,  his  first  charge  ;  edited 
Stack's  '  Dictionary  of  Sindhi  and  English,1  1855. 

[xvii.  272] 

ELLIS,  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS,  sixth  BARON 
HOWARD  DE  WALDKN  and  second  BARON  SKAFonn 
(1799-1868), diplomatist;  elder  son  of  Charles  Rose  Kills, 
M.P.  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton ;  captain,  8th  regiment, 
1822  ;  appointed  by  Canning  under-secretary  of  state  for 
foreign  affairs,  1824  ;  minister  plenipotentiary  and  envoy 
extraordinary  at  Stockholm,  1832,  at  Lisbon,  1833; 
moulded  Portuguese  policy  during  the  Miguelite  and 
Pedroite  war ;  G.O.B.,  1838,  and  grand  cross  of  the  Tower 
and  the  Sword,  1841 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  at  Brus- 
sels, 1846 ;  died  at  Lesve  near  Namur.  [xvii.  273] 

ELLIS,  CHARLES  ROSE,  first  BARON  SEAPOKD 
(1771-1845);  M.P,  for  Heytesbury,  1793,  for  Seaford, 
1796-1806  and  1812-26,  for  East  Grinstend,  1807  ;  head.of 
the  West  Indian  interest  and  friend  of  Canning  :  created 
Baron  Seaford,  1826.  [xvii.  274] 

ELLIS,  CLEMENT  (1630-1700),  divine  and  poet; 
taberdar  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  :  fellow,  1657  ;  M.A., 
1656  ;  received,  while  at  Oxford,  remittances  from  anony- 
mous benefactors  ;  celebrated  the  Restoration  in  a  dull 
panegyric,  1660 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  William,  marquis 
of  Newcastle,  1661 ;  prebendary  of  Southwell,  1693 ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xvii.  274] 

ELLIS,  EDMUND  (Jl.  1707).    [See  ELYS.] 

ELLIS,  EDWIN  (1844-1878),  musician  ;  solo  violinist 
at  Cremorne  Gardens,  1851 ;  general  musical  director  at 
the  Adelphi,  c,  1867 ;  published  selections  for  small 
orchestra.  [xvii.  275] 

ELLIS,  FRANCIS  WHYTE  (d.  1819),  orientalist; 
writer  in  the  East  India  Company's  service  at  Madras, 
1796;  collector  of  Madras,  1810;  Tamil  and  Sanskrit 
scholar ;  student  of  Mirusi  right ;  died  at  Ramnad ;  pub- 
lished commentary  on  "The  Sacred  Kurral,'  1816,  and 
dissertations  on  the  Tamil,  Telugu,  and  Malayalim  lan- 
guages ;  proved  the  Sanskrit  MSS.  at  Pondicherry  to  be 
Jesuit  forgeries.  [xvii.  276] 

ELLIS,  GEORGE  (1753-1815),  author;  produced 
'  Poetical  Tales  by  Sir  Gregory  Gander,'  1778 ;  a '  favorite ' 
at  Versailles,  1783 ;  accompanied  Sir  James  Harris's  em- 
bassy to  the  Hague,  1784,  where  he  obtained  material  for 
liis  history  of  the  Dutch  revolution  (published,  1789) ; 
M.P.,  Seaford,  1796;  founded  the  '  Anti- Jacobin '  in  con- 
cert with  Canning ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  published  '  Speci- 
mens of  Early  English  Romances  in  Metre,'  1805;  friend 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xvii.  276] 

ELLIS,  GEORGE  JAMES  WELBORE  AGAR-,  first 
BARON  DOVER  (1797-1833)  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1819 ;  M.P.,  Heytesbury, 
1818,  Seaford,  1820  ;  suggested  to  government  purchase  of 
Angerstein  collection  and  formation  of  national  gallery, 
1823 ;  M.P.,  LudgershalL,  1826,  Okehampton,  1830 ;  privy 
councillor,  1830  ;  chief  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests, 
1830 ;  created  Baron  Dover,  1831 ;  wrote,  among  other 
works,  a  '  Life  of  Frederick  the  Second,  King  of  Prussia,' 
1832  ;  edited  Horace  Wai  pole's  '  Letters,'  1833. 

[xvii.  277] 

ELLIS,  HENRY  (1721-1806),  traveller,  hydrographer, 
and  colonial  governor;  hydrographer,  surveyor,  and 
mineralogist  to  the  north-west  expedition,  1746 ;  published 
an  itinerary  which  overthrew  the  idea  that  the  north- 
west passage  must  lie  through  Hudson's  Bay,  1748; 
F.K.S.,  1749 ;  governor  of  Georgia  and  Nova  Scotia ;  died 
at  Naples.  [xvii.  278] 

ELLIS,  SIR  HENRY  (1777-1855),  diplomatist ;  nego- 
tiated treaty  of  peace  with  Persia,  1815  ;  third  commis- 
sioner in  Earl  Amherst's  embassy  to  China,  1816 ;  wrecked 
on  return  journey  and  forced  to  make  for  Java  in  an  open 
boat;  published  an  authorised  account  of  the  mission, 
1817 ;  commissioner  of  the  board  of  control,  1830-5 ;  ad- 
vised the  East  India  Company  to  abandon  exclusive 
privileges ;  privy  councillor,  1832 ;  special  envoy  to  the 
Brazils,  1843  ;  K.C.B.,  1848.  [xvii.  279] 

ELLIS,  SIR  HENRY  (1777-1869),  principal  librarian 
of  the  British  Museum  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  ;  assistant  in  the 


Bodleian,  1798  ;  B.O.L.,  1802  ;  keeper  of  printed  books  in 
the  British  Museum,  1806-27 ;  re-catalogued  the  printed 
books,  1807-19  ;  secretary  to  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1814 ; 
edited  '  Additamenta '  to  'Domesday  Book,'  1816;  pub- 
lished '  Original  Letters  illustrative  of  English  History,' 
1824, 1827,  and  1846  ;  principal  librarian  of  the  museum, 
1827 ;  knight  of  Hanover,  1833  ;  virtually  superseded  in 
consequence  of  his  unprogressive  methods,  1836. 

[xvii.  280] 

ELLIS,  SIR  HENRY  WALTON  (1783-1815),  colonel ; 
named  ensign  in  the  89th  foot,  1783 ;  captain,  23rd  fusi- 
liers, 1796 ;  served  in  the  descent  on  Ostend,  1798,  in 
Egypt,  1801,  at  Copenhagen,  1807  ;  shared  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Martinique,  1809  ;  distinguished  himself  at 
Albuhera,  1811 ;  wounded  at  Badajos,  1812  ;  colonel  and 
K.O.B. ;  mortally  wounded  at  Waterloo.  [xvii.  282] 

ELLIS,  HUMPHREY  (<*.  1676),  Roman  catholic 
divine,  really  named  WARING  ;  student  at  Douay  and  an 
original  member  of  the  English  College,  Lisbon  ;  D.D.  and 
president  of  the  English  College  ;  dean  of  the  chapter  in 
England,  1657-76.  [xvii.  282] 

ELLIS,  JAMES  (1763  ?-1830),  antiquary  and  solicitor ; 
communicated  border  traditions  to  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

[xvii.  283] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1599  ?-1665),  divine ;  M.A.  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  1625 ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1628 ; 
B.D.,  1632  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1634  ;  rector  of  Wheatfleld 
and  subsequently  of  Dolgelly ;  published  theological 
works.  [xvii.  283] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (16067-1681),  author  of  'Vindiciae 
Oatholicse ' ;  fellow  and  B.D.  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  incumbent  of  the  third  portion  of  the  rectory  of 
Waddesdon,  Buckinghamshire;  published  'Vindici® 
Catholicae,  or  the  Rights  of  Particular  Churches  rescued,' 
1647,  which  he  retracted  at  the  Restoration ;  rector  of 
Waddesdon,  1661-81.  [xvii.  283] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1643  7-1738),  under-secretary  of  state ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1664;  friend  of  Humphrey  Prideaux 
[q.  v.] ;  secretary  to  Sir  Leoline  Jenkins  at  the  Nimeguen 
conference,  1675  ;  obtained  from  the  States-General  recog- 
nition of  Lord  Ossory's  claims  to  the  rank  of  general, 
1680 ;  under-secretary  of  state,  1695-1705 ;  M.P.,  Har- 
wich, 1705-8  ;  contributed  to  the  Peckwater  buildings, 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  paramour  of  the  Duchess  of 
Cleveland.  [xvii.  284] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1701-1757).    [See  ELLYS.] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1710  ?-1776),  naturalist ;  agent  for 
West  Florida,  1764,  for  Dominica,  1770 ;  F.R.S.,  1754 ; 
published  '  An  Essay  towards  the  Natural  History  of  the 
Corallines,'  1755  ;  described  Dionaa  Muscipula  in  '  Direc- 
tions for  bringing  over  Seeds  and  Plants  from  the  East 
Indies,'  1770.  [xvii.  285] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1698-1790),  scrivener  and  political 
writer ;  partner  with  one  Tanner,  a  London  scrivener ; 
four  times  master  of  the  Scriveners'  Company ;  member 
of  Dr.  Johnson's  circle  ;  travestied  Maphueus,  1758  ;  pub- 
lished '  The  South  Sea  Dream,'  a  poem  in  Hudibrastie 
verse,  1720;  translated,  but  never  published,  Ovid's 
•  Epistles.'  [xvii.  286] 

ELLIS,  JOHN  (1789-1862),  member  of  parliament 
and  railway  chairman  ;  promoted  Leicester  and  Svvan- 
nington  railway;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1848-52;  J.P.  for 
Leicestershire ;  chairman  of  Midland  Railway,  1849-58. 

[xvii.  287] 

ELLIS,  PHILIP,  in  religion  MICHAEL  (1652-1726), 
Roman  catholic  prelate;  son  of  John  Ellis  (1606?- 
1681)  [q.v.]  ;  foundationer  of  Westminster  School,  1667; 
professed  at  St.  Gregory's  convent,  Douay,  1670;  mis- 
sioner  in  England,  and  chaplain  to  James  II ;  vicar- 
apostolic  of  the  western  district  of  England,  and  bishop 
in  partibus  of  Aureliopolis,  1688-1705  ;  arrested  and  im- 
prisoned at  the  revolution  :  unofficial  agent  of  the  exiled 
James  II  at  Rome  :  bishop  of  Segni,  1708  ;  died  at  Segni. 

[xvii.  287] 

ELLIS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1688  ?-1742).    [See  ELLYS.] 

ELLIS,  ROBERT  (CYNDDELW)  (1810-1875),  baptist 
minister  and  Welsh  poet ;  minister  of  Llanelian,  1837, 
ami  in  Denbighshire,  Monmouthshire,  and  Carnarvon  ;  a 
learned  and  popular  lecturer  on  ancient  Welsh  thought 
and  society;  author  of  works,  mainly  theological,  in 
Welsh  and  English.  [xvii.  289] 


ELLIS 


399 


ELLYS 


ELLIS,  ROBERT  (18207-1886),  classical  scholar: 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1839;  fifth 
\\  niiiL'kT,  1840:  fellow,  1841;  M.A.,  1843  ;  ordained,  1HJ5  : 
B.D.,  1850;  chiefly  known  l.y  hi>  controversy  with  Wil- 
liam John  Law  [q.  v.]  on  the  topography  of  Hannibal's 
passage  of  the  Alp-,  is.vi-ti :  a-rnb.it  an  Armenum  origin 
to  the  Etruscans ;  published  ethnological  works. 

[xvii.  289] 

ELLIS,  ROBERT  LESLIE  (1817-1859),  man  of  science 
ami  letters  ;  senior  wrangler,  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
<'aii:bri«l'_rr,  IMUI;  M.A.,  1843;  undertook,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Heath  and  Spedding,  to  edit  Francis  Bacon's 
works,  with  annotations  ;  edited  '  Cambridge  Mathema- 
tical Journal.'  [xvii.  290] 

ELLIS,  Sm  SAMUEL  BURDON  (1787-1865), general; 
second  lieutenant,  royal  marine  light  infantry,  1804 ; 
fought  at  Trafalgar,  1805 ;  lieutenant,  1806 ;  served  in 
the  Walcheren  expedition,  1809,  and  at  Guadeloupe,  1810  ; 
distinguished  himself  in  naval  operations  preliminary  to 
siege  of  Bayomie ;  brought  off  the  political  resident  of 
1  in  -h  i  iv  during  a  revolt,  being  then  commander  of  marines ; 
commanded  advance  on  Canton,  1841 ;  lieutenant-colonel 
l>\  brevet,  and  C.B. ;  colonel,  1851 ;  K.O.B.,1860  ;  general, 
1862.  [xvii.  290] 

ELLIS,  SARAH  STIOKNEY  (d.  1872),  authoress; 
married  William  Ellis  (1794-1872)  [q.v.]  ;  much  interested 
in  temperance  and  the  education  of  women  ;  chief  works, 
1  The  Poetry  of  Life '  and  '  Northern  Roses.'  [xvii.  296] 

ELLIS,  THOMAS  (1625-1673),  Welsh  antiquary; 
B.  A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1644  ;  fellow,  1646  ;  fought  for 
Charles  I  in  garrison  of  Oxford,  1644  ;  M.A.,  1646  ;  B.D., 
1661 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Dolgelly,  1665  ;  undertook  to 
assist  Robert  Vaughan  in  editing  Powell's  'History  of 
Cambria,'  but  desisted  on  finding  that  he  had  been  fore- 
stalled ;  left  history  of  Owen  Gleudowr,  published  1775. 

[xvii.  291] 

ELLIS,  THOMAS  FLOWER  (1796-1861),  law  re- 
porter ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1818 ;  fellow ; 
«  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824 ;  prepared  for  publication 
his  friend  Macaulay's  posthumous  essays;  a  commis- 
sioner to  determine  the  boundaries  of  parliamentary 
boroughs  in  Wales,  1831 ;  recorder  of  Leeds,  1839 ;  part 
author  of  three  series  of  law  reports.  [xvii.  291] 

ELLIS,  WELBORE  (1651  ?-1734),  bishop  of  Meath ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School;  M.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1687 ;  prebendary  of  Winchester,  1696 ;  D.D.  by 
diploma,  1697 ;  bishop  of  Kildare,  1705-31 ;  bishop  of 
Meath,  and  privy  councillor  of  Ireland,  1731.  [xvii.  292] 

ELLIS,  WELBORE,  first  BARON  MKXDIP  (1713-1802)  ; 
son  of  Welbore  Ellis  (1651  ?-1734)  [q.v.];  educated  at 
Westminster ;  student,  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1732 ; 
B.A.,  1736  ;  M.P.,  Cricklade,  1741  ;  admiralty  lord, 
1747-55 ;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1747,  1754,  1774,  1780,  and 
1784,  Melcombe  Regis,  1747;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
1755-62,  1765-6,  and  1770;  privy  councillor,  1760:  M.P., 
Aylesbury,  1761 :  secretary  at  war,  1762-5  ;  M.P.,  Peters- 
field,  1768  and  1791 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1773 ;  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  1777 ;  secretary  of  state  for  America,  1 782 ; 
frightened  by  the  progress  of  the  French  revolution 
into  supporting  Pitt,  1793 ;  created  Baron  Mendip  of 
Mendip,  1794 ;  F.R^. :  called  by  Horace  Walpole  Fox's 
'Jackal.'  [xvii.  292] 

ELLIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1609-1680),  judge;  M.A. 
Gams  College,  Cambridge,  1636;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn, 
1634  ;  M.P.  for  Boston  in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments, 
1640 ;  solicitor-general,  1654 ;  sat  for  Boston,  1654,  for 
Grantham,  1656  and  1659  ;  created  baronet  by  Cromwell ; 
returned  for  Grantham,  1660,  but  unseated  as  a  repub- 
lican ;  reader  at  Gray's  Inn,  1664 :  king's  serjeant,  and 
knighted,  1671 ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1673-6  and  1679- 
1680 ;  M.P.,  Boston,  1679.  [xvii.  294] 

ELLIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1732),  secretary  of  state ; 
second  son  of  John  Ellis  (1606  ?-1681)  [q.  v.]  ;  founda- 
tioner of  Westminster  :  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1665;  B.A..,  1669;  M.A.,  per  literal  regias,  Cambridge, 
1671 :  customer,  comptroller,  and  searcher  for  Leinster 
and  Munster,  1678  ;  knighted,  1686 ;  privy  councillor  to 
James  II  in  Ireland,  1690 ;  attainted,  1691  ;  secretary 
to  James  11  at  St.  Germain ;  died  at  Rome.  [xvii.  295] 

ELLIS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1758),  writer  on  agriculture ; 
fanner  at  Little  Gaddesden,  Hertfordshire ;  travelling 
agent  for  seeds  and  the  sale  of  farmiug  implements ; 


engaged  as  a  writer  by  Osborne  the  bookseller.  His  work*, 
which  contain  fabulous  anecdotes  and  unscientific  no«- 
trums  toetade'Tbfl  Modern  Husbandman,'  1750. 

ELLIS,  WILLIAM  (1747-1810),  engraverTexhibited 
at  the  Society  of  Artists,  1780 ;  worked  also  in  aquatint. 

ELLIS,  WILLIAM  (1794-1872),  missionary";  or- 
dained, 1815,  and  appointed  missionary,  first  to  South 
Africa  and  afterwards  to  the  South  Sea  islands  ;  com- 
menced a  new  mission  at  Huahine,  1818;  returned  to 
England,  1825  ;  chief  foreign  secretary  to  the  London 
Missionary  Society ;  sent  to  Madagascar  to  ascertain  and 
improve  the  condition  of  native  converts  under  Queen 
Ranavoloua,  but  three  times  denied  access  to  the  capital ; 
helped  the  government  of  Madagascar  to  checkmate 
French  interference,  1861-5  ;  published  three  books  on 
Madagascar  and  '  Polynesian  Researches.'  [xvii.  296] 

ELLIS,  WILLIAM (1800-1881), economist;  assistant, 
underwriter  to  the  Indemnity  Marine  Insurance  Com- 
pany, 1824:  chief  manager,  1827;  director;  advocated 
teaching  of  political  economy  in  elementary  education, 
for  which  object  he  personally  founded  (1848-52)  the  Birk- 
beck  schools  [see  BIRKBECK,  GEORGE]  ;  governor  of  the 
school  of  the  Middle-class  Corporation,  which  he  helped 
to  establish  ;  utilitarian  philosopher  ;  published  '  Lessons 
on  the  Phenomena  of  Industrial  Life '  and  similar  works. 

ELLIS,  WYNNE  (1790-1875),  picture  ™oilec'tor : 
London  mercer,  1812-71 ;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1831-4  and 
1839-47  ;  free-trader ;  J.P.  for  Hertfordshire  and  Kent ; 
left  402  pictures  to  the  nation,  forty-four  of  which  were 
selected  by  the  National  Gallery.  [xvii.  298] 

ELLISTON,  HENRY  TWISELTON  (1801  ?-1864), 
composer  of  church  music  and  inventor  ;  son  of  Robert 
William  Elliston  [q.  v.] :  organist  at  Leamington  parish 
church;  librarian  of  the  Leamington  public  library, 
1863 ;  invented  a  transposing  piano ;  composed  church 
services.  [xvii.  299] 

ELLISTON,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1774-1831),  actor: 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  school ;  played  Tressel  in  '  Richard 
III'  at  the  Bath  Theatre,  1791,  and  Romeo,  1793; 
appeared  at  the  Haymarket  and  at  Covent  Garden,  1796  ; 
engaged  by  Colman  at  the  Haymarket,  1803;  played 
Rolla  at  Drury  Lane,  1804 ;  manager  of  the  Royal  Circus, 
renamed  the  Surrey  Theatre,  1809  ;  opened  the  Olympic, 
and  temporarily  managed  the  Leicester  theatre  ;  acted 
Hamlet  at  re-opening  of  Drury  Lane,  1812 ;  lessee  and 
manager  of  Drury  Lane,  1819-26  ;  inaugurated  Drury 
Lane's  reputation  for  scenery ;  bankrupt,  1826 ;  again 
lessee  of  the  Surrey,  1827-31 ;  lived  an  eccentric  life : 
lauded  by  Charles  Lamb  in  the  lines  beginning  •  Joyousest 
of  once  embodied  spirits ' ;  joint-author  of  '  No  Prelude;' 
1803,  and  author  of  '  The  Venetian  Outlaw,'  1805. 

ELLMAN,  JOHN  (1753-1832),  agriculturist ;  breeder 
of  Southdown  sheep ;  suggested  to  Lord  Egremont  for- 
mation of  Sussex  Agricultural  Association  :  took  part  in 
institution  of  Smithfield  cattle  show ;  gold  medallist  for 
best  cultivated  farm  in  Sussex,  1819 ;  commissioner  of 
taxes;  maintained  school  for  labourers'  children  at 
Glynde ;  assisted  Arthur  Young  in  compiling  his  '  Annals 
of  Agriculture.'  [xvii.  302] 

ELLWOOD,  THOMAS  (1639-1713),  quaker  and  friend 
of  Milton  ;  educated  at  Thame  free  school ;  converted  to 
Quakerism  by  the  preaching  of  Edward  Burrough  [q.  v.], 
1659  ;  published  '  An  Alarm  to  the  Priests,'  1660  ;  formed 
a  friendship  (1662)  with  John  Milton,  who  taught  him 
the  foreign  mode  of  pronouncing  Latin ;  committed  to 
Newgate  for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  1662 ; 
suggested  to  Milton  by  a  chance  remark  the  writing  of 
'Paradise  Regained,'  1665;  travelled  with  George  Fox 
through  the  west  of  England  to  organise  the  quakers ;  en- 
deavoured to  protect  the  quakers  against  the  Conventicle 
Act ;  controversialist  and  author  of  '  Davideis,'  a  sacred 
poem,  1712,  and  of  an  autobiography  (1st  ed.  1714). 

[xvii.  303] 

ELLYS,  ANTHONY  (1690-1 761 X  bishop  of  St. 
David's ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1716  :  D.D.,  1728  ; 
fellow:  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1724;  favoured  the 
Test  Act;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1752;  published  anony- 
mously 'Remarks  on  Mr.  Hume's  Essay  concerning 
Miracles,'  1752.  Parts  of  bis  projected  '  Defence  of  the 
Reformation  '  appeared  posthumously.  [xvii.  306] 


ELLYS 


400 


ELPHINSTONE 


ELLYS  or  ELLIS,  JOHN  (1701-1757),  portrait- 
painter  ;  of  the  Kneller  school ;  tapestry  maker  to  the 
crown  :  master  keeper  of  the  lions  in  the  Tower  ;  prin- 
cipal painter  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1736.  [xvii.  306] 

ELLYS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1688  ?-1742),  theological 
writer ;  became  a  Greek  and  Hebrew  scholar  in  Holland  ; 
M.P.,  Boston,  1719,  1722,  and  1727  ;  published  '  Fortuita 
Sacra;  qulbns  subiicitur  Oommentarius  de  Cymbalis,' 
1727.  Qronovius  dedicated  to  him  his  edition  of  ^Elian's 
'VariaHistoria.'  [xvii.  307] 

ELMER  (d.  1137).    [See  ETHBLMJBR.] 
ELMER  Of.  1 260).    [See  AYMER  DE  V  ALKNCK.] 
ELMER,  JOHN  (1521-1594).    [See  AYLMKR,  JOHN.] 

ELMER,  STEPHEN  (d.  1796),  painter  of  still-life ; 
member  of  the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  1763  ;  A.R.A.,  1772. 

[xvii.  308] 

ELMER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1799),  painter  of  still-life ; 
nephew  of  Stephen  Elmer  [q.  v.]:  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  between  1783  and  1799.  [xvii.  308] 


HARVEY  LONSDALE  (1818-1847),  archi- 
tect ;  son  and  pupil  of  James  Elmes  [q.  v.]  ;  designed  St. 
George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  1836,  also  the  county  lunatic 
asylum  at  West  Derby  ;  died  in  Jamaica.  [xvii.  308] 


JAMES  (1782-1862),  architect  and  anti- 
quary ;  admitted  at  Merchant  Taylors',  1796 ;  silver 
medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  vice-president  of  the 
Royal  Architectural  Society,  1809-48 ;  editor  of  '  The 
Annals  of  the  Fine  Arts,'  1816-20,  printing  poems  by 
Keats  and  Wordsworth  ;  chief  works, '  Lectures  on  Archi- 
tecture,' 1823,  and  'Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Works  of 
Sir  Christopher  Wren,'  1823.  [xvii.  308] 

FT.MTTAM,  THOMAS  (d.  1440  ?),  historian ;  treasurer 
of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  1407 ;  prior  of  Lenton : 
vicar-general  for  England  and  Scotland,  1416  ;  commis- 
sary-general for  vacant  benefices  of  Cluniac  order  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  1426  ;  author  of  '  Historia 
Monasterii  Sancti  Augustini  Cantuariensis,' '  Yitaet  Gesta 
Henrici  V,'  and  '  Liber  Metricus  de  Henrico  W 

[xvii.  309] 

ELMORE,  ALFRED  (1815-1881),  painter ;  studied  in 
Italy ;  his  reputation  established  by  his  '  Origin  of  the 
Guelph  and  Ghibelline  Quarrel,'  1846  ;  R.A.,  1877. 

[xvii.  309] 

ELMSLEY  or  ELM8LY,  PETER  (1736-1802),  book- 
seller ;  helped  to  form  the  club  of  booksellers  which  pro- 
duced Johnson's  'Lives  of  the  Poets';  intimate  with 
Wilkes.  [xvii.  310] 

ELMSLEY,  PETER  (1773-1825),  classical  scholar; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1797  ;  incumbent  of  Little  Horkesley,  1798-1825 ; 
superintended  development  of  Herculaneum  papyri  in 
company  with  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  1819  ;  D.D.,  1823 ; 
principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1823-5  ;  Camden 
professor  of  ancient  history,  Oxford,  1823-5 ;  best  known 
for  his  critical  labours  on  Sophocles  and  Euripides. 

[xvii.  310] 

ELPHECE  (954-1012).    [See  ^LFHKAH.] 

ELPHINSTON,  JAMES  (1721-1809),  educationalist ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University :  started  academy  at 
Brompton,  1753,  keeping  it  at  Kensington,  1763-76 ; 
published '  An  Analysis  of  the  French  and  English  Lan- 
guages,' 1753  ;  published  'Education,  a  Poem,'  1763  ;  his 
translation  of  Martial  (1782)  ridiculed  by  Burns,  1788; 
displayed  an  arbitrary  system  of  phonetic  spelling  in 
'  Inglish  Speech  and  Spelling  under  Mutual  Guides,'  1787, 
and  similar  works  ;  published  his  correspondence  with 
'  Geniusses  ov  boath  Sexes,'  1791  and  1794.  [xvii.  311] 

ELPHINSTON,  JOHN  (1722-1785X  captain  R.N. ; 
rear-admiral  in  the  Russian  service;  lieutenant,  1746; 
served  at  the  capture  of  Quebec,  1759;  superintended 
transport  service  during  siege  of  Havana,  1762 ;  rear- 
admiral  in  the  Russian  service,  1769  ;  ordered  as  a  foreign 
admiral  to  discontinue  his  practice  of  setting  the  watch 
in  Portsmouth  harbour,  1770;  defeated  and  blockaded 
Turkish  squadron  in  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  1770 ;  defeated 
Turkish  fleet  in  Chesme  Bay,  though  his  proposed 
manoeuvre  to  establish  a  local  superiority  was  rejected 
by  the  jealousy  of  the  Russian  officer*.  1770;  abandoned 


Russian  service  ;  commanded  the  Magnificent  in  the 
battle  oft*  Grenada,  1779,  and  in  Rodney's  encounters  with 
De  Guichen,  1780.  [xvii.  312] 

ELPHINSTONE,  ALEXANDER,  fourth  BAROX 
ELPHINSTONR  (155i-1648?),  member  of  the  new  privy 
council  of  Scotland,  1699  ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scot- 
land, 1599  ;  lord  of  the  articles,  1604  and  1607 ;  com- 
missioner for  the  union,  1604.  [xvii.  314] 

ELPHINSTONE.  ARTHUR,  sixth  BARON  BAL- 
MERINO  (1688-1746),  Jacobite ;  threw  up  his  command  in 
Shannon's  regiment  and  joined  the  Jacobites  after 
Sheriffmuir,  1715  ;  escaped  to  the  continent ;  pardoned 
by  government  without  his  knowledge,  1733;  joined 
Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745  ;  colonel  and  captain  of  the 
prince's  guards  ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Falkirk  ;  de- 
livered up  by  the  Grants  after  Oulloden,  1746 ;  executed. 

[xvii.  314] 

ELPHINSTONE,  GEORGE  KEITH,  VISCOUNT 
KKITH  (1746-1823),  admiral ;  made  a  voyage  to  China, 
1767 ;  navy  lieutenant,  1770 ;  served  on  shore  at  the  re- 
duction of  Charleston,  1780 ;  M.P.,  Dumbartonshire,  1780, 
Stirlingshire,  1790  ;  took  possession  of  Fort  La  Malgue, 
near  Toulon,  1793 ;  rear-admiral,  1794  ;  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Indian  squadron,  1795 ;  compelled  the  Dutch 
to  retire  from  their  camp  at  Muizenberg,  1795 ;  antici- 
pated by  Rear-admiral  Rainier  in  taking  possession  of 
Ceylon,  1796  ;  received  the  surrender  of  a  Dutch  squadron 
in  Saldanha  Bay,  1796 ;  created  Baron  Keith  of  Stone- 
haven  Marischal,  1797  ;  the  suppression  of  the  Sheerness 
mutiny  largely  due  to  his  efforts,  1797  ;  allayed  disaffec- 
tion among  the  Plymouth  sailors  ;  commander  in  Spanish 
waters,  1799 ;  pursued  a  French  fleet,  which  eluded  him, 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  Brest,  1799  ;  entered  the 
harbour  of  Genoa,  which  he  had  blockaded  in  co- 
operation with  an  Austrian  force,  1800 ;  declined  to 
sanction  El  Arish  Convention,  1800;  demanded,  but  did 
not  enforce,  the  surrender  of  the  ships  of  war  in  Cadiz, 
and  withdrew  with  Abercromby,  1800;  admiral,  1801; 
commander-in-chief  in  the  North  Sea,  1803 ;  created  vis- 
count, 1814  ;  intermediary  of  the  government  in  its  cor- 
respondence with  Bonaparte  relative  to  his  being  sent  to 
St.  Helena.  [xvii.  316] 

ELPHINSTONE,  HESTER  MARIA,  VISCOUNTESS 
KEITH  (1762-1857),  daughter  of  Henry  and  Hester  Thrale  ; 
her  education  directed  by  Dr.  Johnson ;  gave  herself  up 
to  the  study  of  Hebrew  and  mathematics  when  her  mother 
married  Piozzi ;  married  George  Keith  Elphinstone,  Vis- 
count Keith  [q.  T.],  1808.  [xvii.  321] 

ELPHINSTONE,  SIR  HOWARD  (1773-1846),  major- 
general;  second  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1793;  served 
at  the  capture  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1795 ;  captain- 
lieutenant  in  India,  1800 ;  attached  to  embassy  to  Por- 
tugal, 1806 ;  commanding  royal  engineer  in  Peninsula. 
1808 ;  wounded  at  Rolica  ;  major  by  brevet,  1812 ;  com- 
manding royal  engineer  at  the  battles  of  Nivelle  and  the 
Nive,  1814  ;  created  baronet  and  O.B.  [xvii.  321] 

ELPHINSTONE,  SIR  HOWARD  CRAWFURD 
(1829-1890),  major-general ;  educated  at  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  engineers, 
1847  ;  lieutenant,  1851 ;  first  captain,  1862 ;  major,  1872  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1873 ;  colonel,  1884 ;  major-general, 
1887;  served  in  Crimea,  and  received  Victoria  cross, 
1855 ;  governor  to  Prince  Arthur  (duke  of  Connaught), 
1859-71,  and  treasurer  and  comptroller  of  his  household, 
1871-90 ;  O.B.  civil,  1865,  and  military,  1871 ;  O.M.G., 
1870 ;  K.C.B.,  1871 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1877 ; 
accidentally  drowned  off  Ushant  while  journeying  to 
Tenerlffe.  [Suppl.  ii.  183] 

ELPHINSTONE,  JAMES,  first  BARON  BALMERINO 
(1553  7-1612),  one  of  the  'Octavians,'  1595;  secretary  of 
state  in  Scotland,  1598  ;  created  Baron  Balmerino,  1604 ; 
commissioner  to  discuss  the  union  with  England,  1604 ; 
president  of  session,  1605 ;  appointed  secretary  of  state ; 
disgraced  and  attainted  for  having,  when  secretary  of 
state  for  Scotland,  written  a  letter  (1599),  which  James  I 
(then  James  VI  of  Scotland)  signed  without  knowing  its 
contents,  to  Pope  Clement  VIII  in  commendation  of  the 
Roman  catholic  faith ;  condemned  to  death ;  imprisoned, 
but  subsequently  released.  [xvii.  322] 

ELPHINSTONE,  JOHN,  second  BARON  BALMKRINO 
(d.  1649),  son  of  James,  first  baron  [q.  v.] ;  restored  to 
blood  and  peerage,  1613  ;  sentenced  to  death  for  tnisprisiou 


ELPHINSTONE 


4<U 


ELTON 


of  treason,  1635,  as  having  read,  interlined,  and  secretly 
handled  a  petition  against  Charles  I'a  ecclesiastical  mea- 
sures, which  the  kiu«  had  declined  to  look  at;  pardoned  : 
to  appease  popular  feeling,  1035  ;  advised  the  covenanters  I 
to  complain  to  Louis  XIII  against  Charles  I ;  president  ' 
of    the    Scots  parliament,  1641 ;    privy  councillor   and 
extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1641 ;  a  commissioner  to 
England,  1644.  [xvii.  323] 

ELPHINSTONE,  JOHN,  third  BARON  BALMKRINO 
(1623-1704);  fined   6,000/.  Scots   for  having  conformed  ' 
under  the  Commonwealth,  1662.  [xvii.  324] 

ELPHINSTONE,  JOHN,  fourth  BARON  BALMERINO  j 
(1652-1736),  privy  councillor,  1687-1714;  opposed  the! 
union  ;  representative  of  the  peers,  1710  and  1713-14. 

[xvii.  324] 

ELPHINSTONE,  JOHN,  thirteenth  BARON  ELPH IN- 
STONE  (1807-1860),  captain  in  the  royal  horse  guards,  ! 
1832 ;   lord-in-waiting  to   William  IV,   1835-7 ;    G.C.H. 
and  privy  councillor,  1836  ;  governor  of  Madras,  1837-42  ; 
explored  Cashmere  ;  governor  of  Bombay,  1853-9  ;   pre- 
vented a  rising  hi  Bombay,  1857 :  G.O.B.,  1858  ;  created  ' 
Baron  Elphinstoue  in  peerage  of  United  Kingdom,  1859.      | 

[xvii.  325] 

ELPHINSTONE,  MARGARET  MERCER,  OOMTKSSE 
DE  FLAHAULT,  VISCOUNTESS  KEITH,  and  BARONESS 
NAIRN  (1788-1867),  daughter  of  George  Keith  Elphin- 
stone,  Viscount  Keith  [q.  v.] ;  confidante  of  Princess  Char- 
lotte ;  married  the  Comte  de  Flahault,  1817.  [xvii.  325] 

ELPHINSTONE,  MOUNTSTUART  (1779-1859),  go- 
vernor of  Bombay  ;  appointed  to  the  Bengal  civil  service,  ' 
1796  ;  escaped  from  Vazir  All's  massacre  of  Europeans,  | 
1798 ;  assistant  to  the  governor-general's  agent  at  the 
peshwa  of  Poona's  court,  1801 ;   military  attache  at  the  | 
battle  of  Assaye,  1803;    charged  with  the  cavalry  at  | 
Argaum,  1803  ;  resident  of  Nagpur  ;  ambassador  to  Shah 
Shuja    at   Oabul,  1808  ;    resident   of    Pooua,    1810-16 ;  ! 
demanded  justice  from  the    peshwa  of  Poona  on  one  of 
his  favourites,  who  had  murdered  a  Mahratta  envoy,  i 
1815 ;    superseded,    1816 ;    took   part  in    a    repulse    of  ! 
Mahratta   troops,    1817;    instructed   to    annex    Poona, 
1817 ;   governor  of  Bombay,  1819-27  ;  prepared  code  for  j 
Bombay  presidency;    declined  the  governor-generalship  ' 
on  retiring;  author  of  a  'History  of  India'  and  'The  j 
Rise  of  British  Power  in  the  East,'  published  1887. 

[xvii.  326] 

ELPHINSTONE,  WILLIAM  (1431-1514),  bishop  of 
Aberdeen  and  founder  of  Aberdeen  University;  M.A., 
Glasgow,  1452;  regent  of  Glasgow  University,  1465;  i 
rector  of  St.  Michael's  Church,  Trongate,  1465 :  doctor  of 
decrees  at  Paris ;  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  c.  1474  ; 
official  of  Glasgow,  and  (1478)  of  Lothian;  made  arch- 
deacon of  Argyll  for  his  services  as  ambassador  to 
Louis  XI,  1479 ;  bishop  of  Ross,  1481;  privy  councillor, 
1483  ;  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  c.  1488-1614  ;  sent  to  arrange 
a  marriage  between  James  III  and  Edward  IV's  niece 
Anne,  1484 ;  lord  auditor  of  complaints,  Edinburgh ; 
consistently  supported  James  III;  lord  high  chancellor, 
1488 ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1492-1514 ;  concluded  a 
treaty  between  Scotland  and  Holland,  1493;  obtained 
charter  from  James  IV  to  found  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
1498;  rebuilt  choir  of  Aberdeen  Cathedral;  introduced 
printing  into  Scotland  ;  his  end  said  to  have  been  hastened 
by  distress  at  the  English  victory  at  Flodden. 

[xvii.  328] 

ELPHINSTONE,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  KEITH 
(1782-1842),  major-general;  lieutenant,  41st  regiment, 
1804;  major,  8th  West  India  regiment,  1811;  fought  at  ' 
Waterloo,  1815 ;  C.B. ;  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  1825 : 
major-general,  1837  ;  unfortunate  in  his  command  of  the 
troops  at  Oabul,  1841,  where  he  died  just  before  the  final 
catastrophe.  [xvii.  330] 

ELPHLNSTONE-HOLLOWAY,  WILLIAM  OUTH- 
BERT  (1787-1850),  colonel,  R.E. ;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Hollo- 
way  (1749-1827)  [q.  v.] ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  engineers, 
1804  ;  lieutenant,  1805  ;  captain,  1813  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1828 ;  colonel,  1841  ;  served  in  Peninsula,  1810-12 ;  com- 
manding royal  engineer  in  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1818-31, 
in  Canada,  1843-9,  and  in  western  military  district,  1849 
till  death  ;  O.B.,  1831 ;  took  surname  of  Elphinstone,  1825. 

[Suppl.  ii.  438] 

ELRLNGTON,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1787-1850), 
regius  professor  of  divinity  in  Dublin  University ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1805  ;  mathematical  and  Hebrew 


pri/eman  ;  fellow,  1810-29  ;  M.A.,  1811 ;  Donnellan  lecturer, 
1819;  D.D.,  1820;  chancellor  of  Ferns,  1832-40;  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  1829-50 ;  rector  of  the  union  of 
Armagh,  1841 ;  commenced  publication  of  Archbishop 
Ussher's  complete  works,  1847  ;  specialised  on  the  recent 
ecclesiastical  history  of  Ireland.  [xvii.  331] 

ELRINGTON,  THOMAS  (1688-1732),  actor;  first 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1709,  as  Oroouoko;  deputy- 
master  of  the  revels  and  steward  of  the  king's  inns  of 
court ;  played  Hamlet  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1716  ;  fre- 
quently appeared  at  Drury  Lane.  [xvii.  332] 

ELRINGTON,  THOMAS  (1760-1835),  bishop  of  Leigh- 
lin  and  Ferns  ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1778 ; 
fellow,  1781-1806  ;  M.A.,  1785  ;  Donnellan  divinity  lecturer, 
1 794 ;  D.D.,  1795 ;  Archbishop  King's  lecturer,  1795 ;  Smith's 
professor  of  mathematics  and  (179'J)  of  natural  philosophy  ; 
provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1811-30;  bishop  of 
Limerick,  1820-2,  of  Leighliu  and  Ferns,  1822-35;  pub- 
lished ecclesiastical  and  other  works :  edited  Locke's  '  Two 
Treatises  on  Government,'  as  well  as  Juvenal  and  Persius. 

[xvii.  333] 

ELSDALE,  ROBINSON  (1744-1783),  autobiographer, 
narrating  his  adventures  as  a  privateer  (1762-79)  off 
Hispaniola  and  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  [xviL  334] 

ELSDALE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1827),  master  of  Moulton 
grammar  school ;  sou  of  Robinson  Elsdale  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1809  ;  fellow.  [xvii.  334] 

ELSI  (d.  1050).    [See  EADSIGE.] 

ELSTOB,  ELIZABETH  (1683-1766),  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar ;  sister  of  William  Elstob  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  En- 
glish-Saxou  Homily  on  the  Nativity  of  St.  Gregory,'  with 
translation,  1709;  given  100/.  by  Queen  Caroline;  com- 
menced edition  of  ^Jlfric's  '  Homilies,'  and  published 
Anglo-Saxon  grammar,  1715.  [xviL  334] 

ELSTOB,  WILLIAM  (1673-1715),  divine  ;  claimed  to 
descend  from  Welsh  princes ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge  ;<  tfellow  of  University  College, 
Oxford,  1696 ;  M.A.,  1697  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Swithin  and 
St.  Mary  Bothaw,  London,  1702-15  ;  edited  Roger  Ascham's 
'  Letters,'  1703 ;  made  proposals  for  re-editing  the  Saxon 
laws.  [xviL  335] 

ELSTRACKE,  RENOLD  (RENIER)  (fl.  1590-1630), 
engraver ;  of  Belgian  origin ;  executed  engravings  of  the 
kings  of  England  for  Henry  Holland  (1583-1650  ?)  [q.  v.], 
1618  ;  engraved,  among  other  portraits,  a  double  whole- 
length  of  Mary  Stuart  and  Darnley.  [xvii.  336] 

ELSUM,  JOHN  (/.  1700-1705),  author;  collected 
'Epigrams  upon  the  Paintings  of  the  most  eminent 
Masters,  Antient  and  Modern,'  1700,  and  wrote  on  paint- 
ing, 1703-4.  [xvii.  336] 

ELSYNGE,  HENRY  (1598-1654),  clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford :  B.A.,  1625 ;  resigned  his  clerkship  of  the  House 
of  Commons  to  avoid  implication  in  proceedings  against 
Charles  I,  1648.  [xviL  336] 

ELTHAM,  JOHN  OF,  EARL  OF  CORNWALL  (1316-1336). 
[See  JOHN.] 

ELTON,  SIR  CHARLES  ABRAHAM  (1778-1853), 
author ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  captain,  48th  regiment ;  served 
in  Holland ;  translated  Hesiod  and  selections  from  other 
Greek  and  Roman  poets  ;  defended  unitariauism,  1818, 
but  a6jured  it  in  Aevrtpai  *poiri'5«,  1827.  [xviL  337] 

ELTON,  CHARLES  ISAAC  (1839-1900),  lawyer  and 
antiquary;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1862;  fellow  of 
Queen's,  and  Vineriau  law  scholar,  1862  ;  called  to  bar  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1865;  Q.C.,  1885;  conservative  M.P.  for 
West  Somerset,  1884-5,  and  for  Wellington  division,  1886- 
1892 ;  F.S.A.,  1883 ;  published  numerous  writings  on  his- 
torical, archteological,  legal,  and  literary  topics. 

[Suppl.  ii.  184] 

ELTON,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1794-1843),  actor; 
trained  for  the  law  ;  appeared  at  the  opening  of  the  Gar- 
rick  Theatre  in  Whitechapel,  1831 ;  the  original  Beauseant 
in  the '  Lady  of  Lyons '  at  Covent  Garden  ;  played  Romeo 
and  Rolla  at  Drury  Lane,  1839-40 ;  perished  by  shipwreck, 
1843  ;  famous  in  the  r6le  of  Edgar  in  '  Lear.'  [xviL  337] 

ELTON,  JAMES  FREDERIC  (1840-1877),  African 
explorer ;  took  part  in  reKef  of  Delhi  and  Lucknow,  1857  ; 
present  at  capture  of  Pekin,  1860  ;  joined  staff  of  French 

D  D 


ELTON 


EMES 


army  in  Mexico,  1866 ;  sent  to  report  on  South  African 
gold  and  diamond  fields,  1871 ;  member  of  Natal  executive 
and  legislative  council ;  political  agent  and  vice-consul  at 
Zanzibar  to  assist  in  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade, 
1873:  British  consul  at  Mozambique,  1875;  explored  the 
Makua  country,  1877 ;  endeavoured  to  ascertain  the  possi- 
bility of  a  route  from  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyassa  to 
Quiloa,  1877  ;  died  of  malarial  fever  in  Ugogo. 

[xvii.  338] 

ELTON,  JOHN  (d. 1761),  adventurer  in  Persia ;  sea- 
captain  in  Russian  service,  c.  1735-8 ;  formed  scheme  for 
British  trade  through  Russia  Into  Persia  and  central  Asia 
by  way  of  Caspian  Sea,  which  was  temporarily  adopted  by 
the  Russian  company,  c.  1741 ;  entered  service  of  shah  and 
was  appointed  admiral  of  Caspian;  espoused  cause  of 
Muhammad  Hassan  Khan,  1751,  and  was  shot  by  members 
of  the  rival  faction.  [Snppl.  ii.  186] 

ELTON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1650),  military  writer  :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  governor-general  of  Hull,  1656;  author 
of  ' The  compleat  Body  of  the  Art  Military,'  1660. 

[xvii.  339] 

ELVEY,  SIR  GEORGE  JOB  (1816-1893),  organist  and 
composer ;  chorister  of  Canterbury  Cathedral  ;  studied 
music,  and  was  organist  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor, 
1835-82  ;  Mas.  Bac.  New  College,  Oxford,  1838  ;  Mas.  Doc. 
by  special  dispensation  of  chancellor  of  university,  1840; 
knighted,  1871.  He  was  a  prolific  writer  of  church  music, 
and  composed  several  anthems  for  royal  marriages  and 
other  occasions.  [Suppl.  ii.  186] 

ELVEY,  STEPHEN  (1805-1860),  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  organist  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1830 ;  Mas.  Doc. 
Oxon.,  1838 ;  organist  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  and  (1846)  of 
St.  John's  College;  university  choragus,  1848-60;  com- 
posed Evening  Service  (1825),  and  settings  of  the  Psalter. 

[xvii.!339] 

ELVLDEN,  EDMUND  (/.  1670),  poet;  published 
'  A  Neweyere's  gift  to  the  Rebellious  Persons  in  the  North 
partes  of  England,'  1570,  •  The  Closit  of  Counsells,'  1569, 
and  a  '  Metaphorical!  History  of  Pesistratas  and  Catanea.' 

[xvii.  340] 

ELWALL,  EDWARD  (1676-1744),  Sabbatarian;  de- 
fended the  presbyterian  meeting-house  at  Wolverhampton 
from  a  high  church  mob,  1716  ;  successively  a  Unitarian, 
a  churchman,  and  an  Ebionite;  wore  at  one  time 
1  Turkish  habit,'  from  respect  to  the  unitarianism  of  Islam  ; 
'transient  member'  of  the  Sabbatarian  baptists,  1720 ; 
prosecuted  for  blasphemy  at  Stafford,  but  discharged  by 
Alexander  Deiiton,  1726 ;  published  Unitarian,  Sabbatarian, 
and  other  religious  pamphlets.  [xvii.  310] 

EL  WES,  Sm  GERVASE  (1661-1615).    [See  HEMVVS.] 

ELWES  OF  MBGQOTT,  JOHN  (1714-1789),  miser ; 
educated  at  Westminster ;  became  an  expert  in  riding  at 
Geneva ;  heir  to  his  uncle's  estate,  1763 ;  M.P.  for  Berk- 
shire, 1774-87 ;  '  trimmed '  between  the  party  of  Pitt  and 
Fox  ;  lived  a  parsimonious  rather  than  a  selfish  life. 

[xviL  342] 

ELWIN,  WHITWELL  (1816-1900),  prose- writer ; 
B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1839;  ordained  priest, 
1840;  curate  of  Hardington,  Somerset,  1840-9 ;  rector  of 
Booton,  1849-1900;  contributed  to  'Quarterly  Review,' 
1813-86 ;  editor,  1853-60.  His  works  include  five  volumes 
(1871-2)  of  the  edition  of  Pope  which  Mr.  W.  J.  Courthope 
completed.  [Suppl.  ii.  187] 

ELY,  HUMPHREY  (d.  lfi()4),  Roman  catholic  divine: 
studied  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  scholar  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford  ;  licentiate  in  the  canon  and  civil  laws, 
Donny ;  LL.D. ;  made  by  a  mistake  gaoler  of  one  of  his 
travelling  companions,  when  visiting  England  disguised  as 
a  merchant,  1580;  priest,  1582;  professor  of  the  canon 
and  civil  laws  at  Pout-a-Mousson,  1586-1604 ;  wrote 
'Certaine  Briefe  Notes'  oil  the  archpriest  controversy, 
1603.  [xvii.  344] 

ELY,  NICHOLAS  op  (d.  1280),  chancellor;  arch- 
deacon of  Ely,  1249 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's ;  elevated 
to  the  keepeivhip  of  the  great  seal  soon  after  the  pro- 
visions of  Oxfoni,  becoming  chancellor,  1260 ;  dismissed, 
1261;  treasurer,  1262:  reappointod  chancellor,  but  re- 
stricted to  signing  ordinary  writs,  of  which  the  justiciar 
was  witness,  1263 :  reappointed  treasurer,  1264 ;  bishop  of 
Worcester,  1266-8 ;  one  of  the  board  appointed  to  arrange 
term*  for  the  submission  of  the  disinherited  barons,  1266  ; 


bishop  of  Winchester,  1268-80  :  involved  in  an  obstinate 
quarrel  with  the  chapter  of  Winchester  relative  to  hi? 
nomination  of  a  prior  :  nvon.stituted  the  monastery  and 
appointed  Adam  of  Farcham  prior,  1278.  [ivii.  344] 

ELY,  THOMAS  OF  (/.  1175).    [See  THOMAS.] 

ELY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1609),  Roman  catholic  divine; 
brother  of  Humphrey  Ely  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Brasenose  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1549 ;  refused  to  shake  hands  with  Cran- 
mer  at  the  stake,  1556  ;  B.D.,  1557  ;  second  president  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1559-63,  having  temporarily 
conformed ;  removed  on  refusing  to  acknowledge  the 
queen's  supremacy  over  the  English  church,  1563; 
missioner  in  Herefordshire ;  died  in  Hereford  gaol. 

[xvii.  346] 

ELYOT,  SIR  RICHARD  (1450  ?-1522),  judge :  commis- 
sioner for  the  collection  of  an  aid  in  Wiltshire,  1503; 
serjeant-at-law,  1503;   attorney-general  to  the  queen,  c. 
1604 ;  judge  of  assize  on  the  western  circuit ;  J.P.  for 
i  Cornwall,    1509 ;    judge   of    the    common    pleas,  1513 ; 
i  knighted  before  1517 ;  summoned  to  the  first  three  parlia- 
i  ments  of  Henry  VIII's  reign.  [xvii.  347] 

ELYOT,  Siu  THOMAS  (1499  ?-1546),  diplomatist  and 
author  ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  Elyot  [q.  y.] ;  studied  Galen 
and  other  medical  writers  ;  clerk  of  assize  on  the  western 
circuit,  1511-28  ;  J.P.  for  Oxfordshire,  1522  ;  clerk  of  the 
privy  council,  1523-30 ;  knighted,  1530 ;  owed  his  appoint- 
ment (1531)  as  ambassador  to  Charles  V  to  his  'Boke 
called  the  Govemour '  (published,  1531) ;  directed,  against 
his  inclination,  to  obtain  the  emperor's  assent  to  Henry 
VIII's  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon  ;  again  ambas- 
sador to  the  emperor,  1535  ;  insisted  in  a  letter  to  Crom- 
well that,  though  intimate  with  Sir  Thomas  More,  he  was 
no  catholic,  1536 ;  M.P.,  Cambridge,  1542.  His  works, 
written  under  the  influence  of  Erasmus  and  the  Italian 
humanists,  include  '  The  Doctrine  of  Princes  .  .  .  trans- 
lated out  of  Greke  into  Euglishe '  (from  Isocrates),  1534,  a 
Latin-English  dictionary,  1538,  '  The  Image  of  Govern- 
ance,' translated  from  a  Greek  manuscript  of  Eucolpius 
(first  published,  1540),  and  Platonic  dialogues  and  com- 
pilations from  the  fathers.  [xvii.  347] 

ELYS,  EDMUND  (fl.  1707),  divine  and  poet;  pro- 
bationer fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1655-9 ;  M.A., 
1658 ;  rector  of  East  Allington,  1659-89 ;  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  of  being  a  royalist,  1659 ;  deprived,  1689 ;  pub- 
lished quaker  and  auti-Socinian  pamphlets  and  religious 

[xvii.  350] 


EMERSON,  WILLIAM  (1701-1782),  mathematician ; 
unsuccessful  as  a  private  teacher;  keenly  interested  in 
,  practical  mechanics,  incidentally  constructing  a  spinning- 
I  wheel  for  his  wife ;  declined,  on  grounds  of  economy,  to 
i  become  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society ;  published  treatise 
on  '  Fluxions,'  1749,  and  mathematical  manuals  for  young 
students,  including   ' Cyclomathesis,'    1763,  'The  Arith- 
metic of  Infinites,'  1767,  and  '  Dialling,'  1770. 

[xvii.  351] 

EMERY,  EDWARD  (d.  I860?),  numismatist;  pro- 
duced the  imitations  of  coins  known  as  '  Emery's  forgeries '; 
exposed,  1842.  [xvii.  352] 

EMEEY,  JOHN  (1777-1822),  actor  ;  performed  at  the 
Brighton  Theatre ;  appeared  at  the  Haymarket  in  'Col- 
man's  'Heir-at-Law,'1800;  member  of  the  Coveht  Garden 
j  Company,  1801-22;   exhibited,  mainly  sea-pieces,  at  tht 
!  Royal  Academy,  1801-17  ;  declared  by  Leigh  Hunt  to  be 
j  'almost  perfect'  in  his  representation  of  rustics. 

[xvii.  352] 

EMERY,  SAMUEL  ANDERSON  (1817-1881),  actor ; 

son  of   John    Emery  [q.  v.] ;    engaged  at  the    Queen's 

Theatre,  c.  1884  j  played  in  Scotland  and  the  Midlands ; 

i  played  Giles  in  the  'Miller's  Maid'  and  Lovegold  in  the 

j  'Miser'  at  the  Lyceum,    1843;    stage-manager   at  the 

|  Surrey,  but  not  permanently  identified  with  any  theatre  ; 

!  excelled  in  the  parts  of  old  man  and  countryman. 

[xvii.  353] 

EMES,  JOHN  (/.  1786-1805),  engraver  and  water- 
colour  painter;  exhibited  landscapes  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1790  and  1791 ;  best  known  by  his  engraving 
of  Jeffefys's  '  Destruction  of  the  Spanish  Batteries  before 
Gibraltar,'  1786.  [xvii.  354] 

EMES,  THOMAS  (d.  1707),  known  as  « the  prophet ' ; 
quack  doctor ;  his  resurrection  expected  by  the  Camisard 
fraternity,  to  which  he  belonged,  1707 ;  derided  Colbatch's 


EMILY 


403 


ENGKLAJND 


theory  of  alkali  being  morbific  and  '  acid  '  being  curative 
iu '  A  Dialogue  between  Alkali  and  Acid,'  1698 ;  published 
'The  Reasonableness  and  Union  of  Natural  and  the  True 
Christian  lu-ligion,"  1698.  [xvli.  354] 

EMILY,    KDWARD  (1617-1657),    Harveiau   orator; 
M.D.  Leyden,  1640  :    M.D.  Oxford;   L.C.P.,  1641 ;  censor,  j 
1652  and  1653;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1649  ;  attacked  tin- 
Commonwealth  in  his  Uarveian  oration,  1656. 

[xvii.  356] 

EMLY,  BAKOX(  1812-1894).  [See  MO.NSELL,  WILLIAM.] 

EMLYN,  HENRY  (1729-1815),  architect ;  published 
'  A  Proposition  for  a  New  Order  in  Architecture '  (founded 
on  a  division  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  shaft  into  two  ; 
columns),  1781 ;  introduced  the  order  into  the  tetra-style  ; 
portico  at  Beaumont  Lodge,  near  Windsor,  c.  1785. 

[xvii.  355] 

EMLYN,  SOLLOM  (1697-1754),  legal  writer ;  son  of 
Thomas  Emlyn  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Leyden ;  member  of 
Lincoln's*  Inn ;   disparaged  the  civil  law,  the  criminal 
law,  and  the  ecclesiastical  courts  in  the  preface  to  his  I 
(second)  edition  of  the  '  State  Trials,'  1730.     [xvii.  356] 

EMLYN,  THOMAS  (1663-1741),  first  Unitarian  minis- 
ter in  England ;  domestic  chaplaia  to  Letitia,  countess 
of  Donegal,  a  presbyterian  lady,  1683-8  ;  chaplain  to  Sir 
Robert  Rich,  1689-91 ;  colleague  to  Joseph  Boyse  [q.  v.] 
at  Dublin,  1691-1702  ;  made  confession  of  his  heresy  to  u 
suspicious  elder  of  his  congregation,  1702 ;  virtually  dis- 
missed, 1702;  put  to  press  'An  Humble  Inquiry  into  the 
Scripture  Account  of  Jesus  Christ,*  1702,  for  which  he  i 
was  sentenced  in  the  court  of  queen's  bench  to  a  year's  j 
imprisonment,  to  be  extended  until  he  had  paid  a  fine  of 
1,OOOJ.  and  found  security  for  good  behaviour  during  life, 
1703 ;  the  reduction  of  his  fine  mooted  by  Boyse  and  sub- 
sequently allowed  by  Ormonde,  the  lord-lieutenant;  re-  I 
leased  on  payment  of  907.,  1705  ;  occasionally  preached  at 
the  general  baptist  church  in  the  Barbican  (Paul's  Alley)  ;  : 
probably  the  first  preacher  who  described  himself  as  a 
unitarian,  the  term  originated  by  Thomas  Firmin  [q.  v.] ; 
friend  of  Samuel  Clarke  (1675-1729)   [q.  v.] ;  published 
unitarian  pamphlets.  [xvii.  356] 

EMMA  (d.  1052),  called  .&LFGIFU,  queen ;  daughter  of  j 
Richard  the  Fearless,  duke  of  the  Normans  ;  called  '  the 
gem  of  the  Normans'  in  Henry  of  Huntingdon's  chro-  j 
nicle ;  married  to  King  Ethelred  II,  the  Unready  [q.  v.],  | 
1002 ;  adopted  the  English  name  ^Elfgifu :  said  to  have  ! 
defended  London  against  Cnut,  1016 ;   married  to  Cnut, 
1017  ;  endeavoured  to  make  her  son  Harthacnut  king,  but  ! 
was  opposed  by  her  step-son  Harold,  who  seized  England  ' 
to  the  north  of  the  Thames,  1035  ;  secured  for  Harthacnut  : 
recognition  as  king  in  Wessex,  1035  ;  banished  by  Harold  L 
the  men  of  Wessex  being  tired  of  Harthacnut's  prolonged 
absence,  1037  ;  fled  to  the  court  of  Baldwin  V,  count  of  j 
Flanders ;  wielded  considerable  influence  during  the  reign 
of  Harthacnut,  1040-1 ;  despoiled  of  her  wealth  by  King  ; 
Edward  the  Confessor,  her  son  by  Ethelred,  1043. 

[xvii.  360] 

EMMET,  CHRISTOPHER  TEMPLE  (1761-1788), 
barrister ;  brother  of  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.] ;  scholar, 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1778 ;  called  to  the  bar  in  Ireland, 
1781 ;  king's  counsel,  1787 ;  predicted  downfall  of  Eng- 
land, unless  Irish  wrongs  were  redressed,  in  his  '  Decree," 
an  allegorical  poem.  [xvii.  361] 

EMMET,    ROBERT    (1778-1803),  United  Irishman; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1793  ;  took  his  name  off 
the  books  when  brought  up  at  the  visitation  held  to  discover 
the  political  sympathies  of  the  students,  1798 ;  visited  ! 
Paris;  interviewed  Talleyrand  and  Napoleon,  the  latter  of  I 
whom  promised  to  secure  Irish  independence,  1802 ;  fell 
in  love  with  Sarah  Curran,  daughter  of  John  Philpot  | 
Curran  [q.  v.]  ;  projected  a  rising,  1803,  the  plan  of  which  ] 
included  the  seizure  of  the  person  of  the  viceroy ;   lost  | 
heart  at  the  violence  of  his  followers  and  retired  to  Rath-  I 
farnham  ;  arrested  and  executed,  1803.  [xvii.  362] 

EttMET,    THOMAS     ADDIS    (1764-1827),    United 
Irishman  ;  brother  of  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin    1781 ;   B.A.,  1783 ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh ;  LL.B.  Dublin ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1790 ;  took 
the  oath  of  the  United  Irishmen  in  open  court,  1796  ;  one  , 
of  the  directors  of  the  Society  of  the  United  Irishmen, 
1797 ;    arrested  with    his    colleagues,    1798 ;    agreed    to  I 
Oastlereagh's  proposal  that  he  should  be  transported  to  j 


America,  but,  in  consequence  of  the  American  minister's 
objection,  wab  transferred  to  Fort  St.  George  iu  Scotland, 
1799 ;  sent  to  Holland,  1802 :  assisted  MacSheehy  in  hi* 
scheme  for  raising  a  battalion  of  Irish  iu  the  pay  of 
France ;  joined  the  New  York  bar,  1804 ;  died  at  New 
York.  [xvii.  363] 

EMMETT,  ANTHONY  (1790-1872),  major-general, 
royal  engineers  ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1808 ; 
wounded  while  leading  a  column  to  the  assault  of  Badajoz, 
1812;  captain,  1813;  fought  at  Ortnes  and  Toulouse, 
1814  ;  commanding  royal  engineer  at  St.  Helena  ;  retired 
a-i  major-general.  [xvii.  364] 

EMP80N  or  EMSON,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1610), 
statesman  and  lawyer  ;  M.P.  for  Northamptonshire,  1491 ; 
speaker,  1491-2  ;  knighted,  1504 ;  high  steward  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1504  ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1504 ;  associated  with  Edmund  Dudley  [q.  v.]  in 
the  exaction  of  taxes  and  crown  fines  during  Henry  VII's 
reign ;  executed  on  a  charge  of  constructive  treason, 
suggested  by  his  having  armed  his  friends  during 
Henry  VII's  last  illness.  [xviL  364] 

EMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1791-1852),  editor  of  the 
'  Edinburgh  Review ' ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1815  ;  his  article  on  Bentham 
in  the  'Edinburgh  Review'  (1843)  answered  by  John 
Stuart  Mill ;  professor  of  '  general  polity  and  the  laws  of 
England'  at  the  East  India  College,  Haileybury,  1824-52  ; 
editor  of  the  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1847-52.  [xvii.  365] 

ENDA,  or,  in  the  older  spelling,  ENNA,  SAINT,  of 
Arran  (fl.  6th  cent.),  son  of  a  chief  of  Oriel  (in  county 
Louth) ;  persuaded  by  his  sister,  St.  Fanche,  to  become  a 
monk ;  crossed  over  to  Britain  ;  ordained  presbyter  after 
living  with  St.  Ninian  ;  founded  monastery  of  '  Latinum ' ; 
missionary  in  Ireland,  founding  ten  monasteries  in  Arran 
of  the  Saints.  [xviL  365] 

ENDECOTT,  JOHN  (1588  ?-1665),  governor  of  New 
England ;  probably  born  at  Dorchester ;  joined  in  pur- 
chasing a  patent  of  Massachusetts  Bay  territory,  1628 ;  in 
charge  of  Nanmkeag  (afterwards  Salem),  1628 ;  conducted 
expedition  to  Mount  Wollastou  (now  Quincy),  and  re- 
buked the  inhabitants  for  their  lawlessness ;  friend  of 
John  Winthrop,  the  first  regularly  elected  governor  of 
New  England  ;  member  of  his  council  of  assistants,  1630 
and  1636 ;  disqualified  from  holding  office  for  one  year  by 
judicial  sentence,  for  having  insulted  the  red  cross  of  St. 
George,  1634 ;  sent  on  an  expedition  against  the  Block 
Island  and  Pequot  Indians,  1636;  governor,  1644,  1649, 
1651-3,  and  1655-65  ;  sergeant  major-general  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 1645;  persecuted  the  quakers;  coined  money, 
1652-65  ;  informed  that  Charles  II  was  ready  to  take  the 
colony  under  his  protection,  provided  that  it  submitted  to 
be  a  dependency  of  the  English  crown,  1662 ;  the  royal 
commissioners  refused  a  hearing  by  his  court,  1664  ;  his 
dismissal  recommended  by  Secretary  Sir  William  Morrice, 
1665.  [xvii.  366] 

ENFEELD,  EDWARD  (1811-1880),  philanthropist; 
grandson  of  William  Enfield  [q.  v.]  ;  literary  student  at 
Manchester  College,  York ;  moneyer  at  the  mint ;  presi- 
dent of  the  senate  of  University  College,  London,  1878-80  ; 
treasurer  of  the  University  College  Hospital,  1867-80 ; 
president  of  Manchester  New  College,  London ;  worked 
with  the  domestic  mission  society  for  the  poor  of  East 
London.  [xvii.  368] 

ENFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1741-1797),  divine  and  author ; 
tutor  in  belles-lettres  and  rector  of  the  Warriugton  aca- 
demy, 1770-83 ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1774 ;  pastor  of  two 
presbyterian  congregations ;  published  '  The  Speaker,' 
1774,  a  popular  schoolbook, '  Institutes  of  Natural  Philo- 
sophy,' 1785,  and  translations  and  religious  works. 

[xvii.  369] 

ENGLAND,  GEORGE  (fl.  1735),  divine  and  author ; 
incumbent  of  two  country  parishes  ;  published  '  An  En- 
quiry into  the  Morals  of  the  Ancients,'  1737.  [xvii.  370] 

ENGLAND,  GEORGE  (/.  1740-1788),  organ-builder  ; 
built  an  organ  for  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook  (1760),  and 
for  various  other  churches.  [xvii.  370] 

ENGLAND,  GEORGE  PIKE  (1766  ?-1814),  organ- 
builder  ;  son  of  George  England  (fl.  1740-1788)  [q.  v.]  ; 
built  organs  for  numerous  churches,  including  one,  con- 
jointly with  Nicholls,  for  Durham  Cathedral,  1816. 

[xvii.  370] 
D  D  2 


ENGLAND 


404 


EBBUKY 


ENGLAND,  JOHN  (1786-1842),  bishop  of  Charles- 
ton ;  founded  female  penitentiary  and  poor  schools  for 
both  sexes  while  a  student  at  Carlow  College ;  lecturer 
at  Cork  Cathedral  and  chaplain  to  the  Presentation  Con- 
vent, 1808  ;  D.D. ;  president  of  the  diocesan  college  of 
St.  Mary,  1812-17 ;  Roman  catholic  bishop  of  Charleston, 
U.S.A.,  1820;  established  the  pioneer  'United  States 
Catholic  Miscellany ' ;  befriended  the  negroes  of  his 
diocese ;  papal  legate  to  the  government  of  Hayti,  1833  : 
his  collected  works  (dealing  with  topics  of  controversial 
theology)  published,  1849.  [xvii.  370] 

ENGLAND,  SIR  RICHARD  (1793-1883),  general; 
born  at  Detroit,  Upper  Canada ;  lieutenant,  1809 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1825 ;  brigadier-general  during  the  Kaffir 
war,  1836  and  1837  ;  colonel,  1838 ;  assisted  Nott  in  de- 
feating Akbar  Khan  on  the  Khojak  Heights,  but  suffered 
some  reverses,  1841 ;  K.C.B.,  1843  ;  distinguished  himself 
at  Inkernian,  1854  :  directed  attack  on  I;  -  Inn.  1855  ; 
G.O.B. ;  colonel,  41st  regiment,  1861 ;  general,  1863. 

[xvii.  371] 

ENGLAND,  THOMAS  RICHARD  (1790-1847),  bio- 
grapher ;  brother  of  John  England  [q.  v.] ;  catholic 
parish  priest  in  Ireland ;  published  biographies  of  some 
Koman  catholic  ecclesiastics.  [xvii.  372] 

ENGLEFIELD,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1596?),  Roman 
catholic  exile :  knighted  at  Edward  VI's  coronation,  1547 ; 
imprisoned  for  celebrating  mass  before  the  Princess  Mary, 
1551 ;  privy  councillor,  1553 ;  knight  of  the  shire  for 
Berks ;  placed  on  the  witchcraft  commission,  1556 ;  fled 
to  Valladolid,  1559  ;  outlawed  for  high  treason,  committed 
at  Namur,  1564  ;  attainted  and  forfeited,  1586,  Elizabeth 
seizing  even  the  estates  he  had  alienated ;  pensioned  by 
the  king  of  Spain ;  corresponded  with  the  pope  and  the 
king  of  Spain  on  behalf  of  Mary  Stuart,  1586 ;  buried  at 
Valladolid.  [xvii.  372] 

ENGLEFIELD,  SIR  HENRY  CHARLES  (1752-1822), 
antiquary  and  scientific  writer;  F.S.A.,  1779:  P.S.A.  ; 
directed  the  society's  issue  of  engravings  of  English 
cathedrals  and  churches,  1797-1813 ;  F.R.S.,  1778 ;  gold 
medallist  of  the  Society  of  Arts  for  his  '  Discovery  of  a 
Lake  from  Madder ' ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[xvii.  374] 

ENGLEHEART,  FRANCIS  (1775-1849),  engraver; 
nephew  of  George  Engleheart  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  for  books 
from  drawings  by  Richard  Cook  [q.  v.]  ;  engraved  Sir 
David  Wilkie's '  Duncan  Gray '  and '  The  Only  Daughter ' ; 
exhibited  at  the  Society  of  British  Artists,  [xvii.  375] 

ENGLEHEART,  GEORGE  (1752-1839),  miniature- 
painter  ;  of  Silesian  extraction  ;  pupil  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds ;  miniature-painter  to  the  king,  1790  ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  1773-1812.  [xvii.  875] 

ENGLEHEART,  JOHN  COX  D1LLM AN (1783-1862), 
miniature-painter  ;  nephew  of  George  Engleheart  [q.  v.]  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1801-28.  [xvii.  375] 

ENGLEHEART,  THOMAS  (d.  1787  V),  sculptor  and 
modeller  in  wax  ;  brother  of  George  Engleheart  [q.  v.]  ; 
gold  medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy  for  a  bas-relief  of 
'Ulysses  and  Nausicaa,'  1772;  exhibited  wax  busts  and 
models  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1773-86.  [xvii.  376] 

ENGLEHEART,  TIMOTHY  STAXSFELD  (1803- 
1879),  engraver  ;  enernved  Gui'io  lU-ni's  'Koce  Homo,' 
1840,  and  plates  in  'The  British  Museum  Marbles.' 

[xvii.  375] 

ENGLISH,  HESTER  (1571-1624).    [See  KELLO.] 

ENGLISH,  SIR  JOHN  HAVVKEH  (1788-1840),  sur- 
geon-in-chtef  to  the  Swedish  army  ;  decorated  with  the 
order  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  1813  ;  knighted,  1816 ;  M.D. 
Guttiugen,  1814 :  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1823  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1823. 

[xvii.  376] 

ENGLISH,  JOSFAS  (d.  1718?),  amateur  etcher: 
etched  in  the  style  of  Hollar  from  Olein's  designs  ;  bis 
I'To-t  important  etching,  'Christ  and  the  Dimples  at 
hmuiaus  '  after  Titian.  [xvii.  376] 

ENGLISH,  WILLIAM  (/.  1350).    [See  GRISAUNT.] 

ENGLISH,  WILLIAM(d.  1778),  Irish  poet;  Augus- 
tininn  monk  and  writer  of  ballads,  including  the  well- 
known  '  Oaahel  of  Monster.'  [xvii.  376] 

ENNI8KILLEN,  second  BARON  OF  (1616-1645).  [See 
MAUUKK,  CMXXOR  or  CORNELIUS.] 


ENSOM,    WILLIAM    (1796-1832),    engraver;    silver 
medallist  of  the  Society  of  Arts  for  a  pen-and-ink  portniit 
ot  William  Blake  (1767-1827)  [q.  v.],  181ft:  engraved  lor 
1  annuals ;    executed   engravings  from  portraits    by  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence.  [xvii.  376] 

ENSOR,  GEORGE  (1769-1843),  political  writer  ;  B.A. 
:  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1790;  author  of  a  philosophical 
essay,  entitled  '  The  Independent  Man,'  1 806,  and  assailant 
of  the  English  government  of  Ireland  in  such  books  as 
'  Anti-Union,' 1831,  and 'A  Defence  of  the  Irish,'  1825; 
wrote  against  Malthusianism,  1818.  [xvii.  376] 

ENT,  SIR  GEORGE  (1604-1689),  physician;  of  Dutch 
parentage ;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1631 : 
M.D.  Padua,  1636;  F.O.P.,  1639;  Gulstonian  lecturer, 
1642;  knighted,  1665;  P.C.P.,  1670-5,  1682,  and  1684; 
F.R.S. ;  vindicated  Harvey's  discovery  with  an  '  Apologia 
pro  circuitioue  sauguinis,'  1641.  [xvii.  377] 

ENTICK,  JOHN  (1703  ?-1773),  schoolmaster  and 
author  ;  published  a  'Speculum  Latinum,'  1728  ;  brought 
out  '  Phajdri  Fabulse,'  with  accents  and  notes,  1754 ; 
attacked  the  government  in  Shebbeare  and  Scott's  anti- 
ministerial  'Monitor';  obtained  damages  in  1766  for 
seizure  of  his  papers  by  the  government  three  years 
before;  published  histories  and  compiled  English  and 
Latin  dictionaries.  [xvii.  378] 

ENTWISLE,  JOSEPH  (1767-1841),  methodist  minis- 
ter ;   preached  before  his  sixteenth  year ;  sent  on  the 
Oxfordshire  circuit  by  Wesley,  1787 ;   first  missionary 
I  secretary,  1805  ;  president  of  conference,  1812  and  1825  ; 
1  house  governor  of  the  Hoxton  Theological  Institution, 
1834-8 ;  published  an  '  Essay  on  Secret  Prayer,'  1820. 

[xvii.  378] 

ENTY,  JOHN  (1675?-1743),  presbyteriuu  minister: 

I  of  humble  origin  ;  pastor  of  a  presbyteriau  congregation 

at  Plymouth,  1698 ;  leader  of  the  conservative  party  in 

the  assembly  of  united  ministers ;  published  theological 

!  pamphlets.  [xvii.  379] 

EOGHAN,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (d.  618),  kinsman  of  the 
chieftains  of  Ulster  and  Leinster ;  carried  off  to  Britain 
by  pirates  in  boyhood ;  educated  by  St  Ninian ;  taken  to 
Armorica  by  Gaulish  raiders ;  returned  to  Ireland  and 
!  founded  a  monastery  at  Hy  Cualann,  co.  Wicklow ; 
humanised  the  chieftains  of  Ardstraw,  and  helped  his 
friend,  Tigeruach,  to  found  monasteries  in  North  Ireland. 

[xvii.  379] 

EON,   CHEVALIER  u'  (1728-1810).      [See  D'EoN  DE 
I  BKAUMONIV] 

EPINE,    FRANCESCA   MARGHERITA  DK   L'  (d. 

|  1746),    Tuscan    vocalist;    became    associated    with    the 

establishment  of  Italian  opera  in  England  by  singing  in 

'Thamyris,'    1707,    '  Almahide,'  1710,  Handel's  'Pastor 

Fido,'  1712,  and  similar  pieces:  divided  London  society 

i  into  factions  by  her  jealousy  of  Mrs.  Tofts,  the  Drury 

I  Lane  favourite,  1704.  [xvii.  380] 

EPPS,  GEORGE  NAPOLEON  (1816-1874),  homoeo- 

!  pathic  practitioner;  half-brother  of  John  Epps  [q.v.]; 

,  M.R.C.S.,  1845  ;  surgeon  to  the  Honvuopathic  Hospital, 

|  Hanover  Square,  1846;  chief  work,  'Spinal  Curvature, 

its  Theory  and  Cure,'  1849.  [xvii.  381] 

EPPS,  JOHN  (1805-1869),  homoeopathic  physician  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1826  ;  published  '  Evidences  of  Ohris- 

'  tianity  deduced  from  Phrenology ' ;  medical  director  of 
the  Royal  Jennerian  and  London  Vaccine  Institution, 
c.  1830 :  issued  '  Homoeopathy  and  its  Principles  Ex- 

1  plained,'  1841,  and  other  works  in  defence  of  Hahnemann's 
system  ;  lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the  Homoeopathic 
Hospital,  Hanover  Square,  1861;  issued  the  'Christian 
Physician  and  Anthropological  Magazine,' 1836-9  ;  friend 
of  .Ma/./.ini  and  Kossuth.  [xvii.  382] 

ERARD,     SAINT    and    BISHOP    (fi.    730-754);    left 
|  Ireland  to  look  for  his  brother  Hildulph,  who  had  gone 
i  out  as  a  missionary  to  Germany,  and,  finding  him  a  her- 
mit  in  the    Vosges,    induced    him    to  teach  publicly  ; 
;  baptised  Ottilia,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  the  Allemauui ; 
•  possibly  a  monastic  bishop  at  Ratisbon,  where  he  was 
buried ;  canonised,  1052.  [Xvii.  383] 

ERBURY,  WILLIAM  (1604-1664),  independent 
divine  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1623  :  incumbent 
of  St.  Mary's,  Cardiff,  1623-38  ;  pronounced  a  schismatic 
by  the  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1634 ;  forced  to  resign  his 
living,  1638 ;  chaplain  of  Skippon's  regiment ;  acconliutf 


ERCELDOUNE 


405 


ERSKINE 


to  Edwards,  taught  universal  redemption ;   denied  the 

divinity  of  Christ,  lG4f> ;  maintained  in  v;ir.ous  theological 
treatises  that  the  Holy  Spirit  departed  about  the  end  of 
the  apostolic  period.  Lxvii.  383] 

ERCELDOUNE,  THOMAS  OP,  called  also  the  Hn  YMKK 
ami  LKAKMONT  (Ji.  mo  V-1297  ?),  seer  and  poet;  meu- 
li.m.il  in  the  chartulary  (1294)  of  the  Trinity  House  of 
Soltra  as  having  inherited  lands  in  Erccldoune,  a  Ber- 
wickshire village ;  said  to  have  predicted  the  death  of 
Alexander  HI,  king  of  Scotland,  under  the  figure  of  a 
destructive  gale,  1285,  ako  the  battle  of  Bannoekburu ; 
traditional  fountain  of  many  (fabricated)  oracles,  one  of 
which  '  foretold '  the  accession  of  James  VI  to  the  Eng- 
lish throne ;  reputed  author  of  a  poem  on  the  Tristrem 
story,  which  .-ir  Walter  Scott  considered  genuine;  it 
probably  emanated  from  a  French  source.  The  romance 
of  Thomas  and  the  '  ladye  gaye,'  popularly  attributed*  to 
him,  may  be  placed  after  14ul  (edited  by  Dr.  J.  A.  H. 
Murray,  1875).  [xvii.  386] 

ERDESWICKE,  SAMPSON  (d.  1603),  historian  of 
Staffordshire ;  studied  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1553- 
1554  ;  worked  at  his  'View'  or  '  Survey  '  of  Staffordshire 
from  1593  to  1603 ;  said  to  have  written  his  pupil  William 
Wyrley's  'True  Use  of  Armorie,'  1592;  commended  by 
the  antiquary  Camden.  [xvii.  388] 

EEICHSEN,  SIR  JOHN  ERIC  (1818-1896),  surgeon  ; 
born  at  Copenhagen  ;  studied  medicine  at  University 
College,  London ;  M.R.C.S.,  1839  ;  F.R.O.S.,  1845 ;  joint 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Westminster 
Hospital,  1844,  and  joint  lecturer  on  anatomy,  1846-8; 
assistant-surgeon,  1848,  and  full  surgeon,  1850-75,  to 
University  College  Hospital ;  professor  of  surgery  iu 
University  College,  1860-66  ;  Holme  professor  of  clinical 
surgery,  1866  :  F.R.S.,  1876  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1884 ;  surgeon-extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1877  ; 
created  baronet,  1895  ;  president  of  council  of  University 
College,  188 7-96  ;  published  '  Science  and  Art  of  Surgery,' 
1863,  and  other  surgical  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  188] 

ERIGENA,  JOHN(./f.  850).    [See  SCOTUS.] 

ERKENWALD  or  EARCONWALD,  SAINT  (d.  693), 
bishop  of  London ;  founded  a  monastery  with  the  help  of 
Frithewald,  under-kiug  of  Surrey,  at  Chertsey,  and 
another  at  Barking  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  the  East- 
Saxons,  676,  practically  founding  his  see.  [xvii.  390] 

ERLE,  THOMAS  (1650  ?-1720),  general ;  M.P.  for 
Wareham,  1678-97,  and  1699-1718,  for  Portsmouth,  1698 ; 
deputy  lieutenant  for  Dorset,  1685  ;  colonel  of  foot, 
1689 ;  fought  for  William  III  in  Ireland,  1690-1,  and  at 
Steinkirk,  1692  ;  wounded  at  Landen,  1693  ;  commander- 
in-chief  in  Ireland,  1702 ;  lord  justice  in  Ireland,  c.  1702 ; 
lieutenant  of  the  ordnance  on  Marlborough's  recommen- 
dation, 1703;  commanded  the  centre  as  lieutenant-general 
at  Almanza,  1707  ;  coumiauder-in-chief  at  siege  of  Lille. 
1708  ;  commauder-in-chief  in  South  Britain  and  governor 
of  Portsmouth,  1709-12  ;  nominated  general  of  foot  in 
Flanders,  1711.  [xvii.  391] 

ERT.E,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1793-1880),  judge ;  educated 
at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  ;  B.G.L. 
1818;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1819;  bencher,  Inner 
Temple,  1834 ;  M.P.  for  city  of  Oxford,  1837 ;  counsel 
to  the  Bank  of  England,  1844 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1844  ; 
knighted,  1845 ;  lord  chief- justice  of  common  pleas, 
1859-66  ;  privy  councillor,  1859  ;  member  of  the  Trades' 
Union  Commission,  1867  ;  published  '  The  Law  relating  to 
Trades'  Unions,'  1869-80.  [xvii.  392] 

ERNEST  AUGUSTUS,  DUKE  OF  YORK  AND 
ALBANY  (1674-1728),  fifth  sou  of  Ernest  Augustus, 
elector  of  Hanover  and  brother  of  George  I ;  saw  military 
service  under  the  emperor ;  created  Duke  of  York  and 
Albany  and  Earl  of  Ulster,  1716  ;  K.G. ;  prince  bishop  of 
Osuaburg,  171G-28.  [xvii.  393] 

ERNEST  AUGUSTUS,  DUKE  OF  CUMBERLAND  and 
KING  OF  HANOVER  (1771-1851),  fifth  son  of  George  III ; 
K.G.,  1786  ;  sent  to  Gbttingen  University,  178»;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  9th  Hanoverian  hussars,  1793  ;  major-general  in 
the  English  and  Hanoverian  armies,  1794 ;  wounded  at 
the  first  battle  of  Tournay,  1794  ;  created  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland and  Earl  of  Armagh,  1799  ;  general,  1803  ;  chan- 
cellor of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1805  ;  opposed  all 
relaxation  of  the  catholic  penal  laws,  1808  ;  voted  against 
the  regency  bill,  1810  ;  narrowly  escaped  assassination 
in  his  bed,  1810  ;  deputy-elector  of  Hanover,  1813  ;  field 


marshal  in  the  British  army,  1813  ;  G.OJJ.,  1815 ;  resigned 
his  colonelcy  of  the  blues,  1830  ;  opposed  the  Reform  Bill 
of  1832;  insulted  by  Brougham  in  parliament;  gr:.n-l 
master  of  Irish  Orangemen;  succeeded  on  Willi.im  IV's 
death,  in  acconlance  with  provisions  of  Salic  law,  as  King 
Ernest  I  of  Hanover,  1837  :  cancelled  William  IV's  consti- 
tution, and  made  himself  absolute  monarch  ;  gained  popu- 
larity by  the  contrast  he  showed  to  the  absenteeism  of 
hia  predecessors ;  granted  Hanover  a  constitution  on 
democratic  lines,  1840  ;  died  at  Herrenhauaen. 

ERNULF  or  ARNULF  (1040  -  1124),  bishop  of 
Rochester ;  of  French  origin ;  Benedictine  monk  at 
Beauvais  ;  made  prior  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  by 
Archbishop  Anaelm;  abbot  of  Peterborough,  1107-14; 
appointed  bishop  of  Rochester  against  his  will  and  to 
the  sorrow  of  his  monks,  1114  ;  author  of  the  'Textus 
Roffeusis,'  a  collection  of  laws,  papal  decrees,  and  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  church  of  Rochester  (published  by 
Thomas  Hearne,  1720).  [xvii.  396] 

ERPINGHAM,  SIR  THOMAS  (1357-1428X  soldier ; 
in  service  of  John  of  Gaunt,  1380 :  accompanied  him  to 
Spam,  1386  ;  went  with  John  of  Gauut's  son,  Henry, 
earl  of  Derby  (afterwards  Henry  IV),  on  expeditions  to 
Lithuania,  1890  and  1392,  and  accompanied  him  during 
his  banishment,  1398-9  ;  constable  of  Dover  Castle  and 
warden  of  Cinque  ports,  1399-1409 ;  K.G.  and  chamber- 
lain of  king's  household,  1400  ;  accompanied  Thomas, 
duke  of  Clarence  (1388?-1421)  [q.  v.],-  in  Ireland,  1401-3  ; 
privy  councillor  and  steward  of  royal  household,  1404 ; 
took  part  in  Agincourt  campaign,  1415  ;  sent  with  John 
Wakering  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Berwick,  to  Calais  and  Beau- 
vais, to  treat  with  king  of  France,  1416.  [Suppl.  ii.  189] 

ERRINGTON,  ANTHONY  (1719  V),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  D.D. ;  dedicated  '  Catechistical  Discourses  '  to  the 
Princess  Henrietta  Maria,  1654.  [xvii.  398] 

ERRINGTON,  GEORGE  (1804-1886),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop ;  educated  at  St.  Cuthbert's  College,  Ushaw, 
1814-21 ;  D.D.  of  the  English  college,  Rome,  1827 ;  vice- 
rector,  1832;  presided  over  St.  Mary's  College,  Oscott, 
1843-7  ;  first  bishop  of  Plymouth,  1850-5  ;  archbishop  of 
Trebizond  in  partibus,  1855  ;  coadjutor  to  Cardinal  Wise- 
man, 1856-62  ;  assistant  at  the  pontifical  throne,  1856  ;  in 
charge  of  St.  Paul's  College,  Prior  Park,  1870-86. 

[xvii.  398] 

ERRINGTON,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1806-1862),  civil 
engineer  ;  resident  engineer  of  the  Grand  Junction  rail- 
way ;  constructed  harbour  works  of  Greenock,  1841 ; 
brought  forward  the  entire  system  of  railways  from  Lan- 
caster to  Inverness  ;  vice-president  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  1861-2  ;  engineer  to  London  and  South- 
western Railway ;  his  plan  for  the  line  from  Yeovil  to 
Exeter  accepted,  1856.  [xvii.  399] 

ERRINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1716-1768),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  student  and  professor  at  the  English 
college,  Douay  ;  established  school  at  Sedgley  Park,  Staf- 
fordshire, 1763  ;  archdeacon  and  treasurer  of  the  chapter 
in  London.  [xvii.  399] 

ERROL,  ninth  EARL  OF  (d.  1631).  [See  HAY, 
FRANCIS.] 

ERSKINE,  CHARLES  (1680-1763),  lord  justice  clerk ; 
regent  of  Edinburgh  University,  1700-7 ;  first  professor 
of  public  law,  Edinburgh,  1707  ;  member  of  the  Faculty 
of  Advocates,  1711 ;  M.P.,  Dumfriesshire,  1722,  1727,  and 
1734 ;  M.P.,  Dumfries  burghs,  1734 ;  solicitor-general  for 
Scotland,  1725 ;  lord  advocate,  1737-42 ;  M.P.  for  the 
Wick  burghs,  1741 ;  raised  to  the  bench  as  Lord  Tiu- 
wald,  1744  ;  lord  justice  clerk,  1748.  [xvii.  40u] 

ERSKINE,  DAVID,  second  BAROX  OARDROSS  (1616- 
1671),  royalist ;  fined  and  excluded  from  parliament  (1649) 
for  having  promoted  the  '  engagement,'  1648. 

[xviL  400] 

ERSKINE,  DAVID,  LORD  DUN  (1670-1758),  Scottish 
judge  ;  studied  at  Paris  and  St.  Andrews  ;  member  of  the 
Scottish  bar,  1698  ;  M.P.,  Forfarshire,  1690-1,  1693,  1695, 
and  1696 ;  opposed  the  union  ;  ordinary  lord,  with  title  of 
Lord  Dun,  1710-53  ;  lord  of  justiciary,  1714-44 ;  published 
'  Friendly  and  Familiar  Advices,'  1764.  [xviL  401] 

ERSKINE,  SIR  DAVID  (1772-1837),  dramatist  and 
antiquary  ;  natural  sou  of  David  Steuart  Erskine  [q.  v.]  ; 
professor  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Sandhurst ; 
knighted,  1&30 ;  FJS.A.  Scot.  ;  a  founder  of  the  Scots 


ERSKINE 


406 


ERSKINE 


Military  and  Naval  Academy,  Edinburgh :  author  of 
'  King  James  the  First  of  Scotland,'  1827,  '  King  James 
the  Second  of  Scotland,'  1828,  and  other  plays,  also  of 
'Annals  and  Antiquities  of  Dryburgh,'  1836.  [xvii.  401] 


2,  DAVID  MONTAGU,  second  BARON 
ERSKINE  (1776-1865),  diplomatist:  eldest  son  of  Thomas, 
first  baron  Erskine  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1802 ; 
M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1806  ;  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
United  States,  1806-9,  at  Stuttgard,  1825-8,  at  Munich, 
1828-43.  [xvii.  401] 

ERSKINE,  DAVID  STEUART,  eleventh  EARL  OF 
BUCHAN  (1742-1829),  brother  of  Henry  Erskine  (1746- 
1817)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University  and  Robert 
Foulis's  academy ;  nominated  secretary  to  the  embassy  to 
Spain,  but  did  not  go,  possibly  because  the  ambassador 
was  his  inferior  by  birth,  1766;  freed  the  election  of 
Scottish  representative  peers  from  governmental  inter- 
ference ;  originated  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland, 
1780 ;  founded  annual  festival  in  commemoration  of  James 
Thomson,  1791 ;  presented  Washington  with  a  snuff-box 
made  from  the  tree  which  sheltered  Wallace,  1792  ;  con- 
tributed to  numerous  publications  and  wrote  literary 
biographies  and  essays.  [xvii.  402] 

ERSKINE,  EBENEZER  (1680-1754),  founder  of 
Scottish  secession  church;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1697:  or- 
dained by  the  presbytery  of  Kirkcaldy  to  Portmoak, 
1703 ;  consistently  refused  the  oath  of  abjuration  ;  one  of 
the  'twelve  apostles'  who  signed  the  'representation,' 
1721 ;  admitted  to  the  third  charge  of  Stirling,  1731  ; 
moderator  of  the  synod  of  Stirling  and  Perth;  preached 
against  an  act  of  the.  assembly  to  regulate  the  election  to 
vacant  churches,  failing  presentation  by  the  patron,  1732 ; 
censured  by  the  synod,  1732;  deposed  for  protestiutr 
against  the  censure  of  the  assembly,  1733 ;  seceded,  and 
formed  an  '  associate '  presbytery,  1733  ;  issued,  in  com- 
pany with  three  others,  his  '  judicial  testimony '  against 
the  church  of  Scotland,  1736  :  formally  deposed  with  his 
followers,  1740;  headed  two  companies  of  'seceders' 
against  the  Pretender,  1746  ;  professor  of  divinity  to  the 
'associate  synod,'  1747-9,  his  followers  having  become 
divided  into  two  parties  by  varying  interpretations  of  the 
civic  oath  taken  by  the  burgesses  of  Edinburgh,  Glasgow, 
and  Perth;  deposed  from  the  ministry  (1748)  by  the  anti- 
burgher  synod.  [xvii.  404] 

ERSKINE,  EDWARD  MOIIKIS  (1817-1883),  diplo- 
matist ;  son  of  David  Montagu,  second  baron  Erskine 
[q.  v.] ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Florence,  1852,  at  Wash- 
ington, and  at  Stockholm,  1858-60  ;  secretary  of  embassy 
to  St.  Petersburg  and  Constantinople,  1860;  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Greece,  1864-72 ;  on  the  Stockholm 
legation,  1872-81 ;  C.B.,  1873.  [xvii.  407] 

ERSKINE,  HENRY,  third  BARON  CAUDROSS  (1660- 
1693),  covenanter ;  son  of  David,  second  baron  Cardross 
[q.  v.]  ;  fined  and  imprisoned  on  account  of  his  own  and 
his  wife's  presbyterian  leanings ;  released,  1679 ;  denied 
all  redress  by  Charles  II;  emigrated;  expelled  by  the 
Spaniards  from  his  plantation  at  Charlestown  Neck,  South 
Carolina ;  accompanied  the  Prince  of  Orange  to  England, 
1688 ;  fought  at  Killiecrankie,  1689  ;  privy  councillor, 
and  general  of  the  mint,  1689  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1689. 

[xvii.  408] 

ERSKINE,  HENRY  (1624-1696),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  minister  of  Cornhill,  Northumberland,  1649  ;  ejected, 
1662  ;  his  sentence  of  fine  and  imprisonment  by  a  com- 
mittee of  privy  council  commuted  to  banishment  from 
Scotland  ;  released  from  imprisonment  at  Newcastle,  1685  ; 
allowed  to  preach  by  royal  indulgence,  1687.  [xvii.  409] 

ERSKINE,  SIR  HENRY  or  HARRY  (d.  1766),  fifth 
baronet  of  Alva  and  Cambuskenneth  ;  lieutenant-general ; 
deputy  quartermaster-general  and  lieutenant-colonel  in 
expedition  to  L'Orient,  1746  ;  M.P.,  Ayr,  1749,  Anstruther, 
1754-61;  removed  from  the  army  for  political  reasons, 
1 756 ;  subsequently  became  lieutenant-general ;  secretary 
of  the  order  of  the  Thistle  ;  endeavoured  to  prevent  publi- 
cation of  Ludy  Mary  Wortley  Montagu's  letters  :  errone- 
ously credited  with  the  authorship  of  the  Scottish  march, 
•  Garb  of  Old  Gaul.'  [xvii.  409] 

ERSKINE,  HENRY  (1746-1817),  lord  advocate; 
studied  at  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard's,  Edinburgh,  and 
Glasgow;  lord  advoriite,  1783  and  1806;  advocate  and 


state  councillor  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  Scotland,  1783  : 
dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1785-95 ;  condemned 
the  'sedition'  and  'treason'  bills  as  unconstitutional, 
1795,  and  so  was  not  re-elected  dean,  1796 ;  M.P.,  Had- 
dington  burghs,  1H06,  Dumfries  burghs,  1806-7  ;  a  com- 
missioner to  inquire  into  administration  of  justice  in  Scot- 
land, 1808  ;  friend  of  the  poor  ;  published  '  The  Emigrant, 
an  Eclogue,'  1773,  and  other  poems.  [xvii.  410] 

ERSKINE,  HENRY  NAPIER  BRUCE  (1832-1893), 
commissioner  of  Scinde,  1879-87  ;  son  of  William  Erskine 
(1773-1852)  [q.  v.]  [Suppl.  ii.  193] 

ERSKINE,    JAMES,   sixth   EARL   OF   BUCHAX  (d. 
1640),  son  of  John,  second  or  seventh  earl  of  Mar  [q.  v.] ; 
j  Earl  of  Buchan  by  marriage ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber  to 
;  Charles  1, 1625.  [xvii.  412] 

ERSKINE,  JAMES,  LORD  GRANGK  (1679-1754), 
judge ;  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1705  ;  lord 
of  justiciary,  1707  ;  lord  justice  clerk,  with  the  title  of  Lord 
Grange,  1710;  secretly  intrigued  with  Jacobites,  though 
professing  loyalty  to  Hanoverian  dynasty  ;  denied  the 
qualification  of  heritors,  as  heritors,  to  elect  a  minister, 
1731  ;  publicly  celebrated  his  wife's  funeral,  1732,  though 
she  was  still  alive  in  the  Hebrides,  a  prisoner  to  prevent  the 
disclosure  of  Jacobite  secrets ;  resigned  his  judgeship  in 
order  to  sit  in  parliament ;  M.P.,  Stirlingshire,  1734  ;  op- 
posed Walpole  and  (1736)  the  abolition  of  the  statutes 
against  witchcraft ;  secretary  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales. 

[xvii.  413] 

ERSKINE.  JAMES  (1722-1796),  Scottish  judge:  son 
of  Charles  Erskine  [q.  v.]  ;  advocate,  1743  ;  sheriff  depute 
of  Perthshire,  1748 ;  exchequer  baron  in  Scotland,  1754 ; 
knight-marshal  of  Scotland,  1758 ;  sessions  judge  as  Lord 
Barjarg,  1761,  afterwards  as  Lord  Alva.  [xvii.  400] 

ERSKINE,  JAMES  CLAUDIUS  (1821-1893),  member 
of  Indian  civil  service ;  son  of  William  Erskine  (1773- 
1852)  [q.  v.]  ;  judge  of  Bombay  high  court,  1862-3. 

[Suppl.  ii.  192] 

ERSKINE,  SIR  JAMES  ST.  GLAIR,  second  EARL  OF 
UOSSLYX  (1762-1837),  general;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Erskine 
(d.  1765)  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  38th  regiment;  lieutenant, 
2nd  dragoons,  1778;  assistant  adjutant-general  in  Ire- 
land, 1782 ;  M.P.,  Castle  Rising,  1781-4,  Morpeth,  1784 ; 
one  of  the  managers  of  Warren  Hastings's  impeachment ; 
M.P.,  Kirkcaldy  burghs,  1790-1805 ;  served  as  adjutant- 
general  before  Toulon,  1793,  and  in  Corsica  ;  aide-de-camp 
to  the  king,  and  colonel,  1795  ;  major-general,  1798;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean ;  lieutenant-general, 
1805  ;  succeeded  his  uncle  as  Earl  of  Rosslyn,  1805  ;  sent 
with  Simcoe  (1806)  on  a  special  mission  to  Lisbon,  which 
resulted  in  the  despatch  of  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  to  the 
Peninsula ;  general,  1814 ;  G.O.B. ;  lord  privy  seal  and 
privy  councillor  ;  lord  president  of  the  council,  1834 

[xvii.  414] 

ERSKINE,  JOHN,  sixth  BAROX  ERSKINE,  and  first 
or  sixth  EARL  OF  MAR  of  the  ERSKINE  line  (d.  1572), 
regent  of  Scotland ;  put  in  charge  of  Edinburgh  Castle, 
1554;  disregarded  the  warning  of  the  lords  of  the  con- 
gregation not  to  allow  the  queen  regent  to  fortify  Leith, 
1559 ;  refused  to  subscribe  the  '  Book  of  Discipline,' 
though  a  hearer  of  Kuox,  1560  :  privy  councillor,  1561 ; 
favoured  the  marriage  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  Darn- 
ley  ;  created,  or  possibly  recognised  as,  Earl  of  Mar,  1565  ; 
assisted  in  suppressing  Moray's  rebellion,  1566 ;  signed 
the  order  for  Mary's  commitment  to  Lochleven  Castle, 
1567  ;  member  of  the  council  of  government,  1567  ;  fought 
at  Langside,  1568;  implored  the  assistance  of  Queen 
Klizabeth,  when  the  safety  of  the  young  king,  James  VI. 
his  ward,  was  endangered  by  Moray's  murder,  1569; 
regent  on  the  death  of  Lennox,  1571 ;  proclaimed  Morton, 
the  real  governor,  lieutenant-general  of  the  forces,  1671 ; 
consented  to  the  extradition  of  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land in  order  to  obtain  Elizabeth's  assistance,  1672: 
joined  Morton  in  agreeing  to  the  proposal  of  Killigrew, 
the  English  ambassador,  that  Mary  should  be  delivered  up 
to  the  extreme  reformers,  1572.  [xvii.  416] 


JOHN  (1509-1591),  of  Dun,  Scottish  re- 
former ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen :  brought 
from  the  continent  a  French  gentleman,  Petrus  de  Mar- 
siliers,  whom  he  established  at  Montrose  to  teach  Greek, 
'nocht  heard  of  before'  in  Scotland;  friend  of  the  re- 
former Wishart ;  supported  the  queen  dowager,  1647 ; 
signed  the  first  bond  of  the  Scottish  reformers  inviting 


ERSKINE 


407 


ERSKINE 


Kuox  to  return  from  Geneva,  1567  ;  signed  tbe  act 
suspending  the  queen  regent,  who  had  broken  faith,  15! 
appointed  superintendent  for  Angus  and  Mearns,  1560; 
allayed  the  anger  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  the  denun- 
ciations of  Knox  :  remonstrated  with  the  regent  for  pro- 
claiming certain  letters  dismissing  the  collectors  of  the 
thirds  of  the  benefices,  1571  :  agreed  to  the  modified  epis- 
copacy introduced  at  tbe  Leith  convention,  1572 ;  assisted 
in  the  compilation  of  the '  Second  Book  of  Discipline,'  1578  ; 
member  of  the  king's  council,  1579  ;  superintendent  of  the 
general  assembly,  1589.  [xvii.  419] 

ERSKINE.  JOHN,  second  or  seventh  EARL  OK  MAR 
of  the  EKSKINK  line  (1558-1634),  lord  high  treasurer  of 
Scotland ;  son  of  John,  first  or  sixth  earl  [q.  v.]  :  edu- 
cated with  James  VI,  who  called  him  '  Jocky  o'  Sclaittis ' 
(slates) ;  obtained  the  government  of  Stirling  Castle  and 
the  guardianship  of  the  young  king,  James  VI,  by  stra- 
tagem, 1578 ;  authorised,  by  the  influence  of  Morton,  to 
apprehend  all  <uoh  persons  as  entered  Stirling  Castle  in 
arms  while  the  king  was  there,  1579;  accompanied  the 
king  from  Stirling  to  Holyrood,  1579  :  foiled  a  plot  of 
Lennox  to  carry  off  the  king,  1680 ;  excluded  from  the 
counsels  of  the  kine1  after  Morton's  arrest ;  regained  pos- 
session of  the  king's  person  by  the  'raid  of  Ruthven,' 
1582;  favourably  received  at  court,  the  king  bavin* 
escaped  from  his 'keeping,  1583;  banished  from  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  1584  :  returned,  and  captured  Stir- 
ling Castle  in  the  protestant  interest,  1584  ;  found  refuge 
in  England  from  the  resentment  of  King  James  ;  '  for- 
faulted,'  1584  ;  returned  to  Scotland  in  arms  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor of  Scotland,  1585 :  great  master  of  the  household  ; 
guardian  of  the  young  Prince  Henry,  1595  ;  instrumental 
in  preventing  the  success  of  the  Gowrie  conspiracy,  1600  : 
ambassador  to  Elizabeth,  at  first  as  a  cloak  for  assisting 
Essex's  rebellion,  but  subsequently  to  negotiate  James  VI's 
accession  to  the  English  throne,  1601  ;  member  of  the 
English  privy  council ;  K.G.,  1603  ;  created  Baron  Card- 
ross,  1604 ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1616-30. 

[xvii.  422] 

ERSKINE,  JOHN,  sixth  or  eleventh  EARL  OP  MAR 
of  the  ERSKINE  line  (1675-1732),  Jacobite  leader  ;  joined 
court  party,  1696  ;  privy  councillor,  1697  ;  K.T. ;  left  court 
party,  1704  ;  rejoined  it,  1705 :  commissioner  for  the  union, 
1705:  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland;  keeper  of  the 
signet ;  Scottish  representative  peer,  1707, 1708, 1710,  and 
1713;  privy  councillor,  1708;  advocated  the  repeal  of  the 
union,  1713;  secretary  of  state,  1713;  dismissed,  though 
professing  loyalty,  1714  :  set  up  James  Edward,  the  Old 
Pretender's,  stand  ard  at  Braemar,  1715  ;  his  projected 
attack  on  Edinburgh  foiled  by  the  rapidity  of  Argyll's 
movements  ;  defeated  at  Sheriffmuir,  1715  ;  created  duke 
by  the  Old  Pretender,  1715 :  escaped  with  the  Pretender  to 
Gravelines  ;  treated  with  George  I  for  a  partial  restora- 
tion of  tbe  Stuarts,  possibly  to  commend  himself  at  the 
Hanoverian  court,  1717  :  memorialised  the  regent  of  France 
with  a  proposal  for  dismembering  the  British  empire, 
1723 ;  lost  the  confidence  of  the  Pretender,  [xvii.  426] 

ERSKINE,  JOHN  (1695-1768),  Scottish  lawyer; 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1719 ;  professor  of 
Scots  law,  Edinburgh,  1737-65 ;  gave  a  connected  view 
of  the  entire  Scots  law  in  'Principles  of  the  Law  of  Scot- 
land,' 1754,  and  '  Institutes  of  the  Law  of  Scotland,'  pub- 
lished, 1773.  [xvii.  431] 


5,  JOHN  (1721  V-180U),  theologian :  son  of 
John  Erskine  (1695-1768)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University  ;  partially  adopted  Warburton's  views ;  minis- 
ter of  Kirkintilloch,  1744-53,  of  Culross,  1753-8,  of  the 
New  Greyfriars,  1758-67,  and  from  1767  of  the  Old  Grey- 
friars,  Edinburgh ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1766  ;  friend  of  White- 
field  and  Jonathan  Edwards  ;  published  pamphlets  depre- 
cating war  with  America,  c.  1774;  corresponded  with 
Edmund  Burke  and  lords  Kames  and  Hailes ;  published 
controversial  and  theological  works.  [xviL  432] 

ERSKINE,  RALPH  (1685-1752),  Scottish  seceding 
divine  and  poet ;  son  of  Henry  Erskine  (1624-1696)  [q.  v.]  ; 
possibly  M.A.  Edinburgh  ;  minister  of  the  second  charge, 
Dunfermliue,  1711,  of  the  first  charge,  1716;  one  of  the 
•  twelve  apostles '  of  1721  ;  seceded,  1737 ;  deposed,  with 
his  colleagues,  1740;  published  'Faith  no  Fancy,'  to  dis- 
countenance Whitefield's  revival,  1742,  also  '  Gospel  Son- 
nets'(25th  edit.  1797)  and  'Scripture  Songs,'  collected, 
1754.  [xvii.  433] 


ERSKINE,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OF  KELLIK,  first 
VISCOUNT  FKXTOX  and  first  BARON  DIKLKTON  (1566- 
1639) ;  educated  with  James  VI ;  gentleman  of  the  bed- 
chamber, 1685 ;  privy  councillor  in  Scotland,  1601  : 
captain  of  the  yeomen  of  the  guard,  1603-32 ;  created 
Baron  Dirleton,  1604,  Viscount  Fenton,  1606  ;  K.G.,  1616  : 
rewarded  for  his  scheme  of  respite  of  homage  with  the 
earldom  of  Kellle,  1619.  [xvii.  434] 

ERSKINE,  THOMAS,  first  BAHON   EH.SKINK  (1750- 
1823),  lord  chancellor :  midshipman  in  the  West  Indies, 
1764-8  :  bought  commission  in  1st  royal  regiment  of  foot, 
1768  ;  published  a  pamphlet  on  *  Abuses  in  the  Army ' ; 
advised  by  Lord  Mansfield  to  go  to  the  bar :  studied  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1775  ;  gentleman  commoner,  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1776  ;  honorary  M.A.,  1778  :  called  to  the 
bar,  1778;  gained  the  day  for  his  client,  Thomas  Baillie 
[q.  v.],  by  a  fierce  onslaught  on  the  opposing  party,  Lord 
Sandwich,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1778;  obtained  a 
verdict  of  '  not  guilty '  for  Lord  George  Gordon,  1781 ;  did 
much  to  mould  English  commercial  law,  an  almost  new 
department  of  jurisprudence ;  first  barrister  to  refuse  to 
go  on  circuit  except  for  a  special  fee  ;  intimate  friend  of 
Sheridan  and  Fox  ;    M.P.  for  Portsmouth  on  formation 
of  coalition  government,  1783 ;  attorney-general  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1783  :  spoke  ineffectively  on  Fox's  East 
India  bill ;    denounced  Pitt's  India  bill,  1784 ;   lost  his 
seat  at  the  dissolution,  1784  ;  hissed  for  unsparing  abuse 
of  Pitt  in  his  speech  as  counsel  for  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1788  ;  contributed  by  bis  speech  on  a  libel  caw  to 
the  passing  (1792)  of  Fox's  Libel  Act;  successfully  de- 
fended Stockdale  on  a  charge  of  libelling  the  managers  of 
Hastings's  impeachment,  1789:  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1790- 
1 806  ;  lost  his  office  of  attorney -general  to  the  Prince  of 
j  Wales  by  appearing  on  behalf  of  Thomas  Paine  [q.  v.], 
1792  ;  procured  acquittal  for  most  of  those  prosecuted  by 
j  the  government  for  conspiracy  or  constructive  treason, 
!  1793-4;  issued  '  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  War  with 
I  France,'  1797  ;  supported  Peace  of  Amiens  in  parliament 
i  and  spoke  (1795)  against  Seditious  Meetings  Bill ;  lord 
!  chancellor,  though   ignorant  of    equity,   1806 ;    created 
!  Baron  Erskine  of  Restormel,  1806  ;  his  decisions  unfairly 
1  termed  the  'Apocrypha';   presided   at  Lord  Melville's 
!  trial,  1806  ;  resigned  the  seals,  1807  ;  moved  that  the  king's 
:  personal  inclinations  ought  not  to  be  binding  on  minis- 
i  ters;    became  an  advocate  of  negro  emancipation;  re- 
tired   into    private   life,    studied    farming,    and    wrote 
'  Armata,'  a  political  romance ;  K.T. ;  opposed  the  second 
reading  of  the  bill  of  pains  and  penalties  against  Queen 
Caroline,  1820,  and  the  Six  Acts,  1819  and  1820  ;  protested 
j  against  the  Corn  Law  Bill,  1822 ;  worked  for  the  cause  of 
I  Greek  independence,  1822-3.  [xvii.  435] 

ERSKINE,  THOMAS  (1788-1864),  judge;  son  of 
Thomas,  first  baron  Erekine  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1811 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1813  : 
king's  counsel,  1827  ;  chief  judge  in  bankruptcy,  1831-42  : 
privy  councillor ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1839-44  ;  friend 
of  Charles  Kingsley.  [xviL  443] 

ERSKINE,  THOMAS  (1788-1870),  advocate  and  theo- 
logian ;  grandson  of  John  Erskine  (1695-1768)  [q.  v  ] ; 
|  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  University : 
member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1810 ;  espoused  and 
developed  John  M'Leod  Campbell's  doctrine  of  'universal 
atonement,'  1831 ;  friend  of  Carlyle,  Dean  Stanley,  and 
F.  D.  Maurice  ;  seemed  to  Prevost-Paradol,  a '  kind  of  old 
prophet';  upheld  Calvinism  as  making  'God  all  in  all': 
published  Christian  apologetics  and  expository  works, 
including  'Remarks  on  the  Internal  Evidence  for  the 
Truth  of  Revealed  Religion,'  1820.  [xvii.  444] 

ERSKINE,  THOMAS  ALEXANDER,  sixth  EARL  OP 
KKLLTK  (1732-1781),  musical  dilettante:  studied  music  in 
Germany;  director  of  the  St.  Cecilia  concerts  at  Edinburgh; 
notorious  for  his  coarse  joviality.  A  collection  of  his 
minuets  was  published  in  1836.  [xvii.  445] 

ERSKINE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1685)  :  son  of  John,  second 
or  seventh  carl  of  Mar  [q.  v.] ;  master  of  Charterhouse, 
1677-85  ;  cupbearer  to  Charles  II ;  M.R.S.  [xvii.  445] 

ERSKINE.  Sin  WILLIAM  (1769-1813),  major-gene, 
ral ;  lieutenant,  15th  light  dragoons,  1788;  captain,  1791 ; 
created  baronet,  1791 :  one  of  the  officers  who  saved  the 
Emperor  Leopold  at  Villiers-en-Couche,  1793;  M.P.,  Fife- 
shire,  1796  and  1802-5 ;  major-general,  1808 ;  commanded 
the  light  division  at  Torres  Vedras,  though  too  recklessly 


ERSKINE 


408 


ESTYE 


to  be  successful :  commanded  Hills's  cavalry  in  the  ad- 
vance on  Madrid,  1812  ;  cashiered  as  insane  ;  killed  him- 
self at  Lisbon.  [xvii.  445] 

ERSKINE,  WILLIAM,  LORD  KINNBDER  (1769-1822), 
friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  educated  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity :  advocate  at  the  Scottish  bar,  1790  ;  guided  Scott 
in  his  studies  of  German  drama  and  romance  :  negotiated 
for  Scott's  translation  of  '  Lenore,'  1796 :  sheriff  depute  of 
Orkney,  1809  :  promoted  to  the  bench  as  Lord  Kinneder, 
1822  ;  ruined  in  health  by  a  groundless  accusation  of 
immorality :  wrote  Scottish  songs.  [xvii.  446] 

ERSKINE,  WILLIAM  (1773-1852),  historian  and 
orientalist;  educated  at  Edinburgh;  apprenticed  as 
lawyer ;  accompanied  Sir  James  Mackintosh  [q.  v.]  to 
India,  1804 ;  stipendiary  magistrate ;  master  in  equity  in 
recorder's  court  of  Bombay,  1820  ;  member  of  committee 
of  three  which  drew  up  Bombay  code  of  regulations  ;  ac- 
cused of  defalcations  and  deprived  of  offices,  1823  ;  settled 
in  Edinburgh,  1826  ;  provost  of  St.  Andrews,  1836-9. 
He  had  made  a  careful  study  of  Persian,  and  published  in 
1826  a  translation  of  'Babar's  Memoirs,'  with  valuable 
preface,  introduction,  and  notes.  His  writings  include 
4  History  of  India  under  Babar  and  Humayun,'  1864. 

[Suppl.  ii.  190] 

ESCOMBE,  HARRY  (1838-1899),  premier  of  Natal ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School;  went  to  Natal,  1860; 
attorney-at-law ;  solicitor  and  standing  counsel  for  Dur- 
ban ;  member  for  Durban  in  legislative  council,  1872 ; 
served  in  Durban  rifles  through  Zulu  campaign,  1879-80, 
and  Transvaal  war,  1881 ;  again  member  for  Durban, 
1879-85 ;  on  executive  council,  1880-3  ;  member  of 
council  for  Newcastle,  1886,  Klip  River,  1888,  and  Dur- 
ban, 1890-7  ;  attorney-general,  1893 :  premier,  1897 ; 
privy  councillor  and  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1897. 

[Suppl.  ii.  193] 

ESDAHE,  JAMES  (1808-1859),  surgeon  and  mesmer- 
ist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1830 :  put  in  charge  of  East  India 
Company's  Hooghly  hospital,  1838  ;  adopted  and  success- 
fully employed  mesmerism  for  production  of  anaesthesia, 
1845 ;  entrusted  with  hospital  in  Calcutta  for  purposes  of 
experiment,  1846 ;  presidency  surgeon,  1848 ;  marine 
surgeon,  1850  ;  published  records  of  his  cases  and  works 
on  mesmerism.  [xviii.  1] 

ESDAILE,  WILLIAM  (1758-1837),  banker  and  print- 
collector  ;  employed  in  the  firm  of  Esdaile,  Hammet  & 
Co.,  Lombard  Street :  retired,  broken  down,  1832 ;  visited 
Italy,  1825  and  1835  ;  possessed  a  very  complete  set  of 
Rembrandt  etchings  and  Claude  drawings.  [xviii.  3] 


VISCOUNT  (1815-1899).    [See  BRETT,  WIL- 
LIAM BALIOL.] 

ESKGROVE,  LORD   (1724  ?-l  804).     [See   RAK,  SIR 
DAVID.] 


ESMONDE,  SIR  LAURENCE,  BARON  ESMONDE 
(1570  ?-1646),  governor  of  Duncannon  :  served  in  the 
Netherlands  and  (1599)  in  Ireland;  knighted,  1599; 
governor  of  Duncannon,  1606-46  ;  joint-commissioner  to 
survey  confiscated  territory  in  Wexford,  1611 ;  charged 
with  packing  juries  and  torturing  witnesses  in  order  to 

deprive  the  O'Byrnes  of  their  land,  1619  ;  created  Baron  I        ESTLIN,  JOHN  BISHOP  (1785-1855),  sui 
Esmonde,  1622.  [xviii.  3]         of  John  Prior  Estlin  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Guy's 


ESSEX,  COUNTESS  OF  (1794-1882).    [See  STEPHENS, 
CATHERINE.] 


:,  ALFRED  (./f.  1837),  artist ;  son  of  William 
Essex  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  plates  for  Muss  ;  published  paper 
on  painting  in  enamel,  1837.  [xviii.  8] 

ESSEX,  JAMES  (1722-1784),  builder  and  architect: 
designed  and  built  west  front  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1775,  with  other  collegiate  buildings  ;  executed 
restorations  and  alterations  in  Ely  Cathedral,  1757-62  ; 
put  up  the  four  spires  and  battlement  of  the  central 
tower  at  Lincoln,  1775;  F.S.A.,  1772;  published  archi- 
tectural pamphlets.  [xviii.  5] 

ESSEX, TIMOTHY(1765  ?-1847),  composer  ;  Mus.Doc. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1812  ;  organist  to  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Albemarle  Street ;  composed  canzonets,  duets,  and 
sonatinas.  [xviii.  7] 

ESSEX,  WILLIAM  B.  (1822-1852),  artist ;  son  of 
William  Essex  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1845-61.  [xviii.  8] 

ESSEX,  WILLIAM  (1784  ?-1869),  enamel-painter  to 
Princess  Augusta,  Queen  Victoria  (1839),  and  the  prince 
consort ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  other  insti- 
tutions, [xviii.  8] 

EST,  ESTE,  or  EASTE,  MICHAEL  (1680  ?-1680  ?). 
[See  EAST.] 

ESTCOUR.T,  EDGAR  EDMUND  (1816-1884),  canon 
of  St.  Chad's  Cathedral,  Birmingham  ;  M.A.  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1840;  converted  to  Roman  Catholicism, 
1845 ;  diocesan  aeconomus  in  the  western  district,  1850- 
1884 ;  best-known  work, '  The  Question  of  Anglican  Ordi- 
nations discussed,'  1873.  [xviii.  8] 

ESTCOTJRT,  JAMES  BUCKNALL  BUOKNALL 
(1802-1855),  major-general ;  ensign,  1820  :  superintended 
magnetic  experiments  in  Euphrates  Valley  expedition, 
1834-6;  M.P.,  Devizes,  1848;  fought  at  Inkerman  and 
the  Alma,  1854:  major-general,  1864;  unfairly  blamed 
for  sufferings  of  Crimean  troops  ;  died  in  Crimea. 

[xviii.  9] 

ESTCOTJRT,  RICHARD  (1668-1712),  actor  and  dra- 
matist; travelling  actor,  1683;  first  appeared  at  Drury 
Lane,  1704 ;  specially  selected  by  Farquhar  for  the  part 
of  Sergeant  Kite ;  commended  by  his  friend  Steele  ;  pub- 
lished a  drama  and  an  interlude.  [xviii.  9] 

ESTCOTJRT,  THOMAS  HENRY  SUTTON  SOTHE- 
RON  (1801-1876),  statesman;  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1826 ;  D.C.L.,  1857  ;  con- 
servative M.P.,  Marlborough,  1829,  Devizes,  1835-44,  and 
North  Wiltshire,  1844-65 ;  privy  councillor,  1858 ;  home 
secretary,  3  March-18  June  1859.  [xviii.  11] 

ESTE,  CHARLES  (1696-1746),  bishop  of  Waterford  ; 
queen's  scholar,  Westminster ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1722 ;  bishop  of  Ossory,  1736-40 ;  D.D.  Dublin,  1736 : 
bishop  of  Waterford,  1740.  [xviii.  12] 


ESTE  or  EST,  THOMAS  (1540  ?-1608  ?).  [See  EAST.] 


ESPEC,  WALTER  (d.  1153),  founder  of  Rievaulx 
Abbey,  1131,  of  Warden  Abbey,  1135;  itinerant  justice 
in  the  north  during  Henry  I's  reign;  a  leader  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard,  1138  ;  died  a  recluse,  [xviii.  4] 

ESSEX,  KINGS  OP.    [See  EAST-SAXONS.] 

ESSEX,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MANDEVILLE,  GEOFFREY 
DE,  first  EARL,  d.  1144  ;  MANDEVILLB,  WILLIAM  DE,  third 
EARL,  d.  1189 ;  FITZPETER,  GKOFFKKY,  fourth  EARL,  d. 
1213 ;  BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  DE,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  d.  1274  ;  BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  DE,  second  EARL, 
d.  1298;  BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  DE,  third  EARL,  1276-1322; 
BOURCHIKR,  HENRY,  first  EARL  of  the  third  creation,  d. 
1483  ;  BOURCHIER,  HKNRY,  second  EARL,  d.  1539  ;  CROM- 
WELL, THOMAS,  first  EARL  of  the  fourth  creation,  I486  ?- 
1640 ;  PARR,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  of  the  fifth  creation, 
1513-1571 ;  DEVEREUX,  WALTER,  first  EARL  of  the  sixth 
creation.  1541  ?-1576;  DEVEREUX,  ROBERT, second  EARL, 
1667-1601 ;  DEVERKUX,  ROBERT,  third  EARL,  1591-1646 : 
OAPEL,  ARTHUR,  first  EARL  of  the  seventh  creation, 
1681-1683 ;  OAPEL,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1697-1/43.] 


rereon ;  son 
5  Hospital : 

established  (.1812)  and"  conducted  (1812-48)  ophthalmic 
dispensary  at  Bristol ;  F.R.C.S.,  1843 ;  published '  Remarks 
on  Mesmerism,'  1845.  [xviii.  12] 

ESTLIN,  JOHN  PRIOR  (1747-1817),  Unitarian  minis- 
ter ;  co-pastor  at  Lewin's  Mead,  Bristol,  1771 :   LL.D. 
l  Glasgow,  1807  ;  friend  of  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Robert 
Hall ;  his  '  Familiar  Lectures  '  published,  1818. 

[xviii.  12] 
ESTON,  ADAM  (d.  1397).    [See  EASTON.] 

ESTWICK  or  EASTWICK,   SAMPSON  (d.    1739), 

|  musician:    M.A.  Christ    Church,    Oxford,   1680;    B.D., 

1692  ;  minor  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1692  ;  superinten- 

!  dent  of  the  choir,  1698-1739 ;  sacrist,  1699  ;  the  •  Sam  '  of 

Henry  Aldrich's  famous  smoking  catch ;  published  ser- 

I  inon  on  '  The  Usefulness  of  Church  Musick,'  1696. 

[xviii.  13] 

ESTYE,   GEORGE  (1566-1601),  divine;  B.A.  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  1581  ;    fellow ;    M.A.,    1584 ;    B.D., 
1591  ;  preacher  of  St.  Mary's,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1598^ 
1601 ;  author  of  Calvinistic  expositions  of  scripture. 
I  [xviii.  1 1] 


ETHELBALD 


409 


ETHEL.  W  uLF 


ETHELS  AID  or  JETHELBALD  (d.  757),  king  of 
Mercia,  716 ;  overlonl  as  far  north  as  the  Humber ;  in-  i 
vaded  Wesscx,  733 ;  defeated  at  Burford  by  the  revolted 
Outhred  of  Wessex,  752  ;  liberal  to  the  church ;  slain  at 
Seccandune  (Seckington).  [xviii.  14] 

ETHELBALD  or  JETHELBALD  (d.  860),  king  of  the  i 
West-Saxona ;    supplanted  his   father,   -,<Ethelwulf,  856  : 
married  Judith,  his  father's  widow,  858;  said,  without 
foundation,  to  have  separated  from  her  at  St.  Swithun's  ! 
instance.  [xviii.  16] 

ETHELBERT,  JETHELBERHT,  or  JEDLLBERCT 
(552  ?-616),  king  of  Kent,  660 :  defeated  by  the  West- 
Saxons,  568 ;  married  Bertha,  daughter  of  the  Prankish 
king,  Clmribert,  giving  her  St.  Martin's  Church,  Canter- 
bury :  baptised  by  St.  Augustine,  597  :  promulgated  a 
code  of  In  ws,  'according  to  the  Roman  fashion ' ;  built  a 
cathedral  at  Rochester.  [xvlii.  16] 

ETHELBERT,  JETHELBERHT.  JEGELBRIHT,  or 
ALBERT,  s.\iNT(rf.  794),  king  of  the  East- Angles  ;  be- 
1  leaded,  by  command  of  Off  a,  king  «of  the  Mercians,  794, 
•ooomng  to  one  legend,  through  thn  machinations  of 
Cynethryth,  Offa's  queen,  who  suspected  him  of  designs 
on  Mercia  ;  venerated  at  Hereford  as  patron  of  the  cathe- 
dral, [xviii.  17] 

ETHELBERT  or  JETHELBERHT  (rf.  866),  king  of 
the  West-Saxons  and  Kentishmen  ;  king  of  Wessex,  860, 
of  Kent,  according  to  Asser,  855 :  harassed  by  Danish 
marauders.  [xviii.  18] 

ETHELBTTRGA  or  JETHELBTTRH,  SAINT  (d.  676  ?), 
abbess  of  Barking  :  appointed  abbess  of  Barking  by  her 
brother,  Erkenwald  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London. 

[xviii.  19] 

ETHELDREDA,  SAINT  (630  ?-679),  queen  of  North- 
umbria  and  abbess  of  Ely  ;  married  Tonbert,  prince  of  the 
fen-men,  652,  and,  subsequently,  Egfrid,  son  of  Oswy  of 
Northumbria ;  disowned  marriage  duties  ;  induced  by 
Wilfrid  to  enter  a  monastery ;  founded  an  abbey  at  Ely  ; 
consecrated  abbess  of  Ely,  673  ;  eulogised  by  Baeda.  The 
present  cathedral  of  Ely  was  subsequently  erected  over 
her  tomb.  [xviii.  19] 

ETHELFLEDA,  JETHELFLJED,  or  JELFLED  (<7. 
918?),  the  'lady  of  the  Mercians';  daughter  of  King 
Alfred ;  married  to  JEthelred,  ealdorman  of  the  Mercians, 
e.  880 :  made  alliance  with  Welsh  and  Scots  of  Ireland ; 
inspired  defence  of  Chester  against  Ingwar,  a  Norwegian 
chief  who  had  been  given  land  in  the  neighbourhood ; 
'Lady  of  the  Mercians'  after  jEthelred's  death  in  912; 
built  fortresses  in  Mercia  ;  stormed  Brecknock,  916. 
rxviii.  21] 

ETHELFRID,  JETHELFRITH,  or  AEDILFRID  (./. 
61 7),  king  of  the  Northumbrians,  593  ;  called  Flesaurs  ; 
defeated  Scots,  British,  and  Irish  at  Dtegsastane,  603 : 
defeated  Welsh  near  Chester,  613  ;  defeated  and  slain  by 
Raedwald  of  East  Anglia.  [xviii.  22] 

ETHELGAR,    JETHELGAR,    or   ALGAR  (d.  990), 
archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  abbot  of  Newminster  (Hyde 
Abbey),  near  Winchester,  when  JEthelwold  expelled  the 
secular  clergy,  964  ;  bishop  of  Selsey,  980 ;  archbishop  of  I 
Canterbury,  988.  [xviii.  23] 

ETHELGIVA  (/.  956).    [See  ^LFGIFU.] 

ETHELHARD,  JETHELHEARD,  ADELARD,  or 
EDELRED  (d.  805),  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  elected 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  791 ;  consecrated,  793,  the 
delay  being  due  to  the  Kentish  men's  dislike  of  a  prelate 
interested  in  maintaining  the  primacy  of  Li ch field ; 
refugee  at  the  Mercian  court,  797-8  ;  recognised  as  metro- 
politan, 803.  [xviii.  23] 

ETHELMJER,  ELMER,  or  JELMER  (,l.  1137),  also 
called  HERLKWIN,  ascetic  writer ;  prior  of  Christ  Church, 
Canterbury,  1128 ;  supported  Archbishop  William  of  Cor- 
beuil  against  the  convent,  1136;  wrote  'De  exercitiis 
spiritualis  vitae,'  also  a  volume  of  letters  destroyed  in  the 
Oottonian  Library  fire,  1731.  [xviii.  25] 

ETHELMJER  (d.  1260).  [See  AYMER  (or  ^ETHEL- 
M.ER)  DE  VALENCK  (or  DE  LUSIGNAN).] 

ETHELNOTH,  JETHELNOTH,  Lat.  EGELNODKS  or 
EDNODUS  (d.  1038),  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;   related  i 
to  kings  of  Wessex  ;  one  of  Onut's  chaplains  ;  archbishop  \ 
of  Canterbury,  1020 ;  supported  Harthacnut ;  called  « the 
Good.'  [xviii.  26] 


ETHELRED  or  JETHELRED  I  (d.  871>  kiug  of  tl  5 
West-Saxons  and  Kentishmen  ;  king,  866  ;  saved  Mercia 
from  Danish  invaders,  868 :  defeated  by  the  Danes  near 
Reading,  871 ;  routed  the  Danes  at  Ashdown  in  a  battle 
c upposed  to  be  commemorated  by  the  •  White  Horse  '  at 
Dfflngton  ;  mortally  wounded  at  Mertou.  [xviii.  25] 

ETHELRED  or  JETHELRED  (d.  889),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  monk  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury :  arch- 
bishop, 870-89.  [xviii.  27] 

ETHELRED  or  JETHELRED  LT,  the  USREADY  (i.e. 
the  resourceless)  (968  7-1016),  king  of  England ;  son  of 
Eadgar ;  came  to  the  crown  (978)  through  the  murder  of 
his  brother  Edward  the  Martyr  [q.  v.] ;  induced  by 
covetousness  anil  the  representations  of  his  favourite, 
^thelsine,  to  ravage  the  pee  of  Rochester.  986  ;  bought 
the  alliance  of  the  Norwegian  invader,  Olaf  Tryggvapon, 
991 ;  defeated  Olaf 's  fleet,  992  ;  bought  off  an  attack  by 
Olaf  and  Swend,  994  ;  published  laws  regulating  bail  and 
surety  and  (997)  a  police  code ;  unsuccessfully  invaded 
Cotentin,  1000 :  married  Emma  [q.  v.],  daughter  of  Richard 
the  Fearless,  duke  of  Normandy ;  massacred  the  Danes 
settled  in  England,  1002 ;  attacked  by  Malcolm,  king  of 
Scots,  1006;  promulgated  code  of  military  regulations, 
1008  ;  ordered  '  the  whole  nation '  to  be  called  out  against 
the  Danes ;  crippled  by  Danish  sympathies  of  his  favourite, 
Edric  or  Eadric  Streona  [q.  v.]  ;  bought  off  the  Danes 
for  48,000?.,  1012 ;  fled  to  Rouen  (1013")  after  Swend  of 
Denmark  had  been  formally  chosen  king  of  England, 
1013 ;  brought  back  to  England  by  Olaf  and  the  witan 
after  Swend's  death,  1014 ;  expelled  King  Cnut,  1014  ;  im- 
plicated in  the  assassination  of  the  Danish  thegns  Sige- 
ferth  and  Morkere,  1015.  [xviii.  27] 

ETHELRED,  JETHELRED,  AILRED,  or  AELRED 
(1109  ?-1166),  historical  writer ;  in  the  service  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Scotland ;  abbot  of  Revesby  :  abbot  of  Rievaulx, 
1146-66 :  brought  about  meeting  of  Henry  II  of  England 
and  Louis  VII  of  France  with  Pope  Alexander  III  at 
Tonci,  1162 ;  composed  rhythmical  prose  eulogy  of  St. 
Cuthbert ;  missionary  to  Galloway  Picts,  whose  chief  he 
persuaded  to  become  a  monk ;  canonised,  1191.  His  works 
include  'Vita  et  Miracula  S.  Edwardi  Regis  et  Confes- 
soris,' '  De  Bello  Standardii,'  and  '  Chronicon  ab  Adam  ad 
Henricum  I.'  [xviii.  33] 

ETHELSTAN,  JETHELSTAN,  or  JELFSTAN  ( rt. 
946),  ealdorman  of  East  Anglia,  c.  929  ;  member  of  the 
royal  house  of  Wessex ;  nicknamed  '  the  Half-king,'  by 
reason  of  his  great  power ;  became  a  monk  at  Glastou- 
bury,  956.  [xviii.  36] 

ETHELWERD  or  JETHELWEARD  (d.  998  ?),  chro- 
nicler ;  styled  himself  '  Patricius  Consul  Fabius  Quaestor ' 
(ealdorman)  in  his  Latin  chronicle  ;  possibly  the  ealdor- 
man who  persuaded  Olaf  of  Norway  to  conclude  the 
treaty  of  Andover  with  yEthelred  II,  994 ;  compiled  a  his- 
tory extending  from  the  creation  to  973  A.D.,  first  edited 
by  Savile,  1596.  [xviii.  36] 

ETHELWINE,  JETHELWINE,  or  ALLWTN  (d. 
992),  ealdorman  of  East  Anglia :  son  of  the  ealdorman 
Ethelstan  [q.  v.] ;  ealdorman,  962;  built  and  endowed 
Benedictine  monastery  in  the  isle  of  Ramsey  in  Hunting- 
donshire at  the  suggestion  of  Oswald,  bishop  of  Worcester, 
968  ;  abbot,  though  a  layman,  with  Oswald  ;  defended  the 
monasteries  of  East  Anglia  against  the  Mercian  faction, 
975  ;  chief  ealdorman,  983.  [xviii.  36] 

ETHELWOLD,  JETHELWOLD,  or  ALELWOLD, 
SAIXT  (908  ?-984),  bishop  of  Winchester  ;  dean  of  Glaston- 
bury  Abbey ;  refouuded  a  monastic  house  at  Abingdon,  c. 
964  ;  introduced  the  strict  Benedictine  rule  from  Fleury ; 
bishop  of  Winchester,  963  ;  forcibly  expelled  the  secular 
clerks  from  Winchester,  Ohertsey,  Milton,  and  Ely,  with 
King  Eadgar's  support ;  narrowly  escaped  being  poisoned ; 
rebuilt  church  of  Peterborough  ;  built  a  new  cathedral  at 
Winchester ;  restored  the  nunnery  at  Winchester  :  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  circle  and  translator  of  the  'Regularis 
concordia.'  [xviii.  37] 

ETHELWTTLF,  JETHELWTTLF,  ADELWLF,  or 
ATHTTLF  (d.  858),  king  of  the  West-Saxons  and  Kentish- 
men  ;  bishop  of  Winchester ;  made  king  of  Kent,  Sussex, 
and  Surrey  by  his  father,  Ecgberht,  828 ;  king  of  Weseex, 
839 ;  defeated  by  the  Danes  in  a  naval  engagement,  842 ; 
routed  the  Danes  at  Ockley,  852 ;  freed  a  tenth  part  of 
the  folclands  from  all  burdens  except  the  tfinoda  necessitat, 
c.  854  ;  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  possibly  originating 
the  payment  of  Peter's  pence ;  married  Judith,  daughter 


ETHEREG-E 


410 


EVANS 


of  Charles  the  Bald,  at  Verberie,  856 :  declined  to  make 
war  upoii  his  rebellious  son  ^Etbelbald,  and  allowed  him 
\\V-sex  ;  by  his  will  charged  every  ten  hides  of  his  property 
with  the  support  of  a  poor  man  (857  ?).  [xviii.  40] 

ETHEREGE  or  ETHRYGG,  GEORGE,  in  Latin 
EDRYCUS  (./?.  1588),  classieal  scholar  ;  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1534 ;  probationer-fellow,  1539 ; 
M.A.,  1543  :  M.B.,  1545  ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1647- 
1550  and  1664-9  :  deprived  as  a  catholic,  1659.  His  works 
include  a  Latin  translation  of  part  of  Justin  Martyr. 

[xviii.  43] 

ETHEREGE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1635  V-1691),  dramatist : 
employed  by  Charles  II  and  James  II  on  diplomatic 
missions ;  knighted ;  produced  '  Comical  Revenge,'  1664, 
'  She  would  if  she  could,'  1667,  and  '  The  Man  of  Mode,' 
1676,  three  comedies ;  helped  to  popularise  rhyme  in 
comedy.  [xviii.  44] 

ETHERIDGE.  JOHN  WESLEY  (1804-1866),  Wes- 
leyan  minister ;  second  minister  in  the  Brighton  circuit, 
1831 :  Ph.D.  Heidelberg,  1847 ;  principal  work, '  The 
Targums  of  Onkelos  and  Jonathan  Ben  Uzziel  on  the 
Pentateuch,  &c.,'  1862  and  1865.  [xviii.  45] 

ETKINS,  JAMES  (1613  ?-1687).  [See  ATKINE,  JAMES.] 

ETTY,  WILLIAM  (1787-1849),  painter;  studied  in 
the  Royal  Academy  school  at  Somerset  House ;  first  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1811 ;  travelled  on  the  con- 
tinent ;  made  a  great  impression  with  '  Cleopatra,'  1821  ; 
R.A.,  1828 ;  sold  his  « Joan  of  Arc '  pictures  for  2,500?. 
Some  minor  works  are  in  National  Gallery,  London,  and 
at  South  Kensington.  [xviii.  45] 

EUGENE  (<*.  618).    [See  EOGHAN.] 

EUGENIUS  I,  unhistorical  king  of  Scotland,  (accord- 
ing to  Buchanan)  thirty-ninth  king  after  Fergus  Mac 
Ferchard.  [xviii.  47] 

ETJGEnluS  H,  (according  to  Buchanan)  forty-first 
king  of  Scotland ;  supposed  sou  of  Fergus  Mac  Earc. 

[xviii.  47] 

ETTGENIUS  HI,  (according  to  Buchanan)  forty-sixth 
king  of  Scotland.  [xviii.  47] 

EUGENTUS  IV,  (according  to  Buchanan)  fifty-first 
king  of  Scotland  ;  identified  with  Eocboid  Buidhe  (reigned 
606-29).  [xviii.  48] 

EUGENTUS  V,  (according  to  Buchanan)  fifty-sixth 
king  of  Scotland ;  identified  with  Eocboid  Rinnenhail 
(c.  670).  [xviii.  48] 

EU GENIUS  VI  (/.  650),  (according  to  Buchanan) 
fifty-seventh  king  of  Scotland ;  also  called  Eogan  and 
Ewen  ;  contemporary  with  Adamnan.  [xviii.  48] 

EUGENIUS  VTI,  (according  to  Buchanan)  fifty-ninth 
king  of  Scotland  ;  reigned  680-97.  [xviii.  48] 

EUGENIUS  Vni,  (according  to  Buchanan)  sixty- 
second  king  of  Scotland  ;  reigned  761-4.  [xviii.  48] 

EUGENIUS  PHTLALETHES  (pseudonym).  [See 
VAUGHAN,  THOMAS,  1622-1666.] 

EU8DEN,  LAURENCE  (1688-1730),  poet  laureate; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1706 ;  M.A.,  1712 ; 
fellow,  1712 ;  given  the  laureateship  (1718)  by  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle,  whose  marriage  he  bad  celebrated,  1717  ;  rector 
of  Coningsby  ;  the  '  L.  E.'  of  Pope  and  Swift's  treatise  on 
bathos ;  published  metrical  panegyrics  and  translations 
from  Clnudian  and  Statins.  [xviii.  48] 

EUSTACE  ((/.  1215),  bishop  of  Ely  :  vice-chancellor, 
keeper  of  the  royal  seal,  and  (1197)  chancellor:  dean  of 
Salisbury ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1197 ;  sent  by  Richard  I  to  re- 
monstrate with  Philip  Augustus  of  France  on  alleged 
infringements  of  the  five  years'  peace;  one  of  three  pre- 
lates selected  by  Pope  Innocent  III  to  urge  King  John  to 
recognise  Stephen  Langton  as  primate,  1208  ;  pronounced 
the  interdict  and  escaped,  1208 ;  associated  with  Arch- 
bishop Langton  in  procuring  from  Rome  sentence  of 
deposition  on  King  John.  [xviii.  49] 

EUSTACE,  JAMES,  third  VISCOUNT  BALTIXOLAS 
(<f.  1585)  ;  headed  an  Irish  catholic  insurrection  in  1680 ; 
escaped  to  Sim  in  ;  outlawed  and  attainted  ;  died  in  Spain. 

[xviii.  51] 

EUSTACE,  JOHN  CHETWODE  (1762  ?-18l6),  classi- 
cal antiquary  ;  took  the  habit  at  St.  Gregory's  Convent, 


Douay ;  priest :  friend  of  Edmund  Burke ;  recorded  hi* 
continental  travels  in  'A  Tonr  through  Italy,'  1813, 
written  in  a  '  latitudinariun  spirit.'  [xviii.  52] 

EUSTACE,  ROLAND  FITZ,  BARON  POKTI .KSTKK 
(rf.  1496),  lord- treasurer  in  Ireland,  1454  (confirmed  1461)  : 
created  Baron  Portlester,  1461 :  twice  accused  of  treason 
falsely ;  chancellor  in  Ireland,  1472-82  and  1488-96 : 
took  part  in  the  Lambert  Simnel  rebellion,  1487. 

[xviii.  531 

EVANS,  ABEL  (1679-1737),  divine  and  poet;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  probationer-fellow, 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1692  ;  M.A.,  1699  ;  D.D.,  1711  ; 
expelled  from  chaplaincy  of  his  college,  but  reinstated  by 
Duchess  of  Maryborough's  influence  ;  famous  for  his  satire 
on  '  The  Apparition  :  a  dialogue  betwixt  the  Devil  and 
a  Doctor  concerning  the  rights  of  the  Christian  Church,' 
1710 ;  epigrammatist.  [xviii.  54] 

EVANS,  ANNE  (1820-1870),  poet  and  musical  com- 
poser ;  daughter  of  Arthur  Benoni  Evans  [q.  v.] 

[xviii.  55] 

EVANS,  ARISE  (b.  1607).  [See  EVANS,  RHYS  or 
RICE.] 

EVANS,  ARTHUR  BENONI  (1781-1854),  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  son  of  Lewis  Evans  (1755-1827)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1820 ;  D.D.,  1828 ;  pro- 
fessor of  classics  and  history  in  the  Royal  Military  College, 
1805-22  ;  held  country  curacies ;  head-master  of  Market 
Bosworth  grammar  school,  1829-54.  His  works  include 
'  Leicestershire  Words,  Phrases,  and  Proverbs,'  1848,  and 
poems  and  sermons.  [xviii.  54] 

EVANS,  BENJAMIN  (1740-1821),  Welsh  congrega- 
tional minister ;  published  abolitionist  and  sectarian 
works  in  Welsh.  [xviii.  55] 

EVANS,  BROOKE  (1797-1862),  nickel  refiner ;  partner 
with  a  gunmaker  in  New  York ;  indigo  planter  and  mer- 
chant in  Central  America  ;  amateur  navigator ;  associated 
with  one  Askin  in  a  venture  for  refining  nickel  from  nickel- 
speiss  ;  built  works  at  Birmingham,  1835  ;  obtained  nickel 
from  nickel-ore  containing  cobalt.  [xviii.  56] 

EVANS,  CALEB  (1831-1886),  geologist ;  educated  at 
University  College  School ;  clerk  in  the  chancery  pay 
office,  1852-82  ;  F.G.S.,  1867  ;  first  English  geologist  to 
divide  Croydou  and  Oxted  limestone  into  zones. 

[xviii.  56] 

EVANS,  CHARLES  SMART  (1778-1849),  vocalist 
and  composer  ;  gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal :  alto  singer  in 
the  chorus  of  the  '  Ancient  Concerts '  of  1798;  composed 
part-songs,  motetts,  and  a  'Magnificat.'  [xviii.  57] 

EVANS,  CHRISTMAS  (1766-1838),  one  of  the  great 
Welsh  preachers ;  originally  a  farm  labourer ;  baptist 
minister  in  Anglesey,  1792-1826,  ruling  autocratically  : 
called  the  '  Bunyan  of  Wales ' ;  his  sermons  published 
in  Welsh.  [xviii.  57] 

EVANS,  CORNELIUS  (/.  1648),  impostor  ;  a  native 
of  Marseilles  ;  impersonated  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  at 
Sandwich,  1648 ;  escaped  from  Newgate,  1648. 

[xviii.  58] 

EVANS,  DANIEL  (1774-1835),  independent  minister 
in  North  Wales,  1796-1835 ;  published  Welsh  memoirs  and 
sectarian  works.  [xviii.  58] 

EVANS,  DANIEL  (1792-1846),  Welsh  poet ;  commonly 
called  DANIEL  Du  o  GERKDIGION  :  fellow  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1817;  B.D.,  1824  ;  took  orders  ;  com- 
mitted suicide,  1846  ;  published  Welsh  poems,  [xviii.  59] 

EVANS,  DAVID  MORIER  (1819-1874),  financial 
journalist;  assistant  city  correspondent  on  the  'Times': 
started  the  '  Hour,'  1873  ;  bankrupt  on  its  failure ;  pub- 
lished financial  works.  [xviii.  59] 


EVANS,  EDWARD  (  rf.  1615),  divine ;  educated  at 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1602  ;  fellow, 
1595-1604  ;  published  sermons,  1616.  [xvni.  59] 

EVANS,  EDWARD  (1716-1798),  Welsh  poet  and  bard 
of  Druidic  descent ;  pastor  at  Aberdare,  1772-98. 

[xvin.  60  j 

EVANS,  EDWARD  (1789-1835),  printseller ;  pub- 
lished '  Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Engraved  Portraits. 

[xviii.  60] 

EVANS,  EDWARD  DAVID  (1818-1860),  printeeller ; 
I  son  of  Edward  Evans  (1789-1835)  [q.  v.]          [xviii.  60] 


EVANS    . 


411 


EVANS 


EVANS,  EVAN  (1731-1789),  Welsh  poet  and  anti- 
quary :  studied  at  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  took  orders  ; 
embodied  his  researches  in  'Some  Specimens  of  the  ... 
Antient  Welsh  Bards,  translated  into  English,'  1764 ;  pub- 
lished one  English  and  several  Welsh  poems  ;  granted  an 
annuity  by  Paul  1'auton  of  Anglesey  on  condition  of  be- 
queathing him  his  manuscripts.  [xviii.  60] 

EVANS,  EVAN  (1804-1886),  founder  and  pastor 
(1881-6)  of  the  first  Welsh  church  in  Arkansas,  U.S.A. ; 
known  as  EVANS  BACH  NAXTYGLO  ;  published  noncon- 
formist treatises  in  Welsh.  [xviii.  61] 

EVANS,  EVAN  BERBER  (1836-1896),  Welsh  divine : 
studied  at  Normal  College,  Swansea,  and  Memorial  College, 
Brecon  ;  ordained  pastor  of  Libanus  Church,  Morriston, 
1862 ;  pastor  of  Salem  Church,  Carnarvon,  1865-94 ;  lec- 
turer on  homiletics  at  '  Bala-Bangor '  Congregational 
College,  1891 :  became  principal,  1894 ;  editor  of  '  Y 
Dysgedydd '  ('  The  Instructor '),  1880-96 :  popular  preacher. 


[Suppl.  ii.  194] 
[NOWKN< 


EVANS,  Sin  FREDERICK  JOHN  OWEN  (1815-1885), 
hydrographer  ;  second-class  volunteer  in  the  navy,  1828 ; 
surveyed  the  Coral  Sea,  the  great  barrier  reef,  and  Torres 
Straits,  1841-6 :  published,  when  superintendent  of  the 
compass  department,  a  '  Report  on  Compass  Deviations  in 
the  Royal  Navy,'  1860 ;  captain,  1872  ;  hydrographer  to  the 
admiralty,  1874-84  ;  K.C.B.,  1881.  [xviii.  61] 

EVANS,  GEORGE  (1630  ?-1702),  antiquary  ;  fellow  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1660  ;  D.D. 
Cambridge,  1665 :  his  collections  on  the  history  of  St. 
George's  Chapel  printed  in  Ashmole's  '  Berkshire,'  1719. 

[xviii.  62] 

EVANS,  SIR  GEORGE  DE  LACY  (1787-1870),  general ; 
ensign,  1807 ;  served  against  Amir  Khan,  1807 ;  lieutenant, 
1809 ;  served  in  Peninsula ;  twice  wounded  before  New 
Orleans,  1814  and  1815  ;  engaged  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel by  brevet,  1815 ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1831,  West- 
minster, 1833 :  commanded  British  legion  aiding  Christina 
of  Spain  against  Don  Carlos,  1835-7 ;  rendered  great  ser- 
vices to  the  Spanish  government  at  Bilbao,  Heruani,  and 
elsewhere  ;  K.O.B.,  1837  ;  grand  cross  of  St.  Ferdinand 
and  Charles  III ;  M.P.,  Westminster,  1846, 1852,  1857,  and 
1859-65 ;  repulsed  sortie  from  Sebastopol,  1854 ;  G.C.B., 
1855 ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford ;  general,  1861. 


[xviii.  62] 
of   Meath: 


EVANS,  JOHN  (d.  1724),  bishop  of  Meath :  B.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1671 ;  minister  at  Fort  St.  George, 
Madras,  1692  ;  engaged  in  merchandise  ;  bishop  of  Baugor, 
1702 ;  opposed  the  peace,  1712 ;  bishop  of  Meath,  1716-24. 

[xviii.  64] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (16809-1730),  divine  ;  congregational 
minister  at  Wrexham,  1702-4;  sole  pastor  of  the  Hand 
Alley  meeting-house,  Westminster,  1716  ;  honorary  D.D. 
Edinburgh  and  Aberdeen  :  completed  part  of  a  history  of 
nonconformity  from  the  Reformation  to  the  civil  war. 

[xviii.  65] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (1693  ?-1734  ?),  actor  ;  joint-manager 
of  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin.  [xviii.  66] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (d.  1779),  curate  of  Portsmouth  : 
published  a  '  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels,'  in  Welsh, 
1765.  [xviii.  66] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (/.  1812),  author  ;  B.A.  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  1792 ;  author  of  '  North  Wales,'  1812,  and  kindred 
works.  [xviii.  68] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (1767-1827),  baptist  minister;  matri- 
culated at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1787;  M.A.  Edin- 
burgh ;  general  baptist  pastor,  Worship  Street,  London, 
1792-1827  ;  F.S.A.,  1803-25 :  LL.D.  Brown  University, 
1819  ;  published  miscellaneous  writings.  [xviii.  66] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (1774-1828),  printer:  printed  and 
edited  the  '  Bristol  Observer,'  1819-23  ;  published  work  on 
psalmody,  1823,  and  a  history  of  Bristol,  1824  ;  killed  by 
the  sudden  falling  of  the  Brunswick  Theatre,  Well  Street. 

[xviii.  67] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (d.  1832),  miscellaneous  writer ;  kept 
private  schools  in  Bristol  and  London  ;  published  essays 
and  topographical  notices  of  Bristol.  [xviii.  68] 

EVANS,  JOHN,  OP  LLWYNPPORTUN  (1779-1847), 
Welsh  methodist ;  methodist  deacon,  1808  ;  curate  in  the 
episcopal  church ;  returned  to  methodism :  a  famous 
preacher.  [xviii.  68] 

EVANS,  JOHN  (1814-1875),  better  known  as  I.  D 
FFRAIP,  Welsh  poet  and  Calviuistic  methodist  miui«ter ; 


published  poems,  1835,  and  a  '  History  of  the  Jews,'  1830, 
in  Welsh ;  translated  the  '  Night  Thoughts '  and  '  Paradise 
Lost '  into  Welsh.  [xviii.  69] 

EVANS,  JOHN,  'EOLWYSBACH'  (1840-1897),  Welsh 
Wesleyan  divine ;  shepherd ;  ordained,  1865 ;  pastor  at 
Liverpool,  1866-9,  and  1872-8,  Bangor,  1869-72,  and 
1886-9,  Oswestry,  1889-90,  and  London,  1878-86  and  1890- 
1893;  member  of  Legal  hundred  of  Wealeyau  confer- 
ence, 1884,  and  chairman  of  South  Wales  district, 
1895;  organised  and  conducted  'forward  movement' 
mission  in  Glamorgan:  frequently  styled  'the  Welsh 
Spurgeon ' ;  published  biographical  and  religious  writings 
in  Welsh.  [Suppl.  ii.  195] 

EVANS,  LEWIS  (fl.  1574),  controversialist;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1557  ;  B.D.,  1662 ;  offended  Bishop 
(Jrindal  by  his  zealous  Catholicism,  and  fled  the  country; 
published  at  Antwerp  an  attack  on  protestantism,  1565  ; 
published  attacks  on  Romanism  after  1568.  [xviii.  69] 

EVANS,  LEWIS  (1755-1827),  mathematician  ;  matri- 
culated at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1774;  vicar  of  Frox- 
fleld,  Wiltshire,  1788-1827  ;  first  mathematical  master, 
Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  1799-1820;  F.R.S., 
1823  ;  F.A.S. ;  contributed  to  '  Philosophical  Magazine.* 

[xviii.  70] 

EVANS,  PHILIP  (1645-1679),  Jesuit ;  studied  at  St. 
Omer ;  missioner  in  North  Wales,  1675 ;  executed  during 
Popish  plot  persecution.  [xviii.  70] 

EVANS,  RHYS  or  RICE  (6.  1607),  fanatic ;  adopted 
name  of  ARISE  EVANS  ;  independent ;  imprisoned  on  the 
charge  that  he  had  declared  himself  to  be  Christ,  1647 : 
petitioned  Cromwell  to  restore  Charles  II,  1653 ;  published 
mystical  tracts.  [xviii.  70] 

EVANS,  RICHARD  (1784-1871),  portrait-painter  and 
copyist;  painted  in  Rome  a  fresco  which  he  afterwards 
found  hanging  at  South  Kensington  as  an  antique ;  exhi- 
bited portraits  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1816. 

[xviii.  71] 

EVANS,  ROBERT  HARDING  (1778-1857),  bookseller 
and  auctioneer ;  son  of  Thomas  Evans  (1742-1784)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Westminster ;  sold  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe's 
library,  1812  ;  edited  Thomas  Evans's  'Old  Ballads,'  1810, 
and  other  works.  [xviii.  71  ] 

EVANS,  ROBERT  WILSON  (1789-1866),  archdeacon 
of  Westmoreland  and  author;  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1813  ;  M.A.,1814  : 
B.D.,  1842  ;  archdeacon  of  Westmoreland,  1856-65.  His 
works  include  '  Tales  of  the  Ancient  British  Church,'  1840. 

[xviii.  72] 

EVANS,    SAMUEL    (d.    1835?),   landscape-painter: 
taught  the  daughter  of  George  III  drawing:  drawing- 
I  master  at  Eton.  [xviii.  76] 

EVANS,  THEOPHILUS  (1694-1767),  divine  ;  educated 
!  at   Shrewsbury;    clergyman    in    South  Wales,  1728-67. 
published  a  'History  of  Modern  Enthusiasm,'  1752  and 
i  1759,  and  an  uncritical  relation  of  Welsh  antiquities. 

[xviii.  73] 

EVANS,  THOMAS  (</.  1633),  poet:  M.A.  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  1616 ;  B.D.,  1628 ;  rector  of 
Little  Holland,  1618-33 :  published  a  poem,  '  (Edipus,' 
1615,  which  is  now  very  rare.  [xviii.  73] 

EVANS,  THOMAS  (1742-1784),  bookseller;  edited, 
among  other  works,  Shakespeare's  'Poems,'  1774,  and 
Prior's  *  Works,'  1779 ;  published  collection  of '  Old  Ballads,' 
1777.  [xviii.  73] 

EVANS,  THOMAS  (1739-1803),  bookseller;  publisher 
of    the  '  Morning    Chronicle ' ;    printed  in  his  '  London 
Packet'  a  letter  reflecting  on  Oliver  Goldsmith  and  Miss 
;  Horneck,  1773.  [xviii.  74] 

EVANS,  THOMAS (TOMOS  GLYN  COTHI)  (1766-1833), 
i  Welsh    poet:    pilloried  and    imprisoned    for   singing  a 
I  Welsh  song  'On  Liberty,'  1797;  minister  at  Aberdare, 
1811-33  ;  published  theological  works. 

EVANS,  THOMAS  (TEI,YXOG)  (1840-1865),  Welsh 
poet ;  sailor,  and  subsequently  collier  ;  his  poetical  works 
collected,  1866.  [xviii.  74] 

EVANS,  THOMAS  SIMPSON  (1777-1818),  mathe- 
matician ;  son  of  Lewis  Evans  (1755-1827)  [q.  v.]  ;  assistant 
at  Greenwich  Observatory,  1800-5  :  mathematical  master 
at  Woolwich,  1803-10,  at  Christ's  Hospital,  1813-18: 
LL.D. ;  translated  Caguoli's  '  Trigonometria  piana 
e  sferica.'  [xviii.  75] 


EVANS 


412 


EWART 


EVANS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1720?),  presbyterian  divine; 
pastor  in  Carmarthenshire,  1688-1718 ;  founder  of  the 
Welsh  academy  system ;  published  theological  work  in 
Welsh,  1707.  [xviii.  76] 

EVANS,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1776  ?),  Welsh  lexicographer ; 
presbyterian  minister ;  compiled  English- Welsh  diction- 
ary, 1771.  [xviii.  76] 

EVANS,  WILLIAM  (1811 7-1868),  landscape-painter : 
styled  '  Evans  of  Bristol ' ;  his  best-known  work  '  Traeth 
Mawr.'  [xviii.  76] 

EVANS,  WILLIAM  (1798-1 877),  water-colour  painter: 
son  of  Samuel  Evans  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Old  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours  from  1828  ;  drawing-master  at 
Eton,  1818-27  ;  house-master  at  Eton,  1840-77  ;  helped  to 
reform  the  school.  [xviii.  76] 

EVANS,  SIR  WILLIAM  DAVID  (1767-1821),  lawyer ; 
educated  at  Harrow ;  attorney,  1789 :  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn,  1794  :  stipendiary  magistrate  for  Manchester,  1813- 
1818 ;  knighted,  1819 :  recorder  of  Bombay,  1819-21 : 
translated  Pothier's  '  Law  of  Obligations  and  Contracts,' 
1806,  and  wrote  legal  works.  [xviii.  77] 

EVANS,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1801-1869),  divine 
and  naturalist ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury ;  scholar  of  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1826 ;  prebendary  and  praelector 
of  Hereford,  1846  ;  canon,  1861 ;  published  *  The  Song  of 
the  Birds,'  1846.  [xviii.  77] 

EVANSON,  EDWARD  (1731-1805),  divine:  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1753 ;  incumbent  of 
Longdon  ;  prosecuted  in  the  consistory  court  for  unita- 
rianism,  1771 ;  chaplain  to  Wedderburne,  the  solicitor- 
general,  1775 ;  assailed  trinitarianism  in  '  A  Letter  to 
Dr.  Hurd,'  1777:  resigned  Longdon,  1778:  established 
school  at  Mitcham,  1778.  His  works  include  'The  Dis- 
sonance of  the  four  .  .  .  Evangelists,'  1792.  [xviii.  78] 

EVELEIGH,  JOHN  (1748-1814),  provost  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford :  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1770 ; 
fellow  of  Oriel,  1770 :  M.A.,  1772:  B.D.,1782;  D.D.,1783; 
dean  of  Oriel,  1775-81  ;  provost,  1781 :  vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Oxford,  1778-81,  and  of  Aylesford,  1782-92 ;  prebendary  of 
Rochester,  1781.  [Suppl.  ii.  196] 

EVELYN,  Sm  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM 
SHUCKBURGH-  (1751-1804).  [See  SHUCKBURGH- 
EVELYN.] 

EVELYN.  JOHN,  the  younger  (1655-1699),  trans- 
lator :  son  of  John  Evelyn  (1620-1706)  [q.  v.] :  entered 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1667  :  admitted  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  1672 ;  a  commissioner  of  revenue  hi  Ireland,  1692- 
1696  ;  translated  Rapinus's  Latin  poem  'Of  Gardens,'  1673. 

[xviii.  83] 

EVELYN,  JOHN  (1620-1706),  virtuoso;  student  at 
the  Middle  Temple,  1637  ;  fellow  commoner  at  Balliol. 
1637;  joined  Charles  I,  1642;  travelled;  bought  'rare 
tables  of  veins  and  nerves '  at  Padua,  1645  ;  travelling 
companion  of  the  poet  Waller,  1646 :  translated  La  Mothe 
Le  Vayer's  'Of  Liberty  and  Servitude,'  1649;  settled  at 
Sayes  Court,  Deptford,  1653  :  proposed  to  Robert  Boyle  a 
scheme  which  was  afterwards  developed  into  the  Koyal 
Society  ;  member  of  council  of  foreign  plantations,  1671 ;  a 
commissioner  for  privy  seal,  1686-7  ;  secretary  to  Royal 
Society,  K.72;  his  property  at  Sayes  Court  wantonly 
desecrated  by  Peter  the  Great  when  tenant,  1698;  ap- 
pointed Bentley  to  first  Boyle  lectureship ;  a  recognised 
authority  on  numismatics,  architecture,  and  landscape 
gardening.  His  works  include  « Sculptura,'  1662, '  Sylva,' 
1664,  and  'A  Character  of  England,'  1659.  His  'Diary' 
was  first  published  in  1818  and  1819.  [xviii.  79] 

EVERARD  (1083  7-1150).    [See  EBORARD.] 

EVEHAED,  JOHN  (fl.  1611),  Roman  catholic  student, 
converted  to  Catholicism  at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge :  pro- 
bationer in  the  English  College  at  Rome,  1610  :  published 
•  Britanno-Komanvs '  (autobiography),  1611.  [xviii.  83] 

EVERARD,  JOHN  (1675  7-1650  ?),  divine  and  mystic  : 
M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1607  :  D.D.,  1619 ;  impri- 
soned for  censuring  Spanish  outrages  in  the  Indies,  1621 
and  1622  ;  deprived  by  the  high  commission  court  of  his 
living  at  Fairetead,  1636  ;  fined  1,000/.,  1639  ;  translated 
the  'Pomander'  of  Hermes  Trismegistus,  1660.  His 
'Parai'le  of  Two  Drops  reasoning  together'  was  repub- 
Ii«bedinl866.  [xviii.  84] 


EVERARD,  MATHIAS  (d.  1857),  major-general; 
ensign,  1804 ;  captured  by  the  French,  1806  ;  led  the  for- 
lorn hope  at  Monte  Video,  1807 :  fought  at  Ooruna  ami 
siege  of  Flushing,  1809  :  commanded  flank  battalion  at 
storming  of  Bhurtp^re,  1825  ;  C.B.  and  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  major-general,  1851 :  knight  of  Hanoverian  order. 

[xviii.  85] 

EVERARD,  ROBERT  (/.  1664),  Roman  catholic 
writer;  captain  during  the  civil  war;  published  work 
vindicating  his  conversion  to  Catholicism,  1664. 

[xviii.  85] 

EVERARL,  alias  KVKUKTT,  THOMAS  (1560-1633), 
Jesuit ;  studied  at  Cambridge  and  (1592-3)  at  Rheims ; 
socius  and  master  of  Jesuit  novices  at  Louvain  ;  mis- 
sioner  hi  England,  1604  and  1617  ;  banished,  1621 ;  subse- 
quently missioner  in  Suffolk ;  translated  Latin  and  Italian 
religious  works.  [xviii.  86] 

EVERDON,  SILVESTER  DE  (d.  1254),  bishop  of 
Carlisle :  held  livings  in  Northamptonshire  from  1219 ; 
keeper  of  great  seal,  1244:  archdeacon  of  Chester,  1245  ; 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1246 :  justice  itinerant,  1251-2  ;  joined 
other  bishops  in  enforcing  Magna  Carta,  1253. 


[Suppl.  ii.  196] 
1-1866),     m 


EVEREST,  Sm  GEORGE  (1790-1866),  military 
engineer :  East  India  cadet,  1806  ;  made  survey  of  Java 
for  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  1813-15;  superintendent  of 
survey,  Hyderabad,  1823  :  surveyor-general  of  India ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1838:  C.B.,  1861;  knighted,  1861; 
F.R.A.S.  and  F.R.G.S.  :  published  two  accounts  of 
measurements  on  the  Meridional  Arc  of  India,  1830  and 
1847.  Mount  Everest  is  named  after  him.  [xvUi.  86] 

EVERETT,  JAMES  (1784-1872),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
expelled  from  Wesleyan  conference  and  ministry,  1849,  as 
author  of  '  Wesleyan  Takings'  and  the  suspected  author 
of  the  '  Fly  Sheets'  of  1845  and  after:  established  '  United 
Methodist  Free  Church,'  1857 ;  first  president  of  seces- 
sionist assembly,  1857 ;  published  memoirs,  brochures, 
and  histories  of  methodism.  [xviii.  87] 

EVERITT,  ALLEN  EDWARD  (1824-1882),  artist ; 
executed  water-colour  drawings  of  mediseval  remains  in 
the  midlands,  Belgium,  France,  and  Germany;  hon. 
secretary  of  Royal  Society  of  Artists  of  Birmingham, 
1858-82,  of  archaeological  section  of  Midland  Institute, 
1870.  [xviii.  88] 

EVERSDEN  or  EVERISDEN,  JOHN  OF  (./!.  1300), 
chronicler  ;  cellarer  of  the  Benedictine  abbey  of  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  1300;  proctor  for  his  abbot,  1307;  his  'Series 
temporum  ah  initio  mundi,'  originally  supposed  a  con- 
tinuation of  Florence  of  Worcester.  [xviii.  89] 

EVERSLEY,  VISCOUNT  (1794-1888).  [See  SHAW- 
LEFKVRE,  CHARLES.] 

EVESHAM,  HUGH  OP  (d.  1287),  cardinal;  called 
Atratns,  II  Nero,  and  Le  Noir ;  studied  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  and  in  France  and  Italy;  nicknamed 
'Phrenix':  archdeacon  of  Worcester,  1275:  prebendary 
of  York,  1279 ;  physician  to  Pope  Martin  IV,  1280 : 
cardinal,  1281 ;  author  of  '  Canones  Medicinales,'  '  Dis- 
tinctions predicabiles,'  and  other  works.  [xviii.  90] 

EVESHAM,  WALTER  OP  (fl.  1320).    [See  WALTER.] 

EWALD,  ALEXANDER  CHARLES  (1842-1891),  his- 
torical writer  :  clerk  in  public  record  office,  1861 ;  senior 
clerk,  1890 ;  published  popular  historical  works  and  as- 
sisted in  compilation  of  a  calendar  and  precis  of  'Norman 
Rolls— Henry  V.'  [Suppl.  ii.  197] 

EWALD,  CHRISTIAN  FERDINAND  (1802-1874X 
missionary;  took  Anglican  orders,  1836;  laboured  in 
Jerusalem  for  London  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel 
among  the  Jews  from  1841.  [Suppl.  ii.  197] 

EWART,  JOSEPH  (1759-1792),  diplomatist;  edu- 
cated at  Dumfries  and  Edinburgh  University:  envoy 
plenipotentiary  to  Prussia,  1788-91 ;  succeeded  in  getting 
the  Prince  of  Orange  re-established  as  stadtholder; 
arranged  marriage  treaty  between  Duke  of  York  and 
Frederick  William's  daughter.  [xviii.  90] 

EWART,  WILLIAM  (1798-1869),  politician;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  Newdigate 
prizeman,  1820 ;  B.A.,  1821 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1827;  M.P.,  Bletchingley,  1828-30,  Liverpool,  1830,1831, 
1832,  and  1835,  Wigan,  1839,  and  Dumfries  burghs,  1841- 


EWBANK 


413 


EYRE 


1868;  tree  trader ;  brought  about  an  act  for  restricting 
i-apital  punishment,  1837  ;  carried  bill  establishing  free 
public  libraries,  1850 ;  published  speeches.  [xviii.  91] 

EWBANK,  JOHN  W.  (1799  ?-1847),  painter  ;  founda- 
tion meml>er  of  Iloyal  Scottish  Academy,  1830  ;  painted 
historical  pieces  and  marine  subjects.  [xviii.  92] 

EWBANK,  THOMAS  (1792-1870),  writer  oil  practical 
mechanics  ;  manufacturer  of  lead,  tin,  and  copper  tubing 
in  New  York,  1819-36 ;  related  his  travels  in  '  Life  in 
Brazil,'  1856 ;  commissioner  of  patents,  1849-52 ;  president 
of  American  Ethnological  Society  ;  published  *  The  World 
a  Workshop,'  1855,  and  works  on  physics  and  hydraulics. 

[xviii.  92] 

EWEN,  JOHN  (1741-1821),  supposed  author  of  '0 
wed  may  the  boutie  row';  hardware  retailer  in  Aber- 
deen; left  14,(XAM.  by  a  will  (disallowed  by  the  House 
of  Lords)  to  found  an  educational  charity  in  M  on  trust-. 

[xviii.  93] 

EWENS,  alias  NEWPORT,  MAURICE  (1611-1687). 
[See  NEWPORT.] 

EWER,    EWERS,    or    EWRES,    ISAAC  (d.  1650), 
regicide;    parliamentarian  colonel  of  foot;  custodian  of 
Charles  I  in  Hurst  Castle ;  signed  death-warrant,  1649. 
[xviii.  93] 

EWER,  JOHN  (d.  1774),  bishop  of  Bangor;  educated 
at  Eton;  B.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1728;  fellow; 
M.A.,  1732 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1738 ;  prebendary  of  Here- 
ford, 1751 ;  D.D.,  1756 ;  bishop  of  Llaudaff,  1761-8,  of 
Baiigor,  1768-74 ;  preached  against  the  American  colonists 
as  profligates,  1767.  [xviii.  94] 

EWIN,  WILLIAM  HO  WELL  (1731  7-1804),  usurer  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1756  ;  LL.D.,  1766  ; 
J.P.  for  Cambridgeshire  ;  suspended  from  his  degrees  by 
the  vice-chancellor,  1778,  for  lending  money  at  usury  to 
a  student ;  restored  in  1779,  there  being  no  university 
statute  against  his  offence ;  deprived  of  his  commission, 
1781.  [xviii.  94] 

EWING,  GREVILLE  (1767-1841),  congregational 
minister ;  studied  at  Edinburgh ;  first  secretary,  Edin- 
burgh Missionary  Society,  1796 ;  forbidden  by  the  East 
India  Company  to  go  as  missionary  to  India ;  abandoned 
church  of  Scotland ;  superintended  congregational  charge 
at  Glasgow,  1799-1836  ;  tutor  of  the  Glasgow  Theological 
Academy,  1809-36  ;  published  Greek  grammar  and  lexicon 
lor  New  Testament  students,  1801.  [xviii.  95] 

EWING,  JULIANA  HORATIA  (1841-1885),  writer 
for  the  young ;  nde  Gatty  ;  her  first  story  published  in 
the  '  Monthly  Packet,'  1861 ;  produced  » Melchior's  Dream,' 
1862;  started  'Aunt  Judy's  Magazine,"  1866;  married 
Major  Alexander  Ewing,  18ti7  ;  wrote  many  soldier-stories. 

[xviii.  96] 

EXETER,  DUKKS  OF.  [See  HOLLAND,  JOHN,  1352  ?- 
1400  ;  BEAUFORT,  SIR  THOMAS,  d,  1427 ;  HOLLAND,  JOHN, 
1395-1447.] 

EXETER,  MARQUIS  OF  (1*967-1538).  [See  COURTENAY, 
HENRY.] 

EXETER,  MARCHIONESS  OF  (d.  1558).  [See  COUR- 
TENAY,  GERTRUDE.] 

EXETER,  first  EARL  OF  (1542-1622).  [See  CECIL, 
THOJIAS.] 

EXETER,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1268).    [See  JOHN.] 
EXETER,  JOSEPH  OF  (/.  1190).    [See  JOSEPH.] 
EXETER,  STEPHEN  OF  (fl.  1265).    [See  STEPHEN.] 

EXETER,  WALTER  OF  (/.  1301),  Cluniac  monk ; 
wrote  a  variant  of  the  •  Guy  of  Warwick '  romance. 

[xviiL  96] 

EXETER,  WILLIAM  OF  (/.  1330  ?),  author  of 'Deter- 
minatioiies '  against  Ockiiam  ;  D.D. ;  canon  of  Exeter. 

[xviii.  96] 

EXLTER,  WILLIAM  OF  (ft.  1360?),  physician  to 
Queen  Phihppa  ;  precentor  of  Lincoln.  [xviii.  97] 

EXETIR,  WILLIAM  OF  (d.  1365  ?),  author  of  sermons 
on  the  Beatitudes.  [xviiL  96] 

EXLE  I",  THOMAS  (d.  1855  ?),  mathematician  ;  M.A. : 
joined  the  Rev.  William  Moore  Johnson  in  bringing  out 
'The  Imperial  Encyclopedia,'  1812.  His  other  writings 
include- '  Physical  Optics,'  1834.  [xviii.  97J 


EXMEW,  WILLIAM  (1507  7-1535),  Carthusian ;  edu- 
'.iu-1  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge:   steward  of   the 
i  London  Charterhouse,  1635  (?);  hanged  for  denying  the 
I  king's  supremacy,  1535.  [xviiL  97] 

EXMOUTH,  first  VISCOUNT  (1757-1833).  [See  PKL 
I.K\V,  EDWARD.] 

EXSHAW,  CHARLES  (d.  1771),  painter  and  en- 
graver; first  exhibited,  1764  ;  etched  mainly  after  Rem- 
brandt. [xviiL  97] 

EXTON,  JOHN  (1600 7-1665?),  admiralty  lawyer; 
M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  LL.D.,  1634  ;  ad- 
miralty judge,  1649-65 ;  published  •  The  Maritime  Dicae- 
ologie,'  16C4.  [xviii.  98] 

EXTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1631-1688),  admiralty  lawyer ; 
son  of  John  Exton  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
J  School  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  :  LL.D.,  1662  ;  member 
of  Gray's  Inn,  1648 ;  knighted  ;  admiralty  judge  before 
1678  ;  advocate-general ;  M.P.  Cambridge  University, 
1679, 1881,  and  1685  ;  master  of  Trinity  HalL  Cambridge, 
1676-88.  [xviii.  98] 

EYRE,  CHARLES  (1784-1864),  miscellaneous  writer; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1807 ;  took  orders ; 
Unitarian  ;  newspaper  proprietor  at  Colchester ;  com- 
mitted suicide.  His '  Fall  of  Adam '  (1852)  is  an '  amended ' 
edition  of  '  Paradise  Lost.1  [xviii.  98] 

EYRE,  EDMUND  JOHN  (1767-1816),  dramatist; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge ;  played  Jaques  at  Drury  Lane,  1806  ;  published 
'  Maid  of  Normandy '  (tragedy),  1794,  and  '  Consequences ' 
(comedy),  1793.  [xviiL  98] 

EYRE,  SIR  GILES  (d.  1695),  judge ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1661 ;  recorder  of  Salisbury  ;  M.P.,  Salisbury, 
1688-9  ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench  and  knighted,  1689. 

EYRE,  SIR  JAMES  (1734-1799),  judge;  scholar  of 
Winchester,  1747  ;  matriculated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1749  ;  treasurer  of  Gray's  Inn,  1766 :  recorder  of 
London,  1763;  counsel  for  Wilkes  in  Wilkes  v.  Wood, 
1763 ;  refused  to  present  to  the  king  London's  remon- 
strance on  the  exclusion  of  Wilkes  from  parliament,  1770 ; 
knighted,  1772  ;  president  of  court  of  exchequer,  1787  ; 
chief  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1792-3  ;  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas,  1793.  [xviii.  99] 

EYRE,  JAMES  (1748-1813),  philologist;  educated  at 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge;  head-master  of  Solihull 
grammar  school ;  country  clergyman ;  annotated  John- 
son's '  English  Dictionary '  (in  manuscript). 

[xviii.  100] 

EYRE,  SIR  JAMES  (1792-1857),  physician ;  M.R.C.S., 
!  1814;  mayor  of  Hereford,  1830;  knighted,  1830;  M.B. 
Edinburgh,  1834 ;  M.R.C.P.,  1836 ;  wrote  medical  works. 

[xviii.  100] 

EYRE,  JOHN  (1764-1803),  evangelical  clergyman ; 
dissenting  minister ;  matriculated  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  1778 ;  priest,  1779 ;  minister  of  Homerton, 
1785  ;  helped  to  found  London  Missionary  Society,  1795 ; 
originated  scheme  (1796)  which  developed  into  Hackney 
Theological  College  (opened,  1803).  [xviiL  100] 

EYRE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1666-1735),  judge  ;  son  of  Sir 
Samuel  Eyre  [q.  v.] :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1689 ;  re- 
corder of  Salisbury,  1696  ;  M.P.,  Salisbury,  1698-1710 ; 
solicitor-general,  1708 ;  manager  of  Sacheverell's  im- 
peachment; judge  of  queen's  bench,  1710;  knighted, 
1710 ;  lord  chief  baron,  1723 ;  lord  chief- justice  of  common 
pleas,  1726.  [xvui.  101] 

EYRE,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1633-1698),  judge ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1661 ;  justice  of  king's  bench,  1694  ;  upheld 
the  murderer  Knollys's  claim  to  privilege  of  peerage, 
1698.  [xviiL  102] 

EYRE,  THOMAS  (1670-1715),  Jesuit ;  student  at  St. 
Omer ;  chaplain  to  James  II  at  St.  Germain  ;  professor 
of  theology,  Liege,  1701-4  ;  professed  Jesuit,  1706 ;  socius 
to  his  provincial,  1712.  [xviii.  102] 

EYRE,  THOMAS  (1748-1810),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  professor  at  the  English  college,  Douay  ;  presi- 
dent of  Crook  Hall,  1795-1808,  subsequently  removing  it 
to  Ushaw  ;  edited  John  Goter's '  Spiritual  Works,'  1790. 

[xviii.  102] 

EYRE,  SlK  VINCENT  (1811-1881),  general ;  gazetted 
to  Bengal  establishment,  1828 ;  commissary  of  ordnance 


EYRE 


114 


FAHIE 


to  (\ibul  field  force,  1839;  surrendered  :is  hostage  to 
Akbar  Khan,  1842  ;  rescued  by  Sir  George  Pollock,  1843  : 
:ited  to  command  artillery  of  'Gwalior  contingent," 
1844  ;  founded  Esapore,  colony  for  destitute  families  of 
Portuguese  natives  :  defeated  a  lanre  native  force,  1857  ; 
took  part  in  the  relief  of  Lucknow,  1857 :  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  C.B.,  1857 ;  lieutenant-general,  1863  ;  K.C.S.I., 
1867.  [xviii.  103] 

EYRE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1805-1859),  major-general  ; 
educated  at  Rugby  ;  ensign,  1823  ;  received  company  in 
73rd  regiment,  1829 ;  major,  1839 ;  served  in  first  Kaffir 
war,  1847  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1847  ;  defeated  Kaffirs  at 
Quibi?ui  River  and  Committee's  Hill,  1851  ;  C.B.,  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  queen,  and  colonel,  1852 ;  fought  in 
Crimean  war ;  major-general,  1854  ;  K.C.B.,  1855  ;  deco- 
rated by  France  and  Turkey,  1856.  [xviii.  104] 

EYSTON,  BERNARD  (1628-1709),  Franciscan  friar  ; 
called  in  religion  Bernard  a  Sum-to  Francisco  ;  lector  of 
divinity  at  St.  Bonaventure's  Convent,  Douay ;  D.D.  ; 
died  at  Douay ;  wrote  '  The  Christian  Duty  compared,' 
1684.  [xviii.  105] 

EYSTON,  CHARLES  (1667-1721),  antiquary;  chief 
work,  a  historv  of  Glastonbury  abbey  and  town,  1716. 

[xviii.  105] 


(Ifi89  ?-1652  V).       [See     KlNfj. 


EYTHAN,     BAKOX 

JAMES.] 

EYTON,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1815-1881),  anti- 
quary; educated  at  Rugby;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1845;  rector  Df  Ryton,  1841-63;  maintained  in  •  \ 
Key  to  Domesday,'  1877,  fiscal  character  of  domesday  hide 
of  land  ;  published  '  The  Antiquities  of  Shropshire,'  1861. 

[xviii.  106] 

EYTON  or  EDON,  STEPHEN  (fl.  1320  ?),  chronicler  : 
;  canon  of  Warter  ;  wrote  •  Acta  Edwardi  II.' 

[xviii.  107] 

EYTON,  THOMAS  CAMPBELL  (1809-1880),  natural- 
ist ;  correspondent  of  Agassiz  and  Darwin ;  opponent  of 
j  Darwinism ;  his  chief  works,  '  A  History  of  the  Oyster 
and    Oyster    Fisheries,'  1858,  and  l  Osteologia   Avium,' 
'•  1871-8.  [xviii.  107] 

EZEKIEL,  ABRAHAM  EZEKIEL  (1757-1806), 
miniature-painter  and  scientific  optician  ;  engraved  por- 
traits, [xviii.  107] 

EZEKIEL,  SOLOMON  (1781-1867),  Jewish  writer  ; 
son  of  Abraham  Ezekiel  Ezekiel  [q.  v.] ;  settled  at  Pen- 
zance ;  published  letter  to  Sir  Rose  Price,  which  led  to 
suspension  of  efforts  to  convert  Jews  of  Penzance  to 
Christianity ;  published  lectures  on  the  lives  of  Abraham 
and  Isaac,  1844-5.  [xviii.  107] 


FABELL,  PETER  (fl.  15th  cent.),  magician  and 
dabbler  in  alchemy  ;  hero  of  the  '  Merry  Devil  of  Edmon- 
ton,' a  play,  which  has  been  wrongly  attributed  to  Shake- 
speare (first  edition,  1608).  [xviii.  107] 

FABER,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1814-1863),  supe- 
rior of  the  London  Oratory  ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and 
Harrow ;  matriculated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1832 ; 
scholar  of  University  College,  1834 ;  Newdigate  prizeman, 
1836  :  B.A.,  1836  ;  fellow  of  University,  1837  ;  M.A.,  1839 ; 
rector  of  Elton,  1842-6  :  formed  catholic  community  of 
Brothers  of  the  Will  of  God,  1845  ;  joined  oratory  of 
St.  Philip  Neri,  1848 ;  established  London  Oratory,  1849  ; 
created  D.D.  by  Pius  IX,  1854 ;  friend  of  Wordsworth  and 
Newman ;  published  poems  and  devotional  treatises. 

[xviii.  108] 

FABER,  GEORGE  STANLEY  (1773-1854),  contro- 
versialist: scholar  of  University  College,  Oxford,  1790; 
fellow  of  Lincoln,  1793;  M.A.,  1796;  Bampton  lecturer, 
1801  ;  B.D.,  1803 ;  vicar  of  Stockton-upon-Tees,  1805-8 ; 
master  of  Sherburn  Hospital,  1832-54  ;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1831.  Characteristic  works  are  '  The  Origin  of 
Pagan  Idolatry,'  a  pre-scientific  dissertation,  1816,  and 
•  Letters  on  Tractarian  Secessions  to  Popery,'  1846,  and 
'The  Revival  of  the  French  Emperorship,  anticipated 
from  the  Necessity  of  Prophecy,'  1852.  [xviii.  Ill] 

FABER,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1660  ?-1721),  draughtsman 
and  mezzotint  engraver ;  native  of  the  Hague ;  engraved 
portraits  of  founders  of  Oxford  (1712)  and  Cambridge 
Colleges.  [xviii.  112] 

FABER,  JOHN,  the  younger  (16957-1756),  mezzotint 
engraver ;  son  of  John  Faber  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  en- 
graved portraits  of  Charles  II,  Ignatius  Loyola,  and 
others.  [xviii.  112] 

FABRIGIU3   (./?.    1429).     [See  CARPKNTKR,  ALKX- 

AXDKIl.] 

FABYAN,  ROBERT  (d.  1513),  chronicler :  sheriff  of 
London,  1493 ;  held  Newgate  and  Ludgate  against  Cornish 
rebels,  1498;  expanded  his  diary  into  'The  Concordance 
of  Histories,'  a  compilation  extending  from  the  arrival  of 
Brutus  in  England  to  the  death  of  Henry  VII  (first 
printed,  1516  ;  edited  by  Ellis  in  1811).  [xviii.  113] 

FACCIO,  JEAN  CHRISTOPHE  (d.  1720),  brother  of 
Nicolas  Faccio  [q.  v.]  ;  F.R.S.,  1706 ;  described  in  the 
'Philosophical  Transactions '  a  solar  eclipse  which  he  had 
observed  at  Geneva,  1706  ;  died  at  Geneva,  [xviii.  116] 

FACCIO,  NICOLAS  (1664-1753),  of  Duillier,  mathe- 
matician and  fanatic  :  citizen  of  Geneva,  1678  ;  developed 
Casaini's  theory  of  zodiacal  light.  1685 ;  showed  how  to 
utilise  a  ship's  motion  for  grinding  corn,  sawing,  &c. ; 
betrayed  conspiracy  to  kidnap  the  Prince  of  Orange, 


1686;  F.R.S.,  1688;  befriended  by  Newton;  disparaged 
Leibnitz  for  personal  reasons,  1699  ;  chief  of  the  '  French 
prophets ' ;  exposed  at  Charing  Cross  as  an  impostor ; 
wandered  into  Asia  to  propagate  his  theories ;  chief  works 
'  Epistola  . .  .  de  mari  aeneo  Salomonis,'  1688,  and  '  Navi- 
gation Improv'd,'  1728.  [xviii.  114] 

FACHTNA,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (fl.  6th  cent.),  bishop 
and  abbot  of  Dairinis  Maelaufaidh  (Molanna,  near  Lis- 
more);  founded  school  of  Ross  (Ros  Ailithir)  ;  miracu- 
lously cured  of  blindness.  [xviii.  116] 

FAED,  THOMAS  (1826-1900),  painter;  studied  at 
Edinburgh  School  of  Design  ;  associate  of  Scottish  Aca- 
demy, 1849  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  London,  from 
1851,  principally  incidents  in  humble  Scottish  life ;  R.A., 

[Suppl.  ii.  198] 

FAGAN,  ROBERT  (d.  1816),  diplomatist  and  amateur 
portrait- painter ;  consul-general  for  Sicily  and  the  Ionian 
i  islands  ;  purchased  from  Prince  Altieri  Claude's  '  Landing 
|  of  ./Eneas '  and  '  Sacrifice  of  Apollo,'  which  he  refused  to 
deliver  up  to  the  French  authorities,  and  was  consequently 
imprisoned  ;  succeeded  in  conveying  (1799)  the  two  paint- 
ings by  Claude  to  Palermo;   exhibited  three  portraits  at 
the  Royal  Academy.  [xviii.  117] 

FAGG,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1701),  parliamentarian  ;  colonel : 
M.P.,  Rye,  1640  :  commissioner  for  Charles  I's  trial,  1648- 
1649;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1664, 1656  (unseated),  and  1659;  im- 
prisoned for  attempting  to  raise  forces  in  Sussex  to  sup- 
port Haslerig  and  Morley,  1659 ;  state  councillor,  1659 ; 
created  baronet,  1660;  M.P.,  Steyuing,  Sussex,  1661-1701. 

[xviii.  118] 

FAGGE,  CHARLES  HILTON  (1838  -LS83),  physi- 
cian ;  nephew  of  John  Hilton  (1804-1878)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D. 
London,  1863 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1870 ;  examiner  in  medicine  to 
London  University  ;  demonstrator  of  morbid  anatomy, 
lecturer  on  pathology,  and  curator  of  the  museum  at 
Guy's ;  wrote  medical  dissertations.  [xviii.  11!)] 

FAGITI8,  PAUL  (1504-1549),  divine;  born  at  Rhein- 
zabern  in  the  Palatinate  ;  pastor  at  Isue,  1537-42 :  estab- 
lished Hebrew  printing-press  at  Isne ;  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  Strasburg,  1544-6,  at  Heidelberg,  1646-9;  deposed  for 
questioning  the  Interim,  1549 ;  Hebrew  reader  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1649.  [xviii.  120] 

FAHEY,  JAMES  (1804-1885),  water-colour  painter : 
studied  anatomy  at  Paris  ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1825  ;  secretary  of  the  New  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water-Colours,  1838-74  ;  drawing-master' at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  1856-83.  [xviii.  120] 

FAHIE,  SIR  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1763-1833), 
vice-admiral;  entered  navy,  1777;  assisted  at  capture  of 


FAIRBAIRN 


415 


FAIRFAX 


Danish  We?t  India  islands,  1807  ;  served  at  redaction  of 
Guadeloupe,  1810  ;  commander  of  the  order  of  St. 
Ferdinand  and  Merit;  commander-in-chief  on  Leeward 
islands  station,  1820,  at  Halifax,  1821-4  ;  K.O.B.,  1824  ; 
vice-admiral,  1830 ;  died  at  Bermuda.  [xviii.  121] 

FAIRBAIRN,  PATRICK  (1805-1874),  theologian; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  presented  by  the  crown  to  North 
Ronald^hay,  Orkney,  1830  ;  professor  of  divinity  in  the 
free  church  theological  college,  Aberdeen,  1853-6  ;  D.D. 
Glasgow  ;  principal  of  the  free  church  college  of  Glasgow, 
1856-74  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1865 ;  chief 
work,  'Typology  of  Scripture,'  1845  and  1847;  edited 
the'  Imperial  Bible  Dictionary.'  [xviii.  122] 

FAIRBAIBN,  SIR  PETER  (1799-1861),  engineer 
and  inventor  ;  brother  of  Sir  William  Fair  bairn  [q.  v.]  ; 
improved  flax-spinning  machinery  by  modification  of 
roving-frame  and  introduction  of  screw  and  rotary  gills  ; 
established  foundry  for  manufacture  of  war  material; 
knighted ;  mayor  of  I^eeds.  1857-8,  and  1858-9. 

[xviii.  123] 

FAIRBAIRN,  Bin  WILLIAM  (1789-1874X  engineer : 
of  humble  origin  :  befriended  by  George  Stephenson : 
constructed  two  water-mills  at  Zurich,  which  worked 
regularly,  whatever  the  height  of  the  river,  1824 ; 
M.I.C.E.,  1830 ;  '  chief  fabricator  '  of  machinery  for  the 
Turkish  government  in  England,  1839 ;  superintended 
construction  of  tubular  Meuai  Straits  bridge  in  con- 
junction with  Stcpheusou,  1848,  but  found  his  position 
untenable,  1849  ;  patented  his  new  principle  of  wrought- 
iron  girders ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1860,  Cam- 
bridge, 1862 ;  president  of  the  British  Association,  1861, 
of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  1854 ;  created 
baronet,  1869.  [xviii.  123] 

F AIRBORNE,  SIR  PALMES  (1644-1680),  governor 
of  Tangiers ;  captain  in  the  Taugiers  regiment  of  foot, 
1661 ;  knighted ;  major,  1664 ;  governor  of  Tangiers, 
1676-8  ;  constructed  a  mole  across  the  harbour  ;  quelled 
mutiny  of  troops  provoked  by  the  neglect  of  the  home 
government,  1677  ;  superseded,  1680 ;  defended  Tangiers 
against  Muley  Hassan,  1680;  mortally  wounded  in 
skirmish  with  Moors.  [xviii.  125] 

FAIRBORNE,  SIR  STAFFORD  (d.  1742),  admiral  of 
the  fleet  ;  son  of  Sir  Palmes  Fairborne  [q.  v.] ;  commanded 
the  Warspite  at  battle  of  Beachy  Head,  1690  :  present 
at  battle  of  Barfleur,  1692;  scattered  Newfoundland 
pirates,  1700 :  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  1701 ;  knighted, 
1701 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  1703;  present  at  capture 
of  Barcelona,  1705,  and  reduction  of  Ostend,  1706  ; 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  1708.  [xviii.  126] 

FAIRCHILD,  THOMAS  (1667  ?-1729),  gardener; 
established,  c.  1690,  as  nurseryman  and  florist  at  Hoxton  ; 
conducted  experiments  which  helped  to  establish  the 
existence  of  sex  in  plants ;  first  to  produce  scientifically  an 
artificial '  hybrid ' ;  published  '  The  City  Gardener,*  1722, 
and  contributed  to  '  Catalogue  of  Trees  and  Shrubs  pro- 
pagated near  London,'  published  1730.  [Suppl.  ii.  198] 

FAIRCLOUGH.     [See  also  FKATLBY.] 

FAIRCLOUGH,  RICHARD  (1621-1682),  noncon- 
formist divine ;  son  of  Samuel  Fairclough  (1594-1677) 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ; 
delivered  assize  sermon  in  Somerset ;  rector  of  Mells, 
1643  ;  ejected  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity.  [xviii.  127] 

FAIRCLOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1594-1677),  noncon- 
formist divine ;  B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  ; 
lecturer  at  Lynn  Regis,  1619 ;  cited  by  the  bishop  of 
Norwich  for  omitting  the  sign  of  the  cross  in  baptism  ; 
retired  ;  rector  of  Barnardiston,  1623  ;  rector  of  Keding- 
ton,  1629-1662  ;  signed  the  petition  of  1646 ;  ejected, 
1662  ;  published  '  The  Pastor's  Legacy,'  1663,  and  other 
works.  [xviii.  128] 

FAIRCLOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1625  ?-1691),  ejected 
minister;  fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge;  ejected 
from  his  rectory  of  Houghton  Conquest,  1662. 

[xviii.  129] 

FAIRFAX,  BLACKERBY  (fl.  1728),  physician  ;  son 
of  Nathaniel  Fairfax  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi 
College,  Cambridge,  1693;  M.D.,  1728;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1G96 ;  physician  in  the  navy ;  wrote  on  the  '  Union,' 
1702;  published  '  Oratio  Apologetica  pro  Re  Herbaria 
contra  Medicos  Mathematicos,'  1718.  [xviiL  137] 


FAIRFAX,  BRIAN,  the  elder  (1633-1711),  politician  • 
son  of  Henry  Fairfax  (1688-1665)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  and  LL  D 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  sent  on  a  mission  to  General 
Monck,  1659;  equerry  to  Charles  II,  1670-85;  equerry  to 
William  III,  1689-92.  His  works  include  poem^a  life  of 
Buckingham,  and  an  edition  of  Fairfax's  ^Short  Memo- 
rials, 1699.  [xviiL  129] 

FAIRFAX,  BRIAN,  the  younger  (1876-1749), 
commissioner  of  customs,  1723-49 ;  son  of  Brian  Fairfax 
the  elder  [q  v.]  ;  queen's  scholar,  Westminster,  1690 ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1698  ;  M.A.,  1700. 

FAIRFAX,  SiK  CHARLES  (fl.  leoJ^toldier  • 
brother  of  Thomas,  first  baron  Fairfax  [q.  v.]  •  routed 
Velasco  at  siege  of  Sluys,  1604.  [xviii.  130] 

FAIRFAX,  CHARLES  (1597-1673),  antiquary  and 
genealogist ;  son  of  Thomas,  first  baron  Fairfax  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1611;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1618  ;  parliamentarian  colonel  of  foot  • 
governor  of  Kingston-upon-Hull,  1660-1  ;  pensioned : 
assisted  Roger  Dodsworth  [q.  v.]  in  collecting  and 
preserving  'Dodsworth  MSS.';  left  in  manuscript, 
•  Analecta  Fairfaxiana.'  [xviii.  ISO] 

FAIRFAX,  CHARLES  (d.  1723),  dean  of  Down  and 
Connor,  1722-3  ;  son  of  Brian  Fairfax  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  [xviii.  130] 

FAIRFAX,  EDWARD  (d.  1635),  translator  of  Tasso'p 
'  Gerusalemme  Liberata ' ;  imagined  two  of  his  daugh- 
ters bewitched,  1621 ;  author  of  '  Godfrey  of  Bulloigne  ' 
(1600),  a  translation  of  Tasso,  which  solaced  Charles  I  in 
prison.  [xviii.  131] 

FAIRFAX,  FERDINANDO,  second  BAROX  FAIRFAX 
of  Cameron  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland  (1584-1648X 
son  of  Thomas,  first  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Boroughbridge, 
1622, 1624, 1625, 1626,  and  1627  :  M.P.  for  Yorkshire  in  the 
Long  parliament,  1640  ;  commanded  parliamentarians  in 
Yorkshire,  1642 ;  defeated  on  Adwalton  Moor,  1643 ; 
governor  of  Hull,  1643-4  ;  commanded  infantry  at  Mar- 
ston  Moor,  1644  ;  governor  of  York  from  1644  to  1645  : 
resigned,  1645.  [xviii.  132] 

FAIRFAX,  FERDINANDO  (ft.  1697),  son  of  Brian 
Fairfax  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1697.  [xviiL  130] 

FAIRFAX,  SIR  GUY  (rf.  1495),  judge ;  member  of 
Gray's  Inn,  1463 ;  king's  serjeant,  1468  ;  recorder  of  York, 
1476  ;  judge  of  king's  bench,  1477  ;  chief-justice  of  Lan- 
caster under  Edward  V.  [xviii.  133] 

FAIRFAX,  HENRY  (1588-1665),  friend  of  George 
Herbert;  son  of  Thomas,  first  baron  Fairfax  [q.  v.]; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1608  ;  took  part  in 
the  unsuccessful  movement  to  obtain  a  university  for  the 
north,  c.  1640 ;  rector  of  Boltou  Percy,  1646-60. 

[xviii.  134] 

FAIRFAX,  HENRY  (1634-1702),  dean  of  Norwich; 
son  of  Charles  Fairfax  (1597-1673)  [q.  v.] ;  D.D.  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1680 ;  senior  fellow,  1687 ;  signed 
petition  to  James  II  against  decree  naming  Anthony 
Farmer  [q.  v.]  president,  9  April  1687;  expelled  from 
Magdalen,  October  1687 ;  restored,  1688  ;  dean  of  Norwich, 
1689-1702.  [xviii.  134] 

FAIRFAX,  JOHN  (1623-1700),  ejected  minister ;  B.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1645-50; 
rector  of  Barking-cum-Needham,  1650-62 ;  ejected,  1662 ; 
in  charge  of  nonconformist  congregation  at  Ipswich, 
1680-6,  of  presbyterians  alone,  1687-1700;  published 
j»ermons.  [xviii.  135] 

FAIRFAX,  JOHN  ( 1804-1877),  journalist  and  member 
of  legislative  council.  New  South  Wales  ;  emigrated,  1838, 
being  unable  to  pay  costs  of  suit  arising  out  of  his 
Leamington  journal;  bought  'Sydney  Morning  Herald,' 
1841 ;  sole  proprietor  of  'Sydney  Herald,'  1853;  member 
of  legislative  council,  1874-7.  [xviii.  136] 

FAIRFAX,  NATHANIEL  (163T-1690),  divine  and 
physician  ;  M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1661 ; 
ejected  from  perpetual  curacy  of  Willisham,  1662  ;  MJ). 
Leyden,  1670:  published  'A  Treatise  of  the  Bulk  nnl 
Selvedge  of  the  World,'  1674.  [xyiii.  137J 


FAIRFAX 


416 


FALCONEK 


FAIRFAX  or  FAYRFAX,  ROBERT  (d.  1529), 
moBiciau  ;  organist  at  St.  Albans  :  Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge, 
1604,  Oxford,  1511:  gentleman  of  the  King's  Chapel  iu 
1509;  poor  knight  of  Windsor,  1614 ;  wroU«  out  music- 
books,  a  '  prycke-songe  book '  and  a  '  balet  boke ' ;  com- 
l>osed  masses  and  part-songs ;  his  '  That  was  my  woo  is 
nowe  my  moat  gluduesse,'  possibly  addressed  to  Henry  VII 
in  1486.  [xviii.  137] 

FAIRFAX.  ROBERT  (1666-1725X  rear-admiral: 
grandson  of  Sir  William  Fairfax  [q.  v.j ;  present  at  the 
battle  in  Bantrv  Bay  and  relief  of  Londonderry,  1689  : 
court-murtialleil  for  failing  to  overtake  a  French  squadron 
off  Gape  Palos,  but  acquitted,  1704  ;  took  part  in  reduction 
of  Gibraltar,  of  Barcelona,  1705,  and  in  battle  of  Malaga, 
1704:  retired  in  mortification  at  the  cancelling  of  his 
appointment  as  vice-adminil  of  the  blue,  1708;  rear- 
admiral,  1708 ;  M.P.  for  York  city,  1713-14 ;  lord  mayor  of 
York,  1715.  [xviiL  138] 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  FAIRFAX  of 
Cameron  in  the  Scottish  peerage  (1660-1640);  employed 
by  Elizabeth  on  diplomatic  communications  with 
James  VI ;  knighted  before  Rouen,  1591 :  served  in  the 
Low  Countries  ;  created  Baron  Fairfax  of  Cameron,  1627  ; 
country  gentleman  at  Denton,  Yorkshire,  writing,  but 
not  publishing,  '  The  Order  for  the  Government  of  the 
House  at  Denton,'  'Conjectures  about  Horsemanship,' 
and  tractates  on  similar  subjects.  [xviii.  140] 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS,  third  BARON  FAIRFAX  OP 
CAMKKON  (1612-1671),  general ;  sou  of  Ferdinando,  second 
baron  Fairfax  [q.  v.]  ;  matriculated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1626  ;  engaged  at  siege  of  Bois-le-Duc,  1629  ; 
commanded  during  flrst  Scottish  war ;  knighted,  1640  ; 
became  a  general  for  the  parliament,  1642  ;  recaptured 
Leeds  for  the  parliament,  1643  :  captured  Wakefield,  1643  ; 
defeated  at  Adwalton  Moor,  1643 ;  commanded  detachment 
at  Marstou  Moor,  1644  ;  commander-in-chief  of  the  par- 
liamentary army,  1645  ;  remodelled  the  army,  in  accord- 
ance with  a  parliamentary  ordinance,  1645;  defeated 
Charles  I  at  Naseby,  1645,  where  he  captured  a  standard 
with  his  own  hand  :  stormed  Bristol,  1645 ;  reduced 
Oxford,  1646;  thanked  by  parliament,  1646 ;  directed  to 
appease  the  army's  resentment  at  its  contemplated  re- 
duction, 1647 ;  Charles  I  seized  against  his  will,  1647 ; 
sided  with  the  peace  party,  1647 ;  suppressed  the  levellers ; 
urged  parliament  to  provide  for  the  soldiers'  pay ;  reduced 
Colchester,  1648 ;  transmitted  to  the  Commons  the  army's 
demand  for  Charles  I's  punishment,  1648 ;  one  of  the  king's 
judges,  1649,  endeavouring  to  prevent  his  execution  ;  state 
councillor,  1649  :  M.P.,  Cirencester,  1649  ;  commander-in- 
chief,  1649  :  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1649  ;  resigned  from  unwilling- 
ness to  invade  Scotland,  1650;  M.P.  for  Yorkshire  in 
Kichard  Cromwell's  parliament ;  M.P.,  Yorkshire,  1660 ; 
headed  commission  sent  to  Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  1660  ; 
bequeathed  twenty-eight  manuscripts  to  the  Bodleian; 
author  of  poems,  translations,  and  two  autobiographical 
works.  Milton  wrote  a  sonnet,  calling  on  him  to  under- 
take the  settlement  of  the  kingdom,  1648.  [xviii.  141] 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS  (1656-1716),  Jesuit ;  studied  at 
St.  Omer  ;  priest,  1683  ;  D.D.  Treves ;  fellow  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1688;  removed  from  his  fellowship  at 
the  revolution.  1688;  professed  of  the  four  vows,  1693; 
procurator  of  the  English  province,  1701  and  1704  ;  pub- 
lished works,  including  '  The  Secret  Policy  of  the  Jesuits  ' 
(2nd  edit.),  1702.  [xviii.  149] 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS,  sixth  BARON  FAIRFAX  of 
Cameron  (1692-1782) ;  held  commission  in  the  blues  ;  in- 
timate with  Bolingbroke,  Addison,  and  Steele  ;  retired  to 
his  maternal  estates  of  the  Northern  Neck  in  Virginia, 
1747 ;  trained  and  encouraged  the  young  George  Washing- 
ton ;  died  broken-hearted  soon  after  the  surrender  of 
Cornwallis,  1781.  [xviii.  149] 

FAIRFAX,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1609-1644),  soldier; 
knighted,  1630  ;  commanded  regiment  under  Essex,  1642 ; 
commanded  detachments  at  Nantwich  and  Marston 
Moor,  1644;  mortally  wounded  before  Montgomery 
Oastle.  [xviii.  160] 

FAIRFAX,  SIR  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1739-1813), 
vice-admiral;  navy  lieutenant,  1757;  took  part  in  the 
St.  Lawrence  operations,  1769 ;  prisoner,  1778-82  ;  fought 
at  Oauaperdown,  1797  ;  knight- banneret ;  vice-admiral, 
1806.  [xviii.  160] 


Charles' 


F  AIRFIELD,  CHARLES  (1761  ?-1804),  painter; 
copied  paintings  of  Dutch  and  Flemish  masters ;  his 
original  pictures  undeservedly  neglected.  [xviii.  151] 

FAIRHOLM,  CHARLES  (1566-1617).  [See  FKRM, 
CHARLRS.] 

FAIRHOLT,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1814-18B6), 
engraver  and  antiquarian  writer ;  of  German  origin  ; 
Isis  melallist  of  Society  of  Arts;  illustrated  Charles 
Knight's  publications,  Halliwell's  'Sir  John  Maunde- 
ville,'  1839,  and  other  works ;  F.S.A.,  1844 ;  author  of 
antiquarian  researches,  including  '  Costume  in  England,' 
1846;  bequeathed  prints  to  the  British  Museum,  and 
Shakespearean  collections  to  Strat  ford-on- A  von. 

[xviii.  151] 

F  AIRLAND,  THOMAS  (1804-1852),  lithographer  and 
portrait-painter :  student  at  Royal  Academy  ;  '  Raphael's 
Virgin  and  Child '  his  most  famous  contribution  to  the 
new  art  of  lithography.  [xviii.  152] 

FAIRLES8,  THOMAS  KERR  (1825-1853).  landscape- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  other  in- 
stitutions, 1848-51.  [xviii.  153] 

FAIRLIE,  ROBERT  FRANCIS  (1831-1886),  civil 
engineer ;  superintendent  and  general  manager  of  Lon- 
donderry and  Coleraine  railway,  1853 ;  obtained  post  on 
Bombay  and  Baroda  railway;  patented  'double-bogie 
engine,'  1864 ;  invited  to  design  and  construct  railways 
in  Venezuela,  1873  ;  compelled  by  jungle  fever  to  return 
to  England,  1874.  [xviii.  153] 

FAITHORNE,    WILLIAM,    the    elder    (1616-1691), 

1  engraver  and  portrait-painter;  banished  for  refusing  to 

!  take  the  oath  to  Oliver  Cromwell ;  allowed  to  return  to 

England,  1650  ;  print-seller  in  London ;  executed  crayon 

,  portraits  ;    engraved  frontispieces  and  prints,  also  two 

maps,  one  of  London  and  Westminster,  the  other  of 

Virginia  and  Maryland.  [xviii.  154] 

FAITHORNE,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1656-1701  ?), 
mezzotint  engraver ;  son  of  William  Faithorne  the  elder 
v.]  ;    engraved  portraits  of  Queen  Anne,  Charles  I, 
'     II,  and  John  Dryden.  [xviii.  165] 

FALCONBERG  or  FALCONBRIDGE,  the  BASTARD 
(rf.  1226).  [See  BREAUTE,  FALKES  DE.] 

FALCONBERG  or  FALCONBRIDGE,  BASTARD  OF 
(d.  1471).  [See  FAUCONBERG,  THOMAS.] 

FALCONBRIDGE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1792),  surgeon ; 
surgeon,  from  poverty,  on  slave-ships  :  accepted  commis- 
sion from  St.  George's  Bay  Company  to  found  settle- 
ment for  the  homeless  colonists  formerly  sent  by  govern- 
ment to  the  river  Sierra  Leone,  1791 ;  founded  Granville 
Town,  1791 ;  superseded  in  presidency  of  Sierra  Leone 
Company's  council ;  dismissed,  1792.  [xviii.  156] 

FALCONBRIDGE,  ANNA  MARIA  (fl.  1794),  wife  of 
Alexander  Falconbridge  [q.  v.] ;  published  autobio- 
graphical '  Narrative,'  defending  the  slave  trade  and  ridi- 
culing her  dead  husband,  1794.  [xviii.  156] 

FALCONER,  ALEXANDER,  BARON  FALCONER  OF 
HALKERTOUN  (d.  1671),  judge ;  ordinary  lord  of  session, 
1639  and  1641 ;  represented  Kincardineshire  in  the  con- 
vention, 1643-4,  and  in  parliament,  1644-5  and  1645-7; 
commissioner  of  exchequer,  1645  ;  created  Baron  Falconer, 
1647 ;  removed  from  College  of  Justice,  1649,  for  having 
subscribed  the  '  engagement ' ;  reappoiuted,  1660 ;  com- 
missioner of  excise,  1661.  [xviii.  156] 

FALCONER,  SIR  DAVID,  of  Newton  (1640-1686), 
lord  president  of  session ;  advocate,  1661 ;  knighted ; 
lord  of  justiciary,  1678  ;  president  of  session,  1682 ;  M.P., 
Forfarshire,  1685  :  lord  of  the  articles  ;  collected  decisions 
of  court  of  session  (November  1681-January  1686). 

[xviii.  167] 

FALCONER,  EDMUND  (1814-1879),  actor  and  dra- 
matist ;  really  EDMUND  O'ROURKK  ;  wrote  'The  Cagot,  or 
Heart  for  Heart,1  a  drama,  acted  at  Lyceum,  1856  ;  manager 
of  Lyceum,  1858-9  and  1861-2  :  his  Irish  drama, '  Peep  o' 
Day,'  played  in  London  from  November  1861  till  December 
1862 ;  joint-lessee  of  Drury  Lane,  1862-6  ;  attempted  to 
popularise  Shakespearean  drama;  opened  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre,  Haymarket,  with  'Oonagh,1  1866;  appeared  at 
New  York,  1867.  [xviii.  167] 

FALCONER,  FORBES  (1805-1853),  Persian  scholar ; 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  at  Paris ; 


FALCONER 


417 


FANE 


-sor  of   oriental    languages  in  University  College, 
London;    edited  poems  by  Jami ;    published   selfct'i.n 
from  the  '  Bustuu,'  Is3i».  [xviii.  168] 

FALCONER,  HUOH  (1808-1865),  palaontologist  and 
botanist ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1826 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1H29  : 
assistant-surgeon  on  the  East  India  Company's  Bengal 
establishment,  1830 ;  superintendent  of  the  Saharanpur 
botanic  garden,  1832;  discovered  fossil  mammals  and 
ivpti:c>  in  Sivalik  hilN,  1832;  superintended  imimifurttirv 
ot  first  Indian  tea,  1834;  discovered  assafoetida  ot  r.nu- 
merce  in  valley  of  Astore ;  appointed  to  superintend  Ar- 
rangement of  Indian  fossils  in  the  British  Museum,  1844; 
commenced  '  Fauna  Antiqua  Sivalensis,'  1846  :  professor 
of  botany,  Calcutta  Medical  College,  1848-65 ;  proved 
that  the  cave  fauna  of  England  contained  elephas  antiquus 
and  rhinoceros  hemitcechus,  1860;  vice-president  of  the 
Koyal  Society.  [xviii.  168] 

FALCONER,  JOHN  (fl.  1547),  merchant.  'Maister 
Falkonner's  Boke '  is  the  earliest  English  record  of  an  her- 
barium of  dried  plants.  [xviii.  161] 

FALCONER  or  FALKNER,  JOHN  (1577-1656), 
Jesuit;  studied  at  St.  Mary's  Hall  and  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford ;  joined  expedition  of  Essex  to  Spain ;  professed 
of  the  four  vows,  1619 ;  confessor  at  Liege  and  Ghent ; 
helped  to  defend  Wardour  Castle,  where  he  was  chaplain, 
1643 ;  translated  hagiological  and  devotional  works. 

[xviii.  161] 

FALCONER,  RANDLE  WILBRAHAM  (1816-1881), 
medical  writer;  son  of  Thomas  Falconer  (1772-1839) 
[q.  v.];  graduated  in  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  1839; 
mayor  of  Bath,  1857 ;  physician  to  Bath  General  Water 
Hospital ;  wrote  on  therapeutics.  [xviii.  162] 

FALCONER,  THOMAS  (1738-1792),  classical  scholar; 
matriculated  at  Brasenpse  College,  Oxford,  1754 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1760 ;  his  '  Observations  on  Pliny's  account 
of  the  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus'  published,  1794,  and 
'Chronological  Tables'  published,  1796  ;  left  materials  for 
edition  of  Strabo.  [xviii.  162] 

FALCONER,  THOMAS  (1772-1839),  classical  scholar: 
•on  of  William  Falconer  (1744-1824)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1788 ;  M.A.  and  fellow, 
1795:  Bampton  lecturer,  1810 :  M.D.Oxford,  1822;  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  edition  of  Strabo,  1807,  based 
on  materials  left  by  Thomas  Falconer  (1738-1792)  [q.  v.]  : 
edited  Hanno's  *  Voyage,'  with  translation,  1797. 

[xviii.  162] 

FALCONER,  THOMAS  (1805-1882),  county  court 
judge;  son  of  Thomas  Falconer  (1772-1839)  [q.  v.]  : 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1830 ;  arbitrator  on  behalf  of 
Canada  for  determining  boundaries  between  Canada  and 
New  Brunswick,  1850  T  colonial  secretary,  Westeni 
Australia,  1851 ;  resigned,  1851 ;  judge  of  Rhayader  district 
and  Glamorganshire  and  Breconshire  county  courts, 
1851-81 ;  published  works  mainly  legal.  [xviii.  163] 

FALCONER,  WILLIAM  (1732-1769),  poet;  servant 
of  Archibald  Campbell  (/.  1767)  [q.  v.},  who  encouraged 
his  literary  tastes ;  second  mate  on  a  ship  in  the  Levant 
trade,  which  was  wrecked  between  Alexandria  and  Venice ; 
drew  on  his  own  experience  for  hU  chief  poem,  'The 
Shipwreck,'  1762 ;  patronised  by  the  Duke  of  York  ;  be- 
came purser  on  various  ships ;  published  '  The  Universal 
Marine  Dictionary,'  1769 ;  lost  in  the  Aurora. 

[xviii.  164] 

FALCONER,  WILLIAM  (1744-1824),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1766 ;  studied  at  Leydeii,  be- 
coming (1767)  M.D.:  extra-licentiate  O.P.,  1767;  physi- 
cian to  Chester  Infirmary,  1767-70 ;  F.R.S.,  1773 ;  physi- 
cian to  Bath  General  Hospital,  1784-1819  ;  intimate  with 
Dr.  Parr  ;  published  essays  on  the  Bath  waters,  and  mis- 
cellaneous tracts.  [xviii.  165] 

FALCONER,  WILLIAM  (1801-1885),  translator  of 
'Strabo '  ;  son  of  Thomas  Falconer  (1772-1839)  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1823;  M.A.,  1827;  Petrean 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  1827  ;  university  mathematical 
examiner,  1832-3  and  1836-8 ;  rector  of  Bushey,  1839- 
1885 :  brought  out  his  father's  manuscript  translation 
of  Strabo's  'Geography'  in  'Bohn's  Classical  Library,' 
1854-6-7.  [xviii.  167] 

FALCONET,  PETER  [PIERRE  ETIENNE]  (1741- 
1791),  portrait-painter  ;  born  in  Paris  ;  exhibited  occasion- 


ally at  the  Royal  Academy  ;  executed  blacklead  portraits 
of  eminent  artiste.  [xviii.  167] 

FALDO,  JOHN  (1633-1690),  nonconformist  minister  ; 
pastor  at  Tla-U-mV  Hall,  Al.J.-riimnhiir.v.  1684-90.  His 
'Quakerism  no  Christianity,'  1673,  lei  to  an  animated 
controversy  with  Wllllum  IVm..  [xviii.  168] 

FALE,  THOMAS  {fl.  1604),  mathematician;  M.A. 
Corpus  Cliristi  College,  Cambridge,  15K6 ;  B.D.,  1597; 
li.M;ii-«l  physician,  1604.  His  '  Horologiographia '  (1593) 
contains  what  is  probably  the  earliest  trigonometrical 
table  printed  in  England.  [xviii.  169] 

FALKENER,  EDWARD  (1K14-1896),  architect:  ar- 
ticled to  John  Newman  (1786-1859)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Royal  Academy  ;  studied  architectural  remains  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Egypt:  practised  in  London;  honorary 
F.R.I.B.A.,  1895;  published  works  relating  to  classical 
architecture.  [Suppl.  ii.  199] 

FALKLAND,  VISCOUVTS.  [See  GARY,  8m  HBNRY, 
first  VISCOUNT,  d.  1633;  and  GARY,  Lucius,  second 
VISCOUNT,  1610  ?-1643.] 

FALKLAND,  ELIZABETH,  VISCOUNTESS  (1585-1639). 
[See  GARY,  ELIZABETH.] 

FALKNER,     SIR     EVERARD     (1684-1758).      [Sea 

F  VWKKNKH.] 

FALKNER,  JOHN  (1577-1656).  [See  FALCONER, 
JOHN.] 

FALKNER,  THOMAS  (1707-1784),  Jesuit  missionary, 
surgeon  on  board  a  slave  phip  :  nursed  through  an  illness 
by  Buenos  Ayres  Jesuits,  1731 ;  Jesuit  missionary  in 
Paraguay  and  Tucu  man  :  expelled  from  South  America  as  a 
Jesuit,  1768  ;  joined  English  province,  c.  1771 ;  wrote  on 
medicine  and  natural  history  of  South  America. 

[xviii.  169] 

FALKNER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1682),  divine ;  M.A.  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1656;  rector  of  Glemsford,  1679-82; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1680 :  wrote  in  defence  of  the  church  of 
England.  [xviii.  170] 

FALLE,  PHILIP  (1656-1742),  historian  of  Jersey; 
native  of  Jersey;  entered  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1C69;  M.A.  Alban  Hall,  1676;  incumbent  of  Trinity 
parish,  Jersey,  1681-7  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Saviour's,  Jersey, 
1689-1709 ;  deputed  by  States  of  Jersey  to  request  Wil- 
liam Ill's  protection,  1693;  king's  chaplain,  1694;  pre- 
bendary of  Durham,  1700  ;  his  chief  work,  an  '  Account 
of  Jersey,'  1694  (expanded  1734).  [xviii.  170] 

FALLOWS,  FEARON  (1789-1831),  astronomer:  of 
humble  origin  ;  third  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1813  ;  mathematical  lecturer  at  Corpus  Christi 
College  and  fellow  of  St.  John's,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1816  ; 
director  of  astronomical  observatory  planned  for  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  by  commissioners  of  longitude,  1820 ; 
F.R.S.,  1823;  catalogued  chief  southern  stars,  1824; 
completed  observatory,  1829  ;  died  at  Simon's  Bay. 

[xviii.  171] 

FALMOTTTH,  first  EARL  op  (1787-1841).  [See  Bos- 
<-AWEN,  EDWARD.] 

FALMOUTH,  first  VISCOUNT  (d.  1734).  [See  Bos- 
CAWEN,  HUGH.] 

FANCOTJRT,  SAMUEL(1678-1768), dissenting  minis- 
ter and  projector  of  circulating  libraries ;  minister  and 
tutor  in  Salisbury,  1718-30;  established  subscription 
library  in  London,  1730  (dissolved,  1745);  established 
'  The  Gentlemen  and  Ladies'  Growing  and  Circulating 
Library,'  1746 :  failed  of  success ;  published  '  Essay  con- 
cerning Liberty,  Grace,  and  Prescience,'  1729,  and 
similar  works.  [xviii.  172] 

FANE,  SIR  EDMUND  DOUGLAS  VEITOH  (1837- 
1900),  diplomatist ;  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford ; 
altered  diplomatic  service,  1858;  minister  at  Belgrade, 
1893-1900  ;  K.O.M.G.,  1899.  [Suppl.  ii.  200] 

FANE,  FRANCIS,  first  BARON  BCRGHERSH  and  first 
EARL  OF  WESTMORLAND  (1583-1628),  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fane  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1603  ;  created  earl,  1624.  [xviii.  180] 

FANE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1689?),  dramatist:  grand- 
son of  Francis  Fane,  first  earl  of  Westmorland  [q.  v.] ; 
K.B.,  1660;  bequeathed  money  for  Olveston  poor;  wrote 
'Love  in  the  Dark'  (comedy),  1675,  'The  Sacrifice' 
(tragedy"),  1686,  and  a  masque.  [xviii.  173] 


FA1TE 


418 


FARADAY 


FANE,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  HENRY,  twelfth  EARL 
OP  WESTMORLAND  (1825-1891),  educated  at  Westminster  : 
and  Sandhurst ;  ensign,  1843  ;  lieutenant,  1844  ;  captain,  I 
1848  :  served  in  India  and  Crimea ;  O.B.,  1885  ;  succeeded 
to  earldom,  1859  ;  retired  as  colonel,  1860. 

[Suppl.  ii.  201] 

FANE,   SIR   HENRY  (1778-1840),   general:    cornet, 
1792 ;    captain,    1793 ;    M.P.,  Lyme   Regis,   1796-1818 ;  | 
colonel    and    aide-de-camp    to   the   king,  1805;    turned  ! 
Laborde's  right  at  Rolica,  1808 ;  major-general,  1810 ;  de-  i 
fcated    Villatte,    1813;    fought  at    Vittoria,  1813,  and 
Orthes,  1814;  colonel,    1814;   lieutenant-general,    1819;  ' 
O.O.B.,  1825  ;  M.P.,  Sandwich,  1829  ;  commander-in-chief 
in  India,  1835  ;  secured  unhindered  passage  of  English 
troops  through  Siud  into  Afghanistan,  1839  ;  died  off  St. 
Michael's  Island  in  the  Azores.  [xviii.  174] 

FANE,  JOHN,  seventh  EARL  OP  WESTMORLAND 
(1682  ?-1762),  distinguished  himself  under  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough;  lieutenant-colonel,  1710;  created  Baron 
Oatherlough,  1733  ;  M.P.,  Hythe,  1708-10,  Buckingham, 
1726-7  and  1727 ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  1715 ; 
Earl  of  Westmorland,  1736  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1737;  lieutenant-general  of  the  forces  of  the 
kingdom,  1739  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1758. 

[xviii.  175] 

FANE,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL  OF  WESTMORLAND  (1728- 
1774),  educated  at  Westminster;  M.P.,  Lyme  Regis,  1761 
and  1762.  [xviii.  176] 

FANE,  JOHN,  tenth  EARL  OP  WESTMORLAND  (1759- 
1841),  son  of  John  Fane,  ninth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  [ 
1778;  privy  councillor,  1789 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
1790-5 ;  opposed  catholic  emancipation  ;  recalled  by  Pitt, 
1795 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1798-1827  ;  K.G.,  1793  ;  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Northamptonshire.  .  [xviii.  176] 

FANE,   JOHN,   eleventh  EARL  OP  WESTMORLAND  > 
(1784-1869),  son  of  John  Fane,  tenth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  ! 
at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1808  ;  ; 
M.P.,  Lyme  Regis,  1806-16 ;  assistant  adjutant-general  in  : 
Sicily,  1806-7 :  served  in  Peninsula,  1808-10 ;  minister 
plenipotentiary  to    Florence,    1814;    LL.D.    Cambridge,  i 
1814  ;    signed  convention  of  Caza  Lanza,  1815 ;  -privy 
councillor,  1822  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1834 ;  resident  minister 
at  Berlin,  1841-51 ;  G.C.B.,  1846 ;  general,  1854  ;  founded 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1823 ;  musical  composer,  and 
author  of  military  memoirs.  [xviii.  176] 

FANE,  JULIAN  HENRY  CHARLES  (1827-1870)' 
diplomatist  and  poet ;  son  of  John  Fane,  eleventh  earl  of 
Westmorland  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  chancellor's  medallist,  1850 ;  M.A., 
1851 ;  secretary  of  legation  at  St.  Petersburg,  1856-8 ;  first 
secretary  and  acting  charge  d'affaires  at  Paris,  1865-7  and 
1868  •  issued  '  Poems,'  1852,  and  a  translation  of  Heine, 
1854.  [xviii.  178] 

FANE,  MILDMAY,  second  EARL  OF  WESTMORLAND 


FANELLI,  FRANCESCO  (fl.  1610-1665),  statuary; 
native  of  Florence  ;  worked  in  metal  in  Knjiland  ;  styled 
himself  Scultore  del  Ue  della  Gran  Bretagna;  published 
engravings,  1642.  [xviii.  181] 

FANNING,  YDMUND  (1737-1818),  colonial  governor  ; 
born  in  Long  Island  ;  graduate  of  Yale,  1757  ;  colonel  of 
militia,  North  Carolina,  1763  ;  member  of  the  legislature ; 
compelled  to  leave  North  Carolina  (1771)  for  his  m;iU 
practices  when  recorder  of  deeds  ;  surveyor-general,  1774  ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1774 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1783-7,  of  the  island  of  St.  John,  1787-99,  of  Prince 
Edward  island,  1799-1804  ;  British  general,  1808. 

[xviii.  181] 

FANSHAWE,  ANNE,  LADY  (1626-1680),  n&  Harri- 
son ;  wife  of  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe  [q.  v.] ;  lutenist, 
singer,  and  French  scholar ;  shared  in  all  her  husband's 
wanderings  and  diplomatic  missions  ;  refused  offer  of 
pension  from  the  Spanish  government  on  condition  of 
becoming  a  catholic,  1666 ;  wrote  memoir  of  Sir 
Richard  Fanshawe,  1676  (first  printed  in  1829). 

[xviii.  184] 

FANSHAWE,  CATHERINE  MARIA  (1765-1834X 
poetess  ;  exchanged  verses  with  Cowper  ;  commended  by 
Scott ;  best-known  poem,  a  riddle  on  the  letter  H  ;  several 
of  her  pieces  included  in  Joanna  Baillie's  'Collection' 


(1823). 


[xviii.  182] 


FANSHAWE,  SIR  HENRY  (1569  ?-1616),  remem- 
brancer of  the  exchequer;  son  of  Thomas  Fanshawe 
[q.  v.]  ;  student  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1586  ;  remembrancer, 
1601;  M.P.,  Westbury,  1588  and  1593,  Boroughbridge, 
1597;  knighted,  1603  ;  friend  of  Prince  Henry:  horticul- 
turist and  Italian  scholar.  [xviii.  183] 

FANSHAWE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1608-1666),  diplo- 
matist and  author ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Fanshawe  [q.  v.]  ; 
fellow-commoner,  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  entered 
the  Inner  Temple,  1626 :  given  '  credentials  for  Spain '  by 
Charles  1, 1647 ;  ordered  to  Spain  to  procure  money  for 
the  king's  cause,  1650;  created  baronet,  1650;  taken 
prisoner  at  battle  of  Worcester,  1651 ;  master  of  requests 
and  Latin  secretary  to  Prince  Charles  at  the  Hague,  1660  ; 
M.P.,  Cambridge  University,  1661 ;  privy  councillor  of 
Ireland,  1662;  ambassador  to  Portugal,  1662-3;  privy 
councillor,  1663 ;  ambassador  to  Spain,  1664-6 ;  recalled 
(1666)  for  compromising  the  home  government;  died  at 
Madrid;  left  unpublished  poems.  His  published  works 
include  translations  of  Guarini's  '  Pastor  Fido,'  1647,  and 
of  Camoeus's  '  Lusiad,'  1655.  [xviii.  184] 

FANSHAWE,  THOMAS  (1530  ?-1601),  remembrancer 
of  the  exchequer  ;  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  and  the 
Middle  Temple;  remembrancer,  J568;  M.P.,  Rye,  1671, 
and  Arundel ;  M.P.,  Much  Wenlock,  1597 ;  wrote  '  Practice 
of  the  Exchequer  Court'  (published,  1658)  and  'An 
Answer  .  .  .  concerning  the  Lord  Treasurer's  Office.' 

[xviii.  189] 

FANSHAWE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  VLSCOUNT  FAN- 


(d.  1665),  eldest  son  of  Francis  Fane,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;     SHAWE  of  Dromore,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  (1596-1665), 
educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.P.  Peter-     remembrancer  of  the  exchequer,  1616  :  son  of  Sir  Henry 


borough,  1621 ;  K.B.,  1626  ;  fined  and  sequestrated  by  par- 
liament, 1642;  his  sequestration  discharged,  1644;  joint 
lord-lieutenant  of  Northamptonshire,  1660  ;  privately 
printed  '  Otia  Sacra,'  1648,  and  left  manuscript  poems. 

[xviii.  178] 

FANE,  PRISCILLA  ANNE,  COUNTKSS  op  WESTMOR- 
LAND (1793-1879),  artist;  nte  Wellesley-Pole ;  married 
John  Fane,  afterwards  eleventh  Earl  of  Westmorland 
fa.  v.],  1811 ;  exhibited  at  various  institutions,  1833-41, 
1842,  and  1867.  [xviii.  179] 

FANE  or  VANE,  SIR  RALPH  (d.  1552),  alleged  con- 
spirator ;  knighted  before  Boulogne,  1644 :  fought  at 
Muaselburgh,  1547 ;  knight-banneret,  1547 ;  charged  with 
conspiring  to  murder  Northumberland,  1561 ;  executed. 

[xviii.  179] 

FANE,  ROBERT  GEORGE  CECIL  (1796-1864),  bank- 
ruptcy commissioner  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  matri- 
culated at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1813  ;  demy  and  fellow, 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1824-38  ;  M.A.,  1819 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1821 ;  a  commissioner  of  th«  '  Thirteenth 
List,'  1823 ;  a  commissioner  of  bankruptcy,  1831 ;  wrote 
mainly  on  bankruptcy  reform.  [xviii.  179] 

FANE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1589),  politician ;  attainted 
for  share  in  Wyatt's  rebellion,  but  pardoned,  1564; 
knighted,  1573;  deputy-commissioner  for  breeding  of 
In  Kent,  1580.  [xviii.  180] 


Fanshawe  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1626 ;  M.P.  for  Hertford,  1624, 
1625,  and  1640  ;  M.P.,  Lancaster,  1626  and  1628  ;  fought  for 
Charles  I  at  Edgehill,  1642 ;  sequestrated,  1642 ;  created 
Viscount  Fanshawe,  1661  ;  M.P.,  Hertfordshire,  1661. 

[xviii.  190] 

FANSHAWE,   THOMAS,   second    VISCOUNT    FAN- 

I  RHAWE,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  (1639-1674),  sou  of  Sir 

Thomas  Faushawe,  first  viscount  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity 

College,  Cambridge;    K.B.,   1661;  remembrancer,   1665; 

M.P.,  Hertford,  1661-74.  [xviii.  190] 

FARADAY,  MICHAEL  (1791-1867),  natural  philo- 
sopher; apprenticed    to    Riebau,    a  London  bookseller, 
1804 ;   engaged  by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  as  assistant,  on 
showing  interest  in  science,  1812  :  travelled  as  Davy's 
amanuensis  in  France,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  the  Tyrol, 
I  1813-16 ;  treated  as  a  menial  by  Lady  Davy ;  published 
I  in  the  '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science '  analysis  of  caustic 
!  lime  from  Tuscany,    1816 :  professed  Sandemanianism, 
!  1821 ;  wrote  •  History  of  the  Progress  of   Electro- Mag- 
I  nettem,'  1821 ;   analysed    hydrate   of   chlorine,    thereby 
!  facilitating  Davy's  discovery  of  chlorine,  1823  ;  liquefied 
|  chlorine  and  other  gases  ;  announced  discovery  of  benzol, 
;  1825 ;    Bakerian  lecturer,  1829  ;   the  chromatrope  sug- 
!  gested   by  his    paper  'On   a   Peculiar  Class  of   Optical 
Deceptions,'  1831;  discovered  magneto-electricity,  1831  ; 
regarded  position  of  iron  filings  round  a  magnet  as  deter- 


FAKEY 


410 


FARNHAM 


mined  by  'lines  of  fom- '  ;  discovered  'extra  current*  by 
help  of  facts  furnished  by  one  William  Jenkin,  1835  ;  pen- 
sioned by  Lord  Melbourne,  1836  ;  decided  in  favour  of 
'identity  of  electricities';  sought  to  invent  neutral  ter- 
minology for  theory  of  voltaic  pile  :  constructed  a  '  volta- 
meter';' declared  medium  necessary  for  transmission  of 
electric  induction;  scientific  adviser  to  Trinity  House, 
1 83G  ;  propounded  '  rotation  of  plane  of  polarisation  by 
nugiintn  and  electric  currents,'  1845 ;  established  dia- 
magnetic  repulsion  ;  originated  theory  of  atom  as  '  centre 
of  force' ;  dial  in  a  house  given  him  by  Queen  Victoria 
at  Hampton  Court.  [xviii.  190] 

FAREY,  JOHN  (1766-1826),  geologist;  consulting 
surveyor  and  geologist  in  London,  1802,  following  William 
Smith's  principles ;  published  '  Survey  of  the  County  of 
Derby,'  1811-13,  and  scientific  papers.  [xviii.  202] 

FAREY,  JOHN  (1791-1851),  civil  engineer;  son  of 
John  Farey  (1766-1826)  [q.  v.] ;  gold  medallist  Society 
of  Arts,  1813;  constructed  ironworks  in  Russia,  1819; 
introduced  use  of  steam-engine  indicators ;  M.I.O.E., 
1826  ;  published  *  A  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,*  1827. 

[xviii.  202] 

FARGUS,  FREDERICK  JOHN  (1847-1885),  novel- 
ist ;  under  pseudonym  of  HUGH  OONWAY  ;  auctioneer  of 
Bristol  from  1868  ;  his  first  story  published  in  '  Thirteen 
at  Table,'  1881 ;  published  '  Called  Back,'  a  highly  success- 
ful sensational  novel,  1883  ;  contributed  tales  to  various 
periodicals;  produced 'Dark  Days,'  1884;  valued  and 
catalogued  Strawberry  Hill  collection;  died  at  Monte 
Carlo.  [xviii.  203] 

FARICTIIS  (d.  1117),  abbot  of  Abingdon ;  native  of 
Arezzo  ;  physician  to  Henry  I ;  abbot  of  Abingdon,  1100  ; 
obtained  grants  for  the  abbey ;  his  election  to  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury  prevented  by  opposition  of  suf- 
fragan bishops,  1114 ;  wrote  a  '  Life  of  St.  Aldhelm.' 

[xviii.  204] 

FARINDON,  ANTHONY  (1598-1658),  royalist  divine ; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1612;  fellow,  1617; 
M.A.,  1620 ;  B.D.,  1629 ;  vicar  of  Bray,  1634 ;  divinity 
lecturer  in  the  Chapel  Royal  at  Windsor,  1639  ;  ejected 
during  the  civil  war ;  friend  of  John  Hales ;  minister  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalene,  Milk  Street,  1647-56  ;  dispossessed, 
1656  ;  famous  as  a  preacher ;  moderate  latitudiuarian ;  a 
hundred  and  thirty  of  his  sermons  are  extant. 

[xviii.  205] 

FABINGDON,  alias  COOK,  HUGH  (d.  1539),  abbot 
of  Reading,  1520 ;  sent  Henry  VIII  books  on  matrimonial 
law  to  enable  him  to  find  justification  for  divorcing 
Catherine  of  Arragon ;  trier  of  petitions  from  Qascony, 
1523 ;  in  parliament,  ' 523-39 ;  J.P.  for  Berkshire ;  exe- 
cuted for  supposed  complicity  in  northern  rebellion. 

[xviii.  206] 

FARINGTON,  GEORGE  (1752-1788),  artist;  gold 
medallist  of  the  Royal  Academy.  1780 ;  died  at  Moorshe- 
dabad,  when  making  studies  for  a  grand  picture  of  the 
nabob's  court.  [xviii.  207] 

FARINGTON,  JOHN  (1603-1646).   [See  WOODCOCK.] 

FARINGTON,  JOSEPH  (1747-1821),  landscape- 
painter  ;  R.A.,  1785  :  best  known  by  two  collections  of 
engraved  views  of  the  English  lakes.  [xviii.  207] 

FARISH,  WILLIAM  (1759-1837),  Jacksonian  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge ;  senior  wrangler,  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1778;  fellow;  MA.,  1781 ;  professor  of 
chemistry,  1794 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Giles's,  Cambridge, 
1800;  Jacksonian  professor  of  natural  and  experimental 
philosophy,  1813-36  ;  B.D.,  1820.  [xviii.  208] 

FARLEY,  CHARLES  (1771-1859),  actor  and  dra- 
matist ;  instructor  of  Joseph  Grimaldi  [q.  v.] ;  excelled  in 
melodrama  ;  superintended  Oovent  Garden  pantomimes, 
1806-34,  writing  a  few  himself.  [xviii.  208] 

FARLEY,  JAMES  LEWIS  (1823-1885),  writer  on 
eastern  affairs  ;  chief  accountant  of  Ottoman  bank  at 
Beyrout ;  accountant-general  of  state  bank  of  Turkey  at 
Constantinople,  1860 ;  traced  extension  of  British  trade 
throughout  Turkish  empire  to  the  Greeks  in  '  Resource?  of 
Turkey,'  1862 ;  published  '  Turks  and  Christians,'  1«76, 
some  of  its  suggestions  being  subsequently  forced  upon 
the  Porte:  consul  for  the  sultan  at  Bristol,  1870-84; 
fellow  of  Statistical  Society ;  privy  councillor  in  Bulgarian 
public  works  department.  [xviii.  209] 

FARMER.    [See  also  FERMOR.] 


FARMER,  ANTHONY  (Jl.  1687),  president-designate 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  matriculated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1672;  scholar  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1676 ;  M.A.,  1680 ;  joined  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1683;  asked  to  migrate  to  Magdalen  College, 
1685,  being  a  disorderly  and  quarrelsome  man ;  vainly 
nominated  by  James  II  to  presidency  of  Magdalen,  1687  ; 
charges  brought  against  him  by  the  fellows  substantiated, 
1687.  [xviii.  209] 

FARMER,  GEORGE  (1732-1779),  navy  captain: 
lieutenant  in  West  Indies  and  on  home  station  :  assisted 
in  suppressing  riot  at  Norwich,  1766 ;  appointed  com- 
mander (1768)  on  the  representations  of  the  Norwich 
magistrates  ;  shipwrecked  off  Patagonia,  1770 ;  promoted 
to  post  rank,  1771 ;  perishwl  in  the  burning  of  his  ship 
during  encounter  with  French,  1779.  [xviii.  210] 

FARMER,  HUGH  (1714-1787),  independent  minister 
and  theological  writer  ;  afternoon  preacher  at  Salters' 
Hall,  1761-72,  and  one  of  the  preachers  at  the  •mer- 
chants' lecture,'  1762-80;  trustee  of  Dr.  Williams's 
foundations,  1762;  published  theological  works. 

[xviii.  211] 

FARMER,  JOHN  (fl.  1591-1601),  composer ;  dedicated 
to  his  friend  Edward  de  Vere,  seventeenth  earl  of  Oxford 
[q.  v.],  a  book  containing  examples  in  two-part  counter- 
point of  different  orders,  1591,  and  "The  First  Set  of 
English  Madrigals,'  1599;  contributed  a  madrigal  to 
'  The  Triumphs  of  Oriana,'  1601.  [xviii.  213] 

FARMER,  RICHARD  (1735-1797),  master  of  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge;  senior  optime,  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1757;  M.A.  and  tutor,  1760;  F.S.A., 
1763;  published 'Essay  on  the  Learning  of  Shakspeare,' 
1767,  maintaining  that  Shakespeare  knew  the  classics 
through  translations  only  :  master  of  Emmanuel  College, 
1775;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1775;  vice-chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1775-6  and  1787-8  ;  broke  open  the  building  in 
which  the  university  seal  was  kept  in  order  to  prepare  the 
address  voted  to  George  III  in  support  of  his  American 
]  policy,  1775 ;  prebendary  and  chancellor  of  Lichfield, 
I  1780;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1782,  of  St.  Paul's, 
1788 ;  introduced  statuary  into  St.  Paul's,  [xviii.  214] 

FARMER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1685).  composer ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Cambridge,  1684 ;  contributed  to  musical  collections ; 
published  '  consorts,'  1686  and  1690.  [xviii.  216] 

FARMERY,  JOHN  (d.  1690),  physician  :  M.A.  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1568;  F.C.P.,  1589;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1589 ;  assisted  in  drawing  up  formulae  for  '  Pharma- 
copoeia,' 1589.  [xviii.  216] 

FARNABY,  GILES  (fl.  1598),  composer ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Oxford,  1692  ;  published  canzonets,  1598.  [xviii.  217] 

FARNABY,  THOMAS  (15757-1647),  schoolmaster 
and  classical  scholar ;  postmaster.  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1590  ;  studied  at  a  Jesuit  college  in  Spain  ;  sailed  in  Drake 
and  Hawkins's  last  voyage ;  opened  school  in  Goldsmiths' 
Alley,  which  his  abilities  made  famous ;  corresponded 
with  G.  J.  Vossius,  1630-42  ;  commissioned  by  Charles  I 
to  prepare  a  new  Latin  grammar,  1641  ;  detained  at  Ely 
House,  Holborn,  1644-5 ;  friend  of  Ben  Jonson ;  edited 
most  of  the  classical  authors,  co-operating  with  Meric 
Oasaubon  in  an  edition  of  Terence,  issued  in  1651 ;  pub- 
lished among  other  works  an  '  Index  Hhetoricus,'  1626. 

[xviii.  217] 

FARNBOROUGH,  LADY  (1762-1837).  [See  LONG, 
AMELIA.] 

FARNBOROTTGH,  BARON,  of  Bromley  Hill  Place 
(1761-1838).  [See  LONG,  CHARLES.] 

FARNBOROTTGH,  BARON,  of  Farnborougb  (1815- 
1886).  [See  MAY,  SIR  THOMAS  ERSKTNK.] 

FARNEWORTH,  ELLIS  (d.  1763),  translator ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1738 ; 
vicar  of  Rostherne,  1758-62 ;  rector  of  Carsington,  1762-3. 
His  translations  include  Davila's  'Civil  Wars  of  France.' 
1758,  and  a  widely  circulated  version  of  Machiavelli,  1762. 

[xviii.  219] 

FARNHAM,  RICHARD  (d.  1642),  fanatic ;  a  weaver 
by  profession ;  together  with  John  Bull  (d.  1642)  [q.  v.] 
pave  himself  out  to  be  a  prophet,  1636 ;  imprisoned  by 
high  commission  court,  1636 ;  vainly  petitioned  Laud 
for  his  release  ;  gained  some  followers.  [xviii.  219] 

BT8  2 


FABNWORTH 


420 


FASTOLF 


FARNWORTH,  RICHARD  (rf.  1666),  qnaker ; 
minister.  1651  ;  imprisoned  at  Banbury  for  not  uncovering 
to  the  nmyor,  1655  ;  published  theological  works. 

[rviii.HO] 

FARQJJHAR,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1772-1843),  rear- 
n.lmiral ;  entered  navy  when  the  French  war  broke  out ; 
commander,  1802  ;  captured  in  charge  of  convoy,  1805  ; 
advanced  to  post  rank,  1805  :  senior  naval  officer  in  the 
north  German  operations,  1813-14 ;  O.B.,  1816  ;  helped  to 
suppress  West  Indian  negro  revolt ;  knighted,  1833 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1837.  [xviii.  220] 

FARQTJHAR,  GEORGE  (1678-1707),  dramatist; 
sizar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1694-5;  patronised  by 
Bishop  Wiseman ;  gave  up  the  stage  in  consequence  of 
tvccidentally  wounding  a  fellow-actor ;  advised  by  Wilkes  ' 
to  write  a  comedy  ;  produced  '  Love  and  a  Bottle,'  1699, 
the  'Constant  Couple,'  1700,  'Sir  Harry  Wildair,' 1701, 
'  The  Inconstant,'  1702,  '  The  Twin  Rivals,'  1702,  4  The 
Stage  Coach,'  1704,  'The  Recruiting  Officer,'  1706,  and 
'  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,'  1707  ;  served  in  Holland,  1700 ; 
died  of  mortification  at  not  receiving  the  captaincy 
Ormonde  had  promised  him.  [xviii.  221] 

FARQTJHAR,  JOHN  (1751-1826),  millionaire; 
dangerously  wounded  when  cadet  on  Bombay  establish- 
ment ;  improved  government  powder  factory  at  Pultah, 
and  was  made  superintendent,  subsequently  sole  con- 
tractor ;  partner  in  Basset,  Farquhar  &  Co.'s  agency 
house,  London.  [xviii.  222] 

FARaUHAR,  SIR  ROBERT  TOWNSEND  (1776- 
1830),  politician ;  sou  of  Sir  Walter  Farquhar  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Penaug ;  commissioner  for  trans- 
ference of  Moluccas  to  Batavian  Republic,  1802 ;  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  Mauritius,  suppressing  slave 
trade  there,  1812-23  ;  created  baronet,  1821 ;  M.P.,  Newton, 
1825,  Hythe,  1826-30.  [xviii.  223] 

FARaTTHAR,  SIR  WALTER  (1738-1819),  physician  : 
M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  army  surgeon  in  Howe's 
expedition,  1761  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1796 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1796 ; 
created  baronet,  1796 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1796.  [xviii.  224] 

FARdTTHARSON,  JAMES  (1781-1843),  scientific 
writer;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1798 ;  minister  of 
Alford,  1813;  traced  aurora  borealis  to  development  of 
electricity,  1830;  F.R.S.,  1830;  LL.D.  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  1837  ;  published  '  A  New  Illustration  of  the 
Latter  Part  of  Daniel's  Last  Vision  and  Prophecy,'  1838, 
and.essays  and  scientific  papers.  [xviii.  224] 

FARaUHARSON,  JOHN  (1699-1782),  Jesuit  ;  studied 
at  Scots  College,  Douay,  1729;  missioner  in  Scotland; 
professed  Jesuit,  1736  ;  formed  collection  of  Gaelic  poetry, 
including  work  assigned  to  Ossian,  which  was  deposited 
(1772)  in  the  Scote  College,  Douay,  and  forgotten  ;  it  was 
not  known  to  Macpherson.  [xviii.  225] 

FARR,  SAMUEL  (1741-1795),  physician  ;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  ;  M.I).  Leyden,  1766  ;  translated  Hippocrates's 
4  History  of  Epidemics' ;  and  wrote  on  medical  topics. 

FARR,  WILLIAM  (1807-1883),  statisticia^'studied 
medicine  at  Paris,  1829-31;  L.A.S.,  1832;  inaugurated 
a  new  science  by  his  'Vital  Statistics'  in  Macculloch's 
'  Account  of  the  British  Empire,'  1837 ;  compiler  of 
abstracts  in  registrar-general's  office,  1838-79;  honorary 
M.D.  New  York,  1847;  F.R.S.,  1855;  honorary  D.O.L. 
Oxford,  1857 ;  commissioner  for  census  of  1871 ;  presi- 
dent of  Statistical  Society,  1871  and  1872;  C.B.,  1880; 
retired  from  public  service,  1879.  A  selection  of  his  works 
was  edited  by  Noel  Humphreys,  1885.  [xviii.  226] 

FARRANT,  RICHARD  (ft.  1564-1580),  composer: 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal  before  1564 ;  organist  of 
St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1564-9:  presented  two 
plays  before  the  queen,  1568  ;  possibly  one  of  the  first  to 
set  lessons  for  the  viol  'lyra-way';  composed  various 
anthems  and  a  '  High  Service.'  [xviii.  227] 

FARRAR,  JOHN  (1802-1884),  president  of  Wesleyan 
methodist  conference;  classical  tutor  at  Wesleyan 
Theological  Institution,  Richmond,  1843-58;  chaplain 
and  governor  of  Woodhouse  Grove  school,  1868-68 ;  fin>t 
governor  of  Headingley  College,  Leeds,  1868-76 ;  president 


ot    Wesluyan  conference,  1854  and   1870;  compiled  dic- 
tionaries of  the  bible  and  ecclesiastical  history. 

[xviii.  228] 

FARRE,  ARTHUR  (1811-1887),  obstetric  physician  : 
son  of  John  Richard  Farre  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charter- 
house and  Caius  College,  Cambridge;  studied  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  f  M.D.  Cambridge,  1841 ;  professor 
of  obstetric  medicine  at  King's  College  and  physician- 
accoucheur  to  King's  College  Hospital,  1841-62 :  councillor, 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  ;  Harveian  orator.  1872  ;  ex- 
aminer in  midwifery,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1852-75 ; 
physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  [xviii.  229] 

FARRE,  FREDERIC  JOHN  (1804-1886),  physician  ; 
son  of  John  Richard  Farre  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  the 
Charterhouse  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1830 ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1837  ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's, 1854-70,  to  Royal  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital, 
1843-86 ;  vice-president,  College  of  Physicians,  1885  ;  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  first  '  British  Pharmacopoeia,'  1864. 

[xviii.  229] 

FARRE,  JOHN  RICHARD  (1775-1862),  physician; 
born  in  Barbados  ;  went  to  France  on  Lord  Moira's  expe- 
dition, 1793:  practised  as  physician  in  Barbados;  M.D. 
Aberdeen,  1806 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1806  :  co-founder  of  Royal 
London  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  and  physician  there  ;  pub- 
lished pathological  works,  1812-14.  [xviii.  230] 

FARREN,  ELIZABETH,  COUNTESS  OF  DERBY 
(1759  ?-1829),  actress ;  appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  1777 : 
the  original  Nancy  Lovel  in  Colman's  'Suicide,'  1778; 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1778  ;  married  Edward  Stanley, 
twelfth  ear]  of  Derby,  and  retired,  1797 ;  commended  by 
Hazlitt  for  her  '  fine-lady  airs  and  graces.'  [xviii.  230] 

FARREN,  HENRY  (1826  ?-1860),  actor ;  son  of  Wil- 
liam Farren  [q.  v.] :  played  Charles  Surface  at  the  Hay- 
market,  c.  1847;  manager  of  Brighton  Theatre ;  manager 
of  the  theatre  at  St.  Louis,  U.S.A.,  where  he  died. 

[xviii.  231] 

FARREN,  WILLIAM  (1786-1861),  actor ;  played  Sir 
Peter  Teazle  at  Covent  Garden,  1818 ;  occasionally  took 
such  parts  as  Meg  Merrilies  and  Miss  Harlow  in  the 
'Old  Maid';  sued  by  Covent  Garden  management  for 
appearing  at  Drury  Lane,  1828  ;  manager  of  Strand  and 
(1850-3)  of  Olympic  theatres ;  excelled  in  rdle  of  old 
man.  [xviii.  232] 

FARRER,  SIR  THOMAS  HENRY,  first  BARON 
FARRER  (1819-1899),  civil  servant ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford  .  B.A.,1840 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1844  ;  assistant-secretary  of  marine  department  of  board 
of  trade,  1850  ;  assistant-secretary  to  the  board,  1854,  and 
permanent-secretary,  1865-86;  created  baronet,  1883: 
member  of  London  County  Council,  1889-98 ;  for  several 
years  vice-chairman  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1893  ;  published 
writings  on  economic  subjects.  [Suppl.  ii.  201] 

FAERIEE,  ROBERT  (1796-1879),  painter  :  exhibited 
miniature  portraits,  domestic  subjects,  and  scenes  from 
schoolboy  life  at  the  Royal  Academy  after  1818. 

[xviii.  233] 

FARRINGTON,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1742-1823),  baronet 
and  general ;  lieutenant-fireworker,  1755 :  served  at  Gib- 
raltar, 1759-63  ;  captain,  1764 ;  fought  in  early  engage- 
ments of  American  war  of  independence;  colonel,  1791 ; 
commanded  artillery  in  North  Holland,  1799;  general, 
1812  ;  inspector-general  of  artillery,  1812  ;  created  baronet, 
1818 ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1820.  [xviii.  234] 

FARRINGTON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (fl.  1412),  soldier  and 
diplomatist ;  knighted  by  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  1366 : 
governor  of  Saintes ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  negli- 
gently allowing  a  prisoner  of  war  to  escape,  1876  ;  heavily 
fined  for  taking  part  in  crusade  led  by  the  bishop  of 
Norwich  to  support  claim  of  Urban  VI  to  papacy ;  with 
the  Duke  of  Lancaster  in  Galicia ;  envoy  to  Portugal, 
1390 ;  commander  of  Bordeaux  Castle,  1412.  [xviii.  234] 

FARROW,  JOSEPH  (1652?-1692),  nonconformist 
divine;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  friend  of 
John  Locke ;  private  tutor ;  episcopally  ordained  chap- 
lain in  various  country  families.  [xviii.  235] 

FASTOLF,  SIR  JOHN  (1378  ?-1459),  warrior  and  land- 
owner; undertook  to  serve  Henry  V  in  France,  1415; 
distinguished  himself  at  Agincourt,  1416 ;  governor  of 
Conde-snr-Noirean,  1417 ;  knighted  before  1418 ;  governor 
of  the  Bastille,  1420;  king's  lieutenant  and  recrent  in 
Normandy,  1423  ;  governor  of  Anjou  uiul  Maine,  1423-6 ; 


-b'AUOIT 


421 


FAWCETT 


bunm.Tet :  took  prisoner  John  II,  duke  of  Alen<jon,  at  the 
battle  of  Vtrueml,  1424  ;  K.G.,  1426  ;  defeated  the  French 
at  'the  Battle  of  the  Herrings'  near  Orleans,  1429: 
grouudlessly  accused  of  cowardice  for  retreating  at  Patay, 
1  l~':> ;  assisted  in  negotiating  peace  of  Arras,  1434 ;  privy 
councillor ;  retired  to  the  Tower  on  the  outbreak  of  Cade's 
insurrection,  1450 ;  built  castle  at  Gaister,  his  birthplace ; 
friend  of  John  Paston  (1421-1466)  [q.  v.j,  author  of  the 
greater  number  of  the  '  Paston  Letters ' ;  contributed 
towards  building  the  philosophy  schools  at  Cambridge ; 
left  will  (widely  suspected  to  be  a  forgery)  by  which  John 
Paston  became  owner  of  Caister  Castle.  Funds  which 
Fastolf  bequeathed  to  establish  a  college  at  Caister  were 
ultimately  transferred  to  the  foundation  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1474.  The  few  coincidences  between  the 
careers  of  Fostolf  ami  Shakespeare's  creation  of  Sir  John 
Falstaff  are  accidental.  [xviii.  235] 

FAUCIT,  HELENA  SAVILLE,  afterwards  LADY 
MAKTIN  (1817-1898),  actress  ;  known  as  HELEN  FAUCIT  : 
appeared  first  as  Juliet  at  Richmond,  18?3 ;  engaged,  1836, 
at  Oovent  Garden,  at  the  Hay  market,  1839-41,  and  in 
Dublin  and  Birmingham,  1842-3  ;  played  in  company  with 
Alacready,  her  parts  including  Constance  ('  King  John '), 
Queen  Katherine  ('  Henry  VIII '),  Desdemona,  Cordelia, 
Miranda,  Rosalind,  Lady  Macbeth,  and  Portia  ('Julius 
Caesar1);  in  Paris  with  Macready,  1842;  played,  with 
great  success,  Antigone,  at  Dublin,  1845;  married  Mr. 
(after wards  Sir)  Theodore  Martin,  1851 ;  played  Imogen  to 
(Sir)  Henry  Irving's  Pisanio,  Edinburgh,  1867,  and  Lady 
Macbeth  to  Phelps's  Macbeth  at  Her  Majesty's,  1858 ; 
terminated  last  engagement  in  London,  1866,  and  appeared 
for  the  last  time  on  stage  at  Manchester,  1879  ;  published  a 
book  '  On  some  of  Shakespeare's  Female  Characters,'  1885. 

[Suppl.  ii.  202] 

FAUCONBERG,  EARL  (1627-1700).  [See  BELASYSE, 
THOMAS.] 

FAUCONBERG,  BARON  (d.  1463).  [See  NEVILLE, 
WLLLIAM,  EARL  OF  KENT.] 

FAUCONBERG,  THOMAS,  THE  BASTARD  OP,  some- 
times called  THOMAS  THE  BASTARD  (d.  1471),  rebel ;  ordered 
to  raise  the  county  of  Kent  on  behalf  of  Warwick  and 
Henry  VI,  1471 ;  burnt  part  of  London ;  his  ships  de- 
stroyed at  Sandwich  ;  beheaded.  [xviii.  240] 

FAUCONBRIDGE,  EUSTACE  DE  (d.  1228),  bishop  of 
London;  royal  justice,  1199  and  after;  treasurer,  1217; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's;  bishop  of  London,  1221-8; 
commissioned  to  demand  Normandy  from  Louis  VIII, 
1223  ;  ambassador  to  France,  1204,  1223,  and  1225. 

[xviii.  240] 

FAULKNER,  SIR  ARTHUR  BROOKE  (1779-1845), 
physician  to  the  forces ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1803 ;  incorporated  M.A.  of  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1805,  and  M.D.  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  1806;  F.R.C.P.,  1808;  physician  to  the  forces; 
distinguished  himself  by  investigating  the  plague  and 
directing  quarantine  procedure  at  Malta,  1813  ;  knighted, 
1815  ;  published  account  of  Malta  plague,  1820,  narratives 
of  continental  travel,  and  piquant  pamphlets  on  supposed 
abuses  in  church  and  state.  [xviii.  241] 

FAULKNER,  BENJAMIN  RA  WLINSON  (1787-1849), 
portrait-painter  :  originally  Gibraltar  agent  for  an  Eng- 
lish firm  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1821. 

[xviii.  242] 

FAULKNER,  GEORGE  (1699  ?-1775),  bookseller  ; 
bookseller  and  printer  in  Dublin ;  started  '  Dublin 
Journal,'  1728;  reprimanded  by  Irish  House  of  Lords 
for  reflecting  on  '  the  honour  of  their  house,'  1733  ;  com- 
mittal to  Newgate  for  publishing  Hort's  pamphlet  con- 
taining a  satiric  reference  to  Serjeant  Bettesworth,  1736 ; 
pirated  Richardson's  '  Pamela,'  1741 ;  acknowledged  by 
Lord  Chesterfield,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  as  his  authoritative 
adviser  ;  withdrew  from  publication  of  Richardson's  'Sir 
Charles  Grandison'  on  finding  out  that  other  Dublin 
booksellers  had  obtained  advance  sheets,  1753  ;  turned 
Roman  catholic,  1758  ;  satirised  by  Foote,  1762  ;  alderman 
of  Dublin,  1770;  published ' Ancient  Universal  History,' 
1774;  friend  of  Swift;  published  Swift's  works  with 
notes,  1772.  [xviii.  212] 

FAULKNER,  GEORGE  (1790  ?-1862),  the  supposed  1 
originator  of   the  foundation  of  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester ;  friend  and  partner  of  John  Owens  [q.  v.]  in  a  ' 
Manchester  firm  ;  suggested  that  Owens,  who  thought  of 


I  making  him  his  heir,  should  leave  money  for  the  ioumJa 
|  tion  of  an  ^undenominational  university  collage;    first 


chairman  of  the  trustees  of  Owens  College,  1851-8, 

FAULKNER,  JOSHUA  WILSON  (jf.Z1809-182U), 
portrait-painter ;  brother  of  Benjamin  Hawlinson  Faulk- 
ner [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  miniatures  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

FAULKNER,  THOMAS  (1777-1855),  topographer  of 
Chelsea;  F.S.A.  of  Normandy;  published  history  of 
Chelsea,  1810,  Fulham,  1813,  Kensington,  1820.  Hammer- 
smith, 1839,  and  Brentford,  Chiswick,  and  Baling,  1846. 

[vviii.  245] 

FAULKNOR,  ROBERT  (1763-1796),  navy  captain  ; 
fought  at  battle  of  Grenada,  1779;  specially  compli- 
mented by  Admiral  Jervis,  and  promoted  to  post  rank 
for  capturing  Fort  Royal  alone,  1794  ;  foremost  at  capture 
of  St.  Lucia,  Guadeloupe,  and  Fort  Fleur  d'Epee,  1794 ; 
killed  on  board  the  Blanche  while  endeavouring  to  lash 
bowsprit  of  the  French  frigate,  Pique,  to  his  capstan. 

[xviii.  245] 

FAUNT,  ARTHUR,  in  religion  LAURENCK  ARTHUR 
(1554-1591),  Jesuit:    .entered    Merton    College,  Oxford, 
1568  ;  placed  in  the  Jesuit  college  at  Louvain,  1670 ;  B.A. 
!  Louvain ;  M.A.  Munich ;  befriended  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII ; 
first  rector  of  Jesuit  college  at  Posen,  1581 ;   professor  of 
Greek,  moral  theology,  and  controversy  at  Posen ;  highly 
'  esteemed  by  the  Polish  estates ;  died  at  Wilna  ;  published 
1  theological  and  philosophical  works,  writing  also  on  Polish 
secular  and  ecclesiastical  dissensions.  [xviii.  247] 

FAUNT,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1572-1608),  clerk  of  the 
signet ;  educated  at  Caius  and  Corpus  Christi  Colleges, 
Cambridge ;  brought  news  of  St.  Bartholomew  massacre 
to  England,  1572 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Francis  Walsingham, 
c.  1580 ;  M.P.,  Boroughbridge,  1585 ;  clerk  of  the  signet, 
1603 ;  friend  of  Anthony  Bacon  [q.  v.]  and  Sir  Francis 
Bacon  ;  wrote  'A  Discourse  touching  the  Office  of  Prin- 
cipal Secretary  of  State,'  1592  (imprinted),  [xviii.  247] 

FAUNTLERpY,  HENRY  (1785-1824),  banker  and 
forger ;  partner  in  his  father's  bank  of  Marsh,  Sibbald  & 
Co.,  London,  1807-1824 ;  arrested  (1824)  for  fraudulently 
selling  stock  (1820)  and  for  forging  the  trustees'  signatures 
to  a  power  of  attorney  ;  claimed  to  have  been  impelled  by 
the  desire  of  keeping  up  the  credit  of  his  banking  house ; 
executed,  though  numerous  petitions  were  signed  on  his 
behalf,  1824.  [xviiL  248] 

FAUaUIER,  FRANCIS  (17047-1768),  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Virginia ;  F.R.S.,  1753 ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Virginia,  1758 ;  dissolved  Virginian  House  of  Burgesses 
on  passing  of  Patrick  Henry's  resolutions  about  taxa- 
tion, 1765  ;  published  '  An  Essay  on  Ways  and  Means  of 
Raising  Money  for  the  present  War  without  Increasing  the 
Public  Debts,'  1756  ;  died  at  Williamsburg.  [xviii.  249] 

FAUSSETT,  BRYAN  (1720-1776),  antiquary;  M.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1745  ;  endeavoured  to  organise 
Jacobite  volunteer  corps,  1746  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  rector  of  Monk's  Horton  ;  F.S.A.,  1762  ; 
excavated  Anglo-Saxon  barrows  in  Kent  and  formed  col- 
lection largely  consisting  of  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments. 

[xviiL  250] 

FAUSSETT,  THOMAS  GODFREY,  afterwards  T.  G. 
GODFREY-FAUSSETT  (1829-1877),  antiquary  ;  scholar  and 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  F.S.A., 
1859 ;  barrister,  1862 ;  honorary  secretary,  Kent  Archaeo- 
logical Society,  1863-73 ;  auditor  to  Canterbury  dean  and 
chapter,  1866-77  ;  contributed  to  archaeological  journals. 

[xviiL  250] 

FAVEE.SHAM,  SIMON  OF  (fl.  1300).     [See  SIMON.] 

FAVOUR,  JOHN  (d.  1623),  divine  :  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford ;    fellow  of  New  Col- 
lege, 1578  ;  LL.D.  Oxford,  1592 ;  vicar  of  Halifax,  1594  ; 
warden    of   St.  Mary   Magdalen's    Hospital  at    Ripon, 
Yorkshire,  1608  or  1616  :  prebendary  and  chantor  of  York, 
'  1616 ;    residentiary    and  chaplain   to    the    archbishop ; 
I  published  a  controversial  'Autiqvitie  trivmphing  over 
j  ^oveltie,'  1619  ;  lawyer  and  physician.          [xviii.  251] 


FAWCETT,  BENJAMIN  (1715-1780),  dissenting 
minister ;  minister  of  Paul's  Meeting,  Taunton,  1741-6, 
of  Kidderminster,  1745 ;  published  'Candid  Reflections,' 
laying  stress  on  the  number  of  legitimate  interpretations 
of  Trinitarianism,  1777.  [xviii.  262] 


FAWCETT 


422 


FEARN 


FAWCETT,  HENRY  (1833-1884),  statesman ;  edu-  i 
cated  at  Ring's  College  School,  London,  and  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1856 ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  Hall,  1866  ;  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1864  ;  lost 
his  eyesight  by  a  shooting  accident,  1858 ;  published  I 
4  Manual  of  Political  Economy,'  1863  ;  professor  of  politi-  i 
cal  economy  at  Cambridge,  1863-84 ;  issued  pamphlets  in 
favour  of  proportional  representation,  1860 ;  liberal  .M.I'. 
for  Brighton,  after  many  defeats,  1865 ;  largely  contri-  | 
buted  to  passing  of  Reform  Bill  of  1867  ;  re-elected  for 
Brighton,  1868  ;  M.P.,  Hackney,  1874  ;  obtained  appoint- 
ment of  committees  up^n  Indian  finance,  1871-3  and  1874  ; 
popularly  known  as  the  'member  for  India' ;  advocated 
decided  action  in  the  matter  of  the  Bulgarian  atrocities, 
1876 ;  co-operated  with  Lord  Lawrence  in  trying  to  make 
the  Afghan  war  unpopular ;  re-elected  for  Hackney,  1880 ; 
postmaster-general  in  Gladstone's  second  administration, 
1880 ;  established  the  parcels  post,  1882 ;  introduced 
•  stamp  slip  deposits '  scheme ;  doctor  of  political  economy, 
WUrzburg,  1882  ;  F.R.S.,  1882  ;  corresponding  member  of 
the  Institute  of  France,  1884 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Glasgow, 
and  lord  rector,  1883 ;  a  consistent  follower  of  John 
Stuart  Mill.  Most  of  his  Cambridge  lectures  on  political 
economy  subsequently  appeared  in  book  form. 

[xviii.  252] 

FAWCETT,  JAMES  (1752-1831),  Norrisian  professor 
at  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1777 ; 
Constable  fellow,  1777  ;  Lady  Margaret's  preacher,  1782 ; 
B.D.,  1785 ;  Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  1795-1816 ; 
vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre's,  Cambridge,  and  (1801-31)  rector 
of  Thursford  and  Great  Snoring.  [xviii.  257] 

FAWCErT,  JOHN  (d.  1793),  actor ;  played  at  Drury 
Lane  and  Covent  Garden,  and  in  Dublin.  [xviii.  258] 

FAWOETT,  JOHN  (1740-1817),  baptist  theologian; 
baptist  minister  at  Halifax ;  D.D. ;  best  known  by  his 
'Devotional  Commentary  on  the  Holy  Scriptures,'  1811. 

[xviii.  257] 

FAWCETT,  JOHN  (1768-1837),  actor  and  drama- 
tist ;  son  of  John  Fawcett  (d.  1793)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  St. 
Paul's  School,  1776  ;  acted  in  Tate  Wilkinson's  company 
at  York,  1787 ;  played  Jemmy  Jumps  in  O'Keeffe's 
'  Farmer,'  having  been  advised  to  devote  his  attention  to 
low  comedy  ;  engaged  for  Covent  Garden,  1791 ;  held  to 
eclipse  all  his  contemporaries  except  Cooke  as  Falstaff  in  . 
the '  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  1796  ;  played  Dr.  Pangloss 
in  Column's  '  Heir-at-Law,'  1797  ;  stage-manager  of  the 
Haymarket,  1799-1802  ;  superseded  in  the  management 
of  Covent  Garden,  1829 ;  treasurer  and  trustee  of  the 
Covent  Garden  Theatrical  Fund,  1808-37  ;  composed  some 
pantomimes  and  spectacular  ballets.  [xviii.  258] 

FAWCETT,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1825  ?-1857),  or- 
ganist ;  son  of  John  Fawcett  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  organist 
of  St.  John's  Church,  Farnworth,  1826-42,  of  Earl  Howe's 
Curzon  Street  church,  and  of  Bolton  parish  church  ;  Mus. 
Bac.  Oxford,  1862.  [xviii.  259] 

FAWCETT,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1789-1867),  composer; 
organist,  professor  of  music,  and  composer  at  Bolton  :   | 
choirmaster  of  three  chapels  ac  Kendal  and  others  in  the 
midlands  ;  upheld  Lancashire  sol-fa  system  of  notation  : 
composed  anthems  and  psalm  and  hymn  tunes. 

[rviii.  260] 

FAWCETT,  JOSEPH  (d.  1804),  dissenting  minister 
and  poet;  morning  preacher  at  Walthamstow,  1780-7  ; 
Sunday-evening  lecturer  at  the  Old  Jewry ;  published 
sermons  and  poems,  including  '  War  Elegies,'  1801. 

[xviii.  260] 

FAWCETT,  JOSHUA  (d.  1864),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1836  ;  honorary  canon 
of  Ripon,  and  chaplain  to  the  bishop,  1860 ;  published 
'A  Harmony  of  the  Gospels,'  1836,  and  miscellaneous 
works,  largely  on  the  archaeology  of  Yorkshire  churches. 

[xviii.  261] 

FAWCETT,  SIB  WILLIAM  (1728-1804),  general; 
ensign  during  the  '45  ;  volunteer  before  Maestricht,  1748  ; 
ensign,  1751 ;  adjutant ;  translated  Marshal  Saxe's  '  Re- 
veries or  Memoirs  of  the  Art  of  War,'  1757  ;  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Eliott  in  Germany,  1757  :  announced  victory 
of  Warburg  to  George  II  in  German,  and  was  rewarded  by 
a  lieutenant-colonelcy,  1760 ;  enlisted  Hessians  and  Bruns- 
wickers  to  serve  against  America,  c.  1775  ;  governor  of 
Gravesend  ;  major-general,  1782  ;  K.B.,  1786  ;  superseded 
as  adjutant-general  after  the  disastrous  campaign  in 
.c  landers,  1784-6  ;  general,  1796  ;  privy  councillor,  1789. 

[xviii.  26ij 


FAWKENER,  SIR  EVERARD  (1684-1758),  merchant 
and  official ;  London  merchant,  probably  in  the  silk  and 
cloth  trade ;  intimate  with  Voltaire,  who  began  to  write 
'  Brutus '  at  his  house  ;  knighted,  1735  :  ambassador  to 
Constantinople,  1,735;  censured  for  precipitancy,  1736; 
secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland ;  witness  against 
his  acquaintance,  Lord  Lovat,  who  declined  to  examine 
him,  1747  ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1745-68. 

[xviii.  262] 

FAWKES,  FRANCIS  (1720-1777),  poet  and  divine; 
scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1742 ;  M.A.,  1748 ; 
given  church  preferment  by  Archbishop  Herring ;  be- 
wailed Herring's  death  in  'Aurelius,'  an  elegy,  1767; 
curate  of  Downe,  1774-7 ;  translated  Theocritus,  1767 
Auacreon,  Sappho,  Bion,  Moschus,  and  Musaeus,  1760; 
modernised  parts  of  Gawiu  Douglas,  1752  and  1754  ;  com- 
posed 'The  Brown  Jug,'  a  famous  comic  song ;  considered 
by  his  contemporaries  the  best  translator  since  Pope. 

[xviii.  264] 

FAWKES,  GUY  (1570-1606),  conspirator;  of  pro- 
testant  parentage  ;  adopted  Roman  Catholicism ;  disposed 
of  his  estate  ;  enlisted  (1593)  in  the  Spanish  army  in 
Flanders ;  present  at  capture  of  Calais,  1595 ;  had  no 
share  in  originating  Gunpowder  plot ;  accompanied 
Catesby  to  a  secret  meeting  with  Velasco,  the  constable 
of  Castile,  1604 ;  deputed  to  fire  the  powder  under  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  1605 ;  undertook  to  watch  the 
cellar  by  himself,  unaware  that  the  plot  had  become 
known  at  court,  3  Nov.  1605 ;  discovered,  4  Nov.  1606  ; 
revealed  under  torture  the  names  of  his  fellow-con- 
spirators, 9  Nov.  1605;  exonerated  'the  holy  fathers' 
from  all  share  in  the  conspiracy  ;  executed,  [xviii.  265] 

FAWKES,  WALTER  RAMSDEN  (1769-1825),  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  M.P.,  Yorkshire,  1802-7 ;  abolitionist ; 
high  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1823 ;  an  early  patron  of  Turner ; 
agriculturist  and  cattle-breeder ;  chief  work,  '  The 
Chronology  of  the  History  of  Modern  Europe,'  1810. 

[xviii.  269] 

FAWKNEE,  JOHN  PASOOE  (1792-1869),  Australian 
settler;  son  of  a  convict;  practised  various  trades  in 
Tasmania ;  undertook  the  '  Launceston  Advertiser,* 
clianging  ite  name  to  '  Tasmanian  Advertiser,'  1829  ;  did 
much  to  stimulate  and  direct  his  associates,  the  founders 
of  Victoria ;  started  '  Melbourne  Advertiser,'  1838 ;  com- 
menced '  Port  Phillip  Patriot,'  1839 ;  helped  to  bring 
about  final  separation  of  Victoria  from  New  South  Wales 
;n  1850  by  getting  Melbourne  to  choose  as  its  represen- 
tative in  the  legislative  council  at  Sydney  first  Lord  Grey 
and  then  five  of  the  leading  English  statesmen  ;  member 
for  Anglesea,  Dalhousie,  and  Talbot  in  the  new  council  of 
Victoria  ;  helped  to  found  Australian  League,  1851. 

[xviii.  269] 

FAZAKERLEY,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1767),  lawyer  and 
politician  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple  ;  an  authority  on 
conveyancing ;  occasionally  retained  in  state  trials ; 
M.P.,  Preston,  1732-67 ;  recorder  of  Preston,  1742-67 ; 
resolutely  opposed  the  marriage  clause  in  Lord  Hard- 
wicke's  Regency  Bill,  1751 ;  Jacobite.  [xviii.  270] 

FEAD,  GEORGE  (17297-1815),  lieutenant-general ; 
colonel-commandant,  fourth  battalion  royal  artillery ; 
lieutenant-fireworker  royal  artillery,  1756 ;  present  at 
siege  of  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton,  1768 ;  commanded  ar- 
tillery in  Minorca,  1774-81,  subsequently  in  Jamaica ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Port  Royal  and  lieutenant-general, 
1810.  [xviii.  271] 


CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1645-1660),  Fifth- 
monarchy  man ;  vicar  of  All  Saints,  Hertford,  1646 ; 
vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Newgate,  1649 ;  vilified  Crom- 
well, 1653  ;  liberated  from  confinement,  1656  ;  published 
millenarian  writings  and  attacks  on  the  quakers. 

[xviii.  271] 

FEARCHATR  or  FERCHARDTJS  I  (622?-636?), 
fifty-second  king  of  Scottish  Dalriada  according  to  Boece 
and  Buchanan,  ninth  according  to  the  rectified  list  of 
Father  Innes.  [xviii.  273] 

FE  ARCH  AIR  FAD  A  ('  The  Long ')  or  FERCHARDTJS 
II  (d.  697),  fifty-fourth  king  of  Scottish  Dalriada  accord- 
ing to  Boece  and  Buchanan,  twelfth  according  to  Father 
Inues;  possibly  led  a  revolt  against  the  Britons  and 
Angles.  [xviii.  273] 

FEAROAL  (d.  785).    [See  FERQIL.] 

FEARN,  HENRY  NOEL-  (1811-1868).    [See  CHBLST- 

MAS,  llK.NUV.] 


FEABN 


1  •_>:'> 


FELIX 


FEARN,  JOHN  (176H-1837),  philosopher;  served  in 
the  royal  navy  ;  professed  to  base  on  induction  a  philo- 
sophy which  he  unfolded  in  '  A  Manual  of  the  Physiology 
of  Mind,'  1829,  and  other  works.  [xviii.  273] 

FEARNE,  CHARLES  (1742-1794),  legal  writer: 
educated  at  Westminster  ;  resided  for  some  time  at  the 
Inner  Temple  ;  discovered  new  process  of  dyeing  morocco  ; 
compared  by  Lord  Campbell  to  Pascal  or  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton for  his  '  Essay  OB  the  Learning  of  Contingent  Re- 
mainders and  Executory  Devises,'  1772.  [xviii.  274] 

FEARY,  JOHN  (Jl.  1770-1788),  landscape-painter; 
obtained  premium  from  the  Society  of  Arts  for  a  drawing 
from  Duke  of  Richmond's  gallery,  1766  :  exhibited  at  the 
Free  Society  of  Artists,  1770-1,  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1772-88.  [xviii.  275] 

FEATHERSTON,  ISAAC  EARL  (1813-1876),  New 
Zealand  statesman;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1836;  settled  at 
Wellington,  New  Zealand,  1840  ;  advocated  cause  of 
settlers  under  New  Zealand  Company,  his  action  ulti- 
mately leading  to  New  Zealand  Constitution  Act  of  1853  : 
-superintendent  of  the  province  of  Wellington  ;  supported 
1  provincialism  '  ;  denounced  Maori  war,  1860  ;  agent- 
general  for  New  Zealand,  1871-6.  [xviii.  275] 

FEATLEY  or  FAIRCLOTTGH,  DANIEL  (1582-1645), 
controversialist  ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
1594  ;  B.A.,  1601  ;  probationer-fellow,  1602  ;  M.A.,  1605  ;  do- 
mestic chaplain  to  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  till 
1625  ;  D.D.,  1617  ;  rector  of  Lambeth,  1619,  of  All  Hal- 
lows, Bread  Street,  before  1625,  of  Acton,  1627  ;  pub- 
lished, by  direction  of  Archbishop  Abbot,  report  of 
conference  between  Featley  and  some  Jesuits,  1624  ;  en- 
gaged, with  James  I,  in  a  '  scholastick  duel,'  1625  ;  com- 
posed '  Ancilla  Pietatis,'  a  devotional  manual,  much  used 
by  Charles  1,  1626  ;  provost  of  Chelsea  College,  1630  ;  re- 
(used  to  turn  the  communion  table  in  his  church  at  Lam- 
beth '  altar-wise  '  ;  one  of  the  sub-committee  '  to  settle 
religion,'  1641  ;  narrowly  escaped  being  murdered,  1642- 
1643,  as  an  adherent  of  the  church  of  England  ;  reported 
jome  proceedings  against  him  before  the  exchequer  court 
(1643)  in  'Spongia,'  1644;  member  of  the  Westminster 
assembly,  1643  ;  best-known  work,  '  KaTa£a7rri<rTai 
u  The  Dippers  dipt,'  1645.  [xviii.  276] 


FEATLEY  or  FAIRCLOTJGH,  JOHN  (1605  ?-1666), 
divine  ;  nephew  of  Daniel  Featley  [q.  v.]  ;  chorister  of 
All  Souls  .College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1624  ;  'first  preacher  of 
the  Gospel'  in  St.  Christopher's,  1626;  chaplain  to 
Charles  I,  1639-43  ;  chaplain  extraordinary  to  the  king, 
precentor  of  Lincoln,  and  prebendary,  1660  :  D.D.  Ox- 
ford, by  royal  mandamus,  1661.  [xviii.  280] 

FEATLEY,    RICHARD    (1621-1682).      [See     FAIR- 

CLOUOH.] 

FECHIN,  SAINT  (d.  664),  bom  in  Connaught  :  bade 
Themaria,  queen  of  Diarmait,  king  of  Meath,flnd  the  way 
of  her  salvation  in  dressing  the  sores  of  a  leper  ;  founded 
the  abbeys  of  Cong  and  Eas-dara  with  ten  other  religious 
houses.  [xviii.  280] 

FECHTER,  CHARLES  ALBERT  (1824-1879),  actor 
and  dramatist  ;  of  German  origin  ;  made,  as  pensionnaire, 
his  debut  at  the  Comedie  Franchise  in  1844  ;  performed  at 
Berlin,  1846  ;  first  appeared  in  London  with  a  French 
company  in  version  of  Sophocles's  '  Antigone  *  at  St. 
James's  Theatre,  1847  ;  played  Armand  Duval  in  «  La 
Dame  aux  Camelias  '  with  brilliant  success  at  the  Vaude- 
ville, Paris,  1852  ;  abandoned  the  French  for  the  English 
stage  in  1860,  and  thenceforth  acted  in  English  ;  gave 
famous  representation  of  Hamlet  at  the  Princess's 
Theatre,  1861  ;  failed  as  Othello,  1861  ;  lessee  of  the 
Lyceum,  1863-7,  acting  in  English  translations  or  adapta- 
tions, sometimes  his  own,  from  the  French  melodrama  ; 
manager  of  the  Globe  Theatre,  New  York,  1870-1  ;  ex- 
celled in  the  rSle  of  lover  ;  died  near  Philadelphia. 

[xviii.  281] 

FECKENHAM,  JOHN  DE  (16187-1585),  last  abbot  of 
Westminster  :  of  humble  origin  ;  admitted  into  Evesham 
monastery;  B.D.  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1539;  rector 
of  Solihull;  chaplain  to  bishops  Bell  and  (1543-9) 
Bonner  ;  private  chaplain  and  confessor  to  Queen  Mary, 
1553  ;  prebendary,  and  subsequently  dean,  of  St.  Paul's, 
1654  ;  saved  twenty-eight  at  one  time  from  the  stake  in 
Mary's  reign  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1556  :  mitred  abbot  of  the 


refounded  abbey  of  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  1656 :  re- 
vived privileges  of  sanctuary,  1657;  lost  the  favour  of 
Elizabeth  by  stoutly  maintaining  hi-  religious  faith, 
removed  from  the  abbey,  1669 ;  sent  to  the  Tower  •  fur 
railing  against  the  changes  that  had  been  made,'  : 
committed  to  the  charge  of  Richard  Cox,  bishop  of  Kly. 
1577;  known  to  have  written  'Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms,  and  some  theological  treatises.  [xviii.  2t>2] 

FEILD,  EDWARD  (1801-1876),  bishop  of  Newfound- 
land ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Queen's  Collegre,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1826  ;  Michel  fellow,  1825-33  :  curate  of  Kidllngton, 
1827-34 ;  incumbent  of  English  Bicknor,  1834-44 ;  built 
schools  in  both  these  parishes ;  inspector  of  schools, 
1840 ;  D.D.,  1844  ;  bishop  of  Newfoundland,  1844  ;  pro- 
cured building  of  a  cathedral  at  St.  John's ;  worked 
energetically  for  his  diocese  ;  refused  diocese  of  Montreal, 
1868 ;  died  in  Bermuda.  [xviii.  286] 

FEILD,  JOHN  (1525  ?-1587).     [See  FIELD.] 

FEILDE  or  FIELD,  JOHN  (d.  1688),  puritan  divine ; 
educated  at  Oxford  University  ;  imprisoned,  as  a  heretic, 
in  Newgate,  with  Thomas  Wileox  [q.  v.]  for  presenting  to 
parliament  '  An  Admonition '  and  a  petition  for  relief, 
1572-3 ;  preacher  and  catechist  of  St.  Mary  Aldermary, 
1573-7 ;  inhibited  by  Aylmer,  1577  ;  suspended,  1684 ; 
published  '  A  Caveat  for  Parsons  Hovvlet,'  1581, '  A  Godly 
Exhortation,'  1583,  and  translations  from  several  foreign 
divines.  [Suppl.  ii.  205] 

FEILDING.     [See  also  FIELDIXO.] 

FEILDHfG,    BASIL,  second  EARL  OF  DENBIGH  (d. 

1674),  eldest  sou  of  William  Feilding,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ; 

educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  K.B.,  1626; 

summoned  to  Lords  as  Baron  Feilding  of  Newnham  Pad- 

dox,  1628 ;  volunteer  at  the  siege  of  Bois-le-Duc,  1629 ; 

ambassador  extraordinary  to  Venetian  republic,  1634-9 ; 
,  fought  for  parliament  at  Edgehill,  1642  ;  commauder-in- 
|  chief  of  parliamentarian  forces  in  Warwick,  Worcester, 
I  Stafford,  Shropshire,  Coventry,  and  Lichfield,  1643 ;  de- 
|  feated  royalists  near  Dudley,  1644;  suspected  of  half- 
|  heartedness,  and  superseded,  1644  ;  a  commissioner  for  the 

treaty  of  Uxbridge,  1645;  refused  to  have  any  share  in 

the  trial   of  Charles  I,  1648  ;   state  councillor,   1649-51; 

gradually  went  over  to  the  royalists ;  created  Baron  St. 

Liz,  1664.  [xviii.  287] 

FEILLING,  ROBERT,  called  BKAC  FEILDING  (1651  ?- 
1712),  related  to  the  Denbigh  family;  given  a  regiment 
by  James  II,  whom  he  followed  to  Ireland  ;  sat  in  Irish 
parliament  for  Gowran,  1689 :  married,  on  9  Nov.  1705, 
Mary  Wadsworth,  whom  a  matchmaker  had  enabled  to 
personate  Mrs.  Deleau,  a  rich  widow  ;  on  25  Nov.  1706  he 
also  married  the  Duchess  of  Cleveland ;  convicted  of 
bigamy,  1706 ;  ridiculed  by  Swift.  [xviii.  289] 

FEILDING,    WILLIAM,   first   EARL   OP   DENBIGH 

(d.  1643),   educated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge: 

knighted,  1603  ;  married  Buckingham's  sister,  and  became 

(1622)    master  of    th£  great  wardrobe;    created  Baron 

|  Feilding,  1620,  and  Earl  of  Denbigh,  1622  ;  followed  Buck- 

i  iugham  and  Prince  Charles  to  Spain,  1623  ;  commanded 

!  fleet  despatched  to   relieve  Rocbelle,   1628;   member  of 

|  council  of   Wales,    1633 ;   made  voyage  to  India,  1631 ; 

volunteer  under    Prince  Rupert ;    mortally  wounded  in 

Rupert's  attack  on  Nottingham.  [xviii.  290] 

FEDTAIGLE,  GREGOR  VON  (1765  ?-1819),  mnemc- 

I  nist;  born  at  Baden;  lectured  on  local  and  symbolical 

!  memory  at  Paris,  1806  ;  ridiculed  on  the  stage  by  Dieula- 

foy  in  '  Les  filles  de  memoire' ;  lectured  in  England  and 

Scotland,  1811  ;   published  •  The  New  Art  of  Memory,' 

;  1812,  a  system  founded  on  the  topical  memory  of  Cicero 

and  Quiutilian.    A  mnemonic  school  was  placed  under 

his  personal  superintendence  at  Dublin.         [xviii.  291] 

FELIX,    SAINT  (d.  647  ?),  bishop   of   Dunwich ;   a 

1  native  of  Burgundy ;  consecrated  bishop  of  East-Anglia 

by  Honorius ;  founded  school,  perhaps  at  Cambridge,  ami, 

according  to  the '  Liber  Elieusis,'  monastery  at  Soham, 

near  Ely;  his  day,  8  March.  [xviii.  291] 

FELIX,  JOHN  (./!.  1498),  Benedictine  monk  of  Went- 
I  minster  :  wrote  life  of  John  Estuey,  abbot  of  Westminster 
I  from  1474  to  1498.  [xviii.  292] 

FELIX,  N.  (pseudonym).  [See  WANOSTROCHT.NICUO- 
i  LAS,  1804-1876.] 


FELL, 


424 


FELTOJM 


FELL,  CHARLES  (1687-1763),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  of  French  extraction  ;  his  real  name  UMKKKVIM.K  ; 
studied  at  Paris  and  Douay :  priest,  1713;  D.D.,  1716: 
missioner  in  England;  irregularly  elected  member  of 
chapter,  1732  ;  deposed  by  a  court  of  appeal ;  financially 
ruined  by  his  '  Lives  of  Salute,'  1729.  [xviii.  292] 

FELL,  HENRY  (ft.  1672),  quaker ;  missionary  in  the 
West  Indies ;  travelling  preacher  in  England :  nearly 
killed  (1660)  in  the  Fifth-monarchy  rising :  his  project  of 
preaching  in  '  Prester  John's  country  and  China '  thwarted 
by  the  action  of  the  East  India  Company,  1661 ;  died  prob- 
ably hi  Barbados ;  published  quaker  pamphlets. 

[xviii.  292] 

FELL,  JOHN  (1625-1686),  dean  of  Christ  Church  and 
bishop  of  Oxford ;  son  of  Samuel  Fell  [q.  v.] ;  student 
of  Christ  Church,  1636  ;  M.A.,  1643  ;  ejected  from  student- 
ship, 1648 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1660 ;  D.D.  Oxford, 
and  chaplain  to  the  king,  1660 ;  built  the  tower  over  the 
principal  gateway  of  Christ  Church,  to  which  he  trans- 
ferred the  re-cast  bell,  'Great  Tom ' ;  procured  every  year 
the  publication  of  some  classical  author,  giving  each 
member  of  his  college  a  copy  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford, 
1666-9 ;  friend  of  Humphrey  Prideaux  [q.  v.]  ;  projected 
printing  of  a  Malay  gospel;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1675;  re- 
luctantly expelled  John  Locke  from  Christ  Church,  1684 ; 
summoned  the  undergraduates  to  take  up  arms  against 
Monmouth,  1685 ;  theme  of  Tom  Brown's  epigram  '  I  do 
not  like  yon,  Dr.  Fell.'  His  chief  publication  was  i  critical 
edition  of  St.  Cyprian,  1682.  [xviii.  293] 

FELL,  JOHN  (1735-1 797),  congregational  minister  and 
classical  tutor  ;  minister  of  congregational  church  at 
Thaxted,  Essex,  1770-87;  classical  tutor  at  Homerton, 
1787-97 ;  compelled  to  resign  by  insubordination  of 
students,  1797:  controverted  views  of  Hugh  Farmer 
[q.  v.]  and  Joshua  Toulmin,  D.D.  [xviii.  295] 

FELL,  LEONARD  (d.  1700),  quaker:  repeatedly  im-  j 
prisoned  for  interrupting  services  between  1654  and  1657  ;  j 
imprisoned  for  refusing  to  pay  tithes,  1666;  worked  in  : 
North  Wales  and  Cumberland ;  so  impressed  a  highway- 
man on  one  occasion  by  his  Christian  charity  that  his 
stolen  property  was  returned.  [xviii.  296] 

FELL,  MARGARET  (1614-1702),  qnakeress;  ntc  j 
Askew ;  married,  c.  1632,  Thomas  Fell  [q.  v.]  ;  converted  by 
George  Fox  when  her  guest,  1652  ;  entreated  Oliver  Crom-  J 
well  to  protect  the  quakers,  1655-7 ;  called  Charles  Il's  j 
attention  to  his  declaration  at  Breda ;  prevailed  on  j 
Charles  II  to  release  more  than  four  thousand  Friends  ! 
from  prison,  1661 :  exempted  by  Charles  II  from  liability  [ 
to  sentence  of  prsemunire,  1664 ;  sentenced  by  a  Lanca-  | 
shire  magistrate  to  the  penalties  of  praemnnire,  1664;  | 
released  from  prison,  1668  ;  married,  as  second  husband,  • 
George  Fox,  1669 ;  petitioned  Charles  II  for  the  release  '. 
of  her  husband,  but  refused  a  pardon,  considering  him  j 
innocent,  1673 ;  published  religious  works,  [xviii.  297] 

FELL,  SAMUEL  (1684-1649),  dean  of  Christ  Church : 
educated  at  Westminster ;  M.A.  Christ  Chnrch,  Oxford, 
1608 ;  D.D.,  1619  ;  chaplain  to  James  I ;  canon  of  Christ  ; 
Church,  1619-37 ;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1626-37 ;  dean  of  Lichfleld,  1638 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
1638;  wrote  to  Laud  about  the  exces-ive  number  of  ale- 
houses in  Oxford,  1637 ;  vice-chancellor,  1645-7 ;  deprived, 
1647  ;  died  of  grief  at  Charles  I's  execution,  [xviii.  298] 

FELL.  THOMAS  (1598-1658),  vice-chancellor  of  the  , 
duchy  of  Lancaster  :  barrister,  Gray'a  Inn,  1631:  J.P.  for  I 
Lancashire,  1641 ;  M.P.,  Lancaster,  1645 ;  vice-chancellor  ; 
of  the  duchy  and  attorney  for  the  county  palatine,  1649  ; 
bencher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1651;  judge  of  assize  for  Chester  \ 
and  North  Wales  circuit,  1651 ;  lent  hia  house,  Swarth-  I 
more  Hall,  for  quaker  meetings ;  withdrew  from  public  | 
life,  disapproving  of  the  Protector's  assumption  of  autho-  ; 
rity.  [xviii.  299] 

FELL,     WILLIAM    (1758 V-l 848),    author;    school-  ! 

master  at  Manchester,  Wilinslow,  and  Lancaster ;  pub-  i 

lished,  among  other  works, '  A  System  of  Political  Eco-  j 
nomy,'  1808.                                                      [xviii.  300] 

FELLOWES,  JAMES  (ft.  17 10-1730),  portrait-painter  :  j 
known  for  portraits  of  eminent  clergymen  of  hia  time ;  j 
represented  Dr.  White  Keunett  [q.  v.]  as  Judas  Iscariot.  I 

[xviii.  300] 

FELLOWES,  SIR  JAMES  (1771-1867),  physician : 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Fellowes  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 


Eton  and  Peterhouse,  aixHionvillc  and  Cains  College,  Cam- 
bridge; Perse  fellow  ;  M.D.,  1803  ;  F.R.C.P.,  18d5  ;  physi- 
clan  to  the  force? :  sent  to  investigate  and  treat  pestilen- 
tial fever  in  San  Domingo,  1804  :  knighted,  1809  ;  chief  of 
the  medical  staff  at  Cadiz  till  1815  ;  described  in  1815  the 
Andalusian  pestilence.  [xviii.  300] 

FELLOWES,  ROBERT  (1771-1847),  philanthropist; 
M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1801;  editor  of  'Critical 
Review,'  1804-11 ;  friend  of  Dr.  Parr  and  Queen  Caroline ; 
LL.D. ;  benefactor  of  Edinburgh  University  ;  a  promoter 
of  London  University ;  instituted  '  Fellowes  medals '  in 
University  College,  London  ;  advocated  Jewish  emancipa- 
tion ;  liberal  thinker  in  religion  :  published,  among  other 
works, '  Morality  united  with  Policy,'  1800,  and  '  The  Re- 
ligion of  the  Universe,'  1836.  [xviii.  300] 

FELLOWES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1778-1853),  rear- 
admiral  ;  brother  of  Sir  James  Fellowes  [q.  v.] ;  master's 
mate  in  royal  navy,  1797 ;  lieutenant,  1807 ;  heroically 
spiked  battery  at  Guadeloupe,  1809 ;  commanded  gunboats 
at  Cadiz,  1810-11 ;  decorated  by  Greece  and  Russia  for 
his  services  at  the  battle  of  Navarino,  1827 ;  knighted, 
1828  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1830 ;  rear-admiral,  1847. 

[xviii.  301] 

FELLOWS,  Sm  CHARLES  (1799-1860),  traveller  and 
archaeologist;  member  of  the  British  Association,  1820; 
discovered  ruins  of  Xauthus  and  of  Tlos.  1838 ;  published 
'.Journal,'  1839;  discovered  thirteen  ancient  cities  in 
Lycia,  after  1839 :  obtained  firman  from  Constantinople 
permitting  him  to  explore,  1841 ;  published  '  An  Account 
of  Discoveries  in  Lycia,'  1841 ;  published,  to  refute  mis- 
statement,  '  The  Xauthian  Marbles,  their  Acqnisition  and 
Transmission  to  England,'  1843 ;  knighted,  1845  ;  Lycian 
numismatologist.  [xviii.  302] 

FELLTHAM,  OWEN  (1602  ?-1668),  author  of  'Re- 
solves ' ;  published,  c.  1620,  '  Resolves,'  a  series  of  moral 
essays,  when  eighteen  years  of  age ;  secretary  or  chaplain  to 
the  Earl  of  Thomond ;  contributed  to  '  Jonsonus  Virbius,' 
1638 ;  called  the  dead  Charles  I '  Christ  the  Second ' ;  pub- 
Tishiii '  Brief  Character  of  the  Low  Countries,'  1652. 

[xviii.  303] 

FELTON,  HENRY  (1679-1740),  divine;  educated  at 
Wcr.tminster,  Charterhouse,  and  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Ox- 
ford: M.A.,  1702;  in  charge  of  the  English  church  at 
Amsterdam,  1708-9 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  three  dukes  of 
Rutland;  presented  to  rectory  of  Whitwell,  1711;  D.D., 
1712;  controverted  Locke's  theory  of  personality  and 
identity,  1725 :  his  Lady  Moyer  lectures  (1728-9)  published 
as  'The  Christian  Faith  asserted  against  Deists,  <tc.,' 
1732.  [xviii.  305] 

FELTON,  JOHN  (ft.  1430),  divine;  fellow  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  professor  of  theology 
and  '  vicarius  Magdalensis  Oxonii  extra  muros ' ;  pre- 
sented books  to  Balliol  College,  1420 :  left  sermons  and 
an  'Alphabetum  theologicum  ex  opusculis  Rob.  Grost. 
collectum.'  [xviii.  305] 

FELTON,  JOHN  (d.  1570),  Roman  catholic  layman  ; 
affixed  Pius  V's  excommunication  of  Elizabeth  to  the 
gates  of  the  bishop  of  London's  palace,  1570:  arrested 
and  hanged,  1670.  [xviii.  30G] 

FELTON,  JOHN  (1595  ?-1628).  assassin  of  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham  ;  of  a  good  Suffolk  family ;  lieutenant  at 
Cadiz,  1625 ;  his  application  to  Buckingham  for  a  cap- 
tain's commission  scornfully  refused,  1627;  was  incited 
by  reading  'The  Golden  Epistles'  to  plan  Buckingham's 
assassination,  1628  :  stabbed  Buckingham  at  Portsmouth, 
1628;  described  as  a  national  benefactor  in  popular 
ballads  ;  hanged.  [xviii.  307] 

FELTON,  NICHOLAS  (1656-1620),  bishop  of  Ely; 
son  of  a  sailor ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
1583 ;  M.A.,  1584 ;  D.D.,  1602 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1616  ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1617-19 ;  master  of  Pembroke, 
1617-19;  bishop  of  Ely,  1619;  favoured  puritans;  com- 
piled statutes  for  Merchant  Taylors'  in  reference  to 
annual  probation  days;  helped  to  translate  Epistles  for 
Authorised  Version.  [xviii.  308] 

FELTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1381),  seneschal  of  Aqui- 
taine :  took  part  in  battle  of  Crecy,  1346,  and  capture  of 
Calais,  1347 ;  fought  at  Poitiers,  1356 ;  signatory  to  treaty 
of  Bretigny,  1360  ;  seneschal  of  Aquitaine ;  despatched  to 
conduct  Don  Pedro  of  Castile  to  his  intending  ally,  the 
Black  Prince ;  taken  prisoner  by  Heury  oi  Trastamare's 


FELTON 


I-:, 


FENTON 


forces,  1367  ;  joint-governor  of  Aquitaine,  1372 ;  seneschal 
of  Bordeaux ;  caused  Guillsume  de  Pommiers  and  bis 
secretary  to  be  beheaded  for  treason,  1377  ;  K.G.,  1381. 

[xviii.  309] 

FELTON.  THOMAS  (1567  ?  -  1588),  Franciscan 
friar  ;  son  of  John  Felton  (d.  1570)  [q.  v.] ;  received  the 
first  tonsure  at  Rheims,  1583 ;  returned  to  England, 
being  unable  to  endure  Minims  austerities  ;  hanged  for  re- 
fusing the  oath  of  supremacy.  [xviii.  310] 

FELTON,  Sin  WILLIAM  (d.  1367),  seneschal  of 
Poitou  ;  took  part  in  battle  of  Halidon  Hill,  1333 ; 
fought  at  Crecy,  1346  :  lord  justice  of  all  the  king's  lands 
in  Scotland,  1348 ;  fought  at  battle  of  Poitiera,  1356  ; 
seneschal  of  Poitou,  1360 ;  accompanied  Black  Prince  on 
Spanish  campaign,  1367  ;  called  by  Ghandos  herald 
1  Felleton  Guilliam  qui  ot  coeur  de  lyoii '  ;  killed  in 
skirmish  at  Inglesmundi  in  Alava.  [xviii.  311] 

FELTON,  WILLIAM  (1713-1769),  composer  ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1745  ;  chaplain  to  the 
Princess  Dowager  of  Wales  ;  composed  three  sets  of  six 
concertos,  modelled  on  Handel's;  composed  the  glee, 
1  Fill,  fill,  fill  the  glass.'  [xviii.  311] 

FENN,  ELEANOR,  LADY  (1743-1813),  author  ; 
wife  of  Sir  John  Fenn  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote,  under  the  names  of 
Mrs.  Lovechild  and  Mrs.  Teach  well,  educational  works 
for  the  young.  [xviii.  314] 

FENN,  HUMPHREY  (rf.  1634),  puritan  divine; 
B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1573;  M.A.  Peter- 
house,  1576  ;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity,  Coventry,  1578-84  : 
suspended  (1584)  for  refusing  to  subscribe  Whitgift's 
three  articles;  restored,  1585;  again  suspended,  1590; 
cited  before  the  Star-chamber,  1591 :  remanded,  1591 ; 
released,  1592 ;  protested  against  episcopacy  in  his  will. 

[xviii.  312] 

FENN,  JAMES  (d.  1584),  Roman  catholic  priest  ; 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1554 ;  fellow, 
1558 ;  B.A.,  1659,  but  put  aside  for  refusing  the  oath  of 
supremacy  ;  ordained  priest  at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  1580  ; 
missioner  in  Somerset ;  executed  as  a  priest,  [xviii.  313] 

FENN,  JOHN  (d.  1615),  Roman  catholic  divine; 
brother  of  James  Fenn  [q.  v.]  ;  chorister  of  Wells  ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  per- 
petual fellow,  1552  ;  schoolmaster  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds ; 
confessor  to  English  Augustinian  nuns  at  Louvain,  where 
he  died ;  martyrologist,  hagiologist,  and  writer  or 
translator  of  Italian  devotional  works.  [xviii.  313] 

FENN,  Sm  JOHN  (1739-1794),  antiquary  :  M.A. 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1764  ;  J.P.for  Norfolk  ;  M.S. A. ; 
edited  manuscript  of  Paston  letters,  which  he  acquired 
from  Thomas  Worth,  a  chemist  at  Diss  ;  knighted,  1787 ; 
sheriff  of  Norfolk,  1791.  [xviii.  314] 

FENN,  JOSEPH  FINCH  (1820-1884),  honorary 
canon  of  Gloucester ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1846;  fellow,  1844-7;  B.D.,  1877;  perpetual  curate  of 
Christ  Church,  Cheltenham,  1860;  chaplain  to  the 
bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  1877  ;  honorary  canon, 
1879  ;  promoted  free  library  movement  in  Cheltenham. 

[xviii.  315] 

FENNELL,  JAMES  (1766-1816),  actor  and  dra- 
matist ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; entered  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  engaged  at  Theatre 
lloyal,  Edinburgh,  1787  ;  appeared  at  Covent  Garden  as 
Othello,  1787  ;  objected  to  a  proposal  that  he  should  play 
Pierre  instead  of  Jaffier  in  '  Venice  Preserved  '  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  after  some  legal  difficulties  occasioned  by  the 
subsequent  riot  consented  to  a  compromise,  1788 ;  re- 
appeared at  Covent  Garden  as  Othello ;  brought  out  at 
Richmond  his  '  Linda  and  Clara,'  a  comedy,  1791 ;  acted  in 
New  York,  Boston,  and  elsewhere,  1797-1806 ;  kept  an 
academy  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts  ;  established  salt- 
works near  New  London,  Connecticut,  1814.  [xviii.  316] 

FENNELL,  JOHN  GREVILLE  (1807-1885),  artist, 
naturalist,  and  angler  ;  drew  pictures  of  the  tournament 
at  Eglinton  Castle  for  the  '  Illustrated  London  News ' ; 
member  of  *  Field  '  staff  from  1853  ;  intimate  with 
Dickens,  Thackeray,  and  other  literary  men  ;  published 
•  The  Rail  and  the  Rod,'  and  '  The  Book  of  the  Roach,' 
1870.  [xviii.  316] 

FENNER,  DUDLEY  (1658?-1587),  puritan  divine; 
fellow-commoner  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  1576 : 
expelled  for  puritanical  tendencies  ;  followed  Thomas 


Oart  wright  to  Antwerp  ;  induced  by  the  tolerant  spirit  of 
Archbishop  Grindal  to  return  to  England  :  curate  at 
Cranbrook,  1583;  suspended  for  refusing  to  subscribe 
Whitgift's  three  articles,  1584 ;  published  works  including 
•Sacra  Theologia,'  1586,  and,  posthumously,  'The  Whole 
ne  of  the  Sacramentes,'  1588,  as  well  as  verse- 
rendering  '  The  Song  of  Bongs,'  1587  and  1694 ;  died  in 
charge  of  the  reformed  church  at  Middleburg. 

[xviii.  317] 

FENNER,  EDWARD  (d.  1612),  judge;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple ;  reader,  1676  ;  Serjeant,  1577  ;  J.P.  for 
Surrey  ;  justice  of  king's  bench,  1590.  [xviii.  319] 

FENNER,  GEORGE  (d.  1600?),  naval  commander; 
engaged  in  trading  to  Gold  Coast,  1566,  and  Low 
Countries,  1570  ;  as  freebooter  came  frequently  into  con- 
flict with  Spanish  and  French  ships  ;  accompanied  Essex 
on  Islands'  Voyage,  1597 ;  brought  news  of  supposed 
approach  of  Armada  to  Plymouth,  1697,  which  occasioned 
naval  mobilisation,  1597.  [Suppl.  it  206] 

FENNER,  THOMAS  (d.  1590  ?),  naval  commander ; 
flag-captain  under  Drake  on  Indies  voyage,  1686;  pro- 
bably rear-admiral  in  Drake's  Cadiz  expedition,  1587  ; 
vice-admiral  against  Armada,  1588,  and  in  expedition  to 
Corufia,  1589.  [Suppl.  ii.  207] 

FENNER,  WILLIAM  (1600-1640),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1619 ;  forced  to 
leave  cure  of  Sedgley  on  account  of  his  puritanical 
principles,  c.  1627  ;  B.D.,  1627  ;  incumbent  of  Rochford, 
1 629-40 ;  wrote  theological  treatises.  [xviii.  319] 

FENNING,  ELIZABETH  (1792-1815),  criminal; 
hanged  for  mixing  arsenic  in  the  food  of  her  employer, 
Orlibar  Turner ;  strongly  asseverated  her  innocence ;  ver- 
dict against  her  twice  reconsidered  by  home  office :  hanged, 
26  June  1815.  [xviii.  319] 

FENTON,  first  VISCOUNT  (1566-1639).  [SeeERSKiNK, 
THOMAS.] 

FENTON,  EDWARD  (d.  1603),  captain  and  naviga- 
tor ;  commanded  under  Sir  Henry  Sidney  in  Ireland, 
1566 ;  published  '  Certaine  Secrete  Wonders  of  Nature,' 
1569,  recently  discovered  to  be  a  translation  of  Boaistuau's 
compilation  of  Greek  and  Roman  anecdotes  ;  sailed  in 
Frobisher's  second  voyage  to  discover  north-west  passage 
to  Cathay  and  Meta  Incognita,  1577 ;  built  a  house  for  the 
members  of  Frobisher's  third  expedition  upon  the  Countess 
of  Warwick's  (Kod-lu-aru)  Island,  1578 ;  sent  on  a  trading 
expedition  to  Moluccas  and  China  by  way  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  nominally  to  discover  the  north-west  passage, 
1582;  thought  of  making  himself  king  of  St.  Helena; 
served  against  Spanish  Armada,  1588.  [xviii.  320] 

FENTON,  EDWARD  DYNE  (d.  1880),  author; 
lieutenant,  1849;  captain,  1858;  served  at  Gibraltar, 
1860-70;  published  sketches,  including  'Sorties  from 
Gib.  in  quest  of  Sensation  and  Sentiment,'  1872. 

[xviii.  322] 

FENTON,  ELIJAH  (1683-1730),  poet;  B.A.  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1704  ;  secretary  to  Earl  of  Orrery  in 
Flanders ;  head-master  of  Sevenoaks  grammar  school ; 
published  poems  (1707)  which  attracted  attention  of  Duke 
of  Marlborough ;  instructed  Craggs,  secretary  of  state,  in 
literature,  1720  ;  translated  the  first,  fourth,  nineteenth, 
and  twentieth  books  of  the  '  Odyssey '  for  Pope,  completely 
catching  Pope's  manner;  edited  Milton  and  (1729) 
Waller.  His  poems  include  a  successful  tragedy,  '  Mari- 
amiie,'  1723.  [xviii.  322] 

FENTON,  SIR  GEOFFREY  (1539  ?-1608),  translator 
and  statesman ;  dedicated  to  Lady  Mary  Sydney,  from 
Paris,  a  collection  of  novels  by  Bandello  translated  from 
French  versions  of  Boaistuau  and  Belleforest,  1567  ;  pub- 
lished '  Mouophylo,  a  Philosophical  Discourse  and  Division 
of  Love,'  1572  ;  translated  from  the  French  Guicciardini's 
'  Wars  of  Italy,'  1579 ;  served  on  an  Irish  campaign,  1580 ; 
principal  secretary  of  state  in  Ireland  from  1580 :  thrown 
into  the  debtors'  prison  at  Dublin  by  Lord  deputy  Perrot, 
against  whom  he  had  laid  accusations,  15S«  :  knighted, 
1589  ;  joint-secretary  for  Ireland  with  Sir  Kichard  Coke ; 
advocated  assassination  of  Earl  of  Desmond  as  means  of 
ending  Munster  rebellion.  [xviii.  323] 

FENTON,  LAVINIA,  afterwards  DUCHESS  OF  BOLTOX 
(1708-1760),  actress  ;  learned  new  songs  when  a  girl  from 
'  a  comedian  belonging  to  the  old  house  ' ;  appeared  at  the 
Haymarket  as  Monimia  in  Otway's  '  Orphans,'  1726 ; 
appeared  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  as  Polly  Peacbam  in 


FENTON 


126 


FERGUSON 


Gay's  '  Beggar's  Opera,'  1728,  after  which  she  became  the 
rage;  played  Ophelia  in  'Hamlet,'  1728;  mistress,  and 
(1761)  wife,  of  Charles  Paulet,  third  duke  of  Bolton  [q.  v.] 

[xviii.  324] 

FENTON,  RICHARD  (1746-1821),  topographer  and 
l>oet :  educated  at  St.  David's  cathedral  school ;  barrister. 
Middle  Temple ;  left  manuscript  translation  of  the 
•  Deipnosophistft1.'  His  works  include  '  Poems,'  1773,  '  A 


Catholicism,  and  subsequently  to  protestantism;  poor 
j  student  at  Oxford,  where  he  taught  Hebrew  ;  matriculated 
I  at  Cambridge,  1596  ;  professor  at  Leyden,  where  he  died  ; 
I  translated  into  Latin  from  the  Hebrew  a  work  on  the 

Mo-aic  law,  1597.  [xviii.  333] 


FEBEBE  or  FERIBYE,  or  FERRABEE.  GEORGE 
(Jl.    1613),   composer;   chorister   of    Magdalen   College. 

Historical'  Tour    through     Pembrokeshire,'    1811,    and  I  Oxford:  M.A.,  1595;  vicar  of  Bishop's  Cannings  ;  enter- 
•  Memoirs  of  an  Old  Wig,'  1815.  [xviii.  326]         tained  Anne,  the  queen  consort,  with  a  four-part  song  set 

I  to  wind-instrument  music,  1613,  and  was  made  chaplain 
!  to  the  king.  [xviii.  333] 


FENTON,  ROGER  (1565-1615),  divine ;  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge;  vicar  of  OhigweU,  1606;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1609:  preacher  to  the  readers  at 
Gray's  Inn ;  D.D. ;  published  •  A  Treatise  of  Usurie.' 
1611:  took  part  in  translation  of  bible;  his  theological 
writings  published  posthumously.  [xviii.  327] 

FENTONBARNS,  LORD  (d.  1616).  [See  PRESTON, 
SIR  JOHN.] 

FENWICK,  FRANCIS  (1645-1694),  Benedictine 
monk ;  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  ;  D.D. ;  agent  of  James  II 
at  the  papal  court :  abbot-president  of  St.  Gregory's 
College  at  Rome ;  died  in  Rome.  [xviii.  327] 

FENWICK,  GEORGE  (1603  ?-1657),  parliamentarian  ; 
barrister  at  Gray's  Inn,  1631 ;  ancient,  1650 :  agent  for 
the  patentees  of  Connecticut,  and  governor  of  Saybrook 
fort,  1639-44 ;  sold  Saybrook  to  Connecticut  under 
pledges  which  he  broke,  1644 ;  M.P.  for  Morpeth,  1645 ; 
commanded  regiment  of  northern  militia  for  parliament ; 
governor  of  Berwick,  1648  ;  commissioner  for  the  trial  of 
Charles  I,  but  did  not  act,  1648 ;  took  part  in  Cromwell's 
invasion  of  Scotland  ;  governor  of  Lei  th  and  Edinburgh 
Castle,  1650 :  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Scotland,  1651 ;  M.P.  for  Berwick,  1654  and  1656 ; 
excluded,  1656.  [xviii.  328] 

FENWICK  or  FENWICKE,  SIR  JOHN  (1579-1658  ?), 
politician:  M.P.  for  Northumberland,  1623-44;  fcaronet 
by  purchase,  1628 ;  commissioner  for  suppression  of 
violence  in  border  districts,  1635 ;  deputy-lieutenant  of 
Northumberland ;  muster-master-general  of  the  king's 
army,  1640  ;  excluded  from  the  House  of  Commons,  1644 ; 
readmitted,  1646 ;  high  sheriff  of  Northumberland. 

[xviii.  329] 

FENWICK,  verb  CALDWELL,  JOHN  (1628-1679), 
Jesuit ;  of  protestaiit  parentage ;  Jesuit,  1656 ;  procurator 
at  St.  Omer,  1662,  and  afterwards  ;  professed  father,  1675  ; 
procurator  in  London  of  St.  Omer's  College,  1675; 
executed  on  the  information  of  Titus  Gates,  1679. 

[xviii.  328] 

FENWICK,  SIR  JOHN  (1645  ?-1697),  conspirator ; 
colonel  of  foot,  1675;  general,  1688;  M.P.,  Northum- 
berland, 1677,  and  at  intervals  till  1685;  brought  up 
the  bill  of  attainder  against  Monmouth,  1685;  insulted 
Queen  Mary,  1691 ;  privy  to  plot  for  William  Ill's  assas- 
sination, 1695,  and  Barclay  and  Oharnock's  plot,  1696; 
named  major-general  of  the  troops  to  be  raised  for  King 
James ;  attempted  to  bribe  two  men  who  were  likely  to  be 
\vitnesses  against  him,  and  was  indicted  on  the  informa- 
tion of  one  of  them,  1696  ;  arrested,  1696 ;  offered  for  a 
pardon  to  reveal  all  that  he  knew  of  thu  Jacobite  con- 
spiracies, but  did  no  more  than  cast  aspersion  on  the 
whig  leaders,  1696 ;  examined  before  the  king  and  the 
House  of  Commons;  attainted,  the  law  requiring  the 
evidence  of  two  witnesses  in  cases  of  treason  being  dis- 
pensed with  ;  shrank  from  adopting  Monmouth's  advice 
to  save  himself  by  challenging  inquiry  into  the  truth  of 
his  allegations  against  the  whig  leaders  ;  beheaded. 

[xviii.  329] 

FENWICKE,  GEORGE  (1690-1760),  divine;  fellowof  ' 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1710;  rector  of  Hallaton, 
1722-60 ;  B.D. ;  published  devotional  works,  [xviii.  332] 

FENWICKE,  JOHN  (d.  1658),  parliamentarian; 
master  of  Sherborne  Hospital,  1644:  lieutenant-colonel  in 
parliamentarian  army;  defeated  Irish  rebels  near  Trim, 
1647  ;  mortally  wounded  in  battle  of  the  Dunes,  1658. 

FEOLOGELD  (d.  832),  archbishop  of  Canterbury; 
abbot  of  a  Kentish  monastery,  803  ;  archbishop  of  Canter- 
oury,  832.  [xviii.  333] 

FERCHARD,  kings  of  Scotland,     [See  FEARCHAIR.] 

FERDINAND,  PHILIP  (1855  ?-1598),  hebraist ;  born 
in  Poland  of  Jewish  parents;  converted  to  Roman  | 


FERO,  FRANCIS  PAUL  [FRANZ  DE  PAULA] 

!  (1689-1740),  painter:  born  in  Vienna  ;  gained  reputation  at 

I  Dresden    for  small  landscapes,   sea-pieces,  and    peasant 

scenes  ;  employed  in  Chelsea  china  manufactory  ;  died  of 

want  in  London.  [xviii.  333] 

FERGIL  or  VniGILIUS,  SAINT  (d.  785),  bishop  of 
Salzburg ;  a  descendant  of  Niall  of  the  Nine  Hostages  ; 
abbot  of  Aghaboe  till  746  ;  abbot  of  St.  Peter's  at  Salz- 
burg, c.  747;  accused  to  Pope  Zachary  by  St.  Boniface 
[q.  v.]  of  maintaining  the  existence  of  antipodes ;  his  ex- 
pulsion from  the  church  directed  by  Zachary ;  bishop  of 
Salzburg,  756  ;  sent  missionaries  to"  Carinthia  (part  of  his 
diocese)  ;  '  Apostle  of  Carinthia ' ;  travelled  through 
Carinthia  and  as  far  as  Slavouia;  concealed  his  episcopal 
orders;  called  4  the  Geometer ';  canonised,  1233. 

[xviii.  334] 

FERGUS  I  (Jl.  330  B.C.  ?),  son  of  Ferchard,  the  first 
king  of  Scotland,  according  to  Boece  and  Buchanan's 
fictitious  chronology  ;  said  to  have  come  to  Scotland  from 
Ireland  to  assist  the  Scots  against  the  joint-attack  of  the 
Picts  and  Britons,  and  to  have  been  drowned  on  his 
return  to  Ireland,  c.  330  B.C.  [xviii.  335] 

FERGUS  H  (d.  501),  the  first  Dalriad  king  in  Soot- 
land  ;  came  from  Ulster  with  his  brothers,  Lorn  and 
Angus,  and  took  possession  of  Cantyre  and  adjacent 
islands.  [xviii.  336] 

FERGUSHILL,  JOHN  (1592  ?-1644),  Scottish  divine ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  universities  and  in 
France:  laureatus  of  Glasgow,  1612;  suspended  from 
cure  of  Ochilttee  for  declining  jurisdiction  of  high  com- 
mission court,  1620 ;  reinstituted ;  transferred  to  Ayr, 
1639.  [xviii.  336] 

FERGUSON,  ADAM  (1723-1816),  professor  of  philo-  J 
sophy  at  Edinburgh :  bursar  of  St.  Andrews  ;  M.A.  St.  > 
Andrews,  1742 ;  studied  divinity  at  Edinburgh ;  present 
as  chaplain  of  Black  Watch  at  battle  of  Fontenoy,  1745 : 
abandoned  clerical  profession,  1 754 ;  librarian,  Advocates' 
Library,  1757;  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  Edin- 
burgh, 1769;  professor  of  'pneumatics  and  moral  philo- 
sophy,' Edinburgh,  1764-85  ;  published  an  'Essay  on  Civil 
Society,'  1766,  which  was  unfavourably  regarded  by 
Hume;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1766;  republished  his  lecture 
notes  in  '  Institutes  of  Moral  Philosophy,'  1772 ;  dismissed 
on  account  of  absence,  but  reinstated  (1776)  after  legal 
proceedings  ;  visited  Voltaire  at  Ferney ;  secretary  to 
British  commissioners  at  Philadelphia,  1778;  regarded 
Macpherson's  '  Ossian '  as  genuine :  published  '  History  of 
the  Progress  and  Termination  of  the  Roman  Republic,' 
1782;  professor  of  mathematics,  1785:  published  'Prin- 
ciples of  Moral  and  Political  Science,'  1792. 

[xviii.  336] 

FERGUSON,  SIR  ADAM  (1771-1855),  keeper  of  the 
regalia  in  Scotland ;  sou  of  Adam  Ferguson  [q.  v.]  ; 
companion  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  at  Edinburgh  University, 
and  afterwards :  captain,  101st  regiment,  1808;  read  the 
'  Lady  of  the  Lake '  canto  VI,  to  his  company  in  the  lines 
of  Torres  Vedras ;  keeper  of  the  regalia  of  Scotland,  1818  ; 
knighted,  1822.  [xviii.  340] 

FERGUSON,  DAVID  (d.  1598),  Scottish  reformer : 
glover  ;  sent  to  Dunfermline  as  minister ;  preached  before  — 
the  regent  against  appropriation  of  church  property  to 
governmental  purposes,  1572 :  moderator  of  the  general 
assembly,  1573  and  1678;  formed  one  of  a  deputation 
which  admonished  James  VI '  to  beware  of  innovations  in 
court,'  1683 ;  compiled  a  collection  of  'Scottish  Proverbs' 
(published  1641),  and  wrote  a  critical  analysis  of  the 
'  Song  of  Solomon.'  [xviii.  341] 

FERGUSON,  JAMES  (1621-1667).  Scottish  divine: 
graduate  of  Glasgow,  1638:  ministerof  Kilwinuing,  1643; 


FERGUSON 


427 


FERGUSSON 


appointed  to  the  Glasgow  professorship  of  divinity,  1661, 
but  did  not  take  it  up  ;  resolntioner  ;  his  '  Refutation  of 
the  Errors  of  Toleration,'  <fcc.,  published,  1692. 

[xviii.  342] 

FERGUSON,  JAMES  (rf.  1705),  major-general,  rolonel 
of  the  Cameronians  :  brother  of  Robert  hYnriison  •  tin- 
Plotter  '  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Holland  as  quartermaster  in 
the  Scots  brigade,  1677  :  summoned  to  join  royalist  forces 
airain -t  Monmouth,  1686;  captain,  l(iH7 :  landed  with 
Williamof  Orange  at  Torbay,  1688;  reduced  the  western 
MM;  fought  at  Steinkirk,  1692 ;  led  the  1st  Cameronians 
at  Landen,  1693,  and  at  siege  of  Namur,  1695 ;  colonel, 
1693 ;  fought  at  Blenheim,  1704 ;  major-general ;  his 
.-•udden  death  at  Bois-le-Duc  possibly  due  to  poison. 

[xviii.  342] 

FERGUSON,  JAMES  (1710-1776),  astronomer;  dis- 
played original  genius  in  mechanics  when  nine  years  old  ;  | 
constructed  terrestrial  globe  from  Gordon's  *  Geographical  ' 
Uniminar';  patronised  by  Sir  James  Dunbar  and  Lady 
Dipple,  the  latter  of  whom  enabled  him  to  become  a  ; 
portrait-painter;   contrived  'astronomical  rotula';  con-  , 
.structed  orrery,  1742 ;  invented  a  tide-dial,  an '  eclipsareon,'  ( 
1754,  and  'a  universal  dialling  cylinder,'  1767  :  published 
'  Astronomy  explained  on  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Principles,'  • 
1756 :  observed  transit  of  Venus  with  six-foot  reflector  ;  ' 
F.R.S.,  1763;   presented  to  the  Royal  Society  (1763)  a 


1685;  accompanied  expedition  of  William  of  orauge  to 
Torbay,  1688;  published  pamphlet*  in  support  of 
William  III;  housekeeper  at  the  excise;  became  a 
Jacobite,  his  hopes  of  reward  being  unsatisfied  ;  declared 
the  revolut'on  to  have  been  a  design  of  the  Vatirtui  in  hi* 
•  Hi-tury  of  the  Revolution,'  1700;  superseded  at  the 
excise.  1692;  asked  'Whether  the  1'arlianu-ut  lw  not  in 
Law  dissolved  by  the  death  of  the  Princess  of  Orange  ? ' 
1695;  privy  to  Sir  George  Barclay's  plot;  gave  informa- 
tion which  led  to  frustration  of  the  machinations  of  Simon 
Fraser,  twelfth  lord  Lovat  [q.  v.]  againat  the  Duke  of 
Atholl,  1703:  committed  to  Newgate  for  treason,  1704; 
admitted  to  bail  and  never  tried.  [xviii.  350] 


FERGUSON,    ROBERT  (1750-1774). 
SON.] 


[See  FKRGUB- 


FERGUSON,  ROBERT  (1799-1865),  physician  ;  born 
in  India :  studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Edinburgh ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1823;  physician  to  the  Westminster  Lying-in 
Hospital ;  founded  '  London  Medical  Gazette,'  1827  ;  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics,  King's  College,  London,  1881 ;  censor, 
C.P. ;  physician-accoucheur  to  Queen  Victoria,  1840; 
published  works  on  obstetrics.  [xviii.  353] 


FERGUSON,  Sm  RONALD  CRAUFURD  (1773-1841 ), 
general ;  captain,  1793 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1794  :  co- 
projection  of  the  partial  solar  eclipse  of  1764 ;  lectured  on  j  operated  from  India  in  reduction  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
electricity;  published  'The  Young  Gentleman's  and  j  1795;  colonel,  1800 ;  quitted  Pulteney  on  his  refusing  to 
Lady's  Astronomy,'  1768 ;  frequently  discussed  mechanics 
witli  George  III;  unhappy  in  his  domestic  relations; 
published,  though  ignorant  of  geometry,  'The  Art  of 
Drawing  in  Perspective,'  1776.  [xriii.  343] 

FERGUSON,  JAMES  FREDERIC  (1807-1855),  Irish 
antiquary ;  of  French  descent ;  born  at  Charleston ;  in- 
dexed Irish  '  Exchequer  Records' ;  clerk  and  secretary  to 
commission  for  arranging  records  of  Irish  courts,  1850-2  ; 
purchased  at  his  own  cost  some  Irish  records  in  the  pos- 
session of  a  Suabian  baron,  having  travelled  to  Switzer- 
land for  the  purpose ;  contributed  to  '  Topographer  and 
Genealogist'  papers  illustrative  of  law  and  society  in 
seventeenth-century  Ireland;  chief  work,  'Remarks  on 
the  Limitations  of  Actions  Bill  intended  for  Ireland,'  1843. 

[xviii.  347] 

FERGUSON,  JOHN  (1787-1856),  founder  of  the  Fer- 
guson bequest ;  settled  at  Irvine,  Ayrshire,  after  arrang- 
ing an  uncle's  business  concerns  in  America,  1810 ;  gave 
400,000*.  for  advancement  of  religious  education  in  South 
of  Scotland;  founded  six  scholarships  in  connection  with 
Scottish  universities.  [xviii.  348] 

FERGUSON,  PATRICK  (1744-1780),  inventor  of  the 
first  breech-loading  rifle  used  in  the  British  army ;  com- 
manded company  in  the  70th  foot  against  the  revolted 
negroes  of  Tobago ;  patented  effectual  plans  of  breech- 
loading,  1776;  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine, 
1777;  employed  with  artillery  at  siege  of  Charleston, 
1779 ;  major,  71st  Highlanders,  1779 ;  accompanied  Lord 
Cornwallis  in  his  march  through  the  Carolinas;  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  surprised  and  killed  at  King's  Mountain,  North 
Carolina.  [xviii.  348] 

FERGUSON,  RICHARD  SAUL  (1837-1900),  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge  :  M.A.,  1863 ;  LL.M.,  1874 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1862 ;  joined  northern  circuit ;  travelled  in  Egypt, 
Australia,  and  America,  1871-2 ;  devoted  himself  to 
study  of  local  antiquities  at  Carlisle ;  president  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmorland  Archaeological  and  Antiquarian 
Society,  1886 ;  mayor  of  Carlisle.  1881  and  1882 ;  chan- 
cellor of  diocese  of  Carlisle,  1887;  F.S.A.,  1877;  F.S.A. 
Scotland,  1880 ;  published  and  edited  antiquarian  works 
relating  to  Cumberland  and  Westmorland. 

[Suppl.  ii.  208] 

FERGUSON,  ROBERT  (rf.  1714),  suruamed  the 
4  Plotter ' ;  possibly  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  incumbent  of 
Godmersham,  e.  1660 ;  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity, 
1662  ;  wrote  '  a  Sober  Enquiry  into  the  Nature,  Measure, 
and  Principle  of  Moral  Virtue,'  1673 ;  maintained  that 
the  story  of  the  '  Black  Box  '  and  documents  therein  con- 
tained proving  the  marriage  of  Monmouth's  mother  to 
Charles  II  was  invented  by  those  who  wished  to  discredit 
Monmouth's  title  to  the  crown,  1680 ;  one  of  the  chief 
contrivers  of  the  Ry*e  House  plot,  though  probably  dis- 
approving of  assassination,  1682 ;  outlawed,  1683  :  author 
of  Mon  month's  manifesto,  and  chaplain  in  the  rebel  army, 


attack  Ferrol,  1800  ;  served  in  Sir  David  Baird's  expedi 
tion  to  recapture  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1805  ;  M.P.,  Kirk 
caldy  burghs,  1806-30,  Nottingham,  1830-41  ;  major- 
general,  1808;  twice  turned  Laborde's  right  at  Roli^a, 
1808 ;  general,  1830  ;  G.C.B.,  1831.  [xviii.  354] 

FERGUSON,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1810-1886),  poet  and 
antiquary  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  called  to 
the  Irish  bar,  1838 ;  Q.O.,  1859 ;  deputy-keeper  of  the 
public  records  of  Ireland,  1867 ;  thoroughly  organised  the 
public  records  department;  knighted,  1878;  LL.D., 
honoris  causd,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1864;  published, 
among  other"  works,  'Lays  of  the  Western  Gael,'  1865,  and 
'  Congal,  an  Epic  Poem,'  1872.  '  Ogham  Inscriptions  in 
Ireland,  Wales,  and  Scotland,'  edited,  1887,  is  his  most 
important  antiquarian  work.  [xviii.  355] 

FERGUSON,  WILLIAM  (1820-1887),  botanist  and 
entomologist ;  member  of  the  Ceylon  civil  service,  1839- 
1887 ;  died  in  Ceylon  ;  wrote  '  Ceylon  Ferns,' '  The  Timber 
Trees  of  Ceylon,'  and  similar  works.  [xviii.  366] 

FERGUSON,  WILLIAM  GOUW  (1633?-1690?> 
painter  of  still-life;  native  of  Scotland;  lived  at  the 
Hague,  1660-8;  his  works  sometimes  attributed  to 
Weenix.  [xviii.  357] 

FERGUSSON,  SIR  CHARLES  DALRYMPLE  (1800- 
1849),  fifth  baronet,  of  Kilkerran ;  educated  at  Harrow  ; 
advocate,  1822 ;  originated  Ayrshire  Educational  Associa- 
:  tion ;  protectionist.  [xviii.  357] 

FERGUSSON,  DAVID  (rf.  1598).    [See  FERGUSON.] 

FERGUSSON,  GEORGE,  LORD  HERMAXD  (rf.  1827), 

1  Scottish  judge;  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates, 

1765  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Hermaud,  1799-1826  ;  lord 

justiciary,    1808-26  ;    an    enthusiastic    admirer    of    Sir 

Walter  Scott's  novel  of  '  Guy  Mannering.'      [xviii.  358] 

FERGUSSON,  Sm  JAMES,  LORD  KILKKRRAN  (1688- 
1769),  Scottish  judge;  studied  law  at  Leyden;  advocate, 
1711;  M.P.,  Sutherlandshire,  1734-6;  lord  of  session  as 
Lord  Kilkerran,  1735  ;  justiciary  lord,  1749 ;  collected  and 
arranged  decisions  of  court  of  session  from  1738  to  1752 
(published,  1775).  [xviii.  358] 

FERGUSSON,  JAMES  (1769-1842),  Scottish  legal 
writer ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates,  1791  ;  consistorial  judge,  clerk  of 
session,  and  keeper  of  the  general  record  of  entails  for 
Scotland ;  published  legal  works. 

FEKGUSSON,  Sm  JAMES  (1787-1865), general;  en- 
sign, 1801 ;  captain.  1806 ;  wounded  at  Vimeiro,  1808 ; 
wounded  in  assaults  on  Badajoz  and  Ciudad  Rodrigo ; 
major,  1812 ;  fought  in  the  battles  of  Nivelle  and  Nive ; 
aide-de-camp  to  William  IV ;  lieutenant-general,  1861 : 
general  commanding  troops  at  Malta,  1853-5 :  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  at  Gibraltar,  1855-9 ;  general, 
1860  ;  G.O.B.,  1860.  [xviii.  369] 


128 


FiUKKAK 


FERGUSSON.  JAMKS  ( 1808-1886),  writer  upon  archi- 
tecture ;  started  an  indigo  factory  in  India  ;  employed  in 
a  Calcutta  firm:  published  'Picturesque  Illustrations 
of  Ancient  Architecture  in  Hindustan';  F.K.A.S.,  1840 ; 
maintained  in  '  An  Historical  Enquiry  into  the  true  Prin- 
ciples of  Beauty  in  Art '  (1849)  that  the  r.ivK  t.-inples  were 
lighted  by  a  triple  roof  and  clerestory :  published  work 
proposing  to  substitute  earthworks  for  nmsonry  in  forti- 
fication, 1849 ;  member  of  royal  commission  to  inquire  into 
defences  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1857 :  inspector  of  public 
building*  and  monuments  :  gold  medallist  of  the  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  1871 ;  maintained  the  compara- 
tively recent  erection  of  Stonehenge;  recast  his  earlier 
writings  in  *  A  History  of  Architecture  in  all  Countries 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day,'  1865-7 ;  pub- 
lished '  Fire  and  Serpent  Worship  .  .  .  from  the  Sculptures 
of  the  Buddhist  Topes  at  Sanchi  and  Amravati,'  1868. 

[xviii.  360] 

FERGTJSSON,  ROBERT  (1750-1774),  Scottish  poet ; 
matriculated  at  St.  Andrews.  1765  ;  extracting  clerk  in 
commissary  clerk's  office,  and  for  a  time  in  sheriff  clerk's 
office:  contributed  pastorals  to  Ruddiinan's  'Weekly 
Magazine,'  1771 ;  published '  Poems,'  1773,  and  subsequently 
the  '  Farmer's  Ingle,'  the  prototype  of  Burns's  '  Cottar's 
Saturday  Night,'  1773  ;  died  insane  from  the  effects  of  a 
falL  [xviii.  362] 

FERGUSSON,  ROBERT  CUTLAR  (1768-1838),  judge 
advocate-general ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1797 ;  defended 
John  Allen  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  1798 ;  fined  and 
imprisoned  (1799)  for  his  alleged  share  in  the  attempted 
rescue  of  Arthur  O'Connor  from  the  dock  at  Maidstone, 
1798;  attorney-general  at  Calcutta;  liberal  M.P.,  Kirk- 
cudbright stewartry,  1826 ;  judge  advocate-general,  and 
privy  councillor,  1834  ;  advocated  cause  of  Poland. 

[xviii.  364] 

FERGUSSON,  WILLIAM  (1773-1846),  inspector- 
general  of  military  hospitals  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh ;  assistant- 
surgeon  in  the  army  in  Holland,  the  'West  Indies,  the 
Baltic,  the  Peninsula,  and  Guadaloupe :  pointed  out  and 
discussed  the  frequent  occurrence  of  malarial  fevers  on 
arid  soils  ;  his  '  Notes  and  Recollections  of  a  Professional 
Life '  published  posthumously.  [xviii.  365] 

FERGUSSON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1808-1877),  surgeon ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  University ; 
surgeon  to  Edinburgh  Royal  Dispensary,  1831-6  ;  tied 
subclavian  artery,  1831 ;  surgeon  to  Edinburgh  Royal  In- 
firmary, 1836-40;  professor  of  surgery,  King's  College, 
London,  1810-70  ;  created  baronet,  1866 ;  sergeant-surgeon 
to  Queen  Victoria,  1867  :  P.R.C.S.,  1870;  honorary  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1875 ;  F.R.S. ;  clinical  professor  of  surgery 
and  senior  surgeon  at  King's  College  Hospital ;  a  great 
'  conservative '  surgeon  and  dissector ;  principal  work, 
4  System  of  Practical  Surgery,'  1842.  [xviii.  365] 

FERIA,  DUCHKSS  OP  (1538-1612).  [See  DOIIMER, 
JANE.] 

FERINGS,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1306),  archbishop  of 
Dublin ;  friend  of  Archbishop  Peckham ;  archdeacon  of 
Canterbury,  1281-99 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1299 ;  com- 
posed feud  between  Christ  Church  and  St.  Patrick's, 
Dublin,  by  giving  equality  to  both  and  precedence  to 
Christ  Church,  1300;  endowed  St.  Patrick's,  1303  ;  sum- 
moned  to  the  English  parliament,  1303.  [xviii.  367] 

FERM.  FERME.  FARHOLME,  or  FAIRHOLM, 
CHARLES  (1566-1617),  principal  of  Fraserburgh  Uni- 
versity; of  humble  origin:  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1588; 
regent,  1590;  accepted  the  charge  (1598)  of  Philorth, 
Aberdeeusliire,  incorporated  in  1613  under  the  name  of 
Fraserburgh,where  Sir  Alexander  Fraser  (1537-1623)  [q.  v.] 
had  obtained  a  royal  grant  for  the  erection  of  a  college 
and  university ;  principal,  1600.  Fraserburgh  University 
came  to  an  end  at  his  death.  [xviii.  368] 

FERMANAGH,  third  VISCOUNT  (1712  ?-1791).  See 
VERNEY,  KALIMI.] 

FERMANAGH,  LORD  OF  (rf.  1600).  [See  MAOUIRE, 
HUGH.] 

FERMOR,  HENRIETTA  LOUISA,  COUNTESS  OF 
PoMFRET(rf.  1761),  letter-writer;  nte  Jeffreys  :  married 
Thomas  Ferrnor,  second  baron  Leominster,  1720  ;  lady  of 
the  bedcliamber  to  Queen  Caroline  till  1737  ;  wrote  a 
'  life'  of  Vandyke  at  Rome ;  prtcieuse  ridicule,  and  writer 
of  dull  and  affected  letters.  [xviii.  3C9] 


FERMOR,    SIK    .101 IX    (•/.   1571),    son    of    Richard 
IVi  ,u<>r  •  M.  v.] ;   knighted,  1553  ;    M.P.  for  Northampton- 
I  shire,  1S53  and  1555  ;  sheriff,  1557.  [xviii.  370] 

FERMOR  or  FERMOUR,  RICHARD  (d.  1552),  mer- 
chant of  the  staple  of  Calais;  licensed  to  export  six 
hundred  sacks  of  wool,  1615  ;  personally  assists  v, 
agent  in  Florence,  1524;  sheriff  for  Bedford  and  Buck- 
ingham, 1532  and  1533 ;  stripped  of  all  his  lands  under 
the  statute  of  premnnire,  1540;  restored  to  his  property. 
1550.  [xviii.  369] 

FERMOR,  THOMAP  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  OP 
POMKRET  (1770-1833),  general;  ensign,  1791  ;  present  at 
Lincelles  and  the  sieges  of  Valenciennes  and  Dunkirk, 
1793 ;  lieutenant,  1794 ;  P.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  took  part  in 
Helder  expedition,  1799 ;  major-general,  1813 ;  received 
medal  for  battle  of  Salamanca,  1812  ;  knight  of  the  Tower 
and  Sword ;  lieutenant-general,  1825.  [xviii.  370] 

FERMOR,  FARMER,  or  FERMOUR,  Sm  WILLIAM 
.  (1623  ?-1661),  royalist ;  created  baronet,  1641 ;  privy 
councillor  to  Prince  Charles;  compounded  with  the 
Commonwealth ;  privy  councillor,  1660 ;  M.P.  for  Brack- 
ley,  and  deputy-lieutenant  for  Northamptonshire,  1661 ; 
K.B.,  1661.  [xviii.  371] 

FERMOR,  WILLIAM,  BARON  LEOMINSTER  (ef.  1711), 
connoisseur ;  sou  of  Sir  William  Fermor  [q.  v.]  ;  created 
Baron  Leominster,  1692  ;  laid  out  country  seat  at  Easton 
Nestou,  adorning  it  with  some  of  the  Arundel  marbles. 

[xviii.  371] 

FERMOY,  seventh  VISCOUNT  (1573  ?-1635).  [See 
ROCHE,  DAVID.] 

FERNE,  HENRY  (1602-1662),  bishop  of  Chester  ;  son 
of  Sir  John  Ferne  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Uppingham  and 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford:  pensioner  (1620)  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  archdeacon  of  Leicester, 
1  1641;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1642;  joined  royal  forces  at 
Nottingham  ;  chaplain  extraordinary  to  Charles  I : 
chaplain  in  ordinary ;  obliged  to  abandon  his  living  of 
Medbourne  for  writing  in  support  of  Charles  I,  1643 ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1643  ;  given  patent  for  next  vacancy  in 
mastership  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  censured 
Harrington's  'Oceana,'  1656;  master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1660-2;  vice-chancellor,  1660  and  1661:  dean 
of  Ely,  1661 ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1662  ;  published  theological 
pamphlets,  1647-60.  [xviii.  372] 

FERNE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1610  ?),  writer  on  heraldry  ; 
studied  at  Oxford  and  the  Inner  Temple;  brought  out 
'The  Blazon  of  Gentrie,'  1586,  of  which  the  second  part 
dealt  with  Albertus  a  Lasco's  provedly  untenable  claim  to 
be  descended  from  the  Lacy  family ;  knighted,  1604  ; 
joint-secretary  and  keeper  of  the  signet  in  the  north, 
1604.  [xviii.  373] 

FERNELEY,  JOHN  (1782-1860),  animal  painter: 
given  commissions  to  paint  hunting,  and  occasionally 
racing  or  coaching,  scenes.  [xviii.  374] 


FERRABEE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1613).    [See  FKUEBK.] 

FERRABOSCO  or  FERABOSCO,  ALFONSO  (/. 
1544-1587),  musical  composer ;  of  Italian  origin*;  pen- 
sioned by  Elizabeth,  1567 ;  composed,  with  William  Byrd, 
'  Medulla  Musicke '  (settings  of  'Miserere'  plain-song), 
published.  1603;  composed  madrigals;  took  service  at 
the  ducal  court  of  Savoy.  [xviii.  375] 

FERRABOSCO  or  FERABOSCO,  ALFONSO  (</. 
1628),  lutenist  and  composer  ;  son  of  Alfonso  Ferrabosco 
(1544-1587)  [q.  v.]  :  introduced  the  new  Italian  style  of 
music  into  England ;  extraordinary  groom  of  the  privy 
chamber  and  musical  instructor  to  Prince  Henry,  1605 : 
author  of  '  Ayres,'  1609,  and  a  •  Fantasie '  and  '  Pavin,' 
1610 ;  composer  in  ordinary,  1626.  [xviii.  376] 

FERRABOSCO,  ALFONSO  (d.  1661),  musician  and 
composer ;  son  of  Alfonso  Ferrabosco  (d.  1628)  [q.  v.] ; 
'  viol '  in  the  king's  baud,  and  musician  in  ordinary, 
1628.  [xviii.  377] 

FERRABOSCO,  JOHN  (d.  1682),  organist  of  Ely 
Cathedral ;  Mus.  Bac.,  per  lileras  regias,  Cambridge,  1671  : 
possibly  introduced  '  Chanting  Service '  into  Ely  Cathe- 
dral, [xviii.  377] 

FERRAR,  NICHOLAS  (1592-1637),  theologian  ;  B.A. 
and  fellow,  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1610  ;  M.A. ;  attend.- 1 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  to  Holland,  1613;  devoted 


FERRAR 


429 


FFENNELL, 


himself  to  the  affairs  of  the  Virginia  Company,  1619  ; 
declined  readership  of  geometry  at  Gresham  College, 
1619  ;  assisted  a-  member  of  parliament  in  the  impeach- 
ment of  the  Eurl  of  Middlesex,  1024  ;  retired  to  Little 
Gidding  in  Huntingdonshire,  1625  ;  deacon,  1G26  ; chaplain 
of  an  Anglican  community  at  Little  Gidding,  composed  of 
his  brother's  and  brother-in-law's  families ;  introduced 
bookbinding  trade  Into  his  brotherhood  ;  visited  by 


manuscript  harmony  of   the  Gospels,  and  also  of  the 
Books  of  Kings  and  Chronicles.  [xviii.  377] 

FERRAE,  ROBERT  (d.  1555),  bishop  of  St.  David's ; 
studied  at  Cambridge ;  Augustinian  canon  and  monk  of 
St.  Muv's  I'rinry,  Oxford;  converted  to  Lutherauism, 
but  (1528)  compelled  to  recant;  accompanied  William 
Barlow  (d.  1568)  [q.  v.]  on  his  embassy  to  Scotland,  1635  ; 
prior  of  St.  Oswald's  at  Nostell ;  D.D. ;  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1548-54  ;  gospeller ;  technical  errors  in  the  wording  of  his 
commission  discovered  by  hia  prejudiced  chapter ;  kept 
in  prison  till  Queen  Mary's  accession,  after  being  cited  to 
answer  charges  of  praemunire ;  deprived  of  his  bishopric, 
1554 ;  charged  by  Gardiner  with  having  violated  his 
monastic  vow  of  chastity ;  burnt  at  the  stake,  1555. 

[xviii.  380] 

FERRARD,  BARON  (1663-1731).  [See  TICHBORNE, 
SIR  HENRY.] 

FERRARS,  first  BAROX  DE(1755-1811).  [See  TOWNS- 
HENP,  GEORGE.] 

FERRERS  OF  GROBY,  eighth  BARON  (1432-1461). 
[See  GREY,  JOHN.] 

FERRERS,  third  BARON  (d.  1558).  [See  DKVEREUX, 
WALTER.] 

FERRERS,  EARLS.  [See  SHIRLEY,  LAURENCE,  fourth 
EARL,  1720-1760;  SHIRLEY,  WASHINGTON,  fifth  EARL, 
1722-1778.] 

FERRERS,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1732),  portrait-painter; 
deaf  and  dumb  from  birth.  [xviii.  382] 


EDWARD  (d.  1564) ;  confounded  byWood, 
who  describes  him  as  a  distinguished  dramatist  (after 
Putteuham  and  Meres),  with  George  Ferrers  [q.  v.] 

[xviii.  382] 

FERRERS,  GEORGE  (1500  ?-1579),  poet  and  politi- 
cian ;  bachelor  of  canon  law,  Cambridge,  1631 ;  translated 
Magna  Charta  into  English,  1534 ;  member  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1542,  1545,  and  1553  ;  said  to  have 
murdered  some  Scots  with  great  barbarity  when  campaign- 
ing with  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  1548  ;  '  master  of  the  king's 
pastimes,'  1551  and  1552 ;  lord  of  misrule  to  Queen  Mary, 
1553 ;  assisted  in  suppressing  Wyatt's  rebellion,  1554 ; 
M.P.,  Brackley,  1654  and  1555,  St.  Albaus,  1571 ;  devised 
(with  Baldwin)  the  series  of  historical  poems  entitled 
1  Mirror  for  Magistrates  '  (complete  edition,  1678) ;  wrote 
tragedies  and  court  masques.  [xviii.  383] 

FERRERS,  HENRY  DE  (fl.  1086),  Domesday  commis- 
sioner ;  Norman  baron ;  fought  at  Hastings,  1066. 

[xviii.  385] 

FERRERS,  HENRY  (1549-1633),  antiquary ;  son  of 
Edward  Ferrers  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Oxford,  probably  at 
Hart  Hall ;  collected  materials  (utilised  by  Dugdale)  for 
the  history  of  Warwickshire,  his  native  county. 

[xviii.  385] 

FERRERS,  JOHN  (1271  1324),  ton  of  Robert  Ferrers, 
carl  of  Derby  or  Ferrers  [q.  v.] ;  joined  Bohun  and  Bigod 
in  the  struggle  for  the  charters  ;  summoned  to  parliament, 
1299.  [xviii.  388] 

FERRERS,  JOSEPH  (1725-1797),  Carmelite  friar; 
professed  abroad,  1745;  provincial  of  the  English  Car- 
melites, [xviii.  3*fi] 

FERRERS,  RICHARD  (/.  1690).    [See  FERRIS.] 

FERRERS,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1139),  warrior;  son  of 
Henry  de  Ferrers  [q.  v] ;  one  of  the  English  leaders  at 
Northallerton,  1138 ;  created  earl,  1138.  [xviii.  386J 

FERRERS,  ROBERT,  EARL  OF  DERBY  or  FERRERS 
(1240  ?-1279  ?)  ;  married  one  of  Henry  Ill's  Poitevin  rela- 
tives, 1249  ;  took  Prince  Edward  prisoner,  1263  ;  defeated 
royalists  at  Chester,  1264  ;  shut  up  in  the  Tower  by  Mont- 
fort  to  save  him  from  the  king's  auger,  1265 ;  headed  the 
•d;  mhiTited,'  1266  ;  specially  exempted  from  the  general 


composition  of  the  '  Dictum  de  Keiiilworth,'  12M :  re 
leased  from  prison,  1269.  [xviii.  386] 

FERREY,  u:\.JAMIN  (1810-1880),  architect;  of 
Huguenot  origin  ;  employed  on  the  detail  drawings  of  the 
National  Gallery  ;  part-author  of  -  Antiquities  of  the 
Priory  Church  of  Christchurch,  Hants,'  1834 ;  restored, 
when  hon.  diocesan  architect,  1841-80,  nave,  transepts, 
and  Lady  Chapel  of  Wells  Cathedral,  1842  ;  twice  vice- 
president  of  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects :  F.S.A., 
1HG3  :  published  recollections  of  the  two  Pugins,  1861. 

FERRIAR,  JOHN  (1761-1815),  physid:uK  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1781 ;  his  essay  on  Massinger  reprinted  in 
Gifford's  edition  (1805);  physician  of  the  Manchester 
Infirmary,  1789-1815  ;  introduced  many  sanitary  reforms 
when  on  the  Manchester  bonrd  of  health  ;  published 
works  including  'Medical  Histories  and  Reflections' 
1792-5-8,  and  «  Illustrations  of  Sterne,'  1798. 

[xviii.  389] 

FERRIER,  JAMES  FREDERICK  (1808-1864),  meta- 
physician ;   studied  at  Edinburgh  University  and  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
i   1831  ;    advocate,  1832 ;    studied  German    philosophy  at 
i  Heidelberg,  1834  ;  professor  of  civil  history,  Edinburgh, 
i   1842-5 ;    professor    of  moral    philosophy    and    political 
economy  at  St.  Andrews,  1845-64  ;  published  '  Institutes 
of  Metaphysic,'  1854,  re-interpreting  Berkeley  in  the  light 
of  German  idealism.  [xviii.  390] 

FERRIER,  SUSAN  EDMONSTONE  (1782-1854), 
,  novelist ;  visited  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1811,  1829,  and  1831 ; 
I  published  'Marriage,' 1818,  'The  Inheritance,' 1824,  and 
!  'Destiny,'  1831,  three  novels.  [xviii.  391] 

FERRIS.    [See  also  FERRERS.] 

FERRIS,  RICHARD  (fl.  1590),  adventurer ;  a  mes. 
.senger  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  household  ;  rowed  in  an  open 
boat  from  London  to  Bristol,  1590.  [xviii.  392] 

FESTING,  SIR  FRANCIS  WORGAN  (1833-1886), 
major-general ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  marines,  1850 ; 
commaudal  mortar  off  Sebastopol,  1855;  present  as 
I  adjutant  of  artillery  at  bombardment  of  Canton  ;  defeated 
Ashantees,  burning  Ehina,  1873  ;  virtually  administered 
government  of  Gold  Coast,  1874 ;  colonel,  1874 ;  C.B., 
1874 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1874 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria, 
1879 ;  colonel  commandant,  royal  marine  artillery,  1886. 

[xviii.  392] 

FESTING,  MICHAEL  CHRISTIAN  (d.  1752),  vio- 
i  linistand  composer  ;  member  of  George  IPs  baud  ;  director 
I  of  the  Italian  opera,  1737  ;  director  of  the  '  Philharmonic 
1  Society  ' ;  initiated  Royal  Society  of  Musicians  from  sub- 
'  scription  for  the  indigent  family  of  a  German  oboe- 
i  player,  1738;  composed  concertos,  solos,  sonatas  for 
stringed  instruments,  and  '  Sylvia,'  a  cantata. 

[xviii.  393] 

FETHERSTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1540),  Roman  catho- 

j  lie  martyr ;  chaplain  to  Catherine  of  Arragon ;   school- 

i  master  to  the  Princess  Mary  ;  wrote  against  Henry  VIII's 

divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon  ;  hanged  for  refusing 

the  oath  of  supremacy.  [xviii.  394] 

FETHERSTONHAUGH,   SIR  TIMOTHY  (rf.  1661), 
|  royalist ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1620 ;  knighted,  1628 ; 
taken  prisoner  at  bat  tie  of  Wigan  Lane  ;  beheaded. 

[xviii.  394] 

FETTES,  SIR    WILLIAM  (1750-1836),    founder   of, 

j  Fettes  College,  Edinburgh ;  merchant,  underwriter,  and 

contractor   for    military  stores;    lord  provost  of  Edin- 

I  burgh,  1800  and  1805:    created  baronet,  1804;    devoted, 

part  of  his  estate  to  form  endowment  for  education  of 

orphan  or  otherwise  needy  children,  1830,  a  scheme  which 

developed  into  the  present  Fettes  College,      [xviii.  395] 

FEUCHERES,  BARONNE  DE  (1790-1840).  [See 
DAWES,  SOPHIA.] 

FEVERSIIAM,  EARLS  OK.    [See  SONDES,  SIR  GEORGE, 
first  EARL,   1600-1677 ;    DURAS,    Louis,   second    EARL. 
,  1640?-170U.] 

FFENNELL,      WILLIAM      JOSHUA    (1799-1867), 

fishery  reformer ;  J.P.,  1834 ;  called  attention  with  Lord 

|  Glengall   to  the    neglected  state    of    the   Suir   salmon 

fisheries  ;  brought  about  the  salmon-fishery  acts  of  1842, 

I  1844,  and  1845,  and  '  Ffennell's  Act,'  1848 :  inspector  01 

salmon  fisheries  for  England  and  Wales,  1861. 

[xviii.  396] 


FFBAID 


430 


FIELDEN 


FFRAID,  I.  D.  (1814-1875).    [See  EVANS,  JOHN.] 

FIACRE  or  FIACHRACH,  SAINT  (d.  670  ?),  Irish 
noble ;  founded  monastery  at  Breuil,  on  land  given  him 
by  Faro,  bishop  of  Meaux  ;  chiefly  celebrated  for  his 
miraculous  cure  of  a  tumour,  since  known  as  '  le  tic  de  St. 
Fiacre"  ;  enshrined  in  Meaux  Cathedral,  1568 ;  part  of  his 
body  given  to  the  grand-duke  of  Tuscany,  1617,  part  to 
Cardinal  Richelieu,  1637.  The  saint's  name  was  given  to 
the  French  hackney  carriage  from  1640,  because  at  the 
Hi'itvl  de  St.  Fiacre  in  Paris  hackney  carriages  were  then 
first  kept  on  hire.  [xviii.  396] 

FICH,  FYCH,  or  FYCHE,  THOMAS  (d.  1517), 
ecclesiastic  and  compiler  ;  studied  at  Oxford  ;  sub-prior 
of  convent  of  Holy  Trinity,  Dublin ;  author  of  a  Latin 
necrology  of  the  convent,  entitled  '  Mortiloginm '  (printed 
by  the  Irish  Archaeological  Society,  1844),  and  of  the 
•  White  Book  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin.'  [xviii.  397] 

'  FIDDES,  RICHARD  (1671-1725),  divine  and  his- 
torian; B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1691:  non 
resident  rector  of  Halsham,  1696 ;  chaplain  of  Hull,  by 
Swift's  influence,  1713-14;  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Ox- 
ford, 1713-14 ;  published  '  Theologia  Speculative'  1718, 
and  'Theologia  Practica,'  1720;  D.D.  Oxford;  attacked 
Mandeville  in  «A  General  Treatise  of  Morality,'  1724; 
unfairly  represented  as  a  papist  on  account  of  his  '  Life 
of  Cardinal  Wolsey,'  1724.  [xviii.  397] 

FIELD,  BARRON  (1786-1846),  lawyer  and  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  son  of  Henry  Field  [q.  v.]  ;  intimate 
with  Lamb,  Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  Hazlitt,  and  Leigh 
Hunt ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1814  ;  theatrical  critic  to 
the  '  Times ' ;  advocate-fiscal  in  Ceylon ;  judge  of  supreme 
court  of  New  South  Wfrtes,  1817-24 ;  engaged  in  party 
conflicts;  chief- justice  of  Gibraltar;  published  (1811)  an 
analysis  of  Blackstone's  '  Commentaries '  (frequently  re- 
printed), and  edited  'Geographical  Memoirs  on  New 
South  Wales,'  1825 ;  edited  a  few  of  Hey  wood's,  and  one 
of  Legge's,  plays  for  the  Shakespeare  Society;  original 
poet  with '  First  Fruits  of  Australian  Poetry '  (privately 
printed,  1819).  [xviii.  399] 

FIELD,  EDWIN  WILKINS  (1804-1871),  law  re- 
former and  amateur  artist ;  son  of  William  Field  [q.  v.]  ; 
attorney  and  solicitor,  1826  ;  established  firm  of  Sharpe  & 
Field  in  Cheapside;  the  abolition  of  the  court  of  ex- 
chequer as  an  equity  court  and  the  appointment  of  two 
additional  vice-chancellors  (1841)  due  to  his  'Observa- 
tions of  a  Solicitor,'  1840:  suggested  provisions  of  trust- 
deed  executed  by  Robert  Hibbert  [q.  v.],  1847  ;  a  commis- 
sioner to  report  on  accountant-general's  department  of 
chancery  court,  1861 ;  amateur  artist ;  his  views  on  the 
option  of  contract  realised  by  the  act  of  1870. 

[xviii.  401] 

FIELD,  FREDERICK  (1801-1885),  divine;  son  of 
Henry  Field  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  tenth 
wrangler,  chancellor's  classical  medallist,  and  Tyrwhitt's 
Hebrew  scholar,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1823 ;  fellow, 
1824 ;  examiner  for  classical  tripos,  1833  and  1837 ;  in- 
cumbent of  Great  Saxham  and  (1842-63)  of  Reepham ; 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1874;  original  member  of  the  Old 
Testament  revision  company,  1870 ;  edited  homilies  by 
St.  Chrysostom,  1839  an  1 1849-62,  and  Origen's '  Hexapla ' 
(in  parts,  finished  1874).  [xviii.  402] 

FIELD,  FREDERICK  (1826-1885),  chemist;  chemist 
to  copper-smelting  works  at  Coquimbo  in  Chili,  1848-52  : 
manager  at  Caldera,  1852 ;  first  to  discover  lapis  lazuli 
in  South  America,  1851  ;  vice-consul  of  Caldera,  1863 ; 
sub-manager  to  smelting- works  at  Guayacan,  1856-9 ; 
professor  of  chemistry,  London  Institution,  1862. 

[xviii.  404] 

FIELD,  GEORGE  (1777  ?-1854),  chemist ;  succeeded 
in  cultivating  madder  in  his  own  garden,  reducing  it  to 
its  finest  consistence  by  the  •  physeter,'  his  own  inven- 
tion ;  Isis  medallist,  Society  of  Arts,  1816 :  chief  works, 
'  Chromatography,  or  a  treatise  on  Colours  and  Pig- 
ments,' 1835,  and  'Rudiments  of  the  Painter's  Art,  or  a 
Grammar  of  Colouring,'  1850.  [xviii.  405] 

FIELD,  HENRY  (1755-1837),  apothecary  ;  apothecary 
to  Christ's  Hospital,  1807-37;  M.  Soc.  Apotb. ;  esta- 
blished gratuitous  courses  of  lectures  on  materia  medica 
at  Apothecaries'  Hall;  one  of  the  medical  officers  at- 
tached to  the  city  of  London  board  of  health  to  meet 
threatened  epidemic  of  cholera,  1831.  [xviii.  405] 


FIELD,   HENRY  IBBOT  (1797-1848),  pianist;  edu- 
cated   at    Bath    grammar    school;    performed    Johann 
i  Hummel's  grand  sonata,  omvre  92,  with  the  master,  1830  ; 
j  paralysed,  1848.  [xviii.  406] 

FIELD  or  FELLD,  JOHN  (1525  ?-1587), '  proto-Coper- 
j  mean '  of  England ;  public,  instructor  in  science,  London  ; 
j  granted  crest  and  confirmation  of  arms,  1558  ;  represen- 
tative work, l  Ephemeris  anni  1557  currentis  juxta  Coper- 
)  nici  et  Reinholdi  canones  ...  ad  Meridianum  Londi- 
!  nensem  .  .  .  supputata,'  1566.  [xviii.  406] 

FIELD,  JOHN  (d.  1588).     [See  FKII.DK.] 

FIELD,  JOHN  (1782-1837),  composer ;  composed  and 

performed  concerto,  1799;  taken  by  his  master,  Clemeuti, 

to  St.  Petersburg  as  a  salesman.  1802  ;  his  playing  ad- 

!  mired  by  Spohr,  1802 ;  settled  in  Moscow  between  1824 

and    1828:    died   at    Moscow;    chiefly  famous  for    his 

:  '  Nocturnes,'  romantic  music  which  inspired  Chopin. 

[xviii.  407] 

FIELD,  JOSHUA  (1787  ?-1863),  civil  engineer  ;  part- 
i  ner  in  firm  of  Maudslay,  Sons  &  Field  of  Lambeth, 
j  which  constructed  (1838)  engines  capable  of  propelling  a 
vessel  across  the  Atlantic  ;  part-founder  of  Institution  of 
;  Civil  Engineers,  1817;  F.R.S.  1836;  president  I.C.E., 
|  1848.  [xviii.  408] 

FIELD,  NATHANIEL  (1587-1633),  actor  and  drama- 
I  tist.;  one  of  the  six  principal  comedians  of  the  Children 
!  of   the  Queen's  Revels  who    performed    Ben    Jonson's 
'  Cynthia's  Revels '  in  1600  ;  acted  in  plays  by  Shake- 
speare, Ben  Jonson,  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  ;  his  name 
made  synonymous  with  '  best  actor '  in  Jousou's  '  Bartho- 
lomew  Fair,'   1614;  probably  performed  himself  in  his 
'A    Woman's   a    Weathercock,'     published    1612,    and 
:  'Amends  for  Ladies,'  published  1618;    collaborated  in 
Massinger's  '  Fatal  Dowry,'  1632.  [xviii.  408] 

FIELD  or  DE  LA  FIELD,  RICHARD  (1554  ?-1606), 
Jesuit;  studied  at  Douay;  superior  of  Irish  Jesuit  mis- 
sion, c.  1600.  [xviii.  410] 

FIELD,  RICHARD  (1561-1616),  divine;  B.A.  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1581 ;  M.A.,  and  'Catechism  lec- 
turer,' Magdalen  Hall,  1584 ;  D.D.,  1596 ;  divinity  lecturer, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1594 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, 1598 ;  installed  prebendary  of  Windsor,  1604,  by  a 
grant  dating  from  1602 ;  chaplain  to  James  I ;  dean  of 
'  Gloucester,  1610  ;  discussed  theology  with  James  I ;  friend 
of  Hooker ;  sincerely  mourned  by  James  I.  His  great 
work, '  Of  the  Church  Five  Bopkes '  (first  published,  1606), 
is  a  masterpiece  of  polemical  divinity.  [xviii.  410] 

FIELD,    RICHARD  (/.  1579-1624),  London  printer 
and  stationer;    free  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1587; 
sole  licensee  for  first  edition  of  Harington's  translation  of 
'  Orlando  Furioso,'  1592  ;  master  of  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany, 1620 ;   fellow  townsman,  and  probably  a  personal 
friend  of  Shakespeare,  printing  '  Venus  and  Adonis,'  1693, 
I  1594,  and  1596,  as  well  as    the  first  (1694)  edition  of 
|  '  Luorece.'  [xviii.  412] 

FIELD,  THEOPHILUS  (1574-1636),  bishop  of  Here- 
ford ;  brother  of  Nathaniel  Field  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1598  ;  M.A.,  1599  ;  M.A.  Oxford, 
1600;  D.D. ;  chaplain  to  James  I  and  Lord-chancellor 
Bacon ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Llandaff  by  the  influence 
j  of  Buckingham,  1619 ;  impeached  by  the  Commons  for 
brocage  and  bribery  before  his  promotion,  and  admonished 
in  the  convocation  house,  1621 :  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1627 ; 
obtained  see  of  Hereford,  1635  ;  edited  '  Elegies  on  the 
Death  of  Sir  Oratio  Pallavicino,'  1600.  [xviii.  413] 

FIELD,    THOMAS  (1546  P-1625),  Jesuit;  studied  at 

I  Paris  and  Douay ;  M.A.  Louvain  ;  spiritual  coadjutor  of 

I  the  Society  of  Jesus ;  lived  for  some  years  in  Brazil  and 

Paraguay ;  put  by  English  pirates  into  an  open  boat,  in 

which  he  drifted  to  Buenos  Ayres,  1586 ;   died  at  the 

Assumption  Settlement.  [xviii.  414] 

FIELD,  WILLIAM  (1768-1851),  Unitarian  minister  ; 
minister  of  the  presbyterian  congregation  at  Warwick, 
1790-1843 ;  friend  of  Dr.  Samuel  Parr  ;  started  a  Sunday 
school  (the  first  in  Warwick),  which  led  to  a  pamphlet 
war  with  some  local  clergy,  1791 ;  kept  boarding- school  at 
Learn ;  published  pamphlets,  sermons,  and  a  history  of 
Warwick  and  Leamington,  1815.  [xviii.  414] 

FIELDEN,  JOHN  (1784-1849),  M.P.  for  Oldham ; 
partner  with  his  father,  and  subsequently  witli  }\\< 


FIELDING 


431 


FIENNUti 


brothers,  in  cotton-spinning  manufactory  at  Toclmorden  ; 
M.P.  for  Oldham.  1H33,  1H35,  1837,  and  1841;  seconded 
Cobbett's  resolution  for  removing  Peel  from  the  privy 
council,  1833  ;  moved  second  reading  of  Ten  Hours'  Mill, 


1846  and  1847;  published  'The  Mischiefs  and  Iniquities 
of  Paper  Monty,'  1832,  with  other  works  and  pamphlets, 
including  *  The  Curse  of  the  Factory  System,'  1K36. 

[xviit  415] 

FIELDING,  ANTONY  VANDYKE  COPLEY  (1787- 
1855),  landscape-painter  in  water-colour;  son  of  Nathan 
Theodorf  Fu>lding  [q.  v.]  ;  commenced  to  exhibit  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1811 ;  awarded  a  medal  at  the  Paris  Salon, 
1824  :  president  of  the  Water-colour  Society,  1831-66. 

FIELDING,  BASILs  second  EARL  OF  DENBIGH  (d. 
1674).  [See  FEILDINQ.] 

FIELDING,  HENRY  (1707-1754),  novelist ;  contem- 
porary with  Pitt  and  Fox  at  Eton  ;  sent,  after  a  youth- 
ful escapade,  to  study  law  at  Leyden  ;  brought  out  a  few 
comedies  of  the  Congreve  school,  1728-32 ;  burlesqued  all 
the  popular  playwrights  of  the  day  in  ' Tom  Thumb,'  a 
farce,  1730;  supported  the  'distressed  actors  '  at  Drury 
Lane  on  the  occasion  of  the  revolt  headed  by  Theophilus 
Oibber,  1733  :  opened  theatre  in  the  Haymarket  with 
'Pasquin,'  1736,  but  gave  up  the  career  on  the  passing  of 
a  bill,  partly  due  to '  Pasquin,'  making  a  license  from  the 
lord  chamberlain  necessary  for  all  dramatic  performances, 
1737  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1740;  retaliated  on  Colley 
Gibber's  'Apology'  in  his  paper,  the  'Champion';  paro- 
died Richardson's  'Pamela'  in 'The  History  of  the  Ad- 
ventures of  Joseph  Andrews  and  his  friend  Mr.  Abraham 
Adams,'  1742,  copying  Parson  Adams  from  William  Young, 
with  whom  he  co-operated  in  translating  Aristophanes's 
'  Plutns,'  1742  ;  published  '  Miscellanies,'  the  third  volume 
containing  '  Jonathan  Wild  the  Great,'  a  powerful  satire, 
1743  ;  issued  two  weekly  papers  in  support  of  the  govern- 
ment 1745  and  1747-8;  J.P.  for  Westminster,  1748; 
produced  the  novel  of  'Tom  Jones,'  drawing  his  first 
wife,  then  dead,  as  Sophia,  1749 ;  chairman  of  quarter 
sessions  at  Hicks 's  Hall,  1749  ;  attacked  social  evils,  espe- 
cially excessive  gin-drinking,  in  an  'Inquiry'  into  the 
increase  of  robbers  in  London,  1750  ;  propounded  elabo- 
rate scheme  for  erection  of  county  poor-house,  1753; 
published  *  Amelia,'  1751 ;  provided  informers  against 
robberies  by  a  special  fund,  and  succeeded  in  breaking  up 
a  gang,  1763 ;  died  an  invalid  at  Lisbon  ;  his  '  Journal  of 
a  Voyage  to  Lisbon '  published  posthumously. 

[xviii.  416] 

FIELDING,  HENRY  BORRON  (d.  1851),  botanist ; 
fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society,  1838;  published  'Sertum 
Plantarum,'  containing  figures  and  descriptions  of  seventy- 
five  new  or  rare  plants,  1844.  [xviii.  424] 

FIELDING,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1780),  magistrate;  half- 
brother  of  Henry  Fielding  [q.  v.] :  blind,  apparently  from 
birth ;  carried  on  Henry  Fielding's  plan  for  breaking  up 
robber-gangs;  originated  (1755)  scheme  for  sending  'dis- 
tressed boys  '  into  the  royal  navy;  published  pamphlet  on 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle's  police  force,  with  plan  for  rescuing 
deserted  girls,  1758  ;  denounced  in  '  A  Letter  to  Sir  John 
Fielding,  occasioned  by  his  extraordinary  request  to  Mr. 
Garrick  for  the  suppression  of  the  "Beggar's  Opera,'" 
1773  ;  unfairly  accused  of  encouraging  and  then  condemn- 
ing criminals  :  published  collection  of  laws  concerning 
breaches  of  peace  in  metropolis,  1768.  [xviii.  424] 

FIELDING,  NATHAN  THEODORE  (/.  1776-1814), 
painter  :  occasionally  exhibited  at  the  British  Institution 
and  the  Society  of  Artists ;  famous  in  Yorkshire  for  his 
portrait*  of  aged  people.  [xviii.  425] 

FIELDING,  NEWTON  SMITH  (1799-1856),  painter 
and  lithographer;  son  of  Nathan  Theodore  Fielding 
[q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours, 
1815  and  1818 ;  taught  family  of  Louis-Philippe  in  Paris ; 
published  works  on  art ;  best  known  for  his  paintings  and 
engravings  of  animals.  [xviii.  425] 

FIELDING,  ROBERT  (1651  ?-1712).  [See  FKILDIXG.] 
FIELDING,  SARAH  (1710-1768),  novelist;  sister  of 
Henry  Fielding  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  romances,  including  'The 
Adventures  of  David  Simple  in  search  of  a  Faithful  Friend,' 
1744;  translated  Xenophon's  'Memorabilia'  and  'Apo- 
logia,' 1762.  [xviii.  426p 

FIELDING,  THALES  (1793-1837),  water-colour 
painter ;  son  of  Nathan  Theodore  Fielding  [q.  v.]  ;  ex- 


hibited at  the  British  Institution,  1816,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Royal  Academy;  associate  exhibitor  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Painters  in  WaU-r-colours  ;  drawing-master  at 
the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwieh.  [xviii.  428) 

FIELDING,  THKODORE  HENRY*  ADOLPHUS 
(1781-1851 ),  painter,  engraver,  and  author  ;  son  of  Nathaii 
Theodore  Fielding  [q.  v.]  ;  huwhtdnMrffef  and  perspective 
at  East  India  Company's  Military  College,  Addiscombtt '. 
first  exhibited  at  the  Itoyal  Academy,  1799;  worked  in 
stipple  and  aquatint ;  published  works  on  the  practice  of 
art.  [xviiL  426] 

FIELDING,  THOMAS  (fl.  1780-1790),  engraver: 
executed  engravings  in  Ryland's  stipple  manner. 

txviii.  427] 

FIELDING,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  DKXIUUH 
(d.  1643).  [See  FEILDING.] 

FIENNES  or  FIENES,  ANNE,  LADY  DACRE  (d. 
1595),  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville ;  married  Gregory 
Fiennes  [q.  v.] ;  complained  to  Queen  Elizabeth  of  her 
sister-in-law,  Margaret  Lennard,  for  alleged  calumnies ; 
left  money  for  erection  of  almshouse  at  Chelsea. 

FIENNES,  EDWARD,  EARL  OF  LINCOLN  (1612-1586). 
[See  CLINTON,  EDWARD  FIENNES  DE.] 

FIENNES  or  FIENES,  GREGORY,  tenth  BARON 
DACRE  OF  THE  SOUTH  (1539-1594),  son  of  Thomas  Fiennes, 
ninth  baron  Dacre  [q.  v.]  ;  restored  by  act  of  parliament  to 
his  father's  honours,  1558 ;  one  of  the  nobles  who  attended 
Lord  Lincoln  to  court  of  Charles  IX  to  ratify  confederacy 
of  Blois,  1C72.  [xviii.  428] 

FIENNES,  JAMES,  BARON  SAY  (or  SAYE)  AND  SELE 
(d.  1450)  ;  given  grants  in  France  for  service  under  Henry  V 
in  his  French  wars,  1418;  governor  of  Arques,  1419; 
sheriff  of  Kent,  1437,  of  Surrey  and  Sussex,  1439 ;  con- 
stable of  Dover  and  warden  of  the  Cinqne  ports  by  patent, 
1447-9  ;  M.P.,  1447  ;  created  baron,  1447 ;  lord  chamberlain 
and  privy  councillor ;  lord-treasurer,  1449 ;  sequestered 
for  his  consent  to  the  surrender  of  An  ion  and  Maine, 
1460 ;  generally  suspected  of  extortion  and  maladministra- 
tion ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  and  handed  over  by  the 
governor  to  Jack  Cade,  who  had  him  beheaded.  That  he 
caused  printing  to  be  used  (Shakespeare, '  Henry  VI,'  pt.  ii. 
Act  iv.,  sc.  7),  is  an  anachronism.  [xviii.  428] 


,  JOHN  (fl.  1657),  parliamentarian  :  son  of 
William  Fiennes,  first  viscount  Saye  and  Sele  [q.  v.] ; 
colonel  of  a  regiment  of  parliamentary^  horse,  1643 ; 
fought  at  Naseby,  1645  ;  summoned  by  Cromwell  to  the 
House  of  Lords,  1667.  [xviii.  430] 

FIENNES,  NATHANIEL  (1608  ?-1669),  parliamenta- 
rian :  son  of  William  Fiennes,  first  viscount  Say  and  Sele 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  : 
perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  1624 ;  travelled  to  Geneva  ; 
M.P.,  Banbury,  1640  ;  sat  in  the  Long  parliament ;  made  a 
famous  speech  against  episcopacy,  1641 ;  member  of  com- 
mittee appointed  for  consideration  of  church  affairs,  1641 ; 
member  of  committee  of  safety,  1642 ;  fought  at  Edgehill, 
1642;  arrested  Colonel  Essex,  the  disaffected  governor  of 
Bristol,  1643 ;  governor  of  Bristol,  1643 ;  sentenced  to 
death  for  'improperly  surrendering*  Bristol  to  Prince 
Rupert,  1643  ;  pardoned  ;  exonerated  by  Cromwell ;  mem- 
ber of  committee  of  safety,  1648 ;  excluded  from  the 
Commons  by  Pride's  Purge,  1648;  state  councillor,  1664; 
one  of  the  keepers  of  the  great  seal,  1655;  M. P.,  Oxford- 
shire, 1654,  Oxford  University,  1656 :  sat  in  Cromwell'? 
House  of  Lords,  1658;  endeavoured  to  argue  Cromwell 
into  accepting  the  crown  ;  author,  according  to  Wood,  of 
'  Monarchy  Asserted,'  1660.  [xviii.  430] 

FIENNES  or  FIENES,  THOMAS,  ninth  BARON 
DACRE  (1517-1641) ;  when  intent  on  a  poaching  frolic 
mortally  wounded,  by  accident,  a  man  whom  he  met ; 
indicted  for  murder  ;  executed.  [xviii.  432] 

FIENNES,  WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUNT  SAYE  AND 
SELE  (1582-1662) ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1600 ; 
succeeded  as  Baron  Saye  and  Sele,  1613  ;  advised  Bacon's 
degradation  from  the  peerage,  1621;  created  viscount, 
1624  ;  refused  to  pay  forced  loan,  1626  ;  probably  first  to 
discover  right  of  peers  to  protest ;  opposed  reservations 
and  amendments  to  Petition  of  Right  suggested  by  court 
party,  1628 ;  helped  to  establish  company  for  colonisation 
of  Providence  Island,  1630;  patentee  for  land  on  Con- 
necticut River,  1632;  purchased  plantation  in  Cocheco, 
New  Hampshire,  1633  ;  his  suggestion  that  an  hereditary 


432 


FINCH 


aristocracy  should  be  established  in  New  England  rejected 
by  Massachusetts  government ;  relinquished  intention  of 
settling  in  New  England ;  reluctantly  followed  the  king 

nd,  and  was  sent  away  on  refusing  milii 
1639 ;  saved  from  accusation  of  treason  by  the  impeach- 
ment of  Stratford.  1640 :  privy  councillor  and  commis- 
sioner of  the  treasury,  1641  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Oxfordshire, 
Cheshire,  and  Gloucestershire,  and  member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  safety,  1642  ;  sat  in  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ; 
turned  the  scale  in  favour  of  the  self-denying  ordinance 
on  two  occasions :  signed  engagement,  1647 ;  urged  the 
king,  from  selfish  motives,  to  make  peace  with  the 
parliament  at  Newport,  1648 ;  privy  councillor  and  lord 
privy  seal,  1660;  nicknamed  '  Old  Subtlety ';  wrote  two 
tracts  against  the  quakers.  [xviii.  433] 

FIFE,  EARLS  OP.    [See  DUFF,  JAMKS,  second  EAUL, 
1729-1809  :  DUFF,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL,  1776-1857.] 


FIFE,  THANE  or  EARL  OP  (/.  1056?) 
DUPF.] 


[See  MAC- 


FIFE,  SIR  JOHN  (1795-1871),  surgeon  ;  M.R.C.S. ; 
army  assistant-surgeon  at  Woolwich ;  helped  to  found 
Newcastle  School  of  Medicine,  1834  ;  Reform  BUI  agitator 
in  the  north,  1831 ;  mayor  of  Newcastle,  1838-9  and  1843  : 
knighted  (1840)  for  suppressing  chartist  outbreak,  1839  ; 
F.R.C.S.,  1844.  [xviii.  436] 

FIGG,  JAMES  (rf.  1734),  pugilist ;  taught  boxing  and 
swordsmanship  at  his  academy  in  Marylebone  Fields ; 
praised  as  a  swordsman  in  the  'Tatler'  and  'Guardian ' : 
contended  with  Sparks  in  a  broadsword  duel  at  the  Little 
Theatre  in  the  Haymarket  before  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
1731 ;  occasionally  exhibited  bear-baiting  and  tiger-bait- 
ing, [xviii.  437] 

FILBIE,  WILLIAM  (1565  ?-1582),  Roman  catholic 
priest:  educated  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  and  the 
Bullish  college,  Douay :  priest,  1581 ;  missioner  in  Eng- 
land; refused  to  save  his  life  by  conforming  to  the 
established  church  and  pleading  guilty  to  communication 
with  Edmund  Campion,  a  prisoner ;  executed. 

[xviii.  438] 

FHCOCK,  ROGER  (d.  1601),  Jesuit ;  grammarian  and 
bateler  of  the  English  College,  Douay ;  sent  to  colonise 
Philip  II's  new  university  at  Valladolid,  1590 ;  missioner 
in  England,  1598  :  Jesuit,  1600 ;  executed,  [xviii.  438] 

FILLAN,  FOILAN,  or  FELAK  (with  other  varieties 
of  form),  SAINT  (d.  777  ?),  Irish  missionary  in  Scotland ; 
son  of  Feredach,  a  prince  in  Muuster ;  Kilkoau  and  Kil- 
lellan,  two  churches  in  Argyllshire,  named  after  him : 
joint-founder  of  abbey  at  Glendochart,  Perthshire;  his 
crosier  and  bell  still  preserved  in  museum  of  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  Edinburgh.  One  of  his  arms, 
set  in  silver,  was  carried  by  Bruce  to  the  battle  of  Ban- 
uockburn.  [xviii.  438] 

FILLIAN,  JOHN  (fl.  1658-1680),  engraver  of  por- 
traits; pupil  of  William  Faithorne  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
mentioned  by  Evelyn  in  '  Sculpture,'  1662.  [xviii.  439] 

FILLS,  ROBERT  (/.  1562),  translator  from  the 
French  ;  published  '  The  Lawes  and  Statutes  of  Geneva,' 
1562 ;  translated,  among  other  works,' A  Briefeand  Piththie 
Summe  of  the  Christian  Faith,'  from  Theodore  Bexa,  1563. 

FILMEB,  EDWARD  (fl.  1707),  dramatistTfoundcVs 
km  fellow,  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1672  ;  B.A.,  1672 : 
D.C.L.,  1681 ;  his  tragedy  '  The  Unnatural  Brother ' 
coldly  received  on  the  stage,  1697;  defended  the  stage 
against  Jeremy  Collier  with  •  A  Defence  of  Plays,'  1707. 

FILMEB,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1653),  politta?"  writer : 
matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1604; 
knighted  by  Charles  I ;  imprisoned  in  Leeds  Castle,  Kent 
1644;  wrote,  among  other  works,  'Patrlarcha,  or  the 
.Natural  Power  of  Kings  asserted'  (published  1B80),  a 
manifesto  which  was  sharply  criticised  by  Locke. 

[xviii.  440] 

FDTAN,  SAINT  (d.  661).  bishop  of  Lindisfarne  ;  monk 
of  lona ;  bishop  of  Lindisfarne,  652 ;  rebuilt  church  of 
Lindisfarne;  baptised  Peada,  a  Mercian  prince,  and 
Sigebert,  king  of  the  East-Saxons ;  conpecrated  St.  Oedd 
[q.  v.]  bishop  of  the  East-Saxons ;  adhered  to  the  Celtic 
celebration  of  Easter.  [xviii.  441] 

FIHCH,  ANNE  (<*.  1679).  [See  CON  WAV,  AVNK, 
YJSCOUNTKSB.] 


FINCH,  ANNE,  COUNTESS  OP  WINCHILSEA  (d.  1720), 
poetess  ;  wife  of  Heneage  Finch,  fourth  earl,  son  of  Heneage 
Finch,  second  earl  [q.  v.] :  maid  of  honour  to  the  second 
wife  of  James,  duke  of  York,  and  friend  of  Pope  and 
Rowe,  who  complimented  her  in  verse  as  '  Ardelia '  and 
'Flavia.'  Her  poeih  on  -Spleen'  appeared  in  1701  In 
Gildon's '  Miscellany,'  and  her  '  Miscellany  Poems,  written 
by  a  Lady,'  in  1713.  [xix.  1] 

FINCH,    DANIEL,   second   EARL  OP  NOTTINGHAM 
and  sixth  of  WINCHILSEA  (1647-1730),  statesman  ;  eldest 
son  of  Heneage  Finch,  first  earl  of  Nottingham  [q.  v.]  ; 
,  privy  councillor,  1680 ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1681-4 ; 
1  after  the  flight  of  James  II  proposed  a  regency  and  op- 
posed the  motion  declaring  the  throne  vacant ;  obtained 
I  modification  of  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  and 
]  accepted    the    revolution  ;     secretary-at-war,    1688-93 ; 
carried  the  Toleration  Act ;  failed  to  get  his  Comprehen- 
j  sion  Bill  passed;  reluctantly  dismissed  by  William  III, 
!  1693  ;  remained  out  of  office  till  the  king's  death ;  again 
'  secretary  of  state,  1702-4;    resigned  when    the  whigs 
became  predominant ;  throughout  the  reign  of  Anne  was 
active  as  the  head  of  the  high  church  tories,  and  (1711) 
carried  an  act  forbidding  the  occasional  conformity  of 
dissenters;  opposed  preliminaries  of  peace  with  France, 
1711 ;  named  president  of  council  by  George  I  in   1714, 
I  but  dismissed  in  1716  for    advocating  leniency  to  the 
!  Jacobite  peers.  [xix.l] 

FINCH,  EDWARD  (/.  1630-1641),  royalist  divine; 
probably  younger  son  of  Sir  Henry  Finch  [q.  v.] ;  dis- 
possessed of  the  vicarage  of  Clirist  Church,  Newgate, 
by  the  parliamentary  committee,  1641;  published  'An 
i  Answer  to  the  Articles  exhibited  in  Parliament  against 
Edw.  Finch,'  1641.  [xix.  5] 

FINCH,  EDWARD  (1664-1738),  composer ;  fifth  son 

of  Heneage  Finch,  first  earl  of  Nottingham  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A., 

1679 ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  prebendary  of 

York,  1704,  Canterbury,  1710 ;  a  'TeDeum'  and  anthem 

i  by  him  found  in  Tud way's  manuscript  collection;    his 

i  manuscript  '  Grammar  of  Thorough  Bass '  preserved  in 

'  Euing  Library,  Glasgow.  [xix.  5] 

FINCH,  EDWARD  (1756-1843),  general :  served  with 
Ooldstream  guards  in  Flanders,  1793-5,  in  Ireland,  1798, 
i  and  the  Helder,  1799 ;  commanded  cavalry  under  Aber- 
|  cromby  in  Egypt,  1801,  and  brigade  of  guards  in  Copen- 
hagen expedition,  1809;    M.P.,    Cambridge    University, 
i  1789-1819  ;  named  groom  of  the  bedchamber,  1804. 

FINCH,  FRANCIS  OLIVER  (1802-1 86 2),"  water- 
colour  painter :  worked  five  years  under  John  Varley  and 
joined  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1822 ;  painted 
many  views  of  Scottish  and  English  landscapes;  and 
printed  '  An  Artist's  Dream,'  a  collection  of  sonnets. 

[xix.  6] 

FINCH,  SIR  HENEAGE  (d.  1631),  speaker  of  the 
;  House  of  Commons  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Finch  [q.  v.] ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1606 ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1607 ;  defended 
royal  prerogative  in  debate  on  impositions,  1610;  M.P., 
West  Looe,  1621 ;  knighted,  1623 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1623  ; 
recorder  of  London,  1620,  and  M.P.  for  the  city,  1623-6 ; 
speaker,  1626.  [xix.  7] 

FINCH,  HENEAGE,  first  EARL  OF  NOTTINGHAM 
(1621-1682),  lord  chancellor;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Heneage 
Finch  [q.  v.] ;  distinguished  at  the  Inner  Temple  for  his 
knowledge  of  municipal  law :  became  at  the  Restoration 
M.P.  for  Canterbury  and  solicitor-general ;  created  baronet, 
1660 ;  M.P.  for  Oxford  University,  1661 ;  appointed 
attorney-general,  1670;  lord  keeper  of  the  seals,  1673: 
Baron  Finch  and  lord  chancellor,  1674;  and  Earl  of 
Nottingham,  1681 ;  a  zealous  and  able  supporter  of  policy 
of  court,  but  independent  as  judge ;  the  A  mri  of  'Absalom 
and  Achitophel.'  [xix.  8] 

FINCH,  HENEAGE,  second  EARL  OP  WINCHILSEA 
(d.  1689),  provided  troops  for  the  king  in  the  great 
rebellion,  and  money  for  Charles  II  when  abroad ;  am- 
bassador at  Constantinople,  1661-9 ;  published  account  of 
his  embassy  (1661),  and  of  an  eruption  of  Mount  Etnn, 
1669.  [Xix.  ii] 

FINCH,  HENEAGE,  first  EARL  OP  AYLESFORU 
(1647?-!  71!»),  second  son  of  Heneage  Finch,  first  earl  of 
Nottingham  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  king's  counsel,  1677,  and  solicitor- 
general,  1679-86  ;  dismi&sed  by  James  II,  1686  ;  leading 


FINCH 


433 


FINGER 


counsel  for  the  seven  bishops,  16S8;  M.P.  for  Oxford 
University  in  several  parliament*;  created  Huron  Guern- 
sey and  privy  councillor,  1703 ;  created  Earl  of  Aylesford, 
1714.  [xix.  12] 

FINCH,  Sin  HKNIIY  (1558-1625),  serjeant-at-law  ; 
second  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Finch  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1585  ;  M.P., 
Canterbury,  1 5'J3  ;  recorder  of  Sandwich.  1613;  serjeant- 
at-law  and  knighted,  1616 ;  one  of  those  employed  upon 
the  attempted  codification  of  statute  laws  ;  consulted  by 
James  I  on  monopolies.  His  '  World's  Great  Restauration, 
or  Calling  of  the  Jews,'  1621,  was  suppressed  as  deroga- 
tory to  the  royal  power;  but  his  valuable  treatise  on 
common  law,  1613,  fol.,  in  legal  French,  was  frequently 
translated,  and  finally  edited  by  Danby  Pickering,  1789. 

[xix.  12] 

FINCH,  HENRY  (1633-1 704),  ejected  minister  ;  vicar 
of  Walton,  Lancashire,  1656:  actively  engaged  in  royalist 
rising  under  Sir  George  Booth;  ejected  for  noncon- 
formity, 1662;  presbyterian  minister  of  Birch  Hall, 
Lancashire,  1672-97:  aided  Calamy,  historian  of  the 
silenced  ministers,  with  corrections.  [xix.  13] 

FINCH,  Sin  JOHN,  BARON  FINCH  OP  FORDWICH 
(1584-1660),  speaker  and  lord  keeper;  sou  of  Sir  Henry 
Finch  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1611 :  M.P.,  Canter- 
bury, 1614,  and  recorder,  1617;  king's  counsel,  1626; 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1628 ;  held  down  in 
the  chair  in  the  following  session  to  prevent  his  adjourn- 
ing the  house;  employed  by  the  court  in  Star-chamber 
and  high  commission  cases  against  Prynne  and  others : 
serjeant-at-law,  1634;  appointed  chief- justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  1635:  mainly  responsible  for  the  ship- 
money  judgment,  1637;  named  lord  keeper  by  in- 
fluence of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  January,  and  created 
baron,  April  1640;  impeached  in  the  Long  parliament, 
October  1640:  fled  to  Holland,  December  1640,  but  re- 
turned at  the  Restoration.  [xix.  14] 

FINCH,  Sm  JOHN  (1626-1682),  physician ;  younger 
son  of  Sir  Heneage  Finch  (d.  1631)  [q.  v.];  after 
graduating  B.A.  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1647,  and 


M.\.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1649,  went  to  Padna, 
where  be  became  English  consul  and  syndic  of  the  uni- 
versity; afterwards  professor  at  Pisa;  knighted  by 
Charles  II,  1661;  admitted  to  council  of  Royal  Society, 
1663;  minister  to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  1665 ;  am- 
bassador at  Constantinople,  1672-82;  died  soon  after  his 
return  to  England;  buried  at  Christ's  College,  0  ambridge, 
n«ar  his  lifelong  companion,  Sir  Thomas  Baines  [q.  v.] 

[xix.  18] 

FINCH,  PETER  (1661-1754),  presbyterian  minister; 
son  of  Henry  Finch  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1680; 
minister  at  Norwich,  1691-1754.  [xix.  14] 

FINCH,  ROBERT  (1783-1830),  antiquary;  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1809;  ordained  in  1807:  lived  chiefly  abroad;  died  at 
Rome ;  his  literary  and  flue  art  collections  preserved  in 
the  Ashmoleau  Museum,  Oxford.  [xix.  18] 

FINCH,  ROBERT  POOLE  (1724-1803),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1747:  D.D.,  1772;  rector  of  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill, 
1771;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1781;  an  eminent 
preacher  ;  published  treatise  on  oaths  and  perjury,  1788. 

[xix.  19] 

FINCH,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1563),  military  commander  ; 
knighted  for  assisting  in  suppression  of  Wyatt's  rising, 
1553  ;  drowned  off  Havre  when  about  to  act  as  knitrlit- 
marshal  to  the  English  force  engaged  there:  his  body 
buried  at  Eastwell,  Kent,  where  he  had  acquired  the  Moyle 
property  by  his  marriage.  [xix.  19] 

FINCH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1613),  merchant ;  agent  to  an 
expedition  which  obtained  from  the  Great  Mogul  trading 
privileges  for  the  East  India  Company  at  Surat  in  1610  ; 
died  at  Babylon  from  drinking  poisoned  water,  [xix.  20] 

FINCH,  WILLIAM  (1747-1810),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  :  in- 
cumbent of  Tackley,  Oxfordshire;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1775; 
published  'The  Objections  of  Infidel  Historians  and  other 
Writers  against  Christianity '  (his  Bampton  lecture). 

[xix.  20] 

FINCH-HATTON,  EDWARD  (d.  1771),  diplomatist ; 
fifth  son  of  Daniel  Finch,  second  earl  of  Nottingham  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1718  ;  M.P.,  Cambridge 


University,  1727-64;  instituted  prize  for  Latin  away: 
ambassador  in  Sweden,  Holland,  I'ohmd,  ;md  Russia 
(1739);  assumed  name  of  Hatton,  1764,  under  will  of 
aunt,  daughter  of  Viscount  Hatton.  [xix.  20] 

FINCH-HATTON,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL 
OF  WiNCHiLSKA  and  fifth  EARI,  ov  NOTTINGHAM  (1791- 
1858),  politician  :  succeeded  his  cousin,  George  Finch, 
fifth  earl  of  Nottingham  and  ninth  of  Wincliih-ea,  in 
1826 ;  a  violent  opponent  of  catholic  relief ;  fought  a 
duel  with  Wellington,  1829 ;  a  frequent  speaker  in  the 
House  of  Lords  against  liberal  measures.  [xix.  20] 

FINDEN,  EDWARD  FRANCIS  (1791-1887),  en- 
graver ;  youngest  brother  of  William  Finden  [q.  v.] ; 
engraved  separately  'The  Harvest  Waggon,'  after  Gains- 
borough, and  a  few  other  pictures.  [xix.  21] 

FINDEN,  WILLIAM  (1787-1862),  engraver:  ap- 
prenticed to  James  Mitan  ;  established,  with  his  brother, 
school  of  engraving;  engraved  with  him  the  Elgin 
Marbles  for  British  Museum,  Murray's  'Arctic  Voyage*,' 
Lodge's  'Portraits,'  1821-34,  illustrations  to  Moore's 
'  Byron,'  1833,  and  'The  Royal  Gallery  of  British  Art ' ; 
engraved  also  Lawrence's  '  George  IV '  and  pictures  by 
Wilkie  and  Landseer.  [xix.  21] 

FINDLATER,  EARLS  OF.  [See  OGILVY,  JAM**, 
fourth  EARL,  1664-1730;  OGILVY,  JAMKS,  sixth  EARL, 
1714V-1770.] 

FINDLATER,  ANDREW  (1810-1885),  compiler; 
graduated  at  Aberdeen,  1810 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1864 ; 
edited  Obambers's  'Encyclopaedia'  and  (1867)  'Informa- 
tion for  the  People ' ;  wrote  educational  manuals. 

[xix.  22] 

FINDLATER,  CHARLES  (1754-1838),  agricultural 
writer ;  graduated  at  Edinburgh,  1770 :  minister  of  New- 
lands,  1790-1835  ;  published  'General  View  of  the  Agricul- 
ture of  the  County  of  Peebles,'  1802,  and  contributed  to 
Sinclair's  '  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland.'  [xix.  22] 

FINDLAY,  ALEXANDER  GEORGE  (1812-1875), 
geographer  and  hydrographer ;  F.R.G.S.,  1844  :  compiled 
atlases  of  '  Ancient  and  Comparative  Geography,' '  Coasts 
and  Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,'  six  nautical  directories 
with  charts;  published  'Lighthouses  and  Coast  Fog 
Signals  of  the  World ' ;  aided  Franklin  expedition  of  1875, 
and  African  exploration.  [xix.  23] 

FINDLAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1829-1893),  railway 
manager;  assistant  engineer  on  Birkenhead  railway, 
1849  ;  superintended  construction  of  line  between  Here- 
ford and  Ludlow,  and  on  its  completion,  1852,  became- 
manager  under  Thomas  Brassey  [q.  v.]  ;  district  manager 
for  North- Western  railway  in  Shropshire  and  South  Wales. 
1862  ;  general  goods  manager  at  Huston,  1864;  general 
traffic  manager,  1874 ;  general  manager,  1880 ;  A.I.C.E., 
1874  ;  knighted,  1892;  published  'Working  and  Manage- 
ment of  an  English  Railway,'  1*89.  [Suppl.  ii.  209] 

FINDLAY,  JOHN  RITCHIE  (1824-1898),  newspaper 
proprietor :  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  entered, 
1842,  office  of  'Scotsman,'  which  he  subsequently  as,«isted 
in  editing :  partner  in  firm,  1868,  and  principal  pro- 
prietor, 1870  ;  spent  large  sums  on  public  objects,  and 
presented  to  the  nation  the  Scottish  National  Portrait 
Gallery,  Edinburgh  (opened  1889):  received  freedom  of 
Edinburgh,  1H90  ;  published  'Personal  Recollections  of 
De  Quincey,'  18«6.  [Suppl.  ii.  211] 

FINDLAY.  ROBERT  (1721-1814),  Scots  divine:  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  Glasgow  University,  1782;  D.D. : 
carried  on  a  controversy  with  Kennicott,  1761,  and  pub- 
lished a  work  combatingVoltaire's  views  on  the  credibility 
of  Christian  and  Jewish  writers,  1770.  [xix.  24] 

FINET  or  FINETT,  SIR  JOHN  (1571-1641),  master 
of  the  ceremonies.  His  works  include  a  book  on  the 
etiquette  of  embassies,  published  1656.  [xix.  24] 

FINETTX,  SIR  JOHN  (1441  7-1527).    [See  FYNEUX.] 
FINGALL,  second  EARL  OP  (d.  1649).    [See  PLUXKKT, 
CHRISTOPHER.] 

FINGER,  GODFREY  or  GOTTFRIED  (*.  16W- 
1717),  composer:  born  at  Olmlitz ;  came  to  England,  c. 
1685  ;  published  sonatas,  and  music  for  Congreve,  Lee,  and 
other  dramatists,  1695-1701  ;  became  chamber-musician 
to  the  queen  of  Prussia,  1702,  and  chapel-master  at 
Gotha,  1717.  [xix.  26] 

F  F 


FINGLAS 


434 


FISH 


FINGLAS,  PATRICK  (.ft.  1585),  Irish  judge:  chief- 
iu.-tioe  of  kiiiL'V  bench  in  hvlund.  1534-5;  bis  '  Breviat  of 
the  getting  of  Ireland,  and  of  the  Decaie  of  the  same'  in- 
cluded in  Harris's  '  Hiberuica,'  1770.  [xix.  27] 

FINGLOW,  JOHN  (d.  1586),  Roman  catholic  divine  : 
ordained  priest  at  Douay,  1681  ;  missioner  in  England ; 
executed  at  York  for  high  treason.  [xix.  27] 

FININGHAM,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1460),  Franciscan,  of 
Norwich ;  author  of  several  works  in  defence  of  his 
order.  [xix.  27] 

FINLAISON,  JOHN  (1783-1860),  statistician  and 
government  actuary ;  introduced  important  reforms  in 
victualling  department  of  admiralty,  and  plan  (1809)  for 
indexing  records,  which  was  adopted  also  on  the  continent : 
compiled  first  official  '  navy  list,'  1814 ;  initiated  fund  for 
orphans  and  children  of  civil  employes  in  admiralty, 
1819 ;  in  the  treasury,  1822-51 ;  published  '  Life  An- 
nuities,' 1829,  showing  difference  between  male  and 
female  lives ;  first  president  of  the  Institution  of  Actuaries, 
1847-60.  [xix.  27] 

FINLASON,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  (1818-1895),  legal 
writer ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1851 ;  parlia- 
mentary and  legal  reporter  for  '  Times ' ;  master  of  bench 
of  Middle  Temple ;  published  legal  works. 

[SuppL  ii.  212] 

FINLAY,  FRANCIS  DALZELL  (1793-1857),  Irish 
journalist :  began  life  as  a  printer's  apprentice ;  founded 
in  1824  the '  Northern  Whig ' ;  twice  imprisoned  for  libel ; 
supported  liberal  measures,  but  opposed  repeal  and  Young 
Irelandism.  [xix.  29] 

FINLAY,  GEORGE  (1799-1875),  historian ;  studied 
law  at  Glasgow  and  Gbttingen  ;  went  to  Greece,  1823,  and 
saw  much  of  Byron  ;  took  part  in  the  war  of  independence, 
at  the  close  of  which  he  bought  an  estate  in  Attica ;  died 
at  Athens.  His  '  History  of  Greece,'  covering  a  period  of 
two  thousand  years,  appeared  in  sections  between  1844 
and  1861,  and  was  published  collectively  in  1877. 

[xix.  30] 

FINLAY,  JOHN  (1782-1810),  Scottish  poet ;  educated 
at  Glasgow  University,  where  he  became  a  friend  of 
'Christopher  North' ;  published  '  Wallace .  . .  and  other 
Poems,'  1802,  a  collection  of  Scottish  ballads,  1808,  and 
other  works.  [xix.  31] 

FINLAY,  KIRKMAN  (d.  1828),  philhellene ;  brother 
of  George  Finlay  [q.  v.]  ;  spent  his  fortune  and  his  life 
after  twenty  years'  fighting  for  the  Greeks ;  killed  before 
Scio.  [xix.  32] 

FINLAY,  KIRKMAN  (1773-1842),  lord  provost  of 
Glasgow ;  uncle  of  Kirkman  Finlay  (d.  1828)  [q.  T.]  ; 
M.P.,  Glasgow,  1812-18;  rector  of  the  university,  1819; 
an  advanced  economist  and  founder  of  Glasgow  commerce. 

[xix.  32] 

FINLAYSON,  GEORGE  (1790-1823),  traveller;  as 
naturalist  accompanied  the  expedition  of  1821  to  Siam 
and  Cochin  China ;  his  journal  edited  by  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles,  1826.  [xix.  32] 

FINLAYSON,  JAMES  (1758-1808),  divine;  professor 
of  logic  in  Edinburgh  University,  1787-1808.  when  he 
nominated  his  successor;  incumbentof  Grey  Friars,  1793-9; 
moderator  of  general  assembly,  1802;  wrote  life  of  Hugh 
Blair  (published  posthumously),  and  other  works. 

[xix.  32] 

FINLAYSON  or  FINLEYSON,  JOHN  (1770-1854), 
disciple  of  Richard  Brothers  [q.  v.] ;  published  pseudo- 
scientific  pamphlets.  [xix.  33] 

FINLAYSON,  THOMAS  (1809-1872),  U.P.  minister  ; 
incumbent  of  Rose  Street  Church,  Edinburgh,  1847-72 ; 
moderator  of  supreme  court  and  D.D.  of  Edinburgh, 
1867  ;  promoter  of  the  manse  fund.  [xix.  34] 

FINN  BAKE,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (d.  623),  in  popular 
usage  Barra  or  Bairre;  baptised  by  Bishop  MacCorb : 
founded  a  school  at  Lough  Eirce,  where  many  famous 
paints  were  educated,  and  churches  at  Achaidh  Durbchon 
(«>urce  of  the  Lee),  and  Cluain  (Queen's  County) ;  finally 
settled  at  Cork  (Corcacb  Mor),  of  which  he  became 
bishop ;  said  to  have  visited  Rome  and  Britain. 

[xix.  35] 

FINNCHTJ,  SAIXT  ( ft.  7th  cent.),  baptised  by  Ailbe 
of  Imlarb  Ibair  (Emly) ;  abbot  of  Bangor  (co.  Down)  till 


608 ;  helped  the  king  of  Mcatli  to  repel  British  pirates, 
and  assisted  the  kings  of  Leinster  and  Munster  in  their 
wars  ;  his  day,  12  Nov.  [xix.  37] 

FINNERTY.  PETER  (1766?-1822),  journalist:  pun- 
ished for  political  libel  in  his  paper,  the  Dublin  'Pn-~; 
1797,  though  defended  by  Curran ;  imprisoned  for  libel  on 
Castlereagh  in  '  Morning  Chronicle,'  1811.  [xix.  38] 

FINNEY,  SAMUEL  (1719-1798),  miniature-painter 
to  Queen  Charlotte ;  his  manuscript  history  of  his  family 
printed  in  '  Cheshire  and  Lancashire  Historical  Collector,' 
vol.  i.  [xix.  39] 

FINNIAN,  SAINT  (d.  550),  'tutor  of  the  saints  of 
Ireland,'  and  chief  of  the  second  order  of  Irish  saints ; 
baptised  by  Saint  Abban ;  stayed  thirty  years  at  St. 
David's  (Cell  Muine)  in  Wales,  where  he  negotiated  with 
the  Saxon  invaders;  afterwards  lived  sixteen  years  at 
Aghowle  (Achad  Aball),  Wicklow ;  founded  many 
churches ;  established,  c.  530,  his  great  school  at  Clonard 
(Cluainiraird),  Meath ;  his  day,  12  Dec.  [xix.  39] 

FINTAN,  SAINT  (d,  595),  'chief  head- of  the  monks 
of  Ireland ' :  founded,  c.  548,  a  monastery  at  Clonenagh 
(Cluaiu-ednech),  Queen's  County,  with  a  very  rigorous 
rule ;  his  day,  17  Feb.  Comgall  [q.  v.]  said  to  have  been 
his  most  famous  pupil.  [xix.  41] 

FINTAN  or  MUNNTT,  SAINT  (rf.  634),  founder  of  a 
monastery  at  Taghmon  (Tech  Munnu),  co.  Wexford  ;  a 
leper  for  twenty-three  years ;  opposed  change  in  the  rule 
of  Easter  at  council  of  Magh  Ailbe  or  Whitefield ;  said  to 
be  buried  at  Kilmun  in  Co  wall,  Scotland  ;  his  day,  21  Oct. 

[xix.  42] 

FIRBANK,  JOSEPH  ( 1819-1886),  rail  way  contractor ; 
son  of  a  Durham  miner;  constructed  forty-nine  lines, 
1846-86  ;  built  Midland  goods  depot,  St.  Pancras;  em- 
ployed thirty  years  in  South  Wales.  [xix.  43] 

FIREBRACE,  HENRY  (1619-1691),  royalist ;  as  page 
of  the  bedchamber  and  clerk  of  the  kitchen  attended 
Charles  I  throughout  the  rebellion,  1648;  devised  two 
plans  for  his  escape  from  Carisbrooke  Castle ;  reinstated 
after  the  Restoration.  [xix.  44] 

FIRMER,  GILES  (1614-1697),  ejected  minister  ;  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge:  went  to  New 
England,  1632,  and  was  ordained  deacon  of  the  first  church 
at  Boston :  received  grant  of  land  at  Ipswich,  Massachu- 
setts, 1638 :  shipwrecked  off  coast  of  Spain  on  return  to 
England,  c.  1647  ;  vicar  of  Shalford,  Essex,  1648,  till 
ejection,  1662 ;  his  house  at  Ridgewell  licensed  for  presby- 
terian  worship,  1672 ;  practised  medicine  both  in  America 
and  England ;  published  theological  pamphlets. 

[xix. 45] 

FIRMIN,  THOMAS  (1632-1697),  philanthropist; 
girdler  and  mercer  in  Lombard  Street ;  friend  of  Tillotson, 
John  Biddle  [q.  v.],  and  other  divines  ;  a  governor  of 
Christ's  Hospital,  1673,  and  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
1693;  established  dep6t  where  corn  and  coal  were  sold 
to  the  poor  at  cost  price  ;  started  hi  1676  a  workhouse  in 
Little  Britain  for  employment  of  poor  in  linen  manufac- 
ture, carrying  it  on  at  a  loss  till  his  death  ;  also  interested 
himself  in  debtors'  prisons  and  French  refugees ;  a  walk 
named  after  him  in  Marden  Park,  Surrey.  [xix.  46] 

FIRTH,  MARK  (1819-1880),  founder  of  Firth  College, 
Sheffield ;  carried  on  large  steel  works  at  Sheffield,  Bir- 
mingham, and  Whittington,  by  which  British  government 
was  supplied  ;  erected  and  endowed  Raumoor  almshouses, 
1869  ;  gave  public  park  to  Sheffield,  opened,  1876 ;  founded 
Firth  College,  1879.  [xir.  49] 

FISCHER,  JOHANN  CHRISTIAN  (1733-1800), 
oboist  and  composer ;  after  having  been  in  the  Dresden 
court  band  and  that  of  Frederick  the  Great,  settled  in 
London.  1768:  became  musician  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1780  : 
married  younger  daughter  of  Gainsborough,  who  painted 
his  portrait:  published  concertos  and  other  works  at 
Berlin  and  London.  [xix.  50] 

FISCHER,  JOHN  GEORGE  PAUL  (1786-1875), 
painter ;  came  to  England  from  Hanover  in  1810 ;  painted 
miniatures  for  the  court  and  nobility,  including  two  of 
Queen  Victoria  (1819  and  1820)  as  an  infant ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1817-52.  [xix.  61] 

FISH.  SIMON  (d.  1531),  theologian  and  pamphleteer  : 
entered  Gray's  Inn,  c.  1525 ;  having  incurred  the  dis- 
pleasure of  Wolsey  fled  to  Holland  ;  wrote  there  against 


FISH 


435 


FISHER 


the  clergy  his  •  Supplication  of  the  Beggars,'  circulated  in 
London,  1529,  and  answered  by  Sir  Thomas  More[q.  v.] 
It  was  printed  in  Foxe,  1546,  and  is  one  of  'The  Four 
Supplications,'  edited  by  Dr.  Furuivall,  1871.  [xix.  51] 

FISH,  WILLIAM  (1775-1866),  musician  :  organist  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Norwich :  published  a  sonata,  some  ballads, 
an  oboe  concerto,  and  pianoforte  and  harp  music. 

[xix.  53] 

FISHACRE,  FISSAKRE,  FISHAKLE,  orFIZACEE, 
RICHARD  DK  (d.  1248),  Dominican  divine ;  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  Peter  Lombard's '  Sentences,'  the  manuscripts 
of  which  are  at  Oriel  and  Balliol  Colleges,  Oxford. 

[xix.  63] 

FISHER,  CATHBRINB  MARIA,  known  as  •  KITTY 
FISHKR'  (d.  1767),  courtesan;  afterwards  wife  of  John 
Norris  of  Benenden:  described  under  name  of  Kitty 
Willis  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  '  Belle's  Stratagem ' ;  several 
times  painted  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  [xix.  53] 

FISHER,  DANIEL  (1731-1807),  dissenting  minister  ; 
tutor  at  Homerton  College  from  1771.  [xix.  54] 


L,  DAVID,  the  elder  (17887-1858),  actor  and 
musician;  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  in  1817  in  Shake- 
spearean roles;  built  several  theatres  in  the  eastern 
counties,  and  for  some  time  led  the  Norwich  choral  con- 
certs, [xix.  54] 

FISHER,  DAVID,  the  younger  (1816  7-1887),  actor  ; 
son  of  David  Fisher  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  played  at  the 
Princess's  under  Charles  Kean,  1853-4 ;  the  original  Abbe 
Latour  in  the  '  Dead  Heart '  at  the  Adelphi,  1859 ;  final 
appearance  in  London,  1884,  at  the  Lyceum,  as  Sir  Toby 
Belch.  [xix.  54] 

FISHER,  EDWARD  (ft.  1627-1655),  theological 
writer ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1630 ;  author  of 
an ti- puritan  tracts  ;  identified  by  some  with  E.  P.,  author 
of  the  '  Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity,'  1645.  [xix.  55] 

FISHER,  EDWARD  (1730-17857),  mezzotint  en- 
graver ;  engraved  over  sixty  plates  of  portraits,  including 
several  after  Reynolds,  and  published  ten  after  his  own 
designs,  1776.  [xix.  56] 

FISHER,  GEORGE  (1794-1873),  astronomer;  M.A. 
St.  Catharine's  College,  Cambridge,  1821,  having  previously 
acted  as  astronomer  to  the  Polar  expedition  of  1818 ; 
chaplain  and  astronomer  to  Parry's  north-west  passage 
expedition,  1821-3:  F.R.S.,  1825;  several  times  vice- 
president  of  Astronomical  Society ;  carried  on  magnetical 
experiments  in  Mediterranean,  1827-32 ;  heatl-master  of 
Greenwich  Hospital  school,  1834-60,  and  principal,  1860-3 ; 
erected  observatory  for  the  school ;  propounded  theory  of 
the  nature  and  origin  of  the  aurora  borealis,  1834 ;  pub- 
lished scientific  papers.  [xix.  56] 

FISHER,  JAMES  (1697-1775),  a  founder  of  the 
Scottish  secession  church ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University ; 
ordained  minister  of  Kinclaven,  Perthshire,  1725 ;  joined 
his  father-in-law,  Ebenezer  Erskine  [q.  v.],  in  forming 
the  associate  presbytery  and  in  compiling  Fisher's 
'Catechism,'  1753-60;  made  professor  of  divinity  by 
associate  burgher  synod,  1749;  brought  out  Fisher's 
'  Catechism '  in  parts,  1753  and  1760.  [xix.  57] 

FISHER,  JASPER  (fl.  1639),  divine  and  dramatist ; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1614 :  D.D.,  1639 ;  divinity 
reader  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  :  appointed  rector  of 
Wilsden,  Bedfordshire,  e.  1631 ;  published  a  play, '  Fuimus 
Trees,  the  True  Trojans,'  1633.  [xix.  68] 

FISHER,  JOHN  (1459-1535),  bishop  of  Rochester ; 
educated  at  Michaelhouse,  Cambridge, of  which  he  became 
master  in  1497  ;  M.A.,  1491 ;  senior  proctor,  1494 ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1501;  first  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1503;  chancellor  of  the  university  and  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1504 ;  president  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1505-8 ;  took  chief  part  in  the  foundation  of  Christ's, 
1505,  and  St.  John's  colleges,  1511,  acting  for  his  patroness, 
Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond ;  opposed  in  convocation 
Wolsey's  subsidy,  1523 ;  brought  Erasmus  to  Cambridge  ; 
wrote  three  treatises  against  Luther,  1623-6;  opposed 
church  reform,  1529 ;  fined  for  denying  the  validity  of  the 
divorce  of  Queen  Catherine,  1534 ;  committed  to  the 
Tower  for  refusing  to  swear  to  the  Act  of  Succession ; 
deprived,  attainted,  and  beheaded,  1535,  for  refusing  to 
acknowledge  the  king  as  supreme  head  of  the  church.  His 
Latin  theological  works  were  issued  in  1597  ;  vol.  i.  of  his 
collected  English  works  appeared  in  1876.  [xix.  58] 


FISHER,  JOHN  (1569-1641),  Jesuit  (real  name  PKRCY); 
educated  at  the  English  colleges  at  Rbeims  and  Rome ; 
admitted  into  society  by  Aquaviva :  imprisoned  in  Bride- 
well on  arrival  in  London,  but  escaped,  1695 ;  sent  by 
Garnet  to  the  north ;  afterwards  with  Gerard  in  North- 
amptonshire and  chaplain  to  Sir  Everard  Digby  [q.  v.] ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Gatehouse,  1610,  and  then  banished; 
after  some  time  in  Belgium  returned  and  again  imprisoned ; 
disputed  with  James  I  and  Laud ;  pardoned  on  conclusion 
of  Spanish  marriage,  but  again  imprisoned,  1634-5 ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xix.  63] 

FISHER,  JOHN  (1748-1826),  bishop  of  Salisbury; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Peterhouse ;  M.A.,  1773 ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1773 ;  D.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1789 ;  tutor  to  the  duke  of  Kent,  1780-6,  of  the 
Princess  Charlotte,  1805  ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1803 ;  trans- 
lated to  Salisbury,  1807 ;  published  sermons,  [xix.  64] 

FISHER,  JOHN  ABRAHAM  (1744-1806),  violinist: 
received  musical  degrees  at  Oxford,  1777 ;  played  at  court 
and  on  the  continent:  expelled  from  Austria  for  ill- 
treatment  of  his  second  wife,  Anna  Storace  [q.  v.]  ;  retired 
to  Ireland ;  composed  violin  pieces,  six  symphonies,  songs, 
an  anthem,  and  dramatic  music.  [xix.  66] 


,  SIR  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1788-1876),  surgeon  ; 
M.R.C.S.,  1809;  F.R.O.S.,  1836;  M.D.  Erlangen,  1841; 
surgeon-in-chief  to  metropolitan  police,  1829-65 ;  knighted, 
1858.  [xix.  67] 

FISHER,  JONATHAN  (d.  1812),  landscape-painter ; 
studied  art  while  a  draper  in  Dublin;  painted  Irish 
scenes  ;  employed  in  stamp  office,  Dublin.  [xix.  67] 

FISHER,  JOSEPH  (d.  1706),  archdeacon  of  Carlisle; 
fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  M JL,  1682 ;  arch- 
deacon, 1702.  [xix.  67] 

FISHER,  MARYO/I.  1652-1697),  Yorkshire  quakeress 
(afterwards  Bayley  and  Cross);  imprisoned  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  1655 ;  attempted  to  convert  sultan 
Mahomet  IV,  at  Adrianople,  1660 ;  was  living  in  South 
Carolina,  1697.  [xix.  68] 


,,  PAYNE  (1616-1693),  poet ;  of  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  and  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  served  in 
royalist  army  in  Ireland,  becoming  captain  ;  deserted  at 
Marston  Moor  (1644)  ;  afterwards  wrote  Latin  poems 
celebrating  the  exploits  of  Cromwell  and  his  generals,  and 
after  the  Restoration  two  English  prose  works  on  the 
tombs  in  London  churches,  1668  and  1684.  [xix.  68] 

FISHER,  SAMUEL  (1605-1665),  quaker  •  educated 
at  Trinity  College  and  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1630 ;  lecturer  at  Lydd  till  he  joined  the  baptists,  after 
which  he  went  about  '  disputing  '  on  baptism  ;  became  a 
quaker,  1664 ;  with  John  Stubbs  went  to  Rome  and 
addressed  the  cardinals  ;  several  times  imprisoned  after 
his  return  ;  died  of  the  plague ;  published  tracts  long  in 
use  among  quakers.  [xix.  70] 

FISHER,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1692),  puritan  ;  M.A.  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford,  1640 ;  ejected  at  the  Restoration  from 
Tborntou-in-the-Moors  rectory,  Cheshire.  [xix.  72] 

FISHER,  otherwise  HAWKINS,  THOMAS  (d.  1677), 
a  protigi  of  John  Dudley,  duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ; 
afterwards  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Somerset ;  obtained 
grant  of  estate  of  St.  Sepulchre's  Priory,  Warwick ;  M.P. 
for  Warwick,  1554-8;  wrongly  identified  with  John 
Fisher  (compiler  of  « Black  Book  of  Warwick '). 

[xix.  73] 

FISHER,  THOMAS  (1781  7-1836),  antiquary;  forty- 
six  years  in  the  India  House ;  F.S.A.,  1836 ;  published 
'  Collections,  Historical,  Genealogical,  and  Topographical, 
for  Bedfordshire,'  1812-16,  also  lithographic  plates  of, 
eastern  and  other  inscribed  monument*.  [xix.  73] 

FISHER,  WILLIAM  (1780-1852),  rear-admiral; 
served  against  Villeneuve,  1805;  surveyed  the  Mozam- 
bique in  the  Racehorse,  1809-10 ;  captured  slavers  and 
pirates  off  Guinea  coast,  1816-17 ;  senior  officer  of  the 
Alexandria  detached  squadron,  1840.  [xix.  76] 

FISHER,  WILLIAM  WEBSTER  (17987-1874), 
Downing  professor  of  medicine  at  Cambridge,  1841-74  ; 
fellow  of  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  1834-41;  MJX, 
Montpellier,  1825,  Cambridge,  1841.  [xix.  76] 

FF2 


FISK 


436 


FITZAT.AN 


FISK,  WILLIAM  (1796-1872),  painter ;  exhibited  at 
the  Academy,  the  British  Institution,  and  Suffolk  Street 
Gallery :  his  historical  pictures  chiefly  remarkable  for 
their  fidelity.  [xix.  76] 

FISK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1827-1884),  painter  and 
drawing-master ;  son  of  William  Fisk  [q.  y.]  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  in  London  and  Paris ;  anatomical  draughts- 
man to  College  of  Surgeons ;  very  successful  as  art 
teacher  at  University  College  School,  London,  and  lec- 
turer, [xix.  76] 

FISKEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1883),  presbyterian  minister 
of  the  secession  church  ;  with  his  brother  Thomas  in- 
vented the  steam  plough,  the  steam  tackle  (patented 
1885),  and  other  machines.  [xix.  76] 

FITCH,  RALPH  (fl.  1583-1606),  traveller  in  India ; 
one  of  the  first  Englishmen  who  made  the  overland  route 
to  India;  left  London  with  other  Levant  merchants, 
1583,  and  travelled  down  the  Euphrates  valley  by  caravan 
and  boat :  imprisoned  by  Portuguese  at  Ormuz  and  Goa, 
1583 ;  escaped  across  Deccan  and  visited  court  of  the 
Great  Mogul  (Akbar)  ;  thence  sailed  down  the  Jumna  and 
the  Gauges  ;  first  Englishman  to  visit  Burmah  and  Siam, 
1586-7;  returned  by  the  Malabar  coast  and  Euphrates 
valley,  reaching  London,  1591 ;  his  narrative  in  Hakluyt. 

[xix.  77] 

FITCH,  THOMAS  (d.  1517).    [See  FICH.] 
FITCH,   WILLIAM    (1563-1611).      [See   CAXFIELD, 
BENEDICT.] 

FITCH,  WILLIAM  STEVENSON  (1793-1859),  anti- 
quary ;  postmaster  of  Ipswich ;  made  collections  for  a 
history  of  Suffolk.  [xix.  79] 

FITCHETT,  JOHN  (1776-1838),  poet ;  a  Warrington 
attorney :  left,  besides  *  Minor  Poems '  (printed  1836),  an 
unfinished  romantic  epic,  'King  Alfred,'  completed  by 
Robert  Roscoe,  and  published,  1841-2.  [xix.  79] 

FITTLER,  JAMES  (1758-1835),  engraver;  A.R.A., 
1800  ;  marine  engraver  to  George  III.  His  works  include 
'Titian's  Schoolmaster*  (Moroni),  Velasquez's  '  Inno- 
cent X,:  and  the  plates  for  Forster's  '  British  Gallery.' 

[xix.  79] 

FITTON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1698),  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1662;  lost  Gaws- 
worth  estates  by  litigation  with  Lord  Gerard  of  Brandon  ; 
made  chancellor  by  James  II,  1687,  after  whose  abdication 
he  was  attainted  and  fled  to  France ;  died  at  St.  Germains. 

[xix.  80] 

FITTON,  SIB  EDWARD,  the  elder  (1527-1679),  lord 
president  of  Connaught,  1569-72 ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ire- 
land, 1573  ;  imprisoned  Clanricarde,  1572,  and  carried  on 
war  with  the  Burkes ;  escorted  Kildare  and  his  sons  to 
England,  1575.  [xix.  81] 

FITTON,  SIR  ED  WARD,  the  younger  (1548  ?-1606), 
son  ot  Sir  Edward  Fitton  [q.  v.] ;  grantee  of  part  of  the 
Desmond  estates.  [xix.  82] 

FITTON,  MARY  (fl.  1600),  maid  of  honour  to  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Fitton  the  younger 
[q.  v.] ;  most  doubtfully  identified  with  the  •  dark  lady  '  of 
Shakespeare's  sonnets ;  mistress  of  William  Herbert,  third 
earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.] ;  married  Captain  W.  Polwhele, 
1607,  and  Captain  Lougher.  [xix.  82] 

FITTON,  MICHAEL  (1766-1852),  naval  lieutenant; 
midshipman  at  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782  ;  as  commander 
of  Abergavenny  tender  performed  many  daring  exploite  ; 
promoted  after  attack  on  Curacao,  1804  ;  captured  forty 
French  privateers,  including  the  Superbe,  1806  ;  admitted 
into  Greenwich  Hospital,  1835.  [xix.  83] 

FITTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1780-1861),  geologist ; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1799;  studied  geology  under  Jameson  at 
Edinburgh ;  afterwards  practised  as  physician  at  North- 
ampton ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1816 ;  after  marriage  removed 
to  London  and  devoted  himself  to  geology  :  several  years 
secretary  of  Geological  Society;  president,  1828;  F.R.S., 
1815;  Wollaston  medallist,  1852;  published  scientific 
pamphlets  and  laid  down  proper  succession  of  strata  be- 
tween oolite  and  chalk,  1824-36.  [xix.  84] 

FITZAILWrN,  HENRY  (d.  1212),  first  mayor  of 
London  ;  appointed  probably  between  1191  and  1193,  and 
possibly  as  early  as  1189:  presided  over  a  meeting  of 
citizens  in  1212  after  the  great  fire,  and  probably  held 
office  till  his  death.  [  x i  x .  85] 


FITZALAN,  BERTRAM  (d.  1424),  Carmelite  of  Lin- 
coln, where  he  founded  a  library ;  left  theological  manu- 
scripts, '[xix.  86] 

FITZALAN,  BRIAN,  LORD  OF  BEDALE  (d.  1306), 
warden  of  Castles  Forfar,  Dundee,  Roxburgh,  and  Jed- 
burgh,  1290  ;  a  guardian  of  Scotland  during  interregnum, 
1292  and  1297:  served  against  Welsh,  1294,  and  agaiii-a 
Scots,  1299  and  1303 ;  summoned  to  English  parliament, 
1295.  [xix.  86] 

FITZALAN,  EDMUND,  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  (1285- 
1326),  sou  of  Richard  I  Fitzalan,  carl  of  Arundel  [q.y.]: 
served  against  Scots,  1306-7  ;  refused  to  attend  council  at 
York,  1309  ;  one  of  the  lords  ordaiuers,  1310  ;  joined  Lan- 
caster against  Gaveston,  and  (1314)  refused  to  accompany 
Edward  II  to  Stirling ;  captain-general  north  of  Trent, 
1316;  member  of  council  of  barons,  1318;  joined  the 
king,  1321 ;  one  of  Lancaster's  judges,  justice  of  Wales, 
and  warden  of  the  Welsh  marches ;  finally  captured  and 
executed  by  Queen  Isabella  and  Mortimer.  [xix.  87] 

FITZALAN,  HENRY,  twelfth  EARL  OF  AHUXDEL 
(1511?-1580),  godson  of  Henry  VIII,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  France,  1532;  lord-deputy  of  Calais,  1540-3; 
K.G.,  1544 ;  stormed  Boulogne,  1544 ;  created  lord  cham- 
berlain on  his  return  to  England;  retained  office  under 
Edward  VI ;  member  of  council ;  joined  Warwick  against 
Somerset,  but  was  removed  by  former  from  council; 
next  allied  himself  with  Somerset,  on  whose  fall  he  was 
imprisoned  and  fined ;  secret  partisan  of  Mary,  for  whom 
he  raised  the  city  against  Northumberland,  and  then  cap- 
tured the  latter ;  lord  steward  of  the  household  and  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  1553 ;  one  of  the  English  commis- 
sioners to  mediate  between  France  and  the  emperor,  1555 ; 
lieutenant-general  and  captain  of  the  forces,  1557  ;  lord 
steward  and  privy  councillor  at  accession  of  Elizabeth ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  university,  1559;  resigned  lord 
stewardship,  1564,  and  went  out  of  favour ;  headed  the 
catholic  party,  whose  object  was  to  depose  Elizabeth  in 
favour  of  Mary  Stuart  and  the  Duke  of  Norfolk;  re- 
strained to  his  own  houses,  1569  ;  restored  to  council  by 
influence  of  Leicester,  1570;  opposed  the  Alen^oii  match; 
again  imprisoned  after  Ridolfi  plot,  1571-2.  His  portrait 
was  painted  by  Holbein.  (.xix.  88] 

FITZALAN,  JOHN  II,  LORD  OF  OSWESTRY,  CLUK, 
AND  ARUNDEL  (1223-1267),  at  first  fought  with  the  barons 
against  Henry  III  (1258-61),  but  afterwards  led  royal 
troops  against  the  baronial  partisan,  Llewelyn  of  Wales, 
1258  and  12GO  ;  finally  joined  the  party  of  Prince  Ed  ward ; 
captured  by  the  barons  at  Lewes,  1264.  [xix.  93] 

FITZALAN,  JOHN  VI,  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  (1408- 
1435),  summoned  to  parliament  as  a  baron,  1429;  re- 
cognised as  earl,  1435  (the  title  having  been  contested  by 
the  Mowbrays);  distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier  in 
France ;  captain  of  Rouen  Castle,  1432 ;  Duke  of  Touraiue 
and  K.G. ;  wounded  and  captured  at  Gouruay ;  died  at 
Beauvais.  [xix.  94] 

FITZALAN,  RICHARD  I,  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  (1267- 
1302),  grandson  of  John  II  Fitzalan,  lord  of  Oswestry 
[q.  v.] ;  served  against  Welsh  and  Scots  and  in  Gascony ; 
signed  the  letter  to  the  pope  from  Lincoln,  1301. 

[xix.  95] 

FITZALAN,  RICHARD  II,  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  AND 
WARENNE  (1307  ?-1376),  son  of  Edmund  Fitzalan,  earl  of 
Arundel  [q.  v.]  ;  married  a  daughter  of  Hugh  le  Despenser ; 
restored  to  his  estates  after  fall  of  Mortimer,  1330 ;  justice 
of  North  Wales  for  life,  1334 ;  commander  of  English 
army  in  north,  1337  ;  as  admiral  of  the  ships  at  Portsmouth 
distinguished  himself  at  Sluys,  1340;  joint  warden  of 
Scottish  marches ;  joint  lieutenant  of  Aquitaine,  1344  ; 
admiral  of  the  west,  1345-7  ;  commanded  division  at 
Crecy,  1346,  and  took  part  in  siege  of  Calais ;  at  naval 
action  with  Spanish  off  Winchelsea,  1350  ;  one  of  the  re- 
gents, 1355;  much  employed  in  diplomatic  missions  by 
Edward  III,  to  whom  he  also  lent  large  sums. 

[xix.  96] 

FITZALAN,  RICHARD  III,  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  AND 
SURREY  (1346-1397),  son  of  Richard  Fitzalan  II,  earl  of 
Arundel  [q.  v.] ;  one  of  the  council  appointed  hy  the  Good 
parliament :  member  of  council  of  regency,  1 380  ;  admiral  of 
the  west,  1377  ;  joint  governor  ot  Richard  II,  1381 :  joined 
reforming  party  under  Gloucester,  1386 ;  won  a  naval 
victory  over  the  French,  Spanish,  and  Flemings  off  Mar- 
gate, 1387  ;  took  leading  part  in  the  opposition  to  Richard  II 


FITZALAN 


437 


FITZGERALD 


after  his  own  attempted  arrest,  11587  ;  one  of  the  lonl- 
appellant,  13H8;  removed  from  the  council  and  admiralty,  j 
but  soon  restored ;  quarrelled  with  John  of  Gaunt ;  im-  I 
pri.-onwl  ;  after  his  release  conspired  with  Gloucester  and 
\Varwirk  and  was  executed  on  Tower  Hill ;  his  tomb  in  I 
the  Auguxtinian  church  for  many  years  an  object  of  pil- 
grimage, [xix.  98] 

FITZALAN,  nlinx  Anr\ni:i.,  THOMAS  (1353-1414). 
[See  ARUXOKL.] 

IITZALAN,    THOMAS,  EARL   OF   ARUNDKL   AND 
SURRKY  (1381-1415),  son  of  Richard  III  Fitealan  [q.  v.] ; 
escaped  from  custody  of  his  half-brother  to  the  continent, 
where  he  joined  his  uncle  the  archbishop;  with  him  i 
accompanied  Henry  of    Lancaster    to    England,    1399;  I 
created  by  Henry  IV  one  of  the  first  knights  of  the  Bath,  ; 
and  restored  to  his  titles  and  estates  ;  defeated  and  cap- 
tured Exeter  and  Insurgent  nobles ;  procured  execution 
of  Scrope  and  Mowbray,  1405 ;  joined  .party  of  the  Beau- 
forte:  one  of  the  commanders  of  the  English  expedition 
to  help  Burgundy,  1411  :  made  lord  treasurer  and  warden 
of  the  Cinque  ports  by  Henry  V,  1413  ;  took  part  in  siege  | 
of  Harfleur,  1415  ;  died  of  dysentery.  [xix.  100] 

FITZALAN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1160),  rebel:  defended 
Shrewsbury  Castle  against  Stephen,  1138,  and  afterwards 
joined  the  army  of  the  Empress  Matilda  and  her  son,  who 
restored  him  his  fiefs.  His  younger  brother  Walter  {d. 
1177)  was  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Stuart.  [xix.  103] 

FITZALDHELM,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1157-1198),  steward 
of  Henry  II  and  governor  of  Ireland ;  one  of  the  royal 
justices,  c.  1165 ;  acted  as  Henry  II's  representative  before 
he  came  to  Ireland  ;  succeeded  Strougbow  as  justiciar  in 
Ireland,  1176-8;  sheriff  of  Cumberland  and  justice  in 
Yorkshire  and  Northumberland,  1189 ;  wrongly  identified 


with  William  de  Burgh  (d.  1204)  [q.  v.] 


[xix.  103] 


FITZALWYN,     HENRY    (d.    1212).      [See     FITZ- 

AILWIN.] 

FITZBALL,  EDWARD  (1792-1873),  dramatist; 
apprenticed  as  printer  at  Norwich,  1809-12;  attempted 
dramatic  writing  with  some  success,  and  adopted  pro- 
fession of  dramatist,  c.  1819,  and  subsequently  produced 
numerous  melodramas  and  other  pieces,  among  the  most 
successful  of  which  were  'Peveril  of  the  Peak,'  1823, 
'  Waverley,'  1824,  'The  Pilot,'  1825,  'Jonathan  Bradford,' 
1833,  and  'Nitocris,'  1855 ;  wrote  also  many  romances, 
librettos,  and  songs,  including  '  The  Bloom  is  on  the  Rye,' 
1831;  published  'Thirty-five  Years  of  a  Dramatic 
Author's  Life,'  1859.  [Suppl.  ii.  212] 

F1TZCHARLES,  CHARLES,  EARL  OF  PLYMOUTH 
(1657  7-1680),  natural  son  of  Charles  II  by  Catherine 
Pegge.  [xix.  106] 

FITZCLARENCE,  LORD  ADOLPHUS  (1802-1866), 
rear-admiral ;  younger  son  of  William  IV  by  Mrs.  Jordan  ; 
entered  navy,  1814;  commanded  royal  yacht,  1830-53, 
when  he  attained  flag-rank.  [xix.  106] 

FITZCLARENCE,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  FRE- 
DERICK, first  EARL  OP  MUNSTER  (1794-1842),  major- 
general;  eldest  son  of  William  IV  by  Mrs.  Jordan: 
served  in  Spain  at  age  of  fifteen  ;  wounded  and  captured 
at  Fuentes  d'Onoro,  1811;  escaped;  severely  wounded 
ut  Toulouse,  1814;  aide-de-camp  to  Marquis  Hastings 
in  Mahratta  war,  1816-17;  sent  home  overland  with 
news  of  peace,  1817  ;  created  a  peer,  1831 ;  lieutenant 
of  the  Tower;  supposed  to  have  influenced  his  father 
against  reform ;  committed  suicide.  He  did  much  to 
promote  oriental  studies,  being  some  time  president  of 
the  Asiatic  Society,  and  published  fragments  of  military 
history.  [xix.  106] 

FITZCOTJNT,  BRIAN  (/.  1125-1142),  warrior  and 
author ;  brought  up  and  knighted  by  Henry.  I ;  one  of 
the  chief  supporters  of  the  Empress  Matilda,  in  defence 
of  whose  right  to  the  crown  he  wrote  a  treatise  ;  thrice 
besieged  by  Stephen  in  his  castle  of  Wallingford. 

[xix.  108] 

FITZGEFFREY,  CHARLES  (1675  ?-1638),  poet  and 
divine  ;  M.A.  Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford,  1600  ;  incumbent 
of  St.  Dominic,  Eastwei: shire ;  published  a  poem  on 
Drake,  1596,  and  'The  Blessed  Birthday,'  1634  (reprinted 
by  Grosart),  and  a  volume  of  Latin  epitaphs  and  epi- 
grams ;  mentioned  in  '  Palladis  Tamia,'  1598,  and  quoted 
in  '  England's  Parnassus,'  1000.  [xix.  109] 


FITZGEFFREY,  HENRY  (fl.  1617),  author  ;  perhaps 
a  son  of  Charles  Fitzgeffrey  [q.  v.]  ;  published  satires  ami 
epigrams,  1617  (twelve  copies  reprinted  at  Beldornie 
Mb,  1843).  [xix.  109] 

FITZGERALD,  DAVID.    [See  DAVID,  rf.  1178.] 

FITZGERALD,  LORD  EDWARD  (1763-1798),  Irish 
rebel ;  son  of  James  Fitzgerald,  first  duke  of  Leinster 
[q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the  American  war  and  was  wounded  at 
Eutaw  Springs,  1781 ;  M.P.  in  the  Irish  parliament  for 
Athy  and  Kildare ;  as  major  of  the  54th,  got  Cobbett  bis 
discharge;  travelled  in  America,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bear  tribe  of  Indiana  ;  cashiered  for  attending  revolu- 
tionary banquet  at  Paris,  1792,  in  which  year  he  married 
Pamela  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  and  began  to  take  an  active 
part  in  politics  ;  joined  United  Irishmen,  1796,  and  with 
Arthur  O'Connor  [q.  v.],  went  to  Basle  to  negotiate  with 
Hoche  :  declined  to  re-enter  parliament ;  headed  military 
committee  to  co-operate  with  French  invaders  ;  while  being 
arrested,  was  wounded  by  Major  Henry  Charles  Sirr 
[q.  v.]  :  died  of  his  wounds.  [xix.  110] 

FITZGERALD,  ED  WARD  (1770  7-1807),  Irish  insur- 
gent ;  released  from  Wexford  gaol  by  mob ;  held  com- 
mands during  rebellion  of  1798 ;  surrendered  to  Wilford ; 
imprisoned  in  Dublin ;  after  living  in  England,  rearrested, 
1800 ;  died  at  Hamburg.  [xix.  Ill] 

FITZGERALD,  EDWARD  (1809-1883),  poet  and 
translator  ;  educated  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  graduated,  1K30  ;  lived  a  retired  life 
in  Suffolk ;  friend  of  Carlyle,  Thackeray,  Speddlng,  and 
the  Tennysons.  His  chief  work  was  an  English  poetic 
version  (from  the  Persian)  of  the  'Rnbaiyat  of  Omar 
Khayyam '  (anon.,  1859).  He  also  published  anonymously 
a  life  of  Bernard  Barton,  prefixed  to  Barton's  collected 
poems  (1849),  'Euphranor'  (1851),  'Polonius'  (1852), 
English  versions  of  the  '  Agamemnon.'  and  of  two  plays  of 
Sophocles,  and  selections  from  Crabbe;  and  under  his 
own  name,  'Six  Dramas  of  Calderon  freely  translated' 
(1853).  [xix.  Ill] 

FITZGERALD,  LADY  ELIZABETH, '  the  Fair  Geral- 
dlne'  (15287-1589),  youngest  daughter  of  Gerald  Fitz- 
gerald, ninth  earl  of  Kildare  [q.  v.]  ;  in  the  household  of 
Princess  Mary,  afterwards  of  Queen  Catherine  Howard  ; 
was  twice  married,  first,  at  fifteen,  to  Sir  Anthony 
Browne  [q.  v.],  and,  secondly,  to  Edward  Fiennes  de 
Clinton,  earl  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.]  ;  celebrated  in  verse  by 
Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey  [q.  v.],  Michael  Drayton, 
and  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xix.  113] 

FITZGERALD,  GEORGE,  sixteenth  EARL  OF  KIL- 
DARE (1611-1660),  rebuilt  ancestral  castle  of  Maynooth  ; 
befriended  Shirley,  the  dramatist,  when  in  Dublin  ;  go- 
vernor of  co.  Kildare,  1641 ;  governor  of  Dublin  for  the 
parliament,  1647.  [xix.  114] 

FITZGERALD,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (17487-1786), 
'  Fighting  Fitzgerald '  ;  notorious  for  his  duels,  gallantries, 
and  extravagances  ;  married,  against  her  parents'  wishes, 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Conolly  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in 
volunteer  movement ;  quarrelled  with  his  family ;  exe- 
cuted for  murder  of  Patrick  M'Donnell.  [xix.  114] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  LORD  OF  OFFALY  (d. 
1204),  son  of  Maurice  Fitzgerald  (d.  1176)  [q.  v.],  often 
known  as  Fitzmaurice;  distinguished  himself  as  an 
opponent  of  Roderic  O'Connor,  1171;  received  property 
in  Kildare  from  Strongbow,  and  built  Mayuooth  ;  ancestor 
of  the  Earls  of  Ki'.dare.  [xix.  115] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  fourth  (properly  third) 
EARL  OF  DESMOND  (d.  1398),  justiciar  of  Ireland,  13b7-9 
son  of  Maurice  Fitzthomas,  first  earl  of  Desmond  [q.  v.] ; 
generally  styled  Gerald  Fitzmaurice  :  granted  by  Mward 
III  the  lands  of  his  deceased  elder  brother  Maurice,  on 
condition  of  marrying  the  Earl  of  Ormonde's  daughter ; 
as  justiciar  of  Ireland,  1367-9,  carried  on  policy  of  amal- 
gamation with  natives ;  defeated  and  captured  by  Bnec 
O'Brien,  1369 ;  upheld  the  king's  authority  in  Minister. 

[xix.  116] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  eighth  ('  the  great ').  EARL 
•F  KILDARK  (d.  1513),  son  of  Thomas  Fitzgerald,  seventh 
earl  [q.  v.] ;  nominated  deputy-governor  in  Ireland  by 
the  council  at  Dublin,  1477,  and  held  office  in  opposition 
to  a  nominee  of  Edward  IV;  afterwards  deputy  for 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  and  his  son,  Prince  Edward  ;  par- 
doned by  Henry  VII,  and  continued  in  office  ;  attainted 


FITZGERALD 


438 


FITZGERALD 


and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  as  a  partisan  of  Warbeck, 
1494;  reappointed  deputy  of  Ireland,  1496;  died  of  a 
wound  received  in  battle  with  a  Leinster  sept. 

[xix.  117] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  ninth  EARL  OP  KILDARE 
(1487-1534),  son  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald,  eighth  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  in  England ;  appointed  lord  high  treasurer  on 
hia  return  to  Ireland,  1504  ;  lord  justice  and  lord  deputy, 
1513 ;  gained  great  successes  against  the  Irish ;  charged 
with  maladministration  at  instance  of  Ormonde,  and  re- 
moved, 1520;  reappointed,  1524;  again  removed,  being 
charged  with  treason  by  Ossory  (Ormonde)  and  impri- 
soned in  the  Tower,  1526;  returned  to  Ireland  with 
Skefflngton,  whom  he  displaced  as  deputy,  1632  ;  wounded 
at  siege  of  Birr  Oastle,  1533  ;  again  summoned  to  Eng- 
land, and  died  prisoner  in  the  Tower.  [xix.  118] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  fifteenth  EARL  OP  DES- 
MOND (d.  1583),  son  of  James  (Fitzjohn)  Fitzgerald,  four- 
teenth earl  [q.  v.]  ;  summoned  to  England  on  account  of 
a  quarrel  with  Thomas  Butler,  tenth  earl  of  Ormonde 
[q.  v.],  and  confined,  1662  \  allowed  to  return  to  Ireland, 
1564;  again  summoned  to  England  on  account  of  fresh 
feud  with  Ormonde,  and  bound  over  next  year ;  again 
imprisoned,  for  refusing  to  accept  Sir  H.  Sidney's  award 
in  favour  of  Ormonde,  1567-73 ;  rearrested  after  return  to 
Ireland:  escaped;  carried  on  war  in  Munster  and  was 
outlawed ;  submitted,  but  after  temporising,  again  rebelled, 
1579 ;  after  four  years'  fighting  was  captured  and  killed  at 
Glanaginty.  [xix.  120] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD,  eleventh  EARL  OP  KIL- 
DARE  (1525-1585),  son  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald,  ninth  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  in  France  and  at  Rome ;  served  with 
knights  of  Rhodes  against  Moors  and  with  Cosimo  de' 
Medici;  restored  to  his  estates  by  Edward  VI,  and  to 
earldom  by  Mary ;  warred  against  the- Irish  and  Spanisli 
invaders ;  committed  to  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  treason, 
1582 ;  allowed  to  return  to  Ireland,  1584 ;  died  in  London. 

[xix.  123] 

FITZGERALD,  GERALD  (FITZMAURICE),  BARON  OP 
OPPALY  (1265  ?-1287  ?),  son  of  ,Maurice  Fitzgerald  (d. 
1268)  [q.  v.] ;  attacked  by  the  native  Irish  of  his  barony, 
1285.  [xix.  139] 

FITZGERALD,  HENRY  VESEY  (d.  1860),  dean  of 
Emly  (1818-26)  and  dean  of  Kilmore  (1826-60 ) ;  son  of 
James  Fitzgerald  (1742-1835)  [q.  v.]  [xix.  131] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (FrrzjOHN),  fourteenth  EARL 
OP  DBSMOND  (d.  1558),  second  son  of  £ir  John  Desmond ; 
assumed  title  on  death  of  his  grandfather,  John  Fitz- 
tbomas  (1536),  and  allied  himself  with  the  rebel  O'Brien 
of  Thomond ;  four  years  later  submitted  to  lord  deputy 
St.  Leger ;  received  by  Henry  VIII,  who  acknowledged 
his  title,  1542  >  created  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland  by  Ed- 
ward VI,  and  continual  in  office  by  Mary,  though  arrested 
for  treason ;  did  much  to  pacify  Munster.  [xix.  123] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (FITZMAURICE),  thirteenth 
EARL  OP  DESMOND  (d.  1640);  waylaid  and  slain  near 
Cork  by  Sir  Maurice  of  Desmond.  [xix.  125] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (FITZMAURICE)  (d.  1579), 
•arch-traitor' ;  assumed  the  position  of  captain  of  Des- 
mond and  rebelled  against  the  English  government ;  sub- 
mitted to  Sir  John  Perrot,  1573  ;  on  return  of  Desmond 
(1575),  retired  to  France  and  saw  Catherine  de'  Medici ; 
visited  Spain  and  Italy ;  concerted  with  Pope  Gregory 
XIII  and  Stukely  plan  for  invasion  of  Ireland;  sailed 
from  Spain  with  first  body  of  invaders,  1579 ;  killed  in  a 
skirmish,  soon  after  landing,  by  his  cousin,  Theobald 
Burke.  [xix.  126] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES,  'the  Tower  Earl'  or  'the 
Queen's  Earl  of  Desmond'  (1570  ?-1601),  son  of  Gerald 
Fitzgerald,  fifteenth  earl  of  Desmond  [q.  v.],  by  his  second 
wife;  delivered  by  his  mother  to  the  Irish  government  on 
rebellion  of  his  father,  1579 ;  removed  to  Tower  of  London 
and  imprisoned  there  sixteen  years  ;  released  in  1600  and 
taken  to  Munster  to  bring  back  the  Geraldines  to  their 
allegiance ;  failed,  and  returned  to  London,  where  he  died. 

[xix.  127] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (FITZTHOMAS),  the  SUOAN 
EARL  OF  DBSMOND  (d.  1608),  assumed  the  title  of  earl  in 
1598,  and  for  three  years  carried  on  war  in  Munster ;  cap- 
tared  in  a  cave  near  Mitchel*town  by  the  White  knight, 


Edmund  Fitzgibbon   [q.  v.] :    removed  to  England  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  where  he  died  insane. 

[xix.  129] 

FITZGERALD,  .JAMES,  first  DUKK  OF  LI:IXSTKR 
(1722-1773),  M.R  for  Athy  in  Irish  parliament  (as  Lord 
Offaly),  1741;  succeeded  as  twentieth  Earl  of  Kildare, 
1744 ;  created  Viscount  Leinsterin  English  peerage,  1747  : 
procured  recall  of  Duke  of  Dorset  from  Ireland,  1754  ; 
himself  appointed  lord  deputy,  1756;  created  Earl  ot 
Offaly  and  Marquis  of  Kildare  in  Irish  peerage,  and  Duke 
of  Leinster,  1761-6.  [xix.  129] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  (1742-1835),  Irish  politician  ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  called  to  Irish  bar, 
1769 ;  had  a  large  practice,  and  became  prime  serjeant, 
1787;  entered  Irish  parliament  for  Ennis,  1772;  repre- 
sented co.  Kildare  in  last  Irish  parliament ;  distinguished 
himself  as  an  orator  and  was  dismissed  for  his  speeches 
against  the  union  ;  M.P.  for  Ennis  in  imperial  parlia- 
ment, 1802-8  and  1812-13 ;  refused  a  peerage ;  his  wife 
created  Baroness  Fitzgerald,  1826.  [xix.  130] 

FITZGERALD,  JAMES  EDWARD  (1818-1896), 
prime  minister  in  New  Zealand;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1842 ;  under-secretary  of  British  Museum, 
1849 :  accompanied  to  New  Zealand,  1850,  Edward 
Gibbon  Wakefield  [q.  v.]  and  John  Robert  Godley 
[q.  v.],  and  pioneers  of  Canterbury  settlement;  first 
superintendent  of  province  of  Canterbury  and  member 
for  Lyttelton  in  first  New  Zealand  parliament,  1853  ; 
prime  minister,  1854 ;  founded  *  Press '  newspaper,  1861 ; 
controller-general,  1866 ;  commissioner  of  audit,  1872 ; 
controller  and  auditor-general,  1878.  [Suppl.  ii.  214] 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  KILDARE.  [See 
FITZTHOMAS,  JOHN,  d.  1316.] 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  JOHN,  of  Desmond  (d.  1581), 
Irish  rebel ;  brother  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald,  fifteenth  earl 
of  Desmond  [q.  v.]  ;  for  some  time  chief  of  the  Irish 
rebels ;  hanged  at  Cork.  [xix.  123] 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN  DAVID,  LORD  FITZGERALD 
(1816-1889),  Irish  judge ;  studied  at  King's  Inns,  Dublin, 
and  Gray's  Inn ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1838 ;  joined  Mun- 
ster circuit;  Q.O.,  1847;  liberal  M.P.  for  Ennis,  1852; 
solicitor-general  for  Ireland  and  bencher  of  King's  Inns, 
1855 ;  attorney-general,  1856-8  and  1859  ;  Irish  privy 
councillor,  1856  ;  introduced  and  passed  bill  for  establish- 
ing court  of  chancery  appeal  in  Ireland,  1856  ;  justice  of 
queen's  bench,  in  Ireland,  1860-82 ;  appointed  lord  of 
appeal  with  life  peerage,  and  English  privy  councillor. 
1882 ;  honorary  bencher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1883 ;  honorary 
LL.D.  Dublin,  1870.  [Suppl.  ii.  215] 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN  (FITZKDMUND)  (rf.  1589), 
seneschal  of  Imokilly;  joined  the  rebellion  of  James 
(Fitzmaurice)  Fitzgerald  [q.  v.],  'the  arch-traitor,'  1569- 
1573,  after  whose  death  he  became  the  virtual  head  of  the 
second  rising ;  submitted,  1583 ;  arrested  four  years  later  ; 
died  in  Dublin  Castle.  [xix.  131] 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  JOHN  (FITZEDMUND)  (1528- 
1612),  dean  of  Cloyne ;  granted  an  annuity  for  his  sup- 
port of  government ;  knighted,  and  made  dean  of  Oloyne, 
though  a  layman.  [xix.  132] 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  JOHN  FORSTER  (1784  ?-1877), 
field-marshal ;  ensign,  1793  ;  distinguished  himself  whilo 
serving  with  60th  foot  at  siege  of  Badajos,  1812 ;  while 
commanding  brigade  in  the  Pyrenees  was  captured,  but 
exchanged ;  created  O.B.  for  services  in  Peninsula ;  after- 
wards held  commands  in  Canada  and  India;  major- 
general,  1830;  K.C.B.,  1831;  lieutenant-general,  1841, 
general,  1854,  G.O.B.,  1862,  field-marshal,  1875  ;  M.P.  for 
co.  Clare,  1862-7  ;  died  at  Tours,  the  oldest  officer  in  the 
service.  [xix.  133] 

FITZGERALD,  KATHERINE,  the  'old'  COUNTESS 
OF  DESMOND  (1500  ?-1604) ;  second  wife  of  Thomas, 
twelfth  earl ;  said  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of  140  (probably 
a  mistake  for  104).  [xix.  134] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURICE  (d.  1176),  an  English 
conqueror  of  Ireland ;  brother  of  David  II  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  St.  David's ;  went  to  Ireland,  1169,  and  commanded 
the  English  contingent  in  the  expedition  of  Dermot 
against  Dublin  ;  led  the  great  sally  from  the  city,  1171 ; 
received  grant  of  property  in  Kildare;  died  at  Wexford, 
where  his  ruined  monument  was  seen  several  hundred 
years  later.  [xix.  135] 


FITZGERALD 


FITZGHJ3ERT 


FITZGERALD,    MAURICE    (d.    1268),    nephew    of 

Maurice  Fitzmaur'Kv  Fit/',''-nil'l  [q.  v.]  ;  inherited  barony 
of  Offaly  ;  drowned  In  the  Irish  Channel.         [xix.  139] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURIOB  II,  BARON  op  OFKALY 
(1194?- 1257),  justiciar  of  Ireland;  sun  of  Gerald  Fitz- 
t/.-nild,  lonl  of  Offaly  [q.  v.]  ;  appointed  justiciar,  1232  ; 
d. 'Luted  and  captured  Richard,  the  earl  marshal,  1234, 
whom  he  was  suspected  to  have  poisoned  :  carried  ou 
ware  in  Connaught  and  Ulster  :  resigned  office,  1245,  but 
was  deputy  to  his  successor,  and  helped  him  in  his  wars. 

[xix.  136] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURICE  FIT/MAURICE  (1238?- 
1277  V),  judticiar  of  Ireland:  son  of  Maurice  Fitzgerald, 
baron  of  Offaly  (1194  ?-1257)  [q.  v.] ;  was  granted  (1259) 
Athlone  Castle  and  the  shrievalty  of  Connaught :  justi- 
ciar of  Ireland,  1272-3 ;  captured  O'Brien,  king  of  Tho- 
niond,  1277.  [xix.  139] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURICE,  first  EARL  OF  DESMOND 

(d.  1356).      [See  FITZTHOMAS,  MAUKICE.] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURICE,  fourth  EARL  OPKILDARK 
(1318-1390),  justiciar  of  Ireland :  youngest  son  of  Thomas 
Kit/tferald,  second  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  generally  known  as 
Maurice  Fitzthomas ;  opposed  the  Anglicising  policy  of 
Ralph  D'Ufford ;  present  with  Edward  III  at  siege  and 
capture  of  Calais,  1347 ;  justiciar,  1356-7, 1361,  1371,  and 
1376,  and  several  times  deputy.  [xix.  140] 

FITZGERALD,  MAURICE,  knight  of  Kerry  (1774- 
1849),  Irish  statesman ;  represented  co.  Kerry  for  thirty- 
seven  years  in  the  Irish  and  imperial  parliaments  ;  com- 
missioner of  customs  in  Ireland,  1799-1802  ;  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  England,  1827 ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
1830 ;  unable  to  regain  his  seat  for  Kerry  after  Reform 
Act;  friend  of  Wellington  and  Castlereagh.  [xix.  141]. 

FITZGERALD,  PAMELA  (1776  ?-1831),  wife  of  Lord 
Edward  Fitzgerald  [q.  v.] ;  described  in  her  marriage 
contract  as  of  Newfoundland  parentage,  but  popularly 
suppose!  to  be  a  daughter  of  Madame  de  Genlis,  by 
Philip,  duke  of  Orleans,  in  whose  family  she  was  brought 
up,  although  she  was  never  recognised ;  came  to  England 
in  1791  and  met  Sheridan ;  was  seen  by  Fitzgerald  next 
year  at  Paris,  and  married  to  him  at  Tournay;  accom- 
panied him  to  Ireland ;  visited  him  during  his  imprison- 
ment ;  after  leaving  Ireland,  married  a  second  time,  but 
retained  name  of  Fitzgerald  ;  died  in  Paris,  [xix.  142] 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  PETER  GEORGE  (1808-1880), 
nineteenth  knight  of  Kerry :  son  of  Maurice  Fitzgerald 
(1774-1849)  [q.v.] ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland  in  Sir  Robert 
Peel's  administration,  1841-6  ;  created  baronet,  1880. 

[xix.  144] 

FITZGERALD,  RAYMOND,  'Le  Gros'  (d.  1182?), 
nephe%v  of  Maurice  Fitzgerald  (d.  1176)  [q.  v.]  ;  landed 
in  Ireland  as  Strongbow's  representative,  1170  ;  took  chief 
part  in  capture  of  Waterford,  and  led  centre  in  Dublin 
expedition,  1170:  returned  with  Strongbow  to  Ireland, 
but  soon  retired  to  Wales ;  came  to  his  relief  when  be- 
sieged in  Waterford,  1174,  and  married  his  sister;  de- 
feated Donald  O'Brien,  1176,  and  ruled  Ireland  till  the 
arrival  of  Fitzaldhelm  ;  reduced  Cork.  [xix.  144] 

FITZGERALD,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  KILDARE 
(d.  1328),  justiciar  of  Ireland  :  son  of  John  Fitzthomas, 
first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Joan,  daughter  of  Richard  de 
Burgh,  earl  of  Ulster  ;  led  a  great  army  against  Edward 
Bruce,  1316  ;  justiciar,  1320  and  1327  ;  a  partisan  of  Roger 
Mortimer.  [xix.  14G] 

FITZGERALD,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL  OP  DESMOND 
(1426  ?-1468),  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  146S-7  :  superseded, 
1467,  and  attainted  on  charge  of  alliance  with  Irish  j 
executed  at  Drogheda.  [xix.  147] 

FITZGERALD,  THOMAS,  seventh  EARLOFKILDARK 
(d.  1477),  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  1455-9,  for  Richard,  duke 
of  York,  and  1461-2  for  Clarence  :  lonl  chancellor  of  Ire- 
land, 1463 :  attainted  in  1467,  but  respited  and  restored  ; 
again  deputy  for  Clarence,  1468-75.  [xix.  148] 

FITZGERALD,  THOMAS,  BARON  OFFALY  and  tenth 
EARL  OF  KII.DAHB  (1513-1537),  son  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald, 
ninth  earl  [q.  v.]:  appointed  deputy -governor  of  Ireland, 
1534,  but  renounced  his  allegiance  and  slew  Archbishop 
Allen  ;  submitted  to  Lord  Leonard  Grey,  1535  ;  executed 
at  Tyburn  with  his  five  uncles.  [xix.  148] 

FITZGERALD,    SIR  THOMAS  JUDKIX    (rf.  1810). 

[See  JUDKlX-FlTZOERALD.] 


FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM  (1814-1883),  bishop  of 
Killaloe  ;  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.  1836  ; 
D.D.,  1853  ;  professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  the  univer- 
sity, 1847-52,  and  of  ecclesiastical  history,  1852-7 :  arch- 
deacon of  Kildare,  1855  :  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and 
Ross,  1857-62 ;  translated  to  Killaloe,  1862 ;  edited  Butler's 
•Analogy  of  Religion,'  and  publi-h.-d  numerous  other 
works.  [xix.  150] 

FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM  ROBERT,  second  DOKK 
OF  LKIXSTKK  (1749-1K04),  son  of  James  Fitzgerald,  first 
duke  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  Dublin  in  Irish  parliament,  1769-73 ; 
colonel  of  the  Dublin  regiment  of  volunteers ;  the  first 
K.P.,  1783;  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland,  1788;  mad.; 
great  efforts  to  save  bis  brother,  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald 
[q.  v.]  ;  supported  the  union.  [xix.  151] 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  WILLIAM  ROBERT  SEYMOUR 
VESEY  (1818-1885),  governor  of  Bombay;  MJL  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1844;  Newdigate  prizeman,  1835;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1839  ;  M.P.,  Horsham,  1852-85  ; 
under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1868-9;  hon.  D.O.L. 
Oxford,  1863;  governor  of  Bombay,  1867-72;  on  his 
return  to  England  was  again  M.P.  for  Horsbam  ;  became 
chief  charity  commissioner,  1875.  [xix.  151] 

FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1759?-1829), 
versifier;  clerk  in  navy  pay  office;  author  of  patriotic 
effusions ;  parodied  in  '  Rejected  Addresses.'  [xix.  152] 

FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM  VESEY,  BARON  FITZ- 
GERALD AND  VESEY  (1783-1843),  statesman  ;  sou  of  Right 
Hon.  James  Fitzgerald  (1742-1835)  [q.v.];  M.P.,Ennis, 
1808 ;  Irish  privy  councillor  and  lord  of  treasury,  1810 ; 
English  privy  councillor,  1812;  chancellor  of  Irish  ex- 
chequer, 1812-16  ;  M.P.,  co.  Clare,  1818  ;  envoy  to  Sweden, 
1820-3  ;  paymaster-general,  1826 ;  president  of  board  of 
trade,  1828  ;  defeated  by  O'Connell  for  Clare ;  elected  for 
Cornish  boroughs,  1829  and  1830;  M.P.,  Ennis,  1831-2 ; 
succeeded  to  his  mother's  peerage,  1832 ;  created  an 
English  peer  by  Peel,  1835 ;  president  of  board  of  control, 
1841-3.  [xix.  152] 

FITZGIBBON.  EDMUND  (FiTZJOHN)  (1552  ?-1608), 
the  'White  Knight';  probably  implicated  in  O'Neill's 
rebellion,  though  sheriff  of  Cork  at  the  time ;  captured 
the  Sugan  Earl  (James  Fitzthomas  Fitzgerald,  d.  1608) 
[q.  v.],  and  (1604)  was  created  by  James  I  Baron  of  Clan- 
gibbon  ;  this  creation,  and  the  intended  restoration  of  his 
estates  (of  which  he  had  been  deprived  by  bis  father's 
attainder)  did  not  take  effect,  since  no  parliament 
assembled  before  his  death.  [xix.  153] 

FITZGIBBON,  EDWARD  (1803-1867),  writer  under 
the  name  '  Ephemera ' ;  after  living  six  years  in  France 
wrote  in  England  for  the  'Morning  Chronicle'  and  'Bell's 
Life'  ;  published  a  good  'Handbook  of  Angling,'  1847, 
and  'The  Book  of  the  Salmon  '  (with  A.  Young),  1850  ; 
edited  'The  Compleat  Angler,'  1853.  [xix.  164] 

FITZGIBBON,  GERALD  (1793-1882),  lawyer  and 
author;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  called  to  the 
Irish  bar,  1830;  Q.C.,  1841;  defended  Dr.  Gray  in  the 
state  trials  of  1844,  when  he  ref  used  a  challenge  sent  him  by 
the  attorney -general;  appointed  receiver-master  in  chan- 
cery, 1860  ;  published  works,  including  '  Ireland  in  1868, 
the  Battlefield  for  English  Party  Strife,'  and  a  pamphlet 
advocating  a  conditional  fixity  of  tenure  in  Irish  land, 
1869.  [xix.  156] 

FITZGIBBON,  JOHN,  EARL  ov  CLARK  (1749-1802), 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland;  distinguished  himself  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1770 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1772 ;  obtained  a  large 
practice,  and  (1783)  became  attorney-general:  repre- 
sented Dublin  University  as  a  moderate  nationalist,  17* 
1783,  after  which  he  sat  for  Kilmallock :  fought  a  duel 
with  Curran,  in  consequence  of  a  speech  in  support  of  the 
commercial  treaty  with  England,  1785:  began  hi*  policy 
of  repression  with  the  Whiteboy  Act,  1787  :  made  power- 
ful speeches  in  support  of  Pitt's  regency  proposals,  1789 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1789-1802;  created  Baron 
Fitzgibbon,  1789,  Viscount  Fitzgibbou,  1793,  and  Karl  of 
Clare,  1795 :  became  at  the  union  a  peer  of  the  Unite! 
Kingdom  ;  as  chancellor  a  zealous  law  reformer  and  strong 
opponent  of  catholic  emancipation  ;  the  passing  of  the 
Act  of  Union  mainly  due  to  him.  [xix.  156] 

FITZGILBERT,  RICHARD  (d.  1090  ?).  [See  CLARK, 
RICHARD  DE.] 


FITZGILBERT 


440 


FITZJAMES 


I 

FITZGILBERT,  RICHARD  (d.  1136?).    [See  CLARK,   j 
RICHARD  DR.] 

FITZHAMON,  ROBERT  (d.  1107),  conqueror  of  Ola-  i 
morgan  :  rewarded  for  his  support  of  the  crown  in  Odo's  ! 
revolt  (1088)  by  grants  of  lands  in  Gloucestershire,  Buck-  I 
inghamshire,  and  Cornwall ;    soon  afterwards  begun  his  j 
conquest  of  South  Wales,  aided  by  twelve  knights  :  sup-  j 
ported  Henry  I  against  Duke  Robert,  by  whom  he  was  ' 
captured  in  Normandy  (1105)  and  imprisoned  at  Bayenx  ; 
rescued  by  the  king,  1105  :  procured  the  surrender  of  Caen  :  ' 
died  from  effects  of  wound  received  at  siege  of  Falaise  ; 
buried  in  Tewkesbury  Abbey,  of  which  he  was  second 
founder.  [xix.  159] 

FITZHARDING,  ROBERT  (d.  1170),  founder  of  the 
second  house  of  Berkeley ;  probably  grandson  of  Eadnoth 
[q.  v.],  the  staller :  as  reeve  of  Bristol  supported  cause  of 
the  Empress  Matilda,  and  bought  much  property  in  the 
west  from  Robert  of  Gloucester :  granted  by  Henry  II 
the  lordship  of  Berkeley  Hernesse :  built  priory  of  St. 
Augustine'?,  now  Bristol  Cathedral.  [xix.  162] 

FITZHARDINGE,  BARON  (1788-1867).  [SeeBKHKK- 
LEY,  MAURICE  FREDERICK  FITZHARDIXGK.] 

FITZHARRIS,  EDWARD (1648 7-1681),  conspirator: 
an  Irish  catholic :  resigned  lieutenancy  in  the  army  after 
Test  Act,  1 673 ;  impeached  for  publishing  pamphlet  ad- 
vocating the  deposition  of  Charles  II  in  favour  of  James, 
duke  of  York,  1681 :  his  impeachment  interrupted  by  the 
dissolution  of  parliament ;  tried  before  the  king's  bench 
and  convicted  of  libel ;  executed  after  vainly  endeavour- 
ing to  fix  the  authorship  on  Lord  Howard  of  Escrick  and 
to  implicate  others  in  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  [xix.  163] 

FITZHENRY,  MEILER  (»/.  1220),  justiciar  of  Ire- 
land ;  grandson  of  Henry  I,  through  his  bastard  son 
Henry  :  accompanied  his  unole,  Robert  Fitzstephen  [q.  v.], 
to  Ireland,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  invasion  of 
Ossory,  1169  ;  returning  to  Ireland  received  grant  of  pro- 
perty in  Kildare,  1174,  and  received  further  grants  in  Kerry 
and  Cork  from  King  John,  for  whom  he  was  justiciar, 
1200-x :  founded  (1202)  Connall  Abbey,  Kildare,  where  he 
was  buried.  [xix.  164] 

FITZHENRY,  MRS.  (d.  1790  ?),  actress  ;  nte  Flanni- 
gan  ;  after  the  death  of  her  first  hnsband,  Capt.  Gregory, 
appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  1764 ;  afterwards  made  a 
reputation  in  Dublin ;  reappeared  at  Covent  Garden  in 
her  original  part  of  Hermione  in  '  The  Distressed  Mother,' 
and  Lady  Macbeth,  1757 ;  married  Fitzbenry,  a  lawyer; 
played  again  in  Dublin,  1759-64,  Oalista  in  '  The  Fair  Peni- 
tent,' and  Shakespearean  parts :  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  1765; 
rival  of  Mrs.  Yates  on  the  Irish  boards.  [xix.  165] 

FITZHERBERT,  ALLEYNE,  BARON*  ST.  HELENS 
(1753-1839),  diplomatist ;  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1777;  visited  while  at  Cam- 
bridge by  Gray  ;  ambassador  at  Brussels,  1777-82  ; 
negotiated  preliminaries  of  peace  with  Franca  and  Spain, 
1782-3  ;  envoy  extraordinary  at  court  of  Russia,  1783-7  ; 
chief -secretary  for  Ireland,  1787-9 ;  envoy  extraordinary 
at  the  Hague,  1789 :  as  ambassador  at  Madrid,  1791-4, 
settled  the  Nootka  Sound  difficulty,  and  concluded  a 
treaty  with  Spain,  for  which  he  was  created  an  Irish 
peer ;  returned  to  the  Hague ;  raised  to  the  British  peer- 
age for  concluding  a  treaty  with  Russia,  1801 ;  created  a 
lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1804.  [xix.  166] 

FITZHERBERT,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1470-1538),  judge ; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn ;  serjeant-at-law,  1510 ;  king's  ser- 
jeant,  1516  :  knighted  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  1522  ;  one  of  the  commissioners  who  negotiated 
pacification  in  Ireland  between  Kildare  and  Ormonde, 
1524;  signed  articles  of  impeachment  against  Wolsey, 
1529 ;  a  member  of  the  courts  which  tried  the  Carthusians 
and  Fisher  and  More.  His  'LaGrannde  Abridgement' 
(published  1514)  is  the  first  important  attempt  to  system- 
atise the  whole  law ;  other  works  are  also  attributed  to 
him.  [xix.  168] 

FITZHERBERT,  MARIA  ANNE  (1756-1837),  wife 
of  George  IV :  daughter  of  Walter  Smythe ;  married 
first  Edward  Weld  of  Lul worth  Castle,  1775,  and  secondly 
Thomas  Fitzherbert  of  Swynnerton,  1778 ;  lived  at  Rich- 
mond after  the  death  (1781)  of  her  second  husband ; 
married  to  George,  Prince  of  Wales,  at  her  bouse,  December 
1785,  before  witnesses;  lived  with  the  Prince  of  Wales 


till  1803 ;  recognised  by  the  royal  family  in  spite  of  the 
Royal  Marriage  Act  and  the  Act  of  Settlement,  which 
made  the  marriage  illegal  on  account  of  the  minority  of  the 
prince  and  the  Roman  catholic  religion  of  Mrs.  Fitzher- 
bert. Fox's  denial  in  parliament  that  the  ceremony  had 
taken  place  was  privately  repudiated  by  the  prince. 

[xix.  170] 

FITZHERBERT.  NICHOLAS  (1550-1612),  secretary 
to  Cardinal  Allen  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Anthony  Fitzherbert 
[q.  v.];  studied  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  Douay,  and 
Bologna  ;  attainted,  1580,  for  his  activity  in  raising  funds 
for  the  English  (catholic)  college  at  Rheims ;  became 
secretary  to  Cardinal  Allen  at  Rome,  1587 ;  opposed  the 
policy  of  Parsons;  drowned  at  Florence,  where  he  is 
buried  ;  his  published  works  include  a  history  of  Roman 
Catholicism  in  England,  1608  and  1638.  [xix.  171] 

FITZHERBERT,  THOMAS  (1552-1640),  Jesuit; 
grandson  of  Sir  Anthony  Fitzherbert  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Oxford;  imprisoned  for  recusancy  at  Oxford,  1672; 
after  his  release  assisted  Parsons  and  Campion  ;  retired 
to  France,  1582,  and  afterwards  to  Spain,  where  he  was 
pensioned  by  the  king;  charged  with  a  plot  to  poison 
Queen  Elizabeth,  1598 ;  ordained  priest  at  Rome  ;  became 
a  Jesuit  in  1613;  for  twelve  years  agent  for  the  English 
clergy:  became  superior  of  the  English  mission  at 
Brand!,  1616;  rector  of  the  English  college  at  Rome, 
1618-39,  where  he  died;  published  works  dealing  with 
political  aspects  of  Roman  Catholicism.  [xix.  172] 

FITZHERBERT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1154),  archbishop 
of  York:  generally  known  as  St.  William  of  York:  trea- 
surer and  canon  of  York,  <•.  1130 :  one  of  King  Stephen's 
chaplains;  elected  archbishop  of  York  uuder  pressure 
from  King  Stephen,  1 142  ;  opposed  by  a  minority  of  Cis- 
tercians, and  compelled  to  go  to  Rome  to  secure  consecra- 
tion ;  denied  the  pallium  by  Eugenius  III  under  the  in- 
fluence of  St.  Bernani  of  Clairvaux  :  suspended  from  his 
see ;  took  refuge  with  Roger,  king  of  Sicily :  deposed  at 
the  council  of  Rheims,  1147  :  restored  to  his  see  and  re- 
ceived his  pall  from  Anastasius  IV,  1153  ;  died  very  sud- 
denly, perhaps  from  poison.  In  1227  he  was  canonised, 
and  his  remains  were  removal  to  a  shrine  behind  the  high 
altar  in  York  Minster,  in  the  presence  of  Edward  1, 1283. 

[xix.  173] 

FITZHERBERT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1748-1791),  eldest 
brother  of  Alleyne  Fitzherbert,  baron  St.  Helens  [q.  v.]  ; 
gentleman-usher  to  George  III ;  created  baronet,  1784 : 
author  of  '  Maxims '  and  a  '  Dialogue  on  the  Revenue 
Laws.'  [xix.  167] 

FITZHTJBERT,  ROBERT  (/.  1140),  freebooter;  a 
Flemish  mercenary,  who  came  over  with  Stephen  ;  carried 
on  private  war,  seizing  the  castles  of  Malmesbury  and 
Devizes;  hanged  before  the  latter  by  the  Earl  of 
Gloucester.  [xix.  176] 

FITZHUGH,  ROBERT  (d.  1436),  bishop  of  London; 
master  of  King's  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  vice-chancellor  of 
the  university,  1424 ;  ambassador  to  Rome  and  Venice, 
1429 ;  bishop  of  London,  1431,  being  ronsecrated  at 
Foliyrno,  Italy ;  one  of  the  English  delegates  at  the  council 
of  Basle,  1434,  on  the  way  home  from  which  he  died; 
buried  in  rft.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [xix.  177] 

FITZJAMES,  JAMES,  DUKE  OF  BERWICK  (1670- 
1734),  marshal  of  France;  natural  son  of  James,  duke  of 
York  (James  II),  by  Arabella  Churchill  [q.  v.] ;  born  and 
educated  in  France ;  came  to  England  after  his  father's 
accession  and  was  created  Duke  of  Berwick,  1687;  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Hungary  against  the  Turks ;  served 
in  Ireland  against  William  III,  1689-90,  and  in  Flanders 
as  a  French  officer,  being  taken  prisoner  at  Neerwinden, 
1693 ;  commanded  with  success  French  army  in  Spain, 
1704  ;  partially  subdued  the  Camisards  and  took  Nice,  for 
which  he  was  created  Marechal  de  France  ;  defeated  the 
English  under  Galway  (Ruvigny)  at  Aluianza,  1707  ;  de- 
fended south-eastern  France  against  Prince  Eugene, 
1709-10;  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht  supported  the  English 
alliance :  appointed  to  command  the  French  army  of  the 
Rhine,  1733 ;  killed  at  the  siege  of  Philipsbourg  in  the 
second  campaign,  next  year.  [xix.  178] 

FITZJAMES,  SIR  JOHN  (1470  7-1542  ?),  judge ;  nephew 
of  Richard  Fitzjames  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London  ;  treasurer 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  1509;  recorder  of  Bristol,  1610; 
attorney-general,  1519  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1521  :  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1522  ;  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench, 


FITZJAMES 


441 


FITZROY 


1626  ;  signed  articles  of  impeachment  against  Wolspy,  1529 ; 
member  of  the  court  which  tried  the  Carthusians  and 
More  and  Fisher  ;  retired  from  office,  1538.  [xix.  179] 

FITZJAMES,  RICHARD  (d.  1522),  bishop  •  t  Lou 
don:  M.A.  Mcrton  College,  Oxfoni:  fellow  of  Mertou, 
1465  ;  proctor,  1473  ;  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  1477-81  ; 
chaplain  to  Kdwnrd  IV;  warden  of  Morton,  1483-1507  ; 
bishop  of  Rochester,  1497  ;  one  of  the  negotiators  of  the 
Ureat  Intercourse,  1499 ;  bishop  of  Colchester,  1504,  of 
Loin  Ion,  IftUG.  He  introduced  reforms  at  Oxfoni  and 
built  Fulham  Palace.  [xix.  180] 

FITZJOCELIN,  REGINALD  (1140?-1191),  arch- 
bishop-elect of  Canterbury;  called  'the  Lombard,'  from 
his  education  in  Italy ;  at  first  a  friend  of  Becket ;  be- 
his  opponent  when  Becket  excommunicated  his 


of  England  during  William's  absence,  1067 :  aa  Earl  of 
Hereford  defended  the  bonier  against  the  South  Welsh : 
.-•ni  to  administer  Normandy  for  the  queen,  Iu7u  ;  killed 
at  Cassel  fighting  for  Countess  of  Flanders,  [xix.  188] 

FITZ08BERT,    WILLIAM    (d.    1196),   demagogue; 

known  a-  '  Lun^beard' ;  led  agitation  in  London  against 
the  city  magnates,  particularly  in  connection  with  the 
aid*  levied  for  Richard  I's  ransom,  1194;  dragged  from 
-ancillary  in  Bow  Church  by  order  of  the  primate  and 
hammed  in  chains  at  Smithfield.  [xix.  189] 

FITZPATRICK,  SIR  BARNABY,  BARON  OF  UPPER 
<»-.RY  (1535?-1581),  educated  at  court  with  Prince 
Edward  (Edwanl  VI):  while  in  France  corresponded 
with  the  king  (correspondence  printed  in  '  Literary  Re- 
mains of  Edward  VI'):  active  in  suppression  of  Wyatt's 


lather,  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury:  employed  by  Henry  II 
on  several  embassies  to  the  pope  ;  bishop  of  Bath,  1174  ; 
founded  hospital  of  St.  John  at  Bath,  1 180 :  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  repress  heresy  at  Toulouse,  1178 ; 
attended  Lateran  Council,  1179;  helped  to  overthrow 
Longchamp,  1191 ;  elected  to  see  of  Canterbury,  1191. 

[xix.  181] 

FITZJOHN,  EUSTACE  (d.  1157),  judge;  justice- 
itinerant  in  the  north  and  governor  of  Bamborough 
Castle  under  Henry  I,  who  gave  him  much  property  in 
Yorkshire  ;  supported  the  Empress  Matilda  ;  fought  at 

the  battle  of  the  Standard  in  David's  army,  1138  ;  founded  ;  lon<,  frie,Miship  wjth 

Almvick  Abbey  1147,  and  Gilbertine  houses  in  Yorkshire  ;  gen?eil  in  A»Su»,  1777-8  ;  M.P.  for  Tavistock, 1774, 1807,' 
as  constable  of  Chester  fe  I  while  taking  part  in  Henry  II  s  d  Igl2  M  p  for  Bedfordshire,  1807-12  ;  chief  secretary 
first  expedition  into  Wales.  The  Barons  de  Vescy  were  • 


rebellion,  1553;  went  to  Ireland,  where  he  had  lifelong 
feud  with  Ormonde;  his  wife  and  daughter  abducted, 
1573  ;  killed  the  rebel  Rory  O'More,  1578.  [xix.  190] 

FITZPATRICK,  RICHARD,  first  BAROV  GOWRA* 
(rf.  1727),  naval  commander ;  distinguished  himself  against 
the  French,  1687-1702:  granted  land  in  Queen's  County 
and  created  an  Irish  peer,  1715.  [xix.  191] 

FITZPATRICK,     RICHARD    (1747-1813),    general, 
politician,  and  wit:   grandson  of  Richanl  Fitzpatrick, 
first  baron  Gowran  [q.  v.]  ;  began  at  Westminster  life- 
0.  J.  Fox  ;  entered  the  army,  176ft  ; 


descended  from  his  son  William. 


[xix.  183] 


FITZJOHN,  PAIN  (</.  1137),  judge;  brother  of 
Eustace  Fitzjohn  [q.  v.]  :  justice-itinerant  under  Henry  I  ; 
sheriff  of  Shropshire  and  Herefordshire  ;  supported  Ste- 
phen :  slain  in  battle  with  Welsh  rebels.  [xix.  184] 

FITZJOHN,  THOMAS,  second  KARL  OF  KILDARE 
(d.  1328).  [See  FITZGERALD,  THOMAC.] 

FITZMAURICE,  HENRY  PETTY-,  third    MARQUIS 


for  Ireland,  1782:  secretary  of  war  in  coalition  of  1783, 
and  in  ministry  of  all  the  talents,  1806-7  ;  one  of  the  chief 
writers  of  the  '  Rolliad.'  [xix.  191] 

FITZPATRICK,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1830-1895),  Irish 
biographer  ;  educated  at  Clongowes  Wood  Roman  catholic 
college,  co.  Kildare;  honorary  professor  of  history  at 
Royal  Hibernian  Academy  of  Arts,  1876  ;  honorary  LL.D. 
Royal  University  of  Ireland.  He  published  a  number  of 
works,  relating  chiefly  to  the  secret  history  of  eminent 
personages,  including  '  Life  and  Times  of  Bishop  Doyle,* 


OF  LANSDOWNK  (1780-1863).    [See  PHTTY-KITZMAURICK.]  j  ig6i,  »Lord  Edwanl  Fitzgerald,'  1859,  'The  Sham  Squire; 


FITZMAURICE,  JAMES  (d.  1579).  [See  FITZ- 
GERALD, JAMES  FITZMAL'RIOK.] 

FITZMAURICE,  iliw.  (/.  1741-1766).  [See  HlPPKS- 
LEY,  E.] 

FITZMAURICE,  PATRICK,  seventeenth  LORD 
KKRRYand  BARON  LIXNAW  (1551  ?-160o),  son  and  heir 
of  Thomas  Fitzmaurice,  sixteenth  lord  Kerry  [q.  v.]  ; 


1866,  4  Ireland  before  the  Union,'  1867,  and  '  The  Corre- 
spondence of  Daniel  O'Connell,'  1888.  He  also  produced 
a  pamphlet,  1866,  claiming  for  Thomas  Scott,  brother  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  chief  credit  for  a  large  part  of  the 
Waverley  novels.  [Suppl.  ii.  216] 

FITZPETER,  GEOFFREY,  EARL  OF  ESSEX  (d. 
1213),  one  of  the  five  judges  of  the  king's  court  while 
Richard  I  was  on  crusade;  joined  opposition  to  Long* 


joined   Desmond's  rebellion,   1580 ;    escaped,  1681,   from     champ  and  was  excommunicated ;  appointed  chief  justi- 
" ;  again  captured,  1587,  j  ciar,  1198 :  ennobled  by  John,  whose  succession  he  did 


Limerick,  where  he  was  confined 

and  imprisoned  at  Dublin  till  1592  ;  joined  O'Neill's  rising 

and  lost  Lixnaw.  [xix.  184] 


much  to  secure  ;   joint-  vicegerent  when  the  king  set  out 
for  Poitou.  [xix.  192] 


FITZMAURICE,  THOMAS,  sixteenth  LORD  KKRRY 
and  BARON  LIXNAW  (1602-1590);  served  in  imperial 
army  at  Milan  ;  rebelled  against  Queen  Elizabeth's  govern- 
ment, 1582  ;  pardoned,  1583.  [xix.  185] 


FITZRALPH,  RICHARD,  'ARMACHANU8'  (d.  1360), 
archbishop  of  Armagh  ;  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
and  perhaps  chancellor ;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1337  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  1347 ;  had  great  repute  as  a  preacher ; 

,  attacked  the  friars,  and  was  cited  in  1357  to  defend  his 

FITZMAURICE,  THOMAS,  eighteenth  LORD  KERRY  j  opinions  before  the  pope  at  Avignon,  where  he  probably 
and  BARON-  LIXNAW  (1574-1630),  son  of  Patrick  Fitz-  j  ,iied;  wrote  treatises  against  the  errors  of  Armenian 
maurice,  seventeenth  lonl  Kerry  [q.  v.]  :  took  an  active  Christians  and  against  the  friars'  doctrine  of  obligatory 
part  in  O'Neill's  rebellion,  but  submitted  in  1603;  im-  poverty.  [xix.  194] 


part 

prisoned  in  London  for  refusing  jointure  to  his  ?on. 

[xix.  185] 

FITZNEALE  or  FITZNIGEL,  RICHARD,  other- 
wise RICHARD  OF  ELY  (d.  1198),  bishop  of  London  ;  son 
of  Nigel,  bishop  of  Ely,  whom  he  succeeded  as"treasurer 
of  KnL'land,  1169;  became  justice-itinerant,  1179;  dean 
of  Lincoln,  1184  :  his  election  to  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln 


poverty.  [xix.  194] 

FITZRICHARD,  GILBERT  (d.  1115  ?).    [See  CLARK, 

GlLBKRT  DE.] 

FITZROBERT,   SIMON  (d.  1207).    [See  SIMON  DE 

WKLL8.] 

FITZROY,    AUGUSTUS   HENRY,  third   DUKE  OF 
educated  at    West- 


mSTSr^^ntn^^faK   appointed  |  ^RAKTON    (1735-1811),    statesman;    educated  at    West- 
bishop   of  "London.  1189;    continued    «    treasurer    by  j  ^f  ™*  ^/^^^ 


oisnop    ot    Lionaon.   ll»y;    continues    as    treasurer    uy  i  — -— —  - — -•'  -•  — 

liichanl  I;  mediated  between  Prince  John  and  Long-  |  of  Euston  M.P  for  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1766 ;  succeeded 
champ;    protected   Geoffrey    Plautagenet    from    Long-     to  dukedom,  1757,  being  also  named  lord-lieutenant 
5,  and  was  loval  to  Richard  I  against  Prince  John  :  |  ^^^^^'^^^S^  E*S££ 

ham's  first  ministry,  1765-6,  but  resigned  when  it  was 
not  supported  by  Pitt;  became  nominal  head  of  the 
Chatham  administration,  1 766,  and  actual  first  minister 
when  Pitt  retired  two  years  later ;  outvoted  in  his  own 


champ,  and  was  loyal  to  Richard  I  against 
patron  of  learning  ;  wrote  '  Dialogus  de  Scaccario '  and 
"The  Acts  of  King  Henry  and  King  Richard'  ('Tri- 
oolumnus '),  the  latter  wrongly  ascribed  to  Benedict  (d. 
1193)  [q.  v.]  of  Peterborough.  [xix.  186] 


FITZOSBERN,  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (e/. 
1071),  son  of  Osbern  the  seneschal,  who  was  guardian  of 
William  the  Conqueror  when  Duke  of  Normandy  ;  urged 
on  William  conquest  of  England,  and  led  right  wing  at 
Hastings,  1066  ;  granted  lauds  in  the  west ;  joint  viceroy 


cabinet  on  the  repeal  of  the  American  tea  duty,  and  at- 
tacked by  Junius  and  Chatham  ;  resigned,  January  1770 ; 
held  the  office  of  pri  vy  seal  under  Lonl  North,  1 771-5,  with- 
out a  seat  in  the  cabinet ;  in  opposition  again  till  March 
1782,  when  he  joined  second  Rockiugham  cabinet  as  lord 


FITZBOY 


442 


FITZWAL.TER 


privy  seal ;  wrote,  in  retirement, a  work  in  defence  of  uni- 
tarianism  and  an  autobiography  (first  publishal  in  com- 
plete form,  1899).  As  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University 
he  appointed  the  poet  Gray  professor  of  modern  history. 

[xix.  198] 

FITZROY,  CHARLES,  first  DUKK  OP  SOUTHAMPTON 
and  CLEVELAND  (1662-1730),  natural  son  of  Charles  II  by 
Barbara  Villiers  [q.  v.]  :  created  Baron  of  Newbury,  Earl 
of  Chichester,  and  Duke  of  Southampton,  1675;  became 
Duke  of  Cleveland  on  death  of  his  mother,  1709. 

[xix.  201] 

FITZROY,  CHARLES,  first  BARON  SOUTHA MI-TON 
(1737-1797);  as  Colonel  Fitzroy  served  under  Ferdinand 
of  Brunswick  in  the  seven  years'  war,  and  was  his  aide- 
de-camp  at  Minden,  1769  ;  created  peer,  1780.  [xix.  201] 

FITZROY,  LOUD  CHARLES  (1764-1829),  general: 
second  son  of  Augustus  Henry  Fitzroy,  third  duke  of 
Orafton  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1784  ; 
served  in  Flanders,  1793-4;  aide-de-camp  to  George  III, 
1795  ;  M.P.,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1784-90  and  1802-18. 

[xix.  202] 

FITZROY,  Sm  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS  (1796-1858), 
colonial  governor ;  son  of  Lord  Charles  Fitzroy  [q.  v.] ; 
present  at  Waterloo  as  a  member  of  Sir  Hussey  Vivian's 
staff,  1815 ;  M.P.,  Bury,  1831  ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Prince  Edward  island,  1837 ;  governor  of  the  Leeward 
islands,  1841 ;  as  governor  of  New  South  Wales  (1846-50), 
resisted  the  importation  of  convicts  ;  governor-general  of 
Australia,  1850-5.  [xix.  202] 

FITZROY,  GEORGE,  DUKK  op  NORTHUMBERLAND 
(1665-1716),  youngest  son  of  Charles  II  by  Barbara  Vil- 
liers ;  created  Baron  of  Pontefract,  1674,  and  Viscount 
Falmouth  and  Earl  of  Northampton,  1 674  ;  created  duke 
of  Northumberland  on  his  return  from  Venice,  1683  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1710 ;  privy  councillor,  1713. 

[xix.  203] 

FITZROY,  GEORGE  HENRY,  fourth  DUKK  OP 
GRAPTON  (1760-1844),  eldest  son  of  Augustus  Henry 
Fitzroy,  third  duke  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1799  ;  as  Lord  Euston  was  returned  with  Pitt  for 
Cambridge  University  in  1784,  and  represented  it  till 
1811 ;  after  the  revolution  became  a  whig.  [xix.  203] 

FITZROY,  HENRY,  DUKK  OF  RICHMOND  (1519- 
1536),  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII  by  Elizabeth  Blount 
(afterwards  Talboys) ;  suspected  to  have  been  poisoned  by 
Anne  Boleyn  and  her  brother.  [xix.  204] 

FITZROY,  HENRY,  first  DUKK  OP  GRAPTON  (1663- 
1690),  second  son  of  Charles  II  by  Barbara  Villiers; 
married  whilst  a  child  to  a  daughter  of  Henry  Bennet, 
earl  of  Arlington;  created  Earl  of  Euston,  1672,  and 
duke  of  Grafton,  1675  ;  distinguished  himself  as  a  sailor 
in  command  of  the  Grafton  at  battle  of  Beachy  Head 
(1690),  and  saw  service  as  a  soldier  with  the  French  in 
Flanders,  1684,  and  at  Sedgemoor,  1685 ;  professed  loyalty 
to  James  II,  1688,  but  soon  deserted  him  for  William  III ; 
mortally  wounded  while  in  command  at  the  siege  of  Cork. 

[xix.  205] 

FITZROY,  HENRY  (1807-1859),  statesman  ;  educated 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1828  ;  M.P.,  Grimsby,  1831-2,  and  Lewes,  1837-59 ; 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1845 ;  under-secretary  for  home 
department,  1852-5  ;  chairman  of  committees,  1855  ;  chief 
commissioner  of  works,  1859.  [xix.  206] 

FITZROY,  JAMES,  otherwise  CROFTS,  afterwards 
SCOTT,  DUKE  OF  MONMOUTH  and  BUCCLEUCH,  1649-1«85. 
[See  SCOTT.] 

FITZROY,  MARY,  DUCHESS  op  RICHMOND  (d.  1557), 
daughter  of  Thomas  Howard,  third  duke  of  Norfolk 
[q.  v.]  ;  married  to  Henry  Fitzroy,  duke  of  Richmond, 
[q.  v.],  1533,  but  never  lived  with  him ;  gave  evidence  in- 
culpating her  brother,  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  on  charge  of 
treason,  1540.  [xix.  206] 

FITZROY,  ROBERT  (1805-1866),  vice-admiral,  hydro- 
grapher,  and  meteorologist ;  son  of  Lord  Charles  Fitzroy 
[q.  v.]  ;  in  command  of  the  Beagle,  conducted  survey  of 
Patagonia  and  the  Straits  of  Magellan  (1828-36),  having 
Darwin  as  naturalist  for  the  last  fire  years :  wrote  with 
Darwin  a  narrative  of  the  voyage,  1839  ;  elected  M.P.  for 
Durham,  1841 ;  governor  of  New  Zealand,  1843-5 ;  F.R.S., 
1851 ;  chief  of  meteorological  department,  1854  ;  suggested 
plan  of  Fitzroy  barometer  and  instituted  a  system  of 
storm-warnings,  the  first  weather  forecasts ;  published 
meteorological  works.  [xix.  207] 


FITZSIMON,  HENRY  (1566-1643),  Jesuit;  of  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  at  first  a  zealous  prote.^tant,  but  couverted 
to  Roman  Catholicism  by  Thomas  Darbyshire  [q.  v.] ; 
admitted  to  Society  of  Jesus,  1592  ;  afterwards  held  chair 

Iof  philosophy  at  Douay  ;  carried  on  a  mission  at  Dublin, 
for  which  he  was  arrested  (1599)  and  imprisoned  five 
|  years,  disputing  while  in  prison  with  Ugsher  and  others  ; 
after  some  time  in  Spain,  Flauders,  and  Rome  was  army 
chaplain  in  Bohemia,  1620,  writing  a  history  of  the  cam- 
paign ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1630,  and  was  involved  in  the 
rebellion  of  1641 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xix.  209] 

FITZSIMONS  or  FITZSYMOND,  WALTER  (d. 
1511),  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1484;  the  first  consecrated 
in  St.  Patrick's  ;  espoused  cause  of  Lambert  Simnel,  1487, 
but  was  pardoned ;  appointed  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
1492  and  1503,  and  lord  chancellor,  1496,  1601,  and  1509-11. 

[xix.  210] 

FITZSTEPHEN,  ROBERT  (d.  1183  ?),  Norman  con- 
queror of  Ireland ;  as  constable  of  Cardigan  (Aberteivi) 
carried  on  war  with  the  Welsh,  and  was  three  years  their 
prisoner;  accompanied  his  half-brother  Maurice  Fitz- 
gerald (d.  1176)  [q.v.]  to  Ireland,  1169:  took  Wexford 
and  invaded  Ossory ;  surrendered  at  Carrig,  1171,  but 
was  given  up  to  Henry  II  on  his  arrival ;  with  Miles 
Cogan  received  from  him  kingdom  of  Cork,  1177,  where 
he  was  besieged,  1182-3.  [xix.  211] 

tflTZSTEPHEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1190?),  biographer 
of  Becket ;  dissuaded  Becket  at  the  council  of  Northamp- 
ton, 1164,  from  excommunicating  his  enemies  if  they  laid 
hands  on  him ;  present  at  his  murder.  His  •  Vitu 
Saucti  Thomae'  (first  printed,  1723)  contains  an  account 
of  London  in  the  twelfth  century.  [xix.  212] 

FITZTHEDMAR,  ARNOLD  (1201-1274  ?),  alderman 
of  London ;  of  German  parentage  ;  as  '  alderman  of  the 
Germans'  took  the  royalist  side  in  the  barons'  war  ;  pro- 
bably the  author  of  '  Chronica  Majorum  et  Vicecomitum 
Londoniarum '  (edited,  1846).  [xix.  213] 

FITZTHOMAS,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  KILDARE  and 
sixth  BARON  OF  OFPALY  (tf.  1316),  grandson  of  Maurice 
Fitzgerald  II  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  the  expedition  of  1288 
against  the  Irish  of  Offaly  and  Leix ;  accused  of  treason 
by  justiciar  De  Vesci  in  connection  with  the  Conuaught 
succession,  1294;  his  Sligo  and  Connaught  estates  for- 
feited after  his  capture  of  Richard  de  Burgh,  earl  of  Ulster 
(1294-5) ;  afterwards  served  Edward  I  and  his  son  in 
Scotland  ;  his  territory  in  Kildare  constantly  disturbed  by 
the  Irish ;  allied  himself  by  marriage  with  the  De  Burghs, 
1312 ;  created  Earl  of  Kildare,  1316,  after  having  had  his 
territories  invaded  by  Edward  Bruce.  [xix.  214] 

FITZTHOMAS  or  FITZGERALD,  MAURICE,  first 
RAUL  OF  DESMOND  (d.  1356),  justiciar  of  Ireland  ;  kinsman 
and  ward  of  John  Fitzthomas,  first  earl  of  Kildare  [q.  v.]  ; 
married  Catherine  de  Burgh  (1312)  ;  created  Earl  of  Des- 
mond with  grant  of  palatine  county  of  Kerry,  1329 ;  im- 
prisoned by  the  justiciar  and  viceroy,  who  had  intervened 
in  his  feud  with  the  Earl  of  Ulster ;  took  lead  in  resistance 
of  Anglo-Irish  to  the  English  policy  of  viceroys,  1341-6  ; 
imprisoned,  but  eventually  liberated  and  received  back  his 
forfeited  estates,  and  governed  Ireland  as  viceroy,  1355-6. 

[xix.  217] 

FITZURSE,  REGINALD  (fl.  1170),  one  of  the  mur- 
derers of  Becket ;  had  been  one  of  his  tenants  when  chan- 
cellor. According  to  Hoveden,  he  died  while  doing  penance 
in  a  religious  house  near  Jerusalem,  but  by  another 
account  he  went  to  Ireland  and  there  founded  the  family 
of  McMahon.  [xix.  218] 

FTTZWA1TER,  ninth  BARON  (1452  ?-1496).  [See 
RADCLIPPE  or  RATCLIFPK,  JOHN.] 

FITZW ALTER,  JOHN  (d.  1412  ?).    [See  WALTKR.] 

FITZWALTER,  ROBERT  (d.  1235),  baronial  leader ; 

lord  of  Duninow  and  Baynard's  Castle,  was  grandson 

through  his  mother  of  Richard  de  Lucy  [q.  v.]  ;  exiled  for 

conspiracy  against  John,  1212  ;  flod  to  France  :  returned 

after  the  king's  submission  to  the  pope,  and  received  back 

his  estates;  led  barons'  army,  1215,  when  London  was 

seized  and  the  Great  Charter  extorted;  excommunicated, 

as  one  of  the  twenty-five  executors  of  the  Great  Charter  ; 

|  offered  the  crown  to  the  dauphin  Louis,  for  whom  he 

>  raised  the  siege  of  Mountsorrel ;  defeated  and  captured  at 

I  Lincoln  by  William  Marshall,  1217;   went  on  the  fifth 


FITZWARINE 


443 


FLAMSTEED 


crusade,  and  was  present  at  the  sieire  of  Damietta,  1219- 
1220 :  after  hia  return  submitted  to  the  government  of 
Jfcnry  III.  A  legend  relating  to  his  daughter  Matilda 
find  her  supposed  solicitation  and  murder  by  King  John 
has  been  the  subject  of  several  poems  and  plays. 

[xix.  219] 

FITZWARINE,  FULK,  the  name  of  eleven  succes- 
sive persons  having  property  in  Shropshire  between  1150 
and  1420.  A  traditional  history  of  the  family  contained 
in  an  old  French  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum  was 
published  in  French,  1840,  and  was  first  printed  In  Eng- 
lish by  Thomas  Wright,  1855.  [xix.  223] 

FITZWARINE,  FULK  I  (Jl.  1156),  head  of  his 
family  and  a  powerful  noble.  [xix.  223] 

FITZWARINE,  FULK  II  (d.  1197),  son  of  Fulk  Fitz- 
warine  I  [q.  v.]  [xix.  223] 

FITZWARINE,  FULK  III  (d.  1256?),  baron;  op- 
posed King  John  and  was  specially  excommunicated  : 
made  his  peace  with  Henry  III,  but  in  1246  was  deputed 
by  the  barons  to  order  the  papal  nuncio  to  leave  the 
country.  [xix.  223] 

FITZWARINE,  FULK  IV  (d.  1264),  baron;  was 
drowned  at  the  battle  of  Lewes,  1264.  [xix.  223] 

FITZWTLLIAM,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  WENT- 
WORTH,  third  EARL  FITZWILLIAM  (1786-1857),  son  of 
William  Weutworth  Fitzwilliam,  second  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.  (as  Viscount  Milton)  for  Yorkshire,  1807-31,  and 
for  Northamptonshire,  1831-3 ;  K.G.,  1851 ;  supported 
parliamentary  reform,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  advo- 
cates of  free  trade  ;  edited  (1844)  Burke's  correspondence 
between  1744  and  1797.  [xix.  224] 

FITZWILLIAM,  EDWARD  (1788-1852),  actor; 
played  under  Ellistou  at  the  Olympic  and  Royal  Circus 
(Surrey),  and  under  Thomas  John  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  at  the 
latter  house ;  his  best  parts,  Leporello,  Dumbiedykes, 
Partridge,  and  Humphry  Clinker.  [xix.  225] 

FITZWILLIAM,  EDWARD  FRANCIS  (1824-1857), 
song- writer;  son  of  Edward  Fitzwilliam  [q.v.];  com- 
posed a  Stabat  Mater  at  twenty-one ;  musical  director  at 
the  Lyceum  with  Madame  Vestris,  1847-9,  and  afterwards 
at  the  Haymarket ;  composed  two  operettas  for  the  latter 
theatre,  the  music  for  '  Green  Bushes '  (Adelphi),  and  a 
cantata  performed  by  Hullah,  1851,  besides  songs. 

[xix.  225] 

FITZWILLIAM,  ELLEN  (1822-1880),  actress ;  wife 
of  Edward  Francis  Fitzwilliam  [q.  v.]  :  played  for  twenty- 
two  years  under  Buckstone  at  the  Haymarket ;  died  at 
Auckland,  New  Zealand,  after  having  acted  in  Australia. 
[xix.  226] 

FITZWILLIAM,  FANNY  ELIZABETH  (1801-1854), 
actress ;  wife  of  Edward  Fitzwilliam  [q.  v.]  ;  played  as  a 
child  at  Dover,  where  her  father  (Copeland)  was  manager ; 
appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  1817,  and  at  the  Olympic 
and  Surrey  under  Thomas  John  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Drury 
Lane,  1821-2 ;  leased  Sadler's  Wells,  1832  ;  went  with 
Webster  to  the  Haymarket,  1837  ;  played  with  great  success 
in  America  in  '  The  Country  Girl,'  and  after  her  return 
to  England  attained  the  height  of  her  reputation  in  'Green 
Bushes '  and  '  Flowers  of  the  Forest '  (Adelphi,  1845-7) ; 
subsequently  returned  to  the  Haymarket.  [xix.  226] 

FITZWILLIAM,  JOHN  (d.  1699),  nonjuror ;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1661-70 ;  university  lecturer 
on  music,  r.  1662 ;  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  York  and 
tutor  to  Princess  (afterwards  queen)  Anne  ;  subsequently 
canon  of  Windsor ;  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to  William 
and  Mary ;  left  bequests  to  the  Bodleian  and  Magdalen 
College  Library,  Bishop  Ken  being  his  executor. 

[xix.  227] 

FITZWILLIAM,  RALPH  (1256  7-1316),  baron  of 
Grimthorpe;  served  against  the  Welsh  and  Scots; 
joined  baronial  opposition  to  Edward  II ;  warden  of  the 
northern  marches,  where  he  had  large  property. 

[xix.  228] 

FITZWILLIAM,  RICHARD,  seventh  VISCOUNT  FITZ- 
WILLIAM of  Meryon  (1745-1816),  founder  of  the  Fitz- 
williain  Museum  at  Cambridge  (begun  in  1837)  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1764 ;  F.R.S. ;  author  of  '  The 
Letters  of  Atticus '  (originally  composed  in  French.) 

[xix.  229] 

FITZWILLIAM,  ROGER,  alias  ROGER  DE  BRETEUIL, 
EARL  OP  HEREFORD^.  1071-1075),  succeeded  to  title  and 
estates  of  his  father,  William  Fitzosbern,  earl  of  Hereford 


[q.v.],;   with  his  brother-in-law  Half,  earl  of  Norfolk, 
•  ired  against  William  I,  and  was  sentenced  to  for- 
feiture and  perpetual  imprisonment  (1076).      [xix.  229] 

FITZWILLIAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1460  ?-1534),  sheriff 
of  London ;  warden  of  Merchant  Taylors'  Company, 
1494  and  1498,  and  master,  1499  ;  obtained  a  new  charter 
for  the  company,  1502,  and  left  it  a  bequest :  alderman  of 
Bread  Street  ward  and  sheriff  of  London,  1606 ;  refused 
to  serve,  1510;  treasurer  and  chamberlain  to  Wolsey, 
whom  he  entertained  when  disgraced  ;  knighted,  1522  ; 
sheriff  of  Northampton,  1524.  [xix.  230] 

FITZWILLIAM,  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  SOUTHAMPTON 
(d.  1542),  lord  high  admiral ;  wounded  in  action  off  Brest, 
1513  ;  knighted  at  Tournay,  1513,  and  created  vice-admiral 
of  England  when  treasurer  of  Wolsey's  household  ;  went 
as  ambassador  to  France,  1521;  vice-admiral  under 
Surrey,  1522;  comptroller  of  royal  household  and  K.G., 
1526 ;  chancellor  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  1529 ;  lord 
privy  seal,  1533;  lord  high  admiral,  1636-40;  created 
Earl  of  Southampton,  1537  ;  serve  1  Henry  VIII,  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  being  his  intimate  friend  from  child- 
hood; died  while  in  command  of  the  van  of  Norfolk's 
expedition  against  Scotland.  [xix.  230] 

FITZWILLIAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1626-1599).  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland  ;  grandson  of  Sir  William  Fitzwilliam 
[q.  v.],  the  sheriff ;  though  a  protestant,  supported 
Mary ;  vice- treasurer  in  Ireland,  1559-73  ;  assisted  Sussex 
against  Shane  O'Neill,  1561 :  lord  justice  in  Ireland,  1571  ; 
lord  deputy,  1572-5 ;  reduced  Desmond  to  submission ; 
re-appointed,  1588,  when  he  made  an  expedition  into  Con- 
naught  ;  pacified  Monaghan  and  suppressed  Maguire  in 
Cavan ;  left  Ireland,  1699.  He  was  governor  of  Fother- 
ingay  Castle  when  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  executed, 
and  was  given  by  her  a  portrait  of  her  sou  James. 

[xix.  232] 

FITZWILLIAM,  WILLIAM  WENTWORTH,  second 
EARL  FITZWILLIAM  (1748-1833),  statesman  ;  nephew  and 
heir  of  Charles  Wentworth  [q.  v.].  Marquis  of  Rocking- 
ham ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  ;  joined  Pitt  as  one 
of  the  '  Old  Whigs,'  and  became  president  of  the  council, 
1794;  went  to  Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  1795,  but  was 
recalled  within  three  months,  on  account  of  his  premature 
and  unauthorised  avowal  of  sympathy  with  the  demand 
for  catholic  emancipation ;  fought  duel  with  Beresfonl, 
whom  he  had  tried  to  dismiss  from  the  commissionership 
i  of  the  customs ;  lord-lieutenant  of  the  West  Riding  of 
1  Yorkshire,  1798;  president  of  council  under  Lord  Gren- 
ville,  1806-7  ;  remained  in  opposition  for  the  rest  of  his 
life,  and  was  dismissed  from  his  lieutenancy  (1819)  for 
his  censure  of  the  Peterloo  '  massacre.'  [xix.  235] 

FLAHATTLT,  COMTESSEDE  (1788-1867).  [See  ELPHIN- 
STONE,  MARGARET  MERCER.] 

FLAKEFEELD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1700),  first  weaver  of 
!  checked  linen  in  Great  Britain  ;  served  in  the  army  till 
i  1700,  when  he  began  to  make  check  handkerchiefs  at 
Glasgow,  of  which,  at  his  death,  he  was  town  drummer. 

[xix.  237] 

FLAMBARD,  RANNULF  (d.  1128),  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham and  chief  minister  of  William  II ;  according  to 
Florence  of  Worcester,  rose  by  buying  the  custody  of 
vacant  sees  and  other  benefices  for  ready  money  and  an 
annual  rent ;  adviser  and  instrument  of  William  Rufus's 
extortions ;  rewarded  with  bishopric  of  Durham,  1099 ; 
sent  to  the  Tower  by  Henry  I ;  escaped  and  fled  with  his 
mother  to  Normandy  ;  became  minister  of  Duke  Robert, 
but  after  Robert's  defeat  at  Tenchebrai  (1106)  was  par- 
doned and  restored  to  his  see  by  Henry  I  ;  for  three  years 
acting  bishop  of  Lisieux  ;  completed  the  nave  of  Durham 
Cathedral,  and  renewed  the  walls  of  the  city;  built 
Norham  Castle.  The  abuse  of  feudal  customs  (especi- 
ally « the  relief)  probably  originated  with  him. 

[xix.  237] 

FLAMMOCK,  THOMAS  (d.  1497),  rebel ;  led  a  body 
of  Cornishmen,  who  were  discontented  at  the  taxation 
levied  for  the  contemplated  Scottish  expedition,  to  London; 
defeated  at  Deptford  Strand  and  hanged  at  Tyburn. 

[xix.  241] 

FLAMSTEED,  JOHN  (1646-1719),  first  astronomer 
royal;  educated  at  the  free  school,  Derby;  in  a  tract 
•written  in  1667  explained  the  cause  of  and  gave  rules  for 
the  equation  of  time  (in  Horrocks's  '  Posthumous  Works,' 
1673);  began  systematic  observations  with  Townley's 
mensurator,  1671  ;  entered  his  name  at  T^sos  College, 


FLANAGAN 


444 


FL.EETWOOD 


Cambrdge,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Newton, 
and  was  created  M.A.,  1674  ;  made  a  barometer  and  ther- 
mometer for  Charles  11  and  the  Duke  of  York.  1674; 
appointed  astronomer  royal,  1675;  took  orders,  1675; 
F.K.S.,  1677.  Though  he  was  overworked  and  under- 
paid, with  very  defective  instruments,  his  observations 
gave  great  help  to  Newton  in  writinir  his  •  1'rincipia,' 
and  he  laid  the  basis  of  modem  astronomy  by  ascer- 
taining absolute  right  ascensions  through  simultaneous 
observations  of  the  sun  and  a  star  near  both  equinoxes. 
In  1707  the  first  volume  of  his  catalogue  and  observations 
of  the  stars  (containing  the  work  done  between  1676  and 
1689)  was  printed  at  the  expense  of  Prince  George  of 
Denmark,  but  disputes  then  arose  with  Newton  and 
Halley,  who  published  in  1712,  without  Flamsteed's  con- 
sent, an  imperfect  edition  of  his  later  observations. 
Three-fourths  of  the  copies  of  this  edition  were  obtained 
by  him  and  destroyed;  the  authorised  work  was  com- 
pleted in  1725  by  his  assistant,  Joseph  Crosthwait. 

[xix.  241] 

FLANAGAN,  RODERICK  (1828-1861),  journalist; 
with  his  brother  founded  at  Sydney  a  weekly  paper,  *  The 
Chronicle ' ;  afterwards  edited  '  The  Empire,'  writing  in 
it  severe  criticisms  upon  colonial  treatment  of  the  abori- 
gines ;  died  at  London  when  superintending  publication 
of  his  '  History  of  New  South  Wales '  (issued  1862). 

[xix.  248] 

FLANAGAN,  THOMAS  (1814-1 865),  compiler;  presi- 
dent of  Sedgley  Park  Roman  catholic  school :  afterwards 
prefect  of  studies  at  Oscott ;  published  'Manual  of 
British  and  Irish  History '  and  '  History  of  the  (Catholic) 
Church  in  England  to  I860'  (1857),  with  other  works. 

[xix.  249] 

FLANN  (d.  1056),  Irish  historian:  commonly  called 
'  Mainistrech,'  eleven  of  his  poetical  histories  are  in 
the  '  Book  of  Leinster.'  [xtx.  249] 

FLANNAN,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  of  Killaloe  [Cill-da- 
Lua]  (fl.  7th  cent.) ;  said  to  have  been  consecrated  at 
Rome  and  to  have  visited  the  Isle  of  Man  ;  his  day  18th 
December.  [xix.  250] 

FLATMAN,  ELNATHAN  (1810-1800),  jockey:  en- 
tered service  of  William  Cooper,  the  trainer,  at  New- 
market, 1825,  and  from  1839  to  1859  was  one  of  the  most 
popular  jockeys  in  the  field  :  his  greatest  triumph,  the 
winning  of  the  Doncaster  Cup,  1850,  when,  on  Lord 
Zetland's  Voltigeur  he  beat  the  Flying  Dutchman,  ridden 
by  Marlow  ;  died  of  consumption  resulting  from  an 
accident  on  Bath  racecourse.  [Suppl.  ii.  217] 

FLATMAN,  THOMAS  (1637-1688),  poet  and  minia- 
ture-painter :  of  Winchester  and  New  College ;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1666;  published  'Poems  and  Songs' (1674), 
which  had  appeared  separately.  Two  miniatures  of 
himself  from  his  own  hand  are  preserved,  [xix.  251] 

FLATTISBURY,  PHILIP  (ft.  1500),  compiler :  drew 
up  the '  Red  Book  of  the  Earls  of  Kildnrc,'  now  in  the 
possession  of  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  and  transcribed  a  col- 
lection of  Anglo-Irish  annals,  first  printed  in  Camden's 
'  Britannia.'  [xix.  252] 

FLAVEL,  JOHN  (1596-1617),  logician  :  educated  at 
Trinity  and  Wadham  colleges,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1617  ;  pro- 
fessor of  grammar,  1617;  his  manuscript  'Tractatus  de 
Demonstratione  Methodicus  et  Polemicus,'  edited  by 
A.  Huish,  1619.  [xix.  253] 

FLAVEL,  JOHN  (1630  P-1691),  presbyterian  divine : 
educated  at  University  College,  Oxford :  •  ejected  from 
Dartmouth,  1662  ;  continued  to  minister  there  secretly  ; 
published  'Husbandry  Spiritualised,'  1669,  and  many 
other  works,  a  selection  from  which  appeared  in  1823 
(ed.  Bradley).  [xix.  253] 

FLAXMAN,  JOHN  (1766-1826),  sculptor  and 
draughtsman  ;  son  of  a  plasterer ;  cast  maker  in  Covent 
Garden  ;  at  twelve  gained  the  first  prize  of  the  Society  of 
Arts  for  a  medal ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  schools  ; 
began  to  be  employed  by  the  Wedgwoods  to  design  wax 
models  for  prizes  and  medalflona  in  Wedgwood  ware, 
c.  1775  ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1770,  and 
ten  years  later  showed  his  design  for  the  Chatterton 
monument ;  became  acquainted  with  Blake  and  stot  hard  ; 
introduced  by  Romney  to  William  Hayley  [q.  v.],  who 
became  a  useful  patron  ;  spent  seven  years  (1787-94)  in 
liome  and  Italy ;  made  a  great  reputation  in  Italy  by  his 


drawings  (executed  for  the  mother  of  the  Hares)  for  the 
'  Iliad '  and  '  Odyssey,'  and  for  Dante  and  ^Eschylus  ;  ex- 
,  hibited  the  Mansfield  and  Paoli  models  for  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  the  designs  for  Sir  William  Jones's  portrait 
statue  at   Oxford;    A.H.A.,   1797,  and   R.A.,  180<» ;    Li- 
diploma  work  the  marble  relief, '  Apollo  and  Marpessa ' ; 
first  professor  of  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1810  ; 
executed  the  Baring  monument  at  Micheldever,  1805-11, 
model  for   the   Reynolds    in    St.    Paul's,   1807,  and   the 
i  pedimental  group  at  Woburn,  1820.    In   1817  appeared 
i  his  outlines  to  Hesiod,  engraved  by  Blake,  and  next  year 
'  the  Achilles  shield,  drawings,  and  models.     Among  his 
later  works  are  the  marble  groups  at    Petworth,    the 
statues  of  Burns  and  Kemble  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
•  the  completion  of  the  friezes  at  Buckingham    Palace. 
Collections  of  his  drawings  are  at  South  Kensington,  the 
British  Museum,  University  College,  London,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge, [xix.  254] 

FLAXMAN,  MARY  ANN  (1768-1833),  artist;  half- 
sister  of  John  Flaxman  (1755-1826)  [q.  v.] ;  published  six 
designs  for  Hayley's '  Triumphs  of  Temper,'  1803  (engraved 
by  Blake) ;  and  exhibited  drawings  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1786-1819.  [xix.  259] 

FLAXMAN,  WILLIAM  (1753?-1795?)  artist;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Academy  a  wax  portrait  of  his  brother 
John  Flaxman  (1755-1826)  [q.  v.],  1781;  a  good  wood- 
carver,  [xix.  259] 

FLECCIUS,     GERBARUS    (fl.     1646-1554).       [See 

i    FUOCIU8.] 

FLECKNOE,    RICHARD  (d.  1678?),  poet;    said  to 

have  been  an  Irish  priest :  printed  privately  several  poems 

and  prose  works,  including 'A  Relation  of  Ten  Years' 

Travels  in  Europe,  Asia,  Affrique,  and  America,'  1656; 

I  satirised  by  Drydeii  in  '  Mac  Flecknoe,'  1682. 

[xix.  260] 

FLEET,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1712),  governor  of  the  East 
I  India  Company,  1695  ;  amalgamated  Old  with  New  East 
India  Company,   1702;    sheriff  of    London,   1688;  lord 
'  mayor,  1692  ;  M.P.  for  the  city,  1693-1705.       [xix.  261] 

FLEETWOOD,  CHARLES  (d.  1692),  parliamentarian 
soldier;  admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  1638;  one  of  Essex's 
bodyguard,  1642;  wounded  at  first  battle  of  Newbury 

I  when  captain,  1643 ;  appointed  receiver  of  the  court  of 
wards  forfeited  by  his  royalist  brother,  Sir  William,  1644  ; 

1  commanded  regiment  of  horse  in  the  new  model  at 
Naseby,  1645 ;  M.P.,  Marlborough,  1646 ;  took  leading 
part  in  quarrel  between  army  and  parliament,  1647,  on 
side  of  former ;  joint-governor  of  Isle  of  Wight,  1649  ; 
lieutenant-general  of  horse  at  Duubar,  1650 ;  member  of 
the  third  council  of  state  (1651)  and  commander  of  the 
forces  in  England  before  Worcester,  where  he  did  good 
service :  married  as  his  second  wife  Cromwell's  eldest 
daughter  (Bridget),  the  widow  of  Ireton,  1652 ;  named 
commander-in-chief  in  Ireland,  where  in  1654-7  he  was 
also  lord-deputy ;  after  the  first  year  came  to  England 
and  only  nominally  filled  the  office ;  recalled  on  account  of 
his  partiality  to  the  anabaptists ;  one  of  the  Protector's 
council,  1654  ;  major-general  of  the  eastern  district,  1655  ; 
a  member  of  Cromwell's  House  of  Lords,  1656 ;  nominal 
supporter  of  Richard  Cromwell :  headed  the  army's 
opposition  to  the  parliament ;  commander-in-chief,  1659  ; 
failed  to  make  terms  with  General  Monck;  and  at  the 
Restoration  was  incapacitated  for  life  from  holding  office. 

[xix.  261] 

FLEETWOOD,  GEORGE  (ft.  1650  ?),  regicide ;  M.P. 
for  Buckinghamshire  in  the  Long  parliament,  1640 ;  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  trial  of  Charles  I,  1648-9 ; 
member  of  last  Commonwealth  council  of  state  and  M.P. 
for  Buckinghamshire,  1653 ;  for  Buckingham,  1654 ; 
member  of  Cromwell's  House  of  Lords,  1667 ;  joined 
Monck,  1660,  and  though  condemned  to  death  at  the 
Restoration,  was  never  executed.  [xix.  265] 

FLEETWOOD,  GEORGE  (1605-1667),  general  in  the 
Swedish  service  and  baron  ;  brother  of  Charles  Fleetwood 
[q.  v.]  ;  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  the  thirty 
years'  war ;  created  baron  by  Queen  Christina,  1664 : 
envoy  extraordinary  to  England,  1665  ;  member  of  Swedish 
council  of  war,  1665 ;  died  in  Sweden,  where  he  left  de- 
scendants, [xix.  266] 

FLEETWOOD,  JAMES  (1603-1683),  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester: brother  of  George  Fleetwood  (fl.  1660  ?)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  pre- 


FLEETWOOD 


445 


FLEMING 


bcndary  of  Lichfield,  1636 ;  created  D.D.  of  Oxford  for 
.-  TMoes  at  Edgebill,  1642;  ejected  from  Sutton  Coldtield 
by  parliament ;  cbuplain  to  Charles  11  ;  provost  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  16GO  ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1676. 

[xix.  267] 

FLEETWOOD,  Sm  PETER  HESKETH,  first  baronet 
(1801-1866);  changed  to  Fleetwood  in  1831  his  original 
surname  of  liesketh ;  founded  the  town  of  Fleetwood, 
Lancashire,  in  1836  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1826  ; 
M.P.  for  Preston,  1832-47  ;  created  baronet,  1838. 

[xix.  267] 

FLEETWOOD,  THOMAS  (1661-1717),  drainer  of 
Martoii  Meer,  Lancashire.  The  work  begaii  in  1692  was 
completed,  by  Sir  Peter  Hesketh,  afterwards  Fleetwood 
[q.  v.]  [xix.  267] 

FLEETWOOD,  WILLIAM  (15367-1594),  recorder  of 
London  ;  of  Braseuose  College,  Oxford ;  barrister.  Middle 
Temple ;  counsel  for  the  Merchant  Taylors'  against  the 
Cloth  workers'  Company,  1565  ;  M.P.  for  Marlborough  in 
last  parliament  of  Queen  Mary  and  for  Lancaster  in  first 
two  of  Elizabeth ;  elected  recorder  of  London  by  Leicester's 
influence,  1571,  and  (1572)  M.P.  for  the  city;  re-elected 
M.P.  for  London,  1586  and  1688 ;  famous  for  his  vigorous 
enforcement  of  the  laws  against  vagrants  and  papists. 

[xix.  268] 

FLEETWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1656-1723),  bishop  of  Ely  ; 
nephew  of  James  Fleetwood  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  preacher;  M.A.,1683;  D.D.,  1705  ;  chap- 
lain to  William  III ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1702 ;  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph,  1708-14,  of  Ely,  1714-23.  A  preface  to  some 
of  his  sermons  attacking  tory  principles  was  condemned 
by  parliament  to  be  burnt,  but  was  published  as  No.  384 
of  the  '  Spectator.'  Besides  many  religious  works,  he  pub- 
lished '  Chronicon  Pretiosum,  or  an  Account  of  English 
Gold  and  Silver  Money '  (c.  1707,  anon.)  [xix.  269] 

FLEMING,  Miss,  afterwards  MRS.  STANLKY  (1796  ?- 
1861),  actress;  reputed  granddaughter  of  West  Digges 
[q.  v.]  ;  chiefly  remembered  for  her  connection  with  the 
Haymarket,  where  she  played  in  the  role  of  old  women. 

[xix.  271] 

FLEMING,  ABRAHAM  (1552  ?-1607),  antiquary  and 
poet;  B.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1582:  chaplain  to 
Countess  of  Nottingham  and  rector  of  St.  Pancras,  Soper 
Lane,  London;  author  of  verse  translation  from  the 
classics  and  some  prose  works,  including  a  digest  of 
Holinshed  and  a  history  of  English  earthquakes,  1680. 

[xix.  271] 

FLEMING,  ALEXANDER  (1824-1875),  medical 
writer;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1844.  His  'Physiological  and 
Medicinal  Properties  of  Aconituin  Napellus  (1845)  led  to 
introduction  of  *  Fleming's  tincture.'  [xix.  273] 

FLEMING,  CALEB  (1698-1779),  dissenting  polemic  ; 
joint-pastor  of  Bartholomew  Close  presbyterian  congrega- 
tion, 1740,  pastor  of  Pinner  Hall,  1753-77;  D.D.  St. 
Andrews ;  published  '  A  Survey  of  the  Search  after  Souls,' 
1758,  and  numerous  controversial  pamphlets,  [xix.  273] 

FLEMING,  CHRISTOPHER  (1800-1880),  surgeon; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1821,  and  M.D.,  1838 ;  president,  College  of 
Surgeons  (Ireland),  1856.  [xix.  275] 

FLEMING,  SIR  DANIEL  (1633-1701),  antiquary  ;  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  Gray's  Inn  ;  sheriff  of  Cum- 
berland, 1660  ;  knighted,  1681 ;  M.P.,  Cockermouth,  1685- 
1687 ;  left  in  manuscript  a  '  Description  of  the  County  of 
Westmoreland,'  published  1882  (ed.  Sir  G.  F.  Duckett). 

[xix.  275] 

FLEMING,  SIR  GEORGE  (1667-1747),  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle ;  fifth  son  of  Sir  Daniel  Fleming  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded 
as  second  baronet,  1736  ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford, 
1694 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Dr.  Smith,  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
of  which  he  was  canon,  1700,  archdeacon,  1705,  dean,  1727, 
and  bishop,  1734.  [xix.  276] 

FLEMING,  JAMES,  fourth  BARON  FLEMING  (1534?- 
1568),  lord  high  chamberlain  of  Scotland  (an  office  also 
held  by  his  father  Malcolm) ;  accompanied  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  to  France,  1548  ;  was  one  of  the  four  Scots  Commis- 
sioners who  died  on  their  way  home  after  attending  her 
marriage  with  the  dauphin  (Francis  II).  [xix.  276] 

FLEMING  or  FLEMMING,  JAMES  (1682-1751), 
major-general  and  colonel,  36th  foot ;  wounded  at  Blen- 
heim, 1704  ;  as  brigadier  served  against  Jacobites,  1745-6. 

[xix.  277] 


FLEMING,  JOHN,  fifth  BAKOX  FLEMING  (d.  1672), 
younger  brother  of  James,  fourth  baron  Fleming  [q.  v.], 
whom  he  succeeded  in  the  title ;  chamberlain,  1665 ; 
governor  of  Dumbarton  Castle,  1667  ;  accompanied  Both- 
well,  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scote,  in  his  flight  to  the 
north  of  Scotland,  1567  ;  joined  the  queen's  lords,  was 
present  with  Mary  at  Langside(1668),  and  accompanied 
her  to  England ;  interviewed  Elizabeth  ou  her  behalf  in 
London ;  represented  her  at  York ;  held  Dumbarton  for 
two  years ;  escaped  to  France  and  conducted  an  unsuc- 
cessful expedition  in  aid  of  Mary ;  accidentally  killed  by 
French  soldiers  at  Edinburgh.  [xix.  277] 

FLEMING,  JOHN,  firet  EARL  OK  WIGTOWN  or  WIG- 
TUN  (d.  1619),  lord  of  Cumbernauld ;  created  earl,  1607. 

[xix.  278] 

FLEMING,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OF  WIGTOWN  or  WK;- 
TOX  (d.  1650),  privy  councillor,  1641 ;  entered  into  asso- 
ciation in  support  of  Charles  I  at  Cumberuauld,  1660. 


[xix.  279] 
;  M.D.  Edin- 


FLEMTNG,  JOHN  (</.  1815),  botanist; 
burgh ;  president  of  Bengal  medical  service  ;  contributed 
'Catalogue  of  Indian  Medicinal  Plants  and  Drugs'  to 
'  Asiatick  Researches.'  [xix.  279] 

FLEMING,  JOHN  (1785-1867),  naturalist;  entered 
the  presbyteriun  ministry  and  held  charges  at  Bressay, 
Flisk,  and  Clackmannan ;  joined  the  free  church,  1843 : 
created  D.D.  of  St.  Andrews,  1814  ;  appointed  professor  of 
natural  philosophy,  Aberdeen,  1834,  of  natural  science 
at  Edinburgh,  1846  (Free  Church  College).  He  pub- 
lished '  Economical  Mineralogy  of  the  Orkney  and  Zetland 
Islands,'  '  The  Philosophy  of  Zoology '  (1822),  and  '  British 
Animals '  (1828).  [xix.  279] 

FLEMING,  SIR  MALCOLM,  EARL  OK  WIGTOWN 
(d.  1360  ?),  steward  of  the  household  to  David  II  (David 
Bruce) ;  as  keeper  of  Dumbarton  Castle  received  the  king 
after  his  defeat  at  Halidou,  1333;  accompanied  him  in 
his  escape  to  France ;  created  earl  and  sheriff  of  Wigtown 
on  the  king's  return,  1341  ;  captured  at  battle  of  Neville's 
Cross,  1346;  confined  in  Tower  of  London;  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  treaty  of  Berwick  (1357).  [xix.  280] 

FLEMING,  MARGARET  (1803-1811),' Pet  Margarie' ; 
a  youthful  prodigy ;  daughter  of  James  Fleming  of  Kirk- 
caldy ;  played  with  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  composed  a  poem 
]  on  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  other  verses.  [xix.  281] 

FLEMING,  PATRICK  (1599-1631),  Franciscan  friar 
I  of  the  Strict  Observance  ;  studied  at  Douay,  Louvain,  and 
I  Rome ;  first  superior  of  the  college  of  the  Immaculate 
j  Conception,  Prague ;  killed  by  peasants  near  Beneschau. 
i  His  life  of  St.  Columban  was  published  by  Thomas 
!  O'Sherrin  at  Lou  vain,  1667.  [xix.  281] 

FLEMING,    RICHARD  (d.  1431),  bishop  of  Lincoln 

;   and  founder  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford;  of  University 

i  College ;  junior  proctor,  1407  ;  condemned  by  Archbishop 

Arundel  for    Wycliffite  tendencies,  1409 ;  prebendary  of 

York  and   rector  of  Boston;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1420; 

represented  England  at  councils  of  Paviaand  Siena  (1428- 

1429),  where  he  championed  the  papacy:  given  by  the 

\  pope  the  see  of  York,  but  was  not  confirmed  by  the  king  ; 

'  caused  \Vy cliff e's  bones  to  be  exhumed,  1428.    [xix.  282] 

FLEMING,  ROBERT  (d.  1483).     [See  FLKMMING.] 

FLEMING,  ROBERT,  the  elder  (1630-1694),  Scottish 
1  divine:  ejected  from  Cambuslang,  Lanarkshire,  1662; 
went  to  Rotterdam,  1677 ;  died  in  London ;  published, 
among  other  works,  '  The  Fulfilling  of  the  Scripture,'  re- 
issued", 1845  (abridgment  still  current).  [xix.  284] 

FLEMING,  ROBERT,  the  younger  (1660?-1716), 
presbyterian  minister ;  son  of  Robert  Fleming  the  elder 
[q.  v.l  ;  studied  in  Holland,  where  he  was  ordained ;  pastor 
at  Leyden  and  afterwards  at  Rotterdam ;  at  Founder's 
Hall,  Lothbury,  1698 ;  lecturer  at  Sal  tors'  HalL  His  works 
include  '  Christology,'  1705-8,  and  '  Apocalyptical  Key,' 
i  1701  (reprinted,  1849).  [xix.  286] 

FLEMING,  SIR  THOMAS  (1544-1613),  judge :  called 
to  the  bar  from  Lincoln's  Inn,  1574 ;  commissioner  to 
Guernsey,  1579 ;  recorder  'of  Winchester  and  M.P..  Win- 
chester, 1584-92 ;  recorder  of  London,  1594 :  solicitor- 
!  general,  1595;  M.P.,  Hampshire,  1597-16O4:  chief-baron 
i  of  the  exchequer,  1604 ;  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
1607 ;  tried  gunpowder  plotters ;  gave  judgment  for  the 


crown  in  Bate's  case,  1606 ;  commissioner  for  lord  chan- 


cellor, 1610. 


[xix.  286] 


FLEMIMG 


446 


FLETCHER 


FLEMING,  THOMAS  (1593-1666),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Dublin  ;  professor  of  theology  at  Louvain ; 
archbishop,  1623 ;  with  archbishop  of  Tuam  agreed  to 
treat  with  Ormonde,  1643,  and  six  years  later  signed  de- 
claration of  oblivion,  but  excommunicated  Ormonde  when 
the  declaration  of  oblivion  was  repudiated  by  Charles  I  oil 
the  advice  of  Ormonde.  [xix.  288] 

FLEMMING,  JAMES  (1682-1751).    [See  FLEMING.] 
FLEMMING,  RICHARD  (d.  1431).    [See  PLKMI.M:.] 

FLEMMING,  ROBERT  (rf.  1483),  dean  of  Lincoln 
(1451)  and  benefactor  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  founded 
by  bis  uncle,  Richard  Fleming  [q.  v.]  ;  lived  chiefly  in 
Italy,  where  he  wrote  Latin  poems;  prothonotary  to 
Pope  Sixtus  IV.  [xix.  288] 

FLEMYNG,  MALCOLM  (d.  1764),  physiologist; 
pupil  of  Boerhaave  and  Monro ;  practised  as  a  surgeon 
in  Hull  and  Lincolnshire ;  M.D. ;  taught  physiology  in 
London,  and  published  '  Introduction  to  Physiology ' 
(1759)  and  *  Neuropathia,'  1740,  with  other  works. 

[xix.  289] 

FLETA,  name  of  a  Latin  text-book  of  English  law 
(not  of  a  person)  probably  written  in  the  Fleet  prison  c. 
1290  by  a  judge  whom  Edward  I.  had  imprisoned. 

[xix.  290] 

FLETCHER,  ABRAHAM  (1714-1793),  mathematician; 
self-taught;  published  '  The  Universal  Measurer  *  (White- 
haven,  1753),  and  '  The  Universal  Measurer  and  Mechanic ' 
(1762).  [xix.  290] 

FLETCHER,  ALEXANDER  (1787-1860),  presby- 
terian  divine;  M.A.  Glasgow;  came  to  London,  1811; 
minister  of  Albion  Chapel,  1816  ;  suspended  after  breach 
of  promise  case,  1824 ;  separated  from  secession  church, 
and  was  for  thirty-five  years  minister  at  Finsbury  Circus 
Chapel  (largest  in  London) ;  ultimately  restored ;  cele- 
brated for  his  sermons  to  children  and  his  'Family 
Devotions.'  [xix.  291] 

FLETCHER,  ANDREW,  LORD  INNERPEFFER  (d.  1650), 
judge ;  ordinary  lord  of  session,  1623-6  ;  member  of  com- 
missions to  revise  acts  and  laws  of  Scotland,  1C33 ; 
reappointed  judge,  1641 ;  M.P.  for  Forfarshire,  c.  1646, 
1647,  and  1648 ;  commissioner  of  the  exchequer,  1645-9  ; 
member  of  committee  of  estates,  1647  and  1648 ;  fined  by 
Cromwell,  1648.  [xix.  292] 

FLETCHER,  ANDREW  (1665-1716),  Scottish  patriot 
(Fletcher  of  Saltoun)  ;  son  of  Sir  Robert  Fletcher  of  Sal- 
ton,  East  Lothian ;  as  a  commissioner  in  the  Scots  con- 
vention of  estates  opposed  policy  of  Lauderdale  and  James, 
duke  of  York ;  became  an  adviser  of  Monmouth  both  in 
London  and  in  Holland;  accompanied  Monmouth's  ex- 
pedition to  England,  but  left  it  on  account  of  a  private 
quarrel,  1685  ;  went  to  Spain  and  afterwards  served  in 
Hungary  against  the  Turks ;  joined  William  of  Orange  at 
the  Hague,  1688,  and  returned  to  Scotland ;  his  estates 
restored  ;  again  joined  opposition  to  English  rule,  which 
culminated  in  the  Act  of  Security,  1704 ;  a  violent 
opponent  of  the  Union ;  for  a  short  time  imprisoned  in 
London  (1708)  for  supposed  complicity  in  the  attempted 
French  invasion  ;  introduced  from  Holland  an  improved 
barley-mill  and  fanners ;  published  important  pamphlets 
recommending  establishment  of  a  national  militia,  and 
compulsory  employment  of  vagrants,  also  his  speeches  in 
the  parliament  of  1703,  and  a  political  dialogue,  1704.  In 
his '  Account  of  a  Conversation,'  1703,  appeared  his  famous 
dictum  that  a  nation's  ballads  were  more  influential  than 
its  laws.  His  library  at  Salton  is  still  preserved. 

[xix.  292] 

FLETCHER,  ANDREW,  LORD  MILTON  (1692-1766), 
lord  justice  clerk  ;  nephew  of  Andrew  Fletcher  of  Saltouu 
[q.  v.]  ;  became  a  lord  of  session,  1724 ;  lord  justiciary, 
1726;  lord  justice  clerk,  1735-48;  keeper  of  the  signet, 
1746 ;  presided  at  the  trial  of  Captain  John  Porteous 
[q.  v.],  1736.  [xix.  297] 

FLETCHER,  ARCHIBALD  (1746-1828),  reformer; 
called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1790 ;  was  gratuitous  counsel 
for  Joseph  Gerrald  and  other  '  friends  of  the  people,'  1793 ; 
commenced  agitation  for  the  reform  of  Scottish  burghs, 
publishing  a  work  on  the  subject.  [xix.  298] 

FLETCHER,  BANISTER  (1833-1899),  architect; 
began  practice  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, c.  1853  ;  A.R.I. l:.  \., 
1860;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1876  ;  came  to  London,  1870 ;  surveyor 
to  board  of  tirade;  liberal  M.P.  for  north-west  Wiltshire, 


1885-6:  professor  of  architecture  and  building  construc- 
tion, King's  College,  London,  1890  ;  fellow,  1891 ;  pub- 
lished works  on  architecture  and  surveying. 


[Suppl.  ii.  218] 
?  Dav 


FLETCHER,  EIJZA  (1770-1858),  nte  Dawson  ;  wife  of 
Archibald  Fletcher  [q.  v.],  whom  she  married  1791 ;  left 
'  Autobiography '  (privately  printed,  1874),  published,  1875. 

[xix.  298] 

FLETCHER,  GEORGE  (1764-1855),  reputed  cen- 
tenarian ;  pretended  to  have  been  born  in  1747. 

[xix.  299] 

FLETCHER,  GILES,  the  elder  (1549  ?-1611),  civilian, 
ambassador,  and  poet ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, fellow,  1668  ;  M.A.,  1673  ;  LL.D.,  1581 ;  chancellor 
of  Chichester  ;  M.P.,  Winchelsea,  1585  ;  envoy  to  Russia, 
1588 ;  remembrancer  of  London  ;  treasurer  of  St.  Paul's, 
1597  ;  his  book  on  Russia  (1591),  suppressed  and  partially 
printed  only  in  Hakluyt  and  Purchas,  was  published  entire 
in  1856  (ed.  Bond);  'Licia,  or  Poemes  of  Love'  (1593), 
printed  by  Grosart,  1871.  [xix.  299] 

FLETCHER,  GILES,  the  younger  (1588  7-1623),  poet ; 
younger  son  of  Giles  Fletcher  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1606 ;  reader  in  Greek  gram- 
mar, 1615,  and  language,  1618 ;  rector  of  Alderton,  Suffolk. 
His  '  Christ's  Victorie  and  Triumph  in  Heaven  and  Earth ' 
(1610)  has  been  several  times  reprinted.  [xix.  302] 

FLETCHER,  HENRY  Of.  1710-1750),  engraver; 
executed  vignettes  and  tail-pieces  for  Voltaire's  *  Henri- 
ade,'  1728,  and  drawings  of  flowers  and  birds  by  Peter 
Casteels  [q.  v.]  and  Charles  Collins.  [xix.  302] 

FLETCHER,  SIR  HENRY  (1727-1807),  politician; 
eighteen  years  a  director  of  the  East  India  board ;  whig 
M.P.  for  Cumberland,  1768-1806 ;  created  baronet,  1782 ; 
a  commissioner  under  Fox's  India  BUI,  1783.  [xix.  303] 

FLETCHER,  JOHN  (1579-1625),  dramatist ;  younger 
son  of  Richard  Fletcher  [q.  v.] ;  became  intimate  with 
Francis  Beaumont  about  1607,  and  between  that  date 
and  1616  collaborated  with  him  in  many  plays,  in- 
cluding 'The  Scornful  Lady'  (published,  1616),  'The 
Maid's  Tragedy,'  1619,  '  Philaster,'  1620,  and  '  A  King  and 
no  King'  (licensed,  1611,  printed,  1619).  He  also  wrote 
with  Massinger  '  The  Honest  Man's  Fortune  '  (performed, 
1613),  'The  Knight  of  Malta'  (produced,  1619),  'Thierry 
and  Theodoret '  (published,  1621),  and  many  others.  He 
had  help  from  Shakespeare  in  'King  Henry  VIII'  (com- 
posed, 1617),  and  perhaps  in  '  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen ' 
(published,  1634).  From  his  own  pen  alone  were  'The 
Faithful  Shepherdess '  (1609)  and  fifteen  plays,  the  best 
of  which  are  the  comedies  '  Women  Pleased '  (probably  pro- 
duced, c.  1620),  'The  Pilgrim'  (played,  1621),  'The  Wild- 
goose  Chase'  (played,  1621),  and  'Monsieur  Thomas  * 
(first  published,  1639).  [xix.  303] 

FLETCHER,  JOHN  (1792-1836),  medical  writer; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1816,  lecturing  there  on  physiology  and 
medical  jurisprudence;  his  'Rudiments  of  Biiysiology' 
published  1835-7, and  wrote  'Elements of  Pathology,' pub- 
lished posthumously,  1842.  [xix.  311] 

FLETCHER,  JOHN  (d.  1848?),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  professor  at  St.  Omer  during  the  imprisonment 
of  members  of  the  college  at  Arras  and  Dourlens ;  after- 
wards came  to  England ;  created  D.D.  by  Pius  VII,  1821 ; 
published,  among  other  works,  'The  Catholic's  Prayer- 
Book,'  1830.  [xix.  311] 

FLETCHER  or  DE  LA  FLECHERE,  JOHN  WILLIAM 
(1729-1785),  vicar  of  Madeley  ;  bom  at  Nyon  in  Switzer- 
land ;  educated  at  Geneva  ;  came  to  England  after  several 
attempts  to  become  a  soldier,  c.  1752 ;  ordained  deacon 
and  priest,  1757 ;  intimate  with  the  Wesleys ;  accepted 
the  living  of  Madeley  (1760),  a  rough  parish,  where  he 
spent  the  rest  of  bis  life  ;  superintendent  of  Lady  Hunt- 
ingdon's College  at  Trevecca  (1768-71),  but  resigned  on 
account  of  bis  Arminian  views,  which  he  defended  in 
'Checks  to  Antinomiauism,'  1771 ;  published  theological 
works.  [xix.  312] 

FLETCHER,  JOSEPH  (1582  7-1637),  religious  poet; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1608  ;  rector  of  Wilby,  Suffolk,  1609- 
1637 ;  author  of  '  The  Historic  of  the  Perfect,  Cursed, 
TTIOMCil  Man '  (1628-9),  and,  perhaps,  of  'Christes  Bloodie 
Sweat '  (1613),  both  reprinted  by  Grosart.  [xix.  314] 


FLETCHER 


447 


FLOOD 


FLETCHER,  JOSEPH,  the  elder  (1784-1843),  theo- 
logical writer ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1807  ;  '  congregational 
minister  of  Blackburn,  1807-23,  ami  afterwards  at 
Stepney ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1830:  author  of  lectures  on  the 
'  Principle*  and  Institutions  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Re- 
ligion,' 1H17,  and  other  work<.  [xix.  316] 

FLETCHER,  JOSEPH  (1813-1852),  statistician  ;  in- 
spector of  schools,  1844;  editor  of  the  'Statistical 
'journal' ;  published  '  Summary  of  the  Moral  Statistics 
of  1  .upland  and  Wales,'  1850,  and  several  treatises  on  edu- 
cation, [xix.  315] 

FLETCHER,  JOSEPH,  the  younger  (1816-1876),  con- 
gregational minister  ;  son  of  Joseph  Fletcher  (1784-1843) 
[q.  v.],  whose  life  he  wrote  ;  published  also  a  '  History  of 
Independency,'  1847-9.  [xix.  315] 

FLETCHER,  MRS.  MARIA  JANE  (1800-183SX  [See 
JKWSKURY.] 

FLETCHER,  PHINEAS  (1682-1650),  poet  ;  elder  son 
of  Giles  Fletcher  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1608 ;  B.D. ;  fellow,  1611  ; 
rector  of  Hilgay,  Norfolk,  1621-50 ;  published,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  '  Faery  Queene,'  his  'Purple  Island,  or  the  Isle 
of  Man,'  1633,  and  other  poems,  English  and  Latin. 

[xix.  316]  , 

FLETCHER,  RICHARD  (d.  1596),  bishop  of  London  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1566;  D.D.,  1581; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1569 ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1572 ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
1581:  dean  of  Peterborough,  1583 ;  chaplain  at  execution 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  having  previously  drawn  up  an 
account  of  her  examination  at  Fotheringay;  bishop  of 
Bristol,  1589,  of  Worcester,  1593,  and  London,  1594.  He 
lost  the  queen's  favour  for  his  share  in  the  Lambeth 
articles,  and  was  suspended  by  her  on  account  of  his 
second  marriage.  [xix.  317] 

FLETCHER,  SIR  RICHARD  (1768-1813),  lieutenant- 
colonel,  royal  engineers ;  wounded  in  St.  Lucia ;  served 
with  the  Turks,  1799-1800,  helping  to  construct  defences 
at  El  Arish  and  Jaffa;  captured  by  the  French  after 
reconnoitring  Aboukir  Bay;  released,  1802:  joined 
Copenhagen  expedition,  1807  ;  acted  as  engineer  on  Wel- 
lington's staff  in  Portugal,  1808  ;  complimented  for  his 
conduct  at  Talavera,  1809 ;  as  chief  engineer  constructed 
lines  of  Torres  Vedras,  1809-10 ;  distinguished  at  Busaco, 
1810;  directed  siege  operations  at  Badajoz  and  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  1811-12;  wounded  at  third  siege  of  Badajoz, 
1812 ;  received  baronetcy  and  pension,  1811  ;  served  at 
Vittoria  and  directed  sieges  of  Pampeluna  and  San  Sebas- 
tian ;  fell  at  capture  of  San  Sebastian.  [xix.  319] 

FLETCHER,  ROBERT  (fl.  1586),  verse- writer  ;  fellow 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1563-9 ;  M.A.,  1567 ;  after- 
wards a  schoolmaster  at  Taunton  ;  published  three  very 
rare  volumes  of  verse.  [xix.  321] 

FLETCHER,  THOMAS  (1664-1718),  poet;  of  Win- 
chester and  Balliol  and  New  Colleges,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1693  ; 
D.D.,  1707;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford;  fellow  of 
Winchester,  1711-12;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1696-1718; 
published  « Poems  and  Translations '  (1692).  [xix.  321] 

FLETE,  JOHN  (fl.  1421-1465),  prior  of  Westminster, 
1448,  and  author  of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  monastery  of 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  from  the  earliest  times  to  1386. 

[xix.  322] 

FLEXMAN,  ROGER  (1708-1795),  preabyterian  minis- 
ter ;  minister  at  Rotherhithe,  1747-83,  and  lecturer  at 
Little  St.  Helens,  Bishopsgate,  1754;  D.D.  Aberdeen, 
1770 ;  Dr.  Williama's  librarian,  1786 ;  compiled  lour 
volumes  of  the  index  to  the  'Commons  Journals 'and 
appended  a  bibliography  to  an  edition  of  Burnet's  '  Own 
Time,'  edited  by  himself.  [xix.  322] 

FLEXMORE,  RICHARD  (1824-1860),  pautomimist; 
son  of  Richard  Flexmore  Geatter;  imitated  the  leading 
dancers  of  his  day  at  several  London  theatres  and  also  on 
the  continent,  together  with  bis  wife  (nie  Auriol). 

[xix.  323] 

FLICCIUB  or  FLICCUS,  GERBARUS,GERLACHUS, 
or  GERBICUS  (./I.  1646-1564),  portrait-painter  in  style  of 
Lucas  Cranach  ;  of  German  origin.  He  painted  the  por- 
trait of  Cranmer,  still  preserved  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery.  [xix.  323] 


FLIGHT,  BENJAMIN  ( 1787  ?-1847),  organ-builder  ; 
with  his  son  and  Joseph  Kobson  constructed  the  apollo- 
nicou.  [xix.  384] 

FLIGHT,  WALTER  (1841-1885),  mineralogist;  edu- 
cated at  Queenwood  College  and  at  Halle,  Heidelberg, 
Berlin,  and  London,  becoming  doctor  of  science,  London 
University;  assistant  in  British  Museum,  1867;  F.R.S., 
1883 ;  author  of  '  A  Chapter  in  the  History  of  Meteorites  • 
(posthumous).  [xix.  324] 

FLINDELL,  THOMAS  (1767- 1824),  editor  and  printer ; 
edited  the  '  Doncaster  Gazette ' ;  founded '  Royal  Com  wall 
Gazette,'  1803,  and  '  Western  Luminary,'  for  a  libel  in 
which  on  Queen  Caroline  he  was  imprisoned,  1821 ; 
printed  works  by  Polwhele  and  Hawker  at  the  '  Stannary 
i  Press,'  Helston,  and  at  Falmouth  part  of  an  edition  of 
the  bible.  [xix.  326] 

FLINDERS,  MATTHEW  (1774-1814),  naval  captain, 
hydrographer  and  discoverer ;  •Milted  George  Bass  [q.  v.] 
to  survey  the  coast  of  New  South  Wales  and  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  1795-1800;  in  command  of  the  Investigator  and 
afterwards  of  the  Porpoise  and  Cumberland,  made  the 
first  survey  of  a  large  part  of  the  Australian  coast,  1801-3 ; 
detained  as  a  prisoner  in  Mauritius  by  the  French  for 
more  than  six  years ;  wrote  paper  for  the  Royal  Society 
during  his  detention,  drawing  attention  to  the  error  in  the 
compass  due  to  attraction  of  iron  in  ship ;  granted  poet 
rank  on  reaching  England,  1810;  his  'Voyage  to  Terra 
Australis '  published  posthumously.  [xix.  326] 

FLUTTER,  GEORGE  DAWSON  (rf.  1838),  soldier  of 
fortune ;  served  in  the  7th  West  India  regiment,  1811  -16 ; 
interpreter  at  Caracas,  1815 :  entered  Spanish  army  and 
served  on  side  of  Isabella  in  Carlist  war  ;  in  command  at 
Toledo;  defeated  Carlists,  1838;  committed  suicide  at 
Madrid  on  removal  from  command  :  published  an  account 
of  the  revolution  of  Caracas,  1819,  and  books  on  Porto 
Rico,  1834,  and  Spain  and  her  colonies,  1834.  [xix.  329] 

FLDTTOFT,  LUKE  (d.  1727), composer ;  B.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1700 ;  minor  canon  of  Westminster  ; 
his  double  chant  in  G  minor  perhaps  the  first  of  its  kind. 

[xix.  329] 

FLITCROFT,  HENRY  (1697-1769),  architect;  called 
'  BURLINGTON  HARRY  '  from  name  of  his  patron ;  em- 
ployed in  board  of  works,  becoming  comptroller  of  works 
in  England,  1758 ;  designed  churches  of  St.  Giles-in-the- 
Fields  and  St.  Olave's,  Southwark,  and  made  alterations 
at  Woburn  Abbey  and  Wentworth  House.  [xix.  329] 

FLOOD,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1741-1824),  Irish  politi- 
cian; M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1764;  LL.D.,  1772; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1763  ;  M.P.  for  co.  Wexford,1776  ; 
created  baronet  of  Ireland,  1780  ;  prominent  volunteer  and 
opponent  of  the  union ;  M.P.  for  Wexford  in  imperial 
parliament,  1800-18.  [xix.  330] 

FLOOD,  HENRY  (1732-1791),  statesman  and  orator ; 
natural  son  of  chief-justice  Warden  Flood  ;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A. 
Oxford,  1752;  entered  Irish  parliament  for  Kilkenny, 
1759,  and  was  returned  for  Callan,  1760 ;  organised  and 
headed  an  opposition ;  carried  rejection  of  money  bill, 
1769 ;  contributed  to  '  Baratariaua '  (an  attack  on  the 
viceroy) ;  supported  the  proposed  absentee  tax,  1773 :  vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland,  1775  ;  elected  for  Enniskillen,  1776, 
continuing  to  hold  office  till  1781,  though  he  had  been  a 
colonel  of  volunteers ;  resumed  opposition  and  co-operated 
with  Grattan  in  obtaining  the  independence  of  the  Irish 
parliament,  1782 ;  quarrelled  with  Grattan  on  the  expe- 
i  diency  of  continuing  the  volunteer  movement  and  on  the 
i  enfranchisement  of  Roman  catholics ;  opposed  com- 
mercial propositions  of  1786,  and  continued  to  bring  for- 
ward Irish  reform  bills  ;  M.P.,  Winchester,  1783,  being  at 
the  time  M.P.  for  Kilbeggan  in  the  Irish  parliament ; 
I  returned  for  Seaford,  1784 ;  spoke  in  English  House  of 
Commons  against  commercial  treaty  with  France,  1787, 
and  in  1790  brought  forward  a  reform  bill  based  upon 
household  suffrage  in  counties  ;  mortally  wounded  James 
Agar  in  a  duel,  1769;  came  near  fighting  a  duel  with 
Grattan,  1783.  [xix.  331] 

FLOOD,  ROBERT  (1674-1637).  [See  FUTDD.] 
FLOOD,  VALENTINE  (d.  1847),  anatomist;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1823 ;  M.D.,  1830 :  lecturer  on 
anatomy  in  Richmond  Hospital  school,  Dublin,  c.  1838 ; 
chief  work, 'The  Sargical  Anatomy  of  the  Arteries,  and 
Descriptive  Anatomy  of  the  Heart,'  1839.  [xix.  335] 


FLORENCE 


448 


FOGGO 


FLORENCE  OK  WOH'-KSTKR  (d.  1118),  cbronirler  :  ;i 
monk  of  Worcester  ;  author  of  a  '  Chrouiconex  Chronicis,' 
based  upon  the  work  of  Muriumis  (an  Irish  monk),  ex- 
tending to  1117,  which  was  continued  by  other  hands  till 
1295  (Cambridge  MS.)  It  was  first  printed  in  1592,  and 
translated  for  Bohn  (1847)  and  for  Stevenson's 'Churrh 
Historians '  (1853).  Nine  manuscripts  exist,  [xix.  335] 

FLORID.  JOHN  (1563  7-1626),  author  :  sou  of  Michael 
Angelo  Plorio  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1581 ;  patronised  by  the  Earls  of  Leicester,  Southampton, 
and  Pembroke ;  reader  in  Italian  to  Queen  Anne,  1603 ; 
groom  of  the  privy  chamber,  1604.  His  great  Italian- 
English  dictionary  (1598)  was  edited  by  Torriano  (with 
English-Italian  added)  in  1669.  He  published  translation 
of  Montaigne's  '  Essays,'  in  three  books,  1603  (frequently 
reprinted).  [xlx.  336] 

FLORIO,  MICHAEL  ANGELO  (.ft.  1550),  protestant 
refugee  ;  fled  from  persecution  in  the  Valteliue ;  preacher 
to  Italian  protestant  congregation  in  London,  1550; 
taught  Italian  in  London  ;  published  in  Italian  a  cate- 
chism, and  a  biography  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  with  trans- 
lations into  Italian  of  works  attributed  to  her. 

[xix.  336] 

FLOWER,  BENJAMIN  (1755-1829),  political  writer  : 
after  a  visit  to  Prance,  in  1791,  edited  the  'Cambridge 
Intelligencer,'  a  pro-revolution  and  radical  paper;  im- 
prisoned for  libel  on  Bishop  Watson,  1799;  afterwards 
published  '  The  Political  Register,'  1807-11.  [xix.  339] 

FLOWER,  EDWARD  FORDHAM  (1805-1883), 
author;  nephew  of  Benjamin  Flower  [q.  v.]  ;  a  brewer  at 
Stratford-on-Avon  thirty  years ;  published  several  works 
on  '  bearing  reins '  and  management  of  horses. 

[xix.  339] 

FLOWER,  ELIZA  (1803-1846),  musical  composer; 
elder  daughter  of  Benjamin  Flower  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
political  songs  and  music  to  'Hymns  and  Anthems' 
(1841-6)  for  South  Place  Chapel,  including  settings  to 
words  of  her  sister,  Sarah  Flower  Adams  [q.  v.] 

[xix.  340] 

FLOWER,  JOHN  (/.  1658),  puritan  divine;  B.A. 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1647  ;  created  M.A.  by  parlia- 
mentary visitors,  1648.  [xix.  340] 

FLOWER,  ROGER  (d.  1428  ?),  speaker ;  M.P.  for 
Rutland,  1396-7, 1399,  1402,  1404,  and  1413-14  ;  four  times 
speaker,  1416,  1417,  1419,  and  1422.  The  Irish  viscounts 
of  Ashbrook  descend  from  him.  [xix.  340] 

FLOWER,  WILLIAM  (1498  ?-1588),  Norroy  king  of 
arms ;  Rouge  Croix,  1644  ;  Chester  herald,  1546  ;  Norroy, 
1562;  published  'Visitation  of  Yorkshire,  1563-1564' 
(printed,  1881),  of  Lancashire,  1567  (printed,  1870),  and 
of  Durham,  1575  (printed,  1820).  [xix.  341] 

FLOWER,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1831-1899), 
director  of  Natural  History  Museum,  London  ;  son  of 
Edward  Fordham  Flower  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  University 
College,  London  :  studied  medicine  and  surgery  at  Middle- 
sex Hospital ;  M.B.  London,  1851 ;  volunteered  for  medi- 
cal service  in  Russian  war,  1854  ;  assistant-surgeon,  Mid- 
dlesex Hospital ;  curator  of  Huuterian  Museum,  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  1861-84,  and  Hunterian  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  and  physiology,  1870-84  ;  president 
of  Zoological  Society,  1879  till  death;  F.R.S.,  1864,  and 
royal  medallist,  1882;  director  of  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum, 1884-98,  during  which  period  he  developed  very 
successfully  both  the  popular  and  scientific  sides  of  the 
museum;  president  of  Anthropological  Institute,  1883-5; 
president  British  Association  for  meeting  at  Newcastle, 
1889 ;  O.B.,  1887 ;  K.C.B.,  1892 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh and  Dublin,  and  D.C.L.  Durham.  His  original  in- 
vestigations related  almost  exclusively  to  the  mammalia, 
including  man,  and  he  made  considerable  contributions 
to  scientific  literature.  His  works  include, '  Introduction 
to  Osteology  of  Mammalia,'  1870, '  Fashion  in  Deformity,' 
1881,  and  '  The  Horse,'  1890.  [Suppl.  ii.  218] 

FLOWERDEW,  EDWARD  (d.  1586),  judge:  trea- 
surer of  the  Inner  Temple,  1679  ;  counsel  to  the  dean  of 
Norwich  and  town  of  Yarmouth  ;  recorder  of  Great  Yar- 
mouth, 1680 ;  third  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1584 ;  died  on 
circuit,  of  gaol  fever.  [xix.  312] 

FLOWERS,  FREDERICK  (1810-1886),  police  magis- 
trate ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1839;  recorder  of  Stam- 
ford, 1862  ;  magistrate  at  Bow  Street,  1864-86. 

[xix.  342] 


FLOWERS,  GEORGE  FRENCH  (1811-1872).  musical 
|  composer  ;  brother  of  Frederick  Flowers  [q.v.] ;  studied  in 
|  Germany  and  took  musical  degrees  at  Oxford ;  founded 
I  Contrapuntists'  Society,  1843,  and  taught  vocalisation  on 
I  the  lines  of  Voglei;.  He  published  'Essay  on  the  Con- 
I  .-traction  of  Fugue,'  1846,  and  composed  organ  and 
•  choral  fugues.  [xix.  342] 

FLOYD,  FLOITD,  or  LLOYD,  EDWARD  (d.  1648  ?), 
i  Roman  catholic  barrister,  who,  having  spoken  slighting 
I  words  of  the  elector  palatine  and  his  wife,  was  impeached 
and  sentenced  by  the  Commons,  1621.  The  case  was 
t  afterwards  referred  to  the  Lords,  who  imposed  a  severer 
I  punishment.  It  was  decided  during  the  proceedings  that 
I  the  Lower  House  had  only  power  to  try  persons  for 
!  offences  affecting  their  corporate  privileges,  [xix.  343] 

FLOYD,  Sm  GODFREY  (/.  1667).    [See  LLOYD.] 

FLOYD,  HENRY   (1563-1641),  Jesuit;    employed  in 
I  connection  with  establishments  of  Father  Parsons  in  Spain 
and  Portugal ;  professed  Jesuit,  1618 ;  missiouer  in  England, 
j  and  frequently  imprisoned.  [xix.  344] 

FLOYD,  JOHN  (d.  1523).    [See  LLOYD.] 

FLOYD,  JOHN  (1572-1649),  Jesuit ;  in  religion  DANIEL 

I  JESU  ;  brother  of  Edward  Floyd  [q.  v.]  ;  joined  Jesuits 

while  at  Rome,  1592,  where  he  was  famed  as  a  preacher 

and  teacher ;  after  frequent  arrests  in  England  retired  to 

I  Louvain,  but  died  at  8t.  Omer ;  published,  under  initials 

1  and  the  pseudonyms,  Daniel  a  Jesu,  Hermannus  Loemelius, 

George  White,  and  Annosus  Fidelis  Verimentanus,  twenty- 

j  one  controversial  treatises.  [xix.  344] 

FLOYD,    SIR    JOHN    (1748-1818),    general;   cornet, 
'  1760  ;  served  in  Eliott's  light  horse  (15th  hussars)  during 
I  the  seven  years'  war,  being  riding-master  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  ;  went  to  Madras,  1781,  in  command  of  the  newly 
|  raised  23rd  (19th)  light  dragoons  ;  commanded  cavalry 
,  on  Coromandel  coast  and  distinguished  himself  against 
Tippoo  Sultan,  1790-4;   major-general,  1794;  second  in 
command  under  Harris  during  second  war  with  Tippoo  : 
distinguishing  himself  at  Malavalli ;  led  the  covering  army 
during    the    siege    of    Seringapatam,  1799 ;    lieutenant- 
general,  1801 ;  general,  1812 :  governor  of  Gravesend  and 
Tilbury,  1817 ;  created  baronet,  1816.  [xix.  345] 

FLOYD,  THOMAS  (ft.  1603),  author  ;  B.A.  New  Inn 
|  Hall,  Oxford,  1593  ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1596  ; 
I  published  '  The  Picture  of  a  Perfect  Commonwealth,'  1600. 

[xix.  346] 

FLOYER,  SIR  JOHN  (1649-1734),  physician;  M.A. 
i  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1671 ;  M.D.,  1680 ;  practised  at 
!  Lichfield ;  knighted,  c.  1686  ;  published  important  works 
i  on  bathing  and  upon  asthma  ;  the  first  to  make  regular 
I  observations  upon  the  rate  of  the  pulse  (in  the  '  Physi- 
i  cian's  Pulse  Watch,'  1707,  1710).  [xix.  346] 

FLTTD,  JOHN  (d.  1523).    [See  LLOYD.] 

FLTTDD  or  FLTTD,  ROBERT  (1574-4637),  rosicrucian  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1598;  M.D.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1605  ;  studied  chemistry  abroad ;  four 
times  censor  of  the  College  of  Physicians;  practised  in 
London ;  entered  into  controversy  with  Kepler  and  Gas- 
sendi,  and  published  works  in  defence  of  the  rosicruciaus, 
some  of  them  under  the  pseudonyms  Rudolf  Otreb  and 
Joachim  Frizius.  [xix.  348] 

FLTTDYER,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1705-1768),  lord  mayor  of 

!  London  ;  great-uncle  of  Sir  Samuel  Romilly  [q.  v.]  ;  with 

his  brother  Thomas  made  a  fortune  as  a  clothier ;  alder- 

1  man,  1761 ;  sheriff,  1764  ;  mayor.  1761  ;  knighted,  1755. 

and  created  baronet,  1759;  M.P.,  Chippenham,  1754-68. 

[xix.  350] 

FOGG,   LAURENCE  (1623-1718),   dean  of  Chester; 

,  studied  at  Emmanuel  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge ; 

'  D.D.  Cambridge,  1679  ;  held  various  livings  ;  prebendary 

of   Chester,    1673 ;    dean,    1691 ;    published    theological 

;  works.  [xix.  350] 

FOGGO,  GEORGE  (1793-1869),  historical  painter: 
I  associated  with  his  brother  James  Foggo  [q.  v.]  in  paint- 
'  ing  and  lithography,  also  in  foundation  of  society  for 
!  obtaining  free  access  to  museums  and  exhibitions  ;  pub- 
i  liRhed  the  first  National  Gallery  catalogue,  1844,  and 
*  Adventures  of  Sir  J.  Brooke,  Rajah  of  Sarawak,'  1853. 

[xix.  351] 

FOGGO,  JAMES  (1789-1860),  historical  painter; 
studied  under  Regnault  in  Paris  ;  came  to  London  and 


FOILLAN 


449 


FOOT 


in  1816,  exhibited  at  the  Academy  ;  painted  and  litho- 
graphed with  his  brother,  1819-tiO,  among  their  pictures 
being  •  The  Christian  Inhabitants  of  Parga  preparing  to 
emi-ir.ite,' on  which  they  worked  three  yeurs  ;  with  his 
brother  managed  the  Puutheou  exhibition,  1852-5. 

[xix.  361] 

FOILLAN,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (</.  655),  brother  of 
Ftir-ii  [q.  v.],  who  placed  him  over  the  monastery  of  ; 
Cnoberca  burgh  ;  afterwards  followed  Fursa  abroad,  and 
was  placed  by  Gertrude,  daughter  of  Pepin,  In  charge  of 
her  monastery  at  Nivelles  ;  killed  by  robbers  in  Soiguies 
forest ;  buried  at  Fosse.  [xix.  352] 

FOLBURY,  GEORGE  (d.  1540),  master  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1537-40  ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1514  ;  B.D., 
1524 ;  canon  of  York  ;  D.D.  Montpellier.  [xix.  362] 

FOLCARD  or  FOTJLCARD  (fl.  1066),  hagiographer ; 
probably  came  to  England  in  the  time  of  Edward  the 
I'mii'e-^or  from   Flanders:    at  first   a  monk  of    Christ 
Church,    Canterbury ;     set    over    Thorney    Abbey     by 
William  I,  c.  1066;  subsequently  returned  to  Flanders;  | 
wrote  *  Vita  S.  Johauuis  Episcopi  Eboracensis,'  and  lives  j 
of  several  other  saints.  [xix.  352] 

FOLDSONE,  JOHN  (d.  1784  ?),  painter ;  known  for 
his  small  portraits  executed  in  a  day ;  exhibited  at  the 
Society  of  Artists  and  (1771-83)  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[xix.  353] 

FOLEY,  DANIEL  (1815-1874),  of  humble  parentage; 
B.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  prebendary  of  Cashel; 
professor  of  Irish  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1849-61 ; 
published  an  English-Irish  dictionary,  1855.  [xix.  353] 

FOLEY,     JOHN    HENRY    (1818-1874),     sculptor;  i 
studied  in  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  schools  and  those  of 
the  Royal  Academy;  A.R.A.,  1849;  R.A.,  1858.    The  best 
of  his  early  works  were   'Innocence'  (1839),  'Ino  and 
Bacchus '  ( 1840),  and  '  Egeria '  ( 1856).    Among  his  public 
works  are  equestrian  statues  of  Sir  James  Outram,  Lord  j 
Canning,  and  Lord  Hardiuge  at  Calcutta;   statues    of  ! 
(VConnell,  Goldsmith,  and  Burke  in  Dublin  ;  one  of  Lord 
Clyde  at  Glasgow  and  of  Clive  at  Shrewsbury  ;  the  group 
of  Asia  and  the  figure  of  the  Prince  Consort  in  the  Albert  ! 
Memorial,  Hyde  Park ;  a  statue  of  John  Stuart  Mill  on 
the  Thames  Embankment  and  of  Sir  Charles  Barry  in  the  i 
House  of   Commons;  and  the  sepulchral  monument  of  | 
John  Nicholson  in  Lisburn  Cathedral.  [xix.  353] 

FOLEY,  PAUL  (1645  ?-l699),  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons ;  second  son  of  Thomas  Foley  (1617-1677) 
[q.  v.]  ;  tory  M.P.  for  Hereford  in  seven  parliaments ; 
speaker,  1695-8 ;  ancestor  of  the  Barons  Foley  of  Kidder- 
minster, [xix.  354] 

FOLEY,  SAMUEL  (1655-1695),  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1679;  chan- 
cellor of  St.  Patrick's,  1689 ;  dean  of  Achonry,  1691 ; 
bishop  of  Down,  1694.  [xix.  355] 

FOLEY,  THOMAS  (1617-1677),  founder  of  Old  Swin- 
ford  Hospital,  Worcestershire  ;  son  of  an  iron  manufac- 
turer near  Stourbridge,  who  introduced  the  Swedish 
splitting  machine ;  successfully  carried  on  the  business, 
and  increased  his  property  by  a  wealthy  marriage  ;  high 
sheriff  of  Worcestershire,  1656:  represented  Bewdley  in 
the  convention  of  1660  ;  founded  Old  Swiuford  Hospital, 
1667.  [xix.  356] 

FOLEY,  THOMAS,  baron  (d.  1733),  grandson  of 
Thomas  Foley  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Stafford  and  Worcester ;  one 
of  the  twelve  tory  peers  created  in  1712.  [xix.  356] 

FOLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1757-1833),  admiral:  entered 
navy,  1770  ;  took  part  in  operations  under  Keppel,  1778, 
and  Sir  Charles  Hardy,  1779 :  present  at  the  action  off 
Finisterre  and  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1780 :  served  in  West 
Indies,  1781-5 ;  as  flag-captain  to  Gell  and  Parker  off 
Toulon,  1793 ;  and  at  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  while  In  com- 
mand of  the  Goliath  led  the  English  line  into  action  at 
the  Nile  (1798), engaging  the  French  van  on  the  inside; 
as  flag-captain  on  the  Elephant  gave  great  assistance  to 
Nelson  at  Copenhagen,  1801  ;  rear-admiral,  1808 ;  com- 
mander-in-cbief  in  the  Downs,  1811 ;  vice-admiral,  1812 ; 
admiral,  1825 ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  G.O.B.,  1820  ;  commander- 
in-chief  at  Portsmouth,  1830.  [xix.  356] 

FOLIOT,  GILBERT  (d.  1187),  bishop  of  London; 
after  having  been  prior  of  Clugny  and  Abbeville,  became 
abbot  of  Gloucester  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1147-63,  and  of 
London,  1163-87 ;  opposed  election  of  Becket  to  primacy, 


ll-;..';  refused  to  yield  him  obedience  as  metropolitan: 
Henry  II's  envoy  to  the  French  king  and  the  pope  on 
Becket's  escape;  administrator  of  Canterbury  during 
Becket's  absence ;  excommunicated  by  Becket,  1167  and 
1169;  obtained  absolution  at  Rouen,  1170:  again  ex- 
communicated as  one  of  those  whiM-on-M-erat.-l  Henry  II's 
eldest  sou ;  absolved,  1172 ;  exercUed  great  influence  over 
the  king  till  his  death.  [xix.  368] 

FOLIOT,  ROBERT  (d.  1186),  bishop  of  Hereford; 
related  to  Gilbert  Foliot  [q.  v.] ;  called  '  Meluiuliueiuta,* 
having  studied  at  Melun  or  Meaux ;  archdeacon  of  Ox- 
ford, 1151;  canon  of  Hereford,  1165;  bishop,  1174;  one 
of  the  English  representatives  at  the  Lateran  council, 
1179.  Bale  attributes  to  him  several  learned  works. 

[xix.  360] 

FOLKES,  LUCRETIA  (ft.  1707-1714),  actress  ;  nie 
Bradshaw  ;  married  Martin  Folkes  [q.  v.],  1714. 

[xix.  362] 

FOLKES,  MARTIN  (1690-1754),  antiquary  ;  studied 
at  Saumur  University ;  M. A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1717 ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1746  ;  F.R.S.,  1713  :  vice-president,  1723 ; 
president,  1741-63;  member  of  the  Academic  des  Sciences, 
1742  ;  president  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1750-4 ;  pub- 
lished '  Tables  of  English  Gold  and  Silver  Coins,'  1736  and 
1745 ;  and  helped  Theobald  in  his  notes  to  Shakespeare. 
In  1792  a  monument  to  him  was  erected  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  [xix.  361] 

FOLLETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  WEBB  (1798-1845),  at- 
torney-general ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1830 : 
called  to  the  bar  from  Inner  Temple,  1824 ;  had  large 
election  petition  practice,  1831-3;  M.P.,  Exeter,  1836; 
K.O.,  1834 :  solicitor-general  under  Peel,  1834-5,  and 
again  in  1841;  attorney-general,  1844;  defended  Lord 
Cardigan  in  the  duel  case  and  appeared  for  Norton 
against  Lord  Melbourne.  There  is  a  statue  of  him  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [xix.  362] 

FOLLOWS,  RUTH  (1718-1809),  quakeress ;  nie 
Alcock  ;  preached  extensively  throughout  England  and 
Wales,  and  also  in  Ireland  and  Scotland.  [xix.  363] 

FONBLANQTJE,  ALBANY  (1793-1872),  radical  jour- 
nalist ;  third  son  of  John  de  Grenier  Fonblanque  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  at  Woolwich  and  read  law  with  Chitty;  early 
contributed  to  'Times'  and  'Morning  Chronicle';  wrote 
for  the  'Westminster  Review';  leader-writer  for  the 
'  Examiner,'  1826  ;  editor  of  the  'Examiner,'  1830-47  ;  for 
many  years  proprietor  of  the  '  Examiner ' ;  statistical 
officer  in  board  of  trade,  1847.  His  best  articles  were 
republished  in  'England  under  Seven  Administrations' 
(1837).  [xix.  363] 

FONBLANQTJE,  JOHN  DE  GRENIER  (1760-1837X 
jurist;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford:  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1783  :  counsel  against  the  Quebec  Bill, 
1791  ;  K.C.,  1804;  M.P.,  Camelford,  1802-6  ;  died  'father 
of  the  bar ' ;  edited  Ballow's  '  Treatise  on  Equity,'  on 
which  subject  he  was  a  great  authority  ;  wrote  also  two 
tracts.  [xix.  366] 

FONBLANQTTE,  JOHN  SAMUEL  MARTIN  DK 
GRENIER  (1787-1865),  legal  writer,  eldest  sou  of  John 
de  Grenier  Fonblauque  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse 
and  Cains  College,  Cambridge  ;  served  in  the  army  in 
Spain  and  Italy,  and  in  the  second  American  war; 
captured  at  New  Orleans,  1815;  called  to  the  bar,  1816: 
commissioner  of  bankruptcy,  1817 ;  joint-author  of 
'  Medical  Jurisprudence '  (1823) ;  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  '  The  Jurist.'  [xix.  366] 

FONNEREATI,  THOMAS  GEORGE  (1789-1860), 
author  and  artist ;  while  practising  as  a  lawyer  enter- 
tained artists  and  wits  at  bis  chambers  in  the  Albany  ; 
printed  privately  '  Mems.  of  a  Tour  in  Italy,  from  Sketches 
by  T.  G.  F.'  and  '  Diary  of  a  Dutiful  Sou,  by  H.  E.  0.' 
(1849),  published  in  1864.  [xix.  366] 

FONTIBUS  (FOUNTAINS),  JOHN  DK  (d.  1225),  bishop 
of  Ely :  ninth  abbot  of  Fountains,  1211 ;  bishop  of  Ely, 
1219 ;  his  skeleton  discovered  entire  in  1770 ;  witnessed 
Magna  Charta.  [xix.  366] 

FOOT,  JESSE,  the  elder  (1744-1826),  surgeon  :  prac- 
tised in  West  Indies  (1766-9),  at  St  Petersburg,  and  after- 
wards in  London  ;  published  lives  of  John  Hunter  (hostile), 
Arthur  Murphy,  and  A.  R.  Bowes,  besides  numerous 
medical  tracts  and  '  A  Defence  of  the  Planters  in  the  West 
Indit*,'  1792.  •  „  ,  .  [xix.  367] 

6  G 


FOOT 


450 


FORBES 


FOOT,    JESSE,  the   younger   (1780-1860),   surgeon;  FORBES,    ALEXANDER,  fourth  and    last    BARON 

nephew  of  Jesse  Foot  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  to  whose  :  FOUBKS  ov  I'ITSI.HIO  ( lt;7K-1762),  Jacobite ;  having  taken 
practice  he  succeeded;  published  'Ophthalmic  Memoranda,'  ;  part  in  the  rising  of  1715,  lived  abroad  five  years  ;  raised 
1838,  and  '  The  Medical  Pocket-Book  for  1835,'  1834.  i  a  regiment  for  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745,  when  he  was 

[xix.  368]         attainted  and   remained    in    hiding   many  years  •    nub- 

EDWARD    JAMES  (1767-1833),   vice-  !  lished    '  Essuys     Moral    and    Philosophical,'    1734;    his 

•  Thoughts  concerning  Man's  Condition,'  published  post- 


FOOTE,  SIR 

admiral ;  maternal  nephew  of  Sir  Horace  Mann  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  navy,  1780 ;  present  at  battle  of  Dominica,  1782, 
and  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  while  in  command  of  the  Seahorse 
captured  off  Sicily  Baraguay  d'Hilliers  and  staff  on  their 
way  to  Egypt,  1798 :  as  senior  officer  in  the  Bay  of  Naples 
signed  capitulation  (1799)  of  Uovo  and  Nuovo  (annulled 
by  Nelson),  afterwards  publishing  a  vindication:  con- 
ducted Abercromby  to  Egypt,  1800;  appointed  to  the 
royal  yacht  Augusta,  1803;  vice-admiral,  1821;  K.C.B., 
1831.  [xix.  368] 

FOOTE,  LYDIA  (1844  ?-1892),  actress,  whose  real 
name  was  LYDIA  ALICE  LEOGE  ;  appeared  first  at  Lyceum, 
1852,  and  subsequently  played  at  many  London  theatres, 
her  best  parts  including  Esther  Eccles  in  '  Caste,'  1867, 
and  Anna  in  '  The  Danischeffs,'  1877.  [Suppl.  ii.  221] 

FOOTE,  MARIA,  fourth  COUNTESS  OF  HARRINGTON 
(1797  ?-1867),  actress ;  appeared  with  great  success  at 
Covent  Garden  as  Amanthis  in  '  The  Child  of  Nature ' 
(Inchbald),  1814 ;  played  at  same  theatre  till  1825 ;  sub- 
sequently acted  at  Drury  Lane;  toured  extensively 
throughout  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  till  1831 ;  married 
Charles  Stanhope,  fourth  earl  of  Harrington  [q.  v.],  1831. 
She  had  previously  had  an  intrigue  with  Colonel  Berkeley, 
and  recovered  damages  for  breach  of  promise  from  '  Pea 
Green  '  Haynes,  winning  much  popular  sympathy. 

[xix.  369] 

FOOTE,  SAMUEL  (1720-1777),  actor  and  dramatist; 
matriculated  at  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1737  ;  dissi- 
pated a  fortune  at  Oxford:  while  a  law  student  at 
the  Temple  appeared  as  an  amateur  at  the  Haymarket, 
1744;  played  comedy  parts  in  imitation  of  Gibber 
at  Drury  Lane,  1745 ;  his  '  Diversions  of  the  Morning ' 
prohibited  at  the  Haymarket,  1747 ;  substituted  for  this 
prohibited  piece  an  amusing  entertainment  in  which  he 


humously,  1763  (republished  by  Lord  Medwyn,  1835). 

[xix.  377] 

FORBES,  ALEXANDER  PENROSE  (1817-1875), 
bishop  of  Brechin  ;  second  son  of  John  Hay  Forbes,  baron 
Medwyn  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  and 
Haileybury ;  after  three  years  in  the  service  of  the  East 
India  Company  in  Madras  presidency,  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  graduated  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1844  ; 
ordained,  1844  ;  vicar  of  St.  Saviour's,  Leeds,  1847 ;  bishop 
of  Brechin,  1848  ;  censured  for  promulgating  the  doctrine 
of  the  real  presence,  1860 :  an  intimate  friend  of  Pusey 
and  Dollinger,  he  published  '  Explanation  of  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles,'  1867-8,  '  Kalendars  of  Scottish  Saints,' 
1872,  and  edited  'Lives  of  St.  Ninian,  St.  Kentigern, 
and  St.  Columba,'  1875.  [xix.  378] 

FORBES,  ARCHIBALD  (1838-1900),  war  corre- 
spondent ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  ;  served 
in  royal  dragoons,  c.  1857-67 ;  started  and  ran  '  London 
Scotsman'  weekly  journal,  1867-71;  war  correspondent 
to  'Morning  Advertiser'  and  subsequently  to  'Daily 
News,'  in  Franco- Prussian  war,  187 0-1,  Russo-Turkish  war, 
1877,  Afghanistan,  1878-9,  and  Zulu  war,  1880,  and  was 
on  several  occasions  first  to  convey  to  England  news  of 
important  events  ;  published  several  volumes  of  war  cor- 
respondence and  military  biography,  besides  '  Memories 
and  Studies  of  War  and  Peace,'  1895.  [Suppl.  ii.  222] 

FORBES,  SIR  ARTHUR,  first  EARL  OF  GRANARD 
(1623-1696),  born  and  brought  up  in  Ireland  ;  served  under 
Montrose  and  was  imprisoned  two  years  at  Edinburgh ; 
returned  to  Ireland,  1655,  whence  he  went  to  Breda  to  re- 
present to  Prince  Charles  the  state  of  the  country ;  a 
commissioner  of  court  of  claims  and  M.P.  for  Mullingar, 
1660-1 ;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1670,  and  several  times  a 


mimicked  leading  actors  and  actresses ;  produced  '  The  |  lord  justice ;   procured  regium  donum  for  presbyterians ; 


Knights,'  ridiculing  Italian  opera,  1749 ;  and  1753  '  The 
Englishman  in  Paris '  (Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane) : 
brought  out  '  The  Englishman  Returned  from  Paris ' 
(Covent  Garden),  1756;  his  'Author,'  given  at  Drury 
Lane,  suppressed,  1757 ;  failed  in  the  part  of  Shylock, 
1758;  his  piece  ridiculing  the  methodists,  'The  Minor,' 
when  first  produced  at  Dublin  (1760),  a  failure,  but  suc- 
cessful when  given  in  London  in  an  enlarged  form  ;  acted 
in  his  co-lessee  Murphy's  plays  at  Drury  Lane,  and 
(1762)  played  Peter  Paragraph  in  his  own  '  Orators  ' : 


Commissary,'  1765,  'The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,'  1768, 
'  The  Nabob,'  1779,  and  '  The  Capuchin,'  1776  (an  adap- 
tation of  '  The  Trip  to  Calais,'  which  had  been  suppressed 
by  the  influence  of  the  Duchess  of  Kingston,  who  was 
libelled  in  it).  Foote  obtained,  through  the  Duke  of  York, 
a  patent  for  a  theatre  in  Westminster,  1766,  as  compen- 
sation for  a  practical  joke  at  a  party  which  had  cost 
him  his  leg  ;  built  the  new  Haymarket,  1767,  which  lie 
held  till  1777 :  much  broken  by  the  litigation  with  Wil- 
liam Jackson  (1737?-1795)  [q.  v.],  the  Dr.  Viper  of  the 
'  Capuchins ' ;  died  at  Dover  while  on  his  way  to  France 
for  the  purpose  of  recovering  his  health.  His  portrait  by 
Reynolds  is  at  the  Garrick  Club.  [xix.  370] 

FORANNAN,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (rf.  982),  bishop  of 
Domhnach  mor  (Donoughmore),  then  the  metropolis  of 
Ireland;  left  Ireland,  969,  and  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  made  abbot :  afterwards  placed  over  Count  Eilbert's 
monastery  of  Walciodor,  now  Wassor,  Belgium,  where  he 
died ;  his  day,  30  April.  [xix.  375] 

FORBES,  ALEXANDER,  first  BARON  FORBKS  (d. 
1448),  served  in  France  against  \\\<\  English  and  was  pre- 
sent at  Beauge  (1421);  created  a  lord  of  parliament  by 
James  II  of  Scotland  between  1436  and  1442.  [xix.  376] 

FORBES,  ALEXANDER,  fourth  BARON  FORBKS 
(d.  1491) ;  fought  for  James  III  against  his  son,  but  was 
pardoned  and  received  into  favour  by  James  IV. 

[xix.  376] 

FORBES,  ALEXANDER  (1564-1617),  bishop  of  Aber- 
deen :  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1585  ;  supported  James  VFs 
efforts  to  restore  episcopacy ;  bishop  of  Caithness,  1604 : 
member  of  the  Scotch  high  commission  court ;  translated 
to  Aberdeen,  1616.  [xix.  376] 


created  Baron  Clanehugh  and  Viscount  Granard,  1676  ; 
created  earl  and  colonel  of  18th  foot,  1684 ;  removed  from 
his  command  by  James  II ;  protested  against  the  acts  of 
his  parliament,  and  was  besieged  by  the  Irish  at  Castle 
Forbes  ;  reduced  Sligo  for  William  III.  [xix.  379] 

FORBES,  SIR  CHARLES  (1774-1849),  politician: 
educated  at  Aberdeen  University ;  head  of  the  first  mer- 
cantile house  in  Bombay,  in  the  town  hall  of  which  stands 
his  statue  by  Chantrey :  tory  M.P.,  Beverley,  1812-18, 
and  Malmesbury,  1818-32  ;  supported  Wellington  on  the 
reform  question ;  created  baronet,  1823 ;  lord  rector  of 
Aberdeen  University.  [xix.  380] 

FORBES,  SIR  CHARLES  FERGUSSON  (1779-1852), 
army  surgeon  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1808 ;  saw  service  in  the 
Peninsular  war,  Holland,  and  Egypt,  retiring  as  inspector- 
general  of  hospitals,  1814  ;  physician  at  Westminster  Eye 
Hospital,  1816-27  ;  fought  two  duels  with  George  James 
Guthrie  [q.  v.],  his  colleague,  1827  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1841 ;  G.C.H., 
I  1842.  [xix.  381] 

FORBES,  DAVID  (1777?-1849),  major-general;  en- 
tered 78th  Highlanders,  1793,  and  served  with  distinction 
in  Holland,  1794,  and  in  the  Quiberon  and  Belleisle  expedi- 
I  tion,  1795 ;  served  in  India  twenty  years  ;  took  part  in 
|  Java  expedition,  1811 ;  C.B.,  1838  ;  major-general,  1846. 

[xix.  382] 

FORBES,  DAVID  (1828-1 876),  geologist  and  philolo- 
gist ;  brother  of  Edward  Forbes  [q.  v.]  :  ten  years  superin- 
tendent of  the  Espedal  mining  works  in  Norway  ;  thanked 
by  the  king  of  Sweden  for  arming  miners  to  support  the 
government  against  a  threatened  revolution  in  1848; 
F.R.S.,  1856;  traversed  Bolivia  and  Peru,  1857-60,  in 
search  of  the  ores  of  nickel  and  cobalt ;  studied  volcanic 
phenomena  of  South  Pacific ;  many  years  foreign  secre- 
tary of  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  ;  secretary  to  Geological 
Society,  1871-6;  one  of  the  first  to  apply  the  microscope 
to  study  of  rocks  ;  author  of  fifty-eight  important  scien- 
tific papers.  [xix.  382] 

FORBES,  DUNCAN  (1644  ?- 1704),  genealogist;  edu- 
cated at  Bourges;  M.P.,  Nairn  county,  1678,  1681-2, 
Inverness  county,  1689, 1689-1702,  and  Nairnshire  again, 
1702-4  ;  active  in  Scotland  against  James  II ;  his  estates 
at  Culloden  and  Ferintosh  ravaged  by  Jacobites,  1689; 


FORBES 


451 


FORBES 


published  'The  Familie  of  Innea'  (edited  by  Spaldin? 
Club,  1K«4),  to  whirh  his  wife  txjlouired,  and  'Plan  for 
J'lv-rr.iiitf  the  Peace  of  the  Highlands';  left  in  manu- 
script an  interesting  diary.  [xix.  383] 

FORBES,  DUNCAN  (1685-1747),  lord  president  of  the 
court  of  session  ;  second  son  of  Duncan  Forbes  (1644  ?- 
1704)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  law  at  Leyden ;  advocate  and 
slu-ruT  of  Midlothian,  1709 ;  made  depute-advocate  for 
services  against  rebels  in  1715 ;  M.P.,  Inverness  burghs, 
1722 ;  lord  advocate,  1725 ;  president  of  court  of  session, 
1737 ;  active  in  the  enforcement  of  the  revenue  laws  ;  took 
a  prominent  part  in  opposing  punishment  of  Edinburgh 
for  thePorteous  affair,  1737  ;  endeavoured  to  detach  Lovat 
from  the  cause  of  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pretender, 
against  whom  he  raised  a  force,  but  was  obliged  to  fly 
to  Skye;  published  theological  works  on  the  lines  of  John 
Hutchinson  (1674-1737)  [q.  v.]  [xix.  384] 

FOEBES,  DUNCAN  (1798-1868),  orientalist:  gra- 
duated M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1823  (created  LL.D.  1847)  ; 
spent  three  years  in  Calcutta ;  became  assistant-teacher 
of  Hindu.-t:ihi  in  London,  1826,  and  was  professor  of 
oriental  languages  at  King's  College,  London,  1837-61  ; 
made  first  catalogue  of  Persian  manuscripts  for  British 
Museum  and  published  'History  of  Chess,'  1860,  also 
Persian,  Bengali,  and  Hindustani  grammars,  and  other 
oriental  manuals.  [xix.  386] 

FORBES,  EDWARD  (1815-1854),  naturalist:  brother 
of  David  Forbes  (1828-1876)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
University,  where  he  founded  the  '  University  Magazine'  ; 
in  vacations  made  natural-history  expeditions  to  Isle 
of  Man,  and  to  Norway,  France,  Switzerland,  Germany, 
and  Algeria ;  collected  three  thousand  plant  specimens 
011  a  tour  through  Austria,  1838 ;  lectured  in  various 
places:  as  naturalist  to  the  Beacon,  collected  marine 
animals  and  investigated  their  relation  with  plants  in  the 
.rfEgean,  1841 ;  made  tour  through  Lycia,  collecting  molluscs 
and  plants,  1842,  aided  by  a  grant  from  British  Associa- 
tion, to  which  he  read  a  'Report,'  1843;  professor  of 
botany  at  King's  College,  London,  and  lecturer  of  the 
Geological  Society,  1842 ;  palaeontologist  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  1844;  lectured  at  Royal  Institution  on  'Light 
thrown  on  Geology  by  Submarine  Researches';  P.R.S., 
1845 ;  showed  that  Purbeck  beds  belonged  to  oolitic  series, 
1849;  president  of  Geological  Society,  1853;  professor  of 
natural  history  at  Edinburgh,  1854,  but  died  within  six 
months  of  appointment ;  published  '  History  of  British 
Mollusca,'  1848,  and  'History  of  British  Star-fishes' 
(1842),  besides  important  geological,  botanical,  and 
palaeontological  papers.  [xix.  388] 

FORBES,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1784-1841),  first  chief-justice 
of  New  South  Wales ;  called  to  the  bar  from  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1812 ;  attorney-general  of  Bermuda,  1813  ;  chief-justice  of 
Newfoundland,  1816,  of  New  South  Wales,  1823 ;  member 
of  legislative  and  executive  councils,  1825 :  knighted  in 
England.  1837.  [xix.  392] 

FORBES,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OF  GRANARD  (1685- 
1765),  naval  commander  and  diplomatist ;  grandson  of  Sir 
Arthur  Forbes,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  served  as  midshipman 
at  capture  of  Gibraltar  and  battle  of  Malaga,  1704 ;  ap- 
pointed brigadier  in  the  horse  guards  under  Argyll,  1707  ; 
held  a  naval  command  in  Mediterranean,  and  was  wounded 
at  Villa  Viciosa,  1710;  governor  of  Minorca,  1716-18  ; 
went  on  a  special  mission  to  Vienna,  1719;  took  part  in 
defence  of  Gibraltar,  1726-7 ;  created  Baron  Forbes  of 
Ireland,  1727;  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  1729-30 ; 
returned  to  the  navy,  1731 ;  negotiated  treaty  with  Russia, 
1733;  admiral,  1733;  Earl  of  Granard,  1733;  elected  M.P. 
for  Ayr  boroughs,  1741;  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  inquiry  into  Walpole's  conduct ;  privy  councillor  of 
Ireland.  [xix.  393] 

FORBES,  GEORGE,  sixth  EARL  OF  GRANARD  in 
peerage  of  Ireland  and  first  BARON  GRANARD  in  the 
United  Kingdom  (1760-1837),  lieutenant-general ;  opposed 
Buckingham  administration  in  Ireland:  raised  an  Irish 
regiment,  1794,  and  commanded  another  at  Castlebar, 
1798 :  opposed  the  union  ;  created  Baron  Granard,  1806  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1813  ;  died  in  Paris.  [xix.  395] 

FORBES,  HENRY  (1804-1859),  pianistand  composer; 
pupil  of  Smart,  Hummel,  and  Moscheles  ;  organist  of  St. 
Luke's,  Chelsea,  and  conductor  of  the  Societa  Armonica, 
1827-50 ;  published  '  National  Psalmody,'  1843,  and  other 
musical  compositions.  [xix.  396] 


FORBES,  .1  AM  KS<  1629  ?-1712),  nonconformist  divine; 
M.A.  Aberdeen  and  Oxford;  ejected  from  Gloucester 
Cathedral,  1661  ;  imprisoned  frequently  ;  for  fifty-eight 

years  iuiiii.sU.-r  at  (iloucester.  [xix.  396] 

FORBES,  JA.MKS  ( 1749-1819),  author  of  'Oriental 
Memoirs';  in  service  of  the  Bant  India  Company,  1765- 
1784 ;  imprisoned  in  France  after  rupture  of  peace  of 
Amiens ;  allowed  to  return  to  Kn-.'lan.l,  1804 ;  published 
'  Letters  from  France,'  1806, and  'Oriental  Memoirs,'  1813- 
1815 ;  took  charge  of  his  grandson,  Montalembert,  the 
future  historian,  who  witnessed  his  death  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  [xix.  397] 

FORBES,  JAMES  (1779-1837),  inspector-general  of 
army  hospitals :  M.I).  Edinburgh ;  entered  army,  1803  ; 
staff-surgeon  in  Peninsular  and  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809  ;  had  charge  of  casualties  from  Waterloo ;  after- 
wards served  in  West  Indies  and  Canada ;  principal 
medical  officer  in  Ceylon,  1829-36.  [xix.  398] 

FORBES,  JAMES  DAVID  (1809-1868),  man  of 
science;  elected  F.R.S.E.  at  age  of  nineteen;  joined 
Brewster  in  founding  British  Association,  1831 ;  F.R.8., 
1832  ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  1833, 
and  dean  of  Faculty  of  Arts,  1837  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1853  ; 
principal  of  St.  Andrews,  1859  ;  received  Rumford  medal 
of  Royal  Society  for  discovery  of  polarisation  of  heat,  and 
the  royal  medal  for  his  paper  on  the  influence  of  the 
atmosphere  on  the  sun's  rays ;  three  times  Keith  medallist 
of  the  Edinburgh  Society;  secretary,  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  1840-51.  His  chief  work  was  '  Travels  through 
the  Alps  of  Savoy  and  other  parts  of  the  Pennine  Chain, 
with  Observations  on  the  Phenomena  of  Glaciers,'  1843. 
He  was  the  first  to  study  scientifically  the  phenomena  of 
glaciers,  but  his  claim  to  be  the  first  observer  of  their 
veined  structure  and  other  of  their  characteristics  was 
contested  by  Agassiz  and  Tyudall.  [xix.  398] 

FOEBES,  JAMES  OCHONOAR,  seventeenth  BARON 
FORBES  (1765-1843),  served  with  the  Coldstream  guards 
in  Flanders,  and  (1799)  at  the  Helder ;  colonel  of  the  94th 
and  64th  foot,  1809,  and  of  the  21st,  1816  :  general,  1819 ; 
Scottish  representative  peer,  1806  ;  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia  : 
high  commissioner  of  church  of  Scotland,  1826  ;  died  at 
Bregenz,  Switzerland.  [xix.  400] 

FOEBES,  JOHN  (1571-1606),  Capuchin  friar  ; '  Father 
Archangel ' ;  escaped  from  Scotland  to  Antwerp  disguised 
as  a  shepherd's  boy;  took  the  habit  of  a  Capuchin  at 
Touniay,  1593  ;  said  to  have  converted  three  hundred  Scots 
soldiers  to  Catholicism  at  Dixmude;  died  at  Ghent;  a 
Latin  'life'  of  him  by  Faustinus  Cranius  (1620)  was 
translated  into  English  (1623),  French,  and  Italian. 

[xix.  401] 

FOEBES,  JOHN  (1568  ?-1634),  minister  of  Alford, 
Aberdeenshire,  1593 ;  went  on  a  special  mission  to  Lon- 
don, 1605  ;  banished  from  Scotland  for  denying  the  juris- 
diction of  the  privy  council  over  the  church,  1606;  after 
living  some  time  in  France,  became  pastor  of  Middelburg, 
1611,  and  Delft,  1621 ;  published  theological  treatises. 

[xix.  401] 

FORBES,  JOHN  (1593-1648),  professor  of  divinity : 
second  sou  of  Patrick  Forbes  of  Corse  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Heidelberg  and  other  foreign  universities ;  professor  ot 
divinity  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1620-39 ;  published 
defence  of  episcopacy,  1629,  and  attacked  the  national 
covenant,  1638,  for  refusing  to  take  which  he  lost  his  pro- 
fessorship, 1639  ;  went  to  the  Netherlands  to  avoid  taking 
the  solemn  league  and  covenant,  1644  :  returned  to  Scot- 
land, 1646,  and  lived  at  Corse :  published,  among  other 
works,  'Instructioues  Historico-Theologicae  de  Doctrine 
Christiana'  (Amsterdam,  1645).  His  collected  worts 
1702-3,  include  a  Latin  diary.  [xix.  402] 

FOEBES,  JOHN  (1710-1759),  brigadier:  entered 
Scots  Greys,  of  which  regiment  he  became  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1750;  colonel  of  17th  foot,  1757  ;  adjutant-general 
and  brigadier  in  America,  1757  ;  led  expedition  to  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  which  was  abandoned  by  the  French,  1758 :  died 
at  Philadelphia.  [Suppl.  ii.  223] 

FOEBES,  JOHN  (1714-1796),  admiral  of  the  fleet; 
second  son  of  George  Forbes,  third  earl  of  Qranard  [q.  v.]  ; 
commanded  the  Norfolk  at  the  action  off  Toulon,  1744; 
rear-admiral,  1747 :  commauder-in-chief  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 1749  ;  as  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  refused  to  sign 
the  warrant  for  Byng's  execution,  1767,  and  resigned,  but 
was  reappointed  and  held  office  till  1763  :  vice-admiral. 
1755  ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1758  :  general  of  marines,  1764, 

G  G2 


FORBES 


452 


FORD 


admiral  of  the  white,  1770  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1781.  His 
1  Memoir  of  the  Earls  of  Granard '  was  published  in  1868. 

[xix.  404] 

FORBES,  JOHN  (1733-1808),  usually  called  FOKBK8- 
PKKLATER  ;  joined  Portuguese  service  under  Lippe-Bucke- 
burg,  and  became  adjutant-general ;  general  in  t  lie  Portu- 
guese service,  1789  ;  commanded  corps  in  the  early  Penin- 
sular war,  but  left  for  Brazil  with  Maria  Pia,  queen  of 
Portugal,  prince-regent,  and  court,  when  they  fled  before 
Junot;  died  governor  of  Rio  Janeiro.  [xix.  406] 

FORBES,  JOHN  (1799-1823),  botanist;  went  to  east 
coast  of  Africa  for  Horticultural  Society,  1822 ;  died  at 
S'imii ;  the  genus  Forbesia,  Eckl.,  named  after  him. 

[xix.  405] 

FORBES,  SIR  JOHN  (1787-1861),  physician  ;  studied 
at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh ;  assistant-surgeon  in  navy, 
1807;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1817;  practised  at  Penzance, 
Ohichester.and  London ;  became  physician  to  the  queen's 
household,  1840;  F.R.C.S.,  1845;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1852;  knighted,  1853;  joint-editor  of  a  'Cyclopaedia  of 
Practical  Medicine,'  1832-5,  and  chief  founder  of  the 
'  British  and  Foreign  Medical  Review,'  1836-47  ;  published 
'Illustrations  of  Modem  Mesmerism,'  1845,  and  'Nature 
and  Art  in  the  Cure  of  Disease,'  1857,  also  translations 
of  Laennec's  '  Mediate  Auscultation,'  1821,  and  Auen- 
brugger's  work  on  the  stethoscope,  1824.  [xix.  405] 

FORBES,  JOHN  HAY,  LORD  MKDWYN  (1776-1854), 
Scottish  judge ;  second  son  of  Sir  William  Forbes  [q.  v.]  ; 
a  lord  of  session,  1825 ;  lord  of  justiciary,  1830-47  ;  edited 
'Thoughts  concerning  Man's  Condition,'  by  Alexander, 
fourth  baron  Forbes  [q.v.],  with  life  of  the  author. 

[xix.  407] 

FORBES,  PATRICK  (1564-1636),  of  Corse,  bishop  of 
Aberdeen  ;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  St.  Andrews ;  with 
Andrew  Melville  visited  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  ordained 
minister  of  Keith,  1610 ;  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1618-35 ; 
opposed  the  church  policy  of  Charles  I ;  published  com- 
mentary on  the  Apocalypse,  1612.  [xix.  407] 

FORBES,  PATRICK  (1611  ?-1680),  bishop  of  Caith- 
ness ;  third  son  of  John  Forbes  (1568  ?-1634)  [q.  v.]  ; 
graduated  at  Aberdeen,  1631  ;  minister  of  Delft,  1641 ; 
military  chaplain  in  Holland  ;  bishop  of  Caithness,  1662. 

[xix.  409] 

FORBES,  ROBERT  (1708-1775),  bishop  of  Ross  and 
Caithness;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1726; 
episcopal  minister  at  Leith,  1736  ;  arrested  as  a  Jacobite, 
1746;  elected  bishop  of  Ross  and  Caithness,  1769,  though 
still  a  Jacobite ;  published  '  The  Lyon  in  Mourning  '(1747- 
1775),  extracts  from  which  were  given  by  R.  Chambers  in 
'Jacobite  Memoirs'  (1834).  His  'Journals'  were  edited 
by  Rev.  J.  B.  Craven  (1886).  [xix.  409] 

FORBES,  WALTER,  eighteenth  BARON  FORBES 
(1798-1868),  son  of  James  Ochoncar  Forbes,  seventeenth 
baron  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  a  company  of  the  Coldstream 
guards  at  Waterloo  ;  benefactor  of  St.  Ninian's  Cathedral, 
Perth.  [xix.  410] 

FORBES,  WILLIAM  (1685-1634),  first  bishop  of 
Edinburgh ;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1601 ; 
professor  of  logic  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1602-6  ; 
studied  abroad  and  formed  friendships  with  Grotius  and 
Scaliger  ;  minister  of  Aberdeen,  1618,  of  Edinburgh,  1620  ; 
soon  returned  to  Aberdeen  in  consequence  of  the  "un- 
popularity of  his  high  church  doctrines;  appointed  first 
bishop  of  Edinburgh,  1634;  left  in  manuscript  a  Latin 
work  (published,  1758)  attempting  to  harmonise  the 
doctrines  dividing  the  Roman  and  protestaut  churches. 

FORBES,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1739-1806),  o^Pitefigo, 
banker  and  author ;  entered  firm  of  Coutta  at  Edinburgh, 
1764,  and  soon  became  a  partner,  changing  the  name  to 
Forbes,  Hunter  &  Co.  in  1773  ;  took  lending  part  in  pre- 
paration of  Bankruptcy  Act  of  1783 ;  consulted  by  Pitt,  who 
(1799)  offered  him  an  Irish  peerage;  acquired  Pitsligo 
estates,  1781 ;  a  member  of  Johnson's  literary  club ;  author 
of  'Memoirs  of  a  Banking  House,'  1803,  and  a  'life'  of 
Beattie,  1806.  [xix.  412] 

FORBES,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  (1858-1883), 
zoologist;  educated  at  Winchester,  Edinburgh  University 
and  University  College,  London;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  prosector  to  the  Zoological  Society, 
London,  1879 ;  sailed  for  Peruambuco,  1880;  died  at  Shonga 
on  the  Niger;  left  valuable  papers  on  the  anatomy  of 
birds.  [xix.  413] 


FORBY,  ROBERT  (1769-1825),  philologist  ;  fellow 
of  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1784 ;  rector  of 
Fiucham,  Norfolk,  1789;  F.L.S.,  1798-1801;  published 
'  The  Vocabulary  of  East  Auglia '  (edited  by  Rev.  George 
Tunier,  1830).  ,  [xix.  414] 

FORCER,  FRANCIS,  the  elder  (1650  ?-1705  ?), 
musical  composer  ;  joint-lessee  of  Sadler's  Wells  music 
gardens,  c.  1097  ;  several  of  his  songs  included  in  Playford's 
•  Choyce  Ayres  and  Dialogues.'  [xix.  414] 

FORCER,  FRANCIS,  the  younger  (1675  ?-1743), 
master  of  Sadler's  Wells,  1724-43.  [xix.  415] 

FORD.    [See  also  FORDE.] 

FORD,  ANN  (1737-1824).  [See  THICKNESSE,  MRS. 
ANN.] 

FORJ,  DAVID  EVERARD  (1797-1875),  author 
and  musical  composer;  congregational  minister  at 
Lyinington  and  Manchester  ;  published  '  Decapolis,'  1840, 
and  other  religious  works,  as  well  as  'Rudiments  of 
Music,'  1829,  and  several  books  of  psalm  and  hymn  tunes. 

[xix.  415] 

FORD,  EDWARD  (ft.  1647),  ballad  and  verse 
writer  ;  four  of  his  ballads  found  in  the  Roxburghe  Collec- 
tion and  another  in  Halli well's  '  Norfolk  Anthology.' 

[xix.  416] 

FORD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1605-1670),  royalist  soldier 
and  inventor ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
knighted,  1643  ;  surrendered  Arundel  Castle  after  seven- 
teen days'  siege,  164-1  ;  imprisoned  and  incapacitated ; 
escaped  to  the  continent  ;  returned  to  negotiate  with  the 
army,  1647  ;  again  imprisoned ;  devised  an  engine  for 
raising  the  Thames  water  into  the  higher  streets  of 
London,  1656 ;  with  Thomas  Toogood  constructed  other 
water-engines  ;  died  in  Ireland,  where  he  had  a  patent 
for  coining  farthings  by  a  new  process.  [xix.  416] 

FORD,  EDWARD  (1746-1809),  surgeon  to  the  West- 
minster Dispensary,  1780-1801;  F.S.A.,  1792;  published 
'Observations  on  the  Disease  of  the  Hip  Joint,'  1794, 
reissued  by  his  nephew,  Thomas  Copeland  [q.  v.],  1810-18. 

[xix.  417] 

FORD,  EMANUEL  (/.  1607),  romance  writer; 
author  of  'Parismus'  or  'Parismenos'  (1598-9),  fre- 
quently reprinted  till  1704,  and  two  similar  works 
reissued  as  chap-books.  [xix.  417] 

FORD,  SIR  FRANCIS  CLARE  (1828-1899),  diploma- 
tist ;  son  of  Richard  Ford  [q.  v.] ;  entered  diplomatic 
service,  1851,  and  was  secretary  of  embassy  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1871,  and  Vienna,  1872;  British  agent  on  commis- 
sion on  United  States  fishery  rights,  Halifax,  1877 ;  C.B. 
and  O.M.G.,  1878;  British  minister  in  Argentine  Republic, 
1878,  Brazil,  1879,  Athens,  1881,  Madrid,  1884;  ambassa- 
dor at  Madrid,  1887,  Constantinople,  1892,  and  Rome, 
1893-8;  G.O.M.G.,  1886;  privy  councillor,  1888;  G.O.B., 
1889.  [Suppl.  ii.  224] 

FORD,  SIR  HENRY  (1619  ?-1684),  Irish  secretary ; 
M.P.  for  Tiverton,  1664-81 ;  secretary  to  Lord  Robartes, 
viceroy  of  Ireland,  1669-70,  and  to  the  Earl  of  Essex,  1672, 
when  he  was  knighted  ;  F.R.S.,  1663.  [xix.  418] 

FORD,  JAMES  (1779-1850),  antiquary  ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1807;  M.A.,  1804;  B.D.,  1812; 
vicar  of  Navestock,  1830-50;  left  bequests  to  Trinity 
College  "and  Oxford  University;  made  collections  "for  u 
new  edition  of  Morant's  '  Essex  '  (at  Trinity),  and  col- 
lection for  a  history  of  bishops  (in  British  Museum). 

[xix.  419] 

FORD,  JOHN  (fl.  1639),  dramatist ;  admitted  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  1602 ;  probably  spent  his  last  years  in 
Devonshire  ;  his  chief  plays,  the  '  Lovers  Melancholy,' 
1629,  "Tis  Pity  Shee's  a  Whore,'  1633,  'The  Broken 
Heart,'  1633,  the  'Chronicle  Historic  of  Perkin  Warbeck,' 
1634,  and  'The  Ladies  Triall,'  1638;  collaborated  with 
Dekker  and  Rowley  in  the  'Witch  of  Edmonton  '  (1624). 
Four  unpublished  pieces  were  destroyed  by  Bishop  War- 
burton's  cook.  The  best  edition  of  his  collected  works  is 
Dyce's  reissue  of  Gifford's  edition  (1869).  [xix.  419] 

FORD,  MICHAEL  (d.  1758  ?),  mezzotint  engraver  : 
probably  drowned  in  the  Dublin  Trader  between  Park- 
gate  and  Dublin ;  his  engraved  portraits,  including 
Kneller's  William  III  and  Hudson's  George  II,  and  some 
from  his  own  paintings  (William  III  and  Schoinberg),  are 
rare.  [xix.  421] 


FORD 


453 


FORREST 


FORD,  RICHARD  (1796-1858),  critic  and  author ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1822  ;  spent  several  years  making  riding  tours  in 
Spain  :  contributed  from  1837  to  the 'Quarterly,' '  Klin- 
tiurtrh,'  and  'Westminster'  reviews;  published  'H;ui<l- 
book  for  Travellers  in  Spain,'  1845,  '  Gatherings  from 
Spain,'  1846,  and  other  works ;  his  articles  first  brought 
Velasquez  into  notice  in  England.  [xix.  421] 

FORD,  ROGER  ov  (ft.  1170  ?).  [See  ROGER.] 
FORD,  SIMON  (1619  ?-1699),  divine  ;  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  from  which  he  was  expelled  for  puri- 
tanism ;  restored  by  parliamentary  visitors ;  made  dele- 
gate, and  created  B.D.,  1«60 ;  afterwards  vicar  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Reading,  All  Saints,  Northampton,  and  St. 
Mary  Aldermanbury :  vicar  of  Old  Swinford,  1676-91; 
published,  with  other  works,  three  Latin  poems  on  the 
fire  of  London.  [xix.  422] 

FORD,  STEPHEN  (d.  1694),  nonconformist  divine; 
ejected  from  Chipping  Norton  vicarage,  1662 ;  minister 
for  thirty  years  in  Miles  Lane,  Cannon  Street  ;  sub- 
scribed John  Faldo's  '  Quakerism  no  Christianity,'  1675 : 
published  theological  tracts.  [xix.  423] 

FORD,  THOMAS  (d.  1648),  composer ;  musician  to 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales  :  published  '  Musicke  of  Sundrie 
Kindes'  (Book  I  of  songs,  Book  II  of  instrumental 
pieces),  1607,  and  contributed  anthems  and  canons  to 
Leightou'9  and  Hilton's  compilations.  [xix.  424] 

FORD,  THOMAS (1598-1674),  nonconformist  divine; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall.  Oxford,  1627;  expelled  the  univer- 
sity for  a  puritan  sermon,  1631  ;  sometime  minister  at 
Hamburg  ;  minister  of  Aldwiukle  All  Saints,  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1637,  of  St.  Faith's,  London,  and  afterwards  at 
Exeter;  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  1644; 
published  theological  works.  [xix.  424] 

FORD  or  FOORD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1616),  divine ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1581  ;  M.A.,  1582; 
B.D.,  1591;  chaplain  to  the  Levant  Company  at  Constan- 
tinople ;  returned,  1614.  [xix.  426] 

FORD,  WILLIAM  (1771-1832),  bookseller  and  biblio- 
grapher ;  successively  of  Manchester  and  Liverpool  ;  the 
original  edition  of  Venus  and  Adonis  contained  in  his  first 
catalogue,  1805  ;  others  issued,  1807, 1810-11  ;  contributed 
to  '  Bibliographiana'  (Manchester,  1817)  and  the  'Retro- 
spective Review.'  [xix.  426] 

FORDE,  FRANCIS  (d.  1770),  conqueror  of  Masuli- 
patam ;  second  in  command  to  Clive  in  Bengal,  1758; 
took  Masulipatam  with  a  small  force  and  drove  the 
French  from  the  Deccan,  1769 ;  defeated  the  Dutch  at 
Chinsurah ;  one  of  the  supervisors  sent  out  in  1769  by 
the  East  India  Company,  who  disappeared,  [xix.  426] 

FORDE,  SAMUEL  (1805-1828),  painter ;  master  in 
the  Cork  Mechanics' Institute;  friend  of  Maclise ;  painted 
'Vision  of  Tragedy'  and  a  crucifixion  for  Skibbereen 
chapel.  [xix.  427] 

FORDE,  THOMAS  (d.  1582),  Roman  catholic  divine; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1567  ;  B.D.  of  Doiiay,  1576 ;  executed  on  charge 
of  conspiracy  ;  beatified,  1886.  [xix.  428] 

FORDE,  THOMAS  (./?.  1660),  author:  his  'Times 
Anatomized '  (1647)  wrongly  attributed  to  Fuller ;  pub- 
lished also  'Lusus  Fortunse,'  1649,  and  '  Virtus  Rediviva,' 
1660.  [xix.  428] 

FORDHAM,  GEORGE  (1837-1887),  jockey;  won  the 
Cambridgeshire  on  Little  David,  1853  ;  headed  the  list  of 
winning  jockeys,  1855-62,  scoring  165  wins  in  the  last 
year ;  won  the  Oaks  five  times,  the  Cambridgeshire 
(Sabinus),  1871,  and  the  Derby  (Sir  Bevys),  1879 ;  gained 
the  Grand  Prix  de  Paris  four  times,  the  French  Derby 
twice,  and  the  French  Oaks  once.  [xix.  429] 

FORDTJN,  JOHN  (d.  1384?),  part  author  of  the 
'Scoticbrouicon';  probably  a  chantry  priest  at  Aber- 
deen ;  said  to  have  collected  materials  in  England  and 
Ireland,  as  well  as  Scotland,  1363-84 ;  compiled  also 
'Gesta  Aunalia '  in  continuation  of  the  '  Scotichronicon.' 

[xix.  430] 

FORDYCE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1789),  banker;  son  of 
the  provost  of  Aberdeen :  partner  in  London  firm  of 
Neale,  James,  Fordyce  &  Down  ;  absconded,  1772,  after 
which  the  bank  stopped  payment,  causing  a  great  panic. 

[xix.  431] 


FORDYCE,  DAVID  (1711-1751),  professor  at  Aber- 
deen ;  brother  of  Alexander  Fordyce  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1728  ;  professor  of  moral 
philosophy,  1742-51 ;  perished  in  a  storm  off  the  coast  of 
Holland:  published  his  'Dialogues  concerning  Educa- 
tion '  (1746-8, anon.)  and  'Elements  of  Moral  Philosophy  ' 
(1754),  besides  posthumous  works.  [xix.  432] 

FORDYCE,  GEORGE  (1736-1802),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1758;  lectured  in  London  on  chemistry, 
materia  medica,  and  practical  physic ;  physician  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  1770-1802;  F.R.S.,  1776;  F.R.C.P., 


speciali  gratia,  1787 ;    published 


of   Physic 


(1768-70), '  Treatise  on  Digestion,'  1791,  and  five  important 
dissertations  on  fever,  besides  chemical  works. 

FORDYCE,  JAMES  (1720-1796),  presbyterian  divine  : 
uncle  of  George  Fordyce  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1763 ; 
D.D.  Glasgow ;  minister  of  Brechin,  1745,  Alloa,  1753, 
and  Monkwell  Street,  London,  1760-82  ;  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  whose  religious  character  he  described  in  his 
'  Addresses  to  the  Deity,'  1786.  [xix.  433] 

FORDYCE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1724-1792%  physician: 
brother  of  David,  James,  and  Alexander  Fordyce  [q.  v.] ; 
an  army  surgeon  in  war  of  1742-8 :  began  to  practise  in 
London,  1750;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1770;  knighted,  1787; 
lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  (Marischal  College)  at  death. 
Some  of  his  works  were  translated  into  German. 

[xix.  435] 

FOREST,  JOHN  (1474  ?-1538),  martyr ;  member  of 
Franciscan  houses  at  Greenwich  and  Watergate,  Oxford  ; 
as  confessor  of  Catherine  of  Arragon  displeased  Henry 
VIII  and  was  removed,  1533 ;  subsequently  imprisoned ; 
burnt  at  Smithfield  for  his  book  against  the  king's 
assumption  of  the  headship  of  the  church,  Bishop  Latimer 
being  present.  [xix.  436] 

FORESTER,  JAMES  (>l.  1611),  theological  and  medi- 
cal writer ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1583 ;  indicted 
for  writing  against  the  queen's  prerogative  in  church 
matters,  1593;  published  'The  Pearle  of  Practise,'  1594, 
and  '  Marrow  and  Juice  of  260  Scriptures,'  1611. 

[xix.  436] 

FORFAR,  EARLS  OP.  [See  DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD, 
first  EARL,  1653-1712 ;  DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  second 
EARL,  1693-1715.] 

FORGAILL,  DALLAN  (fl.  600).    [See  DALLAN.] 

FORGLEN,  LOKD  (d.  1727).  [See  OGILVY,  SIR 
ALEXANDER.] 

FORMAN,  ANDREW  (d.  1522),  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews ;  as  protonotary  attended  Perkin  Warbeck  in 
Scotland,  1495-6  ;  one  of  the  ambassadors  to  Henry  VII, 
1498 ;  negotiated  marriage  of  James  IV  and  Margaret 
Tudor,  1501 ;  bishop  of  Moray,  1502 ;  ambassador  in 
England,  1509 :  negotiated  alliance  between  Louis  XII  and 
Pope  Julius  II;  archbishop  of  Bourges,  1513-15;  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews  after  much  opposition,  1516 ; 
author  of  'Contra  Lutherum,'  'De  Stoica  Philosophia,' 
and  'Collectanea  Decretalium' ;  documents  relating  to 
him  printed  in  Robertson's  notes  to  '  Scotias  Concilia.' 

[xix.  436] 

FORMAN,  SIMON  (1552-1611),  astrologer  and  quack 
doctor;  left  destitute  by  his  father;  entered  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  as  a '  poor  scholar,'  1573  ;  claimed  miracu- 
lous powers,  c.  1579 ;  began  to  practise  as  a  quack  in 
London,  1580 ;  finally  set  up  in  London  as  an  astrologer, 
1583 ;  obtained  a  large  disreputable  practice,  chiefly 
among  court  ladies;  frequently  imprisoned  at  the  in- 
stance of  medical  and  other  authorities ;  began  to  prac- 
tise necromancy,  1588 ;  granted  a  license  to  practise 
medicine  by  Cambridge  University,  1603  ;  his  philtres  re- 
ferred to  in  Ben  Jonson's  'Epicene';  published  'The 
G  rounds  of  the  Longitude,'  1591.  Among  his  manuscripts 
which  came  into  possession  of  Ashmole,  '  The  Bocke  of 
Plaies  '  contains  the  earliest  account  of  the  performances 
of  'Macbeth'  (1610),  the  'Winter's  Tale'  (1611),  and 
4  Cymbeline.'  [xix.  438] 

FORREST,  ARTHUR  (d.  1770),  commodore;  served 
on  West  Indian  and  South  American  stations ;  captured 
merchant  fleet  off  Petit  Guave,  1768  ;  died  holding  Jamaica 
command.  [xx.  1] 

FORREST,  EBENEZER  (/.  1774),  attorney ;  author 
of  '  An  Account  of  what  seemed  most  remarkable  in  the 


FORREST 


454 


FORSTER 


five  days'  peiegri nation  of  Messrs.  Tothall,  Scott,  Ho- 
garth, Thornhill,  and  F.'  (1782),  illustrated  by  Hogarth. 

[xx.  2] 

FORREST  or  TORRES,  HENRY  (d.  1533  V),  Scottish 
martyr ;  friar  of  the  Benedictine  order ;  burned  as  a 
heretic  at  St.  Andrews  for  words  spoken  in  approval  of 
Patrick  Hamilton.  [xx.  2] 

FORREST,  JOHN  (147*  ?-1538).    [See  FOREST.] 

FORREST,  ROBERT  (1789  ?-1852),  sculptor ;  stone- 
mason in  Clydesdale :  executed  the  colossal  figure  of  Lord 
Melville  in  St.  Andrew's  Square,  Edinburgh,  the  statue  of 
Knox  in  the  Glasgow  necropolis,  and  that  of  Mr.  Fer- 
guson of  Raith  at  Haddiugton.  [xx.  2] 

FORREST,  THEODOSIUS  (1728-1784),  author  and 
lawyer ;  son  of  Ebenezer  Forrest  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1762-81;  solicitor  to  Co  vent  Garden 
Theatre  and  friend  of  Garrick  and  Colman ;  committed 
suicide.  [xx.  2] 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (d.  1540).     [See  FORRET.] 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (fl.  1580),  translator  of  three 
orations  of  Isocrates,  1580.  [xx.  3] 

FORREST,  THOMAS  (1729  ?-1802  ?),  navigator; 
formed  for  the  East  India  Company  new  settlement  at 
Balambangau,  1770 ;  surveyed  coasts  of  New  Guinea  and 
Sulu  Archipelago,  being  the  first  to  place  accurately 
Waygiou  on  the  chart,  1774-6  ;  discovered  Forrest  Strait, 
1790 :  published  'Journal  of  the  Esther  Brig  .  .  .  from 
Bengal  to  Quedah,'  1783,  and  '  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to 
the  Mergni  Archipelago,'  1792 ;  also  wrote  '  Treatise  on 
the  Monsoons  lu  East  India.'  [xx.  3] 

FORREST,  WILLIAM  (/.  1681),  Roman  catholic 
priest  and  poet;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  afterwards 
one  of  Queen  Mary's  chaplains ;  his  compilation  from  the 
'De  Regimine  Principum'  and  his  paraphrase  of  the 
Psalms  dedicated  to  the  Duke  of  Somerset.  His  '  Second 
Gresyld,'  a  narrative  in  verse  of  the  divorce  of  Queen 
Catherine  of  Arragou,  was  printed,  1875.  [xx.  4] 

FORRESTER,  ALFRED  HENRY (1804-1872),  artist; 
worked  with  his  brother,  Charles  Robert  Forrester  [q.  v.], 
under  name  of  'Alfred  Crowquill';  exhibited  pen-and- 
ink  sketches  at  the  Royal  Academy ;  contributed  sketches 
(1845)  to  'Punch'  and  the  'Illustrated  London  News,' 
and  woodcuts  to  Chambers's  '  Book  of  Days ' ;  published 
more  than  twenty  humorous  works  written  and  illus- 
trated by  himself :  illustrated  his  brother's  works,  also 
'  The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax,'  1838,  Albert  R.  Smith's  '  Beauty 
and  the  Beast,'  1843,  the  Bon  Gaultier  'Ballads,'  1849, 
Cuthbert  Bede's  '  Fairy  Tales,'  1858,  '  The  Travels  of 
Baron  Munchauseu,'  1859,  and  '  Six  Plates  of  Pickwickian 
Sketches.'  [xx.  5] 

FORRESTER,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1803-1850), 
miscellaneous  writer :  elder  brother  of  Alfred  Henry 
Forrester  [q.  v.] ;  published,  under  the  pseudonym  '  Hal 
Willis,' '  Castle  Bayuard,'  1824,  and  'Sir  Roland,'  1827,  two 
novels ;  contributed  to  '  Beutley's  Miscellany,'  as  '  A. 
Crowquill,'  his  chief  articles  being  reissued  (1643)  as 
'  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun.'  '  Absurdities  in  Prose  and 
Verse,'  by  'Alfred  Crowquill'  (1827),  was  the  joint  work 
of  the  brothers  Forrester.  [xx.  7] 

FORRESTER,  DAVID  (1588-1633),  Scottish  divine  ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1608;  deposed  from  pastorate  of  North 
Leith  for  opposition  to  the  five  articles  of  Perth  ;  restored, 
1627.  [xx.  7] 

FORRESTER,  JOSEPH  JAMES,  BARON  HE  FOK- 
KKSTKK  in  Portugal  (1809-1861),  merchant  and  wine- 
shipper:  went  to  Oporto,  1831;  published  chart  of  the 
Douro  from  Vilvestre  to  its  mouth,  with  geological  survey 
and  maps  of  the  port-wine  districts,  1848 ;  exerted  himself 
to  obtain  reforms  in  the  making  and  exportation  of  the 
wine;  published  prize  essay  on  Portugal,  1851;  drowned 
in  the  Douro ;  still  known  as  '  Protector  of  the  Douro.' 

[xx.  8] 

FORRESTER,  THOMAS  (1588?-1642),  satirist  of 
covenanters;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1608;  minister  of  Ayr, 
1623,  of  Mel  rose,  1627-38;  deposed  for  Arminianism  ;  his 
satire  included  in  Maidment's '  Book  of  Scottish  Pasquils,' 
1828.  [xx.  9] 

FORRESTER,  THOMAS  (1635  ?-1706),  Scottish  theo- 
logian ;  renounced  episcopacy  and  became  a  field  preacher  ; 


deposed  and  imprisoned,  1674 :  minister  of  Killearn  and 
St.  Andrews  after  the  Revolution ;  principal  of  the  new 
college  at  St.  Andrews,  1698;  wrote  'The  Hierarchical 
JMshop's  Claim  to  a  Divine  Right  tried  at  the  Scripture 
Bar,'  1699.  [xx.  9] 

FORRET,  THOMAS  (d.  1540),  Scottish  martyr: 
studied  at  Cologne ;  canon  regular  in  the  monastery  of 
Inchcolm  ;  when  vicar  of  Dollar,  Clackmanuanshire,  was 
accused  by  the  friars  of  heresy  ;  eventually  burned  at 
Edinburgh  with  four  others.  [xx.  9] 

FORS,  WILLIAM  DE,  EARL  OF  ALBEMARLE  (d.  1242). 
[See  WILLIAM.] 

FORS,  WILLIAM  DE,EARL  OF  ALBEMARLE  (d.  1260). 
[See  WILLIAM.] 

FORSETT,  EDWARD  (d.  1630?),  political  writer; 
active  as  justice  of  the  peace  in  examination  of  the  (Jun- 
powder  plot  conspirators;  published  'A  Comparative 
Discovrsc  of  the  Bodies  Natvral  and  Politiqve,'  1606,  and 
'A  Defence  of  the  Right  of  Kings,'  1624,  in  answer  to 
Robert  Parsons.  [xx.  10] 

FORSHALL,  JOSIAH  (1795-1863),  librarian ;  fellow 
and  tutor  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1821 ;  keeper 
of  manuscript  department,  British  Museum,  1827-37 ; 
F.R.S.,  1828  ;  secretary  to  the  Museum,  1828-50 ;  chaplain 
of  the  Foundling  Hospital,  1829-63 ;  edited  catalogue  of 
manuscripts  (new  series),  the  '  Description  of  the  Greek 
Papyri,'  and  catalogues  of  some  of  the  oriental  and  Sj'riao 
manuscripts ;  published  editions  of  the  Gospels. 

[xx. 11] 

FORSTER,  BENJAMIN  (1736-1805),  antiquary; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1760 :  M.A., 
1760 ;  B.D.,  1768 ;  friend  of  Gray,  Mason,  and  Gough ; 
rector  of  Boconnoc.  Broadoak,  and  Cherichayes,  Corn- 
wall, 1770.  [xx.  11] 

FORSTER,  BENJAMIN  MEGGOT  (1764-1829),  man 
of  science;  second  son  of  Edward  Forster  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  published  under  initials  'Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  Funguses,'  1820 ;  invented  sliding  portfolio 
and  atmospherical  electroscope;  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  anti-slave  trade  committee,  1788;  framed  the 
Child  Stealing  Act.  [xx.  12] 

FORSTER,  EDWARD,  the  elder  (1730-1812),  banker 
and  antiquary  ;  while  in  Holland  received  from  his  rela- 
tive, Benjamin  Furly,  some  original  letters  of  Locke ;  for 
nearly  thirty  years  governor  of  the  Russia  Company; 
consulted  by  Pitt  on  paper  currency.  [xx.  12] 

FORSTER,  EDWARD  (1769-1828),  miscellaneous 
writer;  soil  of  Nathaniel  Forster  (1726V-1790)  [q.  v.]  ; 
matriculated  at  Balliol  College.Oxford,  1788  ;  M. A.  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford,  1797;  morning  preacher  at  Berkeley  and 
Grosvenor  chapels,  and  at  Park  Street  and  King  Street, 
1800-14;  chaplain  to  the  British  embassy  at  Paris,  1818- 
1828,  where  he  died;  published  the  'British  Gallery  of 
Engravings,'  1807-13,  editions  of  Jarvis's  '  Don  Quixote,' 
1801,  Galland's  'Arabian  Nights,'  Anacreon,  'Rasselas,' 
1805,  and  various  illustrated  dramatic  collections. 

[xx.  13] 

FORSTER,  EDWARD,  the  younger  (1765-1849), 
botanist ;  third  sou  of  Edward  Forster  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
treasurer  of  the  Linnean  Society,  1816,  and  vice-presi- 
dent, 1828  ;  died  from  cholera,  after  inspecting  the  Refuge 
for  the  Destitute  founded  by  him  in  Hackney  Road.  Be- 
sides a  catalogue  of  British  birds,  he  printed  a  '  Supple- 
ment to  English  Botany,'  1834.  His  herbarium  was  pre- 
sented to  the  British  Museum.  [rx.  14] 

FORSTER,  GEORGE  (d.  1792),  traveller  in  service 
of  the  East  India  Company ;  author  of  '  A  Journey  from 
Bengal  to  England  through  the  Northern  Part  of  India 
.  .  .  and  into  Russia  by  the  Caspian  Sea,'  1798,  and 
'  Sketches  of  the  Mythology  and  Customs  of  the  Hindoos,' 
1785.  [xx. 14] 

FORSTER.  HENRY  PITTS  (1766  ?-1815),  orientalist 
in  service  of  the  East  India  Company ;  helped  to  in;ik.> 
Bengali  an  official  and  literary  language  by  his  '  English 
and  Bengalee  Vocabulary,'  1799, 1802.  [xx.  14] 

FORSTER,  JOHANN  GEORG  ADAM,  known  ;i* 
GEORGE  (1754-1794),  naturalist;  born  near  Dant/,ii:  ; 
came  to  England  with  his  father,  Reinhold  Forster,  1766  ; 
assisted  him  as  naturalist  in  Captain  Cook's  second  voy- 
age, and  was  made  F.R.S.  for  his  .-luire  in  the  description 


FORSTER, 


455 


FORSYTH 


of  the  flora  of  the  South  Seas,  1775  ;  published  a  general 
account  of  the  voyage,  1777  ;  afterwards  succ.-sivdy  pro- 
Mi-  of  natural  history  at  Wilna  and  librarian  at  M;uu/.. 

[xx.  15] 

FORSTER  or  FOSTER,  SIR  JoHX  (152U?-1602), 
warden  of  tin-  maivtir<  ;  cniimiuiuli  r  of  Harbottlu  C:i-i!.-, 
1M2 ;  fought  at  Solway  Moss,  1642,  and  Pinkie,  1547  ; 
knighted  by  Protector  Somerset,  1547 ;  sheriff  of  North- 
umberland, 1549-50;  captain  of  Bamboroogb  Castle, 
1565  till  death  :  warden  of  middle  marches,  1500-95  ;  dis- 
missed from  office,  1586,  on  charges  of  maladministration  ; 
restored,  1588.  [Suppl.  ii.  225] 

FORSTER.  JOHN  (1812-1876),  historian  and  bio- 
grapher; educated  at  Newcastle  grammar  school  and 
University  College,  London ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1843;  made  the  acquaintance  of  Lamb  and  Leigh  Hunt; 
dramatic  critic  to  the  '  Examiner,'  1833  ;  contributed  to 
Lardner's  'Cyclopaedia '  hi*  '  Lives  of  the  Statesmen  of  the 
Commonwealth,'  1836-9,  that  of  Sir  John  Eliot  being 
issued  separately  in  an  enlarged  form,  1864;  edited 
4  Foreign  Quarterly  Review,'  1842-3,  '  Daily  News,'  1846, 
and  '  Examiner,'  1847-55  ;  secretary  to  the  lunacy  com- 
mission, 1856-61,  and  a  lunacy  commissioner,  18(11-72; 
took  part  in  dramatic  performances  in  connection 
with  Guild  of  Literature  and  Art ;  contributed  to 
'  Quarterly  '  and  '  Edinburgh  Review  ' ;  published  works, 
including  'Historical  and  Biographical  Essays,'  1858, 
'  The  Anest  of  the  Five  Members,'  and  'The  Debates  on 
the  Grand  Remonstrance,'  1860,  lives  of  his  friends 
Landor(l869)  and  Dickens,  1872-4,  'Life  and  Times  of 
Goldsmith,'  1854,  and  the  first  volume  of  a  '  Life  of  Swift,' 
1876  ;  bequeathed  his  valuable  library  aiid  art  treasures 
to  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  South  Kensington. 

[xx. 16] 

FORSTER,  JOHN  COOPER  (1823-1886),  surgeon; 
educated  at  King's  College  School  and  Guy's  Hospital ; 
M.B.  London,  1847  ;  F.R.C.S.,  1849 ;  surgeon  at  Guy's, 
1870-80 ;  president  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  1884-5 ; 
published  '  The  Surgical  Diseases  of  Children,'  1860. 

[xx. 19] 

FORSTER,  NATHANIEL  (1718-1757),  scholar; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow,  1739;  M.A.,  1739:  D.D.,  1750;  domestic  chaplain 
to  Bishop  Butler  from  1750  till  Butler's  death,  and  exe- 
cutor ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Herring ;  vicar  of  Roch- 
dale, 1754 ;  prebendary  of  Bristol,  1755  ;  F.R.S.,  1755  ; 
chaplain  to  George  III,  1756  ;  published  '  Reflections  on 
the  Natural  Foundation  of  the  high  Antiquity  of 
-  Government,  Arts,  and  Sciences  in  Egypt,'  1743, '  Appen- 
dix Liviana,'  1746,  a  defence  of  the  genuineness  of  Jose- 
phus's  account  of  Jesus,  1749,  '  Biblia  Hebraica  sine 
punctis,'  1750,  and  other  works.  [xx.  19] 

FORSTER,  NATHANIEL  (1726  ?-1790),  writer  on 
political  economy ;  cousin  of  Nathaniel  Forster  (1718- 
1757)  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1748; 
fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  D.D.,  1778  ;  rector  of 
All  Saints,  Colchester,  and  of  Tolleshunt  Knights,  Essex  ; 
friend  of  Samuel  Parr  the  Latin  scholar  ;  chief  works, 
'  An  Enquiry  into  the  Causes  of  the  present  High  Price 
of  Provisions,'  1767,  and  '  Answer  to  Sir  John  Dalrym pie's 
pamphlet  on  the  Exportation  of  Wool,'  1782.  [xx.  20] 

FORSTER,  RICHARD  (1546  ?-1616),  physician  ;M.D. 
Oxford,  1573:  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1601- 
1604  and  1615-16  ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1602  ;  published 
4  Epbemerides  Meteorologicse,'  1575.  [xx.  21] 

FORSTER,  SIR  ROBERT  (1589-1663).  [See  FOSTER.] 

FORSTER,  SIMON  ANDREW  (1801-1870),  part 
author  of  the  'History  of  the  Violin,'  1864:  son  of 


FORSTER,    THOMAS   IGNATIUS    MARIA    (1789- 

F 


William  Forster  (1764-1824)  [q.  v.] 


[xx. 24] 


FORSTER,  THOMAS  (/.  1695-1712),  limner,  known 
for  his  excellent  pencil  miniatures  on  vellum  engraved  by 
Van  der  Guoht  and  others.  [xx.  21] 

FORSTER,  THOMAS  (1675?-! 738),  James  Edward 
the  Old  Pretender's  general;  M.P.,  Northumberland, 
1708-16  ;  surrendered  at  Preston  when  in  command  of 
the  rebel  army;  escaped  from  Newgate,  1716,  to  France  ; 
died  at  Boulogne.  [xx.  21] 

FORSTER,      THOMAS      FURLY       (1761    -   1825), 
botanist ;  eldest  son  of  Edward  Forster  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
an  original  member  of  the  Linnean  Society  ;   published  j 
*  Flora  Tonbrigeusis,'  1816  (reissued  1842).          [xx.  22]      I 


naturalist  and  astronomer  ;  son  of  Thomas  Fnrly 
Foreter  [q.  v.]  ;  M.B.  Cambridge,  1819  ;  discovered  a  comet, 
:  1819  ;  with  Spur/heim  studied  the  brain  at  F/liubunrb. 
and  subsequently  wrote    a  sketch   of   tin-  phrenological 
system;     published    'Researches     about     Atmospheric 
Phenomena,'  1812,  original  letters  of  Locke  Shaftesbury 
and  Algernon  Sydney  to  his  ancestor,  Benjamin  Furlv 
1  [,q-  V',3'  Wl*h  ?reface'  1830»  '  Ob8«-vations  sur  {'Influence 
,  des    Cometes,'    1838,    and    '  Sati,'    1843,  a  Pythagorean 

1  '^"w,     H«WM  the  frlend  of  ^ay,  Shelley,  Hurechel, 

;  and    Whewell  ;   lived    at    Bruges    after    1833,  dying  at 

!  Brussels.    His  '  Recueil  de  ma  Vie,'   1835,  and    'Epis- 

tolarium   Forsterianum  '  contain  much  biographical  in- 

formation.  [xx  22] 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (jf.  1632),  mathematician: 
pupil  of  William  Oughtred  [q.  v.],  \\bote  treatise  on  the 
horizontal  instrument  for  delineating  dials  upon  any 
plane  he  translated  and  published,  1632.  [xx.  24] 

FORSTER,   WILLIAM  (1739-1808),  musical  lustra- 

I  meut  maker  ('  Old  Forster  ')  ;  set  up  a  violin  shop  near 

St.  Martin's  Lane,  London,  removing  afterwards  to  the 

I  Strand.     As  a  publisher  he  introduced   Haydn  to  the 

London  public.  [Xx.  24] 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (1764-1824),  violin-maker; 
music-seller  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  ;  son  of  William  Forster  (1739-1808)  [q.  v.] 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (1788-1824),  violfn-n^ker  ; 
son  of  William  Forster  (1764-1824)  [q.  v.]  [xx.  24] 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  (1784-1854),  minister  of  the 
Society  of  Friends  ;  helped  his  sister-in-law,  Elizabeth 
Fry  [q.  v.],  in  philanthropic  work  ;  visited  United  States, 
1820-5  ;  checked  the  spread  of  Unitarian  views  among 
quakers  ;  averted  a  secession  in  Indiana  caused  by  the 
slavery  question,  1845  ;  investigated  the  condition  of  the 
Irish  distressed  by  the  potato  famine,  1846-7  ;  travelled 
on  the  continent  in  the  interests  of  abolitionism,  1849-52  ; 
died  in  East  Tennessee  ;  published  '  Christian  Exhorta- 
tion to  Sailors  '  (1813).  [xx.  24] 

FORSTER,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1818-1886), 
,  statesman  ;  sou  of  William  Forster  (1784-1854)  [q.  v.]  ; 
I  educated  at  quaker  schools  in  Bristol  and  Tottenham  ; 
I  entered  woollen  trade  at  Bradford,  1842  ;  accompanied 
his  father  to  Ireland,  1846  ;  did  much  to  moderate  the 
I  chartists  in  Bradford,  lecturing  on  '  Pauperism  and  its 
j  Proposed  Remedies,'  1848  ;  reissued  Clarkson's  'Life  of 
Peun  '  with  a  preface  defending  the  quakers  from 
Macaulay's  charges,  1849  ;  left  the  society  on  his  marriage 
in  1860  with  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Arnold  ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
Bradford,  1861-86  :  under-secretary  for  the  colonies, 
1865  ;  took  prominent  part  in  reform  debates,  1860-7  ;  as 
vice-president  of  the  council  (1868-74),  carried  the  En- 
dowed Schools  Bill,  the  Elementary  Education  Bill,  and 
in  1871  had  charge  of  the  Ballot  Bill  ;  proposed  as  leader 
of  the  opposition,  1874  ;  gave  way  to  Lord  Hartington  : 
returned  as  an  independent  liberal,  1880  ;  appointed  by 
Mr.  Gladstone  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1880;  failed 
to  carry  the  Compensation  for  Disturbance  Bill  and 
to  obtain  the  conviction  of  the  leaders  of  the  land 
league  ;  resigned  office  after  two  years'  struggle  with 
them  and  his  opponents  in  the  cabinet  whose  '  Kilmain- 
ham  treaty  '  he  refused  to  sanction  ;  again  offered  his  ser- 
vices after  the  Phoenix  Park  murders  (1882),  but  naver 
again  held  office  ;  during  his  last  four  years  generally 
opposed  liberal  foreign  policy,  but  supported  county 
franchise  bill  ;  first  chairman  of  the  Imperial  Federation 
League  and  of  the  committee  on  the  Manchester  Ship 
Canal  Mill.  [xx.  25] 

FORSYTH,  ALEXANDER  JOHN  (1769-1843),  in- 
ventor of  the  percussion  lock,  for  which  he  was  awarded  a 
pension,  after  declining  20,OOOJ.  from  Napoleon  to  reveal 
the  secret  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow.  [xx.  31] 

FORSYTH,  JAMES  (1838-1871),  Indian  traveller 
and  civilian  ;  M.A.  :  published  '  The  Sporting  Rifle  and  its 
Projectiles,'  1862,  and  a  posthumous  work  describing  his 
tour  of  the  central  provinces. 

FORSYTH,  JOSEPH  (1763-1815X  schoolmaster  and 
author  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1779;  a  prisoner 
in  France,  1803-14  :  published  valuable'  Remarks  on  An- 
tiquities, Arte,  and  Letters,  during  an  Excursion  in  Italy 
in  the  years  1802  and  1803,'  1813.  [xx.  32] 


FORSYTH 


456 


FORTESCUE 


FORSYTH,  ROBERT  (1766-1846),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  published,  among  other  works,  '  The  Beauties  of 
Scotland,'  1805-8,  and  '  Remarks  on  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land,' 1843,  the  latter  being  severely  handled  by  Hugh 
Miller  in  the  '  Witness.'  [xx.  33] 

FORSYTH,  SIR  THOMAS  DOUGLAS  (1827-1886), 
Indian  civilian  ;  educated  at  Sherborne,  Rugby,  Hailey- 
bury,  and  Calcutta  ;  rendered  valuable  services  at  Umballa, 
1857,  and  as  special  commissioner  after  the  capture  of 
Delhi  ;  created  C.B.  for  his  conduct  in  the  mutiny ;  com- 
missioner of  the  Punjab,  1860-72  ;  promoted  trade  with 
Turkestan,  and  obtained  definition  in  favour  of  the  amir 
of  Kabul  of  territories  in  dispute  betweeti  him  and  the 
HiHsiau  government;  visited  the  amir  of  Yarkand  ;  re- 
moved (1872)  for  measures  taken  to  suppress  Ram  Singh's 
rebellion  ;  as  envoy  to  Kashgar,  1873,  concluded  commer- 
cial treaty  with  the  amir  ;  obtained  from  the  king  of 
Burmah  agreement  that  the  Karenee  States  should  be 
acknowledged  independent ;  K.C.S.I.  [xx.  33] 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1722-1800),  merchant ;  made 
Cromarty,  his  native  town,  a  great  trading  centre  by  in- 
troducing flax  from  Holland  and  coal  from  Leith  (1770) 
and  originating  the  manufacture  of  kelp ;  an  agent  of  the 
British  Linen  Company  ;  eulogised  by  Hugh  Miller. 

[xx.  34] 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1737-1804),  gardener;  suc- 
ceeded Philip  Miller  in  the  Apothecaries'  Garden,  Chelsea, 
1771 ;  superintendent  of  the  royal  gardens  at  St.  James' 
and  Kensington,  1784;  published  'Observations  on  the 
Diseases,  &c.,  of  Forest  and  Fruit  Trees,'  1791,  and 
'Treatise  on  the  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees,'  1802;  thanked 
by  parliament  for  his  tree-plaister.  [xx.  35] 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1818-1879),  poet  and  jour- 
nalist ;  sub-editor  of  the  'Inverness  Courier '  under  Oarru- 
thers ;  for  thirty  years  editor  of  the '  Aberdeen  Journal ' ; 
assisted  in  preparation  of  'Chambers's  Gyclopjedia  of 
English  Literature' ;  published  ' The  Martyrdom  of  Kela- 
vane,'  1861 ;  and  •  Idylls  and  Lyrics.'  [xx.  35] 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM  (1812-1899),  man  of  letters ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1834 ;  major  fellow  and 
M.A.,  1837;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1839;  bencher, 
1857;  treasurer,  1872;  went  Midland  circuit;  standing 
counsel  for  secretary  of  state  for  India,  1859-72  ;  member 
of  council  of  legal  education  from  1860;  conservative 
M.P.  for  Marylebone,  1874-80  ;  editor  of  '  Annual  Regis- 
ter,' 1842-68;  Q.C.,  1857  ;  commissary  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. 1868  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1871.  His  works  in- 
clude'  Hortensius,'  1849, 'History of  Captivity  of  Napo- 
leon at  St.  Helena,'  1853,  'Life  of  Cicero,'  1863,  'Novels 
and  Novelists  of  Eighteenth  Century,'  1871,  and  '  Essays 
Critical  and  Narrative,'  1874.  [Suppl.  ii.  226] 

FORTESCUE  OF  OREDAN,  first  BARON  (1670-1746). 
[See  ALAND,  SIR  JOHN  FORTESCUE.] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  ADRIAN  (1476  ?-1539),  knight  of 
St.  John;  served  against  the  French,  1513  and  1522; 
knighted,  1528  ;  knight  of  St.  John,  1532 ;  attainted  and 
executed  on  a  charge  of  treason,  probably  on  account  of 
his  relationship  to  Queen  Anne  Boleyn.  [xx.  36] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (ft.  1535?),  conspi- 
rator ;  youngest  son  of  Sir  Adrian  Fortescue  [q.  v.] ; 
comptroller  of  the  household  to  Cardinal  Pole  ;  arrested  on 
accession  of  Elizabeth  ;  imprisoned  for  life  for  a  plot  in  con- 
junction with  the  Poles  to  proclaim  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
ami  restore  Romanism  by  the  aid  of  the  Due  de  Guise, 
1561 ;  allowed  to  escape  from  the  Tower.  [xx.  37] 

FORTESCUE,  afterwards  PARKINSON-FORTES- 
CUE,  CHICHESTER  SAMUEL,  BARON  OARLINOFORD 
(1823-1898),  statesman;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1847  ;  student,  1843-56  :  honorary  ptudeut,  1867 ;  assumed 
name  of  Parkinson;  1862 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Louth,  1847-74 ; 
junior  lord  of  treasury,  1854-5;  under-secretary  for 
colonies,  1857-8,  and  1859-65;  privy  councillor,  1864; 
chief  secretory  for  Ireland,  1866-6  and  1868-70;  shared 
with  Gladstone  burden  and  credit  of  Irish  church  dis- 
establishment and  Irish  Land  Act  of  1870 :  president  of 
board  of  trade,  1871-4 ;  raised  to  peerage,  1874 ;  privy 
seal,  1881-5  ;  assisted  in  framing,  and  conducted  through 
House  of  Lords,  Gladstone's  second  Irish  Land  Act; 
president  of  council,  1883-5  ;  liberal  unionist,  1886. 

[Suppl.  ii.  227] 


FORTESCUE,  SIR  EDMUND  (1610-1647),  royalist 
commander  ;  when  high  sheriff  of  Devonshire  defeated 
and  captured  at  Modbury  by  Colonel  Ruthven,  1642, 
and  imprisoned  in  Windsor  Castle  and  Winchester  House  ; 
released,  1643 ;  held  Salcombe  (Fort  Charles)  for  the  king, 
1644-6  ;  created  baronet,  1644  ;  died  at  Delft,  [xx.  38] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  FAITHFUL  (1581  ?-1666),  royalist 
commander ;  obtained  grant  of  property  in  Antrim  and 
seat  in  Irish  parliament ;  frequently  at  issue  with  Straf- 
ford  when  lord  deputy  ;  named  governor  of  Drogheda, 
1641,  but  was  in  England  during  the  siege ;  deserted  at 
Edgehill,  1642,  when  commanding  a  troop  of  horse  under 
Wharton,  which  was  diverted  from  Ireland  to  serve  the 
parliament ;  commanded  royalist  infantry  regiment ; 
went  abroad  after  Worcester,  1651  ;  gentleman  of  the 
privy  chamber,  1660.  [xx.  39] 

FORTESCUE,  GEORGE  (1578  ?-1659),  essayist  and 
poet :  grandson  of  Sir  Anthony  Fortescue  [q.  v.]  ;  ex- 
pelled the  kingdom  when  secretary  to  the  resident  of  the 
Duke  of  Lorraine  in  London,  1647 ;  proposed  by  Bolton  as 
member  of  projected  royal  academy;  corresponded  with 
Galilei,  Strada,  and  Thomas  Faruaby  [q.  v.]  His  works 
include  '  Feriae  Academicse'  (Latin  essays),  1630,  and 
'  The  Sovles  Pilgrimage,'  1650.  [xx.  41] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  HENRY  (/.  1426),  lord  chief-jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  1426-7  ;  brother  to 
Sir  John  Fortescue  (1394?-1476  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  M. P.,  Devon- 
shire, 1421 ;  twice  deputed  by  the  Irish  parliament  to 
make  representations  in  England  concerning  their  griev- 
ances, [xx.  42] 

FORTESCUE,  JAMES  (1716-1777),  poetical  writer  ; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College, Oxford:  M. A.,  1739;  D.D.,  1751  : 
chaplain  of  Merton ;  senior  proctor,  1748 ;  rector  of 
Wootton,  Northamptonshire,  1764-77;  chief  work, 
•Essays,  Moral  and  Miscellaneous'  (1752  and  1754). 

[xx.  42] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  JOHN  (1394  ?-1476  ?),  lord  chief- 
justice  of  the  king's  bench  (1442)  and  author;  'guber- 
nator '  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1425,  1426,  1429 :  serjeant-at-law, 
1430;  member  of  commissions  concerning  disturbances 
at  Norwich  and  in  Yorkshire,  1443;  trier  of  parlia- 
mentary petitions,  1445-55 ;  though  a  member  of  the 
court  party  declined  to  be  influenced  by  the  crown  or  the 
peers  in  Kerver's  and  Thorpe's  cases ;  attainted  by  Ed- 
ward IV  as  Lancastrian,  1461;  followed  the  deposed 
family  to  Scotland  and  Flanders  and  returned  with  Mar- 
garet, 1471 ;  captured  at  Tewkesbury,  1471 ;  pardoned, 
and  made  a  member  of  the  council  on  recognising  Ed- 
ward IV,  1471 ;  wrote  several  treatises  in  defence  of  the 
title  of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  and  a  disavowal  of  them 
in  1471,  besides  the  'De  Laudibns  Legum  Anglian'  (first 
printed,  1637),  written  for  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
'  On  the  Governance  of  the  Kingdom  of  England '  ('  De 
Dommio  Regali  et  Politico '),  first  published,  1714. 

[xx.  42] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  JOHN  (1631  ?-1607),  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer ;  eldest  eon  of  Sir  Adrian  Fortescue  [q.  v.] ; 
superintended  the  studies  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  on 
whose  accession  he  became  keeper  of  the  great  wardrobe  : 
M.P.,  Wallingford,  1672,  and  afterwards  for  the  county 
and  borough  of  Buckingham  and  Middlesex  ;  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  and  privy  councillor,  1589  ;  chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1601 ;  deprived  of  the  exchequer 
by  James  I,  but  continued  in  his  other  offices ;  intimate 
with  Burghley,  Bacon,  Ralegh,  and  Essex.  His  disputed 
election  for  Buckinghamshire  (1604)  raised  the  important 
constitutional  question  whether  the  house  or  the  law 
courts  had  jurisdiction  over  election  petitions.  He  pre- 
sented books  and  manuscripts  to  his  friend  Sir  Thomas 
Bodley's  library.  [xx.  46] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  NICHOLAS,  the  elder  (1575  ?-163H), 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer ;  harboured  David  Baker 
[q.  v.],  the  Benedictine,  for  several  years  at  Cookhill,  his 
residence  ;  suspected  of  complicity  in  the  Gunpowder  plot, 
but  cleared  himself;  commissioner  of  James  I's  house- 
hold and  of  the  navy,  1610 ;  knighted,  1618  ;  chamberlain 
of  the  exchequer,  1618-25.  [xx.  47] 

FORTESCUE,  SIR  NICHOLAS,  the  younger  (1605  ?- 
1644),  knight  of  St.  John,  1638  ;  fourth  son  of  Sir  Nicholas 
Fortescue  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  attempted  to  revive  the 
order  in  England,  as  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  desired, 
1637  ;  killed  fighting  for  the  king,  probably  at  Marston 
Moor.  [xx.  48] 


FORTESCUE 


45? 


FOSTER 


FORTESCUE,    RICHARD    (</.    1655),    governor    of 
Jamaica;    lieutenant-colonel   in    parliamentarian    army, 
1644  ;  colonel  in   new  model,  1645-7 ;  commanded   i 
ment  in  expedition  to  \Vr-t  Indies,  1654  ;  coramander-in-  j 
chief  in  Jamaica.  1655.  [Suppl.  U.  229] 

FORTESCUE,  THOMAS  (1784-1872),  Indian  civilian  : 
secretary  to  Henry  Wellesley  ( Lord  Cowlrv)  when  lirii- 
tenant-governor  of  Oude ;  civil  commissioner  at  IMlii, 
1803.  [xx.  48] 

FORTESCUE,  WILLIAM  (1687-1749),  master  of  the 
rolls,  1741  ;  introduced  by  his  friend  Gay  to  Pope;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1715  ;  private  secretary  to  Walpole  ; 
M.P.  for  Newport  (Isle  of  Wight),  1727-36;  K.C.,  1730; 
attorney-general  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  1730 ;  baron  I 
of  the  exchequer,  1736  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1738  ; 
legal  adviser  to  Pope,  who  addressed  to  him  his  first  satire,  i 

[xx. 49] 

FORTH,  EARL  OP  (1573?-1651).  [See  RUTHVKV, 
PATRICK.] 

FORTNUM,  CHARLES  DRURY  EDWARD  (1820- 
1899),  art  collector;  conducted  cattle  ranch  in  South 
Australia,  1840-5 ;    collected  works  of  art  in  Europe  ; 
F.S.A.,  1858;  'made  liberal  benefactions,  1892,  to  Oxford  ; 
University  for  erection  of  suitable  buildings  for  accom-  I 
inodating  Ashmolean  collections,  to  which  he  added  his  t 
own  collections,   1888;  honorary  D.C.L.   Oxford,   1889  ;  j 
published   a    treatise   on    'Maiolica,'    1896,     and    other  j 
writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  229] 

FORTREY,  SAMUEL  (1622-1681),  author  of  'Eng- 
land's Interest  and  Improvement,  consisting  in  the  in- 
crease of  the  Store  and  Trade  of  this  Kingdom,'  1663. 

[xx. 50] 

FORTUNE,     ROBERT    (1813-1880),   traveller    and 
botanist;    visited  China  for  the  Horticultural   Society,  j 
1842,  and  the  East  India  Company,  1848 ;  sent  home  the  [ 
double   yellow    rose,    the   Japanese   anemone,   and    the  i 
Chamatrops    /-'ortunei    (fan-pulm),    named    after    him ;  | 
visited  Formosa  and  Japan,  1853  ;  published  '  Report  upon 
the  Tea  Plantations    of  the  N.W.   Provinces    of  India,' 
1851,  'Two  Visits  to  the  Tea  Countries  of  China  and  the 
British  Plantations  in  the  Himalayas,'  1853,  and  '  Yeddo  j 
and  Peking,'  1863.  [xx.  50] 

FOSBROKE,  THOMAS  DUDLEY  (1770-1842),  anti-  | 
quary;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Oxford:  M.A.,  1792;  vicar  of  Walford,  Hereford- 
shire, 1830-42;  F.S.A.,  1799;  published  'British  Mona- 
chism,'  1802,  'Encyclopaedia  of  Antiquities,'  1825,  and 
'  History  of  the  City  of  Gloucester,'  1819,  &c.  [xx.  61] 

FOSS,  EDWARD  (1787-1870),  biographer  ;  member  of 
the  Inner  Temple,  1822;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  In- 
corporated Law  Society,  and  president,  1842-3 ;  under- 
sheriff  of  London,  1827-8;  F.S.A.,  1822  ;  published  'The 
Judges  of  England,'  1848-64,  and  an  abridgment  of 
Blackstone,  1820.  [xx.  51] 

FOSTER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  JOHN  (1780-1848),  diplo- 
matist; plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States,  1811-12; 
to  Denmark,  1814-24;  and  to  Turin,  1824-40;  privy 
councillor,  1822;  M.P.,  Cockermouth,  1812-14;  G.O.H., 

1825  :  created  baronet,  1831 ;  committed  suicide,  1848. 

[xx.  52] 

FOSTER,  HENRY  (1796-1831),  navigator;  surveyed 
mouth  of  Columbia  and  north  shore  of  La  Plata,  1819  ; 
assisted  Basil  Hall,  1820 ;  elected  F.R.S.  1824,  on  return 
from  Sabine's  voyage  to  Greenland  :  astronomer  to  Parry's 
polar  expeditions,  1824-5  and  1827  :  Copley  medallist, 

1826  ;  given  command  of  government  sloop  Chanticleer  to 
determine  specific  ellipticitv  of  the  earth,  1828;   made 
pendulum  experimente  in  the  South  Seas,  1828-9;  mea- 
sured the  difference  of  longitude  across  the  isthmus  of 
Panama  by  rockets,  1830-1 ;  drowned  in  the  river  Chagres. 

[xx.  52] 

FOSTER,  JAMES  (1697-1753),  nonconformist 
divine :  ministered  successively  at  Exeter,  Milborne 
Port,  Colesford,  Trowbridge,  the  Barbican  chapel  (1724), 
and  Pinners'  Hall  (1744) :  a  famous  preacher ;  had  con- 
troversies with  Tindal  and  Henry  Stebbing  (1687-1763) 
[q.  v.]  ;  visited  Lord  Kilmarnock  in  the  Tower,  1746  ; 
D.D.  Aberdeen,  1748  ;  published  '  Discourses  on  all  the 
Principal  Branches  of  Natural  Religion  and  Social  Virtue,' 
1749,  and  other  work*;  refused  the  Salters'  Hall  sub- 
scription, [xx.  54] 


FOSTER,  JOHN  (1731-1774),  upper  master  of  F.ton 
1765-73  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Cniv.-n 
scholar,  1750  ;  M.A.,  1756  ;  D.D.,  1766  :  canon  of  \Vii 
1772  ;  died  hi  Germany;  published  an  essay  in  def<-i: 
the  prevailing  accentuation  of  Greek  against  \V~-iu-  an  l 
Gaily,  1762.  [xx.  55] 

FOSTER,  JOHN,  BAROX  ORIKL  (1740-1828),  !a--t 
speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of  Common!*,  1 785-1  hi  .o  ; 
student,  Middle  Temple:  called  t<»  tin-  Ir-h  I  ar.  1766: 
M.P.,  Dunleer,  1761 ;  co.  Louth,  1769-1821  :  chairman  of 
committees  and  Irish  privy  councillor  ;  chancellor  of  tin-- 
Irish exchequer,  1784,  when  his  corn  law  was  passed,  and 
after  the  union,  1804-6  and  1807-11 :  English  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1786  ;  opposed  Roman  Catholic  Relief  Bill,  17»3  : 
and  made  able  speeches  against  the  union,  1799-1800  ; 
entered  the  imperial  parliament ;  created  peer  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  1821.  [xx.  56] 

FOSTER,  JOHN  (1770-1843),  essayist  and  baptist 
minister ;  a  republican  and  severe  critic  of  the  system 
of  ecclesiastical  institutions ;  published  '  Essays,'  1804, 
contributions  to  the  '  Eclectic  Review,'  and  other  works. 

[xx.  57] 

FOSTER,  JOHN  (1787  ?-1846),  architect;  i-tudied 
under  Wyatt  ;  discovered  sculptures  of  pediment  of  temple 
of  Athene  at  ^Egina  ;  designed  Liverpool  custom  house. 

[xx. 59] 

FOSTER,  JOHN  LESLIE  (rf.  1842),  Irish  judge; 
LL.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1810 ;  B.A.,  1800 ;  called 
to  Irish  bar,  1803;  tory  M.P.  for  Dublin  university, 
1807-12,  Yarmouth  (Isle  of  Wight),  1816-18,  Armagh, 
1818-20,  Louth  county,  1824-30 ;  F.R.S.,  1819  ;  baron  of 
the  exchequer,  1830;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1842;  pub- 
lished 'Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Commercial  Exchanges, 
particularly  between  England  and  Ireland,'  1804. 

[xx.  59] 

FOSTER,  SIR   MICHAEL  (1689-1763),  judge ;  entered 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1705 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1713;   recorder  of  Bristol,  1735;  serjeant^at-law,  1736; 
judge  of  king's  bench,  1745 ;  established  right  of  the  city 
of  Bristol  to  try  capital  offences  committed  within  its 
jurisdiction  in  case  of  Samuel  Goodere  [q.  v.] ;  at  trial  of 
!  Broadfoot  pronounced  impressment  to  be  legal ;  eulogised 
1  in  the  '  Rosciad ' ;  published  legal  works.  [xx.  60] 

FOSTER,    MYLES    BIRKET    (1825-1899),  painter; 
|  engaged  independently  as  illustrator,  1846-58 ;  executed 
:  illustrations  for  editions  of  poets  and  prose-writers ;  de- 
voted himself  to  painting  from  1858 ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  from  1859  ;  R.A.,  1862.    His  pictures,  chiefly  in 
water-colour,  were  principally  studies  of  roadside  and 
woodland  scenery.  [Suppl.  ii.  230] 

FOSTER,  PETER  LE  NEVE  (1809-1879),  secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Arts  (1853-79) ;  educated  at  Norwich 
grammar  school  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  B.A., 
1830 :  tellow,  1830 ;  barrister,  1836 ;  helped  to  organise 
exhibitions  of  1851  and  1862;  secretary  to  mechanical 
science  section  of  British  Association  ;  a  chief  founder  of 
the  Photographic  Society.  [xx.  61] 

FOSTER,  SIR  ROBERT  (1589-1663),  lord  chief-justice, 
1660-3;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1610;  serjeant-at-law, 
1636 ;  justice  of  common  plea?,  1640-3 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1643  :  removed  after  trial  of  Captain  Turpin,  1644  :  during 
Commonwealth  practised  as  chamber  counsel;  restored, 
1660,  and  made  chief-justice  for  zeal  in  trial  of  regicides  ; 
procured  execution  of  Sir  Harry  Vane.  [xx.  61] 

FOSTER,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1652),  mathematician  ;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  Gresham  professor 
of  astronomy,  1636,  and  1641-52;  one  of  the  company 
which  preceded  the  Royal  Society ;  published  '  The  Use  of 
the  Quadrant,'  1624,  and  'The  Art  of  Dialling,'  1638; 
other  works  by  him  published  posthumously,  [xx.  63] 

FOSTER,  THOMAS  (1798-1826),  painter:  intimate 
with  Lawrence  andNollekens  ;  executed  a  portrait  of  H.  R. 
Bishop  [q.  v.1 ;  and  exhibited  at  the  Academy  '  Mazeppa,' 
1823,  and  'Paul  and  Virginia  before  their  Separation,' 
1825  ;  committed  suicide.  ["•  63] 

FOSTER,  THOMAS  CAMPBELL  (1813-1882),  legal 
writer :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1846  ;  Q.C.  and  bencher, 
1875  ;  recorder  of  Warwick,  1874  ;  leading  counsel  for  the 
crown  at  the  trial  of  Charles  Peace ;  published  '  Letters 


FOSTER 


458 


FOUNTAYNE 


on  the  Condition  of  the  People  of  Ireland,'  1846  :  various 
legal  works,  and  (with  N.  F.  Finlasou)  law  reports. 

[xx.  63] 

FOSTER,  VERB  HENRY  LEWIS  (1819-1900),  phil- 
-nthropist:  son  of  Sir  Augustus  John  Foster  [q.  v.] : 
euucated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  attache  at 
Rio  do  Janeiro,  1842-3,  and  at  Monte  Video,  1846-7  ; 
did  much  to  promote  emigration  to  United  States  ami 
British  colonies:  greatly  benefited  cause  of  education  in 
Ireland  ;  published  series  of  drawing  copy-books. 

[Suppl.  ii.  232] 

FOSTER,  WALTER  (fl.  1652),  mathematician  :  rldrr 
brother  of  Samuel  Foster  [q.  v.j  ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College.  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1621;  B.D.,  1628;  rector  of 
Allerton,  Somerset;  communicated  to  Twysden  liis 
brother's  papers.  [xx.  63] 

FOSTER,  WILLIAM  (1591-1643),  divine :  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  B.A. ; 
chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon  and  rector  of  Hedgerley. 
Buckinghamshire  ;  published  a  treatise  against  the  use  of 
'weapon-salve,'  1629  and  1641.  [xx.  64] 

FOTHERBY,  MARTIN  (1549  7-1619),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury :  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  archdeacon 
of  Canterbury,  1596:  dean,  1615;  his  *  Atheomastix ' 
published,  1622.  [xx.  64] 

FOTHERGILL,  ANTHONY  (1685  ?-176l),  author  of 
'  Wicked  Christians  Practical  Atheists,'  1754,  and  similar 
works.  [xx.  64] 

FOTHERGILL,  ANTHONY  (1732  ?-1813),  physician  : 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1763  ;  studied  also  at  Leyden  and  Paris  : 
practised  at  Northampton,  London,  and  Bath :  F.R.S., 
1778  ;  lived  at  Philadelphia,  1803-12  ;  received  gold  medal 
of  Royal  Humane  Society,  1794,  for  his  essay  on  the 
revival  of  persons  apparently  dead  from  drowning. 

[xx.  65] 

FOTHERGILL,  GEORGE  (1705-1760),  principal  of 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1751-60:  fellow  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1730  ;  D.D.,  1749 ;  vicar  of  Bram- 
ley  ;  author  of  sermons  [xx.  66] 

FOTHERGILL,  JESSIE  (1851-1891),  novelist;  pub- 
lished, from  1876,  novels,  chiefly  depicting  Lancashire  and 
Yorkshire  factory  life.  [Suppl.  ii.  233] 

FOTHERGILL,  JOHN  (1712-1780),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh.  1736 ;  began  to  practise  in  London,  1740  : 
L.R.C.P.,  1744  ;  F.R.S.,  1763  ;  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Medicine  at  Paris,  1776 ;  kept  up  at  Upton,  Essex,  one  of  the 
finest  botanical  gardens  in  Europe,  his  collection  of  shells 
and  insects  passing  to  Dr.  W.  Hunter,  and  his  natural 
history  drawings  being  bought  by  the  empress  of  Russia  ; 
assisted  Benjamin  Franklin  in  drawing  up  scheme  of  re- 
conciliation with  American  colonies,  1774  ;  a  chief  founder 
of  the  quaker  school  at  Ackworth.  His  works  (edited  by 
J.  C.  Letteom,  1783-4)  included  '  Account  of  the  Sore 
Throat,'  1748  (the  first  recognition  of  diphtheria  in  Eng- 
land) ;  and  a  pamphlet  advocating  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp 
Act.  His  portrait  by  Hogarth  is  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, [xx.  66] 

FOTHERGILL,  JOHN  MILNER  (1841-1888),  medical 
writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1866 ;  practised  in  Leeds  and 
London ;  wrote  valuable  essays  upon  the  '  Action  of 
Digitalis ' ;  and  '  The  Antagonism  of  Therapeutic  Agents,' 
1878.  [xx.  68] 

FOTHERGILL,  SAMUEL  (1715-1772),  quaker; 
brother  of  John  Fothergill  [q.  v.]  :  undertook  missions 
to  Wales,  1739,  Ireland,  1744  and  1762,  the  United  States, 
1754-6,  and  Scotland,  1764.  [xx.  68] 

FOULIS,  ANDREW,  the  elder  (1712-1775),  brother 
and  partner  of  Robert  Foulis  [q.  v.] ;  undertook  the 
strictly  business  side  of  the  printing-house.  [xx.  74] 

FOULIS,  ANDREW,  the  younger  (</.  1829),  printer ; 
son  of  Robert  Foulis  [q.  v.] ;  printed  editions  of  Virgil 
and  a  '  Cicero  de  Offlciis.'  [xx.  74] 

FOULIS,  SIR  DAVID,  first  baronet (rf.  1642),  politician  ; 
irreat-grandson  of  Sir  James  Foulis  (d.  1549)  [q.  v.]  ;  came 
to  England  with  James  I ;  naturalised,  1606 ;  created  an 
English  baronet,  1620  ;  the  recipient  of  the  letter  of  advice 
to  .lame?  1  from  Sir  Robert  Dudley  [q.  v.]  :  titular  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  1614  ;  dismissed  from  the  council, 


and  imprisoned  for  charges  against  Wentworth  as  presi- 
dent of  the  north,  1633-40  ;  testified  against  Wentworth, 
1641  [xx. 69] 

FOULIS,  HENRY  (1638-1069),  author :  grandson  of 
Sir  David  Foulis  [q.  *.]  :  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
1659:  B.A.  Cambridge,  1G58:  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1660;  friend  of  Anthony  a  Wood;  published 
works  against  presbyterians  and  Romanists.  [xx.  70] 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES  (</.  1549),  Scottish  judge:  ac- 
quired Colinton  estates,  1519  ;  lord  of  session,  1526  ;  pri  van- 
secretary  to  James  V,  1629  :  knighted,  1539  ;  clerk-register 
of  the  College  of  Senators,  1532-46  ;  member  of  the  secret 
council,  1542.  [xx.  70] 

FOULIS,  Sin  JAMES,  Loan  COLINTOX  (d.  1688),  lord 
justice  clerk  ;  M.P.  Edinburgh,  1645-8  and  1651  -.member 
of  committee  of  estates,  1646-7 :  imprisoned  as  royalist : 
lord  of  session,  1661 ;  lord  of  the  articles  ;  lord  commis- 
sioner of  justiciary  and  a  peer.  1672 ;  privy  councillor, 
1674 ;  lord  justice  clerk,  1684.  [xx.  70] 

FOULIS,  JAMES,  LOUD  RKIDFITRU  (1645  7-1711),  Scot- 
j  fish  judge  :  eldest  son  of  Sir  James  Foulis,  lord  Oolinton 
[q.  v.] ;  lord  of  session,  1674  ;  nonjuror :  privy  councillor, 
'  1703 ;  opposed  the  union.  [xx.  71] 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES  (1714-1791),  fifth   baronet  of 
Colinton  :  contributed  to '  Transactions  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society  of  Scotland '  a  dissertation  on  the  origin{V»f  the 
|  Scots,  1781.  [xx.  71] 

FOULIS,  SIR  JAMES,  seventh  baronet  of  Colinton 
(1770-1842);  painter  and  sculptor:  executed  portrait  of 
founder  of  Gillespie's  Hospital,  Edinburgh.  [xx.  71] 

FOULIS,   ROBERT  (1707-1776),  printer    (originally 
!  named  Faults)  ;  whilst  a  barber's  apprentice  at  Glasgow 
attended  the  lectures  of  Francis  Hutcheson  (1694-1746^ 
[q.  v.]  :   with  his  brother   Andrew  visited  Oxford  and 
France,  collecting  rare  books,   1738-40  :    bookseller  and 
printer  at  Glasgow,  1741 :  printed  for  the  university  their 
first  Greek  book  ('Demetrius  Phalereus  de  Elocutione '), 
i  1743,  and  the  'immaculate'  Horace,  1744  ;  issued  'Cata- 
i  logue   of   Books  lately  imported  from  France,'  the  fine 
i  'Iliad,'  1747,  and  the  Olivet  Ciceroni 749:    founded  art 
i  academy,  1753  ;  gained  silver  medal  of  the  Edinburgh  Select 
'  Society  for  his  small  folio  Callimachus,  1755,  for  the  Ih'ad, 
'  1756,  and  Odyssey,  1758,  with  Flaxman's  designs  ;  issued 
quarto  edition  of  Gray,  1768,  and  '  Paradise  Lost,'   1770. 
I  The  Foulis  books  were  sold  in  1777.    Most  of  them  are  now 
i  in  the  Mitchell  Library,  Glasgow.  [xx.  72] 

FOULKES,  PETER  (1676-1747),  scholar  and  divine : 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1701:  canon  of  Exeter,  1704;  sub-dean,  1725-33; 
published  (with  John  Freind)  an  edition  of  ^Eschines  and 
Demosthenes  de  Corona  (with  Latin  translation),  1696. 

[xx.  74] 

FOULKES,  ROBERT  (d.  1679),  murderer  ;  servitor  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  vicar  of  Stanton  Lacy,  Shropshire : 
i  executed  at  Tyburn  for  the  murder  of   his  illegitimate 
I  child.  [xx.  75] 

FOUNTAINE,  SIR  ANDREW  (1676-1753).  virtuoso : 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1700  :  knighted,  1699:  vice- 
chamberlain  to  Queen  Caroline  and  tutor  to  Prince  Wil- 
liam ;  warden  of  the  mint,  1727-53  :  formed,  while  travel- 
ling in  France  and  Italy,  collections  of  china,  pictures, 
j  and  antiquities  (much  of  the  former  sold  at  Christie's, 
1884) ;  the  Annius  of  Pope's '  Dunciad.'  [xx.  75] 

FOUNTAINS,  JOHN  (1600-1671),  commissioner  of 
the  great  seal,  1659-60 :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1629 ; 
imprisoned  for  refusing  to  pay  the  parliament's  war  tax, 
1642  ;  assisted  in  forming  royalist  association  of  western 
counties,  1645  :  pardoned,  1662,  and  placed  upon  parliamen- 
tary commissions  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1658.  [xx.  76] 

FOUNTAINHALL,  LOUD  (1646-1722).  [See  LAUDKR 
SIR  JOHN.] 

FOUNTAINS,  JOHN  (rf.  1225).  [See  FONTIBCS,  JOHN 
DE.] 

FOUNTAYNE,  JOHN  (1714-1802),  dean  of  York, 
1747-1802:  great-grandson  of  John  Fountaine  [q.  v.] : 
M.A.  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1739 ;  D.D.,  1751 ; 
canon  of  Salisbury,  1739,  of  Windsor,  1741.  [xx.  78] 


FOURDRINIER 


450 


FOX 


FOURDRINIER,  HENRY  (1766-1854), inventor  ;  with 
hi-  brother,  Snily  Fourdrinier  [q.  v.],  patented  in  1807  a 
continuous  paper-making  machine  at  a  cost  of  6U,(MM>/.  ; 
nwivccl  a  parliamentary  grant,  1840.  [xx.  78] 

FOURDRINIER,  PAUL  (d.  1758),  engraver. 

[xx.  79] 

FOURDRINIER,  PETER  (ft.  1720-1750),  engraver 
of  portraits,  book  illustrations  and  architectural  works. 

[xx. 78] 

FOURDRINIER,  SEALY  (d.  1847),  inventor ;  brother 
of  Henry  Fourdrinier  [q.  v.]  ;  shared  with  him  in  parlia- 
mentary compensation  for  losses  sustained.  [xx.  78] 

FOURNIEE,  DANIEL  (d.  1766?),  engraver  and 
draughtsman;  published  'Treatise  of  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Perspective,'  1761.  [xx.  79] 

FOWKE,  FRANCIS  (1823-1865),  captain  of  royal 
engineers  and  architect ;  secretary  to  the  British  commis- 
sion at  Paris  Exhibition,  1854 ;  with  Kedgrave  designed 
the  Sheepshanks  Gallery  ;  as  architect  of  the  Science  and 
Art  Department  designed  the  Edinburgh  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art,  the  enlarged  Dublin  National  Gallery, 
the  buildings  for  the  Exhibition  of  1862,  and  began  the 
South  Kensington  Museum  ;  invented  a  military  fire- 
engine  and  patented  a  photographic  camera.  [xx.  79] 

FOWKE,  JOHN  (d.  1662),  lord  mayor,  1652-3  ;  im- 
prisoned for  refusing  to  pay  tonnage  and  poundage,  1627-9  ; 
sheriff  of  London  and  leader  of  city  parliamentarians, 
1643  ;  fined  and  imprisoned  for  conduct  as  commissioner 
of  customs,  1645  ;  presented  a  petition  for  peace  to  parlia- 
ment, 1648;  M.P.  for  the  city,  1661 ;  benefactor  of  Bethle- 
hem and  Christ's  hospitals.  [xx.  81] 

FOWKE,  PHINEAS  (1638-1710),  London  physician  ; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1658  ;  B.A.,  1658 ; 
M.D.,  1668  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1680.  [xx.  82] 

FOWLER,  ABRAHAM  (ft.  1577),  verse-writer;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

[xx.  83] 

FOWLER,  CHRISTOPHER  (1610?-1678),  ejected 
minister;  B.A.Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1632  ;  M.A.  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1634;  took  covenant  and  held 
sequestrated  living  of  St.  Mary's,  Reading,  1643-62; 
preached  in  London  ;  fellow  of  Eton  ;  wrote  against  the 
quakers,  1656,  and  the  astrologer  John  Pordage  [q.  v.] 

[xx.  83] 

FOWLER,  EDWARD  (1632-1714),  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1663 ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1666  :  rector  of  Norhill,  Bed- 
fordshire, 1656,  All  Hallows,  Bread  Street,  1673 ;  D.D. ; 
canon  of  Gloucester,  1676  ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate, 
1681-5  ;  suspended  for  whiggism,  1685  ;  influenced  London 
clergy  against  reading  Declaration  of  Indulgence,  1687 ; 
member  of  commission  for  revising  prayer-book,  1689 ; 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  1691-1714;  published  a  defence 
of  the  latitudinarians,  1670,  '  The  Design  of  Chris- 
tianity,' 1671,  which  latter  occasioned  a  controversy  with 
Bunyan,  several  anti-Romanist  works,  and  '  Twenty-eight 
Propositions '  in  explanation  of  thedoctrine  of  the  Trinity, 
1693.  [xx.  84] 

FOWLER,  HENRY  (1779-1838),  hymn-writer  ;  minis- 
ter of  Gower  Street  Chapel,  London,  1820  ;  published  an 
autobiography  and  'Original  Hymns  .  .  .  with  prose 
reflections,'  1818-24.  [xx.  86] 

FOWLER,  JOHN  (1537-1579),  Roman  catholic  printer 
and  scholar;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford:  fellow,  1553-9 ;  M.A.,  1560;  printed  at  Louvain, 
Antwerp,  and  Douay  many  catholic  works;  died  at 
Namur ;  edited  More's  '  Dialogue  of  Comfort,'  1573,  and 
issued  a  '  Psalter  for  Catholics,'  1578.  [xx.  86] 

FOWLER,  JOHN  (1826-1864),  inventor  of  the  steam 
plough  ;  with  Albert  Fry  conducted  experiments  at  Bris- 
tol, from  which  resulted  the  drain  plough,  1850  ;  received 
in  1858  prize  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society  for  his  steam 
cultivator,  improved  in  1860  by  the  invention  of  the 
double  engine  tackle;  took  out  thirty-two  patents  for 
himself  and  partners,  1850-64.  [xx.  87] 

FOWLER,  Sm  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1817-1898), 
civil  engineer ;  engaged,  under  John  Urpeth  Rastrick 
[q.  v.],  on  London  and  Brighton  railway  ;  engineer  and 
general  manager  of  Stockton  and  Hartlepool  line;  con- 
sulting engineer  in  London,  1844  ;  designed  Pinjlico  rail- 


way bridge,  1860,  and  Metropolitan  railway  from  1853  ; 
K.O.M.G.,  1886  ;  took  into  partnership  Mr.  (now  sir; 
Benjamin  Baker,  1875,  the  partners  being  mainly 
responsible  for  construction  of  Forth  bridge,  1882-90  ; 
created  baronet,  1890:  member  of  council  of  institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  1849 ;  president,  1866-7  :  pub- 
lished professional  '  Report*.*  i.-nppL  ii.  233] 

FOWLER,  RICHARD  (1765-1863),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1793;  member  of  Speculative  Society; 
physician  to  Salisbury  Infirmary,  1796-1847  ;  L.R.C.P., 
1796  ;  F.R.S.,  1802 ;  published  book  on  galvanic  experi- 
ments, 1793,  works  upon  the  psychology  of  defective 
senses,  and  '  On  Literary  and  Scientific  Pursuits  as  con- 
ducive to  Longevity,'  1855.  [rx.  88] 


ROBERT    (1726?-1801),    archbishop   of 
I  Dublin,  1779 :    educated    at    Westminster   and    Trinity 
I  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1751 :  D.D.,  1764  ;  chaplain  to 
George  II,  1756 ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1765  ;  bishop  of 
Killaloe,  1771-9  ;  translated  to  Dublin,  1779.      [xx.  88] 

FOWLER,  SIR  ROBERT  NICHOLAS,  first  baronet 
'  (1828-1891),  lord  mayor  of  London  ;  educated  at  University 
College,  London;  M.A.  London,  1860;  entered  banking 
firm  of  Drewett  &  Fowler,  in  which  his  father  was 
partner;  conservative  M.P.  for  Penryn  and  Falmouth, 
1868-74 ;  engaged  in  reorganising  conservative  party  in 
city  of  London;  alderman  for  Cornhill  ward,  1878;  M.P. 
for  city  of  London,  1880-91 ;  lord  mayor  of  London,  1883-4, 
and  April  1885  (on  death  of  Alderman  Nottage) ;  created 
baronet,  1885;  published  'Visit  to  China,  Japan,  and 
]  ndia,'  1877.  [Snppl.  ii.  235] 

FOWLER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1603), Scottish  poet;  driven 
by  the  Jesuits  from  France;  with  Robert  Lekprewick 
published  an  anti-catholic  tract  dedicated  to  Bothwell, 
1581 ;  secretary  to  Queen  Anne,  whom  he  accompanial 
to  England  ;  left  in  manuscript  (now  in  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity library)  'The  Tarantula  of  Love'  (seventy- 
two  sonnets)  and  translations  from  Petrarch  :  uncle  of 
William  Drummond  of  Hawthornden.  [xx.  89] 

FOWLER,  WILLIAM  (1761-1832),  artist ;  published 
coloured  engravings  of  Roman  pavements ;  painted  glass 
subject*  and  miscellanea  between  1799  and  1829 ;  said  to 
have  introduced  lead-lines  in  representing  coloured  glass. 

[xx.  89] 

FOWNES,  GEORGE  (1815-1849),  chemist;  Ph.D. 
Gieseen;  chemistry  professor  to  the  Pharmaceutical 
Society,  1842,  and  at  University  College,  1846 :  secretary 
of  the  Chemical  Society  ;  published  text-book  of  chemistry, 
1844 ;  gained  the  Agricultural  Society's  prize  for  his 
'  Food  of  Plants,'  the  Actonian  prize  for  an  '  Essay  on 
Chemistry,'  and  a  Royal  Society  medal  for  researches  in 
organic  chemistry.  [xx.  90] 

FOWNS,  RICHARD  (15607-1625),  divine;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1585 ;  D.D.,  1605 :  chaplain  to 
Prince  Henry  and  rector  of  Severn  Stoke:  published 
'  Trisagion,  or  the  Three  Holy  Offices  of  lesvs  Christ,"  1619. 

[xx.  91] 

FOX,  CAROLINE  (1819-1871),  diarist:  from  1835 
kept  a  journal,  and  recorded  her  intimacy  with  John 
Stuart  Mill,  John  Sterling,  and  Carlyle  (extracts  edited 
by  H.  N.  Pym,  1882);  translated  into  Italian  English 
religious  works.  [xx.  91] 

FOX,  CHARLES  (1749-1809),  Persian  scholar;  made 
tour  on  foot  through  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Russia,  draw- 
ing views  on  the  way:  friend  of  Southey;  assisted 
Claudius  James  Rich  and  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  in  oriental 
studies ;  published  at  Bristol  '  Poems  ...  of  Achmed 
Ardebeili,  a  Persian  Exile,  with  notes  historical  and 
explanatory,'  1797.  [xx.  91] 

FOX,  CHARLES  (1794-1849),  line-engraver;  studied 
under  William  Camden  Edwards  [q.  v.] :  assisted  John 
Buruet  in  his  Wilkie  plates ;  engraved  portrait  of  Sir  G. 
Murray  after  Pickersgill,  Wilkie's  'Village  Politicians,' 
and  'Queen  Victoria's  First  Council.'  [xx.  92] 

FOX,  SIR  CHARLES  (1810-1874),  engineer:  con- 
structing engineer  of  London  and  Birmingham  railway ; 
designed  Watford  tunnel  and  extended  line  from  Camden 
Town  to  Euston ;  as  head  of  firm  of  Fox,  Henderson  <k 
Co.  invented  system  of  four- feet  plates  for  tanks,an<l  intro- 
duced the  switch  into  railway  practice  ;  knighted  after  de- 
signing exhibition  buildings  in  Hyde  Park,  1861 ;  made  first 


FOX 


460 


FOX 


narrow-gauge  line  in  India ;  built  the  Berlin  waterworks  ; 
employed  in  railway  construction  in  Ireland,  Denmark, 
east  France,  Queensland,  Canada,  the  Cape.  [xx.  93] 

FOX,     CHARLES    (1797-1878),    scientific     writer;  ! 
brother  of  Caroline  Fox  [q.  v.] :  manager  of  the  Perran 
Foundry  Company,    1824-47 :    a    founder  of  the  Royal  ! 
Cornwall  Polytechnic    Society,  1833 ;    president  of   the  | 
Cornwall  Geological  Society,  1864-7,  and  Miners'  Associa- 
tion, 1861-3,  to  which  he  contributed  papers  on  boring  I 
machines  ;  edited  '  Spiritual  Diary  of  John  Rutty,  M.D.,' 
1840.  [xx.  94] 

FOX,    CHARLES    JAMES  (1749-1806),    statesman : 
third  son  of  Henry  Fox,  first  baron  Holland  [q.  v.];  while  at 
Eton  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Paris  and  Spa,  and  en-  ' 
couraged  to  indulge  in  dissipation;  studied  (1764-6)  at 
Hertford  College,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  travelled  ;  M.P.,  1 
Midhurst,  1768  ;  made  his  mark  by  anti-Wilkesite  speeches,  j 
1769  ;    became  a  lord  of  the   admiralty    under    North, 
1770 ;  made  himself  unpopular  by  speeches  against  the  j 
liberty  of  the  press  ;  resigned,  1772 ;  opposed  Royal  Mar- 
riage Bill ;  rejoined  the  ministry  as  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
within  ten  mouths,  but  acted  independently,  and  was  dis- 
missed by  the  king,  1774 ;   resided  in  Paris,  1774,  and 
gambled  heavily  in  London;   joined  Johnson's    'club';  i 
obtained  some  financial  relief  by  death  of  his  father  and 
elder  brother  in  the  same  year  (1774) ;   took  leading  part 
in  opposing  North's  American  policy,  1774;    supported 
the  repeal  of  the  tea  duty,  1774  ;  moved  for  a  committee 
on  the  war,  1776  ;  continued  to  attend  during  the  seces-  I 
sion  of  the  Rockingham  whigs ;  attacked  Lord   George 
Germain  (1716-1785)  [q.  v.],   1777;    rejected    ministerial 
overtures  and  definitely  attached  himself  to  the  Rocking-  j 
ham  party,  1778 ;  attacked  the  admiralty  warmly;   advo-  ! 
cated  the  cause  of  Keppel,  1779 ;  wounded  in  a  duel  with 
William  Adam  (1751-1839)  [q.  v.] ;    spoke  in  favour  of 
triennial  parliaments,  1780 ;  took  a  leading  part  in  debates 
on  economical  reform,  and  made  three  hours'  speech  in 
supportof  Roman  catholic  relief ;  in  spite  of  great  pecuniary 
distress  refused  to  be  bribed  by  the  emoluments  of  office ;   ! 
returned  with  Rodney  for  Westminster,  1780  ;  attacked  1 
the  financial  policy  of  North,  1781,  and  on  the  news  of 
the  surrender  of  Yorktown  moved  an  amendment  to  the  I 
address  ;  resumed  his  attacks  on  the  navy,  1782,  and  much  ] 
reduced  the  ministerial  majority ;  appointed  foreign  secre- 
tary, Rockingham  being  premier,  1782;    brought  in  the 
measures  which  created  Grattan's  parliament ;  thwarted 
in  his  foreign  policy  by  Shelburne,  the  other  secretary 
of  state ;  resigned  when  Shelburne  became  premier,  May 
1782  ;  sought  reconciliation  with  Shelburne  whigs ;  formed  i 
coalition  with  North  (April  1783),  becoming  joint-secretary  | 
of  state  with  him  under  the  Duke  of  Portland ;  obtained  ! 
parliamentary  grant  for  his  friend  the  Prince  of  Wales,  | 
and  introduced  measure  to  reform  government  of  India  by  j 
the  creation  of  a  supreme  council  of  seven  and  a  com- 
mercial board  of  assistantnlirectors  nominated  by  parlia- 
ment for  four  years  ;  defeated  on  the  matter  in  the  House 
of  Lords  by  the  personal  influence  of  the  king ;  dismissed 
with    his   colleague  (December  1783);    enabled    by   his 
possession  of  a  majority  in  the  Commons  to  defeat  Pitt's 
East  India  Bill,  and  for  three  months  to  defer  a  dissolu- 
tion by  delaying  grants  of  supply;  elected  for  Kirkwall, 
1784;   at  same  time  re-elected    for   Westminster,   1784, 
although  the  return  of  the  writ  was  delayed    for  two 
sessions ;  formed  connection  with  Mrs.  Annitstead,  whom  | 
he  married  in  1796 ;  opposed  Pitt's  commercial  treaties  with  ! 
Ireland,  and  (1787)  with  France,  but  supported  his  reform  I 
proposals ;  attacked  Warren  Hastings,  1786-7,  and  moved  I 
an  impeachment  on  the  Benares  charge;  as  one  of  the 
managers  of  the  proceedings  opened  the  Benares  charge  in  a 
speech  of  nearly  five  hours,  1788;  spoke  against  the  abate- 
ment of  the  impeachment  by  dissolution  of  parliament, 
1789;  supported  motions  for  the  removal  of  dissenters'  dis-  j 
abilities,  1788-9;    moved  repeal  of  corporation  and  test  i 
acts,  1790 ;  claimed  for  the  Prince  of  Wales  an  inherent  j 
right  to   the  regency,  1788-9,   during  George  Ill's  first 
illness  (in  spite  of  the  deception  which  led  him  to  deny  j 
in  parliament,  1787,  the  Prince  of  Wales's  marriage  with  I 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert) ;  opposed  Pitt's  policy  on  the  Eastern  '• 
question,  the  French  revolution,  and  the  treason  and 
sedition  bills  of  1795-6;  carried  a  measure  giving  juries 
full  powers  in  libel  actions,  1792 ;  seldom  attended  parlia-  < 
im-nt  for  the  next  five  years,  but  spent  some  time  on  his 
'History  of  the  Revolution  of  1688'  (published  after  his 
death),  and  in  literary  correspondence  with  Gilbert  Wake-  ; 
field  [q.  v.] ;  his  name  erased  from  the  privy  council  for  i 


giving  the  toast  '  Our  sovereign,  the  people,'  179R ;  toured 
in  tin-  Netherlands  and  France,  and  interviewed  Buona- 
parte, 1802  ;  made  three  hours'  speech  in  favour  of  peace, 
1803  ;  on  Addingtou's  resignation  was  proposed  as  mem- 
ber of  a  coalition  ministry  with  Pitt  and  the  Grenvilles, 
but  was  excluded  by  the  king,  1 804  ;  spoke  in  favour  of 
catholic  emancipation,  1805 ;  opposed  motion  for  public 
honours  to  Pitt,  1806;  as  foreign  secretary  under  Lord 
Greuville  revealed  plot  to  assassinate  Napoleon,  and 
opened  negotiations  with  France  :  moved  the  abolition  of 
the  slave  trade  a  few  days  before  his  death.  [xx.  95] 

FOX,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1796-1878),  numis- 
matist ;  son  of  Henry  Richard  Vassall  Fox,  third  baron 
Holland  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  navy,  1809-13  ;  equerry  to 
Queen  Adelaide,  1830  ;  M.P.,  Calne,  Tavistock,  and  (1835) 
Stroud ;  surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance,  and  aide-de- 
camp to  William  IV,  1832 ;  general,  1863  ;  died  receiver- 
general  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster ;  his  numismatic 
collection  (described  in  his  '  Engravings  of  Unedited  or 
Rare  Greek  Coins'  (1856,  pt.  ii.,  1862)  purchased  by  the 
Berlin  Royal  Museum,  1873.  [xx.  112] 

FOX,  EBENEZER  (d.  1886),  journalist ;  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Julius  Vogel,  1869  ;  secretary  to  the  treasury 
(New  Zealand),  1870-86  ;  wrote  in  ' New  Zealand  Times ' 
on  the  denudation  of  forests.  [xx.  113] 

FOX,  EDWARD  (1496  ?-1538),  bishop  of  Hereford, 
1535-8 ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
secretary  to  Wolsey,  1527  :  accompanied  Gardiner  to  Rome 
to  obtain  from  Clement  VII  the  dispensation  with  regard 
to  Catherine  of  Arragon,  1528 ;  D.D. ;  elected  provost  of 
King's  on  his  return,  1528 ;  brought  Cranmer  into  favour 
by  reporting  his  views  on  the  legality  of  the  royal  mar- 
riage ;  intervened  between  Latimer  and  the  Romanists  at 
Cambridge;  commissioned  to  obtain  from  the  English 
universities  and  that  of  Paris  a  pronouncement  on  the 
divorce  question,  as  well  as  to  negotiate  treaties  with 
France,  1532-3 ;  archdeacon  of  Leicester,  1531 ;  dean  of 
Salisbury,  1533  ;  sent  to  confer  with  the  German  protestant 
divines  on  the  divorce  question,  1535 ;  while  on  a  similar 
mission  to  France  supported  Alane(Alesius)  the  reformer ; 
author  of  l  De  vera  Differentia  Itegiaj  Potestatis  et 
Ecclesise,'  1534.  [xx.  113] 

FOX,  ELIZABETH  VASSALL,  LADY  HOLLAND 
(1770-1845),  born  in  Jamaica ;  divorced  from  Sir  God- 
frey Webster  and  married  to  Henry  Richard  Vassall  Fox 
[q.v.],  third  baron  Holland,  1797  ;  presided  over  the  whig 
circle  at  Holland  House;  a  skilful  and  vivacious,  but 
somewhat  overbearing,  hostess;  attacked  by  Byron  in 
'  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers '  for  her  supposed 
inspiration  of  a  hostile  review ;  accused  by  Brougham  of 
spite  against  himself;  sent  Napoleon  message  at  Elba 
and  books  at  St.  Helena,  and  received  from  him  the 
bequest  of  the  gold  snuff-box  given  him  by  Pius  VI. 

[xx. 115] 

FOX,  FRANCIS  (1676-1738),  divine ;  M.A.  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall,  Oxford,  1704  ;  rector  successively  of  Boscombe 
and  Potterne;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1713;  vicar  of 
St.  Mary's,  Reading,  1726-38;  published  'The  New  Testa- 
ment, with  references  and  notes,'  1722,  and  '  Introduction 
to  Spelling  and  Reading.'  [xx.  117] 

FOX,  GEORGE  (rf.  1661),  quaker  ;  '  the  younger  in 
the  truth';  adherent  of  George  Fox  (1624-1691)  [q.  v.]  ; 
his  works  collected,  1662.  [xx.  121] 

FOX,  GEORGE  (1624-1691),  founder  of  the  Society 
of  Friends  ;  son  of  a  Leicestershire  weaver  ;  when  agent 
to  a  grazier  and  wool-dealer,  left  home  and  went  south, 
1643 ;  returned  and  wandered  about,  seeking  religious 
advice  from  the  clergy,  1644-6  ;  first  preached  at  Dukin- 
fleld,  at  Manchester,  and  in  Leicestershire,  1647-8,  when 
he  had  a  trance  ;  imprisoned  at  Nottingham  for  brawling 
in  church,  1649;  his  society  of  the  'Friends  of  Truth' 
(nicknamed  quakers  by  Gervase  Bennet,  1650)  a  protest 
against  the  presbyterian  system,  rapidly  recruited  from 
the  lower  middle  classes,  the  yearly  meeting  being  first 
held,  1669 ;  made  missionary  journeys  to  Scotland,  1657, 
Ireland,  1669,  North  America  and  West  Indies,  1671-2, 
and  Holland,  1677-84 ;  imprisoned  at  Lancaster  and  Scar- 
borough, 1663-6,  and  Worcester,  1673-4 ;  died  in  London, 
being  buried  in  Whitecross  Street,  Bunhill  Row.  His 
4  Journal,'  revised  by  a  committee  under  Penn's  superin- 
tendence, appeared  in  1694.  His  principal  writings  are 
contained  in  'A  Collection  of  ...  Epistles,'  1698,  and 
'Gospel  Truth,' 1706.  [xx.  117] 


FOX 


461 


FOX 


FOX,  GEORGE  (1802?-1871),  author  of  a  'History 
of  Pontefract,'  1827.  [xx.  122] 

FOX.  HENRY,  first  BARON  HOLLAND  (1705-1774), 
statesman  ;  son  of  Sir  Stephen  Fox  [q.  v.] :  tit  Eton  with 
Pitt  and  Fielding ;  ruined  himself  by  gambling  and  went 
abroad-  M.I',  lor  Hindou,  1738:  attached  himself  to 
Walpole;  surveyor-general  of  works,  1737-42;  M.I'., 
Windsor,  1741-61 :  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1743 ;  secretary 
at  war  1746-54;  assailed  Lord  Hardwicke's  marriage 
bill  but  continued  to  hold  his  office  under  Newcastle  till 
admitted  to  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of  state,  1756 :  re- 
signed, 1766,  but  became  paymaster-general,  1757  ;  having 
held  office  for  eight  years,  made  a  large  fortune ;  as  Bute's 
leader  in  the  House  of  Commons  carried  the  peace  of 
1763  by  profiue  bribery ;  created  a  peer,  1763 ;  the  most 
unpopular  of  contemporary  statesmen  ;  a  great  social  sen- 
satiou  created  by  his  secret  marriage  to  Lady  Georgiana 
Lennox  1744 ;  said  to  have  written  '  The  Spendthrift,'  a 
short-lived  periodical,  1766.  His  portraits,  by  Hogarth 
and  Reynolds,  are  at  Holland  House,  which  he  bought  in 
1707.  [xx.  122] 

FOX,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1755-1811),  general; 
youngest  son  of  Henry  Fox,  first  baron  Holland  [q.  v.] ; 
served  with  the  38th  foot  in  the  American  war :  major- 
general,  1793  ;  as  commander  of  a  brigade  under  the 
Duke  of  York  repulsed  the  whole  French  army  at  Pont-a- 
Chin,  1794 ;  lieutenant-general,  1799 ;  general  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 1801-3  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland,  1803 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Gibraltar,  1804;  commander  in 
Sicily  and  ambassador  to  the  court  of  Naples,  1806; 
governor  of  Portsmouth,  1808.  [xx.  125] 

FOX,  HENRY  RICHARD  VASSALL,  third  BARON 
HOLLAND  (1773-1840),  nephew  of  Charles  James  Fox 
[q.  v.];  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church;  M.A., 
1792;  travelled  in  Denmark,  Prussia,  Spain,  and  Italy, 
1791-4;  from  1798  took  prominent  part  in  debates  of 
House  of  Lords  as  a  whig ;  met  Napoleon  at  Paris,  1802 ; 
lived  in  Spain,  1802-5  and  1808-9  ;  with  Lord  Auckland 
concluded  the  unratified  treaty  with  American  commis- 
sioners, 1806  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1806-7  ;  introduced  bill  for 
abolition  of  death  penalty  for  stealing,  1809;  led  opposi- 
tion to  regency  proposals,  1811 :  urged  rescission  of  order 
in  council  prohibiting  trade  with  France,  1812 ;  ""attacked 
treaty  with  Sweden,  1813 ;  visited  Murat  at  Naples,  1814  ; 
opposed  detention  of  Napoleon  as  prisoner  of  war,  1816, 
and  Sidmouth's  measures  and  the  foreign  enlistment  bill, 
1817-19;  proposed  intervention  in  Portugal,  1828-30; 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  in  the  first  reform 
ministry  and  under  Melbourne;  published  satires  on 
Irish  affairs,  1798-9,  and  translations  from  Spanish  and 
Italian,  and  edited  Waldegrave's  *  Memoirs '  and  Horace 
Walpole's  '  George  II ' ;  left  posthumous  '  Memoirs  of  the 
Whig  Party '  (edited  1852).  [xx.  126] 

FOX,  HENRY  STEPHEN  (1791-1846),  diplomatist ; 
son  of  Henry  Edward  Fox  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  envoy  extraordinary  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1830,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1832,  and  Washington,  1835-43. 

[xx.  128] 

FOX,  HENRY  WATSON  (1817-1848),  missionary  in 
Masulipatam ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Wadham  College, 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1839  ;  author  of  •  Chapters  on  Missions  in 
South  India,'  1848.  [xx.  129] 

FOX,  JOHN  (1516-1587).    [See  FOXE.] 

FOX,  JOHN  (fl.  1676),  nonconformist  divine;  B.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1624 :  ejected  from  Pucklechurch 
rectory,  1662;  published  'Time,  and  the  End  of  Time,' 
1670, '  The  Door  of  Heaven  opened  and  shut,'  1676. 

[xx.  129' 

FOX,  JOHN  (1693-1763),  biographer  ;  educated  urn 
Joseph  Hallet  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  his  '  Memoirs'  and  nine 
'  Characters '  printed  by  the  '  Monthly  Repository,'  1821 ; 
the  transcript  of  his  papers  made  by  James  Northcote 
(with  additions)  preserved  in  the  public  library,  Ply- 
mouth, [xx. 130] 

FOX,  LUKE  (1586-1636),  navigator;  sailed  from 
London,  1631,  in  the  Charles  pinnace  in  search  of  a  north- 
west passage ;  made  observations  in  the  channel  called 
after  himself  on  west  shore  of  Baffin  Laud  ;  returned 
with  his  crew  intact  after  a  six  mouths'  voyage,  described 
in  hi.s  '  North-west  Fox,  or  Fox  from  the  North-went 
Passage,'  1635  ;  died  neglected.  [xx.  131] 


FOX,  RICHARD  (1448  ?-1628).    [See  FOXE.] 

FOX,  ROBERT  (1798  ?-1843),  Huntingdon  antiquary; 
admitted  into  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  publiMi.-i  '  Hi-tory 
of  Godinanchester,'  1831.  [xx.  13:.'] 

FOX,  ROBERT  WERE  (1789-1877),  scientific  writer: 
'ather  of  Caroline  and  Charles  Fox  (1797-1878)  [q.  v.] ; 
F.R.S.,  1848  ;  made  experiments  on  elasticity  of  high- 
pressure  steam,  and  researches  into  internal  temperature 
of  the  earth,  proving  that  heat  increased  with  depth,  but 
n  a  diminishing  ratio;  constructed  the  new  dipping- 
leedle  used  by  Sir  James  Clark  Koss  and  Captain  Nares. 

[xx. 133] 
FOX,  SAMUEL  (1560-1630).    [See  FOXB.] 

FOX,  SIMEON  (1568-1642).    [See  FOXK.] 

FOX,  SIR  STEPHEN  (1627-1716),  statesman  ;  aided 
Charles  II  to  escape  after  Worcester,  1651,  and  managed 
the  prince's  household  while  in  Holland;  employed  on 
secret  missions  to  England,  1658-60 ;  paymaster-general, 
1661 ;  M.P.  for  Salisbury,  1661 ;  knighted,  1665 ;  opposed 
his  patron  Clarendon's  impeachment,  1667 ;  M.P.,  West- 
minster, and  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1679 ;  first 
commissioner  of  horse,  1680,  and  sole  commissioner,  1684  ; 
suggested  and  himself  contributed  towards  the  founda- 
tion of  Chelsea  Hospital,  and  built  churches,  schools,  and 
almshoui-es  ;  refused  a  peerage  from  James  II  and  opposed 
the  bill  for  a  standing  army ;  remained  at  the  treasury 
under  William  III ;  led  the  Commons  in  procession  at  the 
coronation  of  Queen  Anne,  1702,  and  was  for  a  time  com- 
missioner of  horse  ;  M.P.,  Salisbury,  1714.  [xx.  133] 

FOX,  TIMOTHY  (1628-1710),  nonconformist  divine; 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  ejected  from  Drayton 
rectory,  1662 ;  twice  imprisoned  under  the  Schism  Act. 


[xx.  136] 
of  the  S 


FOX,  WILLIAM  (1736-1826),  founder  of  the  Sunday 
School  Society ;  initiated  the  Sunday  schools,  1785  ;  trea- 
surer of  Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society,  1797. 

[xx. 136] 

FOX,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1812-1893),  prime  minister  of 
New  Zealand  ;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1839  ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Tern  pie,  1842  ;  resident  agent  for  New  Zea- 
land Company  at  Nelson,  New  Zealand,  1843,  and  principal 
agent  in  the  colony,  1848;  attorney-general  for  south 
island  of  colony,  1848;  premier  of  New  Zealand,  1856, 
1861-2,  1863-4,  1869-72,  and  1873  ;  published  works  re- 
lating to  the  colony  of  New  Zealand.  [Suppl.  ii.  236] 

FOX,  WILLIAM  JOHNSON  (1786-1864),  preacher, 
politician,  and  author;  entered  Dr.  Bye  Smith's  inde- 
pendent college  at  Homerton,  1806  ;  Unitarian  minister  at 
Chichester,  1812,  and  Parliament  Court,  London,  1817 ; 
South  Place  Chapel  built  for  him,  1824,  when  he  had 
attained  celebrity ;  contributed  to  the  first  number  of  the 
'  Westminster  Review ' ;  co-editor  with  Robert  Aspland 
[q.  v.]  of  the  'Monthly  Repository,'  which  be  purchased 
in  1831,  and  obtained  contributions  from  Mill,  Harriet 
Martineau,  Crabb  Robinson,  and  Browning ;  disowned  by 
the  Unitarians  on  account  of  his  separation  from  his  wife 
and  the  independence  of  his  views ;  continued  much  in 
vogue  as  a  preacher,  and  made  friends  with  Bulwer, 
Macready,  and  John  Forster ;  contributed  to  the '  Sunday 
Times'  under  D.  W.  Harvey  [q.  v.],  the  'Morning 
Clirouicle,'  and  the  '  Daily  News  ' ;  wrote  the  Anti-Corn 
Law  League's  address  to  the  nation,  1840 ;  M.P.,  Oldham, 
1847-63 ;  seconded  Joseph  Hume's  motien  to  extend  fran- 
chise, 1849 ;  introduced  a  compulsory  education  bill,  1850 ; 
published  popular  lectures.  [xx.  137] 

FOX,  WILLIAM  TILBURY  (1836-1879),  physician  ; 
M.D.  London,  1858  ;  specialised  hi  obstetrics  and  derma- 
tology ;  physician  at  Charing  Cross  and  University  Col- 
lege Hospitals  ;  published  'Skin  Diseases,'  1864,  'Atlas  of 
Skin  Diseases,'  1875-7,  and  revised  Tanner's  'Clinical 
Medicine,'  1869  and  1876.  [xx.  139] 

FOX,  WILSON  (1831-1887),  physician  ;  M.D.  London, 
1855  ;  studied  at  Paris,  Vienna,  and  under  Virchow  at 
Berlin ;  professor  of  pathological  anatomy  at  University 
College,  London,  1861  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1866  ;  Hulme  professor, 
1867;  F.R.S.,  1820;  physician  extraordinary  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1870,  afterwards  becoming  physician  in  ordinary  : 
published  papers  on  cystic  tumours,  on  the  artificial  pro- 
duction of  tubercle  in  animals,  and  on  the  development 
of  striated  muscular  fibre ;  published  his  papers  in  Rey- 
nolds's  '  System  of  Medicine  '  at,  '  Diseases  of  the  Stomach ' 
(3rd  edition,  1872).  [xx.  140] 


FOXE 


462 


FRANCIS 


FOXE,  JOHN  (1516-1687),  martyrologist ;  native  of 
Boston  :  sent  to  Oxford  at  the  expense  of  a  citizen  of 
i  Mvriitry  and  of  John  Harding  or  Hawarden,  afterwards 
principal  of  Brasenose ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College.  <  >  \  - 
ford,  1539  ;  M.A.,  1545  ;  intimate  with  Alexander  Nowell 
[q.  v.],  Latimer,  and  Tindal  ;  resigned  fellowship,  1546, 
being  unwilling  to  conform  to  the  statutes  in  religious 
matters ;  tutor  successively  to  Thomas  Lucy  of  Charlecote 
and  to  the  children  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey : 
published  protestant  pamphlets ;  ordained  deacon  by 
Ridley,  1550;  preached  at  Reigate ;  retired  to  the  con- 
tinent, 1554 :  issued  at  Strasburg  his  '  Commentarii ' 
(earliest  draft  of  his  'Actes  and  Monuments');  joined 
the  Geneva  party  at  Frankfort ;  on  the  expulsion  of  Knox 
removed  to  Basle,  1555  ;  employed  as  a  reader  of  the  press 
by  Oporinus  (Herbst),  who  published  his  'Christus 
Triumphans,'  1556,  his  appeal  to  the  English  nobility  for 
religious  toleration,  1557,  and  the  first  issue  of  '  Kerum  in 
ecclesia  gestarum  .  . .  commeutarii,'  1569  ;  on  his  return  to 
England  lived  first  with  his  pupil  Thomas,  duke  of  Nor- 
folk, and  afterwards  at  Waltham  and  in  Grub  Street ;  or- 
dained priest  by  Grindal,  1560 ;  joined  John  Day  the  printer 
[q.  v.],  1564,  who,  in  1563,  had  printed  the  English  version 
of  Foxe's  '  Rerum  in  ecclesia  gestarum  .  . .  commentarii ' 
as  '  Actes  and  Monuments,'  popularly  known  as '  The  Book 
of  Martyrs  * ;  canon  of  Salisbury  and  lessee  of  the  vicarage 
of  Shipton,  1563  ;  objected  to  the  surplice  and  to  contri- 
buting to  the  repair  of  Salisbury  Cathedral ;  preached  at 
Paul's  Cross  '  A  Sermon  on  Christ  Crucified,'  1570,  fre- 
quently reprinted ;  published  '  Reformatio  Legum,'  1671, 
and  an  Anglo-Saxon  text  of  the  gospels;  attended  his 
former  pupil,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  at  his  execution,  1572 ; 
buned  in  church  of  St.  Giles',  Cripplegate.  Four  editions 
of  the  'Actes  and  Monuments'  (1563,  1570,  1576,  and 
1583)  appeared  in  the  author's  lifetime  ;  of  the  posthumous 
issues  that  of  1641  contains  a  memoir  of  Foxe,  attributed 
to  his  son,  but  of  doubtful  authenticity.  The  accuracy  of 
the  work  was  impugned  by  Nicholas  Harpsfield,  by  Robert 
Parsons,  and  by  Jeremy  Collier  in  the  'Ecclesiastical 
History '  (1702-14),  and  by  8.  R.  Maitland  [q.  v.]  Foxe's 
papers,  used  by  Strype  in  his  works,were  bought  by  Edward 
Harley,  earl  of  Oxford,  and  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

[xx. 141] 

FOXE  or  FOX,  RICHARD  (1448  ?-1528),  bishop, 
statesman,  and  founder  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  probably  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ; 
employed  at  Paris  by  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  in 
negotiations  with  the  French  court ;  after  Bosworth  be- 
came secretary  of  state,  lord  privy  seal,  and  (1487)  bishop 
of  Exeter  ;  baptised  Prince  Henry,  afterwards  Henry  VIII, 
1491 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1492-4,  of  Durham, 
1494-1501,  of  Winchester,  1501 ;  chief  English  envoy  in 
the  treaty  of  Estaples  and  '  The  Great  Intercourse  '  (1496) ; 
helped  to  repel  invasion  of  Scots  and  to  conclude  peace, 
1497 ;  negotiated  marriages  of  Margaret  Tudor  with 
James  IV  and  of  Prince  Arthur  with  Catherine  of 
Arragon  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1500,  and 
master  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1607-19 ;  nego- 
tiated alliance  with  the  Archduke  Charles  (Charles  V), 
1508 ;  one  of  the  executors  of  Henry  VII.  Fox  shared  in 
the  early  years  of  Henry  VIII's  reign  the  chief  political 
influence  with  the  Earl  of  Surrey;  concluded  treaty  with 
Louis  XII,  1510;  accompanied  the  army  during  the 
French  war ;  a  commissioner  at  the  treaty  of  1514 :  re- 
signed the  privy  seal  and  retired  from  politics,  1516 ; 
opposed  the  subsidy  of  1523  in  convocation  ;  founded  for 
the  secular  clergy  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1515  ; 
built  and  endowed  schools  at  Taunton  and  Grantham  ; 
benefactor  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  other  foundations:  edited  the 
Sarum  'Processional'  (printed  at  Rouen,  1508),  and 
translated  the  '  Rule  of  St.  Benedict  for  women  '  (printed 
by  Pynson,  1517).  [xx.  150] 

FOXE,  SAMUEL  (1560-1630),  diarist :  eldest  son  of 
John  Foxe  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School 
and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1680-1  ;  deprived, 
1581 ;  visited  Leipzig,  Padua,  and  Basle,  1581-5 :  M.P., 
Oxford  University,  1690  ;  his  diary  appended  to  Strype's 
'Annals.'  [xx.  156] 

FOXE,  SIMEON  (1568-1642),  president  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  ;  youngest  son  of  John  Foxe  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow, 
1586 ;  M.A.,  1591 ;  M.D.  Padua ;  fought  in  Ireland  and 
the  Netherlands ;  F.R.C.P.,  1608 ;  several  times  censor  ; 


treasurer,  1629,  anatomy  reader,  1630,  president,  1634-40 ; 
buried  in  St.  Paul's.  [xx.  156] 

FOXE,  THOMAS  (1591-1652),  physician;  son  of 
Samuel  Foxe  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1613-30;  M.A.,  161  i ;  M.D.  Oxford.  [xx.  156] 

FOY,  NATHANIEL  (<7.  1707),  bishop  of  Waterford 
and  Lismore  ;  senior  fellow,  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
M.A.,  1671;  D.D.,  1684;  imprisoned  by  James  II  for 
sermons  at  St.  Bride's,  Dublin ;  bishop,  1691 ;  endowed 
free  school  at  Grantstown.  [xx.  157] 

FRADELLE,  HENRY  JOSEPH  (1778-1865),  histori- 
cal painter ;  born  at  Lille ;  exhibited  at  British  Institu- 
tion and  Academy,  1817-54.  [xx.  158] 

FRAIGNEATJ,  WILLIAM  (1717-1788),  professor  of 
Greek  at  Cambridge,  1743-50;  educated  at  Westminster  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1743;  fellow;  took 
orders.  [xx.  158] 

FRAIZER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1610?-1681),  phy- 
sician to  Charles  II ;  M.D.  Montpellier,  1635  ;  F.R.C.P., 
1641 ;  elect,  1666.  [xx.  158] 

FRAMPTpN,  JOHN  (ft.  1577-1596),  merchant; 
long  resident  in  Spain  ;  translated  Marco  Polo's  'Travels,' 
1579.  [xx.  159] 

FRAMPTON,  MARY  (1773-1846),  author  of  a  his- 
torically valuable  'Journal  from  the  year  1779  until  tho 
year  1846 '  (ed.,  Mrs.  Mundy,  1885).  [xx.  169] 

FRAMPTON,  ROBERT  (1622-1708),  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester; graduate  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  head- 
master of  Gillingbam  school ;  fought  as  a  royalist  at 
Hambledon  Hill ;  chaplain  to  the  English  factory, 
Aleppo,  1656-70  ;  famous  as  a  preacher  ;  dean  of 
Gloucester,  1673  ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1680-91  ;  directed 
his  clergy  not  to  read  Declaration  of  Indulgence,  and 
signed  bishops'  petition :  one  of  the  seven  bishops  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  1688 ;  deprived  as  a  nonjuror,  1691, 
but  allowed  to  retain  living  of  Standish ;  Queen  Anne 
offered  to  translate  him  to  Hereford.  [xx.  159] 

FRAMPTON,  TREGONWELL  (1641-1727),  'father 
of  the  turf;  devoted  to  hawking,  1670;  played  high  at 
his  house  at  Newmarket,  and  won  many  horseraces: 
Hawkesworth's  story  of  his  cruelty  to  his  horse  Dragon 
unfounded  ;  his  match  with  Sir  William  Strickland  said 
to  have  originated  the  act  forbidding  recovery  of  betting 
debts ;  from  1695  trainer  of  the  royal  horses  at  Newmarket. 

[xx.  161] 

FRAMYNGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1512-1537),  author 
of  Latin  tractates;  educated  at  Pembroke  and  Queens' 
Colleges,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1533  ;  friend  of  John  Caius 
[q.  v.] ;  wrote  tracts.  [xx.  163] 

FRANCATELLI,  CHARLES  ELME"  (1805-1876), 
cook  ;  pupil  of  Careme  ;  manager  of  Crockford's  ;  maitre 
d'h6tel  to  Queen  Victoria ;  chef  de  cuisine  at  the  Reform 
Club ;  manager  of  Freemasons'  Tavern ;  published  the 
'  Modern  Cook,'  1845,  and  other  culinary  handbooks. 

[xx. 163] 

FRANCE,  ABRAHAM  (/.  1587-1633).  [See 
FRAU.VCE.] 

FRANCIA,  FRANgOIS  LOUIS  THOMAS  (1772- 
1839),  water-colour  painter  ;  son  of  a  ref ueree ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1796-1821 ;  one  of  Girtin's  sketch- 
ing society  ;  secretary  of  Water-colour  Society  ;  instructed 
R.  P.  Bonington  [q.  v.]  at  Calais,  where  he  died. 

[xx.  163] 

FRANCILLON,  JAMES  (1802-1866),  legal  writer; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1833 ;  Gloucestershire  district 
county  court  judge,  1847 ;  died  at  Lausanne  ;  published 
'  Lectures  in  English  Law,'  1860-1.  [xx.  164] 

FRANCIS,  ALBAN  (d.  1715),  Benedictine  of  St. 
Adrian's  Abbey,  Lausperg,  Hanover  ;  missioner  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, when  the  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge 
was  removed  for  refusing  to  admit  him  to  a  degree 
without  administering  tests.  [xx.  164] 

FRANCIS,  ANNE,  MRS.  (1738-1800),  poetess ;  ** 
Gittins ;  published  '  Poetical  Translation  of  the  Song  of 
Solomon,'  with  introduction  and  notes,  1781,  and  other 
poems.  [xx.  165] 

FRANCIS,  ENOCH  (1688-1740),  Welsh  baptist: 
moderator  of  the  association  atHeugoed,  1730  ;  publish.il 
devotional  works.  [xx.  165] 


FRANCIS 


403 


FRANKLAND 


FRANCIS,  FRANCIS  (1822-1886),  writer  on  angling ; 
son  of  Captain  Morgan,  R.N.,  but  changed  name  on 
inheriting*  property;  angling:  editor  of  the  '  Fidd '  : 
established  Thames  Rights  Defence  Association,  and 
suggested  plan  of  National  Fish-Culture  Association ; 
naturalist ;  director  of  Brighton  Aquarium :  member  of 
oyster  commission,  1868-70 ;  published  '  The  Practical 
Management  of  Fisheries,'  1883,  books  on  angling,  ami 
novels  ;  his' '  Reminiscences'  published,  1887.  [xx.  165] 

FRANCIS,  GEORGE  GRANT  (1814-1882),  Swansea 
antiquary;  mayor  of  Swansea,  1853-4  ;  F.S.A.,  1845  ;  a 
founder  of  Royal  Institution  of  South  Wales  ;  discovered 
original  contract  (1303)  of  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
Isabella  of  France,  at  Swansea  Castle,  1848  ;  edited  Swan- 
sea charters,  1849 ;  published  works,  including  '  The 
Smelting  of  Copper  in  the  Swansea  District  from  the  time 
of  Elizabeth,'  1867  (republished,  1881),  and 'Original  Char- 
ters and  Materials  for  a  History  of  Neath  and  its  Abbey,' 
1845.  [xx.  166] 

FRANCIS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1800-1865),  botani- 
cal writer;  emigrated  to  Australia.  1849,  and  became 
director  of  the  Adelaide  garden  ;  published,  among  other 
works,  'Catalogue  of  British  Plants  and  Ferns,'  1835, 
'  Analysis  of  British  Ferns,'  1837,  and  '  Chemical  Experi- 
ments,'1842.  [xx. 167] 

FRANCIS,  JAMES  GOODALL  (1819-1884),  Ans- 
tralian  statesman ;  settled  in  Tasmania,  1834 ;  after- 
wards removed  to  Melbourne  :  director  of  Bank  of  New 
South  Wales,  1855 ;  president  of  chamber  of  commerce, 
1857  ;  in  Victorian  Legislative  Assembly  fifteen  years  ; 
member  of  William  Nicholson's  cabinet,  1859-60,  of  Sir  J. 
M-Culloch's  second  and  third  ministries,  1863-8  and  1870-1 ; 
as  head  of  administration,  1872-4,  passed  free  education 
act  and  large  railway  measures ;  re-entered  Victoria 
Assembly,  1878,  and  held  office  under  James  Ser  vice. 

[xx.  167] 

FRANCIS,  JOHN  (1780-1861),  sculptor:  pupil  of 
Chantrey;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1820-56. 
His  works  include  busts  of  Miss  Horatia  Nelson,  Queen 
Victoria,  Prince  Albert,  and  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

[xx.  168] 

FRANCIS,  JOHN  (1811-1882),  publisher  of  the  'Athen- 
aeum,' 1831-81 ;  in  charge  of  commercial  affairs  of 
'  Notes  and  Queries '  from  1872  ;  took  leading  part  in 
agitation  for  repeal  of  fiscal  restrictions  on  the  press. 

[xx. 168] 

FRANCIS,  PHILIP  (1708  ?-1773),  miscellaneous 
writer;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1728:  kept  school 
at  Esher,  which  Gibbon  attended,  1752 ;  as  private  chap- 
lain to  Lady  Caroline  Fox  taught  Charles  James  Fox  to 
read,  and  accompanied  him  to  Eton ;  wrote  pamphlets 
against  Pitt,  1761-4 ;  rector  of  Barrow,  Suffolk,  1762-73 ; 
chaplain  at  Chelsea  Hospital,  1764-8 :  received  a  crown 
pension  of  300/.,  1764  ;  his  version  of  Horace  often  re- 
published,  [xx. 169] 

FRANCIS,  Sm  PHILIP  (1740-1818),  reputed  author 
of  l  Letters  of  Junius ' ;  son  of  Philip  Francis  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  with  Woodfall,  Junius's 
publisher;  junior  clerk  in  office  of  secretary  of  state, 
1756  ;  became  intimate  with  John  Calcraft  the  elder 
[q. v.]  and  Robert  Wood,  secretary  of  the  treasury;  by 
Wood's  influence  appointed  secretary  to  General  Edward 
Bligh  [q.  v.],  1758,  and  to  Lord  Kinnoulin  Portugal,  1760, 
and  amanuensis  to  Pitt,  1761-2 ;  copied  part  of  correspon- 
dence between  Egremont  and  Bedford  in  autumn  of  1762, 
referred  to  by  *  Junius ' ;  while  first  clerk  at  the  war 
office,  1762-72,  contributed  to  the  press  under  pseudonyms; 
retired  from  the  war  office  owing  to  some  disagreement 
with  Barrington,  but  on  the  latter's  recommendation  be- 
came one  of  the  four  newly  appointed  councillors  of  the 
governor-general  of  India,  1774 ;  opposed  Warren  Hast- 
ings, charging  him  with  corruption  in  the  case  of 
Nand  Kumar  (or  Nuncomar) ;  quarrelled  with  his  ally, 
Olavering;  wounded  in  a  duel  with  Hastings,  1779;  le'ft 
India  with  large  fortune,  1780 ;  M.P.  for  Isle  of  Wight, 
1784,  Bletchingley,  1790,  and  Appleby,  1802  :  helped  Burke 
to  prepare  charges  against  Hastings,  and  assisted  managers 
of  his  impeachment,  1787  ;  a  founder  of  '  Society  of  Friends 
of  the  People,'  1793 ;  made  elaborate  speech  upon  India, 
1805 ;  quarrelled  with  Fox  for  refusing  to  appoint  him 
viceroy  ;  intimate  with  Prince  Regent ;  created  K.C.B. ; 
Identified  by  John  Taylor  with  'Junius,'  1816  ;  published 
many  political  pamphlets.  The  evidence  for  the  identifica- 


tion of  Francis  with  'Junius'  (first  letter,  1768,  last,  1773) 
rests  upon  the  acquaintance  of  '  Jnuiiw'  with  war  office 
affairs,  his  displeasure  at  the  removal  of  Francis,  and 
private  letters  to  the  publisher  Woodfall,  displaying 
anxiety  to  conceal  authorship  of  public  letters  expressing 
it;  correspondence  between  silences  of  'Junius'  and 
absences  from  London  of  Francis ;  expert  evidence  of 
Chabot  and  Netherclift  identifying  handwriting;  simi- 
larity of  political  attitude  :  Francis's  conduct  when  chal- 
lenged with  authorship,  and  moral  resemblance.  Against 
the  Franciscan  theory  is  the  denial  of  that  authorship  by 
Pitt  and  Woodfall,  and  the  almost  incredible  malignity  of 
1  Junius '  towards  some  of  Francis's  friends  and  bene- 
factors, [xx. 171] 

FRANCIS,  THOMAS  (</.  1574),  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  1568;  M.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1565 ;  regius  professor  of  medicine,  1555-61 :  provost  of 
Queen's,  1561-3 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, [xx.  180] 

FRANCI8CTJS  X  SANCT*  CLARA  (1598-1680).  [See 
DAVKNPORT,  CHRISTOPHER.] 

FRANCK,  RICHARD  (1624  7-1708),  captain  in 
parliamentary  army ;  travelled  in  Scotland,  e.  1656  ; 
went  to  America,  1690 ;  published,  1694,  the  euphuistic 
'  Northern  Memoirs  ...  by  Richard  Franck,  Philanthro- 
pus» '  (edited  by  Scott),  containing  accounts  of  places  he 
had  visited  between  Carlisle  and  Cromarty,  and  much 
about  salmon-fishing  ;  also  '  Rabbi  Moses*  (1687),  written 
in  America.  '  [xx.  181] 

FRANCKLIN,  THOMAS  (1721-1784),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1746-58  • 
M.A.,  1746  ;  D.D.,  1770 ;  professor  of  Greek,  1750-9 ;  vicar 
of  Ware,  1759-77  :  preacher  at  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden ; 
king's  chaplain,  1767;  chaplain  to  the  Royal  Academy 
through  influence  of  Johnson  and  Reynolds,  and  (1774) 
professor  of  ancient  history ;  satirised  in  the  '  Rosciad ' ; 
translated  Sophocles,  1759,  Lucian,  1780,  and  Cicero's 
'De  Natura  Deorum,'  1741;  produced  three  plays,  in- 
cluding the  'Earl  of  Warwick'  (acted  at  Drury  Lane 
1766) ;  edited  '  The  Centiuel,'  1757-8,  and  contributed  to 
Smollett's  ' Critical  Review.'  [xx.  182] 

FRANCKLIN,  WILLIAM  (1763-1839),  orientalist; 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Francklin  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  lieutenant^colonel,  Bengal 
native  infantry,  1814 ;  died  in  India ;  published  (1788) 
'  Observations  made  on  a  Tour  from  Bengal  to  Persia  in  ... 
1786-7,'  '  History  of  the  Reign  of  Shah-Aulum,'  1798,  and 
other  works.  [xx.  184] 

FRANK,  MARK  (1613-1664),  theologian ;  fellow  of 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1634  ;  M.A.,  1634  ;  ejected 
by  parliamentary  visitors,  1644  ;  D.D.,  1661 ;  master  of 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1662-4 ;  archdeacon  of  St. 
Albans  and  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  to  which  he  left  books 
and  money ;  his  '  Course  of  Sermons '  (1642)  republished 
in  '  Library  of  Anglo-Catholic  Theology.1  [xx.  185] 

FRANKLAND,  SIR  EDWARD  (1825-1899),  chemist ; 
apprenticed  as  chemist  in  Lancaster,  c.  1840 ;  studied  at 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  London,  1845 ;  F.C.S., 
1847  ;  studied  under  Bunsen  at  Marburg,  1847 ;  Ph.D. 
Marburg,  1849 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Putney  College 
for  Civil  Engineering,  1850,  and  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester, 185i;  F.R.S.,  1853;  royal  medallist,  1857;  lec- 
turer on  chemistry,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
1857 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Royal  Institution,  1863-8, 
and  at  Royal  College  of  Chemistry,  1865  :  served  on  royal 
commission  on  rivers  pollution  from  1868 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1870 ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884 ;  president  of  Chemical 
Society,  1871-2  and  1872-3,  and  of  Institute  of  Chemistry, 
1877-80;  K.C.B.,  1897;  made  notable  contributions  to 
organic  chemistry.  His  works  include  'Experimental 
Researches  in  Pure,  Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry,' 
1877,  and  '  Inorganic  Chemistry,'  with  F.  R.  Japp,  1884. 

[SuppL  ii.  237] 

FRANKLAND,  JOOOSA  or  JOYCE  (1631-1587), 
nie  Trappes ;  founder  of  Saxey  fellowships  and  scholar- 
ships at  Caius  and  Emmanuel  Colleges,  Cambridge :  bene- 
factor also  of  Lincoln  and  Braseuose  Colleges,  Oxford. 

[xx. 185] 

FRANKLAND,  RICHARD  (1630-1698),  noncon- 
formist tutor ;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge : 
M.A.,  1655;  received  presbyterian  ordination,  1653: 
ejected  from  vicarage  of  Bishop  Auckland,  1662;  ex- 
horted ('hark-  11  to  reform ;  set  up '  academy  '  (or  divinity 


FRANKLANB 


464 


FRASEB 


and  medical  students  at  Rathmull,  from  which  northern 
ting  ministers  were  chiefly  recruited,  1670 ;  removed 
to  Natland,  1674,  and  afterwards  to  other  places  ;  excom- 
municated for  instigation  of  first  nonconformist  ordina- 
tion in  Yorkshire,  1678 ;  returned  to  Rathmell  1689 ; 
again  excommunicated,  but  absolved  by  order  of  Wil- 
liam III :  presided  at  Wakefleld  conference  of  presbyte- 
riuns  and  independents,  1691 ;  had  a  friendly  interview 
with  Archbishop  Sharp,  1692.  [xx.  186] 

FRANKLANL,  THOMAS  (1633-1690),  impostor  and 
annalist ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1654 ; 
M.A.,  1655  ;  renounced  holy  orders  to  practise  medicine ; 
ejected  from  the  College  of  Physicians  as  a  pretended  M.D., 
1682 ;  published  anonymously  '  Annals  of  James  I  and 
Charles  I,'  1681.  [xx.  189] 

FRANKLAND,  SIR  THOMAS  (1717  ?-1784),  admiral ; 
commanded  frigate  on  Bahama  station,  capturing  mauy 
vessels  and  privateers,  1740-6  ;  as  commodore  at  Antigua, 
1755,  reported  on  conduct  of  Sir  Thomas  Pye  [q.  v.] ; 
M.P.  for  Thirsk,  1749-84.  [xx.  189] 

FRANKLIN,  MRS.  ELEANOR  ANNE  (1797  ?-1825), 
poetess  ;  nte  Porden :  married  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  John) 
Franklin,  1823 ;  chief  work  4  Coeur  de  Lion,'  an  epic,  1822. 

[xx. 190] 

FRANKLIN,  JANE,  LADY  (1792-1876),  nte  Griffin ; 
married  Sir  John  Franklin,  1828 ;  travelled  in  Syria  and 
Asia  Minor,  and  with  her  husband  in  VanDiemeu's  Land, 
Australia,  and  New  Zealand,  giving  much  attention  to 
female  convicts  ;  fitted  out  five  ships  to  search  for  Frank- 
lin, and  received  the  founder's  medal  of  the  Geographical 
Society,  1860  ;  sent  out  the  Pandora  to  make  the  north- 
west passage,  1876.  [xx.  191] 

FRANKLIN,  SIR  JOHN  (1786-1847),  arctic  explorer; 
midshipman  in  the  Polyphemus  at  Copenhagen,  1801 ; 
assisted  Matthew  Flinders  [q.  v.]  in  his  observations  in 
the  South  Pacific ;  took  part  in  Commodore  Sir  Nathaniel 
Dance's  [q.  v.]  engagement  with  Linois,  1804 ;  at  Trafalgar 
in  the  Bellerophon;  wounded  in  the  Bedford  near  New 
Orleans,  1815 ;  commanded  the  Trent  in  Buchan's  arctic 
expedition,  1818;  headed  expedition  of  1819-22,  which 
traversed  North  America  from  Fort  York,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nelson  river,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine, 
where  it  embarked  on  the  Arctic  Sea  and  sailed  eastward, 
returning  through  the  '  Barren  Grounds '  to  Fort  Pro- 
vidence and  York  after  terrible  privations;  elected  F.R.S. 
and  promoted  to  post  rank  on  his  return ;  conducted  a 
second  expedition,  1825-7,  which,  by  way  of  New  York. 
Lake  Huron,  the  Great  Bear  Lake,  and  the  Mackenzie 
river,  reached  Garry  Island  in  the  Arctic  Sea,  and,  after 
wintering  at  Fort  Franklin  (Great  Bear  Lake),  divided, 
the  whole  expedition  ultimately  reaching  Montreal; 
knighted,  1829;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1829;  commanded 
Rainbow  frigate  on  coast  of  Greece,  1830-3;  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Van  Diemen's  Land  did  much  to  humanise 
the  convicts,  1837-43  ;  started  with  the  Erebus  and  Terror 
on  his  last  expedition,  May  1846,  to  make  Behring's  Strait 
from  Cape  Walker ;  last  sighted  at  the  entrance  of  Lan- 
caster Sound  on  26  July  1845.  Supplies  were  sent  out 
under  Sir  John  Richardson  (1787-1865)  [q.  v.],  1847,  and 
many  relief  expeditions  followed.  Ommanney  discovered 
traces  of  ships  and  provisions  on  Beechey  Island,  1850, 
and  further  intelligence,  with  relics,  was  obtained  from  the 
Eskimos  by  Rae,  1854.  Subsequently  Sir  Leopold  McCliu- 
tock.  in  Lady  Franklin's  yacht,  the  Fox,  came  upon  boats, 
skeletons,  and  a  paper  stating  that  the  ships  had  been 
deserted,  22  April  1848,  after  nineteen  months  in  the  ice, 
that  Franklin  had  died  11  June  1847,  and  that  the  rest, 
under  Orozier,  had  reached  69°  37'  N.,98°  41'  W.  Accounts 
of  his  first  two  expeditious  were  published  by  Franklin 
(1823  and  1828),  who  has  since  been  recognised  as  the 
discoverer  of  the  north-west  passage.  [xx.  191] 

FRANKLIN,  ROBERT  (1680-1684),  nonconformist 
divine;  tutor  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  vicar  of 
Westhall,  1659-62  ;  ejected,  1662;  imprisoned  for  preach- 
ing ;  left  manuscript  autobiography.  [xx.  196] 

FRANKLYN,  WILLIAM  (1480?-1556),  dean  of 
Windsor,  1530:  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  B.C.L.,  1504;  chancellor  of  Durham,  1514; 
nrchdeacon,  1515;  active  in  war  with  Scots,  assisted  in 
treaty,  1534;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1518,  and  rector  of 
Hu-.i/liton-'e-Sprintr.  president  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1526-7  ;  alienated  deanery  revenues,  [xx.  197] 


FRANKS,  Sm  AUGUSTUS  WOLLASTON  (1826- 
1897),  antiquary ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1852  ;  assistant  in  department  of  anti- 
quities in  British  Museum,  1851,  and  keeper  of  depart- 
ment of  British  and  mediaeval  antiquities  and  ethno- 
graphy, 1866 ;  presetted  to  British  Museum  his  collections 
of  eastern  ceramics  and  other  objects  of  art;  F.S.A., 
1863,  director,  1858-67  and  1873-80  ;  edited  'Archceo- 
logica,'  to  which  and  to  ' Proceedings'  he  made  important 
contributions;  P.S.A.,  1891-7;  K.C.B.,  1894:  honorary 
Litt.D.  Cambridge,  1889,  andD.C.L.  Oxford,  1895 ;  F.K.s!, 
1874;  'antiquary'  to  Royal  Academy,  1894;  published 
works  chiefly  relating  to  ceramics.  [Suppl.  ii.  240] 

FRANKS,  SIR  JOHN  (1770-1852),  judge:  of  Calcutta 
supreme  court,  1825-34 ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
called  to  Irish  bar,  1792;  K.C.,  1823;  intimate  with 
Currau.  [xx.  198] 

FRANKS,  Rm  THOMAS  HARTE  (1808-1862), 
general ;  served  with  10th  foot  at  Sobraou,  1846,  and;  was 
wounded ;  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Multan, 
1849,  and  at  Gu  jrdt,  1849 ;  as  brigadier  in  command^ipf 
4th  infantry  division  defeated  Muhammad  Hussein 
Nazim,  but  failed  before  Dohrighat,  1858;  created  K.C.B. 
and  thanked  by  parliament.  [xx.  198] 

FRANSHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1753),  linendraper  and  rent- 
agent  to  Horace  Walpole  ;  published '  The  Criterion  ...  of 
High  and  Low  Church,'  1710,  and  '  A  Dialogue  between 
Jack  High  and  Will  Low,'  1710.  [xx.  201] 

FRANSHAM,  JOHN  (1730-1810),  freethinker  ;  after 
writing  sermons,  acting  in  a  company  of  strolling  players, 
enlisting,  and  working  with  a  weaver,  took  pupils  at  Nor- 
wich, and  taught  in  several  Norfolk  families,  including 
that  of  James  Stark  [q.  v.];  published  anonymously 
'Essay  on  the  Oestrum  or  Enthusiasm  of  Orpheus,'  1760, 
and  satirical  pieces;  left  in  manuscript  'Memorabilia 
Classica'  (containing  '  The  Code  of  Aristopia,  or  Scheme 
of  a  perfect  Government');  the  Dr.  Emauuel  Last  of 
Foote's  '  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks.'  [xx.  199] 

FRASER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1332),  great  cham- 
berlain of  Scotland,  1319-26:  fought  with  Bruce  at 
Methveu,  1306,  and  aided  him  to  crush  the  Oomyns ;  pre- 
sent at  Bannockburn ;  married  Lady  Mary  Bruce ;  killed 
at  battle  of  Dupplin.  [xx.  202] 

FRASER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1537  ?-1623),  founder 
of  Fraserburgh ;  inherited  from  his  grandfather  baronial 
burgh  of  Philorth,  establishing  (1597)  a  university  there, 
which  was  short-lived;  knighted  by  James  I;  M.P., 
Aberdeen  county,  1596.  [xx.  202] 


SIR  ALEXANDER    (1610  ?-1681).       [Sec 
FRAIZER.] 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  (1786-1865),  painter :  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1810-48:  for  twenty  years 
painted  details  and  still-life  in  Wilkie's  pictures:  his 
•  JNaarnan  Cured '  proclaimed  by  the  British  Institution  best 
picture  of  1842 ;  associate  of  Royal  Scottish  Academy. 

[xx. 203] 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  (1827-1899),  landscape- 
painter;  studied  at  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh; 
member  of  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1862. 

[Suppl.  ii.  243] 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  GEORGE,  sixteenth  BARON 
SALTOUN  (1785-1853),  general;  ensign,  35th  foot,  1802; 
served  with  tha  grenadiers  in  Sicily,  1806,  at  Coruua, 
1808,  in  Walcheren,  1809,  and  in  Spain  and  France,  1812- 
1814;  at  Quatre  Bras  commanded  light  companies  of 
2nd  brigade  of  guards;  at  Waterloo  held  garden  and 
orchard  of  Hougoumont,  and  led  the  charge  against  the 
Old  Guard;  K.O.B.,  1818;  K.T.,  1852;  major-general, 
1837;  commanded  first  brigade  and  afterwards  the  whole 
force  in  Chinese  war  of  1841-3 ;  Scottish  representative 
peer  from  1807 ;  a  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1821;  G.C.H., 
1821  ;  lieutenant-general,  1849.  [xx.  203] 

FRASER,  ALEXANDER  MACKENZIE  (1756-1809), 
lieutenant-general;  son  of  Colin  Mackenzie;  entered 
73rd  (71st)  highlanders,  1778,  and  was  aide-de-camp  to 
Sir  Charles  Ross  at  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1780  ;  joined  Ross- 
shire  buffs,  1793;  as  lieutemmt-colonel  disttngotabed 
himself  at  Nimeguen,  1794,  and  Geldermalsen,  1795  ;  went 
to  the  Cape,  179(i,  with  the  2nd  battalion  78th,  raised 
by  himself ;  served  against  Mahrattas,  1798-9 ;  maior- 
gL-uerul  and  M.P.  for  Cromarty,  1802  ;  assumed  name  of 


FRASER 


465 


FRASER 


Eraser,  18U3  ;  M.P.,  Ross  county,  1806  ;  commanded  un- 
.-iK-ce-sful  Iv/yptian  expedition,  1807;  led  division  at 
Coruiia,  1S08,  and  in  Waloberen  expedition,  1809. 

[xx. 204] 
FRASER,  ANDREW  (d.  1792).    [See  FRAZKII.] 

FRASER,  ARCHIBALD  CAMPBELL  (1736-1816), 
thirty-eighth  Macshimi ;  son,  by  second  wife,  of  Simon 
Eraser,  twelfth  baron  Lovat  [q.  v.] ;  consul  at  Tripoli  and 
Algiers,  1766-74  :  succeeded  to  Eraser  estates  on  deatli  of 
elder  brother,  1782;  M.P.,  Inverness-shire,  1782-96;  set 
up  monument  in  Kirkhill  churchyard  detailing  his  ser- 
vices ;  published  '  Annals  of  the  Patriots  of  the  Family  of 
Fraser,  Frizell,  Simson,  or  FitzSimon,'  1795.  [xx.  20ti] 

FRASER,  DONALD  (1826-1892),  presbyterian  divine ; 
educated  at  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ; 
M.A.,  1842 ;  honorary  D.D.,  1872 ;  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  in  Canada ;  studied  theology  at  •  John  Knox ' 
College,  Toronto  ;  licensed  preacher,  1851 ;  pastor  of  Free 
church,  Montreal,  1851-9,  Free  high  church,  Inverness, 
1859-70,  Marylebone  presbyterian  church,  London,  1870- 
1892 ;  published  religious  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  244] 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1639-1699),  covenanting  divine ; 
called  FRASER  OF  BRAE  ;  imprisoned  on  the  Bass  Bock 
for  preaching,  1677-9,  in  Blackness  Castle,  1681,  and  New- 
gate, 1683  ;  member  of  the  assemblies  of  1690  and  1692  ; 
wrote  autobiographical  memoirs  (published,  1738),  and 
other  works.  [xx.  207] 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1713-1754),  collector  of  oriental 
manuscripts ;  resided  at  Surat,  1730-40 ;  factor  in  East 
India  Company's  service,  1743-9;  made  collection  of 
Sanscrit  manuscripts,  which  on  his  death  were  acquired 
by  Radcliffe  Library,  Oxford,  and  were  removed  to 
Bodleian  Library,  1872;  published  'History  of  Nadir 
Shah,'  1742.  [Suppl.  ii.  244] 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1700-1769),  Scottish  divine  ;  called 
FRASER  OF  PITCALZIAN  ;  son  of  John  Fraser  (d.  1711) 
[q.  v.]  ;  presbyterian  minister  of  Aluess,  1726  ;  published 
'The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  Sanctification,'  1774. 

[xx.  208] 

FRASER,  JAMES  (d.  1841),  publisher  in  Regent 
Street,  London  ;  published  '  Eraser's  Magazine,'  1830-42, 
'  Gallery  of  Illustrious  Literary  Characters,'  1830-8,  and 
Carlyle's  '  Heroes.'  [xx.  208] 

FRASER,  JAMES  (1818-1885),  bishop  of  Manchester ; 
educated  at  Bridgnorth  and  Shrewsbury  Schools  and 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford;  Ireland  scholar,  1839;  fellow 
and  tutor  of  Oriel,  1840-60  :  M.A.,  1842 ;  vicar  of  Chol- 
derton,  1847 ;  chancellor  of  Salisbury  and  assistant  edu- 
cation commissioner,  1858 ;  rector  of  Ufton  Nervet, 
1860 ;  commissioner  to  report  on  education  in  United 
States  and  Canada,  1865,  and  on  employment  of  children 
in  agriculture,  1867 ;  bishop  of  Manchester,  1870-85  ; 
arbitrated  in  Manchester  and  Salford  painting  trade  dis- 
pute, 1874  and  1876  ;  interested  himself  in  the  co-operative 
movement ;  seconded  in  convocation  the  disuse  of  the 
Athanasian  creed ;  supported  in  the  House  of  Lords  the 
abolition  of  university  tests,  1871 ;  benefactor  of  his 
diocese.  [xx.  209] 

FRASER,  JAMES  BAILLIE  (1783-1856),  traveller 
and  writer  ;  with  his  brother  William  Fraser  (1784  ?-1835) 
[q.  v.]  explored  Nepal  as  far  as  the  sources  of  the  Gauges 
and  Jumna,  1815 ;  accompanied  Dr.  Jukes  to  Persia,  and 
travelled  through  Kurdistan  to  Tabriz,  1821 ;  rode  from 
Semlin  to  Constantinople,  and  from  Stamboul  to  Teheran. 
1833-4;  published  '  Military  Memoir  of  Lieutenant-colonel 
James  Skinner,  C.B.'  1851,  and  works  descriptive  of  his 
travels,  with  some  romances.  [xx.  211] 

FRASER,  JAMES  STUART  (1783-1869),  general  in 
the  Indian  army ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  George  Barlow 
[q.  v.]  during  mutiny  of  Madras  officers ;  private  secre- 
tary to  government  of  Madras,  1810  ;  deputy  commissary 
to  Mauritius  expedition,  1810;  commandant  at  Poudi- 
cherry,  1816  ;  commissioner  for  restitution  of  French 
and  Dutch  possessions,  1816-17  ;  resident  of  Mysore  and 
commissioner  of  Coorg,  1834 ;  resident  of  Travaucore 
and  Cochin,  1836,  of  Hyderabad,  1839-52  ;  general,  1862. 

[xx.  212] 

FRASER,  JOHN  dd.  1605),  Scottish  Recollect  friar ; 
abbot  of  Noyon  or  Compiegne ; .  died  at  Paris;  B.D.; 
published  controversial  treatises  and  Latin  commen- 
taries on  Aristotle.  [xx.  213] 


FRASER,  .JOHN  ('/.  1711),  dissenting  minister;  MA. 
Aberdeen,  1678  ;  imprisoned  and  deported  to  New  Jersey, 
1685  ;  preached  in  Connecticut  ;  returned  to  Scotland 
after  the  Revolution.  [xx.  208] 

FRASER,  JOHN  (1750-1811),  botanist;  Introduced 
from  America  pines,  oaks,  azaleas,  and  other  plants, 
1784-95  ;  brought  from  llussia  the  Tartarian  cherries, 
1796 ;  went  to  America  as  collector  for  the  Tsar  Paul, 
1799.  [XX.  213] 

FRASER,  SIR  JOHN  (1760-1843),  general ;  entered 
73rd  (71st)  highlanders,  1778  ;  lost  his  right  leg  during 
siege  of  Gibraltar,  1780-2 ;  judge-advocate  at  Gibraltar, 
1796-8;  commander  of  royal  African  corps,  gallantly 
defending  Gorce,  1804;  general,  1838  ;  G.O.H.,  1833. 

FRASER  or  FRAZER,  JOHN  (d.  1849),  poet  and 
cabinet-maker ;  of  Birr,  King's  County  ;  published  under 
name  J.  de  Dean.  [xx.  214] 

FRASER,  LOUIS  (./».  1866),  naturalist ;  curator  to 
the  Zoological  Society ;  naturalist  to  Niger  expedition, 
1841-2  ;  collected  birds  in  South  America  and  set  up  shops 
in  London  ;  afterwards  went  to  San  Francisco  and  Van- 
couver's island  ;  published  '  Zoologia  Typica,'  1849. 


[xx.  216] 
(1819-1889), 


FRASER,  PATRICK,  LORD  FRASHI 
senator  of  the  College  of  Justice  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews ; 
called  to  the  bar,  1843  ;  sheriff  of  Renfrewshire,  1864 ; 
dean  of  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1878  ;  lord  of  session  and 
lord  ordinary  in  exchequer  cases,  1880.  His  works  include 
'Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Scotland  as  applicable  to  the 
Personal  and  Domestic  Relations,'  1846,  with  other  legal 
works.  [xx.  215] 

FRASER,  ROBERT  (1798-1839),  Scottish  poet ;  editor 
of  '  Fife  Herald,'  1838-9.  [xx.  216] 

FRASER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1810-1876),  Scottish 
divine  and  author;  minister  at  Burntisland,  1843,  of 
St.  John's,  Edinburgh,  1847-76;  published  'Elemente  of 
Physical  Science,'  1855,  '  The  Kirk  and  the  Manse.'  1857, 
'  The  Seaside  Naturalis t,'  1868,  and  devotional  works. 

[xx. 216] 

FRASER,  SIMON,  twelfth  BARON  LOVAT  (1667  ?- 
1747),  Jacobite  intriguer ;  graduated  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  1683 ;  accepted  commission  in  regiment  of  Lord 
Murray  (afterwards  Duke  of  Atholl)on  the  assurance  that 
treachery  to  the  government  of  William  III  was  intended  ; 
secured  by  violent  means  the  eventual  succession  to  estates 
of  his  cousin,  Lord  Lovat ;  being  disappointed  of  a  marriage 
with  his  cousin,  Lord  Lovat's  daughter  (who  claimed  the 
title),  he  imprisoned  her  uncle  and  suitor's  father,  and 
forcibly  married  her  mother ;  outlawed  for  high  treason, 
1698  ;  assumed  title  of  Baron  Lovat,  1699 ;  obtained  from 
William  III  pardon  for  offences  against  the  state,  but  had 
previously  visited  the  exiled  James  II  at  St.  Germain,  1700 ; 
outlawed  for  his  outrage  on  the  Dowager  Lady  Lovat,  1 701 ; 
fled  to  France,  1702 ;  pretended  conversion  to  Romanism, 
and  promised  Louis  XIV  to  assist  him  in  invading  Scot- 
land ;  returned  to  Scotland  with  a  letter  from  Mary  of 
Modena,  and  endeavoured  to  compromise  Atholl  and 
others  in  a  Jacobite  plot ;  suspected  by  the  highlanders 
for  his  relations  with  Queensberry ;  returned  to  France, 
where  he  was  imprisoned;  escaped  with  Major  Fraser, 
1713 ;  arrested  in  London,  but  when  released  rallied  his 
clan  to  the  government,  1715  ;  received  a  full  pardon  and 
the  life-rent  of  the  Lovat  estates,  1716,  and  after  much 
litigation  a  recognition  of  his  title,  1733  ;  sheriff  of  Inver- 
ness and  commander  of  one  of  the  newly  raised  highland 
companies  ;  for  the  promise  of  a  dukedom  joined  associa- 
tion of  1737  to  invite  the  Young  Pretender  to  Scotland  ; 
deprived  of  regimental  command  and  office  of  sheriff ; 
though  lukewarm  in  his  support  of  Prince  Charles 
Edward,  1745,  was  seized  in  his  castle  as  hostage  for  the 
fidelity  of  the  clan ;  escaped  to  Loch  Muilly  and  after- 
wards to  Loch  Morar ;  arrested  and  brought  to  London  ; 
beheaded  for  high  treason.  Treating  as  invalid  his  union 
\vith  the  Dowager  Lady  Lovat,  he  was  twice  marr.ed 
during  her  lifetime,  and  was  succeeded  by  sons  of  each 
wife.  [xx.  216] 

FRASER,  SIMON  (d.  1777),  brigadier  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  24th  foot ;  served  with  the  Scots  brigade  in  the 
Dutch  army;    with    the    78th  (Fraser)  highlanders  at 
!  Louisburg,  1758,  and  Quebec  ;  with  the  24th  in  Germany, 
1  at  Gibraltar,  and  in  Ireland;  quartermaster  general  in 

H  H 


FRASER 


466 


FREEBAIRN 


Ireland,  1770:  n*  brigadier  with  Burpoyne  won  victory 
of  Htibbardton,  1777;  mortally  wounded  at  Behmise 
Bdgbfe  [xx.  222] 

FRASER,  SIMON  (1726-1782),  Master  of  Lovat, 
lieutenant-general;  eldest  son,  by  first  wife,  of  Simon, 
twelfth  baron  Lovat  [q.  v.] ;  by  his  father's  instructions 
headed  the  Erasers  in  support  of  Prince  Charles  Edward, 
1745 ;  attainted  and  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh,  but  par- 
doned, 1750 ;  practised  as  an  advocate,  and  was  counsel 
for  the  widow  of  Colin  Campbell  of  Qleuure  against  James 
Stewart  of  Aucharn,  1752  ;  raised  Eraser  Highlanders 
(78th),  1757,  and  commanded  them  in  America,  1767-61, 
being  wounded  during  the  siege  of  Quebec ;  brigadier- 
general  in  Portugal,  1762;  major-general  in  the  Portu- 
guese army ;  major-general  in  the  British  army,  1771 ; 
his  estates  restored  on  payment  of  a  fine ;  raised  71st 
hitfhlanders  for  the  American  war ;  M.P.,  Inverness 
county,  1761-82.  [xx.  223] 

FRASER,  SIMON  (1765-1803),  lieutenant-colonel; 
son  of  Archibald  Campbell  Fraser  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  1786,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1789,  and  the 
Inner  Temple,  1793;  commanded  the  Fraser  Fencibles  in 
Ireland  as  lieutenant,  1798;  M.P.  for  Inverness-shire, 
1796-1802  ;  died  at  Lisbon.  [xx.  207] 

FRASER,  SIMON  (1738-1813),  lieutenant-general; 
served  under  Simon  Fraser  (1726-1782)  [q.  v.]  in  Canada ; 
wounded  at  Sillery,  1760 ;  raised  a  company  and  headed 
it  in  America,  1778-81,  raised  133rd  foot,  1793  ;  major- 
general  in  Portugal,  1797-1800  ;  lieutenant-general,  1802. 

[xx. 224] 

FRASER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1297),  chancellor  of  Scot- 
land, 1276  ;  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1279-97 ;  as  one  of  the 
six  regents  after  death  of  Alexander  III  went  to  Gascony 
to  negotiate  match  between  Margaret,  Maid  of  Norway, 
and  Prince  Edward  of  England ;  invited  Edward  I  to  in- 
tervene in  Scotland,  but  after  accession  of  Baliol  went  to 
France  to  obtain  aid  for  the  latter  from  Philip  IV  ;  died 
at  Arteville.  [xx.  225] 

FRASER,  WILLIAM,  eleventh  BARON  SALTOUN 
(1654-1715),  succeeded  his  grandfather,  1693 ;  seized  and 
imprisoned  in  the  island  of  Aigas  by  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth 
baron  Lovat  [q.  v.],  on  account  of  his  attempt  to  obtain, 
by  the  marriage  of  his  eldest  son  to  Emilia  Fraser,  heiress 
of  Hugh,  baron  Lovat,  the  Lovat  barony,  1697 ;  wrote  a 
fragment  of  family  history.  [xx.  226] 

FRASER,  WILLIAM(1784?-1835),  Indian  civilian; 
brother  of  James  Baillie  Fraser  [q.  v.] ;  secretary  to 
Mountstuart  Elphinstone  at  Oabul,  1811 ;  resident  of 
Delhi,  1830-5 ;  murdered  by  a  Muhammadan  at  instiga- 
tion of  the  nawab  of  Firozpur.  [xx.  226] 

FRASER,  WILLIAM  (1817-1879),  educationalist ;  as 
head-master  in  the  Glasgow  Normal  Seminary  assisted 
David  Stow  to  carry  out  his  new  training  system;  free 
church  minister  at  Paisley,  1849-79 ;  made  valuable  sug- 
gestions in  his  'State  of  our  Educational  Enterprises,' 
1857 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1872.  [xx.  226] 

FRASER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1816-1898),  Scottish  genea- 
logist and  antiquary;  solicitor  in  Edinburgh,  1851  ; 
deputy-keeper  of  sasines,  1862-80;  deputy-keeper  of  re- 
cords, 1880-92;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1882;  K.C.B.,  1887  ; 
served  on  royal  commission  on  historical  manuscripts 
from  1869 ;  endowed  chair  of  ancient  history  and  palaeo- 
graphy at  Edinburgh;  published  elaborate  compilations 
on  Scottish  family  history.  [Buppl.  ii.  245] 

FRASER,  SIR  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS,  fourth 
baronet (1826 -1898),  politician;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1834 ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1852  ;  gazetted  cornet,  1st  life  guards,  1847  ;  cap- 
tain, 1852;  conservative  M.P.  for  Barastaple,  1867-9, 
Ludlow,  1863-6,  and  Kidderminster,  1874-80 ;  F.S.A., 
1862;  published  anecdotic  miscellanies  on  contemporary 
history.  [Suppl.  ii.  246] 

FRAUNCE,  ABRAHAM  (/!.  1587-1633),  poet;  fel- 
low of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1680  ;  M.A.,  1683  : 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn  ;  the  Corydon  of  Spenser's  '  Colin 
Clout's  come  home  again '  ;  intimately  associated  with 
Thomas  Watson,  with  whom  be  translated  Tasso's 
•Amiuta'  (fact  mentioned  in  Lodge's  'Phillis'  and  the 
'  Faerie  Queene ');  published  in  English  hexameters  '  The 
Countesse  of  Pembrokes  Yuychurch'  (Ivychurch),  two 
parte,  1591,  '  Amiutas  Dale'  (pt.  iii.  of  Ivychurch,  1692), 


'The  Countess  of  Pembrokes  Emanuel'  (1691),  'The 
Arcadian  Rhetorike,'  1588,  in  which  the  unpublished 
'  Faerie  Queene '  is  quoted,  and  '  The  Lawiers  Logike,' 
1588;  contributed  songs  to  Sidney's  '  Astrophel  and 
Stella,'  1591.  [xx.  227] 

FRAXINETUS,  SIMON  (ft.  1200).    [See  SIMON.] 

FRAZER,  ANDREW  (d.  1792),  HeutenamVcolonel  of 
engineers ;  employed  to  watch  demolition  of  works  at 
Dunkirk,  1767-78,  lieutenant-colonel,  1788.  [xx.  229] 

FRAZER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  SIMON  (1776-1835), 
colonel ;  son  of  Andrew  Frazer  [q.  v.] ;  entered  royal 
artillery,  1793;  commanded  artillery  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
1807,  and  horse  artillery  on  Wellington's  staff  in  the 
Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo,  1813-15;  K.C.B.,  1814; 
F.R.S.,  1816 ;  colonel,  1825  ;  director  of  Royal  Laboratory, 
Woolwich,  1828.  [xx.  229] 

FRAZER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1297).     [See  FRASKK.] 

FREAKE,  EDMUND  (1516  V-1591),  bishop  of  Roches- 
ter (1672),  Norwich  (1575),  and  Worcester  (1584) ;  canon  of 
St.  Augustine  in  Waltham  Abbey  till  the  dissolution  ;  D.D. 
Cambridge ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1570,  and  of  Salisbury : 
had  great  dispute  with  John  Becon  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
translation  of  treatise  by  St.  Augustine.  [xx.  230] 

FREAKE,  JOHN  (1688-1756).    [See  FREKE.] 

FREDERICA  CHARLOTTE  ULRICA  CATHERINA 

(1767-1820),  eldest  daughter  of  Frederick  William  II,  king 
of  Prussia;  married  Frederick  Augustus,  duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  1791 ;  separated  from  her  husband. 

[xx. 233] 

FREDERICK,  SAINT  (d.  838).  [See  CRIDIODUNUS, 
FRIDERICUS.] 

FREDERICK,  COLONEL,  or  FREDERICK  DK  NEUHOFF 
(1725?-1797),  author  of '  Description  of  Corsica ' :  described 
himself  as  son  of  Theodore,  baron  de  Neuhoff,  king  of 
Corsica  [q.  v.] ;  came  to  England,  c.  1754  ;  taught  Italian 
to  Garrick,  Macklin,  and  Alexander  Wedderburn,  after- 
wards first  baron  Loughborough  [q.  v.] ;  agent  in  London 
of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg ;  endeavoured  to  raise 
loan  on  continent  for  English  royal  princes;  when  in 
financial  straits  shot  himself  in  the  porch  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  [xx.  232] 

FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS,  DUKE  OF  YOUK  AND 
ALBANY  (1763-1827),  second  son  of  George  III  ;  elected  to 
bishopric  of  Osnaburg,  1764  ;  created  Duke  of  York,  1784  ; 
entered  the  army  and  studied  his  profession  in  Germany  ; 
fought  a  duel  with  Colonel  Lennox,  1789,  caused  by  a 
speech  on  the  Regency  Bill ;  married  eldest  daughter  of 
Frederick  William  II  of  Prussia,  1791 ;  commanded  Eng- 
lish army  in  Flanders,  1793-5 ;  field-marshal,  1795,  com- 
mander-in-chief,  1798-1809;  unsuccessful  in  Helder  ex- 
pedition, 1799;  gave  up  bishopric  of  Osnaburg,  1803;  re- 
moved from  head  of  the  army  in  consequence  of  the 
conduct  of  his  mistress,  Mary  Anne  Clarke  [q.  v.],  1809 ; 
reinstated,  1811,  and  thanked  by  parliament  at  conclu- 
sion of  war :  guardian  of  the  king's  person,  1818  ;  spoke 
against  catholic  emancipation,  1825.  [xx.  233] 

FREDERICK  LOUIS,  PRINCE  OF  WALES  (1707-1751), 
father  of  George  III ;  born  at  Hanover ;  created  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  1717,  of  Edinburgh,  1727 ;  created  Prince  of 
Wales,  1729;  his  projected  marriage  with  the  princess 
royal  of  Prussia  frustrated  by  George  II;  wrote  or  in- 
spired '  Histoire  du  Prince  Titi,'  1736,  a  caricature  of  his 
father  and  mother ;  supported  Bnononcini  against  Handel ; 
married  Princess  Augusta  of  Saxe  Gotha,  1736  ;  ordered 
to  quit  St.  James's  on  account  of  his  inconsiderate  con- 
duct at  recent  lying-in  of  his  wife,  1737  ;  removed  to  Kew 
and  Norfolk  House,  where  he  gathered  together  the  heads 
of  the  opposition ;  solicited  command  of  the  army,  1745. 

[xx.  235] 

FREE,  JOHN  (d.  1465).    [See  PHREAS.] 

FREEBAIRN,  ALFRED  ROBERT  (1794-1846),  en- 
graver ;  probably  son  of  Robert  Freebairn  [q.  v.] :  exe- 
cuted vignettes  and  illustrations  for  the  'Book  of  Gems,' 
also  many  engravings  by  anaglyptograph  process  published 
in  Art  Union,  1846.  [xx.  238] 

FREEBAIRN,  ROBERT  (1765-1808),  landscape- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1782-6  ;  sent  views 
of  Roman  scenery  to  the  Academy,  1789  and  1790. 

[«.  238] 


FREEBURN 


467 


FRENCH 


FREEBURN,  JAMES  (1808-1876),  inventor  of  metal 
uiiil  wood  fuses  for  exploding  live  shells  ;  served  in  royal 
artillery  :  in  West  Indies,  1837-40.  [xx.  238] 

FREEKE,  WILLIAM  (1662-1744).    [See  FRKKK.] 

FREELING,  Sin  FRANCIS  (1764-1836),  postal  re- 
former ;  helped  Palmer  in  improving  his  mail  coach 
system.  1785;  for  many  years  secretary  to  the  general 
post  office  ;  created  baronet,  1828.  [xx.  239] 

FREELING,  Sm  GEORGE  HENRY  (1789-1841),  com- 
missioner of  customs,  1836-41  ;  son  of  Sir  Francis  Free- 
ling  [q.v.]  [xr.  239] 

FREEMAN,  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS  (1823-1892), 
historian  :  B.A.  and  probationary  fellow,  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1845  :  honorary  fellow,  1880  ;  published  '  History 
of  Architecture,'  1849  :  regular  contributor  to  '  Saturday 
Review,'  1855-78  ;  examiner  in  school  of  law  and  modern 
history  at  Oxford,  1857-8,  1863-4,  and  1873  ;  honorary 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870,  and  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1874  ;  served 
"on  royal  commission  to  inquire  into  constitution  and 
working  of  ecclesiastical  courts,  1881-3;  lectured  in 
United  States,  1881-2  ;  regius  professor  of  modern  history 
at  Oxford,  1884-92  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884.  His 
works  include,  '  History  and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens,' 
1  856,  '  History  of  Federal  Government,'  only  vol.  i.  pub- 
lished, 1863,  'History  of  Norman  Conquest,'  1867-79, 
'Growth  of  the  English  Constitution,'  1872,  '  Historical 
Geography  of  Europe,'  1881-2,  '  Chief  Periods  of  European 
History,'  1886,  aud  '  History  of  Sicily,'  1891-2.  '«T 

[Suppl.  ii.  247] 

FREEMAN,  JOHN  (ft.  1611),  divine  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1583;  M.A.,  1584;  published  'The 
Comforter,'  1591.  [xx.  239] 

FREEMAN,  JOHN  (ft.  1670-1720),  historical  painter  : 
rival  of  Isaac  Fuller  [q.  v.]  ;  was  latterly  scene-painter  to 
Covent  Garden  ;  probably  not  identical  with  the  artist  of 
the  '  Trial  of  Lord  Lovat.'  [xx.  239] 

FREEMAN,  PHILIP  (1818-1875),  archdeacon  of 
Exeter,  1865  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1839  ; 
Craven  University  scholar  and  Browne  medallist,  1838  ; 
fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1839  ;  M.A.,  1842  ;  principal  of  Chi- 
chester  theological  college,  1846-8  ;  canon  of  Cumbrae 
College,  Bute,  1853-8  ;  vicar  of  Thorverton,  1858  ;  pub- 
lished 'Short  Account  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of 
Cumbrae,'  1854,  '  History  ...  of  Exeter  Cathedral,'  1871, 
and  other  works.  [xx.  240] 

FREEMAN,  SIR  RALPH  (ft.  1610-1655),  civilian  and 
dramatist  ;  master  of  requests,  1618  :  auditor  of  imprests 
and  master  of  the  mint,  1629  :  published  verse  translations 
from  Seneca  and  '  Imperiale,'  a  tragedy,  1655.  [xx.  240] 

FREEMAN.  SAMUEL  (1773-1857),  engraver  in 
stipple.  His  works  include  portraits  of  Johnson  after 
Bartolozzi,  Garrick  after  Reynolds,  and  L.  E.  L.  after 
Wright.  [xx.  241] 

FREEMAN,  THOMAS  (/.  1614),  epigrammatist; 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1607  ;  published  '  Rvbbe 
and  a  Great  Oast  '  and  '  Rvnne  and  a  Great  Cast,'  1614. 


[xx.  241] 
AMS  (1742- 


FREEMAN,  WILLIAM  PEERE  WILLIA 
1832).    [See  WILLIAMS,  afterwards  WILLIAMS-FREEMAN.] 

FREER,  MARTHA  WALKER  (1822-1888).  [See 
ROBIXSON,  Mrs.] 

FREIND,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1696).    [See  FRIEND.] 

FREIND,  JOHN  (1676-1728),  physician  ;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1698  ; 
M.D.,  1707;  physician  with  Peterborough  in  Spain, 
1705-7  ;  published  pamphlets  in  defenceof  Peterborough  ; 
F.R.S.,  1712  ;  attended  Ormonde  in  Flanders  ;  F.R.O.P., 
1716  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1718,  Harveian  orator,  1720  ; 
M.P.,  Launceston,  1722  ;  implicated  in  his  friend  Atter- 
bury's  plot  ;  said  to  have  owed  his  release  from  the  Tower 
to  Richard  Mead  [q.  v.]  ;  physician  to  Queen  Caroline, 
1727  ;  published  '  History  of  Physic  ...  to  beginning  of 
the  Sixteenth  Century  '  (2  vols.  1725-6).  [xx.  241] 

FREIND,  ROBERT  (1667-1751),  head-master  of  West- 
minster School  ;  brother  of  John  Freind  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Westmiuster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1690  ; 
D.D.,  1709;  head-master  of  Westminster,  1711-33;  canon 


of  Windsor,  1729,  of  Westminster,  1731,  of  Christ  Church, 
1737  ;  made  Westminster  the  leading  school  of  the  day  ; 
helped  in  the  production  of  Boyle'g  attack  on  Bentley. 

FREIND,  WILLIAM  (1669-1745),  divine;  brother  of 
Robert  and  John  Freind  [q.v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1694  ;  rector  of  Tunrey, 
1714,  of  Woodford,  Northamptonshire,  1720:  won  a 
lottery  prize  of  20.00W.,  1745  ;  author  of  '  The  Christian 
Minister.'  [Xx.  246] 

FREIND,  WILLIAM(1716-1766Xdeanof  Canterbury, 
1760-6  ;  son  of  Robert  Freind  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church  ;  M.A.,  1738  ;  D.D.,  1748  ;  rector  of  Witney, 
1739,  of  Islip,  1747  ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1744,  of 
Christ  Church,  1756  ;  prolocutor  of  the  lower  house,  1761. 

[xx.  246] 

FREKE,  JOHN  (1688-1756),  surgeon  ;  curator  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  Museum,  and  surgeon,  1729-55  ; 
F.R.S.,  1729;  published  'Treatise  on  the  Nature  and 
Property  of  Fire,'  1752,  and  '  Essay  on  the  Art  of  Healing,' 
1748  ;  twice  mentioned  in  '  Tom  Jones.'  [xx.  248] 

FREKE,  WILLIAM  (1662-1744X  mystical  writer  ;  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  barristerof  the  Temple  ;  fined 
and  ordered  to  make  a  public  recantation  for  an  auti- 
trinitarian  tract  distributed  to  members  of  parliament, 
1694:  proclaimed  himself  'the  great  Elijah,'  1709;  pub- 
lished v  Lingua  Tersancta,'  1703.  [xx.  247] 

FREMANTLE,  SIR  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1766- 
1819),  vice-admiral  ;  served  with  Hood  and  Nelson  in  the 
Mediterranean,  1793-7  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Toulon, 
1795,  and  at  Leghorn  and  Elba,  1796  :  severely  wounded 
in  attack  on  Santa  Cruz,  1797  ;  took  Nelson  home  in  the 
Seahorse;  at  Copenhagen,  1801,  in  the  Ganges;  at 
Trafalgar  in  the  Neptune,  1805;  rear-admiral,  1810; 
commanded  in  Adriatic,  1812-14,  capturing  Fiume(1813) 
and  Trieste  (1814);  K.O.B.  and  baron  of  Austria,  1815; 
G.C.B.  and  commander-in-chief  in  Mediterranean,  181  8. 

[xx.  248] 

FREMANTLE,  THOMAS  FRANCIS,  first  BARON 
COTTESLOE  (1798-1890),  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Francis 
Fremantle  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1819; 
created  baronet,  1821  ;  conservative  M.P.  for  Bucking- 
ham, 1826-46  ;  one  of  secretaries  of  treasury,  1834  and 
1841  ;  secretary  at  war,  1844  :  chief  secretary  for  Ireland, 
1845-6  ;  deputy-chairman,  and  subsequently  chairman 
of  board  of  customs,  1846-73  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1874. 

[Suppl.  ii.  251] 

FREMANTLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1766- 
1850),  politician  ;  resident  secretary  for  Ireland,  1789- 
1800  ;  joint-secretary  to  the  treasury  under  Lord  Gren- 
ville,  1806  ;  M.P.  for  Wick,  1808-12,  for  Buckingham, 
1812-27  ;  privy  councillor  and  commissioner  of  the  India 
board,  1822-6  ;  treasurer  of  the  household,  1826-37. 


[xx.  249] 
1881), 


FRENCH,  GEORGE  RUSSELL  (1803-1881),  anti- 
quary and  author  of  genealogical  works.  [xx.  250] 

FRENCH,  GILBERT  JAMES  (1804-1866),  bio- 
grapher of  Samuel  Crompton  [q.  v.]  ;  published,  among 
other  works,  'Enquiry  into  Origin  and  Authorship  of 
some  of  the  Waverley  Novels,'  1856,  and  '  Life  and  Times  of 
Samuel  Oromptou,'  1859.  [xx.  251] 

FRENCH,  JOHN  (1616  ?-1657),  physician  to  the 
parliamentary  army  :  M.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1640  ; 
M.D.,  1648  ;  published  works,  including  '  The  Art  of  Dis- 
tillation, 1651,  and  '  The  Yorkshire  Spaw,'  1652,  and  other 
works.  [xx.  251] 

FRENCH,  NICHOLAS  (1604-1678),  bishop  of  Ferns  ; 
president  of  the  Irish  College  at  Louvain  ;  prominent 
among  the  confederated  catholics  daring  the  Irish 
rebellion  ;  bishop  of  Ferns  before  1646  :  went  on  mission 
to  Rome,  1647,  to  Brussels,  1651,  and  to  Paris,  1652; 
coadjutor  to  archbishop  of  Santiago  de  Compostella,  1652- 
1666,  afterwards  to  archbishop  of  Paris,  and  to  bishop  of 
Ghent,  where  he  died  and  was  buried  ;  published  '  Narrative 
of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon's  Settlement  and  Sale  of  Ireland,' 
1668,  and  other  rare  tracts.  [xx.  252] 

FRENCH,  PETER  (d.  1693),  Dominican  missionary  ; 
.  laboured  for  thirty  years  among  Mexican  Indians. 

[xx.  253] 

FRENCH,    THOMAS    VALPY    (1825-1891),  Indian 
i  bishop  ;   M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1849  ;  fellow, 

H  H  2 


FRENCH 


468 


FRIEND 


1848;  ordained  priest,  1849  ;  principal  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Agra,  1850;  first  bishop  of  Lahore,  1877-87;  D.D. 
Oxford,  1877.  [Suppl.  ii.  253] 

FKENCH,  WILLIAM  (1786-1849),  master  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge  ;  educated  at  Ipswich  and  Cains  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  second  wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman, 
1811 ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1814  ;  master  of  Jesus  College,  1820-49 ;  D.D.,  1821 ; 
canon  of  Ely,  1832 ;  published,  with  George  Skinner,  trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms,  with  notes,  1830,  and  of  the  Pro- 
verbs, 1831.  [xx.  254] 

FREND,  WILLIAM  (1757-1841),  reformer  and  scien- 
tific writer;  educated  at  Canterbury,  St.  Omer,  and 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge :  second  wrangler  and  Smith's 
prizeman,  1780 ;  B.A.,  1780 ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Jesus 
College,  1781 ;  vicar  of  Madingley,  1783-7,  when  he  became 
a  Unitarian  ;  translated  for  Priestley  the  historical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament;  expelled  the  university  for  his 
'  Peace  and  Union  recommended,'  1793 ;  his  expulsion 
invalidated  on  technical  grounds ;  actuary  of  the  Rock 
Life  Assurance  Company,  1806-26  ;  tutor  of  Copley  (Lynd- 
hurst)  and  Malthus  ;  published  '  Principles  of  Algebra ' 
(1796  and  1799),  and  treatises  advocating  graduated 
income-tax  and  a  sinking  fund.  [xx.  254] 

FRENDRATTGHT,  first  VISCOUNT  (d.  1650).  [See 
ORICHTON,  JAMES.] 

FRERE,  BARTHOLOMEW (1778-1851),  diplomatist; 
son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1806 ;  acting  minister  in  Spain,  1809-10  ;  at  Con- 
stantinople as  secretary  and  interim  minister,  1812, 1815- 
1817,  1820-1.  [xx.  256] 

FRERE,  SIR  HENRY  BARTLE  EDWARD,  com- 
monly called  SIR  BARTLE  FRERE,  first  baronet  (1815- 
1884),  statesman ;  nephew  of  John  Hookbam  Frere  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Bath  and  Haileybury ;  entered  Bombay  civil 
service,  1834;  assisted  Henry  Edward  Goldsmid  [q.  v.] 
in  investigating  and  reforming  land-assessment ;  resident 
at  Sattara,  1846,  and  commissioner  upon  its  annexation, 
1847,  to  which  he  was  opposed  ;  as  chief  commissioner  of 
Sind,  1850-9,  conciliated  dispossessed  amirs  and  opened  up 
the  country  by  means  of  public  works ;  during  the  mutiny 
sent  almo-t  the  whole  of  his  armed  force  to  the  relief  of 
the  Punjab ;  thanked  by  parliament ;  K.O.B. ;  first  non- 
Bengal  civilian  appointed  to  the  viceroy's  council,  1859 ; 
Lord  Canning's  confidential  adviser ;  as  governor  of 
Bombay,  1862-7,  instituted  the  municipality  and  checked 
speculation,  but  was  criticised  for  his  conduct  with  regard 
to  the  Bombay  Bank ;  returned  to  England  as  member 
of  the  council  of  India,  1867 ;  G.O.S.I. ;  D.O.L.  Oxford  ; 
LL.D.  Cambridge ;  president  of  the  Geographical  Society, 
1873,  of  the  Asiatic  Society,  1872  ;  P.O. ;  sent  to  Zanzibar 
to  negotiate  suppression  of  slave  trade,  1872 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor; accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  to  India,  1875; 
created  G.C.B.  and  a  baronet,  1876 ;  governor  of  the  Cape, 
and  first  high  commissioner  of  South  Africa,  1877 ;  dis- 
missed the  cabinet  and  tried  to  conciliate  the  Kaffirs,  but 
was  obliged  to  make  war  on  them,  peace  being  made,  1878 ; 
Hiade  demands  on  Cetewayo  which  resulted  in  the  Zulu 
war,  1879,  when  he  was  held  to  have  exceeded  his  instruc- 
tions, censured  by  the  government,  and  superseded  in 
the  high-commisHionership ;  supported  Shepstone  on  the 
Transvaal  question,  but  after  a  conference  with  the  Boers 
promised  to  urge  the  redress  of  some  of  their  grievances, 
1879  ;  recalled,  1880,  in  spite  of  great  popularity  in  South 
Africa  ;  defended  himself  by  the  publication  of  correspon- 
dence relating  to  his  recall  and  in  'Afghanistan  and 
South  Africa,'  1881  ;  replied  to  charges  of  Mr.  Gladstone 
in  Midlothian  ;  wrote  also  memoir  of  his  uncle  Hookham 
Frere  prefixed  to  the  '  Works  of  J.  H.  Frere.'  [xx.  267] 

FRERE,  JAMES  HATLEY  (1779-1866),  writer  on 
prophecy ;  sixth  son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.]  ;  invented 
phonetic  system  for  teaching  blind  to  read,  and  cheap 
method  of  stereotyping.  His  works  include  '  Combined 
View  of  the  Prophecies  of  Daniel,  Esdra.«,  and  St.  John,' 
1816,  and  'On  the  General  Structure  of  the  Apocalypse,' 
1826.  [xx.  266] 

FRERE,  JOHN  (1740-1 807),  antiquary;  wcond 
wrangler  and  fellow  of  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1763 ; 
M.A.,  1766 :  high  sheriff  of  Norfolk,  1766  ;  F.R.S.,  1771 ; 
M.P.,  Norwich,  1799  ;  wrote  paper  'On  the  Flint  Weapons 
of  Hoxne  in  Suffolk  '  ('  Archaeologia  '  for  1800). 

[xx.  267] 


FRERE,  JOHN  HOOKHAM  (1769-1846),  diplomatist 
and  author  ;  eldest  son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of 
Canning  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,1793?-1816;  M.A.,1795;  a  founder  of  the'Microcosm,' 
1786-7  ;  M.P.,  Wot  Looe,  1799-1802 ;  contributed  to  the 
' Anti- Jacobin '  (1797-8)  most  of  the  'Loves  of  the 
Triangles,'  and  parts  of  'The  Friend  of  Humanity  and 
the  Knifegrinder  '  and  '  The  Rovers ' ;  under-secretary  for 
foreign  affairs,  1799 ;  envoy  extraordinary  and  pleni- 
potentiary at  Lisbon,  1800-2,  at  Madrid,  1802-4;  privy 
councillor,  1805 ;  as  British  minister  with  the  .Junta, 
1808-9 ;  advised  Moore  to  retreat  through  Galicia ;  twice 
refused  a  peerage ;  retired  to  Malta,  1818,  where  he  died  ; 
contributed  to  Ellis's  '  Specimens  of  Early  English  Poets,' 
1801,  and  to  Southey's  '  Chronicle  of  the  Cid,'  1808  ;  one  of 
the  founders  of ^the'  Quarterly  Review  ' ;  published  metrical 
versions  of  Aristophanes's  '  Frogs,'  1839,  and  '  Acharnians, 
Knights,  and  Birds,'  1840 ;  published '  Theognis  Restitutus,' 
1842.  [xx. 268] 

FRERE,  PHILIP  HOWARD  (1813-1868),  agricul- 
turist; eldest  son  of  William  Frere  [q.  v.]  :  fellow  (1837) 
and  bursar  (1839)  of  Downing  College,  Cambridge  ;  editor 
of  'Journal  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society,'  1862. 

[xx. 270] 

FRERE,  WILLIAM  (1775-1836),  master  of  Downing 
College,  Cambridge,  181 2  ;  fourth  son  of  John  Frere  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A., 
1798  ;  Craven  scholar  and  chancellor's  medallist ;  barrister, 
1802  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1809 ;  master  of  Downing  College, 
Cambridge,  1812 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1825 ;  D.O.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1834 ;  edited  Baron  Glenbervie's  '  Reports  of  Cases,' 
1813,  and  voL  v.  of  the  '  Paston  Letters.'  [xx.  270] 

FRESNE,  SIMON  DU  (/.  1200).    [See  SIMON.] 

FRESTON,  ANTHONY  (1767-1819),  divine ;  B.A.  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  1780 ;  B.A.  and  M.A.  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1783 ;  rector  of  Edgworth,  1801 ;  published 
theological  and  poetical  works.  [xx.  270] 

FREVILLE,  GEORGE  (d.  1579),  baron  of  the  exchc- 
1  qner,  1559-79 ;  recorder  of  Cambridge,  1553.      [xx.  271] 

FREWEN,  ACCEPTED  (1588-1664),  archbishop  of 
York  ;  eldest  son  of  John  Frewen  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1612;  M.A.,  1612;  chaplain  to 
Lord  Digby  (Bristol)  in  Spain  ;  chaplain  to  the  king  and 
canon  of  Canterbury,  1625 ;  president  of  Magdalen, 
1626-43  ;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1631 ;  mainly  instrumental 
in  presentation  of  university  plate  to  Charles  I,  1642; 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1643 ;  his  estate  declared 
forfeited  by  parliament,  1652 ;  proscribed  by  Oliver  Crom- 
well ;  archbishop  of  York,  1660-4 ;  benefactor  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford.  [xx.  271] 

FREWEN,  JOHN  (1558-1628),  puritan  divine  ;  rector 
of  Northiam  from  1583  ;  indicted  by  parishioners  for  non- 
conformity, 1611 ;  his  eight  sermons  preached  in  vindica- 
tion of  himself,  re-preached  from  the  same  pulpit  250  years 
later  by  Octavius  Lord. ;  published  devotional  manuals ; 
edited  John  Bishop's  'Courteous  Conference  with  the 
English  Catholickes  Romane,'  1598.  [xx.  273] 

FREWEN,  THOMAS  (1704-1791),  physician;  M.D. 
before  1765  ;  one  of  the  first  to  inoculate  for  smallpox  ; 
published  'Practice  and  Theory  of  Inoculation,' 1749. 

[xx.  274] 

FREWIN,  RICHARD  (1681?-1761),  physician;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1704; 
M.D.,  1711 ;  Oamden  professor  of  ancient  history,  1727  ; 
left  his  books  to  the  Radcliffe  library  and  his  house  (now 
Frewin  Hall)  for  the  regius  professor  of  medicine. 


FRIDEGODE  (fl.  950).    [See  FRITHEGODE 


[xx.  275] 


FRIDESWIDE,  FRITHE8WITH,  or  FREDES- 
WITHA,  SAINT  (d.  735  ?),  said  to  have  founded  monastery 
at  Oxford,  when  miraculously  delivered  from  the  persecu- 
tion of  a  king,  her  lover ;  buried  in  St.  Mary's  Church, 
Oxford ;  her  relics  translated,  1180  and  1289  ;  her  shrine 
destroyed,  1638.  The  monastery  (at  Oxford)  refounded 
by  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  was  suppressed,  1524,  and 
handed  over  to  Wolsey.  [xx.  275] 

FRIEND,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1696),  conspirator;  knighted 
by  James  II,  1685 :  executed  for  being  privy  to  a  con- 
spiracy against  William  III.  [xx.  276] 


FKIPP 


469 


FROUDE 


FRIPP,  GEORGE  ARTHUR(1813-189«X  water-colour 

artist ;  studied  iiMiliT  Samnd  Jackson  (1794-18(59)  [q.  v.]  ; 
member  of  Old  Water-colour  Society,  1845,  and  secretary, 
iMl1-!  51;  painti-d  by  royal  command  ieries  of  pictuiv-  of 
Kulmoral  neighbourhood,  18GU.  [Suppl.  ii.  253] 

FRISELL,  FRASER  (1774-1846),  friend  of  Chateau- 
briand ;  studied  at  Glasgow;  prisoner  in  France,  1793-4  and 
IrtdU;  intimate-  with  Madame  de  Guitaut;  corresponded 
with  .Joubort;  wrote  'Etude  sur  lu  Constitution  de 
1'Angleterre,  avec  de«  remarques  sur  1'ancienue  Constitu- 
tion do  la  France'  (1820).  [xx.  277] 

FRISWELL,  JAMES  HAIN  (1826-1878),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  published  more  than  thirty  works,  includ- 
ing essays,  'A  Quotation  Handbook'  (1866),  'The 
Gentle  Life,'  1864,  some  novels,  and  '  Modern  Men  of 
Letters  honestly  criticised,'  1870.  [xx.  277] 

FRITH,  JOHN  (1503-1533),  protestant  martyr ;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1525  ;  junior 
canon  at  Wolsey's  College,  Oxford,  1525 ;  imprisoned  for 
assisting  Tyudal  to  translate  the  New  Testament ;  on 
release,  1528,  went  to  Marburg  for  six  years,  where  he 
translated  Patrick  Hamilton's  '  Places,'  1529  ? ;  in  spite 
of  poverty  and  overtures  from  Henry  VIII  wrote  'Dis- 
putacion  of  Purgatorye,'  combating  More  and  Fisher, 
1531  ? ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  heresy,  1532,  formu- 
lated first  protestant  views  on  the  sacrament :  replied  to 
More's  answer ;  burnt  at  Smith  field  for  heretical  views 
on  purgatory  and  transubstantiatiou ;  his  works  published 
by  Foxe,  1573.  [xx.  278] 

FRITH,  MARY  (1684?-1659),  'Moll  Outpurse ' : 
notorious  as  a  pickpocket,  fortune-teller,  and  forger  ;  did 
penance  at  Paul's  Cross,  1612 ;  heroine  of  Middleton  and 
Dekker's  '  Roaring  Girle.'  IKK.  280] 

FRITHEGODE  or  FRIDEGODE  (.ft.  950),  hagio- 
grapher ;  monk  of  Canterbury ;  wrote  metrical '  Life  of 
Willnth.'  [xx.  281] 

FROBISHER,  SIR  MARTIN  (1536  ?-l 594),  navigator ; 
made  his  first  voyage  to  Guinea,  1554 ;  examined  on 
suspicion  of  piracy,  1566 ;  employed  on  state  service  off 
coast  of  Ireland  ;  made  his  first  voyage  in  search  of  north- 
west passage  under  auspices  of  Ambrose  Dudley,  earl  of 
Warwick  [q.  v.],  1576,  reaching  Frobisher  Bay  ;  as  admi- 
ral of  the  Company  of  Cathay,  sailed  to  the  same  region 
in  search  of  gold,  1577,  explored  south  of  Meta  Incognita 
and  Jackmau's  Sound,  and  brought  home  two  hundred 
tons  of  gold  from  Kodlun-arn  (Countess  of  Warwick's 
island) ;  during  third  voyage  with  fifteen  ships,  1678,  landed 
bi  southern  Greenland  and  discovered  new  strait  and 
upper  part  of  Frobisher's  Bay ;  vice-admiral  in  Drake's 
West  Indian  expedition,  1586  ;  commanded  the  Triumph 
against  Spanish  Armada,  and  led  one  of  the  newly  formed 
squadrons ;  knighted  and  made  commander  of  squadron 
in  Narrow  Seas,  1588-9 ;  vice-admiral  in  Hawkins's 
expedition,  1590 ;  captured  a  Biscayan  with  valuable 
cargo,  1592  ;  died  from  wound  received  in  expedition  for 
relief  of  Brest  and  Crozon.  [xx.  281] 

FRODSHAM,  BRIDGE  (1734-1768),  actor  ;  twice  ran 
away  from  Westminster  School ;  the  '  York  Garrick ' ; 
his  Hamlet  considered  by  Tate  Wilkinson  only  second  to 
that  of  Garrick  and  Barry.  [xx.  284] 

FROST,  OHARLES(1781  P-1862), antiquary  ;  solicitor 
to  Hull  Dock  Company  ;  F.S.A.,  1822  ;  published  work  on 
the  early  history  of  Hull,  1827.  [xx.  285] 

FROST,  GEORGE  (1754-1821),  Ipswich  landscape- 
painter  ;  friend  of  Constable  and  imitator  of  Gains- 
borough, [xx. 286] 

FROST,  JOHN  (1626  ?-1656),  nonconformist  divine ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.D.,  1656 ; 
published  '  Select  Sermons,'  1667.  [xx.  286] 

FROST,  JOHN  (1803-1840),  founder  of  the  Medico- 
Botanical  Society,  1821 ;  secretary  to  Royal  Humane 
Society,  1824  ;  expelled  the  Medico-Botanical  Society  for 
his  arrogant  behaviour,  1830  :  having  incurred  liabilities 
in  respect  of  Millbank  hospital-ship,  fled  to  Paris,  1832  ; 
afterwards  practised  as  a  physician  in  Berlin,  [xx.  286] 

FROST,  JOHN  (1750-1842),  secretary  of  the  Corre- 
sponding Society  ;  prominent  member  of  Thatched  House 
parliamentary  reform  society,  1782  ;  founded  Correspond- 
ing Society,  1792;  as  representative  of  the  Society  for 
Oouatitutioual  Information  present  at  trial  of  Louis  XVI, 


17W-3 ;  denounced  by  Burke  as  'ambassador  to  the  mur- 
derers';  indicted  for  sedition,  and,  though  defended  by 
Erskine,  sentenced  to  six  months'  imprisonment  and  tob«; 
struck  off  the  roll  of  attorneys,  1793 ;  pardoned  by  thf 
prince  regent,  1813,  but  not  replaced  on  the  rolls. 

FROST,  JOHN  (<i.  1877),  chartist;  imprbinal  for 
libel,  1822 :  mayor  of  Newport,  Monmouthshire,  1836  ; 
after  chartist  convention  of  1839  removed  from  commis- 
sion of  the  peace  for  seditious  language ;  brought  about 
dissolution  of  convention  and  led  an  armed  mob  into 
Newport,  1839  ;  transported  to  Van  Diemen's  Land,  IMO; 
conditionally  pardoned,  1854  ;  returned  to  England,  1856, 
with  free  pardon  ;  wrote  and  lectured  on  convict  life  and 
against  transportation.  [xx.  288] 

FROST,  PEROIVAL  (1817-1898),  mathematician; 
second  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1839; 
M.A.,  1842  ;  fellow,  1839  ;  ordained  deacon,  1841 ;  mathe- 
matical lecturer  in  Jesus  College,  1847-59,  and  in  King's 
College,  1869-89  ;  F.R.S.,  1883  ;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
1883-98  ;  D.Sc.,  1883  ;  published  mathematical  works. 

[Suppl.  ii.  253] 

FROST,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1810-1877),  painter  ; 
Royal  Academy  gold  medallist  for  '  Prometheus  Bound,' 
1839;  exhibited  'Sabrina,'  1845,  'Diana  surprised  by 
Actaeon,'  1846, '  Una '  (purchased  by  Queen  Victoria),  1847, 
'Euphrosyne,'  1848,  '  Disarming  of  Cupid,'  1850  (at 
Osborue),  and '  Narcissus,'  1857  ;  R.A.,  1870-6. 

FROTJCESTER,  WALTER  (d.  1412),  abbot' of  St. 
Peter's,  Gloucester,  1382,  the  cloisters  of  which  he 
completed.  [xx.  290] 

FROUDE,  JAMES  ANTHONY  (1818-1894),  historian 
and  man  of  letters  ;  brother  of  Richard  Hnrrell  Froude 
[q.  v.]  and  of  William  Froude  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Oriel  College,  Ox  ford  ;  B.  A.,  1842 ;  chancellor's 
English  essayist ;  Devon  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  1842  ; 
M.A.,  1843 ;  wrote  life  of  St.  Neot  for  Newman's  '  Lives 
of  the  English  Saints,'  1844;  marked  his  breach  with 
orthodoxy,  1849,  by  publication  of  '  Nemesis  of  Faith,'  a 
copy  of  which  was  publicly  burned  by  William  Sewell 
[q.  v.] ;  resigned  his  fellowship  from  annoyance ;  made 
!  acquaintance  of  Carlyle,  1849,  and  subsequently  became 
his  chief  disciple;  published  'History  of  England  from 
Fall  of  Wolsey  to  Defeat  of  Spanish  Armada,'  12  vols., 
1856-70  ;  editor  of  '  Eraser's  Magazine,'  1860-74  ;  rector 
of  St.  Andrews,  1868 ;  published  '  The  English  in  Ireland 
in  Eighteenth  Century,'  1872-4 ;  lectured  in  United  States, 
1872;  travelled  in  South  Africa,  1874-6,  with  object  of 
ascertaining  what  were  the  obstacles  to  confederation  of 
South  African  States  ;  conducted  an  unsuccessful  political 
campaign  in  Cape  Colony  and  Orange  Free  State  in  favour 
of  federation,  1875  ;  member  of  Scottish  universities  com- 
mission, 1876  ;  sole  literary  executor  of  Carlyle,  1881 ; 
published  Carlyle's  'Reminiscences,'  1881,  'Letters  and 
Memorials  of  Jane  Welsh  Carlyle,'  1883,  '  History  of  first 
Forty  Years  of  Carlyle's  Life,'  1882,  and  '  History  of  Car- 
lyie's  Life  in  London,'  1884  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1884 ;  visited  Australia,  1884-5 ;  published  '  Oceana,  or 
England  and  her  Colonies,'  1886;  visited  West  Indii-s, 
1886-7,  and  published  '  English  in  West  Indies,'  1888 ; 
regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford,  1892-4.  His 
lectures  were  published  as  '  Life  and  Letters  of  Erasmus,' 
1894,  'English  Seamen  in  Sixteenth  Century,'  1895,  and 
'Council  of  Trent,'  1896.  As  a  writer  of  English  prose 
Froude  had  few  equals  in  the  nineteenth  century,  though 
the  value  of  his  historical  scholarship  is  matter  of  con- 
troversy. [SuppL  ii.  254] 

FROUDE,  RICHARD  HURRELL  (1803-1836), divine  ; 
brother  of  James  Anthony  Froude  [q.  v.]  and  of  William 
Froude  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Ottery,  Eton,  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford  ;  fellow,  1826  ;  M.A.,  1827  ;  intimate  with  Newman 
and  greatly  influenced  the  Traccarians :  with  Newman 
wrote  'Lyra  Apostolica'  at  Rome,  1832-3;  contributed 
three  of  the  '  Tracts  for  the  Times ' ;  his  '  Remains  '  edited 
by  James  Bowling  Mozley,  1837  and  1839.  [xx.  290] 

FROUDE,  WILLIAM  (1810-1879),  engineer  and  naval 
architect,  brother  of  Richard  Hurrell  Froude  [q.  v.]  and 
James  Anthony  Froude  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and  Oriel 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1837  ;  while  employed  under  Brunei 
on  Bristol  and  Exeter  railway  propounded  '  curve  of  adjust- 
ment* ;  constructed  bilge- keels  to  prevent  rolling  of  ships  ; 
conducted  for  the  admiralty  at  Torquay  experiments  on 
resistance  and  propulsion  of  slrpa ;  F.R.S.,  1870 ;  royal 


FROWDE 


470 


FULLER 


medallist,  1H7R  ;  constructed  dynamometer  to  determine 
power  of  marine  engines  ;  dial  sit  Simon's  Town. 

[xx.  291] 

FROWLE,  I'll  I  UP  (rf.  1738),  poet;  pupil  of  A.ldisnn 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  his  'Oursus  <;i;ici:di-. 
Antrlic.  Sciitinir,'  published  by  CurU  as  Addison's,  1720: 
published  two  tragedies,  '  The  Fall  of  Saguntuin,'  1727,  :r,  u  1 
'  Philotas,'  1731,  in  both  of  which  Quin  acted,  [xx.  292] 

FROWYK,  SIR  THOMAS  (</.  1506),  judge  ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1494  :  judge  of  assize  in  the  west,  1501  ;  helped  to 
define  jurisdiction  of  university  and  town  of  Cambridge, 
1602  ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1502.  [xx.  293] 

FEY,  CAROLINE  (1787-1846). 


FRY,  EDMUND  (1754-1835),  type-founder;  son  of 
Joseph  Fry  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh;  issued  'specimens 
of  metal-cast  ornaments,'  1793  ;  published  '  Pantographia  ' 
(containing  more  than  two  hundred  alphabets).  1799, 
and  '  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,'  1810  ;  sold  business  to 
Thorowgood,  1S29  ;  awarded  gold  medal  for  raised  type 
for  the  blind.  [xx.  293] 

FRY,  ELIZABETH  (1780-1845),  prison  reformer; 
sister  of  Joseph  Jolm  Guruey  [q.  v.]  ;  a  quaker  minister 
at  tweuty-nine  ;  highly  impressive  as  a  preacher  ;  married 
Joseph  Fry,  1820  ;  formed  association  for  improvement 
of  female  prisoners  in  Newgate,  1817  ;  interested  herself 
in  other  prisons,  and  induced  government  to  make  regula- 
tion for  voyage  of  convicts  to  New  South  Wales  ;  received 
by  Louis-  Philippe  and  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  instituted 
order  of  nursing  sisters  :  alleviated  condition  of  vagrants 
in  London  and  Brighton.  [xx.  294] 

FRY,  FRANCIS  (1803-1886),  bibliographer  ;  partner 
in  firm  of  J.  S.  Fry  &  Co.  of  Bristol  ;  one  of  the  quaker 
deputation  to  mouarchs  of  Europe  for  abolition  of  slavery, 
1850  ;  printed  facsimile  of  Tyndale's  New  Testament  (1525 
or  1526),  1862,  and  in  the  same  year  '  Souldier's  Pocket 
Bible  '  ;  published  '  Description  of  the  Great  Bible  of  1539 
.  .  .  Oranmer's  Bible  .  .  .  and  editions  in  large  folio  of  the 
Authorised  Version,'  1865  ;  an  account  of  Coverdale's 
Bible  (1536),  1867,  and  a  bibliographical  description  of 
Tyndale's  version  (1534),  1878.  [xx.  296] 

FRY,  JOHN  (1609-1657),  theological  writer  ;  entered 
parliament  after  Pride's  Purge  ;  member  of  the  com- 
mission for  trial  of  the  king,  but  took  part  only  in  the 
earlier  proceedings  ;  carried  on  theological  controversy 
with  Francis  Cheynell  [q.  v.]  and  others  concerning  the 
Trinity  ;  disabled  from  sitting  in  parliament  on  account 
of  his  writings.  [xx.  297] 

FRY,  JOHN  (1792-1822),  Bristol  bookseller  and  author 
of  '  Metrical  Trifles,'  1810  ;  and  '  Bibliographical  Memor- 
anda,' 1816  ;  printed  fragments  of  media?val  (English) 
poetry.  [xx.  298] 

FRY,  JOSEPH  (1728-1787),  type-founder  ;  practised 
medicine  in  Bristol,  and  afterwards  made  cocoa  and 
chocolate;  with  William  Pine  began  type-founding, 
1764;  removed  to  London  ;  brought  out  bible  in  5  vols., 
1774-6;  and  'Specimen  of  Printing  Types  made  by 
Joseph  Fry  &  Sons,'  1785  (which  he  declared  to  be  in- 
distinguishable from  the  founts  of  William  Caslon). 

[xx.  298] 

FRY,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1789-1843),  engraver  in 
stipple.  [xjc.  299] 

FRYE,  THOMAS  (1710-1762),  painter,  mezzotint  en- 
graver and  china  manufacturer  ;  friend  of  Reynolds  : 
painted  and  engraved  full  lengths  of  Frederick,  Prince  of 
Wales,  1741,  and  Jeremy  Bentham  ;  engraved  and  pub- 
lished eighteen  life-size  heads  in  mezzotint,  including 
George  III,  Queen  Charlotte,  Garrick,  and  the  Gunnings  ; 
patentee,  1744  and  1749,  for  making  porcelain  from  a  new 
material  brought  from  America.  [xx.  300] 

FRYER,  EDWARD  (1761-1826),  physician;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1785:  L.R.C.P.,  1790:  attended  the  Duke  of 
Sussex  ;  published  life  of  Barry,  the  painter,  1825. 

[xx.  300] 

FRYER,  JOHN  (d.  1563),  physician  ;  of  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1525;  expelled  from 
Wolsey's  College  at  Oxford  as  a  Lutheran,  and  imprisoned 
in  the  Savoy  and  the  Fleet  ;  by  assistance  of  Edward  Fox 

a,   v.]  graduated  M.D.  at  Padua,   1535  :  president  of 
liege  of  Physicians,  1649-50  ;  attended  Fox  at  Diet  of 
Smalcalde,  1535  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  Bomanlmn, 
1561-3  ;  died  of  the  plague.  [xx.  301] 


FRYER.  .K»HN  (  if.  1571),  physician;  M.A.  Cam- 
,  15-1H;  M.D.,  1556;  settled  at  Padua  in  Queen 
Elizabeth*!  reign;  published  the  'Aphorisms  of  Hippo- 
crates,' versified,  15G7  ;  and  Latin  occasional  verses. 

[xx. 301] 

FRYER,  JOHN  (</.  1672),  physician  ;  grandson  of 
John  Fryer  (d.  1563)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Padua,  1610  ;  excluded 
from  College  of  Physicians  as  a  Romanist  ;  honorary 
fellow,  1664.  [xx.  302] 

FRYER,  JOHN  (d.  1733),  traveller :  M.D.  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  1683;  F.R.S.,  1697;  travelled  in  the 
East;  published  'A  New  Account  of  East  India  Hint 
Persia,  in  eight  letters,'  1698.  [xx.  302] 

FRYER,  LEONARD  (</.  1605  ?),  Serjeant-painter  to 
Queen  Elizabeth.  [xx.  303] 

FRYTH.    [See  FRITH.] 

FRYTON,  JOHN  DK  (/.  1304).  [See  BARTON, 
JOHN  DE.] 

FULBECK,  WILLIAM  (1560-1603?),  legal  writer; 
studied  at  St.  Alban  Hall,  Christ  Church,  and  Gloucester 
Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1684 ;  entered  Gray's  Inn  ;  chief 
works :  '  A  Direction  or  Preparation  to  the  Study  of  the 
Law,'  1600, '  A  Parallele,  or  Conference  of  the  Civil  Law, 
the  Canon  Law,  and  the  Common  Law,'  1601,  1618, '  The 
Pandectes  of  the  Law  of  Nations,'  1602,  and '  The  Mis- 
fortunes of  Arthur,'  a  masque  (1588).  [xx.  303] 

FULCHER,  GEORGE  WILLIAMS  (1795-1855),  poet, 
bookseller,  and  printer  of  Sudbury;  published,  among 
other  works,  '  Fulcher's  Poetical  Miscellany,'  1841, 
selected  from  the  '  Sudbury  Pocket  Book,'  to  which  James 
Montgomery,  Bernard  Barton,  and  the  Howitts  contri- 
buted, '  The  Village  Paupers,'  1845,  and  '  The  Farmer's 
Daybook.'  [xx.  304] 

FULFORD,  FRANCIS  (1803-1868),  first  bishop  of 
Montreal,  1850-60:  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1824-30 ;  M.A.,  1838 ;  hou.  D.D.,  1850 ;  rector  of  Trow- 
bridge,  1832-42 ;  minister  of  Ourzon  Chapel,  Mayfair, 
1846  ;  editor  of  '  Colonial  Church  Chronicles,'  1848 ;  me- 
tropolitan of  Canada,  1860 ;  attended  the  Pan-Anglican 
synod  at  Lambeth,  1867.  [xx.  304] 

FTJLKE,  WILLIAM  (1538-1589),  puritan  divine: 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1563 ;  friend  of 
Thomas  Cartwright  (1535-1603)  [q.  v.] ;  deprived  of  his 
fellowship  at  St.  John's  by  Cecil  for  preaching  against 
the  surplice  ;  readmitted  and  elected  senior  fellow,  1567  ; 
chaplain  to  Leicester,  through  whose  influence  he  became 
incumbent  of  Warley  and  Dennington ;  D.D.,  1572  :  and 
master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1578 ;  conferred 
with  the  deprived  bishops,  Watson  and  Feckenham,  at 
Wifbech,  1580,  and  disputed  with  Edmund  Campion  in 
the  Tower,  1581 ;  one  of  the  twenty-five  theologians  to 
dispute  with  Romanists,  1582 ;  published  astronomical  and 
theological  works,  including  treatises  against  Cardinal 
Allen,  Thomas  Stapleton,  and  other  Romanists,  and  '  A 
Defence  of  the  English  Version  of  the  Bible.'  [xx.  305] 

FTTLLARTON,  JOHN  (1780  ?-l  849),  traveller  and 
writer  on  currency ;  travelled  widely  in  India  and  the 
East ;  entrusted  with  important  mission  to  China,  1834  ; 
published  a  work '  On  the  Regulation  of  Currencies '  in 
support  of  Tooke's  views,  1844.  [xx.  308] 

FTTLLARTON,  WILLIAM  (1764-1808),  commissioner 
of  Trinidad:  raised  and  commanded  98th  foot,  1780. 
serving  against  Haidar  Ali  in  Mysore,  1780-2 ;  took  part 
in  suppression  of  the  Kollars ;  as  commander  of  troops 
south  of  Ooleroon,  1783,  took  Dharapuram,  Palghat,  and 
Coimbatore ;  published  '  View  of  English  Interests  in 
India,'  1787 ;  raised  23rd  dragoons,  1794,  and  101st  foot, 
1800;  M.P.  for  Plymptou,  1779,  Haddington,  1787-90, 
Horsham,  1793-6,  Ayrshire,  1796-1803;  as  commissioner 
of  Trinidad  caused  Picton  to  be  superseded  and  tried  for 
torturing  a  Spanish  girl.  [xx.  308] 

FULLER,  ANDREW  (1754-1816),  baptist  theologian  ; 
D.D.  Princeton  College  and  Yale;  secretary  of  Baptist 
Missionary  Society.  His  works  include  'The  Gospel 
worthy  of  all  Acceptation,' '  The  Calvinistic  and  Sociniau 
Systems  examined  and  compared  as  to  their  Moral 
Tendency,'  1794,  and  '  An  Apology  for  the  late  Christian 
Missions  to  India.'  [xx.  309] 

FULLER,  FRANCIS,  the  elder  (1637  ?-1701),  noncon- 
formist divine  ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  ItiU)  . 


FULLER 


471 


FURNEAUX 


expelled  from  curacy  of  Warkworth  for  nonconformity  ; 
preached  in  the  west  of  England ;  afterwards  assisted 
Timothy  Oruso  [q.  v.]  and  his  successor  in  Poor  Jewry 
Lane;  published  tiv.ui-<-  ;m«l  -L-rmous,  1685-1700. 

[xx. 310] 

FULLER,  FRANCIS,  the  younger  (1670-1706),  medi- 
cal writer :  second  son  of  Francis  Fuller  the  elder  [q.  v.] : 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,*  1704  ;  published 
'  Mediciua  Gymnastica'  (1704).  [xx.  311] 

FULLER,  ISAAC  (1606-1672),  painter  and  etcher; 
studied  under  Perrier ;  painted  altar-pieces  for  Magda- 
len and  Wadham  Colleges,  Oxford;  much  employed  in 
tavern  painting ;  executed  portraits  of  himself,  Samuel 
Butler  the  poet,  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  and  others. 

[xx. 311] 

FULLER,  JOHN  (rf.  1558),  master  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  Oxford,  1536;  D.O.L., 
1546;  rector  of  Han  well,  1547-51;  chancellor  to  Bishop 
Thirlby  of  Norwich,  1550 ;  removed  with  him  to  Ely, 
1654  ;  master  of  Jesus,  1557-8.  [xx.  312] 

FULLER,  JOHN  (d.  1825),  author  of  'History  of  Ber- 
wick '  (1799) ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1789.  [xx.  312] 

FULLER,  Sin  JOSEPH  (rf.  1841),  general;  ensign, 
Ooldstream  guards,  1792 ;  captain,  1794 ;  served  in  Flan- 
ders, 1793,  Ireland,  1798,  and  North  Holland,  1799  ;  served 
in  Peninsula,  1808-9,  commanding  1st  battalion  at  Tala- 
vera,  1809;  major-general,  1813;  K.B.,  1826;  general, 
1838 ;  president  of  consolidated  board  of  general  officers. 

[xx. 313] 

FULLER,  NICHOLAS  (1557?-1626),  hebraist  and 
philologist;  secretary  to  Bishops  Home  and  Watson  of 
Winchester ;  graduated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1586 ;  in- 
cumbent of  Allington,  Wiltshire;  canon  of  Salisbury, 
1612 ;  his  '  Miscellaueorum  Theologicorum  .  .  .  libri  tree,' 
incorrectly  printed  at  Heidelberg,  1612,  and  reissued,  with 
a  fourth  book,  at  Oxford,  1616.  [xx.  313] 

FULLER  or  FULWAR,  SAMUEL  (1635-1700),  dean 
of  Lincoln  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1657;  M.A.,  1658;  D.D.,  1679;  ordained  by  his  uncle, 
Thomas  Fuller  or  Fulwar  [q.  v.],  chancellor  of  Lincoln, 
1670 ;  chaplain  to  the  king ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1695-1700 ; 
his  face  painted  by  Verrio  'for  Bacchus  astride  of  a 
barrel'  ;  his  defence  of  Anglican  orders  (1690)  severely 
censured  by  Baxter.  [xx.  314] 

FULLER,  THOMAS (1608-1661),  divine ;  M.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1628 ;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  Benet's, 
Cambridge,  1630;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1631;  rec- 
tor of  Broadwindsor,  Dorset,  1634 ;  as  curate  of  the 
Savoy  preached  sermons  from  1642  in  favour  of  peace 
between  king  and  parliament;  retired  to  Oxford,  1643; 
followed  the  war  as  chaplain  to  Sir  Ralph  Hopton  1643- 
1644;  at  Exeter  as  chaplain  to  the  infant  Princess 
Henrietta,  1644-6 ;  returned  to  London  after  surrender  of 
Exeter;  chaplain  to  Lord  Carlisle;  preached  in  London 
on  sufferance ;  rector  of  Cranford  and  chaplain  to  Earl 
Berkeley,  1658;  accompanied  Berkeley  to  meet  Charles  II 
at  the  Hague,  1660;  after  Restoration  resumed  bis 
canonry  and  Savoy  lectureship  and  became  '  chaplain  i» 
extraordinary'  to  the  king;  published  'History  of  the 
Holy  Warre,'  viz.  the  crusades,  1643,  'The  Holy  State 
and  the  Profane  State,'  1642,  'A  Pisgah-sight  of  Pales- 
tine,' 1650, '  Church  History  of  Britain,' '  History  of  Cam- 
bridge University,'  1655,  and  '  Worthies  of  England,'  1662. 

[xx. 315] 

FULLER  or  FULWAR,  THOMAS  (1593-1667),  arch- 
bishop of  Cashel,  related  to  Thomas  Fuller  (1608-1661) 
[q.  v.]  ;  disinherited  '  for  a  prodigal ' :  went  to  Ireland  ; 
bishop  of  Ardfert,  1641 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1645  ;  archbishop 
of  Cashel,  1661-7.  [xx.  320] 

FULLER,  THOMAS  (1654-1734),  physician;  M.D. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1681 ;  practised  at  Sevenpaks, 
where  he  effected  reform  of  Senoke  charity ;  published 
'Exanthemologia'  (on  eruptive  fevers),  1730,  and  other 
medical  works,  besides  three  collections  of  maxims. 

[xx.  320] 

FULLER,  WILLIAM  (1580  ?-1659),dean  of  Durham  ; 
fellow  of  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge;  D.D.,  1625; 
chaplain  to  James  I  and  Charles  I ;  vicar  of  St.  Qiles- 
without-Cripplegate,  1628 ;  dean  of  Ely,  1636 ;  attended 
the  king  at  Oxford,  1645;  dean  of  Durham,  1646;  twice 
summoned  as  a  delinquent.  [xx.  321] 


FULLER,  WILLIAM (1608-1675),  bishop  of  Lincoln; 
educated  at   W«Mi,,ii,>t,.r  :md  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford: 
B.O.L.  St.    Edmund   Hall,   Oxford,  r.    li;a-j  •  Hm- 
Lord-keeper  Lyttelton,  1645;  dean  of  St.  Patrick,   ItiGo  : 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  and  D.D.  Cambridge,  1660;   \>, 
Limerick,  1663:  repaired  St.  Patrick's;  restore!  nion-j- 
ment  of  St.  Hugh  at  Lincoln;  bishop  of  Lincoln.  i»;u7 
1675  ;  benefactor  of  Lincoln  and  Christ  Church  :  intimate 
with  Evelyn  and  Pepys.  [Xx.  322] 

FULLER,  WILLIAM  (1670-1717?),  impostor;  de- 
scribed himself  as  a  grandson  of  Dr.  Thomas  Fuller: 
accompanied  James  II's  queen,  Mary  of  Modena,  to 
France;  employed  by  her  in  Ireland  and  England  ;  made 
disclosures  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  and  showed  Jacob- 
ite letters  to  William  III :  lodged  with  Titus  Gates  in 
Westminster,  but  was  prosecuted  by  him  for  non-payment 
of  rent ;  offered  to  reveal  Jacobite  plot  in  which  Lord 
Halifax  was  implicated  ;  unable  to  produce  witnesses, 
1692;  imprisoned  as  an  impostor,  1692-5;  renewed  ac- 
quaintance with  Gates  and  published  pretended  revela- 
tions of  the  warming-pan  plot,  1696  ;  issued  (1701)  auto- 
biography and  another  version  of  the  warming-pan  story, 
containing  letters  of  Mary  of  Modena  and  alleged  deposi- 
tions; convicted  of  misdemeanor,  fined,  pilloried,  and  ?ent 
to  Bridewell,  1702;  while  in  prison  published  a  second 
autobiography  (1703),  representing  himself  as  the  tool  of 
Gates  and  Tutchin,  also  a  confession  (1704),  and  a  die- 
avowal  of  this  (1716)  stating  that  he  had  answered  the 
'  Confession '  in  '  The  Truth  at  Last '  (n.d.)  [xx.  323] 

FULLERTON,  LADY  GEORGIANA  CHARLOTTE 
(1812-1885),  novelist  and  philanthropist ;  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  Granville  Leveson-Gower,  first  earl  Granville 
[q.  v.] ;  brought  sisters  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  to  Eng- 
land and  founded  'Poor  Servants  of  the  Mother  of  God 
Incarnate';  published  'Ellen  Middleton,'  1844,  'Grantley 
Manor,'  1847,  'Too  Strange  not  to  be  True,'  1864,  and 
other  novels  and  biographical  works.  [xx.  325] 

FULLWOOD,  WILLIAM  (tf.  1562),  author;  pub- 
lished the  '  Emmie  of  Idlenesse :  Teaching  the  maner  and 
stile  how  to  eudite,  compose,  and  write  all  sorts  of 
Epistles,'  1568.  [xx.  329] 

FULMAN,  WILLIAM  (1632-1688),  antiquary  ;  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College  School  and  Corpus  Ohristi 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  Corpus,  and  M.A.,  1660 ;  rector 
of  Meysey  Hampton,  1669 ;  published  '  Academics  Oxoni- 
ensis  Notitia,'  1665,  vol.  i.  of  'Rerum  Anglicarum  Scrip- 
torum  Veterum  torn,  i.,'1684,  and  'Works  of  Henry  Ham- 
mond,' 1684;  real  editor  of  Perrinchiefs  'Works'  of 
Charles  1, 1662  ;  absurdly  supposed  to  have  written  •  The 
Whole  Duty  of  Man.'  [xx.  326] 

FULWAR.    [See  FULLER.] 

FULWELL,  ULPIAN  (/.  1586),  poet;  rector  of 
Naunton,  1570;  published  'Like  wil  to  like,'  an  inter- 
lude, 1568,  'The  Flower  of  Fame,'  1575  (a  chronicle  of 
Henry  VIII,  with  appendices  in  verse),  and  'Ars 
adulandi,  the  Art  of  Flattery,'  1676,  humorous  dialogues  ; 
joined  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1578.  [xx.  327] 

FULWOOD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1590?-1643),  royalist 
treasurer  of  Gray's  Inn,  1637 ;  tried  William  Bagsbaw 
[q.  v.]  at  Bakewell  sessions  ;  raised  forces  for  Charles  I  in 
Derbyshire,  1642  ;  captured  by  parliamentarians,  mor- 
tally wounded.  [xx.  329] 

FURLONG,  THOMAS  (1794-1827),  poet;  published 
'  The  Plagues  of  Ireland,'  1824,  and  English  metrical  ver- 
sions of  Irish  poets ;  his  '  Doom  of  Derenzie '  published 
posthumously,  1829.  [xx.  330] 

FURLY,  BENJAMIN  (1636-1714),  quaker  and  friend 
of  Locke;  assisted  John  Stubbs  [q.  v.]  in 'The  Battle- 
Door,'  1659-60;  entertained  George  Fox  at  Rotterdam, 
and  interpreted  for  him  abroad;  visited  by  Algernon 
Sydney,  the  third  Lord  Shaftesbury,  and  Locke,  corre- 
sponding with  them  many  years;  died  at  Rotterdam; 
published  translations  from  the  Dutch.  [xx.  330] 

FURNEAUX,  PHILIP  (1726-1783),  independent 
minister ;  friend  of  Benjamin  Kennicott  [q.  v.] ;  inde- 
pendent pastor  at  Clapham,  1753,  and  Sunday-evening 
lecturer  at  Baiters'  Hall,  e.  1752 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1767 : 
active  in  proceedings  arising  out  of  fining  by  the  city 
of  nonconformists  who  refused  to  qualify  for  the  office  of 
sheriff,  1754-67  ;  entered  into  controversy  with  Blackstone 


FURNEAUX 


472 


GAGE 


for  making  nonconformity  a  crime,  17G9-70:  obtained 
for  dissenting  clergy  partial  relief  from  doctrinal  subscrip- 
tion, issuing  an  '  Essay  on  Toleration,'  1773.  [xx.  330] 

FURNEAUX,  TO IUAS(  1735-1781  ),circumniiviLra'm: 
second  lieutenant  of  the  Dolphin  in  Captain  Suniinl 
Wallis's  voyage,  1766-8  ;  commanded  the  Adventure  in 
Cook's  second  voyage  ;  separately  explored  the  coast  of 
Tasmania,  and  prepared  the  first  chart  of  it,  giving  names 
now  on  the  map  ;  returned  alone,  bringing  with  him  first 
South  Sea  islander  seen  in  England,  1774  ;  captain  of  the 
Syren  in  Parker's  attack  on  New  Orleans,  1777.  [xx.  332] 

FURNES3,  JOCELIN  OP  (A  1200).    [See  JOCELIN.] 

FURNES8,  RICHARD  (1791-1857),  Derbyshire  poet. 

[xx.  332] 

FURSA,  SAINT  (d.  650),  of  Beronne;  Irishman  of 
noble  birth ;  built  monastery  in  north-west  Clare  at 
Rathmat  (Killursa)  ;  began  to  wander  about  Ireland  de- 
scribing his  trances,  627 ;  founded  in  East  Anglia  monas- 
tery of  Cnoberesburg  (Burghcastle) ;  finally  settled  in 
Neustria,  where  he  erected  monastery  at  Lagny,  on  the 
Marne,  644  ;  died  at  Macerias  (Mazeroeles),  and  was  buried 
at  Peronne.  [xx.  333] 

FURSDON,  JOHN,  in  religion  CUTHBERT  (d.  1638), 
Benedictine  monk  of  St.  Gregory,  Douay,  1620  ;  as  '  Bre- 
ton '  converted  Hugh  Paulinus  Cressy  [q.  v.]  and  Lady 
Falkland's  daughters;  published  'Life  and  Miracles  of 
St.  Benedict,'  1638,  and  ' The  Rule  of  St.  Bennet,'  1638. 

[xx. 334] 

FUSELI,  HENRY  (JOHANN  HEINRICH  FDESSLI) 
(1741-1825),  painter  and  author  ;  native  of  Zurich  ;  took 
holy  orders  with  his  friend  Lavater,  with  whom  he  went 
to  Berlin,  1763 ;  brought  by  Sir  Andrew  Mitchell  to 
England,  1763 ;  published  translation  of  Winckelmann's 
'  The  Painting  and  Sculpture  of  the  Greeks,'  1765 ; 
encouraged  by  Reynolds  to  become  an  artist,  1767 ;  studied 
Michelangelo  and  other  masters  at  Rome,  1770-8,  and  sent 
several  paintings  to  the  Royal  Academy :  exhibited  three 
pictures  at  the  Academy,  1780,  and  '  The  Nightmare,' 
1782;  painted  several  works  for  Boydell's  Shakespeare 
Gallery,  including  '  Titania  and  Bottom ' ;  R.A.,  1790  ; 
opened  his  Milton  Gallery,  1799  ;  professor  of  painting  at 
the  Academy,  1799-1825;  keeper,  1804-25;  buried  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  Eight  hundred  sketches  (Fuseli's  best 
work)  were  bought  by  Lawrence ;  among  his  pupils  were 
Haydon,  Etty,  and  Mulready.  He  edited  Pilkington's 
'  Dictionary  of  Painters,'  translated  Lavater's '  Aphorisms,' 


wrote  preface?  for  Blake's  illustrations  of  Blair's 
'Grave'  and  many  other  works,  'Aphorisms  of  Art'  ap- 
pearing posthumously.  [xx.  334] 

FUST,  SIR  HERBERT  JENNER-  (1778-1852),  dean 
of  the  arches,  1834 ;  son  of  Robert  Jenuer ;  educated  at 
Reading  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  LL.D.,  1803 ;  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1800;  king's  advocate-general,  1828; 
vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1832  ;  pre- 
sided at  Gorham  case  (1847-50);  master  of  Trinity  Hall 
(non-resident),  1843-52  ;  assumed  the  name  of  Fust,  1842. 

[xx. 339] 

FYCH  or  FYCHE,  THOMAS  (d.  1517).    [See  FICH.] 

FYFE,  ANDREW,  the  elder  (1754-1824),  anatomist ; 
dissector  under  the  second  and  third  Mouro  at  Edinburgh  ; 
published  text-books.  [xx.  340] 

FYFE,  ANDREW,  the  younger  (1792-1861),  chemist ; 
eldest  son  of  Andrew  Fyfe  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1814 ;  president  of  College  of  Surgeons  (Edin- 
burgh), 1842-3;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Aberdeen, 
1844-61  ;  published  '  Elements  of  Chemistry,'  1827. 

[xx.  340] 

FYFE,  WILLIAM  BAXTER  COLLIER  (1836  ?-1882), 
painter ;  first  exhibited  at  Scottish  Academy,  1861  ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  English  Academy  from  18G6.  [xx.  341] 

FYFFE,  CHARLES  ALAN  (1845-1892),  historian: 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1870 ;  fellow  of  University  College,  1871 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1877 ;  published  '  History  of  Modern 
Europe,'  3  vols.  1880-90.  [Suppl.  ii.  262] 

FYNCHor  FINCH,  MARTIN  (1628?-1698),  ejected 
minister ;  after  leaving  vicarage  of  Tetney,  1662,  became 
an  independent  minister  at  Norwich,  where  the  'Old 
Meeting '  was  built  for  him,  1693 ;  published  theological 
works.  [xx.  341] 

FYNES-CLINTON.    [See  CLINTON.] 

FYNEUX  or  FINEUX,  SIR  JOHN  (1441  ?-1627), 
chief-justice  of  king's  bench  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1485  ;  justice  of  assize  and  king's  serjeant, 
1489;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1494;  an  executor  of 
Henry  VII's  will,  1509  ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench, 
1495  ;  in  conference  at  Baynard  Castle  upheld  jurisdiction 
of  temporal  courts  over  clerks,  this  being  referred  to  by 
Lord-chancellor  Ellesmere  in  1608  as  a  precedent  for 
extra-judicial  opinions  of  judges.  [xx.  342] 


G 


GABELL,  HENRY  DISON  (1764-1831),  head-master 
of  Winchester  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1782-90  : 
B.A.,  1786  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1807  ;  head-master  of  Win- 
chester, 1810-23  ;  published  pamphlets.  [xx.  344] 

GABRIEL,  afterwards  MARCH,  MARY  ANN  VIR- 
GINIA (1825-1877),  musical  composer  ;  published  songs, 
operettas,  and  cantatas,  including  '  Evangeline,'  1873. 

[xx.  344] 

GAGE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1580),  translator  ;  B.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1573  ;  Englished  N.  Hemminge's  '  Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  of  St.  James,'  1677,  selected  ser- 
mons of  Martin  Luther.  1578,  and  Luther's  treatise  to 
Duke  Frederick  of  Saxony  when  sick,  1580.  [xx.  344] 

GADBTJRY,  JOHN  (1627-1704),  astrologer;  educated 
at  Oxford ;  defended  Lilly  and  other  astrologers  in  '  Phil- 
HBtrogu-'  Knavery  Epitomized,'  1652 ;  published  also 
'  Gcnethlialogia,  or  the  Doctrine  of  Nativities,'  1658,  and 
nativities  of  Charles  I,  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  Sir 
Matthew  Hales ;  produced  '  De  Cometis  .  .  .  with  an 
Account  of  the  three  late  Comets  in  1664  and  1665,'  1665, 
'  Vox  Solis ;  or  a  Discourse  of  the  Sun's  Eclipse,  22  June 
1666,' '  Obeequium  Rationabile,'  1675,  describing  Lilly  as 
an  impostor,  and  'A  Ballad  upon  the  Popish  Plot,'  1679; 
he  received  compensation  (1681)  for  'wrongous  imprison- 
ment* at  the  time  of  the 'Popish  Plot';  falsely  accused 
of  complicity  in  a  plot  against  William  III,  1690. 

[xx.  345] 

GADDERAR,  JAMES  (1855-1733),  restorer  of  Scottish 
i-piacopacy  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1675  ;  minister  of  Kilmalcolm, 


I  1682  ;  '  rabbled '  out,  1688 ;  consecrated  Scottish  bishop, 
i  1712,  but  lived  in  London  ;  with  Bishop  Archibald  Camp- 
bell (<i.  1744)  [q.  v.]  came  to  Scotland  as  his  'vicar,' 
1721 ;  obtained  sanction  of  'the  usages  '  at  Holy  Comma- 
nion  ;  confirmed  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1724 ;  elected  to  see 
of  Moray,  1725.  [xx.  346] 

GADDESDEN,   JOHN   OP  (12807-1361),  physician: 

member  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  practised  in  London, 

and  treated  a  son  of  Edward  I  for  smallpox  ;  his  treatise, 

!  '  Rosa  Medicinae '  or '  Rosa  Anglica,'  first  printed  at  Pa  via, 

[  1492;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1342;  the  'Gatesden'of 

Chaucer's  prologue.  [xx.  347] 

GADSBY,  WILLIAM  (1773-1844),  particular  baptist 
1  minister ;  pastor  of  Back  Lane  chapel,  Manchester,  from 
i  1805  ;  wrote  hymns  ;   his  pamphlets  and  sermons  pub- 
lished by  his  son,  1851  and  1854.  [xx.  348] 

GAGE,  FRANCIS  (1621-1682),  president  of  Douay 
I  College,  1676;  half-brother  of  Sir  Henry  Gage  [q.  v.] : 
studied  at  Douay  and  Tournay  College,  Paris,  under  Wil- 
liam Clifford  [q  v.]  ;  D.D.  of  the  Sorbonne,  1654  ;  agctt 
to  the  English  chapter  at  Rome,  1659-61 ;  left  in  manu- 
script a  journal  of  hi?  life.  [xx.  349] 

GAGE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1614-1840),  Roman  catholic 
agent  ;  half-brother  of  Francis  Gage  [q.  v.] :  friend  of  Sir 
Toby  Matthew;  sent  by  James  I  to  Pome,  1621,  to  obtain 
dispensation  for  marriage  of  the  Spanish  Infanta  with 
Prince  Charles  ;  failed  after  three  years'  negotiations. 

[xx.  349] 


GAGE 


473 


GAISFORD 


GAGE,  SIR  HENRY  (1597-1645),  royalist;  great- 
grandson  of  Sir  John  Gage  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  in  Flanders 
and  in  Italy  under  Piccolomini ;  in  Spanish  service  at 
Antwerp  ;  commanded  company  in  Argyll's  regiment  at 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  1622,  and  Breda,  1621;  defended  St. 
Omer,  1638  ;  intercepted  parliament's  supplies  from  Flan- 
ders ;  during  the  Rebellion  was  prominent  in  defence  of 
Oxford,  captured  Borstall  House,  and  reliev*  i 
House,  1641 ;  knighted,  1641 ;  governor  of  Oxford  ;  mor- 
tally wounded  at  Abin^lon.  [xx.  349] 

GAGE,  Sm  JOHN  (1479-1656),  statesman  and  mili- 
tary commander ;  governor  of  Guisues  and  comptroller  of 
Calais.  1522  ;  vice-chamberlain  to  the  king,  1528-40 ;  K.G., 
1532;  commissioner  for  surrender  of  religious  houses; 
constable  of  the  Tower,  comptroller  of  the  household, 
1540,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  on  fall  of 
Cromwell ;  commanded  the  expedition  against  Scotland, 
1642;  with  Suffolk  conducted  siege  of  Boulogne ;  expelled 
from  privy  council  by  Somerset ;  joined  Southampton ; 
created  lord  chamberlain  by  Queen  Mary  and  restored  to 
the  constableship  of  the  Tower,  where  he  received  Eliza- 
beth, 1555,  having  afterwards  charge  of  her  at  her  own 
house.  [xx.  350] 

GAGE,  JOHN  (1786-1842;.  [See  ROKKWODE,  JOHN 
GAGE.] 

GAGE,  JOSEPH  or  JOSEPH  EDWARD,  COUNT 
GAGE  or  DE  GAGES  (1678?-1753?),  grandee  of  Spain; 
uncle  of  Thomas  Gage  (1721-1787)  [q.  r.] ;  went  to  Spain 
after  losing  a  great  fortune  in  Mississippi  stock;  com- 
manded Spanish  troops  in  Italy,  1743-6,  and  was  promoted 
grandee  of  the  first  class,  receiving  also  from  the  king  of 
Naples  the  order  of  St.  Jauuarius  and  a  pension. 

[xx.  352] 

GAGE,  THOMAS  (d.  1656),  traveller ;  brother  of  Sir 
Henry  Gage  [q.  v.] ;  when  a  Spanish  Dominican  lived  for 
some  time  among  the  Indians  of  Central  America ; 
crossed  Nicaragua,  reached  Panama,  and,  traversing  the 
isthmus,  sailed  from  Portobello ;  reached  Europe,  1637  ; 
after  a  visit  to  Loreto  renounced  Catholicism  and  came  to 
England,  1641 ;  preached  recantation  sermon  at  St.  Paul's 
(published,  1642);  joined  parliamentarians  and  became 
rector  of  Acrise,  1642,  and  Deal,  c.  1651 ;  died  in  Jamaica, 
as  chaplain  to  Venables.  His  great  work,  '  The  English- 
American  his  Travail  by  Sea  and  Land,'  1648,  was  trans- 
lated into  French  by  order  of  Colbert,  1676,  also  into 
Dutch  and  German  :  portions  concerning  Laud  and  rules 
for  learning  Central  American  languages  appeared  sepa- 
rately, [xx. 353] 

GAGE,  THOMAS  (1721-1787),  general ;  aide-de-camp 
to  Lord  Albemarle  in  Flanders,  1747-8;  as  lieatenant- 
colonel  of  the  44th  served  in  America  under  Braddock, 
1751-6;  raised  80th  foot  and  commanded  light  infantry 
at  Ticonderoga,  1758;  as  brigadier-general  commanded 
rear-guard  of  Amberst ;  governor  of  Montreal,  1759-60  ; 
major-general,  1761 ;  Commander-in-chief  in  America, 
1763-72;  lieutenant-general,  1770;  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 1774-5  ;  superseded  by  Howe,  October  1775. 

[xx.  355] 

GAGE,  SIR  WILLIAM  HALL  (1777-1864),  admiral 
of  the  fleet;  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Gage  (1721-1787) 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1789 ;  engaged  off  Toulon,  1795, 
against  the  Sabina,  1796,  and  at  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  com- 
manded the  Terpsichore  at  blockade  of  Malta,  and  was  in 
the  action  with  the  Danish  Freja  ;  commanded  the  Thetis, 
1805-8,  and  the  Indus,  1813-14  ;  rear-admiral,  1821 ;  com- 
mander in  East  Indies,  1825-30,  at  Plymouth,  1848-51 ; 
member  of  board  of  admiralty,  1842-6;  admiral,  1846; 
G.C.B.,  1860  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1862.  [xx.  357] 

GAGER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1580-KU9),  Latin  dramatist; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1580 ;  D.C.L.,  1589 ;  chancellor  of  Ely,  1606,  and 
vicar-general  to  Bishop  Andrewes,  1613,  1616,  and  1618; 
defended  performance  of  plays  at  Oxford  against  John 
Rainolds  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  five  Latin  plays  acted  at  Oxford  ; 
ranked  among  comic  dramatists  in  Meres's  'Palladis 
Tainia,'  1598.  [xx.  357] 

GAGNIER,  JOHN  (1670  ?-1740),  orientalist ;  born  at 
Paris  ;  studied  Hebrew  and  Arabic  at  the  College  de  Na- 
varre ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1703 ;  settled  at  Oxford  under 
patronage  of  Bishop  William  Lloyd,  taught  Hebrew,  and 
became  professor  of  Arabic,  1724 ;  published  editions  of 
Ben  Gorion'a  '  History  of  the  Jews,'  1706,  and  of  Abu  Al- 
Fida's  '  Life  of  Mahomet,'  1723,  also  a  translation  of  the 
Arabic  treatise  of  Rhazea  011  the  smallpox.  [xx.  358] 


GAHAGAN,    USHER  (d.   1749),    classical    scholar; 
edited   Latin  authors  for  Brindlcy's  classics;    \ 
in   Latin  verse  Pope's  'Essay  on  Criticism,'  1747,  and 
'  Messiah  '  and  '  Temple  of  Fame,'  1749  ;  banged  for  coin- 
ing, [xx. 359] 

GAHAN,  WILLIAM  (1730-1804),  Irian  ecclesiastic 
and  author ;  graduated  at  Louvain  ;  received  back  into 
the  Roman  church  John  Butler,  twelfth  lord  Dunboyne 
[q.  v.] ;  imprisoned,  1802,  for  refusing  to  reveal  to  the 
court  of  assize  details  of  his  relations  with  John  Butler  ; 
published  '  Sermons  and  Moral  Discourses '  and  popular 
devotional  works.  [xx.  360] 

GAIMAR,  GEOFFREY  (fl.  1 140  ?),  author  of  •  Lestorie 
des  Engles,'  probably  a  Norman  re-ident  at  Scamptou, 
|  Lincolnshire.  [xx.  360] 

GAINSBOROUGH,  THOMAS  (1727-1788),  painter : 
youngest  son  of  a  Sudbury  wool  manufacturer ;  studied 
under  Gravelot  and  Francis  Hayman  [q.  v.]  in  London  ; 
married  and  lived  at  Ipswich,  1746-60,  where  he  became 
acquainted  with  John  Joihua  Kirby  [q.  v.]  and  Philip 
Thicknesse;  painted  'Gainsborough's  Forest'  (National 
Gallery)  and  portraits  of  Admiral  Vernou  and  others ; 
resided  at  Bath,  1760-74  ;  during  those  years  contributed 
eighteen  pictures  to  the  Society  of  Artists;  elected  an 
original  member  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1768,  and  exhi- 
bited there,  1769-72,  as  well  as,  after  a  misunderstanding 
with  Reynolds,  at  the  Free  Society ;  settled  in  London, 
1774 ;  resumed  exhibiting  at  Academy,  1779-83,  but  in 
consequence  of  a  dispute  about  banging  three  portraits, 
withdrew  all  his  works,  1784,  and  henceforth  showed  his 
pictures  in  bis  own  house.  To  the  Bath  period  are  assigned 
his  two  portraits  of  Garrick,  those  of  Quin,  Foote,  Orpin 
(National  Gallery),  Lord  Camden,  Richardson,  Sterne,  ami 
Cbattertou,  and  'The  Harvest  Waggon ';  to  the  London 
period  belong  two  portraits  of  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire 
(including  that  stolen  in  1876),  the  full-length  known  as 
'The  Blue  Boy,'  Mr.  Bate,  Mrs.  Siddons  (both  in  the 
National  Gallery),  and  Colonel  St.  Leger( Hampton  Court). 
'  The  View  in  the  Mall  of  St.  James's  Park,' '  Girl  with  Pigs ' 
(bought  by  Reynolds),  and  many  fine  landscapes.  Among 

I  his  intimate  friends  were  Burke  and  Sheridan,  and  he  wu. 

1  reconciled  to  Reynolds  on  bis  deathbed.  [xx.  361] 

GAINSBOROUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1307),  ecclesiastic  ; 
when  divinity  lecturer  of  the  Franciscans  at  Oxford  one 
of  the  embassy  sent  by  Edward  I  to  Philip  IV  of  France 
and  Pope  Boniface  VIII ;  reader  in  theology  to  the  pope, 
1300;  appointed  to  the  see  of  Worcester  by  'provision,' 
1302,  but  compelled  to  renounce  the  grant;  one  of  the 
embassy  to  Clement  V,  1305  ;  sent,  1307,  to  arrange  for 
i  the  marriage  of  Prince  Edward  with  Isabella  of  France ; 
died  at  Beauvais.  [xx.  367] 

GAINSFORD,  THOMAS  (d.  1624?).  author;  served 

in  Ireland  against  the  Spaniards  (1601)  and  Tyrone :  pub- 

j  lished  'Vision  and  Discourse  of  Henry  the  seventh  con- 

,  cerniug  the  unitie  of  Great  Britaiue,'  1610,  '  The  Historic 

of  Trebizond,'  1616,  and  other  works.  [xx.  368] 

GAIRDNER,  JOHN  (1790-1876),  medical  reformer ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1811 ;  studied  anatomy  under  Bell ;  pre- 

;  sident  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  1830-2; 
obtained  leave  for  medical  students  to  attend  extra- 
academical  lectures,  and  was  active  in  obtaining  by  the 
act  of  1859  legal  status  for  every  licensed  practitioner  in 

j  Great  Britain ;  published  lectures  on  Edinburgh  medical 
history  ;  his  '  Burns  and  the  Ayrshire  Moderates '  pub- 


lished posthumously. 


fxx.  368] 


GAIRDNER,     WILLIAM    (1793-1867),     physician: 
i  brother  of  John  Gairdner  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1813 ; 
L.R.C.P.,  1823 ;  died  at  Avignon  ;   published  treatise  on 
;  'Gout,' 1849.  [xx.  369] 

GAISFORD,  THOMAS  (1779-1855),  dean  of  Christ 
i  Church,  Oxford ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  1800  ;  M.A., 
1804;  appointed  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1812;  canon 
of  Llandaff  and  St.  Paul's,  1823,  Worcester,  1825,  Durham, 
i  1831 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1831-55 ;  edited 
the  '  Tusculau  Disputations,'  1805,  and  'De  Oratore'  of 
Cicero,  1809 ;  the  works  of  Euripides,  Sophocles,  and 
Herodotus,  1824,  '  Hepbaestion  de  Metris,'  1810,  '  Poetae 
Gra-ci  Minore?,'  1814-20,  'Suidze  Lexicon,'  1834,  'Etymo- 
logicon  Magnum,'  1848,  several  works  of  Eusebius  and 
Theodoret,  and  an  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  1848.  The 
Gaisford  prizes  at  Oxford  for  Greek  prose  and  verse  were 
founded,  1850.  [xx.  370] 


GALBRAITH 


474 


GALLOWAY 


GALBRAITH.    ROBERT  (<i.  1S43),  Scottish   judge; 
advocate  to  Queen  Margaret  Tudor ;  oue  of  the  original  i 
lords  of  the  College  of  Senators,  1537  ;  murdered  by  John 
Oarkettle  of  Edinburgh.  [xx.  372] 

OALDRIC,  GTJALDRIC,  or  WALDRIC  (d.  1112), 
bishop  of  Laon  ;  chancellor  of  Henry  I ;  captured  Duke 
Robert  of  Normandy  at  Tenchebrai,  1106  ;  bishop  of 
Laon,  1106 ;  expelled  from  his  diocese  after  the  murder  by 
his  brother  of  Gerard,  castellan  of  Laon,  but  restored  by 
Louis  VI,  1109  ;  having  attempted  to  abolish  the  'com- 
mune* granted  in  his  absence,  was  murdered  in  the 
cellars  of  his  cathedral.  [xx.  372] 

GALE,  DUNSTAN  (fl.  1596X  poet;  author  of 
'Pyramus  and  Thisbe,'  1597.  [xx.  373] 

GALE,  GEORGE  (1797  ?-1850),  aeronaut;  played 
Mazeppa  in  New  York,  1831  ;  joined  a  tribe  of  Indians, 
with  six  of  whom  he  was  exhibited  at  the  Victoria  Theatre, 
London ;  made  his  first  ascent  from  Peckham,  1848 ; 
perished  at  the  114th  ascent  made  in  the  Royal  Cremorne, 
near  Bordeaux.  [xx.  373] 

GALE,  JOHN  (1680-1721),  general  baptist  minister ; 
M.A.  and  Ph.D.  Leyden,  1699 ;  chairman  of  Winston's 
4  society  for  promoting  primitive  Christianity,'  1715-16  ; 
took  liberal  side  at  Salters'  Hall  dispute,  1719 ;  introduced 
by  Shute  to  whig  bishops  ;  published  '  Reflections  on  Mr. 
Wall's  History  of  Infant  Baptism,'  1711.  [xx.  374] 

GALE,  MILES  (1647-1721),  antiquary;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1670  ;  rector  of  Keighley,  1680-1721  ; 
published  '  Memoirs  of  the  Family  of  Gale,'  1703,  and 
'  Description  of  the  Parish  of  Keighley.'  [xx.  374] 

GALE,  ROGER  (1672-1744),  antiquary ;  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Gale  (1635  ?-1702)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1697  ; 
M.A.,  1698  ;  M.P.,  Northallerton,  1705-10 :  commissioner 
of  excise,  1715-35  ;  friend  of  Stukeley,  Willis,  and  Hearue ; 
first  vice-president  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  treasurer 
of  Royal  Society ;  left  manuscripts  to  Trinity  College  and 
coins  to  the  university  library ;  his  topographical  papers 
collected  in  '  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britanuica,'  1781. 

[xx. 375] 

GALE,  SAMUEL  (1682-1754),  antiquary ;  brother  of 
Roger  Gale  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  first 
treasurer  of  revived  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1718;  tra- 
velled about  in  England  incognito  with  Dr.  Ducarel 
[q.  v.]  ;  published  (1715)  '  History  of  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral,' begun  by  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon.  [xx.  376] 

GALE,  THEOPHILUS  (1628-1678),  nonconformist 
tutor ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1650-60 ;  M.A., 
1652 ;  tutor  to  Thomas  (afterwards  Marquis)  Wharton 
and  his  brother,  1662-5  ;  tutor  and  independent  minister 
at  Newington  Green  ;  left  his  library  to  Harvard  College ; 
published  « The  Court  of  the  Gentiles,'  1669-77,  '  A  True 
Idea  of  Jansenisme,'  1669,  and  other  theological  works. 

[xx.  377] 

GALE,  THOMAS  (1507-1587),  surgeon  ;  served  with 
the  army  of  Henry  VIII  in  France,  1644,  and  with  that 
of  Philip  H  at  St.  Quentin,  1557 ;  master  of  the  Barber- 
Surgeons'  Company,  1561 ;  published  a  volume  on  sur- 
gery, 1563,  containing  the  prescription  for  his  styptic 
powder.  [xx.  378] 

GALE.  THOMAS  (1635?-1702),  dean  of  York ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A., 
1662 ;  fellow,  1669 ;  Cambridge  professor  of  Greek,  1666- 
1672  ;  high  master  of  St.  Paul's,  1672-97  ;  active  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  from  1677  ;  dean  of  York,  1697-1702  ; 
edited  '  Opuscnla  Mythologica,  ethica  et  physica,'  1671, 
'Historiae  Poeticae  Scriptores  Antiqui,'  1676,  'Rhetores 
Selecti,'  1676,  vol.  ii.  of  '  Historic  Anglican®  Scriptores,' 
1687,  'Histories  Britannic®,  Saxonicse,  Anglo- Danicre 
Scriptorea,'  1691,  and  '  Autonini  Iter  Britanniarum,'  1709. 

[xx.  378] 

GALENSI8,  JOHN  (/.  1215).     [See  WALLBNSIS.] 

GALEON.  WILLIAM  (d.  1507),  Augustinian ;  pro- 
vincial in  England  ;  various  theological  works  ascribed 
to  him.  [xx.  380] 

GALEYS,  Sm  HENRY  LE  (d.  1302  ?).   [See  WALEYS.] 
GALFRIDTJS.    [See  GKOFFRKY  op  MOVMOUTH.] 


GALGACUS  or  CALGACUS  (yf.  c.  84),  Caledonian 
chieftain  :  commander  of  the  tribes  defeated  at  Grampius 
by  Agricola.  [  xx.  380] 

GALIGNANI,  JOHN  ANTHONY  (1796-1873),  pub- 
lisher in  Paris ;  bor»*  in  London ;  issued,  with  his  brother 
William  Galignani  [q.  v.]  till  1852,  in  Paris,  reprint  of 
English  books  ;  carried  on  '  The  Messenger'  founded  by 
his  father,  1815;  erected  at  Neuilly  a  hospital  (now 
orphanage)  for  indigent  British.  [xx.  380] 

GALIGNANI,  WILLIAM  (1798-1882),  publisher  in 
Paris  ;  brother  of  John  Anthony  Galiguani  [q.  v.],  in  all 
whose  undertakings  he  took  part.  [xx.  380] 

GALL,  SAINT  (550?-645  ?),  originally  named  OKLLACH 
or  OAILLKCH,  abbot  and  apostle  of  the  Suevi  and  Ale- 
manni ;  reputed  son  of  a  noble  Irishman  and  a  queen  of 
Hungary  ;  educated  by  St.  Columban  at  Bangor ;  followed 
St.  Columban  to  Gaul,  c.  585,  and  at  Arbon  and  Bregenj: 
preached  to  the  people  in  their  own  tongue ;  built  cell  on 
the  Steinach  river,  which  became  the  nucleus  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Gall;  died  at  Arbon  ;  commemorated 
16  Oct.  and  20  Feb.  [xx.  381] 

GALL,  RICHARD  (1776-1801),  Scottish  poet ;  friend 
of  Burns  and  Campbell ;  his '  Poems  and  Songs,'  published, 
1819.  [xx.  382] 

GALLAGHER,  JAMES  (d.  1751),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  Raphoe,  1725,  and  Kildare,  1737:  published 
'  Irish  Sermons,  in  an  easy  and  familiar  style,'  1735. 

[xx.  382] 

GALLAN,  SAINT  (./?.  500).    [See  GRELLAN.] 

GALLENGA,  ANTONIO  CARLO  NAPOLEONE 
(1810-1895),  author  and  journalist ;  born  and  educated  at 
Parma ;  took  part  in  political  agitation  in  Italy,  1830,  and 
was  compelled  to  live  in  exile,  assuming  name  of  Luigi 
Mariotti ;  successful  lecturer,  teacher,  and  writer  for 
magazines  in  New  York,  1836 ;  came  to  England,  1839  ; 
teacher  and  translator ;  professor  of  modern  languages  at 
King's  College,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  c.  1841-3 ;  returned 
to  England,  1843  ;  naturalised,  1846  ;  professor  of  Italian 
language  and  literature,  University  College,  London, 
1848-59  ;  charge  d'affaires  at  Frankfort,  1848  ;  resided  hi 
Italy,  1854-7;  deputy  in  Piedmontese  parliament,  and 
correspondent  of  'Daily  News'  ;  'Times'  correspondent 
in  Italy,  1859-64 ;  deputy  of  Italian  chamber,  1859-64 ; 
'  Times '  war  correspondent  in  United  States,  1863,  and 
Denmark,  1864;  leader-writer  for  'Times,'  1866-73,  and 
correspondent  in  Spain,  1874  and  1879,  and  at  Con- 
stantinople, 1875-7.  His  publications  include  'Italy: 
General  views  of  its  History  and  Literature,'  1841  (re- 
printed as  'Italy,  Past  and  Present,"  1846),  and  an  Italian 
grammar,  1858.  [Suppl.  ii.  262] 

GALLEN-RIDGEWAY,  first  BARON  (1565  ?-1631). 
[See  RIDOEWAY,  SIR  THOMAS,  EARL  OP  LONDONDERRY.] 

GALLIARD,  JOHN  ERNEST  (1687  ?-1749),  musical 
composer ;  sou  of  a  hairdresser  at  Zell ;  said  to  have  been 
chamber-musician  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark  ;  set 
Hughes's  'Calypso  and  Telemachus,'  1712:  provided 
music  for  pantomimes  and  farces  at  Covent  Garden  and 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1717-36;  composed  six  cantatas  to 
Congreve's,  Prior's,  and  Hughes's  words,  sonatas  for  flute, 
bassoon,  and  violin,  and  a  setting  of  the  morning  hymns 
from  'Paradise  Lost';  translated  Tosi's  'Opinion!  di 
Oantori  Antichi  e  Modern!,'  1742.  [xx.  383] 

GALLINI,  GIOVANNI  ANDREA  BATTISTA,  called 
SIR  JOHN  (1728-1805), dancing-master  ;  came  to  England, 
c.  1753:  director  of  dances  and  stage-manager  at  Hay- 
market  opera-house  :  had  great  vogue  as  a  dancing-master ; 
married  Lady  Elizabeth  Peregrine  Bertie,  eldest  daughter 
of  third  Earl  of  Abingdon  :  created  knight  of  the  Golden 
Spur  by  the  pope ;  built  Hanover  Square  concert-rooms  : 
published  treatises  on  calisthenics.  [xx.  384] 

GALLOWAY,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (1780  ?-1860),  major- 
general  ;  entered  Bengal  native  infantry,  1800 :  colonel  of 
the  58th,  1836  ;  major-general,  1841 ;  K.C.B.,  1848  ;  chair- 
man of  the  East  India  Company,  1849  :  published  works, 
including  '  Notes  on  Siege  of  Delhi,'  1804,  and  '  On  Sieges 
of  India.'  [xx.  384] 

GALLOWAY,  JOSEPH  (1730-1S03).  lawyer  :  born  in 
Maryland;  as  speaker  of  Pennsylvania  supported  the 
popular  atralnst  the  proprietary  interest,  and  was  chal- 
lenged (1764)  by  John  Dickinson:  when  member  of  the 


GALLOWAY 


475 


GAMMAGE 


first  congress  proposed  un.l  pnMi-i.nl  (1775)  plan  f..r 
union  l»rt  WITH  iire:iT  Britain  and  tttt  OOkmtM  i  (OfaMd 
British,  1776;  gave  evidence  before  parliament,  177S  ; 
published  pamphlets,  including  attacks  on  the  Howe-  Inr 
their  conduct  of  the  war.  [xx.  385J 

GALLOWAY,  PATRICK  (1561  ?-1626  ?),  Scottish 
divine;  preached  against  Lennox  at  Perth,  and  was 
suspected  of  being  privy  to  the  raid  of  Huthven,  1682  ; 
fled  to  England,  1584  :  minister  of  the  royal  household  of 
Scotland  and  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1590; 
rebuked  James  VI  for  recalling  Arran,  1692,  and  refused 
to  take  the  •  hand  '  of  1590  ;  again  moderator,  1602  ;  pre-  ; 
M-nt  at  Hampton  Court  conference,  1604;  minister  of  St. 
( ;  iles's,  Edinburgh,  1607  ;  member  of  the  high  commission  j 
court ;  signed  protestation  for  liberties  of  the  kirk,  1617, 
but  supported  five  articles  of  Perth ;  edited  works  by 
James  VI.  [xx.  386] 

GALLOWAY,  THOMAS  (1796-1861),  mathematician ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh  ;  teacher  of  mathematics  at  Sandhurst, 
lsi'3;  registrar  of  Amicable  Life  Assurance  Company, 
1833 ;  F.R.S.  and  F.R.A.S.,  1829  ;  contributed  to  seventh 
edition  of  'Encyclopaedia  Britannica'  and  'Edinburgh 
Review.'  [xx.  387] 

GALLY,  HENRY  (1696-1769),  divine  and  scholar; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1721;  D.D., 
1728;  chaplain  to  Lord  King,  1725  ;  prebendary  of  Glou- 
cester, 1728,  of  Norwich,  1731;  rector  of  St.  Giles-iu-the- 
Fields,  1732 ;  chaplain  to  George  II,  1735  ;  edited  Theo- 
phrastus,  with  an  essay  on  '  Characteristic  Writings,' 
1726  ;  published  pamphlets  on  tenure  of  corporate  estates 
(1731)  and  on  clandestine  marriages  (1750)  and  essays 
against  pronouncing  Greek  according  to  accent. 

[xx.  388] 

GALMOY,  third  VISCOUNT  (1652-1740).  [See  BUTLER, 
PIERCE.] 

GALPINE,  JOHN  (d.  1806),  author  of  'Synoptical 
Compeud  of  the  British  Flora,'  1806.  [xx.  388] 

GALT,  SIR  ALEXANDER  TILLOOH  (1817-1893), 
finance  minister  of  Canada ;  son  of  John  Gait  [q.  v.] ; 
settled  in  Sherbrooke,  Lower  Canada,  1835  ;  commissioner 
in  British- American  Land  Company,  1844 ;  active  pro- 
moter of  railways  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  county  of  Sherbrooke, 
1849  and  1863-72 ;  inspector-general,  1868-62  and  1864-5 ; 
delegate  to  Charlottetown  and  Quebec  conferences,  1864  ; 
first  minister  of  finance  on  inauguration  of  dominion  of 
Canada,  1867-72 ;  nominee  of  Canada  on  Halifax  com- 
mission, 1877;  high  commissioner  for  the  dominion  in 
England,  1880-3;  G.O.M.G.,  1878;  honorary  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1878  ;  published  pamphlets  on  political  ques- 
tions. [Suppl.  ii.  264] 

GALT,  JOHN  (1779-1839),  novelist;  employed  in 
Greeuock  custom-house  and  in  a  mercantile  house ;  came 
to  London,  c.  1803,  and  published  a  poem  on  the  '  Battle  of 
Largs ' ;  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  while  on  a  commercial 
mission  to  the  continent  (1809)  travelled  with  Byron  fijom 
Gibraltar  to  Malta,  visited  Constantinople  and  Greece; 
published  (181 2)  an  account  of  his  travels  and  a  life  of 
Wolsey;  edited  the  'New  British  Theatre,'  1814-16,  con- 
taining his  play  '  The  Witness ' ;  compiled  '  Life  .  .  . 


Rev.  T.  Clark ;  produced  novels, '  The  Ayrshire  Legatees ' 
(1820), '  Annals  of  the  Parish '  (1821), '  Sir  Andrew  Wylie ' 
(1822),  and  'The  Entail'  (1824);  visited  Canada,  1824 
and  1826,  as  secretary  to  a  company  formed  for  the  pur- 
chase of  crown  laud;  founded  town  of  Guelph ;  impri- 
soned for  debt  after  his  return,  1829  ;  published  '  Lawrie 
Todd '  and  '  Life  of  Byron,'  1830,  and  '  Lives  of  the 
Players' ;  met  Carlyle  ;  issued  his  'Autobiography,'  1833, 
and  '  Literary  Life,'  1834,  for  which  William  IV  sent  him 
200*. ;  paralysed,  1834,  but  continued  literary  work. 

GALTON,  Sm  DOUGLAS  STRUTT  (1822-1899),  man 
of  science  and  captain,  royal  engineers  ;  educated  at  Rugby 
and  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich ;  lieutenant,  royal 
engineers,  1843 ;  first  captain,  1855  ;  served  in  Mediten- 
ranean  ;  joined  ordnance  survey,  1846  ;  secretary  to  rail- 
way commission,  1847,  and  to  royal  commission  on 
application  of  iron  to  railway  structures ;  secretary  to 
railway  department  of  board  of  trade,  1854  ;  chairman  of  ; 
committee  to  investigate  question  of  electric  submarine 
telegraph  cables,  1859-61;  assistant  permanent  under- 


secretary  for  war,  1862-9  ;  C.B.,  1865  ;  director  of  public 
works  and  buildings,  1869-76;  president  of  British 
Association,  1895 ;  president  of  senate  of  University 
('olle-e.  L,,IUIOB  j  K. (.!•,.  1KH7:  honorary  M.I.C.E.,  1894  ; 
honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1875 ;  F.R.S.,  1859 ;  published 
works  on  sanitary  and  educational  questions. 

[Suppl.  ii.  8661 
GALTON,  MARY  ANNE  (1778-1866).  [See  SCHUUOCL- 

PKNNINCK.] 

GALWAY,  EARL  OP  (1648-1720).  [See  MABBUK  DE 
RUVIQNY,  HENRI  DE.] 

GAM,  DAVID  (d.  1415),  Welsh  warrior ;  real  name 
DAVYDD  AB  LLEWKLYN  ;  rewarded  for  fidelity  to  Henry  IV 
during  revolt  of  Glendower  by  confiscated  lands  in  South 
Wales,  1401 ;  captured  by  Glendower  ;  followed  Henry  V 
to  France  and  fell  at  Agincourt.  [xx.  392] 

GAMBLER,  Sm  EDWARD  JOHN  (1794-1879),  chief- 
justice  of  Madras:  nephew  of  James,  baron  Gambier 
[q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1820  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1822;  municipal  corporation 
commissioner,  1833;  recorder  of  Prince  of  Wales  island, 
1834  ;  chief- justice  at  Madras,  1842-9  ;  published 
'  Treatise  on  Parochial  Settlement,'  1828.  [xx.  393] 

GAMBIER,  JAMES  (1723-1789),  vice-admiral ;  uncle 
of  James,  baron  Gambier  [q.  v.];  present  at  capture  of 
Louisbonrg,  1758,  Guadaloupe,  1759,  and  the  battle  of 
Quiberon  Bay,  1759;  commander-in-chief  on  north 
American  station,  1770-3;  second  in  command  under 
Howe  at  New  York;  vice-admiral,  1780;  commander  at 
Jamaica,  1783-4.  [xx.  393] 

GAMBIER,  JAMES,  first  BARON  GAMBIKR  (1756-1833), 
admiral  of  the  fleet ;  captured  by  jd'Estaing  in  the 
Thunder  bomb  ;  took  part  in  relief  of  Jersey,  1779,  and 
capture  of  Charlestown,  1780 ;  in  the  Defence  first  to  break 
enemy's  line  in  Howe's  victory  of  1  June  1794 ;  a  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  1795-1801  and  1804-6  :  rear-admiral  and 
vice-admiral,  1799  ;  governor  of  Newfoundland,  1802-4 ; 
admiral,  1805 ;  led  the  fleet  at  bombardment  of  Copen- 
hagen, the  Danish  fleet  being  surrendered,  1807  ;  created 
Baron  Gambier;  commanded  Channel  fleet,  1808-11  ; 
blockaded  French  fleet  in  Basque  roads  and  destroyed  it 
by  fireships;  a  commissioner  for  treaty  with  United 
States,  1814  ;  G.C.B.,1815  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1830. 

[xx.  393] 

GAMBLE,  JOHN  (rf.  1687),  musician  in  Chapel  Royal 
and  composer ;  published  '  Ayres  and  Dialogues  to  be  sung 
to  the  theorbo,  lute,or  base  violl,'  1656,  and '  Ayres  and  Dia- 
logues, for  one,  two,  and  three  voyces,'  1659.  [xx.  395] 

GAMBLE,  JOHN  (d.  1811),  writer  on  telegraphy ; 
fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1787 ; 
chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  York,  and  chaplain-general  of  the 
forces  ;  published  '  Observations  on  Telegraphic  Experi- 
ments,' 1795,  and  'Essay  on  the  different  Modes  of  Com- 
munication by  Signals,'  1797.  [xx.  395] 

GAMBOLD,  JOHN  (1711-1771),  bishop  of  the  Unitas 
Fratrum  ;  while  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  was  a  member 
of  the  Wesleys' '  Holy  Club ' ;  vicar  of  Stanton-Harcourt, 
1735-42:  formed  Anglican  branch  of  Moravians,  1749, 
and  was  consecrated  a  bishop,  1753  ;  prominent  at  synod 
of  Marienboru,  1764  ;  founded  community  atCootehill,  co. 
Cavan,  1765 ;  translated  Count  Zinzendorf  s  '  Maxims ' 
into  English  in  1751;  published  also  'Collection  of 
Hymns,'  1754,  and  posthumous  'Poems,'  1816;  edited 
Bacon,  1765.  [xx.  396] 

GAMELINE  (d.  1271),  lord-chancellor  of  Scotland, 
1250-63 ;  chaplain  of  Innocent  IV,  1254 ;  bishop  of  St 
Andrews,  1255 ;  banished  from  Scotland  for  prohibiting 
Alexander  III  from  seizing  church  property;  died  in 
Scotland.  [xx.  397] 

GAMGEE,  JOSEPH  SAMPSON  (1828-1886),  surgeon  ; 
born  and  educated  in  Italy  ;  Listen  prizeman,  University 
College,  1853  ;  surgeon  to  British-Italian  legion,  1855,  to 
Queen's  Hospital,  Birmingham,  1857-81;  published 
'On  the  Advantages  of  the  Starched  Apparatus  in  the 
Treatment  of  Fractures,'  1863,  'On  the  Treatment  of 
Wounds  and  Fractures,'  1883,  '  On  Absorbent  and  Anti- 
septic Surgical  Dressings,'  1880,  and  other  works. 

[xx. 398] 

GAMMAGE,  ROBERT  GEORGE  (1815-1888), 
chartist ;  deputy  from  Northampton  to  national  conven- 
tion of  1838;  opposed  Fcargus  O'Connor:  published 
'  History  of  the  Chartist  Movement,'  1854.  [xx.  399] 


GAMMON 


476 


GAKDINER 


GAMMON,  JAMES  (/.  1660-1670),  engraver  of  por- 
traits valued  for  their  rarity.  [xx.  399] 

GAMON  or  GAMMON,  HANNIBAL  {ft.  1642), 
puritan  divine  ;  M.A.  Broadgates  Hall  (Pembroke  College), 
Oxford,  1607;  rector  of  Mawgan-iu-Pyder,  Cornwall, 
1619,  which  county  he  represented  in  the  Westminster 
assembly,  1642.  [xx.  399] 

GANDELL,  ROBERT  (1818-1887),  professor  of  Arabic 
at  Oxford;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1843;  Michel 
fellow  of  Queen's  College,  1846-50;  professor  of  Arabic, 
1861;  canon  of  Wells,  1880;  edited  Lightfoot's  'Horse 
Hebraic*,'  1859,  and  contributed  to  'Speaker's  Com- 
mentary.' [xx. 400] 

GANDOLPHY,  PETER  (1779-1821),  Jesuit ;  educated 
at  Liege  and  Stonyhurst ;  celebrated  as  a  preacher  at 
the  Spanish  Chapel,  Manchester  Square;  suspended  and 
censured  by  Bishop  Poynter  for  his  '  Liturgy/  1812,  and 
'  Defence  of  the  Ancient  Faith,'  1813-15.  [xx.  400] 

GANDON,  JAMES  (1743-1823),  architect;  articled 
to  Sir  William  Chambers  ;  with  J.  Woolfe  published  con- 
tinuation of  Campbell's  'Vitruvius  Britannicus,'  1767-71 ; 
won  first  gold  medal  for  architecture  at  Royal  Academy, 
1768,  and  exhibited  drawings,  1774-80;  designed  at 
Dublin  many  public  works,  including  portico  and  screen 
wall  to  Parliament  House,  1785,  Four  Courts,  1786,  and 
King's  Inns,  '1795-9 ;  original  member  of  Royal  Irish 
Academy.  [xx.  401] 

GANDY,  HENRY  (1649-1734),  nonjuring  bishop; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1674 ;  fellow,  1670  ;  proctor,  1683  ;  deprived 
of  fellowship  for  refusing  oath  of  allegiance,  1690;  con- 
secrated bishop,  1716,  by  Jeremy  Collier  [q.  v.],  Nathaniel 
Spinckes  [q.  v.],  and  Samuel  Hawes  (d.  1722);  published 
theological  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  269] 

GANDY,  JAMES  (1619-1689),  portrait-painter;  pupil 
of  Vandyck,  many  of  whose  portraits  he  copied  for  the 
Duke  of  Ormonde.  [xx.  402] 

GANDY,  JOHN  PETER  (1787-1850).  [See  DEER- 
LNO.] 

GANDY,  JOSEPH  MICHAEL (1771-1843),  architect;  I 
1  of  Wyatt ;  received  the  Pope's  medal  for  architec-  i 
,  1795  ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1789-1838 ;  A.R.A.,  ! 

1803;  executed  many  drawings  for  Sir  John  Soane  [q.  v.]; 

designed  Phosuix  and  Pelican  Insurance  offices,  Charing 

Gross  ;  contributed  illustrations  to  Britton's  '  Architec-  ; 

tural  Antiquities.'  [xx.  402] 

GANDY,  MICHAEL  (1778-1862),  architect;  brother 
of  Joseph  Michael  Gandy  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  in  Indian  '• 
naval  service  and  by  Sir  Jeffrey  Wyatville  [q.  v.] ;  ex- 
hibited at  Academy  'Burning  of  Ourust  and   Kupers 
Inland,  Batavia,'  1812.  [xx.  403] 

GANDY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1729),  portrait-painter ;  son  ' 
of  James  Gandy  [q.  v.]     His  pictures,  most  of  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  west  of  England,  were  much  admired  by  ! 
Reynolds  and  Northcote.  [xx.  403] 

GABBET,  SAMUEL  (d.  1751  ?),  author  of  '  History  , 
of  Wem'  (published  1818),  second  master  at  Wem  School,  ! 
1712-42;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1707;  translated  , 
Phaedrus,  Books  i.  and  ii.,  1715.  [xx.  403] 

GARBETT,  EDWARD  (1817-1887),  divine;  M.A.  ! 
Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1847;  editor  of  the  'Record,'  j 
1854-67 ;  incumbent  of  Christ  Church,  Surbiton,  1863,  of 
Barcombe,  1877;  Bampton  lecturer,  1867;  published  ! 
Boyle  Lectures  (1860  and  1863),  Bampton  Lectures  (1867),  ! 
and  other  works.  [xx.  404] 

GARBETT,  JAMES  (1802-1879).  professor  of  poetry 
at  Oxford ;  brother  of  Edward  Garbett  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of 

Saeen's  College,  Oxford,  1824-5,  of  Brasenose,  1825-36 ; 
.A.,  1825 ;  incumbent  of  Clayton-cum-Keymer,  1835-79  : 
Bampton  lecturer,  1842;   professor  of  poetry,  1842-52; 
archdeacon  of  Chichester,  1851;  published  anti-tractarian 
Bampton  lectures  and  'De  Rei  Poeticse  Idea,'  1843. 

[xx. 404] 

GARBRAND,  HERKS  (/.  1566),  Dutch  protestant 
refugee ;  bookseller,  and  also,  after  1646,  wine-seller  at 
Oxford.  [xx.  405] 

GARBRAND,  or  HERKS,  JOHN  (1542-1589),  divine  ; 
sou  of  Herks  Garbrand  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Winchester 


and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1562 ;  M.A.,  1567 ; 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1568;  D.D.  Oxford,  1582;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury,  1506,  and  of  Well-f ;  rector  of  North  Cra \vloy 
and  Fartbiugscotie ;  edited  threa  works  of  his  patron, 
Bishop  Jewel.  ,  [xx.  405] 

GARBRAND,  JOHN  (/.  1695),  writer  of  pamphlets 
'  to  clear  the  duke  of  York  from  being  a  papist ' ;  sou  of 
Tobias  Garbrand  (d.  1689)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  New  Inn  Hall, 
Oxford,  1667  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple.  [xx.  406] 

GARBRAND,  TOBIAS  (1579-1638),  probably  grand- 
father of  John  Garbrand  (/?.  1695)  [q.  v.]  ;  vice-presideut 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  (1618),  and  vicar  of  Findeu, 
Sussex  (1618-38).  [xx.  406] 

GARBRAND,  TOBIAS  (d.  1689),  principal  of  Glou- 
cester Hall,  Oxford,  1648-60 ;  M.D.  Oxford  [xx.  406] 

GARDELLE,  THEODORE  (1721-1761),  miniature- 
painter  and  murderer ;  born  at  Geneva  ;  executed  for  the 
murder  of  Anne  King  ;  his  portrait  by  Hogarth  engraved 
in  Ireland's  'Graphic  Illustrations.'  [xx.  406] 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  the  elder  (1730  ?-1791), 
botanist ;  born  at  Charleston  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh  ;  pupil  of 
Alston ;  corresponded  with  Peter  Colliusou,  Grouovius,  and 
Liunteus,  in  whose '  Systema  Naturae '  his  name  is  appended 
to  new  species  of  fish  and  reptiles;  settled  in  England, 
1 783,  and  became  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Society ;  in- 
troduced many  plants  ;  the  Cape  Jessamine  named  Gar- 
denia after  him.  [xx.  406] 

GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  the  younger  (1757-1829), 
author  ;  sou  of  Alexander  Garden  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
published  '  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,'  1822. 

[xx.  407] 

GARDEN,  FRANCIS,  LORD  GARDEXSTO.NK  (1721- 
1793),  Scottish  judge;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
admitted  advocate,  1744 ;  sheriff-depute  of  Kincardine- 
shire,  1748;  joint  solicitor-general,  1760;  employed  in  the 
Douglas  cause;  lord  of  session,  1764-93 ;  lord  of  justiciary, 
1776-87 ;  founded  Lawrence  Kirk,  Kincardiueshire ;  pub- 
lished notes  of  travel.  [xx.  407] 

GARDEN,  FRANCIS  (1810-1884),  theologian  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1836  ;  intimate  with  Richard 
Cheuevix  Trench,  Frederick  Deuison  Maurice,  and  John 
Sterling  ;  sub-dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1859-84 ;  editor  of 
'The  Christian  Remembrancer,'  1841;  published  'Dic- 
tionary of  English  Philosophical  Terms,'  1878,  and  other 
works.  [xx.  408] 

GARDEN,  GEORGE  (1649-1733),  Scottish  divine; 
professor  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1673  ;  minister  of 
Old  Machar,  Aberdeen,  1679,  of  St.  Nicholas,  1683 :  'laid 
aside,'  1692,  as  a  noujuror ;  deposed,  1701,  in  connection 
with  his  'Apology  for  Madame  Bourignon,'  but  continued 
to  officiate;  imprisoned  after  rebellion  of  1715;  edited 
the  works  of  John  Forbes  (1593-1648)  [q.  v.] ;  and  wrote 
pamphlets  on  behalf  of  the  Scots  episcopal  clergy. 

[xx.  409] 

GARDEN,  JAMES  (1647-1726),  professor  of  divinity, 
Aberdeen ;  brother  of  George  Garden  [q.  v.]  ;  deprived  of 
professorship,  1696,  for  refusing  to  sign  Westminster 
Confession  ;  published  '  Comparative  Theology.' 

[xx.  410] 

GARDENSTONE,  LORD  (1721-1793).  [See  GARDEN, 
FRANCIS.] 

GAR  DINER.    [See  also  G  \RDNER.] 

GARDINER,  ALLEN  FRANCIS  (1794-1851).  mis- 
sionary to  Patagonia  ;  served  in  navy  ;  lieutenant,  1844 ; 
tried  to  establish  Christian  churches  in  Zululand,  1834-8  ; 
laboured  among  Chili  Indians,  1838-43  ;  attempted  to 
establish  mission  in  Patagonia,  1844-5  ;  visited  Bolivia, 
1845-6;  surveyed  Tierra  del  Fuego,  1848  ;  died  of  starva- 
tion there;  published  'Outlines  of  a  Plan  for  Exploring 
the  Interior  of  Australia,'  1833,  and  books  describing  his 
missionary  travels.  [xx.  410] 

GARDINER,  ARTHUR  (1716  ?-1758),  captain  in  the 
navy ;  served  with  Byng  in  the  Mediterranean  and  (1756) 
gave  unwilling  testimony  against  him  at  his  trial ;  cap- 
tured the  Foudroyant  off  the  Spanish  coast,  but  fell  in  the 
action.  [xx.  411] 

GARDINER,  BERNARD  (1668-1726),  warden  of  All 
Souls'  College,  Oxford  ;  ejected  from  demyship  of  Map- 
dalen  by  James  II ;  B.A.,  1688  ;  D.O.L.,  1698 ;  fellow  of 


GARDINER 


477 


GARDISTER 


All  Souls',  1689  ;  warden,  1702  26  ;  vice-chancellor,  1712- 
1716;  checked  Jucobitism  and  suppressed  the  'teme 
filius '  (elected  undergraduate).  [xx.  412] 

GARDINER,  GEORGE  (1535  ?-1689),  dean  of  Nor- 
wich ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1564 ;  fellow  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1558-61  ;  M.A.,  1668  ;  minis- 
ter of  St.  Andrew's,  Norwich,  1662  ;  prebendary  of  Nor- 
wich, 1565;  one  of  those  who  broke  down  the  cathedral 
organ,  1570  ;  rector  of  St.  Martin  Outwich,  London,  1671  ; 
dean  of  Norwich,  1573-89.  [xx.  412] 

GARDINER,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1637-1705),  bishop  of 
Lincoln  ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1666 ;  D.D., 
1669  ;  chaplain  to  Monmouth  and  incumbent  of  Epworth, 
1660 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1695-1706 ;  assisted  Simou 
Patrick  [q.  v.]  to  decipher  Peterborough  charters  and 
muuimeuta.  '  [xx.  413] 

GARDINER,  JAMES,  the  younger  (d.  1732),  sub-dean 
of  Lincoln ;  son  of  James  Gardiner  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1699;  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  1700 ;  master  of  St.  John's  Hospital,  Peterborough, 
1707  ;  published  sermons.  [xx.  414] 

GARDINER,  JAMES  (1688-1746),  colonel  of  dra- 
goons ;  wounded  at  Blenheim,  1704 ;  headed  storming 
party  at  battle  of  Preston;  lieutenant-colonel,  Innis- 
killing  dragoons,  1730;  colonel  in  command  of  light 
dragoons  (now  13th  hussars),  1743-5 ;  deserted  by  most 
of  his  men  at  Prestonpans,  and  mortally  wounded ;  « con- 
verted,' after  a  dissolute  life;  commemorated  in  'Life'  by 
Doddridge,  and  song  by  Sir  Gilbert  Elliot  (1722-1777) 
[q.  v.]  C".  414] 

GARDINER,  MARGUERITE,  COUNTESS  OF  BLKS- 
SINGTON  (1789-1849).  [See  BLKSSINQTON.] 

GARDINER,  RICHARD  1. 1591-1670),  divine  ;  deputy- 
orator  at  Oxford  before  1620;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1629;  M.A.,  1614;  D.D.,  1630  :•  deprived,  1647, 
reinstated,  1660 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  1, 1630;  a  brilliant, 
quaint  preacher ;  published  '  Specimen  Oratorium,'  1653. 

[xx. 416] 

GARDINER,  RICHARD  (1723-1781),  author;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge ;  pub- 
lished 'History  of  Pndica  .  .  .  with  an  account  of  her 
five  Lovers'  (1764),  in  which  'Dick  Merryfellow '  is  him- 
self, and  '  Account  of  the  Expedition  .  .  .  against  Mar- 
ti nico,  Guadeloupe,  and  other  the  Leeward  Islands,'  1759 ; 
commanded  the  marines  in  the  Leeward  Islands. 

[xx.  416] 

GARDINER,  Sm  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1781-1864), 
general ;  entered  royal  artillery,  1797 ;  brevet-lieutenaut- 
colonel,  1814 ;  major-general,  1841 ;  general  and  colonel- 
commandant,  1863-4;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Moore 
in  Sicily,  1806-7,  and  brigade-major  at  Corufla,  1809 ; 
served  in  the  Peninsula  and  (1809)  Walcheren  expedition  ; 
prominent  at  Barossa  and  Badajoz;  commanded  field- 
battery  at  Salamanca,  1812;  commanded  E  troop  royal 
horse  artillery  at  Vittoria,  1813,  and  succeeding  battles, 
and  at  Waterloo ;  K.O.B.,  1814 ;  governor  of  Gibraltar, 
1848-65  ;  published  life  of  Admiral  Sir  Graham  Moore  and 
valuable  professional  papers.  [xx.  417] 

GARDINER,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1606),  chaplain  to  Arch- 
bishop Abbot  and  author  of  •  A  Booke  of  Angling  or 
Fishing.  Wherein  is  shewed  ...  the  agreement  betweene 
the  Fishermen  ...  of  both  natures,  Temporall  and 
Spirituall,'  1606 ;  D.D.  [xx.  418] 

GARDINER,  STEPHEN  (1483  ?-1565),  bishop  of 
Winchester;  educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge; 
fellow ;  doctor  of  civil  law,  1520,  of  canon  law,  1521 ; 
Rede  lecturer,  1624 ;  tutor  to  Duke  of  Norfolk's  son  ; 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  1525-49,  re-elected,  1553;  private 
secretary  to  Wolsey;  obtained  Clement  VII's  consent 
to  a  second  commission  in  the  royal  divorce  question, 
1527 ;  attempted  to  obtain  from  Cambridge  opinions 
favourable  to  the  divorce,  1530 ;  though  taking  up  a 
'middle  course,'  compiled  reply  to  Catherine's  counsel 
at  Borne;  after  Wolsey's  fall  acted  as  secretary  to 
Henry  VIII  till  1534:  bishop  of  Winchester,  1531;  am- 
bassador in  France,  1631-2  ;  prepared  reply  of  the  ordi- 
naries to  the  House  of  Commons'  address  to  the  king, 
stoutly  defending  his  order ;  member  of  the  court  which 
invalidated  Queen  Catherine's  marriage,  1633 ;  signed  re- 
nunciation of  obedience  to  Roman  jurisdiction,  and  pnb- 
lished  oration, '  De  vera  Obedientii,'  repudiating  it,  aud 


maintaining  supremacy  of  secular  princes  over  the  church, 
1535;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University.  i:,jn.',i: 
opposed  Cromwell  and  Cranmer;  fell  temporarily  out  of 
favour;  after  the  fall  of  Cromwell  bad  supix-im-  i>oliiii-al 
influence,  in>piring  the  six  articles,  1539;  <-on.-tanil\  .-in 
ployed  in  negotiations  with  the  emperor ;  Impi 
the  Tower  during  the  greater  part  of  the  reipn  m  II- 
ward  VI  on  auc-oimt  of  his  opposition  to  doctrinal  changes, 
and  (1561)  deprived  of  his  see:  reinstated  and  made  lord 
chancellor  on  Mary's  accession  ;  procured  (1654)  re-enact- 
ment of  '  De  Haeretico  Comburendo '  and  took  part  against 
Bradford  and  Rogers,  but  tried  to  save  Cranmer  and 
Northumberland,  and  protected  Thomas  Smith  and  Peter 
Martyr ;  opposed  the  Spanish  marriage,  but  advocated 
great  severity  towards  Elizabeth,  whom  he  caused  to  be 
declared  illegitimate  by  act  of  parliament;  published  con- 
troversial works  against  Martin  Bucer  and  Latin  letters 
to  John  Cheke  on  the  pronunciation  of  Greek,  1656. 

GARDINER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1516),  monk^f  West- 
minster ;  compiled  'The  Flowers  of  England,' a  chronicle. 

GARDINER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1591-1662),  recorder  of 
London,  1636;   barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1618 ;   bencher, 
I  1636,  treasurer,  1639;  M.P.  for  Callington  in  Short  parlia- 
I  ment,  1640 ;  unsuccessful  royalist  candidate  for  the  city  of 
London;  leading  counsel  to  Sir  Edward  Herbert,  when 
impeached,  1642 ;  himself  impeached  soon  after  for  bis 
support  of  ship-money ;  solicitor-general  to  the  king  at 
Oxford,  1643 ;    commissioner  at  Uxbridge  and  royalist 
attorney-general,  1645.;  pardoned  by  parliament  on  pay- 
ment of  fine,  1647.  [xx.  425] 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  or  WILLIAM  NEVILLE 
(1748-1806),  diplomatist;  lieutenant-general;  served  in 
America,  1775-6  ;  wounded  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  1778 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  45th  foot  (Sherwood  Foresters),  1778 ; 
special  envoy  at  Brussels,  1789-92  ;  plenipotentiary  at 
Warsaw,  1792-5  ;  major-general,  1793  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1799 ;  M.P.,  Thomastown,  in  Irish  parliament ;  commander 
of  north  inland  district  of  Ireland,  1803-6  ;  commander- 
in-chief  of  Nova  Scotia,  1806.  [xx.  426] 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  (1770-1853),  musical  com- 
poser ;  member  of  the  Adelphi  Philosophical  Society, 
1790-2 ;  composed  songs  and  compiled  '  Sacred  Melodies 
from  Haydn,  Mozart,  and  Beethoven  .  .  .  adapted  to  the 
best  English  Poets,'  1812-15,  and  'Judah'  (1821),  an 
oratorio  culled  from  the  same  masters;  edited  Berry's 
version  of  Bombet's  •  Life  of  Haydn '  and  Brewin's 
version  of  Schlichtergroll's  '  Life  of  Mozart,'  1817 ;  pub- 
lished popular  works  on  music.  [xx.  427] 

GARDINER,  WILLIAM  NELSON  (1766-1814),  en- 
graver and  bookseller  ;  employed  in  London  by  Sylvester, 
Harding,  and  Bartolozzi ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge,  1797;  the  Mustapha  of  Dibdiu's '  Bibliomania ' ; 
committed  suicide.  [xx.  428] 

GARDE  ER.    [See  also  GARDINER.] 

GARDNER,  MRS.  (fl.  1763-1782),  actress ;  as  Miss 
Cheney  played  Miss  Prue  in  '  Love  for  Love '  at  Drury 
Lane,  and  Rose  in  the  '  Recruiting  Officer,'  1763-4 ;  made 
her  reputation  in  Foote's  pieces  at  the  Haymarket,  1768- 
1774 ;  her  comedy, '  Advertisement,  or  a  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Husband,'  played  there  for  her  benefit,  1777.  [xx.  429] 

GARDNER,  ALAN,  first  BARON  GARDNKR  (1742- 
1809),  admiral ;  present  at  Quiberon  Bay  in  the  Dorset- 
shire ;  carried  to  Howe  first  news  of  the  French  approach, 
and  captured  on  North  American  coast  large  French 
merchantship,  1778  ;  commanded  the  Sultan  at  Grenada, 
1779;  with  Rodney  in  the  Duke  in  the  victory'  of  1782  ; 
commander  in  Jamaica,  1786-9 ;  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1790-5 ;  created  a  baronet  for  his  services  in  Howe's  victory, 
1794  ;  interviewed  mutineers  at  Spithead,  1797  ;  admiral 
of  the  blue,  1799;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1790-6,  and  West- 
minster,  1796-1806 :  created  Baron  Gardner  in  Irish  peer- 
age, 1800 ;  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1806.  [xx.  430] 

GARDNER,  DANIEL  (1750?-1805),  portrait-painter; 
celebrated  for  small  pictures  in  oil  and  crayons. 

[xx.  430] 

GARDNER,  GEORGE  (1812-1849),  botanist ;  collected 
in  Bra/il  many  thousand  specimens  of  plants,  1836-40 : 
F.L.S.,  1P42  :  died  in  Ceylon,  superintendent  of  botanical 
garden  ;  published  '  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Brazil,' 
1846.  [xx.  431] 


GARDNER 


478 


GARRARD 


GARDNER,  JOHN  (1804-1880),  medical  writer; 
L.R.C.P.  Edinburgh,  1860 ;  M.D.  Giessen,  1847  :  tr;in>Un-<i 
Liebig's  '  Familiar  Letters  on  Chemistry,'  1843 ;  first 
secretary  to  Royal  College  of  Chemistry  and  professor  of 
chemistry  to  General  Apothecaries' Company  :  publisluil 
'  The  Great  Physician,'  1843, '  Household  Medicine,'  and 
'  Longevity '  [xx.  431] 

GARDNER,  THOMAS  (1690  7-1769),  Southwold  anti- 
quary ;  published  '  Historical  Account  of  Dunwich  .  .  . 
Blithburgh  . . .  Southwold,'  1754.  [xx.  432] 

GARDNER,  WILLIAM  (1844-1887),  inventor  of  the 
Gardner  machine-gun,  1876,  and  of  a  quick-firing  cannon ; 
a  native  of  Ohio.  [xx.  432] 

GARDNER,  WILLIAM  LINNAEUS  (1771-1835),  In- 
dian officer ;  nephew  of  Alan,  first  baron  Gardner  [q.  v.]  ; 
ensign  in  India,  1789  ;  captain,  30th  foot,  1794;  employed 
by  the  Mahratta  Jeswunt  Rao  Holkar  ;  married  a  prin- 
cess of  Oambay ;  escaped  to  General  Lake  disguised  as  a 
grass-cutter,  1804 ;  commanded  irregular  horse  in  Kamaun 
and  Rajpootana ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  Indian  army,  1819, 
commanding  Gardner's  horse.  [xx.  432] 

GARDNOR,  JOHN  (1729-1808),  painter;  vicar  of 
Battersea,  1778-1808 ;  exhibited  landscapes  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1782-96;  published  views  of  the  Rhine  country, 
engraved  in  aquatint  by  himself  and  others,  [xx.  433] 

GARDNOR,  RICHARD  (fl.  1766-1793),  painter; 
nephew  and  assistant  of  John  Gardner  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
with  Free  Society  and  at  the  Academy,  1786-93. 

[xx. 434] 

GARDYNE,  ALEXANDER  (1585?-1634?),  Scots 
poet;  published  'Garden  of  Grave  and  Godlie  Flowers,' 
1609,  and  '  Theatre  of  Scotish  Kings.'  [xx.  434] 

GARENCIERES,  THEOPHILUS  (1610-1680),  physi- 
cian ;  M.D.  Caen,  1636  ;  incorporated  M.D.  Oxford,  1657  ; 
published '  Anglise  Flagellum  seu  Tabes  Anglica,'  1647,  and 
a  book  of  prescriptions  for  the  plague,  1665 ;  translated 
Nostradamus,  1672.  [xx.  434] 

GARGRAVE,  GEORGE  (1710-1785),  mathematician ; 
contributed  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine '  papers  on  the 
transit  of  Venus  (1761  and  1769)  and  (1781)  memoirs  of 
Abraham  Sharp  [q.  v.]  the  mathematician.  [xx.  435] 

GARGRAVE,  Sm  THOMAS  (1495-1579),  speaker  and 
(1560)  vice-president  of  the  council  of  the  North  ;  M.P. 
for  York,  1547-55,  Yorkshire,  1555 ;  speaker,  1559 ;  active 
in  suppressing  rising  of  1569.  [xx.  435] 

GARLAND,  AUGUSTINE  (fl.  1660),  regicide;  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  M.P. 
Queenborough,  1648 ;  presided  over  the  committee  to  con- 
sider method  of  the  king's  trial,  and  signed  death-warrant ; 
condemned  to  death,  1660,  but  suffered  only  confiscation 
and  imprisonment.  [xx.  436] 

GARLAND,  JOHN  (fl.  1230),  grammarian  and 
alchemist;  often  confused  with  Gerlandus,  a  French 
writer  of  twelfth  century,  and  others  ;  studied  at  Oxford 
and  Paris ;  professor  at  Toulouse  University,  1229-31 ; 
wrote  '  Dictionarius  Scolasticus '  and  many  other  gram- 
matical treatises,  'Compendium  Alchymiaa  cum  Dic- 
tionario,'  ' Liber  de  Mineralibus,'  and  similar  works ; 
author  of  treatises  on  counterpoint,  plain-song,  and  other 
musical  subjects ;  some  verses  by  him,  including  the 
autobiographical '  De  Triumphis  Ecclesiae '  and  '  De  Oon- 
temptu  Mundi,'  wrongly  ascribed  to  St.  Bernard. 

[xx.  436] 

GARNEATJ,  FRANCOIS  XAVIER  (1809-1866),  his- 
torian of  Canada ;  native  of  Canada ;  greffier  of  Quebec, 
1844-64 ;  president  of  Canadian  Institute,  1856  ;  member 
of  council  of  education,  1857 ;  published  '  Histoire  du 
Canada,'  1845-6,  and  '  Voyage  en  Angleterre  et  en  France,' 
1855.  [xx.  439] 

GARNER,  THOMAS  (1789-1868),  engraver  ;  pupil  of 
Samuel  Lines  [q.  v.] ;  a  founder  of  Birmingham  Society 
of  Artists.  [xx.  440] 

GARNETT,   ARTHUR  WILLIAM   (1829-1861),  en- 
gineer ;  younger  son  of  William  Garnett  [q.  v.] ;  entered  ! 
Bengal  engineers,  1846  ;  wounded  at  Mooltan,  1849  :  held 
fords  of  the  Chenab  at  Goojerat,  1849  ;  designed  forts  on 
Afghan  frontier  ;  buried  in  Calcutta  Cathedral,  [xxi.  1] 

GARNETT,  HENRY  (1555-1606),  Jesuit;  educated  ' 
at  Winchester,  1567 ;  two  years  corrector  of  the  press  to  ! 


Tottel  the  law  printer  ;  went  to  Spain  and  Italy;  jesiiit 
novice,  1575  ;  professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  college  at  Rome  : 
superior  of  the  English  province,  1587-1606  ;  professed  of 
the  four  vows,  1598  ;  accused  of  c-oniplicity  in  Gunpowder 
plot;  arrested  after  three  days'  search  at  Hindlip  Hall: 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  ;  twenty-three  times  examined 
before  the  privy  council ;  condemned  on  his  admission  of 
conversations  with  Oatesby,  and  executed ;  published  a 
translation,  with  supplements,  of  •  Summa  Cauisii '  (1590), 
'A  Treatise  on  Schism,'  and  other  theological  works. 

[xxi.  2] 

GARNETT,  JEREMIAH  (1793-1870),  journalist; 
brother  of  Richard  Garnett  [q.  v.]  ;  co-founder  of  the 
'Manchester  Guardian,'  1821  ;  sole  editor,  1844-61;  ob- 
tained defeat  of  Milner  Gibson  and  John  Bright,  1857. 

[xxi.  5] 

GARNETT,  JOHN  (1709-1782),  bishop  of  Clogher  ; 
fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1732  ; 
bishop  of  Ferns,  1752-8,  of  Clogher,  1758  ;  patron  of  Philip 
Skelton  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Dissertation  on  Job,'  1749. 

[xxi.  5] 

GARNETT,  JOHN  (d.  1813),  dean  of  Exeter,  1810 ; 
son  of  John  Garnett  (1709-1782)  [q.  v.]  [xxi.  6] 

GARNETT,  RICHARD  (1789-1850),  philologist; 
became  priest-vicar  of  Lichfield  Cathedral,  1829 ;  incum- 
bent of  Chebsey,  near  Stafford,  1836-8 ;  assistant-keeper 
of  printed  books,  British  Museum,  1838 ;  his  philological 
essays  edited  by  his  eldest  son,  1859.  [xxi.  6] 

GARNETT,  THOMAS  (1575-1608),  Jesuit;  nephew  of 
Henry  Garnett  [q.  v.] ;  Jesuit,  1604 ;  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  and  banished  for  life,  1606 ;  executed  on  his  return. 

[xxi.  7] 

GARNETT,  THOMAS  (1766-1802),  physician  and 
natural  philosopher;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1788;  practised  at 
Bradford,  Knaresborough,  and  Harrogate ;  published  first 
analysis  of  Harrogate  waters ;  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy at  Anderson's  Institution,  Glasgow,  of  natural 
philosophy  and  chemistry  at  Royal  Institution,  1799-1801 ; 
anticipated  modern  theory  of  a  quasi-intelllgence  In 
plants;  published  '  Highland  Tour,'  1800  ;  his  'Zoonomia ' 
published,  1804.  [xxL  7] 

GARNETT,  THOMAS  (1799-1878),  naturalist :  bro- 
ther of  Richard  and  Jeremiah  Garnett  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  On 
pisciculture  and  experimented  with  guano ;  his  papers 
privately  printed,  1883.  [xxi.  8] 

GARNETT,  WILLIAM  (1793-1873),  civil  servant; 
deputy-registrar  and  registrar  of  land  tax,  1819-41 ;  in- 
spector-general of  stamps  and  taxes,  1842 ;  published 
'  Guide  to  Property  and  Income  Tax.'  [xxL  8] 

GARNETS  or  GARNYSSHE,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER 
(d.  1534),  chief  porter  of  Calais,  1526-34 ;  favourite  of 
Henry  VIII,  who  knighted  him  at  Tournay,  1513. 

[xxi.  9] 

GARNIER  or  WARNER  (fl.  1106).    [See  WARNER.] 

GARNIER,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1809-1863),  dean 
of  Lincoln ;  of  Winchester  and  Worcester  College,  Oxford  : 
B.A.,  1830 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  1830 :  B.O.L.,  1833  :  chap- 
lain of  House  of  Commons,  1849 ;  incumbent,  Holy 
Trinity,  Marylebone,  1850;  dean  of  Ripon,  1859,  of  Lin- 
coln, 1860 ;  published  sermons.  [xxi.  9] 

GARNIER,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1776-1873),  dean  of 
Winchester ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Worcester  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1796  ;  rector  of  Bishop- 
stoke,  1807  ;  D.O.L.,  1860  ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1840-72  ; 
friend  of  Palmerston.  [xxi.  10] 

GARNOCK,  ROBERT  (d.  1681), covenanter  ;  executed 
for  declining  the  king's  authority  ;  his  head  discovered  in 
1728 ;  extracts  from  his  autobiography  contained  in 
Howie's  '  Biographia  Scoticana,'  and  dying  testimony  in 
•  Cloud  of  Witnesses.'  [xxi.  10] 

GARRARD,  GEORGE  (1760-1826),  animal  painter 
and  sculptor ;  pupil  of  Sawrey  Gilpin  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited 
'View  of  a  Brewhouse  Yard,'  1784,  'Sheep-shearing  at 
Aston  Clinton,'  1793  ;  published  description  of  British 
oxen,  1800  ;  instrumental  in  obtaining  act  of  1798  secur- 
ing copyright  in  works  of  plastic  art :  A.R.A.,  1800. 

[xxi.  11] 

GARRARD,     MARCUS     (1561-1635).      [See  GHKK- 

RAERT8.] 


GARRARD 


479 


GA8COIGNE 


GARRARD,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1650-1724),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1700 :  sheriff  of  Loudon, 
1701  ;  lord  mayor,  1709-10  ;  M.P.,  Agmnndesham(Amers- 
bam),  1702-14:  master  of  the  Grocers'  Company,  1710; 
president  of  Bridewell  and  Bethlehem  hospitals,  1720. 

[xxi.  11] 

GARRARD,  THOMAS  (1787-1869),  biographer  ; 
Insurer  of  Bristol,  1836-56;  published  life  of  Edward 
Colston,  1852.  [xxi.  12] 

GARRAWAY,  Sin  HENRY  (1576-1646),  lord  mayor 
of  London  ;  governor  of  Greenland,  Russia,  and  Turkey 
companies,  1639  ;  master  of  the  Drapers'  Company,  1627 
and  1639 ;  sheriff  of  London,  1627  ;  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, 1639;  knighted,  1640;  assisted  the  king  to  raise 
money  in  the  city  ;  expelled  from  court  of  aldermen  for 
royalism,  1643  ;  imprisoned  ;  his  speech  (1642)  in  answer 
to  Pvm's  address  to  the  citizens  frequently  reprinted. 

[xxi.  12] 

GARRETT,  JEREMIAH  LEARNOULT  (/.  1809), 
dissenting  minister ;  preached  in  the  fields  near  London  ; 
laid  foundation-stone  of  Islington  Chapel,  1788 ;  ejected 
for  heresy  from  Lady  Huntingdon's  connexion ;  carried 
on  controversies  with  Joanna  Southcott  and  William 
Huntingtou  ;  published  '  Songs  of  Sion,'  and  other  works. 

[xxi.  14] 

GARRETT.  Sm  ROBERT  (1794-1869),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  ensign,  2nd  queen's  foot, 
1811;  wounded  at  Salamanca,  1812;  severely  wounded  in 
the  Pyrenees,  1814 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1846 ;  led  46th 
foot  in  the  Crimea,  where  he  commanded  first  a  brigade 
and  subsequently  the  4th  division  :  brigadier  in  China, 
1857 ;  lieutenant-general,  1866  ;  K.O.B.  [xxi.  15] 

GARRICK,  DAVID  (1717-1779),  actor  ;  Dr.  Johnson's 
first  pupil  at  Edial;  with  him  left  Lichfield  for  London, 
1737;  started  a  wine  business  with  his  brother  Peter; 
introduced  by  Johnson  to  Cave ;  wrote  in  the  '  Gentle- 
man's Magazine'  ;  his  '  Lethe '  performed  at  Drury  Lane, 
1740;  became  attached  to  Margaret  ('Peg')  Wofflngton 
[q.  v.],  to  whom  he  afterwards  offered  marriage ;  under 
name  Lyddal  made  first  appearance  at  Ipswich  in 
'Oroonoko,'  1741;  made  his  reputation  at  Goodman's 
Fields  in  'Richard  III,'  1741  ;  played  Bayes  and  King 
Lear,  1742  ;  highly  successful  at  Dublin  in  'Hamlet'  and 
"The  Recruiting  Officer,'  1742;  at  Drury  Lane  played 
Abel  Drugger  and  other  parts,  but  quarrelled  with 
Macklin,  1742-3 :  acted  Macbeth  'as  written  by  Shake- 
speare,' 1744,  Sir  John  Brute  ('Provoked  Wife')  and 
Othello,  1744-5.  played  Paul conbridge  and  lago  at  Dublin, 
1745  ;  first  appeared  afOovent  Garden  in  Shakespearean 
parts,  1746 ;  joined  Lacy  in  management  of  Drury  Lane, 
1747;  played  Benedick  and  Romeo  (his  own  version), 
1748,  and  Demetrius  in  Johnson's  'Mahomet  and  Irene,' 
1749  ;  his  marriage  resented  by  Mrs.  Cibber,  Quin,  Mack- 
liu.  and  Barry ;  with  Miss  Bellamy  played  Romeo  and 
Lear  against  the  same  parts  by  Barry  with  Mrs.  Cibber 
at  Covent  Garden,  1750  ;  appeared  as  Kitely  in  'Every 
Man  in  his  Humour,'  1751 ;  rejoined  by  Mrs.  Cibber  and 
joined  by  Foote,  1754,  when  he  produced  his  version  of 
'  Taming  of  the  Shrew '  and  '  Goriolanus '  ;  threatened  to 
retire  from  the  stage  in  consequence  of  riots  against 
French  dancers,  1755;  appeared  in  his  adaptation  of 
'Winter's  Tale,'  1756;  played  Don  Felix  in  'The  Won- 
der,' 1756 ;  produced  Foote's  '  Author,'  1756  ;  produced 
bis  adaptation  of '  Cymbeline,'  1761 ;  Sciolto  in  the  'Fair 
Penitent,'  his  last  new  part,  1763,  during  which  season 
riots  occurred  at  Drury  Lane  in  consequence  of  alterations 
in  prices ;  travelled  with  his  wife  in  France  and  Italy, 
1763-4  ;  made  free  of  theComedie  Francaise :  met  Diderot, 
Beaumarchais,  Marivaux,  Marmontel,  and  Mile.  Clairon ; 
reappearing  at  Drury  Lane  as  Benedick,  1766,  introduced 
the  system  of  invisible  lighting ;  produced  '  The  Clandes- 
tine Marriage,'  written  by  himself  and  Oolman,  1766  :  pro- 
duced his  'Peep  Behind  the  Curtain,'  1767  ;  designed  and 
carried  out  the  Shakespeare  jubilee  at  Stratford,  1769,  and 
produced  the  '  Jubilee '  at  Drury  Lane ;  produced  Cum- 
berland's 'West  Indian'  and  Dryden's  'King  Arthur,' 
1770 ;  produced  his  version  of  '  Hamlet,'  1772,  and  his 
'  Bon  Ton,  or  High  Life  above  Stairs,'  1775  ;  made  last 
appearance  as  Don  Felix,  10  June  1776,  selling  moiety  of 
his  patent  to  Sheridan  and  two  others  for  36,0007. ;  wrote 
prologue  to  the  '  School  for  Scandal '  and  '  All  the  World's 
a  Stage,'  and  prologue  and  epilogue  for  Fielding's 
'  Fathers ' ;  made  a  larger  fortune  than  any  actor  except 
Alleyn;  last  actor  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey;  hie 


poetical  works  publishul,  1785,  his  dramatic  works  (six- 
teen plays),  L7ta  Hi-  portrait  wa*  painted  by  Reynolds, 
Hogarth,  and  Gainsborough.  [xxi.  16] 

GARROD,  ALFRED  HENRY  (1846-1879),  zoologist  ; 
studied  at  University  College,  Loudon  ;  thrice  won  medi- 
cal scholarship  at  King's  College,  London;  senior  in 
natural  science  tripos,  Cambridge,  1K71 ;  prosector  of 
Cambridge  Zoological  Society,  1871 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1873 ;  professor  of  comparative  ana- 
tomy at  King's  College,  London,  1874-9 ;  Fullerian  pro- 
fessor of  physiology,  Royal  Institution,  1875 ;  F.R.8., 
1876  ;  made  important  researches  in  the  anatomy  and 
myology  of  birds  and  ruminants ;  edited  Bell's  version  of 
MUller  on  the  vocal  organs  of  passerines,  and  contributed 
to  Cassell's  'Natural  History.'  [xxi.  27] 

GARROW,  SIB  WILLIAM  (1760-1840),  baron  of  the 
exchequer;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1783:  made  reputa- 
tion by  prosecution  of  Aikles  for  stealing  bill  of  exchange, 
1784  ;  acted  for  Fox  in  Westminster  scrutiny  ;  K.O.,  1793  ; 
M.P.,  Gatton,  1805,  Callington,  1806,  and  Eye,  1812; 
solicitor-general.  1812;  knighted,  1812;  attorney-general, 
1813  ;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1814  ;  baron  of  exchequer, 
1817-32  ;  privy  councillor,  1832.  [xxi.  28] 

GARSIDE,  CHARLES  BRIERLEY  (1818-1876), 
Roman  catholic  divine ;  educated  at  Manchester  school ; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1844 ;  Anglican  curate, 
1842-50  ;  graduated  at  the  Collegio  Romano,  and  was  or- 
dained Romanist  priest,  1854  ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, 1855 ;  afterwards  assistant-priest  in  Chelsea  and 
Oxford;  died  at  Posilippo,  Italy;  published  theological 
works.  [xxi.  29] 

GARTER,  BERNARD  (fl.  1570),  anti-papist  poet ; 
published  '  The  tragicall  and  true  historic  which  happened 
betweene  two  English  lovers,  1563,'  1565,  and  'A  New 
Yeares  Gifte,'  1679.  [xxi.  30] 

GARTH,  JOHN  (/.  1757),  musical  composer ;  adapted 
the  'First  Fifty  Psalms  of  Marcello '  to  the  English  version, 
1757-65.  [xxi.  30] 

GARTH,  Sm  SAMUEL  (1661-1719),  physician  and 
poet ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1684  ;  M.D.,  1691 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1693 ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1694 :  Harveian  orator, 
1697 :  knighted,  1714 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  George  I, 
and  physician-general  to  the  army  ;  made  a  Latin  oration 
over  the  body  of  Dryden  as  it  lay  in  state  at  the  College  of 
Physicians,  1700 ;  wrote  much  occasional  verse,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Kit  Cat  Club;  ridiculed  in  his  poem  'The 
Dispensary,'  1699,  the  opposition  of  the  apothecaries  and 
their  allies  to  the  scheme  of  out-patient  rooms. 

[xxi.  31] 

GARTHSHORE.  MAXWELL(1732-1812),  physician ; 
M.D.Edinburgh,  1764;  L.R.C.P.,  1764 ;  F.R.S. and F.S.A. : 
physician  to  British  Lying-in  Hospital ;  bore  striking 
likeness  to  great  Lord  Chatham  ;  provided  for  widow  of 
John  Hunter  (1728-1793)  [q.  v.] ;  published  works  on 
obstetrics.  [xxi.  32] 

GARTHSHORE,  WILLIAM  (1764-1806),  lord  of  the 
admiralty  ;  son  of  Maxwell  Garthshore  [q.  v.]:  educated 
at  Westminster;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1789; 
private  secretary  to  Dundas,  1794 ;  M.P.,  Launceston, 
1795,  Weymouth,  1797-1806;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1801-4.  [xxi.  32] 

GARVEY,  EDMUND  (d.  1813),  landscape  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Dublin,  the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  and  (1769- 
1808)  at  the  Royal  Academy  ;  R.A.,  1783.  [xxi.  33] 

GARVEY,  JOHN  (1527-1595),  archbishop  of  Armagh ; 
graduated  at  Oxford;  dean  of  Ferns,  1568,  of  Christ 
Church,  Dublin,  1666 ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland ;  bishop 
of  Kilmore,  1685  ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1589-96. 

[xxi.  33] 

GARWAY,  SIB  HENRY  (1575-1646).  [See  GABBA- 
WAY.] 

GA8CAR,  HENRI  (1635-1701),  portrait-painter; 
born  at  Paris ;  prottgi  of  Louise  de  Keroualle,  duchess 
of  Portsmouth  [q.  v.];  in  England,  1674:  returned  to 
France,  1680;  died  at  Rome.  His  portraits  include 
Charles  II,  the  Duchesses  of  Portsmouth  and  Cleveland, 
and  Nell  Gwyn.  [xxL  34] 

GASCOIGNE.  SIB  BERNARD  (1614-1687),  soldier 
and  diplomatist :  born  at  Florence ;  saw  military  service 
in  Italy  and  Germany ;  originally  named  BERNARDO  or 


GASCOIGNE 


4RO 


GASSIOT 


BKRXARPixoGuASCOM  ;  captured  parliamentarian  officers 
in  Cornwall,  1644  ;  commanded  a  regiment  of  horse  at 
Colchester,  1648  ;  granted  denization  aa  Sir  Bernard 
Gascoigne,  1661 ;  F.R.S.,  1667 ;  envoy  to  Vienna  to 
negotiate  marriage  of  Dnke  of  York  with  a  daughter  of 
the  Archduke  of  Austria,  1672 ;  his  memoirs  printed  at 
Florence,  1886  ;  his  '  Description  of  Germany '  printed  in 
•  Miscellanea  Aulica,'  1702.  [xxi.  84] 

GASCOIGNE,    SIR  CRISP  (1700-1761).     [See  GAS- 

OOYXK.] 

GASCOIGNE,  GEORGE  (1525  ?-1577),  poet ;  a  de- 
scendant of  Sir  William  Gascoigne  (1350  V-1419)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  ancient  of  Gray's 
Inn,  e.  1557;  M.P.,  Bedford,  1657-9;  his  'Supposes,'  an 
adaptation  of  Ariosto's  comedy,  acted  at  Gray's  Inn, 
1566 ;  married  the  mother  of  Nicholas  Breton  [q.  v.],  c. 
1566  ;  M.P.,  Midhurst,  1572  ;  went  to  Holland  to  avoid  his 
creditors,  1572  ;  saw  military  service  in  Holland,  1572-5  ; 
captured  by  the  Spaniards  ;  an  unauthorised  book  of  poems 
by  him  published  in  his  absence;  issued  the  'Posies  of 
G.  Gascoigne,  corrected,  perfected,  and  augmented' 
(1575),  containing  '  Jocasta,'  the  second  earliest  tragedy 
in  English  in  blank  verse,  and  '  Certayne  Notes  of 
Instruction  concerning  the  making  of  verse  or  ryme  in 
English,'  the  earliest  English  critical  essay ;  published 
his '  tragicall  comedie,'  the  'Glasse  of  Government,'  1575  ; 
visited  Kenilworth  with  Queen  Elizabeth  and  Leicester, 
1575;  contributed  to  'The  Princelye  Pleasures,'  1576. 
His  other  works  include 'The  Steele  Glas'  (1576),  'The 
Droomme  of  Doomesday,'  and  the  posthumously  published 
'Tale  of  Hemetes  the  heremyte,'  in  English,  French, 
Latin,  and  Italian.  He  was  praised  by  Meres,  Nash,  and 
other  contemporaries.  .[xxi.  36] 

GASCOIGNE,  JOHN  (fl.  1381),  doctor  of  canon  law 
at  Oxford ;  signatory  of  the  chancellor's  condemnation  of 
Wycliffe's  views  on  the  Sacrament,  1381;  credited  by 
Pits  with  authorship  of  a  treatise,  'Contra  Wiclevum.' 

[xxi.  39] 

GASCOIGNE,  RICHARD  (1579-1661?),  antiquary; 
B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1599;  left  books  to  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge;  compiled  pedigrees  of  Gascoigne, 
Wentworth,  and  other  families.  [xxi.  40] 

GASCOIGNE,  RICHARD  (d.  1716),  Jacobite ;  joined 
the  rebels  at  Preston,  1715  ;  captured  and  hanged  at 
Tyburn.  [xxi.  41] 

GASCOIGNE,  THOMAS  (1403-1458),  theologian ;  of 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  D.D.,  1434  ;  chancellor  of  the 
university,  1434,  1444,  and  frequently  '  can  cellar  ins  natus ' 
and  vice-chancellor;  an  active  preacher  and  denouncer 
of  lollardy,  but  zealous  against  pluralities  and  other 
ecclesiastical  abuses;  benefactor  of  Oriel,  Balliol,  and 
other  colleges;  his  ' Dictionarium  Theologicum'  (from 
which  extracts  were  printed  by  J.  E.  T.  Rogers,  1881) 
preserved  at  Lincoln  College.  Other  works  attributed  to 
him  include  "The  Myroure  of  our  Ladye'  (ed.  Blunt, 
1873),  and  a  '  life '  of  St.  Bridget  of  Sweden,  [xxi.  41] 

GASCOIGNE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1593?-1686),  alleged 
conspirator;  succeeded  as  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1637  ; 
endowed  convent  near  Fountains  Abbey,  1678 ;  sent  to 
the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  plotting  with  other  members 
of  his  family  to  murder  Charles  II,  1679  ;  acquitted,  1679  ; 
retired  to  his  brother's  monastery  at  Lambspring,  Ger- 
many, where  he  died.  [xxi.  44] 

GASCOIGNE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1350  ?-1419),    judge  ; 
reader  at  Gray's  Inn  ;   king's  serjeaut,  1397,  and  attorney 
to  Hereford  'Lancaster)  on  his  banishment :  chief-justice 
of  king's  bench,  1400 ;  raised  forces  against  Northumber-  \ 
land,  1403,  and  received  the  submission  of  his  adherents  i 
1406 ;  probably  a  member  of  the  court  which  tried  them  ;  | 
improbably  said  to  have  refused  to  try  A  rchbishop  Scrope ;  | 
ceased  to  be  chief- justice  soon  after  Henry  V's  accession.  ; 
The  story  taken  by  Hall  from  Sir  T.  Elyot's  'Governour ' 
(1531)  of  his  committing  Henry  V  when  Prince  of  Wales  i 
is  without  foundation.  [xxi.  45] 

GASCOIGNE,  WILLIAM  (1612?-1644),  inventor  of  j 
the  micrometer  ;  corresponded  with  Horrocks  and  Crab- 
tree  ;  his  invention  of  the  micrometer  not  published  till 
Auzout's  announcement  (1666)  of  his  own  ;    killed  on 
royalist  side  at  Marston  Moor.  [xxi.  47] 

GA800YNE,  BAMBER  (1725-1791),  lord  of  the 
admiralty;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Crisp  Gaacoyne  [q.  v.] ; 


M.I'.,  Maiden,  1761-3,  Midhurst,  1765-70,  Weobly,  1770-4, 
Truro,  1774-84,  Bossiney,  1784-6;  receiver-general  of 
customs.  [xxi.  48] 

GASCOYNE,  SIR  CRISP  (1700-1761),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  master  of  the  Brewers'  Company,  1746-7 ;  sheriff 
of  London,  1747-8;  passed  in  common  council  act  for 
relief  of  city  orphans,  1748  ;  lord  mayor,  1752-3  ;  knighted, 
1752;  first  mayor  who  occupied  Mansion  House;  con- 
victed alleged  kidnappers  of  Elizabeth  Canning  [q.  v.], 
but  afterwards  proved  her  information  to  be  false. 

[xxi.  47] 

GASCOYNE,  ISAAC  (1770-1841),  general ;  third  son 
of  Bamber  Gascoyne  [q.  v.] ;  served  with  Coldstream 
guards  in  Flanders,  1793-4,  and  commanded  them  in  Ire- 
land, 1798 ;  major-general  on  the  staff,  1802-8 ;  general, 
1819 ;  M.P.,  Liverpool,  1802-30.  [xxi.  48] 

GASELEE,  SIR  STEPHEN  (1762-1839),  judge ;  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1793 ;  pupil  of  Sir  Vicary  Gibbs  [q.  v.] ; 
went  the  western  circuit;  K.C.,  1819;  knighted,  1825; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1824-37;  supposed  original  of 
Dickens's  Justice  Stareleigh.  [xxi.  49] 

GASELEE,  STEPHEN  (1807-1883),  serjeant-at-law  ; 
son  of  Sir  Stephen  Gaselee  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Winches- 
ter and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1832;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1832;  serjeant-at-law,  1840;  M.P.,  Ports- 
mouth, 1865-8.  [xxi.  49] 

GASKELL,  ELIZABETH  CLEGHORN  (1810-1865), 
novelist;  daughter  of  William  Stevenson  (1772-1829) 
[q.  v.] ;  brought  up  by  her  aunt  at  Knutsford,  the  original 
of  '  Cranford ' ;  married  William  Gaskell  [q.  v.],  1832 ; 
became  intimate  with  the  Hewitts,  1841 ;  published 
'Mary  Barton'  anonymously,  1848;  praised  by  Miss 
Edgeworth,  Landor,  Carlyle,  and  Bamford :  attacked  by 
W.  R.  Greg  and  others  as  hostile  to  employers ;  a  guest  of 
Dickens,  with  Carlyle  and  Thackeray,  1849 ;  contributed 
to  'Household  Words'  from  1850,  when  she  also  became 
acquainted  with  Charlotte  Bronte;  published  'Life'  of 
Charlotte  Bronte,  1857,  the  first  edition  being  withdrawn 
because  some  of  its  statements  were  challenged  by 
persons  concerned ;  became  intimate  with  Madame  Mohl, 
1855;  organised  sewing-rooms  during  cotton  famine  of 
1862;  died  suddenly.  Her  other  works  include  'Lizzie 
Leigh,'  1855,  'The  Grey  Woman,'  1865,  'My  Lady  Lud- 
low,' 1859  (republished  as 'Round  the  Sofa,'  1871),  'Mr. 
Harrison's  Confessions,'  1865,  'Ruth,'  1853,  'Cranford,' 
1853,  'North  and  South,'  1855,  'Sylvia's  Lovers,'  1863, 
and  '  Wives  and  Daughters,'  1865.  The  first  edition  of 
her  collected  works  appeared  in  1873.  [xxi.  49] 

GASZELL,  WILLIAM  (1805-1884),  Unitarian  minis- 
ter; M.A.  Glasgow,  1824 ;  junior  minister  of  Cross  Street 
Chapel,  Manchester,  1828,  senior,  1854 ;  secretary  to  Man- 
chester New  College,  1840-6,  professor  of  English  history 
and  literature,  1846-63,  and  chairman  of  committee  from 
1864;  taught  logic  and  literature  at  Owens  College; 
his  'Lectures  on  the  Lancashire  Dialect'  (1844)  appended 
to  fifth  edition  of  his  wife's  novel,  '  Mary  Barton '  [see 
GASKELL,  ELIZABETH  CLEGHORN]  ;  some  of  his  hymns 
included  in  Martineau's  '  Hymns  of  Praise  and  Prayer ' 
(1874).  [xxi.  54] 

GASKIN,  GEORGE  (1761-1829),  divine  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1778 :  D.D.,  1788 ;  for  forty-six  years 
lecturer  in  Islington;  incumbent  of  St.  Bennet,  Grace- 
church  Street,  and  secretary  S.P.C.K.,  1791;  rector  of 
Stoke  Newington,  1797  ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1822  ;  edited 
Bishop  Dehon's  sermons.  [xxi.  56] 

CASPARS  (JASPERS),  JAN  BAPTIST  (1620?- 
1691 ),  portrait-painter :  native  of  Antwerp  ;  worked  for 
General  Lambert ;  assisted  Lely  and  Kneller,  and  became 
known  as  '  Lely's  Baptist' ;  painted  portraits  of  Charles  II 
and  Hobbes,  and  etched  '  Banquet  of  the  Gods.' 

[xxi.  55] 

GASPEY,  THOMAS  (1788-1871),  journalist  and  au- 
thor :  for  sixteen  years  on  the  staff  of  the  'Morning 
Post,'  for  which  he  wrote  '  Elegy  on  Marquis  of  Anglesey's 
Leg';  sub-editor  of  ' Courier ';  published  novels  and  his- 
torical works.  [xxi.  66] 

GASSIOT,  JOHN  PETER  (1797-1877),  scient  fie 
writer;  chairman  of  Kew  Observatory,  which  he  heljed 
to  endow ;  founder  of  Royal  Society  Scientific  Relief 
Fund  ;  proved  by  experiments  with  Grove's  cells  that  the 
static  effect  of  a  battery  increases  with  its  chemical 
action,  1844;  proved  with  delicate  micrometers  the  cor- 


GAST 


481 


GAUNTLETT 


rectiiess  of  Grove's  argument*  against  the  contact  theory, 
1844;     discovered    stratiflcatiou    of    electric    dis,  : 
1852;  F.K.S.  [xxi.  56] 

OAST,  LIK  •!•:  itK(jl.  1190  ?),  lord  of  the  castle  of  Oast, 
uear  Salisbury  ;  reputed  author  of  the  first  part  of  the 
French  poem,  'Tristan.'  [xxi.  57] 

GASTINEAU,  HKNKY  (1791-1876),  water-colour 
painter  ;  member  of  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours, 
1823  ;  exhibited  for  fifty-eight  years.  [xxi.  57] 

GASTRELL,  FRANCIS  (1662-1726),  bishop  of  Ches- 
ter ;  educated  at  Westminster  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, 1687:  D.D.,  1700;  carried  on  a  controversy  with 
Sherlock  on  the  Trinity,  1696-8;  Boyle  lecturer,  1697; 
chaplain  to  Harley,  when  speaker,  1700;  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  1702  ;  queen's  chaplain,  1711  ;  bishop  of  Chester, 
1714  ;  published,  among  other  works,  '  Christian  Insti- 
tutes,1 1707,  and  «  Historical  Notices  of  the  Diocese  of 
Chester.'  [xxi.  58] 

GATACRE.  THOMAS  (d.  1593),  divine  :  educated  at 
Oxford  and  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  student, 
Middle  Temple,  c.  1553  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Leicester  ; 
rector  of  St.  Edmund's,  Lombard  Street,  1572.  [xxi.  59] 

GATAKER,  CHARLES  (1614?-1680),  divine  :  M,U  of 
Thomas  Gataker  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  ; 
B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  1636;  chaplain  to  Falkland  and  roc- 
tor  of  Hoggeston,  Buckinghamshire  ;  published  works, 
including  'Animadversions'  on  Bull's  '  Harmonia  Apo- 
stolica  '  and  'Examination  of  the  Case  of  the  Quakers  con- 
cerning Oaths,'  1675.  [xxi.  62] 

GATAKER,  THOMAS  (1574-1654),  puritan  divine 
and  critic;  sou  of  Thomas  Gatacre  [q.  v.]  :  scholar  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  Col- 
lege, 1696;  B.D.,  1603  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  lecturer  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1601  ;  rector  of  Rother- 
hithe,  1611;  active  member  of  the  Westminster  As- 
sembly; favoured  a  mixture  of  prelacy  and  presby- 
terianism  ;  signed  address  against  Charles  I's  trial  ;  pub- 
lished, besides  controversial  works  and  life  of  William 
Bradshaw  [q.  v.],  'Marci  Aiitouiui  de  Rebus  Suis,'  1652 
(Greek  text  with  Latin  version  and  commentary),  and 
commentaries  on  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and  Lamentations. 

[xxi.  60] 

GATES,  BERNARD  (1685  7-1773),  musician  :  master 
of  children  of  the  Chapel  Royal  ;  member  of  Westminster 
Abbey  choir  and  of  Academy  of  Vocal  Music  ;  sang  air  . 
in  Dettingen  'Te  Deum,'  1743;  Handel's  'Esther'   per- 
formed at  his  house,  1732.  [xxi.  62] 

GATES,    HORATIO    (1728-1806),    major-general    in  ! 
United  States    service:    served  under  Prince  Ferdinand  j 
of  Brunswick  ;  captain,  1764  ;  served  at  Fort  Duquesne, 
1755,  Fort  Pitt,  1760,  and  Martinique,  1762  ;  major,  1762  ; 
in  Ireland,  1768-9;  retired  from  service  and  returned  to 


obedience,  1643 ;  minister  In  Jersey  and  chaplain  to  Sir 
Edward  Hyde,  1647  :  D.D.,  1660  ;  vii-ar  of  l'l\  mouth,  1W1, 
but  never  had  possession ;  died  of  the  p]  urate 

of  Yarmouth.  [xxl<  66] 

GATLEY,  ALFRED (1816-1883), sculptor  :  his 'Hebe- 
purchased  by  Art  Union  ;  exhibited  busts  of  E«partero, 
1846,  Archbishop  Sumuer,  1848,  and  S.  Christie-Miller, 
1850,  and  executed  that  of  Hooker  in  the  Temple  Chun-h 
after  1862  lived  at  Rome,  where  he  dial;  his  bas-relief, 
*  Overthrow  of  Pharaoh,'  statues  of  '  Echo '  and  '  Night ' 
and  marble  statuettes  of  animals  exhibited  at  Interna- 
tional Exhibition,  1862.  [xxi.  66] 

GATLIFF,  JAMES  (1766-1831),  divine:  educated  at 
Manchester  grammar  school :  perpetual  curate  of  Gorton, 
Manchester ;  edited,  with  life,  Wogau's  'Essay  on  the 
Proper  Lessons,'  1818;  imprisoned  for  debt  and  seques- 
trated ;  issued  apologetic  pamphlet  with  eccentric  title, 
1820.  [xxi.  67] 

GATTIE,  HENRY  (1774-1844),  actor ;  appeared  at 
Bath  in  vocal  characters  and  old  men's  parts,  1807-12- 
at  Drury  Lane.  1813-33;  his  best  part*,  Morbleu  in 
'  Monsieur  Tonson '  and  Dr.  Caius  in  '  Merry  Wives.' 

GATTY,  MARGARET  (1807-1873),  writer  "for  chil- 
dren; daughter  of  Alexander  John  Scott  [q.  v.],  whose 
life  she  and  her  husband  published,  1842  ;  married  Alfred 
Gatty,  D.D.,  1839  ;  established  'Aunt  Judy's  Magazine,' 
1866:  published  'Parables  from  Nature,'  1855-71,  'Aunt 
Judy's  Tales,'  1859,  and  '  Aunt  Judy's  Letters.' 

[xxi.  67] 

GAU,  JOHN  (1493?-1653?),  translator  ;  M.A.  St.  An- 
drews, 1511;  published  in  Sweden  'Richt  Vay  to  the 
Kingdome  of  Heuine'  (translation  from  Christiern  i'eder- 
sen),  1533,  the  earliest  protestaut  work  in  Scottish  prose; 
prebendary  of  church  of  Our  Lady,  Copenhagen. 

[Suppl.  ii.  272] 

GAUDEN,  JOHN  (1605-1662),  bishop  of  Worcester ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1626  ;  entered  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford ;  D.D.,  1641 :  vicar  of  Chippeuham 
and  chaplain  to  Robert  Rich,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.], 
1640 ;  dean  of  Booking,  1641 ;  « shuffled  out '  of  the  West- 
minster Assembly  for  episcopuliauism ;  retained  benefices 
during  the  Commonwealth  ;  wrote  against  the  Army  and 
the  Civil  Marriage  Act  and  in  defence  of  the  church  of 
England ;  published  'Ecclesiae  Anglicans  Suspiria,'  1659  ; 
bishop  of  Exeter,  1660-2;  wrote  treatises  against  the 
covenanters,  1660-1 ;  edited  Hooker's  '  Ecclesiastical 
Polity,'  1662;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1662;  claimed  the 
authorship  of  '  Eiieiav  /3a<riAi»t7j ;  the  Pourtraicture  of  His 
Sacred  Majestic  in  His  Solitndesaud  Sufferings,'  attributed 
by  royalist  writers  and  Bishop  Christopher  Wordsworth  to 
Charles  1.  Gauden's  claim  was  apparently  admitted  at 
the  Restoration.  •  ,  .  [xxi.  69] 


GAUGAIN,  THOMAS  (1748-1810?),  stipple  engraver, 
native  of  Abbeville;  exhibited  paintings  at  Royal  Aca- 
Amenca,  1769;  adjutant-general  and  brigadier  in  Ameri-     demy,   1778-82;    executed    numerous    eueravings    after 
can  army  on  outbreak  of  war,  1775  ;  major-general  and  :  Reynolds,  Northcote,  Morland,  Maria  Cos  way,  and  Nolle- 

kens's  bust  of  Fox.  [xxi.  72] 

GAULE,  JOHN  (fl.  1660),  divine :  studied  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge;  chaplain  to  Lord  Cainden,  1629;  vicar 
of  Great  Staughtou,  1646 ;  published  numerous  theolo- 
gical works,  including  '  Select  Cases  of  Conscience  touch- 
ing Witches'  (1646).  [xxi.  72] 

GAUNT,  ELIZABETH  (</.  1685),  the  last  woman 
executed  for  a  political  offence:  burnt  at  Tyburn  for 
treason  in  sheltering  Burton,  a  Rye-house  conspirator  and 
adherent  of  Monmouth.  [xxi.  72] 


commander  of  northern  army  serving  in  Canada,  1776; 
defeated  Burgoyue  at  Bemua  Heights,  and  forced  him  to 
surrender  at  Saratoga,  1777  ;  president  of  board  of  war  and 
ordnance,  1777  :  defeated  at  Camden,  South  Carolina,  1780  ;  : 
superseded  in  the  command,  1780.  [Suppl.  it  269] 


GATES,  Sm  JOHN  (1504  ?-1553),  statesman  ;  accom- 
panied Henry  VIII  to  Lincolnshire,  1536  ;  received  valu-  ; 
able  grants  in  Essex  for  confidential  services  ;  K.B.,  1547  ; 
privy  councillor  and  vice-chamberlain,  1551  ;  chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1552  ;  executed  as  a  partisan  of 
Northumberland.  [xxi.  63] 


GATES,  Sm  THOMAS  (fl.  1596-1621),  governor  of 
Virginia  ;  knighted  for  service  in  Cadiz  expedition,  1596  ; 
served  in  Netherlands,  1604-8;  sailed  for  Virginia  as 
lieutenant-general  of  the  Colonisation  Company,  1609; 
wrecked  off  the  Bermudas  ;  governor,  1611-14,  organising 
the  colony  ;  supposed  to  have  died  in  East  Indies  : 
Jourdan's  and  Purchas's  accounts  of  his  adventures  in  the 
Bermudas  probably  groundwork  of  the  '  Tempest.' 

GATFORD,  LIONEL  (d.  1665),  royalist  divine  ;'fellow 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge  :   M.A.,  1625  ;   B.D.,  1633  ; 
vicar  of  St.  Clement's,  Cambridge,  1631  ;  rector  of  Den- 
nington,  1637  ;  arrested  at  Cambridge  and  imprisoned  in  . 
Ely  House,  Holborn,  for  an  unpublished  work  on  passive  ' 


GAT/NT,  JOHN  OF,  DUKE  OF  LANCASTKR  (1340- 
1399).  [See  JOHN.] 

GAUNT  or  GANT  (or  PAYNELL),  MAURICE  nu 
(1184?-1230),  baron  of  Leeds;  granted  charter  to  bur- 
gesses of  Leeds,  1208 ;  joined  insurgent  barons,  1216 ; 
captured  at  Lincoln,  1217;  paid  scutage  for  lands  in 
eight  counties,  1223  ;  justice  itinerant  for  Herefordshire, 
Staffordshire,  Shropshire,  Devonshire,  Hampshire,  and 
Berkshire,  1227  ;  died  in  Brittany.  [xxi.  73] 

GAUNT,  SIMON  DE  (rf.  1315).    [See  GHKNT.] 

GAUNTLETT,  HENRY  (1762-1 H33),  divine;  vicar  of 
Oluey,  1816-33,  and  friend  of  Rowland  Hill ;  published  'Ex- 
position of  the  Book  of  Revelation,'  1821.  [\xi.  74] 

I  I 


GATJNTLETT 


482 


GAYTON 


GATTNTLETT,  HENRY  JOHN  (1805-1876),  organist 
and  composer ;  son  of  Henry  Gauutlett  [q.  v.]  ;  played 
the  organ  at  Olney  as  a  child :  organist  at  St.  Olave's, 
South \vark,  1827-46,  at  Union  chapel,  Islington,  1853-61, 
and  St.  Bartholomew's,  Smithfield,  1872-6 ;  introduced 
enlarged  organs  on  the  Haarlem  model;  patented  elec- 
trical-action apparatus,  1852  ;  created  Mns.Doc.  by  Arch- 
bishop Howley,  1842  ;  played  the 'Elijah 'at  Birmingham, 
1846:  edited  'Musical  World,'  contributing  'Charac- 
teristics of  Beethoven'  and  other  papers  ;  composed  'St. 
Alphege,' '  St.  Albinus,' '  St.  George,'  and  other  hymn-tunes 
and  chants, '  The  Song  of  the  Soul,'  and  '  Notes,  Queries, 
and  Exercises  in  Science  and  Practice  of  Music,'  1859. 
'Encyclopaedia  of  the  Chant,'  first  published,  1885,  was 
largely  his  work.  [xxi.  74] 

GAVESTON,  PIERS,  EARL  OF  CORNWALL  (rf.  1312), 
favourite  and  foster-brother  of  Edward  II ;  banished  by 
Edward  I,  1307,  but  recalled  and  created  an  earl  on  acces- 
sion of  Edward  II :  betrothed  to  sister  of  the  Earl  of 
Gloucester ;  having  offended  the  barons  by  his  conduct  at 
the  coronation  was  banished,  but  made  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  1308 :  recalled,  1309 ;  gave  fresh  offence  by  inso- 
lence and  extravagance;  accompanied  Edward  to  Scot- 
land, 1310-11 :  his  banishment  again  demanded  by  lords 
ordainers,  1311 ;  returned  secretly  from  Bruges  and  joined 
the  king  at  York  ;  surrendered  conditionally  to  Pembroke 
at  Scarborough  ;  kidnapped  by  Warwick  and  executed  on 
Blacklow  Hill  in  presence  of  Lancaster  and  other  barons. 

[xxi.  76] 

GAVIN,  ANTONIO  (ft.  1726),  author  of  '  A  Master- 
Key  to  Popery ' ;  M.A.  Saragossa ;  having  become  a  pro- 
testant,  escaped  from  Spain  to  London,  and  was  enter- 
tained by  Lord  Stanhope ;  officiated  as  a  minister  in 
London  and  afterwards  in  Ireland,  where  his  'Master- 
Key,'  containing  mendacious  revelations,  appeared  in 
1724.  [xxi.  78] 

GAVIN,  ROBERT  (1827-1883),  painter;  exhibited 
popular  landscapes  at  the  Scottish  Academy ;  A.R.S.A., 
1854 ;  travelled  in  America  and  Morocco,  and  lived  some 
years  at  Tangier ;  R.S.A.,  1879.  [xxi.  79] 

GAWDIE,  SIR  JOHN  (1639-1699).    [See  GAWDY.] 

GAWDY,  FRAMLINGHAM  (1589-1654),  parliamen- 
tary reporter ;  M.P.,  Thetford,  1620-1,  1623-4, 1625-6,  and 
1640;  his  'Notes  of  what  passed  in  Parliament,  1641, 
1642,'  preserved  in  British  Museum.  [xxi.  79] 

GAWDY,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1606),  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas ;  half-brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Gawdy  [q.  v.] ; 
treasurer  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1571 ;  M.P.,  Morpeth, 
1571 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1577 ;  as  queen's  serjeant,  1582, 
took  part  in  proceedings  against  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at 
Fotheringay,  and  those  against  William  Davison  (1541  ?- 
1608)  [q.  v.] ;  justice  of  queen's  bench,  1589 ;  knighted, 
1603 ;  member  of  the  courts  which  tried  Essex  and 
Ralegh ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1605.  [xxi.  79] 

GAWDY,  SIR  JOHN  (1639-1699),  painter ;  grandson 
of  Framlingham  Gawdy  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1666.  [xxi.  81] 

GAWDY,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1589),  judge ;  bencher, 
Inner  Temple,  1551;  master  of  requests,  1551 ;  M.P., 
Arundel,  1653  ;  treasurer  of  Inner  Temple,  1561 ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1567 :  justice  of  the  queen's  bench,  1574  ;  knighted, 
1579  ;  president  of  commission  to  determine  fishing  rights 
of  Yarmouth  and  the  Cinque  ports,  1575 ;  member  of  the 
courts  which  tried  Dr.  Parry,  1585,  William  Shelley,  1586, 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Fotheriugay,  and  the  Earl  of 
Arundel,  1589.  [xxi.  81] 

GAWEN,  THOMAS  (1612-1684),  Roman  catholic 
writer;  educated  at  Winchester ;  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1632 ;  M.A. ;  met  Milton  at  Rome ;  prebendary 
of  Winchester,  1645  ;  rector  of  Bishopstoke,  1660 ;  having 
become  a  Romanist,  withdrew  to  France,  being  admitted 
to  Henrietta  Maria's  household ;  devotional  works,  pub- 
lished, 1686.  [xxi.  82] 

GAWLER,  GEORGE  (1796-1869),  governor  of  South 
Australia ;  served  with  52nd  foot  in  the  Peninsula  (being 
twice  wounded)  and  at  Waterloo ;  governor  of  South 
Australia,  1*38-41.  [xxi.  83] 

GAWLER,  WILLIAM  (1750-1809),  organist  and 
composer ;  published  collections  for  piano  or  harpsichord, 
with  instructions,  1780, '  Hannonia  Sacra,'  1781,  and  other 
compositions.  [xxi.  83] 


GAY,  JOHN  (1685-1732),  poet  and  dramatist ;  ap- 
prenticed to  a  London  mercer ;  afterwards  lived  as  a 
private  gentleman  ;  his  first  poem. '  Wine."  ili'iiyin_r  possi- 
bility of  successful  authorship  to  water-drinken,  possibly 
published  in  1708;  published  'Present  State  of  Wit,' 
1711;  secretary  to  the  Duchess  of  Moumouth,  1712-14; 
issued  '  Rural  Sports,'  1713  ;  contributed  (1713)  to  Steele's 
'Guardian  '  and  'Poetical  Miscellanies  ' ;  his  'Shepherd's 
Week'  (satirical  eclogues  directed  against  Ambrose 
Philips  [q.  v.]),  dedicated  to  Bolingbroke,  1714;  accom- 
panied Lord  Clarendon  to  Hanover  as  secretary,  1714  ; 
his  first  play, '  What-d'ye  Call  it,'  acted  at  Drury  Lane 
and  published,  1715 ;  assisted  by  Swift  in  the  poem 
'Trivia,'  1716,  and  by  Pope  and  Arbuthuot  in  'Three 
Hours  after  Marriage,'  acted  1717  ;  accompanied  William 
Pulteuey  to  Aix,  1717;  issued  'Poems,'  1720,  with  sub- 
scriptions from  Burlington,  Chandos,  and  other  noble 
patrons;  lost  a  fortune  in  South  Sea  funds;  patronised 
by  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of.  Queeusberry  ('  Kitty ') ; 
lottery  commissioner,  1722-31 ;  offered  post  of  gentleman- 
usher  to  the  Princess  Louisa,  1727  ;  his  'Captives'  acted 
at  Drury  Lane,  1724;  the  first  series  of  his  'Fables' 
issued,  1727 ;  his  '  Beggar's  Opera '  played  for  two  seasons 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1728,  and  throughout  the  British 
Isles,  making  much  sensation,  while  its  sequel,  'Polly,' 
though  prohibited  (1728)  by  the  court  from  being  acted, 
was  also  published  with  great  success  ;  wrote  the  libretto 
for  Handel's  '  Acis  and  Galatea,'  1732,  and '  Achilles,' an 
opera  produced  at  Oovent  Garden,  1733 ;  the  second  series 
of '  Fables '  (1738),  his  principal  posthumous  work.  He  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxi.  83] 

GAY,  JOHN  (1699-1745),  philosophical  writer ;  M.A. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge.  1725  ;  fellow,  1724-32  ; 
vicar  of  Wilshampstead,  Bedfordshire,  1732-45 ;  prefixed 
to  the  translation  by  Edmund  Law  [q.  v.]  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin's  '  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Evil,'  1731,  a 
'  Preliminary  Dissertation '  on  utilitarian  lines. 

[Suppl.  ii.  272] 

GAY,  JOHN  (1813-1885),  surgeon ;  M.R.C.S.,  1834  ; 
surgeon  to  Royal  Free  Hospital,  1836,  and  Great  Northern, 
1856-85  ;  published  medical  works,  including  treatise  'On 
Femoral  Rupture,'  1848.  [xxi.  90] 

GAY,  JOSEPH  (pseudonym)  (1680?-1738).  [See 
BREVAL,  JOHN  DURANT.] 

GAYER,  ARTHUR  EDWARD  (1801-1877),  Irish 
ecclesiastical  commissioner  for  Ireland,  1859-69;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1823;  LL.D.,  1830;  called  to 
Irish  bar,  1827;  Q.O.,  1844;  chancellor  of  Ossory,  1848, 
and  of  Meath  and  other  dioceses,  1851.  His  works  in- 
clude 'The  Catholic  Layman,'  1862,  and  'Memoirs  of 
Family  of  Gayer,'  1870.  [xxL  91] 

GAYER,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1649),  lord  mayor  of  London : 
warden  of  Fishmongers'  Company,  1638 ;  prominent 
director  of  East  India  Company;  as  sheriff  of  London, 
1635,  enforced  ship-money;  knighted,  1641;  lord  mayor, 
1646;  impeached  for  abetting  riots  against  compulsory 
militia  service,  1647-8;  president  of  Christ's  Hospital, 
1648 ;  benefactor  of  Christ's  Hospital.  [xxi.  91] 

GAYER,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1711  ?),  governor  of  Bombay ; 
nephew  of  Sir  John  Gayer  (d.  1649)  [q.  v.] ;  received 
freedom  of  East  India  Company,  1682 ;  knighted,  1693 ; 
governor  of  Bombay  under  Sir  John  Goldsborough  [q.  v.], 
1693;  chief  governor  on  death  of  latter,  1694;  arrested, 
1700,  and  confined  several  years  at  Surat,  at  the  instance 
of  Sir  Nicholas  Waite,  representative  of  the  New  East 
India  Company ;  died  at  Bombay  soon  after  his  release. 

[xxi.  93] 

GAYNESBTIRGH,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1307).  [See 
GAINSBOROUGH,  WILLIAM.] 

GAYTON,  CLARK  (1720 ?-1787 ?),  admiral;  com- 
manded the  St.  George  at  the  attack  on  Martinique  and 
the  reduction  of  Guadeloupe,  1759 ;  commander  on  Jamaica 
station,  1774-8 ;  rear-admiral,  1770  ;  admiral,  1782. 

[xxi.  94] 

GAYTON,  EDMUND  (1608-1666X  author ;  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School:  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1633 ;  fellow  ;  adopted  as  a  son  by  Ben  Jonson  : 
expelled  from  post  of  superior  beadle  in  arts  at  Oxford 
by  parliamentary  visitors,  1648  :  lived  in  great  pecuniary 
distress  in  London;  published,  among  other  works, 
'  Festivous  Notes  on  ...  Don  Quixote,'  1654,  in  prose  and 
verse.  [xxi.  94] 


OAYWOOD 


483 


GELDORP 


GAYWOOD,  RICHARD  (./f.  1650-1680),  engraver  and 
etcher;  pupil  of  Wcncc^laus  Hollar  [q.  v.]  and  frieii'l  of 
Francis  Barlow  [q.  v.]  [xxi.  95] 

GEARE,  ALLAN  (1622-1662),  nonconformist;  M.A. 
Leyden,  1G51 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford  ;  successively  minis- 
ter of  St.  Peter's,  Paul's  Wharf,  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of 
Bedford,  and  minister  of  St.  Saviour's,  Dartmouth: 
ejected,  1662.  [xxi.  96] 

GEARY,  Sin  FRANCIS  (1710  7-1796),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1727  ;  while  commanding  the  Chester  cap- 
tured several  French  and  Spanish  ships,  1743-5  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1759 ;  commander  of  Portsmouth,  1770  :  admiral 
of  the  blue,  1775,  of  the  white,  1778 ;  created  baronet, 
1782.  [xxi.  96] 

GED,  WILLIAM  (1690-1749),  inventor  of  stereo- 
typing ;  patented  development  of  Van  der  Mey's  method, 
1725 ;  made  successful  experiments,  but  was  foiled  in 
London  by  the  dishonesty  of  his  partner  and  the  jealousy 
of  the  trade :  returned  to  Edinburgh,  and  published  in 
1744  his  stereotyped  Sallust;  died  in  poverty,  [xxi.  97] 

GEDDES,  ALEXANDER  (1737-1802),  biblical  critic  ; 
studied  at  Scalan  and  Paris;  priest  of  Auchinhalrig 
and  Preshome,  Bauffshire,  1769-79  ;  made  literary  repu- 
tation by  his  verse  translation  of  Horace's  '  Satires,'  1779  ; 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1780  :  suspended  for  attending  a  pres- 
byterian  service  and  hunting;  while  officiating  at  the 
imperial  ambassador's  chapel  in  London  received  from 
Lord  Petre  the  means  to  prosecute  his  scheme  for  a 
revised  catholic  version  of  the  bible;  encouraged  by 
Kennicott  and  Bishop  Lowth ;  issued  '  General  Answer 
to  Queries,  Counsels,  and  Criticisms,'  1790  ;  published  the 
historical  books  of  the  Old  Testament  and  '  Ruth,'  1792, 
1797,  and  '  Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,' 
1800,  the  rationalistic  character  of  which  caused  their 
prohibition  and  the  author's  suspension  from  ecclesias- 
tical functions ;  his  orthodoxy  defended  by  Charles  Butler 
(1750-1832)  [q.  v.]  ;  maintained  that  the  Divinity  of  Jesus 
Christ  was  a  primitive  tenet  of  Christianity ,  1787  ;  pub- 
lished miscellaneous  works.  [xxi.  98] 

GEDDES,  ANDREW  (1783-1844),  painter ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  after  1806 ; 
A.R.A.,  1832 ;  in  Italy.  1828-31 :  painted  chiefly  portraits  ; 
excelled  as  an  etcher  of  portraits,  landscapes,  and  copies 
of  old  masters.  [xxi.  101] 

GEDDES,  JAMES  (d.  1748  ?),  advocate  ;  published 
'  Essay  on  the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  of  the 
Ancients,  particularly  Plato,'  1748.  [xxi.  102] 

GEDDES,  JENNY  (Jl.  1637  ?),  supposed  name  of  the 
woman  who  threw  a  stool  at  the  head  of  Bishop  Lindsay 
when  attempting  to  read  Laud's  service-book  in  St.  Giles's, 
Edinburgh.  Her  real  name  is  a  very  open  question. 

[xxi.  102] 

GEDDES,  JOHN  (1735-1799),  Roman  catholic  bishop  ; 
educated  at  the  Scots  College,  Rome ;  superior  of  Scalan, 
1762-7,  of  Semple's  College  in  Spain,  1770-9 :  coadjutor 
of  the  Lowlands,  with  title  of  Bishop  of  Morocco,  1779-97  ; 
published,  'Life  of  St.  Margaret,  Queen  of  Scotland,'  and 
•  Treatise  against  Duelling.'  [xxi.  102] 

GEDDES,  MICHAEL  (1650?-1713),  divine;  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  1668 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1671 ;  one  of 
the  first  four  Scottish  students  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1672 ;  chaplain  to  English  factory  at  Lisbon,  1678- 
1688 ;  chancellor  of  Salisbury,  1691 ;  created  LL.D.  by 
Archbishop  Tenison,  1695 ;  translated  Portuguese  and 
Spanish  works.  [xxi.  103] 

GEDDES,  WILLIAM  (1600  ?-1694),  presbyterian 
divine  and  author ;  graduated  at  Aberdeen,  1650  ;  minis- 
ter at  Wick  and  Drquhart;  published  'The  Saint's 
Recreation.'  [xxi.  104] 

GEDDES,  SIR  WILLIAM  DUGUID  (1828-1900), 
Greek  scholar  :  M.A.  University  and  King's  Colleges,  Aber- 
deen, 1846 ;  rector  of  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1853  ; 
professor  of  Greek  at  University  and  King's  College, 
1855,  and  in  united  university,  1860-85;  principal  and 
vice-chancellor  of  Aberdeen,  1885;  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1876 ;  knighted,  1892  ;  published,  among  other  works,  an 
edition  of  Plato's '  Phaedo,'  1863.  [Suppl.  ii.  273] 

GEDEN,  JOHN  DURY  (1822-1886),  Wesleyau  ;  edu- 
cated at  Kiugswood  and  Richmond  College  ;  joint-editor 


of  '  London  Quarterly  Review '  (established  1853; ;  mem- 
ber of  legal  lumclr.,1,  I.-MJH  :  lion.  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1885  ; 
Feruley  lecturer,  1874  ;  one  of  the  Old  Testament  revisers. 

GEDGE,  SYDNEY  (1802-1883),  divine  ^V.A^St. 
Catharine's  College,  Cambridge,  1824  ;  fellow,  1826  ;  second 
master  of  King  Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  1835-59  ; 
vicur  of  All  Saints',  Northampton,  1859-76;  active  sup- 
porter of  Church  Missionary  Society.  [xxi.  105] 

GEDY,  JOHN  (  A.  1370),  abbot  of  Arbroath ;  agreed 
to  make  a  harbour  for  the  burgh,  1394.  Southey'g  story 
that  he  placed  a  bell  on  the  Bell  Rock  to  warn  sailors  of 
the  dangerous  nature  of  the  coast  is  not  supported  by 
evidence.  [Xxi.  105] 

GEE,  EDWARD  (1565-1618),  divine ;  fellow  of  Erase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  1588;  M.A.,  1590;  D.D.,  1616; 
chaplain  to  James  I  and  fellow  of  Chelsea  College :  pre- 
bendary of  Exeter,  1616.  [xxi.  105] 

GEE,  EDWARD  (1613-1660),  presbyterian  divine; 
nephew  of  Edward  Gee  (1565-1618)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  1636;  rector  of  Ecclwton,  1643,  by 
choice  of  the  people ;  prominent  member  of  the  Lanca- 
shire presbytery ;  author  of '  A  Treatise  of  Prayer'  (1653) 
and  'The  Divine  Right  and  Originallof  Civil  Magistrates ' 
(1658).  [xxi.  106] 

GEE,  EDWARD  (1657-1730),  dean  of  Lincoln;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1683 :  D.D.,  after  1701 ; 
rector  of  St.  Benet's,  Paul's  Wharf,  and  chaplain  to  Wil- 
liam III,  1688  ;  prebendary  of  Westminster  and  incumbent 
of  St.  Margaret's,  1701 ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1722-30  ;  pub- 
lished protestaut  pamphlets,  1687-9.  [xxi.  107] 

GEE,  JOHN  (1596-1639),  anti-catholic  writer ;  nephew 
of  Edward  Gee  (1565-1618)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1621 ;  beueficed  at  Newton,  1622,  and  afterwards 
at  Tenterden ;  for  a  short  time  a  Romanist ;  published 
on  reconversion  'The  Foot  out  of  the  Snare'  (1624)  and 
similar  works.  [xxi.  107] 

GEE,  SIR  ORLANDO  (1619-1705),  registrar  of  court 
of  admiralty,  1660 ;  brother  of  John  Gee  [q.  v.],  bene- 
factor of  Isleworth  Church.  [xxi.  108] 

GEERAN  or  GTJERIN,  THOMAS  (d.  1871),  reputed 
centenarian ;  his  case  discredited  by  W.  J.  Thorns,  F.S.A. 

[xxi.  108] 

GEFFREY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1613-1703),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  master  of  Ironmongers'  Company,  1667,  1685, 
1688;  sheriff  of  London,  1673',  knighted,  1673;  lord 
mayor,  1685 ;  president  of  Bethlehem  and  Bridewell, 
1693  ;  founded  school  at  Landrake ;  almshouses  in  Kings- 
land  Road,  London,  erected  from  his  bequests. 

[xxi.  109] 

GEIKIE,  WALTER  (1795-1837),  painter  and  draughts- 
man ;  a  deaf  mute  from  infancy ;  educated  under  Thomas 
Braidwood  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Scottish  Academy  from 
1827 ;  R.S.A.,  1834 ;  published  '  Etchings  Illustrative  of 
Scottish  Character  and  Scenery,'  1833.  [xxi.  110] 

GELASIUS  or  GILLA  MAC  LIAG  (1087-1173),  count 
of  Armagh  and  primate  of  Ireland ;  erenach  of  Derry, 
1121 ;  asserted  primacy  of  Armagh  by  visitations ;  re- 
ceived the  pall  at  the  synod  of  Kells,  1149;  summoned 
synod  of  Claue  to  promote  uniformity.  [xxi.  Ill] 

GELDAET,  EDMUND  MARTIN  (1844-1885X  uni- 
tarian  minister ;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1867  ;  lived 
for  some  time  at  Athens  ;  joined  the  Unitarians,  1872,  and 
officiated  at  Hope  Street,  Liverpool,  and  at  the  Croydou 
Free  Christian  church;  published  works  on  Modern 
Greek,  a  translation  of  Keim's  '  Jesus  of  Nazara,'  vol.  U., 
1876,  '  The  Gospel  according  to  Paul,'  1884,  and  '  A  Son  of 
Belial'  (i.e.  Balliol),  1882;  disappeared  on  voyage  to 
Dieppe.  [xxi.  Ill] 

GELDART,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1785-1876X  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Cambridge,  1814-47 :  fellow  of  St. 
Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1808,  of  Trinity  Hall,  1809- 
1820;  LL.D.,  1814;  rector  of  Kirk  Deighton,  1840-76; 
edited  Halifax's  '  Analysis  of  Civil  Law,'  1836. 

[xxi.  112] 

GELDORP,  GEORGE  (fl.  1611-1660),  portrait-painter ; 
came  to  England  from  Antwerp  before  1823 ;  intimate 
with  Vandyck  ;  painted  portraits  of  William  Cecil,  second 
earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.]  (DOW  at  Hatfield),  and  Lord 
Totues.  [xxi.  113] 

I  I  2 


GELL 


484 


GEOFFREY 


CELL,  Sm  JOHN  (1593-1671),  parliamentarian  :  as 
sheriff  of  Derbyshire  levied  ship-money,  1635 ;  created 
baronet,  1642  ;  raised  regiment  for  the  parliament,  which 
was  notorious  for  its  plundering,  1642 ;  prominent  at 
capture  of  Lichfield  and  battle  of  Hopton  Heath,  1643 ; 
suspected  of  conniving  at  escape  of  the  royalists  after 
Naseby,  1645  ;  imprisoned  and  fined  for  plots  against  the 
Commonwealth,  1650 ;  signed  Derbyshire  petition  to 
Monck,1660.  [xxi.  113] 

GELL,  JOHN  (d.  1806),  admiral;  commanded  the 
Monarca  in  actions  of  Sir  Edward  Hughes  [q.  v.]  with  De 
Suffren  ;  rear-admiral,  1793,  when  he  captured  a  French 
privateer  with  the  valuable  Spanish  treasure-ship  San- 
tiago ;  took  part  in  occupation  of  Toulon  ;  admiral,  1799. 

[xxi.  114] 

GELL,  ROBERT  (1595-1666),  divine;  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow ; 
rector  of  St.  Mary,  Aldermanbury,  c.  1641-65 ;  published 
'  Essay  towards  the  Amendment  of  the  last  English  Trans- 
lation of  the  Bible,'  1659.  [xxi.  115] 

GELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1777-1836),  archaeologist  and 
traveller;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  his 
'  Topography  of  Troy,'  1804,  made  in  three  days,  alluded 
to  by  Byron's  epithet  '  rapid  Qell '  (originally  '  classic ') ; 
knighted  after  mission  to  Ionian  islands,  1803  ;  travelled 
in  Greece  with  Edward  Dodwell  [q.  v.]  and  published '  Geo- 
graphy and  Antiquities  of  Ithaca,'  1807,  and  '  Itinerary  | 
of   Greece,'  1810 ;    published  '  Itinerary  of  the  Morea '  i 
(1817)  and  'Journey  in  the  Morea '  (1823) ;  gave  evidence  | 
(1820)  in  favour  of  Queen  Caroline,  whose  chamberlain 
he  had  been  ;  after  1820  lived  in  Italy  ;  published  'Pom- 
peiana,' 1817-19,  and  'Topography  of  Rome,'  1834;  his 
original  drawings  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

[xxi.  115] 

GELT.rBK.ATn),  HENRY  (1597-1636),  mathema- 
tician ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1623 :  friend  of 
Henry  Briggs  [q.  v.] ;  Gresham  professor  of  astronomy, 
1627  ;  prosecuted  by  Laud  for  bringing  out  an  almanack 
in  which  protestant  martyrs  were  substituted  for  Romish 
saints;  acquitted;  completed  Briggs's  ' Trigonometria 
Britanuica,'  1633;  published  other  mathematical  works 
and  '  Epitome  of  Navigation.'  [xxi.  117] 

GEMINI,  GEMINIE,  or  GEMINTTS,  THOMAS  (fl. 
1540-1560),  engraver  and  printer;  published  with  copper- 
plate engravings  by  himself  '  Compendiosa  totius  Ana- 
tomic delineatio,'  1545,  an  abridgment  of  Vesalius's  work 
of  1543 ;  printed  works  for  Leonard  Digges  (d.  1571  ?) 
[q.  v.]  and  engraved  a  portrait  of  Queen  Mary  (1559). 

[xxi.  118] 

GENDALL,  JOHN  (1790-1865),  painter,  employed  by 
R.  Ackermanu  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  paintings  of  Devonshire 
scenery  at  the  Academy,  1846-63.  [xxi.  119] 

GENEST,  JOHN    (1764-1839),  dramatic    historian;  | 

educated  at  Westminster ;   M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam-  | 

bridge,  1787  ;  published  at  Bath  '  Account  of  the  English  i 
Stage,  1660-1830'  (1832).                                   [xxi.  119] 

GENINGES,  EDMUND  (1567-1591),  Roman  catholic  ' 
divine  ;  executed  at  Tyburn  for  returning  to  the  realm  ;  ; 
his  life  published  at  St.  Omer,  1614.  [xxi.  119] 

GENINGES,  JOHN  (1570  ?-1660),  provincial  of  Eng-  I 
lish  Franciscans ;  brother  of  Edmund  Geninges  [q.  v.]  ; 
first  vicar  of  St.  Boua venture,  Douay,  1619 ;  co-founder  of 
convent  of  St.  Elizabeth,  Brussels ;  published  '  Institutio  I 
Missiouariorum,'  1651.  [xxi.  120] 

GENT,  SIR  THOMAS  (<f.  1693),  judge;    barrister, 
Middle   Temple;    M.P.,  Maiden,  1571;    serjeant-at-law,  j 
1584 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1586 ;  member  of  high 
commission  court.  [xxi.  120] 

GENT,  THOMAS  (1693-1778),  printer  and  topo- 
grapher ;  member  of  Stationers'  Company  and  admitted 
to  freedom  of  the  city,  1717  ;  employed  in  Fleet  Street  by 
Henry  Woodfall  [q.  v.]  and  Samuel  Richardson  [q.  v.]  ; 
settled  at  York,  1724,  being  the  sole  printer  in  the  city 
and  county  ;  printed  his  own  histories  of  York  (1730), 
Ripon  (1734),  and  Hull  (1735)  ;  set  up  the  first  press  at 
Scarborough ;  died  in  great  poverty ;  his  autobiography 
edited  by  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  1832.  [xxi.  121] 

GENTILE8CHI,  ARTEMISIA  (1590-1642  V),  painter  ; 
came  to  England  with  her  father,  Orazio  Gentileschi 


[(].  v.] ;  painted  for  Charles  I '  David  and  Goliath,' '  Fame,' 
and  a  portrait  of  herself ;  returned  to  Italy  before  1630  ;" 
famous  for  her  portraits.  [xxi.  123] 

GENTILESCHI,  ORAZIO  (1563-1647),  painter: 
native  of  Pisa  ;  came  to  England,  1626,  from  Paris,  at 
invitation  of  Vandyck ;  painted  for  Buckingham  and 
Charles  I,  who  lodged  him  and  gave  him  an  annuity  ; 
some  of  his  pictures  at  Marlborough  House  and  two  at 
Hampton  Court.  [xxi.  123] 

GENTLLI,  ALBERICO  (1552-1608),  civilian  ;  born  at 
Sanginesio  ;  D.C.L.  Perugia  :  obliged  to  leave  Italy  with 
bis  father  on  account  of  heretical  opinions  ;  arrived  in 
London,  1580 ;  incorporated  D.C.L.  at  Oxford,  1581 ;  con- 
sulted by  government  as  to  course  to  be  taken  with 
Mendoza,  the  plotting  Spanish  ambassador,  1584;  accom- 
panied embassy  of  Pallavicino  to  Saxony,  1586 ;  regius 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Oxford  through  Walsingham's 
influence,  1587  ;  began  to  practise  as  an  advocate,  1590  ; 
admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  1600;  permanent  advocate  for 
king  of  Spain,  1605.  His  chief  works  were  'De  Juris 
Interpretibus  Dialog!  sex,'  1582  (in  defence  of  the  older 
jurists  against  the  'humanist'  school), ' De  Legatiouibus ' 
(1585), '  De  Jure  Belli  Cpmmentationes  Tres,'  1589  ;  '  De 
Jure  Belli,'  1598,  and  '  Hispanicse  Advocationis  Libri  Duo,' 
1613 ;  fifteen  volumes  of  his  manuscripts  (D'Orville)  ac- 
quired by  the  Bodleian,  1805.  [xxi.  124] 

GENTLLI,  ALOYSIUS  (1801-1848),  missionary  apos- 
tolic in  England ;  came  to  England,  1835,  as  missioner  of 
Kosmini's  Institute  of  Charity ;  superior  of  the  college, 
Prior  Park,  Bath,  till  1839 ;  removed  to  Loughborough 
mission.  1842.  [xxi.  127] 

GENTLLI,  ROBERT  (1590-1654  ?),  infant  prodigy  and 
translator ;  eldest  son  of  Alberico  Gentili  [q.  v.] ;  spoke 
French  and  Latin  at  seven;  matriculated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  at  nine ;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  at 
thirteen:  nominated  probationer  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College  by  Archbishop  Bancroft  in  eighteenth  year ;  re- 
signed fellowship,  1612,  and  disappeared  till  1637 ;  trans- 
lated Servita's  '  History  of  the  Inquisition,'  several  works 
ofMalvezzi,  Bacon's  'Historic  of  Winds'  1653,  and'Le 
Chemin  Abrege,'  1654.  [xxi.  128] 

GENTLEMAN,  FRANCIS  (1728-1784),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  appeared  at  Dublin  in  '  Oroouoko ' ;  after- 
wards played  in  his  own  pieces  in  England  and  Scotland, 
the  best  being  'The  Modish  Wife'  (1774),  produced  at 
Chester ;  published  anonymously  the  '  Dramatic  Censor,' 
1770  ;  often  relieved  by  Garrick,  whom  he  ridiculed  in  his 
'Stratford  Jubilee,'  1769;  edited  Bell's  acting  Shake- 
speare ;  played  Sir  Epicure  Mammon  in  his  '  Tobacconist,' 
1771,  an  adaptation  from  the  '  Alchemist.'  [xxi.  129] 

GENTLEMAN,  ROBERT  (1746-1795),  dissenting 
divine ;  preached  and  taupht  school  at  Shrewsbury,  1766- 
1769 ;  divinity  tutor  at  Carmarthen  academy,  1779-84  ; 
minister  at  Kidderminster,  1784-95 ;  published,  among 
other  works,  '  Young  English  Scholar's  Companion.' 

[xxi.  130]    . 

GENTLEMAN,  TOBIAS  (ft.  1614),  author  of  a  work 
entitled  '  Way  to  Wealth,'  1614,  pointing  out  advantages 
of  developing  herring  fisheries.  [Suppl.  ii.  273] 

GEOFFEEY  (rf.  1093),  bishop  of  Coutances,  1048; 
completed  his  cathedral,  1056  ;  followed  Duke  William  to 
England,  1066,  and  interpreted  at  his  coronation  ;  received 
vast  grants  of  land,  chiefly  in  the  west,  where  he  was 
active  in  repressing  the  rising  of  1069  ;  presided  at  trial 
of  suit  between  Lanfranc  and  Odo  at  Peuneuden,  1071  : 
attended  councils  of  Winchester  and  Windsor,  1072,  and 
the  ecclesiastical  council  at  St.  Paul's,  1075  ;  helped  to  put 
down  rising  of  Ralf,  earl  of  Norfolk,  and  Roger,  earl  of 
Hereford,  1076  ;  took  part  in  the  baronial  rising  against 
William  II,  and  held  Bristol  Castle,  but  was  pardoned ; 
upheld  privileges  of  the  clergy  at  Salisbury,  1088  ;  died  at 
Coutances.  [xxi.  130] 

GEOFFEEY,  RUFUS  (d.  1140).    [See  RUKUS.] 
GEOFFREY  GAIMAR  (d.  1140  ?)    [See  GAIMAR.] 

GEOFFREY  OF  GORHAM  (d.  1146),  abbot  of  St. 
Albans,  1119-46 ;  native  of  Maine ;  while  teaching  at 
Dunstable  composed  a  miracle-play  of  St.  Katharine : 
built  guests'  hall,  queen's  chamber,  and  a  shrine ;  trans- 
lated St.  Alban's  body,  1129  ;  founded  leper  hospital  of  St. 
Julian,  and  enlarged  nunnery  at  Sopwell.  [xxi.  132] 


GEOFFREY 


GEORGE    II 


GEOFFREY  <>K  MONMMI.'TII  ( 1  1<>  i  y  1 1M),  bishop  of 
St.  A?aph  and  chronicler ;  probably  a  BonHirt  inr  monk  of 
Monmouth  ;  studied  at  Oxford  ;  archdeacon  of  Llandatf , 
c.  IHu;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1152-4:  witnessed  Treaty 
of  Wallin-lonl,  1 153  ;  buried  at  Llandaff.  His  '  Historia 
Britonum,'  compiled  from  'Nennius*  and  a  lost  book  of 
Breton  legends,  tracing  the  descent  of  British  princes 
from  the  Trojans,  was  translated  into  Anglo-Norman  by 
Gaimar  and  Wace,  and  into  English  by  Layiunon  ami 
Robert  of  Gloucester ;  first  printed  iu  15U8  (Paris),  and 
edited  by  Dr.  Oiks  in  1844.  Geoffrey's  'Prophetia 
Anglicana  Merliui  Ambrosii  Britauni '  was  first  printed, 
1603.  [xxi.  1:53] 

GEOFFREY  (d.  1164),  first  abbot  of  Duufermline, 
1128  ;  prior  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1  liv,. 

[xxL  136] 

GEOFFREY  (d.  1178),  abbot  of  Duufermline,  nephew 
and  successor  of  Geoffrey  (d.  1154)  [q.  v.] ;  witnessed 
charters  of  Malcolm  IV  and  William  the  Lion  :  wrote  in 
defence  of  Scottish  church.  [xxi.  136] 

GEOFFREY  (1158-1186),  fourth  son  of  Henry  II  and 
count  of  Brittany ;  betrothed  by  his  father  to  Constance, 
daughter  of  Count  Conan,  the  Little,  and  adopted  as  heir, 
1 IOG  ;  with  the  French  king  and  his  own  brothers  invaded 
Normandy,  1173,  but  did  homage  to  his  father  on  a  promise 
of  half  the  revenues  of  Brittany,  1175  ;  knighted,  1178 ; 
upheld  Philip  II  of  France  against  the  rebellious  lords, 
and  married  Constance,  1181;  by  order  of  Henry  II 
made  war  on  his  brother  Richard ;  invaded  Poitou,  #nd 
refused  to  desist,  occupying  Limoges  by  treachery,  1183  ; 
after  temporary  reconciliation  with  Richard,  joined  Prince 
John  against  him,  1184;  held  '  Assize  of  Count  Geoff  rey ' 
at  Renncs  to  preserve  rights  of  the  lord,  1185;  plotted 
with  Philip  II  for  possession  of  Anjou  ;  died  suddenly  at 
Paris,  and  was  buried  in  Notre  Dame.  [xxi.  136] 

GEOFFREY  DE  VINSAUF  (fl.  1200).    [See  VINSAUF.] 

GEOFFREY  DE  MUSCHAMP  (d.  1208),  bishop  of  Lich- 
field  and  Coventry,  1198;  archdeacon  of  Cleveland,  1189 ; 
elected  bishop  by  monks  of  Coventry  at  instance  of 
Richard  I  and  Archbishop  Hubert,  1198 ;  said  to  have 
fled  from  England,  1207.  [xxi.  138] 

GEOFFREY  (d.  1212),  archbishop  of  York ;  reputed 
son  of  Henry  II,  at  whose  accession  he  was  acknowledged 
and  received  into  the  household ;  made  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1173 ;  took  prominent  part  in  suppressing  the  northern 
rebellion  of  1173-4 :  remained  uiiconsecrated  and  resigned 
under  pressure  from  Pope  Alexander  III,  1182,  but  became 
chancellor  of  England  and  treasurer  of  York ;  faithful  to 
his'  father  in  his  last  war  with  Richard  and  Philip 
Augustus,  1188-9 ;  named  archbishop  of  York  by  Richard  I, 
1189,  but  opposed  by  Hubert  Walter  and  part  of  the 
chapter;  ordained  priest  and  confirmed  in  his  see  after 
much  opposition  ;  retired  to  Normandy,  1190,  and  ordered 
by  Richard  to  remain  abroad  for  three  years ;  consecrated 
at  Tours,  1191,  and  thereupon  returned  to  England  ;  ar- 
rested by  William  of  Longchamp  on  the  ground  of 
Richard's  prohibition  of  his  return  to  England,  but 
supported  by  Prince  John ;  released  and  enthroned ;  ex- 
communicated Bishop  Hugh  of  Durham  and  other 
opponents;  joined  Bishop  Hugh  against  John,  1193;  his 
chapter  in  open  rebellion  against  him  after  a  demand  for 
contributions  for  the  king's  ransom ;  suspended  by  the  pope 
and  deprived  of  sheriffdomof  Yorkshire  by  the  king,  1195  : 
went  to  Rome  and  obtained  reversal  of  sentence  from  the 
pope,  1196;  temporarily  favoured  by  Richard  I,  1198: 
received  with  favour  at  accession  of  John,  1199 ;  reconciled 
temporarily  with  chapter,  1200,  but  was  again  involved 
in  disputes  ;  upheld  throughout  by  Innocent  III ;  opposed 
levy  of  a  tax  on  church  property  and  fled  abroad,  1207 ; 
buried  at  Grandmont,  near  Rouen.  [xxi.  139] 

GEOFFREY  OF  COLDINGHAM  (fl.  1214).    [See  COLD-  ' 
IXGHAM.] 

GEOFFREY  (d.  1235?),  prior  of  Coventry,  1216; 
choeen  by  bis  monks  to  see  of  Lichfleld  and  Coventry,  1223, 
but  the  election  quashed  by  Archbishop  Stephen  Langton 
and  Honoritis  III ;  suspended  for  resisting  visitation  of 
new  bishop,  1232  ;  author  of  chronicle  cited  in  Dugdale's 
4  Warwick.'  [xxi.  145] 

GEOFFREY  THK  GRAMMARIAN,  alias  STARKKY 
QI.  1440),  a  friar ;  preacher  at  King's  Lynn,  Norfolk ; 
his  *  Promptimrium  [store-house]  Parvulorum  Clericorum,' 
an  English-Latin  dictionary,  valuable  as  record  of  fifteenth- 
pentury  English  and  East-Anglian  dialect,  and  for  eluci- 
dation of  debased  Latin  (printed  by  Pynsou,  1499,  and  by 


Wynken  dc  Worde).  <  >tln-r  works  a-yignnl  to  Geoffrey  by 
Bale  and  Pits  im-ludu  tin-  first  Jjitin-Knirli.-h  diotiOMn 
printed  in  lBfkai<*HortM')  W.  -k-  Word.-,  in  1500. 

GEORGE  I  (<;I:..K.;I:  LKWW)  (1660-1727),  king  of 
Great  Britain  and  In-lund  and  elector  of  Hanover  ;  great 
grandson  of  James  I ;  first  saw  military  service  under 
the  empire,  1675 ;  came  to  England  to  propose  for  the 
hand  of  the  Princess  Anne,  1680;  married  his  cousin, 
Sophia  Dorothea  of  Oelle,  1682 ;  took  part  in  Sobicski'n 
relief  of  Vienna,  1683  ;  distinguished  himself  in  Hungary, 
1685,  and  at  Neerwinden,  1693 ;  divorced  his  wife  and 
imprisoned  her  for  life,  1694  ;  succeeded  to  Hanover,  1698-; 
admitted  to  the  college  of  electors  at  the  diet,  1708,  and 
named  arch- treasurer  of  the  empire,  1710  ;  protected  Hol- 
stein-Gottorp  against  Denmark,  1698 ;  joined  the  Grand 
Alliance,  1701,  contributing  10,000  men  and  five  regi- 
ments of  horse ;  formed  intimate  relations  with  Marl- 
borough  after  his  mission  of  1704-5  ;  commanded  imperial 
army  on  Upper  Rhine,  1707-9 ;  concluded  alliances  with 
Poland,  1709,  and  Denmark,  1710 ;  occupied  Verden,  1712  : 
refused  to  intervene,  in  English  politics  ;  reconciled  with 
his  son  on  death  (1714)  of  his  mother,  Electress  Sophia, 
which  made  him  the  next  heir  after  Queen  Anne  to  the 
English  throne ;  on  Queen  Anne's  death  had  fresh  instru- 
ment of  regency  drawn  up  for  England,  1714 ;  whileat  the 
Hague,  on  his  way  to  fill  English  throne,  displaced  Boling- 
broke  for  Townshend  as  secretary  of  state,  having  pre- 
viously named  Marlborough  captain-general ;  became 
king  of  England,  1714;  his  first  collective  cabinet  en- 
tirely whig,  with  the  exception  of  Nottingham  [see  FINCH, 
DANIEL]  ;  conformed  to  the  national  church,  though 
he  was  allowed  a  Lutheran  chaplain,  but  was  unpopular 
on  account  of  his  character  and  the  rapacity  of  his  foreign 
favourites,  an  attempt  on  his  life  being  made,  1717;  after 
suppression  of  Jacobite  rebellion  of  1715,  and  passing  of 
Septennial  Act,  1716,  went  to  Hanover,  where  he  fre- 
quently spent  the  hitter  hah*  of  each;  year,  his  son  Prince 
George  being  left  as  regent ;  formed  an  alliance  with  France 
and  the  Netherlands,  1717,  in  which  year  Townshend  was 
replaced  by  Stanhope  as  chief  minister;  the  quadruple 
alliance  formed  in  1718,  in  accordance  with  his  wishes, 
and  Bremen  and  Verdeii  added  to  Hanover,  the  schemes  of 
Charles  XII  and  Alberoni  to  aid  the  Jacobites  being  foiled ; 
granted  a  slight  measure  of  relief  to  the  Romanists  and  dis- 
senters ;  had  convocation  silenced,  1717.  Walpole,  who  was 
called  in  to  deal  with  the  South  Sea  crisis,  remained  chief 
minister  from  1721  till  the  end  of  the  reign.  Under  Walpole 
the  'Atterbury  plot'  was  discovered,  1722, further  inter- 
ference with  Sweden  checked,  the  treaty  of  Hanover  ne- 
gotiated, 1725,  as  a  countercheck  to  that  of  Vienna,  and 
George  I  induced  to  assent  to  it.  George  I  died  of  apo- 
plexy at  Osnabrlick  and  was  buried  at  Hanover.  His  will 
was  destroyed  by  George  II.  A  certain  brusqueness  of 
manner,  in  spite  of  some  kingly  qualities,  prevented  him 
from  attaining  popularity.  Portraits  by  Kueller  are  at 
Windsor  and  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[xxi.  146] 

GEORGE  n  (1683-1760),  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland ;  son  of  George  I ;  after  the  divorce  of  his  mother, 
whom  he  thought  innocent,  lived  with  his  grandparents 
at  Hanover :  married  Charlotte  Caroline  of  Brandenburg- 
Anspach,  1705;  created  an  English  peer,  1706;  distin- 
guished himself  at  Oudenarde,  1708  ;  came  to  England  with 
his  father  and  was  created  Prince  of  Wale*,  1714;  on 
friendly  terms  with  John  Campbell,  second  duke  of 
Argyll,  formed  intimacy  with  Henrietta  Howard  (later 
Countess  of  Suffolk) ;  popular  with  English,  but  not  with 
Hanoverians ;  confined  to  his  room  and  excluded  from  St. 
James's  on  account  of  his  conduct  to  the  king  and  New- 
castle at  the  baptism  of  his  eldest  son,  Frederick,  1717; 
removed  to  Leicester  House,  which  became  a  centre  of 
opposition,  1718;  deprived  of  custody  of  bis  children, 
partially  reconciled  to  the  king  through  Walpole,  1720 ; 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  1727;  continual  Walpole  in 
office  after  his  favourite,  Sir  Spencer  Compton,  afterwards 
lord  Wilmington  [q.  v.],  had  failed  to  form  a  ministry, 
but  replaced  Lord  Berkeley  (who  had  propounded  a  scheme 
for  transplanting  him  to  America  when  Prince  of  Wales) 
by  Sir  George  Byng  at  the  admiralty ;  went  to  Hanover 
to  secure  possession  of  his  mother's  property  and  that  of 
his  uncle,  the  late  bishop  of  Osnabriick  ;  quarrelled  with 
Frederick  William  of  Prussia,  and  though  reconciled  to 
him  by  arbitration,  1730,  was  debarred  from  carrying  out 
contemplated  marriage  alliances  between  the  bouses  of 
England  and  Prussia ;  with  difficulty  prevented  from 


GEORGE    III 


486 


GEORGE    III 


involving  England  in  the  Polish  siicoossion    war,  1733;  I  but  for  some  time  acted  on  his  advice;  called  in  George 


tried  to  negotiate  an  alliance  between  the  King  of  Spain, 
Philip  V,  and  the  emperor  Charles  VII ;  concluded  treaty 
with  Denmark,  1734;  became  attached  to  Countess  vou 
Walmodeu,  1 735  ;  reluctantly  refused  alliance  with  the  em- 
peror ;  negotiated  marriage  for  Frederick,  prince  of 
Wales,  with  Augusta  of  Saxe-Gotha,  1736;  spent  most 
of  1736  in  Hanover;  was  in  great  danger  from  a 
storm  in  returning  ;  had  an  open  rupture  with  Fred- 
erick, prince  of  Wales,  1737  ;  created  Countess  Walmodeu 
Lady  Yarmouth,  1738 ;  overcame  the  pacific  policy  of 
Walpole,  1739,  and  declared  war  against  Spain  ;  concluded 
treaty  with  Maria  Theresa,  for  whom  he  obtained  a 


Qrenville  [q.  v.],  but  made  constant  attempts  to  get  rid  of 
him,  though  concurring  generally  in  his  policy  ;  urged  on 
prosecution  of  Wilkes.  1703;  approved  Grenville's  Stamp 
Act,  1765,  but  allowid  its  repeal,  1766  ;  the  Regency  Act, 
from  which  ministers  at  first  excluded  name  of  princess 
dowager,  due  to  his  first  mental  illness,  1765  ;  negotiated 
with  Pitt  and  Lyttelton  through  Cumberland  ;  again  pro- 
mised to  deny  access  to  Bute,  probably  keeping  his  word  ; 
obliged  to  accept*  Rockiugham  as  minister  ;  intrigued 
against  Rockingham  through '  the  king's  friends ' ;  allowed 
Pitt  to  come  in  with  a  free  hand,creating  him  Earl  of  Chat- 
ham, Graf  ton  being  nominal  premier,  1766  ;  entreated 


subsidy,  1741 ;  secured  Hanover  by  neutrality  agreement     Chatham  to  retain  office,  1767  ;  urged  firmness  in  dealing 

-  •—  -  i  With  the  rioters  of  1769  and  with  Wilkes  ;  insulted  by  a 
mob  at  St.  James's  ;  induced  Charles  Yorke  [q.  v.]  to 
accept  the  seals,  1770  ;  made  North  premier,  1770  ;  re- 
mained unmoved  by  petitions  from  the  city  demanding  a 
dissolution  ;  and  for  twelve  years  personally  directed  the 
government  through  distribution  of  patronage,  disposal 
of  civil  list  revenue,  and  manifestations  of  feeling  at 
court  ceremonials  ;  frequently  wrote  to  North,  but  some- 
times consulted  Charles  Jenkinson,  afterwards  first  earl 
of  Liverpool  [q.  v.] ;  directed  the  opposition  to  Savile's 


with  France ;  reluctantly  parted  with  Walpole,  1742 ; 
made  Lord  Wilmington  (Oompton)  head  of  the  treasury, 
and  in  Carteret  as  secretary  of  state  (1742-5)  found 
a  sympathetic  foreign  minister ;  probably  by  advice  of 
Carteret  arranged  treaty  of  Breslau  between  Frederick 
the  Great  of  Prussia  and  Maria  Theresa,  1742,  and 
formed  defensive  alliances  with  Prussia  and  Russia, 
1742  ;  took  Hanoverian  troops  into  British  pay  and  sent 
them  into  the  Netherlands ;  personally  led  the  allied 
troops  at  Dettingen  against  the  French,  the  victory 


recovering  him  his  popularity,  1743 ;   concluded  treaty  j  Nullum  Tempus  Bill ;  forbade  Cumberland  and  Gloucester 

the  court,  and  promoted  the  Royal  Marriage  Bill,  which 
prohibited  members  of  the  royal  family  from  marrying 
under  twenty-five  without  the  king's  consent ;  prevented 
interference  of  France  between  Russia  and  Turkey  ; 
showed  hostility  to  Clive,  1773;  favoured  Boston  Port 
Bill,  1774 ;  arranged  for  Hanoverian  garrisons  in  Gibraltar 
and  Minorca,  and  negotiated  for  the  hire  of  Russian 
tiOops,  1775 ;  supported  the  policy  which  led  to  outbreak 
of  war  with  American  colonists,  and  as  the  war  continued, 
approved^*-every  means  ot  alsTressIug  America '  ;  applied 
to  parliament"  ft>r~*~gnm*-4o..pa^4ii».^«feter«uid  though 
presenting  imperfect  accounts,  received  a  sum  for  arrears 
and  an  addition  to  the  civil  list,  1777  ;  refused  to  allow 
North  to  resjgn_p_r  toreceive  Ohathaai_a8_  chief  minister, 


of  Worms  with  Maria  Theresa'  and  Sardinia,  1743  ;  com-  ' 
pelled  by  his  other  ministers  to  dismiss  Oarteret,  1744 ; 
made  largely  responsible  for  the  defence  of  Bohemia  when 
Frederick  the  Great  declared  war  upon  that  country 
and  renewed  hostilities  with  Maria  Theresa  ;  compelled 
by  the  success  of  the  French  and  Prussians,  and  landing 
of  the  Young  Pretender  in  Scotland,  to  extort  Maria 
Theresa's  consent  to  the  cession  of  Silesia,  1745 ;  tried 
to  get  rid  of  his  ministers  and  to  recall  Carteret  (Lord 
Granville)  and  Pulteney  (Lord  Bath) ;  refused  to  accept 
Pitt  as  secretary-at-war ;  gained  over  Newcastle  to  his 
warlike  views,  and  after  Oulloden  sent  more  troops  to 
the  Netherlands,  1746  ;  after  unsuccessful  operations 
obliged  to  make  peace  on  the  basis  of  mutual  re- 
stitution, 1748  ;his  scheme  for  procuring  election  of  Arch-  ^  1778rOT6w^NorTh~fo"n'egoTiate'with  the  opposTttoiT;  con- 
duke  Joseph  as  king  of  the  Romans  defeated  by  Prussia,  ~*  Templated  retirement  to  Hanover  ;  saved  London  by  his 

conduct  during  Gordon  riots,  1780  ;  spent  great  sums  in 
elections  of  1781,  and  is  said  to  have  personally  canvassed 
against  Keppel  at  Windsor ;  applied  to  Shelburne  and 
Gower  on  North's  resignation,  1782,  but  was  forced  again 
to  take  Rockingham  as  minister;  through  Thurlow  set 
the  Shelburne  section  against  the  Rockingham  whigs, 

Pitt  as  secretary  of  state  under  Devonshire,"  1756,  and,  j  and  on  Rockingham's  death  (1782)  appointed  Shelburne 
though  he  dismissed  him  within  three  mouths,  on  Walde-  i  as  his  successor ;  on  Shelburne's  resignation  applied  to 
grave's  failure  to  form  a  ministry  was  obliged  to  re-  j  the  younger  Pitt  and  Gower  before  submitting  to  receive 
appoint  him  with  Newcastle  at  the  treasury,  1757.  He  j  the  coalition,  1783,  whom  he  overthrew  by  using  his  per- 
showed  much  displeasure  with  his  son,  the  Duke  of  Cum-  sonal  influence  with  the  peers  against  their  India  Bill, 
berland,  after  his  failure  in  Germany,  and  considered  the  j  1783  ;  supported  Pitt  both  before  and  after  the  general 
sentence  of  the  court-martial  on  Sackville  too  lenient,  election,  which  secured  him  a  majority,  the '  king's  friends ' 
At  the  date  of  his  death  the  French  had  been  driven  subsequently  disappearing  as  a  party ;  followed  Pitt'8 
from  Canada,  checked  in  Europe,  and  successfully  attacked  advice  when  premier,  though  disliking  his  scheme  of  par- 
in  India,  Africa,  and  the  West  Indies,  while  the  Dutch  j  liamentary  reform  and  the  trial  of  Warren  Hastings ;  his 
were  ousted  from  Bengal.  He  was  buried  beside  Queen  I  life  threatened  by  the  mad  Margaret  Nicholson  [q.  v.], 
Caroline  in  Henry  VII's  chapel,  Westminster  Abbey.  In  j  1786  ;  suffered  second  attack  of  madness,  1788-9  ;  agreed 
state  affairs  he  was  largely  guided  by  Queen  Caroline,  to  to  dismissal  of  Thurlow,  1792,  and  recall  of  Duke  of  York 
whom  he  was  much  attached,  in  spite  of  his  mistresses.  He  from  Flanders,  1794;  remonstrated  with  Pitt  against 
put  Hanover  and  his  continental  interests  before  England,  negotiating  with  France,  1797;  shot  at  by  Hadfield, 
Though  a  patron  of  Handel,  he  neglected  literature  and  j  1800  ;  caused  the  resignation  of  Pitt  by  declaration 
pictorial  art.  Several  portraits  of  him  are  in  the  National  against  revival  of  catholic  emancipation,  1801 ;  suffered  a 
Portrait  Gallery  and  at  Hampton  Court,  and  a  royal  group  third  attack  of  mania,  which  was  abridged  by  Pitt's 
by  Hogarth  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery  of  Ireland.  promise  not  to  revive  the  Roman  Catholic  question  ;  re- 


1750  ;  submitted  to  the  Pelhams  on  the  death  of  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales,  1761 ;  the  subsidy  treaties  arranged 
by  him  for  the  defence  of  Hanover  rejected  by  the 
regents,  1755,  though  next  year  a  treaty  was  arranged 
with  Prussia  guaranteeing  the  integrity  of  Germany ; 
obliged  by  the  resignation  of  Henry  Fox  [q.  v.]  to  accept 


[xxi.151] 

GEOEGE  m  (GEORGE  WILLIAM  FREDERICK)  (1738- 
1820),  grandson  of  George  II,  and  king  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  ;  son  of  Frederick  Louis,  prince  of  Wales 
[q.  v.] ;  created  Prince  of  Wales,  1751  ;  imbibed  political 
principles  from  writings  of  Bolingbroke  ancTBlttekstoue  ; 
completely  under  influence  of  his  mother,  and  after  attain- 
ment of  his  majority  (1766)  of  Bute ;  said  to  have  been  in 
love  with  Hannah  Lightfoot,  a  quakeress  ;  on  coming  to 
the  throne,  1760,  put  forth  a  proclamation  against  immo- 
rality, and  declared  that  he  '  gloried  in  the  name  of 
Briton  '  ;  after  a  flirtation  with  Lady  Sarah  Lennox, 


viewed  volunteers  in  Hyde  Park,  1803  ;  became  deranged 
again,  1804,  in  consequence  of  the  conduct  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  ;  through  Eldou  consented  to  receive  Pitt  back 
with  the  Grenvilles,  but  without  Fox,  1804  ;  opened  par- 
liament for  last  time,  1805  ;  appointed  Mauners-Suttou 
primate  instead  of  Pitt's  nominee,  1805  ;  sent  for  Hawkes- 
bury  (Jenkinson),  1808,  and  on  his  failure  accepted  Gren- 
villeas  minister  with  Fox,  to  whom  he  became  reconciled, 
but  brought  about  his  resignation  by  demanding  a  pledge 
against  catholic  emancipation ;  by  his  influence  kept  the 
Portland  ministry  together,  1809-12  ;  condemned  the  duel 
of  Canning  and  Castlereagh;  became  blind,  and,  after 


married  Charlotte  Sophia  [q.  v.]  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  !  1811,  permanently  deranged,  but  retained  bodily  strength 
1761 ;  recommended  the  extension  of  judge's  tenures  be-  ,  almost  till  death.  He  was  very  popular  with  the  middle 
yond  the  demise  of  the  crown  ;  determined  to  destroy  the  |  classes,  and  generally  with  the  majority  of  his  subjects, 


party  system  and  to  end  the  French  war  ;  dismissed  Pitt 
and  Newcastle,  and  made  Bute  secretary  of  state,  1761, 
and  first  minister,  1762;  dismissed  Portland,  Rocking- 
ham, and  other  leading  whigs,  and  concluded  peace  with 


France  and  Spain,  1763  ;   was  obliged  to  part  with  Bute,  i  Gallery. 


who  respected  the  decorum  of  his  life,  and  a  firmness 
which  at  times  verged  on  obstinacy.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor.  Portraits  of  him  are  at 
Windsor,  Hampton  Court,  aud  in  the  National  Portrait 


[xxi.  172] 


GEORGE    IV 


487 


GERARD 


GEORGE  IV  (1762-1830),  king  of  Great  Ilri  in  and 
Ireland  ;  son  of  George  III  and  ".HI. m  <  'liarlntte  :  brought 
up  in  strict  seclusion  with  bis  brother  Frederick  Augustus, 
duke  of  York  [q.  v.],  at  Kew,  but  well  educated  :  already 
involved  in  intni/m- with  Mary  Robinson  [q.  v.]  (' Per- 
dita'),  1780;  came  of  age,  1783,  when  he  established  liim- 
sett  at  Carlton  House  ;  received  30,000/.  from  parliament 
to  pay  debts, and  an  annual  allowance  of  5U,000/.  from  the 
king  ;  in  close  alliance  with  Charles  James  Fox  [q.  v.]  and 
other  whig  leaders;  fell  in  love  with  Mrs.  Maria  Anne 
Pitzherbert  [q.  v.]  and  married  her,  1785;  denied  tin? 
marriage  in  order  to  conciliate  parliament  and  deceived 
Pox  ;  received  an  addition  to  his  income  and  a  parlia- 
mentary grant  of  161,0007.  for  his  debts,  1787  ;  pluuged 
into  fresh  extravagances  in  company  with  York,  Fox, 
Sheridan,  and  Beau  Brummell ;  built  Brighton  Pavilion, 
1784, and  lived  much  there;  intrigued  with  Thurlow  and 
Loughborough  against  the  queen  and  Pitt,  and  openly 
canvassed  for  support  against  the  minister's  regency 
resolutions,  1788 ;  drew  up  a  letter  of  remonstrance  in 
concert  with  the  whigs  against  the  restrictions  on  his 
powers  as  regent,  1789  ;  received  an  offer  of  free  powers 
from  Irish  parliament ;  excluded  from  the  king's  pre- 
sence on  his  recovery ;  addressed  remonstrances  to  him 
on  conduct  of  the  queen  and  an  apologetic  memorial ; 
raised  money  abroad  on  Osuabriick  bishopric  and  post- 
obits;  their  liability  repudiated  by  the  prince's  agents 
after  1792;  married  Caroline  of  Brunswick.  1795,  but 
soon  separated  from  her,  and  returned  to  Mrs  Fitzherbert, 
though  recently  intimate  with  Lady  Jersey;  received 
another  grant  from  parliament ;  demanded  vice-royalty  of 
Ireland,  and  intervened  on  behalf  of  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald [q.  v.],  1797-8;  applied  for  service  abroad;  under 
influence  of  Moira  [see  HASTINGS,  FRANCIS  RAWDON-, 
1764-1826]  made  overtures  to  Pitt,  1801 :  received  a  fresh 
money  grant  and  a  commutation  of  his  claims  on  the 
duchy  of  Cornwall,  1803  ;  his  application  for  military 
employment  again  refused ;  negotiated  through  Sheridan 
with  Addington,  but  at  the  same  time  suggested  to  Pitt 
a  junction  between  him  and  Fox  under  the  premiership 
of  Moira,  1804;  deprived  of  the  care  of  his  daughter, 
Princess  Charlotte,  1805 ;  obtained  commission  for  exami- 
nation into  charges  against  Princess  Caroline,  1806 ;  prac- 
tically severed  himself  from  all  the  whigs  except  Sheri- 
dan, Erskine,  and  Moira ;  consulted  Grey  and  Grenville 
upon  his  answer  to  Perceval's  regency  proposals,  when 
the  king  was  permanently  disabled  by  insanity,  but  acted 
on  the  advice  given  by  Sheridan  and  Adam,  1811 :  after 
further  negotiations  with  the  whigs  was  induced  by  influ- 
ence of  Lady  Hertford  to  accept  the  restricted  regency ; 
broke  with  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  at  installation  as  Prince 
Regent ;  deprived  of  Perceval's  services  by  his  death,  1812, 
after  which  complicated  negotiations  for  the  formation  of 
a  coalition  ministry  under  the  Marquis  Wellesley  or  Lord 
Moira  followed,  but  were  rendered  fruitless  owing  to  the 
regent's  aversion  from  Grey  and  Grenville,  on  which  the 
lories  returned  to  office  under  Liverpool,  1812;  became 
involved  in  disputes  with  his  wife  and  daughter;  the  re- 
enactment  of  the  act  of  1795  for  the  security  of  the  king's 
person  necessitated  by  his  unpopularity,  1817  ;  succeeded 
to  the  throne,  1820  ;  employed  Knighton  to  deal  with  his 
debts ;  tried  to  prevent  the  return  of  Queen  Caroline 
[q.  v.],  and  on  her  arrival  excluded  her  from  the  corona- 
tion, and  forced  ministers  to  bring  in  a  divorce  bill,  1820 ; 
visited  Ireland  and  Hanover,  1821,  and  Scotland,  1822; 
tried  to  exclude  Canning  from  office,  and  thwarted  his 
foreign  policy ;  retired  with  Lady  Conyngham  to  Brigh- 
ton and  Windsor;  strongly  opposed  catholic  emancipa- 
tion and  the  recognition  of  the  Spanish-American  repub- 
lics; wished  to  take  command  of  the  army  on  Welling- 
ton's retirement ;  under  the  Goderich  ministry,  1827-8, 
distributed  appointments  without  consulting  the  minis- 
ters ;  reluctantly  accepted  the  repeal  of  Test  and  Corpora- 
tion Acts,  and  put  many  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the 
passing  of  Catholic  Emancipation  Bill,  but  finally  gave 
way  ;  latterly  suffered  from  failing  health  and  delusions  ; 
the  power  of  the  crown  much  diminished  in  his  reign.  He 
was  buried  in  St  George's  Chapel,  Windsor.  Portraits  by 
Lawrence  are  at  Windsor  and  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery.  [xxi.  192] 

GEORGE,  DCKK  OF  CLARENCE:  (1449-1478),  son  of 
Richard,  duke  of  York  (1411-1460)  [q.  v.]  ;  after  his 
father's  death  in  1460  was  sent  for  safety  to  Utrecht, 
whence  he  was  brought  back  on  his  brother  Edward  IV's 
accession  in  1461  and  created  Duke  of  Clarence  ;  lord- 


lieutenant  «.!  .' ;  at  Calais  married,  contrary 

to  Edward's  wishes  (1469),  I.-abella,  the  elder  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick  [see  NKVII.I.K,  Kit  -MAUD];  invaded 
England  in  company  with  his  lather-in-law  ami  made 
Kin:,'  Kdward  pri-oncr  at  Kdgecot,  1469;  forced  by  public 
opinion  to  release  him  :  after  obtaining  an  amnesty  be- 
mplieated  with  Warwick  in  an  unsuccessful  Lan- 
castrian rising  in  Linc<>lnshire ;  tied  to  France,  March 
117(i :  returned  to  England  with  Warwick,  hk-ptember  1470, 
and  Kdward  fled  the  country  ;  disapproved  of  the  restora- 
tion of  Henry  VI,  and  in  1471  deserted  to  his  brother  at 
Coventry  with  four  thousand  men ;  fought  with  Edward 
at  Barnet,  1471,  and  Tewkesbury,  1471,  and  assisted  in 
the  re-establishment  of  the  York  dynasty;  became  in- 
volved in  a  violent  quarrel  with  his  brother,  Gloucester, 
who  wished  to  marry  Anne  Neville  [see  ANNK,  QUKI 
RICHARD  III]  and  share  her  mother's  inheritance ;  recon- 
ciled with  Gloucester  by  a  parliamentary  partition  of  the 
Neville  estates,  1474  ;  offered  himself  (1476)  as  a  suitor  for 
the  hand  of  Mary  of  Burgundy,  the  successor  of  Charles 
the  Bold ;  his  scheme  vetoed  by  Edward  IV  ;  revenged 
himself  on  some  of  the  queen's  adherents  ;  charged  with 
compassing  the  death  of  the  king  by  necromancy  and1 
with  other  treasonable  practices  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  ;  attainted  by  parliament,  January  1478,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death ;  secretly  executed  within  the  Tower, 
17  or  18  Feb.  1488.  The  mode  of  death  is  uncertain,  the 
statement  that  he  was  drowned  in  a  butt  of  malmsey 
being  perhaps  only  a  London  rumour.  [xlv.  404] 

GEORGE,  PIUNCE  OF  DKNMARK  (1653-1708),  consort 
of  Queen  Anne;  married  Princess  Anne,  1683;  deserted 
James  II,  1688,  at  Andover ;  rewarded  by  act  of  naturali- 
sation and  a  peerage,  being  created  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
1689 ;  disliked  by  William  III ;  on  his  wife's  accession 
was  refused  title  of  king,  1702,  but  named  'generalissimo' 
(nominally  superior  of  Marlborough  as  captain-general) 
and  lord  high  admiral,  receiving  a  large  annuity  and 
exemption  from  disabilities  under  Act  of  Settlement; 
voted  for  Occasional  Conformity  Bill,  1702  ;  his  manage- 
ment of  the  admiralty  attacked  by  the  whigs,  1704-8; 
F.R.S.  A  portrait  by  Wissing  is  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery.  [xxL  204] 

GEORGE,  JOHN  (1804-1871),  Irish  judge;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1826  ;  barrister,  King's  Inns,  1826, 
and  Gray's  Inn,  1827  ;  Q.C.,  1844  ;  M.P.  for  co.  Wexford, 
1852-7  and  1859-66  :  solicitor-general  under  Lord  Derby, 
1859 ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland,  and  judge  of  queen's 
bench,  1866.  [xxi.  207] 

GEORGE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1756X  dean  of  Lincoln; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge :  M.A., 
1723;  D.D.,  1728;  seventeen  years  principal  of  Eton; 
provost  of  King's,  1743,  and  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge; 
dean  of  Lincoln,  1748-56  ;  his  lines  on  the  death  of  Prince 
Frederick  highly  commended  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 

[xxi.  207] 

GERALD,  SAINT  and  BISHOP  (d.  731),  according  to 
the  Bollaudist  Life,  a  monk  who  left  Winchester  for  Ire- 
land to  lead  a  solitary  life ;  built  a  church  in  Mayo  called 
Gill  n-ailither  ('  Church  of  the  Pilgrims ').  where  he  was 
buried ;  termed  in  '  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters '  the 
'Poutifex  of  Mayo  of  the  Saxons,'  and  'Episcopus'  in 
Litany  of  Oeugus.  [«L  207] 

GERALD,  JOSEPH  (1763-1796).    [See  GKHRAUX] 

GERARD  or  GIRARD  (</.  1108),  archbishop  of  York ; 
when  clerk  of  the  chapel  and  chancery  sent  by  William  II 
on  a  secret  mission  to  Pope  Urban,  from  whom  he  obtained 
the  despatch  of  a  legate  and  pallium,  1095  ;  rewarded 
with  see  of  Hereford,  being  ordained  only  a  day  before 
consecration,  1096;  witnessed  Henry  I's  charter,  1100; 
archbishop  of  York,  1100-8;  opposed  Archbishop  Anselm 
[q.  v.],  and  successfully  represented  Henry  I  against  him 
at  Rome  in  the  investiture  dispute;  eventually  repudiated 
by  Pope  Paschal  and  compelled  to  profess  obedience  to 
Anselm;  attempted  to  consecrate  bishops ;  'invested*  by 
the  king  and  was  rebuked  by  Paschal;  reconciled  to 
Anselm,  1107:  refused  burial  in  the  minster,  but  trans- 
ferred thither  by  Archbishop  Thomas  II.  [xxi.  208] 

GERARD,  ALEXANDER  (1728-1795),  philosophical 
writer;  professor  of  philosophy  at  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  1750,  and  of  divinity,  1760-71;  professor  of 
divinity  at  King's  College,  1771;  D.D. :  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  17G4  ;  published  prize  '  Essay  on  Taste,' 
1759,  •  Essay  on  Genius,'  1774,  and  apologetic  works. 

[xxi.  810] 


GERARD 


488 


G-EREE 


GERARD,  ALEXANDER  (1792-1839),  Himalayan  ex- 
plorer; son  of  Gilbert  Gerard  [q.  v.]  ;  served  with 
13th  Bengal  native  infantry,  1808-36;  while  enpavol  in 
surveying,  1812-17  and  1825-6,  ascended  peaks  hitherto 
unsealed  and  penetrated  into  Thibet:  ascnxUil  in  1821 
the  Charang  Pass  and  Mount  Tahigung  (22.00U  feet); 
his  travels  described  in  Indian  scientific  journals  and  in 
Edinburgh  'Journal  of  Science,'  and  noticed  in  Heber's 
'Journal.'  [xxi.  211] 

GERARD,  CHARLES,  first  BARON  GERARD  OP 
BRAN-DON  and  EARL  OP  MACCLESFIKLD  (d.  1684),  great- 
grandson  of  Sir  Gilbert  Gerard  [q.  v.] ;  educated  abroad ; 
commanded  infantry  brigade  at  Edgehill,  1642 ;  wounded 
there  and  at  Lichfield,  1643  ;  arranged  capitulation  of 
Bristol,  1643 ;  distinguished  at  first  battle  of  Newbury, 
1643 ;  again  wounded  at  relief  of  Newark,  1644 ;  con- 
ducted successful  operations  in  South  Wales.  1645;  re- 
moved for  rigorous  treatment  of  Welsh,  but  created  a 
peer,  1645  ;  commander  of  Charles  I's  bodyguard,  escort- 
ing him  from  Wales  to  Oxford,  thence  to  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  to  Chester,  1645;  desperately  wounded  at 
Kowton  Heath,  1645  ;  retired  with  the  king  to  Newark,  but 
was  dismissed  his  service  for  a  disorderly  protest  against 
the  supersession  of  Sir  Richard  Willis,  1645;  rejoined 
Charles  at  Oxford,  1646,  and  raised  a  troop  of  horse ;  went 
abroad  after  the  capitulation;  vice-admiral  of  the  fleet 
at  Helvoetslnys,  1648;  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Charles  II,  1649;  served  under  Turenne  at  Arras,  1654; 
intrigued  at  Paris  on  behalf  of  Henrietta  Maria,  and 
encouraged  designs  of  his  cousin,  John  Gerard  (1632-1664) 
[q.  v.]  ;  returned  with  Charles  II  from  Breda,  1660,  at  the 
head  of  the  life  guards ;  regained  hi?  estates  and  received 
a  pension ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  Paris,  1662  ;  supervised 
defences  of  Isle  of  Wight  and  Portsmouth  against  Dutch, 
1666-7;  created  Earl  of  Macclesfield,  1679;  dismissed 
from  the  bed-chamber  as  an  adherent  of  Monmouth,  1681 ; 
presented  by  Cheshire  grand  jury  as  disaffected,  1684 ;  fled 
to  the  continent,  1685 ;  commanded  William  Ill's  body- 
guard, 1688  ;  privy  councillor  and  president  of  council  of 
Welsh  marches,  1689 ;  member  of  commission  to  inquire 
into  conduct  of  fleet,  1690.  [xxi.  212] 

GERARD,  CHARLES,  second  EARL  OP  MACCLES- 
FIELD  (1669?-1701),  son  of  Charles  Gerard,  first  earl  of 
Macclesfield  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Lancashire,  1679,  1680-1.  and 
1688-94  ;  committed  to  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  treason, 
1683,  but  acquitted ;  again  arrested  as  adherent  of  Mon- 
mouth, convicted  of  complicity  in  Rye  House  plot,  and 
sentenced  to  death,  1686  ;  pardoned,  1687 ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Lancashire,  1690,  of  North  Wales,  1696 ;  bail  for  Lord 
Mohun,  1692;  as  major-general,  1694,  succeeded  Talmash 
after  his  death  before  Brest :  envoy  extraordinary  to  Han- 
over, 1701  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxi.  217] 

GERARD,  SIR  GILBERT  (d.  1593),  judge ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1539:  joint-treasurer  of  Gray's  Inn,  1556; 
M.P.,  Wigan,  1553  and  1555,  and  Steyning,  1564 ;  attorney- 
general,  1659;  drew  up  reforms  for  Irish  exchequer 
court,  1560 ;  counsel  to  Cambridge  University,  1561 ;  com- 
missioner for  sale  of  crown  lands,  1663 ;  member  of  eccle- 
siastical commission,  1667 :  member  of  commission  tor 
trial  of  northern  rebels,  1570 ;  took  part  in  prosecution  of 
Norfolk,  Northumberland,  and  others,  1571-2 ;  knighted 
1579 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1581 ;  M.P.,  Lancaster,  1584 ; 
took  part  in  trials  of  Somervyle,  1583,  Parry,  1685,  and 
Shelley,  1586,  for  conspiracy,  and  of  Arundd,  1589,  and 
Perrot,  1592  ;  chief  commissioner  of  the  great  seal,  1591-2. 

[xxi.  218], 

GERARD,  GILBERT  (1760-1815),  theological  writer  ; 
son  of  Alexander  Gerard  (1728-1795)  [q.  v.];  minister  of 
Soots  church,  Amsterdam ;  professor  of  Greek  at  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  1791,  of  divinity,  1795;  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  1803;  'Compendious  View  of  the  Evi- 
dences of  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion,'  the  joint  work 
of  himself  and  bus  father,  published  1828.  [xxi.  220] 

GERARD,  JAMES  GILBERT  (1795-1835),  Bengal 
wirgeon;  non  of  Gilbert  Gerard  [q.  v.];  surgeon,  1826; 
accompanied  hi*  brother  Alexander  Gerard  (1792-1839) 
lq.  v.]  in  Himalayan  journeys:  gave  great  scientific 
assistance  to  expedition  of  Sir  Alexander  Burnes  [q.  v.]  to 
Bokhara,  1831,  but  died  at  Subathoo  from  exhaustion. 

GERARD,  JOHN  (1645-1612),  herbalist;  "ember  of 
court  of  assistants  of  Barber-Surgeons,  1595;  master, 
16')7 ;  superintendent  of  Burgbley's  gardens ;  the  list  of 
planU  in  his  own  garden  (Holborn),  first  published  cata- 


,  1:  !»r,  (e,l.  n.  D.  Jackson,  1876):  his  'Herball'  (1597) 
edited  bj  T.  Johnson,  1633.  [xxi.  221] 

GERARD,  JOHN  (1564-1637),  Jesuit;  imprisoned  for 
attempt  to  leave  England  without  licence,  1585  :  joined 
Jesuits  at  Kome,  I£.fc8  ;  active  on  the  English  mission  ;  be- 
trayal by  a  servant,  imprisoned  and  tortured  ;  escaped 
from  the  Tower,  1697 :  gave  information  of  Watson's 
plot,  1603 ;  suspected  of  complicity  in  Gunpowder  plot : 
escaped  to  Rome,  1606  ;  rector  at  Louvain,  1609 ;  first 
rector  at  Liege,  1614-22;  director  of  English  college; 
Rome,  1627-37  :  his  narrative  of  the  Gunpowder  plot 
printed  in  Morris's  'Condition  of  the  Catholics'  (1871), 
and  Latin  autobiography  translated  by  G.  Kingdon,  S.J., 
1881.  [xxi.  222] 

GERARD,  JOHN  (1632-1654),  royalist  colonel ;  cousin 
of  Charles  Gerard,  first  earl  of  Macclesfield  [q.  v.] ;  be- 
headed for  plot  to  kill  Cromwell  and  proclaim  Charles  II. 

[xxi.  223] 

GERARD,  MARC.    [See  GHEKRAERTS.] 

GERARD,  PATRICK  (1794-1848),  geographical 
writer ;  son  of  Gilbert  Gerard  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Bengal 
army;  captain,  1828;  invalided,  1832;  died  at  Simla: 
contributed  meteorological  observations  to  'Asiatic  Re- 
searches,' and  left  in  manuscript  (British  Museum) 
meteorological  journal,  1817-29.  [xxi.  224] 

GERARD,  RICHARD  (1613-1686),  royalist:  served 
in  the  Netherlands,  1638-42;  escorted  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria  from  the  Hague  to  England  ;  lieutenant-colonel  in 
royal  army,  1643 ;  at  second  battle  of  Newbury,  1644  ; 
attended  Charles  I  at  Hurst  Castle,  and  carried  letters 
between  him  and  the  queen  in  France.  [xxi.  224] 

GERARD,  GARRET,  or  GARRARD,  THOMAS 
(1500  ?-1640),  divine :  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1624;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  D.D.  Cam- 
bridge; distributed  Lutheran  books  and  Tyndale's  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament;  examined  and  forced  to 
recant  before  the  bishops  of  London  and  Bath,  1528  ;  par- 
doned and  employed  by  Wolsey ;  rector  of  All  Hallows, 
Honey  Lane,  and  chaplain  to  Cranmer,  1637;  having 
preached  at  Paul's  Cross,  1540,  in  answer  to  Gardiner,  was 
burnt  at  Smithfield  for  heresy.  [xxi.  224] 

GERARD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1581),  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland ;  cousin  of  Sir  Gilbert  Gerard  [q.  v.] ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1546  :  M.P.,  Preston,  1553,  and  Chester,  1655- 
1572;  recorder  of  Chester,  1566-72;  vice-president  of 
council  of  Wales,  1562 ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1576  ; 
knighted,  1577 ;  returned  to  England  and  became  master 
of  requests,  1577 ;  active  member  of  Irish  ecclesiastical 
commission  ;  forwarded  to  Walsiugham  an  historical  trea- 
tise on  Wales,  with  suggestions  for  reform,  [xxi.  225] 

GERARDS,  MARCUS.    [See  GHEERAERTS.] 

GERBIER,  SIR  BALTHAZAR  (1691  ?-1667),  painter, 
architect,  and  courtier  ;  native  of  Middelburg  ;  came  to 
England,  1616,  becoming  keeper  of  York  House  and  col- 
lector for  Buckingham  ;  accompanied  Buckingham  to 
Spain,  1623,  and  Paris,  1625 ;  negotiated  with  Rubens  for 
a  peace  with  Spain,  1625-7  ;  entered  service  of  Charles  I 
and  was  knighted,  1628;  trusted  agent  of  the  king  at 
Brussels,  1631,  but  betrayed  for  money  his  negotiations 
with  the  Flemish  nobles,  1633;  became  master  of  the 
ceremonies,  1641 ;  his  house  at  Bethnal  Green  attacked 
by  mob  as  supposed  asylum  for  papists,  1642;  retired  to 
France,  1643;  returned  to  England  after  the  king's  exe- 
cution ;  engaged  in  mining  projects  at  Cayenne,  1659-60  ; 
returned  to  England,  but,  being  unable  to  regain  his 
position  at  court,  turned  his  attention  to  architecture ; 
a  miniature  by  him  of  Charles  I  preserved  at  South  Ken- 
sington, [xxi.  227] 

GEREDIGION,  DANIEL  nu  o  (1792-1846).  [See 
EVANS,  DANIKL.] 


JOHN  (16017-1649),  puritan  divine:  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1621 ;  as  incumbent  of  Tewkep- 
bury  'silenced'  for  nonconformity  (after  1624),  but  re- 
stored, 1641 ;  rector  of  St.  Albans,  1646-7  ;  preacher  at 
St.  Faith's,  London,  1647  ;  advocated  right  of  the  king  to 
abolish  episcopacy  in  'A  Case  of  Conscience  Resolved,' 
1646.  [xxi.  229] 

GEREE,     STEPHEN  (1594-1656?),   puritan;     elder 
brother  of  John  Geree  [q.  v.]  ;    B.A.  Magdalen  Hall.  » >\ 
ford,  1615;  vicar  of  Wonersh,  and,  <-.1641,  rector  of  A  Imijrrr  : 
published  theological  pamphlets.  [xxi  230] 


GERMAIN 


QIBBEB 


GERMAIN,  LADY  ELIZABETH,  'LADY  BETTY ' 
(1680-1 769),  daughter  of  Charles,  second  earl  of  Berkeley, 
and  second  wife  of  Sir  John  Germain  [q.  v.],  who  left  her 
a  large  fortune,  including  the  Arundel  cameos ;  friend 
of  Swift.  Young  dedicated  to  her  bis  sixth  satire  on 
woman.  [xxi.  230] 

GERMAIN,  OEORQB  SACKVILLE,  first  VISCOUNT 
SACKVILLK  (1716-1785),  soldier  and  statesman  (known  us 
LORD  GEORGE  SACKVILLE  till  1770);  third  son  of  Lionel 
Sackville,  first  duke  of  Dorset  [q.  v.j  ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.A.,  1734 ;  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  28th  foot  (1st  Gloucester)  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Fontenoy,  1745,  where  he  was 
wounded  and  captured ;  colonel  of  20th  foot  (1st  Lanca- 
shire fusileers),  1746,  of  12th  dragoons  (lancers),  1749,  and 
of  present  6th  carabineers.  1750 ;  major-general,  1755 ; 
member  of  the  court  of  inquiry  into  conduct  of  Sir  John 
Mordaunt  at  Rochefort,  1757 ;  lieutenant-general  of  the 
ordnance,  and  colonel,  2nd  dragoon  guards,  1757  ;  second 
in  command  of  St.  Malo  expedition,  1758 ;  as  commander 
of  British  contingent  with  Prince  Ferdinand  neglected  to 
lead  British  cavalry  in  pursuit  of  the  French  at  Minden, 
1759,  for  which  he  was  dismissed  the  service,  declared  by 
a  court  martial  unfit  to  serve  in  any  military  capacity, 
and  his  name  erased  from  the  privy  council,  1760  ;  M.P., 
Dover,  1741-61,  Hythe,  1761-8,  East  Grinstead,  1768-82 : 
chief  secretary  to  the  viceroy  of  Ireland  (Dorset),  1751-6  ; 
his  name  restored  to  privy  council  by  George  III ; 
assumed  name  of  Germain,  1770 :  fought  duel  with  Cap- 
tain Johnstone,  late  governor  of  Pensacola ;  commissioner 
of  trade  and  plantations,  and  secretary  of  state  for 
colonies,  1775-82 ;  created  Viscount  Saokville,  1782  ;  ab- 
surdly credited  by  some  with  authorship  of  '  Junius.' 

[xxi.  231] 

GERMAIN,  SIR  JOHN  (1650-1718),  soldier  of  for- 
tune; reputed  son  of  William  II,  prince  of  Orange; 
accompanied  William  III  to  England,  and  served  under 
him  in  Ireland  and  Flanders  :  created  baronet,  1698 ; 
married  Lady  Mary  Mordaunt,  1701 ;  inherited  from  her 
Drayton  and  other  property  ;  his  second  wife  was  Lady 
'  Betty '  Berkeley  [see  GERMAIN,  LADY  ELIZABETH]. 

[xxi.  235] 

GERMANU8  (378  ?-448),  bishop  of  Auxerre  and  mis- 
sionary to  Britain :  one  of  the  six  dukes  of  Gaul ;  was 
forcibly  made  a  cleric  by  Amator  of  Auxerre  ;  succeeded 
Amator  as  bishop,  418  ;  founded  monastery  on  the  Yonne ; 
with  St.  Lupus  went  to  Britain,  429,  and  overcame  Pela- 
gians in  disputation  at  Verulamium  (St.  Albans)  ;  said  to 
have  aided  the  Britons  to  overcome  the  Ficts  by  causing 
them  to  cry  Alleluia,  430 ;  built  church  at  Auxerre  in 
honour  of  St.  Alban ;  overcame  the  Pelagians  in  a  second 
visit  to  Britain,  447  ;  went  to  Ravenna  to  intercede  with 
the  empress-mother  for  the  Alans  against  the  Armpricans  ; 
died  there,  but  was  buried  near  Auxerre.  [xxi.  236] 

GERRALD,  JOSEPH  (1763-1796),  political  reformer  ; 
native  of  St.  Christopher,  West  Indies ;  pupil  of  Samuel 
Parr  [q.  v.]  at  Stanmore,  and  his  lifelong  friend ;  went  to 
Edinburgh  convention  as  a  delegate  of  the  London  Cor- 
responding Society,  1793  ;  was  sentenced  by  Braxfield  to 
fourteen  years'  transportation  for  sedition,  1794;  died 
five  months  after  his  arrival  at  Botany  Bay.  [xxi.  238] 

GERVASE  OF  CANTERBURY  (GERVASIUS  DORO- 
BORNENSIS)  (fl.  1188),  chronicler ;  became  a  monk  of 
Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1163,  and  sacrist,  1193 ;  en- 
gaged in  disputes  between  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
and  the  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's,  1179-83,  and  with  his  own 
monastery,  1185-91.  His  works,  edited  by  Bishop  Stubbs 
(Rolls  Series,  1879, 1880),  include  an  account  of  the  burning 
and  rebuilding  of  the  cathedral  (1174),  a  history  of  the 
archbishops  of  Canterbury  from  Augustine  to  Hubert, 
'Mappa  Mundi,'  a  Canterbury  Chronicle  (1100-99),  and 
'  Gesta  Regum,'  which  after  his  death  was  continued  to 
1328,  and  is  of  value  for  the  early  years  of  John's  reign. 

[xxi.  239] 

GERVASE  OF  CHICHESTKR  (fl.  1170),  author  of  an 
extant  commentary  on  Malachi ;  disciple  of  Thomas 
Becket.  [xxi.  240] 

GERVASE  OF  TILBURY  (fl.  1211),  author  of  'Otia 
Imperialia ' ;  brought  up  at  Rome ;  taught  law  at  Bologna, 
among  his  pupils  being  Pignatelli ;  present  at  meeting  of 
the  Emperor  Frederick  I  and  Pope  Alexander  III,  1177 ; 
attached  to  Henry,  son  of  Henry  II  of  England  ;  high  in 
favour  of  William  II  in  Sicily  ;  made  marshal  of  Aries  by 


th.-  Kniperor  Otto  IV,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  'Otia  Im- 
prrialia' ;  probably  died  in  England.  [xxi.  241] 

GERVAY8,  JOHN  (d.  1268).    [See  JOHN.] 

GETHIN,  GRACE,  LADY  (1676-1697),  learned  lady  ; 
.::iii'-'hter  of  Sir  George  Norton;  married  Sir  Richard 
Gethin  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxi.  242] 

GETHING.  RICHARD  (15857-1652  ?X  calligrapher  ; 
pupil  of  John  Daviea  of  Hereford  [q.  v.] ;  native  of  Here- 
fordshire ;  published  at  the  '  Hand  and  Pen,'  Fetter  Lane, 
a  copybook  (16 16)  and  'Chirographia'(1645).  [xxi.  242] 

GETSITJS,  JOHN  DANIEL  (1592-1672),  divine  and 
tutor ;  native  of  the  Palatinate ;  doctor  of  philosophy, 
Marburg,  1618;  B.A.  Cambridge;  taught  Hebrew  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and  was  incorporated  B.A.,  1628  ; 
vicar  of  Stoke  Gabriel,  1636,  where  he  took  pupils  ;  im- 
prisoned, 1643,  for  a  royalist  sermon  ;  published  a  Greek 
testament  lexicon,  with  other  works.  [xxi.  242] 

GHEERAERTS,  GEERAERT8,  or  GARRARD, 
MARCUS,  the  elder  (1510  7-1590  7),  painter  and  engraver ; 
native  of  Bruges,  where  he  designed  the  tomb  of  Charles 
the  Bold ;  engraved  view  of  the  town,  now  among  the 
archives,  and  painted  the  '  Descent  from  the  Cross ' ;  came 
to  England  as  a  protestant  refugee,  1568 ;  said  to  have 
died  in  England.  [xxi.  243] 

GHEERAERTS,  GHEERAEDTS,  GEERAERT8, 
GERARDS,  or  GARRARD.  MARCUS,  the  younger 
(1561-1635),  painter  :  son  of  Marcus  Gheeraerts  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  accompanied  his  father  to  England ;  among  his 
portraits  were  several  of  Elizabeth  and  Camden  ;  his 
'Conference  of  English  and  Spanish  Plenipotentiaries* 
bought  for  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1882;  published 
'  Handbook  to  Art  of  Drawing.'  [xxi.  214] 

GHENT  or  GATTNT,  JOHN  OF,  DUKE  OF  LANCASTER 
(1340-1399).  [See  JOHN  OF  GAUNT.] 

GHENT,  SIMON  DE  (d.  1315),  bishop  of  Salisbury ; 
archdeacon  of  Oxford,  1284  ;  chancellor  of  the  university, 
1290-3 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1297-1316  ;  one  of  the  lords 
ordainers,  1310  ;  ardent  ecclesiastical  reformer ;  resisted 
admission  of  papal  nominee  to  deanery  of  Salisbury  ;  pre- 
served his  right  of  tallage  against  the  citizens ;  wrote 
'  Regula  Anchoritarum '  and  drew  up  'Statnta  eccle- 
siastica.'  [xxi.  245] 

GIB,  ADAM  (1714-1788),  Scots  anti-burgher  divine ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  :  joined  the  '  Associate  Presby- 
tery '  of  1735  ;  minister  of  secession  congregation,  Bristo 
Street,  Edinburgh,  1741;  captured  a  rebel  spy,  1745; 
leader  of  the  anti-burgher  synod,  1747  ;  when  dispossessed 
of  Bristo  Street  Church  ministered  in  one  built  for  him 
in  Nicholson  Street;  called  'Pope  Gib';  published ' Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Associate  Synod,'  1748.  [xxi.  246] 

GIBB,  FREDERICK  (d.  1681),  miscellaneous  writer: 
M.D.  Valence,  1651 ;  wrote  occasionally  under  the  name 
of  Philalethes  ;  contributed  verses  to  a  volume  of  De  Thou 
1678.  [xxi.  247] 

GIBB,  JOHN  (1776-1850),  civil  engineer  and  con- 
tractor; assisted  Rennie  in  construction  of  Greenock 
harbour;  repaired  Crinan  canal,  1817;  completed  Tel- 
ford's  Glasgow  bridge.  [xxi.  247] 

GIBB,  ROBERT  (d.  1837),  landscape-painter;  an 
original  A.R.S.A. ;  R.S.A.,  1829.  [xxL  247] 

GIBBES,  CHARLES  (1604-1681),  divine:  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1628 ;  D.D.,  1662 ;  fellow  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1624 ;  prebendary  of  Wells  ;  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  1662.  [xxL  247] 

GIBBES,  SIR  GEORGE  SMITH  (1771-1851),  phy- 
sician to  Bath  Hospital ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1792 ;  M.D.,  1799 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1804 ;  Har- 
veian  orator,  1817;  physician  to  Bath  Hospital,  1804; 
knighted,  1820:  F.R.S.  and  F.L.S.  His  works  include 
treatises  on  the  Bath  waters.  [xxL  248] 

GIBBES  or  GHIBBES,  JAMES  ALBAN  (1611-1677\ 
Latin  poet ;  studied  under  Veiling  at  Padua  ;  from  1644 
practised  as  a  physician  at  Rome  ;  enjoyed  favour  of  four 
successive  popes  ;  dedicated  to  Clement  IX  his  '  Carmi- 
num  Pars  Lyrica  ad  exemplum  Q.  Horatii  Flaccl,'  1668 ; 
sent  to  Oxford  a  gold  chain  and  medal  attached  to  his 
diploma  of  poet  laureate  from  the  Emperor  Leopold  I, 
1667;  created  M.D.  Oxford,  1671,  as  'the  Horace  of  his 
age.'  [xxi.  24S] 


GIBBON 


490 


GIBBS 


GIBBON,  BENJAMIN  PHELPS  (1802-1851),  line- 
eugraver ;  executed  engravings  after  Landseer  and  Mul- 
ready's  '  Wolf  and  Lamb.'  [xxi.  249] 

GIBBON,  CHARLES  (fl.  1589-1604),  author;  pub- 
lished so.  works,  including  'The  Order  of  Equalitte' 
(1604),  an  appeal  for  proportional  equalisation  of  the  in- 
cidence of  taxation.  [xxi.  250] 

GIBBON,  CHARLES  (1843-1890),  novelist;  journalist 
at  Glasgow,  c.  1860;  published  about  thirty  novels; 
edited  '  Casquet  of  Literature,'  1873-4.  [Suppl.  ii.  274] 

GIBBON,  EDWARD  (1737-1794),  historian;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster ;  owed  his  taste  for  books  to  his 
aunt,  Catherine  Porten  ;  spent  fourteen  '  unprofitable ' 
months  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1752-3 ;  became  a 
Romanist  after  reading  Middleton's  'Free  Inquiry'  and 
works  by  Bossuet  and  Parsons,  1753  ;  at  Lausanne  (1753-8), 
where  his  tutor,  Pavillard,  drew  him  back  to  protestant- 
ism, and  where  he  made  friends  with  Deyverdun  and  read 
widely  ;  became  attached  to  Susanne  Oiirchod  (afterwards 
Madame  Necker),  but  in  deference  to  his  father  broke  off 
the  engagement,  1757  ;  published  'Essai  sur  1'Etude  de  la 
Litterature,'  1761  (English  version,  1764);  served  in 
Hampshire  militia,  1759-70,  and  studied  military  litera- 
ture ;  at  Lausanne  met  Holroyd  (afterwards  Lord  Shef- 
field) ;  during  a  tour  in  Italy,  1764-5,  formed  plan  of 
his '  History '  amid  the  ruins  of  the  Capitol ;  with  Deyver- 
dun published  'Memoires  Litteraires  de  la  Grande-Bre- 
tagne,'  1767-8,  contributing  a  review  of  Lytteltou's 
'  Henry  II ' ;  issued  4  Critical  Observations  on  the  Sixth 
Book  of  the  JEneid,'  attacking  Warburton,  1770  ;  settled 
in  London,  1772 ;  joined  Dr.  Johnson's  Club,  1774 ;  be- 
came professor  in  ancient  history  at  the  Royal  Academy 
in  succession  to  Goldsmith;  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1774-80, 
Lymington,  1781-3 ;  drew  up  a  state  paper  against  France, 
and  was  commissioner  of  trade  and  plantations,  1779-82  ; 
issued  in  1776  the  first  volume  of  his  'Decline  and  Fall 
of  the  Roman  Empire,*  which  passed  into  three  editions, 
and  obtained  the  favourable  verdict  of  Hume,  Robertson, 
Warton,  and  Walpole  ;  defended  the  chapters  on  growth 
of  Christianity  in  his  'Vindication,'  1779;  issued  the 
second  and  third  volumes,  1781,  after  a  visit  to  Paris, 
where  he  met  Button  and  disputed  with  De  Mably ;  re- 
tired with  Deyverdun  to  Lausanne,  1783,  where  he 
finished  the  work,  1787  (published,  1788);  returned  to 
England,  1793 ;  died  suddenly  in  London ;  a  Latin  epi- 
taph written  for  his  monument  at  Fletching,  Sussex,  by 
Dr.  Samuel  Parr  [q.  v.]  His'  Miscellaneous  Works  '  (edited 
by  his  friend  Lord  Sheffield,  1796)  contained  an  auto- 
biographical memoir,  and  '  Antiquities  of  the  House  of 
Brunswick'  (1814).  [xxi.  250] 

GIBBON,  JOHN  (1629-1718),  writer  on  heraldry ;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  and  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  travelled  in  Europe  and  America,  where  he  saw 
Indian  aborigines,  whose  war-paint  he  took  as  a  proof  of 
the  universality  of  heraldry ;  created  Blue  Mantle,  1671 ; 
chief  work, '  Introductio  ad  Latinam  Blasoniam,'  1682  ; 
his  'Heraldo-Memoriale'  published  in  Strype's  edition  of 
Stow's '  Survey,'  1720.  [xxi.  256] 

GIBBON  or  GIBBONS,  NICHOLAS,  the  elder  (ft. 
1600),  theological  writer;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge, 
1592;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1692;  published  'Ques- 
tions and  Disputations  concerning  the  Holy  Scripture,' 
1001.  [xxL  267] 

GIBBON,  NICHOLAS,  the  younger  (1606-1697), 
divine  ;  son  of  Nicholas  Gibbon  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1629 ;  D.D.,  1639 ;  rector  of  Seven- 
oaks,  1632-60;  consulted  by  Charles  I  at  Carisbrooke, 
1647 ;  worked  as  farm  labourer  during  the  Common- 
wealth; rector  of  Corfe  Castle,  1660-97;  published  'A 
Summe  or  Body  of  Divinity  Real '  (1653),  with  a  key. 

[xxi.  257] 

GIBBONS.    [See  also  GIBBON.] 

GIBBONS,  CHRISTOPHER  (1616-1676),  organist; 
elder  son  of  Orlando  Gibbons  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  in  Exeter 
choir ;  organist  of  Winchester  Cathedral,  1638-61 ;  at 
Restoration  appointed  to  Chapel  Royal,  to  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  court  organist :  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1663 ;  con- 
tributed to  'Cantica  Sacra,'  1674 ;  collaborated  with  Lock 
in  music  to  Shirley's '  Cupid  and  Death,'  1653.  [xxi.  258] 

GIBBONS,  EDWARD  (1670  7-1653  ?),  organist; 
brother  of  Orlando  Gibbons  [q.  v.]  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Cambridge 
and  Oxford;  organist  at  King's  College,  Cambridge, 


1592-9  ;  afterwards  at  Bristol  Cathedral,  and  (1611-44)  at 
Exeter  Cathedral ;  his  manuscript  compositions  pre- 
served in  Music  School,  Oxford.  [xxi.  259] 

GIBBONS,  ELLIS  (/.  1600),  musical  composer; 
brother  of  Edward  Gibbons  [q.  v.]  ;  probably  organist  at 
Salisbury ;  composed  madrigal?  in  '  Triumphs  of  Oriana,' 
1603.  [xxi.  259] 

GIBBONS,  GRINLING  (1648-1720),  wood-carver  and 

statuary ;    born    at    Rotterdam ;    discovered    by   John 

I  Evelyn  [q.  v.]  in  1671  working  at  Deptford  at  his  carving 

!  of  Tintoretto's  '  Crucifixion,'  which  was  shown  to  Wren 

!  and  Pepys,  and  afterwards  to  the  royal  family  ;  employed 

I  by  Wren  to  carve  stalls  in  St.  Paul's  and  new  London 

'•  churches ;  employed  in  library  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 

I  bridge,  and  by  the  king  at  Windsor,  Whitehall,  and  Ken- 

:  singtou  ;  carved  the  throne  in  Canterbury  Cathedral ; 

1  executed  statues  of  Charles  II  at  the  Royal  Exchange 

!  and  Chelsea,  and  of  James  U  at  Whitehall ;    buried  in 

St.   Paul's,    Covent    Garden ;    his    portrait  painted   by 

Kneller.  [xxi.  259] 

GIBBONS,  JOHN  (1544-1589),  Jesuit;  doctor  of 
philosophy  and  divinity  at  German  College,  Rome,  1576  ; 
|  rector  of  Jesuit  college,  Treves  ;  died  at  Himmelrode ; 
|  his  'ConcertatioEcclesiae  Catholicse  in  Anglia,  adversus 
i  Oalviuo-Papistas  et  Puritanos'  (1583),  enlarged  by  John 
I  Bridgewater  [q.  v.]  [xxi.  261] 

GIBBONS,  ORLANDO  (1583-1625),  musical  composer; 
entered  choir  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1696.  for 
which  he  composed  music  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Cambridge,  1606  ; 
Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1622  ;  organist  of  Chapel  Royal,  1604 ; 
composed  music  for  the  reception  of  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria  at  Canterbury ;  buried  in  Canterbury  Cathedral ; 
contributed  the  remarkable  fantasia  '  The  Lord  of  Salis- 
bury his  Pavin,'  to  Byrd  and  Bull's  'Parthenia'  (1611); 
published  'First  Set  of  Madrigals  and  Mottets'  (1612), 
containing  'The  Silver  Swan,'  and  other  masterpieces; 
composed  also  settings  of  George  Wither's  '  Hymns  and 
Songs  of  the  Church,'  1623,  and  instrumental '  Fantasies  of 
Three  Parts.'  His  sacred  compositions,  including  services 
in  F  and  D  minor,  'preces,'  and  many  anthems  for  special 
occasions,  were  edited  by  Sir  F.  A.  Gore  Ouseley  [q.  v.], 
1873.  [xxL  261] 

GIBBONS,  RICHARD  (1550  ?-1632),  Jesuit ;  younger 
brother  of  John  Gibbons  [q.  v.] ;  taught  mathematics, 
philosophy,  Hebrew,  and  canon  law  in  several  continental 
countries ;  died  at  Douay ;  edited  Harpsfield's  '  Historia 
Anglicana  Ecclesiastica,'  1 622,  and  translated  Bellarmine's 
'Christian  Doctrine,'  and  other  works  from  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  Portuguese.  [xxi.  264] 

GIBBONS,  THOMAS  (1720-1785),  dissenting  minister 
and  author ;  independent  minister  of  Haberdashers'  Hall, 
i  1743  ;  tutor  of  Mile  End  academy,  1754  ;  D.D.  Aberdeen, 
I  1764  ;  M.A.  New  Jersey,  1760 ;  published  '  Memoirs  of 
I  Rev.  J.  Watts,  D.D.'  (1780),  also  hymns  and  devotional 
I  verses.  [xxi.  265] 

GIBBONS,  WILLIAM  (1649-1728),  physician;  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School :  B.  A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1672;  M.D.,  1683;  F.R.C.P.,  1692,  and  censor,  1716; 
ridiculed  by  Garth  as  Mirmillo  ;  benefactor  of  Wolver- 
hampton  ;  said  to  have  made  mahogany  fashionable. 

[xxi.  265] 

GIBBS,  MRS.  (ft.  1783-1844),  actress ;  appeared  at  the 
Haymarket  as  Sally  in  Colman's  '  Man  and  Wife,'  1783  ; 
married  the  younger  George  Colman  [q.  v.],  in  whose 
plays  she  acted,  1797-1803.  Her  other  parts  included 
Katherine,  Miss  Hardcastle,  and  Mrs.  Candour. 

[xxi.  266] 
GIBBS,  MRS.  (1804-1854).    [See  GRADDON,  Miss.] 

GIBBS,  JAMES  (d.  1724),  physician  and  poet ;  pub- 
lished metrical  version  of  Psalms  i.-xv.,  1701,  and  essay 
on  cure  of  scrofula.  [xxi.  266] 

GIBBS,  JAMES  (1682-1754),  architect;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  studied  under  Fontana  at 
Rome;  designed  St.  Mary-le-Strand,  St.  Peter's,  Vere 
Street,  and  St.  Martin-in-the-Fields,  part  of  the  Senate 
House  and  of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  the  monument  - 
of  Ben  Jonsou,  Prior,  and  Newcastle  in  Westminster 
Abbey;  the  quadrangle  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
and  the  Radcliffe  Library,  Oxford;  published  'A  Book 
of  Architecture,'  1728,  and  'Rules  for  Drawing  the 
several  Parts  of  Architecture,'  1732,  and  translated 
Fonseca's  '  De  Rebus  Emanuelis,'  1752.  [xxi.  267] 


GIBBS 


491 


GIBSON 


GIBBS,  JOSEPH  (1700  ?-17nX),  oculist  of  St.  Mary- 
at- Tower,  Ipswich  ;  composed  '  Eitfht  Solos  for  a  Violin, 
with  ii  Thorough  Bass  for  the  Harpsichord '  (1740  ?)". 

[xxi.  268] 

GIBBS,  IMIILTI'CA  1740),  dissenting  minister  and 
stenographer;  joint-pastor  at  Hackney,  1729;  Unitarian, 
1737  ;  published  'An  Historical  Account  of  Compendious 
and  Swift  Writing,'  1736,  and  '  Essay  towards  a  further 
Improvement  of  Short-Hand,'  1736.  [xxi.  268] 

GIBBS,  Sin  SAMUEL  (d.  1816),  major-general; 
ensign,  102nd  foot,  1783;  commanded  the  llth  in  West 
Indies,  1799,  and  59th  foot  at  Oape,  1805-6,  and  in  Tra van- 
core,  1808-9  ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  Java  expedition, 
1811 ;  major-general,  1812,  In  Holland  ;  mortally  wounded 
at  New  Orleans,  1815 ;  K.O.B.,  1815.  [xxi.  269] 

GIBBS,  Sm  VIOARY  (1751-1820),  judge ;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  contributed  to  '  Musa?  Etonenses ' ;  fellow  ; 
M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1778;  Graven  scholar, 
1772;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1783;  recorder  of  Bristol, 
1794;  assisted  Erskine  in  defence  of  Thomas  Hardy 
[q.  v.]  and  Home  Tooke  [q.  v.],  1794,  and  was  highly  com- 
plimented by  the  attorney-general,  Sir  John  Scott  [q.  v.], 
1794  ;  M.P.,  Totnes,  and  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1804 ; 
solicitor-general,  1805-6;  knighted,  1805;  M.P.,  Great  Bed- 
win,  1807  ;  M.P.  for  Cambridge  University,  1807 ;  attorney- 
general,  1807-12;  serjeant-at-law  and  judge  of  common 
pleas,  1812 ;  lord  chief-baron  and  privy  councillor,  1813 ; 
chief- justice  of  common  pleas,  1814-18  :  called  'Vinegar 
Gibbs ' ;  his  numerous  ex-officio  informations  noticed  in 
parliament,  1811.  [xxi.  270] 

GIBSON,  Sm  ALEXANDER,  LORD  DURIE  (d.  1644), 
Scottish  judge;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1588;  third  clerk  of 
session,  1594 :  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Dnrie,  1621 ;  created 
baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1628  ;  commissioner  for  reviewing 
the  laws  and  customs,  1633 ;  member  of  committee  of 
estates,  1640 ;  twice  president  of  College  of  Justice  ;  story 
of  his  being  kidnapped  by  Traquair  subject  of  Scott's 
'Christie's  Will';  'Lord  Durie's  Practicks'  (1690),  the 
earliest  collection  of  Scottish  legal  decisions,  [xxi.  271] 

GIBSON,  Sm  ALEXANDER,  LORD  DURIE  (d.  1656), 
Scottish  judge;  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Gibson  (d.  1644) 
[q.  v.]  ;  clerk  of  session,  1621 ;  opposed  ecclesiastical 
policy  of  Charles  I ;  commissary-general  of  forces  against 
Charles  1, 1640  ;  knighted,  1641 ;  lord  clerk  register,  1641 ; 
commissioner  of  the  exchequer,  1645  ;  lord  of  session  as 
Lord  Durie,  1646-9.  [xxi.  272] 

GIBSON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1693),  principal  clerk 
of  session  and  clerk  to  Scottish  privy  council ;  grandson 
of  Sir  Alexander  Gibson  (d.  1644)  [q.  v.],  whose  '  Prac- 
ticks' he  edited  ;  knighted,  1682.  [xxi.  272] 

GIBSON,  ALEXANDER  (1800-1867),  botanist;  M.D. 
Edinburgh  ;  surgeon  to  East  India  Company ;  superin- 
tendent of  Dapuri  botanical  gardens,  1838-47  ;  conserva- 
tor of  Bombay  forests,  1847-60  ;  F.L.S.,  1853  ;  published 
works,  including  » Forest  Reports,'  1849-55,  and  'Bombay 
Flora.'  [xxi.  272] 

GIBSON,  ALEXANDER  CRAIG  (1813-1874),  Cum- 
berland antiquary;  M.R.O.S.,  1846 :  published  'The  Old 
Man,  or  Ravings  and  Ramblings  round  Coniston,'  1849, 
and  '  The  Folk-speech  of  Cumberland,'  1869.  [xxi.  273] 

GIBSON,  DAVID  COOKE  (1827-1856),  painter; 
studied  in  Edinburgh,  London,  Belgium,  and  Paris ; 
painted  portraits  and  wrote  humorous  verse;  exhibited 
Spanish  pictures  at  Royal  Academy,  1855-6.  [xxi.  273] 

GIBSON,  EDMUND  (1669-1748),  bishop  of  London  ; 
nuphew  of  Thomas  Gibson  (1647-1722)  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of 
Queen's  CouVc,  Oxford,  1694;  M.A.,  1694;  chaplain  to 
Archbishop  Tenisou  and  librarian  at  Lambeth,  where  he 
commenced  catalogue  of  library ;  combated  Atterbury's 
views  on  convocation  ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1710  ;  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  1716-20;  bishop  of  London,  1720-48;  used  his 
influence  with  George  I  against  masquerades;  waa 
Walpole's  ecclesiastical  adviser  till  his  opposition  to  the 
Quaker's  Relief  Bill,  1736  :  declined  primacy,  1747 ; 
published  numerous  works,  including  an  edition  of  the 
Saxon  Chronicle  (1692),  a  translation  of  Camden's  '  Bri- 
tannia '  (1695), '  Reliquiae  Spelmannianae '  (1698),  •  Syno- 
dus  Anglicana'  (1702),  'Codex  Juris  Ecclesise  Anglicanse' 
(1713).  [xxi.  274] 


GIBSON.  EDWARD  (1668-1701),  portrait-painter; 
nephew  of  William  Gibson  (1644-1702)  [q.  v.]  ;  excelled  in 
crayon  work,  [XxL  275] 

GIBSON,  FRANCIS  (1753-1805),  author;  collector  of 
customs  at  Whitby,  1787:  published  'Sailing  Directions 
for  the  Baltic,'  1791,  and  '  Streanshall  Abbey  •  (play),  1800. 

GIBSON,  GEORGE  STAGEY  (1818-1883),Xbotanist ; 
quaker  banker  and  benefactor  of  Saffron  Walden  ;  F.R.8- 
1847  ;  published  '  Flora  of  Essex,'  1862 ;  contributed  to 
'  Phytologist,'  1842-61,  adding  six  new  species  to  British 
flora.  [xxL  276] 

GIBSON,  JAMES  (1799-1871),  Free  church  polemic  ; 
edited  '  Church  of  Scotland  Magazine,'  1834-7 ;  incumbent 
of  Kingston,  1839-43 :  joined  Free  church,  1843 ;  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  church  history  at  Glasgow 
Theological  College,  1856  ;  published  theological  treatises. 

[xxi.  276] 

GIBSON,  SIR  JAMES  BROWN  (1805-1868),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh ;  served  in  Crimea  ;  director 
general  of  army  medical  department,  1860-7  ;  K.C.B., 
1865  ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxi.  277] 

GIBSON,  JAMES  YOUNG  (1826-1886),  translator 
from  the  Spanish  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Halle ;  con- 
tributed some  poetical  renderings  to  Duffleld's  version  of 
'Don  Quixote,'  1881 ;  translated  also  Cervantes's  '  Viageal 
Parnaso,'  1883,  and  '  Numantia,'  1885.  [xxi.  277] 

GIBSON,  SIR  JOHN  (1637-1717),  colonel ;  in  Dutch 
service,  1675-88 ;  lieutenant-colonel  hi  English  army, 
1689  ;  colonel,  1694  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Portsmouth, 
1689;  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1701-2;  commander  of  force 
sent  to  capture  Newfoundland,  1697  ;  knighted,  1705. 

[xxi.  278] 

GIBSON,  JOHN  (d.  1862),  portrait-painter ;  exhibited 
at  West  of  Scotland  Academy,  where  a  fatal  accident 
caused  his  death.  [xxi.  278] 

GIBSON,  JOHN  (1794-1854),  glass-stainer  ;  sheriff  of 
Newcastle,  1854.  [xxi.  278] 

GIBSON,  JOHN  (1790-1866),  sculptor;  of  humble 
parentage :  while  at  Liverpool  attracted  the  attention  of 
William  Roscoe  [q.  v.]  ;  lived  at  Rome,  and  received  in- 
struction from  Canova  and  Thorwaldsen,  1817 ;  his  first 
commission,  the  Chatsworth  '  Mars  and  Cupid,'  followed 
by  'Psyche  and  Zephyrs,'  'Sleeping  Shepherd  Boy,'  'Hylas 
and  the  Nymphs,'  1819-26,  'Cupid  disguised  as  a 
Shepherd,'  1837,  and  other  works :  R~A..,  1838 ;  during 
visit  to  England  (1844)  publicly  entertained  at  Glasgow, 
and  received  commission  for  bust  of  Queen  Victoria,  his 
first  tinted  work ;  modelled  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  for 
Houses  of  Parliament,  1860-5,  which,  with  his  '  Tinted 
Venus  '  and  '  Pandora '  and  '  Cupid '  (all  coloured),  were 
seen  at  the  International  Exhibition,  1862  ;  executed  three 
statues  of  Huskisson,  and  one  of  Sir  Robert  Peel  in  West- 
minster Abbey  ;  the  last  of  the  purist  or  abstract  school 
of  sculptors ;  bequeathed  his  property  to  the  Royal 
Academy.  [xxi.  278] 

GIBSON,  JOHN  (1817-1892),  architect  ;  articled  to 
Joseph  Aloysius  Hansom  [q.  v.],  and  (Sir)  Charles  Barry 
[q.  v.]  ;  successful  in  competition  for  National  Bank  of 
Scotland,  Glasgow,  1844,  and  carried  out  work ;  A.R.I.B.A., 
1849;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1853.  His  works— chiefly  country 
houses  and  banks— include  the  head  offices  and  numerous 
branches  of  the  National  Provincial  Bank  of  England. 

[Suppl.  ii.  274] 

GIBSON,  KENNET  (1730-1772),  antiquary;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1752  ;  rector 
of  Marham,  Northamptonshire  ;  his  'Comment  on  part of 
the  Fifth  Journey  of  Autouiuus  through  Britain,'  printed 
by  NichoLs  1800.  [xxi  281] 

GIBSON,  MATHEW  (d.  1741  ?),  antiquary ;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1700;  rector  of  Abbey  Dore, 
1722-41  ;  published  'View  of  Ancient  and  Present  State 
of  the  Churches  of  Door,  Home-Lacy,  and  Hempsted, 
1727,'  with  memoirs  of  Scudamore  family.  [xxi.  281] 

GIBSON,  MATTHEW  (1734-1790),  Roman  catholic 
prelate ;  professor  at  Douay ;  vicar-general  to  Bishop 
Walton,  1776  ;  vicar-apostolic  of  Northern  England,  1780 ; 
joined  in  issuing  'Protestation  oath'  encyclical,  1789; 
with  Thomas  Eyre  (1748-1810)  [q.  v.]  published  'The 
London,  or  Little  Catechism,'  1784.  [xxi.  281] 


GIBSON 


492 


GIFFARD 


GIBSON,  PATRICK  (1782  ?-1829),  landscape-painter 
and  writer  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1805-7,  and  at 
several  Edinburgh  galleries  ;  foundation  member  of  Scot- 
tish Academy,  1826 ;  professor  of  painting  at  Dollar 
Academy,  1824-9  ;  his  '  Landscape  Composition  '  preserved 
in  Scottish  National  Oallery,  and  portrait  of  himself 
(water-colour)  in  the  Portrait  Gallery ;  published  '  Etch- 
ings of  Select  "Views  in  Edinburgh,'  1818  ;  contributed  to 
Brewster's  '  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia.'  [xxi.  282] 

GIBSON,  RICHARD  (1615-1690),  dwarf  and  minia- 
ture-painter :  page  to  Charles  I  and  Henrietta  Maria ; 
executed  several  portraits  of  Cromwell  and  many  minia- 
tures; his  marriage  to  Anne  Shepherd,  also  a  dwarf, 
commemorated  by  Waller  ;  portrait  of  him  and  his  wife 
painted  by  Lely.  [xxi.  283] 

GIBSON,  SOLOMON  (<*.  1866),  sculptor  :  brother  of 
John  Gibson  (1790-1866)  [q.  v.]  ;  best  known  for  his  small 
Mercury  modelled  at  sixteen;  wrote  papers  on  Welsh 
literature ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxi.  283] 

GIBSON,  SUSAN  PENELOPE  (1652-1700),  minia- 
turist ;  daughter  of  Richard  Gibson  [q.  v.]  [xxi.  283] 

GIBSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1662),  printer,  medical  prac- 
titioner, and  author ;  noted  for  extraordinary  cures  ;  re- 
commended by  Latimer  to  Cromwell,  1537  ;  fled  to  Geneva 
in  reign  of  Mary ;  licensed  by  Cambridge  University  to 
practise  physic,  1559  ;  printed  in  London  bis  own  books, 
including  a  New  Testament  concordance  (1535),  and 
several  medical  and  anti-papal  works.  [xxi.  284] 

GIBSON,  THOMAS  (1647-1722),  physician;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1675 ;  physician-general  to  the  army,  1718-19 : 
published  •  Anatomy  of  Humane  Bodies  epitomized,'  1682. 

[xxi.  284] 

GIBSON,  THOMAS  (1680  ?-1751),  portrait-painter  ; 
friend  of  Vertue  ;  painted  portraits  of  Vertue,  Locke, 
Flamsteed,  and  Archbishop  Wake.  [xxi.  284] 

GIBSON,  THOMAS  MILKER-  (1806-1884),  states- 
man ;  at  school  with  Disraeli  at  Higham  Hill,  Essex, 
afterwards  at  Charterhouse ;  B.A.  and  thirty-sixth 
wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1830  ;  conservative 
M.P.  for  Ipswich,  1837-9;  resigned  on  change  of  views  : 
active  member  and  speaker  of  Anti-Cornlaw  League: 
liberal  M.P.,  Manchester,  1841 ;  vice-president  of  board  of 
trade,  1846-8 ;  privy  councillor,  1846  ;  seconded  Cobden's 
vote  of  censure  on  Palmerstou's  Chinese  policy,  1857  ; 
M.P.  for  Ashton-under-Lyne,  1857-68  ;  carried  motion  to 
amend  law  of  conspiracy,  which  caused  Palmerstou's  re- 
signation, 1858 ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  Pal- 
merston's  last  ministry,  1859-65,  and  under  Lord  Russell, 
1866-6 ;  active  promoter  of  the  commercial  treaty  with 
France,  and  the  abolition  of  the  newspaper  stamp,  adver- 
tisement, and  paper  duties  ;  received  a  pension  of  2,OOOZ. 
on  retirement ;  died  on  his  yacht  off  Algiers,  [xxi.  285] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1540),  lord  of  session  ;  gra- 
duated at  Glasgow,  1507  :  dean  of  Restalrig ;  lord  of  ses- 
sion, 1532 ;  employed  on  embassies  to  the  pope,  who  be- 
stowed on  him  armorial  bearings  ;  suffragan  to  Cardinal 
Beaton  and  'Gustos  Ecclesise  Scoticae,'  1540. 

[xxi.  286] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  (1629-1684),  quaker ;  served  at 
one  time  in  parliamentarian  army  ;  frequently  imprisoned 
for  preaching  and  refusing  oaths,  1664-61 ;  his  goods  dis- 
trained for  non-payment  of  tithe,  1676-7 ;  published  theo- 
logical treatises.  [xxi.  287] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  (1644-1702),  miniature-painter; 
nephew  of  Richard  Gibson  [q.  v.] :  pupil  and  copyist  of 
Lely.  [xxi.  288] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  (1720-1791),  mathematician; 
while  working  as  a  farmer  taught  himself  reading,  writ- 
ing, geometry,  algebra,  and  trigonometry,  and  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  higher  mathematics ;  land-surveyor. 

[xxi.  288] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM  (1738-1821),  Roman  catholic 
prelate :  brother  of  Matthew  Gibson  (1734-1790)  [q.  v.]  ; 
president  of  Douay  College,  1781-90 :  vicar-apostolic  of 
northern  England,  1790 ;  founded  Ushaw  College. 

[xxi.  288] 

GIBSON,  WILLIAM (1808-1867),  presbyterian  divine  : 
established  'Banner  of  Ulster,'  1842 ;  moderator  of  general 
assembly,  1859 ;  author  of  •  The  Year  of  Grace,  a  History 
of  the  Ulster  Revival  of  1859  '  [xxi.  289] 


GIBSON,  WILLIAM  SIDNEY  (1814-1871).  author; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1843  ;  registrar  of  the  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  district  court  of  bankruptcy,  1843-69 ;  published 
works,  including '  History  of  Tynemout  h  M  01  wstory,'  1846- 
1847, '  Descriptive  aAd  Historical  Notices  of  Northumbrian 
Antiquities,'  1848-64,  '  Memoir  of  Northumberland,'  1860, 
and '  Memoir  of  Lord  Lyndhurst,'  1866.  [xxi.  289] 

GIDDY,  DAVIES  (1767-1839).    [See  GILBERT.] 

GIDEON,  SAMPSON  (1699-1762),  Jewish  financier : 
of  Portuguese  extraction :  consulted  by  Walpole  and 
Pelham  ;  raised  1,700,000;.  for  government,  1745  ;  advised 
and  executed  consolidation  of  National  Debt,  1749  ;  paid 
bounties  for  recruiting,  1756,  and  raised  several  govern- 
ment loans  during  seven  years'  war ;  his  son  created  a 
baronet  and  Baron  Eardley  in  peerage  of  Ireland.  [See 
KARDLEY,  SIR  CULLING  EARDLEY.]  [xxi.  289] 

GIFFARD.    [See  also  GIFPORD.] 

GIFFARD,  SIR  AMBROSE  HARDINGE  (1771-1827), 
chief-justice  of  Ceylon,  1819-27 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple. 

[xxi.  290] 

GIFFARD,  BONAVENTURE  (1642-1734),  Roman 
catholic  bishop  ;  D.D.  from  the  Sorbonne,  1677  ;  chaplain 
to  James  II;  first  vicar-apostolic  of  midland  district, 
1688 ;  bishop  of  Madaura,  in  partibus,  1688 ;  made  by 
James  II  president  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  installed 
by  proxy,  31  March  1688 ;  ejected,  on  the  restoration  of 
his  predecessor,  John  Hough,  26  Oct.  1688 ;  imprisoned  in 
Newgate  at  the  Revolution;  transferred  to  London  dis- 
trict on  liberation ;  had  also  western  district,  1708-13 ; 
in  constant  danger;  bequeathed  his  heart  to  Douay 
College.  [xxi.  291] 

GIFFARD,  SIR  GEORGE  MARKHAM  (1813-1870), 
lord  justice  of  appeal;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1832 ;  B.O.L.,  1841 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1840 ;  leading  chancery  junior  ;  Q.O.,  1859  ; 
lord  justice  of  appeal,  1868-70 ;  privy  councillor,  1868. 

[xxi.  292] 

GIFFARD,  GODFREY  (12357-1302),  chancellor  of 
England  and  bishop  of  Worcester;  younger  brother  Oi 
Walter  Giffard  [q.  v.]  ;  archdeacon  of  Barustnple,  1265, 
and  York,  1267,  though  a  deacon  ;  chancellor  of  England, 
1266-70;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1268-1302;  treated  with 
!  Llewelyn,  1272 ;  went  to  meet  Edward  I  on  his  return  from 
the  Holy  Land,  1273 ;  justice  itinerant,  1278 ;  negotiated 
with  the  Scots,  1289 ;  involved  in  constant  disputes  with 
chapter  of  Worcester  ;  a  benefactor  of  the  cathedral. 

[xxi.  293] 

GIFFARD,  HENRY  WELLS  (1810-1854),  navy  cap- 
tain ;  present  as  midshipman  at  Navarino,  1827  ;  present 
at  capture  of  Ohusan  and  Canton,  1839,  and  reduction  of 
Amoy  and  Ghingbae,  1841 ;  mortally  wounded  and  cap- 
tured in  the  Tiger  at  Odessa.  [xxi.  294] 

GIFFARD,  JOHN,  BARON  GIFPARD  OP  BROMSFIKLD 
(1232-1299),  fought  for  de  Montfort  in  the  west ;  cap- 
tured Warwick  Castle,  1264 ;  taken  at  Lewes,  but  rescued, 
1264  ;  attached  himself  to  Gilbert  de  Clare  and  fought  for 
the  royalists  at  Evesham,  1265 ;  served  Edward  I  in 
Wales,  Gascony,  and  Scotland;  summoned  by  writ  to 
parliament  of  1295  ;  member  of  council  of  regency,  1297  ; 
founded  Gloucester  Hall  (now  Worcester  College),  Oxford, 
1283.  [xxi.  295] 

GIFFARD,  ROGER  (d.  1697),  president  of  the  College 
of  Physicians ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  of 
All  Souls' ;  M.A.,  1560  ;  M.D.,  1566  ;  physician  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  president,  College  of  Physicians,  1681-4. 

[xxi.  296] 

GIFFARD,  STANLEY  LEES  (1788-1868),  first  editor 
of  the  'Standard';  brother  of  Sir  Ambrose  Hardiuge 
Giffard  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1811 :  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1811;  LL.D. :  editor  of  the 'Stan- 
dard '  from  1827  ;  editor  of  '  St.  James's  Chronicle ' ;  con- 
tributed to  the  'Quarterly '  and  •  Blackwood.'  [xxi.  296] 

GIFFARD,  WALTER  (d.  1279),  archbishop  of  York  ; 
consecrated  at  Paris  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1265 ; 
excommunicated  Leicester  and  his  followers ;  chancellor 
after  Evesham,  1266-6;  one  of  the  arbitrators  of  the 
award  of  Kenilworth,  1266 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1266- 
1279 ;  tutor  to  Prince  Edward's  sons ;  one  of  the  three 
regents,  1272-4,  and  1275.  [xxi.  296] 

GIFFARD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1129),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
dean  of  Rouen  and  chancellor  to  William  II ;  nominated 
to  see  of  Winchester  by  Henry  I  on  his  accession,  1100 ; 


GIFFORD 


493 


GILBERT 


inducted  by  Anselm  ;  refusing  to  receive  consecration  from 
Gerard  or  Girard  [q.  v.],  the  newly  appointed  archbishop 
of  York,  was  banished  by  the  king  ;  maintained  intinmu- 
relations  \\ith  Ansel  in,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Kimn •. 
1103  ;  consecrated,  after  settlement  of  the  invcstitun-  di~ 
pute,  1107;  as  deputy  for  the  primate  married  Henry  1 
and  Queeu  Adela,  1121;  his  disputes  with  the  monks  of 
Winchester  ended  by  royal  intervention,  1124  ;  founded  at 
Waverley,  Surrey,  1128,  the  first  English  Cistercian  house  ; 
benefactor  of  St.  Mary  Overies,  South wark  ;  built  London 
residence  for  bishops  of  Winchester  in  Southwark. 

[xxi.  298] 
GIFFORD.     [See  also  QIFPARD.] 

GIFFOED,  COUNTESS  OP  (1807-1867).  [See  SHKRI- 
DAN,  HELEN  SELINA.] 

GIFFORD,  ADAM,  LORD  GIPPORD  (1820-1887),  lord 
of  session ;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1849 ;  advocate-depute, 
1861 ;  sheriff  of  Orkney  and  Zetland,  1865  ;  lord  of  session 
as  Lord  Gifford,  1870-81 ;  founded  Gifford  lectureships  in 
natural  theology.  [xxi.  299] 

GIFFORD,  ANDREW  (1700-1784),  baptist  minister 
and  numismatist ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1754;  chaplain  to  Sir 
Richard  Ellys  [q.  v.]  and  Lady  Ellys,  1731-45  ;  ministerat 
Eagle  Street,  London,  1730-84;  assistant-librarian  at 
British  Museum,  1757-84 ;  his  collection  of  coins  pur- 
chased by  George  II ;  left  valuable  books,  manuscripts, 
pictures,  and  curios  to  baptist  academy,  Bristol ;  edited 
'  Folkes's  Tables  of  English  Silver  and  Gold  Coins,'  1763. 

[xxi.  300] 

GIFFORD,  GEORGE  (d.  1620),  divine;  student  at 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  before  1568;  incumbent  of  All  Saints' 
with  St.  Peter's,  Maldon,  1582;  deposed  for  nonconfor- 
mity, 1584 ;  carried  on  controversy  with  the  Brownists, 
Henry  Barrow  [q.  v.],  and  John  Greenwood  [q.  v.]  ; 
published  theological  works :  his  '  Dialogue  concerning 
Witches  and  Witchcrafts'  (1593)  reprinted  by  Percy 
Society.  [xxL  300] 

GIFFORD,  GEORGE  (.#.  1635),  engraver  ;  chiefly 
known  for  the  portrait  of  Latimer  prefixed  to  the  1635 
edition  of  Latimer's  sermons.  [xxi.  301] 

GIFFORD  or  GIFFARD,  GILBERT  (1561  ?-1590), 
Roman  catholic  spy  ;  of  the  Cbillington  family  ;  while  at 
the  English  College,  Rome,  entered  English  secret  ser- 
vice, 1583  ;  visited  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Chartley, 
1584,  and  was  entrusted  with  her  secret  correspondence 
with  the  French  embassy  :  treacherously  copied  letters, 
sending  originals  to  Walsingham  ;  intimate  with 
Anthony  Babington  [q.  v.],  whose  designs  he  encouraged 
and  communicated  to  Walsingham  ;  carried  letters  from 
Mary  to  Babington  approving  the  conspiracy ;  accused  by 
Romanists  of  concocting  the  whole  plot ;  died  in  pri.-on  at 
Paris.  [xxi.  302] 

GIFFORD,  HUMPHREY  (/.  1580),  poet  ;  author  of 
4  A  Posie  of  Gilloflowers,'  1580.  [xxi.  303] 

GIFFORD,  JAMES,  the  elder  (17407-1813),  uni- 
tarian  writer  ;  educated  at  Rugby ;  served  in  the  14th 
foot  during  American  war  ;  published  theological 
works,  including  '  Elucidation  of  the  Uuity  of  God,' 
1783.  [xxi.  303] 

GIFFORD,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1768-1853),  rear- 
admiral  ;  son  of  James  Gifford  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  born 
at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  ;  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  1793 ; 
rear-admiral,  1846 ;  published  •  Remonstrance  of  a  Uni- 
tarian ...  to  Bishop  of  St.  David's,'  1818.  [xxi.  304] 

GIFFORD,  JOHN  (/.  1636-1642),  D.D.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ,  rector  of  St.  Michael  Bas?isbaw,  1636- 
1642 ;  expelled  as  a  royalist,  1642.  [xxi.  301] 

GIFFORD,  JOHN  (1758-1818),  author  ;  of  Westmin- 
ster and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  abandoned  bis 
paternal  name  of  Green,  and  assumed  that  of  Gifford 
to  deceive  his  creditors,  c.  1781  ;  London  police  magis- 
trate ;  edited,  in  imitation  of  the  '  Anti-Jacobin '  of 
William  Gifford  (1766-1826)  [q.  v.],  tne  'Anti-Jacobin 
Review  and  Magazine,'  published  1798-1821 :  also  pub- 
lished '  History  of  France,'  1791-4  and  'Political  Life  of 
Pitt,'  1809.  [xxi.  305] 

GIFFORD,  RICHARD  (1725-1807),  author  :  B.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1748 :  vicar  of  Duffield,  1759 : 
rector  of  North  Okendon,  1772  ;  his  '  Contemplation,  a 
Poem,'  1753,  quoted  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  ;  published 


an    answer  to    Priestley's  dissertation    on  matter   and 
»»i»«i-  [xxi.  306] 

GIFFORD,  ROBERT,  first*  BARON  GIPPORD  (1779- 
18W),  judge  ;  special  pleader  :  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1808  ;  recorder  of  Bristol,  1812  ;  solicitor-general,  1817  ; 
attorney-general,  1819;  prosecuted  Oato  Street  con- 
spirators, 1820 ;  M.P.,  Eye,  1817-1824  ;  addreteed 
House  of  Lords  against  Queen  Caroline,  1820  ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1824  :  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  privy 
councillor,  and  created  peer,  1824  ;  master  of  the  roll* 
and  deputy-speaker  of  House  of  Lords.  [xxi.  306] 

GIFFORD,  WILLIAM  (1654-1629),  arohbUhop  of 
Rheims  ;  studied  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  studied 
at  Louvain  under  Bellarmine  and  at  the  Sorbonne 
and  English  colleges  at  Rheims  and  Rome  ;  M.A.  Lou- 
vain  ;  almoner  and  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Allen  at  Rome, 
1587  ;  dean  of  Lille,  1596  ;  rector  of  Rheims  University, 
1608,  where  he  became  a  Benedictine  ;  famed  as  a 
preacher  at  Paris  and  throughout  France  ;  first  president 
of  English  Benedictines,  1617  ;  coadjutor  of  cardinal  of 
Guise,  1618,  at  Rheims  ;  archbishop  of  Rheims,  1622  ; 
edited  Dr.  W.  Reynolds's  '  Catvino-Turcismus,*  1597,  and 
wrote  several  works  in  the  interests  of  the  Due  de  Guise. 

[xxi.  306] 

GIFFORD,  WILLIAM  (1756-1826),  first  editor  of 
the '  Quarterly  Review  ';  son  of  a  glazier  at  Ashburton ; 
shoemaker's  apprentice  ;  sent  by  a  surgeon  named  William 
Cookesley  to  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1782  ;  after- 
wards patronised  by  Lord  Grosvenor  ;  became  known  by 
bis  satires,  the  '  Baviad '  (1794)  and  '  M»viad  '  (1795), 
against  the  Delia  Cruscans  and  small  dramatists ;  editor 
of  and  writer  in  'Anti-Jacobin'  (1797-8):  published 
'  Epistle  to  Peter  Pindar,'  1800,  attacking  Wolcot,  who 
assaulted  him  at  a  bookshop  in  mistake  for  his  name- 
sake, John  Gifford  [q.  v.],  of  the  '  Anti-Jacobin  Review ' ; 
editor  of  the '  Quarterly  Review,'  1809-24  ;  probably  wrote 
the  '  Quarterly's '  attack  on  Keats's  '  Endymion,'  1818 ; 
inspected  Byron's  works  before  publication :  founded 
exhibitions  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  edited  Juvenal, 
with  autobiography,  1802,  and  translated  Persiua,  1821 ; 
edited  the  dramatic  works  of  Massinger,  1805  and  1813,  of 
Ben  Jonsou,  1816,  and  of  Ford,  1827.  [xxL  308] 

GIGLI,  GIOVANNI  (d.  1498),  bishop-elect  of  Wor- 
cester ;  came  to  England  as  collector  for  Pope  Sixtus  IV  ; 
commissioner  for  sale  of  indulgences,  1489  ;  rewarded  for 
his  services  for  Henry  VII  at  Rome  by  see  of  Worcester, 
1497,  but  died  at  Rome  before  enthronement ;  wrote 
epitbalamium  on  marriage  of  Henry  VIL  [xxi.  311] 

GIGLI,  SILVE8TRO  (1463-1521),  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester; nephew  of  Giovanni  Gigli  [q.  v.];  bishop  of 
Worcester,  1499  ;  resident  ambassador  of  Henry  VII  at 
Rome ;  envoy  of  Pope  Julius  II  to  England,  1504 ;  stayed 
at  court  as  master  of  ceremonies  ;  envoy  to  the  Lateran 
council,  1512  ;  confidential  agent  for  Wolsey  at  Rome; 
correspondent  of  Erasmus.  [xxi.  311] 

GILBART,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1794-1863),  writer 
on  banking;  banker  in  London,  Birmingham,  and 
Ireland;  manager  of  the  London  and  Westminster 
Bank,  1833-59  ;  F.R.S.  and  member  of  Statistical  Society  ; 
chief  works,  '  Practical  Treatise  on  Banking,'  1827,  and 
'  History  and  Principles  of  Banking,'  1834.  [xxi.  312] 

GILBERT  THE  UNIVERSAL  (d.  1134  ?),  bishop  of 
London  ; '  magister  '  at  Auxerre,  c.  1120;  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, 1127  or  1128  ;  took  part  in  council  of  London,  1129, 
which  condemned  marriage  of  priests ;  his  'infinite  ' 
wealth  confiscated  by  Henry  I  ;  accused  by  the  chronicler, 
Henry  of  Huntingdon,  of  avarice,  but  highly  commended 
by  St.  Bernard  ;  benefactor  of  sees  of  London  and  Auxerre  ; 
owed  his  title  '  Universal '  to  bis  encyclopaedic  learning ; 
his  only  extant  work,  a  treatise  on  '  Lamentations ' ;  many 
of  bis  works  confused  with  those  of  Gilbert  of  Auxerre  and 
Gilbert  Foliot  [q.  v.]  [xxL  313] 

GILBERT  OP  LOUTH  (d.  1153?),  abbot  of  Basing- 
werk,  Flintshire;  sent  from  Louth  by  Gervase,  e.  1140,  to 
obtain  grant  for  an  Irish  monastery;  the  '  Purgatorium 
Sancti  Patricii '  wrongly  ascribed  to  him.  [xxL  314] 

GILBERT  -i  RK  GREAT  or  THE  THEOLOGIAN  (d.  1167  ?), 
eighth  abbot  of  CUeaux  ;  an  Englishman ;  abbot  of  Cis- 
tercians at  Ourcamp,  1143,  at  Citeaux,  1163  ;  supported 
Geoffrey  of  Clairvaux  against  the  pope  and  king  of 
France;  author  of  'Commentaries  on  the  Psalms,'  and 
other  works.  [xxi.  314] 


GILBERT 


494 


GILBERT 


GILBERT  OP  HOYLAND  (rf.  1172),  theological  writer  : 
an  English  Cistercian,  often  confused  with  Gilbert  the 
Great  [q.  v.] ;  disciple  of  St.  Bernard  of  Glair  van  x  ;  abbot 
of  Swineshead,  Lincolnshire,  1 163  ;  said  to  have  died  at 
Rivour,  near  Trpyes ;  his  sermons  and  '  Tractatus 
Ascetici '  printed  in  Migue's  '  Patrologia '  and  Mabillou's 
works  of  St.  Bernard.  [xxi.  315] 

GILBERT  OF  SEMPRINQHAM  (10837-1189),  founder 
of  the  Gilbertine  order,  the  head  of  the  thirteen  houses 
being  at  Sempringham,  Lincolnshire,  c.  1135  ;  met  Pope 
Eugenius  III  at  Giteaux  ;  received  abbot's  staves  from 
St.  Bernard  and  St.  Malachy ;  supported  Becket  against 
Henry  II ;  held  in  great  regard  by  Henry  II  and  Queen 
Eleanor,  who  protected  him  against  the  enemies  made  by 
the  rapacity  of  his  servants  ;  lived  to  be  over  a  hundred, 
but  retired  from  his  abbacy  long  before  death  ;  canonised 
by  Innocent  III,  1202.  [xxi.  316] 

GILBERT  OP  MORAY  (d.  1245),  bishop  of  Caithness, 
1223  ;  archdeacon  of  Moray,  1203  ;  built  Doruoch  Cathe- 
dral ;  last  Scotsman  enrolled  in  calendar  of  sainte. 

[xxi.  317] 

GILBERT  THE  ENGLISHMAN  (fl.  1250),  medical 
writer ;  studied  and  practised  abroad,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  chancellor  of  Moutpellier ;  his  '  Compendium  Medi- 
cinae,'  or  '  Laurea  Anglicana,'  largely  a  compilation  from 
Greek  and  Arab  writers,  first  printed  at  Lyons,  1510. 

[xxi.  3 18] 

GILBERT  OP  ST.  LIPARD  (d.  1305),  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter ;  a  foreigner,  probably  named  from  church  of  St. 
Lifard  (Leofard),  near  Meung-sur- Loire ;  practised  as 
ecclesiastical  lawyer  chiefly  in  the  north  of  England  ; 
treasurer  of  Ohichester,  1282 ;  employed  by  Archbishop 
Peckham  on  commission  to  define  rights  of  metropolitical 
jurisdiction,  1282,  and  in  disputes  with  monks  ;  bishop  of 
Chichester,  1288-1305  ;  his  constitutions  of  reform  (1289) 
re-enacted  by  Archbishop  William  of  Greenfield  [q.  v.]  ; 
rebuilt  east  end  of  his  cathedral.  [xxi.  318] 

GILBERT,  MRS.  ANN  (1782-1866),  writer  of  children's 
poetry ;  better  known  under  her  maiden  name,  ANN 
TAYLOR  ;  with  her  sister  Jane  wrote  '  Original  Poems  for 
Infant  Minds,'  1804-5,  '  Rhymes  for  the  Nursery,'  1806, 
and  '  Hymns,'  1810  ;  married  Joseph  Gilbert  [q.  v.],  1813 ; 
afterwards  published  'Seven  Blessings  for  Little  Chil- 
dren,' 1844 ;  contributed  to  Leifchild's  '  Original  Hymns,' 
and  compiled  memoir  of  her  husband,  1853 ;  her  '  Auto- 
biography '  issued,  1874.  [xxi.  320] 

GILBERT,  ASHURST  TURNER  (1786-1870),  bishop 
of  Chichester ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1811 ;  D.D.,  1822  ;  principal  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1822-42 ;  vice-chancellor,  1836-40 :  bishop  of  Ohichester, 
1842-70  ;  interdicted  the  Rev.  John  Purchas,  1868  ;  pub- 
lished sermons  and  charges.  [xxi.  321] 

GILBERT,  CHARLES  SANDOE  (1760-1831),  historian 
of  Cornwall ;  itinerant  vendor  of  medicines  in  Devon  and 
Cornwall ;  published  two  volumes  (1817  and  1820)  of 
'  Historical  Survey  of  Com  wall.'  [xxi.  321] 

GILBERT,  CLAUDIUS,  the  elder  (d.  1696  ?),  eccle- 
siastic ;  minister  under  Commonwealth  of  the  precinct  of 
Limerick  ;  active  against  the  quakers ;  settled  at  Belfast 
after  the  Restoration  ;  published  '  The  Libertine  School'd, 
or  a  Vindication  of  the  Magistrates'  Power  in  Religious 
Matters,'  1657,  and  other  works.  [xxi.  322] 

GILBERT,  CLAUDIUS,  the  younger  (1670-1743), 
ecclesiastic ;  son  of  Claudius  Gilbert  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1693 ;  D.D.  and  LL.D., 
1706 ;  vice-provost,  1716  ;  rector  of  Ardstraw,  1736  ;  be- 
queathed many  books  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

[xxi.  323] 

GILBERT  (formerly  GIDDY),  DAVIES  (1767-1839), 
president  of  the  Royal  Society ;  assumed  wife's  name  of 
Gilbert,  1817 ;  educated  at  Penzance  and  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Oxford :  M.A.,  1789  ;  D.C.L.,  1832 ;  high  sheriff  of 
Cornwall,  1792-3  ;  M.P.,  Helston,  1804,  Bodmin,  1806-32  ; 
promoted  cause  of  science  and  art  in  parliament ;  acquired 
large  property  in  Sussex  by  marriage,  1808:  published 
'Plain  Statement  of  the  Bullion  Question,'  1811 ;  F.S.A., 
1820 ;  early  encouraged  Sir  Humphry  Davy  [q.  v.] ;  trea- 
surer of  Royal  Society,  1820,  president,  1827-30;  nomi- 
nated writers  of  Bridgewater  treatises,  and  (1830)  selected 
Brunei's  design  for  Clifton  bridge ;  published  '  Parochial 
History  of  Cornwall,' 1838  ;  edited  'Collection  of  Christ- 
mas Carols'  and  two  Cornish  mystery  plays,  [xxi.  323] 


GILBERT,  ELIZABETH  MARGARETTA  MARIA 
(1826-1885),  philanthropist ;  second  daughter  of  Ashurst 
Turner  Gilbert  [q.  v.] ;  rendered  blind  as  a  child  by 
scarlet  fever ;  with  William  Hanks  Levy  founded  'Asso- 
ciation for  Promoting  the  General  Welfare  of  the  Blind  ' ; 
assisted  Levy  in  writing  '  Blindness  and  the  Blind,'  1872. 

[xxi.  324] 

GILBERT,  SIR  GEOFFREY  or  JEFFRAY  (1674- 
1726),  judge  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1698 ;  chief  baron 
of  Irish  exchequer,  1716-22 ;  resisted  claim  to  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Irish  parliament  in  case  of  Annesley  v.  Sher- 
lock, 1718  ;  English  judge  of  exchequer,  1722  ;  knighted, 
1725;  a  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1725;  his  'Law  of 
Uses  and  Trusts'  (1734),  edited  by  Sugden,  1811,  and 
'Treatise of  Tenures'  (1754),  by  Watkins  and  Vidal,  1824  ; 
his  '  History  and  Practice  of  Civil  Actions  in  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas'  (1737),  praised  by  Blackstoue. 

[xxi.  326] 

GILBERT,  GEORGE  (1559  ?-1583),  founder  (with 
Thomas  Pound  of  Belmont)  of  the  '  Catholic  Association,' 
1579 ;  became  a  Jesuit ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxi.  326] 

GILBERT,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (1539  ?-1683),  navi- 
gator ;  step-brother  of  Ralegh ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Oxford ;  served  under  Sir  Henry  Sidney  in  Ireland  ;  given 
charge  of  Munster,  1569 ;  knighted,  1570 ;  M.P.,  Ply- 
mouth, 1571 ;  rebuked  in  parliament  by  Peter  Weutworth 
[q.  v.];  unsuccessful  against  the  Spaniards  in  Zeeland, 
1672;  composed  in  retirement  his  'Discourse  of  a  Dis- 
coueryfora  New  Passage  to  Cataia'  (ed.  G.  Gascoigne, 
1676);  obtained  charter  for  discovery  and  plantation, 
1578  ;  failed  in  his  first  voyage,  1579 ;  served  under  Perrot 
against  the  Spanish  ships  off  Munster,  1579  ;  left  Plymouth 
with  five  ships  to  colonise  Newfoundland,  1583  ;  landed  at 
harbour  of  St.  John  (5  Aug.  1583)  and  there  founded  the 
first  British  colony  hi  North  America  ;  after  a  voyage  of 
discovery  along  the  south  coast  sailed  for  England 
(1  Sept.),  but  was  lost  in  a  storm  off  the  Southern  Azores  ; 
his  scheme  for  the  erection  in  London  of  an  '  Achademy ' 
to  educate  royal  wards  and  others  printed  by  Dr.  Furni- 
vall,  1869.  [xxi.  327] 

GILBERT,  JOHN  (fl.  1680),  theological  writer  ;  M.A. 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1680 ;  published  '  Answer  to  the  Bishop 
of  Condom  (now  of  Meaux),  his  Exposition  of  the 
Catholic  Faith,'  1686.  [xxi.  330] 

GILBERT,  JOHN  (1693-1761),  archbishop  of  York  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1718  ;  M.A.  Merton  College, 
1718  ;  prebendary  (1723), sub-dean(1724-6)anddean(1726) 
of  Exeter ;  LL.D.  Lambeth,  1724 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff, 
1740-9,  of  Salisbury,  1749  ;  clerk  of  the  closet,  1750  ;  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1757-61 ;  began  the  practice  of  laying 
hands  on  each  candidate  at  confirmation.  [xxi.  330] 

GILBERT,  SIR  JOHN  (1817-1897),  historical  painter 
and  draughtsman  on  wood ;  entered  estate  agents'  office 
in  city  of  London,  1833  ;  exhibited  two  drawings  of  his- 
torical subjects  at  Suffolk  Street,  1836,  and  two  oil-paint- 
ings at  British  Institution,  1837;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1838-51,  and  from  1867 ;  worked  at  book  illus- 
tration, illustrating  most  of  the  English  poets  and  other 
works,  including  Howard  Stauuton's  edition  of  Shake- 
speare, 1856-60 ;  joined  staff  of  '  Illustrated  London  News,' 
1842,  as  draughtsman  on  wood,  and  contributed  drawings 
regularly  to  '  London  Journal,'  from  1845  ;  president  of 
Old  Water-colour  Society,  1871-97;  knighted,  1872;  R.A., 
1876;  made  presents  of  collections  of  his  pictures  to 
municipal  galleries  of  London,  Birmingham,  Liverpool, 
and  Manchester,  1893.  [Suppl.  ii.  276] 

GILBERT,  JOHN  GRAHAM-  (1794-1866).  [See 
GRAHAM-GILBERT.] 

GILBERT,  SIR  JOHN  THOMAS  (1829-1898),  Irish 
historian  and  antiquary  ;  joint  honorary  secretary  to  Irish 
Celtic  and  Archaeological  Society,  1855;  secretary  of 
Public  Record  Office,  Dublin,  1867-75 ;  vice-president  of 
Royal  Irish  Academy ;  LL.D.  Royal  University,  1892 : 
knighted,  1897.  -His  works  include  'Historical  Essays  on 
Ireland,'  1861,  'History  of  the  City  of  Dublin,'  1854-0, 
'History  of  the  Viceroy*  of  Ireland,'  1865,  and  'Con- 
temporary History  of  Affairs  in  Ireland,  1641-1662,'  1879- 
1880.  [Suppl.  ii.  277] 

GILBERT,  JOSEPH  (1779  1862),  congregational 
divine ;  classical  tutor  at  Rothcrham  College :  minister 
at  Sheffield  and  Nottingham,  1828-51 ;  published  life  of 


GILBERT 


405 


GILDON 


Dr.  Edward  Williams  (1760-1813)  [q.  v.],  1825,  a  defence 
of  Williams's  hypothesis  of  origin  of  evil,  1808,  and  a 
work  on  the  atonement,  1836.  [xxi.  331] 

GILBERT,  JOSEPH  FRANCIS  (1792-1865),  painter; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  after  1813.  [xxi.  331] 

GILBERT,  MARIE  DOLORES  ELI/A  ROSANNA 
(1818-1861),  adventuress ;  known  by  her  stage  name  LOLA 
MONTEZ  ;  daughter  of  military  officer ;  married  Captain 
Thomas  James,  1837 ;  divorced,  1842 ;  appeared  at  Her 
Majesty's  Theatre,  London,  as  a  dancer,  1843,  pretending  to 
be  a  native  of  Spain ;  highly  successful  at  Dresden,  Berlin, 
Warsaw,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Paris  ;  became  mistress  of 
Ludwig  I  of  Bavaria,  who  created  her  Baronne  de  Rosen- 
thai  and  Comtesse  de  Lansfeld,  1847 ;  exercised  full  con- 
trol over  government  of  Bavaria,  1847-8 ;  banished,  owing 
to  Austrian  and  Jesuit  influence,  1848 ;  married  in  Eng- 
land George  Trafford  Heald,  1849 ;  fled  with  him  to  Spain 
to  avoid  bigamy  proceedings ;  appeared  at  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  1852, in  Ware's 'Lola  Montez  in  Bavaria': 
married  P.  P.  Hull  of  the  •  San  Francisco  Whig '  in  Cali- 
fornia, 1853 ;  played  at  Sydney  and  Melbourne,  1855 ; 
horsewhipped  the  editor  of  the  '  Ballarat  Times,'  1856  : 
played  and  lectured  at  New  York,  1857-8,  and  published 
•  The  Art  of  Beauty ' ;  devoted  herself  to  helping  fallen 
women  ;  died  at  Asteria,  New  York.  [xxi.  331] 

GILBERT,  NICOLAS  ALAIN  (1762-1821),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  born  at  St.  Malo ;  established  mission  at 
Whitby ;  published  theological  works.  [xxi.  333] 

GILBERT,  RICHARD  (1794-1852),  printer  and  com- 
piler, of  St.  John's  Square,  Clerkenwell.  [xxi.  334] 

GILBERT,  SAMUEL  (d.  1692?),  floriculturist;  son- 
in-law  of  John  Rea  [q.  v.]  ;  rector  of  Quatt,  Shropshire ; 
published  'Florist's  Vade-mecum  and  Gardener's  Alma- 
nack,' 1683.  [xxi.  334] 

GILBERT,  THOMAS  (1610-1673),  ejected  minister ; 
rector  of  Cheadle ;  when  ejected  from  vicarage  of  Baling 
emigrated  to  New  England  ;  pastor  of  Topsfield,  Massa- 
chusetts ;  buried  at  Charlestown.  [xxi.  335] 

GILBERT,  THOMAS  (1613-1694),  ejected  minister ; 
M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1638 ;  vicar  of  Upper 
Winchendon,  and  c.  1644,  St.  Lawrence,  Reading ;  rector 
of  Edgmond  ;  took  the  covenant ;  nicknamed  '  bishop  of 
Shropshire ' ;  lost  Edgmond  at  Restoration  ;  ejected  from 
Winchendon,  1662  :  preached  in  family  of  Lord  Wharton ; 
wrote  Latin  and  English  poems.  [xxi.  335] 

GILBERT,  THOMAS  (1720-1798),  poor-law  reformer  : 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1744 ;  treasurer,  1789  ;  advised 
Bridgewater  to  engage  James  Brindley  [q.  v.],  whose 
canals  he  promoted ;  M.P.,  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  1763-8, 
Lichfield,  1768-95  ;  carried  two  poor-law  measures,  1782 ; 
his  poor-law  bill  of  1787  criticised  by  Sir  Henry  Bate 
Dudley  ;  chairman  of  committees,  1784 ;  carried  measures 
for  reform  of  houses  of  correction  and  improvement  of 
highways,  and  an  act  for  facilitating  clerical  residence  by 
loans  from  Queen  Anne's  Bounty  ('  Gilbert's  Act') ;  his  pro- 
positions for  helping  friendly  societies  by  parochial  grants 
embodied  in  act  of  1793  ;  edited  'Collection  of  Pamphlets 
concerning  the  Poor,'  1787.  [xxi.  336] 

GILBERT,  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  (1785-1853), 
lieutenant-general;  lieutenant,  15th  Bengal  native  in- 
fantry, 1803  ;  served  under  Macdonald  at  AllyGhur,  Delhi, 
Agra,  Laswarrie,  and  siege  of  Bhurtpore ;  colonel,  1832  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1851 ;  commanded  division  in  Sikh 
wars ;  captured  remnant  of  enemy's  force  after  Goojerat, 
1849 ;  G.O.B.  and  member  of  council  of  India,  1850 ; 
created  baronet,  1851.  [xxi.  337] 

GILBERT,  WILLIAM  (1540-1603),  physician  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1561 ;  M.A.,  1564  ;  M.D.,  1569  ;  president  of 
College  of  Physicians,  1600 :  declared  the  earth  to  be  a 
magnet  in  his  'De  Magnete,  Magneticisque Oorporibus ' 
(1600),  the  first  great  scientific  book  published  in  Eng- 
land, [xxi.  338] 

GILBERT,  WILLIAM  (1760?-1825  ?),  poet:  born  in 
Antigua :  educated  for  the  bar :  in  asylum  at  Bristol, 
1787-8  :  friend  of  Coleridge  and  Southey  :  published  '  The 
Hurricane  :  a  Tbeosophical  and  Western  Eclogue,'  1796. 

[Suppl.  ii.  278] 

GILBERT,  WILLIAM  (1804-1890),  author;  mid- 
shipman in  East  India  Company's  service,  1818-21 ;  studied 


at  Guy's  Hospital,  1825  ;  for  short  period  asstatantwrgeou 
in  navy  ;  published  novels,  many  of  which  dealt  with  the 
contrast  between  the  lots  of  rich  and  poor  ;  some  of  hU 
works  illustrated  by  his  son,  Mr.  William  Scbwenck 
Gilbert.  [Suppl.  ii.  27»] 

GLLBURNE  or  GILBORNE,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1605), 
actor  ;  mentioned  as  one  of  Shakespeare's  fellow-actors  in 
the  Shakespeare  First  Folio,  1623.  [xxi.  338] 

GILBY,  ANTHONY  {d.  1585),  puritan  divine  :  MJL  ' 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1535  ;  entertained  Foxe  at 
Frankfort:  a  pastor  of  the  English  congregation  at 
Geneva,  1565  :  assisted  in  Geneva  translation  of  the  bible  ; 
presented  by  Huntingdon  to  living  of  Ashby-de-la-Zouch 
before  1564  :  his  prosecution  for  nonconformity  ordered 
by  Parker,  1571  ;  translated  commentaries  of  Calvin  and 
Beza,  and  published  commentaries  on  Micah  and  Malachl 
and  controversial  works.  [xxL  339] 

GILBY,  GODDARD  (ft.  1561),  translator;  son  of 
Anthony  Gilby  [q.  v.]  ;  translated  Cicero's  'Epistle  to 
Quintus,'  1561,  and  Calvin's  '  Admonition  against  Judicial 
Astrology.'  [xxi.  339] 

GILBY,  WILLIAM  HALL  (d.  1821  ?X  geologist: 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1815  ;  president  of  Royal  Society  of 
Medicine;  contributed  geological  papers  to  'Edinburgh 
Philosophical  Journal.'  [xxL  340] 

GILCHRIST,  ALEXANDER  (1828-1861),  biographer  ; 
his  '  Life  of  Etty  '  published,  1855,  and  that  of  Blake,  1863. 

GILCHRIST,  ANNE  (1828-1885),  Mthor  ;    wifc  of 

Alexander  Gilchrist  [q.  v.]  ;  finished  Alexander  Gilchrist's 
'  Life  of  Blake,'  prefixing  a  memoir  of  the  author  ;  pub- 
lished '  Life  of  Mary  Lamb,'  1883,  essays  on  Walt  Whit- 
man's poetry,  and  a  translation  of  Hugo's  '  Legende  des 
Siecles,'  1884.  [xxL  340] 

GILCHRIST,  EBENEZER  (1707-1774),  physician  ; 
graduated  at  Rheims  ;  practised  at  Dumfries  ;  published 
'Use  of  Sea  Voyages  in  Medicine,'  1756,  and  'Essays, 
Physical  and  Literary,'  1770.  [xxi.  341] 

GILCHRIST,  JAMES  (rf.  1777),  naval  captain  :  was 
serving  on  the  Namur  when  lost,  1749  ;  in  command  of 
the  Experiment  captured  sixteen  French  ships,  1755; 
fought  off  Minorca,  1756;  captured  the  Emerande  and 
two  privateers,  1757;  severely  wounded  in  taking  the 
Danae,  1759.  [xxi.  341] 

GILCHRIST,  JOHN  BORTHWICK  (1759-1841), 
orientalist  ;  educated  at  Heriot's  Hospital,  Edinburgh  ; 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1804;  surgeon  under  East  India  Com- 
pany at  Calcutta,  1794  ;  acquired  knowledge  of  Hindu- 
stani, Sanscrit,  and  Persian  ;  as  principal  of  Fort  William 
College,  1800-4,  superintended  the  production  by  verna- 
cular scholars  of  Urdu  and  Hindi  text-books  for  Euro- 
peans; retired  from  service,  1809  ;  professor  of  Hindustani 
at  Oriental  Institution,  Leicester  Square,  1818-26  ;  pub- 
lished 'Hindustani  Dictionary,'  1787-90,  'Hindustani 
Grammar,'  1796,  'Dialogues,  English  and  Hindustani,' 
1804,  and  '  British  Indian  Monitor,'  1806-8,  also  Persian 
text-books.  [xxi.  342] 

GILCHRIST,  OCTAVIUS  GRAHAM  (1779-1823), 
antiquary  :  F.S.A.,  1803  ;  edited  poems  of  Richard  Corbet 
[q.  v.],  1807  ;  published  (1808)'  Examination  of  the  Charges 
maintained  by  Malone,  Chalmers,  and  others  of  Ben 
Jonson's  Enmity  towards  Shakespeare  '  ;  bad  controversies 
with  Stephen  Jones,  editor  of  '  Biographia  Dramatica,'  and 
with  William  Lisle  Bowles  [q.  v.]  [xxi.  844] 

GILDAS  (516  7-570  ?X  British  historian:  went  to 
Brittany,  e.  650,  and  is  said  to  have  founded  monastery  of 
Ruys,  near  Vannes  ;  a  popular  Breton  saint  :  called  by 
Alcuin  '  the  wisest  of  the  Bretons  '  :  his  '  De  Excidib 
Britannia'  first  printed  by  Polydore  Vergil,  1525,  the 
first  English  version  being  that  of  Habington,  1638. 

[xxi.  344] 

GILDAS  minor  or  NENNIUS  (fl.  796). 


GILDERDALE,  JOHN  (d.  1864),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1830  :  B.D.,  1853  ;  incumbent 
of  Walthamstow  and  principal  of  Forest  School  :  published 
'  Essay  on  Natural  Religion  and  Revelation,'  1837. 

[xxi.  346] 

GILDON,  CHARLES  (1665-1724),  author;  advocated 
deism  in  an  edition  of  the  works  of  Charles  Blount  (1664- 
1693)  [q.  v.];  defended  orthodoxy  in  'Deist's  Manual,' 


GILES 


496 


GILLESPIB 


1705 :  attacked  Pope  as  '  Sawney  Dapper,'  and  was  in- 
cluded by  him  in  '  The  Dunciad  ' ;  published  '  Life  and 
Adventures  of  Defoe,'  five  plays,  and  an  edition,  with  con- 
tinuation, of  Langbaiue's  '  Dramatic  1'wts,'  1699. 

[xxi.  347] 

GILES,  FRANCIS  (1787-1847),  civil  engineer :  en- 
gaged in  surveying  under  Renuie ;  constructed  works  on 
South- Western  railway  and  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  rail- 
way ;  constructed  the  Warwick  bridge,  Cumberland ; 
long  opposed  as  expert  railway  enterprises  of  George 
Stephenson.  [xxi.  347] 

GILES,  JAMES  (1801-1870),  landscape-painter  ;  at 
thirteen  maintained  mother  and  sister  by  painting ; 
R.S.A.,  1829  ;  his  best  works  angling  pictures 

[xxi.  348] 

GILES,  JOHN  ALLEN  (1808-1884),  editor  and  trans- 
lator ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi 
College,  Oxford,  1831;  fellow,  1832;  double  first  and 
Vinerian  scholar ;  D.O.L.,  1838 ;  head-master  of  the  City 
of  London  School,  1836-40 ;  obliged  by  Bishop  Wilber- 
force  to  suppress  his  '  Christian  Records,'  1854 ;  impri- 
soned for  making  a  false  entry  in  Bampton  marriage 
register  to  shield  one  of  his  servants,  1855;  vicar  of 
Sutton,  1867-84  ;  published '  Patres  Ecclesise  Anglican®' 
(1837-43),  edited  works  for  Oaxton  Society  (1845-54); 
translated  for  Bohn  Matthew  Paris,  Baeda's  '  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,' and  the  'Saxon  Chronicle';  published  also 
life  of  Becket,  1845,  and  of  King  Alfred,  1848,  and  his- 
tories of  Bampton  and  Witney.  [xxi.  348] 

GILES,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1634),  musical  composer ; 
organist  of  St.  George's,  Windsor,  1595 :  master  of  the 
children  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1597 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford, 
1622  ;  published  '  Lesson  of  Descant  of  thirtie-eighte  Pro- 
portions'  on  the  plain-song.  'Miserere':  his  service  in 
C  and  anthem,  '  0  give  thanks,'  printed  in  Barnard's 
collection.  [xxi.  349] 

GILFILLAN,  GEORGE  (1813-1878),  author;  son  of 
Samuel  Gilfillan  [q.  v.]  ;  friend  of  Thomas  Aird  [q.  v.],  ; 
De  Quincey,  and  Oarlyle  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  College  ;  j 
united  presbyterian  minister  of  the  School- Wynd  Church, 
Dundee,  1836-78 ;  twice  accused  of  heresy  ;  helped  Sydney 
Dobell  [q.  v.]  and  Alexander  Smith  [q.  v.] ;  published 
works,  including  'Hades,'  a  sermon,  1843,  'Gallery  of 
Literary  Portraits,"  Alpha  and  Omega,'  1850, '  Bards  of 
the  Bible,'  'History  of  a  Man,'  1856,  editions  of  poets 
with  lives,  1853-60;  the  Gilfillan  Testimonial  Trust 
formed  for  founding  scholarships  from  a  subscription 
raised  in  his  honour,  1877-8.  [xxi.  350] 

GILFILLAN,  JAMES  (1797-1874),  Scottish  divine ; 
brother  of  George  Gilfillan  [q.  v.] ;  ordained  in  Stirling 
secession  congregation,  1822  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1866  ;  pub- 
lished "The  Sabbath,  viewed  in  the  Light  of  Reason, 
Revelation,  and  History,'  1861.  [xxi.  351] 

GILFILLAN,  ROBERT  (1798-1850),  poet ;  his  •  Peter 
MKUraw '  praised  in  '  Noctes  Ambrosianae ' ;  published, 
1831,  'Original  Songs '  (set  by  Peter  M'Leod). 

[xxi.  352] 

GILFILLAN,  SAMUEL  (1762-1826),  secession  minister 
of  Oomrie,  Strathearn,  Perthshire ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ; 
his  wife,  Rachel  Barlas,  known  as  '  the  star  of  the  north' ; 
published  '  Discourses  on  the  Dignity,  Grace,  and  Opera- 
tions of  the  Holy  Spirit,'  1826.  [xxi..  362] 

GILL,  ALEXANDER,  the  elder  (1565-1635),  high- 
master  of  St.  Paul's  School :  M.A.  Corpus  Cbristi  College, 
Oxford,  1589 ;  high-master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  1608-35, 
Milton  being  one  of  his  pupils ;  published  '  Logonomia 
Anglica,'  1619.  [xxi.  353] 

GILL,  ALEXANDER,  the  younger  (1597-1642),  high- 
master  of  St.  Paul's,  1635-9  ;  son  of  Alexander  Gill  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1619 :  D.D. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1637 ;  his  Latin  verses  praised  by 
Milton ;  Bentenced  to  imprisonment,  fine,  and  loss  of  his 
ears  for  speaking  disrespectfully  of  Charles  I  and  drink- 
ing a  health  to  Buckingham's  assassin,  1628 ;  pardoned, 
1630  •  dismissed  for  severity  from  St.  Paul's ;  attacked 
Ben  Jonson's  '  Magnetick  Lady.'  [xxi.  353] 

GILL,  JOHN  (1697-1771),  baptist  minister  :  Wednes- 
day-evening lecturer  in  Great  Eastcheap,  1729-56 ;  D.D. 
Aberdeen,  1748 :  published  works,  including  '  Exposition 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,'  1746-8,  1766,  and  'Dissertation 
on  the  Antiquity  of  the  Hebrew  Language,'  1767. 

[xxi.  355] 


GILL,  WILLIAM  JOHN  ('843-1882),  captain  of  royal 
engineers;  served  in  India,  1869-71;  travelled  with 
Valentine  Baker  in  Persia,  1873,  making  a  valuable  sur- 
vey ;  with  E.  Colborue  Baker  in  Szechuen,  China,  and 
with  Mr.  Mesuy  in  Eastern  Thibet,  making  a  large  map 
and  valuable  observations,  for  which  the  Geographical 
Society's  gold  medal  was  awarded ;  assistant  commis- 
sioner for  delimiting  Asiatic  boundary  of  Russia  and 
Turkey,  1879  ;  travelled  in  country  between  Tunis  and 
Egypt,  1881 ;  with  Professor  Palmer  and  Lieutenant 
Charrington  murdered  by  Bedouins  in  the  desert  when  on 
his  way  as  intelligence  pfllcer  to  cut  the  telegraph  wire 
from  Cairo  to  Constantinople  to  prevent  its  use  by  Arabi 
Pasha.  [xxi.  355] 

GLLLAN,  ROBERT  (1800-1879),  Scottish  divine; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  University  ;  minis- 
ter of  St.  John's,  Glasgow,  1847-61,  and  of  Incbinnan, 
Renfrewshire,  1861-79  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1853 ;  moderator 
of  the  general  assembly,  1873 ;  lectured  on  pastoral  theo- 
logy at  four  Scottish  universities.  [xxi.  357] 

GLLLE  or  GLLLEBEET  (fl.  1105-1145),  bishop  of 
Limerick ;  termed  by  Keating  GIOLLA  EASBOO  ;  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Anselm,  who  induced  him  to  attempt 
the  introduction  into  Ireland  of  the  Roman  liturgy  ;  pre- 
sided over  the  synod  of  Rathbreasail  as  papal  legate,  about 
1111.  [xxi.  358] 

GLLLESPEE,  GEORGE  (1613-1648).  Scottish  divine; 
Milton's  'Galasp';  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1629;  issued 
anonymously  '  Dispute  against  the  English  Popish  Cere- 
monies obtrudedjUpon  the  Church  of  Scotland,'  1637  ;  pre- 
sented to  Wemyss,  Fifeshire,  1638,  and  ordained  non- 
episcopally  ;  preached  before  Charles  I  at  Holyrood,  1641 ; 
pensioned,  1641 ;  translated  to  Greyfriars,  Edinburgh, 
1642 ;  the  youngest  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly, 
1643,  where  he  opposed  Selden's  views  on  church  govern- 
ment ;  introduced  the  directory  to  Edinburgh  assembly, 
1645  ;  presented  confession  of  faith  to  general  assembly, 
1647:  moderator,  1648;  elected  to  the  high  church  of 
Edinburgh,  1648 ;  his  tombstone  at  Kirkcaldy  broken  by 
the  hangman  by  order  of  the  committee  of  estates,  1661 ; 
published  theological  works.  [xxi.  359] 

GLLLESPIE,  JAMES  (1726-1797),  founder  of  hospital 
at  Edinburgh  ;  owned  a  snuff-mill  at  Oolinton  ;  witn  his 
younger  brother  carried  on  business  in  High  Street,  Edin- 
burgh ;  left  bequests  for  foundation  of  a  hospital  for  old 
people  and  a  school.  [xxi.  361] 

GLLLE8PIE,  PATRICK  (1617-1675),  principal  of 
Glasgow  University ;  brother  of  George  GiUespie  [q.  v.]  ; 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1635 ;  minister  at  Kirkcaldy, 
1642,  of  the  High  Church,  Glasgow,  1648 ;  opposed  the 
'  engagement '  to  rescue  Charles  I ;  after  Dunbar,  raised 
the  '  Westland  Force '  and  drew  up  its  '  Remonstrance ' 
condemning  the  treaty  with  Charles  II,  and  making  grave 
charges  against  the  Scottish  authorities,  1650 ;  deposed 
from  ministry  for  protesting  against  legality  of  the  re- 
solutions making  terms  wUh  '  malignant*,'  1651 :  leader 
of  the  '  protesters,'  1651 ;  made  principal  of  Glasgow 
University  by  Cromwell,  1652 ;  granted  '  Gillespie's  Char- 
ter,' 1663,  empowering  'protesters'  to  remodel  the  church 
in  their  own  interest ;  again  visited  London ;  became  in- 
timate with  Lambert  and  Fleetwood  ;  obtained  revenues 
for  his  university  from  church  property  ;  deprived  and 
(1661)  imprisoned.  [xxi.  361] 

GLLLESPIE,  Sm  ROBERT  ROLLO  (1766-1814), 
major-general ;  as  adjutant-general  in  San  Domingo, 
1796,  was  attacked  by  eight  assassins  and  killed  six  ;  left 
Jamaica  in  command  of  bis  regiment,  1801 ;  rescued  the 
69th  at  Vellore,  1806  ;  commanded  cavalry  against  Runjeet 
Singh,  1809  ;  as  brigadier  headed  advance  of  Aucbmuty's 
Java  expedition,  directing  attack  on  Cornells,  1811  ;  de- 
posed sultan  of  Palembang,  Sumatra,  1812;  defended 
Javanese  confederacy  at  Yodhyakarta;  major-general, 
1812 ;  killed  in  attack  on  Kalunga.  Nepaul ;  buried  at 
Meerut ;  named  K.C.B.,  1815.  [xxi.  363] 

GLLLESPIE,  THOMAS  (1708-1774),  founder  of  the 
relief  church  :  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  minis- 
ter of  Carnock,  near  Dunfermliue,  1741  ;  deposed  by 
general  assembly  for  refusing  to  ordain  Andrew  Richard- 
son, 1762  ;  for  six  and  a  half  years  stood  alone  preaching 
on  the  highway  and  at  Dunfermline  ;  joined  by  Thomas 
Boston  the  younger  [q.  v.],  and  by  the  congregation  of 
Colinsburgh  ;  formed  a  presbytery,  1761  ;  published  '  Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Temptation,'  1774.  [xxi.  365] 


GILLESPIE 


497 


GILPIN 


GILLESPIE,  THOMAS  (1777-1844),  professor  at  St. 
Andri-ws  ;  distinguished  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  1824;  professor  of  humanity  at  St.  Andrews, 
1836;  contributed  to  -  I'.U.-kwood,'  'Constable's  Miscel- 
lany,' and  '  Tales  of  the  Borders.'  [xxi.  366] 

GILLESPIE,  WILLIAM  (1776-1825),  poet ;  minister 
of  Kdls,  1800  ;  confined  to  Kirkcudbrightshire  for  pr. 
for  Queen  Caroline,  1820  ;  published  "The  Progress  of  !;«•- 
finement  and  other  Poems,'  1805,  and  'Consolation,  and 
other  Poems,'  1816.  [xxi.  367j 

GLLLIES,  ADAM,  LORD  GILLIKS  (1760-1842), Scottish 
judge:  sheriff-depute  of  Kincardiueshire,  1806;  judge, 
1811;  lord  of  justiciary,  1812-37;  lord  commissioner  of 
the  jury  court,  1816  ;  judge  of  exchequer,  1837. 

[xxi.  367] 

GILLIES,  JOHN  (1712-1796),  theological  writer; 
minister  of  the  College  Church,  Glasgow,  from  1742 ;  pub- 
lished 'Historical  Collections  relating  to  the  Success 
of  the  Gospel,'  1754  (supplemented,  1761  and  1780),  and 
'  Life  of  George  Whitefield,'  1772.  [xxi.  367] 

GILLIES,  JOHN  (1747-1836),  historian  and  classic  ; 
brother  of  Adam,  lord  Gillies  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Brechin 
and  Glasgow  University  ;  LL.D.,  1784  ;  P.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ; 
historiographer  royal  of  Scotland,  1793;  published 
4  History  of  Greece,'  1786,  '  History  of  the  World  from 
Alexander  to  Augustus,'  1807,  'View  of  the  Reign  of 
Frederick  II  of  Prussia,'  1789,  and  translations  from 
Aristotle,  Lysias,  and  Isocrates.  [xxi.  368] 

GILLIES,  MARGARET  (1803-1887),  painter ;  edu- 
cated by  her  uncle  Adam,  lord  Gillies  [q.  v.] ;  painted 
miniatures  of  Wordsworth  and  Dickens,  and  exhibited 
portraits  at  Royal  Academy;  studied  at  Paris  under 
Hendrik  and  Ary  Scheffer ;  associate  of  the  Old  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours,  1862-87.  [xxi.  368] 

GILLIES,  ROBERT  PEARSE  (1788-1858),  autobio- 
grapher ;  a  member  of  the  Ballantyne  circle ;  the  Kem- 
perhausen  of  Christopher  North's  '  Noctes  Ambrosianae ' ; 
friend  of  Scott  and  Wordsworth ;  contributed  to '  Black- 
wood'  translations  from  German;  in  constant  pecuniary 
distress;  edited  'Foreign  Quarterly,"  to  which  Scott, 
Southey,  and  Maguire  contributed;  published,  besides 
'Memoirs  of  a  Literary  Veteran '  (1851,  3  vols.),  several 
volumes  of  poems,  prose  romance,  and  translations  from 
the  German.  [xxi.  369] 

GILLLLAND,  THOMAS  (fl.  1804-1816),  author; 
said  to  have  haunted  the  green-room  of  Drury  Lane  as  '  a 
spy  upon  the  private  conduct  of  public  men ' ;  published 
'  The  Dramatic  Mirror,'  1808,  and  satirical  pamphlets. 

[xxi.  370] 

GLLLING,  ISAAC  (1662  7-1725),  presbyterian  minister ; 
relative  of  John  Fox  (1693-1763)  [q.  v.],  his  biographer; 
received  presbyterian  ordination,  1687 ;  ministered  at 
Axminster,  Silverton,  and  Newton  Abbot:  active  member 
of  Exeter  assembly  for  union  of  presbyterians  and  inde- 
pendents, 1691 ;  excluded  for  siding  against  subscription : 
published  'Qualifications  and  Duties  of  Ministers,'  1708, 
and  '  Life  of  George  Trosse,'  1715.  [xxi.  371] 

GILLINGWATER,  EDMUND  (1735  ?-1813),  topo- 
grapher ;  published  '  Essay  on  Parish  Workhouses,'  1786, 
'  Historical  Account  of  Lowestoft,'  1790,  and  '  Historical 
Account  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury,'  1804.  [xxi.  371] 

GILLIS,  JAMES  (1802-1864),  Roman  catholic  pre- 
late: born  at  Montreal;  ordained  at  Aquhorties,  1827; 
founded  St.  Margaret's  Convent,  Edinburgh,  the  first 
Scottish  post-Reformation  religious  house,  1835  :  bishop 
of  Limyra  in  parlibus,  1838 :  vicar-apostolic  of  eastern 
Scotland,  1852 ;  pronounced  panegyric  on  Joan  of  Arc  at 
Orleans,  1857,  and  was  presented  with  the  heart  of 
Henry  II  of  England ;  published  pamphlets,  [xxi.  372] 

GELLOTT,  JOSEPH  (1799-1873),  steel-pen  maker  of 
Birmingham  ;  for  some  time  made  pens  at  Birmingham 
with  aid  only  of  a  woman,  selling  them  at  a  shilling  each 
to  a  stationer ;  finally  employed  450  bands  ;  his  collection 
of  pictures,  rich  in  Turners  and  Ettys,  sold  for  170,OOOJ., 
and  his  violins  for  4,000?.  [xxi.  372] 

GILLOW,  JOHN  (1753-1828),  president  of  Usuaw 
College,  1811-28 ;  professor  at  Douay ;  for  twenty  years  in 
charge  of  the  York  mission.  [xxi.  373] 

GILLOW,  THOMAS  (1769-1857),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  at  the  Revolution  escaped  from  Douay  to  Crook 


Hall,  Durham;  chaplain  at  Callaly  Castle,  Northumber- 
land ;  missiouer  at  North  Shields,  1821-67.      [xxi.  374] 

GILLRAY,  JAMES  (1757-1815),  caricaturist:  ap- 
penticed  to  a  letter-engraver ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  ; 
said  to  have  etched  a  caricature  at  twelve ;  treated  at  first 
anonymously  social  subjects,  turning  to  political  theme* 
afu-r  1780  ;  executed  fifteen  hundred  piece*,  mostly  issued 
by  Miss  Humphrey  at  89  St.  James's  Street,  Piccadilly, 
London,  where  he  lived ;  imbecile  after  1811.  Among  his 
caricatures  were  many  ridiculing  the  habit*  of  the  royal 
family,  such  as  '  Wife  or  no  Wife,'  1788, '  Ancient  Music,' 
1787,  « Anti-Saccbarites,'  1792,  'Temperance  Enjoying  a 
Frugal  Meal,'  1792,  'A  Voluptuary  under  the  Horrors  of 
Digestion,'  1792,  and  '  Sin,  Death,  and  the  Devil/  1792. 
He  depicted  Pitt  in  'The  Vulture  of  the  Constitution," 
1789, '  God  save  the  King,'  1795,  and  '  Disciples  Catching 
the  Mantle,'  1808 ;  Fox  in  '  Spouting,'  1792, '  Blue  and  Buff 
Charity,'  1793,  and'  The  Worn-out  Patriot,'  1800 :  Sheridan 
and  Burke  in  '  The  Dagger  Scene,'  1792,  and  Fox,  Sheridan, 
and  leading  radicals  in  'Doublures  of  Characters'  for 
'Anti-Jacobin,'  1798(7).  Other  caricatures  dealt  with 
Napoleon,  Nelson,  and  the  Revolution.  His  serious  work 
included  a  profile  of  Arne  after  Bartolozzi,  two  portraits 
of  Pitt,  and  the  miniature  of  himself  in  the  National  Por- 
trait Gallery.  [xxi.  374] 

GILLY,  WILLIAM  STEPHEN  (1789-1855),  divine ; 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  Caius  College,  and  St. 

,  Catharine  Hall,   Cambridge;   M.A.,    1817;   D.D.,    1833; 

|  vicar  of  North  Fambridge,  Essex,  1817 ;  perpetual  curate 

,  of  St.  Margaret,  Durham,  1827 ;  vicar  of  Norham,  1831  ; 
canon  of  Durham,  1853 ;  published  works  describing  his 
visits  to  the  Vaudois,  '  The  Peasantry  of  the  Border ;  an 
appeal,"  1841, '  Our  Protestant  Forefathers,"  1835,  and  other 
writings.  [xxi.  377] 

GILMOTTR,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1671),  Scottish  judge; 
counsel  for  Moutrose,  1641 ;  lord  president  of  the  court  of 

!  session,  1661 ;  privy  councillor  and  lord  of  the  articles ; 
defended  Argyll  and  helped  to  overthrow  Middleton,  1663. 

[xxi.  377] 

GILPIN,  BERNARD  (1517-1683),  the  '  Apostle  of  the 
North';  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1542; 
B.D.,  1549 ;  one  of  the  first  elected  to  Wplsey's  foundation  ; 
disputed  on  the  Romanist  side  with  John  Hooper 
and  Peter  Martyr ;  denounced  spoliation  of  church 
property  in  a  sermon  before  Edward  VI,  1562  ;  rector  of 
Easiugton  and  (1656)  archdeacon  of  Durham ;  denounced 
for  heresy,  but  defended  by  Bishop  Tuustall,  and  promoted 
to  benefice  of  Houghton-le-Spring :  on  his  way  to  answer 
a  second  charge  of  heresy  when  Queen  Mary  died  ;  refused 
see  of  Carlisle,  1559,  and  provostship  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  1560;  made  annual  progresses  through  neglected 
parts  of  Northumberland  and  Yorkshire,  preaching  and 
relieving  the  inhabitants;  founded  grammar  school  at 
Houghton,  and  supported  some  of  the  scholars  at  bis  own 
cost ;  interceded  for  rebels  of  1569.  [xxi.  378] 

GILPIN,  GEORGE  'the  Elder'  (15147-1602),  diplo- 
matist and  translator;  elder  brother  of  Bernard  Gilpin 
[q.  v.]  ;  agent  of  English  government  in  Zeeland,  and 
secretary  to  Gresham ;  published  'The  Beehive  of  the 
Romish  Church '  (translation  of  St.  Aldegonde's '  Apiarium 
Romanum '),  1571.  [xxi.  380] 

GILPIN,  RANDOLPH  (d.  1661),  divine  :  educated  at 
Eton  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1618 ;  chaplain  to 
the  Rochelle  expedition  and  rector  of  Barningham,  Suf- 
folk, 1628 ;  D.D.,  1660 ;  rector  of  Worliugham,  1661  ; 
published  '  Liturgica  Sacra,'  1667.  [xxi.  380] 

GILPIN,  RICHARD  (1625-1700),  nonconformist  di- 
vine and  physician;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1646;  as  rector  of 
Grey  stoke.  1653-61,  organised  his  parish  on  the  congrega- 
tional model,  and  formed  voluntary  association  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland  churches  ;  refused  see  of  Car- 
lisle, 1660  :  removed  to  Newcastle,  1662,  where  he  preached 
in  defiance  of  the  statutes  against  dissenters,  and  practised 
as  a  physician;  M.D.  Leyden,  1676;  published  'D»niouo- 
logia  sacra  ;  a  Treatise  of  Satan's  Temptations,'  1677. 

[xxi.  381] 

GILPIN,  SAWREY  (1733-1807),  animal  painter: 
worked  under  Samuel  Scott(1710  7-1772)  [q.  v.] ;  employed 
by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  to  draw  from  his  stud ;  ex- 
hibited at  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1762-83,  be- 
coming president,  1774  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from 
1786  ;  R.A.,  1797  ;  excelled  as  a  painter  of  horses. 

[xxi.  382] 

K  K 


GILPIN 


498 


GISBORNE 


GILPIN,  WILLIAM  (1724 -1804),  author:  descendant 
of  r.crnard  Oilpiu  [q.  v.],  and  brother  of  Sawrey  Qilpin 
[q.  v.l ;  M. A.  gin-en's  College,  Oxford,  174H;  kept  school  at 
( 'hi-aiii,  Snrrry,  Sid  mouth,  Redesdale,  and  the  historian  Mit- 
ford  being  among  his  pupils,';  an  advanced  educationalist ; 
vicar  of  Boldre,  1777  ;  built  a  new  poorhouse  and  en- 
dowed school  at  Boldre ;  published  lives  of  Bernard  Gilpin, 
1753,  Latimer,  1755,  Wycliffe,  1765,  Oranmer,  1784,  and 
other  reformers,  *  Essay  on  Prints,'  1768, '  Lectures  on  the 
Church  Catechism,' 1779, '  Exposition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment,' 1790,  and  five  works  illustrated  by  aquatint  draw- 
ings, describing  his  summer  tours.  [xxi.  383] 

GILPIN,  WILLIAM  SAWREY  (1762-1843),  water- 
colour  painter  and  landscape  gardener;  son  of  Sawrey 
Oilpin  [q.  v.] ;  first  president  of  the  Old  Water-colour 
Society.  1804-6 ;  seceded,  1813  ;  laid  out  gardens  at  Danes- 
field,  Euniskillen  Castle,  and  other  seats;  published 
*  Practical  Hints  for  Landscape  Gardening,'  1832. 

[xxi.  385] 

GLNXEL,  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN,  second  EARL 
OP  ATHLONE  (1668-1719),  general:  served  under  Wil- 
liam III  and  Anne  ;  lieutenant-general  of  Dutch  cavalry ; 
taken  prisoner,  1710.  [xxi.  387] 

GINKEL,  GODERT  DB,  first  EARL  ov  ATHLONE 
(1630-1703),  general;  native  of  Utrecht ;  present  at  Senef, 
1674  :  accompanied  William  of  Orange  to  England,  1688  ; 
distinguished  at  the  Boyne  and  first  siege  of  Limerick, 
1690 ;  left  in  command  in  Ireland  on  departure  of  Wil- 
liam III ;  captured  Athlone,  won  the  victory  of  Aughrim, 
and  took  Limerick,  1691 ;  created  Baron  of  Aughrim  and 
Earl  of  Athlone  and  thanked  by  the  speaker,  1692  ;  fought 
at  Steinkirk,  1692,  and  Landen,  1693  ;  commanded  Dutch 
horse  at  recapture  of  Namur,  1695,  and  assisted  in  surprise 
of  Givet,  1696 :  second  in  command  to  Marlborough, 
1702  ;  died  at  Utrecht.  [xxi.  385] 

GIPP8,  SIR  GEORGE  (1791-1847),  colonial  governor  ; 
entered  royal  engineers,  1809;  wounded  in  assault  on 
Badajoz,  1812;  superintended  fortifications  of  Ostend, 
1815 ;  while  in  West  Indies,  1824-9,  sent  home  elaborate 
reports ;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Auckland,  1834 ;  joint- 
commissioner  in  Canada,  1835-7 ;  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1838-46  ;  opened  up  the  country  and  protected  the 
aborigines,  but  became  unpopular,  owing  to  his  arbitrary 
policy  and  insistence  on  the  right  of  the  crown  to  terri- 
torial revenue.  [xxi.  387] 

GIPPS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1659-1708).  master  of  the 
revels  at  Gray's  Inn,  1682 ;  student,  1676 ;  knighted  by 
Charles  II ;  made  collections  for  history  of  Suffolk. 

[xxi.  389] 

GIPPS,  THOMAS  (d.  1709),  rector  of  Bury,  Lanca- 
shire, 1674-1709  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1662;  carried  on  a 
controversy  with  James  Owen  of  Oswestry  regarding  the 
presbyterian  interpretation  of  Acts  vi.  3.  [xxi.  389] 

GIRALDUS  DE  I'. A  1:1:1,  called  OAMBRENSIS  (1146?- 
1220  ?),  topographer  ;  native  of  Pembrokeshire  and  son  of 
Nesta,  a  Welsh  princess;  lectured  on  the  Trivium  at 
Paris ;  as  archdeacon  of  Brecknock,  1172,  procured  excom- 
munication of  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  for  trespassing  on  rights 
or  St.  David's;  nominated  to  see  of  St.  David's,  1176,  but 
rejected  by  Henry  II  as  a  Welshman  of  royal  blood ;  com- 
missary to  the  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1180  ;  accompanied 
Prince  John  to  Ireland,  1184,  where  he  refusal  several 
pees  ;  assisted  Archbishop  Baldwin  to  preach  the  crusade 
in  Wales,  1188  ;  sent  to  keep  the  peace  there  on  death  of 
Ht-nry  II  ;  refused  sees  of  Bangor  and  Llamiaff,  1190-1 ; 
led  a  student's  life  at  Lincoln,  1192-8;  elected  to  see  of 
St.  David's,  1198;  went  to  Rome,  but  failed  to  obtain 
metropolitan  dignity;  received  support  from  the  Welsh 
princes,  but  was  outlawed  and  disowned  by  the  chapter, 
1202;  tied  abroad  and  again  reached  Rome;  imprisoned 
ut  Chatillon ;  gave  way  to  Henlaw,  the  newly  elected 
bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  was  reconciled  to  the  kin* 
and  archbishop,  receiving  a  pension  and  the  expenses  of 
hi*  suit;  buried  at  St.  David's.  His  works  (edited  by 
J.  S.  Brewer  and  .1.  P.  Dimock,  1861-77)  include  '  Topo- 
Kraphia  Hibernica,'  'Expugnatio  Hibernica,"  Itinerarium 
CamUrup,'  "Gemma  Ecclesiastical  'De  Rebus  a  se  p-tis,' 
and  lives  of  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  St.  David,  and  others. 

[xxi.  389] 

GIRARDUS  CoRNUBiKxaiB  (/.  1350?),  author  of 'De 
gestis  Britonuiu '  and  •  De  gestis  Regum  Weat-Saxonum.' 

[xxi.  393] 


GIRATTD,  HERBERT  JOHN  (1817-1888),  physician  : 
'  chemist  and  botanist  :  M.I).  Edinburgh,  1840;  principal 
I  of  Grant  Medical  College,  Bombay;  chief  medical  officer 
i  of  Sir  Jamsetjee  Jeejeebhoy's  Hospital,  deputy-inspector- 
;  general  and  (1863)' dean  of  faculty  of  medicine,  Bombay 
:  University  ;  author  of  botanical  and  chemical  papers. 

[xxi.  393] 
GIRDLESTONE,     CHARLES    (1797-1881),    biblical 

commentator ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1818  • 
I  fellow  of  Balliol,  1818  ;  M.A.,  1821 ;  vicar  of  Sedgley, 
|  Staffordshire,  1826,  working  there  during  the  cholera 

epidemic  of  1832 ;  incumbent  of  Alderley,  1837 ;  rector  of 
j  Kingswinford,  1846-77,  where  he  faced  a  second  cholera 
:  epidemic ;  published  commentary  on  New  Testament, 
j  1832-5,  and  Old  Testament,  1842.  [xxi.  394] 

GIRDLESTONE,  EDWARD  (1805-1884),  canon  of 
Bristol ;  brother  of  Charles  Girdlestone  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1823  ;  M.A.,  1829  ;  vicar  of  Deane, 
1830  ;  canon  of  Bristol,  1854  ;  vicar  of  Wapley,  Gloucester- 
shire, 1858,  of  Halberton,  Devonshire,  1862,  of  Olveston, 
!  Gloucestershire,  1872 ;  called  '  the  Agricultural  Labourers' 
Friend ' ;  published  controversial  works.  [xxi.  395] 

GIRDLESTONE,  JOHN  LANG  (1763-1825),  classical 
translator ;  fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1789  ;  master  of  Beccles  School ;  translator  of  Pindar, 
1810.  [xxi.  395] 

GIRDLESTONE,  THOMAS  (1758-1822),  translator 
of  Anacreon ;  army  doctor  at  Minorca  and  in  India ; 
practised  thirty-seven  years  at  Great  Yarmouth ;  trans- 
lated Anacreon,  1803 ;  published  medical  essays  and  a 
work  to  prove  that  Arthur  Lee  wrote  '  Junius,'  1813. 

[xxi.  396] 

GIRLING,  MARY  ANNE  (1827-1886),  founder  of 
'  The  People  of  God '  sect ;  daughter  of  one  Clouting,  a  Suf- 
folk farmer ;  married  George  Stanton  Girling  ;  proclaimed 
herself  to  be  a  new  incarnation  of  the  Deity,  1864  ;  held 
meetings  in  Battersea,  1870 ;  her  community  transferred 

!  to  New  Forest  Lodge,  purchased  for  them  by  Miss  Wood, 
1872 :  ejected  with  her  followers,  1873  ;  obtained  Tiptoe 

I  Farm,  Hordle,  Hampshire,  1879,  whence  she  issued  'The 
Close  of  the  Dispensation,'  1883,  signed  'Jesus  First  and 
Last.'  [xxi.  396] 

GIRTIN,  THOMAS  (1775-1802),  water-colour  painter ; 
imprisoned  for  refusing  to  serve  out  his  indentures  under 
Edward  Dayes  [q.  v.]  ;  made  a  sketching  tour  with 
Turner,  1793 ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1794 ; 
sent  to  the  Royal  Academy  ten  drawings,  including  views 
of  York  and  St.  Cuthbert's,  Holy  Island,  1797 ;  contri- 
buted fifteen  topographical  sketches  to  J.  Walker's 
'  Itinerant ' ;  member  of  the  first  London  sketching- 
society  ;  exhibited  'Bolton  Bridge,'  an  oil-painting,  1801 ; 
drew  and  etched  for  Lord  Essex  twenty  sketches  of  Paris, 
1802  and  panorama  of  London  from  south  side  of  Black- 
friar's  Bridge  :  founder  of  modern  water-colour  painting 
as  distinct  from  '  tinting ' ;  examples  of  his  work  pre- 
served in  the  British  Museum  and  at  South  Kensington. 

[xxi.  397] 

GISA  or  GISO,  sometimes  '  Gila '  (d.  1088),  bishop  of 
Wells ;  native  of  diocese  of  Liege ;  chaplain  of  Edward 
the  Confessor ;  bishop  of  Wells,  1060  ;  on  return  from 
Rome  with  Tostig  and  Archbishop  Ealdred,  robbed  by 
brigands  ;  complained  in  his  '  Historiola '  of  Harold's 
treatment ;  recovered  manor  of  Winsbamfrom  William  I ; 
made  his  canons  conform  to  Metz  rule  and  live  together 
in  Lotharingian  fashion.  [xxi.  399] 

GISBORNE,  JOHN  (1770-1851),  poet:  educated  at 
Harrow:  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1792: 
called  the  'Man  of  Prayer':  published  'The  Vales  of 
Wever,'  1797,  and  '  Reflections.'  [xxi.  400] 

GISBORNE,  MARIA  (1770-1836),  friend  of  Shelley: 

nif  James  :  brought  up  at  Constantinople  by  her  father  ; 

j  refused  William  Godwin :  married  John  Gisborne,  1800: 

|  lived  in   Italy;    Shelley's    'Letter  to  Maria    Gisborne' 

i  written  during  her  visit  to  England,  1820;  introduced 

Shelley  to  the  study  of  Calderon.  [xxL  401] 

GISBORNE,  THOMAS  (d.  1806),  president  of  College 
of  Physicians :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge : 
M.A.,  1761;  M.D.,  1758;  F.R.S.,  1759;  physician  to  St. 
George's  Hospital,  1767-81:  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1760; 
president,  College  of  Physicians,  1791,  1794,  1796-1803; 
physician  in  ordinary  to  the  king.  [xxi.  401] 


GISBOBNE 


499 


GLADSTONE 


GISBCRNE,  TM<>M.\S.  tli«-  elder  (1758-184«),  'livint- ; 
brother  of  John  Uisbonn:  [<|.  v.] ;  of  Harrow  ami  St. 
.John's  Co'.li'ire,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1780;  first  chancellor's 
medallist.  17HD;  pe.r]M»tual  curate-  of  liartoii-under-Need- 
wood,  1783 ;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1823  and  1826 ; 
friend  of  William  Wilberforce  ;  published  'Principles  of 
Moral  Philosophy,'  1789, '  Walks  iu  a  Forest,'  1704,  and 
other  works.  [xxi.  401] 

GI8BORNE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1794-1862), 
politician  ;  son  of  Thomas  Gisborue  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
\\lii--r  M.I',  for  Stafford,  1830-1,  north  Derbyshire,  1832-7  ; 
Oarlow.  1839-41,  and  Nottingham,  1843-52 ;  published 

•Bwiy-on  Agriculture,'  1854.  [xxi. 402] 

GISBURNE,  WALTER  OP  (>f.  1300).    [See  HKMIX.S- 

PORD.] 

GLADSTANES.  GEORGE  (d.  1615),  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1580 ;  minister  succes- 
sively of  St.  Cyrus,  Arbirlot,  and  (1697)  St.  Andrews ; 
member  of  general  assembly ;  one  of  the  three  clerical 
representatives  in  parliament,  1698 ;  vice-chancellor  of 
St.  Andrews,  1599 ;  bishop  of  Caithness,  1600 ;  privy 
councillor  of  Scotland,  1602 ;  consecrated  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  1611 ;  attended  Hampton  Court  conference; 
obtained  removal  of  Andrew  Melville  [q.  v.],  principal  of 
St.  Andrews  University,  1606 ;  permanent  moderator, 
1C07.  [xxi.  402] 

GLADSTANES,  JOHN  (d.  1574),  Scottish  judge: 
'  Advocatus  Pauperum,'  1534 ;  lord  of  session,  1546  ;  LL.D. 

[xxi.  405] 

GLADSTONE,  Sin  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1764-1861), 
Liverpool  merchant ;  partner  iu  Corrie  &  Co. ;  despatched 
first  vessel  to  Calcutta  on  the  opening  up  of  the  trade 
with  India ;  became  sole  proprietor  of  his  firm  and  took 
six  brothers  into  the  business ;  acquired  large  East  Indian 
trade;  became  also  West  Indian  merchant,  defending 
(1823)  the  slave-trade  against  James  Cropper  [q.  v.] ; 
Issued  (1830)  '  Statement  of  Facts  connected  with  the 
present  state  of  Slavery ' ;  chief  supporter  of  Canning  at 
Liverpool,  1812 ;  Oanningite  M.P.,  Lancaster,  1818,  Wood- 
stock, 1820,  and  Berwick,  1826-7 ;  wrote  against  repeal 
of  the  corn  laws,  but  was  ultimately  convinced  by  Peel ; 
created  baronet,  1846 ;  benefactor  of  religious  and  charit- 
able institutions  at  Leith  and  Liverpool.  [xxi.  405] 

GLADSTONE,  WILLIAM  EWART  (1809-1898), 
statesman  and  author;  son  of  (Sir)  John  Gladstone 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
president  of  the  Oxford  Union  Society,  1830 ;  double  first 
in  classics  and  mathematics,  1831 ;  conservative  M.P.  for 
Newark,  1832,  1835,  and  1837,  and  again  1841-5  ;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1833 ;  made  first  important  speech,  1833, 
favouring  '  gradual '  emancipation  of  slaves  ;  successfully 
opposed  appropriation  clause  in  Irish  church  temporali- 
ties bill,  1833  ;  junior  lord  of  treasury  in  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
first  administration,  1834 ;  tinder-secretary  for  war  and 
colonies  in  the  same  government,  1835  ;  published  '  The 
State  in  tte  Relations  with  the  Church,'  1838,  and  'Church 
Principles  considered  in  their  Results,'  1840 ;  took  part  in 
founding  Trinity  College,  Glenalmond,  1840  ;  opposed  first 
opium  war  with  China,  1840 ;  vice-president  of  board  of 
trade  and  master  of  mint  in  Sir  Robert  Peel's  second 
administration,  1841 ;  privy  councillor,  1841  ;  took  charge 
of  customs  bill,  1842 ;  became  president  of  board  of  trade 
and  entered  Sir  Robert  Peel's  cabinet,  1843  ;  introduced 
and  carried  first  general  railway  bill  providing  'parlia- 
mentary '  trains,  1844  ;  resigned  office  owing  to  his  disap- 
proval of  proposed  increase  of  Mayuooth  College  grant, 
1845  ;  published  '  Remarks  on  Recent  Commercial  Legis- 
lation,' 1845  ;  accepted  Peel's  policy  of  repealing  the  corn 
laws ;  became  secretary  of  state  for  colonies  in  succession 
to  Lord  Stanley,  who  seceded  from  ministry  as  a  pro- 
tectionist, 1845-6 ;  vacated  seat  for  Newark  on  taking 
office,  and  did  not  seek  re-election  ;  remained  out  of  parlia- 
ment through  1846  ;  '  Peelite '  M.P.  for  Oxford  University, 
1847-65  ;  opposed  Palmerstou's  Greek  policy,  1850  ;  visited 
Naples  and  published  letters  condemning  the  atrocities 
perpetrated  by  Ferdinand,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  1851 ; 
opposed  Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill,  1851 ;  chancellor  of  ex- 
chequer in  Aberdeen's  coalition  ministry,  1862-5 ;  intro- 
duced and  passed  his  first  budget,  suggesting  progressive 
reduction  of  income  tax  and  extension  of  legacy  duty, 
under  name  of  succession  duty,  to  real  property,  1853  ; 
brought  in  second  budget,  1864 ;  resigned  office  on  Pal- 
merstou  becoming  prime  minister,  1855  ;  supported  Cobdeu 


inooiiilt'niiiiii-;  l.oinl.anlin.-1-t  Of  Canton,  1856  ;  vigorously 
opposed  bill  for  establishing  divorce  court,  1867;  pub- 
lished •  Studies  on  Homer  and  the  Homeric  Age,'  1868  • 
entrusted  i,>  Mr  Uvard  Huiw.-r  Lytton,  secretary  for 
colonies,  with  sptviui  mission  to  Ionian  bland*  and  failed 
to  quell  agitation  for  their  incorporation  with  Greek 
kingdom  instead  of  remaining  under  British  protecto- 
rate, 1868-59 ;  spoke  in  favour  of  Disraeli's  first  reform 
bill,  1869  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer  under  Lord  Palmer* 
ston,  1859-66 ;  introduced  budget,  and  was  successful 
in  upholding  commercial  treaty  with  France  (1869) 
reducing  taxes  on  articles  of  food,  and  granting  exci*l 
licenses  to  keepers  of  eating-houses,  but  failed  to  induce 
House  of  Lords  to  repeal  paper  duty,  I860 :  lord  rector 
of  hdinburgh  University,  I860;  introduced  and  passed 
Post  Office  Savings  Bank  Bill,  1861 ;  succeeded  in  repeal- 
ing paper  duty  by  including  all  taxation  proposatain 
one  money  bill  which  had  to  be  accepted  or  rejected 
in  ite  entirety  by  House  of  Lords,  1861 ;  published,  with 
Lord  Lyttelton,  joint  volume  of  '  Translations,'  1868  • 
supported  reform  bill  moved  by  (Sir)  Edward  Baines 
[q.  v.],  1864 ;  opposed  bill  for  removing  theological  tests 
for  university  degrees,  1865 ;  M.P.,  South  Lancashire, 
1865-8  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer  and  leader  of  House  of 
Commons  on  Palmerstou's  death,  1865  ;  introduced  govern- 
ment's reform  bill,  which  failed  to  pass  in  committee,  and 
occasioned  resignation  of  government,  1866 ;  introduced 
budget,  pointing  out  importance  of  paying  off  national 
debt,  1866  ;  proposed  successful  amendments  to  Disraeli's 
reform  bill,  1866  ;  leader  of  liberal  party  in  succession  to 
Lord  Russell,  1867 ;  supported  bill  to  abolish  compulsory 
church  rates,  1868;  successfully  moved  resolutions  em- 
bodying principle  of  Irish  church  disestablishment,  1868  ; 
M.P.  for  Greenwich,  1868-74  and  1874-80  ;  prime  minis- 
ter for  the  first  time,  1868,  the  ministry  including  Robert 
Lowe  (afterwards  Viscount  Sherbrooke)  [q.  v.]  as  chan- 
cellor of  exchequer,  John  Bright  [q.  v.]  as  president  of 
board  of  trade,  Sir  William  Page  Wood  (afterwards  Baron 
Hatherley)  [q.  v.]  as  chancellor,  and  Edward  (afterwards 
Baron)  Cardwell  [q.  v.]  as  secretary  for  war ;  introduced 
and  passed  Irish  Church  Disestablishment  Bill,  1869 ; 
published' Juventus  Mundi,'  1869 ;  passed  first  Irish  laud 
bill,  1870 ;  procured  by  royal  warrant  abolition  of  pur- 
chase in  the  army,  1871 ;  passed  university  test  bill,  1871  ; 
appointed  commission  to  discuss  claims  of  American  go- 
vernment for  damages  caused  by  cruisers  fitted  out  at 
British  ports  during  civil  war,  1871 ;  passed  ballot  bill, 
1872  ;  introduced  Irish  University  Bill  proposing  founda- 
1  tion  of  an  undenominational  university  in  Ireland,  1873, 
and  resigned  on  its  rejection  at  second  reading ;  resumed 
office  on  Disraeli's  refusal  to  form  ministry,  1873,  and, 
while  retaining  first  lordship  of  treasury,  took  chancellor- 
ship of  the  exchequer  without  resigning  seat  as  member 
for  Greenwich  ;  resigned  office  on  defeat  of  his  party  at 
the  general  election,  1874,  and  was  succeeded  by  Disraeli 
(afterwards  Lord  Beacons  field );  resigned  leadership  of 
liberal  party,  1875  ;  vehemently  denounced  Turkish  out- 
rages in  Bulgaria  and  advocated  alliance  of  England  and 
Russia  to  secure  independence  of  the  sultan's  Christian 
provinces,  1875  ;  published  '  Homeric  Synchronism,'  1876  ; 
advocated,  unsuccessfully,  coercion  of  the  Porte  by  united 
Europe,  1877-8  ;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow,  1877 ;  spoke  vehe- 
mently against  Afghan  policy  of  the  government,  1878  ; 
conducted  political  campaign  in  Midlothian,  condemning 
the  aggressive  imperialism  of  the  prime  minister,  but  dis- 
sociating himself  from  the  doctrines  of  the  Manchester 
school  and  of  peace  at  any  price,  1879-80  ;  M.P.  for  Mid- 
lothian, 1880-95  ;  prime  minister  for  the  second  time  after 
Beacousfield's  defeat  at  the  general  election,  1880 ;  also 
held  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  188O-2 ;  sup- 
ported Irish  Compensation  for  Disturbance  Bill,  1880; 
succeeded  in  passing  Irish  coercion  bill,  1881  ;  announced, 
after  defeat  of  British  army  ftt  Majuba  Hill,  conditions  of 
peace  with  Transvaal,  which  provided  for  the  maintenance 
of  British  suzerainty,  self-government  for  burghers,  and 
British  control  of  foreign  relations,  1881  ;  introduced  and 
passed  second  Irish  land  bill,  proposing  to  institute  a  laud 
court  for  fixing  judicial  rents,  1881 ;  introduced  and 
passed  Irish  Arrears  Bill,  proposing  to  wipe  out  arrears 
of  rent  in  Ireland  altogether  where  tenants  were  unable 
to  pay  them,  1882 ;  adopted  policy  that  it  was  duty  of 
British  government  to  relieve  Egyptian  people  from  mili- 
tary tyranny  of  Arabi  Pasha,  1882  ;  supported  military* 
campaign  in  Egypt ;  gave  up  chancellorship  of  exchequer 
to  Hugh  C.  E.  Childers  [q.  v.].  1883  ;  successfully  oom- 
two  votes  of  censure  in  House  of  Commons  ou 


GLADWIN 


500 


GL.ASCOCK 


Egyptian  policy,  1883 :  introduced  bill  for  extension  of 
franchise  to  agricultural  labourers  and  others,  which 
passed  Commons,  but  was  only  accepted  by  Lords  after 
much  hesitation,  on  condition  that  Gladstone  passed 
simultaneously  a  bill  for  redistribution  of  seats,  1884  ;  ad- 
versely criticised  for  his  failure  to  rescue  Gordon,  and  for 
his  policy  of  abandonment  of  Soudan  to  the  Mahdi,  1884  ; 
resigned  office  on  passing  of  amendment  opposing  points 
in  budget  bill.  1885  ;  declined  offer  of  earldom,  1885  ;  was 
succeeded  as  prime  minister  by  Lord  Salisbury,  who,  how- 
ever, failed  to  obtain  a  majority  for  his  party  at  general 
election  at  the  end  of  1885  ;  on  defeat  of  conservatives  in 
House  of  Commons  early  in  1886,  and  the  resignation  of 
Lord  Salisbury,  Gladstone  formed  ministry  for  the  third 
time,  which  included  Lord  Rosebery  in  foreign  office, 
Lord  Granville  as  colonial  secretary,  Mr.  John  Morley  as 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  and  Mr.  Chamberlain  (who 
resigned  on  introduction  of  Home  Rule  Bill)  as  president 
of  local  government  board  ;  brought  in  Home  Rule  Bill, 
8  April  1886,  proposing  to  create  legislative  body  to  sit  at 
Dublin  for  dealing  with  affairs  exclusively  Irish,  but  re- 
serving to  British  government  certain  powers  affecting 
the  crown,  army,  navy,  and  foreign  or  colonial  relations ; 
introduced  Irish  Land  Purchase  Bill,  which  passed  only 
first  reading,  16  April  1886 ;  appealed  to  country  on  re- 
jection of  Home  Rule  Bill  on  second  reading,  7  June  1886  ; 
resigned  office  with  rest  of  cabinet  after  general  election 
declared  against  home  rule,  20  July  1886  ;  continued  to 
advocate  his  Irish  policy  in  session,  1887-92  ;  member  of 
select  committee  appointed  by  House  of  Commons  to 
consider  Queen  Victoria's  message  asking  for  additional 
grants  for  maintenance  of  royal  family,  1889  ;  advocated 
Newcastle  programme  of  radical  reforms,  1891  ;  on  the 
defeat  of  Lord  Salisbury's  government  at  general  elec- 
tion of  1892,  became  prime  minister  for  the  fourth  and 
last  time ;  also  held  office  of  lord  privy  seal,  1892,  his 
ministry  including  Lord  Rosebery,  Mr.  Asquith  as  home 
secretary,  and  Sir  Edward  Grey,  under-secretary  for 
foreign  affairs ;  introduced,  13  Feb.  1893,  second  Home 
Rule  Bill,  which,  after  passing  the  Commons,  was  rejected 
by  419  to  41  in  House  of  Lords,  8  Sept.  1893  ;  made,  in 
support  of  parish  councils  bill,  his  last  speech  in  House 
of  Commons,  1  March  1894  ;  resigned  office  of  prime  minis- 
ter, 3  March  1894  ;  founded  St.  Deiniol's  library  for  theo- 
logical students  at  Ha  warden,  1895  ;  urged  right  and 
necessity  of  British  intervention  in  Armenia,  1895-6  ; 
published  editions  of  Butler's  '  Analogy,' '  Sermons,'  and 

•  Studies  Subsidiary  to  Works  of  Bishop  Butler,'  1896  ; 
delivered  his  last  speech  at  opening  of  Victoria  Jubilee 
Bridge  over  Dee,  2  June  1897  ;  died  at  Hawarden  19  May 
1898  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Gladstone's  contributions  to  magazines  were  collected, 
under  title  'Gleanings  from  Past  Years,'  1879-90,  8  vols. 
His  portrait  by  Millais,  1879,  is  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery.  As  an  orator  Gladstone's  only  contemporary 
rival  was  John  Bright.  As  a  financier  he  can  only  be 
compared  with  Walpole,  Pitt,  and  Peel.  [Suppl.  ii.  280] 

GLADWIN,  FRANCIS  (d.  1813  ?),  orientalist ;  of  the 
Bengal  army ;  commissary  resident  at  Patna,  1808 ;  under 
patronage  of  Warren  Hastings,  issued  translation  of 

•  Institutes  of  the  Emperor  Akbar,'  1783-6,  and  a  Persian- 
Hindustani-Engliah  dictionary,  1809.  [xxi.  407] 

GLAMMI8,  BARONS.  [See  LTON,  JOHN,  seventh 
BARON,  1510  ?-1558 ;  LYON,  PATRICK,  eighth  BARON,  d. 
1578.] 

GLAMMT8,  LADY  (d.  1537).    [See  DOUGLAS,  JANET.] 

GLAMMIS,  MASTER  OF  (d.  1608).  [See  LYON,  SIR 
THOMAS.] 

GLAMORGAN,  titular  EARL  OP  (1601-1667).  [See 
SOMERSET,  EDWARD,  second^MARQUis  OF  WORCESTER.] 

GLANVTLL,  JOHN  (1664  ?-1735),  poet  and  translator  ; 
grandson  of  Sir  John  Glan ville  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1686 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ; 
translated,  among  other  works,  Foutenelle's  '  Plurality  of 
Worlds,'  1688.  [xxi.  407] 

GLANVILL,  JOSEPH  (1636-1680),  divine;  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1655 ;  M.A.Lincoln  College,  1658 ; 
rector  of  the  Abbey  Church,  Bath,  1666-80,  and  other 
benefices  :  an  admirer  of  Baxter,  whom  he  excepted  from 
his  attacks  on  nonconformists  in  *  The  Zealous  and  Im- 
partial Protestant,'  1681 :  an  original  F.R.S.,  1664 :  at- 
tacked the  scholastic  philosophy  in  'The  Vanity  of 
Dogmatizing '  (1661),  a  work  containing  the  story  of  the 


'Scholar  Gipsy';  defended  the  pre-existence  of  souls  in 
'Lux  Orientalis,'  1662,  and  the  belief  in  witchcraft  in 
'Philosophical  considerations  touching  Witches  and 
Witchcraft,'  1666,  generally  known  as  '  Sadducismus 
Triumphatus.1  [xxi.  408] 

GLANVILLE,  BARTHOLOMEW  DE  (/.  1230-1250), 
minorite  friar  ;  properly  known  as  BARTHOLOMEW  ANCI.I- 
cus,  the  addition  de  Glanville  being  most  uncertain  ;  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Paris  ;  went  to  Saxony,  1231,  in  the 
interests  of  his  order  ;  author  of '  De  Proprietatibus  Rerum,' 
the  encyclopaedia  of  the  middle  ages,  first  printed,  c.  1470, 
at  Basle;  an  English  version  by  John  of  Treves  \v:i- 
issued  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  c.  1495.  [xxi.  409] 

GLANVILLE,  GILBERT  DK  (d.  1214),  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1185  ;  one  of  Becket's  scholars  ;  archdeacon  of 
Lisieux,  1184;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1185  ;  one  of  the  em- 
bassy to  Philip  Augustus  of  France,  1186 ;  preached  the 
crusade  at  Geddington,  1188 ;  supported  Longchamp 
against  Prince  John;  summoned  by  Richard  I  to  Ger- 
many, 1193  ;  excommunicated  Prince  John  on  returning, 
1194 ;  fled  from  King  John,  1207 ;  absolved  Scots  from 
homage  to  him,  1212.  [xxi.  411] 

GLANVILLE,  SIR  JOHN,  the  elder  (1542-1600),  judge ; 
the  first  attorney  who  reached  the  bench ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1574  :  serjeant-at-law,  1589  ;  M.P.,  Laun- 
ceston,  1585,  Tavistock,  1586,  and  St.  Germans,  1592 ; 
judge  of  common  pleas,  1598.  [xxi.  411] 

GLANVILLE,  SIR  JOHN,  the  younger  (1586-1661),  ser- 
jeant ;  son  of  Sir  John  Glanville  the  elder ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  c.  1610  ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1614, 1620, 1623, 1625, 
1626,  and  1628;  opposed  the  crown;  prepared  protest  against 
dissolution,  1625  ;  secretary  to  the  council  of  war  at  Cadiz, 
1625 ;  took  leading  part  in  Buckingham's  impeachment, 
1626-8 ;  eminent  as  counsel ;  recorder  of  Plymouth,  1614 ; 
of  Bristol,  1638  ;  Serjeant,  1637  ;  M.P.,  Bristol ;  speaker  of 
the  Short  parliament,  1640 ;  knighted,  1641 ;  D.C.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1643 ;  tried  Northumberland  and  other  peers ; 
disabled  and  imprisoned  by  parliament,  1645-8 ;  M.P.  for 
Oxford  University  under  Commonwealth.  [xxi.  412] 

GLANVILLE,  RANULF  DE  (d.  1190),  chief  justiciar 
of  England;  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1163-70,  and  1174-89; 
as  sheriff  of  Lancashire,  defeated  Scots  at  Alnwick,  and 
captured  William  the  Lion,  1174  ;  ambassador  to  Flanders, 
1177 ;  justice-in-eyre  and  a  member  of  the  permanent 
royal  court,  1179;  as  justiciar  of  England,  1180-9,  was 
Henry  II's  '  eye,'  fighting  and  negotiating  with  the  Welsh 
and  French,  and  helping  the  king  against  his  sons  ;  went 
with  Richard  I  on  crusade,  1190,  and  died  at  Acre.  The 
authorship  of  '  Treatise  on  the  Laws  and  Customs  of  Eng- 
land' has  been  doubtfully  ascribed  to  him  on  the  evidence 
of  Roger  of  Hoveden.  [xxi.  413] 

GLAPTHORNE,  HENRY  (/.  1639),  dramatist ;  pub- 
lished 'Argalus  and  Parthenia,'  1639,  and  'Albertus 
Wallenstein,'  1639 (tragedies),  'The  Hollander,'  1640, '  Wit 
in  a  Constable,'  1640,  and  '  The  Ladies  Priviledge,'  1640 
(comedies),  and  '  Poems,'  1639  ;  dedicated  '  Whitehall '  to 
Lovelace,  1642 ;  his  works  collected,  1874.  xxi.  415] 

GLAS,  GEORGE  (1725-1765),  mariner ;  son  of  John 
Glas  [q.  v.]  ;  discovered  between  Cape  Verde  and  Senegal 
a  river,  which  he  thought  suitable  for  a  settlement :  ob- 
tained promise  of  a  government  grant  in  exchange  for  a 
free  cession  to  the  British  crown  ;  founded  the  settlement, 
naming  it  Port  Hillsborough,  1764;  imprisoned  by 
Spaniards  at  Teneriffe  for  contraband  trading:  mur- 
dered on  his  way  home;  translated  from  the  Spanish 
'  Account  of  the  Discovery  and  History  of  the  Canaries," 
1764.  [*xi.  415] 

GLAS,  JOHN  (1695-1773),  founder  of  the  Glassites ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1713  ;  minister  of  Tealing,  Forfarshire, 
1719-28,  when  he  was  deposed  by  the  general  assembly  for 
his  'Testimony  of  the  King  of  Martyrs'  (1727):  formed, 
at  Dundee,  a  sect  of  independent  presbyterians  :  removed 
to  Perth,  1773,  where  he  was  joined  by  Robert  Sandeman 
[q.  v.],  afterwards  his  son-in-law ;  published  an  edition 
(with  translation) of  the  'True  Discourse'  of  Celsus,  1753, 
and  many  other  works.  [xxi.  417] 

GLASCOCK,  WILLIAM  NUGENT  (1787?-1847), 
captain  in  the  navy ;  present  at  the  action  off  Fiuisterre, 
1805,  and  reduction  of  Flushing,  1809 :  promoted  to  post- 
rank  and  specially  thanked  for  his  services  in  the  Douro, 
1832-3;  chief  work '  Naval  Service,  or  Officers'  Manual,' 
1836.  [xxi.  418] 


GLASS 


501 


GLENIE 


GLASS,  JOSEPH  (1791  ?-1867),  philanthropist ;  re- 
ceived silver  medal  and  200/.  for  his  invention  of  the 
chimney-sweeping  machine  now  in  use.  [xxi.  419] 

GLASS,  SIR  RICHARD  ATWOOD  (1820-1873), 
manufacturer  of  telegraph  cables  ;  educated  at  King's 
College,  London ;  adapted  Elliot's  wire-rope  covering  to 
submarine  cables.  l.s.M' ;  superintended  making  of  Atlantic 
cables  of  1865-ti ;  knighted,  1866  :  chairman  of  Anglo- 
American  Telegraph  Company ;  M.P.,  Bewdley,  1868-9. 

[xxi.  419] 

GLASS,  THOMAS  (d.  1786),  physician  ;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1731  ;  practised  at  Exeter ;  imparted  to  his  brother 
Samuel  (of  Oxford)  the  process  for  preparing  magnesia 
alba,  afterwards  perfected  and  applied  by  him  ;  authority 
on  inoculation  for  smallpox  ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxi.  419] 

GLASSE,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1761-1809),  classic 
and  divine  ;  son  of  Samuel  Qlasse  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1782;  rector  of  Hanwell,  1785;  chaplain 
successively  of  the  Earl  of  Radnor,  Duke  of  Cambridge, 
and  Earl  of  Sefton :  rendered  '  Samson  Agouistes '  into 
Greek,  1788 ;  translated  '  L'Inconnue,  Histoire  Veritable 
as  '  Louisa,'  dealing  with  the  lady  of  the  Haystack 
problem,  1801 ;  spent  a  fortune  ;  committed  suicide. 

[xxi.  420] 

GLASSE,  HANNAH  (ft.  1747),  author  of  'The 
Art  of  Cookery  made  Plain  and  Easy,'  1747, '  The  Com- 
pleat  Confectioner '  [1770],  and  '  The  Servant's  Directory, 
or  Housekeeper's  Companion,'  1770;  habit-maker  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1767.  [xxi.  420] 

GLASSE,  SAMUEL    (1735-1812),  theologian  ;  edu- 
cated  at  Westminster  ;  M.A.    Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1759  ;  DJX,  1769  ;  F.R.S.,  1764  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
the  king,   1772  ;  rector  of  Hanwell ;    vicar  of  Epsom,  ! 
1782,  Wanstead,  1786 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1798 ;  I 
friend  of  Bishop  Home  ;  author  of  a  work  advocating 
Sunday  schools,  1786.  [xxi.  421] 

GLASSFORD,  JAMES  (</.  1845),  legal  writer  and 
translator ;  son  of  John  Glassford  [q.  v.] ;  sheriff-depute 
of  Dumbartonshire  ;  a  commissioner  to  inquire  into  Irish 
education,  1824-6 ;  published  '  Remarks  on  the  Con- 
stitution and  Procedure  of  the  Scottish  Courts,'  1812, 
'  Essay  on  Principles  of  Evidence,'  1812,  translations  from 
Bacon  and  the  Italian  poets. 


[xxi.  422] 

GLASSFORD,  JOHN  (1715-1783),  tobacco  merchant  j 
and   shipowner ;    bailie    of   Glasgow,    1751 ;    purchased 
Dougalston,  Dumbartonshire.  [xxi.  422] 

GLASTONBURY,  JOHN  OF  (ft.  1400).  [See  JOHN.] 

GLAZEBROOK,  JAMES  (1744-1803),  divine  ;  a 
Madeley  collier,  who  came  under  the  influence  of  John 
Fletcher  of  Madeley  [q.  v.] ;  incumbent  of  St.  James's, 
Latchford ;  vicar  of  Bolton,  Lancashire,  1796-1803 ;  pub- 
lished •  Defence  of  Infant  Baptism,"  1781.  [xxi.  422] 

GLAZEBROOK,  THOMAS  KIRKLAND(  1780-1855),  ' 
author  ;  sou  of  James  Glazebrook  [q.  v.]  ;  translated  j 
Virgil's  first  eclogue,  1807,  and  published  poetical  works.  I 

[xxi.  423] 

GLEICHEN,  COUNT  (1833-1891).    [See  VICTOR.] 

GLEIG,    GEORGE  (1753-1840),    bishop  of  Brechin ;  , 
educated  at    King's  College,  Aberdeen ;    thrice  elected  j 
bishop  of  Dunkeld,  1786, 1792,  and  1808,  but  his  election  ! 
made  ineffectual  by  hostility  of  Bishop  Skinner ;  LL.D.  i 
Aberdeen ;  bishop  of  Brechin,  1808-40  ;  as  primus,  1816- 
1837,  endeavoured  to  secure  regium  donum  ;  contributed 
important  articles  to  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britauuica '  (3rd 
edition)  and  edited  the  last  six  volumes,  and  (1801)  wrote 
most  of  the '  Supplement ' ;  published  '  life'  of  .Principal 
William  Robertson,  1812,  and  edited  Stackhouse's  '  History 
of  the  Bible,'  1817.  [xxi.  423] 

GLEIG,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1796-1888),  chaplain- 
general  of  the  forces ;  son  of  George  Gleig  [q.  v.] ;  at 
Glasgow  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  served  with  the 
85th  in  the  Peninsula,  1813-14 ;  wounded  at  Nivelle  and 
the  Nive,  and  in  the  American  war  of  1814 ;  B.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1818  ;  took  orders,  1820 ;  M.A.,  1821 ; 
perpetual  curate  of  Ash,  and  rector  of  Ivy  Church,  1822 ;  i 
chaplain  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1834  ;  chaplain-general  of 
the  forces,  1844-75  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Quarterly,' '  Edin- 
burgh,' 'Blackwood,'  ami  'Eraser'  magazines;  wrote  I 
•  The  Subaltern  '  for  '  Blackwood,'  1828  ;  published  '  The  ! 


Story  of  Waterloo,'  1847,  •  Lives  of  Military  Commanders,' 
1831,  biographies  of  Warren  Hastings  (1841),  Clive  (1848), 
iind  Wellington  (1862),  and  'Chelsea  Pensioners,'  1829, 
with  other  works.  [xxi.  424] 

GLEMHAM,  EDWARD  (ft.  1590-1594X  voyager  ;  of 
Benhall,  Suffolk  ;  in  his  ship  the  Edward  and  Constance 
destroyed  two  Spanish  vessel*,  repulsed  four  galleys,  and 
captured  a  rich  Venetian  merchant  ship,  1690;  made 
second  voyage :  his  adventures  described  in  black-letter 
pamphlets  (reprinted,  1829  and  1866).  [xxL  425] 

GLEMHAM,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1649  ?X  royalist; 
knighted,  1617  ;  M.P.,  Aldeburgh,  in  the  first  two  parlia- 
ments of  Charles  I ;  served  on  the  continent  and  in  first 
Scottish  war ;  commandant  of  York,  1642  and  1644 ; 
capitulated,  1644 ;  tried  to  hold  Carlisle  against  the  Roots, 
1645,  and  to  defend  Oxford  ;  took  part  in  the  second  civil 
war  till  Musgrave'a  seizure  of  Carlisle,  1648.  [xxi.  426] 

GLEN,  ANDREW  (1666-1732),  botanist;  M.A.  Jesos 
College,  Cambridge,  1687 ;  rector  of  Hatheru,  Leicester- 
shire ;  formed  an  herbarium,  1685,  including  two  hundred 
foreign  plants,  to  which  be  made  additions  at  Turin,  1692. 

[xxi.  427] 

GLEN,  WILLIAM  (1789-1826),  Scottish  poet;  pub- 
lished '  Poems,  chiefly  Lyrical,'  1815,  including  'Wae's  me 
for  Prince  Charlie '  and  other  love  and  war  songs. 

[xxi.  427] 

GLENBERVIE,  BARON  (1743-1823).    [See  DOUGLAS, 

SYLVESTERj 

GLENCAIRN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CUNNINGHAM,  ALEX- 
ANDER, first  EARL,  d.  1488  ;  CUNNINGHAM,  ALEXANDER, 
fifth  EARL,  d.  1574 ;  CUNNINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL, 
</.  1547;  CUNNINGHAM,  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL,  1610V- 
1664.] 

GLENCORSE,  LORD  (1810-1891).   [See  INGUS,  JOHN.] 

GLENDOWER,  OWEN  (13597-1416?)  (OwAiN  AB 
GRUFFYDD),  Welsh  rebel ;  lord  of  Glyndwr  and  Sycharth ; 
claimed  descent  from  Bleddyn  ab  Cynvyn  and  from 
Llewelyn;  studied  law  at  Westminster;  served  with 
Richard  II  against  the  Scots,  1385;  witness  in  suit  of 
Scrope  v.  Grosvenor,  1386  ;  as  squire  to  Earl  of  Arundel 
served  Henry  of  Lancaster,  but  hooded  Welsh  rebellion 
against  him  on  his  accession  as  Henry  IV  ;  assumed  title 
of  'Prince  of  Wales';  his  estates  granted  by  Henry  IV 
to  John  Beaufort,  earl  of  Somerset  [q.  v.] ;  invaded  South 
Wales,  and  harassed  the  royal  army  in  the  north  ;  repulsed 
before  Carnarvon,  1401 ;  negotiated  with  Northumberland 
for  peace,  but  at  the  same  time  appealed  for  help  to  Scot- 
land and  the  Irish  lords ;  captured  Reginald  de  Grey 
[q.  v.]  and  Sir  Edmund  Mortimer  at  Pilleth,1402 ;  baffled 
the  English  army  and  released  Mortimer  after  marrying 
him  to  his  daughter,  November  1402  ;  his  chief  residences 
burnt  by  Prince  Henry,  1403;  took  Carmarthen,  Usk, 
Caerleon,  and  Newport,  failed  to  join  the  Percies  at 
Shrewsbury,  1403 ;  ravaged  English  border ;  aided  by 
French  and  Bretons  captured  Harlech  and  Cardiff,  1404  ; 
concluded  an  alliance  with  France,  1405;  recognised 
Benedict  XIII  as  pope,  1405  ;  summoned  a  Welsh  parlia- 
ment, 1405 ;  probably  formed  his  alliance  with  Mortimer 
and  Northumberland,  c.  1405 ;  his  sons  captured  by  Prince 
Henry ;  retook  Carmarthen  with  help  of  a  French  force, 
1406  ;  again  defeated,  1406  ;  deserted  by  Northumberland  : 
lost  Aberystwitb,  1407,  and  South  Wales,  1408 ;  his  wife 
and  relations  captured,  1413  ;  admitted  to  the  king's  grace 
and  obedience,  1415  :  his  end  unknown.  [xxi.  427] 

GLENELG,  BARON  (1778-1866).  [See  GRANT, 
CHARLES.] 

GLENHAM,  EDWARD  (Jl.  1590-1694).    [See  GLKM- 

HAM.] 

GLENIE,  JAMES  (1760-1817),  mathematician  ;  MJL. 
St.  Andrews  ;  served  in  the  artillery  and  engineers  during 
the  American  war ;  elected  F.R.S.,  1779,  for  papers  written 
while  on  service ;  lieutenant,  1787 ;  retired,  1787 ;  emi- 
grated to  New  Brunswick,  and  became  member  of  House 
of  Assembly ;  on  return  to  England  appointed  engineer 
extraordinary  and  (1806)  instructor  to  East  India  Com- 
pany's artillery  officers;  dismissed  in  consequence  of 
evidence  in  Wardle  case,  1809 ;  died  in  poverty ;  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  '  History  of  Gunnery,'  1776, 
'Doctrine  of  Universal  Comparison,'  1789, 'The  Autece- 
dental  Calculus,'  1793,  and  '  Observation*  on  Defence  of 
Great  Britain,'  1807.  [xxi.  434] 


GL.ENT.EE 


502 


GL.YN 


GLENLEE.  BARONS.  [See  MILLKR,  SIR  THOMAS, 
1717-1789;  MILLKH,  tiiu  WILLIAM,  1755-1846.] 

GLENNY,  GEORGE  (1793-1874),  horticultural  writer  ; 
odited  the  'Royal  Lady's  Magazine' ;  started  the  'Horti- 
cultural Journal,'  1832,  in  which  his '  Properties  of  Flowers ' 
first  appeared  ;  edited  many  other  horticultural  papers, 
including  '  Glenny's  Almanac '  (still  issued) ;  a  successful 
grower  of  auriculas,  dahlias,  and  tulips ;  originated  Me- 
tropolitan Society  of  Florists,  1832.  [xxi.  486] 

GLENORCHY,  VISCOUNTESS  (1741-1786).  [See 
CAMPBELL,  WILLIELMA.] 

GUSSON,  FRANCIS  (1597-1677),  physician ;  M.A. 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1624  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford, 
1627  ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1634 ;  regius  professor  of  physic, 
Cambridge,  1636-77  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1640 ;  sent  out  of 
Colchester  to  ask  for  better  terms  during  the  siege,  1648 ; 
an  original  F.R.S. ;  president,  College  of  Physicians,  1667- 
1669;  published  (1650)  'Tractatus  de  Rachitide'  (the 
Rickets),  almost  the  first  English  medical  monograph  ; 
published  also  'Anatomia  HepatiB*  (1654),  from  which 
the  name  '  Glisson's  capsule '  was  applied  to  the  sheath  of 
the  liver.  [xxi.  437] 

GLOUCESTER,  DUKES  OF.  [See  THOMAS  OF  WOOD- 
STOCK, 1355-1397 ;  HUMPHREY,  1391-1447 ;  RICHARD  III, 
1452-1485 ;  HENRY,  1639-1660  ;  WILLIAM  HENRY,  1743- 
1805 ;  WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  1776-1834.] 

GLOUCESTER,  DUCHESS  OF.  [See  OOBHAM,  ELEA- 
NOR.] 

GLOUCESTER,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE, 
sixth  EARL,  d.  1230 ;  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  eighth  EARL, 
1243-1295 ;  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE,  ninth  EARL,  1291-1314 ; 
CLARE,  RICHARD  DE,  seventh  EARL,  1222-1262 ;  MONT- 
HKRMER,  RALPH  DE,  d.  1325  ? ;  DKSPENSER,  THOMAS  LE, 
1373-1400.] 

GLOUCESTER,  MILES  DE,  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (d. 
1143),  sheriff  of  Gloucestershire  and  Staffordshire  from 
1128 ;  justice  itinerant,  a  justice  of  the  forest,  and  royal 
constable  from  1128 ;  adhered  to  Stephen  till  1139,  when 
he  joined  Gloucester  in  inviting  the  Empress  Maud  to 
England ;  relieved  Brian  Fitzcount  [q.  v.]  at  Walling- 
ford,  1139 ;  burnt  Worcester,  1139 ;  took  Hereford  Castle, 
1139;  present  at  Lincoln,  1141;  accompanied  the  em- 
press to  Winchester  as  one  of  her  three  chief  supporters, 
1141 ;  fled  with  her  from  London,  and  persuaded  her  to 
return  to  Oxford  from  Gloucester,  1141 ;  received  as  a  re- 
ward the  earldom  and  castle  of  Hereford,  1141 ;  excom- 
municated by  the  bishop  of  Hereford  for  demands  on 
church  lands,  1143 ;  slain  by  an  arrow  shot  at  a  deer. 

[xxi.  438] 

GLOUCESTER,  ROBERT  OF  (/.  1260-1300).  [See 
ROBERT.] 

GLOVER,  BOYER  (/.  1758-1771),  Muggletonian ; 
watchmaker  ;  contributed  to  '  Songs  of  Grateiull  Praise,' 
1794,  and  •  Divine  Songs  of  the  Muggletonians,'  1829. 

[xxii.  1] 

GLOVER,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1806-1863),  vio- 
linist and  composer  of  popular  songs  ;  musical  director  at 
Queen's  Theatre,  1832.  [xxii.  1] 

GLOVER,  EDMUND  (1813  ?-1860),  actor  and  mana- 
ger ;  sou  of  Julia  Glover  [q.  v.] ;  took  'leading  business* 
under  Murray  at  Edinburgh,  1841-8  ;  manager  for  Jenny 
Lind  in  Scotland ;  leased  theatres  at  Glasgow,  Paisley, 
and  Greenock ;  played  Othello  at  Edinburgh,  1850,  and 
Falkland,  1851 ;  alternated  Macbeth  and  Macduff  with 
Thomas  Powrie,  1866.  [xxii.  1] 

GLOVER,  GEORGE  (fl.  1625-1650),  early  English 
engraver ;  engraved  from  life  portraits  of  eminent  con- 
temporaries ;  eugraved  broadside  representing  Evans  the 
giant  porter,  Jeffery  Hudson  the  dwarf,  and  old  Thomas 
Parr.  [xxii.  2] 

GLOVER,  JEAN  (1768-1801),  Scottish  poetess; 
daughter  of  a  Kilmarnock  weaver  and  wife  of  a  strolling 
player;  her  song  'Ower  the  Muir  among  the  Heather' 
taken  down  by  Burns  from  her  singing.  [xxii.  2] 

GLOVER,  JOHN  (1714-1774),  preacher;  author  of 
religious  pamphlets.  [xxii.  2] 

GLOVER,  JOHN  (1767-1849),  landscape-painter: 
president  of  the  Water-colour  Society,  1815  ;  exhibited  at 
Paris  '  Landscape  Composition  ' ;  sketched  in  Switzerland 


and  Italy  ;  held  exhibition  of  water-colours  and  oils  in  Old 
Bond  Street.  1821 ;  a  founder  of  Society  of  British  Artists, 
with  whom  he  exhibited,  1824-30 ;  emigrated  to  Western 
!  Australia,  1831 ;  died  in  Tasmania.  [xxii.  3] 

GLOVER,  SIR  JOHN  HAWLEY  (1829-1886),  colonial 
!  governor ;  served  in  navy,  1841-77  ;  joined  Baikie's  Niger 
i  expedition,  1857  ;  captain,  1877  ;  administrator  of  Lagos, 
1863-4  and  1866-72;    commanded  Houssas  in  Ashauti 
campaign,  1873-4 ;   G.C.M.G.,   1874 :   governor  of  New- 
foundland, 1875-81  and  1883-4,  of  the  Leeward  islands, 
1881-3.  [xxii.  4] 

GLOVER,  MRS.  JULIA  (1779-1850),  actress,  nte  Bet- 

i  terton  ;  played  on  the  York  circuit,  1789 ;  performed  at 

i  Obvent  Garden,  1797-1801 ;  married  Samuel  Glover,  1800  ; 

played  the  Queen  to  Kean's  Richard  III  and  Emilia  to 

Othello,  1814 ;    acted  Andromache  at  Macready's    first 

appearance    at   Oovent  Garden,  1816 ;    with  Benjamin 

Webster  at  Haymarket,  James  Anderson  at  Drury  Lane, 

and  William  Farren  at  the  Strand  ;  played  Mrs.  Malaprop 

at  her  farewell  (Drury  Lane),  1850 ;  first  comic  actress  of 

the  period  of  her  middle  life.  [xxii.  4] 

GLOVER,  MOSES  (ft.  1620-1640),  painter  and  archi- 
tect ;  chiefly  known  by  his  large  survey  vellum  of  Syon 
I  House  and  Isleworth  hundred,  1635.  [xxii.  6] 

GLOVER,  RICHARD  (1712-1785),  poet;  several  times 
j  addressed  the  House  of  Commons  as  the  merchants'  repre- 
|  sentative ;  as  opponent  of  Walpole  received  legacy  from 
!  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  ;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1761-8 ; 
published  '  Leonidas,'  1737;  his  ballad,  'Hosier's  Ghost,' 
included  in  Percy's  '  Reliques ' ;  his '  Boadicea '  (1753)  and 
'  Medea '  (1763)  acted  at  Drury  Lane  ;  his  '  Athenaid '  pub- 
lished, 1787,  and  '  Memoirs '  (1742-57),  1813.      [xxii.  6] 

GLOVER,  ROBERT  (d.  1555),  protestant  martyr  ;  of 
I  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  164  L;  burnt 
|  for  heresy  at  Coventry.  [xxii.  7] 

GLOVER,   ROBERT    (1544-1588),  Somerset  herald: 

I  Portcullis   pursuivant    of    the   College  of    Arms,  1567; 

I  Somerset  herald,  1571 ;  conducted  visitations  of  Durham 

(1676),  Cheshire  (1580),  and  Yorkshire  (1584-5)  ;  assisted 

Camdenin  his  'Britannia':  'The  Catalogue  of  Honor' 

(1610)  compiled  from  his  collections.  [xxii.  7] 

GLOVER,  STEPHEN  (d.  1869),  authdr  of  '  History 
and  Gazetteer  of  Derbyshire'  (1831-3,  unfinished),  and 
compiler  of  the  '  Peak  Guide,'  1830.  [xxii.  8] 

GLOVER,  STEPHEN  (1812-1870),  composer  of  songs, 
ballads,  and  duets;  brother  of  Charles  William  Glover 
[q.  v.]  [xxii.  8] 

GLOVER,  WILLIAM  HO  WARD  (1819-1875),  musical 
composer  and  writer ;  second  son  of  Julia  Glover  [q.  v.] ; 
'  cave  operatic  performances  at  Manchester  and  annual 
concerts  at  St.  James's  Hall  and  Drury  Lane ;  musical 
I  critic  to  '  Morning  Post,'  1849-65 ;  died  at  New  York ; 
composed  '  Tarn  o'  Shauter '  (produced  at  the  New  Phil- 
harmonic, 1856), '  Ruy  Bias'  (Oovent  Garden,  1861),  and 
'  Manfred,'  an  overture,  and  many  songs.  [xxii.  9] 

GLYN,  GEORGE  GRENFELL,  second  BARON 
WOLVERTON  (1824-1887),  grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Oarr 
Glyn  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  University  College, 
Oxford ;  of  banking  firm,  Glyn,  Mills,  Currie  &  Co. ;  M.P., 
Shaftesbury,  1857-73;  secretary  to  the  treasury,  1868-73  ; 
paymaster-general,  1880-5 ;  postmaster-general  in  home 
rule  ministry,  1886 ;  personal  friend  of  William  Ewart 
Gladstone  [q.  v.]  [xxii.  9] 

GLYN,  ISABELLA  DALLAS  (1823-1889),  actress; 
nte  Gearns ;  played  under  her  mother's  name  of  Glyn ; 
made  debut  at  Manchester  as  Constance  in  '  King  John,' 
1847 ;  appeared  in  Shakespearean  parts  on  York  circuit 
and  at  Sadler's  Wells,  1848-51  and  1859 :  first  appeared 
at  Drury  Lane,  1851 ;  played  Cleopatra  at  the  Princess's, 
1867;  gave  Shakespearean  readings  and  lessons  in  Eng- 
land and  America ;  obtained  divorce  from  Eneas  Sweet- 
land  Dallas  [q.  v.],  1874.  [xxii.  10] 

GLYN,  SIR  RICHARD  CARR,  first  baronet  (1756- 

1838),  lord  mayor  of  London :  partner  in  Hallifax,  Mills. 

Glyn  &  Mitton,  bankers ;  sheriff  of  Loudou,  1790 ;  lord 

I  mayor,  1798-9 ;  M.P.,  St.  Ives,  1796-1802  ;  created  baronet, 

|  1800.  [xxii.  10] 

GLYN,  WILLIAM  (1504  ?-1558),  bishop  of  Baugor ; 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1530 ;  dean,  1540  : 
M.A.,  1530;  D.D.,  1644;  Lady  Margaret  professor  ot 


GLYNN 


503 


GODFREY 


divinity,  1544-9  :  ordinal  fellow  of  Trinity,  1546;  rector 
of  St.  Martin's,  Lud^ate,  1551  ;  president  of  Qu. 
lege,  1553  ;  one  of  tin-  nix  delegates  who  disputed  with 
Cranmer,  I^itiinrr,  and   Kidlcy,  15.">4  :  bishop  of  Bangor, 
1555;  WeNh  scholar.  [xxii.  11] 

GLYNN,  JOHN  (1722-1779),  politician  and  lawyer; 
matriculated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1738  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1748:  Mrjeaat-ftfciaw,  17*;:i :  recorder  of 
Exeter,  17G4 ;  counsel  for  Wilkes;  Wilkes's  colleague  as 
M.P.  for  Middlesex,  1768-79 ;  leading  member  of  Society 
of  Bill  of  Rights  ;  recorder  of  Ixindon,  1772.  [xxii.  12] 

GLYNN,  ROBERT,  afterwards  CU>HKKY  (1719-1800), 
physician  :  edii.-at.-d  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Caui- 
tiruL-r;  M.A.,  1745;  M.D.,  1752:  Seatoiiiau  prizeman, 
1767:  attended  Gray  and  Bishop  Watson:  supported 
authenticity  of  Chatterton  forgeries  against  George 
Steevens,  and  bequeathed  the  manuscripts  to  the  British 
Museum ;  said  to  have  assisted  Mathias  in  '  Pursuits  of 
Literature ' ;  left  legacy  to  King's  College.  [xxii.  13] 

GLYNNE,  SIR  JOHN  (1603-1666),  judge ;  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford  :  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1628  ;  M.P.,  Westminster,  1640 :  sat  on  impor- 
tant committees  in  the  Long  parliament ;  managed  con- 
ference with  the  Lords  in  the  Goodman  case,  1641 ;  con- 
ducted several  articles  of  Straff ord's  impeachment,  and 
replied  to  his  defence,  1642:  chosen  to  impeach  the 
bishops,  1641 ;  one  of  committee  to  consider  the  attempted 
arrest  of  the  five  members,  1642 :  recorder  of  London, 
1643;  took  the  covenant;"  one  of  the  eleven  excluded 
members,  1647 ;  sent  to  the  Tower,  but  released  and  re- 
admitted to  parliament,  1648 ;  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
treat  with  the  king  at  Oarisbrooke,  1648 ;  again  excluded 
before ' Pride's  Purge';  M.P.,  Carnarvonshire,  1654  and 
1660,  Flint,  1655  :  serjeant  to  the  Protector  and  justice  of 
assize,  e.  1654 ;  prosecuted  John  Gerard  (1632-1654)  [q.  v.] 
and  other  conspirators,  1654  ;  tried  the  conspirator,  Miles 
Sindercombe,  1656  ;  chief-justice  of  the  upper  bench, 
1655-9 ;  supported  the  '  petition  and  advice,'  1656  ;  as 
king's  serjeant  prosecuted  Sir  Henry  Vane,  1662;  his 
speech  before  Cromwell  (1658)  in  favour  of  monarchy 
printed,  1660 ;  knighted,  1660.  [xxii.  15] 

GLYNNE,  Sm  STEPHEN  RICHARD,  ninth  and  last 
baronet  (1807-1 874),  antiquary;  brother-in-law  of  William 
Ewart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1815 ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton :  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1831 ;  M.P., 
Flint  burghs,  1832-7,  and  Flintshire,  1837-47;  surveyed 
and  made  notes  on  5,530  English  churches  ;  bis  notes  con- 
cerning Kent  published  by  his  nephew,  W.  H.  Gladstone, 
1877.  [xxii.  18] 

GOAD,  GEORGE  (d.  1671),  master  at  Eton;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1627 ;  senior  proctor,  1637  ; 
rector  of  Horstead  and  Coltishall,  1646 ;  fellow  of  Eton, 
1648 ;  continued  Eton  catalogues.  [xxii.  18] 

GOAD,  JOHN  (1616-1689),  head-master  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1640  ;  B.D.,  1647  :  vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Oxford,  1643, 
of  Yarnton,  1646-60  ;  bead-master  of  Tunbridge,  1660,  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1661-81  ;  dismissed  from 
Merchant  Taylors'  as  a  papist,  1681 ;  declared  himself  a 
Romanist,  1686 :  afterwards  kept  private  school  at 
Piccadilly,  London  ;  wrote '  Astro-Meteorologia  sana,'  1686, 
and  a  similar  work,  published  1690.  [xxii.  18] 

GOAD,  ROGER  (1638-1610),  provost  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1570 ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1558  ;  M.A..  1563 :  master  of 
Guildford  school;  D.D.,  1573;  thrice  vice-chancellor; 
chancellor  of  Wells,  1577 ;  with  Dr.  Fulke  had  conferences 
in  the  Tower  with  Edmund  Campion  [q.  v.],  1581;  re- 
established college  library.  [xxii.  19] 

GOAD,  THOMAS  (1576-1638),  rector  of  Hadleigh, 
1618-38:  second  sou  of  Roger  Goad  [q.  v.];  educated  at 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1595  :  B.A., 
1596  ;  D.D.,  1615 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Abbot ; 
prebendary  of  Winchester,  1621  ;  succeeded  Joseph  Hall 
[q.  v.]  at  synod  of  Dort,  1619,  where  he  became  an  Ar- 
minian  ;  disputed  with  the  Jesuits  ;  prolocutor  of  lower 
house  of  convocation,  1625 ;  dean  of  Booking,  1633 ; 
embellished  Hadleigh  Church  and  rectory  with  paintings ; 
published  theological  tracts.  [xxii.  20] 

GOAD,  THOMAS  (d.  1666),  regius  professor  of  laws 
at  Cambridge ;  brother  of  George  Goad  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton, 


College,  Cambridge,  and  Gray's  Inn:  M.A.  and 
LL.D. :  reader  of  logic  at  Cambridge,  1620;  regius  pro- 
fessor, 1635.  [xxii.  21] 

GOADBY,  HoHERT  (1721-1778),  printer  and  com- 
piler ;  left  endowment  to  Sherborne  Church  ;  chief  pro- 
duction, '  Illustration  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,'  1759. 

GOBBAN  SAER,  'the  Artificer'  (fl.  7th  'cent.). 
builder  of  churches  and  fortresses  In  north  and  east  of 
In-hind.  [xxii.  22] 

GODBOLT,  JOHN  (d.  1648),  judge ;  barrister.  Gray's 
Inn,  1611 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1636 :  judge  of  common  pleas 
by  vote  of  parliament,  1647 ;  reports  revised  by  him  pub- 
lished, 1653.  [xxii.  23] 

GODBY,  JAMES  (fl.  1790-1815),  stipple-engraver. 

[xxii.  23] 

GODDAM  or  WOODHAM,  ADAM  (d.  13W),  Francis- 
can ;  probably  of  Norwich;  attended  Ockham's  le< 
on  Peter  Lombard's  'Sentences'  at  Oxford:  bis  'Com- 
mentary on  Four  Books  of  the  "Sentences,"'  as  edited 
(1512)  by  John  Major  (1469-1550)  [q.  v.],  probably  only 
an  abridgment  of  Goddam's  work.  [xxii.  23] 

GODDARD,  GEORGE  BODVERIE  (1832-1886), 
animal  painter ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1856-85. 

[xxii.  24] 

GODDARD,  JOHN  (fl.  1645-1671),  engraver;  his 
'  Seven  Deadly  Sins '  in  British  Museum.  [xxii.  24] 

GODDARD,  JONATHAN  (1617-1675),  Gresham  pro- 
fessor of  physic  ;  M.B.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1638 : 
M.D.  Catharine  Hall,  1643;  F.R.O.P.,  1646;  (iuMoniun 
lecturer,  1648;  as  physician-in-chief  accompanied  Crom- 
well to  Ireland,  1649,  and  Scotland,  1650;  warden  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1651-60  ;  member  of  Little  parlia- 
ment and  council  of  state,  1653  :  on  council  of  Royal 
Society  ;  said  to  have  sold  the  secret  of  his  '  drops '  (volatile 
spirit  of  raw  silk)  to  Charles  II :  appointed  Gresham 
professor  of  physic,  1665  ;  wrote  two  '  Discourses '  against 
the  apothecaries  ;  according  to  Seth  Ward  [q.  v.],  the  first 
Englishman  to  make  telescopes.  [xxii.  24] 

GODDARD,  THOMAS  (d.  1783),  Indian  general; 
lieutenant,  1759  ;  served  at  Madras,  1759-61.  and  in  Bengal, 
1763 ;  raised  sepoy  battalion  for  East  India  Company, 
1764  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1768  :  served  at  capture  of  Burra- 
reah,  1770,  and  against  Mahrattas,  1772  ;  much  trusted 
by  Warren  Hastings  :  commanded  Bengal  contingent  with 
Bombay  army  against  Mabrattas,  1778-81 ;  brigadier- 
general  ;  died  at  sea.  [xxii.  26] 

GODDARD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1615),  satirist :  resided  in 
Holland;  his  three  works  first  printed  under  Dr.  Furni- 
vall's  editorship,  1878.  [xxii.  27] 

GODDARD,  WILLIAM  STANLEY  (1757-1845),  head- 
master of  Winchester;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1783  ;  D.D.,  1795 :  second  master  at  Winchester,  1784-96  ; 
as  head-master  (1806-1809)  raised  the  school  from  60  to 
144,  among  his  pupils  being  Dr.  Arnold :  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's,  1814  :  canon  of  Salisbury,  1829 :  .presented 
25,OOOJ.  to  Winchester  for  masters'  salaries;  scholarship 
founded  in  memory  of  him,  1846.  [xxii.  27] 

GODDEN,  properly  TYLDKN,  THOMAS  (1624-1688). 
controversialist;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
1642 ;  converted  to  Romanism  by  John  Sergeant  [q.  v.]  : 
president  of  the  English  college,  Lisbon,  1655,  and  D.D., 
1660;  chaplain  to  Queen  Catharine  of  Braganza,  1661; 
accused  of  complicity  in  murder  of  Sir  Edmund  Berry 
Godfrey  [q.  v.],  1678 ;  escaped  to  Paris,  but  returned  under 
James  II:  carried  on  theological  controversy  with 
Stillingfleet.  [xxiL  28] 

GODEL,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1173),  historian  :  probably  a 
Cistercian  in  diocese  of  Sens  or  Bourges,  although  of 
English  birth  :  his  chronicle  reaching  to  1173  (with  con- 
tinuation to  1320),  printed  in  '  Recueil  des  Historiens  de 
la  France.'  [««•  29] 

GODERICH,  VISCOUNT  (1782-1859).  [Sea  ROBIN- 
SON, FREDERICK  JOHN,  EARL  OK  RIPON.] 

GODFREY    OF    MALMESBURY   (fl.    1081),   supposed 
author  of  a  chronicle  extending  from  the  coming  of  the 
Saxons  to  1129  :  wrongly  identified  by  Tanner  witli 
frey,  ai.bot  of  Malinesbury.  [xxii.  29] 


GODFREY 


504 


GODSALVE 


GODFREY  OF  WINCHESTER  (d.  1107),  Latin  poet; 
native  of  Camhrai ;  prior  of  St.  Swithin's,  Winchester, 
1081-1107  ;  his  epigrams  in  imitation  of  Martial,  and  'De 
Primatum  Anglise  Laudibus,'  printed  in  T.  Wright's 
*  Latin  Satirical  Poets  of  the  Twelfth  Century.' 


[xxii.  30] 
AMBROSE, 


GODFREY  or  GODFREY-HANCKWITZ, 
the  elder  (d.  1741),  chemist :  employed  by  Robert  Boyle 
[q.  v.]  ;  F.R.S.,  1730 ;  patented  machine  for  extinguishing 
fires '  by  explosion  and  suffocation,'  1724.  [xxii.  30] 

GODFREY,  AMBROSE,  the  younger  (d.  1756), 
chemist :  son  of  Ambrose  Godfrey  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  carried 
on  his  father's  laboratory  in  Southampton  Street,  London  ; 
published,  with  his,  brother  John  Godfrey  [q.  v.],  'A 
Curious  Research  into  the  Element  of  Water,'  1747. 

[xxii.  31] 

GODFREY,  ARABELLA  (1648-1730).  [See  CHURCH  ILL, 
ARABELLA.] 

GODFREY,  BOYLE  (d.  1756  ?),  alchemist :  brother 
of  Ambrose  Godfrey  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  ruined  himself 
by  his  passion  for  alchemy.  [xxii.  31] 

GODFREY,  SIR  EDMUND  BERRY  (1621-1678), 
justice  of  the  peace  for  Westminster ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  entered  Gray's 
Inn,  1640:  knighted  for  services  during  plague,  1665, 
1666 ;  offended  the  court  by  causing  arrest  of  Sir  Alex- 
ander Fraizer  [q.  v.],  1669:  reputed  best  justice  of  the 
peace  in  England ;  a  zealous  protestant ;  received  first 
depositions  of  Titus  Gates  [q.  v.],  1678 :  found  dead  on 
south  side  of  Primrose  Hill  a  month  later ;  believed  mur- 
dered by  Roman  catholics ;  two  Romanists  and  a  pro- 
testant were  hanged  at  Tyburn  in  consequence  of  the 
confession  (made  under  torture  and  once  repudiated)  of 
Miles  Prance,  a  catholic  silversmith,  avowing  himself  to 
have  been  an  accomplice  in  the  murder.  Prance  was 
punished  for  perjury,  1686.  The  crime  was  perhaps  per- 
petrated at  the  instigation  of  Gates  himself,  [xxii.  31] 

GODFREY,  JOHN  (fl.  1747),  chemist:  with  his 
brother  Ambrose  Godfrey  the  vounger  [q.  v.]  carried  on 
the  business  of  his  father  Ambrose  Godfrey  the  elder  [q.  v.]; 
published,  also  with  his  brother, '  A  Curious  Research  into 
the  Element  of  Water,'  1747.  [xxii.  31] 

GODFREY,  MICHAEL  (d.  1695),  financier ;  nephew 
of  Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey  [q.  v.]  ;  first  deputy-governor 
of  the  Bank  of  England ;  killed  in  the  trenches  at  Namur 
while  on  his  way  to  establish  branch  at  Antwerp ;  wrote 
'  short  account*  of  the  Bank  of  England.  [xxii.  35] 

GODFREY,  RICHARD  BERNARD  (6. 1728),  engraver 
of  views  and  antiquities  for  Grose's  '  Antiquarian  Reper- 
tory '  (1775).  [xxii.  35] 

GODFREY,  THOMAS  (1736-1763),  poet  and  dra- 
matist ;  born  at  Philadelphia ;  served  in  expedition 
against  Fort  Duquesne,  1758 ;  while  a  factor  in  North 
Carolina  composed  '  The  Prince  of  Parthia,'  the  first  play 
written  in  America,  published,  1765.  [xxii.  35] 

GODHAM ,  ADAM  (d.  1358).    [See  GODDAM.] 

GODIVA  or  GODGIFTJ  (Jl.  1040-1080),  benefactress  : 
wife  of  Leofric,  earl  of  Mercia  [q.  v.]  ;  built  and  endowed 
monasteries  at  Stow  and  Coventry  ;  benefactress  of  houses 
at  other  places.  The  oldest  form  of  the  legend  of  her 
riding  naked  through  Coventry  to  obtain  the  release  of 
the  'villa'  from  toll  is  given  by  Roger  of  Wendover 
('  Flores  Historiarum ')  ;  the  current  story  originates  with 
Rapin  (1732) ;  the  procession  at  Coventry  (last  held,  1887) 
was  instituted  in  1678.  [xxii.  36] 

GODKIN,  JAMES  (1806-1879),  writer  on  Ireland: 
established  ' Christian  Patriot'  at  Belfast,  1849;  edited 
•  Derry  Standard '  and  Dublin  •  Daily  Express ' ;  active 
member  of  the  Tenant  League,  1850 ;  received  civil  list 
pension,  1873;  published  works,  including  'The  Land 
War  in  Ireland,'  1870,  and  '  Religious  History  of  Ireland,' 
1873.  [xxii.  38] 

OODLEY,  JOHN  ROBERT  (1814-1861),  politician  ; 
educated  at  Harrow  ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1836  ; 
propounded  plan  for  relief  of  Irish  distress  by  emigration 
to  Canada ;  friend  of  Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield  [q.  v.] ; 
lived  at  Canterbury,  New  Zealand,  1850-2,  a  settlement 
founded  on  his  own  plan  :  afterwards  income-tax  com- 
missioner in  Ireland  :  under-secretary-at-war  ;  selection 
from  his  writings  and  speeches  published  in  New  Zea- 
land, 1863.  [xxii.  38] 


GODMOND,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1840),  author  of 
"The  Campaign  of  1346,'  1836,  and  '  Vincenzo,  Prin.-o  of 
Mantua,'  1840,  two  dramas  :  F.S.A.,  1837.  [xxii.  39] 

GODOLPHIN,  FRANCIS,  second EAULOFGonoi.niix 
(1678-1766),  con  of  Sidney  Godolphin,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
his  education  superintended  by  John  Evelyn  (1620-1706) 
[q.  v.];  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1705 ;  M.P.  for  East  Looe,  Helston,  1702-10,  for  Oxford- 
shire, 1708-10,  and  Tregony,  1710-12 ;  Viscount  Rialton, 
1706-12  ;  cofferer  of  the  household,  1704-11  and  1714-23; 
privy  councillor,  1723 ;  groom  of  the  stole  and  first  lord 
of  the  bed-chamber,  1727-35  :  acted  as  lord  justice,  1723, 
1725,  and  1727  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1735-40.  [xxii.  39] 

GODOLPHIN,  HENRY  (1648-1733),  provost  of  Eton 
and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  younger  brother  of  Sidney,  earl  of 
Godolphin  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford  :  B.A.,  1668  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  1668  ;  M.A., 
1672  :  D.D.,  1685 ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1677  ;  provost,  1695- 
1707  and  1726-33  :  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1707-26  ;  benefactor 
of  Eton  and  Salisbury.  [xxii.  40] 

GODOLPHIN,  JOHN  (1617-1678),  civilian ;  D.C.L. 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1643  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty, 
1653 :  king's  advocate,  1660 ;  published,  among  other 
works,  'The  Holy  Limbec,'  1650,  and  'Repertorium 
Canonicum,'  1678.  [xxii.  41] 

GODOLPHIN,  MRS.  MARGARET  (1652-1678),  friend 
of  John  Evelyn  :  nee  Blagge  :  maid  of  honour  to  Duchess 
of  York  and  to  Queen  Catharine :  privately  married  Sid- 
ney (afterwards  earl  of)  Godolphin  [q.  v.],  1675  ;  Evelyn's 
account  of  her  published,  1847.  [xxii.  41] 

GODOLPHIN,  SIDNEY  (1610-1643),  poet;  educated 
at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  M.P.,  Helston,  1628-43  ;  joined 
Sir  Ralph  Hopton's  force  and  fell  in  skirmish  at  Chag- 
ford ;  friend  of  Falkland,  Hobbes,  and  Clarendon  :  Suck- 
ling's 'Little  Sid';  his  'Passion  of  Dido'  (finished  by 
Waller)  contained  in  Dryden's  '  Miscellany,'  and  songs  by 
him  in  Ellis's  '  Specimens '  and  the '  Tixall  Poetry.' 

[xxii.  42] 

GODOLPHIN,  SIDNEY,  first  EARL  OF  GODOLPHIX 
(1645-1712),  statesman  :  page  of  honour  to  the  king,  1662  ; 
master  of  the  robes,  1678 :  M.P.,  Helston,  1668-79,  St. 
Mawes,  1679-81 :  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1679 ;  allied  with 
Sunderland  and  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth ;  corresponded 
with  the  Prince  of  Orange ;  secretary  of  state,  1684  ; 
created  Baron  Godolphin,  1684;  chamberlain  to  Queen 
Mary  of  Modena,  1685,  with  whom  he  attended  mass ;  a 
commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1687 ;  one  of  James  IPs 
last  adherents ;  advocated  regency  on  James  IPs  flight : 
constantly  corresponded  with  St.  Germain,  sending  warn- 
ing of  the  projected  attack  on  Brest,  1694  ;  head  of  the 
treasury,  1690-6 ;  the  only  tory  lord  justice,  1695 :  impli- 
cated in  confession  of  Sir  John  Fenwick  [q.  v.],  1696 :  re- 
signed ;  again  first  lord,  1700-1 ;  lord  high  treasurer  and 
Marlborough's  confidential  ally,  1702-10 :  induced  by  the 
duchess  to  force  the  queen  to  replace  tory  by  whig  minis- 
ters ;  took  part  in  promoting  union  with  Scotland  and 
in  Portuguese  and  Spanish  affairs :  supported  whigs  in 
insisting  on  barrier  treaty  with  Dutch ;  attacked  by 
Sacheverell  as  'Volpone,'  vehemently  urged  his  impeach- 
ment, 1709 ;  dismissed  by  Anne  with  a  pension,  1710  ;  his 
financial  administration  defended  by  Walpole. 

[xxii.  42] 

GODOLPHIN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1634  ?-1696),  ambas- 
sador:   educated  at    Westminster   and  Christ  Church 
Oxford  ;  student,  1651 :  M.A.,  1661 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1663 
M.P.,  Camelford,   1666;    knighted,    1668;    envoy  extra 
ordinary  to  Spain,  1669  ;  ambassador  at  Madrid,  1671-8 
recalled  under  suspicion  of  Roman  Catholicism  (1678), 
which  he  soon  openly  professed :   died  at  Madrid :    bis 
notarial  act  providing  for  a  posthumous  will  declared 
invalid  by  parliament,  1698.  [xxii.  46] 

GODRIC  (1065  ?-1170),  founder  of  Finchale  ;  for  six- 
teen years  merchant  and  shipowner  :  probably  the '  Guderi- 
cup,pirataderegno  AngHae,'  with  whom  Baldwin  I  of  Jeru- 
salem Bailed  from  A rsuf  to  Jaffa,  1102;  made  pilgrimages 
to  Rome,  St.  James  of  Compostella,  and  St.  Gilles  in  Pro- 
vence ;  for  sixty  years  lived  as  a  hermit  under  Rannulf 
Flambard's  protection  at  Finchale  on  the  Wear,  where  he 
built  a  wooden  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Virgin. 

[xxii.  47] 

GODSALVE,  EDWARD  (d.  1568  ?),  Roman  catholic 
divine,  original  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1546 ;  B.D.,  1554 ;  prebendary  of  Chichester ;  rector  of 


GODSALVE 


505 


GOFFE 


Fulbourn,  1554  :  retired  to  Antwerp,  c.  15Co. 
of  divinity    in  M.   Michm-l's   monastery:  Hit.-.!  fiiri-to- 
pherson's  version  of    Eusebius  (part  i.)  and  translated 
partiii.  [xxii.  49] 

GODSALVE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1556),  clerk  of  the  signet 
to  Henry  VIII,  and  comptroller  of  the  mint  iimlt-r 
Edward  VI ;  knight  of  the  carpet,  1547.  [xxii.  49] 

GODWIN  or  GODWINE  (d.  1053),  earl  of  the  West- 
Saxons;  described  as  'dux'  in  1018;  accompanied  Gnat 
to  Denmark,  1019 ;  appointed  by  Gnat  earl  of  the  West- 
Saxons,  and  married  to  Qytha,  sister  of  Ulf ;  acquired 
great  influence,  by  his  wealth  and  talent  for  oratory ; 
supported  claims  of  Harthacnut  to  the  crown,  1035,  but 
afterwards  accepted  Harold  (Hnrefoot) ;  accused  by  many 
writers  of  causing  death  (1U36)  of  vElfred  the  aetheling 
[q.  v.]  ;  compelled  to  clear  himself  by  oath  on  accession 
of  Harthacnut,  1040  ;  procured  the  peaceful  accession  of 
Kdward  the  Confessor,  1042 ;  headed  the  national  party 
against  the  Norman  favourites  ;  married  his  daughter 
Eadgyth  (Edith)  to  King  Edward ;  obtained  for  his 
second  son  Harold  earldom  of  East  Anglia  and  for  his 
eldest  son  Swegen  earldom  of  some  Mercian  shires ; 
weakened  by  the  accession  of  Robert  of  Jumieges  to  the 
sees  of  London  (1044)  and  Canterbury  (1050),  who  revived 
the  old  charge  against  him  ;  outlawed  with  his  sons,  1051 ; 
took  refuge  with  Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders,  his  son 
Tostig's  father-in-law ;  made  descents  on  the  Isle  of  Wight 
and  Portland,  1052 ;  with  the  support  of  Kent,  Surrey, 
Sussex,  and  London  sailed  up  the  Thames  ;  restored  with 
bis  family  to  favour ;  died  at  Winchester  of  apoplexy 
while  supping  with  Edward.  [xxii.  50] 

GODWIN,  MRS.  CATHERINE  GRACE  (1798-1845), 
poet;  daughter  of  Thomas  Garnett  (1766-1802)  [q.  v.]  ; 
married  Thomas  Godwin,  1824 ;  published  '  The  Night  be- 
fore the  Bridal,'  and  '  The  Wanderer's  Legacy,'  1829. 

[xxii.  55] 

GODWIN,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1833-1886),  archi- 
tect ;  practised  in  Bristol  and  London ;  assisted  Burgess 
in  designs  for  new  law  courts,  and  Edis  in  those  for  the 
Berlin  parliament  house ;  restored  Dromore  Castle  and 
Castle  Ashby ;  designed  theatrical  costumes  and  scenery  ; 
published  '  Temple  Bar  Illustrated,'  1877,  and  an  adapta- 
tion of  '  The  Faithfull  Shepherdesse,'  and  other  works. 

[xxii.  55] 

GODWIN,  FRANCIS  (1562-1633),  bishop  of  Llandaff 
and  Hereford ;  son  of  Thomas  Godwin  (1617-1590)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1584;  D.D.,  1596;  sub-dean 
of  Exeter,  1587 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1601,  of  Hereford, 
1617  ;  his  'Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  England,'  with 
lives  (1601),  edited  and  continued  by  William  Richardson, 
1643  ;  his  Latin  '  Annals '  (Henry  VIII-Mary),  translated 
by  his  sou  Morgan.  From  Godwin's  '  Man  in  the  Moone' 
(published  posthumously,  1638),  John  Wilkins,  bishop  of 
Chester,  and  Cyrano  de  Bergerac  are  supposed  to  have  bor- 
rowed their  imaginary  sketches  of  life  in  the  moon. 

[xxii.  56] 

GODWIN,  GEORGE  (1815-1888),  architect;  won 
British  architects'  prize  for  essay  on  '  Concrete,'  1835  ; 
hon.  secretary  Art  Union  of  London,  1836-7;  became 
editor  of  the  '  Builder,'  1844  :  restored  St.  Mary  Redcliffe, 
and  erected  many  buildings  in  Bristol ;  treasurer  of  Royal 
Literary  Fund ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  gold  medallist  of 
Institute  of  Architects,  1881 ;  founded  Godwin  bursary ; 
active  member  of  royal  commission  on  housing  of  working 
classes,  1884;  noted  collector  of  chairs  of  celebrities. 
His  works  include  '  The  Churches  of  London,'  1838,  and 
architectural  monographs.  [xxii.  58] 

GODWIN,  SIR  HENRY  THOMAS  (1784-1853),  major- 
general  ;  ensign,  9th  foot,  1799  ;  served  in  Hanover.  1805, 
and  in  the  Peninsula ;  severely  wounded  at  Barossa,  1811 ; 
C.B. ;  lieutenant-colonel,  41st  foot,  1815;  commanded  it 
in  first  Burmese  war,  1824-6  ;  major-general,  1846 ;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  second  Burmese  war,  1862-3 ;  K.C.B. ; 
died  at  Simla.  [xxii.  69] 

GODWIN,  MRS.  MART  WOLLSTONECRAFT  (1759- 
1797),  author;  nie  Wollstonecraf t ;  kept  school  at  New- 
ington  Green  with  her  sister  Eliza;  governess  to  Lord 
Kingsborough's  children,  1787-8  ;  employed  for  five  years 
by  Johnson,  a  London  publisher ;  at  Paris  formed  connec- 
tion with  Gilbert  Imlay,  1793-5 :  attempted  to  drowt  her- 
self in  despair  at  his  unfaithfulness ;  married  William 
Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.],  1797;  died  at  the  birth  of  her 
daughter  Mary ;  Opie's  portraits  of  her  engraved  in  her 


life  by  C.  Kegan  Paul.  She  published  '  Thoughts  on  tho 
1  Munition  of  Daughters,'  1787,  'Original  Stories  from  Real 
Life,'  1788,  •  Vindication  of  tin-  lights  of  \Vom,-n,'  1792, 
iiiul  other  works;  her  'Letters  to  Imlay' edited  by  C.  K. 
I'aul,  1879.  [xxii.  60] 

GODWIN,  MORGAN  (ft.  1685X  minister  in  Virginia  ; 
grandson  of  Bishop  Francis  Godwin  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1664;  minister  in  Virginia:  died  in 
England ;  published  '  The  Negro's  and  Indian's  Advocate 
suing  for  their  Admission  into  the  Church,'  1680. 

[xxiL  62] 

GODWIN,  THOMAS  (1517-1590),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1545  ;  M.A.. 
1548 ;  first  bead-master  of  Brackley  school,  1549  ;  licensed 
medical  practitioner,  1556 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Nicholas 
Bullingham  [q.  v.] ;  D.D.,  1566 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
1566,  of  Canterbury,  1567 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1584-90 ;  offended  Elizabeth  by  making  a  second  marriage. 

[xxii.  62] 

GODWIN,  THOMAS  (d.  1642),  master  of  Abingdon 
school ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1609 ;  D.D. ;  rector 
of  Brightwell,  Berkshire;  published  'Romance  Historic 
Anthologia'  (16th  ed.,  1696),  'Moses  and  Aaron*  (12th 
ed.,  1685),  and  other  works.  [xxiL  63] 

GODWIN,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1803-1832),  re- 
porter to  the  'Morning  Chronicle,'  1823-32;  son  of 
William  Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  his  novel,  •Trans- 
fusion,' published  by  his  father,  1835.  [xxii.  64] 

GODWIN,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1756-1836),  philo- 
sopher and  novelist;  began  philosophical  studies  at 
H  ox  ton  Academy  under  Dr.  Rees  ;  dissenting  minister  for 
four  years ;  became  connected  with  extreme  whigs,  and 
an  atheist,  under  influence  of  Thomas  Holcroft  [q.  v.] ; 
married  Mary  Wollstonecraft  [see  GODWIN,  MRS.  MARY 
WOLLSTONECRAFT],  1797 ;  after  refusals  from  Harriet 
Lee  [q.  v.]  and  Mrs.  Reveley  (Maria  Gisborne),  married 
(1801)  Mrs.  Clairmont,  mother  of  Clara  Mary  Jane  Clair- 
mont  [q.  v.] ;  quarrelled  with  Dr.  Parr  and  Sir  J.  Mackin- 
tosh, who  had  criticised  his  ethics  ;  converted  by  Coleridge 
to  theism ;  his  '  Tragedy  of  Antonio '  unsuccessful  at 
Drury  Lane,  1800  ;  started  (1806)  a  publishing  business, 
which  failed  in  1822,  though  at  first  successful  with 
Lamb's  'Tales  from  Shakespeare,'  and  some  children's 
books  written  by  Godwin  under  the  name  Baldwin ;  de- 
rived pecuniary  assistance  from  his  acquaintance  with 
Wedgwood  and  Shelley ;  obtained  the  sinecure  office  of 
yeoman  usher  of  the  exchequer  from  Earl  Grey,  1833; 
published  'Enquiry  concerning  Political  Justice,'  1793, 
which  made  him  known  as  the  philosophical  representa- 
tive of  English  radicalism,  a  memoir  of  Mary  Wollstoue- 
craft,  1798,  the  novels  '  Adventures  of  Caleb  Williams,' 
1794  (dramatised  as  the 'Iron  Chest'),  'St.  Leon,'  1799, 
and  others;  produced  ' Life  of  Chaucer,'  1803, 'Of  Popu- 
lation '  (answer  to  Malthus),  1820,  and '  History  of  the 
Commonwealth,'  1824-8 ;  posthumous  '  essays '  by  him 
issued,  1873.  [xxii.  64] 

GODWIN-ATJSTEN,  ROBERT  ALFRED  CLOYNB 
(1808-1884),  geologist ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1830;  B.A.,  1830;  pupil  of  Buckland ;  F.G.S.,  1830; 
F.R.S.,  1849  :  took  additional  surname  of  Godwin,  1863  ; 
published  essay  'on  the  possible  extension  of  the  coal- 
measures  beneath  the  south-eastern  parts  of  England,' 
1854;  Wollaston  medallist,  1862:  foreign  secretary  of 
Geological  Society,  1865-7;  wrote  important  papers  on 
the  geological  formation  of  Devonshire,  southern  England, 
and  parte  of  France  ;  completed  works  by  Edward  Forbes 
[q.  vO  [xxiL  68] 

GOETZ,  JOHN  DANIEL  (1592-1672).   [See  GETSICS.] 

GOFFE.    [See  ak  t  GOUGH.] 

GOFFE  or  GOTJOH,  JOHN  (1610 7-1661),  divine; 
perpetual  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1630;  M.A., 
1631 ;  D.D.,  1660 :  ejected  from  living  of  Hackington,  and 
imprisoned  for  refusing  the  covenant,  1643;  restored, 
1660,  having  meanwhile  bid  the  living  of  Norton ;  pub- 
lished 'Ecclesiae  Anglicana  Threnodia,'  1661.  [xxii.  69] 

GOFFE  or  GOTTGH,  STEPHEN  (1605-1681),  royalist 
divine ;  brother  of  John  Go.fe  [q.  v.]:  M.A.  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1627;  DJX,  1636;  chaplain  in  the  Low 
Countries  and  to  Charles  I ;  c  taployed  by  the  king  abroad 
and  in  negotiating  with  the  Scots :  became  a  Romanist ; 
superior  of  French  Oratoriam .  1655 ;  chaplain  to  Henrietta 


GOLDSMITH 


[«*,«] 

THOMAS 
r>ftminttn 
Oxford:  MA.  1616  :  M.A.  Cambridge,  1«7:  BJX.  1«3 


acted  at  Chrfat  Church;  his'Coiihai  rV|muilimj;  per- 
fanned  before  the  king  and  queen  at  &oBsbnry  (pnbBsned, 
1CK):  said  to  have  died  from  his  wife"*  imaajUuo : 


------    -      ... 


WILLIAM  (A  1C7»?X  regicide: 
[q.  r.j ;  captain  in  Hartey^  new 
lttf:memoeraf  deputation  which  pre- 
,1«47:  oneof 


OHN  (1W8-1613X  1*»  reporter: 
:;:.::..:    :,-       :       :.  :. .  ":.  :      .- 

-.    .  --- 

CUTT,  JOHN  (1733-lSttX  architect :  recdied 
Bon  from  the  pope  for  coloured  drawing  of  the 
ceetioo  of  St.  Peter's,  1818:  ««*»aiitrf  at  the 
Aflomvtft  WMI 
mm*  UM-l 


in.  UENXY  LIND  (18J1-188TX    [See 

ABRAHAM  (17*?- 

ther  Ben  jama  GoU 

BIT;    Sat    UH 


BENJAMIN    il7i3?-laoex 
of  Abraham  Gottamd  :<j.  T.];  founder  of  the 
[rriLM] 

Sim    FRANCIS   HENRY 

aaw  «f  Sar  Isaac 

[q.  T.]  ;  tnt'Jewish  barrister  (  Linooln's  lu)  ;  QjCL,  18W  : 
wrote  in  favour  of  the  abtfitiaiofJewiBh  disabflitie  ; 


HENRY  EDWARD  <\Sl*-I8iS\ 


toB.lt! 

BENJAMIN(1793-l««3iphr$k3an:  MJ>. 
i:  the  extcnjion  of  the 


[«a.8*] 

i  ISAAC  LYON  (1TO-18MX  financier 

-    *&& 


Portngal,  184C;  prominent  in  fin 
OoDege,  London,  18SS,  and  of  the  N 


JOHN(Ain»X    peeGou>wnc.] 

18SSX   limiinuinni; 
,- Smirked  desos-Bor 


FRANCIS  (4L1C88?X 

PHILIP 

;mtheTrackee 
rttosafadneOndh:  in  chvgrof  Pyabodat  U>e 
:  of  the  mutiny :  shot  at  Brsjumjee.     [xxiL  78] 

(1M8-1C04X  bishop  of 

wester:  major  feOow.   Trinky  College,  Cnmbridge, 
':  MXlSO:  D-D,1WJ:    Tcbdcacon  <rf  Worcester. 
U7S.of  anpshin;U8§:  caoo^of  W< 


[xxa.Tf] 

SOL  /OHN  (o\  1«33X  i  iplsjhi  in 
•  navy:  eaptora*  by  Dutch  in  1673:  named 
nor  of  the  Bast  In  i»  Company,  1«* :  knighted, 

offerer  at  Chataaati(C»ic«ttaX     [zziL  7>] 
RK  HARD  (18SI-18MX  l^BBJil 


HUGH  OOLVILL  (178J-1841X  Beu- 
tenant  in  the  naTy :  grandson  of  Henry,  brother  of  Ofirer 
Goldsmith   [q.  T.]  ;    moved   and    replaced   the   Logan 
-   Cornwall,  18*4;  died  at  tea  in  theWert  Indies. 

[xxS.84] 

LEWIS  (1763  ?-184«X  poetical  writer 
Poland  during  war  of  independence : 
powers  who  repressed  the  resolution  in  *The 
in  Paris,  by  ar- 
re- 


and  joornafist 
attacked  the  p 


LoamXVnim  exchange  for  rent 
France:  escaped  to  England,  18W; 
an  anti-French  weekly  C  Anti-Gaffican.' 


\sss 

& 


(18»):  died  m  Paris. 

[rnLW] 

OLIVER  (irijui  774  t.»ctbor:  «cood 
wn  of  an  Irish  denrymon ;  entered  Triaitj  OaDege,  Dub- 
hn,nsa  suar,  1744:  sold  his  books  and  ran  away  to  Cork 
of  -0600001  ilisilimmiiif  ronned  from  his 

We  m  Ireland  till  1741,  when  he 
:  whfle  on  h»  way 

nt  to  Leyden :  wan- 
Sw.t»rUni  and  Italy, 
degree  at  LouTahior 
Voltaire  at  am  boose  near 
OH  : 


17»7:  mOed  to 
in  India,  17*8;  throogii 


GOLDSTUECKER 


507 


GOOCH 


his  '  Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of  Polite 
(1759)  became  acquainted  with  Thomas  Per* 
wards  bishop  of  Dromore  [q.  v.] :  contributed  to  •Critical 
Review '  and  other  magazines :  employed  by  John 
boy  [q.  v.],  in  whose  'Public  Ledger'  his  'Citiien  of  the 
;  (1762)  appeared  as  •Chinese  Letters';  made  ac- 
quaintance of  Dr.  Johnson,  1761,  and  afterwards  became 
a  member  of  hu  club;  his  -Traveller'  (1764)  highly 
praised  by  Johnson;  introduced  by  the  'Traveller'  to  his 
only  patron,  Lord  Clare :  set  np  for  the  last  time  as  a  phy- 
sician on  the  strength  of  his  collected  essay*,  1765:  the 
*  Vi«»r  of  WatofieVl '  mid  bv  Johnson  for  him.  1766  (96th 


Vicar  of  Wakefield '  sold  by  Johnson  for  him,  1766  (96th 
886) ;  saved  by  the  proceeds  from  arrest  for 
debt;  left  laHne*""  for  the  Temple ;  wrote  for  the  book- 


sellers a  'History  of  Rome,'  1769,  lives  of  Paruell  and 
Bolingbroka,  1770,  and  an  English  history,  1771;  h> 
•Goodnatored  Man '  rejected  by  Garrick,  but  produced  by 
Coiman  at  Covent  Garden,  1768 ;  his  comedy  'Sue  stoops 
to  Conquer '  played  at  Covent  Garden,  1773 ;  went  to  Paris 
with  the  Hornecks,  1770 ;  had  altercation  (1771)  with 
Evans,  the  publisher  of  the  '  London  Packet,'  in  which  the 
insulting  letter  of  •  Torn  Tickle '  appeared  ;  the '  Deserted 
Village,'  1770,  'The  Retaliation,'  1774,  'The  History  of 
Greece,'  1774.  and  'Animated  Nature,'  1774,  were  his  last 
works.  He  was  buried  in  the  Temple  Church,  a  monu- 
ment at  the  expense  of  'the  Club'  being  placed  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  Dublin  editions  of  poems  and  plays  ap- 
peared, 1777  and  1780,  English,  18S1  and  1846  :  '  Miscel- 
laneous Works,'  with  memoir  from  Bishop  Percy's  mate- 
rials, 183L  [xxiL  86] 

GOLDSTTTECXEB,  THBODOR  (1821-1872),  orien- 
talist; of  Jewish  parentage;  graduated  at  his  native 
Kbnigsberg,  1840 ;  studied  at  Bonn ;  while  at  Paris  assisted 
Burnouf  in  '  L'Introduction  a  I'Histoire  du  Booddhisme 
indien  ' ;  at  Berlin  helped  A.  von  Humboldt  with  his 
'  Kosmos ':  came  to  Rngltmd,  1850,  to  assist  Professor  H.  H. 
Wilson  with  new  edition  of  his 'Sanskrit  Dictionary'; 
professor  of  Sanskrit  at  University  College,  London, 
1852 ;  member  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society ;  founded  San- 
skrit Text  Society.  1866 :  attacked  Bohtiingk,  Roth,  and 
Weber  in  a  work  on  Panini,  1861 ;  his  ' T -*«—  ««»«*;„«  • 


issued,  1879. 


Literary  Remains ' 
[xxiL  95] 


GOLDWELL,  JAMES  (d.  1499X  bishop  of  Norwich  ; 
D.C.L.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1452 ;  dean  of  Salisbury, 
1463 ;  secretary  of  state  under  Edward  IV ;  negotiated 
peace  with  France,  1471 ;  proctor  at  Rome,  1472 ;  bishop 
of  Norwich,  1472-99 ;  completed  the  tower  of  his  cathe- 
dral, and  fitted  np  the  choir  and  chapels ;  benefactor  of 
All  Souls'.  [xxiL  961 

GOLDWELL,  THOMAS  (d.  1585X  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph:  MJL  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1531;  vicar  of 
Cheritoa,  1531 ;  chaplain  to  Reginald  Pole  [q.  v.],  with 
whom  he  lived  at  Rome ;  attainted,  1539 ;  returned  to 
England,  1553 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1555-8 :  romanised 
his  diocese ;  attended  Pole  on  his  deathbed,  1558 ;  escaped 
to  the  continent,  1559 ;  superior  of  Theatines  at  Naples, 
1561 ;  the  only  English  bishop  at  council  of  Trent,  1562 ; 
attainted,  1562;  vicar-general  to  Archbishop  Borromeo, 
1563 ;  vicegerent  for  the  cardinal- vicar  at  Rome,  1574 ; 
prevented  by  illness  from  heading  the  English  mission ; 
died  in  Rome  ;  last  of  the  English  Romanist  bishops. 

[xxii.  97] 

GOLDWDf  or  GOLDIHG,  JOHN  (d.  1719X  musical 
composer ;  organist  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1697 ; 
of  the  choristers,  1703 ;  some  of  his  sacred  com- 
ns  published  in  Boyce  and  Arnold's  'Cathedral 
: '  and  Page's  '  Harmonia  Sacra.'  [xxiL  99] 

GOLIGHTLY,  CHARLES  POURTALES  (1807-1885), 
divine ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  MJL, 
1830;  a  subscriber  to'Tracts  for  the  Times';  disagreed 
with  Newman,  and  afterwards  wrote  largely  against  the 
ritnalists,  especially  attacking  Caddesdon  College. 

[xxiL  100] 

GOMEESALL,  ROBERT  (1602-1646  ?X  dramatist  and 
divine ;  MJL.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1621 ;  BJX,  1628 ; 
vicar    of    Thorncombe :    published    "The    Tragedie    of 
Lodovick  Sforza*  and  'The  Levites  Revenge,'  a  poe 
(together,  1633).  [xxiL  101] 

GOMX,  Sa  WILLIAM  MAYNARD  (1784-1875X 
field-marshal :  ensign,  1794 :  served  with  the  9th  foot  in 
Holland,  1799;  at  Ferrol,  1800,  and  Hanover,  1805: 
captain,  1803;  assistant  quartermaster-general  in  Copen- 
hagen expedition  of  1807,  and  in  Portugal,  1808;  at 


Corona  with  Moore:  on  staff  of  Wa 
1809:  served  in  the  Peninsula,  1810-14; 
colonel,  1812,  having  greatly  ^'rt'nyn^hfd  Wm«Hf  at 
Salamanca,  1812 ;  led  his  division  in  subsequent  retreat  on 
Portugal  and  advance  to  the  Ebro ;  created  K.C.B.  and 
transferred  to  CoWstream  guards ;  on  staff  at  Quatre 
Brag  and  Waterloo, 181ft  ;  major-general,  1817 :  comman- 
der in  Jamaica,  1839-42  ;  governor  of  Mauritius,  1841-9 ; 
commander-in-chief  in  India,  1850-S;  general,  1854 ; 
field-marshal,  1868;  constable  of  the  Tower,  1872-«: 
D.C.L.  Oxford;  LL.D.  Cambridge;  G.C A ;  his  letters 
from  the  Peninsula  published,  1881.  [xxiL  101] 

GOMME.  SIR  BERNARD  DK  ( 1620-1685 X  military 
engineer:  served  under  Frederick  Henry,  prince  of 
Orange :  knighted  by  Charles  I ;  engineer  and  quarter- 
master-general in  royalist  army,  1642-6 ;  his  plans  of 
Marston  Moor,  Naseby,  and  aecoud  fight  at  Newbury  in 
British  Museum  ;  as  engineer-in-chief  (1661)erected  forti- 
fications at  Dunkirk,  Portsmouth,  and  Plymouth,  and 
made  plans  for  works  at  Harwich  and  Dublin  ;  surveyor- 
general  of  ordnance,  1685.  [xxiL  103] 

GOMPEETZ,  BENJAMIN  (1779-1865X  mathemati- 
cian and  actuary  ;  of  Jewish  extraction  ;  president  of  the 
old  Mathematical  Society  of  Spitaliields ;  F  R-S.,  1819 ; 
member  of  council  of  Astronomical  Society,  1821-31 ;  with 
Francis  Baily  [q.  v.]  began  catalogue  of  stars,  1822 ; 
last  of  the  Newtonian  school ;  published  tracts  on  ima- 
ginary quantities  and  porisms.  1*17-18;  as  actuary  of 
Alliance  Assurance  Company  (1824-48)  propounded  his 
law  of  human  mortality,  1825.  [xxii.  104] 

GOMPEETZ,  LEWIS  (d.  1861 ).  lover  of  animals  and 
inventor ;  brother  of  Benjamin  Gompertz  [q.  v.] ;  for 
some  years  honorary  secretary  of  Society  for  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  which  he  left  when  charged  with 
Pythagoreanism  ;  founded  Animals'  Friend  Society,  1832, 
for  which  he  edited  'The  Animals'  Friend';  published 
'Mechanical  Inventions  and  Suggestions  on  Land  and 
Water  Locomotion,'  1850.  His  thirty-eight  inventions 
included  the  expanding  chuck  still  in  use.  [xxiL  105] 

GONDEBOTTR  or  GOUDIBOTJE,  THOMAS  (Jt.  1484), 
prior  of  Carlisle,  1484-1507.  [xxiL  105] 

GONELL.  WILLIAM  (d.  1546 ?X  friend  of  Erasmus; 

i  MJL  Cambridge,  1488 ;'  public  professor '  at  Cambridge ; 

1  tutor  to  Sir  Thomas  More's  children :  rector  of  Conington, 
1517  ;  possibly  author  of  'Ad  Erasmum  Roterodamensem 
Epistolarum  Liber.'  [xxiL  106] 

GOKVTLE,  EDMUND  (d.  1351),  founder  of  Gonville 
Hall  (now  Gonville  and  Cains  CollegeX  Cambridge; 
steward  of  William,  earl  Warren,  and  of  the  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster ;  rector  of  Theluetham,  Suffolk ;  rector  of  Rush- 
worth,  1326,  and  Terrington  St.  John,  1342 :  his  founda- 
tion at  Rush  worth  (134")  for  a  master  and  four  priests 
suppressed,  1541.  Gonvile  Hall,  originally  (1348)  a  purely 
theological  foundation  on  the  present  site  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  was  removed  by  Bishop  Bateman  and  its 
statutes  remodelled.  It  was  enlarged  by  Dr.  John  Caius 
,  [q.v.],1558.  [xxiL  108] 

GOOCH,  BENJAMIN  (fl.  1775),  surgeon  to  Sbottis- 
ham  infirmary  and  (1771)  consulting  surgeon  to  NorwuM 
hospital :  his  works  issued,  1792.  [xxiL  107] 

GOOCH,  SIR  DANIEL,  first  baronet  (1816-1889X  rail- 
way pioneer  and  inventor;  trained  in  Stephenaon  <t 
Pease's  works  at  Newcastle:  twenty-seven  years  locomo- 
tive superintendent  of  Great  Western  railway ;  designed 

'  the  best  broad-gauge  engines ;  invented  '  the  suspended 
link  motion  with  the  shifting  radius  link,'  1843,  and  ex- 
perimented with  a  dynamometer  carriage ;  created  baro- 
net, 1866,  for  inauguration  of  telegraphic  communication 

,  with  America;  as  chairman,  1865-87,  reorganised  the 
Great  Western  Railway ;  M.P.,  Cricklade,  1865-85. 

[xxiL  107] 
GOOCH,  ROBERT  (1784-1830X  physician  :  descendant 

'  of  Sir  Thomas  Gooch  [q.  v.] ;  MJ>.  Edinburgh,  1807 ; 
LJLC .P.,  1812 ;  practised  in  Berners  Street  as  a  gyne- 
cologist ;  librarian  to  the  king,  1826 :  contributed  to  the 
'Quarterly';  his  'Beguines  and  Nursing'  appended  to 
Southey's  'Colloquies ' ;  wrote  on  the  diseases  of  women, 
1829.  [xxiL  108] 

GOOCH.  SIR  THOMAS,  second  baronet  (1674-1754), 

j  bishop  of  Ely ;  MJL  and  fellow,  Caios  College,  Cambridge, 

1698 ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Anne ;  archdeacon  of   BMBZ, 


GOOD 


508 


GOODENOUGH 


1714-37 :  master  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1716-54  ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1717 ;  bishop  of  Bristol, 
1737-8  of  Norwich,  1738-48,  Ely,  1748-54  ;  succeeded  as 
baronet,  1751.  [xxii.  109] 

GOOD,  JOHN  MASON  (1764-1827),  physician  and 
author;  active  member  of  Guy's  Hospital  Physical 
Society ;  practised  at  Sudbury ;  came  to  London,  1793 ; 
M.R.C.S. ;  published  a  'History  of  Medicine,'  1795  ;  edited 
'  ( Yitical  Review,'  and  studied  Spanish,  Portuguese,  and 
Russian,  besides  Sanskrit  and  oriental  languages ;  F.R.S., 
1805 ;  left  unitarianism  for  the  Anglican  church,  1807. 
Among  his  numerous  works  the  chief  are  annotated  trans- 
lations of  '  The  Song  of  Songs,'  1803,  'Lucretius,'  1805-7 
(reissued  by  Bohn), '  Pantologia,'  1802-13  (in  conjunction 
with  Olinthus  Gilbert  Gregory  [q.  v.]),  and  'The  Book  of 
Nature,'  1826.  [xxii.  110] 

GOOD,  JOSEPH  HENRY  (1775-1857),  architect ;  de- 
signed vestry  hall  and  national  school,  Holborn,  and  the 
new  hall  of  the  Armourers'  Company,  Ooleman  Street ; 
architect  to  the  Pavilion,  Brighton,  and  to  the  commission 
for  building  new  churches  ;  clerk  of  works  to  the  Tower, 
1830,  and  Kensington  Palace,  1831 ;  an  original  fellow  of 
the  Institute  of  Architects.  [xxii.  Ill] 

GOOD,  THOMAS  (1609-1678),  master  of  Batliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Balliol,  1630-58 ;  M.A.,  1631 ; 
rector  of  Ooreley,  Shropshire ;  D.D. :  prebendary  of  Here- 
ford, 1660  ;  master  of  Balliol,  1672-8;  published  'Fir- 
mianus  and  Dubitantius,'  1674.  [xxii.  112] 

GOOD,  THOMAS  SWORD  (1789-1872),  painter,  of  the 
school  of  Wilkie ;  excelled  in  pictures  of  boys,  fishermen, 
and  smugglers ;  exhibited  at  the  principal  London  ex- 
hibitions, 1820-34.  [xxii.  112] 

GOOD,  WILLIAM  (1527-1586),  Jesuit;  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1548  ;  M.A.,  1552 ;  head- 
master and  prebendary  of  Wells  in  Queen  Mary's  reign ; 
professed  Jesuit,  1577  ;  missioner  to  Ireland,  Sweden,  and 
Poland;  confessor  to  English  college,  Rome;  published 
(1584),  engraved  pictures  of  English  martyrs  (formerly  in 
the  English  college);  reproduced,  under  supervision  of 
Rev.  John  Morris,  1888 ;  died  at  Naples.  [xxii.  113] 

GOODACRE,  HUGH  (d.  1553),  primate  of  Ireland, 
1563 ;  previously  vicar  of  Shalfleetand  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Poyiiet  of  Winchester.  [xxii.  114] 

GOODAL,  WALTER  (1706  ?-1766).    [See  GOODALL.] 

GOODALL,  CHARLES,  the  younger  (1671-1689), 
poet ;  son  of  Charles  Goodall  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton 
and  Merton  College  Oxford ;  published  '  Poems  and 
Translations,'  1689.  '  [xxii.  115] 

GOODALL,  CHARLES,  the  elder  (1642-1712),  physi- 
cian ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1670  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1680 ;  Gulstonian 
lecturer,  1685 ;  twice  Harveian  orator ;  four  times  censor ; 
president,  1708-12;  physician  to  the  Charterhouse,  1691 ; 
friend  of  Sydenham  and  Sloane ;  published  treatises  relat- 
ing to  the  College  of  Physicians,  1684.  [xxii.  114] 

GOODALL,  CHARLOTTE  (fi.  1784-1813),  actress; 
made  successful  debut  at  Bath  (as  Miss  Stanton)  in  Rosa- 
lind, 1784 ;  married  Thomas  Goodall  [q.  v.],  1787 ;  first 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1788;  acted  there  till  1798-9  ; 
Sir  Harry  Wildair  and  Katharine  among  her  chief  parts  ; 
divorced  by  her  husband,  1813.  [xxii.  115] 

GOODALL,  EDWARD  (1795-1870),  line-engraver; 
engraved  many  of  Turner's  pictures  and  the  vignettes  for 
his  illustrations  of  Rogers's '  Italy '  and  '  Poems ' ;  executed 
several  of  the  '  Engravings  from  Pictures  in  the  National 
Gallery ' ;  engraved  figure-subjects  after  paintings  by  his 
son  Frederick  Goodall,  R.A.,  and  plates  for  the  'Art 
Journal '  and  other  works.  [xxii.  115] 

GOODALL,  FREDERICK  TREVELYAN  (1848-1871), 
painter;  grandson  of  Edward  Goodall  [q.  v.];  Academy 
gold  medallist  with  '  Return  of  Ulysses,'  1869 ;  died  from 
an  accident  at  Capri.  [xxii.  116] 

GOODALL,  HOWARD  (1850-1874),  painter ;  brother 
of  Frederick  Trevelyan  Goodall  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1870-3  ;  died  at  Cairo.  [xxii.  116] 

GOODALL,  JOSEPH  (1760-1840),  provost  of  Eton ; 
fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1783 ;  Craven  scho- 
lar, 1782 ;  M.A.,  1786 ;  head-master  of  Eton,  1801 ;  pro- 
vost, 1809 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1808;  founded  scholarship 
at  Eton.  [xxii.  1161 


GOODALL,  SAMUEL  GRANSTON  (d.  1801),  ad- 
miral ;  captured  French  privateer  oa  the  coast  of  Norwuy, 
1760  ;  present  at  reduction  of  Havana,  1762  ;  commanded 
the  Defiance  at  Ushant,  1778  ;  in  the  Valiant  at  relief  of 
Gibraltar,  1781,  and  in,the  actions  off  Dominica,  1782; 
commander-in-chief  in  Newfoundland,  1792;  admiral, 
1799.  [xxii.  116] 

G90DALL,  THOMAS  (1767-1832?),  'admiral  of 
Hayti ' ;  ran  away  to  sea  and  was  wrecked  on  St.  Kitte, 
1780;  midshipman  in  Dominica  action,  1782;  married 
Charlotte  Stanton  [see  GOODALL,  CHARLOTTE],  1787 ;  ob- 
tained divorce,  1813;  took  command  of  merchant-ship 
bound  for  West  Indies ;  captured  by  French,  but  allowed 
to  escape;  made  numerous  captures  with  a  privateer 
before  1801 ;  again  captured  by  the  French,  1803  ;  escaped 
through  Germany ;  assisted  Christophe  in  Hayti. 

[xxii.  117] 

GOODALL,  WALTER  (1706  ?-1766),  Scottish  histori- 
cal writer ;  sub-librarian  of  the  Advocates'  Library, 
Edinburgh,  1735 ;  his  examination  (1754)  of  the  letters  of 
Mary  Stewart  to  BothwelL,  the  first  apology  for  the 
queen;  assisted  Keith  in  'Catalogue  of  Scots  Bishops'; 
edited,  among  other  works,  Fordun's  '  Scotichrouicon,' 
1759.  [xxii.  118] 

GOODALL,  WALTER  (1830-1889),  water-colour 
painter ;  youngest  son  of  Edward  Goodall  [q.  v.]  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Old  Water-colour  Society,  1862 ;  some  of  hia 
best  work  exhibited  at  Manchester,  1861;  and  his 
'Lottery  Ticket'  at  Philadelphia  Exhibition,  1876. 

[xxii.  119] 

GOODCOLE,  HENRY  (1586-1641),  divine;  attended 
prisoners  in  Newgate,  and  published  their  confessions. 

[xxii.  119] 

GOODE,  FRANCIS  (1797 ?-1842),  divine;  son  of 
William  Goode  [q.  v.],  the  elder ;  of  St.  Paul's  School  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  and  seventh  wrangler, 
1820;  M.A.,  1823;  Bell  university  scholar,  1817;  O.M.S. 
missionary  in  India ;  published  '  The  Better  Covenant.' 

[xxii.  119] 

GOODE,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1762-1816),  divine; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1787;  rector  of  St.  An- 
drew by  the  Wardrobe  and  St.  Anne,  Blackfriars,  1796  ; 
president  of  Sion  College,  1813;  his  'Essays  on  all  the 
Scriptural  Names  and  Titles  of  Christ '  published  by  his 
son  William,  1822.  [xxii.  120] 

GOODE,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1801-1868),  divine ; 
son  of  William  Goode  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  of  St.  Paul's 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  senior  classic, 
1822;  rector  of  St.  Antholin,  Watling  Street,  1835-49; 
of  All  Hallows  the  Great,  Thames  Street,  1849-56;  St. 
Margaret's,  Lothbury,  1856-60 ;  dean  of  Ripon,  1860 ;  edited 
'  Christian  Observer ' ;  published,  besides  life  of  his  father 
(1828),  many  evangelical  tracts  and  pamphlets,  and '  The 
Divine  Rule  of  Faith  and  Practice,'  1842.  [xxii.  120] 

GOODEN,  JAMES  (1670-1730),  Jesuit;  rector  of  St. 
Omer,  1722-8 ;  superior  of  the  house  of  probation,  Ghent, 
1728-30  ;  issued  at  Liege  '  Trigonometria  1  Mai  in  et  Sphse- 
rica,'  1704.  [xxii.  121] 

GOODEN,  PETER  (d.  1695),  Roman  catholic  contro- 
versialist ;  sent  from  Lisbon  on  the  English  mission ; 
chaplain  to  Duke  of  Berwick's  regiment ;  disputed  with 
Thomas  Birch  on  the  temporal  power  of  the  pope,  and 
with  Stillingfleet  and  with  William  Clagett  [q.  v.]  on  tran- 
substantiation.  [xxii.  121] 

GOODENOUGH,  EDMUND  (1785-1845),  dean  of 
Wells ;  sou  of  Samuel  Goodenough  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.  A.,  1807  ;  D.D.,  1820 ; 
vicar  of  Warkworth,  1818  ;  head-master  of  Westminster, 
1819-28  ;  prebendary  of  York,  Carlisle,  and  Westminster  ; 
prolocutor  of  lower  house :  dean  of  Wells,  1831-45  ;  mem- 
ber of  council  of  Royal  Society,  1828  ;  published  sermons. 

[xxti.  122] 

GOODENOTTGH,  JAMES  GRAHAM  (1830-1875), 
commodore ;  son  of  Edmund  Goodenough  [q.  v.]  ;  in  the 
Royal  William  at  siege  of  Bomarsund,  1864;  gunnery 
lieutenant  of  Hastings  at  bombardment  of  Sveaborg, 
1855 ;  served  in  Chinese  wars,  1857-8,  and  1860-1 ;  went 
to  North  America  to  report  on  naval  gunnery,  1862; 
served  on  French  Peasant  Relief  Fund,  as  naval  attach^ 
and  on  admiralty  designs  committee,  1870-2 ;  commodore 
of  the  Australian  station,  1873-5  ;  died  at  sea  of  tetanus 
from  wound  caused  by  a  poisoned  arrow  at  Santa  Cruz. 

[xxiL  122] 


GOODENOUGH 


509 


GOODWIN 


GOODENOUGH,  RICHARD  (/.  1686),  whig  con- 
spirator: under-sheriff  of  London,  1682;  fined  for  riot 
:in<l  a«Hault  on  the  lord  mayor,  1683 ;  outlawed  in  connec- 
tion with  Rye  House  plot,  1683  ;  Monmoutb's  '  secretary 
of  state';  when  taken  after  Sedgeinoor  turned  king's 
evidence,  1685  ;  afterwards  lived  in  Ireland,  [xxii.  124] 

GOODENOUGH,  SAMUEL  (1743-1827),  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1767;  D.C.L.,  1772;  under-master  at  Westminster;  con- 
ducted high-class  school  at  Baling;  canon  of  Windsor, 
1798;  dean  of  Rochester,  1802;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1808- 
1827 ;  vice-president  of  Royal  Linnsean  societies ;  wrote 
papers  on  the  genus  Carex  and  British  Fuci;  genus 
Qoodenia  named  after  him.  [xxii.  124] 

GOODEEE,  SAMUEL  (1687-1741),  murderer;  dis- 
missed for  misconduct  in  attack  on  San  Sebastian,  1719 ; 
quarrelled  with  his  elder  brother,  Sir  John  Dineley-Good- 
ere,  uncle  of  Sir  J.  Dineley-Qoodere  [q.  v.],  and  having 
kidnapped  him  caused  him  to  be  strangled,  on  board  his 
vessel,  the  Ruby,  in  King's  Road,  Bristol,  1741 ;  banged 
with  his  accomplices.  [xxii.  125] 

GOODFORD,  CHARLES  OLD  (1812-1884),  provost  of 
Eton;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1839  ; 
D.D.,  1853 ;  head-master  of  Eton,  1863-62  ;  provost,  1862- 
1884 ;  edited  Terence,  1854,  [xxii.  126] 

GOODGROOME,  JOHN  (1630  ?-1704  ?),  composer, 
lutenist,  singer,  and  teacher;  gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  in  three  reigns  ;  four  airs  by  him  published  in 
Playford's  'Select  Airs,'  1669,  and  three  in  'Musical 
Companion,'  1673.  [xxii.  127] 

GOODHUGH,  WILLIAM  (1799  ?-1842),  compiler  of 
part  of  a  Bible  cyclopaedia,  and  several  linguistic  hand- 
books, [xxii.  127] 

GOODINGE,  THOMAS  (1746-1816),  divine;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1766;  D.O.L.,  1778;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1778  ;  principal  of  the  college  school,  Wor- 
cester, 1765 ;  head-master  of  Leeds  grammar  school, 
1779  ;  rector  of  Cound,  Shropshire,  1789.  [xxii.  127] 

GOODMAN,  CARDELL  or  CARDONNELL  (1649  ?- 
1699),  adventurer  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1670 ;  page  of  the  backstairs  to  Charles  II  ;  afterwards 
an  actor,  winning  his  chief  success  as  Julius  Ceesar  and 
Alexander ;  pardoned  by  James  II  for  a  highway 
robbery;  paramour  of  the  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  but 
fined  for  attempt  to  poison  her  children ;  expert  at 
ombre  ;  bribed  by  friends  of  Fenwick  not  to  turn  evi- 
dence against  him,  1697 ;  died  in  France.  [xxii.  128] 

GOODMAN,  CHRISTOPHER  (1520  ?-1603),  puritan 
divine  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1641 ;  senior  stu- 
dent, Christ  Church,  1547  ;  M.A.,  1644  ;  B.D.,  1551 ;  Mar- 
garet professor  of  divinity  ;  friend  and  colleague  of  Knox 
at  Geneva,  1555;  issued  violent  tract  against  female 
government,  1558  ;  at  Edinburgh,  1559,  one  of  the  council 
concerning  religion  ;  minister  of  Ayr  and  St.  Andrews ; 
chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Sidney  in  Ireland,  1566 ;  deprived  of 
the  benefice  of  Alford  for  nonconformity,  and  obliged  to 
recant  his  published  opinions,  1571 ;  afterwards  forbidden 
to  preach  ;  refused  subscription  to  the  articles  and  service- 
book,  1584;  visited  on  his  deathbed  at  Chester  by 
Archbishop  Ussher.  [xxii.  128] 

GOODMAN,  GABRIEL  (1529  ?  -  1601),  dean  of 
Westminster  ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1550 ; 
fellow  of  Jesns  College,  Cambridge,  1555 ;  M.A.,  1553 ; 
chaplain  to  Sir  William  Cecil  (Lord  Burghley) ;  dean  of 
Westminster,  1561-1601 ;  member  of  ecclesiastical  com- 
mission ;  one  of  Burghley's  executors  ;  founded  Christ's 
Hospital  and  the  grammar  school,  Ruthiu,  and  left 
benefactions  to  various  Cambridge  colleges  ;  translated 
1  Corinthians  in  '  Bishops'  Bible,'  and  assisted  in  William 
Morgan's  Welsh  version  and  in  Camden's  *  Britannia.' 

[xxii.  130] 

GOODMAN,  GODFREY  (1583-1656),  bishop  of 
Gloucester ;  nephew  of  Gabriel  Goodman  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  and 
B.D. ;  vicar  of  Stapleford  Abbots,  Essex,  1606-20 ;  chap- 
lain to  the  queen-consort,  Anne  of  Denmark,  1616 ;  dean 
of  Rochester,  1621;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1625-43; 
reprimanded  by  convocation  for  a  sermon  on  the  real 
presence,  1626 ;  charged  with  ritualistic  practices  ;  his 
election  to  the  see  of  Hereford  nullified  by  the  advice  of 
Laud,  1633,  on  account  of  his  negligence  ;  refused  to  sign 


the  new  canons  (1640),  until  deprived  by  convocation 
and  imprisoned  ;  imprisoned  by  the  House  of  Commons, 
1642-3,  for  signing  the  canons  :  compelled  to  retire  from 
Gloucester,  1643  ;  Laud's  treatment  of  him  in  the  matter 
of  the  canons  the  ninth  article  of  bis  impeachment ; 
Phown  by  his  will  to  have  been  a  Roman  catholic ;  his 
'Court  of  James  I'  (a  defence  of  the  king)  printed  by 
J.  S.  Brewer,  1839 ;  his  '  Fall  of  Man  proved  by  the  Light 
of  his  Naturall  Reason,'  1616,  quoted  by  Southey. 

GOODMAN,  Sm  STEPHEN  ARTHUR  *(d.'  1844), 
major-general;  served  with  48th  foot  at  reduction  of 
Malta  and  in  the  Peninsula,  1809-14,  being  some  time 
acting  adjutant-general  ;  deputy  judge-advocate  in  the 
Netherlands  and  at  Paris,  1814-15;  created  C.B.  and 
K.H. ;  colonial  secretary  of  Berbice,  1819-44,  and  vendue- 
master,  1821-44.  [xxii.  134] 

GOODRICH,  RICHARD  (d.  1562),  ecclesiastical 
commissioner  under  Edward  VI  and  Elizabeth ;  nephew 
of  Thomas  Goodrich,  bishop  of  Ely  [q.  v.]  ;  ancient  of 
Gray's  Inn,  1542  ;  attorney  of  the  courts  of  augmenta- 
tions and  of  ward  and  liveries  ;  M.P.,  Grimsby,  1647. 

[xxii.  134] 

GOODRICH  or  GOODRICKE,  THOMAS  (d.  1664), 
bishop  of  Ely  and  lord  chancellor  ;  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1510;  M.A.,  1514;  rector  of  Su 
Peter  Cheap,  London,  1529 ;  D.D. ;  chaplain  of  Henry  VIII ; 
bishop  of  Ely,  1534-54  ;  ecclesiastical  commissioner  under 
Henry  VIII  and  Edward  VI ;  a  compiler  of  the  '  Bishops' 
Book,'  1537,  and  the  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  ; 
privy  councillor,  1547  ;  joined  opposition  to  Somerset ; 
commissioner  for  trial  of  Gardiner,  1650 ;  ambassador  to 
Henry  II  of  France,  1551 ;  lord  chancellor,  1552-3. 

[xxii.  135] 

GOODRICKE,  Sm  HENRY  (1642-1705),  second 
baronet;  M.P.  Boroughbridge,  1673-9  and  1689-1705; 
envoy  extraordinary  to  Madrid,  1678-82 ;  lieutenant- 
general  of  ordnance,  1689-1702  ;  privy  councillor,  1680. 

[xxii.  136] 

GOODRICKE,  JOHN  (1764  -  1786),  astronomer  ; 
Copley  medallist,  1783,  for  discovery  of  the  period  and 
law  of  Algol's  changes ;  discovered  variability  of  ft  Lyrae 
and  of  S  Cephei,  1784  ;  F.R.S.,  1786.  [xxii.  137] 

GOODSIR,  JOHN  (1814-1867),  anatomist  ;  studied 
at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh  ;  practised  with  his 
father  at  Anstruther;  lived  at  Edinburgh,  1840,  with 
Edward  Forbes  [q.  v.]  ;  curator  of  College  of  Surgeons, 
1841 ;  curator  of  university  museum  and  demonstrator  in 
anatomy,  1843-6  ;  professor  of  anatomy,  1846-67  ;  ruined 
his  health  by  careless  living  ;  wrote  thirty  scientific 
papers,  1838-46,  including  those  on  the  growth  of  teeth 
(1839)  and  on  'Centres  of  Nutrition'  ;  his  'Anatomical 
Memoirs'  issued  1868;  Virchow  dedicated  to  him  his 
'  Cellular-Pathologic '  (1869).  [xxii.  137] 

GOOD80N,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (d.  1718),  organist 
of  Christ  Church  and  New  College,  Oxford;  Oxford 
professor  of  music,  1682  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  [xxii.  139] 

GOOD80N,  RICHARD,  the  younger  (d.  1741), 
organist  of  New  College  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
professor  of  music,  1718 ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1716 ;  son 
of  Richard  Goodson  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxiL  139] 

GOODSONN,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1634-1662),  vice- 
admiral  ;  captain  of  the  Entrance  in  the  fight  off  Portland, 
25  Jan.  1663  ;  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in  the  battles  of 
June  and  July  1653  ;  vice-admiral  under  Penn,  1664,  with 
him  at  attempt  on  Hispaniola,  and  capture  of  Jamaica, 
1655  ;  took  part  in  siege  of  Dunkirk,  1658.  [xxii.  140] 

GOODWIN,  ARTHUR  (1693  ?-1643),  friend  of  Hamp- 
den  at  Oxford;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1614  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Inner  Temple,  1613 ;  M.P.  Chipping  Wycombe, 
1620-4,  Aylesbury,  1625-6;  colleague  of  Hampden  as 
M.P.  for  Buckinghamshire  in  Long  parliament,  1640  ; 
parliamentary  commander-in-chief  in  Buckinghamshire, 
1643;  present  at  Hampden's  death.  [xxii.  141] 

GOODWIN,  CHARLES  WYCLIFFE  (1817-1878X 
|  Egyptologist  ;  brother  of  Harvey  Goodwin,  bishop  of 
;  Carlisle  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge : 
]  M.A.,  1842  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1848 ;  last  editor  of 
I  '  Literary  Gazette '  and  '  Parthenon  ' ;  assistant-judge  in 
supreme  court  of  China  and  Japan,  1866 ;  acting  judge, 
.  1868-78;  died  at  Shanghai.  His  'Mosaic  Cosmogony* 
I  was  tlie  only  lay  contribution  to  '  Essays  nnd  Reviews,' 
1  1860.  He  collaborated  with  Chabas  in  '  Voyage  d'tui 


GOODWIN 


510 


GORDON 


I'^yptien  en  Phenicie  .  . .  &c.,  au  XIV'  Sitele  avant  notre 
«•!•«•"•(  1866),  and  contributed  to  his  'Melanges  Egypto- 
1o.riQ.ues'  (1H64),  besides  editing  'Story  of  Saneha' 
(1866),  and  Anglo-Saxon  texts.  [xxii.  142] 

GOODWIN,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1642),  author  of 
'  The  Chaunce  of  the  Dolorous  Lover,'  printed  by 
Wyiikyn  de  Worde,  1520,  and  '  The  Maydens  Dreme,' 
1542,  two  poems.  [xxii.  143] 

GOODWIN,  FRANCIS  (1784-1835),  architect;  ex- 
hibited drawings  at  Royal  Academy,  1822-34  ;  designed 
town-hall  and  assembly-rooms,  Manchester  (now  Free 
Reference  Library),  Derby  gaol,  Bradford  exchange,  and 
Leeds  and  Salford  markets ;  built  churches  in  the  Mid- 
lands ;  published  •  Plans  of  the  new  House  of  Commons,' 
pronounced  the  best  sent  in,  1833;  his  'Domestic 
Architecture'  (1833-4)  republished  as  'Rural  Archi- 
tecture,' 1836.  [xxii.  143] 

GOODWIN,  GEORGE  (fl.  1620),  Latin  ven-e- 
writer.  [xxii.  144] 

GOODWIN,  HARVEY  (1818-1891),  bishop  of  Oar- 
lisle  ;  educated  at  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  second  wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman, 
1839  ;  M.A.,  1843 ;  D.D.,  1859  ;  mathematical  lecturer, 
1840 ;  fellow,  1841 :  honorary  fellow,  1880 ;  ordained 
deacon,  1842 ;  priest,  1844  ;  assisted  in  founding  Ecclesio- 
logical  Society,  1848 ;  select  preacher  at  Cambridge,  1845  ; 
dean  of  Ely,  1868  ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1869  till  death  j 
honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1885 ;  published  mathematical 
and  religions  treatises.  [Suppl.  ii.  329] 

GOODWIN,  JAMES  IGNATIUS  (1603  ?-1667), 
Jesuit  missioner  ;  professor  of  moral  theology  and  con- 
troversy at  Liege.  [xxii.  144] 

GOODWIN,  JOHN  (1594  ?-1665),  republican  di- 
vine ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1617 ;  M.A., 
1617  ;  vicar  of  St.  Stephen's,  Coleman  Street,  1633-45  ; 
after  his  ejection  set  up  an  independent  congregation 
there  ;  assisted  in  drafting  London  petition  against  the 
canons  of  1640;  held  controversies  with  London  minis- 
ters on  justification.  1638-42,  maintaining  an  Arminian 
position  ;  published  '  Anti-Cavalierisme,'  1642  ;  attacked 
divine  right  in  '  Os  Ossorianum,'  1643,  written  against  the 
bishop  of  Ossory,  and  militant  presbyterianism  in 
'  eeo/xaYui,'  1644,  and  '  Hagiomastix,'  1646 ;  trans- 
lated and  edited  (1648  and  1651)  part  of  the  '  Stra- 
tagemata  Satanae  '  of  Jacobus  Acontiua  [q.  v.],  an  early 
advocate  of  toleration  ;  applauded  Pride's  Purge  in  '  Might 
and  Right  well  met,'  1648 ;  offered  spiritual  advice  to 
Charles  I  ;  in  '  'Y/SpioTofitxat,'  1649  (publicly  burnt, 
1660),  defended  the  proceedings  against  Charles  I ; 
ordered  into  custody  at  the  Restoration,  but  finally  in- 
demnified ;  published  work  in  favour  of  general  redemp- 
tion, 1651  (reprinted  1840),  and  tracts  against  the  bap- 
tists, Fifth-monarchy  men,  and  Cromwell's  '  Triers.' 

[xxii.  145] 

GOODWIN,  PHILIP  (rf.  1699),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  one  of  Cromwell's  '  Triers  ' ; 
vicar  of  Watford,  1645-61 ;  rector  of  Liston,  1673 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Mystery  of  Dreames,'  1658,  and  theological 
works.  [xxii.  148] 

GOODWIN,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1600-1680),  indepen- 
dent divine ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1616 ;  M.A. 
Catharine  Hall,  1620 ;  fellow ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1653 ;  pastor 
of  English  church  at  Arnheim,  1639-40 ;  member  of  West- 
minster Assembly,  1643,  but  (1644)  joined  the  'dissenting 
brethren,'  and  became  their  leader ;  chaplain  to  council  of 
state,  1649  ;  president  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1660  ; 
a  commissioner  for  inventory  of  Westminster  Assembly, 
1650,  and  approbation  of  preachers,  1663  :  attended  Crom- 
well on  his  deathbed  ;  with  John  Owen  drew  up  amended 
Westminster  confession,  1658  ;  founded  independent  con- 
gregation in  London,  1660 ;  his  works  issued  posthumously, 
(reprinted)  1861,  and  condensed  1847-50.  [xxii.  148] 

GOODWIN,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1660  ?-1716?),  son 
of  Thomas  Goodwin  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  independent  minis- 
ter in  London  and  Pinner  ;  edited  his  father's  works,  and 
published  'History  of  Reign  of  Henry  V,'  1704. 

GOODWIN  or  GODWIN,  TIMOTHY  (1670V-1729) 
archbishop  of  Cashel;  M.A.  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford! 
1697  ;  chaplain  to.  Duke  of  Shrewsbury  :  archdeacon  of 
Jxford,  1704  ;  bishop  of  Kilmore,  1714-27  ;  archbishop  of 


Cashel,  1727-9. 


[xxii.  150] 


GOODWIN,  WILLIAM  (>/.  1620),  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxf  on! ;  scholar  of  Westminster;  D.D.,  1602; 
.•li.imvllor  of  York,  1605-11  ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1611- 
1620  ;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1616  ;  chaplain  to  James  I ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1614,  1615,  1617,  and  1618. 

GOODWYN,  EDMUND  (1756-1829),  medical"  writer  • 
M.D.  Edinburgh;  published  two  medical  works. 

GOODYEAR,  JOSEPH  (1799-1839),  engraver  f^n- 
graved  Eastlake's  '  Greek  Fugitives '  for  Finden's  '  Gallery.' 

GOODYER  or  GOODIER,  SIR  HENRY  (1534-18951 
colonel ;  imprisoned  in  Tower,  1571-2,  for  complicity  in 
Norfolk's  intrigue  on  behalf  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots; 
served  in  Low  Countries,  1588-6 ;  knighted,  1586  ;  colonel ; 
patron  of  Michael  Drayton.  [Suppl.  ii.  330] 

GOODYER  or  GOODIER,  Sm  HENRY  (1571-1627), 
literary  patron  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Goodyer  (1534-1595) 
[q.  v.] ;  friend  of  John  Donne ;  probably  knighted  in  Ire- 
land, 1599 ;  gentleman  of  privy  chamber,  1605 ;  lamous 
for  his  hospitality  to  literary  men.  Verses  by  him  appear 
in  several  contemporary  publications.  [Suppl.  ii.  330] 

GOOGE,  BARNABE  (1540-1594),  poet;  kinsman  of 
Sir  William  Cecil,  who  employed  him  in  Ireland.  1574-85  ; 
published  '  Eglogs,  Epytaphes,  and  Sonnetes,'  1563  (re- 
printed, 1871),  and  translations,  including  Heresbachius's 
'  Foure  Bookes  of  Husbandrie,'  1577.  [xxii.  151] 

GOOKIN,    DANIEL    (16127-1687),    writer    on    the 

American  Indians ;  nephew  of  Sir  Vincent  Gookin  [q.  v.]  ; 

went  to  Virginia  with  his  father  ;  obtained  grants  of  land, 

1637  and  1642;  settled  at  Boston  (Massachusetts),  1644: 

founded  Roxbury  school,   1646;  removed  to  Cambridge, 

Massachusetts,  and  became  speaker  of  the  house,  1651  ; 

sent  by   Cromwell    to    settle    Jamaica,  1655;  employed 

financially  at  Dunkirk,  1659 ;  returned  to  America,  1660, 

with  the  regicides,  Edward  Whalley  and  William  Goffe 

;  [q.  v.],  whom  he  protected;  superintendent  of  Massa- 

!  chusette  Indians,  1661-87;  major-general  of  the  colony, 

1681;  buried  at  Cambridge ;  his  '  Historical  Collections  of 

!  the  Indians  in  New  England '  printed  by  Massachusetts 

'  Historical  Society,  1792.  [xxii.  152] 

GOOKIN,  CAPTAIN  ROBERT  (d.  1667),  parlia- 
mentarian ;  brother  of  Vincent  Gookin  [q.  v.] ;  served 
parliament  in  Ireland,  and  received  grants  of  land. 

[xxii.  155] 

GOOKIN,     Sm    VINCENT    (1590  ?-1638),   anti-Irish 

writer ;   knighted  ;  created  disturbance  in   Munster    by 

'  publishing  letter  to  Lord  Deputy  Wentworth  attacking 

!  the  Irish  nation,  1634 ;  fled  to  England  on  issue  of  warrant 

for  his  arrest  His  case  raised  the  question  of  the  judicial 

powers  of  the  Irish  parliament.  [xxii.  154] 

GOOKIN,  VINCENT  (1616  ?-1659),  surveyor-general 
of  Ireland ;  son  of  Sir  Vincent  Gookin  [q.  v.] ;  represented 
Irish  constituencies  in  Cromwell's  parliaments;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  (1665)  deprecating  enforcement  of  orders 
for  transplantation  of  Irish  to  Oonnaught.  [xxii.  154] 

GOOLD,  THOMAS  (1766  ?-1846),  Irish  master  in 
chancery  ;  barrister,  1791 ;  had  large  nisi  prius  practice  : 
king's  Serjeant,  1830  ;  master  in  chancery,  1832  ;  opposed 
the  union.  [xxii.  156] 

GORANTT8,  GABHRAN  (538-560  ?),  king  of  Scotland  : 
being  fourth  king  of  Dalriada ;  succeeded  his  brother, 
Congallus  I  [q.  v.],  538.  [xxii.  156] 

GORDON,  SIR  ADAM  DE  (d.  1305).    [See  GURDON.] 

GORDON,  SIR  ADAM  DE  (d.  1333),  statesman  and 
warrior ;  accompanied  Edward  I  to  England  to  arrange 
for  pacification  of  Scotland,  1304;  justiciar  of  Scotland, 
1310-14;  granted  barony  of  Stitchel  by  Robert  Bruce, 
1315  ;  with  Mabinson  carried  to  Avignon  letter  asserting 
Scottish  independence,  1320 :  obtained  lordship  of  Strath- 
bogie,  which  he  named  Huntly  ;  killed  at  Halidou  Hill. 

[xxii.  156] 

GORDON,  SIR  ADAM  DK   (d.  1402),  warrior  ;  promi- 
nent in  raid  of  Roxburgh,  1377,  and  subsequent  raids 
present  at  Otterburn,  1388 ;  fell  at  Homildon  Hill.    His 
daughter  Elizabeth  was  ancestress  of  the  Earls  of  Huntly 
and  the  Dukes  of  Gordon  and  Sutherland.      [xxii.  157] 

GORDON,  LORD  ADAM  (1726?-1801),  general;  son 
of  Alexander,  second  duke  of  Gordon  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  Aber- 
deenshire,  1754-68,  Kincardineshire,  1774-88  ;  aerved  with 


GORDON 


511 


GORDON 


guards  in  Bligh's  expedition,  1758;  colonel  of  66th  in 
.i.-im;iii-!i,  1762-6;  commander  of  forces  in  s-otlan.l, 
1782-98  ;  general,  1796.  [xxii.  158] 

GORDON,  ADAM  LINDSAY  (1833-1870),  Australian 
poet ;  joined  Australian  mounted  police,  1853 ;  member 
for  Victoria  in  House  of  Assembly,  1865  ;  migrated  to 
Victoria,  1867  ;  noted  steeplechaser ;  committed  suicide; 
his  three  volumes  of  verse  edited  by  Marcus  Clarke,  1880. 

[xxii.  158] 

GORDON,  ALKXANDKR,  third  EAKL  ov  Hrvn.v 
(d.  1524).  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  reduction  of 
the  Western  Isles,  1504 ;  sheriff  and  castellan  of  Inver- 
ness, 1509,  with  jurisdiction  over  Kws  and  Caithness; 
led  Scots  vanguard  at  Flodden,  1513 ;  member  of  the 
queen-mother's  council :  adherent  of  Albany ;  lieutenant 
of  Scotland,  1518,  and  twice  member  of  the  council  of 
regency.  [xxii.  158] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER  (1516?-1575),  bishop-elect 
of  Galloway  and  titular  archbishop  of  Athens ;  brother  of 
George  Gordon,  fourth  earl  of  Huntly  [q.  v.] ;  favourite 
of  bis  half-brother,  King  James  V ;  administrator  of 
Caithness,  1544 ;  his  election  as  archbishop  of  Glasgow 
overruled  in  favour  of  James  Beaton,  1551 ;  bishop  of  the 
Isles,  1553  ;  abbot  of  Inchaffray  and  Icolmkill ;  elected  to 
see  of  Galloway,  1558;  joined  the  reformers,  1560,  de- 
manding title  of  superintendent  of  Galloway ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1566 ;  resumed 
title  of  bishop;  temporised  between  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
and  the  lords ;  resigned  his  see  in  favour  of  his  son  John, 
1568,  but  retained  '  supervision  ' ;  inhibited  for  signing 
bond  for  restoration  of  Mary,  1569 ;  her  commissioner  in 
England,  1570-1 ;  attended  Kirkcaldy  of  Grange's  parlia- 
ment, 1671 ;  ordered  to  do  penance,  1573.  [xxii.  159] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER,  eleventh  or  twelfth  EARL 
OF  SUTHERLAND  (1552-1594),  succeeded  John  Gordon, 
tenth  or  eleventh  earl  [q.  v.],  1667 ;  engaged  in  struggle 
with  Earls  of  Caithness  to  secure  possession  of  his  earl- 
dom;  married  (1573),  as  his  second  wife,  Jean  Gordon, 
Bothwell's  divorced  wife.  [xxii.  212] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER  (1587-1654),  of  Earlston, 
covenanter;  friend  of  Samuel  Rutherford  [q.  v.] ;  fined 
for  refusing  to  present  episcopalian  curate;  M.P.  for 
Galloway,  1641-9 ;  opposed  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Charles  I, 
who  called  him  '  Earl  of  Earlston.'  [xxii.  161] 

GORDON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1650-1 726),  of  Earlston, 
covenanter,  grandson  of  Alexander  Gordon  (1587-1654) 
[q.  v.]  ;  after  Bothwell  Brigg  (1680)  escaped  to  Holland  ; 
arrested  at  Newcastle,  1683,  and  examined  at  Edinburgh 
concerning  the  Rye  House  plot;  imprisoned  till  1689; 
his  estates  restored  at  the  Revolution.  [xxii.  162] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER,  second  DUKB  OF  GOBDON 
(1678  ?-1728>,  Jacobite  ;  when  Marquis  of  Huntly  brought 
2,300  men  to  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender,  at  Perth ; 
at  Sheriffmuir,  1716 ;  submitted  and  received  pardon ; 
succeeded  to  dukedom,  1716 ;  visited  and  corresponded 
with  king  of  Prussia  and  grand  duke  of  Tuscany ;  received 
presents  from  Pope  Clement  XII.  [xxii.  163] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER  (1692  ?-1754?X  antiquary; 
M.A.  Aberdeen;  studied  music  in  Italy,  and  became 
known  as  'Singing  Sandie';  travelled  in  Scotland  and 
northern  England ;  published  '  Itinerarium  Septen- 
trionale'  (1726),  with  supplement  (1732);  also  '  Lives  of 
Alexander  VI  and  Oasar  Borgia,'  1729,  and  translation  of 
'  De  Amphitheatre '  of  Maffei,  1730  ;  secretary  to  Society 
for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries (1736),  and  the  Egyptian  Society ;  went  to  South 
Carolina,  1741,  as  secretary  to  the  governor ;  died  there. 

[xxii.  164] 

GORDON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1786-1816),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  brother  of  George  Hamilton-Gordon,  fourth  earl 
of  Aberdeen  [q.  v.] ;  aide-de-camp  to  his  uncle,  Sir  David 
Baird  [q.  v.],  at  the  Cape,  1806,  at  Copenhagen,  1807, 
and  in  Spain,  1808-9 ;  employed  by  Beresford  in  negotia- 
tions at  Buenos  Ayres  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1813  ;  aide-de- 
camp to  Wellington  in  the  Peninsula  and  in  Belgium ; 
K.O.B. ;  mortally  wounded  at  Waterloo.  [xxii.  166] 

GORDON,  ALEXANDER,  fourth  DUKE  OF  GORDON 
(1743-1827),  described  by  Kaimes  as  the  greatest  subject 
in  Britain ;  Scottish  representative  peer,  1767 ;  created  a 
British  peer,  1784;  lord  keeper  of  Scotland;  raised  regi- 


ments  for   Amerirnn    an-1    revolutionary  wars:    wrote, 
•Th.Ti-  is  Cauld  Kail  in  At-erdeen.1  [xxii.  167] 

GORDON,  ANJ)UK\V  (1712-1751),  natural  philo- 
sopher ;  professor  of  philosophy  at  Erfurt,  1737 :  gained 
great  reputation  as  an  electrician  ;  the  first  to  use  a 
cylinder;  published,  among  other  works,  'Pnsenomena 
Electricitatis  exposlta,'  1744.  [xxii.  167] 

GORDON,  ARCHIBALD  (1812-1886),  inspector-Kene- 
ral  of  hospitals;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1834;  surgeon  in 
Sutlej  and  Punjaub  campaigns  ;  principal  medical  officer 
of  second  division  at  Sebastopol :  chief  medical  officer  In 
China,  1857,  and  Oudh,  1868-9  ;  C.B. ;  inspector-general, 
1867-70 ;  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  [xrii.  168] 

GORDON,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  op  ABOYXK  (rf. 
1681),  fourth  son  of  George  Gordon,  second  marquis  of 
Huntly  [q.  v.] ;  created  Baron  Gordon  of  Strathavon  and 
Glenlivat,  and  Earl  of  Aboyne,  1660;  built  Aboyne 
Castle.  [xxii>  188] 

GORDON,  CHARLES,  second  EARL  OF  ABOYNK  (rf. 
1702),  allowed  to  sit  in  Scottish  parliament  on  declaring 
himself  a  protestant,  1698.  [xxii.  168] 

GORDON,  SIR  CHARLES  (1756-1 835),  governor  of  St. 
Lucia ;  served  in  the  American  war ;  assisted  Brunswick 
in  capture  of  Amsterdam,  1787,  and  as  British  commis- 
sioner, 1791-2  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  41st,  1787;  knight  of 
Prussian  order  of  Military  Merit,  1790;  took  part  in 
capture  of  Martinique  and  St.  Lucia,  1793;  governor 
of  St.  Lucia ;  dismissed  from  governorship  for  extortion, 
1794.  [xxiL  168] 

GORDON,  CHARLES  GEORGE  (1833-1885), '  Chinese 
Gordon';  entered  royal  engineers,  1852;  wounded  lu 
trenches  before  Sebastopol,  1855  ;  took  part  in  attack  on 
the  Redan,  1855  ;  received  Legion  of  Honour  and  Turkish 
medal ;  assisted  in  delimitation  of  Rosso-Turkish  boun- 
daries in  Europe  and  Asia,  1856-8  :  promoted  for  services 
in  Chinese  war,  1860-2;  explored  section  of  great  wall  of 
China ;  appointed  to  command  Chinese  forces  against  the 
Taipings  in  the  Kiangsoo  district,  1863;  captured 
Soochow,  but  retired  on  account  of  Li  Hung  Chang's 
breach  of  faith  in  putting  to  death  rebel  leaders  (Wangs) ; 
refused  the  honours  and  gifts  offered  by  the  emperor, 
1864;  induced  to  resume  the  command;  in  four  months 
completed  reduction  of  the  rebels  by  storming  of  Cban- 
chu-fu,  27  April  1864;  made  mandarin  of  the  first  class, 
but  again  refused  money  present ;  lieutenant-colonel  and 
C.B.,  1866  ;  British  member  of  commission  for  improving 
navigation  of  Sulina  mouth  of  the  Danube,  1871; 
governor  of  equatorial  provinces  of  Africa  (Egyptian), 
1874-6,  organising  a  letter-post  between  Cairo  and  the 
Albert  Nyanza,  and  establishing  by  personal  observation 
the  course  of  the  Victoria  Nile  into  Lake  Albert  ;  thwarted 
by  Ismail  Pasha  in  his  efforts  to  suppress  the  slave  trade, 
resigning  in  consequence,  1876  ;  returned,  1877,  as  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Soudan  and  of  the  equatorial  provinces 
and  the  Red  Sea  littoral;  conquered  and  pacified  Dar- 
four ;  overawed  Suleiman,  the  slave  trader,  in  personal 
interview,  1877,  and  completely  suppressed  the  slave- 
trade,  1878;  failed  to  come  to  an  understanding  with 
Abyssinia,  where  he  was  for  a  time  a  prisoner ;  returned 
to  England,  1880  ;  went  to  India  as  secretary  to  the  Mar- 
quis of  Ripon,  1880 ;  resigned,  1880 ;  induced  Chinese  govern- 
ment to  resume  friendly  relations  with  Russia,  1880  ;  com- 
manding royal  engineer  and  head  of  the  troops  in  Mauri- 
tius, 1881-2  ;  major-general,  1882  ;  accepted  command  of 
colonial  forces  in  South  Africa,  1882 ;  resigned  when  his 
negotiations  with  Masupha,  the  Basuto  chief,  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  treacherous  attack  instigated  by  Mr.  Sauer, 
secretary  for  native  affairs,  1882  ;  in  Palestine,  1883;  bad 
agreed  to  go  to  the  Congo  for  the  king  of  Belgium,  but 
was  despatched  by  the  British  government  (1884)  to 
rescue  Egyptian  garrisons  in  the  Soudan  previous  to  its 
abandonment ;  was  appointed  at  Cairo  governor-general 
of  the  Soudan,  with  orders  to  organise  an  independent 
government ;  his  requests  for  the  co-operation  of  Zebebr 
and  the  assistance  of  Turkish  troops  refused ;  hemmed  in 
by  the  Mahdi  at  Khartoum,  was  the  only  Englishman 
there  after  the  murder  of  his  companions  Colonel  Stewart 
and  Frank  Power ;  killed,  after  having  sustained  a  siege 
of  317  days,  succour  being  sent  from  England  too  late. 
His  memory  is  perpetuated  by  statues  in  London,  Chat- 
ham, and  Khartoum,  and  by  the  Gordon  Boys'  Homes. 
Hi-  Chinese  diaries,  Khartoum  journals,  and  several 
volumes  of  letters  have  been  published.  [xxii.  169 J 


GORDON 


512 


GORDON 


GORDON,  DUKE  (1739-1800),  assistant-librarian  to 
Edinburgh  University,  1763-1800  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1800. 

[xxii.  176] 

GORDON,  EDWARD  STRATHEARN.BARON  GORDON 
(1814-1879),  lord  of  appeal ;  LL.B.  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1835  ;  solicitor-general  for 
Scotland,  1866-7  ;  Q.O.,  1868  ;  lord -advocate,  1867-8  and 
1874-6  ;  dean  of  faculty,  1868-74  ;  M.P.,  Thetford,  1867-8, 
Glasgow  and  Aberdeen  universities,  1869-76  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1874 ;  lord  of  appeal,  1876-9.  [xxii.  177] 

GORDON,  ELIZABETH,  DUCHESS  OP  GORDON  (1794- 
1864),  daughter  of  Alexander  Brodie ;  married,  1813, 
George  Gordon,  marquis  of  Huntly,  afterwards  fifth  Duke 
of  Gordon  [q.  v.] ;  joined  Free  church  of  Scotland,  1846. 

[xxii.  177] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OF  HUNTLY 
(d.  1502  ?),  lord  high  chancellor  of  Scotland  ;  succeeded  to 
earldom,  1470;  commissioner  for  peace  with  England, 
1484 ;  supported  James  III  against  the  nobles,  1487 ; 
lord  justiciary  north  of  Forth,  1488 ;  made  privy  coun- 
cillor by  James  IV,  and  lieutenant,  north  of  Esk,  1491 ; 
married  Princess  Annabella,  daughter  of  James  I; 
divorced,  as  being,  by  a  prior  marriage,  within  the 
forbidden  degrees  of  affinity,  1471 ;  chancellor  of  Scot- 
land, 1498-1501.  [xxii.  178] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL  OF  HUNTLY  (1514- 
1562),  grandson  of  Alexander  Gordon,  third  earl  of  Huntly 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1524 ;  brought  up  with  James  V 
by  Angus ;  privy  councillor,  1535 ;  one  of  the  regents, 
1536-7 ;  defeated  English  at  Hadden  Rig,  1542  ;  supported 
Cardinal  Beaton  against  Arran,  and  concerted  with  him 
carrying  off  the  young  queen,  1543 ;  as  lieutenant  of  the 
north  crushed  the  Camerons  and  Macdonalds,  1544 ;  lord 
chancellor,  1546 ;  defeated  and  captured  by  Somerset  at 
Pinkie,  1547,  after  offering  single  combat;  temporarily 
supported  English  in  Scotland,  but  afterwards  (1548) 
favoured  French  alliance ;  disgraced  and  imprisoned,  1554, 
owing  to  the  queen  regent's  jealousy  of  his  power  over  the 
north ;  joined  lords  of  the  congregation  against  her,  1560  ; 
made  privy  councillor  on  the  arrival  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  but  his  earldom  of  Moray  given  to  her  half-brother ; 
died  at  Oorrichie  iii  arms  against  the  royal  authority. 
His  body  was  set  at  the  bar  of  parliament  while  an  act 
of  attainder  was  passed,  1563,  and  lay  unburied  for  three 
years.  [xxii.  178] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  fifth  EARL  OF  HUNTLY  (d.  1576), 
second  son  of  George  Gordon,  fourth  earl  of  Huntly  [q.  v.] ; 
sheriff  of  Inverness,  1556  ;  imprisoned  at  Dunbar  till  the 
marriage  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  with  Darnley,  1565,  when 
his  lands  and  dignities  were  nominally  restored ;  allied  him- 
self with  Bothwell,  1566 ;  joined  Queen  Mary  at  Dunbar, 
after  Rizzio's  murder,  1666  ;  became  lord  chancellor ;  joined 
Bothwell  in  plot  to  murder  Moray  at  Jedburgh ;  signed 
the  bond  at  Craigmillar  for  Burnley's  murder ;  accom- 
panied Bothwell  and  Mary  on  a  visit  to  Darnley  the  night 
before  his  murder ;  his  estates  actually  restored  after  Botb- 
well's  acquittal,  1667  ;  Bothwell's  divorce  from  his  sister 
facilitated  by  bis  influence  over  her ;  witnessed  marriage 
contract  between  Mary  and  Bothwell,  1567 ;  connived  at 
capture  of  the  queen,  and  accompanied  her  to  Edinburgh ; 
escaped  to  the  north  after  her  flight ;  joined  her  partisans 
at  Dumbarton  ;  after  a  temporary  agreement  with  Moray, 
conspired  for  her  deliverance  from  Lochleven,  1567 ;  after 
Mary's  escape  to  England  (1568)  held  all  the  north  in 
alliance  with  Argyll,  but  received  Mary's  order  to  disperse ; 
after  a  temporary  submission  gained  possession  of  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  held  a  parliament,  captured  the  regent 
Lennox  at  Stirling,  and  (1572)  came  to  terms  with  the 
regent  Morton.  [xxii.  182] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  first  MARQUIS  and  sixth  EARL  OF 
HUNTLY  (1562-1636),  educated  In  France;  allied  himself 
with  the  Duke  of  Lennox  against  Morton,  and  was  pro- 
minent In  the  counter-revolution  of  1583 ;  secretly  corre- 
sponded with  Spain  for  the  restoration  of  Catholicism ; 
frequently  compelled  by  the  kirk  to  subscribe  the  confes- 
sion of  faith ;  captain  of  the  guard  at  Holyrood,  1588 ; 
raised,  with  Erroll,  a  rebellion  in  the  north,  1689,  but  sub- 
mitted to  James  VI ;  protected  by  the  king  after  his 
murder  of  the  '  bonnie  Earl'  of  Moray,  1592,  as  also  after 
ni*  rebellion  and  excommunication,  1593;  joined  In  a 
ivtHlion  against  James  VTs  government,  1594 ;  his  castle 
of  strathbogie  blown  up  by' the  king,  1694;  compelled 


(1595)  to  leave  Scotland  on  his  refusal  to  give  up  his  con- 
federate, Bothwell  (the  second  earl);  pardoned  and 
received  into  the  kirk,  1597,  and  created  marquis  and 
joint-lieutenant  of  the  north,  1599  ;  again  excommunicated 
and  compelled  to  subscribe,  1608;  imprisoned  on  refusing 
a  fresh  demand  for  subscription  ;  on  his  release  went  to 
England  and  obtained  absolution  from  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1616 ;  deprived  by  Charles  I  of  his  family 
jurisdiction  in  the  north,  1630 ;  subsequently  twice  sum- 
moned before  the  privy  council  and  Imprisoned. 

[xxii.  186] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  second  MARQUIS  OF  HUNTLY 
(d.  1649),  eldest  son  of  George  Gordon,  sixth  earl  and  first 
marquis  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  in  England,  and  created  Earl 
of  Enzie ;  commanded  company  of  gensd'armes  In  France ; 
created  Viscount  of  Aboyne,  1632 ;  succeeded  his  father, 
1636 ;  refused  to  subscribe  the  covenant,  1638 ;  driven, 
when  lieutenant  of  the  north,  from  Strathbogie  by 
Montrose  ;  refusing  the  covenanters'  demands  was  taken 
to  Edinburgh  under  guard,  1639  ;  joined  Charles  I ;  out- 
lawed by  the  Scots,  1643 ;  excommunicated,  1644;  retired 
before  Argyll  to  Caithness  ;  subsequently  stormed  Aber- 
deen, 1645 ;  raised  forces  for  Charles  I ;  captured  by 
Colonel  Menzies  at  Dalnabo,  1647 ;  beheaded  at  Edinburgh, 
1649.  [xxii.  190] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  first  DUKE  OF  GORDON  and 
fourth  MARQUIS  OF  HUNTLY  (1643-1716),  succeeded  as 
fourth  Marquis  of  Huntly,  1653:  educated  abroad ;  saw 
military  service  with  the  French  and  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
1672-5 ;  created  Duke  of  Gordon  at  instigation  of  Claver- 
house,  1684 ;  appointed  by  James  II  privy  councillor  and 
captain  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  1686 ;  surrendered  the  castle 
to  the  convention  of  estates,  1689 ;  several  times  after- 
wards imprisoned.  [xxii.  194] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OF  ABERDEEN  (1637- 
1720),  statesman ;  second  son  of  Sir  John  Gordon  (d. 
1644)  [q.v.]:  M.A.King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1658 ;  four 
years  professor  at  Aberdeen;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1667  ;  practised  at  Edinburgh  bar ;  represented  Aberdeen- 
shire  in  Scots  parliament;  raised  to  the  bench  as  Lord 
Haddo,  1680 ;  a  lord  of  the  articles  and  president  of  ses- 
sion, 1681 ;  chancellor  of  Scotland  under  James,  duke  of 
York,  1682-4;  created  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  1682 ;  dismissed 
from  chancellorship  for  leniency  to  nonconformists,  1684 ; 
supported  treaty  of  union,  1705-6.  [xxii.  196] 

GORDON,  LORD  GEORGE  (1751-1793),  agitator; 
served  in  the  navy;  M.P.  for  Ludgershall,  1774-81;  as 
president  of  the  Protestant  Association  for  repeal  of  re- 
lieving act  of  1778,  presented  petition  which  led  to  the 
No-Popery  riots  of  1780;  acquitted  of  treason,  1781  ; 
again  appeared  as  protestaut  champion,  1784,  in  the 
quarrel  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Emperor  Joseph  ; 
became  a  Jew  ;  imprisoned  for  libels  on  the  British  govern- 
ment and  Marie  Antoinette,  1788  till  death ;  died  in  New- 
gate, [xxii.  197] 

GOEDON,  GEORGE,  fifth  DUKE  OF  GORDON  (1770- 
1836),  general;  as  Marquis  of  Huntly  served  with  guards 
in  Flanders,  1793-4 ;  raised  regiment  now  known  as  Gor- 
don Highlanders;  commanded  it  (1795-9)  in  Spain,  Cor- 
sica, Ireland,  and  Holland,  where  he  was  badly  wounded  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1808 ;  general,  1819 ;  commanded 
division  in  Walcheren  expedition,  1809  ;  M.P.,  Eye,  1806 ; 
created  Baron  Gordon,  1807  ;  G.O.B.,  1820 ;  succeeded  to 
dukedom,  1827.  [xxii.  198] 

GORDON,  GEORGE,  ninth  MARQUIS  OF  HUNTLY 
(1761-1853),  served  in  the  army  as  Lord  Strathaveu  : 
succeeded  as  fifth  Earl  of  Aboyne,  1794  ;  Scottish  repre- 
sentative peer,  1796-1815 ;  created  peer  of  United  King- 
dom, 1815  ;  K.T.,  1827 ;  succeeded  as  Marquis  of  Huntly, 
1836.  [xxii.  199] 

GORDON.  GEORGE  (1806-1879),  horticultural  writer ; 
with  Robert  Glendinnlug  published  'Pinetum'  (1868), 
with  supplement  (1862).  [xxii.  200] 

GORDON,  GEORGE  HAMILTON-,  fourth  EAIXL  m 
ABERDEEN  (1784-1860),  statesman;  at  Harrow  with 
Althorp  and  Palmcratou  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1804;  travelled  in  Greece  and  founded  the 
Athenian  Society;  'the  travell'd  thane'  of  'English 
Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers ' ;  Scottish  representative 
peer,  1806-14;  ambassador  extraordinary  at  Vienna, 
1813,  and  representative  at  the  congress  of  Chfttilloii,  1814  : 
privy  councillor  and  Viscount  Gordon  of  the  United 


GORDON 


513 


GORDON 


Kingdom,  1814;  prosidentof  Society  of  Antiquaries  isti'J- 
1H4C  ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  in  Welling- 
ton's cabinet,  and  afterwards  foreign  secretary,  1828-30; 
secretary  for  war  ami  the  colonies  under  Peel,  1834-5  ; 
endeavoured  to  prevent  schism  in  the  Scottish  church  by 
his  Non-Intrusion  Bill  and  the  act  of  1843;  foreign 
secretary,  1841-6,  preserving  peace  with  France  through 
his  friendship  with  (ini/.ot:  improved  relations  with 
America  by  the  Oregon  treaty,  1846;  followed  Peel  out  I 
of  office,  and  on  his  death  led  hi<  adherents;  spoke  ably 
against  Russell's  Kcelesiastical  Titles  Hill,  1851  ;  brought 
about  the  defeat  of  Lord  Derby  by  joining  the  whiirs  on 

the    house-tax    resoluti 1852;     formed     a     coalition 

ministry  of   whigs  and   IVelites   1852:  forced   into  the 
Crimean   war    by   Palmerston  and    Stratford  Canning, 
1854 :  resigned  after  the  carrying  of  Roebuck's  vote  of  * 
censure  of  the   ministry's    conduct  of    the  war,  1855;  | 
naturally  inclined   to  policy  of  non-intervention  ;  K.G., 
1855  ;  published  a.  few  miscellaneous  work?.     His  bust,  I 
by  Nolile,  is  in  Westminster  Abbey.    His  correspondence 
was  privately  printed  by  his  sou,  Sir  A.  H.  Gordon, 
afterwards  Lord  Stanmore.  [xxii.  200] 

GORDON,  GEORGE  ROSS  (/.  1832),  Gaelic  poet ; 
brother  of  William  Gordon  (1770-1820)  [q.  v.] ;  published 
poems  by  himself  and  brothers,  1804-6.  [xxii.  236] 

GORDON,  HENRIETTA,  *  Lady  Henrietta'  (fl.  1C58), 
maid  of  honour  to  Princess  Henrietta,  Duchess  of  Orleans ; 
daughter  of  John  Gordon,  viscount  Melgum  ;  educated  in 
Parisian  convents ;  entered  the  service  of  Anne  of  Austria, 
1649  ;  a  favourite  of  the  Due  d'Orleans,  and  attendant  on 
both  his  wives.  [xxii.  203] 

GORDON,  SIR  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1818-1887),  com- 
missary-general ;  brother  of  Charles  George  Gordon  [q.  v.]  ; 
served  in  the  army,  1885-56  ;  O.B.  for  services  in  Crimea, 
1857;  commissary-general,  1875;  K.C.B.,  1877;  pub- 
lished 'Events  in  the  Life  of  Charles  George  Gordon,' 
1886.  [xxii.  204] 

GORDON,  JAMES  (1541-1620),  Jesuit;  fifth  son  of 
George  Gordon,  fourtli  earl  of  Huutly  [q.  v.] ;  while  on 
mission  with  Father  William  Orichton  [q.  v.]  to  Scotland, 
1684,  disputed  with  George  Hay  (d.  1588)  [q.  v.],  and  con- 
verted Francis,  earl  of  ErroU  ;  held  conference  with  pro- 
testants  at  Holy  rood  in  presence  of  James  VI,  1588 ;  sent 
by  James  VI  to  Rome  to  arrange  for  restoration  of 
Romanism,  1592  ;  exiled  after  his  return ;  author  of  con- 
troversial works ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxiL  204] 

GORDON,  JAMES  (1553-1641),  Jesuit ;  rector  of  the 
colleges  at  Toulouse  and  Bordeaux ;  D.D. ;  confessor  to 
Louis  XIII ;  died  at  Paris.  His  works  include  biblical 
commentaries,  1632,  and  '  Opus  Ohronologicum,'  1613. 

[xxii.  205] 

GORDON,  JAMES,  second  VISCOUXT  ABOYNE  (d. 
1649).  second  son  of  George  Gordon,  second  marquis  of 
Hnntly  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  as  viscount,  1636  ;  defeated  by 
Moiitrose  at  bridge  of  Dee,  1639 ;  outlawed  by  Scottish 
council,  1643;  joined  Montrose  against  covenanters,  and 
was  made  lieutenant  of  the  north ;  excommunicated, 
1644,  and  exempted  from  pardon,  1648 ;  died  of  grief  in 
Paris  on  hearing  of  Charles  I's  execution,  [xxii.  206] 

GORDON,  JAMES  (1615  ?-1686),  topographer ;  son 
of  Robert  Gordon  (1580-1661)  [q.  v.] ;  graduated  at 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1636 ;  pastor  of  Rothiemny, 
1641-86 ;  executed  survey  of  Edinburgh,  1646-7,  and  views 
and  plan  of  Aberdeen,  1661.  His  'History  of  Scots 
Affairs '  (wrongly  attributed  to  his  father,  Robert)  was 
printed,  1841,  his  4  Aberdonise  utriusque  Descriptio,'  1842. 

[xxii.  206] 

GORDON,  JAMES  (1664-1746),  Scottish  Roman 
catholic  prelate ;  educated  at  Scots  College,  Paris  :  elected 
coadjutor  of  Bishop  Thomas  Joseph  Nicholson  [q.  v.], 
and  consecrated  secretly  to  see  of  Nicoi>olis  in  partibus, 
1706;  vicar  apostolic  in  Scotland,  1718;  first  vicar- 
apostolic  of  lowland  district,  1731-46.  [xxii.  207] 

GORDON,  JAMES  (1762-1825),  eccentric;  solicitor 
at  Cambridge ;  made  a  living  in  London  by  waiting  at 
coach  offices  ;  his  portrait  and  some  of  his  jests  preserved 
in  Hone's  «  Everyday  Book.'  [xxii.  208] 

GORDON,  SIR  JAMES  ALEXANDER  (1782-1869), 
admiral  of  the  fleet;  entered  navy,  1793;  saw  service  at 
L'Orient,  1795,  and  in  the  Goliath  at  St.  Vincent  and  the 


Nile;  in  the  Racoon  at  capture  of  the  Lodi  and  the 
Mutine,  1803;  distinguished  himself  at  capture  of  the 
Spanish  convoy  off  Rota,  1808  ;  while  in  command  of  toe 
Active  received  gold  modal  for  conduct  at  Lissa,  1811  ; 
lost  a  leg  in  the  capture  of  the  Pomone,  1812  ;  commanded 
squadron  in  American  war,  which  reduced  Fort  Wash- 
ington and  took  city  of  Alexandria  and  twenty-one 
ships,  1814;  lieutenant-governor  of  Greenwich, 
governor,  1853 ;  admiral,  1854 ;  G.C.B.,  1855  ;  admiral  of 
the  fleet,  1868.  [xxii.  208] 

GORDON,  JAMES  ALEXANDER  (1793-1872),  physi- 
clan;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1814;  F.R.C.P.,  1836;  censor, 
1838;  physician  to  the  London  Hospital,  1828-44;  with 
Dr.  Mackenzie  established  '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Foreign 
Medicine  and  Surgery,'  1819.  [xxiL  209] 

GORDON,  JAMES  BENTLEY  (1750-1819),  historian  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1773  :  incumbent  of  Canna- 
way,  Cork,  and  Killegney,  Wexford ;  published  works, 
including  '  History  of  the  Rebellion  in  Ireland  in  1798 ' 
1801,  and  •  History  of  Ireland,'  1805,  &c.  [xxiL  209] 

GORDON,  JAMES  EDWARD  HENRY  (185J-1893X 
electrical  engineer ;  son  of  James  Alexander  Gordon 
(1793-1872)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1876 ; 
manager  of  electric  lighting  department  of  Telegraph 
Construction  and  Maintenance  Company,  1883  ;  engineer 
to  Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Company,  1888-9  ;  started 
practice  with  Mr.  W.  J.  Rivington,  1889  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1890  ; 
published  works  on  electricity.  [Suppl.  ii.  332] 

GORDON,  SIR  JAMES  WILLOUGHBY,  first  baronet 
(1773-1851),  general ;  served  with  the  66th  in  Ireland,  the 
West  Indies,  Gibraltar,  and  North  America,  1783-1800 ; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  85th,  1801,  of  the  92nd,  1804 ; 
military  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  York  when  commander- 
in-chief;  quartermaster-general  in  Peninsula,  1811-12, 
and  afterwards  at  Horse  Guards;  lieutenant-general, 
1825 ;  general,  1841 ;  created  baronet,  1818  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1830 ;  G.C.B.,  1831 ;  published  (1809)  '  Military 
Transactions  of  the  British  Empire,1  1803-7.  [xxii.  210] 

GORDON,  JANE,  DUCHESS  OP  GORDON  (1749  ?-1812), 
wife  of  Alexander  Gordon,  fourth  duke  of  Gordon  [q.  v.]  ; 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Maxwell  of  Monreith  ;  married, 
1767  ;  head  of  Tory  salon  at  her  house  in  Pall  Mall,  1787- 
1801 ;  married  three  of  her  daughters  to  dukes  and  another 
to  a  marquis ;  her  portrait  painted  by  Reynolds,  1775. 

[xxii.  210] 

GORDON,  JOHN,  tenth  or  eleventh  EARL  OF  SUTHKU- 
LAXD  (1526  7-1667),  succeeded  his  grandfather,  Adam, 
earl  of  Sutherland,  1537;  lieutenant  of  Moray,  1547-8; 
accompanied  queen  mother  of  Scotland  to  France,  1550 ; 
received  earldom  of  Ross,  1555 ;  employed  by  his  relative, 
Huntly,  in  diplomatic  negotiations,  1560;  said  to  have 
been  concerned  in  plot  for  carrying  off  the  young  Queen 
Mary ;  attainted  while  in  Flanders,  1563 ;  captured  (1565) 
and  detained  in  England;  restored  to  his  estates  with 
Huntly ;  poisoned  at  Helmsdale,  probably  at  instigation 
of  George,  fourth  earl  of  Caithness.  [xxii.  211] 

GORDON,  JOHN  (1544-1619),  dean  of  Salisbury ;  pro- 
bably eldest  son  of  Alexander  Gordon  (1516?-1575) 
[q.  v.],  bishop-elect  of  Galloway ;  served  Louis,  prince 
of  Conde ;  attended  Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk,  1568,  and 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1569-72 ;  gentleman  of  the  privy 
chamber  to  Charles  IX,  Henri  III,  and  Henri  IV  ;  saved 
lives  of  several  countrymen  during  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, 1572 ;  held  public  disputations  with  Benetrius, 
the  chief  rabbi  at  Avignon,  1574,  and  against  Du  Perron, 
1601  ;  invited  to  England  in  consequence  of  his  eulogies 
of  James  I :  dean  of  Salisbury,  1604-19 ;  took  part  in  the 
Hampton  Court  conference,  1604 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1606 ; 
received  barony  of  Glenluce,  1611 ;  benefactor  of  Salisbury 
Cathedral ;  published  theological  works,  some  of  them  in 
answer  to  Bellarmine.  [xxii.  212] 

GORDON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  VISCOUXT  KKXMIKK 
and  BARON  LOCHINVAU  (1699  ?-1634),  of  Lochinvar, 
brother-in-law  of  the  Marquis  of  Argyll  and  friend  of 
Samuel  Rutherford  [q.  v.]  ;  created  Scottish  peer,  1633. 

[xxiL  214] 

GORDON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (d.  1644),  royalist ; 
distinguished  himself  against  the  covenanters  at  Turriff, 
1639,  and  joined  Charles  I  in  England  ;  created  baronet, 
1642 ;  excommunicated  and  taken  at  Kellie  by  Argyll : 
beheaded  at  Edinburgh.  [xxii.  216] 

LL 


GORDON 


514 


GORDON 


GORDON,  JOHN,  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  EARL  OP 
SUTHERLAND  (1609-1663),  sheriff  and  coroner  of  Suther- 
land ;  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Gordon  (1580-1656)  [q.  v.]  ; 
obtained  many  subscriptions  to  the  covenant  in  the 
north ;  one  of  the  leaders  at  battle  of  Auldearn,  1645  ; 
lord  privy  seal  in  Scotland,  1649  ;  raised  forces  a^ain^t 
Cromwell,  1650  ;  his  piety  commemorated  by  Wodrow. 

[xxii.  215] 

GORDON,  JOHN  (1644-1726),  bishop  of  Galloway, 
1688  ;  followed  James  II  to  Ireland  and  France  ;  D.D. ; 
converted  to  Romanism  by  Bossuet ;  appointed  by 
Clement  XI  to  abbey  of  St.  Clement ;  died  at  Rome. 

[xxii.  216] 

GORDON,  JOHN,  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  EARL  OP 
SUTHERLAND  (1660?-1733),  offered  to  mediate  with 
William  III  on  behalf  of  his  connection,  Dundee,  1689  ; 
served  under  William  III  in  Flanders  ;  succeeded  to  earl- 
dom, 1703 ;  privy  councillor  to  Queen  Anne,  1704  ;  a  com- 
missioner for  the  union  ;  Scottish  representative  peer, 
1706,  1715,  1722,  and  1727 ;  president  of  the  board  of 
trade,  1715  ;  received  pension  for  services  as  lieutenant  of 
the  north  in  1715  ;  K.T.  [xxii.  217] 

GORDON,  JOHN  (1702-1739),  Gresham  professor  of 
music  :  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge:  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1725:  Gresham  pro- 
fessor, 1723-39.  [xxii.  217] 

GORDON,  SIR  JOHN  WATSON-  (1788-1864),  por- 
trait-painter ;  assumed  name  of  Gordon,  1826 ;  the  leading 
portrait-painter  after  Raeburn's  death,  1823  ;  exhibited  at 
Scottish  Academy,  1830-64  ;  president,  1850  :  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1827;  R.A.,  1851;  knighted,  1850; 
the  Watson-Gordon  professorship  at  Edinburgh  en- 
dowed In  his  memory,  1879.  [xxii.  218] 

GORDON,  SIR  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1814-1870),  major- 
general  :  entered  engineers,  1833 ;  present  at  Alma  and 
Inkerman,  and  prominent  in  siege  of  Sebastopol  ; 
severely  wounded  at  the  great  sortie,  but  commanded 
engineers  in  Kertch  expedition  ;  deputy  adjutant-general 
at  the  Horse  Guards,  1856-61 ;  K.O.B.  and  major-general  ; 
commanded  in  the  Trent  affair,  1861 ;  inspector-general  of 
fortifications ;  killed  himself  in  a  fit  of  insanity  resulting 
from  wound.  [xxii.  219] 

GORDON,  LORD  LEWIS  (d.  1754),  Jacobite ;  third 
son  of  Alexander  Gordon,  second  duke  of  Gordon  [q.  v.]  ; 
one  of  Prince  Charles  Edward's  council,  1745 ;  defeated 
Macleod  near  Inverury,  1745 :  died  at  Montreuil. 

[xxii.  219] 

GORDON,  LUCY,  LADY  DDFF-  (1821-1869).  [See 
DUKF-GORDON,  LUCIE  or  LUCY.] 

GORDON,  OSBORNE  (1813-1883),  divine  :  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  censor,  1846  ;  Ireland  scholar,  1835  ; 
M.A.,  1839 ;  B.D.,  1847 ;  reader  in  Greek,  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1846;  active  against  'papal  aggression,'  1850; 
prominent  in  the  university  till  presented  (1860)  to 
living  of  Easthampstead,  Berkshire ;  chairman  of  com- 
mission of  inquiry  into  queen's  colleges  in  Ireland,  1876  ; 
member  of  the  Oxford  commission  ;  his  epitaph  at  East- 
hampstead written  by  Ruskin  ;  edited  Eusebius,  1842. 

[xxii.  221] 

GORDON,  PATRICK  (ft.  1615-1650),  poet;  perhaps 
author  of  '  A  Shorte  Abridgment  of  Britenes  Distemper  ' 
(printed,  1844) :  published  '  Neptunus  Britannicus  Cory- 
donis,'  1614,  as  well  as  a  poem  on  Bruce,  and  '  First  Booke 
...  of  Peuardo  and  Laissa,'  1615.  [xxii.  222] 

GORDON,  PATRICK  (1635-1699),  general  and  friend 
of  Peter  the  Great :  left  Scotland,  1661 ;  served  alter- 
nately the  Swedes  and  the  Poles ;  attempted  assassination 
at  Wender,  1658,  of  Richard  Bradshaw  [q.  v.],  mistaking 
him  for  the  president  at  the  trial  of  Charles  I  ;  entered 
the  Russian  service,  1661 :  suppressed  a  revolt,  1662 ;  on 
mission  to  England,  1664 :  drove  Turks  from  the  Ukraine ; 
lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  Kiev,  1679  ;  not 
allowed  to  retire  from  Russian  service ;  general  for  ser- 
vices against  the  Crimean  Tartars,  1687  ;  assisted  Peter  in 
his  coup  (Cttat  :  suppressed  the  Strelitzes,  1697 ;  buried 
at  Moscow ;  extracts  from  his  autobiography  (in  the  St. 
Petersburg  archives)  edited  by  Joseph  Robertson,  1869. 

[xxii.  222] 

GORDON,  PRYSE  LOCKHART  (  ft.  1834),  author  of 
•  Personal  Memoirs,'  1830,  and  of  •  Holland  and  Belgium,' 
1834  ;  from  1815  lived  at  Brussels.  [xxii.  224] 

GORDON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1580-1656),  historian  of 
house  of  Sutherland  ;  fourth  son  of  Alexander  Gordon 


eleventh  or  twelfth  Earl  of  Sutherland  [q.  v.]  ;  eentle- 
man  of  the  privy  chamber  to  James  I  and  Charles  I ; 
married  heiress  of  John  Gordon  (1544-1619)  [q.  v.],  dean 
of  Salisbury  and  Lord  of  Gleuluce,  1613  ;  created  premier 
baronet  of  Nova  Sootia,  1625  ;  confidential  messenger  be- 
tween Charles  I  and  his  queen  :  sheriff  of  Inverness-shire, 
1629  ;  vice-chamberlain  of  Scotland,  1630  ;  privy  council- 
lor of  Scotland,  1634 ;  mediator  during  the  civil  war ; 
founder  of  family  of  Gordonstoun  ;  his  » Genealogical 
History  of  the  Earldom  of  Sutherland'  edited  by  Henry 
Weber,  1813.  [xxii.  224] 

GORDON,  ROBERT  (1580-1661),  of  Straloch,  geo- 
grapher ;  first  graduate  of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ; 
mediated  between  Huntly  and  Montrose  :  corrected  and 
completed  Font's  maps  for  Scottish  section  of  Bleati's 
'Atlas'  (vol.  vi.  of  1662  edition)  and  contributed  'Re- 
marks on  the  Charts  of  the  Ancient  Scots ' ;  wrote  family 
history,  which  William  Gordon  utilised  ;  supplied  mate- 
rials for  the  'Scots  Affairs'  of  his  sou  James  Gordon 
(1615  ?-1686)  [q.  v.]  of  Rothiemay.  [xxii.  226] 

GORDON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1647-1704),  'Sir  Robert 
the  warlock,'  of  Gordonstoun:  grandson  of  Sir  Robert 
Gordon  (1580-1656)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1673:  succeeded 
as  baronet,  1685  ;  gentleman  of  James  II's  household  : 
member  of  Scots  parliament  of  1672-4,  and  of  conven- 
tions of  1678,  1681-2,  1685-6  ;  correspondent  of  Boyle  ; 
invented  a  pump ;  F.R.S.,  1686.  [xxii.  227] 

GORDON,  ROBERT  (1665-1732),  founder  of  Gordon's 
College  (formerly  Hospital),  Aberdeen ;  grandson  of 
Robert  Gordon  (1580-1661)  [q.  v.]  of  Straloch;  acquired 
fortune  as  a  merchant  at  Dantzig ;  his  hospital  for  thirty 
boys  opened  1750,  increased  by  bequest  of  Alexander 
Simpson,  1834,  converted  into  a  college,  1881. 

[xxii.  227] 

GORDON,  ROBERT  (1687-1764),  biblical  scholar; 
prefect  of  studies  at  Paris,  1712-18 ;  chaplain  to  Duke  of 
Gordon,  1718-28 ;  procurator  at  Edinburgh,  1728-40 ; 
arrested  in  London,  1745,  and  banished ;  died  at  Lens  : 
his  manuscript  translation  of  the  New  Testament  not 
approved  at  Rome.  [xxii.  228] 

GORDON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1791-1847),  diplomatist; 
brother  of  Sir  Alexander  Gordon  (1786-1816)  [q.  v.] ; 
plenipotentiary  at  Vienna,  1815,  1817, 1821 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor :  envoy  extraordinary  to  Brazil,  1826  ;  at  Constan- 
tinople, 1828-31 ;  at  Vienna,  1841-6 ;  G.C.B.,  1829. 

[xxii.  228] 

GORDON,  ROBERT  (1786-1853),  Free  church  minis- 
ter ;  D.D.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1823  ;  minister  of 
the  High  Church,  Edinburgh,  1830;  supported  non- 
intrusionists  :  as  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1841, 
had  to  pronounce  deposition  of  the  Strathbogie  minis- 
ters ;  seconded  Thomas  Chalmers  [q.  v.],  1842 ;  left 
established  church,  1843,  followed  by  his  congregation ; 
contributed  to  the  '  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia.' 

[xxii.  229] 

GORDON,  THEODORE  (1786-1845),  inspector  of  army 
hospitals  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1802  ;  army  surgeon  in  Ger- 
many and  the  Peninsula  ;  wounded  in  crossing  Pyrenees ; 
physician  to  the  forces,  1815 ;  professional  assistant  at 
medical  board  of  war  office  ;  deputy-inspector-general  of 
hospitals,  1836.  [xxii.  229] 

GORDON,  THOMAS  (d.  1750),  author;  reputed  the 
Silenus  of  the  '  Dunciad ' :  with  his  patron  John  Trench- 
ard  [q.  v.]  issued  a  weekly  paper  called  '  Independent 
Whig,'  collected  in  volume,  1721  (reissued  later  as  'A 
Defence  of  Primitive  Christianity');  employed  by  Wai- 
pole  ;  published  translation  of  Tacitus,  1728,  and  Sallust, 
1744,  and  miscellaneous  works.  [xxii.  230] 

GORDON,  THOMAS  (1788-1841),  major-general  in 
the  Greek  army ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Braseuose  College, 
Oxford ;  cornet,  2nd  dragoons,  1808 ;  served  in  Scots  Greys ; 
captain  in  Russian  army,  1813 ;  served  under  Ipsilanti 
against  the  Turks,  but  retired  after  massacre  at  Tripoli/-/;*, 
1821;  member  of  Greek  committee  in  London,  1823; 
returned  to  Greece,  1 826 ;  commanded  expedition  for 
relief  of  Athens,  1827 ;  lived  at  Argos,  1828-31 ;  served  in 
Greek  army,  1833-9;  published  'History  of  the  Greek 
Revolution,'  1832,  and  translations  from  the  Turkish. 

[xxii.  230] 

GORDON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1577),  last  pre- reformation 
bishop  of  Aberdeen ;  fourth  son  of  Alexander  Gordon, 
third  earl  of  Huutly  [q.  v.] ;  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1646- 
1677.  [xxii.  232] 


GORDON 


515 


GORT 


GORDON,  WILLIAM  (1G14-1G79),  of  Karlston,  cove- 
nanter; second  son  of  Alexander  Gordon  of  Ivirl-ton 
(1587-1664)  [q.  v.] ;  shared  in  Glencairn's  rising  against 
Cromwell,  1653,  but  submitted;  banished  from  Scotland 
for  refusing  to  present  un  episcopal  curate,  1663 ;  shot 
after  Bothwell  Brigg.  [xxii.  233] 

GORDON,  WILLIAM,  sixth  VISCOUNT  KK.VMUIK 
(./.  17U1),  JiK-ohite;  induced  by  his  wife,  sister  of  Sir 
Robert  Dalyell  [q.  v.],  to  join  rising  of  1715  ;  appointed  by 
Mar  to  command  in  southern  Scotland  ;  failed  to  surprise 
Dumfries  and  marched  into  England  ;  captured  at  Preston, 
1715 ;  pleaded  guilty  and  made  strong  appeal  to  the  peers, 
but  was  beheaded.  [xxii.  234] 

GORDON,  WILLIAM  (1728-1807),  independent  minis- 
ter, at  Ipswich  and  Gravel  Lane,  South wark  :  in  America, 
1770-85,  at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  and  Jamaica  Plain ; 
private  secretary  to  Washington,  and  chaplain  to  provin- 
cial congress  of  Massachusetts ;  D.D.  New  Jersey ;  pastor 
of  St.  Neote,  1789-1802 ;  published  '  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Independence  of  the  United  States,'  1788.  [xxii.  235] 

GORDON,  WILLIAM  (1770-1820%  Gaelic  poet; 
brother  of  George  Ross  Gordon  [q.  v.] ;  while  serving 
with  Reay  fencibles  in  Ireland  wrote  Gaelic  hymns  and 
flongs,  published  as  'Dantadh  Spioradal,'  1802. 

[xxii.  235] 

GORDON,  WILLIAM  (1800-1849),  philanthropist: 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1841  ;  physician  at  Hull ;  subject  of 
Newman  Hall's  'Christian  Philanthropist  triumphing 
over  Death,'  1849.  [xxii.  236] 

GORDON-GUMMING,  ROUALEYN  GEORGE  (1820- 
1866).  [See  GUMMING.] 

GORE,  MRS.  CATHERINE  GRACE  FRANCES  (1799- 
1861),  novelist  and  dramatist ;  nee  Moody ;  married,  1823, 
to  Captain  Charles  Arthur  Gore ;  published  about  seventy 
works  between  1824  and  1862,  including  the  novels 
'Manners  of  the  Day'  (1830),  'Mrs.  Armytage'  (1836), 
'  Cecil,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Coxcomb '  (1841),  and  '  The 
Banker's  Wife'  (1843);  her  'School  for  Coquettes'  acted 
at  the  Haymarket,  1831,  '  Lords  and  Commons '  at 
Drury  Lane,  and  '  Quid  pro  Quo '  at  the  Haymarket,  1844 ; 
parodied  by  Thackeray  in  '  Novels  by  Eminent  Hands ' ; 
composed  music  for  '  And  ye  shall  walk  in  silk  attire,' 
and  other  favourite  songs.  [xxii.  236] 

GORE,  SIB  CHARLES  STEPHEN  (1793-1869),  gene- 
ral ;  served  with  43rd  in  the  Peninsula ;  took  part  in 
storming  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1812,  and  Badajoz,  1812 ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Sir  A.  Barnard  at  Salamanca,  1812 ;  to 
Sir  J.  Kempt  at  Yittoria,  1813,  and  in  Canada,  1814 ;  at 
Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo;  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  in  Canada,  1838-9 ;  lieutenant-general,  1854 ;  gene- 
ral, 1863 ;  G.O.B.  and  governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital. 

[xxii.  238] 

GORE,  JOHN,  BARON  ANNALY  (1718-1784),  Irish 
judge ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1737 ;  M.P.  Jamestown,  1746  ;  soli- 
citor-general for  Ireland,  1760;  chief-justice  of  king's 
bench,  1764;  privy  councillor;  created  an  Irish  peer, 
1766.  [xxii.  238] 

GORE,  SIR  JOHN  (1772-1836),  vice-admiral ;  entered 
navy,  1781 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Corsica  and  Toulon, 
1794-5 ;  captured  by  the  French ;  while  in  command  of 
the  Triton  in  the  Channel,  1796-1801,  took  many  prizes ; 
received  40,000/.  prize-money  after  capture  of  Santa 
Brigida  and  Thetis,  1799  :  with  the  Medusa  assisted  in 
capture  of  Spanish  ships  off  Cadiz,  1801 ;  knighted,  1805  ; 
K.C.B.,  1815 ;  vice-admiral,  1825 ;  commander  of  theNore, 
1818-21 ;  in  the  East  Indies,  1831-5.  [xxii.  238] 

GORE,  MONTAGU  (1800-1864),  politician;  whig 
M.P.  for  Devizes,  1832-4;  conservative  M.P.  for  Barn- 
staple,  1841-7  ;  supported  Peel  on  corn-law  question ; 
published  political  pamphlets.  [xxii.  239] 

GORE,  THOMAS  (1632-1684),  writer  on  heraldry; 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn ; 
gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber,  1667 ;  high  sheriff  of 
Wiltshire,  1681 ;  chief  work  '  Nomenclator  Geographicus 
Latino- Anglicus  et  Anglico-Latinus,'  1667  ;  two  valuable 
manuscripts  by  him  in  British  Museum.  [xxii.  240] 

GORGES,  SIR  ARTHUR  (rf.  1625),  poet  and  trans- 
lator ;  commanded  the  Wast  Spite,  Ralegh's  flagship,  on 
the  Islands  Voyage,  1697  ;  knighted  ;  his  account  of  the 


voyage  published  by  Samuel  Purchas  [q.  v.]  in  'Pilgrimes* 
1625-b  ;  M.I'.,  Yarmouth,  1584,  Camelford,  1588,  Dorset- 
shire, 1592,  and  Rye,  1601 ;  translated  Lucan'a  •  Pharsulia,' 
1614,  and  Bacon's  '  De  SapieutiA  Veterum,'  1619,  aud  made 
French  version  of  the  Unsays ;  the  •  Alcyon '  of  Spenser's 
'  Daphnaida '  and  •  Colin  Clout's  come  home  again/ 

GORGES,  SIR  FERDINANDO  (15667-1647?  u.fliury 
and  naval  commander  and  coloniser :  cousin  of  Sir  Arthur 
Gorges  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  by  Essex  for  gallantry  at  siege 
of  Rouen,  1591 ;  with  him  In  the  Island  Voyage,  1697,  and 
in  Ireland,  1599  ;  joined  his  conspiracy,  but  gave  evidence 
against  him,  1601 :  governor  of  Plymouth  ;  became  inte- 
rested in  colonisation,  and  formed  two  companies  which 
received  grants  of  laud  in  North  America,  and  formed 
settlement  of  New  Plymouth,  1628;  lord  proprietary  of 
Maine,  1639.  [xxiL  241] 

GORHAM,  GEOFFREY  OP  (</.  1146).  [See  GEOF- 
FREY.] 

GORHAM,  GEORGE  CORNELIUS  (1787-1867), 
divine  and  antiquary ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1810  ;  third  wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman, 
1808;  M.A.,  1812;  B.D.,  1820:  vicar  of  St.  Just  in  Pen- 
with,  Cornwall,  1846,  of  Brampford  Speke,  Devonshire, 
1847-57;  refused  institution  (1847)  on  account  of  Cal- 
vinistic  views  on  baptismal  regeneration  by  Bishop  Henry 
Phillpotts  of  Exeter,  who  was  supported  by  court  of 
arches,  but  obtained  institution  soon  after  the  decision 
had  been  reversed  by  the  judicial  committee  of  privy 
council,  1850.  Besides  hie  own  account  of  the  case,  Gor- 
ham  published  books  on  the  two  St.  Neots  (1820),  and  on 
the  chapel,  chauntry,  and  guild  of  Maidenhead,  and  the 
'  Book  of  Enoch  *  (1829),  besides  genealogical  works. 

[xxii.  243] 

GORING,  GEORGE,  BARON  GORINO  (1608-1657), 
royalist ;  son  of  George  Goring,  earl  of  Norwich  [q.  v.]  ; 
wounded  in  Dutch  service  at  siege  of  Breda,  1637 ;  held 
commands  in  Scotch  wars  ;  revealed  '  first  army  plot '  to 
parliament,  1641,  but  when  governor  of  Portsmouth  de- 
clared for  the  king,  1642;  raised  reinforcements  for 
royalists  in  Holland:  as  general  of  the  horse  routed 
Fairfax  at  Seacroft  Moor,  1643,  but  was  captured  by  him 
at  Wakefleld  and  sent  to  the  Tower  ;  exchanged  for  the 
Earl  of  Lothian,  1644 ;  commanded  left  wing  at  Marstou 
Moor,  1644  ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  main  army  in  the 
south ;  made  successful  charge  at  second  battle  of  New- 
bury,  1644 ;  conducted  unsuccessful  operations  in  the 
south  and  west,  and  injured  the  royal  cause  by  ambitious 
intrigues  ;  received  command  in  the  west,  1646 ;  defeated 
at  Langport;  went  abroad  and  obtained  command  of 
English  regiments  in  Spanish  service ;  thenceforth  lived 
in  Spain.  [xxii.  245] 

GORINO,  GEORGE,  EARL  OF  NORWICH  (1583  ?-1663), 
royalist ;  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ; 
gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Henry,  prince  of 
Wales,  1610 :  one  of  James  I's  three  *  chief  and  master 
fools ' ;  accompanied  Prince  Charles  to  Spain,  1623 ; 
negotiated  his  marriage  with  Henrietta  Maria  of  France ; 
became  her  master  of  the  horse  and  Baron  Goring,  1688 ; 
received  numerous  offices  and  grants ;  '  the  leader  of  the 
monopolists ' ;  privy  councillor,  1639  ;  spent  money  freely 
for  Charles  I  during  the  civil  war ;  accompanied  the 
queen  to  and  from  Holland,  1642-3 ;  as  envoy  to  France 
obtained  from  Mazariu  promise  of  arms  and  money,  1643 ; 
impeached  for  high  treason  by  parliament,  1644 ;  created 
Earl  of  Norwich,  1644 ;  subsequently  commanded  in  Kent 
and  Essex :  after  capitulation  at  Colchester  (1648)  sen- 
tenced to  death,  but  respited  by  casting  vote  of  Speaker 
Lenthall;  with  Charles  II  on  the  continent,  1649; 
employed  in  negotiations  with  Sexby  and  the  Levellers ; 
captain  of  the  guard  and  pensioned,  1661.  [xxii.  248] 

GORRIE,  SIR  JOHN  (1829-1892)  colonial  judge; 
educated  at  Edinburgh ;  advocate,  1866  :  honorary  advo- 
cate-deputy for  Scotland,  1860  ;  began  practice  at  English 
bar,  1862;  substitute  procureur-general  of  Mauritius, 
1869 ;  second  puisne  judge,  1870  ;  chief-justice  and  mem- 
ber of  legislative  council  of  Fiji  islands,  1876;  chief- 
justice  of  Leeward  islands,  and  knighted,  1882 :  chief- 
justice  of  Trinidad,  1886  ;  suspended  on  report  of  commis- 
sion to  investigate  his  methods  of  administering  justice, 
1892.  [SuppL  ii.  332] 

GORT,  second  VISCOUNT.    [See  VEHEKKR,  CHARLES, 
I  1768-1843.] 

LL2 


GORTON 


516 


GOTEB 


GORTON,  JOHN  (d.  183M,  compiler;  published  -A 
General  Biographical  Di.-tion:iry,'  1828,  and,  with  G.  N. 
Wright, '  A  Topographical  Dictionary  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,'  1831-3.  [xxii.  251] 

GORTON,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1677),  founder  of  the  Gor- 
tonites ;  of  Gorton,  Lancashire :  went  to  New  England, 
1636;  lived  at  Boston  and  New  Plymouth;  obliged  to 
remove  to  Rhode  island ;  made  himself  obnoxious  to  the 
authorities  by  his  aggressive  spirit ;  purchased  land  from 
the  Narragansett  Indians  at  Shawomet,  1643  ;  ejected  by 
Massachusetts  government  and  imprisoned  for  heresy  at 
Oharlestown,  1643;  came  to  England.  1644;  published 
'  Simplicities  Defence  against  Seven-Headed  Policy,'  1646 
(reprinted  1835);  having  obtained  protection  against 
Massachusetts  government,  returned  to  Shawomet,  1648, 
renaming  it  Warwick  in  honour  of  his  protector ;  pub- 
lished religious  tracts  with  an  eccentric  phraseology. 

[xxii.  251] 

GOSCEUN  or  GOTSELIN  (ft.  1099),  biographer ;  came 
to  England  with  Bishop  Hermann  of  Salisbury  ;  lived  in 
monastery  of  Canterbury  and  other  houses ;  wrote  lives 
of  St.  Augustine  (dedicated  to  Anselm),  and  St.  Swithun 
and  other  saints,  and  'Historia  Translatiouis  S.  Augus- 
tini' ;  highly  commended  by  William  of  Malinesbury. 

[xxii.  253] 

GOSFORD,  BARON  (1616  ?-1679).  [See  WKUDERBURN, 
Sra  PETER.] 

GOSLING,  JANE  (d.  1804),  author;  published 
•  Moral  Essays,'  1789,  and  '  Ashdale  Village.' 

[xxii.  254] 

GOSLING,  RALPH  (1693-1768),  topographer ;  writ- 
ing-master and  schoolmaster  at  Sheffield;  published 
earliest  known  map  of  Sheffield,  1732.  [xxii.  254] 

GOSNOLD,  BARTHOLOMEW  (d.  1607),  navigator; 
sailed  from  Falmouth  in  the  Concord,  1602 ;  discovered 
Cape  Opd  and  adjoining  islands,  1602 ;  a  leader  of  the 
expedition  which,  under  the  auspices  of  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  [q.  v.],  discovered  the  Capes  of  Virginia,  and 
founded  Jamestown,  1606  ;  died  at  Jamestown. 

[xxii.  254] 

GOSNOLD,  JOHN  (1625  ?-1678),  anabaptist;  of 
Charterhouse  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  during  the 
civil  war  founded  baptist  congregation  in  Paul's  Alley, 
Barbican,  London,  and  attracted  large  audiences ;  pub- 
lished tracts  against  infant  baptism.  [xxii.  255] 

GOSPATRIC  or  COSPATRIC,  EARL  OF  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND (fl.  1067),  probably  the 'Gains  patricius '  who 
accompanied  Tostig  to  Rome,  1061 :  bought  from  Wil- 
liam I  earldom  of  Northumbria,  1067,  but  joined  rising 
against  the  king,  1068 ;  took  part  in  Danes'  sack  of  York, 
1069  ;  his  earldom  restored  on  submission,  but  again  for- 
feited, 1072  ;  fled  to  Scotland  and  Flanders ;  received  Dun- 
bar  from  Malcolm  of  Scotland.  [xxii.  255] 

GOSS,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1872),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  Liverpool ;  vice-president  of  St.  Edward's 
College,  Everton,  1843-63 ;  coadjutor  bishop  of  Liverpool, 
1863 ;  bishop,  1866-72 ;  contributor  to  Ohetham,  Holbein, 
and  Manx  societies.  [xxii.  256] 

GOSS,  SIR  JOHN  (1800-1880),  musical  composer; 
Chapel  Royal  chorister  and  pupil  of  Thomas  Attwood 
[q.  v.]  ;  organist  of  St.  Luke's,  Chelsea,  1825  ;  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  1838-72 ;  won  Gresham  prize,  1833  ;  knighted, 
1872  ;  Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge,  187C  ;  published '  Introduction 
to  Harmon}-,'  1833,  and  (with  Turle)  '  Cathedral  Services,' 
1841,  and  'Chants,  Ancient  and  Modern,'  1841  ;  composed 
many  anthems  (including  one  for  Wellington's  funeral), 
orchestral  works  and  glees.  [xxii.  257] 

GOSSE.  EMILY  (1806-1857),  religions  writer;  first 
wife  of  Philip  Henry  Gosse  [q.  v.] ;  published  devotional 
verse  and  religious  and  educational  tracts,  [xxii.  258] 

GOSSE,  PHILIP  HENRY  (1810-1888),  zoologist; 
while  in  a  whaler's  office  at  Carbonear,  Newfoundland, 
devoted  himself  to  study  of  insects ;  after  farming  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States  returned  to  England,  1839, 
and  published  "The  Canadian  Naturalist,'  1840,  and  '  In- 
troduction to  Zoology,'  1843  :  collected  birds  and  insects 
in  Jamaica  for  British  Museum,  1844-6 ;  issued  '  Birds  of 
Jamaica,'  1847  (with  plates,  1S49),  and  'A  Naturalist's 
Sojourn  in  Jamaica,'  1851 ;  suggested  a  marine  aquarium 
in '  Rambles  on  the  Devonshire  Coast,'  1853,  a  work  followed 
by  •  The  Aquarium,'  1864,  and '  Manual  of  Marine  Zoology,' 


1855-6  ;  F.R.S.,  1856  ;  published  '  Actinologia  Britannica,' 
1868-60,  and  '  Romance  of  Natural  History,'  1860,  1862  ; 
devoted  last  years  to  rotifrra  and  orchids.  '  [xxii.  258] 

GOSSELIN,  THOMAS  LE  MARCH  ANT  (1765-1857), 
admiral ;  entered  navy,  1778 ;  captured  in  the  Ardent  off 
Plymouth,  1779;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Surinam,  1799  ; 
convoyed  troops  to  the  Tagus,  1808,  and  covered  embarka- 
tion at  Oorufia,  1809  ;  vice-admiral,  1825  ;  admiral,  1841. 

[xxii.  260] 

GOSSET,  ISAAC,  the  elder  (1713-1799),  modeller  of 
portraits  in  wax  ;  exhibited  with  the  Incorporated  Society 
of  Artists,  1760-78.  [xxii.  261] 

GOSSET,  ISAAC,  the  younger  (1735?-1812),  biblio- 
grapher :  son  of  Isaac  Gosset  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1770 ;  the  Lepidus  of  Dibdin's 
'  Bibliomania ' ;  assisted  in  Dibdiif  s  '  Introduction  to  the 
Classics,'  1802,  and  John  Nichols's  edition  of  Bowyer's 
'  Critical  Conjectures  and  Observations  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment,' 1782  ;  F.R.S.,  1772.  [xxii.  261] 

GOSSET,  MATTHEW  (1683-1744),  wax  modeller  and 
member  of  Spalding  Society;  uncle  of  Isaac  Gosset 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxii.  261] 

GOSSET,  MONTAGUE  (1792-1854),  surgeon;  a 
favourite  pupil  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  in 
the  city  thirty-four  years;  hon.  F.R.C.S.,  1843;  intro- 
duced improved  tonsil  iron  for  enlarged  tonsils  and  nitric 
acid  for  the  destruction  of  naevi.  [xxii.  262] 

GOSSON,  STEPHEN  (1554-1624),  author;  B.A. 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1576 ;  ranked  by  Meres 
among  '  the  best  for  pastorall ' ;  his  plays  not  now  ex- 
tant ;  attacked  poets  and  players  in  his  '  Schoole  of 
Abuse,'  1679  (often  reprinted) ;  defended  it  in  '  Ephe- 
merides  of  Phialo '  (1579) ;  replied  to  Lodge  and  '  The 
Play  of  Playes'  in  'Playes  confuted  in  Fiue  Actions,' 
1682  ;  evoked  by  his  unauthorised  dedications  of  his  works 
to  Sir  Philip  Sidifey,  Sidney's  '  Apologie  for  Poetrie '  (pub- 
lished, 1595) :  rector  of  Great  Wigborough,  1591,  and  St. 
Botolph's,  Bishopsgate,  1600.  [xxii.  263] 

GOSSON,  THOMAS  (/.  1598),  publisher  of  'Playes 
Confuted,'  1582 ;  probably  brother  of  Stephen  Gosson 
[q.  V.]  [xxii.  264] 

GOSTLIN,  JOHN  (1566  ?-1626),  master  of  Gonville 
and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  Gouville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  1590 ;  fellow,  1592-1619 ;  M.D.,  1602  ; 
M.P.,  Barnstaple,  1614 ;  twice  vice-chancellor  ;  Cambridge 
regius  professor  of  physic,  1623 ;  master  of  Gonville  and 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1619-26  ;  benefactor  of  Oaius 
and  St.  Catharine's  Colleges,  Cambridge.  [xxii.  265] 

GOSTUN,  JOHN  (1632-1704),  benefactor  of  GonviUe 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge;  related  to  John  Gostlin 
(1566  ?-1626)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse  and  (1661) 
Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1661 ;  vice- 
master  of  Caius  College,  1679.  [xxii.  265] 

GOSTLING,  JOHN  (d.  1733),  chorister;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1672 ;  famous  bass  in  the 
Chapel  Royal,  for  whom  Purcell  wrote  the  anthem  '  They 
that  go  down  to  the  sea  in  ships ' ;  vicar  of  Littlebourne, 
sub-dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln. 

[xxii.  266] 

GOSTLING,  WILLIAM  (1696-1777),  antiquary  ;  son 
of  John  Gostling  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1719  ;  minor  canon  of  Canterbury,  1727-77  ;  vicar 
of  Littlebourne,  1733-53,  of  Stone  in  Oxuey,  1753-77; 
published '  Walk  in  and  about  the  City  of  Canterbury,' 
1774  ;  his  rendering  into  verse  of  Hogarth's  expedition  to 
Canterbury  (1732)  inserted  in  Hone's  'Table-book '  (re- 
printed, 1872).  [xxii.  266] 

G08YNHY1L,  EDWARD  (/.  1660),  poet ;  author  of 
'Scole  House  of  Women*  (1541,  anon.),  reprinted  by 
E.  V.  Utterson  ('  Select  Pieces,'  1817).  [xxii.  266] 

GOTAFRIDUS  (/.  1290).    [See  JOFROI.] 

GOTER  or  GOTHER,  JOHN  (d.  1704),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  educated  as  a  presbyterian  ;  at  Lisbon, 
1668-82;  his  'Papist  Misrepresented  and  Represented' 
(1685,  parts  ii.  and  iii.,  1687),  answered  by  Stillingfleet, 
Sherlock,  and  Olagett ;  commended  by  Dryden  for  his 
English  ;  died  at  sea ;  published  '  Pope  Pius  [IV]  his  Pro- 
fession of  Faith  vindicated,'  1687,  and  other  controversial 
works;  his  'Spiritual  Works'  (ed.  Rev.  W.  Crathorne, 
16  vols.,  1718;  often  reprinted.  [xxii.  267] 


GOTSELIN 


517 


GOUT.D 


GOTSELIN  (Jl.  1099).    [See  GOSCEUX.] 

GOTT,  JOSEPH  (1785-1860),  sculptor ;  patronised  by 
Henjaniin  Gott,  for  whom  at  Armlcy  his  chief  work  was 
dour  ;  exhibited  at  lloyal  Academy,  1830-48 ;  died  at 
Rome.  [xxii.  268] 

GOIIDIE,  JOHN  (1717-1809).    [See  GOLDIE.] 

GOUDY,  ALEXANDER  PORTER  (1809-1858),  pres- 
byterian ;  minister  of  Strabane.  1833-58 ;  D.D.  Jefferson 
College,  U.S.A.,  1S51 ;  moderator  of  general  assembly, 
1857  ;  took  part  in  controversy  with  Archibald  (after- 
wards Dean)Boyd  [q.  v.],  publishing '  Presbyterianism  De- 
fended '  1839, '  The  Plea  of  Presbytery,'  and  other  works. 

[xxii.  268] 

GOUGE,  ROBERT  (1631 7-1706),  independent  divine  ; 

Eiipil  of   Henry  More  [q.  v.]  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
ridge;  rector  of  St.  Helen's,  Ipswich,  1652-62;  after- 
wards   had    independent    congregations    there    and    at 
'  [xxii.  269] 


GOUGE,  THOMAS  (1609-1681),  nonconformist  divine 
:uid  philanthropist ;  sou  of  Robert  Gouge  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1628  ;  M.A. : 
vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre's,  London,  1638-62 ;  provided  work 
for  the  poor  in  flax-  and  hemp-spinuiiig ;  friend  of  Thomas 
Firmin  [q.  v.]  ;  organised  religious  instruction  in  South 
Wales,  and  assisted  in  forming  trust  for  printing  and  cir- 
culating religious  works  in  the  vernacular,  1674  ;  works 
collected,  1706.  [xxii.  269] 

GOUGE,  THOMAS  (1665  7-1700),  independent  divine ; 
son  of  Robert  Gouge  [q.  v.] ;  pastor  of  English  church  at 
Amsterdam  and  of  independent  congregation  in  Fruiterers' 
Alley,  Thames  Street,  1689 ;  merchant  lecturer  at  Pinners' 
Hall,  1694;  praised  by  Isaac  Watts  in  'Elegiac  Essay' 
(published  1700).  [xxii.  271] 

GOUGE,  WILLIAM  (1578-1653),  puritan  divine ;  of 
St.  Paul's  School  and  Eton ;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1598;  M.A.,  1602;  D.D.,  1628;  rector  of  St. 
Anne's,  Blackfriars,  1621-53  ;  imprisoned  for  his  edition 
of  Finch's  'World's  Great  Restoration,'  1621:  joined 
scheme  for  buying  up  impropriations  for  puritans,  1626  ; 
refused  to  read  '  Book  of  Sports,'  1618  and  1633 ;  an 
assessor  of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  1647 ;  took  the 
covenant,  but  denounced  the  king's  trial ;  his  commentary 
on  Hebrews  reprinted,  1866.  [xxii.  271] 

GOUGH.    [See  also  GOFFE.] 

GOUGH,  ALEXANDER  DICK  (1804-1871),  architect 
and  engineer ;  pupil  of  B.  Wyatt ;  with  R.  L.  Roumieu 
exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1837-47;  built  or  restored 
churches  in  Islington,  North  London,  and  elsewhere; 
occupied  in  railway  surveying.  [xxii.  273] 

GOUGH,  Sm  HUGH,  first  VISCOUNT  GOUOH  (1779- 
1869),  field-marshal ;  adjutant  of  Colonel  Rochford's  foot 
(119th)  at  fifteen;  with  78th  Highlanders  at  capture  of 
the  Cape,  1795 ;  commanded  2nd  battalion  at  Talavera, 
1809,  being  severely  wounded,  and  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  distinguished  at  Barossa  and  Tarifa,  1811 ;  again 
wounded  at  Nivelle,  1813  ;  knighted  and  given  freedom  of 
Dublin,  1815  ;  major-general,  1830 ;  K.C.B.,  1831 ;  G.C.B. 
for  capture  of  Canton  forts,  1841,  and  a  baronet  for 
further  services  in  China,  1842 ;  commander-in-chief  in 
India,  1843,  when  he  defeated  the  Mahrattas;  created 
Baron  Gough  at  conclusion  of  first  Sikh  war,  1845,  having 
won  the  battles  of  Mudki,  1845,  Ferozeshah,  1845,  and 
Sobraon,  1846 ;  created  viscount  after  the  second  war, 
1848-9,  which  he  brought  to  a  close  with  battle  of  Goo- 
jerat ;  received  freedom  of  the  city  of  London  and  a  pen- 
sion ;  general,  1854;  K.P.,  1857;  privy  councillor,  1859; 
G.C.S.I.,  1861 ;  field- marshal,  1862.  [xxii.  274] 

GOUGH,  GOWGHE,  GOWGH,  or  GOUGE,  JOHN 
(.#.  1528-1556),  printer,  stationer,  and  translator ;  of  the 
Mermaid,  Fleet  Street,  and  Lombard  Street ;  imprisoned 
for  uttering  seditious  works,  1541 ;  published  first  English 
treatise  on  book-keeping,  1643.  [xxii.  276] 

GOUGH,  JOHN  (/.  1570),  divine ;  rector  of  St.  Peter's, 
Cornhill,  1560-7  ;  deprived  for  nonconformity  ;  published 
a  religious  work.  [xxii.  276] 

GOUGH,  JOHN  (1610  7-1661).    [See  GOFFE.] 

GOUGH,  JOHN  (1721-1791),  master  of  the  Friends' 
school,  Dublin,  1752-74 ;  afterwards  at  Ligburu ;  pub- 


lished' History  of  the  People  called  Quakers.'  1789-90,  and 
a  popular  tract  giving  reasons  for  non-payment  of  tithes. 

[xxii.  277] 

GOUGH,  JOHN  (1757-1825),  scientific  writer;  lost 
his  sight  from  small-pox  when  a  child,  but  so  trained  bis 
sense  of  touch  that  he  became  an  accomplished  botanist ; 
taught  mathematics  to  John  Dalton,  the  chemist  [q.  v.], 
and  William  Whewell ;  contributed  to  Manchester  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  Nicholson's  •  Philosophical  Magazine ' : 
alluded  to  in  Wordsworth's  '  Excursion '  and  Coler 
'  Soul  and  its  Organ  of  Sense.'  [xxii.  277] 

GOUGH,  JOHN  BALLANTINE  (1817-1886),  tem- 
perance orator;  born  at  Sandgate,  Kent;  went  to  the 
United  States  at  twelve,  and  was  a  bookbinder  till  1843  ; 
the  foremost  temperance  lecturer  in  America,  he  thrice 
visited  England  and  addressed  immense  audiences ;  died 
at  Philadelphia  ;  published  '  Autobiography '  (1846  and 
1871),  •  Orations '  (1877),  and  other  works,  [xxii.  878] 

GOUGH,  RICHARD (1735-1809), antiquary;  educated 
at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  F.S.A.,  1767,  and  director 
of  the  society,  1771-97 ;  F.R.S.,  1775 ;  contributor  to 
'Gentleman's  Magazine'  as  'D.  II.';  made  excursions 
through  England  for  twenty  years,  often  accompanied  by 
John  Nichols  [q.  v.] ;  published  about  twenty  works,  in- 
cluding '  British  Topography '  (1 768  and  1780), '  Sepulchral 
Monuments  of  Great  Britain' (1786,  1796,  1799),  an  edi- 
tion of  Oamden's  'Britannia,'  translated  and  enlarged 
(1789),  a  translation  of  the 'Arabian  Nighte'  (1798),  and 
several  topographical  and  numismatic  monographs. 

[xxii.  279] 

GOUGH,  STEPHEN  (1605-1681).    [See  GOFFK.] 

GOUGH,  STRICKLAND  (d.  1752),  controversial 
writer ;  rector  of  Swayfield  and  vicar  of  Swinstead,  Lin- 
colnshire ;  published '  Enquiry  into  the  Causes  of  the  Decay 
of  the  Dissenting  Interest'  (1730,  anon.)  [xxii.  282] 

GOUGH,  THOMAS  (1591-1629).    [See  GOFFE.] 
GOUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1679  7).    [See  GOFFK.] 

GOUGH,  WILLIAM  (1654  7-1682),  antiquary ;  B.A. 
St.  Alban  Halt,  Oxford,  1675;  published  'Londinum 
Triumphans,'  1682.  [xxii.  282] 

GOUGHE  or  GOFFE,  ROBERT  (d.  1624),  actor  in 
Shakespeare's  plays.  [xxii.  282] 

GOULBURN,  EDWARD  (1787-1868),  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1815  ;  previously  served  in 
horse  guards;  Welsh  judge;  recorder  of  Leicester,  Lin- 
coln, and  Boston;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1836-7;  bankruptcy 
commissioner,  1842 ;  published  two  satirical  poems  and  a 
novel.  [xxii.  283] 

GOULBURN,  EDWARD  MEYRICK  (1818-1897), 
dean  of  Norwich ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1842;  D.C.L.,  1850;  D.D.,  1856: 
fellow,  1841-6  ;  tutor  and  dean  of  Merton  College,  1843-5 ; 
ordained  priest,  1843 ;  chaplain  to  Samuel  Wilberforce 
bishop  of  Oxford  [q.  v.],  1847  ;  head-master  of  Rugby, 
1849-57  ;  accepted  ministry  of  Quebec  Chapel,  St.  Mary- 
lebone,  1857  ;  dean  of  Norwich,  1866-89.  His  works  in- 
clude '  Life  of  Burgon,'  1892,  and  theological  manuals. 

[Stippl.  ii.  3331 

GOULBURN,  HENRY  (1813-1843),  senior  classic  and 
second  wrangler,  Cambridge,  1835 ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1840  ;  son  of  Henry  Goulburu  (1784-1866)  [q.  v.] 

[xxii.  285] 

GOULBURN,  HENRY  (1784-1856),  statesman: 
brother  of  Edward  Goulburn  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1808 ;  M.P.,  successively,  for  Horsham, 
1808,  St.  Germans,  West  Looe,  Armagh  city,  and  Cam- 
bridge University  (1831-56);  uuder-secretary  for  home 
department,  1810,  for  war  and  the  colonies,  1812-21 ;  com- 
missioner for  peace  with  United  States,  1814  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1821 ;  as  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1821-7,  carried 
Tithe  Composition  Bill  and  measure  for  the  suppression  of 
unlawful  societies ;  as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under 
Wellington  reduced  interest  of  4  per  cents  to  3A ;  home 
secretary  under  Peel,  1834-5,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
1841-6  ;  by  conversion  of  stock  in  budget  of  1844  effected 
an  ultimate  saving  of  a  million  and  a  quarter  ;  friend  and 
executor  of  Peel ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1834.  [xxii.  283] 

GOULD  (afterwards  MORGAN),  SIR  CHARLES  (1726- 
1806),  judge  advocate-general;  educated  at  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1750 ;  hou.  D.C.L., 


GOULD 


518 


GOWER 


1773;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1750;  judge  advocate- 
general,  1771;  chancellor  of  Salisbury,  1772;  M.P., 
Brecon,  1778-87,  Brecon  county,  1787-1806 ;  knighted, 
1779;  created  baronet,  1792;  privy  councillor,  1802; 
assumed  name  of  Morgan,  1792.  [xxii.  285] 

GOULD,  GEORGE  (1818-1882),  baptist  minister  in 
Dublin,  Exeter,  and  (1849-82)  St.  Mary's  Chapel,  Norwich  ; 
president  of  Baptist  Union,  1879 ;  a  founder  of  the  '  anti- 
state-church  association,'  1844 ;  edited  (1862)  '  Documents 
relating  to  the  Settlement  of  the  Church  of  England 
...  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  1662.'  [xxii.  285] 

GOULD,  Sin  HENRY,  the  elder  (1644-1710),  judge ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1667 :  king's  serjeant,  1693 ; 
counsel  against  Sir  John  Fenwick  [q.  v.],  1696  ;  judge  of 
the  king's  bench,  1699-1710.  [xxii.  286] 

GOULD,  Sm  HENRY,  the  younger  (1710-1794), 
judge ;  grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Gould  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1734  ;  K.O.,  1754  ;  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1761 ;  transferred  to  common  pleas,  1763. 

[xxii.  286] 

GOULD,  JAMES  ALIPIUS  (1812-1886),  first  Roman 
catholic  archbishop  of  Melbourne :  first  bishop  of  Port 
Phillip  (Victoria),  1848  ;  archbishop  of  Melbourne,  1876- 
1886.  [xxii.  287] 

GOULD,  JOHN  (1804-1881),  ornithologist;  taxi- 
dermist to  the  Zoological  Society,  1827;  travelled  in 
Australasia,  1838-40,  making  valuable  observations  and 
collections ;  F.R.S.,1843 ;  exhibited  collection  of  humming- 
birds, 1851,  now  with  his  Australian  mammals  at  South 
Kensington;  published  forty-one  folios  on  birds,  with 
2,999  illustrations,  including  '  A  Century  of  Birds,  from 
the  Himalayan  Mountains,'  1832,  'Birds of  Europe,'  1832- 
1837,  'Birds  of  Australia,'  1840-8,  and  supplement, 
1851-69,  'Birds  of  Asia,'  1850-80,  'Birds  of  Great  Britain,' 
1862-73,  and  numerous  monographs.  [xxii.  287] 

GOULD,  ROBERT  (d.  1709?),  poet;  servant  of 
Charles,  earl  of  Dorset :  published  '  Poem*  chiefly  con- 
sisting of  Satyrs  and  Satyrical  Epistles,'  1689,  and  '  The 
Rival  Sisters'  (tragedy),  1696,  acted  at  Drury  Lane; 
works  collected,  1709.  [xxii.  288] 

GOULD,  THOMAS  (1657-1734),  controversialist ;  ob- 
tained from  Louis  XIV  abbey  of  St.-Laon  de  Thouars  for 
missionary  work  in  Poitou ;  published  several  anti-pro- 
testant  treatises,  including  '  Lettre  a  un  Gentilhomme  du 
Bas-Poitou.'  [xxii.  288] 

GOULDMAN,  FRANCIS  (d.  1688?),  lexicographer; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1630 ;  rector  of  South 
Ockendon,  Essex,  1634-44,  and  after  Restoration ;  com- 
piled an  English-Latin  and  Latin-English  dictionary 
with  proper  names,  1664.  [xxii.  289] 

GOULSTON  or  GULSTON,  THEODORE  (1572-1632), 
founder  of  Gulstoniau  lecture  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  1596 ;  M.A.,  1600 ;  M.D.,  1610 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1611 ; 
four  times  censor ;  practised  in  St.  Martin-extra- Lud- 
gate ;  published  Latin  versions  of  Aristotle's  '  Rhetoric ' 
(1619)  and  'Poetics'  (1623),  and  a  critical  edition  of 
Galen  (posthumous),  1640.  [xxii.  289] 

GOUPY,  JOSEPH  (d.  1763),  water-colour  painter  and 
etcher ;  nephew  of  Lewis  Gonpy  [q.  v.] ; '  cabinet- painter ' 
to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  1736 ;  pensioned  by 
George  III  on  his  accession  ;  executed  water-colour  copies 
of  Raphael's  cartoons ;  nine  etchings  by  him  after  Sal- 
vator  Rosa  in  the  British  Museum.  [xxii.  290] 

GOUPY,  LEWIS  (d.  1747),  painter;  of  French  ex- 
traction ;  seceded  from  Kneller's  academy  to  that  of 
Louis  Gheron  [q.  v.],  1720 ;  accompanied  Lord  Burlington 
to  Italy ;  painted  portraits  and  miniatures,  and  drew  in 
crayons  and  tempera.  [xxii.  290] 

GOURDON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1611),  traveller;  master 
pilot  on  two  expeditions  to  north  of  Russia,  described  in 
his  '  Voyage  made  to  Pechora '  and  '  Later  Observations ' 
(in  '  Purchas's  Pilgrimes,'  iii.)  [xxii.  290] 

GOURLIE,  WILLIAM  (1815-1856),  botanist ;  F.L.S., 
1855 ;  studied  under  Hooker  and  Balfour ;  collected 
mosses,  shells,  and  fossil  plants.  [xxii.  291] 

GOURNEY,  Sm  MATTHEW  (1310?-1406),  soldier  of 
fortune;  present  at  Sluys,  1340,  Algeciras,  1342-4,  Crecy, 
1346,  and  Poitiers,  1356  ;  governor  of  Brest,  1357  ;  a  jurat 
of  peace  of  Brctigui,  1860 ;  imprisoned  la  the  Tower, 


1362;  present  at  Auray,  1364;  ambassador  of  Henry, 
king  of  Castile,  to  Portugal ;  took  service  with  Black 
Prince,  and  assisted  in  Henry's  defeat  at  Najara,  1367  ; 
created  a  baron  of  GuU'ime  ;  served  again  in  France  and 
fell  into  ambush  near  Soissons  ;  defended  Bftyoime  against 
Anjou  and  Henry  of  Castile,  1378;  seneschal  of  the 
I /i  mil's,  1379  ;  constable  of  the  forces  in  Portuguese  expe- 
dition, 1388 ;  sat  in  upper  house  in  first  parliament  of 
Henry  IV.  [xxii.  291] 

GpUTER  or  GAULTIER,  JAMES  (fl.  1636),  French 
lutenist ;  in  service  of  Charles  I  of  England  ;  referred  to 
by  Herrick.  [xxii.  292] 

GOVE,  RICHARD  (1587-1668),  puritan  divine  ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1611 ;  incumbent  of  Hinton  St. 
George,  1618  ;  afterwards  rector  of  East  Coker,  Somerset ; 
published '  The  Saints'  Honeycomb,'  1652, '  Pious  Thoughts 
vented  in  Pithy  Ejaculations,'  1658,  and  other  works. 

[xxii.  293] 

GOVER,  CHARLES  E.  (d.  1872),  folklorist ;  principal 
of  Madras  Military  Male  Orphan  Asylum,  1864-72; 
member  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1868-72;  his  essays 
collected  in  '  Folk-Songs  of  Southern  India,'  1872. 

[xxii.  293] 

GOW,  NATHANIEL  (1766-1831),  Scottish  violinist 
and  composer ;  son  of  Kiel  Gow  (1727-1807)  [q.  v.] ;  as 
leader  of  M'Glashan's  band,  1791,  frequently  played  before 
George,  prince  of  Wales ;  published  two  hundred  original 
melodies,  and  assisted  in  and  continued  his  father's 
volumes.  [xxii.  293] 

GOW,  KIEL  (1727-1807),  violinist  and  composer; 
patronised  by  Duke  of  Atholl ;  was  much  in  request  at 
fashionable  gatherings  in  Scotland  and  England;  his 
portrait  four  times  painted  by  Raeburn;  renowned  as 
composer  and  player  of  reels  and  strathspeys,  for  some  of 
which  Burns  wrote  words.  [xxiL  294] 

GOW,  NIEL  (d.  1823),  composer  of  'Bonnie  Prince 
Charlie'  ('Cam'  ye  by  Athol  ?  ');  sou  of  Nathaniel  Gow 
[q.  v.]  [xxii.  294] 

GOWAN,  THOMAS  (1631-1683),  writer  on  logic; 
minister  of  Glasslough,  Monaghan,  1658 ;  ejected,  1661 ; 
with  John  Howe  [q.  v.]  carried  on  school  of  philosophy 
and  divinity  at  Antrim;  published  'Ars  Sciendi,'  1681, 
and  '  Logica  Elenctica,'  1683.  [xxii.  295] 

GOWARD,  MARY  ANN  (18057-1899).  [See 
KEELEY.] 

GOWER.    [See  also  LEVESON-GOWER.] 

GOWER,  first  EARL  (d.  1754).  [See  LEVESON- 
GOWER,  JOHN.] 

GOWER,  first  BARON  (1675-1709).  [See  LEVEHON- 
GOWER,  JOHN.] 

GOWER,  SIR  ERASMUS  (1742-1814),  admiral ;  in  the 
Medea  captured  the  Dutch  Vryheid  and  retook  the  Chaser 
with  despatches  in  East  Indies,  1783  ;  knighted  after  con- 
voying Lord  Macartney  to  China,  1794  :  commanded  the 
Triumph  with  Sir  William  Oornwallis  (1744-1819)  [q.v.], 
1795 ;  vice-admiral,  1804 ;  admiral,  1809.  [xxii.  295] 

GOWER,  FOOTE  (1726  ?-1780),  antiquary;  M.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1750 ;  M.D.,  1757  ;  rector  of 
Ohignall  St.  James,  Essex,  1761-77  ;  published  •  Sketch  of 
the  Materials  for  a  new  History  of  Cheshire,'  1771. 

[xxii.  296] 

GOWER,  GEORGE  (fl.  1576-1585),  sergeant-painter 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1584.  [xxii.  296] 

GOWER,  HENRY  (d.  1347),  bishop  of  St.  David's ; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  D.C.L. ;  chancellor 
of  Oxford,  1322-3 ;  archdeacon  of  St.  David's,  1320  ;  em- 
ployed by  Edward  III ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1328-47 ; 
made  'decorated'  additions  to  Us  cathedral, and  built  the 
rood-screen  ;  built  the  episcopal  palace  (now  in  ruins)  and 
the  wall  round  the  close ;  founded  and  endowed  Swansea 
Hospital.  [xxii.  296] 

GOWER,  HUMPHREY  (1638-1711),  master  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1669 ;  M.A.,  1662 ;  incumbent  t>uccessiv«ly  of 
Hammoon,  Dorsetshire,  Packlesham,  1667-76,  Newton, 
Isle  of  Ely,  and  Feu  Dittou  ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1679 ; 
when  vice-chancellor  entertained  Charles  II  at  St.  John's, 
1681 ;  master  of  St.  John's,  1679-1711 ;  Margaret  professor 
of  divinity,  1688 ;  benefactor  of  his  college,  [xxii.  298] 


GO  WEE, 


519 


GrBAHAM 


GOWER,  JOHN  (13257-1408),  port;  probably  tra- 
velled in  France  in  early  life,  afterwards  settling  down  as 
a  country  ^nth-man  ;  well  known  at  court  in  his  last 
years  ;  became  blind,  1400  ;  died  at  the  priory  of  St.  Mary 
Overies,  South wark,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  (now 
St.  Saviour's);  his  will  extant  at  Lambeth;  friend  of 
Chaucer,  who  called  him  'moral  Gower,'  but  probably 
quarrelled  with  him  later.  Of  his  chief  works,  the  •  Specu- 
lum Mwlitantis'  i.s  n  poem  written  in  French,  which  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  G.  0.  Macaulay,  and  published  In  his 
edition  of  Gower.  The  'Vox  Olamantis'  (in  Latin  ele- 
giacs), dedicated  to  Archbishop  Arundel,  contains  an  ac- 
count of  the  peasants'  revolt  of  1381,  and  an  indictment 
of  government  and  society  under  Richard  II.  Attached 
to  it  in  Coxe's  collation  is  Gower's '  Chronica  Tripartite,1 
a  Latin  poem  dealing  with  events  as  far  as  the  abdication 
of  Kich.ird  II,  in  which  the  victims  of  his  coup  d'&at  are 
eulogised  (the  whole  first  printed  by  the  Roxburghe  Club 
ed.  H.  0.  Ooxe,  1850).  The  •  Confessio  Amantis '  (Gower's 
only  English  poem),  extant  in  two  versions,  the  first  dedi- 
cated to  Richard  II,  the  second  to  Henry  IV,  contains 
many  stories  drawn  from  Ovid  and  later  sources,  with 
learned  digressions,  and  is  preceded  by  a  prologue.  Cax- 
ton's  edition  (1483)  follows  the  second  version,  as  does  Ber- 
thelet's  (1532),  the  latter  being  the  basis  of  Fault's  text 
(1857),  reprinted  by  Professor  H.  Morley  (1888).  Extracts 
from  a  manuscript  volume  of  other  poems  presented  by 
Gower  to  Henry  IV  were  printed,  1818.  [xxii.  299] 

GOWER,  RICHARD  HALL  (1767-1833),  naval  archi- 
tect;  son  of  Foote  Gower  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Winchester ; 
midshipman  in  East  India  Company's  service,  1780 ;  built 
sailing  yachts  on  an  improved  plan ;  chief  work,  '  A 
Treatise  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Seamanship ' 
17»3.  [xxii.  304] 

GOWER,  SIR  THOMAS  (fl.  1543-1577),  marshal  of 
Berwick  and  surveyor  of  royal  estates  in  Northumber- 
land ;  captured  by  Scots  at  Pinkie,  1547  :  as  master  of  the 
ordnance  in  the  north  directed  siege  of  Leith,  1560. 

[xxii  305] 

GOWRAN,  first  BARON  (d.  1727).  [See  FITZPATRICK, 
RICHARD.] 

GOWRIE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  RUTH  VEX,  WILLIAM,  first 
EARL,  1541  ?-1584  ;  RUTHVEV,  JOHX,  third  EARL,  1578  ?- 
1600.] 

GRABE.  JOHN  ERNEST  (1666-1711),  divine;  came 
to  England  from  Kiinigsberg  and  received  a  pension  from 
William  III ;  chaplain  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1700 ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1706  ;  published  'Spicilegium  SS.  Patrum  ' 
698-9,  also  editions  of  Justin  Martyr,  1700,  and  Irenseus, 
702,  and  of  Bishop  Bull's  works,  and  a  transcript  of  the 
'  Codex  Alexandrinus '  (Septuagint)  with  numerous  emen- 
dations (vol.  i.  1707,  vol.  ii.  1709).  [xxii.  306] 

GRACE,  MRS.  MARY  (d.  1786  ?),  painter  ;  exhibited 
with  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists.  [xxii.  307] 

GRACE,  RICHARD  (1620?-1691),  Irish  soldier; 
carried  on  guerilla  warfare  against  the  Commonwealth ; 
captured  at  Portumna,  and  allowed  to  transport  himself 
ami  followers  to  Spain,  1652  ;  joined  French  service  with 
his  regiment,  but  in  1655  returned  to  Spanish  service,  in 
which  he  fought  at  battle  of  the  Dunes,  1658 ;  at  the 
Restoration  regained  his  estates,  and  received  others  with 
a  pension  ;  when  governor  of  Athlone  joined  James  II,  and 
compelled  Douglas  to  raise  the  siege,  1690 ;  killed  in  second 
8ie&e-  [xxii.  307] 

GRACE,  SHEFFIELD  (1788  ?-1850),  historical  writer ; 
patron  of  Banim  ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  published  l  Memoirs 
of  the  Family  of  Grace,*  1823,  and  other  works  relating  to 
the  family:  also  (1827)  Lady  Nithsdale's  account  of  the 
escape  (1717)  of  her  husband  from  the  Tower. 

GRADDON,  Miss,  afterwards  MRS.  GIBBS  (1804-1 854?), 
vocalist ;  sang  at  Drury  Lane  as  Susanna  in  •  Marriage  of 
Figaro,'  1824,  and  as  Linda  in  'Der  Freischlitz.' 

fxxii    3001 

GRADWELL,  ROBERT  (1777-1833),  Roman  catholic 
prelate ;  imprisoned  with  other  students  of  Douay  on  the 
suppression  of  Douay  College ;  rector  of  English  College  of 
t.  Thomas  at  Rome,  1818 ;  created  D.D.  by  the  pope, 
1821  ;  coadjutor  (bishop  of  Lydda  in  partibus)  to  Bishop 
Bramxton,  vicar-apostolic  of  London  district,  1828 ;  pub- 
lished 'Winter  Evening  Dialogue  between  John  Hard- 
man  and  John  Cardwell,  1817.  [xxii.  309] 


GRAEME.  JAMBS  (1749-1772),  poet;  his  verses  pub- 
lished by  Robert  Anderson  (1750-1830)  [q.  v.],  1773. 

GRAFTON,  DUKRS  OF.    [See  FITZROY,  HKXRy"  flirt 
S0/    FITZKOY'  AuofHTUH  HKXRY   'tiYrd 
1760- 844 ]  :  FITZROY' QKOKOK  H «""".  f<>urth  DUKJt, 

GRAFTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1572  ?),  chronicler  and 
printer ;  with  Edward  Whitchurch  had  Coverdal.'8  bibte 
JSS*^  ^  AntwerP  (Matthews's  bible),  1537,  and  Parta, 
1538-  their  'Great  Bible'  suppressed  at  Paris,  but 
printed  in  England,  1539;  ordered  to  be  purchased  by 
every  parish,  and  frequently  reissued  ;  with  Whitrhurch 
received  exclusive  patents  for  church  service-books  and 
primers;  as  •  king's  printer'  issued  prayer-book  of  1M», 
acts  of  parliament  (1662-3),  and  Lady  Jane  Grey's  pro- 
clnmation  ;  chief  master  of  Christ's  Hospital,  1660 ;  M.P.. 
London,  1653-4  and  1566-7,  and  Coventry,  156J-l7 
warden  of  the  Grocers'  Company,  1665-6 ;  master  of  Bride- 
well, 1659-60;  charged  by  Stow  with  garbling  the 
editions  issued  by  him  of  Hardyng's  'Chronicle'  (1543) 
and  Hall's  'Union'  (1648);  himself  compiled  'Abridge- 
ment of  the  Chronicles  of  England'  (1562)  and  a 
•Chronicle  at  Large '  (1568).  An  ' augmented  '  edition  of 
the  latter  (1611)  was  reprinted  by  Sir  H.  Ellis,  1809. 

GRAHAM,  MRS.  CATHERINE  (1731-l"l)'.  31[See 
MACAULAY,  MRS.  CATHERINE] 

GRAHAM,  CLEMENTINA  STIRLING  (1782-18771 
authoress  of  '  Mystifications '  (ed.  Dr.  John  Brown,  1866)  • 
translated  Jonas  de  Gelieu's  'Bee  Preserver'  (1829),  and 
wrote  songs.  [xxii.  313] 

GRAHAM  DOUGAL  (1724-1779),  chap-book  writer" 
and  bellman  of  Glasgow ;  took  part  in  the  Jacobite  rising 
of  1745  as  a  camp  follower,  and  published  an  account  of 
the  Rebellion  in  doggerel,  1746;  his  chap-books  valuable 
for  folklore ;  collected  writings  edited  by  G.  MacGregor 
1883.  [xxii.  313]  ' 

GRAHAM,  SIR  FORTESCUE  (1794-1880),  general ; 
entered  royal  marine  artillery,  1808  :  served  at  Walcheren, 
1809,  in  the  Peninsula,  America,  and  Canada ;  commanded 
marine  battalion  at  Nanking  in  first  Chinese  war,  and 
(1855)  a  brigade  of  marines  at  Bomarsund ;  G.B.,  1866- 
lieutenant-general,  1866  ;  K.O.B.,  1866 ;  general,  1866. 

GRAHAM,  GEORGE  (1673-1761),  mecharidafafta- 
vented  the  mercurial  pendulum,  the  'dead-beat  escape- 
ment,' and  astronomical  instruments  for  HaUey,  Bradley 
and  the  French  Academy ;  F.R.S. ;  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey  with  Tompion.  [xxii.  814] 

GRAHAM,  GEORGE  (d.  1767),  dramatist;  assistant- 
master  at  Eton  and  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  • 
M.A.,  1754;  published  a  masque,  '  Telemachus,'  1763. 

GRAHAM,  GEORGE  FARQUHAR  (1789-1867), 
musical  amateur:  secretary  to  first  Edinburgh  festival, 
1815;  composed  'County  Guy'  and  other  songs;  repub- 
lished  from  seventh  edition  of  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica ' 
'  Essay  on  Theory  and  Practice  of  Musical  Composition,' 
1838;  contributed  to  Wood's  'Songs  of  Scotland,'  and 
other  works.  [xxii.  315] 

GRAHAM,  SIR  GERALD  (1831-1899),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  educated  at  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich  ; 
lieutenant,  royal  engineers.  1854 ;  major,  1872 ;  major- 
general,  1881 ;  lieutenant-general,  1884 ;  colonel-com- 
mandant, royal  engineers,  1899 ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854- 
1856,  and  received  Victoria  Cross,  1857;  brevet  major, 
1859  ;  served  in  Anglo-French  expedition  against  China, 
1860-1;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel;  commanding  royal 
engineer  in  Montreal,  1866-9 ;  C.B.  and  brevet  colonel ; 
commanded  second  infantry  brigade  of  first  division  in 
expedition  to  Egypt,  1882 ;  won  victory  at  Kassassin ;  led 
assault  on  Tel-el- Kebir ;  commanded  brigade  of  British 
army  of  occupation  in  Egypt ;  K.C.B.,  1882 :  commanded 
expedition  against  Osman  Digna,  1884  ;  won  battles  of  El 
Teb  and  Tamai ;  urged  unsuccessfully  importance  of 
opening  up  Suakin-Berber  route  to  assist  General  Charles 
George  Gordon  [q.  v.]  ;  advanced  from  Suakin,  1885, 
against  Osman  Digna ;  repulsed  enemy  at  Hashin  and 
Tamai;  G.C.M.G.,  1885;  published  writings  on  profes- 
sional and  other  subjects.  [Suppl.  ii.  834] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES,  first  MARQUIS  and  fifth  EARL  OF 
MOXTHOSE  (1612-1650),  succeeded  as  fifth  earl,  1626;  on 


GRAHAM 


520 


GRAHAM 


return  from  throe  years'  travel  coldly  received  by  Charles  I, 
It536 ;  joined  covenanters,  1637 ;  occupied  Aberdeen, 
carried  off  Huutly,  and  defeated  his  son  at  the  Bridge  of 
Dee,  1639;  invaded  England  with  covenanters,  1640; 
joined  Charles  1, 1641 ;  imprisoned  by  Argyll,  but  liberated 
on  the  king's  arrival ;  his  advice  long  rejected  for  that 
of  Hamilton ;  created  marquis  and  lieutenant-general  in 
Scotland,  1644  ;  won  six  battles  with  mixed  Irish  and 
highland  force,  1644-5  ;  after  Kilsyth  entered  Glasgow  and 
summoned  a  parliament ;  deserted  by  the  Highlanders ; 
defeated  at  Philiphaugh,  1645 ;  escaped  to  the  continent : 
made  field-marshal  by  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  III,  with 
leave  to  levy  troops  for  Charles  1, 1648 ;  advised  Charles  II 
against  accepting  throne  of  Scotland  from  covenanters, 
and  became  his  lieutenant-governor,  1649  ;  raised  money 
in  Denmark  and  Sweden,  but  lost  many  men  by  ship- 
wreck; defeated  at  Invercarron,  1650;  betrayed  by 
Macleod  of  Assynt,  and  hanged  in  the  Grassmarket,  Edin- 
burgh ;  wrote  vigorous  verse.  [xxii.  316] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES,  second  MARQUIS  OP  MOXTROSR 
(1631  ?-1669),  '  the  good  Marquis ' ;  second  son  of  James, 
first  marquis  [q.  v.]";  imprisoned  as  a  youth  in  Edinburgh ; 
received  back  his  estates,  but  joined  Glencairn's  rising, 
1653  ;  declined  to  vote  at  Marquis  of  Argyll's  trial,  1661  ; 
established  claim  of  100,664?.  Scots  against  Earl  of  Argyll, 
1667  ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1668.  [xxii.  319] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES  (1649-1730),  colonel;  of  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  captain  of  Scottish 
infantry  in  French  service,  1671 ;  entered  English  service, 
1675 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  Morpeth's  foot,  1678 ;  keeper 
of  privy  purse  to  Duke  of  York,  1679,  and  James  II,  1686 ; 
M.P.,  Carlisle,  1685 ;  corresponded  with  James  II  at  St. 
Germain ;  outlawed ;  pardoned,  1692 ;  imprisoned  in  con- 
nection with  the '  assassination  plot,'  1696 ;  took  the  oaths, 
1701 ;  M.P.,  Appleby,  1705-7,  and  Westmoreland,  1708-27 ; 
intimate  with  the  third  Earl  of  Sunderland.  [xxii.  320] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES,  fourth  MARQUIS  and  first  DUKK 
OF  Mo\TRO8E(d.  1742),  succeeded  as  fourth  Marquis,  1684 ; 
acquired  property  of  the  Duke  of  Lennox,  1702 ;  high 
admiral  of  Scotland,  1705 ;  president  of  the  council,  1706  ; 
created  duke  for  promoting  the  union,  1707 ;  represen- 
tative peer ;  keeper  of  privy  seal  (Scotland),  1709-13  and 
1716-33  ;  named  by  George  I  a  lord  of  the  regency  and  one 
of  the  secretaries  of  state,  1714 ;  privy  councillor,  1717. 

[xxii.  322] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES  (1676-1746),  dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Advocates;  judge  of  the  Scottish  admiralty  court, 
1739 ;  founded  family  of  Graham  of  Airth  Castle. 

[xxii.  323] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES  (1745-1794),  quack  doctor;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh  under  Monro  primus ;  practised 
as  oculist  and  aurist  in  America ;  settled  at  Bristol,  1774, 
and  began  to  advertise  wonderful  cures ;  removed  to  Bath, 
1777 ;  used  electricity,  milk  baths,  and  friction ;  treated 
the  Duchess  of  Devonshire  at  Aix,  1779 ;  set  up  his 
'  Temple  of  Health '  in  the  Adelphi,  where  he  lectured,  sold 
medicines,  and  opened  a  show ;  caricatured  by  Colman  in 
'The  Genius  of  Nonsense,'  1780;  Emma  Lyon  (Lady 
Hamilton)  said  to  have  represented  the  Goddess  of  Health 
in  his  show,  which  was  removed  to  Pall  Mall,  1781 :  his 
property  seized  for  debt,  1782 ;  lectured  in  Edinburgh, 
1783;  imprisoned  for  libelling  Edinburgh  magistrates; 
lectured  in  Paris,  1786,  the  Isle  of  Man,  1788,  and  Bath, 
1789  ;  afterwards  became  a  religious  enthusiast  and  was 
confined  as  a  lunatic  at  Edinburgh ;  author  of  twenty 
publications.  [xxii.  323] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES  (1765-1811).    [See  GRAHAME.] 

GRAHAM,  JAMES,  third  DUKE  OF  MONTROSK  (1765- 
1836),  statesman ;  M.P.,  Richmond,  1780,  Great  Bedwin, 
1784-90 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1783-9 ;  oo-paymaster- 
general,  1789-91  ;  privy  councillor  and  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  trade,  1789  ;  master  of  the  horse,  1790-5  and 
1807-30 ;  commissioner  for  India,  1791-1808  ;  lord  justice- 
general,  1795-1836 ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade,  1804- 
1806  ;  lord  chamberlain,  1821-7  and  1828-30  ;  K.G.,  1812 ; 
chancellor  of  Glasgow  University,  1780-1836. 

[xxii.  326] 

GRAHAM,  .1  AMES  (1791-1845),  army  pensioner  :  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Ooldstream  guards  at  Waterloo,  and 
was  one  of  the  two  Norcross  pensioners :  said  to  have 
saved  Fitzclarence's  life  at  seizure  of  the  Cato  Street 
conspirators,  1820;  died  in  Kiltuaiuham  Hospital. 

[xxii.  327] 


GRAHAM,  JAMES,  seventh  MAUQUIS  and  fourth 
DT-KK  OK  MONTUOSK  (1799-1874),  statesman;  M.P.,  Cam- 
bridge University,  1826-32:  a  commissioner  of  India 
board,  1828-30  ;  sucpeeded  todukedom,  1836  ;  lord  steward, 
1852-3  ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1858 :  post- 
j  master-general,  1866-8  ;  died  at  Cannes.  [xxii.  327] 

GRAHAM,  .IAMKS  UILLKSPIE  (1777  ?-1855),  archi- 
i  tect ;    on    his   marriage   assumed   name  of    Graham  or 
:  Graeme;  his  chef-d'oeuvre  the  convent,  with  Saxon  chapel, 
j  White  Horse  Lane,  Edinburgh,   1835  ;    introduced  purer 
Gothic  into  Scotland ;  with  A.  W.  Pugin  designed  Vic- 
toria Hall,  Edinburgh,  1842-4.  .  [xxii.  328] 

GRAHAM,  SIR  JAMES  ROBERT  GEORGE  (1792- 
|  1861),  statesman ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ 
;  Church,  Oxford  ;  as  secretary  to  Lord  Montgomerie  had 
chief  conduct  of  negotiations  with  King  Joachim  (Mnrat) 
of  Naples,  1813-14  ;  whig  M.P.  for  Hull,  1818,  for  St.  Ives, 
1820 ;  resigned  on  petition  next  year,  1821 ;  during  five 
years'  retirement  paid  attention  to  agriculture,  and  pub- 
lished '  Corn  and  Currency,'  1826  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1824 ;  M.P.,  Carlisle,  1826,  Cumberland,  1827  ;  moved  reduc- 
tion of  official  salaries,  1830 ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
under  Earl  Grey,  and  one  of  committee  of  four  which 
prepared  first  Reform  Bill ;  resigned  with  Lord  Stanley 
on  Irish  church  question,  1834,  becoming  one  of  the 
'  Derby  Dilly  ' ;  M.P.,  Pembroke,  1838,  Dorchester,  1841 ; 
as  home  secretary  under  Peel,  1841-6,  dealt  with  Scottish 
church  question  and  trial  of  O'Connell ;  became  highly 
unpopular,  especially  after  his  admissions  of  tampering 
with  foreign  refugees'  letters,  1844 ;  fall  of  the  ministry 
occasioned  by  the  defeat  of  his  bill  for  the  protection  of 
life  in  Ireland,  1846 ;  acted  with  Peelites ;  elected  for 
Ripon ;  refused  Lord  John  Russell's  offer  of  governor- 
generalship  of  India,  1847,  the  admiralty,  1848,  and  the 
board  of  control,  but  supported  him  against  protectionists ; 
again  returned  for  Carlisle,  1852 ;  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty in  Aberdeen's  coalition  ministry,  1852-5 ;  retained 
office  under  Palmerstou,  but  resigned  with  Gladstone  and 
Sidney  Herbert.  [xxii.  328] 

GRAHAM,  JANET  (1723-1805),  poet ;  author  of  « The 
Wayward  Wife.'  [xxii.  332] 

GRAHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1298),  warrior ;  rescued 
Wallace  at  Queensberry ;  killed  at  Falkirk,  where  a  monu- 
ment was  afterwards  erected  to  him.  [xxii.  332] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OK  MONTROSE  (1547  ?- 
1608),  received  renunciation  of  Scottish  crown  by  Queen 
Mary,  1667 ;  fought  for  the  regent  at  Langside,  1668 ; 
succeeded  his  grandfather  in  the  earldom,  1571 ;  privy 
councillor  under  the  regent  Mar ;  a  commissioner  for 
Morton  at  the  pacification  of  Perth,  1572  ;  one  of  James  VI's 
council  from  1578 ;  prominent  member  of  opposition  to 
Morton  and  chancellor  of  assize  held  on  him,  1581 ;  joined  in 
raid  of  Ruthven,  but  rallied  to  the  king  on  his  escape,  1583  : 
lord  chancellor,  1584-5 :  planned  death  of  Angus,  1584 ; 
reconciled  to  Angus,  1887  ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session, 
1591 ;  president  of  the  council,  1598 ;  lord  chancellor, 
1699 ;  king's  commissioner  at  union  conference,  and 
viceroy  of  Scotland,  1604.  [xxii.  333] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN,  of  Claverhouse,  first  VISCOUNT 
DUNDKK  (1649?-1689),  studied  at  St.  Andrews;  served 
under  William  of  Orange ;  said  to  have  saved  William's 
life  at  Seneff,  1674 ;  recommended  by  him  to  James,  duke 
of  York ;  captain  under  Montrose ;  sent  to  repress  con- 
venticles in  Dumfries  and  Anuandale,  1678  :  named  sheriff- 
depute  of  those  districts,  1679;  defeated  at  Druniclog, 
1679 ;  held  Glasgow ;  present  at  Bothwell  Brigg,  1679 ; 
procured  supersession  of  Monmouth  as  commauder-in- 
chief  by  Thomas  Dalyell  [q.  v.]  and  adoption  of  a  severer 
policy  towards  covenanters,  1679  ;  failed  in  his  scheme  of 
marriage  with  heiress  of  Menteith  ;  carried  out  new  policy 
in  Galloway,  1681,  being  implacable  to  ringleaders,  but  not 
wantonly  cruel  to  the  people ;  supported  by  the  coundl 
against  Sir  John  Dalrymple  [q.  v.],  and  appointed  colonel 
of  newly  raised  regiment,  1682  ;  visited  Charles  II  at  New- 
market, and  obtained  money  grant  and  estate  of  Dudhope, 
1683;  made  privy  councillor  of  Scotland;  sent  into  Ayr 
and  Clydesdale  with  civil  as  well  as  military  powers,  K'.st. 
soon  after  which  the  covenanter  Kemvick's  manifesto  was 
followed  by  the  'killing  time';  lost  influence  through 
quarrel  with  Queensberry,  and  was  partially  superseded  by 
Colonel  Douglas,  1686;  temporarily  excluded  from  privy 
council,  1685 ;  not  clearly  responsible  for  deaths  of  the 
'  Wigtown  martyrs,'  but  directly  concerned  in  exccutiou 


GRAHAM 


521 


GEAHAM 


of  John  Brown  (1627  ?-1685)  [q.  v.]  of  Priestfleld  :  briga- 
dier-general of  horse,  1685 ;  supported  James  I  L'g  Romanis- 
ing policy  :  appointed  major-general,  1G86  ;  examined  Ren- 
wick,  the  last  of  the  martyrs  (1688),  before  the  council  : 
provost  of  Dundee,  1688 ;  joined  James  II  at  Salisbury  as 
second  in  command  of  the  force  from  Scotland,  1688; 
created  Viscount  Dundee,  1688  ;  with  Balcarres,  the  only 
Scots  noble  in  London  who  remained  faithful ;  allowed  by 
William  III  to  return  to  Scotland  with  fifty  troopers; 
found  Edinburgh  in  possession  of  the  covenanters,  and 
escaped  through  Stirling  to  Dudhope,  1689;  ontlawi-1  on 
refusal  to  return  to  Edinburgh ;  having  received  James's 
commission  to  command  for  him  in  Scotland,  made  his 
way  to  the  clans  at  Locbaber ;  collected  three  thoii.-uinl 
men,  and  by  Lochiel's  advice  selected  Killiecrankie  to 
await  Mackay's  attack  ;  defeated  Mackay,  but  fell  mor- 
tally wounded.  [xxii.  336] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  (fl.  1720-1775),  history-painter; 
settled  at  the  Hague.  [xxii.  350] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  (1764-1817),  painter;  director  of 
Trustees'  Academy  for  Scottish  manufactures,  1800-17, 
having  Wilkie,  Allan,  and  Watson-Gordon  as  pupils ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1780-97.  [xxii.  350] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  (1805-1839),  superintendent  of 
botanic  garden,  Bombay;  deputy  postmaster-general  of 
Bombay,  1826-39  ;  compiled  catalogue  of  Bombay  plants ; 
died  at  Khandalla.  [xxii.  351] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  (1776-1844),  historian;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1815 ;  rector  of  Magilligan,  1824- 
1844;  published  'Annals  of  Ireland,'  1819,  'Derriana,' 
1823,  and  (1839)  'History  of  Ireland,  1689-91.' 

[xxii.  351] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  (1794-1865),  bishop  of  Chester; 
fourth  wrangler  and  chancellor's  medallist,  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  fellow,  1816 ;  M.A.,  1819 ;  D.D.,  1831 ; 
master  of  Christ's  College,  1830-48;  twice  vice-chancel- 
Jor ;  chaplain  to  Prince  Albert,  1841 ;  clerk  of  the  closet, 
1849 ;  active  member  of  universities'  commission  ;  bishop 
of  Chester,  1848-65 ;  published  sermons.  [xxii.  352] 

GRAHAM,  JOHN  MURRAY  (1809-1881),  historian ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1828 ;  adopted  name  Graham  on  succes- 
sion to  part  of  the  estates  of  Thomas,  baron  Lynedoch 
!q.  v.],  1859,  a  memoir  of  whom  he  compiled,  1869 ;  pub- 
ished  also  '  Annals  and  Correspondence  of  the  Viscount 
and  first  and  second  Earls  of  Stair,'  1875.  [xxii.  352] 

GRAHAM,  MRS.  MARIA  (1785-1842).  [See  CALL- 
COTT,  MARIA,  LADY.] 

GRAHAM.  PATRICK  (</.  1478),  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews ;  dean  of  arts  at  St.  Andrews,  1467 :  bishop  of 
Brechin,  1463-6 ;  succeeded  his  half-brother,  Kennedy,  as 
primate,  1466.  but  went  to  Rome  till  fall  of  the  Boyds, 
1469  ;  obtained  from  Sixtus  IV  the  bulls  of  1472,  consti-  \ 
tuting  St.  Andrews  a  metropolitan  see ;  his  deposition 
from  the  archbishopric  of  St.  Andrews  by  the  papal 
nuncio  on  charges  of  heresy  and  simony  procured  by 
William  Scheves  [q.  v.],  archdeacon  of  St.  Andrews,  and 
John  Lochy,  rector  of  the  university,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  king,  James  III,  1478 ;  died  in  prison  in  Lochleven 
Castle.  [xxii.  353] 

GRAHAM,  RICHARD,  VISCOUNT  PRKSTON  (1648- 
1695),  Jacobite :  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1666;  created  baronet,  1662; 
M.P.,  Cockermouth,  1675-81  and  1685-8 ;  created  a  Scottish 
peer  for  parliamentary  services  to  James,  duke  of  York, 
1680  ;  as  envoy  extraordinary  to  France  (1682-6),  protested 
against  the  seizure  of  Orange :  with  Middleton  managed 
the  House  of  Commons  for  James  II;  lord  president  of 
the  council,  1688,  and  one  of  the  council  of  five  left  by 
James  in  London ;  created  British  peer  at  St.  Germain,  i 
1689 ;  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  1689 :  his  claim  of  j 
the  privilege  of  a  peer  disallowed  and  withdrawn,  1689 ; 
released  on  apologising,  but  arrested  next  year  while 
carrying  treasonable  papers  on  board  a  smack  bound  for 
France;  tried  and  sentenced  for  treason,  but  pardoned 
after  making  confessions  implicating  Penu  and  others, 
1691 ;  in  retirement  revised  the  translation  of  Boetbius 
(published,  1695-96),  with  preface  containing  allusions 
to  his  political  conduct.  [xxii.  355] 

GRAHAM,  RICHARD  ( ft.  1680-1720),  author  of 
'  Short  Account  of  the  most  Eminent  Painters,'  originally 
supplement  to  Drydeu's  version  of  Du  Fresuoy's  '  Art  of 
.Painting,'  1695.  [xxii.  367] 


GRAHAM,  SIR  ROBERT  (rf.  1437),  conspirator; 
banished  for  language  derogatory  to  tin-  kiii^.  U3.-> ;  chief 
agent  in  conspiracy  of  Walter,  earl  of  Atholl,  in  which 
James  I  waa  murdered  at  Perth,  1437  ;  captured  in  h  gh- 
lands  and  tortured  to  death  at  Stirling.  [xxii.  357] 

GRAHAM  or  GRIMES,  ROBERT  (d.  1701),  colonel 
and  Trappist;  served  in  Flanders  under  William  III,  and 
afterwards  lived  at  St.  Germain :  entered  monastery  of 
La  Trappe ;  much  resorted  to  by  the  Jacobite  court, 

GRAHAM,  afterwards  (TTJiraiNGHAMZ-GRAHAM, 
ROBERT  (<f.  1797V),  composer  of  'If  doughty  deeds  my 
lady  please';  some  time  receiver-general  of  Jamaica; 
radical  M.P.  for  Stirlingshire,  1794-6  ;  rector  of  Glasgow 
University,  1786.  [xxii.  358] 

GRAHAM,  SIR  ROBERT  (1744-1836),  judge:  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  third  wrangler,  1766 ; 
M.A.,  1769  ;  LL.D.,  1835  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple  ;  attor- 
ney-general to  Prince  of  Wales,  1793  ;  K.O.,  1794  ;  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1799  ;  knighted,  1800.  [xxii.  358] 

GRAHAM,  ROBERT  (1786-1845),  M.D.  and  botanist  : 
professor  of  botany  at  Glasgow,  1818-20 :  regius  professor 
at  Edinburgh,  1820-45  ;  contributed  to  Edinburgh  botani- 
cal periodicals  and  Hooker's  '  Companion.'  [xxii.  358] 

GRAHAM,  SIMON  (1670  ?-16l4).    [See  GRAHAMK.] 

GRAHAM,  THOMAS,  BARON  LYNKUOCH  (1748- 
1843),  general ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1766 : 
played  in  first  Scottish  cricket  match,  1786 ;  introduced 
Cleveland  horses  and  Devon  cattle  into  Scotland ;  aide-de- 
camp to  Lord  Mulgrave  at  Toulon,  1793 ;  raised  '  Perth- 
shire volunteers  '  (2nd  Scottish  rifles)  and  received  tempo- 
rary rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  commandant,  1794 ;  whig 
M.P.  for  Perthshire,  1794-1807;  when  British  commis- 
sioner with  Austrian  army  in  Mantua  made  his  way,  dis- 
guised as  a  peasant,  to  Austrian  headquarters,  1796-7 ; 
distinguished  at  capture  of  Minorca,  1798;  reorganised 
defences  of  Messina  and  commanded  troops  blockading 
Malta,  1799-1800 ;  obtained  permanent  military  rank  by 
influence  of  Sir  John  Moore ;  Sir  John  Moore's  aide-de- 
camp in  Corufia  campaign ;  commanded  brigade  in 
Walchereu  expedition,  1809;  lieutenant-general,  1810; 
won  victory  of  Barossa,  1811,  but  resigned  his  command 
on  the  Spanish  generals  unfairly  claiming  the  whole 
credit  of  the  victory ;  led  division  under  Wellington  and 
assisted  at  capture  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1812,  and  Badajos, 
1812 ;  commanded  left  wing  at  Vittoria,  1813  ;  wounded 
at  Tolosa,  1813  ;  repulsed  before  San  Sebastian,  but  after- 
wards reduced  the  place,  1813 ;  invalided  after  crossing 
Bidassoa;  commanded  British  contingent  in  Holland, 
1814 ;  created  a  peer,  1814,  refusing  pension  ;  general, 
1821 ;  chief  founder  of  United  Service  Club,  where  is  his 
portrait  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence;  G.C.B.  and  G.C.M.G. 

,    M.     [xxii.  358] 

GRAHAM,  THOMAS  (1805-1869),  chemist;  M.A. 
Glasgow,  1824 :  subsequently  studied  at  Edinburgh ;  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Andersouiau  University,  Glasgow, 
1830-7,  at  University  College,  London,  1837-56  ;  master  of 
the  mint,  1855-69;  vice-president  of  chemical  jury  of 
exhibition  of  1851 ;  awarded  Keith  prize  for  discovery  of 
law  of  diffusion  of  gases,  1834,  and  gold  medals  of  Royal 
Society,  1840  and  1860 ;  first  president  of  Chemical  (1840) 
and  Cavendish  (1846)  societies ;  edited  'Chemical  Reports 
and  Memoirs,'  1848 ;  F.R.S.,  1836 ;  twice  vice-president ; 
Bakeriau  lecturer,  1860  and  1854;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1863; 
discovered  the  polybasic  character  of  phosphoric  acid,  and 
made  valuable  researches  on  the  compounds  of  alcohol 
with  salts;  introduced  the  'Graham  tube';  published 
'  Elements  of  Chemistry,'  1842.  [xxii.  361  ] 

GRAHAM,  WILLIAM,  seventh  EARL  op  MKNTKITII 
and  first  EARL  op  AIRTH  (1591-1661),  member  of  the 
Scottish  privy  council,  1626;  president,  1628:  justice- 
general  of  Scotland,  1628;  in  great  favour  with  Charles  I 
who  made  him  privy  councillor  of  England :  created  Earl 
of  Stratheurn.  1631,  but,  the  patent  being  withdrawn  in 
1633,  was  mude  Earl  of  Airth  instead;  disgraced  soon 
afterwards,  being  charged  with  boasting  of  his  descent 
from  Robert  II ;  restored  to  favour,  1637  ;  served  against 
covenanters.  [«""•  36S3 

GRAHAM  WILLIAM  (1737-1801),  secession  minister 
at  Whitchuveu,  1769,  at  Newcastle,  1770-1801 ;  published, 


GRAHAM 


522 


GRANT 


among  other  works, '  Candid  Vindication  of  the  Secession 
Church,'  1790,  and  '  Review  of  Ecclesiastical  Establish- 
ments in  Europe,'  1792.  [xxii.  364] 

GRAHAM,  WILLIAM  (1810-1883),  Irish  presbyterian 
divine ;  missionary  (1842-83)  to  Jews  at  Damascus,  Ham- 
burp,  and  Bonn ;  wrote  commentaries  on  Ephesians, 
1  John,  and  Titus,  and  'An  Appeal  to  Israel'  (in  four 
languages).  [xxii.  365] 

GRAHAM-GILBERT,  JOHX  (1794-1866),  painter; 
assumed  additional  name  of  Gilbert  on  marriage,  1834 ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1820-3  ;  R.S.A.,  1829  ;  exhi- 
bited constantly  at  the  Scottish  and  occasionally  at  the 
Royal  Academy  ;  painted  mainly  portraits,  [xxii.  365] 

GRAHAME.  JAMES  (1765-1811),  Scottish  poet; 
educated  at  Glasgow  ;  successively  writer  to  the  signet, 
advocate,  and  episcopal  clergyman ;  published  (at  first 
anonymously),  1804,  '  The  Sabbath,'  '  Birds  of  Scotland,' 
1806,  and  'British  Georgics,'  1809,  and  other  verse; 
praised  by  '  Christopher  North,'  but  satirised  by  Byron. 

[xxii.  366] 

GRAHAME,  SIMION  (1570  ?-1614),  Franciscan; 
made  prebendary  of  Brodderstanis  by  James  VI ;  led  licen- 
tious life  as  traveller,  soldier,  and  courtier ;  died  a  Fran- 
ciscan at  Carpentras ;  his  '  Passionate  Sparke  of  a  Re- 
lenting Minde'  and  'Anatomic  of  Hvmors,'  reprinted, 
1830.  [xxii.  366] 

GRAILE,  EDMUND  (/.  1611),  poet ;  entered  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1593  ;  M.A.,  1600 ;  physician  of 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  Gloucester  ;  published  '  Little 
Timothie,  his  Lesson,'  1611.  [xxii.  867] 

GRAIN,  RICHARD  CORNEY  (1844-1895),  public 
entertainer ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1866 ;  member  of 
German  Reed  entertainment,  1870-95  ;  wrote  songs  and 
musical  sketches.  [Suppl.  ii.  338] 

GRAINGER,  EDWARD  (1797-1824),  anatomical 
teacher ;  dresser  to  Sir  Astley  Cooper ;  opened  an  anato- 
mical school  in  Southwark,  1819.  [xxii.  367] 

GRAINGER,  JAMES  (1721  ?-1766),  physician  and 
poet ;  army  surgeon,  1745-8  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1753 ; 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Shenstone,  and  Bishop  Percy ;  con- 
tributed to  '  Monthly  Review,'  1756-8  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1758 ; 
his  version  of  Tibullus  attacked  by  Smollett,  1759 ;  prac- 
tised in  St.  Christopher,  1769-63;  published  'The  Sugar 
Cane,'  1764,  and  'Essay  on  the  more  common  West  India 
Diseases,'  1764 ;  died  in  St.  Christopher ;  contributed  a  West 
Indian  ballad  to  Percy's  '  Reliques ' ;  his  '  Poetical  Works ' 
edited  by  Robert  Anderson,  1836.  [xxii.  368] 

GRAINGER,  RICHARD  (1798-1861),  architect ;  of 
Newcastle.  [xxii.  370] 

GRAINGER,  RICHARD  DUGARD  (1801-1865), 
anatomist  and  physiologist ;  brother  of  Edward  Grainger 
[q.  v.],  whose  anatomical  school  he  carried  on  ;  lecturer 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1842-60;  declined  to  receive 
a  money  testimonial,  1860,  on  which  the  Grainger  testi- 
monial prize  was  founded  with  the  money  collected ;  as 
board  of  health  inspector  wrote  valuable  report  on 
cholera,  1850 ;  inspector  tinder  Burials  Act,  1853  ;  F.R.S. ; 
member  of  council  of  College  of  Surgeons ;  Hunterian 
orator,  1848 ;  published  '  Elements  of  General  Anatomy,' 
1829,  and  '  Observations  on  ...  the  Spinal  Cord,'  1837. 

[xxii.  370] 

GRAINGER,  THOMAS  (1794-1862),  civil  engineer ; 
laid  down  many  railways  in  Scotland  and  northern  Eng- 
land ;  fatally  injured  in  railway  accident  [xxii.  371] 

GRAMMONT,  ELIZABETH,  OoMTBSSE  DK  (1641- 
1708).  [See  HAMILTON,  EI.IZABKTH.] 

GRANARD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  FORBES,  Sin  ARTHUR, 
first  EARL,  1623-1696 ;  FORIITO,  GEORGE,  third  EARL, 
1685-1766  ;  FORBES,  GEORGE,  sixth  EARI,  1760-1837.] 

GRANBY,  MARQUIS  OP  (1721-1770).  [See  MANNERS, 
JOHN.] 

GRANDISON,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1559-1630;  VILLIERS,  GEOKGK  BUSSY, 
seventh  VISCOUNT,  1736-1805  ;  VILLIERS,  GEORGE  CHILI/-, 
eighth  VISCOUNT,  1773-1859.] 

GRANDISON,  JOHN  (1292  ?-1369),  bishop  of  Exeter  ; 
prebendary  of  York,  1309,  of  Lincoln,  1322 ;  archdeacon 
of  Nottingham,  1310  ;  chaplain  to  Pope  John  XXII,  and 


papal  legate,  1327;  appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  by  pro- 
vision, and  consecrated  at  Avignon,  1327  ;  successfully 
resisted  visitation  of  Archbishop  Mepeham,  1332 ;  com- 
pleted nave  of  his  cathedral  and  erected  episcopal  throne  ; 
his  tomb  in  St.  Radegunde's  Chapel  ransarkol  in  six- 
teenth century  :  his  l  Logons  from  the  Bible '  and '  Legends 
of  the  Saints'  still  extant.  [xxii.  371] 

GRANE,  VISCOUNT  (d.  1541).  [See  GREY,  LORD 
LEONARD.] 

GRANGE,  LORD  (1679-1754).    [See  ERSKINE,  JAMKS.] 

GRANGE,  JOHX  (ft.  1577),  poet;  author  of  "The 
Golden  Aphroditis,'  1577.  [xxii.  372] 

GRANGER,  JAMES  (1723-1776),  biographer  and 
print  collector:  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1743; 
vicar  of  Shiplake,  Oxfordshire ;  collected  fourteen  thou- 
sand engraved  portraits;  published  'Biographical  His- 
tory of  England,  from  Egbert  the  Great  to  the  Revolu- 
tion .  .  .  adapted  to  a  Methodical  Catalogue  of  Engraved 
British  Heads,'  1769  (with  supplement,  1774);  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  work  from  Granger's  manuscripts,  by 
Mark  Noble,  bringing  the  history  down  to  1727,  was 
published,  1806.  [xxii.  372] 

GRANT,  ALBERT,  known  as  BARON  GRANT  (1830- 
1899),  company  promoter  ;  son  of  W.  Gottheimer ;  assumed 
name  of  Grant ;  achieved  extraordinary  success  as  com- 
pany promoter :  gained  100,0007.  as  promotion  money 
for  the  Emma  Silver  Mine,  which  paid  investors  a  shil- 
ling for  each  20Z.  share ;  M.P.,  Kidderminster,  1865-8  and 
1874-80 ;  purchased  Leicester  Square,  London,  which  he 
converted  into  a  public  garden  and  handed  over  to  metro- 
politan board  of  works,  1874 ;  died  comparatively  poor 
owing  to  series  of  actions  in  bankruptcy  court. 

[Suppl.  ii.  338] 

GRANT,  ALEXANDER  (1679-1720),  laird  of  Grant ; 
brigadier-general ;  son  of  Ludovick  Grant  [q.  v.] ;  M.P. 
for  Inverness-shire  in  Scottish  parliament,  1703-7;  a 
commissioner  for  the  union ;  served  in  Flanders  ;  con- 
stable of  Edinburgh  Castle  and  brigadier-general,  1715  ; 
M.P.  for  Inverness-shire  and  Elgin  and  Forres  in  British 
parliament.  [xxii.  374] 

GRANT,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  eighth  baronet  'of 
Dalvey  '  (1826-1884),  principal  of  Edinburgh  University  ; 
educated  at  Harrow ;  scholar  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1849  :  succeeded  as  baronet,  1856  ; 
professor  of  history  at  the  Elphinstone  Institution, 
Madras,  I860,  and  principal,  1862;  vice-chancellor  of 
Bombay  University,  1863-8,  and  director  of  public  in- 
struction ;  member  of  legislative  council,  1868 ;  as  prin- 
cipal at  Edinburgh  University  (1868-84)  closed  the  dis- 
agreement with  civic  authorities,  obtained  new  buildings 
for  the  medical  department,  and  (1884)  organised  tercen- 
tenary celebration ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford  and  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, Edinburgh,  and  Glasgow ;  prepared  first  Scottish 
education  code;  edited  Aristotle's  'Ethics,'  1857;  pub- 
lished lives  of  Aristotle  and  Xenophon,  and  '  The  Story  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,'  1884.  [xxii.  374] 

GRANT,  SIR  ALEXANDER  CRAY,  sixth  baronet 
'  of  Dalvey '  (1782-1854),  civil  servant ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1806 ;  M.P.,  Tregony,  1812,  Lost- 
withiel,  1818-26,  Aldborough,  1826-30,  Westbury,  1830-2, 
and  Cambridge,  1840-3,  representing  interests  of  West 
Indian  planters  ;  chairman  of  committees,  1826-32  ;  mem- 
ber of  board  of  control,  1834-5  ;  commissioner  of  accounts, 
1843-54.  [xxii.  376] 

GRANT,  ANDREW  (/.  1809),  physician  ;  author  of 
'  History  of  Brazil,'  1809.  [xxii.  376] 

GRANT,  MRS.  ANNE  (1756-1838),  authoress  :  mfe  Mac- 
vicar;  wife  of  minister  of  Laggan,  Inverness-shire;  from 
1810  lived  at  Edinburgh  and  was  admitted  to  the  best 
literary  society,  who  procured  her  (1826)  a  pension;  her 
'Letters  from  the  Mountains'  (1803)  highly  popular; 
published  also  '  Memoirs  of  an  American  Lady,'  1808,  and 
'  Essays  on  the  Superstitions  of  the  Highlands,'  1811. 

[xxii.  376] 

GRANT,  ANTHONY  (1806-1883),  divine ;  of  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1827  ;  Ellerton 
prizeman,  1832 ;  D.C.L.,  1842  ;  vicar  of  Romford,  1838-62, 
of  Aylesford,  1862-77 ;  archdeacon  of  St.  Albans,  1846  ; 
canon  of  Rochester,  1860;  published  (1844)  'Past  and 
Prospective  Extension  of  the  Gospel  by  Missions '  (Banip- 
tou  Lecture,  1843),  and  other  works.  [xxii.  378] 


GRANT 


GRANT 


GRANT,  CHARLES  (1746-1823),  statesman  and 
philanthropist ;  made  large  fortune  in  service  of  East 
India  Company  ;  senior  merchant,  1784  ;  fourth  member 
of  board  of  trade  at  Calcutta,  1787  ;  his  pamphlet  (1792) 
advocating  toleration  of  missionary  and  educational  work 
in  the  East  printed  ( l*i:>)  l>y  order  of  House  of  Commons  ; 
M.P.,  Inverness-shire,  1804-18;  chairman  of  court  of 
directors  of  East  India  Company  from  1805;  opposed 
policy  of  Wellesley,  and  supported  (1808)  motion  for  his 
impi  aohincnt ;  procured  the  assignment  of  a  grant  to- 
wards education  under  charter  of  1813  ;  promoted  build- 
ing of  churches  in  India  and  elsewhere:  introduced 
Sunday  schools  into  Scotland ;  originated  scheme  for 
foundation  of  Haileybury  College.  [xxii.  378] 

GRANT,  CHARLES,  BARON  QLKXELO  (1778-1866), 
statesman;  eldest  son  of  Charles  Grant  (1746-1823) 
[q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  1802 ; 
fourth  wrangler  and  chancellor's  medallist ;  M.A.,  1804  ; 
hon.  LL.D.,  1819  ;  member  of  Speculative  Society,  Edin- 
burgh ;  M.P.  for  Inverness  and  Fortrose,  1811-18,  for 
Inverness-shire,  1818-35 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1813 ; 
privy  councillor  and  Irish  secretary,  1819-23 ;  vice- 
president  of  board  of  trade,  1823-7  ;  president  of  board 
of  trade  and  treasurer  of  navy,  1827-8 ;  as  president  of 
board  of  control  (1830-5)  carried  charter  (1833)  vesting 
the  East  India  Company's  property  in  the  crown ;  as 
colonial  secretary  under  Melbourne,  1835-9,  introduced 
bill  abolishing  West  Indian  slavery;  created  Baron 
Glenelg,  1831 ;  refused  to  sanction  action  of  Sir  Benjamin 
D'Urban  [q.  v.]  after  Kaffir  invasion  of  Cape  Colony,  1835  ; 
offended  both  tories  and  radicals  by  his  irresolute  Cana- 
dian policy  ;  resigned,  1839,  receiving  a  pension  and  com- 
niissiouership  of  the  land  tax  ;  died  at  Cannes. 

[xxiL  380] 

GRANT,  COLQUHOUN  (d.  1792),  Jacobite  ;  distin- 
guished at  Prestonpans,  1745,  and  one  of  Charles  Edward's 
life  guards  at  Culloden,  1746 ;  afterwards  practised  in 
Edinburgh  as  writer  to  the  signet.  [xxiL  381] 

GRANT,  COLQUHOUN  (1780-1829),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  captured  at  Ostend  with  llth  foot,  1798  ;  deputy- 
assistant  adjutant-general  and  secret  intelligence  officer 
in  the  Peninsula  ;  captured  near  the  Ooa,  1812 ;  escaped 
from  Bayonne  to  Paris,  whence  he  sent  intelligence  to 
Wellington ;  disguised  as  a  sailor  reached  England,  and 
having  arranged  for  his  exchange,  rejoined  Wellington  in 
Spain;  as  intelligence  officer  in  1815  sent  news  from 
Condi-  of  Napoleon's  intentions ;  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  54th,  1821 ;  commanded  brigade  in  first  Burmese 
war ;  O.B. ;  died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  [xxii.  382] 

GRANT,  Sm  COLQUHOUN  (17647-1835),  lieu- 
tenant-general; with  25th  dragoons  at  Seringapatam, 
1799 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  72nd  highlanders,  1802 ; 
wounded  at  recapture  of  the  Cape,  1806 ;  commanded 
15th  hussars  in  Moore's  retreat  and  (1813)  at  Vittoria ; 
K.C.B.,  1814  ;  led  hussar  brigade  at  Waterloo ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1830 ;  M.P.,  Queeusborough,  1831-2. 

[xxii.  383] 

GRANT,  DAVID  (1823-1886),  author  of  •  Metrical 
Tales,'  1880,  and  '  Lays  and  Legends  of  the  North,'  1884  ; 
his  '  Book  of  Ten  Songs,'  published  posthumously. 

[xxii.  384] 

GRANT  or  GRAUNI,  EDWARD  (1540  V-1601), 
head-master  of  Westminster  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1567;  B.A.  Oxford,  1572;  M.A.  Oxford, 
1572  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1573  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1589  ; 
canon  of  Westminster,  1577,  of  Ely,  1589;  friend  of 
Ascham  ;  head-master  of  Westminster,  1572-93 ;  author 
of  'Gnecae  Linguae  Spicilegium,'  1575,  and  a  revised 
edition  of  Crispin's  Greek-Latin  lexicon,  and  Greek, 
Latin,  and  English  verses.  [xxii.  384] 

GRANT,  MRS.  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  MKS.  ELIZA- 
BKTH  MURRAY  (1746  V-1814  ?),  author  of  the  song,  '  Roy's 
Wife.'  [xxii.  385] 

GRANT,  SIR  FRANCIS,  LORD  CULLEX  (1658-1726), 
Scottish  judge ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Leyden ; 
admitted  advocate,  1691  ;  defended  power  of  the  estates  to 
settle  succession  to  the  crown  ;  created  baronet  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1705 ;  lord  of  session,  1709  ;  wrote  on  societies  for 
the  reformation  of  manners  and  patronage  question  in 
Scottish  church.  [xxii.  385] 

GRANT,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1803-1878),  portrait- 
paiuttr ;  brother  of  Sir  James  Hope  Grant  [q.  v.]  :  made 


reputation  as  a  painter  of  sporting 
as  a  portrait-painter  after  exhibition  at  the  Academy  of 
his  equestrian  group  of  the  queen,  Lord  Melbourne,  and 
company,  1840;  R.A.,  1851;  president  R.A.,  1886-78; 
knighted,  1866  ;  painted  portrait*  of  contemporary  cele- 
brities, including  Macaulay,  Lord-chanoellor  Campbell, 
Viscount  Hardinge,  and  Landseer.  [xxiL  886] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (14857-1553),  laird  of  Freuchie 
(•the  Bold');  sou  of  John  Grant  (d.  UK)  [q.  T.]  of 
Freuchie ;  fined  for  protecting  members  of  the  clan  Chat- 
tan,  1528  ;  took  part  in  expedition  against  the  Clanranald 
and  Mackeuzies  of  Klutail,  1644  ;  exempted  by  James  V 
from  jurisdiction  of  inferior  court*.  [xxiL  887] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1706-1778),  Scottish  catholic  pre- 
late ;  admitted  into  the  Scots  College,  Rome,  1726 :  priest, 
1733 ;  missioner  in  Scotland,  1734 ;  surrendered  himself 
(1746)  to  some  men  who  threatened  to  desolate  the  Isle  of 
Barra,  in  which  he  was  residing,  unless  the  priest  were 
delivered  up  to  them ;  imprisoned  at  Inverness  ;  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Sinita  inpartibtu,  1756.  [xxii.  388] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1720-1806),  of  Ballindalloch, 
general  ;  served  with  1st  royal  Scots  in  Flanders,  1746-8, 
and  at  Culloden,  1746;  surprised  and  captured  at  Fort 
Duquesne,  1758 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  40th  and 
governor  of  East  Florida,  1760;  defeated  Cherokees  at 
Etchoe,  1761 ;  M.P.,  Wick,  1773,  and  Sutherlandshire, 
1774  and  1787-1806;  commanded  brigades  at  Long 
Island,  Brandywine,  and  Germanstown ;  captured  St. 
Lucia  and  held  it  against  d'Estaiug,  1778 ;  major-general, 
1777  ;  general,  1796.  [xxii.  388] 

GRANT,  SIR  JAMES  (1738-1811),  seventh  baronet  of 
Grant,  1773 ;  chief  of  the  clan  Grant ;  M.P.,  Elgin  and 
Forres,  1761-8,  Banff,  1790-95 :  lord-lieutenant  of  Inver- 
ness-shire, 1794-1809  ;  raised  two  highland  regiments  ; 
colonel,  1793.  [xxii  389] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1743  ?  -  1835),  advocate  ;  died 
senior  of  Scottish  bar  ;  friend  of  Jeffrey,  Erskine,  and 
Scottish  whigs :  published  '  Essays  on  the  Origin  of 
Society,'  &c.,  1785,  and  '  Thoughts  on  the  Origin  and  De- 
scent of  the  Gael,'  containing  discussion  of  the  Ossiau 
question,  1814.  [xxii.  390] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1802-1879),  journalist;  edited 
'Elgin  Courier,'  'Morning  Advertiser'  (1850-71),  and 
Grant's  '  London  Journal '  ;  published  '  Random  Re- 
collections of  the  House  of  Commons  and  . . .  Lords,'  1836, 
1  Sketches  in  London,'  1838,  and  '  The  Newspaper  Press,' 
1871-2,  and  other  works.  [xxii.  390] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1840-1885),  Scottish  antiquary: 
M.A.  Aberdeen  ;  assisted  in  editing  Scots  privy  council 
records,  and  published  '  History  of  the  Burgh  and 
Parish  Schools  of  Scotland,'  voL  i.  1876.  [xxiL  391] 

GRANT,  JAMES  (1822-1887),  novelist  and  historical 
writer  :  grandson  of  James  Grant  (1743  ?-1835)  [q.  v.] ; 
served  in  the  62nd  three  years ;  founded  National  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Vindication  of  Scottish  Rights,  1852 ;  a 
military  expert.  Of  his  fifty-six  novels  the  best  are  '  The 
Romance  of  War '  (1845)  and  '  Adventures  of  an  Aide-de- 
Camp.'  His  other  works  include  memoirs  of  Kirkcaldy 
of  Grange,  Sir  J.  Hepburn,  and  Montrose, '  British  Battles 
on  Land  and  Sea,'  1873  (with  continuation,  1884),  and 
'Uld  and  New  Edinburgh'  (1880).  [xxii.  391] 

GRANT,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  (1827-1892),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  African  traveller  ;  educated  at  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen  ;  received  commission  in  8th  native 
Bengal  infantry,  1846;  adjutant,  1853-7;  attached  to 
78th  Highlanders  at  relief  of  Lucknow :  accompanied 
John  Banning  Speke  [q.  v.]  in  African  exploring  ex- 
pedition from  Ukuui  to  Ivarague,  1861,  and  from  Uganda 
to  falls  of  Karuma,  Faloro,  and  Gondokoro,  1862-8  ; 
made  elaborate  botanical  and  meteorological  notes,  and 
published  '  A  Walk  across  Africa,'  1864 ;  received  gold 
medal  of  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1864 ;  C.B.,  1866  ; 
in  intelligence  department  in  Abyssinian  expedition, 
1868 ;  C.S.I.,  1868  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1868. 

[Suppl.  ii.  339] 

GRANT,  SIR  JAMES  HOPE  (1808-1875),  general; 
served  with  the  9th  lancers,  1826-68  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1849  ;  brigade-major  to  Lord  Saltoun  in  first  Chinese 
war,  1840-2  ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  Sikh  wars,  1846- 
1846  and  1848-9  :  during  the  mutiny  did  good  service 
with  movable  columns:  commanded  the  Traus-Ubogra 


GRANT 


524 


GRANT 


force:  K.O.B.,  1858;  commanded  successfully  in  the 
second  Chinese  war  (1860-1) ;  G.O.B. ;  oommander-in- 
chief  at  Madras,  1862-3  ;  quartermaster-general  at  the 
Horse  Guards,  1865;  at  Aldershot  initiated  in  1871  the 
annual  autumn  manoeuvres,  and  introduced  the  war 
game  and  military  lectures.  [xxii.  392] 

GRANT,  JAMES  MACPHERSON  (1822  -  1885), 
Australian  statesman  ;  emigrated  to  Sydney  when 
fourteen ;  solicitor  at  Sydney  and  Melbourne  ;  successful 
gold-digger  at  Beudigo  ;  acted  for  Ballarat  miners  after 
riots  of  1854  ;  member  for  Bendigo,  1856,  Sandhurst,  1856, 
and  Avoca.  1859,  in  Victoria  legislative  council ;  vice- 
president  of  lands,  1860-1  ;  president,  1864,  1868-9,  and 
1871-2 ;  carried  Land  Act  of  1865  ;  minister  of  justice 
under  Berry,  1875  and  1877-80  ;  chief  secretary  under 
Sir  Bryan  O'Loghlen,  1881-3.  [xxii.  394] 

GRANT,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1788-1865),  astro- 
nomer, in  East  India  Company's  service,  1806-49  ;  erected 
at  Elchies,  Morayshire,  a  granite  observatory,  where  was 
the  'Trophy  Telescope'  seen  at  exhibition  of  1851; 
F.R.A.S.,  1854  ;  discovered  companion  of  Antares,  1844. 

[xxii.  395] 

GRANT,  JOHN  (d.  1528),  second  laird  of  Freuchie 
('  The  Bard ')  ;  fought  for  James  III  against  his  son  ;  re- 
warded by  James  IV  for  his  support  of  Huntly  in  the 
northern  counties  with  lands  of  Glencaruy  and  Ballin- 
dalloch,  1489,  and  barony  of  Urquhart,  1509. 

[xxii.  396] 

GRANT,  JOHN  (1568  ?-1622),  fifth  laird  of  Freuchie ; 
took  part  with  James  VI  against  George  Gordon,  first 
marquis  of  Huntly  [q.  v.],  in  1589  and  1592  ;  commis- 
sioned to  suppress  witchcraft  in  highlands,  1602 ;  fined 
for  relations  with  Macgregors  ;  commissioned  to  deal 
with  gipsies,  1620 ;  a  juror  at  Orkney's  trial,  1615  ;  j 
acquired  estates  in  Strathspey.  [xxii.  396] 

GRANT.  JOHN  (1782  -  1842),  lieutenanl^colonel,  ! 
Portuguese  service ;  served  with  the  Lusitanian  legion  in 
1808-9,  and  afterwards  under  Beresford  ;  a  famous  spy  in 
the  Peninsula  war  ;  lieutenant,  2nd  royal  veteran  batta- 
lion ;  secretary  to  London  committee  following  Beresford's 
dismissal  from  Portuguese  service,  1820.  [xxii.  397] 

GRANT,  Sm  JOHN  PETER  (1774-1848),  chief-justice 
of  Calcutta ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1802  ;  M.P.,Grimsby 
and  Tavistock  ;  knighted ;  puisne  judge  of  Bombay,  1827, 
afterwards  of  Calcutta ;  chief  works,  '  Essays  towards 
illustrating  some  elementary  principles  relating  to  Wealth 
and  Currency,'  1812,  and  'Summary  of  the  Law  relating 
to  granting  New  Trials  in  Civil  Suits,'  1817. 

[xxii.  398] 

GRANT,  Sm  JOHN  PETER  (1807-1893),  Indian  and 
colonial  governor ;  son  of  Sir  John  Peter  Grant  (1774- 
1848)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton,  Haileybury,  and  Edinburgh 
University  ;  joined  Bengal  civil  service,  1828 ;  assistant  in 
board  of  revenue,  Calcutta,  1832;  secretary  to  govern- 
ment of  Bengal,  1848,  and  virtually  ruled  province,  1848- 
1852;  foreign  secretary,  1853;  permanent  secretary  in 
home  department  of  government  of  India,  1853;  member 
of  council  of  governor-general  of  Bengal,  1854-9 ;  governor- 
general  of  Central  Provinces,  1857-9 ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Bengal,  1859-62  ;  K.C.B.,  1862  ;  governor  of  Jamaica, 
1866-73,  and  completely  reorganised  political  and  legal 
status  of  the  island.  [Suppl.  ii.  341] 

GRANT,  JOHNSON  (1773-1844), divine;  grandson  of 
Sir  Francis  Grant,  lord  Cullen  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  1806  ;  incumbent  of  Kentish  Town,  1822- 
1844 ;  published,  among  other  works, '  Summary  of  the 
History  of  the  English  Church,'  1811-26.  [xxii.  398] 

GRANT,  JOSEPH  (1805-1835),  Scottish  poet;  author 
of  'Juvenile  Lays,'  1828,  '  Kincardinesbire  Traditions,' 
1830,  and  '  Tales  of  the  Glens '  (posthumous). 

[xxii.  399] 

GRANT,  LILIAS  (d.  1643),  poetess  ;  nte  Murray ; 
wife  of  John  Grant,  fifth  laird  of  Freuchie  [q.  v.] 

[xxii.  397] 

GRANT,  LUDOVICK  (1650  ?-1716),  of  Grant ;  eighth 
laird  of  Freuchie,  1663 ;  fined  for  protecting  covenanters, 
1685 ;  sat  for  Elgin  and  Inverness-shire  in  Scottish  par- 
liament; as  sheriff  of  Inverness-shire  assisted  General 
Mackay  against  Dundee,  1689;  obtained  (1694)  charter 
converting  Freuchie  into  regality  of  Grant,  Castleton  be- 
coming Grautown.  [xxii.  399] 


GRANT,  MALCOLM  (1762-1831),  lieutenant-general 
in  East  India  Company's  service;  served  against  Mali- 
rattas,  1779,  and  in  Malabar,  1792-8  ;  held  chief  command 
in  Malabar  and  Oanara,  1 804,  and  reduced  Savendroog ; 
lieutenant-general,  1826.  [xxii.  400] 

GRANT,  PATRICK,  LORD  ELCHIKS  (1690-1754), 
Scottish  judge ;  admitted  advocate,  1712  ;  raised  to  the 
bench,  1732 ;  lord  of  justiciary,  1737  ;  collected  decisions 
(1733-54)  of  session  (printed,  1813).  [xxii.  400] 

GRANT,  SIR  PATRICK  (1804-1895),  field-marshal ; 
ensign,  Jlth  Bengal  native  infantry,  1820 ;  lieutenant, 
1823 ;  major,  1845 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1851 ;  major- 
general,  1854 ;  colonel,  104th  foot,  1862 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1862  ;  colonel,  JSenforth  highlanders,  1863  ;  general, 
1870 ;  field-marshal,  1883 ;  colonel,  royal  horse  guards,  and 
gold-stick-in-waiting  to  Queen  Victoria,  1885 ;  served  in 
Gwalior  campaign,  1843,  first  Sikh  war,  1845-6  ;  C.B.,  1846  ; 
adjutant-general  of  Bengal  army,  1846 ;  served  in  second 
Sikh  war,  1849  ;  brevet  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1849  ;  commander-in-chief  of  Madras  army,  1856- 
1861 ;  temporarily  commander-in-eluef  in  India,  1857 ; 
K.O.B.,  1857 ;  G.O.B.,  1861 ;  governor  and  commander-iu- 
chief  of  Malta,  1867-72 ;  G.C.M.G.,  1868 ;  governor  of 
Chelsea  Hospital,  1874-95.  [Suppl.  ii.  343] 

GRANT,  PETER  (d.  1784),  Scottish  abbe  and  favourite 
of  the  pope ;  as  agent  at  Rome  rendered  great  services  to 
British  travellers ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxii.  400] 

GRANT,  RICHARD  (d.  1231),  also  called  RICHARD 
OF  WETHKRSHKD  ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  chancellor 
of  Lincoln,  1221-7;  appointed  primate  at  request  of 
Henry  III  and  the  bishops,  1227  ;  opposed  king's  demand 
for  scutage,  1228 ;  claimed  custody  of  Tunbridge  Castle 
from  Hubert  de  Burgh,  and  excommunicated  those  in  pos- 
session ;  went  to  Rome  and  brought  complaints  against 
Hubert  de  Burgh ;  won  1  is  cause,  but  died  on  the  way 
home  at  St.  Gemini.  [xxii.  401] 

GRANT,  Sm  ROBERT  (1779-1838),  governor  of 
Bombay  ;  second  son  of  Charles  Grant  (1746-1823)  [q.  v.] ; 
fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1802;  third 
wrangler,  1801 ;  M.A.,  1804 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1807 ;  M.P.,  Elgin  1818-26,  Inverness,  1826-30,  Norwich, 
1830-2,  Finsbury,  1832-4 ;  commissioner  of  board  of 
control,  1830 ;  judge  advocate-general,  1832 ;  carried 
Jewish  emancipation  resolution,  and  two  bills  in  the 
Commons,  1833-4 ;  governor  of  Bombay,  1834-8 ;  K.C.H., 
1834 ;  published  « Sketch  of  the  History  of  the  East  India 
Company  to  1773 ' ;  died  at  Dalpoorie  ;  sacred  poems  by 
him  edited  by  Lord  Glenelg,  1839.  [xxii.  402] 

GRANT,  ROBERT  (1814-1892),  astronomer  ;  studied 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  published  '  History  of  Physi- 
cal Astronomy,'  1852,  and  received  Royal  Astronomical 
Society's  gold  medal,  1856;  F.R.A.S.,  1850,  edited 
'Monthly  Notices,' 1852-60;  M.A.,  1865,  and  LL.D.,  1865, 
Aberdeen  ;  joined  Royal  Society,  1865  ;  professor  of  astro- 
nomy and  director  of  observatory,  Glasgow  University, 
1869  ;  published  scientific  writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  344] 

GRANT,  ROBERT  EDMOND  (1793-1874),  compara- 
tive anatomist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1814  ;  contributed  im- 
portant papers  on  sponges  to  '  Edinburgh  Philosophical 
Journal,'  1825-6 ;  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  and 
zoology  at  London  University,  1827-74;  F.R.S.,  1836; 
Fulleriau  professor  of  physiology,  1837-40  ;  Swiney  lec- 
turer on  geology  at  British  Museum  ;  friend  of  Darwin 
ami  correspondent  of  Ouvier  and  Saint- Hilaire ;  left  pro- 
perty and  collections  to  University  College,  [xxii.  402] 

GRANT,  ROGER  (d.  1724),  oculist  to  Anne  and 
George  I ;  alluded  to  in  '  Spectator '  as  a  quack. 

[xxii.  403] 

GRANT,  THOMAS  (1816-1870),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  Southwark ;  D.D. ;  rector  of  the  English  col- 
lege, Rome,  1844  ;  active  promoter  of  re-establishment  of 
English  hierarchy  and  bishop  of  Southwark,  1851-70 ; 
latiuist  to  Vatican  council,  1869 ;  died  at  Rome. 

[xxii.  403] 

GRANT,  SIR  THOMAS  TASSELL  (1795-1859),  in- 
ventor ;  comptroller  of  victualling  and  transport  service, 
1850-8  ;  K.C.B.  on  retirement;  F.R.S. ;  awarded  grant  of 
2,000;.  for  his  steam  biscuit  machine,  1829;  his  'patent 
fuel '  and  apparatus  for  distillation  of  sea-water  adopted 
c.  1848.  [xxii.  404] 


GRANT 


525 


GRATTAN 


GRANT,  WILLIAM.  Loitn   PBaBTOVGKANOB  (1701  ?- 

1764),  Scottish  jiuk'i-;  MVOII.I  son  of  Bir  Fniin-is  (inmt, 
lord  Cullen  [q.  v.]  ;  admit-tol  .nlvo.  at.-,  J7'J2  ;  prooumtor 
for  Scottish  church  and  clerk  to  general  assembly,  1731; 
solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1737  ;  lonl  advocate,  1746  ; 
M.I'.,  Elgin,  1747-54;  carried  bills  for  at>olitiou  of  lu-ri- 
table  jurisdictions  and  ward  holding  and  for  annexation 
of  forfeited  estates  to  the  crown  ;  lonl  of  session  and  of 
justiciary,  1754;  commissioner  of  annexed  estates,  1755: 
published  pamphlet  against  patronage  in  the  Scottish 
church,  1736.  [xxiL  404] 

GRANT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1786),  physician  ;  M.D.  Aber- 
deen, 17fi5;  L.R.C.P.,  1763;  physician  to  Misericonlia 
Hospital,  Goodman's  Fields  ;  published  treatises  on  Lon- 
don fevers  and  (1783)  'Observations  on  the  Influenza  of 
1775  and  1782.'  [xxii.  406] 

GRANT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1752-1832),  master  of  the 
rolls ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1774 ;  treasurer,  1798 ; 
commanded  volunteers  at  siege  of  Quebec,  1775  ;  attorney- 
general  of  Canada,  1776 ;  M.P.,  Shaftesbury,  1790,  Windsor, 
1794,  Banffshire,  1796-1812 ;  joint-commissioner  on  laws 
of  Jersey,  1791 ;  chief-justice'  of  Chester,  1798  ;  solicitor- 
general,  1799-1801 ;  knighted,  1799  ;  privy  councillor,  1801 ; 
master  of  the  rolls,  1801-17  ;  a  highly  successful  speaker  in 
parliament ;  supported  reform  of  criminal  law  ;  lord  rector 
of  Aberdeen,  1809  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1820.  [xxii.  405] 

GRANT,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1829-1866),  painter  ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1847-66  ;  also  drew  in  red 
and  black  chalk.  [xxii.  407] 

GRANT,  Sm  WILLIAM  KEIR,  previously  KKIR 
and  GRANT-KKIR  (1772-1852),  general ;  distinguished  him- 
self in  Flanders  and  at  Villiers-en-Couche,  1794 ;  helped 
to  save  the  Emperor  Francis  II  from  capture,  1794  ;  re- 
ceived gold  medals  and  the  order  of  Maria  Theresa ;  served 
with  Russian  and  Austrian  armies  in  Italy,  1799-1801, 
being  present  atHivoli,  1797,  and  Marengo,  1800,  and  siege 
of  Genoa,  1800  ;  adjutant-general  in  Bengal,  1806;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  Java,  1815  ;  commanded  Guzerat  field 
force  against  the  Piudaris,  1817  ;  took  hill  fort  of  Raree, 
and  defeated  the  rajah  of  Cutch,  1819 ;  suppressed  piracy 
in  the  Persian  Gulf,  1819-20 ;  K.C.B.,  1822  ;  general,  1841. 

[xxii.  407] 

GRANT-DUFF.    [See  DUFF.] 

GRANTHAM,  BARONS.  [See  ROBINSON,  THOMAS, 
first  BARON,  1695-1770;  ROBINSON,  THOMAS,  second 
BARON,  1738-1786.] 

GRANTHAM  or  GRANTHAN,  HENRY  (fl.  1571- 
1587),  translator;  published  'Italian  Grammar  written 
In  Latin  by  Scipio  Leutulo,'  1571.  [xxii.  408] 

GBANTHAM,  THOMAS  (d.  1664),  schoolmaster  ;  B.A. 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1630;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1634  ;  rector  of  Waddington,  Nottinghamshire,  till  1656  ; 
taught  school  in  London,  where  he  made  a  pointiof  doing 
without  corporal  punishment ;  published  pamphlets 
against  free  schools,  1644,  and  imprisonment  for  debt, 
1642,  also  a  curious  '  Marriage  Sermon,'  1641. 

[xxii.  408] 

GRANTHAM,  SIR  THOMAS  (fl.  1684),  naval  com- 
mander ;  convoyed  twenty-five  sail  from  Virginia  to  Eng- 
land during  Dutch  war,  1673 ;  assisted  in  pacifying  the 
colony,  1676 ;  knighted  and  given  command  of  the  East 
India  Company's  ship  Charles  II,  1683 ;  suppressed  Keig- 
wiu's  mutiny  at  Bombay,  1684 ;  gentleman  of  the  privy 
chamber  to  William  III  and  Anne.  [xxii.  409] 

GRANTHAM,  THOMAS  (1634-1692),  general  baptist 
divine ;  pastor  of  a  small  congregation  of  baptists  in 
south  Lincolnshire,  1656 ;  drew  up  and  presented  to 
Charles  II  'narrative  and  complaint'  of  the  general 
baptists,  with  a  petition  for  toleration,  1660 ;  imprisoned 
at  Lincoln  for  preaching,  1662-3,  and  at  Louth,  1670 ;  had 
another  interview  with  the  king,  1672 ;  founded  congre- 
gations at  Norwich,  Yarmouth,  and  King's  Lynn,  1685-6 ; 
published  '  Christianismus  Primitivus'  (1678)  and  many 
controversial  tracts,  of  which  'A  Dialogue  between  the 
Baptist  and  the  Presbyterian '  (1691)  contains  remarkable 
verses  on  Servetus.  [xxii.  410] 

GRANTLEY,  first  BARON  (1716-1789).  [See  NORTON, 
FLKTCHER.] 

GRANTMESNEL,  HUGH  OF  (d.  1094).    [See  HUGH.] 


GRANTON,      LORD     (1763-1851).      [See      HOPE, 

GRANVILLE.    [See  also  GRKNVILLK.] 
GRANVILLE,  EARLK.    [See  OARTERKT,  JOHN,  flist 

i;\i:i.,     1690-1763;     LKVWON-GOWTO,    GRAN VILLK,  first 
1773-1846;   LKTOON-GOWKR,  GRANV1LLE  GBOROE, 

second  KARL.  1816-1891.] 

GRANVILLE,    AUGUSTUS     BOZZI     (1783-187*) 

physician  and  Italian  patriot:  son  of  postmaster-general 
at  Milan:  a  — inmil  name  of  Granville  by  his  mother's 
wi-n:  M.D.  Pavia,  1802;  physician  to  the  Turkish  fleet 
an.l  in  Spain:  in  the  English  fleet,  1806-12;  settled  in 
London  as  tutor  to  the  sons  of  William  Kichard 
Hamilton  [q.  v.],  1813;  M.R.C.S.,  1813;  L.R.C.P.,  1*17  ; 
brought  warning  of  Napoleon's  expected  escape,  and  in- 
troduced iodine,  1814 ;  headed  Milan  deputation  offering 
Duke  of  Sussex  the  crown,  1816 ;  assisted  Oanova  in  obtain- 
ing restoration  of  Italian  art  treasures;  F.RA,  1«17; 
physician-accoucheur  to  Westminster  Dispensary,  1818; 
established  West-end  infirmary  for  children ;  introduced 
use  of  prussic  acid  for  chest  affections;  president  of 
Westminster  Medical  Society,  1829 ;  secretary  of  the 
visitors  of  the  Royal  Institution,  1832-52;  published 
'Catechism  of  Health,'  1831,  and  books  on  the  spas  of 
Germany,  1837,  and  England,  1841 ;  also  '  Counter-irrita- 
tion,' 1838 ;  practised  at  Kissingen,  1861-8 ;  published  pam- 
phlets advocating  the  reform  of  the  Royal  Society  (1830, 
1836),  the  formation  of  a  kingdom  of  Italy  (1848),  a  work 
on  Thames  sewage  (1835,  1865)  and  an  'Autobiography* 
(posthumous).  [xxii.  412] 

GRANVILLE  or  GRENVILLE,  SIR  BEVIL  (d.  1706), 
governor  of  Barbados:  grandson  of  Sir  Bevil  Grenvflle 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1679  ;  knighted 
by  James  II ;  favourite  of  William  III ;  colonel  of  Lord 
Bath's  regiment  in  Flanders,  1694-8 ;  governor  of  Bar- 
bados, 1702-6 ;  acquitted  of  tyranny  and  extortion,  but 
recalled  from  Barbados ;  died  on  his  way  home. 

[xxii.  414] 

GRANVILLE  or  GRENVILLE,  GEORGE,  BARON 
LANSDOWNE  (1667-1735),  poet  and  dramatist ;  brother  of 
Sir  Bevil  Granville  [q.  v.] ;  educated  in  France  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1679;  M.P.,  Fowey, 
1702,  Cornwall,  1710-11;  secretary-at-war,  1710;  one  of 
the  twelve  peers  created  for  the  peace,  1711 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  comptroller  of  the  household,  1712 ;  treasurer  of 
the  household,  1713  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  on  suspicion 
of  Jacobitism,  1715-17  ;  published  plays  acted  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields  and  Drury  Lane,  including  'Heroick  Love,' 
1698,  and  an  opera,  with  epilogue  by  Addisou.  His  com- 
plete works  (1732)  include  '  Vindication*  of  Monck  and  Sir 
Richard  Granville.  His  poems  were  praised  by  Pope  (of 
whom  he  was  an  early  patron),  but  declared  by  Johnson 
mere  imitations  of  Waller.  [xxii.  415] 

GRA8COME,  SAMUEL  (1641-1708),  noujuror;  M.A. 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1674;  rector  of  Stourmouth, 
Kent,  1680-90  ;  his  '  Account  of  Proceedings  in  House  of 
Commons  in  relation  to  Recoining  dipt  Money*  (1696) 
ordered  to  be  burned  by  the  hangman ;  published  numerous 
controversial  tracts.  [xxii.  417] 

GRATTAN,  HENRY  (1746-1820),  statesman: 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1767 ;  with  Flood 
contributed  nationalist  articles  to  the '  Freeman's  Journal '; 
called  to  Irish  bar,  1772 ;  elected  to  Irish  parliament  for 
Charlemont,  1775  ;  carried  amendment  to  the  address  in 
favour  of  free  trade,  and  resolution  affirming  inexpe- 
diency of  granting  new  taxes,  1779 ;  moved  in  brilliant 
speeches,  but  without  success,  resolutions  hi  favour 
of  legislative  independence,  and  amendments  to  limit 
duration  of  Perpetual  Mutiny  Bill,  1780-1;  after  the 
meeting  of  the  volunteers  at  Dunganuon  moved  address  to 
the  crown  demanding  legislative  independence,  and  a  few 
months  later  carried  it,  1782;  declined  office;  granted 
50,000'.  by  Irish  parliament  after  consent  of  British 
government  to  his  claims ;  opposed  Flood's  demand  for 
'simple  repeal,'  and  favoured  disbandment  of  the  volun- 
teers, 1783 ;  successfully  opposed  Orde's  commercial  pro- 
positions, 1786;  brought  forward  question  of  tithe 
commutation,  1788-9 ;  on  refusal  of  the  lord-lieutenant  to 
transmit  his  regency  resolutions,  formed  deputation  to 
present  them  in  person  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1789  ;  founded 
Dublin  Whig  Club ;  elected  for  Dublin,  1790 :  attacked 
parliamentary  corruption,  and  supported  cattolic  eman- 
cipation, 1791-3 ;  interviewed  Pitt,  1794 ;  declined  office 


GRATTAN 


GRAVE  SEND 


from  Fitzwilliam,  on  whose  recall  he  renewed  opposition  ; 
after  rejection  of  Ponsonby's  refonn  resolutions  src«tU>d 
from  the  house,  1797 ;  in  England  during  the  Rebellion 
of  '98,  but  struck  off  the  Irish  privy  council ;  during  last 
session  of  Irish  parliament  represented  Wicklow ;  spoke 
for  two  hours,  sitting,  against  the  union,  1800  ;  fought 
duel  with  Isaac  Corry  [q.  v.] ;  in  last  speech  had  alterca- 
tion with  Castlereagh  ;  as  M.P.  for  Malton,  1805-6,  in  the 
imperial  parliament  made  impressive  maiden  speech  ;  M.P. 
for  Dublin,  1806-20:  declined  office;  frequently  raised 
catholic  emancipation  question  ;  carried  motion  for  com- 
mittee of  inquiry,  and  second  reading  of  relief  bill,  1813  ; 
supported  continuance  of  the  war,  1815 ;  died  in  London, 
and  was  buried  hi  Westminster  Abbey.  The  best  collection 
of  his  speeches  is  that  edited  by  his  son,  1822. 

[xxii.  418] 

GRATTAN,  THOMAS  COLLEY  (1792-1864),  author ; 
described  his  French  tours  in  'Highways  and  Byways' 
(three  series,  1823-9)  ;  at  Brussels,  1828-39,  issued  '  Traits 
of  Travel,'  1829,  and  'History  of  the  Netherlands,'  1830  ; 
and  described  the  riots  of  1834  for  the '  Times ' ;  as  British 
consul  at  Boston,  1839-46,  assisted  at  settlement  of  north- 
east boundary  question  by  the  Ashburtou  treaty ;  pub- 
lished also  '  Legends  of  the  Rhine,'  1832,  several  historical 
novels,  two  works  on  America,  and  '  Beaten  Paths,'  1862 
(autobiographical).  [xxii.  425] 

GRATTON,  JOHN  (1641-1712),  quaker ;  joined  the 
Friends,  c.  1672 ;  imprisoned  at  Derby ;  afterwards  tra- 
velled miuir-terially  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  ;  his 
k  Journal '  (1720)  often  reprinted.  [xxii.  426] 

GRATJNT,  EDWARD.    [See  GRANT.] 

GRATJNT,  JOHN  (1620-1674),  statistician  ;  was  ap- 
pointed original  member  of  Royal  Society,  after  his  publi- 
cation of  '  Natural  and  Political  Observations  .  .  .  made 
upon  the  Bills  of  Mortality,'  1661 ;  falsely  charged  with 
being  privy  to  the  great  fire  of  1666.  [xxii.  427] 

GRAVELOT,  HUBERT  FRANCOIS,  properly  BOUR- 
GUIONOX  (1699-1773),  draughtsman  and  book-illustra- 
tor ;  came  to  England,  1732,  on  the  invitation  of  Claude 
du  Bosc  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Garrick ;  executed  illustrations 
for  Theobald's  and  Han mer's  Shakespeares, Gay's  'Fables,' 
'  The  Dunciad,'  and  'Tom  Jones,'  and  (in  France)  of  the 
works  of  Voltaire  and  Racine  and  Marmontel's  '  Contcs.' 

[xxii.  428] 

GRAVES,  CHARLES  (1812-1899),  bishop  of  Limerick 
and  mathematician ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
graduated,  1834  ;  fellow,  1836;  professor  of  mathematics, 
Dublin  University,  1843 ;  dean  of  the  Castle  Chapel,  Dublin, 
1860 ;  dean  of  Clonfert,  1864 ;  bishop  of  Limerick,  Ard- 
fert,  and  Aghadoe,  1866  till  death  ;  member  of  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  1837,  and  president,  1861 ;  F.R.S.,  1880 ;  hono- 
rary D.C.L.  Oxford,  1881 ;  published  translation,  with  many 
original  notes,  of  Ghasles's  '  General  Properties  of  Cones 
of  Second  Degree  and  of  Spherical  Conies,'  1841,  and 
wrote  on  Irish  antiquarian  subjects.  [Suppl.  ii.  345] 

GRAVES,  HENRY  (1806-1892),  printseUer ;  brother 
of  Robert  Graves  [q.  v.] ;  sole  proprietor  of  firm  of  Henry 
Graves  &  Co.,  1844  ;  published  numerous  engravings  after 
Landseer  and  other  eminent  painters  ;  one  of  founders  of 
'  Art  Journal '  and  '  Illustrated  London  News.' 

[Suppl.  ii.  346] 

GRAVES,  JAMES  (1815-1886),  archaeologist ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  incumbent  of  Inisnag,  1863-86  ; 
with  J.  G.  Prim  established  Kilkenny  Archaeological 
Society  (Royal  Historical  Association  of  Ireland);  pub- 
lished work  on  St.  Canice  Cathedral,  Kilkenny,  1857. 

[xxii.  429] 

GRAVES,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1806-1870),  jurist  and 
mathematician;  great-nephew  of  Richard  Graves  (1763- 
1K29),  dean  of  Ardagh  [q.  v.] ;  graduate  of  Dublin  and 
Oxford ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1831 ;  professor  of  juris- 
prudence at  University  College,  London,  1889;  F.R.S., 
1839  ;  poor-law  inspector,  1847-70 ;  contributed  articles 
on  jurists  to  Smith's  '  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Biography ' ;  friend  and  correspondent  of  Sir  William 
Rowan  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  towards  whose  discovery  of 
quaternions  he  did  much  by  researches  concerning  ima- 
ginary logarithms ;  his  mathematical  library  bequeathed 
to  University  College.  [xxii.  430] 

GRAVES,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (1677-1729),  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  said  to 
have  been  original  of  Mr.  Towusend  in  the  'Spiritual 
Quixote.'  [xxii.  431] 


GRAVES,  RICHARD,  the  younger  (1715-1804),  poet 
and  novelist;  with  WhitelieM  graduated  15.A.  IVmbroke 
College,  Oxford,  1736 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  1736 ;  intimate 
with  Shenstone ;  offended  hi?  relations  by  marrying  a 
farmer's  daughter ;  rector  of  Claverton,  1749-1804 ;  by 
influence  of  Ralph  Allen  [q.  v.]  obtained  also  vicarage  of 
Kilinersdon  and  chaplaincy  to  Countess  of  Chatham ; 
among  his  pupils  Malthas  and  Prince  Hoare ;  published 
'  The  Spiritual  Quixote,'  1772,  ridiculing  the  methodiste, 
'  Recollections  of  Shenstone,'  1788,  a  translation  of  Marcus 
Aurelius,  1792,  and  'The  Reveries  of  Solitude'  (1793), 
besides  verses  and  essays.  [xxii.  132] 

GRAVES,  RICHARD  (1763-1829),  dean  of  Ardu-rh  : 
senior  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1799  ;  Donnellau 
lecturer,  1797  and  1801  ;  DD.,  1799 ;  professor  of  oratory, 
1799 ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1810,  of  divinity,  1819 : 
prebendary  of  St.  Michael's,  Dublin,  1801 ;  rector  of 
Raheny,  1809;  dean  of  Ardagh,  1813-29;  his  works  col- 
lected, 1840.  [xxii.  434] 

GRAVES,  RICHARD  HASTINGS  (1791-1877),  theo- 
logical writer ;  son  of  Richard  Graves  (1763-1829)  [q.  v.] : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1818  ;  D.D.,  1828  ;  rector  of 
Brigowu  and  prebendary  of  Cloyue.  [xxii.  435] 

GRAVES,  ROBERT  (1798-1873),  line-engraver;  pupil 
of  John  Romney  the  engraver  [q.  v.],  executed  pen- 
and-ink  facsimiles  of  rare  prints :  engraved  plates  for 
Caulfield's  'Portraits,'  Dove's  'English  Classics,'  NealeV 
'  Westminster  Abbey,'  and  Burnet's  '  Reformation ' ;  ex- 
hibited with  Society  of  British  Artists,  1824-30,  and 
Royal  Academy ;  associate  engraver  to  Royal  Academy, 
1836,  engraving  works  after  Wilkie,  Laudseer,  and  Gains- 
borough, [xxii.  435] 

GRAVES,  ROBERT  JAMES  (1796-1853),  physician  ; 
third  son  of  Richard  Graves  (1763-1829)  [q.  v.],  dean  of 
Ardagh ;  M.B.  Dublin,  1818 ;  travelled  with  Turner  in  the 
Alps  and  in  Italy ;  physician  to  Meath  Hospital  and  a 
founder  of  the  Park  Street  School  of  Medicine ;  professor 
of  medicine  to  the  Irish  College  of  Physicians  ;  president, 
Irish  College  of  Physicians,  1843-4;  F.R.S.,  1849;  gained 
a  European  reputation  by  his  'Clinical  Lectures  on  the 
Practice  of  Medicine,'  1848  (reprinted,  1884).  [xxii.  436] 

GRAVES,  SAMUEL  (1713-1787),  admiral ;  served  under 
his  uncle  at  Cartagena,  1741 ;  commanded  the  Barfleur  in 
the  Basque  Roads,  1757,  and  the  Duke  at  Quiberou  Bay, 
1759 ;  vice-admiral,  1770  ;  as  commander  on  North  Ameri- 
can station  attempted  to  carry  out  Boston  Port  Act,  1774 ; 
admiral,  1778.  [xxii.  437] 

GRAVES,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  GRAVES  (1725  ?- 
1802),  admiral ;  cousin  of  Samuel  Graves  [q.  v.] ;  com- 
manded the  Unicorn  at  bombardment  of  Havre,  1768 ; 
present  in  Arbuthnot's  action  off  the  Chesapeake,  1781, 
and  commanded  at  an  indecisive  action  with  De  Grasse 
a  few  months  later :  despatched  by  Rodney  in  charge  of 
prizes  to  England,  losing  all  but  two  ships,  1782 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1787 ;  admiral,  1794 ;  received  an  Irish  peerage 
and  a  pension  for  his  conduct  as  second  in  command 
in  Howe's  action  of  1  June  1794,  when  he  was  badly 
wounded.  [xxii.  438] 

GRAVES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1747 ?-1814),  admiral; 
nephew  of  Samuel  Graves  [q.  v.],  under  whom  he  served 
in  the  seven  years'  war ;  severely  wounded  when  in  com- 
mand of  the  Diana,  1775,  hi  the  Charles  river  ;  commanded 
the  Bedford  in  his  cousin's  action  oft.  the  Chesapeake, 
1781,  and  hi  the  battles  off  St.  Kitts  and  Dominica,  1782 ; 
with  the  Magicienne  fought  the  Sybille,  1783 ;  created 
K.C.B.  for  conduct  as  Nelson's  second  in  command  at 
Copenhagen ;  vice-admiral,  1805  ;  admiral,  1812. 

[xxii.  440] 

GRAVESEND,  RICHARD  DK  (d.  1279),  bishop  of 
Lincoln  ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1254  ;  associated  with  dean  of 
London  in  carrying  out  papal  excommunication  of  viola- 
tors of  Magna  Charta,  1254 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1258-79 ; 
assisted  in  negotiations  for  peace  with  France,  1258-9, 
and  for  a  pacification  between  Henry  III  and  the  barons, 
1263  ;  suspended  by  the  legate  as  an  adherent  of  De  Mont- 
fort,  1266 ;  lived  abroad  till  1269 ;  granted  a  coadjutor, 
1276.  [xxii.  441] 

GRAVESEND,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1303),  bishop  of 
London ;  archdeacon  of  Northampton,  1272-80 ;  preben- 
dary of  Lincoln  :  bishop  of  London,  1280-1303 ;  sent  on 
mission  to  France,  1293 ;  one  of  Prince  Edward  &  couu- 


GRAVESEND 


527 


GRAY 


cillors,  1297  ;  instituted  office  of  sub-dean  :  benefactor  of 
St.  Paul's,  the  poor  of  London,  and  Cambridge  University  ; 
his  executors'  accounts  printed  by  Camden  Society,  1874. 

[xxii.  442] 

GRAVESEND,  sTKl'HKV  I-M./.  i:tts).  bishop  of  Lon- 
don ;  nephew  of  Richard  de  Gravesend  (<l.  130:1)  [q.  v.]  ; 
rector  of  Stepney,  1303  :  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  1313  ;  bishop 
of  London,  1318-30  :  tried  to  mediate  between  Edward  II 
and  Isabella,  1326  ;  his  life  menaced  by  the  Londoners  ;  took 
part  with  Lancaster  and  Kent  against  Edward  III,  1328  : 
imprisoned  for  complicity  in  Kent's  plot,  1330  ;  excom- 
municated Lewis  of  Bavaria  and  the  anti-pope  Nicholas, 
1329  ;  king's  deputy  at  councils  of  1335  and  1336. 

[xxii.  443] 

GRAVET,  WILLIAM  (•/.  1599),  divine  ;  B.A.  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1558  :  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Oam- 
hri.k'o,  1558;  M.A.,  1561;  vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre,  1566; 
rector  of  Little  Laver  and  of  Bradfleld,  and  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's  ;  accused  by  '  Martin  Mar-Prelate  '  of  drunken- 
ness. [xxiL  444] 

GRAY.    [See  also  GRKY.] 

GRAY,  ANDREW,  first  BARON  GRAY  (1380?-1469), 
hostage  in  England  for  payment  of  ransom  of  James  I 
af  Scotland,  1424-7  ;  created  Baron  Gray  of  Town's  (Scot- 
land), 1445  ;  master  of  the  household  to  James  II  of  Scot- 
land, 1452  ;  a  lord  auditor,  1464.  [xxiii.  1] 

GRAY,  ANDREW  (1633-1656),  Scottish  divine;  gra- 
duated at  St.  Andrews,  1651  ;  minister  of  Outer  High 
Church,  Glasgow,  1653-6  ;  famous  preacher  ;  last  edition 
of  '  Works,'  1839.  [xxiii.  2] 

GRAY,  ANDREW,  seventh  BARON  GRAY  (d.  1663), 
son  of  Patrick  Gray,  sixth  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded,  1612  ; 
lieutenant  of  Scots  gens  d'armes  in  France,  1624  ;  mem- 
ber of  Scottish  council  of  war,  1628  ;  commissioner  for 
Fisheries  Treaty,  1630  ;  supported  Charles  I  against  cove- 
nanters ;  excommunicated  by  general  assembly  as  papist, 
1649  ;  fined  by  Cromwell,  1654.  [xxiii.  3] 

GRAY,  ANDREW  (d.  1728),  divine  ;  vicar  of  Mottram, 
Cheshire  ;  his  '  Door  opening  into  Everlasting  Life'  (1706) 
reprinted,  1810.  [xxiii.  4] 

GRAY,  ANDREW  (1805-1861),  presbyterian  divine; 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  1824  ;  minister  of  the  West  Church,  Perth, 
1836-61  ;  joined  Free  church  and  drew  up  '  Catechism  of 
Principles  of  the  Free  Church,'  1845  ;  his  'Gospel  Con- 
trasts and  Parallels'  edited  by  Candllsh,  1862.  [xxiii.  4] 

GRAY,  CHARLES  (1782-1861),  captain  in  the  marines 
and  song-writer  ;  published  '  Poems  and  Songs,'  1811,  and 
'  Lays  and  Lyrics,'  1841  ;  also  contributions  to  Wood's 
'  Book  of  Scottish  Song  '  and  '  Whistle-Binkie,'  and  '  Notes 
on  Scottish  Song,'  1845.  [xxiii.  4] 

GRAY,  DAVID  (1838-1861),  Scottish  poet;  friend  of 
Sydney  T.  Dobell  [q.  v.]  ;  his  '  Luggie  and  other  Poems  ' 
published,  1862,  with  preface  by  Lord  Houghton,  who 
had  befriended  him.  [xxiii.  5] 

GRAY,  EDMUND  DWYER  (1845-1888),  journalist 
and  politician  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Gray  [q.  v.]  ;  proprietor 
of  'Freeman's  Journal'  and  'Belfast  Morning  News'; 
saved  lives  of  five  persons  in  Dublin  Bay,  1866  ;  lord-mayor 
of  Dublin,  1880  ;  M.P.,  Tipperary,  1877-80,  Oarlow,  1880-5, 
and  Dublin,  1885-8;  imprisoned,  when  high  sheriff  of 
Dublin,  for  comments  on  Hynes  case  in  'Freeman's 
Journal  '  ;  member  of  housing  of  the  poor  commission, 
1884.  [xxiii.  5] 

GRAY,  EDWARD  WHITAKER  (1748-1806),  bota- 
nist; librarian  to  College  of  Physicians  before  1773; 
L.C.P.,  1773  ;  M.D.  ;  keeper  of  natural  history  and  anti- 
quities at  British  Museum  :  secretary  to  Royal  Society, 
1797  ;  original  associate  of  Linnean  Society,  [xxiii.  7] 

GRAY,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1787  ?-1860),  editor  of 
'History  and  Antiquities  of  Newbury,'  1839.  [xxiii.  7] 

GRAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1773),  baronet  :  colonel  of 
17th  foot  and  major-general  in  army  ;  younger  brother  of 
Sir  James  Gray  (d.  1773)  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  founded 
Society  of  Dilettanti,  1732  ;  secretary  and  treasurer  to 


society,  1738-1771. 


[Suppl.  ii.  347] 


GRAY,  GEORGE  (1758-1819),  painter  ;  went  to  north 
America  on  botanical  expedition,  1787,  and 


geological  expedition,  1791. 


and  to  Poland  on 
[xxiii.  7] 


GRAY,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1808-1872),  zoologist; 
youngest  son  of  SarnuH  Krul.-ru  k  Gray  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School :  zoological  assistant  in 
British  Museum,  1831  ;  F.R.S.,  1866 :  publish*!  ornitho- 
logical works;  assisted  Agacciz  in  'Nomeuclator  Zoolc- 
gicus,'  1842.  [xxiii.  7] 

GRAY,  GILBERT  (d.  1614),  second  principal  of 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1598;  delivered  a  Latin  ora- 
tion, ' Oratio  de  Illustribus  Scotue  Scriptoribue,'  lull. 

[xxiii.  8] 

GRAY,  HUGH  (d.  1604),  Gresham  professor  of  divi- 
nity ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1581 ;  M.A., 
1582  ;  D.D.,  1595  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1600. 

[xxiii.  8] 

GRAY,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1773),  diplomatist  and  anti- 
quary ;  baronet  by  succession  ;  brother  of  Sir  George 
Gray  [q.  v.] ;  British  resident  at  Venice,  1744-53 ;  envoy 
extraordinary  to  king  of  Naples  and  Two  Sicilies,  1763-61 ; 
K.B.  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  king  of  Spain,  1761 ; 
privy  councillor,  1769.  [SuppL  ii.  347] 

GRAY,  JAMES  (</.  1830),  poet;  intimate  with  Burns 
at  Dumfries ;  master  in  high  school,  Edinburgh,  1801-22  ; 
rector  of  Belfast  academy,  1822 ;  went  to  Bombay  as 
chaplain,  1826 ;  died  at  Bhuj  in  Cntch.  He  published 
'Cona  and  other  Poems,'  1814,  edited  Robert  Ferguson's 
'Poems,'  1821,  and  translated  St  Matthew  into  Outchee 
(printed,  1834).  [xxiii.  8] 

GRAY,  JOHN  (1807-1875),  legal  author ;  as  solicitor 
to  treasury  conducted  prosecution  of  Ticbborne  claimant, 
1873 ;  published  'Country  Attorney's  Practice,'  1836, 
'  Country  Solicitor's  Practice,'  1837,  and  '  Law  of  Costs,' 
1853.  [xxiii.  8] 

GRAY,  SIR  JOHN  (1816-1876),  journalist ;  M.D.  and 
master  in  surgery,  Glasgow,  1839 ;  political  editor  of 
'  Freeman's  Journal,'  1841 ;  sole  proprietor,  !850 :  indicted 
for  conspiracy,  1843 ;  knighted,  1863 ;  M.P.,  Kilkenny, 
1865-75;  advocated  disestablishment  and  land  reform; 
published  '  The  Church  Establishment  in  Ireland,'  1866. 

[xxiii.  9] 

GRAY,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1800-1875),  naturalist: 
second  son  of  Samuel  Frederick  Gray  [q.  v.] ;  assistant 
zoological  keeper  at  British  Museum,  1824 ;  keeper,  1840- 
1874  ;  F.R.S.,  1832  ;  vice-president,  Zoological  Society  ;  pre- 
sident of  Botanical  and  Entomological  societies  ;  formed 
largest  zoological  collection  in  Europe,  1852 ;  doctor  of 
philosophy,  Munich,  1852  ;  published  numerous  zoological 
papers  and  other  works,  including  '  Handbook  of  British 
Waterweeds,'  1864.  [xxiii. »] 

GRAY,  JOHN  MILLER  (1860-1894),  curator  of  Scot- 
tish National  Portrait  Gallery,  1884-94  ;  entered  commer- 
cial Bank,  Edinburgh  ;  worked  at  art  criticism  and  con- 
tributed to  various  periodicals  and  other  publications, 
including  'Dictionary  of  National  Biography' ;  published 
monograph  on  George  Monson  [q.  v.],  and  other  works. 

[Suppl.  ii.  347] 

GRAY,  MARIA  EMMA  (1787-1876),  conchologist ; 
nde  Smith ;  wife  of  John  Edward  Gray  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
etchings  of  molluscans  for  use  of  students,  and  arranged 
the  Cuming  collection  in  British  Museum ;  her  collection 
of  algae  bequeathed  to  Cambridge  University. 

[xxiii.  11] 

GRAY,  PATRICK,  fourth  BARON  GRAY  (d.  1582), 
of  Buttergask ;  captured  at  Solway  Moss,  1542 ;  joined 
Cardinal  Beaton's  party;  after  Beaton's  murder  went 
over  to  English  alliance;  again  imprisoned  in  England, 
1561-2 ;  joined  Queen  Mary's  lords,  1570 ;  one  of  James  VI's 
council,  1577.  [xxiii.  11] 

GRAY,  PATRICK,  sixth  BARON  GRAY  (d.  161JX 
Master  of  Gray  till  1609 ;  while  resident  in  France  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  Guises  and  French  friends  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  betrayed  Mary's  secrete  to  James  VI 
and  Arran ;  concluded  an  agreement  between  Elizabeth 
and  James  to  the  exclusion  of  Mary,  but  at  the  same  time 
arranged  for  deposition  of  Arran  by  recall  of  the  banished 
lords,  1584 ;  carried  out  the  scheme  with  the  help  of 
i  English  ambassador,  1585  ;  formally  remonstrated  against 
;  condemnation  of  Mary,  but  secretly  advised  her  assassina- 
tion, 1586 ;  exiled  from  Scotland  on  charge  of  sedition  and 
of  impeding  the  king's  marriage  with  Anne  of  Denmark, 
1587  ;  returned,  1589 :  attempted,  with  Francis  Stewart 
Hepburn,  fifth  earl  of  Bothwell  [q.  v.],  to  capture  the 
king  at  Falkland,  1692.  [xxiii.  1*] 


GRAY 


528 


GREAVES 


GRAY,  PETKH  (1807  ?-1887),  writer  on  life  contin- 
gencies :  published  works  on  logarithms  and  computation 
of  life  contingencies.  [xxiii.  16] 

GRAY.  ROBERT  (1762-1834),  bishop  of  Bristol ;  M.A. 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford;  Bampton  lecturer,  179G;  canon 
of  Durham,  1804;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1827-34;  published 
1  Religious  Union,'  1800,  and  other  works.  [xxiii.  16] 

GRAY,  ROBERT  (1809-1872),  bishop  of  Oape  Town  : 
son  of  Robert  Gray  (1762-1834)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  University 
Tollege,  Oxford,  1831;  incumbent  of  Stockton,  1845-7; 
bishop  of  Oape  Town,  1847-72  ;  appointed  metropolitan  of 
Africa  by  letters  patent,  1853,  but  his  power  as  such  held 
invalid  by  privy  council  in  eases  of  Long  and  John  William 
( 'olenso  [q.  v.],  1863  ;  supported  by  convocation  in  appoint- 
ing new  bishop  in  place  of  Oolenso  (excommunicated,  1863); 
suggested  formation  of  universities  mission  in  Central 
Africa,  and  added  five  new  sees  to  South  African  church. 

[xxiii.  17] 

GRAY,  ROBERT  (1825-1887),  ornithologist ;  cashier 
of  Bank  of  Scotland  ;  a  chief  founder  of  Glasgow  Natural 
History  Society,  1851 ;  secretary  of  Royal  Physical  So- 
ciety, 'Edinburgh,  1877 ;  vice-president  of  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh,  1882 ;  published  '  Birds  of  the  West  of  Scot- 
land,' 1871.  [xxiii.  19] 

GRAY,  SAMUEL  FREDERICK  (fl.  1780-1836), 
naturalist  and  pharmacologist ;  published  '  Supplement  to 
the  Pharmacopeia,'  1818 ;  published  with  his  son,  John 
Edward  Gray  [q.  v.],  '  Natural  Arrangement  of  British 
Plants '  (according  to  Jussieu's  method),  1821 ;  published 
'Elements  of  Pharmacy,'  1823,  and  'The  Operative 
Chemist,'  1828.  [xxiii.  20] 

GRAY,  STEPHEN  (d .  1736),  electrician  ;  pensioner  of 
the  Charterhouse  ;  F.R.S.,  1732  ;  first  to  divide  substances 
Into  electrics  and  non-electrics,  discovering  means  of  their 
mutual  transformation.  [xxiii.  20] 

GRAY,  SIR  THOMAS  (rf.  1369  ?),  author  of  the  '  Scala- 
chronica ' ;  served  in  France,  1338-44  ;  fought  at  Neville's 
Cross,  1346  ;  warden  of  Norham  Castle ;  captured  by 
Scots  at  Norham,  1355 ;  warden  of  east  marches,  1367 ; 
his 'Scala-chronica'  especially  valuable  for  Scottish  and 
French  wars  ;  prologue  and  latter  half  printed,  1836,  with 
Leland's  abstract  of  the  complete  work.  [xxiii.  21] 

GRAY,  THOMAS  (1716-1771),  poet;  educated  at 
Eton  with  Horace  Walpole  and  Richard  West,  whom  he 
joined  in  '  Hymeneals '  on  marriage  of  Frederick,  prince 
of  Wales,  1736 ;  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1734-8 ;  tra- 
velled on  continent  with  Walpole,  1739-40,  but  quarrelled 
with  him ;  made  elaborate  notes  and  wrote  Latin  ode  on 
the  Grande  Chartreuse;  resided  at  Cambridge;  LL.B. 
Cambridge,  1743 :  renewed  friendship  with  Walpole ;  be- 
came intimate  with  William  Mason  the  poet  [q.  v.] ; 
removed  from  Peterhouse  to  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
on  account  of  a  practical  joke,  1756;  refused  poet- 
laureateship,  1757;  in  London,  1759-61;  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  modern  languages  at  Cambridge 
through  the  influence  of  Richard  Stonehewer,  1768; 
formed  friendship  with  Norton  Nicholls  and  Charles 
Victor  de  Bonstetteu  :  toured  in  Scotland  and  various 
[arts  of  England;  gave  plan  of  a  history  of  English 
poetry  to  Warton  ;  classical  scholar,  linguist,  and  student 
of  science ;  buried  at  Stoke  Poges.  His  letters  are  among 
the  best  of  his  period.  His  poems  include  imitations  from 
the  Norse  and  Welsh,  an  '  Ode  on  a  distant  prospect  of 
Eton  College '  (at  Walpole's  suggestion  issued  anonymously, 
1747.  and  included  with  those  to  spring  and  on  the  death 
of  his  cat  in  vol.  ii.  of  Dodsley's  collection,  1748),  '  Elegy 
in  a  Country  Churchyard,'  1751,  the  'Progress  of  Poesy,' 
and  "The  Bard,'  1758.  The  collections  of  Dodsley  and 
Foulis  (1768)  contained  his  poem '  The  Fatal  Sisters,'  and 
other  new  works.  His  complete  works  were  edited  by 
T.  J.  Mathias  (1814),  by  Mitford  (Aldine  ed.  1835-43), 
and  by  Edmund  Gosae,  1882.  Pembroke  College  was 
largely  rebuilt  (1870-9)  from  the  proceeds  of  a  commemo- 
ration fund  formed  by  friends  of  Gray,  whose  bust  by  Mr. 
Hamo  Thornycroft  was  placed  there  in  1885 ;  Bacon's  bust 
on  the  Westminster  Abbey  monument  is  from  Mason's 
portrait.  [xxiii.  22] 

GRAY,  THOMAS  (1787-1848),  railway  pioneer;  pub- 
lished '  Observations  on  a  General  Railway,  with  Plates 
and  Maps,'  1820.  [xxiii.  28] 


GRAY,  WILLIAM  (1802  P-1835),  author;  M.A.Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1H31  ;  edited  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
works,  !H2it ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1831 ;  publish.-.! 
'  Historical  Sketch  of  Origin  of  English  Prose  Literature,' 
1835.  ,  [xxiii.  28] 

GRAYDON,  JOHN  (d.  1726),  vice-admiral;  com- 
manded the  Defiance  at  Beachy  Head,  1690,  and  the  Hamp- 
ton Court  off  Cape  Barfleur,  1692 ;  rear-admiral  with 
Kooke  at  Cadi/.  and  Yi'_ro,  1702  ;  vice-admiral  in  command 
of  fleet  to  attack  French  settlement  of  Placentia,  1703  ; 
irregularly  cashiered  on  report  of  House  of  Lords  com- 
mittee, 1703.  [xxiii.  28] 

GRAYLE  or  GRAILE,  JOHN  (1614-1654),  puritan 
minister:  M.A.  Mau'dalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1637;  rector  of 
Tidworth ;  published  work  defending  himself  from  cliarge 
of  Arininiaiiism,  1655.  [xxiii.  29] 

GRAYSTANES,  ROBERT  DB  (d.  1336  ?),  chronicler 
of  the  church  of  Durham  ;  sub-prior  of  St.  Mary's,  Dur- 
ham ;  elected  bishop  and  consecrated,  1333,  but  refused 
the  temporalities  and  ousted  by  Richard  de  Bury  [q.  v.] ; 
continued  Geoffrey  de  Ooldingham's  chronicle  from  1213  ; 
his  work  first  printed,  1691.  [xxiii.  30] 

GREATHEAD,  HENRY  (1757-1816),  lifeboat  in- 
ventor ;  received  grant  of  1,200?.  for  his  boat. 

[xxiii.  30] 

GREATHED,  WILLIAM  WILBERFOROE  HARRIS 
(1826-1878),  major-general;  entered  Bengal  engineers, 
1844 ;  first  officer  in  the  breach  at  storming  of  Mooltan, 
1849 ;  consulting  engineer  at  Allahabad,  1855-7 ;  twice 
carried  despatches  from  Agra  to  Meerut  through  muti- 
neers, 1857 ;  as  director  of  left  attack  on  Delhi  severely 
wounded;  field-engineer  of  Doab  force,  1857;  directing 
engineer  in  Napier's  attack  on  Lucknow  ;  C.B.  and  brevet 
major;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel  for  services  in  China, 
1860 ;  assistant  military  secretary  at  Horse  Guards,  1861-5  ; 
chief  of  irrigation  department  in  North- West  Provinces, 
1867-75 ;  constructed  Agra  and  Lower  Ganges  canals ; 
major-general,  1877.  [xxiii.  31] 

GREATHEED,  BERTIE  (1759-1826),  dramatist ;  the 
Reuben  of  Giff ord's  '  Baviad '  and '  Maeviad  ' ;  his  tragedy, 
'  The  Regent,'  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  1788.  [xxiii.  32] 

GREATOREX,  RALPH  (d.  1712?),  mathematical- 
instrument  maker ;  friend  of  Oughtred  and  acquaintance 
of  Evelyn  and  Pepys.  [xxiii.  32] 

GREATOREX,  THOMAS  (1758-1831),  organist  and 
conductor ;  musical  director  to  Lord  Sandwich  at  Hin- 
chinbrook ;  sang  in  Concerts  of  Ancient  Music  ;  organist  of 
Carlisle  Cathedral,  1780-4,  Westminster  Abbey,  1819 ;  be- 
came conductor  of  Ancient  Concerts,  1793  ;  revived  Vocal 
Concerts,  1801 ;  first  organ  and  pianoforte  professor  at 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1822 ;  F.R.S.  for  discovery  of 
method  of  measuring  altitude  of  mountains;  published 
'Parochial  Psalmody,'  1825, and  'Twelve  Glees  from  Eng- 
lish, Irish,  and  Scotch  Melodies,'  1833.  [xxiii.  33] 

GREATRAKES,  VALENTINE  (1629-1683),  'the 
stroker ' ;  of  Aff ane,  co.  Waterford  ;  served  in  the  Crorn- 
wellian  army  hi  Ireland  under  Robert  Phaire;  received 
offices  in  co.  Cork,  1656  ;  began  to  cure  scrofula  and  other 
diseases  by  laying  on  of  hands,  1662 ;  performed  gratuit- 
ously cures  at  Ragley,  Worcester,  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  1666  ; 
answered  attack  by  David  Lloyd  (1625-1691)  [q.  v.]  with 
a  'Brief  Account'  (1666)  of  himself  and  of  his  cures 
addressed  to  Robert  Boyle  [q.  v.],  as  well  as  testimonials 
from  Andrew  Marvell,  Cudworth,  Bishop  Wilkins,  and 
Whichcote.  [xxiii.  34] 

GREATRAXES,  WILLIAM  (1723  ?-1781),  barrister  : 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1761  ; 
authorship  of  '  Juuius '  letters  attributed  to  him,  1799. 

[xxiii.  36] 

GREAVES,  SIR  EDWARD  (1608-1680),  physician  to 
Charles  II ;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  Oxford,  1634  ;  studied  at 
Padua  and  Leyden  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1641 ;  Linacre  reader  of 
physic,  1643  :  perhaps  created  baronet  by  Charles  1, 1645  ; 
F.R.O.P.,  1667  ;  Harveian  orator,  1661.  [xxiii.  37] 

GREAVES,  JAMES  PIERREPONT  (1777-1842), 
mystic ;  joined  Pestelozzi,  1817,  at  Yverdon}  cecretary  of 
London  Infant  School  Society,  1825;  folltrwer  of  Jacob 
Boehme ;  founded  educational  institution  at  Ham,  Surrey. 

[xxui.37] 


GREAVES 


529 


GREEN 


1 


GREAVES.  JOHN  (1602-1652),  mathematician  and 
traveller ;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Greaves  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1621 ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  1K-.M;  M.A.,  lt>'2S  ;  Graham  professor  of  (geometry, 
London,  1630;  visited  Paris,  Leyden,  Italy,  OoMtMlti- 
noplf,  :md  Egypt,  measuring  the  Pyramids  and  collecting 
coins,  gems,  and  oriental  manuscripts,  1637-40;  Savilian 
professor  of  astronomy  on  death  (1643)  of  John  M;iin- 
bridge  ;  ejected  from  chair  and  fellowship  by  parliament, 
1648 ;  published  scientific  works  ;  his  miscellaneous  works 
edited  by  Thomas  Birch,  1737.  [xxili.  38] 

GREAVES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1604),  composer  and  lutenist 
to  Sir  H.  Pierrepont ;  published  '  Songes  of  sundrie  kinds,' 
1604;  three  madrigals  by  him  edited  by  G.  W.  Budd 
(1843  and  1867).  [xxiii.  39] 

GREAVES,  THOMAS  (1612-1676),  orientalist:  bro- 
ther of  John  Greaves  [q.  v.] ;  of  Charterhouse  and  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford;  fellow,  1636;  D.D.,  1661 ;  deputy- 
reader  of  Arabic,  1637;  held  livings  In  Northampton- 
shire; published  'De  linguaa  Arabic®  utilitate'  (1637), 
and  treatises  on  Persian  versions  of  the  scriptures. 

[xxiii.  39] 

GREEN,  ALEXANDER  HENRY  (1832-1896),  geo- 
logist ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1855 ;  M.A.,  1858 ;  honorary  fellow,  1892 ;  worked 
•  on  geological  survey,  1861-74  ;  professor  of  geology,  York- 
shire College,  Leeds,  1874,  and  also  professor  of  mathe- 
OMtta,  1885;  professor  of  geology  at  Oxford,  1888; 
honorary  M.A.  Oxford,  1888;  F.G.S.,  1862;  F.R.S.,  1886  ; 
chief  work, '  Manual  of  Physical  Geology,'  1876. 

[Suppl.  ii.  348] 

GREEN,  AMOS  (1735-1807),  flower,  fruit,  and  laud- 
scape-painter  ;  friend  of  Sbeustone.  [xzili.  39] 

GREEN,  BARTHOLOMEW  or  BARTLET  (1530- 
1556),  protestant  martyr  ;  burnt  at  Smithfield. 

[xxiii.  40] 

GREEN,  BENJAMIN  (1736  ?-l 800?),  mezzotint  en- 
graver ;  probably  brother  of  Amos  Green  [q.  v.] ;  draw- 
ing-master at  Christ's  Hospital;  exhibited  with  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Artists,  1765-74  ;  engraved  Illustrations 
for  Morant's  '  Essex,'  1768 ;  drew  and  etched  plates  of 
antiquities.  [xxiii.  40] 

GREEN,  BENJAMIN  RICHARD  (1808-1876),  water- 
colour  painter;  son  of  James  Green,  portrait-painter 
[q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  Suffolk  Street 
from  1832.  [xxiii.  41] 

GREEN,  CHARLES  (1786-1870),  aeronaut ;  made  the 
first  ascent  with  carbnretted  hydrogen  gas,  1821 :  con- 
structed great  Nassau  balloon  and  went  up  from  Vaux- 
hall  to  Weilburp,  Nassau,  1836  ;  invented  the  guide-rope ; 
made  526  ascents,  1821-52.  [xxili.  41] 

GREEN,  MRS.  ELIZA  S.  CRAVEN  (1803-1866),  poet ; 
n&e  Craven;   published  'A  Legend  of  Mona,'  1825,  and  I 
4  Sea  Weeds  and  Heath  Flower,'  1858.  [xxiii.  42] 

GREEN,  GEORGE  (1793-1841),  mathematician ;  fel- 
low of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  fourth  wrangler,  1837  ; 
published  'Essay  on  the  Application  of  Mathematical 
Analysis  to  the  Theories  of  Electricity  and  Magnetism,' 
1828 ;  read  before  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  papers 
on  'Reflection  and  Refraction  of  Sound 'and  'Reflection 
and  Refraction  of  Light  at  the  common  surface  of  two 
non-crystallised  Media.'  [xxiii.  42] 

GREEN,  GEORGE  SMITH  (rf.  1762),  author ;  Oxford 
watchmaker,  published  'The  Life  of  Mr.  J.  Van,'  1750, 
poems  and  plays.  [xxiii.  43] 

GREEN,  SIR  HENRY  (<l.  1369),  judge;  king's  ser- 
jcant,  1345  ;  knighted  and  judge  of  common  pleas,  1354  ; 
excommunicated  by  the  pope  for  sentencing  the  bishop  of 
Ely,  1358 ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1361-5. 

[xxiii.  43] 

GREEN,  HENRY  (1801-1873),  author ;  M.A.  Glas- 
gow, 1825  ;  presbyterian  minister  of  Knutsford,  1827-72  ; 
t 'iHtnl  six  works  for  the  Holbein  Society,  and  published 
works,  including  '  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Views  on  Points  of 
Trinitarian  Doctrine,'  1856, '  The  Cat  In  Chancery  '  (1858, 
anon.),  and  '  Shakespeare  and  the  Emblem  Writers,'  1870. 

[xxiii. -44] 

GREEN,  HUGH,  aliax  FKRDJNAND  BROOKS  (1684?- 
1642),  Roman  catholic  martyr  ;  B.A.  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge ;  studu-d  at  Douay  ;  executed  at  Dorchester  under 
proclamation  of  1642.  [xxiii.  44] 


GREEN,  JAMES  (Jt.  1743),  organist  at  Hull ;  pub- 
lished •  Book  of  Psalmody,'  1724.  [xxili.  44] 

GREEN,  JAMES  (1771-1834),  portrait- painter ;  copied 
Rcynolds's  pictures  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  after 
1792,  and  at  British  Institution.  [xxiii.  45] 

GREEN,    MRS.  JANE   (rf.  1791).    [See  HTPPISLET, 

JAM-:.] 

GREEN,  JOHN  (/.  1758),  line-engraver  ;  brother  of 
Benjamin  Green  [q.  v.]  [xxliL  40] 

GREEN,  JOHN  (1708  ?-1779),  bishop  of  Lincoln ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1780;  M.A^ 
1731  ;  D.D.,  1749;  as  master  at  Llchfield  knew  Johnson 
and  Garrick ;  reglus  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge, 
1748-56;  master  of  Corpus  Christt  College,  Cambridge, 
1760-63 ;  dean  of  Lincoln  and  vice-chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1756;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1761-79;  published 
anonymously  pamphlets  on  university  reform  and  against 
methodists  ;  contributed  to  '  Athenian  Letters '  published 
1781.  [xxiii.  45] 

GREEN,  JOHN  or 'PADDY'  (1801-1874),  singer  and 
actor;  was  successively  manager  and  conductor  of  enter- 
tainments at  the  Cider  Cellars  and  Evans's  Hall  In  Oovent 
Garden ;  of  latter  he  was  proprietor,  1846-65.  [IviL  106] 

GREEN,  JOHN  RICHARD  (1837-1883),  historian  ; 
of  Magdalen  College  school  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford; 
B.A.,  1869  ;  In  sole  charge  of  Holy  Trinity,  Hoxtou,  1863 ; 
Incumbent  of  St.  Philip's,  Stepney,  1866;  librarian  at 
Lambeth,  1869;  published  'Short  History  of  the  English 
People,'  1874,  'The  Making  of  England,'  1881,  and  'Con- 
quest of  England,'  1883;  suggested  Oxford  Historical 
Society  and  '  English  Historical  Review.'  [xxili.  46] 

GREEN,  JOHN  RICHARDS  (1758-1818).  [See 
GIFFORD,  JOHN.] 

GREEN,  JONATHAN  (1788  ?-1864),  medical  writer  ; 
M.D.  Heidelberg,  1834 ;  M.H.C.S.,  1810 ;  patented  vapour- 
bath;  died  in  the  Charterhouse:  published  tracts  on 
fumigating  baths  and  skin  diseases.  [xxili.  49] 

GREEN,  JOSEPH  HENRY  (1791-1863),  surgeon; 
educated  in  Germany  and  St.  Thomas's  Hospital;  sur- 
geon at  St.  Thomas's,  1820 ;  professor  of  anatomy  at 
College  of  Surgeons,  1824  ;  F.R.S.,  1825 ;  anatomical  pro- 
fessor at  Royal  Academy,  1825-52 :  professor  of  surgery 
at  King's  College,  London,  1832-7;  president  of  College 
of  Surgeons,  1849-50  and  1858-9;  Hunterian  orator,  1M1 
and  1847;  president  of  General  Medical  Council,  i860; 
friend  and  literary  executor  of  S.  T.  Coleridge :  published 
'  The  Dissector's  Manual,'  1820,  and  '  Spiritual  Philosophy,' 
1865.  [xxili.  49] 

GREEN,  SIR  JUSTLY  WATSON  (./.  1862),  second 
baronet ;  son  of  Sir  William  Green  [q.  v.] :  officer,  1st 
royals ;  selected  to  attend  Prince  Edward  (afterwards 
Duke  of  Kent)  in  his  travels.  [xxllL  60] 

GREEN,  MHS.  MARY  ANNE  EVERETT  (1818- 
1895),  historian;  ;<£•  Wood;  of  Wesleyan  parentage; 
married,  1846,  George  Pycock  Green  (d.  1893):  published 
' Letters  of  Royal  Ladies  down  to  Mary's  reign'  (1846); 
'Lives  of  Princesses  of  England'  (1849-55),  6  vols.,  and 
'  Life  and  Letters  of  Henrietta  Maria,'  1857.  She  edited 
at  the  Public  Record  Office  forty-one  volumes  of  Calendars 
of  Domestic  State  Papers  (1867-95).  [Ixll.  369] 

GREEN,  MATTHEW  (1696-1737),  poet;  friend  of 
Richard  Glover  [q.  v.]:  his  poem  'The  Spleen'  (1737) 
admired  by  Pope  and  Gray.  [xxili.  61] 

GREEN,    RICHARD    (1716-1793).      [See    GREKNK, 

RlCHAIU).] 

GREEN,  RICHARD  (1803-1863),  shipowner  and 
philanthropist;  helped  to  establish  firm  of  Green,  Wig- 
ram  &  Green,  shipowners;  built  East  Indiamcu  and 
ships  for  the  voyage  to  Australia:  established  Sailors* 
Home  at  Poplar  ;  benefactor  of  many  institutions  In  East 
London.  [xxili.  51] 

GREEN,  RUPERT  (1768-1804X  print  publislier  and 
artist ;  sou  of  Valentine  Green  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  58] 

GREEN,  SAMUEL  (1740-1796),  organ-builder. 


^xxiii.  52] 


GREEN,  THOMAS  (rf.  1705),  captain  of  the  Wor- 
cester East  Indiauiaii ;  hanged  at  Edinburgh  on  charge 
(apparently  baseless)  of  piracy  and  murder,  [xxiii.  52] 

M  M 


GREEN 


530 


GREENHAM 


GREEN,  THOMAS  (1658-1738),  bishop:  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  ('amhridirc.  ItlHd;  M.A.,  1682; 
D.D.,  1695  ;  master  of  Corpus,  1(598-1716  ;  vice-chancellor, 
1699  aiid  1713  ;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1708  ;  incum- 
bent of  St.  Martin's-in-the- Fields,  1716;  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, 1721-3,  of  Ely,  1723-38  ;  directed  proceedings  against 
Richard  Bentley,  the  classical  scholar  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  53] 

GREEN,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1722-1794),  political 
pamphleteer.  [xxiii.  64] 

GREEN,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1769-1825),  author ; 
son  of  Thomas  Green  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  extracts  from 
his  '  Diary  of  a  Lover  of  Literature,'  published,  1810,  and 
1834-43  ;  published  poems  and  political  pamphlets. 

[xxiii.  64] 

GREEN,  THOMAS  HILL  (1836-1882),  idealist  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow  and  tutor,  1860 ;  Whyte  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy, 1878-82 ;  assistant-commissioner  on  middle-class 
schools,  1865  ;  benefactor  of  Balliol  College  and  the  Ox- 
ford High  School,  and  founder  of  a  university  prize  ;  the 
'Mr.  Gray'  of  'Robert  Elsmere':  his  'Prolegomena  to 
Ethics '  published,  1883  ;  his  works  edited  by  Richard  Lewis 
Nettleship,  1885-8.  [xxiii.  56] 

GREEN,  VALENTINE  (1739-1813),  mez/otint  en- 
graver  and  author ;  keeper  of  British  Institution,  1805- 
1813;  associate  engraver,  1775;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ; 
engraved  twenty-two  plates  from  Diisseldorf  Gallery, 
1789-95;  engraved  four  hundred  plates;  published  'Re- 
view of  the  Polite  Arte  in  France,'  1782,  and  other  works. 

[xxiii.  57} 

GREEN,  WILLIAM  (1714  ?-1794),  hebraist;  scholar 
and  fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1741 ;  rector 
of  Hardingham,  Norfolk,  1759-94;  chief  work,  '  Poetical 
Parts  of  the  Old  Testament  .  .  .  translated  .  .  .  with 
Notes,'  1781.  [xxiii.  58] 

GREEN,  Put  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1725-1811), 
general ;  served  with  engineers  in  Flanders  and  Brittany, 
1745-8 ;  wounded  and  captured  at  Val,  1747 ;  chief  engineer 
of  Newfoundland,  1755  ;  took  part  in  capture  of  Louisberg, 
1758  ;  wounded  at  Quebec,  1759  ;  present  at  Sillery,  1760, 
and  defence  of  Quebec ;  during  twenty-two  years'  service 
at  Gibraltar  (1761-83)  designed  chief  fortifications  (being 
promoted  director,  1778),  general  hospital  and  subter- 
ranean galleries ;  during  the  siege  (1779-83)  made  kilns 
for  heating  shot,  and  rebuilt  Orange  bastion  under  fire ; 
thanked  by  parliament ;  created  baronet  and  chief  engi- 
neer of  Great  Britain,  1786  ;  president  of  defence  com- 
mittee, 1788-97  ;  general,  1798.  [xxiii.  58] 

GREEN,  WILLIAM  (1761 -1823),  water-colour  painter 
and  engraver :  published  prints  and  etchings  of  English 
Lake  scenery,  1808-14,  and  '  Tourist's  New  Guide'  (of  the 
Lake  district),  with  forty  etchings,  1822.  [xxiii.  60] 

GREEN,  Sm  WILLIAM  KIRBY  MACKENZIE 
(1836-1891),  diplomatist;  entered  consular  service,  c.  1864; 
vice-consul  at  Tetiian  and  acting  consul  at  Tangier,  1869- 
1869;  acting  agent  and  consul-general  at  Tunis,  1869-71, 
Damascus,  1871-3,  Bairut,  1873-6;  consul  at  Scutari, 
1876-9 ;  consul-general  for  Montenegro,  1879-86 ;  envoy 
to  Morocco  and  consul-general  at  Tangier,  1886-91 ; 
K.C.M.G.,  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  348] 


r,  WILLIAM  PRINGLE(  1785-1846),  inventor; 
entered  navy,  1797 ;  promoted  lieutenant  for  services  at 
Trafalgar,  1805  ;  appointed  to  the  Victory,  1842 :  took  out 
patents,  1836-7,  fo»-  improvements  in  capstans  and  levers  ; 
received  silver  medals  from  Society  of  Arts  for  various 
naval  inventions,  1823;  published  'Fragment*;  from  re- 
marks of  twenty-five  years  ...  on  Electricity,  Mag- 
netism,  Aerolites,'  &c.,  1833.  [xxiii.  60] 

GREENACRE,  JAMES  (1785-1837),  murderer  ;  manu- 
factured '  amalgamated  candy '  for  medical  purposes  in 
Oamberwell;  prepared  to  marry  Hannah  Brown,  a 
washerwoman,  as  his  fifth  wife,  but  murdered  her.  24  Dec. 
1836;  hanged.  [xxiii.  61] 

GREENBTTBY,  ROBERT  (fl.  1616-1650),  painter; 
executed  portraits  of  William  \Yaynfiete  and  Hi-Imp 
Arthur  Lake,  and  a  picture  of  Dutch  cruelties  atAmboyna. 

[xxiii.  62] 

GREENE,  ANNE  (fl.  1650),  criminal;  revived,  and 
was  pardoned,  after  being  hanged  for  murder  of  her 
illegitimate  child,  1660.  i\x\\i.  62] 


GREENE,  EDWARD  BURNABY  (rf.  1788),  poet  and 
translator  :  originally  Burnaby,  assumed  additional  name 
of  Greene,  1741  ;  published  translations  from  classical 
poets  and  from  t! ray's  Latin  verse.  [xxiii.  62] 

GREENE,  GEORGE  (.ft.  1813),  traveller;  with  wife 
and  children  imprisoned,  when  land  steward  to  Prince  of 
Monaco,  at  Torigny,  Normandy,  by  French  revolutionists, 
1793-6  and  1799-18'00  ;  published  account  of  the  revolution 
in  that  district,  1802,  and  'Journal  from  London  to  St. 
Petersburg  by  way  of  Sweden,'  1813.  [xxiii.  63] 

GREENE,  MAURICE  (1696?-1755),  musical  com- 
poser :  organist  of  St.  Dunstan's-in-the-West,  1716,  and 
St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  1717;  organist  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  1718,  of  Chapel  Royal,  1727  ;  Mus;  Doc.  and  pro- 
fessor of  music,  Cambridge,  1730  ;  master  of  George  II's 
band,  1735 ;  sided  with  Buononcini  against  Handel ; 
assisted  in  founding  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1738; 
the  only  English  organist  named  by  Mattheson ;  com- 
posed music  to  Pope's  4  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,'  Addison's 
'Spacious  Firmament,'  and  Spenser's  'Amoretti,'  also 
two  oratorios  and  songs,  including  'Go,  Rose,'  and  'The 
Bonny  Sailor,'  with  other  works.  [xxiii.  64] 

GREENE,  RICHARD  (1716-1793),  Lichfield  anti- 
quary and  surgeon ;  related  to  Dr.  Johnson ;  established 
printing  press  and  collection  of  curiosities,  to  which 
Johnson,  Pennant,  and  Erasmus  Darwin  contributed. 

[xxiii.  6i] 

GREENE,  ROBERT  (1560?-1692),  pamphleteer  and 
poet ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1579  ;  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  1683 :  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1588 ;  led  a 
dissolute  life  on  the  continent  and  in  London  ;  assailed  by 
Gabriel  Harvey  in  'Fovre  Letters'  as  'The  Ape  of 
Euphues ' ;  defended  by  Nashe  in  '  Strange  Newes.'  He 
probably  had  some  share  in  the  authorship  of  the  original 
'  Henry  VI '  plays,  which  Shakespeare  revised  or  re- wrote. 
Among  his  thirty-eight  publications  were  pamphlets, 
romances,  and  five  (posthumous)  plays,  including  '  The 
Honorable  Historic  of  frier  Bacon  and  frier  Bongay,' 
acted,  1 594.  Of  the  romances, '  Meuaphon  '  (1589),  reprinted 
as  'Greene's  Arcadia'  (1599,  &c.),  and  'Perimedes  the 
Blacke-Smith '  (1588)  contain  passages  in  verse  which  are 
his  best  efforts  in  poetry.  His  numerous  pamphlets  include 
'  Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Philautus '  (continuation  of 
Lyly's  work,  1587),  'Greene's  Mourning  Garment,'  1590, 
'  Never  Too  Late,'  1590,  and  '  Farewell  to  Folly,'  1691,  and 
the  autobiographical  'Groatsworth  of  Wit  bought  with 
a  Million  of  Repentance'  (ed.  Chettle),  which  attacks 
Marlowe  and  Peele  and  contains  the  famous  reference  to 
Shakespeare  as  an  '  upstart  crow.'  His  plays  and  poems 
were  edited  by  Dyce  (1831),  his  'Complete  Works'  by 
Grosart,  1881-6.  [xxiii.  66] 

GREENE,  ROBERT  (1678?-1730),  philosopher; 
fellow  and  tutor  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1703 ; 
D.D.,  1728 ;  published  philosophical  works,  1712  and  1727. 

[xxiii.  74] 

GREENE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1780),  chancellor  of  Lich- 
field (1751)  and  dean  of  Salisbury  (1757)  ;  sou  of  Thomas 
Green  (1658-1738)  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  54] 

GREENFIELD,  JOHN  (1647  ?-1710  ?).  [See  GROKV- 
VBLDT.] 

GREENFIELD,  WILLIAM  OF  (rf.  1315),  archbishop 
of  York  ;  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris ;  doctor  of  civil  and 
canon  law ;  prebendary  of  Southwell,  1269,  Ripon,  1272, 
and  York,  1287;  dean  of  Chichester,  1299;  rector  of 
Stratford-on-Avon,  1294 ;  member  of  royal  embassy  to 
Rome,  1290 ;  present  at  treaty  of  Tarascon,  1291,  of  Nor- 
ham,  1292  ;  summoned  to  parliaments,  1295-1302  ;  a  royal 
proctor  for  peace  with  France,  1302  ;  chancellor,  1302-4  : 
joint-regent,  1307  ;  defended  the  marches  against  Robert 
Bruce ;  lenient  to  the  Templars ;  promulgated  constitu- 
tions, 1306.  [xxiii.  74] 

GREENFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1799-1831),  philologist: 
published  'The  Comprehensive  Bible,'  1827,  'The  Poly- 
uiicriau  Greek  Lexicon  to  the  New  Testament,'  1829,  and 
publications  for  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

[xxiii.  76] 

GREENHALGH,  JOHN  (</.  1661),  royalist;  governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Man,  1640 :  distinguished  himself  at  Wor- 
cester ;  died  of  wounds.  [xxiii.  77] 

GREENHAM  or  GRENHAM,  RICHARD  (1635?- 
1594  V),  puritan  divine :  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1664 ;  M.A.,  1576  ;  rector  of  Dry  Drayton, 


I 


GREENHILL, 


531 


GREGG 


Cambridgeshire,  1570-91 ;  cited  by  Bishop  Cox  for  non- 
conformity;  preiiched  against  tin-  M;ir- Prelate  tracts, 
1589;  preacher  at  Christ  Church,  Newgate;  hit*  works 
edited  by  Henry  Holland,  1599.  [xxiii.  77] 

GREENKTLL,  HENRY  (1646-1708),  governor  of  the 
Hold  Coast;  principal  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1691; 
directed  completion  of  Plymouth  dockyard,  [xxiii.  79] 

GREENHHL,  JOHN  (1644  ?-1676),  portrait-painter  ; 
brother  of  Henry  Greenhill  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Lely ; 
executed  portraits  of  Cowley,  Locke,  Bishop  Seth  Ward, 
Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  and  Charles  II. 

[xxiii.  78] 

GREENHILL,  JOSEPH  (1704-1788),  theological 
writer ;  nephew  of  Thomas  Greenhill  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1731 ;  rector  of  East 
Horsley  and  East  Olundon,  Surrey,  1727-88;  published 
'  Essay  on  the  Prophecies  of  the  New  Testament '  (7th 
ed.,  177ti).  [xxiii.  79] 

GREENHILL,  THOMAS  (1681-1740?),  author  of 
'  NeKpoKTiSei'a,  or  the  Art  of  Embalming,'  1705. 

[xxiii.  80] 

GREENHILL,  WILLIAM  (1591-1671),  noncon- 
formist divine;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1605-12;  M.A.,  1612;  incumbent  of  New  Shoreham, 
Sussex,  1615-33 ;  first  pastor  of  Stepney  Congregational 
Church,  1644-71 ;  member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ; 
parliamentarian  chaplain  to  royal  children,  1649 ;  a 
'trier,'  1654;  vicar  of  St.  Dunstau-in-the-East,  1653-60; 
published  •  Exposition  of  Ezekiel,'  1645-62.  [xxiii.  80] 

GREENHILL,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  (1814-1894), 
physician ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  studied  medicine  at  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  Oxford, 
and  in  Paris  ;  M.D.,  1840 ;  physician  to  Radcliffe  Infir- 
mary, Oxford,  1839-51 ;  practised  at  Hastings  from  1851 ; 
founder,  1857,  and  secretary,  1857-91,  of  Hastings  Cottage 
Improvement  Society ;  published  editions  of  works  by  Sir 
Thomas  Browne  [q.  v.],  including  'Religip  Medici,' 
•  Christian  Morals,'  and  other  writings,  including  contri- 
butions to  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.' 

[Suppl.  ii.  349] 

GREENHOW,  EDWARD  HEADLAM  (1814-1888), 
physician;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1852;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  Montpellier ;  practised  at  North  Shields  and  Tyue- 
mouth  ;  lecturer  on  public  health  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
1855 ;  consulting  physician  to  Middlesex  Hospital,  1870 ; 
chief  founder  of  Clinical  Society ;  president,  1879  ;  Croouian 
lecturer  of  College  of  Physicians,  1875 ;  published  medical 
works.  [xxiii.  81] 

GREENOTJGH,  GEORGE  BELLAS  (1778-1855),  geo- 
grapher and  geologist;  assumed  additional  name  of 
Greenough  at  Eton ;  studied  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
and  Gbttingeii  and  Freiburg ;  secretary  to  Royal  Institu- 
tion :  M.P.,  Gattou,  1807-12 ;  first  president  of  Geo- 
logical Society,  1811  ;  of  Geographical  Society,  1839-40  ; 
published  '  Critical  Examination  of  the  first  Principles  of 
Geology'  (1819), and  geological  maps  of  the  United  King- 
dom (1820),  and  of  Hindostan  ;  died  at  Naples. 

[xxiii.  81] 

GREENWAY,     OSWALD    (1563-1635).    [See   TESI- 

MOND.] 

GREENWELL,  DORA  (1821-1882),  poet  and  essayist ; 
published  books  of  poems,  including  (1869)  'Carmina 
Crucis,'  and  prose  works,  comprising  'The  Patience  of 
Hope,'  1860,  and  lives  of  Lacordaire  and  John  Woolman. 

[xxiii.  82] 

GREENWELL,  SIR  LEONARD  (1781-1844),  major- 
general  ;  with  45th  foot  at  Buenos  Ayres  and  in  Peninsular 
war ;  frequently  wounded ;  succeeded  to  the  command 
after  Toulouse,  1814  ;  major-general,  1837  ;  K.C.B.  and 
K.O.H.  [xxiii.  83] 

GREENWICH,  DUKE  OF  (1678-1743).  [See  CAMP- 
BELL, JOHN,  second  DUKE  OF  ARGYLL.] 

GREENWOOD,  JAMES  (d.  1737),  grammarian  ;  sur- 
master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  1721-37 ;  published  '  Essay 
towards  a  Practical  English  Grammar,'  1711  (abridged  as 
'  Royal  English  Grammar '),  and  '  The  London  Voca- 
bulary, Knirlish  and  Latin  '  (3rd  edition,  1713). 

[xxiii.  83] 

GREENWOOD,  JOHN  (d.  1593),  independent  divine : 
B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1581  ;  imprisoned 
with  Henry  B:irrow  [q.  v.]  for  holding  a  conventicle  ; 


collaborated  with  him,  1592 ;  assisted  in  forming  private 
congregation  in  Nicholas  Lane  (possibly  the  beginning  of 
Congregationalism) ;  banged  with  Barrow  at  Tyburn  for 
publishing  seditious  books  [xxiii.  84] 

GREENWOOD,  JOHN  (d.  1809X  schoolmaster;  fel- 
low of  Catharine  Hull,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1565 :  master  of 
Brentwood  grammar  school ;  published  '  Syntaxis  et 
Prosodia  '  (in  verse),  1690.  [xxiiL  85] 

GREENWOOD,  JOHN  (1727-1792),  portrait-painter ; 
born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts ;  lived  five  years  at  Surinam, 
and  (1768-63)  at  Amsterdam;  settled  in  London,  1763  ; 
original  fellow  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists  ;  his 
'  Amelia  Hone '  (1771)  perhaps  bis  bast  work,  [xxiii.  85] 

GREENWOOD,  JOSEPH  GOUGE  (1821-1894),  prin- 
cipal of  the  Owens  College,  Manchester ;  educated  at 
University  College  School,  and  University  College,  Lon- 
don ;  B.A.  London,  1840 ;  private  tutor  and  assistant- 
master  at  his  old  school ;  first  professor  of  classics  and 
history,  Owens  College,  Manchester,  1850  :  principal, 
1867-89,  and  vice-chancellor,  1880-6 ;  honorary  LL.D. 
Cambridge,  1873,  and  Edinburgh,  1884 ;  did  much  to  pro- 
mote public  interest  in  the  college.  [SuppL  ii.  361] 

GREENWOOD,  THOMAS  (1790-1871),  historian  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1831;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1817,  bencher,  1837,  and  treasurer,  1841-2 ; 
fellow  and  reader  in  history  and  polite  literature,  Durham 
University ;  published  '  History  of  Germans '  down  to 
772  A.D.,  1836,  and  '  History  of  Great  Latin  Patriarchate,' 
1856-65.  [Suppl.  ii.  362] 

GREER,  SAMUEL  MACCURDY  (1810-1880),  Irish 
politician;  educated  at  Belfast  Academy  and  Glasgow; 
an  originator  of  the  tenant  league,  1850 ;  liberal  M.P. 
for  Londonderry,  1857 ;  recorder,  1870-8 ;  county  court 
judge  of  Cavan  and  Leitrim,  1878-80.  [xxiii.  86] 

GREETING,  THOMAS  (ft.  1675),  musician  ;  pub- 
lished lessons  and  instructions  for  the  flageolet,  1675 ; 
taught  Mrs.  Pepys,  1667.  [xxiii.  86] 

GREG,  PERCY  (1836-1889),  author ;  son  of  William 
Rathbone  Greg  [q.  v.]  ;  published  political  and  religious 
essays,  novels,  and  poems.  [xxiiL  86] 

GREG,  ROBERT  HYDE  (1795-1875),  economist  and 
antiquary  ;  brother  of  William  Rathbone  Greg  [q.  v.]  and 
of  Samuel  Greg  [q.  v.]  ;  contributed  archaeological 
memoirs,  suggested  by  his  travels,  to  Manchester  Literary 
Society,  1823-38;  M.P.,  Manchester,  1839-41 ;  president  of 
Chamber  of  Commerce  ;  published  pamphlets  on  factory 
question,  corn  laws,  and  agriculture.  [xxiii.  87] 

GREG,  SAMUEL  (1804-1876),  philanthropist; 
brother  of  Robert  Hyde  Greg  [q.  v.]  and  of  William 
Rathbone  Greg  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Dean  Stanley ;  established 
schools,  classes,  baths,  and  libraries  for  his  millhands  at 
Bolliugtou,  1832-47 ;  compelled  to  retire  from  business  by 
a  strike  against  cloth-stretching  machinery  :  entertained 
Kossuth,  1857  ;  gave  scientific  lectures,  and  published 
religious  works.  [xxiii.  87] 

GREG,  WILLIAM  RATHBONE  (1809-1881),  es- 
sayist ;  brother  of  Robert  Hyde  Greg  [q.  v.]  and  of  Samuel 
Greg  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  eighteen 
years  a  millowuer  ;  commissioner  of  customs,  1856  ;  comp- 
troller of  the  stationery  office,  l«64-77  ;  published  works, 
including  '  The  Creed  of  Christendom,'  1861,  '  Mistaken 
Aims  and  Attainable  Ideals  of  the  Working  Classes,'  1876, 
and  political  and  social  essays,  1853.  [xxiii.  88] 

GREGAN,  JOHN  EDGAR  (1813-1855),  architect ; 
designed  buildings  at  Manchester.  [xxiii.  89] 

GREGG,  JOHN  (1798-4878),  Irish  bishop ;  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1824  ;  incumbent  of  Bethesda 
chapel,  Dublin,  1836,  of  Trinity  church,  1839-62 :  arch- 
deacon of  Kildare,  1857 ;  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and 
Ross,  1862 ;  built  new  cathedral  of  St.  Finn  Barre,  Cork. 

[xxiii.  89] 

GREGG,  ROBERT  SAMUEL  (1834-1896).  archbishop 
of  Armagh  ;  son  of  John  Gregg  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1860;  incumbent  of  Christ  Church, 
Belfast ;  rector  of  Frankland  and  chaplain  to  his  father, 
then  bishop  of  Cork,  1862 ;  rector  of  Carrigrohane  and  pre- 
ceptor of  St.  Finn  Barre's  Cathedral,  Cork,  18G5  ;  dean  of 
Cork,  1874;  bishop  of  Ossory,  Ferns,  and  Leighlin,  1875, 
and  of  Cork,  1878;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1893,  till 
I  death  ;  D.D.  Dublin,  1873.  [Suppl.  ii.  353] 

M  Jf2 


GREGG 


532 


GREGORY 


GREGG,  WILLIAM  (d.  1708),  conspirator;  of 
Scottish  origin  ;  tinder-clerk  in  office  of  Robert  Harley, 
secretary  of  state,  1706 ;  hanged  at  Tyburn  for  sending 
to  the  French  minister,  Chamillart,  copies  of  important 
state  documents.  [Suppl.  ii.  353] 

GREGOR,  Cacique  of  Poyais  (ft.  1817).     [See  MAC- 

GREGOR,  SIR  GRKdOH.] 

GREGOR,  WILLIAM  (1761-1817),  chemist  and 
mineralogist ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1784-7;  M.A.,  1787;  rector  of  Diptford,  Devonshire, 
1787-93,  of  Creed,  Cornwall,  1794-1817 ;  discovered  Meuac- 
chanite,  sometimes  called  after  him  Gregorite;  experi- 
mented on  zeolite,  wavellite,  aud  other  substances  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets.  [xxiii.  89] 

GREGORY  the  GREAT  (d.  889),  GRIG,  king  of  Scot- 
land ;  according  to  Skene  fifth  king  of  the  united  kingdom 
of  Scone ;  succeeded  Aed,  878,  being  associated  with 
Eocha  ;  said  to  have  subjected  Beruicia  and  the  greater 
part  of  Auglia  (probably  Northumbria  only),  and  to  liave 
been  'the  first  to  give  liberty  to  the  Scottish  churches ' ; 
expelled  with  Eocha.  [xxiii.  90] 

GREGORY  OK  CAERGWENT  or  WINCHESTER  (fl. 
1270),  historian  ;  perhaps  dean  of  the  arches,  1279,  and 
prior  of  Gloucester,  1284 ;  wrote  annals  (682-1290)  of 
monastery  of  St.  Peter's,  Gloucester.  [xxiii.  91] 

GREGORY  OF  HUNTINGDON  (ft.  1290),  prior  of 
Ramsey  and  author.  [xxiii.  91] 

GREGORY,  LADY  (1815-1895).  [See  STIRLING,  MRS. 
MAKY  ANNE.] 

GREGORY,  MRS.  (d.  1790?).  [See  MRS.  FITZ- 
HENRY.] 

GREGORY,  BARNARD  (1796-1852),  journalist; 
owned  and  elited,  1831-49, '  The  Satirist,  or  Censor  of  the 
Times  ' ;  condemned  for  libel  on  Duke  Charles  of  Bruns- 
wick after  seven  years'  litigation  (1843-50).  [xxiii.  92] 

GREGORY,  DAVID  (1661-1708),  astronomer  ;  son 
of  David  Gregory  (1627-1720)  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Edinburgh,  1683-91 ;  appointed  Savilian 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  1691 ;  M.A.  and  M.D. 
Oxford,  1692  :  master  commoner  of  Balliol  College  ;F.R.S. 
1692  ;  published  '  Astronomic  Physicas  et  Geometricse 
Elemeuta,'  1702,  being  the  first  text-book  on  gravitational 
principles,  and  an  edition  of  Euclid,  1703 ;  observed 
partial  solar  eclipse,  13  Sept.  1699.  [xxiii.  93] 

GREGORY,  DAVID  (1627-1720),  inventor  of  an 
improved  cannon  ;  practised  medicine  in  Aberdeenshire. 

[xxiii.  94] 

GREGORY,  DAVID  (1696-1767),  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  sou  of  David  Gregory  (1661-1708) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1721 :  D.D.,  1732  ;  first  Oxford  professor  of 
modern  history  and  languages,  1724-36  ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  1766-67  ;  master  of  Sherborue  Hospital,  1759 ; 
prolocutor  of  lower  house,  1761  ;  benefactor  of  Christ 
Church  and  Sherborne  Hospital.  [xxiii.  95]  > 

GREGORY,  DONALD  (>i.  1836),  antiquary  ;  secre- 
tary to  Scottish  Antiquaries'  Society  and  the  loua  Club  ; 
published  'History  of  the  Western  Highlands  and  the 
Isles  of  Scotland,  1493-1626,'  1836.  [xxiii.  95] 

GREGORY,  DUNCAN  FARQUHARSON  (1813- 
1844),  mathematician ;  youngest  son  of  James  Gregory 
(1753-1821)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh,  Geneva,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1840  ;  fifth  wrangler, 
1837  ;  M.A.,  1841 ;  first  editor  of  '  Cambridge  Mathev 
matical  Journal '  ;  assistant  to  chemistry  professor  ;  his 
'Mathematical  Writings '  edited  by  W.  Walton,  1866. 

[xxiii.  96] 

GREGORY,  EDMUND  (/.  1646),  author  of  'His- 
torical Anatomy  of  Christian  Melancholy,'  1646  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1636.  [xxiii.  96] 

GREGORY,  FRANCIS  ( 1625  ?-1707),  schoolmaster  ; 
of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  M.A., 
1648 ;  successively  bead-master  of  Woodstock  and  Witney 
grammar  schools  ;  incumbent  of  Hambleden,  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1671-1707  ;  published  lexicons  and  theological 
treatises.  [xxiii.  96] 

GREGORY,  GEORGE  (1754-1808),  divine  and 
author  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1792  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 


'  1806;  edited  'Biogrnphia  Britannica,'  1795,  and  'New 
Aunual  Register.'  His  works  include  a  'History  of  the 
Christian  Church,'  1790,  aud  a  '  Dictionary  of  the  Arts 
and  Sciences,'  1808.  [xxiii.  97] 

GREGORY,  GEORGE  (1790  -  1853),  physician ; 
grandson  of  John  Gregory (1724-1773)  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.Edin- 
burgh, 1811  ;  M.R.O.S.,  1812  ;  assistant-surgeon  to  force.- 
iii  Mediterranean,  1813-15  ;  physician  to  Small-pox  Hos- 
pital, 1824  ;  F.R.S. ;  F.R.O.P.,  1839 ;  published  '  Elements 
of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic/  1820.  [xxiii.  97] 

GREGORY,    JAMES    (1638-1675),    mathematician; 
brother  of  David  Gregory  (1627-1720)  ;  educated  at  Aber- 
deen ;  published  'Optica  Promota,'  1663,  describing  his 
reflecting  telescope ;  printed  at  Padua,  '  Vera  Oirculi  et 
'  Hyperbolae  Quadratura,'  1667,  which  provoked  contro- 
I  versy  with  Huygeus  ;    F.R.S.,  1668  :  mathematical  pro- 
!  fessor  at  St.  Andrews,  1668  ;  first  professor  of  mathematics 
j  at  Edinburgh,  1674 ;  struck  blind  with  amaurosis  ;  cor- 
responded with  Newton  on  their  respective  telescopes  ; 
j  original  discoverer  hi  mathematics  and  astronomy. 

[xxiii.  98] 

GREGORY,  JAMES  (1753-1821),  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh;  son  of  John  Gregory  (1724-1773) 
j  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Aberdeen,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1774  ;  professor  of  institutes  of  medicine 
at  Edinburgh,  1776,  of  practice  of  medicine,  1790  ;  had 
violent  controversies  with  Dr.  Alexander  and  James 
Hamilton  (managers  of  Edinburgh  Royal  Infirmary 
and  College  of  Physicians);  suspended  from  fellowship, 
Edinburgh  College  of  Physicians,  1808 ;  published  'Con- 
spectus Medicinae  Theoreticae,'  1780-2,  aud  miscellaneous 
works.  [xxiii.  99] 

GREGORY,  JOHN  (1607-1646),  orientalist;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1631;  chaplain  to  Brian  Duppa 
[q.  v.] ;  collective  editions  of  his  writings  issued  as 
'Gregorii  Posthuma,'  1649,  and  '  Opuscula,'  1650;  trans- 
lated works  on  the  Brahmaus  from  Greek  into  Latin. 

[xxiii.  101] 

GREGORY,  JOHN  (1724-1773),  professor  of  medicine 
at  Edinburgh;  grandson  of  James  Gregory  (1638-1675) 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden ;  M.D.  Aber- 
deen; professor  of  philosophy,  Aberdeen,  1746-9;  re- 
moved to  London,  1754;  F.R.S. ;  professor  of  medicine, 
Edinburgh,  1766-73;  intimate  with  Akenside,  Hume, 
Beattie,  aud  other  literary  celebrities.  His  works  (col- 
lected, 1788)  include  a  '  Comparative  View  of  the  State 
aud  Faculties  of  Man  with  those  of  the.  Animal  World,' 
1766.  [xxiii.  102] 

GREGORY,  OLINTHUS  GILBERT  (1774-1841), 
mathematician  ;  of  humble  birth ;  taught  mathematics  at 
Cambridge;  mathematical  master  at  Woolwich,  1802; 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  1805,  and  LL.D.,  1808  :  Button's  successor 
at  Woolwich,  1807-38 ;  one  of  the  projectors  of  London 
University  ;  published  treatises  on  astronomy  (1802)  and 
mechanics  (1806),  besides  '  Letters '  on  Christian  evidences 
(1811),  and  lives  of  John  Mason  Good  and  Robert  Hall. 

[xxiii.  103] 

GREGORY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1467),  chronicler;  lord 
mayor  of  London,  1461-2;  benefactor  of  St.  Anne's, 
Aldersgate,  and  other  churches  and  hospitals;  his  chro- 
nicle printed  in  'Collections  of  a  London  Citizen.' 

[xxiii.  103] 

GREGORY,  WILLIAM  (/.  1520),  Scottish  Carmelite ; 
prior  successively  at  Melun,  Albi,  and  Toulouse;  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonue  and  confessor  to  Francis  I.  [xxiii.  104] 

GREGORY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1663),  composer;  violinist 
to  Charles  I  and  Charles  II ;  his  compositions  contained 
in  Playford's  'Court  Ayres'  and  in  the  'Treasury  of 
Musick '  and  '  Ayres  and  Dialogues.'  [xxiii.  104] 

GREGORY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1624-1696),  judge;  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1650;  recorder  of  Gloucester,  1672; 
serjeant-at-law,  1677  ;  M.P.,  Weobly,  1678 ;  speaker,  1679 ; 
baron  of  the  exchequer  and  knighted,  1679 ;  removed  for 
giving  judgment  against  royal  dispensing  power,  1685 ; 
judge  of  king's  bench,  1689;  rebuilt  church  at  How 
Oapel,  Herefordshire.  [xxiii.  104] 

GREGORY,  WILLIAM  (1766-1840),  Irish  under- 
secretary ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1787;  studied  at  Inner  Temple;  member 
for  Porturliugton  in  Irish  parliament,  1798-1800;  under- 
secretary to  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1812-81,  and  was 


GREGORY 


533 


GRENVTLL.U 


confidential  adviser  of  successive  viceroy?  and  chief  secre- 
taries: retired  from  public  life,  1831  ;  runner  of  Phrauix 
l';irk  from  1«12.  [Suppl.  ii.  354] 

GREGORY,  WILLIAM  (1803-1858),  chemist  :  fourth 
con  of  James  Gregory  (1753-1821)  [q.  v.]  *  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1828;  professor  of  medicine  and  chemistry  ;it 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1839,  of  chemistry  at  Ivlin- 
burgh,  1844-58;  edited  English  editions  of  Liebig's  works  ; 
published  '  Outlines  of  Chemistry,'  1845.  [xxiii.  105] 

GREGORY,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1817-1892), 
governor  of  Ceylon ;  grandson  of  William  Gregory  (1766- 
1840)  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Harrow  and  Chri>t  Church, 
Oxfonl;  conservative  M.P.  ,for  Dublin,.  1842-7 ;  actively 
supported  Poor  Relief  Act,  1847;  high  sheriff  of  Galway, 
1849 :  devoted  himself  to  the  turf ;  liberal-conservative 
M.P.  for  co.  Galway,  1857,  and  retained  pent  till  1871 ; 
lonnally  joined  liberal  party  on  death  of  Palinerston, 
1865  :  took  interest  in  Irish  agrarian  legislation  ;  chair- 
man of  House  of  Commons  inquiry  into  accommodation  at 
Hritish  Museum,  1860;  trustee  of  National  Gallery,  1867-92 ; 
Irish  privy  councillor,  1871 :  governor  of  Ceylon,  1871-7; 
K.C.M.G.,  1876.  His  autobiography  was  published,  1894. 

[Suppl.  ii.  355] 

GREGSON,  MATTHEW  (1749-1824),  antiquary; 
made  a  fortune  at  Liverpool  as  an  upholsterer ;  elected 
F.S.A.  for  his  'Portfolio  of  Fragments  relative  to  the 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  County  Palatine  and 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,'  1817.  [xxiii.  105] 

GREIG.  ALEXIS  SAMUILOVICH  (1775-1845),  ad- 
miral in  Russian  service  ;  son  of  Sir  Samuel  Greig  [q.  v.]  ; 
distinguished  himself  in  Russo-Turkish  wars  of  1807  and 
1828-9 ;  reorganised  Russian  navy  and  created  Black  Sea 
Fleet.  [xxiii.  106] 

GREIG,  JOHN  (1759-1819),  mathematician. 

[xxiii.  1061 

GREIG,  SIB  SAMUEL  (1735-1788),  admiral  of  the 
Russian  navy;  in  British  service  till  1763;  present  at 
Quiberon  Bay,  1759,  and  reduction  of  Havannah,  1762 ; 
entered  Russian  service,  1764  ;  commanded  division  under 
Orloff  in  Chesme  Bay,  1770 ;  appointed  grand  admiral, 
governor  of  Cronstadt  and  knight  of  several  orders  by 
Tsarina  Catherine ;  commanded  against  Sweden  at  action 
off  Hogland,  1788 ;  created  the  modern  Russian  navy, 
manning  it  largely  with  Scottish  officers.  [xxiii.  106] 

GREISLEY,  HENRY  (1615 ?-1678),  translator;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  student,  1634  ; 
MA.,  1641 ;  ejected  from  studentship,  1651 ;  prebendary 
of  Worcester,  1672;  translated  Balzac's  'Prince,'  1648, 
and  Seuault's  'Christian  Man,'  1650.  [xxiii.  107] 

GREISLEY,  SIR  ROGER  (1779-1837).     [See  GRES- 

LEY.] 

GRELLAN,  SAINT  (ft.  500),  of  Craebh-Grellain,  Ros- 
oommon ;  renounced  succession  to  throne  of  Leinster, 
and  accompanied  St.  Patrick  to  Dublin  ;  granted  Craebh- 
Grellaiu  by  queen  of  Connaught  for  restoring  her  dead 
child;  intervened  in  war  between  Cian  and  Maine  the 
Great ;  his  crozier  said  to  have  been  in  possession  of  John 
Cronelly,  1836.  [xxiii.  108] 

GRENE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1629-1697),  Jesuit;  pro- 
fessed, 1669 ;  director  at  English  college,  Rome,  1692 ; 
collected  records  of  Romanist  martyrs.  [xxiii.  108] 

GRENE,  MARTIN  (1616-1667),  Jesuit;  brother  of 
Christopher  Greue  [q.  v.] ;  professed,  1654- ;  professor  at 
Liege,  1643 :  died  at  St.  Omer  ;  published  '  Account  of 
the  Jesuites  Life  and  Doctrine,'  1661.  [xxiii.  109] 

GRENFELL,  JOHN  PASCOE  (1800-1869),  admiral  in 
Brazilian  navy  ;  served  under  Cochrane  in  Chilian  navy  ; 
wounded  in  cutting  out  of  the  Esmeralda ;  in  Brazilian 
navy ;  lost  arm  in  action  off  Buenos  Ayres,  1826  ;  com- 
pelled surrender  of  rebel  flotillas  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
1836 ;  commanded  against  Argentina,  1861-2 ;  consul- 
general  in  England,  1846-50  and  1852-69.  [xxiii.  109] 

GRENFELL,   PASOOE  (1761-1838),  politician  ;  en- 
gaged with  Thomas  Williams  of  Temple  House,  Great 
Marlow,  in  developing  mining  industries  of  Anglesey  and 
Cornwall ;  purchased  Taplow  House ;  M.P.,  Great  Marlow, 
802-20 ;    Penryn,    1820-6  ;  abolitionist ;    authority   on 


Co 

1802 
finance. 


[xxiii.  110] 


GRENVILLE.    [See  also  GRANVILLK.] 


GRENVILLE,  SIR  BKVIL  (1596-1643),  royalist ;  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1614;  M.P.,  Cornwall,  1621-4  and 
1640-2,  Launceston,  1625-40 ;  served  against  Scot*.  1639  ; 
defeated  parliamentarians  at  Bradock  Down,  1643  :  killed 
at  Lansdowue.  [xxiii.  110] 

GRENVILLE,  DENIS  (1637-1708),  Jacobite  divine; 
son  of  Sir  Bevil  Grenville  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Kxeter  College, 
Oxford,  1G60;  D.D.,  1671;  incumbent  of  Kilkhampton, 
1661 ;  archdeacon  of  Durham,  1662 ;  rector  of  Sedgefield, 
1667  :  dean  of  Durham,  1684 ;  raised  money  for  James  II 
and  tied  the  kingdom,  1691 ;  named  by  James  II  in  exile 
archbishop  of  York ;  died  at  Paris ;  two  collections  of 
his  remains  issued  by  Surtees  Society.  [xxiii.  113] 

GRENVILLE,  GEORGE  (1712-1770),  statesman ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxfonl ;  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1735,  bencher,  1763;  M.P.,  Buckingham, 
1740-70 ;  joined  the  '  Boy  Patriots,'  and  long  acted  with 
Pitt,  even  when  holding  subordinate  office  under  Pelham 
and  Newcastle;  resigned  treasurerehip  of  the  navy  on 
dismissal  of  Pitt  and  Temple,  1756,  but  held  it  again  in 
Newcastle- Pitt  ministry,  1767-62 ;  admitted  to  cabinet, 
1761;  secretary  for  the  northern  department  and  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty  under  Bute,  1762-3 ;  as  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1763-5, 
successfully  resisted  Bute's  influence  with  George  III ;  his 
ministry  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  enactment  of  the 
Stamp  Act  (1765)  and  the  early  proceedings  against 
Wilkes  (1763);  alienated  the  king  by  omission  of  the 
princess-dowager's  name  from  the  Regency  Bill ;  while  in 
opposition  defeated  the  budget  of  1767,  spoke  against 
the  expulsion  of  Wilkes,  1769,  and  carried  a  measure 
transferring  the  trial  of  election  petitions  from  the  whole 
house  to  a  select  committee,  1770.  He  was  nicknamed 
'the  Gentle  Shepherd'  in  allusion  to  Pitt's  mocking 
quotation  '  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where,'  in  the  course 
of  Grenville's  speech  in  defence  of  the  cider-tax,  1763. 

[xxiii.  113] 

GRENVILLE,  GEORGE  NUGENT-TEMPLE-,  first 
MARQUIS  OF  BUCKINGHAM  (1763-1813),  statesman; 
second  son  of  George  Grenville  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1774-9  ;  succeeded  as  second  Earl  Temple,  1779 ; 
privy  councillor  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1782-3 
and  1787-9 ;  advised  enactment  of  Irish  Judicature  Act, 
1783 ;  instituted  order  of  St.  Patrick,  1783 ;  George  Ill's 
instrument  in  procuring  defeat  of  Fox's  India  Bill  in 
House  of  Lords,  1783,  and  secretary  of  state  for  three 
days  (December) :  created  Marquis  of  Buckingham,  1784  ; 
refused  to  transmit  address  of  Irish  parliament  to  Prince 
of  Wales,  1789.  [xxiii.  117] 

GRENVILLE,  GEORGE  NUGENT,  BARON  NUGENT 
of  Carlanstown,  Ireland  (1788-1850),  author:  younger 
son  of  George  Nugent-Temple-Grenville,  first  marquis  of 
Buckingham  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  his  mother's  Irish  peer- 
age, 1813 ;  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1812-32  and  1847-8 ;  a  lord  of 
the  treasury,  1830-2 ;  high  commissioner  of  the  Ionian 
islands,  1832-5;  published  work?,  including  'Memorials 
of  John  Hampdeu.'  1832,  and  '  Legends  of  the  Library  at 
Lillies,'  1832.  [xxiii.  119] 

GRENVILLE,  JOHN,  EARL  OP  BATH  ( 1628-1701 X 
eldest  surviving  son  of  Sir  Bevil  Grenville  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted  at  Bristol,  1643;  wounded  at  Newbury,  1644; 
held  Scilly  islands  for  Charles  II,  1649-51 ;  lord  warden 
of  the  stannaries,  1660 ;  groom  of  the  stole,  1660 ;  created 
Earl  of  Bath,  1661 ;  governor  of  Plymouth,  1661 ;  ulti- 
mately joined  William.  Ill ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cornwall 
and  Devon  and  privy  councillor,  1689.  [xxiii.  120] 

GRENVILLE  or  GREYNVLLE,  SIR  RICHARD 
(1541  ?-1591),  naval  commander  ;  knighted  :  M.P.,  Corn- 
wall, 1571  and  1584,  and  sheriff,  1577 :  commanded,  for  his 
cousin,  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  fleet  for  colonisation  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  on  return  voyage  captured  a  Spanish  ship,  1585  ; 
pillaged  the  Azores,  1586 :  engaged  in  organising  defences 
of  the  west  of  England,  1586-8;  second  in  command 
under  Lord  Thomas  Howard  [q.  v.]  of  the  Azores  fleet, 
1591 ;  his  ship,  the  Revenge,  being  isolated  off  Flores,  he 
was  mortally  wounded,  after  fighting  during  fifteen  hours 
fifteen  Spanish  ships. 

GRENVILLE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1600-1658),  first 
baronet ;  grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Grenville  (1541  ?-1691) 
[q.  v.]  ;  served  in  expeditious  to  Cadiz  and  the  Isle  of  Re, 
writing  narrative  of  the  latter ;  knighted,  1627  ;  created 
baronet  1630 :  fought  a?  royalist  in  Ireland,  1641-S ; 


GRENVILLE 


534 


GRESWELL 


arrested  by  parliamentat  Liverpool,  but  released  and  given 
a  command,  1643  ;  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1644  ;  assisted 
in  defeat  of  Essex  in  Cornwall,  1644  ;  failed  before  I  My 
motitb,  1645  ;  quarrelled  with  Sir  John  Berkeley,  Qoring, 
and  Hopton ;  imprisoned  in  Cornwall,  1646 ;  passed  lust 
years  in  Brittany  and  Holland  ;  published  an  autobiogra- 
phical pamphlet ;  buried  at  Ghent.  [xxiii.  12 1  j 

GRENVILLE,  afterwards  GRENVILLE-TEMPLE, 
RICHARD  TEMPLE,  EARL  TEMPLK  (1711-1779),  states- 
man ;  brother  of  George  Grenville  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Bucking- 
ham, 1734-41  and  1747-52,  Buckinghamshire,  1741-7; 
succeeded  to  his  mother's  peerage,  1752 ;  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1756-7 :  greatly  disliked  by  George  II,  who 
dismissed  him,  1757  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1757-61 ;  dismissed 
from  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Buckinghamshire  for  hi? 
patronage  of  Wilkes,  1763 :  dissuaded  Pitt  from  forming 
a  ministry  on  the  basis  of  a  reconciliation  with  George 
Grenville,  1765;  twice  refusal  the  treasury,  1765;  in- 
trigued against  Rockingham,  1766 ;  again  refused  the 
treasury  and  quarrelled  with  Chatham,  1766:  strongly 
opposed  to  conciliating  the  Americans ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1771 ;  paid  Wilkes's  law  expenses,  and  assisted  Pitt  finan- 
cially ;  known  to  contemporaries  as  ' Squire  Gawkey ' ; 
died  of  an  accident.  The  authorship  of  Junius's '  Letters ' 
has  been  ascribed  to  him.  [xxiii.  127] 

GRENVILLE,  RICHARD  TEMPLE  NUGENT 
BRYDGES  CHANDOS,  first  DUKK  OP  BUCKINGHAM  AND 
OHANDOS  (1776-1839),  statesman  ;  son  of  George  Nugent- 
Temple-Greuville,  first  marquis  of  Buckingham  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1791 ;  M.P.  (as  Earl  Temple) 
for  Buckinghamshire,  1797-1813;  Indian  commissioner, 
1800-1 ;  privy  councillor,  1806  ;  joint  paymaster-general 
and  deputy-president  of  the  board  of  trade,  1806-7 ; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1810 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1811 ;  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Buckinghamshire,  1813 ;  K.G.,  1820 :  created 
duke,  1822 ;  collected  rare  prints  ;  his  '  Private  Diary ' 
published,  1862.  [xxiii.  129] 

GRENVILLE,  RICHARD  PLANTAGENET 
TEMPLE  NUGENT  BRYDGES  CHANDOS,  second  DUKE 
OK  BUCKINGHAM  AND  CHANDOS  (1797-1861),  historical 
writer ;  son  of  Richard  T.  N.  B.  C.  Greuville  [q.  v.]  ;  Earl 
Temple,  1813-1822 ;  matriculated  from  Oriel  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1815  ;  Marquis  of  Chaudos,  1822-39  ;  M.P.,  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1818-39  ;  introduced  into  Reform  Bill  tenant-at- 
will  clause  (Chandos  clause),  1832 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1841-2 ; 
protectionist ;  obliged  to  sell  much  of  his  property,  1847  ; 
published  court  memoirs.  [xxiii.  130] 

GRENVILLE,  RICHARD  PLANTAGENET  CAMP- 
BELL TEMPLE  NUGENT  BRYDGES  CHANDOS,  third 
DUKK  OF  BUCKINGHAM  AND  CHANDOS  (1823-1889), states- 
man ;  son  of  Richard  Plantagenet  T.  N.  B.  C.  Grenville, 
second  duke  of  Buckingham  [q.  v.]  ;  Earl  Temple  till 
1839  ;  Marquis  of  Chandos,  1839-61  ;  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church.  Oxford ;  D.C.L.,  1862  ;  M.P.,  Buckingham,  1846- 
1857 ;  alordof  the  treasury,  1852 ;  chairman  of  London  and 
North- Western  Railway,  1853-61 ;  chairman  of  executive 
committee  of  exhibition  commission  of  1862 :  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1866  ;  president  of  the  council,  1866-7,  and  colonial 
secretary,  1867-8  :  governor  of  Madras,  1875-80 ;  chairman 
of  committees  in  House  of  Lords,  1886-9.  [xxiii.  131] 

GRENVILLE,  THOMAS  (1719-1747),  navy  captain  ; 
younger  brother  of  George  Grenville  (1712-1770)  [q.  v.]  ; 
while  commanding  the  Romney  captured  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent  a  valuable  French  ship,  1743 ;  mortally  wounded 
under  Auaon  off  Finisterre.  [xxiii.  132] 

GRENVILLE,  THOMAS  (1755-1846),  book-collector ; 
third  son  of  George  Grenville  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  lieutenant  in  Rutland  regiment,  1779  ; 
M.P.,  Buckinghamshire,  1780-4,  Aldborough,  1790-6,  Buck- 
ingham, 1796-1818;  adherent  of  Fox,  subsequently  joining 
the  old  whigs;  began  negotiations  with  America,  1782; 
envoy  extraordinary  to  Vienna,  1794,  to  Berlin,  1799 ;  privy 
councillor,  17i»8;  president  of  board  of  control  and  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty.  1806-7.  His  bequest  of  books  to  British 
Mumim  (including  first  folio  Shakespeare)  forms  the 
Grenville  Library.  [xxiii.  132] 

GRENVILLE,  WILLIAM  WYNDHAM,  BARON 
GRKNVILLE  (1759-1834),  statesman ;  youngest  son  of 
George  Grenville  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1780 ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1780 ; 
M.P.,  Buckingham,  1782-4,  Buckinghamshire,  1784-90; 
created  a  peer,  1790  ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  17*2-3  ; 


privy  councillor,  1783  ;  joint-paymaster-general,  1784  ; 
vice-president  of  board  of  trade,  1786-9;  speaker,  1789; 
home  secretary,  1789-90;  president  of  board  of  control, 
1790-3;  foreign  secretary,  1791-1801  ;  headed  war  party 
in  ministry ;  led  for  ministry  in  the  House  of  Lords ; 
resigned  with  Pitt  on  the  catholic  question.  1801 ;  refused 
office  without  Fox  in  Pitt's  second  ministry,  1804 ;  head 
of  'All  the  Talents,'  1806-7,  which  abolished  the  slave 
trade,  1807,  and  resigned  on  the  catholic  question,  1807  ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford,  1809  ;  refused  several  offers  to  enter 
a  mixed  ministry,  1809-12  ;  supported  continuance  of  the 
war,  1815  ;  allowed  his  adherents  to  join  Liverpool,  1821 ; 
supported  repressive  measures  of  1816,  and  bill  of  pains 
and  penalties  against  Queen  Caroline,  1820.  [xxiii.  133] 

GRESHAM,  JAMES  (fl.  1626),  poet;  his  ' Picture  of 
Incest '  (1626)  reprinted  by  Grosart,  1876.  [xxiii.  138] 

GRESHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1556),  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, member  of  the  Mercers',  and  a  founder  of  the  Russia 
Company  :  partner  of  his  brother  Richard :  sheriff  of 
London,  1537,  lord  mayor,  1547  ;  founded  Holt  grammar 
school,  Norfolk.  [xxiii.  142] 

GRESHAM,  SIR  RICHARD  (1485  ?-1549),  lord  mayor 
of  London ;  gentleman  usher  extraordinary  in  royal  house- 
hold, 1516  ;  had  financial  dealings  with  the  king,  and  lent 
money  to  the  nobility;  confidential  correspondent  of 
Wolsey  (whose  benevolence  of  1525  he  supported  in  the 
common  council)  and  Cromwell ;  warden  of  Mercers' 
Company,  1525,  and  thrice  master ;  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  1531 ;  a  commissioner,  1534,  to  inquire  into 
value  of  benefices  previous  to  suppression  of  the  abbeys ; 
alderman ;  lord  mayor  of  London,  1537  :  knighted,  1537 ; 
suggested  appropriation  for  poor  and  sick  of  St.  Mary's, 
St.  Bartholomew's,  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals  ;  initiated 
design  of  a  Royal  Exchange  ;  member  of  Six  Articles'  com- 
mission ;  bought  Fountains  Abbey,  1640,  and  had  other 
grants  of  monastic  lands.  [xxiii.  139] 

GRESHAM,  SIR  THOMAS  (1519  ?-1579),  founder  of 
the  Royal  Exchange ;  second  son  of  Sir  Richard  Gresham 
[q.  v.] ;  learnt  business  under  his  uncle,  Sir  John  Gresham 
[q.  v.] ;  assisted  his  father,  on  whose  death  he  removed 
to  Lombard  Street  (now  68) ;  appointed  royal  agent  or 
king's  merchant  at  Antwerp,  1552,  by  influence  of 
Northumberland ;  raised  rate  of  exchange  from  16  to  22 
shillings  for  the  pound ;  raised  loan  in  Spain,  1564 ;  re- 
ceived grants  in  Norfolk  from  Edward  VI  and  Mary; 
present  at  Elizabeth's  first  council,  1558;  intimate  friend 
of  Cecil ;  advised  restoration  of  purity  of  the  coinage ;  as 
ambassador  to  regent  of  the  Netherlands  (1559-61)  sent 
important  political  information  to  Cecil,  besides  shipping 
secretly  munitions  of  war ;  established  at  Osterley  the 
first  English  paper-mills,  1665;  finally  left  Antwerp, 
1567;  arranged  for  raising  of  loans  from  English  mer- 
chants instead  of  foreigners,  1569,  and  for  the  settlement 
of  dispute  about  seizure  of  Spanish  treasure ;  ceased  to  be 
crown  financial  agent,  1574 ;  the  Royal  Exchange  built  at 
his  expense  on  a  site  provided  by  the  city,  1666-8  (visited 
and  named  by  the  queen,  1570,  destroyed  in  great  fire,  1666) ; 
founded  also  Gresham  College,  for  which  he  bequeathed 
(1575)  his  house  in  Bishopsgate  Street  to  the  corporation 
and  the  Mercers'  Company;  the  building  sold  to  the 
government,  1767,  and  converted  into  an  excise  office; 
present  college  built,  1841.  [xxiii.  142] 

GRESLEY  or  GREISLEY,  SIR  ROGER  (1799-1837), 
baronet  by  succession  ;  M.P.,  Durham,  1830,  New  Romney, 
1831,  South  Derbyshire,  1835-7  :  published  pamphlets. 

[xxiii.  163] 

GRESLEY,  WILLIAM  (1801-1876), divine;  educated 
|  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1825  ; 
i  perpetual  curate  of  All  Sainte',  Boyne  Hill,  1857-76  :  pub- 
i  lished  'Portrait  of   an   English  Churchman,'  1838,  and 
i  religious  and  social  tales,  besides  l  The  Ordinance  of  Con- 
fession,' 1861,  and  works  against  scepticism  and  evan- 
gelical doctrines.  [xxiii.  153] 

GRESSE,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  (1741-1794),  painter 
and  royal  drawing-master  ;  of  Swiss  parentage  ;  exhibited 
miniatures  with  Free  Society  and  Incorporated  Society  of 
Artists.  [xxiii.  155] 

GRESSWELL,  DAN  (1819-1883),  veterinary  surgeon ; 
mayor  of  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  1871-2.  [xxiii.  156] 

GRESWELL,  EDWARD  (1797-1869),  chronologlst ; 
son  of  William  Parr  Greswell  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  1822;  fellow,  l«23-69;  vice-president 


GRESWEKL 


588 


GREY 


from  1840  ;  B.D.,  1830  ;  published  work^,  including  '  liar- 
monia  Evangelica.'  ls:;n,  •  Fa-ti  'IVmpnri*  <  'atholici  uinl 
Orii/iiic*  Kalmdarisc,'  1852,  'Origins  Kalcndaria)  Italicte,' 
1854,  and  'Orpines  Kalrndari;i-  IMlcnicii','  1861. 

[xxiii.  156] 

GRESWELL,  RICHARD  (1800-1881),  '  r.-.fomulcr  of 
the  National  Society  ' ;  brother  of  R«hvanl  <  Jreswell  [q.  v.]  ; 
thirty  years  fellow  and  tutor  of  Worcester  College,  Ox- 
ford -.  M.A.,  1825  :  B.D.,  1836 ;  opened  subscription  on 
belmlf  of  national  education  with  a  donation  of  l.OOO/., 
1843  :  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mu-H-iim  and  the  Ashmo- 
Ican  Society,  Oxfonl ;  chairman  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  Oxford 
election  committee,  1847-65.  [xxiii.  156] 

GRESWELL,  WILLIAM  PARR  (1765-1854),  biblio- 
grapher; incumbent  of  Denton,  Lancashire,  1791-1858; 
publish"!  'AnnaN  of  Parisian  Typography,'  1818,  ami 
'View  of  the  Early  Parisian  Greek  Press,'  1833,  IH-HI  ; 
edited  vol.  Hi.  of  Chetham  Catalogue.  [xxiii.  157] 

GRETTON,  WILLIAM  (1736-1813),  master  of  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School 
and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1761;  vice-chancellor, 
18UO-1 ;  master  of  Magdalene,  1797-1813  ;  archdeacon 
of  Essex,  1795.  [xxiii.  157] 

GREVILLE,  ALGERNON  FREDERICK  (1789-1864), 
private  secretary  to  Duke  of  Wellington,  1827-42,  having 
been  bis  aide-de-camp  and  ensign  in  grenadier  guards  at 
Waterloo ;  Bath  kiug-of-arma.  [xxiii.  157] 

GREVILLE,  CHARLES  CAVENDISH  FULKE 
(1794-1865),  clerk  to  the  council;  brother  of  Algernon 
Frederick  Greville  [q.  v.]  ;  manager  of  Duke  of  York's 
stud,  and  racing  partner  of  Lord  George  Bentinck,  his 
cousin  ;  clerk  to  the  council,  1821-59  ;  intimate  with 
statesmen  of  both  parties,  especially  Wellington  and  Pal- 
merston  ;  his  diary  (mainly  political)  published  1st  series 
(1817-37),  1875,  2nd  and  3rd  (to  1860),  1885  and  1887 
(ed.  H.  Reeve) ;  edited  Raikes's  '  Memoirs '  and  part  of 
Moore's  correspondence.  [xxiii.  158] 

GREVILLE,  Sm  FULKE,  first  BARON  BROOKE 
(1654-1628),  poet  and  statesman;  intimate  with  Philip 
Sidney  at  Shrewsbury;  fellow-commoner,  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  1568  ;  came  to  court  with  Sidney,  and  became 
favourite  of  Elizabeth ;  accompanied  Sidney  to  Heidelberg, 
1577  ;  joined  Gabriel  Harvey's  '  Areopagus ' ;  entertained 
Giordano  Bruno  at  his  London  house,  1583  ;  pall-bearer  at 
Sidney's  funeral  at  St.  Paul's,  1587  ;  secretary  for  princi- 
pality of  Wales,  1583  till  death;  M.P.,  Warwickshire, 
1592-1620 ;  '  treasurer  of  the  wars '  and  the  navy,  1598 ; 
K.B.,  1603  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1614-21 ;  created 
peer,  1621 ;  granted  Warwick  Castle  and  Knowle  Park  by 
James  I ;  befriended  Bacon,  Camden,  Coke,  Daniel,  and 
D'Avenant ;  stabbed  by  a  servant.  A  collection  of  works 
'  written  in  his  youth '  (including  tragedies  and  sonnets) 
was  printed,  1633,  his  'Life  of  Sidney,'  1652  (reprinted by 
Brydges,  1816),  and  his  '  Remains,'  1670.  His  complete 
works  were  reprinted  by  Grosart,  1870.  [xxiii.  159] 

GREVILLE,  HENRY  WILLIAM (1801-1872), diarist; 
brother  of  Charles  Cavendish  Fulke  Greville  [q.  v.] ;  attache 
to  Paris  embassy,  1834-44  ;  gentleman  usher  at  court ;  his 
'  Leaves  from  a  Diary '  published,  1883-4.  [xxiii.  163] 

GREVILLE,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  BROOKK  (1608- 
1643),  parliamentarian  general ;  adopted  by  his  cousin, 
Sir  Fulke  Greville,  first  baron  Brooke  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  War- 
wick, 1628-9 ;  member  of  company  for  plantation  of  Pro- 
vidence and  Henrietta  islands  (incorporated,  1630) ;  com- 
missioner for  treaty  of  Ripon,  1640 ;  speaker,  House  of 
Lords,  1642;  defeated  Northampton  at  Kineton,  1642; 
served  under  Essex  in  Midlands ;  took  Stratford-on-Avon, 
1643,  but  was  killed  in  attack  on  Lichfield;  published 
'  Th«-  Nature  of  Truth,'  1640.  [xxiii.  163] 

GREVILLE,  ROBERT  KAYE  (1794-1866),  botanist: 
settled  at  Edinburgh,  1H16  ;  joined  the  Wernerian  Society, 
1819;  F.R.S.E.,  1821;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1824;  made 
botanical  tours  in  the  highlands ;  vice-president,  Anti- 
slavery  Convention,  1840;  M.P.,  Edinburgh,  1866;  pub- 
lished 'Scottish  Oryptogamic  Flora,'  'Flora  Ediuensis,' 
ls-_M,  •  I  c«.nes  Filicum'  (with  Hooker),  1829-31,  and 
'  Algae  Britunnicfe,'  1830 ;  edited  (with  Dr.  R.  Huie),  'The 
Amethyst'  (poems),  1832-4,  and  (with  T.  K.  Druminond) 
"Pin- church  of  England  Hymn-book,'  1838;  his  collec- 
tion Hi  al<ja-  acquiri'd  by  British  Museum,  insects  by 


Edinburgh  University,  flowering  plants  by  Glasgow,  and 
other  cryptiHjamia  by  Edinburgh  Botanic  (lanli-n. 

[xxiii.  164] 

GREW,  JONATHAN  (1626-1711),  first  presbyterian 
minister  of  Dagnal  Lane,  St.  Albans,  1698-1711 ;  nephew 
of  Obadiah  Grew  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  169] 

GREW,  NEHEMIAH  (1641-1712),  vegetable  physio- 
"ii  of  Obadiah  Grew  [q.  v.j ;  B.A.  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1661  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1671  ;  F.R.S.,  1671 ; 
secretary  to  Royal  Society,  1677-9 ;  probably  first  to  ob- 
serve sex  in  plants;  published  'The  Anatomy  of  Plant.-.' 
1682  (4  vols.),  embodying  previous  publications,  and 
'  Cosmologia  Sacra,'  1701,  against  Spinoza,  besides  scientific 
pamphlets  ;  genus  named  Oreitia  after  him  by  Limut'iix. 

[xxiii.  166] 

GREW,  OBADIAH  (1607-1689),  ejected  minister: 
M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1632;  D.D.,  1661 :  master  of 
Atherstone  grammar  school,  1632 :  appointed  vicar  of  St. 
Michael's,  Coventry,  1645 ;  pleaded  with  Cromwell  for  the 
king's  life,  1648  ;  favoured  royalist  rising,  1659 :  obliged 
to  resign  living,  1662,  and  leave  Coventry,  1666  ;  returned, 
H172.  and  with  John  Bryan  (</.  1676)  [q.  v.]  founded  pres- 
byterian congregation ;  imprisoned  nnder  Five  Mile  Act, 
1682;  his  'Sinner's  Justification'  (1670)  translated  into 
Welsh,  1785.  [xxiii.  168] 

GREY.    [See  also  GRAY.] 

GREY,  ANCHITELL  (<1.  1702),  compiler  of  debates; 
second  son  of  Henry  Grey,  first  earl  of  Stamford  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.,  Derby,  1665-85,  in  convention  of  1689  and  parlia- 
ment of  1690-4  ;  his  notes  printed  (17G9)  as  'Debates  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  1667-94.'  [xxiii.  169] 

GREY,  ARTHUR,  fourteenth  BARON  GHKY  HK 
WILTON  (1536-1593),  sou  of  Sir  William,  thirteenth  baron. 
Grey  de  Wilton  [q.  v.]  ;  served  at  St.  Quentin,  1557 ; 
wounded  during  siege  of  Leith,  1560 ;  succeeded  to  title, 
1562 ;  commissioner  at  trials  of  Duke  of  Norfolk,  1674, 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  William  Davison  (1541  ?-1608) 
[q.  v.],  whom  he  defended;  as  lord-deputy  of  Ireland, 
1580-2,  had  Spenser  as  secretary  ;  overcame  rebels  of  the 
pale,  and  pacified  Munster;  member  of  committee  of 
defence  of  the  kingdom,  1587-8.  [xxiii.  169] 

GREY,  LADY  CATHERINE  (1538  ?-1568).  [See 
SEYMOUR.] 

GREY,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  GRKY  (1 729-1807  X 
general ;  with  Wolfe's  regiment  at  Rochefort,  1757,  and 
in  Germany  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Prince  Ferdinand  at  Minden, 
1759,  being  wounded  there  and  at  Campen,  1760;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  98th  at  Belle  Isle,  1761,  and  Havana, 
1762;  while  in  America  defeated  Wayne;  commanded 
third  brigade  at  Germanstown,  1777 ;  annihilated  Bayler's 
Virginian  dragoons,  1778;  major-general,  1778;  K.B., 
1782 ;  relieved  Nieuport,  1793 ;  co-operated  with  Jervia 
in  capture  of  French  West  Indies,  1794  ;  general  and 
privy  councillor,  1795 ;  created  baron,  1801,  and  earl, 

1806.  [xxiii.  172] 

GREY,  CHARLES,   second  EARL  GREY,  VISCOUXT 

HOWICK,  and  BARON  GREY  (1764-1845),  statesman  ;  son 

!  of  Charles  Grey,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and 

;  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.P.,  Northumberland,  1786- 

1807,  Appleby  (Viscount  Howick),  1807  ;  acted  with  Fox, 
except   on    the    regency    question,   during    Pitt's    first 
ministry;  one  of  the;  managers  of  Warren  Hast  ings's  im- 
peachment, 1787  ;  took  up  reform  question  for  Society  of 
Friends  of  the  People,  1793,  and  in  1797  brought  forward 
his  first  bill ;  attacked  Pitt's  foreign  policy  and  repressive 
legislation ;  seceded  from  House  of  Commons  with  whig 
party,  1797  ;  returned  to  resist  Irish  union,  1800 ;  refused 
to  join  Addington,  favoured  renewal  of  the  war,  and  acted 
with  Grenville  during  Pitt's  second  ministry ;  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  1806  :  foreign  secretary,  1806-7,  resigning 
when  George  III  required  a  pledge  not  to  reintroduce 
catholic  emancipation ;    acted   with  Grenville   as  joint 
adviser  to  the  Prince  Regent,  1811 ;  with  Grenville  refused 
either  to  form  a  whig  ministry  without  control  of  the 
household,  or  to  join  coalition  with  tories,  but  maintained, 
in  opposition  to  Grenville,  the  principle  of  supporting 
independence   of   nationalities    in    foreign   affairs,   and 
differed  from  him  in  opposing  all  repressive  legislation  ; 
opposed  the  king's  divorce  bill  of   1820,  and  refused  to 
co-operate  with  Canning ;  again  took  up  parliamentary 
reform,  1830;   prime  minister  of  whig  administration, 
1831;  introduced  a  reform  bill,  1831;  defeated  in  com- 

1  mittee  ;  dissolved,  1831  ;  carried  new  bill  in  Commons,  but 


GREY 


536 


GREY 


lost  it  on  second  rending  in  Lords ;  reintroduced  it  in 
Lords,  but  was  defeated  on  motion  to  postpone  dis- 
franchising clause?,  1832 :  resigned,  but  returned  in  a  few- 
days  (May  1832)  with  promise  of  power  to  create  peers, 
and  finally  carried  the  bill;  retired,  1834,  in  consequence 
of  a  disagreement  in  the  cabinet  on  the  renewal  of  the 
Irish  coercion  act  of  1833,  he  himself  favouring  severity  ; 
K.G.  [xxiii.  173] 

GREY,  CHARLES  (1804-1870),  general ;  second  sur- 
viving son  of  Charles  Grey,  second  earl  Grey  [q.  v.]  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 71st  highbinders,  1H33-42;  general,  1865; 
private  secretary  to  his  father,  1H30-4,  to  Prince  Albert, 
1849-61,  and  afterwards  to  Queen  Victoria,  1861-70 ;  M.P., 
High  Wycombe,  1831-7  ;  published  biography  of  his  father, 
1861,  and  'Early  Years  of  The  Prince  Consort,'  1867. 

[xxiii.  179] 

GREY,  SIR  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1785-1865),  Indian 
judge  and  colonial  governor;  B.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1806 ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1808;  bar- 
rister, 1811;  bankruptcy  commissioner,  1817;  judge  of 
Madras  supreme  court,  1820 ;  knighted,  1820 ;  chief-justice 
of  Bengal,  1825;  special  commissioner  to  Canada,  1835; 
M.P.,  Tynemouth,  1838-41 ;  governor  of  Barbados  and 
other  islands,  1841-6,  of  Jamaica,  1847-53.  [xxiii.  180] 

GREY,  KDMUND,  first  EARL  OP  KKXT  (1420  ?-1489), 
lord  high  treasurer ;  grandson  of  Reginald  de  Grey,  third 
Imron  Grey  of  Ruthin  [q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded,  1440 : 
supported  Henry  VI ;  deserted  to  Yorkists  at  battle  of 
Northampton,  1460  :  privy  councillor,  1463  ;  lord  trea- 
surer, 1463 ;  created  Earl  of  Kent,  1465 ;  commissioner  of 
oyer  and  terminer  in  London  and  home  counties,  1483. 

[xxiii.  180] 

GREY,  ELIZABETH,  CouNTKSS  OP  KENT  (1581- 
1651),  authoress;  nit  Talbot;  married  Henry,  seventh 
earl  of  Kent ;  said  to  have  been  afterwards  secretly  mar- 
ried to  Selden  ;  published  '  A  Choice  Manuall,  or  Rare 
and  Select  Secrets  in  Physick  and  Chyrurgery'  (2uded., 
1653),  and  a  book  of  culinary  recipes  (19th  od.,  16873. 

[xxiii.  181] 

GREY,  FORDE,  EARL  OF  TANKERVILLE  (rf.  1701), 
whig  politician  ;  succeeded  as  third  Baron  Grey  of  Werk, 
1675 ;  a  zealous  exclusionist,  1681 ;  convicted  of  con- 
spiracy to  carry  off  his  sister-in-law,  Lady  Henrietta 
Berkeley,  1682 ;  fled  to  Holland  on  discovery  of  Rye  House 
plot,  1683 ;  commanded  Monmouth's  horse  at  Sedgemoor, 
1685;  gave  evidence  against  his  associates,  and  was 
restored  to  title,  1685 ;  joined  William  of  Orange ;  created 
Earl  of  Tankerville,  1695 ;  privy  councillor,  1695 ;  com- 
missioner of  trade,  1696;  first  commissioner  of  the  trea- 
sury, 1699  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1700.  [xxiii.  182] 

GREY,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OP  KENT  (d.  1503), 
soldier ;  styled  Lord  Grey  of  Ruthin  till  1489 ;  saw  mili- 
tary service  in  France  under  Edward  IV  and  Henry  VII ; 
commanded  against  Cornish  rebels  at  Blackheath,  1497. 

[xxiii.  181] 

GREY,  SIR  GEORGE,  second  baronet  (1799-1882), 
statesman  ;  grandson  of  Charles  Grey,  first  earl  Grey  [q.  v.] ; 
graduated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1821 ;  barrister,  1826; 
practised  as  barrister;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1828;  M.P., 
Devonport,  1832-47,  North  Northumberland,  1847-52,  and 
Morpeth,  1853-74 ;  under-secretary  for  colonies,  1834  and 
1835-9;  judge  advocate-general,  1839-41;  chancellor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1841 ;  home  secretary  under  Russell, 
1846-52,  and  under  Palmerston,  1855-8  and  1861-6;  colo- 
nial secretary  in  Lord  Aberdeen's  coalition  ministry, 
1854-5 ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1859-61 ;  carried 
convict  discipline  bill,  which  abolished  transportation. 

[xxiii.  183] 

GREY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1812-1898),  colonial  governor ; 
educated  at  Sandhurst:  received  commission  in  83rd 
foot,  1829;  captain,  1839;  left  army,  1839;  made  explor- 
ing expeditions  for  Royal  Geographical  Society,  north- 
western coast  of  Western  Australia ;  governor  of  South 
Australia,  1841-5,  New  Zealand,  1846-63  (both  of  which 
colonies  he  raised  from  state  of  disorder  to  that  of  peace  and 
comparative  prosperity),  and  Cape  Colony,  1853 ;  recalled, 
1859,  for  encouraging,  without  official  permission,  a  policy 
of  South  African  federation  ;  restored  to  office,  1869 ;  again 
governor  of  New  Zealand,  1861-7,  daring  which  period 
be  came  into  frequent  conflict  with  his  ministers  and  the 
colonial  office;  chosen  (1874)  superintendent  of  province 
of  Auckland ;  member  of  House  of  Representatives  for 
Auckland  city  (1874-94),  led  opposition  to  centralist 


I  party ;    prime  minister,  1877-9  ;    successfully  advocated 

adult  franchise,  triennial   parliaments,  taxation   of  land 

I  values,  leasing  instead  of  sale  of  crown  lands,  and  com- 

:  pulsory  repurchase  of  private  estates  ;   returned  to   Kn<_'- 

land,  1S94;  privy  councillor,  1894 ;  buried  publicly  in  St. 

I  Paul's  Cathedral ;  published  works  relating  to  language, 

topography,  and  history  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

[Suppl.  ii.  357] 

GREY,  HENRY,  DUKK  op  SUFFOLK,  third  MAHQUIR 
OP  DOKSKT  (d.  1554),  father  of  Lady  Jane  Grey :  succeeded 
as  third  Marquis  of  Dorset,  15:50  ;  K.G.,  1547  ;  prominent 
during  Edward  VI's  minority :  privy  councillor,  154'.t ; 
attached  himself  first  to  Seymour  of  Sudeley,  and  from 
1548  to  Dudley  (Northumberland) ;  created  duke  on  deatli 
of  wife's  male  relations,  1551 ;  gave  up  Lady  Jane  Grey's 
cause,  1553,  and  was  pardoned  by  Mary;  joined  rising 
against  Spanish  marriage ;  executed  for  treason. 

[xxiiu  184] 

GREY,  HENRY,  ninth  EARL  OP  KKNT  (1594-1651), 
parliamentarian ;  M.P.  (as  Lord  Ruthin)  for  Leicester- 
shire, 1640-3  ;  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1643-4,  1646-6, 
and  1648-9  ;  speaker  of  House  of  Lords,  1645  and  1647. 

[xxiii.  186] 

GREY,  HENRY,  first  EARL  OP  STAMFORD  (1599  ?- 
1673),  parliamentarian  general;  succeeded  as  second 
Baron  Grey  of  Groby,  1614;  created  Earl  of  Stamford, 
1628 ;  commanded  under  Essex  in  the  west,  1642-3 ; 
defeated  at  Stratton,  1643;  besieged  and  compelled  to 
surrender  to  Prince  Maurice  at  Exeter,  1643  ;  impeached 
for  assaulting  Sir  Arthur  Haselrig,  1645  ;  declared  for 
Charles  II,  1659  ;  committed  to  the  Tower,  1659. 

[xxiii.  187] 

GREY,  HENRY,  DUKE  OF  KENT,  eleventh  EARL 
OP  KKNT  (1664  ?-1740);  grandson  of  Henry  Grey,  ninth 
earl  of  Keut[q.v.];  created  duke,  1710;  a  lord  justice, 
1714.  [xxiii.  187] 

GREY,  HENRY  (1778-1859),  Free  church  minister ;  at 
Stenton,  St.  Outhbert's  Chapel,  Edinburgh,  1813-21,  the 
New  North  Church,  1821-5,  and  St.  Mary's,  1829  ;  seceded, 
1843;  chairman  of  general  assembly,  1844;  the  drey 
scholarships  at  New  College,  Edinburgh,  founded  in  his 
honour.  [xxiii.  188] 

GREY,  SIR  HENRY  GEORGE,  VISCOUNT  HOWICK, 
and  afterwards  third  EARL  GREY  (1802-1894),  statesman  ; 
son  of  Charles  Grey,  second  earl  Grey  [q.v.];  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1823 ;  whig  M.P.,  Winchelsea, 
1826-30,  Higham  Ferrers,  1830;  uuder-secretary  for 
colonies  in  his  father's  administration,  1830-3,  and  for 
home  affairs,  1834-5  ;  M.P.,  Northumberland,  1831,  and 
for  northern  division  of  Northumberland,  1832-41  ; 
privy  councillor  and  secretary-at-war,  1835-9  ;  proposed 
amendment  to  Irish  franchise  bill  which  resulted 
in  defeat  of  government,  1841,  and  abandonment  of 
bill ;  M.P.,  Sunderland,  1841 ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1845, 
and  became  active  leader  of  his  party  in  House  of 
Lords ;  secretary  for  colonies,  1846-52  ;  instituted  ticket- 
of-leave  system,  1848  ;  strongly  advocated  transportation 
of  convicts  ;  revived  committee  of  privy  council  for  trade 
and  foreign  plantations  as  a  deliberative  and  advisory  body, 
1849 ;  published  '  Colonial  Policy  of  Lord  John  Russell's 
Administration,'  1853 ;  maintained  a  critical  and  inde- 
pendent attitude  after  1852  ;  strongly  opposed  Gladstone's 
home  rule  policy,  1885-6  ;  published  political  writings. 

[Suppl.  ii.  361] 

GREY,  LADY  JANE  (1537-1554).    [See  DUDLEY.] 

GREY  or  GRAY,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1214),  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich  1200-14;  elected  by  King  John's  influence  to  the 
primacy,  1205,  but  his  election  quashed  in  favour  of 
Langton  by  Innocent  III,  1207;  justice  itinerant;  lent 
money  to  John ;  named  by  Matthew  Paris  among  the 
king's  evil  counsellors ;  excluded  from  the  general  abso- 
lution of  1213 ;  as  justiciar  of  Ireland  (1210-13)  re- 
modelled the  coinage  on  the  English  pattern  ;  bishop- 
elect  of  Durham ;  died  at  St.  Jean  d'Audely  while  return- 
ing from  Rome.  [xxiiL  189] 

GREY,  SIR  JOHN  DK  (d.  1266),  judge ;  fined  and  de- 
prived of  justiceship  of  Chester  for  marrying  without 
royal  license,  1261  ;  forgiven  after  taking  the  cross,  1263  ; 
steward  of  Gascouy,  1253  ;  one  of  the  twelve  representa- 
tives of  the  commonalty,  1268 ;  justice  in  eyre  in  Somerset, 
Dorset,  and  Devon,  1260 ;  fought  in  Wales  against  the 
barons;  sheriff  of  Nottinghamshire  and  Derbyshire,  1265. 

[xxiii.  191] 


GREY 


537 


GREY 


GREY,  JOHN  DK,  second  BARON  GIIKY  OK  WII.TOX 
(1268-1323),  grandson  of  Sir  John  dc  Orcy  [q.  v.]  ;  sum- 
moned to  parliament,  1309 ;  a  lord  ordiiiner,  131U,  and 
member  of  barons'  council,  1318  ;  justice  of  North  Wales, 
1315  ;  joined  Edward  II,  1322.  [xxiii.  191] 

GREY,  JOHN  DE,  necond  BARON  GREY  OF  ROTH  FIR- 
FIELD  (1300-1359),  soldier;  constantly  employed  in  wars 
of  Edward  111:  one  of  the  original  K.G.s,  1344;  steward 
of  the  household,  1350.  [xxiil.  192] 

GREY,  JOHN  DK,  third  BARON  (sixth  by  tenure) 
GRKV  OK  OOD.NOR  (1305-1392), soldier  ;  served  Edward  III 
in  Scotland,  Flanders,  and  France;  governor  of  Rochester 
Castle,  1360.  [xxiii.  192] 

GREY  or  GRAY,  JOHN,  EARL  OF  TANKKRVILLK  (d. 
1421),  soldier;  grandson  of  Thomas  Gray  (</.  1369?) 
[q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  siege  of  Harfleur  and  battle  of 
Agincourt,  1415 ;  received  executed  brother's  lands  at 
Hetou  ;  served  in  Henry  V's  second  expedition,  1417,  and 
assisted  in  conquest  of  the  Ootentiu,  1418;  created  Earl 
of  Taukerville,  chamberlain  of  Normandy,  and  K.G.,  1419  ; 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  negotiate  for  king's  marriage  ; 
served  at  siege  of  Rouen,  1419  ;  killed  at  battle  of  Beauge. 

[xxiii.  192] 

GREY,  JOHN,  eighth  BARON  FKRRKRS  OF  GROBT 
(1432-14G1),  Lancastrian;  not  summoned  to  parliament, 
and  usually  styled  Sir  John  ;  first  husband  of  Elizabeth 
Woodville  (queen  of  Edward  IV)  ;  killed  at  second  battle 
of  St.  Albaus.  [xxiii.  193] 

GREY,  LORD  JOHN  (d.  1 569),  youngest  son  of  Thomas 
Grey,  second  marquis  of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ;  deputy  of  New- 
haven  under  Edward  VI ;  received  grants  of  land  from 
Edward  VI  and  Mary ;  joined  Wyatt's  rising,  1564,  and 
only  obtained  his  life  at  intercession  of  his  wife  ;  granted 
Pyrgo,  Essex,  and  other  estates  by  Elizabeth ;  one  of  the 
four  nobles  who  superintended  alterations  in  prayer-book, 
1658:  lost  favour  by  espousing  cause  of  Catherine  Seymour 
[q.  v.],  his  niece.  [xxiii.  194] 

GREY,  SIR  JOHN  (1780  ?-1856),  lieutenant-general ; 
served  with  75th  against  Tippoo  Sahib  ;  with  5th  in  Penin- 
sula, being  wounded  at  storming  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1812  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  2nd  battalion,  1812-16 ;  commanded 
left  wing  at  Punniar,  Gwalior,  1843 ;  created  K.C.B. ; 
commander-in-chief  and  member  of  Bombay  council, 
1850-2 ;  lieutenant-general,  1851.  [xxiii.  195] 

GREY,  JOHN  (1785-1868),  of  Dilaton,  agriculturist ; 
managed  Greenwich  Hospital  mining  estates,  1833-63,  and 
by  applying  Liebig's  discoveries  increased  their  value ; 
assisted  Clarkson  and  Brougham  in  anti-slavery  agita- 
tion ;  intimate  with  Earl  Grey,  Althorpe,  and  Jeffrey. 

[xxiii.  196] 

GREY  or  GRAY,  LORD  LEONARD,  VISCOUNT  GRANE 
of  Ireland  (d.  1541),  statesman ;  sixth  son  of  Thomas, 
first  marquis  of  Dorset  [q.  v.] ;  when  marshal  of  the 
English  army  in  Ireland,  1535,  obtained  surrender  of 
Thomas  Fitzgerald,  tenth  earl  of  Kildare  [q.  v.],  his  con- 
nection ;  as  deputy-governor  of  Ireland  presided  over 
the  important  parliament  of  1536-7,  allied  himself  with 
Desmond  against  Ormonde  ;  defeated  Desmond,  1539 ;  be- 
headed on  Tower  Hill  on  charge  of  supporting  native  Irish 
and  favouring  Geraldines.  [xxiii.  196] 

GREY,  LADY  MARY  (15407-1578).    [See  KEYS.] 

GREY,  NICHOLAS  (1590  ?-l 660),  head-master  of  Eton  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1613  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1614 ;  head-master  of  Charter- 
house, 1614,  of  Merchant  Taylors',  1625-32,  and  of  Ton- 
bridge  during  Commonwealth ;  head-master  of  Eton  and 
fellow,  1632 ;  ejected  during  the  civil  war ;  restored,  1660. 

[xxiii.  197] 

GREY,  REGINALD  DE,  third  BARON  GREY  OF  RUTHIX 
(1362  7-1440),  succeeded  to  title,  1388  ;  successful  in  a  suit 
(1401-10)  against  Edward  Hastings  for  right  to  bear 
Hastings  arms  and  title  Earl  of  Pembroke;  governor  of 
Ireland,  1398 ;  as  member  of  Henry  IV's  council  advised 
recourse  to  parliament  on  question  of  war  with  France, 
1401 ;  carried  on  war  with  Owen  Glendower,  by  whom  he 
was  captured,  1402,  and  kept  prisoner  near  Suowdon : 
continued  Welsh  war,  1409;  member  of  council  of 
regency,  1415.  [xxiii.  197] 

GREY,  RICHARD  DE,  second  BARON  GREY  OF  OODNOK 
(fl.  1250),  baronial  leader;  governor  of  Channel  islands, 


1226;  sheriff  of  Northumberland,  1236,  of  Essex  and 
Hertford,  1239  ;  took  the  crow,  1262  ;  one  of  the  twenty- 
four  and  the  fifteen  perpetual  councillors,  1268 ;  custoi  of 
Dover  and  warden  of  Cinque  ports  and  I  tot-heater  for 
barons  ;  captured  by  Prince  Edward  at  Keuilworth,  1266  ; 
surrendered  again,  1266.  [xxiii.  199] 

GREY,    RICHARD    DK,   second    BARON   GREY   OF 

Consult  (</.  1335),  served  in  Scotland  under  Edward  II 
and  Edward  III;  steward  of  Aquitaine,  1324:  constable 
of  Nottingham,  1326-7.  [xxiii.  192] 

GREY,  RICHARD  DE,  fourth  BARON  (seventh  by 
tenure)  GREY  OK  COUNOR  (d.  1419),  succeeded  hU  grand- 
father, John  Grey,  third  baron  (1305-1392)  [q.  v.],  13»2 ; 
admiral  of  the  fleet  and  governor  of  Roxburgh,  1400; 
justice  of  South  Wales,  1404  :  lieutenant,  1406-6  .  constable 
of  Nottingham,  1407;  much  employed  on  diplomatic 
missions.  [xxiii.  199] 

GREY,  LORD  RICHARD  (d.  1483),  brother  of  Thomas 
Grey,  first  marquis  of  Dorset  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1476 ;  accused 
by  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester,  of  estranging  Edward  V 
from  him  ;  beheaded.  [xxiii.  194] 

GREY,  RICHARD  (1694-1771),  author ;  M.A.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1719  ;  chaplain  and  secretary  to  Bishop 
Crew  of  Durham ;  rector  of  Hiuton,  Northamptonshire, 
1720,  and  Kimcote,  Leicestershire,  1725  ;  friend  of  Dod- 
dridge  and  Dr.  Johnson ;  his  '  Memoria  Technica'  (1730) 
reprinted  as  late  as  1861 ;  for  '  System  of  English  Ecclesi- 
astical Law '  created  D.D.  Oxfcrd,  1731.  [xxiii.  200] 

GREY,  ROGER,  first  BARON  GREY  OF  RDTHIN  (d. 
1353),  younger  son  of  John  de  Grey,  second  baron  Grey 
of  Wilton  [q.  v.] ;  summoned  to  parliament  as  Roger  de 
Grey,  1324;  served  in  Scotland,  1318,  1322,  and  1341; 
custos  of  Abergaveuny  Castle,  1331.  [xxiii.  201] 

GREY,  THOMAS,  first  MARQUIS  OP  DORSET  (1451- 
1501),  succeeded  his  father,  John  Grey,  eighth  Baron 
Ferrers  of  Groby  [q.  v.]  as  ninth  baron,  1461 ;  created 
Earl  of  Huntingdon,  1471,  having  fought  for  Edward  IV 
at  Tewkesbury ;  K.B.  and  Marquis  of  Dorset,  1475 ;  K.G., 
1476  ;  privy  councillor,  1476 ;  took  arms  against  Richard  III 
and  joined  Richmond  in  Brittany,  but  did  not  accompany 
him  to  England :  his  titles  confirmed,  1486 ;  imprisoned 
on  suspicion,  1487  ;  served  with  the  expedition  to  aid  the 
Emperor  Maximilian,  1492,  and  against  the  Cornish 
rebels,  1497  ;  early  patron  of  Wolsey.  [xxiii.  201] 

GREY,  THOMAS,  second  MARQUIS  OF  DORSET  (1477- 
1530),  third  son  of  Thomas  Grey,  first  marquis  of  Dorset 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Magdalen  College  school ;  styled 
Lord  Harington  till  1501 ;  K.G.,  1501 ;  imprisoned  during 
last  years  of  Henry  VII's  reign  :  won  favour  of  Henry  VIII 
by  skill  in  tournaments  :  commanded  unsuccessful  expe- 
dition for  recovery  of  Guienne,  1512  ;  took  part  in  French 
war,  1513:  present  at  meetings  of  Henry  VIII  with 
Francis  I  and  Emperor  Charles  V,  1520  ;  warden  of  Scottish 
marches ;  witness  against  Queen  Catherine  and  signer 
of  articles  against  Wolsey,  1529 ;  pensioner  of  the  emperor 
and  the  French  king.  [xxiii.  202] 

GREY,  THOMAS,  fifteenth  and  last  BARON  GREY  OF 
WILTON-  (d.  1614),  succeeded  his  father,  Arthur  Grey, 
fourteenth  baron  [q.  v.],  1593 ;  served  against  the  Armada  ; 
a  volunteer  in  the  Islands'  Voyage,  1597  ;  colonel  of  horse 
in  Ireland,  1599  ;  in  Netherlands  army  at  Nieuport,  1600 ; 
general  of  the  horse  against  Essex  and  Southampton,  and 
a  commissioner  at  their  trial,  1601 ;  involved  in  '  Bye  * 
plot  against  James  I ;  reprieved  on  the  scaffold,  1603 ; 
detained  in  the  Tower  till  his  death.  [xxiii.  204] 

GREY,  THOMAS,  BARON  GREY  OP  GROBY  (1683?- 
1657),  regicide  ;  son  of  Henry  Grey,  first  earl  of  Stamford 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  Leicester  in  Long  parliament  and  that  of 
1654 ;  commander  of  midland  counties  association,  1643 ; 
present  at  first  battle  of  Newbury,  1643 ;  thanked  by  par- 
liament for  capture  of  Duke  of  Hamilton,  1648 ;  active  in 
4  Pride's  Purge,'  1648  :  one  of  Charles  I's  judges ;  member 
of  council  of  state,  1649-64 :  received  surrender  of  Massey 
after  Worcester,  1G51;  imprisoned  as  a  Fifth-monarchy 
man,  1655.  [xxiii.  206] 

GREY,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  STAMFORD  (1654- 
1720),  statesman;  son  of  Thomas  Grey,  baron  Grey  of 
Groby  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1668 ;  suc- 
ceeded his  grandfather,  Henry  Grey,  first  earl  [q.  v.], 
as  second  earl,  1673;  member  of  Shaftesbury's  party; 


GREY 


538 


GRIFFIN 


imprisoned  as  connected  with  Rye  House  plot.  1083  :  par- 
doned, 1686  ;  member  of  committee  for  in  vr^tiiMtiii'-r  deaths 
of  Russell  and  Sydney,  1689 ;  privy  councillor,  1694  ;  com- 
missioner of  trade,  1695;  ohancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  1697 ;  president  of  board  of  trade  and  foreign 
plantations,  1699-1702  and  1707-11 ;  F.R.S.,  1708. 

[xxiil.  207] 

GREY,  THOMAS  PHILIP  DK,  EARL  DK  GREY  (1781- 
1859),  statesman  ;  descendant  of  Henry  Grey,  ninth  earl 
of  Kent  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father  as  third  Baron 
Grantham,  1786:  assumed  name  of  Weddetl,  1803,  of  De 
Grey  on  death  of  the  Countess  De  Grey,  his  aunt,  1833 ;  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1834-5  ;  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1841-4  ; 
P.R.S.,  1841 ;  first  president,  Society  of  British  Architects, 
1834-59;  published  'Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Charles 
Lucas.'  1845.  and  'Characteristics  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton,' 1853.  [xxiii.  208] 

GREY  or  GRAY,  WALTER  DE  (<f.  1256),  archbishop 
of  York  ;  as  chancellor  of  England,  1205-14,  one  of  King 
John's  chief  instruments  and  recipient  of  numerous 
benefices  from  him  ;  his  election  to  see  of  Lichfield,  1210, 
quashed  by  papal  legate ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1214 ;  one 
of  John's  supporters  at  Runnymead,  1215 ;  obtained  at 
Rome  the  quashing  of  Simon  Langton's  election  to  see 
of  York ;  archbishop  of  York,  1215-55 ;  acted  against 
French  party  during  minority  of  Henry  III ;  married 
Alexander  II  of  Scotland  to  Joanna,  sister  of  Henry  III 
of  England,  1221 ;  received  profession  of  obedience 
from  bishop-elect  of  Durham ;  employed  diplomatically 
by  Henry  III ;  chief  justiciar  during  Heury  Ill's  absence, 
1242-3  ;  entertained  Alexander  III  of  Scotland  on  his 
marriage  at  York  with  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  III, 
1252 ;  ranked  among  the  patriotic  prelates  in  later  years  ; 
built  south  transept  of  York  minster;  benefactor  of 
Ripon  and  Oxford  University.  [xxiii.  208] 

GREY.  WILLIAM  (rf.  1478),  bishop  of  Ely ;  D.D. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  Lin- 
coln, Lichfield,  and  York :  chancellor  of  Oxford,  1440-2 ; 
lived  much  in  Italy,  and  was  patron  of  scholars  ;  proctor 
of  Henry  VI  at  Rome,  1449-54 ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1454-78  ; 
acted  as  mediator,  1455  and  1460 ;  lord  high  treasurer, 
1469-70 ;  head  of  commission  to  negotiate  with  Scotland, 
1471-2 ;  benefactor  of  Ely  Cathedral  and  Balliol  College 
library.  [xxiii.  212] 

GREY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  thirteenth  BARON  GREY  DE 
WILTON  (d.  1532);  succeeded,  1529;  distinguished  in  French 
war,  1545-6,  and  as  commander  at  Pinkie,  1547  ;  captured 
and  fortified  Haddington,  1548;  pacified  west  of 
England,  1549  :  imprisoned  on  fall  of  Somerset,  1551 ; 
governor  of  Guisnes ;  attainted  for  supporting  Northum- 
berland, but  pardoned,  1553 ;  obliged  to  surrender  Guisnes 
to  the  French,  1558;  restored  to  his  honours  by  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  governor  of  Berwick,  1559  ;  failed  in  assault  on 
Leith,  1560.  [xxiii.  213] 

GREY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1649),  author  of  'Choro- 
graphia,  or  a  Svrvey  of  Newcastle  upon  Tine,'  1649. 

[xxiii.  215] 

GREY,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  GREY  OF  WERKK 
(d.  1674),  parliamentarian  ;  created  baronet,  1619  ;  created 
Baron  Grey,  1624 ;  commander  of  parliamentarian  forces 
in  the  east,  1642 ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  to  go  as  com- 
missioner to  Scotland,  1643 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Lords, 
1643  ;  a  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1648 ;  refused  the 
engagement,  1649  ;  pardoned  at  Restoration. 

[xxiii.  215J 

GREY,  WILLIAM  DE,  first  BARON  WALSINGHAM 
(1719-1781),  judge:  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1742 ;  K.O.,  1768  ;  M.P., 
Newport  (Cornwall),  1761-70,  Cambridge  University, 
1770-1 ;  attorney-general,  1766-71 ;  chief-justice  of  com- 
mon pleas,  1771-80 ;  created  Baron  Walsingham,  1780. 

[xxiii.  216] 

GREY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1818-1878),  Indian  and 
colonial  governor ;  educated  at  Haileybury  ;  secretary  to 
Bank  of  Bengal,  1861-4,  to  the  government,  1864-7; 
director-general  of  the  post-office  during  the  mutiny ; 
secretary  to  government  of  India,  1859 :  member  of 
governor-general's  council,  1862-7  ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Bengal,  1867-71 ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1874-7. 

[xxiii.  216] 

GREY,  ZACHARY  (1688-1766),  antiquary ;  scholar 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1707 ;  LL.D.,  1720 ;  rector  of 
Honghtou  Conquest,  1725,  and  vicar  of  St.  Giles  and  St. 
Peter's,  Cambridge ;  published  '  Iludibras  .  .  .  corrected 


and  amended,  with  large  annotations  and  a  prefac?.'  and 
cuts  by  Hogarth,  1744  (supplement,  1762);  also  contro- 
versial pamphlets  against  dissenting  writers,  and  attacks 
on  NVarburton's  critical  and  controversial  methods. 

[xxiii.  218] 

GRIBELIN. SIMON (1661-1733),  line-engraver;  came 
to  England,  c.  1680 ;  engraved  seven  small  plates  of 
Raffaelle's  cartoons,  1707  ;  engraved  portraits  and,  among 
other  pictures,  Rubens's  '  Apotheosis  of  James  I,'  1730. 

[xxiii.  219] 

GRIERSON,  MRS.  CONSTANTLY  (1706  V-1733), 
classical  scholar ;  intimate  with  Swift ;  edited  Terence 
(1727)  and  Tacitus  (1730)  for  her  husband,  George 
Grierson,  George  II's  printer  in  Ireland ;  wrote  English 
verse.  [xxiii.  220] 

GRIERSON  or  GRISSON,  JOHN  (d.  1564?),  Domi- 
nican ;  principal  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1500  ;  after- 
wards prior  of  St.  Andrews  and  provincial  in  Scotland, 

[xxiii.  220] 

GRIERSON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1655  ?-1733),  laird  of 
Lag ;  notorious  for  severity  towards  covenanters  ;  created 
a  Nova  Scotia  baronet,  1685  ;  presided  at  trial  and  execu- 
tion of  '  Wigtown  martyrs ' ;  fined  and  imprisoned  after 
the  Revolution ;  the  '  Sir  Robert  Redgauntlet '  of  Scott. 

[xxiii.  221] 

GRIEVE  or  GREIVE,  GEORGE  (1748-1809),  perse- 
cutor of  Madame  Du  Barry  ;  emigrated  to  America  from 
Alnwick,  c.  1780 ;  came  to  Paris,  1783 ;  on  Madame  Du 
Barry's  return  from  London,  March  1793,  caused  her 
name  to  be  placed  on  list  of  suspects,  published  a  pamphlet 
against  her,  and  thrice  obtained  her  arrest ;  died  at  Brussels. 

[xxiii.  222] 

GRIEVE,  JAMES  (d.  1773),  translator  of  '  Celsus ' ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1752  ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's,  1764, 
and  the  Charterhouse,  1765  ;  F.R.S.,  1769  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1771  : 
translated  Celsus  '  De  Medicina,'  1756.  [xxiii.  223] 

GRIEVE,  JOHN  (1781-1836),  Scottish  poet  and  friend 
of  Hogg;  contributed  to  ' Forest  Minstrel.'  [xxiii.  223] 

GRIEVE,  THOMAS  (1799-1882),  scene-painter  at 
Coveut  Garden  and  Drury  Lane ;  designed  the  diorama, 
'  Overland  Mail '  (1850),  and  assisted  Telbin  and  Absolon 
in  panoramas  ;  illustrated  '  Goody  Two  Shoes,'  1862. 

[xxiii.  224] 

GRIEVE,  WILLIAM  (1800-1844),  scene-painter; 
brother  of  Thomas  Grieve  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Drury  Lane  and  Her 
Majesty's.  [xxiii.  224] 

GRIFFIER,  JAN,  the  elder  (1656-1718),  painter  and 
etcher ;  intimate  with  Rembrandt  and  Ruysdael  at  Am- 
sterdam ;  followed  Looten  to  England ;  made  a  drawing 
during  the  great  fire,  1666  ;  lived  on  a  yacht  on  the  Thames, 
and  took  views  of  London  and  the  environs  ;  etched  plates 
of  Barlow's  birds  and  animals.  [xxiii.  224] 

GRIFFIER,  JAN,  the  younger  (d.  1750  ?),  landscape- 
painter  ;  sou  of  Jan  Griffler  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[xxiii.  226] 

GRIFFIER,  ROBERT  (1688-1760?),  landscape- 
painter  ;  son  of  Jan  Griffier  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[xxiii.  225] 

GRIFFIN,  B.  (/f.  1696),  poet  (probably  Bartholomew 
Griffin  of  Coventry),  author  of  '  Fidessa,  more  chaste  than 
kinde,'  1596  (the  third  sonnet  of  which  was  reproduced  in 

•  The  Passionate  Pilgrime,'  1599).  [xxiii.  225] 

GRIFFIN,  BENJAMIN  (1680-1740),  actor  and  dra- 
matist ;  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1715-21,  and  at  Drury 
Lane,  1721-40  ;  played  Lovegold  in  Fielding's*'  Miser,'  Sir 
Hugh  Evans,  and  Sir  Paul  Pliant;  wrote  farces  and 

•  Whig  and  Tory '  (comedy),  1720.  [xxiii.  226] 

GRIFFIN,  GERALD  (1803-1840),  dramatist,  novelist, 
and  poet ;  came  to  London  from  Ireland,  1823  ;  assisted 
by  Bauim;  returned  to  Limerick,  1838,  and  joined  the 
Christian  Brothers ;  published  stories  illustrative  of  Mun- 
ster  life  and  'The  Collegians,'  1829  ;  his  play,  'Gisippus,' 
produced  by  Macready  at  Drury  Lane,  1842.  His  novels 
and  poems  were  edited  by  his  brother,  1842-3,  his  poetical 
and  dramatic  works,  1857-9.  [xxiii.  226] 

GRIFFIN  (originally  WHITWELL),  JOHN,  ninth  BARON- 
HOWARD  DE  WALDKN  (1719-1797),  field-marshal;  served 
in  Netherlands  and  Germany  during  Austrian  succession 
and  seven  years'  wars ;  major-general,  1759  ;  K.B.,  1761 ; 
general,  1778;  field-marshal,  1796;  M.P.,  Andover,  1749- 
1784 :  succeeded  to  barony  <>f  Howard  de  Walden,  1784 ; 
created  Baron  Braybrooke,  1788.  [xxiii.  227] 


GRIFFIN 


531) 


GRIFFITHS 


GRIFFIN,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1802-1877),  i-hemist;  a 
publisher  till  1«52;  assisted  in  foundation  of  Chemical 
Society,  IKln;  <ii<l  inin-li  to  popularise  chemistry  by 
'Chemical  Kerreations,1  issi,  ami  other  works. 

[xxiii.  227] 

GRIFFIN,  THOMAS  (1706V-1771),  organ-bnilder ; 
Gresham  profe.-sor  of  music,  17ti:t.  [xxiii.  228] 

GRIFFIN,  THOMAS  (d.  1771),  admiral;  incurred 
much  obloquy  for  not  engaging  two  French  ships  off 
Ushant,  1745;  vice-admiral.  1748;  suspended  for  negli- 
gence while  commanding  in  West  Indies,  1750  ;  reinstated, 
1762  ;  admiral,  1771  ;  not  employed  again  ;  M.P.,  Arundel, 
1754-61.  [xxiii.  228] 

GRIFFITH.  [See  also  GRIFFIN,  GRIFFITHS,  and 
GRUFKYDD.] 

GRIFFITH,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1690X  divine;  M.A. 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1631 ;  deprived  of  Welsh  livings  for 
loyalty  ;  vicar  of  Glasbury,  1661 ;  wrote  against  parlia- 
mentary itinerant  preachers,  1654.  [xxiii.  230] 

GRIFFITH,  EDMUND  (1570-1637),  bishop  of  iBangor  ; 
M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1692  :  canon  of  Bangor, 
1600,  dean,  1613,  and  bishop,  1634-7 ;  D.D.  [xxiii.  230] 

GRIFFITH,  EDWARD  (1790-1858),  naturalist ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School ;  master  in  court  of  common 
pleas ;  F.R.S. ;  original  member  of  Zoological  Society  ; 
edited  translation  of  Cuvier's  '  Animal  Kingdom,"  1827- 
1834  ;  published  collection  of  Huntingdon  records,  1827. 

[xxiii.  230] 

GRIFFITH,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1720  ?-1793),  play- 
wright and  novelist;  married,  c.  1752,  Richard  Griffith 
(d.  1788)  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Genuine  Letters  between 
Henry  and  Frances '  1757,  and  novels,  translations,  and 
plays.  [xxiii.  231] 

GRIFFITH,  GEORGE  (1601-1666),  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1626 ;  D.D.,  1635 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  John  Owen  ; 
rector  of  Llanymyuech,  1633 ;  disputed  with  Vavasor 
Powell  [q.  v.],  1652-3  ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1660-6  ; 
helped  to  draw  up  form  of  baptisms  for  adults. 

[xxiii.  231] 

GRIFFITH  or  GRIFFIN,  JOHN  (fl.  1553),  prae- 
monstratensian,  of  Halesowen;  published  'Conciones 
-rtCstivales'  and  '  Conciones  Hyemales.'  [xxiii.  233] 

GRIFFITH,  JOHN  (1622  ?-1700),  general  baptist 
minister  of  Dunning's  Alley,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without ; 
frequently  imprisoned.  [xxiii.  233] 

GRIFFITH,  JOHN  (1714-1798),  independent  minister ; 
published  '  A  Brand  Plucked  out  of  the  Fire,'  1759. 

[xxiii.  233] 

GRIFFITH,  MATTHEW  (1599  9-1665).  master  of  the 
Temple;  B.A.  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1618;  rector  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Old  Fish  Street,  and  (1640)  St.  Benet 
Sherehog ;  Fequestered,  1642 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1643  ;  royal 
chaplain,  1643  ;  helped  to  defend  Basing  House,  1645  ;  his 
royalist  sermon  (1660)  answered  by  Milton,  1660  ;  master 
of  the  Temple  and  rector  of  Bladou,  Oxfordshire,  c.  1661-5. 

[xxiii.  234] 

GRIFFITH,  GRIFFYTH,  or  GRIFFYN,  MAURICE 
(d.  1558),  bishop  of  Rochester  ;  B.D.  Oxford,  1582 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Rochester,  1637  ;  bishop,  1554-8.  [xxiii.  234] 

GRIFFITH,  MOSES  (1724-1785),  physician;  of 
Shrewsbury  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.D. 
Leydeu,  1744 ;  said  to  have  invented  Pharmacopeia  iron 
mixture.  [xxiii.  235] 

GRIFFITH,  MOSES  (fl.  1769-1809),  draughtsman 
and  engraver  ;  employed  by  Thomas  Pennant  [q.  v.]  and 
Francis  Grose  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  235] 

GRIFFITH,  PIERS  (d.  1628),  naval  adventurer  ;  ac- 
cording to  tradition  commanded  a  ship  against  the 
Armada,  and  was  disgraced  for  attacks  on  Spanish  after 
the  war;  possibly  identical  with  •  Welsh  pirate'  taken  at 
Cork  in  1603.  [xxiii.  235] 

GRIFFITH,  RICHARD  (1635 7-1691),  physician; 
fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford,  1654 ;  M.A.,  1660 ; 
M.D.  Caen,  lt»64;  F.R.C.P.,  1687, and  twice  censor;  pub- 
lished •  A-la-Mode  Phlebotomy  no  good  fashion,'  1681. 

[xxiii.  236] 

GRIFFITH,  RICHARD  (d.  1719),  navy  captain  ;  for 
recapturing  with  the  aid  of  a  boy  a  merchantman  taken 
by  the  French,  1691,  niven  command  of  the  Mary  galley, 
tender  to  the  admiral  at  La  Hogue,  1692;  suspended  for 


not  maintaining  discipline,  but  after  1702  ruappointed 
commander,  [xxiii.  23»i] 

GRIFFITH,    RICHARD  (d.  1788),  author  ;   collabo- 

rati'd  with  his  wife,  Elizabeth  (iriflith  [q.  v.] ;  published 
'The  Triumvirate  ...  by  Biourraph  Triglyph  '  (novel), 
1764,  and  '  Variety '  (comedy),  acted  1782.  [xxiii.  237] 

GRIFFITH,  RICHARD  (1762-1820),  ron  of  Richard 
Griffith  (d.  1788)  [q.  v.] ;  deputy-governor,  co.  Kildare; 
sat  for  Askeaton  in  Irish  parliament,  1783-90. 

[xxiii.  238] 

GRIFFITH,   SIR    RICHARD    JOHN,    first    baronet 

(1784-1878),  geologist  and  civil  engineer:  son  of  Richard 

Griffith  (1 752-1  H20)[q.v.]  ;  surveyed  coalfields  of  Lei  nster. 

1808 ;  reported  on  Irish  bogs ;  professor  of  geology  and 

mining  engineer  to  Royal  Dublin  Society,  1812  :  inspector 

of  Irish  mines ;  Wollaston  medallist  for  geological  map, 

lsi5;    superintended   road    construction   in   the    south, 

1822-30;  commissioner  of  valuation,  1828-68;  chairman 

i  of  Irish  board  of  works,  1860-64;    hon.  LL.D.  Dublin, 

j  1851 ;  created  baronet,  1868.  [xxiii.  288] 

GRIFFITH,  WALTER  (d.  1779),  captain  in  the 
navy  ;  gave  Hawke  important  intelligence  of  French 
fleet  off  Brest,  November  1759  ;  took  part  in  defence  of 
Sandy  Hook,  1778  ;  present  at  actions  off  St.  Lucia  and 
Grenada,  1778-9 ;  killed  in  Fort  Royal  Bay.  [xxiii.  239] 

GRIFFITH,  WILLIAM  (1810-1845),  botanist  ;  studied 
at  London  University  under  Lindley ;  entered  East  India 
Company's  medical  service,  1832  ;  accompanied  a  botani- 
cal expedition  to  Assam  and  Bunnah  (1836-6),  Bhotan, 
Khorassan,  and  Afghanistan ;  died  at  Malacca  ;  works 
published  posthumously  by  Dr.  MacClelland. 

[xxiii.  240] 

GRIFFITH,  WILLIAM  PETTIT  (1815-1884),  archi- 
tect and  archaeologist ;   F.R.I.B.A.,  1842  ;  superintended 
I  reparations  at  St.  John's  and  St.  James's  churches,  and 
j  St.  John's  Gate,  Clerkenwell,  1845-61.    His  works  include 
'Ancient  Gothic  Churches,'   1847-52,    'Suggestions  for 
a  more  Perfect  and  Beautiful  Period  of  Gothic  Architec- 
ture,' 1855,  and  papers  on  ornamental  architecture. 

[xxiii.  241] 
GRIFFITHS,  ANN  (1780-1805),  Welsh  hymn-writer. 

[xxiii.  242] 

GRIFFITHS,  DAVID  (1792-1863),  missionary  in 
Madagascar,  1821-35  ;  published  New  Testament  in  lan- 
guage of  Madagascar ;  expelled,  1835 ;  allowed  to  return 
as  -merchant,  1838 ;  finally  expelled,  1842 ;  published  '  His- 
j  toryof  Madagascar'  in  Welsh,  and  Malagasy  grammar 
and  text-books.  [xxiii.  242] 

GRIFFITHS,  EVAN  (1795-1873),  Welsh  independent 
minister.    His  works  include  a  Welsh-English  dictionary, 
1847,  and  Welsh  versions  of  Matthew  Henry's  '  Commen- 
;  tary.'  [xxiii.  243] 

GRIFFITHS,  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  (d.  1869), 
major,  R.A. ;  published  '  Artillerist's  Manual,'  1840. 

[xziii.  244] 

GRIFFITHS,  GEORGE  EDWARD  (d.  1829),  editor 
of  the  '  Monthly  Review  '  till  1825,  and  verse-writer ; 
son  of  Ralph  Griffiths  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  246] 

GRIFFITHS,  JOHN  (1731-1811),  congregationalist ; 

pastor  of  Glaudwr,  Pembrokeshire,  and  founder  of  ex- 

!  pository  classes  ;  translated  English  hymns  into  Welsh  ; 

j  published  works,  including  Welsh  versions  of  the  '  Shorter 

j  Catechism.'  [xxiii.  244] 

GRIFFITHS,  JOHN  (1806-1885),  keeper  of  the 
archives  at  Oxford  ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Wadham 
College,  Ox  ford ;  B.  A.,  1827  ;  fellow,  1830  ;  sub- warden  of 
Wadham  College,  1837-54  ;  one  of  the'  four  tutors  '  who 
protested  against '  Tract  XC,'  1841 ;  keeper  of  the  archives 
at  Oxford,  1857  ;  warden  of  Wadham  College,  1871-81 ; 
edited  Inett's  '  Origines  Anglicanse,'  1855,  the  'Homilies,' 
1859,  two  plays  of  yEschylus,  and  the  Laudiau  '  Statutes,' 
1888 ;  published  also  work  on  Greek  accents,  1831. 

[xxiii.  244] 

GRIFFITHS,  alias  ALFORD,  MICHAEL  (1687-1662). 
[See  ALPORO.] 

GRIFFITHS,  RALPH  (1720-1803),  founder,  proprie- 
tor and  publisher  of  the  '  Monthly  Review ' :  previously 
partner  with  Thomas  (Tom)  Davies  (1712  ?-1785)  [q.  v.]  in 
an  evening  paper ;  started  the  '  Monthly  Review,'  174»  ; 
assisted  by  Goldsmith,  1757-8,  and  his  first  wife  ;  LL.D. 
Philadelphia.  [xxiii.  245] 


GRIFFITHS 


540 


GKRINFIELD 


GRIFFITHS,  ROBERT  (1805  -  1883),  inventor  ; 
patented  mechanical  contrivances,  including  rivet- 
machine,  1835,  and  (with  John  Gold)  glass-grinding  and 
l>oli<hing  machine,  1836 ;  curried  on  engineering  works  nt 
Havre  with  M.  Labruere,  1845-8 ;  his  first  screw  pro- 
peller patented,  1849,  improvements,  1853,  1858,  1878. 

[xxiii.  246] 

GRIFFITHS,  THOMAS  (1791-1847),  Roman  catholic 
prelate  ;  president  of  St.  Edmund's  (new)  College,  1818-33; 
bishop  of  Olena  in  parlibus,  1833 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  Lon- 
don district,  1836-47.  [xxiii.  247] 

GRIGNION  or  GRIGNON,  CHARLES,  the  yonnger 
(1754-1804),  painter  :  pupil  of  Cipriani ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1770-81 ;  afterwards  at  Rome  as  history  and 
portrait-painter ;  painted  portrait  of  Nelson,  1798  :  died  at 
Leghorn.  [xxiii.  247] 

GRIGNION  or  GRIGNON,  CHARLES,  the  elder 
(1717-1810),  line-engraver ;  uncle  of  Charles  Grignion  or 
Grignon  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  Gravelot  and 
Le  Bas  ;  employed  by  Hogarth  on  his  '  Canvassing  for 
Votes '  and  'Garrick  as  Richard  III ' ;  executed  plates  for 
Walpole's  '  Anecdotes  of  Painting,'  and  other  publications. 

[xxiii.  247] 

GRIGNION,  REYNOLDS  (rf.  1787),  engraver  for  the 
booksellers.  [xxiii.  248] 

GRIGOR,  JAMES  (1811  7-1848),  botanist ;  published 
1  Eastern  Arboretum,  or  Register  of  Remarkable  Trees, 
Seats,  <fcc.,  in  Norfolk,'  1840-1.  [xxiii.  248] 

GRIM,  EDWARD  (ft.  1170-1177),  author  of  bio- 
graphy of  Thomas  Becket,"c.  1175 ;  eye-witness  of  Becket's 
murder.  [xxiii.  248] 

GRIMALD,  GRIMALDE,  or  GRIMOALD,  NICHO- 
LAS (1519-1562),  poet :  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1540  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1544  :  chaplain  to  Bishop  Ridley ;  im- 
prisoned as  a  protestant,  1556,  but  recanted  ;  contributed 
verses  to  Tottel's  '  Songs  and  Sonettes '  (1557) ;  published 
translations  from  Virgil  and  Cioero,  and  two  Latin  dramas, 
'  Archi-propheta '(printed  1548),  and ' Christns  Redivivus,' 
1543.  [xxiii.  249] 

GRIMALDI,  JOSEPH  (1779-1837),  actor  and  panto- 
mimist :  appeared  as  an  infant  dancer  at  Sadler's  Wells ; 
acted  there  and  at  Drury  Lane  for  many  years  ;  played 
also  at  Dublin  and  in  the  provinces ;  his  greatest  successes 
as  Squire  Bugle  and  clown  in  « Mother  Goose  '  at  Covent 
Garden.  [xxiii.  250] 

GRIMALDI,  JOSEPH  S.  (rf.  1863),  pantomimist,  son 
and  successor  of  Joseph  Grimaldi  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  251] 

GRIMALDI,  STAGEY  (1790-1836),  antiquary; 
Marquis  Grimaldi  of  Genoa  ;  second  son  of  William  Gri- 
maldi [q.  v.] :  eminent  '  record  lawyer  '  in  London  ; 
FJ3.A.,  1824  ;  frequent  contributor  to  *  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine ' ;  published  '  OriginesGenealogicas,'  1828,  and '  Genea- 
logy of  the  Family  of  Grimaldi,'  1834  ;  his  '  Miscellaneous 
Writings,'  edited,  1874-81.  [xxiii.  251] 

GRIMALDL,WILLIAM(1751-1830),mmiature-painter; 
apprenticed  to  his  uncle  Thomas  Worlidge  [q.  v.],  whose 
'  Antique  Gems '  he  published,  1768  ;  copied  in  miniature 
pictures  by  Reynolds ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1786-1824 ;  enamel  painter  to  George  IV  and  the  Duke  of 
York.  [xxiii.  252] 

GRIMBALD,  GRIMBOLD,  or  GRYMBOLD,  SAINT 
(820  ?-903),  abbot  of  new  minster  at  Winchester ;  pre- 
viously prior  of  St.  Bertin  in  Flanders  ;  came  to  England 
at  Alfred's  invitation,  c.  893 ;  one  of  Alfred's  mass  priests 
and  educational  assistants  ;  the  new  minster  built  for  him 
by  Edward  the  Elder,  903  ;  prominent  in  mythical  story 
of  Oxford.  [xxiii.  252] 

GRIMES,  ROBERT(d.  1701).  [See  GRAHAM,  ROBERT.] 
GRIMESTONE,  ELIZABETH  (d.  1603).    [See  GRIM- 

BTON.] 

GRIMM,  SAMUEL  HIERONYMUS  (1734-1794), 
water-colour  painter;  born  at  Burgdorf,  Switzerland; 
came  to  London ;  exhibited  at  first  exhibition  of  Royal 
Academy.  [xxiii.  254] 

GRIMSHAW,  WILLIAM  (1708-1763),  incumbent  of 
Haworth,  Yorkshire,  1742-63 ;  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; acted  with  the  methodiste  and  John  Wesley; 
preached  throughout  the  north  of  England  with  great 

[xxiii.  254] 


GRIMSHAWE,  THOMAS  SHUTTLEWORTH  (1778- 
1850),  biographer  ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1800  ; 
vicar  of  Biddonhun  and  rector  of  Burton  Latimer  ;  chief 
work,  '  Life  and  Wonks  of  William  Cowper,'  1835. 

GRIMSTON,  EDWARD  (1528  ?-1599),  comptroller  of 
Calais,  1552-8 ;  studied  at  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge  ; 
after  capture  of  Calais  by  Guise  escaped  from  Bastille  to 
London,  1559;  muster-master  of  the  north,  1560;  M.P., 
Ipswich,  1563  ;  employed  as  a  spy  in  France. 

GRIMSTON  or  GRYMESTON,  ELIZABETH5},/. 
1603),  author  of  '  Miscelauea  :  Meditation?  :  Memoru- 
tives,'  in  verse,  published,  1604.  [xxiii.  256] 

GRIMSTON,  SIR  HARBOTTLE,  second  baronet  (1603- 
1685),  speaker  and  judge ;  educated  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn ;  recorder  of  Har- 
wich, 1634,  of  Colchester,  1638-49  ;  M.P.,  Harwich,  1628 ; 
sat  for  Colchester,  1640,  and  in  Long  parliament;  pro- 
minent in  debates  of  1640-2,  particularly  on  ecclesiastical 
questions ;  president  of  committee  which  inquired  into 
escape  of  Charles  I  from  Hampton  Court,  1647;  took 
leading  part  in  negotiations  with  Charles  I  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1648  ;  excluded  by  Pride, 
1648,  and  prevented  from  resuming  his  seat  in  1656 ; 
appointed  to  council  of  state  on  abdication  of  Richard 
Cromwell,  1659  ;  speaker  of  the  Convention  parliament, 
1660 ;  member  of  commission  which  tried  regicides,  1660  ; 
master  of  the  rolls,  1660-86 ;  published  '  Strena  Chris- 
tiana,' 1644  (Eugl.  trans.,  1872),  and  law  reports. 

[xxiii.  257] 

GRIMSTON,  ROBERT  (1816-1884),  sportsman;  of 
Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.  A.,  1838 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1843 ;  chairman,  International  Telegraph 
Company ;  chairman,  Indo-European  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, 1868 ;  boxer,  swimmer,  rider,  and  cricketer. 

[xxiii.  259] 

GRIMSTON,  SIR  SAMUEL,  third  baronet  (1643-1700), 
son  of  Sir  Harbottle  Grimston  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  St.  Albans. 
1668, 1679, 1680,  and  1689-99  ;  much  disliked  by  James  II. 

[xxiii.  260] 

GRIMSTON,  WILLIAM  LUCKYN,  first  VISCOUXT 
GRIMSTON  (1683-1756),  succeeded  to  the  Grimston  estates, 
and  assumed  the  name,  on  death  of  uncle,  Sir  Samuel 
Grimston  [q.  v.],  1700 ;  fourth  baronet  in  succession  to  his 
father,  Sir  William  Luckyn,  1716  :  M.P.,  St.  Albans,  1710  ; 
created  Baron  Dunboyne  and  Viscount  Grimston  in  peer- 
age of  Ireland,  1719  ;  published  '  The  Lawyer's  Fortune,  or 
Love  in  a  Hollow  Tree,'  1705,  a  play  ridiculed  by  Swift  and 
Pope.  [xxiii.  260] 

GRINDAL,  EDMUND  (1519?-1583),  arctbishop  of 
Canterbury;  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1538  ; 
M.A.,  1541 ;  D.D.,  1664 ;  proctor,  1548-9 ;  chosen  by 
Ridley  as  a  protestant  disputant  at  Cambridge ;  one  of 
Ridley's  chaplains ;  precentor  of  St.  Paul's,  1551 ;  one  of 
the  royal  chaplains  ;  at  Strasburg  and  in  Germany  during 
Mary's  reign ;  commissioner  for  revision  of  the  liturgy, 
and  bishop  of  London,  1658 ;  master  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
1658-61 ;  member  of  the  high  commission  court :  when 
bishop  of  London  sympathised  with  puritans;  as  arch- 
bishop of  York  (1570-5)  enforced  uniformity  on  the 
Romish  party ;  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury  by 
Cecil's  influence,  1576 ;  undertook  to  reform  the  ecclesias- 
tical courts;  under  sentence  of  suspension  (1577-82)  for 
refusing  to  carry  out  Elizabeth's  mandate  suppressing 
1  prophesyings ' ;  eulogised  in  Spenser's  'Shepherd's 
Calendar.'  [xxiii.  261] 

GRINDAL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1548),  tutor  to  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1543 ; 
a  favourite  pupil  of  Ascham ;  died  of  the  plague. 

[xxiii.  264] 

GRINFIELD,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1785-1864), 
biblical  scholar ;  schoolfellow  of  De  Qnincey  ;  M.A.  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1808;  minister  of  Laura  Chapel, 
Bath;  founded  and  endowed  Oxford  lectureship  on 
Septuagint,  1859;  published  Hellenistic  edition  of  New 
Testament,  'Apology  for  the  Septuagint,'  and  theological 
pamphlets.  [xxiii.  265] 

GRINFIELD,  THOMAS  (1788-1870), divine  and  hymn- 
writer  ;  brother  of  Edward  William  Grinfield  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1811 ;  curate  in  charge 
of  St.  Mary-le-Port,  Bristol :  published  religious  verse, 
'  History  of  Preaching '  (edited  by  Canon  Eden,  1880),  and 
other  works.  [xxiii.  266] 


GRISAUNT 


541 


GROSVENOR 


GRISAUNT,  WILLIAM,  or  WIU.IAM  ENCI.ISH 
(fl.  1350),  pliysiciau  :  in  youth  taught  philosophy  at 
Oxford  ;  physician  at  Marseilles  ;  loug  reputed  the  father 
of  Pope  Urban  V.  [  x  xiii.  266] 

GRI80NI,  G I USEPPK(  1692-1769),  portrait-painter; 
born  at  Florence  ;  brought  to  England  by  John  Tnlmau, 
1715  ;  dial  at  Home.  [xxiii.  266] 

GROOYN,  WILLIAM  (1446 7-1519),  Greek  scholar; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow, 
1467  ;  incumbent  of  Newton  Lougueville,  1481 ;  divinity 
reader  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1481 :  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1486 ;  in  Italy,  1488-90,  with  Liuacre,  studying 
under  Politian  and  Cbalcondyles  ;  became  acquainted  with 
Aldus  the  printer  ;  lectured  in  Greek  at  Oxford  ;  became 
rector  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  1496,  but  did  not  reside  in 
London  till  three  years  later ;  criticised  Dean  Colet's 
lectures  on  '  The  Ecclesiastical  Hierarchy  of  Diouysius  '  ; 
intimate  in  London  with  Liuacre,  More,  and  Erasmus  ; 
master  of  All  Hallows,  Maidstone,  1506,  and  rector  -of 
Shepperton  and  Peckham;  catalogue  of  his  library 
printed,  1889.  [xxiii.  266] 

GROENVELDT,  JOHN  (1647?-1710?),  physician; 
born  at  Deventer  ;  M.D.  Utrecht,  1670  ;  came  to  London, 
1683 ;  twice  summoned  before  College  of  Physicians  for 
internal  use  of  cautharides  ;  published  medical  treatises. 

[xxiii.  269] 

GROGAN,  CORNELIUS  ( 1738  ?-1798),  United  Irish- 
man ;  high  sheriff  of  Wexford  and  M.P.  for  Enniscorthy, 
1783-90:  commissary-general  in  insurgent  army,  1798; 
beheaded  on  Wexford  Bridge.  [xxiii.  269] 

GROGAN,  NATHANIEL  (d.1807?),  painter  of  Irish 
life  ;  served  in  American  war.  [xxiii.  269] 

GRONOW,  REES  HOWELL  (1794-1865),  writer  of 
reminiscences  ;  intimate  with  Shelley  at  Eton ;  served  in 
1st  foot  guards  in  the  Peninsula,  1813-14 ;  at  Quatre 
Bras  and  Waterloo ;  witnessed  coup  (Ftiat  of  1851 ;  died 
in  Paris.  His  'Reminiscences'  appeared,  1861,  1863, 
1865,  1866  (collected,  1888).  [xxiii.  270] 

GROOMBRIDGE,  STEPHEN  (1755-1832),  astro- 
nomer and  West  India  merchant;  published  (1838) 
'  Catalogue  of  Circumpolar  Stars  .  .  .  reduced  to  Jan.  1, 
1810,'  containing  4,243  star-places,  among  them  No. 
1,830,  first  observed  by  himself ;  F.R.S.,  1812  ;  a  founder  of 
the  Astronomical  Society ;  observed  eclipses  of  the  sun  in 
1816  and  1820.  [xxiii.  270] 

GROOMBRIDGE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1770-1790),  water- 
colour  painter  ;  published  'Sonnets,'  1789.  [xxiii.  271] 

GROOME,  JOHN  (1678  ?-1760),  divine  ;  B.A.  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  1699,  where  he  founded  ex- 
hibitions ;  vicar  of  Childerditch,  Essex,  1709 ;  published 
'  The  Dignity  and  Honour  of  the  Clergy,'  1710. 

[xxiii.  271] 

GROOME,  ROBERT  HINDES  (1810-1889),  arch- 
deacon of  Suffolk  ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1836 ; 
archdeacon  of  Suffolk,  1869-87;  intimate  with  Edward 
Fitzgerald  ;  edited  'Christian  Advocate  and  Review,' 
1861-6  ;  his  Suffolk  stories  published  posthumously. 

[xxiii.  272] 

GROSART,  ALEXANDER  BALLOCH  (1827-1899), 
author  and  editor ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
licensed  by  Edinburgh  presbytery,  1856;  minister  at 
Kinross,  Loch  Leven,  1856-65,  Princes  Park,  Liverpool, 
1865-8,  and  Blackburn,  1868-92  ;  edited  reprints  of  rare 
Elizabethan  and  Jacobean  literature,  besides  the  works  of 
several  puritan  divines.  His  publications  include  '  Fuller 
Worthies  Library,'  39  vote.,  1868-76,  'Occasional  Issues 
of  Unique  and  very  Rare  Books,'  38  vols.,  1875-81  ; 
'Chertsey  Worthies  Library,'  14  vols.,  1876-81,  'Hutu 
Library,'  33  vols.,  1886,  Spenser's  '  Works,'  10  vols.,  1880- 
1888,  Daniel's  '  Works,'  5  vols.,  finished  1896.  He  also 
published  several  original  devotional  works. 

[Suppl.  ii.  364] 

GROSE,  FRANCIS  (1731  ?-179l),  antiquary  and 
draughtsman  ;  Richmond  herald,  1765-63  ;  F.S.A.,  1757  ; 
met  Bums  during  tour  in  Scotland ;  in  early  life  ex- 
hibited tinted  drawings  of  architecture  at  the  Academy : 
died  suddenly  at  Dublin;  published  'Antiquities  of 
England  and  Wales,'  1773-87,  with  many  drawings  by 
himself,  'Antiquities  of  Scotland,'  1789-91,  'Classical 
Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue'  (1785,  reissued  as 
'  Lexicon  Balatronicum,'  1811),  and  other  works. 

[xxiii.  272] 


GROSE,  JOHN  (1768-1821),  divine;  son  of  John 
Henry  (irose  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford ; 
minister  of  the  Tower  of  London  ;  rector  of  Netteswell, 
Essex;  published  'Ethics,  Rational  and  Theological," 
1782.  [xxiii.  273] 

GROSE,  JOHN  HENRY  (Jl.  1750-1783),  writer  to 
Last  India  Company ;  brother  of  Francis  Grose  [q.  v.]  ; 
his  '  Voyage  to  the  East  Indies,'  1767,  said  to  have  been 
compiled  from  his  notes  by  John  Cleland.  [xxiii.  274] 

GROSE,  Siu  NASH  (1740-1814X  judge  ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  LL.B.,  1768 ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1766  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1774 ;  judge  of  king's 
bench,  1787-1813 ;  knighted,  1787.  [xxiii.  274] 

GROS8E,  ALEXANDER  (1598  ?-1664),  presbyterian 
divine :  M.A.  Gonville  awl  Caius  College,  Cambridge  : 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford :  B.D.  Oxford,  1632 ;  rector 
of  Bridford,  and  Ashburton,  Devonshire  ;  published  de- 
votional works.  [xxiii.  274] 

GROSSETESTE,  ROBERT  (</.  1253),  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln ;  of  humble  birth  ;  educated  at  Oxford  and  (probably) 
Paris  ;  first  rector  of  Franciscans  at  Oxford,  1224 ; 
chancellor  of  Oxford ;  archdeacon  successively  of  Wilts, 
Northampton,  and  Leicester  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1221 ;  bishop,  1235-53  ;  maintained  his  right  of  visitation 
against  the  Lincoln  chapter  after  a  six  years'  dispute 
(1239-45)  and  a  journey  to  Rome ;  had  disputes  also  with 
the  •Canterbury  monks  and  Henry  III ;  resisted  Arch- 
bishop Boniface's  visitation,  1250 ;  failed  in  an  appeal  to 
the  pope  against  the  appropriation  by  monks  of  parochial 
revenues  ;  preached  at  Lyons  against  papal  abuses ; 
suspended  by  the  pope  for  refusing  to  appoint  an  Italian 
to  a  benefice,  1251 ;  chief  opponent  of  Henry  Ill's  demand 
for  a  tenth  of  church  revenues,  1252  ;  wrote  letter  refus- 
ing to  induct  pope's  nephew  to  a  Lincoln  canoury,  1253  ; 
translated  Greek  books ;  wrote  works  on  theology,  philo- 
sophy, and  husbandry,  and  commentaries  on  Aristotle 
and  Boethius,  besides  French  poems.  Grosseteste's 
'  Le  Chasteau  d'Amour,*  was  edited  by  R.  F.  Weymouth, 
1864, '  Carmina  Auglo-Normaunica,'  printed,  1844. 


[xxiii.  276] 
rENER,  BEN- 


GROSVENOR,  GRAVENOR,  or  GRAV] 
JAMIN  (1676-1758),  dissenting  divine;  presbyterian 
pastor  at  Crosby  Square,  1704-49  ; '  merchants'  lecturer '  at 
Salters'  Hall,  1716  ;  contributed  to  '  Bagweell  Papers,' 
1716  ;  said  to  have  drawn  up  '  Authentick  Account'  (1719) 
of  the  Salters'  Hall  proceedings ;  Williams  trustee,  1723 ; 
his  sermons  collected,  1809.  [xxiii.  278] 

GROSVENOR,  HUGH  LUPUS,  first  DDKE  OF 
WESTMINSTER  (1825-1899),  son  of  Richard  Grosvenor, 
second  marquis  of  Westminster  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  liberal  M J>.  for  Chester,  1847-69 ; 
opposed  government  on  franchise  question,  1866  ;  suc- 
ceeded as  third  Marquis  of  Westminster,  1870  ;  created 
Duke  of  Westminster,  1874 ;  master  of  horse,  1880-5  ; 
opposed  home  rule,  1886  ;  K.G.,  1870  ;  privy  councillor, 
1880  ;  aide-de-camp  to  queen,  1881 ;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Cheshire,  1883,  and  of  county  of  London,  1888 ;  breeder  of 
race-horses.  [Suppl.  ii.  366] 

GROSVENOR,  JOHN  (1742-1823),  surgeon;  suc- 
cessful in  friction  treatment ;  proprietor  and  editor  of 
'  Oxford  Journal,'  1796.  [xxiii.  280] 

GROSVENOR,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  GROHVENOR 
(1731-1802),  horse-breeder ;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas 
Grosvenor  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1751; 
D.C.L.,  1754  ;  succeeded  as  seventh  baronet,  1765 ;  mayor 
of  Chester,  1759  ;  M.P.,  Chester,  1754-61  :  created  baron, 
1761,  earl,  1784;  patron  of  William  Gifford  (1756-1826) 
[q.  v.]  [xxiii.  280] 

GROSVENOR,  RICHARD,  second  MARQUIS  or 
WKSTMINSTKR  (1795-1869),  M.P.  (Viscount  Belgrave)  for 
Chester,  1818-20,  and  1826-30,  Cheshire,  1831-2,  South 
Cheshire,  1832-5 ;  succeeded  to  marquisate,  1845 ;  lord- 
lieuteuant,  Cheshire,  1845-67 ;  lord  steward  under  Russell, 
1860-2.  [xxiii.  281] 

GROSVENOR,  SIR  ROBERT  (rf.  1396),  defendant  in 
Scrope  r.  Grosvenor  ;  saw  military  service  at  Poitiers, 
1356,  Ntijara,  1367,  La  Roche-stir- Yon,  1369,  and  siege  of 
Limoges,  1370;  challenged  by  Sir  Richard  Scrope  for 
wearing  the  arms,  'azure,  a  bend  or,'  1385;  judgment 
given  against  him  by  the  constable,  1389,  and  confirmed 
by  the  kin?,  1390  ;  sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1394.  [xxiii.  281] 


GROSVENOR 


542 


GRUB 


GROSVENOR,  ROBERT,  secoud  EARI,  GROSVKNOR 
and  first  M.vRyuis  ov  WKSTMINSTKR  (1767-1845),  son 
of  Richard,  first  earl  Grosvenor  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1786 ;  M.P.  (Viscount  Belgrave)  for 
St.  Looe,  1788-90,  Chester,  1790-1802 ;  a  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty, 1789-91 ;  commissioner  of  the  board  of  control, 
1793-1801  ;  succeeded  as  Earl  Grosveuor,  1802  ;  created 
marquis,  1831 ;  K.G.,  1841 ;  joined  whigs  after  Pitt's 
death ;  laid  out  Belgravia,  1826,  and  rebuilt  Eaton  Hall, 
Cheshire,  1803 ;  great  picture  collector  and  racer ;  acquired 
by  marriage  Egertou  estates,  170-1.  [xxiii.  282] 

GROSVENOR,  LORD  ROBERT,  first  BARON  ERURY 
(1801-1893),  son  of  Robert  Grosvenor,  first  marquis  of 
Westminster  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1821 ;  entered  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1821 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Shaftesbury,  1822-6,  Chester, 
1826-47,  and  Middlesex,  1847-67  ;  privy  councillor,  1830 ; 
treasurer  of  household,  1846 :  created  Baron  Ebury,  1857  ; 
devoted  himself  to  cause  of  protestantism  in  church  of 
England ;  opposed  home  rule  ;  published  personal  jour- 
nals, and  pamphlets  advocating  liturgical  reform. 

[Suppl.  ii.  368] 

GROSVENOR,  SIR  THOMAS,  third  baronet  (1656- 
1700);  succeeded  his  grandfather,  1664  ;  many  years  M.P. 
for  Chester  ;  sheriff  of  the  county,  1688  ;  by  his  marriage 
with  Mary  Davies,  daughter  of  a  London  scrivener,  ob- 
tained the  bulk  of  the  present  Westminster  estates. 

[xxiii.  283] 

GROSVENOR,  THOMAS  (1764-1851),  field-marshal ; 
nephew  of  Richard  Grosvenor,  first  earl  Grosveuor  [q.  v.] ; 
with  1st  foot  guards  in  Flanders,  Holland,  and  (1799),  the 
Helder  expedition  ;  commanded  brigades  in  Copenhagen 
(1807)  and  Walcheren  (1809)  expeditions;  general,  1819 ; 
field-marshal,  1846;  M.P.,  Chester,  1 795-1825,  Stockbridge, 
1825-30.  [xxiii.  283] 

GROTE,  ARTHUR  (1814-1886),  Bengal  civilian; 
president  of  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  1859-62  and  1865  ; 
brother  of  George  Grote  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  284] 

GROTE,  GEORGE  (1794-1871),  historian  ;  brother  of 
Arthur  Grote  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  a  banker 
till  1843  ;  became  acquainted  through  Ricardo  with  James 
Mill  and  Bentham  ;  compiled  for  Bentham  '  Analysis  of 
the  Influence  of  Natural  Religion  ou  Temporal  Happi- 
ness ...  by  Philip  Beauchamp,'  1822  ;  joined  J.  S.  Mill's 
reading  society ;  reviewed  Mitford's  *  Greece '  in  the 
4  Westminster,'  1826  ;  an  original  founder  of  the  first  Lon- 
don University,  1828-30 ;  visited  Paris,  1830,  and  began 
relations  with  French  liberals  ;  took  active  par  tin  Reform 
agitation ;  M.P.  for  city  of  London,  1832-41 ;  brought 
forward  four  resolutions  (1833,  1835,  1838,  1839)  and  two 
bills  (1836,  1837)  in  favour  of  the  ballot  ;  retired  to  devote 
himself  to  his  history,  completing  the  first  two  volumes, 
1845 ;  re-elected  to  council  of  University  College,  London, 
1849 ;  treasurer,  1860,  and  president,  1868  ;  procured  the 
rejection  of  Dr.  Martineau  for  the  chair  of  logic  on  the 
ground  of  sectarianism,  1866 ;  guarded  the  endowment 
which  (dated  1869)  he  left  for  a  similar  professorship  by  a 
provision  against  payment  to  any  minister  of  religion  ; 
advocated  examinations  and  the  admission  of  women  to 
them  ;  trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  1859 ;  D.O.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1853 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1861 ;  F.R.S.,  1857  ;  vice- 
chancellor,  London  University,  1862  ;  foreign  associate 
of  the  Academic  des  Sciences,  1864  ;  declined  a  peerage, 
1869  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  « The  History  of 
Greece'  (1846-56,  8  vols.)  has  been  four  times  reissued 
(lastly,  1888,  10  vols.),  and  translated  into  French  and 
German.  His  '  Minor  Works '  were  edited  by  Professor 
Bain,  1873.  [xxiii.  284] 

GROTE,  HARRIET  (1792-1878),  biographer;  nit. 
Lewin ;  married  George  Grote  [q.  v.],  1820 ;  intimate 
with  Mendelssohn  and  Jenny  Liud  :  published  '  Memoir 
of  Ary  Scheffer,'  1860,  and  'Personal  Life  of  George 
Grote,'  1873,  besides  the  privately  printed  '  Philosophic 
Radicals  of  1832.'  [xxiii.  293] 

GROTE,  JOHN  (1813-1866).  philosopher :  brother  of 
George  Grote  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1837-45  ;  B.A.,  1835  ;  incumbent  of  Trumpington, 
1847-66 ;  Knightsbridge  professor  of  moral  philosophy, 
1856-66;  published  'Exploratio  Philosophica,'  1866;  his 
'Examination  of  Utilitarian  Philosophy'  (1870)  and 
'Treatise  on  Moral  Ideals '  (187G)  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Mayor.  [xxiii.  294] 

GROVE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1820-1900),  writer  on  music ; 
articled  as  civil  engineer  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1839 ;  superintended 


erection  of  lighthouses  at  Moraut  Point,  Jamaica,  1842, 
and  on  Gibbs'  Hill,  Bermuda,  1846  ;  secretary  to  Society 
of  Arts,  1849  ;  secretary  at  Crystal  Palace,  where  he  paid 
special  attention  to  development  of  music ;  compiled 
weekly,  from  1856,  inalytical  programmes  of  music,  of 
which  the  more  important  were  published  in  volume, 
1884  ;  editor  of  '  Macmillan's  Magazine,'  1873  ;  contributed 
to  Smith's  '  Dictionary  of  the  Bible ' ;  founder  of  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  1865  ;  projected  and  edited  '  Dictionary 
of  Music  and  Musicians,'  4  vols.,  1878-89 ;  first  director 
of  Royal  College  of  Music  at  Kensington,  1883-94 ; 
knighted,  1883;  C.B.,  1894;  honorary  D.C.L.  Durham, 
and  LL.D.  Glasgow ;  published  writings  on  a  great 
variety  of  subjects.  [Suppl.  ii.  369] 

GROVE,  HENRY  (1684-1738),  dissenting  tutor  ;  edu- 
cated at  Taunton  grammar  school  and  academy  ;  intimate 
with  Isaac  Watts  ;  from  1706  taught  at  Taunton  aca- 
demy ;  contributed  to  revived  '  Spectator,'  1714 ;  pub- 
lished 'System  of  Moral  Philosophy '  (ed.  Amory,  1749) 
and  treatises,  including  demonstration  of  the  soul's  im- 
materiality, 1718.  [xxiii.  295] 

GROVE,  JOSEPH  (</.  1764),  biographer.  His  works 
include  '  Life  and  Times  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,'  1742-4,  and 
'  Lives  of  all  the  [Cavendish]  Earls  and  Dukes  of  Devon- 
shire,' 1764.  [xxiii.  297] 

GROVE,  MATHEW  (ft.  1587),  poet ;  author  of  '  The 
most  famous  and  tragicall  historic  of  Pelops  and  Hippo- 
damia '  (ballad),  1587.  [xxiii.  298] 

GROVE,  ROBERT  (1634-1696),  bishop  of  Chichester ; 
of  Winchester  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow, 
1658  ;  M.A.,  1660  ;  D.D.,  1681 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Hench- 
man, 1667;  rector  of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft,  1670;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1679 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary,  1690  ; 
helped  to  draw  up  petition  against  declaration  of  indul- 
gence, 1688;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1691-6;  published 
pamphlets  against  William  Jenkyn  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  298] 

GROVE,  SIR  WILLIAM  ROBERT  (1811-1896),  man 
of  science  and  judge ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1835 ;  D.C.L.,  1875 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1879 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  luu,  1835  ;  member  of  Royal  Institution,  1835, 
and  vice-president,  1844;  invented  Grove  gas  voltaic 
battery,  1839 ;  F.R.S.,  1840,  and  royal  medallist,  1847 ; 
professor  of  experimental  philosophy,  London  Institu- 
tion, 1847 ;  published  '  Correlation  of  Physical  Forces,' 
1846,  establishing  theory  of  mutual  convertibility  of 
forces  ;  Q.C.,  1853  ;  member  of  royal  commission  on  law 
of  patents,  1864  ;  judge  of  court  of  common  pleas,  1871  ; 
invested  with  coif  and  knighted,  1871 ;  judge  of  queen's 
bench,  1880 ;  privy  councillor,  1887.  [Suppl.  ii.  371] 

GROVER,  HENRY  MONT  AGUE  (1791-1866),  author ; 
LL.B.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1830  ;  rector  of  Hitcham, 
Buckinghamshire,  1833-66;  published  works,  including 
two  dramatic  poems  and  'History  of  the  Resurrection 
authenticated,'  1841.  [xxiii.  299] 

GROVER,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1836-1892),  civil  en- 
gineer ;  educated  at  Marlborough  College ;  pupil  of  Sir 
Charles  Fox  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  in  office  of  works  of 
science  and  art  department ;  set  up  as  consulting  engi- 
neer at  Westminster,  1862 ;  M.I.O.E.,  1867  ;  F.S.A. ;  vice- 
president  of  British  Archaeological  Association ;  carried 
out  several  important  engineering  works,  mainly  in  con- 
nection with  railways  and  waterworks ;  assisted  Major- 
general  Walter  Scott  in  design  of  Albert  Hall ;  published 
engineering  treatises  and  pamphlets.  [Suppl.  ii.  372] 

GROVES,  ANTHONY  NORRIS  (1795-1853),  mis- 
sionary ;  friend  of  John  Kitto  [q.  v.] ;  a  founder  of  the 
Plymouth  Brethren  ;  unsectarian  missionary  at  Bagdad, 
1830-3,  and  afterwards  in  India  till  1852 ;  died  at  George 
MUller's  house  at  Bristol ;  his  journals  from  1829  to  1831 
published  posthumously.  [xxiii.  299] 

GROVES,  JOHN  THOMAS  (d.  1811),  architect; 
clerk  of  the  works  at  St.  James's,  Whitehall,  and  West- 
minster, 1794  ;  architect  to  the  General  Post  Office,  1807 ; 
lived  in  Italy,  1780-90 ;  exhibited  Italian  subjects  at  Royal 
Academy,  1791-2.  [xxiii.  300] 

GROZER,  JOSEPH  (ft.  1784-1798),  mezzotint  en- 
graver, [xxiii.  300] 

GRUB,  GEORGE  (1812-1892),  Scottish  ecclesiastical 
historian ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  appren- 
ticed ad  advocate;  admitted  advocate,  1836,  and  was 


GRUBB 


543 


GUEST 


librarian  to  Society  of  Advocates,  Aberdeen,  1841  till 
<le;ith ;  lecturer  on  .Scots  l:i\v,  .Marischal  College,  Aber- 
ili'i-n.  1H13  ;  professor  of  law,  Aberdeen  University,  1881- 
1891:  A.M.  Abenleen,  1856;  LL.D.,  1804;  assisted  in 
formation  of  Spalding  Club,  for  wliich  he  edited  several 
works;  published  'Ecclesiastical  History  of  Scotland,1 
1861.  [Suppl.  ii.  373] 

GRUBB,  THOMAS(1800-1878),  optician  ;  constructed 
reflectors,  including  the  Armagh  fifteen-inch,  1835,  the 
Glasgow  observatory  reflector  (twenty  inch),  und  the 
great  Melbourne  reflector  (four  feet),  1867  ;  F.R.S.,  1864  ; 
F.R.A.S.,  1870.  [xxiii.  30i] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  GYNAN  (H)55?-1137),  king  of 
Gwyncdd  or  North  Wales  ;  said  to  have  been  born  at 
Dublin  :  defeated  Trahaiarn  and  made  himself  master  of 
(Jwynedd,  1081;  betrayed  to  Hugh  of  Chester  and  im- 
prisoned before  1087;  retaliated  on  the  Normans  with 
help  of  Rhys  ab  Tewdwr  and  u  Norse  fleet ;  again  com- 
pelled to  retire  to  Ireland,  1098;  ruled  Anglesey  after 
1099 ;  compelled  to  pay  tribute  to  Henry  I,  to  whom  he 
is  said  to  have  given  up  Gruffydd  ab  Rhys  [q.  v.],  1115  ; 
supported  Henry  I  in  invasion  of  Powys,  1121 ;  patron  of 
the  clergy  and  of  literature ;  introduced  bagpipes  and  the 
Irish  element  into  Welsh  music.  [xxiii.  301] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  GWENWYNWYN  (d.  1286  ?),  lord 
of  Cyveiliog  or  Upper  Powys ;  son  of  Gwenwyuwyn 
[q.  v.] ;  brought  up  in  England ;  did  homage  for  his 
father's  estate  to  Henry  III,  1241  ;  faithful  to  Henry  III 
during  the  revolt  of  Davydd  II :  deprived  by  Llywelyn  ab 
Gruffydd  [q.  v.]  of  his  dominions,  fled  to  England,  1256-7  • 
revolted  and  did  homage  to  Llywelyn,  1263 ;  plotted  with 
bis  brother  Davydd  against  Llywelyn,  1276,  and  thence- 
forth returned  permanently  to  English  allegiance. 

GRUFFYDD  AB  LLYWELYN  (d.  loes^kin'g'  of^the 
Welsh  ;  slew  lago  and  made  himself  king  over  Gwynedd, 
1039,  and  defeated  English  at  Orossford ;  defeated  Howel 
and  his  Norse  allies,  and  secured  possession  of  Deheu- 
barth,  1044;  in  alliance  with  the  outlawed  ^Elfgar  of 
Mercia,  ravaged  Herefordshire  and  burnt  Hereford ;  com- 
pelled by  Harold  to  make  peace,  with  the  loss  of  his  lands 
beyond  the  Dee,  1052:  slew  Gruffydd  ab  Rhydderch  and 
became  king  of  the  Britons,  1055 ;  renewed  his  ravages, 
1056 ;  again  defeated  the  English,  married  Aldgyth  (after- 
wards wife  of  Harold),  and  restored  the  outlawed  JElfgar, 
1058 ;  was  finally  crushed  and  treacherously  slain  in  com- 
bined attack  of  Harold  and  Tostig.  [xxiii.  305] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  LLYWELYN  (d.  1244),  Welsh 
prince ;  rebelled  against  his  father,  Llywelyn  ab  lorwerth  • 
beaded  army  against  William  Marshall,  earl  of  Pembroke, 
223-4;  seized  and  imprisoned  by  his  brother  Davydd, 
1239  ;  handed  over  to  Henry  III,  1241  ;  broke  his  neck  in 
attempted  escape  from  Tower  of  London,  [xxiii.  307] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  MADOG  (d.  1 269),  called  GRUPFYDD 
OF  BROMFIELD,  lord  of  Lower  Powys ;  refused  to  fight 
against  the  English,  1244 ;  driven  out  by  Llywelyn  ab 
Gruffydd  [q.  v.],  1256,  but  in  alliance  with  him  next  year  • 
joined  Scottish- Welsh  confederacy,  1258.  [xxiii.  308] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  RHYDDERCH  (d.  1055),  king  of 
the  South  Welsh;  headed  opposition  of  the  south  to 
Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn  [q.  v.],  by  whom  he  was  at  length 
slain-  [xxiii.  308] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  RHYS  (rf.  1137),  king  or  prince  of 
South  Wales  (Deheubarth) ;  returned  from  Ireland,  c. 
1113 ;  took  refuge  with  Gruffydd  ab  Cyuan  [q.  v.],  but 
fled  from  sanctuary  to  the  south,  to  avoid  being  given  up  j 
to  the  English  ;  ravaged  French" and  Flemish  settlements ; 
driven  from  his  territories  to  Ireland,  1127  ;  allied  himself 
with  king  of  North  Wales  ;  won  battle  of  Aberteivi  (Car- 
digan), 1136;  recovered  great  part  of  his  territory;  slain 
by  his  wife's  treachery.  [xxiii.  309] 

GRUFFYDD  AB  RHYS(d.  1201),  South  Welsh  prince  ; 
grandson  of  Gruffydd  ab  Rhys  (d.  1137)  [q.  v.]  ;  at  feud 
with  his  brother  Maelgwyn ;  obtained  recognition  from 
England,  1197,  but  fell  into  his  brother's  hands  and  was 
imprisoned  by  the  English  in  Oorfe  Castle  ;  died  a  monk 
at  Strata  Florida.  [xxiii.  310] 

GRUFFYDD,  THOMAS  (1816-1887).  harper:  played 
at  Buckingham  Palace  and  Marlborough  House,  1843; 
won  many  prizes  at  the  Eisteddfodau ;  visited  the  Comte 


dela  Villi'inar.,ui.  in  Brittany,  1867  ;  harper  to  Edward  VII, 
when  Prinoi  of  Wales.  [xxiii.  311] 

GRUNDY,  JOHN  (1782-1843),  Unitarian  ;  minister  at 
Nottingham,  1K06-18,  Cross  Street,  Manchester,  1818-24, 
and  Paradise  Street,  Liverpool,  1824-35  ;  published  reli- 
gious works.  F[xxliL  3ll] 

GRUNDY,  JOHN  CLOWES  (1806-1867),  printseller 
and  art  patron.  gjgjt  312] 

GRUNDY,  THOMAS  LEKMINO  (1808-1841),  en- 
graver ;  brother  of  John  Clowes  Grundy  [q.  v.]  ;  'his  best 
work  •  The  Lancashire  Witch,'  after  W.  Bradley. 


GRUNEISEN,     CHARLES      LEWIS  B-sx 

journalist  and  musical  critic  ;  sub-editor  of  the  '  Guardian,1 
1832,  of  the  'Morning  PoaV  1833  ;  special  correspondent 
with  the  Carlist  army,  1837;  captured  by  Christinist*  and 
saved  only  by  intervention  of  Palmerston  ;  Paris  corre- 
spondent, 1839-44;  organised  an  express  system  between 
Paris  and  London  and  scut  despatches  by  pigeons  ;  after- 
wards musical  critic  to  •  Illustrated  News  '  and  '  Morning 
Chronicle.,'  and,  from  1868,  of  the  •  Athenjeum*  ;  initiated 
revival  of  Italian  opera  at  Coveut  Garden,  1846,  and  super- 
intended production  of  '  Le  Proph6te,f  1849.  [xxiiL  312] 

GRYG,  GRUFFYDD  (./f.  1330-1870),  Welsh  poet; 
chiefly  noted  for  his  poetical  contention  with  David  ab 
Gwilym.  [xxiii.  313] 

GRYMESTON,  ELIZABETH  (d.  1603).    [See  GRIM- 

GUADER  or  WADER,  RALPH,  EARL  OF  NORFOLK 
(>*.  1070),  outlawed  by  Harold;  retired  to  Brittany;  at 
Hastings,  the  only  British  traitor,  1066  ;  created  Earl  by 
William  I;  married,  against  his  own  wish,  to  Emma, 
daughter  of  William  Fitzosberu  [q.  v.]  ;  at  the  bridal 
conspired  with  Roger,  earl  of  Hereford,  against  the  king, 
1075  ;  fled  and  was  outlawed  :  crusader  with  Robert  of 
Normandy  ;  at  the  siege  of  Nicsea,  1097  ;  died  «  in  via 
•*!  [xxiii.  314] 

GUALDRIC  (d.  1112).    [See  GALDRIC.] 

GUALENSIS,  THOMAS  (d.  1255).    [Gee  WALLENSIS.] 
GUARD,    WILLIAM  (1300?).      [See   WILLIAM   OP 

VVARK.J 

GUBBINS,  MARTIN  RICHARD  (1812-1863),  Anglo- 
Indian  official  ;  financial  commissioner  in  Oudh.  1856-7  ; 
prominent  at  Lucknow  during  the  mutiny  ;  accompanied' 
Sir  Colin  Campbell  to  Oawnpore;  judge  of  the  Agra 
supreme  court,  1858-62  ;  published  '  The  Mutinies  in  Oudh,' 
1858  ;  committed  suicide  at  Leamington.  [xxiii.  315] 

GUDWAL,  SAINT  (/.  650),  bishop  and  confessor; 
founded  monastery  in  Devonshire  (according  to  the  Bol- 
landists),  at  Cormon  (according  to  Surius  and  Malebrancq). 

GUDWAL  or  GURVAL  (7th  cent.),  seconYbishop  of 
St.  Malo  ;  disciple  of  St.  Brendan.  [xxiii.  316] 

GUERIN,  THOMAS.    [See  GEERAN.] 

GUERSYE,  BALTHASAR  (d.  1557),  Italian  physi- 
cian ;  surgeon  to  Catherine  of  Arragon  and  Henry  VIII  : 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1546  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1556.  [xxiii.  316] 

GUEST,  GHEAST,  or  GESTE,  EDMUND  (1618- 
1577),  bishop  of  Salisbury;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1544  ;  while  vice-provost  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, disputed  on  the  protestaut  side,  1549;  domestic 
chaplain  to  Parker  and  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1559  ; 
a  reviser  of  the  liturgy  ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1560-71  • 
chancellor  of  the  Garter,  c.  1560,  and  chief  almoner  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  1560-72  ;  D.D.,  1571  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
1571-7  ;  friend  of  Cecil,  Hatton,  and  Bacon  ;  left  his  library 
to  Salisbury  Cathedral;  maintained  the  real  presence, 
1564  ;  translated  psalms  in  'Bishops'  Bible.'  [xxiiL  316] 

GUEST,  EDWIN  (1800-1880),  historical  writer,  philo- 
logist and  historian  ;  eleventh  wrangler,  Oaius  College. 
Cambridge,  1824  ;  M.A.,  1827  ;  LL.D.,  1853  :  D.C.L.  Oxford. 
1853  ;  fellow,  1824  ;  master  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College! 
1852-80;  barrister,  1828  ;  chief  founder  of  the  philological 
Society,  1842  ;  F.R.S.,  1839  ;  hon.  secretary  S.A.,  1862  • 
published  '  History  of  English  Rhythms,'  1838,  and  nume- 
rous papers  on  philology  and  Roman-British  history  ;  his 
•Origiues  Celtics  '  edited  by  btubbs  and  Deedes,  1883. 

318] 


GUEST 


544 


GUNDRADA 


GUEST,  GEORGE  (1771-1831),  organist  at  St.  Peter's, 
Wisbech,  1789-1831  ;  son  of  Ralph  Guest  [q.  v.]  ;  com- 
posed cantatas,  organ  pieces,  quartet?,  and  glees. 

[xxiii.  319] 

GUEST,  JOSHUA  (1660-1747),  lieutenant-general : 
enlisted  in  the  dragoons,  1685 ;  served  in  Ireland,  Flanders, 
and  Spain  :  brevet-colonel,  1713 ;  lieutenant-general,  1745  ; 
defended  Edinburgh  Castle  against  Prince  Charles  Ed- 
ward, though,  according  to  Chambers,  a  Jacobite ;  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxiii.  319] 

GUEST,  SIR  JOSIAH  JOHN,  baronet  (1785-1852); 
ironmaster ;  as  sole  manager  of  Dowlais  iron- works  intro- 
duced chemical  and  engineering  improvements;  pro- 
prietor, 1849 ;  M.P.,  Honiton,  1822-31,  Merthyr  Tydvil, 
1832-52  ;  mediator  in  Merthyr  riots  of  1831  ;  F.R.S.,  1830; 
created  baronet,  1838.  [xxiii.  320] 

GUEST,  RALPH  (1742-1830),  organist  at  St.  Mary's, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1805-22.  [xxiii.  319] 

GUEST,  THOMAS  DOUGLAS  (ft.  1803-1839),  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter  ;  exhibited  at  Academy  (1803- 
1838)  and  British  Institution ;  published  '  Inquiry  into 
Causes  of  the  Decline  of  Historical  Painting,'  1829. 

[xxiii.  321] 

GUTDOTT,  THOMAS  ( ft .  1698),  physician;  M.A. 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1662 ;  M.B.,  1666 ;  practised 
about  Oxford,  subsequently  at  Bath  and  in  London ;  edited 
Jorden's '  Discourse  of  Natural  Bathes  '(3rd  ed.  1669),  Theo- 
philus  wepi  ovptav,  1703,  and  Maplet's  'De  Thermarum 
Bathoniensium  Effectis,'  1694;  published  medical  works 
on  English  spas.  [xxiii.  322] 

GUILD,  WILLIAM  (1586-1657),  Scottish  divine; 
member  of  the  '  mutinous  assembly '  which  in  Edinburgh 
protested  for  the  liberties  of  the  kirk,  1617;  D.D.  and 
chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  supported  episcopacy,  but  took  the 
covenant  with  reservations  ;  principal  of  King's  College, 
Aberdeen,  1640-51 ;  deprived  for  lukewarmness,  1651 ;  his 
•  Moses  Unvailed,'  1620,  dedicated  to  Bishop  Andrewes ; 
purchased  the  Trinity  Friars'  convent  at  Aberdeen  and 
endowed  it  as  a  hospital.  [xxiii.  323] 

GUHDFORD,  Sm  HENRY  (1489-1532),  master  of  the 
horse  and  comptroller  of  the  household  ;  son  of  Sir  Richard 
Guildford  [q.  v] ;  served  against  the  Moors  and  was 
knighted  by  Ferdinand,  1511;  king's  standard-bearer  in 
French  campaign  of  1513 ;  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to 
Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold  (1520)  and  to  Gravelines,  and  Wolsey 
to  Calais ;  master  of  the  horse,  1515-22 ;  comptroller  of 
the  household ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  1529  ;  signed 
articles  against  Wolsey,  1529,  but  remained  his  friend, 
though  retaining  Henry  VIII's  favour.  [xxiii.  324] 

GUILDFORD,  NICHOLAS  DE  (/.  1250),  poet ;  sup- 
posed author  of  '  The  Owl  and  the  Nightingale '  (first 
printed,  1838),  and  'La  Passyun  Jhu  Crist,  en  Engleys,' 
printed  in  Morris's « Old  English  Miscellany.'  [xxiii.  327] 

GUILDFORD,  Sm  RICHARD  (1455  7-1506),  master  of 
the  ordnance  under  Henry  VII ;  attainted  by  Richard  III ; 
reclaimed  land  in  Sussex  (Guildford  Level) ;  built  ships ; 
attended  Henry  VII  at  Boulogne,  1492 ;  sheriff  of  Kent ; 
comptroller  of  the  household  ;  created  banneret  for  ser- 
vices against  Cornish  rebels,  1497 ;  E.G.,  1500 ;  died  at 
Jerusalem  on  pilgrimage ;  his  account  printed  by  Pynson, 
1511.  [xxiii.  327] 

GUILFORD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  NORTH,  FRANCIS,  first 
EARL,  1704-1790  :  NORTH,  FREDERICK,  second  EARL, 
1732-1792;  NORTH,  GKORGE  AUGUSTUS,  third  EARL, 
1757-1802;  NORTH,  FRANCIS,  fourth  EARL,  1761-1817; 
NORTH,  FREDERICK,  fifth  EARL,  1766-1827.] 

GUILFORD,  BARONS.  [Sec  NORTH,  FRANCIS,  first 
BARON,  1637-1 685;  NORTH,  FRANCIS,  third  BARON,  1704- 
1790.] 

GUILLAMORE, VISCOUNTS.  [See  O'GRADT,  STANDISH, 
first  VISCOCXT,  1766-1840;  O'GRADY,  STANDISH.  second 
VISCOUNT,  1792-1848.] 

GUILLEMARD.  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1815-1887), 
divine;  of  Christ's  Hospital  and  Pembroke  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  fellow,  1839  ;  M.A.,  18 11  ;  D.D.,  1870 ;  head- 
master of  Royal  College,  Armagh,  1848-69 ;  vicar  of  St. 
Mary -the- Less,  Cambridge,  1869-87 ;  introduced  Oxford 
movement  at  Cambridge ;  published  '  Hebraisms  of  the 
Greek  Testament,'  1879.  [xxiii.  33U] 


GUILLIM.  JOHN  (1565-1621),  herald;  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1581 ;  Kouge  Croix  pursuivant, 
1619 ;  systematised  science  of  heraldry  ;  published  '  A  Dis- 
play of  Heraldrie'(1610).  [xxiii.  330] 

GUINNESS,  S.-R  BENJAMIN  LEE,  first  baronet 
(1798-1868),  brewer;  succeeded  his  father  as  sole  pro- 
prietor, 1855,  and  developed  export  side  of  the  business  ; 
lord  mayor  of  Dublin,  1851 ;  restored  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  atcostof  150,000*.,  1860-5  ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1863 ; 
created  baronet,  1867  ;  M.P.,  Dublin,  1865-8.  [xxiii.  331] 

GUISE,  JOHN  (1680-1761).    [See  GuYSE.] 

GUISE,  JOHN  (d.  1765),  general ;  served  with  the 
1st  foot  guards  under  Marlborough  in  Flanders ;  com- 
manded the  battalion  in  Vigo  expedition,  1719  ;  brigadier 
and  colonel  commanding  6th  foot  at  Oarthagena,  1739  ; 
major-general,  1742  ;  general,  1762.  [xxiii.  332] 

GUISE,  SIR  JOHN  WRIGHT,  third  baronet  (1777- 
1865),  general ;  served  with  3rd  foot  guards  at  Ferrol,Vigo, 
and  Cadiz,  1800,  in  Egypt,  1801,  and  Hanover,  1805-6; 
commanded  light  companies  at  Fuentes  d"Onoro,  and  the 
first  battalion  in  Spain,  1812-14  ;  general,  1851 ;  G.O.B., 
1863  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1834.  [xxiii.  332] 

GUISE,  WILLIAM  (1653  ?-1683),  orientalist ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls',  Oxford,  1674-80;  M.A.,  1677;  his  '  Misnse 
Pars'  (Mishnah),  edited  by  Professor  Edward  Bernard 
[q.  v.],  1690.  [xxiii.  333] 

GULL,  SIR  WILLIAM  WITHEY,  first  baronet  (1816- 
1890),  physician  to  Queen  Victoria  ;  M.D.  London,  1846  : 
medical  tutor  and  lecturer  at  Guy's  Hospital,  and  (1856) 
physician;  F.R.O.P.,  1848  (councillor,  1863-4) ;  Fullerian 
professor  of  physiology,  1847-9  ;  F.R.S.,  1869  ;  D.C.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1868;  LL.D.  Cambridge  and  Edinburgh,  1880; 
member  of  general  medical  council,  1871-83  ;  attended 
Edward  VII,  when  Prince  of  Wales,  during  his  severe 
illness,  1871 ;  created  baronet,  1872 ;  physician  in  ordinary 
to  Queen  Victoria,  1887-90 ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1849 ; 
Hunterian  orator,  1861,  and  Harveian  orator,  1870 ;  pre- 
eminent as  clinical  physician.  [xxiii.  333] 

GULLIVER,  GEORGE  (1804-1882),  anatomist  and 
physiologist ;  prosector  to  Abernethy  and  dresser  to  Law- 
rence at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  F.R.S.,  1838 ; 
F.R.O.S.,  1843 ;  Hunterian  professor  of  comparative  ana- 
tomy and  physiology,  1861 ;  surgeon  to  royal  horse  guards; 
edited  medical  works.  [xxiii.  334] 

GULLY,  JAMES  MANBY  (1808-1883),  physician; 
studied  at  Paris ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1829 ;  practised  in 
London  and  afterwards  at  Malvern,  where  he  and  his 
friend  James  Wilson  introduced  the  hydropathic  treat- 
ment of  disease  ;  the  '  Dr.  Gullson '  of  Charles  Reade's  '  It 
is  never  too  late  to  mend ' ;  his  reputation  damaged  by  the 
Bravo  case,  1876 ;  published  works,  including  '  The  Water 
Cure  in  Chronic  Disease,*  1846.  [xxiii.  335] 

GULLY,  JOHN  (1783-1863),  prize-fighter  and  horse- 
racer  ;  fought  Henry  Pearce  the  '  Game  Chicken '  at  Hails- 
ham,  1805 ;  leading  boxer  till  1808 ;  won  the  Derby  and 
the  St.  Leger,  1832,  the  Derby  and  Oaks,  1846,  the  Two 
Thousand,  1844,  and  the  Derby  and  Two  Thousand,  1854  ; 
M.P.,  Pontefract,  1832-7.  [xxiii.  336] 

GULSTON,  JOSEPH  (1745-1786),  collector  and  con- 
noisseur ;  born  at  Greenwich  in  romantic  circumstances ; 
spent  a  large  fortune  chiefly  in  collecting  books  and 
prints,  the  sale  of  the  latter  (1786)  lasting  forty  days ; 
M.P.,  Poole,  1780-4.  [xxiii.  337] 

GULSTON,    THEODORE    (1572-1632).    [See  GOUL- 

STON.] 

GUMBLE,  THOMAS(rf.  1676),  biographer ;  chaplain 
to  Monck  in  Scotland,  1656 :  entrusted  by  him  with 
letters  to  the  parliament  and  city,  1660 ;  D.D.  Cambridge 
and  prebendary  of  Winchester,  1661 :  rector  of  East 
Lavant,  Sussex,  1663;  published '  Life  of  General  Monck, 
Duke  of  Albemarle,'  1671.  [xxiii.  338] 

GUNDLEUS,  SAINT  (6th  cent.).    [See  GWYNLLYW.] 

GUNDRADA  PR  WARENNE  (d.  1085),  wife  of  William 
de  Warrenne,  first  earl  of  Surrey,  and  co-founder  with 
him  of  Lewes  priory,  1077 ;  her  tombstone  placed  in  St. 
John's  Church,  Southover,  Lewes,  at  end  of  eighteenth 
century.  [xxiii.  33H] 


GUNDRY 


5  to 


GURNEY 


GUNDRY,  SIK  NATHANIEL  (1701  V-1751),  judge; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1725 :  M.P.,  Dorchester,  1741- 

1750;  K.C.,  171'J;  jiul^r  of  coninion  pirns,  1760-4;  died 
of  gaol  fever.  [xxiii.  339] 

GUNDULF  (10247-1108),  bishop  of  Rochester;  made 
a  pilgririKiure  with  William,  archdeacon  of  Rouen,  to 
.Jerusalem ;  monk  of  Bee;  followed  Liiufrano  to  Oaenaud 
to  Kiijrluii'l,  and  l>ecan]e  his  proctor;  as  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester (1U77-1108)  remodelled  chapter  ou  monastic  basis 
and  rebuilt  cathedral ;  architect  of  the  Tower  of  London,  ! 
St.  Leonard's  Tower,  West  Mailing,  and  other  buildings  ; 
bad  charge  of  see  of  Canterbury  during  vacancy,  1U89 ; 
exercised  influence  over  William  II ;  was  attended  on  his 
deathbed  by  Anselm.  [xxiii.  339] 

GTJNN,  BARNABAS  (d.  1753),  musical  composer; 
organist  at  Gloucester  Cathedral,  1732-40,  at  St.  Philip's 
and  St.  Martin's,  Birmingham,  1740-53,  and  Chelsea 
Hospital,  1750-3;  published  'Six  Solos  for  Violin  "and 
Violoncello,'  1745,  and  songs  and  cantatas,  [xxiii.  341] 

GUNN,  DANIEL  (1774-1848),  congregational  minis- 
ter ;  celebrated  for  his  unemotional  preaching  and  his 
schools  at  Christchurch,  Hampshire.  [xxiii.  342] 

GUNN,  JOHN  (/.  1790),  musical  writer ;  published 
4  Treatise  on  the  Origin  of  Stringed  Instruments,'  1789,  and 
a  supplemental  '  Forty  favourite  Scotch  Airs  adapted  for 
Violin,  Violoncello,  or  Flute,'  also  '  Historical  Enquiry 
respecting  the  performances  of  the  Harp  in  the  High- 
lands '  (1807)  and  works  on  the  flute.  [xxiii.  342] 

GUNN,  ROBERT  CAMPBELL  (1808-1881),  natural- 
ist; superintendent  of  convict  prisons  in  Tasmania, 
whence  he  sent  home  plants  and  animals ;  F.L.S.,  1850  ; 
F.RS.,  1864  ;  died  at  Hobart  Town.  [xxiii.  342] 

GUNN,  WILLIAM  (1750-1841),  antiquarian  writer  ; 
B.D.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1795 ;  rector  of  Barton 
Turf  and  Irstead,  Norfolk,  1786-1829,  and  afterwards  of 
<; or h stem  ;  published  l  Extracts '  from  state  papers  in  the 
Vatican  and  other  libraries,  1803,  a  tenth-century  manu- 
script of  '  Historia  Britonum,'  1819,  and  an  account  of  the 
Vatican  tapestries,  1831.  [xxiii.  343] 

GUNNING,  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  DUCHESS  OK 
HAMILTON  AND  OP  ARGYLL  (1734-1790),  famous  beauty; 
youngest  daughter  of  James  Gunning,  of  Castlecoote, 
Roscommon ;  secretly  married  James,  sixth  duke  of 
Hamilton,  at  midnight  in  Mayfair  chapel,  14  Feb.  1752, 
and  in  1759  John  Campbell,  afterwards  duke  of  Argyll ; 
lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Queen  Charlotte;  created 
Baroness  Hamilton,  1776.  [xxiii.  343] 

GUNNING,  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  MRS.  PLUN- 
KETT  (1769-1823),  novelist;  daughter  of  Susannah  Gun- 
ning [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  349] 

GUNNING,  HENRY  (1768-1854),  senior  esquire 
bedell  of  Cambridge  University  ;  scholar  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  sixth  wrangler,  1788 ;  M.A.,  1791;  esquire 
bedell,  1789  (senior,  1827-54) ;  published  '  Reminiscences 
of  the  University,  Town,  and  County  of  Cambridge,'  1854, 
and  new  edition  of  Wall's  '  Ceremonies  observed  in  the 
Senate  House.'  [xxiii.  344] 

GUNNING,  JOHN  (rf.  1798),  surgeon  to  St.  George's 
Hospital,  1766-98 ;  as  master  of  the  Surgeons'  Company 
(1789-90)  effected  many  reforms ;  had  violent  contro- 
versies with  John  Hunter,  whom  he  succeeded  as  surgeon- 
general,  1793.  rxxiii.  345] 

GUNNING,  MARIA,  afterwards  COUNTESS  OF 
COVENTRY  (1733-1760).  [See  COVENTRY.] 

GUNNING,  PETER  (1614-1684),  bishop  of  Ely; 
ancestor  of  the  famous  beauties;  fellow  and  tutor  of 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1633;  M.A.,  1635;  famous  as 
royalist  preacher  when  incumbent  of  Little  St.  Mary's ; 
retired  to  Oxford,  1646;  during  the  Commonwealth  cele- 
brated episcopalian  service-  at  Exeter  Chapel,  Strand  ; 
D.D.,  1660 ;  master  of  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lady 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1660 ;  master  of  St. 
John's  and  regius  professor,  1661 ;  proctor  for  Canterbury 
and  Peterborough  in  the  lower  house  of  convocation  ; 
prominent  in  Savoy  conference;  bishop  of  Chichester, 
1669-75,  of  Ely,  1676-84;  his  'Paschal  or  Lent  Fast' 
(1662)  republished,  1845.  [xxiii.  345] 

GUNNING,  SIR  ROBERT,  baronet  (1731-1816),  diplo- 
matist ;  plenipotentiary  at  Copenhagen,  1768  ;  transferred 


to  Berlin,  1771 ;  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg,  177H-&  ; 
negotiated  for  employment  of  Radian  troops  in  America, 
1775  ;  K.B.,  1778;  created  baronet,  1778.  [xxiii.  34H] 

GUNNING,  MRS.  SUSANNAH  (17407-1800X  novel- 
ist; n»-  Minifle;  married  John  Gunning  (afterward* 
lieutenant-general),  brother  of  the  famous  beauties,  1768 ; 
joined  her  daughter,  Elizabeth  Gunning  [q.  v.],  when  h'er 
husband  turned  the  girl  out  of  the  bouse,  both  being 
received  by  the  Duchess  of  Bedford  ;  published  several 
novels  ;  her '  Memoirs  of  Mary  '  (1793)  supposed  to  mention 
family  scandals.  [xxiii.  34»] 

GUNTER,  EDMUND  (1581-1836),  mathematician: 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford: 
M.A.,  1606;  B.D.,  1615;  incumbent  of  St.  George's, 
Southwark,  1615  ;  Gresham  professor  of  astronomy,  1619- 
1626;  discovered  by  experiment  at  Deptford  variation 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  1622;  introduced  'Guuter's 
chain '  and  the  decimal  separator  ;  'Gunter's  Line '  or  rule 
of  proportion  described  in  bis  '  Book  of  the  Sector ' ;  pub- 
lished '  Canon  Triangulorum  ;  or,  Table  of  Artificial  Sines 
and  Tangents,'  1620;  complete  works  edited  by  Samuel 
Foster  (1636)  and  William  Leybourn  (1673). 

[xxiii.  350] 

GUNTHORPE  or  GUNDORP,  JOHN  (d.  1498),  dean 
of  Wells  ;  chaplain  to  Edward  IV  ;  warden  of  the  king's 
hall  at  Cambridge,  1468-77 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1471-98 ;  dean  of  Wells,  1472-98 ;  keeper  of  the  privy 
seal,  1483 ;  employed  to  treat  with  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian, 1486,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  1488,  and  other 
European  princes  :  built  deanery  at  Wells,  [xxiii.  351] 

GUNTON,  SIMON  (1609-1676),  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1634 ;  vicar 
of  Pytchley,  1637,  of  Peterborough,  1660-6,  and  of  Flsker- 
ton,  Lincolnshire,  1666-76;  history  of  Peterborough 
Cathedral  compiled  from  his  collection  issued  1686. 

[xxiii.  352] 

GURDON  or  GORDON,  SIR  ADAM  DE  (d.  1305X 
warrior ;  fought  against  Henry  III  in  barons'  war ;  re- 
pulsed Welsh,  1265  ;  defeated  in  single  combat  MjjPrince 
Edward,  1266,  who  restored  his  estates;  a  jtfsjji&tt  the 
forest  and  commissioner  of  array  in  Hampshire,  ^Dorset, 
and  Wiltshire  under  Edward  I.  [xxiii.  362] 

GURDON,   BRAMPTON  (d.  1741),  Boyle  lecturer; 

fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1695  ;  chaplain 

to   Lord   Macclesfleld :    archdeacon    of    Sudbury,    1727 ; 

rector  of  Denham,  1730,  of  St.  Edmund  the  King,  Lom- 
!  bard  Street,  1732  ;  his  Boyle  lectures  (1721-2),  'The  Pre- 
i  tended  Difficulties  in  Natural  or  Reveal'd  Religion  no 

Excuse  for  Infidelity,'  printed  1723. 

GURDON,  JOHN  (1595  ?-1679),  parliamentarian; 
M.P.  for  Ipswich  in  Long  parliament;  M.P.,  Suffolk, 
1664 :  member  of  Eastern  Counties  Association :  member 
of  council  of  state,  1660 ;  refused  to  attend  when  com- 
missioner for  Charles  I's  trial  [xxiii.  363] 

GURDON,    THORNHAGH  (1663-1733),    antiquary; 

1  brother  of  Brampton  Gurdon  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Caius  College, 

Cambridge,  1682;  F.S.A.,  1718;  receiver-general  of  Nor- 

!  folk;  published 'Essay  on  the  Antiquity  of  the  Oastel  of 

Norwich,'  1728,  and  a  history  of  parliament,  1731. 

[xxiii.  363] 

GURNALL,  WILLIAM  (1617-1679),  divine;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1639:  rector  of  Laven- 
ham,  Sutfolk,  1644-79;  published  'The  Christian  in 
Complete  Armour,'  1655,  1658,  1662.  [xxiii.  364] 

GURNEY,  ANNA  (1795-1857),  Anglo-Saxon  scholar  ; 
though  paralysed  throughout  life  visited  Rome,  Athens, 
and  Argos;  first  female  member  (1845)  of  British  Archaeo- 
logical Association ;  published  privately  '  Literal  Trans- 
lation of  the  Saxon  Chronicle.  By  a  Lady  in  the  Country,' 
1819.  [xx»i.  3M] 

GURNEY,  ARCHER  THOMPSON  (1820-1887), 
divine  and  author ;  sou  of  Richard  Gurney  [q.  v.] :  chap- 
lain to  the  Court  Chapel,  Paris,  1858-71 ;  published  books 
of  verse,  including  'Songs of  the  Present,'  1854,  and '  Iphi- 
geuia  at  Delphi'  (tragedy),  1865;  also  translations  from 
the  German  and  prose  treatises.  [xxliL  364] 

GURNEY,  DANIEL  (1791-1880),  banker  and  anti- 
quary;  F.S.A. ;  printed  privately  essays  on  banking 
and  '  Record  of  the  House  of  Gouruay,'  18M- 

N  N 


GURNEY 


f>4G 


GUTCH 


GURNET  or  GURNAY,  EDMUND  (rf.  1648),  divine ; 
B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1600 ;  Norfolk  fellow  of 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1601  ;  B.D.,  1609 ; 
rector  of  Edgefield,  Norfolk,  1614,  of  Harplcy,  1620 :  pub- 
lished anti-Romanist  treatises,  [xxiii.  356] 

GURNET,     EDMUND     (1847-1888),     philosophical 
writer ;    third  son  of  John  Hampden  Gurney  [q.  v.]  : 
fourth  classic,   1871  ;    fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1872 ;  studied  successively  music,  medicine,  and 
law  ;  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  experimental  psycho-  , 
logy,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Society  ; 
for  Psychical  Research,  1882,  in  whose  '  Proceedings '  and 
'  Journal '  he  wrote  on  hallucination  and  hypnotism  ; 
published  '  The  Power  of  Sound,'  1880, '  Phantasms  of  the 
Living,'  1886  (with  Frederic  William  Henry  Myers  [q.  v.]  i 
and  Mr.  F.  Podmore),  and '  Tertium  Quid,'  1887. 

[xxiii.  356] 

GURNET,  Sm    GOLDSWORTHY  (1793-1875),    in- 
ventor ;  in  a  course  of  chemistry  lectures  at  the  Surrey 
Institution  anticipated  principle  of  electric  telegraph ;  I 
invented  oxy-hydrogen  blow-pipe,  and  discovered  the  so-  ' 
called  '  Drummond  Light ';  his  steam-jet  first  applied  to 
steamboats,  1824;  with  his  steam  carriage  went  from 
London  to  Bath  and  back  at  rate  of  fifteen  miles  an  hour, 
1829 ;  extinguished  mine  fires  by  his  steam- jet;  principle 
of  'Gurney  stove'  applied 4n  warming  and  ventilation  of 
old  House  of  Commons  ;  superintended  lighting  and  ven- 
tilation in  new  houses  of  parliament,  1854-63  ;  knighted, 
1863;  published  descriptions  of  his  inventions  and 'Ob-  I 
servations  pointing  out  a  means  by  which  a  Seaman  may 
id.-ntify  Lighthouses '  (1864).  [xxiii.  358] 

GURNET,  HUDSON  (1775-1864),  antiquary  and 
verse-writer;  half-brother  of  Anna  Qurney  [q.v.] :  friend  i 
of  Lord  Aberdeen ;  M.P.,  Newtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  from 
1816;  F.R.S.,  1818  ;  vice-president,  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
1822-46;  published  'Cupid  and  Psyche,'  1799,  'Heads  of 
Ancient  History,'  1814,  a  verse  translation  of  'Orlando 
Furioso,'  1843,  and  '  Norfolk  Topographer's  Manual '  and 
•  History  of  Norwich  Oastle.'  [xxiii.  360] 

GURNET,  JOHN  (1688-1741),  quaker;  friend  of  Sir 
Robert  Walpole ;  ably  defended  Norwich  wool-trade  before 
parliamentary  committee,  1720.  [xxiii.  361] 

GURNET,  SIR  JOHN  (1768-1845),  judge:  son  of 
Joseph  Gurney  (1744-1816)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1793;  junior  counsel  for 
Hardy,  Home  Tooke,  and  Thelwall,  1794  ;  defended  Cross- 
field,  1796,  and  Arthur  O'Connor,  1798;  K.O.  after  prose- 
cuting Oochrane,  1816  ;  procured  conviction  of  two  Cato 
Street  conspirators,  1820 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1832- 
1845,  and  knighted,  1832.  [xxiii.  361] 

GURNET,  JOHN  HAMPDEN  (1802-1862),  author; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  John  Gurney  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1827 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's.  Bryanstone 
Square,  1847-62 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1857.  His  works 
include  '  Psalms  and  Hymns  for  Public  Worship,'  1852, 
and  three  series  of  '  Historical  Sketches.'  [xxiii.  362] 

GURNET,  JOSEPH  (1744-1815),  shorthand  writer ; 
on  of  Thomas  Gurney  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  on  official  re- 
ports of  civil  cases  from  1790 ;  ordered  to  read  from  his 
notes  of  the  Warren  Hastings  trial  words  of  Burke 
accusing  Impey  of  murder,  1789  ;  reported  election  peti- 
tion committees,  1791  ;  published  thirteen  reports,  1775- 
1796  ;  edited  ninth  edition  of  '  Bracbygraphy,' 1778. 

[xxiii.  368] 

GURNET,  JOSEPH  (1804-1879),  shorthand  writer 
and  biblical  scholar ;  son  of  William  Brodie  Qurney  [q.  v.]  ; 
reporter  to  houses  of  parliament,  1849-72;  published 
'The  Annotated  Paragraph  Bible,'  1850-60,  and  'The 
Revised  English  Bible,'  1877.  [xxiii.  363] 

GURNET,  JOSEPH  JOHN  (1788-1847),  quaker 
philanthropist  and  writer:  brother  of  'Daniel  Gurney 
[q.  v.]  and  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Fry  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  classics  at 
Oxford  ;  quaker  minister,  1818 ;  interested  in  prison  reform, 
negro  emancipation,  and  the  abolition  of  capital  punish- 
ment ;  visited  the  chief  European  countries,  and  in  1837- 
1840  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  the  West  Indies  ;  pub- 
lished 'Essays  on  the  Evidences,  Doctrines,  and  Practical 
Operation  of  Christianity,'  1825,  and  *  Biblical  Notes  and 
Dissertations,'  1830,  bis  '  Letters  to  Mrs.  Opie,'  and  'Auto- 
biography,' printed  privately;  hi?  'Chalmeriana'  pub- 
lished posthumously.  fxxiii.  363] 


GURNET  or  GURNARD,  Sm  RICHARD,  baronet 
(1577-1647),  lord  mayor  of  London,  1641  -2  ;  created  baronet 
by  Charles  I ;  refused  to  call  out  the  trained  bands  to  keep 
the  peace  when  the  arrest  of  the  five  members  was  con- 
templated, 1642  :  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1642-7,  for 
causing  to  be  read  the  king's  proclamation  against  parlia- 
ment's militia  ordinance,  1642.  [xxiii.  364] 

GURNET,  RICHARD  (1790-1843),  vice-warden  of 
the  stannaries  of  Devon,  and  author  of  ;  Fables  on  Men 
and  Manners,'  1809,  'The  Maid  of  Prague,'  1841,  and  other 
works  ;  died  at  Bonn.  [xxiii.  354] 

GURNET,  RUSSELL  (1804-1878),  recorder  of  Lon- 
don ;  son  of  Sir  John  Gurney  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1826;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1828; 
common  pleader  in  city  of  London,  1830 ;  Q.C.,  1845  ; 
judge  of  sheriff's  court,  1850;  common  ser jeant,  1856 ; 
recorder,  1857-78 ;  M.P.,  Southampton,  1865 ;  took  charge 
of  Married  Women's  Property  Bill  (1870)  and  other  im- 
portant measures ;  commissioner  in  Jamaica,  1865,  and 
for  treaty  of  Washington,  1871 ;  privy  councillor,  1866  ; 
served  on  many  royal  commissions.  [xxiii.  365] 

GURNET,  SAMUEL  (1786-1856).  bill-discounter  and 
philanthropist ;  brother  of  Joseph  John  Gurney  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  firm  of  Richardson  &  Overend  (afterwards  Over- 
end,  Gurney  &  Co.),  1807  ;  became  known  as  'the  banker's 
banker';  worked  for  reform  of  criminal  code ;  interested 
in  the  Niger  expedition  of  1841,  and  the  colony  of  Liberia ; 
treasurer  of  British  and  Foreign  School  Society  from 
1843.  [xxiii.  366] 

GURNET,  THOMAS  (1705-1770),  shorthand  writer ; 
clockmaker  near  Blackf riars  Road ;  shorthand  teacher ; 
bis  engagement  at  the  Old  Bailey  the  first  official  ap- 
pointment of  a  shorthand  writer;  afterwards  practised 
in  other  courts  and  in  the  House  of  Commons ;  his 
'  Bracbygraphy '  (1750)  originally  an  improvement  on 
William  Mason's  '  Shorthand,'  frequently  reissued  and  im- 
proved. Gurney's  '  System '  was  employed  by  Sir  Henry 
Cavendish  [q.  v.],  and  later  for  most  government  and 
parliamentary  work.  [xxiii.  367] 

GURNET,  WILLIAM  BRODIE  (1777-1855),  short- 
hand writer  and  philanthropist;  brother  of  Sir  John 
Gurney  [q.  v.];  reported  trials,  speeches,  &c.,  throughout 
the  United  Kingdom,  1803^4  ;  official  reporter  to  parlia- 
ment from  1813;  mentioned  in  'Don  Juan';  edited 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  editions  of  '  Brachygraphy  '(1824- 
1835),  and  the  'Youth's  Magazine' (commenced  1805); 
president  of  Sunday  School  Union  ;  treasurer  of  Stepney 
College  and  the  baptist  foreign  missions.  [xxiii.  369] 

GURWOOD,  JOHN  (1790-1845),  editor  of  the  *  Wel- 
lington Despatches ' :  served  in  Peninsula  as  subaltern  of 
52nd  till  storming  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  1812,  where  he  was 
severely  wounded;  exchanged  into  cavalry;  aide-de- 
camp to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  the  Netherlands  ;  severely 
wounded  at  Waterloo ;  brevet-colonel,  1841;  as  private 
secretary  to  Wellington  edited  his  despatches,  1837-44; 
C.B.  and  deputy-lieutenant  of  the  Tower  ;  committed 
suicide.  [xxiii.  370] 

GUTCH,  JOHN  (1746-1831),  antiquary  and  divine; 
M.A.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1771 ;  chaplain  of  All 
Souls',  1770,  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  1778; 
registrar  of  the  university,  1797-1824;  rector  of  St. 
Clement's,  1795-1831:  published  'Collectanea  Curiosa,' 
1781, and,  from  Wood's  manuscripts,  'History  and  Anti- 
quities of  the  Colleges  and  Halls  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,'  1786,  'Fasti  Oxonienses,'  1790,  and  'History  of 
the  University  of  Oxford,'  1792-6.  [xxiiL  370] 

GUTCH,  JOHN  MATHEW  (1776-1861),  journalist: 
eldest  son  of  John  Gutch  [q.  v.] ;  at  Christ's  Hospital 
with  Coleridge  and  Lamb;  lodged  with  Lamb,  1800; 
removed  to  Bristol,  1803,  and  conducted  'Felix  Farley's 
Bristol  Journal*  till  1844;  prosecuted  for  libels  on 
George  IV  and  Lord  Lyndhurst  in  London  '  Morning 
Journal,*  1829;  edited  George  Wither's  'Poems,'  1820, 
and  Robin  Hood  'Ballads,'  1850  and  1867;  called  the 
'  Bristol  Junius '  from  his  '  Letters  of  Cosmo.' 

[xxiii.  371] 

GUTCH,  JOHN  WHEELEY  GOUQH  (1809-1862), 
queen's  messenger;  eon  of  John  Mathew  Gutch  [q.  v.]  ; 
edited  '  Literary  and  Scientific  Register,'  1842-66. 

[xxiii.  372] 


GUTCH 


647 


GUY 


GUTCH,  ROBERT  (1777-1881),  divine  ;  second  sou  of 
John  Gutch  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1802;  M.A.,  1804;  rector  of  Seagrave,  Leicester- 
shire, 1809-51 ;  published  anonymously  satirical  tract  on 
a  Roman  catholic  miracle,  1836.  [xxiii.  371] 

GUTHLAC,  SAINT  (663  V-714),  of  the  Mercian  royal 
race ;  after  a  youth  spent  in  war  entered  monastic  com- 
munity at  Reptou ;  hermit  in  the  Isle  of  Crowland  for 
rifux-ii  years;  visited  by  JSthelbald,  who,  on  becoming 
king  of  Alt-rein,  built  over  his  shrine  Crowland  Abbey. 

Lxxiii.  373] 

GUTHEIE,  SIR  DAVID  (fl.  1479),  lord  treasurer  of 
Scotland  ;  sheriff  of  Forfarshire,  1457,  and  armour-bearer 
to  James  II ;  lord  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1461  and  1467  ; 
comptroller  of  the  household,  1466 ;  clerk  of  the  register, 
14G8  ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1469  ;  lord  chief -justice,  1473  ; 
founded  collegiate  church  at  Guthrie.  [xxiii.  374] 

GUTHEIE,  FREDERICK  (1833-1886),  scientific 
writer ;  B.A.  London,  1855  ;  Ph.D.  Marburg,  1854 ;  studied 
under  Bunseu  at  Heidelberg  ;  assisted  Franklaud  at  Owens 
College  and  Playfair  at  Edinburgh ;  professor  of  chemistry 
and  physics  in  Royal  College,  Mauritius,  1861-7 ;  after- 
wards professor  in  the  Normal  School  of  Science,  South 
Kensington  ;  founded  Physical  Society  of  London,  1873 : 
discovered  'approach  caused  by  vibration,'  1870,  and 
'  cryohydrates ' ;  published  '  Elements  of  Heat,'  1868,  and 
'  Magnetism  and  Electricity,'  1873,  and  under  the  pseudo- 
nym Frederick  Ceruy,  poems,  '  The  Jew '  (1863)  and 
'  Logrono '  (1877).  [xxiii.  874] 

GUTHEIE,  GEORGE  JAMES  (1785-1856),  surgeon  ; 
with  the  29th  in  Canada  as  assistant-surgeon;  in  the 
Peninsula,  1808-14 ;  at  Waterloo  performed  several  novel 
operations ;  declined  knighthood ;  founded  eye  infirmary 
(afterwards  Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital),    1816; 
surgeon  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1827-43 ;  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery,  1828-31,  and  president  of  College 
of  Surgeons,  1833, 1841,  and  1854  ;  gave  Huuterian  oration  ! 
without  note,  1830;    published    'Commentaries  on  the  j 
Surgery  of  the  War'  (1808-15),  1853,  with  supplement,  I 
including  the  Crimean  war,  1855,  and  separate  treatises 
on  gunshot  wounds,  on  operative  surgery  of  the  eye,  and 
arterial  affections.  [xxiii.  375] 

GUTHEIE    or     GUTHEY,    HENRY   (1600  ?-1676),  I 
bishop  of  Duukeld ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1620 ;  minister  of 
Stirling,  1632-48  ;  member  of  the  high  commission,  1634  ;  j 
opposed  Laudiau  policy  and  took  the  covenant,  but  as  a 
member  of  the  general  assembly  opposed  the  '  root  and  ' 
branch '  abolition  of  episcopacy,  and  favoured  the  '  en-  j 
gagement '  of  1647 ;  dismissed  as  a  malignant,  but  ad-  I 
mitted    minister    of    Kilspindie,   1656,    and    restored  at  ! 
Stirling,  1661 ;  bishop  of  Duukeld,  1665-76 ;  his  '  Memoirs 
of  Scottish  Affairs,  1637  to  Death  of  Charles  I '  published 
1702.  [xxiii.  376] 

GUTHEIE,  JAMES  (1612?  1661),  presbyterian 
divine ;  M.A.  and  regent,  St.  Andrews  ;  became  presby- 
terian under  influence  of  Rutherford ;  minister  of  Lauder, 
1642-9  ;  member  of  general  assembly,  1644-51 ;  commis- 
sioner to  Charles  I  at  Newcastle,  1646 ;  minister  of  Stir- 
ling, 1649-61 ;  excommunicated  Middleton,  1650  ;  deposed 
as  an  extreme  '  protester,'  1651 ;  named  a  '  trier '  by  the 
English  privy  council,  1654;  refused  reparation  for  in- 
sults from  '  resolutions '  by  Cromwell,  1656  ;  hanged  at 
Edinburgh  for  contriving  the  'western  remonstrance' 
and  rejecting  the  king's  ecclesiastical  authority,  1661 ; 
his  attainder  reversed,  1690.  [xxiii.  377] 

GUTHEIE,  JOHN  (d.  1649),  bishop  of  Moray  ;  M.A. 
St.  Andrews,  1597 ;  minister  successively  of  Kinnel,  Ar- 
birlot,  Perth  (1617),  and  St.  Giles's,  Edinburgh  (1621); 
bishop  of  Moray,  1623-38 ;  preached  before  Charles  I  in 
his  rochet,  1633 ;  deposed  and  brought  by  Monro  to  the 
estates,  who  imprisoned  him  in  the  Tolbooth,  1639 ; 
allowed  to  retire  to  Guthrie.  [xxiii.  379] 

GUTHEIE,    THOMAS    (1803-1873),   preacher    and 
philanthropist ;   studied  at  Edinburgh,  subsequently  in 
Paris;    minister    of    Arbirlot,    1830-7,    Old   Greyfriars, 
Edinburgh,    1837-40,  St.  John's,  1840-64;    joined  Free 
church,   1843,  followed  by  most  of    bis  congregation  ; 
moderator,  1862 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1849 ;  the  apostle  of 
ragged  schools  ;  platform  speaker  in  cause  of  temperance ; 
first  editor   of  'Sunday  Magazine,'   1864-73;   published  ; 
'Plea  for  Ragged  Schools,'   1847-9,  'Plea  on  behalf  of  . 
Druukurds,'  1«51,  ami  devotional  works.        [xxiii.  380]      I 


GUTHEIE,  WILLIAM  (1620-1665),  presbyterian 
divine ;  cousin  of  James  Gutbrie  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  An- 
drews, 1638 :  minister  of  Fenwick,  Ayrshire  ('  the  fool  of 
Fenwick'),  1644-64;  army  chaplain  at  Muuchline  Moor, 
1648;  joined 'protesters,' 1651;  .  ! ;  struggled 

against  episcopacy  after  the  Restoration;  his  'The 
Christian's  Great  Interest*  frequently  reprinted  and 
translated.  [xxiii.  882] 

GUTHEIE,  WILLIAM  (1708-1770),  author ;  educated 
at  Aberdeen  ;  wrote  reports  for  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine,' c.  1730 ;  obtained  pension  from  Pelham  ministry, 
1745  :  published  works,  including  '  A  General  History  of 
the  World,'  1764-7,  and  '  Geographical,  Historical,  and 
Commercial  Grammar,'  1770 ;  referred  to  with  respect  by 
Dr.  Johnson.  [xxlli.  388] 

GUTHEUM  or  GUTHOEM  (d.  890),  king  of  East- 
Anglia;  one  of  the  Danish  invaders  who  conquered 
Mercia,  871,  and  waged  war  with  Alfred;  became 
a  Christian  after  the  battle  of  Ethandun,  and  by  the 
treaty  of  Wedmore,  878,  was  given  East-Anglia  (including 
Essex  and  London)  as  his  share  of  the  Danish  kingdom  ; 
broke  the  treaty  by  aiding  the  foreign  Norsemen  to 
attack  Wessex,  and  lost  London  and  Western  Essex,  886. 
[xxiii.  384] 

GUTHEY,  HENRY  (1600  ?-1676).    [See  GUTHRIE.] 

GUTO  Y  GLYN  (fl.  1430-1468),  Welsh  poet ;  domestic 
bard  to  abbot  of  Valle  Orucis  (Glyn  Egwestl) ;  made 
triennial  circuits  of  Wales ;  a  hundred  and  nineteen  of 
his  poems  said  to  be  extant.  [xxiiL  386] 

GUTTEEIDGE,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1813),  bandmaster  of 
the  62nd ;  published  '  The  Art  of  playing  Gutteridge's 
Clarinet,'  1824.  [xxiii.  385] 

GUTTEEIDGE,  WILLIAM  (1798-1872),  violinist  and 
organist;  led  band  of  Brussels  theatre,  1815,  and  after- 
wards at  Birmingham;  member  of  George  IV's  and 
William  IV's  bands ;  organist  of  St.  Peter's,  Brighton, from 
1828 ;  conductor  and  leader  of  New  Harmonic  Society ; 
formed  one  of  a  quartet  with  King  George  and  the  future 
kings  of  the  Belgians  and  Hanover,  and  accompanied 
Queen  Victoria  in  1837.  [xxiii.  385] 

GUY  OF  WARWICK,  hero  of  romance  ;  reputed  son  of 
Siward  of  Wallingford  ;  when  page  of  Roalt  or  Rohand, 
earl  of  Warwick,  falls  in  love  with  his  daughter  Felice ; 
wins  her  after  fighting  against  the  Saracens  and  slaying 
the  Northumbrian  dragon;  journeys  as  a  palmer  to  the 
Holy  Land,  and  on  his  return  slays  in  single  combat,  be- 
fore Winchester,  the  Danish  giant  Colbrand ;  leads  ascetic 
life  at  Warwick  until  death.  The  story,  current  in  Win- 
chester in  the  fourteenth  century ,was  accepted  as  authentic 
by  the  chroniclers  and  was  versified  by  Lydgate,  c.  1450. 
At  Warwick  the  Beauchamp  earls  assumed  descent  from 
Guy,  Earl  Richard  erecting  a  chantry  for  the  repose  of  his 
soul,  1423,  one  of  the  priests  of  which,  John  Rous,  treated 
the  legends  as  authentic,  and  was  followed  by  Dugdale  in 
bis'  Warwickshire.'  Samuel  Pegge(1781)first  showed  their 
uuhistorical  character.  The  thirteenth-century  French 
poem  was  first  printed,  1525,  the  English  version  some 
years  later.  [xxiii.  386] 

GUY,  HENRY  (1631-1710),  politician;  admitted  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  1652;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1663;  M.P.  Hedon  (Yorkshire),  1670-95  and  1702-5, 
where  he  erected  a  town  hall,  1693 ;  boon  companion  of 
Charles  II ;  secretary  to  the  treasury,  1679-88  and  1691-5 ; 
sent  to  the  Tower  for  receiving  a  bribe ;  granted  the 
manor  of  Great  Tring  and  other  property ;  left  money  to 
William  Pulteney  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  388] 

GUY,  JOHN  (d.  1628?),  governor  of  Newfoundland  ; 
sheriff,  1605-6,  mayor,  1618-19 ;  M.P.,  Bristol,  1620-8 ;  pub- 
lished (1609)  appeal  for  colonisation  of  Newfoundland ; 
led  out  a  body  of  planters,  1610  ;  wrote  (1612)  account  of 
voyage  to  Trinity  Bay ;  returned  to  Bristol. 

[xxiii.  389] 

GUY,  THOMAS  (1645  ?-1724),  founder  of  Guy's  Hos- 
pital: educated  at  Tamworth;  admitted  to  Stationers' 
Company,  1668 ;  set  up  as  bookseller  in  London,  1668 ; 
one  of  the  Oxford  University  printers,  1679-92  ;  imported 
Dutch  type  and  sold  bibles;  M.P.,  Tamworth,  1695- 
1707 ;  built  Tamworth  town  hall  (1701)  and  founded  an 
almshouse ;  lived  penurious  life,  but  was  liberal ;  frou, 
1704  an  active  governor  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  greatly 
increased  his  fortune  by  selling  his  South  Sea  stock; 
erected  at  a  cost  of  1K.793/.  a  new  hospital  (leaving 

WN2 


GUY 


548 


GWYNNETH 


200,OOOJ.  for  its  endowment),  which  was  to  receive  incur- 
ables and  luuatics,  though  discretion  was  left  to  the 
governors.  By  his  will  (reprinted  1732)  Guy  also  left 
benefactions  to  Christ'*  Hospital  and  the  debtors  of 
London,  Middlesex,  and  Surrey.  [xxiii.  390] 

GUY,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  (1810-1885),  medical 
statistician;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Guy's  Hos- 
pital ;  studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Paris ;  M.B.  Cambridge, 
1837  ;  professor  of  forensic  medicine  at  King's  College, 
London,  1838;  assistant-physician  at  King's  College 
Hospital,  1842,  dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine,  1846-58 ; 
edited  '  Journal '  of  Statistical  Society,  1852-6 ;  president 
of  Statistical  Society,  1873-5  ;  vice-president  of  Royal 
Society,  1876-7  ;  Croonian  (1861),  Lumleian  (1868),  and 
Harveian  (1875)  lecturer  at  College  of  Physicians ;  a 
founder  of  the  Health  of  Towns  Association  ;  member  of 
commission  on  penal  servitude  and  criminal  lunacy ; 
published  '  Principles  of  Forensic  Medicine,'  1844,  'Public 
Health,'  1870-4,  and  statistical  papers.  [xxiii.  392] 

GUYLDFORDE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1455  ?-1506).  [See 
GUILD  FORD.] 

GTTYON,  RICHARD  DEB  AUFRE  ( 1803-1856),  general 
in  the  Hungarian  army  ;  some  time  in  the  Austrian  ser- 
vice; received  command  of  the  landsturm  and  the 
honveds  in  1848  and  won  for  the  Huncrarians  the  battles 
of  Sukoro  (1848),  Sche\vechat  (1848),  and  the  pass  of 
Branitzko;  raised  the  siege  of  Komorn  (1849)  and  de- 
feated the  ban  of  Croatia  at  Hegyes,  1849  ;  after  the 
surrender  of  Gbrgey  (1849),  took  service  with  the  sultan ; 
as  lieutenant-general  (1852)  with  title  of  Khourschid 
Pasha,  the  first  Christian  to  be  given  a  command  ;  did 
good  service  against  the  Russians  in  Anatolia,  1853-5 ; 
removed  after  Kurekdere,  1855;  died  of  cholera  at 
Scutari.  [xxiii.  393] 

GTTYSE,  JOHN  (1680-1761),  independent  minister  at 
Hertford  and  in  New  Broad  Street ;  had  controversy  with 
Samuel  Chandler  [q.  v.],  1729-31 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1733 ; 
published  '  Exposition  of  the  New  Testament  in  form  of 
paraphrase,'  1739-52.  [xxiii.  394] 

GTTYTON,    MRS.  EMMA  JANE  (1825-1887).      [See 

WORBOISE.] 

GWAVAS,  WILLIAM  (1676-1741),  writer  in  Cornish; 
corresponded  with  Thomas  Tonkin,  Edward  Lhuyd,  and 
John  Keigwin  on  the  old  Cornish  language ;  his  writings 
among  British  Museum  manuscripts.  [xxiii.  394] 

GWENFEEWI.    [See  WINEFRIDK.] 

GWENT,  RICHARD  (d.  1543),  archdeacon  of  Lon- 
don ;  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1515 ;  D.O.L., 
1525;  advocate  for  Queen  Catherine,  1529;  rector  of  two 
London  parishes;  dean  of  arches,  1532;  archdeacon  of 
London,  1534-43;  prolocutor  of  convocation,  1536,  1540, 
1541;  archdeacon  of  Huntingdon,  1542;  prebendary  of 
St.  Paul's,  1542  ;  eulogised  by  Leland.  [xxiii.  395] 

GWENWYNWYN  (d.  1218?),  prince  of  Upper 
Powys  ;  succeeded  Owain  Oyveiliog,  1197 ;  fought  against 
the  English  and  Llewelyn  ab  lorwerth ;  granted  lands  in 
Derbyshire  by  King  John  :  joined  Llewelyn  against  King 
John,  1215 ;  having  made  peace  with  the  English  was 
driven  into  Cheshire  and  lost  his  territory,  1216 ;  Powys 
Gwenwynwyn  named  after  him.  [xxiii.  396] 

GWILT,  CHARLES  PERKINS  (d.  1835),  antiquarian 
writer  ;  eldest  son  of  Joseph  Gwilt  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  399] 

GWILT,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1746-1807),  architect ; 
surveyor  of  Surrey,  c.  1770,  district  surveyor  of  St. 
George's,  Southwark,  1774,  and  surveyor  to  Surrey  sewers 
commission,  c.  1777  ;  patronised  by  Henry  Thrale  the 
brewer  ;  architect  to  West  India  Dock  Company. 

[xxiii.  397] 

GWILT,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1776-1856),  archi- 
tect; son  of  George  Gwilt  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  super- 
intended rebuilding  of  tower  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  1820, 
and  (gratuitously)  restoration  of  St.  Mary  Overy,  South- 
wark, 1822-5  ;  F.S.A.,  1816.  [xxiii.  397] 

GWILT,  JOHN  SEBASTIAN  (1811-1890),  architect ; 
second  son  of  Joseph  Gwilt  [q.  v.] ;  made  drawings  for  the 
'  Encyclopedia  of  Architecture.'  [xxiii.  399] 

GWILT,  JOSEPH  (1784-1863),  architect  and  archieo- 
logist ;  son  of  George  Gwilt  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School :  surveyor  of  Surrey,  1807-4C  :  designed 


Markree  Castle,  Sligo,  the  approaches  to  Southwark 
Bridge,  and  St.  Thomas's  Church,  Charlton  ;  F.S.A.,  1815  ; 
M.K.A.S.,  1838;  published  works,  including  'Treatise  on 
the  Equilibrium  of  Arches,'  1811,  '  Sciography,'  1822,  a 
translation  of  Vitruvius,  1826,  and  'Encyclopaedia  of 
Architecture,'  1842.  [xxiii.  397] 

GWILYM,  DAVID  AI-  (14th  cent.).      [See  DAVID.] 

GWIN,  ROBERT  (fl.  1591),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1568;  B.D.  Douay, 
1675  ;  preacher  in  Wales ;  translated  'The  Resolution '  of 
Robert  Parsons  into  Welsh.  [xxiii.  399] 

GWINNE,  MATTHEW  (1558?-1627),  physician;  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow ;  M.A.,  1582  ;  junior  proctor,  1588 ;  M.D.,  1593 ;  first 
Gresham  professor  of  physic,  1598-1607 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1605 ; 
disputed  before  Queen  Elizabeth  (1592)  and  James  1(1605) 
at  Oxford;  friend  of  Florio,  to  whose  works  he  contri- 
buted sonnets,  as  '  II  Candido* ;  refuted  Francis  Anthony's 
view  of  'aurum  potabile,'  1611  ;  published  also  two  Latin 
plays,  'Nero'  acted  at  St.  John's  College,  1603,  'Ver- 
tumnus '  at  Magdalen  College,  1605.  [xxiii.  399] 

GWINNET,  RICHARD  (d.  1717),  dramatist ;  corre- 
sponded as  'Pylades'  with  Elizabeth  Thomas  [q.  v.] 
(Dryden's '  Oorinna ') ;  with  their  published  correspondence 
(1732)  appeared  his  play  '  The  Country  Squire.' 

[xxiii.  400] 

GWYN,  DAVID  (fl.  1588),  poet ;  published  a  metrical 
narrative  of  his  imprisonment  in  Spain,  1588. 

[xxiii.  401] 

GWYN,  ELEANOR  (1650-1687),  actress  and  mistress 
of  Charles  II ;  sold  oranges  in  Theatre  Royal,  Drury 
Lane ;  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  as  Cydaria  in 
Dryden's  'Indian  Emperor,'  1665 ;  continued  to  play 
there  till  1670 ;  appeared  at  Dorset  Garden,  1677-8,  and 
again  at  Drury  Lane,  1682 ;  illiterate,  but  good  in  comedy, 
prologues,  and  epilogues ;  rival  of  the  Duchess  of  Ports- 
mouth with  Charles  II,  retaining  his  favour  till  death ; 
one  of  her  sons  by  the  king  created  Duke  of  St.  Albans, 
1684  ;  her  portrait  painted  by  Lely.  [xxiii.  401] 

GWYN,  FRANCIS  (1648  ?-1734),  politician  ;  friend  of 
Rochester;  M.P.,  Chippeuham,  1673-9,  Cardiff,  1685, 
Ohristchurch,  1689-95,  Oallington,  1695-8,  Totnes,  1699- 
1701  and  1710-15,  Wells,  1673-1727;  under-secretary  of 
state,  1681-3  and  1688-9 ;  privy  councillor,  1701 ;  Irish 
secretary,  1701;  commissioner  of  trade,  1711-13 ;  secretary- 
at-war,  1713-14 ;  his  diary  of  James  II's  expedition  to  the 
west  (1688)  printed,  1886.  [xxiii.  403] 

GWYNLLYW  or  GUNLYTT,  called  GWYNLLYW 
FILWR,  '  THE  WARRIOR  '  (6th  cent.),  Welsh  saint  (Gu.vn- 
LEUS);  reputed  eldest  of  six  sons  of  Glywys,  a  South- 
Welsh  king  and  hermit ;  Gunlyu's  tomb,  where  miracles 
were  worked,  supposed  site  of  St.  Woolos  Church,  New- 
port-on-Usk.  [xxiii.  404] 

GWYNN,  GWYN,  or  GWYNNE,  JOHN  (d.  1786), 
architect;  with  S.  Wale  published  (1749)  Wren's  'Plan 
for  rebuilding  the  City  of  London  after  the  great  fire  in 
1666,'  and  a  plan  of  St.  Paul's  and  other  works ;  member 
of  committee  for  creating  Royal  Academy,  1755;  an 
original  member,  1768 ;  as  surveyor  at  Oxford  designed 
Magdalen  Bridge,  1772;  built  also  the 'English'  bridge 
at  Shrewsbury  (finished,  1774),  and  Worcester  bridge 
(finished,  1780) :  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  who  assisted  in 
several  of  his  writings ;  proposal  for  establishing  an 
academy  of  art  contained  in  his  '  Essay  on  Design  '  (1749). 

[xxiii.  405] 

GWYNNE,  JOHN  (fl.  1660),  captain  in  Charles  1's 
guards;  distinguished  himself  in  first  civil  war;  with 
Montrose,  1660,  Middleton,  1654,  and  the  Duke  of  York  at 
Dunkirk,  1658  ;  his  statement  of  services  published  (1822) 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  '  Military  Memoirs  of  the  Great 
Civil  War.'  [xxiii.  407] 

GWYNNE,  NELL  (1650-1687).  [See  GWYN, 
ELEANOR.] 

GWYNNE,  ROBERT  (fl.  1591).    [See  GWIN.] 

GWYNNETH,  JOHN  (fl.  1557),  Roman  catholic 
divine  and  musician ;  Mus.Doc.  Oxford,  1631 ;  rector  of 
Olynog,  St.  Peter,  Westcheap  (1543),  and  vicar  of  Luton, 
1554;  published  treatises  against  John  Fritb's  works 
and  'My  love  mourneth'  (1530),  with  other  musical 
compositions.  [xxiii.  407] 


GYB80N 


549 


HACKSTON 


OYBSON.    [See  GIBSON.] 

OYE,  FREDERICK,  the  elder  (1781-1869), entertain- 
ment  manager  ;  with  3u,uuo/.  won  in  a  lottery  established 
wine  and  tea  companies  ;  bought  and  conducted  Vaux- 
hall  Gardens,  1821-40  ;  M.P.,  Chippenham,  lHi'6-30. 

[xxiii.  408] 

OYE,  FREDERICK,  the  younger  (1810-1878),  direc- 
tor of  Italian  opera;  son  of  Frederick  Gye  the  elder 
[q.  v.  J ;  assisted  Jullien  in  promenade  concerts  of  1846, 
and  as  acting  manager  at  Drury  Lane,  1847 ;  leased 
Covent  Garden  for  opera,  1849,  and  as  manager  produced 
'  Le  Prophete,'  '  Rigoletto,'  1863,  and  other  pieces  ;  carried 
ou  opera  at  the  Lyceum  till  the  opening  of  new  Oovent 
Garden  Theatre,  1858,  where  Patti(1861),  Lucca  (1863), 
and  Albani(  1873)  made  their  debuts,  and  the  first  Wagner 
operas  were  given,  1875-6;  with  Mapleson  carried  on 
Covent  Garden  and  Her  Majesty's  in  conjunction,  1869- 
1870  ;  accidentally  shot.  [xxiii.  409] 


OYLBY,   GODDRED  (/».  1561).    [See  GiLBT.] 

GYLES  or  GILES,  HENRY  (1640  7-1709),  glass- 
painter  ;  friend  of  Ralph  Tboresby  [q.  v.];  revived  pictorial 
glass  work  in  England,  c.  1682  ;  his  beat-known  work  the 
east  window  of  University  College,  Oxford,  [xxiii.  410] 

GYLES,  MASOAL  (d.  1652),  divine;  vicar  of  Ditch- 
ling,  Sussex,  1621-44,  and  Wartling,  1648-62 ;  published 
against  Thomas  Barton  [q.  v.] ;  bis  "Treatise  against 
Superstitious  Jesu- Worship,'  1642,  and  '  Defense,'  1643. 


[xxiii.  411] 
flia,    1057-C6; 


GYRTH  (d.  1066),  earl  of  East  Angl 
fourth  son  of  Godwine;  accompanied  Tostig  to  Rome, 
1061;  probably  with  Harold  at  Stamford  Bridge,  1066; 
according  to  the  '  Roman  de  Ron '  advised  Harold  to 
leave  him  (Gyrth)  to  lead  the  army  against  William  the 
Norman  ;  said  to  have  slain  William's  horse  at  Hastings 
before  being  struck  down  by  him.  [xxiii.  411] 


H 


HAAK,  THEODORE  (1605-1690),  translator  ;  born  at 
Neuhausen  ;  came  to  England,  1625 ;  studied  at  Oxford ; 
employed  by  parliament  to  translate  •  Dutch  Annotations 
upon  the  whole  Bible,'  1657;  suggested  idea  of  Royal 
Society,  c.  1645,  and  became  an  original  member,  1663 ; 
translated  into  High  Dutch  blank  verse  half  of  '  Paradise 
Lost.'  [xxiii.  412] 

HAAST,  SIR  JOHN  FRANCIS  JULIUS  VON  (1824- 
1887),  geologist  and  explorer ;  discovered  coal-  and  gold- 
fields  south-west  of  Nelson,  New  Zealand,  1859 ;  as  sur- 
veyor-general of  Canterbury  carried  on  ten  years'  explo- 
ration, 1861-71,  discovering  the  Southern  Alps ;  professor 
of  geology  in  New  Zealand  university  and  (1866)  founder 
of  Canterbury  Museum ;  F.R.S.,  1867 ;  knighted  in  con- 
nection with  Colonial  Exhibition  of  1885;  published 
4  Geology  of  ...  Canterbury  and  Westland,'  1879;  died 
at  Wellington.  [xxiiL  412] 

HABERSHON,  MATTHEW  (1789-1852),  architect ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1807-27 ;  visited  Jerusalem 
(1852)  to  arrange  for  erection  of  Anglican  cathedral; 
received  from  king  of  Prussia  gold  medal  for  his  '  Ancient 
half-timbered  Houses  of  England,'  1836  ;  published  works 
ou  prophecy.  [xxiii.  413] 

HABERSHON,  SAMUEL  OSBORNE  (1825-1889), 
physician ;  studied  at  Guy's  Hospital ;  M.D.  London, 
1851;  physician  to  Guy's  Hospital,  1866-80;  lecturer  on 
materia  medica,  1856-73,  and  medicine,  1873-7  ;  F.R.C.P., 
1856;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1876,  Harveian  orator,  1883, 
and  vice-president  of  College  of  Physicians,  1887 ;  presi- 
dent of  London  Medical  Society,  1873 ;  published  works 
on  diseases  of  the  abdomen,  stomach,  and  liver. 


[xxiii.  413] 
ABINGDON,  ED- 


HABINGTON,  ABINGTON,  or 
WARD  (1553  ?-1586),  conspirator  in  Babington's  plot; 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1574 ;  a  leading  conspirator 
in  Babington's  plot,  1586  ;  hanged  and  quartered,  denying 
his  guilt  [xxiii.  414] 

HABINGTON  or  ABINGTON,  THOMAS  (1560- 
1647),  antiquary  ;  brother  of  Edward  Habington  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  Paris,  and  Rheims ; 
imprisoned  for  complicity  in  Babington's  plot,  1586 ;  con- 
structed in  his  house  secret  chambers  and  hid  Jesuits  ; 
the  letter  warning  Monteagle  of  Gunpowder  plot  said  to 
have  been  written  by  his  wife ;  published  translation  of 
Gildas,  1638  and  1641 ;  his  collections  for  history  of  Wor- 
cestershire issued,  1717  and  1723.  [xxiii.  414] 

HABINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1605-1654),  poet;  son  of 
Thomas  Uabington  [q.  v.] ;  educated  in  France  ;  married 
Lucy  Herbert,  daughter  of  William,  first  baron  Powis, 
whom  he  celebrated  as  'Castara,'  1634;  published  also 
"The  Queene  of  Arragon'  (tragi-comedy),  1640,  and  two 
historical  works.  '  Castara '  was  reprinted  by  Arber, 
1870  ;  the  '  Queene  of  Arragon  '  is  in  Dodsley's  collection. 

[xxiii.  415] 

HACK,  MARIA  (1778?-1844),  writer  of  children's 
books,  including  'Grecian  Stories'  (1819)  and  'English 
Stories  '  (1820,  1825).  txxiii.  416] 


HACKER,  FRANCIS  (d.  1660),  regicide ;  captured  at 

Melton  Mowbray,  1643,  and  again  at  fall  of  Leicester, 

1645  ;  commanded  parliamentarian  left  wing  at  royalist 

defeat  at  Willoughby  Field,  1648;  commanded  regiment 

in  Scottish  war  under  Cromwell ;  charged  with  custody 

of  Charles  I  at  Westminster  Hall ;  supervised  Charles  I'd 

I  execution  ;  supported  protectorate  ;  followed  Haslerig  in 

!  opposition  to  the  army,  1659  ;  hanged  as  regicide. 

[xxiii.  416] 
HACKET,  GEORGE  (d.  1756).    [See  HALKKT.] 

HACKET,    JAMES    THOMAS  (1805  ?-1876),  astro- 
!  loger  ;  author  of  '  Student's  Assistant  in  Astronomy  and 
Astrology,'  1836 ;  contributed  statistical  tables  to  Hera- 
path's  '  Railway  and  Commercial  Journal.'    [xxiii.  418] 

HACKET,  JOHN  (1692-1670),  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfield  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  chaplain  to  Lord-keeper  Williams; 
incumbent  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  1624-45,  and  Cheam, 
Surrey,  1624  ;  chaplain  to  James  I,  1623  ;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1623 ;  archdeacon  of  Bedford,  1631 ;  attempted 
to  moderate  Laud's  zeal ;  as  member  of  committee  of 
religion  made  able  speech  before  Commons  in  defence  of 
deans  and  chapters,  1641 ;  after  the  Restoration  resumed 
preaching  at  St.  Paul's  as  canon  residentiary  ;  bishop  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1661-70;  restored  Lichfield  Ca- 
thedral, partly  at  his  own  expense ;  bequeathed  money  to 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  his  books  to  the  univer- 
sity ;  chief  work,  '  Scrinia  Reserata  '  (first  published,  1693), 
a  life  of  Archbishop  Williams.  [xxiii.  418] 

HACKET,  HACQTJET,  or  HECQUET,  JOHN- 
BAPTIST  (d.  1676),  theologian  ;  originally  a  Dominican 
of  Cashel ;  teacher  at  Milan,  Naples,  and  Rome,  where  he 
died  ;  published  theological  works.  [xxiii.  420] 

HACKET,  ROGER  (1669-1621),  divine;  of  Winches- 
ter and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1577  ;  M.A.,  1683  ; 
D.D.,  1596 ;  rector  of  North  Crawley,  Buckinghamshire, 
1590-1621.  [xxiii.  420] 

HACKET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1591),  fanatic;  announced 
mission  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  Messiah  ;  imprisoned 
for  reviling  Queen  Elizabeth  :  with  Edmund  Goppinger 
[q.  v.]  proposed  to  dethrone  the  queen  and  abolish  epi- 
scopacy ;  after  riot  in  Cheapside  was  tried  and  executed. 

[xxiii.  421] 

HACKMAN,  ALFRED  (1811-1874X  sub-librarian  at 
the  Bodleian,  1862-73 ;  precentor  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1841-73,  vicar  of  St.  Paul's,  1844-71 :  published 
'Catalogue  of  Tanner  MSS.'  in  the  Bodleian,  1860. 

[xxiii.  422] 

HACKMAN,  JAMES  (1752-1779),  murderer;  lieu- 
tenant in  army,  1776:  incumbent  of  Wiveton,  Norfolk, 
1779;  fell  in  love  with  Martha  Ray,  mistress  of  Lord 
Sandwich,  and  on  her  refusal  to  marry  him  shot  her 
outside  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  [xxiii.  422] 

HACKSTON  or  HALKERSTONE,  DAVID  (d.  1680). 
covenanter  :  present  at  Archbishop  Sharp's  murder,  1679 ; 
fled  to  the  west  and  helped  to  draw  up  the  '  Declaration 


HAOOMBLEN 


550 


HADRIAN 


and  Testimony,'  1679 :  one  of  the  leaders  at  Drumclog 
and  Bothwell  Brigg,  1679 ;  captured  at  Aird's  Moss  and 
executed  at  Edinburgh.  [xxiii.  423] 

HACOMBLEN,  ROBERT  (d.  1528),  provost  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge  :  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1507;  vicar  of  Prescot, 
Lancashire,  1492 ;  provost  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1609-28  ;  gave  the  brass  lectern  still  in  use,  and  fitted  up 
chantry  on  south  side,  where  he  is  buried,  [xxiii.  423] 

HADDAN,  ARTHUR  WEST  (1816-1873),  ecclesias- 
tical historian;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1837; 
fellow,  1839;  M.A. ;  Johnson  theological  scholar,  1839; 
curate  to  Newman  at  St.  Mary's,  1841-2;  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  Gladstone's  election  committee,  1847  ;  vice- 
president,  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  incumbent  of  Barton- 
on-the-Heath,  Warwickshire,  1857-73  ;  published  editions 
of  the  works  of  Archbishop  Bramhall  and  of  H.  Thorndike 
in  Anglo-Catholic  library,  'Rationalism  '(reply  to  Mark 
Pattison),  1862,  'Apostolical  Succession  in  the  Church  of 
England,'  1869,  and  with  Bishop  Stubbs, « Councils  and 
Ecclesiastical  Documents,'  1869-73  ;  his  '  Remains '  edited, 
1876.  [xxiii.  424] 

HADDAN,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1814-1873),  barrister 
and  first  editor  of  the  'Guardian';  brother  of  Arthur 
West  Haddan  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1840  ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1837-43  ;  Viner- 
ian  fellow,  1847 ;  B.C.L.,  1844 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1841;  equity  draughtsman;  projected  and  first  edited 
'Guardian,'  1846;  published  works,  including  'Outlines 
of  Administrative  Jurisdiction  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,' 
1862 ;  died  at  Vichy.  [xxiii.  425] 

HADDEN,  JAMES  MURRAY  (d.  1817),  surveyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance ;  distinguished  himself  as  an 
artillery  officer  with  Burgoyne  in  Canada;  captured  at 
Saratoga,  1777 ;  adjutant-general  in  Portugal,  1797 ; 
secretary  to  Richmond  when  master-gemeral  of  ordnance, 
1794-5  ;  surveyor-general  of  ordnance,  1804-10 ;  colonel, 
1806  ;  major-general,  1811 ;  his  'Journal '  of  1776  printed 
at  Albany,  New  York,  1884.  [xxiii.  426] 

HADDENSTON,  JAMES  (d.  1443).  [See  HALDEN- 
STOUN.] 

HADDINGTON,  EARLS  OP.  [See  HAMILTON,  SIR 
THOMAS,  first  EARL,  1563-1637;  HAMILTON,  THOMAS, 
second  EARL,  1600-1640 ;  HAMILTON,  THOMAS,  sixth  EARL, 
1680-1735  ;  HAMILTON,  THOMAS,  ninth  EARL,  1780-1858.] 

HADDINGTON,  VISCOUNT  (1580  ?-1626).  [See 
RAMSAY,  SIR  JOHN.] 

HADDOCK.     [See  also  HAYDOCK.] 

HADDOCK,  NICHOLAS  (1686-1746),  admiral ;  second 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Haddock  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  him  self 
as  midshipman  at  destruction  of  Franco-Spanish  fleet  at 
Vigo,  1702 ;  lieutenant  at  relief  of  Barcelona,  1706 ;  as 
captain  of  the  Ludlow  Castle,  1707,  recaptured  the 
Nightingale  in  North  Sea  ;  led  attack  at  Cape  Passaro, 
1718  ;  commander  at  the  Nore,  1732  ;  as  commander-in- 
chief  in  Mediterranean,  1738-42,  blockaded  Spanish  coast 
and  took  valuable  prizes ;  vice-admiral,  1741;  admiral  of 
the  blue,  1744 ;  M.P.,  Rochester,  1734-46.  [xxiii.  426] 

HADDOCK,  SIR  RICHARD  (1629-1715),  admiral; 
took  part  in  attack  on  Vlie  aud  Scbelling,  1666 ;  com- 
manded Sandwich's  flagship,  the  Royal  James,  in  battle 
of  Solebay,  1672,  afterwards  Prince  Rupert's  flagship,  the 
Royal  Charles  ;  knighted,  1675 ;  commander  at  the  Nore, 
1682 ;  commissioner  of  victualling,  1683-90  ;  admiral  and 
joint  commauder-in-chief,  1690;  afterwards  comptroller 
of  the  navy.  [xxiii.  427] 

HADDON,  JAMES  (/.  1556X  divine;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1544 ;  original  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1546 ;  chaplain  to  Duke  of  Suffolk  and  tutor  to 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  c.  1551 ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1653 ;  one  of 
the  protestaut  disputants  on  the  real  presence,  1553 ; 
went  to  Strasburg,  1554.  [xxiii.  428] 

HADDON,  WALTER  (1516-1572),  civilian  ;  brother 
of  James  Haddon  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  aud  King's 
College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1537:  D.C.L.,  1549;  vice- 
chancellor,  1549-50;  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  1551 ; 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  1662 ;  mgaged  with  Cheke  in 


reform  of  ecclesiastical  laws ;  president,  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1652-3  ;  M.P.,  Tbetford,  1558 ;  on  accession 
of  Elizabeth  named  master  of  requests,  commissioner  for 
visitation  of  Cambridge  and  Eton,  ecclesiastical  commis- 
sioner, and  judge  >f  prerogative  court ;  employed  in  com- 
mercial negotiations  with  Flanders,  1565-6;  member  of 
parliamentary  committee  to  petition  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
marry,  1566  ;  defended  the  Reformation  against  Osorio  da 
Fonseca ;  published,  with  Cheke,  '  Reformatio  Legum 
Ecclesiasticarum,'  1571.  His  '  Lucubrationes '  (ed.  T. 
Hatcher,  1567)  contains  Latin  letters  and  orations. 

[xxiii.  429] 

HADENHAM,  EDMUND  OF  (fl.  1307),  chronicler  : 
monk  of  Rochester  ;  work  ascribed  to  him  by  Lambard 
printed  in  Wharton's  '  Anglia  Sacra,'  1691.  [xxiii.  432] 

HADFIELD,  CHARLES  (1821-1884),  journalist; 
edited  '  Manchester  City  News,'  1865-7, '  Warrington  Ex- 
aminer,' and  'Salford  Weekly  News,'  1880-3. 

[xxiii.  432] 

HADFIELD,  GEORGE  (d.  1826),  architect ;  brother 
of  Mrs.  Maria  Cecilia  Louisa  Cosway  [q.  v.] ;  travelling 
student  of  Royal  Academy  ;  at  Rome,  1790 ;  exhibited  in 
1795  drawing  for  a  restoration  of  the  temple  at  Palestrina, 
and  drawings  of  the  temples  of  Mars  and  Jupiter  Tonans, 
and  an  interior  of  St.  Peter's ;  designed  buildings  in  Wash- 
ington ;  died  in  America.  [xxiii.  432] 

HADFIELD,  GEORGE  (1787-1879),  politician ;  radi- 
cal M.P.  for  Sheffield,  1862-74 ;  introduced  measures  for 
registration  of  judgments  and  for  abolition  of  qualifica- 
tions for  offices,  1866 ;  took  part  in  formation  of  Anti- 
Corulaw  League  and  (1840)  establishment  of  the  Lanca- 
shire Independent  College;  edited  charity  commission 
reports,  1829,  and  other  works.  [xxiii.  433] 

HADFIELD,  MATTHEW  ELLISON  (1812-1885), 
architect;  with  his  son  Charles  designed  St.  Mary's, 
Sheffield,  the  Roman  catholic  cathedral  at  Salford;  em- 
ployed by  four  dukes  of  Norfolk.  [xxiii.  433] 

HADFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1806-1887),  writer  on 
Brazil ;  secretary  to  Buenos  Ayres  Great  Southern  Railway 
and  South  American  Steam  Navigation  Company ;  editor 
(1863-87) of  'South  American  Journal ' ;  published  works 
on  Brazil  and  the  River  Plate  (1854  and  1869). 

[xxiii.  434] 

HADHAM,  EDMUND  OF,  EARL  OF  RICHMOND  (1430  ?- 
1456).  [See  TUDOR.] 

HADLEY,  GEORGE  (1686-1768),  scientific  writer; 
brother  of  John  Hadley  (1682-1744)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  barrister,  1709  ;  F.R.S., 
1735 ;  formulated  present  theory  of  trade  winds ;  pub- 
lished also  '  Account  and  Abstract  of  the  Meteorological 
Diaries  communicated  for  1729  and  1730'  to  Royal 
Society.  [xxiii.  434] 

HADLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1798),  orientalist;  served  in 
East  India  Company's  army,  1763-71;  published 'Gram- 
matical Remarks '  on  Moors  (dialect  of  Hindustani),  with 
vocabulary  (4th  edit.  1796),  and  on  Persian,  with  voca- 
bulary (1776).  [xxiii.  435] 

HADLEY,  JOHN  (1682-1744),  mathematician  and 
scientific  mechanist ;  wrote  advanced  mathematical 
papers  for  Royal  Society ;  F.R.S.,  1717;  vice-president, 
Royal  Society,  1728  ;  invented  first  serviceable  reflecting 
telescope,  1719-20;  his  reflecting  quadrant  tested  by 
admiralty,  and  further  improved,  1734.  [xxiii.  435] 

HADLEY,  JOHN  (1731-1764),  professor  of  chemistry 
at  Cambridge;  nephew  of  John  Hadley  (1682-1744) 
[q.  v.]  ;  fifth  wrangler  and  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1753 ;  M.A.,  1756 ;  professor  of  chemistry,  1756  : 
M.D.,  1763;  F.R.S.,  1758;  F.R.C.P.,  1763;  physician  to 
Charterhouse,  1763;  intimate  with  Thomas  Gray  (1716- 
1771)  [q.v.]  [xxiii.  436] 

HADOW,  JAMES  (1670  P-1747),  'the  Detector* ;  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1699, 
principal,  1707 ;  published  theological  treatises,  including 
'  Antinomiauism  of  the  Marrow  of  Modern  Divinity 
detected,'  1721.  [xxiii.  437] 

HADRIAN  IV  (d.  1159).    [See  ADRIAN  IV.] 

HADEIAN  DE  OABTKLLO  (1460  ?-1521  ?).  [See 
ADRIAN  DK  OASTKLLO.] 


HAGGARD 


551 


HAKEWILL 


HAGGARD.  JOHN  (1794-1856).  civilian;  of  West- 
•  r  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1816-20 ; 
LL.D.,  1818;  chancellor  of  Lincoln,  1836,  of  Winchester, 
1845,  of  Manchester,  1847 ;  edited  reports  of  cases  in  con- 
sistory court  of  London,  admiralty  court,  and  Doctors' 
Commons.  [xxiii.  437] 

HAGGART,  DAVID  (1801-1H21),  criminal:  fre- 
quented fairs  and  race-meetings  in  Scotland  and  the 
north  of  England;  six  times  imprisoned  for  theft;  four 
times  broke  gaol ;  killed  a  turnkey  at  Dumfries,  1820 ; 
arrested  in  Ireland  ;  banged  at  Edinburgh  ;  compiled  an 
autobiography  in  Scottish  thieves'  cant,  published,  with 
notes  by  George  Combe  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  438] 

HAGHE,  CHARLES  (d.  1888),  lithographer:  brother 
of  Louis  Hagbe  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  439] 

HAGHE,  LOUIS(1806-1885),  lithographer  and  water- 
colour  painter ;  born  at  Tournay  ;  worked  only  with  his 
left  hand :  in  his  youth  left  Belgium  for  England ;  in 
partnership  with  William  Day  lithographed  David 
Roberta's  '  Holy  Land  and  Egypt,'  and  his  own  '  Sketches 
in  Belgium  and  Germany ' ;  president  of  the  New  Water- 
colour  Society,  1873-84 ;  exhibited  regularly  from  1854, 
chiefly  Flemish  interiors.  [xxiii.  438] 

HAGTHORPE,  JOHN  (fl.  1627),  poet;  probably 
identical  with  the  Captain  John  Hagthorpe  who  took 
part  in  Cadiz  expedition.  1625  ;  published  '  Divine  Medita- 
tions and  Elegies,'  1622  (selection  edited  by  Brydges, 
1817), '  Visiones  Rervm,'  1623,  and  '  Englands-Ex chequer,' 
in  prose  and  verse,  1625.  [xxiii.  439] 

HAGTTE,  CHARLES  (1769-1821),  professor  of  music 
at  Cambridge ;  gained  repute  as  a  violinist ;  professor  of 
music,  Cambridge,  1799-1821 ;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge,  1801 ; 
published  glees,  Haydn's  symphonies  arranged  as  quintets, 
and  setting  of  William  Smyth's  ode  at  the  installation  of 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester.  [xxiii.  440] 

HAIGH,  DANIEL  HENRY  (1819-1879),  priest  and 
antiquary  ;  converted  to  Romanism,  1847 ;  became  priest, 
1840 ;  built  St.  Augustine's,  Erdington,  near  Birmingham, 
chiefly  at  his  own  expense;  the  chief  English  authority  on 
runic  literature ;  assisted  Professor  Stephens  in  his  '  Runic 
Monuments,'  and  published  works  on  early  numismatics, 
the  Saxon  conquest,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  sagas. 

[xxiii.  440] 

HAIGH,  THOMAS  (1769-1808),  violinist,  pianist,and 
composer ;  studied  under  Haydn ;  composed  sonatas 
(chiefly  for  pianoforte),  and  ballads.  [xxiii.  441] 

HAIGHTON,  JOHN  (1755-1823),  physician  and  phy- 
siologist; M.D. ;  demonstrator  under  Henry  Cline  [q.  v.] 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ;  lectured  for  St.  Thomas's  and 
Guy's  on  physiology  and  midwifery,  1789;  called  'the 
merciless  doctor':  joint-editor  of  'Medical  Records  and 
Researches,'  1798  ;  silver  medallist  of  London  Medical 
Society  for  paper  on  '  Deafness,'  1790.  [xxiii.  441] 

HAILES,  third  BARON  (d.  1508).  [See  HEPBCRN, 
PATRICK.] 

HAILES,  LORD  (1726-1792).  [See  DALRYMPLE,  SIR 
DAVID.] 

HAILS  or  HAILES,  WILLIAM  ANTHONY  (1766- 
1845),  author :  while  working  as  a  shipwright  acquired 
knowledge  of  classics  and  Hebrew;  published  'Nugae 
Poeticae'  (1806)  and  controversial  tracts  against  Soci- 
nianlsm  and  unitarianism.  [xxiv.  1] 

HAILSTONE,  EDWARD  (1818-1890),  author  of  '  Por- 
traits of  Yorkshire  Worthies'  (1869);  sou  of  Samuel 
Hailstone  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  2] 

HAILSTONE,  JOHN  (1759-1847),  geologist;  second 
wrangler,  Trinity  Oollege^Oambridge,  1782  :  fellow,  1784  ; 
Woodwardian  professor  of  geology,  Cambridge,  1788- 
1818;  vicar  of  Trumpington,  1818-47;  F.R.S.,  1801; 
original  member  of  Geological  Society ;  made  additions 
to  Woodwardian  Museum.  [xxiv.  1] 

HAILSTONE,  SAMUEL  (1768-1851),  botanist; 
brother  of  John  Hailstone  [q.  v.]  ;  solicitor  at  Bradford  ; 
leading  authority  on  Yorkshire  flora.  [xxiv.  2] 

HAIMO  (d.  1054).    [See  HAYMO.] 

HAINES,  HERBERT  (1826-1872),  archaeologist; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1851 ;  as  undergraduate, 


published  •  Manual  for  the  Study  of  Monumental  ] 

1848 ;  second  master,  college  school,  Gloucester,  1850-73 ; 

published  guide  to  Gloucester  Cathedral,  1867.  [xxiv.  2] 

HAINES,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1799  ?-1843),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  author  of  many  popular  melodramas,  in  some 
of  which  he  acted,  including 'My  Poll  and  my  Partner 
Joe '  (1835),  and  several  nautical  dramas.  [xxiv.  2] 

HAINES  or  HAYNE8,  JOSEPH  (d.  1701),  actor; 
known  as  '  Count  Haines ' ;  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford :  Latin  secretary  to  Sir  Joseph  Williamson  [q.  v.] ; 
dancer  and  afterwards  actor  at  Theatre  Royal ;  Benito 
in  Dryden's  '  Assignation,'  written  expressly  for  him, 
1672  ;  the  original  Sparkish  in  the  '  Country  Wife,'  1673,  and 
Lord  Plausible  in  the  '  Plain  Dealer,'  1674  ;  his  best  part*. 
Noll  Bluff  in  Congreve's  '  Old  Batchelor,'  and  Roger  in 
'  JEfop  ' ;  recited  prologues  and  epilogues.  [xxiv.  3] 

HAINES,  WILLIAM  (1778-1848),  engraver  and 
painter;  worked  on  Boydell-Sbakespeare  plates;  made 
drawings  at  the  Cape,  and  engravings  at  Philadelphia, 
1800-5  ;  painted  miniatures  in  London.  [xxiv.  6] 

HAITE,  JOHN  JAMES  (d.  1874),  musical  composer  ; 
published  '  Favourite  Melodies  as  Quintets,'  1866, 'Prin- 
ciples of  Natural  Harmony,'  1855,  and  other  musical 
compositions.  [xxiv.  5] 


EDWARD  (fl.  1579),  satirist;  mayor  of 
Windsor,  1586  ;  M.P.,  Windsor,  1588-9  :  satirised  clerical 
and  other  abuses  in  pieces,  including  '  Newes  out  of 
Powles  Churchyarde,'  1567,  1579  (reprinted  in  '  Ishain 
Reprints,'  1872),  and* A  Touchstone  for  this  Time  Pre- 
sent,' 1574  ;  translated  the  '  Imitatio  Christi,'  1567. 

HAKE,  THOMAS  GORDON  (1809-1895),  physician 
and  poet ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  studied  medi- 
cine at  St.  George's  Hospital  and  at  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  practised  successively  at  Brighton,  Bury  St. 
Edmund's,  and  Roehamptou  (filling  post  of  physician  to 
West  London  Hospital),  and  finally  settled  at  St.  John's 
Wood,  London.  He  published,  between  1839  and  1890, 
several  volumes  of  poems,  the  earlier  of  which  were 
highly  appreciated  by  Dante  Rossetti,  whom  Hake 
attended  during  his  last  days  (1872).  His  'Memoirs  of 
Eighty  Years '  appeared,  1892.  [Suppl.  ii.  374] 

HAKEWILL,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  (1808-1856), 
architect :  elder  son  of  James  Hake  will  [q.  v.j ;  published 
'  Apology  for  the  Architectural  Monstrosities  of  London,' 
1835,  and  other  architectural  works.  [xxiv.  9] 

HAKEWILL,  EDWARD  CHARLES  (1812-1872), 
architect,  younger  son  of  Henry  Hakewill  [q.  v.] ;  de- 
signed churches  in  Suffolk  and  East  London  ;  published 
1  The  Temple,'  1851.  [xxiv.  »] 

HAKEWILL,  GEORGE  (1578-1649),  divine;  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1596-1611;  M.A.,  1602;  D.D., 
1611;  rector  of  Exeter  College,  1642-9;  chaplain  to 
Prince  Charles,  1612,  but  dismissed  on  account  of  manu- 
script treatise  against  the  Spanish  match  ;  archdeacon  of 
Surrey,  1617;  rector  of  Hean ton  Purchardon  during  civil 
war;  built  chapel  for  Exeter  College  (consecrated  1624); 
one  of  the  writers  on  whom  Johnson  formed  his  style. 
His  works  include  'The  Vanitie  of  the  Eie*  (last  edit. 
1633),  a  Latin  treatise  against  regicides,  1612,  and 
'  Apologie  ...  of  the  Power  and  Providence  of  God,'  1627. 

[xxiv.  6] 

HAKEWILL,  HENRY  (1771-1830),  architect:  eldest 
son  of  John  Hakewill  [q.  v.] ;  designed  Gothic  buildings 
and  chapel  at  Rugby.  Rendlesbam  House,  and  Cave  Castle. 

[xxiv.  8] 

HAKEWILL.  HENRY  JAMES  (1813-1834),  sculptor ; 
son  of  James  Hakewill  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1832.  [xxiv. »] 

HAKEWILL.  JAMES  (1778-1843),  architect ;  son  of 
John  Hakewill  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Views  of  the  Neigh- 
bourhood of  Windsor.'  1813, 'Picturesque  Tour  of  Italy,' 
1817  (with  drawings  finished  by  Turner),  and  '  Picturesque 
Tour  in  the  Island  of  Jamaica,'  1821.  [xxiv.  9] 

HAKEWILL,  JOHN  (1742-1791),  painter  and  de- 
corator ;  employed  on  decorative  work  at  Blenheim  and 
other  mansions ;  exhibited  at  Society  of  Artists,  mainly 
portraits.  [xxiv. »] 

HAKEWILL,  JOHN  HENRY  (1811-1880),  architect ; 
elder  son  of  Henry  Hakewill  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  9] 


HAKEWILL, 


552 


HALES 


HAKEWILL,  WILLIAM  (1674-1656),  legal  anti- 
quary ;  brother  of  George  Hakewill  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Bossiney,  1601,  Micbell,  1604-11,  Tregony,  1614-28,  and 
Amersbam,  1628-9  ;  kinsman  and  executor  of  Sir  Thomas 
Bodley;  M.A.  Oxford,  1613;  member  of  commission  to 
revise  tbe  laws,  1614.;  solicitor-general  to  James  I's 
queen,  1617  ;  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  master  of  chan- 
cery, 1647  ;  chief  works, '  Libertie  of  the  Subject  against 
the  pretended  Power  of  Imposition,'  1641,  and  'The 
Manner  how  Statutes  are  enacted  in  Parliament,'  1641. 

[xxiv.  10] 

HAKLTTYT,  RICHARD  (15527-1616),  geographer; 
of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1577  ; 
published  'Divers  Voyages  touching  the  Discovery  of 
America,'  1582 ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Edward  Stafford,  ambas- 
sador at  Paris,  1583-8;  prebendary  of  Bristol,  Ib86; 
rector  of  Wetheringsett,  1590  ;  archdeacon  of  Westmin- 
ster, 1603 ;  a  chief  adventurer  in  the  South  Virginian  Com- 
pany; buried  in  Westminster  Abbey;  his  'Principall 
Navigations,  Voiages,  and  Discoveries  of  the  English 
Nation,'  issued,  1589,  and  (much  enlarged)  3  vols.  1698- 
1600  ;  published  also  'A  notable  History,  containing  four 
Voyages  made  by  certain  French  Captains  into  Florida,' 
1587,  and  translations.  [xxiv.  11] 

HALCOMB,  JOHN  (1790-1852),  serjeant-at-law; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple :  M.P.,  Dover,  1831-5  ;  published 
'Practical  Treatise  on  passing  Private  Bills,'  1836. 

[xxiv.  12] 

HALDANE,  DANIEL  RUTHERFORD  (1824-1887), 
physician ;  son  of  James  Alexander  Haldane  [q.  v.] ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1848 ;  president,  Edinburgh  College  of 
Physicians ;  LL.D.  at  tercentenary  of  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, [xxiv.  13] 

HALDANE,  JAMES  ALEXANDER  (1768-1851), 
religious  writer ;  made  voyages  to  India  and  China  as 
midshipman  on  an  East  Indiaman  ;  first  congregational 
minister  in  Scotland,  1799 ;  founded  Society  for  Propa- 
gating the  Gospel  at  Home,  1797;  baptist,  1808;  took 
part  in  most  contemporary  religious  controversies ;  pub- 
lished journal  of  his  first  evangelistic  tour,  and  devotional 
works.  [xxiv.  13] 

HALDANE,  ROBERT  (1764-1842),  religious  writer ; 
brother  of  James  Alexander  Haldane  [q.  v.]  ;  spent  largely 
in  founding  and  endowing  tabernacles  and  seminaries ; 
co-operated  with  his  brother  at  Edinburgh ;  carried  on 
evangelistic  work  in  Geneva  and  southern  France,  1816- 
1819;  from  1824  attacked  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society  for  circulating  the  Apocrypha  ;  published  '  Evi- 
dences and  Authority  of  Divine  Revelation,'  1816,  and 
'  Exposition  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,'  1835-9. 

[xxiv.  14] 

HALDANE,  ROBERT  (1772-1854),  divine :  named 
after  Robert  Haldane  (1764-1842)  [q.  v.] ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  St  Andrews,  1807-20;  principal  of  St. 
Mary's,  and  primarius  of  divinity,  1820-54  ;  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  1827,  and  at  the  disruption. 


[xxiv.  15] 
F,  JAMEf 


HALDENSTOUN  or  HADDENSTON,  JAMES  (d. 
1443),  prior  of  St.  Andrews,  1418;  member  of  James  L's 
embassy  to  Rome,  1425.  [xxiv.  16] 

HALDIMAND,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1718-1791),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  of  Swiss  birth ;  some  years  in  Dutch 
service ;  lieutenant-colonel,  62nd  royal  Americans  (king's 
royal  rifle  corps),  1756,  afterwards  commanding  it  as 
60th  foot:  distinguished  at  Ticonderoga,  1768,  and 
Oswego,  1759  ;  with  Amherst's  expedition  against  Mont- 
real, 1760 ;  commanded  in  Florida,  1766-78 ;  governor 
and  commander-in-chief  of  Canada,  1778-85 ;  died  at 
Yverdun;  his  correspondence  (1758-85)  in  British 
Museum.  [xxiv.  16] 

HALDMAin),  WILLIAM  (1784-1862),  philan- 
thropist; grand-nephew  of  Sir  Frederick  Haldimand 
[q.  v.] ;  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  England  ;  M.P.,  Ipswich, 
1820-6  ;  gave  pecuniary  support  to  cause  of  Greek  in- 
dependence ;  founded  Hortense  Hospital,  Aix-les-Bains, 
and  a  blind  asylum  at  Lausanne ;  died  at  Denantou. 

[xxiv.  17] 

HALE,  Sm  BERNARD  (1677-1729),  judge  ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1704  ;  lord  chief  baron  Irish  exchequer,  1722 ; 
puisne  baron  of  English  exchequer  and  knighted,  1725. 

[xxiv.  17] 


HALE,  BERNARD  (/.  1773),  general ;  son  of  Sir 
Bernard  Hale  [q.  v.] ;  governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1773  ; 
lieutenant-general  of  the  ordnance.  [xxiv.  17] 

HALE,  HORATIO  (1817-1H96),  anthropologist;  born 
at  Newport,  New  Hampshire,  United  States  ;  M.A.  Har- 
vard ;  ethnologist  and  philologist  to  exploring  expedition 
'  under  Captain  Wilkes,  1838-42 ;  admitted  to  Chicago  bar, 
i  1855;  resided  at  Clinton,  Ontario,    1856-96;  supervised 
anthropological  work  of  British  Association  in  Canadian 
North-west  and  British  Columbia  ;  published,  1 883,  with 
I  translation  and  introduction,  '  Iroquois  Book  of  Rites ' 
:  (1714-35),  theonly  literary  American-Indian  work  extant, 
and  anthropological  writiiurs.  [Suppl.  ii.  376] 

HALE,  JOHN  (d.  1 800),  general ;  son  of  Sir  Bernard 
!  Hale  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  18] 

HALE,  SIR  MATTHEW  (1609-1676),  judge  ;  of  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  counsel  for  Sir 
John  Bramston  (1641)  and  Archbishop  Laud  (1643)  on 
impeachment ;  counsel  for  Lord  Macguire,  1646,  and  tho 
eleven  members  accused  by  Fairfax,  1646 ;  defended 
James,  duke  of  Hamilton,  1649  ;  said  to  have  tendered  his 
services  to  Charles  I ;  took  the  oath-  to  the  Common- 
wealth, but  defended  Christopher  Love  [q.  v.],  1651  ; 
member  of  committee  for  law  reform,  1652 ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1654;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1654;  M.P.,  Glou- 
cestershire, 1654,  and  in  Convention  parliament  (1660),  for 
Oxford  University,  1659;  prominent  in  the  convention; 
lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1660  ;  knighted,  1660  : 
member  of  special  court  to  adjudicate  on  questions  of 
property  arising  out  of  the  fire  of  1666  ;  presided  at  con- 
viction of  two  women  for  witchcraft,  1662  ;  endeavoured 
to  mitigate  severity  of  conventicle  acts,  and  to  forward 
'  comprehension '  ;  lord  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1671 ; 
friend  of  Baxter  and  Seldeu  and  of  the  latitudinarian 
bishops ;  published  two  scientific  works  answered  by 
Henry  More  [q.  v.]  His  posthumous  works  include  'Con- 
templations, Moral  and  Divine,'  'Pleas  of  the  Crown,' 
1678,  'The  Primitive  Origination  of  Mankind  Considered,' 
'  Historia  Placitorum  Coronse '  (ordered  by  parliament  to 
be  printed),  and  'The  Judgment  of  the  late  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Nature  of  True  Religion,'  edited  by  Baxter, 
1684;  'Works  Moral  and  Religious,'  edited  by  Rev.  T. 
Thirlwall,  1805.  [xxiv.  18] 

HALE,  RICHARD  (1670-1728),  physician;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1695  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1716  ;  gave  500/. 
to  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  library  ;  his  Harveiau 
oration  on  English  mediaeval  physicians  published,  1735. 

[xxiv.  24] 

HALE,  WARREN  STORMES  (1791-1872),  lord  mayor 
of  London  ;  master  of  Tallow  Chandlers'  Company,  1849 
and  1861  ;  alderman  of  London,  1856 ;  sheriff,  1858-9 ; 
lord  mayor,  1864-5:  chief  founder  of  City  of  London 
School  on  the  old  foundation  of  John  Carpenter  (1370  ?- 
1441  ?)[q.  v.]  [xxiv.  25] 

HALE,  WILLIAM  HALE  (1795-1870),  divine  and 
antiquary ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1820  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Bishop  Blom- 
field,  1824;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1829-40;  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Albans,  1840-2,  and  of  London,  1842; 
master  of  the  Charterhouse,  1842-70;  edited  (1858)  'The 
Domesday  of  St.  Paul's  of  1222,'  &c.,  the  'Epistles  of 
Bishop  Hall'  (1840),  and  '  Institutioues  pise,'  ascribed  to 
Bishop  Andrewes ;  published  also  accounts  of  Charter- 
house and  Christ's  Hospital.  [xxiv.  25] 

HALES,  ALEXANDER  OF  (d.  1245).  [See  ALEX- 
ANDER.] 

HALES,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1541),  master  of  the 
rolls ;  ancient  of  Gray's  Inn,  1516 ;  M.P.,  Canterbury, 
1523 ;  solicitor-general,  1526  ;  attorney-general,  1529 ; 
preferred  indictment  against  Wolsey,  1529 :  justice  of 
assize,  1532  ;  conducted  proceedings  against  More,  Fisher, 
and  Anne  Holey u,  1535  ;  granted  church  lauds  in  Kent. 

[xxiv.  26] 

HALES,    SIR   EDWARD,  baronet,  titular  EARL  OF 

TKNTERDKN  (d.  1695) ;  at  University  College,  Oxford,  under 

Obadiah  Walker  [q.  v.] ;  professed  himself  a  papist,  1685  : 

j  convicted  for  having  acted  as  colonel  of  foot  without 

i  taking  the  statutory  oaths  and  the  sacrament,  but  his 

'  plea  of  the  king's  dispensation  allowed  by  king's  bench, 

1686;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  ;  dismissed,  1688  ;  arrested 

•  while  with  James  II  at  Faversham  and  imprisoned  ;  went 

I  to  St.  Germain,  1690 :  received  a  Jacobite  title,  1692. 

[xxiv.  27] 


HALIBTJRTON 


HALES,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1554),  judge;  son  of  John 
Hales  (d.  1539)  [q.  v.]  i  ancient  of  Gray's  Inn,  1528; 
serjeant-at-law,  1540;  king's  serjeant,  1644  ;  K.B.,  15 17  : 
judge  of  common  pleas,  1549 ;  member  of  court*  which 
tried  Bonner  and  Qftl4l*Hr,ndo(  cnumii-Mon  for  reform- 
ing ecclesiastical  laws,  1551 ;  refused  to  affix  his  seal  to 
act  of  council  settling  the  crown  on  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
1553;  imprisoned  at  instance  of  Gardiner,  1663-4; 
drowned  himself  after  release.  [xxiv.  28] 

HALES,  JOHN  (d.  1639),  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1522-39.  [xxiv.  28] 

HALES  or  HAYLES,  JOHN  (d.  1571),  author  ;  clerk 
of  the  hanaper  to  Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  and  Elizabeth  ; 
converted  his  grant  of  St.  John's  Hospital,  Coventry,  into 
free  school,  1648 ;  as  M.P.  for  Preston  introduced  measures 
for  benefiting  the  poor,  1548 ;  at  Frankfort  in  Mary's 
reign ;  his  property  confiscated,  1657 ;  imprisoned  by 
Elizabeth  for  pamphlet  affirming  legality  of  marriage  of 
Lord  Hertford  and  Lady  Katherine  Grey,  1564 ;  pub- 
lished '  Highway  to  Nobility,'  1543,  and  '  Introductions 
ad  Grammaticam ' :  translated  Plutarch's  '  Precepts  for 
the  Preservation  of  Health,'  c.  1543.  [xxiv.  29] 

HALES,  JOHN  (1584-1656),  « the  ever-memorable ' ; 
educated  at  Bath  grammar  school  and  Corpus  Christi, 
Oxford ;  fellow  of  Merton,  1606 ;  M.A.,  1609 ;  public 
lecturer  in  Greek,  1612 ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1613-49 :  as 
chaplain  to  Sir  Dudley  Carleton  [q.  v.]  attended  synod  of 
Dort,  1618-19  ;  canon  of  Windsor  and  chaplain  to  Laud, 
1639 ;  his  tract  on  '  Schism  and  Schismaticks '  printed 
anonymously  and  unsanctioned,  1642 ;  during  the  Com- 
monwealth lived  in  retirement :  published  oration  on  Sir 
Thomas  Bodley,  also  several  remarkable  sermons,  1613  ; 
his  'Golden  Remains'  first  issued,  1659;  his  works 
printed  by  Foulis  (Glasgow,  1765),  edited  by  Lord  Hailes. 

[xxiv.  30] 

HALES,  JOHN  (d.  1679).    [See  HAYLS.] 

HALES,  STEPHEN  (1677-1761),  physiologist  and 
inventor;  fellow  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge, 
1703;  M.  A.,  1703;  B.D.,  1711 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1733;  per- 
petual curate  of  Teddiugton,  1709  until  death ;  also  in- 
cumbent of  Farringdon,  Hampshire,  during  same  period, 
but  resided  chiefly  at  Teddingtou  :  F.R.S.,  1718 ;  Copley 
medallist,  1739 ;  a  founder  and  (1756)  vice-president  of 
Society  of  Arts ;  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  princess- 
dowager,  and  chaplain  to  her  son  (afterwards  George  III), 
1751;  trustee  of  colony  of  Georgia;  invented  artificial 
ventilators  and  numerous  other  mechanical  contrivances ; 
his  'Vegetable  Staticks'  (1727)  the  most  important  con- 
tribution of  the  eighteenth  century  to  plant-physiology  ; 
his  contributions  to  animal  physiology  in  'Statical 
Essays'  (1733)  second  only  to  those  of  Harvey  in  the 
inauguration  of  modern  physiology.  His  monument  was 
placed  in  Westminster  Abbey  by  the  Princess-dowager  of 
Wales.  His  works  include  two  pamphlets  against  spirit- 
drinking  as  well  as  'Philosophical  Experiments'  (1739), 
containing  inter  alia  suggestions  for  distilling  water  and 
preserving  provisions  at  sea,  proposals  for  cleaning 
harbours,  and  '  A  Description  of  Ventilators,'  1743. 

[xxiv.  32] 

HALES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1250),  Franciscan ;  famous  for 
his  learning  ;  his  poem  '  A  Luve  Ron '  printed  in  Morris's 
•  Old  English  Miscellany.'  [xxiv.  36] 

HALES,  THOMAS  (1740?-1780),  French  dramatist; 
known  as  n'H&LE,  D'HELL,  or  DELL  ;  of  English  birth ; 
served  in  the  English  navy :  went  to  Paris,  c.  1770 ;  con- 
tributed to  Grimm's  '  Correspondanoe  Litteraire'  'Le 
Roman  de  Mon  Oncle,'  1777  ;  published  comedies,  with 
music  by  Gretry,  of  which  '  Le  Jugement  de  Midas  '  was 
acted  and  printed,  1778,  '  Les  Fausses  Apparences,'  acted 
1778  (revived  1850),  'Les  Evenemens  Imprevus*  (acted 
1779),  translated  by  Holcrof t,  1806, and  'Gille-s  Ravisseur' 
(acted  1781).  [xxiv.  36] 

HALES,  WILLIAM  (1747-1831),  chronologist ;  fel- 
low of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1768 ;  B.A.  and  D.D. : 
professor  of  oriental  languages,  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
rector  of  Killeshandra,  Cavau,  1788-1831.  His  twenty- 
two  works  include  '  A  New  Analysis  of  Chronology,'  1809- 
1812,  also  mathematical  papers  in  Maseres's  'Scriptores 
Logarithmici,'  and  theological  treatises.  [xxiv.  38] 

HALFORD,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1766-1844), 
physician ;  son  of  Dr.  James  Vaughan  :  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1788 ;  M.D.,  1791 ;  physician  to  Middlesex  Hospital, 


1793-1800;  F.R.C.P.,  1794 :  changed  his  name  on  inherit- 
ing property,  and  was  created  baronet,  1809;  attended 
George  IV,  William  IV,  and  y»«rn  Victoria;  president, 
College  of  Physicians,  1820-44;  published  'Account  of 
what  appeared  on  opening  the  Coffin  of  King  Charles  I,' 
1813,  and  '  Essays  and  Orations  delivered  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,'  1831.  [xxiv.  39] 

HALFORD,  SIR  I1KNHY  ST.  JOHN,  third  baronet 
(1828-1897),  rifleman :  educated  at  Eton  and  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  B.A.,  1849 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1868 ; 
C.B.,  1886 ;  shot  for  England  in  first  match  for  Elcho 
shield,  1862,  and  in  many  subsequent  years  till  1893  ;  made 
highest  scores  in  1862  and  1872  :  won  Albert  prize,  1862 
and  1893,  Duke  of  Cambridge  prize  and  Association  cup, 
1871,  and  Dudley,  1893 ;  member  of  government  small  arms 
committee,  1880;  published  'Art  of  Shooting  with  the 
Rifle,'  1888.  [SuppL  ii.  376] 

HALFPENNY,  JOSEPH  (1748-1811),  topographical 
draughtsman  and  engraver ;  clerk  of  the  works  to  John 
Oarr  (1723-1807)  [q.  v.]  at  restoration  of  York  Cathedral ; 
published  '  Gothic  Ornaments  in  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
York,'  1795-1800,  and  '  Fragmenta  Vetusta,'  1807. 

[xxiv.  39] 

HALFPENNY,  WILLIAM,  alia*  MICHAEL  HOARK 
(fl.  1752),  credited  with  invention  of  drawing  arches 
by  intersection  of  straight  lines;  published  'Practical 
Architecture,'  'Useful  Architecture,'  1751,  'Geometry, 
Theoretical  and  Practical,'  1752,  and  handbooks  on 
rural  architecture.  [xxiv.  40] 

HALGHTON,  JOHN  OK  (d.  1324).    [See  HALTON.] 

HALHED,  NATHANIEL  BRASSEY  (1761-1830), 
orientalist ;  at  Harrow  with  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan : 
knew  Sir  William  Jones  while  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
entered  East  India  Company's  service ;  translated  the 
Gentoo  Code  from  the  Persian,  1776  ;  issued  from  first  press 
set  up  in  India  Bengali  grammar,  1778 ;  first  called  atten- 
tion to  affinity  between  Sanskrit  words  and  'those  of 
Persian,  Arabic,  and  even  of  Latin  and  Greek ' ;  returned 
to  England  ;  M.P.,  Lymington,  1790-6  ;  became  a  believer 
in  Richard  Brothers  [q.  v.] ;  moved  that  Brothers's  '  Re- 
vealed Knowledge '  be  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons, 
1795;  entered  East  India  House,  1809;  published  (1771) 
verse  translation  (with  Sheridan)  of  'The  Love  Epistles  of 
Aristaenetus '  and  '  Imitations  of  some  of  the  Epigrams  of 
Martia.1,' 1793.  [xxiv.  41] 

HALIBURTON,  GEORGE  (1616-1665),  bishop  of 
Dunkeld ;  graduated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1636 ; 
attended  Scots  army  at  Newcastle,  1643 ;  deposed  from 
ministry  for  holding  communication  with  Montrose, 
1644 ;  restored,  1645  ;  silenced  for  preaching  in  the  king's 
interest,  1651 ;  parliamentary  commissioner  for  visiting 
Aberdeen  University,  1661 ;  bishop  of  Dunkeld.  1662-5. 

[xxiv.  42] 

HALIBURTON,  GEORGE  (1628-1715),  bishop  of 
Aberdeen  ;  MA.  St.  Andrews,  1646  ;  D.D.,  1673 ;  minister 
of  Coupar-Angus,  1648;  bishop  of  Brechin,  1678-82,  of 
Aberdeen,  1682-9 ;  conducted  episcopal  services  at  New- 
tyle,  1698-1710.  [xxiv.  42] 

HALLBTJRTON,  formerly  BURTON,  JAMES  (1788- 
1862),  egyptologist;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1815 ;  resumed  his  father's  first  name  of  Haliburtou,  1838 ; 
while  engaged  on  geological  survey  of  Egypt  for  Mehemet 
All  decided  position  of  Myos  Hormos  or  Aphrodite : 
travelled  with  Edward  W.  Lane  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
'Excerpta  Hieroglyphica,'  1822-8;  again  in  the  eastern 
desert,  1830-2  ;  \vorked  with  Joseph  Bonomi  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  and  Sir  John  Gardner  Wilkinson  [q.  v.] ;  his 
'Collectanea  Egyptiaca'  presented  to  British  Museum, 
1864.  [xxiv.  43] 

HALIBURTON,  THOMAS  (1674-1712>  [See  HALT- 
BURTON.] 

HALIBURTON,  THOMAS  CHANDLER  (1796-1865X 
author  of  '  Sam  Slick ' ;  born  and  educated  in  Nova  Scotia ; 
chief-justice  in  Nova  Scotia  of  common  pleas,  1828-40, 
and  judge  of  supreme  court,  1842-56 ;  afterwards  lived 
in  England ;  M.P.,  Launcestou,  1859-65  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1858.  In  his  '  Clockmaker,  or  Sayings  and  Doings  of  Sam 
Slick '  (1837, 1838,  and  1840)  he  founded  American  school 
of  humour.  His  other  works  include  "The  Attach6,  or 
Sam  Slick  in  England,'  1843-4,  besides  two  books  on  Nova 
Scotia,  and  '  The  Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony,'  1843. 

[xxiv.  43] 


HALIDAY 


554 


HALL 


HALIDAY,  ALEXANDER  HENRY  (17287-1802), 
physician  and  politician  ;  eon  of  Samuel  Haliday  [q.  v.]  : 
physician  at  Belfast ;  saved  Belfast  from  destruction  by 
'Hearts  of  Steel'  rioters,  1770;  corresponded  with 
Charlemont.  [xxiv.  45] 

HALIDAY,  CHARLES  (1789-1866),  antiqnary ; 
brother  of  William  Haliday  [q.  v.] ;  secretary  of  Dublin 
chamber  of  commerce,  director  of  Bank  of  Ireland,  and 
consul  for  Greece ;  published  pamphlets  on  social  sub- 
jects, harbour  and  lighthouse  reform,  &c. ;  his  •  Scandi- 
navian Kingdom  of  Dublin '  edited  by  J.  P.  Prendergast, 
1881.  [xxiv.  46] 

HALIDAY  or  HOLLYDAY,  SAMUEL  (1686-1739), 
Irish  non-subscribing  divine  ;  graduated  at  Glasgow ; 
ordained  at  Geneva,  1708  ;  chaplain  to  Scots  Oameronians 
in  Flanders  ;  when  minister  at  Belfast  refused  to  subscribe 
Westminster  confession,  1720,  defending  his  conduct  in 
'Reasons  against  Imposition  of  Subscription . . .,'  &c.,  1724.] 


[xxiv.  46] 
Irish  prat 


HALIDAY,  WILLIAM  (1788-1812).  Irish  gramma- 
rian ;  learnt  Irish  from  three  Munstermen  in  Dublin  ;  a 
founder  of  the  Gaelic  Society  of  Dublin,  1807  ;  published, 
as  '  Edmond  O'Connell,'  '  Uraicecht  na  Gaedhilge '  (Irish 
grammar),  1808,  and  vol.  i.  of  a  translation  of  Keating's 
'  History  of  Ireland,'  1811.  [xxiv.  47] 

HALIFAX,  MARQUISES  OF.  [See  SAVILK,  SIR  GEORGE, 
1633-1696;  SAVILE,  WILLIAM,  second  MARQUIS,  1^65- 
1700.] 

HALIFAX,  EARLS  OP.  [See  MONTAGU,  CHARLES, 
first  earl  of  second  creation,  1661-1715 ;  DUNK,  GEORGE 
MONTAGU,  first  earl  of  third  creation,  1716-1771.] 

HALIFAX,  first  VISCOUNT  (1800-1885).  [See  WOOD, 
SIR  CHARLES.] 

HALIFAX,  JOHN  (fl.  1230).    [See  HOLYWOOD.] 

HALKERSTON,  PETER  (d.  1833  ?),  Scottish  lawyer ; 
hon.  LL.D. ;  bailie  of  Holyrood  Abbey ;  published '  Treatise 
on  the  History,  Law,  and  Privileges  of  Holyrood  House,' 
1831,  and  several  legal  works.  [xxiv.  47] 

HALKERSTONE,    DAVID  (d.   1689).     [See  HACK- 

STON.] 

HALKET,  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  LADY  WARD- 
LAW  (1677-1727).  [See  WARDLAW.] 

HALKET,  GEORGE  (d.  1756),  Scottish  song-writer ; 
schoolmaster  and  session-clerk  of  Rathen,  1714-25,  and 
Cairnbulg,  1725-60;  published  works,  including  'Occa- 
sional Poems  upon  several  Subjects,'  1727,  two  ballads 
entitled  '  Logie  o'  Buchan,'  and  '  Whirry  Whigs,  Awa' 
Man'  ;  'Dialogue  between  the  Devil  and  George  II'  also 
ascribed  to  him.  [xxiv.  48] 

HALKETT,  LADY  ANNE  or  ANNA  (1622-1699), 
royalist  and  author:  nee  Murfay;  skilled  in  surgery; 
with  her  lover,  Joseph  Bampfield  [q.  v.],  contrived  escape 
of  James,  duke  of  York,  1647  ;  attended  soldiers  wounded 
at  Dunbar,  1650,  and  was  thanked  by  Charles  II ;  married 
Sir  James  Halkett,  1656;  left  manuscript  devotional 
works ;  her  autobiography  printed,  1875.  [xxiv.  48] 

HALKETT,  SIR  COLIN  (1774-1856),  general ;  son  of 
Frederick  Godar  Halkett  [q.  v.] ;  served  In  the  Dutch 
foot-guards,  1792-5,  and  light  infantry  (in  British  pay) ; 
commanded  2nd  light  battalion  of  the  German  legion  in 
Germany,  1805-6,  Ireland,  1806,  the  Peninsula  and  the  Wal- 
cheren  expedition,  1809  :  led  the  German  light  brigade  at 
Albuera,  1811,  during  Burgos  retreat,  1812,  and  Vittoria, 
1813,  and  succeeding  battles ;  commanded  British  brigade 
at  Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo ;  lieutenant-general,  1830 ; 
general,  1841  ;  commander  at  Bombay,  1831-2 ;  governor 
of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1849 ;  G.C.B.  and  G.O.H. 

[xxiv.  49] 

HALKETT,  FREDERICK  GODAR  (1728-1803), 
major-general;  lieutenant-colonel,  2nd  battalion  of  the 
DundaK  regiment,  in  Holland,  1777  ;  retired,  1782 ;  raised 
a  Scots  battalion  for  English  army  :  major-general,  1802. 

[xxiv.  51] 

HALKETT,  HUGH,  BARON  VON  HALKBTT  (1783- 
1863X  Hanoverian  general  and  British  colonel;  son  of 
Frederick  Godar  Halkett  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  India  in  Scots 
brigade,  1798-1801 :  distinguished  himself  at  Copenhagen, 
1807 ;  led  battalion  at  Albuera,  1811,  Salamanca,  1812, 
th«  Burgos  retreat  and  Venta  de  Pozo,  1812 ;  organised 


Hanoverian  levies,  1813  ;  commanded  brigade  at  Gourde, 
1813,  and  Schestedt,  1813 :  led  the  Srd  and  4th  brigades  of 
Hanoverian  militia  at  Waterloo,  1816,  and  captured  Oam- 
bronne  (chief  of  the  imperial  guard)  with  his  own  band : 
commanded  10th  army  corps  of  German  confederation  in 
Schleswig-Holstein,  1848  ;  created  baron  with  full  pen- 
sion, 1868 ;  O.B.  and  G.C.H. ;  died  at  Hanover. 

[xxiv.  51] 

HALKETT,  SAMUEL  (1814-1871),  keeper  of  Advo- 
cates' Library,  Edinburgh,  1848-71;  began  'Dictionary 
of  Anonymous  and  Pseudonymous  Literature  of  Great 
Britain '  (published,  1882-8).  [xxiv.  53] 

HALL,  MRS.  AGNES  0.  (1777-1846),  author;  wife 
of  Robert  Hall  (1763-1824)  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to  various 
cyclopaedias;  translated  Alfieri's  'Autobiography,'  1810, 
and  works  by  Madame  de  Genlis  ;  published  novels. 

[xxiv.  53] 

HALL,  MRS.  ANNA  MARIA  (1800-1881),  author ;  n& 
Fielding;  married  Samuel  Carter  Hall  [q.  v.],  1824; 
edited  '  St.  James's  Magazine,'  1862-3 ;  received  civil  list 
pension,  1868  ;  assisted  in  foundation  of  Brompton  Con- 
sumption Hospital  and  other  benevolent  institutions: 
published  nine  novels,  including  'Marian,  or  a  Young 
Maid's  Fortunes,'  1840,  and  'Lights  and  Shadows  of  Irish 
Life,'  1838 ;  published  two  plays  and  '  Tales  of  the  Irish 
Peasantry,'  1840,  and  '  Midsummer  Eve,  a  Fairy  Tale  of 
Love,'  1848  ;  collaborated  with  her  husband,  [xxiv.  54] 

HALL,  ANTHONY  (1679-1723),  antiquary  ;  fellow  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1706 ;  M.A.,  1704 ;  D.D.,  1721 ; 
rector  of  Hampton  Poyle,  1720 ;  edited  Leland's  '  Com- 
mentaries,' 1709,  and  works  of  Nicholas  Trivet,  1719; 
superintended  publication  of  Hudson's  '  Josephus,'  1720. 

[xxiv.  55] 

HALL,  ARCHIBALD  (1736-1778),  divine ;  studied  at 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  universities ;  minister  of  Tor- 
phicen,  West  Lothian,  and  from  1765  of  the  Secession 
church,  Well  Street,  London ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxiv.  56] 

HALL,  ARTHUR  (fl.  1563-1604),  translator  and 
politician :  ward  of  Sir  William  Cecil  (Lord  Burghley) ; 
M.P.,  Grantbam,  1571-81  and  1585;  reprimanded  by 
speaker  for  lewd  speaking,  1572 ;  expelled  the  house,  1581, 
for  offensive  pamphlet  impugning  action  of  speaker  and 
members  in  the  case  of  his  servant,  who,  being  freed  from 
ordinary  arrest  as  privileged,  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by 
the  House  of  Commons  for  assault ;  confined  in  the  Tower 
two  years,  1581-3;  offered  political  advice  to  Burghley 
(1591)  and  to  James  I  (1604) ;  his  'Ten  Books  of  Homer's 
lliades,  translated  out  of  French '  (1581),  the  first  English 
version  of  Homer's  '  Iliad.'  [xxiv.  56] 

HALL,  BASIL  (1788-1844),  captain  in  the  navy  and 
author;  sou  of  Sir  James  Hall  [q.  v.] ;  witnessed  battle 
of  Corufia,  1809 ;  accompanied  Lord  Amherst's  Chinese 
embassy ;  carried  out  pendulum  observations  off  South 
America  ;  interviewed  Napoleon  :  F.R.S.,  1816  ;  travelled 
in  North  America,  1827-8;  died  insane  in  Haslar  Hos- 
pital ;  his  '  Fragments  of  Voyages  and  Travels,'  1831-3, 
often  reprinted.  [xxiv.  68] 

HALL,  SIR  BENJAMIN,  first  BARON  LLANOVER 
(1802-1867),  politician;  of  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Monmouth,  1831-7,  Marylebone, 
1837-59  ;  created  baronet,  1838;  active  in  cause  of  eccle- 
siastical reform ;  privy  councillor,  1854 ;  president  of 
board  of  health,  1854 ;  as  chief  commissioner  of  works, 
1856-8,  established  metropolitan  board  of  works  ;  created 
Baron  Llanover,  1859.  [xxiv.  59] 

HALL,  CHAMBERS  (1786-1855),  virtuoso ;  presented 
to  British  Museum  drawings  by  Girtin  and  antiquities, 
and  to  Oxford  University  antiquities  and  pictures. 

[xxiv.  60] 

HALL,  CHARLES  (1720  ?-1783),  line-engraver. 

[xxiv.  60] 

HALL,  CHARLES  (1745  ?-1825  ?),  writer  on  econo- 
mics;  M.D.  Leyden;  published  'Effects  of  Civilisation 
on  the  People  in  European  States,'  1805  ;  died  in  the  Fleet. 

[xxiv.  60] 

HALL,  SIR  CHARLES  (1814-1883),  vice-chancellor; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1838 ;  assisted  and  subsequently 
succeeded  Lewis  Duval  [q.  v.]  in  conveyancing  practice  ; 
conveyancer  to  court  of  chancery,  1864 ;  authority  on 
real  property  law ;  vice-chancellor,  1873  ;  knighted,  1873  ; 
twice  refused  silk.  [xxiv.  61] 


HALL, 


555 


HALL 


HALL,  SIR  CHARLES  (1843-1900),  recorder  of  Lon- 
don ;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Hall  (1814-1883)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1870  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1866  ;  attorney-general  to  Prince 
of  Wales,  1877-98;  Q.C.,  1881 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1890;  recorder 
of  London,  1892 ;  privy  councillor,  1899 ;  M.P.  for 
Western  Cambridgeshire,  1885-6  and  1886-92,  ami  for 
Holborn  division  of  Finsbury,  1892.  [Suppl.  ii.  377] 

HALL,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1763-1827),  dean  of 
Durham;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church. 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1786 ;  D.D.,  1800 ;  won  university  prizes 
for  Latin  and  English  essays;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
1809-24;  Bamptou  lecturer  and  prebendary  of  Exeter, 
1798;  regius  professor  of  divinity  and  vicar  of  Luton, 
1807  ;  dean  of  Durham,  1824-7.  [xxiv.  61] 

HALL,  CHESTER  MOOR  (1703-1771),  inventor  of 
the  achromatic  telescope,  1733 ;  bencher,  Inner  Temple, 
1763.  [xxiv.  62] 

HALL,  EDMUND  (1620 ?-1687),  divine;  left  Oxford 
to  fight  for  parliament ;  fellow  of  Pembroke,  1647  ;  M.A., 
1650 ;  imprisoned  for  attacking  Cromwell,  1651-2 ;  rector 
of  Chipping  Norton  and  (1680-7)  of  Great  Risington  ; 
published  '  Scriptural  Discourse  of  the  Apostacy  and  the 
Antichrist,'  1653,  and  anonymous  monarchical  pamph- 
lets, [xxiv.  62] 

HALL,  EDWARD  (d.  1547),  historian ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1518 ;  reader 
at  Gray's  Inn,  1533  and  1540;  common  Serjeant,  1532; 
M.P.,  Bridgnorth,  1542 ;  commissioner  to  inquire  into 
transgressions  of  Six  Articles,  1541-4 ;  bis  '  Union  of  the 
Noble  and  Illustre  Famelies  of  Lancastre  and  York,' 
1542  (completed  by  Grafton,  1550),  followed  by  Shake- 
speare, prohibited  by  Queen  Mary,  and  not  reprinted  till 
1809.  [xxiv.  63] 

HALL,  ELISHA  (ft.  1562),  fanatic ;  examined  by 
Bishop  Grindal,  1662.  [xxiv.  64] 

HALL,  FRANCIS  (1595-1675).    [See  LINE.] 

HALT..  FRANCIS  RUSSELL  (1788-1866),  theological 
writer ;  educated  at  Manchester  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  fellow ;  M.A.,  1813  ;  D.D.,  1839  ;  rector  of 
Fulbourn,  1826-66  ;  published  theological  pamphlets,  in- 
cluding *  Reasons  for  not  contributing  to  circulate  the 
Apocrypha,'  1825.  [xxiv.  64] 

HALL,  GEORGE  (1612  ?-1668),  bishop  of  Chester ;  son 
of  Joseph  Hall  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1632 ;  M.A.,  1634 ;  D.D.,  1660 ;  deprived  by  parliament 
of  vicarage  of  Menheniot  and  archdeaconry  of  Cornwall, 
but  allowed  to  officiate  in  London ;  canon  of  Windsor 
and  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1660  ;  bishop  of  Chester, 
1662-8  ;  held  with  his  see  rectory  of  Wigan.  [xxiv.  64] 

HALL,  GEORGE  (1753-1811),  bishop  of  Dromore : 
scholar,  fellow,  senior  fellow  (1790-1800),  professor  of 
Greek,  modern  history,  and  mathematics,  and  provost 
(1806-11)  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.A.,  1778 ;  D.D., 
1790 ;  bishop  of  Dromore,  1811.  [xxiv.  65] 

HALL,  HENRY  (d.  1680),  covenanter  ;  joined  cove- 
nanters on  Pentland  Hills,  1676;  imprisoned;  after  his 
release  wandered  about  with  Cargill  and  others ;  assisted 
in  drawing  up  covenanting  manifesto,  1679 ;  one  of  the 
leaders  at  Drumclog  and  Bothwell  Brigg,  1679  ;  fled  to 
Holland;  captured  on  his  return  by  Thomas  Dalyell 
[q.  v.]  ;  died  of  a  wound  ;  '  Queensferry  Paper '  found  on 
him.  [xxiv.  65] 

HALL,  HENRY,  the  elder  (1655  ?-1707),  organist ; 
chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  studied  with  Purcell  under 
Blow;  organist  of  Exeter  (1674)  and  Hereford  (1688) 
Cathedrals ;  services  and  anthems  by  him  in  Tudway's 
collection.  [xxiv.  66] 

HALL,  HENRY,  the  younger  (<i.  1713),  organist ;  son 
of  Henry  Hall  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  organist  of  Hereford 
Cathedral,  1707  ;  admired  by  contemporaries  as  composer 
of  light  verse.  [xxiv.  66] 

HALL,  JACOB  (fl.  1668),  rope-dancer  ;  seen  by  Pepys 
at  Bartholomew  Fair,  Smithfleld,  1668 ;  much  favoured 
by  Lady  Castlemain.  [xxiv.  67] 

HALL,  JAMES  (d.  1612),  navigator:  made  two 
voyages  (1605, 1606)  to  Greenland  as  pilot  of  Danish  ex- 
peditions, described  by  Purchae :  commanded  English 


expedition  to  Greenland,  1612 ;  mortally  wound**!  by  an 
Eskimo.  [xxiv,.  67] 

HALL,  JAMES  (1755-1826),  presbyterian  divine: 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  pastor  of  associate  con- 
gregations at  Cumnock,  1777,  and  Edinburgh,  1786; 
chairman  of  reunion  committee,  1820.  [xxiv.  68] 

HALL,  SIR  JAMES,  fourth  baronet  (176 1-1 832),  geolo- 
gist and  chemist ;  intimate  with  Button  and  Playfair : 
tested  Huttonian  system  by  study  of  continental  and 
Scottish  formations;  refuted  Wernerian  views  by  labor- 
atory experiments ;  president  of  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh; M.P.,  Mitchell  or  Michael,  Cornwall,  1807-12; 
published  •  Essay  on  Gothic  Architecture,'  1813. 

HALL,  JAMES  (1800  7-1854),  amateur  printer  Tim 
of  Sir  James  Hall  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Wilkie  and  Watson 
Gordon  ;  exhibited  Scottish  landscapes  and  portraits,  in- 
cluding Wellington  (1838)  and  Scott,  at  Royal  Academy, 
1836-64;  presented  manuscript  of  'Waverley*  to  Advo- 
cates' Library.  [xxiv.  69] 

HALL  or  HALLE,  JOHN  (1529  9-1568  ?),  poet  and 
medical  writer;  member  of  Worshipful  Company  of 
Chirurgeons;  published  metrical  versions  of  Proverbs, 
Kcclesiastes,  and  some  Psalms,  1549 ;  translated  Lan- 
franc's  '  Chirurgia  Parva,'  1565 ;  published  other  medical 
tracts,  of  which  one  was  reprinted,  1844.  [xxiv.  69] 

HALL,  J9HN  (1575-1635),  physician,  of  Stratford-on- 
Avon ;  married  Susanna,  Shakespeare's  eldest  daughter, 
1607 ;  with  her  acted  as  Shakespeare's  executor,  and  in- 
herited New  Place;  their  daughter  Elizabeth  (d.  1670), 
Shakespeare's  last  direct  descendant;  his  'Select  Obser- 
vations on  English  Bodies,  and  Cures  both  Empericall 
and  Historicall,'  issued  by  James  Cooke,  1657.  [xxiv.  70] 

HALL,  JOHN  (1627-1656),  poet  and  pamphleteer  ;  of 
Durham  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  friend  of 
Hobbes  and  Samuel  Hartlib  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Crom- 
well to  Scotland,  1650,  and  wrote  'The  Grounds  and 
Reasons  of  Monarchy,'  and  other  political  pamphlets. 
His  works  include  'Horse  Vacivae,  or  Essays,"  1646, 
'  Poems,'  1647  (reprinted,  1816),  and  '  Satire  against  Pres- 
bytery,' 1648.  [xxiv.  71] 

HALL,  JOHN  (d.  1707),  author  of  'Jacobs  Ladder' 
(1676) ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1658 ;  M.A. ; 
B.D.,  1666 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1664 ;  president  of 
Sion  College ;  rector  of  Finchley,  1666.  [xxiv.  72] 

HALL,  JOHN  (d.  1707),  criminal;  sentenced  to  death 

for  housebreaking,  1700;  pardoned  on  condition  of  re- 

|  moving  to  America  ;   deserted  the  ship  and    returned, 

1704;  executed  at  Tyburn;  credited  with  'Memoirs  of 

|  the  Right  Villanous  John  Hall '  (published,  1708). 

[xxiv  721 

HALL,  JOHN  (1633-1710),  bishop  of  Bristol ;  nephew 
of  Edmund  and  Thomas  Hall  (1610-1665)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford; 
!  scholar,  fellow  (1653),  and  master  (1664-1710);    M.A., 
:  1653  ;  D.D.,  1669  ;  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1676 ; 
'  bishop  of  Bristol,  1691-1710:   the  last  puritan  bishop; 
benefactor  of  his  college  and  Bromsgrove.       [xxiv.  72] 

HALL,  JOHN  (1739-1797),   line-engraver;    executed 
!  plates  in  Bell's  '  Shakespeare '  and  '  British  Theatre ' ;  ex- 
i  hibited  with  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1766-76; 
historical  engraver  to  George  III,  1785 ;  engraved  Ben- 
jamin West's  works  and  portraits  after  Reynolds,  Gaina- 
l  borough,  and  others.  [xxiv.  73] 

HALL,  SIR  JOHN  (1795-1866),  army  surgeon  ;  M.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1846 ;  principal  medical  officer  in  Eaffraria, 
1847  and  1851,  in  Crimea,  1854-6 ;  K.C.B.  and  inspector- 
general  of  hospitals ;  defended  Crimean  medical  service, 
1857  and  1858  :  died  at  Pisa.  [xxiv.  74] 

HALL,  JOHN  VINE  (1774-1860),  author  of  'The 
Sinner's  Friend';  bookseller  at  Maidstone,  1814-50;  his 
'Sinner's  Friend'  originally  composed  of  extracts  from 
Bogatzky,  but  completely  rewritten  in  later  editions, 
and  translated  into  thirty  languages.  [xxiv.  74] 

HALL,  JOSEPH  (1574-1656),  bishop  of  Exeter  and 
Norwich  ;  educated  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch  and  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1695  ;  M.A.,  1596 ;  D.D.,  1612 ; 
published  '  Virgidemiarum,'  vol.  i.  1597,  vol.  ii.  1598,  satires 
(ed.  Grosart,  1879) :  attacked  by  Mars  ton,  1598 ;  incum- 
bent of  Halsted,  Suffolk.  1G01 ;  accompanied  Sir  Edmund 


HALL 


556 


HALL 


Bacon  to  Spa,  1605  ;  chaplain  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales. 
1608;  incumbent  of  Waltham,  Essex,  1608;  chaplain  to 
Lord  Doncaster  in  France,  1616 ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1616  : 
accompanied  James  I  to  Scotland,  1617 ;  deputy  at  synod 
of  Dort,  1618 ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1627-41 :  conciliatory 
towards  puritans;  issued  (with  Laud's  alteration) 
'Divine  Right  of  Episcopacy,'  1640 ;  defended  the  liturgy 
both  in  the  House  of  Lords  and  in  controversy  ;  member 
of  the  Lords'  committee  on  religion,  1641  ;  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, 1641-7 ;  defended  canons  of  1640,  and  was  impeached 
and  imprisoned,  1642 ;  his  episcopal  revenues  were  seques- 
trated, 1643,  and  his  cathedral  desecrated ;  expelled  from 
his  palace,  c.  1647.  Besides  satires  and  controversial 
works  against  Brownists  and  presbyterians,  he  published 
poems  (ed.  Singer,  1824,  Grosart,  1879),  meditations, 
devotional  works,  and  autobiographical  tracts,  also  4  Ob- 
servations of  some  Specialities  of  Divine  Providence,' 

•  Hard  Measure,'  1647,  and  •  The  Shaking  of  the  Olive 
Tree '  (po&thumous,  1660) ;  collective  editions  issued,  1808, 
1837,  and  1863.  [xxiv.  75] 

HALL,  MARSHALL  (1790-1857),  physiologist,  son 
of  Robert  Hall  (1755-1827)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.Edinburgh,  1812  ; 
visited  medical  schools  at  Paris,  Gottingen,  and  Berlin, 
1814-15;  practised  in  Nottingham,  1817-26;  F.R.G.S., 
1818;  F.R.S.,  1832;  practised  in  London,  1826-63,  making 
his  speciality  nervous  diseases;  F.R.O.P.,  1841;  Gul- 
stonian  lecturer,  1842,  Croonian,  1850-2;  prominent  in 
foundation  of  British  Association.  During  his  investi- 
gations into  the  circulation  of  the  blood  he  made  his  im- 
portant discovery  of  reflex  action,  1832,  which  he  applied 
to  the  explanation  of  convulsive  paroxysms.  He  ratio- 
nalised the  treatment  of  epilepsy,  and  introduced  the 
ready  method  in  asphyxia.  Besides  numerous  scientific 
and  medical  works,  he  published  *  Twofold  Slavery  of  the 
United  States'  (1854).  He  devised  the  system  now  in 
use  for  restoring  animation  to  the  partially  drowned. 

[xxiv.  80] 

HALL,  PETER  ( 1802-1849),  diyine  and  topographer ; 
of  Winchester  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1830 : 
successively  minister  of  Tavistock  Chapel,  Drury  Lane, 
Long  Acre  Chapel,  St.  Martin's,  and  St.  Thomas's,  Wai- 
cot,  Bath ;  edited  Bishop  Joseph  Hall's  works,  1837-9,  and 

•  Satires '  (1838),  also  Bishop  Andrewes's  '  Preces  private? ' 
(1848),  some  'Remains'  of  Bishop  Lowth   of  disputed 
authenticity:    published  topographical  works   on  Win- 
chester,  Salisbury,    Wimborne   Minster,  and    the   New 
Forest.  [xxiv.  83] 

HALL,  RICHARD  (d.  1604),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1556  ;  M.A.,  1559  ; 
D.D.  Rome ;  professor  of  holy  scripture  at  Douay,  and 
canon  of  St.  Omer,  where  he  died;  his  'Life  of  John 
Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester,'  printed  surreptitiously  and 
incorrectly,  1655 ;  published  Latin  writings  on  the  revolt 
of  the  Netherlands  and  other  works.  [xxiv.  84] 

HALL,  ROBERT  (1763-1824),  medical  writer  ;  great- 
grandson  of  Henry  Hall  (d.  1680)  [q.  v.]  the  covenanter  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh ;  naval  surgeon  on  Jamaica  station  and 
medical  officer  to  a  Niger  expedition;  works  include 
translation  of  Spallanzani  on  the  '  Circulation,'  1801,  and 
Guyton  de  Morveau's  '  Means  of  Purifying  Infected  Air,' 
1802.  [xxiv.  85] 

HALL,  ROBERT  (1755-1827),  first  user  of  chlorine 
for  bleaching,  and  inventor  of  a  new  crane,  [xxiv.  80] 

HALL,  ROBERT  (1764-1831),  baptist  divine  ;  said  to 
have  preached  when  eleven ;  educated  at  baptist  academy, 
Bristol,  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  M.A.  Aberdeen, 
1784;  assistant  to  Caleb  Evans  at  Broadmead  Chapel, 
1785-90 ;  succeeded  Robert  Robinson  at  Cambridge, 
1791-1806;  temporarily  insane,  1804-5  and  1805-6;  at 
Harvey  Lane,  Leicester,  1807-26 ;  preached  celebrated  ser- 
mon on  death  of  Princess  Charlotte,  1817 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen, 
1817 ;  created  much  sensation  by  his  '  Modern  Infidelity 
considered  with  respect  to  its  Influence  on  Society,' 
1800 ;  returned  to  Bristol,  1826 ;  '  Fifty  Sermons'  by  him 
issued,  1843, '  Miscellaneous  Works  and  Remains '  (Bohn), 
1846.  [xxiv.  85] 

HALL,  ROBERT  (1763-1836),  raised  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall Fencibles,  1794.  [xxiv.  87] 

HALL,  ROB:  RT  (1817-1882),  vice-admiral;  entered 
navy,  1833  ;  commanded  the  Stromboli  in  Baltic  and 
Black  Reaa,  1854-5  ;  took  part  in  Kertch  expedition,  1855 ; 
naval  secretary  to  admiralty,  1872-82.  [xxiv.  87] 


HALL.  SAMUEL  (17697-1852),  'the  Sherwood 
Forest  Patriarch';  cobbler  at  Sutton-in-Ashfleld ;  in- 
vented machine  for  simultaneous  sowing,  manuring.  :ind 
pressing  of  turnip-seed.  [xxiv.  87] 

HALL,  SAMUEL  (1781-1863),  engineer  and  inventor  ; 
son  of  Robert  Hall  (1755-1827)  [q.  v.] ;  took  out  patent 
for  '  gassing '  lace  and  net,  1817  and  1823,  and  for  a  'sur- 
face condenser '  for  use  at  sea,  1838.  [xxiv.  87] 

HALL,  SAMUEL  CARTER  (1800-1889),  author  and 
editor;  son  of  Robert  Hall  (1753-1836)  [q.  v.]  ;  left  Cork 
for  London,  1821;  literary  secretary  to  Ugo  Foscoln. 
1822,  and  a  reporter  in  House  of  Lords,  1823  ;  founded 
and  edited  ' The  Amulet,'  1826-37  ;  connected  with  'New 
Monthly  Magazine,'  1830-6,  edited  '  Art  Union  Monthly  ' 
(afterwards  '  Art  Journal'),  1839-80;  received  civil  list 
pension,  1880 ;  published  works,  including  '  Book  of  British 
Ballads,'  1842.  'Gallery  of  Modern  Sculpture,'  1849-54, 
and  '  Memoirs  of  Great  Men  and  Women  . . .  from  personal 
acquaintance,'  1871.  [xxiv.  87] 

HALL,  SPENCER  (1806-1875),  librarian  of  the 
Athenaeum  Club,  1833-75 ;  F.S.A.,  1858 ;  among  other 
works  translated  and  edited  '  Documents  from  Simancas 
relating  to  Reign  of  Elizabeth,'  1865.  [xxiv.  89] 

HALL,  SPENCER  TIMOTHY  (1812-1885),  'the 
Sherwood  Forester';  son  of  Samuel  Hall  (1769  ?-l 852) 
[q-v.];  gained  the  co-editorship  of  the  'Iris'  and 
governorship  of  Hollis  Hospital,  Sheffield,  by  his 
'Forester's  Offering'  (1841),  set  up  in  type  by  himself; 
lectured  on  phrenology  and  mesmerism ;  published  '  Mes- 
meric Experiences,'  1845 ;  cured  Harriet  Martineau,  1844 ; 
issued  '  Homoeopathy,  a  Testimony,'  1852;  received  degrees 
from  Tilbingen ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[xxiv.  90] 

HALL,  THOMAS  (1610-1665),  ejected  minister: 
uncle  of  John  Hall  (1633-1710)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  1629  ;  B.D.,  1652 ;  perpetual  curate  and 
master  of  the  grammar  school,  King's  Norton ;  signed 
Baxter's  Worcestershire  petition  ;  ejected,  1662  ;  wrote 
against  unlicensed  preachers,  indiscriminate  baptism, 
Fifth-monarchy  men,  and  cavalier  customs. 

[xxiv.  91] 

HALL,  THOMAS  (1660  ?-l  719  ?),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  brother  of  William  Hall  (d.  1718  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D. 
Paris  ;  philosophy  professor  at  Douay,  1688-90  ;  died  at 
Paris.  [xxiv.  92] 

HALL.  TIMOTHY  (1637?-!  690),  titular  bishop  of 
Oxford ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  ;  ejected  from 
Norwood  and  Southam,  1662 ;  afterwards  conformed ; 
incumbent  of  Allhallows  Staining,  1677;  denied  in- 
stallation to  bishopric  of  Oxford  by  canons  of  Christ 
Church,  1688 ;  read  the  declaration  of  indulgence  at 
|  Staining,  1687.  [xxiv.  92] 

HALL,  WESTLEY  (1711-1776),  eccentric  divine: 
pupil  of  John  Wesley  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ; 
married  Wesley's  sister  Martha  after  engaging  himself  to 
Keziah  ;  active  in  management  of  methodist  society,  but 
adopted  Moravian  views  and  (1743)  formed  new  society 
at  Salisbury ;  afterwards  preached  deism  and  polygamy  ; 
disturbed  Charles  Wesley's  meetings  at  Bristol,  1750-1. 

[xxiv.  92] 

HALL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1700),  violinist  ;  sou  of  Henry 
Hall  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  66] 

HALL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1718  ?),  Carthusian ;  chaplain 
and  preacher  in  ordinary  to  James  II ;  afterwards  prior 
of  Nieuwpoort,  in  Flanders.  [xxiv.  l>3] 

HALL,  WILLIAM  (1748-1825),  poet  and  antiquary  ; 
gozzard  and  cow-leech  in  the  fens ;  afterwards  bookseller 
at  Lynn;  published  'Sketch  of  Local  History'  (1812), 
and  '  Reflections  upon  Times,  and  Times,  and  Times  ! ' 
1816-18.  [xxiv.  93] 

HALL,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1835  -  1894),  legal 
writer  ;  M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1859  ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1861 ;  travelled  widely,  making  valuable 
collection  illustrative  of  the  archaeology  of  art;  published 
'  International  Law,'  1880,  and  other  writings  ;  elected 
member  of  Institut  de  Droit  International,  1882. 


[Suppl.  ii.  378] 
EON  (1 


HALL,   SIR   WILLIAM   HUTOHEON  (1797?-1878), 
I  admiral ;  with  Basil  Hall  [q.  v.]  in  China,  1815-17 ;  em- 
ployed in  steamboats  on  the  Hudson  and  Delaware,  183o-9  : 
1  in  command  of  the  Nemesis  (paddle-steamer);  rendered 


HALL, 


607 


HALLIFAX 


valuable  service  in  Chinese  war,  18  JO-  3,  and  was  given 
naval  rank  ;  F.R.S.,  1847  :  commanded  the  Heola  and  the 
Blenheim  in  the  Baltic,  1854-6;  K.C.I!.,  1HC.7 ;  ffo» 
admiral,  1869;  admiral,  1875;  published  pamphlets  on 
Sailors'  Homes  and  National  Defences.  [xxiv.  94] 

HALL,  SIR  WILLIAM  KING  (1816-1886),  admiral ; 
mate  of  the  Benbow  under  Houston  Stewart  at  bombard- 
ment of  Acre,  1840;  flag-captain  to  Napier  and  Sir  M. 
Seymour  in  the  Baltic,  1854-6  ;  distinguished  himself  during 
second  Chinese  war,  1856-8 ;  K.O.B.,  1871  ;  admiral,  1879  ; 
commander  at  the  Nore,  1877-9.  [xxiv.  95] 

HALL-HOUGHTON,    HENRY    (1823-1889).       [See 

HOUGHTOX.] 

HALL-STEVENSON.  JOHN  (1718  -  1785).  [See 
STEVKXSUX,  JOHX  HALL-.] 

HALLAHAN,  MARGARET  MARY  (1803-1868), 
foundress  of  the  English  congregations  of  St.  Catherine 
of  Sienn  :  founded  five  convents  in  England,  besides 
schools,  churches,  and  orphanages.  [xxiv.  96] 

HALLAM,  ARTHUR  HENRY  (1811-1833),  subject 
of  Tennyson's  '  In  Memoriam ' ;  elder  son  of  Henry  Hallam 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  met  Tennyson  ;  studied  at  the  Inner  Temple  ;  died 
suddenly  at  Vienna  (buried  at  Clevedon).  His  l  Remains ' 
issued,  1834.  [xxiv.  98] 

HALLAM,  HENRY  (1777-1859),  historian ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1799  ;  barrister ; 
commissioner  of  stamps ;  treasurer  of  the  Statistical  Society : 
vice-president  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  occasionally 
contributed  to  '  Edinburgh  Review  ' ;  published  •  State  of 
Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages,'  1818,  'Constitutional 
History  of  England  from  Henry  VII's  Accession  to  the 
death  of  George  II,'  1827,  and  '  Introduction  to  Literature 
of  Europe,'  1837-9,  besides  a  privately  printed  memoir  of 
his  son  Arthur.  [xxiv.  96] 

HALLAM,  HENRY  PITZMAURICE  (1824-1850), 
younger  son  of  Henry  Hallam  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  second  chancellor's  medallist ;  foun- 
der of  the  'Historical'  debating  club,  and  one  of  the 
'Apostles';  friend  of  Maine  and  Franklin  Lushington : 
died  suddenly  at  Rome ;  buried  at  Clevedon.  [xxiv.  98] 


t,  JOHN  (rf.  1537),  conspirator  ;  took  part 

in  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1536 ;  rebel  governor  of  Hull ; 
hanged  for  participation  in  the  second  '  pilgrimage.' 

[xxiv.  99] 

HALLAM  or  HALLTJM,  ROBERT  (d.  1417),  bishop 
of  Salisbury ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1395,  of  York, 
1400;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1400;  chancellor  of 
Oxford  University,  1403  ;  his  nomination  by  the  pope  as 
archbishop  of  York  disallowed  by  the  king,  1405  ;  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  1407-17 ;  one  of  the  English  representatives 
at  council  of  Pisa,  1409 ;  took  lead  of  English  '  nation '  at 
council  of  Constance,  1414,  opposing  John  XXII  and  urging 
consideration  of  ecclesiastical  reform  before  election  of  a 
new  pope ;  died  at  Gottlieben  Castle,  and  was  buried  in 
Constance  Cathedral.  [xxiv.  99] 

HALLE,  SIR  CHARLES  (CARL  HALLK)  (1819-1895), 
pianist  and  conductor ;  born  at  Hagen,  Westphalia  ; 
^t .udied  under  Rinck  and  Gottfried  Weber  at  Darmstadt ; 
performed  with  Alard  and  Franchomme  in  Paris  :  visited 
England,  1843,  and  made  it  his  home,  1848,  settling  at 
Manchester  ;  fulfilled  numerous  engagements  as  conduc- 
tor, Halle's  orchestra,  instituted  1857,  at  Manchester,  be- 
coming celebrated  in  north  of  England;  began  series 
of  pianoforte  recitals,  1850 ;  first  principal,  Royal  College 
of  Music,  Manchester,  1893  ;  honorary  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1880;  knighted,  1888.  [Suppl.  ii.  379] 

HALLE,  JOHN  (d.  1479),  merchant  of  Salisbury ; 
mayor  of  Salisbury,  1451, 1458, 1464,  and  1466 ;  M.P.,  Salis- 
bury, 1453, 1460,  and  1461 ;  the  ball  of  his  house  iu  New 
Canal,  Salisbury,  still  remains  with  its  stained  glass. 

[xxiv.  101] 

HALLETT  or  HALLET,  JOSEPH,  I  (1628  V-1689), 
ejected  minister  ;  held  the  sequestered  living  of  West 
Chin  nock,  Somerset,  1656-63  ;  fined  and  imprisoned  under 
Conventicle  Act,  1673;  first  presbyterian  minister  at 
Exeter.  [xxiv.  102] 

HALLETT  or  HALLET,  JOSEPH,  II  (1656-1722), 
nonconformist  minister  of  Exeter  ;  son  of  Joseph  Hal- 
lett  or  Hallet  (1628?-1689)  [q.  v.] ;  pastor  of  James's 


meeting,  1713  ;  his  academy  reputed  Unitarian ;  James 
Foster  [q.  v.]  ami  ivt.-r  King  (afterwards  lord  chancellor) 
[q.  v.]  among  hid  pupils.  [xxiv.  102] 

HALLETT  or  HALLET,  JOSEPH,  III  (16917-1744), 
nonconformist ;  son  of  Joseph  Hallettor  Hallet  (1656-1722) 
[q.  v.] ;  corresponded  with  Whiston  and  adopted  his  form 
of  unitarianiam ;  from  1722  pastor  at  Exeter;  published 
'  Free  and  Impartial  Study  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,' 
1729-36,  and  controversial  tracts.  [xxiv.  103] 

HALLEY,  EDMUND  (1656-1743),  astronomer: 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  laid  the  foundation  of  southern  astronomy  dur- 
ing residence  in  St.  Helena,  1676-8,  and  made  the  first 
complete  observation  of  a  transit  of  Mercury,  1677; 
published  on  his  return  '  Catalogue  Stellarum  Aus- 
tralium,'  1678;  M.A.  Oxford,  1678;  F.R.8.,  1678;  arbi- 
trated at  Danzig  between  Hooke  and  Hevelius,  1679; 
made  observations  of  the  comet  of  1680  ;  travelled  in 
Italy,  1681 ;  originated  (by  his  suggestions)  Newton's 
'  Principia,'  which  he  introduced  to  the  Royal  Society, 
and  published  (1687)  at  his  own  expense,  correcting  all 
the  proofs  ;  assistant-secretary  to  the  Royal  Society  and 
editor  of  its  'Transactions,'  1685-93,  contributing 
first  detailed  description  of  trade  winds ;  while  deputy- 
controller  of  the  mint  at  Chester,  1696-8,  ascended  Snow- 
don  to  test  his  method  of  determining  heights  by  the 
barometer  ;  in  command  of  the  Paramour  Pink  explored 
Atlantic,  and  prepared  '  General  Chart  '  of  variation  of 
compass  with  the  '  Halleyan  lines,'  1699-1701 ;  surveyed 
coasts  and  tides  of  British  Channel  and  published  map, 
1702  ;  inspected  harbours  of  Adriatic  for  Emperor  Leo- 
pold ;  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford,  1703 ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1710 ;  a  leading  member  of  committee 
which  prepared  Flamsteed's  observations  for  the  press, 
and  editor  of  first  (1712)  version  of  Flamsteed's  « Historia 
Coelestis ' ;  predicted  accurately  total  solar  eclipse  of  1715 ; 
observed  eclipse  and  great  aurora,  1715;  secretary  to 
Royal  Society,  1713 ;  astronomer  royal,  1721  :  foreign 
member  of  Academic  des  Sciences,  1729.  His  lunar  and 
planetary  tables  appeared  posthumously,  1749,  'Astro- 
nomise  Cometicse  Synopsis '  (1705)  being  reprinted  with 
them.  He  accurately  predicted  the  return  in  1758  of  the 
comet  of  1531, 1607,  and  1682,  first  recommended  employ- 
ment of  transits  of  Venus  for  ascertaining  the  sun's  dis- 
tance, and  demonstrated  (1686)  law  connecting  atmo- 
spheric elevation  with  density.  In  addition  be  originated 
the  science  of  life  statistics  by  'Breslau  Table  of  Mor- 
tality,' and  that  of  physical  geography  by  his  scientific 
voyages.  [xxiv.  104] 

HALLEY,  ROBERT  (1796-1876),  nonconformist 
divine  and  historian  ;  classical  tutor  at  Highbury  College, 
1826-39 ;  D.D.,  1834 ;  minister  of  Mosley  Street  Chapel, 
Manchester,  1839  (Cavendish  Street,  1848);  chairman 
of  Congregational  Union,  1855;  principal  of  New  Col- 
lege, St.  John's  Wood,  1857-72 ;  published  '  Lancashire  : 
its  Puritanism  and  Nonconformity,'  1869.  [xxiv.  109] 

HALLIDAY.    [See  also  HALIDAT.] 
HALLIDAY,  SIR  ANDREW  (1781-1839),  physician; 
i  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1806 ;  served  with  Portuguese  in  the 
Peninsula  and  with  British  at  Waterloo ;  L.R.O.P.,  1819 ; 
i  knighted,  1821 ;  domestic  physician  to  Duke  of  Clarence ; 
1  inspector  of  West  Indian  hospitals,  1823 ;  wrote  on  lunatic 
I  asylums  (1808  and  1828),  the  campaign  of  1815,  and  the 
|  West  Indies  (1837).  [xxiv.  110] 

HALLIDAY,  ANDREW  (1830-1877),  essayist  and 
dramatist;  son  of  William  Duff,  but  dropped  his  sur- 
name ;  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  contributed  to  the  maga- 
zines ;  president  of  Savage  Club,  1857,  and  editor  of 
'Savage  Club  Papers,'  1868-9  ;  collaborated  with  William 
Brough  in  '  The  Area  Belle,'  and  other  farces ;  produced 
also  '  The  Great  City '  (1867),  domestic  dramas,  and  adap- 
tations from  Dickens  and  Scott.  [xxiv.  Ill] 

HALLIDAY,  MICHAEL  FREDERICK  (1822-1869), 
amateur  artist ;  one  of  the  first  English  eight  in  the  rifle- 
shooting  competition  at  Wimbledon  for  the  Elcho  shield, 
1862 :  an  early  pre-Raphaelite ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  [xxiv.  112] 

HALLIFAX,  SAMUEL  (1733-1790),  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester and  St.  Asaph  ;  third  wrangler  and  chancellor's 
medallist  at  Cambridge,  1754:  fellow  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  1766-60,  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1760-76 ; 
M.A.,  1757  ;  LL.D.,  1764;  D.D.,  1775;  held  both  proles- 


HALLIFAX 


558 


HAMERTON 


sorships  of  Arabic,  1768-70,  and  chair  of  civil  law,  1770- 
1882 ;  letters  of  '  Erasmus '  in  favour  of  continued  sub- 
scription to  Thirty-nine  Articles  attributed  to  him,  1772  ; 
chaplain  to  the  king,  1774;  rector 'of  Warsop,  1778; 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  1781-9,  of  St.  Asapln  1789-90 ;  his 
'Analysis  of  the  Roman  Civil  Law' (1774)  reissued  with 
additions.  [xxiv.  112] 

HALLIFAX,  SIR  THOMAS  (1721-1789),  lord  mayor 
of  London  ;  prime  warden  of  Goldsmiths'  Company,  1768- 
1769 ;  knighted  :  as  sheriff  of  London  acted  as  returning 
officer  when  Wilkes  was  elected  for  Middlesex,  1769 ;  one 
of  the  court  nominees  for  the  mayoralty  against  him, 
1772  ;  lord  mayor,  1776-7  ;  opposed  press-gang  system ; 
M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1784-9.  [xxiv.  114] 

HALLIFAX,  WILLIAM (1656  ?-1722),  divine;  fellow 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1682 ;  M.A.,  1678 ;  D.D., 
1695 ;  chaplain  at  Aleppo,  1688-96  ;  rector  of  Old  Swin- 
f  ord,  1699,  and  vicar  of  Salwarpe ;  his  account  of  Palmyra 
printed  in  '  Philosophical  Transactions,'  1695  ;  bequeathed 
books  and  collections  to  Corpus  Christi  College. 

[xxiv.  116] 

HALLIWELL,  HENRY  (1765-1835),  classical  scholar ; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1789;  fellow,  1790; 
rector  of  Olayton-cum-Keymer,  1803  ;  assisted  the  Fal- 
coners with  their  edition  of  Strabo(1807)  [see  FALCONER, 
THOMAS,  1772-1839] ;  satirised  by  Heber  in  the  '  Whip- 
piad,'  1843.  [xxiv.  115] 

HALLIWELL,  afterwards  HALLIWELL-PKLL- 
LIPPS,  JAMES  ORCHARD  (1820-1889),  biographer  of 
Shakespeare ;  scholar  and  librarian  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge; published  'Life  and  Inventions  of  Sir  Samuel 
Morland,'  1838,  and  an  edition  of  Mandeville's  '  Travels,' 
1839 ;  F.S.A.  and  F.R.S.,  1839  ;  in  1840-1  prepared  for  press 
twenty-three  works,  including  three  tracts  on  Cambridge 
manuscripts, '  Rara  Mathematical  and  his  earliest  Shake- 
spearean works  ;  edited  works  for  Camden  Society,  1839- 
1844,  Percy  Society,  1842-50  (including '  Nursery  Rhymes 
of  England  '),  and  Shakespeare  Society ;  catalogued  Ghet- 
ham  Library  manuscripts,  1841-2 ;  married  Henrietta, 
daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Phillipps,  1842,  whose  surname  he 
assumed  thirty  years  later ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1883.  His 
'  Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words '  appeared, 
1846,  'Life  of  Shakespeare,'  1848,  'New  Boke  about 
Shakespeare  and  Stratford-on-Avon,'  1850;  folio  edition  of 
Shakespeare,  1853-65,  lithograph  facsimiles  of  the  Shake- 
speare quartos,  1862-71,  'Dictionary  of  Old  English  Plays,' 
1860,  '  Illustrations  of  the  Life  of  Shakespeare,'  pt.  i.  1874, 
and  'Outlines  of  the  Life'  (private  issue),  1881;  pub- 
lished, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1887.  He  arranged  and  described 
the  Stratford-on-Avon  archives,  and  wrote  much  on  the 
history  of  the  town,  besides  initiating  the  movement 
(1863)  for  purchase  of  the  site  of  New  Place,  Shakespeare's 
residence  there.  [xxiv.  115] 

HALLORAN  or  O'HALLORAN,  LAWRENCE 
HYNES  (1766-1831),  author;  published  poems,  1790-1, 
and  1801;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Northesk  at  Trafalgar, 
1805 ;  dismissed  from  chaplaincy  to  forces  at  Cape  Town 
for  his  'Cap- Abilities,  or  South  African  Characteristics,' 
1811 ;  transported  for  forging  a  frank,  1818.  [xxiv.  120] 

HALLOWELL,  BENJAMIN  (1760-1 834).  [SeeOAREW, 
SIR  BENJAMIN  HALLOWELL.] 

HALLS,  JOHN  JAMES  (ft.  1791-1834),  painter ;  his 
'  Witch '  and  full-length  of  Charles  Kean  in  Richard  III 
engraved  by  Charles  Turner;  published  lives  of  Henry 
Salt,  F.R.S.  (1834)  and  Nathaniel  Pearce  (1831). 

[xxiv.  121] 

HALPEN  or  HALPIN,  JOHN  EDMOND  (fl.  1780), 
painter  ;  son  of  Patrick  Halpen  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  122] 

HALPEN  or  HALPIN,  PATRICK  (fl.  1750-1790), 
line-engraver.  [xxiv.  122] 

HALPIN  or  HALPINE,  CHARLES  GRAHAM 
(1829-1868),  writer  under  name  of  Miles  O'Reilly ';  son 
of  Nicholas  John  Halpin  [q.  v.]  :  emigrated  from  Ireland, 
1851 ;  journalist  at  Boston,  Washington,  and  New  York, 
where  he  edited  the '  Times,'  and  from  1851  the  •  Leader ' : 
enlisted  in  federal  army,  1861 ;  assistant-adjutant-general 
to  General  David  Hunter  and  General  Henry  W.  Halleck  ; 
published  'Life  and  Adventures,  <fec.,  of  Private  Miles 
O'Reilly '  (1864)  and  '  Baked  Meats  of  the  Funeral  ...  by 
Private  M.  O'Reilly '  (1866):  registrar  of  New  York 
county,  1867-8 ;  died  from  an  overdose  of  chloroform. 

[xxiv.  122] 


HALPIN,  NICHOLAS  JOHN  (1790-1860),  author; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1815 ;  edited  '  Dublin  Evening  Mai! ' ;  pub- 
I  lushed  three  works  of  Shakespearean  criticism  and  '  Obser- 
vations   on  certain  Passages  in  the  Life   of    Edmund 
Spenser,'  1850.  [xxiv.  123] 

HALS,  WILLIAM  (1655-1737?),  Cornish  writer: 
grandson  of  Sir  Nicholas  Halse  [q.  v.] ;  made  collections 
for  '  History  of  Cornwall,'  part  ii.,  published  about  1760. 

[xxiv.  123] 

HALSE,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (d.  1636),  inventor  of  new 
'  mode  of  drying  malt  and  hops  by  iron  plates  ;  knighted, 
I  1605;  governor  of  Pendennis  Castle,  1C08;  left  in  manu- 
script 'Great  Britain's  Treasure.'  [xxiv.  124] 

HALSWELLE,   KEELEY    (1832-1891),    artist;    en- 
gaged as  book  illustrator;  exhibited  at  Royal  Scottish 
;  Academy  from  1857 ;  A.R.S.A.,  1866  ;  subsequently  exhi- 
bited many  landscapes  at  Roval  Academy ;   member  of 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Oils,  1882.  [Suppl.  ii.  380] 

HALSWORTH  or  HOLDSWORTH,  DANIEL 
!  (1558  ?-15»5  ?),  classical  scholar ;  of  the  English  colleges 
j  of  Douay  and  Rome  ;  theologian  to  St.  Charles  Borromeo . 
\  made  Greek  translation  of  Virgil's  '  Bucolics,"  1591,  and 
I  Latin  version  of  epigrams  of  Archias,  1596;  died  at 
I  Rome.  [xxiv.  125] 

HALTON,  IMMANUEL  (1628-1699),  astronomer; 
auditor  to  the  household  of  Thomas,  earl  of  Arundel; 
friend  of  Flamsteed,  who  communicated  to  Royal  Society 
Halton's  observations  of  a  solar  eclipse,  1675. 

[xxiv.  125] 

HALTON  or  HALGHTON,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1324), 
bishop ;  prior  of  St.  Mary's,  Carlisle ;  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
1292-1324 ;  ambassador  to  King  John  of  Scotland,  1295  ; 
excommunicated  Bruce  for  murder  of  Comyn,  1309; 
sat  in  Lancaster's  council,  1318;  envoy  to  Scotland, 
1320  ;  his  register  still  preserved.  [xxiv.  126] 

HALTON,  TIMOTHY  (1632  ?-1704),  provost  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  probably  brother  of  Immanuel 
Halton  [q.  v.]  :  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1657  ; 
D.D.,  1674;  archdeacon  of  Brecknock,  1672,  of  Oxford, 
1675;  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1677-1704; 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1679-81  and  1685. 

[xxiv.  127] 

HALYBURTON,  GEORGE  (d.  1682),  Scots  noncon- 
formist minister  ;  ejected,  1662.  [xxiv.  129] 

HALYBURTON  or  HALIBTTRTON,  JAMES  (1518- 
1589),  provost  of  Dundee  ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1538 ;  dis- 
tinguished at  capture  of  Broughty  Castle,  1549 ;  provost 
of  Dundee,  1553-86 ;  captured  by  the  Grahams  in  Liddes- 
dale,  1556,  but  soon  rescued ;  a  lord  of  the  congregation ; 
commander  of  musters  of  Fife  and  Forfar  against  the 
queen  regent,  1559 ;  took  part  in  defence  of  Edinburgh, 
and  signed  'last  band  at  Leith '  and  (1561)  first  Book  of 
Discipline ;  commissioner  to  administer  Act  of  Oblivion, 
>  1563;  joined  Moray's  movement  against  Darnley  mar- 
riage ;  present  at  Langside,  1568,  and  at  Restalrig,  1571 ; 
afterwards  captured  by  queen's  forces  and  barely  escaped 
execution,  1571 ;  Morton's  representative  at  conference 
of  1578 ;  privy  councillor,  1582 ;  one  of  the  king's  com- 
missioners to  general  assembly,  1682  and  1588. 

[xxiv.  127] 

HALYBURTON,  THOMAS  (1674-1712),  theologian  ; 
son  of  George  Haly burton  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Rotter- 
dam and  St.  Andrews:  professor  of  divinity  at  St. 
Leonard's  College,  1710-12;  his  writings  against  deists 
!  reissued,  1865,  as  '  Essay  on  the  Ground  or  formal  Reason 
of  a  saving  Faith';  his  'Memoirs'  (2nd  ed.,  1716)  fre- 
quently reprinted ;  works  collected,  1835.  [xxiv.  129] 

HAMBOYS,  JOHN  (fl.  1470).    [See  HANBOYS.] 

HAMBURY,  HENRY  DE(/.  1330),  justice  of  common 
j  pleas  in  Ireland,  c.  1324 ;  chief-justice,  1327  ;  judge  of  the 
I  king's  bench  (England),  1328.  [xxiv.  130] 

HAMERTON,  PHILIP  GILBERT  (1834-1894),  artist 
j  and  essayist ;  studied  art  in  London  :  resided  on  isle  of 
Innistrynich,  Loch  Awe,  1858;  published  'A  Painter's 
•  Camp  in  the  Highlands,'  1862;  art  critic  to  'Saturday 
i  Review ' ;  established  with  Mr  Richmond  Seeley,  the  pub- 
lisher  '  The  Portfolio  *  periodical,  1869  ;   directed  '  Port- 
folio' till  his  death ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1894.    He  published 
two  novels,  besides  numerous  valuable  contributions  to 
art  literature.     His  autobiography  was  completed  and 
published  by  hia  widow,  1897.  [Suppl.  ii.  880] 


HAMEY 


HAMILTON 


HAMEY,  BALDWIN,  the  elder  (1568-1640),  pbysi-  I  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1796 ;    barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
cian  to  the  czar  of   Muscovy,   1592-8 :    M.D.   Leyden  ;  !  1799 ;   M.P.,  Lanarkshire,  1802-27 ;   pnblished  pamphlet 

!  (1804)  condemning  Pitt's  second  ministry  and  that  of 
Addington ;  moved  vote  of  censure  on  Castlereagh  as 
president  of  board  of  control,  1809;  carried  resolution 
for  referring  petition  from  Scottish  royal  burghs  to  select 
committee,  1819;  moved  insertion  of  Queen  Caroline's 
name  in  the  liturgy,  1820.  [xxiv.  139] 

HAMILTON,  CHARLES  (by  courtesy  LORD  BINS- INC) 
(1697-1733),  poet ;  son  of  Thomas  Hamilton,  sixth  earl  of 
Haddington  [q.  v.]  ;  fought  for  government  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  1715;  M.P.,  St.  Germans,  1722;  died  at  Naples; 

HAMILTON,  DUKES  OF.     [See  HAMILTON,  JAMES,     his  pastoral  •  Ungrateful  Nanny '  in  Ritoon's  •  Scottish 
first  DUKK,    1606-1649;   HAMILTON,    WILLIAM,   second  !  songs '  1794  r xxiv  1391 

DUKE,  1616-1651 ;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  third  DUKK,  1635-          _  .  ___  _ A _ 

1694?DouGLAS,  JAMES,  fourth  DUKE,  1658-1712  ;  Dou-  j  HAMILTON  CHARLES  (1691-1754),  historian  : 
OLAS,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,  tenth  DUKE,  1767-1852 ;  natural  son  of  James  Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Hamil- 
DOUOLAS,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  ANTHONY  ARCHIBALD,  ,  ton  [<1-V0,  and  Lady _  Barbara  Fiteroy;  styled  Count 


L.R.C.P.,  1610.  [xxiv.  130] 

HAMEY.  BALDWIN,  the  younger  (1600-1676), 
physician ;  son  of  Baldwin  Hamey  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.D.  Leyden,  1626,  Oxford,  1629  ;  visited  Paris,  Mont- 
pelier,  and  Padua;  F.R.C.P.,  1633;  eight  times  censor; 
treasurer,  1664-6;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1647;  benefactor 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  ;  left  manuscript 
account  of  contemporary  physicians ;  his  dissertation  on 
the  OOKOS  'IwjroirpaTovs  edited  1693.  [xxiv.  131] 


eleventh  DUKE,  1811-63.] 


Arraii ;  accompanied  his  father  in  duel  with  Mobun, 
1707,  and  himself  fought  General  Macartney  ;  settled  in 
Switzerland ;  died  at  Paris  ;  '  Transactions  during  the 
Reign  of  Anne '  (1790)  attributed  to  him,  but  written  by 
his  son.  [xxiv.  140] 


HAMILTON,  CHARLES  (17537-1792),  orientalist: 
in  military  service  of  East  India  Company ;  published 
historical  work  on  the  Rohilla  Afghans  (1787),  and  trans- 
lation of  the  Persian  •  Hedaya,'  1791.  [xxiv.  140] 


HAMILTON,  MRS.  (fl.  1745-1772),  actress  ;  appeared 
for  some  years  as  Mrs.  Bland,  playing  with  Garrick  at 
Covent  Garden  in  Shakespearean  parts.  1746  ;  reappeared 
at  Covent  Garden,  1752-62  ;  afterwards  went  to  Ireland  ; 
her  distresses  the  cause  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Theatrical  Fund.  [xxiv.  132] 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER   (d.   1732?),  merchant 

and  author ;  published  <  New  Account  of  the  tot  Indies,'  ,        j^n,^  Bm  CHARLE8,  ^^  baronet  (1767. 

Lxxiv.  loo  j         Ig49^  jyjjjji,.^ .  commanded  the  Dido  at  sieges  of  Bastia, 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER  (1739-1802),  professor  '  Calvi,  and  San  Fiorenzo  (1793),  the  Melpomene  on  Dutch 
of  midwifery  at  Edinburgh  University ;  deacon  of  the  I  coast,  and  at  capture  of  Goree  and  in  West  Indies,  1799- 
Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons ;  professor  of  midwifery,  '  1802  ;  vice-admiral,  1814  :  admiral,  1830  ;  M.P., 
Edinburgh,  1780-1800;  chief  founder  of  Lying-in  Hos- 
pital, 1791 ;  published  treatises  on  midwifery. 

[xxiv.  133] 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER  (1762-1824),  orientalist ; 
while  hostage  in  France  drew  up  for  Paris  Library 
analytical  catalogue  of  Sanskrit  manuscripts,  and  taught 
the  language  to  Schlegel  and  Fauriel ;  F.R.S.,  1808 ;  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit  and  Hindoo  literature  at  Haileybury  ; 
published  works  on  Sanskrit.  .  [xxiv.  134] 

HAMILTON,  ANDREW  (d.  1691),  rector  and  preben- 
dary of  Kilskerry,  1666 ;  raised  troops  against  James  II ; 
published  '  True  Relation  of  the  Actions  of  the  Inniskil- 
ling  Men,'  1690.  [xxiv.  134] 

HAMILTON,  ANNE,  DUCHESS  OF  HAMILTON  (1636- 


gannon,    1801-7,  Honiton,  1807-12;    governor  of  New- 
foundland, 1818-24.  [xxiv.  140] 

HAMILTON,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1670-1754), 
painter  at  Augsburg ;  son  of  James  Hamilton  (fl.  1640- 
1680)  [q.  v.]  of  Murdieston.  [xxiv.  185] 

HAMILTON,  CLAUD,  BARON  PAISLEY  (1543  7-1622), 
known  as  LORD  CLAUD  HAMILTON  ;  fourth  sou  of  James 
Hamilton,  duke  of  Cbatelherault  [q.  v.]  ;  convoyed  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  from  Lochleven  to  Niddry  and  Hamilton, 
1568,  and  (probably)  led  the  van  for  her  at  Langside,  1568 ; 
concerned  in  plot  by  which  Moray  was  assassinated,  1670  ; 
led  attempt  to  capture  Lennox  and  king's  lords  at  Stirling, 
1671 ;  recovered  his  estates  by  pacification  of  Perth,  1573 ; 


privy  to  plot  against  Morton,  1578  ;  denounced  by  council 

1716),  daughter  of  the  first  Duke  of  Hamilton ;  married  j  for  murder  of  the  regents ;  fled  to  England,  1579 ;  took 
William  Douglas  (1635-1694)  [q.  v.],  who  became  on  her  j  part  in  Gowrie  conspiracy,  1584  ;  recalled  from  Paris  by 
petition  Duke  of  Hamilton.  [xv.  370]  j  James  VI,  1686  ;  with  Huntly  shared  leadership  of  Scottish 

lady-in-  ;  ' 
I 

land,  1820;  her  'Secret  History  of  the  Court'   (1832),  | 
published  in  her  name,  but  without  her  sanction. 

[xxiv.  135] 

HAMILTON,    ANTHONY  (16467-1720),   author    of 
'Memoires  du  Comte  de  Grammont';  third  son  of  Sir 
George  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  as  governor  of  Limerick,  1685, 
openly  went  to  mass  ;  privy  councillor,  1686 ;  commanded  I 
Jacobite  dragoons  at  Enniskillen  and  Newtown  Butler, 
1689 ;  present  at  the  Boyne,  1690 ;  spent  the  rest  of  his  j 
life  at  St.  Germain-en- Laye,  being  intimate  with  Berwick  ;  j 
addressed  letters  and  verses  to  the  Duchess  of  Berwick  and 
Laura  Bulkeley,  and  wrote  for  Henrietta  Bulkeley  four  < 
satirical '  Contes '  in  French.    His  '  Epistle  to  the  Comte  ' 
de  Grammont '  (bis  brother-in-law)  announcing  intention  • 
of  writing  bis  memoirs  was  approved  by  Boileau,  1705.  i 
The '  Memoires '  appeared  anonymously,  1713,  and  were 
edited  by  Horace  Walpole,  1772,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1811,  and 
M.  de  Lescure,  1876 ;  '  CEuvres  Completes '  were  issued, 
1749-76.  [xxiv.  135] 

HAMILTON,  ARCHIBALD  (d.  1593),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist ;  disputed  publicly  with  Knox  ;  pnblished 
Latin  works  against  Scottish  Calvinists  and  a  treatise  on 
Aristotle ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxiv.  138] 

HAMILTON,  ARCHIBALD  (1580  7-1659) ;  archbishop 
of  Cashel  and  Emly  ;  D.D.  Glasgow  ;  bishop  of  Killala  and 
Achonry,  1623 ;  archbishop  of  Cashel  and  Emly,  1630 ; 
after  rebellion  of  1641  fled  to  Sweden,  where  he  died. 

[xxiv.  138] 

HAMILTON,  LORD  ARCHIBALD  (1770-1827),   poli- 


urged  on 
,  1587  ;  became  insane. 

HAMILTON,  SIR  DAVID  (1663-1721),  physician  to 
Queen  Anne  ;  M.D.  Rbeims,  1686  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1703  ;  F.RJS., 
1708 ;  knighted  ;  published  religions  and  medical  tracts. 

[xxiv.  144] 

HAMILTON,  DAVID  (1768-1843),  architect ;  designed 
many  buildings  in  western  Scotland,  including  Hamilton 
Palace,  Lennox  Castle,  and  the  Glasgow  Exchange. 

[xxiv.  144] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  EDWARD,  first  baronet  (1772- 
1851),  admiral;  brother  of  Sir  Charles  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ; 
while  in  command  of  Surprise  said  to  have  taken  or 
destroyed  eighty  privateers  and  merchantmen,  1797-9; 
knighted  and  awarded  the  freedom  of  the  city  for  cutting 
out  the  Hermione  at  Puerto  Gabello,  1799 ;  captured  by 
French,  but  exchanged;  engaged  in  blockading  northern 
French  coast,  1801;  dismissed  the  service  for  inflicting 
excessive  punishment,  1802,  but  specially  reinstated,  1802 ; 
commanded  royal  yacht  and  Prince  Regent,  1806-19; 
created  baronet,  1818 ;  vice-admiral,  1837  ;  admiral,  1846. 

[xxiv.  145] 

HAMILTON,  ELIZABETH,  COMTESSK  DK  GRAMMONT 
(1641-1708),  'la  belle  Hamilton';  sister  of  Anthony 
Hamilton  [q.  v.],  who  brought  about  her  marriage  with 
Philibert,  comte  de  Grammont,  1663 ;  lived  in  France 
from  1664.  [xxiv.  146] 

HAMILTON,  ELIZABETH,  DUCHESS  OF  HAMILTON, 
afterwards  of  ARGYLL  (1734-1790).  [Sec  GUNNING.] 

HAMILTON,     ELIZABETH     (1758-1816),    author; 


tician;   brother  of  Lady  Anne  Hamiltou  [q.  v.]  ;   M.A.  |  sister  of  Charles  Hamilton  (1753  ?-1792)[q.  v.]  ;  published 


HAMILTON 


560 


HAMILTON 


'The  Hiudoo  Rajah,'  1796,  'Mi-moirs  of  Modern  Philo-  ! 
sophers,'  1800,  and  several  educational  works,  besides  '  The  | 
Oottagera  of  Glenburnie' (1808)  and  'My  ain  Fireside'  ! 
(song).  [xxiv.  147] 

HAMILTON.  EMMA,  LADY  (1761  ?-1815),  wife  of 
Sir  William  Hamilton  ( 1730-1803)  [q.v.]  the  ambassador ; 
n&Lyon;  went  to  London,  1778,  probably  as  a  nurse- 
maid to  family  of  Dr.  Richard  Build  [q.  v.]  ;  said  to  have 
been  the  -Goddess  of  Health'  in  exhibition  of  James 
Graham  (1745-1794)  [q.  v.] ;  lived  under  protection  of 
Sir  Harry  Fetherstonhaugh  and  Hon.  Oharles  Greville  j 
as  Emily  Hart,  1780-4 ;  refined  by  innocent  intimacy  with  j 
Romney,  1782 ;  became  mistress  of  Sir  William  Hamilton 
ut  Naples,  1786,  and  was  married  to  him  in  England,  1791 ; 
intimate  with  Queen  Maria  Carolina  at  Naples;  first  saw 
Nelson,  1793  :  intimate  with  Nelson  on  his  return  from 
the  Nile,  1798 ;  together  with  her  husband  accompanied 
Nelson  to  Palermo,  1800,  and  afterwards  to  England, 
giving  birth  to  Horatia,  30  Jan.  1801 ;  received  the  cross 
of  Malta  from  the  czar  for  supposed  services  to  the 
Maltese,  1799 ;  claimed  to  have  rendered  important  politi- 
cal services  while  at  Naples,  but  these  claims,  although 
endorsed  by  Nelson,  were  ignored  by  British  ministry ; 
involved  in  debt  by  her  extravagances,  in  spite  of  legacies 
from  Nelson  and  Hamilton  ;  assisted  by  Alderman  Joshua 
J.  Smith  to  escape  from  king's  bench  to  Calais,  where  she 
died  in  obscurity.  [xxiv.  148] 

HAMILTON,  FERDINAND  PHILIP  (1664-1760), 
painter  to  Charles  V  at  Vienna ;  eldest  sou  of  James 
Hamilton  (/.  1640-1680)  [q.  v.]  of  Murdieston. 

[xxiv.  185] 

HAMILTON,  FRANCIS  (1762-1829).  [See  BU- 
CHANAN.] 

HAMILTON,  GAVIN  (1561  ?-1612),  bishop  of  Gallo- 
way ;  graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1584 ;  minister  of  Hamil- 
ton ;  bishop  of  Galloway,  1605  (consecrated,  1610) ;  dean  of 
Chapel  Royal,  Holyrood,  1606.  [xxiv.  154] 

HAMILTON,  GAVIN  (1730-1797),  painter  and  exca- 
vator :  lived  principally  at  Rome ;  during  short  residence 
in  London  member  of  committee  for  forming  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1755 ;  occasionally  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy ; 
his  '  Apollo '  seen  at  International  Exhibition  of  1862 ; 
published  '  Schola  Italica  Picture,'  1773 ;  carried  on  exca- 
vations at  Hadrian's  villa  below  Tivoli,  Monte  Cagnuolo, 
the  district  of  the  Alban  hills  and  the  territory  of  ancient 
Gabii,  selling  his  '  finds '  to  the  Museo  Pio-Clementino,  the 
Tpwnley  collection,  Lord  Lansdowne,  and  other  collectors  ; 
hie  marbles  now  in  the  Louvre.  [xxiv.  155] 

HAMILTON,  GAVIN  (1753-1805),  friend  of  Burns ; 
prominent  in '  New  Light '  dispute  in  Mauchline :  defended 
in  Burns's  theological  satires.  [xxiv.  156] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (rf.  1679), 
royalist;  fourth  son  of  James  Hamilton,  first  earl  of 
Abercorn  [q.  v.]  ;  created  an  Irish  baronet,  1660,  for 
services  during  the  rebellion.  [xxiv.  177] 

HAMILTON,  LORD  GEORGE,  EARL  OP  ORKNEY 
(1666-1737),  general ;  fifth  son  of  William  Douglas,  third 
duke  of  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  under  William  III 
in  Ireland  and  Flanders  ;  severely  wounded  at  Namur,  1695, 
and  promoted  brigadier  ;  married  (1695)  Elizabeth  Villiers, 
William's  mistress;  created  a  Scottish  peer,  1696;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1704;  K.T.,  1704;  captured  12,000  men 
and  1,300  officers  at  Blenheim,  1704 ;  saved  citadel  of 
Liege,  1705  ;  led  pursuit  after  Ramillies,  1706  ;  prominent 
at  Oudenarde,  1706,  favouring  immediate  advance  on 
Paris ;  commanded  the  van  at  passage  of  Scheldt,  1708  ; 
opened  attack  at  Malplaquet,  1709 ;  elected  a  Scottish 
representative  peer,  1707  ;  privy  councillor,  1710 ;  lord  of 
the  bedchamber,  1714  ;  governor  of  Virginia,  1714 ;  field- 
marshal,  1736.  [xxiv.  156] 

HAMILTON,  GEORGE (1783-1830),  biblical  scholar; 
fourth  son  of  Hugh  Hamilton  (1729-1805)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1821 ;  rector  of  Killermogh,  1809-  j 
1830;  published  'Introduction  to  Study  of  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures,'  1813,  'Codex  Criticus  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,' 
1821,  and  controversial  tracts.  [xxiv.  158] 

HAMILTON,   GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1802-1871), 
politician  ;  of  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  B.A., 
1821 ;  D.O.L.,  1853  ;  elected  on  petition  for  Dublin,  1836  ; 
sat  for  Dublin  University,  1843-59 ;  formed  Conservative  j 
Society  for  Ireland ;  presented  protestant  petition  of  1837  ;  j 


financial  secretary  to  treasury,  1852,  and   1858-9 :  per- 
manent secretary,  1859;  privy  councillor,  1869. 

[xxiv.  158] 

HAMILTON,  GDSTAVUS,  VISCOUNT  BOYNK  (1639- 
1723),  grandson  of  Claud  Hamilton,  baron  Paisley  [q.  v.] ; 
defended  Enniskillen  and  Coleraine  against  Jacobites, 
1689  ;  commanded  a  regiment  at  the  Boync,  1690, 
Athlone,  1691,  and  Vigo,  1707  ;  major-general,  1703 ;  privy 
councillor  under  William  III.  Anne,  and  George  I ;  created 
Irish  baron,  1715 ;  created  Viscount  Boyue  in  Irish  peerage, 
1717.  [xxiv. 159] 

HAMILTON,  HENRY  PARR  (1794-1880),  dean  of 
Salisbury  ;  sou  of  Alexander  Hamilton  (1739  -1802)  [q.  v.]  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  ninth  wrangler, 
1816 ;  M.A.,  1819 ;  rector  of  Wath,  Yorkshire,  and  in- 
cumbent (1833-44)  of  St.  Mary  the  Great,  Cambridge; 
F.R.S.,  1828;  contributed  largely  to  restoration  of  his 
cathedral ;  published  educational  pamphlets  and  works 
on  analytical  geometry  and  conic  sections,  [xxiv.  160] 

HAMILTON,  HUGH  or  HUGO,  first  BAKON  HAMIL- 
TON OP  GLKNAWLKY  (rf.  1679),  soldier ;  having  served  in 
Swedish  army  was  naturalised  and  ennobled  ;  created  an 
Irish  peer,  1660  ;  settled  in  Ireland.  [xxiv.  160] 

HAMILTON,  HUGH,  BARON  HAMILTON  in  Sweden 
(d.  1724),  Swedish  general ;  nephew  of  Hugh  Hamilton 
(d.  1679)  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  himself  against  the  Danes, 
1710,  and  Russians,  1719 ;  ancestor  of  Swedish  counts. 

[xxiv.  161] 

HAMILTON,  HUGH  (1729-1805),  bishop  of  Olonfert 
and  Ossory ;  M.A.  Dublin,  1750 ;  D.D.,  1762 ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1751-64;  professor  of  natural 
philosophy,  1759;  dean  of  Armagh,  1768-96;  F.R.S. ; 
bishop  of  Clonfert,  1796-9,  of  Ossory,  1799 ;  collected  works 
issued,  1809.  [xxiv.  161] 

HAMILTON,  HUGH  DOUGLAS  (1734?-1806);  por- 
trait-painter ;  exhibited  with  Incorporated  Society  (1771, 
and  1773-5)  and  Free  Society  of  Artists,  1772;  went  to 
Rome,  1778  ;  returned  to  Dublin,  1791.  [xxiv.  161] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  JAMES,  of  Cadzow,  first  BARON 
HAMILTON  (d.  1479),  connected,  with  house  of  Douglas 
by  his  marriage 'with  widow  of  fifth  earl  and  that  of  her 
daughter  (Fair  Maid  of  Galloway)  with  William,  eighth 
earl;  lord  of  parliament,  1445;  accompanied  the  eighth 
Earl  of  Douglas  to  Rome,  1450,  and  attended  him  to  his 
fatal  meeting  with  James  II  at  Stirling,  1452;  joined 
James,  ninth  earl  of  Douglas,  in  renunciation  of  allegiance 
and  subsequent  submission,  J453 ;  advised  another  rebel- 
lion, but  went  over  to  the  king  owing  to  Douglas's  weak- 
ness ;  commissioner  for  peace  with  England  and  sheriff  of 
Lanarkshire,  1455 ;  married  Mary  Stewart,  sister  of 
James  III,  1469.  [xxiv.  162] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  second  BARON  HAMILTON  and 
first  EARL  OP  ARRAN  (1477?-1529),  son  of  Sir  James 
1  Hamilton,  first  baron  Hamilton  [q.  v.] ;  made  privy 
councillor  by  James  IV,  whose  marriage  with  Margaret 
Tudor  he  negotiated,  1503  :  created  Earl  of  Arran  for  skill 
in  tournament,  1503;  when  lieutenant-general  of  Scot- 
land helped  to  reduce  Western  Isles  (1504)  and  tore-esta- 
blish king  of  Denmark :  detained  in  England  by  Henry  VII 
after  embassy  to  France,  1507 ;  during  minority  of  James  V 
opposed  Angus  and  the  English  party  ;  plotted  against  the 
regent  Albany;  president  of  council  of  regency  during 
Albany's  absence  in  France,  1517-20 :  defeated  in  attempt 
to  overpower  Angus  in  Edinburgh,  1520 :  again  member 
of  council  of  regency,  1622,  and  lieutenant  of  the  south ; 
joined  queen-dowager  in  ousting  Albany  and  proclaiming 
James  V,  1624 ;  compelled  by  Henry  VIII  to  re-admit 
Angus  to  council :  supported  Angus  against  Lennox,  1526, 
but  on  escape  of  James  V  from  the  Douglases  received 
Both  well  from  Angus's  forfeited  estates.  [xxiv.  163] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  JAMES,  of  Finnart  (d.  1640),  royal 
architect ;  natural  sou  of  James  Hamilton,  second  baron 
Hamilton  [q.  v.] ;  prominent  as  the  '  Bastard  of  Arran ' 
in  his  father's  feuds  with  the  Douglases,  especially  at 
'  Cleanse  the  Causeway,'  1620  ;  assassinated  Lennox  when 
a  prisoner  after  Linlithgow,  1526  ;  legitimated  by  James  V, 
as  designer  of  Craignethan  and  restorer  of  Linlithgow  and 
Falkland  ;  executed  for  alleged  plot  to  murder  the  king. 

[xxiv.  166] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  second  EARL  OP  AURAN  and 
DUKE  OP  OHATKLHERAULT  (d.  1576),  governor  of  Scot- 
land :  eldest  son  of  James  Hamilton,  second  baron  Hamil- 
ton [q.  v.] ;  chosen  governor  of  Scotland  (as  '  second 


HAMILTON 


561 


HAMILTON 


person  iu  the  realm'),  15-12  :  for  n  short  time  head  of  the 
English  party,  bat  came  to  terms  with  Cardinal  David 
Beaton  [q.  v.],  1543:  successfully  resisted  trans! 
power  to  queen-dowager,  1545 ;  created  Duke  of  Chatel- 
herault,  1548  ;  obliged  to  abdicate  regency,  1654  ;  returned 
to  English  alliance  on  capture  of  Edinburgh  by  lords  of 
congregation,  1559 ;  revived  his  project  for  marriage  of 
his  sou  with  Queen  Mary  on  her  arrival  in  Scotland  :  for 
his  opposition  to  Darnley  marriage  banished  to  France, 
1566 ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1669,  as  supporter  of  the 
queen  and  was  imprisoned  with  Moray.  [xxiv.  167] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  of  Bothwellhaugh  (ft.  1666- 
1580),  assassin  of  the  regent  Moray  :  captured  at  Langside, 
1568,  but  pardoned  at  Knox's  intercession ;  shot  the  regent 
Moray  at  Linlithgow,  1570  [see  STEWART,  LORD  JAMES, 
1531  V-157U] ;  escaped  to  France  and  tried  to  obtain  aid 
for  Mary;  exoepted  from  pacification  of  Perth:  refused 
to  assist  in  murder  of  Coligny,  but  acted  as  agent  for  the 
Spanish  kinir  in  attempts  on  life  of  William  the  Silent, 
1573  and  1575 ;  disinherited ;  probably  died  abroad. 

[xxiv.  170] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  third  EARL  OP  ARRAN  (1530- 
16U9),  eldest  son  of  James,  second  earl  of  Arran  [q.  v.] ; 
proposed  by  Henry  VIII  as  husband  for  Princess  Eliza- 
beth, 1643,  but  destined  by  his  father  for  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots ;  served  in  Scots  guards  in  France,  1550-8 ;  dis- 
tinguished at  St.  Quentin,  1557 ;  styled  Earl  of  Arran 
after  1553 ;  became  a  protestant  while  in  France,  and  by 
Knox's  advice  was  brought  to  England  to  confer  with 
the  government,  1558;  despatched  secretly  to  Scotland, 
1569 ;  strengthened  his  father  in  protestant  policy ;  with 
Lord  James  Stuart  (Moray)  attempted  to  capture  Both- 
well,  and  by  defending  Dysart  saved  Fife  from  the 
French  ;  took  part  in  siege  of  Lcith,  and  signed  the  '  last 
band'  and  the  first  Book  of  Discipline;  again  made 
proposals  for  hand  of  Elizabeth,  1560-1 ;  on  Knox's  ad- 
vice renewed  also  his  suit  to  Mary;  reconciled  with 
Bothwell  by  Knox,  1562 ;  revealed  to  latter  alleged  advice 
of  Bothwell  to  him  to  carry  off  Mary,  marry  her,  and 
murder  Moray  and  Maitland,  1562  ;  imprisoned  till  1666, 
now  almost  insane;  afterwards  lived  in  retirement  at 
Oraignethan  till  brought  to  Linlithgow  by  James  VI, 
1579.  [xxiv.  173] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  first  EARL  op  ABERCORN 
(d.  1617),  son  of  Olaud  Hamilton,  baron  Paisley  [q.  v.] ; 
gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  James  VI ;  privy 
councillor  (as  master  of  Paisley X  1598;  sheriff  of  Lin- 
lithgow, 1600 ;  created  Baron  Abercorn  (Scotland),  1603  ; 
created  earl  for  services  as  commissioner  for  union 
with  England,  1606.  [xxiv.  176] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  second  MARQUIS  OP  HAMILTON 
(1589-1625) ;  succeeded  his  father,  Lord  John  Hamilton 
[q.  v.],  as  marquis,  1604,  and  his  uncle  as  Earl  of  Arran, 
1609 ;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1613,  of  England, 
1617  ;  created  an  English  peer  (Earl  of  Cambridge),  1619 : 
advocated  leniency  to  Bacon,  1621 :  as  high  commissioner 
to  Scottish  parliament,  1621,  carried  Five  Articles  of 
Perth ;  a  commissioner  for  marriage  of  Prince  Charles  to 
the  Spanish  Infanta,  1623 ;  lord-steward,  1624 :  opposed 
Buckingham's  French  policy,  1624;  said  to  have  been 
poisoned  by  Buckingham.  [xxiv.  177] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  first  VISCOUNT  OLANBBOYK 
in  Irish  peerage  (1569-1643),  Ulster  planter :  educated  at 
St.  Andrews  University;  despatched  by  James  VI  on 
secret  mission  to  Ireland,  1587 ;  carried  on  Latin  school 
in  Dublin,  which  Ussher  attended:  original  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1592 ;  James  VI's  agent  iu  London, 
1600 :  knighted  and  given  large  grants  in  Ulster,  1605 : 
M.P.,  co.  Down,  1613:  commissioner  for  plantation  of 
Longford,  1619 ;  created  Irish  peer,  1622 ;  granted  dissolved 
monastery  of  Bangor,  1630 ;  privy  councillor,  1634 ;  armed 
Scots  in  Ulster,  1641.  [xxiv.  178] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  third  MARQUIS  and  first  DUKE 
OF  HAMILTON  in  the  Scottish  peerage,  second  EARL  OP 
CAMBRIDGE  in  the  English  peerage  (1606-1649),  suc- 
ceeded as  third  marquis,  1625  ;  master  of  the  horse,  1628  : 
privy  councillor,  1628;  commanded  British  force  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  1630-4:  as  Charles  I's  adviser  on 
Scottish  affairs,  persuaded  him  to  revoke  the  prayer-book, 
canons,  and  high  commission,  and  to  call  a  parliament, 
1638;  commanded  against  covenanters,  but  resigned 
commissionership,  1639;  carried  on  intrigues  between 
Charles  and  covenanters,  and  opposed  Strafford  and 


Montroee:  allied  himself  (1641)  for  a  time  with  Argyll, 
but  ( I-,  W)  endeavoured  to  prevent  Soote  from  supporting 
English  parliament :  refused  to  take  the  covenant.  i«43, 
and  joiiml  the  kin-  m  oxford,  but  was  imprisoned,  1644; 
liberated  by  Fairfax,  1646 ;  again  attempted  to  mediate 
tx-nwt-ni  Charles  and  the  Scote,  1646 :  led  Scottish  army 
into  England,  but  was  defeated  at  Preston,  1648;  con- 
demned and  executed,  1649.  [xxiv.  179] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  (d.  1666),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Glasgow  University  ;  incumbent  of  Ballywalter,  1626-36  ; 
deposed  for  heresy  after  public  disputation,  1636 ;  after- 
wards minister  at  Dumfries  and  Edinburgh. 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  (1610-1674),  bishop 'of  Gal- 
loway; graduated  at  Glasgow,  1628 ;  minister  of  Oambus- 
nethan,  1634 ;  deposed,  1638,  but  restored,  1639  ;  supported 
the  '  Engagement,'  1648  ;  bishop  of  Galloway,  1661-74. 

HAMILTON.  JAMES,  of  Murdieston  (ft.  *164(M680), 
painter  of  animals  and  still-life  at  Brussels,  [xxiv.  186] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  sixth  EARL  op  ABERCORX 
(1656-1734),  grandson  of  Sir  George  Hamilton  [q.  v.] : 
assisted  in  defence  of  Derry,  1689 ;  succeeded  as  Earl  of 
Abercorn,  1701 ;  created  Viscount  Strabane  (Irish  peer- 
ageX  1701 ;  privy  councillor.  [xxiv.  18ft] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  seventh  EARL  OP  ABERCORN 
(d.  1744),  second  son  of  James  Hamilton,  sixth  earl  of 
Abercorn  [q.  v.]  ;  privy  councillor  of  England  (1738)  and 
Ireland  (1739):  F.R.S.;  published  'Calculations  and 
Tables  relating  to  Attractive  Power  of  Loadstones,'  1729. 

[xxiv.  186] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  eighth  EARL  OF  ARKRCOKN 
(1712-1789),  eldest  son  of  James  Hamilton,  seventh  earl  of 
Abercorn  [q.  v.]  ;  summoned  to  Irish  House  of  Peers  as 
Baron  Mountcastle,  1736 ;  representative  peer  of  Scotland, 
1761-86 ;  created  British  peer  as  Viscount  Hamilton,  1786. 

[xxiv.  186] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  (1769-1829),  author  of  Hamil- 
tonian  linguistic  system ;  derived  rudiments  of  his  system 
from  D'Angeli,  an  emigre, ;  detained  in  Paris  at  rupture 
of  peace  of  Amiens ;  began  to  teach  his  system  at  Phila- 
delphia, 1816,  and  to  print  texts  for  use  of  pupils ;  very 
successful  at  Boston,  the  American  universities,  and  in 
Canada;  came  to  London,  1823,  and  taught  hi  chief 
cities  of  United  Kingdom ;  was  defended  in  '  Edinburgh 
Review,'  1826,  by  Sydney  Smith,  and  in  'Westminster 
Keview.'  [xxiv.  186] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1749-1835),  Edin- 
burgh physician ;  noted  for  old-fashioned  dress  and 
manners  and  his  works  on  purgative  treatment. 

[xxiv.  187] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  the  younger  (d.  1839),  pro- 
fessor of  midwifery  at  Edinburgh,  1800,  succeeding  his 
father,  Alexander  Hamilton  (1739-1802)  [q.  v.] ;  re- 
covered damages  from  Dr.  James  Gregory,  1753-1821 
[q.  v.]  for  assault,  1793  ;  succeeded  in  getting  obstetrics 
made  compulsory  in  medical  course  of  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, 1830 ;  published  medical  works.  [xxiv.  187] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  (1814-1867),  presbyterian 
minister ;  graduated  at  Glasgow,  1835 ;  Caudlish's  assis- 
tant at  St.  George's,  Edinburgh,  1838 :  minister  of 
National  Scottish  Church,  Regent  Square,  London,  1841- 
1867 ;  published  devotional  and  biographical  works ; 
!  his  'Book  of  Psalms  and  Hymns'  adopted  by  presby- 
terian churches,  [xxiv.  188] 

HAMILTON,    JAMES,   first   DUKK    OF   ABERCORN 
'  (1811-1885),   succeeded  his  grandfather  as  second  Mar- 
quis of  Abercorn,  1818 :   groom  of  the  stole  to  Prince 
Albert,  1846-59;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1866-8  and 
;  1874-6 ;  created  duke,  1868.  [xxiv.  188] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  ALEXANDER  (1785-1846), 
compiler  of  musical  handbooks,  including  the  '  Pianoforte 
Tutor '  (1728th  ed.  1890).  [xxiv.  189] 

HAMILTON,  JAMES  ARCHIBALD  (1747-1815), 
astronomer;  educated  at  Armagh  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  B.A. :  D.D.,  1784 ;  made  observations  on  transit 
of  Mercury  from  private  observatory  in  Cookstown : 
archdeacon  of  Ross,  1790;  dean  of  Cloyue,  1804:  first 
astronomer  at  Armagh  Observatory,  1790.  [xxiv.  190] 

HAMILTON,  JANET  (1795-1873),  Scottish  poetess : 
daughter  of  a  Lancashire  shoemaker;  her  'Poems  and 
Prose  Works '  collected  by  her  son,  1880.  [xxiv.  190] 

0  0 


-r- 


HAMILTON 


562 


HAMILTON 


HAMILTON,  JOHN  (1511  7-1571),  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews ;  natural  *on  of  James  Hamilton,  first  earl  of 
Arrau  [q.  v.]  :  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1543  :  bishop  of 
Dunkeld,  1545 ;  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1546  ;  recon- 
ciled Arran  with  Beaton ;  promulgated  Hamilton's 
catechism  at  synod  of  1552 ;  endowed  St.  Mary's  College, 
St.  Andrews;  persecuted  protestants  :  accepted  new  con- 
fession, 1560;  imprisoned  for  popish  practices,  1563; 
member  of  councils  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1666; 
divorced  Bothwell  from  Lady  Jane  Gordon,  1567  ;  pre- 
sent at  Langside,  1668 ;  hanged  at  Stirling  on  charge  of 
being  accessory  to  Daruley's  murder  and  of  complicity  in 
that  of  Moray.  [xxiv.  190] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN,  first  MARQUIS  OP  HAMILTON 
(1532-1604),  second  son  of  James  Hamilton,  duke  of 
Chatelherault  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  Bothwell  and  negotiated 
with  England  for  deliverance  of  Mary  ;  furthered  assassi- 
nation of  Moray  (1570)  in  revenge  for  forfeiture ;  repre- 
sented his  family  at  pacification  of  Perth,  1573 ;  head  of 
his  family  after  death  of  Ohatelherault,  1675;  in  constant 
danger  of  his  life  from  Sir  William  Douglas  (d.  1606) 
[q.  v.]  :  escaped  to  France,  1679  ;  joined  his  brother,  Lord 
Claud  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  in  England,  and  thence  went  to 
Scotland,  1584;  recovered  his  estates;  in  favour  with 
James  VI ;  went  on  embassy  to  Denmark,  1588  ;  a  lord 
of  the  articles,  1594;  accompanied  James  VI  against 
Huntly  ;  sat  on  Huntly's  trial ;  created  marquis,  1599. 

[xxiv.  192] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN  (ft.  1568-1609),  anti-protestant 
writer ;  described  himself  as  the  queen's  '  daily  orator ' ; 
probably  Mary  Stuart's  messenger  to  Alva,  1568-9  ;  tutor 
to  Cardinal  de  Bourbon,  1576  ;  rector  of  Paris  University, 
1584 ;  prominent  member  of  French  Catholic  League : 
adjutant  of  thirteen  hundred  armed  ecclesiastics,  1590; 
on  the  entry  of  Henri  Quatre  (1594)  escaped  to  Brussels  ; 
executed  in  effigy  for  murder  of  Tardif ;  returned  to  Scot- 
land, 1600,  with  Edmund  Hay  [q.  v.],  and  secretly  cele- 
brated mass :  captured,  1608 ;  died  in  prison.  He  published 
at  Paris(1581)  tract  in  favour  of  trans ubstantiation,  with 
appendix  dedicated  to  James  VI,  and  at  Louvain  (1600) 
a  treatise,  with  prayers,  also  dedicated  to  the  king. 

[xxiv.  195] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  BARGENY  (rf. 
1658),  royalist ;  grandson  of  John,  first  marquis  of  Hamil- 
ton [q.  v.]  ;  created  a  Scottish  peer,  1639.  [xxiv.  197] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN,  second  BARON  BARGKNY  (rf. 
1693),  son  of  Sir  John  Hamilton,  first  baron  Bargeuy 
[q.  v.] ;  imprisoned  as  disaffected,  1679-80 ;  raised  regi- 
ment for  William  of  Orange,  1689.  [xxiv.  197] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN,  second  BARON  BELHAVEN 
(1656-1708),  imprisoned  and  compelled  to  apologise  for 
remarks  on  Duke  of  York,  1681 ;  contributed  to  settle- 
ment of  Scottish  crown  on  William  III,  1689,  and  be- 
came privy  councillor ;  strong  supporter  of  Darien 
scheme ;  advocated  Act  of  Security,  1703,  and  strongly 
opposed  the  union,  his  speech  of  1706  becoming  famous 
as  '  Belha veil's  Vision ' ;  imprisoned  (1708)  on  suspicion  of 
favouring  French  invasion.  [xxiv.  197] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN  (rf.  1755),  captain  in  the  navy  : 
second  sou  of  James  Hamilton,  seventh  earl  of  Aber- 
corn  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  at  wreck  of  the  Louisa,  1736  ; 
had  the  Kinsale  fitted  with  nine-pounders  and  canvas 


screens,  1742 :  drowned  near  Spithead. 


[xxiv.  199] 


HAMILTON,  JOHN  (  ft.  1765-1786),  painter ;  director 
of  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1773.  [xxiv.  199] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN  (1761-1814),  Scottish  song- 
writer ;  contributed  to  Johnson's '  Museum,'  and  helped 
Scott  with  '  Border  Minstrelsy ' ;  composed  songs,  includ- 
ing '  Up  in  the  Mornin'  Early '  and  '  The  Ploughman.' 

[xxiv.  199] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1755-1835), 
lieutenant-general ;  served  In  East  Indian  army  in  Outch 
He  bar  and  against  Mahrattas  (1778),  and  in  British 
against  Tippoo  Sahib,  1790-1 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
81st  in  San  Domingo  and  Kaffir  war  of  1800;  in- 
spector-general of  Portuguese  army,  1809;  commanded 
divisions  at  Albuera,  1811,  and  the  Nivelle,  1813 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1814  ;  created  baronet,  1816.  [xxiv.  200] 

HAMILTON,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1662-1736?),  painter 
at  Vienna ;  son  of  James  Hamilton  (ft.  1640-1680)  [q.  v.] 

[xxiv.  185] 


HAMILTON,  MALCOLM  (1635-1699),  Swedish 
general ;  naturalised  as  Swedish  noble,  1664 ;  created 
Baron  Hamilton  de  Hageby,  1693.  [xxiv.  200] 

HAMILTON,  MARY,  J)rrm->s  <>K  HAMILTON  (Uil3- 
1638),  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Henrietta  Maria ;  Wallei 
wrote  '  Thyrsis  Galatea '  in  her  praise.  [xxiv.  183] 

HAMILTON,    LADY    MARY,  (1739-1816),  novelist ; 
nie  Leslie  ;  lived  with  her  second  husband  in  France,  and 
was  intimate  with  Sir  Herbert  Croft  (1751-1816)  [q.  v.j 
i  and  Charles  Nodier ;  published  four  novels,   [xxiv.  201] 

HAMILTON,      PATRICK     (1504?-1528),      Scottish 
martyr;  grandson  of  Sir  James  Hamilton    of  Oadzow, 
lord  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Paris,  1520 ;  M.A.  St.  An- 
drews, 1524;  saw  Luther  and  Melanchthon  at  Witten- 
berg ;  at  Marburg,  1527,  composed  his  '  Loci  Communes' 
('Patrick's  Pleas');   after  return  to  Scotland  charged 
i  with  seven  articles  of  heresy ;  sentenced  by  Archbishop 
I  Beaton  and  burnt  at  St.  Andrews ;  had  previously  con- 
|  verted  Alexander  Alesius  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  201] 

HAMILTON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1688),  Jacobite  lieu- 
i  tenant-general;  brother  of  Anthony  Hamilton  [q.  v.]; 

served  with  distinction  in  French  army ;  banished  French 
j  court  for  seeking  Princess  de  Conti  in  marriage ;  despatched 
j  by  Tyrconnel  with  troops  to  help  James  II  in  England, 

1688  ;  sent  by  William  in  with  offers  to  Irish  catholics ; 

deserted  to  Tyrconnel,  1689 ;  commanded  at  siege  of  Derry, 
I  1689 :  captured  at  the  Boyne ;  sent  to  the  Tower,  1690 ; 
I  rejoined  James  in  France.  [xxiv.  203] 

HAMILTON,  RICHARD  WINTER  (1794-1848),  in- 
dependent minister;  minister  of  Albion  (afterwards  of 
Belgrave)  Chapel,  Leeds;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1844;  chair- 
man of  Congregational  Union,  1847 ;  published '  Horse  et 
Vindiciae  Sabbaticae,'  1847.  [xxiv.  204] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  ROBERT,  second  baronet  (1650- 
1701),  covenanting  leader;  educated  under  Burnet  at 
Glasgow ;  one  of  the  composers  of  Rutherglen  declaration, 
1679;  showed  cowardice  in  command  at  Drumclog  and 
at  Bothwell  Brigg,  1679;  fled  to  Holland;  visited  Ger- 
many and  Switzerland  as  commissioner  for  Scottish 
presbyterian  church ;  returned  and  succeeded  as  baronet, 
1688;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  having  drawn  up 
!  Sanquhar  declaration,  1692-3.  [xxiv.  205] 

HAMILTON,  ROBERT  (1721-1793),  physician  :  pub- 
lished work  on  scrofula,  1791.  [xxiv.  207] 

HAMILTON,  ROBERT  (1743-1829),  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Aberdeen,  1779- 
1829 ;  published  '  Inquiry  concerning  the  Rise  and  Pro- 
gress, Reduction  and  Present  State,  and  the  Management 
of  the  National  Debt,'  1813.  [xxiv.  207] 

HAMILTON,  ROBERT  (1749-1830),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1780;  served  in  the  army;  practised  at 
Ipswich ;  published  *  Duties  of  a  Regimental  Surgeon,' 
1788,  and  a  book  on  the  cure  of  hydrophobia. 

[xxiv.  207] 

HAMILTON,  ROBERT  (1750?-1831),  legal  writer 
and  genealogist ;  served  in  American  war ;  sheriff  of 
Lanarkshire ;  clerk  of  session  ;  accompanied  Scott  on 
voyage  (1814)  as  commissioner  of  northern  lights ;  edited 
(1803)  'Decisions  of  Court  of  Session,  from  November 
1769  to  January  1772.'  [xxiv.  208] 

HAMILTON,    Sin    ROBERT     GEORGE     CROOK- 
i  SHANK  (1836-1895),  governor  of  Tasmania  ;  educated  at 
[  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  M.A.,  1864 : 
'  honorary  LL.D.,  1886  ;  clerk  in  commissariat  department 
in  Crimea,  1855 :  in  charge  of  finance  of  education  de- 
;  partment,  1861  ;  accountant,  1869,  and  assistant-secretary, 
1872-8,  to  board  of  trade;   accountant-general  of  navy, 
1878 ;  permanent  secretary  to  admiralty,  1882 ;  perma- 
nent undersecretary  for  Ireland,  1883-6 ;  K.C.B.,  1884 ; 
governor  of  Tasmania,  1886-93.  [Suppl.  ii.  382] 


HAMILTON,  SIR  ROBERT  NORTH  COLLIE,  sixth 

baronet (1802-1887),  Indian  official;  educated  at  Hailey- 

bury ;  acting  secretary  in  political  department.  Benares, 

1830 ;  resident  with  Holkar  of  Indore,  1844-57 ;  succeeded 

i  to  baronetcy,  1853 ;    viceroy's  agent  for  Central  India, 

I  1864-9  ;  his  plan  for  pacification  of  Central  India  adopted  : 

K.O.B. ;  member  of  supreme  council  of  India,  1859-60. 

[xxiv.  208] 


HAMILTON 


HAMILTON 


HAMILTON.  Sin  THOMAS,  LORD  DROMCAIRN, 
EAUI.  <IF  MKI.KOSK,  and  sifter  wards  first  EARL,  op  HAD- 
DINGTON (1563-1637);  educated  under  his  uncle,  John 
Hamilton  (fi.  1568-1609)  [q.  v.]  at  Paris ;  admitted  advo- 
cate, 1587 ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Drumoiiru,  159*2 ; 
probably  st  w^ter  and  was  a  member  of  the  •  <  Jctavians ' ; 
favourite  of  James  VI ;  king's  advocate,  15% ;  knighted 
soon  after  James  Vl's  accession  as  James  I  of  England  : 
a  commissioner  for  union,  1604;  procured  imprisonment 
of  Andrew  Melville  and  execution  of  Sprotfor  connection 
with  Gowrie  conspiracy  of  1600 ;  one  of  the  new  Octa- 
vians,  1611 ;  secretary  of  state,  1612-26 ;  created  Baron 
Binning  and  Byres,  1613 ;  president  of  court  of  session, 
1616-26;  created  Earl  of  Melrose,  1619,  for  obtaining 
adoption  of  episcopalianism  by  six  articles  of  Perth, 
1618;  lord  privy  seal,  1626;  his  title  changed  to  Earl  of 
Haddington,  1626.  'Notes  of  the  Charters,  &c.,  by  the 
Earl  of  'Melrose,'  was  issued  in  1830,  his  '  State  Papers ' 
in  1837.  [xxiv.  209] 

HAMILTON,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OP  HADDING- 
TON (1600-1640),  covenanter ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Hamilton, 
first  earl  of  Haddington  [q.  v.]  ;  privy  councillor,  1637  ; 
signed  '  king's  covenant,'  1638 ;  drew  up  Glasgow  procla- 
mation, 1638;  defended  borders,  1640  ;  perished  in  explo- 
sion at  Dunglass  Oastle.  [xxiv.  212] 

HAMILTON,  THOMAS,  sixth  EARL  op  HADDINGTON 
(1680-1736),  member  of  the  squadrone  volante  ;  wounded 
at  Sheriffmuir,  1715 :  elected  a  representative  peer,  1716  ; 
caricatured  as  '  Simon  the  Skipper ' ;  his  treatise  on  forest 
trees  printed,  1761.  [xxiv.  212] 

HAMILTON,  THOMAS  (1789-1842),  author;  second 
son  of  William  Hamilton  (1758-1790)  [q.  v.]  ;  wounded  at 
Albuera,  1811 ;  settled  in  Edinburgh,  c.  1818 ;  one  of  the 
'  Blackwood '  writers  praised  in  '  Noctea  Ambrosiauae.' 
1826 ;  intimate  with  Scott  at  Chiefs  wood  and  Wordsworth 
at  EUeray;  published  'Cyril  Thornton'  (1827),  'Annals 
of  the  Peninsular  Campaign '  (1829), '  Men  and  Manners 
in  America'  (1833);  died  at  Pisa  and  was  buried  at 
Florence.  [xxiv.  213] 

HAMILTON,  THOMAS,  ninth  EARL  OP  HADDINGTON 
C 1780-1858)  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford?  M.A.  Oxford,  1816;  tory  M.P.  for  St.  Germans, 
1802-6,  Oallington,  1807-14,  Michael-Borough,  1814-18, 
Rochester,  1818-26,  and  Yarmouth  (Isle  of  Wight),  1826 ; 
Indian  commissioner,  1814-22;  created  Baron  Melros  of 
Tynuinghame,  1827  ;  succeeded  to  Scottish  peerage,  1828  ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1834-5 ;  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty, 1841-6 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1846.  [xxiv.  213] 

HAMILTON,  THOMAS  (1784-1858),  architect;  de- 
signed Burns  monuments  at  Alloway,  1818,  and  Edin- 
burgh, 1830,  Knox  column  at  Glasgow,  1825,  Edinburgh 
High  School  (opened  1829),  and  town  buildings  and  spire 
at  Ayr,  1828 ;  a  founder  and  first  treasurer  of  R.S. A. ; 
F.R.I.B.A.,  1836-46.  [xxiv.  214] 

HAMILTON,  WALTER  KERR  (1808-1869),  bishop 
of  Salisbury;  nephew  of  William  Richard  Hamilton 
[q.  v.]  ;  at  Eton  and  as  private  pupil  of  Dr.  Arnold  of 
Rugby  at  Laletiam ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1827 ;  B.A.,  1830  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  1832 ;  vicar  of 
St.  Peter's-in-the-East,  Oxford,  1837-41 ;  canon  of  Salis- 
bury, 1841;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1884-69,  establishing 
theological  college,  1861 ;  published  pamphlet  on  '  Cathe- 
dral Reform,'  1853.  [xxiv.  216] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1307),  chancellor  of 
England  :  vice-chancellor  to  the  king,  1286  ;  dean  of  York, 
1298  ;  chancellor  of  England,  1305-7.  [xxiv.  217] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM,  second  DUKE  OP  HAMILTON 
(1616-1651),  brother  of  James  Hamilton,  firstduke  [q.  v.] : 
created  Earl  of  Lanark,  1639  (so  styled  till  1649) ;  secre- 
tary of  state  for  Scotland,  1640-3  and  1646 ;  fled  with  his 
brother  (1641)  after  the  Incident,  but  was  at  peace  with 
the  king  till  arrest  at  Oxford,  1643  ;  escaped  and  made 
bis  peace  with  Scottish  estates,  1644 ;  one  of  commis- 
sioners at  Newcastle,  1646  ;  again  reconciled  to  Charles  I, 
1646;  protested  against  his  surrender  to  English  army; 
concluded  treaty  with  the  king  at  Garisbrooke  on  basis 
of  introduction  of  presbyterianism  into  England,  1647 ; 
commanded  force  against  Westland  whips,  but  had  to 
submit  to  Argyll ;  succeeded  to  dukedom  while  in  Hol- 
land :  made  K.G.  and  privy  councillor  by  Charles  II, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Scotland,  1650;  mortally 
wounded  at  Worcester.  [xxiv.  218] 


-r 


HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1724),  of  Wisbaw  ;  anti- 
quary ;  his  '  Account  of  the  Shyres  of  Renfrew  and 
Lanark  '  edited  by  William  Motherwell  [q.  v.],  1838. 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1729),  archdeacon  of 
Armagh;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  16W ;  LL.B., 
1700:  archdeacon  of  Armagh,  1700-29;  published  life  of 
James  Bonnell,  170S.  [xxiv.  331] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (1665  ?-1761),  of  Gilbert- 
field  ;  poet ;  corresponded  in  verse  with  Allan  Ramsay  in 
'Seven  Familiar  Epistles  which  passed  between  Lieute- 
nant Hamilton  and  the  Author'  (1719);  wrote  elegy  on 
his  dog, '  Bonny  Heck,'  and  '  Willie  was  a  Wanton  Wag ' ; 
abridged  and  modernised  Blind  Harry's  '  Wallace,'  1722. 

[xxiv.  221] 

HAMILTON.  WILLIAM  <  17U4-1754),  of  Bangour; 
poet;  contributed  lyrics  to  Allan  Ramsay's  'Tea-Table 
Miscellany,"  between  1724  and  1727  ;  celebrated  victory  of 
Prestonpans  in  'Gladsmuir';  and  while  hiding  after 
Culloden  wrote  'Soliloquy  ...  in  June  1746';  composed 
ballads  and  '  Episode  of  the  Thistle ' ;  made  the  earliest 
Homeric  translation  into  English  blank  verse ;  his  poems 
issued  by  Foulis,  1749,  and  posthumously ;  died  at  Lyons. 

[xxiv.  222] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (1758-1790),  surgeon;  MJL 
Glasgow,  1775 ;  professor  of  anatomy  and  botany  at 
Glasgow,  1781.  [xxiv.  232] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (1755-1797),  naturalist  and 
antiquary;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1779  ;  M.A., 
1779 ;  rector  of  Clondavaddpg  or  Fannet,  Donegal,  1790 ; 
published  'Letters  concerning  the  Northern  Coast  of 
Antrim,'  1786 ;  murdered  by  banditti  at  Sharon,  1797.  ' 

[xxiv.  223] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (1761-1801),  painter: 
studied  under  Zucchi  in  Italy ;  R.A.,  1789  :  exhibited 
from  1774  historical  pictures,  arabesques,  and  ornaments, 
scriptural  and  Shakespearean  pictures,  and  portraits,  in- 
cluding full-lengths  of  Mrs.  Siddons  and  John  Wesley. 

[xxiv.  223] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1730-1803),  diplo- 
matist and  archaeologist ;  grandson  of  William  Douglas, 
third  duke  of  Hamilton  [q.  v.];  M.P.,  Midhurst,  1761-4; 
plenipotentiary  at  Naples,  1764-1800;  K.B.,  1772;  made 
twenty-two  ascents  of  Vesuvius,  witnessing  1776  and 
1777  eruptions  ;  visited  Etna ;  F.R.S.,  1766  ;  published 
'Campi  Phlegraei,'  1776  (also  a  supplement,  1779),  and 
other  works  describing  observations  of  volcanoes  and 
Calabrian  earthquakes ;  sent  account  of  Pompeian  disco- 
veries to  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  sold  collections  of  Greek 
vases  and  antiquities  to  British  Museum,  1773:  and  to 
Thomas  Hope,  1801 ;  purchased  from  Gavin  Hamilton 
(1730-1797)  [q.  v.]  '  Warwick  Vase,'  and  from  Byres,  the 
architect, '  Portland  Vase ' ;  privy  councillor,  1791 ;  mar- 
ried Emma  Hart  [see  HAMILTON,  EMMA],  1791 ;  enter- 
tained Nelson  at  Naples,  1798 ;  accompanied  Neapolitan 
court  to  Palermo,  1798  ;  travelled  to  England  with  Nelson ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1802.  [xxiv.  224] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  (1780-1835),  theological 
writer ;  minister  of  Strathblane,  Stirlingshire,  1809-36 ; 
moved  resolution  against  lay  patronage  in  general 
assembly,  1834;  published  theological  works,  1820-35. 

[xxiv.  227] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  baronet  (1788-1856), 
metaphysician  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  intimate  with  J.  G.  Lockhart; 
M.A.,  1814 ;  established  claim  to  baronetcy,  1816  ;  intro- 
duced by  '  Christopher  North '  to  De  Quincey  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1814 ;  visited  Germany,  1817  and  1820 ;  elected 
professor  of  civil  history  at  Edinburgh,  1821 ;  had  con- 
troversy with  Combe  on  phrenology  ;  solicitor  of  teinds, 
1832 ;  his  philosophical  reputation  made  by  articles  in 
'Edinburgh  Review,'  1829-36;  elected  to  chair  of  logic 
and  metaphysics  at  Edinburgh,  1836  ;  made  great  impres- 
sion by  lectures  (ed.  Mausel  and  Veitch,  1*59) ;  attacked 
'  non-intrusion '  principle  in  ecclesiastical  controversy  of 
1843 ;  partially  paralysed  after  1844  ;  edited  Reid's  works, 
1846  (completed  by  Mansel) ;  Hamilton  philosophical 
examination  founded  in  his  honour,  1866.  His  doctrine 
of  the '  quantification  of  the  predicate'  was  assailed  by 
De  Morgan,  and  that  of  the  unknowability  of  the  infinite 
by  Calderwood.  He  contributed  to  psychology  and  logic 
the  theories  of  the  association  of  ideas,  of  unconscious 
mental  modifications,  and  the  inverse  relation  of  percep- 
tion and  sensation.  Posthumous  criticism  was  led  by 
Mill  and  Hutchison  Stirling.  [xxiv.  337] 

oo2 


HAMILTON 


564 


HAMMOND 


HAMILTON.  WILLIAM  GERARD  (1789-1796), 
;  Single-speech  Hamilton ' ;  grandson  of  William  Hamil- 
ton (d.  1724)  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oriel 
College,  Oxford ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1744  ;  as  M.P. 
for  Petersfield  made  celebrated  maiden  speech,  1756  (the 
so-called  'singlespeech  ') ;  a  commissioner  of  trade,  1766 : 
M.P.,  Pontefract,  1761,  Killebegs  (Irish  parliament),  1761- 
1768  ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1761-4,  and  chancellor 
of  Irish  exchequer,  1763-84  ;  spoke  ably  in  Irish  parlia- 
ment, 1761-2 ;  obtained,  1763,  but  subsequently  appro- 
priated, pension  for  Burke,  who  was  for  a  time  his  private 
secretary ;  M.P.,  Old  Sarum,  1768,  Wareham,  1774,  Wilton, 
1780,  and  Haslemere,  1 790  ;  his  conversational  powers 
highly  praised  by  Dr.  Johnson ;  '  Letters  of  Junius'  attri- 
buted to  him  by  some  of  his  contemporaries ;  his  works 
published  after  his  death  by  Malone  under  title  of  '  Parlia- 
mentary Logick.'  [xxiv.  232] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1805-1867),  geo- 
logist ;  son  of  William  Richard  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse  and  Gottinpen  ;  pupil  of  Murchi- 
son ;  F.G.S.,  1831 ;  secretary  of  Geological  Society, 
1832-54,  president,  1854  and  1865 ;  M.P.,  Newport  (Isle  of 
Wight),  1841-7 ;  his  tour  in  the  Levant,  1835-7,  described 
in  'Researches  in  Asia  Minor,  Pontus,  and  Armenia,' 
1842  ;  president  of  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1837, 1841, 
1842,  and  1847  ;  made  excursions  in  France  and  Belgium, 
and  wrote  papers  on  rocks  of  Tuscany  and  geology  of 
the  Mayence  basin  and  Hesse-Cassel.  [xxiv.  234] 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  RICHARD  (1777-1869), 
antiquary  and  diplomatist;  cousin  of  William  Gerard 
Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  lamed  for  life  at  Harrow ;  as  secretary 
to  Lord  Elgin  prevented  France  carrying  off  Rosetta 
stone;  superintended  safe  transportation  to  England  of 
Grecian  marbles,  1802 ;  under-secretary  for  foreign 
affairs,  1809-22;  minister  at  Naples,  1822-5;  obtained 
restoration  by  France  of  works  of  art  taken  from  Italy, 
1815;  trustee  of  British  Museum,  1838-58;  published 
'-Sgyptiaca'  (1809),  containing  first  translations  of 
Rosetta  inscriptions.  [xxiv.  234] 

HAMILTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  ROWAN  (1805-1865), 
mathematician ;  discoverer  of  science  of  quaternions ;  as 
a  child  competed  with  Zerah  Colburn,  the  '  calculating 
boy';  at  sixteen  detected  an  error  of  reasoning  in 
Laplace's  '  Mecanique  Celeste ' ;  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
obtained  the 'double  optime'  and  twice  won  vice-chan- 
cellor's prize  for  English  verse ;  while  an  undergraduate 
predicted  'conical  refraction';  appointed  Andrews  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy,  1827  ;  astronomer  royal  of  Ireland ; 
gold  medallist  of  Royal  Society  for  optical  discovery 
and  for  (1834)  theory  of  a  general  method  of  dynamics  ; 
knighted,  1835 ;  president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1837  : 
published '  Lectures  on  Quaternions,'  1853.  His  '  Elements 
of  Quaternions '  appeared  posthumously,  1866. 

[xxiv.  235] 

HAMILTON-ROWAN,  ARCHIBALD  (1751-1834). 
[See  ROWAN.] 

HAMLEY,  EDWARD  (1764-1834),  poet;  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1786  ;  B.C.L.,  1791 ;  rector  of  Cusop, 
1805-34,  and  Stanton  St.  John,  1806-34;  published  poems 
(17*5),  translations  from  Petrarch  and  Metastasio,  1795, 
and  sonnets,  1795.  [xxiv.  238] 

HAMLEY,  SIR  EDWARD  BRUCE  (1824-1893), 
general ;  studied  at  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich ; 
lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1843 ;  stationed  at  Gibraltar ; 
adjutant  to  Colonel  (Sir)  Richard  James  Dacres  [q.  v.j 
in  Crimea ;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1865 ;  contributed 
to  Fraser's  and  Black  wood's  magazines ;  edited  first  series 
of  'Tales  from  Blackwood,'  1858;  professor  of  military 
history,  Sandhurst,  1869-64;  published  'Operations  of 
War,'  1866  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1864  ;  member  of  council 
of  military  education,  1866-70;  commandant  of  staff 
college,  1870-7;  major-general,  1877;  British  commis- 
sioner for  delimitation  of  Bulgaria,  1879,  Armenian 
frontier,  1880,  and  Greek  frontier,  1881 :  K.C.M.G.,  1880  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1882 ;  commanded  division  in  Egypt, 
1882;  fought  at  Tel-el-Kebir ;  K.O.B.,  1882;  M.P.  for 
Birkenhead,  1886,  and  1886-92;  colonel-commandant, 
royal  artillery,  1886;  general,  1890:  published  novels, 
'  Shakespeare's  Funeral,'  1869,  and  military  works. 


[Suppl.  ii.  382] 

TRY 


HAMMEE8LEY,  JAMES  A8TBURY  (1816-1869), 
painter ;  master  of  Manchester  School  of  Design,  1849-62 ; 
first  president,  Manchester  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  1867-61. 

[xxiv.  238] 


HAMMICK,  Sm  STEPHEN  LOVE,  first  baronet 
,  (1777-1867),  surgeon  extraordinary  to  George  IV  and 
]  William  IV  ;  surgeon  to  Naval  Hospital,  Plymouth,  1803  : 
[  created  baronet,  1834 ;  an  original  member  of  London 

University  senate  \  published  '  Practical  Remarks  on  ... 

Strictures  of  the  Urethra,'  1830.  [xxiv.  238] 

HAMMOND.    [See  also  HA  MONO.] 

HAMMOND,     ANTHONY    (1668-1738),    poet    and 

Ephleteer;     grand-nephew    of    William     Hammond 
v.] ;     M.P.,    Huntingdonshire,    1695-8,    Cambridge 
srersity,   1698-1701,   Huntingdon,    1702-8;    M.A.    St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1698  ;  commissioner  of  public 
accounts,  1701 ;  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1702  ;  declared 
incapable  of  sitting  in  parliament  as  holding  the  latter 
office,  1708 ;  treasurer  of  forces  in  Spain,  1711 ;  published 
pamphlets  on  finance  and  parliamentary  practice ;  edited 
'New  Miscellany  of  Original  Poems,'  1720;  died  debtor 
in  the  Fleet.  [xxiv.  239] 

HAMMOND,  ANTHONY  (1758-1838),  legal  writer ; 
prepared  draft  of  act  of  1827  consolidating  and  amending 
the  criminal  law.  [xxiv.  240] 

HAMMOND,  EDMUND,  BAKON  HAMMOND  (1802- 
1890),  diplomatist ;  son  of  George  Hammond  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Harrow  and  University  College,  Oxford  :  fellow,  1828-46  ; 
M.A.,  1826;  accompanied  Stratford  Canning  to  Con- 
stantinople, 1831,  Madrid,  and  Lisbon,  1832 ;  chief  of  the 
oriental  department  of  foreign  office  ;  permanent  under- 
secretary, 1854-73  ;  privy  councillor,  1866 ;  created  a  peer, 
1874 ;  died  at  Men  tone.  [xxiv.  240] 

HAMMOND,  GEORGE  (1763-1853),  diplomatist: 
educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1787  ;  M.A., 
1788 ;  secretary  to  David  Hartley  the  younger  [q.  v.]  at 
Paris,  1783;  charge  d'affaires  at  Vienna,  1788-90;  first 
British  minister  at  Washington,  1791-5 ;  as  under- 
secretary for  foreign  affairs  (1796-1806  and  1807-9) 
intimate  with  Grenville  and  Canning ;  joint-editor  of 
'  Anti-Jacobin ' ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1810.  [xxiv.  241] 

HAMMOND,  HENRY  (1605-1660),  chaplain  to 
Charles  I ;  son  of  John  Hammond  (d.  1817)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Eton  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1626,  M.A., 
1625,  D.D.,  1639;  incumbent  of  Penshurst,  1633;  arch- 
deacon of  Chichester,  1643;  became  known  to  Charles  I 
by  '  Practical  Catechism,'  1644 ;  canon  of  Christ  Church 
and  pablic  orator  at  Oxford,  1645 ;  chaplain  to  royal 
commissioners  at  Uxbridge,  1645,  and  to  Charles  I,  1647  ; 
deprived  and  imprisoned,  but  afterwards  allowed  to  live 
with  Sir  Philip  Warwick  [q.  v.]  and  Sir  John  Paking- 
ton ;  published  'Paraphrase  and  Annotations  on  the  New 
Testament,'  1663 ;  his  collected  works  edited  by  William 
Fulman  [q.  v.],  1674-84,  'Miscellaneous  Theological 
Works,' by  Nicholas  Pocock,  1847-60.  [xxiv.  242] 

HAMMOND,     JAMES    (1710-1742),    poet;    son   of 
Anthony  Hammond  (1668-1738)    [q.    v.] ;    educated  at 
!  Westminster:    equerry  to    Frederick,    prince  of  Wales, 
'.  1733  ;  M.P.,  Truro,  1741-2 ;  said  to  have  died  for  love  of 
Kitty  Dashwood;  his  'Love  Elegies'  (1743)  (with  pre- 
face by  Chesterfield)   condemned  by  Dr.    Johnson  for 
'frigid  pedantry.'  [xxiv.  246] 

HAMMOND,  JOHN  (1542-1589),  civilian ;  fellow  of 

Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  LL.D.,  1569  ;  commissary  of 

j  deanery  of  St.  Paul's,  1673  ;  master  of  chancery,  1574 ; 

chancellor  of  London,  1675 ;  delegate  to  diet  of  Smalkald, 

I  1678 ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1585,  St.  Looe,  1586 :  as  member  of  high 

I  commission  examined  Campion  (1581)  and  other  Jesuits 

under  torture.  [xxiv.  247] 

HAMMOND,  JOHN  (d.  1617),  physician  to  James  I  : 

son  of  John    Hammond  (1542-1589)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of 

Trinity  College,   Cambridge,    1573;    M.A.,    1577:    M.D. 

Oxford,  1603;  F.R.C.P.,  1608;  made  post-mortem  exami- 

j  nation  of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales.  [xxiv.  247] 

HAMMOND,  ROBERT  (1621-1664),  parliamentarian  : 
grandson  of  John  Hammond  (rf.  1617)  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1636;  captain  in  parliamentary 

,  army,  1642;  distinguished  himself  at  Tewkesbury,  1644; 

',  as  colonel  of  foot  in  the  'new  model,'  1645,  captured 
Powder  ham  Castle  and  St.  Michael's  Mount ;  taken  by 
royalists  at  Basing  House,  1646 :  governor  of  Isle  of 
Wight,  1647 ;  custodian  of  Charles  I,  who  had  mistakenly 
taken  refuge  with  him  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  November 
1647  to  November  1648 ;  meuiticr  of  the  Irish  council  1654. 

I  [xxiv.  248] 


HAMMOND 


565 


HANBURY 


HAMMOND.  SAMUEL  (d.  1665),  nonconformist 
divine;  fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  chaplain 
to  Sir  Arthur  llesilrige  [q.  v.]  ;  while  nrr 
castle  (lGf>~  -GO)  assisted  in  exposing  the  impostor,  Thomas 
Ramsay;  assisted  in  writing  a  tract  against  quakers, 
1664.  [xxiv.  250] 

HAMMOND,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1655),  poet ;  his  'Poems  ' 
(1665)  reprinted,  1816.  [xxiv.  251] 

HAMOND.    [See  also  HAMMOND  and  HAMONT.] 

HAMOND,  Sin  ANDREW  SNAPE,  first  baronet(1738- 
1828),  comptroller  of  the  navy :  present  at  Quiberou  Bay, 
1759  ;  captain,  1770 ;  knighted  for  services  in  Chesapeake 
expedition  and  defence  of  Sandy  Hook,  1778 ;  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia,  1780-2  ;  created  baronet,  1783 ;  commander 
at  the  Nore,  1785-8 ;  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1793 : 
M.P.,  Ipswich,  1796-1806  ;  comptroller  of  the  navy,  1794- 
1806.  [xxiv.  251] 

HAMOND,  GEORGE  (1620-1705),  ejected  divine: 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  ejected  from  St.  Peter's  and  Trinity,  Dorchester, 
1662  ;  presbyterian  minister  and  schoolmaster  at  Tauutou, 
1672-85  :  pastor  of  Armourers'  Hall,  London,  and  lecturer 
at  Salters'  Hall.  [xxiv.  252] 

HAMOND,  SIR  GRAHAM  EDEN,  second  baronet 
(1779-1862),  admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Andrew  Snape  H union.  1 
[q.  v.] :  midshipman  on  Howe's  flagship  at  victory  of  1794  ; 
commanded  the  Blanche  at  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  captured 
Spanish  treasure  ships,  1804 ;  at  reduction  of  Flushing, 
1809;  commander  on  South  American  station,  1834-8; 
admiral,  1847  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1862  ;  G.C.B.,  1855. 

[xxiv.  252] 

HAMOND,  WALTER  (/.  1643),  author  of  tracts  on 
Madagascar,  1640  and  1643.  [xxiv.  253] 

HAMONT,  MATTHEW  (d.  1679),  heretic ;  burnt  at 
Norwich.  On  his  case  Philip  van  Limborch  corresponded 
with  Locke,  1699.  [xxiv.  253] 

HAMPDEN,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  TREVOR,  ROBERT 
HAMPDEN-,  first  VISCOUNT,  1706-1783;  TREVOR,  JOHN 
HAMPDEN-,  third  VISCOUNT,  1749-1824;  BRAND,  SIR 
HENRY  BOUVEHIE  WILLIAM,  1814-1892,  first  VISCOUNT  of 
new  creation,] 

HAMPDEN,  JOHN  (1594-1643),  statesman  ;  educated 
at  Thame  School  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  also 
studied  at  Inner  Temple ;  M.P.  for  Grampound,  1621-6, 
and  for  Wendover  in  first  three  parliaments  of  Charles  I ; 
afterwards  represented  Buckinghamshire ;  imprisoned 
(1627)  for  refusing  to  pay  forced  loan  of  1626  ;  prominent 
in  Charles  I's  third  parliament ;  closely  associated  with 
Sir  John  Eliot  [q.  v.],  corresponding  with  him  when  Eliot 
was  in  prison  ;  one  of  the  twelve  grantees  of  land  in  Con- 
necticut, 1G32  ;  by  resisting  second  ship-money  writ,  1635 
(declared  legal  by  exchequer  court,  1638),  caused  it  to  be 
paid  with  increasing  reluctance ;  most  popular  member  in 
the  Short  parliament,  1640 ;  led  the  opposition  to  the  king's 
demand  for  twelve  subsidies  in  exchange  for  the  aban- 
donment of  ship-money,  1640  ;  exercised  great  influence 
over  Pym  in  the  Long  parliament,  and  proved  a  powerful 
debater  and  strategist ;  as  one  of  the  managers  of  Straf- 
ford's  impeachment  opposed  the  resolution  for  a  bill  of 
attainder,  and  (1641)  obtained  leave  for  Strafford's  coun- 
sel to  be  heard  ;  supported  the.  root-and-branch  bill  ; 
attended  the  king  to  Scotland,  1641  ;  calmed  House  of 
Commons  after  the  carrying  of  the  Grand  Remonstrance, 
1641 ;  impeached  by  the  attorney-general,  1642  (3  Jan.), 
but  escaped  the  attempted  arrest  by  the  king  next  day  ; 
returned  to  move  (20  Jan.  1642)  the  resolution  giving 
control  of  the  militia  and  the  Tower  to  parliament ; 
leading  member  of  the  committee  of  safety  ;  raised 
i-egiment  of  foot  and  executed  the  militia  ordinance  in 
his  own  county  after  Edgehill,  joining  the  main  army 
(1642)  under  Essex,  whose  retreat  after  Edgehill  he 
condemned;  resisted  acceptance  of  Charles  I's  over- 
tures for  peace,  1642-3,  and  urged  an  immediate  attack 
on  Oxford  ;  mortally  wounded  in  a  skirmish  with  Prince 
liupert  at  Chalgrove  Field;  died  at  Thame,  and  was 
buried  in  Great  Hampden  Church.  [xxiv.  254] 

HAMPDEN,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1666  ?- 1696), 
politician;  son  of  Richard  Hampden  [q.  v.];  M.P., 
Buckinghamshire,  1679,  Wendover,  1681-90 ;  imprisoned 
and  fined  on  charge  of  plotting  uu  insurrection,  1684 ; 


condemned  to  dentil  for  high  treason  after  Mon- 
mouthV  rifling,  1Gn.\  but  briU<t  .lefTeries  ami  I'etre,  and 
was  pardoned;  prominent  in  Convention  parliament 
(168!»)  as  :m  rvtr.me  whitf ;  opposed  employment  by 
William  III  of  Halifax  and  other  ex-ministers;  com- 
mitted suicide.  [xxiv.  8«8J 

HAMPDEN,  KKNN  DICKSON  (1793-1868),  bUhop 
of  Hereford;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1814; 
double  first,  1814 ;  M.A.,  1816 ;  D.D.,  1833  ;  intimate 
with  Arnold  and  Whately ;  Hampton  lecturer,  1832; 
principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  1833 ;  professor  of  moral 
philosophy,  1834  :  his  appointment  by  Melbourne  to  the 
regius  professorship  of  divinity  (1836)  oppoeed  on  ground 
of  his  unorthodoxy,  as  also  his  nomination  to  bishopric 
(1848);  bishop  of  Hereford,  1848-68;  published  'The 
Scholastic  Philosophy  considered  in  its  Relation  to  Chris- 
tian Theology '  (Hampton  lectures),  1833.  [xxiv.  964] 

HAMPDEN,  RICHARD  (1631-1696),  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  ;  son  of  John  Hampden  (1694-1643)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.P.,  Buckinghamshire,  1656,  and  1681-90,  Weudover, 
1660-79,  and  1690-5  ;  member  of  Protector's  Houae  of 
Lords ;  entertained  Baxter  during  the  plague,  1666  ; 
moved  Exclusion  Bill  of  1679  ;  chairman  of  Commons' 
committee  that  declared  the  throne  vacant,  1689 ;  privy 
councillor,  1689 ;  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1689 : 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1690-4  ;  refused  emoluments 
from  William  III.  [xxiv.  866] 

HAMPDEN-TREVOE.    [See  TREVOR.] 

HAMPER,  WILLIAM  (1776-1831),  antiquary; 
F.S.A.,  1821;  contributed  to  'Gentleman's  Magazine'; 
assisted  John  Britton  [q.  v.]  and  other  topographical 
writers  ;  published  *  Observations  on  certain  Ancient 
Pillars  of  Memorial  called  Hoar-Stones,'  1820,  and  '  Life, 
Diary,  and  Correspondence  of  Sir  W.  Dugdale,'  1827. 

[xxiv.  867] 

HAMPOLE,  RICHARD  (1290  ?-1349).      [See  ROLLE, 

P-ICHARD.] 

HAMPSON,  JOHN  (1760-1817  ?),  author;  M.A. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1792  ;  rector  of  Sunderlaud, 
1801 ;  published  works  including  '  Memoirs  of  Rev. 
John  Wesley,'  1791 ;  translated  •  The  Poetics  of  Marcus 
Hieronymus  Vida,'  1793.  [xxiv.  268] 

HAMPTON,  first  BARON  (1799-1880).  [See  PAKINQ- 
TON,  SIR  JOHN  SOMERSET.] 

HAMPTON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1552-1625),  archbishop 
of  Armagh ;  probably  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1585 :  nominated  to  see  of  Derry,  1611,  but  not 
consecrated;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1613-25;  restored 
Armagh  Cathedral  ;  maintained  primacy  of  Armagh. 

[xxiv.  268] 

HAMPTON,  JAMES  (1721-1778),  translator  of 
Polybius;  of  Winchester  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1747  ;  rector  of  Mouktou  Moor,  1762,  and 
Folkton,  Yorkshire,  1775  ;  translated  Polybius,  first  five 
books,  1756-61;  issued  extracts  from  sixth  book  of 
Polybius,  1764.  [xxiv.  269] 

HANBOYS  or  HAMBOYS,  JOHN  (fl.  1470), 
doctor  of  music :  his  commentary  on  works  of  the  two 
Francos  printed  by  Coussemaker.  [xxiv.  209] 

HANBURY,  BENJAMIN  (1 778-1 864),  nonconfor- 
mist historian  ;  first  treasurer  of  Congregational  Union, 
1831-64  ;  published  'Historical  Memorials  relating  to  the 
Independents  .  .  .  from  their  Rise  to  the  Restoration ' 
(1839-44),  and  an  edition  of  Hooker  (1830).  [xxiv.  270] 

HANBURY,  DANIEL  (1826-1875),  pharmacist: 
treasurer  of  Liimeuu  Society;  F.R.S.,  1867;  visited 
Palestine  with  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  1860;  published 
'  Pharmacographia  '  (with  Professor  FllickigerX  1874. 

[xxiv.  270] 

HANBURY,  SIR  JAMES  (1782-1863),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  served  with  the  58th  in  Egypt,  1801 ;  present  at 
operations  of  Corufla,  1808-9:  with  the  guards  at  Wal- 
cheren  (1809)  and  in  the  Peninsular  war ;  major-general, 
1830;  K.B.,1830;  lieutenant-general,  1841.  [xxiv.  271] 

HANBURY,  JOHN  (1664-17S4),  politician;  de- 
veloped his  estate  and  ironworks  at  Pontypopl ;  M.P., 
Gloucester,  1701-15,  Monmouthshire,  1720-34;  director  of 
the  New  South  Sea  Company,  1721 ;  one  of  Marlborough's 
executors,  1722.  [Ixi.  379] 


HANBURY 


566 


HANKINSON 


HANBURY,  WILLIAM  (1725-1778),  clergyman; 
B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1748  ;  rector  of  Church 
Langton,  Leicestershire,  1753-78  ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1769; 
issued  (1758)  '  Essay  on  Planting,  and  a  Scheme  for 
making  it  conducive  to  the  Glory  of  God  and  the  ad- 
vantage of  Society  ' ;  his  scheme  carried  out  by  court  of 
chancery,  186-1 ;  published  '  Complete  Body  of  Planting 
and  Gardening '  (1770-1).  [xxiv.  271] 

HANCE,  HENRY  FLETCHER (1827-1886),  botanist; 
vice-consul  at  Whampoa,  1861-78 ;  consul  at  Canton, 
1878-81  and  1883  ;  acting  consul  at  Amoy  at  his  death  ; 
contributed  papers  on  Chinese  plants  to  Hooker's  •  Journal 
of  Botany,'  and  supplement  to  Beutham's  '  Flora  Hoiig- 
kongensis.'  [xxiv.  272] 

HANCKWITZ,  AMBROSE  GODFREY  (d.  1741). 
[See  GODFREY,  AMBROSE.] 

HANCOCK,  ALBANY (1806-1873), zoologist;  received 
the  royal  medal  of  Royal  Society  for  paper  on  '  The  Organ- 
isation of  Brachiopoda,'  1857  ;  F.L.S.,  1862  ;  collaborated 
with  Joshua  Alder  [q.  v.]  in  'Monograph of  British  Nudi- 
pranchiate  Mollusca,'  1845-55;  with  Dr.  D.  Embleton 
investigated  structure  of  genera  oeolis  and  dorit. 

[xxiv.  273] 

HANCOCK,  JOHN  (d.  1869),  sculptor;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1843.  [xxiv.  274] 

HANCOCK,  ROBERT  (1730-1817),  mezzotint  en- 
graver and  draughtsman  ;  engraver  to  Worcester  porce- 
lain works,  1757-74;  executed  small  crayon  portraits 
of  Lamb,  Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  and  Southey. 

[xxiv.  274] 

HANCOCK,  THOMAS  (1783-1849),  quaker  physician  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1809 ;  practised  in  London  and  Liver- 
pool; published  (1825) 'Principles  of  Peace  exemplified 
in  conduct  of  Society  of  Friends  in  Ireland  during  the 
Rebellion  of  1798,'  and  treatises  on  epidemics;  edited 
'  Discourses  '  from  Nicole's  '  Essays  by  John  Locke,'  1828. 

[xxiv.  276] 

HANCOCK,  THOMAS  (1786-1865),  founder  of  the 
indiarubber  trade  in  England ;  took  out  patent  for 
applying  indiarubber  springs  to  articles  of  dress,  1820 ; 
first  made  '  vulcanised '  indiarubber,  1843 ;  published 
'Personal  Narrative  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the 
Caoutchouc  or  Indiarubber  Manufacture  in  England,' 
1857.  [xxiv.  276] 

HANCOCK,  WALTER  (1799-1852),  engineer  :  brother 
of  Thomas  Hancock  (1786-1865)  [q.  v.]  ;  invented  steam- 
engines  for  road  traffic,  1824-36 ;  described  experiments 
in  'Narrative,'  1838;  obtained  patent  for  cutting  india- 
rubber  into  sheets,  and  for  a  method  of  preparing  solu- 
tions of  indiarubber,  1843.  [xxiv.  276] 

HAND,  THOMAS  (d.  1804),  painter;  friend  and 
imitator  of  Morland ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy. 

[xxiv.  277] 

HANDASYDE,  CHARLES  (fl.  1760-1780),  miniature- 
painter,  [xxiv.  277] 

HANDEL,  GEORGE  FREDERICK,  properly  GEORO 
FRIEDRICH  HAENDEL  (1685-1759),  musical  composer; 
son  of  the  town  surgeon  of  Giebichenstein,  Saxony; 
studied  music  under  Zachau  at  Halle ;  presented  to  elector 
of  Brandenburg  at  Berlin,  c.  1696 ;  went  to  Hamburg, 
1703,  and  became  conductor  of  the  opera ;  fought  a  duel 
with  Mattheson  (first  tenor) ;  composed  his  first  opera, 
'  Almira,'  1705  ;  went  to  Italy,  1707 ;  produced  the  operas 
'  Rodrigo '  at  Florence  and  '  Agrippina '  at  Venice,  1708  ; 
at  Rome  composed  the  oratorios  '  II  Trionfo  del  Tempo ' 
and  '  La  Resurrezione ' ;  visited  Naples,  1708-9,  compos- 
ing songs  and  cantatas ;  went  to  Hanover  and  became 
kapellmeister,  1710;  came  to  England,  1710;  his  opera 
'  Rinaldo '  produced  with  great  success  at  the  Queen's 
Theatre,  Haymarket,  1711 ;  returned  to  Hanover,  but  was 
again  in  England  in  1712,  where,  breaking  his  pledge  to 
the  elector  of  Hanover  (afterwards  George  I)  to  return  to 
Hanover,  he  thenceforth  remained;  his  operas  'Pastor 
Ficlo '  and '  Teaeo '  and  the '  Utrecht  Te  Deum  and  Jubilate,' 
performed  before  the  death  of  Anne,  the  composer  receiv- 
ing for  the  last  an  annuity  of  200/.,  increased  by  George  I 
after  Handel's  reconciliation  with  him,  effected  through 
Burlington  and  Kielmanusegge  by  means  of  the  '  Water- 
music,'  1715;  as  director  for  the  Duke  of  Chandos  at 
Canons  (1718-20)  composed  twelve  anthems, '  Esther '  (his 
tint  English  oratorio,  performed  1720),  and  '  Acis  and 
tea  '  (performed  1720  or  1721) ;  director  of  the  Royal 


Academy  of  Music,  1720-8,  composing  thirteen  operas, 
besides  collaborating  in  'Afuzio  Scevola'  with  Buonon- 
cini,  thenceforth  his  rival  in  popular  favour  ;  naturalised, 
1726;  appointed  court  composer;  produced  coronation 
anthems  on  the  accession  of  George  II,  1727 ;  carried  on 
(1729-35)  a  second  operatic  undertaking  at  the  King's 
Theatre,  Coveiit  Garden,  producing  several  new  operas, 
and  giving  performances  of  '  Esther '  and  '  Acis  and 
Galatea,'  1732,  and  '  Deborah,'  1733  :  '  Athaliah '  first 
heard  at  Oxford,  1733 ;  ousted  from  the  King's  Theatre 
i  by  his  rivals,  1735 ;  gave  more  operas,  and  repeated  his 
I  oratorios  in  Lent  at  Rich's  new  theatre,  Covent  Gar- 
I  den,  1735-7,  when  he  became  bankrupt  and  partially 
!  paralysed ;  composed  a  fine  anthem  for  the  funeral  of 
Queen  Caroline,  1737,  and  two  new  operas,  1738,  when 
his  debts  were  paid  by  a  benefit  concert;  his  statue  by 
Roubilliac  set  up  at  Vauxhall,  1738 ;  his  last  operas  given 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1740-1,  also  setting  of  Dryden's 
shorter  '  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,'  1739  ;  the  first  annual 
performance  of  '  Alexander's  Feast '  for  the  Society  of 
Musicians,  with  himself  at  the  organ,  given  1739 ;  his 
'Saul'  and  'Israel  in  Egypt,'  produced  at  the  King's 
Theatre,  1739  ;  his  oratorio  the  '  Messiah  '  (composed  in 
twenty-three  days)  first  heard  at  Dublin,  1741,  in  London, 

1743  (Covent  Garden),  and  in  Germany  (Hamburg),  1772 ; 
his  '  Samson '  given  at  a  subscription  concert  at  Covent 
Garden,  and  the  Dettingen  'Te  Deum'  at  St.  James's 
Palace,  1743  ;   '  Joseph  and  his  Brethren '  and  '  Semele,' 

1744  (Oovent   Garden);    'Hercules'    and    'Belshazzar' 
j  (King's   Theatre),  1744-6  ;    '  Judas    Maccabaeus,'  1747  ; 
I  '  Alexander  Balus '  and  '  Joshua,'  1748  (Covent  Garden)  ; 

his  oratorios  '  Susanna '  and  *  Solomon,'  produced,  1749 ; 
i  his  '  Music  for  the  Fireworks '  performed  at  Vauxhall  and 
;  the  Green  Park  to  celebrate  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
i  1749  ;  his  '  Theodora,'  1750,  a  failure ;  conducted  a  per- 
!  formance  of  the  '  Messiah '  (with  the  organ  presented  by 
i  himself)    at    the    Foundling    Hospital,    1750;     his    last 
\  oratorio, '  Jephthah,'  produced  at  Covent  Garden,  1752  ;  his 
last  composition,  'The  Triumph  of  Time  and  Truth,' 
I  1757 ;    buried  in   Westminster  Abbey.    His  manuscript 
scores  passed  from  John  Christopher  Smith  to  George  III. 
He  carried  choral  music  to  its  highest  point,  but  in  in- 
strumental did  not  advance  beyond  his  contemporaries. 
His  almost  certain  appropriation  (notably  in  '  Israel  in 
Egypt ')  of  the  work  of  others  is  in  strong  contradiction 
with  his  known  character.    A  collection  of  his  works, 
begun  in  Germany,  1856,  with  the  help  of  the  king  of 
Hanover,  was    continued    under    the    auspices    of    the 
Prussian  government.      Roubilliac  executed  his  monu- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey  and  three  busts. 

[xxiv.  277] 

HANDLO,  ROBERT  DE  (ft.  1326),  writer  on  music ; 
author  of  '  ReguUe '  (printed  by  Coussemaker^. 

[xxiv.  291] 

HANDYSIDE,  WILLIAM  (1793-1850),  engineer; 
employed  by  the  Russian  government.  [xxiv.  292] 

HANGER,    GEORGE,    fourth   BARON    COLERAINE 

(1761  ?-1824),  eccentric ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Gottingen  ; 

served  during  American  war  in  Hessian  Jager  corps  and 

in  Tarleton's  light  dragoons  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Henry 

I  Clinton  at  Charlestown,  1779  ;  his '  Life,  Adventures,  and 

i  Opinions,'  issued  by  William  Combe  [q.  v.],  1801 ;   suc- 

|  ceeded  his  brother  in  peerage,  1814,  but  did  not  assume 

I  title ;  caricatured  by  Gillray  and  George  Cruikshank ;  pub- 

I  lished  '  Lives  and  Adventures  ...  of  Eminent  Gamesters,' 

1804,  and  military  pamphlets.  [xxiv.  292] 

HANKEFORD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1422),  judge; 
king's  serjeant,  1390;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1398; 
K.B.,  1399;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1413-22. 

[xxiv.  293] 

HANKEY,  THOMSON  (1805-1893), politician;  senior 
partner  in  his  father's  West  Indian  mercantile  firm; 
elected  a  director  of  Bank  of  England,  1835  ;  governor, 
1851-2  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Peterborough,  1853-68,  and  1874- 
1 880  ;  published  works  on  questions  of  political  economy. 

[Suppl.  ii.  385] 

HANKIN,  EDWARD  (1747-1835),  author ;  rector  of 
West  Chiltington,  Sussex ;  published  pamphlets  on  clerical 
grievances  and  political  subjects.  [xxiv.  293] 

HANKINSON,  THOMAS  EDWARDS  (1805-1843), 
poet ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1831 ;  in- 
cumbent of  St.  Matthew's  Chapel,  Denmark  Hill ;  won 
Seatouian  prize  at  Cambridge  nine  times ;  his  '  Poems ' 
collected,  1844.  [xxiv.  294] 


HANMER 


567 


HANSELL, 


HANMER,  .1011  N(  1574-1629),  bbbop  of  St.  Asaph; 
matriculated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1692  ;  fellow  of  All 
Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1596;  M.A.,  1600;  D.D.,  1616: 
chaplain  to  James  I :  prebendary  of  Worcester,  1614 ; 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1624-9.  [xxiv.  294] 

HANMER,  JOHN  ( lf.42-1707),  nonconformist  minis- 
ter; son  of  Jonathan  Hanmer  [q.  v.] ;  graduated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1662;  pastor  at  Barnstaple, 
1692-1708.  [xxiv.  296] 

HANMER,  SIR  JOHN,  BARON  HANMER  (1809-1881), 
poet ;  succeeded  as  third  baronet,  1828 :  educated  at  Eton 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  whig  M.P.  for  Shrewsbury, 
1832-7,  Hull,  1841-7,  and  Flint,  1847-77  ;  created  a  peer. 
1872;  published  (Fra  Cipolla  and  other  poems,'  1839, 
'Sonnets,' 1840,  and  'Memorials  of  Family  and  Parish  of 
Hanmer,'  1877.  [xxiv.  295] 

HANMER,  JONATHAN  (1606-1687),  divine;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1631 ;  ejected  from  vicu- 
rage  of  Bishop's  Tawton  and  lectureship  of  Barnstaple, 
1662,  where  he  founded,  with  Oliver  Peard,  the  first  non-  I 
conformist  congregation  ;  published  '  An  Exercitation 
upon  Confirmation,'  1657 ;  and  '  A  View  of  Antiquity,' 
1677.  [xxiv.  295] 

HANMER,  MEREDITH (1543-1604), historian;  chap- 
lain of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1567;  M.A.,  1572  : 
D.D.,  1582 ;  vicar  of  St.  Leonard's,  Shoreditch,  1581-92 ;  j 
vicar  of  Islington,  1583-90;   accused  of  celebrating  an  | 
illegal  marriage ;  went  to  Ireland,  becoming  archdeacon  of  j 
Ro88(1691X  treasurer  of  Waterford  (1593),  vicar  choral  and 
prebendary  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin  (1594-5),  chancellor  : 
of  Kilkenny  (1603) ;  published  a  translation  of  the  his-  j 
tories   of    Eusebius,  Socrates,  and    Evagrius,  1577 ;   his  ' 
'Chronicle  of  Ireland'  printed  by  Sir  James  Ware,  1633. 

[xxiv.  297] 

HANMER,    SIR    THOMAS,    fourth    baronet  (1677-  I 
1746),  speaker :  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  succeeded  his  uncle  as  baronet,  1701 ;  tory  M.P.  for 
Thetford,  1701  and  1705-8,  Flintshire,  1702-5,  and  Suffolk,  I 
1708-27;  chairman  of  the  committee  which  made  the  , 
'representation'    of    1712;    received    in    great  state  by  | 
Louis  XIV  at  Paris,  1712 ;  refused  office  from  Harley  and 
procured  rejection  of  two  articles  of  the  commercial  treaty  , 
of  1713 ;  speaker,  1714-15 :  chief  of  the  Hanoverian  tories  ; 
while  in  retirement,  prepared  sumptuous,  but  not  critically 
very  valuable,  edition  of  Shakespeare,  1743-4 :  alluded  to  in  ! 
the  '  Dunciad '  as  Montalto.  [xxiv.  298] 

HANN,  JAMES  (1799-1856),  mathematician ;  calcu-  ! 
lator  in  Nautical  Almanack  office ;  mathematical  master  , 
at  King's  College  School,  London,  till  death ;  published 
works  on  mechanics  and  pure  mathematics,  including  i 
'  Principles  and  Practice  of  the  Machinery  of  Locomotive  j 
Engines,'  1850,  and,  with  Olinthus  Gilbert  Gregory  [q.  v.], 
'  Tables  for  the  Use  of  Nautical  Men,'  1841.    [xxiv.  299] 

HANNA,  SAMUEL  (1772  9-1852),  presbyterian  divine :  | 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1789;  D.D.,  1818;  minister  of  Rosemary 
Street,  Belfast,  1799;  professor  of  divinity,  Belfast  Presby-  I 
terian  College,  1817 ;  first  moderator  of  general  assembly,  \ 
1840.  [xxiv.  300] 

HANNA,  WILLIAM  (1808-1882),  theological  writer  ; 
son  of  Samuel  Hanna  [q.  v.];  colleague  of  Thomas 
Guthrie  [q.  v.]  at  Edinburgh,  1850-66 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow, 
1852 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1864  ;  son-in-law  of  Chalmers, 
whose  life  he  issued  in  1849-52,  afterwards  editing  his 
posthumous  works ;  edited  also  '  Essays  by  Ministers  of  i 
the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,'  1858,  and  '  Letters  of  Thomas 
Erskine  of  Linlathen,'  1877.  [xxiv.  300] 

HANNAH,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1792-1867),  Wesleyan 
minister ;  delegate  to  United  States  of  Wesleyan  confer- 
ence, 1824  and  1856  ;  secretary  to  conference,  1840-2,  and 
1854-8,  president,  1842  and  1851 ;  tutor  of  Didsbury,  1843- 
1867;  published  works,  including  a  defence  of  infant 
baptism,  1866.  [xxiv.  301] 

HANNAH,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1818-1888),  arch- 
deacon of  Lewes ;  son  of  John  Hannah  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1837  ;  fellow  of 
Lincoln,  1840 ;  B.A.,  1840  ;  D.O.L.,  1863 ;  rector  of  the 
Edinburgh  Academy,  1847-54 :  principal  of  Glenalmoud, 
1854-70;  Bampton  lecturer,  1862;  vicar  of  Brighton, 
1870-87  ;  archdeacon  of  Lewes,  1876-88  ;  published,  besides 
Bampton  lectures,  1863,  'Courtly  Poets  from  Raleigh  to 
Montrose,'  1 870.  [x  xiv.  302  ] 


HANN  AM.  mril.YHD  (d.  1666),  robber;  ii 
for  burglary:  escaped  from  England,  robbed  the  Danish 
treasury  and  the  queen  of  Sweden  ;  returned  to  England 
with  money  entrusted  to  him  by  Rotterdam  broker  mer- 
chants; broke  prison  at  Paris  and  in  London  after  being 
sentenced  to  death  ;  hanged  for  murder  at  Smithfield. 

[xxiv.  803] 

H ANNAN,  WILLIAM  (</.  1775  ?X  draughUman  and 
decorative  painter.  [xxiv.  808] 

HANNAY,  JAMES  (1827-1873),  author  and  journal- 
ist ;  dismissal  the  navy  for  insubordination.  1845 ;  edited 
•  Ivlinburgh  Evening  Courant,'  1860-4  :  consul  at  Barce- 
lona, 1868-73  ;  publishal  •  Singleton  Fontenoy,'  18W,  and 
'  Eustace  Conyers,'  1865,  naval  novels ;  published  '  Satire 
and  Satirist,'  1854,  and  •  Studies  on  Thackeray,'  1869. 

[xxiv.  303] 

HANNAY,  PATRICK  (d.  1629 ?),  poet;  master  of 
chancery  in  Ireland,  1627  ;  said  to  have  died  at  sea  ;  his 
'Happy  Husband*  (1618-19)  and  Brathwalt's  'Good 
Wife '(1619)  reissued  with 'The  Nightingale '  and  other 
poems,  1622  ;  facsimile  of  1622  collection  printed,  1875. 

[xxiv.  304] 

HANNEMAN,  ADRIAEN  (1601  ?-1668  ?),  portrait- 
painter  ;  resided  in  England,  c.  1625-40 ;  returned  to  the 
Hague  and  became  first  director  of  the  new  guild  of  St. 
Luke,  1656  :  executed  portraits  of  Charles  II,  the  duke  of 
Hamilton,  Vaudyck,  and  William  III  and  Mary. 

[xxiv.  305] 

HANNEN,  SIR  JAMES,  BARON  HANXKN  (1821-1894), 
judge;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Heidelberg 
University;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1848;  bencher, 
1878 ;  joinel  home  circuit ;  junior  counsel  to  treasury, 
1863 ;  judge  of  court  of  queen's  bench,  1868 ;  knightal, 
1868 ;  appointed  serjeant-at-law,  1868 ;  privy  councillor, 
1872 ;  judge  of  courts  of  probate  and  divorce,  1872 ; 
president  of  probate,  divorce,  and  admiralty  division  of 
high  court,  1875-91  ;  life  baron  and  lord  of  appeal  in 
ordinary,  1891 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1888  :  president  of  Parnell 
commission,  1888  ;  arbitrator  in  question  of  Behring  Sea 
seal  fisheries,  1892.  [Suppl.  ii.  386] 

HANNES,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1710),  physician  ;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1689 ; 
M.D.  1695  ;  attended  William,  duke  of  Gloucester,  1700 ; 
physician  to  Queen  Anne,  1702 ;  knighted,  1706. 

[xxiv.  305] 

HANNEY  or  DE  HANNEYA.  THOMAS  (/.  1313), 
author  of  Bodleian  manuscript  '  Memoriale  Juuiorum ' 
(a  work  on  grammar).  [xxiv.  306] 

HANNIBAL,  THOMAS  (d.  1531),  master  of  the 
rolls  :  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1513  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge ;  ambassa- 
dor at  Rome,  1522-4;  master  of  the  rolls,  1523-7;  fre- 
quently employed  as  diplomatist.  [xxiv.  306] 

HANNINGTON,  JAMES  (1847-1885),  bishop  of 
Eastern  equatorial  Africa ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1875 ;  D.D.,  1884 ;  curate  in  charge  of  St.  George's, 
Hurstpierpoint,  1875-82 ;  went  out  for  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  to  Uganda,  1882;  visited  Palestine  on 
way  to  Africa  as  bishop  (1884-5)  ;  led  expedition  which 
reached  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  1885 ;  murdered  by 
order  of  king  of  Uganda,  1885.  [xxiv.  307] 

HANOVER,  KING  OP.  [See  ERNEST  AUGUSTUS, 
1771-1851.] 

HANSARD,  LUKE  (1752-1828),  printer  ;  printed  for 
the  Dodsleys ;  printed  House  of  Commons'  Journals  from 
1774.  [xxiv.  308] 

HANSARD,  THOMAS  CURSON  (1776-1833),  printer : 
eldest  son  of  Luke  Hansard  [q.  v.] ;  began  to  print 
parliamentary  debates  in  1803 ;  imprisonal  for  libel  as 
Cobbett's  printer,  1810 :  patented  improved  hand-press ; 
published  '  Typographic'  1825.  [xxiv.  308] 

HANSBIE,  MORGAN  JOSEPH  (1673-1760),  Domi- 
nican:  rector  at  Louvain,  1717;  provincial,  1721  ;  prior 
of  Bornhem  and  vicar-provincial  of  Belgium:  vicar- 
provincial  in  England,  1738-42:  vicar-general,  1747; 
an  ardent  Jacobite  ;  published  theological  treatises. 

[xxiv.  309] 

HANSELL,  EDWARD  HALIFAX  (1814-1884X  bib- 
lical scholar:  alucated  at  Norwich  and  Oxford;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College  Oxford,  1847-53 ;  M.A.,  1838;  B.D., 


HANSOM 


568 


HARCOURT 


1847;  afterward*  divinity  lecturer;  Uriufleld  lecturer, 
1861-2:  vicar  of  East  Ilsley,  1865-84:  edited  'Nov. 
Test.  Gnec.  .  .  .  Ace.  CollatioCod.  Sinaitici'  (1864). 

[xxiv.  309] 

HANSOM,  JOSEPH  ALOYSIOS  (1803  -  1882X 
nrchitect  and  inventor:  erected  tin-  Hirrninu'ham  town 
hall,  1833 ;  registered  4  Patent  Safety  Cab,'  1834,  differing 
in  many  respects  from  present  hansom :  established 
•  The  Builder,'  1842.  [xxiv.  309] 

HANSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1604),  poet :  B.A.  Pcterbouse, 
Cambridge,  1604 ;  author  of  '  Time  is  a  Turn-coate,  or  Eng- 
land's Threefold  Metamorphosis  '  (1604).  [xxiv.  310] 

HANSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1668?),  author  of  'The  Sab- 
batarians confuted  by  the  New  Covenant,'  1668  ;  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  [xxiv.  310] 

HANSON, '  Sm '  LEVETT  (1764-1814),  author ;  school- 
fellow of  Nelson  and  friend  of  Warren  Hastings;  of 
Trinity  and  Emmanuel  Colleges,  Cambridge  ;  councillor 
to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Holstein  and  knight  of  St. 
Philip,  1780;  knight  vice-chancellor  of  St.  Joachim, 
1800;  lived  in  many  European  states  ;  imprisoned  in 
Austria,  1794 ;  published  account  of  European  orders  of 
knighthood,  1803,  and  poems,  1811  ;  died  at  Copenhagen. 

[xxiv.  311] 

HANSON,  Sm  RICHARD  DAVIES  (1805-1876), 
chief- justice  of  South  Australia  :  edited  the  'Globe'  in 
London  :  supported  Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield's  coloni- 
sation schemes  :  one  of  the  founders  of  South  Australia  ; 
accompanied  Lord  Durham  to  Canada,  1838:  crown 
prosecutor  in  New  Zealand,  1840-6 ;  drafted  constitution 
of  South  Australia,  1851-6:  attorney-general,  1867-60: 
chief-justice  of  South  Australia,  1861-74  :  knighted, 
1869 ;  sometime  acting-governor  :  published  works,  in- 
cluding '  The  Jesus  of  History,'  1869.  [xxiv.  311] 

HANWAY,  JONAS  (1712  -  1786),  traveller  and 
philanthropist ;  as  partner  of  a  St.  Petersburg  merchant 
made  journey  (1743-5)  down  the  Volga  and  by  the 
Caspian  to  Persia  with  a  caravan  of  woollen  goods,  and 
returned  after  perilous  adventures  by  the  same  route, 
1746  :  left  Russia  and  lived  in  London  after  1760  ;  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  travels,  1763,  an  essay  attacking 
tea-drinking  (severely  criticised  by  Johnson  and  Gold- 
smith) and  other  works  mostly  connected  with  his 
philanthropic  undertakings ;  appointed  commissioner  of 
victualling  office,  1762,  as  reward  for  public  services.  He 
is  best  known  as  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Marine 
Society  (1766)  and  the  Magdalen  charity  (1758)  the 
reformer  of  the  Foundling  Hospital  and  the  pioneer  of 
the  umbrella  ;  a  monument  was  erected  to  him  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  1788.  [xxiv.  312] 

HARBERT.    [See  HERBERT.] 

HARBIN,  GEORGE  (/.  1713),  noujuror :  B.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1686 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Turner  of  Ely  and  Viscount  Weymouth ;  friend  of  Ken. 

[xxiv.  316] 

HARBORD,  EDWARD,  third  BARON  SUPPIBI.D 
(1781-1835),  philanthropist ;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1806- 
1812,  Shaftesbury,  1820-1 :  succeeded  as  peer,  1821 ;  carried 
reforms  concerning  prison  discipline  and  game-laws : 
abolitionist.  [xxiv.  316] 

HARBORD,  WILLIAM  (1635  ?-1692),  politician; 
secretary  to  Earl  of  Essex,  1672  ;  took  active  part  in 
attack  on  Danby  in  connection  with  popish  plot ;  M.P., 
Thetford,  1679,  Launceston,  1680  and  1681  ;  volunteered 
in  imperial  army  at  Buda,  1686  ;  accompanied  William 
of  Orange  to  England,  1688  ;  privy  councillor  and  pay- 
master-general, 1688-90  :  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  1690 ; 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Turkey  to  mediate  between  sultan 
and  the  emperor  Leopold,  1691  ;  died  on  his  way  at 
Belgrade.  [SuppL  ii.  387] 

HARBORNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1617),  first  English 
ambassador  in  Turkey,  1582-8  ;  concluded  treaty  for  the 
establishment  of  Turkey  company,  1579  ;  account  of  his 
return  journey  (1588)  printed  in  Hakluyt's  •  Voyages'  ; 
manuscript  account  of  his  proceedings  in  Turkey  in 
British  Museum.  [xxiv.  316] 

HARCAE8E,  LORD  (1636?-1700).  [See  Hoo,  SIR 
ROCHOU] 

BARCLAY,  HARCLA,  or  HARTCLA,  ANDREW, 
KAHI.  OF  CARLISLE  (d.  1323),  sheriff  of  Cumberland, 
warden  of  the  west  marches  and  of  Carlisle  Castle: 


summoned  as  a  baron  to  parliament,  1321  :  defeated  and 
captured  Earl  Tlionn-  of   Lancaster  at   Borouirl" 
iin.l  executed  him  at  Pontcfract,  1322;  created  earl   by 
Kilwurd  II,  with  patent  specifying  hi*  service-;  executed 
atCarlislr  lor  mak'ng  compact  with  Bruce,  [xxiv.  317] 

HARCOTJRT,  CHARLES  (1838-1880),  actor;  real 
name  Oi  \KI.I:S  PAHKKR  HILLIER  ;  first  appeared  at  St. 
James's  Theatre,  1863;  lessee  of  Marylebone  Theatre, 
1S71-2  ;  best  exponent  of  Mercutio  after  Vining's  death. 

[xxiv.  319] 

HARCOTJRT,  EDWARD  (1757-1847),  archbishop 
of  York  ;  took  name  Harcourt  on  succession  to  family 
estates,  1831,  being  previously  known  as  Vernon  ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College,  Oxford,  1777 ;  D.O.L.,  1786 :  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  1785,  and  vicar  of  Sudbury:  prebendary  of 

;  Gloucester,   1785-91  ;     bishop    of    Carlisle,    1791-1807 ; 

!  ivrchbishop  of  York,   1807-47  ;  privy  councillor,    1808 ; 
member  of  Queen  Charlotte's  council ;    member  of  ec- 

i  clesiastical  commission,  1835.  [xxiv.  319] 

HARCOURT,  HENRY  (1612-1673),  Jesuit ;  real  name 
:  BEAUMONT:  spiritual  coadjutor,  1643:  published  'Eng- 
land's Old  Religioa  faithfully  gathered  out  of  the  Church 
;  of  England,'  1650.  [xxiv.  320] 

HARCOURT,   alias   PERSALL,    JOHN    (1632-1702). 

[See  PKRSALL,.] 

HARCOURT,     LEVESON     VERNON     (1788-1860), 
chancellor  of  York:  author  of  '  Doctrine  of  the  Deluge,' 
i  1838  ;  son  of  Edward  Harcourt  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  320] 

HARCOURT,  OCTAVIUS  HENRY  CYRIL  VERNON 
!  (1793-1863),  admiral;  son  of  Edward  Harcourt  [q.  v.]  ; 
saw  active  service  in  Egypt  and  at  Toulon  and  Tarragona  ; 
captured  martello  tower  and  convoy  at  Piombo,  1814; 
surveyed  coast  of  Central  America,  1834-6  :  vice-admiral, 
1861 ;  built  several  churches  and  Masham  almshouses. 

[xxiv.  320] 

HARCOURT,     ROBERT     (1574  ?-1631),      traveller: 

gentleman-commoner,  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1590  ;  went 

I  to  Guiana  and  took  possession  of  land  for  the  crown, 

1609 ;  obtained  letters  patent  for  colonisation  of  Guiana  : 

:  his  company  incorporated  with  Roger  North's,  1626 ;  his 

i  'Relation  of  a  Voyage  to  Guiana'  (1613)  reprinted  in 

1  Purchas.  [xxiv.  321] 

HARCOURT,   SIR  SIMON  (1603  ?- 1642),  soldier  of 

i  fortune;  son  of  Robert  Harcourt  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1627  ; 

served  Prince  of  Orange  against  Spaniards ;  commanded 

regiment  against  Scots,   1639-40 ;  governor  of    Dublin, 

]  1641 ;  mortally  wounded  by  rebels  at  Kilgobbin  Castle. 


[xxiv.  321] 
.second  son  of  Simon 


HARCOURT,  SIMON  (1684-1720),  i 

Harcourt,  first  viscount  Harcourt  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 

Church,    Oxford,     1712 ;    secretary   to    the   society    of 

'  Brothers ' ;    M.P..  Wallingford    and  Abingdon  ;    wrote 

J  verses  in  preface  to  Pope's  'Works'  (1717);  his  epitaph 

j  composed  by  Pope.  [xxiv.  324] 

HARCOURT,  SIMON,  first  VISCOUNT  HARCOURT 
(1661?-! 727),  of  Stantou  Harcourt,  Oxfordshire;  B.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1678;  D.C.L.,  1702;  barrit-ter, 
Inner  Temple,  1683:  recorder  of  Abiupdon,  1683;  tory 
M.P.  for  Abiugdon,  1690-1705,  Bossiney,  1705-8,  Cardigan, 
1710 ;  directed  impeachment  of  Somers,  1701  :  as  solicitor- 
general  (1702-7)  took  part  in  prosecuting  Defoe  .(1703) 
and  asserting  jurisdiction  of  the  Commons  in  election 
petitions,  1704 ;  as  commissioner  for  the  union  drafted 
Ratification  Bill,  1707;  attorney-general,  1707-8;  ably  de- 
feuded  Sacheverell,  1710 ;  privy  councillor,  1710 ;  lord- 
keeper,  1710 ;  created  Baron  Harcourt.  1711 ;  lord  chan- 
cellor, 1713-14  ;  obtained  acquittal  of  Oxford  and  pardon 
of  Bolingbroke ;  'created  viscount,  1721,  re-admitted  privy 
councillor,  1722 :  several  times  a  lord  justice ;  best  speaker 
of  his  day  ;  friend  of  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  and  Swift. 

[xxiv.  322] 

HARCOURT,  SIMON,  first  EART-  HARCOURT  (1714- 
1777),  son  of  Simon  Harcourt  (1684-1720)  [q.  v.] :  educated 
at  Westminster  :  attended  George.  II  at  Dettingen,  1743  : 
created  Viscount  Harcourt  of  Nuneham-Courtney  and 
Earl  Harcourt  of  Stanton  Harcourt,  1749  ;  privy  councillor. 
1761 ;  governor  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1761-2 ;  envoy  to 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  for  the  Prince  of  Wales's  marriage 
with  Princess  Charlotte,  1761 ;  ambassador  at  Paris,  1768- 


HARCOURT 


•569 


HARDINGE 


1772 ;  viceroy  of  Irelaud,  1772-7 ;  recommended  tax  on 
absentees,  and  created  numerous  peers :  drowned  in 
attempt  to  extricate  hi?  dog  from  a  well  at  Nuneuam. 

[xxiv.  325] 

HARCOURT,  THOMAS  (1618-1679),  Jesuit;  real 
name  WHITIWKAD  :  pn.ir-fl.  1652;  on  English  mission 
thirty-two  years;  while  provincial  refused  Titus  Gates 
admission  to  the  Jesuit  order  :  was  convicted  of  complicity 
in  the  'popish  plot*  on  Oates's  evidence,  and  was  exe- 

i-.Itnl.  [XXiv.  326] 

HARCOURT,  alia*  WAIUXC,  WILLIAM  (1610-1679). 
[See  WARIXI;.] 

HARCOURT,  WILLIAM  (1625-1679),  Jesuit:  real 
name  AYLWOKTH  :  missioner  in  England  and  Holland  ; 
died  at  Haarlem  :  manuscript  account  at  Brussels  of  his 
escape  during  'popish  plot.'  [xxiv.  326] 

HARCOURT,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  HARCOURT 
(1743-1830),  fleld-marshal ;  son  of  Simon  Harcourt,  first 
earl  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  brother  in  peerage,  1809  ;  aide-de- 
camp to  Lord  Albemarle  at  Havaunah,  1762 ;  M.P., 
Oxford,  1768-74 :  commanded  16th  light  dragoons  in 
America,  and  captured  General  Charles  Lee,  1776 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1793;  commanded  cavalry  in  Flanders 
under  Duke  of  York,  1793-4,  whom  he  succeeded  in  chief 
command ;  general,  1796  ;  field-marshal  and  Q.O.B.  at 
coronation  of  George  IV.  [xxiv.  327] 

HARCOURT,  WILLIAM  VERNON  (1789-1871), 
general  secretary  to  first  meeting  of  British  Association 
(York,  1831);  son  of  Edward  Harcourt  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1814 ;  student  of  Christ  Church  ; 
canon  of  York,  1824  ;  rector  of  Wheldrake  and  Bolton 
Percy ;  F.R.S.,  1824 ;  carried  on  chemical  experiments 
with  Davy  and  Wollaston  ;  president  of  British  Associa- 
tion at  Birmingham,  1839.  [xxiv.  328] 

HARDCASTLE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1678  ?),  ejected  minis- 
ter ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1656 ;  ejected 
from  Bramley,  Yorkshire,  1662;  frequently  imprisoned 
for  nonconformity ;  baptist  minister  at  Broad  mead, 
Bristol,  1670-8.  [xxiv.  328] 

HARDEST,  GEOFFREY  (/.  1360?),  Austin  friar; 
provincial  of  his  order :  confessor  (and  perhaps  coun- 
cillor) to  Richard  II ;  wrote  treatise  in  answer  to  Arch- 
bishop Fitzralph's  attack  upon  '  evangelical  poverty.' 

[xxiv.  329] 

HARDECANUTE,  HARDACNUT,  or  HARTHA- 
CNUT  (1019?-1042),  king;  younger  son  of  Canute  or 
Cnut  [q.  v.]  and  Emma  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father  on 
throne  of  Denmark,  1035  ;  chosen  king  of  Wessex  in  ab- 
sence, 1037  ;  concerted  measures  for  invasion  of  England 
at  Bruges  with  Emma,  1039 ;  chosen  king  of  England  on 
death  of  Harold,  his  reputed  half-brother,  1040 ;  disin- 
terred and  insulted  the  body  of  King  Harold  :  levied  heavy 
danegelds,  1041 ;  invited  his  half-brother  Edward  (the 
Confessor)  to  court,  1041 ;  died  suddenly  at  a  bridal  feast. 

[xxiv.  330] 

HARDHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1772),  tobacconist ;  employed 
by  Garrick  at  Drury  Lane ;  at  his  shop  in  Fleet  Street 
sold  the  celebrated  '37'  snuff,  which  Reynolds  used  to 
take ;  left  money  to  pay  poor  rates  at  his  native  place, 
Ohicbester.  [xxiv.  382] 

HARDIMAN,  JAMES  (1790?-1855),  Irish  writer: 
sub-commissioner  of  the  records  at  Dublin,  afterwards 
librarian  of  Queen's  College,  Galway  ;  published  works, 
including  'History  of  County  and  Town  of  Galway,' 
1820,  and  'Irish  Minstrelsy  .  .  .  with  English  Poetical 
Translations,'  1831.  [xxiv.  333] 

HARDIME,  SIMON  (1672-1737),  flower-painter,  of 
Antwerp ;  lived  in  London,  1720-37.  [xxiv.  333] 

HARDING  or  ST.  STEPHEN  (d.  1134),  abbot  of  Citeaux ; 
born  and  educated  at  Sherborue  ;  visited  Scotland,  Paris, 
and  Rome;  received  tonsure  at  Moleme  in  Burgundy; 
left  it  in  order  to  observe  a  stricter  rule :  founded  with 
Robert,  abbot  of  Moleme,  house  at  Citeaux,  from  which 
the  Cistercian  order  derived  its  name ;  abbot,  1110-33 ; 
founded  thirteen  other  abbeys  (including  Clairvaux,  1115, 
of  which  he  made  Bernard  abbot)  under  the  severe  Cis- 
tercian rule ;  by  his  *  charter  of  charity '  (confirmed  by 
Calixtus  II,  11 19)  exempt  from  episcopal  visitation  ;  his 
constitutions  approved  at  council  of  Troves  (1127),  and 
the  white  habit  adopted ;  canonised ;  Cistercian  houses 
exempted  from  episcopal  jurisdiction  and  payment  of 
tithe  hy  Innocent  II,  1132.  [xxiv.  333] 


HARDINJ.  MK>.  ANNK  HA.IKE8  (1780-18*8), 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  ••  [xxiv.  335] 

HARDING,  EDWARD  (1755-1840),  librarian  to  Queen 
('harlotti ,  1803-18,  and  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1818- 
1840 ;  brother  of  Silvester  Harding  [q.  v.]  [xxiv.  888] 

HARDING,  OEORGB  PERFECT  (d.  1853),  portrait- 
painter  and  copyist ;  son  of  Silvester  Harding  [q.  T.]  ; 
made  water-colour  copies  of  old  portraits ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy;  helped  to  establish  Granger  Society, 
1840 ;  published  portrait*,  of  deans  of  Westminster  ( 18«- 
1823),  and  supplied  plates  to  J.  H.  Jeme  (1840)  and  other 
writers.  [lxlv.  385] 

HARDING,  JAMES  DUFFIELD  (1798-1863),  land- 
,  scape-painter  and  lithographer;  exhibited  with  Water- 
colour  Society  from  1818  (member,  1821):  unsuccessfully 
tried  oil-painting ;  abandoned  exclusive  UK  of  transparent 
colours.  He  brought  lithography  to  perfection,  invented 
lithotint,  and  introduced  tinted  paper  for  sketches  :  pub- 
lished '  Principles  and  Practice  of  Art '  and  other  manual* ; 
'Picturesque  Selections'  (1861)  his  first  achievement  in 
lithography.  [xxiv.  836] 

HARDING,  JOHN  (1378-1466?).    [See  HARDYNO.] 
HARDING,  JOHN  (1805-1874),  bishop  of  Bombay  • 
i  of  Westminster  and  Worcester  College,  Oxford ;   B.A., 
1826  ;  D.D.,  1861 ;  rector  of  St.  Andrew's  and  St.  Anne's, 
Blackfriars,  1836-51 ;  bishop  of  Bombay,  1851-69 ;  secre- 
tary of  Pastoral  Aid  Society.  [xxiv.  337] 

HARDING,  SAMUEL  (fl.  1641),  dramatist:  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1638;  his  tragedy,  'Sicily  and 
Naples,' issued  1640.  [xxiv.  338] 

HARDING,    SILVESTER    ( 1746-1809 X    artist   and 

publisher ;  established  with  his  brother,  Edward  Harding 

{  [q.  v.],  a  book-  and  print-shop,  1786,  and  issued  works 

illustrated    by    himself,    including    'The    Biographical 

Mirrour,'  1796.  [xxiv.  338] 

HARDING,  THOMAS  (1516-1572),  divine ;  educated 
I  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New 

College,  1536 ;  M.A.,  1542 ;  Hebrew  professor  and  chap- 
|  lain  to  Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorchester  (afterwards 
;  Duke  of  Suffolk) ;  named  warden  of  New  College  by 
i  Edward  VI ;  abandoned  protestantism  and  became  chap- 
!  lain  to  Gardiner  and  (1556)  treasurer  of  Salisbury ;  in 

reign  of  Elizabeth  retired  to  Lou  vain ;  carried  on  a  long 
I  controversy  with  John  Jewel  [q.  v.],  1564-8 ;  died  at 

Louvain.  [xxiv.  339] 

HARDING,  THOMAS  (d.  1648),  historian;  B.D. 
Oxford ;  second  master  of  Westminster,  1610 ;  rector  of 
Souldera,  1622-48  ;  bis  history  of  England  to  1626  recom- 
mended for  publication  by  parliament,  1641,  but  never 
issued.  [xxiv.  339] 

HARDING,  WILLIAM  (1792-1886),  author  of  'His- 
tory of  Tiverton,'  1847:  served  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign from  1812  :  re-tired  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1841. 

[xxiv.  840] 

HARDINGE,  SIR  ARTHUR  EDWARD  (1828-1892), 
general ;  second  son  of  Sir  Henry  Hardinge,  first  viscount 
Hardinge  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Eton ;  ensign,  1844 ;  served 
in  first  Sikh  war;  lieutenant,  1845  :  lieutenant  and  cap- 
tain, 1849  ;  served  in  Crimea  on  quartermaster-general's 
staff,  1854-6  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1855  ;  C.B.,1857;  brevet 
colonel,  1858  ;  equerry  successively  to  Prince  Albert  and 
Queen  Victoria ;  major-general,  1871 :  general,  1883 ; 
commanded  Bombay  army,  1881-5;  governor  of  Gibraltar, 
1886-90 ;  K.C.B.  and  C.I.E.,  1886.  [Suppl.  ii.  389] 

HARDINGE,    CHARLES   STEWART,  second    Vis- 

.  COUNT  HARDIXGB  (1822-1894),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Hard- 

i  inge,  first  viscount  Hardinge  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton 

and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1844 ;  private  secretary 

to  his  father  in  India  from  1844 :  conservative  M.P.  for 

j  Downpatrick,  1851-6 :  uuder-secretary  for  war,  1858-9 ; 

|  trustee  of  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1868-94,  and  chair- 

;  man  of  board  from  1876.  [Suppl.  ii.  889] 

HARDINGE,  GEORGE  (1743-1816),  author;  the 
Jefferies  Hardsman  of  Byron's  'Don  Juan':  son  of 
Nicholas  Hardinge  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.  by  royal  mandate,  1769;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1769;  solicitor-general  (1782)  and  attor- 
ney-general to  Queen  Charlotte,  1794 :  senior  justice  of 
Brecon,  Glamorgan,  and  Radnor,  1787-1816;  counsel  for 
East  India  Company  against  Fox's  India  Bill,  1783;  tory 


HARDING^ 


570 


HARDY 


M.P.  for  Old  Sarum,  1784-1807 ;  friend  of  Horace  Wai- 
pole  :  F.S.A.,  1769 ;  P.R.S.,  1788 ;  published  •  Letters  to 
Rt.  Hon.  E.  Burke,'  an  impeachment  of  Hastings,  1791, 
•Essence  of  Malone,'  1800  and  1801,  and  'Rowley  and 
Ohatterton  in  tbe  Shades,'  1782.  His  'Miscellaneous 
Works '  edited,  1818.  [xxiv.  340] 

HARDINGE,  GEORGE  NICHOLAS  (1781-1808),  cap- 
tain in  the  navy;  nephew  and  adopted  sou  of  George 
Hardinge  [q.  v.] ;  received  post-rank  for  cutting  out  the 
Dutch  Atalante  in  VHe  Roads,  Texel,  1804  ;  took  part  in 
capture  of  the  Cape  ;  killed  at  capture  of  French  cruiser 
Piedmontaise  off  Ceylon  ;  voted  public  monument  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  [xxiv.  341] 

HARDINGE,  SIR  HENRY,  first  VISCOUNT  HARDINGK 
OF  LAHORK  (1785-1856),  field-marshal ;  brother  of  George 
Nicholas  Hardinge  [q.  v.] ;  deputy  assistant  quartermaster- 
general  of  force  under  Brent  Spencer,  which  joined  Wel- 
lesley  and  fought  at  Rolica  and  Vimeira;  with  Moore 
in  last  moments  at  Ooruna,  1809 ;  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  of  Portuguese  army ;  urged  final  advance  of  Sir 
Galbraith  Lowry  Oole  [q.v.]  at  Albuera,  1811 ;  wounded  at 
Vittoria,  1813  ;  commanded  Portuguese  brigade  at  storm- 
ing of  Palais,  1814 ;  K.O.B.,  1815 ;  watched  Napoleon's 
movements  for  Wellington  on  escape  from  Elba,  1815  {  Bri- 
tish commissioner  with  Bliicher  at  battle  of  Quatre  Bras  ; 
commissioner  with  Prussians  in  France  till  1818 ;  tory 
M.P.  for  Durham,  1820-30,  Newport  (Cornwall),  1830-4, 
Launceston,  1834-44  ;  secretary  at  war,  1828-30  and  1841- 
1844;  Irish  secretary,  1830  and  1834-5;  lieutenant-general, 
1841 ;  G.O.B.,  1844 ;  governor-general  of  India,  1844-7  ; 
served  as  second  in  command  to  Sir  Hugh  Gough  [q.  v.] 
in  first  Sikh  war,  1845  ;  created  a  peer,  with  pension  for 
three  lives,  1846 ;  annulled  Bentinck's  order  abolishing 
corporal  punishment  in  native  regiments;  endeavoured 
to  abolish  suttee  in  native  states ;  originated  carrying 
of  soldiers'  kits  at  public  expense.  Though  not  a  general 
till  1854,  he  was  commander-in-chief,  1852-5 ;  field- 
marshal,  1855.  [xxiv.  342] 

HARDINGE,  NICHOLAS  (1699-1758),  clerk  to  the 
House  of  Commons ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  fellow ;  M.A.,  1726 ;  clerk  to  House  of  Commons, 
1731-52;  M.P.,  Eye,  1748-58;  joint  secretary  to  the 
treasury,  1752;  his  'Poems,  Latin,  Greek,  and  English,' 
published,  1818.  [xxiv.  346] 

HARDMAN,  EDWARD  TOWNLEY  (1845-1887), 
geologist;  accompanied  Hon.  J.  Forrest's  expedition  to 
report  on  mineral  resources  of  Kimberley.  West  Australia, 
and  discovered  goldfield  near  the  Napier  Range,  1883-5 ; 
a  range  of  Australian  mountains  named  after  him. 

[xxiv.  346] 

HARDMAN,  FREDERICK  (1814-1874),  novelist  and 
journalist ;  joined  British  legion  in  Spain,  1834  ;  foreign 
correspondent  of  the  '  Times '  at  Madrid,  Constantinople, 
in  the  Crimea  and  Danubian  provinces,  Italy,  France,  and 
Paris ;  published  stories,  contributed  to  '  Black  wood ' ; 
died  at  Paris.  [xxiv.  347] 

HARDRES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1610-1681),  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1669 ;  king's  serjeant,  1675 ; 
M.P.,  Canterbury,  1679-81;  knighted;  his  'Reports  of 
Oases  in  the  Exchequer,  1655-70'  issued,  1693. 

[xxiv.  347] 

HARDWICK,  CHARLES  (1821-1859),  archdeacon 
of  Ely ;  fellow  of  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1845 ; 
M.A.,  1847 ;  professor  of  divinity,  Queen's  College,  Bir- 
mingham, 1853 ;  divinity  lecturer  at  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1855  ;  archdeacon  of  Ely,  1857  ;  edited  catalogue 
of  Cambridge  University  MSS.  (vols.  i-iii.  1856-8)  and 
works  for  Percy  Society  and  Rolls  Series  :  published  also 
history  of  the  Articles  of  Religion  (1851)  and  of  the 
Christian  Church  (ed.  Stubbs,  1872);  killed  by  falling 
over  a  precipice  in  the  Pyrenees.  [xxiv.  347] 

HARDWICK,  CHARLES  (1817-1889),  antiquary ;  pub- 
lished works,  including'  History. .  .  of  Friendly  Societies,' 
1859  and  1869, '  Traditions,  Superstitions,  and  Folk- Lore,' 
1872,  and 'On  Some  Antient  Battlefields  in  Lancashire,' 
1882.  [xxiv.  348] 

HARDWICK,  JOHN  (1791-1875),  magistrate  at  Lam- 
beth (1821)  and  Marlborough  Street,  1841-66 ;  eldest  son 
of  Thomas  Hardwick  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1808-22  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1816 ;  D.C.L., 
1830.  [xxiv.  351] 


HARDWICK,  PHILIP  (1792-1870),  architect: 
youngest  son  of  Thouias  Hardwick  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
drawings  at  Academy,  including  his  buildings  at  St. 
Katharine's  Docks  and  Eustou  Railway  station,  and  de- 
signs for  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  F.S.A.,  1824  ;  F.R.S.,  1831 ;  R.A., 
1841  ;  vice-president  of  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
1839  and  1841 ;  treasurer  of  Royal  Academy,  1850-C1. 

[xxiv.  348] 

HARDWICK,  THOMAS  (1752-1829),  architect: 
pupil  and  biographer  of  Sir  W.  Chambers  ;  exhibited  at 
Academy,  1772-1805  ;  designed  Galway  Gaol,  Marylebone 
Church,  and  other  London  buildings :  F.S.A.,  1781 ;  ad- 
vised J.  M.  W.  Turner  to  abandon  architecture. 

[xxiv.  350] 

HARDWICKE,  KAHLB  OF.  [See  YORKK,  PHILIP,  first 
EARL,  1690-1764:  YORKE,  PHILIP,  second  EARL,  1720- 
1790;  YORKE,  PHILIP,  third  EARL,  1757-1834;  YORKE, 
CHARLES  PHILIP,  fourth  EARL,  1799-1873.] 

HARDY,  SIR  CHARLES,  the  elder  (1680  ?-1744), 
vice-admiral ;  entered  navy  as  volunteer,  1695 ;  served 
under  Norris  and  Wager  in  the  Baltic  and  at  Gibraltar  : 
commanded  royal  yacht  Carolina,  1730-42 ;  knighted,  1742 ; 
vice-admiral  and  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1743. 

[xxiv.  351] 

HARDY,  SIR  CHARLES,  the  younger  (1716  ?-1780), 
admiral :  son  of  Sir  Charles  Hardy  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy  as  volunteer,  1731 ;  tried  for  loss  of  convoy 
to  Newfoundland,  1744,  but  acquitted,  1745  ;  governor  of 
New  York,  1755-7  ;  knighted,  1755  :  rear-admiral,  1756 ; 
second  in  command  under  Ha-wke  at  Brest  and  Quiberon 
Bay,  1759;  admiral,  1770;  governor  of  Greenwich,  1 771 ; 
M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1774;  commander,  Channel  fleet,  1779. 

[xxiv.  352] 

HARDY,  ELIZABETH  (1794-1854),  novelist  (anony- 
mous); died  in  Queen's  Bench  Prison.  [xxiv.  353] 

HARDY,  FRANCIS  (1751-1812),  biographer ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1771;  barrister,  1777;  M.P., 
Mullingar,  in  Irish  parliament,  1782-1800  ;  commissioner 
of  appeals,  1806 ;  friend  of  Grattan  ;  published  '  Memoirs 
...  of  James  Caulfield,  Earl  of  Charlemout,'  1810. 

[xxiv.  353] 

HARDY,  JOHN  STOOKDALE  (1793-1849),  anti- 
quary and  ecclesiastical  lawyer ;  F.S.A.,  1826 ;  his  '  Lite- 
rary Remains'  published  by  John  Gough  Nichols,  1852. 

[xxiv.  354] 

HARDY,  MARY  ANNE,  LADY  (1825  ?-1891),  novel- 
ist and  traveller ;  daughter  of  Charles  MacDowell ;  mar- 
ried Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  in 
America  and  other  countries  ;  published  novels  and  books 
of  travel.  [Snppl.  ii.  390] 

HARDY,  NATHANIEL  (1618-1670),  dean  of  Roches- 
ter ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1635  ;  M.A.  Hart  Hallt 
Oxford,  1638;  D.D.,  1660;  rector  of  St.  Dionis  Back- 
church,  Fenchurch  Street,  1660  ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1660  ; 
vicar  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  1661 ;  archdeacon  of 
!  Lewes,  1667 ;  active  in  restoring  churches ;  his  lectures 
on  1st  Epistle  of  St.  John  (1656  and  1669)  republished, 
1865.  [xxiv.  354] 

HARDY,  SAMUEL  (1636-1691),  nonconformist  minis- 
ter ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1659 ;  minister  of 
'  peculiars '  at  Oharminster,  1660-7,  and  Poole,  1667-82 ; 

i  ejected  by  royal  commission  for  nonconformity,  1682 ; 
'  Guide  to  Heaven '  attributed  to  him  by  Oalamy. 

[xxiv.  356] 

HARDY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1666-1732),  vice-admiral : 
cousin  of  Sir  Charles  Hardy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  first  lieu- 

!  tenant    under    George   Churchill    [q.  v.]    at   Barfleur ; 

!  knighted  for  services  under  Rooke  at  Vigo,  1702 ;  present 
at  Malaga,  1704;  commander  at  the  Nore,  1711;  M.P., 
Weymouth,  1711 ;  captured  convoy  in  North  Sea,  1712  ; 

I  second  in  command  under  Norris  in  Baltic,  1715  ;  said  to 
have  been  dismissed  for  Jacobitism,  but  reinstated  ;  vice- 
admiral  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxiv.  366] 

HARDY  or  HARDIE,  THOMAS  (1748-1798), Scottish 
divine ;  published  '  Principles  of  Moderation '  (1782),  advo- 
cating repeal  of  Queen  Anne's  acts  (1712)  and  substitu- 
tion of  parochial  committee  for  single  patron  :  colleague 
of  Hugh  Blair  [q.  v.]  in  high  church,  Edinburgh,  1783-6 ; 
minister  of  New  North  Church  (now  west  St.  Giles),  17H6, 
and  professor  of  church  history  at  Edinburgh  ;  moderator, 
1793;  dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  1794.  [xxiv.  357] 


HARDY 


571 


HAREWOOD 


HARDY,  THOMAS  <  1752-l.SW),  radical  politician 
and  bootmaker;  founded  'London  Corresponding  So- 
ciety'to  promote  parliamentary  reform,  1792: 
with  high  treason  with  Home  Tooke  and  others,  bat 
defended  by  Krskine,  and  acquitted,  1794;  pensioned  by 
Sir  Francis  Burdett;  autobiographical  memoir  issued 
posthumously,  1832.  [xxiv.  357 ] 

HARDY,  SIR  THOMAS  DUFFUR  (1804-1878),  archi- 
vist ;  trained  under  Petrie ;  edited '  Modus  tenendi  Par- 
liamentum,'  1846 ;  as  deputy-keeper  of  Record  Office  from 
1861  to  1876  edited  documents  for  Rolls  Series ;  member 
of  Historical  MSS.  Commission,  1869;  knighted,  1873; 
D.O.L.  and  LL.D.  [xxiv.  368] 

HARDY,  SIR  THOMAS  MASTERMAN,  first  baronet 
(1769-1839),  vice-admiral ;  lieutenant  in  the  Miner vc  at 
her  capture  of  the  Sabiua,  defending  which  prize  be  was 
made  prisoner,  1796 ;  exchanged  in  time  to  be  present  at 
St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  at  Santa  Cruz  directed  cutting  out  of 
the  Mutine,  which  he  commanded  at  the  Nile,  1798  ;  flag- 
captain  of  Nelson  in  the  Vanguard  and  Foudroyant,  1799, 
in  the  San  Josef  and  the  St.  George,  1801,  in  the  Amphion 
and  the  Victory,  1803-5  :  created  baronet,  1806;  commo- 
dore and  commander  on  South  American  station,  1819-24 : 
first  sea  lord  at  admiralty,  1830  :  G.C.B.,  1831 ;  governor 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1834  ;  vice-admiral,  1837. 

[xxiv.  359] 

HARDY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1807-1887),  archivist; 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy  [q.  v.j ;  keeper  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster  records,  1830-68;  deputy- keeper  of 
public  records,  1878-86  ;  on  Historical  MSS.  Commission, 
1878 ;  knighted,  1883 ;  calendared  Lancaster  records ; 
edited  '  Charters  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster,'  1845,  and  Jehan 
de  Waurin's  '  Recueil  des  Crouiques '  (Rolls  Series). 

[xxiv.  361] 

HARDYMAN,  LUCIUS  FERDINAND  (1771-1834), 
rear-admiral;  midshipman  at  Dominica,  1782;  first  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Si  by  lie  at  her  capture  of  the  Forte,  1799; 
commanded  the  Unicorn  at  Monte  Video,  1807,  and  at  the 
Basque  Roads,  1809;  C.B.,  1815  ;  rear-admiral,  1830. 

[xxiv.  362] 

HARDYNG,  JOHN  (1378-1465?),  chronicler ;  in  the 
service  first  of  Hotspur  (Sir  Henry  Percy),  afterwards  of 
Sir  Robert  Umfreville;  present  at  battle  of  Homildou, 
1402,  and  of  Agincourt,  1415  ;  constable  of  Kyme  Castle, 
Lincolnshire;  received  grants  of  land  for  documents 
which  he  pretended  to  have  procured  in  Scotland  con- 
taining admissions  of  the  feudal  subordination  of  Scottish 
kings  to  English  crown.  His  chronicle  in  its  original 
form  (Lancastrian)  ended  1436;  the  version  (Yorkist) 
presented  to  Edward  IV  reached  1461.  Grafton  printed 
two  versions  varying  from  these  original  forms  and  eacli 
other,  1543.  [xxiv.  362] 

HARE,  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM  (1792-1834),  divine ; 
son  of  Francis  Hare-Naylor  [q.  v.] ;  adopted  by  his  aunt, 
widow  of  Sir  William  Jones,  1797;  of  Winchester  and 
New  College,  Oxford  ;  tutor  of  New  College,  1818 ;  incum- 
bent of  Alton-Barnes,  1829-34;  joint  author  of  'Guesses 
at  Truth,'  1827 ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxiv.  364] 

HARE,  FRANCIS  (1671-1740),  bishop  of  Chichester  ; 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
tutor  of  (Sir)  Robert  Walpole;  M.A.,  1696;  D.D.,  1708; 
chaplain-general  in  Flanders,  1704 ;  a  royal  chaplain ; 
defended  Marlborough  and  answered  Swift's  '  Conduct  of 
the  Allies,'  1711 ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1712  ;  rector  of  Barnes, 
1713-23;  dean  of  Worcester,  1715-26  ;  took  part  against 
Hoadly  in  Bangorian  controversy,  c.  1718 ;  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  1726-40 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1727-31 ;  bishop  of 
Chichester,  1731-40 ;  his  preaching  complimented  in  the 
'  Dunciad '  (iii.  204) ;  rival  of  Bentley  in  Latin  scholar- 
ship ;  patron  of  Warburton  and  Markland ;  bis  Hebrew 
edition  of  Psalms  attacked  by  Lowth,  1736 ;  his  '  Diffl- 
cultiea  and  Discouragements  ...  in  the  way  of  Private 
Judgement'  (1714)  censured  by  convocation,  but  often 
reprinted ;  published  edition  of  Terence,  forestalling 
Bentley,  1724.  [xxiv.  365] 

HARE,  HENRY,  second  BARON  COLERAINE  (1636- 
1708),  antiquary  ;  succeeded  his  father,  Hugh  Hare,  first 
baron  Coleraine  [q.  v.],  1667;  built  vestry  and  family 
vault  at  Tottenham,  of  which  he  left  manuscript  account. 

[xxiv.  366] 

HARE,  HENRY,  third  BARON  OOLERAINK  (1693- 
1749),  antiquary  :  grandson  of  Henry  Hare,  second  baron 


Ooleraine  [,,.  v.];  of  Corpus  Cbristi  College,  Oxford; 
F.S.A.,  1725  (frequently  vlce-pres.  .,  1730; 

member  of  Spaldiug  Society:  patron  of  Vertue;  M.P., 
Boston,  1730-4;  visited  luly  wltfi  Conyers  Middlcton, 
collecting  prints  and  drawings  of  antiquities. 

HARE,  HUGH,  first  BARON  COLERAINE  Ui  Iriih  peer- 
age  (1606?-1667),  eccentric  royalUt;  created  Irish  peer, 
1625;  supplied  Charles  I  with  money  in  the  civil  war, 
during  which  he  lost  40,0007. :  declined  an  English  peer- 
age:  his  translation  of  Loredano's  paraphrases  on  'The 
Fifteen  Psalms  of  Decrees'  issued  1681,  and  'The  Situa- 
tion of  Paradise  found  out'  (spiritual  romanceX  1683. 

HARE,  HUGH  (1668-1707),  translator;  son 'of  Henry 
Hare,  second  baron  Coleraine  [q.  v.] :  took  part  in  trans- 
lation of  Luciau  (published  1710)  and  rendered  from 
Italian  Mascardi'*  account  of  the  conspiracy  of  Count  de 
Fieschi  against  Genoa,  1693.  [xxiv.  369] 

HARE,  JAMES  (1749-1804),  wit  and  friend  of  Charles 
James  Fox ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1791 ;  M.P.,  Stock- 
bndge,  1772-4,  Knaresborougu,  1781-1804;  ambassador 
at  Warsaw,  1779-82 ;  ruined  by  losses  at  cards. 

[xxiv.  369] 

HARE,  JULIUS  CHARLES  (1795-1855),  archdeacon 
of  Lewes  :  son  of  Francis  Hare-Naylor  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  inti- 
mate with  Whewelland  Kenelm  Digby  :  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  1818;  classical  lecturer,  1822:  incumbent  of 
Hurstmonceaux,  1832,  where  John  Sterling  [q.  v.]  was 
his  curate  and  Bunsen  his  neighbour;  joint  author  of 
'Guesses  at  Truth,'  1827;  published  translations  (with 
notes)  of  Niebuhr's  'History  of  Rome'  (with  Thirl  wall), 
1828-32,  and  other  German  works,  also  'The  Victory  of 
Faith,'  1840, '  The  Mission  of  the  Comforter,'  1846,  vindi- 
cations of  Niebuhr,  Luther,  and  others,  and '  Miscellaneous 
Pamphlets  on  Church  Questions,'  1855;  edited  -Philo- 
logical Museum,'  1833.  [xxiv.  369] 

HARE,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (</.  1557),  judge;  educated 
at  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge ;  autumn  reader  of  Inner 
Temple,  1532;  M.P.,  Downton,  1529,  Norfolk,  1539-40, 
Lancaster,  1544-5;  defended  Wolsey,  1530;  recorder  of 
Norwich,  1536;  knighted,  1537;  master  of  requests,  1537 
(again,  1552);  when  speaker  imprisoned  for  advising  Sir 
John  Skelton  bow  to  evade  Statute  of  Uses  in  bis  will, 
1540;  chief-justice  of  Chester  and  Flint,  1540-5;  instru- 
mental in  passing  Treason  Act  of  1551-2;  master  of 
the  rolls,  1 553 ;  commissioner  during  vacancy  of  great 
seal,  1555.  [xxiv.  372] 

HARE,  ROBERT  (</.  1611),  antiquary;  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Hare  [q.  v.];  clerk  of  the  pells,  1560-71  :  M.P., 
Dunwich,  1563 ;  presented  manuscripts  and  books  to 
Caius  College  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  to  the 
universities  collections  relating  to  their  history  and  privi- 
leges, [xxiv.  373] 

HARE,  THOMAS  (1806-1891),  political  reformer; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1833 ;  bencher,  1872 ;  reported  in 
Vice-chancellor  Wigram's  court  from  1841 ;  inspector  of 
charities,  1853,  and  assistant-commissioner,  with  seat  on 
board,  1872;  published  works  relating  to  a  scheme  to 
secure  proportional  representation  in  electoral  assemblies 
of  all  classes  in  the  kingdom,  and  other  political 
questions.  [Suppl.  li.  390] 

HARE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1829),  criminal;  accomplice  of 
the  murderer  William  Burke  (1792-1829)  [q.  v.]  ;  indicted 
for  the  murder  of  James  Wilson,  one  of  the  victims ;  «t 
at  liberty,  1829,  from  the  Tolbootb,  the  law  officers  having 
decided  that  be  could  not  legally  be  put  on  his  trial. 

[vii.  371] 

HARE-NAYLOR,  FRANCIS  (1753-1816),  author; 
grandson  of  Francis  Hare  [q.  v.] ;  intimate  with  Fox 
and  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire,  who  gave  him  an  annuity 
to  enable  him  to  marry  her  cousin :  lived  many  years  at 
Bologna  in  friendly  intercourse  with  Clotilda  Tambroni 
(female  professor)  and  Mezzofauti,  and  afterwards  at 
Weimar;  published  works,  including  'History  of  Ger- 
many from  the  landing  of  Gustavus  to  Treaty  of  West- 
phalia,' issued  1816 ;  died  at  Tours.  [xxiv.  374] 

HAREWOOD,  second  EARL  OF  (1767-1841).  [See 
LASCELLES,  HKXRY.] 


HARFLETE 


572 


HARLAND 


HARFLETE,  HENRY  (.rf.  1653),  author  ;  member  of 
Gray's  Inn,  1630 ;  published  '  The  Hunting  of  the  Fox, 
or  Flattery  Displayed.'  H532,  'Vox  Coelorum '  (a  defence 
of  William  Lilly), "and  '  A  Banquet  of  Esaayes,  fetcht  out 
of  Famous  Owens  Confectionary,'  1653.  [xxiv.  375] 

HARFORD,  JOHN  SOANDRETT  (1785-1866),  bio- 
grapher; educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  one 
of  the  founders  of  Lampeter  College;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1822;  F.R.S.,  1823:  the  'Ooalebs'  of  Hannah  More,  of 
whom  he  published  reminiscences  in  'Recollections  of 
\V.  Wilberforce  during  nearly  thirty  years.'  1864;  pub- 
lished also  lives  of  Michael  Angelo  (1857,  2  vols.)  and  of 
Bishop  Burgess,  1840.  [xxiv.  376] 

HARGOOD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1762-1839),  admiral; 
served  under  Sir  Peter  Parker  (1721-1811)  [q.  v.]  in 
attack  on  Sullivan's  island,  1776 ;  captured  by  Spaniards 
at  Pensacola,  1781 ;  with  Rodney  at  Dominica,  1782  ;  cap- 
tain, 1790  ;  captured  by  the  Concorde,  1792 ;  commanded 
the  Belleisle  under  Nelson  at  Toulon  and  Trafalgar, 
1804-6 ;  vice-admiral,  1814 ;  admiral  and  G.O.B.,  1831  ; 
corresponded  with  William  IV.  [xxiv.  377] 

HARGRAVE,  FRANCIS  (1741  ?-1821),  legal  anti- 
quary ;  treasurer  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  prominent  in  the 
Sommersett  habeas  corpus  case,  1772  ;  recorder  of  Liver- 
pool, 1797 ;  edited  '  State  Trials '  (Henry  IV  to  19  George 
III),  1776,  *  Kale's  Jurisdiction  of  the  Lords'  House,'  1796, 
and  (with  Charles  Butler)  '  Coke  upon  Lyttleton,'  1775 ; 
published  also  '  Collection  of  Tracts  relative  to  the  Law  of 
England,'  1787,  '  Collectanea  Juridica,'  1791-2,  and  other 
works.  [xxiv.  379] 

HARGRAVES,  EDWARD  HAMMOND  (1816-1891), 
pioneer  of  gold-mining  in  Australia ;  sheep-farmer  in  Syd- 
ney, 1834-49 ;  began  gold-mining  at  Lewis  Ponds  Creek, 
near  Bathurst,  1851 ;  temporary  commissioner  of  crown 
lands,  1851 ;  published '  Australia  and  its  Goldfields,'  1855. 

[Suppl.  ii.  391] 

HARGREAVE,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1820-1866), 
lawyer  and  mathematician ;  LL.D.  London ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Dublin,  1852;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1844; 
bencher,  1851 ;  reader,  1866 ;  professor  of  jurisprudence 
at  University  College,  London,  1843-9 ;  F.R.S.,  1844 ;  com- 
missioner of  incumbered  estates,  1849-58 ;  judge  of  landed 
estate  court,  1858-66 ;  drew  Record  of  Title  BUI  ;  gold 
medallist,  Royal  Society,  for  paper  'On  the  Solution  of 
Linear  Differential  Equations ' ;  wrote  other  important 
mathematical  essays.  [xxiv.  379] 

HARGREAVES,  JAMES  (d.  1778X  inventor  of  the 
spinning- jenny ;  employed  by  Robert  Peel  (grandfather  of 
the  statesman)  to  construct  improved  carding-machine, 
e.  1760;  supposed  to  have  invented  spinning-jenny,  c. 
1764  (patented,  1770) ;  his  house  and  machinery  destroyed 
by  mob,  1768 ;  appropriated  Arkwright's  improved  card- 
ing-machine,  [xxiv.  380] 

HARGREAVES,  JAMES  (1768-1845),  baptist  minis- 
ter; at  Bolton,  Ogden  (1798-1822),  Wild  Street,  London, 
and  Waltham  Abbey  Cross  (1828-45) ;  secretary  to  Peace 
Society ;  published  '  Life  and  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  John 
Hirst  of  Bacup,'  1816,  and  '  Essays  and  Letters  on  impor- 
tant Theological  Subjects,'  1833.  [xxiv.  381] 

HARGREAVES,  THOMAS  (1775-1846),  miniature- 
painter  ;  apprenticed  to  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  [q.  v.] ; 
original  member  of  Society  of  British  Artists ;  executed 
miniatures  of  Mr.  Gladstone  and  his  sister  as  children, 
of  Mrs.  Gladstone,  and  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence. 

[xxiv.  381] 

HARGROVE,  ELY  (1741-1818),  author  of  'History 
of  .  .  .  Knaresborough,'  1769,  'Anecdotes  of  Archery,' 
with  life  of  Robin  Hood,  1792,  and  '  Yorkshire  Gazetteer,' 
1806.  [xxiv.  382] 

HARGROVE,  WILLIAM  (1788-1862),  topographer 
and  journalist ;  son  of  Ely  Hargrove  [q.  v.] ;  thirty-five 
years  editor  of  the  '  York  Herald ' ;  sheriff  of  York,  1831 ; 
published  'History  and  Description  of  the  ancient  city 
of  York,'  1818,  and  '  New  Guide  to  York,'  1842,  and  other 
works.  [xxiv.  382] 

HARINGTON,  8m  EDWARD  (1763  ?-1807),  author  ; 
son  of  Henry  Harington  (1727-1816)  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  as 
mayor  of  Bath,  1795 ;  published  '  Excursion  from  Paris  to 
Fontainebleau,'  1786, '  A  Schizzo  on  the  Genius  of  Man,' 
J793,  and  other  works.  [xxiv.  383] 

HARINGTON,  EDWARD  CHARLES  (1804-1881); 
chancellor  and  sub-dean  of  Exeter;  grandson  of  Sir 


Edward  Harington  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Worcester  College, 
Oxford,  1833 ;  chancellor  of  Exeter,  1847,  and  canon 
residentiary,  1856;  gav«  money  for  repair  of  Exeter 
Cathedral ;  left  bequest*  to  th«  chapter ;  published 
theological  works.  ,  [xxiv.  383] 

HARINGTON,  HENRY  (1765-1791),  compiler  of 
•Nugae  Antiqtue'  (family  papers  belonging  to  his 
father,  Henry  Harington,  1727-1816  [q.  v.]);  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1777;  D.D.,  1788;  minor  canon 
of  Norwich:  second  enlarged  edition  of  his  'Nu^.- 
Antique,'  1779.  [xxiv.  384] 

HARINGTON,  HENRY  (1727-1816),  musician  and 
author ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1752  ;  M.D.,  1762  ; 
physician  at  Wells  and  Bath  ;  mayor  of  Bath  ;  founded 
Bath  Harmonic  Society ;  published  collections  of  songs, 
glees,  trios,  and  duets,  and  separate  compositions.  His 
other  works  include  '  Geometrical  Analogy  of  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Trinity,'  1806.  [xxiv.  384] 

HARINGTON,  JOHN  ( fl,  1550),  treasurer  to  Henry 
VIII's  camps  and  buildings ;"  married  the  king's  natural 
daughter,  Etheldreda,  1546,  and  inherited  monastic  for- 
feitures in  Somerset ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  with  his 
second  wife,  in  company  with  Princess  Elizabeth,  1664. 

[xxiv.  385] 

HARINGTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1561-1612),  wit  and 
author ;  son  of  John  Harington  (fi.  1550)  [q.  v.]  ;  godson 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge;  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  compelled  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  translate  •  Orlando  Furioso '  (issued, 
1591,  with  preface,  '  An  Apologie  of  Poetrie ') ;  as  high 
sheriff  of  Somerset,  1592,  entertained  Elizabeth  at  Eelstou ; 
for  'Metamorphosis  of  Ajax'  and  other  satires,  1596, 
banished  from  court ;  accompanied  Essex  to  Ireland, 
1698;  knighted  by  Essex,  1598;  deputed  by  Essex  to 
appease  the  queen's  anger  against  him,  but  sent  out  of  her 
presence;  wrote  and  handed  to  the  queen  a  journal  of  the 
proceedings  of  Essex;  wrote  an  account  of  Elizabeth's 
last  days,  and  a  '  Tract  on  the  Succession  to  the  Crown ' 
in  the  interest  of  James  VI  (printed,  1880) ;  offered  to  go 
to  Ireland  as  chancellor  and  archbishop,  1605;  for 
instruction  of  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  wrote  appendix  to 
Godwin's  'De  Pnesulibus  Angliae'  ('Briefe  View  of 
Church  of  England  in  Q.  Elizabeth's  and  K.  James  his 
Reigne,'  1653);  his  collected  'Epigrams'  issued,  1618; 
letters  and  miscellaneous  writings  in  'Nugae  Antiqute' 
(first  published,  1769>  [xxiv.  385] 

HARINGTON,  JOHN,  first  BARON  HARINGTON  OP 
EXTON  (d.  1613),  cousin  of  Sir  John  Harington  [q.  v.] ; 
created  a  peer  at  coronation  of  James  1, 1603 ;  guardian 
of  Princess  Elizabeth  at  Combe  Abbey;  prevented  her 
abduction  by  gunpowder  plotters,  1605 ;  escorted  her  to 
Germany  on  her  marriage  to  the  elector  palatine,  1613 ; 
died  at  Worms  on  return  journey:  given  (1613)  three 
years'  patent  for  coming  brass-farthings  ('  Haringtons '). 

[xxiv.  388] 

HARINGTON,  JOHN,  second  BARON  HARINGTON  OF 
EXTON  (1592-1614),  son  of  John  Harington,  first  baron 
[q.  v.] ;  friend  and  correspondent  of  Henry,  prince  of 
Wales  ;  benefactor  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ; 
funeral  ode  on  him  written  by  Donne.  [xxiv.  389] 

HARINGTON,  JOHN  HERBERT  (d.  1828),  orien- 
talist; chief  judge  of  the  Sudder  Dewanuy  and  Nizamut 
Adawlut,  1811 :  governor-general's  agent  at  Delhi,  1823 ; 
member  of  supreme  council  and  president  of  board  of 
trade,  1825;  edited  'Persian  and  Arabic  Works  of 
Sa'dee,'  1791-6.  [xxiv.  389] 

HARIOT,  THOMAS  (1560-1621 ).    [See  HARRIOT.] 

HARKELEY,  HENRY  (/.  1316), chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1313-16  ;  author  of  theological  works. 

[xxiv.  390] 

HARKNE8S,  ROBERT  (1816-1878),  geologist :  edu- 
cated at  Dumfries  and  Edinburgh  University ;  professor 
of  geology,  Queen's  College,  Cork,  1863-78 :  F.R.S.E.,  1864 : 
F.R.S.,  1856 ;  wrote  papers  on  geology  of  south-western 
Scotland  and  English  Lake  district.  [xxiv.  390] 

HARLAND,  JOHN  (1806-1868),  reporter  and  nnti- 
quary  ;  introduced  improvements  in  stenography ;  edited 
works  for  Ohetham  Society  ;  published '  Lancashire  Lyrics,' 
'Lancashire  Ballads,'  and  'Lancashire  Folk-lore.' 

[xxiv.  390] 


HARLAND 


573 


HARMAN 


HARLAND,  SIR  ROBERT,  baronet  (1715?-1784X 
admiral;  prominent  in  capture  of  Magnunime,  1748; 
second  in  command  under  Keppel  at  U.shant,  1778  ;  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1782-3  ;  admiral,  1782.  [xxiv.  391] 

HARLEY,  BRILLIANA,  LADY  (1600  7-1643),  letter- 
writer  ;  daughter  of  Edward,  afterwards  viscount,  Con- 
way  [q.  v.] ;  third  wife  of  Sir  Robert  Harley  [q.  v.],  1623 ;  ! 
died  while  besieged  at  Brampton  Bryan  Castle,  1643  ;  h<  r 
letters  (1625-43)  printed,  1854.  [xxiv.  391] 

HARLEY,  SIR  EDWARD  (1624-1700),  governor  of 
Dunkirk ;  eldest  son  of  Sir   Robert  Harley  [q.  v.] ;  dis-  I 
tinguished  as    parliamentarian  officer  at   Red   Marley,  ! 
1644 ;  general  of  horse  for  Herefordshire  and  Radnor, 
1645;    M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1646   and   1656;  impeached  I 
for  supporting  the  disbanding  ordinance,  1648 ;  member 
of  council  of  state,  1659 ;  governor  of  Dunkirk,  1660-1 ; 
opposed  sale  of  Dunkirk,  1661 ;   K.B. ;   during  reign  of 
Charles  II  opposed  in  parliament  legislation  against  non- 
conformists ;  sat  also  in  first,  third,  and  fourth  parliaments 
of  William  III ;  published  theological  tracts,  [xxiv.  392] 

HARLEY,  EDWARD  (1664-1735),  auditor  of  the 
imprest ;  son  of  Sir  Edward  Harley  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Westminster:  barrister,  Middle  Temple;  acted  in  revo- 
lution of  1688 :  recorder  of  Leominster,  1692 ;  M.P., 
Leominster,  1698-1722  ;  published  '  Harmony  of  the  Four 
Gospels,'  1733  (anon.)  [xxiv.  394] 

HARLEY,    EDWARD,    second   EARL    OP   OXFORD 
(1689-1741),  collector;    son  of  Robert  Harley,  first  earl 
[q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded,    1724 ;   friend  and    corre- 
spondent of  Pope  and  Swift :  patron  of  Vertue  and  Oldys  ; 
circulated    second  edition  of  the    '  Dunciad,'   1729 ;    an 
assignee  of  the  copyright  of  third  edition ;  added  to  his 
father's  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts ;  his  books,  i 
prints,  and  pamphlets  sold  to  Thomas  Osborne,  1742,  and  j 
manuscripts  to  the  British  Museum.  [xxiv.  394] 

HARLEY,  GEORGE  (1791-1871),  water-colour  painter 
and  drawing-master.  [xxiv.  396] 

HARLEY.   GEORGE  (1829-1896),  physician:    M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1860 :  house  surgeon  and  physician  to  Edin- 
burgh Royal  Infirmary ;  studied  physiology  and  chemistry 
at  Paris ;  president  of  Parisian  Medical  Society,  1853 : 
lecturer     on     practical    physiology   and    histology    at  | 
University  College,    London,    1855 ;    fellow  of  Chemical 
Society  and  F.C.P.  Edinburgh,  1858 ;  professor  of  medical  j 
jurisprudence  at  University  College,  1859,  and  physician  j 
to  the  hospital,  1860 ;  F.R.S.,  1865 ;  published  medical 
works.  [Suppl.  ii.  392] 

HARLEY,  GEORGE  DA  VIES  (d.  1811  ?X  actor  and 
author:  known  as  the  'Norwich  Roscius';  real  name 
DA  VIES;  played  Richard  III  and  other  Shakespearean 
parts  at  Covent  Garden,  1789-91,  and  old  men  in  the 
country ;  supported  Mrs.  Siddons  at  Dublin,  1802 :  pub- 
lished verse  and  biographical  sketch  of  William  Henry 
West  Betty, '  the  celebrated  young  Hoscins,'  1803. 

[xxiv.  396] 

HARLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1558),  bishop  of  Hereford ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1540 ;  probationer-fellow, 
1537-42 ;  master  of  Magdalen  School,  1542-8 ;  chaplain  to 
John  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick,  1648,  to  Edward  VI,  1551 ; 
prebendary  of  Worcester,  1552  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1563-4. 

[xxiv.  397] 

HARLEY,  JOHN  PRITT  (1786-1858),  actor  and 
singer ;  succeeded  to  John  Bannister's  parts  ;  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  and  the  Lyceum,  1816-36,  and  under  Bunn's 
management,  1841-8  ;  at  Covent  Garden  with  Macready 
and  Madame  Vestris,  1838  and  1840  ;  excelled  in  role  of 
Shakespearean  clowns;  played  Bobadil  to  Edmund 
Kean's  Kitely,  1816 ;  seized  with  paralysis  while  playing 
Lancelot  Gobbo  at  the  Princess's.  [xxiv.  397] 

HARLEY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1579-1666),  master  of  the 
mint;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford:  K.B.,  1603;  M.P., 
Radnor  and  Herefordshire  ;  master  of  the  mint,  1626-35 
and  1643-9  :  active  in  Long  parliament  against '  idolatrous 
monuments,'  against  Stratford,  and  in  Scottish  and  Irish 
affairs ;  lent  plate  and  money  to  parliament :  organised 
the  militia ;  his  castle  at  Brampton  Bryan  captured  by 
royalists,  1644 ;  imprisoned,  1648-9,  for  voting  to  treat 
with  the  king.  [xxiv.  398] 

HARLEY,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OF  OXFORD  (1661- 
1724),  statesman;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Edward  Harley 
[q.  v.];  member  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1682;  high 


sheriff  of  Herefordshire,  1689 ;  M.P.,  Tregony,  1689-80 ; 
New  Radnor,  1690-1711;  a  moderate  tory,  but  always 
on  terms  with  the  whips  ;  brought  in  Triennial  Bill,  1694 ; 
established  National  Land  Bank,  1696 ;  carried  reductions 
in  the  army,  1697,  1698 ;  speaker,  1701-6 :  secretary  of 
state  for  northern  department,  1704  ;  commissioner  for 
union,  1706;  intrigued  against  colleagues  through  Abi- 
gail Hill's  influence  with  the  queen;  resigned,  1708; 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  head  of  solid  tory 
ministry,  1710;  his  life  attempted  by  Guiscard,  1711; 
initiated  scheme  for  funding  national  debt  through  South 
Sea  Company,  1711 ;  created  Baron  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer,  and  named  lord  treasurer,  1711 ;  obtained 
dismissal  of  Marl  borough  and  creation  of  twelve  peer*  to 
carry  peace  of  Utrecht;  K.G.,  1712;  ousted  by  BoUng- 
broke  from  favour  of  queen  and  tory  party ;  dismissed 
for  neglect  of  business  and  disrespect  to  queen,  1714 :  his 
impeachment  (1717)  on  cliarges  of  making  the  peace, 
secretly  favouring  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender, 
and  advising  dangerous  exercise  of  prerogative  dismissed 
mainly  on  account  of  differences  on  the  question  of  pro- 
cedure between  the  two  houses,  1717  ;  exoepted  from 
the  Act  of  Grace;  forbidden  the  court;  continued  to 
appear  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  to  correspond  with 
the  Old  Pretender,  though  refusing  to  lead  the  Jacobite 
tones.  High  characters  of  him  are  given  by  Pope  and 
Swift;  but  he  corresponded  simultaneously  with  Hano- 
verians and  Jacobites,  and  though  a  skilful  party  leader 
was  an  incapable  statesman.  He  formed  a  great  library, 
purchasing  the  manuscript  collections  of  Foxe,  Stow,  and 
D'Ewes.  [xxiy.  399] 

HARLEY,  THOMAS  (1730-1804),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  grandson  of  Edward  Harley,  second  earl  of  Ox- 
ford [q.  v.]  ;  prime  warden  of  Goldsmiths'  Company, 
1762-3 ;  M.P.,  city  of  London,  1761 ;  re-elected  againt-t 
Wilkes,  1768  :  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1776-1802  ;  as  sheriff 
of  London  and  Middlesex  caused  No.  45  of  the  '  North 
Briton  '  to  be  burnt,  1763  :  lord  mayor  of  London,  1767-8 ; 
privy  councillor  for  services  during  Wilkite  riots,  1768 : 
mobbed,  1770 ;  senior  alderman,  1786 ;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Radnorshire,  [xxiv.  406] 

HARLI8TON,  SIR  RICHARD  (fl.  1480),  governor  of 
Jersey  ;  captured  Mont-Orgneil  from  the  French,  1460  or 
1467 :  captain-in-chief  of  Jersey,  1473 ;  attainted  for 
participating  in  Simnel's  rising,  1486,  and  in  that  of  Perkin 
Warbeck,  1495 ;  in  service  of  Duchess  of  Burgundy. 

[xxiv.  407] 

HARLOW,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1787-1819X  painter  : 
eighteen  months  in  Lawrence's  studio ;  a  declared  oppo- 
nent of  the  Academy ;  exhibited  portraits  and  historical 
pieces  at  the  Academy  from  1804;  attracted  notice  by 
group  of  portraits  of  Charles  Mathews  (1814)  and  'Trial 
Scene'  from  'Henry  VIII,'  containing  portraits  of  Mrs. 
Siddons  and  the  Kembles,  1817 ;  while  in  Italy,  1818, 
made  acquaintance  with  Canova ;  member  of  Academy  of 
St.  Luke,  Rome :  painted  portraits  of  various  artists ; 
painted,  by  invitation,  his  own  portrait  for  Uffizi  Gallery, 
Florence.  [xxiv.  408] 

HARLOWE,  SARAH  (1765-1852X  actress  ;  wife  of 
Francis  Waldron  ;  after  making  a  name  at  Sadler's 
Wells,  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  1790,  Hay  market, 
Drury  Lane,  English  Opera  House,  and  Royalty  ;  retired. 
1826;  her  best  parts,  Lucy  ('Rivals'),  Widow  Warren 
('Road  to  Ruin'X  Miss  MacTab('Poor  Gentleman'), 
and  old  Lady  Lambert  ('  Hypocrite ').  [xxiv.  409] 

HARLOWE,  THOMAS  (d.  1741 X  captain  in  the  navy  : 
commanded  the  Burford  at  Barficur,  1692 ;  engaged  un- 
successfully French  squadron  carrying  spoils  from  Oar- 
tbagena,  1697  ;  acquitted  by  court-martial  tinder  Rooke : 
engaged  at  Vigo  in  the  Graf  ton,  1702  ;  died  senior  captain. 

[xxiv.  410] 

HARMAN,  SIR  GEORGE  BYNG  (1830-1891').  lien 
tenant-general ;  educated  at  Marlborongh  ;  ensign,  1849 ; 
captain,  1856:  served  in  Crimea,  1864;  brevet  major, 
1855;  served  in  Indian  mutiny,  1857;  on  staff  in  West 
Indies,  1866-72 :  brevet  colonel,  1871 :  on  staff  in  expe- 
ditionary force  in  Egypt,  1882:  deputy  adjutant-general 
at  headquarters,  1883  ;  military  secretary,  1886  ;  K.C.B., 
1887  ;  lieutenant-general,  1890.  [SuppL  ii.  393] 

HARMAN,  aliat  VBTMT  or  VOYSEY,  JOHN  (146«  ?- 
1664X  [See  VEYPKY.] 

HARMAN,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1673X  admiral ;  commanded 
the  Welcome  at  battle  of  Portlaud,  1653,  and  in  action 


HARMAN 


574 


HAKPSFIELD 


off  the  Thames,  1653  ;  in  Worcester  under  Blake  at  Santa 
Cruz  ;  flag-captain  to  Duke  of  York  in  Royal  Charles  in 
action  with  Dutch,  1665 ;  knighted,  1665 ;  rear-admiral, 
1666  ;  prominent  in  four  days'  fight  off  North  Foreland, 
1666 ;  as  commander-in-chief  in  West  Indies  destroyed 
French  fleet  at  Martinique  ami  seized  Cayenne  and  Suri- 
nam, 1667 ;  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  at  Solebay,  1672 ; 
vice-admiral  in  second  action  with  De  Ruyter,  1673  ; 
admiral,  1673.  [xxiv.  410] 

HARMAN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1567),  writer  on  beggars ; 
his  'A  Oaueat,  or  Wareuing  for  commen  cvrsetors 
Vvlgarely  called  Vagabones '  (first  edition,  1566 ;  re- 
printed, 1869) ;  plagiarised  by  Dekker.  [xxiv.  411] 

HARMAR  or  HARMER,  JOHN  (1555  ?-1613),  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Oxford ;  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New  College  ;  M.A.,  1582 ; 
B.D.,  1605  ;  disputed  at  Paris  with  Romanists  ;  patronised 
by  Leicester;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  Oxford,  1585; 
head-master  of  Winchester,  1588-95 :  warden  of  St.  Mary's 
College,  1596 ;  a  translator  of  the  New  Testament,  1604  ; 
edited  Chrysostom's  •  Homilies,'  1586  and  1590. 

[xxiv.  412] 

HARMAR  or  HARMER,  JOHN  (1694  7-1670),  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Oxford ;  nephew  of  John  Harmar  or 
Harmer  (1555  ?-1613)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Winchester 
and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1617  ;  M.B.,  1632  ; 
master  of  free  school,  St.  Albans,  1626 ;  professor  of 
Greek,  Oxford,  1650  -  c.  1660 ;  translated  Heinsius's 
'Mirrour  of  Humility,'  1618,  and  published  '  Life  of 
Cicero,'  1662,  withother  works.  [xxiv.  413] 

HARMER,  ANTHONY  (pseudonym).  [See  WHAR- 
TON,  HENRY,  1664-1695.] 

HARMER,  JAMES  (1777-1853),  alderman  of  London, 
1833-40  ;  sheriff,  1834-5  ;  gave  important  evidence  before 
the  committee  for  reform  of  criminal  law  ;  a  founder  of 
Royal  Free  Hospital.  [xxiv.  413] 

HARMER,  THOMAS  (1714-1788),  independent 
minister  of  Wattisfield,  Suffolk,  1734-88  ;  left  manuscript 
accounts  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  dissenting  churches; 
published  '  Observations  on  Divers  Passages  of  Scripture 
.  .  .  from  .  .  .  Books  of  Voyages  and  Travels,'  1764,  and 
4  Outlines  of  New  Commentary  on  Solomon's  Song,'  1768 ; 
4  Miscellaneous  Works '  issued,  1823.  [xxiv.  414] 

HARNESS,  SIR  HENRY  DRDRY  (1804-1883), 
general ;  brother  of  William  Harness  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
mining  engineering  in  Mexico :  instructor  in  fortification 
at  Woolwich,  1834-40,  professor,  1844-6;  secretary  to 
railway  commission,  1846-50 ;  deputy-master  of  the  mint, 
1860-2  ;  commissioner  of  Irish  works,  1852-4 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1855 ;  chief-engineer  under  Lord  Clyde  in  the 
mutiny;  director  at  Chatham,  1860;  K.O.B.,  1873; 
general,  1878.  [xxiv.  414] 

HARNESS,  WILLIAM  (1790-1869),  divine  and 
author ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Drury  Harness  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Harrow  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1816 ; 
friend  and  correspondent  of  Byron;  Boyle  lecturer  at 
Cambridge,  1822 ;  incumbent  of  Regent  Square  Chapel, 
1826-44 ;  perpetual  curate  of  All  Saints',  Knightsbridge, 
1849-69;  published  an  edition  of  Shakespeare  with  •  life,' 
1825,  plays  of  Massinger  and  Ford,  '  Life  of  Mary  Russell 
Mitford,'  1870;  the  Harness  prize  for  a  Shakespearean 
essay  founded  at  Cambridge  in  his  memory,  [xxiv.  416] 

HAROLD,  called  HAREFOOT  (d.  1040),  king  of  the 
English ;  reputed  son  of  Canute  and  ^Elfgifu  of  North- 
ampton [q.  v.]  ;  elected  by  the  witan  through  Danish 
support  king  north  of  the  Thames,  and  (apparently)  over- 
king  of  all  England,  1035  ;  said  to  have  lured  to  England 
by  forged  letter  his  half-brothers,  and  to  have  slain  Alfred, 
1037  ;  chosen  king  of  all  England,  1037  :  banished  his  step- 
mother Emma  from  Wessex  ;  buried  in  St.  Clement  Danes 
after  disinterment  by  Hardicanute.  [xxiv.  417] 

HAROLD  (1022  7-1066),  king  of  the  English  ;  second 
son  of  Godwin  or  Godwine  [q.  v.]  and  Gytha ;  earl  of  East 
Anglia,  1045 ;  received  half  of  Swegen's  earldom  (1046), 
and  opposed  hia  restoration  ;  raised  forces  in  Ireland, 
ravaged  Somerset  coast,  and  tailed  with  Godwin  from  Port- 
land to  London,  1062 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  Wessex, 
1063,  and  as  head  of  the  national  party  probably  caused 
unjust  banishment  of  ^Ifgar,  earl  of  the  East  Angles, 
1056;  arranged  peace  between  Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn 
[q.  T.]  andthe  English  king,  1066 ;  probably  prevented 


meeting  between  Edward  the  confessor  and  bis  intended 
heir,  the  setheling  Edward,  1057;  received  earldom  of 
Hereford,  1058 ;  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  and  visited 
France,  c.  1068  :  his  church  at  Waltham  dedicated  by 
Cynesige  of  York,  1060 :  sailed  round  the  Welsh  coast, 
1062-3,  and,  aided  lay  Tostig,  subdued  and  dethronal 
Gruffydd,  ravaged  the  land,  and  exacted  tribute  ;  wrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Ponthieu,  and  delivered  by  Count  Guy  to 
William  of  Normandy ;  after  serving  William  against  the 
Bretons,  swore  on  the  relics  to  be  his  man  in  England  and 
to  marry  his  daughter,  c.  1064  ;  on  his  return  married 
Aldgyth  and  advised  the  outlawing  of  Tostig  and  his 
supersession  in  Northumbria  by  Morkere  to  gain  Mercian 
support  for  his  own  succession  to  the  English  throne ; 
chosen  king,  January  1066,  by  the  nobles,  as  Edward  the 
Confessor  enjoined  on  his  deathbed,  and  crowned ;  obtained 
recognition  from  the  Northumbrians  ;  sailed  to  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  for  four  months  kept  together  an  army  for 
defence  against  Normandy ;  defeated  Harold  Hardrada  of 
Norway  and  Tostig  at  Stamford  Bridge  (25  Sept.  1066) ; 
left  York  for  London,  and  thence  marched  to  Senlac  or 
Battle  near  Hastings  with  men  of  the  east  and  south ; 
fortified  a  position  on  the  hill,  where  he  was  attacked 
(14  Oct.  1066)  by  the  Normans,  and,  after  repelling  one 
attack,  was  defeated  and  slain  owing  to  the  enemy's 
stratagem  of  pretended  flight.  His  body  is  supposed  first  to 
have  been  buried  by  William's  order  on  the  sea-coast,  and 
afterwards  transferred  to  Waltham.  [xxiv.  418] 

HAROLD,  FRANCIS  (d.  1685),  chronographer  of  the 
order  of  St.  Francis ;  nephew  of  Luke  Wadding  [q.  v.]  ; 
chief  works :  epitome  (1662)  of  Wadding's  4  Franciscan 
Annals,'  with  'life,'  and  (1683)  'life'  of  Mogrobeio,  arch- 
bishop of  Lima ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxiv.  426] 

HARPER,  JAMES (1795-1879),  theologian;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  ;  sixty  years  secession  minister  of  North 
Leith ;  chairman  of  the  synod,  1840 ;  secession  church 
professor  of  pastoral  theology,  1843,  of  systematic  theology, 
1848  ;  hon.  D.D.  Jefferson  College,  America,  1843 ;  effected 
union  of  secession  and  relief  bodies  ;  moderator  of  united 
presbyterian  synod,  1860 ;  honorary  D.D.  Glasgow,  1877. 

[xxiv.  426] 

HARPER,  JOHN  (d.  1742),  actor ;  played  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  1719-21,Dr.  Caius  and  A  jax,  and  several  original 
parts ;  at  Drury  Lane,  Falstaff,  Sir  Epicure  Mammon, 
Jobson  the  Cobbler  ('  The  Devil  to  Pay '),  Sir  Wilful  Wit- 
would  ('  Way  of  the  World '),  Cacafogo  ('  Rule  a  Wife  and 
have  a  Wife') ;  prosecuted  in  a  test  action  for  vagrancy, 
and  discharged,  1733.  [xxiv.  427] 

HARPER,  JOHN  (1809-1842),  architect ;  friend  of 
Etty  and  Stanfield ;  with  the  Wyatte  prepared  designs  for 
Apsley  House  and  York  House ;  died  at  Naples. 

[xxiv.  427] 

HARPER,  THOMAS  (1787-1853),  inspector  of  musical 
instruments  to  the  East  India  Company ;  trumpet-player ; 
engaged  at  Drury  Lane  and  Lyceum  English  opera,  1806, 
at  Ancient  Concerts  and  Italian  Opera,  1821,  and  at  Phil- 
harmonic Concerts.  [xxiv.  428] 

HARPER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (14967-1573),  lord  mayor 
of  London ;  master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  1563  ; 
sheriff  of  London,  1557-8 ;  lord  mayor,  1561-2 ;  knighted, 
1662  ;  helped  to  found  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  founded 
school  at  Bedford,  1566.  [xxiv.  428] 

HARPER,  WILLIAM  (1806-1867),  author  and  jour- 
nalist ;  published  two  volumes  of  religious  verse  and 
4  Memoir  of  Benjamin  Braidley,'  1845.  [xxiv.  429] 

HARPSITELD  or  HARPESFELD,  JOHN  (1516- 
1578),  chaplain  to  Bishop  Bonner ;  of  Winchester  and 
New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1634-c.  1551 ; 
M.A.,  1538;  D.D.,  1654;  archdeacon  of  London,  1664; 
dean  of  Norwich,  1658  ;  zealous  persecutor  of  protestants ; 
disputed  with  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer,  at  Oxford  ; 
active  in  convocation  against  Reformation,  1569 ;  de- 
prived and  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet ;  published  homilies. 

[xxiv.  429] 

HARPSFIELD  or  HARPESFELD,  NICHOLAS 
(1519  7-1676);  theologian ;  brother  of  John  Harpsfield  or 
Harpesfeld  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  fellow,  1535 ;  principal  of  Whitehall  hostel. 
1544 ;  first  regius  professor  of  Greek,  c.  1646 ;  lived  at 
Louvain  during  reign  of  Edward  VI ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1564;  proctor  in  court  of  arches,  1654  ;  vicar  of  Laindon. 
Essex,  1554 ;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury  and  official  ot 


HARPUR 


576 


HARRIS 


court  of  arcbes ;  as  prolocutor  of  lower  house  of  convoca- 
tion piv-t'iitnl  mnonstnuice  against  reformation,  1559; 
one  of  the  eight  Romanist  disputants,  1559  ;  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower.  1559-75 ;  his  '  Historia  Anglicans  Eccle- 
siii^tioa'  edited  by  Richard  Gibbons,  1662,  'Treatise  on 
the  pretended  Divorce  between  Henry  VIII  and  Catherine 
of  Arrajron  '  by  Nicholas  Pocock,  1878,  and  six  Latin  dia- 
logues attacking  'pseudo-martyrs'  by  Alan  Cope,  1566 
(Antwerp) ;  left  manuscript  lives  of  Oranmer  and  More. 

[xxiv.  431] 

HARPUR,  JOSEPH  (1773-1821),  critic  ;  matriculated 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1790 ;  deputy  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Oxford,  1806  (D.C.L.,  1813):  published  'Essay  on 
the  Principles  of  Philosophical  Criticism  applied  to  Poetry,' 
1810.  [xxiv.  432] 

HARRADEN.  RICHARD  (1756-1838),  artist  and  en- 
graver ;  publish**!  views  of  Cambridge,  1797-8,  and  1800, 
'Costume  of  the  various  orders  in  the  University,'  1803, 
and  '  Cantabrigia  Depicta,'  1811.  [xxiv.  432] 

HARRADEN,     RICHARD    BANKES    (1778-1862), 
artist ;  son  of  Richard  Harraden  [q.  v.] ;  made  drawings 
for  'Cantabrigia  Depicta,'  1811,  and  published  further 
Illustrations,'  1830.  [xxiv.  488] 

HARRIES.  MARGARET  (1797-1846).  [See  WILSON, 
ilRS.  CORN-WELL  BARON.] 

HARRILD,  ROBERT  (1780-1853),  inventor  of  'com- 
position rollers'  for  inking  types,  1810;  preserved  Ben- 
jamin Franklin's  press,  and  left  money  for  a  '  Franklin 
pension '  for  printers.  [xxiv.  433] 

HARRIMAN,  JOHN  (1760-1831),  botanist:  clergy- 
man in  Northumberland  and  Durham  ;  F.L.S. ;  furnished 
plants  for  Smith's  '  English  Botany,'  and  discovered  many 
species  of  lichens ;  the  microscopic  dot  lichen  named  after 
him.  [xxiv.  433] 

HARRINGTON,  EARLS  OP.  [See  STANHOPE,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  EARL,  1690  ?-1756 ;  STANHOPE,  WILLIAM, 
second  EARL,  1719-1779;  STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  third 
EARL,  1753-1829;  STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  fourth  EARL, 
1780-1851 ;  STANHOPE,  LEICESTER  FITZGERALD  CHARLES, 
fifth  Earl,  1784-1862.] 

HARRINGTON  or  HARINGTON,  JAMES  (1611- 
1677),  political  theorist ;  great-nephew  of  John  Harington, 
first  baron  Harington  of  Exton  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford ;  some  time  in  service  of  elector  pala- 
tine ;  visited  Rome  and  Venice  ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber 
to  Charles  I  at  Holmby  and  in  the  Isle  of  Wight; 
published  '  The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana,'  1656,  the 
4  Art  of  Lawgiving '  (abridgment  of  '  Oceana '),  1659,  and 
several  tracts  in  defence  of  it ;  formed  the  '  Rota  '  club  for 
political  discussion,  1659-60 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower, 
1661,  and  afterwards  at  Plymouth;  works  edited  by 
Toland,  1700.  [xxiv.  434] 

HARRINGTON,  JAMES  (1664-1693),  lawyer  and 
poet;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1690  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple ;  published 
Latin  hexameter  poem  on  the  death  of  Charles  II, '  Defence 
of  the  Rights  and  Privileges  of  the  University  of  Oxford ' 
(1690),  and  other  pamphlets ;  contributed  preface  and 
introduction  to  first  edition  of  '  Athense  Oxonienses.' 

[xxiv.  436] 

HARRINGTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1561-1612).  [See  HAR- 
INGTON.] 

HARRINGTON,  MARIA,  fourth  COUNTESS  OF.  [See 
FOOTE,  MARIA,  1797  ?-1867.] 

HARRINGTON,  ROBERT  (/.  1815),  writer  on  natural 
philosophy;  published,  as  'Richard  Bewley,  M.D.,'  a 
'Treatise  on  Air'  (1791),  and  other  works  against 
Lavoisier's  theory  of  combustion  and  in  favour  of  phlo- 
giston, '  Chemical  Essay,'  (against  Priestley),  1794,  and 
other  works.  [xxiv.  436] 

HARRINGTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1523),  divine:  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1497 ;  rector  of  St.  Anne's,  Alders- 
gate,  1505-10;  published  a  work  in  commendation  of 
matrimony.  [xxiv.  437] 

HARRIOT,  THOMAS  (1560-1621),  mathematician 
and  astronomer ;  B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1580 ; 
mathematical  tutor  to  Sir  W.  Ralegh,  who  sent  him,  1585, 
to  survey  Virginia ;  his  '  Brief  and  True  Report'  (1588) 
reproduced  in  De  Bry's  'Americae  Descriptio'  and  in 
Hakluyt ;  pensioned  by  Henry,  earl  of  Northumberland, 


one  of  whose  '  three  magi '  he  became.  His  '  Artis  Ana- 
lytics Praxis  ad  ^Equationes  Algebraic**  resolvendas,' 
edited,  1631,  by  Walter  Warner,  embodies  inventions 
which  gave  algebra  it*  modern  form.  He  used  telescopes 
simultaneously  with  Galileo:  be  observed  sun-spots  and 
the  comets  of  1607  and  1618.  Collections  of  bis  paper* 
are  at  the  British  Museum  and  .-ion  House,  [xxiv.  437] 

HARRIOTT,  JOHN  (1745-1817),  projector  of  the  Lon- 
don Thames  police ;  served  in  the  navy  and  in  the  merchant 
service :  also  in  military  employ  of  East  India  Company ; 
received  gold  medal  from  Society  of  Arts  for  reclaiming 
from  the  sea  (1781-2)  Rushley  isle,  E*sex ;  lived  In 
America,  1790-6;  patented  improved  ship's  pump  (1797) 
and  other  inventions ;  resident  magistrate  at  Thames  police 
court,  1798-1816 ;  addressed  (1797)  letter  to  the  Duke  of 
Portland,  secretary  of  state,  broaching  bis  scheme  of 
Thames  police  (marine  police  established,  1798);  published 
'Struggles  through  Life,'  1815.  [xxiv.  439] 

HARRIS,  AUGUSTUS  GL08SOP  (1825-1873X  actor 
and  manager ;  appeared  on  American  utage  when  eight 
years  old ;  managed  Princess's  Theatre,  London,  1859-62 : 
manager  of  Co  vent  Garden  ;  introduced  Fechter  to 
London.  [XXY.  1] 

HARRIS,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  HENRY  GLOSSOP  (1853- 
1896),  actor,  impresario,  and  dramatist ;  son  of  Augustas 
GloBsop  Harris  [q.  v.]  ;  manager  at  Covent  Garden,  c.  1876 ; 
became  lessee  of  Drury  Lane,  1879,  and  produced,  in  col- 
laboration with  various  authors,  a  succession  of  highly 
popular  melodramas  and  pantomimes,  besides  operas ; 
sheriff  of  London  and  knighted,  1891.  [Suppl.  ii.  394] 

HARRIS,  CHARLES  AMYAND  (1813-1874),  bishop 
of  Gibraltar  ;  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1837 ;  fellow  of 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1836-7  ;  rector  of  Wilton,  1840- 
1848;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1841;  archdeacon  of 
Wilts,  1863 ;  vicar  of  Bremhill-with-Highway,  1863-8  ; 
bishop  of  Gibraltar,  1868-73.  [xxv.  1] 

HARRIS,  SIR  EDWARD  ALFRED  JOHN  (1808- 
1888),  admiral;  brother  of  James  Howard  Harris,  third 
earl  of  Malmesbury  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Chippenham,  1844-62 ; 
consul-general  in  Denmark,  1852,  Peru,  1862,  Chili,  1883, 
and  Austrian  coasts  of  the  Adriatic,  1858 ;  minister  at 
Berne  and  (1867)  the  Hague;  K.O.B.,  1872;  admiral, 
1877.  [xxv.  12] 

HARRIS,  FRANCIS  (1829-1885),  physician;  BJL 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1862 ;  M.D.,  1869 ;  studied  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  in  Paris  and  Berlin: 
assistant-physician  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1861 ; 
published  thesis  on  amyloid  degeneration,  1859. 

[xxv.  2] 

HARRIS,  GEORGE  (1722-1796),  civilian;  D.C.L. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1750 ;  chancellor  of  Durham,  Here- 
ford, and  Llandaff ;  bequeathed  40,0007.  to  St.  George's 
and  15,0002.  to  Westminster  Lying-in  hospitals ;  edited 
Justinian's  '  Institutes,'  with  translation,  1756. 

[xxv.  2] 

HARRIS,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  HARRIS  (1746- 
1829),  general ;  served  with  6th  fusiliers  in  America ; 
wounded  at  Bunkers  Hill,  1775;  commanded  grenadier 
battalion  at  capture  of  St.  Lucia,  1778;  second  in  com- 
mand at  defence  of  La  Vigie;  served  against  Tippoo 
Sahib,  1790-2  ;  commanded  troops  in  Madras,  1796-1800  ; 
captured  Seringapatam  and  subdued  Mysore,  1799 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1801  ;  general,  1812 ;  created  a  peer,  1815  ; 
G.O.B.,  1820.  [xxv.  8] 

HARRIS,  GEORGE  (1794-1869),  Unitarian  minister  ; 
studied  at  Glasgow  University;  secretary  of  Scottish 
Unitarian  Association;  minister  at  Liverpool,  1817-2S, 
Bolton,  1822-5,  Glasgow.  1825-41,  Edinburgh,  1841-5,  and 
Newcastle,  1845-59 ;  eager  controversialist  and  successful 
preacher.  [xxv.- 4] 

HARRIS,  GEORGE  (1809-1890),  author;  educated 
at  Rugby :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1843;  deputy  county 
court  judgeof  Bristol  district,  1853 ;  acting  judgeof  county 
court,  Birmingham,  1861 :  registrar  of  court  of  bankruptcy, 
Manchester,  1862-8:  beaded  deputation  to  Palmerston 
suggesting  formation  of  Historical  Manuscript*  Commis- 
I  sion,  1859 :  vice-president  of  Anthropological  Society  of 


Science,'  1861 ;  and  an  '  Autobiography,'  1888. 

[Suppl.  ii.  394] 


HARRIS 


576 


HARRIS 


HARRIS,  GEORGE  FRANCIS  ROBERT,  third 
BAROX  HARRIS  (1810-1872),  governor  of  Madras ;  graud- 
son  of  George  Harris,  first  baron  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Merton  and  Christ  Church  Colleges,  Oxford: 
B.A.,  1832;  D.O.L.,  1863;  governor  of  Trinidad,  1846  ; 
governor  of  Madras,  1854-9 ;  reinforced  Earl  Canning 
during  the  mutiny  ;  G.O.S.I.,  1859 ;  chamberlain  to  Prin- 
cess of  Wales.  [xxv.  5] 

HABRIS,  HENRY  (d.  1704  ?),  chief  engraver  to  the 
mint,  1690-1704 ;  engraver  of  public  seals.  [xzv.  6] 

HARRIS,  HOWEL  (1714-1773),  Welsh  methodist 
pioneer ;  worked  with  Daniel  Rowlands  [q.  v.]  till  method- 
ist disruption,  1751;  founded  'family 'or  community  at 
Trevecca,  1762;  served  in  Brecknockshire  militia,  1759; 
visited  and  corresponded  with  Countess  of  Huntingdon 
[see  HASTINGS,  SELINA]  ;  preached  at  Whitefleld's  taber- 
nacle, [xxv.  6] 

HARRIS,  JAMES  (1709-1780),  author  of  Hermes,  or 
a  Philosophical  Inquiry  concerning  Universal  Grammar,' 
1751,  and  other  works  (collected,  1801);  M.P.,  Christ- 
church,  1761-80 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1763-5 ;  secre- 
tary to  George  Ill's  queen,  1774.  [xxv.  7] 

HARRIS,  JAMES,  first  EARL OF  MALMKSBURY  (1746- 
1820),  diplomatist ;  son  of  James  Harris  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Winchester,  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  Leyden ; 
when  charge  d'affaires  at  Madrid  prevented  Spanish  ex- 
pedition against  Falkland  isles,  1770 ;  minister  at  Berlin, 
1772-6;  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg,  1777-82;  named 
minister  at  the  Hague  by  Pitt,  1784  ;  promoted  counter- 
revolution in  favour  of  house  of  Orange;  negotiated 
alliance  with  Prussia  and  Holland,  1788;  created  Baron 
Malmesbury,  1788  ;  supported  Fox  on  regency  question, 
but  (1793)  left  him  with  'old  whiga';  negotiated  fresh 
alliance  with  Prussia,  1794,  and  match  between  the 
Prince  of  Wales  and  Princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick; 
engaged  in  fruitless  negotiations  at  Paris  and  Lille,  1796- 
1797;  incapacitated  by  deafness,  but  much  consulted  by 
Pitt  and  Cannin?  on  foreign  affairs ;  created  Earl  of 
Malmesbury  and~Viscount  Fitzharris,  1800;  'Diaries' 
edited  by  grandson,  1844,  family  letters  issued,  1870. 

[xxv.  8] 

HARRIS,  JAMES  HOWARD,  third  EARL  OF  MALMES- 
BURY (1807-1889),  statesman  ;  grandson  of  James  Harris, 
first  earl  of  Malmesbury  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1827 ;  during  continental 
trips  became  acquainted  with  Louis  Napoleon ;  M.P., 
Wilton,  1841  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1841 ;  protectionist 
whip  in  the  Upper  House;  joined  Disraeli  in  urging 
reform  on  Lord  Derby ;  as  foreign  secretary  (February- 
December  1852)  recognised  Napoleon  III,  whom  he  inter- 
viewed in  Paris,  1853:  during  second  tenure  of  office 
(1858-9)  re-established  good  relations  with  him,  helped 
to  compose  dispute  between  France  and  Portugal,  ex- 
acted reparation  from  Naples  for  '  Cagliari '  affair, 
1858,  delayed  war  between  Austria  and  Sardinia,  and 
strove  to  localise  it  when  declared  (1859),  adopting 
policy  of  strict  neutrality ;  created  G.O.B.  on  retirement ; 
offered  support  to  Palmers  ton  against  Russell,  1860 ; 
attempted  to  remove  Napoleon's  prejudices  against  the 
conservatives,  1861 ;  carried  vote  of  censure  on  Palmer- 
ston  for  policy  on  Danish  question,  1864  ;  lord  privy  seal 
in  Lord  Derby's  last  ministry,  1866-8,  and  under  Disraeli, 
1874-6  ;  published  '  Memoirs  of  an  Ex-minister,'  1884. 

[xxv.  9] 

HARRIS,  JOHN  (1588  ?-1658),  warden  of  Winchester 
College;  M.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1611;  D.D. ;  fellow, 
1606-22  ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1619-22 ;  prebendary 
of  Wells,  1622  ;  member  of  Westminster  Assembly  ;  warden 
of  Winchester  College,  1630-58;  published  life  of  Bishop 
Arthur  Lake.  [xxv.  13] 

HARRIS.  JOHN  (1667  ?-1719),  divine  and  author: 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1691 ;  D.D.  Lambeth, 
1706 ;  prebendary  of  Rochester,  1708 :  incumbent  of  St. 
Mildred,  Bread  Street,  London,  with  St.  Margaret  Moses ; 
rector  of  East  Banning,  1715:  ridiculed  in  'Picture  of  a 
High-flying  Clergyman,'  1716;  F.R.S.,  1696  (secretary, 
1709) ;  lectured  on  mathematics  in  Birchin  Lane,  London  ; 
died  a  pauper.  His  works  include  defence  of  the  Wood- 
wardian  system,  1697,  Boyle  lectures,  1698,'  Lexicon  Tech- 
nicum,'  1704,  and '  Navigantium  atque  Itinerantium  Biblio 
theca,'  1705.  [xxv.  13] 

HARRIS,  JOHN  (fl.  1737).  organ-builder:  son  of 
Renatus  Harris  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  22] 


HARRIS,  JOHN  (fi.  1680-1740),  architectural  and 
i  topographical  engraver.  [XXv.  14] 

HARRIS,   JOHN  (d.    1834),  water-colour    painter 
I  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1802-15.  [xxv.  14] 

HARRIS,    JOHN    (1756-1846),    publisher;    assisted 
I  John  Murray  and  F.  Newbery,  and  succeeded  to  latter's 
business.  [xxv.  15] 

HARRIS,  JOHN  (1802-1856),  principal  of  New  Col- 
!  lege,  London ;  '  boy  preacher '  near  Bristol :  theological 
professor  at  Oheshunt  College,  1837  ;  D.D.  Brown  Univer- 
sity, Rhode  Island,  U.S.A.,  1838 ;  principal  of  New  College, 
London,  aud  its  professor  of  theology,  1851 ;  chairman 
of  Congregational  Union,  1852;  published  'The  Great 
Teacher,'  18S5,  and  theological  prize  essays,  [xxv.  15] 

HARRIS,  JOHN  (1820-1884),  Cornish  poet ;  worked 
in  Dolcoath  mine ;  won  first  prize  for  Shakespeare  ter- 
centenary poem,  1864 :  received  grants  from  Royal  Lite- 
rary Fund  and  Royal  Bounty  Fund;  published  'Lays 
from  the  Mine,  the  Moor,  and  the  Mountain '  (1853)  and 
other  verse.  [xxv.  16] 

HARRIS,  JOHN  RYLAND  (!EUAN  DDU  o  LAX  TAWY) 
(1802-1823),  writer  in  Welsh;  son  of  Joseph  Harris 
(Gomer)  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to  '  Seren  Gomer '  news- 


paper, 1818-23 ;  made  Welsh  version  of  '  Paradise  Re- 
gained ' ;  published  Welsh  guide  to  reading  of  music. 

[xxv.  16] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  (?)(/.  1661-1681),  actor  :  played 

i  in  Sir  William  D'Avenant's  company  at  Lincoln's  Inn 

Fields  and  Dorset  Garden;  Romeo  to  Betterton's  Mer- 

:  cutio,  1662 ;  took  original  roles  in  plays  by  D'Avenant, 

!  Dryden,  Etherege,  and  Otway  ;  intimate  with  Pepys. 

[xxv.  17] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  (ft.  1661-1702),  actor  and  drama- 
tist; member  of  king's  company  at  Theatre  Royal; 
engraver  to  the  mint  on  accession  of  Anne ;  four  plays 
ascribed  to  him.  [xxv.  18] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  (1702-1764),  assay  master  of  the 
!  mint,  1748 ;  author  of  mouometallist  '  Essay  on  Money 
|  and  Coins'  (two  parts,  1756  and  1768),  cited  by  Lord 
I  Liverpool,  1805,  and  praised  by  McCulloch,  and  pos- 
1  thumous  (1775)  treatise  on  optics.  [xxv.  18] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  (d.  1814),  organist  of  St.  Martin's, 
!  Birmingham  (1787);  composed  songs  aud  harpsichord 
j  quartetts.  [xxv.  19] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  (GOMER)  (1773-1 R25),  Welsh 
I  author  ;  baptist  pastor  at  Swansea  ;  edited '  Seren  Gomer ' 
(first  newspaper  in  Welsh),  1814-15,  and  afterwards  as 
monthly  magazine ;  published  selection  of  Welsh  hymns 
(Ychydig  o  hymnau),  1796,  the  bible  in  Welsh  and  Eng- 
lish, 1825, '  Oofiant  leuan  Ddu '  (memoir  of  his  son),  1823, 
and  other  works.  [xxv.  19] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  JOHN  (1799-1869),  organist  at 
!  Manchester,  1848-69;  published  'The  Cathedral  Daily 
:  Service,'  1844, '  The  Musical  Expression,'  1845. 

[xxv.  19] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  MACDONALD  (1789- 1860),  musi- 
cian ;  arranged  Burgoyne's  '  Collection  of  Psalms,'  1827  ; 
published  musical  compositions.  [xxv.  20] 

HARRIS,  JOSEPH  THORNS  (1828-1869),  pianist 
and  composer  ;  son  of  Joseph  John  Harris  [q.  v.] 

[xxv.  20] 

HARRIS,  MOSES  (/.  1766-1785),  entomologist  and 
artist ;  published  with  plates  by  himself '  The  Aurelian 
or  Natural  History  of  English  Insects,'  1766,  'English 
Lepidoptcra,'  1776, '  Exposition  of  English  Insects,'  1776, 
and  other  works ;  his '  Natural  System  of  Colours '  edited 
by  Thomas  Martyn,  1811.  [xxv.  20] 

HARRIS,  PAUL  (1573-1635  ?),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
banished  from  Dublin  for  attacking  Franciscans  :  pub- 
lished tracts  against  Archbishop  Thomas  Fleming  [q.  v.] 
and  against  Francis  Matthews.  [xxv.  21] 

HARRIS,  RENATUS,  or  RE~Nfe  (1640?  -  1715?), 
organ-builder:  defeated  by  'Father  Smith'  (Bernard 
Smith,  q.  v.)  in  contest  for  building  organ  in  Temple 
Church,  1684 ;  afterwards  built  thirty-nine  organs  in- 
cluding those  in  King's  College  Chapel,  Cambridge  (1686), 
and  in  cathedrals  of  Ohichester  (1678),  Winchester  (1681), 
Ely,  Bristol  (1 686),  Gloucester,  Worcester,  Hereford  (1686), 
St.  Patrick  <  1697),  and  Salisbury  (1710),  [xxv.  21] 


HARRIS 


577 


HARRISON 


HARRIS,  RICHARD  (/f.  1613),  theologian  :  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1580 ;  senior  fellow,  1593  ; 
M.A.,  1583;  D.D.,1595;  rector  of  Gestingthorp,  1597,  and 
Brad\vell-juxta-Mare,  16i:j;  published 'Ccnconlia  Anu'li- 
cnna '  (1612)  iii  reply  to  Becaue  'de  dissidio  Anglicauo.' 

HARRIS,  ROBERT  (1581-1658),  president  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Worri-nU-r  College,  Oxford,  1600; 
D.D.,  1648  ;  incumbeut  of  Hanwell,  Oxfordshire,  1614-42 ; 
member  of  assembly  of  divines  ;  visitor  to  the  univi-rsitv, 
1647-52  and  1654-8 :  president  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
1648-58;  an  rmiiirnt  preacher;  sometime  incumbent  of 
St.  Botolph's,  Bisbop?gate.  [xxv.  23] 

HARRIS,  ROBERT  ( 1809-1865),  captain  in  the  navy ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Cornwallia  Harris  [q.  v.]  ;  mid- 
shipman at  Algiers,  1824,  and  at  Navarino,  1827 :  pro- 
moted commander  for  services  at  capture  of  Bogue  forts, 
1841;  captiiin,  1849:  commanded  Illustrious  training- 
ship,  1854-9,  and  Britannia  till  1862.  [xxv.  23] 

HARRIS,  SAMUEL  (1682-1 733),  first  regius  professor 
of  modern  history  at  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge, 1707;  Craven  scholar,  1701 ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse ; 
professor  of  modern  history,  1724-33.  [xxv.  24] 

HARRIS,  THOMAS  (1705-1782),  clothing  contractor 
to  the  army ;  brother  of  Howel  Harris  [q.  v.] 

[xxv.  19] 

HARRIS,  THOMAS  (d.  1820),  proprietor  and  mana- 
ger of  Covent  Garden ;  had  violent  dispute  with  Colman 
the  elder  as  to  management,  1769-70 ;  stage-manager, 
1774.  [xxv.  24] 

HARRIS,  WALTER  (1647-1732),  physician;  M.D. 
Bourges  and  Cambridge ;  scholar  of  Winchester  and 
(1666)  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1670; 
P.R.O.P.,  1682,  five  times  censor  and  treasurer,  1714-17  : 
physician  to  Charles  II,  1683 ;  physician  to  William  III ; 
Lumleian  lecturer,  1710-32;  Harveiau  orator:  attended 
Queen  Mary  on  her  deathbed,  1694 ;  published  medical 
works ;  admirer  of  Sydenham.  [xxv.  25] 

HARRIS,  WALTER  (1686-1761),  Irish  historio- 
grapher ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1707 ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Dublin,  1753:  vicar-general  of  the  protestant 
bishop  of  Meath,  1753 ;  published  translation  with  con- 
tinuation of  Sir  James  Ware's  '  Works  concerning  Ire- 
land,' 1739-46;  also  history  of  Irish  writers,  1736, 
•  Hibernica,'  1747-50,  and  •  History  of  William  III '  (1749). 

[xxv.  26] 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  ( 1 546  ?-1602),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1570 ; 
left  England  and  was  ordained  priest  at  Louvain  ;  mis- 
si  oner  in  England,  1575  ;  wrote  '  Theatrum,  seu  Speculum 
verissinue  et  autiquissimae  Ecclesiee  Magnae  Britannia;.' 

[xxv.  27] 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  (1675?-1740),  presbyterian 
divine ;  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1728,  and  Aberdeen ; 
minister  of  Crutched  Friars  from  1698  ;  Friday  evening 
lecturer  at  Weighhouse,  Eastcheap,  1708:  merchants' 
lecturer  at  Baiters'  Hall,  1727 ;  a  non-subscriber ;  original 
Williams  trustee  :  published  '  Exposition  of  Philippians 
and  Colossians,'  1710,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  27] 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  (1720-1770),  biographical 
writer;  hon.  D.D.  Glasgow,  1765.  His  collected  works 
(1814)  contain  lives  of  Hugh  Peters,  James  I,  Charles  I, 
Cromwell,  and  Charles  II.  [xxv.  28] 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  (1776?-1830),  independent 
minister  at  Cambridge  and  Stoke  Newington,  tutor  at 
Hoxton  and  Highbury ;  author  of  '  Grounds  of  Hope 
for  salvation  of  all  dying  in  Infancy,'  1821.  [xxv.  28] 

HARRIS,  Sm  WILLIAM  CORN WALLIS  (1807-1848), 
engineer  and  traveller;  superintending  engineer  of 
northern  provinces  of  India,  1848 ;  with  Richard  Wil- 
liamson made  a  big  game  expedition  to  country  between 
Orange  River  and  the  Matabele  chief  Moselikatze's  kraal, 
1835-"  (narratives  published,  1838  and  1841) :  knighted, 
1844,  for  negotiating  treaty  with  Shoa  :  published  '  Por- 
traits of  the  Game  Animals  of  South  Africa,'  1840,  and  ac- 
count of  his  Abyssinian  expedition ;  died  at  Surwur. 

[xxv.  28] 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM  GEORGE,  second  BARON 
HARRIS  (1782-1845),  lieutenant-general:  son  of  George, 
first  baron  Harris  [q.  v.]  ;  served  against  Tippoo  Sahib 
1799,  in  the  Copenhagen  expedition  (1801 ),  and  in  Canada, 


1802 ;  volunteer  at  recapture  of  the  Cape,  1805  ;  commanded 

2nd  hattalion  of  73rd  in  North  Germany  aii<l  tl 
lands,  1H13-14;  wounded  at  Waterloo,  1815;  lifUt.-iinnt- 
^uirnil,   lx;>7;    ommianded    northern   district,  1825-8; 
succeeded  to  peerage,  1829.  [xxv.  J8] 

HARRIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  SNOW  (1791-1867),  elec- 
trician ;  knighted  in  1847  for  his  improved  lightning- 
conductor  ;  F.RS.,  1831  ;  Copley  medallist,  18S5 :  gave 
Bakeriau  lecture,  1839,  on  elementary  laws  of  electricity ; 
received  government  grant  of  5.000/. ;  appointed  scientific 
referee,  1860.  [xxv.  30] 

HARRISON,  BENJAMIN,  the  elder  (1771-18*6), 
treasurer  of  Guy's  Hospital,  1797-1856 ;  P.R£.  and  F.8.A. ; 
deputy-governor  of  Hudson's  Bay  and  South  Sea  com- 
panies ;  chairman,  Exchequer  Loan  Board,  [xxv.  31] 

HARRISON,  BENJAMIN,  the  younger  (1808-1887), 
archdeacon  of  Maidstone ;  son  of  Benjamin  Harrison  the 
elder;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1828;  M.A., 
1833  :  Ellerton,  Kennicott,  and  chancellor's  prizeman  : 
Ellerton  Hebrew  scholar ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Howley, 
1843-8 ;  archdeacon  of  Maidstone,  1845-87 ;  a  reviser  of 
the  Old  Testament,  1885 ;  presented  his  library  to  Canter- 
bury Cathedral ;  edited  Bishop  Broughton's  sermons,  1857. 
and  '  Christianity  in  Egypt,'  1883.  [xxv.  31] 

HARRISON,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1841),  legal  writer  ; 
auditor  for  life  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall,  1823 ;  of  Lan- 
caster, 1826  ;  G.O.H.,  1831 ;  published  •  Memoir  respecting 
the  hereditary  revenues  of  the  crown,'  1838,  and  other 
works.  [xxv.  32] 

HARRISON,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1816-1846),  water- 
colour  painter  ;  son  of  Mary  Harrison  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy  and  elsewhere,  1840-6 ;  associate  of  Old 
Water-colour  Society,  1845.  [xxv.  32] 

HARRISON,  JOHN  (/.  1630),  envoy  to  Barbary  and 
author  ;  groom  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Prince  Henry  ; 
afterwards  in  service  of  electress  palatine;  sheriff  of 
Bermuda,  1622  ;  after  several  visits  to  Barbary  obtained 
release  of  260  British  subjects,  1625-30 ;  published  work 
against  Jews  (3rd  ed.,  1656),  and  books  relating  to  the 
elector  palatine  and  Bohemia,  and  to '  Mvley  Abdala  Melek. 
the  late  king  of  Barbaric,'  1633.  [xxv.  33] 

HARRISON,  JOHN  (1579-1656),  philanthropist; 
first  chief  magistrate  of  Leeds,  1626,  and  again,  1634 ; 
built  New  Street  or  Kirkgate  with  St.  John's  %Church  and 
almshouses  and  the  market-cross,  Leeds  ;  removed  Leeds 
grammar  school  to  present  site.  [xxv.  33] 

HARRISON,  JOHN  (1613  ?-1670),  presbyterian 
divine;  rector  of  Ashton-under-Lyne,  1642-62;  active 
member  of  Manchester  classis,  1646-60 ;  imprisoned  as 
royalist,  1651  and  1659-60.  [xxv.  34] 

HARRISON,  JOHN  (1693-1776),  horologist;  sou  of 
a  carpenter;  devised  gridiron  pendulum  (1726),  recoil 
escapement, '  going  ratchet '  (secondary  spring),  and '  new 
musical  scale ' ;  competed  for  board  of  longitude's  prizes 
for  determining  longitude  at  sea  within  sixty,  forty,  and 
thirty  geographical  miles  respectively  with  his  first 
chronometer,  1736 ;  Copley  medallist  for  third  chrono- 
meter, 1749  ;  awarded  5,000/.  (part  of  the  board  of  longi- 
tude's prize)  by  parliament  for  fourth  chronometer,  1763  ; 
after  the  construction  of  fifth  and  interposition  of 
George  III  received  the  whole  reward,  1773:  published 
narrative  relating  to  his  discovery  of  longitude  at  sea  and 
other  inventions  :  his  tomb  in  Hampstead  churchyard  re- 
constructed by  Clockmakers'  Company,  1879.  [xxv.  35] 

HARRISON,  JOSEPH  (d.  1858?),  horticulturist: 
edited  •  Floricultural  Cabinet'  (now  'Gardener's  Maga- 
zine'), 1833-55,  and  similar  publications.  [xxv.  36] 

HARRISON,  MARY  (1788-1875),  flower-painter: 
nee  Rossiter;  married  William  Harrison,  1814;  an 
original  member  and  exhibitor  of  New  Water-colour 
Society,  1831.  [xxv.  37] 

HARRISON,  RALPH  (1748-1810%  nonconformist 
divine  and  tutor  ;  minister  at  Cross  Street,  Manchester, 
1771  ;  professor  of  classics  and  belles  lettres  at  Man- 
chester Academy,  1786-9  ;  published  educational  manuals. 

[xxv.  37] 

HARRISON,  ROBERT  (d.  1585  ?),  Brownist ;  M.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1572 ;  removed  from 
mastership  of  Aylsham  school  for  objections  to  the 

P  P 


HARRISON 


578 


HARSNETT 


prnyer-book,  1574  ;  when  master  of  a  hospital  at  Nor- 
wich, helped  Hubert  Browne  [q.  v.]  to  form  a  noncon- 
formist congregation  :  migrated  to  Middelburg,  1581 ; 
published  theological  tracts;  corresponded  with  Cart- 
wright,  [xxv.  38] 

HARRISON,  HOBERT  (1715-1802),  mathematician 
and  linguist ;  master  of  Trinity  House  School,  New- 
castle, 1757;  published  (with  Isaac  Thomson)  'Short 
Account  of  a  Course  of  Natural  and  Experimental 
Philosophy,'  1757.  [xxv.  39] 

HARRISON,  SAMUEL  (1780  -  1812X  vocalist  ; 
soprano  at  Ancient  Concerts  and  Society  of  Sacred 
Music,  1776;  principal  tenor  at  Gloucester  festival, 
1781 ;  engaged  for  Handel  Commemoration,  1784,  at  in- 
stance of  George  III :  sang  at  Hereford,  1786-1808,  and 
at  Gloucester  and  Worcester,  1801-8,  at  the  Ancient  Con- 
certs, 1785-91,  and  afterwards  at  the  Vocal  Concerts. 

[xxv.  39] 

HARRISON,  STEPHEN  (Jt.  1603),  joiner  and 
architect ;  designed  arches  for  entry  of  James  I  into 
London,  1604,  described  in  rare  work  issued  that  year. 

[xxv.  39] 

HARRISON,  SUSANNAH  (1752-1784),  religious 
poet :  sometime  a  domestic  servant ;  published  '  Songs  in 
the  Night,'  1780.  [xxv.  40] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  (1555-1631),  biblical  scholar; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1576;  fellow  and  vice- 
prefect  of  Trinity  College ;  a  reviser  of  James  I's  bible. 

[xxv.  40] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  (1606  -  1660),  regicide ; 
when  a  member  of  Inns  of  Court  enlisted  in  Essex's 
bodj'guard,  1642  ;  major  in  Fleetwood's  horse  at  Marston 
Moor,  1644 ;  entered  the  '  new  model ' ;  present  at  Naseby, 
1645,  Langport,  and  captures  of  Winchester  and  Basing; 
M.P.,  Wendover,  1646 ;  colonel  of  horse,  1647  ;  opposed 
further  negotiation  with  Charles  I,  1647 ;  distinguished 
himself  under  Lambert  at  Appleby,  and  was  wounded, 
1648;  negotiated  with  levellers,  1648;  zealous  for  trial 
of  Charles  I,  whom  he  escorted  from  Hurst  to  London; 
regularly  attended  meetings  of  high  court  of  justice ; 
held  chief  command  in  England  during  Cromwell's 
absence,  1650-1 ;  directed  pursuit  after  Worcester,  1651 ; 
elected  to  council  of  state,  1651  ;  a  promoter  of  army 
petition  of  12  Aug.  1652 ;  assisted  in  expelling  Long 
parliament,  1653  ;  member  of  council  of  thirteen,  and 
a  leading  spirit  in  '  Barebones  parliament,'  1653  ;  de- 
prived of  his  commission  under  the  instrument  of 
government,  1653;  reprimanded  by  Cromwell  for  rela- 
tions with  anabaptists,  1654;  imprisoned,  1655-6  and 
1658-9 ;  refused  flight  or  compromise  at  the  Restoration  ; 
exempted  from  Act  of  Indemnity,  1660  ;  justified  his  action 
against  Charles  I  by  the  authority  of  parliament :  showed 
great  courage  at  his  execution.  [xxv.  41] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  (1619-1682),  nonconfor- 
mist divine;  chaplain  t<>  governor  of  Virginia  :  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Godwin  at  St.  Dmistan's-in-the-East,  c.  1650; 
accompanied  Henry  Cromwell  to  Ireland,  1667 ;  D.D. 
Cambridge  ;  founded  dissenting  church  at  Dublin : 
published  'Topica  Sacra :  Spiritual  Logick,'  1658 
(second  part  added  by  John  Hunter  of  Ayr.  1712). 

[xxv.  41] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  (1693-1745),  divine  and 
poet ;  pastor  of  particular  baptists  in  Little  Wild  Street, 
1715-29  :  conformed  and  was  vicar  of  Radcliffe-on-the- 
Wreke,  1729-45  ;  published  '  Poems  on  Divine  Subjects,' 
1719.  [xxv.  44] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  (1744  -  1829),  architect  ; 
studied  at  Kouie;  admitted  to  academy  of  St.  Luke,  and 
awarded  medal?  by  Clement  XIV  :  rebuilt  Chester  Castle, 
and  (1829)  erected  the  Grosvenor  Bridge ;  built  Broomhall, 
Fifeshire,  1796;  suggested  to  Lord  Elgin  collection  of 
Greek  works  of  art.  [xxv.  45] 

HARRISON,  THOMAS  ELLIOTT  (1808  -  1888), 
civil  engineer ;  worked  with  Robert  Stephenson,  and 
succeeded  as  chief  engineer  of  York,  Newcastle,  and  Ber- 
wick Hue;  designed  J arrow  (1858)  and  Hartlepool  docks  ; 
president  of  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  1874. 

[xxv.  45] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  (1534-1593).  topographer 
and  chrouulogiBt ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
Westminster,  Cambridge,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 


M.A.,  1560  ;  rector  of  Radwinter,  1589-93 ;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1586 :  his  '  Description  of  England,'  1577,  printed 
with  floliushed,  as  also  his  version  of  Belleudeu's  transla- 
tion of  Boece's  4  Description  of  Scotland ' ;  extracts  from 
his  ' Great  Chronologic'  (unprinted)  in  Furnivall's  edition 
of '  Description  of  England '  (1877).  [xxv.  46] 

HARRISON,    WILLIAM    (1553-1621),    last    arch- 
j  priest  of  England  ;  D.D.  Douay  ;  professor  of  theology  at 
1  Douay,  1597-1603  ;  arch-priest  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
I  Ireland,  1615  ;  obtained  freedom  of  clergy  from  Jesuit  con- 
trol and  restoration  of  episcopal  government,  [xxv.  47] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  (1685-1713),  poet :  educated 
at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New 
College,  1706 ;  protege  of  Addison  and  Swift ;  secretary  to 
Lord  Raby  at  the  Hague,  1711,  afterwards  to  Utrecht 
embassy  ;  continued  the  'Tatler  '  (January  to  May  1711), 
with  assistance  of  Swift  and  St.  John ;  his  '  Woodstock 
Park '  in  Dodsley's  collection.  [xxv.  47] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  (1812-1860),  commander 
of  the  Great  Eastern  steamship  ;  selected  in  1856  to  com- 
mand the  Great  Leviathan,  afterwards  called  the  Great 
Eastern ;  brought  her  into  Portland  after  trial  trip,  1859 ; 
capsized  in  ship's  boat  near  Southampton  dock. 

[xxv.  48] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  (1813-1868),  opera  singer 
and  manager  ;  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  1839 :  sang 
at  Drury  Lane  in  English  operas:  accompanied  Louisa 
Pyue  to  America,  1854  ;  with  her  directed  English  opera 
at  Lyceum,  1857,  and  Covent  Garden,  1858-64 ;  sole 
manager  of  Her  Majesty's,  1864-5,  when  he  played 
Charles  Surface.  [xxv.  49] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  (1802-1884),  antiquary; 
established  Manx  Society,  1858:  published  '  Bibliotheca 
Monensis,'  1861,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  49] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (1815-1880), 
water-colour  painter  ;  eldest  son  of  Mary  Harrison  [q.  v.] 

[xxv.  60] 

HARRISON,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1827-1883), 
lawyer  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1850 ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1853  ;  Q.O.,  1877 ;  part  author 
of  *  Joint-Stock  Companies  Act,'  1856.  [xxv.  50] 

HARROD,  HENRY  (1817-1871),  professional  an- 
tiquary ;  secretary  to  Norfolk  Archaeological  Society  ; 
F.S.A.,  1854;  published  'Gleanings  among  Castles  and 
Convents  of  Norfolk '  (1857) :  arranged  records  of  Nor- 
wich, Lynn,  and  other  boroughs.  [xxv.  50] 

HARROD,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1819),  compiler  of  histories 
of  Stamford,  1785,  Mansfield  (pt.  i.  1786,  pt.  ii.  1801).  and 
Market  Harborough,  1808.  [xxv.  60] 

HARROWBY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  RYDER,  DUDLEY,  first 
EARL,  1762-1847;  RYDER,  DUDLEY,  second  EAUL,  1798- 
1874;  RYDER,  DUDLEY  FRANCIS  STUART,  1831-1900.] 

HARRY,  BLIND  (/.  1470-1492).  [See  HENRY  THE 
MINSTREL.] 

HARRY,  GEORGE  OWEN  (fl.  1604),  Welsh  an- 
tiquary ;  rector  of  Whitchurch,  Pembrokeshire ;  assisted 
Camden  in  his  '  Britannia '  and  published  a  genealogy  of 
King  James  (1604)  and  '  The  Well-spryuge  of  True 
Nobility.'  [xxv.  51] 

HARRY,  NUN  MORGAN  (1800-1842),  congre- 
gational minister  at  Banbury,  and  (1832-42)  New 
Broad  Street;  hou.  secretary  of  Peace  Society,  1837; 
editor  of  '  Herald  of  Peace.'  [xxv.  61] 

HARSNETT,  ADAM  (r/.  1639),  divine ;  B.A.  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1601 :  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
1604  ;  B.D.,  1612  ;  vicar  of  Huttou,  1609-39  ;  rector  of  Crau- 
li.-un,  1612-39 ;  published  religious  works.  [xxv. 61] 

HARSNETT,  SAMUEL  (1561-1631),  archbishop  of 
York ;  scholar  and  fellow  (1583)  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1584;  D.D.,  1606;  master  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  1606-16;  censured  by  Whitgift  for  sermon  against 
predestination,  1 584 :  vicar  of  Chigwell,  1597-1605 ;  chap- 
lain to  Bancroft  when  bishop  of  London  ;  archdeacon  of 
Ess»-x,  1603-9  ;  n-cLor  of  Stisted,  1609-19  :  vice-chancellor 
of  Cambridge,  1606  and  1614  :  bishop  of  Chichester,  1609-19, 
of  Norwich,  1619-28;  archbishop  of  York,  1629-31 :  un- 
popular with  puritans;  published  an  exposure  (1599)  of 
the  exorcist,  John  Darrel,  and  '  A  Declaration  of  egregious 


HART 


579 


HARTLEY 


Popish  impostures,'  1603,  from  which  Shakespeare  took 
the  named  of  the  spirits  in  'Lear';  his  'Considerations 
for  the  better  settling  of  Church  government '  ordered  by 
Charles  I  to  be  circulated  among  bishops,  1629;  founded 
schools  at  Chigwell ;  bequeathed  his  library  to  corporation 
of  Colchester.  [xxv.  52] 

HART,  AARON  (1670-1756),  chief  rabbi ;  rabbi  of 
first  synagogue  of  German  and  Polish  Jews,  Mitre  Square, 
1692,  at  Duke's  Place,  Aldgate,  1721-56  ;  published  '  Urim 
ve-Thumim,'  the  first  Hebrew  book  printed  in  London, 
1707.  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  AARON  (1722-1800),  first  British  merchant 
in  Lower  Canada.  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  ADOLPHUS  M.  (1813-1879),  Canadian  writer 
('Hampden');  sou  of  Ezekiel  Hart  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
4  History  of  Discovery  of  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,'  1852. 

[xxv.  56] 

HART,  ANDREW  or  ANDRO  (d.  1621),  Edinburgh 
printer  and  publisher ;  issued  works  of  Sir  William  Alex- 
ander and  Drummoud  of  Hawthorudeu  ;  published  editions 
of  the  Bible  (1610)  and  Barbour's  'Bruce';  imported 
many  works  ;  imprisoned  as  a  leader  of  tumult  of  17  Dec. 
1596.  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  SIK  ANDREW  SEARLE  (1811-1890),  vice- 
provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1835 ;  M.A.,  1839 ;  LL.D.,  1840 ;  senior 
fellow,  1858 ;  vice-provost,  1876-90  ;  knighted,  1886 ;  con- 
tributed to  mathematical  journals,  and  published  elemen- 
tary treatises  on  mechanics  (1844),  hydrostatics,  and 
hydrodynamics  (1846).  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1754  7-1831),  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1781;  K.C.,  1807; 
solicitor-general  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1816 ;  vice-chan- 
cellor of  England,  1827 ;  privy  councillor  and  knighted, 
1827  ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1827-30.  [xxv.  57] 

HART,  CHARLES  (d.  1683),  actor;  grand-nephew 
of  Shakespeare:  played  the  Duchess  in  Shirley's  'Car- 
dinal,' 1641 ;  lieutenant  in  Prince  Rupert's  regiment 
during  rebellion :  arrested  while  playing  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  '  Bloody  Brother,'  1646 ;  after  Restoration 
played  at  Vere  Street  house,  and  with  Killigrew  at 
Theatre  Royal ;  his  best  tragic  parts,  Arbaces  ('  King  and 
No  King'),  Amiutor  ('Maid's  Tragedy'),  Alexander, 
Othello,  and  Brutus ;  his  best  comic  parts,  Mosca  ('  Vol- 
pone'),  Don  John  ('The  Chances'),  Wildblood  ('Mock 
Astrologer ') ;  said  to  have  introduced  Nell  Gwyii  to  the 
stage.  [xxv.  67] 

HART,  CHARLES  (1797-1859),  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  gained  Gresham  prize  with '  Te  Deum,'  1831 ;  pub- 
lished hymns,  anthems,  an  oratorio,  and  other  musical 
compositions.  [xxv.  58] 

HART,  ERNEST  ABRAHAM  (1835-1898),  medical 
journalist  and  reformer;  educated  at  City  of  London 
School ;  Lambert  Jones  scholar,  1848 ;  studied  medicine 
at  St.  George's  Hospital,  and  was  surgical  registrar  and 
demonstrator  of  anatomy ;  M.K.O.S.,  1856 ;  surgeon, 
West  London  Hospital,  1860-3;  ophthalmic  surgeon  at 
St.  Mary's  Hospital,  1863-8;  dean  of  medical  school, 
1863-8 ;  edited  '  British  Medical  Journal,'  1886-98 ;  ad- 
viser on  medical  publications  to  George  Smith  [q.  v.], 
head  of  firm  of  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  to  whom  he  sug- 
gested possibilities  of  developing  the  Apolliuaris  spring ; 
president  of  Harveiau  Society,  1868;  honorary  D.O.L. 
Durham,  1893 ;  organised  numerous  medical  and  sanitary 
reforms ;  published  addresses,  pamphlets,  and  other 
works.  [Suppl.  ii.  396] 

HART,  EZEKIEL  (1770-1843),  Canadian  Jew ;  sou 
of  Aaron  Hart  (1722-1800)  [q.  v.];  established  political 
rights  of  Jews  in  Lower  Canada,  1831.  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  GEORGE  VAUGHAN  (1752-1832),  general ; 
served  with  the  46th  in  American  war;  present  at  Long 
Island,  Brandy  wine,  1777,  and  Monmouth;  afterwards 
served  in  India  (Bangalore,  Seriugapatam,  Mullavelly); 
lieutenant-general,  1811 ;  MJP.,  co.  Donegal,  1812-31. 

[xxv.  59] 

HART,  HENRY  (fl.  1549),  author  of  devotional 
treatises.  [xxv.  59] 

HART,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1808-1878),  lieutenant- 
general :  editor  and  proprietor  of  'Hart's  Army  List': 
of  the  49th  foot ;  colonel,  1860  ;  lieutenant-general,  1877; 


published  first  quarterly  army  list,  1839,  first  annual, 
1840.  [Xxv.  59] 

HART,  JAMES  (Jt.  1633),  physician;  studied  at 
Paris  and  in  Germany ;  graduated  abroad ;  practised  at 
Northampton  :  published  '  Anatomic  of  Urines,'  1625,  and 
'  KA^coj,  or  Diet  of  the  Diseased,'  1033.  [xxv.  «0] 

HART,  JAMES  (1663-1729),  minister  of  Greyfrians, 
Edinburgh;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1687;  minister  of  Botha 
1692-1702,  of  Greyfriars,  Edinburgh,  1702-29 ;  opposed 
the  union  ;  called  by  Steele  '  tire  hangman  of  the  Gospel ' ; 
his  '  Journal  in  1714 '  edited,  1832.  [xxv.  61] 

HART,  JOHN  ((/.  1574),  orthographer ;  Chester 
herald,  1566;  his  '  Orthographic '  Con  the  phonetic  sys- 
tem), 1569,  reprinted  by  Pitman,  1850.  [xxv.  61] 

HART,  JOHN  (d.  1586),  Jesuit ;  BJ).  Douay,  1577 : 
priest,  1578 ;  condemned  to  death  as  a  priest ;  recanted 
on  the  hurdle ;  withdrew  recantation  and  disputed  with 
John  Raiuoldes  [q.  v.]  at  Oxford :  sent  back  to  the  Tower, 
where (1582)  he  became  a  Jesuit;  banished,  1685  ;  lauded 
in  Normandy,  1585  ;  died  In  Poland.  [xxv.  61] 

HART,  JOHN  (1809-1873),  pioneer  colonist  and  pre- 
mier of  South  Australia ;  engaged  in  mercantile  service 
to  Tasmania;  director  of  Adelaide  Auction  Company, 
1840 ;  member  for  Victoria  district  in  old  legislative 
council,  1851 ;  member  for  Port  Adelaide  in  first  House 
of  Assembly,  1857 ;  treasurer,  1857 ;  colonial  secretary,  1863 
and  1864-5 ;  premier,  1865-6,  1868,  and  1870-1 ;  C.M.G., 
1870.  [Suppl.  ii.  397] 

HART,  JOSEPH  (1712  ?-1768),  Independent  preacher 
at  Jewin  Street  Chapel,  London,  1760-8 ;  author  of  hymns, 
1759.  [xxv.  62] 

HART,  JOSEPH  SINKS  (1794-1844),  organist  and 
composer ;  wrote  songs  when  chorus-master  and  pianist 
at  the  English  opera,  1818-21 ;  composed  dance  music. 

[xxv.  62] 

HART,  MOSES  (1676?-1756),  builder  of  the  great 
synagogue,  Aldgate,  1721 ;  brother  of  Aaron  Hart  (1670- 
1756)  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  56] 

HART,  PHILIP  (d.  1749),  organist  and  composer ; 
played  at  Britton's  with  Handel  and  Pepusch:  set 
Hughes's  'Ode  in  Praise  of  Music.'  1703,  and  Milton's 
'  Morning  Hymn,'  1729 ;  composed  fugues,  songs,  and 
anthems.  [xxv.  63] 

HART.  SOLOMON  ALEXANDER  (1806-1881), 
painter  ;  exhibited  in  Suffolk  Street  his  '  Elevation  of  the 
Law,'  1830;  R.A.,  1840;  professor  of  painting,  Royal 
Academy,  1854-63  ;  librarian  from  1865  ;  exhibited,  1826- 
1880  ;  his  '  Reminiscences '  edited,  1882.  [xxv.  63] 

HARTCLIFFE,  JOHN  (1651-1712),  schoolmaster;  of 
Eton,  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1676  ;  fellow ; 
D.D.,  1689 ;  head-master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
1681-6;  canon  of  Windsor,  1691-1712;  chief  work, 
'  Treatise  of  Moral  and  Intellectual  Virtues,1  1691. 

[xxv.  64] 

HARTE,  HENRY  HICKMAN  (1790-1848),  mathe- 
matician ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819 ;  in- 
cumbent of  Cappagh,  1831-48 ;  translated  and  added  to 
La  Place's  '  Systemedu  Monde '  and  Poissou's  '  Mecanique 
Celeste.'  [xxv.  66] 

HARTE,  WALTER  (1709-1774),  author;  M.A.  St. 
Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1731 ;  friend  of  Pope  and  Arthur 
Young ;  travelling  tutor  to  Chesterfield's  natural  son ; 
vice-principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1740 ;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1750 ;  published  '  History  of  the  Life  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,'  1759,  '  Essays  on  Husbandry,'  1764,  and  reli- 
gious poems.  [xxv.  65] 

HARTOILL  or  HARTOYLL,  GEORGE  (/.  1594), 
author  of  'Generall  Calenders,  or  Most  Easie  Astrouomi- 
call  Tables,'  1594.  [xxv.  66] 

HARTLEY,  DAVID,  the  elder  ( 1705-1 757),  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  at  Bradford  grammar  school  and  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1727-30 ;  MA.,  1729 ;  phy- 
sician in  Newark,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  London  : 
supporter  of  Byrom's  shorthand  and  Mrs.  Stepheus's 
medicine  for  the  stone  ;  friend  of  Bishops  Butler  and  War- 
burton  ;  F.R.S. ;  acquaintance  of  Hales.  His'  Observations 
on  Man,'t749  (abridged  by  Priestley,  1775),  containing  the 
doctrine  of  association,  influenced  Coleridge,  [xxv.  66 j 

PP? 


HARTLEY 


580 


HARVEY 


HARTLEY,  DAVID,  tbc  younger  (1732-1813),  states- 
mau  ami  inventor;  sou  of  David  Hartley  the  elder 
[n.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1760  ;  fellow 
of  Morton  College,  Oxford  ;M.P.,Hull,  1774-80  and  1782-4; 
op]>osed  American  war  and  slave  trade ;  with  Franklin 
drew  up  and  signed  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  1783 ;  published  'letters  on  the  American 
War,1  1778-9,  editions  of  bis  father's  'Observations  on 
Man,'  1791, 1801,  and  'Account  of  a  Method  of  Securing 
Buildings  and  Ships  against  Fire,'  1785.  [xxv.  68] 

HARTLEY,  M us.  ELIZABETH  (1751-1824), actress; 
nee  White  ;  appeared  at  Haymarket  in  'Oroonoko,'  17G9 ; 
played  at  Ooveut  Garden,  1772-80,  in  Mason's  'Elfrida' 
and  '  Oaractacus ' ;  played  Lady  Frances  Touchwood 
('Belle's  Stratagem'),  Cleopatra  ('All  for  Love'),  and 
Shakespearean  parts  ;  painted  by  Reynolds  as  Jane  Shore, 
Oalista,  and  a  Bacchante.  [xxv.  69] 

HARTLEY,  JAMES  (1745-1799),  Indian  officer; 
aide-de-camp  to  governor  of  Bombay,  1770 ;  saved  ex- 
peditionary force  against  the  Koukan,  1779 ;  repulsed 
Mahrattas  at  Doogaur,  1780 ;  his  promotion  overruled  by 
directors;  appointed  lieutenant-colonel,  75th  regiment; 
quartermaster-general  of  Bombay  army,  1788;  defeated 
Hussein  Ali  at  Calicut,  1790 ;  captured  French  settle- 
ment of  Mahe,  1793 ;  major-general,  1796  ;  supervisor  and 
magistrate  for  province  of  Malabar  ;  second  in  command 
of  Bombay  army  against  Tippoo  Sahib,  1799 ;  died  at 
Canuauore.  [xxv.  70] 

HARTLEY,  JESSE  (1780-1860),  engineer  for  Bolton 
and  Manchester  railway  and  canal.  [xxv.  71] 

HARTLEY,  THOMAS  (17097-1784),  translator  of 
Swedeuborg;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1745; 
rector  of  Wiuwick,  1744-70;  paid  frequent  visits  to 
Swedeuborg;  translated  Swedenborg's  'De  Commercio 
Auimas  et  Oorporis,'  1769  ;  author  of  '  Nine  Queries '  con- 
cerning Swedenborg's  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  (published 
1785),  and  '  Paradise  Restored,'  against  Warburton,  1764. 

[xxv.  71] 

HARTLIB,  SAMUEL  (d.  1670?),  friend  of  Milton; 
came  to  England  from  Poland,  c.  1628  ;  introduced  writ- 
ings of  Oomeuius ;  praised  by  Milton  in  treatise  on  educa- 
tion, 1644 ;  received  pension  from  parliament  for  works 
on  husbandry,  1646 ;  published  pamphlets  on  education 
and  husbandry,  including  'Description  of  the  famous 
Kingdom  of  Macaria.'  1641,  and  'Discours  of  Husbandrie 
used  in  Brabant  and  Flanders,'  1652.  [xxv.  72] 

HARTOG,  NUMA  EDWARD  (1846-1871),  senior 
wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman,  1869 ;  B.A.  and 
B.Sc.  London,  1864;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1866 ;  admitted  B.A.  by  special  grace  as  a  Jew, 
1869  ;  gave  evidence  before  select  committee  of  House  of 
Lords  on  university  tests,  1871.  [xxv.  73] 

HARTOPP,  Sm  JOHN,  third  baronet  (1637?-1722), 
nonconformist;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1658;  M.P., 
Leicestershire,  1678-81 ;  heavily  fined  for  nonconformity, 
1682  ;  alderman  of  London  ;  member  of  Dr.  John  Owen's 
congregation  and  friend  of  Isaac  Watts  ;  left  endowment 
for  education  of  dissenting  ministers.  [xxv.  74] 

HAETRY,  MALACHY,  alias  JOHN  (/.  1640),  com- 
piler of  Latin  works  on  Irish  Cistercian  houses  (unpub- 
lished) ;  died  in  Flanders.  [xxv.  74] 

HARTBHORNE,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1802-1865), 
antiquary  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1828 ;  in- 
cumbent of  Cogeuhoe,  1838-50 ;  rector  of  Holdenby,  1850- 
1865 ;  published  '  Book  Rarities  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge/ 1829,  '  Ancient  Metrical  Tales,'  1829,  and  archaeo- 
logical works.  [xxv.  75] 

HARTSTONGE,  JOHN  (1654-1717).  bishop  of  Derry  : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1680  ;  fellow  of  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1681 ;  chaplain  to  first  and  second  dukes 
of  Ormonde  ;  bishop  of  Ossory,  1693 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1693 ; 
bishop  of  Derry,  1714.  [xxv.  75] 

HARTWELL,  ABRAHAM,  the  elder  (fl.  1565),  Latin 
poet ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,  1662-7  ;  M.A.,  1667.  [xxv.  76] 

HARTWELL,  ABRAHAM,  the  younger  (ft.  1600), 
translator  and  antiquary:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1575  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  15H8  :  sectary  to 
Archbishop  Whitgift;  rector  of  Toddiug ton :  member  of 


old  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  published  translations  of 
Italian  works  by  Minadoi  and  Pigafetta,  and  the  '  Ottoman 
of  Lazaro  Soranzo,'  1603.  [xxv.  76] 

HARTY,  WILLIAM  (1781-1851),  physician  :  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1804;  M.D.,  1830;  K.K. ('.!'., 
1824-7  ;  physician  to  Dublin  prisons  ;  published  '  Dysen- 
tery and  its  Combinations,'  1805,  and  '  Historic  Sketch  of 
Contagious  Fever  Epidemic  in  Ireland  in  1817-19.' 

[xxv.  77] 

HARVARD,  JOHN  (1607-1638),  principal  founder 
of  Harvard  College,  Massachusetts ;  of  humble  origin ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1635  ;  settled  in 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  1637;  bequeathed  half  his 
estate  and  library  for  new  college  at  Cambridge,  Ma-s-a- 
chusetts.  [xxv.  77] 

HARVEY,  BEAUCHAMP  BAGENAL  (1762-1798), 
politician ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  Irish  barrister, 
1782;  presided  at  meetings  of  United  Irishmen,  1793;  ap- 
pointed to  command  Wexford  rebels,  May  1798  ;  deposed 
after  repulse  at  Ross ;  arrested  on  island  near  Wexford  ; 
court-martialled  and  hanged.  [xxv.  78] 

HARVEY,  CHRISTOPHER  (1597-1663),  poet  and 
friend  of  Isaak  Walton  ;  M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford, 
1620 ;  rector  of  Whitney,  1630 :  vicar  of  Clifton,  Warwick- 
shire, 1639-63  ;  chief  work  « The  Synagogue '  (devotional 
poems  appended  anonymously  to  1640  edition  of  George 
Herbert's '  Temple ').  [xxv.  78] 

HARVEY,  DANIEL  WHITTLE  (1786-1863),  radical 
politician;  fellow  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1818;  attorney 
at  Colchester  ;  twice  refused  admission  to  bar  ;  M.P.,  Col- 
chester, 1818-20,  and  1826-34,  Southwark,  1835-40; 
founded  '  Sunday  Times,'  1822  ;  commissioner  of  London 
police,  1840-63.  [xxv.  79] 

HARVEY,  EDMOND  (/.  1661),  regicide;  colonel 
of  horse  under  Essex,  1642  ;  commissioner  for  trial  of 
Charles  I ;  refused  to  sign  warrant,  1649  ;  imprisoned  for 
fraud  as  first  commissioner  of  customs,  1656  ;  sentenced 
to  death,  1660  ;  imprisoned  in  Peudeuuis  Castle,  1661. 

[xxv.  80] 

HARVEY,  EDMUND  GEORGE  (1828-1884),  musical 
composer  and  author ;  sou  of  WiUiam  Woodis  Harvey 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1850 ;  rector 
of  St.  Mary's,  Truro,  1860 ;  vicar  of  Mullyou,  1865  ;  com- 
posed Gregorian  chants,  hymn-tunes,  and  waltzes ;  edited 
'The  Truro  Use,'  1877;  published*' History  of  Mullyou,' 
1875.  [xxv.  81] 

HARVEY,  Sm  EDWARD  (1783-1865),  admiral; 
third  sou  of  Captain  John  Harvey  (1740-1794)  [q.  v.],  with 
whom  he  served  in  action  of  1  June  1794  ;  present  at  Cam- 
perdowu,  1797,  and  bombardment  of  Acre,  1840:  rear- 
admiral,  1847 ;  commander  at  the  Nore,  1857-60 ;  admiral, 
1860 ;  G.O.B.,  1865.  [xxv.  81] 

HARVEY,  SIR  ELIAB  (1758-1830),  admiral ;  M.P., 
Maldon,  1780,  Essex,  1803-12 ;  and  1820-6  ;  a  reckless 
gambler  ;  commanded  the  Temeraire  at  blockade  of  Brest 
and  at  Trafalgar,  after  which  he  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  1805 ;  with  Gambier  in  Basque  Roads,  1809 ; 
dismissed  for  abuse  of  Lord  Cochraue,  1809 ;  reinstated, 
1810 ;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  admiral,  1819.  [xxv.  82] 

HARVEY,  GABRIEL  (1545  ?-1630),  poet;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1570:  M.A.,1573:  as  fellow 
of  Pembroke  Hall  became  acquainted  with  Spenser  ;  the 
Hobbinol  of  '  The  Shepheards  Calender ' :  claimed  to  be 
father  of  English  hexameter  ;  lectured  on  rhetoric ;  fellow 
of  Trinity  Hall,  1578 ;  junior  proctor,  1583 ;  D.C.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1585 ;  published  satirical  verses  which  gave  offence 
at  court,  1579  ;  attacked  Robert  Greene  in  '  Foure  Letters,' 
1592  ;  wrote  '  Pierce's  Supererogation,'  1693,  and  '  Trim- 
ming of  Thomas  Nashe,'  1597,  against  Nashe,  both  HMDO 
and  Harvey  being  silenced  by  authority,  1599  :  published 
Latin  works  on  rhetoric,  1577;  English  works,  including 
correspondence  with  Spenser  (1579-80),  edited  by  Dr. 
Grosart.  [xxv.  83] 

HARVEY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1806-1876),  painter:  an 
original  associate,  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  and  contri- 
butor (1827)  to  first  exhibition:  full  member,  182'J; 
president,  1864-76;  knighted,  1864;  became  known  by 
figure-pictures;  excelled  later  as.  landscape-painter ; 
published  '  Notes  on  Early  History  of  the  Royal  Scotti:-L 
Academy,'  1870.  [xxv.  85] 


HARVEY 


581 


HARWOOD 


HARVEY,  GIDEON,  the  elder  (1640?-1700  ?), 
physician  ;  studied  at  Uxfonl,  Leydea  ami  I'.tris  :  F.C.P., 
Hague;  M.D.  ;  doctor-general  to  king's  army  in  Flanders 
after  the  Restoration  :  physician  to  Charles  II,  c.  1075; 
attacked  College  of  Physicians  in  his  'Conclave  of 
Physicians,'  1683 ;  physician  to  the  Tower,  1689 :  his 
'Art  of  Curing  Disease  by  Expectation,'  16K9,  traii-l.u. •.! 
into  Latin  by  Georu'<-  Krm-.-t  Stalil,  17:50;  published  also 
'  l)i -course  of  the  I'lague,'  1665,  and  ' Vanities  of  Philo- 
sophy and  Physick,'  1699.  [xxv.  86] 

HARVEY,  GIDEON,  the  younger  (1669?-1754), 
physician  :  sou  of  Gideon  Harvey  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  M.D. 
Loydoii,  l«yo.  Cambridge,  1698;  F.R.C.P.,  1708;  king's 
physician  to  the  Tower,  c.  1702.  [xxv.  87] 

HARVEY  or  HERVEY,  HENRY  (rf.  1586),  master  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  :  LL.D.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1542;  vicar-general  of  London  and  Canterbury;  com- 
missioner for  detection  of  heretical  books  at  Cambridge, 
155G:  prebendary  of  Southwell,  1558,  Salisbury,  1568; 
master  of  Trinity  Hall  on  Elizabeth's  accession;  vice- 
chancellor,  1560  :  canon  of  Ely,  1567  :  master  in  chancery, 
1568 ;  founded  scholarships  at  Trinity  Hall.  [xxv.  87] 

HARVEY,  SIR  HENRY  (1737-1810),  admiral; 
wrecked  off  Cape  Francois  in  the  Hussar,  1762 ;  in  Martin 
sloop  at  relief  of  Quebec :  commanded  the  Convert  at 
Dominica,  1782  ;  in  the  Ramillies  under  Howe  at  action 
of  1  June,  1794;  rear-admiral,  1794  ;  took  part  in  action 
off  Lorient,  1796  ;  captured  Trinidad,  1796  ;  K.B.,  1800  ; 
admiral,  1804.  [xxv.  88] 

HARVEY,  JOHN  (15639-1592),  astrologer:  brother 
of  Gabriel  Harvey  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1584;  M.D. ;  physician  at  King's  Lynn ;  published 
astrological  works.  [xxv.  89] 

HARVEY,  JOHN  (1740-1794),  captain  in  the  navy ; 
brother  of  Sir  Henry  Harvey  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  de- 
fence of  Gibraltar,  1779-82 ;  mortally  wounded  as  captain 
of  the  Brunswick  in  Howe's  victory,  1  June,  1794;  his 
monument  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxv.  90] 

HARVEY,  Sm  JOHN  (1772-1837),  admiral :  second 
son  of  John  Harvey  (1740-1794)  [q.  v.] ;  flag-captain  to 
his  uncle,  Sir  Henry,  at  Lorieut,  1795  ;  commanded  the 
Agamemnon  under  Calder  at  Finisterre ;  rear-admiral, 
1813  :  commander  in  West  Indies,  1816-19  ;  K.O.B.,  1833  ; 
admiral,  1837.  [xxv.  90] 

HARVEY,  MARGARET  (1768-1868),  poet ;  published 
*  Lay  of  the  Minstrel's  Daughter,'  1814,  and  '  Raymond 
de  Percy,'  1822.  [xxv.  91] 

HARVEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1623  ?),  astrologer ;  brother 
of  Gabriel  Harvey  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1581;  incurred  much  ridicule  for  his  pre- 
dictions, 1583;  with  his  'Plaine  Percevall,  the  Peace- 
maker of  England '  (<•.  1590)  (in  Martin  Marprelate  con- 
troversy), provoked  Greene's  'Quippe  for  an  Upstart 
Courtier,'  1592;  his  'Astrological  Discourse'  (1583) 
parodied  (1592)  by  Nashe,  who  also  ridiculed  his 
'Theologicall  Discovrse  of  the  Lamb  of  God  and  his 
Enemies,'  1590.  [xxv.  91] 

HARVEY,  Sm  THOMAS  (1775-1841),  vice-admiral : 
fourth  son  of  Sir  Henry  Harvey  [q.  v.],  under  whom  he 
served,  1794-5 ;  captain,  1797 :  took  part  in  destruc- 
tion of  Turkish  squadron  in  Dardanelles,  1807;  K.C.B., 
1833 ;  vice-admiral,  1837 ;  died  at  Bermuda  as  comnmnder- 
in-chief  in  West  Indies.  [xxv.  92] 

HARVEY,  THOMAS  (1812-1884),  quaker;  accom- 
panied Joseph  Sturge  [q.  v.]  to  West  Indies  to  inquire 
into  condition  of  negroes,  1836 ;  to  Finland,  1856 ;  visited 
Jamaica,  1866,  and  relieved  sufferers  from  '  Gordon '  riots ; 
removed  Mennonites  from  South  Ruesia  to  Canada  ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xxv.  92] 

HARVEY  or  HEKVEY,  WILLIAM  (</.  1567), 
Clarenceux  king-of-arms,  1557 ;  as  Norroy  paid  seven 
official  visits  to  Germany  and  declared  war  on  France, 
1557 ;  many  of  his  visitations  of  English  counties  printed. 

[xxv.  93] 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  (1578-1657),  discoverer  of  cir- 
culation of  the  blood  ;  educated  at  King's  School,  Canter- 
bury, and  Caius  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1597 ;  M.D. 
Padua  and  Cambridge,  1602  (Oxford,  1642):  F.R.C.P., 
1607 ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1609 ; 


Lumleian  lecturer  from  1C16,  when  no  first  publicly 
stated  his  theory  of  circulation;  named  physician  ex- 
traordinary to  James  I,  1618;  published  at  Frankfort 
4  Exercitatio  Anatoniica  de  Motn  Cordis  et  Sanguinis  in 
Animalibus,'  1628,  describing  his  great  discovery  ;  with 
Charles  I  in  Scotland,  1633;  su peri iifem lei  physical 
examination  of  women  accused  of  witchcraft,  16::i  ; 
attended  Lord  Arundel  in  Germany  and  Italy,  1636  ;  with 
Charles  I  at  Edge-hill,  1642,  and  at  Oxford,  where  he  was 
made  warden  of  Merton  College,  1645 ;  published  at  Cam- 
bridge '  Exercitatio  Anatomicade  Circulation  Sangoinb,' 
1649  (English  version,  1663),  in  reply  to  Riolanns  ;  hia  la*t 
work,  '  Exercitationes  de  Generatione  Animalinm,'  1661; 
his  statue  erected  at  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in  Lon- 
don, 1652,  for  whom  to  built  a  library  ;  his  collected  works 
(Latin)  edited  by  Dr.  Lawrence,  1766 ;  English  edition 
(Sydt-nham  Society),  1847.  f xxv.  84] 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  (1796-1868),  wood-engraver 
and  designer ;  pupil  of  Bewick  and  Haydon  ;  designed  for 
Charles  Knight;  illustrations  to  'Northcote's  Fables' 
(1828-33)  and  Lane's  'Thousand  and  One  Nights'  (1838- 
1840)  his  masterpieces.  [xxv.  99] 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1811-1866),  botanif  t : 
discovered  Hnokeria  fate  virent  at  Killarney,  1831  ; 
colonial  treasurer  at  Cape  Town,  1836-42;  hon.  M.D. 
Dublin,  1844,  and  professor  of  botany,  1856  ;  lectured  in 
America,  1849 :  visited  India,  Australia,  and  the  South 
Seas,  1853-6  :  published  '  Genera  of  S.  African  Plant*,' 
1838,  and  works  on  British  and  Australasian  cUgce. 

[xxv.  100] 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  WIGAN  (1810-1883),  divine ; 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  King's, 
1831 ;  M.A.,  1836 ;  B.D.,  1855 ;  the  equity  of  his  appoint- 
ment by  Mr.  Gladstone  to  rectory  of  Ewelme  shortly  after 
incorporation  as  M.A.  at  Oxford  (1871)  warmly  discussed 
in  parliament,  1872  ;  published  an  edition  of  Irenaeus,  1857, 
and  theological  works.  [xxv.  100] 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM  WOODIS  (1798-1864),  author ; 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1835 ;  vicar  of  Tmro, 
1839-60 ;  edited  Wesley's  minor  works,  and  published 
'  Sketches  of  Hayti,'  1827,  with  other  writings. 

[xxv.  81] 

HARWARD,  SIMON  (/.  1672-1614),  divine  and 
author:  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1578;  rector 
of  Warrington,  1579-81 ;  vicar  of  Banstead,  1604 ;  pub- 
lished miscellaneous  works.  [xxv.  101] 

HARWOOD,  SIR  BUSICK  (1746  ?-1814),  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Cambridge  ;  after  having  practised  as  a  sur- 
geon in  India  graduated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.B.,  1786;  M.D.,  1790;  F.S.A.,  1783;  F.R£.,  1784; 
knighted,  1806  ;  professor  of  anatomy  (1785)  and  Down- 
ing professor  of  medicine  (1800)  at  Cambridge  ;  celebrated 
for  his  experiments  on  transfusion  of  blood,  [xxv.  101] 

HARWOOD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1586  ?-1632),  colonel: 
killed  at  Maestricht ;  '  Advice  of  Sir  Edward  Harwood  • 
issued  with  life  by  Hugh  Peters,  1642.  [xxv.  102] 

HARWOOD,  EDWARD  (1729-1794),  scholar  and 
biblical  critic  ;  educated  at  Blackburn  grammar  school ; 
presbyterian  minister  at  Bristol,  1765 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh, 
1768,  for  '  Introduction  to  New  Testament  Studies.'  His 
works  include  'Liberal  Translation  of  New  Testament, 
with  select  Notes,'  1768,  a  reconstructed  text  of  the  Greek 
Testament,  1776,  editions  ot  Tibullus,  Propertius,  and 
Catullus,  1774, '  Biographia  Classica '  (2nd  ed.,  1778),  and 
theological  and  devotional  writings.  [xxv.  102] 

HARWOOD,  EDWARD  (d.  1814),  numismatist;  son 
of  Edward  Harwood  (1729-1794)  [q.  v.];  published 
4  Populorum  et  Urbium  selecta  numiBmata  Gneca  ex  acre 
descripta,'  1812.  [xxv.  104] 

HARWOOD,  ISABELLA  (18407-1888),  novelist  and 
dramatist ;  daughter  of  Philip  Harwood  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
successful  novels,  1864-70,  and,  as  '  Ross  Neil,'  dramas, 
Including ' Inez '  (1871)  and  '  Pandora  '  (1883). 

[xxv.  104] 

HARWOOD,  PHILIP (1809-1887),  journalist:  in  early 
life  an  Unitarian  minister;  when  assistant  to  William 
Johnson  Fox  [q.  v.]  introduced  to  John  Fon-ter :  sub- 
editor successively  of  the  'Examiner,'  'Spectator,' 
'Morning  Chronicle,'  1849-54,  and  '  Saturday  Review,' 
1855-68 ;  editor  of '  Saturday  Review,'  1868-83  ;  published 
'Materialism  in  Religion,'  1840,  'German  Anti-Super- 
uaturalism,'  1841,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  104] 


HABWOOD 


582 


HASTINGS 


HARWOOD,  THOMAS  (1767-1842),  author :  educated 
at  Eton,  University  College,  Oxford,  and  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1822 ;  head-master  of 
Lichfield  grammar  school,  17i»l-1813  ;  incumbent  of  Ham- 
merwich  and  Burntwood  :  F.S.A. :  published  'Alumni 
Etonenses,'  1797, '  History  of  Lichfield,'  1806,  and  other 
works.  [xxv.  105] 

HASELDEN,  THOMAS  (rf.  1740),  mathematician; 
published  '  Description  and  Use  of  ...  Mercator's  Chart,' 
1722.  [xxv.  106] 

HASELEY,  WILLIAM  r>E  (/.  1266),  sub-prior  of 
Westminster  ;  compiler  of  •  Consuetudinarium  Monacho- 
rum  Westmonasteriensium '  (Cotton.  MSS.  Otho  C.  xi.) 

[xxv.  106] 

HASELL,  ELIZABETH  JULIA  (1830-1887),  author  ; 
published  books  on  Calderon  and  Tasso,  1877,  and  devo- 
tional works.  [xxv.  106] 

HASELWOOD,  THOMAS  (/.  1380),  author  of 
•ChroniconCompeudiariumCantuuriense' ;  canon  regular 
of  Leeds,  Kent.  [xxv.  106] 

HASLAM,  JOHN  (1764-1844),  medical  writer; 
apothecary  to  Bethlehem  Hospital ;  hon.  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
1816;  L.R.O.P.,  1824;  published  'Observations  on  In- 
sanity,' 1798,  and  similar  works.  [xxv.  107] 

HASLEM,  JOHN  (1808-1884),  china  and  enamel 
painter ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1836-65  ;  published 
•  The  Old  Derby  China  Factory,'  1876.  [xxv.  107] 

HASLERIO,  SIR  ARTHUR  (d.  1661).    [See  HESIL- 

RIQE.] 

HA8LETON,  RICHARD  (ft.  1595),  traveller;  pub- 
lished '  Strange  and  Wonderful  Things  '  (narrative  of 
travel),  1595.  [xxv.  108] 

HASLEWOOD,  JOSEPH  (1769-1833),  antiquary  ;  a 
founder  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  of  which  he  left  a  manu- 
script account ;  F.S.A. ;  edited  '  Tusser's  Five  Hundred 
Points,'  1810,  the  •  Mirror  for  Magistrates,'  1815,  and  other 
works  ;  published  'Green-Room  Gossip,'  1809,  and  an  ac- 
count of  Joseph  Ritaon,  1824.  [xxv.  108] 

HASSALL  or  HALSALL,  EDWARD  (/.  1663), 
royalist ;  supposed  author  of  diary  of  defence  of  Lathom 
House,  1644  (Draper's  'House  of  Stanley');  one  of  the 
assassins  of  Antony  Ascham  [q.  v.]  at  Madrid,  1650 ; 
engaged  in  plot  against  Cromwell,  1655 ;  equerry  to 
Charles  II's  queen,  1663.  [xxv.  108] 

HASSAIL,  JAMES  (/.  1667),  royalist;  brother  of 
Edward  Hassall  or  Halsall  [q.  v.]  ;  imprisoned  in  Tower 
for  plot  to  murder  Cromwell,  1655-60  ;  corresponded  with 
Aphra  Behn  [q.  v.] ;  captain  of  foot  at  Portsmouth,  1667. 

[xxv.  109] 

HASSE\  CHRISTIAN  FREDERICK  (1771-1831), 
musical  composer ;  native  of  Russia ;  organist  at  Ful- 
neck  (Moravian  settlement  near  Leeds);  arranged  music 
for  '  Polyhymnia '  (words  by  James  Montgomery),  1822; 
compiled 'Sacred  Music.'  [xxv.  109] 

HASSELL,  EDWARD  (d.  1852),  water-colour  painter : 
son  of  John  Hassell  [q.  v.] ;  secretary  to  Society  of 
British  Artists  :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  British 
Institution.  [xxv.  110] 

HASSELL,  JOHN  (d.  1825),  water-colour  painter 
and  engraver ;  friend  and  biographer  of  George  Morland 
[q.  v.] ;  published  '  Speculum,  or  Art  of  Drawing  in 
Water-colours,'  1809,  'Art  of  multiplying  Drawings,' 
1811,  treatise  on  etching  (posthumous  .1836),  and  other 
works.  [xxv.  109] 

HASSELLS,  WARNER  (Jl.  1680-1710),  portrait- 
painter  of  the  school  of  Kneller.  [xxv.  110] 

HASTED,  EDWARD  (1732-1812),  historian  of  Kent ; 
of  Eton  and  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  F.R.S.,  1766 ;  F.S.A. ;  occu- 
pied for  forty  years  in  compilation  of  '  History  and  Topo- 
graphical Survey  of  Kent'  (4  vols.  1778-99;  2nd  ed. 
12  vols.  1797-1801);  published  also  genealogical  tables, 
1797 ;  died  master  of  Oorsham  Hospital.  [xxv.  110] 

HASTIE,  JAMES  (1786-1826),  civil  agent  of  Great 
Britain  in  Madagascar ;  served  in  the  ranks  during 
Mahratta  war:  as  civil  agent (181 7-26)  negotiated  treaty 
with  Radama  I, of  Madagascar,  whom  he  helped  to  con- 
quer the  eastern,  northern,  and  western  tribes. 

[xxv.  Ill] 


HASTINGS,  Sin  CHARLES  (1794-186C),  founder  of 
British  Medical  Association ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1818 ; 
physician  to  Worcester  Infirmary  ;  formed  '  Provincial 
Medical  and  Surgical  Association,'  1832  (styled  British 
Medical  Association  from  1856),  and  established  its 
•  Journal,'  1840 ;  knighted,  1850  ;  Hastings  medal  and 
prize  in  his  memory  awarded  annually  by  British  Medical 
Association ;  published  '  Illustrations  of  Natural  History 
of  Worcestershire,'  1834.  [xxv.  Ill] 

HASTINGS,  EDMUND,  BARON*  HASTINGS  OP  INCH- 
MAHOMK  (d.  1314  ?) ;  younger  son  of  Henry  Hastings,  first 
baron  Hastings  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Scotland,  1298-1300 ; 
summoned  to  parliament,  1299 ;  signed  '  letter  of  remon- 
strance '  to  the  pope,  1301 ;  warden  between  Forth  and 
Orkney,  1308,  of  Berwick,  1312  ;  last  summoned,  1313. 

[xxv.  126] 

HASTINGS,  Sm  EDWARD  (1381-1437),  claimant 
of  the  Hastings  barony ;  descendant  of  John  Hastings, 
second  baron  Hastings  [q.  v.],  through  his  second  wife. 
The  right  to  bear  the  family  arms  was  contested  by 
Reginald  Grey,  third  baron  Grey  of  Ruthin  [q.  v.],  and 
decided  in  favour  of  Grey,  1410.  The  barony  was  in  abey- 
ance till  1841.  [xxv.  112] 

HASTINGS,  SIR  EDWARD,  first  BARON  HASTINGS 
OF  LOUGHBOROUGH  (d.  1673),  third  son  of  George  Hast- 
ings, first  earl  of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.] ;  knighted,  1546 ; 
M.P.,  Leicestershire,  1547  and  1552  ;  a  strong  Romanist ; 
created  privy  councillor  and  master  of  the  horse  by  Queen 
Mary ;  opposed  Mary's  marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain : 
M.P.,  Middlesex,  1554  and  1555 ;  K.G.,  1555 ;  accompanied 
Clinton  against  French,  and  became  lord  chamberlain, 
1557  ;  created  a  peer,  1558 ;  imprisoned  for  hearing  mass, 
1561,  but  released  on  taking  oath  of  supremacy. 

[xxv.  113] 

HASTINGS,  LADY  ELIZABETH  (1682-1739),  phil- 
anthropist and  beauty;  eulogised  as  Aspasia  in  the 
'  Tatler '  by  Steele  and  Congreve  :  friend  of  William  Law 
[q.  v.]  and  Bishop  Thomas  Wilson  ;  founded  scholarships 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  endowed  charities  at 
Ledsham  and  in  Isle  of  Man.  [xxv.  114] 

HASTINGS,  LADY  FLORA  ELIZABETH  (1806- 
1839),  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Duchess  of  Kent; 
daughter  of  Francis  Rawdon  Hastings,  first  marquis  of 
Hastings  [q.  v.]  ;  subject  of  a  court  scandal,  1839  ;  her 
poems  published,  1841.  [xxv.  114] 

HASTINGS,  FRANCIS,  second  EARL  OP  HUNTING- 
DON (1514?-1561),  eldest  son  of  George  Hastings,  first 
earl  of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.] ;  summoned  to  parliament  as 
Baron  Hastings,  1529 ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1545 ;  adhe- 
rent of  Dudley  ;  K.G.,  1549 ;  chief  captain  of  army  and 
fleet  abroad,  1549  :  privy  councillor,  1550 ;  attempted  to 
save  Boulogne,  1550 :  granted  Leicestershire  estates  of 
John  Beaumont  (/.  1550)  [q.  v.],  1552 ;  captured  with 
Northumberland  at  Cambridge,  1553,  but  released ;  as 
lord-lieutenant  of  Leicestershire  arrested  Henry  Grey, 
duke  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.],  1554.  [xxv.  115] 

HASTINGS,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1610),  puritan  politi- 
cian ;  fifth  sou  of  Francis  Hastings,  second  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon [q.  v.] ;  sheriff  of  Leicestershire,  1572  and  1681 ; 
M.P.,  Leicestershire,  1571, 1585, 1597,  Somerset,  1692, 1604  ; 
knighted,  c.  1589 ;  cited  before  privy  council  for  promot- 
ing petition  in  favour  of  nonconformists,  1605  ;  issued 
anti-catholic  pamphlets.  [xxv.  116] 

HASTINGS,  FRANCIS  RAWDON-,  first  MARQUIS  OP 
HASTINGS  and  second  EARL  OP  MOIRA  (1754-1826),  sol- 
dier and  statesman  :  educated  at  Harrow  and  University 
College,  Oxford ;  distinguished  himself  at  Bunker's  Hill, 
1775 ;  fought  in  battles  of  Brooklyn  and  White  Plains, 
1776  ;  adjutant-general  to  forces  in  America,  1778  ;  com- 
manded left  wing  at  Camden,  1780 ;  defeated  Greene  at 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  1781 ;  captured  by  French  on  voyage 
home ;  created  Baron  Rawdon,  1783 ;  joined  the  opposi- 
tion, 1789 ;  intimate  with  Prince  of  Wales ;  championed 
his  cause  on  regency  question,  1789  ;  assumed  additional 
name  of  Hastings,  1790  ;  succeeded  as  Irish  Earl  of  Moira, 
1793 ;  commanded  expedition  to  Brittany,  1793,  and  re- 
inforcements for  Duke  of  York  in  Flanders,  1794  ;  spoke 
against  Irish  union,  1799  ;  general,  1803  :  commander-in- 
chief  in  Scotland,  1803  ;  master  of  the  ordnance,  1806-7  ; 
active  in  support  of  Prince  of  Wales,  1810-11 ;  attempted, 
with  Welleslcy,  to  form  a  ministry,  1812 ;  governor- 
general  of  Bengal,  1813-22 ;  carried  on  a  successful  war 
against  Nepaul,  1814-16;  created  Marquis  of  Hastings, 


HASTINGS 


583 


HASTINGS 


1817;  extirpated  Pindaris,  and  by  defeating  Mahratta- 
establishel  British  supremacy  in  Central   India,  1817-18;  ' 
secured  cession  of  Singapore,  1H19;  opened  relations  with 
Siani,    1822;     pursmil    liberal    policy    to'.vanls    natives; 

granted  HIM /.  by  tlic  Kast  India  Company,  but  resigned 

on  account  of  the  annulling  by  court  of  directors  of  his 
permission  to  banking  |I«MHC  of  Palmer  to  lend  money 
to  Hyderabad  ;  named  governor  of  Malta,  1H24  ;  died  at  sea 
in  Baia  Bay:  published  a  summary  of  his  Indian  admini<- 
tration  (1824) :  his  statue,  by  Chantrey,  is  at  Dalhousie 
Institute,  Calcutta.  [xxv.  117] 

HASTINGS,  PRANK  ABNEY  (1794-1828),  naval 
commander  in  Greek  war  of  independence;  fought  at 
Trafalgar,  1 805 :  dismissed  British  navy  for  sending  a 
challenge:  joined  Greeks,  1822;  raised  fifty  men  and  pur- 
chased the  steamer  Karteria :  attacked  Turkish  camp 
near  Athens,  1827  ;  captured  several  ships,  destroyed  fleet 
in  Bay  of  Salona  (1827)  and  took  Vasiladi,  1827  ;  died  of 
wounds  after  attack  on  Anatolikon.  [xxv.  122] 

HASTINGS,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OP  HUNTINGDON 
and  third  BARON  HASTINGS  OF  HASTINGS  (1488  ?-1545), 
favourite  of  Henry  VIII :  grandson  of  William  Hastings, 
baron  Hastings  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  as  Baron  Hastings, 
1508;  joined  Suffolk's  expedition  against  France,  1523; 
create*!  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  1529  ;  leader  against  rebels 
in  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace.  [xxv.  123] 

HASTINGS,  GEORGE  FOWLER  (1814-1876),  vice- 
admiral  ;  second  son  of  HansFrancis  Hastings,  eleventh  earl 
of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the  Harlequin  in  Chinese 
war  and  against  Sumatra  pirates,  1841-5  ;  captain  of  the 
Curacoa during  Crimean  war;  O.B.,  1857;  vice-admiral, 
1869  ;  commanded  in  Pacific,  1866-9,  at  the  Nore,  1873-6. 


[xxv.  124] 
ith  EA 


HASTINGS,  HANS  FRANCIS,  eleventh  EARL  OP 
HUNTINGDON  (1779-1828),  sailor ;  wounded  in  Quiberon 
Bay  expedition,  1795 :  first  lieutenant  of  Thisbe  in  Egyp- 
tian expedition,  1800;  tried  for  murder  while  superin- 
tending impressing  of  seamen  in  Weymouth  Roads,  1803  ; 
right  to  peerage  established,  1818  ;  governor  of  Dominica, 
1822-4  ;  post-captain,  1824.  [xxv.  124] 

HASTINGS,  HENRY,  first  BARON  HASTINGS  by 
writ  (rf.  1268),  baronial  leader ;  supported  Montfort  in 
parliament  of  1262  ;  excommunicated  as  rebel,  1263 ;  com- 
manded Londoners  at  Lewes,  1264  :  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment of  1265;  captured  at  Eve-ham,  1265  :  joined  Derby 
at  Chesterfield  and  held  Kenilworth  against  the  king; 
leader  of  'the  disinherited '  at  Ely ;  submitted,  1267. 

[xxv.  125] 

HASTINGS,  HENRY,  third  EARL  OP  HUNTINGDON 
(1535-1595),  son  of  Francis  Hastings,  second  earl  of 
Huntingdon  [q.  v.] ;  married  the  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land's daughter  Catherine,  1553  :  summoned  to  parliament 
as  Baron  Hastings,  1559  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1561 ;  heir- 
presumptive  to  crown  through  mother ;  supporter  of 
puritans  ;  associated  with  Shrewsbury  in  custody  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  1569-70  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Leicester  and 
Rutland,  1572 ;  president  of  the  north,  1572 ;  assisted  at 
trial  of  Norfolk,  1573 ;  K.G.,  1679 ;  raised  force  in  north, 
1581 ;  active  against  threatened  Spanish  invasion,  1588 ; 
benefactor  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  compiled 
family  history.  [xxv.  126] 

HASTINGS,  HENRY  (1551-1650),  sportsman  ;  nephew 
of  Henry  Hastings,  third  earl  of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.],  of 
Woodlands,  Dorset ;  account  of  him  written  by  his  neieh- 
bour,  Sir  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  first  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  128] 

HASTINGS,  HENRY,  first  BARON  LOUGHBOROUGH 
(rf.  1667),  royalist ;  second  son  of  Henry  Hastings,  fifth  earl 
of  Huntingdon ;  raised  and  commanded  troop  of  horse  at 
Edgehill,  1642  ;  held  Ashby  House  against  parliament  till 
1646;  called  'Rob-carrier'  for  frequent  interception  of 
communications  between  London  and  the  north  ;  created 
Baron  Loughborough,  1643  ;  distinguished  at  relief  of 
Newark,  1644;  governor  of  Leicester,  1645;  escaped  to 
Holland,  1649 ;  royalist  conspirator  ;  received  pension  and 
lieutenancy  of  Leicester,  1661.  [xxv.  128] 

HASTINGS,  SIR  HUGH  (1307  9-1347),  soldier  ;  elder 
son  of  John  Hastings,  second  baron  Hastings  [q.  v.] ; 
summoned  to  parliament,  1342  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1343, 
and  Gascony,  1345-6.  [xxv.  129] 

HASTINGS,  JOHN,  second  BARON  H  \STINGS  (eighth 
by  tenure)  and  BARON  BKRGAVRNNY  (1262-1313),  claimant 


to  Scottish  throne;  married  I -al n-lla  de  Valence,  niece  of 
H.-nry  HI,  1275:  served  against  Scots,  1285,  and  \\Ylsh. 
1288;  claimed  (1290)  Scottish  succession  through  his 
grandmother,  Ada,  third  daughter  of  David,  earl  of 
Huntingdon:  served  in  Ireland,  1294:  first  niiniiimnnl  to 
parliament,  1295;  enmmandiil  Durham  contingent  at 
siege  of  Caerlaveroek,  1300:  at  parliament  of  Lincoln, 
1301,  denied  pope'?  right  to  adjudicate  on  di>puti-  with 
Scotland  ;  king's  lieutenant  in  Aquitaine,  1302;  seneschal, 
1309;  received  grant  of  Menteith  estates,  1306;  signed 
baronial  letter  to  the  pope,  1306.  [xxv.  130] 

HASTINGS,  JOHN,  third  BARON  HASTINGS  (1287- 
1326),  served  in  Scottish  ware,  1311-19  ;  sided  flint  with 
barons,  but  afterwards  joined  Edward  II ;  governor  of 
Kenilworth,  1323.  [xxv.  131] 

HASTINGS,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OP  PKMBROKE 
(1347-1375),  soldier  and  protector  of  Froireart;  ron  of 
Laurence  Hastings,  first  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.j  :  K.d., 
1369  ;  served  with  Earl  of  Cambridge  and  Black  Prince  in 
France  ;  when  lieutenant  of  Aquitaine  was  defeated  and 
captured  by  Spanish  fleet  at  La  Hochelle,  1372 :  imprisoned 
three  years  in  Spain  ;  died  in  France,  having  been,  handed 
over  to  Duguesclin.  [xxv.  131] 

HASTINGS,  LAURENCE,  first  EARL  OP  PKKBROKK 
(1318?-1348X  warrior  ;  son  of  John  Hastings,  third  baron 
Hastings  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  as  fourth  Baron  Hastings 
(by  writ),  1325  ;  created  earl  palatine  as  representative  of 
Aymer  de  Valence  [q.  v.],  1339,  when  first  summoned  to 
parliament ;  present  at  Sluys,  1340 ;  according  to  Muri- 
muth,  a  knight  of  Round  Table,  1344  :  prominent  in 
Gascon  campaigns,  1345-6  ;  with  Northampton  defeated 
French  fleet  near  Crotoy,  1347.  [xxv.  132] 

HASTINGS,  SELINA,  COUNTESS  OP  HUNTINGDON 
(1707-1791),  founder  of  'Lady  Huntingdon's  Connexion' : 
wife  of  Theophilus  Hastings,  ninth  earl  of  Huntingdon : 
'  converted '  by  her  sister-in-law,  Lady  Margaret  Hastings : 
intimate  with  the  Wesleys :  member  of  first  met hodist 
society  in  Fetter  Lane.  1739  ;  first  supporter  of  itinerant 
lay  preaching ;  employed  among  her  chaplains,  White- 
field,  Romame,  and  Venn  :  intimate  also  with  Toplady, 
Doddridge,  and  Dr.  Watts;  established  first  regular 
chapel  at  Brighton,  1761  ;  set  up  churches  In  London, 
Bath,  Tunbridge,  and  other  aristocratic  centres;  her 
chapels  registered  as  dissenting  meeting-houses  after 
1779 ;  her  training  college  at  Trevecca  opened,  1768,  re- 
moved to  Cbeshunt,  1792.  She  supported  Whitefleld 
against  the  Wesleys,  but  attempted  a  reconciliation,  1749, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  protest  against  the  anti- 
Calvinistic  minutes  of  Wesley's  conference,  1770,  and 
against  relaxation  of  subscription,  1772.  [xxv.  133] 

HASTINGS,  THEOPHILUS,  seventh  EARL  OP  HUNT- 
INGDON (1650-1701),  volunteer  In  French  army,  1672; 
privy  councillor,  1683  :  ecclesiastical  commissioner  and 
lord-lieutenant  of  Leicester  and  Derby,  1687-8 ;  imprisoned 
for  attempt  to  seize  Plymouth  for  James  II,  1688 ;  a 
manager  of  conference  with  Commons,  1689 ;  imprisoned 
on  suspicion  of  treason,  1692.  [xxv.  135] 

HASTINGS,  THOMAS  (1740?- 1801),  itinerant  book- 
seller ;  known  as  '  Dr.  Green ' ;  author  of  political  pamph- 
lets, [xxv.  136] 

HASTINGS,  THOMAS  (.ft.  1813-1831),  amateur 
etcher;  published  'Etchings  from  works  of  Richard 
Wilson,'  1825,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  136] 

HASTINGS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1790-1870),  admiral: 
commanded  gunboat  in  Walcheren  expedition,  1809 :  first 
lieutenant  of  the  Undaunted  at  Elba,  1814 ;  captain  of  the 
Excellent  (training  ship),  1832-45,  and  superintendent  of 
R.N.  Collesre,  Portsmouth;  knighted,  1839 ;  K.C.B.,  1859: 
admiral,  1866.  [xxv.  136] 

HASTINGS,  WARREN  (1732-1818).  governor-general 
of  India :  first  king's  scholar  at  Westminster.  1747  ;  went 
to  India,  1750;  when  member  of  council  at  Kasim-Bazar 
imprisoned  by  nawab  of  Bengal,  1756;  as  resident  of 
Moorshedabad,  1 757-60, corresponded  with  Olive:  member 
of  Calcutta  council,  1761 :  despatched  on  mission  toPatna, 
1762 :  returned  to  England,  1764 :  gave  evidence  on  Indian 
affairs  before  parliamentary  committee,  1766  ;  sent  out  as 
second  in  council  at  Madras,  1769 ;  governor  of  Bengal, 
1772:  reorganised  the  financial  and  judicial  system  of 
Bengal,  Benar,  and  Orissa  ;  investigated  conduct  of  native 
deputy-governors;  assisted,  in  accordance  with  treaty  of 


HASTINGS 


584 


HATTON 


alliance  of  1764,  nawabof  Oude against  the  Rohillas.  1773  ; 
took  measures  against  dacoity  ;  created  jrovcrnor-tri-neral 
by  the  Regulating  Act,  1773  ;  opposed  by  a  majority  of  i 
his  new  council  and  accused  by  Nand  Kumar  (  Macauliiy's  j 
Nuucomar)  of  corruption  :  sent  home  a  conditional  re- 
signation and  brought  a  countercharge  of  conspiracy  I 
against  Nand  Kumar,  who  was  condemned  and  hanged  | 
for  forgery  (1775)  on  a  private  suit  before  the  case 
came  on  :  had  the  opium  trade  farmed  for  a  term  of  years, 
the  proceeds  being  credited  in  the  public  accounts  ;  sup- 
ported by  supreme  court,  which  ignored  the  acceptance 
of  his  resignation  by  the  directors,  1777 ;  checked  con- 
federacy between  Mahrattas  and  Haidar ;  freed  him-elf 
from  the  opposition  in  council  of  Sir  Philip  Francis  (1740- 
1818)  [q.  v.]  by  wounding  him  in  a  duel,  1780;  drove 
Haidar  Ali  from  the  Caruatic  ;  attacked  the  French  settle- 
ments ;  deposed  Chait  Singh  and  appropriated  (1781)  Ins 
treasure ;  suspected  of  conniving  at  imprisonment  of  the 
Begums  of  Oude  and  the  seizure  of  their  land  and  money ; 
concluded  treaty  of  Salbai  with  Tippu  Sultan,  1783  ;  ob- 
tained reversal  of  vote  of  censure  by  directors  on  his  treat- 
ment of  Chait  Singh  ;  founded  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal 
and  Calcutta  Madrisa,  1784;  left  India,  1785.  His  im- 
peachment on  ground  of  corruption  and  cruelty  in  his 
Indian  administration,  begun,  1788,  and  concluded,  1795, 
resulted,  after  a  trial  of  145  days,  in  an  acquittal,  but  cost 
him  70,0007.  The  company  gave  him  pecuniary  assistance ; 
he  was  created  privy  councillor  and  D.O.L.  of  Oxford,  was 
presented  by  the  prince  regent  to  the  allied  sovereigns  in 
London,  and  was  enabled  to  repurchase  the  family  estate 
of  Daylesford.  [xxv.  136] 

HASTINGS,  WILLIAM,  BARON  HASTINGS  (1430  ?- 
1483),  sheriff  of  Leicestershire  and  Warwickshire;  a  de- 
voted Yorkist ;  created  by  Edward  IV  a  peer,  1461 ; 
master  of  the  mint,  1461 ;  lieutenant  of  Calais.  1471 ; 
lord  chamberlain,  1461-83:  joint- ambassador  with  War- 
wick to  Charles  the  Bold,  1465-6 :  assisted  Edward  IV's 
escape  to 'Holland,  1470 ;  acted  for  him  in  his  absence  and 
gained  over  Clarence;  prominent  at  Barnet,  1471.  and 
Tewkesbury,  1471 :  commanded  English  force  in  France, 
1475  ;  on  accession  of  Edward  V  opposed  Rivers,  and,  declin- 
ing Gloucester's  overtures,  was  beheaded.  [xxv.  148] 

HATCH,  EDWIN  (1835-1889),  theologian  ;  B.A.  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  1857 ;  professor  of  classics  at 
Toronto,  1859-62 ;  rector  of  high  school,  Quebec,  1862- 
1867;  vice-principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1867- 
1885;  first  editor  of  university  'Gazette,'  1870;  pub- 
lised  Bampton  lectures  (1880)  on  'Organisation  of  Early 
Christian  Churches,'  1881 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1883  ;  Grin- 
field  lecturer,  1882-4:  reader  in  ecclesiastical  history. 
1884;  Herbert  lecturer  on  'Greek  Influence  on  Chris- 
tianity.' 1888  ;  published  also  '  Growth  of  Church  Institu- 
tions,' 1887, '  Essays  in  Biblical  Greek,'  1889,  and  '  Towards 
Fields  of  Light.'  [xxv.  149] 

HATCHARD,  JOHN  (1769-1849),  publisher :  issued 
'  Christian  Observer,'  1802-45,  and  publications  of  Society 
for  Bettering  the  Condition  of  the  Poor.  [xxv.  150] 

HATCHARD,  THOMAS  GOODWIN  (1817-1870), 
bishop  of  Mauritius ;  grandson  of  John  Hatchard  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1845  :  D.D.,  1869  ;  rector 
of  Havant,  1846-56,  of  St.  Nicholas,  Guildford,  1856-69  ; 
bishop  of  Mauritius,  1869-70  ;  died  of  fever  in  Mauritius. 

[xxv.  160] 

HATCHER,  HENRY  (1777-1846),  Salisbury  anti- 
quary ;  published  translation,  with  commentary,  of 
Richard  of  Cirencester's  'Description  of  Britain,'  1809, 
and  '  Historical  Account  of  Old  and  New  Sarum,'  1834 ; 
contributed  to  Hoare's  '  Modern  Wiltshire 'and  Britton's 
« Beauties  of  Wiltshire,'  1825,  and  '  Picturesque  Antiqui- 
ties,' 1H30.  [xxv.  150] 

HATCHER,  THOMAS  (rf.  1583),  antiquary  ;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1563  :  admitted  at 
Gray's  Inn,  1665  ;  friend  and  correspondent  of  Stow  and 
Dr.  John  Caius  [q.  v.] ;  began  catalogue  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  edited  Haddon'e  '  Lucubrationes,' 
1567,  and  Carr's  'De  scriptorum  Britannicorum  pauci- 
tate,'  1576.  [xxv.  151] 

HATCHER,  THOMAS  (1589  ?-1677),  parliamentarian 
captain  ;  grandson  of  Thomas  Hatcher  (rf.  1583)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.,  Lincoln,  Grantham,  Stamford  (in  Long  parliament), 
and  Lincolnshire,  1664-9 ;  commissioner  to  Scotland, 
1643 ;  present  at  Marston  Moor,  1644,  and  siege  of  York, 
1644.  [xxv.  162] 


HATCHETT,  CHARLES  (17657-1847),  chemist; 
F.H.S.,  1797  ;  treasurer  of  the  Literary  Club,  1814  :  chief 
works,  treatise  on  'Spikenard  of  the  Ancients,'  183(5,  and 
'Analysis  of  the  Magnctical  Pyrites,,'  1804.  [xxv.  153] 

HATCLIFFE.. VINCENT  (1601-1671).  [See  SPRNCKR, 

JOHN'.] 

HATFIELD,  JOHN  (1758  ?-1803),  forger:  married 
and  deserted  a  natural  daughter  of  Lord  Robert  Manners 
twice  released  from  a  debtor's  prison  by  Duke  of  Rutland 
imprisoned  seven  years  at  Scarborough,  from  1792  ;  re 
leased  and  married  by  Miss  Nation.  1800  ;  deserted  he 
and  lived  in  Cumberland  as  brother  of  Lord  Hopetoun 
married  Mary  Robinson,  the  '  Buttermere  Beauty,'  1802 
tried  at  Carlisle  for  forgery  and  hanged.  [xxv.  153] 

HATFIELD,  MARTHA  (/.  1652),  cataleptic;  her 
case  described  in  '  The  Wise  Virgin,'  1653.  [xxv.  154] 

HATFIELD,  THOMAS  OF  (d.  1381),  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1343 :  accompanied 
Edward  III  to  France,  1346  and  1355  ;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1345-81  ;  commissioner  to  treat  for  peace  with  Scotland, 
1350-7  and  subsequently ;  resisted  visitations  of  arch- 
bishops of  York  :  at  Durham  built  part  of  south  side  of 
cathedral  choir  and  hall  of  castle ;  founded  Carmelite 
house  of  Northallerton  and  college  at  Oxford  for  Dur- 
ham monks  ;  his  survey  of  Durham  edited  by  W.  Green- 
well,  1857.  [xxv.  154] 

HATHAWAY,  RICHARD  (fl.  1702),  impostor ;  sen- 
tenced to  fine,  pillory,  and  hard  labour  for  impo.3v.ire,  riot, 
and  assault,  1702.  [xxv.  156] 

HATHERLEY,  BARON  (1801-1881).  [See  WOOD, 
WILLIAM  PAGE.] 

HATHERTON,  first  BARON  (1791-1863).  [See 
LITTLETON,  EDWARD  JOHN.] 

HATH  WAY,  RIOHARD(/.  1602),  dramatist :  men- 
tioned by  Meres  (1598)  among  best  contemporary  writers 
of  comedy  :  part  author  of  '  First  Part  of  the  True  and 
Honorable  Historic  of  the  Life  of  Sir  John  Old-castle,' 
1599,  and  of  unprinted  plays.  [xxv.  157] 

HATSELL,  SIR  HENRY  (1641-1714),  judge;  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1659 :  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1667  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1689 :  knighted,  1697 ;  baron  of 
the  exchequer,  1697-1702  (removed).  [xxv.  158] 

HATSELL,  JOHN  (1743-1820),  clerk  of  House  of 
Commons ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  and  Middle 
Temple ;  senior  bencher ;  clerk  of  House  of  Commons, 
1768-97  ;  published  '  A  Collection  of  Cases  of  Privilege  of 
Parliament ...  to  1628,'  1776,  and '  Precedents  of  Proceed- 
ings in  House  of  Commons,'  1781.  [xxv.  158] 

HATTECLYFFE,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1480),  physician 
and  secretary  to  Edward  IV  ;  original  scholar  of  Kinir's 
College,  Cambridge,  1440  ;  physician  to  Henry  VI,  1454 ; 
captured  by  Lancastrians,  1470 ;  afterwards  master  of 
requests  and  royal  councillor.  [xxv.  158] 

HATTECLYFFE,  WILLIAM  (/.  1500),  under- 
treasurer  of  Ireland,  1495.  [xxv.  169] 

HATTON.    [See  also  FINCH-HATTON.] 

HATTON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1540-1591),  lord 
chancellor :  gentleman-commoner,  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
r.  1555;  took  part  in  masque  at  Inner  Temple,  1561; 
became  one  of  Elizabeth's  gentlemen-pensioners,  1664  ;  re- 
ceived grant  of  estates,  court  offices,  and  an  annuity ;  M.P., 
Higham  Ferrers,  1571,  Northamptonshire,  1572,  1684,  and 
subsequently  :  captain  of  the  body-guard,  1572 ;  charged 
with  being  Elizabeth's  paramour  by  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
1584  ;  the  bishop  of  Ely  ordered  to  surrender  fee-simple 
of  Ely  Place,  Hplborn,  for  his  benefit ;  made  vice-cham- 
berlain and  knighted,  1578 ;  the  queen's  mouthpiece  in 
parliament ;  opposed  the  queen's  match  with  the  duke  of 
Anjou,  1581  :  member  of  committees  for  trials  of  Babiug- 
ton,  1586,  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586 ;  spoke  strongly 
in  parliament  against  Mary,  and  advised  Davison  to 
despatch  warrant  for  her  execution,  1587;  lord  chan- 
cellor. 1587-91  ;  assisted  by  Sir  Richard  Swale,  and  had 
four  masters  in  chancery  as  assessors  ;  K.G.,  1588;  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  1688  ;  friend  and  patron  of  Spenser  and 
Churchyard;  wrote  act  iv.  of  'Tancred  and  Gismund,' 
acted  at  Inner  Temple,  1568 ;  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral ;  his  correspondence  printed,  1847.  [xxv.  169] 


HATTON 


585 


HAVELOCK 


HATTON,   CHRISTOPHER,  first    BAROX    HATTOX 

(1605?-1670),  royalist;  relative  of  Sir  Christopher 
Hatton  [q.  v.]  ;  K.M.,  1(520  ;  M.I'.,  Hiirliam  l-Ynvrs,  in  Id  ; 
lion.  D.C.L.  Oxfonl,  1642;  created  Huron  Hatton  iin-l 
privy  councillor,  1643  ;  comptroller  of  Charles  I's  hou-e- 
lioM,  l(i»:5-ti;  royal  commissioner  at  Uxbridge,  1645; 
retired  to  Paris,  1648;  allowed  to  return,  1656;  privy 
councillor  and  governor  of  Guernsey,  1(562;  published 
psalter  with  prayers,  1644.  [xxv.  162] 

HATTON,  CHRLSTOPHKK,  first  Vis,  ursr  NATION 
(1632-1706),  governor  of  Guernsey  :  elder  .-on  of  <'lm-u>- 
pher,  first  barou  Hattou  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  :i-  -tvon.l 
baron,  1670  ;  his  mother  and  first  wife  killed  by  explosion 
of  powder  magazine  in  Guernsey,  1672;  presented  to  Bod- 
leian Anglo-Saxon  Homilies,  1675 ;  created  Viscount 
Hattou,  1683  :  custos  rotulorum  of  Northampton,  1681-9  ; 
hou.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1683 ;  selection  from  correspondence 
edited,  1878.  [xxv.  163] 

HATTON,  EDWARD  (1701-1783),  Dominican:  pro- 
vincial, 1754  and  1770 ;  his  '  Memoirs  of  the  Reformation 
of  England  '  appeared  with  pseudonym  '  Constantius 
Archaeophilus,'  1826  and  1841.  [xxv.  164] 

HATTON,  FRANK  (1861-1883),  mineral  explorer  to 
British  North  Borneo  Company,  1881-3 ;  accidentally 
killed  in  jungle  ;  left  interesting  letters  and  diaries. 

[xxv.  164] 

HATTON,  JOHN  LIPTROT  (1809-1886),  musical 
composer;  organist  in  three  Lancashire  churches  at 
sixteen,  afterwards  at  St.  Nicholas,  Chapel  Street,  Liver- 
pool ;  appeared  in  London  as  an  actor,  1832 ;  directed 
opera  choruses  at  Drury  Lane,  1842-3;  produced  his 
'Queen  of  the  Thames,'  1843;  his 'Pascal  Bruno'  given 
at  Vienna  for  Staudigl's  benefit,  1844;  on  return  pub- 
lished trios  and  eighteen  songs,  including 'To  An thea'; 
sang  and  played  on  tour  and  in  America,  1848-50  ;  con- 
ductor of  Glee  and  Madrigal  Union,  c.  1850 ;  conductor 
for  Charles  Kean  at  Princess's  Theatre,  London,  1853-9 ; 
his  cantata  '  Robin  Hood '  produced  at  Bradford,  1856 ;  his 
opera  'Rose'  at  Covent  Garden,  1864,  and  his  oratorio 
'  Hezekiah '  at  Crystal  Palace,  1877  ;  edited  collections  of 
old  English  songs ;  composed  300  songs  and  excellent  part- 
songs,  [xxv.  165] 

HAUGHTON,  SIR  GRAVES  CHAMPNEY  (1788- 
1849),  orientalist :  served  in  Indian  army  and  studied  at 
Baraset  and  Fort  William;  professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
Bengali,  at  Haileybury,  1819-27;  hon.  M.A.  Oxfonl, 
1819;  F.R.S.,  1821;  foreign  member  of  Paris  Asiatic 
Society  and  Institute  of  France ;  hon.  secretary  of  Royal 
Asiatic  Society,  1831-2;  K.H.,  1833;  issued  Bengali 
grammar,  glossaries,  and  texts,  an  edition  of  '  Institutes 
of  Menu.'  1825,  Bengali-Sanskrit  dictionary,  1833,  '  Pro- 
dromus,'  1839,  and  other  metaphysical  treatises;  died  of 
cholera  at  St.  Cloud.  [xxv.  166] 

HAUGHTON,  JAMES  (1795-1873),  philanthropist; 
friend  and  supporter  of  Father  Mathew  and  O'Connell ; 
prominent  in  anti-slavery,  temperance,  and  other  social 
movements  ;  president  of  Vegetarian  Society  ;  published 
'Slavery  Immoral,'  1847,  'Memoir  of  T.  Clarksou,' 1847, 
and  '  Plea  for  Teetotalism,'  1855.  [xxv.  168] 

HAUGHTON.  JOHN  COLPOYS  (1817-1887),  lien- 
tenant-general  ;  nephew  of  Sir  Graves  Champney  Haugh- 
ton  [q.  v.] ;  as  adjutant  of  4th  Ghoorkas  distinguished 
himself  in  defence  of  Char-ee-kar,  1841,  publishing  an 
account,  1867  ;  escaped  wounded  to  Cabul ;  commissioner 
at  Cooch  Bebar,  1865-73  ;  O.S.I.,  1866  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1882.  [xxv.  168] 

HAUGHTON,  MOSES,  the  elder  (1734-1804),  still  life 
and  enamel-painter ;  exhibited  at  Academy,  1788-1804. 


[xxv.  169] 
1772  7-T 


HAUGHTON,  MOSES,  the  younger  (17727-1848?), 
miniaturist  and  engraver ;  nephew  of  Moses  Haughton 
the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Fuseli ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1808-48.  [xxv.  170] 

HAUGHTON,  SAMUEL  (1821-1897),  man  of  science ; 
son  of  James  Haughton  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1844 ;  M.A.,  1852  ;  senior  fellow,  1881 ; 
ordained  priest,  1847 ;  professor  of  geology,  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, 1851-81 ;  M.D.  Dublin,  1862  ;  registrar  of  medical 
school,  subsequently  chairman  of  medical  school  com- 
mittee, and  university  representative  on  general  medical 
council ;  member  of  council  of  Royal  Zoological  Society 


of  Ireland,  I860  (president,  1888):  F.R.S,  1858;  honorary 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1868 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1881 ;  honorary 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884;  president  of  Royal  Iri.-h 
Academy,  1887;  published  scientific  work-  Und  pap. 

[Stipnl.  ii.  398] 

HAUGHTON.  WILLIAM  (  it.  LV.tK).  dlMMtftrt: 
author  of  Knglish-Men  for  my  Money.  n,i.;:  ,-ollnbo- 
rator  with  ix-kker,  Cliettle,  John  Day,  mid  other*. 

[xxv.  170] 

HAUKSBEE,  FRANCIS,  the  el.ler  (./.  1713V).  H.v- 
trician;  F.H.S..  I7ti5;  contrived  fir«t  electrical  machine. 
1706  ;  published'  Physico-Mechauical  Experiment*,'  1709 : 
suggested  an  improved  air-pump;  determined  relative 
weight  of  water  and  air.  [xxv.  171] 

HAUKSBEE,    FRANCIS,  the   younger  (1687-1765), 

writer  on  science  ;  perhaps  son  of  Francis  Hauksbee  the 

elder  [q.  v.] :  clerk  and  housekeeper  to  Royal  Society, 

,  1723  :  published  (with  P.  Sliaw) '  Essay  for  introducing  a 

i  Portable  Laboratory,'  1731,  and  syllabus  for  courses  of 

experimental  lectures  (which  he  was  the  first  to  give,  c. 

1714),  also  '  Course  of  Mechanical,  Optical,  and  Pueumati- 

j  cal  Experiments'  (with  W.  Whiston).  [xxv.  171] 

HAU8TED,  PETER  (d.  1645),  dramatist:  rector  of 
]  Hadham,  vicar  of  Gretton :  D.D.  Oxford,  1642 :  died  at 
I  Banbury  Castle  during  the  siege ;  published,  among  other 
!  works,  'The  Rival  Friends'  (comedy),  1632.  and  'Senile 
;  Odium'  (Latin  play),  1633;  his  'Hymnus  Tabaci,'  by 
I  '  Raphael  Thorius,'  appeared  1650.  [xxv.  171] 

HAUTEVILLE,  JOHN  DE  (ft.  1184),  Latin  poet ;  his 
1  satire  '  Architrenius '  first  printed  at  Paris,  1517. 

[xxv.  172] 

HAVABD,     WILLIAM     (17107-1778),    actor     and 
I  dramatist;    appeared  at  Goodman's   Fields,  1730-7;   at 
j  Drury    Lane    till    retirement,    1769,    playing    generally 
secondary  parts ;    depreciated  in  '  Rosciad ' ;   appeared 
i  also  in  his  own  plays, '  King  Charles  I,'  at  Lincoln'?  Inn 
Fields,  1737, '  Regulus,'  Drury  Lane,  1744,  and '  The  Elope- 
ment,' Drury  Lane,  1763.  [xxv.  172] 

HAVELL,  ROBERT,  the  elder  (ft.  1800-1840),  engraver 

'  and  art  publisher ;  issued  aquatint  engravings  from  dra  w- 

1  ings    by    W.    Havell    and    others,    1812-28  ;    published 

Audubon's  'Birds  of  America,'  Salt's  'Views  in  Africa,' 

and  other  works.  [xxv.  173] 

HAVELL,    ROBERT,   the   younger  (ft.  1820-1850), 
painter ;  son  of  Robert  Havell  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  settled 
;  in  America  as  landscape-painter.  [xxv.  174] 

HAVELL,  WILLIAM  (1782-1857),  landscape-painter : 
original  member  of  Old  Water-Colour  Society;  visited 
China  and  India,  1816-25 :  after  his  return  painted  in 
oil,  exhibiting  (Italian  subjects)  at  Royal  Academy, 
British  Institution,  and  Suffolk  Street ;  died  a  Turner 
pensioner.  [xxv.  174] 

HAVELOCK,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1795-1857X 
|  major  general ;    intimate  at   Charterhouse    with  Julius 
j  Hare  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Middle  Temple  under  Joseph 
i  Chitty  [q.  v.] :   entered  army,  1815 ;  went  to  India  as 
subaltern  in  13th,  1823  ;  deputy  assistant  adjutant-general 
I  in  Burmese  expedition,    1824-6,    publishing   narrative, 
i  1828;  while  stationed  at  Chinsurah  became  a  baptist; 
I  regimental  adjutant,  1835-8;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Wil- 
I  loughby  Cotton  [q.  v.]  in  first  Afghan  campaign,  1839,  of 
which  he  published  an  account ;   Persian  interpreter  to 
General  William  G.  K.  Elphinstone  [q.  v.]  in  Afghanistan, 
1840;  accompanied  Sir  R.  Sale  to  the  passes,  and  assisted 
him  in  holding  Jellalabad,  1841 :  returned  with  Pollock 
to  Cabul,  and  accompanied  Hindoo  Khoosh  and  Kohistan 
expedition ;  C.B.  and  brevet- major,  1842 ;  interpreter  to 
Sir  Hugh  Gough  in  Gwalior  campaign,  1843 :  present  at 
Mudki,  1845,  Ferozeshah,  1845.  and  Sobraon,  1846  ;  deputy 
adjutant-general.  Bombay,  1847;   visited  England  for  last 
time,  1849-51 ;  planned  the  operations  at  Mohumra  in 
Persian  war  of  1867  ;  during  the  Indian  mutiny  com- 
manded a  column  which   recaptured    Cawnpore,   after 
winning  four  victories  and  marching  120  miles  in  nine 
days,  17  July  1857:  major-general,    1857;   defeated  the 
sepoys  at  Onao  and  thrice  at  Busseerutgunge,  but  owing 
to  sickness  and  want  of  ammunition  was  compelled  to 
fall  back    on    Cawnpore,  August  1857:    reinforced   by 
Outram ;  carried  the  Allumbagh  and  effected  first  relief 
of  Lucknow,  September,  1857 ;  co-operated  with  Sir  Colin 


HAVEL.OCK 


586 


HA  WES 


CamplK-ll  in  second  relief.  November  1857  ;  died  of  diar- 
rhoeft  on  morning  of  withdrawal.  He  had  been  created 
K.O.B.  and  a  baronet,  with  a  pension  of  l.OOO/.,  Novem- 
ber, 1857.  [xxv.  174] 

HAVELOCK,  WILLIAM  (1793-1848),  lieutenant- 
colonel:  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Havelock  [q.  v.]  ;  aide-de- 
camp  in  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo  to  Count  Alten  :  ili<- 
tinguished  at  Vera,  1813;  aide-<le-camp  to  Sir  Charles 
Oolville  [q.  v.]  at  Bombay :  military  secretary  to  Lord 
Elphinstone  at  Madras ;  lieutenant-colonel,  14th  dra- 
goons, 1841 ;  mortally  wounded  at  Hamnuggur  in  second 
Sikh  war,  1848.  [xxv.  179] 

HAVELOCK- ALLAN,  Sm  HENRY  MARSHMAN, 
first  baronet  (183(1-1897),  lieutenant-general;  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Havelock  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1846 ;  adjutant,  10th 
foot,  1852 ;  captain,  18th  foot  (royal  Irish  regiment), 
1857;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1859  ;  unattached  major, 
1864;  brevet-colonel,  1868;  major-general,  1878:  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1881 ;  colonel  of  royal  Irish  regiment  of 
foot,  1878  ;  in  Persian  war  and  Indian  mutiny,  1857-9 ; 
took  part  in  defence  of  Lucknow ;  received  Victoria 
cross,  1858 ;  created  baronet  on  death  of  his  father,  1868 : 
in  Maori  war,  1863-4 :  O.B.,  1866 ;  assistant  quarter- 
master-general in  Canada,  1867-9,  and  in  Dublin,  1869 : 
liberal  M.P.  for  Sunderland,  1874-81,  and  south-east 
Durham  county,  1885;  assumed  additional  name  of 
Allan,  1880 ;  liberal-unionist  M.P.  for  south-east  Durham 
county,  1886-92  and  1895;  K.O.B.,  1897;  killed  while 
visiting  British  troops  on  Afghan  frontier. 


[Suppl.  ii.  400] 
BY     (1836-1 


HAVERGAL,  FRANCES  RIDLEY  (1836-1879), 
writer  of  religious  verse ;  daughter  of  William  Henry 
Havergal  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Ministry  of  Song,'  1870,  and 
other  hymns  and  poems  ;  '  Poetical  Works,'  issued,  1884 ; 
autobiography  in  '  Memorials'  (2nd  edit.  1880). 


[xxv.  180] 
J-1890),  author: 


ttAVERGAL,  HENRY  EAST  (1820-1875),  musician  : 
of  William  Henry  Havergal  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalen 
1,  Oxford,  1846 :  chaplain  at  Christ  Church  and  New 


HAVERGAL,  FRANCIS  TEBBS  (1829- 
son  of  William  Henry  Havergal  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1857 ;  vicar-choral  (1853-74)  and  preben- 
dary of  Hereford,  1877-90  ;  published  '  Fasti  Hereforden- 
ses,'  1869, '  Herefordshire  Words  and  Phrases,'  1887,  and 
other  works.  [xxv.  182] 

HAVERGAL, 
son  of 

Hall,  Oxford,  1846 :  chaplain 
College,  Oxford  ;  while  vicar  of  Cople,  Bedfordshire,  1847- 
1875,  constructed  organ  and  chiming  apparatus :  vocalist 
and  instrumentalist ;  author  of  musical  publications. 

[xxv.  180] 

HAVERGAL,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1793-1870),  com- 
poser of  sacred  music:  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1819  ;  rector 
of  Astley,  1829,  of  St.  Nicholas,  Worcester,  1845  ;  vicar  of 
Shareshill,  1860;  gained  Gresham  prize  for  evening  ser- 
vice in  A,  1836,  and  for  anthem,  'Give  Thanks,'  1841  ; 
composed  'A  Hundred  Psalm  and  Hymn  Tunes,'  1869; 
published  '  Old  Church  Psalmody,'  1847,  and  other  works. 

[xxv.  181] 

HAVERS,  ALICE  (1850-1890).  [See  MORGAN  MRS. 
ALICK  MARY.] 

HAVERS,  CLOPTON  (d.  1702),  physician  and  anato- 
mist; of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.D.  Utrecht, 
1685;  L.R.C.P.,  1687  ;  F.R.S.,  1686  ;  his  chief  anatomical 
work,  'Osteologia  Nova,'  giving  the  first  minute  account 
of  the  structure  of  bone,  printed,  1691 ;  the '  Haversian 
canals '  named  after  him.  [xxv.  182] 

HAVERSHAM,  first  BARON  (1647-1710).  [See 
THOMPSON,  SIR  JOHN.] 

HA VERTY,  JOSEPH  PATRICK  (1794-1864),  painter ; 
executed  portraits  of  O'Connell  and  Bishop  Doyle. 


HAVERTY,  MARTIN  (1809-1887), 


[xxv.  183] 
historian ;  brother 


of  Joseph  Patrick  Haverty  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Irish 
college,  Paris;  sub-librarian  of  King's  Inns,  Dublin: 
published  '  History  of  Ireland,'  1860,  and  '  Wanderings  in 
Spain,'  1844.  [xxv.  183] 

HAVILAND.  JOHN  (1785-1851),  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Cambridge:  of  Winchester  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge :  twelfth  wrangler,  1807 ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1810 ; 
professor  of  anatomy,  Cambridge,  1814  ;  regius  professor 
of  medicine,  1817-51;  F.R.C.P.,  1818;  M.D.,  1817;  Har- 
veian  orator,  1837.  [xxv.  183] 


HAVILAND,  WILLIAM  (1718-1784),  general :  aide- 
de-camp  to  Blakeney,  1745-6  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  27th, 
1762:  served  in  North  America,  1757-60,  under  Aber- 
cromby  and  Amherst,  renderinir  valuable  as.-istance  in 
capture  of  Montreal,  17iK) ;  invented  u  pontoon  for  rapids  : 
second  in  command  ,at  reduction  of  Martinique:  com- 
manded brigade  at  capture  of  Havamia,  1762;  general, 
1783;  friend  and  connection  of  Burke.  [xxv.  183] 

HAVILLAND,    THOMAS    FIOTT    I>K    (1 775-1 86G), 
lieutenant-colonel  in  Madras  army  :   served  at  siege  of 
Pondicherry,  1793,  reduction  of  Ceylon,  1795-6,  in  opera- 
tions against  Tippoo  Sahib.  1799,  and  in  Egypt,  18U1 ;   as 
architect  of   Madras,   1814-25,  built  cathedral   and   St. 
I  Andrew's  presbyterian  church:  lieutenant-colonel,  1824: 
I  member  of  Guernsey  legislature.  [xxv.  184] 

HA  WARD,    FRANCIS   (1759-1797),   engraver:    ex- 
hibited at  Academy  engravings  after  Reynolds  and  other 
I  artists  ;  associate  engraver,  1783.  [xxv.  185] 

HA  WARD,  NICHOLAS  (ft.  1569),  author:  of 
Thavies  Inn ;  published  '  The  Line  of  Liberalise  dulie 
directinge  the  wel  bestowing  of  Benefites,'  &c.,  1569. 

[xxv.  185] 

HAWARD,    SIMON    (fl.    1572-1614).      [See    HAR- 

WARD.] 

HAWARDEN,  EDWARD  (1662-1735),  Roman 
catholic  controversialist ;  vice-president  of  Douay  Col- 
lege, 1690-1707 ;  head  of  Romanist  colony  at  Oxford, 
1688-9  ;  disputed  with  Samuel  Clarke  on  the  Trinity  be- 
fore Queen  Caroline,  1719 ;  published  against  Leslie's  '  The 
Case  Stated'  'The  True  Church  of  Christ,'  1714-15, 
'  Charity  and  Truth,'  1728  (against  Ohillingworth's  '  Re- 
ligion of  Protestants '),  and 'Answer  to  Dr.  Clarke  and 
Mr.  Whiston  concerning  the  Divinity  of  the  Son  and  of 
the  Holy  Spirit,'  1729.  [xxv.  185] 

HAWEIS,  THOMAS  (1734-1820),  divine ;  studied  at 
Christ  Church  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  assistant  to 
Martin  Madan  [q.  v.]  at  Lock  Chapel :  rector  of  Aid- 
winkle,  Northamptonshire,  1764-1820  :  LL.B.  Cambridge, 
1772 ;  manager  of  Trevecca  College ;  trustee  and  executor 
of  Selina  Hastings,  countess  of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.],  1791 ; 
published,  among  other  works,  *  Life  of  William  Romaine,' 
1797,  and  '  History  of  Rise,  Declension,  and  Revival  of  the 
Church,'  1800  ;  edited  John  Newton's  '  Authentic  Narra- 
tive,' 1764.  [xxv.  186] 

HAWES,  SIR  BENJAMIN  (1797-1862),  nnder-secre- 
tary  for  war;  whig  M.P.,  Lambeth,  1832-47,  Kinsale, 
1848-52 ;  caused  appointment  of  fine  arts  commission  and 
opening  of  British  Museum  on  holidays ;  advocate  of 
penny  postage  and  electric  telegraph  :  under-secretary  for 
colonies,  1846:  K.O.B.,  1856;  under-secretary  for  war, 
1857-62 ;  published  narrative  of  ascent  of  Mont  Blanc  in 
1827.  [xxv.  187] 

HA  WES,  EDWARD  (/.  1606),  poet ;  author,  while  at 
\  Westminster  School,  of  'Trayterous  Percyes  and  Cates- 
j  byes  Prosopopeia,'  1606.  [xxv.  187] 

HA  WES,  RICHARD  (1603  ?-1668),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1627:  when 
rector  of  Kentchurch  tried  by  royalists  for  supposed 
conspiracy ;  ejected  from  vicarage  of  Leintwardine,  1662, 
but  occasionally  allowed  to  preach.  [xxv.  187] 

HA  WES,  ROBERT  (1665-1731),  topographer;  part 
of  his  manuscript  history  of  Framlingham  and  Loes- 
Hondred  printed  by  R.  Loder,  1798.  [xxv.  188] 

HA  WES,  STEPHEN  (d.  1523  ?),  poet ;  groom  of  the 
chamber  to  Henry  VII :  his  '  Passetyme  of  Pleasure,  or 
History  of  Grannde  Amoure  and  la  Bel  Pucel,'  first  printed 
by  Wynkyu  de  Worde,  1509  (reprinted  by  Sonthey,  1831) ; 
other  works  by  him  reprinted  (ed.  David  Laing),  1865. 

[xxv.  188] 

HA  WES,  WILLIAM  (1736-1808),  founder  of  Royal 
Humane  Society ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School :  M.P. ; 
physician  to  London  Dispensary  ;  founded  Royal  Humane 
Society,  1774 ;  published  account  of  Goldsmith's  illness, 
1774,  examination  of  'John  Wesley's  Primitive  Physic,' 
1776,  and  tracts  on  premature  interment  and  suspended 
animation.  [xxv.  190] 

HAWES,  WILLIAM  (1786-1R46),  singer  and  com- 
poser :  chorister,  gentleman,  and  master  of  children  (1817) 
at  Chapel  Royal :  original  associate  of  Philharmonic 
Society ;  almoner  and  vicar-choral  at  8k  Paul's,  1814 ; 


HAWFORD 


587 


HAWKINS 


lay  vicar  of  Westminster,  1817-20  ;  assisted  Arnold  in 
BMUMgHMnt  of  English  opera  at  Lyceum  ;  conducted 
Madrigal  Society  ami  directed  oratorios  ;  composed  SOURS 
10ft  (fas  and  rafted,  among  other  works,  'Triumphs  of 
Oriana,'  1818.  [xxv.  190] 

HAWFORD.  EDWARD  (d.  1582),  master  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge ;  H.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1543 ; 
fellow  of  Christ's  College  ;  M.A.,  1545  :  master  of  Christ's 
College,  15M)-«2;  D.D.,  1564:  vice-chancellor,  1563-4; 
took  part  in  framing  of  university  statutes  (1570). 

[xxv.  191] 

HAWKE,  EDWARD,  flrst  BAROX  HAWKE  (1705- 
1781),  admiral  of  the  fleet;  brought  up  by  his  uncle, 
Martin  Bladen  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy  as  volunteer,  1720 : 
first  saw  lighting  as  commander  of  the  Berwick  in  battle 
of  Toulon,  1744  ;  promoted  rear-admiral  of  the  white  by 
special  interposition  of  George  II,  1747  ;  defeated  and  cap- 
tured great  part  of  French  squadron  protecting  convoy 
from  Kochelle,  1747  ;  K.B.,  1747  ;  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1747 ; 
commanded  home  fleet,  1748-52 :  presided  over  court-mar- 
tials (1750)  on  admirals  Sir  Charles  Knowles  [q.  v.]  and 
Thomas  Griffin  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  western  fleet,  1755-6, 
Mediterranean  fleet,  1756:  admiral,  1757;  co-operated 
with  Sir  John  Mordaunt  [q.  v.]  in  the  Rochefort  expedi- 
tion, 1757  ;  succeeded  in  delaying,  but  failed  to  destroy, 
French  convoy  for  America,  1758;  struck  his  flag  owing 
to  his  treatment  by  admiralty,  but  resuming  his  com- 
mand blockaded  Brest  from  May  to  November,  1759  ;  in 
heavy  weather  defeated  Conflans  in  Quiberon  Bay,  20  Nov. 
1759,  capturing  five  ships  and  running  others  ashore; 
thanked  by  parliament  and  given  a  pension  of  1,500J.  for 
two  lives  ;  after  capturing  Spanish  treasure-ships  finally 
struck  his  flag,  1762  ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1766-71 ; 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  1768 ;  created  Baron  Hawke  of  Great 
Britain,  1776.  [xxv.  192] 

HAWKER,  EDWARD  (1782-1860),  admiral ;  son  of 
James  Hawker  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1793  ;  successful  in 
cruising  against  privateers  in  Mediterranean ;  flag-captain 
to  Sir  Richard  Keats  at  Newfoundland,"  1813-15,  to  Earl 
ofNortheskat  Plymouth,  1827-30;  admiral,  1853:  cor- 
respondent of  '  Times '  as  '  A  Flag  Officer.'  [xxv.  199] 

HAWKER,  JAMES  (d.  1787),  captain  in  the  navy ; 
posted,  1768  ;  with  the  Iris  fought  drawn  battle  with  La 
Touche  Treville  in  the  Hermione  off  New  York,  1780; 
commanded  the  Hero  in  Porto  Praya  under  Commodore 
G.  Johnstone  [q.  v.],  1781.  [xxv.  200] 

HAWKER,  PETER  (1786-1853),  soldier  and  author : 
served  with  14th  light  dragoons  in  Peninsula;  badly 
wounded  at  Talavera,  1809;  retired,  1813:  patented  im- 
provements in  pianoforte,  1820  :  published  military  jour- 
nal, 1810,  'Instructions  to  Young  Sportsmen,'  1814. 

[xxv. 200] 

HAWKER,  ROBERT  (1753-1827),  divine  and  author ; 
member  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1778:  curate  of 
Charles,  near  Plymouth,  1778,  vicar,  1784 ;  D.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1792  ;  highly  popular  as  extempore  preacher  ;  pub- 
lished numerous  devotional  works,  also  'Concordance  and 
Dictionary  to  Sacred  Scriptures  ' ;  collected  works  edited, 
1831.  [xxv.  201] 

HAWKER,  ROBERT  STEPHEN  (1803-1875),  poet 
and  antiquary ;  grandson  of  Robert  Hawker  [q.  v.] ; 
matriculated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1823 ;  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  1836 ;  Newdigate  prizeman,  1827  ;  vicar 
of  Morwenstow,  1834,  with  Wellcombe,  1861;  became 
Romanist  in  last  days  ;  published '  Quest  of  the  Sangraal,' 
1864, '  Cornish  Ballads  and  other  Poems,'  1869,  and  other 
verse,  including  '  And  shall  Trelawny  die,'  '  Records  of 
the  Western  Shore,'  1832, 1836,  and  '  Footprints  of  Former 
Men  m  Far  Cornwall,'  1870.  [x'xv.  202] 

HAWKER,  THOMAS  (d.  1723  ?),  portrait-painter. 

[xxv.  203] 

HAWKESBTTRY,  first  BAROX  (1727-1808).  [See 
JKNKIVSON,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OP  LIVERPOOL.] 

HAWKESWORTH,  JOHN  (1715?-1773),  author; 
said  to  have  succeeded  Johnson  as  compiler  of  parlia- 
mentary debates  for  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1744  ;  with 
him  and  Warton  carried  on  the  'Adventurer,'  1752-4; 
edited  Swift's  works,  1755 ;  LL.D.  Lambeth,  1766 ;  hi* 
1  Edcrar  and  Emmeline  '  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  1761 ; 
published  an  account  of  voyages  in  the  South  Seas,  177S, 
when  ho  Iweame  a  director  of  the  East  India  Company  ; 
early  friend  nud  imitator  of  Johnson.  [xxv.  203] 


HAWKESWORTH,  WALTER  (d.  1606),  dramatist ; 
major  fellow  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1595;  M.A., 
1595 ;  acted  in  his  own  comedies,  '  Leander'  and  'Pedau- 
tius,"  1603 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Charles  Cornwallis  [q.  v.]  in 
Spain,  c.  1605  ;  died  of  the  plague  in  Spain,  [xxv.  806] 

HAWKEY,  JOHN  (1703-1769),  classical  Bcbolar; 
graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1725  ;  edited  Virgil, 
1745,  Horace,  1745,  and  Terence,  1745,  Juvenal  and 
Persius,  1746,  Sallust,  1747.  [xxv.  206] 

HAWKINS,  8m  CAESAR,  baronet  (1711-1786),  Bur- 
geon; surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  1736-74; 
sergeant-surgeon  to  George  II  and  George  III ;  created 
baronet,  1778  ;  Invented  tlte  cutting  gorget,  [xxv.  906] 

HAWKINS,  OffiSAIl  HENRY  (1798-1884X  surgeon  : 
grandson  of  Sir  Caesar  Hawkins  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital  and  St.  George's  Hospital :  surgeon  to 
St.  George's  Hospital,  1829-61 ;  consulting  surgeon,  1861  ; 
Huuterian  orator,  1849  ;  president  of  College  of  Surgeons, 
1852  and  1861 ;  sergeant-surgeon  to  Queen  Victoria,  1862  : 
F.R.S. ;  first  successful  practiser  of  ovariotomy :  collected 
works  issued,  1874.  [xxv.  206] 

HAWKINS,  EDWARD  (1780-1867),  numismatist; 
keeper  of  antiquities  at  British  Museum,  1826-60 ;  F.RA, 
1821,  F.S.A.,  1826  (vice-president  of  both);  president  of 
London  Numismatic  Society;  published  'Silver  Coins  of 
England,'  1841,  and  '  Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,'  1885;  his  collection  of 
medals  and  political  caricatures  purchased  by  British 
Museum,  1860.  [xxv.  207] 

HAWKINS,  EDWARD  (1789-1882),  provost  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford ;  brother  of  Caesar  Henry  Hawkins  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1814  ;  D.D.,  1828  ;  fellow  of  Oriel, 
1813  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  1823-8  ;  provost  of  Oriel,  1828- 
1874;  canon  of  Rochester,  1828-82;  Bampton  lecturer, 
1840 ;  first  Ireland  professor  of  exegesis,  1847-61 ;  though  a 
high  churchman  opposed  tractariau  movement  and  (1841) 
drew  up  condemnation  of  Tract  XC ;  retired  to  Rochester, 
1874 ;  published  an  edition  of  Milton's  poetry  with  New- 
ton's life,  1824,  4  A  Manual  for  Christians,'  1826,  and  ser- 
mons and  pamphlets  on  university  affairs,  [xxv.  208] 

HAWKINS,  ERNEST  (1802-1868),  canon  of  West- 
minster ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1827  ;  B.D.,  1839  ; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  1831  ;  sub-librarian  of  Bodleian, 
1831  ;  secretary  of  the  S.P.G.,  1843-64,  canon  of  Westmin- 
ster, 1864-8;  minister  of  Curzon  Chapel,  Mayfair,  1850; 
vice-president,  Bishop's  College,  Cape  Town,  1859 ;  pub- 
lished works  relating  to  history  of  missions,  [xxv.  209] 

HAWKINS,  FRANCIS  (1628-1681),  Jesuit;  son  of 
John  Hawkins  (/f.  1635)  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of  holy  scrip- 
ture at  Liege  College,  1676-81 ;  translated,  at  age  of  eight, 
4  Youth's  Behaviour,'  first  printed,  1641.  [xxv.  210] 

HAWKINS,  FRANCIS  (1794-1877),  physician; 
brother  of  Caesar  Henry  Hawkins  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
fellow ;  Newdigate  prizeman,  1813  ;  B.O.L.,  1819 ;  M.D., 
1823;  F.R.C.P.,1824;  first  professor  of  medicine  at  King's 
College,  London,  1831-6 ;  physician  to  Middlesex  Hospital, 
1824-58,  and  to  royal  household  ;  registrar  of  College  of 
Physicians,  1829-58,  of  Medical  Council,  1858-76. 

[xxv.  211] 

HAWKINS,  GEORGE  (1809-1852),  lithographic 
artist.  [xxv.  211] 

HAWKINS,  HENRY  (1571  7-1646),  Jesuit ;  studied 
at  St.  Omer  and  Rome ;  exiled  from  England,  1618  :  pub- 
lished translations  from  Latin,  French,  and  Italian,  and 
4  Partheneia  Sacra,'  1632  ;  died  at  Ghent.  [xxv.  211] 

HAWKINS,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1662-1729),  organist: 
Mus.  Bac.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1719 ;  organist  of 
Ely  Cathedral,  1682-1729  ;  arranged  Ely  MS.  choir-books, 
of  which  vol.  vii.  contains  music  by  himself,  [xxv.  212] 

HAWKINS,  JAMES,  the  younger  (ft.  1714-1760), 
organist  of  Peterborough  Cathedral,  1714-50;  son  of 
James  Hawkins  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  21 2] 

HAWKINS  or  HAWKYNS,  SIR  JOHN  (1582-1595), 
naval  commander;  second  sou  of  William  Hawkyns 
[q.  v.] ;  freeman  of  Plymouth,  1556 ;  made  voyages  to 
the  Canaries  before  1561 ;  in  three  ships  fitted  out  with 
assistance  of  his  father-in-law  and  Sir  William  Wynter 


HAWKINS 


[q.  v.]  sailed  to  Sierra  Leone,  kidnapped  negroes,  and  ex- 
changed them  with  Spaniards  in  San  Domingo  (Hispa- 
uiola)  for  hides  and  other  commodities,  1562-3  ;  in  second 
voyage,  1564-5,  having  loan  of  the  Jesus  (queen's  ship) 
and  support  of  Pembroke  and  Leicester,  forced  his  negroes 
on  Spaniards  at  Hio  de  la  Mac  ha-,  and  relieved  French 
colony  in  Florida  :  his  third  expedition,  delayed  by  Spanish 
remonstrances  with  Elizabeth,  left  Plymouth,  October 
15G7,  with  six  ships  (two  queen's),  took  money  from  the 
Portuguese  and  negroes  from  Sierra  Leone :  brought  some 
of  the  slaves  to  Vera  Oruz  ;  most  of  his  ships  destroyed 
and  treasure  seized  in  the  harbour  of  San  Juan  de  Lua 
by  a  Spanish  fleet ;  forced  by  famine  to  land  some  of  his 
men  in  Mexico ;  reached  Vigo ;  arrived  in  England  Janu- 
ary 1569:  pretended,  with  Burghley's  connivance,  to 
favour  a  Spanish  invasion  of  England,  thereby  obtaining 
from  Philip  II  the  release  of  his  captured  sailors,  40,000;., 
and  the  patent  of  grandee  of  Spain ;  M.P.,  Plymouth, 
1572  ;  treasurer  and  comptroller  of  the  navy  ;  introduced 
many  improvements  in  the  construction  of  ships  for  the 
navy ;  member  of  council  of  war  at  Plymouth  during  fight 
with  Armada,  1588 ;  commanded  rear  squadron  during 
fighting  in  Channel,  1588  ;  knighted  after  action  off  Isle 
of  Wight ;  commanded  centre  of  Howard's  division  at 
Qravelines,  29  Nov.  1688 ;  joint  commander  with  Fro- 
bisher  of  squadron  sent  to  Portuguese  coast,  1590  :  while 
serving  with  Drake's  expedition  to  West  Indies  died  at 
sea  off  Porto  Rico.  He  founded  the  hospital  called  after 
him  at  Chatham,  1592,  where  is  a  genuine  portrait. 

[xxv.  212] 

HAWKINS,  JOHN  (/.  1635),  translator  ;  brother  of 
Henry  Hawkins  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Padua  :  published  '  Briefe 
Introduction  to  Syntax '  (1631)  and  translations  of 
Andreas  de  Soto's  'Ransome  of  Time'  and  an  Italian 
4  Paraphrase  upon  the  seaveu  Penitential  Psalms,'  1635. 

[xxv.  219] 

HAWKINS,  SIR  JOHN  (1719-1789),  author;  claimed 
descent  from  Sir  John  Hawkins  (1532-1595)  [q.  v.]; 
Middlesex  magistrate:  knighted,  1772:  became  known 
to  Dr.  Johnson  through  connection  with  'Gentleman's 
Magazine ' :  member  of  the  club  at  King's  Head,  Ivy 
Lane,  and  of  famous  club  of  1763  ;  drew  up  Johnson's 
will,  1784  ;  published  Johnson's  •  Life  and  Works,'  1787-9 ; 
edited  Walton's  'Oompleat  Angler,'  1760;  his  'General 
History  of  Music '  issued,  1776.  [xxv.  220] 

HAWKINS,  JOHN  (1758?-1841),  author;  F.R.S.: 
travelled  in  Greece  and  the  east :  contributed  to  Walpole's 
•  Memoirs  of  European  and  Asiatic  Turkey,'  1818.  and 
'  Travels  in  ...  the  East.'  [xxv.  221] 

HAWKINS,  JOHN  SIDNEY  (1758-1842),  antiquary  ; 
son  of  Sir  John  Hawkins  (1719-1789)  [q.  v.]  ;  F.S.A.; 
edited  Ruggle'a  '  Ignoramus,'  1787,  and  Rigaud's  version 
of  Da  Vinci  '  On  Painting,'  1802 ;  published  work  on 
Gothic  architecture,  1813,  •  Inquiry  into  .  .  .  Greek  and 
Latin  Poetry,'  1817,  and  '  Inquiry  into  .  .  .  Thorough 
Bass  on  a  new  plan '  [1817].  [xxv.  221] 

HAWKINS,  MAJOR  ROHDE  (1820-1884),  architect 
to  the  committee  of  council  on  education :  third  son  of 
Edward  Hawkins  (1780-1867)  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Sir 
Charles  Fellows's  expedition  to  Asia  Minor,  1841. 

[xxv.  207] 

HAWKINS,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1534),  bishop-designate 
of  Ely ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge :  LL.D. ; 
in  youth  imprisoned  for  Lutheranism  ;  as  archdeacon  of 
Ely  attended  convocation  of  1529  ;  resident  ambassador 
at  imperial  court,  1532  ;  had  interview  with  Clement  VII 
at  Bologna  about  Henry  VIII's  divorce  from  Catherine  of 
Arragon,  1533 ;  communicated  to  Charles  V  in  Spain  news 
of  the  divorce  and  Henry's  private  marriage  with  Anne 
Boleyn ;  bishop-designate  of  Ely,  1533 ;  died  at  Balbase, 
Arragon.  [xxv.  222] 

HAWKINS  or  HAWKYN8,  Sm  RICHARD  (1562?- 
1622),  naval  commander;  sou  of  Sir  John  Hawkins  or 
Hawkyns  (1532-1595)  [q.  v.] :  captain  of  the  Duck  galliot 
in  Drake's  West  Indian  expedition,  1585-6  ;  commanded 
the  Swallow  against  Armada,  1588,  and  the  Crane  in  hU 
father's  Portuguese  expedition,  1590;  left  Plymouth  in 
the  Dainty  on  roving  commission  against  Spaniards,  1593  ; 
put  in  at  Santos  in  Brazil,  October  1593;  passed  Straits  of 
Magellan,  plundered  Valparaiso,  and  took  prizes  :  had  to 
surrender,  severely  wounded,  in  bay  of  S;,n  Mat  o,  1594  ; 
taken  to  Lima  and  (1597)  sent  to  Spain;  imprisoned  at 


HAWKSHAW 


Seville  and  Madrid  till  1602;  knighted,  1603  ;  M.P.,  Ply. 
mouth,  1604;  vice-admiral  of  Devon,  1604;  vice-admiral 
under  Sir  Robert  Mansell  [q.  v.]  in  expedition  atrainst 
Alcrerine  corsairs,  1620-1;  published  '  Observations  in  his 
Voiiiiru  into  the  South  Sea,  A.n.  1593,'  1622  ;  died  suddenly 
in  the  council  chamber.  [xxv.  223] 

HAWKINS,  SUSANNA  (1787-1868),  Scottish  poet ; 
daughter  of  a  Dumfriesshire  blacksmith ;  published  and 
herself  sold  local  and  occasional  verse,  1838-61. 

[xxv.  225] 

HAWKINS,  THOMAS  (</.  1577).    [SeeFiSHKR.] 

HAWKINS,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1640),  translator: 
brother  of  John  Hawkins  (fl.  1635)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
1618  ;  friend  of  Edmund  Bolton  [q.  v.]  and  James  Howell 
[q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Odes  and  Epodes  of  Horace  in  Latin 
and  English  Verse,'  1625,  and  translations  of  Caus-hfs 
'Holy  Court,'  1626,  and  'Christian  Diurnal,'  1632,  and 
other  French  works.  [xxv.  226] 

HAWKINS,  THOMAS  (1810-1889),  geologist;  F.G.S., 
1831 ;  his  collection  of  Devon,  Somerset,  and  Dorset 
fossils  bought  by  the  nation ;  published  '  Memoirs  of 
Ichthyosauri  and  Plesiosauri,'  1834, '  My  Life  and  Works,' 
1887,  and  poems.  [xxv.  227] 

HAWKINS  or  HAWKYNS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1554  ?), 
sea-captain  ;  made  voyages  to  Guinea  and  Brazil,  1528-30  ; 
twice  mayor  of  Plymouth ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1539,  1547, 
1553.  [xxv.  227] 

HAWKINS  or  HAWKYNS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1589), 
sea-captain  and  merchant :  son  of  William  Hawkins  or 
Hawkyns  (d.  1554?)  [q.  v.] ;  mayor  of  Plymouth,  1567, 
1578,  and  1587-8:  partner  with  his  brother,  Sir  John 
Hawkins  (1532-1595)  [q.  v.]  in  ownership  of  privateers : 
with  Sir  Arthur  Champernowne  seized  Spanish  treasure  at 
Plymouth,  1568 ;  commanded  West  Indian  expedition, 
1582 ;  fitted  out  ships  against  Armada.  [xxv.  228] 


or  HAWKYNS,  WILLIAM  (/.  1595), 
sea-captain  and  merchant ;  son  of  William  Hawkins  or 
Hawkyns  (d.  1589)  [q.  v.j  ;  served  in  Drake's  voyage, 
1577  :  lieutenant  to  Edward  Fenton  [q.  v.]  in  his  East 
Indian  voyage,  1582 ;  probably  commander  of  the  Advice 
on  Irish  coast,  1587,  and  of  the  Griffin  against  the 
Armada,  1588  ;  not  identical  with  the  William  Hawkyns 
who  went  to  Surat  and  resided  with  Great  Mogul. 

[xxv.  229] 

HAWKINS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1637),  poet;  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1626  ;  master  of  Hadleigh 
School:  published  'Apollo  Shroving,'  1627,  'Corolla 
Varia,'  1634,  and  Latin  complimentary  verses. 

[xxv.  230] 

HAWKINS,  WILLIAM  (1673-1746),  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1693  ;  member 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  1700 :  serjennt-at-law,  1723 ; 
chief  work,  '  Treatise  of  Pleas  of  the  Crown,'  1716. 

[xxv.  230] 

HAWKINS,  WILLIAM  (1722-1801),  author  ;  son  of 
William  Hawkins  (1673-1746)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  1742;  M.A.,  1744:  professor  of 
poetry,  1751-6 ;  rector  of  Whitchurch,  Dorset,  1764-1801 ; 
Bampton  lecturer,  1787  ;  published  '  The  Thimble,' 
1743,  '  Henry  and  Rosamond,'  1749,  and  '  The  Siege  of 
Aleppo,'  and  other  plays  : '  Poems,'  1781,  and  theological 
works;  collected  works  issued,  1758.  [xxv.  231] 

HAWKSHAW,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1738),  divine ;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1691 :  B.A.  Dublin,  1693  ; 
M.A.,  1695 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Nicholas-within-the- 
Walls,  Dublin ;  published  '  Poems,'  1693,  and  '  Reason- 
ableness of  constant  Communion  with  Church  of  Eng- 
land,' 1709.  [xxv.  232] 

HAWKSHAW,  Sm  JOHN  (1811-1891),  civil  en- 
gineer :  worked  under  Alexander  Nimmo  [q.  v.],  1821  ; 
engaged  in  mining  work  in  Venezuela,  1832-4 ;  employe*! 
by  Jesse  Hartley  [q.  v.],  1834,  engineer  to  Manchester 
and  Leeds  Railway,  1845 ;  consulting  engineer  in  Lon- 
don, 1850.  His  works  include  the  railways  at  Cannon 
Street  and  Charing  Cross,  with  bridges  over  Thames, 
East  London  Railway,  Severn  tunnel,  1887,  and  com- 
pletion, with  W.  H.  Barlow,  of  Clifton  suspension  bridin- : 
reported  favourably  on  site  of  proposed  Sue/,  canal, 
1863;  F.R.S.,  1855  ;  knighted,  1873;  M.I.O.E.,  1836,  and 
president,  1862  and  1863 :  president  of  British  Associa- 
tion, 1875 ;  published  professional  papers. 

[Suppl  U.  4021 


HAWKSLEY 


589 


HAY 


HAWKSLEY,  THOMAS  (1807-1893),  civil  i-u 
ginecr  ;  architect  and  surveyor  at  Nottingham  ;  engineer 
to  water  companies  supplying  Nottingham,  1845-80  ;  en- 
gineer-in-chief  to  water  supply  works  at  Liverpool,  1874- 
1885,  and  Sheffield,  1864-93  ;  planned  Thornton  Park  and 
Bradgate  reservoirs,  Leiwstt-r,  and  carried  out  numerous 
other  waterworks  ;  M.I.C.E.,  1840  :  president,  1872-3  ; 
president  of  Institution  of  Mivlumical  Engineers,  1876-7  ; 
F.R.S.,  1878  ;  published  professional  reports. 

[Suppl.  ii.  404] 

HAWKSMOOR,  NICHOLAS  (1661-1 736),  archi- 
tect ;  employed  by  Wren  as  deputy-surveyor  at  Chelsea 
Hospital,  1682-90  ;  clerk  of  the  works  at  Greenwich 
Hospital,  1698,  Kensington  Palace,  1691-1715,  and  at 
Whiteliall,  St.  James's,  and  Westminster,  1716-18; 
secretary  to  board  of  works  and  deputy-surveyor  ;  as- 
sisted Wren  at  St.  Paul's,  1678-1710,  and  Vanbrugh  at 
Castle  Ho  ward,  1702-14,  and  Blenheim,  1710-15  ;  erected 
library,  1700-14,  and  south  quadrangle,  1710-59,  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  part  of  north  quadrangle 
(including  towers)  of  All  Souls,  c.  1730 ;  directed  repairs 
at  Beverlt-y  Minstx-r,  1713;  joint-surveyor  of  Queen 
Auiu-'.-  now  rhurchrs,  1716;  designed  numerous  London 
churches ;  surveyor-general  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1723 ; 


Published  '  Short  Historical  Account  of  London  Bridge,' 

[xxv.  232] 


1736,  with  plates 


HAWKWOOD,  SIR  JOHN  DB  (d.  1394),  general; 
Froissart's  '  Haccoude ' ;  said  to  have  served  under  Ed- 
ward III ;  with  troop  of  free  lances  stormed  Pau,  1359  ; 
with  Bernard  de  la  Salle  levied  contributions  from 
Innocent  VII,  1360;  shared  in  English  victory  of 
Brignais,  1362  ;  took  service  with  Monferrato  against 
Milan,  his  troops  becoming  known  as  the  White  Com- 
pany ;  held  to  ransom  the  Count  of  Savoy  ;  defeated 
Viscouti's  Hungarian  mercenaries,  1363  ;  served  un- 
successfully Pisa  against  Florence,  1363-4,  and  assisted 
Agnello  to  make  himself  doge  of  Pisa,  1364 ;  with 
company  of  St.  George  ravaged  country  between  Genoa 
and  Siena,  1365-6,  pillaged  the  Perugino;  escorted 
Agnello  to  meet  the  Pope  at  Viterbo,  1367  ;  took  ser- 
vice with  Milan,  1368;  captured  by  the  pope's  mercen- 
aries at  Arezzo,  but  ransomed  by  Pisa,  1369;  defeated  at 
Rubiera  the  army  of  Monferrato,  1372  ;  won  a  great  vic- 
tory for  Pope  Gregory  XI  over  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti 
at  Gavardo,  1374 ;  levied  contributions  on  Florence,  Pisa, 
Siena,  Lucca,  and  Arezzo,  1375 ;  received  pension  from 
Florence,  1375 ;  obtained  Cotignola  and  other  places  in 
Romagua  in  default  of  papal  pay,  but  joine4  anti-papal 
league,  1377,  marrying  a  natural  daughter  of  Bernabo 
Viscouti;  with  Count  Landau  forced  Verona  to  pay 
tribute  to  Milan,  1378 ;  defeated  by  Stephen  Laczsk,  and 
proscribed  by  Visconti ;  generally  served  Florence  from 
1380,  but  won  the  victory  of  Castagnaro  against  Verona 
for  Padua,  1386  ;  joint-ambassador  for  England  at  Rome, 
1382,  and  at  Florence  and  Naples,  1385  ;  as  commander- 
in-chief  at  Florence  carried  on  successful  war  against 
Milan,  1390-92;  died  at  Florence  and  was  buried  in  the 
Dnomo.  At  the  request  of  Richard  II  'leave  was  given 
Ms  widow  to  transfer  his  body  to  England  ;  it  was  prob- 
ably buried  at  Hedingham  Sibil.  [xxv.  236] 

HAWLES,  Sm  JOHN  (1646-1716),  whig  lawyer ; 
rduoated  at  Winchester  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  M.P.,  Old  Sarum,  1689,  Wilton, 
1695,  and  1702-5,  St.  Michael,  1698,  Truro,  1700,  St. 
Ives,  1702,  Stockbridge,  1705-10;  knighted,  1695 ;  solici- 
tor-general, 1695-1702 ;  a  manager  of  the  Sacheverell  im- 
peachment, 1710  ;  published  'Remarks'  on  contemporary 
state  trials,  1689,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  242] 

HAWLEY,  FREDERICK  (1827-1889),  Shakespearean 
scholar  ;  as  Frederick  Haywell  appeared  with  Wallack 
at  Theatre  aux  Italiens,  Paris,  with  Phelps  at  Sadler's 
Wells,  and  with  Charles  Calvert  at  Manchester ;  produced 
two  plays  at  the  Gaiety  ;  as  librarian  at  Stratford-on- 
Avou,  1886-9,  completed  (1889)  catalogue  of  editions  in 
all  languages  of  Shakespeare's  plays.  [xxv.  243] 

HAWLEY,  HENRY  or  HENRY  0.  (1679?-1759), 
lieutenant-general  ;  served  with  the  (present)  4th 
hussars,  1706-17  ;  present  at  Almauza,  1707  ;  wounded 
at  Dunblane,  1715,  when  lieutenant-colonel;  colonel  of 
33rd  foot,  1717,  of  13th  dragoons,  1730;  lieutenant- 
general,  1744  ;  present  at  Dettingen,  1743,  and  Fontenoy, 
1745  ;  when  commauder-in-chief  in  Scotland  defeated 
at  Falkirk,  1746  ;  commanded  cavalry  at  Culloden,  1746, 


ami   in   Flanders;    governor    of    Portsmouth,    1752;    a 
severe  disciplinarian,  known  as  the  '  chief-justice.' 

[xxv.  S43] 

HAWLEY,  Sm  JOSEPH  HENRY,  third  baronet 
(1813-1875),  patron  of  the  turf ;  succeeded  a*  baronet. 
1831  ;  lieutenant.  »th  luix-ers,  1833  ;  left  army,  1834  ;  raced 
in  partnership  with  J.  M.  Stanley  in  Italy  and  England  ; 
won  the  Oaks,  1847  ;  cleared  about  43.000/.  by  hi*  win 
(with  Beadsman)  of  the  Derby,  1858;  again  won  the 
Derby,  1859  and  1868,  and  the  St.  Leger,  1869 ;  advo- 
cated turf  reform,  1870.  [xxv.  Ml] 

HAWLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1557),  Olarenceux  king-of- 
arms ;  last  Roseblauche  pursuivant ;  as  Rougecroix 
negotiated  with  Scots  before  Flodden ;  when  Carlisle 
herald  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  Ardres,  1520 :  Norroy, 
1534  ;  Olarenceux  king-of-aruis,  1536-57  ;  employed  to 
treat  with  northern  rebels,  1536 :  accompanied  Northum- 
berland to  Cambridge,  1553  ;  induced  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt 
to  submit,  1 554 ;  made  visitations  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Hamp- 
shire, and  Essex  (printed,  1878).  [xxv.  245] 

HA  WORTH,  ADRIAN  HARDY  (1767-1833),  ento- 
mologist and  botanist ;  F.L.S.,  1798  ;  founded  Aureliau 
Society  and  Entomological  Society  of  London,  1806; 
made  large  collection  of  lepidoptera ;  sub-division  of 
aloe  named  after  him  ;  published  works,  including 
'  Lepidoptera  Britannica  '  (pt.  i.  1803,  pt  ii.  c.  1810,  pt.  iii. 
1812),  and  '  Synopsis  Plantarum  Succulentarnm,'  1812. 

[xxv.  246] 

HAWORTH,  SAMUEL  (/.  1883),  empiric:  MJ>. 
Paris ;  author  of  '  True  Method  of  curing  Consumptions,' 
1682.  [xxv.  247] 

HAWTREY,  EDWARD  CRAVEN  (1789-1862),  pro- 
vost of  Eton ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  scholar  ( 1807)  and  fellow 
(1810)  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A. ;  as  assistant- 
master  at  Eton  under  Keate,  1814-34,  encouraged  early 
efforts  of  Praed,  Cornewall  Lewis,  and  Arthur  Hallam  ;  as 
head-master  of  Eton,  1834-62,  nearly  doubled  the  numbers 
in  twelve  years,  opened  new  buildings  for  foundationers 
(1846)  and  the  sanatorium,  suppressed  '  montem  '  (1847), 
introduced  principle  of  competition  for  king's  scholars, 
founded  English  essay  prize  ;  provost,  1852-62 ;  last  per- 
son buried  in  college  chapel.  He  printed  translations  into 
Italian,  German,  and  Greek  verse,  1839,  and  translations 
from  Homer  into  English  hexameters,  1843 ;  edited 
Goethe's  lyrics,  1833  and  1834.  [xxv.  247] 

HAXEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1425),  treasurer  of  York 
minster  ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1391,  Lincoln,  1395, 
and  Salisbury  ;  attended  parliament  of  1397  (according  to 
Hallam  as  a  member)  and  brought  forward  an  article  in 
bill  of  complaints  directed  against  non-residence  of 
bishops  and  a  tax  on  clergy  ;  tried  and  condemned  to 
death,  but  claimed  as  a  clergyman  and  pardoned,  1397  ; 
prebendary  of  York,  1405,  of  Southwell,  1406 ;  treasurer 
of  York  minster,  1418-25.  [xxv.  249] 

HAY,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  EASTKR  KENXET  (d. 
1594),  Scottish  judge ;  clerk  to  Scots  privy  council,  1564  ; 
clerk-register  and  senator  of  College  of  Justice,  1579. 

[xxv.  250] 

HAY,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  NKWTOX  (d.  1616),  clerk- 
register,  1612;  son  of  Alexander  Hay  (d.  1594)  [q.  v.]  ; 
author  of  '  Manuscript  Notes  of  Transactions  of  King 
James  VI  written  for  use  of  King  Charles.'  [xxv.  260] 

HAY,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1807  V),  topographer ;  M.A. 
of  a  Scottish  university  ;  chaplain  of  St.  Mary's  Chapel, 
Ohichester ;  vicar  of  Wisborough  Green ;  published  '  His- 
tory of  Chichester,'  1804.  [xxv.  260] 

HAY,  ALEXANDER  LEITH  (1758-1838),  general; 
assumed  name  of  Hay,  1789 ;  raised  regiment  called  by  his 
name,  1789 ;  general,  1813.  [xxv.  251] 

HAY,  ANDREW  (1762-1814),  major-general ;  raised 
Banffshire  fencible  infantry,  1798  ;  lieutenant- colonel,  3rd 
battalion  1st  royals  at  Corufia ;  commanded  a  brigade  at 
Walchereu,  1809,  and  in  Peninsula ;  major-general,  1811 ; 
mortally  wounded  before  Bayonue.  [xxv.  251] 

HAY,  Sm  ANDREW  LEITH  (1785-1862),  soldier  and 
author ;  son  of  Alexander  Ix>ith  Hay  [q.  v.] ;  served  in 
Peninsula,  1808-14,  as  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  James  Leith 
(his  uncle) ;  M.P.,  Elgin,  1882-8  and  1841-7 ;  clerk  of 
the  ordnance,  1834  ;  K.H.,  1834  ;  published  •  Narrative  of 
the  Peninsular  War,' 1831,  and '  Castellated  Architecture 
of  Aberdeenshire,'  1849.  [xxv.  251] 


HAY 


590 


HAY 


HAY,  ARCHIBALD  (/.  1543),  Scottish  monk  of 
1'aris  and  Latin  writer.  [xxv.  252] 

HAY,  ARTHUR,  ninth  MARQUIS  OF  TWKEDDALE 
(1824-1878),  soldier  and  naturalist;  son  of  George  Hay, 
eighth  marquis  of  Tweeddale  [q.  v.] ;  entered  grenadier 
guards,  1841  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Hardinge  in  Sutlej  cam- 
paign, 1845 ;  travelled  in  Europe  and  the  Himalayas ; 
served  in  Crimea ;  colonel,  1866  ;  Viscount  Walden,  1862- 
1876  ;  marquis,  1876  ;  president  of  Zoological  Society  ; 
F.R.S. ;  F.L.S. ;  his  papers  on  natural  history  collected, 
1881.  [xxv.  252] 

HAY,  LORD  CHARLES  (d.  1760),  major-general; 
brother  of  John  Hay,  fourth  marquis  of  Tweeddale  [q.  v.] ; 
present  at  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1727 ;  volunteer  with 
Prince  Eugene  on  the  Rhine,  1734;  M.P.,  Haddington- 
shire,  1741 ;  distinguished  himself  with  first  foot  guards 
at  Fontenoy,  1745,  and  was  severely  wounded ;  major- 
general,  1757  ;  court-martialled  for  reflections  on  conduct 
of  Lord  Loudouu  in  Nova  Scotia.  [xxv.  253] 

HAY,  DAVID  RAMSAY  (1798-1866),  decorative 
artist  and  author;  employed  by  Scott  at  Abboteford; 
decorated  hall  of  Society  of  Arts,  c.  1846  ;  '  Ninety  Club  ' 
founded  by  his  pupils ;  published,  among  other  works, 
'  Laws  of  Harmonious  Colouring  adapted  to  House  Paint- 
ing,' 1828,  and  '  Natural  Principles  of  Beauty  as  developed 


ing,'  1828,  and  '  Natural  Principl 
in  the  Human  Figure,'  1852,  &c. 


Beauty  as  developed 
[xxv.  253] 


HA,Y,  EDMUND  (rf.  1591),  Scottish  Jesuit ;  accom- 
panied secret  embassy  from  Pius  IV  to  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  1562  ;  first  rector  of  Pont-a-Mousson,  and  pro- 
vincial of  French  Jesuits ;  assistant  for  Germany  and 
Franco  to  Aquaviva,  general  of  the  Jesuits,  [xxv.  255] 

HAY,  EDWARD  (1761  ?-1826),  Irish  writer  ;  active  in 
the  cause  of  catholic  emancipation ;  tried  for  treason  but 
acquitted,  1798 :  published  '  History  of  the  Insurrection 
of  County  of  Wexford,  1798,'  1803.  [xxv.  255] 

HAY,  FRANCIS,  ninth  EARL  OF  EHROL  (d.  1631), 
succeeded  to  earldom,  1585 ;  joined  Huntly  [see  GORDON, 
GKORGE,  1562-1636]  in  schemes  for  re-establishing  Ro- 
manism in  Scotland ;  his  letter  to  Duke  of  Parma  inter- 
cepted in  England  and  forwarded  to-  James  VI,  1589 ; 
joined  in  rebellion  of  Huntly  and  Crawford,  and  did  not 
submit  till  king's  second  visit  (1589)  to  the  north ;  im- 
prisoned on  suspicion  of  complicity  with  Bothwell,  1591 ; 
again  in  rebellion  after  '  Spanish  Blanks '  affair,  1592 ; 
excommunicated,  outlawed,  and  exiled,  1593;  defeated 
king's  troops,  but  was  severely  wounded,  1594  ;  his  castle 
at  Slains  destroyed  by  the  king,  1594  ;  persuaded  by  Lennox 
to  leave  Scotland,  1594  ;  detained  at  Middelburg  ;  returned 
secretly,  1596  ;  restored  and  absolved  on  abjuring  pop«ry, 
1597 ;  commissioner  for  union  with  England,  1602 ;  ex- 
communicated and  imprisoned  at  Dumbarton,  1608 ; 
absolved,  1617.  [xxv.  255] 

HAY,  GEORGE  (d.  1588),  controversialist ;  minister 
of  Eddlestone  and  Rathven ;  preached  with  Kuox  in  Ayr- 
shire, 1562  ;  disputed  with  abbot  of  Crossraguel,  1562 ; 
moderator  of  the  assembly,  1571 ;  published  work  against 
the  Jesuit  Tyrie,  1576  ;  deputy  to  council  at  Magdeburg, 
1577.  [xxv.  258] 

HAY,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OF  KINNOULL  (1672- 
1634),  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland;  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber,  1596  ;  knighted,  c.  1609 ;  clerk-register  and 
a  lord  of  session,  1616  ;  supported  five  articles  of  Perth  ; 
lord  high  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1622-34;  created 
Viscount  Dupplin,  1627,  Earl  of  Kinnoull,  1633  :  resisted 
king's  regulations  for  lords  of  session  (1626),  and  upheld 
precedency  over  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  [xxv.  259] 

HAY,  GEORGE,  seventh  EARL  OP  KINNOULL  (d. 
1758),  as  Viscount  Dupplin  M.P.,  Fowey,  1710 ;  created 
peer  of  United  Kingdom,  1711 ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1719; 
suspected  of  Jacob! tisrn,  1715  and  1722;  British  ambas- 
sador at  Constantinople,  1729-37 :  maintained  right  of 
presentation  to  parish  of  Madderty  in  ecclesiastical  courts, 
1739-40.  [xxv.  260] 

HAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1715-1778),  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  D.O.L.,  1742;  chancellor  of  Worcester, 
1751-64;  dean  of  arches,  judge  of  prerogative  court  of 
Canterbury,  and  chancellor  of  diocese  of  London,  1764-78 ; 
vicar-general  of  Canterbury  and  king's  advocate,  1755-64 ; 
M.P.,  Stockbrid«jo,  1754,  Calne,  1757,  Sandwich,  1761, 


Newcastle-undcr-Lyme,  1768 ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1756-65 ;  judge  of  admiralty  court,  1773-8 ;  kuiphted, 
1773  ;  intimate  with  Hogarth  and  Garrick.  [xxv.  260] 

HAY,  GEORGE  (1729-1811),  Roman  catholic  bishop 
of  Daulis  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  lowland  district  of 
Scotland  ;  imprisoned  for  Jacobitism,  1746-7 ;  became  a 
Romanist,  1748 ;  entered  Scots  CoUege  at  Rome,  1751  ; 
despatched  with  John  Geddes  [q.  v.]  on  Scottish  mis- 
sion, 1759  ;  bishop  of  Daulis  in  partibus  and  coadjutor  to 
Bishop  James  Grant  [q.  v.],  1769  ;  vicar- apostolic  of 
lowland  district,  1778 ;  his  furniture  and  library  burnt 
in  protestant  riots  at  Edinburgh,  1779  ;  went  to  Rome  to 
get  plan  for  reorganising  Scots  College  sanctioned,  1781 ; 
had  charge  of  Scalan  seminary,  1788-93,  and  founded 
that  of  Aquhorties,  whither  he  retired,  1802 :  published 
theological  works,  edited  by  Bishop  Strain,  1871-3. 

[xxv.  261] 

HAY,  GEORGE,  eighth  MARQUIS  OF  TWEEDDALE 
(1787-1876),  field-marshal;  succeeded  to  title,  1804; 
served  in  Sicily,  1806,  the  Peninsula,  1807-13,  and 
America,  1813  ;  wounded  at  Busaco,  1810,  and  Vittoria, 
1813,  also  at  Niagara,  1813,  where  he  was  captured; 
governor  of  Madras  and  commander  of  troops,  1842-8 : 
general,  1854  ;  field-marshal,  1875  ;  K.T.,  1820 :  G.C.B., 
1867 ;  representative  peer  of  Scotland  and  lord-lieutenant 
of  Haddingtoushire  ;  agricultural  reformer  and  president 
of  Highland  Society.  [xxv.  263] 

HAY,  SIR  GILBERT  (/.  1456),  poet  and  translator; 
knighted;  sometime  chamberlain  to  Charles  VII  of 
France ;  afterwards  resided  with  Earl  of  Caithness,  and 
translated  from  French  Bonnet's  '  Buke  of  Battailes,'  also 
'  The  Buke  of  the  Order  of  Kuyghthood ' ;  translated  the 
spurious  Aristotelian '  Secretum  Secretorum  '  as  '  Buke  of 
the  Governaunce  of  Princes ' ;  rendered  into  Scottish  verse 
'  Buke  of  the  Conqueror  Alexauuder  the  Great.' 

[xxv.  264] 

HAY,  JAMES,  first  EARL  OF  CARLISLE,  first  VISCOUNT 
DONCASTER,  and  first  BARON  HAY  (d.  1636),  courtier; 
came  from  Scotland  to  England  with  James  I ;  knighted, 
and  became  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber ;  received 
numerous  grants  of  land,  and  (1607)  the  hand  of  an 
heiress;  K.B.,  1610;  master  of  the  wardrobe,  1613; 
created  baron  for  life,  though  without  a  seat  in  the 
Lords,  1606,  Baron  Hay,  1615,  Viscount  Doncaster,  1618, 
and  Earl  of  Carlisle,  1622  ;  married  Lucy  Percy  [see  HAY, 
LUCY,  COUNTESS  OF  CARLISLE],  1617  ;  sent  on  missions 
to  Heidelberg  and  the  imperial  court,  1619-20;  recom- 
mended war  on  behalf  of  king  of  Bohemia;  envoy  to 
Paris,  1623,  to  Lorraine  and  Piedmont  1628  :  advised 
rejection  of  Richelieu's  terms  for  marriage  of  Henrietta 
Maria ;  advocated  war  with  Spain,  1624,  and  support  of 
Huguenots,  1628  ;  celebrated  for  splendid  hospitality. 

[xxv.  265] 

HAY,  JOHN  (1546-1607),  Scottish  Jesuit ;  disputed 
with  protestants  at  Strasburg,  1576 ;  ordered  to  leave 
Scotland,  1579 ;  professor  of  theology  and  dean  of  arts 
at  Tournon,  1581 ;  rector  of  college  at  Pout-a-Mousson ; 
published  « Oertaine  Demandes  concerning  the  Christian 
Religion  and  Disaipline,  proposed  to  the  Ministers  of 
the  new  pretended  Kirk  of  Scotlande,'  1580,  also  'De 
Rebus  Japonicis,  Indicis  et  Peruviauis  Epistolae  recen- 
tiores '  1605  ;  edited  Sisto  da  Siena's  '  Bibliotheca  Sancta,' 
1591.  [xxv.  267] 

HAY,  SIR  JOHN,  LORD  BARRA  (d.  1654),  Scottish 
judge;  town-clerk  of  Edinburgh;  lord  clerk  register, 
1633  ;  ordinary  lord  of  session,  1634  ;  as  provost  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1637,  tried  to  present  petitions  against  new  prayer- 
book  ;  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  England  ;  imprisoned  on 
his  return,  1641 ;  tried  by  a  parliamentary  committee, 
1642  ;  captured  at  Philiphaugh  ;  his  life  saved  by  inter- 
vention of  Lanark,  1646.  [xxv.  268] 

HAY,  JOHN,  second  EARL  and  first  MARQUIS  OF 
TWKKUDALE  (1626-1697),  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland ; 
joined  Charles  I  at  Nottingham,  1642,  but  fought  for 
parliament  at  Marstou  Moor,  1644,  on  account  of  his 
attitude  towards  covenanters ;  held  command  in  army 
of  'the  engagement*  party,  1648;  succeeded  as  second 
Earl  of  Tweeddale.  1654 ;  imprisoned  for  support  of 
James  Guthrie  [q.  v.],  1660  ;  president  of  the  council, 
1663  ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1664  ;  used  influence 
as  church  commissioner  to  moderate  proceedings  against 
covenanters ;  dismissed  from  office  and  privy  council  by 
advice  of  Lauderdale,  1674  ;  readmitted  to  treasury,  1680, 
ami  the  council  1682 ;  chancellor  of  Scotland  1692-6  ; 


HAY 


591 


HAYDON 


supported  revplution  in  Scotland;  created  Marquis  of 
Twi-fMalr,  1694;  as  high  commissioner  ordered  inquiry 
into  (Jleuooe  massacre,  1695 ;  dismissed  from  chancellor- 
ship for  supporting  Darieu  scheme,  1696.  [xxv.  268] 

HAY,  LOUD  JOHN  (d.  1706),  brigadier-general: 
second  son  of  John  Hay,  second  marquis  of  Tweeddale 
[q.  v.]  ;  commanded  Scots  dragoons  (Scots  Greys)  under 
Marlborough  ;  died  of  fever  at  Courtrai.  [xxv.  270] 

HAY,  JOHN,  second  M.vnyriM  OK  T\\"KKi>i>ALK(1645- 
1713),  eldest  sou  of  John  Hay,  first  marquie  of  Tweeddale 
[q.  v.]  ;  created  privy  councillor,  1689  ;  succeeded  to  title, 
1697;  high  commissioner  to  Scottish  parliament,  1704; 
lord  chancellor,  1704-5 ;  led  xquadrone  volatile,  but  ulti- 
mately supported  the  union  ;  representative  peer,  1707. 

[xxv.  270] 

HAY,  JOHN,  titular  EARL  OF  I.\VKRNEKS(169l-1740), 
Jacobite  ;  brother  of  George  Hay,  seventh  earl  of  Kinnoull 
[q.  v.] ;  employed  by  his  brother-in-law  Mar  in  preparing 
Jacobite  outbreak  of  1715  ;  made  governor  of  Perth;  vent 
to  France  to  urge  the  Chevalier  James  Edward's  im- 
mediate sailing,  1715  ;  master  of  the  horse  to  the  Chevalier 
James  Edward  ;  joined  St.  Gerrnains  court ;  revealed  Mar's 
perfidy,  and  succeeded  him  as  secretary,  1724  (removed, 
1727) ;  created  Earl  of  Inverness,  1725.  [xxv.  270] 

HAY,  JOHN,  fourth  MARQUIS  OP  TWEEDIJALE 
(<f.  1762),  succeeded  to  title,  1716 ;  extraordinary  lord  of 
session,  1721 ;  representative  peer,  1722 ;  secretary  of  state 
for  Scotland,  1742-6  ;  lord  justice-general,  1761. 

[xxv.  271] 

HAY,  LORD  JOHN  (1793-1851),  rear-admiral;  lost  his 
left  arm  in  Hyeres  Roads,  1807 ;  commanded  squadron  on 
north  coast  of  Spain  during  civil  war ;  O.B.,  1837 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1851 ;  M.P.,  Haddiugton,  1826-30,  Windsor, 
1847  ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1847-50.  [xxv.  272] 

HAY,  Sin  JOHN  (1816-1892),  Australian  statesman; 
M.A.  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1834; 
emigrated  to  New  South  Wales,  1838;  member  of  legisla- 
tive assembly  for  Murrumbidgee,  1856  ;  secretary  of  lands 
and  public  works,  1866-7  ;  member  for  Murray  division, 
1858-64,  and  Central  Cumberland,  1864-7  ;  speaker  of 
legislative  assembly,  1862-5 ;  member  of  legislative 
council,  1867,  and  president,  1873-92 ;  K.O.M.G.,  1878. 


[Suppl.  ii.  406] 
)ND-  (1816- 


HAY,  Sm  JOHN  HAY  DRUMMOND-  (1816-1893). 
[See  DRUMMOXD-HAY.] 

HAY,  LUCY,  COUNTESS  OP  CARLISLE  (1599-1660), 
beauty  and  wit :  daughter  of  Henry  Percy,  ninth  Earl  of 
Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  married  James  Hay,  first  earl  of 
Carlisle  [q.  v.],  1617  ;  praised  and  addressed  by  Carew, 
Herrick,  Suckling,  Waller,  and  D'Avenant ;  exercised  great 
influence  over  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  and  was  intimate 
with  Straff ord  and  Pym;  revealed  intended  arrest  of  the 
five  members ;  during  civil  wars  acted  with  presbyterians ; 
active  in  support  of  Holland's  preparations  for  second 
civil  war ;  intermediary  between  Scottish  and  English 
leaders  ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1649-50.  [xxv.  272] 

HAY,  MARY  CECIL  (18407-1886),  novelist:  her 
works  (published,  1873-86)  highly  popular,  especially  in 
America  and  Australia;  the  best  known  being  'Old  Myd- 
deltou's  Money,'  1874.  [xxv.  274] 

HAY,  RICHARD  AUGUSTINE  (1661-1736?), 
Scottish  antiquary ;  grandson  of  Sir  John  Hay  [q.  v.]  of 
Barra;  canon  regular  of  Saiute-Genevieve's,  Paris,  1678 ; 
attempted  to  establish  the  order  in  Great  Britain ;  com- 
pelled to  leave  the  kingdom,  1689 ;  prior  of  Bernieourt, 
1694,  of  St.-Pierremont-en-Argonne,  1695 ;  published 
•Origine  of  Royal  Family  of  the  Stewarts,'  1722,  *Genea- 
logie  of  the  Hayes  of  Tweeddale,  including  Memoirs  of  his 
own  Times,'  privately  printed,  1835,  and  other  works; 
died  in  Scotland.  [xxv.  274] 

HAY,  ROBERT  (1799-1863),  of  Linplum,  egyptologist ; 
leading  member  of  Egyptian  expedition,  1826-38 ;  pub- 
lished '  Illustrations  of  Cairo,'  1840 ;  presented  drawings 
and  antiquities  to  British  Museum.  [xxv.  275] 

HAY,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL  OF  KINNOULL  (1710- 
1787),  statesman ;  eldest  sou  of  George  Hay,  seventh  earl 
of  Kiuuoull  [q.  v.]  ;  as  Viscount  Dupplin  M.P.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1741-58 :  commissioner  of  Irish  revenue,  1741 ;  a 
lord  of  trade,  1746,  of  the  treasury,  1754  ;  joint-paymaster, 
1755;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1758;  privy 


councillor,  1758 ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1758;  ambtmdor 
extraordinary  to  Portugal,  1769;  chancellor  of  St. 
Andrews,  1765.  [xxv.  276] 

HAY,  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON  YEHTKR  (d.  1576),  suc- 
ceeded as  baron,  1669;  subscribed  'Book  of  DIM -iplin. -.' 
1561,  but  commanded  the  van  in  raid  against  Moray,  1666 ; 
joined  Mary  and  Bothwell  on  their  flight  to  Dunbar ; 
signed  the  baud  for  Mary's  deliverance  from  Lochleven ; 
fought  for  Mary  at  Laugside,  1668;  after  167. 
•  king's  party.'  [xxv.  276] 

HAY,  WILLIAM  (1695-1755),  author;  of  Glynde- 
bourue,  Sussex ;  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1712;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1723;  M.P.,  Seaford, 
1734-55;  commissioner  for  victualling  the  navy,  1738; 
introduced  measure*  for  poor  relief;  keeper  of  Tower 
records,  1753.  His  collected  works  (1794)  include  'Essay 
on  Civil  Government,'  '  Religio  Philoftophi'  (reprinted 
1831),  and  a  translation  of  MartiaL  [xxv.  277] 

HAYA,  SIR  GILBERT  UK  (d.  1330),  lord  high  con- 
stable of  Scotland,  and  ancestor  of  the  earls  of  Errol ; 
at  first  faithful  to  Edward  I ;  joined  Bruce  in  1306,  and 
was  granted  Slains,  c.  1309,  and  the  hereditary  oonstable- 
ehip,  1309;  his  funeral  inscription  and  effigy  recently  dis- 
covered at  Cupar.  [xxv.  278] 

HAYDAY,  JAMES  (1796-1872),  bookbinder :  intro- 
duced Turkey  morocco.  [XXT.  278] 

HAYDEN,  GEORGE  (Jt.  1723),  musical  composer. 

[xxv.  279] 

HAYDN,  JOSEPH  (d.  1856),  compiler  of  'Dictionary 
of  Dates'  (1841)  and  '  Book  of  Dignities  '  (1861) ;  received 
government  pension,  1856.  [xxv.  279] 

HAYDOCK,  GEORGE  LEO  (1774-1849%  biblical 
scholar ;  of  Douay  and  Crook  Hall,  Durham ;  interdicted 
from  saying  mass  at  Westby  Hall,  1831 ;  restored,  1839  ; 
editor  of  the  Douay  Bible  and  Rheims  Testament,  1812- 
1814.  [xxv.  279] 

HAYDOCK  or  HADDOCK,  RICHARD  (1562  ?-l606), 
Roman  catholic  divine ;  assisted  in  foundation  of  English 
college  at  Rome,  whither  he  returned  as  maestro  di 
camera  to  Cardinal  Allen,  1590  ;  friend  of  Parsons;  dean 
of  Dublin  ;  died  at  Rome ;  his  '  Account  of  Revolution  in 
English  College  at  Rome '  printed  in  Dodd's  'Church  His- 
tory.' [xxv.  280] 

HAYDOCK,  RICHARD (Jl.  1605), physician;  of  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1590  ;  M.A., 
1595 :  M.B.,  1601 ;  practised  at  Salisbury  :  translated  from 
Jo.  Paul  Lomatius  '  Tracte  containing  the  Artes  of  Curious 
Paiutinge,  Oarviuge,  and  Buildiuge,'  1598.  [xxv.  281] 

HAYDOCK,  ROGER  ( 1644-1696 ),quaker;  imprisoned 
and  fined  for  preaching  in  Lancashire,  1667  ;  disputed  at 
Arley  Hall  with  John  Oheyuey  [q.  v.],  1677  ;  visited  Scot- 
laud,  Ireland,  1680,  and  Holland,  1681,  and  subsequently 
obtained  protection  for  quakers  in  Isle  of  Man  ;  collected 
writings  edited  by  J.  Field,  1700  (posthumous). 

[xxv.  281] 

HAYDOCK,  THOMAS  (1772-1859),  printer  and  pub- 
lisher ;  brother  of  George  Leo  Haydock  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  282] 

HAYDOCK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1537),  Cistercian,  of 
Whalley;  executed  for  participation  in  Pilgrimage  of 
Grace ;  his  body  found  at  Cottuiu  Hall  early  in  nineteenth 
century.  [xxv.  282] 

HAYDON.    [See  also  HEYDON.] 

HAYDON,  BENJAMIN  ROBERT  (1786-1848),  hi»- 
torical  painter ;  came  to  London,  1804 ;  attended  Academy 
schools  and  Charles  Bell's  lectures  on  anatomy  ;  his  first 
picture,  'Joseph  and  Mary,'  well  hung  at  the  Academy, 
1806 ;  visited,  with  Wilkie,  the  Elgin  marbles  in  Park 
Lane,  and  drew  studies  from  them  for  his  'Deutatus'; 
offended  by  position  of  '  Deutatus'  in  Academy  exhibition 
of  1809  ;  awarded  premium  for  it  by  British  Gallery,  1810 ; 
attacked  Payne  Knight  and  the  Academy  in  '  Examiner,' 
1812;  created  sensation  with  'Judgment  of  Solomon' 
(Water-colour  Society),  1814;  did  much  by  his  letters  on 
the  Elgin  marbles  (1815)  towards  determining  the  national 
purchase ;  his  '  Christ's  Entry  into  Jerusalem '  exhibited 
ut  Egyptian  Hall,  1820,  and  hi  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  : 
•Lazarus'  (National  Gallery)  finished  1822;  imprisoned 
for  debt  in  King's  Bench,  1822-3,  and  again  three  times 
before  1837 ;  his  scheme  for  government  school  of  design 


HAYBON 


HAYtfE 


accepted,  1835 ;  compelled  introduction  of  models  by 
starting  rival  school  at  Savile  House ;  bej:uu  lectures  on 
art  in  northern  towns,  1839;  committed  suicide  after 
failure  of  exhibition  of  '  Aristides '  and  '  Nero.'  His  later 
pictures  include  '  Punch,'  '  Meeting  of  Anti-Slavery 
Society,'  and  '  Wdlinu'ton  musinir  at  Waterloo.'  Wonls- 
worth  and  Keats  addressed  sonnets  to  him.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Eastlake,  the  Laudseers,  Lance,  and  Bewick. 
He  published  works  on  historical  painting  in  England, 
1829,  the  pernicious  effect  of  academies  on  art,  1839,  the 
relative  value  of  oil  and  fresco  (in  connection  with  deco- 
ration of  houses  of  parliament),  1842,  and  '  Lectures  on 
Painting  and  Design,'  1844-6,  and  left  part  of  an  auto- 
biography, [xxv.  283] 

HAYDON,  FRANK  SOOTT  (1822-1887),  editor  of 
'Eulogium  Historiarum'  (1868);  eldest  son  of  Benjamin 
Robert  Haydon  [q.  v.] ;  committed  suicide,  [xxv.  287] 

HAYDON,  FREDERICK  WORDSWORTH  (1827- 
1886),  inspector  of  factories  (dismissed,  1867) ;  son  of 
Benjamin  Robert  Haydou  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Correspon- 
dence and  Table-Talk'  of  his  father,  1876 ;  died  at  Bethle- 
hem Hospital.  [xxv.  287] 

HAYES,  MRS.  CATHERINE  (1690-1726),  murderess  ; 
executed  for  murder  of  her  husband  in  Tyburn  (Oxford 
Street) ;  convicted  of  petty  treason  and  sentenced  to  be 
burned  alive.  [xxv.  288] 

HAYES,  CATHERINE,  afterwards  MRS.  BUSHXKLL 
(1825-1861),  vocalist :  first  sang  at  Sapio's  concert,  Dublin, 
1839;  studied  under  Garcia  at  Paris  and  Ronconi  at 
Milan  ;  sang  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  at  Vienna,  and  Venice ; 
made  her  debut  at  Covent  Garden  in  '  Linda  di  Ghamouui,' 
1849 ;  sang  in  New  York,  California,  South  America, 
Australia,  India,  and  the  Sandwich  islands,  1851-6 ;  at 
Jullien's  concerts,  1857.  [xxv.  288] 

HAYES,  CHARLES  (1678-1760),  mathematician  and 
chronologist :  sub-governor  of  Royal  African  Company 
till  1752  ;  published  '  Treatise  on  Fluxions,'  1704, '  Disser- 
tation on  Chronology  of  the  Septuagint,'  1751,  and  similar 
works.  [xxv.  289] 

HAYES,  EDMUND  (1804-1867),  Irish  judge;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1825  ;  LL.D.,  1832 ;  Irish  bar- 
rister, 1827 ;  Q.O.,  1852  ;  law  adviser  to  Lord  Derby's  first 
and  second  administrations;  judge  of  queen's  bench  in 
Ireland,  1859-66  ;  published  treatise  on  Irish  criminal  law 
(2nd  edit.  1843)  and  reports  of  exchequer  cases. 

[xxv.  290] 

HAYES,  SIH  GEORGE  (1805-1869),  justice  of  the 
queen's  bench  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1830 ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1856 ;  recorder  of  Leicester,  1861 ;  leader  of  Mid- 
land circuit ;  justice  of  the  queen's  bench,  1868  ;  knighted, 
1868  ;  author  of  humorous  elegy  and  song  on  the  '  Dog 
and  the  Cock.'  [xxv.  290] 

HAYES,  JOHN  (1775-1838),  rear-admiral ;  commanded 
the  Alfred  at  Corufia,  1809,  Achille  in  Walchereu  expedi- 
tion, 1809,  and  Freya  frigate  at  reduction  of  Guadeloupe, 
1810 ;  called  '  Magnificent  Hayes '  from  hia  handling  of 
the  Magnificent  in  Basque  Roads,  1812 ;  C.B.,  1815  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1837.  [xxv.  290] 

HAYES,  JOHN  (1786  ?-1866),  portrait-painter ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1814-51.  [xxv.  291] 

HAYES,  SIR  JOHN  MAONAMARA,  first  baronet 
(1760V-1809),  physician:  M.D.  Rheims,  1784;  army 
surgeon  in  North  America  and  West  Indies ;  L.R.C.P., 
1786  ;  physician  extraordinary  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1791  ; 
physician  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1792-4 ;  created 
baronet,  1797 ;  inspector-general  at  Woolwich. 

[xxv.  291] 

HAYES,  MICHAEL  A  XGKLO  (1820-1877),  painter; 
secretary  to  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  1856 ;  marshal 
of  Dublin ;  exhibited  with  new  Water-colour  Society, 
London ;  painted  military  and  equestrian  pictures ;  acci- 
dentally drowned  in  a  tank.  [xxv.  292] 

HAYES,  PHILIP  (1738-1797),  professor  of  music  at 
Oxford ;  son  of  William  Hayes  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  Mus. 
Bac.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1763 ;  member  of  Royal 
Society  of  Musicians,  1769  ;  professor  of  music,  Oxford, 
1~"  U7;  Mus.  Doc.  and  organist  of  Magdalen,  1777,  of 
fct.  John's,  1790 ;  composed  six  concertos,  eight  anthems, 


songs,  glees,  an  oratorio,  and  odes  ;  edited  and  continued 
Jenkin  Lewis's  memoirs  of  Prince  Willinin  Henry,  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  1789,  and  '  Harmouia  Wiccamica '  (1780). 

[xxv.  292] 


I,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1706-1777),  professor 
of  music  at  OxfortI;  organist  at  Worcester  Cathedral, 
1731,  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1734;  professor  of 
music,  Oxford,  1742-77;  created  Mus.  Doc.,  1749;  con- 
ducted Gloucester  festival,  1763  ;  defended  Handel  against 
Avison  ;  set  Collius's  '  Ode  on  the  Passions ' ;  composed 
popular  glees  and  canons.  [xxv.  293] 

HAYES,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1742-1790),  mu- 
sical writer ;  third  son  of  William  Hayes  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1761 ;  M.A.  New  College, 
1764  ;  minor  canon  of  Worcester,  1765,  of  St.  Paul's,  1766 ; 
musical  contributor  to  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1765. 

[xxv.  293] 

HAYES,  WILLIAM  ( fl.  1794),  ornithologist. 

[xxv.  293] 

HAYGARTH,  JOHN  (1740-1827),  physician  ;  F.R.S. : 
M.B.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1766 ;  as  physician 
to  Chester  Infirmary,  1767-98,  first  carried  out  treatment 
of  fever  by  isolation,  1783  ;  afterwards  practised  at  Bath ; 
published  '  Plan  to  Exterminate  Small-pox  and  introduce 
General  Inoculation,'  1793,  and  other  medical  works ; 
his  plan  for  self-supporting  savings  banks  adopted  at 
Bath,  1813.  [xxv.  294] 

HAYLEY,  ROBERT  (d.  1770?),  Irish  artist  in  black 
and  white  chalk.  [xxv.  295] 

HAYLEY,  THOMAS  ALFONSO  (1780-1800),  sculp- 
tor ;  natural  sou  of  William  Hayley  [q.  v.] ;  modelled 
busts  of  Flaxmau  (his  master)  and  Thurlow,  uud  a  medal- 
lion of  Romney.  [xxv.  295] 

HAYLEY,  WILLIAM  (1745-1820),  poet;  of  Eton  and 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  the  Middle  Temple ;  friend 
of  Cowper,  Romney,  and  Southey ;  published  successful 
volumes  of  verse ;  his  '  Triumphs  of  Temper,'  1781,  and 
'Triumphs  of  Music,'  1804,  ridiculed  in  'English  Bards 
and  Scotch  Reviewers ' ;  his  '  Ballads  founded  on  Anec- 
dotes of  Animals '  (1805)  illustrated  by  Blake ;  published 
also  lives  of  Milton,  1794,  Cowper,  1803,  andRomuey,  1809  ; 
his  '  Memoirs '  (1823)  edited  by  Dr.  John  Johnson  (d.  1833) 
[q.  v.]  [xxv.  295] 

HAYLS  or  HALES,  JOHN  (d.  1679),  portrait-painter 
and  miniaturist ;  rival  of  Lely  and  S.  Cooper  [q.  v.] ; 
painted  portraits  of  Pepys  and  Pepys's  wife  and  father. 

[xxv.  296] 

HAYMAN,  FRANCIS  (1708-1776),  painter ;  designed 
illustrations  for  Hanmer's  'Shakespeare,'  1744-6,  and 
Smollett's  '  Don  Quixote ' ;  best  known  for  ornamental 
paintings  at  Vauxhall ;  chairman  of  committee  of  exhibi- 
tion of  works  by  living  British  painters,  1760  ;  president 
of  Society  of  British  Artists,  1766  ;  an  original  academi- 
cian, 1768,  and  librarian,  1771-6  ;  friend  of  Hogarth  and 
Garrick.  [xxv.  296] 

HAYMAN,  ROBERT  (d.  1631 V),  epigrammatist :  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford;  governor  of  Newfoundland,  c. 
1625 ;  published  volume  of  ancient  and  modern  epigrams, 
1628 ;  died  abroad.  [xxv.  297] 

HAYMAN,  SAMUEL  (1818-1 886),  antiquarian  writer; 

B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1839 ;  rector  of  Oarrigaline 

and    Douglas,    1872-86 ;    canon  of    Cork ;    assisted  Sir 

Bernard  Burke  in  genealogical  works:  edited  'Unpub- 

!  lisbed  Geraldiue  Documents,'  1870-81 ;  published  works 

1  dealing  with  Youghal.  [xxv.  298] 

HAYMO  or  HAIMO(rf.  1054),  archdeacon  of  Canter- 
bury ;  often  confused  with  Huymo,  bishop  of  Halberstadt. 

[xxv.  298] 

HAYMO  OF  FAVKHSHAM  (d.  1244),  fourth  general  of 
the  Franciscans  ;  one  of  the  first  Franciscans  to  come  to 
England  ;  envoy  of  Gregory  IX  for  union  with  Greek 
church,  1233;  general  of  Franciscans,  1240;  called 
'  Speculum  bouestatis ' ;  edited  •  Brcviurium  Romauum ' ; 
I  died  at  Auaguia.  [xxv.  299] 

HAYNE,  THOMAS  (1582-1645),  schoolmaster  ;  M.A. 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1612:  master  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  (1605-8)  and  Christ's  Hospital,  160«  ; 
benefactor  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  and  Thrussington, 
Leicestershire ;  publibhud  theological  works,  [xxv.  2'JU] 


HAYNE 


998 


HAZELDINE 


HAYNE  or  HAYNES,  WILLIAM  (</.  1631  ?),  school- 
master ;  Nf .A.  Christ's  College.  Cambridge  :  head-master 
of  Men-hunt  Taylors'  School,  1599-1624  ;  published  gram- 
matical treatises,  [xxv.  300] 

HAYNES.     [See  also  HAINKS  ] 

HAYNES,  HOPTON  (1672  ?-1749),  Unitarian  writer  ; 
intimate  with  Newton  at  the  mint  ;  his  posthumous 
•Scripture  Account  of  ...  God  and  .  .  .  Christ'  firab 
edited  by  John  Blackburn,  1750.  [xxv.  301] 

HAYNES,  JOHN  (./.  1654),  New  England  statesman  ; 
sailed  in  the  Griffin  for  Boston  with  Cotton  ;  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  1635-6;  first  governor  of  Connecticut, 
1639,  re-elected,  1641  and  1643  ;  promoted  confederation 
of  the  four  colonies,  1643.  [xxv.  301] 

HAYNES,  JOHN  (/.  1730-1750),  draughtsman  and 
engraver.  [xxv.  302] 

HAYNES,  JOSEPH  (d.  1701).    [See  HAIXKR.] 

HAYNES,  JOSEPH  (1760-1829),  etcher  and  engraver. 

[xxv.  302] 

HAYNES,  SAMUEL  (d.  1752),  historical  writer  ;  son 
of  Hopton  Haynes  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1727,  D.D.,  1748;  rector  of  Hatfleld,  1737-52, 
Clotball,  1747-52;  canon  of  Windsor,  1743;  edited  Hat- 
field  State  Papers  (1542-70).  [xxv.  302] 

HAYNESWORTH,  WILfcAM  (/.  1659),  early  en- 
graver, [xxv.  303] 

HAYTER,  CIIARLESO761-1835),  miniature-painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1786-1832;  published  'In- 
troduction to  Perspective,'  1813,  and  '  Practical  Treatise 
on  the  three  Primitive  Colours,'  1826.  [xxv.  303] 

HAYTER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1792-1871),  portrait  and 
historical  painter ;  son  of  Charles  Hayter  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  Rome ;  member  of  Academy  of  St.  Luke  ;  painted  for 
Duke  of  Bedford, '  Trial  of  Lord  William  Russell,'  1825, 
portraits  of  Princess  Victoria  for  King  Leopold  and  the 
city  of  London ;  portrait  and  historical  painter  to  the 
queen,  1837  ;  painter  in  ordinary,  1841  :  knighted,  1842 ; 
exhibited,  at  British  Institution, '  Moving  of  the  Address 
in  first  Reformed  Parliament,'  1848.  [xxv.  303] 

HAYTER,  HENRY  HEYLYN  (1821-1895),  statisti- 
cian ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  emigrated  to  Victoria, 
1852 ;  entered  department  of  registrar-general,  1857,  and 
became  head  of  statistical  branch;  government  statist, 
1874-93  ;  brought  annual  statistical  returns  of  colony  of 
Victoria  into  elaborate  and  perfect  shape,  which  formed 
model  for  whole  of  Australian  colonies ;  originated 
'Victorian  Year- Book,'  published  educational  and  other 
works.  [Suppl.  ii.  406] 

HAYTER,  JOHN  (1756-1818),  antiquary ;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge:  fellow:  M.A.,  1788;  in- 
corporated at  Oxford,  1812;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales;  superintended  deciphering  of  Hercula- 
neum  papyri,  1802-6 ;  his  facsimiles  with  engravings  of 
the  'Carmen  Latinum  '  and  'Ilepi  eovorov  '  presented  to 
Oxford  University,  1810  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxv.  304] 

HAYTER,  RICHARD  (1611?-1684)  theological 
writer;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1634;  published 
'  The  Meaning  of  Revelation,'  1675.  [xxv.  305] 

HAYTER,  THOMAS  (1702-1762),  bishop  of  Norwich  ', 
and  of  London:  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1724;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1727;  D.D.  Cambridge,  I 
1744;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Blackburne  of  York,  1724;  I 
sub-dean,  1730,  and  archdeacon  of  York,  1730-51  ;•  pre-  j 
beudary  of   Westminster,   1739-49,  Southwell,  1728-49; 
bishop  of  Norwich,  1749-61 ;  preceptor  to  Prince  of  Wales  ! 
(George  III),  1751 ;  supported  Jews'  Naturalisation  Bill, 
1753;  bishop  of  London,  1761-2;  privy  councillor,  1761;  ; 
published  pamphlets.  [xxv.  305] 

HAYTER,    Sm    WILLIAM    GOODENOUGH,    first  j 
baronet  (1792-1878),  liberal  whip ;  educated  at  Winchester  , 
and  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1814;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1819,  treasurer,  1863;  Q.O.,  1839;  M.P.,  Wells,  | 
1837-65;  judge-advocate-general,  1847-9;  patronage  secre-  I 
tary  to  the  treasury,  1850-8;    privy   councillor,  1843; 
created  baronet,  1858 ;  found  drowned  at  South  Hill  Park, 
Berkshire.  [xxv.  307] 

HAYTHORNE,  SIR  EDMUND  (1818-1888),  general ;  ! 
served  with  98th  under  Colin  Campbell  in  China,  1841-8  ; 


his  aide-de-camp  in  second  Sikh  war  and  in  Momund  ex- 
pedition (1851);  with  Napier  at  forc'iiu  of  Kohat  pass, 
1850  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1K5J  ;  commanded  1st  royals  in 
Crimra:  .-hii-f  of  th.-  staff  in  north  China,  1869;  adju- 
tant-general in  Bengal,  1860-5 ;  K.U.B.,  1873 ;  general, 
1879.  [XXT.  su7] 


HAYTLEY,  EDWARD  (d.  1762  ?X  painter  of  full- 
length  of  Peg  Wofflngton.  [XXT.  8W] 

HAYWARD,  ABRAHAM  (1801-1884),  emayist :  edu- 
cated by  Francis  TwUs  [q.  v.]  and  at  Tiverton  school; 
studied  at  Inner  Temple,  1824 ;  edited  '  Law  Magazine,* 
1828-44;  visited  Germany,  1831 :  published  translation  of 
'  Faust,'  with  critical  introduction,  1833 :  gave  liU-rary 
assistance  to  Prince  Louis  Bonaparte;  Q.O.,  1845;  not 
elected  bencher ;  contributed  to  '  Quarterly,' '  Edinburgh,' 
and  'Praser's';  supported  Aberdeen's  government  in 
•  Morning  Chronicle' :  his  reply  to  De  Bazancourt's  '  Ex- 
pedition de  Criuiee '  circulated  on  thecontinent  by  Palmer- 
ston ;  contribute*!  regularly  to  '  Quarterly,'  1869-83,  and 
occasionally  to  the  'Times';  published  'The  Art  of 
Dining,'  1852,  and  'Sketches  of  Eminent  Statesmen  and 
Writers,'  1880;  edited  Mre.PiozziV  Autobiography ,'1861, 
and  'Diaries  of  a  Lady  of  Quality  from  1797  to  1844,' 
1864.  His  three  series  of  'Essays'  (1858,  1873,  1874) 
include  a  vigorous  attack  on  the  theory  identifying 
'  .Tunius  '  with  Sir  Philip  Francis  [q.  v.]  Selections  from 
his  correspondence  were  issued,  1886.  [xxv.  30s] 

HAYWARD,  SIR  JOHN  (1564  ?-l 627), historian ;  M  A 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1584;  LL.D.:  imprisoned 
for  publishing  '  First  Part  of  the  Life  and  Raigne  of 
Henrie  the  IIII,'  dedicated  to  Essex,  1599-1601 ;  practised 
in  court  of  arches  under  James  I  ;  historiographer  of 
Chelsea  College,  1610;  knighted,  1619;  published  (1603) 
reply  to  Parsons's  'Conference  about  the  Next  Succession ' 
of  1594,  'Lives  of  the  III  Normans,  Kings  of  England,' 
1613,  and  tract  in  favour  of  union  between  England  and 
Scotland,  1604,  with  devotional  works;  his  'Life  and 
Raigne  of  King  Edward  the  Sixt*  (posthumous),  1630, 
reprinted  with  '  Beginning  of  Reign  of  Elizabeth,'  1840. 

[xxv.  311] 

HAYWARD,  THOMAS  (rf.  1779  ?X  editor  of  the 
'British  Muse '(1738),  reprinted  as  'Quintessence  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry '  (1740)  ;  F.S.A.,  1756.  [xxv.  :U3] 

HAYWARD,    THOMAS    (1 702-1781 X    barrister   of 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  M.P.,  Ludgershall,  1741-7  and  1764-61. 
i    '  [xxv.  313] 

HAYWARD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1743- 1799),  clerk  of  the 
cheque  to  corps  of  gentlemen-pensioners ;  knighted,  1799. 

[xxv.  313] 

HAYWOOD,  MRS.  ELIZA  (1693?-1756X  novelist; 
nte  Fowler:  employed  by  Rich  to  re-write  'The  Fair 
Captive,'  1721 ;  wrote  and  acted  (at  Drury  Lane)  '  A  Wife 
to  be  Lett,'  1723 :  published  '  Frederick,  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick-Luneuburgh '  (tragedy),  1729;  satirised  in  the 
'  Dunciad '  (1728)  for  her  libellous  '  Memoirs  of  a  certain 
Island  adjacent  to  Utopia '  (1725)  and  '  Secret  History  of 
the  Present  Intrigues  of  the  Court  of  Cara  mania '  (1727)  ; 
retaliated  in  contributions  to  Curll's  '  Female  Dunciad,' 
1729;  issued  ' Female  Spectator,'  1744-6:  published 'His- 
tory of  Jemmy  and  Jenny  Jessamy,'  1753;  her  'Secret 
Histories,  Novels,  and  Poems'  (1726)  dedicated  toSteele; 
doubtfully  identified  with  Steele's  •  Sappho.'  [xxv.  313] 

HAYWOOD,  FRANCIS  (1796-1858X  translator:  pub- 
lished translation  of  Kant's  'Oritick  of  Pure  Reason* 
(1828)  and  other  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  407] 

HAYWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1600  7-1663X  royalist  divine  ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1624;  D.D., 
1636 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I  and  Laud ;  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  1638 :  ejected  from  St.  Giles-in- the- Fields, 
1641,  and  imprisoned.  [xxv.  315] 

HAYWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1821-1894),  architect  and 
civil  engineer ;  pupil  of  Mr.  George  Aitchisou,  R. A. ; 
chief  engineer  to  commissioners  of  sewers  for  city  of 
London,  1846  till  death  ;  M.I.O.E.,  1853 ;  constructed 
Holborn  Viaduct,  1863-9  published  professional  re- 
ports. [Suppl.  ii.  407] 

HAZELDINE,  WILLIAM  (1763-1840X  ironfounder; 
erected  locks  on  Caledonian  canal  (1804-18)  and  supplied 
ironwork  for  Menai  (1819-25)  and  Con  way  (18*3-«) 
bridges.  [xxv.  316] 

QQ 


HAZLEHTJRST 


594 


HEARN 


HAZLEHURST,  THOMAS  (yf.  1760-1818),  miniature- 
painter,  of  Liverpool.  [xxv.  316] 

HAZLEWOOD,  COLIN  HENRY  (1823-1875),  dra- 
matist and  low  comedian  at  City  of  London  Theatre  ; 
author  of  popular  dramas,  farces,  and  burlesques. 

[xxv.  316] 

HAZLITT,    WILLIAM    (1778-1830),  essayist;    edu- 
cated for    Unitarian    ministry;    heard    Coleridge's   last 
sermon  and  visited  him  at  Stowey,  1798;  studied  paint- 
ing ;  painted  Lamb  as  a  Venetian  senator,  1805 ;  defended 
Godwin  against  Malthus,  1807  ;  married  Sarah  Stoddart, 
1808  ;  lectured  on  modern  philosophy  at  Russell  Institu- 
tion, and  wrote  parliamentary  reports ;  dramatic  critic  to 
'  Morning  Chronicle,'  1814 ;  contributed  to  Hunt's  •  Ex- 
aminer * :  wrote  for  '  Edinburgh  Review '  from  November 
1814;   lectured  at  Surrey  Institution,  1818-20;   assisted 
Leigh  Hunt  in  the  '  Liberal ' ;  attacked  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth, and  Southey  in  the  'Chronicle,'  and  Shelley  in 
'Table  Talk ' ;  obtained  divorce  from  first  wife,  1822  ;  his  I 
•Liber  Amoris '  (1823)  the  outcome  of  amour  with  Miss 
Walker ;  married  Mrs.  Bridgewater,  1824,  who  left  him  on 
his  return  from  continental  tour  of  1824-5 ;  contributed  to  ' 
4  London  Magazine '  and  (1826-7) '  Colburn's  NewMonthly,'  j 
where  appeared  his    'Conversations    with    Northcote'; 
appears  as  '  an  investigator '  in  Haydon's  '  Christ's  Entry.'  I 
His  writings  include '  Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Human 
Action,'  1805,   'The    Round  Table*    (from  'Examiner,' 
1815-17),  •  The  Characters  of  Shakespeare's  Plays,'  1817,  ) 
'Review  of  English  Stage,'  1818,  'Lectures  on  English  j 
Poets,'  1818,  '  Lectures  on  the  Dramatic  Literature  of  the 
Reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,'  1821,  'Table  Talk,'   1821-2, 
'Spirit  of  the  Age,'  1825,  'The  Plain  Speaker,' 1826,  and 
'Life  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte'  (four  vols.  1828-30);  his 
'  Literary  Remains '  issued  1836.  [xxv.  317] 

HEAD,  SIR  EDMUND  WALKER,  baronet  (1805- 
1868),  colonial  governor ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1830-7 ;  M.A.,  1830  ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1838 ; 
poor-law  commissioner,  1841 ;  governor  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, 1847;  governor-general  of  Canada,  1854-61;  P.O., 
1857 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1862  ;  P.R.S.  and  K.O.B. ;  edited  Sir 
O.  0.  Lewis's  'Essays  on  the  Administrations  of  Great  , 
Britain,'  and  Kugler's  '  Handbook  of  Painting.' 

[xxv.  323] 

HEAD,  SIR  FRANCIS  BOND,  first  baronet  (1793- 
1875),  colonial  governor  and  author ;  brother  of  Sir  I 
George  Head  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  royal  engineers,  1811-25, 
being  present  at  Waterloo ;  travelled  in  South  America 
as  manager  of  Rio  Plata  Mining  Association,  1825-6;  as 
lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada,  1835-7,  quelled  a 
rising ;  K.O.H.,  1835  ;  created  baronet,  1836  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1867;  contributed  to  'Quarterly  Review';  pub- 
lished, among  other  works, '  Rough  Notes  of  Journeys  in 
the  Pampas  and  Andes,'  and  lives  of  Bruce  the  traveller, 
1830,  and  Sir  J.  M.  Burgoyue,  1872.  [xxv.  324] 

HEAD,  SIR  GEORGE  (1782-1855),  assistant  commis- 
sary-general ;  brother  of  Sir  Francis  Bond  Head  [q.  v.]  ; 
served  in  commissariat  during  Peninsular  war ;  assistant 
commissary-general,  1814 ;  served  in  North  America ; 
deputy  marshal  at  coronations  of  William  IV  and  Queen 
Victoria ;  knighted,  1831 ;  published,  among  other  works, 
'  A  Home  Tour  .  .  .  with  Memoirs  of  an  Assistant  Com- 
missary-general,' 1840,  and  translations  of  Apuleius  and 
Cardinal  Pacca's  memoirs.  [xxv.  326] 

HEAD,  GUY  (d.  1800),  painter ;  copyist  of  works  of 
Titian,  Correggio,  and  Rubens.  [xxv.  326] 

HEAD,  RICHARD  (1637?-1686?),  author  of  first 
part  of  '  The  English  Rogue '  (1665) ;  studied  at  New  Inn 
Hall,  Oxford;  ruined  by  gambling;  published  also 
'  Proteus  RediYivus,  or  the  Art  of  Wheedling,'  1676  ; 
'  The  Canting  Academy,'  1673,  'Life  and  Death  of  Mother 
Sbipton,'  1677,  and  other  works ;  drowned  at  sea. 

[xxv.  326] 

HEADDA,  SAINT.    [See  HEDDI.] 

HEADLAM,  THOMAS  EMERSON  (1813-1875),  judge 
advocate-general ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1839 ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1839,  treasurer,  1867 ;  Q.C.,  1851 ; 
chancellor  of  Ripon  and  Durham,  1854;  liberal  M.P., 
Newcastle,  1847-74  ;  judge  advocate-general,  1859-66 ; 
privy  councillor,  1866  ;  carried  Trustee  Act,  1850. 

[xxr.  328] 


HEADLEY,  HENRY  (1765-1788),  poet  and  critic: 
educated  under  Parr  at  Colchester  and  Norwich  ;  friend 
of  Bowles  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1786 ;  pub- 
lished '  Select  Beauties  of  Ancient  Kntrlish  Poetry,  with 
Remarks,'  1787;  his  '  Poems' (1786)  included  in  Daven- 
port's and  Parr's  collections.  [xxv.  328] 

HEALD,  JAMES  (1796-1873),  Wesleyan  philanthro- 
pist; M.P.,  Stockport,  1847-52;  founder  of  Stockport 
Infirmary.  [xxv.  330] 

HEALD,  WILLIAM  MARGETSON  (1767-1837),  sur- 
geon and  divine ;  M.A.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1798 ; 
vicar  of  Birstal,  1801-36 :  published  '  The  Brunoniad,' 
1789.  [xxv.  330] 

HEALDE,  THOMAS  (1724?-! 789),  physician;  M.D. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1754 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1760  ;  Har- 
veian  orator,  1765  ;  Gulstonian,  1763,  Oroonian,  1770  and 
1784-6,  and  Lumleiau,  1786-9,  lecturer ;  F.R.S.,  1770 ; 
physician  to  London  Hospital,  1770  ;  Gresham  professor, 
1771 ;  translated  '  New  Pharmacopoeia,'  1788. 

[xxv.  330] 

HEALE,  WILLIAM  (1581  ?-1627),  divine:  chaplain- 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1608-10 :  M.A.,  1606 ; 
vicar  of  Bishop's  Teignton,  1610-27  ;  published  '  Apologie 
for  Women,'  1609.  [xxv.  331] 

HEALEY,  JOHN  (d.  1610),  translator;  friend  of 
Thomas  Thorpe  (1570  7-1635  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Philip 
Mornay,  Lord  of  Plessis,  his  Teares,'  1609, '  Discovery  of 
a  Newe  World '  (version  of  Bishop  Hall's  '  Mundns  alter 
et  idem'),  c.  1609,  'Epictetus  his  Manuall  And  Oebes  his 
Table,'  1610,  and  '  St.  Augustine  of  the  Oitie  of  God,'  with 
Vives's  commentary,  1610.  [xxv.  331] 

HEALY,  JAMES  (1824-1894),  Roman  catholic  divine 
and  humorist :  educated  at  Maynooth  ;  curate  in  Dublin, 
1852,  and  at  Bray,  co.  Wicklow,  1858 ;  administrator  of 
Little  Bray,  1867-93;  parish  priest  of  Ballybrack  and 
Killiney,  co.  Dublin,  1893  till  death.  [Suppl.  ii.  408] 

HEAPHY,  CHARLES  (1821  ?-1881),  New  Zealand 
official ;  son  of  Thomas  Heaphy  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  assisted 
in  purchase  of  Chatham  islands,  1840-1 ;  published 
'Residence  in  New  Zealand,'  1842;  land  surveyor  of 
Auckland,  1858;  chief  surveyor  of  New  Zealand,  1864; 
received  Victoria  Cross  (1867)  for  conduct  during  third 
Maori  war  as  guide  at  Mangapiko  River,  1864;  member 
of  House  of  Representatives,  1867-70  ;  commissioner  of 
native  reserves,  1869  ;  judge  of  native  land  court,  1878 ; 
died  at  Brisbane.  [xxv.  331] 

HEAPHY,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1775-1835),  water- 
colour  painter ;  exhibited  at  Water-colour  Society,  1804-12 
(member,  1807) ;  painted,  on  the  spot,  Wellington  and  his 
officers  before  an  action  in  the  Peninsula;  established 
Society  of  British  Artists,  1824.  [xxv.  332] 

HEAPHY,  THOMAS  (FRANK),  the  younger  (1813- 
1873),  painter  ;  son  of  Thomas  Heaphy  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  portraits  and  subject-pictures 
from  1831 ;  member  of  Society  of  British  Artists,  1867  ; 
investigated  origin  of  the  traditional  likeness  of  Christ : 
his  'Likeness  of  Christ,'  with  illustrations,  edited  by  Mr. 
Wyke  Bayliss,  1880;  published  'A  Wonderful  Ghost 
Story.'  [xxv.  333] 

HEARD,  SIR  ISAAC  (1730-1822),  Garter  king-of- 
arms ;  Blue-mantle  pursuivant,  1759  :  Lancaster  herald, 


1761 ;  Norroy,  1774  ;  Clarenceux,  1780  ;  Garter  king-of- 
14 ;  knighted,  1794.  [xxv.  334] 


arms,  1784 


HEARD,  WILLIAM  (/.  1778),  poet  and  dramatist. 

[xxv.  334] 

HEARDER,  JONATHAN  (1810-1876),  electrician  to 
South  Devon  Hospital ;  patented  sub-oceanic  cable  and 
thermometer  for  lead-soundings  at  sea  ;  assisted  researches 
of  Sir  William  Snow  Harris  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  334] 

HEARN,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1826-1888),  legal 
and  sociological  writer ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  Queen's  College,  Galway,  1849-54 ;  first 
professor  of  modern  history  and  literature  at  Melbourne 
University,  1854-72,  afterwards  dean  of  the  law  faculty : 
as  member  of  legislative  council  of  Victoria  devoted 
himself  to  codification  ;  published  '  The  Government  of 
England,  its  Structure  and  its  Development,'  1867,  '  The 
Aryan  Household,'  1879,  and  other  works,  [xxv.  335] 


HEARNE 


595 


HEATHERINGTON 


HEARNE,  SAMUEL  (1745-1792),  traveller;  explored 
north-western  America  for  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  1768- 
1770  ;  captured  by  La  Perouse,  1782  ;  liis  'Account  of  a 
Journey  from  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort  ...  to  the  North- 
West'  issued,  1795.  [xxv.  335] 

HEARNE,  THOMAS  (1678-1735),  historical  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  expense  of  Francis  Cherry  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1703 ;  second  keeper  of 
Bodleian  Library,  1712  ;  deprived  as  a  nonjuror,  1716 : 
refused  chief  librarianship  and  other  academical  offices 
on  political  grounds;  published  'Reliquiae  Bodleiimii-,' 
1703,  and  editions  of  Latin  classics,  of  Leland's  •  Itim- 
rary,'  1710-12,  and  'Collectanea,'  1715,  Oamden's  'An- 
nales,'  1717,  and  many  English  chronicles ;  his  diaries 
and  correspondence  printed  by  Oxford  Historical  Society ; 
the  Wormlus  of  Pope's  '  Dunciad.'  [xxv.  335] 

HEARNE,  THOMAS  (1744-1817),  water-colour 
painter ;  F.S.A. :  made  drawings  during  residence  in  Lee- 
wanl  islands,  1771-5;  executed  fifty-two  illustrations  for 
Byrne's « Antiquities  of  Great  Britain,'  1777-81 ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy,  1781-1802  ;  his  drawings  copied  by 
Girtiu  and  Turner.  [xxv.  338] 

HEATH,  BENJAMIN  (1704-1766),  book-collector  and 
critic ;  town  clerk  of  Exeter,  1752-66 ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1762 ;  prominent  in  agitation  for  repeal  of  cider 
duty,  1763-6;  published  notes  on  ^Eschylus,  Sophocles, 
and  Euripides  (1762),  and  'Revisal  of  Sbakespear's  Text' 
(1765,  anon.);  left  manuscript  notes  on  Latin  poets  and 
supplement  to  Seward's  edition  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

[xxv.  339] 

HEATH,  CHARLES  (17G1-1831),  topographer  and 
painter ;  twice  mayor  of  Monmouth ;  published  histories 
of  Monmouth,  1804,  and  neighbouring  places  of  interest. 

[xxv.  340] 

HEATH,  CHARLES  (1785-1848),  engraver  and  pub- 
lisher of  illustrated  *  Annuals ' ;  natural  son  of  James 
Heath  (1757-1834)  [q.  v.] :  executed  small  plates  for 
popular  English  classics ;  engraved  works  after  Benjamin 
West  and  other  painters.  [xxv.  340] 

HEATH,  CHRISTOPHER  (1802-1876),  minister  of 
catholic  apostolic  church,  Gordon  Square  ;  succeeded  Ed- 
ward Irving  at  Newman  Street  Hall,  and  caused  erection 
of  new  church,  Gordon  Square  (opened  1853). 

[xxv.  341] 

HEATH,  DOUGLAS  DENON  (1811-1897),  classical 
and  mathematical  scholar ;  senior  wrangler,  first  Smith's 
prizeman,  and  fellow.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1832 ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1835  ;  county  clerk  of  Middlesex, 
1838-46 ;  county  court  judge,  Bloomshury  district,  1847- 
1865;  edited  Bacon's  legal  works  for  Spedding's  edition 
of  Bacon's  works,  1859  ;  published  '  Doctrine  of  Energy,' 
1874,  and  mathematical,  legal,  and  classical  writings. 

[Suppl.  ii.  408] 

HEATH,  DUNBAR  ISIDORE  (1816-1888),  heterodox 
divine ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fifth 
wrangler,  1838 ;  M.A.,  1841 ;  deprived  of  living  of  Brad- 
ing,  Isle  of  Wight,  1861,  for  '  Sermons  on  Important  Sub- 
jects';  edited  'Journal  of  Anthropology';  translated 
Egyptian  '  Proverbs  of  Aphobis,'  1858.  [xxv.  341] 

HEATH,  HENRY  (1599-1643),  Franciscan,  of  St. 
Bona venture,  Douay ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1621 ;  published  'Soliloquia  seu  Documenta  Chris- 
tianas Perfectionis,'  1651 ;  executed  at  Tyburn  as  a  re- 
cusant, [xxv.  342] 

HEATH,  JAMES  (1629-1664),  royalist  historian  ;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  deprived  of 
studentship,  1648 ;  published  '  Brief  Chronicle  of  the  late 
Intestine  War,'  1663, '  Flagellum '  (a  book  on  Cromwell), 
and  poems.  [xxv.  343] 

HEATH,  JAMES  (1757-1834),  engraver;  pupil  of 
Joseph  Collyer  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ;  associate  engraver  of 
Royal  Academy,  1791 ;  historical  engraver  to  George  III, 
George  IV,  and  William  IV,  1794-1834  ;  engraved  designs 
for  illustrations  by  Stothard  and  Smirke;  engraved 
West's  'Death  of  Nelson,'  Copley's  'Death  of  Major 
Pierson,'  and  pictures  by  foreign  masters;  re-engraved 
Hogarth's  plates.  [xxv.  343] 

HEATH,  JOHN  (fl.  1615),  epigrammatist  and  trans- 
lator ;  M.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1613;  fellow,  1609-16  ; 
published  'Two  Centuries  of  Epigrammes,'  1610. 

Cxxv.  344] 


HEATH.  JoHX  (1736-1818),  judge :  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1762;  barrister,  Inm-r  Temple,  1762: 
••rjeant-at-law  and  reconl.-r  <>t  Kx.-t.-r,  1775;  judge  of 
common  pleas.  1780-1816.  [xxv.  344] 

HEATH,  NICHOLAS  (1501 7-1578),  archbishop  of 
York  and  lord  chancellor;  fellow,  Christ's  College,  1521, 
and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1524  :  M.A.,  1522  :  D.D.,  1535: 
archdeacon  of  Stafford,  1534;  accompanied  Edward  Fox 
[q.  v.]  to  Germany  to  negotiate  with  Smalcaldic  League, 
1635 ;  king's  almoner,  1537  ;  bishop  of  Rochester.  1539. 
Worcester,  1543 ;  imprisoned  and  deprived,  1551,  but  re- 
stored on  accession  of  Mary,  1563  ;  as  archbishop  of  York 
(1555-9)  procured  restitution  of  Ripon,  Southwell,  and 
other  manors  to  York,  and  built  York  House,  Strand :  as 
chancellor  (1556-8)  proclaimed  Elizabeth  in  House  of 
Lords ;  arranged  preliminaries  of  disputation  at  West- 
minster ;  released  from  Tower  on  promise  to  abstain  from 
public  affairs.  [xxv.  846] 

HEATH.  RICHARD  (d.  1702),  judge:  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1659  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1683  ;  judge  of  ex- 
chequer court,  1686-8  ;  excepted  from  indemnity  at  revo- 
lution, [xxv.  346] 

HEATH,  SIR  ROBERT  (1575-1649),  judge;  of  Tun- 
bridge  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1603,  treasurer,  1625  ;  clerk  of  pleas  in 
king's  bench,  1607;  recorder  of  London,  1618-21,  and 
M.P.  for  the  city,  1620 ;  solicitor-general,  1621 ;  knighted. 
1621 ;  M.P.,  East  Grinstead,  1623  and  1625  ;  as  attorney- 
general  (1625-31)  was  engaged  with  cases  of  Sir  T. 
Darnell  [q.  v.],  Felton,  Eliot,  and  Star-chamber  prosecu- 
tions of  1629-30 ;  prepared  answer  to  Petition  of  Right, 
1628 ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1631 :  dismissed 
for  supposed  puritan  sympathies,  1634 ;  king's  serjeant, 
1636,  puisne  judge,  1641,  and  chief-justice  of  king's  bench, 
1642 ;  tried  Lilburne  at  Oxford  and  other  parliamen- 
tarians at  Salisbury,  1642  ;  impeached  by  parliament  and 
his  place  declared  vacant,  1645 ;  died  at  Calais ;  bis 
•Maxims  and  Rules  of  Pleading'  published,  1694,  and 
autobiography  in  '  Philobiblon  Society  Miscellany.' 

[xxv.  346] 

HEATH,  ROBERT  (fl.  1650),  poet ;  author  of  ' Clara- 
stella '  and  other  poems,  1650.  [xxv.  349] 

HEATH,  ROBERT  (</.  1779),  mathematician ;  edited 
'Ladies'  Diary,'  1744-53;  after  supersession  by  Thomas 
Simpson  (1710-1761)  [q.  v.]  carried  on  rival  publications  ; 
helped  to  popularise  mathematics  in  periodicals;  his 
'History  of  the  Islands  of  Scilly'  (1750)  reprinted  in 
Pinkerton.  [xxv.  349] 

HEATH,  THOMAS  (fl.  1583  \  mathematician  ;  friend 
of  John  Dee  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1673. 

[xxv.  350] 

HEATHCOAT,  JOHN  (1783-1861),  inventor  of  lace- 
making  machines  known  as  the  horizontal  pillow  and  the 
'old  Lough  borough '  (1808-9);  after  Luddite  riots  at 
Loughborough  in  1816  removed  to  Tiverton,  which  he 
represented,  1832-59 ;  patented  rotary  self -narrowing 
stocking-frame  and  other  inventions.  [zxv.  350] 

HEATHOOTE,  SIR  GILBERT  (16517-1733),  lord 
mayor  of  London;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1673;  chief  founder  of  new  East  India  Company,  1693; 
member  of  first  board  of  directors  of  Bank  of  England, 
1694;  knighted,  1702;  sheriff  of  London,  1703:  lord 
mayor,  1710-11 ;  senior  alderman,  1724  ;  president  of  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital;  commissioner  for  Georgia,  1732; 
whig  M.P.  for  the  city,  1700-10,  Helston,  1714,  New  Lym- 
ington,  1722,  St.  Germans,  1727 ;  his  parsimony  ridiculed 
by  Pope.  [xxv.  351] 

HEATHCOTE,  RALPH  (1721-1795),  divine  and 
author:  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1748;  D.D., 
1759 ;  Boyle  lecturer,  1763-5  ;  vicar-general  of  Southwell, 
1788 :  took  part  in  Middletonian  controversy,  1752,  and 
that  between  Hume  and  Rousseau;  published  'Historia 
Astronomic,'  1746,  and '  The  Irenarch  or  Justice  of  the 
Peace's  Manual,'  1771.  [xxv.  353] 

HEATHER  or  KEYTHER,  WILLIAM  (1563  ?-16i7\ 
musician  ;  friend  and  executor  of  Camden ;  gentleman  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  1615 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1622 ;  founder 
of  the  music  lectureship  at  Oxford,  1626.  [xxv.  354] 

HEATHERINGTON,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1878> 
mining  agent :  opened  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  Inter- 
national Mining  Agency.  1867;  compiled  'The  Gold 

QQ! 


HEATHFIELD 


596 


HEKLOWES 


Yield  of  Nova  Scotia,'  1860-9,  reissued  1870-4  as  '  Minim; 
Industries.'  [xxv.  355] 

HEATHFIELD,  first  BAUON  (1717-1790).  [See 
EMOTT,  GKORGE  AUGCSTITS.] 

HEATON,  CLEMENT  (1824-1882),  glass-painter  and 
church  decorator  ;  founded  firm  of  Heaton  <t  Butler. 

[xxv.  3551 

HEATON,  Mils.  MARY  MARGARET  (1836-1X83), 
writer  on  art;  ntr  Keymer;  married  Professor  Charles 
William  Heaton,  1863;  contributed  to  Bryan's  'Dic- 
tionary of  Painter*  and  Engravers ' ;  published  '  Life  of 
Dlirer,'  1870,  '  Masterpieces  of  Flemish  Art,'  1869,  and 
'  Concise  History  of  Painting,'  1873.  [xxv.  365] 

HEBER,  REGINALD  (1783-1826), bishop  of  Calcutta ; 
of  Braseuose  College,  Oxford  ;  won  prizes  for  the  English 
essay,  Latin  poem,  and  English  verse  ('  Palestine ')  ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1805 ;  incumbent  of  Hodnet, 
1807;  prebendary  of  St.  Asaph,  1812;  Bampton  lecturer, 
1815 ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1822  ;  bishop  of  Calcutta, 
1832-6  ;  completed  establishment  of  Bishop's  College, 
Calcutta  ;  travelled  in  all  parts  of  India ;  his  hymns  ap- 
peared first  in  '  Christian  Observer,'  1811 ;  published 
•  Poetical  Works,'  1812,  and  also  life  and  critical  examina- 
tion of  works  of  Jeremy  Taylor  and  accounts  of  journeys 
through  India ;  died  at  Trichinopoly.  [xxv.  365] 

HEBER,  RICHARD  (1773-1833),  book- collector  :  half- 
brother  of  Reginald  Heber  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Brasenose  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1797;  intimate  with  Scott;  candidate  for 
Oxford  University,  1806;  M.P.,  1821-6;  D.C.L.,  1822 ;  a 
founder  of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  1824 :  travelled  widely  to 
collect  books,  spending  on  them  about  100,0007. ;  his 
library  rich  in  choice  English  works,  the  English  portion 
being  ultimately  sold  for  56,774Z. ;  edited  Persius,  1790, 
Silius  Italicus,  1792,  and  Claudian,  1793-6,  and  Cutwode's 
'Caltha  Poetarum,' 1815.  [xxv.  357] 

HEBERDEN,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1710-1801),  phy- 
sician ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1728 ;  senior 
fellow,  1749:  M.D.,  1739;  contributed  to  'Athenian 
Letters,'  1741';  F.R.C.P.,  1746;  Gulstonian  (1749)  and 
Croonian  lecturer  (1760)  ;  Harveian  orator  (1 750)  and 
censor ;  F.R.S.,  1749 ;  practised  in  London  from  1748 ; 
first  described  angina  pectoris ;  attended  Johnson, 
Cowper,  and  Warburton ;  published  at  his  own  expense 
plays  of  Euripides  edited  by  Markland,  and  Middletou's 
'Appendix  to  his  Dissertation  on  servile  condition  of 
Physicians  among  the  Ancients.'  His  works  (edited  in 
Germany  by  Soemmering)  include  '  Commentarii  de  Mor- 
borum  Historia  et  Curatione'  (transl.,  1803),  and  con- 
tributions to  '  Transactions '  of  College  of  Physicians  and 
Royal  Society.  [xxv.  359] 

HEBERDEN,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1767-1846), 
physician ;  son  of  William  Heberden  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1788-96 ;  M.A., 
1791;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford;  M.D.  Oxford,  1795; 
physician  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  1793-1803 ;  F.R.C.P., 
1796 ;  F.R.S. ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  1806, 
and  the  king,  1809 ;  published  miscellaneous  works,  in- 
cluding a  dialogue  on  education,  1818,  translations  of 
Cicero's  '  Letters  to  Atticus,'  1825,  and  medical  tracts. 


[xxv.  360] 
sical  com 


HECHT,  EDUARD  (1832-1887),  musical  composer; 
born  at  Diirkheim-on-the-Haardt :  settled  at  Manchester, 
1854  ;  conducted  musical  societies  at  Manchester,  Brad- 
ford, and  Halifax.  [xxv.  361] 

HEDDI,  HJEDDI,  HEADDA,  or  .KTLA  (d.  705), 
bishop  of  Gewissas  or  West-Saxons,  676  :  fixed  his  see  at 
Winchester ;  friend  of  Archbishop  Theodore. 

[xxv.  361] 

HEDDITJS,  STEPHEN  (fl.  669).    [See  EDDI.] 

HEDGES,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1714),  politician  and 
lawyer ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1670,  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen College,  1673  ;  D.C.L.,  1675  ;  chancellor  of  Rochester, 
1686:  judge  of  admiralty  court,  1689;  knighted,  1689; 
M.P.,  Orford  (1698-1700),  Dover,  1701,  Malmesbury,  1701 
(November),  Calne,  1702,  West  Looe,  1706,  1708,  and 
1710,  East  Looe,  1713-14:  secretary  of  state,  1700-6; 
judge  of  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury,  1711-14  ;  reputed 
anthor  of  'Reasons  for  Selling  [*tc]  Admiralty  Juris- 
diction,' 1690.  [xxv.  362] 

HEDGES,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1632-1701),  governor  of 
Bengal ;  cousin  of  Sir  Charles  Hedges  [q.  v.]  ;  head  of 


Levant  Company's  factory  at  Constantinople  :  jjovernor 
of  Bengal,  1682-4  ;  failed  in  effecting  reforms  in  Bengal ; 
knighted,  1688;  sheriff  of  London,  1693;  director  of  the 
Bank,  1694 :  his  diary  and  other  documents  edited  by 
Sir  Henry  Yule,  1887-8.  [xxv.  363] 

HEDLEY,  WILLIAM  (1779-1843).  inventor ;  patented 
smooth  wheel  and  rails  for  locomotives,  1813;  discovered 
principle  of  blast-pipe :  introduced  at  Callerton  colliery 
improved  system  of  pumping  water.  [xxv.  364] 

HEEMSKERK,  EGBERT  VAN  (1645-1704),  painter  of 
subject-pictures  ;  came  to  London  from  Haarlem. 

[xxv.  365] 
HEERE,  LUCAS  VAX  (1534-1584).    [See  DK  HEHRK.] 

HEETE,  ROBERT,  or  ROBERT  OP  WOODSTOCK  (d. 
1428),  canonist  and  civilian  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1417,  of  Winchester  College,  1422  ;  M.A.  and  LL.B. ; 
lectured  on  first  book  of  decretals,  1413  ;  probably  author 
of  manuscript  life  of  William  of  Wykehaui ;  benefactor  of 
Winchester.  [xxv.  365] 

HEGAT,  WILLIAM  (/.  1600),  professor  of  philo- 
sophy at  Bordeaux  ;  native  of  Glasgow  ;  friend  of  Robert 
Balfour  (1550  ?-1625  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  Latin  poems 
and  orations.  [xxv.  366] 

HEGGE,  ROBERT  (1599-1629),  author  ;  M.A.  Corpus 
Cbristi  College,  Oxford,  1620,  probationer  fellow,  1624 ;  his 
treatises  on  St.  Cuthbert's  churches  printed,  1777. 

[xxv.  366] 

HEIDEGGER,  JOHN  JAMES  (1669  ?-1749),  operatic 
manager :  the'  Swiss  Count '  of  the  '  Tatler '  and  '  Count 
Ugly'  of  Fielding's  'Pleasures  of  the  Town';  managed 
Italian  opera  at  Haymarket,  1713,  for  Royal  Academy  of 
Music,  1720-8 :  at  the  Haymarket  in  partnership  with 
Handel,  1728-34,and  alone,  1737-8;  carried  on  masquerades 
and  '  ridottos ' :  entertained  George  II  at  Barn  Elms ; 
caricatured  by  Hogarth.  [xxv.  367] 

HEIGHAM,  SIR  CLEMENT  (d.  1570),  judge ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  autumn  reader,  1638  and  1547,  and 
governor ;  privy  councillor  and  speaker  of  House  of  Com- 
mons under  Queen  Mary  ;  knighted,  1655 ;  lord  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1558-9.  [xxv.  368] 

HEIGHAM,  JOHN  (fl.  1639),  Roman  catholic  printer, 
writer,  and  translator ;  his  '  Devout  Exposition  of  the 
Holie  Masse '  (1614),  edited  by  A.  J.  Rowley,  1876  ;  version 
of  Luis  de  la  Puente's  '  Meditations  on  the  Mysteries  of 
our  holie  Faith,'  reprinted,  1852.  [xxv.  368] 

HEIGHINGTON,  MUSGRAVE  (1690-1774?),  musi- 
cal composer :  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  organist  at 
Yarmouth,  Leicester,  1739,  and  the  episcopal  chapel, 
Dundee,  before  1760 ;  member  of  Spalding  Society ;  com- 
posed 'The  Enchantress'  and  odes  of  Anacreon  and 
Horace.  [xxv.  369] 

HEINS,  JOHN  THEODORE  (1732-1771).  engraver, 
draughtsman,  and  painter  ;  painted  miniature  of  Oowper's 
mother,  which  occasioned  Cowper's  poem  '  On  receipt  of 
my  mother's  picture.*  [xxv.  369] 

HELE,  SIR  JOHN  (1565-1608),  serjeant-at-law  ;  Lent 
reader  at  Inner  Temple ;  recorder  of  Exeter,  1592-1606, 
and  M.P.,  1592-1601  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1694  ;  queen's  ser- 
jeant,  1602  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  employed  at  Ralegh's  trial, 
1603 ;  founded  boys'  hospital  at  Plymouth,  [xxv.  370] 

HELE  or  HELL,  THOMAS  D'  (1740  7-1780).  [See 
HALES.] 

HELLIER,  HENRY  (1662  ?-1697),  divine;  M.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1682,  D.D.,  1697,  vice- 
president  at  his  death;  published  'Treatise  concerning 
Schism  and  Schismatsicks,'  1697  ;  committed  suicide. 

[xxv.  370] 

HELLINS,  JOHN  (d.  1827),  mathematician  and 
astronomer;  assistant  in  Greenwich  Observatory  ;  vicar 
of  Potterspury,  1790 ;  B.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1800 ;  F.R.S.,  1798 ;  Copley  medallist  for  solution  of  problem 
in  physical  astronomy,  1798 ;  published  '  Mathematical 
Essays '  1788 ;  made  calculations  for  war  office,  1806. 

[xxv.  371] 

HELLOWE8,  EDWARD  (fl.  1574-1600),  translator; 
groom  of  the  chamber,  1697 ;  translated  works  of  Guevara, 

[xxv.  371] 


HELME8 


597 


HENCHMAN 


HELMES,  THOMAS  (d.  1616).  [See  Tu.NSTALL, 
THOMAS.] 

HELMORE,  THOMAS  (1811-1890),  musical  writer 
and  composor  :  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1845  ;  vice- 
principal  (1« Hi)  and  precentor  of  St.  Mark's  College, 
Chelsea,  1846-77  ;  priest-ordinary  of  Chapel  Royal,  St. 
James's,  1847 ;  composed  carols  and  hymn-tunes;  trans- 
lated Ft-tis  on  choral  singing,  1855  :  published  '  Catechism 
of  Music '  and  '  Plain-Song,'  1878,  and  other  works. 

[xxv.  371] 

HELPS,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1813-1 875),  clerk  of  the  privy 
council ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  M.A., 
1839  ;  clerk  of  privy  council,  1860-75  ;  lion.  D.C.L,  Ox- 
ford, 1864 ;  private  secretary  to  Spring  Uice  and  Lord 
Morpeth ;  K.C.B.,  1872  ;  revised  works  by  Queen  Victoria  ; 
published,  among  other  works, '  Friends  in  Council '  (four 
series,  1847-59),  •  Conquerors  of  the  New  World'  (1848), 
4 Spanish  Conquest  in  America'  (1855-61).  [xxv.  372] 

HELSHAM,  RICHARD  (1682  ?-1738),  friend  of  Swift : 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1702,  fellow,  1704,  lecturer 
in  mathematics,  1723-30,  Erasmus  Smith  professor,  1724- 
1738;  regtus  professor  of  physic  (1733-8)  of  Dublin 
University ;  his  '  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy '  edited 
by  Bryan  Robinson  [q.  v.],  1739.  [xxv.  373] 

HELWYS,  EDWARD  (fl.  1589  X  author  of  *  A  Marvell 
Deciphered,'  1589;  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1550;  brother 
of  Thomas  Helwrys  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  375] 

HELWYS,  SIR  GERVASE  (1561-1615),  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower ;  nephew  of  Thomas  Helwys  [q.  v.] ;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  lieutenant 
of  the  Tower,  1613-15;  conducted  torture  of  Edmond 
Peacham  [q.  v.],  1615  ;  hanged  on  Tower  Hill  for  complicity 
in  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  (1581-1613)  [q.  v.] 

[xxv.  373] 

HELWYS,  THOMAS  (1550  ?-1616  ?),  puritan  divine ; 
uncle  of  Sir  Gervase  Helwys  [q.v.]  ;  member  of  Brownist 
congregation  at  Amsterdam;  formed  at  Pinners'  Hall, 
London,  first  general  baptist  congregation;  published 
tract  against '  Persecution  for  Religion,'  1615. 

[xxv.  375] 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1767-1826), 
soldier  and  politician  ;  fifth  sou  of  John  Hely-Hutchinson 
(1724-1794)  [q.  v.]  ;  Irish  barrister,  1792 ;  M.P.,  Taghmon 
(in  Irish  parliament),  1795 ;  as  a  volunteer  distinguished 
himself  at  Ballinamuck,  1798  ;  on  the  Helder  (1799)  and 
Egyptian  (1801)  expeditions :  lieutenant-colonel,  1801 ; 
M.P.,  Cork,  1801-12  and  1819-26,  and  co.  Longford,  1812- 
1819;  served  (1807)  in  Russian  army  at  Eylau  and 
Friedlaud.  O*v.  376] 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  JOHN  (1724-1794),  lawyer 
and  statesman ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1744  ;  Irish 
barrister,  1748 ;  assumed  additional  name  of  Hutchmson, 
1761 ;  M.P.  (in  Irish  parliament)  for  Lanesborough,  1759, 
Cork,  1761-90,  and  Taghmon,  1790-4 ;  privy  councillor 
and  prime  serjemit,  1760;  secretary  of  state,  1778; 
provost  of  Trinity  College,  1774 ;  attacked  for  abusing 
his  powers;  founded  modern  languages  professorship; 
advocated  free  trade  in  'Commercial  Restraints  of  Ire- 
land,' 1779  (anon.),  also  home  rule,  catholic  emancipation 
and  parliamentary  reform;  supported  commercial  pro- 
positions of  1785,  but  joined  opposition  on  regency 
question  ;  friend  of  Burke  and  William  Gerard  Hamilton ; 
his  wife  created  Baroness  Dououghmore,  1785. 

[xxv.  376] 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  JOHN,  first  BARON  HUTCHIX- 
SON,  afterwards  second  EAKL  OF  DONOUOHMORE  (1757- 
1832),  general;  second  sou  of  John  Hely-Hutchinson 
(1724-1794)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Dublin  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  Athole  highlanders,  1783  ;  served  with 
Duke  of  York,  1793 ;  major-general  on  Irish  staff  when 
troops  at  Castlebar  fled  from  Humbert,  1798 ;  represented 
Lanesborough,  1776-83,  and  Cork,  1790-1800,  in  Irish  par- 
liament ;  supported  the  union ;  severely  wounded  at 
Alkmaar  while  in  charge  of  Craven's  brigade,  1799 ;  com- 
manded first  division  under  Abercromby  in  Egypt; 
succeeded  to  chief  command,  1801 :  captured  (1801)  Cairo 
and  Alexandria ;  created  Baron  Hutcninson,  with  a  pen- 
sion ;  general,  1813 ;  G.C.B.,  1814 ;  undertook  mission  to 
Prussia  and  Russia,  1806-7 ;  carried  George  IV's  proposals 
to  Queen  Caroline  at  St.  Omer,  1820 ;  succeeded  as  Earl 
of  Donoughmore,  1825.  [xxv.  378] 

HELY-HUTCHINSON.  JOHN,  third  EARL  OF 
l>j.NOUtiiiMOK£  (1787-1851),  soldier;  grandson  of  John 


Hely-Hutchiuson  (1724-17W)  [q.  T.]  :  served  with  grena- 
diers in  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo ;  captain,  1812 :  deprived 
of  his  commission  for  assisting  escape  (1816)  of  General 
Lavulette  at  Paris ;  subsequently  reinstated ;  succeeded 

his  uncle  a^  third  t-arl,  1«32  ;  K.I'.,  1834.          [XXT.  880] 

HELY-HUTCHINSON,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  o» 
DOMOUORMOU  (1756-1825),  advocate  of  catholic  eman- 
cipation; eldest  son  of  John  Hely-Hutchinson  (1724- 
1794)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Sllgo  and  Taghmon  in  Iri-h  parlia- 
ment ;  created  Viscount  Suirdale,  1797  ;  commanded  Cork 
legion,  1798 ;  supported  the  union ;  created  earl,  1800 ; 
Irish  representative  peer,  1800;  postmaster-general  in 
Ireland,  1805-9.  [xxv.  381] 

HELYAR,  JOHN  (ft.  1535),  classical  scholar  and 
friend  of  Erasmus;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christ!  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1525  ;  B.D.,  1532  ;  bis  '  Oarmiua  In  obitum 
Erasmi'  (Greek  and  Latin)  in  'Epitaphs  on  Erasmus.' 

[xxv.  381] 

HEMANS,  CHARLES  ISIDORE  (1817-1876),  anti- 
quary ;  son  of  Felicia  Dorothea  Hemans  [q.  v.] ;  hon. 
secretary  and  librarian  of  English  Archaeological  Society 
at  Rome ;  published  works  on  Roman  history  and  archaeo- 
logy ;  died  at  Lucca.  [xxv.  382] 

HEMANS,  FELICIA  DOROTHEA  (1793-1835),  poet ; 
nee  Browne;  married  Captain  Alfred  Hemans,  1812,  but 
separated  from  him,  1818;  made  acquaintance  of  Scott 
and  Wordsworth,  1H29  ;  intimate  at  Dublin  with  Sir  Wil- 
liam Rowan  Hamilton,  Whately,  and  Blanco  White;  her 
writings  highly  popular  in  America;  the  'Egeria*  of 
Maria  Jane  Jewsbury's  '  Three  Histories.'  Her  collected 
works  (issued  1839)  include  '  Translations  from  Camoens 
and  other  Poets,'  '  Lays  of  Many  Lands,'  '  The  Forest 
Sanctuary,*  and  •  Songs  of  the  Affections.'  [xxv.  382] 

HEMING,  EDMUND  (/.  1695),  projector. 

[xxv.  384] 

HEMING  or  HEMMINGE,  JOHN  (d.  1630),  actor  and 
co-editor  of  the  first  folio  of  Shakespeare ;  played  in  King 
Henry  IV,  Part  I  (said  to  have  been  the  original  Falstaff ), 
and  in  plays  of  Ben  Jonsou ;  before  Elizabeth's  death  a  chief 
proprietor  of  Globe  Theatre  and  closely  associated  with 
Shakespeare ;  with  Henry  Condell  (d.  1627)  [q.  v.]  issued 
first  folio,  1623.  [xxv.  384] 

HEMING  or  HEMMINGE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1632), 
dramatist ;  son  of  John  Heming  or  Hemminge  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1628 ; 
his  extant  plays,  'The  Fatal  Contract '  (1653),  revived  as 
'Love  and  Revenge,'  and  reprinted  as  'The  Eunuch' 
(1687),  and  •  The  Jewes  Tragedy '  (1662).  [xxv.  385] 

HEMINGFOED  or  HEMINGBURGH,  WALTER  DE, 
also  WALTKR  DE  GISBURN  (Jt.  1300),  chronicler  and  sub- 
prior  of  St.  Mary's,  Gisburn ;  bis  chronicle  (1066-1348) 
printed  in  part  by  Gale  and  Hearne ;  fully  edited  by  H.  C. 
Hamilton,  1848.  [xxv.  385] 

HEMMING  (ft.  1096),  chronicler ;  sub-prior  of  Wor- 
cester ;  his  Worcester  chartulary  edited  by  Heanie,  1723. 

[xxv.  386] 

HEMPEL,  CHARLES  or  CARL  FKKDEKICK 
(1811-1867),  musical  composer ;  sou  of  Charles  William 
Hempel  [q.  v.]  ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford,  1862 ;  organist  of  St. 
Mary's,  Truro,  and  St.  John's  episcopal  church,  Perth  ; 
published  songs  and  part  of  •  The  Seventh  Seal '  (oratorio). 

[xxv.  386] 

HEMPEL,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1777-1855),  com- 
poser and  poet ;  organist  of  St.  Mary's,  Truro,  1804-44  ; 
composed,  among  other  work?,  'Sacred  Melodies,'  1812, 
and  a  satirical  poem  ;  died  in  Lambeth  workhouse. 

[xxv.  387] 

HEMPHILL,  BARBARA  (d.  1858),  novelist;  nte 
Hare;  married  John  Hemphill ;  her  'Lionel  Deerhuret, 
or  Fashionable  Life  under  the  Regency '  (18 16),  edited  by 
Lady  Blessington.  O*v-  3873 

HEMPHILL,  SAMUEL  (d.  1741),  Irish  presbyterian  ; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1716,  Edinburgh,  1726  ;  minister  of  Castle- 
blayney,  Monaghan  ;  published  pamphlets  in  favour  of 
subscription,  1722-6.  [XXT.  387] 

HENCHMAN,  HUMPHREY  (1592-1675),  bishop  of 
London-  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1616;  D.D., 
1628  ;  fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  1616-23;  canon  and  precentor 
of  Salisbury,  1623,  and  rector  of  Isle  of  Portland  :  di  - 
prived  .luring  rebellion  :  assisted  Charles  II  to  escape 
after  Worcester,  1651  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1660-3;  took 


HENCHMAN 


598 


HENEAGE 


influential  part  in  Savoy  conference,  1661 ;  bishop  of 
London,  1663-75  ;  restored  cathedral  and  palace  at  Salis- 
bury, and  contributed  to  rebuilding  of  St.  Paul's,  Alders- 
gate  palace,  and  Clare  Hall.  [xxv.  388] 

HENCHMAN,  HUMPHREY  (1669-1739),  civilian; 
grandson  of  Humphrey  Henchman  (1592-1676)  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1694  ;  D.C.L.,  1702  ;  friend 
of  Atterbury ;  chancellor  of  Rochester,  1714,  London, 
1716  ;  counsel  for  Sacheverell  and  against  Whiston. 

[xxv.  390] 

HENDERLAND,  LORD  (1736-1795).  [See  MURRAY, 
ALEXANDER.] 

HENDERSON.     [See  also  HKNRYSON.] 

HENDERSON,  ALEXANDER  (1583  ?-1646),  presby- 
teriau  divine  and  diplomatist ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1603  ; 
minister  of  Leuchars,  1614,  of  the  High  Kirk,  Edinburgh, 
1639  ;  opposed  five  articles  of  Perth,  1618  ;  headed  agita- 
tion against  new  prayer  book,  1637 ;  promoted  remon- 
strance against  episcopacy,  1637 ;  one  of  presbyterian  com- 
mittee of  four ;  prepared  and  read  in  Greyfriars,  Edin- 
burgh, the  '  national  covenant,'  1638 ;  created  burgess  of 
Dundee  for  public  services,  1638 ;  moderator  of  Glasgow 
assembly  (1638),  which  laid  down  lines  of  presbyterian 
organisation  ;  commissioner  at  pacification  of  Berwick, 
1639 ;  ruling  spirit  at  Edinburgh  assembly  which  passed 
first  'Barrier  Act,'  1639  ;  entered  England  with  covenant- 
ing army,  1640  ;  negotiated  treaty  of  1641 ;  as  rector  of 
Edinburgh  University  (1640-6),  introduced  teaching  of 
Hebrew  and '  circles ';  as  moderator  of  St.  Andrews  as- 
sembly (1641)  proposed  confession  of  faith,  catechism,  and 
directory  of  worship ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  at  Oxford, 
1643,  urged  him  to  call  a  Scottish  parliament ;  drafted 
'solemn  league  and  covenant'  taken  by  Westminster 
Assembly  (September,  1643),  and  drew  up  the  directory 
of  worship  ;  manager  of  proposed  religious  settlement  at 
Uxbridge  conference,  1645  ;  corresponded  with  Charles  I 
on  episcopacy  and  the  coronation  oath,  1646  ;  his '  Bishop's 
Doom*  (1638)  reprinted,  1762;  'Sermons,  Prayers,  and 
Addresses,'  edited  by  R.  T.  Martin,  1867 ;  his  deathbed 
4  Declaration '  of  doubtful  authenticity.  [xxv.  390] 

HENDERSON,  ALEXANDER  (1780-1 863),  physician ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1803 ;  published,  among  other  works, 
'  A  Sketch  of  the  Revolutions  of  Medical  Science '  (trans- 
lated from  Oabanis),  1806,  and  '  History  of  Ancient  and 
Modern  Wines,'  1824.  [xxv.  395] 

HENDERSON,  ANDREW  (fl.  1734-1775),  author  and 
bookseller;  M.A.  of  a  Scottish  university;  published 
'History  of  the  Rebellion,  1746-6,  by  an  impartial  hand, 
who  was  an  Eyewitness'  (1748),  and  biographical  works  ; 
published  'Letters'  (1775)  attacking  Dr.  Johnson  for 
'  Tour  in  the  Hebrides.'  [xxv.  395] 

HENDERSON,  ANDREW  (1783-1835),  Glasgow  por- 
trait-painter; exhibited  at  Scottish  Academy,  1828-30; 
published  '  Scottish  Proverbs,'  with  etchings,  1832 ;  con- 
tributed to  the  '  Laird  of  Logan.'  [xxv.  396] 

HENDERSON,  CHARLES  COOPER  (1803-1877), 
equestrian  painter  and  etcher ;  brother  of  John  Henderson 
(1797-1878)  [q.  v.]  [xxv.  396] 

HENDERSON,  EBENEZER,  the  elder  (1784-1858), 
missionary  ;  founded  bible  societies  in  Denmark,  Scandi- 
navia, Russia,  and  Iceland,  acquiring  many  languages ; 
went  to  Iceland,  1814  ;  Ph.D.  Kiel,  1816  ;  printed  the  bible 
at  St.  Petersburg  in  ten  languages  ;  lived  several  years  in 
Russia ;  tutor  of  Highbury  College,  1830-50 ;  published 
translations  from  Hebrew  and  accounts  of  visits  to  Ice- 
land, Russia,  and  Piedmont;  edited  Buck's  'Theological 
Dictionary,'  1833,  and  other  works.  [xxv.  397] 

HENDERSON,  EBENEZER,  the  younger  (1809-1879), 
mechanician  and  author ;  nephew  of  Ebenezer  Henderson 
the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  constructed  an  orrery  and  astronomical 
clock,  1827,  and  wheels  to  show  sidereal  time,  1850  ;  pub- 
lished treatises  on  horology  and  astronomy,  also  '  Annals 
of  Duufennline,'  1879.  [xxv.  398] 

HENDERSON.SiR  EDMUND  YfiAMANS  WALOOTT 
(1821-1896),  lieutenant-colonel,  royal  engineers  :  educated 
at  Woolwich ;  first  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1841 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 18G2:  engaged  on  boundary  survey  be- 
tween Canada  and  New  Brunswick,  1846-8  ;  comptroller 
of  convict*  in  western  Australia,  1850-63 ;  chairman  of 
directors  of  prisons  aud  inspector-general  of  military 


prisons,  1863;  O.B.,  1868;  chief  commissioner  of  metro- 
politan police,  1869-86 ;  instituted  criminal  investigation 
department ;  K.C.B.,  1878 ;  resigned  on  fault  being  found 
with  police  arrangements  at  Trafalgar  Square  riots,  1886. 

[Suppl.  ii.  409] 

HENDERSOV,  GEORGE  (1783-1855),  lieutenant- 
colonel,  royal  engineers  ;  distinguished  in  Peninsular  war, 
1812-14  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  R.E.,  1824;  superintendent 
and  director  of  London  and  South- Western  Railway. 

[xxv.  398] 

HENDERSON,  JAMES  (1783  ?-1848),  geographical 
writer ;  consul-general  for  Colombia ;  F.R.S.,  1831 :  pub- 
lished 'History  of  the  Brazil'  (1822),  and  works  on  Spain  ; 
died  at  Madrid.  [xxv.  399] 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  (1747-1785),  'the  Bath 
Roscius ' ;  appeared  under  name  of  Courtney  at  Bath  as 
Hamlet,  1772;  played  Shylock  at  Haymarket,  1777; 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1777-9,  and  subsequently  at 
Oovent  Garden,  and  chief  provincial  towns  ;  considered 
second  only  to  Garrick ;  regarded  with  jealousy  by 
him;  among  his  best  parts,  Shylock,  Sir  Giles  Over- 
reach, Hamlet,  and  Falstaff ;  drew,  etched,  and  wrote 
poems;  with  Thomas  Sheridan  (1719-1788)  [q. v.]  pub- 
lished '  Practical  Method  of  Reading  and  Writing  English 
Poetry,'  1796  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xxv.  399] 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  (1757-1788),  eccentric  student : 
at  twelve  taught  Greek  and  Latin  at  Trevecca ;  sent  to 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  at  expense  of  Dean  Tucker, 
1781 ;  a  skilled  linguist,  with  knowledge  of  medicine ; 
accompanied  Johnson  and  Hannah  More  over  Pembroke 
College,  1782 ;  B.A.,  1786 ;  refused  to  adopt  any  profes- 
sion, and  abandoned  himself  to  solitary  study  of  Lavater 
and  spiritualism.  [xxv.  401] 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  (1804-1862),  Scottish  architect ; 
designed  Trinity  College,  Glenalmoud,  1847.  [xxv.  402] 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  (1780-1867),  philanthropist: 
drysalter  and  East  India  merchant;  for  twenty  years 
contributed  over  30.000Z.  annually  to  religious  and  charit- 
able schemes ;  founded  Evangelical  Alliance ;  active 
opponent  of  Sunday  travelling.  [xxv.  403] 

HENDERSON,  JOHN  (1797-1878),  art  collector  and 
archaeologist;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1820;  be- 
queathed antiquities  to  Oxford  University,  water-colour 
collections,  porcelain,  glass,  and  manuscripts  to  British 
Museum,  and  pictures  to  National  Gallery,  [xxv.  403] 

HENDERSON  or  HENRYSON,  ROBERT  (1430?- 
1506  ?).  [See  HENRYSON.] 

HENDERSON,  THOMAS  (1798-1844),  astronomer; 
secretary  to  Earl  of  Lauderdale  and  Lord  Jeffrey,  1819-31 ; 
as  astronomer  royal  at  the  Cape  (1832-3)  observed  Encke's 
and  Biela's  comets,  and  (1832)  transit  of  Mercury  ;  dis- 
covered first  authentic  case  of  annual  parallax  in  a  fixed 
star  ;  F.R.A.S.,  1832;  F.R.S.,  1840;  first  Scottish  astronomer 
royal  and  professor  of  practical  astronomy  at  Edinburgh, 
1834-44;  Edinburgh  observations  published,  1838-43,  and 
(edited  by  Piazzi  Smyth),  1843-52.  [xxv.  404] 

HENDERSON,  WILLIAM  (1810-1872),  homceo- 
pathist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1831 ;  studied  also  at  Paris, 
!  Berlin,  and  Vienna;  physician  to  Edinburgh  Fever 
Hospital,  1832;  pathologist  to  Royal  Infirmary;  pro- 
fessor of  general  pathology,  1842-69;  adopted  homoeo- 
pathy, 1845,  and  defended  it  against  Sir  John  Forbes 
(1787-1861)  [q.  v.]  and  others.  [xxv.  406] 

HENDLEY,  WILLIAM  (1691  ?-1724),  divine  ;  B.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1711 ;  lecturer  of  St. 
James's,  Clerkenwell,  1716,  at  St.  Mary,  Islington,  1718 ; 
his  trial  (1719)  on  charge  of  procuring  unlawful  gains 
under  guise  of  collecting  charities  the  subject  of  Defoe's 
'  Charity  still  a  Christian  Virtue.'  [xxv.  407] 

HENEAGE,  GEORGE  (d.  1649),  dean  of  Lincoln, 
1528-44;  archdeacon,  1542-9;  LL.B.  Cambridge,  1510; 
incorporated  at  Oxford,  1522.  [xxv.  407] 

HENEAGE,  MICHAEL  (1540-1600),  antiquary: 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Heneage  (rf.  1595)  [q.  v.] ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College.  Cambridge,  1563 ;  M.A., 
1566 ;  M.P.,  Arundel,  1571,  East  Grinstead,  1572,  Tuvi- 
stock,  1589,  aud  Wigan,  1593:  joint-keeper  of  Tower 
records  with  his  brother,  c.  1578  ;  assisted  Robert  Hare 
[q.  v.]  with  Cambridge  records.  [\.\v.-109] 


HENEAGE 


599 


HENRIETTA    ANNE 


HENEAGE,  Sin  THOMAS,  the  elder  (<t.  1553), 
gentleman  nshor  to  Wolsey,  and  of  privy  chamber  ; 
knighted,  1537.  [xxv.  407] 

HENEAGE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1595),  vice-chamber- 
lain to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  nephew  of  George  Heneage 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Stamford,  1553,  Boston,  1562,  Lincolnshire, 
1571-2,  and  Kssex,  1585-05;  treasurer  of  queen's  chamber, 
1570;  knighted,  1577;  keeper  of  Tower  records,*.  1677; 
member  of  commissions  to  try  Lopez,  1594,  and  otln-rs ; 
built  Copthall.  Essex  ;  sent  to  Low  Countries,  1686  ;  pity- 
master  of  forces,  1588  ;  vice-chamberlain,  1589 ;  privy 
councillor,  1589 ;  chancellor  of  Lancaster,  1690 ;  friend 
of  Sidney,  Hattou,  and  John  Foxe.  [xxv.  407] 

HENFREY,  ARTHUR  (1819-1859),  botanist :  F.L.S., 
1844 ;  professor  of  botany  at  King's  College,  London,  1853 : 
published  'Elementary  Course  of  Botany,'  1867,  and 
several  translations;  edited  (with  Huxley)  'Scientific 
Memoirs,'  1837,  '  Micrographic  Dictionary,*  1854  (with 
J.  W.  Griffith)  and  Francis's  '  Anatomy  of  British  Ferns,' 
1855.  [xxv.  409] 

HENFREY,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1852-1881),  numis- 
matist ;  son  of  Arthur  Henfrey  [q.  v.]  ;  principal  work, 
'  Numlsmata  Gromwelliana,'  1877.  [xxv.  410] 

HENGHAM  or  HINGHAM,  RALPH  DK  (d.  1311), 
judge ;  chancellor  of  Exeter,  1275-9 ;  justice  of  king's 
bench,  1270,  of  common  pleas,  1272 ;  chief-justice  of 
king's  bench,  1274-90  ;  dismissed  and  heavily  fined  ;  the 
fine  traditionally  applied  to  building  a  tower  In  Palace 
Yard ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1301 ;  puisne  judge, 
1307  ;  reputed  author  of  '  Hengham  Mngna  '  and '  Heng- 
ham  Parva,'  edited  (1616)  by  Selden.  [xxv.  410] 

HENGIST  (</.  488),  joint-founder  with  his  brother 
Horsa  [q.  v.]  of  the  kingdom  of  Kent  ;  said  to  have 
arrived  at  Ebbsfteet  from  Jutland,  449  (according  to 
Nennius,  428),  to  have  settled  in  Thanet,  and,  after 
defeat  by  Britons  at  Aylesford  (455),  to  have  founded 
Leydeu  ;  returned  and  established  himself  in  Kent. 

[xxv.  411] 

HENGLER,  FREDERICK  CHARLES  (1820-1887), 
circus  proprietor  ;  purchased  Palais  Royal,  Argyll  Street, 
London,  1871  (rebuilt,  1884).  [xxv.  413] 

HENLEY,  BARONS.  [See  EDEN,  MORTOX,  first 
BAROX,  1752-1830 ;  EDEX,  ROBERT  HEXLEY,  second 
BAROX,  1789-1841.] 

HENLEY,  ANTHONY  (</.  1711),  wit :  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford:  whig  M.P.,  Audover  (1698-1700),  Wey- 
mouth  (1702-11);  contributed  to  the  'Tatler'  and 
'  Medley ' ;  member  of  Kit-Cat  Club  ;  patron  of  musicians 
and  men  of  letters.  [xxv.  413] 

HENLEY,  JOHN  (1692-1756),  'Orator  Henley': 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1716  ;  contributed  to 
the  '  Spectator  'as  'Dr.  Qtiir ' ;  began  his  '  orations  '  at 
Newport,  1726;  established  himself  in  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  1729 ;  employed  by  \Valpole  to  write  In  whig 
'Hyp  Doctor,'  1730-9;  his  claims  as  restorer  of  church 
oratory  ridiculed  in  the  '  Dunciad ' ;  caricatured  by 
Hogarth  ;  edited  works  of  John  Sheffield,  duke  of 
Buckingham,  1722  ;  published  works  on  oratory,  theo- 
logy, and  grammar,  and  translations  ;  his  autograph 
lectures  in  British  Museum.  [xxv.  414] 

HENLEY,  JOSEPH  WARNER  (1793-1884),  con- 
servative politician;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1834  (hou.  D.O.L.,  1864  ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  1841-78  ; 
president  of  board  of  trade,  1852  and  1858-9  ;  resigned 
on  reform  question,  1859  ;  declined  home  office,  1866. 


[xxv.  416] 
,  musical 


HENLEY,  PHOCION  (1728-1764 ), musical  composer; 
nephew  of  Robert  Henley,  first  earl  of  Northiugton  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1749  :  rector  of  St.  Andrew's 
and  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars,  1769-64  :  some  of  his  com- 
positions are  in  T.  Sharp's  '  Divine  Harmony '  (psalms  and 
hymns),  1798.  [XXT.  416] 

HENLEY,  ROBERT,  first  EARI.  op  NORTHIMITON 
(1708 ?-1772),  lord  chancellor;  second  son  of  Anthony 
Henley  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls' College,  Oxford  :  M.A., 
1733;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1732;  practised  on  wes- 
tern circuit ;  M.P.,  Bath,  1747-57  ;  K.O.,  1751,  and  recorder 
of  Bath ;  attorney-general,  1756  ;  lord  keeper  (the  last), 
1757  ;  speaker  of  House  of  Lords  1757-60,  though  not  a 


peer  till  1760;  lord  chancellor,  1761  ;  created  an  earl, 
1764  ;  procured  dismissal  of  Rockinpham ;  president  of 
council  under  Uraftou,  17M-7  ;  Intimate  with  lreonr»-  III. 

[xxv.  417] 

HENLEY,  ROBERT,  second  EARL  OF  N«KI  HIM,  ION 
(1747-1786),  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland;  of  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  "Kfonl  ;  M.A..  17t;.,  ;  M.I1..  Hamp- 
shin-,  1768;  succeeded  as  earl,  1772;  K.T.,  1773;  riceroy 
of  Ireland  (1783-4)  during  volunteer  convention  ;  advo- 
cate-1  annual  parliaments  and  promoted  Irish  Industrie*. 

[xxv.  419] 

HENLEY,  S  A  MUKLO  740-1 816),  commentator:  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia; 
afterwards  assistant-master  at  Harrow;  PJ3.A.,  1778; 
principal  of  East  India  College,  Hertford,  1806-16  ;  pub- 
lished English  translation,  with  notes,  of  '  Vathek,'  1784, 
and  works  of  scriptural  exegesis  and  classical  scholar- 
ship, [xxv.  420] 

HENLEY,  WALTER  DK  (fi.  1260),  author  of  »Hose- 
bondrie '  (13th  cent.)  [XXT.  420] 

HENLEY  or  HENLY,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1776),  elec- 
trician ;  F.R.S.,  1773.  [XXT.  421] 

HENLEY,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (18137-1882X  tele- 
graphic engineer:  self-taught :  made  apparatus  for  wheat* 
stone  and  first  Electric  Telegraph  Company ;  invenUil 
magnetic  needle  telegraph  and  formed  company  (1862)  to 
take  over  patent ;  obtained  medal  at  exhibition  of  1H51  ; 
made  electric  light  apparatus,  and  manufactured  fourteen 
thousand  miles  of  submarine  cable.  [xxv.  421] 

HENN,   THOMAS  RICE  (1849-1880),  lieutenant  of 
I  royal  engineers ;  fell  at  Mai  wand,  [xxv.  422] 

KENNEDY,  ROGER  (1809-1877),  botanist;  professor 
,  at  Anders.onian  Institution,  Glasgow,  1863-77  ;  published 
'  Clydesdale  Flora,'  1865.  [xxv.  422] 

HENNELL,    CHARLES    CHRISTIAN    (1809-1860X 

,  author  of  '  Inquiry  concerning  the  Origin  of  Christianity* 

I  (1838)  and    'Christian   Theism'  (1839);    brother-in-law 

i  of  Charles  Bray  [q.  T.]  ;  with  J.  T.  B.  Beaumont  [q.  T.] 

established  New  Philosophical  Institution,  Mile  End. 

[xxv.  423] 

HENNELL,  MARY  (1802-1843),  author  of  'Outline 
;  of  the  various  Social  Systems  and  Communities  which 
liave  been  founded  on  Principle  of  Co-operation'  (pub- 
lished 1844)  ;  sister  of  Charles  Christian  Hennell  [q.  v.] 

[XXT.  424] 

HENNEN,  JOHN  (1779-1828),  army  surgeon  :  serred 
in  Peninsula  and  at  Waterloo;  staff -surgeon,  1812  ;  prin- 
cipal medical  officer  for  Scotland,  1817  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1819  ;  died  medical  officer  at  Gibraltar  ;  published,  ainom.' 
other  work?,  'Observations  on  ...  Military  Surgery,' 
I  1818.  [xxv.  424] 

HENNESSY,  WILLIAM    MAUNSELL  (1829-1889), 

Irish  scholar;  assistant  deputy-keeper  in  Dublin  Record 

Office ;  Todd  professor  at  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1882-4  ; 

edited  'Chronicon    Scotormn'  of    Dnbhaltacb    MacFir- 

i  blsigh,  1866,  'Annals  of  Loch  Co,'  1871,  and  other  works : 

,  translated  'Tripartite  Life  of  St.  Patrick,'  1871;   wrote 

on  Ossian.  [xxv.  424] 

HENNIKER,  SIR  FREDERICK,  baronet  (1793-1826), 

traveller:  of  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 

I  B.A.,  1815:  succeeded  us  baronet,  1816;  published  '  Notes 

i  during  a  Visit  to  Egypt,  Nubia,  the  Oasis,  Mount  Sinai, 

and  Jerusalem,'  1823.  [XXT.  425] 

HENNIKER-MAJOR,  JOHN,  second  BARON  HEX- 
XIKER  (1752-1821),  antiquary;  M.A.  St  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1772;  LL.D.,  1811:  F.S.A.,  1786;  F.R.S., 
1785;  took  additional  name,  1792:  succeeded  to  Irish 
peerage,  1803;  M.P.,  Rutland,  1805-12,  Stamford,  1812-18; 
published  'Account  of  Families  of  Major  and  Henniker,' 
1803,  and  antiquarian  pamphlets.  [XXT.  426] 

KENNING,  JOHN  (1771-1851),  modeller  and 
sculptor ;  a  founder  of  Society  of  British  Artiste  ;  modelled 
copies  of  Parthenon  and  Phigaleian  friezes  and  Raphael's 
cartoons  ;  executed  busts  of  Mrs.  Siddons  and  Princess 
Charlotte.  [xxv.  426] 

HENRIETTA  or  HENRIETTE  ANNE,  DUCHESS  or 
<MII.I-\\S  (1644-1670),  fifth  daughter  of  Charles  I:  born 
at  Exeter ;  secretly  carried  off  from  St.  James's  Palace  to 
France,  1646 ;  brought  up  as  a  Roman  catholic  by  her 
mother ;  came  to  England  at  Restoration  and  became 
popular  at  court;  married  Philippe,  duo  d'Orleans 


HENRIETTA    MARIA 


600 


HENRY    II 


(brother  of  Loui<  XIV).  1661 :  patronised  Molii-re,  Cor- 
neille,  ami  Racine  :  intermediary  between  Louis  XIV  and 
Charles  II ;  often  consulted  by  former  on  state  affairs; 
with  Louise  de  Keroualle  [q.  v.]  came  to  Dover,  1670,  and 
negotiated  the  secret  treaty  of  Dover,  1670  ;  died  suddenly 
soon  after  her  return  to  France,  being  poisoned,  accord- 
ing to  St.  Simon,  with  connivance  of  her  jealous  husband, 
by  agents  of  his  favourite,  the  Chevalier  de  Lorraine ; 
her  funeral  oration  delivered  by  Bossuet.  [xxv.  426] 

HENRIETTA  MARIA  (1609-1669),  queen  consort  of 
Charles  I ;  youngest  daughter  of  Henri  IV  and  Marie  de 
Medicis  ;  married  by  proxy  and  came  to  England,  1625  : 
on  indifferent  terms  with  her  husband  during  lifetime  of 
Buckingham ;  at  first  abstained  from  politics,  but  at- 
tracted courtiers  and  poets ;  evokal  Prynue's  '  Histrio- 
Mastix  '  by  taking  part  in  rehearsal  of  '  Shepherd's  Pas- 
toral,' 1632 ;  under  influence  of  George  Conn  [q.  v.] 
thwarted  Laud's  proclamation  against  catholic  recusants, 
1636 ;  obtained  money  from  the  catholics  for  Scottish 
war,  1639  ;  after  meeting  of  Long  parliament  carried  on 
intrigues  with  the  papal  court,  but  could  obtain  no  help 
for  the  royalists  except  on  condition  of  Charles  becoming 
a  Romanist :  after  failure  of  overtures  to  parliamentary 
leaders,  authorised  Henry  Jermyu  and  Sir  John  Suckling 
to  carry  out  the  army  plot,  1641 ;  tried  to  save  Strafford ; 
urged  on  attempted  arrest  of  the  five  members,  1642  ;  left 
England  early  in  1642,  and  bought  munitions  of  war 
and  obtained  money  in  Holland ;  landed  at  Bridliugton, 
February  1643,  under  fire;  impeached  by  parliament, 
23  May  1643 ;  failed  to  surprise  Hull  and  Lincoln,  1643  ; 
entertained  by  Shakespeare's  daughter  at  Stratford-on- 
Avon  ;  joined  Charles  at  Edgehill  awl  accompanied  him 
to  Oxford,  1643 ;  advised  bringing  in  of  foreign  or  Irish 
army ;  escaped  from  Fuluiouth  to  France,  1644 ;  pawned 
her  jewels :  negotiated  with  Mazariu  and  obtained  promise 
of  ten  thousand  men  from  Duke  of  Lorraine,  1644-5  ;  urged 
Charles  to  accept  Scottish  help  on  basis  of  presbyterianism, 
1646  ;  active  in  negotiations  with  Irish  catholics  and  the 
anti-parliamentarian  English  fleet,  1648 ;  in  state  of  desti- 
tution at  the  Louvre,  1648 ;  retired  into  Carmelite  nunnery ; 
alienated  Charles  II's  advisers  by  attempts  to  convert  to 
Roman  Catholicism  her  younger  son,  Duke  of  Glouces- 
ter ;  came  to  England,  1660,  to  get  portion  for  her  daugh- 
ter Henrietta  Anne  [q.  v.]  and  to  break  off  engagement 
between  her  second  son  Duke  of  York  and  Anne  Hyde 
[q.  v.]  ;  lived  at  Somerset  House ;  finally  left  England, 
1665  ;  died  at  Colombes  and  was  buried  in  St.  Denis. 

[xxv.  429] 

HENRY  I  (1068-1135),  king  of  England ;  younger  son 
of  William  I  and  Matilda ;  well  educated  in  England ;  heir 
of  his  mother's  possessions  in  England,  1083;  bought  the 
Avranchin  and  Cdteutin  from  his  elder  brother  Robert, 
duke  of  Normandy  ;  imprisoned  by  himatBayeux,  1088-9 ; 
helped  to  put  down  revolt  of  Rouen,  1090 ;  attacked  by 
both  William  II  and  Robert,  and  obliged  to  evacuate  Mont 
St.  Michel ;  became  lord  of  Domfront,  1092,  whence  he 
carried  on  war  against  Robert  and  his  vassals ;  visited 
William  II  in  England,  1094,  and  returned  to  Normandy 
with  money;  received  counties  of  Coutauces  and  Bayeux, 
1096;  on  the  news  of  William  II's  death  (1100)  secured 
the  treasure  at  Winchester ;  chosen  king  by  the  witan 
and  crowned  at  Westminster,  issuing  at  his  coronation 
(1100)  charter  which  formed  the  basis  of  Magna  Charta  ; 
invited  Archbishop  Anselm  [q-  v.]  to  return,  1100,  and 
filled  vacant  sees ;  ruled  by  craft  rather  than  force ;  agreed, 
on  Anselm's  refusal  to  do  homage  for  his  temporalities,  to 
refer  the  question  to  the  pope,  but  maintained  his  position 
till  a  compromise  was  agreed  to  (1105) ;  married  Eadgyth 
or  Matilda  (1080-1118)  [q.  v.],  1100,  thereby  introducing 
intermarriages  between  Normans  and  English,  and  becom- 
ing the  re-founder  of  the  English  nation;  chose  his  coun- 
cillors and  officials  from  lower  ranks,  and  ennobled  them 
as  a  counterpoise  to  the  great  barons ;  promised  at  Alton 
to  give  up  all  his  Norman  possessions  (except  Doinf  rout) 
in  return  for  a  renunciation  by  D.uke  Robert  of  the 
English  crown  and  a  pension,  1101 ;  defeated  and  banished 
Robert  of  Belleme  [q.  v.],  llpl,  and  William  of  Mortain, 
1104;  compelled  Robert  to  give  up  his  pension  and  cede 
Evreux;  with  help  of  Anjou,  Maim*,  and  Brittany,  con- 
quered the  whole  of  Noriiiiimlyat  Tinuhebrai,  1106, captur- 
ing Robert  and  Mortain  returned  to  Englaixf  und  con- 
cluded the  investiture  agreement:  developed  the  judicial 
ami  ti.-.-al  administration,  sending  out  itinerant  justices 
and  organising  the  exchequer  court ;  reformed  the  coinage, 
1107,  but  levied  heavy  taxes ;  went  to  Normandy  to  t>eLde 


William  '  Clito '  (  Kobert's  SOn),  1108;  began  a  war  with 
Louis  VI  of  France  about  the  bonier  fortress  of  Gisors, 
1109;  banished  more  barons,  1110;  put  down  private 
war  and  restrained  his  mercenaries  ;  captured  Robert  of 
Belleme,  1111  ;  obtained  acknowledgment  of  his  ripht  to 
Belleme,  Maine,  and  Brittany ;  led  an  army  into  Wales, 
1114  ;  caused  all  barons  to  do  homage  to  William,  his  heir, 
in  Normandy,  1115,  and  England,  1116  ;  began  fresh  war 
with  Louis  VI,  who  was  aided  by  Baldwin  of  Flanders  and 
Fulk  of  Anjou  ;  detached  Fulk  from  the  confederacy,  1120, 
by  marrying  to  Fulk's  daughter  his  son  Prince  William 
(lost  in  the  White  Ship  the  same  year) ;  defeated  Louis  in  an 
encounter  of  knights  at  Breuueville  ;  subdued  rebel  barons 
and  made  peace  at  Gisors  with  Louis  and  Baldwin  by 
mediation  of  Pope  Calixtus  II,  1120;  made  a  second 
marriage  with  Adela  of  Louvaiu,  1121 ;  exacted  tribute 
from  Welsh  by  second  invasion,  1121 ;  upheld  rights  of  Can- 
terbury against  both  the  pope  and  Thurstan,  archbishop  of 
York;  reduced  fresh  Norman  rebellion,  1123-4;  exacted 
from  nobles  (including  Stephen  of  Boulogne)  promise  to 
support  succession  to  crown  of  his  daughter,  the  ex- 
empress  Matilda,  1126  ;  married  her  to  Geoffrey  of  Anjou, 
1128;  engaged  again  in  war  with  France;  exacted  fines 
from  clergy  for  keeping  wives  ;  supported  Pope  Inno- 
cent II  against  anti-pope  Anaclete;  exacted  oaths  to 
Matilda,  1131;  went  to  Normandy,  1133;  had  fresh 
trouble  with  tlfe  Augevins  and  Normans  ;  died  at  Angers  ; 
buried  at  Reading.  [xxv.  436] 

HENRY  II  (1133-1189),  king  of  England;  grandson 
of  Henry  1,  and  son  of  Geoffrey  of  Aujou  and  Matilda 
(1102-1167)  [q.  v.];  inherited  Angevin  territories,  1151; 
obtained  Aquitaine  by  marriage  with  Eleanor  (1122V- 
1204)  [q.  v.],  1152  ;  came  to  terms  with  Stephen,  1153  : 
succeeded  to  crown,  1154  ;  issued  charter  based  on  that  of 
Henry  I ;  expelled  Flemish  mercenaries  and  reduced  re- 
bellious barons,  1155  ;  exacted  homage  and  restoration  of 
border  counties  from  Malcolm  of  Scotland ;  acquired 
county  of  Nantes  and  recognition  of  overlordship  of  Brit- 
tany, 1158 ;  re-established  exchequer  in  England  ;  deve- 
loped curia  regis  :  issued  new  coinage,  1158  ;  extended  in 
a  'great  assize'  the  system  of  inquest  by  sworn  recog- 
nitors  to  settlement  of  laud  disputes  ;  broke  down  by  the 
'  great  scutage '  military  dependence  of  crown  on  feudal 
tenants,  1159  ;  gained  possession  of  the  Vexin  by  French 
marriage  of  eldest  surviving  sou  Henry,  1160  ;  helped  Pope 
Alexander  III  against  the  emperor,  1162  ;  made  Thomas 
Becket  [q.  v.]  archbishop,  1162,  but  was  resisted  by  him, 
especially  in  his  attempt  to  bring  the  clergy  within  civil 
jurisdiction,  through  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon,  1164  ; 
caused  Becket's  condemnation  at  Northampton,  1164;  on 
his  flight  enforced  the  constitutions;  applied  the  prin- 
ciple of  jury  inquest  to  criminal  matters  by  the  assize 
of  Clarendon,  1166,  the  first  attempt  in  England  to  issue 

I  a  new  code  of  laws,  and  to  break  down  feudalism  by  sub- 
ordinating independent  jurisdictions  to  a  central  court ; 

!  allied  himself,  through  his  daughters'  marriages,  with 

I  the  emperor  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  the  kings  of 
Castile,  1168-9,  and  Sicily,  1169;  defeated  the  Bretons, 

I  1166-9;  by  treaty  of  Montmirail  (1169)  obtained  sanction 
of  France  to  establishment  of  his  sous  Henry,  Geoffrey, 
and  Richard;  had  Prince  Henry  crowned  by  the  arch- 

j  bishop  of  York,  1170 ;  suspended,  and,  after  inquiry  into 
their  conduct,  replaced  by  exchequer  officials  most  of  the 
sheriffs,  1170;  made  formal  pence  with  Becket  and  his 
ally,  Louis  of  France;  after  Becket's  murder  (11 70)  purged 
himself  and  abjured  the '  customs,'  which  had  been  the 
chief  cause  of  quarrel ;  by  an  expedition  to  Ireland  (1171- 
1172)  received  the  submission  both  of  Normans  in  Ireland 
and  natives,  divided  the  laud  into  fiefs,  and  left  Hugh  de 
Lacy  as  royal  vicegerent ;  drove  Louis  from  Normandy, 
1173 ;  crushed  Breton  revolt,  1173,  and  (after  doing  penance 
at  Canterbury)  the  baronial  rising  in  England ;  exacted 
homage  from  his  prisoner,  William,  king  of  Scots ;  checked 
by  these  successes  combination  headed  by  the  young  King 
Henry  (crowned  heir)  and  his  mother  (1173-4) ;  issued 
assize  of  Northampton,  1176,  including  among  its  clauses 
the 'assize  of  mort  d'ancester '  and  a  provision  requiring 
an  oath  of  fealty  from  all  Englishmen  ;  obtained  partial 
recognition  of  his  constitutions  from  the  pope ;  ordered 
a  return  of  all  crown  tenements,  1177;  constituted  inner 
tribunal  for  higher  work  of  curia  regis,  1178  ;  established 
judicial  circuits,  1176-80  ;  issued  assize  of  arms,  1181, 
making  defensive  service  obligatory,  and  personal  pro- 
perty subject  to  taxation  ;  received  homage  from  king  of 
Couuaught,  1175;  arbiter  between  Arragon  and  Toulouse 


HENRY    III 


601 


HENRY    IV 


1 173,  and  Oastile  aud  Navarre,  1177 :  mediator  in  France,  '  Simon  do  Motitfort,  12fiO :  dismissed  the  barons'  justieiar, 


1180-2;  was  asked  to  deliver  the  Holy  Land,  1185,  but 
was  t:iiLMtfed  in  war  with  his  sons  Henrv  ami  (iroffrey  on 
behalf  of  Richard,  1183,  and  afterward-  with  Richard  and 
Philip  Augustus  of  }•  ranee,  to  whose  claims  he  was 
reduced  (1189)  to  submit  nt  Colombieres  ;  died  at  Chinon  ; 
buried  at  Fontevraud,  where  i*  his  tomb  and  effigy.  "'' 
was  a  lover  of  learning  and  a  great  builder  :  his  works  of 
this  kind  including  many  palaces,  the  embankment  of  the 
Loire,  and  the  Grand  Pont  at  Angers.  [xxvi.  1] 

HENRY  III  (1207-1272),  king  of  England  ;  grandson 
of  Henry  II  aud  BOH  of  John ;  crowned  at  Gloucester, 
1216,  and  did  homage  to  Gualo,  the  Pope's  legate ;  accom- 
panied William  Marshall  [q.  v.],  the  regent,  to  siege  of 
London  and  to  negotiate  peace  with  Louis  of  France  and 
liis  supporters,  1217  :  received  homage  from  Alexander  II 
of  Scotland;  crowned  again  nt  Westminster,  1220,  by 
direction  of  the  pope:  marched  with  the  legate  and  the 
Earl  of  Chester  to  force  William  of  Aumale  to  give  up 
P.i  ham  Castle,  1221  ;  agreed  to  confirm  the  Great  Charter, 
1  •.'•-'::  ;  compelled  the  Welsh  to  make  peace  ;  took  Fulk  de 
iJreaute's  castle  at  Bedford,  1224  ;  declared  himself  of  full 
age,  1227,  having  during  his  minority  had  a 'continual* 
council  distinct  from  the  court ;  lost  most  of  his  French 
possessions,  1224,  but  recovered  Gascony,  1225  ;  negotiated 
with  Brittany,  the  emperor,  and  Bavaria;  compelled  by 
barons  to  restore  the  forest  liberties  ;  defeated  by  Welsh, 
1228;  secretly  agreed  to  pope's  demand  for  a  tenth  of  all 
property,  1229;  invaded  Poitou  and  Gascony,  1230;  ob- 
tained scutage  in  exchange  for  affirmation  of  liberties  of 
church,  1231 ;  refused  aid  for  Welsh  war  ;  dismissed  Hubert 
de  Burgh  [q.  v.]  and  madeSegrave  justiciar,  1232  :  replaced 
English  officers  by  Poiteviu  friends  of  Bishop  Peter  des 
Roches ;  compelled  after  a  contest  by  Richard  Marshall 
and  Archbishop  Edmund  Rich  [q.  v.]  to  dismiss  Poitevius 
and  to  be  reconciled  with  De  Burgh  and  the  barons,  1234  ; 
thenceforth  (1234)  became  his  own  minister ;  married  his 
sister  Isabella  to  the  Emperor  Frederic  II,  1235 ;  wedded 


1261  ;  seized  Dover  Castle,  1261  :  exhibited  papal  bull 
absolving  him  from  keeping  the  provisions,  1261  :  ordered 
tin-  knights  of  the  shire  to  attend  him  at  Windsor  instead 
of  the  barons  at  St.  Albans,  1261 ;  decision  given  in  Ins 
favour  by  Louis  IX  of  France  in  the  '  V 
whom  the  provisions  had  been  referred  for  arbitr 
1264,  the  award  being  upheld  by  Pope  Urban  IV  ;  captured 
the  youiiL'i-r  df  Montfort  at  Northampton,  April  1264, 
i  the  barons  having  refused  to  accept  the  award,  and  allied 
tliem.-rlvi-  with  the  Welsh ;  took  IjeteesU-r.  Notting- 
ham, and  Tonbridge ;  compelled  to  march  into  Suwex  for 
provision* ;  routed  at  Lewes,  14  May,  1264  :  compelled  to 
summon  a  parliament  (inclndim:  four  knighto  from  each 
shire)  and  to  forbid  his  queen  to  raise  money  for  him, 
1264;  gave  his  assent  to  the  constitution  drawn  up  in 
the  famous  parliament  of  1265  :  restored  to  power  by  his 
son  Prince  Edward's  victory  at  Evesham,  1265,  when  be  wai 
wounded,  being  at  the  time  detained  in  Moutfort's  army ; 
revoked  all  his  recent  acts,  declared  the  rebels'  land* 
forfeited,  fined  the  Londoners,  reduced  Kenil worth,  and 
came  to  terms  with  Gloucester  in  London  and  Llywelyn 
in  Wales;  at  the  Marlborough  parliament  (1267)  granted 
many  reforms,  but  retained  the  executive;  awaited  to 
statute  forbidding  the  Jews  to  acquire  debtors'  land, 
1269;  completed  (1269)  and  opened  Westminster  Abbey, 
the  body  of  Edward  the  Confessor  being  translated; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  before  the  high  altar,  his 
heart  being  sent  to  Fontevraud.  Most  of  the  troubles  of 
his  reign  were  due  to  his  foreign  sympathies. 

[xxvi.  12] 

HENRY  IV  (1367-1413),  king  of  England;  son  of 
John  of  Gaunt  [q.  v.] ;  sometimes  called  Henry  of  Boliug- 
broke  from  his  birthplace :  styled  Earl  of  Derby  in  early 
life;  K.G.,  1377;  married  Mary  de  Bohuu,  coheiress  of 
Hereford,  1380 ;  praised  by  Froissart ;  as  one  of  the  five 
lords  appellant  opposed  Robert  de  Vere  [q.  v.],  who, 
marching  on  London,  compelled  Richard  II  to  grant 
their  demands,  1387  ;  took  part  in  proceedings  of  '  Mer- 


Eleanor  of  Provence,  1236,  in  which  year  was  passed  the  I  ciless  parliament,'  1388,  but  gradually  regained  Richard's 
as.siy.eof  Merton ;  depended  on  guidance  of  his  wife's  uncle,  favour  ;  joined  *  crusade '  of  the  Teutonic  knighte  against 
William  de  Valence,  and  Provencal  favourites ;  invited 


the  legate  Otho  to  England ;  favoured  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort  (husband  of  his  sister  Eleanor),  but  quarrelled  with 
him,  1239  ;  opposed  by  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall  [q.  v.] 
and  citizens  of  London ;  made  concessions ;  entertained 
Baldwin  II,  emperor  of  the  East,  1238 ;  his  life  attempted 
by  a  crazy  clerk,  1238  ;  kept  see  of  Winchester  vacant, 
the  monks  refusing  (1238)  to  elect  William  of  Valence  ; 
founded  Netley  Abbey,  1239 ;  gave  the  archbishopric  of 
Canterbury  to  Boniface  of  Savoy  [q.  v.],  1241,  and  see 
of  Hereford  to  another  foreigner ;  allowed  the  pope  to  take 
a  fifth  of  the  clergy's  goods  and  many  benefices,  c.  1240 ; 
made  Peter  of  Savoy  Earl  of  Richmond ;  joined  the  Count 
of  La  Marche  and  others  in  an  expedition  to  Gascouy, 


Lithuania,  1390  ;  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  1392- 
1393,  being  entertained  by  the  kings  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary,  the  Archduke  of  Austria,  and  the  Venetians ; 
one  of  the  council  during  Richard's  absence  in  Ireland, 
1395 ;  took  a  decided  part  for  the  king  against  hie  former 
allies,  and  was  created  Duke  of  Hereford,  1397  ;  appealed 
Norfolk  of  treason,  but  was  not  allowed  to  fight  with  him, 
being  banished  the  realm  for  ten  years,  1398 ;  exiled  for 
life,  his  Lancaster  estates  also  being  confiscated  during 
his  stay  at  Paris ;  with  the  two  Aruudels  and  others, 
secretly  left  France  and  lauded  near  Bridlington,  1399; 
joined  by  northern  nobles  ;  held  council  at  Doncaster,  and 
with  a  large  army  marched  to  Bristol,  where  some  of  the 
royal  officers  were  executed,  July  1399  ;  met  King  Richard, 


1242,  but  was  deserted  by  him  and  forced  by  LouU  IX  to  |  who  had  been  deserted  by  his  army,  at  Flint;  was  pro- 


retreat,  1243 ;  brought  back  more  foreigners,  detaching 
his  brother  Richard  "from  the  opposition  by  marrying  him 
to  Sanchia  of  Provence;  compelled  by  Innocent  IV  to 
recall  the  banished  bishop  of  Winchester ;  obliged,  in  order 
to  get  a  scutage,  to  admit  four  '  guardians  of  liberties  '  to 
his  council ;  made  other  concessions  to  the  baronage ;  with 
money  furnished  by  Richard  of  Cornwall  undertook  success- 
ful  Welsh  campaign,  1245 ;  joined  in  remonstrance  against 
the  pope's  exactions,  but  gave  way,  and  laid  a  heavy  tallage 
on  London,  1246;  enriched  his  foreign  half-brothers  from 
church  revenues;  refused  an  aid,  1249;  exacted  more 
money  from  Londoners  and  Jews ;  received  homage  for 


mised  restoration  of  his  estates  ;  took  the  king  to  London, 
where  Richard  resigned  the  crown,  29  Sept.  1399 ;  obtained 
the  throne  by  popular  election  ;  founded  the  order  of  the 
Bath  before  his  coronation,  1399;  condemned  Richard, 
who  soon  died,  possibly  starved,  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment, 1399 ;  crushed  rising  of  Richard's  dispossessed  sup- 
porters, 1400:  made  expeditious  against  the  Scots  (1400) 
and  Welsh  (1400  and  1401)  and  entertained  the  Greek 
emperor,  Manuel  Palaiologos,  1400  ;  married  as  his  second 
wife  Joan,  regent  of  Brittany,  1402;  was  attacked  by 
the  dukes  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy  in  France  and  by 
Franciscan  conspirators  in  England,  1402 ;  failed  to  subdue 


Lothian  from  Alexander  III  of  Scotland  on  his  marriage,  |  the  Welsh,   1402 ;  defeated  the  discontented  Percies  at 
1251;  appointed  Simon  de  Montfort  governor  of  Gascony;  ,  Shrewsbury.  1403;  received  submission  of  Northumber- 


insulted  de  Montfort  with  accusations,  1252  ;  was  refused 
money  for  a  crusade,  1252 ;  confirmed  the  charters  in 
return  for  money,  1253,  and  made  a  second  expedition 
into  Gascony  ;  visited  Pontiguy,  Foutevraud,  and  Paris  ; 
agreed  to  bear  cost  of  Pope  Alexander  II's  war  with 
Manfred  in  return  for  grant  of  Sicilian  crown  to  his  son 
Edmund ;  unable  to  obtain  regular  grants  ;  demanded  from 
parliament  at  Westminster  (1258)  a  third  of  all  property, 
the  barons  attending  in  armour  and  led  by  Roger  Bipod, 
fourth  earl  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ;  met  barons  in  '  Mad  Parlia- 
ment '  at  Oxford  (1258),  which  drew  up '  Provisions,'  giving 


land,  1403;  compelled  to  agree  to  expulsion  of  aliens; 
was  strengthened  by  defeat  of  French  at  Dartmouth, 
1404 ;  received  liberal  supplies  from  '  Unlearned  parlia- 
ment '  at  Coventry,  1404  ;  escaped  assassination  at 
Eltham,  1404;  suppressed  revolt  of  Northumberland, 
Archbishop  Scrope  [q.  v.],  and  the  earl  marshal,  1406 ; 
captured  the  heir  to  the  Scottish  throne,  1405 ;  compelled 
by  parliament  to  nominate  a  constitutional  council,  to 
submit  to  an  audit  of  accounts,  and  reform  his  house- 
hold, 1406  :  debarred  the  Beauforts  from  the  succession, 
1407 ;  finally  defeated  Northumberland  and  Bardolf  at 


barons  control  of  the  executive  and  the  nomination  of  half  ,  Bramham  Moor,  1408;  declined  in  health  and  energy,  but 
the  council,  a  committee  of  twenty-four  being  appointed  I  interested  himself  in  Archbishop  ArnndePs  attempt  to 
to  carry  out  reforms  ;  made  peace  with  France  by  giving  |  heal  the  papal  schism  :  supported  the  church  party  in  pre- 
up  Normandy  and  his  hereditary  possessions  :  on  his  re-  venting  proposed  confiscation  of  their  temporalities,  but 
turn  from  France  to  England  brought  accusation  against  I  was  himself  refused  a  revenue  for  life,  1410;  defeated 


HENRY    V 


602 


HENRY    VII 


attempt  to  force  him  to  abdicate  in  favour  of  Prince 
M'-iiry,  broke  off  Burgundian  alliance,  and  undertook  a 
progress,  1411-12  ;  increased  Chaucer's  pension  and  patron- 
ised Gower:  died  in  Jerusalem  Chamber,  Westminster; 
his  tomb  at  Canterbury  opened,  1832.  [xxvi.  31] 


V  (1387-1422),  king  of  England  ;  eldest  son 
of  Henry  IV,  by  Mary  de  Bohun  ;  born  at  Moumouth ; 
said  to  have  been  educated  by  his  uncle  Henry  Beaufort 
(rf.  1447)  [q.  v.]  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  :  attended 
Richard  II,  1398-9 ;  accompanied  his  father  to  Wales,  1400, 
where  he  represented  him  for  the  next  three  years,  re- 
covering Oonway,  reducing  Merioneth  and  Carnarvon,  and 
checking  Glendower  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted  his  father  at  Shrews- 
bury, 1403  :  returned  to  the  Welsh  marches  and  relieved 
Ooyty  Castle,  1405;  after  joining  in  petition  against  lollards, 
1406,  captured  Aberystwith  and  invaded  Scotland,  1407  ; 
warden  of  the  Cinque  ports  and  constable  of  Dover,  1409  ; 
probably  governed  in  his  father's  name  during  chancellor- 
ship of  Thomas  Beaufort  [q.  v.],  1410-11 ;  sent  an  expedi- 
tion to  help  Burgundy  against  the  Armagnacs  ;  withdrew 
from  the  council,  1412,  his  French  policy  being  reversed ; 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  1413  ;  the  supposed  wilduess  of 
his  youth  unsupported  by  contemporary  authority,  while 
his  traditional  conduct  towards  Gascoigne  (taken  by 
Shakespeare  from  Hall)  is  improbable,  and  is  first  men- 
tioned in  Sir  T.  Elyot's  'Governonr'  (1531):  appointed 
Henry  Beaufort  (rf.  1447)  [q.  v.]  chancellor,  and  the  Earl  of 
Arundel  treasurer;  gave  the  remains  of  Richard  II 
honourable  burial ;  had  Oldcastle  arrested,  and  lollardy 
repressed,  1414 ;  demanded  the  restoration  of  French  terri- 
tories ceded  at  Bretigny,  together  with  the  Norman  and 
Angevin  lands,  as  a  condition  of  his  marriage  with  Cathe- 
rine of  France ;  left  Portsmouth  to  make  war  with  France 
(August  1415),  just  after  a  conspiracy  to  proclaim  the 
Earl  of  March  king  had  been  discovered ;  took  Harfleur 
and  challenged  the  dauphin  to  single  combat,  1415  ;  sent 
back  Clarence  in  charge  of  many  sick,  and  marched  with 
the  rest  towards  Calais ;  after  futile  negotiations  attacked 
the  greatly  superior  French  army,  himself  commanding 
the  centre,  at  Agincourt  (25  Oct.  1415),  where  the  French 
were  routed  with  great  slaughter ;  reached  Calais  a  few 
days  later,  crossed  the  Channel  within  a  fortnight,  and 
after  a  triumphal  entry  into  London  was  granted  by 
parliament  tonnage  and  poundage  for  life,  the  custom  on 
wool,  and  other  taxes,  1415 ;  while  in  England  restored 
the  heirs  of  Mortimer,  Percy,  and  Holland  to  their  estates ; 
made  an  alliance  with  Sigismund,  king  of  the  Romans, 
which  led  to  the  termination  of  the  papal  schism,  1416 ; 
came  to  an  understanding  with  Burgundy,  October,  1416  ; 
laid  the  foundations  of  a  national  navy  and  of  military, 
international,  and  maritime  law ;  took  Caen,  leading  the 
assault  in  person,  1417 ;  sent  lieutenants  against  Cher- 
bourg, Goutances,  Avranches,  and  Evreux,  subduing  the 
greater  part  of  Normandy ;  surrounded  Rouen,  cutting 
it  off  from  the  sea  with  the  aid  of  a  Portuguese  fleet,  and 
reduced  it  by  famine  after  a  long  siege,  1419,  while 
keeping  open  the  feud  between  Armagnacs  and  Bur- 
guudians  by  alternate  negotiations  with  each;  after  a 
short  truce  surprised  Pontoise,  1419,  and  on  the  murder 
of  John,  duke  of  Burgundy,  concluded  an  alliance  with 
the  new  duke  Philip ;  after  more  fighting  and  negotiation, 
accepted  the  treaty  of  Troyes  (1420),  by  which  Henry 
was  declared  heir  of  Charles  VI,  regent  of  France,  and  lord 
of  Normandy,  the  dauphin  being  excepted  from  the 
arrangement;  married  Catherine  of  France,  1420;  per- 
sonally directed  capture  of  Meluii,  November  1420,  meeting 
the  Sire  de  Barbazan  in  single  combat ;  entered  Paris 
in  triumph,  December  1420:  arranged  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Normandy ;  took  his  wife  to  England"  to  be 
crowned ;  reformed  the  Benedictine  monasteries  ;  sent 
back  James  I  to  Scotland ;  returned  to  France  to  reassert 
bis  sway,  1421 ;  relieved  Chartres,  1421 ;  drove  the  dauphin 
across  the  Loire  ;  took  Meaux,  1422  ;  while  on  his  way  to 
succour  Burgundy  at  Cosne  died  at  Bois  de  Vincennes. 
After  a  funeral  procession  through  France  his  body  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  a  chantry  being  endowed  in 
his  honour.  The  silver  head  of  his  efflgy  was  stolen  from 
the  Confessor's  chapel  in  1545.  He  was  a  patron  of 
the  poets  Lydgate  and  Hoccleve.  Inflexible  justice,  affa- 
bility, and  religious  spirit  were  among  his  chief  character- 
istics, and  he  was  the  first  of  contemporary  generals  and 
an  able  diplomatist  [xxvi.  43] 

HENRY  VI  (1421-1471),  king  of  England;  son  of 
Henry  Y ;  born  at  Windsor ;  ruled  through  a  council 


during  his  minority,  his  uncle,  Humphrey  of  Gloucester, 
being  protector,  and  Richard  Beauchamp,  earl  of  Warwick, 
his  •  master' ;  appeared  in  public  functions  in  early  child- 
hood ;  crowned  at  Westminster,  1429,  and  at  Paris,  1430  : 
opened  parliament  in  person,  1432 ;  mediated  at  a  great 
council  between  Gloucester  and  Bedford,  1434 ;  his  pre- 
cocious interest  in  politics  restrained  by  the  council : 
admitted  to  share  in  government,  1437,  but  warned  that 
he  was  exercising  it  unprofitably  ;  identified  himself  with 
Cardinal  Beaufort's  peace  policy  ;  greatly  interested  in 
scheme  for  his  marriage  with  a  daughter  of  the  Oomte 
d'Armagnac,  1441-3  ;  attained  legal  majority,  1442  ;  con- 
cluded two  years'  truce  with  France,  1443 ;  married  Mar- 
garet of  Anjou,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  1445 ; 
under  influence  of  Beaufort  and  Suffolk,  ordered  Glouces- 
ter's arrest,  1447 ;  surrendered  Maine  for  prolongation  of 
truce  with  France,  1448;  made  constant  progresses 
through  England ;  secretly  supported  Suffolk,  but  was 
obliged  to  exile  him,  1450  ;  attempted  to  suppress  Cade's 
rising,  but  fled  to  Kenihvorth,  leaving  the  work  to  Arch- 
bishop Kemp  and  Waynflete,  1450 ;  lost  Normandy ; 
obliged  to  make  Richard,  duke  of  York  [q.  v.],  a  coun- 
cillor, and  agree  to  arrest  of  Edmund  Beaufort,  duke  of 
Somerset  [q.  v.]  ;  made  Somerset  captain  of  Calais,  and 
refused  to  remove  him  from  court,  1451  ;  lost  Guienne, 
1451 ;  deeply  in  debt ;  attempted  a  general  pacification  and 
pardon,  1452  ;  won  back  part  of  Guienne,  1452,  but  lost  it 
all,  1453 ;  temporarily  lost  his  reason,  1453 ;  on  his  re- 
covery released  Somerset  and  excluded  York  from  the 
council,  1455  :  slightly  wounded  at  first  battle  of  St.  Albans, 
1455  ;  again  became  ill ;  persuaded  on  recovery  to  remove 
York  from  office,  1456,  but  allowed  him  to  remain  in  the 
council,  and  with  the  help  of  Buckingham  maintained 
peace  for  two  years;  after  Salisbury's  victory  (1459)  at 
Bloreheath  marched  against  Ludlow  and  drove  York  and 
the  Nevilles  from  England,  1459,  afterwards  attainting 
them  at  Coventry  ;  was  defeated  and  captured  by  Warwick 
at  Northampton,  and  compelled  to  acknowledge  York 
as  heir  to  the  crown,  1460  ;  in  spite  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Yorkists  by  his  queen  (Margaret)  at  Wakefield(1460)  and 
St.  Albans  (1461).  Henry  fled  northward  after  Edward, 
duke  of  York,  was  proclaimed  king,  1461 ;  at  York  while 
Towton  Field  was  fought  unsuccessfully  by  his  friends, 
1461 ;  attainted  by  the  Yorkists,  1461 ;  took  refuge  with 
the  Scots,  1461  ;  granted  charter  to  Edinburgh,  1464 ; 
narrowly  escaped  capture  at  Hexham,  1464;  lurked  dis- 
guised for  a  year  on  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  border ; 
was  captured  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  five  years 
(1465-70);  restored  by  Warwick,  1470;  presided  at  a 
parliament,  but  (1471)  fell  into  the  hands  of  Edward  IV, 
and  was  taken  by  him  to  Barnet ;  after  battle  of  Baruet 
(1471)  was  recommitted  to  the  Tower;  murdered  on  the. 
night  of  Edward's  return,  Richard  of  Gloucester  being 
held  responsible ;  worshipped  as  a  martyr  by  north 
countrymen  ;  his  canonisation  proposed  by  Henry  VII. 
Henry  VI  was  too  weak  to  rule  men,  but  was  genuinely 
pious,  and  a  liberal  patron  of  learning.  Besides  taking 
great  interest  in  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Caen,  he 
founded  Eton  (1440)  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  (1441), 
and  suggested  to  his  queen  Margaret  the  foundation  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1448.  [xxvi.  56] 

HENRY  Vn  (1457-1509),  king  of  England;  son  of 
Edmund  Tudor,  earl  of  Richmond,  and  Margaret  Beaufort 
[q.  v.],  heiress  of  John  of  Gaunt;  brought  up  in  Wales 
by  his  uncle,  Jasper  Tudor;  captured  at  Harlech  by  the 
Yorkist  Herbert,  1468,  but  reclaimed  by  his  uncle  and 
presented  to  Henry  VI,  1470  ;  head  of  house  of  Lancaster 
on  Henry  VI's  death,  1471  ;  refugee  in  Brittany  during 
reign  of  Edward  IV  ;  prevented  by  a  storm  from  joining 
Buckingham's  rebellion  against  Richard  III,  1483;  at 
council  of  refugees  held  at  Rennes  promised  to  marry 
Elizabeth  of  York  on  obtaining  the  English  crown  ;  after 
warning  by  Morton  of  contemplated  betrayal  to  Richard, 
escaped  from  Brittany  to  France  ;  with  Oxford  and  some 
French  troops  landed  at  Milford  Haven,  1485  ;  joined  by 
Welshmen  and  others ;  witli  the  help  of  Sir  William 
Stanley  (d.  1495)  [q.  v.]  defeated  and  slew  Richard  at 
Bosworth,  1486  ;  crowned,  1485  ;  created  peers  and  insti- 
tuted a  bodyguard ;  married  Princess  Elizabeth,  1486 ; 
defeated  the  conspirator  Simnel  at  Stoke-on-Trent,  1487  ; 
failed  to  mediate  between  France  and  Brittany,  1488 ;  em- 
ployed Surrey  to  suppress  discontent  in  the  north,  1489  : 
in  alliance  with  Maximilian,  king  of  the  Romans,  and 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  besieged  Boulogne  (1492),  but  con- 
cluded the  treaty  of  Etaples  with  Charles  VIII,  1492 ;  took 


HENRY    VIII 


603 


HENRY 


prompt  action  against  Yorkists,  and  delayed  for  three 
years  the  invasion  of  England  by  Perkiu  \Viirbt-ck  [q.  v.]  : 
drove  Warbeck  from  Ireland  by  the  action  of  Sir  I'M  ward 
Poynings  [q.  v.],  1494,  and  through  Spanish  diplomacy 
procured  Warbeck's  dismissal  from  the  Scottish  court; 
lenient  in  suppressing  Cornish  insurrection,  1497  :  executed 
Warwick  and  Warbeck  after  their  attempted  escape 
from  the  Tower,  1499  ;  concluded  treaties  with  Scotland, 
1499,  Burgundy,  1500,  and  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  Iftu'j  ; 
lost  his  queen,  1503:  arranged  marriages  of  his  children 
with  Spain  and  Scotland  ;  entertained  Philip  and  Joanna 
of  Castile,  and  made  commercial  treaty  with  Flanders, 
1506  ;  died  at  Richmond  in  the  palace  named  and  built  by 
himself.  Through  his  agents  Empson  and  Dudley  he 
practised  much  extortion.  He  was  considered  one  of  the 
wisest  princes  of  his  time,  and  was  a  great  promoter  of 
commerce  aud  learning.  He  built  the  chapel  in  West- 
minster Abbey  called  by  his  name.  [xxvi.  69] 

HENRY  VIII  (1491-1547),  king  of  England  ;  second 
son  of  Henry  VII  ;  nominal  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1494 : 
created  Prince  of  Wales,  1503,  on  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  Arthur  (1486-1502)  [q.  v.],  to  whose  widow,  Cathe- 
rine of  Arragon  [q.  v.],  he  was  contracted,  but  marriage 
was  delayed  till  his  accession,  1509,  owing  to  disputes  about 
her  dowry ;  had  Empson  and  Dudley,  the  agents  of  his 
father's  extortions,  executed,  1510 ;  helped  his  father-in- 
law  against  the  Moors,  1511,  and  the  regent  of  the  Nether- 
lauds  against  Gueldres,  1611,  joined  the  pope,  Ferdinand, 
and  Venice,  in  a  league  against  France,  1511;  some  im- 
portant naval  victories  won  by  his  admirals,  the  Howards, 
one  of  whom  captured  Andrew  Barton  [q.  v.],  1611 ;  sent 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  for  the  recovery  of  Guieune, 
1512;  built  the  Henry  Grace  de  Dieu  (largest  ship 
hitherto  floated) ;  with  the  help  of  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian won  'the  battle  of  Spurs,'  1513  (the  Scots  being 
defeated  at  Floddeu  in  his  absence);  deserted  by  his 
allies ;  made  separate  peace  with  France  on  the  basis  of 
a  marriage  between  his  sister  Mary  and  Louis  XII,  1514  ; 
made  Cardinal  Wolsey  chancellor;  followed  Wolsey's 
advice  in  helping  Maximilian  with  money  to  check  the 
French  in  Italy,  and  in  keeping  on  good  terms  with  him, 
in  securing  Charles  in  Castile,  and  (1518)  in  making 
peace  with  Francis  I  of  France ;  became,  against 
Wolsey's  advice,  a  secret  candidate  for  the  empire,  1619 ; 
met  Francis  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520,  but 
had  previous  and  subsequent  interviews  with  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V  also  :  while  pretending  to  mediate  be- 
tween them  allied  himself  with  Charles ;  next  year  at  home 
had  Buckingham  executed  on  a  vague  charge  of  treason ; 
his  demand  for  a  forced  loan,  in  consequence  of  the 
threatened  hostilities  with  France,  successfully  resisted 
by  London,  1525 ;  helped  by  Wolsey's  negotiations  to  a 
secret  understanding  with  France ;  began  negotiations 
with  the  pope  for  a  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon, 
1527  ;  given  a  commission  to  hear  the  case  in  England, 
1528,  which  met  (1529),  but  was  revoked  to  Rome  un- 
finished, 1529 ;  dismissed  Wolsey,  October  1529,  and 
took  Oranmer  as  his  adviser  on  the  divorce ;  consulted 
English,  French,  and  Italian  universities,  1530,  eight 
decisions  against  the  validity  of  marriage  with  a  brother's 
wife  and  against  the  pope's  power  to  dispense  being  ob- 
tained by  bribery  ;  wrung  from  the  clergy  a  qualified 
acknowledgment  of  his  title  as  supreme  head  of  the 
church  in  exchange  for  a  pardon  for  having  incurred  the 
penalties  of  prasmunire  by  recognising  Wolsey  as  papal 
legate,  1531 ;  separated  from  Catherine  on  her  refusal  of 
arbitration,  1531  ;  secretly  married  his  second  wife,  Anne 
Boleyu,  and,  Oranmer  having  decided  against  the  validity 
of  the  marriage  with  Catherine,  had  Anne  crowned 
publicly,  1533;  secretly  encouraged  the  Commons  to 
present  'supplication  against  the  ordinaries,'  1532;  took 
away  independent  powers  of  convocation  ;  named  Oranmer 
archbishop;  provisionally  withdrew  first-fruits  of  bene- 
fices (annates)  and  abolished  appeals  to  Rome;  was 
excommunicated,  1533  ;  confirmed  abolition  of  anuates  ; 
caused  Elizabeth  Barton  [q.  v.]  to  be  attainted,  1533 ; 
abolished  Roman  jurisdiction  and  revenues  in  England, 
1534;  obtained  act  of  succession  (1534)  compelling  all 
subjects  to  acknowledge  Anne  Boleyu's  issue  as  heirs  to 
the  crown  ;  imprisoned  More  and  Fisher :  executed  the 
Nun  of  Kent  and  her  adherents,  1534 ;  suppressed  the 
observants,  and  Imprisoned  recusant  friars  ;  obtained 
severe  treason  law,  parliamentary  confirmation  of  head- 
ship of  church,  and  transference  of  first-fruits  and 
tenths  to  crown  (1534-d)  ;  executed  Fisher.  More,  and 


some  Oliarterhouse  monks  for  refusing  to  accept  the 
king's  headship,  1635  ;  opened  negotiations  with  German 
protestants  ;  instituted  visitations  of  monasteries  and  uni- 
versities by  royal  officers  under  Thomas  Cromwell  ( 14H6  '{- 
1540)  [q.  v.],and  appropriated  the  revenue*  of  the  smaller 
houses,  1635  ;  beheaded  Anne  Boleyn  and  married  his  thirl 
wife,  Jane  Seymour,  1636 ;  had  succession  act  passed  in 
interests  of  Jane  Seymour,  1636  ;  at  first  temporised  with 
and  then  crushed  rising  in  the  north  and  east  caused  by 
religious  changes  and  heavy  taxation,  1636-7  :  lamented 
death  of  Jane  Seymour,  1538;  resumed  dissolution  of 
monasteries,  but  failed  in  negotiations  with  German  pro- 
testants  ;  maintained  old  doctrines  ;  procured  statute  of 
the  Six  Articles,  1639 ;  executed  last  descendant*  of  the 
Yorkist  house ;  married  his  fourth  wife,  Anne  of  Cleveu, 
January  1540  ;  executed  Cromwell  and  divorced  Anne  of 
Cleves,  July  1540  ;  at  once  married  his  fifth  wife,  Cathe- 
rine Howard ;  had  Barnes  and  other  protestante  burned 
for  heresy  (1538-40)  ;  beheaded  Queen  Catherine  Howard, 
1542;  proclaimed  Ireland  a  kingdom,  1642;  revived  the 
feudal  claim  on  Scotland,  and  defeated  James  V,  1642 ; 
concluded  alliance  with  Emperor  Charles  V,  1643  ;  married 
his  sixth  and  last  wife,  Catherine  Parr  [q.  v.],  1543  ; 
debased  the  currency  ;  sent  an  army  Into  Scotland,  which 
burned  Lelth  and  Edinburgh,  1644  ;  captured  Boulogne, 
1545 ;  was  granted  the  endowments  of  many  colleges, 
chantries,  aud  hospital?,  1645 ;  deserted  by  Charles  V ; 
made  peace  with  France,  1546  ;  gained  possession  of  St. 
Andrews  by  aiding  the  conspiracy  against  Beaton,  1646  ; 
authorised  many  persecutions  for  heresy  ;  caused  the  Earl 
of  Surrey  to  be  beheaded  aud  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  attainted, 
1547.  Henry  was  technically  constitutional,  but  practi- 
cally absolute,  and  a  consummate  statesman.  He  com- 
pleted Wolsey's  college  at  Oxford,  calling  it  Henry  VUI's 
College  (Christ  Church),  erected  six  new  bishoprics  from 
monastical  endowments,  and  established  suffragans.  He 
wrote  '  Assertio  Septem  Sacramentorum '  against  Luther 
(1521)  and  preface  to  revised  edition  ('  king's  book ')  of 
'Institution  of  a  Christian  Man'  ('bishops'  book'). 
Many  portraits  of  him  by  Holbein  are  extant,  [xxvi.  76] 

HENRY  OF  SCOTLAND  (1114  ?-1152),  son  of  David  I 
of  Scotland ;  granted  by  Stephen  the  earldoms  of  Carlisle, 
Doncaster,  and  Huntingdon ;  fought  at  battle  of  the 
Standard,  1138;  created  Earl  of  Northumberland,  1139. 

fxxvi.  94] 

HENRY,  'the  Young  King' (1155-1183),  second  son 
of  Henry  II  of  England ;  married  while  a  child  to  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Louis  VII  of  France,  1160 ;  educated 
by  Becket;  crowned  at  Westminster,  1170,  and  again 
with  his  queen  at  Winchester,  1172 ;  on  being  refused 
lands  by  his  father  fled  to  the  French  court  and  joined  his 
father's  enemies;  reconciled  with  his  father,  1174;  made 
war  on  his  brother  Richard  in  Aquitaine,  1182,  and  after- 
wards also  on  Henry  II;  struck  down  by  fever,  died 
penitent  at  Martel ;  buried  at  Rouen.  [xxvi.  95] 

HENRY  OF  CORNWALL  or  OF  ALMAINE  (1235-1271X 
sou  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall  and  king  of  the  Romans 
[q.  v.],  aud  Isabella  Marshall ;  accompanied  his  father  to 
France,  1247  and  1250,  and  witnessed  his  coronation  at 
Aachen,  1257 ;  oue  of  the  royal  nominees  to  draw  up 
constitution  at  Oxford,  1268 ;  as  partisan  of  Simon  dc 
Montfort  imprisoned  at  Boulogne,  1263 ;  joined  Prince 
Edward  and  fought  for  royalists  at  Lewes,  1264,  when  he 
gave  himself  up  as  a  hostage;  sent  to  France  to  treat 
with  Louis  IX,  1265;  commanded  expedition  against 
Robert,  earl  Ferrers  [q.  v.],  1266  :  co-opted  referee  under 
Dictum  de  Keuil worth,  1267 ;  mediated  between  Henry  III 
and  Gloucester,  1267 ;  took  the  cross,  12G8 ;  followed 
Edward  to  Tunis  and  Sicily,  1270,  but  returned  to  settle 
the  affairs  of  Gascony,  where  he  had  weight  through  bis 
marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Gastou,  vicomte  de  Beam ; 
accompanied  the  kings  of  France  aud  Sicily  through  Italy 
to  Viterbo ;  murdered  at  church  by  De  Moutfort's  sons 
and  Count  Rosso,  though  he  had  not  even  been  present  at 
Eveshain ;  bis  heart  deposited  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xxvi.  96] 

HENRY  OF  LANCASTER,  EARL  OF  LANCASTER 
(1281  ?-1345),  grandson  of  Henry  III  and  second  son  of 
Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster  [see  LANCASTER,  EDMUND, 
EARL  OF]  ;  lord  of  Monmouth  aud  Lancaster's  Welsh 
estates,  1296 ;  summoned  as  baron,  1299 ;  served  with 
Edward  I  In  Flanders  (1297-8)  aud  Scotland,  1298 :  helped 
to  subdue  Llywelyn  Bren,  1315  ;  created  Earl  of  Lancaster 


HENRY 


604 


HENRY 


and  Leicester  and  steward  of  England  on  death  of  his 
brother  Thomas  (1277-1322)  [q.  v.],  1324 ;  joined  Queeu 
Isabella,  1326,  and  captured  Edward  II  and  the  younger 
Despeuser,  1326:  guardian  and  chief  councillor  of  the 
young  Edward  III ;  formed  confederacy  against  Mortimer, 
hut  was  obliged  to  submit,  1329;  sent  on  embassy  to 
France,  1330 ;  became  blind ;  devised  overthrow  of  Mor- 
timer ;  founded  hospital  near  Leicester.  [xxvi.  100] 

HENRY  OK  LANCASTER,  first  DUKE  OF  LANCASTER 
(1299?-1361),  son  of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster  (1281?- 
1345)  [q.  v.]  ;  a  crusader  in  his  youth ;  distinguished  at  cap- 
ture of  Dalkeith,  1333  :  summoned  as  Henry  de  Lancaster, 
1334 ;  created  Earl  of  Derby,  1337  :  sent  with  Sir  Walter 
Manny  [q.  v.]  against  Oadsant,  1337  ;  with  Edward  III  in 
Flanders,  1338-9,  lending  him  money :  distinguished  him- 
self at  Sluys,  1340;  captain-general  against  Scotland, 
1341-2,  overcoming  Sir  William  Douglas,  knight  of  Liddes- 
dale  [q.  v.]  in  a  tournament ;  went  on  missions  to  the 
pope  and  Alfonso  XI  of  Castile  ;  served  against  the  Moors 
at  Algeciras,  1343;  lieutenant  of  Aquitaine,  1345-7;  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  earldoms,  1347  ;  took  Bergerac, 
1345,  and  defeated  a  much  superior  French  force  at  Aube- 
roche,  and  stormed  Lusignan  and  Poitiers,  1346 ;  rein- 
forced Edward  at  Calais,  1347 ;  an  original  K.G. ;  nego- 
tiated with  French  and  Flemish,  1348-9  ;  created  Earl  of 
Lincoln  and  captain  of  Gascouy  and  Poitou,  1349 ;  promi- 
nent in  sea-fight  called  Espagnols-sur-mer,  1360  ;  created 
Duke  of  Lancaster,  with  palatine  jurisdiction,  and  admiral 
of  western  fleet,  1351;  attacked  Boulogne,  1351 ;  weut  to 
Prussia  and  Poland,  1351-2,  and  to  Paris  to  fight  Otto  of 
Brunswick  for  an  attempt  to  waylay  him  in  Germany, 
1352 ;  head  of  embassy  to  king  of  Navarre,  1354  ;  con- 
ducted campaigns  in  Normandy  and  Brittany,  1356-7; 
created  Earl  of  Moray  by  David  II,  1359;  co-operated 
with  Edward  in  France,  1359-60 ;  chief  negotiator  at  peace 
of  Bretigny,  1360 ;  died  of  the  pestilence  at  Leicester, 
where  he  added  to  his  father's  foundation  the  collegiate 
church  of  St.  Mary-the-Greater.  He  was  Edward  Ill's 
most  trusted  counsellor,  and  esteemed  throughout  western 
Europe  as  a  perfect  knight.  His  daughter  Blanche  (wife 
of  John  of  Gaunt)  was  ancestress  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster, [xxvi.  101] 

HENRY  FREDERICK,  PRINCE  OF  WALES  (1694- 
1612),  eldest  son  of  James  VI  of  Scotland  (James  I  of 
England) ;  his  guardianship  by  the  Earl  of  Mar  objected 
to  by  the  queen  but  upheld  by  the  king ;  came  to  England 
with  Anne  of  Denmark ;  matriculated  at  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1605  ;  a  Spanish  marriage  proposed  for  him  ; 
friend  of  Ralegh ;  created  Prince  of  Wales,  1610 ;  died  of 
typhoid  fever  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xxvi.  106] 

HENRY,  DUKE  OF  GLOUCESTER  (1639-1660),  third 
son  of  Charles  I :  styled  HENRY  OF  OATLANDS  ;  placed 
under  care  of  Earl  of  Northumberland,  and  afterwards  of 
Countess  of  Leicester :  while  in  France  pressed  by  his 
mother,  Henrietta  Maria,  to  become  a  Romanist,  and  dis- 
owned on  his  refusal ;  joined  his  brother  Charles  at 
Cologne ;  distinguished  himself  as  a  volunteer  with  the 
Spanish  in  Flanders,  1657-8 ;  died  of  small-pox  in  London  ; 
buried  in  same  vault  as  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  West- 
minster ;  highly  praised  by  Clarendon.  [xxvi.  108] 

HENRY  FREDERICK,  DUKE  OF  CUMBERLAND  AND 
STRATHKAKN  (1745-1790),  fourth  son  of  Frederick,  Prince 
of  Wales  ;  privy  councillor  and  K.G.,  1767  :  10,000f. 
recovered  against  him  for  criminal  conversation 
with  Countess  Grosvenor,  1770;  alienated  his  brother, 
George  III,  by  clandestine  marriage  with  Mrs.  Hortou, 
1771 ;  satirised  by  '  Junius.'  [xxvi.  109] 

HENRY  BENEDICT  MARIA  CLEMENT,  CARDI- 
NAL YORK  (1725-1807),  the  Jacobite  HENRY  IX;  second 
son  of  Chevalier  de  St.  George,  or  'James  III ' ;  came  to 
England  to  support  his  brother  Charles  Edward  [q.  v.], 
1745 ;  on  return  to  Italy  became  bishop  of  Ostia  and  pre- 
fect of  St.  Peter's,  Home,  cardinal  (1747),  archbishop  of 
Corinth  (1759),  and  bishop  of  Tusculum  (1761) ;  assumed 
title  Henry  IX,  1788  ;  his  residence  at  Frascati  sacked  by 
French,  1799  ;  fled  to  Padua  and  Venice ;  relieved  by 
gift  of  money  from  George  III ;  died  at  Frascati,  leaving 
crown  jewels  (carried  off  by  James  II)  to  George  IV. 

[xxvL  110] 

HENRY  MAURICE  OF  BATTENBERO,  PKINTK  <  1K5H- 
189G),  third  son  of  Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse  (1823-1888) ; 
married  Princess  Beatrice,  youngest  daughter  of  Queen 


Victoria,  1885 ;  volunteered  with  Ashanti  expeditionary 
force,  1895,  and  died  of  fever.  [Suppl.  ii.  411] 

HENRY,  SAINT  (/.  1150),  apostle  of  Finland:  of 
English  birth  ;  as  bishop  of  Upsala  assisted  (Saint)  Eric 
IX  of  Sweden  in  his  reforms,  and  accompanied  him  to 
Finland,  remainm.*  behind  to  found  churches  after  its 
conquest :  slain  by  one  Lalli,  whom  he  had  reproved  for 
homicide ;  his  bones  translated  to  St.  Henry's  Cathedral 
Abo,  1300.  [xxvi.  Ill] 

HENRY  OF  ABENDON  (d.  1437),  warden  of  Mertou 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  Mertou  College,  1390 ;  as  dele- 
gate from  Oxford  to  council  of  Constance  defended 
priority  of  England  over  Spain,  1414  ;  warden  of  Merton 
College,  1421;  completed  Mertou  chapel  and  provided 
bells ;  attended  council  of  Basle,  1432 ;  prebendary  of 
Wells.  [xxvi.  112] 

HENRY  OF  BLOIS  (d.  1171),  bishop  of  Winchester: 
son  of  Stephen,  count  of  Blois,  and  younger  brother  of 
i  King  Stephen  of  England ;  educated  at  Olugny ;  abbot  of 
!  Glastonbury,  1126-71,  where  he  built  a  palace  and  abbey 
buildings ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1129-71 :  procured  the 
crown  for  Stephen  by  guaranteeing  liberty  of  the  church, 
and  supported  him  at  siege  of  Exeter ;  said  to  have  failed 
to  secure  the  papal  sanction  for  his  translation  to  Canter- 
bury (1138)  through  the  king's  influence ;  named  legate  in 
England,  1139  ;  rebuked  Stephen  for  imprisoning  bishops 
of  Salisbury  and  Ely;  persuaded  Stephen  to  allow  the 
Empress  Matilda  to  join  Gloucester  at  Bristol,  1139 ; 
negotiated  for  Stephen  with  Matilda  at  Bath,  1140 ;  con- 
|  f erred  with  Louis  VII  on  English  affairs,  1140;  his  pro- 
|  posals  rejected  by  Stephen  ;  joined  Matilda,  and  advocated 
!  her  claim  on  the  ground  of  Stephen's  treachery  to  the 
church,  1141:  offended  by  her  and  won  over  by  the 
queen  ;  besieged  by  the  empress  and  David  of  Scotland  in 
Wolvesey  Castle,  Winchester,  but  receiving  help  from 
Stephen  besieged  her  afterwards  in  Winchester ;  destroyed 
Hyde  Abbey,  and  allowed  the  city  to  be  sacked ;  formed 
scheme  for  making  his  see  metropolitan:  said  to  have 
received  pall  from  Rome,  1142 ;  held  council  to  mitigate 
the  evils  of  civil  war,  1142 ;  upheld  election  of  his  nephew, 
William  Fitzherbert  [q.  v.],  to  see  of  York,  but  lost 
legateship  after  death  (1143)  of  Innocent  II ;  opposed 
at  Rome  by  Bernard  of  Clairvaux ;  suspended  from  his 
bishopric  for  advising  Stephen  to  forbid  Archbishop 
Theobald  to  attend  papal  council  at  Rheims,  1148; 
obtained  absolution  at  Rome,  1151 ;  active  in  forwarding 
treaty  of  Wallingford,  1163 ;  left  England  (where  Henry  II 
destroyed  three  of  his  castles),  1156 ;  stayed  at  Clugny, 
becoming  its  greatest  benefactor;  on  his  return  con- 
secrated Becket  as  primate,  1162  ;  gave  Becket  some  sup- 
port against  Henry  II,  though  pronouncing  judgment 
against  Becket  at  Northampton,  1164 ;  disapproved 
Becket's  conduct  after  his  flight,  but  sent  him  assistance ; 
gave  away  all  his  goods  in  charity,  c,  1168 ;  on  his  deathbed 
rebuked  the  king  for  Becket's  murder  ;  probably  buried 
before  the  high  altar  at  Winchester,  where  he  built  a 
treasure-house,  besides  founding  the  hospital  of  St.  Cross. 

[xxvi.  112] 

HENRY  OF  EA.STKY  (d.  1331),  prior  of  Christ  Church, 
Canterbury,  1286-1331,  of  which  he  was  a  great  bene- 
factor ;  revived  claim  to  exercise  spiritual  jurisdiction 
over  Canterbury  during  vacancies  ;  quarrelled  with  the 
citizens  and  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's ;  supported  Arch- 
bishop Robert  de  Winchelsea  [q.  v.]  in  resisting  taxation, 
but  was  starved  into  submission  by  Edward  1, 1297  ;  his 
letters  to  Archbishop  Reynolds  printed  in  '  Letter  Books 
of  Christ  Church'  (ed.  Dr.  Sheppard,  1887):  corresponded 
with  Archbishop  Meopham ;  died  celebrating  mass ; 
earliest  existing  registers  of  the  convent  compiled  by  his 
direction ;  his  MS. '  Memoriule  Henrici  Prioris '  in  British 
Museum.  [xxvi.  117] 

HENRY  OF  HUNTINGDON  (1084  ?-1155),  historian  : 
archdeacon  of  Huntingdon  from  1109;  accompanied 
Archbishop  Theobald  to  Rome,  1139,  meeting  at  Bee  the 
Norman  historian  Robert  de  Torigny.  His  'Historia 
Anglorum,'  compiled  at  request  of  Bishop  Alexander 
(d.  1148)  [q.v.]  of  Lincoln,  extends  in  latest  form  to  1154. 
It  was  first  printed  in  'Scriptores  post  Bedam,'  1596  (re- 
printed by  Migne,  1854) ;  a  complete  edition  (including 
biographical  epistle  'De  Conteinptu  Mundi')  was  pub- 
lished, 1879.  [xxvi.  118] 

HENRY  DE  LEXINTON  (d.  1258).  [See  LEXINTON 
or  LESSINQTON,  HENRY  DE.] 


HENRY 


HEN8LOW 


HENRY  DK  LonNnRKS  (d.  1228).    [Per  Lorxnnn.] 


I-R<;II  (  fl.  1420), 
annalist  :  vicar  of  Balseaddan  and  Donabate,  co.  Dublin  ; 
bis  Latin  annals  (1133-1421)  of  England  and  Ireland 
printed  by  Ware,  1633  (reprinted,  1809),  art  'Chronicle  of 
Ireland.'  [xxvi.  119] 

HENRY  the  MINSTREL,  or  BLIND  HARRY  or  HAHY(.//. 
1470-1492),  Scottish  poet;  author  of  j>oem  on  Wallace; 
mentioned  in  DunbarV  '  Lament  for  the  Makp.rls'  (1608); 
probably  a  native  of  Lothian,  writing  under  James  III  : 
his  work  largely  a  translation  from  John  Blair  [q.  v.]  ; 
its  chronology  and  general  accuracy  discredited  by  Hailes 
and  others,  but  in  some  instances  corroborated  ;  complete 
manuscript  (1488)  in  Advocates'  Library.  The  best 
printed  editions  are  those  of  Jamieson  and  Moir  (1885-6); 
William  Hamilton  of  Gilbertfleld's  modern  version  (1722) 
became  more  familiar  than  the  original.  [xx  vi.  120] 

HENRY  OK  NKWARK  or  NKWERK  (d.  1299).  [See 
NKWARK.] 

HENRY  UK  NKWBDRQH,  EARL  OP  WARWICK 
(d.  1123).  [See  NEWBURUH.] 

HENRY  OF  SALTRKY  (ft.  1150),  Cistercian  of  Saltrey 
or  Sawtrey,  Huntingdonshire  ;  obtained  from  his  friend, 
Gilbert  of  Louth  [q.  v.],  story  of  his  'Purgatorium 
Sancti  Patricii,'  included  in  Matthew  Paris's  'Ohrouica 
Majora,'  and  first  printed  in  Mnsaingham's  '  Florilegium 
insulas  Sanctorum  Hiberniae,1  1624.  [xxvi.  122] 

HENRY,  JAMES  (1798-1876),  physician  and  classic  ; 
gold  medallist.  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  M.A.,  1822  ;  M.D., 
1832  ;  practised  in  Dublin  till  1845,  after  which  he  tra- 
velled through  Europe  making  Virgilian  researches  :  pub- 
lished verse  translation  of  ./Eneid  i.  and  ii.,  1845,  and 
;  his  '  JJneidea'  appeared  1873-9.  [xxvi.  122] 


HENRY,  MATTHEW  (1662-1714),  commentator; 
son  of  Philip  Henry  [q.  v.] ;  studied  law  at  Gray's  Inn  ; 
nonconformist  minister  at  Chester,  1687-1712,  afterwards 
at  Mare  Street,  Hackney  ;  his  '  Exposition  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament'  (1708-10),  completed  by  thirteen  non- 
conformist divines  after  his  death,  edited  (1811)  by  G. 
Burder  [q.  v.]  and  John  Hughes,  and  often  abridged ; 
*  Miscellaneous  Writings '  edited,  1809  and  1830. 

[xxvi.  123] 

HENRY,  PHILIP  (1631-1696),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
played  with  princes  Charles  and  James  as  a  child;  favourite 
pupil  of  Richard  Busby  [q.  v.]  at  Westminster ;  student 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1647;  M.A.,  1652;  witnessed 
execution  of  Charles  I,  1649 ;  minister  of  Wortheubury, 
and  tutor  in  family  of  Mr.  Justice  Puleston,  1653-60; 
refused  re-ordination ;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  con- 
spiracy, 1663 ;  preached  as  a  nonconformist,  1672-81 ; 
fined  for  keeping  conventicles;  disputed  publicly  with 
quakers  and  with  Bishop  William  Lloyd  [q.  v.]  and  the 
elder  Dodwell,  1682  ;  confined  at  Chester,  1686  ;  ministered 
at  Broad  Oak,  Flintshire,  after  Toleration  Act ;  his  '  Life ' 
written  by  his  son;  'Remains'  edited  by  Sir  J.  B. 
Williams,  1848 ;  '  Diaries '  published,  1882.  [xxvi.  124] 

HENRY,  ROBERT  (1718-1790),  historian  :  studied  at 
Edinburgh  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1771 :  presbyterian  minister 
successively  at  Carlisle,  Berwick,  New  Grey  Friars,  Edin- 
burgh (1768)  and  old  Grey  Friars,  1776-90 ;  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  1774 ;  received  pension  in  1781  for  his 
'  History  of  England'  (5  vote.  1771-86,  6th  voL  1793). 

[xxvi.  126] 

HENRY,  THOMAS  (1734-1816),  chemist;  practised 
as  a  surgeon-apothecary  in  Manchester ;  secretary,  Man- 
chester Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  1781,  and  pre- 
sident, 1807;  patented  process  for  preparing  calcined 
magnesia ;  issued  '  Experiments  and  Observations,'  1773  ; 
F.R.S.,  1775  :  member  of  American  Philosophical  Society  ; 
translated  Lavoisier's  chemical  essays,  1776  and  1783 ; 
first  observed  use  of  carbonic  acid  to  plants  ;  published 
'  Memoirs  of  Albert  de  Haller,'  1783  ;  assisted  in  founda- 
tion of  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  at  Manchester. 

[xxvi.  127] 

HENRY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1807-1876),  police  magistrate 
at  Lambeth  Street,  Whitechapel,  1840-6,  chief  magistrate 
at  Bow  Street,  1864 ;  knighted,  1864 ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1829 ;  drew  Extradition  Act  and  treaties  con- 
nected therewith.  [xxvi.  128] 


HENRY,  WILLIAM  i  /  L7tt>  d.-jmof  Killaloe;  D.D. 
Dulilin,  17f.il;  chaplain  Hi  Mi-hop  Jo»i:ih  Hort  [q  v.]  • 
rector  of  Kill.-sher,  1731,  of  Urncy.  1734;  dean  of  Kil- 
laloe, 1761-H;  F.K.S.,  1755;  his  'Description  of  Lough 
Erne'  printed,  1873.  [xxvi.  128] 

HENRY,  WILLIAM  (1774-1836),  chemist;  Mm  of 
ThoMm-  H.-nry  [q.  v.]  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1807 ;  published 
'General  View  of  Nature  and  Object*  of  Chemistry,'  1799, 
•  Ki.it. .!.,-.. i  Chemistry,1  IHOI:  expanded  into  'Element* 
of  Experimental  Chemistry '  (llth  ed.  18M)  ;  F.RA,  1808, 
and  Copley  medallist.  [xxvi.  119] 

HENRY80N,  HOWARD  (1510 1-1690  ?),  Scottish 
judge  :  graduate  of  Bonrgee  and  professor  of  Roman  law 
there,  1564  ;  defended  Equiuar  Baron's  treatise  on  law  of 
jurisdiction  against  Govea;  published  also  •  CommenUtto 
in  Tit.  x.  Libri  Secundi  Institutionum  de  TenUitnentU 
nnlinandig,'  1665;  commissary  in  Scotland,  1668;  extra- 
ordinary lord  of  session,  1666 ;  edited  revision  of  Scottish 
laws  (1424-1564).  [xxvi.  129] 

HENRYSON  or  HENDERSON,  ROBERT  (1480?- 
1606  ?),  Scottish  poet ;  original  member  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1462 ;  probably  a  clerical  schoolmaster  attached 
to  Dunfermline  Abbey ;  his '  Tale  of  Orpheus '  first  printed, 
1508  ;  his  '  Testament  of  Cresseid '  attributed  to  Chaucer 
till  1721,  though  printed  as  his  own  in  1593;  his  •  Morall 
Fables  of  Esope  the  Phrygian '  printed,  1621 :  '  Poems  and 
Fables '  collected  and  edited  by  Dr.  D.  Laing,  1868. 

[xxvi.  130] 

HENRYSON  or  HENDERSON,  SIR  THOMAS,  LORD 
CHKHTKIIH  (d.  1638),  lord  of  session,  1622-37;  knighted  ; 
son  of  Edward  Henryson  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  131] 


,  FLORENCE  (fl.  1758), spy  :  M.D.  Leyden  ; 
physician  in  Paris  and  London ;  supplied  information 
to  French  foreign  office  during  seven  years'  war,  contri- 
buting to  failure  of  Roohefort  expedition,  1757  :  convicted 
and  condemned  to  death,  1758 ;  pardoned,  1759. 

[xxvi.  i:il] 

HENSHALL,  SAMUEL  (1764?-1807),  philologist: 
educated  at  Manchester  and  Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford (fellow):  M.A.,  1789;  rector  of  Bow,  1802-7;  pub- 
lished '  The  Saxon  and  English  Languages  reciprocally 
illustrative '  (1798), '  The  Gothic  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew,' 
1807,  and  some  topographical  works.  [xxvi.  132] 

HENSHAW,  JOSEPH  (1608-1879),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough :  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1624  ;  D.D.,  1639 ;  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of 
Bristol  and  Duke  of  Buckingham  ;  held  benefices  in  Sussex  ; 
as  '  delinquent '  had  to  compound  for  bis  estate,  1646 ; 
precentor  and  dean  of  Chichester,  1660 ;  dean  of  Windsor, 
1660 ;  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1603-79 ;  his  '  Hone  Succis- 
sivte'  (1631)  edited  by  W.  Turnbull,  1839,  and  'Medita- 
tions '  (1637)  reprinted  at  Oxford,  1841.  [xxvi.  133] 

HENSHAW,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1673),  physician; 
M.D.  Leyden  and  Dublin:  F.R.S.,  1663;  practised  in 
Dublin ;  published  '  Aero-Chalinos  :  or  a  Register  for  the 
Air,'  1664  (second  edition,  1677,  printed  by  Royal  Society). 

[xxvi.  134] 

HENSHAW,  THOMAS  (1618-1700),  author ;  brother 
of  Nathaniel  Henshaw  [q.  v.] ;  of  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  Middle  Temple  ;  served  in  French  army,  re 
maining  abroad  some  years  ;  barrister  ;  gentleman  of  the 
privy  council  and  French  nnder-secretary  to  Charles  II, 
James  II,  and  William  III  ;  an  original  F.R£.,  1668 : 
envoy  extraordinary  in  Denmark,  1672-5.  His  works  in- 
clude a  translation  of  Samedo's  history  of  China,  1686, 
and  an  edition  of  Stephen  Skinner's '  Etymologicon  Lingua; 
Anglicana;,'  1671.  [xxvi.  184] 

HZNSLOW,  JOHN  STEVENS  (1796-1861),  botanist; 
educated  at  Rochester  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge : 
sixteenth  wrangler,  1818;  M.A.,  1821;  F.L.8.,  1818: 
assisted  Sedgwick  in  founding  Cambridge  Philosophical 
Society;  Cambridge  professor  of  mineralogy,  1822-7,  of 
botany,  1827-61 ;  recommended  his  pupil  Charles  Robert 
Darwin  [q.  v.]  as  naturalist  to  the  Beagle ;  vicar  of 
Hitcham,  Suffolk,  1839 :  published '  Letters  to  the  Farmers 
of  Suffolk '  on  scientific  agriculture,  1843 ;  discovered  phos- 
phatic  nodules  in  Suffolk  Crag,  1843 :  member  of  London 
University  senate  and  examiner  in  botany :  presided  over 
discussion  on  'Origin  of  Species'  at  British  Association, 
1861 ;  assisted  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker  at  Kew  ;  works  include 
'Catalogue  of  British  Plants,'  1829, '  Dictionary  of  Botani- 
cal Terms,'  1867.  [xxvi.  186] 


HENSLOWE 


606 


HEPBURN 


HENSLOWE,  PHILIP  (d.  1C16),  theatrical  manager  ; 
sottlod  in  Southwark,  1577,  where  he  became  a  dyer,  pawn- 
broker, and  money-lender ;  groom  of  royal  chamber,  1593, 
and  sewer,  1603  ;  rebuilt  and  managed  the  Hose  play- 
house on  Bankside  till  1603,  and  afterwards  the  theatre  at 
Newington  Butts  and  the  Swan  on  Banksidc  ;  associated 
with  Kdward  Alleyn  [q.  v.]  in  management  of  the  Fortune 
in  Golden  Lane,  Cripplegate  Without,  1600-16,  and  in 
other  enterprises  :  bought  plays  from  Dekker,  Drayton, 
Chapman,  and  other  dramatists,  most  of  which  are  lost : 
extracts  from  his  diary  (preserved  at  Dulwich)  printed 
by  Malone,  and  the  whole  (with  forged  interpolations)  by 
J.  P.  Collier,  1845.  [xxvi.  136] 

HENSMAN,  JOHN  (1780-1864),  divine:  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge :  ninth  wrangler,  1801 :  assis- 
tant to  Charles  Simeon  [q.  v.]  at  Cambridge ;  brought 
about  building  of  new  parish  church  at  Clifton,  1822: 
incumbent  of  Trinity,  Hotwells,  1830-44;  held  living  of 
Clifton,  1847-64  ;  chapel  of  ease  consecrated  as  a  memorial 
of  him,  1862.  [xxvi.  138] 

HENSON,  GRAVENER  (1785-1852),  author  of  a  work 
on  the  frame-work  knitting  and  lace  trades  (1831)  and 
similar  subjects :  imprisoned  for  complicity  in  Luddite 
riots  ;  expert  in  detection  of  smugglers.  [xxvi.  138] 

HENSTRIDGE,  DANIEL  (d.  1736),  organist  at 
Rochester  and  (1700-36)  Canterbury,  and  composer. 

[xxvi.  139] 

HENTON  or  HEINTON,  SIMON  (fl.  1360),  Domi- 
nican provincial  in  England  and  commentator. 

[xxvi.  139] 

HENTY,  EDWARD  (1809-1878),  pioneer  of  Victoria, 
forming  Portland  Bay  settlement,  1834  ;  member  for  Nor- 
manby  in  Legislative  Assembly,  1856-61.  [xxvi.  139] 

KENWOOD,  WILLIAM  JORY  (1805-1875),  minera- 
logist: supervisor  of  tin  for  Cornwall,  1832-8;  F.G.S., 
1828 ;  F.R.S.,  1840 :  took  charge  of  Gongo-Soco  mines, 
Brazil,  1843  ;  reported  to  Indian  government  on  metals 
of  Kumaon  and  Gurhwal,  1855 :  president  of  Royal  Insti- 
tute of  Cornwall,  1869;  Murchison  medallist,  1874;  his 
name  given  to  hydrous  phosphate  of  aluminium  and 
copper.  [xxvi.  139] 

HEPBURN,  FRANCIS,  or  FRANCIS  KER  (1779- 
1835),  major-general ;  served  with  3rd  foot  (now  Scots) 
guards  in  Ireland,  1798,  Holland,  1799,  and  Sicily; 
wounded  at  Barossa,  1811;  present  (1813)  at  Vittoria, 
Nivelle,  and  the  Nive ;  commanded  2nd  battalion  "in 
Netherlands,  1814-15  ;  commanded  at  Hougoumont,  1815  ; 
O.B. ;  major-general,  1821.  [xxvi.  140] 

HEPBURN,  FRANCIS  STEWART,  fifth  EARL  OP 
BOTHWTJLL  (d.  1624),  known  by  name  of  his  mother 
(Lady  Jane  Hepburn),  sister  of  James  Hepburn,  fourth 
earl  of  Bothwell  [q.  v.],  whose  title  and  offices  he  received 
on  the  report  of  his  death,  1576 :  his  father  a  natural  son 
of  James  V  ;  supporter  of  the  regent  Morton ;  abroad  at 
time  of  Morton's  fall;  on  return  posed  as  protestant 
champion  and  successor  of  his  uncle  Moray ;  a  favourite 
with  James  VI  till  discovery  of  his  complicity  in  raid  of 
Ruthven,  1582 ;  joined  Patrick  Gray's  conspiracy  against 
Arran,  1585  ;  with  Home  fortified  Kelso  for  the  banished 
lords,  1585 ;  killed  Sir  William  Stewart  at  Edinburgh, 
1588;  urged  James  to  take  advantage  of  the  Spanish 
Armada  to  invade  England ;  his  influence  destroyed  by 
rise  of  Maitland ;  joined  catholic  rebellion,  but  was  par- 
doned by  intercession  of  the  kirk ;  during  James's  absence 

on  his  return  accused  of  consulting  witches  and  out- 
lawed, 1591 ;  attempted  to  capture  the  king  and  Maitland 
in  Holyrood,  1591 :  denounced  by  James  to  parliament  as 
a  pretender  to  the  throne,  1592;  attempted  to  capture 
him  in  Falkland  Palace,  1592;  sentenced  to  forfeiture, 
but  introduced  by  Maitland's  enemies  into  James's 
presence  disguised,  1593  ;  temporarily  pardoned,  but  soon 
denounced  again :  appeared  with  force  at  Leith  and  was 
unsuccessfully  pursued  by  James,  1594 ;  expelled  from 
England :  again  joined  the  catholic  lords  in  the  north, 
1694 ;  fled  from  Caithness  to  Normandy,  1595 ;  died  in 
poverty  at  Naples.  [xxvi.  140] 

HEPBURN,  Sm  GEORGE  BUCHAN,  first  baronet 
(1739-1819),  baron  of  the  Scottish  exchequer ;  solicitor  to 
lords  of  session,  1767-90;  judge  of  admiralty  court, 
1790-1 ;  baron  of  Scottish  exchequer,  1791-1814  ;  created 
baronet,  1815 ;  published  work  on  agriculture  of  East 
Lothian,  1796.  [xxvi.  145] 


HEPBURN,  .TAME*,  fourth  EARL  OP  BOTHWKU, 
(ir>:i»; ':  -157H),  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Foots:  pon  of 
Patrick  Hepburn,  third  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  here- 
ditary offices  of  his  father,  1556 ;  though  nominally  pro- 
testant, was  strong  supporter  of  the  queen-dowager  and  the 
French  party  :  intercepted  money  sent  by  the  English  to 
lords  of  the  congregation,  1559;  his  castle  at  Crichton 
seized  by  Arran  and  Lord  James  Stuart  after  his  escape 
with  the  treasure  .  sent  on  a  foreign  mission  by  the 
queen-dowager,  1560 ;  visited  Denmark  ;  at  Paris  be- 
came gentleman  of  the  royal  chamber,  1560 ;  returned  to 
Scotland  as  a  commissioner  for  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
1561 ;  banished  from  Edinburgh  for  a  brawl  with  the 
Hamiltons;  reconciled  to  Arran  by  Knox  at  Kirk-o'- 
Field ;  charged  by  Arran  with  design  to  carry  off  the 
queen  to  Dumbarton  ;  escaped  from  ward,  1562  ;  detained 
by  the  English  while  escaping  to  France  and  sent  to  the 
Tower,  1564 ;  allowed  to  go  to  France  on  representations 
of  Mary  and  Maitland  ;  on  return  to  Scotland  offered  to 
meet  his  accusers,  but  failed  to  appear,  1665  ;  by  favour  of 
Mary  allowed  to  retire  to  France :  recalled  by  the  queen 
to  help  her  against  Moray,  1565  :  escaped  capture  by  the 
English,  and  obtained  great  influence  with  Mary ;  married 
Lady  Jean  Gordon,  but  remained  protestant,  1566  :  though 
in  Holyrood,  had  no  share  in  murder  of  Rizzio,  1566  ; 
joined  Mary  and  Darnley  on  their  escape  to  Dunbar,  1566 : 
acquired  Increasing  influence  over  the  queen,  who  granted 
him  lands  and  Dunbar  Castle;  temporarily  reconciled 
with  Moray  and  Maitland ;  wounded  by  an  outlaw  near 
the  Hermitage,  1566  :  entertained  Mary  at  Dunbar ;  at 
Craigmillar  said  to  have  favoured  Mary's  divorce  from 
Daruley,  and  afterwards  signed  the  bond  for  his  removal, 
1566;  failed  to  obtain  Morton's  help;  superintended 
arrangements  for  Darnley's  lodging  at  Kirk-o'- Field : 
escorted  Darnley  and  Mary  into  Edinburgh  (31  Jan.  1567)  ; 
consulted  subordinate  plotters  in  apartments  at  Holyrood  ; 
had  powder  brought  from  Dunbar  and  placed  in  the 
queen's  room  below  that  of  Darnley  at  Kirk-o'-Field 
(9  Feb.) ;  went  above  before  Mary  set  out  for  a  ball : 
appeared  there,  but  left  at  midnight  and  directed  the  firing 
of  the  train ;  attributed  the  explosion  to  lightning ;  was 
generally  suspected  of  Darnley's  murder,  but  still  favoured 
by  Mary  and  (with  Huntly)  given  cliarge  of  Prince  James, 
1567 ;  accused  by  Lennox,  but  prevented  Lennox's  appear- 
ance, and  obtained  formal  acquittal  (12  April  1567)  : 
obtained  written  agreement  of  protestant  lords  to  support 
his  marriage  with  the  queen  ( 19  April) :  carried  her  off 
(perhaps  by  consent)  to  Dunbar  (21  April) :  obtained  an 
irregular  divorce  from  his  wife  (7  May) ;  married  to  Mary 
at  Holyrood  (15  May  1567);  created  Duke  of  Orkney  and 
Shetland,  1567;  threatened  at  Holyrood  by  the  nobles: 
fled  with  the  queen  to  Borthwick  Castle ;  left  her  and  fled 
to  Dunbar  ;  marched  on  Edinburgh,  but  when  met  by  the 
lords  at  Carberry  Hill  was  persuaded  by  Mary  to  leave  her, 
1567;  rode  to  Dunbar  and  thence  went  north  to  join 
Huntly  ;  escaped  to  Kirkwall ;  gathered  together  a  pirate 
fleet,  which  was  pursued  by  Kirkcaldy  of  Grange  to  the 
North  Sea ;  landed  in  Norway,  whence  he  was  sent  to 
Denmark,  1567  ;  his  surrender  refused  by  the  king  of 
Denmark,  who  kept  him  in  confinement :  while  at  Copen- 
hagen composed  '  Les  Affaires  du  Conte  de  Boduel ' :  re- 
moved to  Malmb ;  offered  cession  of  Orkney  and  Shetland 
in  exchange  for  release,  1568;  his  divorce  from  Mary 
passed  by  the  pope,  1670;  removed  to  closer  prison  at 
Drangholm,  1573 :  became  gradually  insane :  buried  in 
Faareveile  Church;  deathbed  confession  not  authentic. 

[xxvi.  146] 

HEPBURN,  JAMES  (1573-1620),  linguist ;  in  religion 
BONAVKNTURK  ;  travelled  in  Europe  and  the  east ;  entered 
order  of  Minims  at  Avignon  :  six  years  oriental  keeper  in 
Vatican  Library;  published  nn  Arabic  grammar  (1591), 
translation  into  Latin  of  '  Kettar  Malcuth,'  and  other 
works  ;  died  at  Venice.  [xxvi.  167] 

HEPBURN,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1637),  soldier:  succeeded 
his  cousin,  Sir  John  Hepburn  [q.  v.],  as  commander  of 
Scots  brigade ;  killed  at  Damvillers.  [xxvi.  157] 

HEPBURN,  JOHN  (d.  1522),  prior  of  St.  Andrews, 
1482  :  brother  of  Patrick  Hepburn,  first  earl  of  Bothwell 
[q.  v.]  ;  founder  of  St.  Leonard's  College,  1512  ;  sometime 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal  of  Scotland  :  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  archbishopric  of  St.  Andrews,  1514.  [xxvi.  157] 

HEPBURN,  SIR  JOHN  (1598  ?-lf,36),  soldier  of  for- 
tune ;  though  a  Roman  catholic,  joined  Scottish  force  in 
service  of  elector  palatine,  1620  ;  fought  under  Mansfeld, 


HEPBURN 


607 


HERBERT 


1C22-3 ;  colonel  of  Scottish  regiment  under  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  1625  :  Swedish  govenior  of  BUgenwak&B,  1630; 
commander  of  the  Scots  brigade,  1631  ;  wounded  at  siege 
of  Frankfort-on-Oder,  1631 ;  took  decisive  part  in  capture 
of  Landsberg  and  battle  of  Breitenfeld,  i631 ;  publicly 
thanked  by  Gu*tavus  after  capture  of  Donauworth,  1632  ; 
left  the  Swedish  service  and  raised  two  thousand  mm  in 
Scotland  for  that  of  France,  1633  ;  his  recruits  incor- 
porated with  Scots  archery  guard  nicknamed  '  Pontius 
Pilate's  guards ' :  took  part  as  marechal-de-camp  in  con- 
ijin-t  of  Ix)rraine,  1634-5;  captured  by  imperialists,  but 
released;  assisted  in  relief  of  Hagenau,  1636;  obtained 
precedence  for  his  brigade,  aiu.rnient<il  by  Scots  in  Swedish 
service,  1636  ;  killed  at  siege  of  Saverue ;  his  monument  in 
Toul  Cathedral  destroyed  at  revolution.  [xxvi.  158] 

HEPBURN,  PATRICK,  third  BARON  HAII,KS  and 
first  KARL  OF  BOTHWKLL  (d.  1508),  succeeded  his  father 
as  third  Baron  Hailes  ;  defended  Berwick  against  English, 
1482;  fought  against  James  III  at  Sauchieburn,  1488 ; 
governor  of  Edinburgh,  lord  high  admiral  and  master  of 
the  household,  and  created  Earl  of  Both  well,  1488 ;  re- 
ceived grants  in  Orkney  and  Shetland,  1489,  and  Liddes- 
dale,  1492;  took  part  in  various  embassies;  a  commis- 
sioner for  marriage  of  James  IV  and  Margaret  Tudor, 
1501.  [xxvi.  159] 

HEPBURN,  PATRICK,  third  EARL  OF  BOTHWKLL 
(1512  V-1656),  grandson  of  Patrick  Hepburn,  first  earl  of 
Bothwell  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  on  his  father's  death  at  Flod- 
den,  1513;  received  share  of  Angus'*  forfeited  estates, 
1529  ;  imprisoned  (1529)  for  protecting  border  marauders  ; 
offered  his  services  to  Northumberland  against  Scotland, 
1531  ;  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh  and  banished  from  Scot- 
land, 1533;  returned,  1542,  and  resumed  possession  of 
Liddesdale  and  Hermitage  Castle:  acted  with  Cardinal 
Beaton  against  English  party,  and  brought  queen-dowager 
and  her  daughter  to  Stirling,  1543  ;  supported  regency  of 
Mary  of  Guise  and  divorced  his  wife  to  become  a  suitor 
for  her  hand  ;  arrested  George  Wishart  (1513  9-1546) 
[q.  v.],  1546,  and  was  induced  to  hand  him  over  to  Beaton ; 
imprisoned  for  intrigue  with  England,  1547-8  ;  fled  across 
the  border ;  recalled  by  queen-dowager,  1553  ;  lieutenant 
of  the  border,  1553.  [xxvi.  160] 

HEPBURN,  PATRICK  (d.  1573),  bishop  of  Moray; 
prior  of  St.  Andrews,  1522  ;  secretary  to  James  V,  1524-7 ; 
one  of  those  who  condemned  Patrick  Hamilton  [q.  v.], 
1527 ;  bishop  of  Moray  and  abbot  of  Scone,  1535  ;  member 
of  privy  council,  1546;  border  commissioner,  1553:  his 
palace  and  church  at  Scone  burnt  by  townsmen  of  Dun- 
dee in  revenge  for  execution  of  Walter  Mylue  [q.  v.], 
1559  ;  deprived  of  his  rents  for  protecting  Bothwell,  and 
tried  as  accessory  to  Darnley's  murder,  1567  ;  notorious 
profligate.  [xxvi.  162] 

HEPBURN,  ROBERT  (1690  7-1712),  author  ;  edited 
the  'Tatler,  by  Donald  MacStaff  of  the  North,'  1711; 
three  posthumous  works  by  him.  [xxvi.  163] 

HERAPATH,  JOHN  (1790-1868),  mathematician; 
contributed  to  the  'Annals  of  Philosophy';  rejection  of  his 
paper  offered  to  Royal  Society,  1820,  followed  by  contro- 
versy ;  his  '  Tables  of  Temperature '  controverted  by  Tred- 
gold;  corrected  Brougham's  mathematical  works;  pro- 
prietor and  manager  of  '  Railway  Magazine '  from  1836  ; 
published  '  Mathematical  Physics,'  1847.  [xxvi.  163] 

HERAPATH,  WILLIAM  (1796-1868),  analytical 
chemist :  cousin  of  John  Herapath  [q.  v.] ;  a  founder  of 
the  London  Chemical  Society  :  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Bristol  Medical  School,  1828 ;  often  called  as  an  expert  in 
poisoning  cases ;  president  of  Bristol  political  union,  1831. 

[xxvi.  164] 

HERAUD,  JOHN  ABRAHAM  (1799-1887),  author 
and  critic ;  assistant-editor  of  '  Fraser's  Maga/.ine,'  1830- 
1833 ;  contributed  to  •  Quarterly  ' ;  friend  of  the  Oarlyles, 
Lock  hart,  and  Southey  ;  dramatic  critic  of  '  Illustrated 
London  News '  (1849-79)  and  '  Athenaeum ' ;  Charter- 
house brother,  1873  ;  published  '  The  Descent  into  Hell ' 
(1830), '  Judgment  of  the  Flood '  (1834),  and  other  poems, 
as  well  as  plays  and  miscellaneous  works.  [xxvi.  165] 

HERAULT,  JOHN  (1566-1626),  bailiff  of  Jersey  ;  of 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford ;  as  bailiff,  1615,  vindicated 
against  Sir  John  Peyton  (1544-1630)  [q.  v.]  right  of  crown 
to  appoint  and  of  bailiff  to  exercise  civil  and  judicial 
power.  [xxvi.  165] 

HERBERT     DE     LOSINOA      (1054?-1119).       [See 

LOHIXOA.] 


HERBERT  OF  BOBHAM  (fl.  1162-1186),  biographer  of 

Becket ;  attended  th.-  arrhbiabop  as  special  monitor  and 
master  in  study  of  holy  writ  at  ooiuictlH  of  Tour 
( teraoooa  <  1  U;i »,  ami  Northampton  (1164), escaping  with 
him  from  the  hist ;  brought  him  money  and  plate,  and 
secnr^l  his  rv«-,-ption  abroad  ;  shared  hin  exile,  encourag- 
ing bin  to  hold  his  ground  ut  Montinirail,  llti'J  ;  n-turn.-l 
with  him  to  England,  1170,  but  was  sent  on  a  mmairo  to 
the  French  king  and  remained  abroad  till  1184;  treated 
well  by  Henry  II ;  hi«  •  Life  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,' 
with  letters  and  other  works,  printed  In  Dr.  Giles's 
'  Sanctus  Thomas  CantuariensiB '  (1846),  and  edited  by 
Canon  J.  0.  Robertson  in  •  Materials  for  History  of  Arch- 
bishop  Becket'  [xxvi.  168] 

HERBERT,  ALFRED  (d.  1861),  water-colour  painter ; 
son  of  a  Thames  waterman ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1847-60.  [XXvi.  168] 

HERBERT,  ALGERNON  (1792-1855),  antiquary: 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
1814,  dean,  1828;  M.A.,  1825;  published  '  Nimrod,  a  Dis- 
course upon  Certain  Passages  of  History  and  Fable,'  1828- 
1830,  edition  of  'Nennitw,'  1848,  and  other  works. 

HERBERT,  ANNE,  COUNTKSW  OF  PEMBROKE  AKD 
MONTGOMERY  (1590-1676).  [See  CLIFFORD,  ANNK.] 


ARTHUR,  EARL  OF  TORRINGTON 
(1647-1716),  admiral  of  the  fleet ;  second  son  of  Sir  Ed- 
ward Herbert  (1691  ?-1657)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  navy,  1663  ; 
served  against  the  Dutch,  1666,  and  against  Algerine 
corsairs,  1669-71 ;  commanded  the  Dreadnought  at  Sole- 
bay,  1672,  and  the  Cambridge,  1673-5:  lost  an  eye  in 
capture  of  a  corsair  in  Mediterranean,  1678  ;  as  admiral 
in  the  straits  relieved  Tangier,  1680,  and  continued  to 
command  against  the  Algerines  till  1683;  rear-admiral 
and  master  of  the  robes,  1684 ;  M.P.,  Dover,  1685 ; 
cashiered  for  refusing  to  support  repeal  of  Test  Act,  1687  ; 
commander  of  fleet  which  conveyed  William  of  Orange 
to  England,  1688;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  com- 
mander of  Channel  fleet,  1689;  created  Earl  of  Tor- 
rington,  1689,  after  indecisive  action  with  French  in 
Bantry  Bay ;  resigned  the  admiralty,  1690  ;  with  insuffi- 
cient squadron  obliged  by  queen's  order  to  engage  whole 
French  fleet  off  Beachy  Head,  1690  ;  his  cautious  tactics 
frustrated  by  Dutch  contingent;  charged  before  court- 
martial  with  hanging  back,  1690 ;  acquitted,  but  never 
again  held  command  ;  corresponded  with  William  III. 

[xxvi.  169] 

HERBERT,  ARTHUR  JOHN  (1834-1856),  historical 
painter;  son  of  John  Rogers  Herbert  [q.  v.];  died  in 
Auvergne.  [xxvi.  204] 


.  CYRIL  WISEMAN  (1847-1882),  painter  : 
son  of  John  Rogers  Herbert  [q.  v.]  ;  curator  of  antique 
school,  Royal  Academy,  1882 ;  exhibited,  1870-5. 


HERBERT,  EDWARD,  first  BAROX  HERBERT  OF 
OHERBURY  (1583-1648),  philosopher,  historian,  and  diplo- 
matist ;  while  at  University  College,  Oxford,  taught  him- 
self the  Romance  languages  and  became  a  good  musician, 
rider,  and  fencer ;  went  to  court,  1600  ;  sheriff  of  Mont- 
gomeryshire, 1605;  during  a  continental  tour  became 
intimate  with  Casaubon  and  the  Constable  Montmoreucy, 
and  fought  several  duels,  1608-10  ;  volunteer  at  recapture 
of  Juliers,  1610  ;  joined  Prince  of  Orange's  army,  1614  ; 
visited  the  elector  palatine  and  the  chief  towns  of  Italy  ; 
offered  help  to  the  Savoyards,  but  was  imprisoned  by  the 
French  at  Lyons,  1615 ;  stayed  with  Prince  of  Orange, 
1616 ;  on  his  return  became  intimate  with  Donne,  Carew, 
and  Ben  Jonson  ;  named  by  Buckingham  ambassador  at 
Paris,  1619  ;  tried  to  obtain  French  support  for  elector 
palatine,  and  suggested  marriage  between  Henrietta 
Maria  and  Prince  Charles  ;  recalled  for  quarrelling  with 
the  French  king's  favourite  De  Luynes,  1621,  but  re- 
appointed  on  De  Luynes's  death,  1622  ;  recalled,  1624, 
owing  to  his  disagreement  with  James  I  about  the  French 
marriage  negotiations  ;  received  in  Irish  peerage  the 
barony  of  Onerbury,  1629,  and  seat  in  council  of  war,  1632  ; 
attended  Charles  I  on  Scottish  expedition,  1639-40  ;  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  for  royalist  speech  in  House  of  Lords, 
1642,  but  released  on  apologising :  aimed  at  neutrality 
during  the  war ;  compelled  to  admit  parliamentary  force 
Into  Montgomery  Castle,  1644 ;  submitted  to  parliament 
and  received  a  pension,  1645 ;  steward  of  duchy  of  Cornwall 
and  warden  of  the  Stannaries,  1646 ;  visited  Gasaendi,  1647; 
died  in  London,  Sclden  being  one  of  his  executors.  His 


HERBERT 


608 


HERBERT 


autobiography  (to  1624),  printed  hy  Horace  Walpole,  1764 
(thrice  reissued),  and  edited  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  1886, 
scarcely  mentions  his  serious  pursuits.  His  'DeVeritate' 
i  Paris,  1624,  London,  1645),  the  chief  of  his  philosophical 
works,  is  the  first  purely  metaphysical  work  by  an  English- 
man. It  wns  unfavourably  criticised  by  Baxter,  Locke,  ami 
others,  but  commended  by  ( lassendi  and  Descartes.  Though 
named  the  father  of  English  deism,  Herbert's  real  affinity 
was  with  the  Cambridge  Platonists.  His  poems  were  edited 
by  Mr.  Churton  Collins,  1881 :  his  '  Life  of  Henry  VIII ' 
(apologetic)  first  published,  1649.  [xxvi.  173] 

HERBERT,  SIR  EDWARD  (1591  ?-1657),  judge; 
cousin  of  Edward  Herbert,  first  baron  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury  [q.  v.] ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1618.  treasurer, 
1638 ;  M.P.,  Montgomery,  1620,  Downton,  1625-9,  Old 
Sanim,  1641 ;  a  manager  of  Buckingham's  impeachment, 
1626:  one  of  Selden's  counsel,  1629:  attorney-general  to 
Charles  I's  queen,  1635  :  assisted  in  prosecution  of  Prynne, 
Burton,  and  Bastwick,  1637 :  solicitor-general,  1640 ; 
attorney-general,  1641 ;  knighted,  1641 ;  impeached,  im- 
prisoned, and  incapacitated,  1642,  for  his  share  in  abor- 
tive impeachment  of  six  members :  joined  royalists ; 
declined  lord-keeperehip,  1645:  sequestrated  as  'delin- 
quent,' 1646  :  went  to  sea  with  Prince  Rupert,  1648 ; 
attorney-general  to  Charles  II  while  abroad:  lord- 
keeper,  1653  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxvi.  181] 

HERBERT,  EDWARD,  third  BARON  HKRBKRT  OF 
OHERBURY  (d.  1678),  grandson  of  Edward  Herbert,  first 
baron  Herbert  of  Cherbury  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  180] 

HERBERT,  SIR  EDWARD,  titular  EARL  OP  PORT- 
LAND (1648 ?-1698),  judge;  younger  son  of  Sir  Edward 
Herbert  (1591?-1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Winchester 
And  New  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1669 :  barrister,  Middle 
Temple  ;  K.O.  in  Ireland,  1677 :  chief-justice  of  Chester, 
1683 ;  knighted,  1684 ;  attorney-general  to  the  queen 
of  James  II :  M.P.  for  Ludlow,  1685 :  privy  councillor, 
1685  :  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1685 ;  gave  judgment 
for  dispensing  power  in  case  of  Goddeu  t.  Hales,  1686 ; 
transferred  to  common  pleas,  1687  ;  as  member  of  eccle- 
siastical commission  opposed  James  II  in  Magdalen  Col- 
lege case,  1687  :  followed  James  into  exile,  and  was  created 
lord  chancellor,  but  offended  James  by  his  protestantism  ; 
died  at  St.  Germains.  [xxvi.  183] 

HERBERT,  EDWARD,  second  EARL  OP  Powis 
(1785-1848),  tory  politician:  grandson  of  Robert  Olive, 
first  baron  Clive  of  Plassey  [q.  v.] ;  assumed  his  mother's 
surname,  1807  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1806;  M.P.,  Ludlow,  1806-39;  as 
lord-lieutenant,  Montgomeryshire,  active  in  suppressing 
Chartist  riots,  1839  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1839 ;  his  defeat 
of  scheme  for  creation  of  see  of  Manchester  by  union 
of  Bangor  and  St.  Asaph  celebrated  by  foundation  of 
Powis  exhibitions,  1847 ;  president  of  Roxburghe  Club, 
1835  ;  candidate  for  chancellorship  of  Cambridge,  1847  ; 
accidentally  killed.  [xxvi.  184] 

HERBERT,  GEORGE  (1593-1633),  divine  and  poefc ; 
brother  of  Edward  Herbert,  first  baron  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge :  major  fellow,  1616 ;  M.A.,  1616 ;  public  orator, 
1619-27;  induced  to  adopt  religious  life  by  Nicholas 
Ferrar  [q.  v.]  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1626 ;  while  deacon 
accepted  benefice  of  Bemerton,  Wiltshire,  by  Laud's  advice, 
1630  ;  ordained  priest,  1630  ;  *  The  Temple ;  Sacred  Poems 
and  Private  Ejaculations '  (prepared  for  press  by  Ferrar, 
1633),  read  by  Charles  I  in  prison,  and  highly  commended 
by  Crashaw,  Henry  Vaughan,  Baxter,  and  Coleridge ;  his 
chief  prose  work, '  A  Priest  to  the  Temple,'  first  printed 
in  his  '  Remains,'  1652 ;  complete  works  edited  by  Dr. 


Grosart,  1874. 
of  Donne. 


His  literary  style  was  influenced  by  that 
[xxvi.  186] 


HERBERT,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  eleventh  EARL 
OP  PKMBROKE  and  eighth  EARL  op  MONTGOMERY  (1759- 
1827),  general  (son  of  Henry  Herbert,  tenth  earl  of  Pem- 
broke [q.  v.]);  entered  army,  1775,  lieutenant-colonel, 
2nd  dragoon  guards,  1783  ;  vice-chamberlain,  1785  ;  M.P., 
Wilton,  1784-94;  served  in  Flanders,  1793-4;  major- 
general,  1795  ;  K.G.,  1805 :  governor  of  Guernsey,  1807 ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Vienna,  1807;  general, 
1812  ;  said  to  have  trebled  value  of  his  estates. 

[xxvi.  189] 

HERBERT,  GEORGE  ROBERT  CHARLES,  thir- 
teenth BARL  OP  PKMBROKR  and  ninth  EARL  OP  Moxr- 
GOMKRT  (1850-1895),  son  of  Sidney  Herbert,  first  baron 


Herbert  of  Lea  [q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded,  1861  :  sue- 
m-dod  his  uncle  in  the  earldoms,  1862  ;  educated  at  Eton  ; 
travelled  abroad  with  Dr.  Hoorirc  Henry  Kingsley  [q.  v.], 
i  with  whom  he  published  '  South  Sea  Bubbles,'  1872  ; 
mider-secretary  for  war,  1H74-6.  His  'Letters  and 
Speeches '  were  published,  1896.  [Suppl.  ii.  411] 

HERBERT,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OK  PKMMKMKK 
(1534  ?-160l),  elder  son  of  Sir  William  Herbert,  first  .-ar! 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  styled  Lord 
Herbert,  1551-70 ;  K.B.,  1553 :  married  Catherine,  sister 
of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  1553  ;  gentleman  of  the  chamber  to 
King  Philip  of  Spain,  1554 ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1570 : 
prominent  at  trials  of  Norfolk  (1572),  Arundel  (1589), 
and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  (1586) ;  president  of  Wales  and 
admiral  of  South  Wales,  1586.  [xxvi.  189] 

HERBERT,  SIR  HENRY  (1595-1673),  master  of  the 
revels  :  brother  of  George  Herbert  (1593-1633)  [q.  v.]  ; 
!  knighted,  1623  :  introduced  Baxter  at  court :  as  master 
of  the  revels  claimed  jurisdiction  over  all  public  enter- 
tainments, even  licensing  some  books :  his  judgment  in 
licensing  Middletou's  'Game  of  Chesse,'  1624,  questioned  : 
gentleman  of  privy  chamber,  attending  Charles  I  in 
Scottish  expedition,  1639 ;  obliged  to  compound  for  his 
estates  during  rebellion  ;  resumed  his  licensing  functions 
at  Restoration  ;  his  privileges  confirmed,  1661,  but  his 
functions  disputed  by  D'Aveuant  and  others  ;  claimed  to 
license  plays,  poems,  and  ballads,  1663 :  leased  his  office 
to  deputies,  1663 ;  M.P.,  Bewdley,  from  1661  :  friend  of 
Evelyn.  [xxvi.  190] 

HERBERT,  HENRY,  fourth  BARON  HKRBERT  OP 
OHKRBURY  (</.  1691),  cofferer  of  the  household  to  William 
III  and  Mary ;  succeeded  his  brother  Edward  Herbert, 
third  baron  Herbert  of  Cherbury  [q.  v.],  1678  :  served 
under  Monmouth  in  France,  and  supported  him  in  England, 
afterwards  promoting  the  revolution.  [xxvi.  181] 

HERBERT,  HENRY,  created  BARON  HERBERT  OP 
CHERBURY  (1664-1709),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Herbert  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Bewdley,  1673-94; 
promoted  revolution  in  Worcestershire :  created  Baron 
Herbert,  1694,  and  Castleisland  (Ireland),  1695  ;  commis- 
sioner of  trade,  1707 ;  chairman  of  committees  in  House  of 
Lords  ;  a  zealous  whig.  [xxvi.  193] 

HERBERT,   HENRY,  second  BARON  HERBERT  OP 
CHERBURY  of  the  second  creation  (rf.  1738),  son  of  Henry 
i  Herbert,  baron  Herbert  of  Cherbury  (1654-1709)  [q.  v.] ; 
i  educated  at  Westminster :  M.P.,  Bewdley,  1707 ;   com- 
mittal suicide.  [xxvi.  193] 

HERBERT,  HENRY,  ninth  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE  and 
{  sixth  EARL  OP  MONTGOMERY  (1693-1751),  '  the  architect 
I  earl';  groom  of  the  stole,  1735:  thrice  a  lord  justice; 
I  F.R.S.,  1743  ;  lieutenant-general,  1742 ;  promoted  erection 
I  of  first  Westminster  Bridge  (1739-50)  :  designed  improve- 
!  ments  at  Wilton  House  and  elsewhere.  [xxvi.  194] 

HERBERT,  HENRY,  tenth  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE  and 
i  seventh  EARL  OP  MONTGOMERY  (1734-1794),  general :  com- 
j  manded  cavalry  brigade  in  Germany,  1760-1  ;  publishel 
'Method  of   Breaking  Horses,'    1762;    lord  of  the  bed- 
chamber, 1769  ;  deprived  of  lieutenancy  of  Wiltshire  for 
'  voting  against  the  court,  1780  :  restored,  1782  ;  governor 
|  of  Portsmouth,  1782  ;  general,  1782.  [xxvi.  194] 

HERBERT,  HENRY  HOWARD  MOLYNEUX,  fourth 
EARL  OP  CARNARVON  (1831-1890),  statesman :  eldest  son 
of  Henry  John  George  Herbert,  third  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1852 ;  succeeded 
to  earldom,  1849 ;  with  Lord  Sandon  visited  the  Druses, 
1853  ;  moved  address  in  House  of  Lords,  1854  ;  under- 
secretary for  colonies  in  Lord  Derby's  second  administra- 
tion, 1858-9  ;  high  steward  of  Oxford  University,  1859  ;  as 
colonial  secretary  in  Lord  Derby's  and  Disraeli's  adminis- 
tration (1866-7)  brought  in  British  North  America  Con- 
federation Bill,  1867;  resigned  on  the  reform  question 
before  the  Confederation  Bill  became  law  (March  1867): 
while  in  opposition,  supported  Irish  disestablishment  and 
the  Land  Bill  of  1870  ;  again  colonial  secretary  in  Disraeli's 
second  administration,  1874-8 ;  abolished  slavery  on  the 
Gold  Coast,  1874 ;  sent  Sir  Ganiet  Wolseley  as  governor  of 
Natal  to  report  on  the  native  and  defence  questions,  1875  ; 
attempted  the  confederation  of  South  Africa;  arranged 
for  purchase  of  Boer  claims  in  Griqualaud  West  by  Cape 
Colony,  1876 ;  sent  out  Sir  Theopbilus  Shepstone  [q.  v.] 
and  Sir  Battle  Frere  [q.  v.]  to  settle  colonial  and  native 
differences,  1876 ;  introduced  a  permissive  confederation 
Bill,  1877  ;  sanctioned  and  upheld  annexation  of  Transvaal, 


HERBERT 


609 


HERBERT 


1877:  resigned  (January  1878),  being  opposed  to  breach 
of  neutrality  in  Russo-Turkish  affairs :  chairman  of 
colonial  defence  commission,  1879-82  ;  opposed  Franchise 
Hill  of  1K84  till  concurrent  redistribution  of  seats  con- 
ceded :  joined  Imperial  Federation  League,  1884  ;  as  lord- 
liruti-naiit.  of  In-hind  under  Lord  Salisbury  (1885-6) 
attempted  poverninent  by  ordinary  law,  held  coiilVn-Mi-t- 
with  Mr.  l'arin-11.  and  privoiially'favoiirc.1  limited  self- 
government  ;  afterwards  opposed  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home 
Rule  and  Land  Purchase  bills;  suggested  <  1887)  appoint- 
ment of  special  commission  for  investigating  charges  of 
'  The  Times '  against  Parnell ;  visited  South  Africa  and 
Australia,  1887-8  ;  interested  in  questions  of  colonial 
defence :  president  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1878-85 : 
published  versr  translations  of  the  'Agamemnon'  (1879) 
and  the '  Odyssey '  (1886) ;  edited  ( 1 869 )  his  father's  travels 
in  Greece,  Mangel's  'Gnostic  Heresies,'  1875,  and  unpub- 
lished letters  of  Lord  Chesterfield,  1889.  [xxvi.  195] 

HERBERT,  HKXRY  JOHN  GEORGE,  third  EARL 
OP  CARNARVON  (1800-1849),  traveller ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  styled  Viscount 
Porchester  till  his  succession  to  earldom,  1833  ;  travelled 
in  Barbary,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  (later)  In  Greece; 
his  tragedy,  '  Don  Pedro,'  acted  by  Macready  and  Ellen 
Tree  at  Drury  Lane,  1828  ;  published  '  Last  Days  of  the 
Portuguese  Constitution,'  1830,  and  'Portugal  and 
Galicia,'  1830;  tory  M.P.,  Wootton  Basset,  1831-2;  his  | 
«  Reminiscences  of  Athens  and  the  Morea  In  1839,'  j 
issued,  1869.  [xxvi.  201] 

HERBERT,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1807  -  1858), 
author;  son  of  William  Herbert  (1778-1847)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  I 
1830;  became  a  classical  tutor  at  New  York,  and  | 
established  'American  Monthly  Magazine,'  1833; 
shot  himself  at  New  York  ;  published  as  '  Frank  Fores- 
ter,' 'Field  Sports  of  the  United  States  and  British 
Provinces '  (1848),  and  similar  works ;  published,  under 
his  own  name,  'The  Roman  Traitor,'  1846,  and  other 
historical  novels,  translations  from  Dumas  and  Eugene 
Sue,  and  popular  historical  works.  [xxvi.  202] 

HERBERT,  JOHN  ROGERS  (1810-1890),  portrait 
and  historical  painter ;  won  his  first  success  with 
Italian  subject-pictures,  1834-40  ;  became  a  Romanist, 
and  thenceforth  chiefly  devoted  himself  to  religious 
studies ;  a  master  of  design  at  Somerset  House,  1841 ; 
R.A.,  1846  (retired,  1886),  his  diploma  work  being  'St. 
Gregory  the  Great  teaching  Roman  Boys  to  sing ' ; 
painted  for  houses  of  parliament '  King  Lear  disinheriting 
Cordelia,'  in  fresco,  and  '  Human  Justice '  series. 

[xxvi.  203] 

HERBERT,  LADY  LUCY  (1669-1744),  devotional 
writer  ;  daughter  of  William  Herbert,  first  marquis  of 
Powis  [q.  v.]  ;  prioress  of  English  convent,  Bruges, 
1709-44:  her  'Devotions'  edited  by  Rev.  John  Morris, 
S.J.,  1873.  [xxvi.  204] 

HERBERT,  MARY,  COUNTESS  OP  PEMBROKE  (1561- 
1621),  sister  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  [q.  v.] ;  married  Henry 
Herbert,  second  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.],  1577;  the 
Urania  of  Spenser's  '  Colin  Clout ' ;  suggested  com- 
position of  her  brother  Philip's  '  Arcadia  '  (first  printed, 
1590),  which  she  revised  and  added  to ;  collaborated  with 
Philip  in  metrical  psalms,  first  printed  complete,  1823 ;  her 
elegy  on  him  appended  to  Spenser's  '  Astrophel ' ;  translated 
from  Plessis  du  Mornay  '  A  Discourse  of  Life  and  Death,' 
1593  ;  patron  of  Samuel  Daniel  [q.  v.],  Nicholas  Breton 
[q.  v.],  Ben  Jonson  [q.  v.],  and  other  poets  ;  fine  epitaph 
on  her  by  Ben  Jonson  or  William  Browne,  first  printed, 
1660.  [xxvi.  204] 

HERBERT,    SIR    PERCY    EGERTON  (1822-1876), 
lieutenant-general ;  second  son  of  Edward  Herbert,  second 
earl  Powis  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Eton  and  Sandhurst ;   promoted 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  for  services  in  the  Kaffir  war, 
1851-3;   assistant  quartermaster-general  of  Sir  de  Lacy  , 
Evans's  division  in  Crimea  ;  wounded  at  the  Alma,  1854  ;  I 
O.B.  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  queen,  1855  ;  commanded  i 
left  wing  in  Rohilcund  campaign,  1858  ;  deputy  quarter-  I 
master-general  at  Horse  Guards,  1860-5  ;  privy  councillor, 
and  treasurer  of  the  household,  1867-8 ;   major-general, 
1868;     K.C.B.,    1869;     M.P.,    Ludlow,    1854-60,   South 
Shropshire,  1865-76  ;  lieutenant-general,  1875. 

[xxvi.  207] 

HERBERT,  PHILIP,  EARL  OP  MONTGOMERY  and 
fourth  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE  (1584-1650),  parliamen- 
tarian ;  younger  son  of  Henry  Herbert,  second  earl  of 


Pembroke  [q.  v.] :  matriculated  at  New  College,  Oxford, 
1593 ;  favourite  of  James  I,  and  gentleman  of  the  bed- 
chamber,  1605-25  ;  created  Earl  of  Montgomery,  1606 ; 
K.G.,  1608  ;  high  steward  of  Oxford,  1615  ;  privy  council- 
lor, 1624 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Kent,  1624  :  lord  chamber- 
lain, 1626-41 :  received  grant  of  Trinidad,  Tobago,  and 
Barbados,  1628 ;  succeeded  his  brotlu-r  William  Herbert 
(1580-1630)  [q.  v.]  as  Earl  of  Pembroke,  and  lord  warden 
of  the  Stannaries,  1630;  commissioner  to  negotiate  with 
Scots,  1640;  voted  against  Btrafford,  1641;  member  of 
committee  of  safety  and  parliamentary  governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  1642  ;  parliamentary  commissioner  at  Ox- 
ford,  1643,  and  Uxbridge,  1646;  received  Charles  I  from 
the  Scots,  1647  ;  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1645  ;  as 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  (1641-50)  superintended  visi- 
tation of  the  colleges  and  ejection  of  royalists  ;  member 
of  first  council  of  state  and  M.P.,  Berkshire,  1649 ;  a 
patron  of  Massinger  and  Vandyck ;  addicted  to  sport  ; 
rebuilt  front  of  Wilton  House,  and  laid  oat  gardens. 

HERBERT,  PHILIP,  fifth  EARL  OF  "KMMKOKK 
(1619-1669),  eldest  surviving  son  of  Philip  Herbert, 
fourth  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Glamorgan,  in 
Long  parliament;  succeeded  to  his  father's  seat  for 
Berkshire,  1650 ;  presidentof  council  of  state  (June,  July), 
1652 ;  councillor  for  trade  and  navigation,  1660 :  sold 
Wilton  collections.  [xxvi.  211] 


P,  PHILIP,  seventh  EARL  op  PEMBROKE 
(1653-1683),  son  of  Philip  Herbert,  fifth  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
convicted  of  manslaughter,  1678.  [xxvi.  212] 

HERBERT,  RICHARD,  second  BARON  HERBERT  OP 
OHERBUHY  (1600  ?  - 1655),  royalist ;  son  of  Edward 
Herbert,  first  baron  Herbert  of  Cherbury  [q.  v.] ;  con- 
ducted Henrietta  Maria  from  Bridlington  to  Oxford,  1643. 

[xxvi.  180] 

HERBERT,  ST.  LEGER  ALGERNON  (1860-1885), 
war  correspondent ;  scholar  of  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  1869  ;  in  Canadian  civil  service,  1875-8  ;  private 
secretary  to  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  in  Cyprus  and  South 
Africa;  'The  Times'  correspondent,  1878-9;  O.M.G.; 
secretary  to  Transvaal  commission,  1881-2 ;  correspon- 
dent of  '  Morning  Post '  in  Egypt,  1883-4  :  wounded  at 
Tamai ;  killed  at  Gubat  during  Soudan  war  while  on  the 
staff  of  Sir  Herbert  Stewart.  [xxvi.  212] 

HERBERT,  SIDNEY,  first  BARON  HERBERT  OP 
LEA  (1810-1861),  statesman  :  second  son  of  George 
Augustus,  eleventh  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1831 ;  conservative 
M.P.,  South  Wiltshire,  1832-60 ;  secretary  to  board  of 
control,  1834-5  ;  secretary  to  admiralty,  1841-5 :  war 
secretary  under  Peel,  1845-6,  Aberdeen,  1852-5  (during 
the  Crimean  war),  and  Palmerston,  1859-60 :  primarily 
responsible  for  Miss  Florence  Nightingale  going  to  the 
Crimea ;  freed  by  Roebuck  committee  from  suspicion  of 
favouring  Russia ;  led  movement  in  favour  of  medical 
reform  in  the  army  and  education  of  officers  ;  encouraged 
volunteer  movement ;  created  peer,  1860 ;  injured  his 
health  by  administrative  labour.  [xxvi.  212] 

HERBERT,  THOMAS  (1597-1642?),  seaman  and 
author  ;  brother  of  Edward  Herbert,  first  baron  Herbert  of 
Cherbury  [q.v.]  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Juliers,  1610  ; 
commanded  East  Indiamau  against  Portuguese,  1616  ; 
visited  the  Great  Mogul  at  Mandow,  1617  ;  served  against 
Algerines,  1620-1 ;  brought  Prince  Charles  from  Spain  to 
England,  1623,  and  Count  Mansfeldt  to  the  Netherlands, 
1625  ;  published  elegy  on  Straff ord,  1641,  and  pasquinades, 
including  'Newes  out  of  Islington,'  1641  (reprinted  b$ 
Halliwell,  1849).  [xxvi.  214] 

HERBERT,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1606-1682), 
traveller  and  author;  studied  at  Oxford  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  went  to  Persia,  1628,  with  Sir 
Dodmore  Cotton  and  Sir  Robert  Shirley  [q.  v.] ;  travelled 
in  Europe:  commissioner  with  Fairfax's  army,  1644,  and 
for  surrender  of  Oxford,  1646  ;  attended  Charles  I,  1647-9, 
and  received  presents  from  him,  including  the  Shake- 
speare second  folio  now  at  Windsor  ;  created  baronet,  1660 ; 
published  *  Description  of  the  Persian  Monarchy '  (1634), 
reprinted  as  '  Some  Yeares  Travels  into  divers  parts  of 
Asia  and  Afrique'  (1638,  &c.) ;  collaborated  with  Dug- 
dale;  his  reminiscences  (1678)  of  Charles  I's  captivity 
reprinted  as  'Memoirs  of  the  last  two  years  of  the 
Reign,'  &c.,  1702  and  1813.  [xxvi.  215] 

R  R 


HERBERT 


610 


HERDMAN 


HERBERT,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL  OF  PKMHKOKK 
(1656-1733),  lord  high  admiral  ;  third  son  of  Philip  Her- 
bert, fifth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1672 :  succeeded  elder  brothers  in  title,  1683 ;  lieutenant 
of  Wiltshire  :  dismissed,  1687  ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1690;  one  of  Queen  Mary's  council,  1690;  lord  privy 
seal,  1692  ;  opposed  Fen  wick's  execution,  1697,  and  Re- 
sumption Bill  of  1700 ;  first  plenipotentiary  at  treaty  of 
Ryswick,  1697  ;  K.G.,  1700 ;  president  of  the  council,  1702 ; 
If"  1  high  admiral,  1702  and  1708  :  a  commissioner  for  the 
union,  1706-7 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1707 :  a  lord 
justice,  1714-15 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Wiltshire,  Monmouth, 
and  South  Wales  ;  P.R.S.,  1689-90.  [xxvi.  217] 

HEEBEET,  SIR  THOMAS  (1793-1861),  rear-admiral ; 
promoted  lieutenant  for  services  at  reduction  of  Danish 
West  Indies,  1809 ;  commander,  1814 ;  as  senior  officer  on 
Canton  River  commanded  operations  against  Chuenpee 
and  Bogue  forts,  and  took  part  in  capture  of  Amoy  and 
Chusan  and  reduction  of  Ohinghae,  1840 ;  K.O.B.,  1841  ; 
junior  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1852;  rear-admiral,  1862; 
M.P.,  Dartmouth,  1852-7.  [xxvi.  217] 

HERBERT.  WILLIAM  (rf.  1333?),  Franciscan; 
preacher  and  philosopher  at  Oxford.  [xxvi.  218] 

HERBERT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE  of 
the  first  creation  (d.  1469),  Yorkist ;  knighted  by  Henry  VI, 
1449;  taken  prisoner  at  Formigny,  1450;  during  wars 
of  the  Roses  did  good  service  against  Jasper  Tudor ;  made 
privy  councillor  and  chief- justice  of  South  Wales  by 
Edward  IV,  1461 ;  created  Baron  Herbert,  1461 ;  K.Q.,  1462 : 
chief- justice  of  North  Wales,  1467  ;  after  capture  of  Harlech 
Castle  (1468)  and  attainder  of  Jasper  Tudor  (1468)  was 
created  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  guardian  to  Henry  (after- 
wards Henry  VII),  1468  ;  defeated  and  captured  by  Lan- 
castrians at  Hedgecote  and  executed.  [xxvi.  218] 

HERBERT,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE, 
afterwards  EARL  OP  HUNTINGDON  (1460-1491),  son  of  Sir 
William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke  of  the  first  creation 
(rf.  1469)  [q.  v.]  ;  English  captain  in  France,  1475  ;  ex- 
changed earldom  of  Pembroke  for  that  of  Huntingdon, 
1479  ;  chief-justice  of  South  Wales,  1483.  [xxvi.  220] 

HERBERT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OP  PEM- 
BROKE of  the  second  creation  (1501  ?-1570),  grandson  of 
William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke  of  the  first  creation 
(rf.  1469)  [q.  v.] :  esquire  of  the  body  to  Henry  VIII, 
1526  ;  married  a  sister  of  Catherine  Parr  [q.  v.] ;  granted 
the  dissolved  abbey  of  Wilton,  where  he  built  part  of  the 
present  mansion ;  granted  property  in  Wales,  1546 ; 
gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber,  1546 :  one  of  Henry 
VIII's  executors  :  member  of  Edward  VI's  council ;  K.G. 
and  master  of  the  horse,  1548;  helped  to  quell  Cornish 
rising,  1549  ;  supported  Warwick  against  Somerset,  and 
was  made  president  of  Wales,  1550  ;  took  part  in  Somer- 
set's trial,  1551,  and  obtained  Somerset's  Wiltshire  estates : 
created  Earl  of  Pembroke,  1551 ;  joined  Northumberland 
in  proclaiming  Lady  Jane  Grey,  but  (19  July  1563)  declared 
for  Mary ;  commanded  against  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  [q.  v.], 
1664 ;  intimate  with  King  Philip ;  an  envoy  to  France, 
1555  :  governor  of  Calais,  1556  ;  captain-general  of  Eng- 
lish contingent  at  St.  Quentin,  1657  ;  under  Queen  Eliza- 
beth supported  Cecil  and  the  protestant  party ;  lord 
steward,  1668 ;  cleared  himself  when  arrested  for  sup- 
porting scheme  for  Duke  of  Norfolk's  marriage  with  Mary 
Queen  of  Scot*,  1569  ;  buried  in  St.  Paul's,  [xxvi.  220] 

HERBERT  or  HARBERT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1593), 
Irish  *  undertaker '  and  author ;  of  St.  Julians,  Mon- 
mouthshire ;  sole  legitimate  heir-male  of  William,  first  earl 
of  Pembroke  (d.  1469)  [q.  v.] ;  knighted,  1578 :  friend 
of  John  Dee  [q.  v.] ;  an  '  undertaker '  for  plantation  of 
Munster,  being  subsequently  allotted  Desmond  property 
in  Kerry,  1587  ;  vice-president  of  Munster  in  absence  of 
Sir  Thomas  Norris  [q.  v.],  c.  1689 ;  bis  'Croftus  ;  siue  de 
HiberniA  Liber'  (named  in  compliment  to  Sir  James 
Croft  (d.  1691)  [q.  v.])  edited  by  W.  E.  Buckley,  1887 ; 
his  Irish  tracts  and  letters  to  Walsingham  and  Burgbley 
in  'Calendars  of  Irish  State  Papers.'  [xxvi.  223] 

HERBEET  or  HAEBEET,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1604), 
poet;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  author  of  '  A  Propbesie 
of  Oadwallader;  1604.  [xxvi.  225] 

HEEBEET,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE 
of  the  second  creation  (1560-1630),  eldest  son  of  Henry 
Herbert,  second  earl  of  the  second  creation  [q.  v.] ; 


educated  by  Samuel  Daniel  [q.  v.],  of  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1601 ;  disgraced  for  an  intrigue 
with  Mary  Fitton  [q.  v.] ;  patron  of  Ben  Jonson,  Philip 
Ma&singer.  Inigo  Jones,  and  William  Browne(1591-1643  ?) 
[q.  v.] ;  thrice  entertained  James  1  at  Wilton ;  lord- 
warden  of  the  Stahnariea,  1604 ;  member  of  the  council  of 
New  England,  1620;  interested  in  the  Virginia,  North- 
west passage,  Bermuda,  and  East  India  companies;  lord 
chamberlain,  1615  ;  opposed  foreign  policy  of  James  I 
and  Buckingham  :  commissioner  of  the  great  seal,  1621 ; 
member  of  the  committee  for  foreign  affairs  and  council 
of  war  under  Charles  I,  1626  ;  lord  steward,  1626;  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  University  from  1617,  Pembroke  College 
being  named  after  him ;  presented  Barocci  library  to 
Bodleian ;  wrote  poems  which  were  issued  with  those  of 
Sir  Benjamin  Rudyerd,  1660.  To  him  as  lord  chamberlain 
and  to  his  brother  Philip  the  first  folio  of  Shakespeare's 
works  was  dedicated  in  1623,  but  there  is  no  good  ground 
for  identifying  him  with  the  subject  of  Shakespeare's 
sonnets,  or  with  the  '  Mr.  W.  H.'  noticed  in  the  publisher 
Thorpe's  dedication  of  that  volume  (1609).  [xxvi.  226] 


,    WILLIAM    (fl.   1634-1662),  author    of 
pious  manuals  and  French  conversation-books. 

[xxvi.  226] 

HEEBEET,  WILLIAM,  first  MARQUIS  and  titular 
DUKE  OP  Powis  (1617-1696),  succeeded  as  third  Baron 
Powis,  1667 ;  created  Earl  of  Powis,  1674 ;  as  chief  of  the 
Roman  catholic  aristocracy  imprisoned  in  connection 
with  the  '  Popish  plot,'  1679-84 ;  privy  councillor,  1686; 
created  Marquis  of  Powis,  1687 ;  commissioner  to  '  regu- 
late '  corporations,  1687 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cheshire, 
1688,  and  vice-lieutenant  of  Sussex,  1688;  created  by 
James  I,  in  exile,  a  duke  and  chamberlain  of  his  house- 
hold; his  estates  in  England  confiscated;  died  at  St. 
Germains.  [xxvi.  231] 

HEEBEET,  WILLIAM,  second  MARQUIS  and  titular 

j  DUKE  OF  Powis  (d.  1745),  son  of  William  Herbert,  first 

marquis  of  Powis  [q.  v.]  ;  styled  Viscount  Montgomery 

till  1722,  when  his  title  as  marquis  and  .his  estates  were 

restored ;  imprisoned,  1689  and  1696-7,  on  suspicion  of 

:  complicity  in  Sir  J.  Fenwick's  plot ;  again  arrested,  1715. 

[xxvi.  232] 

HERBERT,  WILLIAM  (1718-1795),  bibliographer; 
went  to  India,  c.  1748,  and  drew  plans  of  settlements  foi 
the  East  India  Company  ;  published  '  A  new  Directory 
for  the  East  Indies,'  1758  ;  issued  second  edition  of  Atkyns's 
'  Ancient  and  Present  State  of  Gloucestershire'  (rare), 
1768,  and  an  enlarged  edition  of  Ames's  '  Typographical 
Antiquities,'  1785-90.  [xxvi.  232] 

HERBEET,  WILLIAM  (1778-1847),  dean  of  Man- 
chester; edited  'Musse  Etonenses,'  1795;  B.A.  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1798:  M.A.  Merton  College,  1802,  and 
D.C.L.,  1808 ;  M.P.,  Hampshire,  1806,  Cricklade,  1811 ; 
dean  of  Manchester,  1840-7;  published  '  Select  Icelandic 
Poetry'  (1804-6)  and  translations,  also  'Attila,  or  the 
Triumph  of  Christianity,'  an  epic  (1838),  and  other  poems, 
English,  Greek,  and  Latin  ;  assisted  in  editions  of  White's 
'  Selborne'  (1833  and  1837) ;  published  monographs  on 
'  Amaryllidaceae  (1837)  and  crocuses  (edited  by  J.  Lindley, 
1847)  ;  ferns  named  after  him  by  Sweet ;  collected  works 
issued,  1842.  [xxvi.  234] 

HEEBEET,     WILLIAM     (1771-1851),    antiquarian 

writer ;   librarian  of  the  Guildhall,   1828-45 ;   published 

j  '  History  of  the  Twelve  great  Livery  Companies '  (1836- 

I  1837),  'Antiquities  of   the  Inns  of  Court'  (1804),  and 

1  similar  works.  [xxvi.  235] 

HEEBISON,  DAVID  (1800-1880),  Irish  poet ;  known 
as  'The  Bard  of  Dunclug';  chief  work,  'The  Fate  of 
McQuillan,  and  O'Neill's  Daughter  and  .  .  .  other  Poems ' 
(1841).  [xxvi.  235] 

HEED,  DAVID  (1732-1810),  collector  of  'Ancient 
and  Modern  Scottish  Songs,  Heroic  Ballads,'  &c.,  1776 
(reprinted,  1869);  president  of  the  Cape  Club,  Edinburgh  ; 
literary  adviser  of  A  rchibald  Constable.  [xxvi.  236] 

HEED,  JOHN  (1512  ?-1588),  author  of  'Historia 
Anglicans '  in  Latin  verse ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1632  ;  M.A.,  1546  ;  M.D.,  1658 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1667,  and  York,  1559.  [xxvi.  237] 

HEEDMAN,  JOHN  (1762  ?-1842),  medical  writer: 
M.D.  Aberdeen,  1800  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 


HERDMAN 


611 


HERON 


1817  ;  physician  to  Duke  of  Sussex  and  city  dispensary  ; 
ordaiued ;  published  '  Essay  on  the  Causes  and  Phenomena 
of  Animal  Life,'  1795,  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  237] 

HERDMAN,  ROBERT  (1829-1888),  Scottish  painter; 
studied  at  St.  Andrews,  Edinburgh,  and  in  Italy ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Scottish  Academy  from  1850,  and  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1861 ;  R.S.A.,  1863 ;  painted  por- 
traits of  Carlyle,  Sir  Noel  Paton,  principals  Shairp  and 
Tulloch,  and  others,  and  of  many  ladies.  His  other  works 
comprise  studies  of  female  figures  and  figure-subjects 
from  Scottish  history.  [xxvL  237] 

HERDMAN,  WILLIAM  QAWIN  (1805-1882).  artist 
and  author  ;  expelled  from  Liverpool  Academy,  1857,  for 
opposition  to  pre-Raphaelite  artists ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  and  Suffolk  Street,  1834-61  ;  published '  Pictorial 
Relics  of  Ancient  Liverpool,'  1843,  1856,  technical 
treatises  on  art,  '  Treatise  on  Skating,'  and  other  works. 

[xxvi.  238] 

HERDSON,  HENRY  (fl.  1651),  author  of  •  Ars 
Mnemonica,'  1651,  and  'Ars  Memoriae,' 1651 ;  'professor 
of  the  art  of  memory '  at  Cambridge.  [xxvi.  239] 

HEREBERT  or  HERBERT,  SAINT  (d.  687),  hermit  of 
Derweutwater  and  friend  of  St.  Cuthbert.  [xxvi.  239] 

HEREFERTH  (d.  915).    [See  WERFERTH.] 
HEREFORD,  DUKE  OF.    [See  HENRY  IV.] 

HEREFORD,  EARLS  OK.  [See  FITZOSBERN,  WILLIAM, 
d.  1071 ;  FITZWILLIAM,  ROGER,  alias  ROGER  DE  BRETKUIL, 
A.  1071-1075;  GLOUCESTER,  MILES  DE,  d.  1143;  BOHUN, 
HENRY  DE,  first  EARL  (of  the  Bohun  line),  1176-1220; 
BOHUN,  HUMPHREY  V,  DE,  second  EARL,  d.  1274  ;  BOHUN, 
HUMPHREY  VII,  DE,  third  EARL,  d.  1298 ;  BOHUN,  HUM- 
PHREY VIIL,  DE,  fourth  EARL,  1276-1322.] 

HEREFORD,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  DEVEREUX,  WALTER, 
first  VISCOUNT,  d.  1558 ;  DEVEREUX,  WALTER,  second 
VISCOUNT,  1541  ?-1576.] 

HEREFORD,  NICHOLAS  OF  (fl.  1390).  [See 
NICHOLAS.] 

HEREFORD,  ROGER  OF  (fl.  1178).    [See  ROGER.] 
HEREWALD  (-/.  1104),  bishop  of  Llandaff ;  elected 
(1066)  by  Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn,  Meurig  ab  Hywel,  and 
Welsh    magnates ;    confirmed  by    Archbishop  Kinsi  of 
York,  1059 ;  suspended  by  Anselm.  [xxvi.  239] 

HEREWARD  (fl.  1070-1071),  outlaw;  first  called 
'  the  Wake '  by  John  of  Peterborough ;  mentioned  in 
Domesday  as  owner  of  lauds  in  Lincolnshire;  perhaps 
identical  with  owner  of  Marston  Jabbett,  Warwickshire, 
and  Evenlode,  Worcestershire ;  legendary  account  of  his 
wanderings  given  by  Ingulf  of  Orowland  and  in  'Gesta 
Herewardi';  headed  rising  of  English  at  Ely,  1070; 
with  assistance  of  Danish  fleet  plundered  Peterborough, 
1070 ;  joined  by  Morcar  [q.  v.],  Bishop  ^Ethelwine  of 
Durham,  and  other  refugees ;  escaped  when  his  allies  sur- 
rendered to  William  the  Conqueror;  said  to  have  been 
pardoned  by  William ;  slain  by  Normans  in  Maine,  accord- 
ing to  account  of  Geoffrey  Gaimar  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  240] 

HERFAST  or  ARFA8T  (d.  1084  ?),  first  chancellor  of 
England ;  chaplain  to  William  I  before  the  Conquest ; 
chancellor  of  England,  1068-70  ;  bishop  of  Elmham,  1070  ; 
bishop  of  Thetford,  1078 ;  tried  to  defeat  monastic  claims 
to  exemption  from  episcopal  jurisdiction.  [xxvi.  242] 

HERICKE.    [See  also  HERRICK  and  HEYRICK.] 

HERICKE  or  HERRICK,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1562- 
1653),  goldsmith  and  money-lender ;  uncle  of  Robert 
Herrick  [q.  v.]  ;  went  on  mission  from  Elizabeth  to  the 
Grand  Turk,  1580-1;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1601;  principal 
jeweller  to  James  I;  knighted,  1605;  exempted  from 
liability  to  serve  as  sheriff,  1605 ;  refused  to  pay  ship- 
money,  [xxvi.  243] 

HEBJNG,  GEORGE  EDWARDS  (1805-1879),  land- 
scape-painter ;  of  German  parentage  ;  published  'Sketches 
on  the  Danube,  in  Hungary,  and  Transylvania,'  1838;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  from  1836;  his  'Amalfi*  and 
'Capri'  purchased  by  Prince  Consort.  [xxvi.  244] 

HERIOT,  GEORGE  (1563-1624),  founder  of  Heriot's 
Hospital,  Edinburgh  (opened,  1659);  jeweller  to  James 
VI,  1601,  to  his  queen,  1597,  and  to  James  VI  on  his 


accession  as  James  I  of  England,  1603  ;  was  granted  im- 
position on  sugar  for  three  years,  1620;  the  'Jingling 
Geordie '  of  Scott's  '  Fortunes  of  NigeL'  [xxyL  844] 

HERIOT,  JOHN  (1760-1833),  author  and  journalist ; 
present  as  a  marine  in  Rodney's  action  of  17  April,  1780  ; 
published  two  novels  (1787  and  1789),  and  'Historical 
Sketch  of  Gibraltar,'  1792;  edited  the  'Son'  and  the 
True  Briton,'  1793-1806 ;  deputy  paymaster-general  in 
West  Indies,  1810-16 ;  comptroller  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 


1816-33. 

HERK8,  GARBRAND  (Jt.  1556). 
HERKS.] 


[xxvi.  846] 
[See  GARBRAND, 


alias     GARBRAND,     JOHN     (1*42-1 58V). 
[See  GARBRAND.] 

HERLE,  CHARLES  (1598-1659),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1618;  presented  by  Stanley 
family  to  rectory  of  Winwick,  Lancashire,  1626 ;  repre- 
sented Lancashire  in  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines, 
1643,  and  was  appointed  prolocutor,  1646 ;  refused  to  pray 
for  Commonwealth;  his  chief  work,  'The  Independency 
on  Scriptures  of  the  Independency  of  Churches,'  1643; 
friend  of  Fuller.  [xxvL  246] 

HERLE,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1347),  judge  ;  as  serjeant- 
at-law  summoned  to  assist  parliaments  of  Edward  II ; 
judge  of  common  pleas,  1320 ;  chief -justice  of  common 
pleas,  1327-9  and  1331-7.  [xxvi.  248] 

HERIEWIN  (d.  1137).    [See  ETHELM^B,] 

HERMAN,  HENRY  (1832-1894),  dramatist  and 
novelist;  fought  in  confederate  ranks  hi  American  civil 
war ;  produced  independently  and  in  collaboration  with 
Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  and  other  authors  plays  at 
London  theatres  from  1875.  [Suppl.  ii.  412] 

HERMAND,  LORD  (d.  1827).  [See  FERQUSSOX, 
GEORGE.] 

HERMANN  (ft.  1070),  hagiographer ;  archdeacon  of 
Thetford  under  Herfast  [q.  v.]  ;  afterwards  monk  of  Bury  ; 
wrote  '  De  Miraculis  S.  /Kdmuudi,'  printed  in  '  Memorials 
of  St.  Edmund's  Abbey '  (ed.  T.  Arnold,  1890). 

[xxvi.  249] 

HERMANN  (d.  1078),  first  bishop  of  Old  Saram 
(Salisbury)  ;  native  of  Lorraine ;  bishop  of  Ramsbury  or 
Wilton,  1045 ;  went  to  Rome  for  Edward  the  Confessor, 
1050 ;  monk  of  St.  Berlin's  Abbey  at  St.  Omer,  1055-8 ; 
bishop  of  Sherborne  with  Ramsbury,  1058;  removed  his 
see  to  Old  Sarum,  1075  ;  assisted  at  Lanf  ranc's  consecra- 
tion and  several  councils,  [xxvi.  249] 

HERNE,  JOHN  (fl.  1644),  lawyer;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  bencher,  1637 ;  defended,  among  others, 
Prynne,  1634,  and  Archbishop  Laud,  1644.  [xxvi.  250] 

HERNE,  JOHN  (fl.  1660),  son  of  John  Herne(jT.  1644) 
[q.  v.] ;  author,  among  other  works,  of  '  The  Pleader '  (col- 
lection of  precedents),  1657 ;  translated '  The  Learned  Read- 
ing of  John  Herne,  Esq.'  (his  father),  1659.  [xxvi.  250] 


,  THOMAS  (d .  1 722),  controversialist ;  scholar 

of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1712;  B.A.,  1715; 
incorporated  at  Oxford,  1716 ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
1716 ;  tutor  to  third  and  fourth  Dukes  of  Bedford ;  as 
'Phileleutherus  Cantabrigiensis,'  published  'False  Notion 
of  a  Christian  Priesthood,'  against  William  Law,  1717-18, 
and  some  tracts ;  issued  account  of  the  Bangorian  con- 
troversy, 1720.  [xxvi.  250] 

HERON,  HALY  ( ft.  1566-1585),  author  of  '  A  new 
Discourse  of  Morall  Philosophic  entituled  the  Kayes  of 
Counsaile,'  1579 ;  B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1570. 

[xxvi.  251] 

HERON,  SIR  RICHARD,  baronet  (1726-1805),  chief 
secretary  to  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1776-SO:  created 
baronet,  1778 ;  published  genealogical  table  of  Herons  of 
Newark,  1798.  [xxvi.  251] 

HERON,  ROBERT  (1764-1807),  author;  son  of  a 
Kirkcudbrightshire  weaver ;  edited  Thomson's  'Seasons,' 
1789  and  1793;  wrote  part  of  a  'History  of  Scotland 
(1794)  while  imprisoned  for  debt ;  ruling  elder  for  New 
Galloway  ;  edited  the  'Globe'  and  other  London  papers  ; 
published,  among  other  works,  translations  from  the 
French,  a  life  of  Burns  (1797),  and  an  edition  of  Junius, 
1802.  [xxvi-  251] 

R  R  2 


HERON 


612 


HERSCHEL, 


HERON,  SIR  ROBERT,  baronet  (1765-1854),  whig 
politician  ;  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  succeeded 
his  uncle,  Sir  Richard  Heron  [q.  v.],  in  the  baronetcy, 
1805;  M.P.,  Grimsby,  1812-18,  Peterborough,  1819-47; 
published  political  and  social ' Notes,'  1851.  [xxvi.  252] 

HERRICK.    [See  also  HERICKE  and  HKTRICK.] 

HERRICK,  ROBERT  (1691-1674),  poet;  apprenticed 
to  his  uncle,  Sir  William  Hericke  [q.  v.],  for  ten  years  ; 
afterwards  went  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  but 
graduated  from  Trinity  Hall,  1617;  M.A.,  1620:  incum- 
bent of  Dean  Prior,  Devonshire,  1629  ;  ejected,  1647  ;  lived 
in  Westminster ;  restored,  1662 ;  many  of  his  poems  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  '  Witts  Recreations,'  1660;  several 
of  his  pieces  set  to  music  by  Henry  Lawes  [q.  v.]  and  other 
composers;  his  '  Hesperides '  with 'Noble  Numbers'  first 
issued,  1648;  complete  editions  edited  by  Thomas  Mait- 
land  (1823),  Edward  Walford  (1859),  W.  Oarew  Hazlitt 
(1869),  and  Dr.  Grosart  (1876).  [xxvi.  253] 


^^*wivx^o,  BARONS.  [See  MAXWELL,  SIR  JOHN, 
fourth  BARON,  1512  ?-1583 ;  MAXWELL,  WILLIAM,  fifth 
BARON,  d.  1603.] 


58,  SIR  CHARLES  JOHN  (1815-1883), 
financier;  son  of  John  Charles  Herries  [q.  v.];  of  Eton 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1840;  commis- 
sioner of  excise,  1842;  deputy -chairman  of  inland  re- 
venue, 1856 ;  chairman  of  the  board  of  inland  revenue, 
1877-81 ;  K.O.B.,  1880.  [xxvi.  255] 

HERRIES,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1778-1855),  statesman 
and  financier ;  educated  at  Leipzig  ;  drew  up  for  Pitt  his 
counter-resolutions  against  Tierney's  financial  proposals, 
1800 ;  private  secretary  to  Vansittart,  1801,  and  Perceval, 
1807 ;  translated  Gentz's  treatise  '  On  the  State  of  Europe 
before  and  after  the  French  Revolution,'  1802  ;  defended 
financial  policy  of  government,  1803;  secretary  and  re- 
gistrar of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  1809-22  ;  cotnmissary-in- 
chief,  1811-16  ;  auditor  of  civil  list,  1816 ;  drew  up  second 
report  of  Irish  revenue  commission,  1822 ;  M.P.,  Harwich, 
1823-41 ;  and  financial  secretary  to  treasury,  1823-7 ;  privy 
councillor,  1827  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Goderich's 
ministry  from  8  Aug.  1827  to  8  Jan.  1828;  wrote  a  state- 
ment of  events  which  led  to  dissolution  of  Goderich  minis- 
try ;  master  of  the  mint,  1828-30  ;  drew  up  fourth  report 
of  Sir  Henry  Parnell's  finance  committee,  1828,  first 
making  public  accounts  intelligible ;  president  of  board  of 
trade,  1830;  moved  resolution  against  Russian-Dutch  loan, 
1832  ;  secretary-at-war  under  Peel,  1834-5  ;  his  motion  for 
return  of  public  accounts  carried  against  whig  govern- 
ment, 1840 ;  M.P.,  Stamford,  1847-53 ;  protectionist ;  presi- 
dent of  board  of  control  in  Lord  Derby's  first  government, 
1852  (February-December).  [xxvi.  255] 

HERRING,  FRANCIS  (d.  1628),  physician;  M.D. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1589;  F.R.C.P.,  1599, 
and  seven  times  censor ;  published  treatises  on  the  plague 
and  Latin  poem  on  the  Gunpowder  plot  ('  Pietas  Ponti- 
ficia'),  1609.  [xxvi.  258] 

HERRING,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1795-1865),  animal- 
painter;  drove  coaches  between  Wakefleld  and  Lincoln, 
Doncaster  and  Halifax,  and  London  and  York ;  painted 
winners  of  the  St.  Leger  for  thirty-twojyears,  and  many 
other  sporting  subjects:  member  of  Society  of  British 
Artists,  1841 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  Society  of 
British  Artists.  '  [xxvi.  258] 

HERRING,  JDLINES  (1582-1644),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  ordained  by  an 
Irish  bishop ;  incumbent  of  Calke,  Derbyshire,  c.  1610- 
c.  1618;  afterwards  preached  at  Shrewsbury  from  1618; 
suspended  for  nonconformity ;  co-pastor  of  English 
church  at  Amsterdam,  1637-44.  [xxvi.  269] 

HERRING,  THOMAS  (1693-1757),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1713  ;  fellow 
of  Corpus  Ohristi,  1716  ;  M.A.,  1717 :  D.D.,  1728 ;  preacher 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  chaplain  to  George  1, 1726  ;  rector 
of  Bletchingley,  1731 ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1732  ;  bishop  of 
Baugor,  1737-43  :  as  archbishop  of  York  (1743-7)  raised 
a  large  sum  for  government  during  the  rebellion  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1747-57 :  repaired  Lambeth  and 
Croydon  palaces,  and  left  benefactions  to  the  sons  of  the 
rlergy  and  Corpus  Christi  College ;  his  letters  (1728-57)  to 
William  Duncombe  edited  by  John  Duucombe  [q.  v.], 
1777.  [xxvi.  250] 


HERRING,  WILLIAM  (d.  1774X  dean  of  St.  Asaph, 
1751-74  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Herring  [q.  v.] 

[xxvi.  260] 

HERSCHEL,  CAROLINE  LUC11ETIA  (1760-1848), 
astronomer;  sister  of  Sir  William  Herschel  [q.  v.] ;  came 
to  live  with  her  brother  at  Bath,  1772,  and  became  his 
assistant;  discovered  eight  comets  (five  undisputed)  be- 
tween 1786  and  1797  ;  received  a  salary  from  George  III, 
1787;  her  'Index  to  Flamsteed's  Observations  of  the 
Fixed  Stars,'  with  list  of  Flamsteed's  errata,  published  by 
Royal  Society,  1798;  on  Sir  William's  death  went  to 
Hanover,  1822;  gold  medallist  of  Astronomical  Society 
for  her  catalogue  in  zones  of  Sir  W.  Herschel's  star- 
clusters  and  nebulae,  1828,  and  was  created  honorary 
member,  1836 ;  awarded  Prussian  gold  medal  for  science 
on  ninety-sixth  birthday ;  entertained  crown  prince  and 
princess  next  year ;  minor  planet  Lucretia  named  after 
her  by  Palisa,  1889.  [xxvi.  260] 

HERSCHEL,  SIR  JOHN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM, 
first  baronet  (1792-1871),  astronomer ;  son  of  Sir  WilliaA 
Herschel  [q.  v.] ;  senior  wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prize- 
man, 1813  ;  subsequently  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M. A.,  1816;  helped  to  found  Analytical  Society, 
Cambridge,  1813 ;  with  George  Peacock  (1791-1858) 
[q.  v.]  translated  Lacroix's  'Elementary  Treatise  on  the 
Differential  Calculus,' with  appendix  on  finite  differences, 
1816;  F.R.S.,  1813;  Copley  medallist,  1821 ;  first  foreign 
secretary  of  Royal  Astronomical  Society ;  Lalande  prize- 
man, Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1825,  and  gold  medal- 
list for  revision  of  his  father's  double  stars;  secretary  to 
Royal  Society,  1824-7 ;  received  medals  for  catalogue  of 
northern  nebuUe,  1836  ;  president  of  Astronomical  Society, 
1827-32 ;  discovered  and  catalogued  many  double  stars  ; 
described  new  graphical  method  of  investigating  stellar 
orbits,  1832 ;  wrote  article  on  '  Light'  in  'Encyclopaedia 
Metropolitana'  (1827),  which  gave  European  currency  to 
undulatory  theory;  his  'Preliminary  Discourse  on  Study 
of  Natural  Philosophy'  (1830)  translated  into  French, 
German,  and  Italian,  his  'Outlines  of  Astronomy,'  1849 
(12th  edit.  1873),  into  Russian  Chinese,  and  Arabic ; 
during  residence  (1834-8)  at  Feldhausen,  near  Cape 
Town,  discovered  1,202  pairs  of  close  double  stars  and 
1,708  nebulae  and  clusters,  'monographed'  the  Orion  ne- 
bula, prepared  a  chart  of  the  Argo,  made  first  satisfactory 
measure  of  direcfsolar  radiation,  and  suggested  (1836-7) 
relation  between  solar  and  auroral  activity ;  initiated 
while  at  the  Cape  system  of  national  education,  and  sent 
tidal  observations  to  Whewell ;  created  baronet,  1838 ; 

I  assisted  in  royal  commission  on  standards  (1838-43); 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1839;  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen,  1842,  and 
president  of  British  Association,  1845;  received  many 
foreign  orders ;  prepared  charts  of  all  the  lucid  stars ; 
invented  photographic  use  of  sensitised  paper,  1839  ; 
introduced  use  of  hyposulphite  of  soda  as  a  fixing  agent ; 
discovered  'epipolic  dispersion*  of  light,  1845;  the  results 

j  of  his  Cape  observations  printed,'  1847,  at  expense  of 
Duke  of  Northumberland ;  received  the  Copley  medal. 
1847,  and  a  special  testimonial  from  the  Astronomical 
Society,  1848;  master  of  the  mint,  1850-5  ;  assisted  at 
the  Great  Exhibition  and  in  the  universities  commission 
of  1850 ;  his  last  great  undertaking,  a  general  and  descrip- 
tive catalogue  of  double  stars;  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey  near  the  grave  of  Newton.  His  miscellaneous 
writings  were  collected  in  '  Essays '  (1857)  and  '  Familiar 
Lectures  on  Scientific  Subjects '  (1867).  [xxvi.  263] 

HERSCHEL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1738-1822),'astronomer ; 
born  at  Hanover;  as  a  boy  played  the  hautboy  and 
violin  in  Hanoverian  guards ;  secretly  sent  to  England  bv 
his  parents,  1757;  patronised  by  Dr.  Edward  Miller 
[q.v.];  organist  at  Halifax,  1765,  at  Octagon  Chapel, 
Bath,  1766  ;  began  to  construct  optical  instruments,  177?, 
and  to  observe  stars,  1774 ;  discovered  Uranus  (Georgium 
Sidus),  1781 ;  Copley  medallist  and  F.R.S.,  1781 ;  exhibited 
his  telescope  to  George  III,  and  was  appointed  court 
astronomer,  1782 ;  removed  to  Slough,  1786 ;  his  polishing 
machine  perfected,  1788 ;  visited  by  distinguished  men  of 
science ;  his  great  forty-foot  mirror  begun  (aided  by  a  royal 
grant),  1785,  first  used,  1789  (a  sixth  satellite  of  Saturn 
being  discovered),  finished  (with  further  aid),  1811,  and 
used  till  1839  ;  discovered  '  Enceladus '  and  •  Mimas,'  1789 ; 
received  numerous  degrees  and  decorations  ;  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Astronomical  Society;  had  interviews  with 
Bonaparte  and  Laplace,  1802 ;  sent  sixty-nine  memoirs  to 
Royal  Society;  discovered  more  than  two  thousand 
nebula?,  and  suggested  their  true  nature;  discovered 


HERSCHELL 


613 


HERVEY 


mutually  revolving  stars,  over  eight  hundred  double 
-tars  (measuring  them  with  the  revolving:  wire  und  lamp 
micrometers),  and  (1783)  the-  translation  of  the  solar 
system  towards  a  point  in  Htn'i!--;  invented  '  method 
of  sequences ';  published  six  memoirs  relative  to  Saturn, 
1790-1H08;  suggested  'trade  wind 'explanation  of  Jupiter's 
belts  1781  ;  investigated  rotation  of  Mars:  made  physical 
observations  on  comets  of  1807  and  1H11  ;  discovered 
infra-red  solar  rays,  18UO  ;  K.H.,  1816.  [xxvL  268] 

HERSCHELL,  FARRER,  first  BARON  Hi  • 
(1837-  IH'.tn ).  lord  chancellor;  son  of  Ridley  Haim  Herschell 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  University  College,  London :  B.A. 
London,  1857;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1860,  bencher, 
1872;  took  silk,  1872;  liberal  M.P.,  Durham,  1874-K5: 
knighted  and  appointed  solicitor-general,  1880:  created 
lord  chancellor,  with  title  of  Baron  Herschell  of  city  of 
Durham,  1886:  again  lord  chancellor,  1892-5;  D.C.L. 
Durham:  LL.D.  Cambridge;  G.C.B.,  1893;  died  at 
Washington  while  at  work  on  Anglo-American  commis- 
sion, 1898.  [Suppl.  li.  413] 

HERSCHELL,  RIDLEY  HAIM  (1807-1864),  dissent- 
ing minister :  born  in  Prussian  Poland  of  Jewish  parents : 
settled  in  England,  1830;  took  charge  of  Lady  Olivia 
Sparrow's  missions ;  opened  a  chapel  in  London,  1838 ; 
one  of  the  founders  of  mission  to  Jews  and  of  evangelical 
alliance  :  published  works  concerning  relation  of  Judaism 
to  Christianity.  [xxvi.  274] 

HERSCHELL,  SOLOMON  (1761-1842).  [See  HIR- 
SCHEL.] 

HERSHON,  PAUL  ISAAC  (1817-1888),  hebraist; 
born  in  Galicia ;  director  of  House  of  Industry  for  Jews 
at  Jerusalem  and  the  model  farm  at  Jaffa ;  published 
1  Talmudic  Miscellany,'  1880.  [xxvi.  275] 

HERT,  HENRY  (fl.  1549.     [See  HART.] 

HERTELPOLL  or  HABTLEPOOL,  HUGH  OP  (d. 
1302  ?).  [See  HUGH.] 

HERTFORD,  MARQUISES  OP.  [See  SEYMOUR,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  MARQUIS,  1588-1660;  CONWAY,  FRANCIS  SEY- 
MOUR, first  MARQUIS  of  the  second  creation,  1719-1794 ; 
SEYMOUR,  FRANCIS  (INGRAM),  1743-1822 ;  SEYMOUR-CON- 
WAY,  FRANCIS  CHARLES,  third  MARQUIS,  1777-1842.] 

HERTFORD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CLARE,  GILBERT  DE, 
seventh  EARL  (of  the  Clare  family),  1243-1295  ;  CLARE, 
GILBERT  DK,  eighth  EARL,  1291-1314 ;  CLARE,  RICHARD 
DE,  said  to  be  first  EARL,  d.  1136?  ;  CLARE,  RICHARD  DE, 
sixth  EARL,  1222-1262;  CLARE,  ROGER  DK,  third  EARL, 
d.  1173;  MONTHERMER,  RALPH  DE,  d.  1325?;  SEYMOUR, 
EDWARD,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1606V-1552; 
SEYMOUR,  SIR  EDWARD,  EARL  of  the  third  creation, 
1539?-1621.] 

HERTFORD,  COUNTESS  OP.  [See  SEYMOUR,  CATHE- 
RINE, 1538?-1568.] 

HERTSLET,  LEWIS  (1787-1870),  librarian  to  the  | 
foreign  office,  1810-57;  published  collections  of  treaties  i 
between  Great  Britain  and  Foreign  Powers,  1820  (con-  I 
tinued  by  his  son  Edward),  and  between  Turkey  and  \ 
Foreign  Powers  (1835-55),  1855.  [xxvi.  276] 

HERVEY  or  HERVJETJS  (d.  1131),  first  bishop  of 
Ely  ;  made  bishop  of  Bangor  by  William  II,  1092,  but 
driven  from  his  diocese  by  the  Welsh;  confessor  to 
Henry  I ;  made  administrator  of  the  Abbey  of  Ely,  1107  ; 
bishop  of  Ely,  1109-31 ;  attended  council  on  clerical 
marriages,  1129.  [xxvi.  276] 

HERVEY,  LORD  ARTHUR  CHARLES  (1808-1894), 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  ;  fourth  son  of  Frederick  Wil- 
liam Hervey,  first  marquis  of  Bristol ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1830;  ordained  priest, 
1832;  rector  of  Horringer  and  Ickworth,  1856;  arch- 
deacon of  Sudbury,  1862  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1869- 
1894 ;  on  committee  of  revisers  of  authorised  version  of 
Old  Testament,  1870-84 ;  published  '  Genealogies  of  our 
Lord,'  1853.  [Suppl.  li.  415] 


,    AUGUSTUS    JOHN,    third     EARL   OP 

BRISTOL  (1724-1779),  admiral :  grandson  of  John  Hervey, 
first  earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Elizabeth  Chudlelgh 
[q.  v.],  1744,  divorced  by  collusion,  1769 :  post-captain, 
J747  ;  served  under  Byng  in  Mediterranean ;  gave  evidence 
at  Byng's  trial,  1757 ;  of  great  service  to  Hawke  in  the  j 
Channel,  1759 ;  served  under  Keppel  at  Belleisle,  1760 :  | 
took  part  in  capture  of  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  and  the  ! 


Havannab,  1762 :  M.P.,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1757-03  and 
1768-75,  Saltasb,  1763-8 ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber,  1763 ; 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1766-7 ;  a  lord  of  UK-  •.. 
nilty,  1771  ;>;  ~UCCI.-MJ.-I  to  earldom,  1775;  rear-admiral. 
1775;  vice-admiral,  1778;  supported  Keppel  and  opposed 
San.Uuh,  1778-9;  his  correspondence  with  Lord  Ha-vrke 
in  Record  Office,  other  journals  In  British  Museum. 

[xxvi.  277] 

HERVEY,  CARR,  LORD  HERVEY  (1691-17*3).  re- 
puted father  of  Horace  Walpole;  elder  eon  of  John 
H.Tv.-y,  first  earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  CUre  HaU, 
Cambridge,  1710  ;  M.P.,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  171S-2J. 

[xxvi.  188] 

HERVEY,  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS,  fourth  EARL 
OP  BRISTOL  and  fifth  BARON  HOWARD  DE  WALDES  ( 1780- 
1803),  bishop  of  Derry ;  third  eon  of  John  Hervey,  baron 
Hervey  of  Ick worth  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1754;  D.D., 
1770;  principal  clerk  of  privy  seal,  1761 :  travelled  In 
Italy  and  Dalmatia  and  studied  volcanic  phenomena; 
bishop  of  Cloyne,  1767-8,  where  he  offered  Philip  SJcelton 
[q.  v.]  a  chaplaincy,  and  reclaimed  the  great  bog ;  as 
bishop  of  Derry  (1768-1803)  spent  much  money  on  public 
works  and  the  see;  succeeded  his  brother  Augustas  John 
[q.  v.]  in  earldom,  1779;  advocated  relaxation  of  catholic, 
penal  laws  and  abolition  of  tithe;  took  prominent  part 
at  volunteers'  convention,  1783 ;  favoured  parliamentary 
reform  and  the  admission  of  Roman  catholics  to  House 
of  Commons ;  travelled  on  the  continent ;  imprisoned  by 
the  French  at  Milan  ;  eucceeded  to  barony  of  Howard  de 
Waldeu  through  his  grandmother,  1799;  died  at  Albano; 
buried  at  Ickworth.  [xxvi.  279] 

HERVEY,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OF 
BRISTOL  (1721-1775),  eldest  son  of  John  Hervey,  baron 
Hervey  of  Ickworth  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father  as  third 
baron,  1743,  and  his  grandfather  as  second  Earl  of  Bristol, 
1751 ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  Turin,  1755-8 ;  ambassador 
at  Madrid,  1758-61 ;  nominated  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
but  did  not  go,  1766 ;  privy  councillor,  1766 ;  lord  privy 
seal,  1768-70  ;  groom  of  the  stole,  1770.  [xxvi.  282] 

HERVEY,  JAMES  (1714-1768).  devotional  writer; 
at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  while  John  Wesley  was  fellow ; 
B.A.;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge  1752;  incumbent  of 
Weston  Favell  and  Colling  tree,  1762;  his '  Meditations  and 
Contemplations  '  brought  out  in  two  parts,  1746-7;  pub- 
lished also  '  Dialogues  between  Theron  and  Aspasio,'  1765, 
attacked  by  Wesley,  his  reply  being  issued  posthumously, 
1766  ;  collected  works  published,  1769  (6  vols.) 

[xxvi.  282] 

HERVEY,  JAMES  (1751  ?-1824),  physician ;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1774;  M.D.,  1781;  physician  to 
Guy's  Hospital,  1779;  F.R.C.P.,  1782  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer, 
1783  ;  six  times  censor,  1783-1809  ;  Harveian  orator,  1785, 
Lumleian  lecturer,  1789-1811.  [xxvi.  284] 

HERVEY,  JOHN  (1616-1679),  treasurer  to  Catherine 
of  Braganza  ;  M.P.,  Hythe,  1661-79 ;  patron  of  Cowley. 

[xxvi.  284] 

HERVEY,  JOHN,  BARON  HKRVEY  OP  ICKWOKTH 
(1696-1743),  pamphleteer  and  memoir  writer;  younger 
son  of  John  Hervey,  first  earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.]  :  of  West- 
minster and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1716;  styled 
Lord  Hervey  after  death  of  elder  brother  Carr  Hervey 
[q.  v.],  1723  ;  M.P.,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1726 :  granted 
pension  by  George  II  on  his  desertion  of  Frederick,  prince 
of  Wales ;  vice-chamberlain  and  privy  councillor,  1730 ; 
fought  a  duel  with  William  Pulteney  [q.  v.],  1731 ;  sum- 
moned to  House  of  Lords  in  his  father's  barony,  1733 ; 
exercised  great  Influence  over  Queen  Caroline ;  lord  privy 
seal,  1740-2 ;  afterwards  joined  opposition  ;  friend  of  Lady 
Mary  Wortley  Montagu;  attacked  by  Pope  as  'Lord 
Fanny,'  1733 ;  replied  in '  Verses  addressed  to  the  Imitator 
of  Horace,'  and  '  Epistte  to  a  Doctor  of  Divinity,'  1733 ; 
the  'Sporus'  of  Pope's  'Epistle  to  Arbutbnof:  wrote 
pamphlets  in  behalf  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole:  'Letters 
l>etween  Lord  Hervey  and  Dr.  Middleton  concerning  the 
Roman  Senate,'  edited  by  T.  Knowles,  1778:  Hervey's 
'  Memoirs  of  Reign  of  George  II,'  edited  by  J.  W.  Oroker, 
1848  (reprinted,  1884).  [xxvi.  284] 

HERVEY,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  BRISTOL  (168*- 
1761),  whig  politician;  LL.D.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1705  :  M.P.,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1694-1703  ;  created  Baron 
Hervey  of  Ickworth,  1703,  by  Influence  of  the  Marl- 
boroughs  ;  created  Earl  of  Bristol,  1714 ;  his  portrait  by 
Kueller  at  Guildhall,  Bury.  [xxvi.  288] 


HERVEY 


614 


HEURTLEY 


HERVEY,  MARY,  LADY  (1700-1768),  daughter  of 
brigadier-general  Lepell ;  eulogised  by  Pope,  Gay,  Chester- 
field, and  Voltaire ;  married  to  John  Hervey,  baron  Hervey 
of  Ickworth  [q.  v.],  1720;  her  letters  to  Rev.  Edmund 
Morris  (1742-68)  published,  1821,  and  others  in  Lady 
Suffolk's  'Letters'  (1824);  epitaph  composed  by  Horace 
Walpole.  [xxvi.  289] 

HERVEY,  THOMAS  (1698-1775),  eccentric  pamph- 
leteer ;  second  son  of  John  Hervey,  first  earl  of  Bristol 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Bury,  1733-47;  equerry  to  Queen  Caroline, 
1728-37,  and  vice-chamberlain  to  her,  1733;  eloped  with 
wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Hanmer  [q.  v.] ;  published  pamphlets, 
including '  Answer  to  a  Letter  he  received  from  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson  to  dissuade  him  from  parting  with  his  Supposed 
[second]  Wife,'  1763.  [xxvi.  290] 

HERVEY,  THOMAS  KIBBLE  (1799-1859),  poet  and 
critic;  entered  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  c.  1818; 
while  at  Cambridge  published  '  Australia,'  a  poem  (3rd 
edit.  1829),  edited  'Friendship's  Offering,'  1826-7,  and 
the  'Amaranth,'  1839;  contributed  to  annuals;  edited 
'Athenaeum,'  1846-53.  [xxvi.  291] 

HERVEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1567).    [See  HARVKT.] 

HERVEY,  WILLIAM,  BARON  HKRVEY  OP  KID- 
BROOKE  (d.  1642),  distinguished  himself  against  the  Spanish 
Armada,  1588  ;  knighted  for  services  at  capture  of  Cadiz, 
1596 ;  created  Irish  peer  for  services  in  Ireland,  1620 ; 
promoted  to  English  barony,  1628.  [xxvi.  292] 

HESELTUTE,  JAMES  (1690-1763),  organist  of  Dur- 
ham Cathedral,  1710-63,  and  composer.  [xxvi.  292] 

HESILRIGE  or  HASELRIG,  SIR  ARTHUR,  second 
baronet  (d.  1661),  parliamentarian ;  as  M.P.  for  Leicester- 
shire opposed  Laud's  religious  policy:  introduced  bill  of 
attainder  against  Stratford  ;  promoted  '  Root-and-Branch 
Bill,'  and  (1641)  proposed  Militia  Bill;  one  of  the  five 
members  impeached  by  Charles  I,  1642 ;  raised  a  troop  of 
horse  and  fought  at  Edgehill,  1642 ;  as  Waller's  second  in 
command  distinguished  himself  at  Lansdowne,  1643 ; 
wounded  at  Lansdowne  and  Roundway  Down,  1643 ;  pre- 
sent at  Cheriton,  1644;  a  leader  of  the  independents 
after  the  self-denying  ordinance ;  while  governor  of  New- 
castle recaptured  Tynemouth,  1648;  refused  nomination 
as  one  of  the  king's  judges;  accompanied  Cromwell  to 
Scotland,  1648,  and  supported  him  with  a  reserve  army, 
1650 ;  Lilburne's  charges  against  him  declared  false  by  the 
House  of  Commons,  1652  ;  purchased  confiscated  lands  of 
see  of  Durham  ;  member  of  every  council  of  state  during 
the  Commonwealth;  opposed  Cromwell's  government 
after  dissolution  of  Long  parliament,  1653 ;  M.P.,  Lei- 
cester, 1654,  1656,  and  1659;  refused  to  pay  taxes  and  to 
enter  or  recognise  the  new  upper  chamber,  1657;  opposed 
in  Commons  recognition  of  Richard  Cromwell,  and  in- 
trigued with  army  leaders  against  him;  became  recog- 
nised leader  of  parliament ;  obtained  cashiering  of  Lam- 
bert and  others,  1659 ;  gained  over  Portsmouth  and  raised 
troops  against  Lambert,  1659;  was  outwitted  by  Monck  ; 
arrested  at  the  Restoration,  but  Monck  interposed  to  save 
his  life ;  died  in  the  Tower.  [xxvi.  292] 

HESKETH,  HARRIET,  LADY  (1733-1807),  cousin 
and  friend  of  the  poet  Cowper  ;  married  Thomas  Hesketh 
(created  baronet,  1761).  [xxvi.  296] 

HESKETH,  HENRY  (1637  ?-1710),  divine;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1656;  vicar  of  St.  Helen, 
Bishopsgate,  1678-94 :  chaplain  to  Charles  II  and  Wil- 
liam III ;  published  religious  works.  [xxvi.  296] 

HESKETH,  SIR  PETER  (1801-1866).  [See  FLEET- 
WOOD,  SIR  PKTER  HBSKETH.] 

HESKETH,  RICHARD  (1562-1593),  Roman  catholic 
exile  ;  incited  Ferdinando  Stanley,  fifth  earl  of  Derby,  to 
claim  the  crown ;  executed  at  St.  Albans  on  the  earl's 
information.  [rxvi.  296] 

HESKETH,  ROGER  (1643-1715),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist ;  vice-president  of  English  college,  Lisbon, 
1678-86 ;  came  to  England ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  tran- 
substantiation.  [xxvi.  297] 

HESKETH  or  BASKET,  THOMAS  (1561-1613), 
botanist ;  brother  of  Richard  Hesketh  [q.  v.] 

[xxvi.  297] 

HESKYNS  or  HESK3N,  THOMAS  (ft.  1566), 
Roman  catholic  divine  ;  fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge  ; 


M.A.,  1540  ;  D.D.,  1557  ;  rector  of  Hildersham,  1551-6 ; 
chancellor  of  Sarum,  1558-9,  and  vicar  of  Brixworth, 
1658-9;  retired  to  Flanders  and  became  a  Dominican, 
but  returned  to  England  secretly  ;  published  *  The  Par- 
liament of  Chryste,'  1565  (Brussels).  [xxvi.  297] 

HESLOP,  LUKE  (1738-1825),  archdeacon  of  Bucking- 
ham ;  fellow  (1769)  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge  : 
senior  wrangler,  1764  :  M.A.,  1767  ;  B.D.,  1775  ;  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's,  1776;  archdeacon  of  Buckingham, 
1778  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1778 ;  rector  of  Adstock, 
Buckinghamshire,  for  twenty-five  years ;  rector  of  Mary- 
leboue,  London,  1809  ;  published  economic  pamphlets. 

[xxvi.  298] 

HESLOP,  THOMAS  PRETIOUS  (1823-1885),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1848;  lecturer  on  physiology  at 
Queen's  College,  Birmingham,  1863-8;  physician  to 
Queen's  Hospital,  1853-60  and  1870-82;  chairman  of 
Mason's  College.  [xxvi.  298] 

!,  PRINCESS  OF  (1723-1772).    [See  MARY.] 


HESSE-HOMBURG,  LANDGRAVINE  OP  (1770-1840). 
[See  ELIZABETH,  PRINCESS.] 

HESSEL,  PHCEBE  (17137-1821),  reputed  female 
soldier  and  centenarian  ;  a  Brighton  '  character.' 

[xxvi.  298] 

HESSEY,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  (1814-1892),  divine ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1840;  B.D.,  1845  ;  D.O.L.,  1846  ; 
vicar  of  Helidon,  Northamptonshire,  1839;  head-master 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1845-70 ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1860-75;  examining  chaplain  to  John 
Jackson  (1811-1885),  bishop  of  London  [q.  v.],  1870; 
archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1875-92  ;  published  theological 
writings.  [Suppl.  ii.  415] 

HESTER,  JOHN  (d.  1593),  distiller,  of  St.  Paul's 
Wharf  ;  author  and  translator  of  medical  works  ;  men- 
tioned in  Gabriel  Harvey's  'Pierces  Supererogation,' 
1593.  [xxvi.  298] 

HESTON,  WALTER  (ft.  1350),  Carmelite  of  Stam- 
ford ;  Cambridge  scholar  and  D.D.  [xrvi.  299] 

HETHERINGTON,  HENRY  (1792-1849),  printer 
and  publisher  of  unstamped  newspapers ;  drew  up  '  Cir- 
cular for  the  Formation  of  Trades  Unions,'  1 830 ;  began 
to  issue  the  weekly  '  Poor  Man's  Guardian,'  unstamped, 
July,  1831 ;  twice  imprisoned  for  defying  the  law ; 
indicted  for  publication  of  '  Poor  Man's  Guardian,'  and 
trade-union  '  Poor  Man's  Conservative,*  1834,  when  the 
'Guardian' was  declared  legal  ;  imprisoned  for  publish- 
ing 'Haslam's  Letters  to  the  Clergy  of  all  Denomina- 
tions,' 1840 ;  obtained  conviction  against  Edward  Moxon 
[q.  v.]  for  publishing  Shelley's  works,  1841;  died  of 
cholera.  [xxvi.  299] 

HETHERINGTON,  WILLIAM  MAXWELL  (1803- 
1865),  divine  and  poet ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  joined 
Free  church  ;  became  minister  of  Free  St.  Paul's,  Edin- 
burgh, 1848;  professor  of  apologetics  in  New  College, 
Glasgow,  1857 ;  published,  among  other  works,  histories  of 
the  church  of  Scotland,  1843,  and  the  Westminster  As- 
sembly, 1863  (ed.  R.  Williamson,  1878).  [xxvi.  300] 

HETON,  MARTIN  (1552-1609),  bishop  of  Ely :  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1678 ; 
D.D.,  1689 ;  canon,  1582  ;  vice-chancellor,  1588  ;  dean  of 
Winchester,  1689;  bishop  of  Ely,  1699-1609;  agreed  to 
alienate  to  the  crown  richest  manors  of  Ely. 

[xxvi.  301] 

HETON,  THOMAS  (ft.  1573),  London  cloth-merchant 
and  receiver  of  protestant  refugees.  [xxvi.  301] 

HETTGH,  HUGH  (1782-1846),  presbyterian  divine  : 
moderator  of  general  associate  synod,  1819 ;  minister  of 
Regent  Place,  Glasgow,  1821-46;  D.D.  Pittsburg,  1831 ; 
his  life  and  works  issued  by  Hamilton  Macgill,  1850. 

[xxvi.  301] 

HEURTLEY,  CHARLES  ABEL  (1806-1895),  Lady 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford;  worked  in 
timber  merchant's  office  at  Liverpool,  1822 ;  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1823;  M.A.,  1831 ;  fellow, 
1832;  D.D.,  1863;  vicar  of  Fenny  Compton,  1840-72; 
Bampton  lecturer,  1846  ;  Margaret  professor,  1853-95. 

[Suppl.  ii.  416] 


HEVEltttfGHAM 


615 


HEYDON 


HEVENINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (1604-1678),  regicide ; 
Mu-rilTof  Norfolk,  1633  :  M.P.,  Stockbridge,  1640 ;  served 
on  committee  of  Eastern  Association,  1646 ;  member  of 
bigb  court,  but  refused  to  sign  deatb- warrant  of  Charles  I,  ' 
1649 ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1649  ;  vice-admiral 
of  Suffolk,  1651  ;  at  the  Restoration  his  life  saved  by  the 
exertions  of  his  wife's  relations,  1661  ;  imprisoned  at 
Win.i-or.1664.  [xxvi.  302] 

HEWETT,  SIK  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1760-1840),  | 
general :  with  70th  foot  In  West  Indies,  1764-74,  and  at 
siege  of  Charleston  ;  exchanged  with  43rd,  and  was  deputy 
quartermaster-general  to  O'Hara  ;  adjutant-general  in 
Ireland,  1793-9  ;  raised  regiment  in  Ireland  ;  major-geiKT.il, 
1796;  chief  of  recruiting  department,  1799;  inspector- 
general  of  royal  reserve,  1803  ;  commander-tn-chief  in 
East  Indies,  1807-11,  in  Ireland,  1813-16  ;  created  baronet, 
1818  ;  colonel  of  61st :  general.  [xxvi.  303] 

HEWETT,  SIR  PRESOOTT  GARDNER,  first  baronet 
(1812-1891),  surgeon;  studied  in  Paris;  M.R.O.S.,  1836  ; 
lecturer  on  anatomy  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  1845 ;  full 
surgeon,  1861,  and  consulting  surgeon,  1875  ;  F.R.O.S.,  1843, 
and  president,  1876 ;  F.R.S.,  1874  :  surgeon  extraordinary 
to  Queen  Victoria,  1867  ;  sergeant-surgeon,  1884;  surgeon 
to  Prince  of  Wales,  1875 ;  created  baronet,  1883  ;  pub- 
lished surgical  papers.  [Suppl.  ii.  417] 

HEWETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1567),  lord-mayor  of 
London  ;  master  of  Olothworkers'  Company,  1543 ;  alder-  | 
man    of    Vintry,    1550-4,   afterwards    of    Candlewick  ; 
sheriff  of  London,  1563  ;  lord  mayor,  1559-60;  knighted,  ! 
1660 ;  a  governor  of  Highgate  school  [xxvi.  304] 

HEWETT,  SIR  WILLIAM  NATHAN  WRIGHTE  ' 
(1834-1888),  vice-admiral  ;  midshipman  during  Burmese  j 
war,  1851 ;  promoted  for  gallantry  in  the  Crimea,  1854  ; 
one  of  the  first  recipients  of  Victoria  cross,  1857  ; 
commanded  on  royal  yacht,  1858 ;  captain,  1862 ;  served  on 
China  station,  1866-72 ;  as  commander-in-chief  in  West 
Africa  had  charge  of  naval  operations  in  Ashantee  war, 
1873-4  ;  K.C.B.,  1874  ;  rear-admiral,  1878 :  commander-in- 
chief  in  East  Indies,  1882,  conducting  naval  operations  in 
Red  Sea ;  assisted  in  defence  of  Suakin,  1884;  undertook 
successful  mission  to  Abyssinia,  1884  ;  vice-admiral,  1884 ; 
commanded  Channel  fleet,  1886-8.  [xxvi.  305] 

HEWTT  or  HEWETT,  JOHN  (1614-1B58),  royalist 
divine ;  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge:  D.D.  Oxford, 
1643;  minister  of  St.  Gregory's  by  St.  Paul's,  London; 
said  to  have  harboured  Ormonde,  1658;  beheaded  for 
royalist  plot,  though  interceded  for  by  Mrs.  Claypoole  ; 
published  devotional  works.  [xxvi.  306] 

HEWITSON,  WILLIAM  CHAPMAN  (1806-1878), 
naturalist ;  left  to  British  Museum  fine  collection  of 
diurnal  lepidoptera,  some  birds  and  pictures ;  published 
•  British  Oology '  (1833-42),  and  works  on  lepidoptera. 

[xxvi.  307] 

HEWITT,  JAMES,  VISCOUXT  LIFPORD  (1709-1789), 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1742  ;  M.P.,  Coventry,  1761 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1760 ;  judge 
of  the  king's  bench,  1766;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
1768-89  ;  created  Baron  Lifford  in  Irish  peerage,  1768,  and 
viscount,  1781 ;  his  decisions  as  chancellor  printed,  1839. 

[xxvi.  308] 

HEWITT,  JOHN  (1719-1802),  mayor  of  Coventry, 
1755,  1758,  and  1760;  published  'Journal,'  1779-90, 
'Memoirs  of  Lady  Wilbrihammon,'  c.  1778,  and  ' Guide  for 
Constables,'  1779.  [xxvi.  308] 

HEWITT,  JOHN  (1807-1878),  antiquary;  wrote  under 
name  'Sylvanus  Swanquill ' ;  published  '  Ancient  Armour 
and  Weapons,'  1855-60,  'Old  Woolwich,'  1860,  handbooks 
on  Lichfield,  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  309] 

HEWLETT,  EBENEZER  (fl.  1747),  writer  against 
the  deists.  F«vi.  309] 

HEWLETT,  JAMES  (1789-1836),  flower-painter. 

[xxvi.  309] 

HEWLETT,  JOHN  (1762-1844),  biblical  scholar; 
B.D.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1796:  rector  of 
Hilgay,  Norfolk,  1819;  published  'Vindication  of  the 
Authenticity  of  the  Parian  Chronicle,'  1789,  •  The  Holy 
Bible  .  .  .  with  Critical,  Philosophical,  and  Explanatory 
Notes,'  1812,  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  310] 

HEWLETT,  JOSEPH  THOMAS  JAMES  (1800-1847), 
novelist;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Worcester 
College,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1826 ;  published  '  Peter  Priggins, 


the  College  Scont,'  1841  (illustrated  by  Phiz  and  edited  by 
Theodore  Hook), '  Paraoni  and  Widows,'  1844,  and  other 
works.  [xxvL  310] 

HEWLEY,  SARAH,  LADY  (1827-1710).  founder  of 
the  Hewley  trust;  heiresw  of  Robert  Wolrycb  and  wife  of 
Sir  John  Hewley ;  left  laud  for  support  of  dioaenting 
minister*.  [xxvL  310] 

HEWSON,  JOHN  (d.  1662),  regicide :  tome  time  a 
shoemaker ;  led  forlorn  hope  at  Bridg water,  1647  ;  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  represent  soldiers'  grievances,  1647  ; 
signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649;  commander  of 
foot  under  Cromwell  in  Ireland,  and  governor  of  Dublin : 
M.A.  Oxford,  1649  ;  favoured  anabaptist*,  and  beaded 
faction  against  Henry  Cromwell:  represented  Ireland. 
1653,  Dublin,  1654,  and  Guildford,  1666;  member  of 
Cromwell's  House  of  Lords,  1657,  of  committee  of  safety, 
1669;  much  satirised  after  suppression  of  London 
'prentice  riot,  1669 ;  escaped  at  Restoration,  and  died 
abroad.  [xxvi.  511] 

HEWSON,  WILLIAM  (1739-1774),  surgeon  and 
anatomist :  partner  of  Dr.  William  Hunter  [q.  v.],  1762- 
1771;  Copley  medallist,  1789;  F.RS.,  1770;  published 
4  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Properties  of  the  Blood,1 
in  three  parts,  1771, 1774,  and  1777  (ed.  Falconar):  fatally 
wounded  himself  while  dissecting ;  works  edited  for  Syden- 
ham  Society,  1846.  [xxvL  312] 

HEWSON,  WILLIAM  (1806-1870),  theological 
writer:  educated  at  St.  Paul's  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1833:  head-master  of  St.  Peter's 
School,  York,  1838-47 :  perpetual  curate  of  Goatland, 
1848-70  ;  published  works,  including  '  The  Key  of  David,' 
1855.  [xxvi.  313] 

HEXHAM,  HENRY  (1585  7-1660  ?),  military  writer  : 
page  in  service  of  Sir  Francis  Vere  [q.  v.]  at  siege  of 
Ostend,  1601,  and  till  1606;  quartermaster  under  Sir 
Horace  (afterwards  baron)  Vere  [q.  v.]  in  expedition  to 
relieve  Breda,  1626,  and  subsequently  under  George  (after- 
wards baron)  Goring  (1608-1667)  [q.  v.] ;  in  Dutch 
service,  c.  1642,  till  death.  His  works  include  an  edition 
of  Mercator's  '  Atlas,'  1637,  '  English-Dutch  Dictionary,' 
1648,  and  accounts  of  various  military  operations  in 
which  he  took  part.  [Suppl.  ii.  418] 

HEXHAM,  JOHN  OP  (Jl.  1180).    [See  JOHN.] 
HEXHAM.  RICHARD  OP  (fl.  1141).  [See  RICHARD.] 
HEY,  JOHN  (1734-1815), divine;  brother  of  William 
Hey  (1736-1819)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1758 :  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  1758-79 ;  Seatonian 
prizeman,  1763  ;  Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  1780-96  ; 
bis  lectures  (1796)  edited  by  Turton,  1841.     [xxvi.  314] 

HEY,  RICHARD  (1745-1835),  essayist;  brother  of 
John  Hey  [q.  v.] ;  third  wrangler  and  chancellor's 
medallist,  Cambridge,  1768:  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  1771,  of  Magdalene,  1782-96;  published,  among 
other  works,  dissertation  on  gaming,  1783,  on  duelling, 
1784,  and  on  suicide,  1785.  [xxvi.  314] 

HEY,  WILLIAM  (1736-1819),  surgeon  ;  brother  of 
John  Hey  [q.  v.] ;  senior  surgeon  to  Leeds  Infirmary, 
1773-1812  ;  F.R.S.,  1775  ;  friend  of  Priestley  :  mayor  of 
Leeds,  1787-8  and  1801-2;  president  of  Leeds  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society,  1783;  devised  operation  of 
partial  amputation  of  the  foot ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxvi.  315] 

HEY,  WILLIAM  (1772-1844),  author  of  'Treatise  on 
Puerperal  Fever '  (1815);  son  of  William  Hey  (1736-1819) 
[q.  v.]  [xxvi.  315] 

HEY,  WILLIAM  (1796-1875),  surgeon  to  Leeds  In- 
firmary, 1830-51 ;  son  of  William  Hey  (1772-1844)  [q.  v.] 

[xxvi.  316] 

HEYDON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1623),  writer  on 
astrology;  M.P.,  Norfolk,  1588;  knighted  at  capture  of 
Cadiz,  1596 ;  suspected  of  complicity  in  Essex  rising,  1601 ; 
chief  work  'Defence  of  Judiciall  Astrologie,'  1602. 

[xxvL  318] 

HEYDON,  SIR  HENRY  (rf.  1503),  steward  of  the 
household  of  Cecilia,  duchess  of  York  ;  knighted,  1488. 

[xxvi.  816] 

HEYDON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1653),  lieutenant  of  the 
ordnance;  son  of  Sir  Christopher  Heydon  [q.  v.]: 
knighted,  1620:  lieutenant-peneral  of  the  ordnance  to 
Charles  I  during  civil  war  :  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1642. 


HEYDON 


616 


HEYWOOD 


HEYDON,  JOHN  (rf.  1667),  astrologer  :  imprisoned 
for  two  years  by  Cromwell  for  foretelling  his  death  by 
hanging,  and  for  treasonable  practices,  1663  and  1667 : 
wrote  many  works  on  Rosicruciau  mysticism,  borrowing 
largely  from  anterior  writers.  [xxvi.  317] 

HEYLYN,  JOHN  (1685?-1759),  divine;  'the  Mystic 
Doctor ' ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1714;  D.D.,  1728;  first  rector  of  St. 
Mary-h'-Strand,  1724-59;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and 
Westminster,  and  chaplain  to  George  II;  published 
'Theological  Lectures  at  Westminster  Abbey,'  1749. 

[xxvi.  318] 

HEYLYN,  PETER  (1600-1662),  ecclesiastical  writer : 
first  cousin  (once  removed)  of  Rowland  Heylyn  [q.  v.] ; 
demy  and  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1620;  D.D.,  1633;  published  'Geography,'  1621,  and 
'Survey  of  France,'  1656;  royal  chaplain,  1630;  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  1631;  incumbent  of  Alresford, 
Hants,  1633;  controverted  puritan  views:  assisted  Noy 
(1633)  in  preparation  of  case  against  Prynue ;  proposed 
conference  between  convocation  and  Commons,  1640; 
obtained  money  grant  from  convocation  for  Charles  I, 
1640 ;  asserted  right  of  bishops  to  share  in  all  proceedings 
of  upper  house ;  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford  and  chronicled 
the  war  in  '  Mercurius  Aulicus ' ;  obliged  to  compound  for 
his  estate;  attacked  L'Estrange's  'Life  of  Charles  I,' 
1656, and,  in  'Examen  Historicum'  (1658-9),  Puller  and 
William  Sanderson ;  issued  'Oertamen  Epistolare'  (1659) 
against  Baxter,  Nicholas  Bernard  [q.  v.],  and  others; 
sub-dean  of  Westminster  at  coronation  of  Charles  II,  1661 : 
disabled  by  infirmities  from  promotion ;  chief  works 
'Ecclesia  Restaurata,  or  History  of  the  Reformation,' 
1661  (edited  by  J.  C.  Robertson,  1849),  'Cyprianus 
Anglicus'  (i.e.  Archbishop  Laud)  (published  1668),  in 
answer  to  '  Canterburies  Doom,'  and  '  Aerius  Redivivus,  or 
History  of  Presbyteriauism,'  published  1670. 

[xxvi.  319] 

HEYLYN  or  HEYLIN,  ROWLAND  (1562  V-1631), 
sheriff  of  London ;  master  of  Ironmongers'  Company, 
1614  and  1625  ;  alderman  of  Cripplegate,  1624;  sheriff 
of  London,  1624-5 ;  published  Welsh  bible,  1630 ;  left 
bequests  to  Shrewsbury,  the  Ironmongers'  Company,  and 
London  charities.  [xxvi.  323] 

HEYMAN,  SIR  PETER  (1580-1641),  politician; 
knighted  by  James  I  for  services  in  Ireland ;  M.P., 
Hythe,  1620-1,  and  subsequently;  ordered  to  serve  abroad 
at  his  own  expense  on  account  of  opposition  to  the 
government,  c.  1622 ;  imprisoned,  1629 ;  elected  to  Long 
parliament  for  Dover,  1640 ;  money  voted  to  his  heirs, 
1646,  for  his  service  to  Commonwealth.  [xxvi.  324] 

HEYNES,  SIMON  (d.  1562),  dean  of  Exeter ;  fellow 
of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1516  ;  M.A.,  1519 ;  presi- 
dent, 1528;  D.D.,  1531;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge, 
1533-4 ;  vicar  of  Stepney,  1534 ;  ambassador  to  France, 
1535  ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1537  ;  joint-envoy  to  Spain,  1538; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1540  ;  assisted  in  compilation 
of  first  liturgy.  [xxvi.  325] 

HEYBJCZ,  RICHARD  (1600-1667),  warden  of  Man- 
chester Collegiate  Church ;  son  of  Sir  William  Hericke 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1622;  fellow  of  All  Souls',  Oxford, 
1625 ;  warden  of  Manchester  Collegiate  Church,  1635  ; 
attacked  Romanists  and  high  churchmen,  1641 ;  member 
of  Westminster  Assembly;  main  establisher  of  presby- 
terianism  in  Lancashire ;  published '  Harmonious  Consent 
of  the  Ministers  within  the  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster,' 
1648 ;  obtained  restoration  of  church  revenues  :  im- 
prisoned for  implication  in  movement  of  Christopher  Love, 
1615 ;  conformed  at  Restoration.  [xxvi.  325] 

HEYRICX,  THOMAS  (d.  1694),  poet;  grand-nephew 
of  Robert  Herrick  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1675 ;  curate  of  Market  Harborough ;  published  '  Mis- 
cellany Poems,'  1691.  [xxvi.  327] 

HEYSHAM.  JOHN  (1753-1834),  physician;  M.D. 
of  Edinburgh,  1777 ;  practised  at  Carlisle ;  his  statistics 
(published  1797)  used  for  Carlisle  Table  (1816) :  said  to 
have  assisted  Paley  on  question  of  structural  design  in 
nature.  [xxvi.  827] 

HEYTESBURY,  BARON  (1779-1860).  [See  A'Cowir, 
WILLIAM.]  [xxvi.  327] 

HEYTESBURY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1340),  logician; 
fellow  of  Mcrton  College,  Oxford,  1330  ;  possibly  original 


fellow  (Heightilbury)  of  Queen's  College,  1340  ;  chancellor 
of  university,  1371  ;  works  printed  under  name  of  '  Hentis- 
berus  '  or  '  Tisberius  '  at  Pavia  and  Venice,  [xxvi.  327] 


WILLIAM  (1563  ?-l627).     [See    HEA- 

THKIl.] 

HEYWOOD,  SIR  BENJAMIN,  first  baronet  (1793- 
1865),  banker ;  founder  and  president  (1826-40)  of  Man- 
chester Mechanics'  Institution  ;  created  baronet,  1838 ; 
F.R.S.,  1843.  [xxvi.  328] 

HEYWOOD,  ELIZA  (1693  ?-1756).    [See  HAYWOOD.] 

HEYWOOD,  ELLIS  or  ELIZ^EDS  (1630-1578), 
Jesuit;  brother  of  Jasper  Hey  wood  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  All 
Souls',  Oxford,  1648  ;  B.O.L.,  1562  ;  secretary  to  Cardinal 
Pole;  Jesuit  father  at  Antwerp:  published  (in  Italian) 
fictitious  conversations  of  Sir  Thomas  More  (Florence, 
1556)  ;  died  at  Louvain.  [xxvi.  329] 

HEYWOOD,  JAMES  (1687-1776),  author  :  published 
'  Letters  and  Poems  on  several  Occasions,'  1722. 

[xxvi.  329] 

HEYWOOD,  JASPER  (1535-1598),  Jesuit;  son  of 
John  Hey  wood  [q.  v.];  page  of  honour  to  Princess  Eliza- 
beth ;  probationer-fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1654  : 
fellow  of  All  Souls',  1558  ;  M.A.,  1558  ;  became  a  jebuit  at 
Rome,  1562;  professor  at  Dilliugen  seventeen  years  ; 
superior  of  English  Jesuit  mission,  1581  ;  deported  to 
France,  1585;  died  at  Naples;  his  translations  from 
Seneca's  tragedies  reprinted  in  Thomas  Newton's  '  Seneca,' 
1581;  contributed  poems  to  'Paradyse  of  Daynty  Deuises ' 
(1576).  [xxvi.  329] 

HEYWOOD,  JOHN  (1497  ?-l580  ?),  '  the  old  English 
epigrammatist';  under  Henry  VIII  a  singer  and  player 
on  the  virginals ;  wrote  'Description  of  a  most  noble 
Ladye'  (on  Princess  Mary)  ;  publicly  recanted  his  denial 
of  the  royal  supremacy,  1544  ;  in  great  favour  with 
Queen  Mary  as  a  kind  of  superior  jester :  on  accession  of 
Elizabeth  (1558)  retired  to  Malines,  where  he  probably 
died.  He  published  interludes,  including  'The  Four  P's,' 
first  printed,  1569  (in  Hazlitt's  'Dodsley,'  1874),  '  The 
Play  of  the  Wether,'  1533,  and  '  The  Play  of  Love ' ;  pub- 
lished also  '  Dialogue  on  Wit  and  Folly '  (reprinted,  1846), 
and  another  dialogue  containing  proverbs  and  epigrams, 
1562  (reprinted,  1867),  besides  ballads,  and  '  The  Spider 
and  the  Flie,'  1556.  [xxvi.  331] 

HEYWOOD,  NATHANIEL,  the  elder  (1633-1677), 
ejected  minister  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1650 ; 
minister  of  Onnskirk,  Lancashire,  1656-62 ;  compelled  to 
desist  from  preaching,  1674.  [xxvi.  334] 

HEYWOOD,  NATHANIEL,  the  younger  (1669-1704), 
nonconformist  minister  at  Orinskirk ;  sou  of  Nathaniel 
Heywood  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  334] 

HEYWOOD,  OLIVER  (1630-1702),  nonconformist, 
divine;  brother  of  Nathaniel  Heywood  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1650;  minister  of 
Ooley  Chapel,  Halifax,  1650;  excommunicated  for  not 
using  the  prayer-book,  1662 ;  licensed  presbyterian  teacher, 
1672-5 ;  imprisoned  at  York  for  '  riotous  assembly,'  1685 : 
his  Northowram  meeting-house  licensed  under  Toleration 
Act ;  introduced  into  Yorkshire  the  '  happy  union '  be- 
tween presbyterians  and  congregationalists,  1691 ;  his 
works  collected  by  R.  Slate,  1825-7  :  '  Diaries '  edited  by 
J.  Horsfall  Turner,  1881-5  (4  vols.),  as  well  as  his  '  Non- 
conformist Register.'  [xxvi.  334] 

HEYWOOD,  PETER  (1773-1831),  navy  captain: 
sailed  in  the  Bounty,  1786;  confined  by  mutineers,  1789  ; 
remained  with  the  party  at  Tahiti  and  joined  the  Pandora, 
1791 ;  treated  as  a  mutineer;  though  in  irons  escaped 
when  the  Pandora  went  down  in  Endeavour  Straits, 
1791;  convicted  at  Spithead  with  mutineers,  1792;  ob- 
tained pardon  by  interposition  of  Lord  Chatham,  1792 ; 
promoted  lieutenant  by  Howe,  1794  ;  attained  post-rank, 
1803  ;  surveyed  part  of  east  coast  of  Ceylon. 

[xxvi.  336] 

HEYWOOD,  ROBERT  (1574?-1645),  poet;  of  Hey- 
wood Hall,  Lancashire:  his  'Observations  and  Instruc- 
tions, Divine  and  Morall,'  first  edited  by  James  Crossley, 
1869.  [xxvi.  337] 

HEYWOOD,  SAMUEL  (1763-1828),  chief-justice  of 
Carmarthen  circuit;  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1772  :  serjeant-at-law,  1794  ;  chief- 


HEYWOOD 


017 


HICKMAN 


justice,  Carmarthen  circuit,  1807-28;  friend  of  Charles 
James  Fox  ;  published  •  Right  of  Protestant  Dissenters  to 
a  Compleat  Toleration  asserted,'  1787,  digests  of  el-- 
law, and  other  works,  [xxvi.  338] 

HEYWOOD,  THOMAS  (d.  1650?),  dramatist;  said 
to  have  been  a  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  member 
of  the  lord  admiral's  company,  1598  ;  afterwards  retainer 
of  llcnr>  \Vriot  he.-k-y,  earl  of  Southampton,  ami  !•.•: 
Somerset,  earl  of  Worcester:  one  of  the  queen's  players, 
1619 ;  composed  lord  mayor's  pageants  for  many  years ; 
many  of  his  plays  lost;  an  ardent  protestaut.     His  chief  j 
plays  were  'The  Four  I'n-nti.-es  of  London*  (produced,  ; 
c.  1600, published,  1615),  ridiculed  in  Fletcher's  'Knight  of  ; 
the  Burning  Pestle' ; ' Edward  IV  '  (two  parts,  1600, 1606  : 
ed.  Barron  Field.  1842);  'The  Royal  Kim:  and  the  Loyal 
Subject,'  1637  (ed.  J.  P.  Collier,  1850) ;  '  A  Woman  Killed 
with  Kindness'  (acted,  1603,  printed,  1607;  ed.  Collier, 
1850;    revived,  1887);   'The  Rape    of  Lucrece,'    1608; 
'  The  Captives '  (ed.  Sullen,  1885)  ;  and '  The  Wise  Woman  ' 
of  Hogsdon,'  1638.    He  also  published  '  An  Apology  for  i 
Actors.'  1612  (reprinted,  1841),    and  poems  (including 
'Hierarchy  of  the  Blessed  Angels,'  1635),  translations,  and 
compilations.  [xxvi.  338] 

HEYWOOD,  THOMAS  (1797-1866),  antiquary  : 
brother  of  Sir  Benjamin  Hey  wood  [q.  v.] ;  of  Hope  End, 
Herefordshire;  edited  for  Chetham  Society,  '  Norris 
Papers'  (1846),  'Diary  of  the  Rev.  Henry  Newcome' 
(1849),  and  other  works  ;  his  library  sold  at  Manchester,  \ 
1868.  [xxvi.  342] 

HIBBART    or    HIBBERT,    WILLIAM    (fl.    1760-  | 
1800),  etcher.  [xxvi.  342] 

HIBBERD,  SHIRLEY  (1825-1890),  journalist  and 
horticultural  writer ;  edited  '  Floral  World,'  1858-75,  and 
'Gardener's  Magazine,'  1861-90;  published  horticultural 
works.  [xxvi.  342] 

HIBBERT,  GEORGE  (1757-1837),  West  Indian  mer- 
chant and  collector ;  alderman  of  London,  1798-1803  ; 
M.P.,  Seaford,  1806-12  ;  F.R.3.,  1811 ;  active  in  establish- 
ment of  West  India  Docks  and  (1805)  London  Institu- 
tion; edited  for  Roxburghe  Club  Caxton's  version  of 
Ovid's  '  Metamorphoses,'  1819  ;  his  collections  sold,  1829. 

[xxvi.  343] 

HIBBERT,  HENRY  (1600  ?-1678),  divine  ;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1622 ;  D.D.  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge, 1665 ;  vicar  of  Holy  Trinity,  Hull,  1651-60,  of 
All  Hallows-the-Less  and  St.  Olave's  Jewry,  1662 ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1669  :  published  '  Syntagma  Theo- 
logicum,'  1662.  [xxvi.  343] 

HIBBERT,  ROBERT  (1770-1849),  founder  of  the 
Hibbert  trust :  B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1791 ; 
Jamaica  merchant  and  slave  owner,  1791-1836  :  author  of 
radical  pamphlets ;  his  trust  (designed  for  elevation  of 
Unitarian  ministry)  widened  in  scope  by  efforts  of  Edwin 
Wilkius  Field  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  344] 

HIBBERT-WARE,  SAMUEL  (1782-1848),  antiquary 
and  geologist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh ;  secretary,  Scottish 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  1823-7  ;  awarded  gold  medal  by 
Society  of  Arts  for  discovery  of  chromate  of  iron  in 
Shetland,  1820  ;  assumed  name  of  Ware,  1837  ;  published, 
among  other  works, '  Description  of  the  Shetland  Islands,' 
and  an  account  of  Ashton-tmder-Lyne  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  1822,  'Sketches  of  the  Philosophy  of  Apparitions,' 
1824,  'Lancashire  Memorials  of  the  Rebellion  in  1716* 
(1845),  and  geological  memoirs.  [xxvi.  344] 


J,  RICHARD  (1812  ?-1886),  author ;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1844  ;  established  New  Church 
of  England  Chapel,  St.  Vincent  Street,  Edinburgh,  1855 ; 
afterwards  chaplain  at  Lisbon,  Rotterdam,  and  Utrecht ; 
published  '  Prussia  and  the  Poor  ;  or  Observations  upon 
the  Systematised  Relief  of  the  Poor  at  Elberfield,'  1876. 

[xxvi.  345] 

HIBERNIA,  THOMAS  DB  (d.  1270),  Franciscan; 
to  be  distinguished  from  Thomas  Hiberuicus  [q.  v.]  ; 
wrote  the  '  Promptuarium  Morale.'  [IvL  175] 

HIBERNICTJ8,  DE  HIBEBNIA,  or  DE  ISERNIA,  PETER 
(/.  1224).  [See  PETER.] 

HIBERNICUS,  THOMAS  (1306-1316).  [See  THOMAS.] 

HICKERINGILL  or  HICKHORNGILL,  EDMUND 
(1631-17U8),  divine  and  pamphleteer;  junior  fellow  of 


Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1651-2;  chaplain  to  Lilbarne'e 
regiment,  1C53 :  successively  baptist,  quaker,  and  deist ; 
afterwards  a  soldier  in  Scotland  and  in  Swedish  service, 
and  captain  in  Fleet  wood's  regiment ;  after  residence  in 
Jamaica  published  an  account  of  it,  1661  ;  ordained  by 
p  Robert  Sanderson,  1661;  vicar  of  All  Saints', 
Colchester,  1662-1708,  and  Boxted,  1662-4;  quarrelled 
with  Comptou,  bishop  of  London,  and  was  condemned  to 
pay  damages  for  slander,  Jeffreys  being  counsel  against 
him,  1'iH-.':  ,,u».li.-ly  recanted,  1684;  excluded,  168*-8; 
convicted  of  forgery,  1707.  [xxri.  146] 

HICKES ,  F I  i  A  N  ( ' ! .-  ( 1 506-1631 ),  translator  of  Locian : 
i:. A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1583;  his  translation  of 
Lu<  an  published,  1634.  [xxvL  349] 

HICKES,  GASPAR (1605-1677),  puritan  divine;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1628;  held  Cornish  livings  and 
was  consulted  by  parliament ;  member  of  the  Westminster 
Assembly,  1643  ;  ejected  from  Landrake,  1662 ;  fined  under 
Conventicle  Act,  1670.  [xxvL  349] 

HICKES,  GEORGE  (1642-1715),  nonjuror;  B.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1663  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
1664 ;  M.A.,  1665  :  chaplain  to  Duke  of  Lauderdale,  1676  ; 
prebendary  of  Worcester,  1680;  vicar  of  All  Hallow* 
Barking,  1680;  chaplain  to  the  king,  1681;  dean  of 
Worcester,  1683 ;  rector  of  Alvechurch,  1686 ;  opposed 
declaration  of  indulgence;  deprived  for  refusing  to  take 
oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  1690  ;  in  hiding 
till  proceedings  against  him  stopped,  1699;  went  to  St. 
Germain,  1693,  and  was  named  suffragan  of  Bancroft,  with 
title  '  Bishop  of  Thetford ' ;  was  consecrated  in  a  private 
chapel  by  Bishops  Turner,  Lloyd,  and  White,  1694 ;  his 
house  on  Bagshot  Heath  searched,  1696  ;  with  two  Scot- 
tish bishops  consecrated,  in  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  Samuel 
Hawes,  Nathaniel  Spinckes,  and  Jeremy  Collier,  1713. 
His  chief  works  were  'Case  of  Infant  Baptism,'  1683, 
'  Records  of  the  New  Consecrations,'  editions  of  the  '  Imi- 
tatio  Christi,'  and  of  Feuelou's  'Instructions  for  the 
Education  of  a  Daughter,"  and  '  Linguarum  veterum  sep- 
tcntrioualium  thesaurus  grammatico-criticus  et  archaeo- 
logicus,'  1703-5.  [xxvL  350] 

HICKES  or  HICKS,  JOHN  (1633-1685),  noncon- 
formist divine ;  brother  of  George  Hickes  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  ejected  from  Saltash,  Corn- 
wall, 1662;  presented  petition  to  Charles  II  in  favour 
of  nonconformists;  joined  Monmouth  (1685)  and  was 
sheltered  by  Alice  Lisle  [q.  v.] ;  tried  and  executed  at 
Taunton.  [xxvi.  354] 

HICKES,  THOMAS  (1599-1634).  son  of  Francis 
Hickes  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  1623 ;  chap- 
lain of  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  [xxvi.  349] 

HICKEY,  ANTONY  (d.  1641 X  Irish  Franciscan  ;  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  philosophy  at  Louvaiu  and  Cologne ; 
definitorof  the  order  at  Rome,  1639;  published  (under 
pseudonym  'Dermitius  Thadaeus')  'Nitela  Franciscanaa 
religionis,'  1627,  and  an  edition,  with  commentary,  of  the 
works  of  Duns  Scotus,  1639  ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxvi.  355] 

HICKEY,  JOHN  (1756-1795),  Irish  sculptor. 

[xxvi.  356] 

HICKEY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1760-1790),  portrait-painter : 
brother  of  John  Hickey  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Macartney 
to  China,  1792 ;  probably  visited  India ;  published '  His- 
tory of  Painting  and  Sculpture'  (Calcutta,  1788). 

[xxvi.  366] 

HICKEY,  WILLIAM  (1787?-1875),  Irish  philan- 
thropist and  author :  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1809,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1809;  M.A.  Dublin, 
1832  ;  incumbent  of  Banuow,  Ferns,  1820 ;  helped  to  found 
agricultural  school  at  Bannow ;  with  Thomas  Boyce 
established  South  Wexford  Agricultural  Society:  rector 
of  Kilcormick,  1826,  Wexford,  1831,  Mulrankin,  1834 ;  as 
'  Martin  Doyle  *  published  '  Hints  to  Small  Farmers ' 
(1830)  and  similar  works;  edited  'Illustrated  Book  of 
Domestic  Poultry,'  1854,  and  '  Irish  Farmer's  and  Garde- 
ner's Magazine,'  1834-42 ;  gold  medallist  of  Royal  Dublin 
Society ;  received  pension  from  Royal  Literary  Fund. 

[xxvi.  356] 

HICKMAN,  CHARLES  (1648-1713),  bishop  of  Derry; 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1674 ;  D.D.,  1688  ;  chaplain  to  William  III,  Anne, 
and  Lawrence  Hyde, earl  of  Rochester;  rector  of  Burn- 
ham,  Buckinghamshire,  1698-1702;  bishop  of  Derry, 
1703-13.  [xxvi.  857] 


HICKMAN 


618 


HIGGINSON 


HICKMAN,  FRANCIS  (/!.  1690),  scholar;  of  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1688;  non- 
jaror ;  Bodleian  orator,  1693 ;  contributed  to  •  Musce 
Anglican*.'  [xxvi.  357] 

HICKMAN,  HENRY  (d.  1692),  controversialist ;  B.A. 
St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1648;  M.A.,  1649;  ejected  at  the  Restora- 
tion ;  retired  to  Holland ;  carried  on  controversies  with 
Peter  Heylyii  [q.  v.],  John  Durel  [q.  v.],  and  others ;  died 
at  Leyden.  [xxvi.  357] 

HICKMAN,  subsequently  WINDSOR,  THOMAS, 
seventh  BARON  WINDSOR  OP  STANWKLL  and  first  EARL 
OF  PLYMOUTH  (1627  7-1687).  [See  WINDSOR.] 

HICKS  or  HICKES,  BAPTIST,  first  VISCOUNT 
CAMPDKN  (1551-1629),  mercer  and  money-lender;  con- 
tractor for  crown  lands,  1609 ;  created  baronet,  1620 : 
M.P.,  Tavistock,  1620,  Tewkesbnry,  1624,  1625,  1626,  and 
1628 ;  built  Hicks's  Hall,  Clerkenwell ;  purchased  manor 
of  Campden,  from  which  he  took  his  title  when  created 
viscount,  1628.  [xxvi.  368] 

HICKS,  HENRY  (1837-1899),  geologist:  studied  at 
Guy's  Hospital ;  L.S.A.  and  M.R.O.S.,  1862 :  practised  as 
surgeon  at  St.  David's  and,  from  1871,  at  Hendon  ;  studied 
geology  with  John  William  Salter  [q.  v.] ;  president  of 
Geologists'  Association,  1883-5 ;  secretary  of  Geological 
Society,  1890-3,  and  president,  1896-8 ;  F.R.S.,  1885  ;  pub- 
lished geological  papers.  [Suppl.  ii.  419] 

HICKS.  SIR  MICHAEL  (1543-1612),  secretary  to 
Lord  Burghley  and  Sir  Robert  Cecil ;  brother  of  Baptist 
Hicks  or  Hickes,  first  viscount  Campden  [q.  v.]  :  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln'?  Inn ;  lent 
money  to  Bacon  and  Fulke  Greville  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
1604;  ancestor  of  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach,  baronet, 
M.P.  [xxvi.  359] 

HICKS,  WILLIAM  (1621-1660),  puritan  ;  of  Wadham 
College,  Oxford  :  fought  in  parliamentarian  army ;  pub- 
lished an  exposition  of  Revelation,  1659.  [xxvi.  360] 

HICKS,  WILLIAM,  'Captain  Hicks '  (/.  1671),  editor 
and  part  writer  of  '  Oxford  Drollery '  (1671), '  Grammatical 
Drollery '  (1682),  and  similar  publications,  [xxvi.  360] 

HICKS,  WILLIAM  (1830-1883),  general  in  Egyptian 
army  ('  Hicks  Pasha ') ;  saw  service  as  British  officer  in 
India  and  Abyssinia,  attaining  rank  of  colonel,  1880 ; 
while  in  command  of  Egyptian  army  for  suppression  of 
Mahdi  was  led  into  an  ambuscade  and  slain  in  the  '  battle 
of  Kashgil.'  [xxvi.  360] 

HICKS,  WILLIAM  ROBERT  (1808-1868),  humorist ; 
superintendent  of  Bodmin  Asylum  and  auditor  of  metro- 
politan asylums ;  known  as  '  Yorick  of  the  West ' ;  wrote 
stories  in  western  dialect,  the  most  famous  being '  The 
Jury.'  [xxvi.  361] 

HICKSON,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1803-1870),  edu- 
cational writer ;  member  of  royal  commission  on  unem- 
ployed hand-loom  weavers,  1837,  presenting  a  separate 
report,  1841 ;  studied  German,  Dutch,  and  Belgian  school 
systems,  and  published  results  in  '  Westminster  Review ' 
(edited  by  him,  1840-52)  ;  wrote  also  music  manuals. 

[xxvi.  362] 

HIEOVER,  HARRY  (1795-1859).  [See  BIXDLKY, 
CHARLES.] 

HEBRON,  SAMUEL  (15767-1617),  puritan  divine: 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  incumbent  of 
Modbury,  Devonshire;  published  the  'Preacher's  Plea,' 
1604,  and  other  works,  collected,  1614,  reprinted,  1624-6, 
by  Robert  Hill.  [xxvi.  362] 

HIFFERNAN,  PAUL  (1719-1777),  author;  M.B., 
Montpellier ;  published  in  Dublin  '  The  Tickler'  in  opposi- 
tion to  Charles  Lucas  (1713-1771)  [q.  v.],  1750 ;  issued 
in  London  'The  Tuner,'  1753,  und  composed  farces  acted 
at  Drury  Lane  and  Covent  Garden ;  published  '  Miscel- 
lanies in  Prose  and  Verse,'  1760,  and  'Dramatic  Genius,' 
1770,  dedicated  to  Garrick,  who  raised  a  subscription  for 
him.  [xxvi.  36H] 

HIGBERT  or  HYGZBRYHT  (/.  787),  archbishop  of 
Llchfield  in  787,  being  bishop  from  779.  Lichfield  was  a 
Mercian  see  created  by  Pope  Hadrian  at  request  of  Offa, 
but  was  soon  subordinated  to  Canterbury,  [xxvi.  364] 


HIGDEN,  HENRY  (fl.  1693),  author  of  a  comedy, 
'The  Wary  Widdow,'  1693,  and  essays  on  satires  x.  and 
xiii.  of  Juvenal,  1G86  and  1687  ;  of  the  Middle  Temple. 

[xxvi.  365] 

HIGDEN,  RANULF(d.  1364),  chronicler  ;  Benedictine 
of  St.  Werburg's,  Chester  :  his  '  Polychronicon '  printed  in 
English  version  (dated  1387)  of  John  of  Trevisa  [q.  v.]  by 
Caxton,  1482,  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1495,  and  Peter  Treveris, 
1527  ;  another  translation  made  in  the  fifteenth  century  ; 
the  original  Latin  was  issued  in  Rolls  Series,  with  both 
English  versions  and  continuation.  [xxvi.  366] 

HIGDEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1715),  divine  ;  M.A.  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1688 ;  D.D.,  1710 ;  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  1713 ;  defended  taking  the  oaths  to  the  Revo- 
lution monarchy,  1709  and  1710  ;  wrote  also  theological 
treatises.  [xxvi.  366] 

HIGFORD,  WILLIAM  (1581  7-1657),  puritan  ;  B.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1599  ;  his  '  Institutions,  or 
Advice  to  his  Grandson,'  first  printed,  1658.  [xxvi.  366] 

HIGGINS,  BRYAN  (17377-1820),  physician  and 
chemist :  graduated  at  Leyden ;  established  school  of 
chemistry  in  Soho,  1774;  invited  to  Russia  by  Tsarina 
Catherine,  c.  1785 :  assisted  in  improvement  of  Muscovado 
sugar  and  rum  in  Jamaica,  1797-9  ;  published  '  Experi- 
ments and  Observations  relating  to  Acetous  Acid,  Fixable 
Air,'  &c.,  1786,  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  366] 

HIGGINS,  CHARLES  LONGUET  (1806-1885),  bene- 
factor of  Turvey,  Bedfordshire ;  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (M.A.  1834),  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  [xxvi.  367] 

HIGGINS,  FRANCIS  (1669-1728),  archdeacon  of 
Oashel ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1693  :  prebendary 
of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Dublin,  1705;  'the  Irish 
Sacheverell ' ;  prosecuted  for  seditious  preaching,  1707  and 
1712  ;  archdeacon  of  Cashel,  1725-8.  [xxvi.  367] 

HIGGINS,  FRANCIS  (1746-1802),  Irish  adventurer : 
imprisoned  for  fraud  in  connection  with  his  marriage,  and 
became  known  as  the  '  Sham  Squire ' ;  as  owner  of  '  The 
Freeman's  Journal '  supported  the  government ;  magis- 
trate, 1788-91 ;  exposed  by  John  Magee  [q.  v.]  :  removed 
from  the  bench  and  law  list ;  informed  against  Lord 
Edward  Fitzgerald  [q.  v.]  and  others.  [xxvi.  368] 

HIGGINS,  GODFREY  (1773-1833),  writer  on  the  his- 
tory of  religion ;  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  Yorkshire 
magistrate  and  reformer :  wrote,  besides  political  and 
social  pamphlets,  'Anacalypsis  .  .  .  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  Languages,  Nations,  and  Religions,'  published, 
1836  (reprinted,  1878),  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  368] 

HIGGINS,  JOHN  (fl.  1570-1602),  poet  and  compiler; 
revised  'Huloet's  Dictionarie,'  1572;  published  also 
'  Flowers '  (selections  from  Terence  by  himself  and  Nicholas 
Udall,  1575),  and  supplements  to  the  '  Mirrour  for  Magis- 
trates,' containing  forty  new  poems  (some  of  which  were 
printed  in  1574,  and  others  in  1587),  and  other  works. 

[xxvi.  369] 

HIGGINS,  MATTHEW  JAMES  (1810-1868),  journal- 
ist ;  of  Eton  and  University  College,  Oxford ;  known  as 
'Jacob  Omnium,'  from  title  of  first  published  article 
(1845) ;  twice  visited  British  Guiana,  where  he  owned  an 
estate ;  active  on  behalf  of  sufferers  from  Irish  famine, 
1847;  contributed  to  the  Peelite  'Morning  Chronicle,' 
also  to  'The  Times,'  'Pall  Mall  Gazette,'  and  'Cornhill 
Magazine'  (under  Thackeray),  exposing  many  abuses; 
his  '  Essays  on  Social  Subjects '  edited,  1875.  [xxvi.  370] 

HIGGINS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1825),  chemist:  nephew  of 
Bryan  Higgins  [q.  v.]  ;  librarian  to  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
1795  ;  in '  Comparative  View  of  Phlogistic  and  Antiphlo- 
gistic Theories '  (1789)  enunciated  law  of  multiple  propor- 
tions ;  claimed  discovery  of  atomic  theory  against  Dalton 
in  'Experiments  and  Observations,'  1814.  [xxvi.  371] 

HIGGINSON,  EDWARD  (1807-1880),  Unitarian 
divine;  minister  successively  at  Hull  (1828-46),  Wakefield 
(1846-58),  and  Swansea  (1858-76)  ;  president  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  South  Wales,  1877-9 ;  published  theological 
works.  [xxvi.  372] 

HIGGINSON,  FRANCIS  (1587-1630),  puritan  divine ; 
of  Jesus  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1613 ; 
deprived  of  preachership  of  St.  Nicholas,  Leicester,  for 
nonconformity,  1627 ;  when  threatened  with  prosecution 


HIGGrttTSON 


619 


HELDYARD 


by  hii?h  commission  became  assistant-minister  at  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  1629;  published  accounts  of  his  voyage 
and  of  Massachusetts.  [xxvi.  372] 

HIGGINSON,  FRANCIS  (1617-1670),  author  of  'Re- 
lation of  Irreligion  of  Northern  Quakers,'  1663 ;  son  of 
Francis  Higgiuson  (1587-1630)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Leyden ; 
vicar  of  Kirkby  Stephen.  [xxvi.  373] 

HIGGINSON,  JOHN  (1616-1708),  minister  at  Say- 
brook,  Guilford  (U.S.A.),  and  Salem,  where  he  died; 
brother  of  Francis  Higginson  (1617-1670)  [q.  v.] 

[xxvi.  373] 

HIGGONS,  BEVIL  (1670-1735),  historian  and  poet; 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Higgons  [q.  v.]  ;  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  student  of  Lincoln's 
Inn;  followed  his  family  (Jacobites)  into  exile;  arrested 
on  charge  of  conspiracy  against  William  III,  1696  ;  pub- 
lished verses  addressed  to  Dryden  and  Congreve,  and  a 
tragedy  (acted,  1702) ;  his  *  Historical  Works '  (1736X  con- 
sisted of  'Short  View  of  the  English  History'  (1723),  and 
a  criticism  of  Burnet's  '  Own  Time,'  1725.  [xxvL  373] 

HIGGONS,  THEOPHILUS  (1578  ?-1659),  divine; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1600;  chaplain  to  bishop 
Ravis  and  lecturer  of  St.  Dunstan'g,  Fleet  Street ;  con- 
verted to  Romanism ;  retired  to  France :  reconverted  and 
given  rectory  of  Hunton,  Kent;  published  theological 
works.  [xxvi.  374] 

HIGGONS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1624-1691),  diplomatist 
and  author ;  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.P.,  Malmes- 
bury,  1661,  St.  Germans,  1685;  knighted,  1663;  envoy 
extraordinary  to  Saxony,  1669,  to  Vienna,  1673-6;  pub- 
lished '  History  of  Isuf  Bassa,'  1684 ;  translated  Busenello's 
'Prospective  of  the  Naval  Triumph  of  the  Venetians 
over  the  Turk,'  1658.  [xxvi.  375] 

HIGGS,  GRIFFIN  or  GRIFFITH  (1589-1 659), dean  of 
Lichfield  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1610  ;  fellow  of 
Merton,  1611  ;  M.A.,  1616  :  senior  proctor,  1622-3  ;  chaplain 
to  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  1627-38  ;  D.D.  Leyden, 
1630 ;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1638 ;  left  bequests  to  South 
Stoke,  the  Bodleian,  and  Merton  and  St.  John's  Colleges  ; 
his  '  Account  of  the  Christmas  Prince  exhibited  in  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1607,'  printed  by  Bliss,  1816. 

[xxvi.  375] 

HIGHAM,  JOHN  (fl.  1639).    [See  HKIGHAM.] 

HIGHAM,  THOMAS  (1795-1844),  line-engraver. 

[xxvi.  376] 

HIGHMORE,  ANTHONY  (1719-1799),  draughtsman, 
son  of  Joseph  Highmore  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  378] 

HIGHMORE,  ANTHONY  (1758-1829),  legal  writer : 
sou  of  Anthony  Highmore  (1719-1799) ;  friend  of  Gran- 
ville  Sharp  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Digest  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Bail,'  1783,  •  Succinct  View  of  History  of  Mortmain,'  1787, 
'  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Idiotcy  and  Lunacy,'  1807,  and 
other  works.  [xxvi.  376] 

HIGHMORE,  JOSEPH  (1692-1780),  painter :  nephew 
of  Thomas  Highmore  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  Kneller ; 
executed  portrait-drawings  for  '  Installation  of  Knights 
of  the  Bath,'  1725 ;  painted  portraits  of  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales,  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  the  Gunnings, 
Samuel  Richardson,  General  Wolfe  and  others,  also  con- 
versation-pieces and  subject-pictures ;  published  pam- 
phlets on  perspective.  [xxvi.  377] 

HIGHMORE,  NATHANIEL  (1613-1685),  physician  ; 
M.D.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1642;  practised  at  Sher- 
burne,  Dorset ;  endowed  exhibition  to  Oxford  from  Sher- 
burne  school ;  friend  of  Harvey  ;  published  '  History  of 
Generation,'  1651,  and  other  works  ;  the  cavity  in  the 
superior  maxillary  bone  named  after  him.  [xxvi.  378] 

HIGHMORE,  THOMAS  (d.  1720),  Serjeant-painter  to 
William  in ;  cousin  of  Nathaniel  Highmore  [q.  v.] 

[xxvi.  379] 

HIGHTON,  HENRY  (1816-1874),  author;  under 
Arnold  at  Rugby ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1840, 
Michel  fellow,  1841 ;  principal  of  Cheltenham,  1859-62 ; 
published  revised  translation  of  the  New  Testament,  1862. 
translation  of  Victor  Hugo's  poems  and  theological 
pamplilets ;  silver  medallist,  Society  of  Arts,  for  '  Tele- 
graphy without  Insulation'  (1872);  patented  artificial 
stone  for  building.  [xxvL  379] 

HIGINBOTHAM,  GEORGE  (1826-1892),  chief-justice 
of  Victoria ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1848 ;  M.A., 


1853 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn.  1853 :  went  to  Victoria, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  local  bar,  1854 :  editor  of  the 
'  Argu«;  1856-9 ;  Independent  liberal  member  for  Hrightoo 
in  legislative  assembly,  1861  and  1883  ;  attorney-general, 
1863-8 ;  chairman  of  education  commiMion,  1866 ;  rice- 
president  of  board  of  work*,  1868-9 ;  member  for  East 
Bourke  borough,  1874-6  ;  puisne  judge  of  supreme  court 
of  Victoria,  1880  ;  chief-justice,  1886.  [SuppL  II.  420] 

HIGSON,  JOHN  (1825-1871),  topographer:  compiled 
4  Gorton  Historical  Recorder,'  1852,  and  hiatory  of  DroyU- 
den.  [xxvi.  87»] 

HILARY  (/.  1125),  Latin  poet ;  supposed  to  have 
been  an  Englishman  ;  disciple  of  Abelard  and  canon  of 
Ronceray ;  his  poems  printed  by  M.  Ohampollion-Figeac, 
1838;  extracts  in  Wright's  'Biographia  Britannica  Lite- 
raria.'  [xxvi.  380] 

HILARY  (d.  1169),  bishop  of  Chicbester,  1147  ;  elected 
archbishop  of  York,  1147,  but  not  confirmed  by  the  pope ; 
reconciled  King  Stephen  and  Archbishop  Theobald,  1148; 
failed  to  enforce  jurisdiction  over  the  abbot  of  Battle, 
1157 ;  urged  Becket  to  accept  the  '  ancient  custom* ' ; 
included  in  embassy  to  the  pope  against  Becket ;  granted 
absolution  to  those  excommunicated  by  Becket. 

[xxvi.  880] 

HILDA  (or,  more  properly,  HILD),  SAINT  (614-680), 
abbess  of  Whitby ;  baptised  by  Paulinns  at  York,  627  : 
abbess  of  Hartlepool,  649;  jElflaed,  daughter  of  Oawy  of 
Northumbria,  entrusted  to  her  care,  655  ;  founded  monas- 
tery of  Whitby  (657),  and  ruled  it  with  great  wisdom  ; 
adopted  Roman  rule  after  council  of  Whitby,  664, 

[xxvi.  381] 

HILDERSAM  or  HILDERSHAM,  ARTHUR  (1563- 
1632),  puritan  divine;  entered  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1678 ;  disinherited  for  refusing  to  become  a  Ro- 
manist; M.A.,  1586;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1586; 
vicar  of  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  1593  ;  an  active  manager  of 
'millenary  petition,'  1604;  silenced  by  his  bishop,  1606, 
but  licensed  in  diocese  of  Lichfield ;  restored,  1009,  but 
suspended  by  high  commission,  1613,  and  imprisoned  for 
refusing  the '  ex  officio '  oath,  1615 ;  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment and  fine  as  schismatic.  1616 ;  returned  to  Ashby, 
1625,  again  suspended,  1680,  but  restored  next  year ;  pub- 
lished •  Treatise  on  Ministry  of  the  Church  of  England,' 
1695;  his ' OLII  Lectures  on  Psalm  LI'  translated  into 
Hungarian,  1672.  [xxvi.  382] 

HUDEBSAM  or  HILDERSHAM,  SAMUEL  (1594  ?- 
1G74),  divine ;  son  of  Arthur  Hildersam  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  :  B.A.  and  B.D. ;  member 
of  Westminster  Assembly ;  ejected  from  West  Felton, 
Shropshire,  1662.  [xxvi.  384] 

HILDESLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1538).    [See  HILSKY.] 

HILDESLEY,  MARK  (1698-1772),  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man ;  of  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  fellow,  1723 ;  M.A.,  1724 ;  rector  of  Holwell,  Bed- 
fordshire, 1735-67  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1754 ;  chaplain 
to  Henry  St.  John,  lord  Bolingbroke,  and  John,  viscount 
St.  John ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1755 ;  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
1755-72  :  master  of  Christ's  Hospital,  Sberbuni,  Durham, 
1767 ;  promoted  Manx  translations  of  the  bible  and  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer.  [xxvi.  384] 

HUDEYARD,  THOMAS  (1690-1746),  Jesuit ;  rector 
of  the  'college'  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  1743  ;  made  astro- 
nomical clocks.  [xxvi.  385] 

HILDILID,  SAINT  (  A.  700),  abbess  of  Barking. 

[xxvL  386] 

HILDITCH,  SIR  EDWARD  (1805-1876),  inspector- 
general  of  hospitals ;  on  West  Indian  station,  1830-55 ;  at 
Plymouth,  1855,  Greenwich,  1861 ;  inspector-general,  1854- 
1865 ;  first  honorary  physician  to  Queen  Victoria,  1859 : 
knighted,  1865.  [xxvi.  386] 

HELDROP,  JOHN  (d.  1756),  divine :  M.A.  St  John's 
College,  Oxford,  1705 ;  D.D.,  1743 ;  master  of  free  gram- 
mar school,  Marlborough,  1703-33  ;  rector  of  Maulden. 
Bedfordshire,  and,  1734,  of  Wath-juxta-Ripon ;  friend  of 
Zachary  Grey  [q.  v.]  His  •  Miscellaneous  Works '  (1764) 
include  satires  against  the  deists.  [xxvi.  888] 

HUDYARD,  JAMES  (1809-1887),  classical  scholar ; 
educated  at  Shrewsbury;  Tancred  student,  afterwards 
fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  second  classic 
and  chancellor's  medallist,  1833  ;  M.A.,  1836 ;  D.D.,  1846 ; 


HILL 


HILL 


senior  proctor,  1843  :  preacher  at  Whitehall,  1843-4  ;  in- 
cumbent of  Ingoldsby,  1846-87  ;  edited  plays  of  Plant u-  : 
issued  pamphlets  advocating  revision  of  liturgy  and  re- 
form of  university  education.  [xxvi  387] 

HILL,  AARON  (1685-1750),  dramatist;  educated  at 
Westminster :  travelled  in  the  East ;  obtained  patent  for 
extracting  oil  from  beecbmast,  1713  ;  proposed  colonisa- 
tion of  Georgia,  1718 ;  addressed  complimentary  poems 
to  Peterborough  and  Peter  the  Great ;  satirised  by  Pope ; 
attacked  Pope  in  'Progress  of  Wit'  (1730)  and  other 
publications,  but  afterwards  corresponded  amicably  with 
him  ;  corresponded  with  Richardson :  produced  plays  and 
operas,  including  words  of  Handel's  'Rinaldo'  (1711), 
'Athelwold'(l732), 'Zara,'  'Merope,'  and  other  transla- 
tions from  Voltaire ;  joint-author  with  William  Bond 
(d.  1735)  [q.  v.]  of  the  '  Plalndealer,'  1724.  [xxvi.  387] 

HILL,  ABIGAIL  (d.  1734).  [See  MASHAM,  ABIGAIL, 
LADY.] 

HILL,  ABRAHAM  (1635-1721),  treasurer  of  Royal 
Society,  1663-5  and  1679-1700;  commissioner  of  trade, 
1689 ;  comptroller  to  Archbishop  Tillotson,  1691 ;  pub- 
lished life  of  Barrow,  1683;  Pepys  and  Evelyn  among 
his  correspondents.  [xxvi.  389] 

HILL,  ADAM  (d.  1595),  divine;  fellow  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1568-73 ;  M.A.,  1672  ;  D.D.,  1591 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Salisbury,  1586.  [xxvi.  390] 

HILL  or  HYLL,  ALBAN  (d.  1559),  physician; 
graduated  at  Bologna ;  P.R.O.P.,  1552 ;  censor,  1555-8. 

[xxvi.  390] 

HILL,  ALEXANDER(1785-1867),  professor  of  divinity 
at  Glasgow ;  son  of  George  Hill  (1750-1819)  [q.  v.] ; 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1804 ;  D.D.,  1828  ;  minister  of 
Dailly,  1816;  divinity  professor,  1840-62;  moderator  of 
general  assembly,  1845 ;  published  tracts.  [xxvi.  390] 

HILL,  ARTHUR  (1601  ?-1663),  parliamentarian 
colonel ;  formed  manor  of  Hillsbo  rough  from  grants  in 
county  Down ;  M.P.,  counties  Down,  Antrim,  and 
Armagh,  1654  ;  constable  and  Irish  privy  councillor,  1660. 

[xxvi.  391] 

HILL,  DAVID  OCTAVIUS  (1802-1870),  landscape 
and  portrait  painter;  secretary  to  Scottish  Society  of 
Arts,  1830-8,  and  after  its  incorporation  in  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy ;  his  '  Land  of  Burns  '  series  of  pictures 
issued,  1841 ;  painted  many  other  Scottish  landscapes,  and 
'Signing  the  Deed  of  Demission,'  1865;  first  artist  to 
apply  photography  to  portraiture:  a  commissioner  of 
Scottish  board  of  manufactures,  1850;  originated  Edin- 
burgh Art  Union.  [xxvi.  391] 

HILL,  SIR  DUDLEY  ST.  LEGER  (1790-1851),  major- 
general  ;  served  with  95th  (rifle  brigade)  at  Monte  Video 
and  Buenos  Ayree,  1807,  being  captured  wounded  ;  also  in 
the  Peninsula,  1808-10;  held  Portuguese  commands  at 
Busaco,  1810,  and  succeeding  battles,  being  seven  times 
wounded;  continued  in  Portuguese  service  after  the 
peace;  lieutenant-governor  of  Saint  Lucia,  1834-8; 
major-general,  1841;  K.O.B.,  1848;  died  at  Umballa, 
holding  a  Bengal  command.  [xxvi.  392] 

HTT.T.,  EDWIN  (1793-1876),  inventor  and  author; 
brother  of  Sir  Rowland  Hill  [q.  v.]  ;  supervisor  of  stamps 
at  Somerset  House,  1840-72 ;  with  Mr.  De  la  Rue  invented 
machine  for  folding  envelopes,  exhibited,  1851  ;  published 
1  Principles  of  Currency,'  1856.  [xxvi.  393] 

HTT.T.,  GEORGE  (1716-1808),  king's  Serjeant,  1772 
('  Serjeant  Labyrinth ') :  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  [xxvi.  393] 

HILL,  GEORGE  (1750-1819),  principal  of  St.  Mary's 
College,  St.  Andrews ;  graduated  from  St.  Andrews,  1764 ; 
joint-professor  of  Greek,  1772-88,  of  divinity,  1788  :  D.D., 
1787;  principal  of  St.  Mary's  College.  1791-1819;  dean  of 
Chapel  Royal,  1799 ;  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1789 ; 
his  '  Lectures  on  Divinity '  published,  1821.  [xxvi.  393] 

HILL,  SIR  HUGH  (1802-1871),  judge  of  the  queen's 
bench ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1821  :  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1841,  after  being  a  successful  special  pleuder  ;  Q.C.,  1851 ; 
judge  of  queen's  bench,  1858-61.  [xxvi  394] 

HILL,  JAMES  (d.  1728?),  antiquary;  F.S.A.,  1718; 
P.R.S.,  1719  ;  corresponded  with  William  Stukeley ;  made 
collections  for  history  of  Herefordshire.  [xxvi  394] 

HILL,  JAMES  (d.  1817?),  actor  and  vocalist; 
appeared  at  Bath  and  Coveut  Garden,  1796-1806 ;  said  to 
have  died  in  Jamaica.  [xxvi  395] 


HILL,  JAMES  JOHN  (1811-1882),  painter  ;  exhibited 
with  Society  of  British  Artists  ;  best  known  by  his  rustic 
figure-pictures.  [xxvi.  395] 

HILL,  JOHN?  (d.  1697?),  lieutenant-colonel  and 
governor  of  Inverl9chy  (Fort  William)  at  time  of  Glen- 
coe  massacre  (1692),  carried  out  by  his  second  in  com- 
mand ;  both  tried  for  murder  and  acquitted. 

[xxvi.  396] 

HILL,  JOHN  (d.  1735),  major-general;  brother  of 
Abigail,  lady  Masham  [q.  v.] ;  made  page  to  Queen  Anne 
and  (1703)  officer  in  army  through  Marlborough  influence ; 
commanded  brigade  at  Alinanza,  1707  ;  wounded  at  Mons, 
1709 ;  brigadier-general  in  command  of  Quebec  expedition, 
1711 ;  major-general,  1712  ;  afterwards  in  charge  of  Dim- 
kirk,  [xxvi.  396] 

HILL,  JOHN,  calling  himself  SIR  JOHN  (1716?- 
1775),  author ;  knight  of  Swedish  order  of  Vasa ;  flourished 
as  an  apothecary  and  quack  doctor  in  James  Street, 
Covent  Garden ;  patronised  by  Bute ;  conducted  the 
'British  Magazine,'  1746-50;  contributed  to  'London 
Advertiser '  as  '  The  Inspector,'  1751-3  ;  attacked  Royal 
Society,  Fielding,  Christopher  Smart  (who  replied  with 
the  'Hilliad'),  and  Garrick,  who  composed  on  him  a 
celebrated  epigram;  published  'The  Vegetable  System' 
(1759-75),  for  which  he  obtained  his  Swedish  order,  and 
translations  and  compilations  dealing  with  medicine, 
botany,  and  horticulture, '  Naval  History  of  Britain,'  1756, 
and  other  works ;  authorship  of  Mrs.  Glasse's  '  Art  of 
Cookery '  (1747)  erroneously  ascribed  to  him. 

[xxvi.  397] 

HILL,  JOHN  HARWOOD  (1809-1886),  antiquary; 
F.S.A.,  1871 ;  B.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1834  ;  librarian 
to  Lord  Cardigan  at  Deene ;  rector  of  Cranoe,  1837,  and 
vicar  of  Welham,  1841;  published  'History  of  Market 
Harborough,'  1875.  [xxvi.  401] 

TTTT/L,  JOSEPH  (1625-1707),  nonconformist  divine 
and  lexicographer ;  fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1649 ;  his  name  removed  for  noncon- 
formity, 1662  ;  pastor  of  Scottish  church  at  Middelburg, 
Holland,  1667-73,  where  he  published  pamphlet  advo- 
cating English  alliance ;  English  presbyterian  minister 
on  Haringvliet,  Rotterdam,  1678-1707 ;  edited  and  en- 
larged Schrevelius's  Greek-Latin  lexicon,  1663. 

[xxvi.  402] 

HILL,  JOSEPH  (1667-1729),  presbyterian  minister  at 
Rotterdam,  1699-1718,  and  Haberdashers'  Hall,  London, 
1718-29.  [xxvi  402] 

HILL,  JOSEPH  SIDNEY  (1851-1894),  missionary 
bishop ;  studied  at  Church  Missionary  Society's  College, 
Islington  ;  deacon,  1876  ;  joined  mission  at  Lagos,  1876  ; 
appointed  to  New  Zealand  mission,  1878 ;  priest,  1879 ; 
bishop  in  Western  Equatorial  Africa,  1893 ;  died  at  Lagos. 

[Suppl.  ii.  421] 

HELL,  MATTHEW  DAVENPORT  (1792-1872),  re- 
former of  criminal  law;  eldest  sou  of  Thomas  Wright 
Hill  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1819 ;  defended 
John  Oartwright  (1740-1824)  [q.  v.],  the  Nottingham 
rioters  (1831),  the  Canadian  prisoners  (1839),  and  Rebecca 
rioters  (1843) ;  counsel  for  Daniel  O'Oonnell,  1844,  and  for 
Baron  de  Bode ;  took  part  in  founding  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  1826 ;  as  M.P.  for  Hull, 
1832-5,  had  charge  of  colonisation  of  South  Australia 
hill  (1834)  and  caused  scene  between  Lord  Althorp  and 
Richard  Lalor  Sheil  [q.  v.] ;  Q.C.,  1834  ;  first  recorder  of 
Birmingham,  1839;  advocated,  in  charges  (collected  in 
'  Suggestions  for  Repression  of  Crime,'  1857),  changes  in 
treatment  of  criminals  adopted  in  Penal  Servitude  Acts  of 
1853  and  1864 :  supported  establishment  of  reformatories 
and  industrial  schools ;  commissioner  of  bankrupts 
(Bristol  district),  1851-69.  [xxvi.  402] 

HELL,  NICHOLAS  (1570?-1610).  philosopher;  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
fellow,  1592 ;  B.A.,  1592 ;  secretary  to  Edward  de  Vere, 
earl  of  Oxford  ;  published  •  Philosophia  Epicurea,  Demo- 
critiana,  Theophrastica,"  1601 ;  died  abroad. 

[xxvi.  404] 

HILL,  PASCOE  GRENFELL  (1804-1882),  author; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1836;  chaplain  in  navy, 
1836-45  ;  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1852-7;  rector  of  St. 
Edmund  the  King  and  Martyr,  1863  ;  published  '  Life  of 
Napoleon,'  1869,  and  other  works.  [xxvi.  405] 

HELL,  RICHARD  (1655-1727),  diplomatist ;  educated 
at  Shrewsbury  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  fellow 


HILL 


621 


HILL 


and  benefactor;  B.A.,  1675;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
elector  of  Bavaria,  1696;  ambassador  at  the  Hague  and 
a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1G99 ;  member  of  admiralty 
council,  1702;  as  envoy  to  Savoy,  1703-6,  gained  adhe- 
sion of  the  duke  to  grand  alliance  and  toleration  of 
Vaudois  (correspondcm-c  published,  1845)  ;  fellow  of  Eton, 
1714  ;  F.U.S.  and  lion.  J>.<  LL.  of  Oxford.  [xxvi.  406] 

HILL,  Sin  RICHARD,  second  baronet  (1732-1808), 
controversialist ;  grand-nephew  of  Richard  Hill  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Westminster:  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1754 ;  attacked  university  for  expelling  methodist 
undergraduates,  1768 ;  carried  on  controversies  with 
Wesley,  Charles  Daubeny  [q.  v.],and  others ;  M.P.,  Shrop- 
shire, 1780-1806  ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1783. 

[xxvi.  406] 

HILL  or  HULL,  ROBERT  (d.  1425),  judge;  king's 
serjeaut,  1399;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1408;  chief  - 
justice  of  Isle  of  Ely,  1422.  [xxvi.  407] 

HILL,  ROBERT  (d.  1623),  divine;  M.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1588 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
1589 ;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  Andrew,  Norwich,  1691- 
1602  ;  rector  of  St.  Margaret  Moyses,  Friday  Street,  Lon- 
don, 1607  ;  of  St.  Bartholomew  Exchange,  London,  1613- 
1623 ;  published  devotional  works.  [xxvi.  407] 

HILL,  ROBERT  (1699-1777),  learned  tailor,  compared 
by  Joseph  Spence  with  Magliabechi ;  acquired  Qreek  and 
Hebrew,  and  wrote  theological  treatises.  [xxvi.  408] 

HILL,  ROBERT  GARDINER  (1811-1878),  surgeon : 
brother  of  John  Harwood  Hill  [q.  v.] ;  M.R.C.S.,  1834 ; 
as  house-surgeon  to  Lincoln  lunatic  asylum  (1835-40) 
dispensed  with  the  restraint  system ;  joint-proprietor  of 
Eastgate  House  asylum.  1840-63;  mayor  of  Lincoln, 
1852 ;  proprietor  of  Earl's  Court  House,  Old  Brompton, 
1863-78 ;  published  works  on  treatment  of  lunatics. 

[xxvi.  408] 

HILL,  ROGER  (1606-1667),  judge;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1632 ;  bencher,  1649 ;  junior  counsel  against 
Laud,  1644 ;  M.P.,  Bridport,  1645  ;  assistant  to  Common- 
wealth attorney-general ;  judge  of  assize,  1656  ;  baron  of 
exchequer,  1657 ;  transferred  to  upper  bench,  1660. 

[xxvi.  409] 

HILL,  SIR  ROWLAND  (1492  7-1661),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  warden  of  Mercers'  Company,  1636,  and  four 
times  master ;  sheriff,  1541 ;  knighted  ;  alderman,  Castle 
Buy n a rd  ward,  1542,  and  Walbrook,  1545 ;  first  protestant 
lord  mayor,  1649-60;  a  commissioner  against  heretics, 
1657 ;  built  Hodnet  and  Stoke  churches,  Shropshire ; 
endowed  school  at  Drayton  and  exhibitions  to  univer- 
sities, [xxvi.  410] 

HILL,  ROWLAND  (1744-1833),  preacher ;  brother  of 
Sir  Richard  Hill  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  Eton, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1769 ;  was  re- 
fused priest's  orders  owing  to  his  itinerant  preaching ; 
from  1783  preached  in  Surrey  Chapel,  London,  where  he 
had  Sunday  schools;  published  hymns,  'Village  Dia- 
logues,' 1810,  and  a  tract  in  favour  of  inoculation. 

[xxvi.  411] 

HILL,  ROWLAND,  first  VISCOUNT  HILL  (1772-1842), 
general ;  nephew  of  Rowland  Hill  (1744-1833)  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  at  Strasburg  military  school  while  subaltern; 
aide-de-camp  at  Toulon,  1793;  lieutenant-colonel,  90th 
foot  (Graham's  regiment),  1784 ;  brevet-colonel,  1800 ; 
commanded  regiment  in  Egypt,  1801  (wounded  at 
Aboukir),  and  in  Ireland,  establishing  regimental  school 
and  sergeants'  mess;  major-general,  1805;  commanded 
brigades  in  Hanover,  and  at  Rolica  and  Corufta ;  led 
second  division  at  Talavera,  1809 ;  invalided  after  cam- 
paign of  1810;  resumed  command,  May  1811,  and  defeated 
Gerard  at  Merida  (October  1811) ;  lieutenant-general  and 
K.B.,  1812 ;  stormed  Almaraz  (May) ;  commanded  right 
at  Vittoria,  1813 ;  blockaded  Pampeluna  ;  distinguished 
at  Nivelle  and  the  Nive,  1813  ;  won  victories  of  Bayonne 
(13  Dec.  1813)  and  Toulouse  (10,  11  April,  1814);  created 
Baron  Hill  and  given  pension  of  2,000/.,  and  the  free- 
dom of  the  city  of  London.  1814;  sent  on  mission  to 
Prince  of  Orange,  1815 ;  given  command  of  army  corps  in 
Belgium  ;  headed  Adam's  brigade  at  Waterloo  before  the 
last  charge,  1815  ;  second  in  command  of  army  of  occupa- 
tion in  France,  1815-18  ;  general,  1825 :  commander-in- 
chief  in  England,  1825-39  ;  created  viscount,  1842. 

[xxvi.  411] 

HILL,  SIR  ROWLAND  (1795-1879),  inventor  of 
penny  postage ;  son  of  Thomas  Wright  Hill  [q.  v.] ; 


educated  in  his  father's  school  at  Hill  Top,  Birmingham, 
where  he  afterwards  taught ;  established  school  on  his 
own  plan  and  self  •disciplined  at  Hazelwood  (afterwards 
removed  to  Bruce  Castle,  Tottenham),  as  described  In  the 
4  Public  Education  '(18M)of  hi-  •  hew  Daven- 

port Hill  [q.  v.]  ;  invented  rotatory  printing-press  and 
other  machines ;  secretary  to  South  Australian  commis- 
sion, 1835 :  submitted  to  Lord  Melbourne  his  '  Poet  Office 
Reform  :  its  Importance  and  Practicability,'  1837  ;  de- 
scribed his  invention  of  adhesive  stamp  before  commission, 
1837  ;  obtained  parliamentary  committee  which  recom- 
mended twopenny  pontage,  1838;  secured  adoption  of 
penny  postage  in  budget  of  1839 ;  was  given  appointment 
in  the  post  office ;  his  scheme  of  penny  postage  established, 
1840 ;  dismissed  from  post  office,  1841 ;  as  chairman  of 
Brighton  railway,  1843-6,  introduced  express  and  excur- 
sion trains  ;  received  public  testimonial,  1846  ;  secretary 
to  postmaster-general,  1846 ;  as  secretary  to  the  post  office, 
1854-64,  established  promotion  by  merit ;  F.RJk,  1867 : 
K.C.B.,  1860  ;  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  1864  ;  received  freedom  of 
the  city  of  London,  1879  ;  as  member  of  railway  commis- 
sion published  separate  report  (1867)  recommending  state 
purchase  and  working  by  companies  holding  leases  ; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxvi.  416] 

HILL,  ROWLEY  (1886-1887),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man  ;  of  Christ's  Hospital  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1863 ;  D.D.,  1877 ;  vicar  of  St.  Michael's, 
Chester  Square,  London,  1871,  of  Sheffield,  1873 ;  bishop 
of  Sodor  and  Man,  1877-87.  [xxvi.  420] 

HILL,  SAMUEL  (1648-1716),  archdeacon  of  Wells ; 
B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1666  ;  rector  of  Kilmington, 
1687;  archdeacon  of  Wells,  1705-16;  published  con- 
troversial works  against  Bishop  Burnet  and  the  non- 
jurors,  [xxvi.  421] 

HILL,  SIR  STEPHEN  JOHN  (1809-1891),  colonial 
governor  ;  entered  army,  1823  ;  captain,  1842  ;  served  in 
West  Africa  ;  brevet  major,  1849  ;  governor  and  Com- 
mander-in-chief of  Gold  Coast,  1851 ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  Sierra  Leone,  1864,  and  governor-in-chief,  1860-2 ; 
governor-in-chief  of  Leeward  and  Caribbee  islands,  1863- 
1869,  and  of  Newfoundland,  1869-76;  colonel  of  West 
India  regiment,  1854  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1874.  [Suppl.  ii.  422] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (ft.  1690),  compiler  and  translator 
of  horticultural  and  astrological  works.  [xxvi.  422] 

HILL,  alia*  BUCKLAND,  THOMAS  (1664-1644), 
Benedictine  ;  ordained  at  Rome,  1594,  where  be  opposed 
the  Jesuits ;  sent  on  English  mission,  1597  ;  condemned  to 
death,  1612 ;  reprieved  ;  banished,  1613  ;  published  '  A 
Quartron  of  Reasons  of  Catholike  Religion '  (1600) ;  died  at 
St.  Gregory's  monastery,  Douay.  [xxvi.  422] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (d.  1653),  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  scholar  and  fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1626 ;  B.D.,  1633 ;  original 
member  of  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  1643 ;  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1646-63  ;  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge,  1646  ;  Calvinist.  [xxvi.  423] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (1628  ?- 1677  ?),  nonconformist 
minister ;  B.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge ;  pres- 
byterian  pastor  at  Orton,  Leicestershire,  1653-60;  per- 
petual curate  of  Shuttington,  1660-6.  [xxvi.  423] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (rf.  1720),  nonconformist  tutor; 
son  of  Thomas  Hill  (1628  ?-1677  ?).  [xxvi.  424] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (1661-1734),  portrait-painter. 

[xxvi.  424] 

HILL,  THOMAS  (1760-1840),  book-collector;  patron 
of  Bloomfleld  and  Kirke  White  ;  entertained  literary  and 
theatrical  celebrities  at  Sydenham  ;  the  '  Hull '  of  Hook's 
4  Gilbert  Guruey ' ;  his  collection,  the  basis  of  Longmans' 
4  Bibliotheca  Anglo-Poetica,'  1816.  [xxvL  424] 

HTT.L,  THOMAS  (1808-1865),  topographer;  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Queenhithe,  1850-65  ;  author  of  '  History  of  Nunnery  of 
St.  Clare  and  Parish  of  Holy  Trinity,'  188 J,  and  'The 
Harmony  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Languages,'  1841. 

[xxvi.  425] 

HILL,  THOMAS  FORD  (J.  1795),  antiquary ;  F.S.A.: 
1792;  travelled  on  continent;  collected  4 Ancient  Erse 
Songs,'  1784  ;  died  at  Ariano.  [xxvi.  426] 


HILL 


622 


HINCKS 


HILL,  SIR  THOMAS  NOEL  (1784-1832),  colonel;  I 
brother  of  Rowland,  viscount  Hill  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  | 
Portuguese  regiment,  1810-14  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1st  foot-  I 
guards,  1814 ;  assistant  adjutant-general  in  Waterloo 
campaign;  deputy  adjutant-general  in  Canada,  1827-30;  I 
K.C.B.  [xxvi.  425] 

HILL,  THOMAS  WRIGHT  (1763-1851),  school- 
master and  stenographer ;  a  disciple  of  Priestley ;  kept 
school  at  Hill  Top,  Birmingham,  1803-19 ;  his  '  Remains ' 
issued,  1859,  and  '  Selection  from  his  Papers,'  1860 ;  they 
included  his  studies  in  letter-sounds,  systems  of  shorthand 
and  numerical  nomenclature,  and  scheme  of  minority 
representation.  [xxvi.  425] 

HILL,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1662),  informer;  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford;  gave  information  of  plot  to  seize 
Charles  II,  1662.  [xxvi.  427] 

HILL,  WILLIAM  (1619-1667),  classical  scholar; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1639  ;  M.A.,  1641 ;  D.D. 
Dublin  ;  master  of  Sutton  Coldfleld  school,  1640  ;  after- 
wards of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin ;  edited  '  Dionysius  Perie- 
getes,'  1658.  [xxvi.  426] 

HILL,  WILLIAM  NOEL,  third  BARON  BKHWICK 
(d.  1842),  ambassador  at  Naples,  1824-33;  succeeded 
his  brother  in  title,  1832  ;  F.S.A.  [xxvi.  427] 

HILL,  WILLS,  first  MARQUIS  OF  DOWNSHIRE  (1718- 
1793),  statesman  ;  M.P.,  Warwick,  1741-56  ;  succeeded  as 
second  Viscount  Hillsborough  (Ireland),  1742;  privy 
councillor  of  Ireland,  1746;  created  Irish  earl,  1751; 
comptroller  and  treasurer  to  George  n,  1754-6  ;  created 
Baron  Harwich  (peerage  of  Great  Britain),  1756 ;  presi- 
dent of  board  of  trade  and  plantations,  1763-5,  and  1766  ; 
joint  postmaster-general,  1766-8 ;  as  secretary  of  state  for 
colonies,  1768-72,"and  for  northern  department,  1779-82, 
pursued  harsh  policy  towards  America ;  attacked  by 
'  Junius ' ;  created  Irish  marquis,  1789  ;  recommended 
union  with  Ireland.  [xxvL  427] 

HILL-TREVOR,  ARTHUR,  third  VISCOUNT  DUN- 
GANNON  of  the  second  creation  in  peerage  of  Ireland 
(1798-1862).  [See  TREVOR.] 

HILLARY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1763),  physician;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1722,  and  pupil  of  Boerhaave ;  practised  in  Ripon, 
Bath,  Barbados,  and  London;  published  'Observations 
on  Changes  of  the  Air,  and  the  concomitant  Epidemical 
Diseases  in  Barbadoes,'  1759.  [xxvi.  429] 

HILLARY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1771-1847),  j 
founder  of  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Institution ;  equerry 
to  Duke  of  Sussex  ;  raised  First  Essex  Legion  of  infantry 
and  cavalry,  1803 ;  created  baronet,  1805 ;  settled  in  Isle 
of  Man,  1808;   first  proposed  Royal  National  Lifeboat 
Institution,  1823,  and  became  president  of  district  associa-  ! 
tion  in  Isle  of  Man  ;  proposed  schemes  for  public  benefit 
in  various  pamphlets.  [Suppl.  ii.  422] 

HILLIARD,   NICHOLAS  (1537-1619),  first  English 
miniature-painter  ;   as  goldsmith,  carver,  and  limner  to 
Elizabeth  engraved  her  second  great  seal,  1586  ;  granted 
sole  right  to  execute  portraits  of  James  I,  1617 ;  praised 
by  Donne  in  '  The  Storm ' ;  painted  miniature  of  himself  i 
at  thirteen,  and  drew  portrait  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at 
eighteen;   executed  miniatures  of  chief  contemporaries,  ! 
twenty-three  of  which  were  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca-  ; 
demy,  1879.  [xxvi.  429] 

TTTT.T.rEtt,  CHARLES  PARKER  (1838-1880).  [See 
HAROOUBT,  CHARLES.] 

HLLLTER,  GEORGE  (1815-1866),  topographer ;  pub- 
lished works,  including  '  Topography  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,' 
1850,  and  a  guide  to  Reading,  1859.  [xxvi.  430] 

HTT.T.S.  HENRY  (d.  1713),  printer  to  Cromwell, 
Charles  II,  and  James  II ;  provision  in  statute  (8  Anne) 
directing  that  fine  paper  copies  of  all  publications 
should  be  sent  to  public  libraries  occasioned  by  his 
piracies.  [xxvi.  431] 

HILLS,  ROBERT  0769-1844),  water-colour  painter 
and  etcher ;  exhibited  at  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
colours,  being  many  years  secretary.  [xxvi.  431] 

HILLSBOROUGH,  first  EAKL  and  second  VISCOUNT 
(1718-1793).  [See  HILL,  WILLS.] 

HTT.T.TAB,  SIR  JAMES  (1769-1843),  rear-admiral; 
midshipman  under  Lord  Hood,  1793 ;  as  lieutenant  under 


Captain  Robert  Stopford  [q.  v.]  present  in  action  of 
1  June  1794  ;  commanded  armed  boats  at  Barcelona  and 
on  Egyptian  coast,  1800-1 ;  commanded  Niger  cruiser  in 
Mediterranean,  1800-7;  recommended  for  post-rank  by 
Nelson,  1804  ;  assisted  in  reduction  of  Mauritius  (1810) 
and  Java  (1811);  captured  American  ship  Essex,  1813; 
K.C.H.,  1834  ;  rear-admiral,  1837  ;  K.C.B.,  1840. 

[xxvi.  432] 

HLLSEY  or  HILDESLEIGH,  JOHN  (d.  1538),  bishop 
of  Rochester:  B.D.  Oxford,  1527,  D.D.,  1532;  prior  of 
Dominican  house  at  Bristol,  1 533  ;  appointed  by  Thomas 
Cromwell  provincial  and  commissioner  (with  George 
Browne  (d.  1566)  [q.  v.])  to  visit  friaries,  1534  ;  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1536-8 ;  censor  of  press,  1536 ;  exposed  the 
Boxley  Rood  and  other  impostures,  1538 ;  compiled 
4  Manuall  of  Prayers,  or  the  Prymer  in  Englyshe,'  pub- 
lished, 1539 :  assisted  in  compiling  '  Institution  of  a 
Christian  Man.'  [xxvi.  433] 

HILTON,  JOHN  (d.  1657),  musical  composer:  Mus. 
Bac.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1626 ;  parish  clerk  and 
organist  of  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  1628  ;  published 
•  Ayres,  or  Fa  La's  for  Three  Voyces,'  1627  ;  wrote  elegy 
on  William  Lawes,  1645 ;  contributed  madrigals  to 
1  Triumphs  of  Oriana,'  1601,  and  canons  and  catches  to 
'  Catch  that  catch  can,'  1652.  [xxvi.  434] 

HILTON,  JOHN  (1804-1878),  surgeon  at  Guy's  Hos- 
pital, 1849-70  ;  professor  of  human  anatomy  and  surgery 
at  College  of  Surgeons,  1860-2;  president,  1867;  his 
treatise  '  On  Rest  and  Pain '  (1863)  a  surgical  classic. 

[xxvi.  435] 

HILTON,  WALTER  (d.  1396),  religious  writer ;  Au- 
gnstinian  canon  at  Thurgarton,  Nottinghamshire;  bis 
'Scala  Perfectionis '  (English)  printed  by  Wynkyn  de 
Worde,  1494,  and  Pynson,  1 506  (translated  into  Latin  by 
Thomas  Fyslawe  and  edited  by  Robert  Guy,  1869,  and 
John  Dobree  Dalgairns,  1870).  [xxvi.  435] 

HILTON,  WILLIAM  (1786-1839),  historical  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1803  ;  R.A.,  1818,  and 
keeper,  1827  ;  his  works  exhibited  at  British  Institution, 
1840 ;  his  '  Christ  Crowned  with  Thorns  '  purchased  for 
Chantrey  bequest.  His  paintings  include  'Edith  discover- 
ing dead  body  of  Harold,'  1834,  and  '  Sir  Calepine  rescuing 
Serena,'  1831.  [xxvi.  436] 

HLNCHINBROKE,  first  VISCOUNT  (1625-1672).  [See 
MONTAGU,  SIR  EDWARD.] 

HINCHLIFF,  JOHN  ELLEY  (1777-1867),  sculptor ; 
assistant  to  Flaxman,  for  whom  he  finished  statues  of 
Hastings  and  John  Philip  Kemble ;  chiefly  known  for 
mural  tablets  and  sepulchral  monuments,  [xxvi.  437] 

HINCHLIFF,  JOHN  JAMES  (1805-1875),  engraver  ; 
son  of  John  Elley  Hinchliff  [q.  v.]  [xxvi.  437] 

HINCHLLTF,  THOMAS  WOODBINE  (1825-1882), 
president  of  Alpine  Club ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1852 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn ;  took  part  in 
founding  Alpine  Club,  1867,  and  was  first  honorary  secre- 
tary and  president,  1874-7 ;  published  books  relating  to 
his  travels.  [Suppl.  ii.  423] 

HINCHLIFFE,  JOHN  (1731-1794),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough ;  educated  at  Westminster,  where  he  was  assistant- 
master  seven  years  and  (1764")  head  for  three  months; 
scholar  of  Trinity,  Cambridge,  1751 ;  fellow,  1756  ;  master, 
1768-88;  M.A.,  1757;  D.D.,  1764;  vice-chancellor,  1768; 
bishop  of  Peterborough,  1769-94 ;  offended  government 
by  liberal  speeches  in  House  of  Lords,  and  was  made  dean 
of  Durham  (1788)  on  condition  of  resigning  the  master- 
ship of  Trinity  College.  [xxvi.  437] 

HINCXLEY,  JOHN  (1617  ?-1695),  controversialist: 
MA.  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1640  :  D.D.,  1679 ;  rector  of 
Northfield,  Worcestershire,  1661-95  ;  prebendary  of  Lich- 
field,  1673;  published,  among  other  works,  'Fasciculus 
Literarum'  (1680),  containing  controversy  with  Baxter 

[xxvi.  438] 

HINCKS,  EDWARD  (1792-1866),  orientalist ;  son  of 
Thomas  Dix  Hincks  [q.  v.] ;  gold  medallist  and  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1811 ;  rector  of  Killyleagh,  1825- 
1866  ;  according  to  Brugscb  first  employed  true  method  of 
deciphering  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  ;  simultaneously  with 
Rawlinson  discovered  Persian  cuneiform  vowel  system ; 
contributed  to  '  Transactions  '  of  Royal  Irish  Academy. 

[xxvi.  438] 


HINCKS 


HIPPISLEY 


HINCKS,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1807-1885),  Canadian 
statesman  ;  brother  of  Edward  Hincks  [q.  v.] :  emigrated 
to  Canada,  1831  ;  joined  liberals,  1837;  entered  parlia- 
ment, 1841 ;  inspector-general  of  public  account*  in  first 
I'.uM win-Lafontaine  ministry,  1842-4;  started  •  Montreal 
Pilot,'  1844 ;  inspector-general  in  second  Baldwin 
in m-try,  1848-51 ;  as  premier,  1851-4, developed  Canadian 
mil  way  and  commercial  system,  negotiated  reciprocity 
treaty  with  United  States  and  passed  Parliamentary  Re- 
presentation Act ;  governor  of  Barbados  and  Windwsini 
isles,  1856-62,  of  British  Guiana,  1862-9  ;  K.O.M.G.,  1869  ; 
finance  minister,  1869-73 ;  wrote  on  Canadian  politics. 

[xxvi.  439] 

HINCKS,  THOMAS  (1818-1899),  zoologist;  B.A. 
London,  1840:  minister  at  Mill  Hill  Unitarian  chapel, 
Leeds,  1856-69 ;  F.R.8.,  1872;  published  •  History  of  Bri- 
tish Hydroid  Zoophytes,'  1868,  and  '  History  of  British 
Marine  Polyzoa,'  1880.  [Suppl.  ii.  424] 

HINCKS,  THOMAS  DIX  (1767-1867),  Irish  presby- 
terian  divine ;  left  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  for  Hackney 
New  College,  1788  ;  ordained  by  southern  presbytery,  1792  ; 
lecturer  at  Royal  Cork  Institution  and  Fermoy  academy ; 
classical  master  of  Belfast  Academical  Institution  and 
professor  of  Hebrew,  1821-36  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1834 ;  con- 
tributed Irish  articles  to  Rees's  '  Cyclopaedia ';  wrote 
educational  manuals.  [xxvi.  441] 

HINCKS,  WILLIAM  (1794-1871),  professor  of  natural 
history  at  Queen's  College,  Cork,  849-63,  and  University 
College,  Toronto,  1863-71 ;  son  of  Thomas  Dix  Hincks 
[.,.  \.j  [xxvi.  441] 

HIND,  JAMES  (d.  1652),  royalist  and  highwayman  ; 
escaped  in  woman's  clothes  from  Colchester  after  its 
capture,  1648  ;  served  under  Ormonde  in  Ireland,  1649  ; 
fought  in  Charles  IPs  army  at  Worcester,  1651  ; 
arrested  in  London,  1651 ;  hanged  for  treason. 

[xxvi.  442] 

HIND,  JOHN  (1796-1866),  mathematician;  second 
wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  1818 ;  M.A.  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge,  1821 ;  fellow,  1823-6 ;  published  works 
on  the  differential  calculus  and  other  mathematical  sub- 
jects, [xxvi.  442] 

HIND,  JOHN  RUSSELL  (1823-1895),  astronomer : 
entered  magnetic  and  meteorological  department  of  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  1840;  director  of  observatory 
founded  by  George  Bishop  [q  v.]  in  Regent's  Park,  1844- 
1895  ;  superintended '  Nautical  Almanack,'  1853-91 ;  mem- 
ber of  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1844,  president,  1880- 
1881;  F.R.S.,  1863;  honorary  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1882; 
published  astronomical  works.  [Suppl.  ii.  424] 

HINDE,  WILLIAM  (1569  ?-1629),  puritan  divine ;  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1594 :  perpetual 
curate  of  Bunbury,  Cheshire,  1603-29  ;  published  devo- 
tional works;  edited  works  by  John  Rainolds.  and 
Cleaver's  '  Bathshebaes  Instructions,'  1614.  [xxvi.  443] 

HINDERWELL,  THOMAS  (1744-1825),  author  of 
4  History  of  Scarborough,'  1798  ;  mayor  of  Scarborough 
1781,  1784,  1790,  and  1800;  published  'Authentic  Nar- 
ratives of  Affecting  Shipwrecks,'  1799.  [xxvi.  443] 

HINDLE,  JOHN  (1761-1796),  vocalist  and  composer 
Mus.  Bac.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  lay  vicar  of  West- 
minster Abbey ;  sang  at  Worcester  festival,  1788,  and 
London  Vocal  Concerts,  1791  and  1792  ;  composed  glees 
for  words  of  English  poete.  and  songs.  [xxvi.  443] 

HINDLEY,  JOHN  HADDON  (1765-1827),  orientalist 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1790 ;  chaplain  of  Man 
Chester  Collegiate  Church  ;  Chetbam  librarian,  1792-1804 
published  'Persian  Lyrics  from  the  Diwan-i-Haflz,  with 
paraphrases,'  1800 ;  edited  ' Pendeh-i-  Attar,'  1807. 

[xxvi.  444] 

HINDJKARSH,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1860),  rear-admira 
and  colonial  governor  ;  saved  the  Bellerophon  at  battle  of 
the  Nile  (1798),  where  be  lost  an  eye ;  lieutenant  of  the 
Phcebe  at  Trafalgar,  1805 :  with  the  Beagle  in  Basque 
road,  1809  ;  K.H.,  1836  ;  first  governor  of  South  Austra- 
lia, 1836-7 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Heligoland,  1840-56 
rear-admiral,  1856.  [xxvii.  1] 

HINDMABSH,  ROBERT  (1769-1835),  organiser  of 
the 'new  church';  formed  3 wedenborcriau  Society,  1783 
opened  chapel  in  Eastcheap,  1788,  built  another  in  Cross 


Street,  Hatton  Garden  ;  organised  hierarchy,  1793 :  tH 
wards  preached  at  Salford ;  '  Rise  and  Progrew  of  New 
Jerusalem  Church,'  issued,  1861.  [xxvii.  •„•] 

HINDS,  SAMUEL  (1793-1872),  bishop  of  Norwich : 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1818;  D.D.,  1831  ;  prin- 
cipal of  Oodrington  College,  Barbados :  vice-principal  of 
St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1827-31 ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Whately,  and  earls  of  Bessboroogh  and  Clarendon ;  dean 
of  Carlisle,  1858 ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1849-67 ;  published 
Inquiry  into  Proofs,  Ac.,  of  Inspiration  and  into  the 
Authority  of  Scripture,'  1831,  and  other  works. 

[xxvii.  3] 

HINE,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1811-1896),  landscape- 
painter;  apprenticed  as  draughtsman  to  Henry  Meyer 
[q.  v.] ;  practised  as  wood  engraver  at  Brighton  ;  on  staff 

'Punch,'  1841-4;  subsequently  contributed  to  'Illus- 
trated London  News'  and  other  publications;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  Royal  Academy  and  Suffolk  Street  Gallery  ; 
member  of  Institute  of  Painters  hi  Water-colours,  1864. 

[SuppL  Ii.  425] 

HINE,  WILLIAM  (1687-1730),  organist  of  Gloucester 
Cathedral  (1712-30),  and  composer.  [xxvii.  8] 

KINGSTON,  JOHN  (d.  1683).  composer  and  organist ; 
employed  by  Charles  I,  Cromwell,  and  Charles  II. 

[xxrii.  4] 

KINGSTON,  THOMAS  (1799-1837),  physician;  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge:  M.D.  Edinburgh,  18J4; 
practised  at  Penzance  and  Truro ;  edited  Harvey's  '  De 
Motu  Cordis'  (1824),  and  contributed  to  D.  Gilbert's 
'  Parochial  History  of  Cornwall.'  [xxviL  4] 

HINTON,  JAMES  (1822-1875),  surgeon  and  philo- 
sophical writer  ;  son  of  John  Howard  Hinton  [q.  v.] : 
made  voyages  to  China,  Sierra  Leone,  and  Jamaica  as 
medical  officer ;  practised  as  aural  surgeon  in  London,  and 
became  acquainted  with  Dr.  (Sir  William  Withey)  Gull 
[q.  v.]  :  contributed  to  Holmes's  'System  of  Surgery.' 
1862  :  edited '  Year- Book  of  Medicine,'  1863,  and  published 
aural  monographs ;  published  '  Mystery  of  Pain,'  1866, 
and  joined  Metaphysical  Society ;  died  in  the  Azores. 
Hi  11  ton's  'Chapters  on  the  Art  of  Thinking  and  other 
Essays,'  were  printed,  1879,  'Philosophy  and  Religion.' 
1881,  '  The  Lawbreaker  and  the  Coming  of  the  Law,' 
1884.  [xxvii.  4] 

HINTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1603  7-1682),  royalist  physician  ; 
studied  at  Leyden ;  present  at  Edgehill,  1642 :  M.D.  Ox- 
ford, 1642 ;  attended  Henrietta  Maria  at  Exeter.  1644 ; 
practised  in  London  during  Commonwealth ;  physician 
to  Charles  II  and  his  qneen ;  knighted.  1665;  his 
'  Memoires '  printed,  1814.  [xxviL  7] 

HINTON,  JOHN  HOWARD  (1791-1873),  baptist 
minister :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1816  ;  minister  of  Devonshire 
Square  Chapel,  Bishopsgate,  1837-63 :  secretary  of  Baptist 
Union ;  edited '  History  and  Topography  of  United  States.' 
and  many  theological,  biographical,  and  educational  works 
(collected,  1864).  [xxvii.  7] 

HIPPISLEY,  E.,  subsequently  MRS.  FITZMAURICE 
(fl.  1741-1766),  actress;  daughter  of  John  Hip'pisley 
(d.  1748)  [q.  v.]  [xxviL  9] 

HIPPISLEY,  JANE,  afterwards  MBS.  GREEK  (d. 
1791),  actress;  sister  of  E.  Hippisley  [q.  v.];  Garrick's 
Ophelia  at  Goodman's  Fields;  original  Mrs.  Malaprop, 
1747-8.  [xxviL  9] 

HIPPISLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1748),  actor  and  dramatist ; 
owned  theatres  at  Bristol  and  Bath ;  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  1722-33,  played  Fondlewife  ('Old  Bachelor *X 
Polonius,  and  Sir  Huuh  Evans,  and  •  created '  Peachum : 
at  Covent  Garden  played  Shallow,  Dogberry,  Fluellen. 
and  other  characters ;  created  Sir  Simon  Loveit  (•  Miw 
hi  her  Teens');  also  played  in  his  own  'Journey  to 
Bristol '  (1731),  and  '  Drunken  Man '  (1732>  [xxvii.  8] 

HIPPI8LEY,  JOHN  (d.  1767),  actor  and  author: 
probably  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle;  son  of  John 
Hippisley  (d.  1748)  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  8] 

HIPPI8LEY,  Sm  JOHN  COXE,  first  baronet  (1748- 
1826),  politician  ;  D.C.L.  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  1776  ; 
barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1771 ;  treasurer,  1816  ;  agent  of 
British  government  in  Italy,  1779-80  and  1792-6  ;  em- 
ployed by  East  India  Company.  1786-9;  negotiated  mar- 
riage of  Princess  Royal  with  Duke  of  WUrtemberg,  and 


HIRAETHOG 


624 


HOARE 


was  created  baronet,  1796 ;  recorder  of  Sudbury  and  M.P., 
1790-6  and  1802-19 ;  wrote  pamphlets  in  favour  of  catho- 
lic emancipation.  [xxvii.  In] 

HIRAETHOG,  GRUFFYDD  (d.  1568?),  Welsh  poet, 
named  from  Denbighshire  mountains  ;  manuscript  poems 
by  him  in  British  Museum  and  at  Peniarth  House. 

[xxvii.  11] 

HIRSCHEL,  SOLOMON  (1761-1842),  chief  rabbi  of 
German  and  Polish  Jews  in  London,  1802-42. 

[xxvii.  11] 

HIRST,    THOMAS    ARCHER   (1830-1892),   mathe- 
matician ;  articled  as  land  agent  and  surveyor  at  Halifax, 
Yorkshire ;    studied  at  Marburg  and  was  Ph.D.,  1852 : 
lecturer  in  mathematics,  Queenwood  College,  Hampshire 
1853-6;    mathematical    master    of    University    College  | 
School,  1860 :  F.R.S.,  1861 ;  F.R.A.S.,  1866  :  professor  of  -I 
physics,  University  College,  London,  1865,  and  of  pure  | 
mathematics,  1866-70 ;  director  of  naval  studies,  Royal  | 
Naval  College,  Greenwich,  1873-83 ;    fellow  of  London 
University,  1882 ;  published  mathematical  writings. 

[Suppl.  ii.  426] 

HIRST,  WILLIAM  (d.  1769?),  astronomer;  M.A. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1764 ;  F.R.S.,  1755  ;  naval  chap- 
lain at  sieges  of  Pondicherry  and  Vellore ;  observed  tran- 
sit of  Venus  at  Madras,  1761 ;  while  at  Calcutta  described 
two  eclipses  and  an  earthquake ;  described  transit  of 
Venus  of  1769  ;  lost  at  sea  on  a  second  voyage  to  India. 

[xxvii.  11] 

HISLOP,  JAMES  (1798-1827).    [See  HYSLOP.] 

HISLOP,  STEPHEN  (1817-1863),  missionary  and 
naturalist ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  joined 
Free  church  of  Scotland,  1843 ;  went  to  India  as  mis- 
sionary, 1844 ;  founded  school  at  Nagpore,  near  which  he 
was  drowned ;  his  '  Papers  relating  to  Aboriginal  Tribes 
of  Central  Provinces '  edited  by  Sir  R.  Temple,  1866. 

[xxvii.  12] 

HISLOP,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1764-1843), 
general;  with  39th  at  siege  of  Gibraltar  (1779-83),  com- 
manding it  at  capture  of  Demerara,  Berbice,  and  Esse- 
quibo,  1796 ;  headed  first  division  at  capture  of  Guade- 
loupe (1809);  lieutenant-governor  of  Trinidad,  1803-11 ; 
captured  on  way  to  India  by  American  frigate,  1812; 
created  baronet  and  commander-in-chief  at  Madras,  1813 ; 
led  army  of  Deccan  in  Mahratta  war,  1817-18  ;  won  vic- 
tory of  Mahidpore,  1817 ;  incurred  blame  for  severity  at 
Talner ;  G.C.B.,  1818 ;  left  Madras,  1820.  [xxvii.  13] 

HITCHAM,  SIR  ROBERT  (1572  ?-1636),  king's 
Serjeant ;  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn ;  M.P.,  West  Looe,  1597,  Lynn  Regis,  1614,  Orford, 
1625  ;  attorney-general  to  James  I's  queen,  1603 ;  knighted, 
1603  ;  king's  Serjeant,  1616.  [xxviL  14] 

HITCHCOCK,  RICHARD  (1825-1856),  Irish  archaeo- 
logist, [xxvii.  14] 

HITCHCOCK,  ROBERT  (ft.  1580-1591),  military 
writer ;  commissioned  to  raise  volunteers  in  Bucking- 
hamshire for  service  in  Low  Countries,  1586 ;  published 
'A  Politiqne  Platt,'  1580,  expounding  scheme  for  developing 
Newfoundland  herring  fisheries,  and  an  edition  of  William 
Garrard's  'Arte  of  Warre,'  1591,  and  other  works ;  left 
also  military  writings  in  manuscript.  [Suppl.  ii.  427] 

HITCHCOCK,  ROBERT  (d.  1809),  dramatic  author ; 
published  'The  Macaroni,'  1773,  'The  Coquette,'  1777, 
and '  Historical  View  of  the  Irish  Stage,'  1788-94. 

[xxvii.  15] 

HITCHINS,  FORTESOUE  (1784-1814),  Cornish  poet 
and  historian  :  son  of  Malachy  Hitchins  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  15] 

HITCHINS,  MALACHY    (1741-1809),   astronomer: 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1781 ;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col-  I 
lege,  Cambridge,  1785  ;  computer  and  comparer  at  Green-  | 
wich  under  Neville  Maskelyne  [q.  v.]  ;  vicar  of  St.  Hilary 
and  Gwinear,  Cornwall ;  verified  calculations  for  '  Nauti- 
cal Almanack.'  [xxvii.  15] 

HOADLY,  BENJAMIN  (1706-1757), physician  ;  son  of 
Benjamin  Hoadly  (1676-1761)  [q.  v.];  M.D.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1728  ;  F.R.S.,1728  ;  F.R.O.P., 
1736  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1737  ;  Harveian  orator,  1742  : 
physician  toGeorge  II,  1742  :  his  comedy, « The  Suspicious 
Husband'  (1747),  acted  at  CoventOarden,  Garrick  taking 
part.  [xxvii.  16] 

HOADLY,  BENJAMIN  (1676-1761),  bishop  succes- 
sively of  Bangor,  Hereford,  Salisbury,  and  Winchester ; 


son  of  Samuel  Hoadly  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1697-1701;  M.A.,  1699:  lecturer  of  St. 
Mildred's,  Poultry,  London,  1701-11,  rector  of  St.  Peter- 
le-Poor,  Broad  Street,  London,  1704-21,  of  Streatham, 
1710-23 ;  chaplain  to  George  I,  1715  ;  opposed  occasional 
conformity  bill,  but  published  against  Calamy  'Per- 
suasive to  Lay  Conformity,'  1704,  'Defence  of  Reason- 
ableness of  Conformity,'  1707,  and  similar  treatises : 
upheld  whig  doctrine  of  resistance  against  Atterbury 
and  Bishop  Blackall,  1709-10 ;  wrote  satirical  '  Dedica- 
tion to  Pope  Clement  XI '  for  Steele's  '  Account  of  state 
of  Roman  Catholic  Religion,'  1715;  bishop  of  Bangor, 
1716-21 ;  by  his  '  Preservative  against  Principles  and 
Practices  of  the  Nonjurors,'  1716,  and  sermon  on  'Nature 
of  the  Kingdom  or  Church  of  Christ,'  1717,  caused  Ban- 
gorian  controversy  (1717-20)  and  the  silencing  of  con- 
vocation :  his  '  Reply  to  Representation  of  Convocation ' 
Hoadly's  chief  contribution  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1721-3 ; 
as  '  Britannicus '  attacked  Atterbury  in  '  London  Journal,' 
1721 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1723-34  ;  published  pamphlets 
on  foreign  affairs,  1726,  and  '  Essay  on  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,'  1732 :  bishop  of  Winchester, 
1734-61 ;  Waterland's  treatise  on  the  Eucharist  elicited  by 
his  '  Plain  Account  of  the  Nature  and  End  of  the  Sacra- 
ment,' 1735  ;  advocated  repeal  of  Corporation  and  Test 
Acts,  1736  ;  eulogised  by  Akenside,  but  derided  by  Pope 
and  Swift.  [xxvii.  16] 

HOADLY,  JOHN  (1678-1746),  archbishop  successively 
of  Dublin  and  Armagh ;  brother  of  Benjamin  Hoadly 
(1676-1761)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1697;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Burnet;  prebendary  (1706), 
archdeacon  (1710),  and  chancellor  (1713)  of  Salisbury  : 
friend  of  Chubb  the  deist;  rector  of  Ockham,  Surrey, 
1717  ;  bishop  of  Leighlin  and  Ferns,  1727  ;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1730  ;  primate  of  Ireland  ;  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
1742 ;  shared  with  Shannon  chief  direction  of  Irish 
politics.  [xxvii.  21] 

HOADLY,  JOHN  (1711-1776),  poet  and  dramatist : 
son  of  Benjamin  Hoadly  (1676-1761)  [q.  v.]  ;  LL.B.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1735  :  chancellor  of  Winches- 
ter, 1735 ;  chaplain  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
princess  dowager ;  LL.D.  Lambeth.  1748:  master  of  St. 
Cross,  Winchester,  1760-76 ;  friend  of  Garrick  and 
Hogarth;  had  poems  in  Dodsley's  'Collection';  wrote 
words  to  oratorios  and  musical  plays  :  assisted  his  brother, 
Benjamin  Hoadly  (1706-1757)  [q.  v.]  hi  '  The  Suspicious 
Husband ' ;  edited  his  father's  works.  [xxvii.  22] 

HOADLY,  SAMUEL  (1643-1705),  schoolmaster: 
studied  at  Edinburgh ;  head-master  of  Norwich  school, 
1700-5:  published 'Natural  Method  of  Teaching '  (1683), 
with  school  editions  of  Phaedrus  and  Publius  Syrus,  1700. 

[xxvii.  22] 

HOADLY,  SARAH  (d.  1743),  portrait-painter;  n& 
Curtis  ;  first  wife  of  Bishop  Benjamin  Hoadly  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  23] 

HOAR,  LEONARD  (1630  ?-1675),  president  of  Har- 
vard College;  emigrated  to  America  and  graduated  at 
Harvard,  1650;  returned  to  England,  1653 ;  ejected  from 
Wanstead,  Essex,  1662 ;  returned  to  Harvard ;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1671 ;  president  of  Harvard  College,  1672-5 ; 
published  'Index  Biblicns'  (1668)  and  'First  Catalogue 
of  Members  of  Harvard  College '  (printed,  1864). 

[xxvii.  23] 

HOARD,  SAMUEL  (1599-1658),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1621;  B.D.,  1632;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1637  ;  published  theological  works.  [xxvii.  23] 

HOARE,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1781-1865),  archdeacon 
of  Surrey  ;  second  wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1803 ;  fellow,  1806 ;  M.A., 
1806;  Seatonian  prizeman,  1807:  vicar  of  Blandford, 
1807-21,  of  Godstone,  1821-66  ;  archdeacon  of  Winchester, 
1829,  and  canon,  1831;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1847-60; 
published  religious  works.  [xxvii.  24] 

HOARE,  CLEMENT  (1789-1849),  vine-grower  and 
writer  on  viticulture.  [xxvii.  25] 

HOARE,  MICHAEL  (ft.  1762).  [See  HALFPENNY, 
WILLIAM.] 

HOARE,  PRINCE  (1765-1834),  artist  and  author :  son 
of  William  Hoare  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1781-6:  made  hon.  foreign  secretary  of  Academy,  1799; 
jm  bl  isOied  'Academic  Correspondence,'  1804,  and 'Academic 
Annals  of  Painting,'  1806;  best  known  of  his  plays,  'No 
Song,  No  Supper '  (Drury  Lane,  1790).  [xxvii.  25] 


HOARE 


625 


HOBHOUSE 


HOARE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1648-1718),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  founded  bank  and  raised  government  loans  ; 
knijrhted,  17U2  :  sheriff  of  London,  17U9 :  tory  M.P.  for 
th<  city,  1710-15  ;  master  of  Goldsmiths'  Company,  1712  ; 
lonl  mayor,  1712.  [xxvii.  25] 

HOARE,  Sm  RICHARD  (d.  1764),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Hoare  (1648-1718) 
[q.  v.] ;  journal  of  bin  shrievalty  (1741)  printed  by  Sir 
Richard  Colt  Hoare  [q.  v.],  1815.  [xxvii.  26] 

HOARE,  SIR  RICHARD  COLT,  second  baronet  (1758- 
1838),  historian  of  Wiltshire;  grandson  of  Sir  Richard 
Hoare  (d.  1754)  [q.  v.] :  published  works,  including 
'  History  of  Modem  Wiltshire,'  1822^4, '  Ancient  History 
of  North  and  South  Wiltshire,'  1812-21,  journals  of  tours 
in  Ireland  (1807),  Elba  (1814),  Italy  and  Sicily  (1819),  a 
topographical  catalogue  of  the  British  isles  (1815),  and 
monographs  on  Wiltshire  genealogy,  topography,  and 
archaeology  ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.  [xxvii.  26] 

HOARE,  WILLIAM  (1707 ?-1792),  portrait-painter; 
reputed  the  first  English  artist  who  visited  Rome  to  study ; 
lodged  with  Scheemakers,  and  made  acquaintance  of 
Batoni ;  travelled  in  France  and  the  Netherlands,  1749  ; 
one  of  those  who  attempted  to  form  an  academy  in  England, 
1755 ;  an  original  academician,  1768  :  exhibited  till  1783, 
chiefly  crayons  ;  painted  portraits  of  Chatham,  Beau  Nash, 
and  others  :  executed  also  a  whole  length  of  Grafton,  and 
crayons  of  Chesterfield  and  Pope.  [xxvii.  28] 

HOARE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1809-1888),  divine; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1833  ;  M.A.,  1834  : 
took  part  in  Colenso  controversy  ;  published  4  Outlines  of 
Ecclesiastical  History  before  the  Reformation,'  1852. 

[xxvii.  29] 

HOBART,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OP  BUCKINGHAM- 
SHIRK  (1732-1804),  son  of  John  Hobart,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.,  St.  Ives,  1754-61,  Beeralstou,  1761-80 ;  secretary  of  St. 
Petersburg  embassy,  1762 ;  succeeded  as  third  earl,  1793  ; 
manager  of  the  opera.  [xxvii.  30] 

HOBART,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet(d.  1625),judge  ; 
great-grandson  of  Sir  James  Hobart  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1584,  governor,  1591 ;  M.P.,  St.  Ives,  1588, 
Yarmouth,  1597  and  1601,  Norwich,  1604-10 ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1603;  attorney-general,  1606-13;  appeared  for 
plaintiffs  in  '  post-nati '  case ;  created  baronet,  1611 ; 
chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1613-25 ;  chancellor  to 
Prince  Charles,  1617;  successfully  opposed  Coke  in 
Suffolk  case,  1619 ;  his  reports  published,  1641. 

[xxvii.  30] 

HOBART,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1507),  attorney-general, 
1486-1507 ',  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  knighted,  1503 ;  friend  of 
John  Paston.  [xxvii.  31] 

HOBART,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  BUCKINGHAMSHIRE 
(1694  ?-1756),  politician  ;  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge :  M.P., 
St.  Ives,  1715  and  1722-7,  Norfolk,  1727-8 ;  a  commissioner 
of  trade,  1721 ;  treasurer  of  the  chamber,  1727 ;  created 
Baron  Hobart,  1728,  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire,  1746 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Norfolk  and  privy  councillor,  1745. 

[xxvii.  31] 

HOBART,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OP  BUCKINGHAM- 
SHIRE (1723-1 793),  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  ;  son  of  John 
Hobart,  first  earl  of  Buckinghamshire  [q.  v.] ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.P., 
Norwich,  1747-56 ;  comptroller  of  the  household.  1755 ; 
lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1756-67  ;  ambassador  to  Russia, 
1762-5 ;  as  viceroy  of  Ireland  (1777-80)  had  to  concede 
free  trade  and  measures  for  relief  of  Romanists  and  dis- 
senters, [xxvii.  32] 

HOBART,  SIR  MILES  (d.  1632),  politician ;  knighted, 
1623 ;  when  M.P.  for  Great  Marlow  locked  the  door  of  the 
house  during  debate  of  2  March,  1629 ;  imprisoned  for 
two  year? ;  died  by  carriage  accident ;  monument  voted 
to  him  by  parliament,  1647.  [xxvii.  33] 

HOBART,  ROBERT,  BARON  HOBART,  fourth  EARL 
OF  BUCKINGHAMSHIRE  (1760-1816),  statesman  ;  eldest  son 
of  George  Hobart,  third  earl  of  Buckinghamshire  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Winchester  College  ;  served  in  American  war ;  repre- 
sented Bramber  and  Lincoln,  1788-94,  and  in  Irish  par- 
liament Portarlington  and  Armagh ;  aide-de-camp  to 
viceroy  of  Ireland,  1784-8;  as  chief  secretary,  1789-93, 
acted  with  protestant  party ;  English  privy  councillor, 
1793  ;  as  governor  of  Madras,  1794-8,  conducted  expe- 
dition against  Malacca  ;  took  part  in  war  against  Tippoo 
Suhib ;  recalled  owing  to  difference  with  Sir  John  Shore 


(afterwards  Lord  Teignmouth)  [q.  v.],  1798; 
as  Baron  Hobart,  1798 ;  assisted  Auckland  (1799)  in 
arranging  details  of  Irish  union;  secretary  for  war  and 
the  colonies,  1 80 1-4;  Hobart  Town  named  after  him; 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1806  and  1812; 
postmaster-gem-ral  under  Orenville,  1807;  president  of 
board  of  control,  1812-16 ;  killed  by  an  accident  while 
riding.  [xxvii.  S4] 

HOBART,  VERB  HENRY,  BARON  HOBART  (1818- 
1 875  X  governor  of  Madras;  U.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
1840 ;  clerk  in  board  of  trade,  1840-61 ;  reported  on 
Turkish  finance,  and  became  director-general  of  Ottoman 
Bank ;  governor  of  Madras,  1872-5,  where  he  died  of 
typhoid  ;  his  •  Essays  and  Miscellaneous  Writings '  edited 
by  Lady  Hobart,  1885.  [xxvii.  35] 

HOBART  HAMPDEN,  AUGUSTUS  CHARLES, 
known  as  HURAHT  PAHHA  (1822-1886),  vice-admiral; 
brother  of  Vere  Henry  Hobart,  baron  Hobart  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  British  navy  and  distinguished  himself  on  South 
American  station  against  slavers ;  during  Russian  war 
did  good  service  in  Baltic  (1854-5), and  was  promoted; 
retired  as  captain,  1863 ;  ran  blockade  off  North  Carolina 
during  American  civil  war ;  became  naval  adviser  to  sol- 
tan  of  Turkey,  1867;  created  pasha  (1869)  and  musbir 
(1881)  for  services  in  reduction  of  Crete;  commanded 
Black  Sea  fleet  in  Russian  war,  1877-8;  reinstated  in 
British  navy  (as  vice-admiral),  1886;  died  at  Milan; 
•  Sketches  of  My  Life '  issued,  1887.  [xxviL  36] 

HOBBE8,  ROBERT  (d.  1538),  last  abbot  of  Woburn, 
1529-38 ;  acknowledged  royal  supremacy,  1534,  but 
proved  recalcitrant  and  was  executed.  [xxvii.  37] 

HOBBES,  THOMAS  (1588-1679),  philosopher;  edu- 
cated at  Malmesbury  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.A., 
1608 ;  twenty  years  tutor  and  secretary  to  William  Caven- 
dish [q.  v.],  afterwards  second  Earl  of  Devonshire,  and  his 
son ;  his  translation  of  Thucydides  published,  1629 ;  at 
Paris  with  Sir  Gervase  Clifton's  son,  1629-31;  visiting 
Italy  and  Paris,  1634,  met  Galileo,  Gassendi,  and  Mer- 
seune ;  said  to  have  been  Bacon's  amanuensis ;  intimate 
with  Harvey,  Ben  Jonson,  Cowley,  and  Sidney  Godolphin 
(1610-1643)  [q.  v.] ;  resided  at  Paris,  1641-52 ;  transmitted 
anonymous  objections  to  Descartes's  positions,  published 
his  'Leviathan*  (1651),  and  acted  as  mathematical  tutor 
to  Charles  II ;  on  bis  return  to  England  submitted  to  coun- 
cil of  state ;  saw  much  of  Harvey  and  Selden  ;  engaged  in 
controversies  with  Bramhall  in  defence  of  his  religion  and 
philosophy,  and  with  Seth  Ward  [q.  v.],  Boyle,  and  John 
Wallis  (1616-1703)  [q.  v.],  on  mathematical  questions,  the 
last  exposing  many  of  his  blunders ;  received  pension 
from  Charles  II,  and  was  protected  by  him  against  Claren- 
don and  the  church  party ;  his  '  Behemoth '  suppressed  ; 
left  London,  1675 ;  wrote  autobiography  in  Latin  verse 
at  eighty-four  and  completed  translation  of  Homer  at 
eighty-six  ;  buried  in  Hault  Hucknall  church.  In  meta- 
physics a  thoroughgoing  nominalist ;  his  political  philo- 
sophy (chiefly  in  '  Leviathan 'X  arguing  that  the  body 
politic  has  been  formed  as  the  only  alternative  to  a  natural 
state  of  war,  was  attacked  by  Sir  Robert  Filmer  [q.  v.], 
but  mentioned  with  respect  in  Harrington's  '  Oceana.'  It 
influenced  Spinoza,  Leibnitz,  and  Rousseau,  and  was  re- 
vived in  England  by  the  utilitarians.  The  chief  critics  of 
his  metaphysical  and  ethical  writings  were  Clarendon, 
Tenison,  the  Cambridge  Platoniste,  and  Samuel  Clarke. 
The  standard  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Sir  W.  Moles- 
worth  (1839-45).  His  works  include,  besides  those  men- 
tioned, '  De  Give  *  (1642 ;  English,  1651), '  Human  Nature ' 
(1650),  'De  Corpore  Politico'  (originally  'Elements  of 
Law '),  1680,  *  De  Homine'  (1658),  'Quadrntura  Circuli,' 
and  other  geometrical  treatises,  and  'Behemoth,  or  the 
Long  Parliament'  (edited  by  Dr.  Ferdinand  Tbnnies, 
1889).  [xxvii.  37] 

HOBDAY,  WILLIAM  ARMFIELD  (1771-1831),  por- 
trait-painter ;  exhibited  many  years  at  Academy ;  opened 
galleries  in  Pall  Mall  for  sale  of  pictures  on  comuiission 
but  failed  ;  best  work,  pioture  of  Carolus  the  hermit 
Tong.  [xxvii.  45] 

HOBHOUSE,  SIR  BENJAMIN,  first  baronet  (1757- 
1831),  politician  ;  M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1781 ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1781 ;  M.P.,  Bletchingley,  1797, 
Grampound,  1802,  and  Hindou,  1806-18;  secretary  to 
board  of  control  under  Addiugtou,  1803 :  chairman  of 
committees,  1805  ;  created  baronet,  1812  ;  published  legal 
treatises.  [xxvii.  46] 

85 


HOBHOUSE 


626 


HODGKIN 


HOBHOUSE,  HENRY (1776-1 854),  archivist ;  of  Eton 
and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1799 :  D.C.L.,  1827  : 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1801 ;  solicitor  to  the  customs, 
1806,  to  Treasury,  1812  ;  permanent  under-secretary  for 
home  department,  1817-27  ;  privy  councillor,  1828;  keeper 
of  state  papers,  1826-54:  superintended  publication  of 
4  State  Papers  of  Henry  VIII.'  [xxvii.  46] 

HOBHOUSE.  JOHN  CAM,  BARON  BROCGHTON  DK 
C.YKKORD  (1786-1869),  statesman:  son  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Hobhouse  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  won  Hulsean  prize,  1808 ;  M.A.,  1811 ;  founded 
Cambridge  Whig  Club ;  travelled  with  Byron  in  Spain, 
Portugal,  Greece,  and  Turkey  ;  wrote,  from  personal  ob- 
servation, Bonapartist  account  of  the  'Hundred  Days,' 
1816 ;  visited  Byron  in  Switzerland  and  Italy  and  wrote 
notes  for  Canto  IV  of  'Childe  Harold';  unsuccessfully 
contested  Westminster  as  a  radical,  1819 :  sent  to  New- 
pate  for  breach  of  privilege,  1819 :  returned  for  West- 
minster, 1820 :  as  Byron's  executor  advised  destruction 
of  his '  Memoirs,*  1824  ;  active  member  of  Greek  committee 
in  London  :  succeeded  as  baronet,  1831 ;  secretary  at  war, 
1832-3 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  March-April,  1833 : 
resigned  on  house  and  window-tax,  1833;  defeated  when 
candidate  for  Westminster:  elected  for  Nottingham,  1834 ; 
commissioner  of  woods  and  forests  under  Melbourne, 
1834  ;  president  of  board  of  control,  1835-41  and  1846-52  ; 
defeated  at  Nottingham,  1847  :  elected  for  Harwich,  1848  ; 
created  peer.  1851;  said  to  have  invented  phrase  'bis 
majesty's  opposition ' :  as  Byron's  '  best  man '  drew  up 
reply  (unpublished)  to  Lady  Byron's  'Remarks';  left 
manuscript  'Diaries,  Correspondence,  and  Memoranda, 
&c.,  not  to  be  opened  till  1900.'  His  works  include '  Italy  : 
Remarks  made  in  several  visits  '  (1859),  and  *  Recollec- 
tions of  a  Long  Life,'  1865.  [xxvii.  47] 

HOBLYN,  RICHARD  DENNIS  C1803-1886),  educa- 
tional writer ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1828 :  chief 
work, '  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Medicine.' 

[xxvii.  50] 

HOBLYN,  ROBERT  (1710-1756),  book  collector;  of 
Eton  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  B.C.L.,  1734  ; 
M.P.,  Bristol,  1742-54 ;  tf.R.S.,  1745 ;  twice  speaker  of 
Stannary  parliament ;  his  '  Bibliotheca  Hobliniana ' 
printed,  1768 ;  library  sold,  1778.  [xxvii.  50] 

HOBSON,  EDWARD  (1782-1830),  botanist  and  ento- 
mologist ;  first  president  of  Banksian  Society,  1829 ;  pub- 
lished '  Musci  Britannici  •  (1818-24).  [xxvii.  51] 

HOBSON,  RICHARD  (1795-1868),  physician ;  of  St. 
George's  Hospital  and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  :  M.D., 
1830;  physician  to  Leeds  Infirmary,  1833-43;  attended 
Charles  Waterton  [q.  v.]  and  wrote  a  book  on  him  (1866). 

[xxvii.  51] 

HOBSON,  THOMAS(1544  ?-1631 ), Cambridge  carrier ; 
referred  to  in  '  Spectator ' ;  presented  to  Cambridge  site 
of  Spinning  House,  and  provided  for  a  conduit ;  refused 
always  to  let  out  any  horse  out  of  its  proper  turn  ('  Hob- 
son's  choice,'  this  or  none).  [xxvii.  52] 

HOBY,  SIR  EDWARD  (1560-1617),  favourite  of 
James  I ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Hoby  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1576;  knighted,  1582; 
accompanied  his  father-in-law,  Lord  Hunsdon,  to  Scotland, 
1584 ;  M.P.  for  Queenborougb,  Berkshire,  Kent,  and 
Rochester ;  accompanied  Cadiz  expedition,  1596  :  constable 
of  Queenborough,  1597 :  gentleman  of  privy  chamber  to 
James  I ;  often  entertained  James  I  at  Bisham ;  carried 
on  controversies  with  Theophilus  Higgons  [q.  v.]  and 
John  Floyd  [q.  v.] ;  translated  from  French  and  Spanish  ; 
friend  and  patron  of  Camden.  [xxvii.  52] 

HOBY,  ELIZABETH,  LADY  (U28-1609),  linguist; 
wife  of  Sir  Thomas  Hohy  [q.  v.] :  afterwards  married 
John,  lord  Russell,  1574.  [xxvii.  56] 

HOBY,  PEREGRINE  (1602-1678),  natural  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  Edward  Hoby:  M.P.,  Great  Marlow,  1640, 
1660,  and  1661.  [xxvii.  53] 

HOBY,  SIR  PHILIP  (1505-1658),  diplomatist: 
knighted  after  capture  of  Boulogne,  1544 ;  ambassador  to 
the  Emperor  Charles  V,  1548 ;  treated  for  marriage  of 
K<iward  VI  with  a  French  princess,  1551;  employed 
financially  in  Flanders ;  privy  councillor,  master  of  the 
ordnance,  and  grantee  of  Bisham,  1552 ;  ambassador  in 


Flanders,  1563  ;  brought  message  from  Philip  II  to  Qtiee 

[xxvii.  54] 


Mary,  1556  ;  friend  of  Titian  and  Arctino. 


HOBY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1530-1566),  diplomatist  an<l 
translator ;  half-brother  of  Sir  Philip  Hoby  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  knighted,  1566  ;  translated 
Martin  Bucer's  '  Gratulatior. '  to  the  church  of  England, 
1549,  and  'The  Oourtyer  of  Count  Baldessar  Castilio,' 
1561 ;  died  in  Paris,  while  ambassador  to  France. 

[xxvii.  55] 

HOCCLEVE  or  OCCLEVE,  THOMAS  (1370  ?-1450  ?), 
poet ;  '.clerk  in  privy  seal  office  ;  granted  annuity  by 
Henry  IV:  portrait  of  Chaucer  contained  in  his  'De 
Regimine  Priucipum,'  written  c.  1411-12  (English),  edited 
by  Thomas  Wright,  1860  ;  his  '  Mother  of  God '  and  '  La 
Male  Regie '  (autobiography),  printed,  1796 ;  the  former 
once  attributed  to  Chaucer.  [xxvii.  56] 

H ODDER.  JAMES  (fl,  1661),  arithmetician:  author 
of  '  Arithmetick,'  1661,  '  The  Penman's  Recreation,'  and 
4  Decimal  Arithmetick,'  1668.  [xxvii.  57] 

HODDESDON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1534-1611), 
master  of  Merchants  Adventurers'  Company ;  accompanied 
Richard  Chancellor  [q.  v.]  on  voyages  to  Russia ;  head  of 
English  factory  at  Moscow,  1557-62 ;  sent  to  develop 
English  trade  in  Baltic,  1567 ;  chief  of  English  factory  at 
Narva,  1669  ;  employed  as  financial  agent  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth in  Germany  from  c.  1574  ;  master  of  Merchants  Ad- 
venturers at  Hamburg,  1578 :  M.P.,  Cambridge,  1593  ; 
sheriff  of  Bedfordshire,  1691-2 ;  master  of  Merchants  Ad- 
venturers' Company  before  1600 ;  knighted,  1603. 

[Suppl.  ii.  428] 

HODDESDON,  JOHN  (/.  1650),  religious  writer; 
friend  of  Dryden ;  published  '  Sion  and  Parnassus,'  1650, 
and  biographical  compilation  on  Sir  Thomas  More,  1652. 

[xxvii.  57] 

HODGE,  ARTHUR  (d.  1811),  West  Indian  planter : 
executed  for  causing  death  of  negroes  on  his  estate  in 
Tortola.  [xxvii.  58] 

HODGES,  CHARLES  HOWARD  (1764-1837),  mezzo- 
tint-engraver and  portrait-painter;  engraved  portraits 
after  Reynolds,  Romney,  C.  G.  Stuart,  and  Hoppner,  and 
subject-pictures  after  old  masters  ;  settled  at  Amsterdam, 
1794,  and  painted  portraits  of  William  I  of  the  Nether- 
lands, Louis,  king  of  Holland,  himself,  and  his  daughter. 

[xxvii.  58] 

HODGES,  EDWARD  (1796-1867),  organist  at  Clifton, 
Bristol,  and  New  York,  1839-63  ;  Mus.  Doc.  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge ;  composed  and  wrote  works  on  church 
music,  1825.  [xxvii.  59] 

HODGES,  EDWARD  RICHMOND  (1826-1881), 
orientalist ;  missionary  to  Jews  in  Palestine  and  Algeria  ; 
assisted  George  Smith  (1840-1876)  [q.  v.]  in  cuneiform  re- 
searches, and  Gotch  with  '  Paragraph  Bible ' ;  edited 
Craik's  '  Principia  Hebraica,'  1863,  Cory's  '  Ancient  Frag- 
ments,' 1876,  and  revised  Mickle's  '  Lusiadas,'  1877. 

[xxvii.  69] 

HODGES,  NATHANIEL  (1629-1688),  physician; 
scholar  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1654 ;  M.D., 
1659  ;  attended  patients  throughout  plague  of  1665  ;  pub- 
lished an  account,  1672  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1672 ;  censor,  1682 ; 
died  while  in  prison  for  debt.  [xxvii.  69] 

HODGES,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1645?-1714)< 
Spanish  merchant;  created  baronet,  1697,  for  financial 
assistance  to  government ;  published  pamphlets  advocat- 
ing relief  of  British  seamen  from  extortion,  [xxvii.  60] 

HODGES,  WILLIAM  (1744-1797),  landscape-painter ; 
exhibited  at  Society  of  Artists,  1766-72  :  draughtsman  in 
Captain  Cook's  second  expedition.  1772-5 ;  exhibited  at 
Academy  view  of  Otaheite,  1776  ;  painted  views  in  India 
under  patronage  of  Warren  Hastings,  1778-84  ;  published 
'Travels  in  India,'  1793;  R.A.,  1789;  visited  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1790.  [xxvii.  61] 

HODGES,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1808-1868),  chief- justice 
of  Cape  of  Good  Hope :  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1833  : 
published  reports  of  common  pleas,  queen's  bench  cases, 
and  treatises  on  railway  law;  recorder  of'Poole,  1846; 
drafted  Public  Health  Act,  1848  ;  knighted,  1857 ;  chief- 
justice  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1857-68.  [xxrii.  62] 

HODGKIN.  JOHN  (1766-1845),  calligraphist ;  de- 
scribed in  manuscript  autobiography  events  during  resi- 
dence at  Vincennes,  1792  :  tutor  in  London ;  works  in. 
elude  '  Calligraphia '  and  'Prcoilo^raphia  Gneca,'  1807, 
and  •  Introduction  to  Writing'  (4th  edit.  1811). 

[xxvii.  62] 


HODGKIN 


627 


HODSON 


HODGKIN,  JOHN  (1800-1875),  barrister  and  quaker ; 
son  of  John  Hodgkin  (1766-1845)  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  John 
Stuart  Mill ;  advocated  register  of  titles  ;  assisted  in  pre- 
paration of  Encumbered  Estates  Act,  1849  ;  visited  q  tinkers 
in  !  ivlund,  France,  and  America.  [xxvii.  i;3] 

HODGKIN,  THOMAS(1798-1866), physician  ;  brother 
of  John  Hodgkin  (1800-1875)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1823 ;  curator  and  pathologist  at  Guy's  Hospital,  1825  ; 
member  of  London  University  senate :  published  '  Essay 
on  Medical  Education,'  1828, 'Lectures  on  Morbid  Ana- 
tomy of  Serous  and  Mucous  Membranes,'  1836,  and  bio- 
graphical works;  glandular  disease  named  after  him  ;  a 
founder  of  Aborigines  Protection  Society,  1838 ;  died  at 
Jaffa.  [xxviL  63] 

HODGKINSON,  EATON  (1789-1861),  writer  on  the 
strength  of  materials ;  made  experiments  resulting  in 
•  Hodgkinson's  beam,'  and  gave  theoretical  expositions ; 
F.R.S.,  with  royal  medal  for  paper  on  '  Strength  of  Pillars 
of  Cast  Iron  and  other  Materials,'  1840 ;  royal  commis- 
sioner on  application  of  iron  to  railways,  1847-9:  pro- 
fessor of  mechanical  engineering  of  University  College, 
London,  1847 ;  president  of  Manchester  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society,  1848-50 ;  published  '  Experimental 
Researches  on  the  Strength,  etc.  of  Cast  Iron,'  1846. 

[xxviL  64] 

HODGKINSON,  GEORGE  CHRISTOPHER  (1816- 
1880),  meteorologist  and  educationalist :  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1842  ;  principal  of  Royal  Agricultural 
College,  Cirencester,  of  Diocesan  Training  College,  York  ; 
head-master  of  Louth  grammar  school,  1864-76  :  secretary 
of  National  Society ;  made  astronomical  observations  on 


Harthurn,  1833;  published  part  of  a  large  history  of 
Northumberland,  guide-book  to  Newcac:  ount 

of  the  [colliery  TExplogion  at  Felling,'  1813,  and  other 
works;  assisted  Davy  in  invention  of  safety  lamp;  built 
Heworth  Church  (consecrated,  1822).  [xxvii.  68] 

HODGSON,  JOHN  (1757-1846),  general :  »on  of  Stud- 
holme  Hodgson  [q.  v.] ;  roved  in  North  America; 
wounded  in  Holland,  1799;  governor  of  Bermuda  and 
Ouracoa  ;  general,  1830.  [xxril.  70] 

HODGSON,  JOHN  EVAN  (1831-1895),  painter;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  :  student  at  Royal  Academy,  1853 ;  exhi- 
bited at  Royal  Academy  from  1856  ;  R.A.,  1879 ;  librarian 
and  professor  of  painting  at  Royal  Academy,  1882  till 
death  ;  published  lectures  and  other  writings. 

[SuppL  li.  432] 

HODGSON,  JOHN  STUDHOLME  ( 1805- 1870 ),  major- 
general  in  Bengal  army ;  second  son  of  John  Hodgson 
(1757-1846)  [q.  v.] ;  wounded  at  Sobraon,  1846:  railed 
and  commanded  1st  Sikh  regiment,  1848-9  ;  promoted  for 
capture  of  Ukrot :  organised  Punjab  irregular  force,  1850 ; 
major-general,  1861.  [xxviL  70] 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH  (1756-1821 X  Roman  catholic 
divine :  when  vice-president  of  Douay  College,  imprisoned 
by  revolutionists;  published  an  account;  vicar-general 
to  bishops  Douglas  and  Poyuter  in  England. 

[xxvii.  71] 

HODGSON,  JOSEPH  (1788-1869),  surgeon  ;  studiol  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital;  surgeon  to  Birmingham 
Dispensary,  1818-48;  president  of  Medico-Chirurgical 
-  Surgeons,  1864;  F.R.S.;  pub- 


Mont  Blanc. 


[xxvii.  65] 
BERNARD  (17457-1805),   principal    of 


HODGSON, 

Hertford  College,  Oxford ;  captain  of  Westminster,  1764 ; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1771  :  D.C.L., 
177K;  principal  of  Hertford  College,  1775-1805;  trans- 
lated Solomon's  Song,  Proverbs,  and  Ecclesiastes. 

[xxvii.  66] 

HODGSON,  BRIAN  HOUGHTON  (1800-1894),  Indian 
civilian  and  orientalist ;  nominated  to  Bengal  writership, 
1816;  studied  at  East  India  Company's  College,  Hailey- 
bury,  and  at  college  of  Fort  William ;  assistant-commis- 
sioner of  Kumaon,  c.  1818-20  ;  assistant-resident  at  Kath- 
mandu,  1820-9,  acting  resident,  1829-31,  and  resident,  1833- 
1843;  came  to  England,  1843,  but  returned  to  India  in  pri- 
vate capacity  to  continue  researches:  studied  ethnology  at 
Darjiling ;  finally  left  India,  1858  ;  F.R.S.,  1877;  honorary 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1889 :  while  in  India  made  valuable  col- 
lections of  original  Sanskrit  and  Tibetan  manuscripts, 
which  he  distributed  among  public  libraries.  His  works 


lished  treatise  on  diseases  of  arteries  and  veins,  1815. 

[xxvii.  71] 

HODGSON,  STUDHOLME  (1708-1798),  field-marshal ; 
aide-de-camp  of  Duke  of  Cumberland  at  Fontenoy,  1745, 
and  Culloden,  1746  ;  raised  royal  West  Kent  regiment  (then 
52nd),  1756  :  commanded  brigade  in  Rochefort  expedition, 
1767;  conducted  siege  of  Belleisle,  1761;  general,  1778; 
field-marshal,  1796.  [xxvii.  72] 

HODGSON,  STUDHOLME  JOHN  (rf.  1890),  general ; 
son  of  John  Hodgson  (1757-1846)  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded 
forces  in  Ceylon  and  Straits  Settlements.  [xxvii.  70] 

HODGSON,  WILLIAM  (1745-1851),  politician  and 
author  ;  imprisoned  and  fined  for  revolutionary  speech, 
1793 ;  M.D. ;  published  educational  manuals  and  other 
works.  [xxTii.  72] 

HODGSON,  WILLIAM  BALLANTYNE  (1815-1880), 
educational  reformer;  studied  at  Edinburgh;  principal 
of  Liverpool  Mechanics'  Institute,  1844  :  LL.D.  Glasgow, 


and  Religion  of  Nepal  and  Tibet,'  1874.    [Suppl.  ii.  429] 


HODGSON,  CHRISTOPHER  PEMBERTON  (1821- 
1865),  traveller  ;  vice-consul  at  Pau,  1851-5,  Caen,  and  in 
Japan,  1859-61 ;  published  '  Reminiscences  of  Australia,' 
'  El  Udaivar,'  1849,  and  other  works ;  died  at  Pau. 

[xxvii.  66] 

HODGSON,  EDWARD  (1719-1794),  flower-painter; 
treasurer  to  Associated  Artists  of  Great  Britain. 

[xxviL  66] 

HODGSON,  FRANCIS  (1781-1852),  provost  of  Eton ; 
at  Eton  under  Keate;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1802,  tutor.  1807 ;  M.A.,  1807  ;  B.D.,  1840  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Derby,  1836 :  provost  of  Eton,  1840-52  ;  friend 
of  Lord  Byron ;  translated  Juvenal  (1807)  and  published 
English  verse.  [xxvii.  66] 

HODGSON,  JAMES  (1672-1755),  mathematician: 
master  of  Royal  School  of  Mathematics,  Christ's  Hospital ; 
F.R.S.,  1703  ;  helped  to  edit  Flamsteed's  '  Atlas  Crelestis ' ; 
published  also  •  Doctrine  of  Fluxions  founded  on  Sir  Isaac 
Newton's  Method,'  1736,  and  other  works.  [xxviL  67] 

HODGSON,  JOHN  (d.  1684),  author  of  'Memoirs' 
(published,  1806,  with  Sir  Henry  Sliugsby's  'Original 
Memoirs ');  served  under  Fairfax  in  Yorkshire ;  taken  by 
Newcastle  at  Bradford,  1643 :  present  at  sieges  of  Ponte- 
fract,  1645  and  1648,  and  battle  of  Preston,  1648 ;  described 
battle  of  Dunbar,  1650  ;  refused  to  fight  against  Lambert, 
1659.  [xxviL  67] 

HODGSON,  JOHN  (1779-1845),  antiquary;  school- 
master nt  Sedpefield,  Lanchester,  and  other  places ;  in- 
cumbent of  Jarrow,  1S08,  Kirk  Whelpingtwu,  1823,  and 


which  he  distributed  among  pub        ibranes     t  i  •  1M8     principttl  of  chorlton   High  School,  Manchester, 

include  '  Illustrations  of  Literature  and  Religion  of  the     1847_6f .  ^^  in  inquiry  into  primary  education,  1858  ; 
Buddhists,'  1841,  and  •  Essays  on  Language,  Literature,     leading  member  of  ££&*  University  College,  London  : 

first  professor  of  political  economy  and  mercantile  law  at 
Edinburgh,  1871-80  ;  president  of  Educational  Institute  of 
Scotland,  1875  :  published,  among  other  works,  'Turgot ' 
(1870),  and  lectures  and  treatises  on  girls'  education  and 
the  study  of  economic  science:  joint-editor  of  William 
Johnson  Fox's  works  ;  died  at  Brussels.  [xxviL  73] 


HODSON,  FRODSHAM  (1770-1822),  principal  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1793  ;  D.D.,  1809  :  principal  of  Brasenose,  1809-22  ; 
vice-chancellor.  1818;  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1820; 
edited  Falconer's  '  Chronological  Tables,'  1796. 

[xxvii.  73] 

HODSON,  MRS.  MARGARET (1778-1852),  authoress  : 
nte  Holford  ;  married  Septimus  Hodson  [q.  v.].  1826  ;  friend 
and  correspondent  of  Southey  ;  works  include  '  Wallace,' 
'  Margaret  of  Anjou'  (1815),  and  '  Lives  of  Vasco  Nufiez 
de  Balboa  and  Francisco  Pizarro'  from  the  Spanish,  1832. 

[xxvii.  74] 

HODSON,  SEPTIMUS  (1768-1833),  rector  of  Thrap- 
ston  and  chaplain  to  Prince  of  Wales ;  published  •  Address 
on  High  Price  of  Provisions,'  1795.  [xxviL  74] 

HODSON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1640),  theological  writer : 
M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1624 ;  published  theological 
works.  [xxvii.  74] 

HODSON,  WILLIAM  STEPHEN  R  A  IKES  (18*1- 
1858),  cavalry  leader :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1844 ;  entered  Indian  army,  1845  :  served  with  2nd  grena- 
diers in  Sikh  war :  adjutant  of  the  guides,  1847 ;  assbtant- 
commissiouer  under  Sir  Henry  Lawrence  in  Punjab, 
1849;  commander  of  guides,  1852-4;  removed  on  charge 


HODY 


628 


HOGG 


of  dishonesty,  18fi5,  but  cleared  by  a  second  inquiry,  1856  ; 
served  with  1st  fusiliers  till  given  commission  during 
.Mutiny  to  raise  ' Hodson's  horse ' ;  after  capture  of  Delhi 
seized  the  king  in  Humayoon's  tomb  and  shot  the  Shah- 
zadas  when  rescue  attempted ;  did  good  service  at  Oawn- 
pore  and  Liu-know  ;  was  shot  at  Lucknow  and  buried 
there.  [xxvii.  75] 

HODY,  HUMPHREY  (1659-1707),  divine:  scholar, 
1677,  fellow,  1685,  dean,  1688,  and  bursar,  1691  and  1692,  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1682  ;  D.D.,  1692  :  chap- 
lain to  Bishop  Stilliugfleet,  and  afterwards  to  Archbishops 
Tillotson  and  Tenisou ;  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Ox- 
ford, 1698;  archdeacon  of  Oxford,  1704;  founded  Greek 
and  Hebrew  exhibitions  at  Wadham ;  attacked  the 
genuineness  of  Aristeas's  account  of  the  Septuagint,  1684  ; 
assisted  in  editing  Aristeas's  '  History,'  1692  ;  conducted 
controversy  with  Henry  Dodwell  the  elder  [q.  v.]  on  non- 
juring  schism,  1691-9 ;  published  also  '  Resurrection  of  the 
Body  asserted,'  1694, '  De  Bibliorum  Textibus  Originalibus,' 
1706,  and  other  works  ;  his  '  De  Graecis  Illustribus '  edited 
by  Samuel  Jebb,  1742.  [xxvii.  77] 

HODY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1441),  judge ;  M.P.,  Sbaftesbury, 
1423, 1425, 1428,  and  1438,  Somerset,  1434  and  1440 ;  chief- 
justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1440 ;  assisted  Lyttelton. 

[xxvii.  78] 

HODY,  Sra  WILLIAM  (d.  1522  ?),  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  i486 ;  second  son  of  Sir  John  Hody  [q.  v.] ; 
attorney-general  and  serjeant-at-law,  1485.  [xxvii.  78] 

HOFLAND,  BARBARA  (1770-1844),  authoress  and 
friend  of  Miss  Mitford ;  married,  first,  T.  Bradshaw  Hoole, 
1796,  and  secondly  (1808)  Thomas  Christopher  Hoflaud 
[q.  v.]  ;  published  novels,  including '  The  Son  of  a  Genius,' 
1816.  [xxvii.  78] 

HOFLAND,  THOMAS  CHRISTOPHER  (1777-1843X 
landscape-painter;  exhibited  at  Academy,  1799-1805; 
gained  British  Institution  prize  for  'Storm  off  Scar- 
borough,' 1814 ;  held  exhibition  in  Bond  Street,  1821 ; 
foundation  member  of  Society  of  British  Artists;  pub- 
lished '  British  Angler's  Manual '  (1839).  [xxvii.  79] 

HOG  or  HOGG,  JAMES  (1658?-1734),  leader  of 
'  Marrow  men '  in  church  of  Scotland ;  M.A.  Edinburgh, 

1677  ;  declined   oath  of  allegiance,  1693 ;    minister  of 
Carnock,  1699-1734 ;   republished  '  Marrow  of    Modern 
Divinity,'  1718 ;  denounced  by  general  assembly,    1720 ; 
published  controversial  pamphlets.  [xxvii.  80] 

HOG,  SIR  ROGER,  LORD  HARCARSE  (1635  ?-l 700), 
lord  of  session,  1677  ;  knighted,  1677  ;  lord  of  justiciary, 

1678  ;  removed,  1688 ;  compiled  '  Dictionary  of  Decisions, 
(1681-92),'  published,  1757.  [xxvii.  80] 

HOG,  THOMAS  (1628-1692),  Scottish  divine ;  M.A. 
Mar ischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  minister  of  Kiltearn,  1654- 
1661  and  1691-2 ;  deposed  as  protester,  1661 ;  imprisoned 
for  keeping  conventicles ;  fined  and  banished,  1684 ;  chap- 
lain to  William  of  Orange  in  Holland  and  when  king. 

[xxvii.  81] 

HOGAN,  JOHN  (1800-1868),  Irish  sculptor:  during 
residence  at  Rome,  1824-49,  executed  his  ' Eve,' '  Drunken 
Faun,'  and  'Dead  Christ ';  statues  of  O'Connell  and 
Thomas  Drummond  by  him  at  Dublin.  [xxvii.  81] 

HOGARTH,  GEORGE  (1783-1870),  musical  critic; 
inserted  in '  Evening  Chronicle '  sketches  of  London  life 
by  Dickens,  afterwards  his  son-in-law :  musical  critic  of 
'  Daily  News,'  1846-66,  also  of  '  Illustrated  London  News ' ; 
secretary  of  Philharmonic  Society,  1850-64;  published 
'  Musical  History,  Biography,  and  Criticism,'  1835,  and 
other  works  on  music.  [xxvii.  82] 

HOGAETH,  WILLIAM  (1697-1764),  painter  and  en- 
graver ;  apprenticed  to  silver-plate  engraver  in  Oran- 
bourne  Street,  London  ;  engraved  and  designed  plates  for 
booksellers  and  printsellers,  including  (1726)  illustrations 
to  'Hudibras';  painted  conversation-pieces,  including 
scenes  from  '  Beggar's  Opera,'  1728-9 :  engraved  '  Large 
Masquerade  Ticket,'  1727,  and  « Taste,'  1731:  married 
clandestinely,  at  old  Paddington  Church,  Jane  Thornhill, 
1729('Sigismunda'):  assisted  in  decoration  of  Vauxhall 
and  designed  pass-tickets  ;  his  paintings  of  '  The  Harlot's 
Progress '  engraved,  1732  ;  took  house  in  Leicester  Square 
(then  Fields)  and  executed  portrait  of  Sarah  Malcolm, 
murderess,  1733  :  his  engraving  of  '  Rake's  Progress '  and 
'  Southwark  Fair '  issued  complete,  1736,  when '  Hogarth's 
Act,'  protecting  designers  from  piracy,  became  operative ; 
apostrophised  by  Swift  in  the  '  Legion  Club ' ;  painted 


historical  pictures  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1736; 
issued  the  prints  '  The  Distrest  Poet,' '  Company  of  Under- 
takers,' and  'Sleeping  Congregation,'  1736;  his  'Four 
Times  of  the  Day,'  'Strolling  Actresses  dressing  in  a 
Barn,'  produced,  1738 ;  his  '  Enraged  Musician '  praised  by 
Fielding,  1741 ;  his  portraits  of  Captain  Coram  painted 
1739,  Murtiu  Folkes  [q.  v.],  1741;  his  '  Marria^e-a-la- 
Mode,'  1745,  engraved  by  French  masters;  etched  Lord 
Lovat,  1746  ;  painted  himself  and  dog,  1749 ;  engraved 
'  Industry  and  Idleness '  and  '  Stage  Coach,'  1747  ;  visited 
France  and  revenged  himself  for  arrest  by  his  '  Gate  of 
Calais,'  1749 ;  painted  '  The  March  to  Finchley '  and 
'  Four  Stages  of  Cruelty '  (partly  engraved  on  wood), 
1760-1,  '  Moses  and  Pharaoh's  Daughter '  and  '  Paul 
before  Felix,'  1752  ;  published  (with  assistance)  the' Ana- 
lysis of  Beauty,' with  etched  ticket, '  Columbus  breaking 
the  egg,'  1763  ;  issued  the  four  '  Election  '  prints,  1755-8, 
4  England '  and  '  France,'  1756,  '  The  Bench,'  1758, '  Cock- 
pit,' 1759,  and  '  Five  Orders  of  Periwigs,'  1761 ;  serjeant- 
painter,  1757  ;  exhibited  '  Picquet,  or  the  Lady's  Last 
Stake'  and  '  Sigismunda,'  1761 ;  caricatured  Wilkes  and 
Churchill  in  'The  Times,'  1762,  and  etched  Fielding  ;  his 
last  plate, 'The  Bathos,' 1764.  His  epitaph  was  written 
byGarrick.  Many  of  his  works  are  at  the  National 
Gallery,  National  Portrait  Gallery,  and  Soane  Museum. 
The  'Apprentice'  and  'Cruelty'  series,  'France  and 
England,' '  Beer  Street,'  and  '  Gin  Lane,'  were  probably 
never  painted.  A  large  collection  of  his  engravings  was 
acquired  by  the  British  Museum,  1828.  Hogarth  hated 
foreigners,  and  attacked  art  connoisseurs  for  neglect  of 
native  talent.  He  excelled  as  a  pictorial  satirist  in  de- 
picting both  tragic  and  humorous  scenes,  always  with  a 
sincerely  ethical  intention.  [xxvii.  83] 

HOGARTH,  WILLIAM  (1786-1866),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  ;  professor  and  general  prefect  at  Ushaw ;  vicar- 
apostolic  of  northern  district,  1848 ;  first  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  Hexham  and  Newcastle,  1850-66.  [xxvii.  97] 

HOGENBERG,  FRANZ  (d.  1590),  engraver  ;  brother 
of  Remigius  Hogenberg  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  98] 

HOGENBERG,  REMIGIUS  (d.  1680?),  engraver; 
came  to  England,  c.  1573  ;  employed  by  Archbishop 
Parker  in  constructing  genealogies  ;  his  engraving  of 
Parker's  portrait  by  Lyne  said  to  be  the  first  executed  in 
England;  engraved  maps  and  portraits  of  Henri  IV, 
Erasmus,  and  others.  [xxvii.  98] 

HOGG,  HENRY  (1831-1874),  Nottingham  poet. 

[xxvii.  98] 

HOGG,  JABEZ  (1817-1899),  ophthalmic  surgeon  ; 
apprenticed  to  medical  practitioner,  1832-7 ;  joined 
staff  of  '  Illustrated  London  News ' ;  editor  and  sub- 
editor in  various  publishing  undertakings;  studied  at 
Hunterian  School  of  Medicine  and  Charing  Cross  Hos- 
pital, 1845 ;  M.R.C.S.,  1850 ;  surgeon  to  Royal  West- 
minster Ophthalmic  Hospital,  1871-8,  and  to  hospital 
for  women  and  children ;  F.L.S.,  1866 ;  published  scien- 
tific works.  [Suppl.  ii.  432] 

HOGG,  JAMES  (1770-1835),  the  Ettrick  Shepherd ; 
shepherd  at  Willanslee,  c.  1785  ;  while  employed  by  the 
father  of  William  Laidlaw  [q.  v.]  began  to  write  verse ; 
printed  '  Donald  M'Donald,'  1800,  and  '  Scottish  Pastorals,' 
1801 ;  made  acquaintance  of  Scott  and  gave  material 
for  'Border  Minstrelsy';  his  ballads  published  by  Con- 
stable as  'The  Mountain  Bard,'  1807;  returned  to 
Ettrick  bankrupt,  having  failed  as  a  farmer  in  Dum- 
friesshire ;  came  to  Edinburgh,  1810,  and  published  the 
'  Forest  Minstrel ' :  obtained  poetical  reputation  by  '  The 
Queen's  Wake,'  1813,  and  acquaintance,  through  Byron,  of 
John  Murray  ;  formed  friendships  with  Professor  John 
Wilson,  Wordsworth,  and  Southey  ;  issued  '  Pilgrims  of 
the  Sun,'  1816 ;  '  The  Poetic  Mirror,'  1816 ;  settled  at 
Eltrive  Lake,  1816  ;  assisted  in  the  Chaldee  MS.  for  Black- 
wood's  Magazine,'  1817,  and  began  prose  tales  ;  published 
'Jacobite  Relics '  and  '  Winter  Evening  Tales,'  1820, '  The 
Three  Perils  of  Man,'  1822,  '  Confessions  of  a  Fanatic,' 
1824,  'Queen  Hynde,'  1826,  'Shepherd's  Calendar'  and 
•  Songs,'  1829  :  was  entertained  publicly  in  London,  1832, 
and  at  Peebles,  1833:  issued '  Domestic  Manners  and  Private 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,'  1834.  A  monument  to  him  was 
erected  on  St.  Mary's  Lake,  1860.  [xxvii.  98] 

HOGG,  JAMES  (1806-1888),  Edinburgh  publisher; 
edited  'The  Weekly  Instructor'  or  'Titan,'  1846-59; 
published  De  Quincey'a  and  Gilfillan's  works,  and 
'  London  Society.'  [xxvii.  101] 


HOGG 


HOLDEN 


HOGG,  SIR  JAMES  MAONAOHTEN  McGAREL, 
first  BARON  MAGRKUMOBVl  (1K23-1890),  son  of  Sir 
James  Weir  Hogg  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  :  served  in  1st  life  guards,  1843-59  ;  conservative 
M.I'.,  isuth,  1865-8,  Truro,  1871-85,  Hornsey,  1885-7; 
cbairnian  of  metropolitan  board  of  works,  1870-89 ; 
created  peer.  1887.  [xxviL  101] 

HOGG,  SIR  JAMES  WEIR,  first  baronet  (1790- 
1876),  East  India  director  ;  scholar  and  gold  medallist  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  1810 ;  registrar  of  Cal- 
cutta supreme  court,  1822-33 :  a  director  of  East  India 
Company,  1839,  chairman,  1846-7  and  1852-3 :  M.P., 
Beverley,  1835-47,  Honiton,  1847-57;  created  baronet, 
1846 ;  member  of  Indian  council,  1858-72 :  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1872.  [xxvii.  102] 

HOGG,  JOHN  (1800-1869),  scholar  and  naturalist ; 
brother  of  Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1827 ;  M.A.,  1827 :  foreign  secre- 
tary and  vice-president  of  Royal  Society  of  Literature, 
1866;  F.R.S.,  1839;  published  'Catalogue  of  Sicilian 
Plants,'  1842,  and  other  works  of  natural  history. 

[xxvii.  103] 

HOGG,  THOMAS  JEFFERSON  (1792-1862),  friend 
and  biographer  of  Shelley  :  at  Univereit/ College,  Oxford, 
with  Shelley  :  sent  down  on  the  publication  of  Shelley's 
'  Necessity  of  Atheism ' ;  joined  the  poet  and  Harriet 
Shelley  at  Edinburgh  ;  quarrel  caused  by  his  behaviour  to 
Shelley's  wife  ;  published  '  Memoirs  of  Prince  Alexy  Hai- 
matoff ,'  1813 ;  called  to  bar,  1817  ;  united  himself  to  widow 
of  Shelley's  friend,  Edward  Elliker  Williams  [q.  v.]  ;  quar- 
relled with  John  Stuart  Mill :  contributed  reminiscences 
of  Shelley  at  Oxford  to  Bulwer's  '  New  Monthly  Maga- 
zine,' 1832  ;  municipal  corporation  commissioner,  1833  ; 
afterwards  revising  barrister  ;  published  two  volumes  of 
life  of  Shelley,  1858  ;  contributed  to  '  Edinburgh  Review  ' 
and  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.'  [xxviL  104] 

HOGGARDE,  MILES  (fl.  1557).    [See  HUGGARDE.] 

HOGHTON,  DANIEL  (1770-1811),  major-general: 
major,  1794  ;  served  in  Jamaica  and  India  ;  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1796 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804  ;  brevet- 
colonel,  1805;  brigadier  at  Cadiz,  1810;  major-general, 
1810  ;  killed  at  Albuera.  A  public  monument  to  him  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [Suppl.  ii.  433] 

HOHENLOHE-LANGENBTJRG,  PKINCE  VICTOR  OP, 
COUNT  GLEICHEN  (1833-1891).  [See  VICTOR.] 

HOLBEACH  or  RANDS,  HENRY  (d.  1551),  bishop 
of  Lincoln  ;  assumed  name  of  birthplace  (Holbeach)  on 
entering  Crowland  monastery ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1534 ; 
prior  of  Buckingham  College,  1535,  of  Worcester,  1536 ; 
bishop  suffragan  (Bristol)  to  Latimer,  1538  ;  assisted  in 
drawing  up  prayer-book  (1548);  first  dean  of  Worcester, 
1540;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1544-7,  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1547-51.  [xxvii.  105] 

HOLBEIN,  HANS  (1497-1543),  painter;  born  at 
Augsburg ;  went  to  Lucerne ;  at  Basle  designed  mar- 
ginal illustrations  in  copy  of  Erasmus's  '  Encomium 
MoriaV  1515,  and  painted  portraits  of  Jacob  Meyer 
sir.'l  Hans  Herbster,  1516,  and  mural  paintings  and  re- 
ligious works,  1521-2;  executed  paintings  and  designs  at 
Lucerne,  1618 ;  painted,  c.  1526,  the  Darmstadt '  Madonna 
with  Meyer  family  ' ;  designed  illustrations  for  Luther's 
German  Testament  and  Pentateuch,  1522-3;  painted 
three  portraits  of  Erasmus,  1523 ;  came  to  England,  1526, 
with  introduction  to  Sir  Thomas  More :  painted  portraits 
of  More,  1527,  Warham,  and  others;  designed  I 
picture  of  More's  household ;  during  residence  at 
(1528-32)  completed  mural  paintings  at  the  town-hall, 
and  probably  executed  portraits  of  his  wife  and  children 
and  of  Erasmus ;  many  of  his  religious  works  destroyed 
in  an  iconoclastic  outbreak ;  returned  to  England  and 
executed  portraits  of  merchant  goldsmiths  ;  drew  '  Queen 
of  Sheba  before  Solomon ' ;  painted  '  The  Ambassadors,' 
1533,  and  the  '  Morett '  portrait ;  designed  title-pages  to 
Coverdale's  (1535)  and  Oranmer's  (1540)  bible  and  other 
protestant  publications ;  painted  Cromwell  and  Jane  Sey- 
mour, 1536 ;  his  '  Henry  VIII  with  Parents '  destroyed, 
1698,  but  a  copy  preserved  at  Hampton  Court ;  took  part 
(1538)  in  negotiations  for  marriage  of  Henry  VIII  to 
Christina  of  Denmark  and  painted  her  portrait ;  publicly 
entertained  at  Basle,  and  brought  out  designs  to  Old 
Testament  and  «  The  Dance  of  Death.'  1538 ;  painted  por- 
traits of  Anne  of  Cleves,  1539,  Norfolk,  Surrey,  Sir  John 


Russell,  and  others ;  began  large  picture  at  Barber- 
Surgeons'  Hall,  1542  ;  died  of  the  plague  in  London.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  miniaturists,  painting  in  that 
manner  Catherine  Howard  and  Anne  of  Oleves.  Authentic 
pictures  by  Holbein  are  rare  In  England.  [xxviL  106] 

HOLBORNE,  ANTHONY  (ft.  1697),  musical  com- 
poser; published  '  Oittharn  Scboole,'  1597,  and 'Pa vans, 
Ualliards,  Almains,'  Ac.,  for  wind  instruments,  1599. 

[xxviL  110] 

HOLBORNE,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1647),  lawyer;  of 
Furnival's  and  Lincoln's  Inn  (bencher  and  reader  in 
English  law)  ;  counsel  for  Hampden  in  ship-money  case ; 
M.P.  for  Southwark  in  Short  parliament  and  for  St. 
Michael  in  Long  parliament ;  attorney-general  to  Prince 
of  Wales  ;  knighted,  1643  ;  published  legal  tracts. 

[xxvii.  Ill] 

HOLBROOK,  ANN  CATHERINE  (1780-1837), 
actress ;  published  *  Memoirs  of  an  Actress,'  1807, 
'  Memoirs  of  the  Stage,'  1809,  and  tales.  [xxvii.  11 1  ] 

HOLBROOK,  JOHN  (d.  1437),  master  of  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Peterhoune,  1412,  D.D.,  1418,  master, 
1418-31 ;  chaplain  to  Henry  V  and  Henry  VI ;  chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge,  1428  and  1429-31;  vicar  of  Hintou, 
1430;  reputed  mathematician.  [xxvii.  112] 

HOLBURNE,  FRANCIS  (1704-1771),  admiral ;  while 
commander  in  Leeward  islands  obtained  dismantling 
of  Martinique  fortifications;  rear-admiral,  1755;  served 
with  Biscay  fleet,  1756  ;  member  of  court-martial  on 
Byng,  1757  ;  his  fleet  almost  destroyed  before  Louisbourg; 
admiral  of  the  blue,  1767,  of  the  white,  1770 ;  eight  years 
commander  at  Portsmouth ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1770-1 ;  died  governor  of  Greenwich.  [xxviL  112] 

HOLCOMBE,  HENRY  (1690?-! 750?),  musical  com- 
poser; published  collections  of  songs  and  instrumental 
pieces.  [xxvii.  113] 

HOLCOT,  ROBERT  OF  (d.  1349),  divine ;  Dominican 
and  doctor  in  theology  of  Oxford;  won  repute  for  ex- 
positions of  the  bible ;  said  to  have  died  of  the  plague ; 
author  of  subsequently  published  commentaries  ;  •  Quaes- 
tiones '  on  Peter  Lombard's  '  Sentences ' ;  '  Gonferentiaa,' 
and  '  Moralitates  Historiarum ' ;  perhaps  author  of 
'Philobiblon  sive  de  amore  librorum.'  [xxvii.  113] 

HOLCROFT,  FRANCIS  (1629  ?-1693), puritan  divine  ; 
M.A.  and  fellow,  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  ejected  from 
Bassingbonrne,  1662;  imprisoned  at  Cambridge,  1663 
1672,  and  in  the  Fleet ;  promoter  of  independency  in 
Cambridgeshire.  [xxviL  115] 

HOLCROFT,  THOMAS  (1745-1809),  dramatist  and 
author;  successively  stable-boy,  shoemaker,  tutor  in 
family  of  Granville  Sharp  [q.  v.],  and  actor;  his  first 
comedy,  *  Duplicity,'  produced  at  Covent  Garden,  1781 ; 
correspondent  of  '  Morning  Herald '  in  Paris,  1783 ;  trans- 
lated '  Mariage  de  Figaro '  from  memory,  and  produced 
adaptation  at  Covent  Garden,  himself  playing  Figaro, 
1784;  produced 'The  Road  to  Ruin,'  1792  (nine  editions 
printed  within  the  year) ;  indicted  for  high  treason,  1794, 
but  discharged  ;  his  musical  adaptation, '  Tale  of  Mystery,' 
produced  at  Covent  Garden,  1802,  during  his  absence  on 
continent ;  set  up  printing  business  in  London,  but 
failed ;  intimate  with  William  Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.], 
and  spoken  highly  of  by  Lamb ;  his  '  Memoirs,'  published 
1816,  mainly  compiled  by  Hazlitt ;  published  numerous 
comedies  and  comic  operas,  also  'Human  Happiness' 
(poem),  1783,  some  novels,  including  '  Alwyn,  or  the  Gen- 
tleman Comedian,'  1780;  translations,  including  '  Life  of 
Baron  Trenck,'  1788,  Lavater's  '  Physiognomy,'  1793,  and 
Goethe's  '  Hermann  und  Dorothea,'  1801.  [xxviL  116] 

HOLDEN,  GEORGE  (1783-1865),  theological  writer ; 
graduated  at  Glasgow;  Incumbent  of  Maghull,  Liver- 
pool, 1811-65 ;  his  library  bequeathed  to  Ripon  clergy ; 
published  theological  works.  [xxvii.  119] 

HOLDEN,  HENRY  (1696-1662),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  D.D.  and  professor  at  the  Sorbonue  and  vicar- 
general  of  Paris ;  petitioned  for  toleration  of  English 
catholics,  1647 ;  engaged  in  controversy  with  Arnault, 
1656 ;  criticised  writings  of  Thomas  White  (1593-1676) 
[q.  v.];  published  'Divinae  Fidel  Analysis'  (1652,  Eng. 
translation,  1658);  died  at  Paris,  leaving  bequests  to 
English  subjects  in  France.  [xxvii.  119] 


HOLDEN 


630 


HOLLAND 


HOLDEN,  HUBERT  ASHTON  (1822-1896),  classical 
scholar ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1845  ;  fellow, 
1847-54  ;  LL.D.,  1863  ;  ordained  priest,  1859  ;  vice-princi- 
pal of  Cheltenham  College,  1853-8 ;  headmaster  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  school,  Ipswich,  1868-83 ;  fellow  of  London 
University,  1890  ;  Litt.  D.  Dublin,  1892  ;  edited  classical 
works  for  students.  [Suppl.  ii.  434] 

HOLDEN,  SIR  ISAAC,  first  baronet  (1807-1897),  in- 
ventor ;  worked  in  cotton  mill ;  shawl  weaver  ;  assistant- 
teacher  at  schools  successively  at  Paisley,  Leeds,  Hudders- 
field,  and  Reading ;  book-keeper  in  Townend  Brothers' 
firm  of  worsted  manufacturers,  1830-46 ;  associated  with 
Samuel  Cunliffe  Lister,  afterwards  first  Baron  Masham, 
with  whom  he  obtained  patent  (1847)  for  new  method  of 
carding  and  combing  and  preparing  genappe  yarns ; 
opened  manufactory  at  St.  Denis,  near  Paris,  1848 ;  con- 
centrated business  at  Bradford,  1864;  M.P.,  Knares- 
borough,  1865-8,  and  Keighley  division,  1882-96;  created 
baronet,  1893.  [Suppl.  ii.  434] 

HOLDEN,  LAWRENCE,  the  elder  (1710-1778),  dis- 
senting divine  ;  published '  Paraphrase  on ...  Job,  Psalms, 
Proverbs,  Ecclesiastes,'  1763,  and  '  A  Paraphrase  on  ... 
Isaiah,'  1776.  [xxvii.  120] 

HOLDEN,  LAWRENCE,  the  younger  (1762-1844), 
dissenting  divine  at  Tenterdeu,  1774-1844;  son  of  Law- 
rence Holden  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  121] 

HOLDEN,  MOSES  (1777-1864),  Preston  astronomer; 
constructed  large  orrery  and  magic  lantern ;  published 
small  celestial  atlas,  1818,  and  an  almanack,  1835. 

[xxvii.  121] 

HOLDER,  WILLIAM  (1616-1698),  divine  ;  M.A.  and 
fellow,  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1640  ;  rector  of  Bletch- 
ington  and  North  wold ;  taught  a  deaf-mute  to  speak ; 
F.R.S.,  1663 ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's ;  sub-dean  of  Chapel 
Royal,  1674-89  ;  rector  of  Therfield,  Hertfordshire,  1687  ; 
helped  to  educate  Sir  Christopher  Wren  ;  published  '  Ele- 
ments of  Speech,'  1669,  and  treatises  on  harmony  and  the 
Julian  calendar.  [xxvii.  121] 

HOLDERNESS,  EARLS  OF.  [See  RAMSAY,  SIR  JOHN, 
1580?-1626;  RUPERT,  PRINCE,  1619-1682;  D'ARCY, 
ROBERT,  fourth  EARL  of  the  third  creation,  1718-1778.] 

HOLDING,  FREDERICK  (1817-1874),  Manchester 
water-colour  painter.  [xxvii.  122] 

HOLDING,  HENRY  JAMES  (1833-1872),  painter; 
brother  of  Frederick  Holding  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  122] 

HOLDSWORTH,  DANIEL  (1558  ?-1595  ?).  [See 
HALSWORTH.] 

HOLDSWORTH,  EDWARD  (1684-1746),  classical 
scholar ;  of  Winchester  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1711 ;  held  Jacobite  views  ;  travelled  in  Italy  and 
France  ;  published  '  Muscipula  sive  Cambro-muo-machia,' 
1709,  often  reissued,  and  translated  by  Samuel  Cobb 
[q.  v.]  and  others ;  '  Remarks  and  Dissertations  on 
Virgil,'  with  notes  by  Spence,  issued  1768.  [xxvii.  122] 

HOLDSWORTH,  RICHARD  (1590-1649),  master  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  scholar  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1607;  fellow,  1613;  B.A.,  1610;  in- 
corporated M.A.  Oxford.  1617;  rector  of  St.  Peter-le- 
Poor,  London,  1624  ;  Gresham  professor  of  divinity,  1629  ; 
archdeacon  of  Huntingdon,  1634 ;  master  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1637-43 ;  president  of  Sion  College, 
1639;  when  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1640,  resisted 
interference  of  parliament  with  Emmanuel  fellowships  ; 
sequestrated  from  mastership  and  rectory  and  imprisoned 
(1643)  for  withholding  aid  from  parliament  and  publish- 
ing royal  proclamation  ;  visited  Charles  I  at  Holmby 
House,  and  was  made  dean  of  Worcester,-  1647 ;  his 
library  bought  by  Cambridge  University,  [xxvii.  124] 

HOLE,  HENRY  FULKE  PLANTAGENET  WOOLI- 
OOMBE  (d.  1820),  wood-engraver.  [xxvii.  126] 

HOLE,  MATTHEW  (d.  1730),  rector  of  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1664  ;  D.D.,  1716  :  vicar  of  Stogursey, 
1688-1730 ;  rector  of  Exeter  College,  1716-30 ;  made  be- 
quests  to  his  college  and  to  Oxford  charities ;  tracts  by 
him  on  the  liturgy  republished,  1837-8.  [xxvii.  126] 

HOLE,  RICHARD  (1746-1803),  poet;  B.C.L.  Exeter 
College,  Oxford.  1771 :  vicar  of  Huckerell,  1777  :  rector  of 


Faringdon,  1792,  and  of  Inwanlleigh ;  published  'Poetical 
Translation  of  Fingal,'  with  •  Ode  to  Imagination,'  1772 ; 
his  version  of  'Homer's  Hymn  to  Ceres'  (1781)  in  many 
collections  ;  his  '  Essay  on  Character  of  Ulysses  '  edited, 
1807  ;  many  poeins  by  him  in  Richard  Polwhele's  collec- 
tion, [xxvii.  127] 

HOLE  or  HOLLE,  WILLIAM  (/.  1600-1630),  earliest 
English  engraver  of  music  on  copper  plates ;  also  engraved 
portraits  and  title-pages  of  maps  for  Camden's  '  Britannia,' 
1607.  [xxvii.  128] 

HOLFORD,  MARGARET  (1778-1862).  [See  HODSON, 
MRS.  MARGARET.] 

HOLGATE  or  HOLDEGATE,  ROBERT  (1481  ?-1555), 
archbishop  of  York ;  master  of  the  order  of  St.  Gilbert 
of  Sempringham  and  prior  of  Watton  ;  chaplain  to  Henry 
VIII ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1537 ;  assisted  in  composing 
'  Institutes  of  a  Christian  Man ' ;  president  of  the  north, 
1538-50  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1545-54  ;  impoverished  his 
see ;  favoured  reformed  doctrines,  and  was  deprived  for 
being  married,  1554  ;  imprisoned,  but  released  on  submis- 
sion ;  endowed  hospital  at  Hemsworth.  [xxviL  128] 

HOLINSHED  or  HOLLINGSHEAD,  RAPHAEL 
(d.  1580  ?),  chronicler ;  came  to  London  early  in  reign  of 
Elizabeth ;  employed  as  translator  by  Reginald  Wolfe, 
and  to  continue  a  chronicle  of  universal  history,  which 
Wolfe  had  begun  ;  his  'Chronicles'  of  England  (to  1575), 
Scotland  (to  1571),  and  Ireland  (to  1547)  published  in 
1578  (expunged  passages  inserted  in  copy  in  Grenvillc 
Library,  British  Museum).  The  '  Chronicle '  was  reissued, 
with  continuation,  edited  by  John  Hooker,  alias  Vowell 
[q.  v.],  1586,  and  politically  offensive  passages  again  taken 
out ;  it  was  utilised  by  Shakespeare  and  other  dramatists. 

[xxvii.  130] 

HOLKER,  JEAN  LOUIS  (1770-1844),  discoverer  of 
the  method  of  continuous  combustion  in  vitriol  manufac- 
ture; son  of  John  Holker  (1745-1822)  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  133] 

HOLKER,  JOHN  (1719-1786),  Jacobite;  captured 
with  Manchester  volunteers  at  Carlisle,  1745;  escaped 
from  Newgate  to  France,  1746  ;  in  Irish  brigade,  1747-51 ; 
accompanied  Young  Pretender  on  secret  visit  to  England, 
1750 ;  engaged  workmen  from  Manchester  for  Rouen 
cotton-mill,  1754 ;  as  inspector-general  of  manufactures 
established  spinning  schools  and  first  French  vitriol 
factory;  knight  of  St.  Louis,  1770;  ennobled,  1775; 
buried  at  Rouen.  [xxvii.  132] 

HOLKER,  JOHN  (1745-1822),  French  consul-general 
at  Philadelphia  from  1777 ;  son  of  John  Holker  (1719-1786) 
[q.  v.]  [xxvii.  133] 

HOLKER,  SIR  JOHN  (1828-1882),  lord  justice; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1854,  and  treasurer,  1875 ;  Q.O., 
1866 ;  knighted,  1874  ;  had  large  practice  in  patent  cases ; 
M.P.,  Preston,  1872-82  ;  solicitor-general,  1874  ;  attorney- 
general,  1875-80 ;  lord  justice,  1882  ;  carried  Summary 
Procedure  and  Public  Prosecution  Acts,  1879. 

[xxvii.  133] 

HOLL,  FRANCIS  (1816-1884),  engraver;  son  of 
William  Holl  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  pictures  for 
Queen  Victoria,  portraits  by  George  Richmond,  Frith's 
'Railway  Station,'  and  many  chalk  drawings ;  A.R.A., 
1883.  [xxvii.  134] 

HOLL,  FRANCIS  MONTAGUE,  known  as  FRANK 
HOLL  (1846-1888),  painter  ;  son  of  Francis  Holl  (1815-1884) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  University  College  and  Royal  Academy 
schools ;  gold  medallist,  1863  ;  gained  travelling  student- 
ship, 1868  ;  exhibited  at  Academy  from  1864  ;  R.A.,  1883  : 
exhibited  '  No  Tidings  from  the  Sea,'  1871,  and  '  Leaving 
Home,'  1873;  painted  198  portraits,  1879-88,  inolndiiiK 
the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  Sir  William  Jenner,  Sir  Henry 
Unwlinson,  John  Bright,  Lord  Roberts,  and  two  of  King 
Edward  VII  while  Prince  of  Wales.  [xxvii.  135] 

HOLL,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1771-1838),  stipple- 
engraver  ;  noted  for  portraits.  [xxvii.  136] 

HOLL,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1807-1871),  stipple 
and  line  engraver ;  son  of  William  Holl  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
executed  portraits,  subject-pictures  after  Frith,  and  book 


illustrations. 


[xxvii.  137] 


HOLLAND,   first  EARL  OF  (1590-1649).    [Se«  RICH, 
HKNRY.] 


HOLLAND 


C31 


HOLLAND 


HOLLAND,  BAKONB.  [See  Fox,  HKNKY,  1705-1774, 
first  BARON;  Fox,  HKNKY  Un  HAIID  VASSAI.I.,  1773-1840, 
third  UAKON.] 

HOLLAND,  LADY  (1770-1845).  [See  Fox,  ELIZABETH 
v  \-ALL.] 

HOLLAND,  ABRAHAM  <-/.  1«2G),  poet:  son  of 
Philemon  Holland  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1617 ;  author  of  •  Naumaohia,  or  Hollands  Sea- 
Fight '  (1622),  describing  Lepanto ;  '  Hollundi  Posthuma,' 
edited  by  his  brother,  1626.  [xxvll.  137] 

HOLLAND,  CHARLES (1733-1769),  actor:  appeared 
at  Drury  Lane,  1765-69 ;  played  lago,  lachlmo,  Jaffler, 
Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Romeo,  Ohamout :  praised  by  Chatter- 
ton,  but  satirised  by  Churchill  for  imitation  of  Garrick  ; 
intimate  with  Powdl ;  inscription  written  by  Garrick  for 
his  monument  in  Chiswick  Church.  [xxvii.  137] 

HOLLAND,  CHARLES  (1768-1849  ?),  actor ;  nephew 
of  Charles  Holland  (1733-1769)  [q.  v.] :  appeared  at  Drury 
Lane,  1796-1820,  at  Haymarket,  1809-10:  played  Horatio 
to  Elliston's  Hamlet  at  Lyceum,  1812,  Mendlzabel  to 
Kean's  Manuel,  1817,  Buckingham  to  his  Richard  III, 
1819,  Gloucester  to  his  Lear,  1820.  [xxvii.  138] 

HOLLAND,  CORNELIUS  (fl.  1649),  regicide:  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ; 
B.A.,  1618;  clerk-comptroller  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1635; 
M.P.,  New  Windsor,  1640 ;  a  commissioner  for  Scottish 
treaty,  1643  :  as  member  of  council  of  state,  1649,  said  to 
have  drawn  up  charges  against  the  king,  but  did  not  sign 
warrant :  liberally  rewarded  by  parliament ;  escaped  to 
Holland,  1660  ;  said  to  have  died  at  Lausanne. 

[xxvii.  139] 

HOLLAND,  EDMUND,  fourth  EARL  OF  KENT  (</. 
1408) :  second  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Holland,  second  earl 
[q.  v.] ;  mortally  wounded  at  Briant.  [xxvii.  157] 

HOLLAND,  GEORGE  CALVERT  (1801-1865), 
physician  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1827  ;  B.-es-Lettres  Paris ; 
practised  at  Manchester  and  Sheffield ;  defended  the  corn 
laws ;  abandoned  practice  to  direct  banks  and  railway 
companies,  and  failed ;  adopted  homoeopathy,  1851 :  studied 
mesmerism  ;  published  '  Experimental  Enquiry  into  Laws 
of  Animal  Life,'  1829,  'Physiology  of  the  Foatus,'  1831, 
and  other  scientific  works.  [xxvii.  139] 

HOLLAND,  GUY,  sometimes  known  as  HOLT  (1587  ?- 
1660),  Jesuit;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1605; 
entered  English  College,  Valladolid,  1608 ;  joined  Jesuits  in 
England,  1615  ;  arrested  in  London,  1628  ;  forty-five  years 
on  English  mission ;  attacked  Falkland's  '  Discourse  of 
the  Infallibility  of  the  Church  of  Rome,'  1645  :  defended 
immortality  of  the  soul,  1653.  [xxvii.  140] 

HOLLAND,  HENRY  (</.  1604),  divine;  B.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1580 :  vicar  of  Orwell,  1580-94, 
of  St.  Bride's,  London,  1594-1604 ;  works  include '  Treatise 
against  Witchcraft '(1590)  and  'Spirituall  Preseruatiues 
against  the  Pestilence'  (1593).  [xxvii.  140] 

HOLLAND,  HENRY  (</.  1625),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  of  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford:  B.A., 
1569 ;  B.D.  Douay,  1578;  on  English  mission,  1582  ;  divinity 
reader  at  Marchiennes  and  Anchine :  published  '  Urna 
Aurea,'  1612,  and  Latin  life  of  Thomas  Stapleton,  1620; 
died  at  Anchine.  [xxvii.  141] 

HOLLAND,  HENRY  (1583-1660  ?),  compiler  and  pub- 
lisher ;  son  of  Philemon  Holland  [q.  v.]  ;  free  of  Stationers' 
Company,  1608 ;  issued  his  own  '  Monumenta  Sepul- 
chraria  Sancti  Pauli,'  1614  (continued  and  reissued,  1633), 
and  '  Baziliwlogia,'  with  engravings  by  Elstracke,  Pass, 
and  Francis  Delaram,  1618,  and  'Herwologia  Anglica* 
(with  portraits),  1620;  edited  Philemon  Holland's  Bau- 
dcron's  'Pharmacopoeia,'  1639,  and  'Regimen  Sanitatis 
Salerni,'  1649;  served  in  parliamentary  army,  1643. 

[xxvii.  141] 

HOLLAND,  HENRY (1746  7-1806), architect: designed 
Claremont  House,  Esher,  for  Olive,  1763-4,  Battersea 
Bridge,  1771-2,  Brooks's  Club,  1777-8,  and  Brighton 
Pavilion,  1787  ;  altered  and  enlarged  Carlton  House,  1788 ; 
designed  Drury  Lane  for  Sheridan,  1791,  and  new  East 
India  House,  demolished  in  1862;  laid  out  Sloane  Street ; 
member  of  committee  to  report  on  houses  of  parliament, 
1789;  F.S.A.,  1797;  drew  up  architects' report  on  fires, 
1792.  [xxvii.  143] 


HOLLAND,  SIR  HKNRY,  flrst  baronet  (1788-1873), 
physician;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1811 ;  Htudii-d  :.t  Cuy's  and 
St.  Thomas's  hospitals  :  viaited  Iceland  and  eontribuU-d 
to  Sir  (Joorge  8.  Mackenzie's  account,  1810;  medical 
attendant  to  Princess  of  Wales  (Caroline)  on  t 
nent,  1814 ;  gave  evidence  in  her  favour,  1820 : 
1816;  F.R.C.P.,  1828 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  I'rimv 
Albert,  1840,  to  Queen  Victoria,  18*2 :  created  baronet, 
1863 ;  travelled  much  on  continent :  publUbed  •  Travels,' 
1815,  'Chapters  on  Mental  Physiology,'  1862,  'Essays,* 
1862,  and  '  Recollections,'  1872.  [xxvii.  1  »i] 

HOLLAND,  HEZEKIAH  (/.  1688-1661),  puritan 
divine;  rector  of  Sutton  Valence,  Kent:  author  of 'Ex- 
position or  ...  Epitome  of  ...  Commentaries  upon  .  .  . 
Revelations,'  1650.  [xxvii.  146] 

HOLLAND,  HUGH  (rf.  1633),  poet;  queen's  scholar 
at  Westminster  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge : 
converted  to  Romanism ;  travelled  as  far  as  Jerusalem  ; 
patronised  by  Buckingham  :  a  member  of  Mermaid  Club; 
wrote  sonnet  prefixed  to  first  folio  Shakespeare;  pub- 
lished 'Pancharis,'  1603,  and  '  A  Cypres  Garland,'  1625. 

[xxvii.  146] 

HOLLAND,  JAMES  (1800-1870),  water-colour  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Water-colour  Society,  Royal  Academy,  Society 
of  British  Artists,  and  British  Institution  ;  drew  for  illus- 
trated annuals,  visiting  France,  Venice,  Geneva,  Portugal, 
and  Italy.  [xxvii.  146] 

HOLLAND,  JOHN,  DUKK  OF  EXETER  AND  EARL 
OF  HUNTINGDON  (13527-1400),  third  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Holland,  first  earl  of  Kent  [q.  v.],  and  half-brother  to 
Richard  II ;  K.G.,  1381 ;  justice  of  Chester,  1381 :  murdered 
Ralph  Stafford,  1385  ;  married  Elizabeth, daughter  of  John 
of  Gaunt,  under  whom  he  distinguished  himself  in  Spain, 
1386  ;  created  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  1387  ;  chamberlain  of 
England,  1389 :  made  pilgrimage  to  Palestine,  1394 :  com- 
missary, west  marches  towards  Scotland,  1393  ;  rewarded 
by  dukedom  for  activity  against  Gloucester  and  Arnndel, 
1397:  accompanied  Richard  II  to  Ireland,  1399;  con- 
spired against  Henry  IV ;  executed.  [xxvii.  147] 

HOLLAND,  JOHN,  DUKJS  OK  EXETKR  and  EARL  OF 
HUNTINGDON  (1395-1447),  second  son  of  John  Holland, 
duke  of  Exeter  (1352  7-1400)  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1413  ;  distin- 
guished at  Agincourt,  1415 ;  restored  to  earldom,  1416, 
and  created  K.G. ;  commanded  fleet  against  Genoese  off 
Harfleur,  1417  :  took  part  in  sieges  of  Caen  and  Rouen  ; 
distinguished  at  surprise  of  Pontoise,  1419  ;  won  victory 
of  Fresney,  1420 ;  took  part  in  capture  of  Melun,  1420; 
constable  of  Tower  of  London,  1420 ;  captured  by 
dauphinists,  1421 ;  exchanged,  1425 ;  English  represen- 
tative at  Arras,  1435;  commanded  expedition  for  relief 
of  Guisnes,  1438 ;  governor  of  Aquitaine,  1440  ;  restored 
to  dukedom,  1443.  [xxvii.  148] 

HOLLAND,  JOHN  (d.  1722),  founder  of  Bank  of  Scot- 
land and  first  governor,  1695 ;  with  his  eon,  Richard 
Holland  (1688-1730)  [q.  v.],  projected  Irish  bank:  pub- 
lished financial  pamphlets.  [xxvii.  160] 

HOLLAND,  JOHN  (1766-1826),  nonconformist  minis- 
ter :  nephew  of  Philip  Holland  [q.  v.]  [xxviL  154] 

HOLLAND,  JOHN  (1794-1872),  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer;  edited  'Sheffield  Iris,'  1825-32;  joint- 
editor  of  ' Sheffield  Mercury,'  1835-48  •  published '  Sheffield 
Park,'  1820,  and  '  Diurnal  Sonnets,'  1861 ;  friend  of  James 
Montgomery  ;  joint-editor  of  '  Memoirs  of  Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  James  Montgomery,'  1864-6  :  completed  NewsamV 
'Poets  of  Yorkshire,'  1845;  published  also  'History  of 
Worksop,'  1826,  'Cruciana,'  1835,  and  other  works. 

[xxvii.  160] 

HOLLAND,  SIR  NATHANIEL  DANCE-,  first  baronet 
(1735-1811),  painter  ;  third  son  of  the  elder  George  Dance 
[q.  v.] ;  original  member  of  Royal  Academy,  to  whose 
first  exhibition  he  sent  full  lengths  of  George  III  and 
Queen  Charlotte  ;  assumed  additional  name  ;  M.P.,  Bast 
Griustead  ;  created  baronet,  1800.  [xxvii.  151] 

HOLLAND,  PHILEMON  (1552-1637),  translator: 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1574,  major  fellow,  1674  ; 
claimed  degree  of  M.D. :  master  of  free  school,  Coventry, 
1628  ;  received  pension  from  city,  1632 :  epitaph  by 
himself  in  Holy  Trinity  Church :  his  chief  translations 
those  of  Livy,  1600,  Pliny's  'Natural  History,'  1601, 


HOLLAND 


G32 


HOLLES 


Plutarch's  '  Morals,'  1603,  Suetonius,  1606,  Ammianus 
Marcellinus,  1609,  Oamden*s  •  Britannia,*  1610,  and  Xeno- 
phon's  •  Cyropaedia,'  1632  ;  praised  by  Fuller,  Hearne,  and 
Southey.  [xxvii.  151] 

HOLLAND,  PHILIP  (1721-1789),  nonconformist 
divine ;  minister  of  Bank  Street  Chapel,  Bolton,  1755-80  : 
assisted  Seddon  in  establishment  of  NVarriugton  academy  ; 
active  in  agitation  against  subscription.  [xxvii.  153] 

HOLLAND,  Sm  RICHARD  (Jf.  1450),  Scottish  poet 
and  adherent  of  the  Douglases  ;  author  of  the  '  Buke  of 
the  Howlat,'  edited  by  David  Laiug,  1823  ;  praised  by  Blind 
Harry,  Dunbar,  and  Lyndsay.  [xxvii.  154] 

HOLLAND,  RICHARD  (1596-1677),  mathematician  ; 
educated  at  Oxford ;  author  of  astronomical  manuals. 

[xxvii.  155] 

HOLLAND,  RIOHAKD  (1688-1730),  medical  writer  ; 
son  of  John  Holland  (d.  1722)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1712  ;  M.D.,  1723 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1725  ;  F.R.S., 
1726  ;  published  •  Observations  on  Smallpox,'  1728. 

[xxvii.  150] 

HOLLAND,  ROBERT  (1557-1622?),  Welsh  poet: 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1581 ;  incumbent  in  Pem- 
brokeshire and  rector  of  Llauddowror,  Carmarthen. 

[xxvii.  155] 

HOLLAND,  SABA,  LADY  (d.  1866),  second  wife  of  Sir 
Henry  Holland  [q.  v.]  ;  published  memoir  of  her  father, 
Sydney  Smith,  1855.  [xxvii.  145] 

HOLLAND,  SETH  (d.  1561), dean  of  Worcester  ;  M.A. 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1539 :  fellow  ;  warden,  1555  : 
dean  of  Worcester,  1557-9 ;  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Pole ; 
died  in  prison.  [xxvii.  156] 

HOLLAND,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OF  KENT  of 
the  Holland  family  (d.  1360),  soldier ;  present  at  Sluys, 
1340  :  an  original  K.G.,  1344  ;  prominent  at  siege  of  Caen, 
and  at  Crecy,  1346 ;  royal  lieutenant  in  Brittany,  1354 ; 
governor  of  Channel  islands,  1356 ;  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment as  Baron  Holland,  1353-6 ;  captain-general  in  France 
and  Normandy,  1359 ;  Earl  of  Kent  in  right  of  his  wife 
Joan,  daughter  of  Edmund  of  Woodstock,  earl  of  Kent 
[q.  v.]  [xxvii.  156] 

HOLLAND,  SIR  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  KENT 
of  the  Holland  family  (1350-1397),  favourite  and  half- 
brother  of  Richard  II ;  son  of  Thomas  Holland,  first  earl 
of  Kent  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as  Baron  Holland,  1360 ; 
knighted  in  Castile,  1366;  K.G.,  1375;  earl-marshal, 
1380-5 ;  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Wenceslaus,  1380 ; 
Earl  of  Kent,  1381 ;  constable  of  the  Tower  and  privy 
councillor,  1389.  [xxvii.  157] 

HOLLAND,  THOMAS,  DUKE  OF  SURREY  and  EARL 
OF  KENT  (1374-1400),  eldest  sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Holland, 
second  earl  of  Kent  [q.v.]  ;  K.G.,  1397  ;  active  in  arrest 
and  execution  of  Arundel ;  created  Duke  of  Surrey,  1397  ; 
marshal  and  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1398  ;  deprived  of 
dukedom,  1399 ;  conspired  against  Henry  IV,  holding 
Maidenhead  bridge  three  days ;  executed  by  men  of  Ciren- 
cester.  [xxvii.  157] 

HOLLAND,  THOMAS  (d.  1612),  regius  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1575  ; 
D.D.,  1584 ;  chaplain  to  Leicester  in  Netherlands,  1585 ; 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1589-1612 ;  rector 
of  Exeter  College,  1592  ;  one  of  the  six  translators  of  the 
prophets  in  authorised  version,  1611.  [xxvii.  158] 

HOLLAND,  THOMAS  (1600-1642),  Jesuit;  addressed 
Prince  Charles  at  Madrid,  1623  :  prefect  and  confessor  at 
St.  Omer ;  came  to  England,  1635  ;  executed. 

[xxvii.  159] 

HOLLAND,  THOMAS  (1659-1743).  [See  ECCLKSTON, 
THOMAS.] 

HOLLAND,  THOMAS  AGAR  (1803-1888),  poet;  of 
Westminster  and  Worcester  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1828  ; 
rector  of  Poynings,  1846-88 ;  published  '  Dryburgh  Abbey 
and  other  Poems,'  1826.  [xxvii.  159] 

HOLLAR,  WENCESLAUS,  in  Bohemian  VACLAV 
HOLAR  (1607-1677),  engraver;  native  of  Prague;  lived 
at  Frankfort,  Cologne,  and  Antwerp ;  came  to  England 
with  Thomas  Howard,  second  earl  of  Arundel  [q.  v.], 
1636  ;  teacher  of  drawing  to  Prince  Charles  ;  engraved 
•Ornatus  Muliebris  Anglicanus,'  1640,  Charles  I  and  his 
queen  (after  Vandyck),  1641,  and  'Theatrum  Mulierum,' 


1643 ;  captured  by  parliamentarians  at  Basing  ;  escaped 
to  Antwerp;  returned,  1652:  illustrated  Dugdale's  'St. 
Paul,'  Ogilby's  Virgil,  and  Stapleton's  Juvenal ;  as  Hill's 
designer  produced  '  Coronation  of  Charles  II '  ;  executed 
fine  map  of  London  after  the  fire  of  1666 ;  sent  to  Tangier, 
1669  ;  engraved  pioture  of  Kempthorne's  fight  with  Alge- 
rine  pirates  :  illustrated  Thorpton's  *  Antiquities  of  Not- 
tinghamshire' ;  2,733  of  his  prints  enumerated. 

[xxvii.  160] 

HOLLES,  DENZTL,  first  BAROX  HOLLES  OF  IKIKI.M 
(1599-1680),  statesman  :  second  son  of  John  Holies,  first 
earl  of  Clare  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  St.  Michael,  1624,  Dorchester, 
1628,  and  in  Long  parliament ;  opposed  Buckingham's 
foreign  policy;  held  the  speaker  in  his  chair,  2  March, 
1629 ;  imprisoned  and  fined ;  escaped  abroad ;  compen- 
sated by  Long  parliament,  1641  ;  tried  to  save  his  brother- 
in-law,  Strafford  ;  carried  up  impeachment  of  Laud  ;  sup- 
ported Grand  Remonstrance  and  impeachment  of  Digby 
and  Bristol,  1641 :  impeached  among  the  five  members, 
3  Jan.  1642  ;  advocated  Militia  Bill  and  impeachment  of 
royalist  peers  ;  member  of  committee  of  safety  4  July, 
1642  ;  led  regiment  at  Edgehill  and  Brentford ;  advocated 
peace,  1643 ;  parliamentary  representative  at  negotiations 
of  1644,  1645  (Oxbridge),  and  1648  (Newport);  headed 
presbyterians  against  independents  and  (1644)  projected 
impeachment  of  Cromwell ;  charged  with  intrigues  with 
Charles  1, 1645  and  1647  ;  impeached  by  the  army  among 
the  eleven  members,  1647 ;  disabled  from  sitting,  but  re- 
stored, 1648 ;  escaped  to  France  under  threat  of  another 
impeachment ;  readmitted  by  Monck  and  appointed  to 
council  of  state,  1660  ;  commissioner  to  Charles  II  at  the 
Hague;  privy  councillor  and  created  peer,  1661;  ambas- 
sador at  Paris,  1663-6 :  a  negotiator  of  treaty  of  Breda, 
1667;  protested  against  the  Test  Act,  1675;  supported 
impeachment  of  Danby,  1678,  and  disbandment  of  army, 
1678 ;  opposed  Exclusion  Bill ;  one  of  the  new  privy  coun- 
cillors, 1679  ;  his  '  Memoirs,  1641-8,'  printed,  1699. 

[xxvii.  162] 

HOLLES,  SIR  FRESCHEVILLE  (1641-1672),  captain 
in  the  navy ;  son  of  Gervase  Holies  [q.  v.]  ;  volunteer  in 
naval  campaign,  1665 ;  knighted,  1666 ;  commanded  the 
Henrietta,  1666 ;  abused  by  Pepys  ;  M.P.,  Grimsby,  1667 ; 
commanded  the  Cambridge  under  Sir  Robert  Holmes 
[q.v.],  1672  ;  killed  in  battle  of  Solebay  ;  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  [xxvii.  166] 

HOLLES,  GERVASE  (1606-1675),  antiquary ;  comp- 
troller of  Middle  Temple,  1635 ;  royalist  mayor  and  M.P. 
for  Grimsby;  suspended  and  disabled  from  sitting  for 
denunciation  of  Scots,  1641-2  ;  fought  at  Edgehill,  Ban- 
bury,  Brentford,  Newbury ;  captured  at  Colchester ;  al- 
lowed to  retire  to  France,  1649 ;  in  Holland  till  1660 : 
master  of  the  requests  and  M.P.,  Grimsby,  1661-75 ;  some 
of  his  Lincolnshire  collections  in  British  Museum. 

[xxvii.  167] 

HOLLES,  GILBERT,  third  EARL  OF  CLARE  (1633- 
1689),  member  of  the  country  party,  1660-88  :  sou  of 
John  Holies,  second  earl  of  Clare  [q.  v.j  [xxvii.  170] 

HOLLES,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  CLARE  (1564  ?-1637), 
soldier  and  politician  ;  served  against  Armada,  1588,  and 
in  Azores  expedition,  1597  ;  fought  against  Turks  in  Hun- 
gary ;  comptroller  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  1610-12 ; 
friend  of  Somerset  and  enemy  of  Coke  and  Gervase  Mark- 
ham  ;  created  Baron  Holies,  1616,  and  Earl  of  Clare,  1624  ; 
opposed  Buckingham  ;  advocated  compromise  on  Petition 
of  Right ;  reprimanded  for  implication  in  proceedings  of 
Sir  Robert  Dudley  [q.  v.],  1629.  [xxvii.  168] 

HOLLES,  JOHN,  second  EARL  OF  CLARE  (1595-1666), 
son  of  John  Holies,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  represented  East 
Retford  as  Lord  Haughton,  1624-9 ;  volunteer  at  Bois-le- 
Duc,  1629 ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1637  ;  took  part  in  nego- 
tiations with  Scots,  1640;  sided  with  five  popular  peers, 
1641,  but  defended  Strafford,  1641 ;  changed  sides  several 
times  during  the  rebellion.  [xxvii.  169] 

HOLLES,  JOHN,  DUKE  OF  NEWCASTLE  (1662-1711), 
son  of  Gilbert  Holies,  third  earl  of  Clare  [q.  v.] :  known 
as  Lord  Haughton  till  father's  death  ;  M.P.  for  Notting- 
hamshire ;  gentleman  of  bedchamber  to  William  III : 
married  Margaret  Cavendish,  coheiress  of  Duke  of  New- 
castle, 1690;  created  duke,  1694;  K.G.,  1698;  lord  privy 
seal,  1705-11.  [xxvii.  170] 

HOLLES,  THOMAS  PELHAM-,  DUKE  OF  NEWCASTLE- 
UPON-TYNE  and  NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME  (1693-1768). 
[See  PKLHAM.] 


HOLL.ES 


588 


HOLME 


HOLLES  or  HOLLIS,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1471  7-1572), 
lord  mayor  of  London  :  master  of  Mercers'  Company, 
1538;  sheriff  of  London,  1527;  knighted,  1633;  lord 
mayor,  1539-40 ;  left  bequests  to  Coventry,  the  Mercers' 
Company,  and  St.  Helen's,  Bishopsgate ;  ancestor  of  earls 
of  Clare  and  dukes  of  Newcastle.  [xxvii.  171] 

HOLUDAY,  JOHN  (17307-1801),  author;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1771;  practised  as  conveyancer:    1 
and   F.S.A.;  published  'Life  of  Lord   Mansfield*  (1797) 
and  poems.  [  x  x  vii.  1 7 1  ] 

HOLLINGS,  EDMUND  (15567-1612),  physician: 
B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1575  ;  studied  at  Rheims 
and  Rome  ;  intimate  with  Pits  ;  professor  of  medicine  at 
Ingolstadt ;  published  medical  works  ;  died  at  Ingolstadt. 

[xxvii.  172] 

HOLLINGS,  JOHN  (16837-1739),  physician-general 
and  physician  in  ordinary;  M.D.  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  1710 ;  F.R.S.,  1726  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1726  ;  Harveian 
orator,  1734.  [xxvii.  172] 

HOLLINGWORTH,  RICHARD  (16397-1701),  con- 
troversialist; M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1662; 
D.D.,  1684 ;  vicar  of  West  Ham,  1672-82,  of  Chigwell, 
1690-1701 ;  published  pamphlets  in  defence  of  Charles  I's 
authorship  of  '  Elxiav  /3ao-iAt*>),'  and  reissued  Edward 
Symmons's  '  Vindication,'  1693.  [xxvii.  172] 

HOLLINS,  JOHN  (1798-1855),  painter  ;  A.R.A.,  1842  ; 
exhibited  portraits  and  historical  subject-,  and,  later, 
figure-pieces  and  landscapes.  [xxvii.  173] 

HOLLINS,  PETER  (1800-1886),  sculptor :  son  of  Wil- 
liam Hollius  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  His 
works  include  statues  of  Peel  and  Sir  Rowland  Hill  for 
Birmingham.  [xxvii.  174] 

HOLLINS,  WILLIAM  (1754-1843),  architect  and 
sculptor ;  cousin  of  John  Holllns  [q.  v.]  ;  designed  public 
buildings  at  Birmingham  and  plans  for  St.  Petersburg 
mint.  [xxvii.  174] 

HOLLINWORTH  or  HOLLINGWORTH,  RICHARD 
(1607-1656), divine;  educated  at  Manchester  and  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1630 :  minister  of  Trinity 
Chapel,  Salford,  1636;  fellow  of  Manchester  Collegiate 
Church  ;  assisted  Richard  Heyrick  [q.  v.]  in  establishing 
Lancashire  presbyterianism,  which  he  also  defended  con- 
troversially :  imprisoned  on  charge  of  implication  in 
Love's  plot,  1651 ;  one  of  Ohetham's  feoffees  ;  his  '  Man- 
cuniensis '  printed,  1839.  [xxvii.  174] 

HOLLIS,  AISKEW  PAFFARD  (1764-1844),  vice- 
admiral;  present  in;battle  off  Ushant,  1778;  lieutenant, 
1781 ;  wounded  In  action  of  1  June,  1794 ;  brought  Crescent 
Into  Table  Bay,  1797  ;  commanded  Thames  frigate  at  action 
off  Gibraltar,  1801 ;  served  In  Baltic,  1809  ;  vice-admiral, 
1837.  [xxvii.  176] 

HOLLIS,  GEORGE  (1793-1842),  topographical  en- 
graver ;  pupil  of  George  Cooke  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  176] 

HOLLIS,  THOMAS  (1720-1774), '  republican ' ;  entered 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1740;  travelled  much  on  continent: 
gave  books  to  Harvard,  Berne,  and  Zurich,  and  portraits  I 
of  Newton  and  Cromwell  to  Trinity  and  Sidney  Sussex 
Colleges,  Cambridge  ;  F.R.S.,  1757 ;  edited  Toland's  '  Mil- 
ton,' 1761,  Algernon  Sidney's  works,  1772,  and  other  pub- 
lications, [xxvll.  176] 

HOLLIS,  THOMAS  (1818-1843),  son  and  assistant  of 
George  Hollis  [q.  v.]  [xxvll.  176] 

HOLLOND,  ELLEN  JULIA  (1822-1884),  authoress 
and  philanthropist ;  nb  Teed  ;  as  wife  of  Robert  Hollond, 
M.P.,  held  liberal  salon  in  Paris  ;  published  '  Les  Quakers,' 
1870 ;  and  a  work  on  Cbauning,  1857  ;  established  first 
creche  in  London,  1844,  and  nurses'  home  at  Paris  and 
Nice.  [xxvll.  177] 

HOLLOND  or  HOLLAND,  JOHN  (fl.  1638-1659),  naval 
writer ;  paymaster  of  navy  before  1635  till  c.  1642  ;  one  of 
commissioners  for  navy,  1642  till  c.  1645;  member  of 
'committee  of  merchants  for  regulation  of  navy  and 
customs,'  1649 ;  surveyor  of  the  navy,  1649  ;  member  of 
parliament's  commission  of  navy,  1649-52 :  wrote  '  First 
Discourse  of  the  Navy,'  1638,  and  'Second  Discourse,' 
1659.  [Suppl.  ii.  436] 


HOLLOWAY,  BENJAMIN  (16917-1759),  divino;  of 

minster  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambr 
1713;     F.H.S.,    i  :•_•;{ -.     n-.-t<>r  ol 

Bladon,  1736-9;   translated  Woodwu.  .  -  Hta- 

toria  Telluris,'  1726;  published  work  1'rim- 

sevtty  and  Pre-emlnenoe  of  Hebrew,'  1754,  and  •  Original* 
.!  and  theological,'  1761.  [xxvii.  177] 

HOLLOWAY,  8m  CHARLES  (1749-1827),  major- 
general,  royal  engineers ;  second-lieutenant,  royal  engi- 
neers,  1776;  lieutenant,  1783;  captain-lieutenant,  1793: 
captain,  1795;  lieutenant-colonel.  1804:  rolom-l,  1811; 
major-general,  1814;  at  Gibraltar,  1779-83, during  siege; 
brigade-major,  1781 ;  assisted  Major-general  William  Roy 
[q.  v.]  In  survey  triangulationa,  1784-87  :  commanding 
royal  engineer  in  military  mission  to  assist  Turks  In  re- 
organisation of  army,  1798 ;  commander  of  Turkish  army 
in  Syria  and  Egypt  against  French,  1801-2 ;  knighted, 
1803  ;  commanding  royal  engineer  at  Gibraltar,  1807-17. 

[Suppl.  ii.  437] 

HOLLOWAY,  JAMKS(«/.  1684),  conspirator;  formed 
scheme  for  improvement  of  linen  manufacture  ;  engaged 
in  extensive  plot  against  government,  himself  undertak- 
ing (1682)  to  secure  Bristol ;  escaped  by  France  to  West 
Indies  ;  betrayed  by  his  factor  in  Nevis ;  while  in  Newgate 
wrote  confession;  refused  trial  and  was  executed  at 
Tyburn.  [xxvii.  178] 

HOLLOWAY,  Sm  RICHARD  (d.  1695  ?),  judge  ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1658  ;  recorder  of  Wallingford,  1666 ; 
counsel  against  Stephen  College  [q.  v.],  1681  ;  knighted  ; 
judge  of  king's  bench,  1683  ;  member  of  courts  that  tried 
Sidney  and  condemned  Gates  and  Devonshire  for  assault- 
ing Thomas  Colepepper  [q.  v.]  ;  dismissed  by  James  II, 
1688,  for  action  in  trial  of  seven  bishops,  excepted  from 
indemnity  after  revolution.  [xxvii.  180] 

HOLLOWAY,  THOMAS  (1748-1827),  engraver ;  ex- 
hibited seals  at  Academy ;  engraved  gems  and  miniatures ; 
executed  plates  for  Lavater's  *  Physiognomy,'  1789-98 : 
engraved  portraits  after  Pine  and  West  and  five  of 
Raphael's  cartoons.  [xxvii.  180J 

HOLLOWAY,  THOMAS  (1800-1883),  patent  medicine 
vendor ;  son  of  Peuzance  innkeeper ;  obtained  idea  of 
his  ointment  from  Felix  Albinolo ;  set  up  in  the  Strand 
as  medicine  vendor,  1839 ;  advertised  extensively  in  all 
languages,  but  failed  to  introduce  medicines  Into  France ; 
made  large  fortune :  bought  pictures ;  endowed  ladies' 
college  at  Egbam  and  sanatorium  at  Virginia  Water. 

[xxvii.  181] 

HOLLOWAY,  WILLIAM  CUTHBERT  (1787-1850). 
[See  ELPHINSTONE-HOLLOWAY.] 

HOLLYDAY,  SAMUEL  (1685-1739).  [See  HALI- 
DAY.] 

HOLLYWOOD  or   SACROBOSCO,  CHRISTOPHER 

(1562-1616).    [See  HOLYWOOD.] 

HOLMAN,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1760-1790),  marine  painter ; 
exhibited  with  Free  Society,  1767-72,  and  Royal  Academy, 
1774-84.  [xxvii.  182] 

HOLMAN,  JAMES  (1786-1857),  blind  traveller; 
travelled  unattended  in  Europe,  Siberia,  Africa,  America, 
and  Australasia;  published  'Voyage  round  the  World 
(1827-32),'  1834-6,  and  other  narratives.  [xxvii.  182] 

HOLMAN,  JOSEPH  GEORGE  (1764-1817),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  at  Covent  Garden, 
1784-1800,  played  Romeo,  Macbeth,  Chamont  ('The 
Orphan'),  Hamlet;  'created'  Harry  Dornton  in  'Road 
to  Ruin,'  1792 ;  drew  up  statement  of  grievances  of  chief 
actors,  1800:  acted  in  his  own  'What  a  Blunder'  at 
Haymarket,  1800  (produced  at  Covent  Garden,  1803) ;  re- 
appeared at  Haymarket,  1812  ;  with  his  daughter  played 
at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Charleston  in  "The 
Provoked  Husband';  died  in  Long  island;  published 
comedies  and  comic  operas.  [xxvii.  183] 

HOLMAN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1730),  Essex  antiquary; 
his  collections  used  by  Morant;  compiled  catalogue  of 
Jekyll  MSS.  [xxviL  185] 

HOLME,  BENJAMIN  (1683-1749),  quaker;  visited 
'Friends'  and  preached  in  Ireland,  Holland  (1714),  the 
West  Indies  (1719),  Jersey,  and  America;  published 
'  Tender  Invitation  and  Call,'  1713,  with  other  religious 
works ;  '  A  Serious  Call  in  Christian  Love '  (1725),  and  an 
autobiography,  published  in  1763.  [xxviL  185] 


HOLME 


634 


HOLT 


HOLME.  EDWAKD  (1770-1847),  physician;  M.D. 
i.  17'.i3  :  phy>iri;u>  to  Manchester  infirmary  :  presi- 

t  of  Literary  and  Pbilosopbical  Society  (1844),  Natural 
History  and  Chetbam  societies  ;  first  presidentof  medical 
section  at  British  Association,  1831;  left  large  bequest 
and  library  to  University  College,  London,  [xxvii.  186] 

HOLME,  HANDLE  (1571-1655),  deputy  to  College  of 
Arms  for  Cheshire,  Shropshire,  and  North  Wales  ;  mayor 
of  Chester,  1633-4.  [xxvii.  186] 

HOLME,  HANDLE  (1601  ?-1659),  genealogist;  son 
of  Handle  Holme  (1571-1655)  [q.  v.]  ;  sheriff  of  Chester, 
1633-4  ;  mayor,  1643-4  ;  added  to  Holme  collection  of 


MSS. 


[xxvii.  187] 


HOLME,  HANDLE  (1627-1699),  principal  contributor 
to  Holme  MSS.  ;  son  of  Handle  Holme  (1601  ?-1659) 
[q.  v.]  ;  deputy  Garter  for  Cheshire,  Shropshire,  Lan- 
cashire, and  North  Wales  ;  published  '  The  Academy  of 
Armory,'  1688.  [xxvii.  187] 

HOLME,  HANDLE  (d.  1707),  completer  of  family 
manuscripts  ;  son  of  Handle  Holme  (1627-1699)  [q.  T.]  ; 
manuscripts  acquired  by  British  Museum,  1753. 

[xxvii.  187] 

HOLMES,  ABRAHAM  (d.  1685),  rebel  ;  anabaptist 
major  in  Monck's  army  :  arrested  for  conspiracy  against 
Charles  II,  1660;  imprisoned  at  Windsor,  1664-7;  en- 
gaged in  Argyll's  plot,  1681-3;  accompanied  Monmouth 
to  England  and  commanded  battalion  at  Sedgemoor, 
1685  ;  executed.  [xxviL  188] 

HOLMES,  ALFRED  (1837-1876),  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  with  his  brother  Henry  played  Kalliwoda's  double 
concerto,  1853,  and  distinguished  himself  by  rendering  of 
Spohr's  music  during  concert  tours  in  Belgium,  Germany 
(1856X  Austria,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Holland,  and  Paris, 
where  he  settled,  1864  ;  produced  at  St.  Petersburg  sym- 
phony 'Jeanne  d'Arc,'  1868,  'Jeunesse  de  Shakespeare,' 
and  other  works  given  in  Paris  ;  died  at  Paris. 

[xxvii.  188] 

HOLMES,  CHARLES  (1711-1761),  rear-admiral; 
commanded  Stromboli  in  Carthagena  expedition,  1741  ; 
took  part  in  action  with  Spanish  in  Gulf  of  Florida,  1748  ; 
member  of  court-martial  on  Byng,  1757  ;  cut  enemy's  com- 
munications in  the  Ems,  1768;  rear-admiral,  1758;  third 
in  command  under  Sir  Charles  Saunders  [q.  v.]  in  St. 
Lawrence,  1769  ;  commander-in-chief  at  Jamaica,  1760-1  ; 
monument  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxvii.  189] 

HOLMES,  EDWARD  (1797-1859).  writer  on  music; 
friend  of  Keats  and  Charles  Cowden  Clarke  [q.  v.]  ;  with 
Vincent  Novello  [q.  v.]  raised  subscription  for  Mozart's 
widow  ;  published  '  Ramble  among  Musicians  of  Ger- 
many '  (1828),  and  lives  of  Mozart  (1845)  and  Purcell  ; 
composed  songs.  [xxvii.  190] 

HOLMES,  GEORGE  (fl.  1673-1715),  organist  at  Lin- 
coln, 1704-15  ;  grandson  of  John  Holmes  (fl.  1602)  [q.  v.]  ; 
contributed  to  'Musical  Companion,'  1673;  composed 
anthems  and  songs.  [xxvii.  190] 

HOLMES,  GEORGE  (1662-1749),  deputy-keeper  of 
the  Tower  records  ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.  ;  prepared  first 
seventeen  volumes  of  Rymer's  '  Foedera,'  1727-35. 

[xxvii.  191] 

HOLMES,  JAMES  (1777-1860),  water-colour  painter 
and  miniaturist;  exhibited  with  Society  of  British 
Artiste,  1829-59  ;  his  two  miniatures  of  Byron  engraved. 

[xxvii.  191] 

HOLMES,  JOHN  (fl.  1602),  composer;  organist  of 
Winchester  and  Salisbury  (  1602-10).  [xxvii.  191] 

HOLMES,  SIR  JOHN  (1640  ?-1683),  admiral  ;  brother 
of  Sir  Robert  Holmes  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  the  Paul  at 
Lowestoft,  1665,  and  in  fight  of  June,  1666  :  commanded 
the  Bristol  in  flght  of  25  July,  1666;  served  under  Sir 
Edward  Spragge  [q.  v.]  in  Algerine  war,  1670-1  ;  wounded 
in  flght  with  Dutch  Smyrna  fleet,  1672,  and  knighted  ; 
commanded  the  Rupert  at  Solebay,  1672,  and  in  battles  of 
1673;  commander  in  the  Downs,  1677-9  ;  M.P.,  Newtown 
(Isle  of  Wight),  1677-83.  [xxvii.  192] 

HOLMES,  JOHN  (1800-1  854),  antiquary;  adviser  of 
Bertram,  earl  of  Ashburnham,  collector  of  manuscripts  ; 
compiled  catalogue  of  manuscripts,  maps,  and  plans  in 
British  Museum,  1844:  edited  Evelyn's  'Life  of  Mrs. 
dodolphin,'  1847,  Cavendish's  '  Wolsey,'  1862,  and  Words- 
worth's •  Ecclesiastical  Biography,'  1863.  [xxvii.  192] 


HOLMES,  JOHN  BECK  (1767-1843),  Moravian  bishop 
of  Fulneck;  published  historical  works  concerning  his 
church.  [xxvii.  193] 

HOLMES  or  HOMES,  NATHANIEL  (1599-1678), 
puritan  divine  ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1620  :  M  A 

j  Magdalen  Hall,  1623 ;  D.D.  Exeter  College,  1637  ;  joined 
Henry  Burton  [q.  v.]  in  founding  independent  congre- 
gation, 1643  ;  published  millenarian  works. 

[xxvii.  193] 
HOLMES,  SIR  ROBERT  (1622-1692),  admiral ;  served 

:  under  Prince  Rupert  in  civil  war  ;  governor  of  Sandown 
Castle,  1660  ;  seized  Dutch  possessions  on  ( } uinea  coast  and 
in  North  America,  1664 ;  captain  of  the  Revenge  at  battle 

i  of  Lowestoft,  1665  ;  knighted,  1666  ;  rear-admiral  of  the 

!  red,  1666;    distinguished  in    fight  of  1-4  June,    1666; 

j  fought  duel  with  Sir  Jeremiah  Smith  or  Smyth  [q.  v.] 
arising  out  of  his  conduct  in  fight  of  25  July,  1666  ;  de- 
stroyed shipping  and  stores  at  VlieandSchelling  ;  admiml 
at  Portsmouth,  1667;  one  of  Buckingham's  seconds  in 

i  duel  with  Shrewsbury  ;  governor  of  Isle  of  Wight,  1669  ; 
attacked  Dutch  Smyrna  fleet  in  Channel,  1672;  took 
part  in  battle  of  Solebay,  1672;  M.P.,  Winchester, 

i  Yarmouth  (Isle  of  Wight),  and  Newport,     [xxvii.  194] 

HOLMES,  ROBERT  (1748-1805),  biblical  scholar; 
of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow ;  M.A., 
1774;  D.D.,  1789;  first  winner  of  chancellor's  prize 
for  Latin  verse,  1769;  rector  of  Stanton  St.  John; 

;  Bampton    lecturer,    1782 ;    professor   of   poetry,    1783 ; 

1  collated  Septuagint,  1788-1805;  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
Hereford,  and  Christ  Church ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1804 ; 

I  F.R.S.,  1797;    published  poems,  theological  works,  and 

!  annual  accounts  of  his  collections.  [xxvii.  197] 

HOLMES,     ROBERT     (1765-1859),    Irish    lawyer; 
:  brother-in-law  of  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.] ;    B.A.  Trinity 
1  College,  Dublin,  1787  ;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  rebel- 
lion, 1803  ;  defended  John  Mitchel,  1848  ;  published  anti- 
j  union  pamphlets.  [xxvii.  198] 

HOLMES,  THOMAS  (d.  1638),  musical  composer: 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1633.  [xxvii.  192] 

HOLMES,  WILLIAM  (1689-1748),  dean  of  Exeter; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  1710;  M.A.,  1716;  proctor,  1721; 
B.D.;  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1728;  vice- 
chancellor,  1732-5  ;  revived  the  act  and  invited  Handel  to 
play  at  Oxford,  1733" ;  regius  professor  of  history,  1736- 
1742  ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1742-8 ;  left  estates  to  his  college. 

[xxvii.  198] 

HOLMES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1851),  thirty  years  tory 
whip  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1795 ;  served  in  the 
army :  M.P.,  Grampound,  1808-12,  Tregony,  1812-18, 
Totnes,  1819-20,  Bishop's  Castle,  1820-30 ;  Haslemere, 
1830-2,  Berwick,  1837-41;  treasurer  of  the  ordnance, 
1820-30.  [xxvii.  199] 

HOLMES,  WILLIAM  ANTHONY  (1782-1843), 
chancellor  of  Cashel ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
B.A.,  1803  ;  D.D.,  1834  ;  incumbent  of  Holywood,  Down, 
1810,  of  Ballyroan,  1818,  and  Core  Abbey,  1822  ;  chan- 
cellor of  Cashel,  1832;  helped  to  found  Mendicity  In- 
stitution, Belfast ;  published  pamphlets,  [xxvii.  200] 

HOLROYD,  SIR  GEORGE  SOWLEY  (1758-1831), 
judge  ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  special  pleader,  1779-87 ; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1878 ;  appeared  for  Burdett  against 
Speaker  Abbott,  1811 ;  commissioner  to  Guernsey,  1815  ; 
judge  of  king's  bench,  1816-28.  [xxvii.  200] 

HOLROYD,  JOHN  BAKER,  first  EARL  OP  SHKF- 
KIELD  (1735-1821),  statesman  and  friend  of  Gibbon; 
purchased  Sheffield  Place,  Sussex,  1769  ;  raised  and  com- 
manded dragoon  regiment;  M.P.,  Coventry,  1780-3, 
Bristol,  1783-1802  ;  active  in  suppressing  Gordon  riots, 
1780 ;  created  Irish  baron,  1781  ;  created  Earl  of  Shef- 
field and  Viscount  Pevensey  in  peerage  of  Ireland,  1816  : 
British  peer,  1802:  president  of  board  of  agriculture, 
1803;  privy  councillor,  1809;  lord  of  board  of  trade, 
1809  ;  published  pamphlets  on  social  and  commercial 
questions  ;  edited  Gibbon's  '  Miscellaneous  Works,'  1796, 
and  '  Memoirs,' 1826.  .  [xxvii.  200] 

HOLST,  THEODORE  VON  (1810-1844).     [See  VON 

HOLST.] 

HOLT,  FRANCIS  LUDLOW  (1780-1844),  legal 
writer  ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 


HOLT 


635 


HOME 


barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1809;  K.C.,  1831  :  trcn<uivr  <>f 
Inner  Temple,  1840  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Lancaster,  1826- 
1844;  publish,, i  •  L:IW  of  Libel'  (1812-1816),  nisi  priii-* 
reports  1815-17,  shipping  hi-.vs,  1820,  bankrupt  laws, 
IH-JU,  ind'Tba  L:.n  1  \ve  live  in'  (comedy),  1804. 

[xxvii.  202] 
HOLT,  GUY  (1587  ?-1660).    [See  HOLLAND.] 

HOLT,  JOHN  (rf.  1418),  judge  ;  king's  serjeaut, 
1377  ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1383  ;  knight-banneret, 
1384:  banished  to  Ireland,  1388,  for  decision  against 
legality  of  permanent  council ;  recalled,  1397. 

[xxvii.  202] 

HOLT,  SIR  JOHN  (1642-1710),  judge;  of  Winchester 
and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1663 ; 
( -1.1111-1  •!  for  Dauby  and  Lords  Powis  and  Arundell,  1679  ; 
appeared  for  crown  against  Slingsby  Bethel  [q.  v.],  for 
Lord  Kussell,  and  for  East  India  Company  against 
Sandys,  1683 :  recorder  of  London,  1686-7 ;  knighted, 
1686  :  king's  serjeant,  1686  ;  M.P.  Beeralston  ;  manager  of 
conference  with  peers  on  vacancy  of  throne,  1689  ;  lord 
chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1689-1710  ;  pronounced 
dispensing  power  legal ;  decided  in  favour  of  bankers, 
1700;  against  House  of  Commons  in  case  of  Ashby  r. 
White,  1701  ;  declined  great  seal,  1700  ;  the  Verus  of  the 
'Tatler';  his  judgment  in  Coggs  v.  Bernard,  chief 
authority  on  law  of  bailments ;  edited  reports  of  cases  in 
pleas  of  the  crown  under  Charles  II,  1708.  As  judge  he 
discouraged  prosecutions  for  witchcraft,  and  put  liberal 
construction  on  statute  compelling  attendance  at  church, 
but  took  high  view  of  treason  and  seditious  libel. 

[xxvii.  202] 

HOLT,  JOHN  (1743-1801), author:  master  of  Walton 
grammar  school,  near  Liverpool ;  published  '  Characters 
of  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,'  1786-8,  and  a  survey  of 
Lancashire  agriculture,  1794.  [xxvii.  206] 

HOLT,  JOSEPH  (1756-1826),  Irish  rebel;  headed 
rebellion  in  co.  Wicklow,  1798  :  joined  Edward  Roche 
and  won  victory  at  Ballyellis,  1798 ;  separated  from  him 
and  was  defeated  at  Castle  Carberry  ;  held  out  in  Wick- 
low  three  months  ;  transported  to  Botany  Bay,  1799  ;  suc- 
cessful farmer  in  New  South  Wales  ;  banished  to  Norfolk 
island  on  suspicion  of  rebellion,  1804 ;  pardoned,  1809 ; 
wrecked  on  Eagle  island  during  voyage  to  England,  1813. 

[xxvii.  206] 

HOLT,  THOMAS  (15787-1624),  architect ;  designed 
Wadbam  College,  Oxford,  and  great  quadrangle  of  the  ex- 
amination schools  (now  part  of  the  Bodleian). 

[xxvii.  207] 

HOLT,  WILLIAM  (1545-1599),  Jesuit ;  B.A.  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  1566 :  fellow  of  Oriel,  1568 ;  M.A., 
1572  ;  studied  at  Douay,  1574-6  ;  Jesuit  novice,  1578 ; 
intrigued  with  Lennox  in  Scotland,  1581-2;  arrested 
through  English  influence,  1583,  but  allowed  to  escape ; 
rector  of  English  college,  Rome,  1588-7 ;  Spanish  agent 
at  Brussels,  1588-98 ;  died  at  Barcelona.  [xxvii.  208] 

HOLTBY,  RICHARD  (1553-1640),  Jesuit ;  of  Cam- 
bridge and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford ;  on  English  mission  in 
north,  1579-81 ;  joined  Jesuits,  1583 ;  superior  of  Scots 
college  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  1587-9 ;  vice-prefect  of  Eng- 
lish mission,  1606-9 ;  though  fifty  years  in  England  never 
imprisoned ;  his  account  of  persecution  in  the  north  in 
Morris's  '  Troubles  of  our  Catholic  Forefathers.' 

[xxvii.  209] 

HOLTE,  JOHN  (Jl.  1495),  author  of  first  Latin 
grammar  in  England  (printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  c. 
1510,  and  Pynson,  1520) ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1491 ;  M.A,,  1494.  [xxvii.  210] 

HOLTE,  JOHN  (d.  1540),  bishop  of  Lydda,  and  suffra- 
gan to  Fitzjames,  bishop  of  London,  1506-22. 

[xxvii.  210] 

HOLTE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1571-1654), 
royalist ;  sheriff  of  Warwickshire,  1599 ;  created  baronet, 
1612;  built  Aston  Hall;  entertained  Charles  I  before 
EdgehilL  [xxvii.  210] 

HOLTZAPFFEL,  CHARLES  (1806-1847),  mechani- 
cian ;  published '  Turning  and  Mechanical  Manipulation,' 
1843.  [xxvii.  211] 

HOLWELL,  JOHN  (1649-1686?),  astrologer  and 
mathematician ;  said  to  have  surveyed  New  York,  and 
been  poisoned  there  ;  author  of  works,  including  '  A  Sure 
Guide  to  the  Practical  Surveyor,'  1678,  and '  Trigonometry 
made  easy,'  1685.  [xxvii.  211] 


HOLWELL,  JOHN  ZBPHANIAH  (1711-1798), 
..'ov.-ni..r  of  ifeim'iil  ;  grandson  of  John  Holwell  (1649- 
1686  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  in  Bast  India  Company,  . 
drew  up  scheme  for  reform  of  zemindar's  court,  Cul.-uttH  : 
/.rmm.l.irof  the  Twcnty-four  Parganas,  Calcutta,  1761  ; 
as  member  of  council  defended  Calcutta  againstSuraj  ad 
iniwhih,  1756,  an.l  was  one  of  the  survivors: 
Black  Hole ;  succeeded  Olive  aa  temporary  governor  ; 
dismissed  from  council  for  remonstrating  against  Van- 
sittart's  appointment,  1761  ;  first  European  who  studied 
Hindoo  antiquities  :  publUhed  narrative  of  •  Black  Hole ' 
(1758),  and  works  on  Indian  politics  and  mythology. 

[xxvii.  911] 

HOLWELL,  WILLIAM  (1726-1798),  classical  oom- 
piltr;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1748;  B.D.,  1760; 
vicar  of  Thornbury  and  chaplain  to  George  III :  compiled 
•  Beauties  of  Homer,'  1775.  [xxvii.  215] 

HOLWORTHY,  JAMES  (d.  1841),  water-colour 
painter  and  friend  of  Turner.  [xxvii.  214] 

HOLYDAY  or  HOLIDAY,  BARTBN  (1593-1661), 
divine  and  translator  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1615 ; 
chaplain  to  Sir  Francis  Steuart  in  Spain,  1618,  and  after- 
wards to  Charles  I  ;  archdeacon  of  Oxford  before  1626  ; 
D.D.,  per  lileras  region,  1642 ;  translated  Persius,  Juvenal 
(published,  1673),  and  Horace.  [xxvii.  214] 

HOLYMAN,  JOHN  (1495-1558),  bishop  of  Bristol; 
of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New 
College,  1512  ;  B.C.L.,  1514  ;  M.A.,  1618 ;  D.D.,  1531 ; 
preached  against  LutheranUm  and  opposed  divorce  of 
Queen  Catherine;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1554-8 ;  helped  to  try 
the  Oxford  martyrs.  [xxvii.  214] 

HOLYOAKE,  FRANCIS  (1567-1653),  lexicographer ; 
studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  rector  of  Southam, 
1604;  ejected  by  parliamentarians,  1642;  his  'Dictio- 
narium  Etymologicum  Latinum '  (1633)  enlarged  by  his 
son,  1677.  [xxviL  215] 

HOLYOAKE,  HENRY  (1657-1731),  head-master  of 
Rugby;  son  of  Thomas  Holyoake  [q.  v.]  ;  chaplain  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1681-90 ;  M.A.,  1681 ;  head- 
master of  Rugby,  1687-1731 ;  held  three  Warwickshire 
livings ;  left  money  to  poor  of  Rugby  and  to  Magdalen 
College.  [xxvii.  216] 

HOLYOAKE,  THOMAS  (1616 ?-1676),  divine;  son 
of  Francis  Holyoake  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.,  1639,  and  chaplain, 
Queen's  College,  Oxford;  captain  of  undergraduate 
royalists ;  practised  meilicine  till  Restoration  ;  prebendary 
of  Wolverhampton.  [xxviL  215] 

HOLYWOOD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1562-1616),  Jesuit ; 
joined  Jesuits,  1582  ;  professor  of  divinity  at  Dole  and 
Padua ;  imprisoned  by  English  government,  1599 ;  de- 
nounced by  James  I  when  superior  of  Jesuits'  mission  in 
Ireland,  1604-16  ;  published  controversial  works. 

[xxvii.  216] 

HOLYWOOD  or  HALIFAX,  JOHN,  in  Latin 
JOHANNES  DE  SACRO  Bosco  (/.  1230),  mathematician ; 
died  at  Paris  ;  author  of  'Tractatus  de  Sphaera'  (first 
printed  at  Ferrara,  1472,  and  frequently  translated ;  his 
4  Algorismus'  edited  by  J.  0.  Halliwell,  1838. 

[xxvii.  217] 

HOME.    [See  also  HUME.] 

HOME  or  HUME,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (d.  1456),  of 
Home ;  warden  of  the  marches,  1449 ;  accompanied  Wil- 
liam, earl  of  Douglas,  to  Rome,  1450,  and  founded  colle- 
giate church  of  Dunglass.  [xxvii.  217] 

HOME  or  HUME,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  BARON 
Hu. MI-:  «/.  1491),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Home(d. 
1456)  [q.  v.]  ;  created  lord  of  parliament,  1473  ;  joined  the 
Hepburns  in  driving  Albany  from  Scotland ;  conspired 
against  James  III,  1482  and  1484 ;  in  the  van  at  Sauchie- 
burn,  1480 ;  hod  great  influence  under  James  IV. 

[xxvii.  218] 

HOME  or  HUME,  ALEXANDER,  second  BAROK 
HOMR  ( </.  1506),  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland  ;  grandson  of 
Sir  Alexander  Home  or  Hume,  first  baron  [q.  v.]  ;  joined 
conspiracy  against  James  HI ;  privy  councillor,  1488 ; 
lord  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1488-1506 ;  succeeded  to 
barony,  1491  ;  made  pilgrimage  to  Canterbury,  1493: 
made  raid  in  support  of  the  pretender  Per  kin  Warbeok, 
1496-7.  [xxviL  319] 


HOME 


HOMER 


HOME,  ALEXANDER,  third  BARON  HOME  (d.  1516), 
lord  high  chamberlain  of  Scotland  ;  son  of  Alexander 
Home  or  Hume,  second  baron  [q.  v.]  :  lord  high  cham- 
berlain, 1506:  as  warden  of  the  borders  invaded  North- 
umberland, 1513  ;  with  Huntly  commanded  van  at  Flod- 
den,  1513 :  as  chief-justice  south  of  Forth,  1514,  proposed 
to  recall  Albany :  joined  Angus  against  him  and  intrigued 
with  England  and  Arran ;  pardoned,  but  arrested  at 
Edinburgh,  and  beheaded  by  the  regent  Albany. 

[xxvii.  219] 

HOME,  ALEXANDER,  fifth  BARON  HOMK  (rf.  1676) ; 
succeeded  his  father,  George  Home,  fourth  baron  [q.  v.], 
1547,  while  prisoner  after  Pinkie ;  recaptured  his  castle, 
1548 ;  assisted  French  at  Haddington ;  warden  of  east 
marches,  1650 ;  commissioner  for  treaty  of  Upsettlington, 
1559  ;  made  privy  councillor  by  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
1561 ;  supported  her  till  the  Both  well  marriage ;  tried  to 
capture  Bothwell  at  Borthwick,  1567  ;  prominent  at  Car- 
berry  Hill,  1567  ;  prevented  Mary's  escape  at  Edinburgh ; 
member  of  regent's  council  on  Mary's  abdication  ;  fought 
in  van  at  Langside,  1568 ;  saved  Moray  from  capture, 
1569  ;  rejoined  queen's  party  after  his  death  ;  Kirkcaldy's 
lieutenant  during  siege  of  Edinburgh  Oastle ;  died  in 
prison.  [xxvii.  221] 

HOME  or  HUME,  ALEXANDER,  sixth  BARON  and 
first  EARL  OF  HOME  (1566  ?-1619),  son  of  Alexander,  fifth 
baron  Home  [q.  v.]  ;  warden  of  the  east  marches,  1582-99  ; 
engaged  in  raid  of  Ruthven,  1582 ;  imprisoned,  1583-4,  for 
brawl  with  Francis  Stewart  Hepburn,  fifth  earl  of  Both- 
well  [q.  v.]  ;  co-operated  with  Bothwell  against  Arran 
and  befriended  him  in  disgrace  ;  as  captain  of  James  VI's 
bodyguard  aided  him  against  Bothwell :  excommunicated 
as  a  papist,  but  absolved  on  subscribing  confession  of 
faith,  1593  ;  lord  of  the  articles,  1694  ;  with  James  in  the 
Tolbooth,  1596  ;  accompanied  James  to  England  and  be- 
came lieutenant  of  the  marches,  1603  ;  created  Earl  of 
Home,  1605.  [xxvii.  223] 

HOME,  DANIEL  DUNGLAS  (1833-1886),  spiritualist 
medium ;  related  to  the  earls  of  Home ;  while  in  Connec- 
ticut claimed  to  be  warned  by  telepathy  of  his  mother's 
death ;  turned  out  of  the  house  by  his  aunt  on  account  of 
alleged  spiritualistic  rappings ;  his  stances  attended  by 
well-known  Americans,  including  William  Cullen  Bryant 
and  Judge  Edmonds  ;  said  to  have  been  '  levitated,'  1862, 
at  house  of  Ward  Cheney  ;  came  to  England,  1855  ;  pheno- 
mena attested  by  Sir  David  Brewster  ;  seances  attended  by 
Sir  Edward  Bulwer  and  the  Brownings  ;  while  in  Italy 
became  a  Roman  catholic ;  held  stances  before  sovereigns 
of  France,  Prussia,  and  Holland,  1857-8  ;  held  stances  in 
London  at  houses  of  Thomas  Milner-Gibson  [q.  v.]  and 
other  well-known  persons,  1860-1  ;  expelled  from  Rome  as 
a  sorcerer,  1864  ;  secretary  of  Spiritual  Athenaeum  in 
London,  1866 ;  his  '  levitations '  in  England  attested  by 
Lord  Lindsay  (earl  of  Crawford),  Lord  Adare  (earl  of 
Dunraven),  and  Mrs.  Samuel  Carter  Hall ;  followed  Ger- 
man army  from  Sedan  to  Versailles,  1870  ;  convinced  (Sir) 
William  Crookes,  F.R.S.,  by  submitting  to  tests  in  full 
light,  1871 ;  published  'Incidents  of  My  Life'  (1863  and 
1872),  and,  with  William  Howitt, '  Lights  and  Shadows  of 
Spiritualism '  (1877) ;  died  at  Auteuil.  [xxvii.  225] 

HOME,  SiREVERARD,  first  baronet (1756- 1832),  sur- 

gion :  king's  scholar  at  Westminster,  1770  :  pupil  of  John 
unter ;  F.R.S.,  1785 ;  lecturer  on  anatomy,  1792,  and 
surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  1793-1827 ;  keeper  of 
Huuterian  collection:  master  (1813)  and  first  president 
(1821)  of  Royal  College  of  Surgeons ;  Huuterian  orator, 
1814  and  1822 ;  created  baronet,  1813 ;  surgeon  to  Chelsea 
Hospital,  1821-32 ;  destroyed  Hunter's  manuscripts  after 
utilising  them :  edited  Hunter's  '  Treatise  on  the  Blood,' 
prefixing  short  life,  1794  ;  published  *  Lectures  on  Com- 
parative Anatomy,'  1814,  and  other  medical  works. 

[xxvii.  227] 

HOME,  FRANCIS  (1719-1813),  professor  of  materia 
medica  at  Edinburgh  ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh ; 
surgeon  of  dragoons  in  seven  years'  war ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1760 ;  professor  of  materia  medica,  1768-98 ;  pub- 
lished •  Principia  Medicine,'  1758,  and  other  works. 

[xxvii.  228] 

HOME,  GEORGE,  fourth  BARON  HOMK  (d.  1547), 
brother  of  Alexander  Home,  third  baron  [q.  v.] ;  wan  re- 
stored to  title  and  lands,  1522 :  frustrated  Scott  of  Buc- 
cleugh's  attempt  on  James  V,  1526  :  joined  Argyll  against 
Angus,  1528 :  helped  to  defeat  English  at  Haddeurig,  1542  ; 
rooted  by  Grey,  1547.  [zxvii.  229] 


HOME  or  HUME,  SIR  GEORGE,  EARL  OF  DUNRAR 
(df.  1611),  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland;  of  Primro- 
knows,  afterwards  of  Spott ;  accompanied  James  VI  to 
Denmark,  1589 ;  master  of  the  wardrobe,  1590 ;  ally  of 
Maitland  and  opponent  of  Bothwell ;  special  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1598  :  lord  high  treasurer,  1602  ;  created  an  Eng- 
lish baron,  1604,  and  Scottish  earl,  1605  ;  commissioner  of 
the  border  for  both  kingdoms,  1606  ;  managed  for  James 
the  Linlithgow  trial  (1606), Glasgow  assembly  (1610),  ami 
measures  for  introduction  of  episcopacy  in  Scotland ;  K.G., 
1608  ;  obtained  confession  from  George  Sprott,  1608,  and 
James  Elphinstone,  first  baron  Balmerino  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  230] 

HOME,  HENRY,  LORD  KAMES  (1696-1782),  Scottish 
judge  and  author;  called  to  Scots  bar,  1724  ;  published 
'Remarkable  Decisions  of  Court  of  Session'  (1716-28), 
1728  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Kames,  1752  ;  lord  of  justi- 
ciary, 1763-82 ;  charged  with  heresy  on  account  of  his 
'  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Morality  and  Natural  Reli- 
gion' (1751),  written  against  Hume:  his  'Elements  of 
Criticism'  (1762)  praised  by  Dugald  Stewart;  published 
also  '  Sketches  of  History  of  Man,'  1774, '  The  Gentleman 
Farmer,'  1776,  and  many  legal  and  historical  works. 

[xxvii.  232] 

HOME,  SIR  JAMES,  OF  COLDIXGKNOWS,  third  EARL 
OF  HOME  (d.  1666),  succeeded  as  earl,  1633 ;  at  first  a 
covenanter  ;  signed  band  at  Cumbernauld,  1641,  and 
thenceforth  supported  the  king  ;  served  under  Hamilton 
at  Preston,  1648 ;  his  estates  seized  by  Cromwell ;  re- 
instated, 1661,  and  named  privy  councillor  of  Scotland ; 
member  of  high  commission,  1664.  [xxvii.  234] 

HOME,  JAMES  (1758-1842),  professor  of  materia 
medica,  Edinburgh,  1798,  in  succession  to  his  father, 
Francis  Home  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1821-42.  [xxvii.  235] 

HOME,  JOHN  (1722-1808),  author  of  'Douglas': 
educated  at  Leith  grammar  school  and  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity;  volunteer,  1745;  captured  at  Falkirk,  1746; 
minister  of  Athelstaneford,  1747 ;  intimate  with  Hume, 
Robertson,  and  the  poet  Collins  ;  his  '  Douglas '  (rejected 
by  Garrick)  performed  in  Edinburgh,  1756,  and  produced 
by  Rich  at  Oovent  Garden,  1757 :  resigned  his  ministerial 
charge,  owing  to  proceedings  of  presbytery,  1757  ;  private 
secretary  to  Bute  and  tutor  to  Prince  of  Wales ;  his 
'  Agis '  (previously  rejected)  produced  by  Garrick  at  Drury 
Lane,  1758:  his  'Siege  of  Aquileia '  (1760)  and  'Fatal 
Discovery '(1769)  failures;  received  pension  from  George 
III  and  sinecure  from  Bute ;  his  '  Alouzo'  played  success- 
fully by  Mrs.  Barry,  1773,  but '  Alfred '  (1778)  a  failure ; 
settled  at  Edinburgh,  1779,  and  was  visited  by  Scott ; 
published  'History  of  Rebellion  of  1745,'  1802;  works 
edited  by  Henry  Mackenzie,  1822.  [xxvii.  235] 

HOME,  ROBERT  (d.  1836  ?),  painter:  brother  of  Sir 
Everard  Home  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy  and  at 
Dublin  ;  chief  painter  to  king  of  Oude ;  died  at  Calcutta. 

[xxvii.  238] 

HOME,  ROBERT  (1837-1879),  colonel  of  royal  engi- 
neers ;  ably  reported  on  defence  of  Canadian  frontier, 
1864;  deputy-assistant  ;quartermaster-general  at  Alder- 
shot,  1866  ;  secretary  to  royal  engineers'  committee,  1870  ; 
commanded  royal  engineers  in  Ashanti  war,  1873  ;  assistant 
quartermaster-general  at  headquarters,  1876 ;  reported  on 
defence  of  Constantinople ;  published  '  Precis  of  Modern 
Tactics,'  1873.  [xxvii.  238] 

HOME,  WILLIAM,  eighth  EARL  OF  HOME  (d.  1761), 
soldier;  served  under  Cope  (1745)  and  commanded 
Glasgow  volunteer  regiment,  1745  ;  lieutenant-general ; 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1757-61 ;  Scottish  representative 
peer.  [xxvii.  239] 

HOMER,  ARTHUR  (1758-1806),  author  of  '  Biblio- 
graphia  Americana,'  1789;  son  of  Henry  Homer  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1782- 
1802  ;  M.A.,  1781 ;  D.D.,  1797.  [xxvii.  240] 

HOMER,  HENRY,  the  elder  (1719-1791),  author  of 
works  on  enclosures ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1743  ;  rector  of  Birdingbury.  [xxvii.  240] 

HOMER,  HENRY,  the  younger  (1753-1791),  classical 
i  scholar  and  friend  of  Dr.  Parr;  eldest  son  of  Henry 
i  Homer  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  1778-88 ;  M.A.,  1776 ;  B.D.,  1783 ;  edited  Tacitus 
!  (1790),  Livy  (1794),  Ovid's  'Heroides'  (1789),  Persius 
I  (1789),  Sallust  (1789),  and  Caesar  (1790).  [xxvii.  240] 


HOMER 


637 


HOOD 


HOMER,  PHILIP  BRAOEBRIDGE  (1765-1838), 
assist  ant- master  at  Rugby;  brother  of  Henry  Hoiner  the 
younger  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1803-6,  of  Kugby,  1826  :  M.A.,  1788  ;  B.D.,  1804  ;  published 
original  poems,  translations  from  Metastaeio,  and  the 
Eton  Greek  grammar,  with  notes  (1825);  completed  his 
brother  Henry's  classics.  [xxvii.  241] 

HONDIUS  (UK  HONDT),  ABRAHAM  (1638  7-1691), 
painter  .of  animals  and  hunting  scenes ;  in  England, 
1665-91.  [xxvii.  241] 

HONDIUS,  JODOCD8  [Joos  or  JOSHK  DK  HONDT] 
(1563-1611),  engraver;  came  to  England  from  Ghent; 
made  large  globes,  illustrated  voyages  of  Drake  and 
Cavendish,  and  engraved  portraits ;  at  Amsterdam,  1594- 
1811.  [xxvii.  242] 

HONE,  HORACE  (1756-1825),  miniature-painter ;  son 
of  Nathaniel  Hone  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Academy,  1772- 
1782,  and  in  Dublin  ;  A.R.A.,  1799.  [xxvii.  243] 

HONE,  JOHN  OAMILLUS  (rf.  1837),  miniature- 
painter  in  London  and  the  East  Indies ;  brother  of  Horace 
Hone  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  243] 

HONE,  NATHANIEL  (1718-1784),  portrait-painter  ; 
studied  in  Italy ;  excelled  in  enamel-painting :  exhibited 
with  Society  of  Artists ;  an  original  H.A. ;  caricatured 
Reynolds  in  'The  Conjuror,'  1775;  painted  also  White- 
field,  John  Wesley,  Sir  John  Fielding,  and  his  son,  John 
Camillus  Hone  [q.  v.],  aa  '  David '  and  *  Spartan  Boy.' 

[xxvii.  242] 

HONE,  WILLIAM  (1780-1842),  author  and  book- 
seller ;  commenced  publishing  (1817)  political  satires  on 
the  government  (including  'John  Wilkes's  Catechism '  and 
'  The  Sinecurist's  Creed '),  illustrated  by  Cruikshauk ; 
prosecuted  for  his'  Political  Litany,'  but  acquitted,  1817  ; 
aided  by  public  subscription,  set  up  shop  in  Ludgate  Hill, 
where  Cruikshank  illustrated  his  'Political  House  that 
Jack  Built,'  1819, '  Man  in  the  Moon,'  1820, '  Bank-Restric- 
tion Barometer,'  1820, '  Political  Showman,'  1821, '  Facetiae 
and  Miscellanies,'  1827;  his  'Apocryphal  New  Testa- 
ment' (1820)  attacked  in  'Quarterly  Review  ' ;  published 
sixpenny  reprints,  'Ancient  Mysteries,'  1823,  'Every  Day 
Book,'  1826-7  (dedicated  to  Lamb  and  praised  by  Scott 
and  Southey),  and 'Table  Book,'  1827-8;  edited  Strutt's 
'Sports  and  Pastimes,' 1830 ;  'Early  Life  and  Conversion 
of  William  Hone,  by  Himself,'  edited  by  his  son,  1841. 

[xxvii.  243] 

HONEY,  GEORGE  (1822-1880),  actor  and  vocalist; 
played  in  opera  till  1863  ;  afterwards  took  eccentric  roles, 
such  as  Eccles  in  Robertson's  'Caste,'  and  Cheviot  Hill  in 
W.  S.  Gilbert's  '  Engaged.'  [xxvii.  247] 

HONEY,  LAURA  (1816?-1843),  actress;  very  suc- 
cessful as  Psyche  in  '  Cupid'  and  aa  Lnrline  (Adelphi)  ;  at 
the  City  of  London  played  in  'The  Waterman'  and 
'Riquet  with  the  Tuft,'  and  sang  '  My  beautiful  Rhine. 

[xxvn.  24<  J 

HONKER,  MRS.  MARIA  (1812-1870),  actress;  nte 
Macarthy;  excelled  in  pathetic  parts;  played  Rosalie 
Somers  with  Edmund  Kean  ;  played  Julia  in '  The  Hunch- 
back '  1835;  married  Robert  William  Homier  [q.  v.], 
1836  ;  filled  place  of  Mrs.  Yates.  [xxvii.  248] 

HONNER,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1809-1852),  actor 
and  manager ;  played  under  Andrew  Ducrow,  Gnmaldi, 
Ellistou,  Benjamin  Webster,  and  Davidge;  lessee  of 
Sadler's  Wells,  1835-40 ;  manager  of  the  Surrey,,1835-8, 
and  1842-6.  [xxvii.  248] 

HONORITJS,  SAINT  (d.  653),  fifth  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  consecrated  by  Pauliuus  at  Lincoln,  628 ;  exer- 
cised jurisdiction  over  Kent  and  East  Auglia. 

HONYMAN,  SIR  GEORGE  ESSEX,  fourth  baronet 
(1819-1875),  judge ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1849  ;  Q.O., 
1866;  eerjeant-at-law,  1873;  juatice  of  common  pleas 
1873-5.  '  C«vil-  2J93 

HONYWOOD,    MRS.    MARY   (1527-1620),  daughter 
of  Robert  Waters  of  Lenham:  celebrated  for  longevity 
niety,  and  number  of  lineal  descendants  (367). 
v     3 '  [xxvii.  249] 

HONYWOOD,  MICHAEL  (1597-1681),  dean  of  Li 
coin;  grandson  of  Mrs.  Mary  Hony  wood  [q.  v.];  felow 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1618;  D.D.,  1601 
with    Henry  More  and    Edward    King    ('Lyc.das  )  as 
fellows  and  Milton  when  student;  rector  of  keg  worth 


Protectorate  lived  at  Utrecht;  dean  of  Lincoln, 
660-81 ;  at  Lincoln  built  cathedral  library  and  tfave 
xx)kR.  [xxvii.  250] 

HONYWOOD,  8m  ROBERT  (1601-1686),  of  Charing : 
ranslator  of  Battista  Kant's  '  History  of  the  Affairs  of 
Europe,'  1673  ;  served  In  Palatinate ;  knighted  as  steward 
to  queen  of  Bohemia,  1625 ;  member  of  council  of  t-tate, 
.659  ;  went  on  embassy  to  Sweden.  [xxvii.  251] 

HONYWOOD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1586-1666X  parlia- 
mentarian ;  of  Marks  Hall,  Ensex  ;  knighted,  1632  ;  joined 
Fairfax  before  Colchester,  1648 ;  commanded  regiment  at 
Worcester,  1651 :  knight  of  the  shire  for  Eerex,  1C64, 1666 ; 
sat  in  Cromwell's  House  of  Lords,  1667.  [xxvii.  251] 

HOOD,  LADY  (1783-1862).  [See  STKWART-MAC- 
KKXXIK,  MARIA  ELIZA  BKTII  FUEUEKICA.] 

HOOD,  ALEXANDER  (1768-1798)  navy  captain ; 
brother  of  Sir  Samuel  Hood  (1762-1814)  [q.  v.] ;  served  on 
he  Resolution  In  Captain  Cook's  second  voyage,  1772; 
captain  of  the  Barfieur  off  Cape  Henry,  1781,  and  St. 
Kitts,  1782 ;  fought  at  battle  of  Dominica,  1782 ;  cap- 
tured the  Ceres ;  put  ashore  by  Spit  head  mutineers,  1797 , 
captured  the  Hercule  off  the  Bee  du  Raz,  but  was  killed ; 
epitaph  by  Southey  on  monument  at  Butleigh. 

[xxvii.  252] 

HOOD,  ALEXANDER,  first  VISCOUNT  BRIDPORT 
,1727-1814),  admiral ;  brother  of  Samuel  Hood,  first  vis- 
count Hood  [q.  v.]  ;  flag-captain  to  Sir  Charles  launders 
'q.  v.]  in  Mediterranean,  1766-9 ;  took  part  in  Hawke's 
victory  of  2U  Nov.  1759 ;  captured  the  Warwick  in  Bay  of 
Biscay,  1761 ;  treasurer  of  Greenwich,  1766 ;  commanded  the 
Robust  at  Ushant,  1777,  and  gave  evidence  in  favour  of 
Palliser  against  Keppel;  assisted  in  relief  of  Gibraltar, 
1782 ;  entered  parliament,  1784 ;  K.B.,  1787 :  admiral  of 
the  blue,  1794 ;  second  in  command  to  Lord  Howe  on 
1  June  1794,  and  was  created  Baron  Bridport  (Iri* h  peer- 
age) ;  defeated  Villaret-Joyeusc  and  captured  three  French 
ships,  1795 ;  vice-admiral  of  England,  1796 :  created  a 
British  baron,  1796;  as  commander  of  Channel  fleet 
blockaded  Brest  almost  continuously,  1797-1800 ;  created 
viscount,  1801 ;  cfteii  confused  with  his  brother ;  portraits 
of  him  by  Reynolds  at  Greenwich.  [xxvii.  253] 

HOOD,  CHARLES  (1826-1883),  major-general;  led 
attack  on  Redan,  1855 ;  commanded  the  buffs  on  entry 
into  Sebastopol,  and  58th  in  Bengal,  I860  ;  major-general, 
1870.  [xxvii.  256] 

HOOD,  EDWIN  PAXTON  (1820-1885),  congrega- 
tional divine  and  author  ;  minister  in  London,  Brighton, 
and  Manchester ;  benefactor  of  Hospital  for  Incurables  ; 
published  'Self-Education,'  1851,  and  'The  Peerage  of 
Poverty '  (1st  ser.  3rd  ed.,  1859) :  published  also  popular 
works  on  great  writers,  statesmen,  and  preachers ;  died 
in  Paris.  [xxvii.  256] 

HOOD,  FRANCIS  GROSVENOR  (1809-1855),  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  grenadier  guards,  1841 ;  grandson  of  Samuel 
Hood,  first  viscount  Hood  [q.  v.] ;  led  (as  major  3rd 
battalion)  3rd  battalion  of  grenadiers  at  the  Alma,  1884; 
shot  in  trenches  before  Sebastopol.  [xxvii.  257] 

HOOD,  JOHN  (1720-1783  ?),  surveyor ;  invented  Hood's 
compass  theodolite;  said  to  have  anticipated  Hadley'a 
quadrant.  [xxvii.  258] 

HOOD,  ROBIN,  legendary  outlaw ;  the  name,  which 
originally  represented  a  mythical  forest-elf, '  Hodekeu,'  is 
part  of  the  designation  of  places  and  plants  in  every  part 
of  England.  Hk*  historical  authenticity  is  ill-supported. 
As  an  historical  character  Robin  Hood  appears  in  Wyn- 
toun's  '  Chronicle  of  Scotland '  (c.  1420),  and  is  referred 
to  as  a  ballad  hero  by  Bower,  Major,  and  Stow.  The  first 
detailed  history, '  Lytell  Geste  of  Robyn  Hoode'  (printed, 
c.  1495),  locates  him  in  south-west  Yorkshire ;  later  writers 
placing  him  in  Sherwood  and  Plumpton  Park  (Cumber- 
land), and  finally  making  him  Earlot  Huntingdon.  Plays 
dealing  with  his  exploits  were  written  by  Miuuiay,  ChettJc, 
and  others  (1600-1784).  The  '  True  Tale  of  Robin  Hood ' 
(verse)  was  issued,  1632, 'Robin  Howl's  Garland  •  1670, 
and  prose  narrative,  1678.  Major  first  assigned  him  to 
the  reign  of  Richard  I.  A  date  ( 18  Nov.  1247;  was  given 
for  his  death  by  Martin  Parker  ('True  Tale,'  c.  1682)  and 
by  Thoresby,  and  his  pedigree  was  supplied  by  Stukeley. 
According  to  Joseph  Hunter  [q.  v.]  he  was  a  contemporary 
of  Edward  II  and  adherent  of  Thomas  of  Lancaster. 

[xxvii.  258J 


HOOD 


638 


HOOKE 


HOOD,  Sin  SAMUEL,  first  baronet  (1762-1814),  vice- 
admiral;  brother  of  Alexander  Hood  (1758-1798)  [q.  v.] ; 
on  the  Courageux,  1776:  fought  off  Ushant,  1778; 
lieutenant  at  actions  off  Martinique,  1781,  Cape  Henry, 
1781,  and  St.  Kitts,  1782,  Dominica,  1782,  and  Mona 
Passage,  1782  ;  commanded  Juno  in  Me< liter ranean, 
1793-5  ;  with  the  Zealous  under  Nelson  at  Santa  Cruz, 
1797;  distinguished  at  the  Nile,  1798;  as  Commander-in- 
chief  on  Leeward  station  captured  St.  Lucia  and  Tobago 
and  Dutch  South  American  settlements,  1803-4  ;  took 
French  ships  off  Rochefort,  but  lost  an  arm,  1805 ;  under 
Gambier  at  Copenhagen,  1807 ;  reduced  Madeira,  1807  ; 
second  in  command  under  Saumarez  in  Baltic,  1808; 
created  baronet  after  Corufia,  1809;  vice-admiral,  1811; 
commanded  in  East  Indies,  1812-14  ;  died  at  Madras. 

[xxvii.  261] 

HOOD,  SAMUEL,  first  VISCOUNT  HOOD  (1724-1816), 
admiral ;  entered  navy,  1741 ;  saw  junior  service  under 
captains  Thomas  Smith  (d.  1762)  [q.  v.],  Thomas  Gren- 
ville  (1719-1747)  [q.  v.],  and  Rodney ;  while  in  temporary 
command  of  the  Antelope  captured  French  privateers, 
1757 ;  commanded  the  Vestal  in  Basque  roads,  1758 ;  cap- 
tured the  Bellona  off  Finisterre,  1759;  commander  on 
North  American  station,  1767-70  ;  created  baronet,  1778  ; 
joined  Rodney  in  expedition  against  St.  Eustatius,  1781  ; 
while  blockading  Martinique  engaged  by  superior  French 
force;  commanded  rear  in  Graves's  action  off  the  Chesa- 
peake, September,  1781 ;  repulsed  De  Grasse  off  Basseterre, 
1782 ;  second  in  command  under  Rodney  at  Dominica 
(12  April);  created  Baron  Hood  of  Catheriugton  (Irish 
peerage),  and  given  freedom  of  the  city,  1782  ;  M.P.,  West- 
minster, 1784 ;  vice-admiral,  1787  ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1788-93 ;  as  commander  in  the  Mediterranean  occupied 
Toulon,  and  when  abandoning  it  took  away  anti- 
revolutionary  refugees ;  captured  Corsica,  1794 ;  recalled 
for  political  reasons;  admiral,  1794;  created  Viscount 
Hood  and  governor  of  Greenwich,  1796 ;  G.C.B.,  1815. 

[xxvii.  263] 

HOOD,  SAMUEL  (1800  ?-1876),  author  of  treatise  •  On 
the  Law  of  Decedents,'  1847  ;  member  of  Philadelphia  bar, 
1836-75  ;  grandson  of  John  Hood  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  258] 

HOOD,  THOMAS  (fl.  1582-1598),  mathematician; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1578  ;  M.A.,  1581 ; 
first  Thomas  Smith  lecturer  in  mathematics  in  London, 
1582  ;  translated  Ramus's  '  Elements  of  Geometry,'  1590 ; 
published  works  on  mathematical  appliances. 

[xxvii.  270] 

HOOD,  THOMAS  (1799-1845),  poet;  contributed  to 
'London  Magazine,'  1821-3,  becoming  acquainted  with 
Lamb,  Hazlitt,  and  De  Quincey  ;  collaborated  with  John 
Hamilton  Reynolds  [q.  v.]  in  *  Odes  and  Addresses  to  Great 
People,'  1826;  issued  'Whims  and  Oddities,'  1826-7; 
became  editor  of  the  'Gem,'  1829  (in  which  'Eugene 
Aram's  Dream '  appeared);  began  'Comic  Annual,'  1830  : 
lived  at  Coblentz,  1835-7,  and  Ostend,  1837-40 ;  published 
4  Hood's  Own,'  1838,  and  •  Up  the  Rhine,'  1839 ;  returned, 
1840,  and  edited  'New  Monthly  Magazine,'  1841-3,  writ- 
ing for  it  'Miss  Kilmansegg';  his  'Song  of  the  Shirt' 
published  anonymously  in  'Punch,'  1843;  established 
'  Hood's  Magazine,'  1844  ;  issued  '  Whimsicalities,'  1844 ; 
received  pension ;  collected  works  issued,  1882-4. 

[xxvii.  270] 

HOOD,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1835-1874),  known  as 
TOM  HOOD,  humorist;  son  of  Thomas  Hood  (1799-1845) 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  became  editor  of 
'  Fun,'  1866 ;  began  ' Tom  Hood's  Comic  Annual,1  1867  ; 
works  include  'Pen  and  Pencil  Pictures,'  1857,  and 
'  Captain  Masters's  Children,'  1865.  [xxvii.  272] 

HOOK,  JAMES  (1746-1827),  organist  at  Vauxhall 
Gardens,  1774-1820,  and  composer ;  composed  over  two 
thousand  songs,  including  '  Within  a  Mile '  and  '  The  Lass 
of  Richmond  Hill,'  also  dramatic  and  concerted  pieces ; 
died  at  Boulogne.  [xxvii.  272] 

HOOK,  JAMES  (1772  ?-1828),dean  of  Worcester;  son 
of  James  Hook  (1746-1827)  [q.  v.]  ;  while  at  Westminster 
edited  '  The  Triner ' ;  graduated  from  St.  Mary  Hall,  Ox- 
ford, 1796 ;  private  chaplain  to  Prince  of  Wales ;  arch- 
deacon of  Huntingdon,  1814 ;  rector  of  Whippiugham, 
1817  ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1825-8  ;  published  novels  and 
other  works.  [xxviL  273] 

HOOK,  JOHN  (1634-1710),  master  of  Savoy  Uo-piul, 
1699-1702  ;  son  of  William  Hook  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  280] 


HOOK,  THEODORE  EDWARD  (1788-1841),  novelist 

and  wit ;  son  of  James  Hook  (1746-1827)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 

at  Harrow ;  as  a  boy  wrote  words  for  his  father's  comic 

]  operas  and  melodramas  ;  early  entered  Prince  of  Wah-s's 

set  and  became. Igiown  as  an  improviser  and  practical 

i  joker;  went  to  Mauritius  as  accountant-general,  1813; 

j  dismissed  for  deficiencies  in  accounts,  1817  ;  imprisoned, 

i  1823-5,   and    his    property    confiscated;     published,    as 

J  'Richard  Jones,'  'Exchange  no  Robbery'  (farce)    and 

'  Tentamen '  (satire  on  Queen  Caroline),  1819-20-;  began 

to  edit  the  tory  'John  Bull,'  1820;  published  'Sayings 

and   Doings'  (nine    novels),    1826-9,    'Maxwell,'   'l8;<(>, 

'Gilbert  Gurney,'  1836,  'Gurney  Married,'   1838, '  Jack 

Brag,'  1836,  and  '  Births,  Marriages,  and  Deaths,'  1839 ; 

edited  'New  Monthly  Magazine,'  1836-41;    his  effects 

seized  by  the  crown ;  the  Lucian  Gay  of  '  Couingsby '  and 

Mr.  Wagg  of  '  Vanity  Fair.'  [xxvii.  274] 

HOOK,  WALTER  FARQUHAR  (1798-1875),  dean 
of  Chichester;  son  of  James  Hook  (1772  ?-1828) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.,  1824  ;  D.D.,  1837  ;  curate  at  Whippingham  ; 
incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity,  Coventry,  1828-37  ;  preached 
at  Chapel  Royal  his  sermon  'Hear  the  Church,'  1838, 
affirming  apostolical  succession  of  English  bishops ;  as 
vicar  of  Leeds,  1837-59,  built  new  parish  church  (1841) 
and  many  others,  with  schools  and  parsonage  houses ;  ob- 
tained act  of  parliament  for  subdivision  of  parish  (1844)  ; 
propounded  in  letter  to  Bishop  Thirlwall  (1846)  scheme  of 
I  rate-paid  schools  with  separate  religious  instruction  ;  dean 
of  Ohichester,  1859-75.  His  works  include  'Church  Dic- 
tionary,' 1842,  'Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Biography,' 
1845-52,  and  '  Lives  of  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,1  1860- 
1875  (index,  1876).  [xxvii.  276] 

HOOK,  WILLIAM  (1600-1677),  puritan  divine ;  M.A. 

Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1623  ;  vicar  of  Axmouth  ;  emi- 

!  grated  to  New  England,  1640,  and  became  minister  at 

!  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  and  'teacher'  at  Newhaven  ; 

I  sent  description  of  affairs  in  New  England  to  Cromwell, 

1653 ;  Cromwell's  chaplain  in  England,  1666 ;  published 

'  New  England's  Teares  for  Old  England's  Feares,'  1640, 

and  with  John  Davenport  [q.  v.]  '  A  Catechisme  .  .  .  for 

the  ...  Church  ...  at  New  Haven.'          [xxvii.  279] 

HOOKE,  JOHN  (1655-1712),  serjeant-at-law;  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1681 ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1700 ;  chief-justice  of  Carnarvon,  Merioneth, 
and  Anglesey,  c.  1703  and  1706 ;  removed  for  receiving  a 
present,  1707,  but  subsequently  cleared.  [xxvii.  280] 

HOOKE,  LUKE  JOSEPH  (1716-1796),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  son  of  Nathaniel  Hooke  (d.  1763)  [q.  v.] ;  D.D. 
Sorboune,  1736  ;  professor  of  theology,  1742 ;  virtually 
compelled  to  resign  by  Archbishop  de  Beaumont ;  when 
librarian  at  the  Mazarin  Library  visited  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
1776 ;  dismissed  from  librarianship  by  Paris  Directory, 
1791 ;  edited  '  Memoirs  of  Duke  of  Berwick,'  1778 ;  died 
at  St.  Cloud.  [xxvii.  281] 

HOOKE,  NATHANIEL,  the  elder  (1664-1738),  Jaco- 
bite ;  brother  of  John  Hooke  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Dublin  and  Glas- 
gow Universities  and  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ; 
sent  by  Monmouth  to  raise  London,  1685 ;  pardoned  by 
James  II;  joined  Dundee  and  was  captured,  1689;  served 
with  Jacobites  in  Ireland  and  with  French  in  Flanders  ; 
undertook  secret  missions  to  Scottish  Jacobites,  1706  and 
1707  ;  corresponded  with  Marlborough  and  Stair ;  his 
correspondence  (1703-7)  edited  by  the  Bev.  W.  D.  Macray, 
1870-1.  [xxvii.  281] 

HOOKE,  NATHANIEL  or  NATHANAEL,  the 
younger  (d.  1763),  author;  nephew  of  Nathaniel  Hooke 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  friend  of  Pope  and  Martha  Blount  and 
disciple  of  Fenelon ;  admitted  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1702  ;  wrote 
'Account  of  Conduct  of  the  Dowager  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough'  (1742)  at  her  dictation;  published  'Roman 
History,'  1738-71,  translation  of  Sir  Andrew  Michael 
Ramsay's '  Travels  of  Cyrus,'  1739,  and  a  work  denouncing 
Chesterfield's  •  Letters,'  published,  1791.  [xxvii.  282] 

HOOKE,  ROBERT  (1635-1703),  experimental  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  at  Westminster  under  Busby  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1663;  assisted  Thomas 
Willis  [q.  v.]  in  his  chemistry  and  Robert  Boyle  [q.  v.] 
with  his  air-pump;  elected  curator  of  experiments  to 
Royal  Society,  1662 ;  F.R.S.,  1663 ;  secretary,  1677-82  ; 
Gresham  professor  of  geometry,  1666;  aa  surveyor  of 
London  designed  Montague  House,  Bethlehem  Hospital, 


HOOKEK 


HOOTON 


and  College  of  I'hysii-iuns  ;  in  his  '  Micrographia '  (1665) 
pointed  out  real  nature  of  combustion ;  proposed  to 
measure  force  of  gravity  by  swinging  of  pendulum,  1 '.'••> : 
showed  experimentally  that  centre  of  gravity  of  earth 
and  moon  is  the  point  describing  an  ellipse  round  the  sun  ; 
in  a-timiomv  discovered  fifth  star  in  Orion,  1GG-I,  inferred 
rotation  of  Jupiter,  1664,  firstobserved  a  star  by  daylight, 
ami  m.-uk-  earliest  attempts  (1669)  at  telescopic  deter- 
mination of  parallax  of  a  fixed  star ;  in  optics  helped 
Newton  by  bints ;  first  applied  spiral  spring  to  regulate 
watches;  expounded  true  theory  of  elasticity  ami  kim-tir 
hypothesis  of  gases,  1678  ;  his  anticipation  of  law  of  in- 
verse squares  admitted  by  Newton :  first  asserted  true 
principle  of  the  arch ;  constructed  first  Gregorian  tele- 
scope, 1674  :  described  a  system  of  telegraphy,  1684  ;  in- 
vented marine  barometer  and  other  instruments  ;  post- 
humous works  edited  by  R.  Waller,  1705,  and  Derham, 
1726.  [xxvii.  283] 

HOOKER  or  HOKER,  JOHN  (fl.  1540),  of  Maidstone ; 
poet  and  dramatist :  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1530  ;  M.A.,  1635  ;  B.D.,  1540.  [xxvii.  289] 

HOOKER,  alias  VOWELL,  JOHN  (1526P-1601),  anti- 
quary ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  visited  Cologne  and  Stras- 
burg  ;  first  chamberlain  of  Exeter,  1555  ;  M.P.,  Athenry 
(Irish  parliament),  1568;  contributed  to  new  edition  of 
Hoi  lushed,  1586 ;  wrote  also  '  The  Lyffe  of  Sir  Peter 
Oarewe,'  and  works  concerning  Exeter.  [xxvii.  287] 

HOOKER,  RICHARD  (1554  ?-1600),  theologian; 
nephew  of  John  Hooker  alias  Vowell  [q.  v.  j ;  admitted  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  by  influence  of  Bishop 
Jewel ;  scholar,  1573  ;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1577  ;  deputy 
Hebrew  professor,  1579 ;  intimate  at  Oxford  with  (Sir) 
Edwin  Sandys  and  George  Oranmer  [q.  v.]  ;  incumbent 
of  Drayton-Beauchamp,  1584-5 ;  master  of  the  Temple, 
1585  ;  rector  of  Boscombe,  Wiltshire,  and  (1595-1600)  of 
Bisbopsbourne,  Kent,  where  the  inscription  on  bis  monu- 
ment first  calls  him  'Judicious.'  Five  books  (four  books, 
1694,  fifth  book,  1597)  of  'The  Laws  of  Ecclesiasticall 
Politic '  appeared  in  his  lifetime,  the  so-called  sixth  and 
the  eighth  in  1648.  The  seventh  was  first  included  in 
Gauden's  edition,  1662.  The  sixth  book  is  demonstrably 
spurious.  The  whole  was  reissued,  with  life  by  Izaak 
Walton,  1666,  and  frequently  re-edited.  It  was  attacked 
by  the  puritans  in  *  A  Christian  Letter  to  certaine  English 
Protestants '  (1599)  and  defended  by  William  Covell  [q.  v.], 
admired  by  James  I  and  Charles  I,  and  praised  for  its  style 
by  Fuller  and  Swift.  Other  works  by  Hooker  were  issued 
at  Oxford,  1613.  [xxvii.  289] 

HOOKER,  THOMAS  (1586  ?-1647),  New  England 
divine;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1611;  rector  of  Esher,  1620;  as  lecturer  at  Ohelmsford 
cited  for  nonconformity,  1629 ;  withdrew  to  Holland 
(1630)  to  avoid  citation  of  high  commission  ;  sailed  for 
New  England,  1633  ;  pastor  of  the  eighth  church  in  Massa- 
chusetts, till  removal  to  Hartford,  Connecticut,  1636 ; 
published  theological  works,  including  'A  Survey  of  the 
Summe  of  Church  Discipline,'  issued  1648.  [xxvii.  296] 

HOOKER,  WILLIAM  DAWSON  (1816-1840), 
eldest  sou  of  Sir  William  Jackson  Hooker  [q.  v.] ; 
privately  printed '  Notes  on  Norway,'  1837.  [xxvii.  298] 

HOOKER,  SIR  WILLIAM  JACKSON  (1785-1865), 
director  of  Kew  Gardens  :  formed  collection  of  Norfolk 
birds  ;  visited  Iceland  ami  printed  '  Recollections,'  1811 ; 
became  acquainted  with  foreign  botanists  during  tour  of 
1814 ;  regius  professor  of  botany  at  Glasgow,  1820 ;  K.H., 
1836 ;  greatly  extended  and  threw  open  to  the  public 
Kew  Gardens,  where,  with  John  Stevens  Hcnslow  [q.  v.], 
he  founded  a  museum  of  economic  botany,  1847  ;  his 
herbarium  purchased  by  the  nation ;  F.L.S.,  1806 ; 
F.R.S.,  1812  ;  LL.D.  Glasgow  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1845.  His 
works  include  '  Muscologia  Britannica,'  1818-27,  '  Flora 
Boreali- Americana,'  1833-40, '  Species  Filicum,'  1846-64. 

[xxvii.  296] 

HOOKE8,  NICHOLAS  (1628-1712),  poet;  scholar  of 
W<  stmiuster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A., 
1653  ;  published  'Amanda  '  (1653)  and  other  verges. 

[xxvii.  299] 

HOOLE,  CHARLES  (1610-1667),  educational  writer ; 
M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Ox  ford,  1636 ;  master  of  Rot  her  ham 
school  ;  rector  of  Great  Pontoti,  1642  ;  sequestrated  ;  be- 
came known  as  teacher  in  London  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln 


and  rector  of  Stock,  Essex  :  published  '  Termination*  et 
Kxempla,'  1650,  and  other  school  manuals,     [xxvii.  299] 

HOOLE,    ELIJAH   (1798-1878),   orientalist;    while 

Wesleyan  missionary  in   Southern  Indian  wa»  member 

of  committee  for  revising  Tamil  versions  of  the  bible  : 

.«•!  translation*  into  Tamil.  '  Penonal  Narrative  • 

-  1.  ami  ,.t  1,,-r  works  ;  aecreUry  of  Wealeyan  Mi*- 

si.jn.iry  Sx-u-ty,  1KJ6. 


HOOLE,  JOHN  (1727-1803),  translator  ;  principal 
auditor  at  India  House:  visited  Johnson  in  bit  last 
illness  ;  his  translations  of  Tanao's  •  Jerusalem  Delivered  • 
(1763)  and  Ariosto's  •  Orlando  Furioso  •  (1783)  frequently 
reprinted;  published  also  version*  of  Metarta»k>'« 
'  Dramas,'  'Life  of  John  Scott  of  Amwell'  (1784).  and 
three  tragedies,  acted  at  Covent  Garden.  [xxrli.  800] 

HOpPER,  EDMUND  (1563  V  -  1621),  organist  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  1606-21,  and  composer  of  church 
music  ;  gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  1603. 

[xxvii.  SOI] 

HOOPER,  GEORGE  (1640-1727),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells;  scholar  of  St.  Paul's  and  Westminster  and 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1663  :  D.D., 
1  677  ;  classical,  Hebrew,  and  Arabic  scholar  ;  chaplain  to 
Bishop  Morley  and  Archbishop  Sheldon  ;  rector  of 
Lambeth,  1675  ;  precentor  of  Exeter  ;  as  almoner  to 
Princess  Mary  confirmed  her  in  Anglican  principles  and 
offended  William  of  Orange;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1691  ; 
prolocutor  of  the  lower  house  of  convocation,  1701; 
bishop  of  St.  Asapb,  1702-3  ;  accepted  see  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  1703  at  importunity  of  his  friend  Ken,  who  dedi- 
cated to  him  his  '  Hymuarium  '  ;  collective  edition  of  hi* 
works,  issued  1757,  includes  '  Calculation  of  the  Credi- 
bility of  Human  Testimony,'  and  treatise  on  Tertullian's 
'  De  Valentinianorum  Heeresi.*  [xxvii.  301] 

HOOPER,  JOHN  (d.  1555),  bishop  of  Gloucester  and 

Worcester;  B.A.Oxford,  1519;  said  to  have  been  a  Cis- 

tercian :  adopted  protestnnt   views  and   disputed    with 

Gardiner  ;  fled  from  England,  1539,  to  avoid  persecution  ; 

while  at  Zurich,  1547-9,  adopted  views  of  John  4  Lasco 

[see  LASKI]  ;'as  chaplain  to  Somerset,  1649,  led  advanced 

reformers  and  denounced  Bonner  ;  when  nominated  to  see 

of  Gloucester  (1550)  refusal  to  wear  vestments,  and  only 

gave  in  after  committal  to  the  Fleet,  1551  ;  showed  great 

1  zeal  in  his  diocese  and  was  liberal  to  the  poor  ;  followed 

Zurich  usage  in  appointing  'superintendents  '  ;  member 

of  commission  to  report  on  ecclesiastical  laws,    1551  ; 

bishop   of  Worcester,   I'M  comment/am,  1552,  Gloucester 

j  being    subsequently   made  an    archdeaconry  :    opposed 

,  attempt  to  set  aside  Mary  ;  deprived  by  Queen  Mary  and 

;  sentenced  for  heresy  :  burned  at  Gloucester.    His  works 

consist  mainly  of  homilies  and  biblical  expositions  (col- 

lected edition  issued,  1855).  [xxvii.  304] 

HOOPER.  ROBERT  (1773-1835),  medical  writer; 
M.A.  and  M.B.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1804  :  M.I).  St. 
Andrews,  1805  :  practised  in  Savile  Row,  making  special 
study  of  pathology.  His  works  include  '  Compendious 
Medical  Dictionary,'  1798,  and  'Anatomist's  Vade- 
Mecum,'  1798.  [xxvii.  306] 

HOOPER,  WILLIAM  HULME  (1827-1854),  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy  ;  shared  in  expedition  of  the  Plover, 
1  HIM-  5d,  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  [q.  v.],  publishing 
an  account,  1853.  [xxvii.  307] 

HOOPPELL,  ROBERT  ELI  (1833-1895),  antiquary  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1858  ;  LLD.,  1865  ; 
ordained  priest,  1859  :  English  chaplain  at  Menai  Bridge, 
1859-61  ;  first  bead  -  master  of  Dr.  Winterbottom's 
nautical  college,  South  Shields,  1861-75  ;  rector  of  Byers 
Green,  co.  Dublin,  1875;  published  writings  relating  to 
excavated  Roman  camp  at  South  Shields  and  other  anti- 
quarian subjects.  [SuppL  IL  438] 

HOOTEN,  ELIZABETH  (d.  1672),  first  female 
quaker  minister  ;  imprisoned  at  Derby,  1051,  York,  1668, 
and  Lincoln,  1654  ;  went  to  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1662  ; 
harbarou-ly  treated  at  Cambridge,  U.S.A.  :  returned  to 
England  ;  accompanied  George  Fox  to  Jamaica,  1670,  and 
died  there.  [xxvii.  SOS] 

HOOTON,  CHARLES  (1813  ?-1847).  novelist;  lived 
savage  life  in  Texas;  journalist  in  New  Orleans,  New 
York,  and  Montreal  ;  published  'Colin  Clink  '(in  '  Bent- 
It  -y's  Mi-cellany,'  and  republbhed,  1841),  'St.  Louis'* 
Isle,'  1847,  and  other  works.  [xxviL  SOS] 


HOPE 


640 


HOPE 


HOPE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1769-1837),  general: 
second  son  of  tbe  second  Earl  of  Hopetoun  ;  served  in 
Flanders  and  Holland,  1794-5,  as  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby;  wounded  while  commanding  the  14th  in 
attack  on  Guelderinasen,  1795 :  major-general,  1808 ; 
governor  of  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst,  1812 ; 
undertook  mission  to  Sweden,  1813 :  honorary  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1824 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 
1826 :  M.P.,  Dumfries,  1796,  Liulitbgowshire,  1802-34 ; 
general  and  G.O.B.  [xxvii.  308] 

HOPE  (afterwards  BERESFORD-HOPE),  ALEX- 
ANDER JAMES  BERESFORD  (1820-1887),  politician 
and  author ;  son  of  Thomas  Hope  (1770?-1831)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1844; 
D.C.L.,  1848 ;  tory  M.P.,  Maidstone,  1841-52  and  1857-9, 
Stoke,  1865-8,  and  Cambridge  University,  1868-87 ;  in- 
herited Marshal  Lord  Beresford's  English  estates,  1854 ; 
prominent  opponent  of  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill,  1859, 
abolition  of  church  rates,  Reform  Bill  of  1867,  and  Burials 
Bill,  1873 ;  privy  councillor,  1880 ;  founded  missionary 
college  at  Canterbury,  and  built  All  Saints'  Church,  Mar- 
garet Street,  London ;  established  '  Saturday  Review,' 
1855,  with  John  Douglas  Cook  [q.  v.]  as  editor ;  president 
of  Institute  of  Architects,  1865-7 ;  trustee  of  British 
Museum  and  National  Portrait  Gallery  ;  published '  Hymns 
of  the  Church  literally  translated '  (1844)» '  The  English 
Cathedral  of  the  Nineteenth  Century'  (1861),  works  on 
the  American  civil  war  and  on  church  politics,  and  two 
novels.  [xxvii.  309] 

HOPE,  MR8.  ANNE  (1809-1887),  authoress;  nie 
Fulton;  wife  and  biographer  of  James  Hope  (1801-1841) 
[q.  v.];  converted  to  Romanism,  1850;  published '  Acts 
of  the  Early  Martyrs,'  1855,  lives  of  St.  Philip  Neri  (1859) 
and  St.  Thomas  Becket  (1868), 'Conversion  of  the  Teu- 
tonic Race,'  1872,  and  '  Franciscan  Martyrs  in  England,' 
1878.  [xxvii.  311] 

HOPE,  ARCHIBALD,  LORD  RANKEILLOR  (1639- 
1706),  lord  of  session,  1689,  and  of  justiciary,  1690  ;  second 
son  of  Sir  John  Hope,  lord  Craighall  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  321] 

HOPE,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OP  HOPETOUN*  (1681- 
1742)  ;  supported  union  with  England ;  created  Scots 
peer,  1703 ;  representative  peer  from  1722 ;  lord  high 
commissioner  of  church  of  Scotland,  1723.  [xxvii.  311] 

HOPE,  CHARLES,  LORD  GRANTON  (1763-1851), 
president  of  court  of  session ;  eldest  son  of  John  Hope 
( 1739-1785)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  law  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
admitted  advocate,  1784 ;  sheriff  of  Orkney,  1792 ;  lord 
advocate,  1801 ;  M.P.,  Edinburgh,  1803  ;  lord  justice  clerk, 
1804;  president  of  court  of  session,  1811-41 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1822 ;  lord  justice  general  from  1836 ;  active  colonel 
of  Edinburgh  volunteers.  [xxvii.  312] 

HOPE,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1797-1862),  ento- 
mologist and  collector;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1823 ;  presented  to  the  university  his  collection  of  in- 
sects and  prints,  and  founded  professorship  of  zoology ; 
president  of  Entomological  Society,  1835  and  1846  ;  pub- 
lished tbe  '  Coleopterlst'a  Manual,'  1837-40. 

[xxvii.  313] 

HOPE,  GEORGE  (1811-1876),  Scottish  agriculturist ; 
his  holding  at  Fenton  Barns,  Haddingtonshire,  regarded 
as  model  farm :  wrote  against  corn  laws  and  game  laws  ; 
contributed  to  Sir  A.  Grant's  •  Recess  Studies,'  1870. 

[xxvii.  313] 

HOPE,  SIR  HENRY  (1787-1863),  admiral;  served 
under  his  cousin  (Admiral  Sir  James  Hope  (1808-1881) 
[q.  v.])  in  tbe  Kent ;  captured  in  Swiftsure,  1801 ;  com- 
manded cruisers  in  Mediterranean,  1808-12;  while  in 
command  of  the  Endymiou  captured  tbe  U.S.  ship 
President  off  Sandy  Hook,  1816;  rear-admiral,  1846; 
K.C.B.,  1855  ;  admiral,  1868.  [xxvii.  314] 

HOPE,  HENRY  PHILIP  (d.  1839),  picture  and 
diamond  collector;  brother  of  Thomas  Hope  (1770?- 
1831)  [q.  V.]  [xxvii.  329] 

HOPE,  SIR  JAMES  (1614-1861),  of  Hopetoun  ;  lawyer 
and  lead-worker ;  sixth  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Hope,  first 
baronet  (d.  1646)  [q.  v.]  ;  general  of  tbe  cunzie-house, 
1642 ;  a  lord  of  session,  1649  ;  member  of  committee  of 
estates ;  commissioner  of  justice,  1662 ;  member  of 
English  council  of  state,  1653.  [xxvii.  315] 

HOPE  (afterwards  HOPE  JOHNSTONE),  .(AMI'S. 
third  EARL  or  HOPETOUN  (1741-1816),  with  foot-guards 


at  Minden ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1781 ;  representative 
peer,  1784  and  1794 ;  succeeded  to  estates  of  Marquis 
of  AnnaiuhiU:  and  assumed  name  of  Johnstone,  1792; 
created  British  baron,  1809,  for  raising  Hopetoun  fenoiN.s. 

[xxvii.  316] 

HOPE,  JAMES  (1801-1841),  physician;  studied  at 
Edinburgh,  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  on  the  con- 
tinent.; early  practised  auscultation;  physician  to  .Mary- 
lebone  Infirmary,  1831  ;  assistant  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
1834,  full  physician,  1839  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1840  ;  F.R.S.,  1832  ; 
published  '  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Heart,'  1832,  and  a 
work  on  morbid  anatomy,  1833-4.  [xxvii.  316] 

HOPE,  JAMES  (1764-1846  ?),  United  Irishman  :  cot- 
ton-weaver ;  supported  union  between  Romanists  and 
presbyterians  in  Ulster ;  joined  Roughford  volunteer 
corps  and  (1795)  the  reconstructed  United  Irish  Society; 
founded  branch  at  Dublin ;  present  at  Ballinahincb, 

1798  ;  assisted  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.]  and  organised  rising 
in  co.  Down,  1803,  but  was  amnestied.         [xxviu  317] 

HOPE,  SIR  JAMES  (1808-1881),  admiral  of  the  fleet ; 
cousin  of  Sir  Henry  Hope  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  in 
engagement  with  Obligado  batteries,  1845 ;  C.B.,  1846  ; 
commanded  the  Majestic  in  the  Baltic,  1854-6 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1857  ;  commander-in-chief  in  China,  1859 ;  re- 
pulsed and  wounded  in  attempt  to  force  passage  of  the 
Peibo,  1859  ;  tookTaku  forts,  1860  :  created  K.C.B.,  1860  ; 
wounded  while  serving  against  Taepings,  1862 ;  com- 
mander in  North  America,  1863;  G.C.B.,  1865;  com- 
mander at  Portsmouth,  1869-72 ;  admiral,  1870  ;  admiral 
of  the  fleet,  1879.  [xxvii.  318] 

HOPE,  SIR  JAMES  ARCHIBALD  (1785-1871), 
general;  served  with  26th  in  Hanover.  1805-6,  and  at 
Copenhagen,  1807 ;  on  staff  of  Sir  John  Hope  (1765- 
1836)  [q.  v.]  in  Spain,  1808-9,  and  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Graham  at  Baroesa,  1811,  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  1812,  and  Badajoz,  1812;  assistant  adjutant- 
general  at  Salamanca,  Vittoria,  and  St.  Sebastian,  and 
with  Beresford  in  France ;  exchanged  into  Scots  Guards, 
1814 :  major-general  in  Lower  Canada,  1841-7  ;  G.O.B. ; 
general,  1859.  [xxvii.  320] 

HOPE,  SIR  JOHN,  LORD  CRAIGHALL  (1605  ??1654), 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Hope,  first  baronet  (d.  1646) 
[q.  v.]  ;  lord  of  session,  1632  ;  knighted,  1632  ;  member  of 
committee  of  estates,  1640,  of  Cromwell's  judicial  com- 
mittee, 1652  ;  represented  Scotland  in  English  parliament, 
1653.  [xxvii.  320] 

HOPE,  SIR  JOHN  (1684  ?-1766).  [See  BRUCE,  Sm 
JOHN  HOPE.] 

HOPE,  JOHN  (1739-1785),  author;  grandson  of 
Charles  Hope,  first  earl  of  Hopetoun  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Linlithgowsbire,  1768-70  ;  published  '  Letters  on  Credit/ 
1784,  and  other  works.  [xxvii.  321] 

HOPE,  JOHN  (1725-1786),  professor  of  botany  at 
Edinburgh  ;  grandson  of  Archibald  Hope,  lord  Ran- 
keillor  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1750 ;  professor  of  botany 
and  materia  medica,  Edinburgh,  1761 ;  regius  professor 
of  medicine  and  botany,  1768 ;  president,  Edinburgh  Col- 
lege of  Physicians ;  F.R.S. ;  founded  new  Edinburgh 
botanic  gardens,  1776  ;  genus  Hopea  named  after  him  by 
Linnaeus,  whose  '  Genera  Animalium '  he  edited,  1781. 

[xxvii.  321] 

HOPE,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL  OP  HOPKTOUN  (1765-1823), 
general ;  M.P.,  Linlithpowshire,  1790  ;  adjutant-general 
under  Abercromby  in  West  Indies,  1796,  and  in  Holland, 

1799  ;  wounded  at  Alexandria,  1801 ;  lieutenant-general, 
1808;    second  in  command  under  Sir  John  Moore  in 
Sweden  and  in  the  Peninsula ;  commanded  left  wing  at 
Corufia  and  directed  embarkation  ;    beaded  division  in 
Walcheren  expedition,  1809 ;  succeeded  Graham  in  tbe 
Peninsula ;   led  first  division  at  Nivelle  and  the  Nive, 
1813 ;    conducted  blockade  of  Bayonne ;   wounded  and 
captured  in  final  sortie  of  Bayonne  garrison,  1814  ;  created 
Baron  Niddry ;  succeeded  his  half-brother  James,  third 
Earl  of  Hopetoun  [q.v.],  1816 ;  general,  1819.  [xxvii.  322] 

HOPE,  SIR  JOHN  (1788-1836),  lieutenant-general: 
son  of  John  Hope  (1739-1785)  [q.  v.]  ;  in  Dutch  service, 
1778-82  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  William  Erskine  in  Flanders 
and  Germany,  1792-3  ;  commanded  28th,  1796-9,  and  37th, 
1799-1804  ;  deputy  adjutant-general  under  Cathcart  at 
Hanover,  1806,  and  Copenhagen,  1807 ;  commanded 
brigade  at  Salamanca,  1812;  lieutenant-general,  1819; 
knighted,  1821 ;  G.O.H.  [xxvii.  324] 


HOPE 


641 


HOPKINSON 


HOPE,  JOHN  (1794-1858),  Scottish  judge  :  eldest  son 
of  Charles  Hope  (1763-1851)  [q.  v.] ;  advocate,  1816; 
summoned  to  Commons'  bar  for  breach  of  privilege,  1822  ; 
solicitor-ireneral  for  Scotland,  1822-30  :  dean  of  Faculty  of 
Advocates,  1830;  lord  justice  clerk,  1841-58;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 18 11 ;  edited  diary  of  Sir  David  Hume  of  Crossrigg, 
1828.  [xxvii. 

HOPE,  JOHN  WILLIAMS  (1757-1813),  banker'and 
men-limit  ;  sou  of  William  Williams  :  assumed  name  of 
Hope  ou  marriage ;  banker  at  Amsterdam  ;  one  of  the 
eight  statesmen  of  Holland,  1794-1806.  [xxvii.  325] 

HOPE,  Sin  THOMAS  (1606-1643),  of  Keree  ;  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Hope,  first  baronet  [q.  v.]  ;  admitted  advocate, 
1631  ;  knighted,  1633  ;  commissioner  for  Clackmannan, 
1639-41  ;  colonel  of  Leslie's  bodyguard,  1639-40 ;  nego- 
tiated compromise  between  Charles  I  and  the  estates ; 
lord  justice-general,  1041-3  ;  wrote  the  '  Law  Repertorie.' 

[xxvii.  326] 

HOPE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (d.  1648),  lord- 
advocate  of  Scotland ;  advocate,  1605 ;  made  reputation 
by  defence  of  John  Forbea  (1568  ?-1634)  [q.  v.],  and 
other  ministers  at  Linlithgow,  1606:  prepared  deed 
revoking  James  I's  grants  of  church  property,  1625  ;  lord 
advocate,  1626  ;  created  Nova  Scotia  baronet,  1628 ;  con- 
ducted case  against  Balmerino,  1634  ;  as  lord  high  com- 
missioner to  general  assembly  maintained  the  king's  tem- 
porising policy,  1643  ;  his  4  Minor  Practicks '  published  by 
Bayne,  1726.  [xxvii.  326] 

HOPE,  THOMAS  (1770  ?-1831X  virtuoso  and  author  ; 
of  the  Hopes  of  Amsterdam ;  settled  in  England,  c.  1796 ; 
collected  marbles  and  sculptures,  and  deposited  them  in 
Duchess  Street,  London,  and  at  Deepdene,  Surrey  ;  patron 
of  Canova,  Thorwaldsen,  and  Flax  man ;  caricatured  with 
his  wife  by  Dubost  as  '  Beauty  and  the  Beast,'  1810  ;  pub- 
lished 'Anastasius'  (anonymously),  1819,  'Household 
Furniture,'  1807,  and  other  works.  [xxvii.  327] 

HOPE,  THOMAS  CHARLES  (1768-1844),  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Edinburgh  ;  third  son  of  John  Hope  (1725- 
1786)  [q.  v.] ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Glasgow,  1787-9 ; 
professor  of  chemistry,  Edinburgh,  1799-1843  ;  proved 
that  strontian  contained  a  peculiar  earth ;  estimated 
maximum  density  point  of  water;  founded  chemical 
prize  at  Edinburgh.  [xxvii.  329] 

HOPE,  SIR  WILLIAM  JOHNSTONS  (1766-1831), 
vice-admiral ;  son  of  John  Hope  (1739-1785)  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant  of  the  Boreas  under  Nelson,  1787;  flag- 
captain  to  Rear-admiral  Pasley  in  action  of  1  June,  1794, 
to  Duncan  in  the  Venerable  and  the  Kent,  1795-6,  and 
1798-9;  served  in  Egypt,  1800-1 ;  M.P.,  Dumfries,  1800-4, 
Dumfriesshire,  1804-30;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1807-9  ; 
vice-admiral,  1819 ;  member  of  admiralty  board,  1820-8 ; 
G.O.B.,  1825.  [xxrii.  329] 

HOPE,  WILLIAM  WILLIAMS  (1802-1855),  man  of 
fashion  and  virtuoso  ;  son  of  John  Williams  Hope  [q.  v.l 

[xxvii.  325] 

HOPE-SCOTT,  JAMES  ROBERT  (1812-1873),  parlia- 
mentary barrister ;  third  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Hope 
[q.  v.]  ;  travelled  in  Germany  and  Italy  before  going  to 
Eton ;  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  became  the  friend  of 
William  Ewart  Gladstone  and  Roundell  Palmer,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Selborne :  fellow  of  Merton,  1833 ;  D.C.L., 
1843 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1840 ;  named  chancellor 
of  Salisbury,  1840,  after  arguing  before  House  of  Lords 
against  Ecclesiastical  Duties  and  Revenues  Bill,  1840; 
joined  tractarians,  becoming  Newman's  chief  adviser ; 
with  Manning  received  into  Roman  church,  1851 ;  soon 
obtained  immense  parliamentary  practice ;  Q.C.,  1849  ; 
married  John  Gibson  Lockhart's  daughter,  and  assumed 
additional  name  of  Scott,  1853,  on  becoming  possessor 
of  Abbotsford  ;  wrote  against  Ecclesiastical  Titles  Act, 
1867.  [xxvii.  330] 

HOPETOTTN,  EARLS  OP.  [See  HOPE,  CHARLES,  first 
EARL,  1681-1742;  HOPE,  JAMES,  third  EARL,  1741-1816; 
HOPK,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL,  1765-1823.] 

HOPKIN,  HOPKIN  (1737-1754),  famous  dwarf  :  son 
of  Lewis  Ilopkin  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  332] 

HOPKIN,  LEWIS  (1708-1771),  Welsh  poet ;  registered 
bard,  1760  ;  with  Edward  Evans  (1716-1798)  [q.  v.]  made 
rhymed  version  of  Ecclesiastes,  1767 :  translated  '  Chevy 
Chase,'  1770  :  collected  works  ('  Y  Fel  Gafod')  edited  by 
J.  Miles,  1813.  [xxvii.  332] 


HOPKINS.  CHARLES  (1664?- 1700?),  poet;  son  of 
Ezeki«l  Hopkins  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Drydeu  and  Congreve : 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1688;  published  •  Epistolary 
Poems,'  1694,  •  Whitehall,'  1698,  and  three  tragedies. 

HOPKINS,     ED  WARD     (1800-1657),     governor    of 
Connecticut;  emigrated,  1637;  governor  of  COM 
1640-52  (alternate  years)  ;  helped  to  form  unim. 
England  colonies,  1643 ;  navy  commissioner  in  England, 
1053:  M.P.,  Dartmouth,  1656;  Hopkiuton  bought  from 
his  donation  to  Harvard.  [xxvii.  333] 

HOPKINS,  EZEKIKL  (1634-1890),  bishop  of  Derry ; 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Magdalen  Collet, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1656  ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Robartes  (viceroy 
of  Ireland)  ;  archdeacon  of  Waterford,  1669 ;  bishop  of 
Raphoe,  1670-81  ;  bishop  of  Derry,  1681-90  ;  left  Ireland 
at  Revolution  ;  works  edited  by  Josiah  Pratt,  1809. 

[xxvii.  334] 

HOPKINS,  GEORGE  (1620-1666),  rector  of  Evesham 
(ejected,  1662),  and  author  of  'Salvation  from  Sin '  (1666). 

HOPKINS,  JOHN  (rf.  1570),  contributor  to  metrical 
Psalms ;  B.A.  Oxford,  1544  ;  Suffolk  schoolmaster ;  rector 
of  Great  Waldingfield,  1561-70;  the  'Old  Hundredth' 
psalm  often  attributed  to  him.'  [xxvii.  384] 

HOPKINS,  JOHN  (fl.  1700),  verse-writer  ;  brother  of 
Charles  Hopkins  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1698;  chief  works,  'Milton's  Paradise  Lost  imitated  in 
Rhyme,'  1699,  and  '  Amasia,'  1700.  [xxvii.  336] 

HOPKINS,  JOHN  LARKIN  (1819-1873),  organist  of 
Rochester  (1841)  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (1846) : 
Mus.  Doc.  Cambridge,  1857  ;  composed  '  Five  Glees  and 
a  Madrigal,'  1842,  and  church  music;  published  'New 
Vocal  Tutor,'  1855.  [xxvii.  336] 

HOPKINS,  MATTHEW  (d.  1647),  witch-finder  ;  said 
to  have  been  a  lawyer  at  Ipswich  and  Manningtree  :  made 
journeys  for  discovery  of  witches  in  eastern  counties  and 
Huntingdonshire,  1644-7  ;  procured  special  judicial  com- 
mission (1645)  under  John  Godbolt  [q.  v.]  by  which 
sixty  women  were  hanged  in  Essex  in  one  year,  nearly 
forty  at  Bury,  and  many  at  Norwich  and  in  Huntingdon- 
shire ;  published  '  Discovery  of  Witches,'  1647 ;  exposed 
by  John  Gaule ;  hanged  as  a  sorcerer ;  referred  to  in 
4  Hudibras.'  [xxvii.  336] 

HOPKINS,  RICHARD  (d.  1694  ?),  translator ;  of  St. 
Alban's  Hall,  Oxford,  and  Middle  Temple ;  studied  at 
Spanish  universities,  Louvain,  Rheims,  and  Paris ;  trans- 
lated Spanish  religious  works.  [xxvii.  337] 

HOPKINS,  WILLIAM  (/.  1674),  stenographer  :  pub- 
lished '  The  Flying  Pen-Man,'  1670.  [xxvii.  338] 

HOPKINS,  WILLIAM  (1647-1700),  divine;  son  of 
George  Hopkins  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford. 
1668;  D.D.,  1692;  chaplain  to  Henry  Coventry  (1619 
1686)  [q.  v.]  in  second  embassy  to  Sweden,  1671  ;  preben- 
dary of  Worcester,  1676,  and  master  of  St.  Oswald's  Hos- 
pital, 1697 ;  published  '  Book  of  Bertram  or  Ratrammw 
concerning  the  Body  and  Blood  of  the  Lord,'  1686; 
I  assisted  Gibson  with  edition  of  'Saxon  Chronicle'  and 
Camdeu  in  '  Britannia.'  [xxvii.  338] 

HOPKINS,  WILLIAM  (1706-1786),  theological  writer: 
B.A.  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1728  ;  master  of  Cuckfield 
School,  1756 ;  as  vicar  of  Bolney,  made  alterations  in  the 
liturgy  ;  published  Arian  pamphlets  attacking  liturgy. 
[xxvii.  339] 

HOPKINS,  WILLIAM  (1793-1866),  mathemati- 
cian and  geologist ;  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  seventh 
wrangler,  1827 :  M.A.,  1830  ;  as  coach,  hud  Stok. 
Thomson,  Fawcett,  and  Todhunter  among  his  pupils  ; 
studied  geology  ;  Wollastoii  medallist,  1850  ;  president  of 
Geological  Society,  1851,  and  of  British  Association,  1863 ; 
prize  founded  in  his  honour  by  Cambridge  Philosophical 
Society ;  published  works,  including  '  Elements  of  Trigo- 
nometry,' 1833,  and  '  Theoretical  Investigations  on  Motion 
of  Glaciers,'  1842.  [xxvii.  339] 

HOPKINSON,  JOHN  (1610-1680),  antiquary;  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  secretary  to  Dugdale  during  visitation  of 
Yorkshire ;  made  large  collections  for  history  of  York- 
shire, [xxvii.  340] 

T  T 


HOPKINSON 


642 


HORNBY 


HOPKINSON,  JOHN  (1849 -1898), electrical  eugiueer; 
educated  at  the  Oweus  College,  Manchester,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  senior  wrangler,  1871;  Smith's 
prizeman :  fellow ;  D.Sc.  London,  1871 ;  manager  and 
engineer  iu  lighthouse  and  optical  department  of  Messrs. 
Chance  Brothers,  Birmingham,  1872-8 ;  consulting  engi- 
neer in  London,  1878 ;  F.R.S.,  1878,  and  member  of  council, 
1836-7  and  1891-3  ;  patented  three-wire  system  of  distri- 
buting electricity,  1882;  published,  with  his  brother, 
Edward  Hopkinsou,  paper  describing  improvements  iu 
dynamos,  which  was  foundation  of  accurate  design  of 
dynamos  in  accordance  with  theory,  1886  ;  professor  of 
electrical  engineering,  King's  College,  London,  1890 ;  con- 
sulting engineer  to  contractors  of  City  and  South  London 
Railway  ;  member  of  council  of  Institute  of  Civil  En- 
gineers, 1895 ;  member  of  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers ;  killed  in  Alpine  accident.  A  collection  of  his 
scientific  papers  was  published,  1901.  [Suppl.  ii.  439] 

HOPKINSON,  WILLIAM  ( fl.  1583),  divine;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1567  ;  published  translation 
from  Beza's  vindication  of  Calvin's  predestination. 

HOPKIRK,  THOMAS  (1790  ?-1851  ?)  Glasgow  bota- 
nist ;  F.L.S.,  1812 ;  published  '  Flora  Auomoia,'  1817. 

HOPLEY,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  JOHN  X(  1816-1869), 
painter;  exhibited  at  British  Institution  and  Royal  Aca- 
demy ;  invented  trigonometrical  system  of  facial  measure- 
ment, [xxvii.  341] 

HOPPER,  HUMPHREY  (ft.  1799-1834),  sculptor. 

[xxvii.  341] 

HOPPER,  THOMAS  (1776-1856),  architect  and  sur- 
veyor ;  built  Arthur's  Club  and  various  mansions. 

[xxvii.  341] 

HOPPNER,  JOHN  (1758-1810),  portrait-painter ;  born 
in  London  of  German  parentage ;  chorister  in  Chapel 
Royal;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  (1780-1809)  168  pic- 
tures, mostly  portraits,  including  'A  Sleeping  Nymph'; 
R.A.,  1795 ;  portrait-painter  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1789 ; 
Lawrence's  chief  rival ; '  Lady  Culling  (Eardley)  Smith  and 
Children  '  and  '  Mrs.  Lascelles '  among  his  finest  works. 

[xxvii.  342] 

HOPPUS,  JOHN  (1789-1875),  professor  at  University 
College,  London;  M.A.  Glasgow;  LL.D.,  1839;  inde- 
pendent minister  at  Carter  Street  Chapel,  London  ;  first 
professor  of  philosophy  and  logic,  University  College, 
London,  1829-66;  F.R.S.,  1841;  published  •  Account  of 
Bacon's  "  Novum  Organon," '  1827, '  Thoughts  on  Academi- 
cal Education,'  1837,  and  other  works.  [xxvii.  343] 

HOPSON,  CHARLES  RIVINGTON  (1744-1796),  phy- 
sician to  Fiusbury  Dispensary ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School  and  Leyden  ;  M.D.,  1767 ;  published  '  Essay  on 
Fire,'  1782,  and  translations  from  German  of  J.  G.  Zim- 
mermann  and  Wiegleb.  [xxvii.  344] 

HOPSONN  or  HOPSON,  EDWARD  (d.  1728),  vice- 
admiral  [xxvii.  345] 

HOPSONN,  SIR  THOMAS  (1642-1717),  vice-admiral: 
served  against  Dutch,  1672-3;  commanded  the  York  at 
Beachy  Head,  1690,  and  the  St.  Michael  at  Barfleur,  1692  ; 
rear-admiral,  1693;  commanded  squadron  off  French 
coast,  1694-5,  and  Channel  squadron,  1699 ;  vice-admiral, 
1702  ;  as  second  in  command  under  Rooke  forced  boom  pro- 
tecting French  and  Spanish  fleet  at  Yigo,  1 702,  and  was 
knighted  and  pensioned  ;  M.P.,  Newtown  (Isle  of  Wight), 
1698-1705.  [xxvii.  344] 

HOPTpN,  ARTHUR  (1588  ?-1614),  astrologer  and 
mathematician ;  of  Clement's  Inn  ;  friend  of  Selden  : 
published  prognostications  for  years,  1607-14,  '  Bacvlum 
Geodajticum,'  1610,  and  similar  works.  [xxvii.  346] 

HOPTON,  Sm  ARTHUR  (1588  ?-1650),  diplomatist ; 
of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  secretary  to  Lord  Ootting- 
ton's  embassy  in  Spain,  1629,  ambassador,  1638,  and 
throughout  civil  wars  ;  knighted,  1638.  [xxvii.  345] 

HOPTON,  JOHN  (d.  1558),  bishop  of  Norwich  ;  prior 
of  Oxford  Dominicans ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1532  ;  rector  of  St. 
Anne's,  London,  1539,  of  Fobbing,  Essex,  1548;  chaplain 
to  Princess  Mary  at  Copt  Hall ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1554- 
1558  ;  persecuted  the  protestants.  [xxvii.  346] 

HOPTON,  RALPH,  first  BARON  HOPTON  (1598-1652), 
royalist  commander ;  nephew  of  Sir  Arthur  Hoptou 
[<!•  v.] ;  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  served  under  elector 


palatine  and  Mansfeld ;  K.B.,  1625;  M.P.,  Bath,  in  first 
parliament  of  Charle.-  1,  and  Somerset  in  Short  parlia- 
ment; M.P.,  Wells,  1628-9,  and  in  Lonjr  parliament;  sup- 

j  ported  Strafford's  attainder  and  pre.-enu-d  Grand  Re- 
monstrance to  kiijg,  1641,  but  was  sent  to  Tower  by  parlia- 

,  mi-lit  for  denouncing  militia  ordinance,  1642  ;  expelled  the 
house ;  defeated  parliamentarian*  at  Bradoek  Down  ;md 
Strattou,  Cornwall,  1643  ;  joined  Maurice's  attack  on  Waller 
atLansdown,  1643,  and,  though  wounded,  directed  defence 
of  Devizes,  1643 ;  created  Baron  Hoptou  on  resignation 

I  of  governorship  of  Bristol  to  Rupert,  1643 ;  defeated  at 

i  Cheriton,  1644  ;  succeeded  to  command  of  Gpring's  undis- 
ciplined force  in  the  west;  routed  at  Torringtou,  1646; 
capitulated  at  Truro,  1646 ;  left  England  with  Prince 
Charles,  1648  ;  opposed  concessions  to  pre^byterians  and 

i  retired  to  Wesel,  1650  ;  died  at  Bruges.          [xxvii.  347] 

HOPTON,  SUSANNA  (1627-1709), devotional  writer; 
nte  Harvey  ;  wife  of  Richard  Hopton,  Welsh  judge. 

[xxvii.  350] 

HOPWOOD,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1752  ?-1819),  engraver ; 
:  secretary,  Artists'  Benevolent  Fund.  [xxvii.  350] 

HOPWOOD,  JAMES,  the  younger  (fl.  1800-1850), 
i  stipple-engraver ;  son  of  James  Hopwood  the  elder 
,  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  351] 

HOPWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1784-1853),  engraver; 
\  brother  of  James  Hopwood  the  younger  [q.  v.] 

[xxvii.  351] 

HORBERY,  MATTHEW  (1707  ?-1773),  divine;  M.A. 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1733 ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1733;  defended  Waterland  against  John 
Jackson  (1686-1763)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  treatise  on  'Scrip- 
ture Doctrine  of  Eternal  Punishment,'  1744;  canon  of 
Lichfield,  1736  ;  vicar  of  Hanbury,  1740,  of  Standlake, 
1756  ;  collected  works  issued,  1828.  [xxvii.  351] 

HORDEN,  HILDEBRAND  (d.  1796),  actor  :  mem- 
ber of  Drury  Lane  and  Dorset  Garden  Company,  1696-6  ; 
said  to  have  written  '  Neglected  Virtue ' ;  killed  in  tavern 
brawl.  [xxvii.  351] 

HORMAN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1535),  vice-provost  of 
Eton ;  fellow  of  New  College.  Oxford,  1477-85  ;  master 
of  Eton,  1485,  and  fellow,  1502;  his  Latin  aphorisms 
('Vulgaria')  printed  by  Pynsou,  1619,  and  De  Worde, 
1540;  in  '  Autibossicou '  (1521)  attacked  grammatical 
works  of  Robert  Whitynton.  [xxvii.  352] 

HORN,  ANDREW  (d.  1328),  chamberlain  of  London, 
1320-8 ;  compiled  '  Liber  Horn ' ;  author  or  editor  of  '  La 
Somme  appelle  Mirroir  des  Justices '  (printed,  1624). 

[xxvii.  352] 

HORN,   CHARLES  EDWARD   (1786-1849),  vocalist 

and  composer ;  made  reputation  as  Caspar  in  •  Der  Frei- 

schlitz,'  at  Drury  Lane,  1824 ;  subsequently  music  pub- 

i  lisher  at  New  York ;  director  at  Princess's,  London,  1843- 

i  1 847  ;  conductor  of  Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  'Boston, 

\  1848 ;  composed  popular  airs,  including '  Cherry  Ripe '  and 

'  I  know  a  bank,'  operas  and  oratorios,  and  glees  and 

pianoforte  music ;  edited  '  Hindustani  Melodies,'  1813. 

[xxvii.  353] 

HORNBLOWER,  JABEZ  CARTER  (1744-1814), 
engineer ;  son  of  Jonathan  Hornblower  [q.  v.]  ;  employed 
by  Dutch  and  Swedish  governments ;  patented  machine 
for  glazing  calicoes.  [xxvii.  364] 

HORNBLOWER,  JONATHAN  (1717-1780),  engineer. 

[xxvii.  354] 

HORNBLOWER,  JONATHAN  CARTER  (1753-1815), 

,  engineer  ;  son  of  Jonathan  Hornblower  [q.  v.]  ;  employed 

I'V  \Vatt;    his  steam  engine  on  the  expansion  principle 

(1781)  declared  infringement  of    Watt's  patent,  179'J  ; 

contributed  to  Nicholson's  '  Journal.'  [xxvii.  354] 

HORNBLOWER,  JOS1AH  (17297-1809),  speaker  of 
New  Jersey  assembly  ;  brother  of  Jonathan  Hornblower 
[q.  v.]  [xxvii.  354] 

HORNBY,     SIR    GEOFFREY    THOMAS    PHIPPS 

(1825-1895),  admiral  of  the  fleet;    son  of  Admiral  Sir 

'  Phipps  Hornby  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1837 ;  lieutenant, 

1844 ;  flag-lieutenant  to  his  father  in  Pacific,  1846  ;  com- 

I  mander,    1850 ;    captain,  1852  ;     at  Vancouver's  island, 

1  1868 ;    under  Sir  William    Faushawe  Martin  [q.  v.]   in 

Mediterranean,     1861-2;    flag-captain    to    Rear-admiral 

Sidney  Colpoys  Dacres  [q.  v.]  in  Channel,  1862-5;  first 

;  class  commodore  on  west  coast  of  Africa,  1866-7  ;  rear- 

'  admiral,  1869  ;  commanded  flying  squadron,  1869-71,  and 


HORNBY 


643 


HORNSBY 


i,  1871-4;  lord  of  admiralty,  1875-7;  !  (1818:  Suppl.  1821)  frequently  reissued  and  enlarged  ;  fifth 
;  commander-in-chief  in  Mediterranean,  volume  of  seventh  edition  published  separately  as '  Manual 
«d  fleet  through  Dardanelles  to  Con-  of  Bihlk-al  Bibliography,1  1839 :  published  also ' Introduc- 


Channel  squadron,  1871-4 ;    lord  of  admiralty,  1875-7  ; 
vice-admiral,  1875 
1877-80;    conducted 

stantinople  during  Russo-Turkish  war,  1878;  K.C.B., 
1878;  admiral,  1879;  president  of  Royal  Naval  College,  | 
1881-2;  commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth,  1882-5; 
commanded  evolutionary  squadron,  1885;  G.C.B.,  1885 ; 
principal  naval  aide-de-camp  to  the  queen,  1886  ;  admiral 
of  the  fleet,  1888.  [Suppl.  ii.  441  ] 

HORNBY,  Sm  PHIPPS  (1785-1867),  admiral ; 
midshipman  in  the  Victory,  1804  ;  while  commanding  the 
Duchess  of  Bedford  engaged  two  privateers  off  Gibraltar, 
1806 ;  in  the  Volage  took  part  In  action  off  Lissa,  1811 ; 
C.B.,  1815  ;  commander  in  Pacific,  1847-50  ;  a  lord  of  tin- 
admiralty,  1851-2 ;  admiral,  1858  ;  G.C.B.,  1861. 

[xxvii.  355] 

HORNBY,  \VILLIAM  (;/*.  1618),  poet;  author  of 
'The  Scovrge  of  Drvnkennes,"  1618,  and  'Hornbyes 
Hornbook,'  1622.  [xxvii.  355] 

HORNE,  GEORGE  (1730-1792),  bishop  of  Norwich ; 
B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1749 ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1750,  and  president,  1768-90 ;  M.A., 
1752;  royal  chaplain,  1771-81;  vice-chancellor,  1776; 
dean  of  Canterbury,  1781 :  bishop  of  Norwich,  1790-2 ; 
allowed  John  Wesley  to  preach  in  his  diocese :  defended 
Hutchinsonian  views  against  Newton ;  published  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Psalms,1 1771 :  and  wrote  against  Law, 
Swedenborg,  and  Kennicott.  [xxviL  356] 

HORNE,  JOHN  (1614-1676),  puritan  divine;  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  incumbent  of  Sutton  St. 
James  and  All  Hallows,  Lynn  Regis  ;  attacked  quakers, 
independents,  and  presbyterians ;  published  'The  Open 
Door,'  1650,  and  other  devotional  works.  [xxvii.  357] 

HORNE,  RICHARD  HENRY  or  HENGIST  (1803- 
1884),  author  ;  educated  at  Sandhurst ;  in  Mexican  navy 
against  Spain ;  travelled  in  America  and  Canada ;  advo- 
cated establishment  of  Society  of  Literature  and  Art, 
1833;  edited  'Monthly  Repository,'  1836-7;  published 
'Cosmo  de  Medici,'  1837,  'Death  of  Marlowe,' 1837,  and 
other  tragedies;  corresponded  with  Mrs.  Browning  (Miss 
Barrett),  1839-46 ;  collaborated  with  her  in  '  New  Spirit 
of  the  Age,'  1844;  his  epic,  'Orion,'  published  at  a 
farthing,  1843 ;  issued  '  Ballad  Romances,'  1846,  and  'The 
Poor  Artist,'  1860  ;  in  Australia,  1852-69,  as  commissioner 
for  crown  lands,  and  magistrate ;  granted  civil  list  pen- 
sion, 1874 ;  published  '  Australian  Facte  and  Prospects,' 
1859.  [xxvii.  358] 

HORNE,  ROBERT  (1519  7-1580),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1537 ; 


tion  to  Study  of  Bibliography,'  1814,  '  Deism  Refuted,' 
1819, '  Manual  of  Parochial  Psalmody,'  1829,  and  treatises 
against  Romanism,  catalogues,  and  compilations ;  contri- 
buted to  'Encyclopedia  Metropolitana ' ;  edited  Btebop 
Beveridge's  '  Works,'  1824,  and  other  publications. 

HORNE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1774-1860),  master  in  chan- 
cery ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1798;  K.O.,  1818;  at- 
torney-general to  Queen  Adelaide,  1830  ;  M.D.,  Heteton, 
1812-18,  Bletchingley,  Newtown  (Isle  of  Wight),  1831-2, 
and  Marylebone,  1833-4  ;  solicitor-general,  1830 ;  knighted, 
1830 ;  attorney-general,  1832 ;  having  scruple*  against 
pronouncing  death-sentence,  resigned  exchequer  judgeehip 
rather  than  go  on  circuit ;  master  in  chancery,  1839-53. 

[xxvii.  365] 

HORNE  TOOKE,  JOHN  (1736-1812).     [See  TOOKE.] 

HORNEBOLT  or  HORNEBATTD,  HORENBOUT. 
HOORENBAULT,  HOREBOUT,  GERARD  (1480?- 
1540),  painter  to  Henry  VIII ;  came  to  England  from 
Ghent  about  1528.  [xxviL  365] 

HORNEBOLT,  HORNEBATTD,  or  HOORENBATTLT, 

LUCAS  (d.  1644),  king's  painter,  1534 ;  relative  of  Gerard 
Hornebolt  [q.  v.] ;  instructed  Holbein  in  miniature- 
painting,  [xxvii.  366] 

HORNEBOLT,  SUSANNA  (1503-1545),  illuminator ; 
daughter  of  Gerard  Hornebolt  [q.  v.]  [xxvii,  366] 

HORNEBY,  HENRY  (d.  1518),  master  and  bene- 
factor of  Peterbouse,  Cambridge ;  D.D.  Clare  Hall,  1491 ; 
dean  of  Wimborne ;  held  various  prebends ;  master  of 
Peterhouse,  1509-18  ;  as  secretary  and  chancellor  to  Mar- 
garet, duchess  of  Richmond,  assisted  in  opening  of  St. 
John's  College.  [xxvii.  366] 

HORNECZ,  ANTHONY  (1641-1697),  divine ;  came 
to  England  from  Germany,  c.  1661 ;  M.A.  Heidelberg  (in- 
corporated at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1664)  ;  chaplain  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  vicar  of  All  Saints',  Oxford ; 
preacher  at  the  Savoy,  1671 ;  king's  chaplain,  1689 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  1693,  and  Wells,  1694 ;  popular 
as  preacher  and  casuist :  gave  offence  by  supporting 
social  reform  ;  ancestor  of  Goldsmith's  '  Jessamy  Bride ' ; 
devotional  works  frequently  reprinted.  [xxvii.  367] 


HORNER,  FRANCIS  (1778-1817),  politician  ;  studied 
at  Edinburgh ;  member  of  Edinburgh  Speculative  Society  ; 
called  to  Scottish  bar,  1800 :  joined  English  bar,  1807 ; 
contributed  to  first  number  of  '  Edinburgh  Review,"  1802  : 

M.A.,  1540 ;  D.D.,  1549 ;    rector  of ~A11  Hallows,  Bread  \  M.P.,  St.  Ives,  1806,  Wendover,  1807 ;  as  chairman  of 
Street,  1560  ;  dean  of  Durham,  1551  ;  removed  St.  Cuth-  j  bullion  committee  (1810)  recommended  early  resumption 
bert's  tomb  with  his  own  hands  ;  helped  in  preparation 
refused    see  of    Durham,  1552 


of   forty-five   articles ; 
deprived  of  deanery  on  accession  of  Mary ;  fled  to  Zurich  ; 
chief  minister  at  Frankfort,  1556,  at  Strasburg,  1557-8;  : 
restored  at  Durham,  1559 ;  led  disputations  against  the  ' 
Romanists  at  Westminster  ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1560- 
1580  ;  had  custody  of  Feckenham,  and  John  Leslie  (1527-  ! 
1596)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Ross  ;  vigorous  enforcer  of  confer-  \ 
mity ;  purged  Corpus  Christi,  Christ's,  and  St.  John's  Col-  i 
leges,  Cambridge,  of  Romanism ;  pulled  down  tabernacle 
work  at  New  College,  Oxford ;  silenced  organs  and  tried  to 
abolish  vestments  ;  assisted  in  drawing  up  '  Book  of  Ad- 
vertisements,' 1564,  canons  of  1571  ;  in  '  Bishops'  Bible ' 
(1568),  revised  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and  Lamentations. 

[xxvii.  359] 

HORNE,  ROBERT  (1565-1640),  divine;  probably 
chaplain  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1585-% :  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1587 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xxviL  362] 

HORNE,  THOMAS  (1610-1654),  master  of  Eton; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1633  ;  master  of  Tunbridge, 
1640-8,  of  Eton,  1648-54 ;  author  of  classical  manuals. 

[xxvii.— 

HOHNE,  THOMAS  HART  WELL  (1780-1862),  bi 
cal  scholar,  bibliographer,  and  polemic  ;  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital with  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge;  at  Record  Office, 
1817-19 ;  honorary  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1818 ;  rector  of  St. 
Edmund  and  St.  Nicholas  Aeons,  London,  1833;  sub- 
librarian at  Surrey  Institution,  1809-23 ;  senior  assistant 
in  printed  books  department,  British  Museum,  1824-60  ; 
F.S.A.,  1828;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1829 ;  his  'Introduction  to 
Critical  Study  and  Knowledge  of  the  Holy  Scriptures' 


of  cash  payments ;  returned  for  St.  Mawes,  1813 :  took 
part  in  debates  on  corn  law?  and  negro  slavery,  1813-15  ; 
thanked  by  common  council  of  the  city,  1815  ;  proposed 
measure  to  regulate  proceedings  of  Irish  grand  juries, 
1816  ;  spoke  ably  against  ministerial  foreign  policy,  and 
again  advocated'cash  payments  ;  translated  Euler's  '  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra,'  1797  ;  published  'Short  Account  of  a 
late  Short  Administration,'  1807  ;  died  at  Pisa  and  was 
buried  at  Leghorn.  [xxviL  368] 

HORNER,  LEONARD  (1785-1864),  geologist  and 
educationalist ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  brother 
and  biographer  of  Francis  Homer  [q.  v.] ;  secretary  of 
Geological  Society,  1810;  president,  1846;  F.R.&,  1813; 
organised  whig  meetings  at  Edinburgh,  1821-6 ;  founded 
Edinburgh  School  of  Arts,  1821;  helped  to  organise 
London  Institution,  1827  ;  warden  of  London  University, 
1827-31 ;  commissioner  to  inquire  into  employment  of 
children  in  factories,  1833,  and  a  chief  inspector  under 
Factories  Act ;  anticipated  some  of  Murchison  and  Sedg- 
wick's  work  on  palaeozoic  rocks.  [xxviL  371] 

HORNER,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1786-1837),  mathe- 
matician ;  head-master  of  Kingswood  school  (1806-9), 
and  afterwards  of  Grosvenor  Place,  Bath  (1809-37);  dis- 
covered method  of  solving  numerical  equations  by  con- 
tinnous  approximation.  [xxvii.  372] 

HORNSBY,  THOMAS(1733-1810), astronomer:  fellow 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1757  ;  Savillan 
professor  of  astronomy  and  F.R.S.,  1763 ;  first  Radcliffe 
observer,  1772:  Radcliffe  librarian,  1783;  Sedleian  pro- 
fessor, 1782;  D.D.,  1785;  observed  transit  of  Venus  in 

T  T  2 


HORROCKS 


644 


HORT 


1761  and  1769,  and  deduced  solar  parallax  :  edited  vol.  i. 
of  Bradlcy's  '  Astronomical  Observations,'  1798. 

[xxvii.  372] 

HORROCKS,  JEREMIAH  (1617  7-1641),  astronomer: 
sizar  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1632-5  :  com- 
menced acquaintance  with  William  Crabtree  [q.v.],  1636  ; 
observed  partial  solar  eclipse  of  1639  with  half-crown  tele- 
scope at  Toxteth  Park ;  when  curate  of  Houle  predicted 
and  observed  transit  of  Venus  across  the  sun,  24  Nov. 
(O.S.)  1639  ;  began  first  tidal  observations,  1640  ;  obliga- 
tions for  his  ascription  to  moon  of  an  elliptic  orbit 
acknowledged  by  Newton  ;  detected  'long  inequality*  of 
Jupiter  and  Saturn,  and  probably  identified  solar  attrac- 
tion with  terrestrial  gravity  ;  marble  scroll  in  his  memory, 
with  inscription  by  Bean  Stanley,  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
1875  ;  his  'Venus  in  Sole  visa '  first  printed  by  Hevelius  at 
Danzig,  1662  ;  '  Opera  Posthuma '  issued  by  Royal  Society, 
1672  and  1678.  [xxvii.  373] 

HORROCKS,  JOHN  (1768-1804),  manufacturer; 
erected  cotton-spinning  mill  at  Preston,  1786 ;  acquired 
large  fortune  as  muslin-manufacturer  ;  as  M.P.  for  Preston 
consulted  by  Pitt  on  commercial  matters,  [xxvii.  375] 

HORROCKS,  JOHN  AINSWORTH  (1818-1846), 
Australian  explorer  and  pioneer ;  grandson  of  John  Hor- 
rocks  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  375] 

HORSA  (d.  455),  joint-founder  of  Kent ;  brother  of 
Hengist  [q.  v.]  ;  a  Jute ;  arrived  with  his  brother  at 
Ebbsfleet,  Thanet,  449 ;  resisted  by  Vortigern ;  killed  at 
Aylesford.  [xxv.  411] 

HORSBURGH,  JAMES  (1762-1836),  hydrographer ; 
when  first  mate  on  a  trading  ship  wrecked  on  Diego 
Qarcia  from  error  in  chart,  1786 ;  made  charts  of  Straits 
of  Macassar,  of  western  Philippines,  and  track  from 
Dampier's  Strait  to  Batavia ;  published  'Directions  for 
Sailing  to  and  from  East  Indies,  China,  New  Holland, 
Gape  of  Good  Hope,  and  interjacent  Ports,'  1809-11 ; 
F.R.S.,  1806  ;  hydrographer  to  East  India  Company,  1810. 

[xxvii.  376] 

HORSBURGH,  JOHN  (1791-1869),  historical  en- 
graver ;  executed  plates  after  Turner ;  illustrated  Scott's 
works ;  engraved  Scott's  portraits  by  Lawrence  and 
Wateon  Gordon.  [xxvii.  376] 

HORSEY,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1583),  naval  and  mili- 
tary commander  ;  served  under  the  emperor  ;  implicated 
in  Throgmorton  and  Dudley  conspiracy,  1556  ;  confidant 
of  Leicester :  served  under  Warwick  at  Havre,  1562-3 ; 
captain  of  Isle  of  Wight,  1566-83;  commanded  horse 
against  northern  insurgents,  1569 ;  negotiated  pacifica- 
tion between  French  king  and  Huguenots,  1573  ;  ambas- 
sador in  Netherlands  ;  knighted,  1577 ;  privy  councillor ; 
died  in  Isle  of  Wight  of  the  plague.  [xxvii.  377] 

HORSEY,  SIR  JEROME  (fl.  1573-1627),  traveller; 
probably  nephew  of  Sir  Edward  Horsey  [q.  v.] ;  went  to 
Moscow  as  clerk  in  Russia  company,  1573  ;  sent  by  Cxar 
Ivan  to  purchase  munitions  of  war  in  England,  1580 ; 
became  esquire  of  the  body  to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  after  re- 
turn was  sent  by  Czar  Feodor  with  despatches  to  Eliza- 
beth, 1585  ;  obtained  monopoly  of  trade  for  English  com- 
pany, 1587  :  obliged  to  leave  Russia,  1587 ;  charged  with 
malversation  and  illegal  trading,  and  refused  audience  by 
the  czar,  1590;  knighted,  1603 ;  high  sheriff  of  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1610 ;  M.P.  for  Cornish  boroughs,  1593-1622 ; 
account  of  Russian  travels  edited  by  E.  A.  Bond,  1856. 

[xxvii.  378] 

HORSFIELD,  THOMAS  (1773-1859),  naturalist; 
born  and  educated  in  Pennsylvania ;  served  in  East  Indies 
under  Dutch  and  English,  1799-1819;  keeper  of  East 
India  Company's  Museum,  Leadeuhall  Street,  1820-59; 
published  '  Plants  Javanicro  rariores,'  1838-52,  and  (with 
Sir  W.  Jardine) '  Illustrations  of  Ornithology,'  1830. 

[xxvii.  379] 

HORSFIELD,  THOMAS  WALKER  (d.  1837),  topo- 
grapher ;  K.s.  A.,  1826 ;  published  '  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  Lewes,'  1824-7,  and  (with  William  Durrant  Cooper 
[q.  v.])  '  History  and  Topography  of  Sussex,'  1835. 

[xxvii.  380] 

HORSFORD,  SIR  ALFRED  HASTINGS  (1818-1885), 
general ;  served  with  1st  battalion  rifle  brigade  in  Kaffir 
war,  1847-8,  and  commanded  it  in  war  of  1K52-3  and  the 
Crimea ;  led  3rd  battalion  at  Cawnpore  aud  advance  on 
Luukuow ;  commanded  brigade  at  siege  of  Lucknow, 


1858,  and  in  subsequent  operations ;  deputy  adjutant- 
general  at  Horse  Guards,  1860-6;  military  secretary, 
1874-80  ;  lieutenant-general,  1874  ;  represented  England 
at  Brussels  conference,  1874  ;  G.C.B.,  1875 ;  general,  1877. 

[xxvii.  380] 

HORSFORD,  SIR  JOHN  (1751-1817),  major-general 
in  Bengal  artillery  ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  :  fellow,  1768-71 ;  enlisted  under 
false  name ;  received  commission,  1778  ;  served  in  second 
Mysore  war,  1790-1 ;  commanded  artillery  under  Lake, 
1803-5,  and  brigade  at  siege  of  Komanur,  1807;  head 
of  Bengal  artillery  from  1808;  major-general,  Bengal 
artillery,  1811 ;  directed  siege  of  Hathras,  1817:  K.O.B., 
i  1815 ;  died  at  Cawnpore.  [xxvii.  381] 

HORSLEY,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1822-1876),  musi- 
cal composer ;  son  of  William  Horsley  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
under  Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  and  Mendelssohn ;  com- 
i  posed  instrumental  works  in  Germany,  in  England  three 
<  oratorios,  ode   for    opening  of   Melbourne    Town    Hall 
i  (1870),  music  to  'Comus,'  and   other   music  while   in 
1  America;  died  at  New  York;  his  'Text-book  of  Har- 
j  mony '  published,  1876.  [xxvii.  381] 

HORSLEY,  JOHN  (1686-1732),  archaeologist;  M.A. 
!  Edinburgh,  1701 ;  presbyterian  minister  and  schoolmaster 
at  Morpeth ;  lectured  on  natural  science  at  Newcastle : 
F.R.S.,  1730  :  published  '  Britannia  Romana,'  1732 ;  his 
'  Materials  for  History  of  Northumberland '  printed  in 
•Inedited  Contributions,'  1869.  [xxvii.  382] 

HORSLEY,  SAMUEL  (1733-1806),  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  ;  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1758 ;  rector  of 
Newington  Butts,  1769-93  :  F.R.S.,  1767  ;  secretary,  Royal 
Society,  1773:  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1774;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1777,  Gloucester,  1787 ;  archdeacon  of  St.  Albans, 
1781 ;  vicar  of  South  Weald,  1782  ;  bishop  of  St.  Davids, 
1788,  of  Rochester,  1793  (with  Westminster) ;  member  of 
Johnson's  club  at  Essex  Head,  1783  ;  left  Royal  Society 
after  dispute  of  1783-4;  carried  on  controversy  with 
Priestley  on  the  Incarnation,  1783-90  ;  edited  Sir  Isaac 
Newton's  works,  1779-85 ;  preached  impressive  sermon  on 
revolutionary  spirit  before  House  of  Lords,  1793;  spoke 
against  peace  of  Amiens,  1801 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
1802-6 ;  published  mathematical  and  theological  works. 

[xxvii.  383] 

HORSLEY,  WILLIAM  (1774-1858),  musical  com- 
poser ;  organist  of  Ely  Chapel,  Hoi  born,  1794 ;  of  Female 
Orphans  Asylum,  1802-54,  of  Charterhouse,  1838 ;  Mus. 
Bac.  Oxford,  1800;  assisted  in  founding  Philharmonic 
Society,  1813 :  published  five  collections  of  glees  (includ- 
ing 'By  Celia's  Arbour'),  1801-37,  and  'The  Musical 
Treasury,'  1853;  edited  Calcott's  'Musical  Grammar,' 
1817,  and '  Glees,  with  Memoir,'  1824,  and  Byrd's  '  Can- 
tiones  Sacra.'  [xxvii.  386] 

HORSMAN,  EDWARD (1807-1876),  whig  politician; 
educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  M.P., 
Cockermouth,  1836-62,  Stroud,  1853-68,  and  Liskeard, 
1869-76  ;  junior  lord  of  treasury,  1841 ;  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland,  1855-7 ;  attacked  ecclesiastical  commissioners, 
1847,  and  the  bishops,  1850 ;  with  Lowe  formed  '  Cave  of 
Adullam '  against  Reform  Bill  of  1866  ;  died  at  Biarritz. 

[xxvii.  387] 

HORSMAN,  NICHOLAS  (/I.  1689),  divine;  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1659 ;  B.D., 
1667  ;  published  '  The  Spiritual  Bee,'  1662.  [xxvii.  388] 

HORT,  FENTON  JOHN  ANTHONY  (1828-1892), 
scholar  and  divine ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  M.A.,  1853;  B.D.,  1876;  D.D.,  1876; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  1852-7;  assistant-editor  of 
'Journal  of  Classical  and  Sacred  Philology '  from  1854; 
ordained  priest,  1856 ;  examiner  for  natural  sciences 
tripos,  1856;  held  living  of  St.  Ippolyts  cum  Great 
Wymondley,  Hertfordshire,  1857-72  ;  Hulsean  lecturer, 
1871  ;  one  of  revisers  of  New  Testament,  1870-80 ;  fellow 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1871,  and  lecturer  in 
theology,  1872-6;  contributed  to  Smith's  'Dictionary 
of  Christian  Biography '  (vol.  i.  published,  1877) ;  Hulseau 
professor  of  divinity,  1878;  published,  with  Dr.  West- 
cott,  edition  of  text  of  Greek  New  Testament,  1881; 
Lady  Margaret  reader,  1887  ;  honorary  D.O.L.  Durham, 
1890 ;  published  religious  writings.  His  '  Life  and 
Letters '  appeared,  1896.  [Suppl.  ii.  443] 

HORT,  J08IAH  (1674  ?-1751),  archbishop  of  Tuam  ; 
educated  by  nonconformists;  friend  of  Isaac  \\att  : 
chaplain  to  John  Hampden,  M.P. ;  chaplain  to  Lord 


HORTON 


645 


HOTHAM 


Wbarton  in  Ireland,  1709;  dean  of  Cloyne,  1718,  of 
Ardagb,  1720;  bishop  of  Ferns,  1721,  Kiluiore  and 
Ardagh,  1727  ;  archbishop  of  Tuam,  1742-51 ;  mentioned 
in  Swift's  '  Great  Storm  of  Christmas,  1722.' 

[xxvii.  388] 

HORTON,  CHRISTIANA  (1696?-1756?X  actress; 
taken  by  Barton  Booth  [q.  v.]  from  Southwark  fair  to 
Drury  Lane,  1714  ;  moved  to  Covent  Garden,  1734  ;  re- 
appeared at  Drury  Lane,  1752,  in  benefit  performance ; 
distinguished  as  Millamant  ('Way  of  the  World')  and 
Belinda ('  Old  Bachelor') ;  praised  by  Steele. 

[xxvii.  389] 

HORTON,  Sm  ROBERT  JOHN  WILMOT,  third  baro- 
net (1784-1841),  politician;  assumed  name  of  Hortou  on 
death  of  father-in-law,  1823  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1815 ;  M.P.,  Newcastle-under-Lyine,  1818- 
1830 ;  took  additional  name  of  Horton,  1823 ;  under-secre- 
tory for  war  and  colonies,  1821-8 ;  privy  councillor,  1827  ; 
supported  repeal  of  Test  Act,  1828,  and  catholic  emancipa- 
tion, 1829  ;  governor  of  Ceylon,  1831-7  ;  knighted,  1831 ; 
succeeded  as  baronet,  1834 ;  as  Lady  Leigh's  representa- 
tive destroyed  Byron's '  Memoirs ' ;  published  letters  and 
pamphlets.  [xxvii.  390] 

HORTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1649X  regicide ;  originally 
falconer  to  Sir  Arthur  Hesilrige  [q.  v.]  ;  colonel  in  Fair- 
fax's army,  1643  ;  defeated  Stradling  and  Lingen  in  South 
\VaU-:  1648;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant;  died  in 
Ireland.  [xxvii.  391] 

HORTON,  THOMAS  (rf.  1673),  president  of  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1630 ;  D.D.,  1649 ;  president  of  Queens' 
College,  1638-60 ;  Gresham  professor  of  divinity,  London, 
1641 ;  petitioned  for  presbyterianisrn ;  preacher  at  Gray's 
Inn,  1647-67  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1660 ;  named 
a  trier,  1653 ;  conformed  in  1662,  and  was  vicar  of  St. 
Helen's,  Bishopsgate  Street,  London,  1666-73  ;  his  works 
issued  posthumously.  [xxvii.  392] 

HORTOP,  JOB  Of.  1591),  seaman  :  with  Sir  John 
Hawkins  (1532-1595)  [q.  v.],  1567  ;  escaped  in  the  Minion 
from  San  Juan  de  Lua,  and  travelled  from  the  river 
Panuco  to  Mexico ;  imprisoned  at  Seville  and  sent  to 
the  galleys  at  San  Lucar ;  escaped  to  England,  1590  ;  his 
narrative  in  Hakluyt.  [xxvii.  393] 

HORWITZ,  BERNARD  (1807-1885),  author  of  •  Chess 
Studies  and  End-games '  (1884),  and  joint-author  of ' Chess 
Studies'  (1851);  came  to  England  from  Mecklenburg, 
1845.  [xxvii.  393] 

HOSACK,  JOHN  (d.  1887),  police  magistrate  at 
Clerkenwell  (1877)  and  author  ;  of  the  Middle  Temple  ; 
legal  treatises  and  books  by  him  defending  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  published  1869  and  1888.  [xxvii.  393] 

HOSIER,  FRANCIS  (1673-1727),  vice-admiral ;  lieu- 
tenant in  Rooke's  flagship  at  Barfleur,  1693  ;  captured  the 
Heureux  off  Cape  Clear,  1710;  distinguished  in  action 
with  Spanish  off  Cartagena,  1711 ;  suspended  as  suspected 
Jacobite,  1714-17  ;  vice-admiral,  1723  ;  died  of  fever  in 
Jamaica  while  commanding  squadron  in  West  Indies  ;  the 
event  misrepresented  in  Glover's  ballad.  [xxvii.  394] 

HOSKEN,  JAMES  (1798-1885),  pioneer  of  ocean 
steam  navigation ;  served  in  royal  navy ;  took  Great 
Western  steamship  from  Bristol  to  New  York  in  fifteen 
days,  1838,  and  in  thirteen  days,  1839 ;  commanded  the 
Great  Britain,  1844-6;  chief  magistrate  at  Labuan, 
1848-9;  commanded  Belleisle  hospital  ship  in  Baltic, 
1864-5 ;  captain,  1857 ;  vice-admiral,  1879.  [xxvii.  395] 

HOSKING,  WILLIAM  (1800-1861),  architect  and 
civil  engineer;  worked  as  builder  in  Sydney  :  came  to 
England,  1819;  exhibited  drawings  made  in  Italy  and 
Sicily  at  Academy  and  Suffolk  Street,  1826-8 ;  F.S.A., 
1830 ;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1835 ;  engineer  to  West  London  rail- 
way;  professor  of  architecture  and  engineering  con- 
struction at  King's  College,  London,  1840-61 ;  published 
•Theory,  Practice,  and  Architecture  of  Bridges,'  1843; 
claimed  to  have  originated  design  for  British  Museum 
reading-room ;  contributed  to  l  Encyclopaedia  Britau- 
nica '  (7th  and  8th  editions).  [xxvii.  396] 

HOSKINS,  ANTHONY  (1568-1615),  Jesuit;  joined 
Jesuits,  1593;  vice-prefect  of  English  mission  in  Belgium, 
1609,  and  Spain,  1611 ;  modernised  Richard  Wbytford's 
version  of  'De  Imitationc  Christi,'  1613;  translated 
French  works ;  died  at  Valladolid.  [xxvii.  397] 


HOSKINS,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1579-1631),  brother  of 
John  Hoskine  (1566-1638)  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1600-13  :  D.C.L.,  1613 ;  prebendary  of  Here- 
ford, 1612;  chaplain  to  James  I,  and  master  of  St. 
Oswald's  Hospital,  Worcester,  Itf  14.  [xxrii.  398] 

HOSKINS,  JOHN  (1566-16S8),  lawyer  and  wit;  of 
Westminster,  Winchester,  and  New  College,  Oxford: 
fellow  of  New  College,  1586 ;  M.A.,  1592;  when  M.P.  for 
Hereford  committed  to  Tower,  1614.  for  reflections  on 
Scottish  favourites  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1623  ;  Welsh  judge ; 
said  to  have  revised  Ralegh's  '  History  of  the  World  ' 
and  Ben  Jonson's  poems  ;  intimate  with  Camden.  Donne, 
and  Seldeu  ;  gave  information  to  Aubrey,  [xxvii.  397] 

HOSKINS,  JOHN  (d.  1664),  miniature-painter  ; 
painted  many  contemporary  celebrities,  including  Falk- 
land, Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  and  Selden.  [xxvii.  399] 

HOSKINS  or  HOSKYNS,  SIR  JOHN,  second 
baronet  (1634-1705),  of  Westminster:  barrister,  Middle 
Temple  ;  president  of  Royal  Society,  1682-3,  and  secretary. 
1685-7  ;  knighted ;  master  in  chancery  and  friend  of 
Lord-keeper  Guilford  ;  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1688. 

[xxvii.  399] 

HOSKINS,  SAMUEL  ELLIOTT  (1799-1888),  ' 
sician  ;  of  Guy's  Hospital ;  F.R.8.,  1843  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1 
practised  in  Channel  islands  ;  published  '  Stethoscopic 
Chart,'  1880,'  Tables  of  Corrections  for  Temperature  to 
Barometric  Observations,'  1842,  and  works  on  Channel 
islands.  [xxviL  399] 

HOSKYNS,  CHANDOS  WREN-  (1812-1876),  writer 
on  agriculture ;  of  Shrewsbury  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1834 ;  assumed  additional  name  (1837)  on 
marriage  with  descendant  of  Wren  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1838  ;  M.P.,  Hereford,  1869-74 ;  published  works, 
including  '  Land  in  England,  Ireland,  and  other  Lands,' 
1869,  and  '  Land  Laws  of  England,'  1870.  [xxvii.  400] 

HOSTE,  SIR  GEORGE  CHARLES  (1786-1846),  colonel, 
royal  engineers ;  educated  at  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich  ;  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  1802 :  captain, 
1812 ;  brevet-major,  1814  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1825 ; 
brevet-colonel,  1838 ;  colonel,  1841 ;  served  under  Lieu' 
tenant-general  Sir  James  Henry  Craig  [q.  v.],  in  Italy, 
1805-6  ;  in  Egypt,  1807,  Sicily,  1808-9,  and  Holland,  1813  ; 
at  bombardment  of  Antwerp,  and  assault  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom,  1814 ;  commanding  engineer  of  1st  army  corps 
under  Prince  of  Orange  at  Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo, 
assault  of  Peronne  and  occupation  of  Paris,  1815 ;  C.B., 
1816  ;  gentleman  usher  of  privy  chamber  to  Queen  Ade- 
laide, 1830.  [Suppl.  ii.  447] 

HOSTE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1780-1828), 
captain  in  the  navy ;  served  under  Nelson  in  actions  off 
Toulon  (1795),  at  St.  Vincent  and  Santa  Cruz  ;  promoted 
to  Mutine  brig  after  the  Nile,  1798 ;  attained  post  rank, 
1802 ;  with  the  Ampbion  and  other  ships  (1808-9)  took  or 
destroyed  two  hundred  French  or  Venetian  vessels  in 
Adriatic ;  captured  Grao,  1808-9,  and  destroyed  forty-six 
sail  in  1810 ;  defeated  greatly  superior  squadron  at  Lissa 
and  took  many  prizes,  but  was  severely  wounded,  1811 ; 
with  the  Bacchante  captured  many  gunboats,  and  assisted 
Austrians  in  taking  Cattaro  and  Ragusa,  1813-14  ;  created 
baronet,  1814 ;  K.C.B.,1816.  [xxvii.  401] 

HOTHAM,  BEAUMONT,  second  BARON  HOTHAM 
in  Irish  peerage  (1737-1814),  educated  at  Westminster ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1758 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1775-1805  ;  M.P.,  Wigan,  1768-75  ;  commissioner  of  great 
seal,  1783  ;  succeeded  his  brother,  William  Hotbam,  first 
baron  [q.  v.],  in  Irish  peerage.  [xxvii.  403] 

HOTHAM,  BEAUMONT,  third  BARON  HOTHAM  in 
Irish  peerage  (1794-1870),  general;  grandson  of  Beau- 
mont Hotham,  second  baron  Hotham  [q.  v.] ;  wounded 
at  Salamanca,  1812  ;  present  at  Waterloo,  1816 ;  tory 
M.Pn  Leomiuster,  1820-41,  East  Riding,  Yorkshire, 
1841-68.  [xxvii.  404] 

HOTHAM,  CHARLES  (1615-1672  ?),  divine ;  son  of 
Sir  John  Hotbam  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1639  ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1640-61 ; 
i  deprived  by  parliament,  1661 ;  rector  of  Wigan,  1663-62 ; 
F.R.S.,  1667;  minister  in  the  Bermudas;  translated 
Boehme's '  Consolatory  Treatise  of  the  Four  Complexions,' 
1664.  [xxvii.  404] 


HOTHAM 


646 


HOUG-HTON 


HOTHAM,  Sm  CHARLES  (1806-1855),  naval  com- 
mander ;  as  captain  in  the  navy  took  part  in  Para  ex- 
pedition against  Rosas,  1845  :  K.C.B.,  1846 :  governor  of 
Victoria,  1864-5  ;  died  ut  .Melbourne.  [xxvii.  405] 

HOTHAM,  DURANT  (1619?-1691),  author  of  'Life 
of  Jacob  Boehme'  (1654);  translated,  1650,  'Ad  Philo- 
sopliiam  Teutouicam  Mauuductio '  of  his  brother  Charles 
Hotham  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  405] 

HOTHAM,  Sin  HENRY  (1777-1833),  vice-admiral: 
youngest  son  of  Beaumont  Hotham,  second  baron 
Hotham  [q.  v.]  :  served  in  Mediterranean  operations, 
1793-8 ;  commanded  Immortalite  in  Bay  of  Biscay,  1799- 
1801  ;  with  Sir  Richard  Strachau,  1805 :  with  the  De- 
fiance drove  ashore  three  French  frigates  at  Les  Sables 
d'Olonne,  1809 ;  destroyed  two  frigates  and  a  brig  off 
Lorient,  1812 ;  K.C.B.,  1815 ;  by  knowledge  of  Biscay 
coast  prevented  Napoleon's  escape  to  America  :  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1818-22  and  1828-30  ;  vice-admiral, 
1825  ;  died  at  Malta  as  commander  in  Mediterranean. 

[xxvii.  406] 

HOTHAM  or  HOTHUN,  JOHN  (rf.  1337),  bishop 
of  Ely  and  chancellor  ;  chancellor  of  Irish  exchequer, 
1309  ;  dismissed  as  one  of  Gaveston's  stewards,  1311 ;  as 
chancellor  of  English  exchequer  accompanied  Edward  II 
to  France,  1312  ;  sent  to  Ireland,  1314,  and  Rome,  1317 ; 
bishop  of  Ely,  1316-37  ;  treasurer  of  exchequer,  1317-18  ; 
lord  chancellor,  1318-20  and  1327-8 ;  joined  Queen 
Isabella,  1326  :  built  octagon  tower  at  Ely.  [xxvii.  407] 

HOTHAM,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (d.  1645),  parlia- 
mentarian :  served  under  elector  palatine  and  Mansfeld, 
knighted,  1617  ;  created  baronet,  1622  ;  M.P.,  Beverley  : 
as  sheriff  of  Yorkshire  levied  ship-money  ;  after  removal 
from  governorship  of  Hull  (1639)  went  into  opposition  ; 
committed  to  the  Fleet,  1640 ;  a  chief  contriver  of  York- 
shire petition,  1640:  as  parliamentary  commander  of 
Hull  refused  to  admit  Charles  I,  1642 ;  recovered  Scar- 
borough for  parliament,  1643  ;  while  negotiating  with 
Newcastle  with  a  view  to  rejoining  royalists  was  arrested, 
expelled  from  parliament,  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  1643  ; 
condemned  by  military  commission  and  executed. 

[xxvii.  408] 

HOTHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1645),  parliamentarian  ;  son  of 
Sir  John  Hotliam  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Netherlands  ;  M.P., 
Scarborough,  1640 ;  secured  Hull  for  parliament,  1642 ; 
joined  Fairfax,  1642  ;  fought  at  Tadcaster  and  Sherburn  ; 
defeated  at  Ancaster  Heath,  1643 ;  imprisoned  at  Notting- 
ham on  charges  of  misconduct  and  suspicion  of  treachery, 
1643 ;  opened  negotiations  with  Charles  I's  queen  and 
escaped ;  arrested  with  his  father ;  tried  by  court-martial 
and  beheaded.  [xxvii.  410] 

HOTHAM,  WILLIAM,  first  BAROX  HOTHAM  in  Irish 
peerage  (1736-1813),  admiral ;  educated  at  Westminster 
and  Naval  Academy,  Portsmouth  ;  promoted  captain  for 
capture  of  French  privateer,  1757  ;  cruised  in  North  Sea, 
1758-9  ;  served  at  Belleisle,  1761 ;  as  commodore  on  North 
American  station  shared  in  action  off  St.  Lucia,  1778, 
and  in  action  under  Rodney  in  April-May,  1780  ;  under 
Howe  at  relief  of  Gibraltar  and  battle  of  Cape  Spartel, 
1782 ;  vice-admiral,  1790 ;  second  in  command  under 
Lord  Hood,  1793-4 ;  commander  in  Mediterranean,  twice 
engaging  inferior  French  fleet  without  result,  1796 ; 
created  Irish  peer,  1797.  [xxvii.  411] 

HOTHAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1772-1848),  admiral: 
nephew  of  William,  first  baron  Hotham  [q.  v.]  ;  under 
Nelson  at  Bastia,  1794;  commanded  the  Adamant  at 
Oamperdown,  1797,  and  blockade  of  Mauritius;  K.O.B., 
1816  ;  admiral,  1837  ;  G.C.B.,  1840.  [xxvii.  413] 

HOTHBY,  JOHN  (d.  1487), Oarmelite  and  writer  on 
music ;  lived  many  years  at  Ferrara ;  went  to  Lucca, 
1467  :  invited  to  England  by  Henry  VII,  1486  ;  works  by 
him  in  British  Museum  and  at  Lambeth ;  his  treatises  on 
'Proportion,'  'Cautus  Figuratus,'  and  'Counter point' 
printed  by  Coussemaker.  [xxvii.  414] 

HOTHUM  or  HODON  or  ODONE,  WILLIAM  OP 
( '/.  1298),  archbishop  of  Dublin  ;  graduated  in  theology 
at  Paris;  Dominican  prior  and  provincial  in  England, 
1282-7;  employed  by  Edward  1  on  mission  to  Rome, 
1289 ;  provincial  of  England  and  Scotland,  1290 ;  sum- 
moned to  parliament  at  Norham,  1291 ;  advised  the  king 
on  Scottish  succession ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1296-8 ; 
accompanied  the  king  to  Flandor*,  1297,  and  negotiated 


with  French;  represented  him  at  Rome  when  Boni- 
face VIII  mediated  truci-  between  England  and  France ; 
wrote  scholastic  works  ;  died  at  Dijon.  [xxvii.  414] 


HOTON  or  HOGHTON,  RICHARD  OF  (d.  1307), 
prior  of  Durham  ;  'probable  founder  of  Durham  College, 
1289;  deposed  and  imprisoned  for  resisting  visitation  of 
Bishop  Antony  Bek  I  [q.  v.],  1300  ;  reinstated  by  the 
pope,  1301,  but  again  suspended  ;  died  at  Rome. 

[xxvii.  416] 

HOTSPUR  (1364-1403).    [See  PERCY,  SIR  HENRY.] 

HOTTEN,  JOHN  CAMDEN,  originally  JOHN  WIL- 
LIAM HOTTEX  (1832-1873),  publisher  and  author:  in 
America,  1848-66;  established  himself  in  Piccadilly  on 
his  return ;  first  published  in  England  the  '  Biglow 
Papers,'  1864,  and  other  works  of  American  humour ; 
compiled  slang  dictionary,  1859  ;  published  '  Handbook  of 
Topography  and  Family  History,'  1863,  and  other  com- 
pilations, [xxvii.  416] 

HOUBLON,     SIR     JAMES     (d.     1700),    alderman; 
!  knighted,  1692  ;  deputy-governor  of  the  Bank  of  England, 
I  and  M.P.  for  the  city  (1698-1700);  brother  of  Sir  John 
Houblon  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  417] 

HOUBLON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1712),  first  governor  of 
the  Bank  of  England,  1694 ;  sheriff  of  London,  1689 : 
knighted,  1689  ;  lord  mayor,  1695  ;  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1694-9;  master  of  Grocers' Company,  1696  ;  commissioner 
of  accounts,  1704.  [xxvii.  417] 

HOUGH,  JOHN  (1651-1743),  bishop  of  Worcester: 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1676  ;  D.D.,  1687  ;  fellow  : 
elected  president,  1687,  but  ejected  by  James  II ;  rein- 
stated. 1688 ;  resigned,  1699  ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1690-9, 
of  Lichfleld  and-Coventry,  1699-1717,  of  Worcester,  1717- 
1743 ;  refused  primacy,  1715 ;  benefactor  to  Magdalen 
College,  Lichfield,  and  Worcester.  [xxvii.  417] 

HOUGHTON.    [See  also  HOTOX  and  HOUTOX.] 

HOUGHTON,  first  BAROX  (1809-1885).  [See  MILXES, 
RICHARD  MONCKTOX.] 

HOUGHTON  or  HOUTONE,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1389), 
bishop  of  St.  David's  and  chancellor  of  England  ;  LL.D. 
Oxford;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1362-89;  trier  of  parlia- 
mentary petitions  ;  lord  chancellor,  1377 ;  chief  negotiator 
of  peace  with  France,  1377,  and  with  Sir  Simon  Burley  of 
marriage  of  Richard  II,  1380 ;  established  cathedral  school 
at  St.  David's  and  founded  college  or  chantry  of  St.  Mary's, 
1365.  [xxvii.  419] 

HOUGHTON,  ARTHUR  BOYD  (1836-1875),  book- 
illustrator  and  painter :  exhibited  at  Academy,  1860-70, 
and  afterwards  at  Water-colour  Society;  illustrated 
Dalziel's  '  Arabian  Nights,'  1865,  and  '  Don  Quixote,'  1866. 

[xxvii.  419] 

HOUGHTON,  DANIEL  (1740  ?-1791),  African 
traveller ;  left  England  in  employ  of  African  Association, 
1790 :  journeyed  from  Gambia,  1790,  to  Medina  (capital 
of  Wolli) ;  crossed  uninhabited  country  between  Wolli  and 
Bondou  and  reached  Bambouk,  where  he  negotiated  a 
commercial  treaty  ;  set  out  for  Timbuctoo,  but  was  not 
again  heard  of.  [xxvii.  420] 

HOUGHTON,  HENRY  HALL-  (1823-1889),  joint- 
founder  (with  Canon  Hall)  of  biblical  prizes  at  Oxford, 
1868-71;  of  Sherborne  School  and  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1848;  benefactor  of  Church  Missionary 
Society.  [xxvii.  421] 

HOUGHTON,  JOHN  (1488  ?-1535),  prior  of  the 
1  London  Charterhouse ;  B.A.  and  LL.B.  Cambridge  :  prior 
1  of  Beauvale,  1630 ;  prior  of  Charterhouse,  1531 ;  impri- 
soned for  refusing  oath  of  allegiance  to  Princess  Elizabeth 
!  as  heir-apparent,  1634 ;  executed  for  refusing  to  accept 
;  royal  headship  of  the  church  :  beatified,  1886. 

[xxvii.  421] 

HOUGHTON,  JOHN  (d.  1705),  writer  on  agriculture 
!  and  trade:  F.R.S.,  1680;  first  noticed  potato  plant  as 
j  agricultural  vegetable.  [xxvii.  422] 

HOUGHTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1648-1624),  judge; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1577  :  governor  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1588-1603 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1603  ;  judge  of  king's  bench, 
1613-24  ;  knighted,  1613.  [xxvii.  422] 

HOUGHTON  or  HOGHTON,  WILLIAM  HYACINTH 
'  (1736-1823),  Roman  catholic  divine;  prefect  at  Bornhem 


HOULJNG 


f,47 


HOWARD 


(  Dominican)  College,  1758-62,  and  afterwards  procurator ; 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Louvain,  177'.i;  returned  to 
England;  edited  '  Catholic  Magazine  and  Reflector,' 1801. 

fxxvii.  423] 

HOULING,  JOHN*  (15397-1599),  Irish  jesuit;  estab- 
lished Irish  colletre  at  Lisbon,  1593,  where  he  died  of  the 
plague  ;  his  Kli/.ubethan  catholic  martyrology  printed  by 
Cardinal  .Mor.m  in  '  Spicilegium  Ossoriense.' 

[xxvii.  423] 

HOULTON,  ROBERT  (Jl.  1801),  dramatist  and  jour- 
nalist ;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1767-65 ; 
M.A.,  1762;  practised  Inoculation  in  Ireland:  M.I'.. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  wrote  librettos  for  operas  ;  editor 
of  'Morning  Herald';  with  James  Hook  (1746-1827) 
[q.  v.]  produced  '  Wilmore  Oastle '  (comic  opera)  at  Drury 
Lane,  1800.  [xxvii.  423] 

HOUSEMAN,    JACOB   (1636  ?-1696).      [See    HUYS- 

MANS.] 

HOUSMAN,  ROBERT  (1759-1838),  divine;  intimate 
when  at  Cambridge  with  Charles  Simeon  and  Henry 
Venn  ;  B.A.,  1784 :  minister  of  church  built  by  himself 
at  Lancaster,  1795-1836;  known  ad  'the  evangelist'; 
published  sermons.  [xxvii.  424] 

HOUSTON,  JOHN  (1802-1846),  anatomist ;  curator 
of  Dublin  College  of  Surgeons'  Museum,  1824-41 ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1826 ;  surgeon  to  Dublin  Hospital,  1832  ;  lec- 
turer at  Park  Street  School  of  Medicine,  1837 ;  contri- 
buted to  medical  journals.  [xxvii.  421] 

HOUSTON,  RICHARD  (1721  ?-1775),  mezzotint  en- 
graver ;  pupil  of  John  Brooks ;  engraved  portraits  after 
Reynolds,  Zoffany,  and  William  Hoare,  and  subject-plates 
after  old  masters,  especially  Rembrandt.  [xxvii.  425] 

HOUSTON  or  HOUSTOUN,  WILLIAM  (1695?- 
1733),  botanist;  M.D.  Leyden,  1729;  with  Van  Swieten 
investigated  animal  respiration  ;  F.R.S. ;  collected  plants 
in  West  Indies  and  Venezuela  ('  Reliquiae  Houstouianae,' 
catalogue,  1781)  ;  died  in  Jamaica.  [xxvii.  425] 

HOUSTON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1766- 
1842),  general ;  commanded  19th  foot  in  Flanders,  1794, 
and  58th  at  Minorca  and  in  Egypt,  1798-1801 :  brigadier 
in  Egypt,  1801,  and  Walcheren,  1809;  commanded  7th 
division  in  Peninsula,  1811-12;  governor  of  Gibraltar, 
1831-35 ;  created  baronet,  1836.  [xxvii.  426] 

HOUTON,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1246),  justice :  archdeacon 
of  Bedford,  1218,  of  Northampton,  1231-46 ;  represented 
Henry  III  in  negotiations  with  Falkea  de  Breaute  [q.  v.], 
and  at  Rome,  1224  and  1228.  [xxvii.  426] 

HOVEDEN,  JOHN  (d.  1275),  Latin  poet ;  chaplain  of 
Queen  Eleanor  and  prebendary  of  Hoveden  or  Howden, 
where  he  built  choir ;  reverenced  as  saint :  his  chief 
poem,  '  Philomela  sive  meditacio  de  nntivitate,  &c.,  Domini 
nostri  Jesu  Christi,'  printed  at  Ghent,  1516,  at  Luxem- 
burg as  'Christias,'  1603;  his  prose  treatise  'Practica 
Chilindri,'  translated  by  E.  Brock.  [xxvii.  427] 

HOVEDEN  or  HOWDEN,  ROGER  OP  (</.  1201?), 
chronicler;  envoy  to  Henry  II  to  chiefs  of  Galloway, 
1174;  justice  for  northern  forests,  1189;  his  'Cronica' 
( 732-1201 ),  first  printed,  1 596,  and  edited  by  Bishop  Stubbs, 
1868-71.  [xxvii.  428] 

HOVELL-THURLOW,  EDWARD,  second  BARON 
THURLOW  (1781-1829).  [See  THURLOW.] 

HOVENDEN  or  HOVEDEN,  ROBERT  (1544-1614), 
warden  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls 
College,  1565 :  M.A.,  1570  ;  D.D.,  1581  ;  warden,  1571-1614  ; 
chaplain  to  Archbishop  Parker ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
Bath,  and  Canterbury  ;  vice-chancellor,  1582  ;  admitted 
poor  scholars  to  the  college  and  recovered  property  from 
crown ;  wrote  life  of  Archbishop  Chichele.  [xxvii.  429] 

HOW.     [See  also  HOWE.] 

HOW,  WILLIAM  WALSHAM  (1823-1897),  first 
bishop  of  Wakefield;  M.A.  Wadhain  College,  Oxford, 
1847 ;  ordained  priest,  1847 ;  rural  dean  of  Oswestry, 
1854  ;  honorary  canon  of  St.  Asaph,  1860  :  suffragan  to 
bishop  of  London,  with  title  of  bishop  of  Bedford,  1879 ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral;  D.D.  Canterbury, 
1879,  and  Oxford,  1886  :  bishop  of  Wakefleld,  1888;  pub- 
lished religious  writings  ;  widely  known  for  his  work  in 
connection  with  the  poor  in  Fast  End  of  London. 

[Snppl.  iii.  I] 


HOWARD,  LADY  VN'XE  (1476-1513),  third  daughter 
of  Kdward  IV,  and  first  wife  of  Thomas,  third  duke  of 
Norfolk.  [xxviii.  64] 

HOWARD,  BERNARD  EDWARD,  twelfth  Dncu  OF 
NORFOLK  (1765-1842),  succeeded  his  third  cousin  Charles 
Howard,  eleventh  duke  (1746-1816)  [q.  v.],  in  d 
!  1815  ;  though  Roman  Catholic,  he  was  made  earl- 
;  by  parliament,  1824  ;  privy  councillor,  1830;  K.G.,  1834  ; 
supported  Reform  Bill.  [xxviii.  1] 

HOWARD,  CATHERINE,  QL-KKN  (</.  1542).  [s«! 
CATHKKINK.] 

HOWARD,  CHARLES,  second  BARON  HOWARD  or 

KKKINCH  AM,  first  EARL  OF  NOTTINGHAM  (1536-1624),  lord 

high  admiral  ;  eldest  son  of  William  Howard,  first  baron 

;  Howard  of  Efflngham  [q.  v.]  ;  ambassador  to  France,  1669  ; 

M.P.,  Surrey  ;  commander  of  horse  against  northern  rebels, 

!  1569,  of  squadron  to  watch  Spanish  fleet,  1570  ;  knighted  ; 

succeeded  to  peerage,  1573;  lord  chamberlain,  1574-86: 

lord  high  admiral,  1585-1618  ;  commtaioucr  for  trial  of 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586  ;  held  chief  command  against 

Spanish  Armada,    1688,  leading  mid-channel  squadron 

and  ordering  and  directing  attack  on  the  San  Lorenzo  : 

officially  organised  'the  chest  at  Chatham,'  1690;  col- 

league of  Essex  in  Cadiz  expedition,  1596  ;  created  Earl 

:  of  Nottingham,  1596  ;  commander  both  by  land  and  sea 

I  during  alarm  of  1599  ;  commissioner  at  Essex's  trial,  1601  ; 

!  commissioner  for  James    I's  coronation,  1603  ;   ambas- 

i  sador  extraordinary  to  Spain,  1605  ;  commissioner  for 

union  with  Scotland,  1604,  and  trial  of  gunpowder  plot- 

ters, 1606  ;  improbably  supposed  of  recent  years  to  have 

been  a  Roman  catholic.  [xxviii.  1] 

HOWARD,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OF  CAUI.IM.I: 
(1629-1685),  great-grandson  of  Lord  William  Howard 
(1563-1640)  [q.  v.]  ;  rendered  distinguished  service  to  par- 
liamentarians at  Worcester,  1651  ;  member  of  council  of 
state,  1653:  M.P.,  Westmoreland,  1653,  Cumberland, 
1654,  1656,  and  1660  ;  commanded  against  Scots,  1664  ; 
councillor  of  state  for  Scotland,  1655  ;  captain  of  Crom- 
well's bodyguard  ;  major-general  of  Northumberland, 
Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland  :  member  of  Cromwell's 
House  of  Lords,  1657  :  imprisoned  by  army  leaders,  1659  : 
privy  councillor,  1660  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  1660:  created  earl  of  Carlisle,  1661  ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
mark, 1663-4  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1677-81  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1667.  [xxviii.  6] 

HOWARD,  CHARLES,  third  EARL  OF  CARLISLE 
(1674-1738),  statesman  ;  as  Viscount  Morpeth,  M.P.  for 
Morpetb,  1690-2  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1692  ;  deputy 
earl-marshal,  1701-6  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cumberland  and 

:  Westmoreland,  1694-1712;  first  lord  of  the  treasury, 
1701-2  and  1715  (May-October)  ;  commissioner  for  Scot- 

!  tlsh  union  ;  a  lord  justice,  1714-15.  [xxviii.  7] 

HOWARD,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1765),  general  ;  second 

]  son  of  Charles  Howard,  third  earl   of  Carlisle  [q.  v.]  ; 

colonel  of  19th  foot  ('Green  Howards'),  1738;     com- 

manded brigade  at  Dettiugen,  1743,  and  Fontenoy,  1745, 

!  and  the  infantry  at  Val  and  Roucoux  ;  K.B.,  1749  ;  presi- 

dent of   court-martial    on  Lord  George  Sackville    [sec 

-61. 


N,  GEOROK  SACKVILLK]  :  M.P.,  Carlisle,  1727 

[xxviii.  8] 

HOWARD,   CHARLES,  tenth    DUKE  OF   NORFOLK 

(1720-1786),  author  of  '  Historical  Anecdotes  of  some  of 

j  the  Howard  Family,'  1769  ;  a  Roman  catholic  ;  succeeded 

his  second  cousin,  Edward  Howard,  ninth  duke,  1777  ; 

F.S.A.  and  F.R£.  [xxviii.  8] 

HOWARD,  CHARLES,  eleventh  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK 

(1746-1815),  son  of  Charles  Howard,  tenth  duke  of  Nor- 

folk [q.  v.]  ;    became  protestant  and  a  whig  ;   F.R.S., 

1767  ;    F.S.A.,  1779  :    M.P.,  Carlisle,  1780-6  ;    a  lord  of 

the  treasury  under  Portland,  1783  ;  dismissal  from  lord- 

lieutenancy  of  the  West  Riding  for  democratic  speech  at 

Crown  and  Anchor  banquet,  1798  ;  friend  of  Prince  of 

!  Wales  (George  IV)  :  lord-lieutenant  of  Sussex,  1«07  ;  pre- 

j  sidentof  Society  of  Arts,  1794.  [xxviii.  9] 

HOWARD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1477  ?-1513),  lord  high 

I  admiral  ;  second  son  of  Thomas  Howard,  second  duke  of 

|  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ;    knighted  while  serving  in  Scotland, 

1497  ;  standard-bearer,  1509  ;   said  to  have  assisted  in 

capturing  Robert  and  Andrew  Barton  [q.  v.],  1611;  as 

admiral  of  the  fleet  landed  and  ravaged  coast  of  Brittany, 


HOWARD 


648  HOWARD 


1512,  afterwards  defeating  and  burning  many  French 
ship- ;  confirmed  as  lord  high  admiral,  1513  ;  lost  his  life 
•while  attempting  to  cut  out  French  galleys  from  Whit- 
sand  Bay  ;  nominated  K.G.  just  before  his  death. 

[xxviii.  10] 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  (fl.  1669),  dramatist :  brother 
of  Sir  Robert  Howard  (1626?-1698)  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
'The  Usurper'  (tragedy),  1668,  'Six  Days'  Adventure,' 
and  '  The  Women's  Conquest '  (comedies),  1671  ;  his 
'  United  Kingdom '  ridiculed  in  '  The  Rehearsal '  and 
'The  British  Princes'  by  Rochester.  [xxviii.  12] 

HOWARD,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  HOWARD  OF 
ESCKICK  (</.  1675),  parliamentarian;  son  of  Thomas 
Howard,  first  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1616  ;  created 
peer,  1628  ;  one  of  the  twelve  petitioning  peers,  1640 ;  re- 
presented Carlisle  after  abolition  (1649)  of  upper  house ; 
member  of  council  of  state,  1650 ;  convicted  of  taking 
bribes  from  delinquents,  1651.  [xxviii.  12] 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  (rf.  1841),  novelist;  served  in 
the  navy  with  Marryat,  for  whom  he  sub-edited  the 
'Metropolitan  Magazine':  afterwards  wrote  for  Hood's 
'  New  Monthly ' ;  his  '  Rattlin  the  Reefer '  (1836)  wrongly 
attributed  to  Marryat ;  published  other  maritime  novels. 

[xxviii.  13] 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  GEORGE  FITZALAN,  first 
BARON-  HOWARD  OP  GLOSSOP  (1818-1883),  second  son  of 
Henry  Charles  Howard,  thirteenth  duke  of  Norfolk 
[q.  v.]  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Horsham,  1848-53,  Arundel, 
1853-68;  vice-chamberlain,  1846-52;  created  Baron 
Howard,  1869 ;  chairman  of  Catholic  Poor  Schools  Com- 
mittee, 1869-77.  [xxviii.  13] 

HOWARD,  EDWARD  HENRY  (1829-1892),  cardinal ; 
ordained  priest  in  English  college,  Rome,  1854;  arch- 
bishop of  Neocaesaria  in  pariibus  infldelium,  1872,  and 
coadjutor  bishop  of  Frascati;  cardinal-priest,  1877;  arch- 
priest  of  basilica  of  St.  Peter,  and  prefect  of  congrega- 
tion of  St.  Peter,  1881 ;  cardinal-bishop  of  Frascati,  1881. 

[Suppl.  iii.  2] 

HOWARD,  ELIZABETH,  DUCHESS  OF  NORFOLK 
(1494-1558),  daughter  of  Edward  Stafford,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham [q.  v.] ;  second  wife  of  Thomas  Howard,  third 
duke  of  Norfolk.  [xxviii.  65] 

HOWARD,  FRANK  (1805 ?-1866),  painter;  son  of 
Henry  Howard  (1769-1847)  [q.  v.]  ;  assistant  to  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence;  exhibited  at  British  Institution, 
1824-43,  at  the  Academy,  1825-33,  and  later;  gained 
prize  for  cartoon  in  Westminster  Hall  competition,  1843  ; 
published 'Spirit  of  Plays  of  Shakspeare '  (plates),  1827- 
1833,  and  art  manuals.  [xxviii.  14] 

HOWARD,  FREDERICK,  fifth  EARL  OF  CARLISLE 
(1748-1825),  statesman ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1758 ;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  friend  of  Charles 
James  Fox  ;  treasurer  of  the  household,  1777 ;  head  of 
commission  to  treat  with  Americans.  1778  ;  president  of 
board  of  trade,  1779 ;  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1780-2  ;  lord 
steward,  1782-3  ;  resigned  and  (1783)  moved  amendment 
against  the  peace ;  lord  privy  seal  in  coalition  ministry, 
1783 ;  opposed  Pitt  on  Regency  question  (1788-9),  but  went 
over  to  him  with  the  old  whigs  ;  K.G.,  1793  ;  chancery 
guardian  to  Lord  Byron  ;  attacked  in  '  English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers ' ;  his  tragedy  '  The  Father's  Revenge,' 
1783,  praised  by  Johnson  and  Walpole ;  'Tragedies  and 
Poems '  issued,  1801.  [xxviii.  14] 

HOWARD,  SIR  GEORGE  (1720  ?-1796),  field-marshal ; 
commanded  3rd  buffs  at  Fontenoy,  1745,  Falkirk,  1746, 
Culloden,  1746,  Val,  and  the  Rochefort  expedition  ;  com- 
manded brigade  in  Germany  during  seven  years'  war  ; 
K.B.,  1763 ;  M.P.,  Lostwithiel,  1762-6,  Stamford,  1768-96  ; 
governor  of  Minorca,  1766-8,  afterwards  of  Jersey  and 
Chelsea  Hospital ;  field-marshal,  1793.  [xxviii.  17] 

HOWARD,  GEORGE,  sixth  EARL  OF  CARLISLE  (1773- 
1848),  statesman ;  son  of  Frederick  Howard,  fifth  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1792  ; 
D.C.L.,  1799;  M.P.,  Morpeth  (while  Viscount  Morpeth), 
1795-1806.  Cumberland,  1806-28  ;  commissioner  for  affairs 
of  India  in  ministry  of  All  the  Talents,  1806  :  advocated 
catholic  emancipation,  1812;  lord-lieutenant  of  East 
Riding,  1824;  chief  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests 
in  Canning's  cabinet,  1827;  lord  privy  ueal,  1827-8  and 
1834  ;  trustee  of  British  Museum  ;  contributed  to  '  Anti- 
Jacobin.'  [xxviii.  18] 


HOWARD,     GEORGE     WILLIAM     FREDERICK 
seventh    EARL   OF    CARLISLE    (1802-1864),    statesman 
eldest  son  of  George  Howard,  sixth  earl  of  Carlisle  [q.  v.] 
won  prizes  for  English  and  Latin  verse  at  Oxford,  1821 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1827  ;  as  Viscount  Morpeth^ 
M.P.,   Morpeth,   1H26-30,   Yorkshire,    1830-2,  the   West 
Riding,   1832-41   and   1846-8  ;  as  Irish   secretary  under 
Melbourne,  1835-41,  carried  Irish  Tithe,  Irish  Municipal 
Reform,  and  Irish  Poor  Law  bills  ;  admitted  to  cabinet, 
1839 ;    chief  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests  under 
Russell,  1846-50  ;  carried  Public  Health  Bill,  1848  ;  chan- 
cellor of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1850-2 ;  viceroy  of  Ireland, 
1855-8  and  1859-64  ;  presided  at  Shakespeare  tercentenary, 
1864  ;  published  poems,  travels,  and  lectures. 

[xxviii.  19] 

HOWARD,  GORGES  EDMOND  (1715-1786),  author  ; 
educated  under  Thomas  Sheridan ;  given  freedom  of 
Dublin  for  public  services,  1766 ;  ridiculed  for  worthless 
tragedies  and  occasional  verse ;  published  valuable  legal 
works.  [xxviii.  21] 

HOWARD,  HENRIETTA,  COUNTESS  OF  SUFFOLK 
(1681-1 767),  mistress  of  George  II ;  daughter  of  Sir  Henry 
Hobart,  baronet ;  married  to  Charles  Howard  (afterwards 
ninth  earl  of  Suffolk),  with  whom  she  lived  at  Hanover ; 
followed  George  I  to  England  and  became  bedchamber 
woman  to  Princess  of  Wales  ;  her  house  at  Marble  Hill, 
Twickenham,  the  resort  of  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  and  Swift ; 
admired  by  Lord  Peterborough ;  much  courted  as  mis- 
tress of  George  II  ;  became  countess,  1731 ;  retired  from 
court,  1734  ;  married  Hon.  George  Berkeley,  1735  ;  selec- 
tion from  her  letters  edited  by  Croker,  1824. 

[xxviii.  22] 

HOWARD,  HENRY,  EARL  OF  SURREY  (by  courtesy) 
(1517  ?-1547),  poet ;  son  of  Thomas  Howard  (afterwards 
third  duke  of  Norfolk)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  by  John  Clerk 
(</.  1552)  [q.  v.] ;  proposed  as  husband  for  Princess  Mary  : 
married  Frances  Vere,  1532  :  in  France,  1532-3  ;  earl  mar- 
shal at  Anne  Boleyn's  trial,  1536  ;  accompanied  his  father 
against  Yorkshire  rebels,  1536 ;  K.G.  and  steward  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1541 ;  imprisoned  for  a  quarrel,  1542, 
and  for  annoying  London  citizens,  1543  ;  with  imperial 
troops  at  Landrecy,  1543  ;  wounded  when  marshal  before 
Montreuil,  1644  ;  when  commander  of  Boulogne  (1545-6) 
defeated  at  St.  Etienne,  1546 ;  superseded  by  his  enemy, 
Lord  Hertford,  1546 ;  condemned  and  executed  on  frivolous 
charge  of  treasonably  quartering  royal  arms  and  advising 
his  sister  to  become  the  king's  mistress ;  his  body  dis- 
covered at  Framlingham  Church,  Suffolk,  1835.  Forty 
poems  by  Surrey,  including  'Description  and  Praise  of 
his  love  Geraldine,'  were  printed  in  Tottel's  '  Songes  and 
Sonettes,'  1657  (reprinted,  1867  and  1870).  His  transla- 
tions of  the  JEueid  (books  ii.  and  iii.),  reprinted  1814, 
introduced  blank  verse  in  five  iambic  feet.  The  poems 
(with  those  of  Wyatt)  were  edited  by  Dr.  George  Frederick 
Nott,  1815-16,  and  others,  and  for  Aldine  poets  by  James 
Yeowell,  1866.  Surrey  first  imitated  Italian  models,  especi- 
ally Petrarch,  and  (with  Wyatt)  introduced  the  sonnet 
from  Italy  into  England.  [xxviii.  23] 

HOWARD,  HENRY,  first  EARL  OF  NORTHAMPTON* 
(1540-1614),  second  son  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey 
[q.v.];  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1564;  went  to 
court,  c.  1570 ;  received  pension,  but  failed  to  gain  secure 
position  owing  to  his  relations  with  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots;  sent  to  the  Fleet  after  publishing  work  against 
judicial  astrology,  1583;  suspected  of  intrigues  with 
Spain ;  attached  himself  to  Essex  ;  gained  goodwill  of 
Sir  Robert  Cecil ;  re-admitted  to  court,  1600 ;  corre- 
sponded with  James  VI  of  Scotland,  advising  toleration 
of  Romanists  ;  created  Earl  of  Northampton,  1604  ;  war- 
den of  Cinque  ports,  1604  ;  K.G.,  1605  ;  lord  privy  seal, 
1608  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University ;  commissioner 
for  trials  of  Ralegh,  1603,  Guy  Fawkes,  1605,  and  Garnett, 
1606  ;  accused  of  having  secretly  apologised  to  Bellar- 
mine  for  speech  against  catholics ;  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury,  1612;  supported  divorce  of  grand-niece  from 
Essex,  1613,  and  procured  imprisonment  of  Sir  Thomas 
Overbury ;  opposed  summoning  of  parliament,  1614 ; 
drew  up  James  I's  edict  against  duelling,  1613;  erected 
monument  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Westminster; 
lived  and  died  a  Roman  catholic  ;  the  most  learned  noble 
of  his  day  ;  built  Northumberland  House,  [xxviii.  28] 

HOWARD,  HENRY,  sixth  DUKE  of  NORFOLK  (1628- 
1684),  friend  of  Evelyn ;  second  son  of  Henry  Frederick 
Howard,  third  earl  pf  Arundel  fq.  v.]  ;  visited  Evelyn  ftt 


HOWARD 


649 


HOWARD 


Padua,  1645;  entertained  by  Leopold  I  at  Vienna,  1664  ; 
F.K.S.,  1666  ;  presented  library  to  Royal  Society  and 
Anmdel  marbles  to  Oxford  University,  1667  ;  D.O.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1668  ;  created  Baron  Howard  of  Castle  Rising,  1669  ; 
envoy  to  Morocco,  1669 ;  succeeded  bis  brother  as  duke, 
1677.  [xxviii.  32] 

HOWARD,  HENRY,  seventh  DI;KK  OK  NORFOLK 
(1655-1701),  son  of  Henry  Howard,  sixth  duke  [<j.  v.]  : 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1668  :  summoned  as  Baron 
Mowbray,  1679 ;  styled  Earl  of  Anmdel,  1678-84 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Norfolk,  Berkshire,  and  Surrey ;  brought 
over  eastern  counties  to  William  III ;  privy  councillor, 
1689.  [xxviii.  :53] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  (1684-1720),  coadjutor-elect  of 
Bishop  Bouaventure  Giffard  [q.  v.]  in  London  districts, 
1720 ;  grandson  of  Heury  Howard,  sixth  duke  of  Norfolk 
[q.  v.]  [xxviii.  34] 

HOWARD,  HENRY,  fourth  EARL  OF  CARLISLE 
(1694-1758),  son  of  Charles  Howard,  third  earl  of  Carlisle 
[q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Morpeth,  1722,  1727,  and  1734-8 ;  K.G., 
1756.  [xxviii.  8] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  (1757-1842),  of  Corby  Castle, 
author  of  '  Memorials  of  the  Howard  Family,'  1834  ;  friend 
and  correspondent  of  Louis  Philippe.  [xxviii.  34]  - 

HOWARD,  HENRY  (1769-1847),  painter;  went  to 
Italy  with  introduction  from  Reynolds,  1791 ;  exhibited 
•  Dream  of  Cain'  at  Royal  Academy,  1794  ;  R.A.,  1808  ; 
secretary,  Royal  Academy,  1811,  and  professor  of  paint- 
ing, 1833 ;  his  finest  works,  '  Birth  of  Venus,'  1819,  and 
'Fairies,'  1818;  executed  portraits,  among  others,  of 
Flaxman  and  James  Watt.  [xxviii.  35] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  CHARLES,  thirteenth  DCKE  OF 
NORFOLK  (1791-1856),  son  of  Bernard  Edward  Howard, 
twelfth  duke  [q.v.]  ;  as  Earl  of  Aruudel  and  Surrey,  M.P., 
Horsham,  1829-41,  and  treasurer  of  the  household,  1837-41 ; 
master  of  the  horse,  1846-52 ;  K.G.,  1848 ;  lord  steward. 
1853-4;  though  a  Romanist,  supported  Ecclesiastical 
Titles  BilL  [xxviii.  37] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  EDWARD  JOHN  (1795-1868), 
dean  of  Lichfield  ;  youngest  sou  of  Frederick  Howard, 
fifth  earl  of  Carlisle  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1822;  succentor  of  York,  1822;  dean  of 
Lichfleld,  1833-68 ;  published  translations  from  Claudiau 
and  the  Septuagint.  [xxviii.  37] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  FREDERICK,  third  EARL  OF 
ARCXDEL  (1608-1652) ;  K.B.,  1616  ;  son  of  Thomas 
Howard,  second  earl  of  Aruudel  [q.  v.]  ;  as  Lord  Mal- 
travers,  M.P.,  Arundel,  1628  and  1640  ;  Irish  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1634  ;  created  Baron  Mowbray,  1640 ;  committed 
for  quarrel  with  Philip  Herbert,  fourth  earl  of  Pembroke 
[q.  v.],  1641 ;  fought  as  royalist  in  civil  war ;  succeeded 
his  father  as  third  earl  of  Arundel  and  earl-marshal,  1646. 

[xxviii.  38] 

HOWARD,  HENRY  GRANVILLE  FITZALAN-, 
fourteenth  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK  (1815-1860),  son  of  Henry 
Charles  Howard,  thirteenth  duke  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  as  Lord  Fitzalan  (Earl  of  Arundel  from 
1842)  represented  Arundel,  1837-50,  Limerick,  1850-2 ; 
opposed  Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill,  1850 :  friend  of  Mont- 
alembert  and  a  zealous  catholic ;  edited  '  Lives  of  Philip 
Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel.  and  ...  his  wife.'  1857. 

[xxviii.  38] 

HOWARD,  HUGH  (1675-1737),  portrait-painter  and 
art  collector ;  son  of  Ralph  Howard  (1638-1710)  [q.  v.] ; 
keeper  of  state  papers  and  paymaster  of  works  belonging 
to  crown ;  some  of  his  portraits  and  drawings  acquired 
by  British  Museum.  [xxviii.  39] 

HOWARD,  JAMES  (fl.  1674),  dramatist ;  brother  of 
Sir  Robert  Howard  (1626-1698)  [q.v.],  and  brother-in- 
law  of  Dryden ;  his  comedy  '  All  Mistaken,  or  the  Mad 
Couple '  (1672),  first  acted,  1667  ;  his  '  English  Mounsieur ' 
(1674)  played  in  by  Nell  Gwyu  and  Hart,  1666. 

[xxviii.  40] 

HOWARD,  JAMES,  third  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK  and 
third  BAROX  HOWARD  DE  WALDEX  (1619-1688),  eldest 
son  of  Theophilus  Howard,  second  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ; 
K.B.,  1626;  joint-commissioner  of  the  parliament  to 
Charles  1, 1646 :  lord-lieutenant  of  Suffolk  and  Cambridge- 
shire and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  1660-82. 

[xxviii.  40] 


HOWARD,  JAMES  (1821-1889),  agriculturist ;  took 
out  patents  for  agricultural  nm.-liim-,  including    first 
iron  wheel  plough  (1H41  > ;  president  of  Farmers' Alli:n 
mayor  of  Bedford,  1868-4 ;  M.P.,  Bedford,  1868-74,  B«d- 
fonMiire,  1880-5 ;  wrote  on  scientific  farming. 

HOWARD,  JOHN,  first  DUKK  OF  NORFOLK  of  the 
Howard  family  (143u?-1485),  present  at  battle  of  Cha- 
tillon,  1453;  entered  service  of  bis  relative,  John  Mow- 
bray, duke  of  Norfolk ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Norfolk, 
1455,  Suffolk,  1466  ;  named  sheriff  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk 
by  Edward  IV;  constable  of  Norwich,  1462:  nerved 
against  Lancastrians  and  in  Brittany  ;  envoy  to  France 
and  Flanders ;  created  Baron  Howard  by  the  restored 
Henry  VI,  1470 ;  commanded  fleet  against  Lancastrians 
1471 ;  deputy-governor  of  Calais,  1471 :  accompanied 
ward  IV  to  France  and  received  pension  from  Louis  XI, 
1475 ;  again  employed  in  France,  1477,  1479,  and  1480 : 
privy  councillor,  1483;  created  Duke  of  Norfolk  and 
earl-marshal  by  Richard  III,  1483 ;  admiral  of  England, 
Ireland,  and  Aquitalne,  1483;  commanded  vanguard  at 
Bosworth  and  was  slain.  [xxviii.  42] 

HOWARD,  JOHN  (17267-1790),  philanthropist ;  cap- 
tured on  the  way  to  Lisbon  and  imprisoned  in  France, 
1756 ;  high  sheriff  of  Bedfordshire,  though  a  dissenu-r, 
1773 ;  visited  county  and  city  gaols  and  bridewells  and 
obtained  acts  for  abolition  of  gaoler's  fees  and  for  sanitary 
improvements,  1774 ;  inspected  Scottish,  Irish,  French, 
Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and  Swiss,  and  revisited  British 
prisons,  1775-6 ;  published  '  State  of  the  Prisons,'  1777, 
'Appendix  to  State  of  Prisons,'  1780,  translation  of 
'  Historical  Remarks  on  the  Bastille,'  1774 ;  visited  Den- 
mark, Sweden,  and  Russia,  1781 ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1782 ; 
made  third  inspection  of  British  prisons,  1783  ;  inspected 
penal  institutions  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  1783;  issued 
third  enlarged  edition  of  '  State  of  the  Prisons,'  1784 ; 
visited  lazarettos  in  France,  Italy,  and  Turkey,  purposely 
underwent  quarantine  at  Venice,  1785-6,  and  published 
an  '  Account,'  1789  ;  died  of  camp  fever  while  with 
Russian  army  at  Kherson.  [xxviii.  44] 

HOWARD,  JOHN  (1753-1799),  mathematician ;  self- 
educated  ;  kept  schools  at  Carlisle  and  Newcastle ;  pub- 
lished '  Treatise  on  Spherical  Geometry,'  1798. 

[xxviii.  48] 

HOWARD,  JOHN  ELIOT  (1807-1883),  author  of 
'  Illustrations  of  the  "  Nueva  Quinologia  "  of  Pa  von,  and 
Observations  on  the  Barks  described '  (1862),  and  'Quino- 
logy  of  the  East  Indian  Plantations '  (1869):  son  of  Luke 
Howard  (1772-1864)  [q.  v.]  ;  F.R.S.,  1874.  [xxviii.  48] 

HOWARD,  KENNETH  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF 
i  EFFIXGHAM  of  the  second  creation  (1767-1845),  general : 
!  served    with   Coldstream   guards   in  Flanders,    1793-5, 
j  Ireland,  and  Holland,  1799  :  inspector-general  of  foreign 
troops  in  British  service ;  aide-de-camp  to  the  king,  1805 ; 
major-general,  1810 :  commanded  brigades  in  the  Penin- 
sular war    from    1811,    and  first  division  of  army  of 
occupation  after  Waterloo:  K.C.B.,  1815;  succeeded  as 
eleventh  Baron  Howard  of  Efflngham,  1816 ;  deputy  earl- 
marshal  at  coronation  of  George  IV,  1821 ;  general,  1837 ; 
created  earl,  1837.  [xxviii.  49] 

HOWARD,  LEONARD  (1699  ?-1767),  compiler  of  'A 

|  Collection  of  Letters  from  original  Manuscripts  of  many 

I  Princes,  great  Personages  and  Statesmen,'  1753 :   D.D. : 

rector  of  St.  George's,  Southwark,  1749-67  ;  chaplain  to 

Augusta,  princess  dowager  of  Wales.  [rxviii.  50] 

HOWARD,  LUKE  (1621-1699),  quaker  ;  previously  a 
baptist ;  imprisoned  at  Dover,  1660, 1661,  and  1684 ;  wrote 
against  baptists  ;  bis  'Journal'  prefixed  to  works  U-u.-a, 
1704.  [xxviii.  50] 

HOWARD,  LUKE  (1772-1864),  pioneer  in  meteorology: 
chemist  in  London  in  partnership  with  William  Allen 
(1770-1843)  [q.  v.]  :  began  to  keep  meteorological  register, 
1806;  published 'Climate  of  London,'  1818-20  (enlarged, 
1830),  containing  current  classification  of  clouds :  F.R.S., 
1821 ;  edited  •  The  Yorkshireman  '  (quaker  journal),  183J 
1837  ;  corresponded  with  Goethe  and  John  Daltou. 

[xxviii.  51] 

HOWARD,  PHILIP,  first  EARL  OF  ARUXDEL  of  tl 
Howard   family    (1657-1595),    eldest    son   of    Thomas 
Howard  III,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  :    went 
Cambridge  with  courtesy  title  Earl  of  Surrey:    M.A., 
1576  ;  court  profligate ;  succe»ded  to  earldom  of  Arundel, 


HOWARD 


650 


HOWARD 


1580,  in  right  of  his  mother,  Mary  Fitzalan  (daughter  of 
Henry,  twelfth  earl)  ;  under  influence  of  his  wife  (Anne 
Dacre)  became  Roman  catholic,  1584 ;  after  attempting 
to  escape  from  England  (1585)  was  fined  and  rigorously 
imprisoned  for  life:  condemned  to  death  (1589)  on 
charge  of  saying  mass  for  success  of  the  Armada,  but, 
although  not  executed,  remained  in  Tower  till  death. 

[xxviii.  52] 

HOWARD,  PHILIP  THOMAS  (1629-1694),  known  as 
CARDINAL  OP  NORFOLK,  third  son  of  Henry  Frederick  ! 
Howard,    third   earl  of   Aruntlel  [q.  v.] ;    educated  at  | 
Utrecht  and  Antwerp  :  became  a  Dominican ;   studied  at  j 
Naples  and  Rennes :  ordained  priest,  1652 ;  first  prior  of  | 
his  own  English  foundation  at  Boruhem,  East  Flanders,   | 
1657  ;  went  on  secret  royalist  mission  to  England,  165'J  ; 
promoted  marriage  of  Charles  II,  1662,  and  was  first  chap-   1 
lain  to  Queen  Catherine,  and  afterwards  grand  almoner  ; 
his  appointment   as   vicar-apostolic  in    England  with-   ] 
drawn  ;  driven  from  England  by  popular  feeling,  1674 ;   i 
created  cardinal- priest  by  Clement  X,  1675  ;  thenceforth   j 
lived  at  Rome ;  as    cardinal-protector  of  England  and  : 
Scotland,  1679,  obtained  restoration  of  the  episcopate ;   j 
remonstrated  against  policy  of  James  II.      [xxviii.  54] 

HOWARD,  RALPH  (1638-1710),  regius  professor  of 
physic  at  Dublin,  1670-1710  ;  M.D.  Dublin,  1667. 

[xxviii.  57] 

HOWARD,  RALPH,  VISCOUNT  WICKLOW  and  first 
BARON  OLONMORB  (d.  1786),  grandson  of  Ralph  Howard  [ 
(1638-1710)  [q.  v.]  ;    M.P.,  co.  Wicklow,  1761-75 ;  Irish   ! 
privy  councillor,  1770 ;  created  Baron  Clonmore,  1776,  ' 
Viscount  Wicklow,  1785.  [xxviii.  58] 

HOWARD,   RICHARD  BARON  (1807-1848),   Man-  I 
Chester  physician  :  M.D.  Edinburgh  :  published  '  Inquiry 
into  Morbid  Effects  of  Deficiency  of  Food,'  1839. 

[xxviii.  58] 

HOWARD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1585-1653),  royalist ;   fifth 
son  of  Thomas  Howard,  first  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  K.B., 
1616  ;  imprisoned  by  high  commission  and  publicly  ex- 
communicated, 1 625,  for  intrigue  with  Frances,  viscountess 
Purbeck  (Buckingham's  brother's  wife);  M.P.,  Bishop's   j 
Castle,  1624-40 ;  voted  compensation  by  Long  parliament,   ! 
1640,  but  expelled  for  royalism,  1642;    his  estates  se-   ; 
questered.  [xxviii.  58] 

HOWARD,    SIR    ROBERT    (1626-1698),  dramatist:    [ 
nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Howard  (1586-1653)  [q.  v.]  ;  rescued 
Wilmot  from  parliamentarians  at  Cropredy  Bridge  and   ' 
was    knighted,    1644;    whig    M.P.,  Stockbridge,    1660,   ' 
Castle  Rising,  1679-98 ;  auditor  of  the  exchequer  ;  built 
Ashtead  House,  Surrey,  1684 ;    privy  councillor,  1689  ;    i 
commander  of  militia  horse,  1690 ;  ridiculed  as  Sir  Posi-    ; 
tive  At-All  in  Shadwell's  '  Sullen  Lovers ' ;  perhaps  the 
Bilboa  of  '  The  Rehearsal ' ;  author  of  '  The  Committee ' 
(revived   at  Covent  Garden  as  'The  Honest  Thieves,'    ! 
1797),  published  with  four  other  plays,  1692  and  1722,  in    | 
one  of  which,  the  '  Indian  Queen,'  Dryden  assisted :  op-    j 
posed  use  of  rhyme  in  drama ;  published  also  historical 
works  and  poems.  [xxviii.  59] 

HOWARD,  ROBERT  (1683-1740),  bishop  of  Elphin  :  ! 

sou  of  Ralph  Howard  (1638-1710)   [q.  v.]  ;    fellow  of  I 

Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1703  ;  bishop  of  Killala,  1726,  of  ! 
Elphin,  1729-40.                                                 [xxviii.  58] 

HOWARD,  SAMUEL  (1710-1782),  organist  and  j 
composer;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge,  1769;  best  known  by  j 
his  •  musettes.'  [xxviii.  61] 

HOWARD,  THEOPHILUS,  second  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK  j 
and  second  BARON  HOWARD  DB  WALDEN  (1684-1640),   i 
succeeded    his    father,  Thomas    Howard,   first    earl    of 
Suffolk  [q.  v.],  1626  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1605  ;  M.P.,  Maldon, 
1605-10  ;  summoned  as  Baron  Howard  de  Walden,  1610: 
governor  of  Jersey,  1610  ;  quarrelled  with  Lord  Herbert 
of   Cherbury   at  Jnliers,   1610  :  joint  lord-lieutenant  of 
northern  counties,  1614 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cambridge- 
shire, Suffolk,  and  Dorset,  1626 ;  K.Q.,  1627 ;  warden  of 
Cinque  ports,  1628.  [xxviii.  61] 

HOWARD,  THOMAS  I,  EARL  OF  SURREY  and  second 
DUKE  OF  NORFOLK  of  the  Howard  house  (1443-1524), 
warrior  ;  only  son  of  Sir  John  Howard,  afterwards  first 
duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ;  fought  for  Edward  IV  at  Barnet, 
1471;  knighted,  1478:  Earl  of  Surrey  from  1483;  he- 
came  K.G.,  14H3 ;  fought  for  Richard  III  at  Bosworth, 


1485 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  by  Henry  VII,  but  ulti- 
mately recovered  his  estates ;  subdued  Yorkshire  rising, 
1489 ;  as  lieutenant-general  of  the  north  compelled  the 
Scots  to  retreat,  1497,  and  negotiated  marriage  treaty : 
lord-treasurer,  1601-22  ;  earl  marshal,  1510  ;  ousted  from 
power  by  Wolsey ;  -vhen  again  lieutenant-general  of  the 
north  won  battle  of  Flodden,  1513,  and  was  created  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  1514 ;  vainly  opposed  Wolsey's  foreign  policy  ; 
put  down  London  apprentices  on  *  evil  May-day,"  1517 : 
guardian  of  the  kingdom,  1520  ;  presided  as  high  steward 
at  trial  of  his  friend  and  connection,  Buckingham,  1521. 

[xxviii.  62] 

HOWARD,  THOMAS  II,  EARL  OF  SURREY  and  third 
DUKE  OF  NORFOLK  of  the  Howard  bouse  (1473-1554), 
eldest  sou  of  Thomas  Howard  I  [q.  v.]  ;  as  Lord  Thomas 
Howard  with  his  brother,  Sir  Edward  Howard  [q.  v.], 
captured  Andrew  Barton  [q.  v.],  1511 ;  lord  admiral,  1513  ; 
led  vanguard  at  Flodden,  1513  ;  as  Earl  of  Surrey  (1514- 
1524)  strongly  opposed  Wolsey ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, 1620-1 ;  raided  French  coast,  1521-22 ;  lord-trea- 
surer, 1522 ;  as  warden-general  of  the  marches  devastated 
Scottish  border  and  forced  Albany  to  retreat,  1523  ;  paci- 
fied Suffolk  insurgents,  1525  :  as  president  of  the  privy 
council  incensed  Henry  VIII  against  Wolsey;  earl- 
marshal,  1533 ;  acquiesced  in  execution  of  his  niece, 
Anne  Boleyn,  1536  ;  put  down  Pilgrimage  of  Grace ; 
beaded  opposition  to  Cromwell  and  brought  forward  the 
six  articles,  1539 ;  again  commanded  against  the  Scots, 
1542 ;  lieutenant-general  of  army  in  France,  1644  ;  ousted 
from  favour  by  Hertford,  and  condemned  to  death,  but 
saved  by  Henry  VIII's  death  ;  remained  in  the  Tower  till 
accession  of  Mary  (1553),  when  he  was  released  and  re- 
stored ;  presided  at  Northumberland's  trial,  1553  ;  showed 
great  rashness  when  commanding  against  Wyatt,  1554. 

[xxviii.  64] 

HOWARD,  THOMAS  HI,  fourth  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK 
of  the  Howard  house  (1536-1572),  son  of  Henry  Howard, 
earl  of  Surrey  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  John  Foxe  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B., 
1553;  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  duke  and  earl-mar- 
shal, 1554 ;  employed  in  Scotland,  1559-60 ;  K.G.,  1559  : 
privy  councillor,  1562  :  contributed  largely  towards  com- 
pletion of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge  ;  quarrelled  with 
Leicester  in  Elizabeth's  presence,  1565  ;  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  inquire  into  Scottish  affairs  at  York,  1568  ; 
formed  project  of  marriage  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ; 
imprisoned,  1569-70  ;  involved  in  Ridolfi's  plot ;  executed 
for  treason  ;  denied  having  been  a  papist,  [xxviii.  67] 

HOWARD,  LORD  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK 
and  first  BARON  HOWARD  DK  WALDEN  (1561-1626),  second 
sou  of  Thomas  Howard  ITT,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.] : 
as  Lord  Thomas  Howard  distinguished  himself  against 
Armada,  1588;  commanded  in  attack  on  Azores  fleet, 
1591 ;  admiral  of  the  third  squadron  in  Cadiz  expedition, 
1696  ;  K.G.  and  Baron  Howard  de  Walden,  1597  ;  marshal 
of  forces  against  Essex  and  constable  of  Tower,  1601 ; 
created  Earl  of  Suffolk  by  James  I,  1603 ;  lord  chamber- 
lain, 1603-14 ;  M.A.  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  1606  ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Suffolk,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Dorset ;  chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge  University,  1614  ;  lord  high  treasurer, 
1614-18 ;  fined  and  imprisoned  for  embezzlement,  1619. 

[xxviii.  71] 

HOWARD,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  ARUNDEL  AXP 
SURREY  (1586-1646),  art  collector:  only  son  of  Philip 
Howard,  first  earl  of  Aruudel  [q.  v.]  ;  restored  in  title 
and  blood,  1604  ;  made  first  continental  tour,  1609-10 ; 
K.G.,  1611;  became  protestant,  1615;  privy  councillor, 
1616 ;  president  of  committee  of  peers  on  Bacon's  case, 
1621 ;  joint-commissioner  of  great  seal,  1621 ;  earl-mar- 
shal, 1621 ;  imprisoned  for  hostility  to  Buckingham,  1626  - 
1628;  attempted  mediation  in  debates  on  petition  of 
right,  1628;  sent  to  Vienna  to  urge  restitution  of  pala- 
tinate to  Charles  I's  nephew,  1636 ;  general  of  army 
against  Scots,  1639:  presided  at  Strafford's  trial,  1641; 
escorted  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  to  the  continent,  104:.' ; 
thenceforward  lived  at  Padua,  contributing  large  sums  to 
royal  cause.  He  formed  at  Arundel  House  the  first  con- 
siderable art  collection  in  England,  including  statues, 
busts,  pictures,  and  the  marbles  (described  in  Selden's 
'Marmora  Arundeliana,'  1628),  presented  to  Oxford  uni- 
versity, 1667.  [xxviii.  73] 

HOWARD,  WALTER  (1759-1830?),  'The  Heir  of 
Poverty';  claimed  kinship  with  tlu>  Duke-*  of  Norfolk 
and  received  allowances  from  several ;  his  claim  found 
fictitious;  imprisoned,  1812,  for  importuning  tin-  prim-.- 
regent  and  the  eleventh  Duke  of  Norfolk.  [xxviii.  76] 


HOWARD 


60 1 


HOWE 


,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1308),  judge;  justice 
of  assize  for  northern  counties,  1293  ;  summoned  to  parlia- 
ment as  a  justice,  1295  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1297. 

[xxviii.  77] 

HOWARD,  LORD  WILLIAM,  first  BAKON  HMW.VKH 
OFEFFIXCJHAM  (15107-1573),  lord  high  admiral:  - 
son  of  Thomas  Howard  I,  second  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  employed  on  emba- 
Scotland,  1531,  1535,  and  1536,  ami  in  France,  1537  ami 
1541  ;  convicted  of  misprision  of  treason  in  connection 
with  Queen  Catherine  Howard,  but  pardoned,  1541 : 
governor  of  Calais,  1552-3  ;  privy  councillor,  1553  :  lord 
high  admiral,  1554-73;  K.G.,  1554;  created  peer  fur  de- 
fence of  London  against  Wyatt,  1554 ;  remonstrated 
against  harsh  treatment  of  Princess  Elizabeth;  lord 
chamberlain,  1558  ;  a  negotiator  of  treaty  of  Gateau  C:uu- 
bresis,  1559 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1572.  [xxviii.  77] 

HOWARD,  LORD  WILLIAM  (1563-1640),  Scott's 
'Belted  Will':  third  son  of  Thomas  Howard  III,  fourth 
dnke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Elizabeth  Dacre  ('  Bessie 
with  the  braid  apron '),  1577  ;  became  a  Romanist,  1584  ; 
twice  imprisoned ;  restored  Na  worth  Castle ;  active  as 
commissioner  of  the  borders,  being  known  to  contempo- 
raries as  '  Bauld  Willie  * ;  formed  large  library,  and  pub- 
lished edition  of  Florence  of  Worcester's  chronicle,  1592 ; 
assisted  Camden  in  'Britannia';  intimate  with  Cotton 
aud  other  antiquaries.  [xxviii.  79] 

HOWARD,  WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUXT  STAFFORD 
(1614-1680),  fifth  son  of  Thomas  Howard,  second  earl  of 
Arundel  and  Surrey  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1626 ;  created  Viscount 
Stafford,  1640  ;  remained  abroad  during  rebellion ;  allowed 
to  return,  1656 ;  discontented  with  the  king,  who  ref used 
his  petition  (1664)  for  restoration  of  Stafford  earldom  to 
his  wife ;  member  of  council  of  Royal  Society,  1672  ; 
accused  by  Gates  of  being  paymaster  of  catholic  army, 
and  by  others  of  persuading  them  to  murder  Charles  II ; 
beheaded  for  treason,  1680 ;  attainder  reversed,  1824. 

[xxviii.  81] 

HOWARD,  WILLIAM,  third  BARON  HOWARD  OF 
ESCRICK  (1626  ?-1694),  second  son  of  Edward  Howard, 
first  baron  Howard  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  parliamentary 
army  :  imprisoned  for  republican  plots,  1657 ;  M.P.,  Win- 
chelsea,  in  Convention  parliament ;  succeeded  his  brother 
in  peerage,  1678 ;  imprisoned,  1674  and  1681 ;  informed 
against  Russell  and  Sidney,  1683.  [xxviii.  83] 

HOWARD  DE  WALDKX,  BARONS.  [See  HOWARD, 
LORD  THOMAS,  first  BARON,  1561-1626  ;  HOWARD,  THKO- 
PHILUS,  second  BARON,  1584-1640;  HOWARD,  JAMKS, 
third  BARON,  1619-1688  ;  GRIFFIN  (formerly  WHITWELL), 
JOHN  GRIFFIN,  fourth  BARON,  1719-1797;  HERVKY, 
FREDERICK  AUUUBTUS,  fifth  BARON,  1730-1803 ;  ELLIS, 
CHARLES  AUGUSTUS,  sixth  BARON,  1799-1868.] 

HOWARD-VYSE,  RICHARD  WILLIAM  (1784- 
1853).  [See  VYSE.] 

HOWDEN,  BARONS.  [See  CARADOC,  SIR  JOHN 
FRANCIS,  first  BARON,  1762-1839;  OARADOC,  Sm  JOHN 
HOBART,  second  BARON,  1799-1873.] 

HOWE,  CHARLES  (1661-1742),  author  of  'Devout 
Meditations,'  published,  1751 ;  brother  of  John  Grubham 
Howe  [q.  v.]  [xxviii.  83] 

HOWE,  EMANUEL  SOROPE  (d.  1709),  diplomatist ; 
brother  of  Scrope  Howe,  first  viscount  Howe  [q.  v.]  ; 
groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  William  III ;  M.P.,  Mor- 
peth,  1701-5,  Wigan,  1705-8  ;  envoy-extraordinary  to 
Hanover,  1705-9 ;  lieutenant-general,  1709.  [xxviii.  84] 

HOWE,  GEORGE  (1655  ?-1710),  physician ;  son  of 
John  Howe  (1630-1705)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Leyden ;  censor, 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1707  ;  the  Querpo  of  Garth's 
4  Dispensary.'  [xxviii.  84] 

HOWE,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  third  VISCOUXT 
HOWE  (1725  ?-1758),  grandson  of  Scrope  Howe,  first 
visconnt  Howe  [q.  v.],  in  Irish  peerage ;  succeeded  to 
title,  1735  :  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1747  and  1754-66  ;  served 
in  Flanders,  1747 :  colonel,  1757 ;  commanded  60th  foot 
in  Halifax,  1757;  killed  in  skirmish  with  French  at 
Trout  Brook,  Lake  George.  [Suppl.  iii.  3] 

HOWE,  HENRY  (1812-1896),  actor :  his  real  name 
HENRY  HOWE  HUTCHIX.SOX  ;  appeared  at  Victoria 
Theatre,  London,  1834  ;  with  Macready  atCovent  Ganl.-n, 


1837;  at  Haymarket  for  forty  years,  his  parts  including 
Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Malvolio,  Jaques,  aud  MacdufT:  in  1896 
accompanied  Sir  Henry  Irving  to  America,  where  he  died. 

[Suppl.  iii.  3] 

HOWE,  .1  A  M  KS  <" 1780-1836),  Scottish  animal-painter  ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  (1816)  picture  of  Waterloo. 

[xxviii.  K5] 

HOWE,  JOHN  (1630-1705),  ejected  minister  :  nephew 
of  Obadiah  Howe  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1648,  where  be  was  intimate  with  Henry  More 
(1614-1687)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1652  ; 
fellow  and  chaplain  of  Magdalen  College ;  perpetual  curate 
of  Great  Torrington,  1664-62 ;  as  domestic  chaplain  to 
Cromwell  preached  against  fanaticism  ;  befriended  Fuller 
and  Seth  Ward :  chaplain  to  Richard  Cromwell ;  preached 
at  houses  in  the  west  after  ejection  ;  joint  pastor  at 
Haberdashers'  Hall,  London,  1676;  began  controversy  on 
pit-destination,  1677;  answered  sermon  on  schism  by 
Stilliugtieet,  1680;  expostulated  with  Tillotoon,  1680; 
refused  to  support  dispensing  power  ;  advocated  mutual 
forbearance  of  conformists  and  dissenters,  1689  ;  promi- 
nent in  '  happy  union '  of  presbyterians  and  oongregation- 
alists,  1690:  had  controversy  with  Defoe  on  occasional 
conformity,  1700;  conferred  privately  with  William  III 
before  his  death ;  visited  by  Richard  Cromwell  in  last 
illness ;  chief  work,  '  The  Living  Temple  of  God,'  1675 : 
included  in  works  collected,  1724  (enlarged,  1810-22, 
1862-3).  [xxviii.  86] 

HOWE,  JOHN,  fourth  BARON  CHEDWORTH  (1754- 
1804),  of  Harrow  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  Henry  Frederick  Howe  in  title  and  estates, 
1781 ;  left  3,000;.  to  Charles  James  Fox  ;  his  '  Notes  upon 
some  of  the  Obscure  Passages  in  Shakespeare's  Plays' 
issued,  1805.  [xxviii.  88] 

HOWE  or  HOW.  JOHN  GRUBHAM  (1657-1722), 
politician  ('Jack  How');  forbidden  court  for  slandering 
Duchess  of  Richmond,  1679 ;  a  strong  whig  and  vice- 
chamberlain  to  Queen  Mary,  1689-92  ;  after  dismissal  a 
violent  tory,  especially  denouncing  William  Ill's  partition 
treaty  (1698)  and  Dutch  favourites ;  M.P.,  Cirencester, 
1689-98,  Gloucestershire,  1698-1701  and  1702-5;  privy 
councillor  and  joint-clerk  of  privy  council  under  Anne. 

[xxviii.  89] 

HOWE,  JOSEPH  (1804-1873),  Nova  Scotian  states- 
man ;  from  1828  edited  the  '  Nova  Scotian ' ;  vindicated 
liberty  of  the  press  in  successful  defence  against  crown 
prosecution,  1835  ;  as  member  for  Halifax  agitated  for 
responsible  government,  1837;  member  of  executive 
council  and  speaker,  1840 ;  frequently  delegate  to  Ensr- 
land;  secretary  of  state  for  Nova  Scotia  in  Dominion 
government,  1870 ;  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  1873. 

[xxviii.  90] 

HOWE,  JOSIAS  (1611  ?-1701),  divine;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1637-48,  restored,  1660 ;  M.A., 
1638  ;  B.D.,  1646.  [xxviii.  91] 

HOWE,  MICHAEL  (1787-1818),  Tasmanian  bush-' 
ranger ;  transported  for  highway  robbery,  1811 ;  killed 
while  resisting  arrest  after  six  years'  outlawry. 

[xxviii.  91] 

HOWE,  OBADIAH  (1616  ?-1683),  divine ;  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1638  ;  incumbent  of  Stickney,  Horn- 
castle,  and  Gedney  ;  vicar  of  Boston,  1660-83  :  published 
controversial  works.  [xxviii.  92] 

HOWE,  RICHARD,  EARL  HOWE  (1726-1799),  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet:  grandson  of  Scrope  Howe,  first  vis- 
count Howe  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton :  sailed  in  the 
Severn  as  far  as  Cape  Horn  with  Anson,  1740 ;  present 
at  attack  on  La  Guayra,  1743 ;  wounded  in  action  with 
|  French  frigates  off  west  of  Scotland,  1746  ;  by  capture  of 
i  the  Alcide  off  month  of  St.  Lawrence  opened  seven  years' 
|  war,  1765  ;  M.P.,  Dartmouth,  1757-82 ;  took  leading  part 
in  Rochefort  expedition,  1767:  succeeded  brother  as 
fourth  Viscount  (Irish)  Howe,  1758 ;  commanded  covering 
squadron  in  attacks  on  St.  Malo  and  Cherbourg,  1768  ; 
distinguished  at  blockade  of  Brest  and  battle  of  Quiberon 
Bay,  1759 :  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1762-5 :  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  1765-70  :  rear-admiral,  1770 :  vice-admiral,  1775  ; 
as  commander-in-chief  on  North  American  station  co- 
operated with  his  brother.  Sir  William  Howe  [q.  v.]  ; 
forced  passage  of  Delaware,  1777,  and  watched  French 
fleet  under  D'Estaing  off  Sandy  Hook,  1777  ;  resigned 
command  owing  to  discontent  with  ministry,  1778,  re- 
maining four  years  in  retirement:  admiral,  1782 :  com- 
mander in  the  Channel,  1782;  created  a  British  peer, 


HOWE 


652 


HOWELLS 


1782 ;  effected  relief  of  Gibraltar  against  superior  forces, 
1782  :  as  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  (1783-8)  was  much 
attacked  in  parliament  and  the  press  ;  created  Earl  Howe, 
1788  ;  commanded  Channel  fleet,  1790 ;  vice-admiral  of 
England,  1792-6 ;  with  Channel  fleet  won  the  great 
victory  of  1  June  1794,  capturing  six  French  ships; 
incurred  some  unpopularity  owing  to  insufficient  men- 
tion of  distinguished  officers  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet  and 
general  of  marines,  1796 ;  E.G.,  1797  ;  presided  over  court- 
martial  on  Vice-admiral  Cornwallis,  1796 ;  after  retire- 
ment pacified  mutineers  at  Portsmouth,  1797.  The  sig- 
nalling code  was  perfected  and  refined  by  him. 

[xxviii.  92] 

HOWE,  SOROPE,  first  VISCOUNT  HOWE  (1648-1712), 
whig  politician ;  brother  of  Charles  Howe  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted,  1663;  M.P.,  Nottinghamshire,  1673-98  and 
1710-12;  active  at  the  revolution;  groom  of  the  bed- 
chamber, 1689-1702 ;  comptroller  of  the  exchequer ; 
created  Irish  viscount,  1701.  [xxviii.  101] 

HOWE  or  HOW,  WILLIAM  (1620-1656),  botanist ; 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1644  ;  published  '  Phytologia  Britannica' 
(anonymous,  1650),  the  earliest  work  exclusively  on 
British  plants.  [xxviii.  102] 

HOWE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  fifth  VISCOUNT  HOWE  (1729- 
1814),  general ;  brother  of  Richard,  earl  Howe  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Eton  ;  commanded  58th  (now  1st  Northamp- 
ton) regiment  at  capture  of  Louisbourg  and  defence  of 
Quebec,  1759-60  ;  led  forlorn  hope  at  Heights  of  Abraham, 
1769 ;  commanded  brigade  in  Montreal  expedition,  1760, 
and  at  siege  of  Belleisle,  1761 ;  adjutant-general  at  con- 
quest of  Havana,  1762  ;  major-general,  1772  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1776 ;  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1758-80 ;  commanded 
at  battle  of  Bunker  HOI,  1776 ;  K.B.,  1775  ;  succeeded  Gage 
as  commander  in  American  colonies  ;  evacuated  Boston  and 
took  up  position  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  1776 ;  associated 
with  his  brother  in  American  conciliation  commission, 
1776  ;  defeated  Americans  on  Long  Island,  1776  ;  captured 
New  York  and  won  battles  of  White  Plains  and  Brandy- 
wine,  1776  ;  repulsed  attack  on  Germantown,  1776  ;  railed 
to  draw  Washington  into  further  action,  1777 ;  resigned 
command,  1778 ;  spoke  in  parliament  on  American  affairs, 
and  obtained  (1779)  committee  of  inquiry;  published 
'  Narrative,'  1780 ;  lieutenant-general  of  ordnance,  1782- 
1803  :  general,  1793  ;  commanded  northern,  and  after- 
wards eastern,  district ;  succeeded  brother  in  Irish 
viscountcy,  1799.  [xxviii.  102] 

HOWEL  VYCHAN,  or  THE  LITTLE  (d.  825),  Welsh 
prince ;  fought  with  Oynan  for  Anglesey,  [xxviii.  105] 

HOWEL  DDA,  or  THE  GOOD  (d.  950),  early  Welsh 
king :  doubtfully  said  to  have  become  king  of  Gwynedd 
and  all  Wales,  915 ;  became  directly  subject  to  Edward 
the  elder,  c.  918  ;  attested  many  charters  at  witenagemots 
in  reign  of  Athelstan  and  Eiulr'ed ;  made  pilgrimage  to 
Rome,  928.  His  '  Laws '  survive  in  Latin  manuscripts 
at  Peniarth  (twelfth  century)  and  the  British  Museum 
(thirteenth  century),  and  the  Welsh  'Black  Book  of 
Chirk '  (Peniarth,  thirteenth  century)  ;  they  exist  only  as 
amended  by  later  rulers,  and  show  traces  of  English  and 
Norman  influence.  They  were  in  operation  till  Edward  I's 
conquest.  [xxviii.  105] 

HOWEL  AB  IEUAV,  or  HOWEL  DDRWO,  the  BAD 
(d.  984),  North  Welsh  prince ;  expelled  lago  from 
Gwynedd,  and  (979)  slew  his  son;  slain  by  Saxon 
treachery.  [xxviii.  107] 

HOWEL  AB  EDWIN  (d.  1044),  South  Welsh  prince; 
descended  from  Howel  Dda  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  in  Deheu- 
barth,  1033 :  expelled  by  Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn  [q.  v.], 
1039,  and  finally  defeated  and  slain  by  him.  [xxviii.  107] 

HOWEL  AB  OWAIN  GWYNEDD  (d.  1171?),  warrior 
and  poet ;  seized  part  of  Ceredigion,  1143 ;  ravaged 
Cardigan,  1144;  with  Gruffydd  ab  Rhys  [q.  v.]  took 
Carmarthen  Castle,  1145,  but  afterwards  joined  the  Nor- 
mans ;  lost  his  territory,  1150-2 ;  took  part  hi  Henry  II's 
defeat  at  Basingwerk,  1157 ;  killed  by  his  brother  David 
in  Ireland,  or  in  Anglesey  ;  eight  of  his  odes  in  '  Myvyrian 
Archaeology.'  [xxviii.  108] 

HOWEL  Y  PWYALL  (ft.  1366), '  Howel  of  the  Battle- 
axe* ;  fought  gallantly  at  Poitiers,  1356  ;  knighted  by  the 
Black  Prince,  1356  ;  a  mess  of  meat  served  before  his  axe 
and  given  to  the  poor  till  Queen  Elizabeth's  time. 

[xxviii.  108] 


HOWELL,  FRANCIS  (1625-1679),  puritan  divine: 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1648,  fellow,  1648-58; 
senior  proctor,  1662 ;  one  of  the  visitors ;  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  1654 ;  principal  of  Jesus  College,  1657- 
1660.  [xxviii.  109] 

HOWELL,  JAMES  (1594  7-1666),  author  ;  B.A.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1613  ;  fellow,  1623  ;  travelled  through 
Holland,  France,  Spain,  and  Italy;  went  on  diplomatic 
missions  to  Spain  and  Sardinia,  and  while  at  Madrid 
wrote  accounts  of  Prince  Charles's  courtship  of  the 
infanta,  1622-4 ;  M.P.,  Richmond,  1627 ;  secretary  to 
Leicester's  embassy  to  Denmark,  1632 ;  employed  by 
Strafford  in  Edinburgh  and  London  ;  intimate  with  Ben 
Jonson  ;  corresponded  with  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury 
[q.  v.]  and  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Dodona's 
Grove'  (political  allegory),  1640  (2nd  part,  1650),  and 
'  Instructions  for  Forreine  Travel,'  1642  (enlarged,  1650  ; 
reprinted,  1868)  ;  royalist  prisoner  in  the  Fleet,  1643-51 ; 
wrote  in  prison  royalist  pamphlets,  '  England's  Tears 
for  the  present  Wars,'  a  description  of  Scotland  and 
the  Scots  (reprinted  by  Wilkes,  1762),  and  '  Survey  of  the 
Seignorie  of  Venice '  (1651)  ;  defended  Cromwell  against 
Long  parliament,  1653 ;  advocated  Restoration,  1660 ; 
historiographer-royal,  1661  ;  his  '  Cordial  for  Cavaliers ' 
(1661)  attacked  by  Roger  L'Estrange  ;  'Poems'  edited 
by  Payne  Fisher,  1663.  His  reputation  rests  on  '  Epistolte 
Ho-elianae :  Familiar  Letters,'  mostly  written  in  the 
Fleet,  and  generally  to  imaginary  correspondents  (col- 
lected, 1665,  frequently  reissued;  edited  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Jacobs,  1890-1).  His  other  works  include  political  and 
historical  pamphlets,  a  revision  of  Cotgrave's  'French 
j  and  English  Dictionary,'  1650,  an  English-French- 
j  Italian-Spanish  dictionary  (1659-60),  with  appendix  of 
Welsh  proverbs,  translations,  and  an  edition  of  Sir  Robert 
Cotton's  'Posthuma,'  1657.  [xxviii.  109] 

HOWELL,  JOHN  (1774-1830),  Welsh  poet  (loAN  AB 
HYWEL),  fife-major  in  Carmarthenshire  militia ;  school- 
master at  Llandovery  ;  published  '  Blodau  Dyfed,'  1824. 

[xxviii.  114] 

HOWELL,  JOHN  (1788-1863),  polyartist,  invented 
'  plough '  for  cutting  edges  of  books ;  introduced  manu- 
facture of  Pompeian  plates  ;  published  '  Life  of  Alexander 
Selkirk,"  1829 ;  contributed  to  Wilson's  '  Tales  of  the 
Borders.'  [xxviii.  114] 

HOWELL,  LAURENCE  (1664  ?-1720),  nonjuror; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1688  ;  ordained  by  George 
Hickes  [q.  v.],  1712 ;  sentenced  to  fine,  imprisonment,  and 
whipping  for  his  '  Case  of  Schism  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land stated,'  1717  ;  died  in  Newgate.  His  works  include 
'Synopsis  Canouum  SS.  Apostolorum,  et  Concilioruin 
CEcumenicoruiu  et  Provincialium,'  &c.,  1708,  '  Synopsis 
Canonum  Ecclesiae  Latinae,'  1710,  '  View  of  the  Ponti- 
ficate,' 1712.  [xxviii.  115] 

HOWELL,  THOMAS  (fl.  1568),  author  of  '  The  Arbor 
of  Amitie '  (1568),  « Newe  Sonets  and  pretie  Pamphlets  ' 
(1567-8),  and  '  H.  His  Denises '  (1581).  [xxviii.  116] 

HOWELL,  THOMAS  (1588-1646),  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
brother  of  James  Howell  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1612  ;  D.D.,  1630 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I ; 
canon  of  Windsor,  1636 ;  rector  of  Fulham,  1642  ;  bishop 
of  Bristol,  1644-6 ;  died  of  effects  of  maltreatment  at 
siege(1645)  of  Bristol.  [xxviii.  116] 

HOWELL,  THOMAS  BAYLY  (1768-1815),  editor 
of  'State  Trials'  (vols.  i.-xxi.),  1809-15;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1790. 

[xxviii.  117] 

HOWELL,  THOMAS  JONES  (d.  1858),  contiuuer  of 
'State  Trials'  (vols.  xxii.-xxxiii.);  son  of  Tbomaa  Bayly 
Howell  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  [xxviii.  117] 

HOWELL,  WILLIAM  (1638  7-1683),  historian  ;  fellow 
of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1666;  chan- 
cellor of  Lincoln ;  published  '  An  Institution  of  General 
History '  (1661)  and  'Medulla  Historia)  Anglicauie,'  1679. 

[xxviii.  117] 

HOWELL,  WILLIAM  (1656-1714),  devotional  writer ; 
M.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1676 ;  curate  and  school- 
master of  Ewelme.  [xxviii.  118] 

HOWELLS,  WILLIAM  (1778-1882),  minister  at 
Long  Acre  Chapel,  London,  1817 ;  of  Wadham  College, 
Oxford  ;  his  '  Remains '  edited,  1833.  [xxviii.  118] 


HOWES 


668 


HOYLE 


HOWES,  EDMUND  (Jt.  1607-1631),  oontinuator  of 
DW'S  •  Abridgement '  (1607  and  1611)  and  Stow's'  An- 


Chronicle'  (1615  and  1631). 


[xxviii.  118] 


HOWES,  EDWARD  Of.  1660), mathematician  ;  rector 
of  Goldangcr,  Essex,  1659;  sent  John  Winthrop  (1688- 
1649)  [q.  v.]  tract  defining  locality  of  North- West  Pas- 
sage ;  published  'A  Short  Arithinctick,1  1659. 

[xxviii.  119] 

HOWES,  FRANCIS  (1776-1844),  translator  of  Persius 
and  Horace ;  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  eleventh 
wrangler,  1798  ;  M.A.,  1804 ;  minor  canon  of  Norwich, 
1815 ;  rector  of  Alderford,  1826-9,  Framingham  Pigot, 
1829-44  ;  his  translations  collected,  1845.  [xxviii.  119] 

HOWES,  JOHN  Of.  1772-1793),  miniature  and  enamel 
painter.  [xxviii.  120] 

HOWES,  THOMAS  (1729-1814),  author  of  '  Critical 
Observations  on  Books,  Ancient  and  Modern'  (1776); 
B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1746 ;  rector  of  Morning- 
thorpe,  1756-71,  Thorndon,  1771-1814.  [xxviii.  119] 

HOWOILL,  FRANCIS  (1618-1669),  quaker;  succes- 
sively churchman1,  independent,  and  anabaptist;  with 
Anthony  Pearson  held  first  quaker  meetings  in  London, 
1653  ;  preached  in  Ireland  till  banished  by  Henry  Crom- 
well ;  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprisonment  for  refusing 
oath  of  allegiance,  1664 ;  published  quaker  works. 

[xxviii.  120] 

HOWGILL,  WILLIAM  (  Jl.  1794),  musical  composer. 

[xxviiL  121] 

HOWICK,  VISCOONT,  afterwards  second  EARL  GREY 
( 1764-1845).  [See  GREY,  CHARLES.] 

HOWIE,  JOHN  (1735-1793),  author  of  'Scots  Wor- 
thies' (1774  and  1781-5);  farmer  of  Lochgoin,  Ayrshire  ; 
publishing  works  concerning  the  covenanters. 

[xxviii.  121] 

HOWISON,  WILLIAM  (fi.  1823),  author  and  friend 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xrviii.  122] 

HOWISON  or  HOWIESON,  WILLIAM  (1798-1850), 
line-engraver  ;  the  only  engraver  ever  elected  A.R.S.A. ; 
best  known  for  engravings  of  Sir  George  Harvey's  pic- 
tures, [xxviii.  121] 

HOWITT,  MARY  (1799-1888),  author  ;  n&  Botham : 
married  William  Howitt  [q.  v.],  1821,  and  collaborated 
with  him  in  many  works;  published  translations  from 
Fredrika  Bremer  and  Hans  Andersen  and  successful 
children's  books ;  other  works  include  '  Popular  History 
of  the  United  States '(18  59);  received  civil  list  pension, 
1879 ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxviii.  122] 

HOWITT,  RICHARD  (1799-1869),  poet ;  brother  of 
William  Howitt  [q.  v.]  ;  druggist  at  Nottingham  ;  lived 
in  Australia,  1839-44;  published  'Impressions  of  Aus- 
tralia Felix,'  1845, '  Wasp's  Honey,'  1868.  [xxviii.  123] 

HOWITT,  SAMUEL  (1765?-1822),  painter  and 
etcher ;  brother-in-law  of  Rowlandson ;  exhibited  at 
Academy,  1785-94,  chiefly  sporting  subjects ;  published 
4  Miscellaneous  Etchings  of  Animals,'  1803,  and  other 
works.  [xxviii.  123] 

HOWITT,  WILLIAM  (1792-1879),  author ;  educated 
at  Friends'  School,  Ackworth ;  published  a  poem  at 
thirteen  ;  published,  with  bis  wife, '  The  Forest  Minstrel ' 
and  other  poems;  chemist  at  Nottingham;  published 
'Book  of  the  Seasons,'  1881,  'Popular  History  of  Priest- 
craft,' 1833,  first  series  of  '  Visits  to  Remarkable  Places,' 
1840,  second  series,  1842, '  Rural  and  Domestic  Life  of  Ger- 
many,' 1842,  when  at  Heidelberg ;  after  three  years  in 
Australia  issued 'History  of  Discovery  in  Australia,  Tas- 
mania, and  New  Zealand'  (1865),  and  Australian  tales; 
became  spiritualist;  received  civil  list  pension,  1866; 
wrote  for  CasselTs '  Popular  History  of  England,'  1856-62 ; 
died  at  Rome.  [xxviii.  124] 

HOWLAND,  RICHARD  (1540-1600),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough; B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1561; 
fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1562 :  M.A.,  1564 ;  rector  of  Stat- 
hern,  1569 ;  at  first  an  adherent  of  Thomas  Cartwright 
(1535-1603)  [q.  v.],  but  afterwards  a  strong  opponent; 
chaplain  to  Lord  Burghley  ;  master  of  Magdalene  (1576-7), 
and  (1577-86)  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge ;  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge,  1578  and  1683 ;  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, 1584-1600;  friend  of  Whitgift;  attacked  by 
Martin  Mar-Prelate.  [xxviii.  125] 


HOWLET,  JOHN  (1648-1689),  Jesuit ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1566  ;  B.A.,  1666  ;  resided  at  Douay  ;  died 
at  Wilna.  [xxviii.  127] 

HOWLETT,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1767-1827X  topo- 
graphical and  antiquarian  draughtsman  and  engraver. 

[xxviii.  127] 

HOWLETT,  JOHN  (1731-1804),  political  economist ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1795  ;  B.D.,  1796 ;  incum- 
bent of  Great  Dunmow  and  Great  Badow;  published 
works  on  enclosures  and  population  combating  the  views 
of  Price.  [xxviii.  127] 

HOWLETT,  SAMUEL  BURT  (1794-1874),  military 
surveyor  and  inventor ;  invented  an  anemometer  and 
method  of  construction  for  large  drawing-boards ;  pub- 
lished treatise  on  perspective,  1828.  [xxviii.  128] 

HOWLEY,  HENRY  (1776 7-1803),  Irish  insurgent; 
took  part  in  rebellion  of  1798,  and  Robert  Emmet's  rising ; 
executed.  [xxviiL  128] 

HOWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1766-1848),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford 
(fellow  and  tutor);  M.A.,  1791;  D.D.,  1806;  vicar  of 
Audover,  1802 ;  rector  of  Bradford  PeverelL,  1811 ;  canon 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1804 ;  regius  professor  of 
divinity,  Oxford,  1809-13  ;  bishop  of  London,  1813-28 ; 
supported  bill  of  pains  and  penalties  against  Queen  Caro- 
line, 1820 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1828-48 ;  opposed 
catholic  emancipation,  1829,  parliamentary  reform,  1831, 
and  .Jewish  relief,  1833  ;  carried  vote  of  censure  on  Lord 
John  Russell's  education  scheme,  1839.  [xxviii.  128] 

HOWMAN,    JOHN,  or  FECXENHAM,  JOHN    I>K 

( 1618  ?-1585).    [See  FECKEXHAM,  JOHN  DR.] 

HOW80N,  JOHN  ( 1667 ?-1632),  bishop  of  Durham; 
of  St.  Paul's  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1582 ;  D.Dn  1601 ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1587,  Exeter, 
1592  ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I ;  canon 
of  Christ  Church,  1601 ;  vice-chancellor,  1602;  bishop  ot 
Oxford,  1619-28,  of  Durham,  1628-32 ;  buried  in  St.  Paul's. 

[xxviiL  129] 

HOWSON,  JOHN  SAUL  (1816-1885),  dean  of  Chester ; 
wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1841 ;  D.D., 
1861 ;  principal  of  Liverpool  College,  1849-66 ;  Hulsean 
lecturer  at  Cambridge,  1862 ;  vicar  of  Wisbech,  1866 ; 
dean  of  Chester,  1867-85  ;  did  good  service  in  restoration 
of  Chester  Cathedral ;  active  on  behalf  of  Chester  educa- 
tional institutions ;  with  W.  J.  Conybeare  published 
'Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,'  1852  ;  published  'Charac- 
ter of  St.  Paul,'  1862,  and  other  Pauline  studies  ;  Bohlen 
lecturer  at  Philadelphia,  1880;  contributed  to  Smith's 
'Dictionary  of  the  Bible'  and  biblical  commentaries; 
wrote  also  controversial  and  archaeological  works. 

[xxviii.  130] 

HOWTH,  BARONS.  [See  ST.  LAWRENCE,  ROBERT,  third 
BARON,  d.  1483 ;  ST.  LAWRENCE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER,  eighth 
BARON,  d.  1689 ;  ST.  LAWRENCK,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER,  tenth 
BARON,  1568  ?-1619  ;  ST.  LAWRENCE,  NICHOLAS,  fourth 
BARON,  d.  1526.] 

HOY,  THOMAS  (1659-1718  ?),  physician  and  author  ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1675  ;  M.An  1684 ; 
M.D.,  1689;  regius  professor  of  physic,  1698;  published 
essay  on  Ovid's  'De  ArteAmandi*  and  Musseus's  'Hero 
and  Leauder,'  1682,  and  '  Agathocles '  (poem),  1683 ;  pos- 
sibly died  in  Jamaica.  [xxviii.  132] 

HOYLAND,  FRANCIS  (Jl.  1763),  poet;  B.A.  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  1748  ;  introduced  by  Mason  to 
Horace  Walpole,  who  printed  his  '  Poems '  at  Strawberry 
Hill,  1769  ;  published  '  Odes,'  1783.  [xxviii.  132] 

HOYLAND,  GILBERT  OP  (d.  1172).    [See  GILBERT.] 

HOYLAND,  JOHN  (1783-1827),  organist  at  St. 
James's,  Sheffield,  and  at  Loutb,  Lincolnshire ;  composed 
sacred  music.  [xxviii.  132] 

HOYLAND,  JOHN  (1760-1831),  quaker  author  of 
'Historical  Survey  of  Customs,  Habits,  and  Present  State 
of  the  Gypsies '  (1816),  and euhemeristic  'Epitome  of  His- 
tory of  the  World,'  1812.  [xxviii.  132] 

HOYLE,  EDMOND  (1672-1769),  writer  on  card- 
games  :  gave  lessons  on  whist  in  Queen  Square,  London, 
1741 ;  issued  first  edition  of  bis '  Short  Treatise  on  Whist ' 
(.1 742)  at  a  guinea,  second  edition  (1743)  at  two  shillings  ; 


HOYLE 


654 


HUDSON 


in.-orporated  in  eighth  edition  (1748)  treatises  ou  quad- 
rille, piquet,  and  backgammon,  and  in  the  eleventh  edi- 
tion treatise  on  chess:  Hoyle's  'Laws'  of  1760  ruliM 
whist  till  1864.  His  book  on  chess  was  reissued,  1808. 

[xxviii.  m] 

HOYLE,  JOHN  (d.  1797  ?),  author  of  dictionary  of 
musical  terms  (1770  and  1791).  [xxviii.  13-1] 

HOYLE,  JOSHUA  (rf.  1654),  puritan  divine ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1609  ;  D.D. ;  master  of  UnivcrMtv 
College,  Oxford,  and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1648-54  : 
vicar  of  Stepney,  1641 ;  member  of  Westminster  Assembly 
of  Divines.  [xxviii.  134] 

HOYLE,  WILLIAM  (1831-1886),  Lancashire  cotton- 
spinner  and  temperance  reformer:  published  'Our 
National  Resources  and  how  they  are  wasted,*  1871,  and 
other  works,  including  temperance  hymus  and  songs. 

[xxviii.  135] 

HUBBARD,  JOHN  GELLIBRAND,  first  BARON 
ADDINOTON  (1805-1889),  director  of  Bank  of  England, 
1838 ;  chairman  of  public  works  loan  commission,  1853- 
1889;  conservative  M.P.,  Buckingham,  1859-68,  London, 
1874-87  ;  privy  councillor,  1874 ;  created  Baron  Adding- 
ton,  1887;  obtained  inquiry  into  assessment  of  income 
tax,  1861 ;  built  and  endowed  St.  Alban's,  Holborn,  1863. 

[xxviii.  135] 

HUBBARD,  WILLIAM  (1621  ?-1704),  New  England 
historian ;  left  England,  1635  ;  graduated  at  Harvard, 
1642  (acting  president,  1688);  pastor  of  congregational 
church,  Ipswich,  Massachusetts;  his  'History  of  New 
England '  printed,  1815  and  1848.  [xxviii.  136] 

HUBBERTHORN,  RICHARD  (1628-1662),  quaker 
writer ;  officer  in  parliamentary  army ;  accompanied 
Fox  in  his  journeys  in  Lancashire  and  the  eastern 
counties,  and  with  him  had  interview  with  Charles  II ; 
collaborated  with  Fox  and  James  Nayler ;  died  in  New- 
gate, [xxviii.  136] 

HUBBOCK,  WILLIAM  (/.  1605),  chaplain  of  the 
Tower ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1581 ;  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1585  ;  cited  for  puri- 
tanical sermon,  1590 ;  published '  Apologie  of  Infants,'  1595. 

[xxviii.  137] 

HUBERT,  Sm  FRANCIS  (d.  1629),  poet ;  clerk  in 
chancery,  1601 :  author  of  ;  Historic  of  Edward  the 
Second,'  1629,  and  'Egypt's  Favorite,'  1631. 

[xxviii.  137] 

HUBERT  WALTER  (d.  1205),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury and  statesman  ;  trained  under  Glanville  ;  a  baron 
of  exchequer,  1184-5  ;  dean  of  York,  1186  ;  justice  of  the 
curia  regis,  1189;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1189;  accom- 
panied Richard  I  to  Palestine  and  negotiated  for  him 
with  Saladiu ;  led  back  English  crusaders  to  Sicily ; 
visited  the  king  in  prison  and  came  back  to  collect 
ransom;  justiciar,  1193;  suppressed  Prince  John's  at- 
tempt at  revolt ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1193-1205  ; 
officiated  at  Itichard's  second  coronation,  1194 ;  developed 
Henry  II's  judicial  and  financial  system:  maintained 
good  relations  with  Scotland ;  as  legate  held  council  at 
York,  1195,  and  London,  1200 ;  unpopular  with  the  clergy 
for  forcing  William  Fitzosbert  [q.  v.]  from  sanctuary, 
1196;  negotiated  alliance  with  Flanders,  truce  with 
France,  and  pacification  of  Richard's  quarrel  with  Arch- 
bishop of  Rouen,  1 197  ;  settled  succession  dispute  in  South 
Wales,  1197 ;  caused  laud-tax  to  be  assessed  by  help  of 
locally  elected  landowners  and  representatives  of  town- 
ships and  hundreds,  1198  ;  compelled  by  Innocent  III  to 
resign  justiciarship,  1198 ;  joined  Richard  In  Normandy  ; 
returned  as  member  of  regency  after  his  death  ;  asserted 
elective  character  of  the  monarchy  at  John's  coronation, 
1199;  chancellor,  1199-1205  ;  on  missions  to  France,  1201 
and  1203 ;  dissuaded  John  from  expedition  against 
France,  1205 ;  recovered  for  his  see  right  of  coining 
money.  His  bones  were  identified  in  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral, 1890.  [xxviii.  137] 

HUCHOWN  (fl.  14th  cent),  author  of  romances  in 
alliterative  verse.  [Suppl.  iii.  4] 

HUCZ,  RICHARD  (1720-1785).  [See  SAUNDBRS, 
RICHARD  HUCK-.] 

HUCKELL,  JOHN  (1729-1771),  poet;  B.A.  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  1751 ;  curate  of  Houuslow  ;  his  '  Avon  ' 
printed  by  Baskerville,  1758.  [xxviii.  141] 

HUDDART,  JOSEPH  (1741-1816),  hydrographer  and 
manufacturer ;  during  ten  years'  service  in  the  East  linlia 


Company  constructed  charts  of  Sumatra  and  the  Indian 

coast  from  Bombay  to  the  Godavery ;  F.R.S.,  1791 ;   nui-io 

fortune  by  manufacture  of  patent  cordate. 

[xxviii.  Ill] 
HUDDESFORD,  GEORGE  (1749-1809),  satirical  poet ; 

fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1771-2  ;  M.A.,  1780 ;  pupil 
j  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  who  painted  his  portrait  in  '  Two 
'  Gentlemen '  (National  Gallery) ;  vicar  of  Loxley  and  in- 
j  cuuibeut  of  Wheler's  Chapel,  Spital  Square,  London  • 

political  satirist ;  contributed  to  '  Salmagundi '  (1791). 


[xxviii.  141] 
72) 


HUDDESFORD,  WILLIAM  (1732-1772),  antiquary  ; 
brother  of  George  Huddesford  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1757 ;  M.A.,  1756;  B.D.,  1767;  keeper  of 
the  Ashmoleau,  1755-72 ;  vicar  of  Bishop's  Tachbrook, 
1761;  edited  Edward  Lhuyd's  '  Lithophylacii  Britaunici 
Ichnographia,'  1760,  Martin  Lister's  '  Synopsis  Methodica 
Conchyliorum,"  1760,  and  catalogue  of  Anthony  a  Wood's 
manuscripts,  1761.  [xxviii.  142] 

HUDDLESTON  or  HUDLESTON,  JOHN  (1608-1698), 
Benedictine ;  of  Lancashire ;  while  on  the  English  mission 
was  one  of  those  who  watched  over  Charles  II  at  Moseley 
after  Worcester,  1651 ;  joined  Benedictines ;  after  Restora- 
tion received  quarters  in  Somerset  House ;  chaplain  to 
Queen  Catherine,  1669 ;  received  Charles  II  into  Roman 
church  on  his  deathbed ;  his  account  of  Charles  II's  death 
reprinted  in  Foley's  Jesuit  records.  [xxviii.  143] 

HUDDLESTON  alias  DORMER,  JOHN  (1636-1700). 
[See  DORMER.] 

HUDDLESTON,  SIR  JOHN  WALTER  (1815-1890), 
last  baron  of  the  exchequer ;  educated  in  Ireland ;  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1839  (treasurer,  1859  and  1868); 
defended  Cuffy  the  chartist,  1848;  with  Cockburn  in 
Rugeley  poisoning  case ;  Q.O.,  1857 :  M.P.,  Canterbury, 
1865-8,  Norwich,  1874-5  ;  judge-advocate  of  the  Fleet, 
1865-75  ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1875-80  ;  last  baron  of 
the  exchequer,  1875  :  judge  of  queen's  bench,  1880-90. 

[xxviii.  144] 

HUDDLESTON  or  HUDLESTON,  RICHARD  (1583- 
1655),  Benedictine ;  uncle  of  John  Huddlestone  [q.  v.]  ; 
converted  many  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire  families ;  his 
'  Short  and  Plain  Way  to  the  Faith  and  Church '  pub- 
lished by  his  nephew,  1688  (reprinted,  1844  and  I860). 

[xxviii.  145] 

HUDSON,  GEORGE  (1800-1871),  'railway  king'; 
sou  bf  a  Yorkshire  farmer :  made  fortune  as  a  draper  at 
York  ;  founded  a  banking  company,  and  became  mayor  of 
York,  1837  and  1846 :  manager  of  York  and  North  Midlane 
Railway  Company,  opened  1839,  of  the  Newcastle  and 
Darlington,  1842,  and  of  the  newly  formed  Midland 
Railway  ;  M.P.,  Sunderland,  1845-59 ;  chairman  of  Sun- 
derlaud  Dock  Company ;  owing  to  questionable  business 
and  over-speculation  resigned  chairmanship  of  Midland, 
Eastern  Counties,  Newcastle  and  Berwick,  and  York  and 
North  Midland  companies,  and  retired  to  continent,  1854 ; 
annuity  bought  for  him,  1868.  [xxviii.  145] 

HUDSON,  HENRY  (d.  1611),  navigator  ;  made  voyage 
in  the  Hopeful  for  Muscovy  Company  to  realise  Thome's 
scheme  of  passage  across  North  Pole  to  'islands  of 
spicery,'  1607;  searched  for  north-east  passage  by  the 
Waigatz  or  Kara  Strait,  1608  ;  in  a  voyage  for  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company  reached  Novaya  Zemlya,  and,  by 
examining  the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Sandy  Hook, 
discredited  the  notion  of  a  strait  across  North  America 
in  low  latitude ;  afterwards  ascended  the  Hudson  River 
to  Albany,  1609  ;  in  final  expedition  to  attempt  north- 
west passage  (1610),  reached  Hudson's  Strait,  and  spent 
some  time  in  the  bay  beyond;  ice-bound  hi  south  of 
James's  Bay  ;  after  struggle  with  mutineers  was  sent 
adrift  in  .a  small  boat  with  his  sou  and  others,  and  lost, 
1611.  Though  he  explored  further  than  his  predecessors, 
Hudson  actually  discovered  neither  the  bay,  nor  straits, 
nor  river  called  after  him.  [xxviii.  147] 

HUDSON,  HENRY  (ft.  1784-1800),  mezzotint- 
engraver,  [xxviii.  149] 

HUDSON,  SIR  JAMES  (1810-1885),  diplomatist ;  as 
private  secretary  to  William  IV  sent  to  summon  Peel 
from  Rome,  1834  ;  envoy  to  Rio  Janeiro,  1850,  and  at  Turin. 
1851-63  ;  showed  great  sympathy  with  the  Italian  cause  ; 
G.C.B.,  1863  ;  died  at  Strasburg.  [xxviii.  149] 

HUDSON,  JEFFERY  (1619-1682),  dwarf;  eighteen 
inches  high  till  thirty  ;  served  up  in  a  pie  at  dinner  to 


HUDSON 


HUGH 


Charles  I ;  afterwards  reached  three  feet  «ix  or  nine 
inches;  entered  service  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria;  his 
capture  by  Flemish  pirates,  1630,  celebrated  in  D'Aveuant's 
'  Jeffreidos '  ;  captain  of  horse  in  Hvil  \.u-:  unit  t<> 
Paris,  1G49 ;  captured  by  pirates  while  of!  the  coast  of 
France  and  curried  to  Barbary  as  a  slave  ;  managed  to 
escape  ami  return  to  England ;  Imprisoned  for  supposed 
complicity  in  •  Popish  plot,'  1679  ;  released. 

[xxviii.  149] 

HUDSON,    JOHN     (1602-1719),     classical 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1684  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of 
University  College,  1686;  Bodley's  librarian,  17ul  :  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary  Hall,  1712  :  patron  of  Thomas  Hearne 
(1678-1735)  [q.v.]:  edited  Thucydidcs  (with  Latin  vrr- 
sion  of  .<£milius  Port  us),  1696,  Diouysius  Halicornassus,  ' 
1704,    'Geographic   veteris    Scriptofes    Grwci  miuores,' 
1698-1712,  and  other  classical  works.  [xxviii.  150] 

HUDSON,  SIR  JOHN  (1833-1893),  lieutenant-general ; 
lieutenant,  64th  regiment,  1855  ;  served  in  Persia,  1856-7,  : 
and  Indian  mutiny,  1857-8;  captain,  43rd  light  infantry,  , 
1858;  in  Abyssinia,  1867-8;   in  Afghan  war,  1878-80;  I 
lieutenant-colonel,  1879;  C.B.,  1881  ;  commanded  Indian  \ 
contingent  in  Soudan,  1885;   K.O.B.,  18S5  ;   lieutenant- 
general,  1892 ;  Commander-in-chief  in  Bombay,  1893. 

[Suppl.  iii.  5] 

HUDSON,  MAHY  (d.  1801).  organist  and  composer  ; 
daughter  of  Robert  Hudson  (1731-1815)  [q.  v.] 

[xxviii.  152] 

HUDSON,  MICHAEL  (1605-1648),  royalist  divine  ; 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1628  ;  fellow,  c.  1630;  tutor 
to  Prince  Charles,  who,  when  king,  gave  him  various  ; 
livings ;  his  chaplain  at  Oxford  ;  scout-muster  to  northern  | 
army,  1643-4;  attended  Charles  I  to  Newark,  1646; 
escaped  from  prison,  but  was  again  captured,  1647,  and 
sent  to  the  Tower ;  again  escaped,  1648,  and  promoted 
royalist  rising  in  eastern  counties ;  wrote  treatise  in 
defence  of  divine  right  (printed,  1647),  and  *  Account  of 
King  Charles  I '  (printed,  1731);  killed  while  defending 
Woodcroft,  Northamptonshire.  [xxviii.  152] 

HUDSON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1600),  poet;  Chapel  Royal  j 
musician  of  James  VI ;  friend  of  Alexander  Moutgomerie ;  j 
four  of  his  sonnets  extant.  [xxviii.  153] 

HUDSON,  ROBERT  (1731-1815),  vicar-choral  (1756)  ! 

and  master  of  the  children  (1773)  at  St.  Paul's  Cathe-  ' 

dral ;  Mus.Bac.  Cambridge,  1784 ;  published  '  The  Myrtle '  \ 
(songs),  1762,  and  church  music.                  [xxviii.  153] 

HUDSON,    THOMAS    (Jl.    1610),     poet;    probably 
brother  of  Robert  Hudson  (fl.  1600)  [q.  v.]  ;  master  of  I 
James  VI's  Chapel  Royal,  1586 :  author  of  a  version  of  ; 
Du  Bartas's  '  Historic  of  Judith,'    1584 ;  contributor  to 
'England's  Parnassus,'  1600.  [xxviii.  153] 

HUDSON,   THOMAS  (1701-1779),   portrait-painter;  j 
pupil  and  son-in-law  of  Jonathan  Richardson  the  elder 
[q.v.];  for  two  years  Reynolds's  master  ;  painted  Handel 
and  George  II.  [xxviii.  154] 

HUDSON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1635),  lawyer;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1605;  bencher,  1623,  Lent  reader,  1624; 
opened  case  against  Prynne,  1633;  his  'Treatise  of  the 
Court  of  Star  Chamber '  printed,  1792.  [xxviii.  154] 

HUDSON,  WILLIAM  (17309-1793),  botanist;  sub- 
librarian, British  Museum,  1757-8;  F.H.S.,  1761;  'prae- 
fectus  horti,'  Chelsea,  1765-71 ;  original  member  of  Lin- 
neau  Society,  1791;  published  'Flora  Anglica,'  1762 
(enlarged,  1778)  ;  genus  Hudsonia  named  after  him. 

[xxviii.  156] 

HUEFFER,  FRANCIS  (FRANZ  HtFFER)  (1845-1889), 
musioal  critic  ;  born  at  Minister  ;  Ph.D.  Gbttiugen,  1869 ; 
came  to  London,  1869;  naturalised,  1882;  assistant- 
editor  of  the  '  Academy,'  c.  1871 ;  edited  '  New  Quarterly 
Magazine'  and  'Musical  World,'  1886;  musical  critic 
of  '  The  Times,'  1879 ;  published  '  Richard  Wagner  and 
the  Music  of  the  Future,'  1874.  •  The  Troubadours,'  1878, 
and  other  works ;  translated  '  Correspondence  of  Wagner 
and  Liszt,'  1888.  [xxviii.  155] 

HUES,  ROBERT  (1653 ?-1632),  geographer;  B.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1578  ;  sailed  round  the  world 
with  Thomas  Cavendish  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Chapman ; 
published  'Tractatus  de  Globis  et  eorum  Usu,'1594. 


[xxviii.  156] 


HUET  orHUETT,  THOMAS  (d.  1591),  Welsh  biblical 
scholar ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1562 ; 


master  of  Holy  Trinity  College,  Pontefmct ;  precentor 

«»f  St.  David'*,'  1562-88;  r  velation  in  Welsh 

version  of  New  Testament,  1567.  [xxviii.  166] 

HUOESSEN,  EDWARD  HUOESSEN  KNATOH- 
BULL-  (1829-1893),  flnrt,  JJAHOX  BRABOURXB.  [See 

Kx.nvill!ri.l.-He<H*HKX.] 

HUOFORD,  FKUDIXANDO  ENRICO  (1696-1771), 
monk  of  Vallombrosa  and  promoter  of  the  art  of  scagliola. 

HUOFORD,  lUNA/lo  KNRIOO  (1703-1778),  painter 
ami  art  critic  at  Florence;  born  of  English  parents  at 
11..!, -nee;  brother  of  Ferdinando  Kurico  Hugford  [q.T.]  ; 
compiler  of  '  Raccolta  di  cento  Pensieri  dlversi  di  Anton 
Domenico  Gabbiani,'  1762.  [xxviii.  157] 

HUGOARDE  or  HOOOARDE,  MILES  (Jl.  1557),  poet 

an<l  wiit.-r  a-aimt  the  Reformation;  published  'The 
Abuse  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament'  (1548), '  The  Displaying 
of  the  Protestants '  (1666),  and  other  controversial  works 
in  prose  and  verse.  [xxviii.  167] 

HUGOINS,  JOHN  (Jl.  1729).  [See  BAMBRIDOB, 
THOMAS.] 

HUGGINS,  SAMUEL  (1811-1885),  architectural 
writer;  president  of  Liverpool  Architectural  Society, 
1856-8;  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings 
largely  due  to  his  papers  against  'restorations'  of 
cathedrals.  [xxviii.  168] 

HUGGINS,  WILLIAM  (1696-1761  \  annotetor  of 
Oroker's  translation  of  Ariosto's  'Orlando  Furioso,'  1767  ; 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1719;  fellow,  172*; 
wardrobe-keeper  at  Hampton  Court,  1721.  [xxviii.  168] 

HUGGINS,  WILLIAM  (1820-1884),  animal-painter; 
brother  of  Samuel  Hugerins  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  from  1846.  [xxviii.  159] 

HUGGINS,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1781-1845),  marine- 
painter  to  George  IV  and  William  IV.  [xxviii.  169] 

HUGH  OF  GRANTMKBXIL  or  GREXTEMAi8xiL(d.  1094), 
baron  and  sheriff  of  Leicestershire;  restored  abbey  of 
St.  Kvroul,  and  became  abbot,  1059 ;  expelled  by  Duke 
William,  1063  ;  went  to  Italy :  recalled  to  Normandy ; 
present  at  Hastings,  1066 ;  left  In  command  of  Hamp- 
shire, 1067 ;  returned  to  Normandy,  1068 ;  joined  barons 
against  William  II,  1088  :  carried  on  war  against  Robert 
of  Hellenic  [q.  v.],  1091  :  died  a  monk  in  England. 

[xxviii.  159] 

HUGH  OP  MONTGOMERY,  second  EARL  OF  SHREWS- 
BURY AND  AKUXDEL  (d.  1098),  second  son  of  Roger  of 
Montgomery  [q.  v.]  ;  helped  to  hold  Rochester  Castle 
ajrainst  William  II,  1088;  succeeded  to  his  father's  earl- 
doms, 1094 ;  warred  with  the  Welsh ;  slain  in  Anglesey 
by  Norse  allies  of  Welsh.  [xxviii.  160] 

HUGH  OF  AVHAXCHES,  EARL  OF  CHESTER  (d.  1101); 
perhaps  nephew  of  William  I ;  as  Viscount  of  Avranches 
contributed  sixty  ships  to  invasion  of  England  ;  received 
earldom  of  Chester  with  palatine  powers,  1071,  and  lauds 
in  twenty  shires  ;  faithful  to  William  II  in  England,  but 
supported  his  brother  Henry  in  Normandy,  and  became 
one  of  his  chief  advisers  when  king ;  endowed  monastery  of 
St.  Werburgh's,  Chester ;  carried  on  savage  wars  with  the 
Welsh,  gaining  name  of  Lupus  (the  Wolf);  conquered 
Anglesey  and  North  Wak-.«.  [xxviii.  161] 

'HUGH  ALBUS  or  OAXDIDUS  (jl.  1107?-1156?), 
chronicler;  monk  and  sometime  sub-prior  of  Peter- 
borough; his  (Latin) 'History  of  Peterborough  Abbey* 
to  1156,  printed  by  Joseph  Sparke  [q.  v.],  1723 ;  author- 
ship of  Peterborough  English  'Chronicle*  probably 
wrongly  ascribed  to  him.  [xxviii.  163] 

HUGH(rf.  1164),  abbot  of  Reading  and  archbishop  of 
Rouen;  born  in  Laon;  abbot  of  Reading,  1125;  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen,  1130;  founded  abbey  of  St.  Martin  of 
Aumale ;  supported  Innocent  II  against  the  anti-pope 
Anacletus  ;  attended  council  of  Pisa,  1134,  and  Henry  I 
on  his  deathbed ;  supporter  of  Stephen  ;  reconciled  Earl 
of  Gloucester  and  Count  of  Boulogne:  bis  works  in 
Migne's  '  Patrologia?  Cursus.'  [xxviii.  163] 

HUGH  OF  CYVF.ILIOO,  palatine  EARL  OF  CHFSTEH 
(d.  1181)  ;  succeeded  his  father  Ranulf  II  in  Chester. 
Avranches,  and  Bayeux,  1153;  present  at  council  of 
Clarendon,  1164  ;  raised  Bretons  against  Henry  II,  but 


HUGH 


056 


HUGHES 


was  forced  to  surrender  at  Dol,  1173 ;  imprisoned  in  Eng- 
land and  Normandy,  and  not  restored  till  1177  :  went  to 
Ireland  with  William  Fitzaldhelm  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  by 
son  and  four  co-heiresses.  [xxviii.  164] 

HUGH  OF  AVALO.V,  SA'XT  (1135  7-1200),  bhhop  of 
Lincoln;  entered  Grande  Chartreuse,  e.  1160,  afterwards 
becoming  bursar:  invited  to  England  by  Henry  II, 
c.  1176,  to  become  bead  of  the  Carthusian  house  of 
Witham,  Somerset ;  adviser  of  Henry  II;  liberal  to  the 
poor  and  the  lepers;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1186-1200; 
excommunicated  chief  forester  in  his  diocese,  and  suc- 
cessfully resisted  election  of  royal  nominee  to  a  Lincoln 
prebend ;  regarded  alleged  miracles  with  dislike ;  went 
on  embassy  to  France,  1189  ;  joined  opposition  to  Long- 
champ,  and  refused  to  suspend  Geoffrey  of  York  :  excom- 
municated John,  1194 ;  a  leader  in.  first  refusal  of  a 
money  grant,  1198 ;  pacified  Richard  I  in  interview  at 
Roche  d'Audeli ;  much  courted  by  John  ;  canonised,  1220, 
and  twice  translated.  He  rebuilt  the  greater  part  of  his 
cathedral,  where  his  shrine  was  much  frequented. 

[xxviii.  165] 

HUGH  OP  WELLS  (d.  1235),  bishop  of  Lincoln ; 
deputy  to  Chancellor  Walter  de  Grey ;  archdeacon  of 
Wells,  1204;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1209-35;  having  joined 
Langton  against  King  John,  lived  abroad,  1209-13 ;  re- 
ceived favours  from  King  John  and  supported  him  against 
the  barons;  after  John's  death  acted  with  the  French 
party  and  had  to  pay  large  sums  to  recover  his  see,  1217 ; 
justice  itinerant,  1219.  As  bishop  he  established  vicar- 
ages in  parishes  where  tho  tithes  had  been  appropriated 
by  monastic  bodies,  and  with  the  help  of  Grosseteste 
made  a  great  visitation  ;  built  nave  of  Lincoln  Cathedral 
and  completed  hall  of  the  palace,  besides  establishing 
future  palace  at  Buckden ;  co-operated  with  his  brother, 
Jocelyn  (d.  1242)  [q.  v.],  in  reorganisation  of  Wells 
Cathedral  and  foundation  of  hospital  of  St.  John  Baptist. 

[xxviii.  168] 

HUGH  OF  LINCOLN,  SAINT  (1246  ?-1255),  a  child 
supposed  to  have  been  crucified  by  a  Jew  named  Oopin  at 
Lincoln  after  having  been  tortured  or  starved.  His  body 
was  buried  near  that  of  Grosseteste  in  the  cathedral. 
The  story,  a  frequent  theme  for  poets,  is  referred  to  by 
Chaucer  and  Marlowe.  [xxviii.  169] 

HUGH  OP  BALSHAM  (d.  1286).    [SeeBALSHAM,  HUGH 

DK.] 

HUGH  OP  EVESHAM  (d.  1287).    [See  EVESHAM.] 

HUGH  OF  HERTELPOLT,  or  HARTLEPOOL  (d.  1302  ?), 
Franciscan  ;  one  of  the  two  *  proctors '  for  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1282;  one  of  Edward  I's  proctors  to  negotiate 
with  France,  1302.  [xxvi.  275] 

HUGH  OP  NEWCASTLE  (/.  1320).    [See  NEWCASTLE.] 

HUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1549),  author  of  '  The  Troubled 
Mans  Medicine'  (two  parts,  1546,  another  edition,  1567 ; 
reprinted,  1831) ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
1543.  [xxviii.  171] 

HUGHES,  DAVID  (1813-1872),  Welsh  writer;  gra- 
duated at  Glasgow ;  independent  minister  at  St.  Asaph, 
Bangor,  and  Tredegar ;  published  '  Geiriadur  Ysgrythyrol 
a  Duwinyddol '  ('Scriptural  and  Theological  Dictionary '), 
1852 ;  edited  English- Welsh  dictionary  of  Caerfallwch 
[see  EDWARDS,  THOMAS.]  [xxviii.  171] 

HUGHES,  DAVID  EDWARD  (1830-1 900),  electrician 
and  inventor ;  born  in  London  ;  went  to  Virginia,  1837 ; 
educated  at  St.  Joseph's  College,  Bardstowri,  Kentucky, 
and  became  professor  of  music,  1849  ;  patented  improved 
type-printing  telegraph,  1855 ;  invented  microphone 
almost  simultaneously  with  LUdtge,  1878 ;  F.R.S.,  1880 ; 
received  society's  gold  medal,  1885 ;  president  of  Society 
of  Telegraph  Engineers,  1886  :  manager  (1889)  and  vice- 
president  (1891)  of  Royal  Institution;  Albert  medallist, 
Society  of  Arts,  1898.  [Suppl.  iii.  5] 

HUGHES,  SIR  EDWARD  (1720  ?-1794),  admiral ;  at 
reduction  of  Porto  Bello,  1739,  and  attempt  on  Cartagena, 
1741 ;  attained  post-rank,  1748 ;  commanded  the  Somerset 
at  Louisbonrg,  1758,  and  Quebec,  1759;  commander  in 
East  Indies,  1773-7 ;  rear-admiral  and  K.B.,  1778;  vice- 
admiral,  1780 ;  during  second  command  in  East  Indies 
(1778-83)  co-operated  in  capture  of  Negapatam,  1781,  and 
Trincorualee,  1782,  from  Dutch,  and  fought  five  inde- 
cisive battles  with  French  under  M.  de  Suffren  (1782-3) ; 
admiral  of  the  blue,  1793.  [xxviii.  172] 


HUGHES,  EDWARD  HUGHES  BALL  (d.  1863); 
etep-son  of  Sir  Edward  Hughes  [q.  v.]  ;  social  celebrity 
known  as  the  'Golden  Ball.'  [xxviii.  174]  " 

HUGHES,  GEORGE  (1603-1667),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Pembroke  Collnge,  Oxford,  1625  ;  fellow,  1625 ;  lec- 
turer of  All  Hallows,  Bread  Street,  London,  1631 ;  sus- 
pended for  nonconformity,  1663  ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Brooke 
and  rector  of  Tavistock  ;  vicar  of  St.  Andrew's,  Plymouth, 
1643-62 ;  imprisoned  in  St.  Nicholas  island,  1665  ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xxviii.  175] 

HUGHES,  GRIFFITH  (fl.  1750),  author  o?'  Natural 
History  of  Barbados,'  1750 ;  F.R.S.,  1750 ;  rector  of  St. 
Lucy's,  Barbados.  [xxviii.  175] 

HUGHES,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1810-1872),  Irish 
judge  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  Irish  barrister,  1834  ; 
published  «  Chancery  Practice,'  1837 ;  Q.O.,  1844  ;  solicitor- 
general  for  Ireland  under  Russell,  1850-2,  and  Palmer- 
ston,  1858-9  ;  baron  of  Irish  exchequer,  1859-72. 

[xxviii.  176] 

HUGHES,  HUGH  (Y  BARDD  COCH)  (1693-1776), 
Welsh  poet,  whose  works  are  in  '  Diddauwch  Teuluaidd 
neu  waith  Beirdd  M6n '  (1763) ;  published  also  transla- 
tions from  English.  [xxviii.  176] 

HUGHES,  HUGH  (17907-1863),  Welsh  artist  and 
author;  expelled  by  Welsh  Oalviuistic  methodists  for 
support  of  catholic  emancipation ;  joined  Plymouth 
Brethren;  drew  and  engraved  'Beauties  of  Cambria' 
(1823),  and  published  'Hyuaphion  Cymreig,'  1823,  and 
other  works.  [xxviii.  176] 

HUGHES,  HUGH  (TEGAI)  (1805-1864),  Welsh  poet ; 
independent  minister  in  Carnarvonshire,  at  Jackson 
Street,  Manchester,  and  at  (1859)  Aberdare;  competed  at 
Eisteddfodau  ;  published  works  on  Welsh  grammar  and 
composition,  poems,  and  theological  works. 

[xxviii.  177] 

HUGHES,  JABEZ  (1685  ?-1731),  translator  of  Sueto- 
nius' '  Lives  of  the  XII.  C«sars,'  1717,  parts  of  Lucan  and 
Claudiau,  and  novels  by  Cervantes.  [xxviii.  178] 


I,  JAMES  (IAOO  TRICHRUG)  (1779-1844), 
Welsh  Oalvinistic  methodist  ;  author  of  '  New  Testament 
Expositor,'  1829-35.  [xxviii.  178] 

HUGHES,  JOHN  (1677-1720),  poet ;  brother  of  Jabez 
Hughes  [q.  v.];  employed  in  ordnance  office;  secretary 
to  commissions  of  the  peace  in  court  of  chancery,  1717  ; 
wrote  two  volumes  of  Kennett's '  History  of  England,' 
1706 ;  edited  Spenser,  1715  (reissued,  1750) :  his  '  Siege 
of  Damascus '  (1720)  successfully  produced  at  Drury  Lane, 
and '  Calypso  and  Telemachus  '  at  Queen's  Theatre,  Hay- 
market,  1712;  contributed  to  'Tatler,'  'Spectator,'  and 
'  Guardian ' ;  with  Sir  Richard  Blackmore  [q.  v.]  wrote 
'  The  Lay  Monk,'  1713-14  ;  friend  of  Thomas  Britton 
[q.  v.],  at  whose  concerts  he  played  the  violin  ;  his  'Venus 
and  Adonis'  set  by  Handel;  'Poems  on  Several  Occa- 
sions' edited  by  his  brother-in-law,  William  Duncombe 
[q.  v.],  1735  ;  translated  works  by  Foutenelle  and  others. 

[xxviii.  178] 

HUGHES,  JOHN  (1776-1843),  Wesleyan  preacher  in 
Wales  and  Manchester  ;  author  of  '  Essay  on  Ancient  and 
Present  State  of  the  Welsh  Language'  (1823)  and  other 
works.  [xxviii.  180] 

HUGHES,  JOHN  (1790-1857),  author  and  artist ;  of 
Westminster  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1815  ;  pub- 
lished '  Itinerary  of  Provence  and  the  Rhone,'  1822  ; 
edited  'The  Boscobel  Tracts'  (1830  and  1857). 

[xxviii.  181] 

HUGHES,  JOHN  (1787-1860),  Welsh  divine ;  vicar  of 
Aberystwith,  1827  ;  archdeacon  of  Cardigan,  1859;  trans- 
lated part  of  Henry's  '  Commentary '  and  Hall's  '  Medita- 
tions '  into  Welsh.  [xxviii.  181] 

HUGHES,  JOHN  (1796-1860),  Calvinistic  methodist 
pastor  at  Liverpool,  1838-60 ;  published  '  History  of  Welsh 
Oalvinistic  Methodism'  (1851,  1854,  1856,  3  vols.),  and 
Welsh  theological  works.  [xxviii.  182] 


1,  JOHN  CEIRIOG  (1832-1887),  Welsh  poet: 
farmer,  clerk  at  Manchester,  and  finally  station-master  on 
Cambrian  railway ;  won  prizes  at  the  London  Eisteddfod, 
1856,  at  Llangollen,  1858,  and  Mertuyr,  1860 ;  his  '  Owain 
Wyn'(1856)  the  best  \\VI-h  pastoral;  published  about 
six  hundred  songs,  including  the  original  song  for  which 


HUGHES 


667 


HULL 


Hrinley  Richard*  wrote  the  air,  'God  Bless  the  Priuce  of  ' 
Wales  ' ;  contributed  to  Wi-1  h  periodicals. 

[xxviil.  182] 

HUGHES,  JOSHUA  (1807 -1889),  bishop  of  St.  Asaph ;  I 
of  St.  David's  College,  Larnpeter;  intimate  with  Thirl-  '. 
wall ;    vicar  of    Llaiidovt-rv.    1846-70 :     D.L).   Lambeth  :  ! 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1870-89 ;  promoted  Welsh  M- 
aini  higher  wlucutiou.  [xxviil.  183] 

HUGHES,  LEWIS  (JL  1620),  chaplaiu  in  the  Ber-  j 
mtuias  ;  among  early  settlers,  1612  ;  member  of  council, 
-•       1615;  quarrelled  with  Governor  Tucker;  attain  member 
of  council,  1622;    settled  in   England,  c.  1625  :    wrote 
against  the  church  service,  1640-1.  [xxviii.  184] 

HUGHES,  MARGARET  (</.  1719),  actress  and  mis- 
tress  of  Prince  Rupert:  the  first  recorded  Deademoua 
(1663);  original  Theodosia  of  Drydeu's  'Evening's  Love/ 
1668 ;  played  in  Duke  of  York's  company,  Dorset  Garden, 
in  plays  by  D'Urfey,  Sedley,  and  others,  1676-7. 

[xxviii.  185] 

HUGHES.     OBADIAH     (1695-1751),     preabyterian 
minister  ;  D.D.  King's  College,  Old  Aberdeen,  1728 ;  secre- 
tary to  presbyterian  board,  1738-50;  Williams  trustee;  I 
Salters'  Hall  lecturer,  1746.  [xxviii.  185] 

HUGHES,  SIR  RICHARD,  second  baronet  (1729?-  j 
1812),  admiral ;  took  part  in  reduction  of  Pondicberry,  ' 
1760-1 ;  commander-iii-chief   at   Halifax,   Nova  Scotia, 
1778-80  and  1789-92;    rear-admiral,  1780;   commanded  I 
division  in  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782  ;  commander-iu-chief 
in  West  Indies,  1784-6  ;  admiral,  1794.         [xxviii.  186] 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  (ROBIN  DDU  o  FON)  (1744?- 
1785),  Welsh  poet ;  his  'Cywydd  Molawd  Mon '  and  two 
Englynion  printed  in  '  Diddauwch  Teuluaidd,'  1817  ;  other 
poems  in  '  Brython '  and  other  publications. 

[xxviii.  187] 

HUGHES,  ROBERT  BALL  (1806-1868),  sculptor ;  ex- 
hibited busts  of  Wellington  and  the  Duke  of  Sussex  and 
other  works  at  the  Academy :  lived  in  the  United  States 
from  1829  ;  exhibited  statue  of  Oliver  Twist  at  exhibition 
of  1851.  [xxviii.  187] 

HUGHES,  THOMAS  (fl.  1587),  dramatist ;  fellow  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1576  ;  B.A.,  1576  ;  of  Gray's 
Inn ;  chief  author  of  '  The  Misfortunes  of  Arthur,'  played 
before  Elizabeth  at  Greenwich,  1588,  by  members  of  Gray's 
Inn.  [xxviii.  188] 

HUGHES,  THOMAS  (1822-1896),  author  of  'Tom 
Brown's  School  Days ' ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Oriel 
College,  Oxford :  B.A.,  1845  :  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1845  ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1848 :  Q.O.,  1869 ;  bencher,  1870  : 
follower  of  Frederick  Denison  Maurice  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted 
in  work  of  Christian  socialism  :  published  anonymously, 
1857, '  Tom  Brown's  School  Days,'  which  was  immediately 
successful ;  active  in  founding  and  carrying  on  Work- 
ing Men's  College,  Great  Ormond  Street,  being  principal, 
1872-83  :  liberal  M.P.,  Lambeth,  1865,  Frome,  1868-74  ; 
established  (1879)  in  Tennessee  a  model  community  which 
proved  unsuccessful ;  county  court  judge,  1882-96.  His 
publications  include  '  The  Scouring  of  the  White  Horse,' 
1859,  and  '  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,'  1861,  lives  of  Bishop 
Fraser  (1887),  Daniel  Macmillan  (18811  Livingstone 
(1889),  and  Alfred  the  Great  (1869).  [Suppi.  iii.  7] 

HUGHES,  THOMAS  SMART  (1786-1847),  author: 
of  Shrewsbury  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge :  M.A., 
1811;  Browne  medallist,  1806  and  1807,  members' prize- 
man, 1809  and  1810;  Seatonian  prizeman,  1817:  B.D., 
1818  ;  described  his  travels  in  Sicily,  Greece,  and  Albania, 
1820 ;  fellow  successively  of  St.  John's,  Trinity  Hall,  and 
Emmanuel  Colleges ;  prebendary  of  Peterborough,  1827 ; 
published  continuation  of  Hume  and  Smollett's  history 
from  1760  (3rd  ed.,  1846),  and  editions  of  English  divines. 

[xxviii.  188] 

HUGHES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1600),  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  ; 
fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1557  ;  M.A.,  1660  : 
D.D.,  1570 :  chaplain  to  Thomas,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk ; 
gave  offence  by  sermon  at  Leicester  on  the  descent  into 
bell,  15C7 ;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1573-1600  ;  guilty  of 
pluralism  and  maladministration  as  bishop,  but  en- 
couraged the  use  of  Welsh  and  aided  William  Morgan 
(1540  ?-1604)  [q.  v.]  in  his  Welsh  bible.  [xxviii.  189] 

HUGHES,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1665-1683),  author  of  '  The 
Complete  Vineyard,'  1665,  and  other  horticultural  works. 

[xxvtiL  190] 


HUGHES,  WILLIAM  <•/.  tfMX  Peter's, 

;•.  uuil  from    1741  m. nor  <  unon  of  Worcester; 
published  '  Remark*  upon  Church  Music,' 

[XXTiil.  190] 

HUGHES.  WILLIAM  (1793-1825),  wood-enKruvcr  in 

style  of  Tliuratou.  [xxvlii.  191] 

HUGHES.  WILLIAM  (1803  1WJ1).  writer  on  law  and 
angling;  nephew  of  Sir  Kicliar.l  lim/l..*  [q.  v.]:  con- 
veyancer, of  Gray'e  Inn  ;  published  'Concise  Precedent* 
iu  Modern  Conveyancing,'  •Practice  of  Sole*  of  Heal 
Property,'  and  books  by  •  locator.'  [xxviiL  19 1J 

HUGHES.  WILLIAM  LITTLE  (1822-1887),  trans- 
lator from  English  into  French ;  employ*  iu  Fr. n<  h 
ministry  of  the  interior.  [xxviii  191] 

HUGO,  THOMA&(  1820-1876),  historian  and  Bewick 
collector;  B.A.  Worcester  College.  Oxford.  1842  ;  vi.-.ir  of 
St.  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate,  London,  1852-8:  perpetual 
curate  of  All  Saints,  Bishopsgute,  1858-68 ;  rector  of  West 
Hackney,  1868-76 ;  high  church  preacher  and  bymuolo- 
gibt ;  active  F.S.  A. ;  published  tragedies  and  other  works 
including '  The  Bewick  Collector,'  18«6  (nupplemeut,  18C8), 
and '  Mediaeval  Nunneries  of  Somerset,'  1867. 

[xxviii.  191] 

HUICKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1581  V),  physician  to 
Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  and  Elizabeth;  fellow  of 
Mertou  College,  Oxford,  1529 ;  M.A.,  1533 ;  principal 
of  St.  Alban  Hall,  1536;  deprived  for  denunciation  of 
schoolmen,  1635  :  M.D.  Cambridge,  1538  ;  five  times 
censor  of  College  of  Physicians,  and  president,  1551, 
1552,  and  15G4.  [xxviii.  192] 

HUISH,  ALEXANDER  (1594?  -  1668),  biblical 
scholar  ;  first  graduate  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1614;  fellow,  1615-29;  M.A.,  1616;  B.D.,  1627;  pre- 
beiidary  of  Wells,  1627  ;  deprived  of  benefices  in  Somerset, 
but  restored,  1660;  assisted  Brian  Walton  [q.  v.]  in 
'Polyglott  Bible,'  collating  the  Alexandrian  MS. 

[xxviii.  193] 

HUISH,  ROBERT  (1777-1850),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
his  publications  include  a  •  Treatise  on  Nature,  Economy, 
and  Practical  Management  of  Bees,'  1815. 

[SuppL  iii.  10] 

HULBERT,  CHARLES  (1778-1857),  author,  cotton 
manufacturer,  and  publisher  ;  drew  up  report  on  manage- 
ment of  factories,  1808;  published  '  History  of  Salop,' 
1837,  and  '  Cheshire  Antiquities '  (1838).  [xxviiL  193] 

HULBERT,  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS  (1804-1888), 
divine  and  parochial  annalist;  son  of  Charles  Hulbert 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Shrewsbury  and  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge :  M.A.,  1837  ;  incumbent  of  Slaithwaite,  York- 
shire, 1839-67  ;  vieac  of  Almoudbury,  18(57-88. 

[xxviii.  194] 

HULET,  CHARLES  (1701-1736),  actor :  played  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1722-32,  and  afterwards  at  Good- 
man's Fields;  among  his  best  parts,  Macheath,  and 
Henry  VIII  ('  Virtue  Betrayed ')  ;  played  FalsUff  in 
'  Henry  IV  '  and  the  4  Merry  Wives.'  [xxviii.  194] 

HULETT,  JAMES  (d.  1771),  engraver. 

[xxviii.  196] 

HULKE,  JOHN  WHITAKER  ( 1830-1895 X  sureeon  : 
studied  at  Moravian  College,  Neuwied,  and  King's 
College  school  and  hospital,  London  ;  attached  to  medical 
staff  of  general  hospital  in  Crimea,  1855  :  F.R.C.S.,  1867  ; 
surgeon  at  Middlesex  Hospital,  1870,  at  Royal  London 
Ophthalmic  Hospital,  Moorfields,  1868-90;  president  of 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1893-5:  F.R.S.,  1867;  pre- 
sident of  Geological  Society,  1882-4,  and  Wollaston  medal- 
list, 1887.  [SuppL  iii.  10] 

HULL,  JOHN  (1761-1843),  botanist :  M.D.  Levden. 
1792;  physician  at  Manchester:  published  'British 
Flora,'  1799,  and  •  Elements  of  Botany,'  1800.  [xxviiL  196] 

HULL,  ROBERT  (d.  1425).    [See  HILL,  ROBERT.] 

HULL,  THOMAS  (1728-1808),  actor,  dramatist,  and 
author  ;  managed  Bath  Theatre  for  John  Palmer :  played 
at  Covent  Garden  forty-eight  years :  manager  for  Col  man, 
1776-82  ;  first  appeared  in  Farquhar's  '  Twin  Rivals,'  1769, 
and  last  as  the  uncle  in  'George  Barn  well ';  excelled  in 
'  heavy '  parts  ;  initiated  the  Theatrical  Fund  ;  his  tragedy 
of  '  Henry  the  Second  '  (1774)  first  played,  1773,  several 
times  revived  and  reprinted  :  author  of  adaptations  from 
Shakespeare  and  French  dramatists,  oratorio  librettos,  two 
novels,  poem*,  and  translations.  [xxviii.  196] 

U  U 


HULL 


658 


HUME 


HULL,  WILLIAM  (1820-1880),  artist ;  educated  by 
the  Moravians ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1841-4  : 
n im ilxT  of  Manchester  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  and  of  the 
Letherbrow  Club;  friend  of  Ruskin.  Among  his  best 
black  and  white  works  were  views  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  illustrations  to  Langtou's  'Charles  Dickens 
and  Rochester.'  [xxviii.  196] 

HULL,  WILLIAM  WINSTANLEY  (1794-1873), 
distinguished  writer  and  hymnologist ;  son  of  John  Hull 
(1761-1843)  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1816-20;  B.A.,  1814;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1820; 
practised  at  chancery  bar  till  1846 ;  friend  of  Whately 
and  Dr.  Arnold  ;  drew  up  petition  for  revision  of  liturgy, 
1840;  supported  Dr.  Hampden,  1836  ;  opposed  proceedings 
against  William  George  Ward  [q.  v.],  1845 ;  published 
'  Occasional  Papers  on  Church  Matters,'  1848,  containing 
'Inquiry  after  the  original  Books  of  Common  Prayer,' 
hymns,  and  other  works.  [xxviii.  197] 

HULLAH,  JOHN  PYKE  (1812-1884),  musical  com- 
poser and  teacher  ;  organist  of  the  Charterhouse,  1858-84 ; 
his 'Village  Coquettes '( words  by  Dickens)  produced  at 
the  St.  James's,  1836  ;  began  singing-classes  on  the 
Wilhem  model  (tonic  sol-fa)  at  Battersea,  1840 :  esta- 
blished at  St.  Martin's  Hall,  Long  Acre,  1850-60 :  the 
system  awarded  medal  at  Paris  Exhibition,  1867  ;  became 
connected  with  Academy  of  Music,  1869 ;  musical  in- 
spector of  training  schools,  1872  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1876  ;  composed  songs  (including  settings  of  Kingsley's 
lyrics),  duets,  and  motets.  His  works  include  manuals 
on  the  Wilhem  method,  lectures  on  musical  history,  and 
•  Part  Music,'  1842-5.  [xxviii.  198] 

HULLMANDEL,  CHARLES  JOSEPH  (1789-1850), 
lithographer  :  issued  (1818)  '  Views  of  Italy,'  drawn  and 
lithographed  by  himself  ;  prepared  his  '  Art  of  Drawing 
on  Stone,'  1824 ;  defended  his  improvements  against  re- 
presentative of  Engelmann  :  with  Oattermole  perfected 
lithotint  ;  supported  by  James  Duffield  Harding  [q.  v.] 
and  Faraday.  [xxviii.  199] 

HULLOCK,  SIR  JOHN  (1767-1829),  judge ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1794  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1816 ;  took  part  in 
prosecution  of  Henry  Hunt  [q.  v.]  and  Andrew  Hardie, 
1820 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1823-9  ;  knighted,  1823  ; 
published  '  Law  of  Costs,'  1792  (enlarged,  1810). 

[xxviii.  200] 

HULLS  or  HULL.  JONATHAN  (fl.  1737),  author  of 
'  Description  and  Draught  of  a  new-invented  Machine  for 
carrying  Vessels  or  Ships  .  .  .  against  Wind  and  Tide  or 
in  a  Calm,'  1737  (reprinted,  1855),  detailing  his  invention 
of  the  principle  of  steam  navigation  (patented,  1736). 

[xxviii.  200] 

HULME,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1816-1884), 
landscape-painter  and  art-teacher  ;  exhibited  at  British 
Institution,  1845-62,  Royal  Academy,  1852-84. 

[xxviii.  201] 

HULME,  NATHANIEL  (1732-1807),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1765  ;  physician  to  the  Charterhouse,  1774- 
1807  ;  F.R.S.,  1794  ;  published  treatise  on  scurvy  (1768) 
and  puerperal  fever  (1772)  ;  gold  medallist,  Paris  Medical 
Society,  1787.  [xxviii.  201] 

HULME,  WILLIAM  (1631-1691),  founder  of  Hulme's 
charity.  His  original  bequest  of  four  exhibitions  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  was  largely  extended  by  in- 
creased value  of  property  ;  as  resettled.  1881,  it  provided 
for  foundation  of  schools  at  Manchester,  Oldham,  and 
Bury,  and  grant  to  Queen's  College.  [xxviii.  202] 

HULOET,  RICHARD  (fl.  1552),  author  of  'Abceda- 
rium  Anglico-Latinum,'  1552.  [xxviii.  202] 

HULSBERG,  HENRY  (d.  1729),  engraver  of  archi- 
tectural works ;  warden  of  Savoy  Lutheran  Church. 

[xxviii.  203] 

HUL8E,  EDWARD  (1631-1711),  court  physician  to 
Prince  of  Orange ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1660 :  ejected  for  nonconformity  ;  M.D.  Leyden ;  F.R.C.P., 
1677,  and  treasurer,  1704-9.  [xrviii.  203] 

HUL8E,  SIR  EDWARD,  first  baronet  (1682-1759), 
physician  to  George  II ;  son  of  Edward  Hulae  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.D.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1717  ;  leading  whig 
physician  ;  censor,  1720,  and  1750,  1751,  and  1753  ; « con- 
sUiariua '  of  College  of  Physicians  ;  created  baronet,  1739. 

[xxviii.  203] 

HULSE,  JOHN  (1708-1790),  founder  of  the  Hulsean 
lectures  at  Cambridge ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 


bridge, 1728;  bequeathed  to  his  university  estates  in 
Cheshire  for  advancement  of  religious  learning  ;  Hul- 
sean professor  substituted  for  Christian  advocate,  1860. 

[xxviii.  203] 

HULSE.  SIR  SAMUEL,  third  baronet  (1747-1837), 

field-marshal ;    grandson  of  Sir  Edward   Hulse  [q.  v.]  ; 

commanded  first  battalion  of  1st  foot  guards  in  Flanders, 

1793,  and  afterwards  as  major-general    a  brigade  ;  in 

i  Helder  expedition,    1799 ;    general,    1803  ;   governor   of 

j  Chelsea  Hospital,  1820  :  treasurer,  1820,  and  yice-chamber- 

!  lain,  1827,  of  the  household  to  George  IV ;  privy  councillor 

I  and  G.O.H. ;  field-marshal,  1830.  [xxviii.  204] 

HULTON,    WILLIAM  ADAM    (1802-1887),  lawyer 

I  and  antiquary  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1827  ;  treasurer 

i  of  county  of  Lancaster,  1831-49  ;  county   court  judge, 

1847  ;  published  '  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Convictions,' 

1835  ;  edited  works  for  Chetham  Society,     [xxviii.  204] 

HUMBERSTON.  FRANCIS  MACKENZIE,  or 
FRANCIS  HUMBERSTON  MACKENZIE,  first  BARON 
SEAFORTH  AND  MACKENZIE  (1754-1815).  lieutenant- 
general  :  succeeded  his  brother,  Thomas  Frederick  Mac- 
kenzie Humberston  [q.  v.],  in  estates  and  hereditary 
chieftainship,  1783  ;  M.P.,  Ross-shire,  1784 ;  raised  '  Ross- 
shire  buffs,'  1793-4  ;  created  peer,  1797  ;  colonel  of  2nd 
North  British  militia  (now  3rd  Seaforths),  1798;  major- 
general,  1802 ;  lieutenant-general,  1808 ;  as  governor  of 
Barbados  (1800-6)  protected  slaves  ;  F.R.S.,  1794 :  patron 
of  Lawrence  and  West.  [xxviii.  204] 

HUMBERSTON,  THOMAS  FREDERICK  MAC- 
KENZIE (1753  ?-1783),  soldier ;  assumed  mother's  maiden 
name  (Humberston)  on  coming  of  age  ;  served  in  dragoon 
guards ;  captain  in  then  78th  (now  1st  Seaforth  high- 
landers),  1778 ;  present  at  repulse  of  French  attack  on 
Jersey,  1779  ;  commanded  newly  raised  100th  in  Cape  and 
India  ;  captured  several  of  Hyder  Ali's  forts,  1782 :  repulsed 
attack  of  Tippoo  Sahib,  1782 ;  commandant  of  78th  in 
1782 ;  captured,  mortally  wounded,  by  Mabratta  fleets. 

[xxviii.  206] 

HUMBERT,  ALBERT  JENKINS  (1822-1877),  archi- 
tect; rebuilt  Whippingham  Church  and  Sandringham 
House  ;  desigftd  mausoleums  at  Frogmore.  [xxviii.  207] 

HUMBY,  MRS.  ANNE  (fl.  1817-1849),  actress ;  nt* 
Ayre :  first  appeared  at  Hull  as  a  singer  ;  at  Bath,  1818- 
1820,  Dublin,  1821-4  ;  from  1825  at  Haymarket  and  Drury 
Lane ;  engaged  by  Macready,  1837 ;  at  Lyceum,  1849*; 
excelled  in  light  parts.  [xxviii.  207] 

HUME.    [See  also  HOME.] 

HUME,  ABRAHAM  (16167-1707),  ejected  divine; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews  ;  attended  John  Maitland  (Lauderdale) 
on  the  continent,  and  (1643)  in  Westminster  Assembly  ; 
vicar  of  Long  Benton;  banished  from  England  for 
royalism  ;  vicar  of  Whittingham,  Northumberland,  1653- 
1662 ;  subsequently  presbyterian  minister,  [xxviii.  208] 

HUME,  SIR  ABRAHAM,  second  and  last  baronet  (1749- 
1838),  virtuoso ;  M.P.,  Petersfield,  1774-80 ;  F.R.S.,  1775  ; 
vice-president  of  Geological  Society,  1809-13 ;  a  director 
of  British  Institution ;  collected  minerals,  precious  stones, 
and  old  masters ;  published  (anonymously)  '  Notices  of 
Life  and  Works  of  Titian,'  1829.  [xxviii.  208] 

HUME,  ABRAHAM  (1814-1884),  antiquarian  and 
social  writer ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1843 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Gla?po\v, 
1843  ;  vicar  of  Vauxhall,  Liverpool,  1847 ;  explored  Chili 
and  Peru  for  South  American  Missionary  Society,  1867 : 
vice-chairman  of  Liverpool  school  board,  1870-6,  and 
secretary  of  bishopric  committee,  1873-80;  F.R.S. ;  F.S.A. : 
published  '  Learned  Societies  and  Printing  Clubs  of  the 
United  Kingdom,'  1847  (enlarged,  1853),  'Condition  of 
Liverpool,'  1858,  and  works  on  Irish  dialect  and  Cheshire 
antiquities.  [xxviii.  209] 

HUME  or  HOME,  ALEXANDER  (1560  7-1609), 
Scottish  poet ;  studied  law  in  Paris ;  graduated  at  St. 
Andrews,  1597 ;  minister  at  Logic,  1598-1609:  his  'De- 
scription of  the  Day  Estivall '  and  poem  on  defeat  of 
the  Armada  in  Sibbald's  'Chronicle,'  former  also  reprinted 
by  Leyden,  1803,  and  Campbell,  1819  ; '  Hymns  and  Sacred 
Songs'  (1599)  reprinted  from  Drummond  of  Haw- 
thornden's  copy,  1832.  [xxviii.  210] 

HUME.  ALEXANDER^.  1682),  covenanter;  hanped 
at  Edinburgh  after  capture  by  Charles  Home  (eighth 
eaii).  [xxviii.  211] 


HUME 


HUME 


HUME,  ALEXANDER,  second  EAUL  OF  MARCHMONT 

(1675-1740).     [See  CAMI-IIKI.U] 

HUME,  ALEXANDER  (1809-1851),  poet;  brewer's 
nguut  iu  London  ;  published  '  Poems  and  Songs,'  1845. 

[xxviiL  211] 

HUME,  ALEXANDER  (1811-1869),  poet  and  com- 
poser ;  cabinet-maker  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  ;  choru-- 
m.-ister  in  Theatre  Royal,  Edinburgh;  edited  'Lyric 
'•••in-  of  Scotland'  (1856),  containing  fifty  of  his  own 
:  composed  also  glees,  and  music  to  Burns'* '  Af ton 
WaU-r.'  [xxviii.  211] 

HUME,  ALEXANDER  HAMILTON  (1797-1873X 
Australian  explorer ;  born  at  Paramatta ;  when  seven- 
teen, with  his  brother,  John  Kennedy  Hume,  discovered 
Bong  Bong  iiucl  Bcrrima  in  south-west  of  New  South 
Wall-.- ;  shared  exploration  of  Jervis  Bay,  1819 ;  discovered 
Ynss  Plains,  1821 ;  undertook  (with  W.  H.  Howell)  first 
overland  journey  from  Sydney  to  Port  Philip,  1824,  dis- 
covering five  riven ;  granted  twelve  hundred  acres : 
accompanied  Captain  Start  on  Macquarie  expedition, 
1628-9  ;  died  at  Fort  George,  Yass.  [xxviii.  212] 

HUME,  ANNA  (/.  1644),  daughter  of  David  Hume 
(1560  7-1630  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  translated  Petrarch's  •  Triumphs  of 
Love,  Chastitie,  Death,1  1644  ;  superintended  publication 
of  her  father's  'History  of  House  and  Race  of  Douglas  and 
Angus.'  [xxviii.  213] 

HUME,  DAVID  (1560?-1630?),  historian,  contro- 
versialist, and  Latin  poet ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity ;  secretary  to  Archibald  Douglas,  eighth  earl  of 
Angus  [q.  v.],  c.  1583  ;  published  part  of  Latin  treatise 
on  the  union  of  Britain,  1605 ;  upheld  presbyterianism 
against  Law,  bishop  of  Orkney,  1608-11,  and  Cowper, 
bishop  of  Galloway,  1613;  his  'History  of  House  and 
Race  of  Douglas  and  Angus'  printed  with  difficulty  by 
his  daughter,  owing  to  opposition  of  eleventh  Earl  of 
Angus  ;  •  History  of  House  of  Wedderburn,'  first  printed, 
1839  ;  Latin  poems  twice  issued  at  Paris,  1632  and  1639. 

[xxviii.  213] 

HUME  or  HOME,  SIR  DAVID,  of  Crossrig,  LOKD 
CROSSRIO  (1643-1707),  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1662;  studied 
law  at  Paris ;  advocate,  1687 ;  judge,  1689 ;  lord  of  jus- 
ticiary, 1690;  knighted,  1690;  lost  his  papers  in  Edin- 
burgh fire  of  1700;  his  'Diary  of  Parliament  and  Privy 
Council  of  Scotland,  1700-7,'  printed,  1828,  'Domestic 
Details,'  1843.  [xxviii.  214] 

HUME,  DAVID  (1711-1776),  philosopher  and  his- 
torian ;  studied  law  ;  lived  in  France,  1734-7 ;  his  '  Trea- 
tise of  Human  Nature  '  appeared  anonymously,  1739 
(ed.  Mr.  S.  Bigge,  1888);  the  book  neglected ;  his  '  Essays 
Moral  and  Political '  (1741-2)  written  at  Ninewells,  Ber- 
wickshire, commended  by  Bishop  Butler  and  favourably 
received;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  chair  of  ethics  at 
Edinburgh,  1745 ;  lived  with  Marquis  of  Annaudale  at 
Weldhall,  Hertfordshire,  1745-6;  judge-advocate  to  Gene- 
ral St.  Glair  in  expedition  against  Port  L'Orient,  1747 : 
accompanied  St.  Clair  on  military  embassy  to  Vienna  and 
Turin,  1748,  when  bis  'Philosophical  Essays'  (including 
that  on  miracles)  appeared ;  issued  '  Enquiry  concerning 
Principles  of  Morals,'  1761 ;  gained  reputation  by  his 
'.Political  Discourses,'  1752 ;  published  '  Four  Disserta- 
tions '  (including  '  Natural  History  of  Religion '),  1767  ; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  chair  of  logic  at  Glasgow,  but 
keeper  of  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh,  1762  ;  pub- 
lished first  volume  of  '  History  of  England  during  reigns 
of  James  I  and  Charles  I,'  1754,  succeeding  better  with 
the  second  (1649-88);  issued  two  volumes  on  the  Tudor 
period,  1759,  and  the  last  two  (backward?  from  Henry  VII), 
1761 ;  secretary  to  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Society,  1752  ; 
being  censured  by  curators  of  Edinburgh  library  for  buy- 
ing La  Fontaine's  '  Contes  '  and  other  French  works,  re- 
signed, 1757 ;  attacked  for  sceptical  views ;  accompanied 
Lord  Hertford  to  Paris,  1763 ;  secretary  to  the  embassy, 
1765,  and  for  some  mouths  charge  d'affaires;  intimate 
with  Comtesse  de  Boufflers,  Madame  Geoff  rin,  D'Alem- 
bert,  and  Turgot,  and  well  received  at  court;  brought 
home  Rousseau  and  procured  him  a  pension,  but  after- 
wards quarrelled  with  him  in  consequence  of  Rousseau's 
suspicious  nature ;  received  a  pension  and  invitation 
from  the  king  to  continue  his  history  ;  under-secretary  to 
Henry  s-ymour  Oonway  [q.  v.],  1767-8;  returned  to 
;irj,'h,  1769;  made  journey  (1776)  to  London  and 
Bath  with  John  Home  [q.  v.],  who  recorded  it.  His 
autobiography  cwith  letter  of  Adam  Smith)  and  essays 


on 'Suicide  ami  Immortality ,' published,  1777  ;'  Dialogue* 
on  Natural  Religion,'  1779.  The  best  edition  of  bis  philo- 
sophical works  is  that  of  T.  H.  Green  and  T.  H.  Grow 
(1874-5) ;  abbreviations  of  hU  history  were  edited  by(8lr) 
William  Smith  and  John  Sberran  Brewer.  HU  thorough- 
going empiricism  formed  a  landmark  in  the  development 
of  metaphysics.  [xxriiL  216] 

HUME,  DAVID  (1757-1838),  judge :  nephew  of  David 
Hu  1 1 1.- (1711  1776)  [q.  v.];  sheriff  of  Berwickshire,  1784, 
of  Linlitbgowshin.  1793;  professor  of  Sooto  law  at 
Edinburgh,  1786;  clerk  to  court  of  session.  1811 ;  baron 
of  Scottish  exchequer,  1822 ;  published  commentaries  on 
Scottish  criminal  law,  1797,  and  report*  from  1781  to  1822 
(posthumous,  1839).  [xxrilL  tt«] 

HUME,  SIR  GEORGE,  EARL  OF  DUXBAR  (</.  1611). 
[See  HOMB.] 

HUME,  LADY  GRIZEL  (1666-1746)  [See  BAILLIE, 
LADY  GRIZKL.] 

HUME,  HUGH,  third  EARL  oy  MARCH  MONT  (1 708- 
1794),  politician;  studied  in  Dutch  universities ;  as  Lord 
Polwarth  represented  Berwick,  1734-40;  opponent  of 
Wai  pole;  president  of  court  of  police  in  Scotland,  1747* 
Scottish  representative  peer,  1750-84 ;  lord  keeper  of  great 
seal  of  Scotland,  1764 ;  intimate  with  Bolingbroke  and 
Chesterfield  ;  executor  of  Pope  and  the  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough  ;  offered  information  to  Johnson  for  life  of  Pope ; 
skilful  horticulturist  and  horseman.  [xxviii.  226] 

HUME,  JAMES  (/.  1639),  mathematician ;  son  of 
David  Hume  ( 1660  7-1630  V)  [q.  v.] ;  lived  in  France; 
published  nine  mathematical  works  in  Latin,  and  others 
in  French,  including  '  Algebre  de  Viete  d'une  Methode 
nouuelle,'  1636.  [xxviii.  228] 

HUME,  JAMES  DEACON  (1774-1842),  free  trader ; 
educated  at  Westminster;  consolidated  customs  laws 
into  ten  acts  of  1825 ;  thirty-eight  years  in  the  customs ; 
joint-secretary  to  board  of  trade,  1828-40 ;  joint-founder 
of  Political  Economy  Club,  1821 ;  deputy-chairman  of 
Atlas  Assurance  Company;  attacked  protection  in  evi- 
dence before  parliament,  1840.  [xxviiL  228] 

HUME,  JOHN  ROBERT  (1781  ?-1857),  physician  to 
Wellington  in  Peninsula  and  afterwards  in  England ; 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1816 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1819 ;  commissioner 
in  lunacy,  1836  ;  inspector-general  of  hospitals. 

[xxviii.  229] 

HUME,  JOSEPH  (1777-1855),  radical  politician  :  en 
tered  medical  service  of  East  India  Company,  1797 ; 
army  surgeon,  interpreter,  and  paymaster  in  Muhratta 
war ;  returned  to  England,  1807  ;  travelled ;  elected  tory 
member  for  Weymouth,  1812;  radical  MJ».,  Aberdeen, 
1818-30,  Middlesex,  1830-7,  Kilkenny,  1837-41,  and  Mont- 
rose,  1842-55;  obtained  select  committees  on  revenue 
collection,  1820,  and  the  combination  laws,  1824 ;  moved 
repeal  of  corn-laws,  1834  ;  carried  repeal  of  combination 
laws  and  those  prohibiting  emigration  and  export  of 
machinery  ;  devoted  himself  to  question  of  public  expen- 
diture, adding «  retrenchment '  to  his  party's  watchwords  ; 
privy  councillor ;  F.R.S. ;  member  of  board  of  agricul- 
ture, and  twice  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  University. 

[xxviii.  230] 

HUME,  PATRICK  (fl.  1695),  London  schoolmaster, 
and  (1695)  first  commentator  on  Milton,  [xxviii.  231] 

HUME  or  HOME,  SIR  PATRICK,  second  baronet 
(of  Polwarth),  first  EARL  OP  MARCHMOXT  and  BARON 
POLWARTH  (1641-1724),  studied  law  in  Paris  ;  elected  to 
Scottish  parliament  for  Berwick,  1665  ;  opposed  Lauder- 
dale's  policy  ;  imprisoned  for  five  years  and  incapacitated 
from  office  for  petition  against  council's  action  against 
covenanters,  1675-9;  in  England  joined  Moumouth's 
party ;  escaped  by  Ireland  and  France  to  Holland ;  joined 
Argyle's  expedition,  1684;  being  outlawed  (1685)  in  con- 
nection with  Rye  House  plot  escaped  by  Ireland,  France, 
and  Geneva,  to  Utrecht ;  surgeon  at  Utrecht  under  name 
of  Wallace ;  adviser  of  William  of  Orange,  accompanying 
him  to  England,  1688;  privy  councillor  and  Scottish  peer 
(Baron  Polwarth),  1689  ;  sheriff  of  Berwickshire,  16M- 
1710 ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1693  :  lord  chancellor 
of  Scotland,  1696-1702 ;  created  Earl  Marchmont,  1697 ; 
high  commissioner  to  parliament,  1698,  to  general  as- 
sembly, 1702;  prevented  an  act  for  the  abjuration  of  the 
Pretender,  passed  act  for  security  of  presbyterianism,  and 


HUME 


060 


HUNG-ERFORD 


proposed  settlement  of  succession  on  house  of  Hanover ; 
supported  union  with  England  ;  reappointed  by  George  I 
to  sberiffdom  and  mode  lord  of  court  of  police. 

[xxviii.  231] 

HUME,  THOMAS  (1769  ?-1850),  physician ;  under 
Wdlesley  in  Peninsula;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1792  ;  M.D.,  1803  ;  four  times  censor  of  College  of  Physi- 
cians, [xxviii.  235] 

HUME,  TOBIAS  (d.  1645),  soldier  of  fortune  and 
musician  ;  poor  brother  of  the  Charterhouse  from  1629  ; 
published  'First  Part  of  Ayres,  French,  Pollish,  and 
others,*  1605,  and  '  Captain  Hume's  Musicall  Humors,' 
1607.  [xxviii.  235] 

HUMFREY,  JOHN  (1621-1719),  ejected  minister; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1647;  received  presby- 
terian  ordination,  1649  ;  vicar  of  Frome  Selwood  till 
1662 ;  re-ordained  episcopally ;  defended  his  action,  but 
afterwards  renounced  it ;  formed  congregational  church 
in  Duke's  Place,  London,  afterwards  in  Petticoat  Lane ; 
continued  ministry  to  ninety-ninth  year  ;  advocated  union 
of  all  protestants  ;  published  '  Account  of  the  French 
Prophets,'  1708,  treatises  on  justification,  and  other  works. 

[xxviii.  235] 

HUMFREY,  PELHAM  (1647-1674),  lutenist  and 
composer ;  with  Blow  and  Turner  composed  the  '  Club 
Anthem,'  1664  ;  studied  music  in  France  and  Italy,  1665-6  : 
introduced  Lully's  methods  into  England  ;  gentleman  of 
Chapel  Royal,  1667  ;  master  of  the  children,  1672-4 ;  com- 
poser in  ordinary  for  violins,  1673;  composed  anthems, 
services,  and  songs,  contained  in  the  Ttulway  collection 
and  Boyce's  'Cathedral  Music,'  and  other  works. 

[xxviii.  237] 

HUMPHREY.     [See  also  HUMPRKY  and  HUMPHRY.] 

HUMPHREY,  DUKE  op  GLOUCESTER  (1391-1447), 
'  the  Good  Duke  Humphrey  ' ;  youngest  sou  of  Henry  IV ; 
perhaps  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford :  K.G.,  1400 ; 
great  chamberlain  of  England,  1413 ;  created  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  1414 ;  commanded  one  of  the  English  divisions 
in  Aginconrt  expedition ;  wounded  at  Agincourt,  1415  ;  as 
warden  of  Cinque  ports  received  Emperor  Sigisrnund, 
1416 ;  in  Henry  V's  second  expedition  took  Lisieux,  1417, 
and  Cherbourg,  1418 ;  governor  of  Rouen,  1419 ;  at  siege 
of  Melun,  1420 ;  regent  of  England,  1420-1 ;  on  death  of 
Henry  V  claimed  regency,  but  was  only  allowed  to  act  as 
Bedford's  deputy,  with  title  of  protector,  1422 ;  married 
Jacqueline  of  Hainanlt,  1422,  and  reconquered  Hainault, 
1424,  but  allowed  Philip  of  Burgundy  to  recapture  her  and 
her  territory,  1425 ;  quarrelled  with  his  uncle,  Henry  Beau- 
fort (d.  1447)  [q.  v.],  but  was  reconciled  to  him  by  Bedford ; 
again  protector,  1427-29  ;  attempted  to  give  further  help 
to  Jacqueline,  1427  :his  marriage  with  her  having  been 
annulled  (1428),  married  his  mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham 
[q.  v.] ;  refused  to  recognise  Beaufort  as  papal  legate, 
1428  ;  lieutenant  of  the  kingdom,  1430-2  ;  actively  prose- 
secuted  quarrel  with  Beaufort;  opposed  Beaufort's  French 
policy  ;  went  to  France  as  captain  of  Calais  and  lieutenant 
of  the  new  army ;  appointed  count  of  Flanders,  but  effected 
nothing,  1436 ;  returned  to  denounce  Beaufort  as  the 
friend  of  France,  1436  ;  lost  influence  over  the  king  and 
was  powerless  to  prevent  proceedings  (1441)  against  his 
wife  for  witchcraft;  vainly  advocated  Armagnac  mar- 
riage for  Henry  VI,  and  (1445)  violation  of  truce  with 
France ;  suspected  by  the  king  of  designs  on  his  life,  and 
arrested  ;  died  in  custody,  popular  suspicions  of  foul  play 
being  groundless;  owed  his  name  of  'the  Good'  only  to 
his  patronage  of  men  of  letters  (including  Titus  Livius 
of  Forli,  Leonard  Aretino,  Lydgate,  and  Capgrave)  and 
to  bis  patriotic  sentiment.  A  strong  churchman,  be  per- 
secuted the  lollards  and  favoured  monasteries,  especially 
St  Albans.  He  read  Latin  and  Italian  literature,  collected 
books  from  his  youth,  and  gave  the  first  books  for  a 
library  at  Oxford;  his  collection  was  dispersed  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  [xxviii.  238] 

HUMPHREY  or  HUMFREY,  LAURENCE  (1527  ?- 
1590),  president  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  per- 
petual fellow  of  Magdalen  College ;  M.A.,  1652 ;  in  Switzer- 
land during  reign  of  Mary ;  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Oxford,  1560  ;  president  of  Magdalen  College,  1561-90 ; 
D.D.,  1662  ;  cited  for  refusing  to  wear  vestments,  1564 ; 
was  refused  institution  to  a  living  by  his  friend  Bishop 
Jewel,  1565 ;  after  several  protests,  conformed ;  dean  of 
Gloucester,  1571,  of  Winchester  ,1580-90 ;  vice-chancellor 


of  Oxford,  1671-6 ;  deputy  to  diet  of  Smalcald,  1578  ;  col- 
laborated with  Robert  Crowley  (1566)  in  answering  Hug- 
garde's1  Displaying  of  the  Protestants ';  published  Latin 
'Life  of  Jewel,'  1573,  translations  from  Origeu,  Cyril,  and 
Philo,  and  other  works.  [xxviii.  245] 

HUMPHREY,  WILLIAM  (1740?-1810?),  engraver 
and  priutseller.  [xxviii.  248] 

HUMPHREYS,  DAVID  (1689-1740),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  Christ's  Hospital,  aud 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow ;  M.A.,  1715  ;  D.D., 
1728 ;  supported  Bentley  at  Trinity ;  secretary  to  the 
S.P.G.,  1716-40;  vicar  of  Ware,  1730,  and  Thundridge, 
1732;  published  'Historical  Account'  (of  the  S.P.G.), 
1730,  and  translations.  [xxviii.  249] 

HUMPHREYS,  HENRY  NOEL  (1810-1879),  numis- 
matist, naturalist,  and  artist ;  illustrated  works  on  natural 
history ;  published  miscellaneous  works,  including 
treatises  on  coins  and  missal  painting.  [xxviii.  249] 

HUMPHREYS,  HUMPHREY  (1648-1712),  bishop 
successively  of  Bangor  and  Hereford;  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1673 ;  D.D.,  1682  ;  dean  of  Bangor, 
1680 ;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1689-1701,  of  Hereford,  1701-12  ; 
amplified  Wood's  works  on  Oxford  ;  compiled  for  Wood 
catalogue  of  deans  of  Bangor  and  St.  Asaph. 

[xxviii.  249] 

HUMPHREYS,  JAMES  (d.  1830),  author  of  'Obser- 
vations on  the  Actual  State  of  the  English  Laws  of  Real 
Property,  with  outlines  of  a  Code,'  1826  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1800;  friend  of  Charles  Butler  (1750-1832) 
[q.  v.]  [xxviii.  250] 

HUMPHREYS,  SAMUEL  (1698  ?-1738),  author ;  pub- 
lished miscellaneous  works,  including  translations  from 
Italian  and  French,  and  '  Peruvian  Tales,'  1734. 

[xxviii.  250] 

HUMPHRIES,  JOHN  (d.  1730  ?),  violinist  and  com- 
poser, [xxviii.  251] 

HUMPHRY,  SIR  GEORGE  MURRAY  (1820-1896), 
surgeon ;  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London ; 
M.R.O.S.,  1841;  L.S.A.,  1842;  surgeon  at  Addenbrooke's 
College,  Cambridge ;  deputy-professor  of  anatomy,  1847- 
1866;  M.B.  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  1852;  M.D., 
1859  ;  professor  of  human  anatomy,  Cambridge,  1866-83  ; 
professor  of  surgery,  1883;  professorial  fellow,  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1884 ;  F.R.C.S.,  1844 ;  F.R.S.,  1859 ; 
knighted,  1891 ;  published  anatomical  works ;  instru- 
mental in  procuring  for  the  medical  school  at  Cambridge 
its  high  reputation.  [Suppl.  iii.  11] 

HUMPHRY,  OZIAS  (1742-1810),  portrait-painter; 
friend  of  Romney  and  Blake;  patronised  by  Duke  of 
Dorset  and  others ;  studied  four  years  in  Italy ;  painted 
miniatures  in  India,  1785-8:  R.A.,  1791;  abandoned 
miniature-painting  for  crayon-drawing  ;  lost  his  eyesight, 
1797.  [xxviii.  251] 

HUMPHRY,  WILLIAM  GILSON  (1815-1886),  divine 
and  author;  captain  of  Shrewsbury  School;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1839  ;  senior  classic  and 
second  chancellor's  medallist,  1837  ;  vicar  of  St.  Martin-in- 
the- Fields,  London,  1855-86 ;  member  of  commissions  on 
clerical  subscription  (1865)  and  ritual  (1869) ;  a  New  Tes- 
tament reviser;  published,  besides  Hulsean  and  Boyle 
lectures,  commentaries  on  the  Acts  (1847)  and  the  revised 
version  (1882),  'Treatise  on  Book  of  Common  Prayer,' 
1853  (last  ed.  1885),  and  other  works.  [xxviii.  252] 

HUMPHRYS,  WILLIAM  (1794-1865),  engraver;  in 
America  illustrated  poets  and  engraved  bank-notes;  re- 
turned to  England,  1822 ;  engraved  the  queen's  head  on 
postage-stamps,  and  executed  plates  after  old  and  con- 
temporary masters ;  died  at  Genoa.  [xxviii.  253] 

HUMPSTON  or  HUMSTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1606), 
bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  1602-6.  [xxviii.  259] 

HUNGERFORD,  AGNES,  LADY  (d.  1524),  second 
wife  of  Sir  Edward  Hungerford  (rf.  1522) :  executed  for 
murder  of  first  husband,  John  Ootell.  [xxviii.  259] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1564-1627),  con- 
troversialist;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1594; 
knighted,  1608 ;  brought  up  by  his  mother,  Bridget 
Shelley,  as  a  Romanist ;  deputy-lieutenant  of  Wiltshire  ; 
his  treatises  in  defence  of  Anglicanism  published,  1639. 

[xxviii.  258] 


HUNGERFOKD 


661 


HUNT 


HUNGERFORD,  ANTHONY  (d.  1667),  royalist: 
younger  son  of  Sir  Anthony  II  linger  ford  [q.  v.] ;  reprc- 
senti'd  Malmesbury  in  Short  and  Long  parliaments  ;  fined 
and  imprisoned,  1044,  for  attending  Charles  1's  parliament 
at  Oxford.  [xxviii.  264] 

HUNGERFORD,  ANTHONY  (d.  1657),  parliament  t- 
riiin  colonel  in  Ireland;  perhaps  half-brother  of  Anthony 
Hungerford  (d.  1657)  [q.  v.]  [xxviii.  254] 


HUNGERFORD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1596-1648),  parlia- 
mentarian ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Anthony  Hungerford  [q.  v.] ; 
K.B.,  1625  ;  sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1632 ;  M.P.,  Chippenham, 
1020,  and  in  Short  and  Long  parliaments  ;  occupied  and 
plundered  Salisbury,  1643;  took  Wardour  and  Farleigh 
castles.  [xxviii.  254] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1682-1711),  founder 
of  Hungerford  Market;  son  of  Anthony  Hungerford 
(d.  1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  K.B.,  1661 ;  M.P.,  Chippenham,  1660-81, 
New  Shoreham,  1685-90,  Steyuing,  1695-1702 :  removed 
from  lieutenancy  for  opposing  the  court,  1681 ;  Hunger- 
ford  Market  built  to  recruit  his  fortune,  1682,  on  site  of 
house  destro veil  by  fire  (1669).  Charing  Cross  station  was 
built  on  site'of  market  house,  1860.  [xxviii.  255] 

HUNGERFORD,  JOHN  (d.  1729), lawyer;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge per  literas  regiat,  1683 ;  of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  M.P., 
Scarborough,  1692,1707-29  ;  expelled  for  receiving  a  bribe, 
1695;  counsel  for  East  India  Company;  defended  Francia 
(1717),  Matthews  (1719),  and  Sayer  (1722),  charged  with 
Jacobitism.  [xxviii.  266] 

HUNGERFORD,  MRS.  MARGARET  WOLFE  (1855  ?- 
1897),  novelist;    daughter  of  Canon    Fitzjohn  Staunus  ' 
Hamilton ;  married  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Huugerford  ;  published  j 
'  .Molly  Bawn,'  1878,  and  more  than  thirty  other  novels. 

[Suppl.  iii.  13] 

HUNGERFORD,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  HUXGER- 
PORD  (1409-1459),  eldest  surviving  son  of  Sir  Walter 
Hungerford,  first  baron  Huugerford  (d.  1449)  [q.  v.] ; 
summoned  to  parliament  as  baron,  1450-5  ;  acquired  large 
property  in  Cornwall  through  mother  and  wife. 

[xxviii.  269] 

HUNGERFORD,  ROBERT,  BAROX  MOLEYNS  and 
third  BARON  HUNGERFORD  (1431-1464),  son  of  Robert 
Hungerford,  second  baron  Hungerford  [q.  v.]  ;  summoned 
as  Baron  Moleyns  in  right  of  his  wife,  1445 ;  quarrelled 
with  John  Paston  regarding  ownership  of  manor  of 
Gresham,  Norfolk,  1448 ;  while  serving  with  Shrewsbury 
in  Aquitaine  was  captured  (1452)  and  kept  prisoner  seven 
years,  till  1459  ;  after  ransom  an  active  Lancastrian  ;  fled  I 
with  Henry  VI  to  the  north  after  Towton  (1461),  and  j 
visited  France  to  obtain  help ;  captured  at  Hexhain  and 
executed.  [xxviii.  256] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1398),  speaker  in 
last  parliament  of  Edward  III;  M.P.,  Wiltshire,  and 
Somerset,  1357-90;  purchased  Farleigh,  1369;  knighted 
before  1377;  steward  of  John  of  Gaunt;  first  person 
formally  entitled  speaker,  1377.  [xxviii.  257] 

HUNGERFORD,  Sm  THOMAS  (rf.  1469),  eldest  son  i 
of  Robert  Hnngerford,  third  baron  Hungerford  [q.  v.]  ; 
executed  as  supporter  of  Warwick.  [xxviii.  257] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  WALTER,  first  BARON  HUNGER-  ' 
FORD  (d.  1449),  warrior  and  statesman  :  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Hungerford  (d.  1398)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Wiltshire,  1400, 1404,  j 
1407, 1413,  and  1414,  Somerset,  1409  :  speaker,  1414 ;  Eng- 
lish  envoy  at  council  of  Constance,  1414-15  ;  at  Agincourt,  . 
1416,  and  siege  of  Rouen,  1418  ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1418  ;  K.G.,  - 
1421 ;  executor  of  Henry  V's  will  and  member  of  Glouces-  | 
ter's  council ;   steward  of  household  to  Henry  VI,  1424 ; 
first  summoned  as  baron,  1426  ;  treasurer,  1427-32 ;  buried 
in  Salisbury  Cathedral  in  iron  chapel  erected  by  himself. 

[xxviii.  268] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  WALTER  (rf.  1516),  privy 
councillor  of  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII ;  son  of  Robert 
Huugerford,  third  baron  Hungerford  [q..v.] ;  M.P.,  Wilt- 
shire, 1477  ;  knighted ;  slew  Sir  Robert  Brackenbury  at 
Boaworth,  1485.  [xxviii.  257] 

HUNGERFORD,  WALTER,  first  BARON  HUN 
FOHD    OP    HEYTESBURY  (1503-1640),    grandson   of  Sir 
Walter  Hungerford  (d.  1516)  [q.  v.] ;  squire  of  the  body  to 
Henry  VIII ;  sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1533 ;  created  peer,  1636 ;  j 
beheaded  with  Thomas  Cromwell,  1540.       [xxviii.  259] 

HUNGERFORD,  SIR  WALTER  (1532-1596),  'the 
Knight  of  Farley* ;  eldest  son  of  Walter  Hungerford,  first  | 


baron  Hungerford  of  Heytesbury  [q.  T.];  restored  to 
confiscated  estate  of  Farleigh,  1654,  bis  father's  at- 
tainder being  reversed ;  sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1567. 

HUNNE,  RICHARD  (d.   1614),  supposed   martyr; 

found  hanged  in  the  Ix>llards'  Tower  after  prosecution 

for  heresy ;  verdict  of  wilful  murder  brought  in  against 

Bishop  of  London's  chancellor,  Dr.  Horsey,  in  civil  court. 

[xxTiii.  861] 

HUNNEMAN,  CHRISTOPHER  WILLIAM  (d.  1793), 
portrait  and  miniature  painter.  [xxviii.  261] 

HUNNI8,  WILLIAM  (d.  1597),  musician  and  poet : 
gentleman  of  Chapel  Royal  under  Edward  VI :  imprisoned 
for  protestant  conspiracy,  1656;  restored  by  Elizabeth, 
granted  arms,  and  made  master  of  the  children,  1666; 
published  metrical  psalms,  'A  Hyve  full  of  Huunye,' 
1578,  and  other  works.  [xxviii.  261] 

HUNSDON,  BARONS.  [See  CAREY,  HENRY,  first 
BARON,  1524?-1696;  CAREY,  GEORGE,  second  BAKON, 
1547-1603;  CAREY,  JOHN,  third  Ii.utox,<f.  1617.] 

HUNT,  ALFRED  WILLIAM  (1830-1896),  landscape- 
painter  ;  son  of  Andrew  Hunt  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1852 ;  fellow,  1853-61 :  honorary 
fellow,  1882  ;  member  of  Liverpool  Academy,  1860 ;  ex- 
hibited landscapes  at  Royal  Academy,  1864-62,  and  from 
1870;  member  of  Old  Water-colour  Socfety,  1864; 
disciple  of  Turner.  [Suppl.  iii.  13] 

HUNT,  ANDREW  (1790-1861),  landscape-painter: 
exhibited  at  Liverpool.  [xxviii.  262] 

HUNT,  ARABELLA  (d.  1705),  vocalist  and  lutenist ; 
painted  by  Kneller  and  celebrated  by  Congreve. 

[xxviii.  263] 

HUNT,  FREDERICK  KNIGHT  (1814-1864),  journal- 
ist and  author ;  established  •  Medical  Times,'  1839 ;  sub- 
editor of  '  Illustrated  London  News ' ;  editor  of  '  Pictorial 
Times,'  and  (1851)  the  'Daily  News,'  after  having  been  on 
Dickens's  staff  ;  published  '  The  Fourth  Estate,'  1860. 

[xxviii.  263] 

HUNT,  GEORGB  WARD  (1825-1877),  statesman  ;  of 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1851;  D.O.L., 
1870;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1861 :  bencher,  1873;  M.P., 
North  Northamptonshire,  1857-77  ;  financial  secretary  to 
treasury,  1866-8;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1868 
(February-December) ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1874- 
1877  ;  died  at  Homburg.  [xxviii.  263] 

HUNT,  HENRY  (1773-1836),  radical  politician: 
farmed  property  at  Upavon,  Wiltshire;  fined  and  im- 
prisoned for  challenging  colonel  of  yeomanry,  1800,  and 
for  assaulting  a  gamekeeper,  1810;  active  in  political 
life  of  Wiltshire;  contested  Bristol,  1812,  Westminster, 
1818,  Somerset,  1826  ;  took  part  in  Spa  Fields  meeting, 
1816;  published  pamphlet  against  Burdett,  1819;  presided 
at  Manchester  meeting,  1819,  and  was  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment  in  connection  with  it ;  M.P.,  Preston, 
1830-33 ;  afterwards  a  blacking  manufacturer ;  published 
'  Memoirs,'  1820.  [xxviii.  264] 

HUNT,  JAMES  (1833-1869),  ethnologist  and  writer 
on  stammering  ;  son  of  Thomas  Hunt  (1802-1 881)  [q.  v.]  : 
hon.  secretary  of  Ethnological  Society,  1869-62  ;  founder 
and  first  president  of  Anthropological  Society,  1863-7; 
edited  'Anthropological  Review '  and  (1865)  Vogt's  ' Lec- 
tures on  Man ' ;  obtained  recognition  of  anthropology  as 
separate  section  at  British  Association  ;  defended  slavery 
in  paper  on  '  The  Negro's  Place  in  Nature '  (Brit  Assoc.), 
1863 ;  published  work  on  '  Stammering  and  Stuttering,' 
1861.  [xxviii.  266] 

HUNT,  JAMES  HENRY  LEIGH  (1784-1869),  essayist 
and  poet;  named  after  James  Henry  Leigh,  father  of  first 
Lord  Leigh ;  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  his  verses  entitled 
'Juvenilia'  printed,  1801;  his  'Critical  Essays  on  Per- 
formers of  the  London  Theatres '  and  '  Classic  Tales '  re- 
printed from  his  brother  John's  •  The  News,'  1807  ;  began 
to  edit  the  'Examiner,'  1808,  and  the  'Reflector,'  1810; 
prosecuted  for  article  against  army  Hogging,  but  defended 
by  Brougham  and  acquitted,  1811 :  sentenced  with  bis 
brother  to  fine  and  two  years'  imprisonment,  1813,  for  re- 
flections on  the  Prince  Regent ;  visited  in  Surrey  gaol  by 
Hymn.  Moore,  Bentham,  and  Lamb;  continued  editing 
the  'Examiner*  while  in  prison-;  entertained  Shelley  at 
Hampstead,  and  brought  about  his  meeting  with  " 


HUNT 


6G2 


HUNTER 


1816  ;  introduced  Konts  and  Shelley  to  the  public  in  '  Ex- 
aminer,' 1816;  Shelley's  'Ceuci'  dedicated  to  him,  1819; 
published '  The  Story  of  Rimini,'  181G  (subsequently  re- 
vised and  corrected) ;  published  ' Foliage*  (poems),  1818 ; 
savagely  attacked  by  'Quarterly*  aud  'Blackwood' ; 
issued  '  Hero  and  Leauder,'  1819  ;  began  '  The  Indicator,' 
1819 ;  joined  Byron  at  Pisa,  1822  ;  carried  on  the  •  Liberal ' 
with  Byron,  1822-3  ;  at  Florence,  1823-5,  continuing  to 
write  ;  published  '  Lord  Byron  aud  some  of  his  Contem- 
poraries,' 1828,  and  '  The  Companion '  (weekly),  1828 ; 
carried  on  the  '  Tatler '  (daily X  1830-2  ;  introduced  by  kis 
'  Ohristianism '  (privately  printed)  to  Oarlyle ;  began 
'Leigh  Hunt's  Journal,'  1834  ;  published  'Captain  Sword 
and  Captain  Pen,'  1835  ;  his  play  'A  Legend  of  Florence' 
successfully  produced  at  Govent  Garden,  1840;  issued 
critical  notices  of  dramatists,  1840,  'Imagination  and 
Fancy'  and  second  collective  edition  of  poems,  1844, 
'  Wit  and  Humour,'  and  '  Stories  from  Italian  Poets,' 
1846, '  Men,  Women,  and  Books,'  1847  ;  received  pension, 
200*.,  1847;  published  'Jar  of  Honey  from  Mount 
Hybla,'  1848,  'Autobiography,'  1850  (enlarged,  1860), 
'  Table-Talk,'  1861, '  Old  Court  Suburb,'  1855,  and  edition 
of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  1855 ;  bust  by  Joseph  Durham 
[q.  v.]  placed  at  Kensal  Green  (where  he  was  buried),  1869. 
His  '  Book  of  the  Sonnet '  (with  S.  Adams  Lee)  appeared 
posthumously,  also  (1862)  his  correspondence.  His  por- 
trait was  painted  by  Haydon.  [xxviii.  267] 

HUNT,  JEREMIAH  (1678-1744),  independent  minis- 
ter ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  preached  at  Am- 
sterdam ;  pastor  at  Pinners'  Hall,  Old  Broad  Street,  London, 
1707 ;  non-subscriber  at  Salters'  Hall,  1719 ;  hon.  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1729  ;  Williams  trustee,  1730  ;  friend  of 
Nathaniel  Lardner  [q.  v.]  ;  published  theological  works. 

[xxviii.  274] 

HUNT,  Sm  JOHN  (1550 ?-1615),  politician;  M.P., 
Sudbury,  1571 ;  knighted,  1611.  [xxviii.  275] 

HUNT,  JOHN  (1806-1842),  organist  of  Hereford 
Cathedral,  1835-42  ;  soug-writer.  [xxviii.  275] 

HUNT,  JOHN  (1812-1848),  Wesleyan  missionary  and 
translator  of  bible  into  Fiji.  [xxviii.  276] 

HUNT,  JO HNHIGGS (1780-1859), translator;  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  Browne  medallist; 
M.A.,  1804 ;  vicar  of  Weedon  Beck,  1823-59  ;  translated 
Tasso's  '  Jerusalem  Delivered,'  1818.  [xxviii.  276] 

HUNT,  NICHOLAS  (1596-1648),  arithmetician  and 
divine ;  BJL  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1616  ;  proctor  of  the 
arches.  [xxviii.  276] 

HUNT,  ROBERT  (d.  1608  ?),  chaplain  to  first  settlers 
in  Virginia  and  minister  at  James  Town,  1607 ;  LL.B. 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1606.  [xxviii.  277] 

HUNT,  ROBERT  (1807-1887),  scientific  writer  ;  pre- 
sident of  Royal  Cornwall  Polytechnic  Society,  1859 ; 
published  first  English  treatise  on  photography,  1841 ; 
keeper  of  mining  records,  1845-78 ;  professor  of  experi- 
mental physics  at  School  of  Mines ;  issued  '  Mineral 
Statistics,'  1855-84 ;  F.R.S.,  1854  ;  member  of  coal  com- 
mission, 1866;  published  handbooks  of  1851  and  1862 
exhibitions,  and  other  works,  including  '  British  Mining,' 
1884,  and  three  editions  of  Ure's  '  Dictionary  of  Arts ' ; 
contributed  to  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.' 

[xxviii  277] 

HUNT,  ROGER  (ft.  1433),  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  ;  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1414  and  1420,  and  after- 
wards Huntingdonshire  ;  speaker,  1420  and  1433  ;  baron 
of  exchequer,  1438.  [xxviii.  278] 

HUNT,  THOMAS  (1611-1683),  schoolmaster:  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1636  ;  published  works  on 
orthography.  [xxviii.  278] 

HUNT,  THOMAS  (1627^-1688),  lawyer;  M.A.  and 
fellow  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  of  Gray's  Inn ; 
counsel  for  Lord  Stafford,  1680;  wrote  in  support  of 
Exclusion  Bill,  1680,  bishops'  right  as  peers  to  judge  in 
capital  causes,  1682,  and  municipal  rights  of  city  of 
London,  1683 ;  ridiculed  by  Dryden ;  outlawed  ;  died  in 
Holland.  [xxviii.  278] 

HUNT,  THOMAS  (1696-1774),  orientalist ;  fellow  of 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1721  ;  D.D.,  1744 ;  Laudian 
professor  of  Arabic,  1738 ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew, 
1747 ;  P.R.S.,  1740 ;  F.S.A.,  1757 ;  collaborated  with 
Gregory  Sharpe  in  preparation  of  Thomas  Hyde's 


'Dissertations';  quarrelled  with  him  before  (1767)  pub- 
lication ;  edited  '  Fragment  of  Hippolytus  from  Arabic 
MSS.,'  1728,  and  works  of  Bishop  George  Hooper  [q.  v.], 
1757.  [xxviii.  279] 

HUNT,  THOMAS  (1802-1851),  inventor  of  a  method 
of  curing  stammering  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

[xxviii.  280] 

HUNT,  THOMAS  FREDERICK  (1791-1831),  archi- 
tect, [xxviii.  280J 

HUNT,  THORNTON  LEIGH  (1810-1873),  journalist ; 
son  of  James  Henry  Leigh  Hunt  [q.  v.]  ;  director  of  poli- 
tical department  of  the  '  Constitutional,"  1836 ;  helped 
George  Henry  Lewes  [q.  v.]  to  establish  the  'Leader,' 
1850  ;  published  '  The  Foster  Brother,'  1846  ;  edited  Leigh 
Hunt's  '  Autobiography,'  1850,  '  Poetical  Works,'  1860, 
and  '  Correspondence,'  1862.  [xxviii.  280] 

HUNT,  WALTER  (VKNANTius)  (d.  1478),  theologian  ; 
perhaps  professor  at  Oxford ;  represented  England  at 
councils  of  Ferrara  and  Florence,  1438-9,  being  a  leading 
exponent  of  the  Latin  view  as  tore-union  of  western  with 
eastern  church ;  wrote  thirty  lost  Latin  treatises. 

[xxviii.  281] 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  (1550  ?-1615).    [See  WESTON.] 

HUNT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1790-1864),  water- 
colour  painter ;  apprenticed  to  Varley ;  employed  in 
early  days  by  Dr.  Thomas  Mouro  and  the  Earl  of  Essex  ; 
exhibited  landscapes  aud  interiors  at  Royal  Academy, 
1807-11,  and  a  few  oils  at  Old  Water-colour  Society; 
member  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1826  ;  ex- 
hibited 163  drawings  (including  sixty  fisher-folk  pieces), 
1824-31 ;  excelled  in  painting  still-life  and  in  humorous 
drawings ;  preferred  pure  colour  to  mixed  tints  ;  ex- 
hibited at  Paris,  1855 ;  elected  to  Amsterdam  Academy, 
1856.  [xxviii.  281] 

HUNTER,  ALEXANDER  (1729-1809),  physician  and 
author ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1753  ;  studied  also  at  London, 
Paris,  and  Rouen;  practised  at  York  from  1763;  esta- 
blished York  Lunatic  Asylum ;  edited  '  Georgical  Essays ' 
in  connection  with  the  Agricultural  Society,  1770-2; 
F.R.S.,  1777 ;  F.R.S.E.,  1790 ;  hon.  member  of  Board  of 
Agriculture ;  edited  Evelyn's  '  Sylva,'  1776,  and  'Terra,' 
1778;  published  'Culina  Famulatrix  Medicine,'  1804 
(reprinted  as  'Receipts  in  Modern  Cookery,'  1820),  and 
•  Men  and  Manners '  (third  ed.  1808).  [xxviii.  283] 

HUNTER,  ANDREW  (1743-1809),  professor  of 
divinity  at  Edinburgh  University ;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  Utrecht;  professor  of  divinity,  1779-1809;  minister 
of  Greyfriars,  Edinburgh,  1779,  of  the  Tron  Church,  1786 ; 
D.D. ;  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1792. 

[xxviii.  284] 

HUNTER,  ANNE  (1742-1821),  poet;  sister  of  Sir 
Everard  Home  [q.  v.] ;  married  John  Hunter  (1728-1793) 
[q.  v.],  1771.  [x xviii.  284] 

HUNTER,  CHRISTOPHER  (1675-1757),  antiquary  ; 
M.B.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1698 ;  physician  suc- 
cessively at  Stockton  and  Durham ;  published  enlarged 
edition  of  Davies's  '  Rites  and  Monuments  of  the  Church 
of  Durham,'  1733 ;  excavated  Roman  altars ;  assisted 
antiquaries  ;  left  manuscript  topographical  collections. 

[xxviii.  285] 

HUNTER,  SIR  CLAUDIUS  STEPHEN,  first  baronet 
(1775-1861),  lord  mayor  of  London ;  alderman,  1804 ; 
sheriff  of  London,  1808;  lord  mayor,  1811-12;  created 
baronet,  1812.  [xxviii.  286] 

HUNTER,  GEORGE  ORBY  (1773  ?-1843),  translator 
of  Byron  into  French  ;  lieutenant,  7th  royal  fusiliers,  1785. 

[xxviii.  286] 

HUNTER,  HENRY  (1741-1802),  divine  and  author  ; 
minister  of  South  Leith,  1766,  of  London  Wall  (Scottish), 
1771 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  c.  1771 ;  secretary  to  S.P.C.K.  in 
highlands  and  islands  of  Scotland,  1790;  works  include 
'  Sacred  Biography '  (8th  ed.  1820),  and  translations  from 
Lavater,  Euler,  and  St.  Pierre.  [xxviii.  286] 

HUNTER,  JOHN  (1728-1793),  surgeon  and  anatomist ; 
helped  a  brother-in-law  at  Glasgow  in  cabinet-making ; 
in  London  assisted  his  brother  William  in  dissecting, 
1748;  pupil  of  William  Cheselden  [q.  v.]  at  Chelsea 
Hospital  and  of  Pott  at  St.  Bartholomew's;  house 
surgeon  at  St.  George's,  1756  ;  surgeon,  1768;  student  at 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1765-6 ;  in  Belleisle  expedition, 
1761 ;  with  army  in  Portugal,  1762  ;  began  to  practise  in 


HUNTER 


663 


HUNTINGDON 


Golden  Square,  London,  1763;  at  house  in  Earl's  Court 
k.-pt  directing  apparatus  and  wiM  animals:  F.R£., 
1767  ;  Lad  Jenner  as  house  pupil  in  Jfiinyn  Stnvt,  London  : 
began  lectures  on  surgery,  1773,  having  Astley  Cooper  and 
Abernethy  in  his  clasa  ;  surgeon  extraordinary  to  George 
III,  1776  ;  drew  up  '  Proposals  for  Recovery  of  People 
apparently  Drowned,'  1776;  Croonian  lecturer,  1776-82; 
bought  land  in  Leicester  Square  and  Castle  Street,  London, 
and  built  large  museum,  1784-5;  flrst  tied  femoral  urtery 
for  popliteal  aneurysm,  1785;  Copley  medallist,  1787; 
surgeon-general,  1790;  died  suddenly.  His  body  was  re- 
moved by  College  of  Surgeons  from  St.  Martin's  vaults 
to  Westminster  Abbey.  His  chief  works  were  '  Treatise 
on  the  Blood,  Inflammation,  and  Gunshot  Wounds,'  1794 
(edited  by  Sir  Everard  Home  [q.  v.],  1812,  &c.),  'On  the 
Venereal  Disease,'  1786, '  Observations  on  certain  parts  of 
the  Animal  (Economy,*  1786,  '  Observations  and  Reflec- 
tions on  Geology,'  published,  1859,  and  '  Memoranda  on 
Vegetation,'  published,  1860.  His  manuscripts  were  de- 
stroyed by  Sir  Everard  Home,  but  his  collections  were 
bought  by  the  nation  and  acquired  by  the  College  of  Sur- 
geons, 1800,  the  annual  Hunterian  oration  being  first  | 
given,  1813.  His  portrait  was  painted  by  Reynolds. 

[xxviii.  287] 

HUNTER,  JOHN  (rf.  1809),  physician  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1775;   superintendent  of  military    hospitals    in  I 
Jamaica,  1781-3 ;  practised  in  London ;  F.R.C.P.,  1793  ;  ! 
Gulstoniau  lecturer  (on  '  softening  of  the  brain '),  1796  ;  , 
Croonian  lecturer,  1799-1801 ;  F.R.S. ;  published  '  Obser- 
vations on  Diseases  of  the  Army  in  Jamaica,'  1788 ;  his 
Edinburgh  thesis  ('  De  Hominum  Varietatibus ')  repub- 
lished  in  English,  1865.  [xxviii.  293] 

HUNTER,  JOHN  (1738-1821),  vice-admiral ;  studied  ! 
at  Aberdeen ;  served  in  Rocbefort  expedition  (1757.)  and  at  \ 
capture  of  Quebec,  1759;  served  as  master  in  North  America 
under  Hood  and  Howe,  1768-78  ;  at  the  Doggerbank,  1781,  ! 
and  at  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782  ;  as  captain  of  the  Sinus  i 
sailed  from  Port  Jackson  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  by  ! 
Cape  Horn,  1788-9;  wrecked  on  Norfolk  island,  1789;  ] 
volunteer ;  with  Howe  in  action  of  1  June,  1794  ;  governor  J 
of  New  South  Wales,  1795-1801 ;  directed  exploration  of  | 
Terra  Australis ;  wrecked  off  Paignton,  1804 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1810.  [xxviii.  294] 

HUNTER,  JOHN  (1745-1837),  classical  scholar;  of  i 
Edinburgh  University ;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Mon-  ! 
boddo  ;  professor  of  humanity  at  St.  Andrews,  1775-1835  ;  ' 
LL.B. ;  pnucipal  of  St.  Salvator's  and  St.  Leonard's  | 
colleges,  1835-7  ;  published  editions  of  Livy  (i.-v.),  1822,  , 
Horace,  1797,  Ctesar,  1809,  Virgil,  1797,  and  Sallust,  1796,  ! 
and  Ruddiman's  '  Latin  Rudiments,'  with  additions,  1820. 

[xxviii.  295] 

HUNTER,  JOHN  KELSO  (1802-1873),  Scottish  artist, 
author,  and  cobbler;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  por-  , 
trait  of  himself  as  cobbler,  1847  ;  published  '  Retrospect  j 
of  an  Artist's  Life'  (1868),  a  work  on  Burns's  friends  and 
characters  (1870),  and  '  Memorials  of  West-Country  Men 
and  Manners.'  [xxviii.  296] 

HUNTER,  JOSEPH  (1783-1861),  antiquary;  presby- 
terian  minister  at  Bath,  1809-33  ;  member  of  the  '  Stour- 
head  Circle ' ;  sub-commissioner  of  public  records,  1833, 
assistant-keeper,  1838;  vice-president,  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries; published  •  Hallamshire,'  1819  (enlarged,  1869), 
'South  Yorkshire,'  1828-31;  collections  concerning 
founders  of  New  Plymouth,  1854  ;  edited  Cresacre  More  s 
'  Life  of  More,'  1828,  Thoresby's  '  Diary,'  1830,  and  Dr. 
Thomas  Cartwright's  '  Diary,'  1843  ;  wrote  also  on  Robin 
Hood,  the  'Tempest,'  and  other  subjects;  many  of  his 
manuscripts  in  British  Museum.  [xxviii.  296] 

HUNTER,  SIR  MARTIN  (1757-1846),  general ;  with 
52nd  foot  in  America,  1775-8,  and  India  ;  wounded  at 
Scringapatam,  1792  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  91st,  1794  ; 
commanded  60th  royal  Americans  in  West  Indies  under 
Abercromby,  troops  in  Nova  Scotia,  1803 ;  general,  1825  ; 
KB.,  G.C.M.G.,  and  G.C.H.  [xxviii.  298] 

HUNTER,  MRS.  RACHEL  (1754-1813),  novelist. 

[xxviii.  299] 

HUNTER,  ROBERT  (rf.  1734),  governor  of  New 
York;  at  Blenheim  (1704)  with  Ross's  dragoons;  cap- 
tured by  French  on  voyage  to  Virginia,  1707;  corre- 
spondent of  Swift,  1709  ;  as  governor  of  New  York  (1710- 
1719)  took  out  refugees  from  the  Rhine  palatinate  and 
settled  them  on  the  Hudson  ;  had  constant  disputes  with 
the  assembly  ;  major-general,  1729  ;  governor  of  Jamaica, 
1729-34.  [xxviii.  299] 


HUNTER,  ROBERT  (yf.  1750-1780),  portrait-painter ; 
.-xhibitwl  at  Dublin  ;  painted  portrait  of  John  Weuley. 

LxxviiL  300] 

HUNTER,  ROBERT  (1823-1897X  lexicographer  and 
theologian ;  graduated  at  Aberdeen,  1840 ;  colleague  of 
Stephen  Hislop  [q.  v.]  at  free  church  mijwion  at  Nagpore, 
Central  India,  1846-55;  resident  tutor  of  presbyteriaii 
church  of  England  in  London,  1864-6;  edited 
Encyclopaedic  Dictionary,'  published,  1889;  LL.D.  Aber- 
AMD,  1-^3.  His  publications  include  '  History  of  Minions 
of  Free  Church  of  Scotland  in  India  and  Africa,'  1873. 

[SuppL  Hi.  14] 

HUNTER,  SAMUEL  (1769-1839),  editor  of  the 
'  Glasgow  Herald,'  1803-35.  [xxviii.  801] 

HUNTER,  THOMAS  (1666-1726),  Jesuit;  joined 
Jesuits,  1684 ;  professor  at  Liege  ;  chaplain  to  DucheM  of 
Norfolk:  published  'An  English  Carmelite'  (printed, 
1876)  ;  defended  Jesuits  against  Charles  Dodd  [q.  v.]. 

[xxviii.  301] 

HUNTER,  THOMAS  (1712-1777),  author :  of  Qneen't 
College,  Oxford ;  master  of  Blackburn  grammar  school* 
1737-50;  vicar  of  Weaverham,  1755-78;  chief  work, 
'  Sketch  of  the  Philosophical  Character  of  Lord  Boling- 
broke,'  1770.  [xxviii.  301] 

HUNTER,  WILLIAM  (1718-1783),  anatomUt; 
brother  of  John  Hunter  (1728-1793)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  St.  George's  Hospital ;  assistant- 
dissector  to  Dr.  James  Douglas  (1675-1742)  [q.  v.] ; 
assisted  by  John  Hunter,  1748-69  ;  surgeon-accoucheur  to 
Middlesex,  1748,  and  British  Lying-in  hospital.  1749; 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1750 ;  physician  extraordinary  to  Queen 
Charlotte,  1764  ;  F.R.S.,  1767 ;  flrst  professor  of  anatomy, 
Royal  Academy,  1768;  F.S.A.,  1768;  claimed  several  of 
John  Hunter's  discoveries ;  president  of  Medical  Society, 
1781 :  his  museum  acquired  by  Glasgow  University  ;  por- 
trait painted  by  Reynolds.  His  '  Anatomical  Description 
of  Human  Gravid  Uterus'  (1774,  Latin),  was  edited  by 
Baillie,  1794,  and  Edward  Rigby,  1843.  He  published 
'  Medical  Commentaries '  (1762-4),  and  important  papers  on 
•  Medical  Observations  and  Inquiries.'  [xxviii.  302] 

HUNTER,  WILLIAM  (1755-1812), orientalist;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1777 ;  went  to  India,  1781 ; 
published  'Concise  Account  of  ...  Pegu,'  1785 ;  as  sur- 
geon at  Agra  accompanied  Palmer's  expedition  to  Oujein, 
1792-8 ;  surgeon  to  the  marines,  1794-1806 ;  secretary  to 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  1798-1802  and  1804-11,  of  Fort 
William  College,  1806-11 ;  published  Hindustani-English 
dictionary,  1808 ;  his  collection  of  proverbs  in  Persian  and 
Hindustani  published,  1824 ;  died  in  Java,  [xxviii.  305] 

HUNTER,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  ( 1844-1898 X 
lawyer:  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1864 ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1867 ;  professor  of  Roman  law.  University 
College,  London,  1869-78,  of  jurisprudence,  1878-82 ;  LL.D. 
Aberdeen,  1882;  liberal  M.P.,  North  Aberdeen,  1885-96; 
moved  successfully  for  free  elementary  education  in  Scot- 
land, 1890 ;  published,  legal  writings.  [SuppL  iii.  15] 

HUNTER,  SIR  WILLIAM  WILSON  (1840-1900X 
Indian  civilian,  historian,  and  publicist :  graduated  at 
Glasgow,  1860  ;  entered  Indian  civil  service,  1861 :  assist- 
ant-magistrate and  collector  in  Birbhum  district ;  pub- 
lished '  Annals  of  Rural  Bengal,'  1868, '  Orissa,'  1872,  and 
'Comparative  Dictionary  of  Non- Aryan  Languages  of 
India  and  High  Asia,'  1868  ;  appointed  by  Lord  Mayo  to 
organise  statistical  survey  of  Indian  empire,  1869  :  occu- 
pied with  it  twelve  years,  the  compilation  reaching  128 
volumes,  condensed  into '  The  Imperial  Gazetteer  of  India,' 
9  vols.,  1881  ;  bis  article  on '  India '  reissued,  1895,  as  '  The 
Indian  Empire :  its  Peoples,  History,  and  Products ' ;  an 
additional  member  of  governor-general's  council,  1881-7 ; 
settled  near  Oxford ;  made  extensive  collections  for  a 
history  of  India ;  published  first  volume  of  work  tracing 
growth  of  British  dominion  in  India,  1899,  second  volume, 
1900 ;  C.I.E.,  1878 ;  C.8.I.,  1884 ;  K.O.8.I.,  1887 ;  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  1869 :  M.A.  Oxford,  by  decree  of  convocation, 
1889  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1887.  [Suppl.  iii.  16] 

HUNTINGDON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  WALTHKOF,  d. 
1076:  SBNLIS  or  ST.  Liz,  SIMON  DK,  d.  1109;  DAVID  I, 
king  of  Scotland,  1084-1153  :  HKNRY  OF  SCOTLAND,  1114  ?- 
1152;  MALCOLM  IV,  king  of  Scotland,  1141-1165;  WIL- 
LIAM THE  LYOX,  king  of  Scotland,  1143-1214  ;  HKRBKRT, 
WILLIAM,  1460-1491 :  HOLLAND,  JOHN,  first  EARL  (of  the 


HUNTINGDON 


664 


HUSENBETH 


Holland  family),  13527-MOO;  HOLLAND,  JOHN*,  second 
r:\KL  (of  the  Holland  family).  1395-1447:  HASTINGS, 
tiKoitGK,  first  EARL  (of  the  Hastings  family),  1488?- 
1546;  HASTINGS,  FRANCIS,  second  EARL,  1514  7-1561; 
HASTINGS,  HKNRY,  third  EARL,  1535-1595;  HASTINGS, 
THKOPHILUS,  seventh  EARL,  1650-1701 ;  HASTINGS,  HANS 
FRANCIS,  eleventh  EAKL,  1779-1828.] 

HUNTINGDON,  COUNTESS  OP  (1707-1791).  [See 
HASTINGS,  SELINA.] 

HUNTINGDON,  GREGORY  OP  (fl.  1290).  [See 
GREGORY.] 

HUNTINGDON,  HENRY  op  (10847-1155).  [See 
HKNRY.] 

HUNTINGFIELD,  WILLIAM  DK  (fl.  1220),  justice 
itinerant;  constable  of  Dover,  1203;  sheriff  of  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk,  1210-14 :  one  of  the  twenty-five  appointed 
to  enforce  Magna  Oarta  ;  reduced  Es?ex  and  Suffolk  for 
Louis  of  France  :  captured  at  Lincoln,  1217 ;  licensed  to 
go  on  crusade,  1219.  [xxviii.  306] 

HUNTINGFORD,  GEORGE  ISAAC  (1748-1832), 
bishop  successively  of  Gloucester  and  Hereford  ;  fellow  of 
New  College,  Orford,  1770;  M.A.,  1776  ;  D.D.,  1793  ;  war- 
den  of  Winchester,  1789-1832  ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1802- 
1815,  of  Hereford,  1815-32  ;  compiled  account  of  his  friend 
Henry  Addington's  administration,  1802 ;  published  also 
•  Short  Introduction  to  Writing  of  Greek '  (frequently  re- 
issued), original  Latin  and  Greek  verse,  and  pamphlets. 

[xxviii.  306] 

HUNTINGFORD,  HENRY  (1787-1867),  author  of 
editions  of  Pindar  (1814  and  1821)  and  of  Damm's  '  Pin- 
daric Lexicon  '  (1814) ;  nephew  of  George  Isaac  Hunting- 
ford  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford  ;  B.C.L.,  1814  ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1838. 

[xxviii.  307] 

HUNTINGTON,  JOHN  (fl.  1553),  author  of  'Genea- 
logy of  Heretics '  (doggerel),  1540,  reprinted  and  replied 
to  by  Bale ;  protestant  preacher ;  canon  of  Exeter,  1560. 

[xxviii.  308] 

HFJNTINGTON,  ROBERT  (1637-1701),  orientalist; 
M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1663;  fellow;  chaplain  of 
Levant  Company  at  Aleppo,  1671-81 ;  visited  Palestine, 
Cyprus,  and  Egypt,  acquiring  valuable  manuscripts  and 
corresponding  with  Narcissus  Marsh,  Pocock,  and  Ber- 
nard ;  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1683-92  ;  bishop 
of  Rapboe,  1701 ;  many  of  his  manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian, 
and  library  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  [xxviii.  308] 

HUNTINGTON,  WILLIAM  S.  S.  (1745-1813),  coal- 
heaver  and  preacher ;  preached  in  Surrey  and  Sussex  ;  built 
•Providence  Chapel,'  Titchfield  Street,  London,  and 
preached  there,  1783-1810 ;  opened  New  Providence  Chapel, 
Gray's  Inn  Lane,  London,  1811 :  had  controversies  with 
Rowland  Hill  and  others ;  published  'God  the  Guardian 
of  the  Poor,' '  The  Naked  Bow,'  and  other  works. 

[xxviii.  309] 

HUNTLEY,  FRANCIS  (1787?-1831),  actor;  played 
Othello  to  K can's  lago  at  Birmingham  ;  appeared  under 
Elliston  as  Lockit,  1809  :  at  Oovent  Garden,  1811-12  ;  the 
'  Roscius  of  the  Coburg '  (Theatre).  [xxviii.  311] 

HUNTLEY,  SIR  HENRY  VERB  (1795-1864),  naval 
captain  and  colonial  governor ;  cruised  successfully 
against  slavers  on  west  African  coast ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  Gambia,  1839,  of  Prince  Edward  island  : 
knighted,  1841 ;  published  '  California,  ite  Gold  and  its  In- 
habitants,' 1856,  and  other  works ;  died  consul  at  Santo?, 
Brazil.  [xxviii.  311] 

HUNTLY,  MARQUISES  op.  [See  GORDON,  GEORGE, 
first  MARQUIS,  1562-1636 ;  GORDON,  GKOROE,  second 
MARQUIS,  d.  1649 ;  GORDON,  GEORGE,  fourth  MARQUIS, 
first  DUKE  op  GORDON,  1643-1716 ;  GORDON,  ALEXANDER, 
fifth  MARQUIS,  second  DUKE  op  GORDON,  1678?-1728; 
GORDON,  ALEXANDER,  seventh  MARQUIS,  fourth  DUKE  or 
GORDON,  1745  ?-1827 ;  GORDON,  GEORGE,  eighth  MAR- 
QUIS, fifth  DUKE  OP  GORDON,  1770-1836 ;  GORDON, 
GEORGE,  ninth  MARQUIS,  1761-1863.] 

HUNTLY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  SBTON,  ALEXANDER  DE, 
first  EARL,  d.  1470  :  GORDON,  GEORGE,  second  EARL,  d. 
1502?;  GORDON,  ALEXANDER,  third  EARL,  d.  1624; 
<JoR[>oN,  GKORGE,  fourth  EARL,  d.  1662;  GORDON, 
GEOROE.  fifth  KARL,  d.  1676.] 


HUNTON,  PHILIP  (1604  ?-1682),  author  of  'Treatise 
of  Monarchic,'  1643;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1629 ;  vicar  of  Westbury  till  1662  ;  provost  of  Cromwell's 
university  of  Durham,  1657-60.  [xxviii.  312] 

HUNTSMAN,  BENJAMIN  (1704-1776).  inventor  of 
cast  steel  ;  originally  a  Doncaster  clockmaker ;  experi- 
mented and  perfected  his  invention  at  Handsworth  ;  re- 
moved to  Attercliffe,  1770,  where  his  son  carried  on  the 
business.  [xxviii.  313] 

HUaUIER,  JAMES  GABRIEL  (1725-1805),  portrait- 
painter  and  engraver ;  came  to  England  from  Paris  with 
his  father.  [xxviii.  313] 

HURD,  RICHARD  (1720-1808),  bishop  of  Worcester  ; 
fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1742 ;  D.D., 
1768;  his  editions  of  Horace's  'ArsPoetica'  (1749)  and 
'EpiRtola  ad  Augustum,'  1751,  praised  by  Warburton  and 
translated  into  German  ;  defended  Warburton  against 
Jortin  (1755)  and  edited  (1767)  his  '  Remarks  '  on  Hume's 
'  Natural  History  of  Religion  ' ;  issued  '  Moral  and  Political 
Dialogues,'  1759,  and  '  Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Romance,' 
1762  ;  his  attacks  on  Leland  and  Jortin  reprinted,  with 
caustic  preface  by  Parr,  1789  ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1765;  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  1767;  Warburtonian 
lecturer,  1768  ;  bishop  of  Liclifleld  and  Coventry,  1774-81, 
of  Worcester,  1781-1808;  preceptor  to  Prince  of  Wales, 
1776  ;  declined  the  primacy,  1783 ;  complete  works  issued, 
1811.  [xxviii.  314] 

HURD,  THOMAS  (1757  ?-1823),  hydrographer ;  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Unicorn  at  capture  of  Danae,  1779  ;  present 
at    Dominica,    1782 ;    captain,    1802 ;  made    first  exact 
survey    of    Bermuda;   hydrographer  to  the  admiralty, 
I   1808-23.  [xxviii.  316] 

HURDIS,  JAMES  (1763-1801),  author  of  'The 
Village  Curate  and  other  Poems'  (1788),  and  friend  of 
Cow  per ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1785  ;  incum- 
bent of  Bishopstone,  1791 ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford, 
1793  ;  attempted  to  vindicate  Oxford  from  Gibbon's  asper- 
sions, [xxviii.  316] 

HURDIS,  JAMES  HENRY  (1800-1857),  amateur 
artist ;  son  of  James  Hurdis  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Heath  and 
friend  of  Cruikshank.  [xxviii.  317] 

HURLESTON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1764-1780),  painter  : 
with  Joseph  Wright  [q.  v.]  in  Italy,  1773-80:  killed  by 
lightning  on  Salisbury  Plain.  .  [xxviii.  317] 

HURLSTONE,  FREDERICK  YEATES  (1800-1869), 
portrait  and  historical  painter  ;  grand-nephew  of  Richard 
Hurleston  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  of  Beechey  and  Lawrence ;  began 
to  exhibit  at  Royal  Academy,  1821 ;  exhibited  from  1831 
chiefly  at  Society  of  British  Artists,  being  president, 
1840-69 ;  received  gold  medal  at  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855, 
sending  '  La  Mora,' '  Boabdil,'  and '  Constance  and  Arthur.' 

[xxviii.  317] 

HURRION,  JOHN  (1675  ?-1731),  independent  minis- 
ter of  Hare  Court  Chapel,  London,  and  Merchants* 
lecturer  at  Pinners'  Hall,  London;  works  edited  by 
Rev.  A.  Taylor,  1823.  [xxviii.  318] 

HURRY,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1650).    [See  URRY.] 

HURST,  HENRY  (1629-1690),  nonconformist  divine ; 
made  probationary  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  by 
parliamentary  visitors,  1649 ;  M.A.,  1652 ;  ejected  from 
St.  Matthew's,  Friday  Street,  London,  1662  ;  preached  at 
conventicles ;  published  religious  works,  [xxviii.  319] 

HURWITZ,  H Y  M  A  N  ( 1 770-1 844),  professor  of  Hebrew 
I  at  London  University,  1828;  born  at  Posen ;  acquaintance 
j  of  Coleridge;  published  'Vindicise  Hebraicse,'  1820,  'Ele- 
ments of  the  Hebrew  Language,'  1829,  a  Hebrew  grammar 
(2nd  edit.  1835),  and  poems.  [xxviii.  319] 

HUSBAND,  WILLIAM  (1823-1887),  civil  engineer 
and  inventor:  superintended  erection  of  Leigh  water 
engine  for  drainage  of  Haarlem  Lake ;  became  managing 
partner  of  Harvey  &  Co.,  1863  ;  patented  (1859)  balance 
valve  for  waterworks,  four-bent  pump-valve,  the  oscillating 
cylinder  stamps  called  after  him,  and  other  inventions : 
president  of  Mining  Association  and  Institute  of  Cornwall. 
1881-2.  [xxviii.  319] 

HUSE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1495).    [See  HUSSEY.] 

HUSENBETH,  FREDERICK  CHARLES  (1796- 
1872),  Roman  catholic  divine  and  author  ;  educated  at 
Sedgley  Park  and  Oscott :  chaplain  at  Cossey  Hall,  Norfolk,. 


HUSK 


666 


HUTCHINSON 


from  1820:  D.D.,  1850;  vicar-general  of  Northampton, 
1852.  His  fifty-four  works  include  a  defence  of  Catholicism 
against  Blanco  White,  1826,  missal  and  vesper  books  for 
the  laity,  notices  of  English  colleges  and  convents  after 
thf  dissolution,  1849,  'Emblems  of  Saints,'  1850  (ed. 
Jessopp,  1882),  and  a  translation  of  the  Vulgate  based  on 
the  Douay  and  Rhemish  vcr^ioiH.  [xxviii.  320] 

HUSK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1814-1887),  writer  on 
music ;  librarian  to  Sacred  Harmonic  Society,  1853-82 ; 
published  '  Account  of  Musical  Celebrations  on  St.  Cecilia's 
Day,'  1857 :  contributed  to  Grove's  '  Dictionary ' ;  edited 
'  Songs  of  the  Nativity,'  1868.  [xxviii.  321] 

HUSKE,  ELLIS  (1700-1755),  deputy  postmaster- 
general  in  America ;  brother  of  John  Huske  [q.  v.] ; 
reputed  author  »f  '  Present  State  of  North  America,'  1755. 

[xxviii.  322] 

HTJSKE,  JOHN  (N5927-1761),  general;  aide-de-camp 
to  Lord  Cadogan  in  Holland  ;  major-general  for  services 
at  Dettingen,  1743  ;  second  in  command  at  Falkirk,  1746  ; 
led  second  line  at  Oulloden  ;  lieutenant-general,  1747;  in 
Flanders  and  Minorca ;  general,  1756 ;  governor  of  Jersey, 
1760.  [xxviii.  322] 

HUSKISSON,  THOMAS  (1784-1844),  captain  in  the 
navy;  half-brother  of  William  Huskisson  [q.  v.];  present 
in  the  Defence  at  Trafalgar,  1805;  signal-lieutenant  to 
Gambier  at  Copenhagen,  1807;  served  in  West  Indies, 
attaining  post-rank,  1811 ;  paymaster  of  the  navy,  1827-30. 

[xxviii.  323] 

HUSKISSON,  WILLIAM  (1770-1830),  statesman; 
privately  educated  at  Paris  ;  private  secretary  to  Lord 
Gower,  English  ambassador  at  Paris;  under-secretary  at 
war,  1795;  M.P.,  Morpeth,  1796-1802,  Liskeard,  1804-7, 
Harwich,  1807-12,  Chichester,  1812-23,  and  Liverpool, 
1823-30;  secretary  to  the  treasury  under  Pitt,  1804-5, 
and  Portland,  1807-9  ;  resigned  with  Canning,  1809 ;  sup- 
ported Canning  on  the  regency  and  other  questions  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlet  on  'Depreciation  of  the  Currency,'  1810; 
colonial  agent  for  Ceylon,  1811-23  :  privy  councillor, 
1814 ;  minister  of  woods  and  forests  under  Liverpool, 
1814 ;  took  frequent  part  in  debates  on  corn-laws  and 
(1816)  bank  restriction;  member  of  finance  committee, 
1819  ;  drafted  report  of  committee  on  agricultural  distress, 
1821 ;  defeated  Londonderry's  proposed  relief  loan,  1822, 
but  his  offer  to  resign  refused  by  Liverpool;  treasurer  of 
the  navy  and  president  of  board  of  trade,  1823-7 ; 
passed  measures  for  regulating  the  silk  manufactures  and 
for  removal  of  restrictions  on  Scotch  linen  industry ; 
greatly  reduced  importation  duties  on  sugar,  foreign 
cotton,  woollen  goods,  glass,  paper,  and  other  commodities, 
1825;  spoke  effectively  on  shipping  interest  and  silk 
trade  ;  much  attacked  for  bis  free  trade  tendencies;  colo- 
nial secretary  and  leader  of  House  of  Commons  under 
Goderich  and  Wellington,  1827-8;  disagreed  with  Wel- 
lington on  corn  bill,  and  resigned  on  question  of  redistri- 
bution of  the  disfranchised  seats  at  East  Retford  and 
Penrhyn,  1828 ;  supported  catholic  emancipation,  1828, 
and  additional  representation  for  Leeds,  Liverpool,  and 
Manchester,  1829;  gave  much  attention  to  Indian  ques- 
tions; killed  by  being  run  over  at  opening  of  Manchester 
and  Liverpool  railway.  [xxviii.  323] 

HUSSEY,      BONAVENTURA     (d.     1614).        [See 

O'HUSSEY.] 

HUSSEY,  GILES  (1710-1788),  painter;  studied  under 
the  Venetian,  Vincenzo  Damini,  who  while  travelling 
with  him  decamped  with  his  money :  friend  and  pupil  of 
Ercole  Lelli  at  Rome,  where  he  elaborated  and  illustrate! 
his  theory  of  beauty  in  nature,  and  drew  chalk  portraits 
of  the  Young  Pretender ;  in  England  painted  little. 

[xxviii.  328] 

HUSSEY,  Sm  JOHN,  BARON  HUSSEY  (1466  ?-1537), 
eldest  son  of  Sir  William  Hussey  [q.  v.]  ;  comptroller  of 
Henry  VII's  household;  employed  diplomatically  by 
Henry  VIII;  chief  butler  of  England,  1521;  summoned 
to  House  of  Lords,  1529 ;  chamberlain  to  Princess  Mary, 
1533;  executed  on  charge  of  complicity  in  •  Pilgrimage  of 
Grace.'  [xxviii.  329] 

HUSSEY,  PHILIP  (d.  1782),  Irish  portrait-painter. 

[xxviii.  330] 

HUSSEY,  RICHARD  (17167-1770),  attorney-general 
to  Queen  Charlotte ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1742:  M.P., 
St.  Mawes,  1761-8,  East  Looe,  1768-70;  auditor  of  duchy 
of  Cornwall,  1768 :  counsel  to  East  India  Company  and 
admiralty  ;  prominent  debater.  [xxviii.  330] 


HUSSEY,  ROBERT  (1801-1856),  first  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history  at  Oxford;  king's  scholar  of  West- 
minster;  double-first  from  Christ  Church,  1H24  ;  censor, 
1835-42;  M.A.,  1827 ;  B.D.,  1837;  professor  of  ecclesi- 
astical history,  1812-56;  edited  Socrates,  1844,  Evagrioi, 
1844 ;  Baeda,  1846,  and  Sozomen  (published,  1860) ;  esta- 
blished against  William  Cureton  [q.  v.]  the  accepted 
view  as  to  Epistles  of  St.  Ignatius,  1849;  published  also 
'Rise  of  the  Papal  Power,'  1851.  [xxviii.  830] 

HUSSEY,  THOMAS  (1741-1803),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  NVaterford  and  Lismore;  after  studying  at  the 
Irish  college,  Salamanca,  entered  La  Trappe ;  chaplain  to 
Spanish  embassy  and  rector  of  Spanish  church,  London, 
1767 ;  undertook  confidential  political  mission  to  Madrid  : 
F.R.S.,  1792 ;  employed  by  ministers  to  check  disaffection 
among  Romanists  in  the  public  services  in  Ireland,  1794; 
president  of  Maynooth,  1795 ;  bishop  of  Waterford  and 
Lismore,  1795.  [xxviii.  331] 

HUSSEY,  WALTER  (1742-1783).  [See  BURUH, 
WALTER  HUSSEY.] 

HUSSEY  or  HUSE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1495),  chief- 
justice;  as  attorney-general  conducted  impeachment  of 
Clarence;  serjeant-at-law,  1478;  chief-justice  of  king's 
bench,  1481-95 ;  successfully  protested  against  practice 
of  consultation  of  judges  by  the  crown.  [xxviii.  332] 

HUSTLER,  JOHN  (1715-1790),  Bradford  philan- 
thropist: quaker  and  wool-stapler;  projected  Leeds  and 
Liverpool  Canal  (opened  1777);  advocated  in  pamphlets, 
1782  and  1787,  prohibition  of  export  of  wool. 

[xxviii.  332] 

HUTCHESON,  FRANCIS,  theelder  (1694-1746),  philo- 
sopher ;  educated  in  Ireland  and  at  Glasgow ;  while  keeping 
a  private  school  in  Dublin  became  acquainted  with  Lord 
Carteret,  Archbishop  King,  and  Edward  Synge ;  as  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow,  1729-46,  greatly 
influenced  '  common-sense'  school  of  philosophy ;  upheld 
ethical  principles  of  Shaftesbury  against  those  of  Hobbes 
and  Mandeville ;  his  'System  of  Moral  Philosophy '  pub- 
lished by  his  son,  1755.  fxxviiL  333] 

HUTCHESON,  FRANCIS,  the  younger,  also  known 
as  FRANCIS  IRELAND  (/.  1745-1773),  musical  composer; 
only  son  of  Francis  Hutcheson  the  elder  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1748 ;  M.D.,  1762 ;  composed  part- 
songs,  [xxviii.  334] 

HUTCHESON,  GEORGE  (1580?-1639),  joint-founder 
of  Hutcheson's  Hospital,  Glasgow.  [xxviii.  335] 

HUTCHESON,  THOMAS  (1589-1641),  joint-founder 
with  his  brother  George  Hutcheson  [q.  v.]  of  Hutcheson's 
Hospital,  Glasgow  ;  keeper  of  register  of  sasines,  Glasgow. 

[xxviii.  335] 

HUTCHINS,  EDWARD  (1558  ?-1629),  canon  of  Salis- 
bury, 1589 ;  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1581 ; 
M.A.,  1581 ;  B.D.,  1590.  [xxviiL  335] 

HUICHINS,  SIR  GEORGE  (d.  1705),  king's  ser- 
jeant;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1667  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1686  ; 
king's  serjeant,  1689  ;  knighted,  1689  ;  third  commissioner 
of  great  seal,  1690-3.  [xxviii.  335] 

HUTCHINS,  JOHN  (1698-1773).  historian  of  Dorset ; 
B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1722;  M.A.  Cambridge, 
1730;  held  livings  in  Dorset;  two  volumes  of  bis  his- 
tory of  Dorset  issued,  1774 ;  second  edition  partially 
destroyed  by  fire,  1808 ;  two  further  volumes,  edited  by 
Gough,  1813  and  1815.  [xxviiL  336] 

HUTCHINSON,  BARON.  [See  HELY-HUTCHINRON, 
JOHN,  afterwards  second  EARL  OF  DONOUOHMORK,  1757- 
1832.] 

HUTCHINSON,  MRS.  ANNE  (1590  ?-1643),  preacher ; 
rie?  Marbury;  followed  John  Cotton  to  Massachusetts, 
1634;  formed  an  antinomian  sect:  condemned  by  eccle- 
siastical synod,  1637,  and  banished:  settled  in  Aquidneck 
(Rhode  Island),  1638 ;  after  death  of  husband  moved  to 
Hell  Gate,  New  York  county ;  murdered  there  by  Indians. 


[xxviiL  337] 
-Y-< 


HUTCHINSON,  CHRISTOPHER  HELY-  (1767-1826). 
[See  HELY-HUTCHINSON.] 

HUTCHINSON,  EDWARD  (1613-1675),  settler  in 
Massachusetts,  son  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutcbinson  [q.  v.]; 
murdered  while  negotiating  with  Nipmuck  Indians. 

[xxviii.  337] 


HUTCHINSON 


6G6 


HUTTON 


HUTCHINSON,  FRANCIS  (1660-1733),  bishop  of 
Down  and  Connor;  M.A.  Catharine  Ha'.l,  ramhriikv, 
1684;  while  incumbent  of  St.  James's,  Bury  St.  Kdmumi.-, 
published  '  Historical  Es-ay  com-i-riiing  Witchcraft,' 
1718 ;  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  1720-39 ;  published 
'  Life  of  Archbishop  Tillotson,'  1718, '  Church  Catechism 
in  Irish,'  1722, '  Defence  of  the  Ancient  Historians,'  1734,  i 
nud  other  works.  [xxviii.  338] 

HUTCHINSON,    JOHN    (1615-1664),    regicide;    of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  Lincohi's  Inn  ;  held  Notting- 
ham for  the  parliament  as  governor  ;  as  member  for  Not- 
tinghamshire from  1646  attached  himself  to  the  indepen- 
dents ;  signed  the  king's  death-warrant ;  member  of  first 
two  councils  of  state,  but  retired,  1653  ;  took  his  seat  in 
restored    parliament,    1659;    worked  with    Monck    and  , 
Hesilrige  against  Lambert ;  saved  from  death  and  con-  • 
flscation  at  Restoration  by  influence  of  kinsmen,  but  im-  i 
prisoned  in  the  Tower  and  Sandown  Castle,  1663-4. 

[xxviii.  339] 

HUTCHINSON,  JOHN  (1674-1737),  author  of '  Moses's 
Principia,'  1724 ;  while  steward  to  Duke  of  Somerset 
employed  by  Woodward  (his  physician)  to  collect  fossils  ; 
riding  purveyor  to  George  I;  invented  improved  time- 
piece for  determination  of  longitude  ;  published  works  of 
religious  symbolism,  gaining  distinguished  adherents. 

[xxviii.  342] 

HUTCHINSON,  JOHN  HELY-  (1724-1794).  [See 
HBLY-HUTCHIXSON.] 

HUTCHINSON,  LUCY  (6. 1620),  author  ;  daughter  of 
Sir  Allen  Apsley ;  married  John  Hutchinson  (1615-1664) 
[q.  v.],  1638;  in  early  life  made  verse  translation  of 
Lucretius ;  adopted  baptist  views  ;  exerted  herself  to  save 
her  husband  in  1660.  Her  '  Life  of  Colonel  Hutchinson  ' 
was  first  printed,  1806,  her  treatise  •  On  Principles  of  the 
Christian  Religion  '  in  1817.  [xxviii.  340] 

HUTCHINSON  or  HUCHENSON,  RALPH  (1553  ?- 
1606),  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1578;  D.D.,  1602;  president,  1590-1606;  a  trans- 
lator of  New  Testament  (A.  V.)  [xxviii.  343] 

HUTCHINSON,  RICHARD  HELY-,  first  EARL  OF 
DONOUOHMORE  (1756-1825).  [See  HELY-HUTCHINSOX.] 

HUTCHINSON,  ROGER  (d.  1555),  divine;  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1543,  and  of  Eton,  1550; 
M  A.,  1544  ;  his  works  edited  by  John  Bruce. 

Lxxviii.  343] 

HUTCHINSON,  THOMAS  (1698-1769),  scholar;  of 
Lincoln  College  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1721 ; 
D.D.,  1738;  vicar  of  Horaham  and  Cocking;  edited 
Xenophon's  '  Anabasis,'  1735,  and  '  Cyropaedia,'  1727. 

[xxviii.  343] 

HUTCHINSON,  THOMAS  (1711-1780),  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Bay ;  descendant  of  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchin- 
son [q.  v.]  ;  graduated  at  Harvard,  1727 ;  member  of 
colonial  legislature;  sent  on  mission  to  England,  1740; 
speaker  of  House  of  Representatives,  1746-8 ;  judge, 
1752  ;  as  commissioner  to  Albany  congress  drew  up  with 
Franklin  plan  of  union  of  colonies,  1754  ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  1758,  and  chief- justice,  1760; 
carried  out  Grenville's  policy,  after  which  his  house  was 
sacked,  1765  ;  on  withdrawal  of  Bernard,  1769,  acted  as 
governor,  being  formally  appointed,  1771  ;  his  removal 
petitioned  for  by  Massachusetts  assembly  after  disclosure 
(1773)  by  Franklin  of  his  correspondence  with  Whately ; 
left  America,  1774 ;  consulted  by  George  III  and  minis- 
ters ;  deprecated  penal  measures  against  Boston  and 
Massachusetts ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1776.  Of  his  '  History  of 
Massachusetts  [*ic]  Bay,'  vol.  i.  appeared,  1764,  vol.  ii. 
1767,  vol.  iii.  (written  in  England)  was  edited  by  the 
Rev.  John  Hutchinson,  1828.  His  'Collection  of  Original 
Papers  relative  to  History  of  Massachusete  Bay*  (17G9) 
was  reissued  as  ' Hutchinson  Papers,'  1823-5  ;  'Diary  and 
Letters,'  edited  by  P.  0.  Hutchinson,  1883-6. 

[xxviii.  343] 

HUTCHINSON,  WILLIAM  (1715-1801),  mariner  and 
writer  on  seamanship ;  dock-master  at  Liverpool,  1760  ; 
published  treatise  on  seamanship,  1777,  enlarged  in  fourth 
'•dition  as  '  Treatise  on  Naval  Architecture ' ;  said  to  have 
introduced  parabolic  reflectors  for  lighthouses. 

[xxviii.  346] 

HUTCHINSON,  WILLIAM  (1732-1814),  topogra- 
pher ;  F.S.A.,  1781 ;  published  histories  of  Durham,  1785- 


1794,  and  Cumberland,  1794,  '  View  of  Northumberland, 
1776-8,  and  other  work?.  [xxviii.  346] 

HUTH,  HENRY  (1815-1378),  merchant-banker  and 
bibliophile;  travelled  in  Germany  and  France  ;  lived  s.  MI  it- 
time  in  the  UniteA  States  and  Mexico;  finally  joined  his 
father's  firm  in  London,  1849;  collected  voyages,  Shake- 
spearean and  early  English  literature,  and  early  Spanish 
and  German  books  :  priutul  '  Ancient  Ballads  and  Broad- 
sides,' 18G7,  'Inedited  Poetical  Miscellanies'  (1584-1700), 
1870,  'Prefaces,  Dedications,  and  Epistles'  (1540-1 7ul), 
1874,  'Fugitive  Tracts '  (1493-1700),  1875.  [xxviii.  347] 

HUTHWAITE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1793  ?-1873),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  with  Bengal  artillery  in  Nepaul,  1815-16, 
Oude,  1817,  the  Mahratta  war  of  1817-18,  and  Cachar, 
1824;  commanded  battery  at  Bhurtpore,  1825-6,  the 
artillery  of  the  Megwar  field  force,  1840-4,  and  3rd 
brigade  Bengal  horse-artillery  in  first  Sikh  war  ;  briga- 
dier of  foot-artillery  in  second  Sikh  war ;  major-general, 
1857 ;  lieutenant-general,  1868  ;  K.C.B.,  1869. 

[xxviii.  348] 

HUTT,  SIR  GEORGE  (1809-1889),  artillery  officer ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Hutt  [q.  v.] ;  distinguished  at 
Meeanee ;  commanded  artillery  in  Persian  war  ;  K.C.B., 
1886.  [xxviii.  349] 

HUTT,  JOHN  (1746-1794),  captain  in  the  navy; 
captured  by  the  French,  1781;  distinguished  as  flag- 
captain  to  Sir  Alan  Gardner  [q.  v.]  ;  mortally  wounded 
in  Howe's  action  of  1  June  1794;  his  monument  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [xxviii.  349] 

HUTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1801-1882),  politician: 
nephew  of  John  Hutt  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1831  ;  M.P.,  Hull,  1832-41,  Gateshead.  1841- 
1874 ;  paymaster-general  and  vice-president  of  board  of 
trade,  1865  ;  negotiated  commercial  treaty  with  Austria, 
1866;  K.C.B.,  1865:  commissioner  for  foundation  of 
South  Australia ;  leading  member  of  New  Zealand  Com- 
pany, [xxviii.  349] 

HUTTEN,  LEONARD  (1557  ?-1632),  divine  and 
antiquary ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1582;  D.D.,  1600;  sub-dean  of  Christ  Church; 
vicar  of  Floore,  1601-32 ;  a  translator  of  the  bible,  1604  ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1609 ;  published  '  Answere  to 
...  A  Short  Treatise  of  the  Crosse  in  Baptisme,'  1605 ;  his 
'  Antiquities  of  Oxford  '  printed,  1720.  [xxviii.  350] 

HUTTNER,  JOHANN  CHRISTIAN  (1765  ?-1847), 
author  and  translator  ;  his  account  of  Macartney's  mis- 
sion to  China  surreptitiously  published  in  Germany,  1797, 
and  translated  into  French,  anticipating  the  official 
narrative  ;  translator  to  foreign  office,  1807. 

[xxviii.  350] 

HUTTON,  ADAM  (d.  1389).     [See  HOUOHTOX.] 

HUTTON,  CATHERINE  (1756-1846),author;  daugh- 
ter of  William  Hutton  (1723-1815)  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
'  Life  of  W.  Hutton,'  1816  (ed.  Llewellyn  Jewitt,  1872), 
'  History  of  Birmingham  '  (4th  edit.  1819),  and  novels  :  left 
valuable  letters  (selections  published,  1891 ).  [xxviii.  351] 

HUTTON,  CHARLES  (1737-1823),  mathematician: 
son  of  a  colliery  labourer ;  opened  mathematical  school 
at  Newcastle,  1760;  prepared  map  of  Newcastle,  1770; 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Woolwich  Academy,  1773- 
1807;  edited  'Ladies'  Diary,'  1773-1818;  F.R.S.,  1774 
(foreign  secretary,  1779) ;  Copley  medallist,  1778 ;  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1779 ;  computed  mean  density  of  the  earth, 
1778  ;  published  '  Principles  of  Bridges,'  1772, '  Mathema- 
tical Tables,'  1785,  and  similar  works  ;  abridged  '  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  1809.  [xxviii.  351] 

HUTTON,  GEORGE  HENRY  (rf.  1827),  archteo- 
logist ;  son  of  Charles  Hutton  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant-general, 
1821 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen.  [xxviii.  353] 

HUTTON,  HENRY  (fl.  1619),  satirical  poet; 
author  of  '  Follie's  Anatomie,'  1619,  edited  by  E.  F.  Rim- 
bault,  1842.  [xxviii.  353] 

HUTTON,  JAMES  (1715-1795),  founder  of  the  Mora- 
vian church  in  England ;  educated  at  Westminster  : 
became  connected  with  the  methodists  and  published 
Whitefleld's  'Journal,'  1738-9;  visited  German  Mora- 
vian?, 1739  ;  broke  with  Wesley,  1740;  'referendary'  of 
Society  for  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel;  published  ap- 
preciationof  Zinzciulorf,  1755.  [xxviii.  353] 


HUTTON 


HUYSUM 


HUTTON,  JAMES  (1726-1797),  geologist  ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  Leyden ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1749; 
stiiiliiil  a  Miruluire  and  travelled  in  Holland,  Ik-lgimn, 
and  Picardy  ;  partner  with  James  Davie  in  production 
of  salammoniac  from  coal-soot ;  settled  in  K-liulmrvli, 
1768  ;  published  his  'Theory  of  the  Earth,1  1796,  verified 
l>y  visits  to  Glen  Tilt,  Galloway,  Arran,  and  the  Isle  of 
Man  ;  his '  Tlimry  <>f  Rain '  attacked  by  J.  A.  Deluc  [q.  V.] 
and  others;  published  'Dissertations,'  1792,  and  'In- 
vestigations of  Principles  of  Knowledge,'  1794;  origi- 
nator of  modern  theory  of  formation  of  the  earth's 
crust  and  uniformitarian  theory  of  geology  ;  joint-editor 
of  Adam  Smith's  '  Essays  on  Philosophical  Subjects,' 
1795.  [xxviii.  354] 

HUTTON,  JOHN  (d.  1712),  physician  (originally  a 
herd-boy  at  Caerlaverock)  ;  M.D.  Padua  ;  attended  Mary 
(afterwards  queen)  in  Holland  and  William  III  as  first 
king's  physician  in  Ireland:  M.D.  Oxford,  1695;  F.R.S., 
1697  ;  first  physician  to  Queen  Aune ;  M.P.,  Dumfries, 
1710-12,  and  local  benefactor.  [xxviit.  356] 

HUTTON,  JOHN  (1740  ?-1806),  author  of  'Tour  to 
the  Caves  ...  of  Ingleborough  and  Settle  '  with  glossary 
(2nd  edit.  1781)  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
third  wrangler,  1763:  M.A.,  1766;  vicar  of  Burton  in 
Keudal.  [xxviii.  356] 

HUTTON,  LUKE  (d.  1598),  reputed  author  of  •  Luke 
Button's  Repentance'  and  'The  Black  Dogge  of  New- 
gate '  (reprinted,  1638) ;  executed  at  York  for  robbery. 

[xxviii.  356]    . 

HUTTON,  MATTHEW  (1529-1606),  archbishop  of 
York  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1555 : 
D.D.,  1566  ;  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  1562-7 ;  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  1562-7  ;  disputed  before  Elizabeth 
at  Cambridge,  1564;  dean  of  York,  1567;  bishop  of 
Durham,  1589;  interceded  successfully  for  Lady  Mar- 
garet Neville,  1594  and  1595  ;  president  of  the  north, 
1596-16UO;  archbishop  of  York,  1596-1660;  founded 
Wartou  grammar  school  and  almshouses.  [xxviii.  357] 

HUTTON,  MATTHEW  (1639-1711),  antiquary; 
preat-graudson  of  Matthew  Button  (1629-1606)  [q.  v.] ; 
fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  and  D.D. ; 
rector  of  Aynboe,  Northamptonshire,  1677-1711:  friend  of 
Anthony  a  Wood  ;  collections  of  his  manuscripts  in 
British  Museum.  [xxviii.  358] 

HUTTON,  MATTHEW  (1693-1758),  archbishop  of 
York  and  Canterbury  :  descended  from  Matthew  Button 
(1529-1606)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1717  ; 
D.D.,  1728  ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1717  ; 
rector  of  Trowbridge,  1726,  of  Spofforth,  1729;  chaplain 
to  George  II;  bishop  of  Baugor,  1743-7;  archbishop  of 
York,  1747-57,  of  Canterbury,  1757-8.  [xxviii.  358] 

HUTTON,  Sm  RICHARD  (15617-1639),  judge;  of 
Hutton  Hall,  Cumberland  ;  studied  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford  ;  barrister, Gray's  Inn,  1586  ;  ancient,  1598 ;  member 
of  council  of  the  north,  1599-1619;  serjeant-at-law,  1603  ; 
for  the  defendant  in  Calvin's  case,  1608  ;  knighted,  1617  ; 
puisne  judge,  1617-39  ;  knighted,  1617  ;  a  grantee  of 
Bacon's  fine  ;  gave  judgment  for  Hampden  in  ship-money 
case,  1638  ;  some  of  his  reports  printed,  1656,  and  con- 
veyancing precedents  (l  Young  Clerk's  Guide  '),  1658. 

[xxviii.  359] 

HUTTON,  RICHARD  HOLT  (1826-1897),  theologian, 
journalist,  and  man  of  letters  ;  educated  at  University  Col- 
kn  school  and  University  College,  London  ;  B.A.,  1845  ; 
M. A.,  1849 ;  studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Berlin ;  prepared  for 
Unitarian  ministry  at  Manchester  New  College,  1847 ;  prin- 
cipal of  University  Hall,  London  ;  edited  Unitarian  maga- 
zine, "The  Inquirer,'  1851-3 ;  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  joint- 
editor  with  Walter  Bagehot  [q.  v.]  of  '  National  Review,' 
1855-64;  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bedford  College, 
London,  1856-65;  assistant-editor  of  the  'Economist,' 
1858-60;  joint-editor  and  part-proprietor  of  the  'Spec- 
tator,' 1861-97  ;  definitively  abandoned  unitarianism  and 
Accepted  principles  of  English  church.  His  publications 
include  '  Es-ayu  on  some  Modern  Guides  of  English 
Thought,'  1887,  and  'Criticisms  on  contemporary 
Thought  and  Thinkers,'  1894.  [Suppl.  iii.  19] 

HUTTON  or  HUTTEN,  ROBERT  ( d.  1568),  divine ; 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  rector  of  Little  Braxted 
and  Wickham  Bishops,  Essex,  and  Catterick,  Yorkshire ; 
published  translation  of  Spangenberg,  called  '  The  Sum  of 
Diuinitie,'  1548.  [xxviii.  360] 


HUTTON,  ROBERT  HOWARD  (1840-1887X  bone- 
setter  ;  joined  his  uncle  (Richard)  about  18»9  in  London, 
afterwards  setting  up  for  himself ;  accidentally  poisoned. 

[xxviii.  360] 

HUTTON,  THOMAS  n866-1639X  divine ;  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
probationary  fellow,  1686 ;  M.A.,  1591  ;  B.D.,  1697 ; 
vicar  of  St.  Kew,  rector  of  North  Lew,  and  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  1616 ;  defended  subscription  to  prayer-book,  1606-6. 

HUTTON,  WILLIAM  (1736?  -  1811  x"antiquarY  ; 
rector  of  Beetham,  Westmoreland,  1768 :  bis  dialect 
'  Bran  New  Wark '  (1785)  reprinted,  1879.  [xxvilL  868] 

HUTTON,  WILLIAM  (1723-1816X  topographer;  em- 
ployed in  silk-mills  at  Derby  and  Nottingham ;  book- 
seller in  Birmingham,  1750,  opening  first  circulating 
library,  1751 ;  opened  paper-warehouse,  1766 ;  president  of 
local  'Court  of  Requests,'  1787;  as  friend  of  Priestley 
suffered  heavily  in  riots  of  1791 ;  published  '  History  of 
Birmingham,'  1782,  'Description  of  Blackpool,'  1789, 
'History  of  Derby,'  1791,  'Dissertation  on  Juries,'  Ac., 
1789,  poems,  and  other  works;  an  autobiography  and 
family  history  by  him  issued  posthumously. 

HUTTON,  WILLIAM  (1798-1860),  geologist":  with 
John  Llndley  prepared  '  Fossil  Flora  of  Great  Britain ' 
(1831  7)  ;  his  collection  of  fossils  at  Newcastle. 

[xxviii.  363] 

HUXHAM,  JOHN  (1692-1768),  physician  ;  studied 
under  Boerhaave  at  Leyden  ;  graduated  at  Rheims,  1717  ; 
practised  at  Plymouth ;  F.R.S.,  1739  ;  Copley  medallist  for 
observations  on  antimony,  1755 ;  the  tincture  of  cinchona 
bark  in  British  Pharmacopoeia  devised  by  and  named 
after  him  ;  his  medical  works  published  in  Latin  at  Leip- 
zig, 1764, 1773,  and  1829.  [xxviiL  363] 

HUXLEY,  THOMAS  HENRY    (1825-1895),  man  of 
science;  studied  at  Charing  Cross  Hospital ;  announced, 
|  1845,  discovery  of  the  layer  of  cells  in  root  sheath  of  hair 
|  which  now  bears  his  name ;  M.B.  London,  1845  ;  made  as 
assistant-surgeon   on  H.M.S.  Rattlesnake,    1846-60,    in- 
vestigations relating  to  hydrozoa ;  established  morpholo- 
!  gical  plan  dividing  hydrozoa  into '  Radiata  '  and  '  Nemato- 
pbora' ;  sent,  1848,  to  Royal  Society  memoir  'On  the 
Affinities  of  the  Family  of  the  Medusa';  F.R&,  1850; 
published  two  memoirs  on  the  Ascidians:  lecturer  on 
natural  history  at  Royal  School  of  Mines,  1864  ;  naturalist 
to  geological  survey,  1855  ;  published  writings  dealing 
:  with    subject   of    fossil    forms,   including  memoirs   on 
cephalaspis  and  pteraspis  (1858),  the  eurypterina,  1856- 
i  1859,  and  the  dicynodon,  rhampborhynchus,  and  other 
l  reptiles  ;    read  Croonian  lecture  before  Royal  Society  on 
,  '  Theory  of  the  Vertebrate  Skull,'  1858 ;  published  '  Zoo- 
logical Evidences  us  to  Man's  Place  in  Nature,'  1863,  and 
'On  the  Causes  of  the  Phenomena  of  Organic  Nature,' 
i  1863;  served  on  royal  commissions,  including  those  on 
|  sea-fisheries  of  United  Kingdom,  1864-5,  Royal  College 
j  of  Science  for  Ireland,  1866,  Administration  and  Opera- 
tion  of    Contagious    Diseases    Acts,    1870-1,   Scientific 
Instruction    and    Advancement   of   Science,  1870-6,  on 
vivisection,  1876,  and  on  Scottish  Universities,  1876-8  ; 
Hunterian  professor  at  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1863- 
1869 ;    Fullerian  professor  at  Royal  Institution,  1863-7 ; 
published  '  Manual  of  the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  Ver- 
tebrated  Animals,'  1871,  'Elementary  Lessons  in  Physio- 
logy,' 1866,  '  Elementary  Biology  '  (in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  H.  N.  Martin),  1875 ;  an  original  member  of  school 
board  for  London,  1870-2,  greatly  influencing  scheme  of 
!  education   finally  adopted ;  president  of  Koyal  Society, 
1883-5;  inspector  of  fisheries,  1881-5  ;  retired  from  public 
work    owing    to   ill-health,    1885 ;    delivered    Romanes 
lecture  at  Oxford  on  'Evolution  and  Ethics,'  1893 ;  rector 
of  Aberdeen  University,  1872-4;    bon.    D.C.L.   Oxford, 
1885  ;  privy  councillor,  1892.    His  'Collected  Essays '  were 
published  in  nine  volumes,  1893-4.  [SuppL  iii.  22] 

HUYSMANS   (HOU8EMANX    JACOB     (1636?-1696X 
portrait-painter  ;  came  to  England,  c.  1660  ;  executed  por- 
i  trait  of  Queen  Catharine  of  Bragauza  as  a  shepherdess,  of 
Izaak  Walton,  and  others.  [xxviii.  864] 

HUYSSING  or  HYSINO,  HANS  (Jl.  1700-1736X 
portrait-painter ;  came  to  England  with  Michael  Dahl 
[q.  v.],  1700 ;  adopted  Dahl's  manner.  fxxviii.  36*] 

HUYSUM,  JACOB  VAX  (1687  ?-1746X  [See  VAN 
HUYSUM.] 


HYATT 


668 


HYDE 


HYATT,  JOHN  (1767-1826),  minister  of  the  London 
Tabernacle ;  published  sermons.  [xxviii.  365] 

HYDE,  BAROXS.  [See  VILLIERS,  THOMAS,  first 
BAROX,  1709-1786 ;  VILLIERS,  JOHN  CHARLES,  third 
BAROX,  1757-1838;  VILLIKRS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM 
FREDERICK,  fourth  BAROX,  1806-1870.] 

HYDE,  ALEXANDER  (1598-1667),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford  ;  D.C.L.,  1632  :  sub- 
dean  of  Salisbury,  1637  ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1660 :  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  1665-7.  [xxviii.  366] 

HYDE,  ANNE,  DUCHESS  OP  YORK  (1637-1671), 
eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Hyde,  afterwards  earl  of  Cla- 
rendon [q.  v.] ;  maid  of  honour  to  Princess  of  Orange,  1654, 
of  whom  she  wrote  a  '  portrait ' ;  became  engaged  to  James, 
duke  of  York,  at  Breda,  1659 ;  privately  married  him  in 
London,  1660  ;  of  their  children  only  two  daughters — 
Mary  (wife  of  William  III)  and  (Queen)  Anne— survival 
childhood.  She  was  secretly  received  into  the  Roman 
church,  1670  ;  many  portraits  of  her  were  painted  by 
her  protege,  Lely.  [xxviii.  366] 

HYDE,  CATHERINE,  afterwards  DUCHESS  OF 
QUEEXSBERRY  (d.  1777).  [See  DOUGLAS,  CATHERIXE.] 

HYDE,  DAVID  DE  LA  (ft.  1580),  classical  scholar; 
M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1553 ;  probationary  fellow, 
1549 ;  ejected  for  denying  the  queen's  supremacy,  1560 ; 
wrote  learned  works.  [xxviii.  369] 

HYDE,  EDWARD  (1607-1659),  royalist  divine;  of 
Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow ; 
M.A.,  1637  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1643 ;  rector  of  Bright  well, 
1643-5;  dean-elect  of  Windsor,  1659  ;  published  theologi- 
cal works.  [xxviii.  369] 

HYDE,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  OF  CLAREXDOX  (1609- 
1674),  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1626;  friend  of 
Falkland,  Ben  Jonson,  Selden,  and  Waller;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1633 ;  keeper  of  writs  and  rolls  of  the 
common  pleas,  1634;  as  M.P.  for  Wootton  Bassett  in 
Short  parliament  (1640)  attacked  jurisdiction  of  the 
marshal's  court,  and  practically  obtained  its  abolition  ; 
represented  Saltash  in  Long  parliament;  chairman  of 
committees  of  investigation  into  proceedings  of  councils 
of  the  north  and  of  Wales ;  took  prominent  part  against 
the  judges ;  helped  to  prepare  impeachment  of  StratTord ; 
defended  episcopacy,  1641 ;  successfully  obstructed  Root 
and  Branch  Bill,  1641 ;  in  second  session  opposed  the 
Grand  Remonstrance,  and  composed  the  king's  reply ; 
with  Falkland  and  Colepeper  arranged  to  manage  king's 
parliamentary  affairs ;  kept  ignorant  of  design  to  arrest 
the  five  members,  1642  ;  joined  Charles  I  at  York,  1642, 
and  for  three  years  drew  up  all  his  declarations ;  advised 
adherence  to  law  and  constitutional  methods,  with  refusal 
of  further  concessions  ;  thwarted  by  influence  of  the 
queen  and  Lord  Digby ;  privy  councillor  and  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  1643  ;  one  of  the '  junto'  of  five ;  raised 
loans  from  Oxford  university  and  the  catholics  ;  promi- 
nent in  negotiations,  especially  at  Uxbridge,  1645,  refus- 
ing real  concessions,  but  endeavouring  to  win  over  oppo- 
sition leaders  by  personal  offers;  obtained  culling  of 
Oxford  parliament  as  counterpoise  to  that  of  Westmin- 
ster, 1643 ;  leading  spirit  of  Prince  Charles's  council  in 
the  west,  1645  ;  followel  him  to  Scilly  and  Jersey,  1646, 
where  he  began  his  history ;  opposed  queen's  wish  for 
concessions  to  Scots  and  plans  for  using  foreign  armies ; 
issued  reply  to  Long  parliament's  declaration  of  reasons 
against  further  addresses  to  the  king,  1648 ;  captured  by 
corsair  on  way  to  Paris ;  ultimately  joined  the  prince  at 
the  Hague;  advised  him  against  accepting  Scottish  pro- 
posals ;  accompanied  Cottington  to  obtain  help  from 
Spain  and  negotiate  alliance  between  Ormonde  and  O'Neill 
for  recovery  of  Ireland,  1649-50;  after  Worcester  (1651) 
Charles  II's  chief  adviser,  as  secretary  of  state,  and  (from 
1658)  lord  chancellor;  opposed  concessions  to  presby- 
terians  and  Romanists  and  isolated  movements  in  Eng- 
land, but  favoured  negotiations  with  levellers ;  as  chan- 
cellor and  member  of  secret  committee  of  six  became 
virtual  head  of  the  government,  1660 ;  chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1660-7  ;  created  Baron  Hyde,  1660,  and  Viscount 
Cornbury  and  Earl  of  Clarendon,  1661 ;  forwarded  Act  of 
Indemnity;  in  church  matters  favoured  comprehension 
rather  than  toleration ;  opposed  to  severe  treatment  of 
nonconformists,  but  firm  in  enforcing  Act  of  Uniformity 
(1662) and  subsequent  measures;  zealous  for  restoration 
of  episcopacy  in  Scotland ;  one  of  the  eight  proprietors  of 
Carolina,  1663 ;  tolerant  in  colonial  affairs,  but  supported 


navigation  laws  and  measures  tending  to  promote  mutual 
division  among  the  colonies ;  desired  peace  policy  in  foreign 
affairs,  but  was  forced  into  war ;  refused  bribe  from 
France,  but  solicited  loan  ;  did  not  initiate,  but  carried 
out,  sale  of  Dunkirk,  1662 ;  deprecated  attack  on  Dutch 
African  possessions,  but  defended  seizure  (1664)  of  New 
Amsterdam ;  looked  upon  as  French  in  his  sympathies, 
though  really  opposed  to  French  alliance ;  ill-success  of 
Dutch  war  partly  due  to  his  administrative  conserva- 
tism ;  overthrown  by  court  intrigues  and  hostility  of  par 
liament,  whose  authority  he  had  endeavoured  to  restrict ; 
dismissed,  1667 ;  subsequently  impeached ;  though  the 
Lords  declined  to  commit  him,  fled  to  France,  1667  ;  ban- 
ished ;  three  years  at  Avignon  and  Montpellier ;  removed 
to  Moulins,  1671.  and  Rouen,  1674,  completing  his  'His- 
tory '  and  writing  autobiography  ;  died  at  Rouen  ;  buried 
In  Westminster  Abbey.  A  consistent  upholder  of  consti- 
tutional monarchy,  he  refused  to  recognise  the  altered 
conditions  introduced  by  the  civil  war.  He  took  Tacitus 
and  Hooker  as  models  in  his '  History  of  the  Rebellion,' 
which  is  very  unequal  in  its  historical  and  literary  value, 
being  a  blend  of  his  later  written  '  Life '  with  an  un- 
finished '  History,'  the  former  supplying  the  more  accu- 
rate element.  '  The  True  Historical  Narrative  of  the  Re- 
bellion and  Civil  Wars  in  England '  was  printed  from  a 
transcript  under  supervision  of  Clarendon's  son,  Roches- 
ter, 1702-4,  the  original  manuscript  being  first  used  in 
Bandinel's  edition  (1826) ;  the  best  text  that  of  W.  D. 
Macray,  1888 ;  profits  used  to  build  printing-press  at 
Oxford  (Clarendon  Buildings).  A  supplement  was  issued, 
1717.  The  '  Life  of  Clarendon,'  by  himself,  was  published, 
1759,  'History  of  Rebellion  and  Civil  War  in  Ireland,' 
1720,  and  selections  from  his  correspondence  ('  Clarendon 
State  Papers '),  edited  by  Scrope  and  Monkhouse,  1767-86. 

[xxviii.  370] 

H  YDE,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OF  CLARENDON*  (1638- 
1709),  eldest  son  of  Edward  Hyde,  first  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  as 
Viscount  Cornbury  represented  Wiltshire,  1661-74 ; 
private  secretary,  1662,  and  chamberlain,  1665,  to  Queen 
Catherine ;  intimate  with  Evelyn  ;  defended  his  father 
in  parliament,  and  on  his  fall  opposed  the  court  a-ud  the 
cabal ;  privy  councillor  by  influence  of  Duke  of  York, 
1680;  lord  privy  seal,  1685;  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1685-6, 
but  was  thwarted  and  ousted  by  Tyrconnel ;  high  steward 
of  Oxford  University,  1686 ;  received  pension  of  2,OOOZ., 
1688 ;  adhered  to  James  II  for  some  time ;  opposed 
settlement  of  the  crown  on  William  and  Mary ;  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower,  1690;  implicated  in  Lord  Preston's  plot  and 
again  sent  to  the  Tower,  1691 ;  his  history  of  Winchester 
Cathedral  published,  1715,  and  his  '  Diary  and  Correspon- 
dence,' 1828.  [xxviii.  389]  ' 

HYDE,  HENRY,  VISCOUNT  OORXBURY  and  BAROX 
HYDE  (1710-1753),  friend  of  Bolingbroke;  grandson  of 
Laurence  Hyde,  first  earl  of  Rochester  [q.  v.]  ;  Jacobite 
M.P.  for  Oxford  University,  1732-50  :  called  to  the  Lords 
as  Baron  Hyde,  1660 ;  addressed  to  Pope  verses  upon  his 
'Essay  on  Man,'  1735  (printed  with  it,  1739);  Boling- 
broke's  '  Letters  on  the  Study  of  History,'  1735,  addressed 
to  him  ;  killed  by  fall  from  his  horse  at  Paris. 

[xxviii.  393] 

HYDE,  JANE,  OouxTESS  OF  GLARKXDOX  AND 
ROCHESTER  (rf.  1725),  mother  of  Henry  Hyde,  viscount 
Cornbury  [q.  v.] ;  married  Henry  Hyde,  second  earl  of 
Rochester,  1693  ;  a  celebrated  beauty,  the  Myra  of  Prior's 
'Judgment  of  Venus.'  [xxviii.  394] 

HYDE,  LAURENCE,  first  EARL  OF  ROCHESTER 
(1641-1711),  statesman;  second  sou  of  Edward  Hyde, 
first  earl  of  Clarendon  [q.  v.] ;  M  P.,  Newport  (Cornwall), 
1660-1,  Oxford  University,  1661-79 ;  master  of  the  robes, 
1662-75 ;  warmly  defended  his  father  on  his  impeach- 
ment ;  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Poland,  1676,  and 
the  congress  of  Nimeguen,  1677-8 ;  M.P.,  Wootton  Bassett, 
1679  ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1679  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor and  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in  first  tory  adminis- 
tration, 1679-85  ;  created  Viscount  Hyde  and  Earl  of 
Rochester,  1681,  negotiated  secret  subsidy  treaty  with 
France,  1681 ;  opposed  summoning  of  new  parliament ; 
lord  president  of  the  council,  1684  ;  appointed  by  James  II 
lord  high  treasurer,  1685 ;  K.G.,1685 ;  served  (1686)  on  high 
commission,  and  supported  suspension  of  Bishop  Compton  ; 
dismissed  for  aversion  to  Roman  Catholicism,  1687,  though 
receiving  large  pension;  joined  Halifax  in  negotiations 
witli  William  of  Orange,  1688,  but  opposed  his  accession 
to  the  crown  and  supported  a  regency ;  having  takeu 


HYDE 


IDWAL, 


the  oaths  was  re-admitted  privy  councillor,  1692 ;  bead 
of  the  church  party  ;  oppose!  FenwickV  attainder,  1696  ;  ' 
named  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1700  ;  retained  in  oUiiv  by  gumi 
ABM,  bat  resigned,  17U3;  adopted  non-committal  policy 
as  to  succession;  again  pr.--i.lrnt  of  council,  1710-11; 
patron  of  Dryden,  and  the  Hushai  of '  Absalom  and  Achl- 
tophel';  wrote  prefaces  and  dedications  to  Clarendon's 
'Rebellion.'  [xxvlii.  394] 

HYDE  or  HIDE,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (,/.  1631),  chief- 
justice  of  Kiiirliiiid  ;  uncle  of  Edward  Hyde,  first  earl  of 
Clarendon  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple ;  M.P., 
Andover,  1601,  Christchurch,  1603-4 ;  prominent  in  op- 
position, but  retained  for  Buckingham's  defence,  1626; 
knighted,  1627 ;  chief-justice  of  England,  1627-31 ;  died 
of  gaol  fever.  [xxviil.  399] 

HYDE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1596-1665),  chief-justice  of  the 
king's  bench;  nephew  of  Sir  Nicholas  Hyde  or  Hide 
[q.  v.];  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1617;  serjeant-at-law, 
1640;  recorder  of  Salisbury,  1638-46,  and  M.P.  in  Long 
parliament;  imprisoned,  1645  ;  deprived  of  recordership, 
1646  ;  sheltered  Charles  II  after  Worcester  (1651)  at 
Heale ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1660 ;  knighted ;  chief- 
justice  of  king's  bench,  1663-5  ;  died  on  the  bench. 

[xxviii.  400] 

HYDE,  THOMAS  (1524-1597),  Roman  catholic  exile 
and  author  of  '  Oonsolatorie  Epistle  to  the  afflicted  Catho- 
likes,'  1579 ;  of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow,  1543-50 ;  M.A.,  1549  ;  head-master  of  Winchester, 
1551-8 ;  imprisoned  by  Elizabeth,  but  escaped  abroad ; 
died  at  Douay.  [xxviii.  401] 

HYDE,   THOMAS  (1636-1703),  orientalist;  while  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  assisted  Walton   in  Persian 
and  Syriac  versions  of  the  Polyglott;  Hebrew  reader, 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1658 ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1659  ;  Bodley's 
librarian,  1665-1701 ;  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  1673  ;D.D.,  , 
1682;   Laudian  professor  of  Arabic,  1691  ;  regius  professor  | 
of  Hebrew  and  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1697  ;  government  ! 
interpreter  of  oriental  languages ;  chief  work,  '  Historia  j 
religionis  veteruin  Persarum,'  1700.  [xxviii.  401] 

HYDE,  WILLIAM  (1597-1651),  president  of  Douay  | 
College  ;  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  under  name 
of  Beyard,  1614 ;  M.A.,  1617  ;  converted  to  Romanism  and 
admitted  at  Douay  as  Hyde,  1623  ;  professor  of  divinity, 
Douay ;  Roman  catholic  archdeacon  of  Worcester  and 
Salop ;  vice-president  of  Douay,  1641-6,  professor  of  his- 
tory, 1649,  and  president,  1646-51 ;  left  money  to  th° 
college.  [xxviii.  402] 


HYGDON,  111UAN  (</.  1539),  dean  of  York;  brother 
of  John  Hygdon  [q.  v.] ;  principal  of  Broadgates  Hall, 
Oxford.  1506:  D.C.L.,  1506;  sub-dean  of  Lincoln,  1611- 
1523  ;  archdeacon  of  the  West  Hiding.  1515  ;  dean  of  York, 
1516-39  ;  commissioner  for  peace  with  Scotland,  1526. 

HYODON  or  HIDDEN,  JOHN  (</.  1633),*  president  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  first  dean  of  Christ 
( -hun-h ;  brother  of  Brian  Hygdon  [q.  r.)  ;  of  Westminster 
and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  where  be  became  fellow. 
e.  1495,  dean,  1500-1  and  1603-4,  bursar,-  1502-3,  and 
president,  1616-25;  D.D.,  1511  :  i..  :i,.|-.i  demjship*  and 
fellowships ;  placed  at  head  of  Cardinal  College  (Christ 
Church)  by  Wolsey,  1526.  [xxviii.  404] 


HYGEBRYHT  (yf.  787).    [See  Hioi 
HYLL.    [See  HILL.] 


JT.] 


HYLTON,  first  BAIION  (1800-1876).  [Bee  JOLLIFXB, 
WILLIAM  OKOROE  HYLTON.] 

HYLTON,  WALTER  (d.  1396).    [See  HlLToir.] 

HYMERS,  JOHN  (1803-1887),  mathematician  ;  second 
wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1826  ;  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  1827,  tutor,  1832,  and  president,  1848- 
1852;  D.D.,  1841;  rector  of  Brandesburton,  18.V. 
caused  portrait  of  Wordsworth  to  be  painted  for  the 
college ;  left  money  for  foundation  of  school  at  Hull ; 
published  mathematical  treatises.  [xxviiL  406] 

HYND,  JOHN  (ft.  1606),  romancer :  probably  grand- 
son  of  Sir  John  Hynde  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1609  ; 
published  '  Eliosto  Libidiuoso,'  1606.  [xxviii.  406] 

HYNDE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1550),  judge  of  common  plea*  ; 
educated  at  Cambridge ;  barrister.  Gray's  Inn  ;  reader, 
1517,  1527,  and  1531 ;  recorder  of  Cambridge,  1520  ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1531 ;  king's  serjeaut,  1535 ;  prosecuted 
western  rebels,  1536 ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1646-60 ; 
knighted,  1645.  [xxviiL  406] 

HYNDFORD,  EARLS  OP.  [See  CARMICHAKL,  JOHN, 
first  EARL,  1638-1710;  CARMICHAEL,  JOHN,  third  EARL, 
1701-1767.] 

HYSLOP,  JAMES  (1798-1827),  Scottish  poet ;  suc- 
cessively shepherd,  schoolmaster,  tutor  on  board  ship, 
reporter  in  London,  and  again  teacher ;  died  of  fever  off 
Cape  Verde ;  his  poems  collected,  1887.  [xxviii.  406] 

HYWEL.    [See  HOWEL.] 


IAGO  AB  IDWAL  VOEL  (ft.  943-979),  king  of 
Gwynedd ;  succeeded,  943 ;  at  war  with  sons  of  Hpwel 
Dda ;  hanged  his  brother  leuav,  967;  one  of  the  kings 
who  rowed  Edgar  on  the  Dee,  972 ;  driven  from  throne  by 
leuav's  son  and  the  English  ;  captured  by  Danes,  980. 

[xxviii.  407] 

IAGO  AB  IDWAL  AB  MKIRIO  (d.  1039),  king  of 
Gwynedd  ;  seized  the  throne,  1023  ;  killed  in  battle  with 
Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn.  [xxviii.  408] 

IAGO  AB  DEWI,  or  JAMES  DAVIES  (1648-1722),  Welsh 
bard ;  translator  of  English  religious  works. 

[xxviii.  407] 

I'ANSON,  EDWARD  (1812-1888),  architect ,  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  the  College  of  Henri  IV  ; 
designed  Royal  Exchange  Buildings  and  offices  in  the  city 
of  London  ;  P.R.I.B.A.,  1886.  [xxviii.  408] 

IBBETSON,  MRS.  AGNES  (1757-1823),  vegetable 
physiologist.  [xxyiii.  409] 

IBBETSON,  JULIUS  O^SAR  (1759-1817),  painter  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Academy  from  1785  ;  made  drawings 
during  a  voyage  to  China,  1788;  friend  of  Morland; 
excelled  as  painter  (oil)  of  cattle  and  pigs ;  published 
'Accidence  or  Gamut  of  Painters  in  Oil  and  Water- 
colours,'  1803.  [xxviii.  409] 

IBBOT,  BENJAMIN  (1680-1725),  divine;  B. A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1699  ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christ!  College,  1703 ; 
Norfolk  fellow,  1706-7;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Tcnison 
and  to  George  I ;  treasurer  of  Wells,  1708  ;  rector  of  St. 


Paul's,  Shadwell ;  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1724 :  as 
Boyle  lecturer,  1713-14,  replied  to  Anthony  Collins'* 
'  Discourse  of  Free-thinking.'  [xxviiL  410] 

IBBOTSON.  HENRY  (18167-1886),  Yorkshire  bota- 
nist and  schoolmaster ;  compiler  of  '  Catalogue  of  Pha?no- 
gamous  Plants  '  (1846-8).  [xxviii.  410] 

IBHAE  or  IBERJTJS,  SAINT  (d.  600  ?X  bishop  of 
Begerin  (  Wexford) ;  locally  known  as  St.  Ivory ;  his  day, 
23  April.  [xxviii.  411] 

ICKHAM,  PETER  OF  (fl.  1290?),  reputed  author  of 
4  Chronicou  de  Regibus  Anglire  ' ;  monk  of  Canterbury. 

[xxviii.  411] 

ICKWORTH,  BARON  HERVEY  OF  (1696-1743).  [Sec 
HERVEY,  JOHN.] 

IDA  (d.  559),  first  Bernician  king ;  began  to  reign, 
547 ;  built  Bamborough  (Bebbauburcb).  [xxviii.  411] 

IDDESLEIGH,  first  EARL  OP  (1818-1887).  [Sse 
NORTHCOTE,  SIR  STAFFORD  HENRY.] 

IDBJSYN  (1804-1887).    [See  JONES,  JOHN.] 

IDWAL  VOEL  (d.  943),  prince  of  Gwynedd;  suc- 
ceeded 915;  under-king  to  JEtbebtaa;  helped  Welsh  to 
regain  freedom,  940  ;  killed  by  English.  [xxviii.  412] 

IDWAL  AB  MEIRIO  (d.  9»/),  king  of  Gwynedd: 
defeated  the  usurper  Meredydd  ab  Owaiii  ab  Howel  Dda, 
995  ;  slain  in  repelling  the  DaaM.  [xxviiL  412] 


IESTIIST 


670 


INETT 


IESTIN  AB  GWRGANT  (/.  1093),  prince  of  Gwentand 
Morganwg ;  succeeded  Howel  ab  Morgan,  1043  ;  said  to 
have  invoked  Norman  aid  against  Rhys  ab  Tewdwr,  but 
to  have  been  subsequently  driven  out  by  Robert  Fitzhamon 
[q.  v.]  [xxviii.  412] 

EEUAN  AB  RHYDDEBCH  AB  IEUAN  LLWYD  (/*. 1410- 
1440),  Welsh  bard  and  collector  of  Welsh  manuscripts ; 
extracts  from  his  works  in  lolo  MSS.  and  in  'Oyfrinach 
y  BeinM';  'Llyfr  Gwyn  Rhydderch,1  preserved  at 
Peniarth,  belonged  to  him.  [xxviii.  413] 

IEUAN  AB  HYWEL  SWRDWAL  (/.  1430-1480),  Welsh 
poet  and  historian  of  the  three  principalities  ;  his  Eng- 
lish ode  (1450)  printed  in  '  Cambrian  Register.' 

[xxviii.  413] 

IEUAN  DDU  AB  DAFYDD  AB  OWAEJ  (Jl.  1440-1480), 
poet  and  bardic  patron.  [xxviii.  414] 

IEUAN  DDU  o  LAN  TAWY  (1802-1823).  [See 
HARRIS,  JOHN  RYLAXD.] 

IEUAN  DDU  ( 1795-1871).    [See  THOMAS,  JOHN.] 

ILCHESTER,  RICHARD  OF  (d.  1188).  [See 
RICHARD.] 

ILIVE,  JACOB  (1705-1763),  printer,  letter-founder, 
and  author  ;  printed  his  '  Layman's  Vindication  of  the 
Christian  Religion,'  1730  ;  lectured  on  religious  subjects ; 
imprisoned,  1756-8,  for  blasphemy  in  commenting  on 
Sherlock's  sermons ;  published  works  on  reform  of  the 
house  of  correction,  and  on  management  of  Stationers' 
Company.  [xxviii.  414] 

ILLIDGE,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1799-1851),  portrait- 
painter  ;  exhibited  from  1842  at  the  Academy. 

[xxviii.  415] 

ILLINGWORTH,  CAYLEY  (1758  ?-1823),  topo- 
grapher: M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1787; 
D.D.,  1811 ;  archdeacon  of  Stow,  1808  ;  published  'Topo- 
graphical Account  of  ...  Scampton,'  1808 ;  brother  of 
William  Illingworth  [q.  v.]  [xxviii.  416] 

ILLINGWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1764-1845),  deputy- 
keeper  of  the  records,  1805-19;  attorney  of  the  king's 
bench,  1788;  published  'Inquiry  into  Laws  respecting 
Forestalling,  Hegrating  and  Ingrossing,'  1800 ;  tran- 
scribed and  collated  the  statutes  from  Magna  Carta  to 
the  end  of  Henry  VIII's  reign  and  other  important  docu- 
ments ;  arranged  and  catalogued  Westminster  chapter- 
house records,  1808;  gave  important  (unacknowledged) 
assistance  to  record  commission  of  1832,  and  evidence 
before  Commons'  committee,  1836.  [xxviii.  415] 

LLLTYD  or  ILTUTUS  (fl.  520),  Welsh  saint  ('  The 
Knight ') ;  born  in  Britauny,  where  he  was  a  disciple  of 
St.  Germanus  [q.  v.] ;  came  to  Glamorganshire  and  built 
a  monastery  at  Llantwit  Major  ;  had  among  his  scholars 
St.  David  and  St.  Pol  de  Leon  ;  said  to  have  reclaimed 
land  from  the  sea.  [xxviii.  416] 

IMAGE,  THOMAS  (1772-1856),  geologist;  M.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1798  ;  rector  of  Whep- 
stead,  1798,  and  Stanningfield,  1807 ;  his  fossils  acquired 
by  Cambridge  University.  [xxviii.  417] 

IMISON,  JOHN  (d.  1788),  Manchester  mechanic  and 
printer ;  his  best  work, '  The  School  of  Arts '  (1785). 

[xxviii.  417] 

LMLAH,  JOHN  (1799-1846),  Scottish  poet;  published 
'May  Flowers,'  1827,  'Poems  and  Songs,'  1841;  died  of 
fever  in  Jamaica.  [xxviii.  417] 

IMLAY,  GILBERT  (/.  1793),  soldier  and  author; 
served  against  British  in  American  war  of  independence ; 
lived  with  Mary  Wollstouecraft,  1793-5,  in  Havre  and 
London  ;  published  '  Topographical  Description  of  West- 
ern Territory  of  North  America,'  1792,  and  the  'Emi- 
grants,' 1793.  [xxviii.  417] 

IMMYNS,  JOHN  (d.  1764),  founder  of  Madrigal 
Society,  1741 ;  a.  live  member  of  Academy  of  Ancient 
Music  ;  lutenist  .o  the  Chapel  Royal.  [xxviii.  418] 

IMPEY,  bm  ELIJAH  (1732-1809),  chief-justice  of 
Bengal ;  at  Westminster  with  Warren  Hastiugs ;  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1757;  junior  chancellor's 
medallist.  1756;  M.A.,  1759;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1766;  recorder  of  Basingstoke,  1766;  counsel  for  East 
Iixlia  Company  before  House  of  Commons,  1772;  went 
to  India,  1774;  knighted,  1774;  chief-justice  of  Bengal, 


1774-89;  confirmed  committal  of  Naud  Kumar  (Nun- 
comar)  for  forgery,  and  condemned  and  sentenced  him  to 
death,  1775  ;  decided  for  Hastings  on  question  of  his 
resignation  of  the  governor-generalship,  1777 ;  Ins  judicial 
power  restricted  as,  a  condition  of  compromise  with  Sir 
Philip  Francis  [q.  v.],  against  whom  he  awarded  damages 
for  criminal  conversation,  1779  ;  president  of  new  appeal 
court  over  local  tribunals,  1780 :  recalled  to  defend  himself 
against  Francis's  charges  of  illegality,  1783 ;  impeached 
by  the  House  of  Commons ;  defended  himself  successfully 
at  bar  of  House  of  Commons  against  six  charges,  includ- 
ing the  Nuncomar  proceedings  and  exercise  of  extended 
judicial  powers  contrary  to  his  patent,  1788 ;  his  impeach- 
ment dropped,  1788;  M.P.,  New  Romney,  1790-6. 

[xxviii.  418] 

IMPEY,  JOHN  (d.  1829),  legal  writer ;  attorney  of 
the  sheriff's  court ;  published  treatises  on  practice  of  courU 
of  king's  bench  (1782)  and  common  pleas  (1784)  and  other 
works.  [xxviii.  422] 

INA  (d.  726).    [See  INK.] 

INCE,  JOSEPH  MURRAY  (1806-1859),  landscape- 
painter  ;  pupil  of  David  Cox  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[xxviii.  423] 

INCHBALD,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1753-1821),  novelist, 
dramatist,  and  actress ;  n>'>-  Simpson ;  married  Joseph 
Inchbald,  an  actor,  1772 ;  appeared  as  Cordelia  to  Inch- 
bald's  Lear  at  Bristol,  1772;  played  other  parts  with 
him  in  Scotland;  acted  under  Tate  Wilkinson  [q.  v.] 
in  Yorkshire,  1778-80,  her  husband  dying  at  Leeds ;  ap- 
peared at  Covent  Garden  as  Bellario  in  'Philaster'  and 
other  parts,  1780 ;  at  the  Haymarket  and  Dublin,  1782  ; 
retired  from  the  stage,  1789;  her  'Mogul  Tale'  produced 
at  the  Haymarket,  1784,  Til  tell  you  what,'  1785,  'Ap- 
pearance is  against  them '  at  Covent  Garden,  1785 ;  pro- 
duced many  other  comedies  and  farces,  1786-1805,  chiefly 
adaptations  from  French;  edited  'The  British  Theatre,' 
1806-9.  Her  romances,  'A  Simple  Story '  (1791)  and '  Nature 
and  Art '  (1796),  have  been  often  reprinted,  [xxviii.  423] 

INCHBOLD,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1830-1888),  land- 
scape-painter ;  much  admired  by  Ruskin  and  contempo- 
rary poets ;  '  The  Moorland,'  *  The  Jungf rau,'  and  '  Drift- 
ing '  among  his  chief  works  ;  published  '  Annus  Amoris,' 
1877.  [xxviii.  426] 

INCHIQUIN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MURROUGH,  first 
EARL,  1614-1674;  O'BRIEN,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL, 
1638?-1692;  O'BRIEN,  JAMES,  seventh  EARL,  1769-1855.] 

INCHIQUIN,  BARONS.  [See  O'BRIEN,  MURROUGH, 
first  BARON,  d.  1551 ;  O'BRIEN,  MURROUGH,  sixth  BARON, 
1614-1674.] 

INCLEDON,  BENJAMIN  (1730-1796),  recorder  of 
Barnstaple  and  Devonshire  genealogist.  [xxviii.  426] 

INCLEDON,  CHARLES  (1763-1826),  tenor  vocalist ; 
after  singing  in  the  Exeter  choir  spent  some  time  at  sea  ; 
sang  at  Southampton  (1784),  Bath  (1785),  and  Vauxball 
Gardens,  1786-9 ;  appeared  in  operas  by  Shield  and  in 
'Beggar's  Opera'  at  Covent  Garden,  1790-1815:  sang 
in  sacred  concerts  under  Linley,  1792 ;  took  part  in 
first  performance  of  Haydn's '  Creation '  at  Covent  Garden, 
1800  ;  unsuccessful  at  New  York,  1817-18  ;  retired, 
1822.  [xxviii.  427] 

INCLEDON,  CHARLES  (1791-1865),  vocalist;  son  of 
Charles  Incledon  (1763-1826)  [q.  v.] ;  died  at  Bad  Tliffer. 

[xxviii.  428] 

INDULPHU8  (d.  962),  king  of  Alba  or  Scotland, 
954-62  ;  defeated  Norse  fleet  in  Buchan.  [xxviii.  428] 

INE,  INI,  or  (Latin)  INA  (d.  726),  West-Saxon  king  ; 
chosen  king  in  father's  lifetime,  688  ;  invaded  Kent,  693, 
and  established  his  supremacy  over  all  England  south  of 
Thames ;  created  see  of  Sherborne,  705  ;  defeated  Gerent, 
king  of  the  British  Dyvnaint,  710,  and  extended  West- 
Saxon  territory  over  western  Somerset;  fought  Ceolred 
[q.  v.]  of  Mercia  at  Wanborough,  715  ;  suppressed  rising 
of  the  sethelings  of  the  race  of  Oerdic,  715;  made  war 
on  South-Saxons,  725  ;  his  laws  (promulgated  690-3) 
earliest  extant  West-Saxon  legislation:  benefactor  to 
Glastonbury  and  Abingdon  ;  abdicated,  726,  and  died  at 
Rome.  [xxviii.  428] 

INETT,  JOHN  (1647-1717),  author  of  'Origines 
Anglican*,'  1710  (ed.  Griffiths,  1855);  M.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1669 ;  successively  incumbent  of  St. 


INGALTON 


671 


INGLIS 


Ebbe's,  Oxford,  Nuneaton,  T.m-or,  ('l;iy\v»rMi.:iml  Wirks- 
worth :  precentor  of  Lincoln,  1082,  aud  chaplain  to 
William  III,  1700  ;  published  popular  devotional  manuals. 

INGALTON,  WILLIAM  (1794-1866),  "pointer*  and 
Mite.  [xxviii.  431] 

INGE  or  YNGE,  HUGH  (d.  1528),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland;  scholar  at  Win- 
chester, 1480;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1488-96: 
B.A. ;  D.D. ;  held  preferments  in  dioceses  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  Lincoln,  and  Worcester ;  at  Rome  in  1604 ;  pro- 
moted by  Wolsey  to  see  of  Meatb,  1512 ;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1521-8  ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1527-8  ;  friend 
of  Gerald  Fitzgerald,  ninth  earl  of  Kildare  [q.  v.] 

ISGELEND,  THOMAS  (fl.  1660),  author  "of* 'The 
Disobedient  Child,'  interlude,  published  e.  1560  (reprinted 
by  HaUiwcll,  1848).  [xxviii.  433] 

INGELO,  NATHANIEL  (16217-1683),  divine  and 
musician ;  M.A.  Edinburgh  (incorporated  at  Cambridge, 
1644) ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1644-6,  and 
of  Eton,  1650-83 ;  accompanied  Wbitelocke  to  Sweden  as 
chaplain  and  •  rector  chori,'  1653  :  addressed  by  Marvell 
in  a  Latin  poem ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1658  :  published  '  Benti- 
volio  aud  Urania '  (religious  romance),  1660 ;  his  '  Hymnus 
Eucharisticus '  set  by  Benjamin  Rogers  [q.  v.] 

[xxviii.  432] 

INGELOW,  JEAN  (1820-1897),  poetess  ;  lived  in  Lon- 
don, c.  1863-97.  Her  works  include  '  A  Rhyming  Chronicle 
of  Incidents  and  Feelings,'  1850,  three  series  of  '  Poems,' 
1871, 1876,  aud  1885,  and  novels  and  stories  for  children. 


[Suppl.  iii.  31] 

),  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1164-74, 
I  under  David  and  Malcolm  IV ; 


LNGELRAM  (d.  1174), 
and  chancellor  of  Scotland  under 
upheld  Scottish  church  at  Norham,  1159.    [xxviii.  433] 

INGENHOTJSZ,  JOHN  (1730-1799),  physician  and 
physicist;  came  to  England  from  the  Netherlands,  c. 
1765  ;  went  to  Vienna  to  inoculate  the  Austrian  imperial 
family,  1768,  and  became  body-surgeon  and  aulic  councillor; 
returned  to  London.  1779 ;  F.R.S.,  1779 ;  published  '  Ex- 
periments on  Vegetables,'  1779,  also  issued  at  Vienna, 
1786,  containing  discovery  of  respiration  of  plants. 

[xxviii.  433] 

INGHAM,  BENJAMIN  (1712-1772),  Yorkshire  evan- 
gelist ;  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was 
an  active  '  metbodist ' ;  B.A.,  1734 ;  accompanied  the 
Wesleys  to  Georgia,  1735  ;  on  his  return  joined  Moravians 
and  preached  extensively  in  the  north ;  married  Lady 
Margaret  Hastings,  1741 ;  gave  the  Moravians  settlement 
at  Fulneck,  but  separated  from  them,  and  in  1760  adopted 
Sandemaniau  views.  [xxviii.  434] 

INGHAM,  CHARLES  CROMWELL  (1796-1863), 
portrait-painter ;  left  Ireland  for  New  York,  and  became 
vice-president  of  National  Academy  of  Design. 

[xxviii.  434] 

INGHAM,  SIR  JAMES  TAYLOR  (1805-1890),  police 
magistrate;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1832; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1832:  magistrate  at  Thames 
police  court,  Hammersmith,  and  Wandsworth  ;  knighted, 
1876  ;  chief  metropolitan  magistrate,  1876-90. 

[xxviii.  435] 

INGHAM,  OLIVER  DE,  BARON*  INGHAM  (d.  1344), 
seneschal  of  Aquitaine,  1325-6  and  1333-43 ;  supported 
Edward  II,  and  was  made  justice  of  Chester  ;  summoned 
as  baron  by  Mortimer,  1327  ;  imprisoned  by  Edward  III, 
1330.  [xxviii.  435] 

INGLEBY,  SIR  CHARLES  (ft.  1688),  Roman  catholic 
judge ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1671 ;  acquitted  of  com- 
plicity in  Gascoigne  plot,  1680 ;  made  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer by  James  II,  1688,  but  dismissed  by  William  III ; 
knighted,  1688  ;  resumed  practice.  [xxviii.  435] 

INGLEBY,  CLEMENT  MANSFIELD  (1823-1886), 
Shakespearean  critic  and  author:  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1850 ;  LL.D.,  1859  :  published  '  Complete  View 
of  the  Shakespeare  Controversy,'  1861,  closing  the  Payne 
Collier  correspondence, '  Introduction  to  Metaphysic,'  1864 
and  1869,  ' Revival  of  Philosophy  at  Cambridge,'  1870, 
'Shakespeare  Hermeneutics,*  1875,  'Centurie  of  Prayse,' 
1876,  and  'Shakespeare :  the  Man  and  the  Book,'  1877  and 
1881 ;  proposed  examination  of  Shakespeare's  skull  for 
identification  of  portrait,  1882  ;  edited  '  Oymbeline,'  1886 : 
vice-president  and  foreign  secretary  of  Royal  Society  of 
Literature.  [xxviii.  436] 


INGLEFrELD,  SlK  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS  (1820- 
1894),  admiral  ;  lieutenant,  1842;  flag-lieutenant  to  his 
father,  Rear-admiral  Samuel  Hood  Inglefleld,  then  com- 
nmn.l.T-in-chief  on  South  American  station,  1845 ;  com- 
mand, r,  1845;  accompanied  Lady  Franklin's  private 
steamer  in  expedition  to  Arctic,  1868;  published  'A 
Summer  Search  for  Sir  John  Franklin,'  1853;  F.R&, 
1863 ;  again  visited  Arctic.  1853  and  1864  :  captain,  1883  ; 
in  Black  Sea,  1856  ;  in  Channel  and  Mediterranean,  1866- 
1868 ;  rear-admiral,  1869  ;  second  in  command  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1872-6  ;  knighted,  1877  ;  commander-in-chief  on 
North  American  station,  1878-9 ;  admiral,  1879 ;  retired, 
1888  ;  K.O.B.,  1887.  [Suppl.  UL  32] 

INGLEFIELD,  JOHN  NICHOLSON  (1748-1828),  navy 
captain ;  served  under  Sir  Samuel  (afterwards  Viscount) 
Hood  [q.  v.] ;  at  Ushant  under  Alexander  Hood  (1727- 
1814)  [q.  v.],  1778;  flag-captain  to  Samuel  Hood  in 
actions  of  1781-2;  one  of  the  survivors  of  wreck  of 
Centaur,  1782  ;  captain  of  fleet  in  Mediterranean,  1794  ; 
declined  flag-rank,  but  was  commissioner  of  the  navy, 
1795-1811.  [xxviii.  437] 

INGLETHORP  or  INGOLDSTHORP,  THOMAS  (d. 
1291),  bishop  of  Rochester :  archdeacon  of  Middlesex  and 
Sudbury ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1277  ;  bishop  of  Rochester, 
1283-91  ;  had  disputes  with  Rochester  monks  and  abbot 
of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury.  [xxvilL  438] 

INGLIS,  CHARLES  (1731 7-1791),  rear-admiral ;  pre- 
sent at  Hawke's  action  with  L'Btenduere,  1747;  com- 
manded a  sloop  in  Rochefort  expedition,  1767,  and  the 
Carcass  bomb  at  Rodney's  bombardment  of  Havre,  1759  ; 
took  part  in  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1781,  and  the  operations 
of  Sir  Samuel  (Viscount)  Hood  [q.  v.]  in  West  Indies, 
1782 ;  rear-admiral,  1790.  [xxix.  1] 

INGLIS,  CHARLES  (1734-1816),  first  bishop  of 
Nova  Scotia  ;  went  to  America  and  assisted  in  evangelical 
work  among  the  Mohawk  Indians  ;  advocated  establish- 
ment of  American  episcopate ;  M.A.  by  diploma,  Oxford, 
1770;  D.D.,  1778;  incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity,  New  York, 
1777-83 ;  attainted  as  a  loyalist,  1779 ;  bUhop  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1787-1816.  [xxix.  1] 

INGLIS,  HENRY  DAVID  (1795-1835),  traveller  and 
author  of  '  Tales  of  the  Ardennes '  (by  Derwent  Con  way  X 
1825,  '  Spain  in  1830,'  1831,  '  Ireland  in  1834 '  (fifth  edi- 
tion, 1838),  and  other  books  of  travel.  [xxix.  2] 

INGLIS,  HESTER  (1571-1624).    [See  KKLLO.] 

INGLIS,  JAMES  (d.  1531),  abbot  of  Culroes :  clerk 
of  the  closet  to  James  IV  ;  secretary  to  Queen  Margaret, 
1515  ;  chancellor  of  royal  chapel  at  Stirling  and  abbot  of 
Oulross,  1527  ;  wrote  poems,  which  are  lost :  murdered  by 
John  Blacater  of  Tulliallau  and  William  Lothian. 

[xxix.  2] 

INGLIS,  JOHN  (1763-1834),  Scottish  divine;  gra- 
duated at  Edinburgh,  1783 ;  D.D.,  1804 ;  successor  of 
Principal  Robertson  at  the  Old  Greyfriars  Church; 
moderator  of  general  assembly,  1804 ;  a  dean  of  Chapel 
Royal,  1810  ;  originated  scheme  for  evangelisation  of 
India,  1824.  [xxix.  3] 

INGLIS,  JOHN,  LORD  GLEXCORSB  (1810-1891),  lord 
justice-general  of  Scotland  ;  youngest  son  of  John  Inglis 
(1763-1834)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Glasgow  University  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford;  M.A.  Oxford,  1836;  advocate,  1836; 
solicitor-general  aud  afterwards  lord  advocate  of  Scotland, 
1852  and  1858;  carried  Universities  of  Scotland  Act, 
1858 ;  lord  justice-clerk,  1858-67 :  lord  justice-general  of 
Scotland,  1867-91 ;  privy  councillor,  1859 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1869 ;  elected  chancellor  of  Edinburgh  against  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, 1869  ;'  rector  of  Aberdeen,  1857,  of  Glasgow,  1866  : 
president  of  Scottish  Texts  Society  ;  published  •  Historical 
Study  of  Law,'  1863.  [xxix.  3] 

INGLIS,  SIR  JOHN  EARDLEY  WILMOT  (1814- 
1862),  major-general  ;  born  in  Nova  Scotia  ;  grandson  of 
bishop  Charles  Inglis  (1734-1816)  [q.  v.]  ;  with  the  32nd 
in  Canada,  1837,  and  the  Punjaub,  1848-9 ;  succeeded  Sir 
Henry  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  in  command  at  Lucknow  ;  major- 
general  and  K.C.B.  for  his  gallant  defence  of  Lucknow, 
1857;  commander  in  Ionian  islands,  1860:  died  at 
Hamburg.  [xxix.  6] 

INGLIS,  MRS.  MARGARET  MAXWELL  (1774- 
1843),  Scottish  poetess ;  nie  Murray  :  published  '  Mis- 
cellaneous Collection  of  Poems,  chiefly  Scriptural  Pieces,' 
1*2*.  [xxix.  8] 


INGLIS 


672 


INNES 


INGLIS,  Sm  ROBERT  HARRY,  second  baronet 
(1786-1855),  tory  politician;  of  Winchester,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1809  ;  D.C.L.,  1826  ;  of  Lincoln's 
Inn:  private  secretary  to  Lord  Sidmouth ;  P.S.A.,  1816  ; 
F.RA :  M.P.,  Dundalk,  1824-6,  Ripon,  1828-9 ;  defeated 
Peel  on  the  catholic  question  at  Oxford,  1829 ;  repre- 
sented Oxford  University  till  1854;  opposed  parlia- 
mentary reform,  Jewish  relief,  repeal  of  the  corn  laws, 
and  (1845)  the  Maynooth  grant;  coiniiii>>ioner  on  public 
records,  1831;  privy  councillor,  1854;  president  of  the 
Literary  Club ;  antiquary  of  Royal  Academy.  1850 ; 
edited  works  by  Henry  Thornton  and  sermon  by  Heber. 

[xxix.  6] 

INGLIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1764-1835),  general:  joined 
57th  at  New  York,  1781,  and  served  with  it  in  Flanders, 
1793,  in  St.  Lucia,  1796,  and  Grenada,  1797;  formed  2nd 
battalion,  1803 ;  commanded  2nd  battalion  in  Peninsula, 
holding  also  a  brigade  command  in  Hill's  division :  led 
his  regiment  with  great  distinction  at  Albnera,  1811, 
where  he  was  wounded ;  major-general,  1813;  distin- 
guished himself  at  head  of  first  brigade  of  seventh 
division,  especially  at  second  battle  of  Sauroren,  1813,  and 
the  action  at  Vera,  1813,  and  at  Orthez,  1814 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1825  ;  colonel  of  57th,  1830 ;  K.O.B.  [xxix.  7] 

INGLOTT,  WILLIAM  (1554-1621),  organist  of  Nor- 
wich Cathedral.  [xxix.  9] 

INGMETHORPE,  THOMAS  (1662-1638),  school- 
master; B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1584  ;  M.A.  Brase- 
nose  College,  1586 ;  head-master  of  Durham  school,  c.  1610 ; 
incumbent  of  Stainton-in-Strata,  1594-1638 ;  learned 
hebraist.  [xxix.  9] 

INGOLDSBY,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1622-1701), 
parliamentarian ;  brother  of  Sir  Richard  Ingoldsby 
[q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet  by  Cromwell,  1658, and  Charles  II, 
1«60.  [xxix.  10] 

INGOLDSBY,  Sm  RICHARD  (d.  1685),  regicide  ;  as 
colonel  of  a  '  new  model '  regiment  took  part  in  storming 
of  Bridgwater  and  Bristol ;  signed  Charles  I's  death- 
warrant  under  compulsion,  as  he  asserted,  1649  ;  M.I'., 
Wendover,  1647,  and  Buckinghamshire,  1654  and  1656 ; 
member  of  council  of  state,  1R52,  and  of  Cromwell's  House 
of  Lords,  1657 ;  supported  his  kinsman,  Richard  Crom- 
well, 1659  ;  seized  Windsor  for  parliament  and  suppressed 
Lambert's  rising,  1659;  pardoned  and  created  K.B.,  1661 ; 
M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1660-85.  [xxix.  9] 

INGOLDSBY,  RICHARD  (d.  1712),  lieutenant- 
general;  probably  nephew  of  Sir  Richard  Ingoldsby 
[q.  v.] ;  adjutant-general  of  the  expedition  to  French 
coast,  1692 ;  commanded  royal  Welsh  fusiliers  in  Flanders 
under  William  III ;  brigadier,  1696 ;  major-general,  1702  ; 
lie'utenant-general,  1704 ;  second  in  command  of  first  line 
at  Blenheim,  1704;  M.P.  for  Limerick  in  Irish  parlia- 
ment from  1703 ;  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland, 
1707-12.  [xxix. 11] 

INGOLDSBY,  RICHARD  (d.  1759),  brigadier- 
general;  great-grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Ingoldsby  [q.  v.]  ; 
served  in  1st  foot  guards :  while  commanding  a  brigade 
failed  to  take  French  redoubt  near  Fontenoy,  1745,  and 
was  dismissed  by  court-martial.  [xxix.  11] 

INGRAM,  Sm  ARTHUR  (d.  1642),  courtier  ;  comp- 
troller of  the  customs  of  London  for  life,  1607 ;  M.P., 
Stafford,  1609,  Romney,  1614,  Appleby,  1620,  and  York, 
1623-9;  knighted,  1613  ;  secretary  of  council  of  the  north, 
1612;  high  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1620;  built  hospital  at 
Bootham.  [xxix.  12] 

INGRAM,  DALE  (1710-1793),  surgeon  ;  practised  in 
Barbados,  1743-50;  surgeon  to  Christ's  Hospital,  1759-91 ; 
published  '  Practical  Cases  and  Observations  in  Surgery,' 
1751,  containing  accounts  of  early  abdominal  operations. 

[xxix.  13] 

INGRAM,  HERBERT  (1811-1860),  founder  of  the 
1  Illustrated  London  News '  (1842) ;  removed  to  London 
from  Nottingham  with  Nathaniel  Cooke  to  advertise  a 
pill ;  purchased  '  Pictorial  Times'  and  other  illustrated 
papers ;  attempted  a  threepenny  daily,  1848  :  M.P.,  Boston, 
1856-60;  associated  with  John  Sadleir  [q. v.];  while 
travelling  in  America,  drowned  in  Lake  Michigan. 

[xxix.  13] 

INGRAM,  JAMES  (1774-1850),  Anglo-Saxon  scholar  : 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Winchester:  scholar  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1794,  fellow,  1803,  president, 


1824-50 :  M.A.,  1800 :  D.D.,  1824 ;  professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon,  1803-8  ;  keeper  of  the  archives,  1815-18 ;  published 
'Memorials  of  Oxford,'  1832-7;  edited  the  'S;i\<»i 
Chronicle'  (1823),  and  Quintilian  (1809).  [xxix.  14] 

LNGRAM,  JOHN  (1721-1771  ?),  line-engraver. 

INGRAM,  ROBERT  (1727-1804),divine;  M.A^Corpus 
,  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1753  ;  vicar  of  Wormingford 
I  and  Boxted,  Essex  ;  published  apocalyptic  works. 

[xxix.  15] 

INGRAM,  ROBERT  ACKLOM  (1763-1809),  political 

economist ;    son    of     Robert    Ingram    [q.    v.] ;     senior 

wrangler,  Queens' College,  Cambridge,  1784  ;  fellow  ;  M.A., 

I  1787;     B.D.,    1796;     rector  of   Seagrave,    1802-9;  chief 

I  works,  '  Syllabus  of  a  System  of  Political  Philosophy,'  1800, 

and  '  Disquisitions  on  Population,'  1808  (against  Malthus). 

[xxix.  16] 

INGRAM,  WALTER  (1855-1888),  yeomanry  officer  ; 
son  of  Herbert  Ingram  [q.  v.] ;  volunteer  in  Soudan  ex- 
pedition, 1884  ;  killed  by  an  elephant  in  east  Africa. 

INGTTLF  (d.  1109),  abbot  of  Crowland  or  Croyland ; 

secretary  to  William  the  Conqueror  ;  entered  monastery 

of  St.  Wandrille  under  Gerbert;  abbot  of  Crowland,  1086- 

1109.     The  'Orowland  History,'  known    by   his   name, 

though  accepted  as  genuine  by  Spelman,  Dugdale,  and 

j  Selden,  has  been  shown  to  be  a  forgery  (probably  of  the 

|  early  fifteenth  century)  by  Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  Riley, 

'  and  others.    It  was  printed  by  Savile  (1596),  Fulman 

)  (1684,  with  continuations),  and  by  Mr.  Birch  (1883). 

[xxix.  16] 

INGWORTH,  RICHARD  OF  (fl.  1224),  Franciscan ; 
came  to  England  with  Agnellus,  1224;  founded  first 
Franciscan  houses  in  London,  Oxford,  and  Northampton  ; 
afterwards  custodian  of  Cambridge  and  provincial  minis- 
ter of  Ireland;  died  as  missionary  in  Palestine. 

[xxix.  17] 

INMAN,  GEORGE  ELLIS  (1814-1840),  song-writer 
1  and  poet ;  committed  suicide  in  St.  James's  Park. 

[xxix.  18] 

INMAN,    JAMES   (1776-1859),    writer    on    nautical 

,  science;  educated  at  Sedbergh  and  St.  John's  College, 

I  Cambridge:    fellow;    M.A.,    1805;    D.D.,    1820;    senior 

wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  1800;  astronomer 

I  with  Flinders  in  the  Investigator  and  Porpoise,  1803-4  ; 

|  professor  of  mathematics  at  Royal  Naval  College,  Ports- 

j  mouth,  1808-39:  principal  of  school  of  naval  architecture, 

1810;  published  'Navigation   and  Nautical   Astronomy 

for  British  Seamen,'  1821,  the  tables  of  which  are  still 

used,  'Introduction  to  Naval  Gunnery,'  1828,  and  other 

works.  [xxix.  18] 

INMAN,  THOMAS  (1820-1876),  mythologist ;  M.D. 
London,  1842 ;  physician  to  Royal  Infirmary,  Liverpool ; 
published,  among  other  works,  'Phenomena  of  Spinal 
Irritation,'  1858,  and '  Ancient  Faiths  embodied  in  Ancient 
Names  '  (vol.  i.  1868.  vol.  ii.  1869).  [xxix.  19] 

INMAN,  WILLIAM  (1825-1881),  founder  of  the  Inmau 
line  of  steamships:  brother  of  Thomas  Inman  [q.  v.]  ; 
partner  of  Richardson  brothers  of  Liverpool,  1849,  for 
whom  he  purchased  the  City  of  Glasgow  (screw  steamer) 
for  American  voyages,  1850  ;  founded  Inman  line,  1857  ; 
introduced  weekly  service  to  New  York,  1860;  after 
failure  of  Collins  line  carried  American  mails ;  launched 
City  of  Berlin,  1875.  [xxix.  20] 

INNERPEFFER,  LORD.  [See  FLETCHER,  ANDREW, 
d.  1650.] 

INNES,  COSMO  (1798-1874),  antiquary  :  educated  at 
Aberdeen,  Glasgow,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford:  M.A. 
Oxford,  1824 ;  engaged  in  peerage  cases  ;  sheriff  of  Moray, 
1840-52 ;  principal  clerk  of  session,  1852 ;  professor  of 
constitutional  law  at  Edinburgh,  1846-74;  edited 
'  Rescinded  Acts'  and  assisted  in  folio  edition  of  '  Acts  of 
the  Scots  Parliament'  (1124-1707),  besides  many  works 
for  the  Spalding  and  Bannatyne  clubs  ;  published  also 
works  on  Scottish  history.  [xxix.  20] 

INNES  or  INNES-KER.  JAMES,  fifth  DUKK  OK 
ROXBURQUB  (1738-1823).  [See  KKR.] 

INNES,  JOHN  (d.  1414),  bishop  of  Moray  ;  canon  of 
Elgin,  1389 ;  archdeacon  of  Caithness,  1396 ;  bishop  of 
Moray,  1406-14  ;  rebuilt  Elgin  Cathedral  and  erected  part 
of  the  palace.  [xxix.  21] 


INNES 


878 


IRETON 


INNES,  .JOHN  (1730-1777),  anatomist:  diasector 
under  Alexander  Monro  sivundus  [q.  v.]  iii  l-Minl.  . 

INNES,  LEWIS  (1651-1738),  principal  ofXfbe' Scots 
College,  Paris,  1682-1713:  printed  charter  establipliiiiLr 
the  legitimacy  of  Robert  111,  and  vimlir;it»il  its  aiitlim- 
tic-ity,  16-J5:  lord-almoner  at  St.  ( J.-rmain.  1711;  probably 
compiled  '  Life  of  Jaines  1 1  '  < printed,  1816).  [xxix.  22] 

INNES,  THOMAS  (1662-1744),  historian  and  anti- 
quary ;  brother  of  Lewis  Innes  [q.  v.];  studied  at  Soots 
Cot K'e  and  College  of  Navarre,  Paris;  M.A.  Paris,  1694: 
three  years  on  Scottish  mission  :  vice-principal  of  Scots 
College,  1727  :  his  •  Critical  Essay  on  the  Ancient  Inhabi- 
tant--, of  the  Northern  Parts  of  Britain,'  1729,  reprinted 
in  'Historians  of  Scotland,'  1879:  his  'Civil  an. I 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  Scotland '  edited  by  George  Grub 
for  Spalding  Club,  1863.  [xxix.  23] 

INSKIPP,  JAMES  (1790-1868),  painter  ;  exhibited  at 
British  Institution,  Society  of  British  Artists,  and  Royal 
Academy.  [xxix.  24] 

INSTJLA,  ROBERT  OK,  or  ROBERT  HALIELAND 
(il.  1283),  bishop  of  Durham,  1274-83;  refused  to  admit 
visitation  of  Archbishop  Wickwaine  of  York  and  was 
excommunicated,  1280.  [xxix.  24] 

INVERARITY,  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  MRS. 
M  AHTYX  (1813-1846),  vocalist  and  actress,  [xxix.  25] 

INVERKEITHING,  RICHARD  (d.  1272),  bishop 
of  Dunkeld,  1250-72  ;  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1265-7. 

[xxix.  25] 

INVERNESS,  titular  EARL  OP  (1691-1740).  [Sec 
HAY,  JOHN.] 

DTWOOD,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (1798-1840), 
architect ;  son  of  William  In  wood  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  26] 

nrWOOD,  HENRY  WILLIAM (1794-1843), architect ; 
<r>n  of  William  Imvpod  [q.  v.] ;  travelled  in  Greece ;  his 
collection  of  antiquities  purchased  by  British  Museum ; 
published  archaeological  works.  [xxix.  25] 

nrWOOD,  WILLIAM(1771  P-1843),  architect  and  sur- 
veyor ;  designed  (with  assistance  of  his  son)  St.  Pancras 
New  Church,  1819-22 :  published  (1811)  'Tables  for  the 
Purchasing  of  Estates '  (21st  ed.  1880).  [xxix.  26] 

IOLO  GOGH,  or  the  RKD  (fl.  1328-1405),  Welsh  bard 
and  lord  of  Uechryd  ;  real  name  EDWARD  LLWYD  ;  said 
to  have  been  made  a  '  chaired  bard '  at  the  Eisteddfod  of 
1330 ;  friend  of  Owen  Qlendower,  for  whom  he  created 
enthusiasm  by  his  verses ;  composed  also  religious  poems  : 
eighteen  of  his  poems  printed.  [xxix.  26] 

IONIDES,  CONSTANTINE  ALEXANDER  (1833- 
1900),  public  benefactor;  entered  London  Stock  Ex- 
change, 1864  :  bequeathed  valuable  collections  of  works  of 
art  to  South  Kensington  Museum.  [Suppl.  iii.  33] 

IORWERTH  AB  BLEDDYN  (d.  1112),  Welsh  prince : 
being  detached  from  the  cause  of  his  lord,  Robert  of  ! 
Belleme  [q.  v.],  contributed  greatly  to  his  defeat,  1102;  i 
imprisoned  by  Henry  1, 1103-11 :  slain  by  Madog,  his  out- 
lawed nephew,  and  Llywerch  at  Caereineon.  [xxix.  27] 

IRBY,  CHARLES  LEONARD  (1789-1845),  captain  in 
the  navy  and  traveller :  present  at  reduction  of  Monte 
Video  and  Mauritius ;  commanded  the  Thames  in  attack 
on  New  Orleans  :  travelled  with  Captain  James  Mangles 
[q.  v.],  Belzoni,  and  others  up  the  Nile  and  through  Syria 
to  Jerusalem,  1817-18,  their  '  Travels '  being  published, 
1823  (reissued,  1844);  served  in  the  Levant,  1826-7. 

[xxix.  28] 

IRBY,  FREDERICK  PAUL  (1779-1844),  rear- 
admiral  ;  brother  of  Charles  Leonard  Irby  [q.  v.] ;  present 
at  Howe's  victory  of  1  June,  1794,  and  at  Camperdown, 
1797;  attained  post  rank,  1802;  had  four  hours'  in- 
decisive fight  with  the  Arethuse  off  Sierra  Leone,  1813  ; 
C.B.,  1831 ;  rear-admiral,  1837.  [xxix.  28] 

IRELAND,  DUKE  OF  (1362-1392).  [See  VERB, 
ROBERT  DE.] 

IRELAND,  ALEXANDER  (1810-1894),  journalist  and 
man  of  letters  ;  a  native  of  Edinburgh ;  made  acquaintance 
there  of  the  brothers  Chambers,  Dr.  John  Qairdner  [q.  v.], 
and  Emerson,  for  whom  (1847-88)  he  organised  lecturing 
tour  in  England ;  one  of  three  persons  entrusted  by  Robert 


. 

spondence  respecting  the  Shakespearean  forgeries  of 
on,  William   Henry   Ireland   [q.  v.],  is  in  British 


chambers  with  secret  of  authorship  of  Chamber** 
i  «es  of  Creation,'  1843  :  settled  in  Manchester,  1841* 
there  engaged  in  business ;  publisher  and  biuinem  manager 
of  '  Manchester  Examiner,'  1846-86.  I 
elude 'The  Book- Lover's  Enchiridion,'  1882,  and  biblio- 
graphies of  Leigh  Hunt  and  Hazlitt.  [SuppL  iii.  83] 

IRELAND.    Mi;<.  ANNIE  (J.  1898),  second 
Alexander  I  n-land  [q.  v.]  ;  sisU-r  .  \  1L.hol- 

son  [q.  v.] ;  married.  1866;  publUhed  biography  of  Jane 
Welsh  Carlyle,  1891.  [SuppL  iii.  84] 

IRELAND,  FRANCIS  Of.  1745-1773).  [See  HUTCHK- 
BON,  FRANCIS,  the  younger.] 

IRELAND,  JOHN  (d.  1808),  biographer  of  Hogarth  : 
some  time  a  watchmaker  in  Maiden  Lane-  published 
'Letters  and  Poems,  with  Anecdote*,'  of  his  friend,  John 
Henderson  (1747-1785)  [q.  v.],  1786, and  'Hogarth  Illus- 
trated,' 1791,  with  a  biography  as  supplement,  1798. 

IRELAND,  JOHN  (1761-1842),  dean  of  Westminster  • 
son  of  an  Ashburton  butcher :  friend  of  William  Gilford 
(1756-1826)  [q.v.];  bible-clerk  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1779 :  M.A.,  1810  ;  D.D.,  1810  ;  virar  of  Croydon  and  chap- 
lain to  Lord  Liverpool,  1793-1816 :  prebendary  of  West- 
minster, 1802,  sub-dean,  1806,  dean,  1816-42;  rector  of 
Islip,  1816-35;  published  'Paganism  and  Christianity 
compared,'  1809 ;  founded  professorship  of  exegesis  and 
( 1825)  classical  scholarships  at  Oxford.  [xxix.  30] 

IRELAND,  SAMUEL  (d.  1800),  author  and  engraver ; 
etched  plates  after  Mortimer,  Hogarth,  and  Dutch 
masters;  issued  'Graphic  Illustrations  of  Hogarth' 
(2  vols.  1794,  1799),  from  pictures  ami  print*  in  his  collec- 
tion, and  '  Picturesque  Tour  through  France,  Holland, 
Brabant,'  1790,  and  a  series  of  English  '  Picturesque 
Views,'  illustrated  from  his  own  drawings.  Much  of  his 
corresj 
his  son, 
Museum.  [xxix.  31] 

IRELAND.a/iVMlKoNMoNUKK,  WILLIAM  (1636-1679), 
pint ;  educated  at  St.  Omer ;  procurator  of  the  province 
in  London  ;  tried  and  executed  on  testimony  of  Gates  and 
Bedloe  on  charges  connected  with  the  '  Popish  plot.' 

[xxix.  36] 

IRELAND,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1777-1835),  forger 
of  Shakespeare  manuscripts;  eon  of  Samuel  Ireland 
[a.,  v.]  ;  of  doubtful  legitimacy ;  partially  educated  in 
France ;  early  impressed  with  story  of  Chattertou ; 
had  access  to  Elizabethan  parchments  at  the  lawyer's 
chamben  in  New  Inn,  where  he  was  employed  ;  forged 
deeds  and  signatures  of  or  relating  to  Shakespeare,  1794- 
1795  ;  made  in  feigned  handwriting  a  transcript  of  '  Lear ' 
and  extracts  from  'Hamlet';  deceived  his  father  and 
many  men  of  letters  and  experts,  including  Dr.  Parr, 
Joseph  Wrarton,  and  George  Chalmers;  fabricated  in 
forged  handwriting  pseudo-Shakespearean  plays, '  Vorti- 
gern  and  Rowena '  and  'Henry  II,'  the  former  being  pro- 
duced unsuccessfully  by  Sheridan  at  Drury  Lane,  with 
Kemble  in  the  cast,  March,  1796:  was  caricatured  by 
Gillray,  1797  ;  authenticity  of  his  documents  attacked  by 
Malone.  On  the  failure  of  '  Vortigeru  '  young  Ireland  left 
bis  father's  house  and  made  an  avowal  of  his  fraud 
('Authentic  Account'),  aftet wards  expanded  into  'Con- 
fessions' (1805,  reissued,  1872):  sold  Imitations  of  the 
forgeries :  employed  by  publishers  in  London  ;  lived  some 
time  in  Paris ;  published  ballads,  narrative  poems, 
romances,  and  other  works  of  some  literary  merit.  A 
collection  of  his  forgeries  destroyed  by  fire  at  Birmingham 
Library,  1879.  Many  specimens  are  in  British  Museum. 

[xxix.  82] 

IRETON,  HENRY (1611-1651), regicide:  B.A. Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1629;  of  the  Middle  Temple:  fought  at 
Edgehill,  1642;  Cromwell's  deputy-governor  of  the  Isle 
of  Ely ;  as  quartermaster-general  in  Manchester's  army 
took  part  in  Yorkshire  campaign  and  second  battle  of 
Newbnry,  1644;  supported  Cromwell's  accusation  of 
Manchester;  surprised  royalist  quarters  before  Naseby, 
1645 ;  as  commander  of  the  cavalry  of  the  left  wing  was 
wounded  and  captured  in  the  battle,  but  afterwards  es- 
caped, 1645 ;  at  siege  of  Bristol,  1645 ;  a  negotiator  of 
treaty  of  Truro,  1646 ;  received  overtures  from  Charles  I 
at  Oxford,  1646  :  married  Bridget,  Cromwell's  daughter. 
1646  ;  M.P.,  Appleby,  1645  ;  justified  the  army  petition 
and  consequently  quarrelled  with  Holies,  1647 ;  one  of 
the  four  commissioners  to  pacify  the  soldiers ;  sanctioned 

XX 


IRETON 


674 


IRVING 


Joyce's  removal  of  the  king  from  Holdenby ;  drew  up  the 
'  engagement '  of  the  army  and  '  Heads  of  the  Army  Pro- 
po?als,'  1647,  endeavouring  to  bring  about  an  agreement 
between  king  and  parliament;  opposed  the  levellers' 
constitution  and  was  denounced  by  them  ;  led  conserva- 
tive party  in  the  council  of  the  army  till  the  flight  of 
Charles  I  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  after  which  he  supported 
his  deposition  in  favour  of  one  of  his  sons ;  served  under 
Fairfax  in  Kent  and  Essex,  and  as  commissioner  for  the 
surrender  of  Colchester  (1648)  defended  the  execution  of 
Lucas  and  Lisle ;  with  Ludlow  concerted  '  Pride's  Purge,' 
1648;  attended  regularly  the  high  court  of  justice  ami 
signed  the  warrant  for  Charles  I's  execution ;  chief 
author  of  the  '  Agreement  of  the  People '  drawn  up  by 
the  council  of  war,  1649;  went  to  Ireland  as  Cromwell's 
second  in  command,  1649,  and  remained  as  his  deputy ; 
captured  Carlo w,  Waterford,  and  Duncannon,  1660,  and 
Limerick,  1651 ;  died  of  fever  before  Limerick.  He 
carried  out  the  Cromwellian  policy  with  indefatigable 
industry  and  honesty.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  but  his  body  was  disinterred  and  dishonoured 
after  the  Restoration.  [xxix.  37] 

IRETON,  JOHN  (1615-1689),  lord  mayor  of  London, 
1658  ;  brother  of  Henry  Ireton  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  42] 

IRETON,  RALPH  (d.  1292),  bishop  of  Carlisle ;  prior 
of  Gisburne,  1261  ;  elected  to  see  of  Carlisle,  1278,  but  not 
confirmed  by  the  king  and  archbishop  till  after  a  visit  to 
Rome,  where  he  was  consecrated ;  accused  of  great  ex- 
tortions in  chronicle  of  Lanercost ;  with  Antony  Bek  I  or  II 
[q.  v.]  negotiated  treaty  of  Brigham,  1290.  [xxix.  43] 

ISLAND,  BONAVENTURE  (1651-1612?),  professor 
of  law  at  Poitiers ;  son  of  Robert  Irland  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote 
4 Remontrances  au  roi  Henri  III'  and  a  philosophical 
treatise  '  De  Emphasi  et  Hypostasi,'  1599.  [xxix.  44] 

IRLAND,  JOHN  (fl.  1480),  Scottish  diplomatist; 
sent  by  Louis  XI  to  Scotland  on  an  anti-English  mission, 
1480 ;  Scottish  ambassador  to  France,  1484.  [xxix.  44] 

IRLAND,  ROBERT  (d.  1561),  professor  of  law  at 
Poitiers,  1502-61 ;  went  to  France,  c.  1496,  and  was 
naturalised,  1521.  [xxix.  44] 

IRONS,  JOSEPH  (1785-1852),  evangelical  preacher; 
minister  of  Grove  Chapel,  Camberwell,  1818-52. 

[xxix.  45] 

IRONS,  WILLIAM  JOSIAH  (1812-1883),  theological 
writer;  son  of  Joseph  Irons  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  1835;  D.D.,  1854;  vicar  of  Brompton,  1840-70; 
contributed  (1862)  to  'Replies  to  Essays  and  Reviews  '; 
rector  of  Wadingham,  Lincolnshire,  1870;  of  St.  Mary 
Woolnoth,  London,  1872-83;  Bampton  lecturer,  1870; 
published  '  Analysis  of  Human  Responsibility,'  1869 ; 
edited  '  Literary  Churchman ' ;  translated  '  Dies  Ir».' 

IRONSIDE,  EDWARD  (1736  ?-1803),  lutlior  of 
'  History  and  Antiquities  of  Twickenham,'  1797. 

IRONSIDE,  GILBERT,  the  elder  (1588-1671  )*  bishop 
of  Bristol;  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  fellow,  1613; 
M.A.,  1612  ;  D.D.,  1660;  rector  of  Winterbourne  Steeple 
ton,  1618,  of  Winterbourne  Abbas,  1629  ;  bishop  of  Bristol, 
1661-71.  [xxix.  46] 

IRONSIDE,  GILBERT,  the  younger  (1632-1701), 
bishop  of  Bristol  and  Hereford  ;  son  of  Gilbert  Ironside 
the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1655; 
D.D.,  1666;  fellow,  1656;  warden  of  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  1667-92;  as  vice-chancellor,  1687-9,  resisted 
James  II ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1689-91,  of  Hereford,  1691- 
1701.  [xxix.  46] 

IRVINE,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  OF  DRUM  (d.  1668), 
royalist;  sheriff  of  Aberdeen,  1634;  aided  Huntly  in 
obtaining  subscription  to  Charles  I's  covenant,  1638; 
assisted  Montrose  to  capture  Aberdeen,  1639  ;  surrendered 
to  General  Monro  and  was  fined  and  imprisoned,  1640-1 ; 
released,  1641 ;  several  times  refused  to  subscribe  the  solemn 
league  and  covenant,  and  bad  to  submit  to  plunder  of  Drum 
in  1645.  [xxix.  47] 

IRVINE,  ALEXANDER,  tenth  LAIRD  OP  DRUM 
( d.  1687),  royalist ;  sou  of  Sir  Alexander  Irvine  [q.  v.] ; 
outlawed  and  imprisoned  as  royalist,  1644-5;  declined 
earldom  of  Aberdeen ;  married  as  second  wife  '  the  weel- 
faured  May '  (Margaret  Coutte)  of  the  ballad,  [xxix.  48] 


IRVINE,  ALEXANDER  (1793-1873),  botanist: 
opened  school  iu  Chelsea,  1851 ;  accompanied  by  John 
Stuart  Mill  on  botanical  excursions ;  published  '  London 
[so-called]  Flora,'  1838,  and  '  Illustrated  Handbook  of 
British  Plants,'  1808 ;  edited  •  Phytologist,'  1865-63. 

[xxix.  48] 

IRVINE,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1638-1685),  physician 
and  philologist;  ejected  from  college  of  Edinburgh  for 
refusing  the  covenant,  1638;  surgeon  in  Charles  IPs 
camp,  1651,  to  Monck's  army,  1653-60,  and  to  horse- 
I  guards,  1660-81 ;  published  '  Bellum  Grammaticale,'  1668 
(reprinted,  1698), '  Mediciua  Magnetica,'  1656,  translations 
of  medical  works,  and  '  Historiae  Scoticw  nomenclature 
Latino- vernacula,'  1682  (reprinted  1817  and  1819). 

[xxix.  49] 

IRVINE,  JAMES  (1833-1889),  Scottish  portrait- 
painter  ;  friend  of  George  Paul  Chalmers  [q.  v.] 

[xxix.  50] 

IRVINE,  ROBERT  (d.  1645),  royalist;  sou  of 
Sir  Alexander  Irvine  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  48] 

IRVINE,    WILLIAM    (1743-1787),    chemist;    M.D. 
;  Glasgow  ;  assisted  Joseph  Black  [q.  v.]  in  experiments  on 
1  steam;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Glasgow,  1770-87;  his 
'  Essays,  chiefly  on  Chemical  Subjects,'  published,  1806. 

[xxix.  50] 

IRVINE,  WILLIAM  (1741-1804),  American  brigadier ; 
born  in  Ireland ;  surgeon  in  British  navy  during  seven 
I  years'  war ;  settled  in  Pennsylvania  ;  captured  while  com- 
manding a  regiment  of  infantry  in  Canada  by  the  British, 
|  1776 ;  commanded  2nd  Pennsylvanian  brigade  at  Staten 
island  and  Bull's  Ferry,  1780,  and  afterwards  on  western 
frontier;    member  of  the  continental    congress,    1786; 
recommended  purchase  of  '  The  Triangle,'  to  give  Penn- 
sylvania an  outlet  on  Lake  Erie.  [xxix.  60] 

IRVINE,  WILLIAM  (1776-1811),  physician  to  the 
:  forces ;  son  of  William  Irvine  (1743-1787)  [q.  v  ]  ;  M.D. 
I  Edinburgh,  1798;  L.R.C.P.,  1806  ;  published  observations 
on  diseases  in  Sicily,  1810 ;  died  at  Malta.       [xxix.  51] 

IRVING,   DAVID    (1778-1860),  biographer;    M.A. 

I  Edinburgh,  1801;    published  '  Elements  of  English  Com- 

;  position,'  1801,  '  Lives  of  the  Scotish  Poets,'  1804,  '  Life 

!  of  George  Buchanan,'  1805  (enlarged  1817),  and  '  Intro- 

|  ductiou  to  Study  of  the  Civil  Law,'  1837 ;  edited  Seldeu's 

i  'Table-Talk,'  1819,    and  other  works;    honorary  LL.D. 

Aberdeen,  1808 ;    librarian  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates, 

Edinburgh,  1820-48;    his   'History  of  Scotish   Poetry' 

edited  by  Dr.  John  Carlyle,  1861.  [xxix.  61] 

IRVING,  EDWARD  (1792-1834),  founder  of  the 
1  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  ' ;  son  of  a  tanner  at  Annan  ; 
MA.  Edinburgh,  1809 ;  schoolmaster  at  Haddington. 
1810-12,  and  afterwards  at  Kirkcaldy,  where  he  became 
acquainted  with  Oarlyle,  1816  :  assistant  to  Dr.  Chalmers 

i  at  St.  John's,  Glasgow,  1819-22  ;  came  to  London,  1822, 
as  minister  at  Hatton  Garden  Chapel,  where  his  preaching 
soon  made  him  famous  ;  translated  Aben  Ezra's  (Lacunza) 
'  Coming  of  the  Messiah,'  1827  ;  intimate  with  Henry 
Drummond  (1786-1860)  [q.  v.] ;  built  new  church  in 
Regent  Square ;  issued '  Lectures  on  Baptism,'  1828 ;  under- 
took preaching  tour  in  Scotland,  1828;  established  the 
'  Morning  Watch,'  1829 ;  was  compelled  to  retire  from 

1  Regent  Square  on  account  of  his  approval  of  the  '  tongues,1 
1832 ;  title  of  the  '  Holy  Catholic  Apostolic  Church '  as- 
sumed by  his  followers,  1832  ;  deprived,  by  presbytery  of 
Annan,  for  heretical  views  in  tract  on  the  Incarnation, 

;  1833;  personally  laid  no  claim  to  supernatural  gifts;  died 

'  at  Glasgow.  The  Irvingite  church  in  Gordon  Square  was 
built  in  1854.  [xxix.  52] 

IRVING,  GEORGE  VERB  (1815-1869),  Scottish 
lawyer  and  antiquary.  [xxix.  56] 

IRVING,  JOSEPH  (1830-1891),  author  and  jour- 
nalist ;  edited  Dumbarton  '  Herald,'  1854  ;  contributed  to 
'  Morning  Chronicle '  and  '  Glasgow  Herald ' ;  published 
'  History  of  Dumbartonshire,'  1857, '  Annals  of  our  Time, 
1869, '  The  Book  of  Eminent  Scotsmen,'  1882,  and  other 
works.  [xxix.  6«] 

IRVING,  SIR  PAULUS  ^MILIUS,  first  baronet 
(1761-4828),  general ;  served  with  47th  foot  in  America 
and  Canada ;  captured  at  Saratoga,  1777 :  commander] 
the  regiment,  1783-94  ;  major-general,  1794 ;  captured  La 
Vigie  in  St.  Vincent,  1795  ;  created  baronet,  1809 ;  general 
1812.  [xxix.  57] 


IRWIN 


675 


ISMAY 


LBWIN,  EYLES  (1751  V-1817),  traveller  and  author; 
superintendent  of  Madras,  1771 ;  dismissed  for  protest 
;ik'aiust  deposition  of  Lord  Pigot,  1778 ;  his  journey  to 
England  narrated  in  'Series  of  Adventures  in  the  course 
of  a  Voyage  up  the  Bed  Sea,"  <fec.,  1780  (3rd  edit,  with  suppl. 
1787);  returned  to  India,  1780,  on  reinstatement;  re- 
venue officer  in  Tiunevelly ;  commissary  to  negotiate  for 
(vision  of  Dutch  settlements,  1785;  in  China,  1792-4; 
published  poems,  political  tracts,  and  '  The  Bedouins ' 
(comic  opera),  1802.  [xxix.  57] 

IRWIN,  SIR  JOHN  (1728-1788),  general ;  protege  of 
Lionel,  duke  of  Dorset ;  correspondent  of  Lord  Chester- 
field ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  5th  foot,  1752 ;  served  with 
distinction  under  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  1760  ;  major- 
general,  1762;  M.P.,  East  Grinstead,  1762-83;  governor 
of  Gibraltar,  1766-8;  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland, 
1775-82 ;  K.B.,  1779  ;  favourite  with  George  III ;  general, 
1783  ;  obliged  by  extravagance  to  retire  to  the  continent ; 
died  at  Parma.  [xxix.  58] 

ISAAC,  SAMUEL  (1815-1886),  projector  of  the 
Mersey  tunnel  (opened,  1885) ;  had  previously,  as  army 
contractor,  supplied  the  confederates  during  the  American 
civil  war  (1861-5).  [xxix.  60] 

ISAACSON,  HENBY  (1681-1654),  theologian  and 
chronoloRer;  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge;  friend  of 
Bishop  Andrewes  ;  published  'Satvrni  Ephemerides,  sive 
Tabvla  Historico-Ghronologica,'  1633,  a  life  of  Bishop 
Andrewes,  1650,  and  other  works.  [xxix.  60] 

ISAACSON,  STEPHEN  (1798-1849),  author  ;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1820;  translated  Bishop 
Jewel's  'Apologia,'  with  life  and  preface,  1825,  which 
involved  him  in  controversy  with  Charles  Butler  (1750- 
1832)  [q.  v.],  1825-6  :  edited  Henry  Isaacson's  life  of  Bishop 
Andrewes,  1829,  with  life  of  the  author ;  rector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Demerara  ;  defended  slave  proprietors ;  published  also  de- 
votional manuals  and  '  The  Barrow  Digger,'  a  poem. 

ISABELLA  (1214-1241),  empress;  daughter  of  John, 
king  of  England,  and  Isabella  of  Angouldme  ;  married  to 
the  emperor  Frederic  II,  1235 ;  kept  in  great  seclusion ; 
died  at  Foggia;  buried  at  Andria;  called  by  Matthew 
Paris  '  the  glory  and  hope  of  England.'  [xxix.  62] 

ISABELLA  OF  ANGOULBME  (d.  1246),  queen  of  John, 
king  of  England ;  daughter  of  Aymer,  count  of  Angouleme, 
by  Alicia,  granddaughter  of  Louis  VI  of  France ;  betrothed 
to  Hugh  of  Lusignan,  but  married  to  John,  king  of  Eng- 
land, at  Angouleme,  1200;  crowned  in  England,  1201; 
inherited  Angoumois,  1213 ;  imprisoned  at  Gloucester, 
1214 ;  left  England,  1217  ;  married  Hugh  of  Lusignan,  her 
old  lover,  1220:  in  alliance  with  her  son  (Henry  III) 
made  war  on  Alfonso,  count  of  Poitou,  and  Louis  IX  of 
France,  1241 ;  died  at  Fontevraud.  [xxix.  63] 

ISABELLA  OK  FRANCE  (1292-135$),  queen  of  Eng- 
land ;  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  ;  married  to 
Edward  II  at  Boulogne,  1308 ;  neglected  by  her  husband 
for  the  sake  of  Piers  Gaveston ;  helped  to  mediate  be- 
tween Edward  II  and  the  barons,  1313,  1316,  and  1321 : 
twice  escaped  capture  by  the  Scots ;  deprived  of  her 
estates  by  influence  of  the  Despeusers,  1324 ;  went  to 
France,  1325,  and  formed  connection  with  Roger  Mor- 
timer ;  raised  troops  in  Germany  and  the  Netherlands ; 
landed  in  England  with  Mortimer,  John  of  Hainault,  and 
many  exiles,  1326;  having  obtained  the  adhesion  of 
London,  advanced  to  Gloucester  ;  joined  by  armies  from 
the  north  and  Welsh  marches,  executed  the  Despensers, 
deposed  Edward  Hand  had  her  eldest  sou  proclaimed  king 
as  Edward  III,  1327  ;  procured  her  husband's  murder,  and 
with  Mortimer  virtually  ruled  England ;  made  peace  with 
France,  1327 ;  renounced  overlordship  of  Scotland  for 
money,  1328;  alienated  the  nobility  by  her  own  and 
Mortimer's  rapacity,  and  execution  of  Edmund,  earl  of 
Kent ;  arrested  with  Mortimer  at  Nottingham  by  Lan- 
caster, with  the  concurrence  of  Edward  III,  1330 ;  com- 
pelled to  give  up  her  riches,  but  allowed  to  live  at  various 
places  in  honourable  confinement;  took  the  habit  of 
Santa  Clara ;  buried  in  the  Franciscan  church,  Newgate. 

[xxix.  641 

ISABELLA  (1332-1379),  eldest  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward III  and  Pbilippa ;  proposed  as  wife  for  Louis,  count 
of  Flanders,  who  was  forced  by  his  subjects  to  promise 
assent,  but  escaped  before  the  day  arranged  for  the  cere- 
mony, 1347  ;  after  failure  of  two  other  matches  married 


Enguerraud  VII,  lord  of  Coucy.then  a  hostage  In  ttngi*nd. 
1365 :  lived  in  England  during  his  six  yean'  absenceln 
Italy,  and  after  his  final  renunciation  of  English  allegi- 
ance<  [xxix.  «7] 


Richard  II; 

riage  in  1396  the  pledge  of  peace  between  England  and 
France  and  the  prelude  to  Richard's  covp  <f$«t ;  con- 
fined  by  Henry  IV  at  Sonning  and  not  allowed  to  see  her 
I  husband,  whose  death  was  concealed  from  her ;  allowed 
to  return  to  France,  1401,  but  her  marriage  portion 
withheld  ;  married  to  Charles  of  Angonleme  (afterwards 
Duke  of  OrleansX  1406  ;  died  In  childbirth,  [xxix.  68] 

ISBISTER,  ALEXANDER  KENNEDY  (1811-1881), 
educational  writer ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1868 ;  LL.B.  Lou- 
don,  1866 ;  master  of  Stationers'  Company's  school 
1858-82;  edited  'Educational  Times'  from  1862;  baiv 
rister,  Middle  Temple,  1864  ;  dean  of  College  of  Preceptor* 
1872;  published  educational  manuals.  [xxix.  71] 

ISCANTT8,  JOSEPHUS  (fl.  1190).  [See  JOSEPH  OK 
EXETER.] 

ISHAM  or  ISUM,  JOHN  (16807-1726X  composer; 
Mus.  Bac.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1713;  organist  of 
St.  Anne's,  Westminster,  1711,  of  St.  Margaret's  and 
St  Andrew's,  Holborn,  London,  1718-26  ;  published  (with 
William  Morley)  songs.  [xxix.  71] 

ISHAM,  SIR  JUSTINIAN,  second  baronet  (1610- 
1674),  royalist:  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  im- 
prisoned as  delinquent,  1649 ;  forced  to  compound  on 
succeeding  to  baronetcy,  1661 ;  M.P.,  Northamptonshire, 
1661-74  ;  founded  Lamport  Hall  library.  [xxix.  72] 

ISHAM,  SIR  THOMAS,  third  baronet  (1657-1681), 
sou  of  Sir  Justinian  Isham  [q.  v.]  ;  his  Latin  diary  trans- 
lated and  printed,  1875.  [xxix.  72] 

ISHAM,  ZACHEUS  (1661-1705),  divine ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1674 :  D.D.,  1689 ;  tutor  to  Sir  Thomas 
Isham  [q.  v.]  ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Compton,  c.  1685 ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1686 :  canon  of  Canter- 
bury, 1691 ;  rector  of  St.  Botolph's,  London,  1694,  and  of 
Solihull,  1701 ;  published  sermons.  [xxix.  73] 

ISLES,  LORDS  OF  THE.  [See  SUMERLED,  d.  1164; 
MACDONALD,  JOHN,  first  LORD,  d.  1386  ?  ;  MACDONAI.D, 
DONALD,  second  LORD,  d.  1420?;  MACDONALD,  ALEX- 
ANDER, third  LORD,  d.  1449 :  MACDONALD,  JOHN,  fourth 
LORD,  d.  1498  ?] 

ISLIP,  JOHN  (d.  1632),  abbot  of  Westminster,  1600- 
1532  :  obtained  removal  of  Henry  VI's  body  from  Wind- 
sor; built  Henry  VII's  Chapel;  privy  councillor,  1613; 
trier  of  parliamentary  petitions  ;  signed  letter  to  the 
pope  in  favour  of  the  divorce,  1530;  at  Westminster 
raised  western  tower  to  level  of  the  roof,  filled  niches  with 
statues,  and  built  mortuary  chapel  known  by  his  name. 

[xxix.  73] 

ISLIP,  SIMON  (d.  1366),  archbishop  of  Canterbury : 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1307,  and  doctor  of 
canon  and  civil  law ;  vicar-general  of  Lincoln,  1337 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Canterbury,  1343-6  ;  dean  of  arches  ;  chaplain, 
secretary,  and  keeper  of  the  privy  seal  to  Edward  III ; 
ambassador  to  France,  1342 ;  one  of  the  regent's  council, 
1345;  as  archbishop  (1349-66)  issued  a  canon  (1350) 
ordering  chaplains  to  be  content  with  salaries  received 
before  the  Black  Death  ;  limited  rights  of  friars  in 
favour  of  secular  clergy ;  arranged  compromise  with 
archbishop  of  York  on  right  of  northern  primate  to 
carry  his  cross  erect  in  the  southern  province,  1353  : 
maintained  rights  of  Canterbury  against  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  1357 ;  caused  rejection  of  the  king's  demand  of 
a  clerical  tenth  for  six  years,  1356,  and  by  his  remon- 
strance helped  to  procure  statute  of  1362,  against  pur- 
veyance; founded  at  Oxford  a  college  in  connection 
with  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  of  mixed  monks  and 
seculars,  1361,  of  which  Wycliffe  the  reformer  may  have 
been  the  second  warden;  his  foundation  monasticised, 
1370,  and  afterwards  absorbed  in  Wolsey's.  [xxix.  74] 

I8LWYN  (1832-1878).    [See  THOMAS,  WILLIAM.] 

ISMAT,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1837-1899X  shipowner: 
apprenticed  to  a  firm  of  shipbroken  in  Liverpool,  and  sub- 
sequently started  business  independently  ;  acquired  White 


ISRAEL 


JACKSON 


Star  line  of  Australian  clippers,  1867  ;  formed,  with 
William  Imrie,  Oceanic  Steamship  Company,  1868 ;  began 
to  run  steamers  between  Liverpool  and  America,  1871. 

[Suppl.  iii.  34] 

ISRAEL,  MANASSEH  BEN  (1604-1657).  [See 
MANASSI:H  RKX  ISRAEL.] 

ITE  (d.  669),  Irish  saiut ;  sometimes  called  Mary  of 
Munster ;  founded  religious  house  at  Cluaincreadhail(Kil- 
leedy  in  present  co.  Limerick) ;  visited  St.  Comgan  when 
dying.  [xxix.  77] 

IVE,  PAUL  (.//.  1602),  writer  on  fortification :  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge.  [xxix.  78] 

IVE,  SIMON  (1600-1662),  musician ;  eighth  minor 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1661 ;  assisted  the  brothers 
Lawes  in  setting  Shirley's  '  Triumph  of  Peace,'  1634 ; 
composed  vocal  and  instrumental  works.  [xxix.  78] 

IVE  or  IVy,  WILLIAM  (d.  1485),  theologian ;  fellow 
and  lecturer  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford :  head-master 
of  Winchester,  1444-54 ;  D.D. ;  canon  and  (1470)  chan- 
cellor of  Salisbury  ;  some  time  master  of  Whittington's 
College  at  St.  Michael  Royal,  London ;  author  of  theo- 
logical works.  [xxix.  78] 

IVERS,  MARY  ANN  (1788-1849).  [See  ORGKR 
MARY  ANN.] 

IVES,  EDWARD  (d.  1786),  naval  surgeon  and 
traveller :  served  on  flagship  of  Vice-admiral  Charles 
Watson  [q.  v.],  1763-7,  and  travelled  home  overland  from 
India ;  published  description  of  the  campaign  of  1765-7, 
and  his  own  travels,  1773.  [xxix.  79] 

IVES,  JEREMIAH  (./?.  1653-1674),  general  baptist ; 
ministered  in  Old  Jewry ;  imprisoned,  1661 ;  defended 
adult  baptism,  and  published  controversial  tracts  against 
quakers  and  Sabbatarians.  [xxix.  79] 

IVES,  JOHN  (1751-1776),  Suffolk  herald  extraordi- 
nary, 1774;  F.S.A.,  1771  ;  F.R.S.,  1772;  published  'Select 
Papers  chiefly  relating  to  English  Antiquities,'  1773-6. 

[xxix.  80] 

IVIE,  EDWARD  (1678-1745),  author  of  'Epicteti 
Enchiridion  '  in  Latin  verse,  1715  (reprinted  by  Simpson) ; 


of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1702 ; 
vicar  of  Floore,  1717-45.  [xxix.  81] 

IVIKEY,  JOSEPH  (1773-1834),  author  of  history  of 
English  baptists,  1811-30;  pastor  of  particular  baptist 
church,  Eagle  Street,  Holborn,  London,  from  1805  ;  first 
secretary  of  Baptist  Missionary  Society  for  Ireland ; 
opposed  catholic  emancipation  ;  published  miscellaneous 
works.  [xxix.  81] 

IVO  OP  GRANTMKSXII,  (/.  1101),  crusader;  son  of 
Hugh  of  Grautmesnil  [q.  v.]  [xxvii.  160] 

IVOK  HAEL,  or  the.  GENEROUS  (d.  1361),  patron  of 
David  ab  Gwilym  [q.  v.]  and  other  Welsh  bards ;  lord 
of  Maesaleg,  Y  Wenallt,  and  Gwernycleppa,  Monmouth- 
shire, [xxix.  82] 

IVORY,  SAIXT  (<l.  500  ?).    [See  IBHAR  or  IEEUH-S.] 

IVORY,  SIR  JAMES  (1765-1842),  mathematician ;  of 
;  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh  universities ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Royal  Military  College,  Marlow,1805-19  ; 
F.R.S.,  1815  ;  Copley  medallist,  1814:  received  the  royal 
:  medal,  1826  (for  paper  on  refractions),  and  1839  ('  Theory 
of  Astronomical  Refractions ') ;  enounced  the '  Ivory  Theo- 
rem,' 1809  ;  knighted,  1831  ;  received  civil  list  pension. 

[xxix.  82] 

IVORY,  JAMES,  LORD  IVORY  (1792-1866),  Scottish 
judge ;  nephew  of  Sir  James  Ivory  [q.  v.] ;  admitted 
advocate,  1816  ;  advocate-depute,  1830  ;  sheriff  of  Caith- 
ness, 1832,  of  Buteshire,  1833  ;  solicitor-general  for  Scot- 
land, 1839  ;  lord  of  session,  1840 :  lord  of  justiciary,  1849- 
1866.  [xxix.  83] 

IVORY,  THOMAS  (1709-1779),  architect ;  designed 
buildings  at  Norwich,  including  (1757)  the  theatre. 

[xxix.  83] 

IVORY,  THOMAS  (d.  1786),  master  of  architectural 
drawing  at  Royal  Dublin  Society's  schools,  1759-H6 ; 
designed  Blue  Coat  Hospital,  Dublin.  [xxix.  84] 

IZACKE,    RICHARD  (1624 ?-1698),    antiquary;   of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  165U : 
I  chamberlain  (1653)  and  town-clerk  of  Exeter  (c.  1682) ; 
wrote  on  antiquities  of  Exeter,  1677.  [xxix.  84] 


JACK,  ALEXANDER  (1805-1857),  brigadier;  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  with  30th  Bengal 
native  infantry  at  Aliwal,  1846 ;  brigadier  of  the  force 
sent  against  Kangra,  1846  ;  commanded  his  battalion 
in  second  Sikh  war;  colonel,  1864;  brigadier,  1866; 
treacherously  shot  at  Cawnpore.  [xxix.  85] 

JACK,  GILBERT  (1578?-1628),  metaphysical  and 
medical  writer ;  as  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leyden, 
1604-28,  first  taught  metaphysics  there;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1611 ;  published  physical,  metaphysical,  and  medical 
'  Institutiones.'  [xxix.  85] 

JACK,  THOMAS  (d.  1598),  master  of  Glasgow  gram- 
mar school,  quaestor  of  the  university  (1577),  and  thrice 
member  of  general  assembly ;  published  dictionary  of 
classical  names  in  Latin  verse,  1592.  [xxix.  86] 

JACK,  WILLIAM  (1795-1822),  botanist  and  Bengal 
army  surgeon :  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1811 ;  his  contributions 
to '  Malayan  Miscellanies,'  reprinted  by  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker  ; 
genus  Jackia  named  after  him.  [xxix.  86] 

JACKMAN,  ISAAC  (Jl.  1796),  joint-editor  of  Morn- 
ing Post,'  1786-95 ;  author  of  farces  and  comic  operas. 

[xxix.  86] 

JACKSON,  ABRAHAM  (1689-1646?),  divine  and 
author  ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1611 :  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1616 ;  prebendary  of  Peterborough,  1640. 

[xxix.  87] 

JACKSON,  ARTHUR  (1693?-1666),  ejected  divine: 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  rector  of  St.  Michael's, 
Wood  Street,  London,  and  afterwards  of  St.  Faith's  under 
St.  Paul's,  London  :  fined  and  imprisoned  for  refusing  to 
give  evidence  against  Christopher  Love  [q.  v.],  1651  ; 
pre-byterian  commissioner  at  Savoy  conference,  1661 ; 
ejected,  1662  ;  published  exegetical  works,  [xxix.  87] 


JACKSON,  ARTHUR  HERBERT  (1852-1881),  com- 
poser ;  professor  of  harmony  and  composition  at  Royal 
Academy  of  Music,  1878-81 ;  published  orchestral  works 
and  vocal  and  piano  pieces.  [xxix.  88] 

JACKSON,  BASIL  (1795-1889),  lieutenant-colonel: 
lieutenant,  1813  ;  at  St.  Helena,  1815-21 ;  captain,  1825  ; 
assistant-professor  of  fortification  at  East  India  Com- 
pany's college,  Addiscombe,  1835,  and  of  military  survey- 
ing, 1836-57  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1846 ;  published  work 
on  military  surveying.  [Suppl.  iii.  35] 

JACKSON,  CATHERINE  HANNAH  CHARLOTTE, 
LADY  (d.  1891),  authoress :  daughter  of  Thomas  Elliott 
of  Wakefield ;  became  second  wife,  1856,  of  Sir  George 
Jackson  (1785-1861)  [q.  v.],  whose  diaries  and  letters  she 
edited ;  published  works  relating  to  French  society. 

[Suppl.  iii.  35] 

JACKSON,  CHARLES  (1809-1882),  antiquary;  trea- 
surer of  Doncaster  from  1838;  published  'Doncaster 
Charities,'  1881 ;  edited  for  Surtees  Society  '  Yorkshire 
Diaries  and  Autobiographies  of  17th  and  18th  Centuries,' 
1877.  [xxix.  88] 

JACKSON,  CYRIL  (1746-1819),  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  educated  at  Westminster  under  Mark- 
bam:  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1764;  canon, 
1779  ;  M.A.,  1771 ;  D.D.,  1781 ;  sub-preceptor  to  elder 
sons  of  George  III,  1771-6 ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
1779-88 ;  as  dean  of  Christ  Church  (1783-1809)  had  large 
share  in  '  Public  Examination  Statute ' ;  declined  offer  of 
several  bishoprics ;  helped  to  bring  about  retirement  of 
Addington  from  premiership,  1804  ;  his  bust  by  Chantrey 
in  Oxford  Cathedral.  [xxix.  88] 

JACKSON,  FRANCIS  JAMES  (1770-1814),  diplo- 
matist ;  son  of  Thomas  Jackson  (1745-1797)  [q.  v.] :  sec- 
retary of  legation  at  Berlin  and  Madrid,  1789-97  ;  am- 


JACKSON 


677 


JACKSON 


bassador  at  Constantinople,  1796;  plenipotentiary  to 
France,  1801,  Prussia,  1802-6,  Washington,  1809-11  :  envoy 
to  Denmurk,  1807.  [xxix.  90] 

JACKSON,  afterwards  DTJCKETT,  SIR  GEORGE, 
first  baronet  (1725-1822),  secretary  to  navy  board, 
1758 ;  second  secretary  to  admiralty,  1766-82  ;  judge- 
advocate  of  the  fleet,  1766  ;  present  at  court-martial 
(1778)  on  Keppel  and  Pallirer:  M.P.,  Weymouth  an.l 
Melcombe,  1762-8,  Colchester,  1790-6 :  created  baronet, 
1791;  assumed  name  of  Duckett,  1797;  Port  Jackson, 
New  South  Wale?,  and  Point  Jackson,  New  Zealand, 
named  after  him  by  Captain  Cook.  [xxix.  90] 

JACKSON,  SIR  GEORGE  (1785-1861),  diplomatist; 
brother  of  Francis  James  Jackson  [q.  v.] ;  charge  d'affaires 
in  Prussia,  1805-6  ;  secretary  of  legation  to  John  Hookham 
Frere  [q.v.]  in  Spain,  1808-9;  accompanied  Sir  Charles 
Stewart  to  Germany,  1813 :  minister  at  Berlin,  1814-15 : 
secretary  of  embassy  at  St.  Petersburg,  1816;  special 
envoy  to  Madrid,  1822  ;  commissioner  at  Washington, 
1822-7 ;  K.C.H.,  1832 ;  chief  commissioner  for  abolition  of 
slave  trade  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1832-41,  Surinam,  1841-5, 
St.  Paul  de  Loando,  1846-59;  his  'Diaries  and  Letters' 
issued,  1872-3.  [zxiz.  91] 

JACKSON,  HENRY  (1586-1662),  editor  of  Hooker's 
'Opuscula';  friend  and  kinsman  of  Anthony  a  Wood; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1608 ;  B.D.,  1617 ; 
rector  of  Meysey  Hampton,  Gloucestershire,  1630-62 ; 
edited  Hooker's  minor  works,  1612-13 ;  supervised  Stansby's 
reprints  of  Hooker  (1618  and  1622) ;  his  own  recen- 
sion of  the  unpublished  eighth  book  of  the  '  Ecclesiastical 
Polity'  utilised  by  Keble ;  published  also  editions  of 
4  Wickliffes  Wicket,'  1612,  and  other  works,  [xxix.  91] 

JACKSON,  HENRY  (1831-1879),  author  of  'Argu* 
Fairbairn '  (1874)  and  other  novels.  [xxix.  92] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (rf.  1689?),  organist  of  Wells 
Cathedral  from  1676  ;  composed  anthems  and  chants. 

[xxix.  93] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (1686-1763),  theological  writer; 
B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1707 ;  denied  M.A.  degree, 
1718,  on  account  of  his  writings  on  the  Trinity ;  rector 
of  Rossington,  Yorkshire,  1708 ;  expressed  Samuel  Clarke's 
views  on  the  Trinity  after  1714;  advocated  Hoadly's 
position  on  church  government;  defended  infant  baptism ; 
succeeded  Clarke  as  master  of  Wigston's  Hospital,  Leices- 
ter, 1729;  wrote  treatises  against  the  deists,  and  compiled 
'  Chronological  Antiquities,'  1752.  [xxix.  93] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (./*.  1761-1792),  actor,  manager, 
and  dramatist ;  played  leading  parts  at  Edinburgh,  1761 ; 
under  Garrick  at  Drury  Lane,  1762-4,  Dublin,  1765  ;  ap- 
peared with  his  wife  at  the  Haymarket,  1776,  in  his  own 
'  Eldred '  (1782),  also  at  Covent  Garden,  1776  ;  managed 
theatres  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Dundee,  and  Aberdeen, 
1782-90  ;  again  a  manager,  1801-9  ;  wrote  '  History  of  the 
Scottish  Stage,'  published,  1793 ;  none  of  his  plays  except 
•  Eldred'  printed.  [xxix.  95] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (<*.  1807),  traveller :  F.S.A.,  1787  ; 
published  account  of  a  journey  from  India  overland,  1799  ; 
made  excavations  on  site  of  Carthage  and  at  Udena. 

[xxix.  96] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (1778-1831),  portrait-painter;  of 
humble  origin  ;  freed  from  apprenticeship  by  Lord  Mul- 
grave  and  Sir  George  Beaumont ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy 
with  Haydon  and  Wilkie,  and  introduced  them  to  his 
patrons;  first  exhibited,  1804;  R.  A.,  1817;  made  sketch- 
ing tour  in  Netherlands  with  General  Phipps,  1816; 
travelled  with  Ohantrey  in  Italy,  1819-20,  painting  a 
portrait  of  Canova  and  being  elected  to  Academy  of  St. 
Luke;  liberal  to  his  Wesleyan  co-religionists.  Of  bis 
portraits  those  of  Lady  Dover  and  Flaxman  are  con- 
sidered the  best.  He  was  also  a  skilful  copyist. 

[xxix.  96] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (1769-1845),  pugilist  ('Gentleman 
Jackson')  ;  champion  of  England,  1795-1803  ;  afterwards 
kept  a  boxing-school  in  Bond  Street,  London,  at  which 
Byron  was  a  pupil ;  referred  to  by  Byron  and  Moore  as  a 
popular  character.  [xxix.  98] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  (1801-1848),  wood-engraver;  ap- 
prenticed to  Bewick;  engraved  Northcote's  'Fables'  and 
illustrations  for  the  '  Penny  Magazine ' ;  with  William 
Andrew  Chatto  [q.  v.]  brought  out  an  illustrated  history 
of  wood-engraving,  1839.  [xxix.  »«] 


JACKSON.  JOHN  (1811-1886),  bbbop  sureeMively  of 
Lincoln  and  L« 

ford,  1829 ;  H.A.,  1888 ;  Klterton  prizeman,  1884  ;  head- 
master of  Islington  proprietary  school,  1886;  Boyle 
lecturer,  and  vicar  of  St.  Jamw'g,  Piccadilly,  London,  1863 : 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  1863-68,  of  London,  1868-86 ;  created 
diocese  of  St.  Albans  and  suffragan  blehopric  of  Bart 
London  ;  contributed  section  on  the  pastoral  epbtles  in  the 
'Speaker's  Commentary,1  and  published  religious  works. 

JACKSON,  JOHN  BAPTIST  (170l-1780X?V*wood- 
engraver;  worked  under  I'apillon  at  Paris:  during  resi- 
dence in  Venice  revived  colour-engraving,  publUhiuK 
(1746)  seventeen  engraving*  of  Venetian  pictures;  esta- 
blished manufactory  of  chiaroscuro  paperhangings  at 
Battersea ;  published  '  Essay  on  the  Invention  of  Engrav- 
ing and  Printing  in  Chiaroscuro '  and  ita  application  to 
paperhanginfc',  1754.  [xxix.  100] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1805-1891),  antiquary ; 
brother  of  Charles  Jackson  [q.  T.]  ;  M.A.  Brasenose  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  1830 ;  vicar  of  Norton  Coleparle,  Wiltshire, 
1846 ;  librarian  to  Marquis  of  Bath  ;  hon.  canon  of  Bristol, 
1855;  published  topographical  monographs:  edited  Au- 
brey's Wiltshire  collections,  1862.  [xxix.  100] 

JACKSON,  JOHN  EIOHARDSON  (1819-1877),  i-n- 
graver  in  mezzotint  of  portraits.  [xxix.  101] 

JACKSON,  JOSEPH  ( 1733-1 792),  letter-founder ;  while 
apprentice  to  the  elder  William  Caslon  [q.  v.]  clandestinely 
discovered  the  art  of  cutting  the  punches :  some  yean  in 
the  navy  ;  in  Dorset  Street,  Salisbury  Square,  cut  Hebrew, 
Persian,  and  Bengali  letters,  1773 ;  cut  fount  for  Macklin's 
bible  (1800),  and  another  for  Hume's  history  (1806). 

[xxix.  101] 

JACKSON,  JULIAN  (wrongly  called  JOHN  RICHARD) 
(1790-1863),  colonel  on  the  imperial  Russian  staff,  and 
geographer;  served  in  Bengal  artillery,  1808-13;  in 
Russian  service  with  army  of  occupation  in  France; 
colonel  on  Russian  staff,  1829 ;  retired,  1830 ;  secretary 
of  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1841-7  ;  F.RJS.,  1846 ; 
published  'Guide  du  Voyageur,'  1822,  reproduced  as 
'What  to  Observe,'  1841,  and  an  edition  (with  transla- 
tion) of  La  Vallee's  'Military  Geography,'  and  other 
works.  [xxix.  10S] 

JACKSON,  LAURENCE  (1691-1772),  divine;  fellow 
of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1716;  B.D., 
1723  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1747  ;  published  religious 
works.  [xxix.  lu3] 

JACKSON,  RANDLE  (1757-1837),  parliamentary 
counsel  of  the  East  India  Company  and  the  corporation 
of  London  ;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1793  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1793  ;  bencher,  1828.  [xxix.  103] 

JACKSON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1570),  reputed  author  of 
the  ballad  on  Flodden  Field  (first  printed,  1664) ;  B.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1570 ;  master  of  Ingleton  school, 
Yorkshire.  [xxix.  103] 

JACKSON  or  KTTEKDEN,  RICHABJ)  (1623-1690  ?X 

antiquary;    B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1642; 

M.A.  and  vice-principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1646  ; 

I  M.D.,  1663;   friend  of  Dugdale ;  left  materials  for  history 

1  of  Lancashire.  [xxix.  104] 

JACKSON,  RICHARD  (1700-1782  ?),  founder  of  Jack- 
sonian  professorship  at  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1731  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1739);  fellow. 

[xxix.  104] 

JACKSON,  RICHARD  (d.  1787),  politician  ('Omni- 
scient Jackson ') ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1744,  bencher, 
1770,  reader,  1779,  treasurer,  1780 ;  counsel  to  South  Sea 
Company  and  Cambridge  University ;  law  officer  to  board 
of  trade ;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1762-8,  New  Romney,  1768-84; 
secretary  to  George  Grenville,  1765 ;  F.S.A.,  1781 ;  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1782-3.  [xxix.  104] 

JACKSON,  ROBERT  (1760-1827),  inspector-general 
of  army  hospitals ;  assistant-surgeon  in  Jamaica,  1774-80 ; 
afterwards  served  in  71st  regiment ;  studied  at  Paris ; 
M.D.  Leyden,  1786 ;  surgeon  to  the  buffs  in  Holland  and 
West  Indies,  1793-8 ;  overthrew  monopoly  of  College  of 
Physicians  in  army  medical  appointment*,  1803-9 ;  medical 
director  in  West  Indies,  1811-16:  published '  Systematic 
View  of  the  Formation,  Discipline,  and  Economy  of 
Armies,'  1804,  and  treatises  on  febrile  diseases. 

[xxix.  106] 


JACKSON 


678 


JACOB 


JACKSON.  afterwards  SCORESBY-JACKSON, 
ROBERT  EDMUND  (1836-1867),  nephew  and  biographer 
of  William  Scoresby  (1789-1857)  [q.  r.];  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1857  ;  F.R.C.S.,  1861 ;  F.R.C.P.  and  F.R.S.E.,  1862  ;  phy- 
sician to  Edinburgh  Royal  Infirmary  and  lecturer  in 
Surgeons'  Hall ;  published  '  Medical  Climatology,'  1862, 
and  4  Notebook  on  Materia  Medica,  etc.'  1866. 

[xxix.  106] 

JACKSON,  SAMUEL  (1786-1861),  president  of  Wes- 
leyan  conference,  1847 ;  brother  of  Thomas  Jackson 
(1783-1873) [q.  v.]  [xxix.  109] 

JACKSON,  SAMUEL  (1794-1869),  landscape-painter ; 
Associate  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours.  1823  ; 
founded  Bristol  sketching  society,  1833.  [xxix.  106] 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  (1579-1640),  president  of  Corpus 
Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  and  dean  of  Peterborough ;  fellow 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1606 ;  M.A.,  1603  :  D.D., 
1622;  incumbent  of  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle,  1623,  and 
Winston,  Durham,  1625  :  president  of  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1630-40 ;  attacked  by  Prynne  :  dean  of  Peter- 
borough, 1639-40 ;  highly  praised  by  Pusey;  author  of 
'Commentaries  on  the  Apostles'  Creed'  (twelve  books, 
three  posthumous) :  collective  works  issued,  1672-3  and 
1844.  [xxix.  107] 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1646),  prebendary  of  Canter- 
bury, 1614-46;  M.A.,  1600,  and  B.D.,  1608,  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  D.D.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1615  ;  published  sermons.  [xxix.  108] 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  (1745-1797),  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  1782-92,  and  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  1792; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1770 :  D.D.,  1783. 

[xxix.  90] 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  (1783-1873),  Wesleyan  minister ; 
itinerant  preacher ;  editor  of  the  connexional  magazine, 
1824-42;  president  of  conference,  1838-9,  and  1849; 
divinity  professor  at  Richmond  College,  1842-61;  pub- 
lished life  of  Charles  Wesley,  1841,  and  other  religious 
biographies,  and  '  The  Centenary  of  Wesleyan  Methodism,' 
1839  ;  edited  John  Wesley's  '  Works,'  1829-31,  and  'Jour- 
nals,' 1864 ;  '  Journals,  etc.,'  of  Charles  Wesley,  1849 ;  his 
'  Collection  of  Christian  Biography '  published,  1837-40  ; 
his  '  Recollections '  edited  by  Rev.  Benjamin  Frankland, 
1873.  [xxix. 108] 

JACKSON,  THOMAS  (1812-1886),  divine  and 
author;  son  of  Thomas  Jackson  (1783-1873)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
St.  Mary  Hall.  Oxford,  where  he  wrote  '  Uniomachia ' ; 
M.A.,  1837  ;  principal  of  Battersea  training  college,  1844 ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1850 ;  nominated  to  see  of 
Lyttelton,  New  Zealand,  1850,  but  not  consecrated;  rector 
of  Stoke  Newington,  1852-86;  published  miscellaneous 
works.  [xxix.  109] 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM  (1737  ?-1795),  Irish  revolu- 
tionist; preacher  at  Tavistock  Chapel,  Drury  Lane, 
London  :  when  secretary  to  the  Duchess  of  Kingston 
satirised  by  Foote  as  Dr.  Viper ;  induced  Foote's  ex-coach- 
man  to  make  an  infamous  charge  against  him  ;  whig  editor 
of  the  '  Public  Ledger '  and  '  Morning  Post ' ;  while  in 
France  commissioned  to  ascertain  probable  success  of  a 
Frencii  nvasion  of  England  and  Ireland;  betrayed  by 
Dncnest*  of  Kingston's  attorney,  and  charged  with  treason 
in  Dublin,  1794 ;  defended  by  Curran  and  Ponsonby ;  died 
in  the  dock,  probably  from  poison  supplied  by  his  wife. 

[xxix.  110] 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM  (1730-1803),  musical  composer 
('  JACKSON*  OP  EXKTKR  ') ;  organist  and  lay  vicar  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  1777-1803;  friend  of  the  Sheridans,  Samuel 
Rogers,  Wolcot,and  Gainsborough ;  composed  'The  Lord 
of  the  Manor '  (Drury  Lane,  1780)  and  the '  Metamorphosis,' 
1783  (two  operas) ;  set  '  Lycidas,'  1767,  Walton's  'Ode  to 
Fancy,'  and  Pope's  '  Dying  Christian  to  his  Soul ' ;  com- 
posed madrigals,  songs,  services,  and  other  musical  works ; 
published  miscellaneous  works  ;  posthumous  compositions 
issued,  1819.  [xxix.  HI] 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM  (1751-1816),  bishop  of  Oxford ; 
brother  of  Cyril  Jackson  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1775 ,  D.D.,  1799 ;  chan- 
cellor's medallist,  1770;  regius  professor  of  Greek  at 
Oxford,  1783 ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1783  ;  dean  of 
Wells,  1799;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1799;  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1812-16.  [xxix.  112] 

JACKSON,  WILLIAM(1815-1866),  musical  composer ; 
of  Masham,  Yorkshire ;  when  a  boy  worked  as  a  miller ; 
music-seller  in  Bradford,  1862;  organist  to  St.  John's 


Church,  Bradford ;  conducted  the  Church  Union  and  the 
Festival  Choral  Society  from  1856 ;  composed  oratorios 
'  Deliverance  of  Isruel  from  Babylon,'  1844-5,  and  '  Isaiah,' 
1851 ;  'The  Year'  (cantata),  1859;  with  glees  and  other 
work-.  [xxix.  112] 

JACOB,  ARTHUR  (1790-1874),  oculist;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1814  ;  while  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  discovered  (1816,  announced,  1819)  a 
membrane  of  the  eye ;  Dublin  professor  of  anatomy, 
1826-69 ;  thrice  president  of  Irish  College  of  Surgeons  ; 
edited  •  Dublin  Medical  Press,'  1839-59  ;  piihiir-hi-i  treatises 
on  inflammation  of  the  eyeball  (1849)  and  on  removal  of 
cataract  by  absorption.  [xxix.  113] 

JACOB,  BENJAMIN  (1778-1829),  organist ;  organist 
at  Salem  Chapel,  Soho,  at  age  of  ten  ;  chorister  at  Handel 
commemoration,  1791 ;  organist  at  Surrey  ChapeL  1794- 
1825  ;  gave  public  recitals  with  the  elder  Wesley,  Crotch, 
and  Salomon  the  violinist ;  published  settings  of  Dr. 
Watts's  '  Divine  and  Moral  Songs,'  c.  1800.  [xxix.  113] 

JACOB,  EDWARD  (17109-1788),  antiquary  and 
naturalist.  [xxix.  114] 

JACOB,  EDWARD  (d.  1841),  editor  (1821-3  and  1828) 
of  chancery  reports ;  sou  of  William  Jacob  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow 
of  Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  senior  wrangler  and  first 
Smith's  prizeman,  1816 ;  M.A.,  1819  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1819  ;  K.C.,  1834.  [xxix.  123] 

JACOB,  Sm  GEORGE  LE  GRAND  (1805-1881),  major- 
general  in  the  Indian  army ;  son  of  John  Jacob  (1765- 
1840)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  2nd  Bombay  native  infantry,  1820  ; 
political  agent  in  Kattywar,  1839-43,  Sawunt  Warree, 
1845-51,  Cutch,  1851-9 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  31st  Bombay 
native  infantry,  1853  ;  commanded  native  light  battalion 
in  Persia,  1867  ;  put  down  the  mutiny  at  Kolapore,  1857  ; 
special  commissioner  of  South  Mahratta  country,  1857- 
1859  ;  retired  as  major-general,  1861  ;  C.B.,  1859 ;  K.C.S.I., 
1869;  early  transcriber  of  Asoka  inscriptions  ;  published 
'  Western  India  before  and  during  the  Mutiny,'  1871. 

[xxix.  114] 

JACOB,  GILES  (1686-1744),  compiler  of  the  'Poetical 
Register'  (1719-20),  and 'New  Law  Dictionary'  (1729); 
introduced  in  the  '  Dunciad.'  [xxix.  116] 

JACOB,  HENRY  (1563-1624),  early  congregation- 
alist ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1586  ;  precentor  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  retired  with  Brownists 
to  Holland,  1593 ;  again  compelled  to  take  refuge  in 
Holland,  1598;  collected  congregation  at  Middelburg; 
afterwards  joined  John  Robinson  (1575-1625)  [q.  v.] ;  esta- 
blished in  Southwark  first  congregational  church,  1616  ; 
formed  settlement  in  Virginia,  1622 ;  died  in  London  ;  pub- 
lished controversial  works.  [xxix.  117] 

JACOB,  HENRY  (1608-1652),  philologist;  son  of 
Henry  Jacob  (1563-1624)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A,  and  (1629-48) 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  authorship  of  Dickin- 
son's '  Delphi  Phcenicizantes  '  attributed  to  him  by  Wood. 

[xxix.  118] 

JACOB,  HILDEBRAND  (1693-1739),  poet  ;  pub- 
lished 'The  Curious  Maid,'  1721,  'The  Fatal  Constancy  ' 
(tragedy),  1723,  and  other  poems,  collected  in  1735. 

[xxix.  118] 

JACOB,  SIK  HILDEBRAND,  fourth  baronet  (d. 
1790),  Hebrew  scholar  ;  son  of  Hildebrand  Jacob  [q.  v.] 

[xxix.  118] 

JACOB,  JOHN  (1765-1840),  Guernsey  topographer; 
son  of  Fxlward  Jacob  (1710  ?-1788)  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  114] 

JACOB,  JOHN  (1812-1858),  brigadier-general ;  cousin 
of  Sir  George  le  Grand  Jacob  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  artillery 
in  Billamore's  Cutchee  expedition,  1834-40;  published 
memoir  of  the  campaign,  1852  ;  given  command  of  Scinde 
irregular  horse  and  political  charge  of  Eastern  Outchee  by 
outrun,  1841 ;  led  his  regiment  with  great  distinction  at 
Meanee,  1843,  Shah-dad-poor,  and  other  battles :  political 
superintendent  of  Upper  Scinde,  1847 ;  O.B.,  1850  ; 
Jacobabad  named  after  him  by  Dalhousie  to  commemorate 
his  pacification  of  the  country,  1851 ;  negotiated  treaty 
with  khan  of  Khelat,  1854 ;  acting  commissioner  in 
Scinde,  1856 ;  commanded  cavalry  under  Outram  in 
Persia,  1857  ;  raised  '  Jacob's  Rifles '  (infantry),  1858, 
armed  with  rifle  and  bullet  of  his  own  invention ;  died 
suddenly  at  Jacobabad.  He  published  a  reply  to  Napier's 
attack  in  his  'Conquest  of  Sind'  on  Outram,  'Rifle 
Practice  with  Plates,'  1856,  and  several  works  on  the  re- 
organisation  of  the  Indian  army.  [xxix.  119] 


JACOB 


679      JAMES    III  OF   SCOTLAND 


JACOB,  JOSEPH  (1667  7-1722),  congregational  divine  ; 
preacher  at  Parish  Street,  Southwark  (1698-1702),  Turners' 
Hall,  Philpot  Lane,  and  Curriers'  Hall,  London  Wall, 
London.  [xxtx.  121] 

JACOB,  JOSHUA  (1805  ?-1877),  sectary  ;  disowns!  by 
Society  of  Friends,  1838;  founded  the  'White  Quakers' 
at  Dublin,  1843  ;  imprisoned  for  contempt  of  court  in 
connection  with  chancery  suit  ;  established  community 
at  Newlands,  Clondalkin,  1849.  [xxix.  12  1  ] 

JACOB,  ROBERT  (d.  1588),  physician  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  :  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  MJU 
1673;  M.D.  Basle  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1679);  at- 
tended the  tsarina,  1581  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1586;  died  abroad. 

[xxix.  122] 

JACOB,  WILLIAM  (1762  ?-1851),  statistical  writer; 
F.R.S.,  1807  ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1808-12  ;  comptroller  of  com  re- 
turns, 1822-42  ;  wrote  on  the  corn  trade,  corn  laws,  and 
precious  metal*,  and  published  'Travels  in  Spain,'  1811. 


JAMES  the  CISTERCIAN  or  JAMES  the  ENGLISHMAN 
(Jf.  1270),  first  profewor  of  philosophy  and  theology  in 
Lexington's  college  »t  Parii.  [xxix 


,          . 
[xxix.  123] 
8-18 


JACOB,  WILLIAM  STEPHEN  (1818-1862),  astro- 
nomer ;  brother  of  John  Jacob  (1812-1858)  [q.  v.j  ;  some 
years  in  Bombay  engineers  ;  director  of  Madras  Observa- 
tory, 1848-59  ;  discovered  triplicity  of  v  Scorpii,  1847  ; 
catalogued  244  double  stars  observed  at  Poonab  ;  re- 
observed  and  corrected  317  stars  from  '  British  Associa- 
tion Catalogue  '  ;  F.H.A.S.,  1849  ;  noticed  transparency 
of  Saturn's  dusky  ring,  1852  ;  died  at  Poonah. 

[xxix.  123] 

JACOBSEN.   THEODORE  (<*.   1772),  architect  ;   de-  i 
signed  Foundling  Hospital  (1742)  and  the  Haslar  Hos- 
pital, Qosport.  [xxix.  124] 

JACOBSON,  WILLIAM  (1803-1884),  bishop  of 
Chester  ;  educated  at  Homerton  nonconformist  college, 
Glasgow  University,  and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A. 
Oxford,  1827  ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1829  ; 
M.A.,  1829;  vice-principal  of  Magdalen  Hall,  1830; 
public  orator,  1842  ;  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1848  ; 
bishop  of  Chester,  1865-84;  published  editions  of  the 
'Patres  Apostolici,'  1838,  1840,  1847,  1863,  works  of 
Bishop  Robert  Sanderson,  1854,  and  Novell's  'Cate- 
chismus,'  1835.  [xxix.  124] 

JACOMBE,  SAMUEL  (d.  1659),  puritan  divine; 
fellow,  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1648  ;  B.D.,  1644  ; 
incumbent  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London,  1655. 

[xxix.  126] 

JACOMBE,  THOMAS  (1622-1687),  nonconformist 
divine  ;  brother  of  Samuel  Jacombe  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1646  ;  M.A.,  1647  ;  incumbent 
of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate  Hill,  London,  1647-62  ;  a  trier, 
1659  ;  commissioner  for  review  of  the  prayer-book,  1661  ; 
imprisoned  for  holding  conventicles  in  Silver  Street,  but 
protected  by  Countess-dowager  of  Exeter  ;  published  ser- 
mons. [xxix.  125] 

JAENBERT,  JANBRIHT,  JAMBERT,  GENG- 
BERHT,  LAMBERT,  or  LANBRIHT  (d.  791),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  ;  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's,  760  ; 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  766-91  ;  deprived  of  much  of 
his  jurisdiction  after  Offa's  conquest  of  Kent,  Lichfteld 
being  made  a  metropolitan  see.  [xxix.  126] 

JAFFRAY,  ALEXANDER  (1614-1673),  director  of 
the  chancellary  of  Scotland  ;  bailie  of  Aberdeen  and  its 
representative  in  Scottish  parliament,  1644-50  ;  commis- 
sioner for  suppressing  royalist  rising,  1644,  and  for 
treating  with  Charles  II,  1649-50  ;  wounded  and  captured 
at  Dunbar,  1650  ;  as  provost  of  Aberdeen  negotiated  with 
Monck,  1651  ;  director  of  chancellary,  1652-60;  member 
of  Little  parliament,  1653-4  ;  joined  independents,  and,  in 
1661,  the  quakers  ;  his  'Diary'  printed  by  John  Barclay, 
1833.  [xxix.  127] 

JAFFRAY,  ANDREW  (1660-1726),  quaker  minister  ; 
son  of  Alexander  Jaffray  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  128] 

JAGO,  JAMES  (1815-1893),  physician  ;  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1839  ;  incorporated  at  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  1843;  M.D.  Oxford,  1859;  practised  in 
Truro  ;  F.R.S.,  1870  ;  published  medical  works. 

[Suppl.  iii.  36] 

JAGO,  RICHARD  (1715-1781),  poet;  friend  of 
Shenstone  and  Somerville;  M.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1739  ;  vicar  of  Snitterfleld,  1754-81,  and  Kimcote, 
1771-81  ;  his  poems  in  Chalmers's,  Anderson's,  Park's,  and 
Davenport's  collections.  [xxix.  128] 


JAMES  I  ( 1394-1437X  king  of  Scotland  :  third  son  of 
Robert  III  ;  placed  under  guardianship  of  Hei.r 
law  at  St.  Andrews,  140*  ;  captured  while  on  his  WAV  to 
France  by  an  English  ship,  probably  In  1406 :  detained  in 
England  nineteen  years  and  well  alucated,  but  confined 
first  in  the  Tower,  afterwards  at  Nottingham  and  Kves- 
ham,  and,  on  accession  of  Henry  V,  at  Windsor,  accom- 
panying that  king  to  France  in  1420 ;  released.  1413,  on 
condition  of  his  paying  a  ransom,  withdrawing  Scottish 
troops  from  France,  and  marrying  an  English  wife ;  mar- 
ried Jane  [q.  v.],  daughter  of  the  Earl  at  Somerset, 
14S4;  returned  to  Scotland  and  was  crowns 
twenty-seven  acts  passed  in  his  first  parliament,  1424,  by 
the  lords  of  the  articles,  including  confirmation  of  the 
privileges  of  the  church,  prohibition  of  private  war,  and 
measures  strengthening  the  royal  authority,  granting  the 
customs  to  the  king,  and  appointing  officers  to  administer 
justice  to  the  Commons  (the  statute-book  dates  from  this 
parliament) ;  registration  of  titles  to  land,  parliamentary 
attendance  of  prelates,  barons  and  freeholders,  punish- 
ment of  heretics  by  the  secular  arm,  regulation  of  weights 
and  measures,  and  a  central  judicial  court  provided 
for  by  parliament  of  1425-6.  James  I  bad  the  late  regent 
Albany  and  his  chief  adherents  tried  and  executed  for 
misgovernmeut,  1425  ;  summoned  a  parliament  at  Inver- 
ness, reducing  the  highlands  to  order,  1427 :  concluded 
marriage  treaty  with  France,  1428 ;  renewed  truce  with 
England,  1429;  made  commercial  treaty  with  Flanders, 
1429  ;  put  down  heresy,  but  reformed  clerical  abuses  and 
resisted  the  demands  of  popes  Martin  V  and  Eugenius  IV  : 
defeated  the  Lord  of  the  Isles,  1429 ;  imported  cannon 
from  Flanders,  1430;  sent  representatives  to  council  of 
Basle,  1433;  sent  the  Princess  Margaret  to  marry  the 
dauphin,  1436  :  held  a  parliament  at  Edinburgh  ;  was 
murdered  at  Perth  by  Sir  Robert  Graham  and  conspi- 
rators in  his  own  household  ;  buried  in  the  convent  of  the 
Carthusians.  In  spite  of  his  premature  attempt  to  re- 
form the  Scottish  constitution  on  the  English  model  he 
left  the  monarchy  stronger,  and  improved  Scotland's 
position  in  Europe.  His  poem,  'The  Kingis  Quair,'  com- 
poeed  in  England,  was  discovered  and  printed  by  Lord 
Woodhouselee,  1783 :  other  works  have  also  been  attributed 
to  him.  He  was  nominal  founder  and  great  benefactor  of 
St.  Andrews  University.  [xxix.  129] 

JAMES  n  (1430-1460),  king  of  Scotland;  son  of 
James  I  [q.  v.]  ;  crowned  at  Holyrood,  1437  ;  removed  by 
queen- mother  to  Stirling,  1439,  but  kidnapped  and  brought 
back  to  Edinburgh  by  Sir  William  Crichton  [q.  v.] ;  re- 
gained liberty  with  help  of  William  Douglas,  eighth  earl 
of  Douglas  [q.  v.],  and  Sir  Alexander  Livingstone  [q.  v.], 
1443 ;  captured  Edinburgh  Castle,  1445 ;  married  Mary  of 
Gueldres,  1449  ;  had  Livingstone  and  his  family  tried  and 
executed,  1450  ;  re-enacted  in  parliament  of  1450  statutes 
of  James  I ;  proclaimed  a  general  peace,  1450,  and  afforded 
protection  to  tillers  of  the  soil;  stabbed  Douglas  at 
Stirling,  1462,  and  wasted  his  laud?,  on  discovery  of  the 
confederacy  of  Douglas,  Crawford,  and  Ross ;  forced 
James,  new  earl  of  Douglas,  to  submit,  his  brothers  being 
defeated  at  A  r  kin  holm,  1465;  attainted  the  Douglases, 
1455  ;  annexed  the  Douglas,  Crawford,  and  other  estates 
to  the  crown,  1455 ;  proposed  joint  action  with  France 
against  England;  ravaged  Northumberland,  1456,  but 
concluded  a  two  years'  truce  with  Henry  VI,  afterwards 
prolonged,  1457 ;  pacified  the  highlands ;  strengthened 
the  crown  by  marriages  of  his  sisters  with  a  Gordon  and 
a  Douglas,  1458  ;  appointed  supreme  central  court  to 
meet  at  Edinburgh,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen,  and  established 
annual  circuits  of  the  justiciary  court  in  his  parliament 
of  1458,  the  burgh  courts  also  being  reformed  in  the  In- 
terests of  the  people,  and  the  coinage  re-established: 
favoured  the  Lancastrians,  and  received  Queen  Margaret 
and  her  sou  after  the  battle  of  Northampton,  1460  ;  killed 
by  accident  while  besieging  Roxburgh  Castle :  buried  at 
Holyrood.  fxxix.  136] 

JAMES  m  (1451-1488),  king  of  Scotland;  son  of 
James  II  [q.  v.] :  crowned  at  Kelso,  1460:  during  his 
minority  Henry  VI  received,  Berwick  acquired,  nnd  truce 
with  England  prolonged  ;  his  person  seized  by  Sir  Alex- 
ander Boyd,  1456;  his  marriage  with  Margaret  of  Den- 
mark, and  the  cession  of  Orkney  and  Shetland,  arranged, 


JAMES  IV  OF  SCOTLAND 


080         JAMES   I    OF  ENGLAND 


1468-9;  threw  off  the  Boyds  and  asMitm-d  power,  1  lii't  . 
reduced  tin-  highlands  by  submission  of  Ross,  1476,  and 
procured  archiepiscopal  pall  for  Scotland  ;  alienated  the 
nobles  by  partiality  to  favourites  :  attacked  by  an  English 
army,  Albany,  his  own  brother,  being  in  the  English  camp, 
1482,  when  his  forces  mutinied,  hanged  the  favourite, 
Robert  Oochrane  [q.  v.],  and  imprisoned  him  in  Edin- 
burgh Oastle,  Berwick  being  finally  retaken  by  the  Knir- 
lish,  1482 :  reconciled  with  Albany,  who,  however,  con- 
tinued his  intrigues  with  England  till  driven  abroad  after 
the  unsuccessful  raid  of  Lochmaben,  where  Douglas  was 
captured,  1484 ;  was  attacked  anew  owing  to  his  extra- 
vagance and  choice  of  fresh  favourites  by  the  lowland 
nobles,  including  Angus,  Gray,  and  Hume,  who  put  the 
king's  eldest  sou  at  their  head  ;  was  defeated  at  Sauchie- 
imrn  and  murdered  :  buried  at  Oambuskenneth.  His 
portrait  is  in  the  altar-piece  at  Holy-rood,  [xxix.  141] 

JAMES  IV  (1473-1513),  king  of  Scotland  :  son  of 
James  III  [q,  v.] ;  crowned  at  Scone,  1488;  did  penance 
for  his  father's  death,  but  revoked  grants  made  by  him ; 
crushed  the  rebellion  of  Lennox,  Lyle,  and  Forbes,  1489  : 
provided  for  defence  of  the  east  coast  against  English 
pirates  and  fostered  the  navy  ;  passed  acts  for  musters  of 
the  forces  in  each  shire  and  legal  reforms,  1491 ;  visited 
the  western  isles,  1493-5,  and  began  his  pilgrimages  to 
Wbitheni  and  St.  Duthac's :  received  Perkiu  Warbeck 
[q.  v.]  and  married  him  to  Lady  Katherine  Gordon,  1495 ; 
made  border  raids  in  Warbeck's  favour,  1496-7,  but  carried 
on  negotiations  with  the  Spanish  and  French,  who  en- 
deavoured to  detach  him  from  Warbeck ;  having  made  a 
truce  for  seven  years  witli  England  and  strengthened  his 
hold  over  the  west,  agreed  to  treaty  of  marriage  with 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII,  in  1502  ;  married  Mar- 
garet, 1503  ;  crushed  rising  of  Donald  Dubh  in  the  west ; 
introduced  royal  law  into  the  isles;  instituted  a  daily 
council  to  hear  civil  cases  at  Edinburgh,  confirmed  burgh 
privileges,  secured  fixity  of  tenure  by  the  'feu '  statutes, 
and  revoked  acts  prejudicial  to  crown  and  church,  1604  ; 
assisted  Denmark  against  the  Swedes  and  Hause  league, 
1507  and  1608 ;  sent  embassy  to  Venice,  1506 ;  favoured 
English  alliance  while  Henry  VII  lived,  in  spite  of  the 
national  opposition  ;  was  asked  to  enter  the  league  of 
Cambrai  and  consulted  as  to  the  marriage  of  Louis  XII 
of  France,  1508 ;  sided  with  Louis  XII  against  the  Holy 
league,  1611 ;  signed  treaty  with  France,  1512,  and  sent 
fleet  to  help  Louis  asrainst  Henry  VIII ;  invaded  North- 
umberland with  a  large  force  ;  took  Norham  and  smaller 
castles,  but  was  outgeueralled  by  Surrey  and  defeated  and 
slain  at  Flodden  with  the  flower  of  his  nation,  1513  ;  left 
several  natural  children.  He  was  a  wise  legislator  and  a 
good  diplomatist.  He  encouraged  education,  patronised 
men  of  letters,  and  dabbled  in  astrology  and  surgery. 

[xxix. 145] 

JAMES  V  (1512-1542),  king  of  Scotland;  son  of 
James  IV  [q.  v.]  ;  taken  by  his  mother  to  Stirling,  but 
brought  to  Edinburgh  after  her  surrender  to  the  regent 
Albany,  1515  ;  educated  by  Gavin  Dunbar  (d.  1547)  [q.  v.], 
.John  Bellenden  [q.  y.],  David  Lindsay  [q.  v.],  and  James 
Inglis  [q.  v.] ;  carried  off  to  Edinburgh  by  the  queen- 
mother  and  the  English  party,  1524,  and  proclaimed  com- 
petent to  rule,  1524 ;  under  control  of  Angus,  1525-8 ; 
prompted  by  James  Beaton  (d.  1539)  [q.  v.],  escaped  from 
Falkland,  caused  parliament  to  forfeit  the  Douglas  estates, 
captured  Tantallon  and  compelled  Angus  to  fly  to  Eng- 
land, 1628 ;  pacified  western  isles ;  aided  by  clergy  and 
Commons  crushed  power  of  nobles ;  established  college  of 
justice,  1632  ;  carried  on  border  raids  till  peace  of  1634 : 
was  offered  choice  of  German  and  French  princesses  for  his 
wife ;  received  cap  and  sword  of  most  favoured  sou  of  the 
church  and  title  of  'defender  of  the  faith'  from  Paul  III, 
1537  ;  married  Madeleine,  daughter  of  Francis  I,  in 
France,  1537  ;  on  the  death  of  Madeleine  married  .Mary 
of  Guise,  1538,  having  meanwhile  executed  conspirators  of 
the  Angus  family  ;  persecuted  heretics,  but  forced  some 
reforms  on  the  church,  and  inspired  Buchanan's  works 
against  the  friars;  refused  to  follow  English  advice  to 
support  the  Reformation  ;  accompanied  the  fleet,  which 
extorted  submission  of  western  isles,  1540 ;  annexed  to 
the  crown  all  the  isles,  and  the  lauds  of  the  Douu'la-e-, 
Crawfords,  and  other  nobles;  refused  Henry  VIII'.-  <\>- 
mand  for  a  conference,  1641,  and,  after  forbidding  the  dis- 
contented barons  to  cross  the  borders,  collected  a  force 
on  the  west  marches ;  placed  Oliver  Sinclair  in  command 
instead  of  Lord  Maxwell,  the  warden  :  on  hearing  of  the 
rout  at  Solway  Mosa,  1542,  died  at  Falkland ;  buried  at 


Holyrood;  was  succeeded  by  M.-;ry(>tieen  of  Scots,  his  only 
i  legitimate  daughter.  Among  bis  natural  children  were  the 
re-rent  Moray  and  the  father  of  Francis  Stewart  Hepburn, 
tilth  earl  of  Motliwell  [ij.  v.]  ;  their  legitimation  by  the  pope 
precipitated  the  Reformation.  His  popularity  "with  the 
people  earned  hiir  the  name  of  '  king  of  the  commons.' 

[xxix.  153] 

JAMES  VI,  king  of  Scotland,  afterwards  JAMES  I. 
king  of  England  (1566-1625) ;  son  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  Henry  Stewart,  lord  Darnley  [q.  v.]  ;  crowned  on  his 
mother's  abdication,  1667  ;  entrusted  to  Mar  and  afterwards 
to  Sir  Alexander  Erskine ;  well  educated  under  George 
Buchanan  (1506-1582)  [q.  v.]  ;  nominally  king  on  first  fall 
of  Morton,  1678  ;  under  influence  of  Lennox  (Esnie  Stuart ) 
sanctioned  Morton's  execution,  1581 ;  seizel  by  protestant 
nobles  at  the  Raid  of  Ruthven,  1582,  and  compelled  to  pro- 
scribe Lennox  and  Arran,  to  reverse  their  policy,  and  to 
submit  to  the  clergy ;  escaped  from  Falkland  to  St. 
Andrews,  and  took  refuge  with  Argyll  and  Huntly,  1583  ; 
recalled  Arran,  imprisoned  Andrew  Melville  [q.  v.],  and 
drove  the  protestant  lords  into  England  ;  made  overtures 
to  the  Guises  and  the  pope,  1584  ;  allowed  Arran  to  procure 
Gowrie's  execution  and  obtain  control  of  the  government ; 
forced  by  his  concern  for  protestantism  and  return  of  the 
banished  raiders  to  conclude  treaty  of  Berwick  (1586) 
with  England,  receiving  pension  from  Elizabeth ;  made 
formal  protests  and  intercessions  for  his  mother,  but  was 
incensed  at  being  disinherited  by  her  in  favour  of  Philip  II ; 
!  quickly  reconciled  himself  to  his  mother's  execution  in 
j  February  1587 ;  married  Anne  of  Denmark  in  Norway, 
I  1589;  consented  to  act  annulling  jurisdiction  of  the 
bishops,  1592  ;  intrigued  with  Spain  and  Parma ;  appointed 
the  Octavians  to  improve  the  revenue  (1596) ;  provoked 
clergy  by  recalling  northern  earls  from  exile,  1596  ;  made 
proclamation  for  removal  of  the  courts  of  justice,  after 
tumult  in  Edinburgh  caused  by  his  expulsion  of  discon- 
tented presbyterians,  1596 ;  at  the  general  assemblies  of 
Perth  and  Dundee  (1597)  obtained  limitation  of  clerical 
interference,  but  agreed  to  confer  with  clerical  commis- 
sioners on  church  affairs ;  his  proposals  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  parliamentary  representatives  rejected  by  further 
conferences,  three  bishops  only  being  appointed  to  seats 
(1600) ;  his  relations  with  the  clergy  again  embittered  after 
failure  of  the  Gowrie  conspiracy,  1600 ;  before  his  accession 
to  the  English  throne  (1603)  engaged  in  further  intrigues 
with  Rome  and  secret  correspondence  with  Robert  Cecil 
and  others ;  after  accession  made  peace  with  Spain,  1604, 
and  dismissed  and  imprisoned  Ralegh  ;  called  the  Hampton 
Court  conference  for  discussion  of  puritan  objections  to 
the  liturgy,  1604 ;  issued  proclamation  (1604)  banishing 
Romanist  priests  ;  after  the  Gunpowder  plot  sanctioned  a 
severe  recusancy  act  (1606),  but  modified  it  in  favour  of 
Romanists  who  rejected  papal  power  of  deposition,  1606  ; 
thwarted  by  parliament  in  his  scheme  of  a  union  of  Great 
Britain,  but  obtained  from  the  judges  a  decision  in 
favour  of  the  post-nati,  1608  ;  made  defensive  league  with 
Dutch  republic,  1608  ;  joined  France  in  negotiating  truce 
between  it  and  Spain,  1609 ;  attempted  to  secure  peace 
by  alliance  with  catholic  powers,  1609 ;  carried  on  con- 
troversy with  Bellarmine  on  the  papal  power;  ordered 
!  cessation  of  common  law  '  prohibitions '  against  ecclesi- 
astical courts,  1609  ;  obtained  decision  ( 1606)  in  favour  of 
the  right  to  levy  'impositions,'  but  agreed 'to  abandon 
the  heaviest  of  them,  1610 :  dissolved  his  first  parlia- 
ment after  failure  of  negotiations  concerning  the  great 
contract,  1611 ;  treated  with  Spain  and  Tuscany  for  the 
marriage  of  his  eldest  son,  but  betrothed  the  Princess 
Elizabeth  to  the  leader  of  the  German  protestants,  making 
defensive  treaty  with  the  protestant  union,  1611  ;  ob- 
tained introduction  of  episcopacy  into  Scotland,  1610 ; 
favoured  plantation  of  Ulster  with  English  and  Scots- 
men ;  instituted  order  of  baronets,  1611  ;  dissolved  second 
parliament  almost  immediately,  1614,  imprisoning  four 
members  ;  obtained  a  benevolence  ;  consulted  the  judges 
separately  on  Peacham's  case,  1616 ;  had  to  submit  to 
condemnation  of  his  favourite  Somerset  (Robert  Carr), 
1616;  renewed  negotiations  with  Spain,  1617;  reduced 
independence  of  Scottish  clergy  by  appointment  of  bishops 
as  'constant  moderators'  and  raising  of  stipends  con- 
ditionally on  their  acceptance  of  Articles  of  Perth  (1618)  ; 
executed  Ralegh  to  please  Spain,  1618  ;  refused  to  support 
ambitious  schemes  of  his  son-in-law  Frederick,  the  elector 
palatine,  1619 ;  on  advice  of  Buckingham  agreed  to  redress 
grievances  complained  of  in  his  third  parliament,  and  con- 
sented to  Bacon's  condemnation  (1621),  but  held  his  own 
in  case  of  Edward  Floyd  [q.  v.] ;  dissolved  parliament  and 


JAMES    II    OF    ENGLAND        681 


JAMES 


I>uii -!i«:d  leading  members,  1622;  continued  negotiations 
\vitli  .->pain,  agreeing  to  relieve  the  English  catholics, 
IG23.  but  on  tin-  failure  of  OharlesV  and  Buckingham'* 
mission  to  Spain  was  compelled  by  them  to  break  off  the 
marriage  treaty,  allow  impeachment  of  Middlesex  ;m>l 
Bristol,  1624,  and  consent  to  a  French  marriage,  with  u 
provision  for  religious  liberty  of  the  catholics,  l»;i'4 : 
failed  in  attempts  on  behalf  of  the  Palatinate ;  burled 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  Conciliation  was  the  keynote  of 
James  I's  policy.  His  chief  works  were  '  Basilikon  Doron ' 
(1699),  'True"  Law  of  Free  Monarchies'  (1603),  and 
'Apology  for  the  Oath  of  Allegiance'  (1607).  Collected 
works  published,  1616.  Portraits  of  him  are  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery.  [xxix.  161] 

JAMES  H  (1633-1701),  king  of  England  ;  second  son 
of  Charles  I ;  created  Duke  of  York ;  handed  over  to 
parliament  after  the  surrender  of  Oxford,  1646  ;  escaped 
to  Holland,  1648 ;  went  to  Paris,  1649  ;  left  Paris  for 
Hollan  1,  1660  ;  after  battle  of  Worcester  (1661)  entered 
French  service  as  a  volunteer,  and  distinguished  himself 
'in.l'T  Turenne  against  the  Fronde  and  its  allies,  1652-6; 
took  service  with  the  Spanish  in  Flanders,  1667 ;  in 
command  of  Nieuport  at  Cromwell's  death,  1668 ;  secretly 
contracted  himself  to  Anne  Hyde  [q.  v.]  at  Breda,  1669  ; 
created  lord  high  admiral,  1660 ;  received  revenues  of  the 
post-office,  1663 ;  dissuaded  disbandment  of  the  troops  after 
Vernier's  rising,  1661 ;  as  head  of  the  admiralty  reconsti- 
tuted the  board,  and  issued  'Instructions,'  1662,  which 
remained  in  force  till  beginning  of  nineteenth  century,  and 
memoirs  of  naval  affairs,  1660-73  :  governor  of  the  Royal 
Africa  Company,  c.  1664 ;  received  patent  of  New  York 
.  Amsterdam),  1664 ;  commanded  fleet  in  first  Dutch 
war,  winning  battle  of  Solebay,  1665,  but  failed  to  complete 
the  victory ;  defended  Clarendon  in  House  of  Lords  ; 
estranged  from  Charles  II,  but  early  entered  into  his  French 
policy  ;  probably  became  Roman  catholic  soon  after  treaty 
of  Dover  (1670) ;  won  victory  of  South  wold  Bay  over  De 
Ruyter,  1672 ;  ceased  to  be  high  admiral  after  passing  of 
the  Test  Act,  1673 ;  his  second  marriage  (1673)  with  Mary 
Beatrice  of  Modena  (a  catholic)  censured  by  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  became  increasingly  unpopular  after  discovery  of  the 
correspondence  with  Pere  La  Chaise;  at  Charles  II's  re- 
quest, withdrew  to  the  Hague,  and  afterwards  to  Brussels, 
1679,  the  first  Exclusion  Bill  being  introduced  in  his 
absence ;  recalled  on  the  king's  illness,  and  afterwards  sent 
to  Scotland  as  high  commissioner,  1679 :  returned,  1680  ; 
again  forced  to  retire  after  a  few  mouths,  another  Exclu- 
sion Bill  being  subsequently  passed  by  the  Commons?,  1680, 
who,  in  spite  of  its  rejection  by  the  Lords,  adhered  to  the 
plan,  1681 ;  his  religious  policy  in  Scotland  at  first  concilia- 
tory, but  afterwards  more  severe ;  his  return  to  London 


he  protrsUnt  fellows,  and  the 
of  London  ;  made  formal  declaration  as  to  the 
jrt -n .line  lurch  of  hi*  son, October  1688 ;  dismissed  Sunder- 
laiM.  16Kb  ;  augmented  the  army  and  navy;  march. 

:  -v.  init  after  desertion  of  his  adherents  returned  to 
:i,  1688  ;  issued  write  fora  parliament,  1688 ;  named 
commissioner*  to  meet  William,  but  after  the  Hungerfonl 
conference  secretly  left  London  (11  Dec.),  embarked  at 
Sheerneas,  was  brought  back  to  Farertbam,  and  finally 
escaped  with  Berwick  to  France  (22-26  Dec.  1688) ;  esta- 
blished by  Louis  at  St.  Qermains  ;  made  un«uooe«/ul  ap- 
peals for  help  to  various  powers ;  landed  in  Ireland  with 
l-P-n.-h  force,  1689;  I..-M  .t  parliament  in  Dublin  (May 
1689),  which  passed  a  toleration  act,  transferred  tithes  to 
Roman  catholics,  and  repealed  the  act  of  settlement; 
joined  his  army  and  wa«  present  at  the  Boyne,  1890,  after 
which  be  left  Ireland ;  corresponded  with  Marlborongh 
and  others  from  St.  Qermains  ;  witnessed  defeat  of  expe- 
dition off  Cape  La  Hogue,  1692, and  with  Berwick  prepared 
another  invasion,  1695  ;  rejected  proposal  of  Louis  XIV  for 
succession  of  his  son  after  death  of  William  III,  and  after 
peace  of  Ryswick  (1697)  devoted  himself  to  religions 
exercises ;  died  at  St.  Germains,  having  received  from 
Louis  a  promise  to  recognise  bis  son'*  title.  Hi.-*  remains 
were  re-interred  at  St.  Germains  in  1824.  The  manu- 
script of  his  'Original  Memoirs'  was  destroyed  daring 
the  French  revolution.  By  Arabella  Churchill  he  bad 
four  natural  children  and  a  daughter  by  Catharine 
Sedley,  besides  issue  by  both  his  wives.  His  talent  for 
business  was  spoilt  by  religious  and  political  bigotry. 
I  Kneller  painted  his  portrait  (National  Portrait  Gallery). 

[xxix.  181] 

JAMES  FRANCIS  EDWARD  STUART  (1688-1766X 
PKINCE  OP  WALES  ;  the  CHEVALIER  DK  ST.  GEOIU;K  or '  <  >i.i  • 
PKKTENDER'  ;  only  sou  of  James  II  by  Mary  of  Modena : 
popularly  believed  to  be  a  supposititious  child:  at  the 
revolution  secretly  conveyed  with  hi.*  mother  to  France  ; 
proclaimed  king  of  England  on  his  father's  death  at  St. 
Germains,  1701 ;  accompanied  a  French  expedition  to 
Scotland,  but  was  prevented  by  English  fleet  and  bad 
weather  from  landing,  1706;  served  with  the  French 
army  and  distinguished .  himself  at  Oudenarde,  1708,  and 
Malplaquet,  1709  :  retired  to  Lorraine  at  peace  of  Utrecht, 
1713 ;  on  hearing  news  of  Sheriffmuir  (1716)  sailed  in  a 
small  privateer  from  Dunkirk,  landed  at  Peterbead,  and 
being  joined  by  Mar  threw  off  his  disguise  at  !•'• 
1715  :  established  a  court  at  Scone,  but  made  bad  impres- 
sion on  his  army,  and,  flying  before  Argyll  to  Montrosc, 
embarked  with  Mar  for  France,  1716 ;  returned  to  Bar-le- 
Duc  ;  dismissed  Bolingbroke,  making  Mar  his  chief 
minister ;  finally  settled  in  Rome  :  after  failure  of 
Alberoni's  attempt  in  his  favour,  1719,  returned  from 


v*".j)*'»  -„-»-.         '     AJUWIU  B      ItltCIIlUt     III      1   to      ictvuui.      Al.it/,     IVVUIAMAA     »» 

effected  by  influence  of  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  1682 ;  ,  Mftdrid  to  Rom(T.  married  Maria  Clementina  Sobieski, 
readmitted  to  the  council;  regained  his  powers  at  the 
admiralty  (1684),  and  witnessed  Charles's  deathbed  con- 
version ;  ascended  the  throne  on  his  brother's  death,  6  Feb. 
1685 :  during  first  year  of  his  reign  (1685)  openly  pro- 
fessed Catholicism  :  appointed  the  Anglican  Rochester  lord 
treasurer,  and  banished  Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  1685; 
levied  customs  duties  on  his  own  authority :  lost  his 
pension  from  Louis  XIV  by  summoning  a  parliament  and 
maintaining  good  relations  with  William  of  Orange,  1685  ; 
refused  to  pardon  Monmouth  after  Sedgemoor  (July 
1685)  ;  rewarded  Jeffreys  for  the  Bloody  Assize  (August 
1685)  with  the  chief-justiceship;  dismissed  Halifax. 
October  1685 ;  with  the  help  of  Sunderland,  Petre,  and 
Talbot  (Tyrconnel)  remodelled  the  army  ;  made  changes 
on  the  bench  to  insure  a  decision  in  favour  of  the  dis- 
pensing power,  1686 ;  revived  the  high  commission,  1686  ; 
dismissed  Rochester  and  Clarendon,  1687 ;  made  Roman 
Catholics  officers  and  justices  of  the  peace ;  his  first  declara- 
tion of  indulgence  (preceded  by  a  similar  proclamation  in 
Scotland)  issued  4  April  1687  ;  publicly  received  the  papal 
nuncio,  3  July  1687  ;  dissolved  parliament,  4  July  1687  ; 
by  personal  influence  forced  catholics  on  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1688 ;  ordered  the  second  declaration  to  be  read  in 
churches  (May  1688),  the  seven  bishops  petitioning  against 
it  being  tried  for  seditious  libel,  but  acquitted  (30  June 
1688) ;  ordered  recall  of  the  six  English  regiment*  in  the 
Dutch  service  (January  1688);  accepted  money  from 
Louis  XIV  for  equipment  of  a  fleet,  April  1688  ;  declined 


1719  ;  appointed  John  Hay  (1691-1740)  [q.  v.]  his  secre- 
tary on  discovering  Mar's  treachery,  1724 ;  alienated  his 
followers  by  neglecting  his  wife ;  received  pajwl  pension, 
1727  ;  gave  money  for  the  rising  of  1745 ;  buried  at  St. 
Peter's,  where  George  III  employed  Canova  to  erect  a  monu- 
ment over  his  tomb  (completed,  1819.)  [xxix.  199] 

JAMES,  DUKK  UK  BERWICK  (1670-1734).  [See  FITZ- 
JAMES,  JAMES.] 

JAMES,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1752-1827),  rear-admiral : 
in  the  Orpheus  at  reduction  of  New  York,  1776 ;  captured 
by  French  while  cruising  on  the  Jamaica  station,  1778 ; 
took  part  in  reduction  of  Omoa,  1779.  and  defence  of  York- 
town,  1781 :  in  command  of  the  Aurora's  boat*  at  wreck 
of  Royal  George,  1782,  engaged  on  transport  service  in 
connection  with  capture  of  Martinique,  1794  ;  afterwards 
held  naval  commands  in  Mediterranean  and  off  Teneriffe. 

[xxix.  203] 

JAMES,  CHARLES  (d.  1821),  major  and  author  ;  tra- 
velled through  France  during  the  revolution,  which  be 
defended  in  '  Audi  alteram  Partem,'  1793 ;  major  of  the 
!  corps  of  artillery  drivers,  1806;  published    poems  and 
:  military   manuals,  including  'Regimental  Companion, 
1799  [xxix.  206] 


JAMES,  DAVID  (1839-1893),  actor,  whose  real  name 


French  ships  and  'offer  of  a  joint  declaration  of  war  j  was  BBLASCO  ;    appeared  at  Royalty,  1863,  and  subee- 

:i--':iiiist  Holland,  September  1688:  brought  over  soldiers  quently  played  at  many  London  theatres  ;  jo 

from  Ireland,  and  (September  1688)  recalled  the  parlla-  1870,  of  the  Vaudeville,  where  his  most  sucowfti part 

mentary  writs ;  circulated  general  pardon  on  same  day  as  !  was  Perkyn  Middlewlck  in  •  Our  Boys,   whic 

William  of  Oranee's   declaration    (29    Sept.  1688);  re-  more  than  a  thousand  times,  1876-9. 


JAMES 


682 


JAMES 


JAMES,  EDWARD  (1807-1867),  barrister;  M.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1834 :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1835 ;  assessor  of  Liverpool  court  of  passage  from  1862  : 
Q.O.,  1853 ;  attorney-general  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1863  ; 
M.P.,  Manchester,  1865-7  ;  died  in  Paris.  [xxix.  206] 

JAMES,  EDWIN  JOHN  (1812-1882),  barrister ;  ad- 
mitted, Inner  Temple,  1836  ;  defended  Dr.  Simon  Bernard, 
1858  ;  engaged  in  the  Palmer  (1856)  and  Anderson  (1861) 
cases :  Q.O.,  1853  ;  recorder  of  Brighton,  1855-61 ;  M.P., 
Marylebone.  1859-61 ;  visited  Garibaldi's  camp,  1860 ;  be- 
came bankrupt  and  was  disbarred  for  unprofessional  con- 
duct, 1861 :  practised  at  New  York  bar  and  played  on  the 
American  stage,  1861-72;  published  'Political  Institu- 
tions of  America  and  England,'  1872  ;  died  in  London. 

[xxix.  206] 

JAMES,  ELEANOR  (fl.  1715),  printer  and  political 
writer  :  wife  of  Thomas  James,  a  London  printer  ;  com- 
mitted to  Newgate  for  '  dispersing  scandalous  and  reflec- 
tive papers,'  1689 ;  interviewed  Charles  II  and  James  II, 
and  admonished  George  I ;  mentioned  by  Dryden. 

[xxix.  207] 

JAMES,  FRANCIS  (1581-1621),  Latin  poet ;  of  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1605  ;  D.D., 
1614 ;  rector  of  St.  Matthew's,  Friday  Street,  London,  1616. 

[xxix.  208] 

JAMES,  FRANK  LINSLY  (1851-1890),  African  ex- 
plorer ;  M.A.  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  1881 ;  pene- 
trated the  Soudan  to  Berber,  1877-8;  described  his  sub- 
sequent explorations  in  the  Base  country  in  '  Wild  Tribes 
of  the  Soudan,'  1883 ;  ascended  the  Tchad-Amba,  1883 ; 
explored  the  Somali  country  to  the  Webbe  Shebeyli, 
1884-5,  relating  his  experiences  in  « The  Unknown  Horn 
of  Africa'  (1888)  ;  killed  by  an  elephant  near  San  Benito, 
West  Africa.  [xxix.  208] 

JAMES,  GEORGE  (1683-1735),  printer  to  city  of 
London ;  brother  of  John  James  (d.  1746)  [q.  v.] 

[xxix.  214] 

JAMES,  GEORGE  (d.  1795),  portrait-painter  ,  A.R.A., 
1770;  imprisoned  during  the  revolution  at  Boulogne, 
where  he  died.  [xxix.  209] 

JAMES,     GEORGE    PAYNE    RAINSFORD   (1799-   , 
1860),  novelist  and  historical  writer ;  grandson  of  Robert  | 
James  [q.  v.] ;   historiographer  royal  to  William  IV ;   I 
British  consul  in  Massachusetts,  1850-2 :  removed  to  Nor- 
folk, Virginia,  1852;  consul-general  at  Venice  (1856-60), 
where    he  died;    published,    besides    historical    novels  ! 
('Richelieu,'  1829,  'Philip  Augustus,'  1831,  and  others),  I 
'  Memoirs  of  great  Commanders,'  1832,  '  Life  of  the  Black  , 
Prince,'   1836,   and  other  popular  historical  works  and 
poems :  the  style  of  his  romances  parodied  by  Thackeray.  , 

[xxix.  209] 

JAKES,  Sm  HENRY  (1803-1877),  director-general  of 
the  ordnance  survey;  entered  royal  engineers,  1826; 
appointed  to  ordnance  survey,  1827 ;  local  superin- 
tendent of  geological  survey  of  Ireland,  1843;  super- 
intendent of  construction  at  Portsmouth,  1846  ;  director- 
general  of  ordnance  survey,  1854-75 ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1854,  colonel,  1857,  major-general,  1868,  lieutenant-general, 
1874,  director  of  topographical  department  of  the  war 
office,  1857;  knighted,  I860;  applied  photo-zincography 
to  ordnance  maps,  1859 ;  published  comparisons  of  stan- 
dards of  lengths  in  various  countries,  1866,  'Photo- 
zincography,' 1860,  and  other  works.  [xxix.  210] 

JAMES,  HUGH  (1771-1817),  surgeon ;  son  of  John 
James  (1729-1785)  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  215] 

JAMES,  JOHN  (d.  1661).  Fifth-monarchy  man; 
though  not  concerned  in  Venner's  rising  (1661X  was 
arrested  with  his  baptist  congregation  and  executed  for 
treason,  [xxix.  213] 

JAMES,  JOHN  (d.  1746),  architect ;  son  of  Eleanor 
James  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk  of  the  works  at  Greenwich  Hospital, 
1706-46  :  surveyor  of  St.  Paul's,  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
(1716)  the  fifty  new  churches:  master  of  Carpenters' 
Company,  1734:  designed  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
London ;  rebuilt  Twickenham  Church  and  Manor-house ; 
wrote  on  architecture  and  gardening.  [xxix.  213] 

JAMES,  JOHN  (d.  1772),  'last  of  old  English  letter- 
founders  ' ;  nephew  of  John  James  (d.  1746)  [q.  v.] 

[xxix.  214] 

JAMES,    JOHN    (1729-1785),   schoolmaster;    M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1755 :  D.D.,  1782  ;  head-master  , 
of  St.  Bees  School.  1755  71    rector  of  Arthuret  and  Kirk  I 
Andrews,  1782-5.  [xxU.  216] 


JAMES,  JOHN  (1760-1786),  rector  of  Arthuret  and 
Kirk  Andrews,  1785-6 ;  son  of  John  James  (1729-1785) 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1782. 

[xxix.  215] 

JAMES,  JOHN  (1811-1867),  Yorkshire  antiquary: 
F.S.A.,  1856 :  published  '  History  and  Topography  of 
Bradford,'  1841  (continued,  1866),  and  other  works. 

[xxix.  215] 

JAMES,  JOHN  ANGELL  (1785-1859),  independent 
minister  ;  studied  at  Gosport  academy  :  minister  at  Carr's 
Lane  Chapel,  Birmingham,  from  1803  (rebuilt,  1820), 
where  he  took  part  in  municipal  work ;  chairman  of 
Spring  Hill  College ;  a  projector  of  Evangelical  Alliance, 
1842;  published  religious  works,  including  l  The  Anxious 
Inquirer  after  Salvation,'  1834  (often  reprinted  and  trans- 
lated), [xxix.  215] 

JAMES,  JOHN  HADDY  (1788-1869),  surgeon  ;  studied 
at  St.  Bartholomew's,  1808-12:  assistant-surgeon  to  1st 
life  guards  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  surgeon  to  the  Devon  and 
Exeter  Hospital,  1816-58,  and  curator  of  the  museum  ; 
mayor  of  Exeter,  1828 ;  honorary  F.R.C.S.,  1843 :  won 
Jacksonian  prize  for  treatise  on  inflammation,  1821. 

[xxix.  217] 

JAMES,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1786-1828).  bishop  of 
Calcutta;  son  of  Thomas  James  (1748-1804)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Rugby,  Charterhouse,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1810;  published  'Journal  of  a  Tour  in 
Germany,  Sweden,  Russia,  and  Poland,  during  1813  and 
1814,'  1816,  works  on  painting,  1820  and  1822,  and  'The 
Semi-Sceptic,' 1825 ;  vicar  of  Flitton-cum-Silsoe,  1816-27  ; 
bishop  of  Calcutta,  1827-8.  [xxix.  217] 

JAMES,  RICHARD  (1592-1638),  scholar  ;  nephew  of 
Thomas  James  (1673  ?-1629)  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  and  (1615) 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1615  ; 
B.D.,  1624;  chaplain  to  Sir  Dudley  Digges  [q.  v.]  in 
Russia,  1618  ;  assisted  Selden  in  examining  the  Arundel 
marbles,  1624;  librarian  to  Sir  Robert  Bruce  Cotton 
[q.  v.]  and  his  son ;  friend  of  Ben  Jonson,  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby  [q.  v.],  and  others:  published  ' Anti-Possevinus,' 
1625, '  The  Muses  Dirge,'  1625,  and  other  poems,  and  a 
translation  of  Minucius  Felix's  dialogue  '  Octavius,'  1636. 
His  manuscripts  acquired  by  the  Bodleian  (1676)  include 
'  Decanonizatio  T.  Becket,'  'Iter  Lancastrense '  (poem, 
ed.  Thomas  Corser,  1845),  translations,  and  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  dictionary ;  his '  Poems '  edited  by  Dr.  Grosart,  1880. 

[xxix.  218] 

JAMES,  ROBERT  (1705-1776),  physician ;  educated 
at  Lichfield  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1726  ; 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1728 ;  L.R.O.P.,  1745 ;  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  who  contributed  to  his  '  Medical  Dictionary,' 
1743  ;  patented  a  powder  and  pill,  1746,  recommended  in 
his  '  Dissertation  on  Fevers,'  1748,  and  other  works. 

[xxix.  220] 

JAMES,  THOMAS  (1573  ?-1629),  Bodley's  librarian  ; 
of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford :  fellow  of  New 
College,  1693-1602;  M.A.,  1599;  D.D.,  1614;  first 
librarian  of  Bodleian,  1602-20  :  sub-dean  of  Wells,  1614  ; 
rector  of  Mongeham,  1617  ;  published  '  Ecloga  Oxonio- 
Cantabrigiensis '  (1600),  containing  list  of  manuscripts  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  Aungervile's  '  Philobiblon,'  1599, 
Wycliff's  treatises  against  the  Begging  Friars  and 
(probably)  '  Fiscus  Papalis'  (1617) :  published  also,  besides 
the  first  two  Bodleian  catalogues  (1605  and  1620),  patristic 
and  anti-catholic  works.  [xxix.  221] 

JAMES,  THOMAS  (1593  ?-1635  ?),  navigator,  of 
Bristol ;  set  out  to  discover  a  north-west  passage  in  the 
Henrietta  Maria,  3  May,  1631 ;  sailed  round  Greenland  to 
the  south  of  Hudson's  Bay,  met  Luke  Fox  [q.  v.],  and 
after  leaving  James's  Bay  and  wintering  on  an  island, 
arrived  in  Bristol,  with  slight  loss  of  crew,  22  Oct., 
1633;  James's  narrative  (1633)  identified  by  some  as 
original  of  Coleridge's  '  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner.' 

[xxix.  223] 

JAMES,  THOMAS  (1748-1804),  bead-master  of  Rugby : 
at  Eton  contributed  to  '  Mnsse  Etonensea ' ;  scholar 
and  fellow  (1770)  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account :  M.A.,  1774 ;  D.D.,  1786 ;  bead- 
master  at  Rugby,  1778-94:  raised  numbers  at  Rugby 
from  62  to  245 ;  rector  of  Harvington  and  prebendary  of 
Worcester,  1797-1804.  [xxix.  224] 

JAMES,  THOMAS  SMITH  (1809-1874),  author  of 
'  History  of  Litigation  and  Legislation  respecting  Presby- 
terian Chapels  and  Charities'  (1867);  sou  of  John 
Angell  James  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  216] 


JAMES 


688 


JANE 


JAMES,  WILLIAM  (1542  1617),  bishop  of  Durham: 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1566  ;  D.D.,  1574 ;  master  of 
University  College,  Oxford,  1572;  archdeacon  of  Coventry, 
1577-84  ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1584 ;  vice-chancellor, 
1581  and  1590;  chaplain  to  Leicester;  dean  of  Durham, 
1596-1600 ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1606-17;  ordered  to  re- 
ceive Arabella  Stuart,  1611.  [xxix.  225] 

JAMES  or  JAMESIUS,  WILLIAM  (1635  ?-1663), 
scholar ;  king's  scholar  at  Westminster,  1646 ;  student 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1650 ;  M.A.,  1656 :  assistant- 
master  under  Busby,  whom  he  helped  with  his  » English 
Introduction  to  the  Latin  tongue,'  1659;  published  an 
introduction  to  Chaldee,  1651.  [xxix.  226] 

JAMES,  WILLIAM  (A  1760-1771)  landscape-painter; 
imitator  of  Canaletto.  [xxix.  226] 

JAMES,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1721-1783), 
commodore  of  the  Bombay  marine ;  of  humble  birth  ; 
entered  service  of  East  India  Company,  1747 ;  as  com- 
mander of  Bombay  marine  (175 1-9)  captured  Severndroog, 
stronghold  of  the  pirate  Angria,  1755,  and  Gheriah,  1757  ; 
carried  news  of  French  declaration  of  war  up  the  Hooghly 
against  north-east  monsoon,  1757 ;  returned  to  England, 
1759 ;  created  baronet,  1778 ;  M.P.,  West  Looe ;  chairman 
of  directors  of  East  India  Company.  [xxix.  226] 

JAMES,  WILLIAM  (<*.  1827),  naval  historian  ;  prac-  i 
tised    in  Jamaica   supreme    court,    1801-13 ;    detained  ' 
prisoner  in  United  States,  1812  ;  escaped  to  Nova  Scotia,  : 
1813;    published    pamphlet   on    comparative    merits  of  ! 
English  and  American  navies,  1816 ;  issued  in  England  an 
account  of  the  war  between  England  and  America  (naval, 
1817,  military,  1818) ;  his  '  Naval  History '  of  the  great  ! 
war  (1793-1820)  published,  1822-4.  [xxix.  228] 

JAMES,  WILLIAM  (1771-1837),  railway  projector ;  i 
solicitor  and  land-agent  in  Warwickshire;    afterwards  I 
chairman  of  West  Bromwich  Ooalmasters*  Association ; 
removed  to   London,    1815;    partner  with  Stephenson,  | 
1821  ;  projected  Manchester  and  Liverpool  Railway,  and  j 
began  survey  concluded  by  George  Stephenson ;  drew  up 
plans  for  various  railways;  failed,  and  was  imprisoned 
for  debt,  1823.  [xxix.  229] 

JAMES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1796-1873),  engineer;  | 
son  of  William  James  (1771-1837)  [q.  v.];  patented  loco- 
motives, boilers,  and  similar  appliances.        [xxix.  230] 

JAMES,  SIR  WILLIAM  MILBOURNE  (1807-1881), 
lord  justice;  M.A.  and  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1831,  treasurer,  1866;  Q.C.,  1853;  vice- 
chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1853 ;  engaged  in  the 
Colenso,  Lyon  r.  Home,  and  Martin  v.  Mackouocbie  cases  ; 
vice-chancellor  of  court  of  chancery,  1869;  knighted, 
1869  :  lord  justice,  1870-81 ;  his  '  British  in  India '  issued, 
1882.  [xxix.  230] 

JAMESON,  ANNA  BROWNELL  (1794-1860),  author;  j 
eldest  daughter  of  D.  Brownell  Murphy  [q.  v.]  ;  married 
Robert  Jameson  (afterwards  speaker  and  attorney -general  i 
of  Ontario),  1825,  but  soon  separated  from  him ;  pub- 
lished, among  other  works, '  Diary  of  an  Ennuyce,'  1826, 
'  Characteristics  of  Women,'  1832, '  Visits  and  Sketches,' 
1834, '  Companion  to  Public  Picture  Galleries  of  London,' 
1842,  essays,  including  '  The  House  of  Titian,'  1846,  and 
'  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,'  1848-52 ;  friend  of  Ottilie 
von  Goethe  and  for  a  time  of  Lady  Byron  ;  devoted  much 
attention  to  sick  nursing.  [xxix.  230] 

JAMESON,  JAMES  SLIGO  (1856-1888),  naturalist 
and  African  traveller;  discovered  the  black  pern  in 
Borneo,  1877  ;  hunted  in  Matabeleland  and  Mashonaland, 
1879  ;  shot  in  Rocky  Mountains,  1882 :  visited  Spain  and 
Algeria,  1884 ;  naturalist  to  Emin  Pacha  Relief  Expedition, 
1887  :  as  second  in  command  of  the  rear  expedition  wit- 
nessed and  made  sketches  of  a  cannibal  banquet;  after 
Major  Barttelot'a  murder  (1888)  prepared  to  conduct  the 
rear-guard  in  search  of  H.  M.  Stanley,  but  died  of  htema- 
turic  fever  at  Bangala ;  bis  '  Diary  of  the  Emin  Expedi- 
tion '  published,  1890.  [xxix.  232] 

JAMESON,  ROBERT  (1774-1854),  mineralogist; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University ;  regius  professor  of 
natural  history  and  keeper  of  the  museum  at  Edinburgh, 
1804-54 ;  founded  Wernerian  Society,  1808 :  with  Sir  David 
Brewster  established  «  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal,' 
1819  ;  published '  Mineralogy  of  the  Scottish  Isles,'  1800, 


and  other  work*  :  edited  OuTier's  '  Theory  of  the  Barth.' 


1813,  1817,  1818,  and  1827,  and  Wilson  and  Bonaparte'* 

[xxix.  2*4] 


•  American  Ornithology,'  1826. 


JAMESON,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1806-1868),  jour- 
nalist and  author;  nephew  of  Robert  Jameson  [q.  T.]  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  :  writer  to  the  signet. 

JAMESON,  WILLIAM  (/.  1689-1730),  bUndie2S«r 
on  history  at  Glasgow  University,  1692-1720;  publUhed 
'Spicilegia  Antiqultatum  ^gypti,'  1720,  'Vert»  Patro- 
clus,'  1689,  and  anti-episcopalian  treatise*,  [xxix.  235] 

JAMESON,  WILLIAM  (1796-187S),  botanist  ;  studied 
at  Edinburgh  University;  professor  of  chemistry  and 
botany  at  Quito,  1827,  assayer  to  Quito  mint,  1882,  and 
director,  1861  :  published  '  Synopsis  PlanUrum  Quiten- 
sium,'  1865  ;  sent  home  plants,  tome  of  which  were  named 
after  him  ;  died  at  Quito.  [xxix.  2M] 

JAMESON,  WILLIAM  (1816-1882),  pioneer  of  tea- 
planting  in  India  :  nephew  of  Robert  Jameson  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  superintendent  of 
Sabarunpore  garden,  1842-76.  [xxix.  236] 

JAMESONE,  GEORGE  (15887-1644),  Scottish  por- 
trait-painter; perhaps  studied  under  Rubens;  visited 
Italy,  1634  ;  painted  James  I,  Charles  I,  Montrose,  and 
other  eminent  contemporaries.  [xxix.  236] 

JAMIESON,  JOHN  (1769-1838),  antiquary  and  philo- 
logist; studied  at  Glasgow  University;  anti-burgher 
minister  at  Forfar,  1781-97,  and  Nicolson  Street,  Edin- 
burgh, 1797-1830;  friend  of  Scott:  D.D.  Princeton  for 
his  reply  to  Priestley's  'History  of  Early  Opinions,'  1796  : 
edited  Barbour's  •  Bruce,'  1820,  and  Blind  Harry's  '  Wallace,' 
1820  ;  compiled  '  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish 
Language,'  1808  (ed.  Longmuir  and  Donaldson,  1879-87). 

[xxix.  237] 

JAMIESON.  JOHN  PAUL  (d.  1700),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  D.D.  during  residence  at  the  Scots  College,  Rome  : 
transcribed  original  documents  relating  to  history  of  Scot- 
hind,  some  being  deposited  at  Paris.  [xxix.  238] 

JAMIESON,  ROBERT  (1780?-1844),  compiler  of 
'Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,'  1806;  collaborated  with 
Scott  in  '  Illustrations  of  Northern  Antiquities,'  1814. 

[xxix.  238] 

JAMIESON,  ROBERT  (d.  1861),  philanthropist; 
directed  exploration  of  Niger  and  other  West  African 
rivers  ;  rescued  African  colonisation  expedition,  1841  ; 
published  '  Commerce  with  Africa,'  1859.  [xxix.  239] 

JAMIESON,  ROBERT  (1802-1880),  Scottish  divine; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University;  minister  of  West- 
struther,  1830,  Currie,  1837,  and  St.  Paul's,  Glasgow, 
1844-80  ;  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1872  ;  published 
'  Eastern  Manners  illustrative  of  Old  and  New  Testament*,' 
1836-8  ;  part  author  of  '  Commentary  on  the  Bible,'  1861- 
1865.  [xxix.  239] 

JAMIESON,  THOMAS  HILL  (1843-1876),  keeper  of 
the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh,  1871-6  ;  privately 
printed  'Life  of  Alexander  Barclay,'  1874;  edited  Bar- 
clay's version  of  Brandt's  '  Ship  of  Fools,'  1874. 

[xxix.  240] 

JAMEACH,  JOHANN  CHRISTIAN  CARL  (1815- 
1891),  dealer  in  wild  animals  ;  born  in  Hamburg. 

[xxix.  240] 

JANE  or  JOHANNA  ((f.  1445),  queen  of  Scotland  : 
daughter  of  John  Beaufort,  earl  of  Somerset;  married 
James  I,  1424,  whose  love  for  her  is  told  in  the  '  Hingis 
Quair  '  ;  wounded  at  James  I's  assassination  :  married  Sir 
James  Stewart,  the  Knight  of  Lome,  before  1439  :  obliged 
by  Livingstone  to  surrender  custody  of  James  II,  her 
dowry,  and  Stirling  Castle,  1439.  [xxix.  240] 

JANE  SEYMOUR  (1509  ?-1537),  third  queen  of 
Henry  VIII  ;  daughter  of  Sir  John  Seymour  of  Wolf  Hall, 
Savernake  ;  lady-in-waiting  to  Catherine  of  Arragon  and 
Anne  Boleyn  ;  resisted  dishonourable  proposals  from  the 
king  ;  privately  married  to  Henry  VIII  in  York  Place, 
30  May  1536  ;  reconciled  Princess  Mary  to  Henry  ;  died 
soon  after  the  birth  of  her  sou  (Edward  VI)  ;  was  several 
times  painted  by  Holbein.  [xxix.  241] 

JANE  (1537-1664),  queen  of  England.    [See  DUDLEY, 

LADY  JANK.] 


JANE 


684 


JEBB 


JANE,  .JOSEPH  (./f.  1600-1660),  controversialist; 
mas'or  and  M.P.  for  Li^kranl  in  Long  parliament ;  roynl 
commissioner  in  Cornwall  during  great  rebellion  ;  de- 
fended '  Eikon  BasUike '  against  Milton,  1651. 

[\-\i\.  243] 

JANE  or  JANYN,  THOMAS  (J.  1500),  bishop  of 
Norwich ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1454-72  ;  doctor 
of  decrees :  chancellor's  commissary,  1468  ;  archdeacon  of 
Essex,  1480 ;  privy  councillor,  1495 ;  canon  of  Windsor, 
1497 ;  dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  1497 ;  bishop  of  Norwich, 
1499-1600.  [xxix.  241] 

JANE,  WILLIAM  (1645-1707),  divine  :  son  of  Joseph 
Jane  [q.  v.]  :  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1667 :  D.D.,  1674 :  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1669 :  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1679 :  regius  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford,  1680-1707  ;  framed  Oxford  declaration 
in  favour  of  passive  obedience,  1683 :  dean  of  Gloucester, 
1685 ;  prolocutor  of  the  lower  house,  1689,  procuring  de- 
feat of  the  comprehension  scheme  in  convocation,  1689. 

[xxix.  244] 

.  JANEWAY,  JAMES  (1686?-1674),  nonconformist 
divine ;  brother  of  John  Janeway  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1659 ;  preached  in  Jamaica  Row,  Rother- 
hithe;  his  'Token  for  Children'  (1671)  frequently  re- 
printed, [xxix.  246] 

JANEWAY,  JOHN  (1633-1657),  puritan  ;  brother  of 
James  Janeway  [q.  v.] :  of  St.  Paul's  School  and  Eton ; 
first  scholar  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1656  ;  fellow, 
1654.  [xxix.  246] 

JANIEWICZ,  afterwards  YANIEWICZ,  FELIX 
(1762-1848),  violinist  and  composer  ;  native  of  Wilna ;  came 
to  London  from  Paris  during  the  revolution ;  original  mem- 
ber of  London  Philharmonic  Society ;  published  violin  and 
piano  music.  [xxix.  247] 

JANSSEN  or  JANSEN,  BERNARD  (fl.  1610-1630), 
stonemason  and  tombmaker ;  engaged  with  Nicholas 
Stone  (1586-1647)  [q.  v.]  on  tomb  of  Thomas  Sutton  in 
the  Charterhouse,  and  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  in  Redgrave 
Church,  Suffolk.  [xxix.  247] 

JANSSEN,  GERAERT  or  GERARD  (fl.  1616),  tomb- 
maker;  executed  the  portrait-bust  of  Shakespeare  at 
Stratford-on-Avon,  1616.  [xxix.  248] 

JANSSEN,  SIR  THEODORE,  first  baronet  (1658?- 
1748),  South  Sea  director ;  came  to  England  from  Holland, 
1680 ;  naturalised,  1685 ;  knighted  by  William  III ;  created 
baronet,  1714;  M.P.,  Yarmouth,  1714-21;  expelled  the 
house,  1721  ;  author  of  'General  Maxims  in  Trade,'  1713. 

[xxix.  248] 

JANSSEN  ( JONSON)  VAN  CETTLEN,  CORNELIUS 
(1593-1664  V),  portrait-painter ;  famous  for  portrait  of 
Lady  Bowyer  and  groups  of  the  Rushout,  Lucy,  and  Verney 
families ;  subsequently  practised  in  Holland,  [xxix.  248] 

JARDOTE,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1799),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  captain,  royal  invalid  artillery;  went  on  mission 
to  Morocco,  described  in  '  Letters  from  Morocco,'  1790 ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1793.  [xxix.  249] 

JARDINE,  DAVID  (1794-1860),  historical  and  legal 
writer ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1813 ;  police  magistrate  at  Bow 
Street,  1839  ;  published  'Narrative  of  the  Gunpowder 
Plot,'  1857 ;  indexed  (1828)  and  (1832-3)  abridged  Howell's 
'State  Trials';  wrote  legal  tracts.  [xxix.  249] 

JARDINE,  GEORGE  (1742-1827),  professor  at  Glas- 
gow ;  in  Paris,  1770-3 ;  professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow, 
1774  ;  professor  of  logic  at  Glasgow,  1787-1824 ;  secretary 
of  Royal  Infirmary.  [xxix.  250] 

JARDINE,  JAMES  (1776-1858),  engineer;  con- 
strncted  Union  Canal ;  first  to  determine  mean  level  of 
the  sea.  [xxix.  250] 

JAEDINE,  JOHN  (1716-1766),  Scottish  divine; 
minister  of  Lady  Yester's  Church,  Edinburgh,  1750,  of 
the  Tron  Church,  1764  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1758  ;  dean  of 
order  of  the  Thistle,  1763  ;  contributed  to  the  first '  Kdin- 
burgh  Review,1  1755.  [xxix.  251] 

JAEDINE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  seventh  baronet  (1800- 
1874),  naturalist;  succeeded  as  seventh  baronet,  1820; 
published  (with  Prideaux  Selby)  '  Illustrations  of  Ornitho- 
logy,' 1880;  edited  'Naturalists'  Library,'  1833-45,  con- 
tributing sections  on  birds  and  fish;  conducted  also 


'  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History  ' ;  joint-editor 
of  'Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal' ;  commissioner  on 
salmon  fisheries,  1860.  [xxix.  261] 

JARLATH  or  IARLAITHE  (421-481),  third  arch- 
bibhop  of  Armagh,  4(J4.  [xxix.  252] 

JARLATH  or  IARLATH  (/.  540),  Irish  saint; 
founded  a  church  on  site  of  the  modern  Tuam  ;  possibly 
identical  with  Jarlath  (424-481)  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  252] 

JARMAN,  FRANCES  ELEANOR,  afterwards  Mrs. 
TKRNAX  (18037-1873),  actress;  appeared  as  a  child  at 
Bath,  1815 ;  appeared  in  Ireland,  1822  ;  played  Juliet  to 
Charles  Kemble's  Romeo,  Imogen,  and  other  parts,  at 
Coveut  Garden,  1827-8  ;  well  received  at  Edinburgh,  1829, 
in  Desdemoua  and  Juliana  ('The  Honeymoon');  accom- 

fanied  her  husband  in  American  and  Canadian  tour, 
834-6;    at    Drury    Lane,    1837-8;    played   Paulina   in 
'  Winter's  Tale'  at  the  Princess's,  1855  ;  acted  blind  Alice 
with  Fletcher  in  '  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  1866. 

[xxix.  252] 

JARRETT,  THOMAS  (1805-1882),  linguist ;  seventh 
classic  at  Cambridge,  1827  ;  fellow  and  lecturer  at  St. 
Catharine's  College,  Cambridge,  1828-32  ;  Cambridge  pro- 
fessor of  Arabic,  1831-54;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew, 
1854;  rector  of  Trunch,  Norfolk,  1832-82;  published 
'  Hebrew-English  and  English-Hebrew  lexicon,'  1848, 
« New  Way  of  marking  sounds  of  English  Words  without 
change  of  Spelling,'  1858,  and  Sanskrit  and  Hebrew  texts 
transliterated  into  Roman  characters.  [xxix.  263] 

JARROLD,  THOMAS  (1770-1853),  physician ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh ;  practised  at  Manchester ;  published  '  Anthro- 
pologia,'  1808,  'Instinct  and  Reason  philosophically  inves- 
tigated,' 1836,  and  other  works.  [xxix.  254] 

JARRY,  FRANCIS  (1733-1807),  military  officer;  said 
I  to  have  been  in  Prussian  service  during  Seven  Years' 
[  War,  and  to  have  presided  over  military  school  at  Berlin 
i  under  Frederick  the  Great;  adjutant-general  in  French 
;  army  (1791)  and  marechal  de  camp  (1792),  serving  against 
the  Austriaus  ;  came  to  England,  1795  ;  first  commandant 
of  the  Royal  Military  College,  1799-1806;  his  'Employ- 
ment of  Light  Troops '  issued,  1803.  [xxix.  254] 

JARVIS,  CHARLES  (1675  ?-1739).    [See  JERVAS.] 

JARVIS,  SAMUEL  (/.  1770),  blind  composer  ;  organ- 
ist of  Foundling  Hospital  and  St.  Sepulchre's. 

[xxix.  255] 
JARVIS,  THOMAS  (d.  1799).    [See  JERVAIS.] 

JAY,  JOHN  GEORGE  HENRY  (1770-1849),  violinist 
and  composer;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge,  1811.  [xxix.  255] 

JAY,  WILLIAM   (1769-1853),   dissenting  minister; 
i  stonemason  at  erection  of  Fon thill  Abbey ;  preached  for 
Rowland  Hill  (1744-1833)  [q.  v.]  at  Surrey  Chapel,  Lon- 
don, 1788 ;  pastor  of  Argyle  Independent  Chapel,  Bath, 
i  from  1791 ;  commended  as  a  preacher  by  Sheridan  and 
j  Beckford ;  published  popular  devotional  works. 

[xxix.  255] 

JEACOCKE,  CALEB  (1706-1786),  baker  and  orator  ; 
author  of  'Vindication  of  the  Moral  Character  of  the 
I  Apostle  Paul,'  1765.  [xxix.  256] 

JEAZE,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1623-1690),  puritan 
antiquary ;  some  time  town  clerk  of  Rye ;  detained  in 
London  as  a  nonconformist,  1682-7 ;  his  translation  (with 
annotations)  of  the  charters  of  the  Cinque  ports  printed, 
1728.  [xxix.  256] 

JEAKE,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1652-1699),  astro- 
loger ;  son  of  Samuel  Jeake  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  edited  his 
father's  '  Logisticelogia,' 1696.  [xxix.  257] 

JEAN,  PHILIP (1756-1802),  miniature-painter ;  native 
of  Jersey.  [xxix.  257] 

JEANES,  HENRY  (1611-1662),  puritan  divine ;  M.A. 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1633  ;  vicar  of  Kingston  and 
rector  of  Ohedzoy,  Somerset;  published  theological  works 
and  carried  on  controversies  with  Dr.  Hammond.  William 
Creed,  and  Jeremy  Taylor.  [xxix.  267] 

JEAVONS,  THOMAS  (1816-1867),  engraver. 

[xxix.  258] 

JEBB,    ANN  (1735-1812),   contributor    to   'London 
•  Chronicle'  (•  Priscilla ') ;  wife  of  John  Jebb  (1736-1786) 
[q.  v.]  [xxix.  269] 


JEBP, 


JEFFREYS 


JEBB,  JOHN  (1736-1786),  theological  and  political 
writer  :  nephew  of  Samuel  Jebb  [q.  v.j  :  s«vond  u  runnier, 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1757;  fellow,  17tll  ;  M.A.,  1760; 
as  lecturer  on  the  Greek  Testament  expressed  Unitarian 
views,  but  held  church  livings  in  Suffolk  till  1775;  en- 
gaged actively  in  movement  for  abolition  of  clerical  and 
university  subscription,  1771 ;  proposed  public  examina- 
tions at  Cambridge,  1773-4;  M.D.  St.  Andrews.  1777: 
practised  in  London;  F.K.S.,  1779;  his  works  edited  by 
Dr.  John  Disney,  1787.  [xxix.  25*] 

JEBB,  JOHN  (1775-1833),  bishop  of  Limn-i- 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1801 ;  rector  of  Abiugton,  1809 : 
archdeacon  of  Emly,  1830;  D.D.,  1821;  bishop  of  Lime- 
rick, 1822-33 ;  defended  Irish  establishment  in  House  of 
Lords,  1824;  chief  works,  'Essay  on  Sacred  Literature,' 
1820 ;  pioneer  of  Oxford  movement.  [xxix.  269] 

JEBB,  JOHN  (1805-1886),  divine;  son  of  Richard 
Jebb  [q.  v.] ;  of  Winchester  and  Dublin  ;  M.A.,  1829 ;  BJX, 
1862;  rector  of  Peterstow,  Herefordshire,  1843;  .-anon  <>i 
Hereford,  1870 ;  published  '  Literal  Translation  of  the  Book 
of  Psalms,'  1846,  and  works  on  cathedrals  and  liturgy  ;  Old 
Testament  reviser,  but  resigned  his  position,  [xxix.  261] 

JEBB,  Sm  JOSHUA  (1793-1863),  surveyor-general  of 
convict  prisons ;  with  royal  engineers  in  Canada  and 
America,  1813-20 ;  surveyor-general  of  convict  prisons, 
1837  ;  assisted  in  construction  of  '  model  prison '  at  Pen- 
tonville ;  designed  prisons  at  Portland  and  elsewhere ; 
inspector-general  of  military  prisons,  1844 ;  as  chairman 
of  convict  prisons  developed  progressive  system ;  honorary 
major-general  on  retiring  from  the  army,  1850 ;  K.C.B., 
1859  ;  published  works  on  prisons,  artesian  wells,  and 
fortification.  [xxix.  261] 

JEBB,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1729-1787),  phy- 
sician ;  son  of  Samuel  Jebb  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1761 ; 
physician  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1754-62,  to  St. 
George's,  1762-8 ;  attended  Duke  of  Gloucester  In  Italy ; 
F.R.S.  and  P.S.A. :  F.R.O.P.,  1771,  Harveian  orator,  1774, 
and  censor,  1772,  1776,  and  1778 ;  created  baronet,  1778; 
physician  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1780,  and  to  the  king,  1786 ; 
friend  of  Wilkes  and  Churchill.  [xxix.  262] 

JEBB,  RICHARD  (1766-1834),  Irish  judge,  1818-34: 
brother  of  John  Jebb  (1775-1833)  [q.  v.] ;  published 
pamphlet  in  favour  of  union  (1799).  [xxix.  260] 


J,  SAMUEL  (1694  ?-1772),  physician  and  scholar ; 
B.A.  Peterhonse,  Cambridge,  1713  ;  librarian  to  Jeremy 
Collier;  M.D.  Rheims,  1728;  practised  at  Stratford-le- 
Bow  ;  edited  Roger  Bacon's  'Opus  Majus,'  1733,  and  the 
works  of  Aristides,  1722  and  1730 ;  published  lives  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  Robert,  earl  of  Leicester. 

[xxix.  263] 

JEEJEEBHOY,  SIR  JAMSETJEE,  first  baronet(1783- 
1859),  philanthropist ;  born  at  Bombay ;  made  several 
voyages  to  China ;  captured  by  the  French  and  taken  to 
the  Cape ;  returned,  1807,  and  made  large  fortune  as  a 
merchant ;  besides  benefactions  to  his  Parsee  co-reli- 
gionists, founded  hospital  at  Bombay  (1843),  endowed 
schools  at  many  places,  and  constructed  Mahim-Bandora 
causeway,  Poonah  waterworks,  and  other  public  institu- 
tions ;  knighted,  1842  ;  created  baronet,  1857  ;  fund  esta- 
blished in  his  name  for  translations  into  Gujarati. 

[xxix.  263] 

JEENS,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1827-1879),  engraver. 

[xxix.  364] 

JEFFCOCK,  PARKIN  (1829-1866),  mining  engineer  ; 
killed  by  explosion  in  Oaks  Pit  colliery,  near  Barnsley, 
while  directing  rescue  operations.  [xxix.  264] 

JEFFERIES.    [See  also  JEFFREY  and  JKKKRKYS.] 

JEFFERIE8,  RICHARD  (1848-1887),  naturalist  and 
novelist ;  son  of  a  Wiltshire  farmer  ;  early  contributed  to 
Wiltshire  papers ;  after  attempts  at  literature  removed  to 
London  and  wrote  for  the  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette,'  in  which 
first  appeared  his  'Gamekeeper  at  Home*  (1877)  and' Wild 
Life  in  a  Southern  County'  (1879);  returned  to  the 
country  and  published,  besides  other  works, '  Wood  Magic,' 
1881,  •  Bevis,'  1882, '  After  London,'  1886,  and  '  The  Story 
of  my  Heart,'  1883.  [xxix.  266] 

JEFFERSON,  SAMUEL  (1809-1846X  author  of  '  His- 
tory and  Antiquities  of  Carlisle,'  1838 ;  editor  of  '  Carlisle 
Tracts,1  183H  1 1.  [xxix.  368] 


JEFFERY,  DI.KDTHY  (1..M-.  L777> 
seller:  known  by  her  maiden  name,  D..U.Y  I'IATRKATH; 
erroneously  said  to  be  the  last  perron  who  spoke  Cornish  ; 
her  monument  erected  at  Paul  in  I860  by  Prince  Louis 
Lucien  Bonaparte.  [xxix.  267] 

JEFFERY,  JOHN  (1647-17JOX  archdeacon 
wich;  M.A.  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  167. 
1696;  incumbent  of  Ht.   Peter  M:m. -rutr.  Norwich,  1678  ; 
archdeacon,    1694-1720;    published    devotional    works; 
edited  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  •  Christian  Moral*,'  1716. 

[xxix.  MT\ 

JEFFERY,  THOMAS  (1700  ?-1788),  nonconformist 
divine;  iiiini>t«T  <>f  Little  Baddow;  published  (1736) 
reply  to  the  deist  Collins's  •  Grounds  and  Reasons' ;  pub- 
lished 'Christianity  the  Perfection  of  all  Religion,'  1728. 

JEFFERY8,  JAMES  (1767-1784),  hlstoric*lXpainter : 
studied  in  Rome ;  his '  Scene  before  Gibraltar  on  morning 
of  14  Sept.  1782,'  engraved  by  Woollett  and  John  Bme» 
[Q.  v.]  [xxix.  368] 

JEFFERYS,  THOMAS  (<i.  1771).  map-engrmver ; 
published  miscellaneous  works.  [xxix.  189] 

JEFFREY.    [See  also  GBOFFRKY.] 

JEFFREY,  ALEXANDER  (1806-1874),  author  of 
history  of  Roxburglishire,  1836  (re- written,  1853-641 

[xxix.  369] 

JEFFREY,  FRANCIS,  LOUD  JKFFRKT  (1773-1850X 
Scottish  judge  and  critic ;  educated  at  the  Edinburgh 
High  School  and  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  universities  ; 
a  few  months  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  admitted  to 
the  Scots  bar,  1794 ;  obtained  little  practice  for  many 
years  owing  to  his  whiggism ;  as  member  of  Speculative 
Society  made  acquaintance  of  Scott  and  others  ;  joined 
in  foundation  of  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1802,  and  edited  it 
from  1803  to  1829 ;  himself  wrote  the  Cevallos  article 
(No.  26),  after  which  Scott  ceased  his  contributions,  and 
the  review  became  decidedly  whig ;  challenged  by  Moore 
for  an  article  on  his  '  Epistles,  Odes,  and  other  Poems,' 
but  both  duellists  arrested  at  Chalk  Farm  before  fighting, 
1806;  afterwards  became  intimate  with  Moore;  from 
1807  appeared  with  success  before  the  general  assembly, 
and  gradually  extended  his  practice  in  the  courts ;  visited 
New  York,  1813  ;  active  in  British  politics,  1831-6  :  dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1829  ;  lord  advocate,  1830-*; 
M.P.  for  Malton,  1831-2,  and  after  the  Reform  Bill  for 
Edinburgh  ;  acquainted  with  Wordsworth ;  judge  of  the 
court  of  session,  1834-50,  giving  a  decision  for  the  free 
church  at  the  disruption  ;  became  intimate  with  Dickens ; 
read  proofs  of  first  two  volumes  of  Macaulay's  '  History ' ; 
an  impartial  and  acute  critic.  His  contributions  to  the 
'  Edinburgh  Review '  (selected)  appeared  in  1844  and  1863 
(4  vols.)  [xxix.  369] 

JEFFREY  or  JEFFERAY,  JOHN  (d.  1578),  judge: 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1646  ;  queen's  serjeant,  1572;  judge 
of  queen's  bench,  1576 ;  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1577.  [xxix.  276] 

JEFFREYS,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1693),  musician: 
son  of  George  Jeffreys  (d.  1686)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1666.  [xxix.  277] 

JEFFREYS,  GEORGE  (d.  1685),  organist  to  Charles  I 
at  Oxford,  1643,  and  composer ;  steward  to  the  Hattons 
of  Kirby  from  1648  ;  many  of  his  compositions  in  British 
Museum  and  iloyal  College  of  Music  library. 

[xxix.  376] 

JEFFREYS,  GEORGE,  firrt  BARON  JEFFREYS  of 
Wem  (1648-1689),  judge:  educated  at  Shrewsbury,  St. 
Paul's  School,  and  at  Westminster  :  left  iriuity  College, 
Cambridge,  without  graduating  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple, 
1668 ;  common  serjeant,  1671  ;  introduced  at  court  by 
Obiffinch  :  solicitor-general  to  Duke  of  York,  1677 ; 
knighted,  1677  ;  as  recorder  of  London  (1678-80) exercised 
severity  in  '  Popish  plot '  cases  ;  reprimanded  by  House  of 
Commons  for  obstructing  petitions  fur  the  assembling  of 
parliament,  and  compelled  to  resign,  1680  ;  his  conduct  as 
chief-justice  of  Chester  also  censured  :  after  his  prosecu- 
tion of  Fitzliarris  and  Colledge  created  baronet,  1681; 
active  in  obtaining  quo  warronlo  against  the  city  of 
London  and  in  prosecution  of  Lord  Russell ;  named  (in 
spite  of  Charles  II's  low  estimate  of  him)  lord  chief- 
justice,  1682  ;  privy  councillor,  1683  ;  conducted  the  trials 
of  Algernon  Sidney,  1683,  and  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong, 
1684 ;  after  the  accession  of  James  II  advised  levying  of 


JEFFREYS 


686 


JENKINS 


the  customs  and  revival  of  the  high  commission  court : 
presided  at  trial  of  Titus  Gates,  1685 :  created  Barou 
Jeffreys  of  Wem,  1685  (an  exceptional  favour) ;  tried 
Richard  Baxter  [q.  v.],  1685  ;  held  'bloody  assize'  in  the 
west  after  suppression  of  Monmouth's  rebellion,  1685 ; 
appointed  lord  chancellor,  September,  1685 ;  chief  ecclesi- 
astical commissioner,  1686  ;  one  of  the  privy  councillors 
who  regulated  the  municipal  corporations,  1687 ;  present 
at  birth  of  Prince  James  Edward  [q.  v.],  1688 ;  carried  out 
James  II's  tardy  reforms ;  member  of  council  of  five  in 
the  king's  absence  with  the  army,  1688 ;  arrested  in  dis- 
guise at  Wapping,  1688  ;  died  in  the  Tower  after  petition- 
ing for  a  pardon.  He  displayed  great  acuteness  in  civil 
cases,  but  as  a  criminal  judge  was  notorious  for  his 
brutality.  [xxix.  277] 

JEFFREYS,  GEORGE  (1678-1755),  poet  and  drama- 
tist ;  son  of  Christopher  Jeffreys  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1702-9 ;  M.A., 
1702;  published  'Edwin'  (1724)  and  'Merope*  (1731), 
two  tragedies,  acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields ;  author  of 
'Miscellanies  in  Verse  and  Prose,'  1754.  [xxix.  284] 

JEFFREYS,  JOHN,  second  BARON  JEFFREYS  of 
Wem  (1670?-1702),  son  of  George  Jeffreys,  first  baron 
[q.  v.] ;  head  of  Westminster,  1685 ;  took  his  seat  as  peer, 
1694;  instrumental  in  obtaining  public  funeral  for 
Dryden,  1700.  [xxix.  283] 

JEFFREYS,  JOHN  GWYN  (1809-1885),  concholo- 
gist ;  treasurer  of  Linnean  and  Geological  societies  ; 
F.R.S.,  1840 ;  honorary  LL.D.  St.  Andrews  ;  vice-president 
of  British  Association,  1880 ;  conducted  dredging  opera- 
tions in  the  British  seas,  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  the  Portu- 
guese coast,  Baffin's  Bay,  and  the  Norwegian  coast,  and 
discovered  seventy-one  unknown  species  of  shells ;  pub- 
lished 'British  Conchology,'  1862-9;  his,  collection  of 
European  molluscs  purchased  by  the  American  govern- 
ment, [xxix.  284] 

JEFFREYS,  JTJLIQS  (1801-1877),  inventor  of  the 
respirator  ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  London ; 
while  in  the  Bengal  medical  service  recommended  Simla 
as  a  health  resort;  invented  respirator,  1836;  F.R.S., 
1840 ;  patented  various  appliances  for  ships ;  wrote  on 
diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs.  [xxix.  285] 

JEGON,  JOHN  (1550-1618),  bishop  of  Norwich  ;  fellow 
of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1572;  B.A.,  1572;  vice- 
president  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  master  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1590-1601 ;  vice-chancellor, 
1596-1601 ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1602-18.  [xxix.  286] 

JEHNER,  afterwards  JENNER,  ISA  AC  (1750-1806  ?), 
portrait-painter  and  mezzotint-engraver ;  published  '  For- 
tune's Football '  (autobiographical),  1806.  [xxix.  287] 

JEKYLL,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1663-1738),  master  of  the 
rolls;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1687;  chief-justice  of 
Chester,  1697-1717 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1700 ;  knighted,  1700  ; 
M.P.,  Eye,  1697-1713,  Lymington,  1713-22,  Reigate,  1722- 
1738 ;  opened  the  case  against  Sacheverell,  1710 ;  manager 
against  Lord  Wintoun,  Francia,  and  Lord  Oxford ;  master 
of  the  rolls,  1717-38;  privy  councillor,  1717  ;  prominent  in 
exposing  South  Sea  directors,  1720  ;  steady  supporter  of 
Walpole ;  introduced  Gin  and  Mortmain  acts,  1736  ;  left 
money  for  relief  of  the  national  debt.  [xxix.  287] 

JEKYLL,  JOSEPH  (d.  1837),  wit  and  politician; 
great-nephew  of  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1777 ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1778 ;  reader  at  Inner  Temple,  1814,  treasurer, 
1816 ;  M.P.,  Calne,  1787-1816 ;  contributed  whig  pasqui- 
nades to  *  Morning  Chronicle '  and  '  Evening  Statesman ' ; 
attacked  in  '  Jekyll,  an  Eclogue,'  1788  ;  K.C.  and  solicitor- 
general  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1806;  master  in  chancery, 
1816 ;  compiled  '  Facts  and  Observations  relating  to  the 
Temple  Church,'  1811,  which  he  restored.  [xxix.  288] 

JEKYLL,  THOMAS  (1570-1653),  antiquary  ;  second- 
ary of  the  king's  bench  and  clerk  of  the  papers ;  many 
of  his  collections  for  history  of  Essex,  Norfolk,  and  Suffolk 
in  British  Museum.  [xxix.  289] 

JEKYLL,  THOMAS  (1646-1698), divine  ;  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1670  ; 
minister  of  the  New  Church  in  St.  Margaret,  Westminster, 
1681-98 ;  instituted  free  school  in  Westminster. 

[xxix.  290] 

JELF,  RICHARD  WILLIAM  (1798-1871),  principal 
of  King's  College,  London  :  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 


Church,  Oxford ;   fellow  of  Oriel  College,  1820 ;    M.A., 

1823  ;  D.D.,  1839  ;  preceptor  to  Prince  George  (afterwards 

king    of    Hanover),    1826-39;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 

1830  ;  Bampton  lecturer,  1844 ;  principal  of  King's  Col- 

,  lege,  London,  1844T68  ;  one  of  the  doctors  who  condemned 

;  Pusey's  sermon,  1847  ;  compelled  Maurice  to  resign  pro- 

!  fessorahip,  1853 ;  edited  Jewel's  works,  1848. 

[xxix.  290] 

JELF,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1811-1875),  divine  and 

|  scholar ;  brother  of  Richard  William  Jelf  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton 

and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  tutor,  1836-49,  and  some  time 

senior  censor ;  M.A.,  1836 ;  B.D.,  1844  ;  Bampton  lecturer, 

1857  ;  vicar  of  Carleton,  1849-54  ;  published  Greek  gram- 

!  mar  (1842-5)  and  controversial  tracts.  [xxix.  291] 

JELLETT,  JOHN  HEWITT  (1817-1888),  provost  of 
j  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
|  1840;  M.A.,    1843;     D.D.,    1881;    professor  of    natural 
philosophy,  Dublin,  1848;  commissioner  of  Irish  educa- 
tion, 1868 ;  president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1869 ;  pro- 
vost  of    Trinity    College,     Dublin,    1881-8;     published 
mathematical  and  theological  works.  [xxix.  292] 

JEMMAT,  WILLIAM  (15967-1678),  puritan  divine: 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1614;  M.A.  Margaret 
Hall,  Oxford,  1617  ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles's,  Reading,  1648-78 ; 
author  and  editor  of  theological  works.  [xxix.  292] 

JENISON,  FRANCIS,  COUNT  JENISON  WAL- 
WORTH (1764-1824), diplomatist;  settled  with  his  family 
in  Heidelberg,  1777  ;  revisited  England  as  ambassador  for 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  1793  ;  high  chamberlain  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  1797-1816  ;  died  at  Heidelberg.  [xxix.  293] 

JENISON  or  JENNISON,  ROBERT  (1584  ?-1652), 
puritan  divine  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1607-19 ;  D.D. ;  first  master  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen's  Hos- 
pital, Newcastle,  1619-52 ;  vicar  of  St.  Nicholas,  Newcastle, 
1646-52  ;  author  of  theological  works.  [xxix.  293] 

JENISON,  ROBERT  (1590-1656),  Jesuit;  grandson  of 
|  Thomas  Jenison  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Gray's  Inn ;  seized  as  '  Beau- 
!  moat '  at  Clerkenwell,  1628 ;  rector  of  house  of  probation, 
Ghent,  1645-9.  .         [xxix.  294] 

JENISON,  ROBERT,  the  younger  (1649-1688),  in- 
former ;  grand-nephew  of  Robert  Jenison  (1590-1656) 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Douay  and  Gray's  Inn ;  pretended 
conversion  to  Catholicism  and  made  revelations  concern- 
ing the '  Popish  plot.'  [xxix.  294] 

JENISON,  THOMAS  (1525  V-1587),  auditor-general 
of  Ireland  and  controller  of  the  works  at  Berwick  ;  bought 
Walworth,  Durham,  from  Ayscough  family. 

[xxix.  295] 

JENKE8,  HENRY  (d.  1697),  Gresham  professor  of 
rhetoric  ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1646 ;  fellow  of  Caius  College, 
!  Cambridge;  incorporated  M.A.  Cambridge,  1649;  Gres- 
ham professor  of  rhetoric,  1670-6  ;  F.R.S.,  1674 ;  published 
theological  works.  [xxix.  295] 

JENKIN,  HENRIETTA  CAMILLA  (1807  ?-1885), 
novelist ;  nte  Jackson ;  published  '  Who  breaks,  pays,* 
1861,  and  other  novels.  [xxix.  295] 

JENKIN,    HENRY  CHARLES   FLEEMING  (1833- 
1885),  engineer  and  electrician  ;  son  of  Henrietta  Camilla 
Jenkin  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Genoa :  with  Sir  William  Thomson 
!  (Lord  Kelvin)  made  important  experiments  on  the  re- 
!  Distance  and  insulation  of  electric  cables ;  engaged  in 
fitting  out  submarine  cables,  1858-73 ;  F.R.S.  and  pro- 
fessor of  engineering  in  University  College,  London,  1865, 
at  Edinburgh,  1868;    published  'Magnetism  and  Elec- 
tricity,'   1873,  and    'Healthy    Houses,'  1878;    invented 
telpherage  (transport  of  goods  by  electricity),  1882 ;  his 
'  Miscellaneous  Papers '  edited  by  Mr.  Sidney  Oolvin  and 
j  Professor  J.  A.  Ewing,  1887.  [xxix.  296] 

JENKIN,  ROBERT  (1656-1727),  master  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1680-9;    M.A.,  1681;    D.D.,   1709;    chaplain  to 
!  Bishop  Lake ;  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to  William  and 
I  Mary,  but  complied  under  Anne ;   master  of  St.  John's 
;  College,  Cambridge,  1711-27 ;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of 
:  divinity,  1711-27;  published  'Historical  Examination  of 
i  the  Authority  of  General  Councils,'  1688  (reprinted  in 
j  Gibson's  '  Preservative '),  and  theological  work.". 

[xxix.  297] 

JENKINS,  DAVID  (1582-1663),  Welsh  judge  and 
!  royalist ;  B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1600  ;  barrister, 
I  Gray's  Inn,  1609,  ancient,  1622;  judge  of  great 


JENKINS 


687 


JENKYNS 


for  Carmarthen,  Pembroke,  aud  Cardiganshire,  1643  :  in- 
dicted \\Vl-h  parliamentarians;  captured  at  Hereford. 
1645  ;  imprisoned  till  the  Restoration  :  contested  right  of 
the  parliament  to  try  him,  and  published  several  royalist 
treatises  (collected,  1648),  as  well  as  '  Eight  Centuries  of 
Reports,'  1661  ;  bencher  of  his  Inn,  1660;  patron  of  Welsh 
bards  iu  Glamorganshire.  [xxix.  298] 

JENKINS,  HENRY  (d.  1670X  4  the  modern  Methu- 
selah' :  of  Ellerton-upou-Swale,  Yorkshire;  claimed  to 
have  been  bom  about  1501  ;  burial  at  Bolton-on-Swale. 

[xxix.  300] 

JENKINS,  JOHN  (1592-1678),  earliest  English  com- 
poser of  instrumental  music  ;  gave  lessons  to  Roger 
1'Estrauge  and  Roger  North  ;  skilful  on  the  lute  and 
lyra-viol;  his  'Twelve  Sonatas  for  two  Violins  and  a 
Base,  with  Thorough  Base  for  the  Organ  or  Theorbo,' 
issued,  1660  ;  composed  also  *  Fancies  '  aud  '  Rants,'  and 

[xxix.  301] 


JENKINS,    JOSEPH    (yf.     1730),    general 
minister.  [xxix.  302] 

JENKINS,  JOSEPH  (1743-1819),  particular  baptist ; 
educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh, 
1790  •  minister  at  Wrexham,  Blandford  Street,  London, 
and  (from  1798)  at  East  Street.  Walworth,  London; 
published  theological  tracts.  [xxix.  301] 

JENKINS,  JOSEPH  JOHN  (1811-1885),  engraver 
and  water-colour  painter ;  left  New  Water-colour  Society 
for  the  Old,  1847,  becoming  secretary,  1854-64  ;  introduced 
private  views.  [xxix.  302] 

JENKINS,  Sm  LEOLINE  (1623-1685),  civilian  and 
diplomatist ;  travelled  with  pupils,  1655-8 ;  fellow  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1660,  LL.D.,  1661,  and  principal, 
160 1-73  :  assisted  Sheldon  in  the  foundation  of  his  theatre ; 
Sheldon's  commissary  at  Canterbury  ;  deputy-professor 
of  civil  law,  1662  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty  court,  1665,  and 


JZNKINSON,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OF  LIVKRPOOL 
and  tint  BARON  HAWKEHBUUY  (1797-1808).  statesman; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  University  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1769  ;  under-seoretary  of  state,  1761  ;  M.P.,Cocker- 
inouth,  1761-7,  Appleby,  1767-79,  Harwich,  1778-4, 
Hastings,  1774-80,  Saltash,  1761-86;  secretary  to  the 
treasury,  1763-6;  led  the  'king's  friends'  after  retire- 
ment of  Bute;  privy  councillor  and  rice-treasurer  of 
Ireland,  1779 ;  master  of  the  mint,  1776 ;  secretary-at- 
war,  1778 ;  president  of  boanl  of  trade,  1786 :  chanodkir 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1786 ;  created  Baron  Hawkes- 
bury,  1786;  created  earl,  1796;  published  •  Collection  of 
Treaties  from  1648  to  1783'  (1785);  his  'Coins  of  the 
Itealm '  reprinted  by  the  Bank,  1880.  [xxix.  109] 

JENKINSOW,  CHARLES  CECIL  COPE,  thinl  KMU, 

17-1    1-Mi.  - 
son,  first  earl  of  Liverpool  [<; 


OP  LIVKKPOOL  (1784-1851),  second  son  of  Charles  Jenkin- 

[q.  T.I ;  i 
army   at   Ansterlitz,    1805 ;    H.P.,   Sandwich,   1807-19, 


volunteer  in  Austrian 


Bridgnorth,  1812-18,  and  EastGrlnstead,  1818-98 :  under- 
i  secretary  for  home  department,  1807-9,  for  war,  1809 : 
succeeded  to  earldom,  1828;  lord  steward,  1841-6. 

[xxix.  310] 

JENXINSON,  JOHN  BANKS  (1781-1840),  bibhop  of 
St.  David's ;  nephew  of  Charles  Jeukinson,  first  earl  of 
Liverpool  [q.  v.] ;  of  Winchester  and  Christ  Church  : 
M.A.,  1807:  D.D.,  1817;  dean  of  Worcester,  1817-25,  of 
Durham,  1827-40  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1825-40 ;  main- 
tained charity  school  at  Carmarthen.  [xxix.  311] 

JENKIN80N,  ROBERT  BANKS,  second  EARL  OK 
LIVERPOOL  (1770-1828),  statesman;  eldest  eon  of  Charles 
' ;  of  CharterhouM 
at  taking  of  the 
y,  1790  ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1796-1808; 

pointed  member  of  "the  India  board  by  Pitt;  master 
of  the  mint,  1799 ;  as  foreign  secretary  under  Addington, 
1801-3,  postponed  the  evacuation  of  Malta  ;  created  Baron 
Hawkesbury,  1803  ;  reconciled  Pitt  and  Addington,  1804  : 


, 

of  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury,  1669  :  knighted,  1670,     home  secretary  and  leader  in  the  upper  house  in  Pitt's 
after  he  had  obtained  the  settin      aside  in  favour  of  -  oosition    to  Grenville 


ministry     1804-6;    led   opposition    to  Grenville 


Charles  II  of  Duchess  of  Orleans's  claims  to  Henrietta  j  ministry  •    again  home  secretary,  1807-9 ;  succeeded  to 
Maria's    personalty:    M.P.,  Hythe,  1673-8,  and  Oxford     —-MO,.,    .1808:    secretary    for    war    and   the   colonies 


personalty 

University,  1679-85 ;  English  representative  at  congress 
of  Cologne,  1673,  at  Nimegueu,  1676-9,  being  alone  after 
Temple's  recall ;  privy  councillor,  1680 ;  secretary  of  state, 
1680-4 ;  led  opposition  to  exclusion  bills  and  Hot  ham's 
proposal  to  print  parliamentary  proceedings,  1681 ;  gave 
money  for  enlargement  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  en- 
dowed it  with  bulk  of  his  property.  As  a  judge  he  was 
responsible  for  the  Statute  of  Distributions  and  partly  for 
the  Statute  of  Frauds.  [xxix.  302] 

JENKINS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1785-1853),  Indian  states- 
man ;  intimate  with  Mountstuart  Elphinstone  [q.  v.] ; 
acting  resident  at  court  of  Dowlut  Rao  Scindia,  1804-5, 
and  at  Nagpore,  1807;  resident  of  Nagpore,  1810-27 :  sug- 
gested annihilation  of  Pindaris ;  distinguished  himself  at 
repulse  of  Appa  Sahib's  attack  on  Sitabaldi,  1817; 
arrested  and  imprisoned  Appa  Sahib,  1818;  chairman  of 
East  India  Company,  1839:  M.P.,  Shrewsbury,  1830-1 
and  1837-41 ;  K.C.B.  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  [xxix.  305] 

JENKINS,  ROBERT  (ft.  1731-1738),  master  mariner, 
the  cutting  off  of  whose  ear  by  the  Spanish  captain 
Fundino  at  Havana,  1731,  precipitated  war  with  Spain  in 
1739.  [xxix.  306] 

JENKINS,  THOMAS  (f  1798),  painter ;  banker  in 
Rome,  and  dealer  in  antiquities.  [xxix.  306] 

JENKINSON,  ANTHONY  (rf.  1611),  merchant,  sea- 
captain,  and  traveller;  wrote  account  of  entry  of  Solymau 
the  Great  into  Aleppo,  1553,  and  obtained  permission  to 
trade  in  Turkish  ports  ;  went  to  Russia,  1557,  as  captain- 
general  and  agent  of  the  Muscovy  Company,  sailing 
round  the  North  Cape  and  up  the  Dwina.  afterwards 
sledging  to  Moscow ;  after  being  well  received  by  the 
tsar  went  by  water  to  Astrakhan,  1558  :  visited  king  of 
Bokhara,  1558  ;  returned  to  Moscow,  1659,  and  England, 
1660 ;  being  despatched  with  letters  to  th«»tear  and  the 
shah,  1561,  attempted  to  open  up  trade  with  Persia,  but 
faDed ;  while  in  command  of  a  queeu's  ship  captured 
Wilson,  a  Scottish  pirate,  1565 ;  obtained  grant  of  White 
Sea  trade  for  Muscovy  Company,  1567, and  in  final  mission 
secured  its  confirmation,  1671-2 ;  sent  on  special  mission 


earldom,  1808;  secretary  for  war  and  the  colonies 
under  Perceval,  1809-12 ;  introduced  regency  resolutions, 
1810;  proposed  measure  for  strengthening  the  army,  1811 : 
premier,  1812-27;  opposed  to  catholic  emancipation,  but 
left  it  an  open  question  in  his  cabinet:  vigorously  sup- 
ported Wellington  in  the  Peninsula,  carried  on  war  with 
the  United  States,  sent  Napoleon  to  St.  Helena,  promoted 
international  prohibition  of  the  slave  trade:  had  to 
suspend  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  1817,  and  pass  six  repres- 
sive acts,  1819-20 :  brought  in  a  bill  for  the  divorce  of 
Queen  Caroline;  renewed  Insurrection  Bill  in  Ireland, 
1822  -.  introduced  legation  against  the  Catholic  Associa- 
tion in  Ireland,  1825 :  while  opposed  to  the  principle  of 
catholic  emancipation  favoured  minor  concessions ;  sup- 
ported Canning  in  his  foreign  policy,  and  (1826)  prepared 
to  reduce  the  corn  duties.  [xxix.  311] 

JENK8,  BENJAMIN  (1646-1724),  divine :  rector  of 
Harley,  Shropshire ;  author  of  devutional  works. 

[xxix.  316] 

JENKS,  SYLVESTER  (1656  7-1714),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  professor  of  philosophy  at  Douay,  1680-6: 
preacher  in  ordinary  to  James  II :  elected  vicar-apostolic 
of  northern  district,  1713 :  his  '  Practical  Discourses  on 
the  Morality  of  the  Gospel1  (1699),  reprinted,  1817,  and 
'Blind  Obedience  of  a  Humble  Penitent '  (1699),  1872. 

[xxix.  315] 

JENKYN,  WIL'LIAM  (1613-1685),  ejected  minister ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1636;  vicar  of 
Christ  Church,  Newgate,  London,  1643:  his  living 
sequestrated,  1650,  on  account  of  his  remonstrance 
against  the  trial  of  Charles  I ;  imprisoned  for  participation 
in  plot  of  Christopher  Love  [q.  v.] ;  restored  to  bis  living, 
1655  ;  ejected,  1662  ;  one  of  the  first  •  merchant*"  lecturers 
at  Pinners'  Hall,  1672 :  preached  in  Jewin  Street ;  arrested, 
1684 :  died  in  Newgate  :  his  '  Exposition  of  the  Epistle  of 
Jude'  (1652-1654)  edited  by  James  Sherman,  1840:  pub- 
lished controversial  works.  [xxix-  316] 


JENKYNS,  RICHARD  (1782-18M),  master  of  BanW 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  Balliol 


Oxford,  1809, 


tutor,  1813,  bursar,  1814,  master,  1819-54 : 
1819;  vice-chancellor,  1S24-8;  dean  -J 


. 


,         -  ^ 

to  Embden,  1577  ;  granted  arms,  1669  ;  the  first  English-  \  inaugurated  open  competition  for  scholarships  . 
man  in  Central  Asia.  [xxix.  307]        college  to  the  first  rank  in  Oxford. 


JENNENS 


688 


JENYNS 


JENNENS,  CHARLES  (1700-1773),  friend  of  Handel ; 
a  nonjuror  :  nicknamed  •  Solyman  the  Magnificent ' : 
wrote  words  for  'Saul'  (1735),  'Messiah'  (1742),  and 
'  Belshazzar '  (1745);  printed  worthless  edition  of  Shake- 
speare's tragedies  ;  collected  a  library  ut  Gopsall. 

[xxix. 318] 

JENNENS.  SIR  WILLIAM  (/.  1661-1690),  captain  in 
the  navy  and  Jacobite ;  knighted  ;  captain  of  the  Ruby  in 
action  of  3  June  1665,  against  the  Dutch,  and  in  that  of 
1-4  June  1666  ;  commanded  in  the  second  post  at  the  Vlie, 
1666  ;  captain  of  the  Victory  under  Prince  Rupert,  1673 ; 
entered  French  navy  and  served  under  Tourville  at  Beachy 
Head,  1690.  [xxix.  319] 

JENNER,  CHARLES  (1736-1774),  novelist  and  poet ; 
great-grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Jenner  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Pem- 
broke Hall  (M.A.,  1760)  and  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  incumbent  of  Claybrook  andOraneford  St.  John  ; 
published  'The  Placid  Man,  or  Memoirs  of  Sir  Charles 
Seville'  (1770),  and  other  works.  [xxix.  320] 

JENNER,  DAVID  (d.  1691),  divine :  fellow  of  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1662,  and  B.D.,  1668, 
per  Uteras  regias ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1676  ;  chaplain 
to  the  king:  published  'The  Prerogative  of  Primo- 
geniture,' 1685.  [xxix.  321] 

JENNER,  EDWARD  (1749-1823),  discoverer  of  vac- 
cination ;  pupil  of  John  Hunter  (1728-1793)  [q.  v.],  1770- 
1772;  began  to  practise  at  Berkeley,  Gloucestershire, 
1773;  P.R.S.,  1788;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1792  (Oxford, 
1813);  first  vaccinated  from  cow-pox,  1796;  published 
4  Inquiry  into  Cause  and  Effects  of  the  Variolas  Vaccinse ' 
(cow-pox).  1798,  'Further  Observations,'  1799,  and  '  Com- 
plete Statement  of  Facts  and  Observations,'  1800 ;  made 
experiments  in  transmission  of  lymph ;  after  parliamen- 
tary inquiry  received  grant  of  10,OOOZ.,  1802,  a  further 
sum  of  20,OOOJ.  being  voted  in  1806  ;  had  interviews  with 
the  tsar  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  1814.  In  1808  the 
National  Vaccine  Establishment  was  founded.  Vaccina- 
tion was  made  compulsory  in  England,  1853,  having 
previously  been  enforced  in  Bavaria,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
Wtirtemberg,  and  Prussia.  Statues  of  Jenner  are  in  Ken- 
sington Gardens,  Gloucester  Cathedral,  and  at  Boulogne 
and  Brtinn.  [xxix.  321] 

JENNER,  EDWARD  (1803-1872),  author  of  '  Flora 
of  Tunbridge  Wells,'  1845.  [xxix.  324] 

JENNER,  SIR  HERBERT  (1778-1852).  [See  FUST.] 
JENNER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1631-1656),  author,  engraver, 
and  publisher;  kept  a  print-shop  near  the  Royal  Ex- 
change ;  published  '  Soules  Solace,'  with  engravings,  1631, 
which  George  Wither  answered ;  also  descriptive  tracts, 
with  portraits  and  other  works.  [xxix.  325] 

JENNER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1604-1670),  author  of 
'  Quakerism  Anatomiz'd  and  Confuted,'  1670 ;  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge.  [xxix.  325] 

JENNER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1637-1707),  baron  of  the 
exchequer ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1663  ;  recorder  of  London,  1683 ;  knighted, 
1683  ;  king's  Serjeant,  1684 ;  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1686  ;  gave  judgment  in  favour  of  the  dispensing  power, 
1686;  when  on  the  Magdalen  commission  opposed  ex- 
pulsion of  the  fellows ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1688 ; 
arrested  while  attempting  to  escape  with  James  II,  and 
sent  to  the  Tower  ;  resumed  practice  at  the  bar. 

[xxix.  325] 

JENNER,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1815-1898), 
physician  ;  studied  medicine  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don ;  L.S.A.  and  M.R.C.S.,  1837 ;  M.A.  London,  1844 ; 
professor  of  pathological  anatomy  at  University  College, 
London,  1849 ;  physician  to  University  College  Hospital, 
1854-76 ;  consulting  physician,  1879  ;  Holme  professor  of 
clinical  medicine  at  University  College,  1860,  and  professor 
of  principles  and  practice  of  medicine,  1863-72  ;  F.R.O.P., 
1852,  and  president,  1881-8  ;  F.R.S.,  1864 :  hon.  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1870  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1880 ;  hon.  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1884  :  physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria, 1861 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  1862,  and 
to  Prince  of  Wales,  1863  :  created  baronet,  1868  ;  K.C.B., 
1877 :  G.C.B.  (civil),  1889  ;  established  the  distinct 
identities  of  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers  ;  published  medi- 
cal works.  [Suppl.  iii.  37] 

JENNINGS,  DAVID  (1691-1762),  dissenting  tutor ; 
pastor  of  Independent  congregation,  Wapping  New 


Stairs,  London,  1718-62;  npn-Ptihecriber,  1719;  Coward 
I  trustee  and  lecturer,  1743  ;  divinity  tutor  from  1744  ;  D.D. 
!  St.  Andrews,  1749  ;  his  'Jewish  Antiquities '  (1766)  edited 

by  Philip  Furneaux.  [xxix.  327] 

JENNINGS,  FRANCES,  afterwards  HAMILTON  (rf. 
!  1730),  elder  sister  of  Sarah  Jennings,  duchess  of   Marl- 
borough;    mentioned   by    Pepys  :    courted    by    Richard 
i  Talbot,  earl  and  titular  duke  of  Tyrconuel  [q.v.]  ;  married 
!  (Sir)  George  Hamilton.  [lv.  332] 

JENNINGS,     HARGRAVE    (1817 ?-1890),    author; 

1  some  time  secretary  to  Mapleson ;  published,  besides 
romances,  'The  Indian  Religions,'  1858,  'The  Ronrni- 
cians,'  1870,  '  Phallicism,'  1884,  and  other  works  of  occult 

|  learning.  [xxix.  328] 

JENNINGS,  HENRY  CONSTANTINE  (1731-1819), 

virtuoso  ;  educated  at  Westminster  ;  resided  eight  years 

i  in  Italy,  where  he  bought  at  Rome  the  famous  marble 

:  dog,  sold  for  one  thousand  guineas  (now  at  Duncombe 

;  Park,  Yorkshire)  :  while  in  Chelsea  made  collections  of 

i  shells,  precious  stones,  books,  and  prints  ;  published  '  Free 

Inquiry  into  the  Enormous  Increase  of  Attornies,'  1785, 

and  other  works;  died  within  the  rules  of  the  King's 

Bench.  [xxix.  329] 

JENNINGS,  JOHN  (d.  1723),  nonconformist  minis- 
ter and  tutor  ;  brother  of  David  Jennings  [q.  v.] ;  had 
Philip  Doddridge  [q.  v.]  among  his  pupils  at  Kibworth. 

[xxix. 328] 

JENNINGS,     Sm     JOHN     (1664-1743),    admiral; 

commander-in-chief  in  the  Medway,  1698  ;  with  Rooke  at 

Cadiz,  1702,  Vigo,  1702,  the  capture  of  Gibraltar,  1704, 

and  battle  of  Malaga,  1704 ;  knighted,  1704 ;  rear-admiral, 

1705  ;  vice-admiral,  1708 ;  admiral   of  the  white,  1709 ; 

commanded  oil  Lisbon,  1708-10 ;  as  commander-in-chief 

in  the  Mediterranean  convoyed  allied  troops  to  Italy, 

|  1713;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,    1714-27;  governor   of 

Greenwich,    1720;  commanded  fleet  of   observation    on 

;  coast  of  Spain,  1726 ;  rear-admiral  of  England,  1733. 

[xxix. 330] 

JENNINGS,  LOUIS  JOHN  (1836-1893),  journalist 
and  politician  ;  special  correspondent  of  '  The  Times  '  in 
India,  1863,  and,  after  civil  war  in  America,  editor  of 
'  New  York  Times ' ;  engaged  in  literary  pursuits  in  Lon- 
don from  1876 ;  conservative  M.P.,  Stockport,  1886-93 ; 
edited  '  The  Croker  Papers,'  1884.  [Suppl.  iii.  38] 

JENNINGS,  SIR    PATRICK  ALFRED  (1831-1897), 

i  premier  of  New  South  Wales ;  born  at  Newry,  Ireland ; 

j  emigrated  to  goldfields  of  Victoria,  1862 ;  settled  at  St. 

Arnaud,  1855 ;  migrated  as  squatter  to   Warbreccan,  in 

1  Riverina  district,  New  South  Wales,    1863 :  member  of 

legislative    council,    1867-9  ;    member   of   assembly  for 

i  Murray  district,  1869-72  ;    K.O.M.G.,  1880 ;  member  of 

;  assembly  for  the  Bogan,  1880  ;  vice-president  of  executive 

I  council,    1883 ;    colonial  treasurer,    1885,  and    premier, 

1886-7  ;  member  of  legislative  council,  1890. 

[Suppl.  iii.  39] 

JENNINGS,  SARAH,  DUCHESS    OF  MARLBOROUGH 
;  (1660-1744).    [See  CHURCHILL,  SARAH.] 

JENOTJR,  JOSHUA  (1755-1853),  author;  member 
of  Stationers'  Company ;  author  of  poems,  tales,  pamph- 
lets, translations  of  Boileau,  1827,  and  other  works. 

[xxix.  331] 

JENYE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1665-1583),  rebel  and  poet : 

I  accompanied  Thomas  Randolph  (1523-1590)  [q.  v.]  to  Scot- 

!  land,  and  Sir  Henry  Norris  [q.  v.]  to  Paris  :  composed  pro- 

I  clamation  issued  by  northern  rebels  of  1669 ;  was  attainted ; 

Spanish    agent   on    the   continent ;    implicated    in    the 

Throckmorton  conspiracy,  1584 ;  his  '  Maister  Randolphes 

Phantasey'    (describing     Moray's     revolt),    1565,    first 

printed,  1890  ;  published  also  (from  Ronsard) '  The  Present 

Troobles  in  Fraunce,'  1568.  [xxix.  331] 

JENYNGE8,  EDWARD  (.fl.  1574),  poet;  author  of 
*  Notable  Hystory  of  two  faithfull  Louers  named  Alfagus 
and  Archelaus,'  1674.  [xxix.  332] 

JENYNS,    LEONARD    (1800-1893).     [See    BLOME- 

,   FIELD.] 

JENYNS,  SOAME  (1704-1787),  author  ;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  published  *  Poems,'  1752 ; 
M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1742-54  and  1760-80,  Dunwich, 
1754-60 ;  a  commissioner  of  trade,  1763 ;  his  '  Free  En- 
quiry into  the  Nature  and  Origin  of  Evil'  (1757)  re- 
viewed by  Johnson  in  '  Literary  Magazine ' ;  '  View  of 


JENYNS 


669 


JERROLD 


the  Internal  Evidence  of  the  Christian  Religion,'  1776 
(lothed.  17i»s),  translated  into  various  foreign  languages; 
works  collected,  1790.  [xxix.  332] 

JENYNS,  Pin  STEPHEN  (d.  1524).  lord  mayor  of 
London  :  master  of  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company, 
1489 ;  sheriff  of  London,  1498 :  lord  mayor,  1508 : 
knighted,  1509 ;  founded  Wolverhampton  grammar 
school.  [xxix.  333] 

JEPHSON,  ROBERT  (1736-1803),  dramatist  and 
poet ;  friend  of  William  Gerard  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  ;  master 
of  the  horse  in  Ireland  from  1767  ;  his  tragedy,  *  Broganza ' 
(with  epilogue  by  Horace  Walpole),  successfully  produced 
at  Drury  Lane,  1775;  his  'Conspiracy*  acted  by 
Kemble,  1796 :  his  '  Count  of  Narbonne '  played  by  Hen- 
derson at  Covent  Garden,  1781  (epilogue  by  Malone),  and 
afterwards  by  John  Philip  Kemble  in  Dublin,  and  his 
'  Julia,  or  the  Italian  Lover.'  performed  by  Kemble  and 
Mrs.  Siddons  (Drury  Lane,  1787)  ;  published  also  poems 
and  other  works.  [xxix.  334] 

JEPHSON,  WILLIAM  (1615  ?  -  1659  ?),  colonel : 
M.P.,  Stockbridge,  in  Long  parliament  (one  of  those  ex- 
pelled by  Pride);  served  against  rebels  in  Ireland: 
lieutenant-governor  of  Portsmouth,  1644;  governor  of 
Bandon,  1646:  deserted  with  Lord  Inchiquin,  1668:  as 
representative  of  Cork  in  second  protectorate  parliament 
(1656)  proposed  to  offer  the  crown  to  Cromwell:  envoy 
extraordinary  to  Sweden,  1657.  [xxix.  335] 

JERDAN,  WILLIAM  (1782-1869),  journalist ;  came 
to  London  from  Kelso,  1801  ;  began  journalistic  career 
on  the  '  Aurora,'  1806,  and  the  '  Pilot,'  1808  ;  joined '  Morn- 
ing Post '  :  first  to  seize  Perceval's  assassin  in  lobby  of 
House  of  Commons,  1812  ;  conducted  ' The  Satirist,'  1807- 
1814 :  edited  '  The  Sun,'  1813-17 ;  intimate  with  Canning : 
in  Paris  at  entry  of  Louis  XVIII,  1814  ;  edited  '  Literary 
Gazette,'  1817-50,  being  sole  proprietor  from  1843 ;  helped 
to  found  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  1821,  and  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  1830:  F.S.A.,  1826;  edited  for 
Camden  Society,  'Rutland  Papers'  (1842)  and  'Perth 
Correspondence '  ;  published  '  National  Portrait  Gallery 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  1830-4;  obtained  civil  list 
pension,  1853;  published 'Autobiography,'  1852-3,  and  'Men 
I  have  known,'  1866  ;  figures  in  Mediae's '  Fraserians.' 

[xxix.  336] 

JERDON,  THOMAS  CLAVERHILL  (1811-1872), 
zoologist ;  author  of  '  Birds  of  India,'  1862-4. 

[xxix.  338] 

JEREMIE,  JAMES  AMIRAUX  (1802-1872),  dean  of 
Lincoln  :  born  in  Guernsey ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1826;  M.A.,  1827:  D.D.,  1850 ;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1834,  and  dean,  1864-72;  professor  of  classics 
and  literature  at  Haileybury,  1830-50;  dean  of  Hailey- 
bury,  1838 ;  Christian  advocate  at  Cambridge,  1833-50, 
and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1850-70;  founded 
Septnagint  prizes  ;  published  '  History  of  the  Church  in 
the  Second  and  Third  Centuries,'  1852.  [xxix.  338] 

JEREMIE,  Sm  JOHN  (1795-1841),  colonial  judge ; 
advocate  in  Guernsey  :  chief-justice  of  St.  Lucia,  1824-30 : 
published  '  Four  Essays  on  Colonial  Slavery,'  1831 :  his 
appointment  as  procureur-general  of  the  Mauritius 
resisted  by  supporters  of  slavery,  1832-3  ;  judge  in  Ceylon, 
1836 ;  governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  1840-1 ;  knighted,  1840. 

[xxix.  339] 

JERMAN,  EDWARD  (rf.  1668),  architect  of  the 
Royal  Exchange  (burnt,  1838),  Fishmongers'  Hall,  and 
other  buildings  erected  after  the  fire.  [xxix.  340] 

JERMIN  or  GERMAN,  MICHAEL  (1591-1659), 
divine ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1615 ; 
M.A.,  1615  ;  D.D.  Leyden,  and,  1624,  Oxford  :  chaplain  to 
the  electress  palatine  and  afterwards  to  Charles  I ;  rector 
of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate,  1628 :  ejected  as  royalist :  pub- 
lished commentaries  on  Proverbs  and  Ecclesiastes. 

[xxix.  340] 

JERMY,  ISAAC  (1789-1848),  recorder  of  Norwich, 
1831-48 ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1812 :  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1814 ;  known  as  Preston  till  1838 ;  his 
succession  to  Stanfleld  Hall  forcibly  resisted,  1838 ;  mur- 
dered there  by  James  Blomfleld  Rush.  [xxix.  340] 

JERMY,  ISAAO  JERMY  (1821-1848),  son  of  Isaac 
Jenny  [q.  v.] :  M  JL  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1848 : 
murdered  by  James  Blomficld  Rush.  [xxix.  341] 


JERMY.  SETH  (d.  1724).  captain  in  tin- navy:  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Northumberland  at  Barfiear,  1692*;  while 
on  convoy  duty  at  mouth  of  the  Thames,  17<»7.  rapture! 
by  six  French  galleys.  [xxix.  341] 

JERMYN,  GEORGE  BITTON  (1789-1859). antiquary  • 
nephew  of  Henry  Jermyn  (1767-1820)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Cains 
College  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  LL.D.,  1826  ;  died 
in  Sardinia :  made  genealogical  collections  for  history  of 
Suffolk  and  compiled  a  family  history.  [xxix.  841] 

JERMYN,  HENRY,  first  EARL  O9  ST.  ALBANA 
(d.  1684),  courtier :  vice-chamberlain  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  1628,  and  her  master  of  the  horse,  1639 ;  M.P., 
Liverpool,  1628,  Corfe  Castle  in  Short  parliament,  and 
Bury  St.  Edmunds  in  Long  parliament :  after  being  en- 
gaged in  '  first  army  plot,'  1641,  escaped  to  France,  1641  : 
returned,  1643;  secretary  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria, 
commander  of  her  body-guard:  created  Baron  Jermyn, 
1643:  accompanied  Henrietta  Maria  to  France,  1644: 
governor  of  Jersey,  1644 ;  proposed  to  cede  Jersey  to  France 
in  exchange  for  help ;  persuaded  Charles  II  to  accept  the 
terms  offered  by  the  Scots;  remained  at  Paris  till  tlw 
Restoration ;  created  Earl  of  St.  Albans,  1660 ;  lord 
chamberlain,  1674;  as  ambassador  at  Paris  negotiated 
Charles  II's  marriage,  a  treaty  with  France  (1667),  and  in 
1669  preliminaries  of  treaty  of  Dover  :  planned  St.  James's 
Square  and  gave  his  name  to  Jermyn  Street ;  the  patron 
of  Cowley,  but  satirised  by  Marvell.  [xxix.  342] 

JERMYN,  HENRY,  first  BARON  DOVER  (1636-1708X 
nephew  of  Henry  Jermyn,  first  earl  of  St  Albans  [q.  v.] : 
master  of  the  horse  to  Duke  of  York,  1660 :  intriguel 
with  Lady  Oastlemaine  and  Lady  Shrewsbury  ;  wounded 
in  duel  with  Colonel  Thomas  Howard,  1662 ;  being  a 
Romanist  was  created  Baron  Dover  by  James  II,  1686 :  a 
commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1687  :  entrusted  with  the 
Prince  of  Wales  at  the  revolution:  followed  James  to 
France;  commanded  troop  at  the  Boyiie,  1690;  recon- 
ciled to  William  III ;  buried  at  Bruges.  [xxix.  344] 

JERMYN,  HENRY  (1767-1820),  Suffolk  antiquary  : 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn  ;  his  manuscript  collections  in  British  Museum. 

JERMYN,  JAMES  (d.  1852),  philologist"  cousin  of 
Henry  Jermyn  (1767-1820)  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  'Book  of 
English  Epithets,'  1849,  and  other  works,  [xxix.  345] 

JERNINGHAM,  EDWARD  (1727-1812),  poet  and 
dramatist:  friend  of  Chesterfield  and  Horace  Walpole: 
satirised  by  Gifford  and  Mathias;  published  'Rise  and 
Progress  of  Scandinavian  Poetry '  (poem),  1784,  and  other 
verse:  his  'Siege  of  Berwick'  acted  at  Coveut  Garden, 
1793,  re-edited  by  H.  E.  H.  Jerningham,  1882:  his 
'Margaret  of  Anjou'  (1777)  and  'The  Welch  Heiress' 
(1795)  produced  at  Drury  Lane.  [xxix.  346] 

JERNINGHAM  or  JERNEGAN,  Sm  HENRY  (d. 
1571),  received  manor  of  Costessy,  Norfolk,  1547,  and 
founded  that  branch  of  the  family:  first  important  ad- 
herent of  Queen  Mary.  1563 :  master  of  the  horse,  1657-8 : 
K.B.,  1553  ;  privy  councillor,  vice-chamberlain,  and  cap- 
tain of  the  guard  ;  routed  Wyatt,  1554.  [xxix.  347] 

JEROME,  STEPHEN  (fl.  1604-1650),  author ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1607  ;  author  of  '  Origen's 
Repentance,'  1619,  and  other  work?.  [xxix.  348] 

JERRAM,  CHARLES  (1770-1853), evangelical  divine : 
M.A.  Magdalene  College.  Cambridge,  1800;  Norrisian 
prizeman,  1796 ;  successor  of  Richard  Cecil  [q.  v.]  as 
vicar  of  Chobham,  1810 ;  rector  of  Witney,  1834 :  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xxix.  348] 

JERRARD,  GEORGE  BIRCH  (d.  1863),  mathe- 
matician: B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1827;  published 
writings  relating  to  theory  of  equations.  [SoppL  iii.  40] 

JERROLD,  DOUGLAS  WILLIAM  (1803-1857), 
author ;  appeared  on  the  stage  as  a  child :  midshipman, 
1813-15 ;  while  a  printer's  assistant  began  to  contribute 
to  papers  and  magazines ;  made  reputation  as  playwright 
with  'Black-eyed  Susan,'  at  the  Surrey.  1829  <Drnry 
Lane,  1835) :  his '  Bride  of  Ludgate '  acted  at  Drury  Lane, 
1831:  produced  at  the  Haymarket,  1845.  "Time  works 
Wonders':  contributed  to  'Athenaeum,*  'Blackwood,' 
and  other  publications;  published  in  'Punch'  (1846) 
'Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures,'  and  was  a  constant 
contributor,  1841-57  ;  started  'Douglas  Jerrold'*  Shilling 

T  Y 


JERROLD 


090 


JESBEY 


Magazine.'  1845,  and  'Douglas  Jen-old's  Weekly  News- 
paper,' 1H46  ;  published  '  The  Story  of  a  Feather,'  184 1,  and 
several  novels;  from  1852  till  death  edited  'Lloyd's 
Weekly  Newspaper' ;  enjoyed  great  reputation  as  a  wit. 

[xxix.  349] 

JERROLD,  WILLIAM  BLANOHARD  (1826-1884), 
journalist  and  author ;  son  of  Douglas  Jerrold  [q.  v.]  ; 
contributed  to  '  Douglas  Jerrold's  Weekly  Newspaper '  and 
'  Daily  News ' ;  Crystal  Palace  commissioner  in  Norway  and 
Sweden,  1853  ;  produced  'Cool  as  a  Cucumber '  at  Lyceum, 
1851,  edited  '  Lloyd's  Weekly '  from  1857 ;  collaborated  with 
tve  Dore  in  Paris  ;  published  '  Life  of  Napoleon  III,' 
1874-82,  with  help  of  the  empress  ;  also  gastronomic 
manuals,  lives  of  Douglas  Jerrold  and  George  Cruikshank, 
'  History  of  Industrial  Exhibitions,'  1862,  and  novels,  iu- 
rluding  'Cent,  per  Cent.,'  1871 ;  founder  and  president  of 
English  branch  of  International  Association  for  Assimila- 
tion of  Copyright  Laws.  [xxix.  352] 

JERSEY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  VILLIERS,  EDWARD,  first 
EARL,1656-1711 ;  VILLIKKS, WILLIAM, second  EARL,  1682?- 
1721 ;  VILLIERS,  GEORGE  BUSSY,  fourth  EARL,  1735-1806  ; 
ViLLiEKri,  GKORGE  CHILD-,  fifth  EARL,  1773-1859.] 

JERVAIS  or  JARVIS,  THOMAS  (rf.  1799).  glass- 
painter:  executed  Reyuolds's  design  for  New  College 
Chapel,  Oxford  (1787),  and  West's  for  the  east  window  of 
St.  George's,  Windsor.  [xxix.  353] 

JERVAS  or  JARVIS,  CHARLES  (1675  ?-1739), 
portrait-painter  and  translator  of  '  Don  Quixote' ;  studied 
under  Kneller ;  copied  antiques  at  Rome :  painted  por- 
traits of  George  II  and  Queen  Caroline :  taught  Pope  and 
painted  his  portrait  thrice,  as  well  as  those  of  Swift, 
Arbuthnot,  Newton,  and  the  Duchess  of  Queensberry ;  his 
version  of  'Don  Quixote'  (published,  1742)  frequently 
reprinted.  [xxix.  354] 

JEEVIS,  JOHN  (1752-1820),  mineralogist;  Unitarian 
minister  at  Lympstone,  1778-1820 ;  brother  of  Thomas 
Jervis  [q.  v.]  [xxix.  365] 

JERVIS,  JOHN,  EARL  OF  ST.  VIXCEXT  (1735-1823), 
admiral  of  the  fleet ;  in  West  Indies  as  able  seaman  and 
midshipman  ;  lieutenant,  1755  ;  engaged  a  French  pri- 
vateer off  Cape  Gata,  1757 ;  led  advanced  squadron  in 
charge  of  transports  past  Quebec,  and  was  entrusted  by 
Wolfe  with  his  last  message  to  his  fiancee,  1759 ;  carried 
important  despatches  to  Lord  Amherst,  1760;  exacted 
satisfaction  for  seizure  of  Turkish  slaves  in  the  Alarm  at 
Genoa,  1769;  saved  the  Alarm  in  violent  gale  at  Mar- 
seilles, 1770  ;  with  Samuel  Barriugton  [q.  v.]  visited 
Oronstadt,  Stockholm,  Carlscrona,  and  Copenhagen,  1774, 
and  the  western  ports  of  France,  1776 :  commanded  the 
Foudroyant  at  Ushant,  1778  (afterwards  giving  strong 
evidence  in  favour  of  Keppel)  and  at  the  three  reliefs  of 
Gibraltar,  1780-2;  captured  the  Pegase,  1782  ;  K.B.,  1782  ; 
M.P.,  Lauuceston,  1783,  Yarmouth,  1784 ;  on  fortification 
commission,  1785-6;  rear-admiral,  1787  ;  vice-admiral, 
1793 ;  co-operated  with  Sir  Charles  (afterwards  earl)  Grey 
[q.  v.]  in  capture  of  Martinique  and  Guadeloupe,  1794 ; 
admiral,  1795,  and  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  defeated  Spanish  fleet  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  14  Feb. 
1797,  capturing  four  ships  and  disabling  many  others  ; 
received  pension  of  3,000/.  and  the  freedom  of  the  city ; 
created  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  kept  Cadiz  sealed  and 
sent  Nelson  to  Aboukir  and  Duckworth  to  Minorca,  1798  : 
successfully  repressed  mutiny ;  censured  by  the  admiralty 
for  sending  home  Sir  John  Orde  [q.  v.],  and  obliged  by  fail- 
ing health  to  resign  his  post,  1799 :  after  a  few  months 
assumed  command  of  the  Channel  fleet,  in  which  he  en- 
forced the  severe  discipline  recently  applied  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  as  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Addington  minis- 
try organised  attack  on  the  armed  neutrality,  1801,  and 
defence  of  the  coast  against  French  invasion ;  obtained 
(1802)  commission  of  inquiry  which  resulted  (1806)  in 
impeachment  of  Melville  and  thorough  reform  of  naval 
administration ;  being  attacked  by  Pitt  for  not  building 
sufficient  ships,  he  undertook  no  further  public  service  till 
after  Pitt's  death ;  resumed  command  In  Channel,  1806 ; 
retired,  1807 ;  admiral  of  the  flet-t,  1821.  [xxix.  356] 

JERVIS,  SIR  JOHN  (1802-1856),  lord  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas :  second  cousin  of  John  Jervis,  earl  of  St. 
Vincent  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster,  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  Middle  Temple ;  called,  1824;  reported  in 
exchequer  court,  1826-32 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Chester,  1832  - 
I860 :  voted  against  Melbourne  on  Jamaica  bill,  1839  ;  as 
uttorney-ireneral  under  Russell  (1846-50).  introduced  the 


measures  (1848)  relating  to  justices  of  the  peace  known 
by  Ins  name;  knighted,  184(5;  president  of  coiiimun  law 
pleading  commission,  1850  ;  privy  councillor,  1850  ;  lord 
chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1850-6  ;  contributed  to 
the  'Jurist' ;  published  treatise  on  the  office  and  duties 
of  coroners,  1829,  and  edited  '  Reports.'  [xxix.  363] 

JEEVIS,  SIR  JOHN  JERVIS  WHITE,  first  baronet 
(1766-1830),  author  ;  B.A.  Dublin,  and  LL.D. ;  barrister- 
at-law ;  assumed  name  of  Jervis ;  raised  volunteer  corps, 
1796  and  1803 ;  created  Irish  baronet,  1797 ;  published 
works,  including  '  Refutation  of  M.  M.  de  Montgaillard's 
Calumnies  against  British  Policy,'  1812.  [xxix.  364] 

JERVIS,  THOMAS  (1748-1833),  Unitarian  minister 
and  Dr.  Williams's  trustee  ;  successor  of  Kippis  at  Prince's 
Street,  Westminster,  1796 ;  afterwards  at  Mill  Hill,  Leeds  ; 
contributor  to  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  and  hymn-writer. 

[xxix.  365] 

JERVIS,  WILLIAM  HENLEY  PEARSON-  (1813- 
1883),  author  of  '  History  of  the  Church  of  France'  (1872) 
and  'The  Gallicau  Church  and  the  French  Revolution' 
(1882) ;  sou  of  Hugh  Nicolas  Pearson  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1838 ;  assumed  name  of 
Jervis,  1865  ;  rector  of  St.  Nicholas,  Guildford,  1837. 

[xxix.  365] 

JERVISE,  ANDREW  (1820-1878),  Scottish  antiquary  ; 
examiner  of  registers,  1856  ;  published  '  Epitaphs  and  In- 
scriptions from  Burial  Grounds  and  Old  Buildings  in  North 
East  Scotland '  (vol.  i.  1875,  vol.  ii.  (posthumous)  1879), 
and  similar  works.  [xxix.  366] 

JERVISWOODE,  LORD.  [See  BAILLIE,  CHARLES, 
1804-1879.] 

JERVOIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  DRUMMOND 
(1821-1897),  lieutenant-general ;  second  lieutenant,  royal 
engineers,  1839;  lieutenant,  1841;  brevet-major,  1854; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1862;  colonel,  1872;  major-general, 
1877  ;  lieutenant-general,  1882 ;  colonel-commandant  of 
royal  engineers,  1893 ;  went  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1841, 
and  made  valuable  surveys  of  many  districts ;  served  in 
Kaffir  war ;  commanded  company  of  sappers  and  miners 
at  Woolwich  and  Chatham,  1849-52,  and  at  Alderney, 
1852-4 ;  commanding  royal  engineer  of  London  military 
district,  1855  ;  assistant  inspector-general  of  fortifications 
at  war  office,  1856 ;  secretary  to  royal  commission  on  de- 
fences of  United  Kingdom,  1859-60 ;  director  of  works  for 
fortifications,  1862 ;  C.B.  (civil),  1863 ;  made  frequent 
visits  to  British  colonies  to  inspect  fortifications; 
K.C.M.G.,  1874 ;  governor  of  Straits  Settlements,  1875 ; 
appointed  adviser  to  Australian  colonies  as  to  defence  of 
chief  ports,  1877  ;  governor  of  South  Australia,  1877,  and 
of  New  Zealand,  1882-9  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1878 ;  F.R.S.,  1888 ; 
published  writings  relating  to  defences.  [Suppl.  iii.  40] 

JESSE,  EDWARD  (1780-1868),  writer  on  natural 
history;  deputy-surveyor  of  royal  parks  and  palaces ; 
friend  of  Oroker  and  John  Mitford  ;  published  '  Gleanings 
in  Natural  History '  (three  series,  1832-4-5), '  A  Summer's 
Day  at  Hampton  Court,'  1839,  and  other  works ;  edited 
Walton's  '  Angler '  and  White's  '  Selborne.'  [xxix.  366] 

JESSE,  JOHN  HENEAGE  (1815-1874),  historical 
writer ;  sou  of  Edward  Jesse  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ; 
clerk  in  the  admiralty  ;  author  of  'Memoirs '  of  the  court 
of  England,  of  George  Selwyn  and  his  contemporaries. 
1843,  of  the  Pretenders,  1846,  of  Richard  III,  1862,  and 
George  III,  1867,  works  on  London,  and  'Celebrated 
'  Etonians,'  published,  1876.  [xxix.  367] 

JESSEL,   SIR  GEORGE  (1824-1883),  master  of  the 

!  rolls ;  educated  at  London  University,  of  which  he  was 

j  vice-chancellor,  1881-3 :  M.A.,  1844 :  barrister,  Lincoln's 

I  Inn,  1847  (treasurer,  1883) ;  practised  as  conveyancer ; 

leading  junior  in  rolls  court ;  Q.C.,  1865  ;  liberal  M.P.  for 

Dover,  1868-73  ;  solicitor-general,  1871-3  ;  master  of  the 

rolls,  1873-83  ;  privy  councillor,  1873  ;  working  head  of  the 

Patent  Office,  1873-83  :  one  of  the  greatest  English  equity 

judges ;  active  member  of  the  commission  on  working  pi 

the  medical  acts,  1881 ;  a  baronetcy  conferred  on  his  heir 

after  his  death,  1883.  [xxix.  368] 

JESSEY  or  JACIE,    HENRY    (1601-1663X  baptist 

I  divine ;    B.A.    St.   John's    College,    Cambridge,   1623 : 

I  episcopaUy    ordained,    1627 ;    deprived   of    vicarage    of 

Aughton  for  nonconformity,  1634  ;  independent  pastor  in 

I  Southwark,  1637 :  adopted  baptist  views,  1646 ;  assisted 


JESSOP 


091 


JOAN 


in  founding  first  Welsh  independent  church,  1G39  ;  bap- 
tist ku-:icher'  in  Swan  Alley,  Ooleinan  Streer, 
'trier'  and  'expurgator ';  collected  money  for  Jews  in 
Jerusalem,  1657  ;  frequently  arrested  after  the  Restora- 
tion: published  annual  'Scripture  Kalendare,'  1646-64, 
and  devotional  works,  and  planned  a  revision  of  the  bible. 

[xxix.  370] 

JESSOP,  CONSTANTINE  (1602  ?-1658),presbyterian 
minister;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and (1632)  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford  ;  obtained  sequestered  benefices  of 
Fy  field,  1643,  and  St.  Nicholas,  Bristol,  1647 ;  rector  of 
Wimborne  Minster.  1664-8  ;  published  theological  works. 

[xxix.  372] 

JEUNE,  FRANCIS  (1806-1868),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough ;  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1830  :  D.O.L., 
1834 ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  1830-7  ;  secretary  to 
Sir  John  Colborne  in  Canada,  1832  :  headmaster  of  King 
Edward's  School,  Birmingham,  1834-8 ;  dean  of  Jersey, 
1838-43  ;  master  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1843-64  ; 
active  member  of  Oxford  commission,  1850  :  vice-chancel- 
lor, 1858-62 ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1864 ;  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, 1864-8.  [xxix.  372] 

JEVON,  THOMAS  (1662-1688),  actor  and  dramatist: 
brother-in-law  of  Thomas  Shadwell  [q.  v.] ;  played  low 
comedy  parts  in  plays  by  D'Orfey,  Shadwell,  Mountford's 
'  Dr.  Faustus,'  and  his  own  play, '  The  Devil  of  a  Wife,' 
1686.  [xxix.  373] 

JEVONS,  MRS.  MARY  ANNE  (1795-1845),  author  of 
'Sonnets  and  other  Poems,  chiefly  devotional*  (1845); 
daughter  of  William  Roscoe  [q.  v.] ;  married  Thomas 
Jevons,  1825.  [xxix.  374] 

JEVONS,  WILLIAM  STANLEY  (1835-1882),  econo- 
mist and  logician ;  sou  of  Mrs.  Mary  Anne  Jevons  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  University  College,  London ;  assayer,  Sydney  I 
mint,  1854-9 :  published  '  Remarks  on  the  Australian  ' 
Goldfields,'  1859 :  returned  to  England  and  graduated 
MA.  London,  with  the  gold  medal  for  philosophy  and  { 
political  economy,  1862  :  went  to  Owens  College  as  tutor,  j 
1863  ;  issued  his  '  Pure  Logic '  (founded  on  Boole's  mathe- 
matical method),  1864 ;  predicted  future  exhaustion  of 
British  coal  supply,  1865  :  professor  of  logic,  political 
economy,  and  philosophy  at  Owens  College,  1866-79 ;  ex- 
hibited his  reasoning  machine  in  Manchester  and  Liver- 
pool, 1866;  published  'Substitution  of  Similars,'  1869, 
'  Elementary  Lessons  in  Logic,'  1870, '  Studies  in  Deduc- 
tive Logic,'  1880,  and  '  Principles  of  Science,'  1874 ;  wrote 
on  currency,  1868-9 ;  defended  Lowe's  match  tax,  1871 ; 
issued  'Theory  of  Political  Economy'  (treated  as  a 
mathematical  science),  1871,  with  'Primer,'  1878  ;  F.R.S., 
1872 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1875  ;  professor  of  political 
economy,  University  College,  London,  1876-80 ;  published 
'  The  State  in  Relation  to  Labour,'  1882  :  his  '  Methods  of 
Social  Reform '  published  posthumously ;  drowned  at 
Bulverhythe,  Sussex ;  a  fund  for  the  encouragement  of 
economic  research  was  founded  in  his  honour. 

[xxix.  374] 

JEWEL,  JOHN  (1822-1571),  bishop  of  Salisbury; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1542-83  ;  M.A., 
1645 ;  trained  in  biblical  criticism  by  John  Parkhurst 
(1512?-1878)[q.v.] ;  vicar  of  Sunningwell,1551 ;  deprived 
of  his  fellowship  under  Mary ;  notary  to  Oranmer  and 
Ridley  in  their  disputation,  1554 :  fled  to  Frankfort  to  avoid 
persecution,  1555,  though  he  had  signed  Romish  articles  ; 
joined  Richard  Cox  [q.  v.]  against  Knox ;  afterwards 
stayed  with  Peter  Martyr  at  Strasburg  and  Zurich  ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1559 ;  one  of  the  protestant  disputants 
at  the  Westminster  conference,  1659  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
1560-71 ;  challenged  Romanist  antagonists  to  prove  their 
doctrines ;  carried  on  controversies  with  Henry  Cole  [q.  v.] 
and  Thomas  Harding  (1516-1572)  [q.  v.]  ;  Issued  in  Latin 
his  '  Apologia  pro  Ecclesia  Anglicana,'  1562,  and  '  Defence 
of  the  Apology,'  1670  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1575  ;  ultimately  iden- 
tified himself  with  Anglicanism  and  opposed  the  puritans ; 
his  answer  to  Cartwright  and  '  View  of  a  Seditious  Bull ' 
issued  posthumously;  entrusted  by  convocation  with 
revision  of  the  articles,  1671  ;  built  cathedral  library  at 
Salisbury ;  encouraged  education,  Hooker  being  among 
his  proteges.  His  complete  works  have  been  edited  by 
Fuller  (1609),  Jelf  (1848),  and  Eyre  (1848-60). 

[xxix.  378] 

JEWETT,  RANDOLPH  or  RANDAL  (d.  1675),  com- 
poser of  anthems  and  organist  of  St.  Patrick  and  Christ 
Church,  Dublin;  Mus.  Bac.  Trinity  College,  Dublin; 


minor  oanon  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1681 :  organist  of 
Winchester.  [xxfx.  382] 

JEWITT,  ARTHUR  (1778-1862),  topographer :  author 
°LHlHtorv  of  Lincolnshire  •  (1817X  of  Buxton  (1810), 
'The  Northern  Star,  or  Yorkshire  Magazine'  (1817-18X 
and  mathematical  handbooks.  [xxix.  I8J] 

JEWITT,  LLKWKLLYXX  FKKDRRIOK  WILLIAM 
(1816-1886).  antiquary ;  son  of  Arthur  Jewitt  [q.  T.]  ; 
executed  drawings  for  Charles  Knight's  publications  aud 
Parker's  architectural  works;  chief  librarian  of  Ply- 

m?UK,^wL849~58:  edlted  tDerby  Telegraph,'  1818-68 : 
established  'Reliquary,'  1860;  P.8.A.,  1863:  published 
'  Ceramic  Art  of  Great  Britain,'  1878,  '  The  Wedgwood*,' 
1865,  'Graves,  Mounds,  and  their  Contents,'  1870,  and 
other  works ;  collaborated  with  Samuel  Carter  Hall  [q.  v.] 
in 'Stately  Homes  of  England,' 1874-7.  [xxix.  383] 

JEWITT,  THOMAS  ORLANDO  SHELDON  (17W- 
1869),  wood-engraver;  brother  of  Llewellynn  Frederick 
William  Jewitt  [q.  v.]  ;  illustrated  Parker's  architectural 
works  and  other  publications.  [xxix.  884] 

JEWSBTTRY,  GERALDINE  END30R  (1812-1880X 
novelist ;  friend  of  the  Carlyles,  Helen  Fauci t,  and  William 
Edward  Forster :  published '  Zoe,'  1845,  "The  Half -Slaters.' 
1848, '  Marian  Withers,'  1861, and '  Right  or  Wrong,'  1869; 
and  juvenile  fiction.  [xxix.  384] 

JEWSBTJRY,  MABIA  JANK,  afterwards  MRS. 
FLETCHKR  (1800-1833),  authoress;  sister  of  Geraldine 
Endsor  Jewsbury  [q.  v.]  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Athe- 
naeum ' ;  went  to  India  with  her  husband ;  praised  by 
Wordsworth  and  Christopher  North ;  published  '  Phan- 
tasmagoria,' 1824, '  The  Three  Histories,'  1830,  aud  other 
works  ;  died  of  cholera  at  Poonah.  [xxix.  388] 

JEZREEL,  JAMES  JERSHOM  (1840-1886),  founder 
of  the '  New  and  Latter  House  of  Israel,'  1876  ;  originally 
named  JAMES  WHITE  ;  began  life  as  private  in  the  army : 
married  Clarissa  Rogers  ('  Queen  Esther  'X  1879,  and  with 
her  visited  America  and  made  converts ;  published  'Ex- 
tracts from  the  Flying  Scroll,'  1879-81 ;  erected  extensive 
building  for  his  sect  at  Gillingham.  [xxix.  388] 

JOAN,  JOANNA,  JONE,  or  JANE  (1166-1199), 
queen  of  Sicily ;  third  daughter  of  Henry  II  of  England  ; 
married  to  William  II,  king  of  Sicily,  1177 ;  detained  after 
bis  death  (1189)  by  Taucred,  the  new  king  of  Sicily,  by 
whom  she  was  given  up  to  her  brother  Richard,  1190 ; 
accompanied  him  and  Queen  Berengaria  to  Palestine, 
1191 ;  proposed  as  wife  for  Saphadin,  brother  of  Saladin ; 
married  Raymond  VI,  count  of  Toulouse,  1196 ;  died  at 
Rouen  at  birth  of  her  second  child  :  buried  at  Fontevraud, 
where  she  was,  when  dying,  veiled  as  a  nun.  [xxix.  386] 

JOAN,  JOANNA,  ANNA,  or  JANET  (rf.  1237), 
princess  of  North  Wales ;  according  to  '  Tewkesbury 
Annals '  a  daughter  of  King  John  ;  married  to  Llywelyn 
ab  lorwerth  [q.  v.],  1206;  obtained  terms  for  her  husband 
from  King  John,  1211 ;  mediated  between  Henry  III  and 
the  Welsh  :  Franciscan  house  founded  in  Anglesey  at  her 
burial  place ;  her  stone  coffin  now  in  Baron  Hill  Park, 
Beaumaris.  [xxix.  388] 

JOAN  or  JOANNA  (1210-1238),  queen  of  Scotland : 
eldest  daughter  of  King  John  of  England ;  betrothed  to 
the  younger  Hugh  of  Lusignan,  but  (1221)  married,  at 
York,  Alexander  II  of  Scotland  ;  died  in  England :  buried 
at  Tarent  nunnery,  Dorset.  [xxix.  388] 

JOAN  or  JOANNA  OF  ACRE,  COUNTESS  o»  GLOUCKH- 
TKK  AND  HERTFORD  (1272-1307),  third  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward I  and  Eleanor  of  Castile ;  after  five  yean  in  Spain 
•was  betrothed  to  Hartmaun,  sou  of  Rudolf  of  Habsburg, 
1279 ;  married  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1290,  Gilbert  de 
Clare(1243-1295)  [q.  v.]  ;  after  his  death  privately  married 
Ralph  de  Monthermer  [q.  v.],  1297.  [xxix.  389] 

JOAN  (1321-1362),  queen  of  Scotland  :  youngest  child 
of  Edward  II:  married  to  David  Bruce  of  Berwick, 
1327,  both  parties  being  children ;  crowned  at  Scone, 
1331 ;  accompanied  David  to  France  when  Baliol  seised 
the  crown,  1332 ;  lived  at  Chateau  Gaillard,  1334-41 ; 
allowed  by  Edward  III  to  visit  her  husband  while  a 
prisoner  in  England ;  settled  in  England  on  account  of 
the  infidelity  of  David,  receiving  Hertford  Castle  as  a 
residence  ;  highly  popular  in  Scotland.  [xxix.  390] 

YY2 


JOAN 


692 


JOHN 


JOAN  (1328-1385), 'Fair  Maid  of  Kent,'  daughter  of 
Dlmund  of  Woodstock,  earl  of  Kent  [q.  v.]  ;  her  marriage 
with  William  de  Moutactito,  second  carl  of  Salisbury 
[q.  v.].  set  aside  on  the  ground  of  pre-contract  with  Sir 
Thomas  Holland  (d.  1360)  [q.  v.],  1349 :  became  Countess 
of  Kent  and  Lady  Wake  of  Liddell  iu  her  own  right,  1352 ; 
married,  as  her  second  husband,  Ed  ward  the  Black  Prince, 
1361 ;  lived  with  him  in  Aquitaine,  1362-71 :  protected 
John  of  Gaunt  from  the  Londoners,  1377  ;  mediated  be- 
tween Richard  II  and  John  of  Gaunt,  1385.  [xxix.  392] 

JOAN  or  JOANNA  OP  NAVARRK  (1370  7-1437),  queen 
of  Henry  IV  of  England  ;  second  daughter  of  Charles  the 
Bad  of  Navarre :  married  first  to  John  IV,  duke  of  Brit- 
tany, 1386  ;  when  regent  married  by  proxy  to  Henry  IV, 
1401,  and  in  person  at  Winchester,  1403,  leaving  her 
Breton  children  under  Burgundy's  guardianship  :  accused 
of  witchcraft,  deprived  of  her  revenues  and  imprisoned  at 
Pevensey,  1419-22  ;  buried  at  Canterbury,  [xxix.  393] 

JOAN,  queen  of  Scotland  (d.  1445).  [See  JANE  or 
JOHANNA.] 

JOAN  OP  KENT  (d.  1550).    [See  BOCHER,  JOAN.] 

JOBSON,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1573),  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower,  1564 ;  knighted  by  Edward  VI.  [xxix.  395] 

JOBSON,  FREDERICK  JAMES  (1812-1881),  Wes- 
leyan  minister ;  thrice  assistant  for  a  three  years'  term 
at  the  City  Road  Chapel ;  delegate  at  methodist  episcopal 
conference,  Indianapolis,  1856,  and  the  Sydney  confer- 
ence, 1862  ;  book  steward,  1864 :  president  of  Wesleyan 
methodist  conference,  1869 ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxix.  396] 

JOBSON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1620-1623),  traveller  and 
author ;  ascended  the  Gambia,  1620 ;  published  •  The 
Golden  Trade,  or  a  Discovery  of  the  River  Gambra,'  1623. 

[xxix.  396] 

JOCELIN.    [See  also  JOSCELYN  and  JOSSELYN.] 

JOCELIN  (d.  1199),  bishop  of  Glasgow;  abbot  of 
Melrose,  1170;  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1175-99;  attended 
council  of  Northampton,  1176  ;  sent  by  William  the  Lion 
to  Rome  to  obtain  removal  of  an  interdict,  1181;  built 
crypt  and  began  choir,  lady-chapel,  and  central  tower, 
Glasgow  Cathedral.  [xxix.  396] 

JOCELIN  DE  BRAKELOXD(./?.  1200),  chronicler ;  monk 
of  Bury  St.  Edmunds.  His  chronicle  of  St.  Edmund's 
Abbey  (1173-1202),  translated  byT.E.  Tomlins,  1843,  and 
edited  by  J.  G.  Rokewood,  1840,  and  T.  Arnold,  1890, 
inspired  Carlyle's  « Past  and  Present.'  [xxix.  397] 

JOCELIN  or  JOSCELIN  (fl.  1200),  Cistercian  ;  com- 
piled lives  of  St.  Patrick  (first  printed,  1624  ;  translated 
by  E.  L.  Swift,  1809)  and  other  saints.  [xxix.  397] 

JOCELIN  or  JOSCELINE  OP  WELLS  (d.  1242),  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells  ;  iusticiar  of  fines,  1203-5  ;  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Glastonbury,  1206-18,  of  Bath  (and  Wells) 
alone,  1206-42;  named  in  preamble  of  Great  Charter; 
justice  itinerant  in  western  counties,  1218;  took  part 
with  Langton  against  Falkes  de  Breante,  1224  ;  witnessed 
confirmation  of  the  charter.  1236  ;  buried  at  Wells,  where 
he  built  the  nave,  choir,  and  west  front,  as  well  as  the 
oldest  part  of  the  palace.  [xxix.  398] 

JOCELIN,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1696-1622),  author  of 
1  The  Mother's  Legacie  to  her  Unborne  Childe,'  published, 
1624  (3rd  edition  reprinted,  1852) ;  n6e  Brooke ;  died  in 
childbirth.  [xxix.  399] 

JOCELYN,  PERCY  (1764-1843),  bishop  of  Clogher ; 
son  of  Robert,  first  earl  of  Roden  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1785  :  bishop  of  Ferns  and  Leighlin,  1809, 
of  Clogher,  1820  ;  deposed  for  scandalous  crime. 

[xxix.  399] 

JOCELYN,  ROBERT,  fir*t  (Irish)  VISCOUNT  JOCELYN 
(1688  7-1756),  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland ;  Irish  barrister, 
1706:  entered  Irish  parliament,  1725;  solicitor-general, 
1727;  attorney-general,  1730:  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
1739-66  :  created  Baron  Newport,  1743,  Viscount  Jocelyn, 
1756 ;  ten  times  lord  justice.  [xxix.  399] 

JOCELYN,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OP  RODEN  (1731- 
1 797),  auditor-general  of  Ireland,  1750-97  :  son  of  Robert, 
u'r/t  viscount  Jocelyn  [q.  v.] :  created  Irish  earl,  1771. 

[xxix.  400] 


JOCELYN,  ROBERT,  third  EARL  OP  RODKX  (1788- 
1R70).  errand  master  of  the  Orange  Society:  M.F.,  Dun- 
d:i!k,  1810-20;  created  British  peer  (Baron  Clanbrassil), 
1821 ;  J.P.  (removed  after  Dolly's  Brae  riots,  1849). 

[xxix.  400] 

JODRELL.  SIR  PAUL  (d.  1803),  physician :  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  eleventh  wrangler,  1769 : 
M.A.,  1772 ;  M.D.,  1786  ;  knighted,  1787  ;  physician  to  the 
nabob  of  Arcot,  1787  ;  died  at  Madras.  [xxix.  401] 

JODEELL,  RICHARD  PAUL  (1745-1831),  classical 
scholar  and  dramatist ;  brother  of  Sir  Paul  Jodrell  [q.  v.] : 
contributed  to  *  Musae  Etonenses ' ;  of  Hertford  College. 
Oxford  :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1771 ;  M.P.,  Seaford. 
1794-6  ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  published  « Illustrations  of 
Euripides,'  1778, 'The  Philology  of  the  English  Language,' 
1820,  and  plays,  including  '  A  Widow  and  no  Widow '  and 
•Seeing  is  Believing,'  produced  at  the  Haymarket,  1779 
and  1783.  [xxix.  401 J 

JODRELL,  SIR  RICHARD  PAUL,  second  baronet 
(1781-1861),  poet ;  son  of  Richard  Paul  Jodrell  [q.  v.] :  of 
Eton  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1806  :  barris- 
ter, Lincoln's  Inn,  1803 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy  of  bis 
maternal  great-uncle,  Sir  John  Lombe,  1817. 

[xxix.  402] 

JOFROI  or  GEOFFROY  OP  WATERPORD  (fl.  1290), 
translator  (Gotafridus).  [xxix.  402] 

JOHANNES  2EGIDIUS  (fl.  1230).  [See  JOHN  OF  ST. 
GILES.] 

JOHANNES  DE  SACRO  Bosco  (/.  1230).  [See  HOLY- 
WOOD,  JOHN.] 

JOHN  (1167  7-1216),  king  of  England :  youngest  son 
of  Henry  II ;  called  LACKLAND  in  boyhood  by  his  father, 
I  whose  favourite  son  he  was :  declared  king  of  Ireland, 
I  1177 :  taken  to  Normandy,  1183  ;  with  his  brother,  Geof- 
|  frey  of  Brittany,  made  war  on  Richard,  1184,  who  refused 
j  to  give  him  Aquitaine ;  sent  to  Ireland,  1185,  where  he 
]  alienated  the  natives  by  his  insolence  and  the  mercenaries 
by  spending  their  pay ;  given  a  command  in  Normandy, 
1187 ;  hastened  Henry  IPs  death  by  his  treachery,  1189 ; 
married  A  vice  of  Gloucester,  1189,  and  received  from 
Richard  I  the  counties  of  Mortain,  Derby,  Dorset,  Somer- 
set, Devon,  and  Cornwall,  the  town  of  Nottingham,  and 
]  several  castles,  with  full  rights  of  jurisdiction  ;  returned 
'  to  England,  1191,  and  kept  royal  state  at  Marlborough 
I  and  Lancaster ;  headed  the  opposition  to  William  Long- 
I  champ  (chancellor);    had  himself  declared  heir  to  the 
1  throne,  1191 ;  with  the  assistance  of  the  Londoners  com- 
I  pelled  Longchamp  to  leave  England,  1191 ;  on  the  news  of 
|  Richard's  imprisonment  did  homage  to  his  enemy,  Philip 
i  of  France,  for  his  continental  dominions,  1193 ;  made 
I  raids  with  foreign  mercenaries  on  Richard's  English  ter- 
|  ritory,  but  was  compelled  to  flee  with  Philip  into  France ; 
,  attempted  to  prolong  Richard  I's  captivity ;  excommuni- 
i  cated  and  deprived  of  his  English  lands,  but  forgiven  by 
l  Richard  through  the  mediation  of  their  mother,  Eleanor. 
.  1194  ;  made  war  for  him  against  Philip,  and  received  back 
1  some  of  his  lands  and  a  pension,  1195  ;  retired  to  Brittany 
;  on  being  accused  by  Philip  to  Richard,  but  was  declared 
his  brother's  heir,  1199 ;  acknowledged  in  Normandy,  but 
i  resisted  in  the  Angevin  provinces   by  the  adherents  of 
i  Arthur  of  Brittany;  crowned  at  Westminster,  27  May 
j  1199;  returned  to  Normandy  and  made  treaty  with  Philip 
j  of  France,  being  acknowledged  king  of  England  and  Duke 
I  of  Normandy,  with  the  homage  of  Brittany  from  Arthur : 
renounced  alliance  of    the  emperor  and  the  count  of 
Flanders,  and  gave  his  niece,  Blanche,  in  marriage  to  Louis 
of  France,  1200  ;  divorced  his  wife,  Avice,  but  retained  her 
inheritance,  1200 ;  married  Isabella  of  Angoulome  [q.  v.], 
1200 ;  received  homage  from  William  of  Scotland,  1200 : 
proceeded  against  the  Poitevin  lords  who  were  allied  with 
Isabella's  betrothed,  Hugh  le  Brun;  sentenced  by  the 
French  peers  to  forfeit  all  his  fiefs  for  refusing  to  submit 
to  his  suzerain,  Philip,  his  claims  to  continental  possessions, 
1202  ;  raised  siege  of  Mirebeau  and  captured  his  nephew, 
Arthur  [q.  v.],  Eleanor,  his  sister,  and  many  French  nobles ; 
attempted  to  blind  Arthur,  removed  him  to  Rouen,  and 
there  probably  murdered   him,  1203  :  being  defeated  in 
Normandy  returned  to  England,  1 204  :  lost  all  Normandy 
and  most  of  Poitou,  1204-6 :  agreed  to  a  truce  for  two 
years,  surrendering  all  territory  north  of  Loire,  1206  ;  re- 
fused to  accept  Stephen  Langton  [q.  v.]  as  archbishop, 
and  drove  out  the  monks  of  Canterbury,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  kingdom  was  laid  under  interdict,  1208 ; 


JOHN 


693 


JOHN 


seized  property  of  bishops  who  bad  published  it,  and  con- 
fiscated property  of  the  clergy  and  monks  aud  outlawed 
them,  1208-9  ;  exacted  hostages  from  William  of  Scotland 
am!  the  English  nobles  ;  went  to  Ireland  to  establish  Eng- 
lish supremacy,  overthrew  power  of  the  Lucys,  and  re- 
v.-ir'fl  himself  on  William  de  Braose,  1210;  extorted 
money  from  the  Jews  ;  reduced  North  Wales,  1211 :  ex- 
communicated by  the  pope,  1212 ;  oppressed  the  noble*, 
but  mitigated  forest  exactions,  and  allied  himself  with 
the  counts  of  Flanders  and  Boulogne  against  France; 
intliirnced  by  rumours  of  conspiracy  surrendered  his 
kingdom  to  the  pope,  1213,  promising  to  pay  annual  tri- 
bute and  to  receive  back  the  exiled  prelates,  1213 ;  after 
the  English  naval  victory  at  Damme,  1213,  renewed  his 
coronation  promises  to  the  returned  bishops  at  Win- 
chester; displeased  the  barons  by  appointment  of  Peter 
dcs  Roches  as  justiciar,  October  1213 ;  issued  writ  for  a 
council  at  which  representatives  of  counties  were  to  be 
present,  November  1213;  sent  an  embassy  to  Morocco; 
filled  up  vacant  benefices :  invaded  Poitou,  and  obtained 
some  successes  in  Anjou,  but  fled  before  the  dauphin,  and 
after  the  defeat  of  his  allies  at  Bouvines  (1214)  made  a 
truce  for  five  years,  and  returned  to  England ;  compelled, 
in  spite  of  papal  support,  to  agree  to  the  barons'  demands 
at  Runnymede,  15  June  1215  :  obtaining  excommunica- 
tion of  his  opponents  and  aid  of  mercenaries,  caused  division 
among  the  barons,  and  took  Rochester,  Colchester,  and 
many  of  the  northern  castles ;  deserted  on  landing  of  Louis 
of  France,  1216,  by  Salisbury  and  other  adherents;  lost 
most  of  England  except  the  west ;  pursued  from  Windsor 
to  the  east;  ravaged  the  country  mercilessly,  and  after 
marching  north  through  Lincolnshire,  died,  possibly 
poisoned,  at  Newark ;  buried  in  Worcester  Cathedral. 

[xxix.  402] 

JOHN  OF  ELTHAM,  EARL  OP  CORNWALL  (1316-1336), 
second  son  of  Edward  II ;  regent  for  Edward  III  while  in 
France,  1329  and  1331,  and  Scotland,  1332;  commanded 
first  division  at  Halidon  Hill,  1333 ;  died  at  Perth  while 
commanding  in  Scotland.  [xxix.  417] 

JOHN  OF  GAUNT,  DUKE  OF  LANCASTER  (1340-1399), 
fourth  son  of  Edward  III ;  born  at  Ghent ;  created  Earl 
of  Richmond,  1342  ;  married  Blanche  of  Lancaster  and 
accompanied  expedition  to  France,  1359 ;  succeeded  to 
Lancaster  estates  in  right  of  his  wife,  and  was  created  duke, 
1362 ;  led  first  division  of  the  Black  Prince's  army  into 
Spain,  distinguishing  himself  at  Najera,  1367  ;  captain  of 
Calais  and  Guisnes,  1369  ;  with  Black  Prince  at  recapture 
of  Limoges  (1370) ;  lieutenant  of  Aquitaine,  1371 ;  captured 
Perigord,  but  resigned  his  command,  July  1371 ;  married 
(as  his  second  wife)  Constance  of  Castile,  assuming  title  of 
king  of  Castile,  1372 ;  accompanied  Rochelle  expedition, 
1372;  as  captain-general  led  force  from  Calais  to  Bor- 
deaux, but  effected  nothing,  1373 ;  took  part  in  Bruges 
negotiations,  1375-6  :  attacked  through  his  adherents  in 
the  Good  parliament,  1376,  but  on  its  dissolution,  July 
1376,  reversed  its  measures :  upheld  Wycliffe  (his  ally 
against  the  prelates),  and  when  insulted  by  the  Londoners, 
obtained  dismissal  of  their  officers;  on  accession  of 
Richard  II  (1377)  retired  from  court:  called  upon  for 
advice  on  French  war ;  incurred  great  odium  by  failure  of 
his  attempt  on  St.  Malo  and  outrages  of  his  followers, 
1378 ;  as  commander  of  the  border  made  truce  with  Scot- 
land, 1380  ;  acted  as  justiciar  to  inquire  into  rebellion  of 
1381 ;  presided  over  commission  to  reform  the  royal  house- 
hold, 1381 ;  negotiated  truce  with  France,  1384 ;  unsuccess- 
fully invaded  Scotland,  1384  ;  quarrelled  with  Richard  and 
fortified  Pontefract  Castle,  but  accompanied  Richard's 
Scottish  expedition,  1385  :  in  alliance  with  Portugal  pos- 
sessed himself  of  part  of  Galicia,  but  resigned  Castilian 
claims  in  favour  of  his  daughter  Catharine  on  her  mar- 
riage with  John  of  Castile,  1387 :  lieutenant  of  Guienne, 
1388-9 ;  mediated  between  Richard  II  and  his  opponents ; 
named  Duke  of  Aquitaine,  1390 ;  conducted  negotiations 
with  France,  1392-4 ;  put  down  Cheshire  revolt,  1393 ; 
said  to  have  claimed  recognition  of  his  son  as  heir  to  the 
throne;  failed  to  obtain  recognition  in  Aquitaiue  as 
duke;  married  Catharine  Swynford,  1396;  presided  at 
trial  of  Arundel,  1397  ;  head  of  the  committee  of  govern- 
ment, 1398 ;  his  tomb  in  St.  Paul's  destroyed  during  the 
Commonwealth.  [xxix.  417] 

JOHN  OP  LANCASTER.  DUKE  OF  BEDFORD  (1389- 
1435),  third  son  of  Henry  IV ;  constable  of  England, 
governor  of  Berwick,  and  warden  of  the  east  marches  in 
Henry  IV's  reign ;  K.G.,  1400 ;  created  duke,  1414  ;  lieu- 
tenant of  England  during  Henry  V's  first  French  expedi- 


tion, 1415.  and  presided  over  the  succeeding  parliament, 
1415 ;  relieved  Hartieur,  1416  ;  while  lieutenant  of  the 
kingdom  repellud  the  •  Foul  raid '  of  the  Scot*,  1417 ; 
directed  proceedings  against  Sir  John  Oldeastle  [q.  v.]. 
1417  ;  joined  Henry  V  in  France,  1419 ;  again  lieutenant 
of  England,  1421 ;  assumed  command  of  the  army  in 
France  during  the  king's  illm*s,  1428 ;  on  Henry's  death 
(1422)  became  regent  of  France,  and  protector  of  Eng- 
land ;  negotiated  alliance  with  Burgundy  and  Brittany 
against  Charles  VII  of  France,  himself  marrying  Philip 
of  Burgundy's  sister  Anne,  1433 ;  reformed  the  French 
coinage,  encouraged  trade,  and  promoted  good  adminis- 
tration; defeated  the  French  and  Soots  at  Verneuil, 
1424 ;  forbade  hi*  brother,  Humphrey,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester [q.  v.],  to  proceed  with  his  challenge  to  Philip  of 
Burgundy ;  after  a  visit  to  England  to  settle  the  quarrel 
between  Gloucester  and  Henry  Beaufort  (d.  1447)  [q.  v.], 
returned  to  France,  1427  ;  conducted  the  war  with  *uoce»* 
till  raising  of  the  siege  of  Orleans,  1429 :  temporarily 
resigned  the  regency  to  Burgundy ;  purchased  Joan  of 
Arc  from  her  Burgundian  captors  and  caused  her  to  be 
burnt  as  a  witch  at  Rouen,  1431 ;  caused  Henry  VI  to  be 
crowned  king  of  France  at  Notre  Dame,  1431 ;  offended 
Burgundy  by  his  second  marriage  with  Jacqueline  of 
Luxemburg,  1433 ;  on  a  visit  to  England  defended  his 
French  administration  against  Gloucester's  charges,  1431 ; 
forced  to  send  delegates  to  the  peace  congress  at  Arras, 
1435 ;  died  and  was  buried  at  Rouen.  [xxix.  427] 

JOHN  OK  BKVKKLKY,  SAIXT  (d.  721 X  bishop  of  York ; 
educated  at  Canterbury  by  Theodore ;  some  time  monk  at 
Whitby  (Streonshalch) :  ordained  Bode ;  Bishop  of  Hex- 
ham,  687  ;  at  synod  of  the  Nidd  (705)  opposed  restoration 
of  Wilfrid  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  York,  705-18;  retired  to 
monastery  built  by  himself  at  Beverley,  where  he  died ; 
canonised,  1037,  twice  translated ;  bis  remains  discovered, 
1664.  [xxix.  436] 

JOHN  BOOTHS,  ERIGENA  (d.  875).    [See  SCOTU8.] 

JOHN  DE  VILLULA  (d.  1122),  bishop  of  Bath ;  origin- 
ally a  physician  of  Tours ;  bishop  of  Somerset,  1088- 
1122 ;  bought  from  William  II  the  city  of  Bath,  and 
removed  his  see  thither ;  rebuilt  the  abbey  church  ; 
destroyed  Gisa's  buildings  at  Wells  and  forced  the  canons 
to  live  among  the  laity ;  present  at  synod  of  Westminster, 
1102 ;  supposed  founder  of  two  baths  at  Bath. 

[xxix.  436] 

JOHN  (d.  1147),  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1115  :  suspended 
by  Archbishop  Thurstau  of  York,  1122;  some  time  suf- 
fragan to  the  patriarch  at  Jerusalem ;  censured  by  Pope 
Honorius  at  Rome,  1125  ;  withdrew  to  Tiron  (Picardy) 
till  1128  ;  chancellor  to  David  of  Scotland,  1129  ;  rebuilt 
Glasgow  Cathedral.  [xxix.  437] 

JOHN  OP  CORNWALL,  or  JOHANNES  DE  SANCTO  GER- 
MANO  (Jl.  1170),  probably  of  St.  Germans,  Cornwall,  but 
perhaps  a  Breton ;  studied  at  Paris  under  Peter  Lom- 
bard, and  afterwards  lectured  there ;  his  only  undoubted 
work,  'Eulogium  ad  Alexandrum  Papam  III '  (printed  in 
Marteue's  '  Thesaurus  Novus  Anecdotum,'  and  in  Migne's 
*  Patrologia ').  ITO.VL.  438] 

JOHN  OP  SALISBURY  (d.  1180),  bishop  of  Chartres; 
called  PARVUS  ;  born  at  Salisbury ;  studied  at  Paris 
under  Peter  Abailard  and  Alberic  of  Rheims,  1136-S,  aud 
at  Chartres;  returned  to  Paris  (1140)  and  attended 
lectures  on  theology  and  logic  by  Gilbert  de  la  Porree  and 
Robert  Pullus ;  studied  and  taught  with  Peter  of  hi 
Celle  at  Provins ;  presented  by  St.  Bernard  to  Archbishop 
Theobald  at  council  of  Rheinw,  1148 ;  attended  Pope 
Eugenius  III  at  Brescia  and  Rome:  came  to  England 
probably  c.  1150;  secretary  to  Theobald  at  Canterbury 
till  1164,  and  sent  on  important  missions  ;  intimate  with 
Hadrian  IV ;  obtained  bull  for  the  conquest  of  Ireland, 
1155;  fell  into  disgrace  with  Henry  II  for  denouncing 
exactions  demanded  from  the  church  in  connection  with 
the  Toulouse  expedition,  1159 ;  applied  to  Becket  (then 
chancellor)  to  intercede  for  him ;  left  England,  1164,  owing 
probably  to  his  enthusiastic  support  of  Becket s  cause: 
during  residence  with  Peter  of  la  Celle  at  abbey  of  bt. 
Remits,  Rheims,  composed  the  •  Historia  PouUflcalis  : 
counselled  moderation  to  Becket  in  his  exile,  but  firmly 
upheld  his  cause,  though  seeking  the  good I  offl< 
Gilbert  Foliot  [q.  v.]  and  others  with  Henry  II :  present 
at  meeting  of  Henry  and  Louis  VII  at  Angers,  116« i :  re- 
turned to  England  after  pacification  of  Frtteval,  1170; 
with  Becket  at  the  time  of  his  murder  at  Canterbury,  1170; 


JOHN 


694 


JOHNSON 


wrote  his  life  and  advocated  bis  canonisation  ;  named  trea- 
surer of  Exeter,  1174  -.  as  bishop  of  Chartres  (1176-80)  ex- 
communicated Count  of  Vendome,  and  was  present  at  the 
peace  made  between  England  and  France  near  Ivry,  1177 : 
took  active  part  at  third  Lateran  council,  1179  ;  the  most 
learned  classical  writer  of  the  middle  ages.  His  works 
(printed  by  J.  A.  Giles,  1848)  consist  of  Letters,  the  '  Poli- 
craticns'  (first  printed,  1476),  the  « Metalogicus,' '  Entheti- 
cus,'  'Vita  Saucti  Anselmi,'  and  other  Latin  writings. 

[xxix.  439] 

JOHNnFllKXHAM  (ft.  1180),  prior  of  Hexham ;  con- 
tinued Symeon  of  Durham's  'Chronicle'  to  1154. 

[xxix.  446] 
JOHN  OP  OXFORD  (d.  1300).    [See  OXFORD.] 

JOHN  OF.  THE  PAIR  HANDS  (d.  1203  ?).  [See  BEL- 
MEIS,  JOHN.] 

JOHN  (ft.  1215),  called  WALLENSIS.  [See  WALLENSIS.] 

JOHN  OF  ST.  GILES  (ft.  1230),  Dominican  and  phy- 
sician ;  sometimes  called  from  his  birthplace,  St.  Albans ; 
lectured  on  medicine  at  Montpellier  and  ou  philosophy 
and  theology  at  Paris :  first  physician  to  Philip  Augustus, 
c.  1209 ;  presented  Hdpital  de  St.  Jacques  to  tte  Domi- 
nicans ;  perhaps  the  first  Englishman  of  t»  order ; 
lectured  against  the  Albigenses  at  Touloiise,  1233-5; 
invited  to  England  by  Grosseteste  ;  head  of  th<!  Dominican 
schools  at  Oxford;  chancellor  of  Lincoln,/ 1 239 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford,  e.  1239;  a  royal  councillor,  1239; 
attended  Grosseteste  and  Richard  de  Clare,  earl  of 
Gloucester;  his  only  extant  treatise  the/' Experimenta 
Joannis  de  S.  ^Egidio.'  [xxix.  446] 

JOHN  BASING  or  BASINGSTOKE  (d.  1252).  [See 
BASING.] 

JOHN  DE  LEXINTON  (d.  1257).    [See  LEXINTON.] 

JOHN  OF  SCHIPTON  (d.  1257),  Augustinian  prior  at 
Newburgh,  1252  ;  counsellor  of  Henry  III.  [xxix.  448] 

JOHN  OF  WALLING  FORD  (d.  1258).  [See  WALLING- 
FORD.] 

JOHN  OF  LONDON  (ft.  1267),  mathematician  ;  ex- 
pounded Roger  Bacon's  three  chief  works  to  Pope  Cle- 
ment IV,  1267.  [xxix.  448] 

JOHN  GERVAYS  or  OF  EXETER  (d.  1268),  bishop  of 
Winchester,  1262 ;  previously  chancellor  of  York ;  a 
baronial  negotiator  at  Brackley,  1264,  and  with  Louis  IX  ; 
suspended,  1266,  after  Evesham  (1265);  died  at  Rome. 

[xxix.  448] 

JOHN  DE  SANDFORD  (d.  1294).    [See  SANDFORD.] 

JOHN  SEVER  or  OF  LONDON  (d.  1311),  author  of 
'Commendatio  lamentabilis  in  transitum  magui  Regis 
Edwardi  Quart! '  (Edward  I) ;  supposed  by  some  to  be 
writer  of  '  Flores  Historiarum' ;  monk  of  Westminster. 

[xxix.  449] 

JOHN  DE  SANDALE  (d.  1319).    [See  SANDALE.] 

JOHN  OF  DALDERBY  (d.  1320).  [See  DALDERBY, 
JOHN  DE.] 

JOHN  DE  THORPE  or  THORP,  BARON  THORPE  (d. 
1324).  [See  THORPE.] 

JOHN  DE  TROKELOWB,  THROKLOW,  or  THORLOW 
(ft.  1330).  [See  TROKELOWE.] 

JOHN  DK  SHOREDITCH  or  SHORDYCH  (d.  1345).  [See 
SHORBDITCH,  SIR  JOHN.] 

JOHN  OF  ST.  FAITH'S  (d.  1359).    [See  ST.  FAITH'S.] 
JOHN  DE  ST.  PAUL  (1295  ?-1362).    [See  ST.  PAUL.] 
JOHN  OF  TINMOUTH  (ft.  1366).    [Soe  TINMOUTH.] 
JOHN  THORESBY  (d.  1373).    [See  THORESBY.] 

JOHN  OF  BRIDLINOTON  (d.  1379),  prior  of  St.  Mary's, 
Bridlington,  1360 ;  regarded  as  a  saint  after  bis  death,  if 
not  formally  canonised  ;  the  '  prophecies  of  Bridlington  ' 
probably  ascribed  to  him  erroneously.  [xxix.  451] 

JOHN  OF  PETERBOROUGH  (ft.  1380),  alleged  author  of 
'Chronicon  Petroburgense '  (664-1368);  probably  an 
imaginary  person.  [xxix.  451] 

JOHN  DE  NEWENHAM  (d.  1382  ?).    [See  NEWENHAM.] 

JOHN  THOMPSON,  THOMSON,  or  TOMSON  (ft.  1382).  I 
[See  THOMPSON.] 


JOHN  WELLS  (d.  1388).    [See  WELLS.] 

JOHN  OF  WALTHAM  (d.  1395).    [See  WALTHAM.] 

JOHN  OF  GLASTONBURY  (fl.  1400),  historian  of  Glas- 
tonbury  Abbey.  [xxix.  452] 

JOHN  DE  TRKVJSA  (1326-1412).    [See  TREVISA.] 

JOHN  OF  BURY  or  JOHN  BURY  (fl.  1460),  Augus- 
tinian ;  provincial  at  Erfurt,  1459,  1462,  and  1476  ;  wrote 
4  Gladius  Salomonis  '  in  answer  to  Bishop  Reginald 
Pecock's  '  Represser  of  Overmuch  Learning.' 


[xxix.  452] 
[See   PADUA, 


JOHN   OF   PADUA    (fl.    1542-1549). 
JOHN  OF.] 

JOHN  LLYWELYN  (1520  ?-1616).  [See  LLYWELYN  OF 
LLAXGEWYDD.] 

JOHN  THE  PAINTER  (1752-1777).  [See  AITKEN, 
JAMES.] 

JOHNES,  ARTHUR  JAMES  (1809-1871),  Welsh 
county  court  judge  ;  studied  at  London  University  ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1835;  advocated  legal  reform  ->: 
published  (as  4  Maelog  ')  translations  from  David  ab 
Gwilym  [q.  v.]  ;  awarded  prize  by  Oymmrodorion  Society 
for  essay  on  causes  of  Welsh  dissent,  1831  ;  issued  '  Philo- 
logical Proofs  of  original  unity  and  recent  origin  of  the 
Human  Race,'  1843.  [xxx.  1] 

JOHNES,  BASSET  (ft.  1634-1659).    [See  JONES.] 

JOHNES,  THOMAS  (1748-1816),  translator  of  the 
chronicles  of  Froissart,  1803-5,  and  Monstrelet,  1809,  and 
'  Memoirs  of  de  Joinville,'  1807  ;  of  Shrewsbury,  Eton,  and 
Jesus  College,  Oxford  ;  M.P.,  Cardigan,  1774-80,  Radnor- 
shire, 1780-96,  Cardiganshire,  1796-1816  ;  F.R.S.,  1809  ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Cardiganshire.  [xxx.  2] 

JOHNS,  AMBROSE  BOWDEN  (1776-1858),  Devon- 
shire painter  ;  some  time  friend  of  J.  M.  W.  Turner. 

JOHNS,  CHARLES  ALEXANDER  (1811-i874), 
author  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1841  ;  second 
master  at  Helston  school  under  Derwent  Coleridge  [q.  v.], 
afterwards  (1843-7)  head-master;  F.L.S.,  1836;  pub- 
lished popular  works  of  natural  history  and  educational 
manuals.  [xxx.  3] 

JOHNS,  DAVID  (1794-1843),  missionary  to  Mada- 
gascar, 1826-36  ;  published  Malagasy  dictionary,  1835  ; 
died  at  Nossi  Be.  [xxx.  3] 

JOHNS,  WILLIAM  (1771-1845),  Unitarian  minister 
at  Nantwich  and  afterwards  at  Cross  Street,  Manchester  ; 
joint-secretary  of  Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  ;  published  theological  and  educational  works. 

[xxx.  4] 

JOHNSON.  [See  also  JOHNSTON,  JOHNSTOXE,  and 
JONSON.] 

JOHNSON,  BENJAMIN  (1665  9-1742),  actor  ;  joined 
Drury  Lane  company,  1695,  and  played  original  parts  in 
plays  by  Farquhar,  Vanbrugh,  and  others  ;  appeared  at 
the  Haymarket  as  Corbaccio  (4Volpone'),  First  Grave- 
digger  ('  Hamlet  '),  and  Morose  ('  Epicoene  '),  1706-7  ; 
again  at  Drury  Lane,  1708-9;  remained  there  almost 
continuously  from  1710,  adding  Justice  Shallow,  Old 
Gobbo,  and  many  other  parts  to  his  repertoire. 

[xxx.  4] 

JOHNSON,  CAPTAIN  CHARLES  (/.  1724-1736), 
author  of  '  General  History  of  the  Robberies  and  Murders 
of  the  most  Notorious  Pyrates,'  1724,  and  'General  History 
of  the  Lives  and  Adventures  of  the  most  famous  High- 
waymen,' 1734.  [xxx.  5] 

JOHNSON,  CHARLES  (1679  -1748),  dramatist;  friend 
of  Robert  Wilks  [q.  v.]  ;  satirised  in  the  'Dunciad'; 
author  of  nineteen  plays.  [xxx.  6] 

JOHNSON,  CHARLES  (1791-1880),  botanist  ;  lecturer 
at  Guy's  Hospital  ;  re-edited  Smith's  (1832)  and  edited 
Sowerby's  'English  Botany,'  1832-46;  published  mono- 
graphs on  British  ferns,  poisonous  plants,  and  grasses. 

[xxx.  7] 

JOHNSON  or  JONSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1636?- 
1597),  Latin  poet  and  physician  ;  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1555  ;  M.A.,  1661  ;  head-master  of  Winchester, 
1560-70  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1671  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1580,  several  times 
censor,  and  treasurer,  1594-6  ;  his  Latin  poems  in  Richard 
Willea's  '  Poemata  '  (1573).  [xxx.  7] 


JOHNSON 


JOHNSON 


JOHNSON,  CORNELIUS  (1593-1664?).    [Sec  JAN.- 

SK\  VAN  ('Kri.KN,  CoKNKUt'S.] 

JOHNSON,  CUTHBKHT  WILLIAM  H799-1878), 
agricultural  writer ;  bftrriltar,  'iniy1*  Inn,  lK3ii:  I1. U.S.. 
1842;  puhlishnl  'The  Farmers'  Encyclopaedia,'  1842, 
•Funn.-rV  Mi-di.-al  Hictionary,'  1845.  '  Life  of  Sir  Edward 
Coke,'  1837;  tran-latfi  Tinier'-  'Principles  of  Agricul- 
ture,' 1844;  collaborated  with  W.Shaw  un.l  his  h  rot  her. 
Oeorge  William  Johnson  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  8] 

JOHNSON,  DANIKL  <  17ti7-1835),  nuthor of  Sketches 
of  Indian  Field-Sports,'  1822;  surgeon  in  East  India 
Company's  service,  1806-9.  [xxx.  8] 

JOHNSON,  EDWARD  (/f.  1601),  musical  composer: 
Mus.Bac.  Oaius  College.  Cambridge,  1594.  [xxx.  8] 

JOHNSON,  EDWARD  (15997-1672),  author  of l  His- 
tory of  N-\\  Kii'.'laii.l  from  .  .  .  1628  untill  1652 '('Won- 
der-working  Providence')  ;  settled  in  Massachusetts,  1680: 
represented  Woburn  iu  the  state  assembly  from  1643, 
being  speaker,  1655.  [xxx.  8] 

JOHNSON,  Siu  KDWIN  BEAUMONT  (1825-1893), 
general :  studied  at  East  India  Company's  College,  Addis- 
eoinbe  ;  lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1845  ;  captain,  1857: 
lieutenant^colonel,  1865;  major-general,  1868;  general, 
1877;  colonel-commandant,  royal  (late  Bengal)  artillery, 
1890 ;  served  in  Sikh  wars,  1845-6  and  1848-9;  assistant 
adjutant-general  of  artillery  in  Oude  division,  1855-63 : 
in  Indian  mutiny,  1857-8;  C.B.  (military),  1858;  mili- 
tary secretary  for  Indian  affairs  at  headquarters  of  army 
in  London,  and  extra  aide-de-camp  to  the  field-marshal 
commanding-iu-chief,  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  1865-72 ; 
quartermaster-general  in  India,  1873;  returned  to  Eng- 
land as  member  of  council  of  secretary  of  state  for  India, 
1874 ;  K.C.B.,  1875 ;  military  member  of  council  of 
governor-general  of  India,  1877-80 ;  O.I.E.,  1878 ;  direc- 
tor-general of  military  education  at  war  office  in  London, 
1884-6  ;  G.G.B.,  1887.  [Suppl.  Hi.  43] 

JOHNSON,  ESTHER  (1681-1728),  friend  of  Dean 
Swift ;  an  inmate  of  Sir  William  Temple's  family,  where 
Swift  met  her  ;  the  '  Stella '  of  Swift's  '  Journal  to 
Stella' ;  possibly,  but  improbably,  married  to  Swift. 

JOHNSON,  FRANCIS  (1562-1618),  presb'yterian 
separatist ;  brother  of  George  Johnson  (1564-1605)  [q.  v.]  ; 
fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1584  ;  M.A.,  1585 ; 
imprisoned  and  expelled  the  university,  1589,  for  main- 
taining presbyterianism  to  be  of  divine  right ;  preacher 
to  English  merchants  at  Middelburg,  1589-92  ;  with  John 
Greenwood  (d.  1593)  [q.  v.]  formed  separatist  church  in 
London,  1592:  several  times  imprisoned;  from  1597 
separatist  pastor  at  Amsterdam ;  published  Brownist 
treatises  and  other  works.  [xxx.  9] 

JOHNSON,  FRANCIS  (1796  ?-1876),  orientalist ;  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit,  Bengali,  and  Telugu,  East  India  Com- 
pany's college  at  Haileybury,  1824-55 ;  published  '  Persian 
Dictionary,'  1829  (enlarged,  1852),  an  edition  of  the 


1833;  Savilian  profawor  of  astronomy.  1839-49;  Whyte 
profeuor  of  moral  philosophy,  1842-6  ;  P.R.8^  1838  ; 
of  i!:,-  oxford  .•nmtiitoians  of  1850  and  1854; 
of  Weils  1854-81;  edited  •  PwUms  '  for  •Speaker'i 
1880.  [xxx.  IS] 


JOHNSON.  OKO  Hi;  K  WILLIAM  (1808-1886),  writer 


on  gardening  :  barrister  of  Cray's  Inn,  18M :  collaborated 
with  his  brother  CiiUiberl    William   Jol.n-on   | 

for  Agriculture'  (13th  edit.  1838), 


.',  B   <  '    i  V-r- 

il   ffindba 


•MJOO  D  M  «(  Mi  lot 

'  Outline*  of  Chemistry.'  1 
works,  1839 ;  professor  of  political 
-•.,11. XT,  Calcutta,  and  editor  of  the  government  gazette, 
1837-41  ;  published  '  History  of  Kn 

'Principles  of  Practical  Gardening.'  1845  (retimed  M 
'Science  and  Practice,'  1862),  and  other  works:  estab- 
lished '  The  Cottage  Gardener '  ('  Journal  of  Horticulture '), 
1848.  [xxx.  12] 


JOHNSON,    GERARD   (fl.    1618).     [See 
GKRAKKT.] 

JOHNSON,  GUY  (1740?-1788X  American  loyalist; 
served  against  the  French,  1757-60 ;  succeeded  his  ancle, 
Sir  William  Johnson  [q.  v.],  as  superintendent  of  Indians, 
1774  ;  his  estates  in  Tryon  county,  New  York,  confiscated 
by  the  Americans,  against  whom  he  fought  in  Canada  ; 


died  in  London. 


[xxx.  13] 


JOHNSON.  IIAHUY  JOHN  (1826-1884),  water-colour 
painter  ;  friend  and  fellow-townsman  of  the  elder  David 
Cox  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
3, 1870. 


colours,  It 


[xxx.  14] 


'Gulistan,'  1863.  and  editions  of  Sanskrit  classics 

[xxx.  11] 

JOHNSON,  GEORGE  (1564-1605),  puritan;  M.A. 
Christ's  College,' Cambridge,  1588 ;  imprisoned  for  sepa- 
ratism, 1593;  sailed  for  America  in  the  company  of 
other  separatists,  1597,  but  was  obliged  to  return; 

escaped  to  Holland  ;  quarrelled  with  his  brother  Francis     of  Love '  (poem),  1641 
Johnson  (1562-1618)  [q.  v.]  about  his  wife's  fondness  for 
fine  clothing  and  was  excommunicated,  1604 ;  returned 
and  prepared  an  account  of  the  dissensions  (Amsterdam, 
1603) ;  died  in  Durham  gaol.  [xxx.  11] 

JOHNSON,    SIR   GEORGE    (1818-1896),    physician; 


JOHNSON,  HENRY  (1698?-1760),  South  American 
traveller  and  translator  from  the  Spanish.  [xxx.  14] 

JOHNSON,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1748-1835), 
general ;  commanded  light  battalion  of  28th,  1775-8,  and 
the  17th  regiment,  1778-81,  during  American  war ;  de- 
feated Irish  rebels  at  New  Ross,  1798 ;  general,  1809 ; 
created  baronet,  1818.  [xxx.  14] 

JOHNSON,  HUMPHRY  (ft.  1713),  calligrapher  an-1 
mathematician.  [xxx.  15] 

JOHNSON,  ISAAC  (d.  1630X  one  of  the  founders  of 
Massachusetts  ;  accompanied  Winthropto  America,  1630. 

[xxx.  15] 

JOHNSON,  JAMES  (1705-1774),  bishop  of  Worcester  : 
of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1731 : 
DD.,  1742;  second  master  at  Westminster,  1733-48; 
rector  of  Berkhampstead,  1743  ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and 
chaplain  to  George  II,  1748 ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1752-9, 
of  Worcester,  1769-74. 

JOHNSON,  JAMES  (d.  1811),  engraver  and  publisher 
of '  The  Scots  Musical  Museum,'  1787-1803.  [xxx.  16] 

JOHNSON,  JAMES  (1777-1845).  physician;  naval 
surgeon  during  the  great  war,  \teii\a  at  Wulchetvn  in 
1809;  attended  Duke  of  Clarence  and  l>ecame  phy.-i.-.an 
extraordinary  (1830)  on  his  accession  to  the  throne  as 
William  IV  ;  edited  •  Medico-Chirurgical  Review,'  1818-44  : 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1821  ;  published  •Influence  of  Tropical 
Climates  on  European  Constitutions,'  1812,  and  popular 
medical  work*. 


studied  medicine  at  King's  College,  London ;  M.D.  Lon- 
don, 1844;  F.R.O.P.,  1850;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1852; 
materia  medica  lecturer,  1853  ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1877  ; 
Harveian  orator,  1882;  vice-president,  1887;  assistant- 
physician  to  King's  College  Hospital,  1847,  physician, 
1856,  professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  1857- 
1863,  of  medicine,  1863-76,  of  clinical  medicine,  1876-86, 
and  emeritus  professor  of  clinical  medicine  and  consult- 
ing physician,  1886  ;  F.R.S.,  1872 ;  physician  extraordinary 
to  Queen  Victoria,  1889  ;  knighted,  1892  ;  published  medi- 
cal works.  [Suppl.  UL  44] 

JOHNSON,  GEORGE  HENRY  SACHEVERELL 
(1808-1881),  dean  of  Wells;  fellow,  tutor,  and  dean  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford;  Ireland  scholar,  1827;  M.A., 


JOHNSON,  JOHN  (fl.  1641),  author  of  the  •  Academy 

[xxx.  17] 


JOHNSON,  JOHN,  of  Oraubrook  (1662-1726),  divine  ; 
B.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1681  ;  M.A.  Corpus 
(')iristi  College,  Cambridge,  1685;  vicar  of  Boughton- 
under-the-Blean  and  Hernhill,  1687,  of  St.  John's,  Mar- 
gate, and  Appledore,  1697;  vicar  of  Cranbrook,  Kent, 


1707-25 ;  published  works  of  controversial  divini 

JOHNSON,    JOHN    (1706-1791),    baptist    rn\n\etar: 
pastor  in  Stanley  Street,  Liverpool,   1750-91:    founded 
Johnsonian  baptists;   published  'Advantages  and  1 
advantages  of  the   Married  State'  ^«*"°>«* 
other  works ;  his  '  Original  Letters    issued,  1796-1800. 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  (d.  1797X  wood-engraver. 

[xxx.  28] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  (d.  1804),  dissenting  minister  of 
Lady  Huntingdon's  connexion;  pastor  of  St.  Georges, 
Rochdale  Road,  Manchester;  published  'The  Leyltes 
Journal.1  t*«-  193 


JOHNSON 


696 


JOHNSON 


JOHNSON,  JOHX  (1754-1814),  architect;  architect 
and  county  surveyor  for  Essex ;  erected  buildings  at 
Ohelmsford.  [xxx.  19] 

JOHNSON,  SIB  JOHN,  second  baronet  (d.  1830), 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  1783-1830,  and  com- 
mander of  '  Johnson's  Greens  ' ;  son  of  Sir  William  John- 
son [q.  v.]  [xxx.  51] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  (d.  1833),  kinsman  and  friend  of 
Cowper;  LL.D.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1803;  rector 
of  Yaxham  with  Welborne,  Norfolk,  1800-38;  edited 
Oowper's  correspondence,  1824,  and  vol.  iii.  of  Oowper's 
'  Poems,'  1815,  and  Hayley's  « Memoirs,'  1823.  [xxx.  19] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  (1759-1833),  divine;  of  Charter- 
house and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1782  ;  vicar  of 
North  Mimms,  Hertfordshire,  1790-1833,  and  translator. 

[xxx.  20] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  (1777-1848),  printer;  compositor 
to  Sir  Egerton  Brydges's  private  press  at  Lee  Priory  ; 
printed  at  his  own  office  in  Brooke  Street,  Holborii,  •  Typo- 
graphia,  or  the  Printer's  Instructor,'  1824  (four  sizes). 

[xxx.  20] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  MORDAUNT  (1776  ?-1815), 
diplomatist ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  charge  d'affaires  at  Brussels, 
1814 ;  afterwards  consul  at  Geneva ;  died  at  Florence. 

[xxx.  21] 

JOHNSON,  JOHN  NOBLE  (1787-1823),  author  of 
4  Life  of  Linacre'  (ed.  Robert  Graves,  1835);  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1810;  M.D.,  1814;  Gulstonian 
lecturer,  1816 ;  physician  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1818- 
1822.  [xxx.  21] 

JOHNSON,  JOSEPH  (1738-1809),  bookseller  and 
publisher  for  Priestley,  Oowper,  Home  Tooke,  Erasmus 
Darwin,  and  other  authors;  fined  and  imprisoned  for 
issuing  pamphlet  by  Gilbert  Wakefleld  [q.  v.],  1797; 
published  '  Analytical  Review,'  1788-99.  [xxx.  21] 

JOHNSON,  LAWRENCE  (fl.  1603),  early  engraver. 

[xxx.  22] 

JOHNSON,  MANUEL  JOHN  (1805-1859),  astrono- 
mer ;  while  in  charge  of  the  St.  Helena  Observatory 
observed  solar  eclipse  of  27  July  1832 ;  catalogued  606 
fixed  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere  (1835);  M.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1842 ;  keeper  of  the  Radcliffe 
observatory,  1839;  made  observations  and  measurements 
with  large  heliometer,  and  (1858)  utilised  electrical 
transit-recorder ;  F.R.S.,  1856 :  president  of  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society,  1857-8;  astronomical  prize  founded 
to  commemorate  him  at  Oxford,  1862.  [xxx.  22] 

JOHNSON,  MARTIN  (d.  1686  ?),  seal-engraver  and 
landscape-painter.  [xxx.  23] 

JOHNSON,  MAURICE  (1688-1755),  antiquary  ; 
founded  'Gentlemen's  Society'  at  Spalding,  1709-10,  and 
the  Stamford  Society,  c.  1721 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1710  ;  hon.  librarian  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1717  ;  left 
large  manuscript  collections  relating  chiefly  to  Lincoln- 
shire and  Peterborough  antiquities ;  writings  by  him  in 
Nichols's  '  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Britannica.' 

[xxx.  23] 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  (1573-1659?),  romance 
writer :  freeman  of  London ;  author  of  '  Famous  His- 
toric of  the  Seaven  Champions  of  Christendom,'  c.  1597, 
4  The  Nine  Worthies  of  London,'  1592,  '  The  Orowne  Gar- 
land of  Golden  Roses,'  1612  (reprinted  by  Percy  Society), 
and  *  Pleasant  Conceites  of  Old  Hobson,'  1607  (reprinted, 
1843).  [xxx.  24] 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  (1604-1687).     [See  WHITK.] 

JOHNSON,  RICHARD  (d.  1721),  grammarian ;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1679 :  head-master  of 
Nottingham  free  school,  1707-18  ;  published  '  Grammati- 
cal Commentaries,1  1706,  *  Aristarchus  Anti-Bentleianus,' 
1717,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  25] 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  ( ft.  1550),  musical  composer  ; 
perhaps  chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn.  [xxx.  25] 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  (d.  1559),  canon  and  chancellor 
of  Worcester,  1544:  B.O.L.  Cambridge,  1531  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1551) ;  his  book  against  Hooper  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [xxx.  26] 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  (1540-1625),  archdeacon  of 
Leicester:  fellow  and  steward  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1564  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1565); 


chaplain  to  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon ;  canon  of  Peterborough 
and  Norwich,  1570,  and  of  Windsor,  1572-1625  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Leicester,  1591;  founded  schools  at  Oakhum 
and  Uppingham,  and  divinity  scholarships  at  Clare,  St. 
John's,  Emmanuel,  and  Sidney  Sussex  Colleges,  Cam- 
bridge, [xxx.  26] 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  (ft.  1626),  lutenist  and  com- 
poser ;  musician  to  Prince  Henry  and  Charles  I ;  mem- 
ber of  Shakespeare's  company  ;  first  set  Ariel's  songs 
in  the  '  Tempest ' ;  composed  music  for  plays  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  Middleton,  and  Jonsou  ;  contributed 
to  Leighton's  '  Teares  or  Lamentacious,'  1614. 

[xxx.  27] 

JOHNSON,  ROBERT  (1770-1796),  engraver  and 
water-colour  painter  ;  executed  drawings  for  Bewick's 
•  Fables.'  [xxx.  28] 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  (1649-1703),  whig  divine ;  of 
St.  Paul's  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  rector 
of  Corringham,  Essex,  1670 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Lord 
William  Russell ;  imprisoned  and  fined,  1683,  for  his '  Julian 
the  Apostate '  (tract  against  the  Duke  of  York),  1682 ; 
wrote  also  '  Julian's  Arts  and  Methods  to  undermine  and 
extirpate  Christianity,'  1683;  degraded,  pilloried,  fined, 
and  whipped  for  circulating  his  '  Humble  and  Hearty 
Address  to  all  the  English  Protestants  in  the  present 
Army,'  1686  ;  published  numerous  protestant  pamphlets  ; 
received  pension  and  bounty  from  William  in,  but 
declined  a  deanery  as  inadequate ;  the  Ben-Jochanan  of 
'  Absalom  and  Achitophel.'  [xxx.  28] 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  (1691-1773),  Manchester 
dancing-master  and  dramatist :  produced  in  London, 
1729,  his  extravaganza,  '  Hurlothrumbo,'  himself  ap- 
pearmg  as  Lord  Flame  (satirised  in  Fielding's  'Author's 
Farce  '),  and  afterwards  '  Chester  Comics,'  the  '  Mad 
Lovers,' and  other  pieces.  [xxx.  30] 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL  (1709-1784),  lexicographer; 
son  of  a  Lichfield  bookseller;  educated  at  Lichfield, 
Stourbridge,  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  usher  at 
Market  Bosworth  grammar  school ;  subsequently  assisted 
publisher  of  the  'Birmingham  Journal'  ;  married  Mrs. 
Porter,  1735 ;  took  pupils  at  Edial,  among  them  being 
David  Garrick  ;  went  up  to  London  with  Garrick,  1737 ; 
found  his  first  patron  in  Henry  Hervey  ;  contributed  to 
'Gentleman's  Magazine,' assisting  William  Guthrie (1708- 
1770)  [q.  v.]  with  parliamentary  debates,  and  himself 
compiling  them  from  July  1741  to  March  1744 ;  published 
'  London '  through  Dodsley,  1738 ;  employed  by  Osborne 
to  catalogue  library  of  Edward  Harley,  second  earl  of 
Oxford  [q.  v.],  1742 ;  issued  '  Life  of  Savage,'  1744  ; 
began  his  '  English  Dictionary,'  1747 :  published  '  The 
Vanity  of  Human  Wishes,'  1749  ;  produced  '  Irene '  at 
Drury  Lane,  1749;  formed  the  Ivy  Lane  Club,  1749;  the 
'  Rambler '  written  by  him  with  occasional  contributions 
from  Mrs.  Carter,  Samuel  Richardson,  and  others,  1750- 
1752 ;  lost  his  wife,  1752 ;  repelled  Chesterfield's  tardy 
offer  of  patronage,  1755,  when  his  dictionary  was  pub- 
lished, and  he  received  his  M.A.  from  Oxford  ;  gained 
the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Charles  Burney  (1726-1814)  [q.  v.] 
and  Bennet  Langton  [q.  v.]  through  the  '  Rambler,'  and 
that  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  through  the  life  of  Savage ; 
first  met  Goldsmith  and  Burke  in  1761  ;  when  arrested  for 
debt,  1766,  released  by  a  loan  from  Richardson ;  con- 
tributed to  '  Literary  Magazine,'  1756-8,  reviews  of  works 
by  Hanway  and  Soame  Jenyns ;  wrote  the  '  Idler  *  for 
Newbery's  '  Universal  Chronicle,'  1758-60,  and  '  Rasselas ' 
(his  most  popular  work),  1759,  when  he  went  to  live 
in  Inner  Temple  Lane  (now  Johnson  Buildings) ;  helped 
to  expose  the  Cock  Lane  Ghost,  1762  ;  received  through 
Wedderbnrn's  application  a  pension  of  300Z.  from  Lord 
Bute,  1762 ;  wrote  pamphlets  against  Wilkes,  1770,  a  de- 
fence of  the  government  policy  in  the  affair  of  the  Falk- 
land islands,  1771,  and  towards  America,  1775 ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  Boswell  in  May  1763,  and  probably  in  the 
same  winter  founded  his  Literary  Club  held  at  the  Turk's 
Head  in  Gerrard  Street  till  1783  ;  introduced  by  Murphy  to 
the  Thrales,  1764,  in  whose  town  houses  in  Southwark  and 
Grosvenor  Square  and  country  house  at  Streatham  he 
was  received  hospitably  ;  had  an  interview  with 
George  III,  1767,  and  with  Wilkes,  1776 ;  brought  out 
his  long  delayed  edition  of  Shakespeare  in  1765 ;  wrote 
Goldsmith's  epitaph,  1776 ;  named  his  own  price  for 
'  Lives  of  the  Poets,'  vols.  i.-iv.,  1779,  v.-x.,  1781 ; 
travelled  with  BosweU  in  Scotland,  1773  (publishing  his 


JOHNSON 


C07 


JOHNSTON 


'Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland,'  1775); 
Meompanied  the  Thrak-s  to  WuK/s  17;  i,  ;,u  I  : 
1775;  Thrale'a  executor,  1781;  quurrelli*!  with  Mr-. 
Thrale  on  her  marriage  with  Piozzi  ;  formed  Essex 
Head  Club,  1783  ;  buried  in  \\YMnriHter  Abbey,  a  monu- 
ment being  erected  to  him  in  St.  Paul's  by  the  elm 
statues  at  Lichfleld  and  Dttoxeter  (1878)  ;  LL.D.  Dublin, 
1765,  and  Oxford,  1775,  but  rarely  styled  himself  •  Dr.' ; 
called  by  Carlyle  the 'last  of  the  tories.'  of  the  four 
portraits  by  Reynolds,  one  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 
Johnson  holds  the  highest  rank  among  conversationalists, 
and  his  style  shows  some  dialectical  power.  His  '  Prayers 
and  Meditations,'  4  Letters  to  Mrs.  Piozzi,*  and  an  auto- 
biographical fragment  appeared  posthumously.  The  best 
edition  of  his  works  is  that  edited  by  Professor  P.  P. 
Walesby,  1825.  [xxx.  31] 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1644),  botanist  and  royalist ; 
published  an  enlarged  and  corrected  edition  of  Gerard's 
•  Herball,'  1633,  as  well  as  the  first  local  catalogue  of 
plants  issued  in  England  (1629),  and  other  works  ;  M.D. 
Oxford,  1643 ;  died  from  effects  of  a  wound  received  at 
defence  of  Basing  House ;  genus  Johnsonia  named  after 
him ;  hia  minor  works  edited  by  T.  S.  Ralph,  1847. 

[xxx.  47] 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1718),  classical  scholar ;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1692 ;  head- 
master of  Chigwell  school,  1715-18 ;  edited  seven  plays  of 
Sophocles  (collected,  1745),  'Gratii  Palisci  Oynegeticon,' 
1699,  and  other  works ;  his  compilation,  'Novus  Grsecorum 
Epigracimatum  et  Poematiwu  Delectus,'  still  in  use  at 
Eton.  [xxx.  48] 

JOHNSON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1664-1729),  founder  of  the 
modern  Liverpool ;  bailiff  of  Liverpool,  1689,  mayor,  1695, 
and  M.P.,  1701-23  ;  purchased  site  of  the  old  castle  for  a 
market,  1707 ;  knighted,  1708 ;  chief  promoter  of  first 
floating  dock  at  Liverpool,  and  erection  of  St.  Peter's 
and  St.  George's  churches,  1708  ;  retired  to  Virginia,  1723 ; 
died  in  Jamaica.  [xxx.  48] 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1737%  classical  scholar; 
fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1728  ;  one 
of  the  editors  of  Stephens's  '  Latin  Thesaurus,'  1734-5  ; 
edited  Puffendorf's  'De  Offlcio  Hominis  et  Civis,'  1735. 

[xxx.  48] 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS?  (1772-1839),  smuggler;  twice 
escaped  from  prison ;  received  pardons  for  piloting  expe- 
dition to  Holland  (1799)  and  the  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809.  [xxx.  49] 

JOHNSON,  THOMAS  BURGELAND  (d.  1840),  author 
of  '  The  Sportsman's  Cyclopaedia,'  1831,  and  other  books 
on  field-sports.  [xxx.  49] 

JOHNSON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1715-1774), 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  in  North  America  :  went 
to  America  and  established  himself  south  of  the  Mohawk 
river,  1738;  traded  with  the  Mohawk  Indians,  and  was 
named  Sachem;  colonel  of  the  six  nations,  1744;  com- 
missary for  Indian  affairs,  1746 ;  member  of  New  York 
council,  1750  ;  reconciled  the  Indians  and  colonials,  1753  : 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  1755  ;  commanded  Crown 
Point  expedition,  1755 ;  received  baronetcy  and  money 
grant,  1755 ;  as  second  in  command  carried  out  success- 
fully Fort  Niagara  expedition,  1759 ;  led  the  Indians 
under  Amherst  in  Canada,  1760  ;  received  grant  of  the 
'  Kingsland '  on  north  of  the  Mohawk,  and  built  Johnson 
Hall,  1764 ;  concluded  treaty  at  Fort  Stanwix,  1768 ; 
contributed  memoir  on  the  Indians  to  the  Philosophical 
Society,  1772.  [xxx.  60] 

JOHNSON,  WILLIAM  (1784-1864),  promoter  of  edu- 
cation ;  B.D.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1827 :  friend 
of  Wordsworth  and  Southey  f  had  charge  of  the  National 
Society's  model  schools  in  Holborn  and  Baldwin's Gardrns 
London,  1812-40 ;  rector  of  St.  Clement's,  Eastcheap,  1820- 
1864.  [xxx.  62] 

JOHNSTON.    [See  also  JOHNSON  and  JOHNSTOXK.] 

JOHNSTON,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1776-1849),  re- 
organiser  of  the  government  of  Ceylon;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  advocate-general  of  Ceylon,  1799,  chief-justice, 
1805,  and  president  of  the  council,  1811-19  ;  knighted, 
1811 ;  vice-president  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1823 ;  privy 
councillor,  1832  ;  member  of  judicial  committee,  1833. 

[xxx.  52] 


JOHNSTON,    ALEXANDER   (1815-1891X    painter; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1836 :  his  popularity 
established  by  the  'Gentle  Shepherd '  (isi- 
Morning '(1841).  [xxx.  53] 

JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER  JAMES  (1830-1888). 
colonial  judge;  barri 

juatice  of  New  Zealand,  1867  and  1886 ;  puisne  judge  of 
the  supreme  court.  New  Zealand,  1860-86 ;  tried  native 
prisoners  in  Te  Kooti  and  Tito  Kowarn  wan ;  member  of 
several  legal  commissions  and  author  of  legal  work*. 

JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER  KEITH,  the  dderV  1&4- 
1H7D,  geographer:  educated  at  Edinburgh:  hon.  LL.D.. 
1845  ;  published  his  first  maps,  1830  ;  awarded  medal  at 
exhibition  of  1851  for  first  globe  of  physical  geography ; 
Victoria  medallist,  Boyal  Geographical  Society,  1871; 
travelled  in  Palestine,  1863;  published  at  Humboldfa 
suggestion  the  first  English  atlas  of  physical  geography, 
1848 ;  also  '  Dictionary  of  Geography,  1860,  and  numerous 
atlases  and  maps.  [xxx.  64] 

JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER  KEITH,  the  younger 
(1844-1879),  geographer ;  son  of  Alexander  Keith  John- 
ston  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  la 
Germany ;  geographer  to  the  Paraguay  survey  1873-5  ; 
published  maps  of  Africa  (1866)  and  East  Africa  (1870) 
aod  school  geographies ;  died  at  Berobero  while  leading 
Royal  Geographical  Society's  expedition  to  bead  of  Lake 
Nyu-.-u.  [xxx.  55] 

JOHNSTON,  ALEXANDER  ROBERT  CAMPBELL- 
(1812-1888),  colonial  official ;  sou  of  Sir  Alexander  John- 
ston [q.  v.] ;  administrator  of  Hong  Kong,  1841-2 ;  K.H.S., 
1845 ;  died  in  California.  [xxx.  53] 

JOHNSTON,  ARCHIBALD,  LORD  WARRISTOX 
(16107-1663),  Scottish  statesman;  assisted  Henderson  in 
framing  the  Soots  national  covenant,  1638 ;  procurator 
of  the  kirk,  1638  :  assisted  in  negotiating  pacification  of 
Berwick,  1639,  and  treaty  of  Ripon,  1640 ;  lord  of  session 
as  Lord  Warriston,  1641 ;  as  commissioner  for  Mid- 
lothian opposed  neutrality  in  English  affairs,  1643  ;  took 
prominent  part  in  the  Westminster  Assembly,  and  became 
(1644)  one  of  the  committee  representing  Scotland  in 
London ;  named  king's  advocate  by  Charles  I,  1646 ; 
resisted  the '  engagement,'  1648,  and  perhaps  drew  up  the 
Act  of  Classes,  1649 ;  lord  clerk  register,  1649 ;  said  to 
have  given  Lesley  fatal  advice  at  Dunbar,  1660.  after 
which  he  lost  bis  offices  ;  as  a  leading  •  remonstrant '  re- 
named by  Cromwell  lord  clerk  register,  1657  ;  member  of 
Oliver  and  Richard  Cromwell's  House  of  Lords ;  member 
of  council  of  state  on  restoration  of  the  Rump,  and  on  its 
suppression  permanent  president  of  committee  of  safety ; 
arrested  at  Rouen  at  the  Restoration  ;  tried  before  Scottish 
parliament,  and  hanged  at  Edinburgh.  [xxx.  56] 

JOHNSTON,  ARTHUR  (1587-1641),  writer  of  Latin 
verse ;  M.D.  Padua,  1610 ;  intimate  with  Andrew  Melville 
(1545-1622)  [q.  v.]  at  Sedan  ;  physician  at  Paris  ;  returned 
to  Scotland  after  an  absence  of  twenty-four  years ;  patro- 
nised by  Laud  as  a  rival  to  George  Buchanan  ;  rector  of 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1637  ;  published  metrical  Latin 
versions  of  the  Psalms,  1637,  and  Solomon's  Song,  1638, 
and  *  Epigrammata,'  1632, '  Elegia,'  1628,  and  other  Latin 
poems.  [xxx.  68] 

JOHNSTON,  DAVID  (1734-1824),  founder  of  the  Blind 
Asylum,  Edinburgh,  1793  ;  minister  of  North  Leith,  1765- 
1824 ;  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1781 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
George  III,  1793.  [xxx.  60] 

JOHNSTON,  FRANCIS  (1761-18*9),  architect: 
founder  of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy  (Ibl3),  and 
frequently  president.  [xxx.  61] 

JOHNSTON,  GEORGE  (1797-1886),  naturalist; 
surgeon  at  Berwick  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1819;  bon.  LL.D. 
Aberdeen  ;  an  editor  of '  Magazine  of  Zoology  and  Botany ' ; 
published  'Flora  of  Berwick'  (vol.  L  1829,  vol.  ii.  1851X 
•History  of  British  Zoophytes,'  1838,  and  other  scientific 
works.  [xxx.  61] 

JOHNSTON,  GEORGE  (1814-1889),  obstetrician; 
grand-nephew  of  Francis  Johnston  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1845;  assistant-physician  to  Dublin  Lying-in 
Hospital,  1848-55 ;  master  of  Rotunda  Hospital,  1868-76 ; 
president  of  Dublin  College  of  Physicians,  1880:  colla- 
borated with  (Sir)  Edward  B.  Sinclair  in  •  Practical  Mid- 
wifery,' 1878.  [xxx.  61] 


JOHNSTON 


JOHNSTONS 





JOHNSTON,  HENRY  (d.  1723),  Benedictine ;  brother 
of  Nathaniel  Johnston  [q.  v.] ;  on  the  English  mission  till 
1696  :  prior  of  English  Benedictines  at  Paris  (St.  Ed- 
raund'8),  1697-8  and  1705-10;  translated  (1685)  and 
defended  Bossuet's  exposition  of  Roman  catholic  doctrine. 

[xxx.  62] 

JOHNSTON,  HENRY  ERSKINE  (1777-1830  V),  actor ; 
(the  '  Scottish  Roscius') ;  first  appeared  at  Edinburgh  as 
Hamlet,  1794;  at  Oovent  Garden,  1797-1803;  acted  in 
•  Douglas'  and  other  plays  at  Drury  Lane,  1803-5, 1817-18, 
and  1821 ;  again  at  Covent  Garden,  1805  and  1818 ;  retired 
to  Edinburgh,  1823.  [xxx.  63] 

JOHNSTON  or  JOHNSTONE,  JAMES  (1643?-1737), 
'  Secretary  Johnston  ' ;  son  of  Archibald  Johnston,  Lord 
Warriston  [q.  v.] ;  studied  law  at  Utrecht  and  was  sent 
to  prepare  the  way  for  William  of  Orange's  invasion  ; 
envoy  to  Brandenburg,  1689 ;  secretary  of  state  in  Scot- 
land, 1692-6  ;  obtained  inquiry  (1696)  into  the  Glencoe 
massacre ;  dismissed  for  promoting  the  African  Company 
Bill,  1696,  but  given  money  grant ;  lord  clerk  register, 
1704-5  ;  afterwards  a  leader  of  squad  rone  volant  e,  though 
living  in  England.  [xxx.  64] 

JOHNSTON,  JAMES  FINLAY  WETR  (1796-1855), 
chemist :  M.A.  Glasgow,  1796  ;  studied  in  Switzerland 
under  Berzelius ;  reader  in  chemistry  at  Durham  Univer- 
sity, 1833-55  ;  chemist  to  Agricultural  Society  of  Scot- 
land, 1843;  F.R.S.  and  F.R.S.E. ;  his  'Catechism  of 
Agricultural  Chemistry'  (1844)  translated  into  many 
European  languages.  His  '  Chemistry  of  Common  Life ' 
(1853-5)  was  continued  by  George  Henry  Lewes  (1859) 
and  Prof.  A.  H.  Church  (1879).  [xxx.  65] 

JOHNSTON,  JAMES  HENRY  (1787-1851),  controller 
of  East  India  Company's  steamers ;  in  royal  navy  till 
1815,  being  at  Trafalgar  (1805)  in  the  Spartiate  ;  proposed 
plan  for  establishing  steam  communication  with  India  by 
the  Mediterranean  and  Red  Sea,  1823  ;  his  plan  for  steam 
navigation  in  the  Ganges  accepted ;  controller  of  East 
India  Company's  steamers,  1833-50.  [xxx.  66] 

JOHNSTON,  JOHN  (1570?-1611),  Scottish  poet; 
studied  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  and  abroad,  being 
intimate  with  Lipsius  at  Rostock;  co-operated  with 
Andrew  Melville  (1545-1622)  [q.  v.]  in  Scotland ;  professor 
of  divinity  at  St.  Andrews,  r.  1593-1611 ;  published  « In- 
scriptiones  Historic®  Regum  Scotorum,'  1602,  'Heroes,' 
1603,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  66] 

JOHNSTON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1690),  soldier  and  criminal : 
son  of  a  Nova  Scotia  baronet ;  hanged  at  Tyburn  for 
participation  in  abduction  of  Mary  Wharton. 

[xxx.  67] 

JOHNSTON,  NATHANIEL  (1627-1705),  physician  ; 
M.D.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1656 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1687  ; 
friend  of  Thoresby;  after  the  Revolution  lived  under 
protection  of  Peterborough  ;  chief  work, '  The  Excellency 
of  Monarchical  Government,'  1686 ;  left  collections  on 
Yorkshire  antiquities.  [xxx.  67] 

JOHNSTON,  PELHAM  (</.  1765),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1728  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1732  ;  grandson  of  Nathaniel 
Johnston  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  68] 

JOHNSTON,  ROBERT  (1567  ?-1639),  historian  and 
friend  of  George  Heriot  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1587 ; 
clerk  of  deliveries  of  the  ordnance,  1604  ;  left  money 
for  eight  scholars  at  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  '  Historia  Rerum 
Britannicarum,  1572-1628,'  published  Amsterdam,  1656 ; 
a  part  of  his  '  History  of  Scotland  during  minority  of 
King  James'  translated,  1646.  [xxx.  69] 

JOHNSTON,  SAMUEL  (1733-1816),  American  states- 
man and  judge ;  son  of  John  Johnston  of  Dundee  ;  mem- 
ber of  continental  congress,  1781-2 ;  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  1788-9 ;  U.S.  senator,  1789-93  ;  judge  of  supreme 
court,  1800-3.  [xxx.  69] 

JOHNSTON,  Sm  WILLIAM,  seventh  baronet  of 
Johnston  (1760-1844),  soldier ;  descendant  of  Sir  John 
Johnston  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  New  Windsor,  1801-6  :  died  at 
the  Hague.  [xxx.  70] 

JOHNSTON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1773-1844),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  fought  in  Mediterranean  and  West  Indies  ; 
commanded  68th  in  Walcheren  expedition,  1809,  and  in 
the  Peninsula;  seriously  wounded  at  Vlttoria,  1813: 
major-general,  1825;  K.C.B.,  1837;  lieutenant-general. 
1838.  [xxx.  70] 


JOHNSTON,  WILLIAM  (1800-1874),  jiresbyterian 
minister ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1817  ;  minister  of  Limekilns, 
1828-74  ;  moderator  of  the  synod,  1854.  [xxx.  70] 

JOHNSTON,  Sm  WILLIAM(1802-183S),lord  provopt 
of  Edinburgh  ;  joined  his  brother  Alexander  Keith  John- 
ston the  elder  [q.  v.]  in  founding  firm  of  W.  &  A.  K.  John- 
ston at  Edinburgh,  1826 ;  high  constable  of  Edinburgh, 
1828 ;  engraver  to  Queen  Victoria  1837 ;  bailie,  1840 ;  lord 
provost,  1848-51.  [xxx.  70] 

JOHNSTONE.    [See  also  JOHNSON  ami  JOHNSTON.] 

JOHNSTONE,  ANDREW  JAMES  OOOHRANE  (/. 
1814),  adventurer ;  assumed  name  of  Johnstone  on  first 
marriage,  1793;  M.P.  for  Stirling,  1791-7;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  79th,  1794 ;  governor  of  Dominica,  1797- 
1803  ;  brigadier  of  Leeward  islands,  1799-1803  ;  his  com- 
mission suspended  for  tyranny,  1803 ;  elected  M.P.  for 
Grampound,  1807,  unseated,  1808,  re-elected,  1812  ;  com- 
mitted acts  of  fraud  at  Tortola,  1807  ;  being  found  guilty 
of  conspiracy  on  the  Stock  Exchange  fled  the  country, 
and  was  expelled  the  House  of  Commons,  1814. 

[xxx.  71] 

JOHNSTONE,  BRYCE  (1747-1806),  minister  of 
Holywood,  Dumfries,  1772-1805  ;  of  St.  Andrews  Univer- 
sity ;  agriculturist.  [xxx.  72] 

JOHNSTONE,  CHARLES  (1719  ?-1800?),  author  of 
'Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Guinea,'  1760-5;  died  at 
Calcutta.  [xxx.  73] 

JOHNSTONE,  MRS.  CHRISTIAN  I30BEL  (1781- 
1857),  novelist ;  assisted  her  husband,  John  Johnstone, 
in  editing  the  '  Inverness  Courier '  and  '  The  Edinburgh 
Weekly  Chronicle';  edited  'Tait's  Magazine'  after  its 
incorporation  with  Johnstone's  'Edinburgh  Magazine,' 
1834 ;  published  '  The  Cook  and  Housewife's  Manual  . . . 
by  Mistress  Margaret  Dods,'  1826,  '  Clan  Albin,'  1815,  and 
other  works.  [xxx.  73] 

JOHNSTONE,  EDWARD  (1757-1851),  physician: 
son  of  James  Johnstone  (1730  ?-1802)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1799  ;  president  of  Birmingham  medical  school, 
1827  ;  first  principal  of  Queen's  College,  Birmingham. 

[xxx.  74] 

JOHNSTONE,  EDWARD  (1804-1881),  claimant  of 
Annandale  peerage  (1876-81);  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1828;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1828,  and 
Inner  Temple,  1838 ;  son  of  Edward  Johnstone  (1757- 
1851)  [q.  v.] ;  joint-founder  of  Literary  Association  of 
Friends  of  Poland,  1832.  [xxx.  74] 

JOHNSTONE,  GEORGE  (1730-1787),  commodore: 
distinguished  himself  in  attack  on  Port  Louis,  1748; 
his  appointment  as  governor  of  West  Florida  (1765)  at- 
tacked in  the  '  North  Briton ' ;  M.P.,  Cockermouth,  1768, 
Appleby,  1774,  Lostwithiel,  1781,  and  Ilchester,  1784; 
when  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Americans  (1778) 
tried  to  win  over  one  of  the  opposite  party  by  a  private 
arrangement;  rewarded  for  support  of  government  by 
command  of  small  squadron  on  the  Portuguese  coast 
as  commodore,  1779  ;  while  leading  expedition  against 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  gained  some  successes,  but  failed 
in  his  objective;  elected  an  East  India  director,  1783. 

[xxx. 75] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1754-1783), 
physician  :  son  of  James  Johnstone  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1773  ;  died  of  gaol  fever  when  physician 
to  the  Worcester  Infirmary.  [xxx.  79] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES  (d.  1798),  Scandinavian  anti- 
quary ;  chaplain  to  English  envoy  in  Denmark ;  trans- 
lated Danish  and  Norwegian  classics ;  published  '  Anti- 
quitates  Celto-Scandicae,'  1784,  and  '  Antiquitates  Oelto- 
Normannicae,'  1786,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  78] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES,  CHKVAUKR  DE  JOHNSTONK 
(1719-1800?),  Jacobite;  aide-de-camp  to  the  Young 
Pretender  in  1745 ;  lay  hid  after  Culloden,  eventually 
escaping  to  London  and  Holland  ;  served  with  the  French 
at  Louisbourg  and  (1759)  Quebec,  and  received  the  cross  of 
St.  Louis  and  a  pension ;  extracts  from  bis  memoirs  pub- 
lished as  •  History  of  the  Rebellion  of  1745,'  in  1820,  the 
whole  being  translated,  1870.  [xxx.  78] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1730?-! 802),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1750  :  practised  at  Kidderminster 


tfOHNSTONE 


699 


JONES 


and  Worcester;  published  essays  on  the  'Malignant 
Epidemical  Fever  of  1756'  (1758),  '  Use  of  the  Ganglions 
of  the  Nerves  '  (1771),  and  other  works.  [xxx.  79] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES  (1806-1869),  physician  :  son 
of  Edward  Johnstone  (1757-1851)  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Trinity 
College,  ('(imbri'l-e,  1K33  ;  F.K.C.P.,  1H34  ;  professor  of 
materia  medica,  Queen's  College,  Birmingham,  and  extra- 
ordinary physician  to  Birmingham  Hospital,  1841 ;  chief 
work,  'Therapeutic  Arrangement  and  Syllabus  of  Mat«-ria 
Medica,'  1835.  [xxx.  74] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES  (1815-1878),  proprietor  of  the 
'Standard'  and  'Morning  Herald*  from  1857:  revived 
•  Evening  Standard,'  1860.  [xxx.  80] 

JOHNSTONE,  JAMES  HOPE,  third  EARL  OP  HOPE- 
TOCN  (1741-1816).  [See  HOPE,  JAMES.] 

JOHNSTONE  or  JON8TON,  JOHN  (1803-1675),  natu- 
ralist ;  born  in  Poland :  studied  at  St.  Andrews,  Oam- 
bridge,  and  Leyden ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1632 ;  practised  at 
Leyden  ;  lived  on  his  estate  in  Silesia  from  1655;  pub- 
lished scientific  treatises;  his  works  on  natural  history 
(1649-53)  frequently  re-edited  and  translated. 

[xxx.  80] 

JOHNSTONE,  JOHN  (1768-1836),  physician  ;  brother 
of  Edward  Johnstone  (1757-1851)  [q.  v.];  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  M.A.,  1792  ;  M.D.,  1800  :  F.R.O.P.,  1805  ; 
Harveian  orator,  1819  ;  physician  to  Birmingham  General 
Hospital,  1801-33;  author  of  'Memoirs  of  Dr.  Samuel 
Parr'  [q.  v.],  1828;  published  'Account  of  Discovery  of 
the  Po-.ver  of  Mineral  Acid  Vapours  to  Destroy  Contagion,' 
1803.  [xxx.  81] 

JOHNSTONE,  JOHN  HENRY  (1749-1828),  actor  and 
tenor  singer  ;  after  performing  on  the  Irish  operatic  stage 
appeared  at  Co  vent  Garden,  1783-1803,  and  at  Drury  Lane, 
1803-20;  called 'Irish  Johnstone,' from  his  excellence  as 
an  exponent  of  Irish  comedy  parts.  [xxx.  82] 

JOHNSTONE,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  ANNAN- 

DALR  AND  HARTFELL,  and  first  MARQUIS  OF  A  N  NAM>  AI.K 

(d.  1721),  of  Glasgow  University ;  succeeded  to  earldom, 
1672;  friend  of  Monmouth;  nominally  supported  re  vo- 
lution, but  joined  '  The  Club'  of  Jacobite  malcontents  and 
was  imprisoned  in  connection  with  Montgomery  plot ; 
restored  to  favour  on  making  confession  ;  created  extra- 
ordinary lord  of  session,  1693,  and  a  lord  of  the  treasury  ; 
pensioned  for  services  in  connection  with  Glencoe  inquiry  : 
created  marquis,  1701 ;  lord  high  commissioner  to  general 
assembly,  1701  and  1711;  lord  privy  seal  (Scotland),  1702, 
and  president  of  privy  council,  1702-6 ;  K.T.,  1704  :  joint- 
secretary  of  state,  1706  ;  opposed  the  union  ;  Scots  repre- 
sentative peer  ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1714.  [xxx.  82] 

JOHNSTONE,  WILLIAM  BORTHWIOK  (1804-1868), 
landscape  and  historical  painter  ;  Royal  Scottish  Academy, 
1848,  treasurer,  1850 ;  first  curator  of  National  Gallery  of 
Scotland,  1858  ;  painted  miniatures  and  collected  works 
of  art  and  antiquities.  [xxx.  84] 

JOHNYS,  SIR  HUGH  (fl.  1417-1463),  knight-marshal 
of  England  and  France ;  fought  under  the  eastern  em- 
peror against  the  Turks,  1436-41 ;  suitor  for  hand  of 
Elizabeth  Woodville,  c.  1452.  [xxx.  86] 

JOLTFFE,  GEORGE  (1621-1668).    [See  JOYLIFFE.] 

JOLIFFE,  HENRY  (d.  1573),  dean  of  Bristol ;  of  Clare 
Hall  and  Michaelhouse,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1527  ;  B.D. ; 
canon  of  Worcester,  1542 ;  resisted  Bishop  Hooper  and 
wrote  against  Ridley ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1664-8  ;  attended 
Cranmer's  second  trial ;  lived  at  Louvain  after  accession 
of  Elizabeth.  [xxx.  85] 

JOLLIE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1640?-1682),  ejected 
minister ;  brother  of  Thomas  Jollie  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  received  presbyterian  ordination 
at  Manchester,  1672.  [xxx.  87] 

JOLLIE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (d.  1725),  nonconformist 
minister  ;  son  of  John  Jollie  the  elder  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  88] 

JOLLIE,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1629-1703),  ejected 
minister ;  became  intimate  with  Oliver  Heywood  [q.  v.]  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  formed  a  '  gathered  church ' 
at  Altham,  Lancashire,  1649 ;  frequently  imprisoned ; 
licensed  to  preach  at  Wymondhouses,  Whalley,  1672,  where 
he  built  meeting-houses  after  the  revolution ;  one  of  those 


who  exorcised  Richard  Dugdale  [q.  v.],  1689-90 ;  joined 
'  the  happy  union,'  1693  ;  published  tract*  on  the  Surrey 
demoniac  (Dugdale).  [xxx.  86] 

JOLLIE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (d.  1764),  independent 
minister ;  son  of  Timothy  Jollie  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

JOLLIE,  TIMOTHY,  the  elder  (16»9?-17U),'  Inde- 
pendent tutor;  son  of  Thomas  Jollie  (16*9-1703)  [q.  v.] ; 
received  p  res  by  term  n  ordination,  1682:  imprisoned  at 
York,  1683;  his  congregation  at  Sheffield  the  largest 
nonconformist  meeting  in  Yorkshire ;  started,  1689,  and 
conducted,  1689-1714,  an  academy  at  Atterclifle. 

JOLLIE,  TIMOTHY,  the  younger  (16W-17§7*8on  of 
Timothy  Jollie  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father  at 
Sheffield  and  Matthew  Clarke  (1664-1796)  [q.  v.]  at  Miles 
Lane,  Cannon  Street,  London.  [xxx.  89] 

JOLLIFFE,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  HYLTON,  flnt 
BARON  HYLTON  (180U-1876),  politician:  created  baronet, 
1821 ;  conservative  M.P.,  Petersfield,  1833-6  and  1837-66 ; 
under-secretary  for  home  department,  1862 ;  secretary  to 
treasury  and  conservative  whip,  1868-9 ;  privy  councillor, 
1859 ;  created  Baron  Hylton,  1866.  [xxx.  89] 

JOLLY,  ALEXANDER  (1756-1838),  bishop  of  Morav ; 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  episcopal  minis- 
ter at  Tnrriff,  1777,  and  Fraderburgh,  1788;  coadjutor  of 
Moray  and  Ross,  1796 ;  bishop  of  Moray,  1798-1838 ;  hon. 
D.D.  Washington  College,  Connecticut,  1826 :  published 
religious  works.  [xxx.  89] 

JONES,  AMBROSE  (d.  1678),  bishop  of  Kildare; 
son  of  Lewis  Jones  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Dublin ;  arch- 
deacon of  Meath,  1661 ;  bishop  of  Kildare,  1667-78. 

[xxx. 147] 

JONES,  AVONIA,  afterwards  MRS.  BROOKE  (1839  ?- 
1867),  actress  ;  native  of  New  York,  where  she  died  ;  mar- 
ried Gustavus  Brooke  [q.  v.] ;  played  in  England,  Ireland, 
America,  and  Australia.  [xxx.  90] 

JONES,  BASSET  (fl.  1634-1659),  physician  and  gram- 
marian ;  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  author  of  '  Lapis  Chy- 
micus  Philosophorum  Examini  subjectus,'  1648,  and  '  Her- 
maeologium,'  1659.  [xxx.  90] 

JONES,  CHARLES  HANDFIELD  (1819-1890),  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  Rugby,  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge 
(B.A.,  1840,  M.B.,  1843),  and  at  St.  George's ;  F.R.O.P., 
1849,  senior  censor,  1886,  vice-president,  1888 ;  physician 
to  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  1851-90;  F.R.S..  1860;  Lumleian 
lecturer,  1865;  published  'Manual  of  Pathological  Ana- 
tomy' (with  Sir  E.  H.  Sieveking),  1854,  'Clinical  Observa- 
tions on  Functional  Nervous  Disorders,'  1864,  [xxx.  91] 

JONES,  CHARLOTTE  (1768-1847),  miniature-painter ; 
pupil  of  Cosway  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1801-23  ; 
chiefly  known  for  her  twelve  miniatures  of  Princess 
Charlotte,  now  at  Cranmer  Hall,  Norfolk.  [xxx.  91] 

JONES,  DAVID  (/I.  1560-1590),  Welsh  poet  and  anti- 
quary ;  vicar  of  Llaufair  Dyffryn  Clwyd.  [xxx.  92] 

JONES,  DAVID  (fl,  1676-1720),  historical  writer  and 
translator ;  said  to  have  been  captain  in  the  horse  guards ; 
some  time  secretary  interpreter  to  Louvois ;  author  of 
•  Secret  History  of  White  Hall  from  the  Restoration  ...  to 
the  Abdication  of  the  late  King  James,'  1697,  'Compleat 
History  of  Europe,'  1705-20  (annual),  'History  of  the 
Turks,  1655-1701 '  (1701),  and  other  works.  [xxx.  92] 

JONES,  DAVID  (1663-1724  ?),  eccentric  preacher  ;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1686 ; 
curate  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth  and  St.  Mary  Woolcburch 
Haw,  London ;  afterwards  vicar  of  Great  Bud  worth, 
Cheshire,  and  Marcham,  Berkshire.  [xxx.  93] 

JONES,  DAVID  (1711-1777),  Welsh  hymn-writer  and 
translator  of  Dr.  Watts's  hymns.  [xxx.  93] 

JONES,  DAVID  (fl.  1750-1780),  Welsh  poet  and  anti- 
quary (DAFYDD  SION  DAFYDD  or  DKWI  FAROU);  edited 
4  Blodeugerdd  Oymru,'  1759,  and  '  Y  Cydymaith  Dyddan,' 
1776.  [xxx.  94] 

JONES,  DAVID  (1736-1810),  Welsh  revivalist;  active 
member  of  Welsh  Methodist 'Association'  and  preacher 
at  Lady  Huntingdon's  chapel ;  vicar  of  Llangan,  Glamor- 
ganshire, 1768,  of  Maenornawan,  Pembrokeshire,  1794; 
opposed  separation  from  the  church.  [xxx.  94] 


JONES 


700 


JONES 


JONES.  DAVID  (1765-1816),  'the  Welsh  Freeholder   ; 
succeeded  PrieaUey  as  minister  of  the  new  meeting-house, 
minifliiim,  1792 ;  practised  as  a  barrister,  having  been 

•  ' 


........;;,:.••         :     .      .  '  ..:T     l.T.  !..i'.::i  ' 

called  from  Lincoln's  Inn,  1800 ;  as  •  the  Welsh  Freeholder ' 
fafagAMi  onitarianlsm  against  Bishop  Samuel  Horsley 
[q.  T.],  and  published  tracts  In  his  own  name.  [xxx.  95] 

JONES,  DAVID  (1 796-1841 X  missionary  to  Mada- 
gascar* went  to  Madagascar,  1818;  with  David  Griffiths 
[q.  T.]  and  David  Johns  [q.  v.]  settled  Malagasy  ortho- 
graphy on  the  phonetic  system,  1882  ;  visited  the  queen 
at  Ambatomanga  to  petition  against  persecution  of 
Christians,  1840 ;  died  in  Mauritius.  [xxx.  95] 

JONES,  BBENEZER  (1820-1860X  poet;  author  of 
•Studies  of  Sensation  and  Event,'  1843  (reissued,  1878), 
and  some  maturur  lyrics  written  at  the  close  of  life. 

[xxx.  96] 

JONES,  EDWARD  (1641-1703),  bishop  of  St.  Asaph; 
of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  fellow, 
1667 ;  M.A.,  1668 ;  while  master  of  Kilkenny  school  had 
Swift  as  pupil :  dean  of  Lismore,  1678;  bishop  of  Cloyne, 
1683-92,  of  St.  Asaph,  1692-1700 ;  deprived  of  St.  Asaph 
for  simony  and  maladministration,  1701.  [xxx.  97] 

JONES,  EDWARD  (1752-1824),  'Bardd  y  Brenin '  (the 
Hard):    gained  repute  as  a  harpist;   published 
•  Musical  and  Poetical  Relicks  of  the  Welsh  Bards,'  1784, 
and  other  collections  of  music.  [xxx.  98] 

JONES,  EDWARD  (fl.  1771-1831),  author  ('Ned 
Mou ') ;  of  the  Gwyneddigion  Society ;  published  '  Cicero's 
Brutus,'  1776, '  Index  to  Records  called  the  Originalia  and 
Memoranda'  (vol.  i.  1793,  vol.  ii.  1795X  and  'Cyfreithiau 
Plwyf '  (parish  la wsX  1794.  [xxx.  98] 

JONES,  EDWARD  (1777-1837),  founder  of  Welsh 
Wesleyan  methodism.  [xxx.  99] 

JONES,  ELIZABETH  EMMA  (1813-1842).  [See 
SOYKR.] 

JONES,  ERNEST  CHARLES  (1819-1869),  chartist 
and  poet;  educated  abroad:  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1844 :  defended  Feargus  O'Connor  against  Thomas 
Cooper,  1846 ;  advocated  physical  force,  and  suffered  two 
years'  imprisonment  (1848-50)  for  seditious  speeches; 
twice  contested  Halifax  and  Nottingham ;  edited  *  The 
People's  Paper':  published  sensational  novels,  'The 
Battle  Day  and  other  Poems'  (1855),  political  songs,  and 
other  verse.  [xxx.  99] 

JONES,  EVAN,  or  IKCAN  GWYNKDD  (1820-1852), 
Welsh  poet  and  journalist;  independent  minister  at 
Tredegar,  1845-8:  published  'Facts  and  Figures  and 
Statements'  (1849)  defending  Welsh  nonconformists 
against  report  of  commission  of  1847  on  Welsh  education ; 
conducted  'Y  Gymraes'  (magazine  for  women)  and  '  Yr 
Adolygydd'  (national  quarterlyX  1850-2;  his  collected 
poems  edited  by  the  Rev.  T.  Roberto,  1876.  [xxx.  100] 

JONES,  FREDERICK  EDWARD  (1759-1834), 
manager  of  Crow  Street  Theatre,  Dublin,  1796-1814,  and 
In  1819  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  met  with  persistent 
opposition  and  misfortune,  and  was  imprisoned  for  debt ; 
called  'Buck  Jones'  from  his  handsome  appearance; 
Jones  Road,  Dublin,  named  after  him.  [xxx.  101] 

JONES,  GEORGE  (1786-1869X  painter :  son  of  John 
Jones  (1745?-1797)[q.  v.];  volunteer  in  the  Peninsula; 
painted  views  of  Waterloo  and  Vlttoria;  R.A.,  1824, 
librarian,  1834-40,  keeper,  1840-50,  and  acting  president, 
1845-60 ;  friend  of  Turner  and  Chantrey ;  chief  adviser  of 
Robert  Vernon  [q.  v.)  [xxx.  102] 

JONES,  GEORGE  MATTHEW  (1785  7-1831X  captain 
In  the  navy ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Thoma?  Jones  [q  v  1  •  I 
Ifcutanant  of   the   Amphion  under  Nelson  and  Hostel  j 

S-8,  being  severely  wounded  In  the  Adriatic ;  posted,  I 
1818:  TisUed  and  described  in  '  Travels '  (1827)  theWto  i 
of  most  of  the  countries  of  Europe.  [ixx.  103] 

JONES,  GILES  (/.  1765X  brother  and  collaborator 
(1722-1786)    [q.    v.]    In    'Lilliputian 

[xxx.  104] 

JONES,  GRIFFITH  (1688-1761),  founder  of  Webh  I 
«ty  or  circulating  schools;  Incumbent  of  Llandilo  , 
£b«roowyn,  1711 ;  rector  of  Llanddowror,  1716  ;  attacked  ' 
oy  John  Evans,  vicar  of  Eglwys  Cymmun,  1752  ;  published 


of   Griffith   Jones 

ii. --.,-,   / 


'  Welsh  Piety'  (annual,  1737-61)  and  various  theological 
works  in  Welsh  :  said  to  have  '  converted '  Daniel  Row- 
lands of  Llangeitho  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  103] 

JONES,  GRIFFITH  (1722-1786),  writer  for  the 
young  and  editor  of  the  'London  Chronicle,'  'Daily 
Advertiser,'  and  '  Public  Ledger ' ;  printed  the  '  Literary ' 
and  '  British '  magazines.  [xxx.  104] 

JONES,  SIR  HARFORD  (1764-1847).  [See  BRYDGKS, 
SIR  HARPORD  JONKS.] 

JONES,  SIR  HARRY  DAVID  (1791-1866), lieutenant- 
general  ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Thomas  Jones  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  royal  engineers,  1808 ;  served  in  Walcheren  ex- 
pedition (1809)  and  Peninsula,  being  present  at  cap- 
ture of  Badajoz,  1812,  and  battle  of  Vittoria,  1813; 
captured  severely  wounded  while  leading  'forlorn  hope' 
at  San  Sebastian  (25  July,  1813);  again  wounded  at  the 
Nive,  1813  ;  at  New  Orleans,  1814,  and  with  the  army  of 
occupation  after  Waterloo ;  secretary  to  Irish  railway 
commission  and  first  commissioner  of  boundaries,  1836 : 
chairman  of  Irish  board  of  works,  1845-50 ;  director  of 
engineers  at  Chatham,  1851 ;  commanded  as  brigadier 
laud  operations  in  Baltic,  1854  ;  commanding  engineer  at 
Sebastopol,  1855,  being  severely  wounded  at  the  unsuc- 
cessful assault  of  18  June;  created  K.C.B.,  receiving 
Legion  of  Honour  and  other  foreign  orders ;  governor  of 
Sandhurst,  1856-66 ;  chairman  of  defence  commission  of 
1869;  lieutenant-general,  1860;  G.O.B.  and  D.C.L.  of 
Oxford,  1861.  [xxx.  105] 

JONES,  HARRY  LONGUEVILLE  (1806-1870), 
founder  (1846)  and  first  editor  of  '  Archceologia  Cam- 
brensis';  fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge: 
seventh  wrangler,  1828 ;  M.A.,  1832  ;  proposed  formation 
of  a  Manchester  university,  1836;  inspector  of  schools  for 
Wales,  1849-64;  published  (with  Thomas  Wright) 
•  Memorials  of  Cambridge,'  1841,  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  107] 

JONES,  HENRY  (1605-1682),  bishop  of  Meath ;  son 
of  Lewis  Jones  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1624  (vice-chancellor,  1646);  dean  of  Ardagh,  1625,  of 
Kilmore,  1637;  when  prisoner  in  bauds  of  the  rebels 
presented  the  Cavan  remonstrance,  1641 ;  bishop  of 
Clogher,  1645  ;  engaged  on  the  settlement  of  Ulster  (1653) 
and  other  commissions ;  bishop  of  Meath,  1661-82 ;  active 
in  procuring  evidence  of  a  '  popish  plot '  in  Ireland. 

[xxx.  107] 

JONES,  HENRY  (d.  1727),  abridger  of  '  Philosophical 
Transactions,'  1700-20 ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  fellow  of  King's  College  ;  M.A.,  1720 ;  F.R.S., 
1724.  [xxx.  109] 

JONES,  HENRY  (1721-1770),  poet  and  dramatist; 
patronised  by  Chesterfield,  who  assisted  him  to  produce 
•Poems  on  Several  Occasions'  (1749),  and  by  Gibber;  his 
'Earl  of  Essex'  acted  with  success  at  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  1753;  took  to  drink  and  was  run  over  in  St. 
Martin's  Lane,  London.  [xxx.  109] 

JONES,  HENRY  (1831-1899),  known  as  CAVENDISH  ; 
writer  on  whist:  educated  at  King's  College  School: 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital;  M.R.C.S.  and 
L.S.A.,  1852;  practised  in  London:  retired,  1869;  an 
enthusiastic  student  of  whist ;  published,  1 862,  •  Principles 
of  Whist  stated  and  explained  by  Cavendish';  whist 
editor  of  the  'Field'  from  1862;  issued  works  on  card 
games  and  other  pastimes.  [Suppl.  iii.  45] 

JONES,  HENRY  BENOE  (1814-1873),  physician  and 
chemist;  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1849;  M.D.,  1849;  F.R.S.,  1846;  physician  to  St. 
George's  Hospital,  1846-72;  F.R.O.P.,  1849,  afterwards 
seuior  censor;  secretary  to  Royal  Institution  from  1860  : 
studied  chemistry  under  Graham  and  Liebig ;  friend  and 
biographer  of  Faraday ;  works  include  '  Lectures  on 
Animal  Chemistry,'  1860,  and  '  Oroouian  Lectures  on 
Matter  and  Force,'  1868.  [xxx.  110] 

JONES,  SIR  HORACE  (1819-1887),  city  of  London 
architect ;  designed  Smithfield  and  reconstructed  Billings- 
gate and  Leadeuhall  markets,  the  Guildhall  library  and 
museum  (1872),  and  the  new  council  chamber  (1884)  ; 
with  Sir  J.  Wolfe  Barry,  made  plans  for  the  T 
Bridge ;  P.R.LB.A.,  1882-3  ;  knighted,  1886.  [xxx.  Ill] 

JONES,  SIR  HUGH  (fi.  1417-1463).    [See  JOHN  vs.] 

JONES,  HUGH  (1508-1574),  bishop  of  Llaudaff, 
1567-74  ;  B.C.L.  Oxford,  1541.  [xxx.  Ill] 


JONES 


701 


JONES 


JONES,  JNI(;O  (1573-1G5-:),  architect;  son  of  a 
Roman  catholic  clothworker  of  London  :  in  his  youtli 
travelled  on  the  continent  at  expense  of  William"  Her- 
bert, third  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.]  :  summoned  from 
Venice  to  Denmark  by  Christian  IV:  designoi 
scenes,  machines,  and  dresses  for  many  nm^inc-  \,\-  K.  n 
Jonson,  Samuel  Daniel,  Aurelian  Townshrnd.  Hoywood, 
D'Avenant.  and  others;  quarrelled  with  I  ten  Jensen,  and 
was  satirised  as  In-and-in  Medlay  in  his  'Tale  of  a  Tub,' 
1633  ;  surveyor  of  works  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  1610- 
1612:  again  visited  Italy,  1613-15,  purchasing  work-*  of 
art  for  lords  Artmdcl  and  Pembroke;  supposed  to  have 
designed  buildings  at  Leghorn:  surveyor-general  of 
works,  1615  :  designed  the  queen's  house  at  Greenwich 
(1617-35),  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel  (1617-23),  west  side  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  banqueting  house  at  Whitehall 
(1619-22)  as  part  of  a  projected  new  palace;  also  the 
water-gate  in  Buckingham  Street,  Adelphi,  St.  Paul's 
Church,  Oovent  Garden  (rebuilt  from  his  designs,  1795), 
and  the  piazza  of  Covent  Garden,  Ashburnham  House, 
Westminster,  and  other  buildings ;  as  surveyor  directed 
extensive  repairs  to  the  old  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  in  Basing 
House  during  the  siege  (1643-5),  but  on  payment  of  a  fine 
received  back  his  estate:  prepared  designs  for  Wilton 
House,  1648.  Large  collections  of  his  drawings  are  at 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  and  at  Chatsworth. 

[xxx.  Ill] 

JONES,  ISAAC  (1804-1850),  Welsh  translator;  edu- 
cated at  Aberystwith,  where  he  was  head-master,  1828-34, 
and  Lampeter  (Eldon  scholar,  1835) :  curate  in  Anglesey, 
1840-50;  translated  into  Welsh  Guraey's  'Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,'  1835,  Adam  Clarke's  'Commentary,'  1847,  and 
other  works ;  joint-editor  of  '  Y  Geirlyfr  Cymraeg '  (Welsh 
encyclopedia),  1835.  [xxx.  119] 

JONES,  JAMES  RHYS  (1813-1889),  Welsh  writer 
and  lecturer :  known  as  KILSBT  JONES  ;  independent 
minister  at  Kilsby,  Northamptonshire,  1840-50  ;  preached 
atLlandrindod  Wells  from  1868  :  edited  works  of  W.  Wil- 
liams of  Pantycelyn  (  Welsh  X  Welsh  versions  of  the  '  Pil- 
grim's Progress,'  and  other  works  ;  contributed  to  Welsh 
periodicals ;  popular  lecturer.  [xxx.  120] 

JONES,  JENKIN  (1700?-! 742),  Welsh  Anninian ; 
founded  in  1726  Llwynrhydowen,  the  first  Anninian 
church  in  Wales ;  published  and  translated  theological 
works.  [xxx.  m] 

JONES,  JEREMIAH  (1693-1724),  independent  tutor 
at  Nailsworth  and  biblical  critic;  nephew  of  Samuel 
Jones  (1680?-1719)  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  'New  and  Full 
Method  of  settling  the  Canonical  Authority  of  the  New 
Testament,'  published  1726.  [xxx.  121] 

JONES,  JEZREEL  (d.  1731),  traveller ;  as  clerk  to 
the  Royal  Society  visited  Barbary,  1698  and  1701 ;  British 
envoy  to  Morocco,  1704;  contributed  valuable  specimens 
to  the  Sloane  collection.  [xxx.  122] 

JONES,  JOHN1  (fl.  1579),  physician :  studied  at  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge ;  practised  at  Bath  and  Buxton  : 
translated  '  Galens  Bookes  of  Elementes,'  1574  ;  published 
books  on  baths  and  other  medical  works.  [xxx.  122] 

JONES,  JOHN,  alias  BCCKLKY,  alias  GODFREY 
MAURICE  (d.  1598),  Franciscan;  went  to  Pontoise  on 
dissolution  of  the  Greenwich  house,  1559,  and  thence  to 
Rome ;  arrested  in  England,  1596  ;  hanged,  1598. 

[xxx. 123] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1575-1636),  Benedictine  ('Leander  a 
Sancto  Martino ') :  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  (fellow) ;  B.O.L.,  1600 ; 
entered  abbey  of  St.  Martin  at  Compostella,  1599 :  D.D. 
Salamanca  ;  professor  of  theology  at  Donay ;  vicar- 
general  of  Anglo-Spanish  Benedictines,  1612:  prior  of 
St.  Gregory's,  Douay,  1621-8  and  1629-33  :  took  the  oath  of 
allegiance  as  papal  agent  in  England,  1634;  accusation 
of  intercourse  with  him  denied  by  Laud,  1643;  wrote 
and  edited  many  theological  works;  his  'Rule  of  St. 
Benedict'  translated  by  Canon  Francis  Cuthbert  Doyle, 
1876;  correspondence  concerning  English  catholics 
printed  in  '  Clarendon  State  Papers.'  [xxx.  123] 

JONES,  JOHN  (d.  1660),  regicide:  colonel,  1646; 
negotiated  surrender  of  Anglesey  to  parliament,  1646; 
helped  to  suppress  Sir  John  Owen's  rising,  1648 ;  MJ>., 
Merionethshire,  1647  ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant : 
commissioner  to  assist  lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  1650:  was 
removed  for  republicanism,  but  married  Cromwell's  sister 


Catherine;  one  of  Crormvoirs  peer*  and  governor  of 
Anglesey,  1CS7;  mcmlx-r  oi  i:>ty  and 

council  of  state,  1659 :  arrested  as  supporter  of  Lambert, 
but  released  on  submission,  1659  ;  executed  as  a  regicide. 

JONES.  JOHN  (1C45-1709),  chancellor  of*  Llaudaff : 
fellow  of  JI-HS  College,  O^ 

1677:  chancellor  of  Llandaff,  1691-1709  ;  wrote  a  treatise 
on  intermittent  fevers  (1683)  and  invented  a  clock. 

JONES,  JOHN  (1693-1752),  clawical  scholar :  ]of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School  an  :  <  ..liege,  Oxford  : 

B.A.,  1716  ;  B.C.L.,  1720 ;  head-master  of  Oundle  school, 
1718;  rector  of  Uppingham,  1743-52;  edited  Horace, 
1736.  [XXX.  127] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1700-1770),  controversialist:  B.A^ 
1721,  and  chaplain  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford ;  vicar 
of  Alconbury,  Huntingdonshire,  1741-50;  rector  of  Boln- 
hurst,  Bedfordshire,  1750-7  ;  curate  at  Welwyn,  1757-65  ; 
vicar  of  Sheephall,  1767-70:  advocated  revision  of  the 
liturgy  in  *  Free  and  Candid  Disquisitions  relating  to  the 
Church  of  England,'  1749.  [xxx.  127] 

JONES,  JOHN  (d.  1796),  organist  of  St.  Paul's,  1765- 
1796,  and  composer  of  chants.  [xxx.  128] 

JONES,  JOHN  (17457-1797),  engraver  in  mezzotint 
and  stipple.  [xxx.  128] 

JONES,  JOHN  (fl.  1797),  sub-director  of  Handel  Com- 
memoration, 1784,  and  composer.  [xxx.  128] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1767-1821),  Welsh  satirical  song- 
writer ('SiOn  Glanygors'):  active  member  of  the 
Gwyneddigion  Society,  which  met  at  the  King's  Head, 
Ludgate  Hill,  London,  then  owned  by  him :  his  humorous 
pieces  collected  in  '  Yr  Awen  Fywiog,'  1858.  [xxx.  128] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1766  7-1827),  nnitarian  critic ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1818;  educated  at  Christ's  College. 
Brecon,  and  at  Hackney,  under  Gilbert  Wakefield  [q.  v.]  ; 
'  presbyterian '  minister  at  Plymouth,  1795-8:  minister 
and  tutor  at  Halifax,  1798-1804;  a  Williams  trustee. 
1821 ;  published  '  Illustrations  of  the  Four  Gospels,'  1808, 
'Greek-English  Lexicon,'  1823  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  129] 

JONES,  JOHN  (fl.  1827),  author  of  'Attempts  in 
verse  by  John  Jones,  an  Old  Servant,'  1831  (introduction 
by  Southey).  [xxx.  130] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1772-1837),  Welsh  historian ;  LL.D 
Jena;  author  of  'History  of  Wales,'  1824,  an  original 
translation  into  Welsh  of  the  gospels,  1812,  and  other 
works.  [xxx.  130] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1792-1852),  Welsh  poet  and  antiquary 
and  hebraist  ('Tegid ') ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1821 : 
precentor  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1823,  and  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Thomas's,  Oxford,  1823 :  incumbent  of 
Nevern,  Pembrokeshire,  1841-52;  prebendary  of  St. 
David's,  1848-52;  transcribed  the  'Mabinogion '  for  Lady 
Charlotte  Guest :  joint-editor  of  'Poetical  Works  of  Lewis 
Glyn  Cothi'  (1837-9):  upheld  etymological  system  of 
Welsh  spelling ;  his  poems  published,  1859.  [xxx.  131] 

JONES,  JOHN  (TAUSARN)  (1796-1857),  Welsh 
preacher ;  composer  of  psalm  and  hymn  tunes. 

[xxx.  131] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1788-1858),  Welsh  verse- w ri ter  : 
served  as  a  sailor  in  the  Napoleonic  war ;  afterwards  a 
cotton-spinner ;  collected  poems  issued,  1866. 

[xxx.  132] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1810-1869X  Welsh  poet  ('  Talhaiarn ') ; 
as  manager  to  Sir  Joseph  Paxton  employed  in  France : 
wrote  Welsh  words  to  old  Welsh  airs  ;  published  three 
volumes  of  poetry  (1855, 1862,  and  1869).  [xxx.  132] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1835-1877),  geologist  and  engineer: 
secretary  to  Cleveland  Ironmasters'  Association  from 
1866 ;  founded  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  1868  ;  chief  work, 
'Geology  of  South  Staffordshire.'  [xxx.  133] 

JONES,  SIR  JOHN  (1811-1878),  lieutenant-general; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  1st  battalion  60th  rifles  at  siege  of 
Delhi,  commanding  the  left  attack  in  September  1867 ;  as 
brigadier  of  Roorkhee  field-force  acquired  name  of  'the 
Avenger ' :  afterwards  in  Oude :  K.C.B. :  lieutenant-general, 
1877 ;  received  distinguished  service  pension. 

[xxx.  133] 


JONES 


702 


JONES 


JONES,  JOHN  (1W1  ?-1878),  Welsh  baptist  ('  Ma- 
etas ') :  contributed  to  '  Serun  Oomer,'  1846 ;  minister 
at  Rhymney,  Monmouthshire,  1862-77;  published  'G«i- 
riadur  Beiblaidd  a  Duwinyddol'  (biblical  dictionary), 
(ToL  L  18C4,  voL  1L  1869,  vol.  iii.  published  1883),  and 
•  Areitnfa  Mathetes '  (sermons),  1873.  [xxx.  133] 

JONES.  J«HN  (18007-1882),  virtuoso:  a  tailor  in 
Waterloo  Place;  hla  pictures,  furniture,  and  objects  of 


bequeathed  to  South  Kensington  Museum :  bene- 
factor of  Ventuor  convalescent  hospital.         [xxx.  134] 

JONI8,  JOHN  (1804-1887),  Welsh  biblical  commen- 
tator ('  Idrisyn ') ;  vicar  of  Llandyssilio  Gogo,  Cardigan- 
shire, 18W-S7  ;  published  •  Y  Deonglydd  Beiruiadol ' 
(biblical  commentary),  1862.  [xxx.  134] 

JONES,  JOHN  (1791-1889),  archdeacon  of  Liverpool ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1820;  incumbent 
successively  of  St.  Andrew's,  Liverpool,  and  Christ 
Church,  Waterloo,  Liverpool  ;  published  sermons  and 
expository  lectures.  [xxx.  135] 

JONES,  JOHN  ANDREWS  (1779-1863),  baptist 
minister,  and  author  of  'Bunhill  Memorials'  (1849): 
minister  in  London  from  1831  (at  '  Jireh  Chapel,'  Brick 
Lane,  till  1861,  afterwards  at  East  Street,  City  Road). 

[xxx.  135] 

JONES,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1806-1862),  sculptor  of 
busts ;  exhibited  at  the  Academy  from  1844.  [xxx.  136] 

JONES,  JOHN  FELIX  (d.  1878),  captain  in  the  Indian 
navy  and  surveyor :  employed  in  survey  of  Red  Sea,  1829- 
1834,  Ceylon,  and  Mesopotamia  ;  during  survey  of 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  discovered  site  of  Opis,  1850; 
author  of  '  Assyrian  Vestiges ' ;  political  agent  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  1855-8.  [xxx.  136] 

JONES,  JOHN  OALE  (1769-1838),  radical ;  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  ;  caricatured  by 
Gillray  as  a  speaker  at  London  Corresponding  Society's 
meeting  in  Copenhagen  Fields,  London,  1795  ;  imprisoned 
for  sedition,  1798,  and  for  libel  on  Castlereagh,  1810  ; 
committed  to  Newgate  by  the  House  of  Commons  for 
breach  of  privilege,  1810.  [xxx.  136] 

JONES,  JOHN  OGWEN  (1829-1884),  Welsh  biblical 
scholar;  B.A.  London,  1858;  Calviuistic  methodist 
minister  at  Liverpool,  Oswestry,  and  Rhyl;  published 
lectures  and  Welsh  commentaries.  [xxx.  137] 

JONES,  JOHN  PAUL  (1747-1792),  naval  adventurer; 
mm  of  a  Kircudbrightehire  gardener  named  Paul ;  after 
five  years  in  the  slave  trade  engaged  in  smuggling  and 
trading  in  West  Indies ;  entered  American  navy  under 
name  of  Jones,  1775  ;  while  in  command  of  the  Ranger 
took  the  fort  at  Whitehaven,  plundered  Lord  Selkirk's 
house  on  St.  Mary's  Isle,  and  captured  the  Drake  off 
Carrickfergus,  1778;  iu  the  Bouhoinme  Richard,  accom- 
panied by  three  French  ships  and  an  American,  threatened 
Edinburgh  and  captured  the  Serapis  while  convoying  the 
Baltic  trade,  1779 ;  afterwards  rerved  in  French  navy  ; 
present  as  rear-admiral  iu  the  Russian  service  in  battle  of 
the  Limau,  1788 ;  quarrelled  with  Potemkin ;  died  at  Paris. 

[xxx.  138] 

JONES,  JOHN  PIKE  (1790-1857),  antiquary;  B.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1813  ;  was  refused  institu- 
tion to  benefices,  1819;  vicar  of  Alton,  Staffordshire, 
1829,  and  Butterleigh,  Devonshire,  1832 ;  published  '  His- 
torical and  Monumental  Antiquities  of  Devonshire,'  1823, 

'  pan  of  •  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities,'  1828,  and  '  Flora 

[xxx. 141] 

JONES,  SIR  JOHN  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1783- 
1843),  major-general ;  adjutant  of  royal  engineers  at 
Gibraltar,  1798-1802  ;  employed  on  construction  of 
Cbelmsford  lines  of  defence,  1804 ;  present  at  battle  of 
Maida,  1806,  and  directed  attack  on  Scylla  Castle,  which 
he  afterwards  refortified  ;  aide-de-camp  to  General  Leith 
with  Spanish  army,  1808 ;  chief  of  engineers'  staff  in 
Walcberen  expedition,  1809;  completed  the  works  at 
Torres  Vednw,  1810;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1812; 
dUabled  at  Burgos,  1812  ;  while  Invalided  published 
a  'Journal'  of  the  sieges  in  Spain,  severely  criticising 
their  conduct:  named  C.B.  after  serving  on  commission 
to  report  anon  defences  of  Netherlands,  1815,  being  sole 
intpector,  1818,  while  holding  a  command  at  Woolwich: 
colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  George  IV,  1826 ;  created 
baronet,  1881,  for  services  in  the  Netherlands ;  major- 


general,  1837;  K.C.B.,  1838;  drew  up  plans  for  defence 
of  United  Kingdom  and  of  Gibraltar,  1840;  his  statue 
erected  by  engineers  iu  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London; 
published  works  of  contemporary  military  history ;  his 
reports  on  Netherland  fortresses  privately  circulated 
among  engineers.  [xxx.  141] 

JONES,  JOHN  WINTER  (1805-1881),  principal 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  ;  nephew  of  Stephen 
Jones  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London ; 
travelling  secretary  to  charity  commissioners,  c.  1835-7  ; 
entered  British  Museum,  1837  ;  had  principal  hand  in  fram- 
ing the  rules  for  cataloguing  ;  assistant-keeper  of  printed 
books,  1850,  keeper,  1856-66,  principal  librarian,  1866-78  ; 
president  of  Library  Association,  1877  ;  edited  works  for 
Hakluyt  Society ;  contributed  to  '  Biographical  Dic- 
tionary' of  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge. 


[xxx.  146] 
Wei 


JONES,  JOSEPH  DAVID  (1827-1870),  Welsh  musical 
composer  and  schoolmaster ;  his  chief  compositions  .the 
cantata  'Llys  Arthur'  or  'Arthur's  Court,'  1864,  and 
'  Tonau  ac  Emynau '  (hymns  and  tunes),  1868. 

[xxx.  146] 

JONES,  JOSHUA  (d.  1740),  independent  minister  at 
Cross  Street,  Manchester,  1725-40;  brother  of  Jeremiah 
Jones  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  122] 

JONES,  LESLIE  GROVE  (1779-1839),  soldier  and 
radical  politician  ;  in  the  guards  during  Peninsular  war ; 
commandant  at  Brussels  before  Waterloo.  [xxx.  146] 

JONES,  LEWIS  (15507-1646),  bishop  of  Killaloe ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1568  ;  B.A.,  1568 ; 
dean  of  Ardagh,  1606-25,  and  of  Cashel,  1607-33  ;  bishop 
of  Killaloe,  1633-46  ;  restored  Cashel  Cathedral. 


[xxx.  146] 
),  admiral ;  lieu- 


JONES,  LEWIS  TOBIAS  (1797-1895), 
!  tenant,  1822;  commander,  1838;  under  Sir  Robert  Stop- 
I  ford  [q.  v.]  on  coast  of  Syria,  1840  ;  captain,  1840 ;  com- 
I  manded  expedition  against  shivery  at  Lagos,  1851 ;  C.B., 
i  1854;  in  Black  Sea,  1854;  rear-admiral,  1859;  K.C.B., 
.  1861 ;  commander-in-chief  at  Queenstown,  1862-5 ;  re- 
1  tired  as  admiral,  1871 ;  G.C.B.,  1873.  [Suppl.  iii.  46] 

JONES,  LLOYD  (1811-1886),  advocate  of  co-opera- 
tion ;  supporter  of  Robert  Owen ;  joint-author  of  '  Pro- 
gress of  the  Working  Classes,'  1867 ;  his  life  of  Robert 
Owen  published,  1889.  [xxx.  147] 

JONES,  MATTHEW  (1654-1717),  prebendary  of 
Donoughuiore,  1687-1717;  brother  of  Edward  Jones 
(1641-1703)  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  97] 


JONES,  MICHAEL  (d.  1649),  Irish  parliamentarian ; 
son  of  Lewis  Jones  [q.  v.] ;  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  after 
fighting  for  the  king  against  the  Irish  rebels  entered  ser- 
vice of  parliament  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  cavalry 
leader  in  northern  England,  1644-5  ;  governor  of  Chester, 
1646  ;  as  governor  of  Dublin,  1647-9,  routed  the  Irish  at 
Dungau  Hill,  1647,  and  Ormonde  at  Rathmines,  1649 ; 
died  of  fever  when  Cromwell's  second  in  command. 

[xxx.  147] 

JONES,  OWEN  (fl.  1790),  president  of  the  Gwynedd- 
igion  Society,  1793  («C6r  y  Cyrtie');  brother  of  Edward 
Jones  (ft.  1771-1831)  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  99] 

JONES,  OWEN  (1741-1814),  Welsh  antiquary 
('Owain  Myvyr');  London  furrier;  founded  Gwynedd- 
igion  Society,  1770 ;  published  '  The  Myvyrian  Archae- 
ology of  Wales,'  1801-7 ;  joint-editor  of  poems  of  Davydd 
ab  Gwilym,  1789.  [xxx.  149] 

JONES,  OWEN  (1809-1874),  architect  and  ornamental 
designer  ;  son  of  Owen  Jones  (1741-1814)  [q.  v.]  ;  visited 
Paris  and  Italy,  1830,  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Constantinople, 
.833,  and  Granada,  1834  and  1837;  superintendent  of 
1851  exhibition ;  joint-director  of  decoration  of  Crystal 
Palace  ;  designed  St.  James's  Hall,  London,  and  decorated 
the  khedive's  palace  in  Egypt ;  published  works,  including 
•Plans,  Elevations,  <fcc.,  of  the  Alhambra '  (1842-5), '  The 
Polychromatic  Ornament  of  Italy,'  1846,  and  'The 
Grammar  of  Ornament,'  1856.  [xxx.  160] 

JONES,  OWEN  (1806-1889),  Welsh  writer  ('  Meudwy 
M6n');  methodist  pastor  at  Mold,  Manchester,  and 
Llaududnp,  1866-89 ;  published  (in  Welsh)  works,  includ- 
ing an  historical,  topographical,  and  biographical  dic- 
tionary of  Wales.  1876,  and  a  Welsh  concordance  and 
commentary.  [xxx.  151] 


JONES 


JONES 


JONES,    PAUL    (1747-1792).      [See    JONKS,   JOHN 

PAL'L.] 

JONES,  PHILIP  (1618  P-1674),  Welsh  parliamentarian 
governor  of  Swansea,  1645,  and  colonel,  1646  ;  with  Colonel 
Horton  defeated  the  royalists  at  St.  Pagans,  1648  ;  gov.-r- 
iior  of  Cardiff ;  M.P.,  Brecknockshire,  1650,  Glamon-'an- 
shire,  1656  ;  one  of  Cromwell's  peers,  1657 ;  member  of  the 
council  of  state  from  1653  ;  controller  of  the  household  to 
Oliver  and  Kidmnl  Cromwell;  acquired  large  fortune: 
rlmrired  with  conniption  by  the  military  party  mid  ex- 
treme republicans;  governor  of  the  Charterhouse,  1868; 
made  his  peace  with  the  king  and  was  sheriff  of  Glamor- 
gan, 1671 ;  purchased  Foumon  Castle,  1664.  [xxx.  151] 

JONES,  RHYS  (1713-1801),  Welsh  poet  and  compiler 
of  'Gorchestion  Beirdd  Cymru,'  1773.  [xxx.  153] 

JONES,  JHONES,  or  JOHNES,  RICHARD  (/. 
1564-16U2),  printer  of  plays,  chap-books,  romances,  and 
popular  literature,  including  Nicholas  Breton's  works, 
'  Tamburlaiue '  and  '  Pierce  Penilesse.'  [xxx.  153] 

JONES,  RICHARD  (1603-1673),  Welsh  noncon- 
formist divine  and  author  of  metrical  mnemonic  digests 
of  the  bible ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1628 ;  ejected 
from  mastership  of  Denbigh  school  for  nonconformity ; 
translated  into  Welsh  works  by  Baxter.  [xxx.  154] 

JONES,  RICHARD,  third  VISCOUNT  and  first  EARL 
OF  RAXELAGH  (1636  P-1712),  succeeded  as  third  viscount, 
1669 ;  chancellor  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1668 ;  farmed 
Irish  revenues,  1674-81  ;  as  paymaster-general  (1691- 
1702)  was  convicted  of  defalcation,  but  escaped  prosecu- 
tion ;  sat  in  the  English  parliament,  1685-1703  :  Ranelagh 
Gardens  formed  out  of  his  Chelsea  estate.  [xxx.  154] 

JONES,  RICHARD  (1767-1840),  animal-painter. 

[xxx.  156] 

JONES,  RICHARD  (1779-1851),  actor  and  dramatist 
('Gentleman  Jones');  appeared  at  Crow  Street,  Dublin, 
under  Frederick  Edward  Jones  [q.  v.],  1799;  at  Covent 
Garden,  London,  1807-9 ;  afterwards  took  Lewis's  parts  at 
the  Haymarket ;  claimed  authorship  of  '  The  Green  Man ' 
(1818)  and  'Too  Late  for  Dinner'  (1820),  in  which  he 
acted;  collaborated  with  Theodore  Hook  [q.  v.]  in 
'  Hoaxing' ;  excelled  in  eccentric  rdles.  [xxx.  156] 

JONES,  RICHARD  (1790-1855),  political  economist ; 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1819  ;  professor  of  politi- 
cal economy  at  King's  College,  London,  1833-5,  at  Hailey- 
bury,  1835-55;  secretary  to  the  capitular  commission, 
and  a  charity  commissioner ;  published  essay  on  '  Rent ' 
(1831),  attacking  Ricardo ;  his  works  collected,  1850. 

[xxx.  157] 

JONES,  RICHARD  ROBERTS  (1780-1843),  self- 
educated  linguist  ('  Dick  of  Aberdaron ') ;  son  of  a  car- 
penter: acquired  a  knowledge  of  Greek,  Latin,  Hebrew, 
French,  Italian,  and  Spanish,  as  well  as  some  Cbaldaic 
andSyriac;  compiled  a  Welsh,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  dic- 
tionary, but  was  unable  to  publish  it.  [xxx.  157] 

JONES,  ROBERT  (fl.  1616),  musical  composer,  poet, 
and  lutenist;  published  four  books  of  ayres,  also 
madrigals,  and  (1610) 'The  Muses'  Garden  of  Delights'; 
some  of  his  songs  reprinted  in  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen's  '  Lyrics 
from  Elizabethan  Song  Books.'  [xxx.  158] 

JONES,  ROBERT  (1810-1879),  writer  on  Welsh  litera- 
ture ;  B.A.Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1837  ;  vicar  of  AllSaints, 
Jtotherhithe,  London,  1841-79 ;  first  editor  of  '  Y  Cymmro- 
dor,'  1876 ;  author  of  '  History  of  the  Cymmrodorion ' ; 
edited  works  (with  life  and  correspondence)  of  Rev. 
Goronwy  Owen,  1876.  [xxx.  159] 

JONES,  ROWLAND  (1722-1774),  philologist;  of  the 
Inner  Temple;  published  'The  Origin  of  Language  and 
Nations '  (1764),  an  attempt  to  prove  Welsh  the  primaeval 
language,  also  '  Hieroglyfic,'  1768,  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  169] 

JONES,  SAMUEL  (1628-1697),  early  Welsh  non- 
conformist ;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1652,  and 
bursar,  1655 ;  M.A.,  1654  ;  received  presbyterian  ordina- 
tion :  incumbent  of  Llangynwyd,  Glamorganshire,  1657- 
]•;>.-•  ;  established  (1689)  first  Welsh  nonconformist  aca- 
demy (afterwards  presbyteriau  college,  Carmarthen). 

[xxx.  160] 

JONES,  SAMUEL  (1680  ?-1719),  nonconformist  tutor 
at  Gloucester  and  Tewkesbury ;  studied  at  Leyden  ;  had 
among  his  pupils  Seeker  (afterwards  archbishop),  Joseph 
Butler  [<i.  v.],  and  Daniel  Scott  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  161] 


JONES.  SAMUEL  ((/.  1732),  poet;  queen'*  searcher  ut 
Whitby,  170-.t-3i  ;  published  •  Poetical  Miscellanies'  (1714) 
and  •  Wliitby :  a  poem,'  1718.  [xxx.  NJ1] 

JONES,  STEPHEN  (1763-1827),  editor  of  the  'Blo- 
praphia  Dramatica';  nephew  of  Griffith  Jones  (1792- 
1786)  [q.  v.l ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School :  edit^ : 
pean  Magazine'  (from  1807)  and '  Freemasons'  Magazine ' : 
compiled  'The  Spirit  of  the  I'ut.lic  .Journal*,'  1797-1814 
(illustrated  by  Cruiksbank,  1823-6);  published  among 
other  works  a  revised  edition  of  Baker's  '  Biogrmphia  Dra- 
in.it  UM,'  1812,  with  a  continuation  as  far  as  Ml. 

[xxx. 16*] 

JONES,  Sm  THKOPHILU8  (</.  1686),  scoutmaster- 
general  in  Ireland;  sou  of  Lewis  Jones  [q.  v.] :  saved 
Lisburn  from  the  Scote  under  Robert  Monro  [q.  v.],  1644  ; 
governor  of  Dublin,  1649-59;  elected  to  British  parlia- 
ment, 1656 ;  after  hia  dismissal  (1669)  took  part  against 
the  commonwealth  :  privy  councillor,  1661 ;  scoutmaster- 
general  in  Ireland,  1661-85.  [xxx.  16*] 

JONES,  THEOPHILUS  (1768-1812),  deputy-registrar 
of  Brecon,  and  author  of  *  History  of  County  of  Breck- 
nock,' 1805-9.  [xxx.  168] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1550  7-1619),  archbishop  of  Dnblin 
and  lord-chancellor  of  Ireland ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  1681-4  ;  bishop  of  Meath, 
1584-1605;  archbishop  of  Dublin  and  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland,  1605-19 ;  a  lord  justice,  1613  and  1616.  [xxx.  163] 

JONES,     alias    MOKTHEU,    THOMAS  (1530-1620?), 
Welsh  bard  and  genealogist  ('  Twm  Shon  Oatti ')  ;  em- 
ployed by  Welsh  gentry  to  draw  up  pedigrees:  claimed 
ley ;  the  traditional  Welsh  Robin 


kinship  with  Lord  Burgh: 
Hood. 


[xxx.  164] 


JONES,  THOMAS  (1618-1665),  civilian:  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1644  ;  D.O.L.,  1659 :  some 
time  deputy  to  Oxford  professor  of  civil  law  ;  published 
'  Prolusiones  Academic®,'  1660 ;  died  of  the  plague. 

[xxx.  166] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1622  ?-1682),  Welsh  divine ;  fellow 
of  University  College,  Oxford,  1648 :  MA.,  1660 ;  rector 
of  Castell  Caereinion,  1655-61,  of  Llandyrnog,  1666-70;  as 
chaplain  to  Duke  of  York,  1663-6,  accused  Bishop  Morley 
of  negligence,  and  was  prosecuted  by  him  ;  wrote  against 
Romanism.  [xxx.  166] 

JONES,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1692),  chief-justice  of  com- 
mon pleas ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  Emmanuel 
College.  Cambridge  :  B.A.,  1632  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1634  ;  king's  serjeant,  1671 ;  knighted,  1671 ;  judge  of  the 
king's  bench,  1676  ;  chief- justice  of  common  pleas,  1683-6  ; 
tried  Lord  Russell,  1683,  and  pronounced  revocation  of 
the  London  charter,  1683,  but  was  dismissed  (1686)  for 
refusing  to  declare  for  the  dispensing  power  ;  committed 
by  House  of  Commons,  1689,  for  judgment  against  the 
serjeant-at-arms  in  1682.  [xxx.  166] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1743-1803),  painter:  exhibited 
Welsh  and  Italian  views  at  the  Society  of  Artiste  and  the 
Academy ;  visited  Italy,  1776-84.  [xxx.  167] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1766-1807),  fellow  and  tutor  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1781-1807  :  of  Shrewsbury  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  senior  wrangler,  1778  :  M.A., 
1782  ;  friend  of  Bishop  Herbert  Marsh  [q.  v.] 

[xxx. 167] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (DENBIGH)  (1766-18SO),  Calvinistic 
methodist;  printed  at  Rnthin  translation  of  GurnallV 
'Christian  in  full  Armour,'  and  (1808)  of  'The  Larger 
Catechism  ' ;  published  at  Denbigh  his  •  History  of  Mar- 
tyrs,' 1813,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  168] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1768-1828),  Welsh  poet  ('  Y  Bardd 
Cloff');  London  coach-builder;  thrice  president  of  the 
Gwyneddigiou  Society.  [xxx.  168] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1752-1846),  promoter  of  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society;  rector  of  Great  Creatou, 
Northamptonshire,  1828-33;  gained  great  repute  as 
preacher  and  translator  into  Welsh  of  evangelical  work* ; 
founded  prize  at  Lampeter  for  Welsh  essay,  [xxx.  168] 

JONES,  THOMAS  (1775-1862),  optician;  assisted  in 
formation  of  Astronomical  Society,  1820;  F.R.S.,  1836. 

[xxx.  169] 


JONES 


704 


JONSON 


JONES  THOMAS  (1810-1875),  Cbeetbam  librarian. 
1845-7»  •  B.A.  Jesus  Collegr.  Oxford,  1832 ;  catalogued 
Nath  library,  184S :  F.S.A.,  1866.  [«» 

THOMAS  (1819-1888),  'the  Welsh  poet- 
'Jones  Treforris'  known  throughout  \v.-ii,.< 
as  to  independent  preacher  and  lecturer:  preached  Eng- 
lish sermons  at  Bedford  Chapel.  Oakley  Square,  London  : 
chairman  of  Congregational  Union,  1871-2:  pastor  of 
Congregational  church  at  Melbourne,  1877-80:  spent  bis 
tart  yean  at  Swansea ;  selection  of  bis  sermon?  published, 
1884,  with  preface  by  Robert  Browning,  the  poet. 

[xxx.  170] 

JONES,  THOMAS  RYMER  (1810-1880X  zoologist; 
1LR.C&,  1833 :  first  professor  of  comparative  anatomy 
at  Ring's  College,  London,  1836-74  ;  Fullerian  professor 
of  physiology  at  Royal  Institution,  1840-2 :  chief  work, 
Outline  of  the  Animal  Kingdom,'  1838-41. 

[xxx.  171] 

WILLIAM  (A  1612-1631),  chaplain  to  the 
» of  Southampton ;  devotional  writer. 

[xxx.  171] 

JONES.  WILLIAM  (1561-1636),  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  Hebrews  and  Philemon,  1636:  foundation 
fellow  of  Clare  Hall.  Cambridge ;  D.D.,  1597  :  incumbent 
of  East  Bergbolt,  1592-1636.  [xxx.  171] 

JONES.  Sm  WILLIAM  (1566-1640).  judge :  of  St. 
Edmund's  HaU,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1595  : 
serjeant,  1617  :  knighted,  1617  :  chief-justice  of  the  king's 
bench  in  Ireland,  1617-20:  judge  of  common  plens  in 
England,  1621,  of  the  king's  bench,  1624-40:  member  of 
Irish  commissions  and  of  the  council  of  Wales :  gave 
judgment  against  Eliot,  Holies,  and  Valentine,  1630,  and 
in  favour  of  ship-money,  1638 ;  bis  '  Reports '  issued,  1675. 

[xxx. 171] 

JONES.  Sra  WILLIAM  (1631-1682),  lawyer ;  of  Gray's 
Inn :  knighted,  1671 :  K.C.,  1671 ;  solicitor-general,  1673-5 ; 
attorney-general,  1675-9 :  directed  '  Popish  plot '  prosecu- 
tions: as  MJ*.  for  Plymouth,  1680-2,  was  manager  of 
Stafford's  trial,  1680,  and  a  strong  supporter  of  the  Exclu- 
sion Bill;  the  'Bull-faced  Jonas'  of  'Absalom  and  Achi- 
topbeL'  [xxx.  172] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  (1675-1749),  mathematician; 
mathematical  tutor  to  Philip  Yorke  (Hardwicke)  and  the 
firnt  and  second  Earls  of  Macclesfleld,  living  many  years 
with  them  at  Shirburn  Castle;  friend  of  Halley  and 
Newton :  edited  some  of  Newton's  mathematical  tracts, 
1711:  F.RA,  1712  (afterwards  vice-president) ;  published 
also  'Synopsis  Palmar iorum  Matheseos,'  1706,  and  a 
treatise  on  navigation.  [xxx.  173] 

JONES,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1746-1794),  orientalist  and 
jurist ;  son  of  William  Jones  (1675-1749)  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Harrow,  and  at  University  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow,  1766:  tutor  to  Lord  Althorp  (second 
Earl  Spencer) :  M.AM  1773  :  published  French  translation 
of  a  Persian  life  of  Nadir  Shah,  1770,  a  Persian  grammar, 
1771,  and  established  his  reputation  by  'Pocseos  Asiatics 
Commentariorum  Libri  Sex,'  1774  ;  F.R.S.,  1772 :  member 
of  Johnson's  Literary  Club,  1773 ;  intimate  with  Burke 
and  Gibbon  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1774  ;  became  a 
commissioner  of  bankrupts,  1776;  published  his  'Essay 
on  Bailments,'  1781  (often  reprinted  both  in  England  and 
America):  judge  of  the  high  court  at  Calcutta,  1783  till 
death:  knighted,  1783:  his  version  of  the  Arabic  'Moal- 
lakat'  published,  1783;  founded  Bengal  Asiatic  Society, 
1784 ;  mastered  Sanskrit  and  published  '  Dissertation  on 
the  Orthography  of  Asiatick  Words  in  Roman  Letters,' 
and  translations  of  the  •  Hitopadesa,'  and  'Sakiintala,' 
also  extract*  from  the  'Vedas';  began  publication  of 
•  The  Institutes  of  Hindu  Law,  or  Ordinances  of  Msiim1; 
his  collected  works  edited  by  Lord  Teignmouth,  1799  (re- 
1X07):  monuments  erected  to  him  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  London,  and  at  University  College,  Oxford  (the 
latter  by  Flaxman)t  [xxx.  174] 

JONES,  WILLIAM.  OFNATLAND  (1726-1800), divine  • 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  University  College, 
Oxford,  where  be  became  the  friend  of  George  Home 
[q.  v.]:  B.AM  1749;  »icar  of  Pluckky,  Kent;  F.R.S., 
1775,  delivering  the  Falrchild  'Discourses  on  Natural 
History  • ;  perpetual  curate  of  Nayland,  Suffolk,  1777 : 
published,  among  other  work*., '  The  Catholic  Doctrine  of 
the  Trinity.'  1756, '  Physiological  Disqoisittons,'  1781,  and 
tome  church  music.  [xxx.  177] 


JONES,  WILLIAM  (1763-1831),  optician  :  F.R.A.S. ; 
author  of  geometrical  and  graphical  essays,  and  editor 
(1799  and  1812)  of  George  Adams's  works  on  natural 
philosophy.  [xxx.  169] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  (1784-1842),  independent  minister 
at  Bolton  ;  wrote  religious  works  for  the  young. 

[xxx.  178] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  (1762-1846),  pastor  of  Scots  bap- 
tist church.  Finsbury :  author  of  '  History  of  the 
Waldenses'  (1811)  and  other  works.  [xxx.  178] 

JONES,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1808-1890),  general ;  created 
C.B.  for  services  in  command  of  the  61st  during  Punjaub 
campaign  of  1848-9  ;  commanded  third  infantry  brigade 
at  liege  of  Delhi,  1857 ;  K.C.B.,  1869 ;  general,  1877  ;  G.C.B., 
1886.  [xxx.  179] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  ARTHUR  (1818-1873),  antiquary; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1841 ;  Unitarian  minister  at  Tauuton, 
1852-66 ;  founded  Taunton  school  of  science  and  art ; 
hon.  secretary  of  the  Somerset  Archaeological  and  Natural 
History  Society;  with  Wadham  P.  Williams  compiled 
'  Glossary  of  Somersetshire  Dialect.'  [xxx.  179] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  BASIL  (1822-1897),  bishop  of  St. 
David's  ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1847  ;  Michel  scholar,  1845,  Michel  fellow, 
1848,  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  University 
College,  Oxford,  1851-7  ;  examining  chaplain,  1861,  to 
William  Thomson  [q.  v.],  then  bishop  of  Gloucester  ;  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1863 ;  archdeacon  of  York.  1867;  rural 
dean  of  Bishopthorpe,  1869  ;  chancellor  of  York,  1871 : 
canon  residentiary  of  York,  1873  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's 
and  D.D.  by  diploma  of  Archbishop  Tait,  1874 ;  chaplain 
of  House  of  Lords,  1878-82  ;  visitor  of  St.  David's  College, 
Lam  peter ;  brought  about  the  almost  total  disappearance 
of  non-residence,  and  effected  a  very  complete  organisation 
of  diocesan  work.  His  publications  include  writings  on 
Welsh  antiquities,  religious  commentaries,  and  editions  of 
classical  authors.  [Suppl.  iii.  47] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  BENCE  (1812-1882),  Irish  agri- 
culturist ;  brother  of  Henry  Bence  Jones  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Harrow  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1836: 
barrister,  Inner  Temple :  introduced  improvements  on 
his  estate  at  Lisselan,  co.  Cork :  resisted  the  Land  League  ; 
published  works  on  the  Irish  church  and  an  auto- 
biography. '  [xxx.  179] 

JONES.  WILLIAM  ELLIS  (1796-1848),  Welsh  poet 
('Gwilym  Cawrdaf ')  and  printer;  won  bardic  chair  at 
Brecon  Eisteddfod,  1822 ;  his  collected  poetry  published 
as  '  Gweithoedd  Cawrdaf,'  1851.  [xxx.  180] 

JONES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  RICH  (1817-1885), 
antiquary:  Boden  Sanskrit  scholar  -at  Oxford,  1837; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1844;  vicar  of  Bradford-on- 
Avon,  1851-85;  canon  of  Salisbury,  1872;  F.S.A.,  1849. 
His  works  include  editions  of  the '  Domesday  Book  for 
Wiltshire '  (1865),  the  •  Registers  of  St.  Osmund '  (Rolls 
series),  and  '  Fasti  Ecclesiae  Sarusberiensis,'  1879. 

[xxx.  180] 

JONES-LOYD,  SAMUEL,  BARON  OVERS-TONE  (1796- 
1883.)  [See  LOYD.] 

JONSON,  BENJAMIN  (1573  ?-1637),  dramatist  and 
poet  ('Ben  Jonson');  of  Border  descent,  but  born  pro- 
bably in  Westminster;  at  Westminster  school  under 
William  Camden;  according  to  Fuller  a  member  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge;  escaped  from  trade  to  the 
army  in  Flanders ;  returned  to  England,  c.  1592  ;  began 
to  work  for  the  admiral's  company  of  actors  both  as 
player  and  playwright,  1597 :  included  by  Meres  (1598) 
among  English  tragedians:  killed  a  fellow-actor  in  a 
duel  or  brawl,  but  escaped  death  by  benefit  of  clergy, 
1598;  became  a  Roman  catholic  during  imprisonment, 
but  abjured  twelve  years  later ;  his  '  Every  Man  in  his 
Humour'  (with  Shakespeare  in  the  cast)  performed  by 
the  lord  chamberlain's  company  at  the  Globe,  1598,  and 
'Every  Man  out  of  bis  Humour,'  1599:  his  'Cynthia's 
Revels,'  1600,  and  '  The  Poetaster '  (attacking  Dekker  and 
Marston),  1601,  performed  by  the  children  of  the  Queen's 
chapel ;  his  first  extant  tragedy,  '  Sejanus,'  given  at  the 
Globe  by  Shakespeare's  company,  1603 :  his  first  court 
masque 'of  Blacknesse*  (with  scenery  by  Inigo  Jones) 
given  on  Twelfth  Night,  1605:  temporarily  imprisoned 
(1606)  for  his  share  in  'Eastward  Ho,'  a  play  reflecting 
on  the  Scots ;  his  '  Volpoue'  acted  both  at  the  Globe  and 


JOPLIN 


705 


J08I 


the  two  universities,  1605;  produced,  besides  'Twelfth 
Night'  and  'Marriage  Masques,'  five  plays  (including 
*  Epiccoue,'  '  The  Alchemist,'  :m<l  '  I'.artholomrw  Fu\n-'i 
between  1605 and  1615  ;  went  mi  foot  to  Scotland,  lulH-lu  ; 
was  made  a  burgess  of  Edinburgh,  and  vntertaiiied  by  j 
Drummond  of  Hawthomdeu ;  guest  of  I  tit-hard  Corbet 
[q.  v.]  at  Oxford,  1619,  and  created  M.A. ;  his  '  Masque  of 
performed,  1621,  when  he  waa  in  high  favour 
with  James  1 :  produced  'The  Staple  of  News  '  (last  great 
play),  ltii'5:  elected  chronologer  of  London,  1628;  wrote 
'Ode  to  Himself 'after  failure  of  'The  New  Inn,'  1629; 
quarrelled  with  Inigo  Jones  [q.  v.]  afu-r  production. of  the 
masque  '  Chloridia,'  1630,  and  withdrew  from  court: 
produced  '  The  Magnetic  Lady,'  1632,  and  '  Tale  of  a  Tub ' 
(comedies),  1633 ;  his  last  masques  produced,  1633-4 ; 
List  laureate  verses,  1635;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey 
and  celebrated  in  a  collection  of  elegies  entitled  '  Jonsonus 
Virbius.'  His  friends  included  Bacon,  Selden,  Chapman, 
Fletcher,  Donne,  and  Shakespeare,  and  of  the  younger 
writers  (his  'sons')  Beaumont,  Herrick,  Suckling,  Sir 
Keuelm  Digby,  and  Lord  Falkland.  Among  his  natrons 
were  the  Sidneys,  the  Earl  of  Pembroke,  and  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Newcastle.  His  poems  (1616)  include  'Epi- 
grammea,'  •  The  Forrest,*  and  '  Underwoods '  (epistles  and 
songs ),  and  translations.  His  chief  prom.-  work  is '  Timber ; 
or  Discoveries  made  upon  Men  and  Matter,'  1641.  His 
works  have  been  edited  by  William  Gifford  (1816)  and 
Colonel  Cunningham  (1875).  [xxx.  181] 

JOPLDT,  THOMAS  (1790  ?-1847),  writer  on  banking  ; 
founded  the  National  and  Provincial  Bank,  1833;  chief 
work, '  Essay  on  the  General  Principles  and  Present  Prac- 
tices of  Banking  in  England  and  Scotland  '  (1822),  sug- 
gesting establishment  of  a  joint-stock  bank;  died  at 
Bohmischdorf,  Silesia.  [xxx.  191] 

JOPLING,  JOSEPH  MIDDLETON  (1831-1884), 
painter ;  queen's  prizeman  at  Wimbledon,  1861. 

[xxx.  192] 

JORDAN,  DOROTHEA  or  DOROTHY  (1762-1816), 
actress ;  n&>  Bland ;  appeared  at  Dublin  as  Phoebe  In 
'  As  yon  like  it,'  1777,  and  afterwards  at  Waterford  and 
Cork  under  the  management  of  Richard  Daly  [q.  v.] ;  ran 
away  to  Leeds  and,  under  the  name  of  Mrs.  Jordan,  played 
Oalista  and  other  parts  on  the  York  circuit  under  Tate 
Wilkinson,  1782-5 ;  made  her  debut  at  Drury  Lane  as 
Peggy  in  'The  Country  Girl,'  1785,  and  there  or  at  the 
Haymarket  till  1809  played  Viola,  Rosalind,  Miss  Tomboy, 
Hypolita,  Sir  Harry  Wildair,  Miss  Prue,  and  original  parts 
in  adaptations  by  Kemble,  and  '  The  Spoiled  Child '  (a 
farce  attributed  to  herself);  acted  at  Covent  Garden, 
1811-14,  Lady  Teazle  being  her  last  part ;  highly  praised 
by  Hazlitt,  Lamb,  Leigh  Hunt,  and  the  elder  Mathews ; 
had  children  by  Richard  Daly  and  Sir  Richard  Ford,  and 
•was  for  long  mistress  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence  (Wil- 
liam IV) ;  went  to  France  in  1815,  and  died  at  St.  Cloud, 
where  she  was  buried.  [xxx.  192] 

JORDAN,  JOHN  (1746-1809),  'the  Stratford  poet'; 
wheelwright  near  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  published  '  Wei- 
combe  Hills,'  1777;  corresponded  with  Malone;  his 
'Original  Collections  on  Shakespeare  and  Stratford-on- 
Avon  '  and  '  Original  Memoirs  and  Historical  Accounts  of 
the  Families  of  Shakespeare  and  Hart,'  printed  by  Halli- 
well.  [xxx.  196] 

JORDAN,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1603-1685),  vice-admiral: 
rear-admiral  on  the  Irish  station,  1643 ;  retired  to  Hol- 
land, 1648,  but  was  soon  re-admitted  to  the  service;  as 
vice-admiral  of  the  blue  took  part  in  the  battles  of  June 
and  July,  1653,  against  the  Dutch;  rear-admiral  with 
Blake  in  the  Mediterranean,  1654-5 ;  knighted  after  the 
battle  of  3  June  1665 ;  rear-admiral  of  the  red  under 
Albemarle,  1-4  June,  1666,  and  vice-admiral  on  25  July 
1666;  commanded  squadron  at  Harwich,  1667;  as  vice- 
admiral  of  the  blue  led  the  van  at  Solebay,  1672 ;  his  por- 
trait by  Lely  at  Greenwich.  [xxx.  196] 

JORDAN,  THOMAS  (1612?-1685),  poet;  recited  a 
poem  before  Charles  I,  1639  ;  an  actor  till  1642,  and  after- 
wards (1668)  in  his  own  'Money  is  an  Ass*  (published, 
1663) ;  wrote  numerous  dedications,  prologues,  epilogues, 
and  pamphlets  ;  as  poet  to  the  corporation  of  London  de- 
vised the  lord  mayors'  shows,  1671-85.  Other  works  include 
'  Poeticall  Varieties,'  1637,  '  A  Royall  Arbour  of  Loyall 
Poesie,'  1664,  and  Pictures  of  Passions,  Fancies,  and 
Affections  (1665).  [xxx.  198] 


JORDAN,  TH..MAS  BROWN  (1807-1890),  engineer  : 

secretary  of  Ken  al  I  technic  after  1839 ;  flnt 

n-uonb,  iwu-8  ;  helped  Robert  Wen 

l.  v.]  in  constructing  dipping-needle;  invented  a 

d.vlination  ma^uetograph,  a  Belf-recording  artinometer, 

a  I  ni  other  instrument*.  [xxx.  200] 

JORDAN,  WILLIAM  (Jt.  UllXOonibu  dnunatUt; 
MppoMd  author  of '  Owrauii  an  Bys,  toe  Creation  of  the 
World.'  [xxx,  ft*] 

JORDEN,  EDWARD  (1669-16J2),  physician  and 
.h.iuist;  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford;  MJ>.  Padua;  P.H.O.P., 
1597 ;  attributed  to  natural  causes  a  supposed  c**e  of 
demoniacal  possession  which  James  I  employed  him  to 
investigate;  published  'Discourse of  Natural  bathe*  and 
Min.-ral  Waters,'  1631.  [xxx.  J01] 

JORTIN,  JOHN  (1698-1770),  ccclosiartlcal  historian: 
son  of  Hrnatu  -  .lortin  [q.  v.J  :  educated  at  the  Cbarter- 
lioii*-  and  Jesus  College.  Cambridge  (fellow),  1721-8; 
M.A.,  1722 ;  preacher  at  chapels  of  ease  in  New  Street,  Bt. 
Giles,  London,  and  in  Oxenden  Street,  London ;  Boyle 
lecturer,  1749  ;  rector  of  St.  DunntanV-iu-tbe- East,  London, 
1751  :  vicar  of  Kensington,  1762;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1755  : 
archdeacon  of  London,  1764 ;  published  '  Remark*  on 
Ecclesiastical  History*  (voL  i.  1751,  vol.  iL  1752,  voL  lii. 
1754;  enlarged,  1773),  'Life  of  Erasmus'  (1758),  and 
critical  and  theological  tracts ;  later  editions  of  his  works 
collected  as  '  Various  Works,'  1805-10.  [xxx.  201] 

JORTIN  or  JORDAIN,  REKATUR  (rf.  1707) 
Huguenot  refugee :  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber ; 
secretary  successively  to  Sir  Edward  Russell,  Sir  George 
Kooke,  and  Sir  C'lowdisU-y  Shovell  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he 
perished.  [xxx.  2ol] 

JpRZ  or  JOYCE,  THOMAS  (d.  1310), '  Thomas  the 
Englishman ' ;  prior  of  Dominicans  at  Oxford,  and  pro- 
vincial of  England,  1296-1303  ;  cardinal-priest,  1305  ;  con- 
fessor of  Edward  I ;  English  representative  at  papal  court : 
one  of  those  appointed  to  hear  the  charges  brought  by 
Philip  IV  against  the  late  pope,  Boniface  VIII ;  died  at 
Grenoble  ;  author  of  '  Commeutarii  super  quattuor  libros 
Sententiarum,'  and  other  works;  often  confused  with 
Thomas  Wallensis  (,/.  1350  ?)  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  208] 

JORZ  or  JOR8E,  WALTER  (Jt.  1306),  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  1306-7 :  brother  of  Thomas  Jorz  [q.  v.]  ;  fined 
by  Edward  I  for  receiving  consecration  in  Italy. 

[xxx. 204] 

JOBCELIN.    [See  GOHCELIX  and  JOCKLIN.] 

JOSCELYN  or  JOSSELIN,  JOHN  (1529-1803), 
Anglo-Saxon  scholar;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1549-57 ;  M.A.,  1552 ;  Latin  secretary  to  Arch- 
bishop Parker,  1558 ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1560-77  : 
incumbent  of  Holliugbourn,  Kent,  1577 ;  contributed 
'  Lives  of  the  Archbishops '  to  Parker's '  De  Antiquitate  Bri- 
tannicae  Ecclesite,'  1572,  and  a  collection  of  Anglo-Saxon 
pieces  to  his  Paschal  Homily  of  ^Elfric  Gramma ticus, 
c.  1567  ;  his  '  Historiola  Collegii  Corporis '  printed,  1880. 

[xxx.  204] 

JOSEPH  OP  EXETKR(/.  1190),  Latin  poet  (JosKi'nus 
ISCANUS);  studied  at  Gueldres ;  accompanied  Archbishop 
Baldwin  (d.  1190)  [q.  v.]  to  Palestine,  1188  :  his  principal 
poem,  '  De  Bello  Tro jano,'  long  current  under  names  of 
Dares  Phrygius  and  Cornelius  Nepos,  first  published  as  his 
own  at  Frankfort,  1620,  and  edited  by  Jusserand,  1877. 

[xxx.  205] 

JOSEPH,  GEORGE  FRANCIS  (1764-1846),  portrait 
and  subject  painter ;  A.R.A.,  1813:  painted  portraits  of 
Spencer  Perceval,  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  and  Charles  Lamb. 

[xxx.  206] 

JOSEPH,  SAMUEL  (d.  1850),  sculptor;  consin  of 
George  Francis  Joseph  [q.  v.] ;  best  known  by  his  statues 
of  Wilkie  in  the  National  Gallery  and  of  William  Wilber- 
force  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxx.  206] 

JOSI,  CHRISTIAN  (d.  1828),  engraver  and  print- 
dealer  ;  native  of  Utrecht ;  studied  in  London  under  John 
Raphael  Smith ;  practised  at  Amsterdam ;  inherited 
Ploos  van  Amstel's  collections,  and  catalogued  his  Rem- 
brandt etchings  ;  settled  in  Gerrard  Street,  London,  1819, 
and  published  van  Amstel's  'Collection  d'imiUtkms  de 
dessins,'  completed  by  himself,  1821.  [xxx.  207] 

JOSI,  HENRY  (1802-1846),  keeper  of  prints  and 
drawings,  British  Museum,  1836-45  ;  born  at  Amsterdam ; 
ron  of  Christian  Josi  [q.  v.]  ;  tome  time  print-seller  in 
Newman  Street,  London.  [xxx.  207] 

Z  Z 


JOSSE 


706 


JUGGE 


JOSSE       \    '.    STIN     LtUJIS    (1768-1841),    gram- 
i  and  catholic  minsioner  at  Gloucester  ;  born  in 
-  Uiurht  Kn-n.-li  to  the  Prim-ess  Charlotte,  Wel- 
lington, and  John  Kenihle  ;  published  Spanish  ami  Fivn.-h 
'  [xxx.  207] 


r.VTf,  HENRY  («/.  1683X  deputy-governor  of 

Maine.  U.8.A.,  1646,  having  gone  to  New  England,  1634  ; 
brother  oTJohn  Jos^lyn  [«,/  v.]  [xxx.  208] 

JOSSElYir.  JOHN  (A  1675),  author  of  '  New-Eng- 
land* Rarities  discovered,'  1672  (reprinted,  1865),  and 
•Account  of  Two  Voyages  to  New-England,'  1674  (re- 
printed, 1834  and  1869).  [xxx.  208] 

JOULE,  JAMES  PRESOOTT  (1818-1889),  physicist : 
studied  under  Dalton ;  in  paper  on  '  Electro-magnetic 
Forces'  (1840)  described  an  attempt  to  measure  an 
electric  current  in  terms  of  a  unit ;  elected  to  Manchester 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  1842,  becoming  pre- 
sident, 1860 ;  determined  by  two  distinct  methods  the 
physical  constant  known  as  Joule's  equivalent  or  'J,' 
describing  his  discovery  in  two  papers  '  On  the  Production 
of  Heat  by  Voltaic  Electricity,"  communicated  to  Royal 
Society,  1B40,  and  'On  the  Heat  evolved  during  the  Elec- 
trolysift  of  Water '  in  Manchester  Society's '  Memoirs ' ;  read 
paper  '  On  tlie  Calorific  Effects  of  Magneto  Electricity 
and  on  the  Mechanical  Value  of  Heat.'  before  British 
Association  at  Cork,  1843  ;  results  of  further  experiments 
made  by  him  at  Whalley  Range  communicated  in  paper 
•On  the  Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat'  to  Royal 
Society  by  Faraday,  1849 ;  results  of  his  final  experiments 
by  direct  method  of  friction  communicated,  1878 ;  F.R.S., 
1860 :  royal  medallist,  1862,  and  Copley  medallist,  1860  : 
received  honorary  degrees  from  Dublin,  Oxford,  and 
Edinburgh ;  awarded  a  civil  list  pension,  1878.  Besides  the 
determination  of  the  mechanical  equivalent  and  the  dis- 
covery of  the  conservation  of  energy,  he  investigated  the 
thermo-dynamic  properties  of  solids,  and  suggested  im- 
provements in  the  apparatus  for  measuring  electric 
currents.  He  collected  his  'Scientific  Papers'  in  two 
volumes,  1886, 1887.  [xxx.  208] 

JOURDAIN,  IGNATIUS  (1561-1640),  mayor  and 
(1686,  1626-6,  and  1627-8)  M.P.  for  Exeter;  promoted 
bills  against  adultery  and  swearing.  [xxx.  215] 

JOURDAIN,  JOHN  (d.  1619),  captain  under  East 
India  Company ;  cousin  of  Ignatius  Jourdain  [q.  v.] ; 
visited  Surat  and  Agra,  1609-11:  'president  of  the  Eng- 
lish* at  Bantam,  1612,  and  at  Jacatra,  1618 ;  president  of 
the  council  of  India,  1618 ;  surprised  and  slain  by  the 
Dutch  of  PatanL  [xxx.  214] 

JOURDAIN  or  JOURDAN,  SILVESTER  (d.  1660), 
author  of  '  A  Discovery  of  the  Barmudas,  otherwise  called 
the  lie  of  Divels'  (1610),  where  he  had  been  wrecked ; 
brother  of  Ignatius  Jourdain  [q.  v.] ;  his  'Discovery ' 
probably  known  to  Shakespeare.  "[xxx.  214] 

JOWETT,  BENJAMIN  (1817-1893),  master  of  Bal- 
liol College,  Oxford,  and  regius  professor  of  Greek  at 
Oxford ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London ;  scholar 
of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1836  :  obtained  Hertford  (Uni- 
versity) scholarship,  1837  :  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  1838  ; 
M.A.,  1842  ;  gained  chancellor's  prize  for  Latin  essay,  1841 ; 
tutor  at  Balliol,  1843-70 ;  ordained  priest,  1845 :  public 
examiner,  1849, 1860, 1861,  and  1863  ;  published  edition  of 
St.  Paul'sEpistles  to  Thesxalonians,  Galatians,  and  Romans, 
1866  ;  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Oxford,  1865 ;  owing  to 
bis  having  Incurred  suspicions  of  heresy  by  the  liberality 
of  hii  religious  opinions,  wan  deprived  for  ten  years  of  the 
emoluments  of  the  office ;  contributed  essay  on  '  Inter- 
pretation of  Scripture' to  'Essays  and  Reviews'  (1860), 
a  liberal  work  which  increased  the  suspicion  of  heresy 
already  entertained  against  Jowett ;  master  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, 1870-93 ;  strongly  ad vocatal  reforms  with  the  object 
of  leMening  expense  of  an  Oxford  career,  and  supported 
claims  of  secondary  edu  cation  and  university  extension  ; 
published  translations  of  Plato  (4  vols.  187 IX  Thucydides 
(2  vols.  1 881 X  and  Aristotle's 'Politics,'  1886;  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  1882-6  :  hon.  doctor  of  theology,  Leyden, 
1876 ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884,  and  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1890. 
His  euayt  and  translations  secured  him  a  high  place 
the  writer*  of  his  time,  hut  he  definitely  identified 
'  with  no  party  in  religion  or  thought 

[Suppl.  iii.  49] 

JOWETT,  JOSEPH  H752-1813),  profewor  of  civil 
law  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1775  ; 


LL.D.,  1780:    Cambridge  professor  of  civil  law,  1782: 
vicar  of  Wethersfleld,  Essex,  1795.  [xxx.  215] 

JOWETT,  WILLIAM  (1787-1855),  divine  and  mis- 
sionary :  nephew  of  Joseph  Jowett  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge:  twelfth  wrangler,  1810; 
M.A.,  1813;  missiojary  in  Mediterranean  countries  and 
Palestine,  1816-24  ;  secretary  of  O.M.S.,  1832-40  ;  incum- 
bent of  St.  John,  Clapham  Rise,  London,  1861  ;  works 
include  'Christian  Researches  in  the  Mediterranean,'  1822. 
and  in  Syria  and  the  Holy  Land,  1825.  [xxx.  215] 

JOY,  FRANCIS  (1697  ?-1790),  printer,  paper-maker, 
and  founder  (1737) of  the  'Belfast  Newsletter.' 

[xxx.  216] 

JOY,  JOHN  CANTILOE  (1806-1 866),  marine-pai  nt«-r: 
collaborated  with  his  brother  William  Joy  (1803-1807) 
[q.  v.]  [xxx.  217] 

JOY,  THOMAS  MUSGRAVE  (1812-1866),  subject 
and  portrait  painter  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1831.  [xxx.  216]" 

JOY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1734),  'the  English  Samson,' 
began  to  perform  at  the  Duke's  Theatre,  Dorset  Garden, 
London,  c.  1699  ;  afterwards  a  smuggler.  [xxx.  217] 

JOY,  WILLIAM (1803-1867), marine-painter;  brother 
of  John  Oantiloe  Joy  [q.  v.]  ;  government  draughts- 
man, [xxx. 217] 

JOYCE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1647),  parliamentarian  officer ; 
when  cornet  in  Fairfax's  regiment  seized  Holmby  House 
and  took  Charles  I  to  the  army  at  Newmarket,  1647; 
active  in  promoting  the  king's  trial ;  colonel  and  governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Portland,  1650 ;  imprisoned  and  cashiered 
for  opposition  to  Cromwell,  1653;  employed  against 
royalists,  1659 ;  lived  at  Rotterdam,  1660-70. 

[xxx.  217] 

JOYCE,  JEREMIAH  (1763-1816),  author  of  'Scientific 
Dialogues'  (1807)  and  other  educational  works;  many 
years  secretary  of  the  Unitarian  Society  ;  while  tutor  to 
Earl  Stanhope's  sons  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
but  liberated  without  trial  after  the  acquittal  of  Hardy 
and  Home  Tooke,  1794.  [xxx.  218] 

JOYCE,  THOMAS  (d.  1310).  [See  JORZ.] 
JOYE,  GEORGE  (d.  1553),  protestaut  controver- 
sialist; fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1517;  M.A., 
1517  ;  being  charged  with  heresy  fled  to  Strasburg,  1527, 
and  published  an  answer,  1527,  and  a  translation  of 
Isaiah,  1531 ;  printed  at  Antwerp  translations  of  Jere- 
miah and  the  Psaluis  ;  helped  Tyndale  in  his  controversy 
with  Sir  Thomas  More,  but  quarrelled  with  him  after 
surreptitiously  reissuing  (1534)  his  New  Testament; 
returned  to  England,  1636,  but  again  retired,  1542  ;  carried 
on  controversy  with  Bishop  Gardiner,  1543-4;  issued 
'  Exposicion  of  Daniel '  at  Geneva,  1545,  and  '  The  Con- 
jectures of  the  ende  of  the  worlde '  (translation),  1548 ; 
died  in  England.  [xxx.  219] 

JOYLUFE,  GEORGE  (1621-1658),  physician ;  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1643 ;  M.D.  Clare  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1652  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1658;  his  discovery  of  the  lymph 
ducts  published  by  Francis  Glisson  [q.  v.],  1654. 

[xxx.  221] 

JOYNER,  alias  LYPE,  WILLIAM  (1622-1706),  author 
of  'The  Roman  Empress'  (tragedy,  acted  1671)  and 
'Some  Observations  on  the  Life  of  Reginaldus  Polns' 
(1686);  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1642-5; 
M.A.,  1643 ;  one  of  the  Romanist  fellows  introduced  at 
Magdalen  by  James  II,  1687;  friend  of  Hearne  and 
Anthony  a  Wood.  [xxx.  222] 

JUBB,  GEORGE  (1718-1787),  professor  at  Oxford  : 
of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1742  : 
D.D.,  1780;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Herring;  archdeacon 
of  Middlesex,  1779 ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Oxford, 
1780-7 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1781 ;  chancellor  of 
York,  1781.  [xxx.  222] 

JUDKIN- FITZGERALD,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  baronet 
(d.  1810),  high  sheriff  of  co.  Tipperary  ;  notorious  for  his 
severity  in  suppressing  the  rebellion  of  1798;  created 
baronet,  1801.  [xxx.  223] 

JUGGE,  JOAN  (fl.  1579-1587),  widow  of  Richard 
Jugge  [q.  v.],  whose  business  she  carried  on. 

[xxx.  224] 

JUGGE,  JOHN  (d.  1579?),  printer;  probably  son  of 
Richard  Jugge  [q.v.]  [xxx.  224] 


JUGGE 


707 


KANE 


JUGGE,  RICHARD  Of.  1531-1577  ?),  printer;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  original  member  of  the 
Stationers'  Company  (1556),  being  several  times  master 
and  warden;  queen's  printer,  1560;  famous  for  his 
editions  of  the  bible  and  New  Testament.  [xxx.  223] 

JUKES,  FRANCIS  (1745-1812),  aquatinta  engraver. 

[xxx.  224] 

JUKES,  JOSEPH  BEETE  (1811-1869),  geologist;  a 
favourite  pupil  of  Sedgwick  while  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1H3C;  geological  surveyor  of  New- 
foundland, 1839-40;  naturalist  with  H.M.S.  Fly  in  the 
survey  of  the  nortn-east  coast  of  Australia,  1842-6  ;  after 
employment  in  North  Wales  was  director  of  the  Irish 
survey,  1850-69 ;  member  of  royal  commission  on  coal- 
fields, 1HM.  His  works  include  '  Excursions  in  and  about 
Newfoundland,'  1842,  and  manuals  of  geology. 

[xxx.  224] 

JULIANA  ( 13 13-1443),  Norwich  anchoret;  author  of 
' XVI  Revelations  of  Divine  Love'  (first  printed,  1670; 
ed.  H.  Collins,  1877).  [xxx.  226] 

JULIEN  or  JULLIEN,  LOUIS  ANTOINE  (1812- 
1860),  musical  conductor ;  after  some  success  in  Paris 
gave  summer  concert*  at  Drury  Lane,  1840,  and  annual 
winter  concerts,  1842-59,  at  which  classical  music  was 
given  by  the  best  artiste ;  organised  opera  season  of  1847-8, 
when  Sims  Reeves  made  his  debut ;  became  bankrupt ;  pro- 
duced an  opera  by  himself  at  Covent  Garden,  1852 ;  ar- 
rested for  debt,  1869 ;  composed  many  popular  quadrilles  ; 
died  insane  at  Neuilly.  [xxx.  226] 

JULIUS,  CHARLES  (1723-1765).  [See  BERTRAM, 
CHARLES.] 

JUMIEGES,  ROBERT  OP  (fl.  1051).    [See  ROBERT.] 

JUMPER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1715),  navy  captain ; 
commanded  the  Lennox  at  attack  on  Cadiz,  1703,  and 
reduction  of  Gibraltar,  1704 ;  wounded  in  action  with 
Count  of  Toulouse  off  Malaga,  1704  ;  knighted. 

[xxr.  227] 

JUNE,  JOHN  (ft.  1740-1770),  engraver,   [xxx.  227] 

JUNIUS  (pseudonym).  [See  FRANCIS,  SIB  PHILIP, 
1740-1818.1 

JUNIUS,  FRANCIS,  or  DU  JON,  FRANCOIS,  the 
younger  (1589-1677),  philologist  and  antiquary;  born  at 
Heidelberg  ;  librarian  to  Thomas  Howard,  second  earl  of 
Arundel  [q.  v.],  and  tutor  to  his  son,  1621-51;  for  a  time 
at  Amsterdam ;  presented  Anglo-Saxon  manuscripts  and 
philological  collections  to  the  Bodleian  Library ;  pub- 
lished '  De  Pictura  Veterum,'  1637,  and  editions  of  Osed- 
mon,'  1655,  and  of  'Codex  Argenteus*  of  the  Moesc- 
Gothic  version  of  Ulphilas,  with  glossary,  1664-5  ;  his 
*  Etymologicum  Anglicanum'  (first  printed,  1743)  largely 
used  by  Dr.  Johnson ;  buried  in  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor.  [xxx.  227] 

JUPP,  EDWARD  BASIL  (1812-1877),  clerk  to  the 
Carpenters'  Company,  of  which  he  wrote  (1848)  a  histo- 
rical account ;  son  of  Richard  Webb  Jupp  [q.  v.]  ;  F.S.A. ; 
published  illustrated  catalogues  of  the  Academy,  Society 
of  Artists,  and  the  Free  Society;  collected  works  of 
Bewick.  [xxx.  229] 


JUPP,  RICHARD  (d.  1799),  chief  architect  and  cur- 
veyor  to  the  Bast  India  Company  ;  an  original  member  of 
the  Architects' Club  (1791).  [xxx.  228] 

JUPP,  RICHARD  WEBB  (1767-1852),  clerk  to  the 
Carpenters'  Company;  son  of  William  Jupp  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  [xxx.  229] 

JUPP,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (d.  1788),  architect; 
brother  of  Richard  Jupp  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  229] 

JUPP,  WILLIAM,  the  younirrr  (rf.  1839),  architect  to 
the  Skinners'  and  other  compani.^.  [xxx.  229] 

JURIN,  JAMKS  (1684-1750),  physician  ;  of  Christ's 
Hospital  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (fellow),  170« : 
M.A.,  1709;  M.D.,  1716;  master  of  NewoMtle  grammar 
school,  1709-15  ;  president,  Royal  College  of  Phynlciann, 
1750;  physician  to  Guy's  Hospital,  1725-32;  F.R-8.,  1718, 
secretary,  1721-7  ;  an  ardent  Newtonian  ;  defended  mathe- 
maticians against  Berkeley  ;  attended  Sir  Robert  Walpoli- 
in  his  last  illness;  attempted  to  make  physiology  an 
exact  science :  edited  Varenius's  '  Geographia  GenewlU,' 
1712,  and  W.  Cowper's  'Myotomiu  Rcformata  '  (2nd  edit. 
1724).  [xxx.  229] 

JUST,  JOHN  (1797--1852),  archaeologist;  assistant- 
master  at  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  and  afterward*  at  Bury  gram- 
mar school ;  botanical  lecturer  at  Pine  Street  (Manche*- 
ter )  School  of  Medicine,  1834-52  ;  wrote  for '  Transactions  ' 
of  Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  ;  com- 
piled Westmorland  glossary;  deciphered  Runic  inscriptions 
in  Isle  of  Man.  [xxx.  230] 

JUSTEL,  HENRI  (1620-1693),  librarian;  born  in 
Paris:  succeeded  his  father  as  secretary  to  Louis  XIV; 
left  France  to  avoid  persecution  as  a  protestant ;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1675,  for  gift  of  valuable  manuscripts  to  the 
Bodleian ;  librarian  at  St.  James's  Palace,  1681-8 ;  pub- 
lished his  father's  '  Bibliothuoa  Juris  Canonici  veteris,' 
1661.  [xxx.  231] 

JUSTUS,  SAINT  (d.  627),  missionary  from  Rome,  first 
bishop  of  Rochester,  604-24,  and  fourth  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  624-7.  [xxx.  232] 

JU8TYNE,  PERCY  WILLIAM  (1812-1883),  artist 
and  book-illustrator  ;  lived  in  Grenada,  1841-8. 

[xxx.  232] 

JUTSUM,  HENRY  (1816-1869),  landscape-painter. 

[xxx.  233] 

JUXON,  WILLIAM  (1582-1663),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  B.O.L.,  1603 ;  D.O.L., 
1622  ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles,  Oxford,  1609-16:  rector  of  Somer- 
ton,  1616 ;  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1621-33  ; 
vice-chancellor,  1627-8  ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1627 ;  "clerk 
of  the  closet  on  Laud's  recommendation,  1632 ;  as  bishop 
of  London,  1633-49,  directed  the  restoration  of  St.  Paul's 
and  enforced  conformity  without  giving  offence :  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1636-8 ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1636-41 ; 
summoned  as  a  witness  against  Straff  ord,  whose  attainder 
he  advised  Charles  I  to  veto ;  attended  the  king  at  New- 
port and  during  his  trial ;  received  his  last  words  on  the 
scaffold ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1660-3 ;  buried  in 
the  chapel  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  to  which  be  left 
7,0001.  [xxx.  233] 


K 


KALISCH,  MARCUS  (1825-1885),  biblical  commen- 
tator ;  educated  at  Berlin  and  Halle  ;  came  to  Englandjiif  ter 
1848  and  was  secretary  to  the  chief  rabbi  in  London ; 
afterwards  tutor  to  sons  of  Baron  Lionel  Rothschild  ;  pub- 
lished scriptural  commentaries,  a  Hebrew  grammar,  1862- 
1863,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  237] 

KAMES.  LORD  (1696-1782).    [See  HOME,  HENRY.] 

KANE,  JOHN  (d.  1834),  compiler  of  royal  artillery 
lists  ;  adjutant,  late  royal  invalid  artillery,  1799. 

[xxx.  237] 

KANE,  RICHARD  (1666-1736  ?),  brigadier-general ; 
wounded  while  captain  in  the  18th  (Royal  Irish)  at 
Namur,  1695,  and  at  Blenheim  (major) ;  commanded 
regiment  at  Malplaquet,  1709 ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Minorca,  afterwards  of  Gibraltar  ;  governor  of  Minorca, 


1730-6  ;  brigadier-general,  1734 ;  wrote  narrative  of  cam- 
paigns of  William  III  and  Anne  and  handbook  of  infantry 
drill.  [xxx.  837] 

KANE,  SIR  ROBERT  JOHN  (1809-1890),  Irish  man 
of  science;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  professor  of 
chemistry,  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Dublin,  1831-46,  and  of 
natural  philosophy  to  Royal  Dublin  Society,  1834-47; 
president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1877;  F.R.S.,  1849: 
president  of  Queen's  College,  Cork,  1846-73 ;  director  of 
'Museum  of  Irish  Industry,'  Dublin,  1846  ;  knighted,  1846 ; 
hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1868 ;  commissioner  of  Irish  educa- 
tion, 1873  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Royal  University  of  Ireland, 
1880 ;  published  •  Elements  of  Chemistry,'  1841-3, « Indus- 
trial Resources  of  Ireland,'  1844,  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  238] 


KARKEEK 


708 


REACH 


„.  WILLIAM  FLOYD  (1S02-1858X  veterin- 
ary surgeon  and  author  of  essays  on  agriculture  and 

«*«tt1*  £XXX«  *3«JJ 

KARSLAKE  Sm  .1OHS  BURGESS  (1821-1881), 
lawyer?  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1846;  Q.O.,  1861; 
Mttetorceoeral,  1866 :  knighted,  1866  ;  attorney-general, 
iSf-Tand  1874-5 ;  privy  councillor,  1876:  member  of 
the  judicature  commission.  [xxx.  239] 

KAT,  KIT  (/.  1703-1733).    [See  OAT,  CHRISTOPHER.] 

KATER.  HKN  K  Y  (1777-1835),  man  of  science  ;  while 
servinff  in  the  12th  foot  took  part  in  survey  of  country 
between  Malabar  and  Ooromandel  coasts  ;  afterwards  in 
62nd-  FJL8.,  1815  (some  time  treasurer);  prepared 
standard  measures  for  Russian  government :  made  im- 
portant pendulum  and  telesoopical  experiments,  and 
produced  a  seconds  pendulum  by  application  of  Huyghen's 
nrinciDle  of  the  reciprocity  of  the  centres  of  suspension 

d  Scillation;  Copley  medallist,  1817;  Bakerian 
lecturer,  1820 ;  invented  the  floating  collimator. 

KATHARINE  or  KATHERINE.     [See  CATHERINE.] 

KATTERFELTO,  GU8TAVOS  (d.  1799),  conjurer 
and  empiric  :  appeared  in  London  during  the  influenza 
epidemic  of  1782,  exhibiting  in  Spring  Gardens  ;  referred 
to  by  Peter  Pindar  and  Oowper ;  gave  microscopic  and 
magnetic  demonstrations.  [xxx.  241] 

KAUJTMANN,  ANGELICA  (1741-1807),  historical 
and  portrait  painter ;  of  Swiss  extraction ;  gained  popu- 
larity as  a  portrait-painter  at  Milan  :  painted  •  Female 
Figure  allured  by  Music  and  Painting,'  1760;  studied  at 
Florence  and  Rome,  where  she  became  acquainted  with 
Winckelmann  :  met  English  people  at  Naples  and  Venice  ; 
introduced  to  London  society  by  Lady  Wentworth,  1766 ; 
painted  Queen  Charlotte  and  Christian  VII  of  Denmark, 
and  decorated  the  flower  room,  Frogmore ;  married  the 
impostor  Count  de  Horn,  1767,  but  separated  from  him 
next  year ;  twice  painted  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  who 
was  one  of  her  admirers ;  one  of  the  original  Acade- 
micians, 1769;  exhibited  eighty-two  pictures,  1769-97; 
visited  Ireland.  1771 :  after  Horn's  death  married  Antonio 
Zucchi ;  left  England,  1781 ;  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  at 
Rome,  where  she  was  intimate  with  Goethe,  and  painted 
picture*  for  the  Emperor  Joseph  II,  the  Czarina  Cathe- 
rine II,  Pope  Pius  VI,  and  other  potentates  ;  her  funeral 
superintended  by  Oanova,  the  Academicians  of  St.  Luke 
bearing  the  pall.  Her  works  were  highly  esteemed  by  her 
contemporaries,  and  frequently  engraved.  Her '  Religion 
Surrounded  by  the  Virtues'  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

[xxx.  241] 

KAVANAOH,  ARTHUR  MAOMORROUGH  (1831- 
1889),  Irish  politician  and  sportsman ;  though  born  with 
only  the  stumps  of  arms  and  legs  became  an  expert 
angler,  shot,  huntsman,  and  yachtsman,  and  could  write 
legibly  and  draw  well ;  volunteer  scout  during  movement 
of  1848 ;  travelled  through  Russia  and  Persia  to  India, 
1849-51 ;  for  a  short  time  in  survey  department,  Poonah ; 
succeeded  to  family  estates  in  Ireland,  1853,  becoming  a 
magistrate,  railway  director,  and  chairman  of  board  of 
guardians  ;  as  conservative  M.P.  for  oo.  Wexford,  1866-8, 
and  Oarlow,  1868-80,  opposed  Irish  disestablishment; 
supported  Land  Bill  of  1870  :  after  losing  his  seat  in  1880 
became  lord-lieutenant  of  Oarlow ;  drew  up  separate  re- 
port at  close  of  Bessborough  commission  ;  initiated  Irish 
Land  Committee  and  (1883)  Land  Corporation;  Irish 
privy  councillor,  1886.  [xxx.  244] 

KAVANAOH,  OAHIR  MAO  ART,  LORD  OF  ST. 
MOLYXB,  BARON  OF  BALLYANN  (d.  1654),  took  part  in 
rebellion  of  the  Leinster  Geraldines,  but  submitted,  1538 ; 
aat  hi  St.  Leger's  parliament,  1541 :  defeated  Gerald 
Kavanagh  at  Hacketstown,  1545,  but  was  obliged  to 
renounce  the  title  MacMurrough,  1650  ;  received  lordship 
of  St.  Molynt,  1543 ;  was  created  baron,  1664. 

[xxx.  245] 

KAVANAOH,  JULIA  (1824-1877),  novelist  and  bio- 
graphical writer ;  daughter  of  Morgan  Peter  Kavanagh 
[q.  v.]  Her  works  include  '  Madeleine '  (1848),  '  Daisy 


Burns,'  and  many  other  stories,  and  *  Woman  in  France  in 
the  Eighteenth  Century,'  1850 ;  died  at  Nice.  [zxx.  246] 

KAVANAOH,  MORGAN  PETER  (d.  1874),  poetical 
writer  and  philologist.  [xxx.  246] 

XAT.    [See  also  OAIUS.] 


KAY,  Sin  EDWARD  EBENEZER  (1822-1897),  judge; 
M.\.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1847;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1847;  bencher,  1867;  treasurer,  1888;  took 
silk,  1866  ;  knighted  and  appointed  justice  of  high  court 
(chancery  division),  1881;  lord  justice  of  appeal,  1890; 
retired,  1897.  [SuppL  iii.  56] 

KAY,  JOHN  (  //.  1733-1764),  of  Bury,  inventor  of  the 
fly-shuttle  (1733);  removed  to  Leeds,  1788,  but  returned 
to  Bury :  his  invention  largely  utilised  ;  ruined  in  conse- 
quence of  litigation  necessary  to  protect  his  patent ;  his 
house  broken  into  by  the  Bury  mob,  1753 ;  said  to  have 
died  a  pauper  in  France.  [xxx.  247] 

KAY,  JOHN  (1742-1826),  miniature-painter  and  cari- 
caturist ;  barber  at  Dnlkeith  and  Edinburgh  till  1785 ; 
etched  nearly  nine  hundred  plates,  including  portraits  of 
Adam  Smith  and  most  of  chief  contemporary  Scotsmen  ; 
'Series  of  Original  Portraits  and  Caricature  Etchings,' 
with  biographical  matter,  issued  1837-8  (3rd  ed.  1877). 

[xxx.  248] 

KAY,  JOSEPH  (1821-1878),  economist ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1849 ;  as  travelling  bachelor  of  the 
university  examined  and  reported  upon  social  and  educa- 
tional condition  of  the  poor  in  several  continental  coun- 
tries, 1845-9  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1848  ;  Q.O.,  1869 ; 
judge  of  the  Salford  Hundred  Court  of  Record,  1862-78  ; 
his  « Free  Trade  in  Land '  issued,  1879.  [xxx.  249] 

KAY,  ROBERT  (fl.  1760),  inventor  of  the  -shuttle 
drop  box ' ;  son  of  John  Kay  (1733-1764)  [q.  v.] 

[xxx.  248] 

KAY,  WILLIAM  (1820-1886),  biblical  scholar ;  fellow, 
1840,  and  tutor,  1842,  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
1842;  Pusey  and  Ellerton  scholar,  1842;  principal  of 
Bishop's  College,  Calcutta,  1849-64;  rector  of  Great 
Leighs,  Essex,  1866-86 ;  Grinfleld  lecturer,  1869 ;  one  of 
the  Old  Testament  revisers ;  contributed  commentaries 
on  Isaiah  (1875)  and  Hebrews  (1881)  to  the  '  Speaker's 
Bible.'  [xxx.  250] 

KAY-SHTJTTLEWORTH,  SIR  JAMES  PHILLIPS, 
first  baronet  (1804-1877),  founder  of  English  popular 
education;  brother  of  Joseph  Kay  [q.  v.];  assumed  his 
wife's  name,  1842 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1827 ;  secretary  to 
Manchester  board  of  health;  published  'The  Physiology, 
Pathology,  and  Treatment  of  Asphyxia,'  1834 ;  assistant 
poor  law  commissioner,  1835 ;  first  secretary  of  the  com- 
mittee of  council  on  education,  1839-49 ;  joint-founder 
of  Battersea  training  college  for  pupil-teachers,  1839-40 ; 
created  baronet,  1849 ;  vice-chairman  of  central  relief 
committee  during  Lancashire  cotton  famine  (1861-5); 
high  sheriff  of  Lancashire,  1863  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870 ; 
member  of  scientific  commissions,  1870-3 ;  published 
two  novels  and  works  on  education  and  social  questions. 

[xxx.  250] 

KAYE,  JOHN  (1783-1853),  bishop  of  Lincoln  ; 
educated  under  Dr.  Charles  Burney  (1757-1817)  [q.  v.] ; 
senior  wrangler  and  senior  chancellor's  medallist,  1804  ; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1807  :  D.D.,  1815  ;  fellow 
and  tutor  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  and  (1814-30) 
master  ;  as  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge, 
1816,  revived  public  lectures :  published  courses  on  '  The 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  the  Second  and  Third  Centuries ' 
(1826)  and  some  of  the  fathers  ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1820-7, 
of  Lincoln,  1827-53 ;  F.R.S.,  1848 ;  supported  repeal  of 
Test  and  Corporation  Acts,  1828 ;  opposed  revival  of 
convocation  and  upheld  Gorham  judgment  :  his  collected 
works  issued,  1888.  [xxx.  252] 

KAYE,  SIR  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1814-1876),  military 
historian  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Addiscombe  ;  in  Bengal 
artillery,  1832-41 ;  entered  East  India  civil  service,  1856  ; 
secretary  of  India  Office,  political  and  secret  department, 
from  Mill's  retirement  till  1874;  K.O.S.I.,  1871.  His 
works  include  •  History  of  the  Sepoy  War  '  (3  vols.  1864- 
1876 ),  continued  by  Colonel  Malleson,  and  history  of  the 
'  Administration  of  the  East  India  Company,'  1863. 

[xxx.  253] 

KEACH,  BENJAMIN  (1640-1704),  baptist  divine; 
imprisoned  for  preaching  at  Winslow,  and  sentenced  to 

I  fine  and  the  pillory  for  his  'Child's  Instructor,'  1664; 

:  pastor  of  Oalvinistic  baptists  in  Tooley  Street,  London, 
1668 ;  caused  schism  by  advocating  congregational  sing- 

'  ing ;  practised  imposition  of  hands ;  preached  in  Goat 

I  Yard  Passage,  Horsleydown,  London,  from  1672 ;  pub- 
lished expository,  controversial,  and  allegorical  works, 
and  religious  poems.  [xxx.  254] 


KEAN 


709 


KEATING 


KEAlf,     f'HAKI.F.S    JOHN     fl811  ?  -  1868),    actor: 
second  son  of   Edmund  Kcaii  [q.  v.]  ;  educate  I   at   i:i«ui: 
appeared  at  iMiry  Lane  as  Young  Norval,  1M27;  played 
at  the  Haymarket,  Romeo,  Mortimer  (the  'Iron  (M 
and  other  parts,  1829  ;  successful  as   Richard  HI  at  New 
York,  1830;  acted  lago  to  his  father's  <  n  hello  at  Covent 
Garden,  25  March   1833  ;  played  in   Hamburg,  1833,  and 
Kdinburgh,    1837^  gave  Hamlet,  Richard    III,    ami  sir 
<;i)c-  Overreach  at  Drury   Lane,  1H3H;  revisit. 
1839  and  1846;  first  played  at  Windsor,  1845),  ami  diirinir 
his  management  of  the  Princess's  (1860-9) obtained  much 
success  in  the  'Corsican  Brothers,'  and  'Louis  XI ';  pro- 
duced   Byron's    '  Sardanapalus '    and    Charles    Heade's  ' 
'Courier  of  Lyons,'  besides  numerous  Shakespearean  re- 
vivals, which  were  adversely  criticised  for  their  profuse 
scenic   arrangements ;    visited    Australia,  America,  and  I 
Jamaica,  1863-6 ;  acted  for  the  last  time  at  Liverpool,  ! 
May  1867  ;  excelled  only  as  Hamlet  and  Louis  XI. 

[xxx.  256] 

KEAlf,  EDMUND  (1787-1833),  actor ;  son  of  an  I 
itinerant  actress  ;  deserted  by  his  mother  ;  said  to  have 
appeared  as  a  child  at  Her  Majesty's  and  Drnry  Lane  j 
theatres,  London,  during  an  adventurous  boyhood ;  re-  ' 
ceived  lessons  from  bis  ancle,  a  ventriloquist,  and  Miss 
Tidswell,  a  Drury  Lane  actress :  played  Prince  Arthur 
with  Mrs.  Siddons  and  Kemble  at  Drury  Lane,  1801, 
but  ran  away  to  Bartholomew  Fair  ;  broke  both  his  legs 
tumbling  in  Saunders's  circus  ;  recited  before  George  III 
at  Windsor  ;  in  retirement,  1803-6  ;  played  subordinate 
parts  at  the  Haymarket,  1806,  and  acted  at  Belfast ; 
married  Mary  Chambers,  1808,  and  for  six  years  under- 
went many  hardships,  but  declined  a  London  engagement 
as  premature ;  attracted  attention  of  Drury  Lane  stage- 
manager  while  acting  at  Dorchester,  and  was  engaged  by 
him  for  three  years ;  on  26  Jan.  1814,  in  spite  of  hin- 
drances, made  a  triumphant  appearance  as  Shy  lor  k  :  in- 
creased his  reputation  with  Richard  III,  and  played  also 
Hamlet,  Othello,  and  lago,  being  praised  by  Ha/.litt, 
Kemble,  and  Byron,  and  invited  to  her  house  by  Mrs. 
Garrick ;  first  appeared  as  Macbeth  and  Sir  Giles  Over- 
reach, 1814-15  ;  played  Barabas,  Young  Norval,  and  King 
John,  1817 ;  he  saw  Talma  at  Paris,  1818,  and  essayed  the 
part  of  Orestes  in  emulation  ;  played  Leon  ('  Rule  a  Wife 
and  have  a  Wife ')  and  Rolla  ('  Plzarro ') ;  failed  as  Abel 
Drugger  and  declined  Joseph  Surface,  1819;  failed  as 
Coriolanus,  but  triumphed  as  Lear,  1820 :  after  first  visit 
to  America  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane  as  Richard  III; 
gained  a  success  in  comedy  as  Don  Felix  in  the  •  Wonder, 
1821 ;  played  Othello  and  Cymbeline  with  Young :  after 
the  action  of  Cox  v.  Keau  (1826),  when  he  bad  to  pay 
damages  for  crim.  eon.,  was  badly  received  in  London, 
Scotland,  and  America ;  elected  a  Huron  chief  in  Canada ; 
reappeared  with  success  at  Drury  Lane  as  Shylock,  1827, 
repeating  the  part  at  Oovent  Garden ;  played  at  Paris,  ! 
1828,  and  at  Oovent  Garden,  1829  ;  failed  in  Henry  V  at  j 
Drury  Lane,  1830,  playing  there  for  the  test  time  (as 
Richard  III)  on  12  March  1833 :  was  taken  ill  at  Covent  ! 
Garden  on  25  March  while  acting  Othello,  and  died  at 
Richmond  on  15  May ;  unrivalled  as  a  tragedian.  Though 
receiving  large  sums,  he  ruined  himself  hy  drunkenness 
and  ostentation,  but  was  generous  to  his  friends.  A  por-  \ 
trait  of  him  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach  is  at  the  Garrick  Club, 
London.  [xxx. 258] 

KEAlf,  ELLEN  (1805-1880),  actress  ;  as  Ellen  Tree 
played  Olivia  to  the  Viola  of  her  sister  Maria  (Mrs.  Brad-  | 
shaw)  at  Covent  Garden,  1823  ;  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  ; 
in  comedy,  1826-8;  at  Covent  Garden  1829-36,  'created'  ' 
several    parts,  and  played  Romeo   to    Fanny  Kemble's  i 
Juliet ;  in  America,  1836-9 ;  married  Charles  John  Kean  | 
[q.  v.],  and  played  with  him  in  Tobin's:' Honeymoon,'  the  ! 
same  evening  at  Dublin,  1842;  played  leading  part*;  with 
him  at  the  Princess's  Theatre,  London ;  retired  on  his 
death.    Among  her  best  impersonations  were  Viola,  Con- 
stance, Gertrude  ('  Hamlet '),  and  Mrs.  Beverley. 

[xxx.  265] 


1815:  commanded  troops  in  Jamaica,  1858-80;  bea- 
k-nan t-geueral,  1830;  commandpr-in-chief  at  Bombay. 
1834-9 ;  cooperated  with  Sir  Henry  Fane  [q.  T.]  in  Seinda 
1838-9;  took  Ghiiznec  and  occupied  Cabul,  1839;  though 
^e««ly  criticised,  received  peerage  and  penm< 
k.uH.  [xxx.  W6] 

KEANE,  JOSEPH  B.  (d.  1859),  Irish  architect. 

KEARNE,  ANDRBAS  (/.  1650),  •culptor^alSLd 
his  brother-in-law,  Nicholas  Stone  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

KEARNEY,  BARNABAS  (Bui AX  O  CKAKXA?DH) 
(1667-1640),  Irinb  Jesuit ;  said  to  have  converted  Tboma* 
Hut  ler,  tenth  earl  of  Ormonde  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  268] 

KEARNEY  or  CARNEY,  JOHN  (SEAN  0  CEARN  AJDH) 
(d.  1600  ?),  Irifh  protestant  divim- :  15. A.  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1666  ;  mme  time  treasurer  of  St.  Patrick'*, 
Dublin;  brought  out  the  first  extant  work  in  Iri-h 
('Aibidll  air  Oaiticiosma,'  2nd  eiL  1571);  bis  Irish  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament  not  extant.  [xxx.  2«8] 

KEARNEY,  JOHN  (1741-1818),  bishop  of  Ossory ; 
brother  of  Michael  Kearney  [q.  v.] ;  provost  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1799  ;  bishop  of  Ossory,  1806-18. 

KEARNEY,  MICHAEL  (1733-1814),  arclSeacon  of 
Raphoe;  brother  of  John  Kearney  (1741-1813)  [q  v]' 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1757 ;  Erasmus  Smith 
professor  of  history  at  Dublin,  1769-78;  archdeacon  of 
Raphoe,  1798-1814.  [xxx.  269] 

KEARNEY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1800-1858),  water- 
colour-painter ;  foundation-member  and  subsequently 
vice-president  of  Institute  of  Painters  In  Water-colours. 


[xxx.  269] 
ri»l  n 


KEAN,  MICHAEL  (d.  1823),  miniature-painter  and 

[xxx. 


proprietor  of  the  Derby  china  factory. 


266] 


KEANE,  JOHN,  first   BARON    KKAXK  (1781-1844),  j 
lieutenant-general ;  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Pa  van  in  Egypt, 
1799-1801  :  at  reduction  of  Martinique,  1809;  led  a  brigade 
of  the  third  division  at   Vittoria,  1813,  the    Pyr« 
Toulouse,  1814,  and  other  engagements  :  major-general,  ' 
1814 ;    K.C.B.,  1815  ;   directed  landing  of  first  troops  at 
New  Orleans  and  led  left  column  in  attack  of  8  Jan. 


KEARNS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1794-1846),  musical 
composer  ;  played  the  violin  at  Ancient  Concerts,  1832,  and 
was  af terwardn  first  viola ;  composed  '  Bachelors'  Wivea ' 
(operetta),  1817, '  Cantata,  with  Accompaniment'  (1818), 
and  arranged  works  by  Handel,  Haydn,  Mozart,  and 
others.  [XXx.  870] 

KEARY,  ANNIE  (1825-1879),  author  of  'Castle  Daly ' 
(1875)  and  other  novels ;  published  also  children's  books, 
'  Heroes  of  Asgard,'  1857,  and  other  educational  works. 

[xxx.  270] 

KEATE,  GEORGE  (1729-1797),  author,  painter,  and 
friend  of  Voltaire ;  exhibited  (1766-89)  at  Royal  Academy 
and  Society  of  Artists :  published  '  Poetical  Works,'  1781, 
including  '  The  Alps '  (dedicated  to  Young)  and  •  Feruey ' 
(to  Voltaire) ;  published  '  The  Distressed  Poet '  (1787)  and 
an  account  of  Geneva  (1761 X  also  dedicated  to  Voltaire, 
whom  he  had  met  there.  [xxx.  271] 

KEATE,  GEORGIANA  JANE,  afterwards  MR*. 
HENDERSON  (1770-1850),  painter;  daughter  of  George 
Keate[q.  v.]  [xxx.  871] 

KEATE,  JOHN  (1773-1852),  head-master  of  Eton  ;  sou 
of  William  Keate  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, Browne  medallist,  and  Craven  scholar;  M.A., 
1799 ;  D.D.,  1810 ;  assistant-master  at  Eton,  1797,  head- 
master, 1809-34;  canon  of  Windsor,  1820;  rector  of 
Hartley  Westpall,  Hampshire,  1824-52 ;  a  popular  bead- 
master,  but  remarkable  for  severity  of  his  discipline. 

[xxx.  272] 

KEATE,  ROBERT  (1777-1857),  surgeon;  brother  of 
John  Keate  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
1813-63  ;  sergeant-surgeon  to  William  IV  and  Queen  Vic- 
toria ;  inspector-general  of  hospitals,  1810 ;  president  of 
College  of  Surgeons,  1830, 1831, 1839.  [xxx.  273] 

KEATE,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1814-1873),  colonial 
governor ;  son  of  Robert  Keate  [q.  v.]  :  of  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  governor  of  Natal,  1867-78,  and  the 
Gold  Coast,  1872-3.  [xxx.  878] 

KEATE,  THOMAS  ( 1 745-1821),  surgeon  of  St.  George's 
Hospital,  1792-1813,  surgeon-general.  17U3  :  nwter  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  1802,  1809,  and  1818 :  died  surgeon  to 
Chelsea  Hospital.  [xxx.  873] 

KEATE,  WILLIAM  (<f.  1795),  master  of  Stamford 
school,  afterward*  rector  of  Laverton,  Somerset ;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1767.  [xxx.  878] 

KEATING,  GEOFFREY  (15707-1644?),  author  of 
'  Foras  Feasa  ar  Eiriuu  '  < '  Foundation  of  Knowledge  on 


KEATING 


710 


KEELEY 


irt-lMid'l  ft  bUtory  of  Ireland  to  the  English  invasion, 
Mrprlntad  (except  in  translation),  but  widely  circu- 
toted  Einannscript :  his  "Tri  Biorghaoithc  an  Bhais' 
printed  by  Dr.  R.  Atkinson,  1890.  [xxx.  274] 

KZATDfO,    GBOHGE    (1762-1842),    engraver    and 
catholic  bookseller  and  publisher.       [xxx.  275] 


(LTINO,  SIR  HBNRY  SINGER  (1804-1888X  judge ; 
oarrwer.  Inner  Temple,  1832 ;  Q.C.,  1849  ;  solicltor-ppneral. 
18*7-«  and  1869 ;  judge  of  common  pl»»»J8f»- 
editor  of '  Leading  Cases'  (3rd  ed.  1849,  4th  ed.  186 


KEATDTO,  JOHN  (fi.  1680),  Irish  judge;  chief -justice 
of  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  1679-89,  and  Irish  privy 
councillor ;  supported  Clarendon  against  Tyrconnel  and 
(1686)  advocated  renewal  of  the  commission  of  grace ; 
imprisoned  by  James  II ;  dismissed  as  a  Jacobite. 

[xxx.  275] 

KEATING,  MAURIOB  BAGBNAL  ST.  LEGER  (d. 
18MX  lieutenant-colonel;  M.P.,  co.  Kildare,  1790  and 
1801 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1793  ;  author  of  '  Travels  through 
France,  Spain,  and  Morocco '  (1816-17),  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  27oJ 

KEATS,  JOHN  (1795-1821),  poet;  son  of  a  livery 
•tableman  in  Moorfields,  London  ;  educated  at  Enfield  by 
John  Clarke,  with  whose  son,  Charles  Cowden  Clarke 
[q.  v.],  be  became  Intimate ;  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
Latin  and  history,  and  some  French,  but  no  Greek ;  con- 
tinued his  study  of  literature  after  being  apprenticed  to  a 
surgeon;  broke  his  Indentures,  but  continued  medical 
studies  at  the  hospitals  ;  a  dresser  at  Guy's,  1816 ;  soon 
abandoned  surgery :  introduced  by  Clarke  to  Leigh  Hunt, 
who  printed  a  sonnet  for  him  in  the  '  Examiner,'  on  5  May 
1816,  and  in  whose  house  at  Hampstead  he  first  met  his 
friend,  John  Hamilton  Reynolds  [q.  v.]  and  Shelley ;  pub- 
lished the  sonnet  on  Chapman's  Homer  in  the  '  Examiner,' 
December  1816,  and  other  sonnets,  1817 ;  influenced  by 
Haydon  and  Hunt ;  with  the  help  of  Shelley  published 
(March  1817) '  Poems  by  John  Keats,'  financially  a  failure  ; 
began  '  Endymion  '  during  visit  to  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  lived 
with  his  brothers  in  Well  Walk,  Hampstead,  London,  and 
became  intimate  with  Charles  Went  worth  Dilke  [q.  v.], 
Charles  Armitage  Brown  [q.  v.],  and  Joseph  Severn  [q.  v.] ; 
finished '  Endymion'  at  Burford  Bridge, Surrey,  his  health 
having  begun  to  fail ;  recital  a  part  of  the  work  to  Words- 
worth ;  published  'Bndymion,'  May  1818;  on  returning  | 
from  a  walking  tour  with  Brown,  nursed  his  brother  Tom  j 
until  the  latter's  death ;  pained  by  the  hostile  criticism 
of  *  Blackwood's  Magazine '  and  the  '  Quarterly  Review,' 
1818;  commenced  'Hyperion'  and  wrote  some  lyrics, 
1818 ;  finished  '  The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes '  early  in  1819 ; 
wrote  his  best  odes  and  '  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci,'  1819 
(printed  in  the '  Indicator,'  1820);  fell  mean  while  deeply  in 
love  with  Fanny  Brawne ;  financially  assisted  by  Brown, 
who  collaborated  with  him  in  'Otho  the  Great';  wrote 
'  Lamia,'  broke  off  '  Hyperion '  for  a  time,  but  afterwards 
recast  It,  and  lived  for  a  time  in  Westminster  with  a  view 
to  journalistic  work;  nursed  by  Brown,  the  first  overt 
symptoms  of  consumption  having  appeared ;  his  '  Lamia 
and  other  Poems '  (July  1820)  praised  in  the  '  Edinburgh 
Review ' ;  nursed  first  by  the  Hunts  and  afterwards  by 
the  Brawnes ;  sailed  with  Severn  from  London  for  Italy, 
September  1820 ;  landed  on  the  Dorset  coast  and  composed 
his  last  poem  ('Bright  Star');  stayed  a  fortnight  at 
Naples,  and  having  declined  Shelley's  invitation  to  Pisa, 
reached  Rome  in  November.  Here  be  died,  February  1821, 
and  was  buried  In  the  protestant  cemetery  at  Rome,  where 
Severn  designed  a  monument  for  him.  A  quarrel  between 
George  Keats  and  the  poet's  friends  delayed  the  publica- 
tion of  hi*  life,  and  a  false  Impression  as  to  his  character 
prevailed  till  the  issue  of  Monckton  Milnes's  '  Life  and 
Letters  of  John  Keats,'  1848.  [xxx.  276] 

KEATS,  SIR  RICHARD  GOODWIN  (1767-1834), 
admiral ;  lieutenant  of  the  Kamillles  at  Ushant,  1778 ; 
present  at  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1780-1 ;  served  on  the  North 
American  station  till  end  of  the  war ;  promoted  to  post 
rank,  1789,  and  saw  service  on  French  coast,  1794-6,  and 
again  after  the  mutiny  of  1797  till  1800,  sending  news  of 
the  expedition  starting  for  Ireland  in  1798  :  with  Nelson 
off  Toulon  and  in  West  Indies,  1803-5,  and  at  battle  of 
San  Domingo,  1806  :  rear-admiral,  1807  :  convoyed  Moore's 
troops  to  Gottenburg,  1807;  K.B.  for  his  seizure  of 
Danish  ships  containing  Spaninh  soldiers,  1807  ;  second 
IB  command  of  the  expedition  to  the  Scheldt,  1809  ;  com- 


manded  squadron  defending  Cadiz,  1810-11 ;  vice-admiral, 
1811  ;  was  governor  of  Newfoundland,  1813-15,  and 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1821 ;  admiral,  1825 ;  a  bust,  by 
Chantrey,  erected  to  his  memory  at  Greenwich  Hospital 
by  William  IV,  his  early  naval  friend.  [xxx.  288] 

KEBLE,  JOHN  (1792-1866),  divine  and  poet;  edu- 
cated by  his  father;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1806 ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1811,  also  tutor,  1818- 
1823:  B.A.,  1811;  won  the  university  prizes  for  English 
and  Latin  essays,  1812  :  had  Richard  Hurrell  Froude 
[q.  v.]  and  Isaac  Williams  [q.  v.]  among  his  pupils  when 
curate  at  Southrop ;  declined  offers  of  benefices  during  his 
father's  lifetime  ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1831-41 ; 
vicar  of  Hursley,  Hampshire,  1836-66.  Keble  College,  Ox- 
ford (opened,  1869),  was  founded  in  his  memory.  Keble's 
sermon  of  1833  on  national  apostasy  initiated  the '  Oxford 
Movement,'  which  he  also  supported  in  seven  '  Tracts  for 
the  Times,'  by  his  translation  of  Irenaeus  in  '  The  Library 
of  the  Fathers,'  and  his  '  Life '  and  '  Works '  of  Bishop 
Thomas  Wilson.  He  also  edited  Hooker's  works  (1836), 
and  helped  Newman  with  Richard  Hurrell  Fronde's  *  Re- 
mains.' '  The  Christian  Year '  appeared  anonymously  in 
1827,  and  attained  extraordinary  success.  His '  De  Poeticae 
VI  Medlca'  (Oxford  poetry  lectures)  appeared,  1841; 
*  Lyra  Innoceutium,'  1846, '  Sermons  Academical  and  Occa- 
sional,' 1847,  and  the  treatise  'On  Eucharistical  Adora- 
tion,' 1857.  Chief  among  the  posthumous  publications 
were  '  Miscellaneous  poems,'  1869,  and  '  Occasional  Papers 
and  Reviews,'  1877.  [xxx.  291] 

KEBLE,  JOSEPH  (1632-1710),  author  of  'Reports  in 
the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench'  (1685);  son  of  Richard 
Keble  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford  ;  B.O.L., 
1654 ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1658.  [xxx.  295] 

KEBLE,  KEEBLE,  or  KEBBEL,  RICHARD  (fl. 
1650),  parliamentary  judge  in  Wales;  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn,  1614,  Lent  reader,  1639 ;  serjeant,  1648 ;  commis- 
sioner of  the  great  seal,  1649-54 ;  tried  Lilburne  and 
Christopher  Love  [q.  v.],  1661 ;  excepted  from  the  Act  of 
Indemnity.  [xxx.  295] 

KEBLE,  THOMAS  (1793-1875),  divine;  brother  of 
John  Keble  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  and  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1811 ;  rector  of  Bisley,  1827-75  ; 
wrote  four  'Tracts  for  the  Times'  and  forty-eight  of 
the  'Plain  Sermons,'  besides  translating  Cbrysostom's 
•  Homilies.'  [xxx.  296] 

KECK,  Sm  ANTHONY  (1630-1696),  second  commis- 
sioner of  the  great  seal,  1689-90 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1669,  bencher,  1677;  knighted,  1689;  M.P.,  Tiverton, 
1691.  [xxx.  296] 

KEDERMYSTEB  or  KYDERMINSTRE,  RICHARD 
(d.  1631  V),  abbot  of  Winchcomb,  Gloucestershire,  1487 ; 
one  of  the  English  representatives  at  the  Lateran  council, 
1512 ;  defended  retention  of  benefit  of  clergy  as  applied 
to  minor  orders  ;  some  of  his  Winchcomb  register  printed 
in  Dugdale's  '  Monasticon.'  [xxx.  297] 

KEDIN  GTON,  ROGER  (d.  1760),  divine ;  fellow  of 
Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1737 ;  D.D.,  1749 ;  rector 
of  Kedington,  Suffolk ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxx.  297] 

KEEBLE.    [See  also  KEBLE.] 

KEEBLE,  JOHN  (1711-1786),  composer  and  organist 
of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  1737,  and  at  Ranelagh 
from  1742  ;  published  'Theory  of  Harmonica,'  1784. 

[xxx.  298] 

KEEGAN,  JOHN  (1809-1849),  Irish  ballad-writer. 

[xxx.  298] 

KEELEY,  MRS.  MARY  ANN  (1805?-1899),  actress, 
i  whose  maiden  name  was  Goward  ;  appeared  at  Lyceum 
Theatre,  London,  1825;  married  Robert  Keeley  [q.  v.], 
1829 ;  one  of  the  finest  comedians  of  modern  days :  last 
appeared  professionally  at  Lyceum,  1859.  Her  parts  in- 
clude Jack  Sheppard,  1839,  Neriasa,  Audrey,  Maria 
('  Twelfth  Night '),  Dame  Quickly,  and  Mrs.  Page. 

[Suppl.  lii.  56] 

KEELEY,  ROBERT  (1793-1869),  actor;  the  original 
Leporello  in  '  Don  Giovanni '  (Olympic,  1818)  and  Jemmy 
Green  in  '  Tom  and  Jerry '  (Adelphi) ;  made  a  great  bit 
as  Rumfit,  a  tailor  in  Peake's  '  Duel,  or  my  two  Nephews,' 
1823  ;  married  Mary  Goward  and  acted  with  her  at  Oovent 
Garden,  the  Lyceum,  and  other  London  theatres ;  with 
Madame  Veatris  at  the  Olympic,  1838-41,  Macrcady  at 


KEELING 


711 


KEITH 


Drury  Lane  1841-2,Strutt  at  the  Lyceum  (Dickens's  plays), 
1844-7,  and  Cliarles  John  Kean  [q.  v.]  at  the  Prinoeas's  ; 
retired,  1857,  but  reappeared,  1861-2.  [xxx.  298] 

KEELING,  JOSIAH  (/.  1691),  conspirator  ;  revealed 
existence  of  live  House  plot  and  pave  evidence  again>t 
Kussell,  Sidney,  and  the  chief  conspirators,  1683  ;  received 
reward  and  a  place;  after  Revolution  dismissed  for 
.lacobitism  ;  died  in  prison.  [xxx.  300] 

KEELING,  WILLIAM  (d.  1620),  naval  commander 
and  East  India  Company's  agent ;  captain  of  the  Susan  in 
voyage  of  Sir  Henry  Middletou  [q.  v.]  to  the  Indies,  1604- 
1606  ;  commander  in  the  company's  voyage  of  1607-10  ; 
Commander-in-chief  in  India,  1615-17  ;  afterwards  captain 
of  Cowes.  [xxx.  300] 

KEELING,  WILLIAM  KNIGHT  (1807-1886), 
painter ;  in  early  years  a-ssisted  William  Bradley  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited  at  the  New  Society  ;  president  of  the  Manches- 
ter Academy,  1864-77.  [xxx.  301] 

KEENE,  SIR  BENJAMIN  (1697-1757),  diplomatist: 
LL.B.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1718  ;  agent  for  South 
Sea  Company  in  Spain  and  consul  at  Madrid,  1724  ;  ambas- 
sador at  Madrid,  1727-39  and  1748-57  ;  negotiated  treaty 
of  Seville  (1729)  and  commercial  treaty  of  1760;  member 
of  board  of  trade,  1742-4 ;  envoy  to  Portugal,  1746-8 ; 
K.B.,  1754 ;  died  at  Madrid.  [xxx.  301] 

KEENE,  CHARLES  SAMUEL  (1 823-1891 ),  humorous 
artist ;  after  apprenticeships  to  uu  architect  and  a  wood- 
engraver  worked  for  'Punch'  from  1851,  and  the 'Illus- 
trated London  News':  illustrated  stories  in  'Once  a 
Week 'and  Jerrold's  'Caudle  Lectures,'  and  contributed 
plates  to  the  1879  edition  of  Thackeray  ;  gold  medallist, 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1890.  [xxx.  302] 

KEENE,  EDMUND  (1714-1781),  bishop  of  Ely; 
brother  of  Sir  Benjamin  Keene  [q.  v.] ;  of  Charterhouse 
and  Caius  College,  Cambridge  (junior  fellow,  1736-9); 
M.A.,  1737  ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1739,  and  master,  1748- 
1754;  vice-chancellor,  1749-51;  rector  of  Stanhope, 
Durham,  1740-70;  bishop  of  Chester,  1752-71,  of  Ely, 
1771-81 ;  sold  Ely  House,  Holboru,  London,  and  built  the 
present  residence  in  Dover  Street,  London,  [xxx.  303] 

KEENE,  HENRY  (1726-1776),  architect  and  surveyor 
to  Westminster  Abbey  ;  designed  the  Kadcliffe  Infirmary 
and  Observatory  and  some  collegiate  buildings  at  Oxford. 

[xxx.  304] 

KEENE,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1781-1864),  Persian 
scholar  ;  grandson  of  Henry  Keene  [q.  v.] ;  while  in  Madras 
army  took  part  in  storming  of  Seringapatain,  1799  ;  after- 
wards entered  civil  service  and  studied  at  Fort  William 
College,  Calcutta  ;  B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
1815,  fellow,  1817 ;  professor  of  Arabic  and  Persian  at 
Haileybury,  1824-34  ;  published  text  and  translations  of 
'  Akhlak-i-Mahsini '  and  'Anwas-i-Suhaili,'  and  'Per.-ian 
Fables '  (edited  by  his  daughter,  1880).  [xxx.  306] 

KEEPE,  HENRY  (1652-1888),  author  of '  Monuuieuta 
Westmonasteriensia '  (1682)  and  other  antiquarian  works 
(one  under  pseudonym  of '  Charles  Taylour ') ;  of  New- 
Inn,  Oxford,  and  Inner  Temple ;  member  of  Westminster 
Abbey  choir.  [xxx.  306] 


I,  JOHN  (.ft.  1580).    [See  KKPEK.] 

KEIGHTLEY.  THOMAS  (1650  V-1719),  Irish  official ; 
married  Frances  Hyde,  sister  of  the  Duchess  of  York ; 
vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  1686;  sent  by  Clarendon  to 
induce  James  II  to  stay  in  England,  1688 ;  commissioner 
of  Irish  revenue,  1692 ;  a  lord  justice,  1702 ;  commissioner 
for  the  Irish  chancellor,  1710.  [xxx.  306] 

KEIGHTLEY,  THOMAS  (1789-1872),  author;  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin;  published  'Fairy  Mythology' 
(1828,  anon.)  and  histories,  including  one  of  the  war  of 
Greek  independence  ;  also  editions  of  Virgil's  '  Bucolics 
and  Georgics,'  and  other  Latin  classics,  and  of  Milton  and 
Shakespeare;  issued  'Shakespeare  Expositor,'  1867;  re- 
ocivwl  civil  list  pension.  [xxx.  307] 

KEIGWIN,  JOHN  (1641-1716),  Cornish  scholar  ;  his 
translations  of  '  Pascon  Agan  Arluth '  (mystery  play)  and 
of  the  'Gwreans  an  Bys*  of  William  Jordan  [q.  v.] 
printed  by  Davies  Gilbert,  1826-7,  and  re-edited  by 
Whitley  Stokes  in  1860  and  1863.  [xxx.  308] 

KEIGWIN,  RICHARD  (d.  1690),  naval  and  military 
commander ;  present  at  the  four  days'  fight  of  June 


1666;  took  part  in  capture  of  St.  Helena,  167S,  and 
succeeded  Mim-lrn  as  governor  ;  a*  commandant  at  Bom. 
bay  defeated  tin-  Mahratta  neet,  1679;  headed  revolt  of 
1683 against  the  company  holdinir  llomt.ay  for  the  kinu'  till 
the  arrival  of  Kir  Thomas  Grantham  [q.  v.]  ;  fell  while 
leading  the  attack  on  Basseterre,  St.  Christopher's. 

[xxx.  308] 

KEILL,  JAMES  (1673-1719),  physician:  hon.  M.D. 
Cambridge;  practised  at  Northampton;  published  « Ac- 
count of  Animal  Secretion,'  1708,  enlarged  a*  'Beeays  on 
several  Parts  of  the  Animal  (Economy,1  1717,  the  fourth 
edition  containing  an  account  of  his  controversy  with 
•Iiirin.  [xxx.  309] 

KEILL,  JOHN  (1671-1731),  mathematician  and 
astronomer ;  brother  of  James  Keill  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of 
David  Gregory  (1661-1708)  [q.  v.]  at  Edinburgh;  M.A. 
Edinburgh  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1694;  at  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  gave  the  first  experimental  lectures  on  natural 
philosophy ;  as  deputy  to  the  Sedlelan  professor  delivered 
lectures,  published  as  '  Introductio  ad  Veram  Phyficain  ' : 
as  'treasurer  of  the  Palatines'  conducted  German  n-f 
to  New  England,  1709  ;  patronised  by  Harley ;  'decypherer ' 
to  Queen  Anne,  1712:  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxfonl, 
1712  ;  F.R.S.,  1701 ;  defended  against  Leibnitz  Newton's 
claim  to  be  the  inventor  of  the  fluxional  calculus  :  pub- 
lished (1715)  Latin  editions  of  Euclid  and  the  elements  of 
trigonometry,  and  (1718)  'Introductio  ad  Veram  Astro- 
iioin iam.'  [xxx.  310] 

KEILWAY,  KELLWAY,  or  KAYLWAY,  ROBERT 
(1497-1581),  law  reporter  ;  autumn  reader  at  Inner  Temple, 
1547,  and  treasurer,  1557-8;  serjeant-at-law,  1552;  em- 
ployed by  the  crown  on  various  commissions ;  selections 
from  his  law  reports  issued,  1602.  [xxx.  311] 

KEIMER,  SAMUEL  (/.  1707-1738),  quaker  printer  : 
while  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  wrote  'A  Brand  Pluck'd 
from  the  Burning '  (containing  a  letter  from  Defoe),  1718 ; 
printer  in  Philadelphia,  1723,  with  Franklin  as  foreman  : 
assisted  by  Franklin  in  his  edition  of  Sewel's  '  History  of 
the  Quakers,'  1728 ;  published  at  Bridgetown,  Barbados, 
first  newspaper  in  Caribbee  islands,  1731-8.  [xxx.  312] 

KEIR,  JAMES  (1735-1820),  chemist :  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  friend  of  Erasmus  Darwin :  issued  '  Treatise  on 
the  different  kinds  of  Elastic  Fluids  or  Gases,'  1777  ;  while 
managing  Boulton  <fc  Watt's  engineering  works,  patented 
a  metal  said  to  resemble  'Muutz-metal,1  1779  ;  with  Alex- 
ander Blair  opened  alkali  works  at  Tipton,  the  method 
of  extraction  being  Keir's  discovery,  1780 ;  established 
Tividale  colliery;  discovered  the  distinction  between 
carbonic  acid  gas  and  atmospheric  air :  F.R.S.,  1785  ; 
contributed  paper  concerning  experiments  and  observa- 
tions on  the  dissolution  of  metals  in  acids,  1790 ;  wrote 
memoir  of  Thomas  Day  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  313] 

KEIR,  WILLIAM  GRANT (1772-1862).  [SeeGRAXT, 
SIR  WILLIAM  KEIR.] 

KEITH,  VIHCOUXT(  1746-1823).  [See  ELPHIXBTOXE, 
GEORGEKKITH.] 

KEITH,  ViHcouxTKhtsEs.  [See  EU-HIXSTOXE,  HESTER 
MARIA,  1762-1867 ;  ELPHIXSTOXE,  MARGARET  MERCER, 
1788-1867.] 

KEITH,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1758),  Mayfair  parson; 
excommunicated  for  celebrating  marriages  without  banns 
or  licence,  and  afterwards  imprisoned  for  contempt  of  the 
church,  in  the  Fleet,  where  he  died.  [xxx.  314] 

KEITH,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1819),  of  Ravdston : 
founder  of  the  Keith  prizes  at  Edinburgh  ;  friend  and  con- 
nection of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xxx.  315] 

KEITH,  ALEXANDER  (1791-1880),  writer  on  pro- 
phecy; son  of  George  Skeue  Keith  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D.  Aberdeen, 
1833;  pastor  of  St.  Cyrus,  Kincardineshire,  1816-4U; 
visited  Palestine  and.  eastern  Europe  for  the  Scottish 
church,  1839,  and  in  1&44  took  dagnerrotype  views ;  joined 
the  free  church  :  published  works  of  Christian  evidences 
founded  on  the  fulfilment  of  prophecy.  [xxx.  315] 

KEITH,  GEORGE,  fifth  EARL  MARIBCHAL  (1563?- 
1623),  founder  of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  educated 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  and  under  Beza  at  Geneva : 
succeeded  his  grandfather  in  the  earldom,  1581 ;  privy 
councillor  of  Scotland,  15*2 ;  a  commissioner  for  execut- 
ing laws  against  papists ;  as  ambassador  extraordinary 
to  Denmark  acted  as  James  Vl'a  proxy  in  marrying  th« 


KEITH 


712 


KELDELETH 


Prinocis  Anne,  1689:  founded  Marischal  Collet.  Aber- 
deen, 1*98 ;  king's  commissioner  ibr  apprehension  of 
Huntly  and  trial  of  the  catholic  tords,  1693 ;  member  of 
parliamentary  commission  of  1604  for  union  with  Eng- 
land :  royal  commissioner  to  Scottish  parliament,  1609 ; 
member  of  the  ecclesiastical  commission.  [xxx.  316] 

KEITH,  GBORGE  (16397-1716),  'Christian  quaker' 
and  8.P.G.  missionary;   M.A.   Marischal  College,  Aber- 
r,  1668;  frequently  imprisoned  for 


preaching:  collaborated  with  Robert  Barclay  (1648-1690) 
fa.  T.I.  and  was  imprisoned  with  him  at  Aberdeen,  1676; 
accompanied  George  Fox  [q.  v.]  and  William  Penn  [q.  v.] 
to  Holland  and  Germany  on  a  missionary  tour,  1677  ;  after 
bavin*  been  twice  imprisoned  in  England,  emigrated  to 
Philadelphia,  1689;  accused  of  heresy  and  interdicted 
from  preaching,  1692;  held  meetings  of  'Christian 
Quaker?  ' ;  came  to  London  to  defend  his  views,  but  was 
disowned  by  the  'yearly  meeting '  of  1694,  after  which  he 
established  a  meeting  at  Turners'  Hall,  Philpot  Lane, 
London,  where,  retaining  the  quaker  externals,  he  ad- 
ministered  baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper,  1695-1700; 
conformed  to  the  Anglican  church,  1700 ;  conducted  a 
successful  mission  in  America  for  the  S.P.G.,  1702-4 ;  died 
rector  of  Kdburton,  Sussex.  Among  his  chief  publications 
were'  The  Deism  of  William  Penn  and  his  Brethren,'  1699, 
"The  Standard  of  the  Quakers  examined,'  1702,  and  «A 
Journal  of  Travels,'  1706.  [xxx.  318] 

KEITH,  GEORGE,  tenth  EARL  MARISCHAL  (1693  ?- 
1778),  Jacobite  and  favourite  of  Frederick  the  Great ;  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1712  ;  commanded  cavalry  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  1715;  entertained  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender, 
at  Newburgh  and  FettereBso,  1715 ;  led  Spanish  Jacobite 
expedition  of  1719,  and  after  Gleoshiel  escaped  to  the 
western  isles,  and  thence  to  Spain ;  corresponded  from 
Valencia  with  the  Pretender,  but  took  no  part  in  the 
Forty-five:  named  Prussian  ambassador  at  Paris,  1751, 
governor  of  Neufcbatel,  1752,  and  ambassador  to  Madrid, 
1768;  pardoned  by  George  II,  probably  for  sending  in- 
telligence of  the  Family  Compact,  1769  ;  succeeded  to  the 
Kintore  estates,  1761,  but  was  recalled  to  Prussia  by  the 
king's  personal  entreaties,  1764;  intimate  with  Voltaire 
and  Rousseau.  [xxx.  321] 

KEITH,  GEORGE  8KENE  (1752-1823),  author  of 
'General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Aberdeenshire,'  1811; 
graduated  at  Aberdeen,  1770;  D.D.  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  1803 ;  minister  of  Keith-Hall  and  Kinkell,  1778- 
1833,  and  Tulliallan,  1822-3 ;  published '  Tracts  on  Weights, 
Measures,  and  Coins,'  1791 ;  voted  500Z.  by  parliament  for 
his  experiment*  in  distillation :  edited  Principal  George 
Campbell's  •  Lectures  on  Ecclesiastical  History,'  with  life, 
1800.  [xxx.  322] 

KEITH,  JAMBS  FRANCIS  EDWARD  (1696-1758), 
known  as  MARSHAL  KKITH  ;  brother  of  George  Keith,  tenth 
earl  Marischal  [q.  v.] ;  carefully  educated  under  Robert 
Keith  (1681-1767)  [q.  v.]  and  Meston  the  Jacobite  poet; 
took  part  in  the  Fifteen,  and  escaped  with  his  brother  to 
Brittany  ;  studied  mathematics  in  Paris  under  Maupertuis ; 
engaged  in  Alberoui's  unsuccessful  Jacobite  expedition, 
1719 ;  served  in  the  Spanish  army  ;  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  Tsarina  Anne's  bodyguard  ;  second  in  command  in 
Polish  succession  war,  1733-5,  and  Russian  general,  1737 ; 
wounded  in  Turkish  war,  1737;  took  prominent  part 
in  RoMO-Swedlsb  war,  1741-3,  but  fell  into  disgrace  as  a 
foreigner ;  made  field-marshal  by  Frederick  the  Great, 
1747  ;  governor  of  Berlin,  1749  ;  after  sharing  in  the  early 
victories  of  the  Seven  Years'  war  was  mortally  wounded 
at  Hochkirch  ;  inventor  of  Kriegsscbachspiel.  A  marble 
ntatue  of  him  was  erected  at  Berlin.  [xxx.  324] 

KEITH,  SIR  JOHN,  first  EARL  or  KINTORE  (d.  1714), 
fourth  son  of  William  Keith,  sixth  earl  Marischal  [q.  v.] ; 
held  Dunnottar  Castle  against  Cromwell,  and  preserved 
the  regalia,  1660 ;  created  knight  marischal  of  Scotland  at 
the  Reiteration;  created  Earl  of  Kintore  and  privy 
councillor,  1677.  [xxx.  326] 


[,  8m  ROBERT  (d.  1346),  great  marischal  of 
Scotland  ;  received  lands  of  Keith  from  King  John  Baltol, 
1394;  captured  by  the  English,  1300,  but  released,  1302; 
one  of  the  four  warden*  of  Scotland  till  be  joined  Bruce, 
1808 ;  jtwtlciar  of  Scotland  ;  led  Scottish  horse  at  Bannock- 
barnjlllj;  fell  at  battle  of  Dur^m.  [xxx.  326] 

KEITH,  ROBERT  (1681-1757),  bishop  of  Fife  and  bis- 
torian ;  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  when  coadjutor 


(1727-33)  to  Bishop  Millar  of  Edinburgh  obtained  ex- 
tinction of  project  of  college  of  bishops,  1732  ;  bishop  of 
Fife,  1733-43 ;  after  bis  resignation  of  Fife  continued  to 
act  as  bishop  of  Orkney  and  Caithness,  and  (1743)  was 
chosen  'primus';  published  a  history  of  Scotland  from 
the  Reformation  to  1568,  1734  (reprinted,  1844-5),  and 
'  Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  Scotland  to  1688,'  1755  (con- 
tinued by  M.  Russell,  LL.D.,  1824).  [xxx.  326] 

KEITH,  ROBERT  (d.  1774),  British  ambassador  at 
Vienna,  1748-58,  at  St  Petersburg,  1758-62  ;  friend  of 
Hume  and  Robertson.  [xxx.  328] 

KEITH,  SIR  ROBERT  MURRAY  (1730-1795),  lieu- 
tenant-general and  diplomatist;  sou  of  Robert  Keith 
(d.  1774)  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Scottish  brigade  in  Dutch 
service,  1747-52;  on  staff  of  Lord  George  Sackville  at 
Minden,  1759;  as  commander  of  87th  foot  (1769-63)  won 
distinction  in  the  Seven  Years'  war  ;  British  minister  in 
Saxony,  1769-71 ;  while  envoy  at  Copenhagen  rescued 
from  the  anger  of  the  mob  Sophia  Matilda  of  Denmark 
(sister  of  George  III),  and  was  created  K.B.,  1772 :  am- 
bassador at  Vienna,  1772-92;  lieutenant-general,  1781; 
privy  councillor,  1789.  [xxx.  329] 

KEITH,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1787-1846),  musical 
composer  and  organist  at  the  New  Jerusalem  Church, 
Friars  Street,  London ;  published  sacred  melodies  and 
'  Musical  Vade  Mecum,'  c.  1820.  [xxx.  33U] 

KEITH,  THOMAS  (1759-1824),  mathematical  writer 
and  teacher,  and  accountant  to  the  British  Museum. 

[xxx.  331] 

KEITH,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1407  ?),  great  marischal 
of  Scotland  ;  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Keith  [q.  v.]  ;  favourite 
of  David  II;  built  Duuuottar  Castle  on  site  of  the 
parish  church.  [xxx.  331] 

KEITH,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  MARISCHAL  (d. 
1581), '  William  of  the  Tower ' ;  succeeded  his  grandfather 
in  the  peerage,  1530  ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1541  ; 
privy  councillor,  1543;  present  at  Pinkie,  1647;  sub- 
scribed the  confession  of  faith,  1660,  and  'Book  of 
Discipline,'  1561;  opposed  proposal  to  deprive  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  of  the  mass ;  retired  from  affairs  after  Darnley's 
death ;  the  wealthiest  Scotsman  of  his  time.  [xxx.  331] 

KEITH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1608  ?).    [See  KETHK.] 

KEITH,  WILLIAM,  sixth  EARL  MARISCHAL  (d.  1635), 
succeeded  George,  fifth  earl,  1623  ;  captain  of  three  ships 
on  Scottish  coast,  1626  ;  fitted  out  a  fleet  to  help  the  king 
of  Poland,  1634.  [xxx.  332] 

KEITH,  WILLIAM,  seventh  EARL  MARISCHAL  (1617  ?- 
1661),  covenanter :  co-operated  with  Montrose  and  twice 
seized  Aberdeen,  1639  ;  chosen  a  lord  of  the  articles  after 
pacification  of  Berwick,  1639 ;  again  seized  Aberdeen  and 
enforced  signature  of  the  covenant,  1640 ;  nominated  privy 
councillor,  1641 ;  attended  covenanting  committees  in  the 
north,  but  remained  inactive,  1643-4 ;  refused  to  give  up 
fugitives  to  Montrose,  and  was  besieged  at  Dunuottar, 
1645 ;  joined  Hamilton's  expedition  into  England,  1648 ; 
entertained  Charles  II  at  Dunnottar,  1650  ;  arrested  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  till  the  Restoration,  when  he  was 
appointed  keeper  of  the  privy  seal  of  Scotland. 

[xxx.  333] 

KEITH-FALCONER,  ION  GRANT  NEVILLE  (1856- 
1887),  Arabic  scholar  and  bicyclist ;  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1878;  Tyrwhitt 
Hebrew  scholar  and  first  class  in  the  Semitic  languages 
tripos ;  president  of  the  London  Bicycle  Club,  1877-86 ; 
rode  from  John  o'  Groat's  to  Laud's  End  in  thirteen  days, 
less  forty-five  minutes,  1882 ;  studied  Arabic  at  Assiout, 
1881-2;  published  translation  from  SyrSac  version  of 
'Fables  of  Bidpai,'  1885;  lord  almoner's  professor  of 
Arabic  at  Cambridge,  1886  ;  died  of  fever  near  Aden,  at  a 
station  whence  he  had  made  excursions  to  study  Somali. 

[xxx.  836] 

KELBTJRN,  SINOLARE  (1754-1802),  Irish  presby- 
terian  divine;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1774 ;  studied 
also  at  Edinburgh  ;  minister  at  Belfast,  1780-99 :  im- 
prisoned on  suspicion  of  connection  with  United  Irishmen, 
1797 ;  published  work  oil  the  divinity  of  Christ,  1792. 

[xxx.  837] 

KELDELETH  or  KELDELECH,  ROBERT  (d.  1273), 
chancellor  of  Scotland ;  abbot  of  Duufermline,  1240-51 ; 
of  Melrose,  1268-78 ;  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1250-1 ;  de- 
posed as  partisan  of  Alan  Durward.  [xxx.  338] 


KELHAM 


713 


KELLY 


KELHAM,  ROBERT  (1717-1808),  attorney  In  the 
king's  bench  ;  author  of  dictionary  of  Norman-French, 
1779,  index  to  abridgments  of  law  and  equity,  1758,  ;in<l 
ether  works.  [xxx.  33H] 

KELKE,  ROGER  (1524-1576),  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1547 ;  senior  fellow  of  St.  John's,  1552 ;  lived  at  Zuri.-h 
during  reign  of  Mary  ;  Lady  Margaret  preacher,  1558-65  ; 
master  of  Magdalene  College,  1558-76  ;  vice-chancellor, 
1567  and  1571-2 ;  opposed  Archbishop  Parker's  '  Adver- 
tisements ' ;  archdeacon  of  Stowe,  1563.  [xxx.  338] 

KELLAND,  PHILIP  (1808-1879),  mathematician; 
senior  wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1834  ;  M.A.,  1837,  and  tutor ;  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh,  1838-79 ;  secretary  of  the 
Senatus  Academicus  till  1867  :  P.R.S.,  1838 ;  president, 
Edinburgh  Royal  Society,  1878-9 ;  wrote  on  mathematics 
and  Scottish  education  ;  contributed  the  article  '  Algebra ' 
to  •  Encyclopedia  Britannica '  (ninth  edition). 

[xxx.  339] 

KELLAWE,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1316),  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 1311-16 ;  refused  to  receive  Gaveston,  1313  ;  his 
register  the  earliest  extant  of  the  Palatinate. 

[xxx.  340] 

KELLER,  GOTTFRIED  or  GODFREY  (d.  1704), 
harpsichord  player  and  composer  ;  author  of  a  manual  of 
thorough-bass.  [xxx.  341] 

KELLETT,  EDWARD  (d.  1641),  divine ;  of  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  ;  incorporated  M.A.  at 
Oxford,  1617 ;  D.D.,  1621 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1630 ; 
friend  of  Selden ;  published  '  Miscellanies  of  Divinitie,' 
1635,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  341] 

KELLETT,  SIR  HENRY  (1806-1876),  vice-admiral: 
named  O.B.  for  services  as  surveyor  and  pilot  in  Chinese 
war  of  1840 ;  co-operated  with  Franklin  search  expedi- 
tions in  the  Herald,  1848-50  ;  went  in  search  of  Franklin 
in  the  Resolute,  1852,  but  abandoned  her  under  orders, 
May  1854  ;  commodore  at  Jamaica,  1855-9  ;  rear-admiral, 
1862 ;  vice-admiral,  1868 ;  K.C.B.,  1869  ;  commander-iu- 
chief  in  China,  1869-71.  [xxx.  342] 

KELLEY,  EDWARD  (1555-1595),  alchemist ;  said  to 
have  studied  at  Oxford  under  an  alias;  pilloried  for 
fraud  or  coining  at  Lancaster,  1580;  'skryer'  to  John 
I*66  [q-  v-]»  going  with  him  to  Prague  and  staying  with 
him  at  the  Emperor  Rudolph  II's  court;  parted  from 
Dee  in  1588,  but  remained  in  Germany  ;  lost  his  life  in 
attempting  to  escape  from  prison;  his  Latin  treatises 
on  the  philosopher's  stone  issued,  1676;  mentioned  in 
'Hudibras.'  [xxx.  342] 

KRLLIE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  ERSKIXB,  THOMAS,  first 
EARL,  1566-1639 ;  ERSKINE,  THOMAS  ALEXANDER,  sixth 
EARL,  1732-1781.] 

KELLISON,  MATTHEW  (1560?-1642),  president  of 
the  English  college,  Douay;  professor  of  scholastic 
theology  at  Rheims,  1589 ;  rector  of  the  university,  1606  : 
member  of  Arras  College,  1611 ;  as  president  (1613-42) 
rid  Douay  of  Jesuit  influence ;  published  '  The  Gagge  of 
the  Reformed  Gospell,'  1623  (frequently  reprinted  as 
'  Touchstone  of  the  Reformed  Gospel '),  and  other  works. 

[xxx.  344] 

KELLNEB,  ERNEST  AUGUSTUS  (1792-1839), 
musician ;  played  a  concerto  of  Handel  before  the  royal 
family  when  five  years  old  ;  made  tours  with  Incledon  as 
a  baritone  ;  sang  and  played  in  Switzerland  and  Germany 
and  at  Philharmonic  concerts  in  London,  1820-3;  ap- 
peared at  Venice ;  gave  concerts  in  Russia  and  Paris ; 
composed  masses  and  songs.  [xxx.  346] 

KELLO,  MRS.  ESTHER  or  HESTER  (1671-1624), 
calligrapher  and  miniaturist:  nee  English  or  Inglis  (in 
French  Langlois);  born  in  France;  perhaps  nurse  to 
Prince  Henry ;  manuscripts  written  or  illuminated  by 
her  in  British  Museum,  the  Bodleian,  and  continental 
libraries.  [xxx.  346] 

KELLO,  SAMUEL  (d.  1680),  rector  of  Spexall, 
Suffolk,  1620-80  ;  son  of  Mrs.  Esther  Kello  [q.  v.]  :  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  1618 ;  admitted  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

[xxx.  346] 

KELLY,  EDWARD  (1555-1596).    [See  KKLLKY.] 

KELLY,  EDWARD  (1854-1880),  bushranger ;  with 
his  brother  and  two  others  held  out  for  two  years  against 


the  police  on  the  borders  of  Victoria  and  New  Sooth 
Wales,   occasionally  plundering    banks;    capi 
hanged.  [g£  347] 

KELLY,  sin  I  I  T/ROY  (1796-1880),  lord  chief  boron; 
hamster,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824:  K.O.,  1884:  standing 
counsel  to  the  Bank  and  the  East  India  Company  ; 


fended  Tawell  the  poisoner,  1845  ;  knighted,  1846;  pro- 
rd,  1858;   appeared  In  Gorbam  due, 


Becuted  Dr    Berna 


, 

1847,  and  Shrewsbury  and  Crawford  peerage 
couBervative  M.P.  for  Ipswich,  1837-41,  Cambridge,  184*1 
1847  and  east  Suffolk,  1852-66;  wlicitor-generat  18tt-6 
™««  ™  '  »ttornev-«eneral,  1858-9  ;  lonl  chief  baron, 
1866-80  ;  privy  councillor,  1868.  [xxx.  347] 

.  KELLY,  FRANCES  MARIA  (1790-1882X  «ctre»  and 
singer  ;  mend  of  the  Lambs  ;  niece  of  Michael  Kelly 
[q.  v.]  ;  made  her  first  appearance  at  Drury  Lane  when 
85ve»  !  '"P"588611  by  her  Arthur  ('  King  John  ')  Sheri.lan, 
Fox,  and  Mrs.  Siddong  ;  played  at  Drury  Lane  and  the 
Italian  Opera,  1800-6;  associated  with  the  former  from 
its  reopening  (1812)  till  1835,  playing  Ophelia  to  Edmund 
Kean's  'Hamlet  •  and  other  Shakespearean  part*  ;  excelled 
in  melodrama  ;  her  acting  celebrated  in  two  sonneto  by 
Lamb,  who  offered  her  marriage  :  after  her  retirement 
conducted  a  dramatic  school  (for  which  the  Royalty 
was  built)  and  gave  readings  and  monologues. 

KELLY,  GEORGE  (ft.  1736),  Jacobite  ;  ^.Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1706;  having  acted  as  Atterbury's 
amanuensis  in  his  correspondence  with  the  Pretender, 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1723-36,  but  escaped  ;  pub- 
lished translation  of  Castlenau's  '  Memoirs  of  the  English 
Affairs,'  1724,  of  Morabin's  '  History  of  Cicero's  Banish- 
ment,' 1725.  [xxx.  350] 

KELLY,  HUGH  (1739-1777),  playwright  and  author  : 
came  to  London  as  a  staymaker,  1760;  edited  'Court 
Magazine'  and  'Ladies'  Museum,'  and  afterwards  'The 
Public  Ledger';  published  'Memoirs  of  a  Magdalen,' 

1767,  and  dramatic  criticism  ;  his  comedy  '  False  Deli- 
cacy '  successfully  produced  by  Garrick  at  Drury  Lane, 

1768,  in  rivalry  with  Goldsmith's  '  Good-Natured  Man,* 
and  acted  at  Paris  and  Liebon  ;  produced  'A  Word  to  the 
Wise,'  1770  (revived  with  prologue  by  Johnson  at  Covent 
Garden,   1777),  and  other  plays;    received  pension  for 
political  writings  ;  practised  as  a  barrister  in  his  last 
years.  [xxx.  3513 

KELLY,  JOHN  (1680  7-1751),  journalist  and  play- 
wright ;  of  the  Inner  Temple  ;  works  include  reprint  of 
'  Universal  Spectator,'  1747,  and  four  plays,  [xxx.  352] 

KELLY,  JOHN  (1750-1809),  Manx  scholar;  tran- 
scribed and  superintended  printing  of  Manx  bible,  1766- 
1772,  revised  New  Testament,  1775,  and  with  Philip 
Moore  (1705-1783)  [q.  v.]  the  whole  bible,  prayer-book, 
and  other  works,  1776  :  graduated  LL.D.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1799  ;  vicar  of  Ardleigh,  1791-1807  ;  rec- 
tor of  Copford,  1807-9;  his  Manx  grammar  (1804)  re- 
printed, 1859,  and  part  of  his  '  Triglot  Dictionary  of  the 
Celtic  Language,'  1866.  [xxx.  363] 

KELLY,  JOHN  (1801-1876),  independent  minister  at 
Liverpool,  1829-73;  chairman  of  Congregational  Union, 
1851.  [xxx.  364] 

KELLY,  MATTHEW  (1814-1858),  Irish  antiquary  : 
professor  at  the  Irish  college,  Paris,  1839-41,  and  at 
Maynooth,  1841-58  ;  made  D.D.  by  the  pope  and  canon 
of  Ossory,  c.  1854  :  published  '  Calendar  of  Irish  Saints' 
1857,  a  translation  of  Gosselin's  '  Power  of  the  Popes,' 
1853,  and  editions  of  Irish  antiquarian  classics  :  his 
'  Dissertations  chiefly  on  Irish  Church  History  '  issued, 
1864.  [xxx.  354] 

KELLY,  MICHAEL  (1764  ?-1826X  YOcalist,  actor,  and 
composer  ;  successful  treble  singer  on  the  Dnblin  stage  ; 
studied  at  Naples  and  Palermo,  and  sang  at  Florence 
(1780),  Venice,  and  other  Italian  cities  ;  when  principal 
tenor  in  Italian  opera  at  Vienna  (1783-6)  was  prepared 
byGluck  to  sing  in  '  Iphigenia  in  Tauride'  and  by  Mo/art 
for  Basilio  in  the  first  performance  of  '  Nozze  di  Figaro,* 
sang  in  Mozart's  Sunday  concerts  ;  appeared  in  opera  at 
Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1787-1808,  singing  also  in  oratorios 
at  the  Ancient  Concerts,  1789-91,  and  in  Scotland  and 
Ireland  :  as  musical  director  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  and 
joint-director  at  the  King's  Theatre,  London,  composed 
settings  of  Sheridan's  'Pizarro,'  Coleridge's  '  Remorse,'  and 
other  plays  ;  last  seen  on  the  stage  at  Dublin,  1811.  Hit 


KELLY 


714 


KEMBLE 


« Klora  Macdonald '  and  '  The  Woodpecker ' ; 
•  written  by  Theodore  Hook,  IBM. 

[xxx. 355] 

LY,  PATRICK  (17ft«-184JX  mathematician  and 
~r;  bon.  LL.D.  Glasgow;  master  of  the  '  M,-r- 
L*  Piiwbury  Square;   published  'The  Um- 
_jt  and  Commercial  In9tructor['xx^ll3'67a]IMi 

KELLY  or  O'KKLLY,  RALPH  (d.  1361),  archbishop 
of  the  Carmelites,  1336 ;  archbishop 
"  ivy  of  a  subsidy,  1346 ; 


rlia 


.  THOMAS  (d.  1680  ?X  parliamentarian 
•  deputy-governor  of  Oxford,  1648-50  :  lieutenant  of 
Dover  Castle.  1651  ;  a  commissioner  for  the  navy  MM 
major-generai  of  the  Kent  and  Surrey  militia,  1655  :  M.I'., 
Sandwich,  1664,  Dover,  1W6  and  16M>-  8UPI»rt«l  Fleet- 
wood  and  Lambert.  [xxx.  358] 

KKLTOir,  ARTHUR  (/.  1546),  author  of  rhymed 
works  on  matters  of  Welsh  history.  [xxx.  359] 

KELTBJDGE.  JOHN  (  It.  1581).  divine;  M.A,  Trinity 
College.  Cambridge,  1575  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1579)  ; 
author  of  '  Exposition  and  Readynges  .  .  .  upon  the 
wordes  of  our  Saviour  Ohriste,  that  bee  written  in  the  xi.  of 
Luke*  (1*78).  [xxx.  359] 

KELTY,  MARY  ANN  (1789-1873),  author  of  a  novel, 
•The  Favourite  of  Nature'  (1821),  of  'Memoirs  of  the 
Lives  and  Persecutions  of  Primitive  Quakers,'  1844,  and 
devotional  works.  [xxx.  360] 

KELWAT,  JOSEPH  (d.  1782),  organist  and  harpsi- 
chord player  ;  bad  Queen  Charlotte  and  Mrs.  Delany 
among  bis  pupils.  [xxx.  360] 

KELWAY.  THOMAS  (rf.  1749),  organist  of  Chichwter 
Cathedral,  1726-49:  brother  of  Joseph  Kelway  [q.  r.]  ; 
composed  church  music.  [xxx.  361] 

OLYWO,  SIB  JOHN  (rf.  1671),  judge  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1632  ;  imprisoned  for  royalism,  1642-60  :  serjeant- 
at-law,  1660  ;  knighted,  1661  ;  M.P.,  Bedford,  1661  ;  em- 
ployed in  drafting  Act  of  Uniformity  and  in  proceedings 
against  the  regicides  ;  ridiculed  evidence  of  witchcraft 
given  before  Sir  Matthew  Hale  [q.  v.],  1662  :  puisne  judge, 
1663  ;  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1665-71  ;  censured 
by  parliament  (1667)  for  ill-treatment  of  jurors  ;  compelled 
to  apohigise  for  a  libel  on  Lord  Hollis,  1671  ;  his  reports 
of  pleas  of  the  crown  edited  by  R.  Loveland  Loveland, 
1871  [xxx.  361] 

KELYNG,  Sm  JOHN  (1630V-1680),  serjeant-at-law, 
1680;  knighted,  1679;  son  of  Sir  John  Eelyng  (d.  1671) 
[q.  T.]  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1660.  [xxx.  362] 


[  or  KEJCE,  SAM  OEL  (1604-1670),  puritan  divine; 
demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxfonl,  1624-6 ;  B.A.,  1625 ; 
B.D. ;  rector  of  Albury,  Oxfordshire,  and  vicar  of  Low 
Leyton,  Essex ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Essex  :  captain  in 
parliamentary  army ;  often  preached  in  military  dress  ; 
wpy  on  royalists  at  Rotterdam,  1648  ;  became  loyal  on  the 
Restoration.  [xxx.  362] 

KEMBLE,  ADELAIDE,  afterwards  MRS.  SARTORIS 
(18147-1879),  vocalist  and  author;  daughter  of  Charles 
Kemble  [q.  v.] ;  first  sang  at  the  Ancient  Concerts,  1*35  ; 
in  Germany  and  at  Parix,  1837-X  ;  had  lessons  from  Pasta 
and  appeared  with  success  at  Venice  as  Norma ;  sang  in 
Italian  opera  at  Co  vent  Garden.  1841-2:  married  Ed  ward 
John  SartorK  1843;  published  -A  Week  in  a  French 
Country  House,'  1867,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  363] 

ITMBT.K.  CHARLES (1775-1854),  actor  ;  son  of  Roger 
Kemble  [<j.  v.]  ;  appeared  at  Drury  Lane  as  Malcolm  in 

•  Macbeth,'  1794  ;  Norval  in  '  Douglas,'  1798, and  Alon/.o  in 

*  1'ixarro,'  1799  ;  first  appeared  as  Charles  Surface,  Falcon* 
bridge,  and  Young  Mirabel,  1800;  played  Hamlet,  1W3; 
joining  bis  brother  at  Coven t  Garden,  played  Romeo,  1803  ; 
appeared  in  adaptations  by  himself  from  Kotzebue :  after 
playing  at  Brussels  and  in  France  returned  to  Oovent 
Garden  as  Macbeth,  181ft ;  began  his  management  of 
Covent  Garden,  1822,  playing  Falxtaff  (1824)  and  many 
leading  parts ;  met  with  little  success  financially  till  the 
appearance  of  his  eldest  daughter,  Fanny,  with  whom, 
in  1832-4,  he  made 


cutio  first  i 


a  sucocmful  tour  in  America ;  his  Mer- 
at  Covent  Garden,  1829  ;  gave  farewell  per- 


formance as  Benedick  (Haymarket),  1836,  but  acted  for  a 
few  nights  at  Covent  Garden,  1840.  He  had  a  greater 
range  than  any  actor  except  Gurrick,  but  was  pre-eminent 
only  in  comedy.  [xxx.  365] 

KEMBLE,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1763  ?-1841),  actress  ; 
nit  Satchell :  appeared  at  Oovent  Garden  as  Polly  ('  Beg- 
gar's Opera'),  1780;  played  Juliet,  Ophelia,  and  other 
leading  parts  next  season  ;  Desdeinona  to  Stephen  Kemble's 
Othello,  1783,  marrying  him  the  same  year:  afterwards 
eclipsed  her  husband.  [xxx.  367] 

KEMBLE,  FRANCES  ANNE,  afterwards  MRS. 
BUTLKR,  generally  known  as  FANNY  KKMHU-:  (1809-189S), 
actress  ;  daughter  of  Charles  Kemble  [q.  v.]  and  Maria 
Theresa  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ;  appeared  with  great  success  as 
Juliet  to  her  father's  Mercutio,  Oovent  Garden,  1829  ; 
appeared  subsequently  as  Mrs.  Haller  (Stranger),  Lady 
Macbeth,  Portia,  Beatrice,  Constance,  Julia,  Mariana, 
and  Queen  Katherine ;  visited  America,  1833,  and  married, 
1834,  Pierce  Butler  (d.  1867),  whom  she  divorced,  1848 ; 
began  series  of  Shakespearean  readings,  1848;  lived  in 
America,  1849-68,  and  1873-8  ;  published  poetical  and 
dramatic  writings  and  several  autobiographical  works. 

[Suppl.  iii.  57] 

KEMBLE,  HENRY  STEPHEN  (1789-1836),  actor ;  sou 
of  Stephen  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  after  playing  in  the  country  appeared 
at  the  Haymarket,  1814 ;  acted  at  Bath  and  Bristol  and 
played  Romeo  and  other  leading  parts  at  Drury  Lane, 
1818-19  ;  afterwards  appeared  at  minor  theatres. 

[xxx.  368] 

BUMBLE,  JOHN  (1599?-1679),  Roman  catholic 
priest;  missiouer  in  Herefordshire;  executed  for  saying 
mass  ;  ancestor  of  Charles  Kemble  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  :>69] 

KEMBLE,  JOHN  MITCHELL  (1807-1857),  philolo 
gist  and  historian ;  elder  son  of  Charles  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  first  under  Richardson,  the  lexicographer; 
whilst  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  intimate  with 
Tennyson,  Richard  Ohenevix  Trench  [q.  v.],  and  William 
Bodham  Donne  [q.  v.],  and  one  of  'the  apostles' ;  accom- 
panied Trench  to  Spain  to  join  a  rising  against  Fer- 
dinand VII,  1830  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1833 :  studied  philo- 
logy under  Jacob  Grimm  in  Germany ;  edited  the  poems 
of  Beowulf,  1833,  and  lectured  at  Cambridge  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  ;  edited  '  British  and  Foreign  Review,'  1835-44 ; 
examiner  of  stage- plays,  1840  :  studied  prehistoric  archae- 
ology at  Hanover,  making  excavations  in  LUneburg,  and 
drawings  at  Munich,  Berlin,  and  Schwerin,  1854-6  ;  died 
in  Dublin.  His  chief  works  were  'Codex  Diplomatics 
aevi  Saxonici,'  1839-48, '  The  Saxons  in  England,'  1849  (ed. 
Birch,  1876),  and 'State  Papers'  illustrating  the  period 
1688-1714.  [xxx.  369] 

BUMBLE,  JOHN  PHILIP  (1767-1823),  actor  ;  eldest 
son  of  Roger  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ;  played  as  a  child  in  his 
father's  company,  but  was  educated  for  the  Roman 
catholic  priesthood  at  Sedgley  Park  and  Douay  ;  appeared 
in  Lee's  '  Theodosius '  at  Wolverhampton,  1776  ;  produced 
a  tragedy  and  a  poem  at  Liverpool;  played  on  York 
circuit  under  Tate  Wilkinson  and  lectured  at  York,  1778- 
1781 ;  appeared  at  Edinburgh  and  gained  great  success  at 
Dublin  as  Hamlet  and  Raymond (Jephson's '  Countof  Nar- 
bonne'),  1781 ;  during  engagement  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
( 1783-1802)  presented  over  120  characters,  beginning  with 
Hamlet :  played  with  Mrs.  Siddons  (his  sister)  in  '  Kim: 
John,'  •  Othello,' '  King  Lear,'  and  many  other  plays,  and 
also  with  his  wife  and  Miss  Farren :  as  manager,  from 
1788,  began  to  dress  characters  unconventionally  :  played 
Coriolanus  and  Henry  V  in  arrangements  by  himself,  and 
gave  also  Romeo,  Pctruchio,  Wolsey,  and  Charles  Surface 
(a  failure)  :  reopened  Drury  Lane  with  Macbeth,  1794,  hav- 
ing played  meanwhile  at  the  Haymarket :  acted  in  adapta- 
tions by  himself  of  many  Shakespearean  plays,  in  Ireland's 
'Vortigcrn'  (1796),  and  pieces  by  Madame  D'Arblay  and 
'  Monk '  Lewis  ;  visited  Paris,  Madrid,  and  Douay  ;  manager 
at  Oovent  Garden  from  1803  till  1808,  when  the  theatre 
was  burned  down,  playing  Hamlet,  Antonio,  lago,  Pierre, 
Prospero,  and  original  parts  in  plays  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
Ooleman,  Reynolds,  and  Morton  ;  reopened  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  1809,  with  increased  prices,  thereby  occasioning 
the  O.  P.  riots ;  played  Brutus,  1812,  and  Coriolanus  for  bis 
farewell,  1817;  went  abroad  for  his  health  and  died  at 
Lausanne:  chief  founder  of  the  declamatory  school  of 
acting ;  admired  by  Lamb  aud  intimate  with  Sir  Walter 
I  Scott.  [xxx.  372] 


KEMBLE 


715 


KEN 


KEMBLE,  MARIA  THERESA  or  MARIE  THEKESK 
Q774-1838),  actress  ;  nt*  De  Camp  :  came  to  England  from 
Vienna,  and  as  Miss  De  Cuinp  appeared  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  1786;  pleased  the  public  as  Macheath  in  tin- 
•Beggar's  Opera,'  1792  ;  the  original  Judith  in  the  •  Iron 
Chest '  and  Caroline  Dormer  in  the  '  Heir  at  Law,'  1797 ; 
also  played  Portia,  Desdeuiona,  and  Katherinc,  and  in  her 
own  '  First  Faults  '  (1799) ;  married  Charles  Kemble  [q.  v.], 
1806  ;  acted  ut  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  1806-19,  in  her 
own  plays  'The  Day  after  the  Wedding*  (1808)  and 
•Smiles  and  Tears  '  (1816),  also  playing  Ophelia,  Beatrice, 
and  Mrs.  Sullen ;  created  Madge  Wildfire  in  Terry's  '  Heart 
of  Midlothian.'  [xxx.  378] 

KEMBLE,  PRISCILLA  (1766-1845X  actress  ;  n 
Hopkins  ;  acted  in  Garrick's  company  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  1775  ;  the  original  Harriet  ('  The  Runaway '), 
Eliza  ('  Spleen,  or  Islington  Spa '),  and  Maria  ('  School  for 
Scandal ') ;  played  secondary  part*  as  Mrs.  Brereton,  1778- 
1787;  married  John  Philip  Kemble  [q.  v.],  1787,  and 
played  the  Lady  Anne  (' Richard  III'),  Hero,  Sylvia; 
retired,  1796.  [xxx.  379] 

KEMBLE,  ROGER  (1721-1802),  actor  and  manager; 
married  Sarah  Ward  (daughter  of  his  manager  at  Bir- 
mingham), 1753,  and  formed  a  travelling  company,  in 
which  his  children  (Sarah,  afterwards  Mrs.  Siddotis,  John, 
Charles,  Stephen,  and  others)  acted  ;  played  Falstaff  and 
in  the  '  Miller  of  Mansfield '  at  the  II  ay  market,  1788. 

KEMBLE,  STEPHEN  or  GEORGE  STEPHEN  (1758- 
1822),  actor  and  manager,  son  of  Roger  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ; 
first  played  in  Dublin  ;  appeared  in  Othello  and  other  parts 
with  his  wife  (Elizabeth  Kemble)  at  Oovent  Garden 
Theatre,  1784  ;  played  secondary  parts  at  the  Haymarket, 
1787-91 ;  during  his  management  of  the  Edinburgh  Theatre 
(1792-1800)  engaged  John  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Siddons,  and 
brought  out  Henry  Erskiue  Johnston  [q.  v.],  but  became 
involved  in  litigation  and  failed  financially;  after 
managing  theatres  in  several  northern  towns,  played 
Falstaff  at  Ooveut  Garden,  1806,  and  Drury  Lane,  1816, 
also  Sir  Christopher  Curry  ('  Inkle  and  Yarico '),  his  beat 
part.  He  published  '  Odes,  Lyrical  Ballads,  and  Poems,' 
1809.  [xxx.  381] 

KEME,  SAMUEL  (1604-1670).    [See  KEM.] 

KEMP.    [See  also  KEMPS.] 

KEMP,  GEORGE  MEIKLE  (1796-1844),  architect  of 
the  Scott  monument,  Edinburgh  (begun,  1840) ;  in  early 
life  a  shepherd,  carpenter'*  apprentice,  and  millwright. 

[xxx.  383] 

KEMP  or  KEMPE,  JOHN  (1380  ?-1454),  lord  chan- 
cellor and  archbishop  successively  of  York  and  Canter- 
bury; fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford;  practised  in 
ecclesiastical  courts  ;  dean  of  arches  and  vicar-general  of 
Canterbury,  1416  ;  archdeacon  of  Durham,  e.  1416  ;  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal,  1418 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1419,  of 
London,  1421-6  ;  chancellor  of  Normandy,  1419-22,  being 
much  employed  as  a  diplomatist  by  Henry  V ;  member  of 
Henry  VI's  council  and  partisan  of  Cardinal  Beaufort; 
became  archbishop  of  York  and  chancellor  of  England, 
1426,  holding  the  secular  office  till  Gloucester  recovered 
power  in  1432  ;  supported  peace  with  France,  but  was 
prevented  by  his  instructions  from  effecting  anything  at 
congress  of  Arras,  1432,  or  at  the  Calais  conferences  in 
1439 ;  appointed  cardinal-priest  by  Pope  Eugenius  IV, 
1439 ;  supported  Henry  VI's  marriage  with  Margaret  of 
Anjou,  but  subsequently  opposed  Suffolk,  on  whose  fall 
(1450)  he  again  became  chancellor;  broke  up  the  Kentish 
rebellion  by  temporary  concessions ;  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  by  provision,  and  created  cardinal-bishop  by 
Pope  Nicholas,  1452  ;  resisted  the  Yorkistx  till  his  death  ; 
founded  college  of  secular  priests  at  Wye,  Kent  (his 
birthplace),  with  a  grammar  school  and  church. 

[xxx.  384] 

KEMP,  JOHN  (1665-1717),  antiquary  ;  F.R.S.,  1712  ; 
his  museum  of  antiquities  described  in  A  ins  worth's  '  Mon  v- 
uieuta  vetustatis  Kempiana '  (1719-20).  [xxx.  388] 

KEMP,  JOHN  (1763-1812),  mathematician;  M.A. 
Aberdeen,  1781  ;  LL.D.(  America)  ;  professor  at  Columbia 
College,  New  York.  [xxx.  389] 

KEMP,  JOSEPH  (1778-1824),  musical  composer  and 
teacher ;  organist  of  Bristol  Cathedral,  1802 ;  Mus.Doc. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1809  ;  founded  nruical 


college  at  Exeter,  1814;   composed 


and 


KEMP,  THuMAS  HEAD  (1781  ?-1844),  founder  of 
Kemp  Town  (Brighton)  ;  M.A.  St.  Juhi.V  College,  Cam- 
brulK,,  1810;  M.I'.,  Lewe*,  1812  16  and  182«-I?7  be«an 
building  Kemp  Town,  c.  18JO  ;  founded  a  religious  sect. 

KEMP  or  KEMPE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  169O[)*  author3  of 
•  The  Education  of  Children  in  Learning,'  1688,  aud  '  The 
Art  of  Arithmeticke,'  1592;  M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Dam- 
bridge,  1684  ;  master  of  Plymouth  grammar  school,  1681- 
16U5-  [xxx.  390] 

KEMP  WILLIAM  (fl.  1600),  comic  actor  and  dancer  : 
member  of  the  company  whose  successive  patrons  were 
Leicester,  Lord  Strange,  and  Lord  Hunadon  ;  succeeded  to 
Richard  Tarleton's  r61es  and  reputation  ;  chiefly  popular 
for  his  dancing  of  jigs  accompanied  with  comic  songs 
summoned  with  Richard  Burbage  [q.  T]  and  William 
Shakespeare  [q.  v.]  to  act  before  Queen  Elizabeth  at 
Greenwich,  1594  ;  had  parte  in  plays  by  Shakespeare  and 
Jonson,  including  Peter  ('Romeo  'and  Juliet  ')  and  Dog- 
berry ;  danced  a  morris-dance  from  London  to  Norwich, 
1599  ;  performed  dancing  exploits  on  the  continent  •' 
played  in  the  Earl  of  Worcester's  company  at  the  Row' 
'Kemps  Nine  Dales  Wonder*  (written  by  himself  1600) 
has  been  twice  reprinted.  [xxx.  390] 

KEMP,  WILLIAM  (1555-1628),  of  Spaing  Hall,  Fiucb- 
iugfield,  Essex  ;  remained  silent  for  seven  years  as  a 
penance.  [XXx.  393] 

KEMPE.    [See  also  KEMP.] 

KEMPE,  ALFRED  JOHN  (17857-1846),  antiquary  • 
friend  of  Charles  Alfred  Stothard  [q.  v.]  and  Thomas 
Orofton  Croker  [q.  v.]  ;  F.S.A.,  1828  ;  formed  Society  of 
Noviomagus  ;  on  staff  of  'Gentleman's  Magazine  '  ;  pub- 
lished works  on  antiquities  of  Holwood  Hill,  Kent,  and 
of  St.  Martin-le-Grand  Church,  London  ;  edited  the 
Loseley  manuscripts,  1836.  [xxx.  394] 

KEMPE,  MARGERIE  (temp.  incerl.\  religious 
writer;  'of  Lyn.'  [xxx.  394] 

KEMPENFELT,  RICHARD  (1718-1782X  rear-admi- 
ral ;  with  Vernon  at  Portobello,  1739  ;  as  captain  of  the 
Elizabeth  and  commodore  served  in  East  Indies,  1758  ; 
commanded  the  Grafton  under  Steevens  in  expedition  of 
1759  ;  present  at  reduction  of  Pondicherry,  1761  ;  flag- 
captain  to  Coniish  at  reduction  of  Manila,  1762  ;  member 
of  court-martial  on  Palliser,  1778  ;  rear-admiral,  1780  ; 
captured  part  of  a  French  convoy  and  dispersed  the  rest 
off  Ushant,  1781  ;  went  down  with  the  Royal  George  ; 
bis  alteration  in  signalling  system  adopted  and  improved 
by  Lord  Howe.  [xxx.  396] 

KEMPT,  Sm  JAMES  (1764-1864),  general  :  aide-de- 
camp to  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.  v.j  in  Holland,  1799 
the  Mediterranean,  1800,  and  Egypt,  1801,  and  afterwards 
to  Hely-Hutchinson  ;  commanded  light  brigade  at  Maida, 
1806  ;  commanded  brigade  under  Picton  in  the  Penin- 
sula ;  beverely  wounded  at  Badajoz,  1812  ;  commanded 
brigade  of  light  division  in  1813-14  ;  succeeded  to  com- 
mand of  Picton's  division  on  his  fall  during  battle  of 
Waterloo  ;  G.C.B.,  1816  ;  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  18*0- 
1828  ;  governor-general  of  Canada,  1828-30  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1830;  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1834-8; 
general,  1841.  [xxx.  396] 

KEMPTHOENE,  SIR  JOHN  (1620  -  1679).  vice- 
admiral  ;  after  commanding  for  Levant  company  entered 
royal  navy,  1664  ;  flag-captain  to  Prince  Rupert  ;  flag- 
captain  to  Albemarle  in  the  fight  off  the  North  Fore- 
and,  1666  ;  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  in  the  action  of 
37  July  1666  ;  knighted  for  gallantry  against  the 
Algeruies,  1670  ;  took  part  in  battle  of  Solebay,  1672,  aud 
;hc  action  of  11  Aug.  1673,  after  which  he  was  promoted 
vice-admiral  and  pensioned.  [xxx.  397] 

KEMYS,  LAWRENCE  (rf.  1618X  sea-captain;  ac- 
companied Sir  Walter  Ralegh  up  the  Orinoco,  1695-6  ; 
imprisoned  with  Ralegh  in  the  Tower,  1603  ;  as  his  pilot 
and  captain  commanded  his  last  expedition  to  Guiana,  on 
the  failure  of  which  he  killed  himself.  [xxx.  398] 

KEN  or  KElfir,  THOMAS  (1637-1711),  bifbop  of 
Bath  aud  Wells  ;  fellow  of  Winchester  and  New  CoUwre, 
Oxford  :  M.A.,  1664  :  D.D.,  1679  :  rector  of  Little  Hasten. 


KENDAL 


716 


KENNEDY 


ECMX.  16tt-»,  of  Brightstone  (Isle  of  Wight),  1667-9,  of 
Bast  Woodhay,  Hampshire,  1669-72  :  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Morley  of  Winchester  :  took  gratuitous  charge  of  St. 
John  In  the  Soke,  Winchester  ;  as  chaplain  to  I'rhxvss 
Mary  at  the  Hague,  1679-80,  remonstrated  with  William 
of  Orange  on  bis  unkind  behaviour  to  her ;  when  chaplain 
to  Charles  II  refuted  to  receive  Nell  Qwyn  at  Winchester, 
IMS  *  chaplain  to  Lord  Dartmouth  at  Tangier,  1683-4 ; 
bUbop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1684-91  ;  attended  Charles  II's 
Sagflhrt.  S  Feb.  1686  ;  attended  Monmouth  in  the  Tower 
and  at  his  execution,  1685  ;  interceded  with  James  II  on 
behalf  of  Kirke's  victims;  twice  preached  at  Whitehall 
against  Romish  practices:  one  of  the  'seven  bishops' 
who  petitioned  against  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence, 
1688;  voted  for  a  regency,  January  1689,  and  refused  to 
take  the  oaths  to  William  and  Mary  ;  deprived  of  his 
see  as  a  non juror  ;  opposed  the  clandestine  consecration 
of  nonjuring  bishops,  and  was  offered  restoration  (1702) 
by  Queen  Anne,  who  gave  him  a  pension  ;  lived  chiefly 
with  Lord  Weymouth  at  Longleat.  His  prose  works 
include  '  Manual  of  Prayers  for  Winchester  Scholars ' 
(edition  containing  the  well-known  morning,  evening, 
and  midnight  hymns,  1695,  the  hymns  being  published 
separately,  1862),  and 'Practice  of  Divine  Love,'  1685-6 
(translated  into  French  and  Italian) ;  his  poetical  works 
edited  by  Hawkins,  1721.  [xxx.  399] 

KKNDAL,    DUCHRRS    OF    (1667-1743).    [See   SCHU- 

LKNBURO,  COUNTK88  EHRENGARD  MKLU8INA  VON  PKR.] 

KENDALE,  RICHARD  (rf.  1431),  grammarian. 

[xxx.  404] 

KENDALL,  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS  (17767-1842), 
author  of  books  for  children,  translations  from  the 
French,  and  other  works ;  conducted  the  '  Literary 
Chronicle,'  1819-28,  •  The  Olio,'  1828-33.  [«*.  404] 

KENDALL,  GEORGE  (1610-1663),  controversialist; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1630-17 ;  M.A.,  1633 ; 
DJX,  1664  ;  rector  of  Bllslaud,  Cornwall,  1643,  and  pre- 
bendary of  Exeter,  1645  ;  rector  of  Kenton,  1660-2 ;  de- 
fended Calvinism  in  numerous  polemics.  [xxx.  405] 

KENDALL.  HENRY  CLARENCE  (1841-1882),  poet 
of  the  Australian  bush  ;  some  time  in  New  South  Wales 
public  service  ;  his  two  chief  volrtmes,  '  Leaves  from  an 
Australian  Forest,'  1869,  and  'Songs  from  the  Mountains,' 
1880 ;  collected  works  Issued,  1886.  [xxx.  406] 

KENDALL,  JOHN  (ft.  1476X  vicar-choral  of  South- 
well, 1476-86.  [xxx.  408] 

KENDALL,  JOHN  (  d.  I486),  secretary  to  Richard  III 
and  from  1481  a  comptroller  of  public  works  ;  said  to 
have  fallen  at  Bosworth.  [xxx.  407] 

KENDALL,  JOHN  (d.  1501  ?),  general  of  infantry 
(•Turcopolier  ')  to  the  knights  of  St.  John,  1477-89  ;  prior 
of  the  English  Hospitallers,  1491  ;  employed  diplomatically 
by  Henry  VII.  [xxx.  407] 

KENDALL,  JOHN  (1726-1815),  quaker  ;  paid  several 
visit*  to  Holland :  founded  at  Colchester  almshouses,  a 
school,  and  a  library ;  published  an  abstract  of  the  bible, 
1800,  and  other  works ;  •  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Re- 
ligious Experiences  of  John  Kendall,'  issued  posthumously. 

[xxx. 408] 

KENDALL,  JOHN  (1766-1829),  architect ;  author  of 
a  work  on  Gothic  architecture,  1818.  [xxx.  409] 

DHDALL,  TIMOTHY  (/.  1577),  compiler  of 
•  Flowers  of  Epigrammes ' ;  of  Eton  and  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford  :  mentioned  by  Meres  among  epigrammatist*. 

[xrx.  409] 

KENDRICK,  EMMA  ELEONORA  (1788  -  1871), 
miniature-painter  :  author  of  •Conversations  on  the  Art 
of  Miniature-Painting,'  1H30.  [xxx.  409] 

KENDRICK,  JAMES  (1771-1847),  botanist;  M.D. 
and  F.L>. ;  prwident  of  the  Warriugton  Natural  History 
Society  ;  friend  of  Howard  the  philanthropist  [xxx.  410] 

KENDRICK.  JAMES  (1808-1882),  writer  on  War- 
rington  antiquities ;  wn  of  James  Kendrick  (1771-1847) 
[<|.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1833  ;  made  excavations  at 
Wttkrspool,  and  collected  seals.  [xxx.  410] 

KENZALY,  EDWARD  VAUGHAN  HYDE  (1819- 
1880X  barrister  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  LLJX,  1850 ; 
«lkd  to  IrUh  bar,  1840:  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1847; 
<WJn  1868;  junior  counsel  for  Palmer  the  poisoner ;  im- 


for  cruelty ;  prosecuted  Overend  and  Guruey, 
1869  ;  leading  counsel  for  the  Tichborne  claimant,  1873, 
and  was  disbarred  (1874)  for  his  violent  conduct  of  the 
case  [see  ORTON,  ARTHUR]  ;  raised  agitation  for  inquiry 
into  it :  M.P.  for  Stoke-on-Trent,  1875-80 ;  published 
poetical  translations  and  other  works.  [xxx.  410] 

KENINOHALE,  JOHN  (d.  1451),  Carmelite  ;  student 
at  Oxford  ;  provincial,  1430-44 ;  confessor  to  Richard, 
duke  of  York.  [xxx.  411] 

KENINGHALE,  PETER  (d.  1494),  Carmelite  prior  at 
Oxford,  1466.  [xxx.  412] 

KENINGHAM,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1586).    [See  CUNING- 

HAM.] 

KENMTJRE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  GORDON,  Sm  JOHN, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1699  7-1634 ;  GORDON,  WILLIAM,  sixth 
VISCOUNT,  d.  1716.] 

KENNAWAY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1758-1836), 
diplomatist ;  served  in  the  Carnatic,  1780-6  :  create! 
baronet  (1791)  for  his  successful  mission  to  Hyderabad. 
1788,  where  he  became  first  resident ;  concluded  treaty  with 
Tippo  Sultan,  1792.  [xxx.  412] 

KENNEDY  or  FARRELL,  MRS.(d.  1793),  actress  and 
contralto  singer  ;  instructed  by  Dr.  Arne ;  gained  great 
successes  in  male  parts  at  Co  vent  Garden,  [xxx.  412] 

KENNEDY,  ALEXANDER  (1695  ?-1785),  founder  of 
family  of  violin-makers.  [xxx.  413] 

KENNEDY,  SIK  ARTHUR  EDWARD  (1810-1883), 
colonial  governor ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  governor 
successively  of  Gambia  (1851-2),  Sierra  Leone  (1852-4), 
West  Australia  (1854-62),  Vancouver's  island  (1863-7), 
West  Africa  (1867-72),  Hong  Kong  (1872-7),  and  Queens- 
land (1877-83)  ;  knighted,  1868.  ,[xxx.  413] 

KENNEDY,  BENJAMIN  HALL  (1804-1889),  head- 
master of  Shrewsbury  and  regius  professor  of  Greek  at 
Cambridge ;  son  of  Rann  Kennedy  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
King  Edward  School,  Birmingham,  and  at  Shrewsbury  ; 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  won  numerous  distinc- 
tions, being  senior  classic  and  first  chancellor's  medallist, 
1827 ;  was  president  of  the  union  and  one  of  '  the 
Apostles ' ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1828- 
1830 ;  assistant-master  at  Harrow,  1830-6 ;  as  head  of 
Shrewsbury  (1836-66)  became  the  greatest  classical  master 
of  the  century  ;  canon  of  Ely,  1867 ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Cambridge,  1867-89 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1886 ;  a 
New  Testament  reviser ;  the  Latin  professorship  founded  at 
Cambridge  from  part  of  his  testimonial  was  held  succes- 
sively by  his  pupils,  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone  Munro 
[q.  v.]  and  Mr.  J.  E.  B.  Mayor.  The  '  Public  School  Latin 
Primer'  generally  adopted  by  the  chief  schools  (1866)  was 
based  upon  his  work  of  1843.  Besides  his  Latin  primer 
(revised  1888)  and  grammar  (1871),  he  published  metrical 
versions  of  three  Greek  plays,  'Between  Whiles,'  1877,  and 
other  works.  [xxx.  414] 

KENNEDY,  CHARLES  RANN  (1808-1867),  lawyer 
and  scholar  ;  brother  of  Benjamin  Hall  Kennedy  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Birmingham  and  Shrewsbury ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  senior  classic,  1831 ;  Bell 
and  Pitt  scholar ;  Person  prizeman  ;  M.A.,  1834 ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1835 ;  engaged  in  Stockdale  /•. 
Hansard  ;  appeared  for  the  plaintiff  in  Swinfen  v.  Swinf  en 
(failing  to  recover  fees) ;  published  translations  of 
Demosthenes  and  Virgil,  poems,  and  legal  treatises. 

[xxx.  416] 

KENNEDY,  DAVID  (1825-1886),  Scottish  tenor 
singer ;  gave  concerts  in  Scotland,  London,  America, 
South  Africa,  India,  and  Australasia ;  died  at  Stratford, 
Ontario.  [xxx.  417] 

KENNEDY,  EDMUND  B.  (d.  1848),  Australian  ex- 
plorer ;  as  second  in  command  of  Sir  Thomas  Living- 
stone Mitchell's  expedition  traced  the  Barcoo  or  Victoria 
river,  1847  ;  killed  by  natives  while  exploring  Cape  York 
peninsula.  [xxx.  417] 

KENNEDY,  GILBERT,  second  EARL  OF  CASHILLIS 
('/.  1527),  partisan  of  Arrau  against  Angus;  afterwards 
joined  Lennox ;  slain  by  sheriff  of  Ayr  at  instigation  of 
Arran's  bastard  sou.  [xxx.  418] 

KENNEDY,  GILBERT,  third  EARL  OF  CASSILLW 
(15177-1558),  sou  of  Gilbert  Kennedy,  second  earl  of 
Casslllis  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Buchanan  in  Paris ;  lord  of 
James  V's  secret  council,  1538 ;  captured  at  Solway  Mos?, 


KENNEDY 


717 


KENNEDY 


(1541  7-1676),  'King  of  Carrick';  succeeded  his  father, 
Gilbert  Kennedy,  third  earl  of  Cassillis  [q.  v.],  as  gentle- 
man of  the  bedchamber  to  Henry  II  of  France;  fought 


1542  ;  after  hia  release  intrigued  with  the  English  ;  lord 
high  treasurer,  1654  ;  one  of  the  seven  Scottish  commis- 
sioners at  marriage  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to  the 
dauphin,  1558  ;  died  at  Dieppe  on  his  way  back. 

[xxx.  418] 

KENNEDY,  GILBERT,  fourth  ~ 
(1541 
Uilbort 
man 

for  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Langside,  1568,  and  subse- 
quently corresponded  with  her ;  tortured  the  abbot  of 
Crosruguel,  1570,  in  order  to  obtain  a  renunciation  of  his 
claims,  and  was  imprisoned  by  the  regent  Lennox :  ob- 
tained liberty  by  an  agreement  with  Morton,  1571  ;  privy 
councillor,  1671.  [xxx.  419] 

KENNEDY,  GILBERT  (1678-1745X  Irish  presby- 
terian  minister:  moderator  of  Ulster,  1720;  published 
'  New  Light  set  in  a  Clear  Light,'  1721,  and  '  Defence  of 
the  Principles  and  Conduct  of  the  General  Synod  of 
Ulster,'  1724.  [xxx.  420] 

KENNEDY,  GRACE  (1782-1826),  author  of  religious 
tales  ;  German  translation  of  her  works  issued,  1844. 

[xxx.  420] 

KENNEDY,  JAMES  (14067-1465),  bishop  of  St. 
Andrews:  while  bishop  of  Dunkeld  (1438-1441)  attended 
council  of  Florence ;  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1441-65 ; 
prominent  in  political  affairs  during  James  II's  minority ; 
attempted  to  mediate  in  papal  schism;  founded  St. 
Salvator's  College  (1450)  and  the  Grey  Friars  monastery 
at  St.  Andrews ;  one  of  the  regents  during  minority  of 
James  III.  [xxx.  421] 

KENNEDY,  JAMES  (17937-1827),  author  of  'Con- 
versations on  Religion  with  Lord  Byron,'  1830 ;  garrison 
physician  at  Cephalonia,  1823.  [xxx.  422] 

KENNEDY,  JAMES  (1785  7-1861),  medical  writer  : 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1813;  died  while  compiling  a  medical 
bibliography.  [xxx.  422] 

KENNEDY,  afterwards  KENNEDY  -  BAILIE, 
JAMES  (1793-1864),  classical  scholar:  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1817  ;  M.A.,  1819  ;  D.D.,  1828  ;  published 
'Fasciculus  Inscription  urn  Graecarum'  (1842-9)  and 
editions  of  Greek  classics.  [xxx.  422] 

KENNEDY,  SIR  JAMES  SHAW  (1788-1865),  general ; 
assumed  name  of  Kennedy,  1834 ;  at  Copenhagen,  1807, 
and  in  the  Peninsula,  being  aide-de-camp  to  Robert 
Craufurd  [q.  v.],  1809-12  ;  attached  to  the  quartermaster- 
general's  staff  in  Alton's  division  at  Quatre  Bras ;  at 
Waterloo  drew  up  the  division  in  a  novel  formation 
which  successfully  withstood  very  severe  cavalry  attacks ; 
stationed  at  Calais  till  1818 ;  while  assistant  adjutant- 
general  at  Manchester  (1826-35)  drew  up  a  masterly 
report  concerning  methods  of  keeping  order  in  labour 
disputes  ;  as  inspector-general  raised  the  Irish  constabu- 
lary, 1836;  appointed  to  Liverpool  command  during 
chartist  alarms,  1848;  lieutenant-general,  1864;  general, 
1862;  K.O.B.,  1863;  intimate  with  Sir  William  Napier; 
published  'Notes  on  the  Defence  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,'  1859,  and  'Notes  on  Waterloo,'  &c.,  1865. 

[xxx.  423] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  OP  OASSILLIS  (1567  ?- 
1615),  son  of  Gilbert  Kennedy,  fourth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  lord 
high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1598  ;  killed  Gilbert  Kennedy 
of  Bargany  at  Maybole,  near  Ayr,  1601.  [xxx.  425] 

KENNEDY  or  KENNEDIE,  JOHN  (ft.  1626),  author 
of  '  History  of  Oalanthrop  and  Lucilla,'  1626  (reprinted  as 
'The  Ladies' Delight,'  1631),  and  'Theological  Epitome,' 
1629.  [xxx.  426] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN,  sixth  EARL  OP  CASSILLIS  (1595  7- 
1668),  nephew  of  John  Kennedy,  fifth  earl  of  Cassillis 
[q.  v.] ;  lord  justice-general,  1649  ;  joined  the  covenanters  ; 
privy  councillor,  1641  and  1661 ;  opposed  the  engagement, 
1648 ;  took  part  in  the  Whiggamores'  raid,  1648 ;  commis- 
sioner to  treat  with  Charles  II,  1649-60 ;  his  first  wife 
(Lady  Jean  Hamilton)  sometimes  identified  with  the 
heroine  of  '  The  Gypsy  Laddie.'  [xxx.  426] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN,  seventh  EARL  OP  OASSILLIS 
(1646  7-1701),  opposed  Lauderdale's  government,  and  was 
outlawed ;  made  privy  councillor  and  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
by  William  III.  [xxx.  427] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (d.  1760),  numismatist ;  M.D. ; 
lived  some  time  at  Smyrna;  published  'N 


Selection,'  describing  his  coins  of  Caranrin«and  Allectus  . 
his  'Dissertation  upon  Oriuna,'  1761,  making  uriiam 
ranuis.iis'  guardian-goddess,  due  toStukeley's  misreading 
of  '  Fortuna  '  on  a  coin  of  Carausius.  [xxx.  427] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (1698-1782),  writer  on  chrono- 
logy ;  ructor  of  All  Saint*,  Bradley,  1732-82.  [xxx.  428] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (17S07-1816X  Tiolin-maker  ; 
nephew  of  Alexander  Kennedy  [q.  T.]  [xxx.  413] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (1789-1833),  Scottish  poet  ;  author 
of  '  Fancy's  Tour  with  the  Genius  of  Cruelty,  and  other 
Poems,'  1826,  and  the  romance  of  'Geordie  Coalmen,' 
1830.  [xxx.  488} 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (17G9-1865), 


and  friend  of  Watt  ;  introduced  the  'jack  frame' 
and  other  improvements.  [xxx.  4)8] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  (1819-1884  X  highland  diviue: 
M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1840  ;  hon.  D.D.,  lt»7J  : 
free  church  minister  at  Diugwall,  Ross-shire,  1844  : 
assisted  James  Begg  [q.  v.]  in  opposing  union  of  the  free 
and  united  presbyterian  churches  and  wrote  against 
disestablishment  and  instrumental  music  in  churches  ; 
preached  in  Gaelic  ;  published  religious  works. 


[xxx,  429] 
•  t^ 


KENNEDY,  JOHN  CLARK  (1817-1867).  [See  CLARK- 
KENNEDY.] 

KENNEDY,  JOHN  PITT  (1796-1879),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  secretary  and  director  of  public  works  in  Cepha- 
lonia under  Sir  Charles  Napier  [q.  v.],  1822-8,  and 
sub-inspector  of  militia  in  the  Ionian  islands,  1828-31 ; 
interested  in  agricultural  education  in  Ireland  :  inspector- 
general  under  Irish  national  education  department,  1837- 
1839 ;  secretary  to  the  Devon  commission,  1843  ;  member 
of  famine  relief  committee,  1846-6 ;  superintended  mea- 
sures for  defence  of  Dublin,  1848 ;  military  secretary  to 
Sir  Charles  Napier  in  India,  1849-62  ;  consulting  engineer 
for  railways  to  Indian  government,  1860 ;  made  the  road 
from  Simla  to  Thibet;  lieutenant-colonel,  1863 ;  managing 
director  of  Bombay  and  Central  Indian  railway,  from 
1853 ;  published  works  on  Irish  subjects  (especially  agri- 
culture) and  on  finance  and  public  works  in  India. 

[xxx.  430] 

KENNEDY,  PATRICK  (1801-1873),  Irish  writer  and 
Dublin  bookseller ;  author  of  '  Legendary  Fictions  of  the 
Irish  Celts,'  1866,  and  other  works.  [xxx.  432] 

KENNEDY,  QUINTIN  (1520-1564),  abbot ;  son  of 
Gilbert  Kennedy,  second  earl  of  Cassillis  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  St.  Andrews  and  Paris ;  abbot  of  Crosraguel,  1647 ; 
disputed  with  Kuox  at  Maybole,  1562  ;  wrote  against  the 
Reformation.  [xxx.  432] 

KENNEDY,  RANN  (1772-1861),  scholar  and  poet : 
intimate  with  Coleridge  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1798;  second  master  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham,  1807-36,  and  incumbent  of  St.  Paul's  Church, 
1817-47;  published  'The  Reign  of  Youth'  (1840)  and 
other  poems  ;  assisted  his  younger  son  Charles  Ranu 
Kennedy  [q.  v.]  in  his  translation  of  Virgil ;  examples  of 
his  work  in  '  Between  Whiles,'  by  his  elder  son  Dr.  Benja- 
min Hall  Kennedy  [q.  v.]  [xxx.  433] 

KENNEDY,  THOMAS  (rf.  1754),  judge  of  the  Scottish 
exchequer,  1714-64.  [xxx.  4S4] 

KENNEDY,  THOMAS  (1784-1870  ?),  violin  and 
violoncello-maker;  son  of  John  Kennedy  (17307-1818) 
[q.  v.]  [xxx.  413] 

KENNEDY,  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1788-1879),  politi- 
cian ;  grand-nephew  of  Thomas  Kennedy  («/.-!  764)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Edinburgh  ;  whig  M.I',  for  Ayr, 
1818-34 ;  carried  bill  of  1825  reforming  the  selection  of 
Scottish  juries  in  criminal  cases;  chairman  of  salmon 
fisheries  committee,  1824 ;  prepared  Scottish  reform  bill : 
a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1832-4;  paymaster  of  Irish  civil 
service,  1837-50 ;  a  commissioner  of  woods  and  forest*, 
1850-4  ;  friend  of  Cockburn  and  Jeffrey.  [xxx.  434] 

KENNEDY,  VANS  (1784-1846),  major-general,  San- 
skrit and  Persian  scholar  ;  served  as  cadet,  2nd  grenadiers, 
in  Malabar  district,  1800;  Persian  interpreter  to  the 
Peshwa's  subsidiary  force  at  Sirtir,  1807  ;  judge  advocate- 
general  to  Bombay  army,  1817-35  :  oriental  translator  to 

government,  1835-46 :  published  philological liUngi 

[Suppl.  iii.  68] 


KENNEDY 


718 


KENRICK 


WALTER  (1460  ?-1508  ?X  Scottish  poet : 
M   Kennedy  (14067-1465)  [q.  v.] :  M.A. 


ObMfOW,  1478,  and  an  examiner,  1481  ;  probably  provost 
of  Maybofe,  e.  1494  :  a  rival  of  Dunhar  ;  wrote  part  of  the 
•  Flyting,'  1608  ;  most  of  his  poems  lost.  [xxx.  4351 


)T,  WILLIAM  (1799-1871),  poet;  secretary 
to  Lord  Durham  in  Canada,  1838-9 ;  Hritish  consul  at 
(talventon,  Texas,  1841-7  ;  works  include '  The  Arrow  and 
the  ROM,'  1810,  and  a  book  on  Texas  1H41 :  died  in  Paris. 

[xxx.  4361 

KENNEDY.  WILLIAM  DENHOLM  (1813-1866), 
painter  and  friend  of  Btty;  exhibited  at  the  Academy 
from  1KM.  [xxx.  437] 


X,  HACALPINK  (d.  860X  founder  of  the 
Scottish  dynasty  ;  succeeded  Alpin  in  Galloway,  834,  and 
an  king  of  the  Dalriad  Soots,  e.  844  ;  finally  defeated  the 
Plots  and  became  king  of  Alban,  846  ;  removed  the  seat 
Of  government  from  Argyll  to  Scone,  and  made  Dnnkuld 
the  ecclesiastical  capital ;  invaded  '  Saxony '  (Lothian). 

[xxx.  437] 

KENNETH  U  (d.  996),  son  of  Malcolm  I :  succeeded 
Oolen  [q.  v.]  In  Scottish  Pictish  monarchy,  971  :  extended 
bis  kingdom  north  of  the  Tay  and  made  raids  into 
Northumbria:  'gave  the  great  city  of  Brechin  to  the 
Lord ' ;  probably  secured  Edinburgh  :  consolidated  central 
Scotland ;  said  to  have  been  treacherously  slain  by  Fenella. 
It  is  improbable  that  be  received  Lothian  ae  a  fief  from 
Edgar.  [xxx.  439] 

KENNETH  HI  (d.  1006  ?X  nephew  of  Kenneth  II 
[q.  T.];  succeeded  Constantino  in  Scottish  Pictish 
monarchy,  997  ;  killed  in  battle,  perhaps  by  Malcolm  II. 

[xxx.  440] 

KENNETT,  BASIL(1674-1715X  miscellaneous  writer ; 
brother  of  White  Kennett  [q.  v.] ;  entered  St.  Edmund 
Hall,  Oxford,  1689 :  scholar,  Corpus  Christi  College,  Or- 
ford,  1690 :  M.A.,  1696 ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  1697 ;  chaplain  to  the  British  factory  at  Leghorn, 
17U6-13;  D.D.  and  president  of  Corpus,  1714;  published 
antiquarian  and  religions  works,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant are  :  '  Ronue  Antiqute  Notitia,  or  the  Antiquities 
of  Rome,'  1696,  and  •  A  Brief  Exposition  of  the  Apostles' 
Creed,'  1706.  He  also  translated  many  French  works, 
among  them  Pascal's  '  Thoughts  upon  Religion,'  1704. 

UJBETT,  WHITE  (1660-1728),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough :  entered  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1678 ;  began 
bis  career  as  a  writer  while  an  undergraduate,  and  em- 
ployed by  Anthony  a  Wood;  B.A.,  1682;  M.A.,  1684; 
disliked  James  II's  ecclesiastical  policy ;  openly  supported 
the  revolution;  tutor  and  vice-principal,  St.  Edmund 
Hall,  1691 ;  D.D.,  1700 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1701  • 
acquired  reputation  as  historian  and  antiquarian,  topo- 
grapher, and  philologist:  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts, 
1701 ;  published  the  'Oompleat  History  of  England,'  his 
bent-known  work,  1706 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Queen 
Anne ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1708 ;  presented  the  books 
and  documents  collected  for  a  projected  history  of  the 
propagation  of  Christianity  in  the  English-American 
colonies  to  the  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel ; 
bishop  of  Peterborough.  1718-28.  [xxxi.  2] 

KENNET,  ARTHUR  HENRY  (1776  7-1858),  contro- 
versialist: educated  at  Dublin  University,  1793;  M.A 

;  B.Dn  1806  ;  D.D.  and  denn  of  Achonry,  1812 ;  on 
account  of  pecuniary  difficulties  spent  last  ten  years  of 
his  life  abroad ;  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer :  edited  the 
fifth  edition  of  Archbishop  Magee's  sermons,  1834 :  wrote 
a  memoir  of  him  for  the  'Works' (1842),  and  several 
religious  and  historical  works.  [xxxi.  6] 

SOTEY  CHARLES  LAMB  (1821-1881),  journalist 
and  author;  born  at  Bellevue,  near  Paris;  son  of  James 
Kenney  [q  v.],  and  godson  of  Charles  Lamb ;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  clerk  in  General  Post  Office, 
;  wrote  for  'The  Times'  and  aided  in  promoting  the 
exhibition  of  1811 ;  secretary  to  Sir  Joseph  Paxton  during 
hfa -organisation  of  transport  service  for  Crimea,  1855 ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1866 :  secretary  to  M.  de  Lessene 
"•H |!  *™**£  *»  Canal  in  his  book  '  The  otKof 
the  Bast,'  18*7;  joined  staff  of  'Standard,1 1868;  supporu-d 
International  Exhibition  at  South  Kensington,  1862 ;  noted 
ur  hiaimpcompta  satirical  rhyming  nkite  on  coutempo- 
Wrote  Ilbrettl  for  80me  of  Offenbach^ 
[xxxi.  7] 


KENNEY,  JAMES  (1780-1849),  dramatist;  his  suc- 
cessful farce,  'Raising  the  Wind,'  produced  1803,  and 
'  Turn  him  out,'  1812  ;  wrote  the  popular  drama,  'Sweet- 
hearts and  Wives,'  182:i;  author  of  many  successful  and 
popular  farces  and  comedies  ;  friend  of  Lamb  and  Rogers. 

[xxxi.  8] 

KENNEY,  PKTER  JAMES  (1779-1841),  Irish  Jesuit  : 
first  apprenticed  to  a  coach-builder,  then  educated  at 
Oarlow  College  and  Stonyhurst  College  ;  entered  Society 
of  Jesus,  1804;  catholic  chaplain  to  the  English  troops 
in  Sicily  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1811  ;  became  an  eminent 
preacher  and  theologian  ;  vice-president  of  Mnynooth 
College,  1812  ;  mainly  instrumental  in  reviving  the  Jesuit 
mission  in  Ireland  ;  opened  Clongowes  Wood  College,  co. 
Kildare,  since  the  leading  catholic  lay  school  in  Ireland, 
1814;  assisted  in  establishing  St.  Stanislaus  College, 
Tullabeg,  and  the  Jesuit  residence  of  St.  Francis  Xavier, 
Dublin  ;  assisted  Mary  Aikeuhead  [q.  v.],  the  foundress  of 
the  Irish  sisters  of  charity  ;  visitor  to  the  Jesuit  mission 
in  the  United  States,  1819  and  1830  ;  died  at  Rome. 


KENNICOTT,  BENJAMIN 
scholar  ;  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  (by 
decree)  and  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  1747  :  M.A.,  1760  ; 
Whitehall  preacher,  1763  ;  D.D.,  1761  ;  F.R.S.,  1764  ; 
Radcliffe  librarian,  1767-83  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1770  ;  spent  much  time  in  the  collation  of  Hebrew 
manuscripts  ;  his  great  work,  the  '  Vetus  Testamentum 
Hebraicum,  cum  variis  lectionibus  '  (vol.  i.  1776,  vol.  ii. 
1780).  [xxxi.  10] 

KENNION,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1789-1853),  water- 
colour  painter  ;  son  of  Edward  Kennion  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  Royal  Academy,  1804  and  1853.  [xxxi.  13] 

KENNION,  EDWARD  (1744-1809),  artist;  com- 
missary in  expedition  against  Havannah,  1762  ;  in 
Jamaica,  1705-9;  engaged  in  trade  in  London,  1769; 
retired  to  Malvern,  1782  ;  settled  in  London  as  teacher  of 
drawing  and  artist,  1789  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1790-1807  ;  published,  as  No.  1  of  'Elements  of  Landscape 
and  Picturesque  Beauty,'  eight  etchings  of  the  oak-tree, 
1790  ;  died  before  the  whole  four  volumes  were  completed, 
but  'An  Essay  on  Trees  in  Landscape*  was  issued,  1816. 

KENNI8H  or  KINNISH,  WILLIAM  (1799-1862), 
Manx  poet;  entered  navy  as  seaman,  1821  ;  rose  to  be 
warrant-officer,  and  left  navy,  e.  1841  ;  published  '  Mona's 
Isle  and  other  Poems,'  1844  ;  went  to  America  and  became 
attached  to  United  States  admiralty.  [Suppl.  iii.  59] 

KENNY,  SAINT  (d.  598  ?).  [See  OAIXNKCH  or  OAN- 
MCUS,  SAINT.] 

KENNY,  WILLIAM  STOPFORD  (1788-1867),  com- 
piler of  educational  works  ;  kept  '  classical  establishment  ' 
in  London  ;  an  accomplished  chess-player  ;  wrote  two 
books  on  chess.  [xxxi.  13] 

KENRICK  or  KENDRICK,  DANIEL  (  ft.  1685), 
physician  and  poet  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1674  ; 
author  of  several  poems,  printed  in  '  The  Grove,"  1721. 

KENRICK,  GEORGE  (1792-1874),  Unitarian  minister  ; 
son  of  John  Kenrick  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  College 
and  Manchester  College,  York  ;  published  sermons  and 
contributed  to  the  *  Monthly  Repository.'  [xxxi.  16] 

KENRICK,  JOHN  (1788-1877),  classical  scholar  and 
historian  ;  son  of  Timothy  Kenrick  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Glas- 
gow University,  1807  ;  M.A.,  1810  ;  tutor  in  classics, 
history,  and  literature  at  Manchester  College,  York  (now 
Manchester  New  College,  Oxford)  ;  professor  of  history, 
1840-60  ;  the  greatest  scholar  among  the  Unitarians  ; 
wrote  historical  and  philological  works.  [xxxi.  14] 

KENRICK,  TIMOTHY  (1769-1804),  Unitarian  com- 
mentator ;  ordained,  1786  ;  opened  nonconformist  aca- 
demy, 1799  ;  his  'Exposition  of  the  Historical  Writings  of 
the  New  Testament  '  (published  1807)  typical  of  the  older 
Unitarian  exegesis.  [xxxi.  16] 

KENRICK,  WILLIAM  (1725  ?-1779),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  libelled  almost  every  successful  author  and  actor  : 
attacked  Goldsmith  in  the  '  Monthly  Review,'  1759,  but 
recanted  with  a  favourable  review  of  the  '  Citizen  of  the 
World,'  1762  ;  made  LL.D.  of  St.  Andrews  for  his  transla- 
tion of  Rousseau's  'Eloisa':  attacked  Garrick,  Fielding, 
Johnson,  and  Colrnau.  [xxxi.  16] 


KENT 


719 


KENYON 


KENT,  KI.NV.S  OP.  [See  HENOIST,  d.  488 ;  HORSA, 
d.  455  :  ^5sc,  d.  512  ?  ;  OcTAT  d.  532  ? ;  ETHELIIKRT,  552  ?- 
616;  KADHALD,  d.  640:  WIHTRKD,  (/.  725  ;  SKIK.HKD  ./f. 
762;  EADHKKT,/.  796;  BALUHEP,;!.  823-825.] 

KENT,  I)I:KK  OH  (1664?-1740).    [Sec  ORKV,  Hi:\i:v.  ] 

KENT  AND  STRATHERN,  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS, 
DI-KK  OP  (1767-1820),  fourth  son  of  George  III  by  Qu«-n 
Charlotte,  and  the  father  of  Queen  Victoria:  educated 
in  England  under  John  Fisher  [q.  v.],  succewively  bishop 
of  Exeter  and  Salisbury,  at  Luneburg,  Hanover,  and 
Geneva  under  Baron  Wangenheim  ;  brevet-colonel,  1788  ; 
ordered  to  Gibraltar  in  command  of  the  regiment  of  foot 
(royal  fusiliers);  sent  to  Canada,  1791;  major-general, 
1793;  joined  Sir  Charles  (afterwards  Lord)  Grey's  force 
in  the  West  Indies,  1794  ;  took  part  in  the  subjection  of 
Martinique  and  St.  Lucia,  1794;  returned  to  Canada; 
lieutenant-general,  1796  ;  granted  12,000*.  a  year  by  par- 
liament, 1799 ;  made  Duke  of  Kent  and  Stratheru  and 
Earl  of  Dublin,  1799;  general,  1799;  commander-in-chief 
of  the  forces  in  British  North  America,  1799-1800: 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1802-3  ;  field-marshal,  1805  ;  keeper 
of  Hampton  Court,  1806  ;  the  first  to  abandon  flogging 
in  the  army,  and  to  establish  a  regimental  school; 
married  in  1818  Victoria  Mary  Louisa  [see  below],  widow 
of  Emich  Charles,  prince  of  Leinlngen,  by  whom  a 
daughter  (afterwards  Queen  Victoria)  was  born  to  him, 
1819.  [xxxi.  19] 

KENT,  VICTORIA  MARY  LOUISA,  DUCIIKSS  OF 
(1786-1861),  daughter  of  Francis  Frederic  Antony,  heredi- 
tary prince  (afterwards  duke)  of  Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg, 
by  Augusta  Carolina  Sophia,  daughter  of  Henry,  count 
Reuss-Eberstadt :  born  at  Ooburg,  17  Aug.  1786 :  married 
firstly  Emich  Charles,  hereditary  prince  (afterwards 
duke)  of  Saxe-Saalfeld-Ooburg  (d.  1814),  1803:  married 
secondly  Edward  Augustus,  duke  of  Kent  [q.  v.]»  1818» 
her  only  child  by  him  becoming  Queen  Victoria  ;  granted 
an  annuity  of  6,000f.  by  parliament  towards  support  of 
her  daughter,  1825,  and  a  further  annuity  of  10,000*.  in 
1831 ;  appointed  regent  in  event  of  her  daughter  succeed- 
ing as  a  minor,  1830.  [xxxi.  20] 

KENT,  EARLS  OF.  [See  Ono,  d.  1097;  BUROH, 
HUBERT  DE,  d.  1243 ;  EDMUND  'of  Woodstock,'  1301- 
1330;  GREY,  EDMUND,  first  EAUL  (of  the  Grey  line), 
14207-1489;  GREY,  GKORGE,  second  EARL,  d.  1503; 
GREY,  HKNRY,  ninth  EARL,  1594-1651 ;  HOLLAND,  SIR 
THOMAS,  first  EARL  (of  the  Holland  line),  d.  1360 ;  HOL- 
LAND, THOMAS,  second  EARL,  1350-1397 ;  HOLLAND, 
THOMAS,  third  EARL,  and  DUKE  OF  SURREY,  1374-1400  ; 
HOLLAND,  EDMTTND,  fourth  EARL  (of  the  Holland  line), 
rf.  1408;  NEVILLE,  WILLIAM,  d.  1463.] 

KENT,  EARL  OF.  [See  WILLIAM  OF  YPRES,  d.  1165  ?, 
erroneously  styled  EARL  OF  KENT.] 

KENT,  COUNTESS  OF  (1581-1651).  [See  GREY,  ELIZA- 
BETH.] 

KENT,  MAID  OF  (1506  9-1534).  [See  BARTON,  ELIZA- 
BETH.] 

KENT,  JAMES  (1700-1776),  organist  and  composer ; 
chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1714 :  organist  to  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1731,  to  Winchester  Cathedral  and 
College,  1737-74  ;  published  a  collection  of  anthems,  1773 
(republished,  1844).  [xxxi.  21] 

KENT  or  GWENT,  JOHN  (fl.  1348),  twentieth  pro- 
vincial of  the  Franciscans  in  England  ;  doctor  of  theology 
at  Oxford ;  reputed  miracle- worker ;  author  of  com- 
mentary on  Peter  Lombard's  'Sentences.'  [xxxi.  22] 

KENT,  JOHN,  or  SIGN  CENT  (fl.  1400),  also  called 
JOHN  OF  KENTCHURCH,  Welsh  bard;  went  to  Oxford; 
parish  priest  at  Kentchurch ;  said  to  have  lived  till  the 
age  of  a  hundred  and  twenty ;  perhaps  sympathised  with 
Oldcastle ;  one  of  the  best  of  the  Welsh  poets. 

[xxxi.  21] 

KENT,  NATHANIEL  (fl.  1730),  scholar;  at  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.  and  fellow  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1733 ;  head-master  of  Wisbech 
school,  1748;  his  'Excerpta  quaedam  ex  Luciani  Samc- 
satensis  Operibus'  published,  1730  (3rd  ed.  1757  :  another 
ed.  1788).  [xxxi.  23] 

KENT,  NATHANIEL  (1737-1810),  land  valuer  and 
agriculturist ;  secretary  to  Sir  James  Porter  at  Brussels ; 
studied  husbandry  of  Austrian  Netherlands;  quitted 


diplomacy,  and  returned  to  England,  17fiC  :    published 
'  Units  to  Gentlemen  of  Landed  Property,'  1775  (Sr-i 
179:',) ;  employed  as  an  estate  agent  and  land  valuer  :  <lxl 
much  to  improve  land  managmicnt  in  Kiic).tn>l. 

[xxxi.  22] 

KENT,  ODO  OF  (d.  1200).    [See  Ono.] 

KENT,  THOMAS  (fl.  1460),  clerk  to  the  privy  council, 
1444  ;  ambassador  to  various  countries ;  tub-constable  of 
England,  1445.  [xxxi.  13] 

KENT,  THOMAS  (d.  1489),  mathematician  ;  fellow 
of  Morton  College,  Oxford,  1480 ;  reputed  as  an  a«tronomer 
and  as  author  of  a  treatise  on  astronomy,  [xxxi.  23] 

KENT,  WILLIAM  (1684-1748),  painter,  sculptor, 
architect,  and  landscape-gardener  ;  apprenticed  to  coach- 
maker,  1698 ;  made  attempt  at  painting  in  London,  17u:t : 
went  to  Rome,  where  be  met  several  patrons :  brought  to 
England  by  the  Earl  of  Burlington,  with  whom  he  lived 
for  the  rest  of  his  life ;  employed  in  portrait-painting  and 
decoration  of  walls  and  ceilings ;  severely  criticised  by 
Hogarth;  excelled  only  as  an  architect:  published  the 
'  Designs  of  Inigo  Jones,'  1727 ;  built  the  Hone  Guards  and 
treasury  buildings,  and  Devonshire  House,  Piccadilly : 
executed  the  statue  of  Shakespeare  in  Poet's  Corner ; 
principal  painter  to  the  crown,  1739.  [xxxi.  23] 

KENT,  WILLIAM  (1751-1812),  captain  in  the  navy  ; 
nephew  of  Vice- Admiral  John  Hunter  (1738-1821)  [q.  T.]  ; 
lieutenant,  1781 ;  sailed  for  New  South  Wales,  1795 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1800;  revisited  Sydney,  1801;  com- 
mander, 1802  ;  discovered  and  named  Port  St.  Vincent  in 
New  Caledonia,  1802 ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1806  ;  died 
off  Toulon.  [xxxi.  25] 

KENTEN  (d.  685).    [See  OENTWINB.] 

KENTIGERN  or  ST.  MUNOO  (5187-803),  the  apostle 
of  the  Strathclyde  Britons ;  grandson  of  Loth,  a  British 
prince,  after  whom  the  Lothians  are  named ;  trained  in 
the  monastic  school  of  Culross :  became  a  missionary : 
chosen  bishop  at  Cathures  (now  Glasgow);  driven  by 
persecution  to  Wales ;  founded  monastery  of  Llanelwy 
(afterwards  St.  Asaph's);  returned  to  the  north  of 
England,  and  after  reclaiming  the  Picts  of  Galloway  from 
Idolatry  settled  at  Glasgow,  where  he  died,  and  was  buried 
in  the  crypt  of  Glasgow  Cathedral,  called  after  him  St. 
Mungo's  ;  many  miracles  attributed  to  him.  [xxxi.  26] 

KENTISH,  JOHN  (1768-1853),  Unitarian  divine; 
minister  at  various  places,  1790-4  ;  at  London,  1795  ;  at 
Birmingham,  1803-44 ;  conservative  in  religion,  but  whig 
in  politics  ;  published  memoirs  and  religious  treatises. 

[xxxi.  27] 

KENTON,  BENJAMIN  (1719-1800),  vintner  and 
philanthropist ;  educated  at  a  Whitechapel  charity  school ; 
became  a  successful  tavern-keeper ;  master  of  the 
Vintners'  Company,  1776  ;  a  liberal  benefactor  to  hia  old 
school,  to  Sir  John  Cass's  School,  to  the  Vintners'  Com- 
pany, and  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  [xxxi.  28] 

KENTON,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1468),  Carmelite ;  studied 
at  Cambridge:  priest,  1420;  chosen  provincial,  1444; 
credited  with  a  commentary  on  the  '  Song  of  Songs '  and 
theological  treatises.  [xxxi.  18] 

KENTTLF   or  CYNEWULF  (fl.  750).     [See  KYNE- 

WULF.] 

KENTTLF  (d.  1006).    [See  CENWULF.] 
KENWEALH(d.672).    [See  CENWALH.] 
KENYON,    JOHN    (1784-1856X    poet    and    philan- 
thropist ;  born  in  Jamaica  ;  educated  at  Peterhouae,  Cam- 
bridge ;  a  friend  and  benefactor  to  the  Brownings  and 
other  men  and  women  of  letters  ;  spent  his  life  in  society, 
travel,  dilettantism,  and  dispensing  charity  :  published 
'  A  Rhymed  Plea  for  Tolerance,'  1833,  '  Poems,'  1838,  and 
•  A  Day  at  Tivoli,'  1849.  [xxxi.  !*] 

KENYON.  LLOYD,  first  BARON  KENYON  (1732-1802), 
lord  chief- justice  ;  articled  to  a  Nantwicb  solicitor,  1749; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1756  :  K.O.,  1780  ;  chief-justice 
of  Chester,  1780 ;  M.P.,  Hendon,  1780 ;  attorney-general, 
1782 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1784-8  :  privy  councillor,  1784 ; 
knighted  and  created  baronet,  1784;  chief-justice,  1788- 
1802:  raised  to  the  peerage,  1788;  lord-lieutenant  _  of 
Flintshire,  1797. 


KEOGH 


720 


KER 


KXOOH.  JOHN  (1«W?-1725X  Irish  divine  ;M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  1678;  led  a  scholar's  life  in 
country  living* ;  left  works  in  manuscript  [xxxi.  32] 

KEOGH,  JOHN"  (16817-1764),  divine;  second  son  of 
John  Keogh  (1MOT-17J5)  [q.  v.]  :  D J). ;  wrote  on  anti- 
quities and  medicinal  plants  of  Ireland.  [xxxi.  33] 

KEOOH,  JOHN  (1740-1817),  Irish  catholic  leader: 
instrumental  in  bringing  about  Catholic  Relief  Act  of 
1793 :  arrested  as  one  of  the  United  Irishmen,  1796  :  re- 
leased ;  withdrew  from  public  affairs  after  1798. 

[xxxi.  33] 

KEOOH.  WILLIAM  NICHOLAS  (1817-1878),  Irish 
judge  •  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  called  to  the 
Irish  bar,  1840:  M.P.,  Athlone,  1847  ;  Q.O.,  1849  •.solicitor- 
general  for  Ireland,  1862  :  warmly  denounced  for  Joining 
the  government  after  showing  sympathy  with  popular 
party  In  Ireland:  attorney-general  and  privy  councillor 
for  Ireland,  1865 ;  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas 
in  Ireland,  1856 ;  on  the  commission  for  trial  of  Fenian 
prisoner*,  1866 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1867  ;  died  at  Bingen- 
on-the-Rhine.  [xxxi.  34] 

KEOH,  MILES  GERALD  (1821-1875X  novelist  and 
colonial  secretary  ;  editor  of  '  Dolman's  Magazine,'  1846  ; 
joined  staff  of  •  Morning  Post;  1848 ;  its  representative 
at  St.  Petersburg,  1860  and  1866 ;  sent  to  Calcutta  to 
edit  the  '  Bengal  Hnrkaru,'  1868 :  colonial  secretary  at 
Bermuda,  1869-76 ;  published  novels.  [xxxi.  35] 

KEPER,  JOHN  (fl.  1680),  poet;  educated  at  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1569 ;  author  of  complimentary 


KEPPEL,  ARNOLD  JOOST  VAN,  first  EARL  OF 
AI.HKM  ARLK  ( 1669-1718),  born  in  Holland :  came  to  Eng- 
land with  William  of  Orange,  1688 ;  created  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle, 1696  ;  major-general,  1697 ;  K.G.,  1700 ;  confidant 
of  William  HI,  at  whose  death  he  returned  to  Holland  ; 
fought  at  Ramillies,  1706,  and  Oudenarde,  1708  ;  governor 
of  Tonrnay,  1709.  [xxxi.  36] 

KEPPEL,  AUGUSTUS,  first  VISCOUNT  KEPPEL 
(1725-1786),  admiral :  son  of  William  Anne  Keppel,  second 
earl  of  Albemarle  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ; 
entered  navy,  1735:  accompanied  Ansou  on  a  voyage 
round  the  world,  1740 ;  commander,  1744 ;  sent  to  treat 
with  the  dey  of  Algiers,  1748-51 ;  commodore  and  com- 
mander of  the  ships  on  the  North  American  station, 
1764 :  a  member  of  the  court-martial  on  Byng,  1757 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1762 ;  one  of  the  lord  commissioners  of  the 
admiralty,  1766  ;  vice-admiral,  1770;  admiral  of  the  blue, 
1778;  commander-in-chief  of  the  grand  fleet,  1778;  court- 
martialled  for  conduct  in  the  operations  off  Brest,  1779, 
the  charge  being  pronounced  *  malicious  and  ill-founded ' : 
firet  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1782  ;  created  Viscount  Keppel 
and  Baron  Elden,  1782.  [xxxi.  37] 

KEPPEL,  FREDERICK  (1729-1777),  bishop  of  Exeter ; 
son  of  William  Anne  Keppel,  second  earl  of  Albemarle 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M. A.,  1764 ;  D.D.,  1762 ;  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  George  II  and  George  III ;  canon  of  Windsor, 
1764-62 :  bishop  of  Exeter,  1762 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1765 ; 
registrar  of  the  Garter,  1766.  [xxxi.  42] 

KEPPEL.  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OF  ALBEMARLE 
(1724-1772),  general ;  colonel,  3rd  dragoons  (now  hussars) ; 
eldest  son  of  William  Anne  Keppel,  second  earl  of  Albe- 
marle [q.  v.]  ;  ensign  in  Coldstreum  guards,  1738  ;  captain 
and  lieutenant-colonel,  1746  ;  at  Fontenoy,  1745,  and 
Culloden,  1746 ;  M.P.,  Chichester,  1746-54 ;  succeeded  to 
the  earldom,  1764;  major-general,  1756;  lieutenant- 
general,  1769  ;  privy  councillor,  1761 ;  governor  of  Jersey, 
1761  ;  assisted  in  attack  on  Havana  1762 ;  K.B.,  1764 ; 
K.G.,  1771.  [xxxi.  42] 

KEPPEL,  GEORGE  THOMAS,  sixth  EARL  OF  ALBE- 
MARLE (1799-1891),  grandson  of  George  Keppel,  third  earl 
of  Albemarle  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ; 
ensign  in  the  14th  foot  (now  Yorkshire  regiment),  1815  ; 
present  at  Waterloo ;  served  in  the  Ionian  islands,  Mauri- 
tins,  the  Cape,  and  in  India ;  returned  home  overland, 
18»;  M.P.,  Bast  Norfolk,  1832;  private  secretary  to 
Lord  John  Russell,  1846  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1861. 

[xxxi.  43] 

KEPPBL,  WILLIAM  ANNE,  second  EARL  OF  ALBE- 
MARLE (170J-17I4),  lieutenant-general;  colonel,  Oold- 
stream  guards ;  son  of  Arnold  Joost  van  Keppel,  first  earl 
of  Albemarle  [q.  v.] ;  educated  in  Holland ;  succeeded  as 


carl,  1718 ;  K.B.,  1725 :  governor  of  Virginia,  1737 : 
brigadier-general,  1739  :  major-general,  1742  ;  general  on 
the  staff  at  Dettiugen,  1743  ;  colonel,  Coldstream  guards, 
1744  :  wounded  at  Fontenoy,  1745  ;  present  at  Culloden, 
1746;  ambassador-extraordinary  to  Paris,  and  com- 
mander-in-c-hiff  in  Noith  Britain,  1748  ;  K.G.,  1749;  privy 
councillor,  1750 ;  died  in  Paris.  [xxxi.  44] 

KEPPEL,  WILLIAM  OOUTTS,  seventh  EARL  OF 
AI.MKM  \IU,K  and  VISCOUNT  BURY  (1832-1894),  son  of 
George  Thomas  Keppel,  sixth  earl  of  Albemarle  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton ;  lieutenant  in  Scots  guards,  1849  ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Frederick  Fitzclarence  in  India, 
1862-3 ;  retired  from  army :  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  iu  Canada,  1854-7  ;  M.P.  for  Norwich,  1857  and 
1859,  Wick  burghs,  1860-5,  and  Berwick,  1868-74 ; 
treasurer  of  household,  1859-66 :  K.C.M.G.,  1870 :  raised 
to  peerage  as  Baron  Ashford,  1876  ;  under-secretary  at 
war,  1878-80  and  1885-6  :  succeeded  to  earldom,  1891  : 
published  writings  relating  to  Canada  and  other  subjects. 

[Suppl.  iii.  59] 

KER.    [See  also  KEHR.] 


,  SIR  ANDREW  (d.  1526),  of  Oessfurd  or  Cess- 
ford  ;  Scottish  borderer  ;  fought  at  Flodden,  1513  ;  warden 
of  the  Middle  marches,  1615  ;  defeated  Scott  of  Buccleuch 
in  a  skirmish,  but  was  slain.  [xxxi.  45] 

KER,  ANDREW  (1471  ?-1545),  of  Ferniehirst ;  border 
chieftain :  succeeded  as  laird,  1499  ;  captured,  1523  ; 
escaped ;  undertook  to  serve  England,  1544.  [xxxi.  46] 

KER,  CHARLES  HENRY  BELLENDEN  (1785?- 
1871),  legal  reformer :  son  of  John  Belleuden  Ker  [q.  v.]  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1814  ;  promoted  legal  reforms  ; 
conveyancing  counsel  to  the  courts  of  chancery  ;  recorder 
of  Andover ;  retired  from  practice,  1860  ;  died  at  Cannes. 

[xxxi.  47] 

KER.  JAMES  INNES-,  fifth  DUKE  OF  ROXBURGH 
(1738-1823),  second  son  of  Sir  Harry  Innes,  fifth  baronet ; 
captain  of  foot,  88th  regiment,  1759,  and  58th,  1779  ;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy,  1764;  on  death  of  William  Ker, 
fourth  duke  of  Roxburgh  (1805),  claimed  the  dukedom  ; 
his  claims  disputed  ;  obtained  title,  1812.  [xxxi.  47] 

KER,  JOHN  (1673-1726),  of  Kersland,  Ayrshire: 
government  spy  :  in  the  pay  both  of  the  government  and 
the  Jacobites  ; 'declared  himself  instrumental  in  securing 
the  Hanoverian  succession,  1714 :  died  in  King's  Bench 
debtors'  prison ;  his  memoirs  published  by  Edmund  Curll 
[q.  v.],  1726.  [xxxi.  48] 

KER,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  and  first  DUKE  OF  ROXBURGH 
(d.  1741),  brother  of  the  fourth  earl  and  second  son  of  the 
third  earl ;  succeeded  his  brother,  1696  ;  secretary  of  state 
for  Scotland,  1704;  created  duke,  1707  ;  Scots  representa- 
tive peer,  1707,  1708,  1715,  and  1722  ;  a  member  of  the 
council  of  regency :  keeper  of  the  privy  seal  of  Scotland, 
1714  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Roxburgh  and  Selkirk,  1714 ; 
privy  councillor,  1714  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  1715  ;  one  of  the  lords  justices  during  George  I's 
absence  from  England,  1716, 1720,  1723,  and  1725. 

[xxxi.  50] 

KER,  JOHN  (d.  1741),  Latin  poet ;  master  in  Royal 
High  School,  Edinburgh,  e.  1710;  professor  of  Greek, 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1717,  and  of  Latin  at  Edinburgh 
University,  1734;  published  'Donaides,'  1725,  and  other 
Latin  poems.  [SuppL  iii.  60] 

KER,  JOHN,  third  DUKK  OF  ROXBURGH  (1740-1804), 
book  collector ;  succeeded  to  dukedom,  1755  ;  lord  of  the 
bedchamber,  1767 ;  K.T.,  1768 ;  groom  of  the  stole  and 
privy  councillor,  1796  ;  K.G.,  1801  ;  his  splendid  library, 
including  an  unrivalled  collection  of  Caxtons,  sold  for 
23,34U.  in  1812.  The  Roxburghe  Club  was  inaugurated 
by  the  leading  bibliophiles  on  the  day  of  the  sale. 

[xxxi.  51] 

KER,  JOHN  (1819-1886),  divine :  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh University,  at  Halle,  and  Berlin  ;  ordained,  1846  ; 
preacher  and  platform  orator  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1869 ; 
published  sermons  and  pamphlets.  [xxxi.  52] 

KER,  JOHN  BELLENDEN  (1765  ?-1842),  botanist, 
wit,  and  man  of  fashion ;  captain,  second  regiment  of  life 
guards,  1790 ;  senior  captain,  1793  ;  forced  to  quit  the 
army  in  consequence  of  his  sympathy  with  the  French 
revolution  ;  claimed  unsuccessfully  the  dukedom  of  Rox- 
burgh, 1806-12 ;  published  many  hotanical  works  and 
first  editor  of  •  Botanical  Register,'  1612.  [xxxi.  52] 


KER 


721 


KERRY 


KER,  PATRICK  (/.  1691),  poet;  probably  a  Scottish 
episcopalian  who  migrated  to  London  during  the  M-ILMI 
of  Charles  II ;  wrote  ultra-loyalist  verse ;  chief  work, 
4  The  Grand  Politician,'  1691.  [xxxi.  63] 

KER,  ROBERT,  KARL  OF  SOMERSET  (<l.  1645).  [See 
CARR.] 


ROBERT,  first  EARL  OF  ROXBURGH  (1570  ?- 
1660),  helped  Jauies  VI  against  Both  well,  1594-9 ;  member 
of  the  privy  council  of  Scotland,  1599  ;  created  Baron 
Roxburgh,  1600;  accompanied  King  James  to  London, 
1603 ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  estates,  1606 ;  created 
Earl  of  Roxburgh,  1616 ;  lord  privy  seal  of  Scotland, 
1637 ;  subscribed  the  king's  covenant  at  Holyrood,  1638 ; 
sat  in  the  general  assembly  at  Glasgow,  1638 ;  joined  the 
king's  party  in  the  civil  war,  1639  ;  kept  the  door  of  the 
house  open  at  Charles's  attempted  arrest  of  the  five  mem- 
bers, 1642  ;  supported  the  '  engagement '  for  the  king's 
rescue,  1648 ;  consequently  deprived  of  the  office  of  privy 
seal,  1649.  [xxxi,  63] 

KER,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  OP  ANCRUM  (1578-1654), 
grandson  of  Andrew  Ker  of  Ferniehirst  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded 
to  the  family  estates  on  the  assassination  of  his  father, 
1590;  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  Prince  Henry  and 
knighted,  1603  :  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  Prince 
Charles  in  Spain,  1623 :  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  master 
of  the  privy  purse,  1625-39 ;  created  Earl  of  Aucrum  at 
the  coronation  of  Charles  in  Scotland,  1633  ;  retired  from 
office,  1639 ;  a  faithful  royalist,  but  lived  in  retirement, 
1641-50 ;  died  at  Amsterdam.  [xxxi.  56] 


L,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1586),  of  Ferniehirst ;  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  the  second  sou  of  Andrew  Ker  of  Fernie- 
hirst  [q.  v.],  1562 ;  became  a  member  of  the  privy  council 
at  the  time  of  the  Darnley  marriage,  1565  :  joined  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  after  her  escape  from  Lochleven,  1668 ; 

Srovost   of    Edinburgh,    1570 ;    believed    to    have    been 
irectly  implicated  in  the  murder  of  Darnley,  but  pardoned, 
1583 :  warden  of  the  middle  marches,  1584 ;  suspected  of 
a  plot  against  the  English,  1585 ;  committed  to  ward  in 
Aberdeen,  where  he  died.  [xxxi.  57] 


I,  SIR  WALTER  (d.  1684  ?)  of  Oessfurd  ;  eldest  son 
of  Sir  Andrew  Ker  of  Cessfurd  [q.  v.] ;  implicated  in 
murder  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  of  Buccleuch;  banished  to 
France,  1552;  pardoned,  1553;  a  leading  opponent  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  [xxxi.  68] 

KERCKHOVEN,  CATHERINE,  LADY  STANHOPE  and 
COUNTESS  OF  CHESTERFIELD  (d.  1667).  [See  KIRKHOVEN.] 

KERNE,  SIR  EDWARD  (rf.  1561).    [See  OARNE.] 

KEROTJALLE,  LOUISE  REN^E  DE,  DUCHKSS  <>i 
PORTSMOUTH  AND  AUBIGNT  (1649-1734),  accompanied 
Henrietta,  duchess  of  Orleans,  the  sister  of  Charles  II, 
to  England  as  maid  of  honour,  1670  ;  established  as 
Charles  IPs  mistress  en  litre,  1671  ;  naturalised  and  created 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  1673;  granted  by  Louis  XIV,  at 
Charles  IPs  persuasion,  the  fief  of  Anbigny,  1674  ;  exerted 
her  influence  to  keep  Charles  dependent  on  France ;  died 
at  Paris.  Her  descendants,  the  Dukes  of  Richmond  and 
Gordon,  still  bear  her  motto.  [xxxi.  59] 


or  KER,  MARK  (d.  1684),  abbot  of  New- 
battle  ;  abbot,  1546  ;  renounced  Roman  Catholicism,  1560, 
but  continued  to  hold  his  benefice  ;  privy  councillor,  1569  ; 
member  of  the  council  to  carry  on  the  government  after 
Morton's  retirement,  1578.  [xxxi.  62] 

KERR  or  KER,  MARK,  first  EARL  OF  LOTHIAN 
(</.  1609),  master  of  requests  ;  eldest  son  of  Mark  Kerr 
(<i.  1584)  [q.  v.]  ;  master  of  requests,  1577  ;  made  a  baron 
and  privy  councillor,  1587  :  created  a  lord  of  parliament, 
1591 ;  acted  as  interim  chancellor,  1604 ;  created  Earl 
of  Lothian,  1606,  and  resigned  the  office  of  master  of 
requests,  1606.  [xxxi.  62] 

KERR,  LORD  MARK  (d.  1752),  general ;  sou  of  Robert 
Kcrr,  fourth  earl  and  first  marquis  of  Lothian  [q.  v.] ; 
wounded  at  Almanza,  1707 ;  governor  of  Guernsey,  1740  ; 
general,  1743.  [xxxi.  64] 

KERR,  NORMAN  (1834-1899),  physician ;  M.D.  and 
O.M.,  Glaspow,  1861 ;  practised  in  London  from  1874 :  pub- 
lished works  relating  to  temperance,  in  the  advancement 
of  which  he  was  actively  intonated.  [Suppl.  iii.  60] 


R.  HOHERT,  fourth  EARL  and  first  MARQUIS  or 
LOTHIAN  (1636-1703),  eldest  ran  of  William  Kerr,  third 
earl  of  Lothian  [q.  v.] ;  volunteer  in  the  Dutch  war,  167*  ; 
succeeded  1m  father,  1676  ;  a  <-upporterof  the  revolution  ; 
privy  councillor  to  William  III,  and  justice-general,  1688 : 
unit.  .1  earldom  of  Aneruin  to  hut  other  title*,  1690 ;  com- 
missioner of  the  king  to  the  general  assembly  of  the  kirk  of 
Scotland,  1692  ;  created  marquis,  1701.  [xxxL  63] 

KERR,  ROBERT  (1755-1813),  scientific  writer  and 
translator;  descendant  of  Sir  Thomas  Ker  of  Redden. 
brother  of  Robert  Ker,  first  earl  of  Ancruiu  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  University;  Burgeon  to 
the  Edinburgh  Foundling  Hospital :  relinquished,  medical 
career  for  the  management  of  a  subsequently  unsuccessful 
paper-mill  ;  F.R.8.  Edinburgh,  1806  ;  translated  from 
Lavoisier  and  Linnaeiui.  [xxxi.  64] 

KERR,  SCHOMBERG  HENRY,  ninth  MARQUIS  or 
LOTHIAN  (1833-1900),  diplomatist  and  secretary  of  state 
for  Scotland  ;  educated  at  New  College,  Oxford  ;  attache 
at  Lisbon,  Teheran  (1864),  Bagdad  (1866),  and  Athens 
(c.  1857);  second  secretary  at  Frankfort  (1H62),  Madrid 
(1865),  and  Vienna  (1865);  succeeded  ae  Marquis  of 
Lothian  and  fourth  Baron  Ker  of  Kersheugh,  1870 :  lord 
privy  seal  of  Scotland,  1874-1900 ;  privy  councillor,  1886 ; 
secretary  of  state  for  Scotland  in  Lord  Salisbury's  adminis- 
tration, 1886-92  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1882  ;  K.T.,  1878. 

[Suppl.  iii.  61] 

KERR  or  KER,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  LOTHIAN 
(1605  V-1675),  eldest  son  of  Robert  Ker,  first  earl  of  Ancrum 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Cambridge  and  Paris  ;  accompanied 
Buckingham  to  the  Isle  of  Rhe,  1627  ;  served  in  expedition 
against  Spain,  1629 ;  succeeded  as  third  Earl  of  Lothian, 
IfiSl;  signed  the  national  covenant,  1688;  governor  of 
Newcastle,  1641  :  subsequently  one  of  the  four  commis- 
sioners of  the  treasury  ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  Scot* 
army  in  Ireland ;  privy  councillor ;  falsely  accused  of 
treachery  while  abroad  and  imprisoned  on  his  return ; 
released,  1643 ;  in  parliament,  1644  ;  joined  Argyll  in  expe- 
dition against  M  on  trow,  1644 ;  one  of  the  commissioners 
sent  to  treat  with  the  king  at  Newcastle,  1647 ;  accom- 
panied the  king  to  Holmby  House,  1647 ;  secretary  of  state, 
1648;  one  of  the  commissioners  sent  by  the  Scottish  par- 
liament to  protest  against  proceeding  to  extremities 
against  the  king,  1649 ;  general  of  the  Scottish  forces, 
1650 ;  refused  to  take  the  abjuration  oath,  1662. 

[xxxi.  64] 

KERR,  WILLIAM,  second  MARQUIS  OF  LOTHIAN 
(16627-1722),  eldest  sou  of  Robert  Kerr,  first  marquis 
of  Lothian  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  title  of  Lord  Jedbnrgh, 
and  sat  in  Scottish  parliament,  1692  ;  colonel  of  dragoons, 
1696 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1703  ;  supporter  of  the  English 
revolution  and  of  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland  : 
Scots  representative  peer,  1708  and  1715  ;  major-general 
on  the  North  British  staff  after  1713.  [xxxi.  66] 

KERR,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  fourth  MARQUIS  or 
LOTHIAN  (d.  1775),  captain  in  the  first  regiment  of  foot- 
guards,  1741  ;  present  at  Fontenoy,  1745,  and  Culloden, 
1746;  lieutenant-general,  1758;  M.P.,  Richmond,  1747, 
1764,  1761-3 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1767  ;  Scots  repre- 
sentative peer,  1768  ;  general,  1770.  [xxxi.  67] 

KERRICH,  THOMAS  (1748-1828),  librarian  of  the 
university  of  Cambridge  :  educated  at  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.  and  fellow,  1776;  university  taxor, 
1793;  principal  librarian,  1797;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1798,  and  of  Wells,  1812 :  an  antiquarian,  painter, draughts- 
man, and  one  of  the  earliest  lithographers ;  bequeathed 
his  collections  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  British 
Museum,  and  the  Fitxwilliaui  Museum,  Cambridge. 

[xxxi.  67] 

KERRISON,  SIR  EDWARD  (1774-1853),  general: 
cornet,  6th  dragoons,  1796 ;  captain,  1798 ;  served  in  7th 
hussars  in  Helder  expedition,  1799;  lieutenant-colonel  in 
campaign  of  1808 ;  present  at  Waterloo,  1816  ;  knighted, 
1816 ;  M.P.,  Shaftesbury,  1813-18,  Northampton,  1818-84, 
Eye,  1824-52  ;  general,  1851.  [xxxi  68] 

KERRY,  KXKJHTH  OF.  [See  FITZUERALD,  MAURICE, 
1774-1849;  FITZGERALD,  SIR  PKTER  GEORGE,  1808- 
1880.] 

KERRY,  BARONH.  [See  FITZM A URICE,  THOMAS,  six- 
teenth BARON,  1502-1690:  FITZM  \URICK,  PATRICK,  seven- 
teenth BARON,  1551?-UM)0;  FITZMAUHICE,  THOMAS, 
eighteenth  BARON,  1674-1680.] 

3A 


KERSEBOOM 


722 


Fliri'KUN'K    (163J-1690),    painter: 

ySSK^^n^AS^K& 


atnomr 

ll(.  j.,,1. 


:  Doitrtbea,  George  I',  queen.  -  [xxxL  69] 

KERSEY    JOHN,  the  elder  ( 1616-1690  ?X  teacher  of 
m*tic*  in  London  :  published  work  on  algebra  at 

SXaSon  °'  *>hn  Co""1*  d«26-1683)  [Q-  *•]«  V^ 
Sttedtbe  •  Arithmetic '  of  Edmund  Wingate  [q.  v.],  1660- 
1 1  •,",  [xxxi.  68  J 

KERSEY,  JOHN,  the  younger  (fl.  1720),  lexico- 
grapher: son  of  John  Kersey  the  elder  fq.  v.];  his'Dtt- 
tESarium  Anglo-Britannicum,'  1708,  used  by  Chatterton. 

[xxxi.  69J 

KEHBHAW,  ARTHUR  (/.  1800),  apparently  son 
of  James  Kershaw  [q.  v.];  employed  In  enlargement  of 
Walker'*' Gazetteer.'  [xxxi.  70] 

KERSHAW,  JAMES  (17307-1797),  methodist 
nreacher :  converted  by  Henry  Venn  [q.  v.] :  his  poem 
•  The  Methodist  attempted  in  Plain  Metre '  (1780),  a  sort  of 
Westevan  epic,  determined  Wesley  to  exercise  a  censorship 
over  methodlst  publications.  [***•  ™3 

KER8LAKE,  THOMAS  (1812-1891),  bookseller:  a 
eeoond-hand  bookseller  at  Bristol,  1828-70 ;  wrote  articles 
on  antiquarian  subjects. 

KETCH,  JOHN,  commonly  known  as  JACK  KKTCH 
(d.  1686X  executioner  :   took  office  probably   in  16 
executed   Lord    Russell,    1683,    and    Monmouth,    1686; 
notorious  for  his  excessive  barbarity  :  the  office  of  execu- 
tioner identified  with  his  name  by  1702.  [xxxi.  71] 

KETEL,   OORNELIS  (1548-1616),  portrait-painter  ; 
born  at  Gouda  :   worked  in  London,  1673-81 :  through 
Sir  Christopher   Hatton  [q.  v.]  obtained   a  reputation 
the  nobility :  settled  at  Amsterdam  (1681),  where 
8  [xxxi.  72] 

KETEL  or  CHETTLE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1160),  hagio- 
grapher:  a  canon  of  Beverley:  wrote  a  narrative,  'De 
Miraculis  Bancti  Joannis  Beverlaccnsis, '  given  in  the 
•  Act*  Sanctorum.'  [xxxi.  /  3] 

KETHE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1608?),  protestant  divine; 
accompanied  Ambrose  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.],  to 
Havre  as  minister  to  the  English  army,  1563  :  preacher 
to  the  troops  in  the  north,  1669  ;  remembered  chiefly  for 
his  metrical  psalms,  first  printed  in  the  English  psalter  of 
1561.  [xxxi.  73] 

KETT   or   KET,  FRANCIS  (d.  1589),   clergyman 
educated  at  Corpus  Christl  College,   Cambridge :  M.A 
and  fellow,  1573  ;  condemned  for  heresy,  1688 ;  burned 
alive,  1689.  [xxxi.  74] 

KETT,  HENUY  (1761-1826),  miscellaneous  writer 
entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1777  ;  M.A.,  1783  ;  fellow 
1784  ;  Hampton  lecturer,  1790  ;  B.D.,  1793 ;  select  preacher 
1801-2 :  classical  examiner,  1803-4 ;  drowned  himself  h 
a  fit  of  depression.  [xxxi.  75] 

KETT.  ROBERT  (d.  1549),  rebel  ;  took  the  popular 
Bide  in  a  local  quarrel,  and,  with  sixteen  thousand  men 
blockaded  Norwich,  1649  ;  defeated  and  executed. 

[xxxi.  76] 

KETTELL.  RALPH  (1563-1643).  third  president  o 
Trinity    College,  Oxford  ;    scholar   of   Trinity    College 
Oxford,    1679;    fellow,   1583:    M.A.,    1586;  D.D.,   1697 
president,  1599 ;  vigilant  in  dealing  with  college  estates 
and  discipline  ;  rebuilt  Trinity  College  Hall.  [xxxi.  77] 

KETTEBJOH  or  CATEIK,  JOHN  (d.  1419 
successively  bishop  of  St.  David's,  Lirh field  a<id  Coventry 
and  Exeter  :  his  name  also  spelt  Oatryk,  Catterich,  an 
Ciitrik,  the  latter  appearing  on  his  tomb ;  educated  pro 
bably  at  one  of  the  universities :  employed  on  mission 
abroad,  1406-11 ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1410-14  ;  king' 
proctor  at  the  papal  court,  1413 :  bishop  of  St.  David' 
1414-16  ;  one  of  the  English  representatives  at  council  o 
Constance,  1414  ;  bishop  of  Lichfiel  1  and  Coventry,  1416 
postulated  to  we  of  Kxeter,  1410  :  d.i«l  at  Florence. 

[xxxi.  78] 

KETTLE  or  KYTELER,  DAMK  ALICE  (fl 
1M4X  reputed  witch  of  Kilkenny  ;  summoned  before  th 
dean  of  St.  Patrick's  at  Dublin  ;  escaped  to  England. 

[xxxi.  79] 

KETTLE,  SIR  RUPERT  ALFRED  (1817-1894 
•Prince  of  Arbitrator?  ' :  articled  as  attorney  in  Wolver 


KEYES 

unpton:  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1845;  bencher, 
,M2  :  judge  of  Worcestershire  county  courts,  1859-92  ; 
iTOOated  arbitration  in  trade  disputes  ;  kafsjhtad,  1880, 
or  his  public  services  in  establishing  a  system  of  arbi- 
rution  between  employers  and  employed ;  published 
•orks  on  trade  questions.  [Suppl.  iii.  62] 

KETTLE  TILLY  (1740?  -  1786),  portrait-painter; 
xhibited  at  the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  1761  :  at  the 
ocietyof  Artiste,  1765  :  in  India,  1770-7;  exhibited  at 
loval  Academy,  1779-83;  became  bankrupt;  died  at 
Aleppo  on  his  way  to  India  ;  his  portraits  sometimes 
listaken  for  the  work  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

[xxxi.  79] 

KETTLEWELL,  JOHN  (1663-1695),  nonjuror  and 
evotional  writer  ;  educated  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
}  A  1674  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
676  •  MA  1677  ;  published  '  The  Measures  of  Christian 
Obedience,'  1681  ;  vicar  of  Coleshill,  1682  (deprived,  1690) ; 
wrote  several  devotional  works.  [xxxi.  80] 

KETTLEWELL,  SAMUEL  (1822-1893),  theological 
,riter-  licentiate  of  theology,  Durham,  1848;  ordained 
)riest,1849;  vicar  of  St.  Mark's,  Leeds,  1851-70;  M.A., 
860,  and  D.D.,  1892,  Lambeth  ;  published  works  on 
'homas  &  Kempis  and  other  theological  writings. 

[Suppl.  iii.  62] 

KETJGH,  MATTHEW  (1744  ?-1798),  governor  of 
Wexford  ;  rose  during  the  American  war  from  private  to 
ensign  ;  gazetted,  1763 :  lieutenant,  1769  ;  retired  from  the 
army,  1774  ;  chosen  military  governor  of  Wexford  by  the 
nsurgents,  1798 ;  court-martialled  and  executed. 

[xxxi.  82] 

KETTX,  JOHN  HENRY  LK  (1812-1896).  [See  LK 
KEUX.] 

KEVIN,  SAINT  (498-618).    [See  COKMGEN.] 
KEY.    [See  also  OAIUS.] 

KEY,  SIR  ASTLEY  COOPER  (1821-1888),  admiral ; 
son  of  Charles  Aston  Key  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1833  : 
lieutenant,  1842 ;  wounded  at  Obligado,  1845  ;  promoted 
commander,  1845 ;  served  in  the  Russian  war,  1854-5 : 
commanded  battalion  of  the  naval  brigade  at  capture  of 
Canton,  1857 ;  rear-admiral,  1866  ;  director  of  the  new 
department  of  naval  ordnance,  1866-9  :  superintendent  of 
Portsmouth  dockyard,  1869 ;  subsequently  of  Malta  dock- 
yard and  second  in  command  in  Mediterranean :  president 
of  the  newly  organised  Royal  Naval  College,  1873 ;  vice- 
admiral  and  K.C.B.,  1873;  commander -in-chief  on  the 
North  American  and  West  Indian  station,  1876  ;  admiral, 
1878;  first  naval  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1879;  F.R.S., 
F  R  G  S  and  D.C.L. ;  G.C.B.,  1882  ;  privy  councillor,  1884. 

[xxxi.  82] 

KEY,  CHARLES  ASTON  (1793-1849),  surgeon; 
half-brother  of  Thomas  Hewitt  Key  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  at  Guy  s 
Hospital,  London,  1814:  pupil  of  Astley  Cooper,  1815; 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
London  ;  surgeon  at  Guy's,  1824 ;  gained  reputation  by 
successful  operations  for  lithotomy ;  lecturer  on  surgery 
at  Guy's,  1825-44;  F.R.S.;  member  of  council  of  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  1845  ;  surgeon  to  Prince  Albert,  1847 ; 
famous  operator,  and  one  of  the  first  to  use  ether  as  an 
anesthetic.  t«xi.  83] 

KEY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1794  -  1868),  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  alderman  of  London,  1823  :  sheriff, 
1824;  master  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1830;  lord 
mayor,  1830-1  :  created  baronet,  1831 ;  M.P.  for  the  city 
of  London,  1833,  and  chamberlain,  1853.  [xxxi.  84. 

KEY,  THOMAS  HEWITT  (1799-1876),  Latin 
scholar:  half-brother  of  Charles  Aston  Key  [q.  v.],  the 
surgeon  ;  of  St.  John's  and  Trinity  Colleges,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1824  ;  studied  medicine,  1821-4  :  professor  of  pure 
mathematics  in  university  of  Virginia,  1825-7 ;  professor 
of  Latin  in  the  London  University,  and  ]omt  head-master 
of  the  school  attached,  1828 ;  resigned  Latin  professor- 
ship for  that  of  comparative  grammar,  1H42  ;  sole  head- 
master, 1842-75  ;  F.R.S.,  1860  ;  his  best-known  work,  his 
•  Latin  Grammar.'  1846.  [xxxi.  8*] 

KEYES  or  KEYS.  TiOOER  (d.  1477).  architect 
(1437),  and  warden  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxfoni  :  one  of 
the  original  fellows  of  All  Souls ;  warden,  1442-5  :  clerk 
of  the  works  of  Eton  College.  1448 ;  archdeacon  of  1'ar.i 
staple,  1450  :  precentor  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  1467  and  1469. 

[  x  x  x  i  k  86  J 


KEYL 


723 


KILDARE 


KEYL,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (FmKDiucH 
WILHKI.M)  (1823-1873),  animal-painter;  born  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the- Maine ;  came  to  London  as  pupil  of  Sir  Edwin 
Henry  Laudseer  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[xxxi.  86] 

KEYMER  or  KEYMOR,  JOHN  (fi.  1610-1620), 
economic  writer ;  his  •  Observations  upon  the  Dutch 
Fishing '  first  published,  1664.  [Sappl.  iu>  63] 

KEYMIS,  LAWRENCE  (d.  1618).    [See  KKMYS.] 

KEYNES,  GEORGE,  alias  BHKTT  (1630-1669),  Jesuit ; 
entered  his  novitiate  at  Rome,  1649 ;  studied  at  St.  Omer  ; 
sailed  for  Chiim  mission,  1654 ;  died  in  the  Philippine*  ; 
translated  the  '  Roman  Martyrology '  (2nd  ed.,  1667). 

[xxxi.  86] 

KEYNES,  JOHN  (1625  ?-1697),  Jesuit:  probably 
brother  of  George  Keynes  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  St.  Omer 
and  Valladolid ;  joined  jesuite,  1645  ;  taught  philosophy 
and  theology  at  Spanish  universities ;  as  prefect  of  the 
higher  studies  at  Liege  devoted  himself  to  the  plague- 
stricken  English  soldiers  in  the  Netherlands ;  in  England 
till  1679 ;  rector  of  the  college  of  Liege,  1680 ;  English 
provincial,  1683-9;  established  Jesuit  college  at  Savoy 
Hospital,  1687  ;  died  at  Watten,  near  St.  Omer ;  author  of 
a  pamphlet  intended  to  bring  schismatics  to  the  'true 
religion,'  which  was  translated  into  Latin,  1684, 
French,  1688,  and  answered  by  Buruet,  1675. 

[xxxi.  86] 

KEYS,  LADY  MARY  (1540  ?-1578),  third  surviving 
daughter  of  Henry  Grey,  third  marquis  of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ; 
sister  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  [see  DUDLKY,  JANK]  ;  secretly 
married  Thomas  Keys,  Queen  Elizabeth's  serjeant-porter, 
1565 ;  detained  in  private  custody  through  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's anger ;  released,  1573.  [xxxi.  87] 

KEYS,  SAMUEL  (1771-1850),  china-painter  ;  in  the 
old  Derby  china  factory  under  William  Duesbury  (1725- 
1786)  [q.  v.] ;  quitted  Derby  before  the  closing  of  the 
factory ;  worked  under  Miuton  at  Stoke-upou-Trent ; 
collected  materials  for  the  history  of  the  Derby  factory, 
to  which  his  three  sons  were  apprenticed.  [xxxi.  87] 

KEYSE,  THOMAS  (1722-1800),  still-life  painter  and 
proprietor  of  the  Bermondsey  Spa  ;  self-taught ;  member 
of  the  Free  Society  of  Artists ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1765-8  :  opened  (c.  1770)  a  tea-garden  in  Ber- 
mondsey near  a  chalybeate  spring.  [xxxi.  88] 

KEYSER,  WILLIAM  DK  (1647-1692?).  [See  DE 
KEYSER.] 

KEYWORTH,  THOMAS  (1782-1852),  divine  and 
hebraist;  converted  from  unitarianism  and  became  a 
congregational  minister  ;  interested  himself  in  missionary 
work  ;  his  chief  book, '  Principia  Hebraica,'  1817. 

[xxxi.  88] 

HALLMARK  or  KILMARK,  GEORGE  (1781-1836), 
musical  composer  ;  leader  of  the  music  at  Sadler's  Wells  ; 
a  successful  teacher  and  composer.  [xxxi.  88] 

KIALLMARK,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1804-1887), 
musician;  sou  of  George  Kiallmark  [q.  v.] ;  studied 
under  Zirnnierinanu,  Kalkbreimer,  and  Moscheles ;  dis- 
tinguished for  his  rendering  of  Chopin ;  opened  an 
academy  for  the  study  of  the  piano  in  London,  1842. 

[xxxi.  89] 

KLARAN,  SAINT  (516-549).    [See  OIARAN.] 

KIOKHAM,  CHARLES  JOSEPH  (1826-1882),  jour- 
nalist ;  took  part  in  '  Young  Ireland  movement,'  1848 ; 
became  a  Fenian,  1860 ;  arrested,  1865,  and  sentenced  to 
fourteen  years'  penal  servitude,  but  released,  1869 ;  wrote 
nationalist  poems  and  stories  on  Irish  subjects. 

[xxxi.  89] 

KIDD,  JAMES  (1761-1834),  presbyterian  divim- :  of 
humble  origin ;  emigrated  to  America,  1784  ;  usher  to 
Pennsylvania  College;  learnt  Hebrew  and  studied  at 
Edinburgh;  professor  of  oriental  languages,  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen,  1793;  hon.  D.D.  New  Jersey,  1818; 
author  of  religious  works.  [xxxi.  90] 

KIDD,  JOHN  (1775-1851),  physician:  student,  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1793;  M.A.,  1800;  M.D.,  1804:  studied 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  1797-1801 ;  pupil  of  Sir  Astley 
Paston  Cooper  [q.  v.]  ;  chemical  reader,  Oxford,  1801 : 
first  Aldrichian  professor  of  chemistry,  1803-32  ;  physi- 
cian to  the  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  1808-26  ;  gave  lectures 
on  mineralogy  and  geolcxjy  (published,  1809);  Lee's 
reader  in  anatomy,  1816 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1818  ;  regius  professor 


of  physio.  Oxford,  1822-51 ;  author  of  Bridgewater  trea- 
ti.«t- '  '  m  the  Aiiaptatiou  of  External  Nature  to  the  Physical 
Condition  of  Man,'  1833  ;  kit-pur  of  the  Radcliffe  Library, 
1834-51 ;  Harveiau  orator,  1836.  [xxxi.  91] 

KIDD,  JOSEPH  BARTHOLOMEW  (1808-1889), 
painter;  academician,  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1829-88; 
painted  Scottish  landscapes  [xxxi.  92] 

KIDD,  SAMUEL  (1804-1843),  missionary  at  Malacca 
and  professor  of  Chinese  at  University  College,  London  ; 
entered  London  Missionary  Society's  training  college  at 
Gosport,  1820 :  sailed  under  the  auspices  of  the  society  to 
Madras,  and  thence  to  Malacca,  1824 ;  published  tracts  in 
Chinese,  1826 ;  professor  of  Chinese  in  the  Anglo-Chinese 
College,  Malacca,  1827,  and  at  University  College, 
London,  1837 ;  author  of  works  on  China.  [xxxL  92] 

KIDD,  THOMAS  (1770-186U),  Greek  scholar  and 
schoolmaster ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1789  ; 
MA.,  1797 ;  held  various  livings ;  successively  head- 
master of  schools  of  Lynn,  Wymondham,  and  Norwich  ; 
edited  tracts  on  classical  scholarship.  [zxxi.  93] 


KIDD,     WILLIAM   (<1.     1701),   pirate; 
Grot-nock ;   lived  at  Boston,   Massachusetts  : 


native    of 
given  the 


command  of  a  privateer  to  suppress  piracy,  1696  ;  im- 
prisoned for  piracy,  1699 ;  sent  to  England  under  arrest, 
1700 ;  hanged,  1701.  [xxxi.  93] 

KIDD,  WILLIAM  (17907-1863),  painter;  exhibitor 
at  Royal  Academy,  1817,  and  at  British  Institution,  1818. 

[xxxi.  95] 

KIDD,  WILLIAM  (1803-1867),  naturalist;  bookseller 
hi  London;  published  various  journals  dealing  with 
natural  history,  1852-64.  [xxxi.  95] 

KIDDER,  RICHARD  (1633-1 703),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1649 ;  B.A., 
1652 :  fellow,  1655 ;  vicar  of  Stauground,  1659 ;  ejected 
by  the  Bartholomew  Act,  1662;  'conformed';  rector  of 
Raine,  1664 ;  preacher  at  the  Rolls,  1674  :  a  royal  chap- 
lain, 1689 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1691-1703  ;  continu- 
ally in  difficulties  with  the  cathedral  chapter  and  cen- 
sured by  high  churchmen ;  wrote  on  theological  questions. 

[xxxi.  96] 

KIDDERMINSTER,  RICHARD  (.d.  1631?).  [See 
KEDKRMYSTKR.] 

KIDOELL,  JOHN  {ft.  1766),  divine:  entered  Hertford 
College,  Oxford,  1741 ;  M.A.,  1747  ;  fellow,  1747  ;  fraudu- 
lently obtained  the  proof-  -hecte  of  the '  Essay  on  Woman  ' 
(probably  printed  by  Wilkes  and  written  by  Thomas  Potter 
['I-  V0)»  and  then  published '  A  genuine  and  succinct  Nar- 
rative of  a  scandalous,  obscene,  and  exceedingly  profane 
Libel  entitled  "  An  Essay  on  Woman," '  1763.  [xxxL  98] 

KIDLEY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1624),  poet ;  BJL  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1627 ;  composed » A  Poetical  Relation  of 
the  Voyage  of  Sr  Richard  Hawkins '  and  '  History  of  the 
year  1588,  w«»>  other  Historical  Passages  of  these  Tymes,* 
1624  (neither  printed).  [xxxi.  98] 

KIFFIN  or  KIFFEN,  WILLIAM  (1616-1701X  mer- 
chant and  baptist  minister;  said  to  be  apprenticed  to 
John  Lilburuc  [q.  v.] ;  joined  separatist  congregation, 
1638 ;  baptist,  1642 ;  arrested  at  a  conventicle  and  im- 
prisoned, 1641 ;  parliamentary  assessor  of  taxes  for  Middle- 
sex, 1647 ;  permitted  to  preach  in  Suffolk,  1649 ;  M.P., 
Middlesex,  1656-8;  arrested  on  suspicion  of  plotting 
against  Charles  II ;  released,  1664  ;  alderman  of  London, 
1687.  [xxxi.  98] 

KILBURN.  WILLIAM  (1745-1818),  artist  and  calico- 
printer  ;  executed  the  plates  for  '  Flora  Londinensis '  of 
William  Curtis  [q.  v.] ;  owned  calico-printing  factory  in 
Surrey ;  eminent  in  Europe  as  a  designer,  [xxxi.  101] 

KILBURNE,  RICHARD  (1605-1678),  author  of  works 
on  the  topography  of  Kent.  [xxxi.  101] 

KILBYE,  RICHARD  (15617-1620),  biblical  scholar ; 
B.A.  and  fellow,  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1578 ;  M.A^ 
1682;  rector  of  Lincoln  College,  1590-1620:  D.D.,  1696; 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1601  ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew, 
1610  ;  and  one  of  the  translators  of  the  authorised  version. 

[xxxi.  101] 

KILDARE,  EARLS  OF.    [See  FITZTHOM AS,  Jons,  first 

K\KU</.  1316 ;  FiTZOKRALi>,THi>M  AS,  second  EARL.  I/.1328 ; 

FrrzuKKAMi,  MAURICE,  fourth  EARL,  1318-1390 ;  fm- 

GERALD,  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL,  d.  1477 ;  FITZQKRALD, 

•  '•)  \  '2 


KILDELITH 


724 


KILWARDBY 


,  eighth  BARU  d.  1613  :  FrrzoKRALn,  GKRALD, 
ninth  BAKU  1487-15S4:  FrrzuKRALU,  THOMAS,  tenth 
KAKU  U13-1537;  FITZGEKALU,  GUIALD,  eleventh  KARL, 


DLDBLITH,    ROBERT    (d.    1*73).     [See    KKLDK- 

LVTH.] 

KILHAM.  ALEXANDER  (1782-1798),  founder  of  the 
•metbodist  new  connexion':  maintained,  against  the 
Hull  circular  (17911  the  right  o(  Wesleyan  methodist 
nreachen  to  administer  all  Christian  ordinances  :  wrote 
Sam-  pamphlet,  between  1792  and  1796;  'expelled  from 
e  connexion;  1796  ;  formed  a  •  new  methodist  con- 
'  1798.  [*xxi.  102] 


I,  MRS.  HANNAH  (1774-1832),  missionary 

and  student  of  unwritten  African  languages ;  nee  Spurr : 
joined  the  Wealeyans,  1794 ;  married  Alexander  Kilhum 
[q.  T.I,  1798  ;  joined  the  quakers,  1802 :  printed  anoiiy- 
mooaiy  'Fint  leMons  in  Jaloof,'  1820  ;  sailed  for  Africa, 
IWlTWht  at  St.  Mary's  in  the  Gambia  and  at  Sierra 
Leone,  18S4  and  1832 ;  died  at  sea.  [xxxi.  103] 

KHJAN,  SAIXT  (d.  697).    [See  OILIAN.] 

DLKXNinr,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1256),  bishop  of  Ely 
and  keeper  of  the  seal ;  archdeacon  of  Coventry,  1248 : 
keeper  of  the  seal,  1260-5  ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1255  ;  died  at 
Surgho  in  Spain.  [xxxi.  104] 

KILKERRAlf ,  Lonn  (1688-1759).  [See  FERGUSSON, 
Sm  JASUB.] 

KILLKN,  JOHN  (d.  1803),  Irish  rebel:  arrested  for 
participation  in  Emmet's  movement,  1803  ;  tried,  unjustly 
condemned,  and  executed.  [xxxi.  105] 

KILLEN.  THOMAS  YOUNG  (1826-1886),  Irish  pres- 
byterian  divine;  entered  old  Belfast  College,  1842; 
licensed  to  preach,  1848 :  ordained,  1850 :  a  leader  in  the 
Ul-u-r  revival,  1859:  moderator  of  the  Irish  general 
assembly,  1882 :  made  D.D.  by  the  presbyterian  theological 
faculty  of  Ireland,  1883  ;  published  a  '  Sacramental  Cate- 
chism,' 1874.  [xxxi.  106] 

XILLIOREW,  ANNE  (1660-1685),  poetess  and  painter ; 
daughter  of  Henry  KillUrrew  (1613-1700)  [q.  v.] ;  maid 
of  honour  to  Mary  of  Modena,  duchess  of  York ;  her 
•  Poems '  published,  1686.  [xxxi.  106] 

K3LLIOREW,  CATHERINE  or  KATHERINE,  LADY 
(15307-1583),  a  learned  lady;  fourth  daughter  of  Sir 
Anthony  Oooke  [q.  v.] :  said  to  have  been  proficient  in 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin :  married  Sir  Henry  Killigrew 
[q.v.],  1665.  [xxxi.  106] 

KILLIGREW,  CHARLES  (1665-1725),  master  of  the 
revels ;  born  at  Maestricht ;  son  of  Thomas  Killigrew  the 
elder  [q.  v.] ;  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  II, 
1670,  to  James  II,  1685,  to  William  and  Mary,  1689  ; 
master  of  the  revels,  1680 ;  patentee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
London,  1682.  [xxxi.  106] 


KILLIGREW,  SIH  HENRY  (d.  1603),  diplomatist  and 
basMdor;  educated  probably  at  Cambridge;  M.P., 
anceston,  1568 ;  in  exile,  1654-8 ;  employed  by  Queen 


on  various  missions,  notably  to  Scotland,  1558- 
1666,  and  1672-91 ;  M.P.,  Truro,  1572  ;  knighted,  1591. 

[xxxi.  107] 

KHXIOREW,  HENRY  (1613-1700),  divine;  son  of 
Sir  Robert  Killigrew  [q.  v.] ;  educated  under  Thomas 
Farnaby  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1638  ; 
chaplain  to  the  king's  army,  1642 ;  D.D.,  1642  ;  cliaplain 
and  almoner  to  the  Duke  of  York,  1660 ;  master  of  the 
Savoy,  1663:  published  sermous  and  Latin  verses,  and 
•  The  Conspiracy '  (playX  1638.  [xxxi.  108] 

KILLIGREW,  HENRY  (d.  1712),  admiral :  son  of 
Hr-nry  Killigrew  (1613-1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  brother  of  James 
Killigrew  [q.  v.] ;  commodore  of  squadron  for  suppres- 
sion of  piracy,  1686  ;  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  1689 ; 
Commander-in-chief  against  the  French  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 1689-90:  joint-admiral  with  Sir  Clowdisley 
BboveU  [q.  v.]  and  Sir  Ralph  Delavall  [q.  v.],  and  a  lord 
commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1693 ;  dismissed  after  the 
Smyrna  disaster,  1693.  [xxxi.  109] 

KILLIGREW,  JAMBS  (</.  1696),  captain  in  the  navy  ; 
ton  of  Henry  Killigrew  (1618-1700)  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant, 
1688:  captain,  1690;  killed  in  action,  1695.  [xxxi.  Ho] 


KILLIGREW,  SIR  ROBERT  (1579-1633),  courtier  ; 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.P.  for  various  Cornish 
boroughs,  1601-28  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  famous  for  bis  con- 
coctions of  drugs  and  cordials;  exonerated  (1615)  from 
suspicion  of  being  implicated  in  Sir  Thomas  Overbury's. 
death ;  prothonotary  of  chancery,  1618 ;  ambassador  to 
the  States-General,  1626 ;  vice-chamberlain  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria,  1630.  [xxxi.  110] 

KILLIGREW,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1612-1683),  dra- 
matist; son  of  Sir  Robert  Killigrew  [q.  v.]  ;  page  to 
Charles  I,  1633 ;  his  best-known  comedy,  the  *  Parson's 
Wedding,'  played  between  1637  and  1642 ;  arrested  for 
royal  ism,  1642 ;  released,  1644  ;  joined  Prince  Charles  at 
Paris,  1647 ;  appointed  resident  at  Venice,  1651 ;  groom 
of  the  bedchamber  to  Charles  II,  1660 ;  built  playhouse 
on  site  of  present  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  1663 ; 
master  of  the  revels,  1679 :  folio  edition  of  his  '  Works,' 
1664 ;  three  of  his  plays  acted ;  well  known  as  a  wit ; 
painted  by  Vandyck  with  Thomas  Carew.  [xxxi.  Ill] 

KILLIGREW,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1657-1719), 
dramatist ;  son  of  Thomas  Killigrew  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  George  n  when  Prince 
of  Wales;  author  of  'Chit  Chat'  (comedy),  performed, 
1719.  [xxxi.  115] 

KILLIGREW,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1579  ?-1622),  cham- 
berlain of  the  exchequer ;  groom  of  the  privy  chamber  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  ;  M.P.,  Helstou,  1572,  Penryn,  1684  and 
1614,  Cornwall,  1597,  Liskeard,  1604 ;  knighted,  1603 ; 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer,  1605-6.  [xxxi.  110] 

KILLIGREW,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1606-1695), dramatist ; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Robert  Killigrew  [q.  v.] ;  entered  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  1623;  knighted,  1626;  M.P., 
Peuryn,  Cornwall,  1628-9 ;  gentleman  usher  to  Charles  I ; 
commander  in  the  king's  body-guard  during  civil  war ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1642;  vice-chamberlain  to  Charles  I's 
queen,  1660-82;  M.P.,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1664-78; 
disappeared  from  court  after  1682 ;  published  '  Three 
Plays,'  1665  (reprinted,  1674),  and  pamphlets  in  connec- 
tion with  the  quarrels  concerning  the  draining  of  the 
Lincolnshire  fens,  1647-61.  [xxxi.  116] 

KnUNGWORTH,  GRANTHAM  (1699-1778),  bap- 
tist controversialist;  grandson  of  Thomas  Grautham 
(1634-1692)  [q.  v.] ;  published  controversial  pamphlets. 

[xxxi.  117] 

KILMAINE,  BARON  (1680-1773).  [See  O'HARA, 
JAMES.] 

KILMAINE,  CHARLES  EDWARD  SAUL  JEN- 
NINGS (1751-1799),  general  in  the  French  army ;  went 
to  France,  1762  ;  entered  French  army,  1774,  and  arrested 
American  insurgents ;  lieutenant-general,  1793  ;  served  in 
Italy  under  Bonaparte,  1796 ;  died  at  Paris,  [xxxi.  117] 

KILMARNOCK,  fourth  EARL  OF  (1704-1746).  [See 
BOYD,  WILLIAM.] 

KILMOREY,  first  EAHL  OF  (1748-1832).  [See  NEEU- 
HAM,  FRANCIS  JACK.] 

KILMOREY,  fourth  VISCOUNT  (d.  1660).  [See 
NEEDHAM,  CHARLES.] 

KILSYTH,  first  VISCOUNT  (1616-1661).  [See  LIVING- 
STONE,  JAMES.] 

KILVERT,  FRANCIS (1793-1863), antiquary;  entered 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1811 ;  ordained,  1817 ;  M.A., 
1824;  published  sermons,  memoirs,  and  papers  on  the 
literary  associations  of  Bath.  [xxxi.  118] 

KILVERT,  RICHARD  (d.  1649),  lawyer ;  concerned 
in  the  impeachment  of  Sir  John  Beunet  [q.  v.],  1621,  and 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  Star-chamber  against  Bishop 
Williams,  1634.  [xxxi.  119] 

KILWARDBY,  ROBERT  (d.  1279),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  and  cardinal-bishop  of  Porto;  studied,  and 
afterwards  taught,  at  Paris ;  entered  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic  ;  teacher  of  Thomas  of  Cantelupe  [q.  v.] ;  pro- 
vincial prior  of  the  Dominicans  in  England,  1261 ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1272  ;  crowned  Edward  I  and 
Queen  Eleanor,  1274  ;  cardinal-bishop  of  Porto  and  Santo 
Ruflna,  1278  ;  on  going  to  Italy  took  away  all  the  registers 
and  judicial  records  of  Canterbury,  which  were  never 
recovered ;  died  at  Viterbo ;  a  voluminous  writer  on 
I  grammatical,  philosophical,  and  theological  subjects. 

[xxxi.  120] 


KILWARDEN 


790 


KING 


KILWARDEN,  VIMOI  M  (1739-1803).    [See  WOLFE,  I 
ARTHUK.] 

KIMBER,  EDWARD  (1719-1769),  novelist  and  com- 
piler ;  roil  of  Isaac  Kimber  [q.  v.]  [xxxi.  122] 

KIMBER,  IS  A  AC  (1692-1765),  general  baptist  minis- 
ter ;  w.ndiu'tHl  •  The  Morning  t'hrmiide,'  1728-32  ;  edited 
Ainsworth's' Latin  Dictionary,'  1751  ;  published  '  Life  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,'  1724.  [xxxi.  122] 

KINASTON.     [St-e  KvsASTOX.] 

KINCAID,  MHS.  JEAN  (1579-1600),  murderess; 
daughter  of  John  Livingstone  of  Dunipace ;  wife  of  John 
Kincaid  of  Warriston,  an  iniiurnt  uil  man  in  ftlintmrgh  ; 
procured  his  murder,  1600  ;  condemned  and  beheaded. 

[xxxi.  123] 

KINCAID,  SIR  JOHN  (1787-1862),  of  the  rifle 
brigade;  joined  9fith  rifles,  1809;  served  in  Peninsula, 
1811-15;  severely  wounded  at  Waterloo:  captain,  1826; 
retired,  1831  :  inspector  of  factories  and  prisons  for 
Scotland,  1850  ;  senior  exou  of  the  royal  bodyguard  of  yeo- 
men of  the  guard  and  knighted,  1852;  published  'Ad- 
ventures in  the  Rifle  Brigade,'  1830,  '  Random  Shots  of  a 
Rifleman,'  1835.  [xxxi.  123] 

KINCARDINE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  BRUCE,  ALEXANDER, 
second  EARL,  d.  1681 ;  BRUCE,  THOMAS,  eleventh  EARL, 
1766-1841 ;  BRUCK,  JAMES,  twelfth  EARL,  1811-1863.] 

KINDERSLEY,  SIR  RICHARD  TO1UN  (1792-1879), 
vice-chancellor;  born  at  Madras;  of  Haileybury  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  fellow,  1815 ;  M.A.,  1817 : 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1818  ;  K.C.,  1825  ;  chancellor  of 
county  palatine  of  Durham,  1847  ;  master  in  chancery, 
1848 ;  vice-chancellor,  1851 ;  knighted,  1851 ;  retired 
from  th.e  bench  and  privy  councillor,  1866.  [xxxi.  124] 

KINDLEMARSH.    [See  KINWELMERSH.] 

KING,  CHARLES  (/.  1721),  writer  on  economics ; 
wrote  articles  in  the  '  British  Merchant '  respecting  the 
proposed  treaty  of  commerce  with  Prance  in  1713  ;  issued 
the  chief  numbers  as  '  The  British  Merchant,  or  Com- 
merce preserved,'  1721,  the  volume  enjoying  high 
authority  for  forty  years.  [xxxi.  124] 

KING,  CHARLES  (1687-1748),  musical  composer; 
Mus.Bac.  Oxford;  almoner  and  'master  of  the  child- 
ren' of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  1707;  organist  of 
St.  Benet  Finck,  Royal  Exchange,  1708;  vicar-choral  of 
St.  Paul's,  1730 ;  composed  church  music,  [xxxi.  125] 

KING,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1818-1888),  author  of 
works  on  engraved  gems ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1836;  B.A.,  1840;  fellow,  1842  ;  took  holy  orders ; 
formed  in  Italy  a  notable  collection  of  antique  gems  ;  sold 
his  collection,  1878 ;  published  six  work^  on  gems  between 
1860  and  1872.  [xxxi.  125] 

KING,  DANIEL  (d.  1664  ?),  engraver  ;  executed  the 
engravings  in  '  The  Vale  Royall  of  England,  or  the  County 
Palatine  of  Chester,'  1656 ;  etched  some  plates  of  Dugdale's 
'  Monasticon.'  [xxxi.  126] 

KING,  DAVID  (1806-1883),  Scottish  divine ;  educated 
at  the  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  universities;  studied 
theology  at  Glasgow;  minister  of  Greyfriars  secession 
church,  Glasgow,  1833-55  ;  made  LL.D.  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity, 1840  ;  active  in  Evangelical  Alliance,  1845 ;  helped  to 
form  united  presbyterian  church,  1847  ;  visited  Jamaica 
and  United  States,  1848 ;  founded  presbyteriau  congrega- 
tion in  Bayswater,  London,  1860 ;  wrote  chiefly  on  reli- 
gious subjects.  [xxxi.  126] 

KING,  SIR  EDMUND  (1629-1709),  physician :  pub- 
lished results  of  his  researches  and  experiments  in  the 
•  Philosophical  Transactions,'  1667,  1670,  1686,  and  1688; 
incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1671 ;  knighted,  1676  ;  physi- 
cian to  Charles  II,  1676;  F.R.C.P.,  1687;  attended 
Charles  II  in  his  last  illness.  [xxxi.  127] 

KING,  EDWARD  (1612-1637),  friend  of  Milton; 
younger  son  of  Sir  John  King  (d.  1637)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1630 ;  pnelector 
and  tutor,  1633-4  ;  perished  in  a  shipwreck  off  the  Welsh 
coast  when  on  the  way  to  Ireland,  1637  ;  commemorated 
by  Milton  in  '  Lycidas.'  [xxxi.  128] 

KING,  ED  WARD  (1735  ?-1807),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
studied  at  Clare  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
11111,1763;  F.R.S.,  1767;  F.S.A.,  1770 ;  contributed  papers 


to  the  'Arelueologia'  (reprinted  separately,  1774  ami 
1782);  interim  P.S.A.,  17K4 :  hi*  most  important  work, 
'  Muniiiuiita  A  ntiqiia,  or  Observation*  on  ancient  Castles,' 
179-J-1806.  [xxxL  189] 

KING,  EDWARD,  Vifirou.VT  KIXOSBOROL'OH  (17»*- 
1837),    educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford:    M.l\  co. 
Cork,  1H18  and  1820-8  ;  promott-1  and  nliu-1  '  Anti«, 
of  Mexico,'  a  magnificent  work  in  nine  volume*,  published, 
1830-4K.  [xxxi.  130] 

KING,  MR*.  PRANCES  ELIZABETH  (1757-1821), 
author:  married  Uirhanl  Kin*  <174n  lulu)  [q.  v.],  1782  ; 
assisted  Hannah  More  in  charitable  work ;  chief  work, 
'  Female  Scripture  Characters,'  1813  (10th  ed.  1826). 

[xxxi.  161] 

KING,  SIR  GEORGE  ST.  VINCENT  DUCKWORTH 
(•I.  1891),  admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  King  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  :  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1H47  :  in  the  Crimean 
war,  1864-5;  rear-admiral,  1863:  commaixlcr-in-rlm-f  in 
China,  1863-7 ;  vice-admiral,  1867,  and  admiral,  1875 ; 
K.O.B.  .  [xxxi.  161] 

KING,  GREGORY  (1648-1712),  herald,  genealogist, 
engraver,  and  statesman  :  educated  at  Lichfield  grammar 
school ;  became  clerk  to  Sir  William  Dugdale  [q.  v.], 
1662 ;  Rouge  Dragon  pursuivant,  1677 ;  registrar  of  the 
College  of  Arms,  1684-94  ;  published  heraldic  and  genea- 
logical works ;  his  '  Natural  and  Political  Observation* 
and  Conclusions  upon  the  State  and  Condition  of  Eng- 
land,' published,  1696.  [xxxi.  131] 

KING,  HENRY  (1592-1669),  bishop  of  Ohichester; 
son  of  John  King  (1559  ?-1621)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Wert- 
minster  :  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1614  ;  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1616 ;  archdeacon  of  Colchester, 
1617  ;  a  royal  chaplain,  1617  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1624  ;  D.D.,  1625 ;  dean  of  Rochester,  1639 ;  bishop 
of  Chichester,  1642  ;  friend  of  Izaak  Walton,  Jonscn.  and 
Donne ;  published  poems  and  sermons.  [xxxi.  138] 

KING,  HUMPHREY  (fl.  1613),  verse-writer :  author 
of  '  An  Halfe-penuy.worth  of  Wit,  in  a  Pennyworth  of 
Paper.  Or,  the  Heruiites  Tale.  The  third  impression,' 
1613.  [xxxi,  134] 

KING,  JAMES,  first  BARON  EYTHIS  (1589  7-1652  ?), 
entered  service  of  king  of  Sweden  and  was  'general- 
major'  by  1632  ;  joined  Rupert  and  the  Prince  Palatine, 
1638 ;  recalled  to  England,  1640 ;  created  peer  of  Scotland 
as  Baron  Eythin  and  Kerrey,  1643  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1650 ;  died  in  Sweden.  [xxxL  135] 

KING,  JAMES  (1750-1784),  captain  in  the  navy; 
entered  navy,  1762  :  lieutenant.  1771 ;  accompanied  Cook 
as  astronomer  and  second  lieutenant,  1776 ;  captain, 
1779  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1780  :  sent  to  West  Indies 
with  convoy  of  merchant  ships,  1781 ;  prepared  Cook's 
journal  of  the  third  voyage  for  the  press ;  F.R.S.,  and  his 
'Astronomical  Observations,'  published,  1782;  died  at 
Nice.  [xxxi.  136] 

KING,  JOHN  (1659  ?-1621),  bitihop  of  London :  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1683 : 
B.D.,  1591 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  and  one  of  Elizabeth's 
cliaplains,  1599  ;  D.D.,  1601 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1605  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1607-10 :  bishop 
of  London,  1611-21;  contributed  to  Oxford  collections  of 
poems  and  printed  sermons.  [xxxi.  136] 

KING,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1637),  Irish  administrator: 
secretary  to  Sir  Richard  Biughain  [q.  v.],  governor  of 
Coimaught,  1586 ;  deputy  vice-treasurer,  1605  ;  muster- 
master-general  and  clerk  of  the  cheque  for  Ireland,  1609 ; 
privy  councillor  and  knighted,  1609 ;  M.P.,  co.  Roaoom- 
mon,  1613.  [xxxi.  138] 

KING,  JOHN  (1595-1639),  divine :  son  of  John  King 
(1559  ?-1621)  [q.  v.]  :  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford:  M.A.,  1614;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1616; 
public  orator  of  Oxford,  1622  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
1624 ;  D.D.,  1625  :  archdeacon  of  Colchester,  1626 ;  canon 
of  Windsor,  1625 ;  published  Latin  orations,  1623  and  1626, 
and  poems  in  the  university  collections  of  1613  and  1619. 

[xxxL  137] 

KING,  JOHN,  first  BARON  KrxaHTON  (d.  1676),  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Robert  King  [q.  v.] ;  engaged  in  behalf  of 
parliament  in  Irish  war  :  knighted,  1668 :  created  an  Irish 
peer,  1660 ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland,  1660 ;  commiMary- 
•  !  the  hon«e,  1661 ;  governor  of  Connanght,  1666. 


general  of 


[xxxi.  139] 


KING 


KING 


KINO  SIR  JOHN  (1639-1077),  lawyer;  educated  at 
Ft,,.,  •  ,«'(>  :,,!!-•  r.ill.v.  < 'am! 'rule.' ;  burristrr.  liin.T 
Temple,  1M7 ;  U-nclu-r  and  kniirhtt-d.  1674;  treasurer, 
1676  •  king's  counsel  and  attorney-general  to  the  Duke 
of  York.  [xxxi.  139] 

KINO  JOHN  (d.  1679),  covenanting  preacher  ;  tried 
(or  holding  conventicles,  1674 ;  outlawed,  1676 :  executed, 
1679.  txxxi-  139^ 

KINO,  JOHN  (1696-1728),  classical  writer :  eldest  aou 
of  John  King  (1682-1732)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
Oolletre,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1722,  and  fellow ;  published 
'  Boripidta  Heoabft,  Orwtes  et  Pho3nls8«,*  1726. 

[xxxi.  140J 

KINO  JOHN  (16*2-1732),  miscellaneous  writer ;  of 
Kxt-UT  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1680;  ordained;  D.D. 
Cambridge,  1698:  prebendary  of  York,  1718;  published 
controversial  pamphlet*.  [xxxi.  140] 

KINO,  JOHN  (1788-1847),  painter ;  entered  the  Royal 
Academy  schools,  1810 ;  exhibited  at  the  British  Institu- 
tion, 1814,  Royal  Academy,  1817.  [xxxi.  141] 

KINO,  JOHN  DUNCAN  (1789-1863),  captain  (1830) 
in  the  army  and  landscape-painter;  served  in  the 
Walcheren  expedition,  1809,  and  the  Peninsular  war  :  ex- 
at  the  Royal  Academy  and  British  Institution 
1824  and  1868.  [xxxi.  141] 


KINO,  JOHN  GLEN  (1732-1787),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Oaiua  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1763 ;  chaplain  to  the 
English  factory  at  St.  Petersburg :  F.S.A.,  F.R.S.,  and 
incorporated  1LA.  Oxford,  1771 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1771 ;  pub- 
lished verses  in  the  Cambridge  collection  of  1762  and 
antiquarian  works.  [xxxi.  141] 

KINO,  MATTHEW  PETER  (1773-1823),  musical  com- 
poser ;  composed  glees,  ballads,  pianoforte  pieces,  and  one 
oratorio ;  wrote  treatise  on  music,  1800.  [xxxi.  142] 

KINO,  OLIVER  (d.  1603),  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells ; 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  French  secretary 
to  Edward  IV,  1476  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1480  ;  archdeacon 
of  Oxford,  1482  ;  deprived  of  secretaryship  by  Richard  III, 
and  iiuprisoii.il,  1483 ;  reinstated  by  Henry  VII,  1486  ; 
bishop  of  Exeter,  1493,  and  of  Bath  and  Wells.  1496. 

[xxxi.  142] 

KINO,  PAUL  (d.  1666),  Irish  Franciscan  ;  in  early 
life  captive  among  the  Moors  ;  taught  moral  theology  at 
Brindisi,  1641 ;  guardian  of  Kilkenny  convent,  1644  :  un- 
successfully attempted  to  betray  it  to  Owen  Roe  O'Neill 
[q.  v.]  and  tied ;  guardian  of  St.  Isidore's,  Rome,  1649 ; 
published  Latin  writings ;  died  probably  at  Rome. 

[xxxi.  143] 

KINO,  PETER,  first  BAHOX  KING  of  Ockham  in 
Surrey  (1669-1734).  lord  chancellor;  published  anony- 
mously 'An  Enquiry  into  the  Constitution,  Discipline, 
Unity  and  Worship  of  the  Primitive  Church,'  &c.,  1691 ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1698  :  M.P.,  Beeralstou,  Devon- 
shire, 1701;  recorder  of  London  and  knighted,  1708; 
assisted  at  the  impeachment  of  Sacheverell,  1710 ;  de- 
fended William  Whiston  [q.  v.]  on  his  trial  for  heresy, 
1713  ;  cbiuf-jiuaice  of  common  pleas,  1714 ;  privy  council- 
lor, 1716 ;  raised  to  the  peerage,  1726 ;  lord  chancellor, 
1726-33 ;  procured  substitution  of  English  for  Latin  in 
writ*  and  similar  document*.  His '  History  of  the  Apostles' 
Creed '  (1702)  was  the  first  attempt  to  trace  the  evolution 
of  the  creed.  [xxxi.  144] 

KINO,  PETER,  seventh  BARON  KINO  of  Ockham  in 
Surrey  (1776-1833),  great-groud*m  of  Peter  King,  first 
baron  King  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ami  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  succeeded  to  the  title,  1793;  published 
pamphlet  on  the  currency  question,  1803,  enlarged,  1804, 
and  reprinted,  1844 ;  published  '  Life  of  John  Locke,' 
18*9.  [xxxi.  147] 

KDTO,  PETER  JOHN  LOCKE  (1811-1886),  poli- 
tician :  second  son  of  Peter  King,  seventh  baron  King 
[q.  v.];  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  183S;  M.P.,  East  Surrey,  1847-74 ;  passed  the  Real 
Estate  Charges  Act,  1864  :  advocated  ballot  and  abolition 
of  church  rates  ;  published  works  on  legal  reforms. 

KINO,  PHILIP  GIDLEY  (1758- 1808),  firet^oJer'nor 
Of  Norfolk  Island,  and  governor  of  New  South  Wales ; 
•erred  In  the  K»*t  Indies  and  Virginia ;  lieutenant,  1778 ; 


served  with  Captain  Philip  in  the  famous  'first  fleet' 
which  sailed  for  Australia,  1787  ;  commandant  of  Norfolk 
island.  17*s  ;  lieutenant-governor,  1790  ;  governor  of  New 
South  Wales,  1800-6.  [xxxi.  148] 

KINO,  PHILIP  PARKER  (1793-1856),  rear-admiral ; 
son  of  Philip  Gidley  Kintf  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Norfolk  island ; 
entered  navy,  1807  ;  lieutenant,  1814  ;  conducted  survey 
of  coast  of  Australia,  1817-22 ;  commander,  1821 ;  F.U.S., 
1824:  surveyed  the  southern  coast  of  South  America, 
1826  ;  published  narrative  and  charts  of  the  survey  of  the 
western  coasts  of  Australia,  1827  ;  advanced  to  post  rank, 
1830 ;  published  '  Sailing  Directions  to  the  Coasts  of 
Eastern  and  Western  Patagonia,'  <fcc.,  1831 ;  settled  in 
Sydney  :  rear-admiral  on  retired  list,  1866.  [xxxi.  149] 

KING,  SIR  RICHARD,  the  elder,  first  baronet  (1730- 
1806),  admiral:  nephew  of  Commodore  Curtis  Barnett 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1738 ;  serve*!  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  East  Indies :  lieutenant,  1746  ;  in  command  of  the 
landing  party  at  the  capture  of  Calcutta  and  Hoogly, 
1767 ;  distinguished  in  action  off  Sadras,  1782 ;  knighted  ; 
rear-admiral,  1787;  created  baronet  and  appointed 
governor  and  commander-in-chief  at  Newfoundland, 
1792 ;  vice-admiral,  1793  ;  M.P.,  Rochester,  1793  ;  admiral, 
1796.  [xxxi.  160] 

KINO,  RICHARD  (1748-1810),  divine;  of  Winchester 
and  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1768 ; 
M.A.,  1776 ;  held  livings  in  Cambridgeshire ;  wrote, 
among  other  things, '  Brother  Abraham's  Answer  to  Peter 
Plymley,'  1808.  [xxxi.  161] 

KING,  Sm  RICHARD,  the  younger,  second  baronet 
(1774-1834),  vice-admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  King  the 
elder  [q.  v.] :  entered  navy,  1788  ;  lieutenant,  1791;  com- 
mander, 1793  ;  captain,  1794  ;  present  at  Trafalgar,  1806 ; 
succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1806  ;  rear-admiral,  1812  ;  K.C.B., 
1816 ;  commander-iu-chief  in  East  Indies,  1816-20 :  vice- 
admiral,  1821.  [xxxi.  161] 

KING,  RICHARD  (1811  ?-1876),  arctic  traveller  and 
ethnologist;  educated  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals, 
London ;  M.R.C.S.  and  L.S.A.,  1832  :  surgeon  and  natural- 
ist to  expedition  of  Sir  George  Back  [q.  v.]  to  Great  Fish 
River,  1833-6  ;  published  '  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  the 
Shore  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,'  1836 ;  originated  the  Ethno- 
logical Society,  1842  ;  its  first  secretary,  1844 ;  assistant- 
surgeon  to  the  Resolute  in  expedition  to  find  Franklin, 
1860 ;  received  the  Arctic  medal,  1857 :  published  sum- 
mary of  his  correspondence  with  the  admiralty  concerning 
the  Franklin  expedition,  1855 ;  author  of  works  on  the 
Esquimaux,  Laplanders,  and  natives  of  Vancouver's 
island.  [xxxi.  152] 

KING,  RICHARD  JOHN  (1818-1879),  antiquary; 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1841 ;  expert  in  the  literature 
and  history  of  the  west  country  ;  contributed  to  Murray's 
j  handbooks  to  the  English  counties  and  cathedrals,  to 
'Saturday  Review,'  'Quarterly  Review,'  and  'Fraser's 
Magazine ' ;  a  selection  from  his  articles  published,  1874. 

[xxxi.  162] 

KINO,  ROBERT  (d.  1557),  bishop  of  Oxford;  joined 
the  Cistercians;  B.D.,  1507;  D.D.,  1519;  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  1535 ;  bishop  of  Oseney  and  Tlumie.  c.  1541 ; 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1545-57  ;  sat  at  Oranmer's  trial. 

[xxxi.  153] 

KING,  SIR  ROBERT  (1599  ?-1657),  Irish  soldier  and 
statesman  ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  King  (d.  1637)  [q.  v.]  : 
mustermaster-general  and  clerk  of  the  cheque  in  Ireland  ; 
knighted,  1621 ;  M.P.,  Boyle,  1634,  1639  ;  M.P.,  co.  Ros- 
common,  1640  ;  sent  to  manage  the  parliament's  affairs  in 
Ulster,  1645  ;  member  of  the  council  of  state,  1653 ;  sat  in 
Cromwell's  parliament  for  cos.  Sligo,  Roscommon,  and 
Leitrim,  1654.  [xxxi.  154] 

KING,  ROBERT  (1600-1676),  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge;  entered  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1617; 
M.A.,  1624  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  Hall,  1625 ;  LL.D.,  1630 ; 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  1660.  [xxxi.  155] 

KINO,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  KINGSTON  (d.  1693), 
eldest  son  of  John  King,  first  baron  Kingston  [q.  v.] ; 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1670 ;  endowed  a  college 
in  co.  Roscommou  to  be  called  Kingston  College. 

[xxxi.  155] 

KINO,  ROBERT  (/.  1684-1711),  composer  :  member 
of  the  band  of  music  to  William  and  Mary,  mid  afterwards 
to  Queen  Anne;  Mus.Bac.  Cambridge,  1696;  composed 
songs.  [xxxi.  156] 


KING 


7-27 


KINGSFORD 


KINO,  ROBERT,  second  KAKI.  »v  KI\I;ST<>\  (1754- 
1799),  as  Viscount  Kingsborough  was  M.P.  for  co.  Cork, 
1783,  1790,  and  1798  ;  shot  dead  (1797)  Henry  Gerard 
l-'it/.trri Mid,  mi  illegitimate  son  of  his  wife'a  brother,  with 
whom  his  daughter  had  eloped  ;  tried  and  acquitted  by 
House  of  Lords,  1798.  [xxxi.  156] 

KINO,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM  (1821-1868),  traveller 
and  man  of  science ;  M.A.  St.  Catharine's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1853:  entomologist  and  geologist:  published 
•The  Italian  Valleys  of  the  Pennine  Alps,'  1858;  died  at 
Pontresina.  [xxxi.  167] 

KINO,  THOMAS  (</.  1769),  portrait-painter;  pupil  of 
George Knapton  [q.  v.j  [xxxi.  167] 

KINO,  THOMAS  (1730-1806),  actor  and  dramatist ; 
educated  at  Westminster ;  bred  to  the  law,  which  he 
abandoned  for  the  stage  :  engaged  by  Garrick  for  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  1748;  acted  under  Sheridan  at  Smock 
Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  1750-8  ;  again  at  Drury  Lane,  1759- 
1802 ;  the  original  Sir  Peter  Teazle  in  the  first  repre- 
sentation of  the  '  School  for  Scandal,'  1777;  played  Puff 
in  the  first  performance  of  the  'Critic,'  1779;  connected 
with  the  management  of  Drury  Lane  and  Sadler's  Wells 
theatres;  played  Touchstone,  1789,  and  Falstaff,  1792; 
ruined  himself  by  gambling  and  died  in  poverty  ;  excellent 
in  parts  embracing  the  whole  range  of  comedy. 

[xxxi.  157] 

KINO,  THOMAS  (1835-1888),  prizefighter;  served 
as  seaman  in  navy  and  merchant  service  ;  coached  by  the 
ex-champion,  Jem  Ward ;  defeated  Tommy  Truckle  of 
Portsmouth,  1860 ;  defeated  William  Evans,  1861 ;  de- 
feated by  Jem  Mace,  but  won  a  return  match,  1862; 
defeated  American  champion  John  Camel  Heenan,  the 
'  Benicia  Boy,'  1863 ;  retired  from  prize-ring  and  set  up 
successfully  as  bookmaker.  [Suppl.  iii.  63] 

KING,  THOMAS  OHISWELL  (1818-1893),  actor; 
apprenticed  as  painter  and  paperhanger  at  Cheltenham  ; 
entered  theatrical  profession  ;  appeared  first  in  London  at 
Princess's,  1850,  as  Bassanio  (in  '  Merchant  of  Venice'); 
leading  actor  at  Theatre  Royal,  Dublin,  1851-6  ;  played 
successfully  at  Birmingham,  1856,  Manchester,  1857, 
Queen's  Theatre,  Dublin,  1859,  City  of  London  Theatre, 
1860,  and  in  various  provincial  towns,  1861-8;  at  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  1869-70,  and  Adelphi,  1871 ;  appeared  at 
Lyceum  Theatre,  New  York,  1873 ;  toured  with  success  in 
Canada,  giving  exclusively  Shakespearean  plays,  1873-4 ; 
lessee  of  Worcester  Theatre,  1878-80;  exponent  of  the 
school  of  tragedians  which  subordinated  intelligence  to 
precept  and  tradition.  [Suppl.  iii.  64] 

KINO,  WILLIAM  (1624-1680),  musician;  entered 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1684  ;  B.A.,  1649 ;  probationer- 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  1654 ;  incorporated  M.A.  at 
Cambridge,  1655  ;  organist  at  New  College,  Oxford,  1664- 
1680;  composed  church  music;  set  to  music  Cowley's 
'  Mistress '  (1668).  [xxxi.  161] 

KING,  WILLIAM  (1663-1712),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1688 : 
D.C.L.  and  admitted  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1692 ; 
published  'Dialogues  of  the  Dead'  (attack  on  Bentley), 
1699  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  in  Ireland,  1701-7 ; 
gazetteer,  1711.  [xxxi.  161] 

KING,  WILLIAM  (1650-1729),  archbishop  of  Dublin  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1673 ;  D.D.,  1689 ;  dean  of 
St.  Patrick's,  1689;  became  an  ardent  whig;  bishop  of 
Derry,  1691 ;  published  his  '  State  of  the  Protestants  of 
Ireland  under  the  late  King  James's  Government,'  a 
powerful  vindication  of  the  principles  of  the  revolution, 
1691 ;  his  magnum  opus,  '  De  Origine  Mali,'  published, 
1702 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1703 :  founded  Archbishop 
King's  lectureship  in  divinity  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1718.  [xxxi.  163] 

KING,  WILLIAM  (1685-1763),  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford;  entered  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1701; 
D.C.L.,  1715  ;  principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  1719 :  wrote 
several  satires  highly  praised  by  Swift,  as  well  as 
'  The  Toast,'  a  mock-heroic  poem  (Dublin,  1732) ;  sup- 
ported Jacobitism;  collected  editions  of  his  writings 
published,  1760.  [xxxi.  167] 

KING,  WILLIAM  (1701-1769),  independent  minister ; 
educated  at  Utrecht  Universitj';  returned  to  England, 
1724;  ordained,  1725;  Merchants'  lecturer  at  Pinners' 
Hall,  1748.  [xxxi.  170] 


KINO,  WILLIAM  (1788-1865),  promoter  of  co- 
operation; of  I'eterhonse,  Ciunbridge;  M.A..  IKPJ  ;  M.I). 
Cambridge.  1819  ;  F.H.C.S.,  IMI'U  ;  wrote  u  monthly  maga- 
zine, 'The  Co-operator,"  182H-30,  unequalled  by  any  publi- 
cation of  the  kind ;  Harveian  orator,  1843 ;  friend  and 
adviser  of  Lady  Byron.  [xxxi.  170] 

KINO,  WILLIAM  (1809-1886),  geologist  and  lecturer 
on  geology  in  the  School  of  Medicine;  curator  of  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  at  Newcaatle-on-Tyne,  1841  ; 
professor  of  geology  at  Queen's  College,  Galway,  1849 : 
and  of  natural  history,  1882-S ;  D.8c.  of  the  Queen's  Uni- 
versity of  Ireland,  1870 ;  his  chief  publinhed  work.  •  Mono- 
graph  of  the  Permian  Fossils'  (1850).  [xxxi.  170] 

KINOHORN,  JOSEPH(17C6- 1832),  particular  baptist 
minister  ;  apprenticed  to  watrh  and  clock  making,  1779  : 
clerk  in  white-lead  works  at  Klswick,  1781  ;  IwptiRed. 
1783;  entered  baptist  academy  at  Bristol,  17H4  ;  minister 
at  Norwich,  1789 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xxxi.  171] 

KINOHORNE,  third  EARL  op  (1642-1696).  [S«e 
LVON,  PATRICK.] 

KINGLAKE,  ALEXANDER  WILLIAM  (1809-1891), 
historian  of  the  Crimean  war  ;  educated  at  Eton ;  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1828;  made  the  Eastern 
tour  described  in  'Eothen'  (published,  1844),  1835;  M.A., 
1836 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1837 ;  went  to  Algiers  and 
accompanied  flying  column  of  St.  Aruaud,  1845  ;  followed 
the  English  expedition  to  the  Crimea ;  present  at  the  battle 
of  the  Alma,  1854  ;  was  invited  to  undertake  the  history 
of  the  campaign  by  Lady  Raglan,  1856 ;  vols.  i.  and  ii.  of 
the  '  Invasion  of  the  Crimea*  published,  1863  ;  vols.  iiL 
and  iv.,  1868 :  vol.  v.,  1875 ;  vol.  vi.,  1880 ;  vols.  viL  and 
viii.,  1887;  M.P.,  Bridgewater,  1857-65;  his  history 
marked  by  literary  ability  and  skill  in  dealing  with 
technical  details.  [xxxi.  171] 

KINGLAKE,   ROBERT  (1765-1842),  medical  writer ; 
1  M.D.  Gottiniren  :  also  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  advocated  the 
cooling  treatment  in  his  writings  on  gout.     [xxxi.  173] 

KINGSBOROUGH,  VISCOUNT  (1795-1837).  [See 
KINO,  EDWARD.] 

KINGSBURY,  WILLIAM  (1744-1818X  dissenting 
minister:  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Christ's  Hospital,  London  ; '  converted,'  1760  ;  preached  his 
first  sermon,  1763  ;  published  his  one  controversial  work, 
'The  Manner  in  which  Protestant  Dissenters  perform 
Prayer  in  Public  Worship  vindicated,'  1796  ;  a  friend  of 
John  Howard  (1726  ?-1790)  [q.  v.]  and  John  Newton  (1725- 
1807)  [q.  v.] ;  published  several  funeral  sermons. 

[xxxi.  173] 

KINGSCOTE,  HENRY  ROBERT  (1802  -  1882), 
philanthropist  ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  president  of  the 
M.C.C.,  1827 ;  instrumental  in  founding  Church  of  Eng- 
land Scripture  Readers'  Association  and  Metropolitan 
Visiting  and  Relief  Association;  published  pamphlet 
letter  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  on  the  needs  of 
the  church,  1846;  helped  in  alleviating  Irish  distress, 
1847 ;  sent  out  supplies  to  troops  in  the  Crimea,  1864 ; 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  British  and  Colonial  Emigra- 
tion Society,  1868.  [xxxi.  174] 

KING8DOWN,  first  BARON  (1793-1867).  [See  PKM- 
BKRTON-LKIQH,  THOMAS.] 

KINGSFORD,  MRS.  ANNA  (1846-1888),  doctor  of 
medicine  and  religious  writer  :  ntc  Bonus ;  married 
Algernon  Godfrey  Kingsford,  vicar  of  Atcluun,  Shrop- 
shire, 1867 ;  wrote  etories  in  the  '  Penny  Post,'  1868- 
1872 ;  turned  Roman  catholic,  1870  :  purchased  the 
'  Lady's  Own  Paper,'  1872 ;  edited  it,  1872-3  :  studied 
medicine  at  Paris,  1874 ;  M.D.,  1880  ;  practised  in  Lon- 
don;  president  of  the  Theosophical  Society,  1883; 
founded  Hermetic  Society,  1884  ;  published  miscellaneous 
works  between  1S03  and  1881.  [xxxi.  174] 

KINGSFORD,  WILLIAM  (1819-1898),  historian  of 
Canada  ;  articled  as  architect  ;  enlisted  in  1st  dragoon 
guards,  1836 ;  served  in  Canada  ;  serjeant  :  obtained 
discharge,  1810  ;  qualified  as  civil  engineer  at  Montreal ; 
obtained  post  of  deputy  city  surveyor  ;  worked  in  connec- 
tion with  Grand  Trunk  and  other  railways  :  dominion 
engineer  in  charge  of  harbours  of  the  lakes  and  the  St. 
Lawrence,  1872-9  ;  summarily  cashiered  by  Sir  Hector 


KINGSLAND 


728 


KINLOCH 


.  1879:  devoted  himsolf  to  writing  '  History  of 
DUblinhed,   1887-98  :  LL.D.  Queen's  University, 

1 


j  ,.  , 

KINGSLAND,      VIBTOUXTH.       [See     H  \K\KWVI.I., 
NICHOLAS,   first    VISCOUNT,    1598-1663;    BAKNKWU.I., 
v*,  third  Visrm-NT,  1668-1725.] 

KINGSLEY.  CHARLES  (1819-1875),  author:  stu- 
dent  at  Klnf?'«  College,  I^ndon.  1*30:  »'iiU>red  Miitilulnic 
College.  Cambridge,  183M  ;  curate  of  Everslev,  BOKMhin, 
1849;  married  Fanny  Grenfell  ami  accepted  living  of 
Rvenley,  1844:  publish.^  'St.  Klizabeth  of  Hungary.'  a 
drama,  1848  :  joined  with  Maurice  and  his  friends  in  their 
"  at  Christian  socialism,  1848  ;  lecturer  on  English 


ittnri 

llteratu 


iture  at  Queen's  College,  London,  1H48-9 ;  contributed, 
over  the  signature  of  •  Parson  Lot,'  to  '  Politics  for  the 
PWple,'  1848,  and  to  the  '  Christian  Socialist,'  1850-1 ; 
his  'Yeast'  published,  1H4S.  'Alton  Locke,'  1850:  never 
sympathised  with  the  distinctively  revolutionary  move- 
ment;  published  'Hypatia,'  1853;  'Westward  Ho!' 
1866 :  '  Two  Years  Ago,'  1887 :  one  of  the  queen's 
chaplains  in  ordinary,  1859  :  professor  of  modern  history 
at  Cambridge,  1860-9 :  published '  Water  Babies,'  1863  ;  en- 
gaged in  »  controversy  with  John  Henry  Newman  [q.  v.], 
which  led  Newman  to  write  his  '  Apologia,'  1864 ;  canon 
of  Chester,  1869  ;  visited  the  West  Indies,  1869 ;  published 
•  At  LasV  1870 ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1873 ;  visited 
America,  1874;  his  enthusiasm  for  natural  history 
shown  by  'Glaucns,  or  the  Wonders  of  the  Shore' 
(1855),  and  similar  works ;  a  believer  in  the  possibility  of 
reconciling  religion  and  science.  [xxxi.  175] 

KINGSLEY,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1827-1892),  tra- 
veller and  author  ;  brother  of  Charles  Kingsley  [q.  v.] 
and  of  Henry  Kingsley  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  King's 
College  school.  London,  and  Edinburgh  University ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1846  ;  graduated  also  at  Paris,  1845  ;  his 
activity  during  the  outbreak  of  cholera  in  England  in 
1848  commemorated  by  bis  brother  Charles  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Tom  Thurnall  in  '  Two  Years  Ago ' ;  adopting 
foreign  travel  as  bis  method  of  treatment  of  individual 
patients,  explored  most  of  the  countries  of  the  world  ; 
his  most  successful  book,  '  South  Sea  Bubbles  by  the  Earl 
[of  Pembroke]  and  the  Doctor,'  appeared,  1872 ;  edited 
from  a  manuscript  at  Bridgewater  House,  Francis 
Thy  tine's  'Animadversions  uppon  the  Annotacions  and 
Corrections  of  some  Imperfections  of  Impressiones  of 
Chaucer's  Workes,'  1865.  [xxxi.  181] 

KINGSLEY,  HENRY  (1830-1876),  novelist :  brother 
of  Charles  Kingsley  [q.  v.]  and  of  George  Henry  Kingsley 
[q.  v.] :  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ;  entered 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1850  :  at  the  Australian  gold- 
fields,  1863-8 ;  published  'Geoffrey  Hamlyn,'  1859, '  Ravens- 
hoe,'  1861 :  edited  '  Edinburgh  Daily  Review  '  after  1864 ; 
correspondent  for  his  paper  in  the  Franco-German  war : 
present  at  Sedan,  1870;  wrote  sixteen  novels  and  tales 
between  1863  and  1876.  [xxxi.  181] 

KINGSLEY,  MARY  HENRIETTA  (1862-1900), 
traveller  and  writer  :  daughter  of  George  Henry  Kings- 
ley  [q.  v.] ;  lived  successively  at  Highgate  and  Bexley 
in  Kent  (1879),  Cambridge  (188G),  and  Addison  Road, 


:  educated  at  home;  made  journeys  to  West 
of  Africa,  visiting  Ambriz,  the  Congo  river,  and 
Okl  Calabar,  1893-4,  and  to  Old  Calabar,  Congo  Francais, 
the  Ogowu  river,  Agonjo  and  Lake  Ncovi,  ascending 
the  mountain  of  Mungo  Man  Lobeu,  1894-5  :  formed 
valuable  zoological  collections  and  made  careful  notes 
and  observations,  which  she  subsequently  utilised  in 
published  works  and  lectures ;  visited  Cape  Town  during 
Boer  war,  1900 ;  attached  as  nurse  to  Simon's  Town 
Palace  Hospital  for  sick  Boer  prisoners  ;  died  of  enteric 
fever.  Her  publications  Include  '  Travels  in  West 
Africa,*  1897.  [Snppl.  ill.  67] 

DH08LEY,  WILLIAM  (16987-1769),  lieutenant- 
neral ;  cornet,  1721  ;  lieutenant  and  captain,  1721 : 
captain-lieutenant,  1743  ;  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel, 
1745  ;  present  at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  1743  and  Fon- 
tenoy,  1745,  and  took  part  in  the  •  march  to  Finchley,' 
1746 :  brevet-colonel,  1760 ;  regimental  major  with  the 
rank  of  colonel  of  foot,  1761  :  colonel,  1756  ;  distinguished 
bimwif  at  Mtndiii,  1769;  lieutenant-general,  1760:  his 
portrait  painted  by  Reynolds.  [xxxL  182] 


KINGSMILL,  ANDREW  (1538-1569),  puritan  divine  ; 
of  Coi-pu.-  Christ!  Collide,  Oxford:  fellow  of  All  Souls, 
1558  ;  B.C.L.,  1563  ;  left  the  study  of  civil  law  for  the 
ministry  ;  died  at  Lausanne  ;  wrote  devotional  works. 

[xxxi.  183] 

KINGSMILL,  SIR  ROBERT  BRTCE,  first  baronet 
(1730-1806),  admiral:  son  of  Charles  Brice  ;  lieutenant. 
1768;  commander,  1761  ;  took  part  in  the  reduction  of 
Martinique  and  St.  Lucia,  1762 ;  his  wife  succeeding  to 
the  estates  of  her  grandfather,  William  Kingpmill,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Kingsmill,  1766  ;  fought  off  Ushnnt, 
1778:  M.P.,  Tregony,  1784:  rear-admiral,  1793:  com- 
mauder-in-chief  on  coast  of  Ireland,  1793-1800 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1794  ;  admiral,  1799  ;  created  baronet,  1800. 

[xxxi.  183] 

KINGSMILL,  THOMAS  (/.  1605),  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Oxford ;  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford :  probationer-fellow,  1559-68  ;  M.A.,  1564 ;  natural 
philosophy  lecturer,  1563 ;  Hebrew  lecturer  and  public 
orator,  1565:  junior  dean  of  arts,  1567*  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew,  1570-91 ;  B.D.,  1572 ;  published  pamphlets  and 
sermons.  [xxxi.  184] 

KINGSNORTH,  RICHARD  (d.  1677),  baptist 
minister  ;  a  Kentish  farmer.  [xxxi.  184] 

KINOSTHORPE,  RICHARD  (fl,  1224).  [See  ING- 
WORTH.] 

KINGSTON,  DUKES  OP.  [See  PIERREPONT,  EVELYN, 
first  DUKE,  1665?-1726;  PIERREPONT,  EVELYN,  second 
DUKE,  1711-1773.] 

KINGSTON,  self-styled  DUCHESS  OF  (1720-1788). 
[See  OHUDLKIGH,  ELIZABETH.] 

KINGSTON,  EARLS  OP,  in  the  peerage  of  England. 
[See  PIERKEPONT,  ROBERT,  first  EARL,  1584-1643 ; 
PIERREPONT,  HENRY,  second  EARL,  1606-1680;  PIERHK- 
PONT,  EVELYN,  fifth  EARL,  1665  ?-1726.] 

KINGSTON,  EARL  OF,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland 
(1754-1799).  [See  KING,  ROBERT,  second  EARL.] 

KINGSTON,  VISCOUNT,  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland. 
[See  SETON,  ALEXANDER,  first  VISCOUNT,  1621  ?-1691.] 

KINGSTON,  BARONS.  [See  KING,  JOHN,  first 
BARON,  d.  1676 ;  KINO,  ROBERT,  second  BARON,  d.  1693.] 

KINGSTON,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1519-1556),  provost- 
marshal  in  Cornwall ;  son  of  Sir  William  Kingston 
[q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1536-7  ;  knighted, 
1637;  M.P.,  Gloucestershire,  1645,  1552-3,  and  1555; 
provost-marshal  of  the  king's  army  in  Cornwall,  1649 ; 
sent  to  the  Tower  on  charge  of  conspiring  to  put  Eliza- 
beth on  the  throne,  but  soon  discharged,  1555  ;  concerned 
in  plot  to  rob  the  exchequer  for  the  same  purpose,  1556 ; 
died  on  his  way  to  trial  in  London,.  [xxxi.  185] 

KINGSTON,  RICHARD  (  /f.  1700),  political  pamph- 
leteer ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II,  1682  ;  author 
of  controversial  pamphlets.  [xxxi.  186] 

KINGSTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d,  1540),  constable  of 
the  Tower;  fought  at  Flodden,  1613;  knighted,  1513: 
took  part  in  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold :  captain  of 
the  guard,  1523  :  constable  of  the  Tower,  1624;  brought 
Wolsey  to  London,  1530  ;  received  Anne  Boleyn  in  the 
Tower,  1536  ;  controller  of  the  household,  1539 ;  K.G., 
1539.  [xxxi.  186] 

KINGSTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  GILES  (1814-1880), 
novelist ;  grandson  of  Sir  Giles  Rooke  [q.  v.]  ;  spent 
much  of  his  youth  in  sporte ;  wrote  newspaper  articles 
which  assisted  the  conclusion  of  the  commercial  treaty 
with  Portugal,  1842;  received  order  of  Portuguese 
knighthood  and  a  pension  from  Donna  Maria  de  Gloria  ; 
his  first  story,  '  The  Circassian  Chief,'  published,  1844 ; 
edited  '  The  Colonist,'  1844,  and  '  The  Colonial  Magazine 
and  East  India  Review,'  1844  ;  published  '  How  to 
Emigrate,'  1860 ;  wrote  many  books  for  boys,  and  edited 
boys'  annuals  and  weekly  periodicals.  [xxxi.  187] 

KINLOCH.  GEORGE  RITCHIE  (1796  ?-1877),  editor 
of  'Ancient  Scottish  Ballads':  became  a  lawyer:  his 
'Ancient  Scottish  Ballads,  recovered  from  Tradition,  and 
never  before  published,'  issued,  1827  :  keeper  of  the  re- 
gister of  deeds  in  Edinburgh  Register  House,  1851-69. 

[xxxi.  188] 

KINLOCH,  LORD  (1801-1872).  [See  PEXNKY,  WIL- 
LIAM.] 


KINLOSS 


KIRK 


KINL088,  LORD  (1549  ?-1611).  [See  BRUCK,  ED- 
WARD.] 

KINMONT,  WILLIE  (/.  1596).    [See  ARMSTHMXC, 

\Vll.l.lAM.] 

KINNAIRD,  ARTHUR  FITZGERALD,  tenth  BAROX 
KINS  VIK  11  (1814-1887),  philanthropist:  son  of  Charles 
Kiniiitinl.  eighth  baron  Kimuiinl  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Eton; 
uttii.-hnl  to  Kii'.Mish  embassy  at  St.  Petersburg,  1835-7; 
partner  in  banking  house  of  Ransom  &  Co.  in  succession 
to  his  uncle,  Douglas  .lames  NVilliam  Kinnainl  [q.  v.], 
1837;  M.P.,  Perth,  1837-9  and  1852-78;  succeeded  hU 
brother,  George  William  Fox  Kinnainl  [q.  v.],  as  Baron 
Kinnaird,  1878  ;  keenly  interested  in  the  well-being  of  the 
working  elapse*.  [xxxi.  188] 

KINNAIRD,  nmil.KS.  eighth  BARON  KIXXAIRD 
(1780-1826),  educated  at  Edinburgh,  Cambridge,  and 
Glasgow  universities:  M.P.,  Leominster,  1802-5:  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title,  1805  :  Scottish  representative  peer, 
1800.  [xxxi.  189] 

KINNAIRD,  DOUGLAS  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1788- 
1830),  friend  of  Byron  ;  younger  brother  of  Charles  Kin* 
naird,  eighth  baron  Kinnainl  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton, 
Gottingen,  and  Trinity  College.  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1811 ; 
travelled  with  John  Cam  Hobhouse  [q.  v.]  and  William 
Jerdan  [q.  v.],  1813-14  ;  visited  Byron  at  Venice,  1817 ; 
assumed  chief  management  of  Ransom's  bank,  1819; 
M.I'..  Bishops  Castle,  Shropshire,  1819 :  author  of  a 
comedy  and  a  pamphlet  on  Indian  affairs,  [xxxi.  189] 

KINNAIRD,  GEORGE  PATRICK,  first  BARON 
KIXXAIRD  (rf.  1689),  supporter  of  Charles  II ;  knighted, 
1661  ;  represented  Perthshire  in  Scottish  parliament, 
1662-3  ;  privy  councillor  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1682. 

[xxxi.  190] 

KINNAIRD,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  FOX.  ninth 
BARON  KIXNAIRD  (1807-1878),  eldest  sou  of  Charles  Kin- 
naird,  eighth  baron  Kinnainl  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Eton  ;  entered 
the  army ;  resigned  and  succeeded  to  the  Scottish  peerage, 
1826  ;  created  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1831 ;  privy 
councillor,  1840  :  K.T.,  1857 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Perth- 
shire, 1866 ;  introduced  agricultural  reforms  on  his  estate  ; 
did  much  to  ameliorate  condition  of  the  labouring  classes. 


[xxxi.  191] 
16-1 


KINNAIRD,  MARY  JANE,  LADY  (1816-1888),  phil- 
anthropist;  nfa  Hoare;  wife  of  Arthur  Fitzgerald  Kin- 
naird,  tenth  Baron  Kinnainl  [q.  v.] ;  edited  '  Servants' 
Prayers,'  1848  ;  associated  with  Lady  Canning  in  sending 
aid  to  the  wounded  in  the  Crimea ;  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  [xxxi.  189] 

KINNEDER,  LORD  (1769-1822).  [See  ERSKIXE, 
WILLIAM.] 

KINNEIR,  SIR  JOHN  MACDONALD  (1782-1830), 
lieutenant-colonel  H.E.I.C.S.,  traveller,  and  diplomatist ; 
son  of  John  Macdonald  ;  ensign  in  Madras  infantry, 
1804  :  lieutenant,  1807 ;  travelled  in  Persia,  Armenia,  and 
Kiirdistan,  1813-14;  published  narrative  of  his  travels; 
captain,  1818;  took  his  mother's  surname  of  Kinneir; 
envoy  to  Persia,  1824-30,  and  took  part  in  the  hostilities 
with  Russia  ;  knighted,  1829.  [xxxi.  192] 

KINNOULL,  EARLS  OP.  [See  HAY,  SIR  GEORCK,  first 
EARL,  1572-1634;  HAY,  GEORGE,  seventh  EARL,  d.  1758; 
HAY,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL,  1710-1787.] 

KINSEY,  WILLIAM  MORGAN  (1788-1851),  divine 
and  traveller  ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1805  ; 
M.A.,  1813;  fellow,  1815;  dean  of  his  college  and  B.D., 
1822;  vice-president,  1823;  bursar,  1824;  travelled  in 
Portugal,  1827;  published  'Portugal  Illustrated,'  1828 
(2nd  edit.  1829);  witnessed  outbreak  of  revolution  at 
Brussels,  1830.  [xxxi.  193] 

KINSITIS  (d.  1060).    [See  KYNSIGE.] 

KINTORE,  first  EARL  OF  (d.  1714).  [See  KEITH,  SIR 
JOHN.] 

KINWELMERSH,  KYNWELMERSH,  or  KINDLE- 
MARSH,  FRANCIS  (d.  1580  ?),poet ;  produced,  with  the 
poet  George  Gascoigne  [q.  v.],  a  blank-verse  rendering  of 
Euripides's  '  PhcL-nissae,'  entitled  '  Jocasta,'  1566  (pub- 
lished, 1572) :  M.P.,  Bossiney,  Cornwall,  1572  ;  contributed 
to  the  '  Paradyse  of  Daynty  Devises,'  1576.  (xxxi.  193J 


KIP,  JOHANNKS  (1653-1722), draughtsman  and  en- 
graver; born  at  Anirt.-r.iiim :  came  to  London  shortly 
after  1686;  employ. M  m  nigraving  portrait*;  most  im- 
portant work,  •  Britannia  llliistrHta,'a«erie*  of  etoMMp 
from  drawings  by  Leonanl  Knyff  [q.  T.],  1708,  of  littl.- 
artistic  merit,  but  great  arehreological  interest :  publis-bed 
a  '  Prospect  of  the  City  of  tondon,'  1710  (2nd  edn 

KIPLING,  THOMAS  (d.  18JS),deanof  Peterborough  : 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  177«> 
1771;  Lady  Margaret's  preacher.  1788:  D.D.,  1784: 
deputy  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1787;  Boyle  lecturer. 
1792 :  promoted  prosecution  of  the  Rev.  William  Kn-n.i 
[q.  v.],  1792  ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1798-18U2  ;  principal 
work,  an  edition  of  the  'Codex  Beza>,'  1793. 

[xxxi.  194] 

KIPPIS,  ANDREW  (1726-1795),  nonconformist 
divine  and  biographer:  classical  and  philological  tutor, 
Cowanl  Academy,  Hoxton,  1763-84 ;  D.D.  Edinburgh. 
17G7  ;  F.S.A.,  1778;  F.R.S.,  1779  :  tutor  in  new  diswmttug 
college  at  Hackney,  1786 ;  his  chief  literary  work,  the 
preparation  of  the  second  edition  of  the  '  Biographia  Bri- 
tannica '  (five  volumes  published  between  1778  and  1793, 
first  part  of  a  sixth  volume  printed,  1795):  contributed 
to  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine.'  'Monthly  Review,'  and 
'  New  Annual  Register.'  [xxxi.  195] 

KIPPIST,  RICHARD  (1812-1882),  botanist:  helped 
to  compile  the  '  Tourist's  Flora ' :  librarian  of  the  Liunean 
Society,  1842-81;  specialist  in  Australian  plants. 

[xxxi.  197] 

KIRBY,  ELIZABETH  (1823-1873),  authoress,  with 
her  sister  Mrs.  Gregg,  of  stories  for  children. 

[xxxi.  198] 

KDIBY,  JOHN  (1690-1753),  Suffolk  topographer; 
published  'The  Suffolk  Traveller,'  a  road  book  with  anti- 
quarian notices,  1735  (new  edition,  1764;  reprint,  1800; 
fonrth  edition,  1829) ;  issued  a  "  Map  of  the  County  of 
Suffolk,'  1736  ;  an  improved  edition  published  by  his  sons, 
1766 ;  his  portrait  painted  by  Gainsborough. 

[xxxi.  198] 

KIRBY,  JOHN  JOSHUA  (1716-1774),  clerk  of  the 
works  at  Kew  Palace ;  eldest  son  of  John  Kirby  [q.  v.] ; 
coach  and  house  painter  at  Ipswich,  1738 :  published 
twelve  drawings  for  projected  history  of  Suffolk,  1748 ; 
lectured  on  linear  perspective ;  published  'Dr.  Brook 
Taylor's  Method  of  Perspective  made  easy,'  1754  (reissued, 
1755,  1765,  and  1768) ;  teacher  of  perspective  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  afterwards  George  III ;  published  '  The  Perspec- 
tive of  Architecture,'  1761 ;  secretary  to  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Artists:  exhibited  with  them,  1765-70:  presi- 
dent. 1768 ;  portrait-;  of  him  painted  by  Gainsborough 
and  Hogarth.  [xxxi.  198] 

KIRBY,  SARAH  (1741-1810).    [See  TRIMMER.] 

KIRBY,  WILLIAM  (1759-1850),  entomologist: 
nephew  of  John  Joshua  Kirby  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1781 ;  an  original  F.L.S.,  1788 : 
published  monograph  on  bees,  1802 :  founded  new  insect 
order  of  Strepriptera,  1811  ;  M.A.,  1815  ;  his  famous  'In- 
troduction to  Entomology'  published  in  conjunction  with 
William  Spence  [q.  v.],  1815-26  ;  F.R£.,  1818  ;  honorary 
president  of  the  Entomological  Society,  1837,  to  which  be 
bequeathed  his  collection  of  insects.  [xxxi.  199] 

KIRBYE,  GEORGE  (d.  1634),  musician  :  employed  by 
Thomas  East  [q.  v.]  to  write  new  settings  for  his  'Whole 
Book  of  Psalms,'  1592 ;  published  '  The  First  Set  of  Eng- 
lish Madrigalls,'  1597  (new  edition,  ed.  Arkwright,  1891-2). 

[xxxi.  200] 

KIRK.    [See  also  KIRKE.] 

KIRK,  JOHN  (17247-1778?).  medallist:  produced 
medals  of  moderate  excellence,  1740-76 ;  member  of  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Artiste.  [xxxi.  201] 

KIRK,  JOHN  (1760-1851).  catholic  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  admitted  into  the  English  college  at  Home,  1773  : 
priest,  1784;  president  of  Sedgley  Park  school,  1793; 
chaplain  and  private  secretary  to  Dr.  Charles  Berington 
[q.  v.],  vicar-apostolic  of  the  midland  district,  1797  :  re- 
ceived D.D.  from  Pope  Gregory  XVI,  1841 ;  prepared 
materials  for  a  continuation  of  Dodd's  *  Church  History 
of  England ' ;  finally  handed  work  to  the  Rev.  Mark 
Aloysius  Tierney  [q.  v.]  ;  published  hirtoriral  and  theo- 
|  logical  works.  [xxxi.  801] 


KIRK 


730 


KIRKPATRICK 


_  ROBBRT(1«41  7-1692),  Gaelic  scholar;  studied 
at  »lin7~  Ity  (  M.A.,  1661)  and  8t.  Andrews  ; 

•  'ir-r  5§»pMe  tr.m-l.it  KMI  of  th.-  Srottish   metrical 
into    Gaelic.    16H4;    superintended    printing    of 
GMlio  bible  In  London,  and  added  Gaelic  voca- 
bulary, 1690.  t*xxi.  202] 

KIRK  THOMAS(1765  7-1797),  painter  and  engraver  ; 
pupil  of  Richard  Oosway  [q.  v.]  :  painter  of  historical 
mbieota  and  of  miniatures  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 

[xxxi.203] 


THOMAS  (1777-1845),  sculptor:  noted  for  his 
fine  bu.*t«  and  work  in  relief  on  mantelpieces,  monuments, 
4tc.:  member  of  the  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  1822; 
-tatue  of  Nelson"  for  memorial  column,  Dublin  ; 
his  mo*t  important  work,  the  statue  of  Sir  Sidney  Smith 
•  .  •  nwich  Ho-pital.  [xxxi.  80S] 

KIRKALL,  KLISHA  (16827-1742),  mezzotin^en- 
eraver  ;  introduced  new  method  of  chiaroscuro  engraving, 
17M.  [xxxi.  204] 

KIRKBY,  JOHN  (d.  1*90),  bishop  of  Ely  and  trea- 
surer ;  kept  great  real  in  absence  of  chancellor,  1272,  1278- 
1279,1281-5;  member  of  royal  council,  1276;  treasurer, 
1284:  bishop  of  Ely,  128«:  described  unfavourably  by 
contemporary  chroniclers.  [xxxi.  204] 


«.xxv^*,  JOHN  r»E  (d.  1852),  bishop  of  Carlisle: 
Augostinian  canon  at  Carlisle  and  afterwards  prior  of  the 
house :  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1332.  [xxxi.  206] 

KTRKBY,  JOHN  (1705-1754 X  divine :  B.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1726  :  tutor  to  Edward  Gibbon,  who 
thought  highly  of  him,  1744:  M.A.,  1745:  author  of 
philosophical  and  theological  works,  and  of  a  Latin  and 
English  grammar.  [xxxi.  207] 


JY,  RICHARD  (d.  1703),  captain  in  the  navy : 
lieutenant,  1689:  went  to  West  Indies,  1696:  tried  for 
embezzling,  plunder,  and  cruelty,  and  acquitted,  1698 ; 
second  in  command  in  the  West  Indies,  when  he  disobeyed 
his  superior's  signals  to  engage  the  French,  1701:  court- 
martialled  and  shot.  [xxxi.  207] 

KIRKCALDY  or  KIRKALDY,  SIR  JAMES  (./.  1556), 
of  Grange,  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland ;  chief  oppo- 
nent of  Cardinal  Beaton;  mainly  procured  Beaton's 
Bination,  1546.  [xxxi.  208] 


KIRKCALDY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1573X  of  Grange, 
eldest  son  of  Sir  James  Kirkcaldy  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  in  the 
murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton,  1546 ;  on  accession  of  Mary 
entered  French  service  :  took  part  in  peace  negotiations, 
1M9 ;  supported  the  protestanta :  opposed  marriage  of 
Mary  to  Darnley,  1565  :  privy  to  plot  against  Kizzio,  1566 : 
hostile  to  Bothwell,  but  after  his  escape  joined  the  queen's 
party  :  held  Edinburgh  town  and  castle  for  Queen  Mary, 
1668-73,  when  he  surrendered  it  and  was  executed ;  an  in- 
consistent politician,  but  a  man  of  chivalrous  honour. 


[xxxi.  209] 

ID.  r 


KIRXCUDBRIGHT,  fir-t  UAH. >\(c/.  1641).  [See  MAC 
I.KM.AN,  SIR  ROBERT.] 

[See  also  KIRK.] 

EDWARD  (1653-1613),  friend  of  Edmund 
;  entered  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1569 ;  re. 
moved  to  Oaius  College ;  M.A.,  1678 ;  wrote  the  preface, 
the  arguments,  and  a  verbal  commentary  to  Spenser's 
*  Sbepheardes  Calender,'  under  the  initials  '  E.  K.,'  1679. 
Modern  critics  have,  on  insufficient  grounds,  endeavoured 
to  prove  that '  K.  K.'  was  Spenser  himself,  [xxxi.  213] 

KIRK*.  GEORGE  (d.  1675  ?),  gentleman  of  the  robes 
to  Charles  I  and  groom  of  the  bedchamber,  and  keeper  of 
Whitehall  Palace  to  Charles  II.  [xxxi.  214] 


JOHN  (Jl.  1638),  dramatist:  author  of  a 
popular  tragicomedy  of  small  literary  merit, '  The  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendome,'  published,  1638. 

KIRKS.  PERCY  (16467-1691),  lieutenant^ueral, 
colonel  of  •  Kirke's  Lambs ' ;  son  of  George  Kirke  [q.  v.] : 
served  under  Duke  of  Monmouth  in  France,  1673  ;  under 
Turenne,  Luxembourg,  and  de  Creel,  1676-7  :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1680 ;  governor  of  Tangier,  1682-4  ;  transferred 
to  colonelcy  of  the  old  Tangier  regiment,  the  badge  of 
which  was  a  Paschal  Lamb,  whence  the  appellation 
•Kirke's  Lambs';  brigadier-general,  1685;  present  at 


Sedgmoor,  1686,  and  notorious*  for  his  cruelty  to  the 
rebels  ;  major-general,  1688 ;  relieved  Derry,  1689  ;  lieu, 
tenant-general,  1690  ;  died  at  Brussels.  [xxxi.  214] 

KIRKE,  PERCY  (1684-1741),  eldest  son  of  Lieutenant- 
general  Percy  Kirki  [q.  v.],  lieutenant-general  and  colonel 
of  the '  Lambs,'  1710-41;  keeper  of  Whitehall  Palace; 
taken  prisoner  at  Almanza,  1708.  [xxxi.  216] 

KIRKE,  THOMAS  (1660-1706),  virtuoso;  distant  re- 
lative and  intimate  friend  of  Ralph  Thoresby  [q.  v.]  ; 
formed  a  fine  library  and  museum  :  published  '  A  Modern 
Account  of  Scotland  '  (satire),  1679 ;  the  '  Journal '  of  the 
Scottish  journey  (made  in  1677),  printed  in  '  Letters  ad- 
dressed to  R.  Thoreshy ' :  F.U.S.,  1693.  [xxxi.  21<i] 

KIRKES.  WILLIAM  SENHOUSE  (1823-1864),  physi- 
cian ;  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London  : 
M.D.  Berlin,  1846  ;  F.R.C.P.  London,  1855  ;  demonstrator 
of  morbid  anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's,  1848,  assistant- 
physician,  1854,  and  physician,  1864;  published,  1848, 
with  Sir  James  Paget  [q.  v.], '  Handbook  of  Physiology.' 

[Suppl.  iii.  69] 

KIRKHAM,  WALTER  DE  (d.  1260),  biahop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  of  humble  parentage ;  one  of  the  royal  clerks ; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1241 ;  took  part  in  the  excommunica- 
tion of  the  violators  of  the  charters,  1253.  [xxxi.  217] 

KIRKHOVEN  or  KERCKHOVEN,  CATHERINE, 
LADY  STANHOPE  and  COUNTESS  OF  CHESTERFIELD  (d. 
1667),  governess  to  Mary,  princess  royal,  daughter  of 
Charles  I ;  married  Henry,  lord  Stanhope  (d.  1634),  sou 
and  heir  to  Philip  Stanhope,  first  earl  of  Chesterfield, 
1628 :  after  refusing  Vandyck,  married  John  Polyander 
a  Kerekhoven,  lord  of  Heeuvliet  in  Sassenheim,  and  one 
of  the  ambassadors  from  the  States-General  to  negotiate 
the  marriage  between  William  of  Orange  and  the  princess 
royal,  1641 ;  confidential  adviser  to  the  princess ;  privy  to 
royalist  plots  hatched  on  the  continent ;  arrested  in  Eng- 
land, 1651 ;  was  acquitted  and  returned  to  Holland,  1652 ; 
created  Countess  of  Chesterfield  for  life,  1660;  on  the 
princess's  death  entered  the  service  of  the  Duchess  of 
York  and  married  Daniel  O'Neill  (d.  1664) :  lady  of  the 
bedchamber  to  the  queen,  1663.  [xxxi.  217] 

KIRKHOVEN,  CHARLES  HENRY,  first  BARON 
WOTTON  and  EARL  OP  BKLLOMONT  (d.  1683),  son  of 
Catherine  Kirkhoven  [q.  v.]  and  John  Polyander  a  Kerek- 
hoven, lord  of  Heenvliet;  created  Baron  Wotton  of  Wottpn 
in  Kent,  1650 :  favourite  of  the  princess  royal :  chief 
magistrate  of  Breda,  1659-74  ;  created  Earl  of  Bellomont 
in  peerage  of  Ireland,  1680.  [xxxi.  218] 

KIRKLAKD,  THOMAS  (1722-1798),  medical  writer  : 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1769 ;  member  of  royal  medical 
societies  of  Edinburgh  and  London ;  published  medical 
treatises  between  1754  and  1792.  [xxxi.  219] 

KIRKMAN,  FRANCIS  (ft.  1674),  bookseller  and 
author;  printed  'Catalogue  of  all  the  English  Stage- 
playes,' 1661  (revised  edition,  1671);  issued  Webster  and 
Rowley's  comedies,'  A  Cure  for  a  Cuckold1  (1661)  and 
'The  Thraciau  Wonder'  (1661);  a  collection  of  drolls  and 
farces, '  The  Wits,  or  Sport  upon  Sport,'  1673  ;  published 
translations  from  the  French  and  romances. 

[xxxi.  219] 

KIRKMAN,  JACOB  (fl.  1800),  musical  composer; 
esteemed  by  contemporaries  as  pianist  and  composer  of 
pianoforte  works.  [xxxi.  220] 

KIRKPATRICK,  JAMES  (d.  1743),  Irish  presby- 
terian  divine :  educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  one  of 
the  earliest  members  of  the  Belfast  Society  (founded, 
1705) ;  minister  of  the  presbyterian  congregation  in  Bel- 
fast, 1706  ;  moderator  of  synod  of  Ulster,  1712  ;  a  leader 
of  the  non-subscribing  party  in  the  north  of  Ireland, 
1720  ;  subsequently  M.D. ;  public  sentiment  in  Ireland  in 
the  time  of  Queen  Anne  reflected  in  his  'Historical 
Essay  upon  the  Loyalty  of  Presbyterians  in  Great-Britain 
and  Ireland  from  the  Reformation  to  this  Present  Year, 
1713.'  [xxxi.  220] 

KIRKPATRICK,  JOHN  (1686?-1728),  antiquary:  a 
Norwich  linen-merchant:  accumulated  material  for  the 
history  of  Norwich,  but  his  manuscripts  never  published, 
and  now  dispersed ;  issued  a  large  north-east  prospect  of 
Norwich,  1723.  [xxxi.  221] 

KIRKPATRICK,  WILLIAM  (1754-1812),  orientalist ; 
ensign,  Bengal  infantry,  1773  ;  lieutenant,  1777  ;  Persian 
interpreter  to  the  commauder-iii-chief  in  Bengal,  1777-9 


KIRKPATRICK 


731 


KNAPWELL 


and  1780-5;  in  Mysore  war,  1790-1;  resident  with  the 
nixam  of  Hyderabad,  1796  ;  military  iecretary  to  Marquis 
Wfllesley ;  resident  of  Poona  ;  trauslated  IVrsian  \\  orks  ; 
expert  in  oriental  tongues  and  the  manners,  customs,  |g| 
laws  of  India.  [xxxi.  222] 

KIRKPATRICK,  WILLIAM  BAILLIE  (1802-1882), 
Irish  presbyterian  divine :  M.A.  Glasgow  College ;  stiiilii-d 
theology  at  the  old  Belfast  College:  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly,  1850 ;  published  '  Chapters  in  Irish 
History/  1875.  [xxxi.  222] 

KERKSTALL,  HUGH  OP  (fl.  1200),  historian ;  re- 
ceived as  Cistercian  monk  at  Kirkstall,  Yorkshire,  be- 
tween 1181  and  1191;  his  history  of  Fountains  Abbey 
printed  in  Dugdale's  *  Mouasticou.'  [xxxi.  223] 

KIRKTON,  JAMES  (1620  7-1699),  Scottish  divine  and 
historian  :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1647  ;  deprived  of  LH  livim/, 
lot;i' :  denounced  as  a  rebel  for  holding  conventicles,  1674 ; 
in  Holland  till  proclamation  of  Toleration  Act.  1687 ; 
minister  of  the  Tolbooth  parish,  Edinburgh,  1691 ;  pub- 
lished sermons,  and  left  in  manuscript '  The  Secret  and 
True  History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  from  the  Restora- 
tion to  the  Year  1678,'  printed,  1817.  [xxxi.  223] 

KIRKUP,  SEYMOUR  STOOKER  (1788-1880), artist; 
admitted  student  of  Royal  Academy,  1809  :  acquainted 
with  William  Blake  (1767-1827)  [q.  v.]  and  Benjamin 
Robert  Haydon  [q.  v.] ;  present  at  funeral  of  Keats  at 
Rome,  1821,  and  of  Shelley,  1822  ;  leader  of  a  literary  circle 
at  Florence;  died  at  Leghorn.  [xxxi.  224] 

KIRKWOOD,  JAMES  (/.  1698),  Scottish  teacher  and 
grammarian  ;  master  of  the  school  in  Liulithgow  burgh, 
1676-90 ;  his  dismissal  (1690)  followed  by  litigation  de- 
cided in  his  favour;  published  account  of  it,  1711 ;  master 
of  Kelso  school  ;  again  involved  in  difficulties,  of  which  he 
published  an  account,  1698;  edited  Despauter's  Latin 
grammar  for  use  in  Scottish  schools,  1696  (2nd  edit.  1700  ; 
3rd,  1711  ;  4th,  1720).  [xxxi.  226] 

KIRKWOOD,  JAMES  (16507-1708X  advocate  of 
parochial  libraries  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1670 :  deprived  of 
living  of  M  into  for  refusing  to  take  the  test,  1685 ; 
migrate!  to  England :  rector  of  Astwick,  Bedfordshire, 
1685  ;  ejected  for  not  abjuring,  1702;  his  tract,  'An  Over- 
ture for  founding  and  maintaining  Bibliothecks  in  every 
Paroch  throughout  the  Kingdom,'  printed,  1699. 

[xxxi.  225] 

KIRTON,  EDMUND  (d.  1466),  abbot  of  Westminster  ; 
monk  of  Westminster,  1403  ;  B.D.  Gloucester  Hall  (Wor- 
cester College),  Oxford  ;  prior  of  the  Benedictine  scholars 
at  Gloucester  Hall,  1423;  present  at  Council  of  Basle, 
1437  ;  abbot  of  Westminster,  1440-62  ;  a  famous  orator. 

[xxxi.  227] 

KIRWAN,  FRANCIS  (1589-1661),  bishop  of  Killala  : 
educated  at  Galway  and  Lisbon  ;  ordained,  1614  ;  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Killala  against  his  will  at  St.  Lazaire, 
1645 ;  took  part  in  Irish  struggles  in  Connaught ;  fled, 
1652;  surrendered,  1654;  imprisoned,  but  (1665)  allowed 
to  retire  to  Prance  ;  died  at  Rennes.  [xxxi.  227] 

KIRWAN,  OWEN  (d.  1803),  Irish  rebel ;  a  tailor  who 
joined  Emmet's  conspiracy  and  was  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  ammunition  ;  arrested,  found  guilty,  and 
shot.  [xxxi.  228] 

KIRWAN,  RICHARD  (1733-1812),  chemist  and 
natural  philosopher ;  entered  Jesuit  novitiate  at  St.  Omer, 
1754 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1766 :  abandoned  law  to 
study  science  in  London  ;  F.R.S.,  1780 ;  Copley  medallist, 
1782;  published  'Elements  of  Mineralogy,'  the  Ant 
English  systematic  treatise  on  the  subject,  1784  (3rd  edit. 
1810) ;  settled  in  Dublin,  1787  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, 1794 ;  president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1799 ; 
the  'Nestor  of  English  chemistry.'  [xxxi.  228] 

KIRWAN,  STEPHEN  (d.  1602  ?),  bishop  of  Olonfert ; 
educated  at  Oxford  and  Paris ;  conformed  to  the  pro- 
testant  religion  ;  archdeacon  of  Annaghdown,  1558  ;  first 
p roti-s taut  bishop  of  Kilmacduagh,  1573-82  ;  bishop  of 
Olonfert,  1582.  [xxxi.  230] 

KIRWAN,  WALTER  BLAKE  (1754-1805),  dean  of 
Killala;  educated  at  the  Jesuit  college  at  St.  Omer; 
studied  at  Louvain  ;  professor  of  natural  and  moral  philo- 
sophy at  Louvaiu,  1777 ;  chaplain  to  the  Neapolitan  am- 
bassador at  the  British  court,  1778 ;  became  a  protestant 
dean  of  KilUUa,  1800.  [xxxi.  230] 


KITCHIN,  aliat  DDNRTAN.  ANTHONY  (1477-1M3X 
l.i-hc.p  of  Llandaff  :  a  Iteunllctine  monk  of  Westminster  i 
of  Gloucester  Hall  (now  Worn-st»-r  -  ford  • 

B.D.,  1625  :  prior  of  his  college,  152tf  ;  abbot  of  Kynnham. 
Oxford,  1630  ;  sum-mi. T.-I  his  abbacy  on  dlMOtatkmcic 
monasteries,  and  was  appointed  king's  chaplain  ;  bishop 
of  Llandaff,  1545 ;  was  included  by  Queen  Elizabeth  In 
two  commissions  which  she  drew  for  the  cooMoratkm 
of  Parker,  but  refused  to  act ;  called  Duustan  up  to  his 
election  as  bishop.  [xxxL  230] 

KITCHINER,  WILLIAM  (1776 7-1817), misoeUaneoas 
writer ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  M.D.  Glasgow  ;  devoted  him- 
self to  science;  published  'Aplctus  Redivivus,  or  the 
Cook's  Oracle,'  1817  (7th  edit.  1827) ;  wrote  also  on 
optics  and  music.  [xxxi.  281] 

KITCHINOMAN,  JOHN  (17407-1781),  painter;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  from  1770 :  painted,  amour 
other  portraits,  one  of  Macklin  as  Shylock.  [xxxL  232] 

KITE,  CHARLES  (d.  1811X  medical  writer;  author 
of  essays  on  the  •  recovery  of  the  apparently  dead  •  (1788  j, 
and  on  the  •  Submersion  of  Animals '  (1796). 

KITE,  JOHN  (d.  1537),  successively  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  bishop  of  Carlisle;  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge;  prebendary  of  Exeter  and 
sub-dean  of  the  King's  Chapel,  Westminster,  1510  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  1513-21 ;  accompanied  John  Bourchier, 
second  baron  Berners  [q.  v.],  on  embassy  to  Charles  V, 
1518  ;  present  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520 ; 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1521-37 ;  owed  his  preferments  to 
Wolsey's  influence;  renounced  the  pope's  supremacy, 
1534.  [xxxi.  232] 

KITTO,  JOHN  (1804-1854),  author  of  the 'Pictorial 
Bible' ;  son  of  a  Cornish  stonemason  ;  became  deaf,  1817  ; 
sent  to  the  workhouse,  where  he  learnt  shoemaklng,  1819  ; 
apprenticed  to  a  Plymouth  shoemaker,  1821  ;  entered 
missionary  college,  1825  ;  employed  by  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  at  Malta,  1827-9  ;  with  a  private  mission 
party  in  Persia,  1829-33  ;  wrote  for  periodicals ;  at  sug- 
gestion of  Charles  Knight  (1791-1873)  [q.  v.]  wrote  nar- 
ratives illustrative  of  life  of  the  deaf  and  blind,  collected 
as  '  The  Lost  Senses,'  1846,  '  Pictorial  Bible '  completed, 
1838,  and  'Pictorial  History  of  Palestine,'  1840;  D.D. 
G lessen,  1844  ;  published  'Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Litera- 
ture,' 1845  ;  F.S.A.,  1845  ;  edited  'Journal  of  Sacred  Lite- 
rature,' 1848-53  ;  his '  Daily  Bible  Illustrations '  published, 
1849-54  ;  died  at  Cannsta.lt.  [xxxi.  233] 

KUTZ,  PHILIP  (1805-1854),  pianist,  violinist,  and 
author;  printed  'Songs  of  the  Mid -watch,'  1838,  and 
'Sketches  of  Life,  Character,  and  Scenery  in  the  New 
Forest,'  1860.  [xxxi.  236] 

KLOSE,  FRANCIS  JOSEPH  (1784-1830),  musical 
composer;  pianoforte  player  and  teacher;  author  of 
ballads  and  pianoforte  pieces.  [xxxi.  235] 

KNAPP,  JOHN  LEONARD  (1767-1846),  botanist; 
F.L.S.,  1796;  K.S.A. :  published  'Gramma  Britaunica,  or 
Representations  of  the  British  Grasses,'  1804 ;  reissued, 
1842 ;  contributed  to  '  Time's  Telescope,'  1820-30  (re- 
printed as  the  'Journal  of  a  Naturalist,'  1829). 

[xxxi.  236] 

KNAPP,  WILLIAM  (1698-1768),  musical  composer  ; 
parish  clerk  of  Poole,  Dorset,  for  thirty-nine  yean; 
published  '  A  Sett  of  New  Psalm  Tunes  and  Anthems,' 
1738  (7th  edit.  1762) ;  originator  of  the  psalm-tune  called 
'  Wart-ham.'  [xxxi.  236] 

KNAPTON,  CHARLES  (1700-1760),  brother  of  George 
Knaptpn  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  In  production  of  volume  of 
imitations  of  original  drawings  by  old  masters,  published, 
1735.  [xxxi.  237] 

KNAPTON,  GEORGE  (1698-1778),  portrait-painter; 
member  of  and  first  portrait-painter  to  the  Society  of 
Dilettanti,  1750-63;  surveyor  and  keeper  of  the  king's 
pictures,  1765  ;  a  skilful  painter  of  the  formal  school. 

[xxxi.  236] 

KNAPTON,  PHILIP  (1788-1833),  musical  composer; 
received  his  musical  education  at  Cambridge ;  composer 
of  works  for  orchestra,  piano,  and  harp.  [xxxi.  287] 

KNAPWELL,    RICHARD   (fl.   1286).     [See 


KNATCHBUKL 


732 


KNIGHT 


KNATCHBULL.  Sin  KD\VAHI>.  ninth  baronet(1781- 
184»X  statesman  ;  succeeded  to  the  baronetcy,  1819 ;  M.P., 
Kent,  1819-3U  and  1832;  opposed  corn-law  reform  and 
catholic  emancipation  ;  paymaster  of  the  forces  and  privy 
councillor,  1834-45.  [xxxi.  237] 

KNATCHBULL,  SIK  NORTON,  first  baronet  (1602- 
1685  X  scholar :  H.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  162U  ; 
M.I'.,  Knit.  1039:  knighted,  1 639  ;  sat  in  Long  parliament 
.1-  a  loyalist,  and  made  a  baronet,  1641  :  published 
hi-  orMoai  •  Animadversiones  in  Libros  Novi  Testamenti,' 
1659  <4th  .-.lit.  in  English,  1692);  M.P.  for  New  Homney, 
1661.  [xxxi.  238] 

KNATCHBULL-HUGESSEN,  EDWARD  HUGE8- 
SKX.  first  B.VKON  KiiABoruxK  (1829-1893),  son  of  Sir 
Kdwanl  Knatchbull,  ninth  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Kton  and  Magilalen  College,  Oxford ;  M.An  1854 ;  took 
additional  surname  of  Hugessen,  1849  :  liberal  M.P.  for 
Sandwich,  1857  :  lord  of  treasury  1859-60  and  1860-6 ; 
nnder-secretary  for  home  affairs,  1860  and  1866 ;  under- 
secretary for  colonies,  1871-4;  privy  councillor,  1873: 
raised  to  peerage,  1880 ;  adopted  conservative  views ; 
published  stories  for  children.  [SuppL  iii.  69] 

K-MKI.T.  _  ( yf.  1586),  actor  :  mentioned  by  Nashe  and 
Heywood,  and  confused  by  Collier  with  Thomas  Knell 
the  younger  [q.  v.]  [xxxi.  240] 

KNELL,  PAUL  (1615  ?-l664),  divine;  B.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1636;  D.D.  Oxford,  1643;  chaplain  in 
the  king's  army ;  published  sermons.  [xxxi.  239] 

KNELL,  THOMAS  (ft.  1570),  divine  and  verse-writer ; 
chaplain  to  Walter  Devereux,  first  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.] 

[xxxi.  239] 

KNELL,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (/.  1560-1681), 
clergyman :  son  of  Thomas  Knell  (.//.  1570)  [q.  v.] :  often 
confused  with  his  father ;  author  of  theological  treatises. 

[xxxi.  239] 

KNELL,  WILLIAM  ADOLPHUS  (d.  1875),  marine- 
painter  :  exhibited  (1826-66)  at  Royal  Academy  and 
British  Institution  ;  his  'Landing  of  Prince  Albert'  pur- 
chased for  the  royal  collection.  [xxxi.  240] 

KNELLEE,  SIR  GODFREY,  first  baronet  (original 
name  GOTTKRIKD  KNII.UCR)  (1646-1723),  painter :  born  at 
Llibeck:  studied  under  Ferdinand  Bol  at  Amsterdam ;  came 
to  England,  1675;  painted  portrait  of  Charles  II,  1678; 
sent  by  Charles  II  to  paint  portrait  of  Ixmis  XIV ;  prin- 
cipal painter  to  William  III,  and  knighted,  1691 ;  painted 
Peter  the  Great  during  his  visit  to  England ;  his  eques- 
trian portrait  of  William  III,  one  of  his  best-known 
works,  painted,  1697;  retained  his  dignities  under  Anne 
and  George  I :  created  baronet,  1715 ;  his  monument  by 
Ryxbrack,  with  inscription  by  Pope,  erected  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  1729.  Ten  reigning  sovereigns  sat  to 
Kneller,  and  almost  all  persons  of  importance  in  his  day. 

KHELLEB,  or  KNILLER,  JOHN  7AOH ARIAS  (1644- 
1702),  painter:  brother  of  Sir  (iodfrey  Kneller,  first 
baronet  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  LUbeck  ;  travelled  with  his  bro- 
ther and  settled  with  him  in  England :  painted  portraits 
and  scenes  containing  architecture  and  ruins. 

[xxxi.  243] 

KKEVET.    [See  also  KXYVET  and  KXYVETT.] 

KNEVET,  RALPH  (1600-1671),  poet ;  probably  rector 
of  Lyng,  Norfolk,  1652-71  ;  published  poems  between  1628 
and  1637.  [xxxL  243] 

KHEW8TTTBB  or  KNEW8TTTB,  JOHN  (1544-1624), 
divine:  fellow.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1567  ;  M.A., 
1568;  B.IX,  1576;  preached  against  the  teaching  of  the 
Family  of  Love  sect;  supporter  of  puritan  doctrines;  took 
part  in  the  Hampton  Court  conference,  1604 ;  published 
sermons  and  controversial  works.  [xxxi.  244] 

KNIBB,  WILLIAM  (1803-1845),  missionary  and 
abolitionist :  in  printing  business  at  Bristol ;  master  of 
Baptist  Missionary  Society's  free  school  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  1824 :  undertook  mission  of  Savannah  la  Mar, 
1818;  settled  at  Falmouth,  near  Montego  Bay,  1830: 
vinited  England  to  advocate  abolition  of  slavery  and 
increased  missionary  activity,  1832-4,  1840,  and  1845; 
died  in  Jamaica.  [Suppl.  iii.  70] 

KNIGHT.  CHARLES (1743-1827 ?X  engraver:  stated 
to  have  U-.MI  a  pupil  of  Francesco  Bartolozzi  [q,  v.],  but 
practised  independently ;  his  works  often  erroneously 
ascribed  to  Bartolozzi.  [xxxi.  244] 


KNIGHT,  CHARLES  (1791-1873),  author  and  pub- 
lisher :  apprenticed  to  his  father,  a  bookseller  of  Wind- 
sor, 1805;  reported,  1812,  for  the  'Globe'  and  'British 
Press' ;  started  with  his  father  the  '  Windsor  and  Eton 
Express,'  1812 ;  produced,  in  conjunction  with  Kdwanl 
Hawke  Locker  [q.  v.],  the  '  Plain  Englishman,'  1820-2 ; 
editor  and  part  proprietor  of  'The  Guardian,' a  literary 
and  political  weekly,  1820-2  ;  publisher  in  London,  1823 ; 
projected  a  cheap  series  of  books  to  condense  the  inform- 
ation contained  in  voluminous  works ;  published  for  the 
Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge  ;  produced 
'  Penny  Magazine,'  1832-45, '  Penny  Cyclopsedia,'  1833-44  ; 
published '  Pictorial  History  of  England,'  in  parts,  1837- 
1844 ;  edited  and  published  '  Pictorial  Shakespere,'  1H38- 
1841 ;  began  '  Weekly  Volumes '  series,  1844 ;  began  '  Half 
Hours  with  the  Best  Authors,'  and  '  The  Laud  we  live  in,' 
1847 ;  his  '  History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  Peace,'  completed 
by  Harriet  Martineau,  published,  1851,  and  '  Passages  of 
a  Working  Life'  (autobiography),  1864-5.  [xxxi.  245] 

KNIGHT,  EDWARD  (1774-1826),  actor;  commonly 
known  as 'LrnxK  KNIGHT' ;  unequalled  in  the  parts  of 
pert  footmen,  cunning  rustics,  country  boys,  and  decrepit 
old  men.  [xxxi.  248] 

KNIGHT,  ELLIS  CORNELIA  (1757-1837),  authoress; 
companion  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1805  ;  companion  to  Prin- 
cess Charlotte,  1813-14;  her  autobiography  (published, 
1861)  valuable  as  throwing  light  on  court  history  ;  wrote 
romantic  tales ;  published  '  A  Description  of  Latium,  or 
La  Campagna  di  Roma,'  1805 ;  died  in  Paris. 

[xxxi.  249] 

KNIGHT,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1589).    [See  KETT.] 

KNIGHT,  GOWIN  (1713-1772),  man  of  science  ;  first 
principal  librarian  of  the  British  Museum ;  held  deinyship 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1735-46  ;  M.A.,  1739;  M.B., 
1742  ;  F.R.S.,  1747 ;  Copley  medallist,  1747  ;  his  improved 
compass  adopted  in  royal  navy,  1752 ;  principal  librarian, 
British  Museum,  1756  ;  his  papers  on  magnetism  collected 
and  published,  1758 ;  rendered  important,  if 


services  to  navigation. 


unrecognised, 
[xxxi.  250] 


KNIGHT,  HENRIETTA,  LADY  LUXBOROUGH  (d. 
1756),  friend  of  Shenstoue  ;  half-sister  of  Henry  St.  John, 
first  viscount  Boliugbroke  [q.  v.] ;  married  in  1727  Robert 
Knight  of  Barrells,  Warwickshire,  who  was  created  baron 
Luxborough  in  the  Irish  peerage  in  1746  ;  visited  Shen- 
stone  at  Leasowes ;  corresponded  with  him  (correspon- 
dence published,  1775) :  friend  also  of  the  poet  William 
Somerville  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  verses.  [xxxi.  252] 

KNIGHT,  HENRY  GALLY  (1786-1846),  writer  on 
architecture ;  great-grandson  of  Henry  Gaily  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  travelled  in  Europe, 
Egypt,  and  Palestine,  1810-11 ;  his  first  publications,  verses 
on  Greek  and  oriental  themes,  1816-30  ;  M.P.,  Aldborough, 
1824-8,  Malton,  1830,  north  Nottinghamshire,  1835  and 
1837 ;  works  include  '  Architectural  Tour  in  Normandy,' 
1836,  and  '  The  Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  Italy,'  1842- 
1844.  [xxxi.  253] 

KNIGHT,  JAMES  (d.  1719  ?),  arctic  voyager  and 
agent  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company ;  governor  of  Fort 
Albany,  1693  ;  governor  of  Nelson  River  settlement,  1714; 
established  Prince  of  Wales's  fort  at  mouth  of  Churchill 
River,  1717  or  1718  :  perished  in  an  expedition  to  discover 
gold  in  the  far  north.  [xxxi.  254] 

KNIGHT,  JAMES  (1793-1863),  divine;  son  of  Samuel 
Knight  (1759-1827)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1812-15;  M.A.,  1817;  perpetual  curate  of  St. 
Paul's,  Sheffield,  1824  (resigned,  1860)  ;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [xxxi.  262] 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  (d.  1606),  mariner:  commanded 
Danish  expedition  to  coast  of  Greenland,  1606  ;  employed 
by  East  India  merchants  to  discover  the  north-west  pas- 
sage, 1606  ;  went  ashore  after  a  gale  at  Labrador  and  was 
never  again  heard  of.  [xxxi.  254] 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  (fi.  1670),  mayor  of  Bristol,  1670; 
apparently  no  relation  of  his  namesakes.  [xxxi.  256] 

KNIGHT,  SIR  JOHN,  'the  elder  '  (1612-1683),  mayor 
of  Bristol ;  a  provision  merchant ;  member  of  Bristol 
common  council  till  1680  :  knighted,  1G63  :  elected  nmor, 
1663  ;  persecuted  nonconformists  and  Romun  catholics  ; 
M.P.,  Bristol,  1661,  1678,  and  1679.  [xxxi.  255] 


KNIGHT 


733 


KNIPE 


KNIGHT,  Sm  JOHN, '  the  yonnger '  (rf.  1718),  Jaco- 
bite ;  probably  a  kinsman  of  Sir  John  •  the  elder'  [q.  v.] ; 
sheriff  of  Bristol,  1681  ;  zealous  against  dissenters ; 
knighted,  1682;  mayor  of  Bristol,  1690;  M.P.,  Bristol, 
lii'.il  ;  arrested  as  a  suspected  Jacobite,  1096;  released, 
1696.  [xxxi.  265] 

KNIGHT,  Sm  JOHN  (1748  V-1831),  admiral ;  entered 
navy,  1758;  lieutenant,  1770  :  taken  prisoner  and  exchanged, 
1776  ;  sent  to  West  Indies,  1780 ;  took  part  in  action  off 
Martinique,  1781 ;  captain,  1781 ;  present  at  Camperdown, 
1797,  and  blockade  of  Brest,  1799-1800;  vice-admiral, 
1805 ;  admiral,  1813 :  K.O.B.,  1815.  [xxxi.  256] 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  BAVERSTOOK(1786-1859),  painter; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy ;  published  etchings  of  old 
buildings,  1816.  [xxxi.  257] 

KNIGHT,  JOHN  PRESCOTT  (1803-1881),  portrait- 
painter  ;  sou  of  Edward  Knight  [q.  v.] ;  student  of  Royal 
Academy,  1823:  exhibited  portraits  of  his  father  and 
Alfred  Bonn  [q.  v.],  1824  ;  A.R.A.,  1836 ;  professor  of 
pn-.-pivtivi',  Royal  Academy,  1839-60;  exhibited  'The 
Waterloo  Banquet,'  1842;  R.A.,  1844;  secretary  to  the 
Academy,  1848-73 ;  many  of  his  works  presentation  por- 
traits, [xxxi.  257] 

KNIGHT,  JOSEPH  PHILIP  (1812-1887),  composer 
of  songs ;  published  set  of  six  songs  under  name  of  •  Philip 
Mortimer,'  1832 ;  composed  his  famous  song, '  Rocked  in 
the  cradle  of  the  deep,'  1839 ;  took  holy  orders  after  1841 ; 
was  appointed  to  the  charge  of  St.  Agnes,  Scilly  Isles ; 
composed  numerous  songs,  duets,  and  trios,  [xxxi.  258] 

KNIGHT,  MARY  ANNE  (1776-1831),  miniature- 
painter  ;  pupil  of  Andrew  Plimer  [q.  v,] ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1807.  [xxxi.  258] 

KNIGHT,  RICHARD  PAYNE  (1750-1824),  numisma- 
tist ;  elder  brother  of  Thomas  Andrew  Knight  [q.  v.] ; 
visited  Sicily  with  the  German  painter,  Philipp  Hackert, 
1777;  his  diary  translated  and  published  by  Goethe  in 
his  biography  of  Hackert;  began  to  form  collection  of 
bronzes,  1785 ;  M.P.,  Leominster,  1780,  Ludlow,  1784-1806 ; 
wrote  on  ancient  art ;  vice-president,  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries; bequeathed  his  magnificent  collection  to  the 
British  Museum.  [xxxi.  259] 

KNIGHT,  SAMUEL  (1675-1746).  biographer ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1706  ;  fellow  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  1717 ;  D.D.,  1717;  chaplain  to  George  II, 
1731;  archdeacon  of  Berkshire,  1735 ;  prebendary  of  Lin- 
coln, 1742;  published  'Life  of  Dr.  John  Oolet,  Dean  of 
St.  Paul's,'  1724  (2nd  edit.  1823),  and  'Life  of  Erasmus,' 
1726.  [xxxi.  261] 

KNIGHT,  SAMUEL  (1759-1827),  vicar  of  Halifax  ; 
entered  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1779 ;  B.A.  and 
fellow,  1783 ;  M.A.,  1786  ;  published  highly  popular  devo- 
tional manuals.  [xxxi.  261] 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  (rf.  1820),  actor  and  dramatist ; 
intended  for  the  bar ;  studied  elocution  under  the  actor 
Charles  Macklin  [q.  v.],  and  adopted  the  stage  as  pro- 
fession ;  married  Margaret  Farreu,  sister  of  the  Countess 
of  Derby  [see  FARRKN,  ELIZABETH],  an  actress,  1787; 
lessee  and  manager  of  Liverpool  Theatre,  1803-20  ;  wrote 
many  pieces,  the  best  being  'Turnpike  Gate'  (farce), 
1799  ;  an  admirable  comic  actor,  with  a  repertory  similar 
to  that  of  Edward  Knight  [q.  v.]  [xxxi.  262] 

KNIGHT,  THOMAS  ANDREW  (1759-1838),  vegetable 
physiologist  and  horticulturist ;  brother  of  Richard  Payne 
Knight  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1778 ; 
F.R.S.,  1805  ;  Copley  medallist,  1806  ;  F.L.S.,  1807  :  pre- 
sident of  the  Horticultural  Society,  1811-38;  awarded 
first  Knightiau  medal  founded  in  his  honour,  1836  ;  author 
of  '  A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  of  Uie  Apple  and  Pear '  (1797), 
'Pomona  Herefordieusis'(1811)  ;  a  selection  of  his  papers 
published,  1841.  [xxxi.  263] 

KNIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1476-1547),  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells  ;  of  Winchester  School  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1493  ;  sent  by  Henry  VIII 
on  missions  to  Spain,  Italy,  and  the  Low  Countries,  1512- 
1532 ;  chaplain  to  Henry  VIII,  1515  ;  archdeacon  of  Chea- 
ter, 1522,  of  Huntingdon,  1523;  canon  of  Westminster, 
1527 ;  archdeacon  of  Richmond,  1S29  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells.  1541.  [xxxi.  264] 


KNIGHT,  WILLIAM  (/.  161*),  divine;  fellow  of 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1586  ;  incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1603;  rector  of  Barley,  afterwarn-  of  hit-.L  (iraiw- 
den;  published  theological  'Concordance  Axiomatical,' 
1610.  [xxxi.  J66] 

KNIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1786-1844),  natural  philo- 
sopher ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1802 ;  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, Acailemi<-:il  Institution,  Belfast,  1816-22;  LL.D., 
1817  ;  published  •  Facts  and  Observations  toward*  forming 
a  new  Theory  of  the  Karth,'  1818;  professor,  natural  philo- 
sophy, Aberdeen,  1822-44.  [xxxi.  266] 

KNIGHT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1823-1863),  painter ; 
educated  for  the  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  painting  ;  ex- 
bibitad  pictures  of  everyday  life  at  the  Royal  Academy  and 
the  Society  of  British  Artiste.  [xxxi.  267] 

KNIGHT-BRUCE,  GBORGB  WYNDHAM  HAMIL- 
TON (1852-lH9t>).  [SeeBRUCB.] 

KNIGHT-BRUCE,  SIR  JAMBS  LEWIS  (1791-1866). 
[See  BRUCK.] 

KNIGHTBRIDGE,  JOHN  (<l.  1677),  divine;  B.A. 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1642  ;  translated  to  Peterhoune, 
Cambridge,  and  admitted  fellow,  1645  ;  D.D.,  1673 ;  founded 
by  will  the  Kuightbridge  professorship  in  moral  theology 
at  Cambridge.  [xxxL  267] 

KNIGHTLEY,  SIR  EDMUND  (d.  1542X  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  uncle  of  Sir  Richard  Knightley  (1533-1615)  [q.  v.]  ; 
one  of  the  chief  commissioners  for  the  suppression  of  re- 
ligious property.  [xxxi.  268] 

KNIGHTLEY,  Sm  RICHARD  (1533-1615),  patron  of 
puritans ;  knighted,  1566 ;  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire, 
1568-9, 1581-2,  and  1589  ;  officially  attended  execution  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scot?,  1689 :  M.P.,  Northampton,  1584  and 
1585,  Northamptonshire,  1589  and  1598;  the  press  at 
which  the  Martin  Mar-Prelate  tracts  were  printed  con- 
cealed in  his  house,  1588;  arraigned  and  released,  1689  ; 
fined  by  Star-chamber  and  deprived  of  lieutenancy  of 
Northamptonshire  and  commission  of  the  peace. 

[xxxi.  268] 

KNIGHTLEY,  RICHARD  (d.  1639),  member  of  par- 
liament; grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Kuightley  (1533-1616) 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Northamptonshire,  1621,  1624,  and  1625  ; 
sheriff  of  Northamptonshire,  1626 ;  refused  to  subscribe 
to  the  forced  loan,  1627  ;  acted  with  Eliot  and  Hampdeu 
in  Commons,  1628.  [xxxi.  269] 

KNIGHTLEY,  SIR  RICHARD  (1617-1661),  member 
of  parliament;  great-nephew  of  Sir  Richard  Knightley 
(1533-1615)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Gray's  Inn;  married  Elizabeth, 
eldest  daughter  of  John  Hampden,  c.  1637 ;  sat  in  Short 
parliament  for  Northampton :  in  the  Long  parliament, 
1640,  acted  with  the  opposition ;  in  Richard  Cromwell  V 
parliament,  1659  ;  a  member  of  the  council  which  arranged 
the  recall  of  Charles  II,  1660 ;  K.B.,  1661.  [xxxi.  269] 

KNIGHTON  or  ONITTHON,  HENRY  (Jl.  136:5), 
historical  compiler  ;  author  of  '  Oompilatio  de  eventibu* 
Angliae '  in  four  books  from  Edgar  to  1366  (based  on  the 
seventh  book  of  Cestreusis,  i.e.  Higden,  and  Walter  of 
Hemiugburgh).  Books  iii.  and  iv.  may  be  original ;  a 
fifth  book,  clearly  the  work  of  another  hand,  is  added  in 
the  manuscripts,  carrying  the  history  down  to  1395. 

[xxxi.  270] 

KNIGHTON,    SIR    WILLIAM,    first  baronet  (1776- 

1836),  keeper  of  the  privy  purse  to  George  IV  :  studied 

medicine  ;  assistant-surgeon  at  the  Royal  Naval  Hospital, 

Plymouth ;    studied  at  Edinburgh,  1803-6 ;    M.D.  Acer- 

deen  ;  physician  to  George  IV  when  Prince  of  Wales,  1810; 

created    baronet,   1812 ;    materially   assisted  George  IV 

while  prince  on  matters  of  business  ;  private  secretary  tn 

George  IV  and  keeper  of  the  privy  purse,  1822:    em- 

;  ployed  on  confidential  missions  abroad,  1823-6 ;  attended 

!  George  IV  during  his  last  illness.  [xxxi.  270] 

KNILL,  RICHARD  (1787-1867),  dissenting  mini-tor  ; 
volunteered  for  missionary  work,  and  was  in  Madras, 
1816-19;  travelled  through  the  United  Kingdom  to  advo- 
cate the  claims  of  foreign  missions,  1833-41 :  published 
religious  works.  [xxxi.  272] 

KNIPE,  THOMAS  (1638-1711),  head-master  of  West- 
minster School  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1663 ;  second  master  at  Westmin- 
ster, 1663  ;  head-master,  1695  ;  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
1707;  compiled  two  grammars  for  Westminster  scholars. 

[xxxi.  272] 


KNIPP 


734 


KNOWLES 


KNIPP  or  KNEP,  MRS.  (/.  1670),  actress ;  intimate 
with  Pcpys;  probably  uia.ii'  her  debut  as  Epicoene  in 
JOOBOD'S  •Silent  Woman'  16G4  ;  acted  in  plays  by  Jaco- 
bean and  Rartoration  dramatists.  [\xxi.273] 

KNTVET.     [So  KVYVKT.] 

KNOLLES.    [Sec  also  KNOLLYS  and  KNOWLES.] 

KNOLLES.  IUCHARD  (15WM610),  historian  of  the 
Tnrks;  M.A.  and  fellow,  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1570; 
hie  •  Qenerall  Historic  of  the  Turkes  '  (valuable  for  its  prose 
style)  published,  1604  (2nd  edit.  1610;  3rd,  1621;  4th, 
1631 ;  5th,  1658 ;  final  and  extended  edition  in  three  folio 
Tola.  1687-1700).  [«xi.  273] 

KNOLLES,  THOMAS  (<*.153n,  president  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford ;  a  secular  priest,  educated  at  Magdalen 
ftolim  Oxford :  fellow,  1496 ;  sub-dean  of  York,  1507- 
1639 ;  DJX,  1518  ;  president  of  Magdalen,  1527-35. 

[xxxi.  274] 

KNOLLYS,  CHARLES,  called  fourth  EARL  OK  BAN- 
BORY  (1662-1740),  son  of  Nicholas  Knollys,  called  third 
carl  of  Banbury  [q.  v.]  ;  twice  unsuccessfully  petitioned 
for  a  writ  of  summons ;  killed  his  brother-in-law  in  a 
duel,  1692 ;  imprisoned,  but  subsequently  set  free  in  name 
of  Earl  of  Banbury.  [xxxi.  288] 

KITOLLYB,  SIR  FRANCIS  (15147-1596),  statesman; 
educated  at  Oxford  :  attended  Anne  of  Cleves  on  her  arrival 
in  England,  1639 ;  M.P.,  Horsham,  1642  ;  knighted,  1547 ; 
favoured  by  Edward  VI  and  Princess  Elizabeth ;  with- 
drew to  Germany  on  Mary's  accession,  1553;  privy 
councillor,  1668 ;  vice-chamberlain  of  the  household  and 
captain  of  the  halberdiers;  M.P.,  Aruudel,  1559,  Oxford, 
1562,  Oxfordshire,  1572-96;  governor  of  Portsmouth, 
1M3 ;  in  charge  of  the  fugitive  Queen  of  Scots,  1568-9 ; 
treasurer  of  the  royal  household,  1572-96  ;  supported  the 
puritans ;  K.G.,  1593.  [xxxi.  275] 

KNOLLYS,  HANSERD  <1599?-1691),  particular 
baptist  divine ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  became  a  sepa- 
ratist and  renounced  his  orders,  1636  ;  fled  to  New  Eng- 
land ;  returned  to  London,  1641 ;  gathered  a  church  of 
his  own,  1645 ;  held  offices  under  Cromwell ;  fled  to  Ger- 
many at  the  Restoration;  returned  to  London  and  re- 
sumed his  preaching;  arrested  under  the  second  Con- 
venticle Act,  1670 ;  discharged ;  author  of  religious  works, 
and  of  an  autobiography  (to  1672).  [xxxi.  279] 

KNOLLYS,  NICHOLAS,  called  third  EARL  OF  BAN- 
BURT  (1631-1674),  reputed  sou  i.i  William  Knollys,  earl 
of  Banbury  [q.  v.],  sat  in  House  of  Lords  in  Convention 
parliament,  1660 ;  his  right  to  sit  as  peer  disputed,  1660  ; 
a  bill  declaring  him  illegitimate  read,  1661,  but  never 
carried  beyond  the  initial  stage.  [xxxi.  287] 

KNOLLYS  or   KNOLLE8,   SIB  ROBERT  (</.  1407), 
military  commander  ;  knighted,  1351 ;  served  under  Henry 
of  Lancaster,  1357 ;  captured  Bertraud  du  Guescliu,  1359  ; 
joined  the  Black  Prince  in  his  Spanish  expedition,  1367 ; 
commander  of  an  expedition  to  France,  1370 ;  took  part 
in  the  great  expedition  under  Thomas,  earl  of  Bucking-  ', 
bam  [see  THOMAS  OF  WOODSTOCK,  DUKE  OK  GLOUCESTER],  i 
1380;   active  against  Wat  Tyler,  1381;   amassed  'regal  ! 
wealth  •  in  the  wars.  [xxxi.  281] 

KNOLLYS,  ROBERT  (d.  1621),  usher  of  the  chamber 
to  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII.  [xxxi.  275] 

KNOLLYS,  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  BANBURY  (1547- 
168J),  second  but  eldest  surviving  son  of  Sir  Francis 
Knollys  [q.v.];  M.P.,  Tregony,  1572,  Oxfordshire,  1584, 
1593,  1697,  and  1601 ;  accompanied  expedition  to  Low 
Countries  under  Leicester,  1686 ;  knighted,  1586  ;  colonel 
of  foot  regiments  enrolled  to  assist  the  Armada,  1688; 
MJL  Oxford,  1692  ;  a  comptroller  of  the  royal  household, 
1W6,  and  privy  councillor,  1 596 ;  Insurer  of  the  royal 
household,  160$;  created  Baron  Knollys  of  Rotherfleld 
Greys,  1608 ;  commissioner  of  the  treasury  and  master  of  the 
court  of  wards,  1614 ;  K.G.,  1616 ;  promoted  to  vtacountcy 
of  Wallingford,  1616 ;  took  lending  part  in  the  Lords  in 
the  case  of  Bacon,  1621 :  made  Burl  of  Banbury  by  Charles  I, 
1626;  declinal  to  collect  ship-money,  1628;  left  will 
making  no  mention  of  children.  [xxxi.  286] 

KNOLLYS,  WILLIAM,  called  eighth  EAHL  OF  BAN- 
BURY  (1 763-1884  j,  general:  lieutenant-governor  of  St. 
John's,  1818;  general,  1819;  governor  of  Limerick; 


petitioned  the  crown  for  his  writ  as  a  peer,  1806  ;  declared 
by  the  House  of  Lords,  1813,  to  be  not  entitled  to  the  title 
of  earl  of  Banbury.  [xxxi.  289] 

KNOLLYS,  SIR  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1797-1883), 
general ;  son  of  William  Knollys,  called  eighth  earl  of 
Banbury  [q.  v.]  ;  aeld  courtesy  title  of  Viscount  Walling- 
ford until  1813 ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Sandhurst ; 
received  his  first  commission,  1813 ;  despatched  to  the 
Peninsula ;  adjutant,  1821  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1844  ;  regi- 
mental colonel,  1860  ;  initiated  Prince  Albert  into  the  art 
of  soldiering;  major-general,  1854 ;  governor  of  Guernsey, 
1854 ;  organiser  of  the  newly  formed  camp  at  Aldershot, 
1865 ;  president  of  the  council  of  military  education, 
1861 ;  treasurer  and  comptroller  of  the  household  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1862-77  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Oxford,  1863,  and 
hon.  D.O.L.  Cambridge,  1864  ;  K.C.B.,  1867  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1871;  gentleman  usher  of  the  black  rod,  1877; 
published  '  Some  Remarks  on  the  claim  to  the  Earldom  of 
Banbury,'  1835,  and  a  translation  of  the  Due  de  Fezeusac's 
'Journal  of  the  Russian  Campaign  of  1812,'  1852. 

[xxxi.  289] 

KNOTT,  EDWARD  (1582-1666),  Jesuit ;  his  real  name 
MATTHEW  WILSON  ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus,  1606 ;  peni- 
tentiary in  Rome,  1608  ;  professed  father,  1618 ;  missiouer 
in  Suffolk  district,  1625 ;  imprisoned,  1629  ;  released  and 
banished,  1633;  English  provincial,  1643;  author  of  con- 
troversial works.  [xxxi.  291] 

KNOWLER,  WILLIAM  (1699-1773),  divine ;  educated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1724;  LL.D., 
1728;  published,  at  the  request  of  Thomas  Watson  Went- 
worth,  afterwards  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  a  selection 
from  the  papers  of  his  great-grandfather,  Thomas  Went- 
\vorth,  first  earl  of  Strafford  [q.  v.],  1739.  [xxxi.  292] 

KN OWLEB.    [See  also  KNOLLYS.] 

KNOWLES,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  barouet  (rf.  1777), 
admiral ;  reputed  son  of  Charles  Kiiollys,  called  fourth 
earl  of  Banbury  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy  as  captain's  ser- 
vant, 1718;  rated  as    'able  seaman,'  1723-6;  lieutenant, 
1730 ;  commander,  1732 ;  surveyor  and  engineer  of  the 
fleet  against  Cartagena,  1741;  generally  supposed  author 
I  of  '  An  Account  of  the  Expedition  to  Carthage na,'  1743 ; 
!  governor  of  Louisbpurg,  1746;   rear-admiral  of  the  white, 
I  1747;  coininander-iu-chief  at  Jamaica,  1747 ;  involved  in 
j  difficulties  with  those  under  his  command  in  an  engage- 
ment off  Havana;  governor   of  Jamaica,  1752-6;   vice- 
admiral,  1755;  offended  the  government  by  his  share  in 
the    miscarriage    of    the  expedition  against  Rochefort, 
1757;    superseded  from  his    command;    admiral,  1760; 
created  baronet  and  nominated  rear-admiral  or  Great 
i  Britain,  1765;  accepted  command  in  the  Russian  navy, 
i  1770  ;  translated  De  la  Croix's '  Abstract  on  the  Mechanism 
1  of  the  Motions  of  Floating  Bodies,'  1775.       [xxxi.  292] 

KNOWLES,  SIR  CHARLES  HENRY,  second  baronet 
(1764-1831),  admiral;  only  surviving  son  of  Sir  Charles 
\  Knowles  [q.  v.]:  entered  navy,  1768;  lieutenant,  1776; 
succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1777 ;   fought  iu  action  of  St. 
Lucia,  1778,  off  Grenada,  1779;  captain,  1780;   present 
at  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797  :  vice-admiral,  1804 : 
'  admiral,  1810 ;  nominated  an  extra  G.C.B.,  1820 ;  author 
of  pamphlets  on  technical  subjects.  [xxxi.  295] 

KNOWLES,  GILBERT  (/.  1723),  botanist  and  poet ; 
known  only  for  his  '  Materia  Medica  Botauica,'  1723. 

[xxxi.  296] 

KNOWLES,     HERBERT    (1798-1817),    poet;    with 
Southey's  help,  to  whom  he  sent  some  poems,  was  elected 
:  a  sizar  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1817,  but  died  a 
I  few  weeks  later.     His  reputation  rests  on  'The  Three 
Tabernacles '  (better  known  as  '  Stanzas  iu  Richmond 
Churchyard').  [xxxi.  296] 

KNOWLES,  JAMES  (1759-1840),  lexicographer: 
head-master  of  English  department  of  Belfast  Academical 
Institution,  1813-16  ;  compiled  '  A  Pronouncing  and  Ex- 
planatory Dictionary  of  Uie  English  Language,'  1835. 

[xxxi.  297] 

KNOWLES,  JAMES  SHERIDAN  (1784-1862),  dra- 
matist ;  son  of  James  Knowles  [q.  v.]  the  lexicographer ; 
i  tried  the  army,  medicine,  the  stage,  and  school  mastering ; 
1  his  tragedy  of  '  Cains  Gracchus  '  produced  at  Belfast,  1815, 
|  and  'Virginius'  at  Covent  Garden,   1820;   his  comely, 
i  '  The  Hunchback,'  produced    at  Coveut  Garden,    1832, 
'  The  Love  Chase,'  1837 ;  continued  to  act  till  1843  ;  visit  nl 
United  States,  1834 ;  published  uteo  verses,  adaptation, 
novels.,  and  lectures  on  oratory.  [xxxi.  2«7J 


KNOWLES 


735 


KNOX 


KNOWLES,  JOHN  (fl.  1646-1668),  antitrinitnrian  : 
adopted  Arianism  ;  joined  parliamentarian  army,  1648 ; 
apprehended  on  charge  of  heresy,  1665;  released,  1866; 
author  of  controversial  pamphlet".  [xxxi.  300] 

KNOWLES,  JOHN  (1600  ?-1685),  nonconformist 
divine  ;  educated  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow 
of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1625  :  went  to  New  England, 
and  was  lecturer  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  1639-49  ; 
lecturer  in  thccathalral  at  Bristol,  1650-60  ;  his  prr.-i.-hiiiK 
made  illegal  by  Act  of  Uniformity,  166J;  given  charge 
of  a  presbyterian  congregation  at  the  indulgence  of  1672. 

[xxxi.  301] 

KNOWLES,  JOHN  (1781-1841),  biographer  of  Henry 
Fuseli  [q.  v.] ;  chief  clerk  in  the  surveyor's  department  of 
the  navy  office,  1806-32  ;  published  naval  works,  an  edi- 
tion of  Fuseli's  '  Lectures  on  Painting,'  1830,  and  a  '  Life 
of  Fuseli,'  1831  ;  F.R.S.  [xxxi.  302] 

KNOWLES,  MRS.  MARY  (1733-1807),  Quakeress ; 
nte  Morris ;  married  Dr.  Thomas  Knowles  and  travelled 
abroad ;  the  authenticity  of  her  account  of  a  '  Dialogue 
between  Dr.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Knowles'  respecting  the 
conversion  to  Quakerism  of  Miss  Jane  Harry  doubted  by 
Bos  well,  but  established  by  Miss  Seward  (printed  in  the 
' Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1791).  [xxxi.  302] 

KNOWLES,  RICHARD  BRINSLEY  (1820-1882), 
journalist ;  son  of  James  Sheridan  Knowles  [q.  v.] ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1843 ;  produced  •  The  Maiden 
Aunt '(comedy)  at  the  Haytnarket,  1845;  converted  to 
Roman  Catholicism ;  became  (1849)editor  of  the  'Catholic 
Standard,'  afterwards  renamed  the  'Weekly  Register'; 
edited  the  '  Illustrated  London  Magazine,'  1853-5 ;  on  the 
staff  of  the  'Standard,'  1857-60;  published  the  'Chro- 
nicles of  John  of  Oxenedes '  in  the '  Rolls  Series,'  1859 ;  en- 
gaged under  the  royal  commission  on  historical  manu- 
scripts, 1871.  [xxxi.  302] 

KNOWLES,  THOMAS  (1723-1802),  divine ;  educated 
at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1747 ;  D.D.,  1753 ; 
prebendary  of  Ely,  1779  ;  author  of  religious  and  contro- 
versial works.  [xxxi.  303] 

KNOWLTON,  THOMAS  (1692-1782),  gardener  and 
botanist ;  entered  service  of  Richard  Boyle,  third  earl  of 
Burlington  [q.  v.],  1728;  discoverer  of  the '  inoor-ball,'  a 
species  of  fresh-water  algae  of  the  conferva  family. 

[xxxi.  303] 

KNOX,  ALEXANDER  (1757-1 831),  theological  writer ; 
descended  from  the  family  to  which  John  Knox  the  re- 
former belonged;  shown  by  his  correspondence  with 
Bishop  Jebb  to  have  anticipated  the  Oxford  movement ; 
advocated  catholic  emancipation.  [xxxi.  304] 

KNOX,  ALEXANDER  ANDREW  (1818-1891),  jour- 
nalist and  police  magistrate :  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.  and  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1844 ;  on 
staff  of  the  'Times,'  1846-60  ;  M.A.,  1847  ;  police  magis- 
trate at  Worship  Street,  1860-2 ;  at  Marlborough  Street, 
1862-78.  [xxxi.  306] 

KNOX,  ANDREW  (1559-1633),  bishop  of  Raphoe; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University;  M.A.,  1579;  ordained, 
1581  ;  helped  to  frustrate  the  conspiracy  of  Huntly, 
Enrol,  and  Angus,  1592;  bishop  of  the  isles,  1600-19; 
bishop  of  Raphoe.  1610-33  ;  privy  councillor,  1612. 

[xxxi.  306] 

KNOX,  JOHN  (1505-1572),  Scottish  reformer  and 
historian ;  educated  at  Haddington  school ;  at  Glasgow 
University,  1522 ;  notary  in  Haddington  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood, 1640-3 ;  called  to  the  ministry  and  began 
preaching  for  the  reformed  religion,  1547  ;  taken  prisoner 
at  capitulation  of  the  castle  of  St.  Andrews  and  sent  to 
France,  1518  ;  released,  1549  ;  appointed  a  royal  chaplain, 
1551 ;  fled  to  Dieppe  at  accession  of  Mary  Tudor,  1563 ; 
met  Calvin  at  Geneva,  1554 ;  pastor  of  the  English  con- 
gregation at  Frankfort-on-Maine,  1554-5 ;  at  Geneva 
1556-8  :  published  six  tracts  dealing  with  the  contro- 
versy in  Scotland,  one  of  them  the  'Blast  of  the  Trumpet 
against  the  monstrous  regiment  of  Women,'  1558,  a  work 
that  gave  great  offence  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  per- 
manently affected  her  attitude  to  the  Scottish  reforma- 
tion ;  published 'Treatise  on  Predestination,'  1660;  had 
first  interview  with  Mary  Stuart,  1661 ;  issued  the  Book 
of  Common  Order  (service-book),  1664;  obtained  con- 
firmation of  presbyterian  reformation  in  Scottish  parlia- 
ment, 15G7 ;  appointed  minister  at  Edinburgh,  1572, 


where  he  died  ;  hU  influence  as  guiding  spirit  of  the  re- 
formation in  Scotland  largely  due  to  hig  power  u  an 
orator ;  his  '  History  of  the  Reformation  of  Religioun 
within  the  real  me  of  Scotland*  first  printed,  1584  (best 
edition  in  the  first  tw*  volumes  of  Laing's  c-1 
Knox's  '  Works,'  1846-8).  [x  xxi.  806] 

KNOX,  JOHN  (1556  7-1623),  KcottUh  preabyterian 
divine  ;  kinsman  and  adherent  of  John  Knox  (1505-1672) 
[q.  v.];  M.A.  St.  Andrews  1575  ;  lr.id.-r  of  th.  resistance 
to  the  re-establishment  of  episcopacy,  1617.  [xxxi.  838] 

KNOX,  JOHN  (  ft.  1621-1664X  Scottish  divine ;  said 
to  have  been  son  of  John  Knox  (1666  7-1623)  [q.  v.] ; 
member  of  the  assembly,  1638;  minister  of  Bowden, 
1621-54.  [xxxi  828] 

KNOX,  JOHN  (d.  1688),  presbyterian  divine ;  grand- 
son of  John  Knox  (1665  ?-1628)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh, 
1641;  joined  royalist  army :  ordained,  1663;  deprived  of 
his  charge  in  consequence  of  his  adherence  to  presby- 
terianism,  1662  ;  indulged,  1672 ;  convicted  of  offences  and 
imprisoned,  1684-5.  [xxxi.  338] 

KNOX,  JOHN  (1720-1790),  Scottish  philanthropist : 
bookseller  In  London  ;  improved  the  fisheries  and  manu- 
factures of  Scotland,  1764-90 ;  published  works  on  Scot- 
tish fisheries.  [xxxi.  329] 

KNOX.,  ROBERT  (16407-1720),  writer  on  Ceylon; 
went  to  Fort  George,  1657 ;  on  homeward  voyage  made 
prisoner  at  Ceylon,  1659  ;  escaped,  1679 ;  In  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company,  1680-94;  published  'An  His- 
torical Relation  of  the  Island  of  Ceylon  in  the  East 
Indies,'  the  first  account  of  Ceylon  in  the  English  lan- 
guage, 1681.  [xxxi.  330] 

KNOX,  ROBERT  (1791-1862),  anatomist  and  ethno- 
logist ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1814 ;  assistant-surgeon  in  the  army,  1816-32 ; 
made  scientific  researches  at  the  Cape,  1817-20 ;  conser- 
vator of  the  museum  of  comparative  anatomy  and  patho- 
logy, Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  1825-31 ;  anatomical 
lecturer  at  Edinburgh,  1826 ;  unpopular  after  1836  for 
heterodoxy  and  for  procuring  from  the  '  resurrectionists ' 
his '  subjects '  for  dissection ;  fellow  of  the  London  Ethno- 
logical Society,  1860;  honorary  curator  of  its  museum, 
1862 ;  distinguished  anatomical  teacher  ;  author  of  medi- 
cal works.  [xxxL  331] 

KNOX,  ROBERT  (1816-1883),  Irish  presbyterian 
divine;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1837;  established  and  edited  the 
'Irish  Presbyterian,'  and  published  many  sermons; 
founder  of  the  Sabbath  School  Society  for  Ireland,  and  of 
the  presbyteriau  alliance.  [xxxi.  333] 

KNOX,  ROBERT  BENT  (1808-1893),  archbishop  of 
Armagh;  ordained,  1832;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1834 ;  chancellor  of  Ardfert,  1834 ;  prebendary  of  Lime- 
rick, 1841 ;  bishop  of  Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore,  1849; 
D.D.,  1858;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1886-93;  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1888 ;  chief  work,  •  Ecclesiastical  Index  (of  Ire- 
land ),'  1839.  [Suppl.  iii.  71] 

KNOX,  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1832-1882),  superior  of 
the  London  Oratory ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.,  1845 ;  entered  the  Roman  catholic  church, 
1846  ;  helped  to  found  the  London  Oratory,  1849 ;  became 
its  superior ;  created  D.D.  by  Pius  IX,  1876 ;  published 
religious  and  historical  works.  [xxxi.  333] 

KNOX,  SIR  THOMAS  GEORGE  (1824-1887),  consul- 
general  in  Siam ;  grandson  of  William  Knox  (1762-1831) 
[q.  v.]  :  ensign,  1840 :  lieutenant,  1842 ;  interpreter  at 
Bangkok  consulate,  1857 ;  acting  consul,  1859-60 ;  consul, 
1864;  consul-general  in  Siam,  1868;  agent  and  consul- 
general,  1875-9 ;  K.O.M.G.,  1880.  [xxxi.  334] 

KNOX,  VICESIMUS  (1752-1821)  miscellaneous 
writer :  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1771 ;  B.A. 
and  fellow,  1775;  ordained,  1777;  published  •Essays 
Moral  and  Literary,'  1778 :  master  of  Tunbridge  School, 
1778-1812  ;  M.A.,  1779 ;  D.D.  Philadelphia ;  remembered 
as  the  compiler  of  the '  Elegant  Extracts,'  1789. 

[xxxi.  334] 

KNOX,  WILLIAM  (1732-1810),  official  and  contro- 
versialist; provost- marshal  of  Georgia,  1767-61 ;  agent  in 
Great  Britain  for  Georgia  and  East  Florida ;  dismissed 
on  account  of  pamphlets  written  to  defend  Stamp  Act, 
1765;  under-serretary  of  state  for  America,  1770-82: 
published  pamphlets  on  colonial  matters,  [xxxi.  886] 


736 


KYLMINGTON 


KNOX     WILLIAM  (1789-1825),  Scottish  poet;    be- 
iournalist,  1890;  befriended  by  Scott  and  Wilson  ; 
as  between  1818  and  1825,  complete  edition, 
i,'i;.   '  [xxxi.  337] 

KNOX,  WILLIAM  (1762-1831),  bishop  of  Derry: 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1778:  BJU  1781;  chap- 
lain to  the  Irish  House  of  Commons ;  bishop  of  Killaloe, 
17M-1808 :  bishop  of  Deny,  1803-31 :  published  sermons. 

[xxxi.  338] 

«,  LEONARD  (1660-1721),  painter;    born  at 
settled  in  London,  1690 ;  devoted  himself  to 


MMrlCm:     BCW4BU   Ul     AA/UUUU,    »«wv  .    v».  ~«    ~~ 

topographical  drawing  and  painting ;  known  principally 
bjhte  wries  of  bird's-eye  views  of  palaces  and  gentle- 
men's seats  in  Great  Britain.  [xxxi.  338] 

nrrvET  or  KWEVET,  SIR  EDMUND  (<*.  me), 

sergeant-porter  to  Henry  VIII ;  younger  brother  of  Sir 
Thomas  Knyvc 


1524; 

urn, 


vet  [q.  v.];    sergeant  of  the  king's  gates, 
of  the  king's  woods  in  Rockingham  Forest, 
[xxxi.  338] 


or  KNIVETT,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1381),  chan- 

of  Bnglaiul :  serjeant-at-law,  1367 :  justice  of  the 
of  common  pleas,  1361 ;  chief-justice  of  the  king's 
1365 ;  chancellor,  1372-7.  [xxxi.  339] 


KKYVET,  SIR  THOMAS  (rf.  1512),  officer  in  the 
navy ;  brother  of  Sir  Edmund  Knyvet  [q.  v.]  >  knighted, 
1509 ;  master  of  the  horse,  1610 ;  killed  in  au  engagement 
with  the  French.  [xxxi.  339] 


_p,  THOMAS,  BARON  KNYVKT  OF  ESCRICK 

(rf.  1699),  grand-nephew  of  Sir  Bdmund  Knyvet  [q.  v.] ; 
sergeant-porter  to  Henry  VIII ;  educated  at  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to 
Ooeen  Elizabeth  :  created  M.A.  on  her  visit  to  Oxford, 
1692:  M.P.,  Thetford,  1601 ;  knighted,  1604;  as  justice  of 
the  peace  for  Westminster  discovered  Guy  Fawkes  plot, 
1606  ;  privy  councillor,  member  of  the  council  of  Queen 
Anne,  and  warden  of  the  mint;  created  Baron  Knyvet  of 
Escrick,  1607.  [xxxi.  340] 


CHARLES  (1762-1822),  musician ; 
the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians  from  1778 : 
one  of  the  chief  singers  at  the  Handel  commemoration, 
1784 ;  directed  aerie*  of  oratorio  performances  at  Covent 
Garden,  1789;  established  Willis's  Rooms  concerts,  1791 ; 
organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1796.  [xxxi.  340] 

UiVETT.  CHARLES  (1773-1862),  musician  ;  eldest 
BOD  of  Charles  Knyvett  (1762-1822)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School ;  organist  of  St.  George's,  Han- 
over Square:  edited  a  'Collection  of  Favourite  Glees,' 
1800 ;  published  harmonised  airs.  [xxxi.  341] 

JLMYVXTT,  WILLIAM  (1779-1866),  musical  com- 
poser; third  son  of  Charles  Knyvett  (1762-1822)  [q.  v.]  ; 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1797 ;  composer  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1809;  a  fashionable  singer  in  London; 
conductor  of  the  Concert*  of  Antient  Music,  1832-40 ; 
conductor  of  the  Birmingham  festivals,  1834-43 ;  of  the 
York  Festival,  1836  ;  author  of  popular  vocal  works,  and 
of  the  anthems  for  the  coronations  of  George  IV  and 
yueeii  Victoria.  [xxxi.  341] 

KCEHLER,  GEORGE  FREDERIC  (</.  1800),  bri- 
gadier-general, captain  of  royal  artillery:  of  German 
birth ;  second  lieutenant  in  royal  artillery  during  siege  of 
Gibraltar,  1780;  first  lieutenant,  1789;  invented  a  pun- 
carriage;  member  of  the  staff  of  George  Augustus  Eliott, 
baron  Heathfleld  [q.  v.];  employed  in  Belgium  against 
the  Austrian*,  1790;  captain-general,  1793;  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel,  1794;  captain,  1796;  on  service  in  Egypt, 
1798  ;  died  at  Jaffa.  [xxxi.  341] 

KOLLKAN,  AUGUST  FHIEDRIOH  CHRISTOPH 
•  1756-1829),  organist  and  composer ;  born  at  Engelbostel 
near  Hanover:  chapel-keeper  and  schoolmaster  at  the 
German  Chapel,  St.  James's  Palace,  London,  1784  ;  author 
of  pianoforte  compositions  and  works  on  the  theory  of 
n»««ic.  [xxxi.  343] 

KONIO  or  K0NIG,  CHARLES  DIETRICH  EBER- 
HARD  (1774-1861),  mineralogist;  born  in  Brunswick; 
educated  at  Gottinjren :  keeper  of  department  of  natural 
history  in  British  Museum,  lhi:» ;  subsequently  keeper  of 
the  mlneralogical  department.  [xxxi.  343] 

KOTZWARA  or  KOCSWABA,  FRANZ(1760  ?-1793), 
;   bora   In  Prague ;   atwutted  in  Handel  com- 


memoration, 1784 :  composer  of  the  popular  sonata 
'Battle  of  Prague,'  for  piano,  violin,  aiid  violoncello; 
hanged  himself  accidentally.  [xxxi.  344] 

KRABTREE.     [See  CKABTRKK.] 

KRATZER,  NICHOLAS  (1487-1560?),  mathema- 
tician ;  born  at  Munich ;  studied  at  Cologne  aud  Wittem- 
berg :  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1617  ; 
M.A.,  1623;  skilled  constructor  of  sundials;  friend  of 
Erasmus  and  Hans  Holbein  [q.  v.],  who  painted  his  por- 
trait, 1628;  left  in  manuscript  'Canones  Horopti*  and 
4  De  Compositione  Horologiorum.'  [xxxi.  344] 

KRAtTSE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1796-1852),  Irish 
divine  ;  born  in  the  West  Indies ;  entered  the  army,  1814  ; 
present  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ;  a  noted  evangelical  clergyman  of  Dublin. 

[xxxi.  345] 

KTJERDEN,  RICHARD  (1623-1690?).  [See  JACK- 
SON.] 

KTJPER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  LEOPOLD  (1809-1885), 
admiral ;  entered  the  navy,  1823 ;  lieutenant,  1830 ; 
assisted  his  father-in-law,  Captain  Sir  James  John  Gordon 
Bremer  [q.  v.],  in  forming  settlement  of  Port  Essington 
in  North  Australia,  1837  ;  commander,  1839 ;  employed 
in  Chinese  war,  1840-1 ;  rear-admiral,  1861 ;  commander- 
iu-chief  in  China,  1862  ;  K.O.B.,  1864  ;  admiral,  1872. 

[xxxi.  345] 

KURZ,  SULPIZ  (1833  ?-1878),  botanist;  born  in 
Munich  ;  entered  Dutch  service  in  Java ;  curator  of  Cal- 
cutta herbarium ;  explored  Burmah,  Pegu,  and  the 
Andaman  islands ;  published  '  Forest  Flora  of  Burmah,' 
1877 ;  died  at  Peiiang.  [xxxi.  346] 

KYAN,  ESMOND  (d.  1798),  Irish  rebel;  com- 
manded rebel  artillery  at  battle  of  Arklow,  1798 ;  arrested 
and  executed.  [xxxi.  346] 

KYAN,  JOHN  HOWARD  (1774-1850),  inventor  of 
the  '  Kyanisiug '  process  for  preserving  wood :  began 
experiments  to  prevent  decay  of  wood,  1812 ;  patented  his 
invention,  1832  ;  his  process  superseded,  c.  1835  :  died  at 
New  York.  [xxxi.  347] 

KYD,  ROBERT  (d.  1793),  founder  of  the  Botanical 
Gardens,  Calcutta  :  obtained  cadetship,  1764  ;  lieutenant 
Bengal  infantry,  1765:  major,  1780;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1782;  secretary  to  military  department  of  inspection, 
Bengal ;  laid  out  Botanical  Garden,  near  Calcutta,  1786 ; 
died  at  Calcutta.  [xxxi.  348] 

KYD,  STEWART  (d.  1811),  politician  and  legal 
writer ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  London  :  friend  of  Thomas  Hardy  (1752- 
1832)  [q.v.];  arrested  for  high  treason  and  discharged, 
1794  ;  defended  the  publisher  of  Paiue's  '  Age  of  Reason,' 
1797  ;  wrote  legal  treatises.  [xxxi.  348] 

KYD  or  KID,  THOMAS  (1557?-1595?),  dramatist; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  Londou  ;  originally 
a  scrivener  ;  'Spanish  Tragedy'  printed,  1594;  his  'First 
Part  of  leronimo '  published,  1605  ;  his '  Cornelia '  licensed 
for  publication,  1594  ;  often  credited  with  '  The  rare 
Triumphs  of  Love  and  Fortune'  (acted,  1582)  and  '  The 
Tragedye  of  Solyman  and  Perseda*  (printed,  1599); 
perhaps  the  author  of  a  pre-Shakespearean  play  (now 
lost)  on  the  subject  of  Hamlet ;  one  of  the  best-known 
tragic  poets  of  his  time.  [xxxi.  349] 

KYDERMYN8TER.    [See  KEDKUMYSTER.] 

KYFFIN,  MAURICE  (rf.  1599),  poet  and  translator : 
published  '  The  Blessedness  of  Brytaine,  or  a  Celebration 
of  the  Qticenes  Holyday,'  a  poetical  eulopry  on  the  govern- 
ment of  Elizabeth,  1687  (2nd  edit.  1588);  translated  in 
prose  the  'Andria'  of  Terence,  1588;  issued  hi-  Welsh 
translation  of  Bishop  Jewel's  '  Apologia  pro  Ecclr-ia 
Anglicana,'  1694  or  1595.  [xxxi.  352] 

KYLE,  JAMES  FRANCIS(1788-1869),8cottishcatho- 
lic  prelate ;  ordained,  1812  ;  D.D. ;  bishop  of  Germanici* 
tit  partibns,  and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  northern  district  of 
Scotland,  1827;  collected  documents  for  history  of  Catho- 
licism in  Scotland.  [xxxi.  353] 

KYLMINGTON  or  KYLMETON,  RICHARD  (d. 
1361),  dean  of  St.  Paul's  and  theologian  :  educated  at 
Oxford;  D.D.  before  13U9:  archdeacon  of  London, 1348- 
1350  :  deuu  of  St.  Paul's,  1363-61.  [xxxi.  353] 


KYME 


LACKINGTON 


KYME,  titular  EARLS  OP.  [SeeUMFRAViLLK,GiLBKRT 
PR,  1390-1421 ;  TALBOYH  or  TAILBUYS,  Sm  WILLIAM,  d. 
1464.] 

KYMER,  (JILHERT  (-/.  1463),  deau  of  Salisbury  and 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford  :  educated  at  Oxford  : 
proctor,  1412-13  ;  principal  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1412-14  ; 
dean  of  Wimborne  Minster,  1427;  chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1431-3  and  141(1-53  ;  dean  of  Salisbury,  1449; 
physician  in  household  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester : 
attended  Henry  VI,  1456  ;  wrote  '  Diaetarium  de  Sanitatis 
Oustodia.'  [xxxi.  353] 

KYNASTON,  EDWARD  (1640?-1706),  actor;  first 
appeared  at  the  Cockpit,  Drury  Lane,  1659 ;  played  Epi- 
cnene  in  the 'Silent  Woman,'  1661:  his  first  important 
male  part,  Peregrine  in  the  '  Fox,'  1665  ;  played  Cassio  in 
'  Othello,'  1682  ;  acted  with  Betterton,  1682-99  ;  one  of  the 
last  male  actors  of  female  parts.  [xzzi.  354] 

KYNASTON  or  KINA8TON,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1687- 
1642),  poet  and  scholar;  entered  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1601  ;  B.A.,  1604 ;  removed  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  graduated  M.A.,  1609  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1611 ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1611 :  knighted,  1618 ;  M.P.,  Shrop- 
shire, 1621-2 ;  the  centre  of  a  brilliant  literary  coterie  at 
court ;  founded  an  academy  of  learning  called  the  Mus 
Minervse,  1635  ;  published  poems  and  translations. 


[xxxL  355] 
ligh-r 


KYNASTON,  HERBERT  (1809-1878),  high-master  of 
St.  Paul's  School :  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  entered 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1827;  M.A.,  1833  ;  ordained,  1834  ; 
tutor  and  Greek  reader  of  his  college,  1836 ;  high-master 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  1838-76 ;  D.D.,  1849 ;  well 
known  as  a  schoolmaster  and  writer  and  translator  of 
hymns.  [xxxi.  356] 

KYNASTOH,  JOHN  (1728-1783),  author;  fellow  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1751 ;  M.A.,  1752  ;  author  of 
controversial  pamphlets ;  contributor  to  the  'Gentleman's 
Magazine.'  [xxxi.  357] 

KYNDEB,,  PHILIP  (.ft.  1665),  miscellaneous  writer; 
educated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  :  B.A.,  1616 ;  agent 
for  court  affaire,  1640-3;  published  'The  Surfeit.  To 
A.  B.  C..'  1656 :  many  of  his  works  preserved  in  manu- 
script in  the  Bodleian.  [xxxi.  358] 

KYNEWULF  (fl.  750).    [See  CYNEWULH.] 


KYNGESBURY  or  KYNBURY,  THOMAS  (/f.lttO), 

Kr:iii<-i-.Mii  :i-i.l  It.h.  nt  utfoni  :  tw.-ntv-ixth  provisional 
Miim-tiT  of  English  Minorite*,  13KO-90;  IM: 
..1  Mfenc.-. 

KYNNE8MA1T,  ARTHUR(168S-1770),  schoolmaster ; 
••nt.-r.-l  Trinity  College,  Oambri-lge.  1702;  M.A.  17ot» ; 
master  of  Bury  St.  Edmund*  grammar  school,  1716-65; 
published  4  A  Short  Introduction  to  Grammar,'  1768. 

[xxxi.  MO] 

KYN8IGE.  KINSITJS.  KIN8I,  or  CYNE8IOE  (d. 
1060),  archbishop  of    York :  monk  of  Peterborough  :  a 
chaplain  of  Edward  the  Confessor  ;  arcLbi-l...p  • 
1051-60.  [xxxi.  861] 

KYNTON,  JOHN  (</.  1536),  divinity  professor  at  Ox- 
ford ;  Franciscan  friar :  D.D.,  1600 :  vice-chancellor  and 
senior  Thtologut,  Oxford,  at  intervals  between  16o3  and 
1513;  one  of  the  four  doctor*  of  divinity  to  consult  with 
Wolsey  about  the  Lutheran  doctrines,  1621 ;  Margaret 
professor  of  theology  (resigned,  1530).  [xxxi.  301] 

KYNWELMARSH,  FRANCIS  (d.  1680).  [See  KIM- 
\VI:I.MI:KSH.] 

KYNYNGHAM  or  CUNNINGHAM.  JOHN  (d.  1S99) 
Carmelite  ;  studied  at  Oxford  ;  twenty-first  provincial  of 
his  order,  1393  ;  vigorously  opposed  Wycliffe. 

[xxxi.  361] 

KYBXE,  JOHN  (1637-1724),  the  Man  of  Row;  eau- 
cated  at  the  Ross  grammar  school  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford  ;  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1657 :  lived  very 
simply  on  his  estates  at  Ross  ;  devoted  bis  surplus  income 
to  works  of  charity  :  eulogised  by  Pope,  1732.  The  Kyrle 
Society  was  inaugurated  in  1877  as  a  memorial  of  him. 

[xxxi.  362] 

KYKTON,  EDMUND  (d.  1466).    [See  KIIUOX.] 

KYTE,  FRANCIS  (ft.  1710-1745),  mezzotint-engraver 
and  portrait-painter;  published  mezzotint-engravings 
after  Kneller ;  subsequently  devoted  himself  to  portrait- 
painting,  [xxxi.  363] 

KYTE,  JOHN  (d.  1537).    [See  KITE.] 

KYTELEE,  DAME  ALICE  (ft.  1324).    [See  KETTLE.] 

KYTSON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1488-1540),  sheriff  of 
London  ;  master  of  the  Mercers' Company,  1535 ;  engaged 
in  extensive  mercantile  transactions  ;  member  of  Merchant 
Adventurers'  Company ;  sheriff  of  London,  1533 ;  knighted, 
1533.  [xxxi.  364] 


LABELYE,  CHARLES  (1705-1781  ?),  architect  of  the 
first  Westminster  Bridge;  born  at  Vevey ;  came  to  England, 
c.  1726  ;  employed  in  building  Westminster  Bridge,  1738- 
1750;  naturalised,  1746;  published  'A  Description  of 
Westminster  Bridge,'  1761 ;  died  at  Paris,  [xxxi.  366] 

LABLACHE,  FANNY  WYNDHAM (d.  1877),  vocalist ; 
n£e  Wilton  ;  wife  of  Frederick  Lablache  [q.  v.]  ;  died  at 
Paris.  [xxxi.  367] 

LABLACHE,  FREDERICK  (1815-1887),  vocalist: 
eldest  son  of  Luigi  Lablache  [q.  v.] ;  appeared  in  London 
in  Italian  opera,  c.  1837  ;  sang  at  Manchester  with  Mario, 
Grisi,  and  Jenny  Lind;  withdrew  from  the  stage  and 
devoted  himself  to  teaching,  c.  1865.  [xxxi.  366] 

LABLACHE,  LUIGI  (1794-1858),  vocalist;  born  at 
Naples  :  sang  the  solos  in  Mozart's  requiem  on  the  death 
of  Haydn,  1809  ;  engaged  at  the  San  Carlo  Theatre,  Naples, 
1812  ;  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  1817 ;  in  London,  1830  ;  a  mag- 
nificent  bass  singer  and  an  excellent  actor  ;  taught  sing- 
ing to  Queen  Victoria ;  died  at  Naples  ;  buried  at  Paris. 

[xxxi.  367] 

LABOUCHERE,  HENRY,  first  BARON  TAUNTOX 
(1798-1869),  educated  at  Winchester ;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1821 ;  liberal  M.P.,  Michael  Borough,  1826 ;  M.A., 
1828  :  M.P.,  Taunton,  1830 ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1832 : 
master  of  the  mint,  privy  councillor,  and  vice-president  of 
the  board  of  trade,  1835 ;  under-secretary  of  war  and  the 
colonies,  February  1839 :  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
and  admitted  to  Lord  Melbourne's  cabinet,  August  1839- 


1841 ;  again  president  of  the  board  of  trade  under  Lord 
John  Russell,  1847-62  ;  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies 
under  Lord  Palmerston,  1865-8:  raised  to  peerage,  1859; 
some  of  his  speeches  published  separately,  [xxxi.  367] 

LACAITA,  SIR  JAMES  PHILIP  (1813-1895),  Italian 
scholar  and  politician ;  born  at  Mauduria,  Italy ;  gra- 
duated in  law  at  Naples  ;  advocate,  1836 ;  legal  adviser  to 
British  legation,  Naples ;  assisted  Gladstone  to  collect 
information  about  Bourbon  misrule,  1850 :  came  to  Lon- 
don, 1862 ;  professor  of  Italian,  Queen's  College,  London, 
1863-6 ;  naturalised  in  England,  1855 :  secretary  to  Glad- 
stone's mission  to  Ionian  islands,  1868;  K.C.M.G.,  1859: 
deputy  to  first  Italian  legislature,  1861-5  :  senator,  1876  ; 
completed  Lord  Vernou's  edition  of  Dante,  1865. 

[Snppl.  iii.  73] 

LACEY,  WILLIAM  (1584-1673),  Jesuit ;  his  real 
name  WOLFE  ;  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1600 ; 
B.A.,  1606  ;  became  a  Roman  catholic ;  admitted  to  Un- 
English  college,  Rome,  1608 ;  mtoioner  in  England,  1625- 
1673  ;  published  controversial  pamphlets,  [xxxi.  369] 

LACHTAIN,  LAICHTIN.  LACHTNAIN.  IACHTOC. 

or  MOLACHTOC  (•/.  K22),  Irish  saint:  claimed  descent 
from  a  king  of  Ireland  in  the  second  century  :  a  disciple 
of  Comgall  [q.  v.],  of  Beannchair  ;  founded  two  churches? 
in  Ireland  ;  his  day,  19  March.  [xxxi  369] 

LACKINGTOH,  GEORGE  (1768-1844X  bootoelleT; 
entered  the  bookselling  business  of  his  relative,  James 
Lackington  [q.  v.],  1779.  and  became  its  bead,  1798  :  offl- 
cial  assignee  of  bankrupt*.  [xxxi.  369] 


LACKINGTON 


738 


LADBROOKE 


LACKUfOTON.  -IAMBS  (1746-1815),  bookseller:  his 
•hop  in  Fiusbory  Square  known  as  the  'Temple  of  the 
Moses*  and  one  of  the  sights  of  London  :  published  hit> 
•  Memoirs1 1791,  his  •  Confessions,'  1804.  [xxxi.  370] 

LA  CLOCHE,  JAMES  (Jf.  1668),  natural  son  of 
Charles  II ;  born  in  Jersey ;  his  mother's  name  unknown  ; 
brought  up  as  a  protestant  in  France  and  Holland; 
entered  novitiate  of  Jesuit*  at  Rome;  employed  by 
Charles  II  as  a  means  of  secret  communication  with 
j  1668,  [xxxi.  871] 

LACROIX,  ALPHONSE  FRANCOIS  (1799-1869), 
;  born  in  the  canton  of  Neuchatel ;  became  a 
;  agent  of  the  Netherlands  Missionary  Society 


at  Chlnmirah.  near  Calcutta  ;  transferred  his  services  to 
the  London  Missionary  Society  and  became  a  British  sub- 
ject; removed  to  Calcutta,  1827;  learned  Bengali  and 
preached  with  great  success ;  revised  the  Bengali  scrip- 
tares  ;  trained  native  preachers.  [xxxi.  372] 

LACY.  EDMUND  (13707-1465),  bishop  of  Evter ; 
D.D.  Oxford  :  master  of  University  College,  Oxford,  1398 ; 
prebendary  of  Hereford,  1412,  and  of  Lincoln,  1414  ;  dean 
of  Chapel  Royal  under  Henry  V  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1417, 
and  of  Exeter,  1420-65.  [Suppl.  iii.  74] 

LACY,  FRANCES  DALTON  (1819-1872),  actress: 
first  appeared  in  London  at  the  Haymarket,  1838  ;  joined 
Madame  Vestris's  company  at  Covent  Garden,  1840  ;  mar- 
rial  the  actor  Thomas  Halles  Lacy  [q.  v.],  1842. 

[xxxi.  388] 

LACY,  FRANCIS  ANTONY  (1731-1792),  Spanish 
general  and  diplomatist :  of  Irish  birth  ;  commenced  bis 
military  career  in  the  Spanish  service,  1747 ;  commanded 
Spanish  artillery  at  siege  of  Gibraltar:  Spanish  minister 
plenipotentiary  at  Stockholm  and  St.  Petersburg ;  com- 
mandant-general of  coast  of  Grenada ;  member  of  supreme 
council  of  war  and  commandant-general  and  sole  in- 
spector-general of  artillery  and  of  all  ordnance-manufac- 
turing establishments  in  Spain  and  the  Indies ;  governor 
and  captain-general  of  Catalonia,  1789.  [xxxi.  372] 

LACY,  GILBERT  DK,  fourth  BAKON  LACY  (fl.  1150), 
grandson  of  Walter  de  Lacy,  first  baron  Lacy  [q.  v.] ; 
supported  the  Empress  Matilda,  1138,  but  joined  Stephen 
before  1146;  joined  the  knights  of  the  Temple  and  went 
to  the  Holy  Land ;  preceptor  of  his  order  in  the  county  of 
Tripoli.  [xxxi.  376] 

LACY,  HARRIETTE  DEBORAH  (1807-1874),  actress ; 
»*  Taylor ;  made  her  debut  as  Julia  in  the  '  Rivals,'  1827  ; 
joined  Macready's  company  and  married  Walter  Lacy 
[q.  v.],  183H;  among  her  best  performances  were  Nell 
Gwynne  in  Jerrold's  play  and  Ophelia ;  retired  from  the 
stage,  1848.  [xxxi.  373] 

LACY,  HEXRY  DK,  third  EARL  op  LINCOLN  of  the 
Lacy  family  (1249?-1311),  grandson  of  John  de  Lacy, 
first  earl  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father,  1257  ; 
knighted,  1272 ;  commanded  division  in  Welsh  war,  1276 ; 
joint-lieutenant  of  England  in  Edward  I's  absence,  1279 ; 
accompanied  Edward  I  to  Gascony,  1286-9 ;  assisted  in  the 
deliberations  respecting  Scottish  succession,  1291  and 
1293  ;  in  command  of  the  army  in  France,  1296-8 :  accom- 
panied Edward  I  to  Scotland  and  was  present  at  his  death, 
1307 ;  one  of  the  lords  ordainers  and  guardian  of  the 
kingdom  in  Edward  I  I's  absence,  1310.  [xxxi.  373] 

LACY,  HUGH  UK,  fifth  BARON  LACY  by  tenure  and 
first  LORD  OK  MKATH  (d.  1186),  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Ireland ;  doubtless  the  son  of  Gilbert  de  Lacy,  fourth 
baron  Lacy  [q.  v.]  ;  went  to  Ireland  with  Henry  II,  1171 ; 
procurator-general  of  Ireland,  1177-81  and  1185-6; 
accused  of  aspiring  to  the  crown  of  Ireland ;  assassinated, 
118*.  [x«i.  876] 

LACY,  HUGH  I.K,  flwt  EARL  OF  ULSTER  (d.  1242  ?), 
earliest  Anglo-Norman  peer  of  Ireland;  second  son  of 
Hugh  de  Lacy,  fifth  baron  Lacy  (d.  1 186)  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part 
in  the  fighting  in  Ireland  ;  created  Earl  of  Ulster,  1205  ; 
fled  to  Scotland,  and  thence  to  France,  1210:  returned  to 
Kngland,  1221 :  joined  Llywelyn  ah  lorwerth  [q.  v.]  in 
Wates ;  engaged  again  in  warfare  in  Ireland,  [xxxi.  377] 

LACY,  JOHN  DK(rf.  1190X  crusader ;  son  of  Richard 
FitzEustace,  constable  of  Chester  ;  assumed  cousin's  name 
as  heir  to  the  Lacy  estates ;  died  at  Tyre,  [xxxi.  888] 

LACY,  JOHN  DK,  first  RARL  OF  LINCOLN  of  the  Lacy 
f»nrily  (d.  1140),  son  of  Roger  de  Lacy  [q.  v.] ;  one  of  the 
twcnty-flve  barons  appointed  to  see  to  the  maintenance 


of  the  Great  Charter,  1215  ;  crusader,  1218  ;  created  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  1232  ;  one  of  the  witnesses  of  the  coufirnmtion 
of  the  charters,  1236.  [xxxi.  380] 

LACY,  JOHN  (d.  1681),  dramatist  and  comedian: 
attached  to  Charles  II's  (KilligrewV)  company  of  actors  ; 
h  .-  acting  commended  by  Pepys  and  Evelyn  ;  his  best 
play  '  The  Old  Troop,  or  Monsieur  Raggou,'  written  be- 
fore 1665  (printed,  1672);  the  original  Bayes  of  the 
•Rehearsal,'  1671.  [xxxi.  380] 

LACY,  JOHN  (/.  1737),  pseudo-prophet  ;  camisard  ; 
published  '  The  Prophetical  Warnings  of  John  Lacy,'  1707  ; 
claimed  the  power  of  working  miracles  ;  committed  to 
Bridewell,  1737.  [xxxi.  382] 

LACY  or  DE  LACY,  MAURICE  (1740-1820),  of 
Grodno  ;  Russian  general  ;  born  at  Limerick  ;  of  the 
family  of  Peter  Lacy,  count  Lacy  [q.  v.]  ;  attained  gene- 
ral's rank  in  Russian  army  ;  held  command  under 
Suwarrow  in  campaigns  against  the  French  in  Switzer- 
land and  Italy  ;  governor  of  Grodno.  [xxxi.  384] 

LACY,  MICHAEL  ROPHINO  (1795-1867),  violinist 
and  composer  ;  born  at  Bilbao  ;  studied  violin  at  Paris 
and  in  England,  1805  ;  an  actor  of  '  genteel  comedy  parts,' 
1808-18;  composed  ballet-music  for  Italian  opera,  Lon- 
don, 1820-3  ;  adapted  foreign  libretti  ;  composed  an 
oratorio  (1833)  and  minor  pieces.  [xxxi.  385] 

LACY,  PETER,  COUNT  LACY  (1678-1751),  Russian 
field-marshal  ;  entered  Russian  service,  1697  ;  fought 
against  Danes,  Swedes,  and  Turks,  1705-21  ;  commander- 
in-chief  at  St.  Petersburg  and  other  places,  1725  ;  aided 
in  establishing  Augustus  of  Saxony  on  the  throne  of 
Poland,  1733-6  ;  field-marshal,  1736;  called  by  Frederick 
the  Great  the  '  Prince  Eugene  of  Muscovy.'  [xxxi.  385] 

LACY,  ROGER  DK  (d.  1212),  justiciar  and  constable 
of  Chester  ;  son  of  John  de  Lacy  (d.  1190)  [q.  v.]  ;  nephew 
of  William  de  Mandeville,  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.]  ;  constable 
of  Chester,  1190  ;  justiciar,  1209.  [xxxi.  388] 

LACY,  THOMAS  HAILES  (1809-1873),  actor  and 
theatrical  publisher  ;  first  appeared  on  the  London  stage, 
1828  ;  with  Phelps  at  Sadler's  Wells,  1844-9  ;  theatrical 
bookseller,  1849  ;  published  acting  editions  of  1,485  dramas 
between  1848  and  1873  ;  author  of  several  plays. 

[xxxi.  389] 

LACY,  WALTER  T>E,  first  BARON  LACY  by  tenure 
(d.  1085),  said  to  have  fought  for  the  Conqueror  at 
Hastings,  1066.  [xxxi.  389] 

LACY,  "WALTER  DE,  sixth  BARON  LACY  by  tenure, 
and  second  LORD  OF  MEATH  (d.  1241),  elder  son  of  Hugh 
de  Lacy,  fifth  baron  Lacy  (d.  1186)  [q.  v.]  ;  elder  brother 
of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  first  earl  of  Ulster  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in 
John's  expedition  to  France,  1214  ;  sheriff  of  Herefordshire, 
1216-23  ;  one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  the  young  king 
Henry  III.  [xxxi.  390] 

LACY,  WALTER  (1809-1898),  actor  ;  his  real  name 
Williams  ;  first  appeared  on  stage  in  Edinburgh,  1829  ; 
played  Charles  Surface  at  Haymarket,  London,  1838: 
with  Charles  Kean  at  Princess's,  1852.  His  parts  in- 
cluded Edmund  ('Lear'),  Benedick,  Comns,  Faulcon- 
bridge,  Malvolio,  Touchstone,  Henry  VIII,  and  Ghost 
('  Hamlet  ').  [Suppl.  iii.  74] 

LACY,  WILLIAM  (16107-1671),  royalist  divine; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.  and 
fellow,  1636  ;  B.D.,  1642  ;  associated  with  John  Barwick 
(1612-1664)  [q.  v.]  in  writing  'Certain  Disquisitions' 
against  the  covenant  ;  ejected  from  his  fellowship,  1644  ; 
became  chaplain  to  Prince  Rupert  ;  taken  prisoner,  1645  ; 
restored  to  his  fellowship,  1660  ;  D.D.,  1662.  [xxxi.  392] 

LACY,  WILLIAM  (1788-1871),  bass-singer;  ap- 
peared at  concerts  in  London,  1798-1810  ;  in  Calcutta, 
1818-25.  [xxxi.  383] 


LADBROOKE,     HENRY     (1800-1870),     landscape- 

Ladbrooke  [q 
scape-painter;    acquired    reputation  for  bis   moonlight 


,  , 

painter;  second  son  of  Robert  Ladbrooke  [q.  v.],  land- 


; exhibited  at  various  institutions.      [xxxi.  393] 

LADBROOKE,  JOHN  BERNEY  (1803-1879),  land- 
scape-painter ;  third  son  of  Robert  Ladbrooke  [q.  v.],  land- 
pcape-painter ;  a  pupil  of  John  Crome  [q.  v.],  whose 
manner  he  followed;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1821-2,  at  the  British  Institution  and  the  Suffolk  Btreel 
Gallery  up  to  1873.  [xxxi.  393] 


LADBROOKE 


739 


LAING 


LADBROOKE,  ROBERT  (1768-1842),  landscape- 
painter  ;  worked  with  John  Crome  [q.  v.] ;  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  establishment  of  the  celebrated  Norwich 
Society  of  Artists,  1803 ;  vice-president,  1808 ;  exhibitor 
at  Royal  Academy  between  1804  and  1815;  painted 
chiefly  Norfolk  scenery.  [xxxi.  392] 

LADYMAN,  SAMUEL  (1825-1684),  divine;  fellow, 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1648 ;  M.A.,  1649  ;  became 
an  independent ;  conformed  at  the  Restoration ;  pre- 
bendary of  Cashel,  1677  ;  archdeacon  of  L'merick  ;  D.D. ; 
published  sermons,  1658.  [xxxi.  393] 

LAEGHAIRE  or  LOEOHAIRE  (<l.  458),  king  of 
Ireland ;  succeeded  to  the  throne,  428 ;  baptised  by  St. 
Patrick,  432 ;  at  war  with  the  Leinster  men,  453-7 ; 
defeated  and  slain  by  them.  [xxxi.  393] 

LAEOHAIRE  LORC,  mythical  king  of  Ireland; 
assigned  by  chroniclers  to  B.C.  595-3.  [xxxi.  394] 

LAFFAN,  SIR  JOSEPH  DE  OOUROY,  first  baronet 
(1786-1848),  physician;  educated  at  Edinburgh;  M.I). 
Edinburgh,  1808;  L.R.C.P.,  1808;  physician  to  the  forces, 
1812 ;  served  in  Spain  and  Portugal  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  Peninsular  war  ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  the  Duke 
of  Kent ;  created  baronet,  1828 ;  K.H.,  1836. 

[xxxi.  394] 

LAFFAN,  SIR  ROBERT  MICHAEL  (1821-1882), 
governor  of  Bermuda ;  educated  at  the  college  of  Pont 
Levoy,  near  Blois:  entered  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  1835  ;  second  lieutenant  in  royal  engineers, 
1837;  first  lieutenant,  1839;  organised  engineering 
arrangements  of  expedition  for  relief  of  garrison  of  Natal 
besieged  by  the  Boer  Pretorius  ;  captain,  1846;  inspector 
of  railways  under  the  board  of  trade,  1847-52 ;  M.P., 
St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  1852-7 ;  deputy  inspector-general  of 
fortifications  at  the  war  office,  1855 ;  brevet  major,  1858 ; 
regimental  lieutenant-colonel,  1859 ;  commanding  royal 
engineer  at  Malta,  1860-5 ;  brevet-colonel,  1864 ;  sent  to 
Ceylon  as  member  of  commission  to  report  on  military 
expenditure  of  colony  and  on  its  defences,  1865  ;  regimental 
colonel,  1870 ;  commanding  royal  engineer  at  Gibraltar, 
1872-7 ;  govemor  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Ber- 
mudas as  brigadier-general,  1877 ;  K.O.M.G.,  1877 ;  major- 
general,  1877  ;  lieutenant-general,  1881 ;  died  at  Mount 
Langton,  Bermuda.  [xxxi.  395] 


Paris:   studied  drawing  at  the  school   of   the    French 
Academy;  employed  in  England  as  assistant  by  V. 
|....iit.-i  halls,  shilreMM.  or  oeUings  at  Burleigh  House, 
Hl.-nlu-im,  Ohateworth,    Marlboroogh    House,  and  elae- 
wiM-rw;  employed  by  William  111  at  Hampton  Court 

drawing  widely  imitated.  [xxxi.  397] 

LAIDLAW,  WILLIAM  (1780-1845),  friend  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott ;  steward  to  Sir  Walter  Bcott  at  Abbotaford, 
1K17;  Scott's  amanueiwiH;  author  of  lyrics;  compiled, 
under  Scott's  direction,  part  of  the  •  Edinburgh  Anmuil 
Register  '  after  1817.  [Xxxi.  397] 

LAING,  ALEXANDER (1778-1 838),  antiquary;  pub- 
lished the  'Caledonian  Itinerary,'  1819,  and  'Scarce 
Ancient  Ballads  never  before  published,'  1822 ;  chief  work, 
the  '  Donean  Tourist,  interspersed  with  Anecdotes  and 
Ancient  National  Ballads,'  1828.  [xxxi.  398] 

LAING,  ALEXANDER  (1787-1857),  the  Brechln  poet ; 
son  of  an  agricultural  labourer;  contributed  to  local 
newspapers  and  poetical  miscellanies  ; '  Wayside  Flowers,' 
a  collection  of  his  poetry,  published,  1848  (second  edition, 
1850) ;  wrote  in  lowland  Scotch.  [xxxi.  398] 

LAING,  ALEXANDER  GORDON  (1793  -  18*$), 
African  traveller;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University; 
ensign  in  the  Edinburgh  volunteers,  1810 ;  went  to  Bar- 
bados, 1811;  lieutenant,  1816;  deputy-assistant  quarter- 
master-general in  Jamaica  ;  adjutant,  1820 ;  despatched 
by  the  governor  of  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Kambian  and 
Mandingo  countries  to  ascertain  the  native  sentiment 

j  regarding  the  slave  trade,  1822 ;  frequently  engaged  with 
and  defeated  the  Ashantees,  1823 ;  published  '  Travels  in 
Timmannee,  Kooranko,  and  Soolima,  Countries  of  Western 
Africa,'  1826 ;  undertook  expedition  to  ascertain  source 
and  course  of  Niger,  1825  ;  murdered  by  Arabs  on  reach- 

i  lug  Timbuctoo.  [xxxi.  399] 

LAING,  DAVID  (1774-1858),  architect ;  articled  to 
|  Sir  John  Soane  [q.  v.],  e.  1790 ;  surveyor  of  buildings  at 
|  the  custom  bouse,  London,  1811  ;  designed  a  new  custom 
house  (built  1813-17),  the  front  of  which  fell  down,  1825, 
much  litigation  ensuing  ;  wrote  on  practical  architec- 
ture, [xxxi.  400] 

LAING,  DAVID  (1793-1878),  Scottish  antiquary: 
second  son  of  William  Laing  [q.  v.],  bookseller ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  University ;  became  partner  in  his  father's 
business,  1821,  and  employed  abroad  in  search  of  rare 
books ;  edited  old  Scottish  ballads  and  metrical  romances  ; 
secretary  of  the  Bannatyne  Club,  1823-61 ;  fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  1826  ;  issued  first  col- 
lected edition  of  the  poems  of  William  Dunbar  [q.  v.], 
'  1834;  librarian  to  the  Signet  Library,  1837;  edited  anti- 
!  quarian  works,  1840-78 ;  hon.  professor  of  antiquities  to 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1854.  [xxxi.  401] 

LAING,  JAMES  (1602-1694),  doctor  of  theology,  Paris  ; 
educated  first  in  Scotland  and  then  at  the  university  of 
Paris  ;  procurator  of  the  Scots  nation,  1656,  1668,  1660, 
1668,  1571  ;  doctor  of  theology,  1571  ;  a  violent  enemy 
of  the  Reformation  ;  wrote  polemical  treatises  in  Latin, 
1681  and  1585  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxL  402] 

LAING,  JOHN  (J.  1483),  bishop  of  Glasgow  and 
chancellor  of  Scotland :  king's  treasurer,  1470 ;  clerk  of 
the  king's  rolls  and  register,  1472;  bishop  of  Glasgow, 
1474;  founded  the  'Greyfriars'  of  Glasgow,  1476;  lonl 
high  chancellor,  1482  ;  wrote  the  oldest  extant  rolls  of  the 
treasury.  [xxxi.  403] 

LAING,  JOHN  (1809-1880),  bibliographer;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  ;  chaplain  to  the  presbyterian  sol- 
diers at  Gibraltar,  1846;  afterwards  at  Malta:  librarian 
of  New  College,  Edinburgh,  1850;  completed  4A  Dic- 
tionary of  Anonymous  and  Pseudonymous  Literature  of 
Great  Britain,'  which  Samuel  Halkett  [q.  v.]  began.  The 
work  was  published  1882-8.  [«xi.  403] 

LAING,  MALCOLM  (1762-1818),  Scottish  historian  ; 
brother  of  Samuel  Laing  (1780-1868)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  University  ;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1786  ; 
published  '  A  History  of  Scotland  from  the  Union  of  the 
Crowns,  on  the  Accession  of  King  James  VI  to  the  Throne 
of  England,  to  the  Union  of  the  Kingdoms,'  1802  (second 
edition,  1804) ;  published  •  Poems  of  Owian.  with  Notes 
and  Illustrations,'  1805 ;  M.P.,  Orkney  and  Shetland,  1807- 
1812.  [xxxi.  404] 


LAING 


740 


LAMB 


LAHfO,  SAMUBL  (1780-1868),  author  and  traveller ; 
brother*  Malcolm  Lain*  [q.  T.]  :  educated  at  Bdin- 
««*•  in  the  army  and  served  in  Peninsular  war, 
SU'-  travelled  In  Norway  and  Sweden,  1834  ;  wrote 
lothe'  eoonomio  and  social  condition  of  Scandinavia ; 
bis  most  considerable  work,  'The  Heimskringla,  or 
Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Norway,  translated  from  the 
™  1844;  pabUshed  three  series  of  'Notes  of  a 
,'  1850-J  [xxxi.  404] 


LADTO.  SAMUEL (1812-1897), politician  and  author: 
•on  of  Samuel  Laing  (1780-1868)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. ;  second 
wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman,  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1831 :  fellow,  1834 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1837 :  secretary  to  railway  detriment  of  board  of  trade, 
1849-6  ;  member  of  railway  commission,  1846 ;  chairman 
and  managing  director  of  London,  Brighton,  and  South 
CoastBaUwaJ,  1848-62  and  1867-94  :  liberal  M.P.for  Wick 
district,  1862-7, 1869,  and  1866-8;  financial  secretary  to 
treasury.  1889-60 ;  financial  minister  in  India,  1860  ;  M.P., 
Orkney  and  Shetland,  1872-85 :  published '  Modern  Science 
and  Modern  Thought '  and  anthropological  works. 

[Suppl.  iii.  76] 

LAHfO,  WILLIAM  (1764-1832),  bookseller:  collector 
of  and  authority  on  best  editions  and  valuable  books,  both 
Knglish  and  foreign  ;  published  editions  of  Thucydides, 
Herodotus,  and  Xenophon,  as  part  of  a  scheme  for  a 
worthy  edition  of  the  Greek  classics.  [xxxi.  406] 

LAIRD,  JOHN  (1806-1874),  shipbuilder  ;  brother  of 
Macgregor  Laird  [q.  v.];  managing  partner  in  firm  of 
William  Laird  &,  Son  till  1861 :  built  a  lighter  for  use  on 
Irish  lakes  and  canals,  one  of  the  first  iron  vessels  ever 
constructed,  1829  ;  the  famous  Birkenhead  among  the 
many  iron  vessels  built  by  him ;  M.P.,  Birkenhead,  1 861-74. 

[xxxi.  406] 

LAIRD,  MACGREGOR  (1808-1861),  African  ex- 
plorer ;  brother  of  John  Laird  [q.  v.]:  joined  the  com- 
pany for  African  exploration  :  published  narrative  of  the 
expelition  made  by  him  to  the  Niger,  1832-4  ;  F.R.G.S. ; 
one  of  the  promoters  of  the  British  and  North  American 
Steam  Navigation  Company,  1837 ;  fitted  out  private  ex- 
pedition to  Africa,  1864 ;  established  trading  depots  on 
the  Niger.  [xxxi.  407] 

T.ATTR.  ARTHUR  (1869-1626),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Lake  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Winchester  :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1589  ;  M.A., 
1696  ;  master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital,  Winchester,  1603  ; 
D.D.,  1606 ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1608 ;  warden  of  New 
College,  1613;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  and  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells,  1616-36 ;  his  sermons  published  in  1629 
and  1640.  [xxxi.  408] 

LAKE,  Sin  EDWARD,  first  baronet  (16007-1674), 
royalist ;  B.A.  Cambridge :  B.A.  Oxford,  1627 ;  B.C.L., 
1628 ;  advocate-general  for  Ireland  ;  fought  and  wrote  on 
the  king's  side  :  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Lincoln  at  the 
Restoration ;  assumed  the  title  of  baronet  after  16i>2 ; 
:i'-.-ount  of  hi*  interviews  with  Charles  I  edited  from 
the  original  manuscript,  1858.  [xxxi.  409] 


J,  EDWARD  (1641-1704),  archdeacon  of  Exeter  ; 
entered  Wadham  College.  Oxford,  1668:  removed  to 
Cambridge  before  graduating ;  cliaplain  and  tutor  to  the 
Princesses  Mary  and  Anne  :  archdeacon  of  Exeter,  1676; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1676 :  author  of  '  Officium  Eucharisti- 
cum,'  a  popular  manual  for  his  royal  pupils,  published  in 
1673  (30th  el.  1753),  republished,  1843;  his  'Diary'  in 
1677-«,  published,  1846.  [xxxi.  409] 

LAKE,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1823-1877),  major-general 
in  the  royal  engineers:  horn  at  Madras;  second  lieu- 
tenant, Bengal  engineers,  1H40:  lieutenant,  1844;  fought 
in  Sikh  wars,  1846  and  1848-9 ;  assistant  of  John  Law- 
in  tranif-Sutlej  territory,  1846 ;  captain  and  brevet- 
r.  1864 ;  oommbwioner  of  the  Jalnndhur  Doab,  1865 ; 
secured  Kangrn  in  the  mutiny,  1867;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1861 ;  financial  commissioner  of  the  Punjauh,  1865 ;  C.S.I., 
1866 ;  colonel,  1868 ;  retired  with  honorary  rank  of  major- 
general,  1870;  honorary  lay  secretary  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society,  1869-76 ;  edited  •  Church  Missionary 
Record,' 1871-4.  [xxxi.  410] 

T.A1T,  GKKAKD,  first  Vis. -HUNT  LAKE  of  Delhi  and 

Leswarree    (1 744-1808 X     general;     descendant    of    Sir 

Thomas  Lake    [q.  T.]  ;  nephew  of  George  Oolman  the 

v.] ;  ensign,  1768 :  lieutenant  and  captain.  1762  ; 

capUtn-Hetrtenant,  captain,  and  lieutenant-colonel,  1776  ; 


served  in  North  Carolina,  1781 ;  regimental-major,  1784  : 
major-general,  1790 ;  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1790-1802 ;  regi- 
mental lieutenant-colonel,  1792:  served  in  French  war, 
1793-4;  lieutenant-general,  1797;  commander-in-chief 
and  second  member  of  council  in  India,  1800 ;  developed 
military  resourced  of  East  India  Company;  assisted 
Wellesley  to  break  up  Mahratta  confederacy,  1803  ;  raised 
to  peerage,  1804  ;  advanced  to  a  viscountcy,  1807. 

[xxxi.  411] 

LAKE,  SIR  HENRY  ATWELL  (1808-1881),  colonel  of 
the  royal  engineers  ;  educated  at,  H.trnnv  and  Addiscombe 
military  college ;  second  lieutenant :  went  to  India,  1826  ; 
lieutenant,  1831 ;  brevet-captain,  1840 :  regimental  cap- 
tain, 1852;  brevet-major,  1840:  employed  principally 
upon  irrigation  works :  chief  engineer  at  Kan?,  1854  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1856 ;  on  the  capitulation  of  Kara  sent  as 
prisoner  of  war  to  Russia  :  released,  1856  ;  colonel,  1856  ; 
subsequently  chief  commissioner  of  police  in  Dublin; 
K.C.B.,  1876;  author  of  works  on  the  defence  of  Kars, 
published,  1856-7.  [xxxi.  415] 

LAKE,  JOHN  (1624-1689),  bishop  of  Chichester  ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  a  royalist :  received 
holy  orders,  1647 ;  vicar  of  Leeds,  1660:  D.D.Cambridge, 
1661 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1671 :  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man,  1684;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1685;  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  1688  ;  active 
in  the  suppression  of  abuses  ;  wrote  life  of  John  Cleveland 
[q.  v.]  the  poet  (published,  1677).  [xxxi.  416] 

LAKE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1567  ?-1630),  secretary  of  state  : 
brother  of  Arthur  Lake  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  probably  at 
Cambridge :  a  member  of  the  Elizabethan  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1592  ;  clerk  of  the  signet,  c.  1600 ; 
Latin  secretary  to  James  1, 1603 ;  knighted,  1603;  keeper 
of  the  records  at  Whitehall,  1604:  M.P.,  Launceston, 
1604;  privy  councillor,  1614;  M.P.,  Middlesex,  1614; 
secretary  of  state,  1616;  charged  with  defamation  of 
character  by  the  Countess  of  Exeter  and  found  guilty, 
1619;  fined,  imprisoned,  and  dismissed  from  his  office; 
M.P.,  Wells,  1625,  Wootton  Bassett,  1626.  [xxxi.  417] 

LAKE,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1817-1897),  dean  of 
Durham  ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  : 
fellow,  1838 ;  took  holy  orders,  1842 ;  prebendary  of  Wells, 
1860;  dean  of  Durham,  1869-94 ;  greatly  assisted  in  foun- 
dation of  College  of  Science,  Newcastle,  1871. 

[Suppl.  iii.  78] 

LAKIN  GHETH,  JOHN  DE(rf.  1381),  chronicler ;  monk 
of  Bury  St.  Edmunds ;  surrendered  to  the  insurgents  in 
the  peasant  rising  of  1381,  and  was  beheaded  by  them ; 
compiled '  Kalendare  Maneriorum  Terrarum  ...  ad  Monas- 
terium  S.  Edmundi  Buriensis  spectantium.'  [xxxi.  419] 

LALOR ,  JAMES  FINTON  (d.  1849),  politician ;  brother 
of  Peter  Lalor  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to  the  '  Nation,'  1847  ; 
prominent  in  revolutionary  circles,  1847-8;  edited  the 
'  Irish  Felon,'  1848.  [xxxi.  419] 

LALOR,  JOHN  (1814-1856),  journalist  and  author : 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1831 ;  B.A.,  1837 ;  one  of 
the  principal  editors  of  the  London  '  Morning  Chronicle ' ; 
joined  Unitarians,  1844 ;  edited  the  '  Enquirer '  (Unitarian 
weekly).  [xxxi.  420] 

LALOR,  PETER  (1823-1889),  colonial  legislator; 
younger  brother  of  James  Finton  Lalor  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  went  to  the  Australian  gold 
mines,  1852 ;  leader  among  the  insurgent  miners,  1854 ; 
member  for  Ballarat  in  the  legislative  council  of  Victoria, 
1855,  and  soon  afterwards  inspector  of  railways  ;  member 
for  South  Grant  in  the  parliament  of  Victoria,  1856-71 
and  1876-7 ;  chairman  of  committees,  1856 ;  commissioner 
for  customs,  1875;  postmaster-general,  1878;  speaker, 
1880-8 ;  died  at  Melbourne.  [xxxi.  420] 

LAMB.    [See  also  LAMBE.] 


ANDREW  (1666 ?-1634), bishop  of  Galloway; 
titular  bishop  of  Brechin,  1607 ;  bishop  of  Galloway,  1619  : 
supported  introduction  of  episcopacy  into  Scotland. 

[xxxi.  421] 

LAMB,  BENJAMIN  (fl.  1716),  organist  of  Eton  Col- 
lege and  verger  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  c.  1716 : 
wrote  church  music  and  songs.  [xxxi.  421] 

LAMB,  LADY  CAROLINE  (1785-1828),  novelist :  only 
daughter  of  the  third  Earl  of  Bessborough  :  married 
William  Lamb,  afterwards  second  Viscount  Melbourne 
[q.  v.],  1805 ;  became  passionately  infatuated  with  Byron  : 
'Glenarvon,'  her  first  novel,  containing  a  caricature  pot 


LAMB 


741 


LAMBE 


• 


trait  of  Byron,  published  anonymously,  1816  (reprinted  as 
'  The  Fatal  Passion,'  1866) ;  published  *  A  New  Oanto,' 
1819;  her  second  novel,  Graham  Hamilton,*  published, 
1822,  and  •  Ada  Reis ;  a  Tale,'  1823 ;  never  really  recovered 
from  the  shock  of  meeting  Byron's  funeral  procession ; 
separated  from  her  husband,  1825.  [xxxi.  421] 

LAMB,  CHARLES  (1775-1834),  essayist  and  humor- 
ist; educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  (1782-9),  where  he 
formed  an  enduring  friendship  with  Coleridge  ;  employed 
in  the  South  Sen  House,  1789-92;  a  clerk  in  the  In.ii.i 
House,  1792-1825;  his  mother  killed  by  his  sister  Mary 
[see  LAMB,  MARY  ANN]  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  1796  ;  under- 
took to  be  his  sister's  guardian,  an  office  he  discharged 
throughout  his  life  :  was  himself  in  an  asylum  as  deranged, 
1795-6 ;  contributed  four  sonnets  to  Coleridge's  first 
volume,  'Poems  on  Various  Subjects,'  1796;  visited  Cole- 
ridge at  Nether  Stowey  and  met  Wordsworth  and  others, 
1797  ;  with  Charles  Lloyd  published  4  Blank  Verse,'  1798; 
added  to  his  scanty  income  by  writing  for  the  news- 
papers ;  published 'John  Woodvil,'  a  blank- verse  play  of 
the  Restoration  period,  1802;  his  farce  'Mr.  H.'  damned 
at  Drury  Lane,  1806  ;  'Tales  from  Shakespeare,'  by  him- 
self and  his  sister,  published,  1807 ;  published  a  child's 
version  of  the  adventures  of  Ulysses,  1808,  and '  Specimens 
of  English  Dramatic  Poets  contemporary  with  Shake- 
speare,' 1808;  a  collection  of  his  miscellaneous  writings 
in  prose  and  verse  in  two  volumes  published,  1818;  con- 
tributed to  the  'London  Magazine'  between  August  1820 
and  December  1822  twenty-five  essays,  signed  Ella,  which 
showed  his  literary  gifts  at  their  best  (reprinted  in  a 
volume,  1823) ;  buried  in  Edmonton  churchyard. 

[xxxi.  423] 

LAMB,  EDWARD  BUCKTON  (1806-1869),  architect ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1824  ;  published '  Etch- 
ings of  Gothic  Ornament,'  1830,  and  '  Studies  of  Ancient 
Domestic  Architecture,'  1846.  [xxxi.  429] 

LAMB,  FREDERICK  JAMES,  third  VIBCOUJTT  MKL- 
BOURNK  and  BARON  BKACVALE  (1782-1853),  third  son 
of  first  Viscount  Melbourne;  educated  at  Eton,  Glasgow 
University,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1803  ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service ;  j 
secretary  of  legation  at  the  court  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  1811;  j 
minister  plenipotentiary  ad  interim,  1812 ;  secretary  of  ! 
legation  at  Vienna,  1813 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the 
court  of  Bavaria,  1815-20 ;  privy  councillor,  1822  ;  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Spain,  1825-7  ;  civil 
grand  cross  of  the  Bath  and  ambassador  at  Lisbon,  1827 ; 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Vienna,  1831-41 ;  created  a  ' 
peer  of  the  United  Kingdom  with  the  title  of  Baron  i 
Beauvale,  1839  ;  succeeded  as  Viscount  Melbourne,  1848.     ! 

[xxxi.  429] 

LAMB,  GEORGE  (1784-1834),  politician  and  writer, 
youngest  son  of  the  first  Viscount  Melbourne ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1805  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  his  comic  opera, '  Whistle  for  it,' 
produced,  1807 :  his  adaptations  of  '  Timon  of  Athens ' 
produced,  1816 ;  his  most  important  work,  a  translation 
of  the  poems  of  Catullus,  1821  (republished,  1854):  M.P., 
Westminster,  1819,  Dungarvan,  1826  ;  under-secretary  of 
state  in  the  home  department,  1830.  [xxxi.  430] 

LAMB,  JAMES  (1599-1664),  orientalist;  educated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1620;  D.D.  and  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  1660 ;  bequeathed  many  of  his 
books  to  the  library  of  Westminster  Abbey ;  manuscripts 
by  him  on  oriental  subjects  in  the  Bodleian. 

[xxxi.  431] 

LAMB,    SIR   JAMES    BLAND    (1752-1824).      [See 

BURGES.] 

LAMB,  JOHN  (1789-1860),  master  of  Corpus  Ohristi 
College,  Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Bristol ;  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1814 ;  master  of  i 
his  college,  1822-50 ;  D.D.,  1827 ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1837-50 : 
chki  works,  a  continuation  of  '  Masters's  History  of  Cor- 
pus Christi  College,  Cambridge,'  1831,  and'  A  Collection  of 
Letters,  Statutes,  and  other  Documents  from  the  MS. 
Library  of  Corpus  Christi  College  illustrative  of  the  His.  ! 
tory  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  during  the  Time  of  the 
Reformation,'  1838.  [xxxi.  431] 

LAMB,  MARY  ANN  (1764-1847),  sister  of  Charles  j 
Lamb  [q.  v.] ;  stabbed  her  mother  in  a  fit  of  temporary 
insanity,  1796  ;  assisted  her  brother  in  '  Tales  from  Shake-  ' 
speare,'  herself  dealing  with  the  comedies,  1807 ;  lived  with 


her,  brother  and  with  him  brought  up  Emm*  IsoU  an 
orphan,  who  married  Edward  Moxon  [q.  v.] 

LAMB,  SIR  MATTHEW,  first  tairtmetC("oVSflw), 
politician;  M.P.,  Stockbridge,  1741,  Peterborough,  1741- 
1768 ;  created  baronet,  17M.  [xxxL  482] 

LAMB,  WILLIAM,  aeoond  VISCOUNT  ME  LI 
(1779-1848X  statesman ;  of  Eton  and WmtycSSS 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1799;  barrister,  Ltocoln'sInii,18oP 
married  Lady  Caroline  Ponsonby  [see  LAMB,  LADYOARO^ 
LINK],  1805;  whig  M.P.  for  Leomlnster?  1806 ;  M^ 
Portarlington,  1807;  lost  hi*  seat  for  his  support  of 
catholic  emancipation,  1812  ;  out  of  parliament  for  four 
years;  M.P.,  Northampton,  1816,  Hertford.*  I  re,  1819; 
Irish  secretary  under  Canning,  1827,  and  under  Welling- 
ton, 1828 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1829 ;  home  secretary 
under  Grey,  1830-4,  being  thus  the  cabinet  minister  re- 
sponsible  for  Ireland  ;  advocated  Coercion  Bill  of  1833  • 
summoned  by  the  king  to  form  a  ministry  on  resignation 
of  Grey,  1834  ;  resigned  at  the  bidding  of  the  king,  1834  • 
again  summoned  to  form  a  ministry,  1835 ;  remained  prime 
minister  for  six  years;  acted  as  adviser  to  the  young 
Queen  Victoria,  1837-41  ;  resigned  office,  1841 ;  uni- 
versally approved  as  the  political  instructor  of  his  young 
sovereign.  [xxxi.  432] 

LAMBARDE,  WILLIAM  (1536-1601),  historian  of 
Kent;  his  first  work  a  collection  and  paraphrase  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  laws  (published,  1568,  republished  with  Bede's 
'  Historia  Ecclesiastica,'  1644);  completed  first  draft  of 
his  'Perambulation  of  Kent,'  1570;  printed,  1574  and 
1676,  the  earliest  county  history  known,  and  one  con- 
sidered a  model  of  arrangement  and  style  (second  edition, 
1696,  reprinted,  1826);  collected  materials  for  a  general 
account  of  England,  but  abandoned  the  design  on  learn- 
ing that  Camden  was  engaged  on  a  similar  work;  his 
materials  published  from  the  original  manuscript,  1730  ; 
bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1579  ;  his '  Eirenarcha  ;  or  of  the 
Office  of  the  Justices  of  Peace,'  1581,  long  a  standard 
authority  (reprinted  seven  times  between  1582  and 
1610);  keeper  of  the  records  at  the  Rolls  Chapel,  1697; 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower,  1601.  [xxxi.  438] 

LAMBART.    [See  also  LAMBERT.] 

LAMBABT,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OK  CAVAN  (1600- 
1660),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Oliver  Lambart,  first  baron  Lam- 
bart  in  the  Irish  peerage  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father, 
1618 ;  represented  Bossiney,  Cornwall,  in  the  English  par- 
liaments of  1625  and  1627 ;  created  Earl  of  Cavan  and 
Viscount  KUcoursie,  1647.  [xxxi.  439] 

LAMBART,  SIR  OLIVER,  first  BARON  LAMBART  OF 
CAVAN  (d.  1618),  Irish  administrator  ;  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  soldier  in  the  Netherlands,  1585-92 :  took  part  in 
the  expedition  against  Cadiz  and  was  knighted,  1596 ; 
supported  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  Ireland,  1599  :  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1603;  created  Baron  Lambart  of  Cavan  in  the 
Irish  peerage,  1618.  [xxxi.  440] 

LAMBART,  RICHARD  FORD  WILLIAM,  seventh 
EARL  OF  OAVAN  (1763-1836),  general ;  succeeded  to  the 
title,  1778  ;  ensign,  1779  ;  lieutenant,  1781 ;  captain-lieu- 
tenant, 1790 ;  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel,  1793  ;  major- 
general,  1798;  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  Ferrol  expe- 
dition and  before  Cadiz,  1800 ;  present  at  the  attack  on 
Alexandria,  1801 ;  commander  of  the  whole  army  in 
Egypt ;  commander  in  the  eastern  counties  during  the 
invasion  alarms  of  1803-4 ;  knight  of  the  Crescent  and 
one  of  the  six  officers  besides  Nelson  who  received  the 
diamond  aigrette ;  general,  1814.  [xxxi.  441] 


[See  also  LA  MB.] 

LAMBE,  JOHN  (</.  1628),  astrologer  ;  indicted  for  the 
practice  of  'execrable  arts,'  1608-23;  imprisoned  for 
fifteen  years ;  protected  by  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
1623 ;  fatally  injured  by  a  mob  of  apprentices,  who 
denounced  him  as  '  the  duke's  devil.'  [xxxiL  1] 

LAMBE.  SIR  JOHN  (1666  ?-1647),  civilian ;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1690 :  registrar  of  diocese  of 
Ely,  1600;  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Peterborough; 
vicar,  official,  and  commissary-general  to  the  bishop  of 
Peterborough.  1615  ;  LL.D.,  1616  ;  commissary  to  the  dean 
and  chapter  of  Lincoln,  1617  :  knighted,  1621  ;  member 
of  the  high  commission  court  and  an  active  supporter  of 
Laud ;  dean  of  the  arches  court  of  Canterbury.  1633 ; 
chancellor  and  keeper  of  the  great  seal  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  1640.  [xxxii.  2] 


LAJCBE 


742 


LAMBTON 


ROBERT   (1712-1796),   author;    B.A.   St. 

Joon-TOolleie,  Cambridge,  1734;  his  chief  work,  'An 
BMctaixi  Circumstantial  History  of  the  Battle  <>f  riod- 
den.  in  verae.  written  aboat  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,' 
m  [xxxii.  3] 

LAMBK  or  LAMB,  THOMAS  (rf.  1686),  philanthropist 
m^  fom^tp*  nonconformist ;  preached  in  London,  1641 
1661;  returned  to  the  established  church,  ir.r.s  ;  remark- 
able for  his   philanthropic    work;    published    religious 
work*,  1642-56.  [xxxii.  3] 

WILLIAM  (1498-1580),  London  merchant 


and  benefactor ;  gentleman  of  the  Chanel  Royal  to  Henry 
VIII:  master  of  the  Clothworkers'  Company,  1569-70: 
established  a  free  grammar  school  and  almshooMB  at 
Sutton  Valence,  Kent,  his  native  town :  an  adherent  of 
:;,  NfenMd  td  00b  [xxxii.  5] 


WILLIAM  (1765-1847),  physician;  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College  Cambridge;  B.D.,  1786; 
fellow,  1788;  M.D.,  1808;  F.R.C.P.,  1804;  censor  and 
frequently  Croonian  lecturer  between  1806  and  1828; 
Harveun  orator,  1818 ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxxii.  6] 
LAMBERT.    [See  also  LAMBART.] 

LAMBERT  or  LANBRIHT  (<l.  791).     [See  JAEN- 


~~««.™.K  AYLMBR  BOURKE  (1761-1842), 
botanist ;  educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxfonl ;  an  original 
P.LA,  1788,  and  vice-president,  1796-1842  ;  contributed 
papers  on  loology  and  botany  to  its  '  Transactions ' ; 
P.ltS.,  1791;  'A  Description  of  the  genus  Cinchona,' 
his  first  independent  work,  1797 ;  chief  work,  a  mono- 
graph of  the  genus  Finns  (vol.  i.  1803,  vol.  ii.  1824, 
TOL  iii.  1837).  [xxxii.  6] 

LAMBERT,  DANIEL  (1770-1809),  the  most  corpulent 
man  of  whom  authentic  record  exists ;  keeper  of  Leicester 
gaol,  1791-1805;  weighed  thirty-two  stone  in  1793; 
•  received  company '  daily  in  London,  1806-7 ;  weighed  at 
death  fifty-two  and  three-quarters  stone.  [xxxii.  7] 


IT,  QEOROE  (1710-1765),  landscape  and 
scene  painter;  studied  under  Warner  Hassells  [q.  v.]  and 
John  Wootton  [q.  v.] ;  had  a  painting  loft  at  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  where  distinguished  men  resorted  to 
sup  with  him,  the  Beefsteak  Club  arising  out  of  these 
meetings  ;  a  friend  of  Hogarth,  who  painted  his  portrait ; 
exhibited  with  the  Society  of  Artists  of  Great  Britain, 
1761-4.  [xxxii.  8] 

LAMBERT,  GEORGE  JACKSON  (1794-1880),  organ- 
ist and  compober ;  organist  of  Beverley  Minster,  1818-75  ; 
a  fine  violoncello  and  violin  player ;  composed  overtures, 
instrumental  chamber  music,  organ  fugues,  and  other 
works.  [xxxii.  8] 

LAMBERT,  HENRY  (d.  1813),  naval  captain; 
entered  navy,  1795 :  lieutenant,  1801 ;  commander,  1803  ; 
captain,  1804 ;  employed  in  the  blockade  of  Mauritius  and 
in  the  attack  on  the  French  squadron  in  Grand  Port, 
when  he  surrendered  and  was  detained  as  prisoner,  1810 ; 
mortally  wounded  in  action  off  Brazil,  1812 ;  buried  at 
San  Salvador.  [xxxii.  9] 

LAMBERT,  JAMES  (1725-1788),  musician  and 
painter ;  tint  painted  inn-sign.- ;  best  known  by  a  series 
of  water-colour  drawings  illustrating  the  antiquities  of 
Sussex  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  (1761-88) 
at  the  Society  of  Artists ;  organist  of  the  Church  of  St. 
Tbomas-at-Cliffe,  Lewes.  [xxxii.  9] 

LAMBERT,  JAMES  (1741-1823),  Greek  professor  at 
Cambridge ;  entered  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1760 :  , 
fellow,  1766 ;  M.A.,  1767  ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1771- 
1780 ;  bursar  of  his  college,  1789-99.  [  xx  xii.  10] 

LAMBERT,  JOHN  (d.  1538),  martyr;  his  real  name 
NICHOLBOX  ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  B.A.  and  fellow  of  ! 
Queens'  College,  1621 ;  converted  to  protestantism  and  ' 
ordained ;  suffered  persecution  and  took  name  of  Lam- 
bert; chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at  Antwerp;  im-  ' 


prisoned,  161* ;  released  on  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Warham,  1682 :  condemned  to  death  by  Cromwell  for 
denying  the  real  presence,  and  burnt  at  the  stake. 

LAMBERT,    JOHN   (1619-1683X    soldier"  took^up 
arms  for  the  parliament  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 


war;  commissary-general  of  Fairfax's  army.  Hill:  in 
command  of  a  regiment  in  the  new  model,  1646  ;  assisted 
Ireton  in  drawing  up  the  'Heads  of  the  Proposals  of 
Army,'  1647 ;  commander  of  the  army  in  the  north,  1647 ; 
engaged  against  the  royalist  Scottish  army,  1648;  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Dnubar,  1650,  of  Worcester,  1651  ; 
deputy  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1652 ;  president  of  the 
council  appointed  by  the  officers  of  the  army,  1653  :  was 
the  leading  spirit  in  the  council  of  officers  who  offered  the 
post  of  protector  to  Cromwell,  and  a  member  of  the  Pro- 
tector's council  of  state ;  major-general  of  the  army ;  a 
lord  of  the  Cinque  ports ;  retired  on  account  of  a  breach 
with  Cromwell  about  the  regal  title;  M.P.,  Pontefract, 
1659  ;  supported  Richard  Cromwell  and  recovered  his  old 
position  ;  member  of  the  committee  of  safety  and  of  the 
council  of  state,  1659 ;  major-geiieral  of  the  army  sent  to 
oppose  Monck's  advance  into  England ;  deprived  of  his 
commands,  1660  ;  arrested  and  committed  to  the  Tower ; 
escaped  and  collected  troops,  but  without  success,  1660 ; 
again  committed  to  the  Tower,  1661 ;  sent  to  Guernsey, 
1661 ;  tried  for  high  treason  and  condemned  to  death, 
1662;  sent  back  to  Guernsey;  imprisoned  till  death,  1664- 
1683.  [xxxii.  11] 

LAMBERT,  JOHN  (/.  1811),  traveller  ;  visited  North 

i  America  with  a  view  to  fostering  the  cultivation  of  hemp 

in  Canada,  1806;    published    'Travels   through    Lower 

Canada  and  the  United  States  of  North  America,  1806- 

1808,'  1810.  [xxxii.  18] 

LAMBERT,  SIR  JOHN  (1772-1847),  general;  ensign, 
1st  foot  guards,  1791 ;  captain,  1793  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1801 ;  served  hi  Portugal  and  Spain,  1808,  and  in  Wal- 
cheren  expedition,  1809  ;  brevet  colonel,  1810 ;  in  Spain, 
1811-14  ;  major-general,  1813 ;  K.O.B.,  1815 ;  served  with 
Sir  Edward  Michael  Pakenham  [q.  v.]  in  America,  1815  ; 
at  Waterloo,  1815 ;  lieutenant-general,  1825 ;  general, 
1841 ;  colonel  of  10th  regiment,  1824 ;  G.O.B.,  1838. 

[Suppl.  iii.  78] 

LAMBERT,   SIR  JOHN  (1815-1892),  civil  servant; 
mayor  of  Salisbury,  1854 ;    poor    law    inspector,    1857 ; 
'  superintended  administration  of  the  Public  Works  Act, 
i  1865 ;  receiver  of  the  metropolitan  common  poor  fund, 
1867 ;  permanent  secretary  to  the  local  government  board, 
,  1871-82  ;  K.C.B.,  1879  ;  privy  councillor,  1885  ;  author  of 
I  'The   Modern   Domesday    Book,'    1872,    and  of  several 
1  musical  publications.  [xxxii.  18] 

LAMBERT,  MARK  (d.  1601).    [See  BARKWORTH.] 

LAMBERTON,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1328),  bishop  of  St. 
Andrews ;  chancellor  of  Glasgow  Cathedral,  1292  ;  bishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  1297;  a  supporter  .of  William  Wallace; 
although  swearing  fealty  to  Edward  I,  1304,  assisted  at 
coronation  of  Robert  the  Bruce,   1306;   imprisoned  for 
',  treason,  1306-8 ;  subsequently  worked  in  the  interests  of 
|  both  parties  at  once.  [xxxii.  19] 

LAMBORN.  PETER  SPENDELOWE  (1722-1774), 
engraver  and  miniature-painter ;  studied  under  Isaac 
Basire  (1704-1768)  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  and  (1764-74)  ex- 
hibitor with  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists ;  executed 
architectural  drawings  and  etchings.  [xxxii.  21] 

LAMBORN,  REGINALD  (ft.  1363),  astronomer; 
D.D.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1367 :  entered  the  Fran- 
ciscan order  at  Oxford  ;  two  letters  (1364  and  1367)  of  his 
on  astronomical  subjects  extant  in  manuscript. 

[xxxii.  21] 

LAMBTON,  JOHN  (1710-1794),  general;  ensign, 
1732 ;  lieutenant,  1739 ;  regimental  quartermaster,  1742- 
1745 ;  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel,  1746 ;  colonel,  1758 ; 
M.P.,  Durham,  1761-87.  [xxxii.  21] 

LAMBTON,  JOHN  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OP  DURHAM 
(1792-1840),  grandson  of  John  Lambton  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  cornet  in  the  dragoons,  1809  ;  lieutenant,  1810 ; 
retired  from  the  army,  1811;  M.P.  for  Durham  county, 
1813-28 ;  created  Baron  Durham  of  the  city  of  Durham 
and  of  Lambton  Castle ;  privy  councillor  and  lord  privy 
seal,  1830 ;  assisted  in  preparation  of  first  Reform  Bill ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  St.  Petersburg,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna,  1832 ;  created  Viscount  Lambton  and  Earl  of 
Durham,  1833 ;  headed  the  advanced  section  of  the  whigs  ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
St.  Petersburg,  1835-7  ;  G.C.B.,  1837;  high  commissioner 
for  the  adjustment  of  important  questions  in  Lower  and 
Upper  Canada  and  governor-general  of  the  British  pro- 
vinces in  North  America,  1838 ;  his  high-banded  proceed- 
ings denounced  and  disallowed  in  England  ;  resigned  and 


LAMBTON 


743 


LANCEY 


returned  to  Knirlaml,  1838  ;  the  policy  of  all  his  saooeMOn 
K'uidt-d  \>\  hi!  -Import.  on  tin-  Affairs  of  British  North 
America'  (1K3U),  which  is  said  to  have  beeu  mostly 
written  by  Charles  Bullcr.  [xxxii.  22] 

LAMBTON,      WILLIAM     (1756-1823),      b 
colonel,  and  geodesiat;  stu.linl  matlu-matics  under  Dr. 
Charles  Button  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign,  1781-3  ;  lieutenant,  1794  : 
barrack-master  at  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick,  till  1796  ; 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Seringapataiu,   179»;  con- 


a  survey  coiirnvtiii^  Malabar  and  Coromaudel 
coasts,  1800-16  ;  F.R.S.  and  R.A.S.  ;  died  at  Uiugaughat, 
near  Nagpoor  ;  author  of  papers  on  geodesy,  [xxxii.  26] 

LAMINGTON,  BARON  (1816-1890).  [See  COCHKAM:- 
BAILLIK,  ALKXANDKR  DUNDAB  Rosa  WIHHART.] 

LAMONT,  DAVID  (1762-1837),  Scottish  divine:  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1780  ;  chaplain  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  178ft  ; 
moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1822  :  chaplain-in- 
ordinary  for  Scotland,  1824  ;  popular  preacher  ;  published 

MTDHI11-.  [XXXil.  26] 

LAMONT,  JOHANN  VON  (1806-1879),  astronomer 
and  magiietician  ;  born  at  Braemar  ;  educated  in  mathe- 
matics by  the  prior  of  the  Scottish  Benedictine  monastery 
at  Ratisbon  ;  extraordinary  member  of  the  Munich 
Academy  of  Sciences,  1827  ;  director  of  the  observatory 
of  Bogeiihausen  near  Munich,  1836  ;  executed  umgm-ti.- 
surveys  of  Bavaria  (1849-62),  France  and  Spain  (1866-7), 
and  North  Germany  and  Denmark  (1868)  :  professor  of 
astronomy  in  the  university  of  Munich,  1862  ;  died  at 
Munich  ;  author  of  important  works  on  terrestrial  mag- 
netism. [xxxii.  26] 

LAMONT,  JOHN  (ft.  1671),  chronicler;  his  'Diary,' 
1649-71  (first  published  under  the  title  of  the  'Chronicle 
of  Fife,'  1810),  of  great  value  to  the  Scottish  genealogist. 

LA  MOTHE,  CLAUDE  GROSTETE  »K  (1647-1713), 
theologian  ;  born  at  Orleans  :  educated  at  Orleans  Uni- 
versity; joined  the  Paris  bar,  1666;  abandoned  law  for 
theology,  and  became  a  protestant  pastor  ;  on  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes  came  to  London,  1686:  natu- 
ralised, 1688  ;  minister  of  Savoy  Church,  1694-1713. 

[xxxii.  28] 

LA  MOTTE,  JOHN  (\  570?-  1666),  merchant  of  Lon- 
don; educated  at  Ghent  and  probably  at  Heidelberg 
University  ;  established  a  foreign  church  at  Sandtoft, 
1636.  [xxxii.  28] 

LAMPE.  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1703  ?-1751),  musical 
composer  ;  born  probably  in  Saxony  ;  came  to  London, 
1726  :  one  of  the  finest  bassoonists  of  his  time  :  composer 
of  comic  operas  and  songs  ;  published  two  works  on  the 
theory  of  music.  [xxxii.  29] 

LAMPHIRE,  JOHN  (1614-1688),  principal  of  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  educated  'at  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1636-48  ;  M.A.,  1642  ; 
Camden  professor  of  history,  I860  ;  M.D.,  1660  ;  principal 
of  New  Inn  Hall,  1662  ;  of  Hart  Hall,  1663  :  owner  of 
many  manuscripts,  some  of  which  he  published. 

[xxxii.  30] 

LAMPLUGH,  THOMAS  (1616-1691),  bishop  of  Exeter 
and  archbishop  of  York  ;  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1642  ;  D.D.,  1660  ;  archdeacon  of  London, 
1664  ;  dean  of  Rochester.  1673  ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1676- 
1688  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1688-91  ;  assisted  at  the  coro- 
nation of  William  III,  1689.  [xxxii.  31] 

LAMP80N,  SIB  CURTIS  MIRANDA,  first  baronet 
(1806-1886),  advocate  of  the  Atlantic  cable  ;  born  in  Ver- 
mont ;  came  to  England  and  set  up  business  as  a  mer- 
chant, 1830;  naturalised,  1849;  vice-chairman  of  the 
company  for  laying  the  Atlantic  telegraph,  1866-66; 
created  baronet,  1866.  [xxxii.  32] 

LANARK,  EARL  OP.  [See  HAMILTON,  WILLIAM, 
second  DUKK  OF  HAMILTON,  1616-1661.] 

LANCASTER,  DUKES  OK.  [See  HKXRY  OF  LAJJ- 
CASTKR,  1299  7-1361  :  JOHN  OF  GAUNT,  1840-1899  ; 
HKNRY  IV,  KINO  OF  ENGLAND,  1367-1413.] 

LANCASTER,  EARLS  OF.  [See  THOMAS,  1277?- 
1322:  LAXCASTKR,  EDMUND,  1246-1296;  HKNRV,1281?- 
1346.] 

LANCASTER,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1820-1878), 
improver  of  rifle?  and  cannon  :  constructed  a  model  rifle 
which  bad  great  success  in  1846  ;  elected  associate  of  the 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1861 ;  hU  carbine  adopted 
tot  the  royal  engineers,  1866;   invented  the  ovai-boral 
.mam.  [ xxxii.  36] 

LANCASTER,  EDMUND,  KAIIL  OF  (1S46-1SM), 
culled  <  IIOITHBACK  :  Moond  KM  of  Henry  III  [q.v.]  and 
u-e;  Htyled  king  of  Sicily  by  the  pope. 
1266  :  n-nmuu-,,1  all ,  laim  to  the  kingdom^  Sicily,  mil 
crusader,  1271 ;  married  Blanche,  daughter  of  UM  Count 
of  Artois,  younger  K>II  of  LouU  VIII  of  France  and  widow 
of  Henry  of  Navarre,  1276  ;  took  part  in  the  WeUh  war, 
1277-82  ;  unsuccessfully  commanded  the  English  army  in 
Gascony,  1296 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xxxii.  SSI 

LANCASTER,  HKNKV  HILL  (1829- 1876 XeMaytet: 
educated  at  the  high  school  and  university  of  Glas- 
gow and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1872; 
pa.->oi  M  H  .i.u,«-;it,  in  Ubtarfh,  i*:.-:  •«**••* 
depute,  1868-74 ;  took  active  interest  in  education  and 
contributed  to  the  North  British  and  Edinburgh  i 


his  articles  published  in  a  single  volume  entitled, '  Bwyi 
and  Reviews  '  (with  prefatory  notice  by  Professor  Jowett), 
1876.  [xxxii.  S«] 

LANCASTER,  HUME  (d.  I860),  marine-painter: 
exhibited,  1886-49,  at  the  Royal  Academy,  the  Society  of 
British  Artiste,  and  the  British  Institution,  [xxxii.  86] 

LANCASTER.  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1618),  pioneer  of  the 

i  English  trade  with  the  East  Indies;  took  part  in  the 

i  Armada,  1688;  sailed  in  the  first  English  voyage  to  the 

[  East  Indies,  1691 :    returned  with  a  rich  booty,  1694 ; 

appointed  to  command  the  first  fleet  of  the  East  India 

Company,  1COO  ;  knighted,  1603.  [xxxiL  86] 

LANCASTER,  JOHN  OF,  DUKK  or  BEDFORD  (1389- 
1435).  [See  JOHN.] 

LANCASTER,  JOHN  (d.  1619),  bishop  of  Waterford 
and  Lismore ;  bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  1608-19. 

[xxxii.  38] 

LANCASTER,  JOSEPH  (1778-1838),  founder  of  the 
I  ..lu-asterian  system  of  education :  joined  the  Society  of 
I'rifiids:  began  teaching  poor  children  before  1801,  and 
soon  had  a  free  school  of  a  thousand  boys  ;  set  forth  the 
results  of  his  experience  in  a  pamphlet, '  Improvement.-  in 
Education,'  1803 ;  opposed  by  members  of  the  established 
church;  published  'Report  of  Joseph  Lancaster's  pro- 
gress from  1798,'  1810 ;  suffered  from  pecuniary  difficul- 
ties and  went  to  America,  1818;  established  a  school, 
which  failed,  at  Montreal ;  his  last  pamphlet, '  Epitome  of 
some  of  the  chief  Events  and  Transactions  in  the  Life  of 
J.  Lancaster,  containing  an  Account  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Lancasterian  system  of  Education,'  &c., 
published,  1833;  public  interest  in  education  arou  ed  by 
his  work.  [xxxii.  39] 

LANCASTER,  NATHANIEL  (1701-1776),  author: 
chaplain  to  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  1733  :  D.D.  Lam- 
beth, 1733  ;  wrote  several  books  on  manners  between  1744 
and  1767.  [xxxiL4J] 

LANCASTER,    THOMAS  (d.   1683),  archbishop  of 
I  Armagh ;  probably  educated  at  Oxford ;  an  enthusiastic 
i  protestant:  bishop  of  Kildare,  1649-68:  dean  of  Ossory, 
1662:    treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1669;    a  royal 
chaplain,  1569 ;  accompanied  Sir  Heury  Sidney  to  Ire- 
land, 1565 ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1668-83.  [xxxii.  48] 

LANCASTER,    THOMAS    WILLIAM    (1787-1869), 
Bampton  lecturer;  entered  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1804; 
,  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  1809;    M.An  1810:   ordained 
'  priest,  1812  ;  preached  Bampton  lectures  on  '  The  Popu- 
lar Evidence  of  Christianity,'   1831 :  select  preacher  to 
the  university,  1832 :  under- master  of  Magdalen  College 
school,  Oxford,  1840-9 ;  published  his  Bampton  lectures 
and  theological  work*.  [xxxii.  44] 

LANCASTER,  WILLIAM  (1650-1717X  divine;  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1678:  fellow,  1679; 
bursar,  1686-90 ;  D.D.,  1692 ;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex, 
1705-17  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1708-10. 

[xxxii.  44] 

LANCE,  GEORGE  (1802-1864),  painter;  pupil  of 
Haydon  :  exhibited  from  1824  at  the  British  Institution, 
the  Society  of  British  Artiste,  and  the  Royal  Academy ;  a 
painter  of  still-life. 

LANCEY.    [SeeDELASCBT.] 


LANCKINCK 


744 


LANDSEER 


LANCRINCK,  PROSPEU  11  KN  KI  (  '.028-1692).    [See 

LAND.  1I»\\  AKD  (  1815-1  876  X  vocalist  and  com- 
poser of  popular  songs.  [xxxii.  46] 

LANDEL.  WILLIAM  (</.  1385),  bishop  of  St.  An- 
drew*. 1342-85  :  visited  toe  shrine  of  St.  James  at  Com- 
poBtella,  1361,  Rome,  1362  ;  crowned  Robert  II,  1370. 

[xxxii.  47] 

LANDELL8,  EBBNEZER  (1808-1860),  wood-engraver 
and  projector  of  'Punch';  apprenticed  to  Thomas  Be- 
wick [q.  v.],  wood-engraver  :  MpatafcaM  the  fine-art 
engraving  department  of  the  firm  of  Branston  &  Vize- 
telly  ;  contributed  chiefly  to  illustrated  periodical  litera- 
ture :  conceived  the  idea  of  '  Punch,'  the  first  number  of 
which  appeared  17  July  1841  :  contributed  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the  '  Illustrated  London  News  '  ;  started  the 
•  Lady's  Newspaper  '  (now  incorporated  with  the  '  Queen  '), 
1847  ;  Birket  Foster  and  the  Dalziels  among  his  pupils. 

[xxxii.  47] 

LANDELLS,  ROBERT  THOMAS  (1833-1877),  artist 
and  special  war  correspondent  :  eldest  son  of  Ebenezer 
LandeUs  [q.  v.]  :  educated  principally  in  France  ;  studied 
drawing  and  painting  in  London  ;  special  artist  for  the 
'  Illustrated  London  News  '  in  the  Crimea,  1856,  in  the 
war  between  Germany  and  Denmark,  1863,  in  the  war 
between  Prussia  and  Austria,  1866,  and  in  the  Franeo- 
Oerman  war,  1870;  employed  by  Queen  Victoria  to  paint 
memorial  pictures  of  several  ceremonials  attended  by  her. 

[xxxii.  48] 

LANDEN,  JOHN  (1719-1790X  mathematician;  pub- 
lished 'Mathematical  Lucubrations,'  1755;  F.R.S.,  1766  ; 
discovered  a  theorem  known  by  his  name  expressing  a 
hyperbolic  arc  in  terms  of  two  elliptic  arcs,  1775  ;  failed 
to  develop  and  combine  his  discoveries.  [xxxii.  48] 

LANDER,  JOHN  (1807-1839X  African  traveller; 
younger  brother  of  Richard  Lemon  Lander  [q.  v.]  ; 
accompanied  hu  brother  in  his  exploration  of  the  Niger, 
1810-1  ;  his  journal  incorporated  with  that  of  his  brother. 
published,  1832.  [xxxii.  49] 

LANDER.  RICHARD  LEMON  (1804-1834),  African 
traveller  ;  went  to  Cape  Colony,  1823  ;  accompanied  Lieu- 
tenant Hugh  Clapperton  [q.  v.]  to  Western  Africa  ;  pub- 
lished journal  and  records  of  Clapperton's  last  expedition 
to  Africa,  1830  ;  made  an  expedition  to  explore  the  Niger, 
1830-1  ;  published  '  Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  explore 
the  Course  and  Termination  of  the  Niger,'  1832  ;  con- 
ducted a  second  expedition  to  the  Niger,  1832  ;  mortally 
wounded  in  a  fight  with  natives  at  Ingiamma  ;  died  at 
Fernando  Po  :  the  question  of  the  course  and  outlet  of 
the  river  Niger  settled  by  his  exploration,  [xxxii.  49] 

LANDKANN,  GEORGE  THOMAS  (1779-1854),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, royal  engineers  ;  son  of  Isaac  Landmann 
[q.  v.];  entered  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, 1793  ;  first  lieutenant,  1797  ;  employed  in  construc- 
tion of  fortifications  in  Canada,  1797-1802  ;  captain,  1806  • 
on  active  service  in  the  Peninsular  war,  1808-12  ;  brevet- 
major,  1813;  lieutenant-colonel,  1814;  retired,  1824- 
author  of  books  on  Portugal  and  on  his  own  adventures 
and  recollections.  [xxxii.  51] 

LANDMARK,  ISAAC  (1741-1826?),  professor  of 
artillery  and  fortification  ;  held  an  appointment  at  the 
Royal  Military  School  in  Paris  ;  professor  of  artillery  and 
fortification  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich, 
1777-1816  ;  wrote  on  tactics  and  fortification. 

LAHDOH,  LETITIA  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  M?is. 
MACLEAN  (  1802-1838),  poetess  under  the  initials  •  L.  E.  L.'  • 
her    first  poem,  'Rome,'   published    in    the    'Literary 
1820:  ***  'Pate  of  A<iel*Me'    ublished    1821 


,  ,  published,  1821  ; 

published  poems  between  1824  and  1829;  contributed 
to  albums  and  annuals,  and  edited  the  '  Drawing  Scrap 
Book,'  from  1832  ;  published  novels,  1831  and  1834;  her 
•Trait*  and  Trials  of  Early  Life'  (supposed  to  be 
*2^?£aph,!Cal)  brou*ht  out'  !836,  and  heVbest  novel, 
•Btbd  Churchill,'  1837  ;  married  George  Maclean,  governo!1 

?  °*F  S£f*  Caatt*  18S8:   arrlved  at  Cape  Coast  in 
;  died  mysteriously,  probably  from  an  accidental 
overdose  of  pru*»ic  acid,  in  October.    Collected  editions 
of  her  poems  published,  1860  and  1873.  [xxxii.  62] 

vrtLi£?°KR\wROBBRT  EYRK8  ("81-1869),  author; 
>onnjrest  brother  of  Walter  Savage  Landor  Fa  v  1  : 
•cholar  and  fellow  of  WorcesteTcollegT  Oxford  \ 


author  of  a  tragedy,  'Count  Arez/,i'(1823),  which  only 
pold  while  it  was  mistaken  for  a  work  of  Byron ;  pub- 
lished other  tragedies  between  1841  and  1848. 

[xxxii.  61] 

LANDOR,  WALTER  SAVAGE  (1775-1864),  author 
of  '  Imaginary  Conversations  ' ;  educated  at  Rugby  ; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1793  ;  rusticated,  1794  ; 
lived  for  three  years  at  Tenby  and  Swansea ;  his  '  Gebir  ' 
published,  1798;  visited  Paris,  1802;  lived  in  Bath, 
Bristol,  and  Wells,  with  occasional  visits  to  London  : 
saw  some  fighting  as  a  volunteer  in  Spain ;  published 
'  Tragedy  of  Count  Julian,'  1811 ;  bought  Llanthony 
Abbey,  Monmouthshire,  and  married  Julia  Thuillier, 
1811 ;  quarrelled  with  the  authorities  at  Llanthony  ;  went 
to  Jersey  and  thence  to  France,  1814 ;  started  for  Italy, 
1816 ;  lived  for  three  years  at  Como  ;  insulted  the  au- 
thorities in  a  Latin  poem  and  was  ordered  to  leave, 
1818 ;  at  Pisa,  1818-21  ;  at  Florence,  1821-35  ;  first  two 
volumes  of  'Imaginary  Conversations'  published,  1824 
(second  edition,  1826),  third  volume,  1828,  fourth  and 
fifth,  1829 :  bought  a  villa  at  Fiesole ;  visited  England. 
1832;  published  'Citation  and  Examination  of  William 
Shakespeare  .  .  .  touching  Deer-stealing,'  1834  ;  quarrelled 
with  his  wife  and  left  Italy,  1835  ;  published  '  The  Penta- 
meron,'  1837  ;  lived  at  Bath,  1838-58 ;  his  collected  works 
published,  1846 ;  returned  to  Florence,  1868 ;  transferred 
his  English  estates  to  his  son,  and  so  became  entirely  de- 
pendent on  his  family ;  assisted  by  Robert  Browning,  the 
poet ;  visited  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Swinburne,  1864 ;  a  classical 
enthusiast  and  an  admirable  writer  of  English  prose  ;  died 
at  Florence.  [xxxii.  84] 

LANDSBOROTJGH,  DAVID  (1779-1854),  natural- 
ist ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  ordained  minis- 
ter of  the  church  of  Scotland,  1811;  studied  natural 
history;  discovered  Ectocarpus  Landsburgii  (alga),  and 
contributed  to  the  '  Phycplogia  Britannica '  of  William 
Henry  Harvey  [q.  v.] ;  joined  the  free  kirk  and  became 
minister  of  Salteoats,  1843 ;  published  '  Excursions  to 
Arran,  Ailsa  Craig,  and  the  two  Cumbraes,'  1847  (second 
series,  1852),  'Popular  History  of  British  Sea- weeds.' 
1849  (3rd  edit.  1857) ;  published  '  Popular  History  of 
British  Zoophytes  or  Corallines ' ;  said  to  have  discovered 
nearly  seventy  species  of  plants  and  animals  new  to  Scot- 
land, [xxxii.  62] 

LANDSBOROTJGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1886),  Australian 
explorer ;  son  of  David  Landsborough  [q.  v.]  ;  an 
Australian  squatter  ;  made  explorations  chiefly  in  Queens- 
land between  1856  and  1862  ;  member  of  the  Queensland 
parliament,  1864 ;  government  resident  in  Burke  district, 
1866-9 ;  explored  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria ;  died  at  Bris- 
bane, [xxxii.  63] 

LANDSEER,  CHARLES  (1799  -  1879),  historical 
painter  ;  second  son  of  John  Landseer  [q.  v.] :  entered 
the  Royal  Academy  schools,  1816;  first  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1828 ;  R. A.,  1846 ;  keeper  of  Royal  Aca- 
demy. 1851-73 ;  gave  10,0007.  to  Royal  Academy  for  the 
foundation  of  Landseer  scholarships.  [xxxii.  63] 

LANDSEER,  SIR  EDWIN  HENRY  (1802-1873), 
animal-painter ;  youngest  son  of  John  Landseer  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  the  Royal  Academy  schools,  1816 ;  began  to 
exhibit,  1817;  visited  Sir  Walter  Scott  at  Abbotsford 
and  drew  the  poet  and  his  dogs,  1824;  R.A.,  1831; 
excelled  in  painting  portraits  of  children  ;  frequently 
painted  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  Consort  and  their 
children  between  1839  and  1866  ;  his  most  famous 
pictures  painted  between  1842  and  1850  ;  knighted,  1850 ; 
the  only  English  artist  who  received  the  large  gold  medal 
at  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  1856 ;  declined  presi- 
dency of  the  Royal  Academy,  1865  ;  completed  the  lions 
for  the  Nelson  monument,  Trafalgar  Square,  1866  ;  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  struck  out  a  new  path  by 
treating  pictorially  the  analogy  between  the  characters  of 
animals  and  men ;  434  etchings  and  engravings  were  made 
from  his  works  up  to  1876.  [xxxii.  64] 

LANDSEER,  JESSICA  (1810-1880),  landscape  and 
miniature  painter  ;  daughter  of  John  Landseer  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  British  In- 
stitution between  1816  and  1866.  [xxxii.  68] 

LANDSEER,  JOHN  (1769-1852),  painter,  engraver, 
and  author  ;  apprenticed  to  William  Byrne  [q.  v.] ; 
delivered  lectures  on  engraving  at  the  Royal  Institution, 
1806;  tried,  but  without  success,  to  induce  the  Royal 


LANDSEER 


745 


LANG 


Academy  to  place  engraving  on  the  same  footing  as  In 
academies  abroad ;  turned  his  attention  to  archaeology 
and  published  a  work  on  engraved  views,  1817  ;  made 
engravings  after  drawings  and  pictures  by  his  son,  Sir 
Edwin  Henry  Landseer  [q.  v.] ;  F..S.A.  ;  engraver  to 
William  IV.  [xxxii.  68] 

LANDSEER,  THOMAS  (1795-1880),  engraver  ;  eldest 
son  of  John  Landseer  [q.  v.]  ;  his  life  mainly  devoted  to 
etching  and  engraving  the  drawings  and  pictures  of  his 
brother  Sir  Edwin  Henry  Landseer  [q.  v.]  ;  A.H.A..  1868 ; 
published  '  The  Life  and  Letters  of  William  Bewick,'  1871. 

[xxxii.  70] 

LANE,  CHARLES  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1786- 
1872),  general  in  the  Indian  army;  ensign,  1807;  lieu- 
tenant, 1812 ;  captain,  1824 ;  major,  1835  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1841 ;  commanded  the  garrison  of  Candahar,  and 
repulsed  an  attack  of  the  Afghans,  1842  ;  O.B.,  1842 ; 
colonel,  1852 ;  major-general,  1854  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1866 ;  general,  1870.  [mil  70] 

LANE,  EDWARD  (1605-1685),  theological  writer  ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1629 ;  incumbent  of  Sparsholt 
for  fifty  years  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1639 ;  published  '  Look  unto 
Jesus,'  1663,  and  '  Mercy  Triumphant,'  1680.  [xxxii.  71] 

LANE,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1801-1876),  Arabic 
<«  liohir  ;  went  to  Egypt  for  the  sake  of  his  health,  1825; 
made  voyages  up  the  Nile,  1826  and  1827;  studied  the  people 
of  Cairo,  1833-5;  spoke  Arabic  fluently  and  adopted  the 
dress  and  manners  of  the  Egyptian  man  of  learning ; 
published  in  two  volumes  '  Account  of  the  Manners  and 
Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyptians,'  1836  (still  the 
standard  authority  on  the  subject) ;  published  a  transla- 
tion of  the  '  Thousand  and  one  Nights  *  (the  first  accurate 
version),  1838-40  ;  again  in  Egypt,  1842-9  ;  compiled  an 
exhaustive  thesaurus  of  the  Arabic  language  from  native 
lexicons,  published  at  intervals,  1863-92 ;  the  acknow- 
ledged chief  of  Arabic  scholars  in  Europe,  [xxxii.  71] 

LANE,  HUNTER  (d.  1853),  medical  writer ;  licen- 
tiate of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  1829  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1830;  published  his  'Compendium  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy,'  1840;  president  of  the 
Royal  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh.  [xxxii.  74] 

LANE,  JANE,  afterwards  LADY  FISHER  (d.  1689), 
heroine :  distinguished  herself  by  her  courage  and  devo- 
tion in  the  service  of  Charles  II  after  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester, 1651  ;  helped  Charles  to  escape  his  enemies  in  the 
disguise  of  her  man-servant :  Sed  to  France  and  finally 
entered  the  service  of  the  Princess  of  Orange  ;  rewarded 
by  Charles  at  the  Restoration  and  her  pension  continued 
by  William  III ;  married  Sir  Clement  Fisher,  baronet,  of 
Packington  Magna,  Warwickshire.  [xxxii.  74] 

LANE,  JOHN  (fl.  1620),  verse-writer;  friend  of 
Milton's  father  ;  left  many  poems  in  manuscript,  but 
only  published  a  poem  denouncing  the  vices  of  Eliza- 
bethan society,  1600,  and  an  elegy  upon  the  death  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  1603;  completed  in  manuscript 
Chaucer's  unfinished  '  Squire's  Tale.'  [xxxii.  76] 

LANE,  JOHN  BRYANT  (1788-1868),  painter  ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1808-13;  lived  at  Rome, 
1817-27  ;  devoted  himself  to  portrait-painting  ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  till  1864.  [xxxii.  76] 

LANE,  SIR  RALPH  (d.  1603),  first  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia ;  sailed  for  North  America  in  the  expedition  under 
Sir  Richard  Grenville  [q.  v.],  1583 ;  governor  of  colony 
established  at  Wokokan,  1585 ;  moved  to  Roanoke ; 
brought  home  by  Sir  Francis  Drake  [q.  v.]  with  all  the 
colonists,  1586,  the  settlement  being  a  failure  ;  employed 
in  carrying  out  measures  for  the  defence  of  the  coast, 
1587-8  ;  muster-master  in  Drake's  Portuguese  expedition, 
1589 ;  served  under  Hawkyns,  1590 ;  fought  in  Ireland, 
1592-4 ;  knighted,  1593.  [xxxii.  77] 

LANE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1584-1650),  lord  keeper; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple ;  practised  in  the  court  of  ex- 
chequer ;  deputy-recorder  of  Northampton,  1615 ;  reader 
to  the  Middle  Temple,  1630;  attorney-general  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  1634;  treasurer  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
1637  ;  defended  Stratford,  1641 ;  knighted,  1644 ;  lord 
chief  baron,  1644 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1644 ;  lord  keeper, 
1645 ;  followed  Charles  II  into  exile ;  died  at  Jersey ; 
author  of  '  Reports  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer  from  1605 
to  1612  '  (first  published,  1657).  [xxxii.  78] 


ripiiiT  .  .-l-l.-r  brother  of  Edward 


U~""         •    •  ~J 

EL  (1780-1859),  portrait-painter: 
p!i  r..riiigtou  [q.  v.]  and  under  Sir 
[q.  v.];  contributed  to  the  Royal 


William  Lane 

[q.  v.]:  fail,.,,!-  K,r  his  pencil  and  chalk  sketches,  spe- 
cially for  his  portrait  of  Princess  Victoria,  18»  ;  the  beat 
examples  of  his  work  in  l.tl.ography,  the  'Sketches  from 
Gainsborough';  lithographer  to  Queen  Victoria,  18S7, 
and  to  the  prince  consort,  1840;  helped  to  obtain  the 
admission  of  engraven  to  the  honour  of  full  academician 
in  1865.  [xxxii.  7»] 

LANE,  SAMUEL 
studied  under  Joseph 
Thomas  Lawrence  [q. 
Academy,  1804-54.  [xxxii.  7»] 

LANE,  THEODORE  (1800-1828),  painter  ;  came  into 
notice  as  a  painter  of  water-colour  portraits  and  minia- 
tures ;  etched  printo  of  sporting  and  social  life  with  deli- 
cate finish  ;  took  up  oil-painting,  1825.  [xxxii.  80] 

LANE,  THOMAS  (/.  1696),  civilian  :  entered  8t 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1674;  B.A.,  1677;  B.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1678;  entered  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1680;  M.A., 
1683;  LL.D.,  1686;  bursar  of  Merton,  1688;  left  sud- 
denly, ciirrying  with  him  a  largesum  of  money  ;  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  1689  ;  re- 
leased, 1690;  practised  as  an  advocate  in  Doctors'  Com- 
mons, 1695.  [xxxii.  80] 

LANE,  WILLIAM  (1746-1819),  portrait  draughts- 
man; engraver  of  gems  in  the  manner  of  the  antique; 
engraved  small  copperplates  after  Reynolds  and  Cos  way, 
1788-92  ;  became  a  successful  artist  in  crayon  portraits  ; 
contributed  to  the  exhibitions,  1797-1815.  [xxxii.  81] 


LANEHAM,    ROBERT   (fl. 

of  1575;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 


„  1575X  writer  on  the 
Kenilworth  festivities 
School,  London ;  apprenticed  to  a  London  mercer ;  tra- 
velled abroad  for  trade  purposes  and  became  efficient 
linguist ;  door-keeper  of  the  council  chamber ;  present  in 
this  capacity  at  the  entertainment  given  by  Leicester  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  1575  ;  published  anonymously  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  festivities  in  a  letter  dated  1675  (copies  in  the 
British  Museum  and  Bodleian  libraries).  The  work 
was  reissued  in  1784  and  again  in  1821.  [xxxii.  81] 

LANEY,  BENJAMIN  (1591-1675),  bishop  successively 
of  Peterborough,  Lincoln,  and  Ely ;  educated  at  Christ's 
College, Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1611  ;  entered  Pembroke  Hall: 
M.A.,  1615;  M.A.  of  Oxford,  1617  ;  B.D.,  1622;  D.D.  and 
master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  1630 :  vice-chancellor,  1632-3 ; 
chaplain  to  Charles  I,:  deprived  of  his  preferments  as  a 
royalist  and  high  churchman:  ejected  from  Cambridge, 
1643-4 ;  at  Restoration  recovered  his  mastership  and  other 
preferments;  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1660,  of  Lincoln. 
1663,  of  Ely,  1667-75.  His  sermons  were  published  in 
1668-9,  and  'Observations'  upon  a  letter  of  Hobbes  of 
Malmesbury  (anonymous,  1G77).  [xxxii.  82] 

LANFRANC  (1006  V-1089).  archbishop  of  Canterbury ; 
born  at  Pa  via:  educated  in  the  secular  learning  of  the 
time  and  in  Greek;  studied  law;  set  up  a  school  at 
Avranches(in  Normandy,  1039  ;  gained  a  great  reputation 
as  a  teacher ;  became  a  monk  and  entered  the  convent  of 
Herlwin  at  Bee;  prior,  1046:  opened  school  in  the 
monastery,  to  which  scholars  docked  from  all  parts  of 
Europe :  took  part  in  the  controversy  with  Berengar  on 
the  question  of  trans  instantiation  before  Pope  Leo  IX, 
1050 ;  confuted  Berengar  at  the  council  of  Tours,  1055, 
and  in  the  Lateran  council  held  by  Pope  Nicholas  II, 
1059 ;  abbot  of  St.  Stephen's,  Caen,  1066 ;  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1070-89 ;  worked  in  full  accord  with  William 
the  Conqueror ;  rebuilt  Canterbury  Cathedral  after  the 
fire  of  1067  in  Norman  style;  crowned  William  II,  1087 ; 
buried  in  Canterbury  Cathedral ;  his  collected  works  first 
published  by  Luc  d'Achery,  1648.  [xxxii.  83] 

LANG,  JOHN  DUNMORE  (1799-1878),  writer  on 
Australia :  M.A.  Glasgow,  1820  :  ordained,  182J  :  went  to 
New  South  Wales,  1823  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1826 :  formed  a 
church  at  Sydney  in  connection  with  the  established 
church  of  Scotland:  founded  the  'Colonist,'  a  weekly 
journal  which  lasted  from  1835-40 ;  edited  first  number 
of  the  'Colonial  Journal,'  1841 ;  edited  the  •  Press,'  1881-2 ; 
encouraged  emigration  ;  New  Zealand  taken  possession  of 
for  Queen  Victoria  in  consequence  of  his  representations. 
1840 ;  one  of  the  six  members  for  Port  Phillip  district  to 
tbe  legislative  council  which  then  ruled  New  South 
Wales,  1843-6 ;  lectured  in  England  on  the  advantages  of 


LANGBATNE 


746 


LANGLEY 


1846-9:  represented  various  constituencies  in 
prilainent  of  New  South  Wales,  1860-64 :   wrote 
largely  oo  emigration  and  colonisation  ;  died  in  Sydney. 

LANGBAINE.  (iKKAKD,  the  elder  (1609-1658),  pro- 
vost of  Queen's  College,  Oxford :  entered  Queen's  College, 
Orfotd,  1626;  MJL  and  fellow,  1633;  keeper  of  the 
archive*  of  the  university,  1644 ;  provost  of  Queen's  Col- 
lege and  D.D.  1646  ;  wrote  literary  and  political  pamph- 
let* ;  a  zealous  royalist  and  supporter  of  episcopacy  :  left 
twenty-one  volumes  of  collections  of  notes  in  manuscript 
to  the  Bodleian  Library.  [xxxii.  91] 

LANGBAOTE,  GERARD,  the  younger  (1656-1692), 
dramatic  biographer  and  critic  ;  son  of  Gerard  Langbaine 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  of  University  College,  Oxford ;  married 
young  and  settled  in  London,  where  he  led  a  gay  and  idle 
life :  retired  to  Oxfordshire ;  published  his  best-known 
work,  •  An  Account  of  the  English  Dramatic  Poets,  or 
•ome  Observations  and  Remarks  on  the  Lives  and  Writ- 
ings of  all  those  that  have  published  either  Comedies, 
Tragedies,  Tragicomedies,  Pastorals,  Masques,  Interludes, 
Farces,  or  Operas,  in  the  English  tongue,'  valuable  as  a 
work  of  reference,  but  weak  in  bibliographical  details, 
1691.  [xxxii.  93] 

LANGDAILE  or  LANGDALE,  ALBAN  (ft.  1584), 
Iloman  catholic  divine ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  fellow  of  St.  John's,  1534 ;  M.A.,  1535 ; 
proctor,  1639 :  BJ)n  1544  ;  took  part  in  disputations  con- 
cerning transubstantiation,  1549 ;  D.D.,  1554  ;  archdeacon 
of  Chicbester,  1655 ;  chancellor  of  Lichfield  Cathedral. 
1569 :  refused  to  take  oath  of  supremacy  and  was  deprived 
of  preferment ;  included  in  a  list  of  popish  recusants, 
1661 ;  retired  to  the  continent ;  published  controversial 
works.  [xxxii.  94] 

LANGDALE,  BARON  (1783-1851).  [See  BICKERSTKTH, 
HENRY.] 

LANGDALE,  CHARLES  (1787-1868),  Roman  catholic 
layman  and  biographer  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert ;  third  sou  of 
Charles  Philip  Stourton,  sixteenth  Lord  Stourton ; 
assumed  his  mother's  maiden  name  of  Langdale,  1815; 
one  of  the  first  English  Roman  catholics  to  enter 
parliament :  M.P.,  Beverley,  1834,  Knaresborough,  1837- 
1841;  published  'Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,'  1856, 
to  vindicate  her  character  [see  FITZHERBERT,  MARIA 
ANXK.]  [xxxii.  95] 

LANGDALE  M  ARMADUKE,  first  BARON  LANGDALE 
(1598  V-1661),  knighted,  1628 ;  opposed  ship-money,  1639, 
but  adopted  the  king's  cause,  1642 ;  raised  regiment  of 
foot,  1643 ;  distinguished  as  a  cavalry  commander  in  the 
civil  war ;  routed  at  Preston  and  captured,  1648 :  escaped 
to  the  continent  and  entered  the  Venetian  service  ;  created 
Baron  Langdale  by  Charles  II,  1658.  [xxxii.  95] 

LANGDON,  JOHN  (<*.  1434),  bishop  of  Rochester ; 
monk  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  1398  ;  studied  at  Ox- 
ford ;  B.D.,  1400  ;  one  of  the  twelve  Oxford  scholars 
appointed  to  inquire  into  Wycliffe's  doctrines,  1411 ; 
bishop  of  Rochester,  1421 ;  engaged  on  an  embassy  to 
France,  1432 ;  died  and  was  buried  at  Basle. 

[xxxii.  97] 

LANGDON,  RICHARD  (1730-1803),  organist  and 
composer ;  organist  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  1753 ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Oxford,  1761;  organist  of  Bristol  Cathedral,  1767,  of 
Armagh  Cathedral,  1782-94;  composed  anthems  and 
songs.  [xxxii.  98] 

LANGFORD,  ABRAHAM  (1711-1774),  auctioneer 
and  playwright ;  produced  a  ballad-opera,  '  The  Lover 
bis  own  Rival,'  1736 ;  auctioneer  in  Oovent  Garden,  1748  ; 
the  foremost  auctioneer  of  the  period.  [xxxii.  98] 

LANGFORD.  THOMAS  (fl.  1420),  historian  ;  a  Domi- 
nican friar ;  said  to  have  written  a  chronicle  and  other 
works.  [xxxii.  99] 

LANOHAM,  SIMON  (rf.  1376),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, chancellor  of  England,  and  cardinal :  became  monk 
of  8t,  Peter's,  Westminster,  c.  1335  ;  abbot,  1349 ;  trea- 
surer of  England,  1880:  bishop  of  Ely,  1361;  chancellor 
of  England.  1363;  the  first  to  deliver  speeches  in  parlia- 
ment in  Knglish  ;  archbteho|>  of  Canterbury,  1366 :  re- 
moved Wycliffe  from  the  headship  of  Canterbury  Hall ; 
created  cardinal-priest,  1368,  and  forced  to  resign  his 
archbishopric,  1868 ;  cardinal-bishop  of  Praeueste,  1373  ; 
died  at  Avignon ;  buried  first  at  Avignon,  but  hia  body 
transferred  to  Westminster  Abbey,  1379.  [xxxii.  99] 


LANGHORNE,  DANIEL  (rf.  1681),  antiquary  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1657;  fellow  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1663  :  B.D.,  1664 ;  university 
preacher,  1664;  wrote  antiquarian  works  in  Latin  anil 
English.  [xxxii.  100] 

LANGHORNE,  JOHN  (1735-1779),  poet;  entered 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1760 ;  commenced  writing  for  the 
4  Monthly  Review,'  1764  ;  assistant-preacher  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1766;  published  'Poetical  Works,'  1766;  translated 
'Plutarch's  Lives'  in  collaboration  with  his  brother 
William,  1770  (fifth  edition,  1792) ;  prebendary  of  Wdls 
Cathedral,  1777;  best  remembered  as  the  translator  of 
Plutarch.  [xxxii.  100] 

LANGHOBNE,  RICHARD  (d.  1679),  one  of  Titus 
Oates's  victims  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1654  ;  accused  by 
Oates  of  being  a  ringleader  in  the « Popish  plot'  of  1678  ; 
tried,  condemned,  and  executed  next  year,  [xxxii.  102] 

LANGHORNE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1629- 
1715),  governor  of  Madras;  of  the  Inner  Temple;  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  East  India  trade ;  created  baronet, 
1668 ;  governor  of  Madras,  1670-7.  [xxxii.  103] 

LANGHORNE,  WILLIAM  (1721-1772),  poet  and 
translator ;  brother  of  John  Langhorne  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted 
him  in  his  translation  of  Plutarch,  and  published  sermons 
and  poetical  paraphrases  of  some  books  of  the  bible. 

[xxxii.  102] 

LANGLAND,  JOHN  (1473-1547).    [See  LONGLAND.] 

LANGLAND,  WILLIAM  (1330?-1400?X  poet; 
details  of  his  life  chiefly  supplied  from  his  one  work, 
'  The  Vision  of  Piers  the  Plowman  ' ;  native  of  the 
Western  Midlands ;  probably  educated  at  the  monastery  of 
Great  Malvern ;  went  to  London ;  engaged  on  his  great 
poem,  1362-92 ;  produced  it  in  at  least  three  versions 
(first,  1362,  second,  1377,  third,  1392),  treating  in  them 
philosophical  and  social  questions  in  the  unrhymed  alli- 
terative line  of  the  old  English  metre ;  possibly  the  author 
of  '  Richard  the  Redeless,'  a  poem  written  to  remonstrate 
with  RicbaYd  II.  [xxxii.  104] 

LANGLEY,  BATTY  (1696-1751),  architectural  writer ; 
attempted  to  remodel  Gothic  architecture  by  the  invention 
of  five  orders  for  that  style  in  imitation  of  classical  archi- 
tecture; did  good  work  in  the  mechanical  branches  of 
his  art ;  wrote  twenty-one  works  on  architecture. 

[xxxii.  108] 

LANGLEY,  EDMUND  DK,  first  DUKE  OF  YORK  (1341- 
1402),  fifth  son  of  Edward  III ;  accompanied  his  father  to 
the  French  wars,  1359 ;  K.G.,  1361 ;  created  Earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1362 ;  accompanied  the  Black  Prince  to  Spain, 
1367 ;  sent  to  France,  1369 ;  shared  in  sack  of  Limoges, 
1370;  married  Isabel  of  Castile,  daughter  of  Pedro  the 
Cruel,  1372  ;  king's  lieutenant  in  Brittany,  1374  ;  constable 
of  Dover,  1376-81 ;  member  of  the  council  of  regency  to 
Richard  II,  1377 ;  took  part  in  the  king's  expedition  to 
Scotland,  1385 ;  created  Duke  of  York,  1385  ;  regent  during 
the.king'8  absences,  1394-9  ;  went  over  to  the  sideof  Henry 
of  Lancaster  (afterwards  Henry  IV) ;  retired  from  the 
court  after  Henry  IV's  coronation,  1399.  [xxxii.  109] 

LANGLEY,  HENRY  (1611-1679),  puritan  divine  ;  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1635  ;  master  of  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  1647-60  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
1648  ;  D.D.,  1649.  [xxxii.  Ill] 

LANGLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1657),  grammarian ;  entered 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1619  ;  high-master  of  the 
College  School,  Gloucester,  1617-27  and  1628-35 ;  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  1640;  a  licenser  of  the  press,  1643  ;  pub- 
lished a  work  on  rhetoric  for  St.  Paul's  School,  1644,  and 
an  '  Introduction  to  Grammar.'  [xxxii.  Ill] 

LANGLEY,  THOMAS  (ft.  1320  ?),  writer  on  poetry  ; 
monk  of  St.  Benet  Hulme,  Norfolk  ;  author  of  '  Liber  de 
Varietate  Carminum  in  capitulis  xviii  distinctus  cum 
prologo,'  of  which  ten  chapters  are  preserved  in  manu- 
script at  the  Bodleian.  [xxxii.  112] 

LANGLEY  or  LONGLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1437),  bishop 
of  Durham,  cardinal,  and  chancellor ;  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  in  his  youth  attached  to  the  family  of  John 
of  Gaunt ;  canon  of  York,  1400  ;  dean,  1401 ;  keeper  of  the 
privy  seal,  1403;  chancellor,  1405-7;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1406  ;  sent  on  embassies  by  the  king,  1409,  1410,  1414 ; 
cardinal,  1411;  again  chancellor,  1417  (retiring,  1424); 
Mrtrtcd  at  Henry  VI's  coronation,  1429  ;  statesman  and 
canonist.  [xxxii.  112] 


LANGLEY 


747 


LANIER 


LANGLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1581),  canon  of  Winchester: 
B.A.  Cambridge,  1538  ;  chaplain  to  Oranmcr,  1548  ;  canon 
of  Winchester,  1557  ;  B.D.  Oxford,  1560  ;  chief  work,  Jin 
abridged  English  edition  of  Polydore  Vergil's  'De  Invcn- 
toribus  Rerum,'  published,  1546.  [xxxii.  114] 

LANGLEY,  THOMAS  (A  1745),  engraver  of  antiqui- 
ties, &c. ;  brother  of  Batty  Langley  [q.  v.] ;  drew  and 
engraved  for  bis  brother's  books.  [xxxii.  108] 

LANGLEY,  THOMAS  (1769-1801),  topographer;  of 
Eton  and  Hertford  College,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1794;  lu-M 
livings  in  Northamptonshire  and  Buckinghamshire ;  pub- 
lished ' The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Hundred  of 
Desborough  and  Deanery  of  Wycombe  in  Buckingham- 
shire,' 1797.  [xxxii.  114] 

LANGMEAD,  afterwards  TA8WELL-LANGMEAD, 
THOMAS  PITT  (1840-1882),  writer  on  constitutional  law 
and  history ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1863  :  B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1866  ;  practised  as  a  conveyancer ;  tutor  in  constitutional 
law  and  legal  history  at  the  Inns  of  Court ;  joint-editor  of 
the  •  Law  Magazine  and  Review,'  1876-82 :  professor  of 
constitutional  law  and  legal  history  at  University  College, 
London,  1882;  edited  for  Camden  Society,  1858,  'Sir 
Edward  Lake's  Account  of  his  Interviews  with  Charles  I, 
on  being  created  a  Baronet ' ;  published  a  pamphlet, 
'Parish  Registers:  a  Plea  for  their  Preservation,'  1»72, 
and  '  English  Constitutional  History,*  1875. 

[xxxii.  115] 

LANGUISH,  BROWNE  (d.  1759),  physician ;  extra 
licentiate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  ;  F.R.S.,  1734 ; 
published  '  The  Modern  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic,' 
1735 ;  delivered  the  Croouian  lectures ;  graduated  M.D., 
1747.  [xxxiL  115] 

LANGRISHE,  SIR  HERCULES,  first  baronet  (1731- 
1811),  Irish  politician ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1763  ; 
M.P.  for  Knocktopher  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1760-1801 ; 
commissioner  of  barracks,  1766-74 ;  supervisor  of  ac- 
counts, 1767-75  ;  commissioner  of  revenue,  1774-1801 ; 
commissioner  of  excise,  1780-1801 ;  opposed  every  effort 
to  reform  the  Irish  parliament;  created  baronet,  1777  ; 
privy  councillor,  1777 ;  introduced  his  Catholic  Relief  BUI, 
1792 ;  supported  the  union  scheme,  1799 ;  some  of  his 
speeches  published.  [xxxii.  115] 

LANGSHAW,  JOHN  (1718-1798), organist;  employed 
in  London  by  the  Earl  of  Bute,  c.  1761 ;  organist  of  Lan- 
caster parish  church,  1772.  [xxxii.  117] 

LANGSHAW,  JOHN  (fl.  1798),  organist:  son  of 
John  Langshaw  (1718-1798)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father 
as  organist  at  Lancaster,  1798  ;  published  hymns,  chants, 
songs,  and  pianoforte  concertos.  [xxxii.  117] 

LANGSTON,  JOHN  (1641  ?-1704),  independent  divine ; 
entered  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1655  ;  took  out  licence 
to  preach,  1672  ;  ministered  in  Ipswich,  1686-1704 ;  author 
of  two  schoolbooks.  [xxxii.  117] 

LANGTOFT,  PETER  OP  (d.  1307  ?),  rhyming  chro- 
nicler ;  author  of  a  history  of  England  up  to  the  death  of 
Edward  I  in  French  verse,  the  latter  part  of  which  was 
translated  into  English  by  Robert  of  Brunue  (first  pub- 
lished in  the  Rolls  Series,  1866  and  1868).  [xxxii.  117] 

LANGTON,  BENNET  (1737-1801),  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson  ;  as  a  lad  obtained  an  introduction  to  the  doctor, 
who  visited  him  at  Trinity  College,  Ox  ford,  1769  ;  member 
of  the  Literary  Club,  1764 ;  M.A.,  1769 ;  famous  for  his 
Greek  scholarship  ;  professor  of  ancient  literature  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1788;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1790.  [xxxii.  118] 

LANGTON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1521-1578),  physician ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.. 
1642 ;  published  treatises  in  English  on  medicine,  1547, 
1660,  and  1552 ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1552 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1652-8  ; 
expelled  for  profligate  conduct,  1558.  [xxxii.  119] 

LANGTON,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1337),  bishop  of  Chichester 
and  chancellor  of  England ;  clerk  in  the  royal  chancery 
and  keeper  of  the  rolls  ;  chancellor,  1292-1302  ;  treasurer 
of  Wells,  1294 ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1305 ;  chancellor, 
1307-9 ;  built  the  chapter-house  at  Chichester. 

[xxxiL  120] 

LANGTON,  JOHN  (fl.  1390),  Carmelite ;  studied  at 
Oxford,  and  was  bachelor  of  theology  ;  took  part  in  the 
trial  (1392)  of  the  lollard  Henry  Crump,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  it.  [xxxii.  181] 


LANGTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1624),  divine  and  traveller : 
nrplifw  of  Thomas  Langton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Queen's 
Collet,  Oxford:  pn-ln-n-lary  of  Lincoln,  1483-1517: 
archdeacon  of  Dorset,  1486-1514  :  D.C.L.,  1601 ;  treasurer 
of  York  Minster,  1509-14  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1614-24. 

[xxxii.  1211 

LANGTON,  SIMON  (d.  1*48),  archdeacon  of  Canter- 
bury :  brother  of  Stephen  Langton  [q.  r.]  ;  shared  bin 
brother's  exile ;  returned  to  England,  1213  ;  adopted  the 
barons'  cause;  chancellor  to  Louis  of  France  when  he 
came  to  claim  tin*  Mnt'lM.  crown,  li'ltt;  exiled,  1217-37  : 
Hr«'lnii';i<-i.ii  of  l!;iiit»:rtmry,  1287;  rose  into  high  favour 
with  the  king  and  pope ;  author  of  a  treatiec  on  the  Book 
of  Canticles.  [xxxii.  121] 

LANGTON,  STEPHEN  (d.  12*8),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  and  cardinal ;  studied  at  Paris  University  ; 
became  a  doctor  in  arts  and  theology ;  went  to  Rome  and 
was  made  cardinal-priest,  1208  :  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
1207-28  ;  at  first  rejected  by  King  John,  1207  ;  remained  at 
Pontigny  for  the  next  five  years  after  the  interdict  of  1*08  ; 
tried  to  act  as  peacemaker  between  John  and  the  pope 
(Innocent  III);  visited  Dover  in  the  hope  of  making 
terms,  but  bad  to  return  intoexile,  1209 ;  received  by  John, 
1213  ;  acted  as  mediator  during  the  business  of  the  Great 
Charter,  which  he  supported,  1216  ;  held  at  Osney  a  church 
council,  which  is  to  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  England 
what  the  assembly  at  Runnymede  (1215)  is  to  her  secular 
history,  1222;  occupied  in  political  affairs  during  the 
earlier  years  of  Henry  Ill's  reign  ;  a  famous  theologian, 
historian,  and  poet.  [xxxiL  122] 

LANGTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1501),  bishop  of  Winchester 
and  archbishop-elect  of  Canterbury  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1461 ;  took  degrees  in  canon  law  at 
Cambridge ;  chaplain  to  Edward  IV  before  1476 ;  sent  on 
embassies  to  France,  1467,  1476,  1477,  1478,  and  1480: 
treasurer  of  Exeter,  1478 ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1478 ; 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1483  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1483  ; 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  1486;  provost  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  1487-95;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1493-1600; 
elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  22  Jan.  1501;  died 
of  the  plague,  27  Jan.  [xxxii.  128] 

LANGTON,  WALTER  (d.  1321),  bishop  of  Lichfield 
and  treasurer ;  clerk  of  the  king's  chancery :  keeper  of 
the  king's  wardrobe,  1292;  a  favourite  councillor  of 
Edward  I;  treasurer,  1295;  bishop  of  Lichfield,  1297; 
accused  of  various  crimes,  1301 ;  formally  absolved,  1303 ; 
accompanied  Edward  I  to  Scotland,  and  was  present  at 
his  death,  1307 ;  arrested  by  Edward  II  for  misdemeanors 
as  treasurer  ;  imprisoned,  1308-12  ;  liberated  and  restored 
to  office  of  treasurer,  1312 ;  in  the  king's  council,  1316-18. 

[xxxiL  129] 

LANGTON,  WILLIAM  (1803-1881),  antiquary  and 
financier ;  engaged  in  business  in  Liverpool,  1821-9 ;  in 
Messrs.  Heywood's  bank,  Manchester,  1829-54 ;  managing 
director,  Manchester  and  Salford  bank,  1854-76;  member 
of  the  Chetham  Society,  editing  for  it  three  volumes  of 
miscellanies  ;  an  accurate  genealogist,  herald,  ami  anti- 
quary, philologist,  and  writer  of  English  and  Italian  verse. 

[xxxii.  13*] 

LANGTON,  ZAOHARY  (1698-1786), divine;  of  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1724;  published  anonymously 
'An  Essay  Concerning  the  Human  Rational  Soul,'  1753 

[xxxii.  133] 

LANGWITH,  BENJAMIN  (1684  ?-1743),  antiquary 
and  natural  philosopher;  educated  at  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge;  AI.A.,  1708;  D.D.,  1717;  prebendary  of 
Chichester,  1725  ;  assisted  Francis  Drake  with  bis  '  Ebora- 
cum ' ;  published  scientific  dissertations,  [xxxii.  133] 

LANIER,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1692),  military  commander ; 
governor  of  Jersey  under  Charles  II ;  knighted :  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1688 :  served  in  Ireland  under  William  111, 
1689-91 ;  one  of  the  king's  generals  of  horse  in  Flanders, 
1692  ;  mortally  wounded  at  buttle  of  Steinkirk. 

[xxxiL  134] 

LANIER,  NICHOLAS  (1568-1646  V),eU-hcr;  possibly 
cousin  of  Nicholas  Lanier  (1588  1666)  [q.  v.] 

[xxxii.  135] 

LANIER  (LANIEREX  NICHOLAS  (1688-1666), 
musician  and  amateur  of  art ;  a  musician  in  the  royal 
household :  composed  music  for  masque  by  Campion, 
1613,  for  Ben  Jousou's  '  Lovers  made  Men,'  and  the*  Vision 
of  Delight,'  1617  ;  master  of  the  king's  music,  16*6;  sent 
by  Charles  I  to  Italy  to  collect  pictures  and  statues  for  the 


LANIGAN 


748 


LAROON 


royal  oollecUon ;  followed  the  royal  family  iuto  exile 
reinstated  as  master  of  the  king's  music,  1660. 

[xxxiL  134] 

LANIGAN.  JOHN  (1758-1828X  Irish  ecclesiastics 
historian  ;  ordained  at  Rome ;  appointed  to  the  chairs  of 
Hebrew  ecclesiastical  history  ami  divinity  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Pavia :  published  the  first  part  of  his  '  Institutions 
BlblidB/  1793 :  D.D.  Pavia,  1794 ;  returned  to  Ireland 
1796:  assistant-librarian,  foreign  correspondent,  and 
general  literary  supervisor  to  the  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
1799:  assisted  to  found  Gaelic  Society  of  Dublin,  1808; 
principal  work,  'An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Ireland, 
from  the  first  Introduction  of  Christianity  among  the 
Irish  to  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  Century,'  1822. 

[xxxii.  135] 

LANXE8TER,  EDWIN  (1814-1874),  man  of  science; 
articled  to  a  surgeon ;  studied  at  London  University, 
1W4-7:  M.R.C.S.  and  I*S.A.,  1887;  MJ>.  Heidelberg, 
1839:  secretary  of  the  Ray  Society,  1844;  F.R&,  1845; 
professor  of  natural  history  in  New  College,  London, 
1850:  joint-editor  of  the '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Micro- 
scopical Science,'  1863-71 ;  president  of  the  Microscopical 
Society  of  London,  1859:  examiner  in  botany  to  the 
science  and  art  department,  1862  :  engaged  in  important 
sanitary  investigations :  medical  officer  of  health  for  the 
parish  of  St.  James's,  Westminster,  1856-74  ;  coroner  for 
Central  Middlesex,  1862-74  ;  published  works  on  physio- 
logy and  sanitary  science.  [xxxii.  137] 

LANKRINK.  PROSPER  HENRICUS  (1628-1692), 
painter ;  born  in  Germany  :  studied  at  Antwerp ;  visited 
Italy:  came  to  England  and  was  employed  by  Lely  to 
paint  the  accessories  In  his  portraits.  [xxxii.  139] 

LANQUET  or  LANZET,  THOMAS  (1521-1546), 
chronicler:  studied  at  Oxford  and  devoted  himself  to 
historical  research ;  at  his  death  was  engaged  on  a  useful 
general  history,  completed  by  Thomas  Cooper  (1517  ?-1594) 
[q.  v.]  [xxxii.  139] 

LANSDOWNE,  MAKQUIKKS  OF.  [See  PETTY,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  MARQUIS,  1737-1805;  PKTTY-FITZMAURICE, 
HENRY,  third  MARQUIS,  1780-1863;  PKTTY-FITZMAU- 
RICK,  HKXRY  THOMAS,  fourth  MARQUIS,  1816-1866.] 

LANSDOWNE,  first  BARON  (1667-17361  [SeeGRAN- 
VILLK  or  GRKNVILLK,  GEORGE.] 

LANT,  THOMAS  (1556  ?-1600),  herald  and  draughts- 
man ;  originally  servant  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney  [q.  v.1 ; 
entered  College  of  Arms  as  Portcullis  pursuivant,  1588  • 
Windsor  herald,  1597 ;  wrote  on  heraldry,  [xxxii.  139] 

LANTFRED  or  LAJIFHID  (/.  980),  hagiographer ; 
author  of  '  De  Miraculls  Swithuni,'  printed  partly  in  the 
'  Acta  Sanctorum,'  the  whole  work  being  contained  in  the 

[xxxii.  140] 

LANYON,  SIR  CHARLES  (1813-1889),  civil  engineer  • 
surveyor  of  co.  Antrim,  1836-60 ;  architect  of  some  of  the 
principal  buildings  in  Belfast ;  mayor  of  Belfast,  1862 ; 
prwfcknit  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Architects  of  Ireland, 
1868-8;  M.P.,  Belfast,  1866;  knighted,  1868;  high  sheriff 
of  co.  Antrim,  1876.  [xxxli.  140] 

LANYON,  SIR  WILLIAM  OWEN (1842-1887),  colonel 

and  colonial  administrator :  son  of  Sir  Charles  Lanyon 

1^0;.  served  in  Jamaica  during  native  disturbances, 

»:  UM.G.,   1874:  administrator  of  Griqualand  West 

1885  -8,  of  the  Transvaal,  1879-81 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1880  ;  served 

in  Egyptian  campaign,  1882,  with  Nile  expedition,  1884-5  • 

died  at  New  York.  [xxxii.  141] 

LANZA,  GESUALDO  (1779-1859),  teacher  of  music  • 
tx.rn  in  Naples ;  became  known  in  London  as  a  singing 
ma.Hter ;  delivered  lectures  and  wrote  various  works  on  the 
f  singing.  [xxxii.  141] 

LAPIDOE,  EDWARD  (d.  1860),  architect;  sent 
Mnoui.draw.iigs  to  the  Royal  Academy ;  built  a  bridge 

buUt^veS*^^   PWSV?*i  an<1  altered  II'"1 
t  several  churches  ;  F.R.I.B.A. ;  surveyor  of  bridges 

and  public  works  for  Surrey.  [xxxii.  ^f8 

LAPORTE    GBORGEHBNRY   (rf.    1878),    animal- 
*  *°°ft  Jobn  Laporte  [q-  v.] :  exhibited  8portinK 
•*  the  Academy,  British  Institution,  and  Suffolk 
.  ^1*2,  from  1818  :    'oHwlHtion   member  of  the 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colours.         [xxxu.  i42] 


LAPORTE,  JOHN  (1761-1839),  water-colour  painter  ; 
drawing-master  at  the  military  academy  at  Addiscombe; 
exhibited  landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  British 
Institution  from  1786 ;  in  conjunction  with  William 
Frederick  Wells  [q.  v.]  executed  a  set  of  seventy-two 
etchings  from  Gainsborough,  1819 ;  published  work-  on 
art.  [xxxii.  142] 

LAPRAIK,  JOHN  (1727-1807),  confined  for  a  time 
as  debtor  after  the  collapse  of  the  Ayr  bank,  1772 ;  con- 
ducted a  public-house  and  the  village  post-office  at  Muir- 
kirk  after  1796  ;  published  '  Poems  on  Several  Occasions,' 
1788;  three  famous  'Epistles'  addressed  to  him  by 
Burns.  [xxxii.  142] 

LAPWORTH,  EDWARD  (1574-1636),  physician  and 
Latin  poet;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1595 ;  master  of 
Magdalen  College  school,  Oxford,  1598-1610  ;  licensed  to 
practise  medicine,  1605 ;  M.D.,  1611 :  first  Sedleian  reader 
in  natural  philosophy,  1618  ;  Linacre  physic  lecturer 
1019-35.  [xxxii  143] 

LARCOM,  SIR  THOMAS  AISKEW  (1801-1879),  Irish 
official ;  educated  at  the  Royal  Academy,  Woolwich  ; 
employed  on  the  ordnance  survey  of  England  and  Wales, 
1824-6,  of  Ireland,  1828-46  ;  published  admirable  maps 
of  Ireland  ;  census  commissioner,  1841 ;  commissioner  of 
public  works,  1846 ;  deputy-chairman  of  the  board  of 
works,  1860 ;  under-secretary  for  Ireland,  1853 ;  K.C.B., 
1860 ;  his  administration  marked  by  a  steady  increase  of 
prosperity.  [xxxii.  143] 

LARDNER,  DIONYSIUS  (1793-1859),  scientific 
writer ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  M.A.,  1819 ;  LL.D., 
1827  ;  took  holy  orders,  but  devoted  himself  to  literary  and 
scientific  work :  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
astronomy  in  London  University,  now  University  College, 
1827 ;  his  principal  work,  the  '  Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,'  com- 
pleted in  133  volumes,  1849 ;  edited  the  '  Edinburgh  Cabi- 
net Library,'  1830-44 ;  lectured  in  the  United  States  and 
Cuba,  1840-5 ;  settled  at  Paris,  1845 ;  wrote  at  Paris 
works  on  railway  economy  and  natural  philosophy ;  died 
at  Naples.  [xxxii.  145] 

LARDNER,  NATHANIEL  (1684-1768),  biblical  and 
patristic  scholar ;  preached  his  first  sermon,  1709 ;  lec- 
tured on  the  'Credibility  of  the  Gospel  History,' out  of 
which  grew  his  great  work,  1723 ;  first  two  volumes  of 
part  i.  of  his  'Credibility '  published,  1727  ;  part  ii.  vols. 
i-xii.,  1733-65  ;  founder  of  the  modern  school  of  critical 
research  in  the  field  of  early  Christian  literature,  and  re- 
mains the  leading  authority  on  the  conservative  side  • 
D.D.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1745.  [xxxii.  147] 

LARKHAM,  THOMAS  (1602-1669),  puritan  divine  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1626 ;  in  trouble  through 
his  puritan  proclivities ;  fled  to  New  England  before  1641 ; 
returned,  1642  ;  vicar  of  Tavi stock  before  1649 ;  resigned 
his  benefice,  1660 ;  wrote  controversial  pamphlets. 

[xxxii.  151] 

LARKING,  LAMBERT  BLACKWELL  (1797-1868), 
antiquary;  educated  at  Eton  and  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1823 ;  founder  of  the  university  lodge  of 
Freemasons  ;  hou.  sec.  Kent  Archaeological  Society,  1857- 
1861 ;  vice-president,  1861 ;  edited  volumes  for  the  Camden 
Society,  1849,  1867,  and  1861 ;  the  '  Domesday  Book  of 
Kent,'  published,  1869  ;  made  extensive  preparations  for 
a  revision  of  Hasted's  '  History  of  Kent,'  the  first  instal- 
ment, of  which— the  Hundred  of  Blackheath— appeared 

1886.  [XXXH.  153] 

LAROCHE,  JAMES  (fl.  1696-1713),  singer ;  appeared 
while  a  boy  as  Cupid  in  Motteux's  '  Loves  of  Mars  and 
enus,'  1697  ;  in  a  musical  interlude, '  The  Raree  Show,' 
713-  [xxxii.  153] 

LAROON  or  LAURON,  MAROELLUS,  the  elder  (1653- 

702),  painter  and  engraver  ;  born  at  the  Hague ;  migrated 

»  England  ;  best  known  by  his  drawings,  '  The  Cryes  of 

London ' ;  painted  draperies  for  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  [q.  v.] 

[xxxii.  153] 

LAROON,  MAROELLUS,  the  younger  (1679-1772), 
>ainter  and  captain  in  the  army  ;  second  son  of  Marcellus 
Laroon  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  studied  painting  and  music ; 
actor  and  singer  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London  ;  joined 
he  footguards,  1707  ;  fought  at  Oudenarde,  1708  ;  deputy 
quarter-master-general  of  the  English  troops  in  Spain  ; 
returned  to  England,  1712 :  captain,  1732 ;  a  friend  and 
imitator  of  William  Hogarth  [q.  v.] ;  best  known  for  his 
conversation  pieces.  [xxxii.  164] 


LARPENT 


749 


LATHAM 


LARPENT,  FRANCIS  SEYMOUR  (1776-1845),  civil 
servant ;  eldest  son  of  John  Larpent  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  I 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;   fi-llo-.v,  17l»«  ;  M.A.,  I 
called  to  the  l>:ir;  deputy  judge-advo«ite-gpiii-r:il  to  tin- 
forces  in  the  1'cnin-nla,  1812-14  ;  commissioner  of  nistom-. 
1814;  civil  and  admiralty  judge  for  Gibraltar  :  employed 
in  secret  service  with  reference  to  the  Princess  Caroline, 
1815  and  1820;   chairman  of  the  board  of  audit  of  the 
public  accounts,  1826-43;  his  'Private  Journals  'puMishwl, 
1853.  [xxxii.  154] 

LARPENT,  SmGEORGEOERARDnKHOCHKl'Il.I), 
first  baronet  (1786-1855),  politician  ;  son  of  John  Larpent 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  East  India  House  of  Cockerell  &  Larpent ; 
chairman  of  the  Oriental  and  China  Association  ;  deputy- 
chairman  of  St.  Katharine's  Docks  Company ;  M.P.,  Not- 
tingham, 1841 ;  created  baronet,  1841  ;  wrote  pamphlets 
and  edited  works  by  his  grandfather  and  his  half-brother, 
Francis  Seymour  Larpent  [q.  v.]  [xxxii.  165] 

LARPENT,  JOHN  (1741-1824),  inspector  of  plays : 
educated  at  Westminster;  entered  the  foreign  office; 
secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford  at  the  peace  of  Paris, 
1763 ;  inspector  of  plays,  1778.  [xxxii.  155] 

LASCELLE8,  MRS.  ANN  (1745-1789).  [See  CATLKY, 
ANN.] 

LA8CELLE8,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OP  HARKWOOD 
(1767-1841),  M.P.,  Yorkshire,  1796,  1802,  and  1812,  West- 
bury,  1807,  Northallerton,  1818 ;  styled  Viscount  Lascelles 
after  death  of  his  elder  brother  (1814),  and  succeeded  his 
father,  the  first  earl,  1820.  [xxxii.  156] 

LASCELLES,  ROWLEY  (1771-1841),  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1797  ;  practised  at  the  Irish  bar  for  twenty 
years  ;  selected  by  the  record  commissioners  for  Ireland 
(1813)  to  edit  lists  of  all  public  officers  recorded  in  Irish 
court  of  chancery  from  1540  to  1774,  the  work  appearing 
as  'Liber  Munerum  Publicorum  Hiberniae,  ab  an.  1152 
usque  ad  1827'  (vol.  i.  1824,  vol.  ii.  1830)  ;  prefixed  to  it  a 
history  of  Ireland  which  gave  so  much  offence  that  the 
book  was  suppressed  (reissued,  1852);  author  of  works 
on  miscellaneous  subjects.  [xxxii.  156] 

LASCELLES,  THOMAS  (1670-1751),  colonel;  chief 
engineer  of  Great  Britain  and  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  of  the  forces ;  served  as  volunteer  in  Ireland, 
1689-91 ;  in  the  expedition  to  Cadiz,  1702  ;  joined  regular 
army,  1704 ;  present  at  nearly  all  Marlborough's  battles  ; 
wounded  at  Blenheim,  1704 :  employed  in  the  demolition 
of  the  fortifications,  &c.,  of  Dunkirk,  1713-16, 1720-5,  and 
1729-32 ;  deputy  quartermaster-general  of  the  forces,  1715  ; 
director  of  engineers,  1722 ;  master-surveyor  of  the  ord- 
nance and  chief  engineer  of  Great  Britain,  1742. 

[xxxii.  167] 

LASKI  or  A  LASCO,  JOHN  (1499-1560),  reformer; 
born  in  Poland ;  mistakenly  claimed  descent  from  Henry 
de  Lacy,  third  earl  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.] ;  at  Bologna  Uni- 
versity, 1514-18 ;  canon  of  Leczyc,  1517,  of  Cracow  and 
Plock,  1518,  and  dean  of  Gnesen,  1521  ;  lived  at  Basle  in 
Erasmus's  house,  1524-5  ;  bishop  of  Vesprim,  1529 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Warsaw,  1538 ;  pastor  of  a  congregation  of 
reformers  at  Emdeu  in  East  Frisia,  1542-8 ;  superintendent 
of  the  London  church  of  foreign  protestants,  1550 ;  had 
great  influence  at  Edward  VI's  court ;  promoted  the  re- 
formation in  Poland,  1556-60  ;  an  austere  Calvinist ;  pub- 
lished tracts  advocating  the  reformation,  [xxxii.  158] 

LASSELL,  WILLIAM  (1799-1880),  astronomer  ;  edu- 
cated at  a  school  at  Rochdale;  apprenticed  in  a  mer- 
chant's office  at  Liverpool,  1814-21 ;  brewer  at  Liverpool, 
1S25;  built  observatory  at  Starficld,  near  Liverpool,  and 
erected  a  nine-inch  Newtonian,  the  first  example  of  the 
adaptation  to  reflectors  of  the  equatoreal  plan  of  mount- 
ing, and  with  it  followed  the  course  of  comets  further 
than  was  possible  at  any  public  observatory ;  invented  a 
new  machine  mounted  at  Starfield,  1846  ;  verified  dis- 
covery of  Neptune  by  its  aid,  1847 ;  gold  medallist,  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  1849,  and  F.R.S.,  1849  ;  the  first  to 
ascertain  clearly  the  composition  of  the  Dranian  system, 
1851 ;  removed  his  observatory  to  Bradstones,  1864 ;  royal 
medallist,  1858 ;  constructed  a  reflecting  telescope  of  four 
feet  aperture,  1859-60 ;  mounted  and  worked  with  it  at 
Valetta,  1861-4 ;  set  up  an  observatory  near  Maidenhead 
on  his  return  to  England;  hou.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1874, 

f  xxxii.  160] 


LASSELS,  RICHARD  (1608  7-1668),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  educated  probably  at  Oxford  ;  student  of  the  Eng- 
lish college  at  Douay,  1623  ;  profemor  of  classics  at  Dooay. 
1629;  ordainui  ,,r-..-t.  1632;  published  account  of  travels 
in  Italy,  1670 ;  dial  at  Mont(  [xxxii.  161] 

LATE8.  niAIM.KS  (Jt.  1794),  organist  and  musical 
composer  ;  son  of  John  James  Late*  [q.  T.]  ;  pupil  of  Dr. 
Philip  Haye*  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1793  ;  HUB.  Bac.,  1794 ,  composed  an  anthem,  aud  sonata* 
for  the  pianoforte.  [xxxiL  161] 

LATE8,  J(  )HN  JAMES  ( rf.  1777  ?),  organist :  violinist 
and  teacher  of  the  violin  at  Oxford  ;  probably  organist  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  composed  solos  and  dnets  for 
the  violin  and  violoncello.  [xxxii.  16»] 

LATEWAR,  RICHARD  (1660-1601X  scholar;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School.  London;  scholar, 
1580,  and  later  fellow  of  St  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1588 ;  D.D.,  1597 ;  accompanied  Charles  Blount, 
eighth  baron  Mountjoy  [q.  v.],  to  Ireland,  and  died  of  a 
wound  received  at  Benburb,  co.  Tyrone ;  wrote  Latin 
poem*.  [xxxlL  163] 

LATEY,  GILBERT  (1626-1706),  qnaker ;  joined  the 
Society  of  Friends,  1664 ;  suffered  imprisonment  for  his 
belief;  exerted  his  influence  successfully  on  behalf  of  the 
quakers  with  James  II  and  William  and  Mary ;  by  per- 
sistently petitioning  the  king  obtained  act  of  1697  (made 
perpetual,  1715),  by  which  the  quaker  affirmation 
equivalent  to  an  oath  ;  author  of  several  religious  ' 

[xxxii.  163] 

LATHAM,  HENRY  (1794-1866),  poetical  writer: 
third  sou  of  John  Latham  (1761-1843)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  entered  the  church ;  pub- 
lished 'Sertum  Shakesperianum,  subnexis  aliquot  in- 
ferioris  notes  floribus,'  1863.  [xxxii.  166] 

LATHAM,  JAMES  (d.  1750  ?),  portrait-painter ;  called 
the '  Irish  Yandyck.'  Among  his  sitters  were  Margaret 
Woffington  and  Bishop  Berkeley.  [xxxii.  164] 

LATHAM,  JOHN  (1740-1837),  ornithologist;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London;  studied 
anatomy  under  Hunter ;  M.D.  Erlaugen,  1795 ;  studied 
archaeology ;  F.S.A.,  1774 ;  F.R.S.,  1775 ;  assisted  to  form 
the  Linnean  Society,  1788 ;  chief  work, 4  A  General  History 
of  Birds,'  1821-8.  [xxxii.  164] 

LATHAM,  JOHN  (1761-1843),  physician;  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1778 ;  B.A.,  1782 ;  studied  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1782-4 ;  M.A.,  1784 ; 
M.B.,  1786  ;  physician  to  the  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  Oxford, 
1787;  M.D.,  1788;  F.R.O.P.,  1789;  physician  to  the 
Middlesex  Hospital,  1789-93,  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, 1793-1802;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1793;  Harveiau 
orator,  1794 ;  Croonlan  lecturer,  1795 ;  physician  extra- 
ordinary to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  1795 :  published  pamphlet 
on  rheumatism  and  gout,  1796,  and  works  on  clinical 
medicine.  [xxxii.  166] 

LATHAM,  JOHN  (1787-1853),  poetical  writer;  eldest 
son  of  John  Latham  (1761-1843)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford :  elected  fellow  of  All  Souls' 
College  while  an  undergraduate,  1806 ;  published  anony- 
mously a  volume  of  poems,  1836  ;  English  and  Latin  poems 
by  him  published  posthumously,  1853.  [xxxii.  166] 

LATHAM,  PETER  MERE  (1789-1875X  physician; 
second  son  of  John  Latham  (1761-1843)  [q.  v.]-,  edu- 
cated at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  181  • 
menced  studying  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
1810  ;  M.A.,  1813  ;  M.B..  1814  :  physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1816-24;  M.D.,  1816;  F.R.O.P.,  1818:  Gul- 
stonian lecturer,  1819 ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  1824-41 :  joint-lecturer  on  medicine  in  the 
school  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1836  ;  physician 
extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837  ;  Harveian  orator, 
1839 ;  chief  work,  •  Lectures  on  Clinical  Medicine,  com- 
prising Diseases  of  the  Heart,'  1845.  [xxxii.  167] 

LATHAM,  ROBERT  GORDON  (1812-1888),  ethno- 
logist and  philologist :  of  Eton  and  King's  College.  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.,  1832 ;  studied  in  Germany,  Denmark,  and 
Norway  :  professor  of  English  language  and  literature  in 
University  College,  London,  1839:  produced  his  well- 
known  text-book  on  the  English  language,  1841 :  studied 
medicine ;  L.R.O.P.,  1842 ;  M.D.  London ;  director  of  the 
ethnological  department  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  1862; 
made  protest  against  the  Central  Asian  theory  of  the 


LATHAM 


750 


LAUD 


origin  of  the  Aryan*,  1W2;  completed  his  revision  ..f 
Johnson's  dictionary,  187U  ;  published  philological  aiul 
ethnological  works,  1840-78.  [xxxii.  168] 

LATHAM.  SIMON  (ft.  1618),  falconer:  published 
•Lathams  Falconry  or  the  Faulcons  Lure  and  Cure,  in 
two  Book*,'  1615-1H.  [xxxii.  169] 

LATHBERY,  JOHN  (Jl.  1350),  Franciscan;  famous 
as  a    theologian   throughout  the    later    Middle 
DJ>.  Oxford,  after  1860  ;   his  bent-known  work,  '  Com- 
mentary on    Lamentations,'  one  of   the  earliest  books 
iMoed  by  the  university  press,  printed  at  Oxford,  1482. 

[xxxii.  169] 

LATHBTJRY,  THOMAS  (1798-1865),  ecclesiastical 
historian  :  of  St,  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1827  ; 
Ticar  of  St.  Simon's,  Baptist  Mills,  Bristol,  1848.  His 
works  Include  a  history  of  cou  vocation  and  '  A  History  of 
the  Nonjurors,'  1846.  [xxxii.  169] 

LATHOM,  FRANCIS  (1777-1832),  novelist  and  drama- 
tist: acted  at  and  wrote  for  the  Norwich  Theatre  before 
1801  ;  wrote  several  successful  comedies  and  novels  be- 
tween 1796  and  1830.  [xxxii.  170] 

LATHROP,  JOHN  (d.  1663).    [See  LOTHROPP.] 

LATHY,  THOMAS  PIKE  (fl.  1820),  novelist;  pub- 
lished '  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Louis  XIV,'  1819  ;  perpe- 
trated a  successful  plagiaristic  fraud  in  the  •  Angler,  a 
poem  in  ten  cantos,'  1819  (copied  from  'The  Anglers. 
Eight  Dialogues  In  Verse,'  1768)  ;  author  of  'Reparation, 
or  the  School  for  Libertines,'  performed  at  the  Boston 
Theatre,  United  States,  1800.  [xxxii.  171] 

LATIMER,  BARONS.  [See  LATIMER,  WILLIAM,  first 
BARON  of  the  second  creation,  d.  1304  ;  LATIMER,  WILLIAM 
fourth  BARON,  1329?-1381;  NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  second 
BARON  of  the  third  creation,  1468-1630  ;  NEVILLE,  JOHN 
third  BARON,  1490  ?-1643.] 

LATIMER,  HUGH(1486?-1665),  bishop  of  Worcester; 
sent  to  Cambridge,  1600;  fellow  of  Clare  Hall  andB.A. 
1610:  M.A.,  1614;  took  priest's  orders  ;  refused  to  refute 
Lather's  doctrines,  1526  ;  compelled  to  explain  himself 
before  Wolsey  and  dismissed,  with  liberty  to  preach 
throughout  England;  preached  his  famous  sermons  'on 
the  card,'  1529  ;  master  in  theology,  Oxford,  by  1530  • 
preached  before  Henry  VIII  at  Windsor,  1630  ;  accused  of 
heresy  and  brought  before  convocation  bv  the  bishop  of 
London,  and  absolved  on  a  complete  submission,  1532  • 
bishop  of  Worcester,  1535;  preached  Jane  Seymour's 
funeral  sermon,  1537;  encouraged  puritanism  in  his 
diocese  ;  resigned  his  bishopric  because  he  could  not  sup- 
port the  Act  of  the  Six  Articles,  1539  ;  kept  iii  custody 
for  nearly  a  year  ;  resumed  preaching  after  eight  years' 
silence  and  preached  his  famous  sermon  '  of  the  plough  ' 
1648  ;  committed  to  the  Tower  on  Mary's  accession  1553'- 
sent  to  Oxford  with  Ridley  and  Cranmer  to  defend  his 
views  before  the  leading  divines  of  the  university  1554  • 
condemned  as  a  heretic  and  burnt  at  Oxford  with  Ridley' 
566;  his  extaut  writings  edited  for  the  Parker  Society 
1844-5-  [xxxii.  171] 

LATIMER,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  LATIMER  (d 
1304),  served  in  Wales,  1276  and  1282;  took  part  in  the 
expedition  to  Gascony,  1292  ;  employed  in  Scotland  •  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Stirling,  1297,  ai  'the  battle  of  Falkirk, 

[xxxii.  179] 


i9,>  ,,'  second    BARON      ATIMER 

(1276  ?-1327),  son  of  William  Latimer,  first  baron  Latimer 
[q.v.];  employed  in  Scotland,  1297-1303;  taken  prisoner 
at  Bannockburn,  1314;  released,  1315  ;  a  supporter  of 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  but  afterwards  of  Edward  II. 

LATIMER,    WILLIAM,    fourth    BARON"LA™R 

2£?  SJ?.IX  ""  of  Tigs  third  te^-i-EcE 

fovernor  of  B6cherelin  Brittany,  I860;  K.G., 
rU  cha™b?1rialn?f  the  king's  household,  1369  ;  constable 
of  Dover  Castle  and  warden  of  the  Cinque  oorts  1374  •  in 
reat  favour  with  John  of  Gaunt;  impeached        ' 


[xxxii.  180] 

8*  das8icai  9ch°iar  : 

All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1489;  studied  at 


Pu.ltm;  M.A.  Oxford,  1513;  tutor  to  Reginald  Cardinal 
Pole;  prebendary  of  Salisbury;  a  great  friend  of  Sir 
Thomas  More ;  his  '  Epistolae  ad  Erasmum '  alone  extant. 

[xxxii.  181] 

LA  TOUCHE,  \VILLIAM  GEORGE  DIGGES  (1747- 
1803),  resident  at  ,'Jassorah  ;  entered  St.  Paul's  School, 
London,  1767  ; '  proceeded  to  Bassorah,  1764  ;  became 
British  resident  there ;  gained  the  goodwill  of  the  natives 
and  showed  kindness  to  the  principal  citizens  during 
the  siege,  1776 ;  returned  to  England,  1784 ;  partner  in  La 
Touche's  bank  in  Dublin.  [xxxii.  182] 

LATROBE,  CHARLES  JOSEPH  (1801-1875),  Austra- 
lian governor  and  traveller;  son  of  Christian  Ignatius 
Latrobe  [q.  v.] ;  educated  for  the  Moravian  ministry,  but 
abandoned  the  design ;  travelled  in  Switzerland,  ascend- 
ing mountains  and  unexplored  passes,  1824-6 ;  travelled 
in  America,  1832-4  ;  superintendent  at  the  time  of  the 
gold  fever  of  the  Port  Phillip  district  of  New  South  Wales, 
1839  (the  post  converted  into  the  lieutenant-governorship 
of  Victoria,  1851);  retired,  1854;  O.B.,  1858;  published 
descriptions  of  his  travels.  [xxxii.  182] 

LATROBE,  CHRISTIAN  IGNATIUS  (1768-1836), 
musical  composer;  studied  at  the  Moravian  College, 
Niesky,  Upper  Lusatia,  1771;  teacher  in  the  high  school 
there ;  returned  to  England,  1784 ;  secretary  to  the  Society 
for  the  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel,  1787,  of  the  Unity  of 
the  Brethren  in  England,  1795 ;  the  last  to  hold  the  office 
of  'senior  civilis'  at  the  Herrnhut  synod,  1801;  under- 
took a  visitation  in  South  Africa  in  connection  with  his 
church,  1815-16 ;  published  an  account  of  his  travels, 
1818;  composed  anthems,  chorales,  and  some  instrumental 
works ;  editor  of  the  first  English  edition  of  the  '  Moravian 
Hymn  Tune  Book' ;  chiefly  remembered  for  his  '  Selection 
of  Sacred  Music  from  the  works  of  the  most  eminent 
Composers  of  Germany  and  Italy,'  1806-25.  [xxxii.  183] 

LATROBE,  JOHN  ANTES  (1799-1878),  writer  on 
music ;  son  of  Christian  Ignatius  Latrobe  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1829;  took 
orders ;  honorary  canon  of  Carlisle  Cathedral,  1858 ;  author 
of '  The  Music  of  the  Church  considered  in  its  various 
branches,  Congregational  and  Choral '  (1831),  and  of  two 
volumes  of  hymns.  [xxxii.  183] 

LATROBE,  PETER  (1796-1863),  Moravian;  son  of 
Christian  Ignatius  Latrobe  [q.  v.] ;  took  orders  In  the 
Moravian  church  and  became  secretary  of  the  Moravian 
mission  ;  wrote  an  '  Introduction  on  the  Progress  of  the 
Church  Psalmody,'  for  an  edition  of  the  '  Moravian  Hymn 
Tunes.'  [xxxii.  184] 

LATTER,  MARY  (1725-1777),  authoress ;  published 
'  Miscellaneous  Works  in  Prose  and  Verse,'  1769  ;  published 
tragedy, '  The  Siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  Vespasian,'  in 
1763  (accepted  for  Coveut  Garden  by  Rich,  who  died 
before  it  could  be  produced;  proved  unsuccessful  at 
Reading,  1768).  [xxxii.  184] 

LATTER,  THOMAS  (1816-1853).  soldier  and  Burmese 
scholar ;  born  in  India ;  published  a  Burmese  grammar, 
the  first  scholarly  treatise  on  the  subject,  1845 ;  chief 
interpreter  in  second  Burmese  war,  and  shared  in  the 
fighting,  1852 :  resident  deputy-commissioner  at  Prome, 
where  he  was  murdered,  1853.  [xxxii.  i84] 

LATJD,  WILLIAM  (1573-1645), archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury; entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1589;  fellow, 
1593;  M.A.,  1698;  ordained,  1601;  B.D.,  1604;  D.D., 
1608 ;  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1611  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Huntingdon,  1616;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1616 ; 
bishop  of  St.  David's,  1621-6  ;  became  predominant  in  the 
church  of  England  at  Charles  I's  accession,  1625 ;  sup- 
ported the  king  in  his  struggle  with  the  Commons ;  dean 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1626 ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1626-8  ;  privy  councillor,  1627 ;  bishop  of  London,  1628-33  ; 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford,  1629;  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  1633;  adopted  the  policy  of  compelling 
compulsory  uniformity  of  action  on  the  part  of  church- 
men ;  interfered  disastrously  with  the  Scottish  church ; 
impeached  of  high  treason  by  the  Long  parliament,  1640; 
committed  to  the  Tower,  1641 ;  tried,  1644 ;  condemned 
and  beheaded,  1645.  In  his  ecclesiastical  policy  he  failed 
to  allow  for  the  diversity  of  the  elements  which  made  up 
the  national  church.  His  sermons  were  published,  1651, 
and  a  collected  edition  of  kis  works  appeared,  1695-1700. 

[xxxii.  185] 


LAUDER 


751 


LAURENCE 


LAUDER,  GEORGE  (/.  1677),  Scottish  poet;  grand- 
•on  of  Sir  Richard  Maitlaud,  Lord  Lethington  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  c.  1620;  entered  the  English  army  ami 
became  a  colonel ;  as  a  royalist  spent  many  years  on  tin- 
continent  ami  probably  joined  the  army  of  the  Prince  of 
<>r;iu<_'o  ;  his  poems  mainly  patriotic  and  military. 

[zxxii.  195] 

LAUDER,  JAMES  ECKFORD  (1811-1869),  painter: 
younger  brother  of  Robert  Scott  Laudcr  [q.  v.] ;  stii-lir-l 
at  the  Trustees'  Academy,  r-xlinburirh,  1N30-3;  contri- 
buted to  the  exhibitions  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy 
from  1832;  studied  in  Italy,  1834-8;  member  R.S.A., 
1846 ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1841-53. 

[xxxii.  195] 

LAUDER,  Sm  JOHN,  of  Fountaiuhall,  LORD 
FOUNTAINHALL  (1646-1722),  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1664 : 
travelled  and  studied  on  the  continent,  1665-6 ;  passed 
advocate  at  the  Scottish  bar,  1668;  member  of  the 
Scottish  parliament  for  Haddlngtoushire,  1685,  1690- 
1702,  and  17U2-7 ;  a  protestant  and  supporter  of  the 
revolution ;  a  lord  of  session  with  the  title  of  Lord 
Fouutaiuhall,  1689 ;  opposed  the  union ;  chronicler  and 
diarist;  a  portion  of  his  diary,  entitled  'Chronological 
Notes  of  Scottish  Affairs  from  1680  till  1701,'  published  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  1822,  the  full  diary  printed  by  the 
Bannatyne  Olnb,  1840.  [xxxii.  196] 

LAUDER,  ROBERT  SCOTT  (1803-1869),  subject- 
painter  ;  brother  of  James  Eckford  Lauder  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  London,  1822-9;  member  of 
the  Scottish  Academy,  1829 ;  exhibited  there  and  at  Royal 
Academy  and  British  Institution,  London,  1827-49; 
studied  in  Italy,  1833-8 ;  principal  teacher  in  the  Drawing 
Academy  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Edinburgh,  1852-61 ; 
his  greatest  picture  the  '  Trial  of  Effle  Deans.' 

[xxxii.  197] 

LAUDER,  THOMAS  (1395-1481),  bishop  of  Dunkeld  ; 
master  of  the  hospital  of  Soltre  or  Soltry,  Midlothian, 
1437 ;  preceptor  to  James  II ;  bishop  of  Dunkeld,  1462  ; 
finished  the  church  of  Dunkeld  (begun  by  his  predecessor, 
James  Kennedy  (1406  ?-1466)  [q.  v.]),  1464 ;  built  bridge 
over  the  Tay,  1461 ;  wrote  life  of  Bishop  John  Scott,  one 
of  his  predecessors,  and  a  volume  of  sermons. 

[xxxii.  197] 

LAUDER,  SIR  THOMAS  DICK,  seventh  baronet 
(1784-1848),  author ;  son  of  the  sixth  baronet  of  Foun- 
tainhall,and  a  descendant  of  Sir  John  Lauder  of  Fountain- 
hall  [q.  v.];  contributed  scientific  papers  to  the  'Annals 
of  Philosophy '  from  1816;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1820; 
his  most  popular  work,  'Account  of  the  great  Moray 
Floods  of  1829,'  published,  1830 :  secretary  to  the  board  of 
Scottish  manufactures,  1839  ;  encouraged  the  foundation 
of  technical  and  art  schools;  published  works  on  Scot- 
land, 1837-48.  [xxxii.  198] 

LAUDER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1425),  lord  chancellor  of 
Scotland  and  bishop  of  Glasgow  ;  archdeacon  of  Lothian ; 
bishop  of  Glasgow,  1408  ;  lord  chancellor,  1423-5. 

[xxxii.  199] 

LAUDER,  WILLIAM  (1520  ?-1673),  Scottish  poet ; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  University  ;  took  priest's  orders  ; 
celebrated  as  a  deviser  of  court  pageants,  1649-58  ;  joined 
the  reformers,  1560;  appointed  minister,  c.  1563.  His 
published  verse,  of  which  there  are  five  separate  volumes, 
consists  mainly  of  denunciation  of  the  immoral  practices 
current  in  Scotland  in  his  time.  [xxxii.  199] 

LAUDER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1771),  literary  forger  ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University;  M.A.,  1696;  a  good 
classical  scholar  and  student  of  modern  Latin  verse: 
published  (1739)  'Poetarum  Scotorum  Musae  Sacra'; 
published  articles  in  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine'  to 
prove  that  '  Paradise  Lost '  was  largely  plagiarised  from 
seventeenth-century  Latin  poets,  1747  (reprinted  as  '  An 
Essay  on  Milton's  Use  and  Imitation  of  the  Moderns  in  his 
"  Paradise  Lost," '  with  a  preface  by  Dr.  Johnson,  1750). 
It  was  proved  by  John  Douglas  [q.  v.],  afterwards  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  that  Lauder  had  himself  interpolated  in 
the  works  of  Masenius  and  Staphorstius  (seventeenth- 
century  Latin  poets)  extracts  from  a  Latin  verse  ren- 
dering of  '  Paradise  Lost.'  He  confessed  and  apologised 
in  'A  Letter  to  the  Reverend  Mr.  Douglas,'  1761,  and 
emigrated  to  Barbados,  where  he  died.  Incidentally  he 
proved  that  Milton  had  deeply  studied  the  works  of 
modern  Latin  poete.  [xxxii.  200] 

LAUDERDALE,  DUKE  OF  (1616-1682).    [See  MAIT- 

LANU,JOHN.] 


LAUDERDALE,  I>n  m  ,-.,K'/.  1697).  [See  MURRAY, 
•UBAUTH.] 

LAUDERDALE,  EARLK  OF.  [See  MAITLAXD,  JOHX, 
second  BAKU  1616-1682;  M  •  MI..KH,  third 

KAKI.,  </.  IC'Jl  ;  M  \ni.A\i..  Riciuitn,  fourth  EARU,  1653- 
1695;  MAITLAND,  JOHN,  fifth  EAIIL.  1650V-1710;  MAIT- 
LAND,   JAMES,    eighth    BARL,    1759-1839;    MA: 
AMIIMNV,  u-nth  K\uu  1785-1863;  MAITHM>,  TIL. MA.-. 
eleventh  EARI,,  1803-1878.] 

LAUOHARNE,  ROWLAND  {ft.  1848),  roldler ;  took 
up  arms  for  the  parliament,  1642  ;  Commander-in-chief  of 
the  forces  in  Pembrokeshire  ;  appointed  commander-ln- 
chief  of  the  counties  of  Glamorgan,  Cardigan,  Carmarthen, 
and  Pembroke,  1646 ;  deserted  to  the  king.  1648 ;  forced  to 
surrender  to  Cromwell,  1648 ;  coart-martlalled ;  was  con- 
demned to  death  with  two  others,  but  escaped  through 
being,  with  his  companions,  allowed  to  cast  lots  for  his  life, 
1649 ;  pensioned  by  Charles  II,  1660.  [xxxii.  903] 

LAUGHTON,  GEORGE  (1736-1800),  divine ;  educated 
at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1771 ;  D.D.,  1771  • 
chief  works,  "The  History  of  Ancient  Egypt,'  1774,  and 
'The  Progress  and  Establishment  of  Christianity,  in  reply 
to  ...  Mr.  Gibbon,'  1780.  [xxxii.  203] 

LAUGHTON,  RICHARD  (1668  ?-1723),  prebendary 
of  Worcester;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1691 : 
ardently  supported  the  Newtonian  philosophy;  pre- 
bendary of  Worcester,  1717.  [xxxii.  804] 

LAURENCE.    [See  also  LAWRBXCK.] 

LAURENCE  or  LAWRENCE,  EDWARD  (<*.  1740  ?), 
land  surveyor ;  brother  of  John  Laurence  [q.  v.] ;  an 
expert  on  agricultural  subjects,  and  famous  for  hi* 
books  of  maps ;  wrote  on  surveying  and  farming. 

LAURENCE,  FRENCH  (1757-1809),  civilian  ;  brother 
of  Richard  Laurence  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Winchester 
School  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1781 : 
devoted  himself  to  civil  law ;  D.O.L.,  1787 ;  contributed 
to  the  'Rolliad';  helped  Burke  in  preparing  the  pre- 
liminary case  against  Warren  Hastings,  and  was  retained 
as  counsel,  1788 ;  friend  and  literary  executor  of  Burke 
[see  under  BURKE,  EDMUND]  ;  regius  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Oxford,  1796;  M.P.,  Peterborough,  1796;  chan- 
cellor of  the  diocese  of  Oxford ;  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
admiralty  of  the  Cinque  ports;  his  'Poetical  Remains' 
published  with  those  of  his  brother,  Richard  Laurence 
[q.  v.],  1872.  [xxxii.  206] 

LAURENCE,  JOHN  (d.  1732),  writer  on  gardening ; 
entered  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1665 :  B.A.,  1668 ;  fellow 
of  Clare  Hall ;  prebendary  of  Sarum  ;  published  sermons, 
and  works  on  gardening.  [xxxii.  206] 

LAURENCE,  RICHARD  (1760-1838),  archbishop  of 
Casbel ;  brother  of  French  Laurence  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1785;  entered 
holy  orders ;  D.C.L.,  1794 ;  deputy  professor  of  civil  law, 
Oxford,  1796  :  Bampton  lecturer,  1804 ;  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew  and  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1814 ; 
archbishop  of  Cashel,  Ireland,  1822.  His  writings  include 
Latin  and  English  translations  of  Etbiopic  versions  of 
apocryphal  books  of  the  bible.  [xxxii.  206] 

LAURENCE,  ROGER  (1670-1736),  nonjuror;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital ;  studied  divinity ;  ordained, 
1714;  headed  a  new  party  among  the  mm  jurors,  who 
objected  to  lay  baptism;  author  of  controversial  pam- 
phlets on  lay  baptism.  [xrxii.  207] 

LAURENCE,  SAMUEL  (1812-1884),  portrait-painter : 
executed  oil  or  crayon  portraits  of  contemporary  cele- 
brities ;  exhibited  at  the  Society  of  British  Artists,  1834- 
1853,  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1836-88.  [xxxii.  308] 

LAURENCE,  THOMAS  (1598-1667),  master  of 
Balliol  College,  Oxford;  educated  at  Balliol ;  fellow  of 
All  Souls'  College  before  1618,  M.A.,  1621 ;  M.A.  Oam- 
bridge,  1627  ;  B.D.,  1629  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  master  of 
Balliol,  1637-48  ;  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1638-48; 
received  certificate,  1648,  attesting  that  be  engaged  to 
preach  only  practical  divinity ;  appointed  to  an  Irish 
bishopric  by  Charles  II,  but  died  before  he  could  be  con- 
secrated ;  published  three  sermon-.  [xxxii.  209] 

LAURENCE  O'TOOLE,  SAIXT  (1130  ?-1180).  [See 
OToouc.1 


LAURENT 


752 


LAW 


LAURENT.  PBTKR  EDMUND  (1796-1837),  classical 
scholar:  born  in  Plcardy;  educated  at  the  Polytechnic 
School,  Paris ;  taught  modern  languages  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity:  French  master  at  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
Portsmouth;  visited  Italy  and  Greece,  1818-19;  pub- 
lished 'Recollection*  of  a  Classical  Tour,'  1821. 

^ATTRUTTIPS  (</.  619).     [See  LAWRKNCK.] 

LAURIE,  SIR  PETER  (1779  ?-1861X  lord  mayor  of 
Ifrnfrwt  •  saddler  In  London,  becoming  contractor  for  the 
Indian  army;  sheriff,  1823;  knighted,  1824;  alderman, 
1898  ;  lord  mayor,  1832 ;  master  of  the  Saddlers'  Company, 
1833;  chairman  of  the  Union  Bank,  1839-61 ;  published 
two  works  on  prison  reform.  [xxxii.  210] 

LAURIE,  ROBERT  (1765  7-1836),  mezzotint  engraver; 
his  earliest  portrait*  in  mezzotint,  1771 ;  acted  as  pub- 
Usher  of  engravings,  maps,  charts,  and  nautical  works, 
1794-1818.  His  plates  include  both  subject-pictures  and 
portraits,  [xxxii.  211] 

LAVEVHAM  or  LAVYNOHAM,  RICHARD  (ft. 
1380 X  Carmelite  :  Carmelite  friar  at  Ipswich  ;  studied  at 
Oxford ;  prior  of  the  Carmelite  house  at  Bristol ;  con- 
fessor to  Richard  II ;  more  than  sixty  treatises  ascribed 
to  him.  [xxxii.  211] 

LAVINOTON,  BARON  (1738  ?-1807).  [See  PAYNE, 
SIR  RALPH.] 

LAYIKOTOH,  GEORGE  (1684-1762),  bishop  of 
Exeter:  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1708 ;  B.C.L.,  1713  ; 
D.C.I*,  1732 ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1747-62 ;  opponent  of 
methodism.  [xxxii.  212] 

LAVINOTOir,  JOHN  (1690  ?-1759),  presbyterian 
divine;  ordained,  1715:  drew  up  the  formula  of  ortho- 
doxy ( 1718)  that  was  for  thirty-five  years  the  condition 
of  ordination  by  the  Exeter  assembly;  instituted  a 
'Western  academy'  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  1752;  his 
pamphlets  dealing  with  the  Exeter  controversy  pub- 
lished anonymously,  1719-20.  [xxxii.  214] 

LAVTNGTON,  JOHN  (rf.  1764),  nonconformist  tutor ; 
son  of  John  Lavington  (1690?-1759)  [q.  v.] ;  ordained, 
1739 ;  principal  tutor  at  the  •  Western  academy ' ;  pub- 
lished sermons,  1743-59.  [xxxii.  214] 

LAW,  AUGUSTUS  HENRY  (1833-1880),  Jesuit; 
eldest  son  of  William  Towry  Law  [q.  v.] ;  joined  Jesuits, 
1H&4;  with  the  mission  in  Demerara,  1866-71;  joined 
first  missionary  staff  to  the  Zambesi,  1879 ;  died  at  King 
UmzilaV  kraal.  [xxxii.  221] 

LAW,  CHARLES  EWAN  (1792-1850),  recorder  of 
London  ;  second  son  of  Edward  Law,  first  baron  Ellen- 
borough  [q.  v.]:  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1812;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1817;  a 
judge  of  the  sheriff's  court,  1828 ;  K.C.,  1829 ;  common 
serjeant,  1830:  recorder  of  London,  1833-50;  M.P.  for 
Cambridge  University,  1835-50 ;  treasurer,  Inner  Temple, 
1839 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1847.  [xxxii.  214] 

LAW,  EDMUND  (1703-1787),  bishop  of  Carlisle- 
educated  at  8t  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of 
Christ's  CJollege,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1727;  published 
'Kssayon  theOriginof  Evil,'  1731,  'Enquiry  into  the  Ideas 
of  Space  and  Time,'  1734,  'Considerations  on  the  State  of 
the  World  with  regard  to  the  Theory  of  Religion,'  1745 ;  a 
disciple  of  Locke  in  his  philosophical  opinions  and  a  whig 
in  politic? ;  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1756-68 ; 
librarian  of  the  university  of  Cambridge,  1760 :  Knight- 
bridge  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1764;  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  1768-87  ;  published  anonymously  a  pamphlet 
'Considerations  on  the  Propriety  of  requiring  Subscription' 
to  Articles  of  Faith,'  advocating  religious  tolerance,  1774  : 
edited  Locke's  'Works,'  1777.  [xxxii.  216] 

LAW,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  ELLRNBOROUGH  (1750-  I 
1818),  lord  cbief.jnstlceof  England ;  fourth  son  of  Edmund 
Law  [q.  T.]  ;  educated  at  the  Charterhouse  (1761-7)  and  ' 
Peternouse,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1771 ;  M.A.,  1774 ;  com-  I 


practice  as  a  special  pleader,  1776  ;  barriHter, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1780;  K.O..  1787;  retained  as  leading 
oooMd  for  Warren  Hastings,  1788;  opened  the  defence, 
17M:  attorney-general,  179*:  serjeant  of  the  count* 
palatine  of  Lancaster,  17M;  counsel  for  the  crown  at 
J*rioos  state  trials,  1794-180* :  knighted,  1801;  M.P. 
fcrHtwtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  1801 ;  lord  chief-justice  of 


England,  created  Baron  Ellenborough  and  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1802 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Lords,  1805  ;  ad- 
mitted to  the  cabinet  of  '  All  the  Talents  '  without  office, 
1806 ;  councillor  to  George  Ill's  queen  during  the  regency, 
1811 ;  resigned  office,  1818.  [xxxii.  216] 

LAW,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  OF  ELLENBOROUGH 
(1790-1871),  governor-general  of  India;  eldest  son  of 
Edward  Law,  first  baron  Ellenborough  [q,  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1809  : 
tory  M.P.,  St.  Michael's,  Cornwall,  1813  ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  second  baron,  1818 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1828  :  member 
of  the  board  of  control,  whence  began  his  connection  with 
Indian  affairs,  1828-30  ;  governor-general  of  India,  1841 ; 
successfully  contended  with  great  difficulties  in  China 
and  Afghanistan,  1842  ;  responsible  for  the  annexation  of 
Soinde,  1842 ;  unpopular  with  the  civilians ;  subjugated 
Gwalior,  1844 ;  recalled  and  created  Earl  of  Ellenborough, 
1844;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
reconstituted  ministry,  1846 ;  president  of  the  board  of 
control  under  Lord  Derby,  1858.  [xxxii.  221] 

LAW,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1761-1845),  bishop  suc- 
cessively of  Chester  and  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  son  of  Ed- 
mund Law  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1781 ;  M.A.,  1784 ;  D.D.,  1804 ; 
bishop  of  Chester,  1812-24;  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
1824-46 ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A. ;  published  sermons,  charges, 
and  addresses.  [xxxii.  227] 

LAW,  HENRY  (1797-1884),  dean  of  Gloucester ;  son 
of  George  Henry  Law  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1821 ;  M.A.,  1823 ; 
one  of  the  first  examiners  in  the  classical  tripos,  1824-5  ; 
archdeacon  of  Richmond,  1824,  of  Wells,  1826  ;  residentiary 
canon  of  Wells,  1828 ;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1862-84 ;  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  evangelical  party  in  the  church ;  author 
of  'Christ  is  All,'  vols.  i-iv.,  'The  Gospel  in  the  Penta- 
teuch,' 1854-8,  other  theological  works,  and  numerous 
tracts.  [xxxii.  228] 

LAW,  HUGH  (1818-1883),  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  B.A.,  1839  ;  called 
to  the  bar,  1840;  Q.O.,  1860;  drafted  the  Irish  Church 
Act;  legal  adviser  to  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1868; 
bencher  of  the  King's  Inns,  Dublin,  1870;  solicitor- 
general  for  Ireland,  1872;  Irish  privy  councillor  and 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1873;  M.P.,  Londonderry, 
1874;  attorney-general  again  under  Gladstone,  1880; 
lord-chancellor  for  Ireland,  1881 ;  LL.D.  [xxxii.  229] 

LAW,  JAMES  (1560  ?-1632),  archbishop  of  Glasgow ; 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1681 ;  minister  of  Kirkliston, 
1585 ;  a  royal  chaplain,  1601 ;  titular  bishop  of  Orkney, 
1605 ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1608 ;  bishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  1611-15  ;  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1615 ; 
zealously  supported  James  I's  ecclesiastical  policy. 

[xxxii.  229] 

LAW,  JAMES  A.  B.  (1768-1828),  general  in  the 
French  army ;  grandnephew  of  John  Law  (1671-1729) 
[q.  v.]  ;  a  distinguished  general  in  the  French  army,  a 
favourite  aide-de-camp  of  Napoleon  I ;  made  a  marshal 
of  France  by  Louis  XVIII ;  created  Oomte  de  Lauriston. 

[xxxii.  233] 

LAW,  JAMES  THOMAS  (1790-1876),  chancellor  of 
Lichfield ;  eldest  son  of  George  Henry  Law  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1812; 
took  orders,  1814;  M.A.,  1815;  prebendary  of  Lichfleld, 
1818  ;  chancellor  of  Lichfield,  1821 ;  commissary  of  arch- 
deaconry of  Richmond,  1824  ;  special  commissary  of 
diocese  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1840;  published  works  on 
ecclesiastical  law.  [xxxii.  230] 

LAW,  JOHN  (1671-1729),  of  Lauriston ;  controller- 
general  of  French  finance;  son  of  the  great-grand- 
nephew  of  James  Law  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 
migrated  to  London;  killed  Edward  Wilson,  known  as 
4  Beau '  Wilson  [q.  v.],  in  a  duel,  1694,  and  was  sentenced 
to  death  for  murder ;  escaped  from  prison  and  fled 
to  the  continent;  issued  anonymously  pamphlets  deal- 
ing with  Scottish  finance,  1701  and  1709;  established 
the  Banque  Generate,  the  first  bank  of  any  kind  in 
France,  1716 ;  his  'Mississippi  scheme*  incorporated  as  the 
'  Western  Company,'  1717 ;  enlarged  its  sphere  of  action, 
1718-20;  entered  the  Roman  catholic  church  ;  appointed 
controller-general  of  the  finances,  1720 ;  fled  from  France 
on  the  full  of  the  company,  1720  ;  died  and  was  buried  at 


LAW 


753 


LAWRENCE 


Venice ;  allowed  by  French  historians  to  have  furthered 
French  industry  and  commercial  enterprise. 

[xxxii.  2:10] 

LAW.  JOHN  (1746-1810),  bishop  of  Klphin  :  eld.-t 
son  of  Edmund  Law  [q.v.];  of  Charterhouse  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1769;  fellow  of  his  college; 
prebendary  of  Carlisle  177:i  ;  arehdeaeoii  of  Carlisle,  1777  ; 
D.D.,  1785  ;  bishop  of  Clonfert,  1785-7,  of  Killala,  1787-95, 
of  Klphin,  1795-1810 ;  published  two  sermons. 

[xxrll.  234] 

LAW,  ROBERT  (d.  1690  ?),  covenanting  preacher  ; 
grandson  of  James  Law  (15607-1632)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Glas- 
gow, 1646;  sided  with  the  protesters  against  episcopacy, 
and  was  deprived  of  bis  benefice,  1662  ;  arrested  on  charge 
of  preaching  at  conventicles,  1674 ;  accepted  the  indul- 
gence of  1679;  author  of  '  Memorialls,  or  the  Memorable 
Thing?  that  fell  out  within  this  Island  of  Brittain  from 
1638  to  1684 '  (edited,  1818).  [xxxii.  235] 

LAW,  THOMAS  (1769-1 834),  of  Washington  ;  son  of 
Edmund  Law  [q.  v.] ;  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company,  1773-91 ;  went  to  America,  1793 ;  tried  to  estab- 
lish a  national  currency  there;  died  at  Washington; 
published  works  on  finance.  [xxxii.  235] 

LAW,  WILLIAM  (1686-1761),  author  of  the '  Serious 
Call';  entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1705;  or- 
dained and  elected  fellow,  1711;  M.A.,  1712;  declined  to 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  George  I;  attacked  Man- 
devi lie's  » Fable  of  the  Bees.' 1723;  published  the  first  of 
his  practical  treatises  on  'Christian  Perfection,'  1726; 
founded  school  for  fourteen  girls  at  Kings  Cliffe,  1727 : 
entered  family  of  Edward  Gibbon  (1666-1736)  as  tutor 
to  his  son,  afterwards  father  of  the  historian ;  published 
the  'Serious  Call,' a  work  of  much  logical  power,  1728: 
became  an  ardent  disciple  of  the  mystic,  Jacob  Behmen, 
1737;  retired  to  Kings  Oliffe,  1740:  joined  by  Mrs.  Hut- 
cheson  and  Miss  Hester  Gibbon  (the  historian's  aunt), 
who  wished  to  carry  oat  literally  the  precepts  of  the 
'Serious  Call,'  1743-4.  His  works  were  collected  in  nine 
volumes,  1762.  [xxxiL  236] 

LAW,  WILLIAM  JOHN(1786-1869),  commissioner  of 
insolvent  court ;  grandson  of  Edmund  Law  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
where  he  held  a  studentship,  1804-14;  M.A.,  1810:  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1813  :  a  commissioner  of  bank- 
ruptcy, 1825 :  chief  commissioner  of  the  insolvent  court, 
1853-61 ;  published  works  on  the  bankruptcy  law,  also  a 
treatise  '  On  the  Passage  of  Hannibal  over  the  Alps,'  1866. 

[xxxii.  240] 

LAW,  WILLIAM  TOWRY  (1809-1886),  youngest  son 
of  Edward  Law,  first  baron  Ellenborough  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
the  army,  but  subsequently  took  holy  orders ;  chancellor 
of  the  diocese  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  joined  the  church  of 
Rome,  1851.  [xxxiL  221] 

LAWDER.    [See  LAUDRR.] 


of  mineral  superphosphate  for  manure ;  published  inde- 
peMdemly  ,u,,i  with  hi*  coadjutor  and  technical  adviser. 


cnca   avser, 

)  Joseph  Henry  Gilbert.  numerous  report*  on 
experimente  ;  joined  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  1846  ; 
vice-president,  1878;  i  ;  and  gold  medallist 

1867:  received  Albert  medal  from  Society  of  Arta,  1877  ; 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1*77;  D.C.I,  <  Kford,  1891;  ScJD.  cW 

l'ri-^'-  '*'•"  :••<•••  "•-'  >-r""".  i--..,-.  i  ...  ,.ir.;,:;.  ,,„„. 

minions  and  committee*.  [BappL  tlL  7»] 

LA  WES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1645),  ram  teal  oomnowr  • 
elder  brother  of  Henry  Lawea  [q.  v.];  gentleman  of  toe 
Chapel  Royal,  1603  ;  wrote  the  music  for  Shirley's  ma^ue. 
•  The  Triumph  of  Peace,'  performed,  1634  ;  lost  hit  life 
fighting  for  the  royaliste  at  the  siege  of  Chester. 


LAWERN,  JOHN  (fl.  1448),  theologian  ;  Benedictine 
monk  of  Worcester;  student  at  Gloucester  Hall  (now 
Worcester  College,  Oxford  X  A  manuscript  volume  of 
sermons  and  letters  by  him  is  In  the  Bodleian. 

[xxxii.  240] 

LA  WES,  HENRY  (1596-1662),  musician ;  received  his 
early  musical  education  from  Giovanni  Coperario  (Cooper) 
[q-  v.] ;  gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1626 ;  connected 
with  the  household  of  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  probably 
before  1633;    suggested    to  Milton  the  composition  of  \ 
'Comus'  (performed,    1634),  for  which    he    wrote    the  , 
music  ;  his  edition  of  •  Comus '  published,  1637 ;  published  | 
'Choice  Psalmes  put  into  Musick  for  Three  Voices,'  1648,  ; 
'  Ayres  and  Dialogues  for  One,  Two,  and  Three  Yoyoes,'  ; 
1653  ;  lost  his  appointments  at  outbreak  of  the  civil  wars:  ' 
his  third  book  of  '  Ayres,'  brought  out,  1658 :  restored  to 
his  offices  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  1660  ;  the  first  Englishman 
who  studied  and  practised  with  success  the  proper  accen- 
tuation of  words,  and  made  the  sense  of  the  poem  of 
paramount  importance.  [xxxii.  240] 

LA  WES,  SIR  JOHN  BEN  NET,  first  baronet  (1814- 
1900),  agriculturist;  educated  at  Eton  and  Braseuose 
College,  Oxford;  studied  chemistry;  resided  on  family 
estate  at  Rothamsted  from  1834 :  conducted  important 
agricultural  experiments  and  started,  1843,  on  a  regular 
basis  the  Rothamsted  agricultural  experiment  station ; 
patented,  1842,  and  started  at  Deptford,  1843,  manufacture 


LAWLESS,  JOHN  (177S-18J7),  IrUh  t  j 
monly  known  as  '  Honest  Jack  Lawlen  '  ;  a  distant  oousin 
of  Valentine  Browne  Lawless,  second  baron  Cloncorry 
[q.  v.]  :  refused  admission  to  the  bar  in  consequence  of  his 
intimacy  with  the  leaders  of  the  Unite/I  Irish  movement; 
editor  of  the  '  Ulster  Register,'  a  political  and  literary 
magazine,'  and  subsequently  of  the4  Belfast  Magazlnt'; 
energetic  member  of  the  committee  of  the  Catholic  Aseo- 
ciation;  strong  opponent  of  O'Connell;  chief  work,  «A 
Compendium  of  the  History  of  Ireland  from  the  earliest 
period  to  the  Reign  of  George  I.'  1814.  [xxxiL  844] 

LAWLESS,  MATTHEW  JAMES  (1837-1864),  artist  : 
drew  illustrations  for  'Once  a  Week,'  the  •  Oornhill."  and 
•Punch';  his  best-known  oil-painting,  'The  Bick  Call,' 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1863.  [xxxiL  246] 

LAWLESS,  VALENTINE  BROWNE,  second  BARON 
CLOXCURRY  (1773-1853),  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1792:  sworn  a  United  Irishman;  entered  the  Middle 
Temple,  1795  ;  published  his  first  pamphlet  on  the  pro- 
jected union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1797  ;  arrested 
on  a  charge  of  suspicion  of  high  treason  and  discharged, 
1798  ;  arrested  a  second  time  and  committed  to  the  Tower, 
1799-1801:  for  several  years  took  no  active  part  in 
politics  ;  opponent  of  O'Connell  during  the  viceroyalties 
of  Henry  William  Paget,  marquis  of  Anglesey  [q.v.],  1828 
and  1830-4  ;  published  his  '  Personal  Reminiscences,'  1849. 

[xxxii.  246] 

LAWLESS,  WILLIAM  (1772-1824),  French  general; 
born  at  Dublin  ;  joined  the  United  Irishmen  ;  outlawed  ; 
entered  the  French  army  ;  captain  of  the  Irish  legion, 
1803  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Flushing,  1806  ;  decorated 
by  Napoleon  with  the  legion  of  honour  and  made  a  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  colonel,  1812  ;  wounded  at  Lbwenberg, 

1813  ;  placed  on  half  -pay  with  rank  of  brigadier-general, 

1814  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxii.  247] 

LAWRANCE,  MARY,  afterwards  MRS.  KKARSK 
(Jl.  1794-1830),  flower-painter;  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1795-1830;  published  plates  Illustrating  "The 
Various  Kinds  of  Roses  cultivated  in  England,'  1796-9; 
married  Mr.  Kearse,  1813.  [xxxii.  248] 

LAWRENCE.    [See  also  LAUREXCK.] 

LAWRENCE  or  LAUREOTIU8  (</.  619),  second 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  landed  hi  Thanet  with  Angus- 
tine  [q.  v.],  697  ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  604. 

[xxxiL  248] 

LAWRENCE  (d.  1154),  prior  of  Durham  and  Latin 
poet;  a  Benedictine  monk  at  Durham;  prior,  1147; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1153  :  went  to  Rome  for  couflccration 
and  died  in  France  on  his  return  journey  ;  wrote  Latin 

[xxxii.  248] 


LAWRENCE  (rf.  1175),  abbot  of  Westminster;  a 
monk  of  St.  Albans:  abbot  of  Westminster,  e.  1169; 
obtained  the  canonisation  of  Edward  the  Confessor  from 
the  pope,  1163.  [xxxiL  250] 

LAWRENCE,  ANDREW  (1708-1747X  engraver; 
known  in  France  as  AXDR*  LATTRKXT  ;  studied  engraving 
at  Paris,  where  he  died.  His  etchings  are  mostly  after 
the  Flemish  seventeenth-century  painters.  [xxxiL  251] 

LAWRENCE,  CHARLES  (d.  1760),  governor  of  Nova 
Scotia  ;  ensign,  1727  :  captain-lieutenant,  1741 ;  captain, 
1742;  major,  1747;  accompanied  his  regiment  to  Nova 
Scotia ;  appointed  a  member  of  council,  1749  ;  commanded 
expedition  which  built  Fort  Lawrence  at  the  head  of  the 
bay  of  Fundy,  1750 ;  governor,  1768 ;  brigadier-general 

[xxxil.  281] 

3c 


1757 ;  died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 


LAWRENCE 


754 


LAWRENCE 


LAWRENCE.  CHARLES  (1794-1881),  agriculturist : 
brother  of  Sir  William  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  ;  took  leading 
part  in  founding  and  organising  Royal  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Oirencester,  1848-6;  published  hla  'Handy  Book 
for  Young  Farmer*,'  1869;  contributed  papers  to  the 
•  Transactions '  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 

[xxxii.  252] 

LAWRENCE  or  LAT7RENCE,  EDWARD  (1623- 
1096X  nonconformist  minister ;  educated  at  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1648 ;  M.A.,  1664 ;  ejected  from 
his  living  of  Baschurch,  Shropshire,  1662 ;  arrested  for 
preaching  under  the  Conventicle  Act,  1670;  published 

[xxxii.  262] 


LAWRENCE,  FREDERICK  (1821-1867),  barrister 
and  journalist ;  employed  in  the  printed  book  department 
of  British  Museum,  1846-9;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1849;  practised  at  the  Middlesex  sessions  and  the  Old 
Bailey :  contributed  to  the  periodical  press ;  published 
'  The  Life  of  Henry  Fielding,'  1886.  [xxxii.  263] 

LAWRENCE,  GEORGE  (1616-1696  ?),  puritan  divine ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1639 ;  took  the  covenant ;  minister  of  the  hospital 
of  St.  Cross,  Winchester,  before  1660 ;  ejected,  1660 ;  pub- 
lished sermons  and  pamphlets  against  the  royalists. 

[xxxii.  264] 

LAWRENCE,  GEORGE  ALFRED  (1827-1876),  author 
of  'Guy  Livingstone'  ;  entered  Rugby,  1841,  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1848 ;  B.A.  from  New  Inn  Hall,  1860 ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1862 ;  abandoned  law  for  literature ; 
published  'Guy  Livingstone,  or  Thorough,'  1867,  and 
'  Sword  and  Gown,'  1869 ;  went  to  the  United  States  with 
the  intention  of  joining  the  confederate  army,  but  was 
imprisoned  before  he  reached  the  confederate  lines ; 
released  on  condition  of  returning  to  England  ;  recorded 
the  adventure  in  '  Border  and  Bastile,'  1863. 

[xxxii.  254] 

LAWRENCE,  SIR  GEORGE  ST.  PATRICK  (1804- 
1884),  general ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Montgomery  Law- 
rence [q.v.]  and  of  John  Laird  Mair  Lawrence,  first  baron 
LawTence[q.  v.];  born  at  Trincomalee;  entered  Addiscombe 
College,  1819 ;  joined  the  2nd  regiment  of  light  cavalry  in 
Bengal.  1822  ;  adjutant,  1825-34;  took  part  in  the  Afghan 
war,  1838-9 ;  political  assistant  and  (1839-41)  military 
secretary  to  Sir  William  Hay  Macnaghten,  the  envoy  of 
Afghanistan  :  in  charge  of  the  ladies  and  children  in  the 
retreat  from  Cabul,  1842 ;  assistant  political  agent  in  the 
Punjab,  1846;  taken  prisoner  during  the  second  Sikh 
war,  1848 :  released,  1849 ;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel, 
1849 ;  deputy-commissioner  of  Peshawur,  1849 ;  political 
agent  in  Mewar,  1860-7;  resident  for  the  llajputana 
states,  1887-64;  held  chief  command  of  the  forces  there, 
1867;  C.B.  (civilX  I860;  major-general,  1861;  K.C.S.L 
and  retired  from  the  army,  1866 ;  honorary  lieutenant- 
general,  1867 ;  published  •  Forty-three  Years  in  India,'  I 
1»74.  [xxxii.  255] 

LAWRENCE,    GILES   (ft.   1639-1584),  professor  of  , 
Greek  at  Oxford:    member  of  Corpus  Christ!  College    i 
Oxford,  1539  ;  became  fellow  of  All  Souls',  c.  1542  ;  regius 
professor  of  Greek,  1560-4  and  1559-84;  D.O.L.,  1556- 
archdeacon  of  Wiltshire,  1564-78,  of  St.  Albans,  1681. 

LAWRENCE,  HENRY  (1600-1664),  puritan'  states- 
man ;  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1627  • 
commissioner  of  plantations,  1648;  commissioner  for 
Ireland,  1652;  M.P.,  Hertfordshire,  and  keeper  of  the 
library  at  St.  James's  House,  1653  ;  lord  president  of  the 
council  of  state,  1664-9;  M.P.,  Carnarvonshire,  1684-7- 
published  pamphlets  on  the  doctrine  of  baptism. 

LAWRENCE.  SIR  HENRY  MONTGOMERY  (1806- 
1887),  brigadier-general,  chief  commissioner  in  Oudh- 
brother  of  Sir  George  St.  Patrick  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  and 
of  John  Laird  Mair  Lawrence,  first  baron  Lawrence  [q.  v.] ; 
born  at  Mature,  Ceylon  :  educated  at  schools  at  London- 
derry and  Bristol ;  entered  Addiscoinbe  College,  1820  • 
second  lieutenant  in  the  Bengal  artillery,  1822  ;  reached 
Calcutta,  1828 ;  first  lieutenant  and  adjutant,  1825 ;  de- 
putycommissary  of  ordnance  at  Akyab,  1826 ;  posted  to 
the  foot  artillery  at  Kurnaul,  1830;  transferred  to  the 
bone  artillery  at  Meerut,  1831 ;  assistant  revenue  sur- 
veyor in  the  north-west  provinces,  1833-5,  full  surveyor, 
ISM;  o»pt»in,1837;  appointed  to  take  civil  charge  of 
Ferowpore,  18J9 ;  took  part  in  Cabul  expedition,  1842 ; 
promoted  brevet-major;  resident  of  Nepaul,  1843-6; 


founded  the  Lawrence  Asylum  for  the  Children  of 
European  Soldiers ;  governor-general's  agent  for  foreign 
rt'lations  and  the  affairs  of  the  Punjaub  and  the  north- 
west frontier,  and  promoted  brevet  lieutenant-colonel, 
1846 ;  resident  at  Lahore,  1847  ;  K.C.B.,  1848  ;  president 
of  the  board  of  rduiinistration  for  the  affairs  of  the 
Punjaub  and  agent  to  the  governor-general,  1849-53; 
agent  to  the  governor-general  in  Rajpootana,  1853 ;  colo- 
nel, 1854  ;  chief  commissioner  and  agent  to  the  governor- 
general  in  Oudh,  1856 ;  at  breaking  out  of  mutiny  pro- 
moted brigadier-general,  with  military  command  over  all 
troops  in  Oudh,  1857;  killed  while  holding  Lucknow 
successfully  against  the  mutineers ;  a  voluminous  contri- 
butor to  the  Indian  press.  [xxxii.  258] 

LAWRENCE,  JAMES  HENRY  (1773-1840),  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  a  descendant  of  Henry  Lawrence  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  in  Germany ;  published  a  romance 
dealing  with  the  Nair  caste  in  Malabar  in  German,  1800 ; 
subsequently  wrote  a  French  version  (an  English  version 
published,  1811);  arrested  in  France  and  detained  several 
years  at  Verdun,  1803 :  published  '  A  Picture  of  Verdun, 
or  the  English  detained  in  France,'  1810,  and  a  work  '  On 
the  Nobility  of  the  British  Gentry,'  1834  (4th  edit.  1840). 

[xxxii.  265] 

LAWRENCE,  JOffN  (1753-1839),  writer  on  horses ; 
began  to  write  for  the  press,  1787;  published  his  'Philo- 
sophical and  Practical  Treatise  on  Horses,'  1796-8  (3rd 
edit.  1810) ;  insisted  on  the  duty  of  humanity  to  animals. 

[xxxii.  265] 

LAWRENCE,  JOHN  LAIRD  MAIR,  first  BARON 
LAWRENCE  (1811-1879),  governor-general  of  India; 
brother  of  Sir  George  St.  Patrick  Lawrence  [q.  v.] 
and  of  Sir  Henry  Montgomery  Lawrence  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Bristol,  Londonderry,  Bath,  and  Haileybury ; 
took  up  his  appointment  under  the  East  India  Company 
first  at  Calcutta,  1830 ;  assistant-magistrate  and  collector 
at  Delhi,  1830-4 ;  in  charge  of  the  northern  or  Paniput 
division  of  the  Delhi  territory,  1834,  of  the  southern  or 
Gurgaon  division,  1837 ;  magistrate  and  collector  of  the 
districts  of  Paniput  aiid  Delhi,  1844;  administrator  of 
the  newly  constituted  district,  the  Jullundur  Doab,  1846- 
1848;  member  of  the  board  of  s.dministration  for  the 
Punjaub,  1848-52 ;  chief  commissioner  for  the  Punjaub, 
1853-7;  K.C.B.,  1856;  the  capture  of  Delhi  from  the 
mutineers  due  to  his  advice  and  action,  1857 ;  created 
baronet,  1858 ;  privy  councillor,  1858 ;  in  England  at  the 
India  office,  1859-62;  viceroy  of  India,  1863-9;  sanita- 
tion, irrigation,  railway  extension,  and  peace  the  chief 
aims  of  his  administration ;  created  Baron  Lawrence  of 
the  Punjaub  and  of  Grately,  1869 ;  chairman  of  the  Lon- 
don school  board,  1870-3 :  opposed  the  proceedings  (by  a 
series  of  letters  in  the  '  Times ')  that  led  to  tne  Afghan 
war  of  1878-9;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[xxxii.  267] 

LAWRENCE,  RICHARD  (/.  1657),  author  of 
'  Gospel  Separation  separated  from  its  Abuses,'  1657 ;  of 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  [xxxii.  274] 

LAWRENCE,  RICHARD  (/.  1643-1682),  parliamen- 
tarian oolouel ;  marshal-general  of  the  horse  in  Cromwell's 
new  model,  1645  ;  published  pamphlet  on  ecclesiastical 
abuses,  1647  ;  employed  in  Ireland,  1651-9 ;  member  of 
the  council  of  trade,  1660-80 ;  published  '  The  Interest  of 
Ireland  in  its  Trade  and  Wealth  stated,'  1682. 

[xxxii.  273] 

LAWRENCE,  SAMUEL  (1661-1712),  nonconformist 
divine ;  nephew  of  Edward  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  of 
the  presbyterian  congregation  of  Nantwich,  Cheshire, 
1688-1712.  [xxxii.  274] 

LAWRENCE,  SIR  SOULDEN  (1751-1814),  judge: 
son  of  Thomas  Lawrence  (1711-1783)  [q.  T.]  ;  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.  and  fellow,  1774 :  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1784 ; 
serjeant-at-law,  1787  ;  justice  of  the  common  pleas  and 
knighted,  1794  ;  transferred  to  the  court  of  king's  bench  ; 
resigned  the  king's  bench  and  returned  to  the  common 
pleas,  1808  ;  retired,  1812.  [xxxii.  274] 

LAWRENCE,  STRINGER  (1697  -  1775),  major- 
general  ;  '  father  of  the  Indian  army ' ;  served  at  Gibral- 
tar, 1727;  lieutenant,  1736;  served  in  Flanders,  after 
Fontenoy,  1745,  and  fought  at  Culloden,  1746  ;  went  to 
India  as  '  major  in  the  East  Indies  only  '  to  command  all 
the  company's  troops  there,  1748  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the 
French,  but  released  at  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle ;  civil 


LAWRENCE 


I.AWTON 


governor  and  military  commandant  of  Fort  St.  David, 
1749  ;  received  local  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  1754,  and 
of  brigadier-general,  1757 ;  commanded  Fort  St.  George 
during  its  siege  by  the  French,  1758-9  ;  received  local 
rank  of  major-general,  1759,  and  left  India,  1759. 

[xxxii.  275] 

LAWRENCE,  THOMAS  (1711-1783X  physician; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1733: 
studied  medicine  in  London;  M.D.  Oxford,  1740;  ana- 
tomical reader  at  Oxford ;  F.R.O.P.,  1744  ;  president, 
1767-74  ;  friend  and  physician  of  Dr.  Johnson ;  published 
medical  treatises  in  Latin.  [xxxii.  27H] 

LAWRENCE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1789-1830X  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy ;  supported  bis  family  at  Bath  by 
his  pencil,  1779  ;  his  studio  before  be  was  twelve  years  old 
the  favourite  resort  of  the  beauty  and  fashion  of  Bath  ; 
entered  the  schools  of  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  1787  ; 
obtained  court  patronage ;  painted  George  III,  1792 ; 
appointed  principal  portrait-painter  in  ordinary  to  the 
king,  1792 ;  R.A.,  1794  ;  painted  the  poet  Cowper,  1795, 
and  John  Kemble  as  Hamlet,  1801 ;  knighted,  1816 ; 
sent  to  Aix-la-Chapelle  to  paint  the  assembled  sovereigns, 
1815 ;  visited  Vienna  and  Rome ;  P.R.A.,  1820 ;  sent  by 
the  king  to  Paris  to  paint  Charles  X  and  the  dauphin, 
1825  ;  bis  portraits  distinguished  for  their  courtliness  and 
social  elegance  :  formed  a  fine  collection  of  the  drawings 
of  Michael  Angelo  and  Raphael ;  buried  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  [xxxii.  278] 

LAWRENCE,  WILLIAM  (1611?-1681),  lawyer; 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  barrister.  Middle  Temple; 
commissioner  for  the  administration  of  justice  in  Scot- 
land, 1653  ;  M.P.,  Isle  of  Wight,  1656,  Newtown,  Dorset, 
1659  ;  wrote  on  divorce,  the  right  of  primogeniture  iu 
succession,  and  political  affairs.  [xxxii.  285] 

LAWRENCE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1783- 
1867X  surgeon  ;  brother  of  Charles  Lawrence  (1794-1881) 
[q.  v.] ;  apprenticed  to  John  Abernethy  [q.  v.],  1799  : 
M.R.C.S.,  1805,  and  F.R.S.,  1813  :  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  1824-66 ;  lecturer  on  surgery  there,  1829- 
1862 ;  president  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  1846  and  1855  ; 
created  baronet,  1867  ;  printed  his  lectures  on  anatomy, 
1816  and  1819,  and  on  surgery,  1863.  [xxxii.  286] 

LAWRENSON,  THOMAS  (/.  1760-1777),  painter; 
exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Artists,  1760-77  ;  fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Incorporated  Artists,  1774.  [xxxii.  287] 

LAWRENSON,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1760-1780),  painter ; 
son  of  Thomas  Lawrenson  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  the  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Artists,  1762-72  ;  fellow  of  the  In- 
corporated Society  of  Artists,  1766  ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1774-80.  [xxxii.  287] 

LAWRIE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1700  ?X  tutor  of  Black- 
wood;  factor  to  James  Douglas,  second  marquis  of 
Douglas,  1670-99  ;  imprisoned  for  befriending  covenan- 
ters, 1683-8.  [xxxiL  287] 

LAWSON,  CECIL  GORDON  (1851-1882),  landscape- 
painter  ;  learned  elements  of  painting  in  the  studio  of  his 
father,  a  Scottish  portrait-painter  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1870-82  ;  his  work  influenced  by  the 
realistic  and  impressionist  tendencies  of  his  time. 

[xxxii.  288] 

LAWSON,  GEORGE  (d.  1678X  divine  ;  a  supporter 
of  the  parliament  and  a  valued  critic  of  Baxter  ; 
not  identical  with  George  Lawson,  the  ejected  vicar  of 
Mears  Ashby  ;  published  political  and  theological  works. 

[xxxii.  289] 

LAWSON,  GEORGE  (1749-1820),  Scottish  associate 
clergyman  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  ordained 
pastor  of  the  burgher  seoeders,  1771 ;  professor  of 
theology  in  the  burgher  church  of  Scotland,  1787-1820  ; 
D.D.  Aberdeen,  1806 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xxxii.  289] 

LAWSON,  HENRY  (1774-1855),  astronomer  ;  ap- 
prenticed at  the  optical  establishment  of  Edward  Nairne 
[q.  v.] ;  equipped  an  observatory  at  Hereford,  1826  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1833;  F.RA, 
1840  ;  published  •  On  the  A  rrangemeut  of  an  Observatory 
for  Practical  Astronomy  and  Meteorology,'  1844 ;  member 
of  the  British  Meteorological  Society,  1850. 

[xxxii.  290] 

LAWSON,  ISAAC  (d.  1747),  physician ;  M.D.,  1737 ; 
friend  of  Linnajus ;  became  a  physician  to  the  British 
army  ;  died  at  Oosterhout,  Holland.  [xxxiL  291] 


LAWSON,  JAMBS  (1538-1584X  soooesMr  to  John 
Knox  in  the  church  of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh  ;  educated 
at  St.  Andrews ;  taught  Hebrew  (the  first  to  do  so  in 
Scotland)  at  St.  Andrews,  1567  or  1568 ;  sub-principal  of 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1569  ;  leader  of  the  reformed 
clergy  in  the  north  of  Scotland  ;  admitted  to  the  ministry 
of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh,  1*72  ;  encouraged  a  mistaken 
policy  of  intolerance.  [xxxii.  291] 

LAWSON,  JAMES  ANTHONY  (1817-1887).  judge 
of  queen's  bench,  Ireland ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1838;  Whately  professor  of  political  economy,  1840-5; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1840 ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1850 :  Q.O., 
1857;  legal  adviser  to  the  crown  in  Ireland,  1868-9; 
bencher  of  King's  Inn,  Dublin,  1861  ;  solicitor-general 
for  Ireland,  1801 ;  attorney-general,  1866  ;  Irian  priry 
councillor,  1865  ;  M.I'.,  I'ortarlington,  1866-8  ;  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  Ireland,  1868-82 ;  judge  of  queen's 
l>ench,  1882-7;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1884;  published  bis 
lectures  on  political  economy.  [xxxiL  *W] 

LAWSON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1868),  admiral ;  in  com- 
mand of  ships  in  the  parliament's  service,  1642-6,  1661-3, 
1654-6 ;  dismissed  from  the  public  service,  apparently 
on  political  grounds,  1656  ;  anabaptist  and  republican  ; 
implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  Fifth  monarchy 
men  and  arrested,  1657  ;  commander-in-chief  of  the 
fleet,  1659  ;  co-operated  with  Monck  in  the  Restoration, 
1660;  knighted,  1660  ;  vice-admiral  of  the  red  squadron 
in  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  1665  ;  died  of  a  wound  re- 
ceived in  action.  [xxxii.  2W] 

LAWSON,  JOHN  (d.  1712),  traveller;  surveyor- 
1  general  of  North  Carolina,  1700  ;  recorded  his  impres- 
i  sions  of  travel  in  '  A  New  Voyage  to  Carolina,  Ac.,'  1709  ; 
I  was  murdered  by  Indians.  [xxxii.  294] 

LAWSON,  JOHN  (1712-1759),  writer  on  oratory ; 
,  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1734 :  senior  fellow  and 

first  librarian,  1743 ;  D.D.,  1745 ;  lecturer  on  oratory  and 
,  history  on  the  foundation  of  Erasmus  Smith,  1753; 
I  published  '  Lectures  concerning  Oratory,'  1758;  selected 

sermons  published,  1764.  [xxxiL  296] 

LAWSON,  JOHN  (1723-1779),  mathematician ;  edu- 
cated at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow, 
1747;  M.A.  and  mathematical  lecturer,  1749;  B.D., 
1756 ;  published  anonymously  a  '  Dissertation  on  the 
Geometrical  Analysis  of  the  Antiente,  with  a  Collection 
of  Theorems  and  Problems  with  Solutions,'  1774 ;  printed 
;d>o  other  mathematical  works  and  some  sermons. 

[xxxiL  295] 

LAWSON,  JOHN  PARKER  (d.  1852X  historical 
and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  a  minister  in  the  episcopal 
church  of  Scotland,  and  for  some  time  a  chaplain  in  th«- 
army  ;  wrote  works  dealing  with  English  and  Scottish 
history  for  Edinburgh  booksellers,  1827-47.  [xxxii.  296] 

LAWSON,  ROBERT  (d.  1816),  lieutenant-general ; 
colonel-commandant,  royal  artillery  ;  entered  the  Royal 
Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  1758  ;  lieutenant-fire- 
worker, royal  artillery,  1759  ;  at  the  siege  of  Belle  Isle, 
1761  ;  second  lieutenant,  1766  :  first  lieutenant,  1771 ; 
served  in  America,  where  he  invented  a  field-carriage  for 
small  guns,  1776-83  ;  captain,  1782 ;  in  command  of  the 
artillery  in  Jamaica,  1783-6  ;  appointed  to  command  the 
first  formed  troop  of  the  royal  horse  artillery,  1793 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1794;  appointed  to  command  the 
artillery  of  the  Mediterranean  expeditionary  force,  1800  ; 
colonel,  1801  ;  major-general,  1808 ;  lieutenant-general, 
1813.  [xxxii.  296] 

LAWSON,  THOMAS  (1630  -  1691),  quaker  and 
botanist ;  said  to  have  been  educated  at  Cambridge : 
joined  the  Quakers,  1653 ;  a  noted  herbalist  ;  published 
religious  works  and  left  botanical  manuscript*. 

[xxxii.  297] 

LAWSON,  THOMAS  (1620?  -  1695),  independent 
divine ;  educated  at  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  became  a  member 
of  the  independent  church  at  Norwich,  1649. 

[xxxii.  298] 

LAWSON,  WILLIAM  (/.  1618),  writer  on  garden- 
ing; published  'A  New  Orchard  and  Garden,  or  ti.- 
best  Way  for  Planting,  Grafting,'  &c.,  1618.  stating  it  to 
be  the  result  of  forty-eight  years'  experience. 

[xxxii.  J98] 

LAWTON,  CHARLWOOD  (1660-1721  \  friend  of 
William  Peun  ;  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ; 

o  C  1' 


LAWTON 


756 


LEADBEATER 


„«,,  Mkldle  Temple,  1688:  acted  at  Pttm's  agent, 
I7t*>:  amki  to  have  left  paper*  relating  to  contemporary 
affair*.  [xxxii.  898] 

LAWTON,  GEORGE (1779-1869), antiquary;  registrar 
of  the  archdeaconry  of  the  East  Ruling  of  Yorkshire : 
served  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  under  five  archbishops 
of  York:  ceased  practice,  1863;  his  'Oollectio  Reruui 
BockBiasticarum,'  1840,  still  an  authority,  [xxxii.  299] 

LAX,  WILLIAM  (1761-1836),  astronomer:  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1786  :  M.A.,  1788  ; 
Lowndes's  professor  of  astronomy  and  geometry,  Cam- 
bridge, 1796:  F.RJ3.,  1796;  published  •Remarks  on  a 
•opposed  Error  in  the  Elements  of  Euclid,'  1807,  and 
'Tables  to  be  used  with  the  Nautical  Almanac,'  1821. 

[xxxii.  299] 

LAXTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1656),  lord  mayor  of 
London:  alderman  and  sheriff  of  London,  1540;  lord 
mayor,  1644 ;  founded  almshouse  and  school  (still  main- 
tained by  the  Grocers'  Company)  at  Oundle,  Northamp- 
tonshire, [xxxii.  299] 

LAXTON.  WILLIAM  (1802-1854),  one  of  the  authors 
of  the  '  Builder's  Price  Book ' ;  educated  at  Christ's 
Hospital,  London  :  surveyed  and  laid  down  several  lines  of 
railway  and  constructed  waterworks  ;  established  '  The 
Oiril  Engineer  and  Architect's  Journal,'  1837  :  conducted 
the1  Builder's  Price  Book,'  a  standard  work  in  the  profession 
and  in  the  courts  of  law  for  thirty  years,  [xxxii.  300] 

LAY.    [See  also  LKY.] 

LAY,  BENJAMIN  (1677-1759),  eccentric  opponent  of 
slavery ;  emigrated  to  Barbados  and  commenced  business 
as  a  merchant,  1718  :  became  interested  in  the  condition 
of  the  slaves ;  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  lived  in 
an  eccentric  manner,  1731;  continued  there  his  crusade 
against  slavery.  His  pamphlets  had  considerable  in- 
fluence on  the  younger  Quakers  of  the  district. 

[xxxii.  300] 

LAYAMON  (ft.  1200),  author  of  'Brut,'  a  poem  in 
English :  only  known  through  statements  of  his  own ; 
connected  with  the  church  of  Areley  Regis  in  North 
Worcestershire;  his  poem  based  on  Wace's  'Roman  de 
Brut,'  composed  1155,  but  not  completed  till  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century ;  an  enthusiastic  reader  and 
collector  of  early  British  legends.  The  'Brut'  is  extant 
in  two  manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum,  [xxxii.  301] 

LAYARD,  SIR  AUSTEN  HENRY  (1817-1894),  ex- 
cavator of  Nineveh  and  politician ;  born  in  Paris ;  in 
solicitor's  office  in  London  1833-9;  travelled  in  Turkey 
and  Persia ;  visited  Mosul  with  Emil  Botta,  then  French 
consul  there,  who  had  begun  excavations  in  the  mounds 
near  the  site  of  Nineveh ;  employed  by  Stratford  Canning 
(afterward*  Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe)  [q.  v.]  to 
travel  unofficially  through  Western  Turkey  and  report 
affairs;  commissioned  by  Canning  to  explore  site  of 
Nineveh,  1846;  began  operations  at  Nimrud,  which  was 
afterwards  identified  as  site  of  the  Assyrian  city  of 
Oalah;  superintended  for  British  Museum  excavations  at  , 
Kal'at  Skerkatrsite  of  city  of  Ashur)  and  at  Kuyunjik, 
1846 ;  published  '  Nineveh  and  its  Remains,'  1848-9,  in-  I 
correctly  supposing  Nimrud  to  be  within  precincts  of  | 
Nineveh  ;  attach^  to  embassy  at  Constantinople,  1849-51 ;  i 
superintended  excavations  at  Kuyunjik  and  Nebi-Yunus  • 
published  '  Nineveh  and  Babylon,'  1863 ;  lord  rector  of 
Aberdeen  University,  1865 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Aylesbury, 
1858-7,  and  for  Southwark,  1860;  under-secretary  for 
foreign  affairs,  1862  and  1861-6 ;  chief  commissioner  of 
work*,  186K-9  ;  privy  councillor,  1868 ;  British  minister 
at  Madrid,  1869-77,  and  Constantinople,  1877-80  ;  Q.C.B , 

H ;  published  '  Early  Adventures  in  Persia,  Susiaua,  and 
Babylonia,'  1887,  and  writings  on  art.  [Suppl.  iii.  82] 

LAYARD.  DANIEL  PETER  (1721-1802),  physician  • 
M^  Rhrims^  174S;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1792  ;authS  of 
medical  works.  [xxxii>  ^-j 

LAYOOOX,  THOMAS  (1818-1876),  mental  physiolo- 
gist:  educated  at  University  College,  London  ;  studied 
anatoiny  and  physiology  at  Paris,  1834  ;  M.R.O.S.,  1835  : 

D.  Gofctagen,  1889;  published  'A  Treatise  on  the 
Nerroos  Diseases  of  Women,'  1840:  the  first  to  promul- 
gate  the  theory  of  the  reflex  action  of  the  brain,  1844- 
S5°faT2,i0f  tb«Practl«0'  Pbyric  in  Edinburgh  Univer: 
fill  ^lL  Publlshed  hi«  important  work,  ?Mind  and 
Brain,'  1869 ;  contributed  to  medical  journals. 

[xxxii.  303] 


LAYER,  CHRISTOPHER  (1683-1723),  Jacobite  con- 
spirator ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple ;  obtained  a  large 
practice;  went  to  Rome  and  unfolded  to  the  Pretender 
'a  wondrous  plot,'  1721  :  arrested,  tried,  and  condemned 
to  death,  1722  ;  was  executed  at  Tyburn.  [xxxii.  304] 

LAYER,  JOHN  (1586?-1641),  Cambridge  antiquary  ; 
educated  as  lawyer,  but  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  anti- 
quarian pursuits  at  Bhcpreth,  Cambridgeshire ;  left  manu- 
scripts relating  to  history  of  Cambridgeshire. 

[Suppl.  iii.  85] 

LAYFIELD,  JOHN  (d.  1617),  divine;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  fellow,  1585-1603 ;  lector 
lingua;  Grecae,  1593 ;  examinator  grammatices,  1599  ; 
D.D. ;  rector  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  London,  1601-17; 
one  of  the  revisers  of  the  bible,  1606.  [xxxii.  304] 

LAYMAN,  WILLIAM  (1768-1826),  commander  in  the 
navy ;  entered  navy,  1782  ;  on  the  home  station  till  1786 ; 
in  the  West  Indies,  1786-8  ;  joined  the  merchant  service 
and  was  employed  in  the  East  India  and  China  trade : 
returned  to  the  navy,  1800,  and  served  under  Nelson,  1800- 
1803 ;  commander,  1804 ;  allowed  his  ship  to  drift  inside 
the  Spanish  squadron,  1805  ;  found  guilty  of  carelessness 
by  court-martial,  and  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  list, 
1805 ;  wrote  pamphlets  on  nautical  or  naval  subjects. 

[xxxii.  305] 

LAYTON,  HENRY  (1622-1705),  author  of  pamphlets 
on  the  question  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul  published 
anonymously  between  1692  and  1704.  [xxxii.  306] 

LAYTON,  RICHARD  (1500  ?-1544),  dean  of  York  and 
chief  agent  in  the  suppression  of  monasteries ;  educated 
at  Cambridge  :  B.C.L.,  1622 ;  archdeacon  of  Buckingham- 
shire, 1534 ;  clerk  to  the  privy  council,  1536 ;  made  a 
visitation  of  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  instituted  many 
reforms,  1535 ;  began  visiting  monasteries,  1535 ;  took 
part  in  trial  of  Anne  Boleyn,  1536 ;  master  in  chancery, 
1538;  dean  of  York,  1539:  English  ambassador  at 
Brussels,  1543  ;  died  at  Brussels.  [xxxii.  307] 

LEA.    [See  LEE,  LKGH,  LEIGH,  and  LEY.] 
LEACH.    [See  also  LEECH.] 

LEACH,  JAMES  (1762-1798),  musical  composer: 
member  of  the  king's  band ;  published  '  A  new  Sett  of 
Hymn  and  Psalm  Tunes,'  1789, '  A  Second  Sett  of  Hymn 
and  Psalm  Tunes,'  c.  1794 ;  composed  anthems  and  trios 
for  stringed  instruments.  [xxxii.  309] 

LEACH,  SIR  JOHN  (1760-1834),  master  of  the  rolls; 
educated  at  Bedford  grammar  school;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1790 ;  recorder  of  Seaford,  1795 ;  M.P.,  Seaford, 
1806-16  ;  K.O.,  1807 ;  bencher,  1807 ;  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Cornwall,  1816 ;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1817  ; 
privy  councillor,  1817  ;  vice-chancellor  of  England,  1818 ; 
knighted,  1818 ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1827 ;  deputy-speaker 
of  the  House  of  Lords,  1827  ;  member  of  judicial  committee 
of  privy  council,  1833.  [xxxii.  309] 

LEACH,  THOMAS  (1746-1818),  legal  writer ;  police 
magistrate  at  Hatton  Garden,  1790-1818 ;  published  legal 
works.  [xxxii.  311] 

LEACH,  WILLIAM  ELFORD (1790-1836), naturalist; 
studied  medicine  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
and  at  Edinburgh;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1812;  assistant- 
librarian  in  the  British  Museum,  1813;  published  first 
part  of  his  history  of  British  Crustacea,  1815 :  F.R.S., 
1817  ;  assistant-keeper  of  the  natural  history  department, 
British  Museum,  1821 ;  died  in  Italy  ;  author  of  important 
work  on  Crustacea,  his  knowledge  of  them  being  superior 
to  that  of  any  other  naturalist  of  his  time. 

[xxxii.  311] 

LEAD  or  LEADE,  MRS.  JANE  (1623-1704),  mystic  : 
daughter  of  Schildknap  Ward;  married  William  Lead, 
1644 ;  deeply  impressed  by  the  mystic  revelations  of  Jacob 
Boehme;  recorded  her  prophetic  visions  in  a  spiritual 
diary  entitled  '  A  Fountain  of  Gardens,'  from  1670 :  pub- 
lished '  The  Heavenly  Cloud,'  1681,  and  « The  Revelation  of 
Revelations '  (account  of  her  visions),  1683  ;  her  disciples 
styled  Philadelphians.  [xxxii.  312] 

LEADBEATER,  MARY  (1758-1826),  authoress: 
granddaughter  of  Abraham  Shackleton  [q.  v.] ;  belonged 
to  the  quakers ;  married  William  Leadbeater,  1791  ; 
corresponded  with  Burke ;  published  '  Poems,'  1808 ;  her 
best  work  the  4  Annals  of  Ballitore,'  an  admirable  repre- 
sentation of  Irish  life  from  1766-1823,  printed,  1862. 

[xxxii.  313] 


LEADBETTER 


757 


LE  BRETON 


LEADBETTER,  CHARLES  (/.  1728),  astronomer; 
ganger  in  the  royal  excise  ;  author  of  treatises  on  astro- 
nomy and  mathematics  ;  one  of  the  fir*t  commentators  on 
Newtou.  [xxxii.  314] 

LEAHY,  ARTHUR  (1830-1878),  colonel,  royal  en- 
gineers; educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich ;  lieutenant,  1848;  fought  through  the  Crimean 
war  ;  second  captain,  1867  ;  assistant-director  of  the 
works  in  the  fortifications  branch  of  the  war  office,  1864  ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1868  ;  instructor  of  field  works 
at  the  school  of  military  engineering  at  Chatham,  1871  ; 
regimental  lieutenant-colonel,  1873  ;  brevet-colonel,  1877. 

LEAHY,  EDWARD  DANIEL  (1797-  IS??)?  portrait 
and  subject  painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and 
British  Institution,  1820-63  ;  resided  in  Italy,  1837-43  ; 
painted  portraits  of  many  leading  Irishman. 


[xxxii.  316] 
shop 


LEAHY,  PATRICK  (1806-1876),  archbishop  of  Cashel  ; 
educated  at  Mayuooth  ;  vioe-rector  of  the  catholic  uni- 
versity of  Dublin,  1864  ;  archbishop  of  Cashel,  1867-75  ; 
strong  advocate  of  temperance.  [xxxii.  316] 

LEAKE.     [See  also  LKKKK.] 

LEAKE,  SIR  ANDREW  (d.  1704),  captain  in  the 
navy  ;  took  part  in  Dutch  war,  1690  ;  commodore  on  the 
Newfoundland  station,  1699-1700:  flag-captain  during 
the  campaign  of  1702  ;  knighted,  1702  ;  mortally  wounded 
in  attack  on  Gibraltar.  [xxxii.  316] 

LEAKE,  Sm  JOHN  (1666-1720),  admiral  of  the  fleet  ; 
son  of  Richard  Leake  [q.  v.]  ;  governor  and  commander-in- 
chief  at  Newfoundland,  1702  ;  knighted,  1704  ;  took  part 
in  reduction  of  Gibraltar,  1704  ;  employed  on  coast  of 
Spain,  1704-6;  admiral  of  the  white,  1708;  admiral  and 
commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  1708;  M.P., 
Rochester,  1708-14;  rear-admiral  of  Great  Britain;  a 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1709.  [xxxii.  317] 

LEAKE,  JOHN  (1729-1792),  man-midwife;  M.D. 
Rheims,  1763  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1766  ;  author  of  medical  works, 
addressed  rather  to  women  than  to  physicians,  the  chief 
being  'The  Chronic  Diseases  of  Women,'  1777. 

[xxxii.  321] 

LEAKE,  RICHARD  (1629-1696),  master-gunner  of 
England  ;  served  in  the  navy  under  the  parliament,  in 
the  Dutch  army,  and  as  commander  of  an  English  mer- 
chant-ship ;  a  master-gunner  of  England,  1677. 

[xxxii.  321] 

LEAKE,  STEPHEN  MARTIN  (1702-1773),  herald  and 
numismatist  ;  son  of  Captain  Martin  :  assumed  surname 
of  Leake  on  being  adopted  as  the  heir  of  Admiral  Leake, 
1721  ;  of  the  Middle  Temple  :  F.S.A-,  1727  ;  F.R.S.  ;  Lan- 
caster herald,  1727,  Norroy,  1729,  Clarenceux,  1741,  Garter, 
1764  ;  consistently  maintained  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  College  of  Arms.  [xxxii.  322] 

LEAKE,  WILLIAM  MARTIN  (1777-1860),  classical 
topographer  and  numismatist  ;  grandson  of  Stephen 
.Martin  Leake  [q.  v.]  ;  with  his  regiment  in  the  West 
Indies,  1794-8  ;  employed  in  instructing  Turkish  troops 
at  Constantinople,  1799  ;  travelled  in  Asia  Minor  (his 
'  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Asia  Minor  '  published,  1824),  1800  : 
engaged  in  general  survey  of  Egypt,  1801-2,  of  European 
Turkey  and  Greece,  1804-7  ;  resided  in  Greece,  1808-10  ; 
published  '  Researches  in  Greece,'  1814  ;  his  collection  of 
marbles  presented  to  the  British  Museum,  1839  ;  his  vases, 
gems,  and  coins  purchased  by  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
His  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  the  topographical  researches 
embodied  in  his  'Athens,'  1821,  'Morea,'  1830,  and 
'  Northern  Greece,'  1835.  [xxxii.  323] 

LEAKEY,  CAROLINE  WOOLMER  (1827-1881),  re- 
ligious writer;  daughter  of  James  Leakey  [q.  v.];  resided 
in  Tasmania;  published  4  Lyra  Australis,'  1854,  and  'The 
Broad  Arrow,'  1859.  [xxxii.  325] 

LEAKEY,  JAMES  (1775-1865),  artist  and  miniaturist  : 
exhibited  portraits,  landscapes,  and  interiors  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  [xxxii.  325] 

LEANDER  A  SANCTO  MARTINO  (1575-1636). 
[See  JONKS,  JOHN.] 

LEANERD,  JOHN  (fl.  1679),  author  of  comedies  pub- 
lished 1677  and  1678,  and  perhaps  of  '  The  Counterfeits,' 
1679  ;  described  as  'a  confident,  plagiary.'  [xxxii.  326] 


LEAPOR,  MARY  (17W-1746X  poet;  her 
Several  Occasions'  published  in  1748  (vol.  LX  and  1751 
(v«'l.  ii.)  [xxxii.  325] 

LEAR,  EDWARD  (1812-1888X  artist  and  author; 
his  '  Family  of  the  Psittacidse,'  one  of  the  earliest  volume* 
of  coloured  plates  of  birds  on  a  large  scale  published  in 
England  ;  gave  lessons  in  drawing  to  Queen  Victoria, 
1846  ;  invented  'Book  of  Nonsense'  (published,  1846)  for 
the  grandchildren  of  hie  patron,  the  Earl  of  Derby,  a  book 
of  which  there  have  been  twenty-six  editions  •  exhibited 
landscapes  at  the  Suffolk  Street  Gallery  and  the  Royal 
Academy;  published  journals  of  his  travels;  died  at  San 
Kemo. 


LEARED,  ARTHUR  (1822-1879),  traveller  ;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  1845  ;  M.D.,  1860  ;  visited 
India,  1851,  Smyrna  and  the  Holy  Land,  1854,  Iceland 
(four  times  between  1862  and  1874),  America,  1870, 
Morocco,  1872,  1877,  and  1879  ;  published  '  Morocco  and 
the  Moors,'  1876,  and  '  A  Visit  to  the  Court  of  Morocco,' 
1879,  and  some  medical  treatises.  [xxxii.  388] 

LEARMONT  or  LEIRMOND,  THOMAS  (A  1»0?- 
1297  ?>  [See  ERCELDOUNK,  THOMAS  OF.] 

LEASK,  WILLIAM  (1812-1884X  dissenting  divine; 
entered  congregational  ministry,  and  held  several  charges 
from  1839  ;  edited  the  '  Christian  World,'  and  other  non- 
conformist journals  ;  author  of  sermons,  lectures,  and 
works  on  theological  and  moral  questions,  [xxxii.  327] 

LEATE,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1631),  a  London  merchant  : 
member  of  the  Levant  Company  ;  as  the  leading  merchant 
in  the  Turkey  trade  furnished  the  government  with  news 
from  abroad,  obtained  through  his  agents  and  corre- 
spondents ;  master  of  the  Company  of  Ironmongers,  1616, 
1626,  and  1627  ;  introduced  rare  exotics  for  cultivation  in 
England.  [xxxii.  327] 

LEATHAM,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1815-1889X  verse- 
writer  and  member  of  parliament;  entered  his  father's 
bank  at  Wakefield,  1834  ;  toured  on  the  continent,  1835  ; 
published  'A  Traveller's  Thoughts,  or  Lines  suggested  by  a 
Tour  on  the  Continent,'  1841  ;  M.P.  for  Wakefield,  1865-8  ; 
for  the  South-west  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1880-6  ;  published 
several  volumes  of  poems,  1841-79.  [xxxiL  329] 

LEATHES,  STANLEY  (1830-1900),  hebraist;  B.A. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1852  ;  first  Tyrwhitt's  Hebrew 
scholar,  1853  ;  M.A.,  1855  ;  honorary  fellow,  1885  ;  ordained 
priest,  1857;  professor  of  Hebrew  at  King's  College, 
London,  1863  ;  member  of  Old  Testament  revision  com- 
mittee, 1870-85  ;  prebendary  of  St  Paul's  Cathedral  1876  ; 
rector  of  Cliffe-at-Hoo,  Kent,  1880-9,  and  of  Much  Had- 
ham,  Hertfordshire,  1889-1900;  published  lectures,  and 
theological  and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  iiL  86] 

LE  BA8,  CHARLES  WEBB  (1779-1861),  principal  of 
the  East  India  College,  Haileybury;  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1800  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1806  ; 
abandoned  the  law  and  entered  holy  orders,  1809  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1812;  mathematical  professor  and 
dean  of  Haileybury,  1813  ;  principal,  1887-43  ;  the  Le  Bas 
prize  at  Cambridge  for  an  historical  essay  founded  by  his 
friends,  1848;  contributed  to  the  'British  Critic,'  1827- 
1838  ;  wrote  sermons  and  biographies  of  divines. 

[xxxii.  329] 

LE  BLANC,  SIR  SIMON  (d.  1816X  Judge  ;  entered 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1766  ;  LL.B.,  1773  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1773  ;  fellow  of  his  college,  1779  ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1787;  counsel  to  his  university,  1791;  puisne 
judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1799  ;  knighted,  1799. 

[xxxii.  330] 

LE  BLON  (IE  BLOND),  JACQUES  CHRISTOPHE 
(1670-1741),  painter,  engraver,  and  printer  in  colours; 
born  at  Frankfort-on-the-  Maine  ;  studied  at  Zurich,  Paris, 
and  Rome  ;  lived  for  a  time  at  Amsterdam  ;  came  to 
London  ;  his  invention  of  painting  engravings  In  colour 
to  imitate  painting  pecuniarily  unsuccessful  ;  published  an 
account  of  his  process,  1730  ;  the  inventor  of  the  modem 


his  process, 
system  of  chromolithography. 


[xxxii.  331] 


LE  BRETON,  ANNA  LETITIA  (1808-1886X  author : 
daughter  of  Charles  Rochemont  Aikin  [q.  v.] ;  married 
Philip  Henry  Ic  Breton,  1833  ;  assisted  her  husband  in  his 
memoirs  of  Lucy  Aikin  [q.  v.],  1864  ;  edited  Miss  Aikin's 
correspondence  with  Dr.  Channing,  1874 ;  published  a 
memoir  of  Mrs.  Barbauld,  and  'Memories  of  Seventy 
Years,'  1883.  [xxxii.  332] 


LE  BRUN 


758 


LEE 


LE  BBUN.  JOHN  (</.  1866),  l»li-|H-!i.lont  mission:iry 
in  Mauritius ;  born  in  Switzerland :  ordained  for  the  con- 
gregational ministry,  1813 ;  began  to  work  at  Port  Louis, 
Mauritius,  under  the  auspices  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  1814:  returned  to  England,  1833,  the  society 
subsequently  abandoning  its  efforts  in  Mauritius  in  con- 
sequence of  official  opposition ;  returned  on  his  own 
account,  1834;  reappointed  agent  of  the  Society,  1841; 
died  at  Port  Louis.  [xxxii.  332] 

LEBWIN.  LEBUINU8,  or  LIAFWINE,  SAINT  (fl. 
755);  of  English  parentage;  went  as  missionary  to  the 
Germans  :  dwelt  by  the  river  Yssel  and  built  two  churches  ; 
opposed  by  the  heathen  Saxon?  ;  the  collegiate  church  at 
Derenter  dedicated  to  him.  [xxxii.  333] 

LE  CAPELAIN,  JOHN (1814 7-1848),  painter;  native 
of  Jersey ;  presented  drawings  of  the  scenery  of  Jersey  to 
Queen  Victoria  ;  commissioned  by  her  to  paint  pictures 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight  [xxxii.  333] 

LE  OARON,  MAJOR  HENRI  (1841-1894).  [See  BEACH, 
THOMAS.^ 

LE  GENE,  CHARLES  (16477-1703),  Huguenot  re- 
gee  ;  born  at  Caen,  Normandy  ;  studied  at  Sedan,  1667-9, 
at  Geneva,  1669-70,  at  Sanmur,  1770-2 ;  ordained  pro- 
testant  minister,  1672;  came  to  England  at  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  1685,  and  retired  to  Holland, 
1691 ;  returned  to  England,  1699  ;  author  of  French  theo- 
logical works.  [xxxii.  333] 

LECHMERE,  EDMUND  (</.  16407).  [See  STRAT- 
FORD.] 

LECHMERE,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1613-1701),  judge; 
nephew  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Wadham 
College,  Oxford  ;  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1641 ;  bencher, 
1666;  sided  with  the  parliament  on  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war;  MJ»M  Bewdley,  1648  ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Wor- 
cester, 1681 :  M.P.,  Worcester,  1654, 1656, 1658-9 ;  attorney- 
general  to  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1654 ;  reader  at  his  inn, 
16«9;  serjeant-at-law,  1689  ;  knighted,  1689  ;  judge  of  the 
exchequer  bench,  1689-1700.  [xxxii.  335] 

LECHMERE,  NICHOLAS,  first  BARON  LECHMERE 
(1675-17271  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford;  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1698;  M.P.,  Appleby,  1708,  for 
Oockermouth,  1710,  1713,  and  1715,  and  for  Tewkesbury, 
1717-20;  Q.C.,  1708;  a  collaborator  of  Steele  in  'The  , 
Crisis,'  1714;  solicitor-general,  1714-18;  privy  councillor, 
1718;  attorney-general,  1718-20,  and  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1718-27;  raised  to  the  peerage, 
"«•  [xxxiL  336] 

LECLERCa,  CARLOTTA  (1840  7-1893),  actress  ;  Ariel 
('  Tempest '),  Nerissa  ('  Merchant  of  Venice '),  Mrs.  Ford, 
Mrs.  Page  (•  Merry  Wives'),  and  Rosalind  ('As  You  Like 
It  ),  among  her  parts ;  acted  with  Charles  Albert  Fechter 
[q.  v.]  in  England  and  America.  [Suppl.  iii.  86] 

LECLERCft,   ROSE  (18457-1899),  actress;  sister  of 
Oarlotta  Leclercq  [q.  v.] ;  Mrs.  Page,  and  the  queen  in 
La  Tosca '  among  her  parts ;  the  best  representative  of 
toe  grand  style  in  comedy.  [SuppL  iiL  87] 

LE  COUTETO,  JOHN  (1761-1836),  lieutenant-general ; 

ofa  Jersey  family;  ensign,  1780;  lieutenant  and  went  to 

dia,  1781 ;  taken  prisoner  by  Tippoo  Sahib,  1783 ;  re- 

T™:  i0*^!^'  178ft:    mai°r'  17»7;   Heutenant- 
ikmel,  1798 ;  inspecting  officer  of  militia  and  niMlihmt 
qiiartermaster-general  in  Jersey,  1799 ;  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Curacoa,1813  ;  lieutenant-general,  1821 ;  author  of 
two  works  in  French  relating  his  military  experiences. 

•J?J£TO;ftED,W4RD    C1640?-^?)"^^:  | 
practised  his  art  first  in  Paris  and  afterwards  in  London. 

LEDDRA    WTTTTAXT^   i«*ix  [xxxii.  337] 

luuuuuk,   W1L.LIAM  (d.  1661),  quaker;    emigrated  j 

was  arrested  and  banished;  proceeded  to^lemThn* 
at  Boston  ;  condemned  and  executed  on  Boston 
;  the  last  quaker  executed  in  New  England. 

LEDEREDE  or  LEDRED,  RICHARD  1™$.  U60) 
>bopof  Ossory;  English  Franciscan  ;  appointed  to  see 

>»ory,  1316 ;  conducted  prosecutions  for  heresy  and 
£FI/ri^  .Ver8eB  Mcribed  to  Mm  extant  in  the  •  Red 

[xxxii.  338] 

See  DASH- 


LEDIARD,  THOMAS  (1685-1743),  miscellaneous 
writer  :  attached  to  the  staff  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborougb, 
accompanying  him  on  his  visit  to  Charles  XII  of  Sweden, 
1707  ;  returned  to  Encrland  before  1732  ;  produced  various 
historical  and  biographical  works,  1735-6  ;  author  of  a 
pamphlet  dealing  with  a  scheme  for  building  bridge  at 
Westminster,  1738  ;  F.R.S.,  1742;  'agent  and  surveyor  of 
Westminster  Bridge,'  1738-43 ;  author  of  several  works  in 
German  and  an  English  opera,  *  Britannia.'  [xxxii.  339] 

LEDWARD,  RICHARD  ARTHUR (1857-1890),  sculp- 
tor ;  studied  at  South  Kensington  art  school ;  exhibited 
busts  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1882.  [xxxii.  339] 

LEDWIOH,  ED  WARD  (1738-1823),  antiquary ;  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1755;  B.A.,  1760;  LL.B.,  1763; 
became  a  priest  in  the  established  church ;  published 
'  Antiquities  of  Ireland,'  1790 ;  his  best  work '  A  Statistical 
Account  of  the  Parish  of  Aghaboe,'  published,  1796  ;  not 
identical  with  the  Edward  Ledwich  (d.  1782)  who  was 
dean  of  Kildare,  1772.  [xxxii.  340] 

LEDWICH,  THOMAS  HAWKESWORTH  (1823- 
1858),  anatomist  and  surgeon  ;  grandson  of  Edward  Led- 
wich [q.  v.] ;  studied  medicine  in  Dublin ;  member,  Irish 
College  of  Surgeons,  1845  ;  a  successful  lecturer  on  Ana- 
tomy ;  his  great  work  '  The  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body,' 
published,  1852.  [xxxii.  340] 

LEDYARD,  JOHN  (1751-1788),  traveller;  born  at 
Groton  in  Connecticut,  U.S.A. ;  made  his  way  to  New 
York,  worked  his  passage  to  Plymouth  in  England,  and 
tramped  to  London,  c.  1771 ;  enlisted  in  the  marines,  and 
(1776)  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in  the  Resolution ;  pub- 
lished account  of  the  voyage,  1783  ;  resolved  to  travel  on 
foot  to  the  east  of  Asia,  as  a  preliminary  to  open  up  trade 
to  the  north-west  coast  of  America  ;  reached  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1787  ;  made  his  way  to  Yakutsk ;  returned  to  Lon- 
don, undertook  a  journey  of  exploration  in  Africa  on 
behalf  of  the  African  Association  .but  died  at  Cairo. 

[xxxii.  341] 

LEE.    [See  also  LEGH,  LEIGH,  LEY.] 

LEE,  LORD  (d.  1674).     [See  LOCKHART,  SIR  JAMES.] 

LEE,  ALFRED  THEOPHILUS  (1829-1883),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.  A.,  1853  : 
held  various  livings,  1853-68  ;  M.A.,  1856 ;  honorary  LL.D. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1866;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1867  ;  held 
various  clerical  offices  in  Ireland,  1869-71 ;  preacher  at 
Gray's  Inn,  1879 ;  published  articles  on  the  church  de- 
fence question,  sermons,  and  pamphlets.  [xxxii.  342] 

LEE,  ANN  (1736-1784),  foundress  of  the  American 
Society  of  Shakers :  factory-hand  and  afterwards  cook  in 
Manchester  ;  joined  a  band  of  seceders  from  the  Society  of 
Friends,  1758,  who  were  nicknamed  the '  Shaking  Quakers  ' 
or  'Shakers';  married  Abraham  Standerin,  1762;  dis- 
covered celibacy  to  be  the  holy  state ;  was  sent  to  prison 
as  a  Sabbath-breaker,  1770;  resumed  preaching  on  her 
release  :  acknowledged  by  the  shakers  as  spiritual  head  ; 
sailed  for  America,  1774 :  founded  first  American  Shaker 
Society,  1776;  claimed  the  power  of  discerning  spirits 
and  working  miracles  ;  died  at  Watervliet,  near  Albany. 

[xxxii.  343] 

LEE,  CHARLES(1731-1782),  American  major-general; 
ensign,  1746 ;  went  to  America  as  lieutenant ;  present  at 
the  disaster  at  Fort  Duquesne ;  wounded  at  Ticonderoga, 
1768 ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Montreal ;  attached  to 
staff  of  Portuguese  army,  1762  ;  accompanied  the  Polish 
embassy  to  Constantinople,  1766 ;  went  to  New  York,  1 773 ; 
supported  the  revolutionary  plans  ;  appointed  second 
major-general,  1775 ;  appointed  second  in  command  to 
Washington  ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  1776 :  ex- 
changed,  1778 :  blamed  for  disaster  and  court-martialled, 
1778;  retired,  1779;  died  at  Philadelphia  ;  buriedat  Wash- 
ington, [xxxii.  343] 

LEE,  CROMWELL  (d.  1601),  compiler  of  an  Italian 
dictionary  ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Lee  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Oxford,  where,  after  travelling  in  Italy,  he  settled  and 
compiled  part  of  an  Italian-English  dictionary,  never 


[xxxii.  347] 

LEE,  EDWARD  (1482  ?-1544),  archbishop  of  York  : 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1500;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1504;  ordained,  1604;  B.D.,  1615;  opposed  Eras- 
mus, 1519-20 ;  sent  on  various  embassies,  1523-30 ;  pre- 
bendary of  York  and  Westminster,  1530 ;  D.D.  Oxford, 
1630;  archbishop  of  York,  1531;  while-  anxious  to  avoid 


LEE 


759 


LEE 


displeasing  the  kin?,  was  opposed  to  the  party  of  the  n«-w 
learning  and  inclinei  to  Roman  usages;  author  of  tin-.. - 
logical  works  in  Latin  and  English.  [xxxii.  317] 

LEE,  i:i)\VI\  (,/.  1870),  medical  writer;  M.K.r.s., 
182!» ;  awarded  the  .Jarksoniati  prize  for  his  di— rrtation  on 
lithotrity.  1«3H;  M.I).  (Ji'.ttiniri'n,  isiG;  lx«t  known  l>v 
\n>  handbooks  to  continental  health  resorts,  [xxxii.  349] 

LEE,  FITZROY  HENRY  (1699-1760),  vicc-n.liniral  : 
entered  navy,  1717:  lieutenant,  1721;  captain,  1728; 
governor  of  Newfoundland,  1735-8;  commodore  and 
connnander-in-chief  on  the  Leeward  islands  station,  1746  ; 
rear-admiral,  1747  ;  vk-e-admiral  of  the  white,  1748  ;  prob- 
ably the  original  of  Smollett's  Commodore  Trunnion. 

[xxxii.  360] 

LEE,  FRANCIS  (1661-1719),  miscellaneous  writer; 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1679  ;  B.A.,  1683  ;  M.A., 
1687 ;  studied  medicine  at  Leyden,  1692 ;  became  a  disciple 
of  Jane  Lead  [q.  v.],  1694 ;  M.D. ;  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Philadelphian  Society,  1697;  L.C.P.  London,  1708; 
died  at  Gravelines,  Flanders;  his  works  (all  unclaimed) 
said  to  have  been  very  numerous  [xxxii.  361] 

LEE,  FREDERICK  RICHARD  (1799-1879),  painter 
and  royal  academician ;  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
1818 ;  exhibitor  at  the  British  Institution  from  1822,  and 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1824-70;  painted  Devonshire, 
Scottish,  and  French  landscape ;  R.A.,  1838  ;  died  in  South 
Africa.  [xxxii.  362] 

LEE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1700-1 768),  lawyer  and  politician ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Lee  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1720;  B.C.L.,1724;  D.C.L.,1729;  M.P.,  Brackley, 
Northamptonshire,  1733-42;  lord  of  admiralty,  1742; 
M.P.,  Devizes,  1742-7,  Liskeard,  1747-64 ;  dean  of  arches, 
1761-8 ;  judge  of  the  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury, 
1751-8;  privy  councillor,  1752;  knighted,  1762;  M.P., 
Launceston,  1754-8.  [xxxii.  363] 

LEE,  GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1802-1851),  musical 
composer;  tenor  at  the  Dublin  Theatre,  1825;  musical 
conductor  at  various  London  theatres,  1827-51 ;  composed 
the  music  to  several  dramatic  pieces,  songs,  and  ballads. 

[xxxii.  354] 

LEE,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  (1761-1826),  Manchester 
cotton-spinner;  son  of  John  Lee  (d.  1781)  [q.  v.] ;  dis- 
tinguished for  his  readiness  to  adopt  new  inventions  in 
his  factories.  [xxxii.  360] 

LEE,  GEORGE  HENRY,  third  EARL  OF  LICHFIKM) 
(1718-1772),  chancellor  of  Oxford  University  ;  created 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1737  ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire, 
1740  and  1741-3 ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1743  :  privy 
councillor,  1762  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford,  1762-72 ;  D.C.L., 
1762  ;  founded  by  bequest  Lichfield  clinical  professorship 
at  Oxford.  [xxxii.  354] 

LEE,  HARRIET  (1757-1851),  novelist  and  dramatist ; 
daughter  of  John  Lee  (d.  1781)  [q.  v.],  and  sister  of 
Sophia  Lee  [q.  v.] ;  published  'The  Errors  of  Innocence' 
(a  novel),  1786;  her  comedy,  'The  New  Peerage,'  per- 
formed at  Drury  Lane,  1787 ;  published  another  novel, 
'Clara  Lennox,'  1797;  the  first  two  volumes  of  her  chief 
work,  in  which  her  sister  Sophia  assisted  her, '  The  Canter- 
bury Tales.'  was  published,  1797-8,  and  the  remaining 
three  volumes,  1806  ;  refused  offer  of  marriage  from 
William  Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.],  1798;  a  version  of 
her  story,  'Kruitzner,'  dramatised  by  herself  as  'The Three 
Strangers,'  performed  at  Covent  Garden,  1825,  published, 
1826,  the  story  being  dramatised  by  Byron  in  '  Werner,' 
1822.  [xxxii.  355] 

LEE,  SIR  HENRY  (1630-1 610),  master  of  the  ordnance; 
educated  by  his  uncle,  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt ;  entered  service 
of  Henry  VIII,  1545 ;  clerk  of  the  armoury,  1549-60 : 
knighted,  1663 ;  M.P.,  Buckinghamshire,  1658  and  1572  ; 
personal  champion  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1559-90 ;  master 
of  the  ordnance,  1590 ;  visited  by  Queen  Elizabeth  at  his 
country  house,  1592 ;  K.G.,  1597 ;  a  great  sheep-farmer 
and  builder.  [xxxii.  356] 

LEE,  HENRY  (1765-1836),  author  of  '  Caleb  Quotem ' ; 
became  an  actor  ;  his  farce,  'Caleb  Quotem,'  written  1789, 
brought  out  at  the  Haymarket  as  '  Throw  Physic  to  the 
Dogs,'  1789  ;  charged  George  Column  the  younger  [q.  v.l 
with  plagiarising  it  in  'The  Review,'  1800;  author  of 
some  poems,  and  a  volume  of  desultory  reminiscences. 

[xxxii.  357] 


LEE,  HENRY  (1826-1888),  naturalwt ;  naturalist  to 
the  Brighton  Aquarium,  1872  ;  wrote  popular  account  of 
the  octopus,  1874.  [xxxii.  367] 

LEE,  HOLME  (pseudonym).     [See   PAIIR,  HARRIOT, 

1828-1900.] 

LEE,  JAMKR  (1716-1796).  nurseryman;  introduced 
cultivation  of  the  fuchsia  in  England  ;  translated  part  of 
Limiffius's  works  Into  English,  1760.  [xxxii.  867] 

LEE,  JAMES  PRINCE  (1804-1869X  bUhop  of  Man- 
chester;  educated  at  Ht.  Paul's  School,  London,  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1829 ;  ordained,  1830 : 
a  master  at  Rugby,  1830-8  ;  M.A.,  1881 ;  head-master  of 
King  Edward's  School,  Hirmingliam,  1838-47;  bishop  of 
Manchester,  1847.  [xxxii.  368] 

LEE,  JOHN  (d.  1781X  actor  and  adapter  of  plays; 
acted  In  London  under  Gar  rick  (with  a  short  break  in 
1749-50),  1747-61 ;  manager  at  Edinburgh,  1768-6;  again 
in  London  under  Garrick,  1761-6;  manager  of  the  Bath 
Theatre,  1778-9;  tampered  with  many  of  Shakespeare's 
plays  and  other  dramatic  masterpieces.  [xxxii.  869] 

LEE,  JOHN  (1733-1793),  lawyer  and  politician  ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn ;  attorney-general  for  county  pala- 
tine of  Lancaster;  recorder  of  Doncaster,  1769;  K.O., 
1780 ;  solicitor-general  and  M.P.  for  Higham  Ferrers, 
Northamptonshire ;  attorney -general,  1783. 

[xxxii.  361] 

LEE,  JOHN  (</.  1804),  wood-engraver ;  engraved  the 
cuts  for  'The  Cheap  Repository,'  1794-8,  and  part  of  the 
designs  by  William  Marshall  Craig  [q.  v.]  in  '  Scripture 
Illustrated.'  [xxxii.  361] 


LEE, 
versity 


!,  JOHN  (1779-1859),  principal  of  Edinburgh  Uni- 
;  entered  Edinburgh  University,  1794  ;  M.D.,  1801 ; 
licensed  as  a  preacher,  1807;  professor  of  church  history 
at  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1812-21  :  minister  of 
the  Canongate  Church,  Edinburgh,  1821 ;  D.D.  St.  An- 
drews, 1821 ;  chaplain  In  ordinary  to  the  king,  1830  ; 
principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  1840-69  ;  professor  of 
divinity,  1843-59 ;  especially  learned  in  Scottish  literary 
and  ecclesiastical  history.  [xxxii.  361] 

LEE,  JOHN  (1783-1866),  collector  of  antiquities  and 
man  of  science  ;  son  of  John  Fiott :  educated  at  St  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  made  a  tour  through  Europe  and  the 
East  collecting  objects  of  antiquity,  1807-10 :  M.A.,  1809 ; 
assumed  name  of  Lee  by  royal  license,  1816 ;  F.S.A-, 
1828 ;  built  observatory  on  his  estate,  1830 ;  F.R.S.,  1831 ; 
practising  member  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts  till  1858 ; 
Q.C.,  1864 ;  published  scientific  and  antiquarian  works. 

[xxxii.  362] 

LEE,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1808-1887),  antiquary  and 
geologist ;  his  chief  work,  '  IscaSllurum  :  or  an  Illustrated 
Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  Antiquities  at  Caerleon,* 
published,  1862  ;  translated  foreign  works  on  prehistoric 
archaeology ;  presented  his  fine  collection  of  fossils  to  the 
British  Museum,  1885.  [xxxii.  363] 

LEE,  JOSEPH  (1780-1859),  enamel-painter:  enamel- 
painter  to  Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales,  1818  ;  occasionally 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  till  1863.  [xxxii.  363] 

LEE,  MATTHEW  (1694-1755),  benefactor  to  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church  ;  M.A.,  1720;  M.D.,  1726;  F.R.C.P.,  1732 ; 
Harveian  orator,  1736  ;  physician  to  Frederick,  prince  of 
Wales,  1739;  founded  an  anatomical  lectureship  at  Christ 
Church,  1750.  [xxxii.  364] 

LEE,  NATHANIEL  (1653  ?-1692),  dramatist ;  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.,  1668 ;  drew  the  plots  of  his  tragedies 
mainly  from  classical  history ;  '  Nero,'  his  earliest  effort, 
produced,  1675  ;  wrote  'Gloriana'  and  '  Sophonisba,'  two 
rhyming  plays,  1676  ;  his  best-known  tragedy, '  The  Rival 
Queens,'  produced,  1677 ;  collaborated  with  Dryden  in 
'CEdipns,'  1679,  and  'The Duke  of  Guise,'  1682;  his  last 
tragedy, '  Constantlne  the  Great,'  produced,  1684 :  lost  his 
reason  through  intemperance,  1684,  and  confined  in 
Bethlehem  till  1689.  Many  of  his  plays  (a  collected  edi- 
tion appeared  In  2  vols.  In  1713)  long  kept  the  stage,  and 
great  actors  performed  the  chief  part*.  [xxxii.  364] 

LEE,  MRS.  RACHEL  FANNY  ANTONINA  (1774  ?- 
1829),  heroine  of  a  criminal  trial,  and  the  subject  of 
chap.  iv.  of  De  Quincey's  'Autobiographic  Sketches';  a 
natural  daughter  of  Francis  Dashwood,  lord  le  Despenscr  ; 
married  Matthew  Lee.  1794.  but  soon  separated  from  him  ; 


LEE 


700 


LEEDS 


doped  with  Loddoun  Gordon,  accompanied  by  his  brother 
Look  hurt,  1804:  appeared  a«  a  witae*««gainstthe  l.rnth.-r- 
when  they  were  brought  to  trial  for  her  abduction  whirh 
malted  in  their  acquittal,  1804:  published  'Essay  01 
Oorernmeot,'  1808.  [xxxii.  368] 

LEE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1513  7-1876),  military  engineer : 
surveyor  of  the  king's  works,  1540 ;  knighted  for  services 
in  Scotland,  1544 ;  employed  intermittently  in  improving 
th«  fortifications  of  Berwick  and  the  Scottish  border, 
1557-65  ;  received  part  of  the  domain  of  the  monastery  of 
St.  Albans  from  Henry  VIII.  [xxxii.  369] 


RICHARD  NELSON  (1806-1872X  actor  and 
dramatist;  acted  at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  1827-34;  became 
proprietor  of '  Kichardson's  Show,'  1836 ;  author  of  panto- 
mime* and  plays.  [xxxii.  371] 


ROBERT  (1804-1868),  professor  at  Edinburgh  ; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  University  ;  minister  of  the  old 
Greyfriart  Church,  Edinburgh,  1843-68:  D.D.  St.  An- 
drews, 1844  ;  professor  of  biblical  criticism  in  Edinburgh 
University,  1847  ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Edinburgh, 
1847;  endeavoured  to  Ht>eraliB«  the  church  of  Scotland; 
introduced  stained-glass  windows,  1857,  and  an  organ, 
1864  :  published  'The  Reform  of  the  Church  in  Worship, 
Government,  and  Doctrine,'  1864  ;  often  censured  by  the 
Edinburgh  presbytery  for  his  innovations  ;  author  of  theo- 
logical works  and  books  of  prayers.  [xxxii.  371] 

LEE.  ROBERT  (1793-1877),  obstetric  physician  :  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University  ;  M.D.,  1814  ;  physician  to 
Prince  Woronzow,  governor-general  of  the  Crimea,  1824- 
1826;  P.R^.,  1830;  lecturer  on  midwifery  and  diseases  of 
women  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  1835-66;  F.R.C.P.,  1841  ; 
Lomleian  lecturer,  1856-7  ;  Croonian  lecturer,  1862  ;  Har- 
veian  orator,  1864;  retired,  1875;  made  discoveries  of 
permanent  value  ;  unfairly  treated  by  the  Royal  Society  ; 
published  works  on  the  diseases  of  women,  [xxxii.  372] 

LEE  or  LEOH,  ROWLAND  (rf.  1543),  bishop  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfleld  and  lord  president  of  the  council 
in  the  marches  of  Wales  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  or- 
dained priest,  1512;  doctor  of  decrees,  1520;  prebendary 
of  Lichfield,  1527  ;  employed  under  Wolsey  in  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  monasteries,  1528-9;  royal  chaplain  and 
master  in  chancery  ;  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield, 
1534-13,  and  president  of  the  king's  council  in  the  marches 
of  Wales,  1634  ;  devoted  his  energies  to  suppressing  Welsh 
disorder,  1534-40.  [xxxii.  373] 

LEE,  SAMUEL  (1625-1691),  puritan  divine  ;  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1648;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  1650;  dean  of  Wadham 
College,  1653-6  ;  minister  of  various  congregations  in 
London,  1655-60  ;  migrated  to  New  England,  1686  ;  sailed 
for  home  from  Boston,  1691;  taken  by  the  French,  his 
•hip  being  seized,  to  St.  Malo,  where  he  died  ;  author  of 
theological  works.  [xxxii.  377] 

LEE,  SAMUBL  (1783-1852),  orientalist  :  of  humble 
origin  ;  taught  himself  Greek,  Hebrew,  Persian,  Hindus- 
tani, and  other  Eastern  languages  ;  entered  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1813;  M.A.,  1819;  professor  of  Arabic 
»t  Cambridge,  1819-31  ;  B.D.,  1827  ;  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew,  Cambridge,  1831-48;  D.D.,  1833.  His  chief  works 
were  his  editions  of  the  New  Testament  in  Syriac,  1816, 
and  of  the  Old  Testament,  1823,  and  a  translation  of  the 
book  of  Job  from  the  original  Hebrew,  1837.  [xxxii.  378] 

LEE,  MRS.  SARAH  (1791-1856),artist  and  authoress  ; 
daughter  of  John  Rglinton  Wallis  ;  married  Thomas  Ed- 
ward Bowdich  [q.  v.],  1813;  shared  her  husband's  tastes 
and  travelled  with  him  in  Africa,  1814,  1816,  and  1823  • 
married  Robert  Lee  as  her  second  husband,  1829  ;  devoted 
the  rest  of  her  life  to  popularising  natural  science  :  pub- 
lished books  on  natural  history,  many  illustrated  by  her- 
idf,  and  •  Memoirs  of  Baron  Cnvter,'  1833.  [xxxii.  379] 


SOPHIA  (1750-1824X  novelist  and  dramatist  ; 
daaghterof  JohnLee(rf.  1781)  [q.  v.]  ;  her  comedy,  •  The 
Chapter  of  Accident*,'  produced,  1780;  conducted  a  girls' 

:bool  at  Bath,  1781-1808;  published  "The  Soitfi 
httorical  romance,  1785,  and  'Almeyda,  Queen  of  Gre- 
nada,' a  tragedy  In  I.  lank  verse,  produced,  1796  ;  helped 
her  tster,  Harriet  Lee  [q.  r.],  in  the  'Canterbury  Tales' 

[xxxii.  379] 

J^1'  THOMAS  (d.  1601  \  captain  in  Ireland  and  sup- 
Porter  of  Robert,  earl  of  E«ex  ;  went  to  Ireland  before 
We;  twined  in  .uppnaalng  rebellions  ir  Ireland,  1681- 


1S99;  arrested  for  attempting  to  procure  the  release  of 
.  1601;  tried  and  executed,  1601;  wrote  an  histori- 
rallv  valuable  tract  on  the  government  of  Ireland  (first 
published,  1772).  [xxxii.  380] 

LEE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (<l.  1691),  politician  : 
created  baronet,  1660 ;  M.P.  for  Aylesbury,  1661-81  and 
1689-91,  and  for  Buckinghamshire  in  the  Convention  par- 
liament, [xxxii.  383] 

LEE.  WILLIAM  (rf.  1610?),  inventor  of  the  stocking- 
frame  ;  educated  at  Christ's  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  1583 ;  invented  the  stock- 
ing-frame, 1589 ;  his  invention  discouraged  by  Elizabeth 
and  James  I ;  settled  at  Rouen  by  invitation  of  Henry 
IV  of  France ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxii.  382] 

LEE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1688-1754),  judge ;  brother  of 
Sir  George  Lee  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  1703  : 
barrister,  Middle  Temple:  Latin  secretary  to  George  I 
and  George  II,  1718-30;  recorder  of  Buckingham,  1722; 
bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1725  ;  M.P.,  Chipping 
Wycombe,  1727 ;  K.C.,  1728  ;  attorney-general  to  Frede- 
rick, prince  of  Wales,  c.  1728  :  puisne  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  1730 ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1737  :  knighted, 
1737 ;  privy  councillor,  1737.  [xxxii.  383] 

LEE,  WILLIAM  (1809-1865),  water-colour  painter ; 
member  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colours, 
1848 ;  painter  of  English  rustic  figures  and  scenes  on  the 
French  coast.  [xxxii.  385] 

LEE.  WILLIAM  (1815-1883),  archdeacon  of  Dublin  ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  junior  fellow,  1839  ; 
entered  holy  orders,  1841 ;  D.D.,  1857  ;  professor  of  eccle- 
siastical history  in  the  university  of  Dublin,  1857  ;  Arch- 
bishop King's  lecturer  in  divinity,  1862  ;  archdeacon  of 
Dublin,  1864;  member  of  the  New  Testament  revision 
company,  1870 ;  author  of  theological  works  written  from 
the  conservative  point  of  view.  [xxxii.  385] 

LEECH,  LEICH,  or  LEITCH,  DAVID  (/.  1628- 
1653),  poet;  brother  of  John  Leech  (fi.  1623)  [q.  v.]  ; 
sub-principal  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1632 ;  chaplain 
to  Charles  II ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1653 ;  left  paraphrases  of 
some  of  the  Psalms  in  manuscript.  [xxxii.  385] 

LEECH,  HUMPHREY  (1571-1629),  Jesuit;  educated 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  Cambridge;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1602);  entered  the  Eng- 
lish college  at  Rome,  1609;  ordained  priest,  1612;  joined 
Jesuits,  1618 ;  missioner  in  England,  1622-9. 

LEECH  or  LEITCH  ('  LEOCH^IUS  '),  JOHN*!/!.  1623), 
epigrammatist;  brother  of  David  Leech  [q.  v.]:  probably 
related  to  John  Leech  (1565-1650  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Aber- 
deen, 1614 ;  published  Latin  epigrams,  1620  and  1623. 

fxxxii   3861 

LEECH  or  LEACHE,  JOHN  (1565-1650?),  'school- 
master ;  educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford :  M.A., 
1589  ;  published  a  book  of  grammar  questions,  c.  1622. 

[xxxii.  387] 

LEECH,  JOHN  (1817-1864),  humorous  artist ;  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Thackeray;  studied  medicine  by  his  father's  desire: 
adopted  art  as  a  profession ;  his  first  work, '  Etchings  and 
Sketchings,  by  A.  Pen,  Esq.,'  published,  1835 ;  his  first 
popular  hit,  a  caricature  of  Mulready's  design  for  a  uni- 
versal envelope,  1840;  contributed  to  'Punch,'  1854-69: 
executed  for  it  some  three  thousand  drawings,  six  hundred 
being  cartoons ;  illustrated  several  books,  and  supplied 
cute  to  a  number  of  magazines;  his  sporting  sketches 
traceable  to  his  love  for  hunting.  [xxxii.  388] 

LEECHMAN,  WILLIAM  (1706-1785),  divine :  studied 
at  Edinburgh  University  ;  licensed  to  preach,  1731 :  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Glasgow  University,  1743 ;  principal, 
1761  ;  prefixed  a  life  of  the  author  to  Hiitchcson's  'System 
of  Moral  Philosophy,'  1765 ;  published  a  few  sermons. 

[xxxii.  391] 

LEEDEB,  EDWARD  (1699  ?-1677).  [See  OOURTNKY, 
EDWARD.] 

LEEDES,  EDWARD  (1627-1707),  schoolmaster  ;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A. :  master  of 
Bury  St.  Edmund's  grammar  school,  1663-1707 :  author  of 
school-books.  [Xxxu.  391] 

LEEDS,  DUKES  OF.  [See  OSBORXK,  SIR  THOMAS, 
first  DUKK,  1631-1712 ;  OSIIOKXK,  PKKKUKINB,  second 
OUIO,  1658-1729 ;  OSBORNK,  FRANCIS,  fifth  DUKE.  1751- 


LEEDS 


761 


LEGGE 


LEEDS,  EDWARD  (r/.  1590),  civilian:  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1545  ;  prebendary  of  Kly,  1548-80  : 
Advocate  of  Doctors'  Commons,  Knit)  ;  master  of  Glare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1560-71 ;  LL.D.,  156'J.  [xxxii.  39l'J 

LEEDS,  EDWARD  (1695 7-1758),  serjeant-at-law: 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1718 ;  took  tbe  coif,  1742  :  kinv'V 
Serjeant,  1748-56.  [xxxil.  392] 

LEEDS,  EDWARD  (1728-1803),  master  in  chancery  ; 
sun  of  Edward  Leeds  (1695?-1758)  [q.  v.] ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple :  sheriff  of  Cambridgeshire,  1768 ;  master 
in  chancery,  1773 ;  M.P.,  Reigate,  1784-7.  [xxxii.  393] 

LEEKE.    [See  also  LKAKK.] 

LEEKE,  Sm  HENRY  JOHN  (1790?-1870),  admiral: 
entered  navy,  1803 ;  lieutenant,  1810  ;  commander,  1814 : 
knighted,  1835  ;  flag-captain,  1845-8;  superintendent  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Indian  navy,  1852 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1854  ;  K.C.B.,  1858  ;  vice-admiral,  1860  ;  admiral, 
1864.  [xxxti.  393] 

LEEKE,  LAURENCE  (d.  1357),  prior  of  Norwich; 
appointed  prior,  1352  ;  author  of  *  Historiola  de  Vita  et 
Morte  Reverend!  domiui  Willelmi  Batemau  Xorwicensis 
episcopi.'  [xxxii.  393] 

LEEMPUT,  REMIGIUS  VAN  (1«0»  ?-1676).  [See 
VAN  LKEMPUT.] 

LEES,  CHARLES  (1800-1880),  painter  :  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy  and  a  regular  contributor  to  its 
exhibitions;  painted  portraits,  historical  and  domestic 
subjects,  and  landscape.  [xxxii.  394] 

LEES,  EDWIN  (1800-1887),  botanist :  began  to  pub- 
lish 'The  Worcestershire  Miscellany,'  1829;  issued  his 
'Botany  of  the  Malvern  Hills,'  1843,  and  'Botany  of 
Worcestershire,'  1867 :  one  of  the  first  in  England  to  pay 
regard  to  the  forms  of  brambles.  [xxxii.  394] 

LEES.  SM  HARCOURT,  second  baronet  (1776-1852), 
political  pamphleteer ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1802;  took  holy  orders;  published  pamphlets  in  sup- 
port of  protestant  ascendency.  [xxxii.  394] 

LEES,  WILLIAM  NASSAU  (1825-1889),  major-general 
in  the  Indian  army  and  orientalist ;  son  of  Sir  Harcourt 
Lees,  second  baronet  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  ensign,  Bengal  native  infantry,  1846 :  edited 
Arabic  and  Persian  works  between  1853  and  1864 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1853  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1857 ;  captain,  1858 ; 
major,  1866;  lieutenant-colonel,  1868 :  member  of  Royal 
Asiatic  Society,  1872 ;  colonel,  1876  ;  major-general,  1886. 
[xxxii.  395] 

LEEVES,  WILLIAM  (1748-1828),  poet  and  composer : 
entered  tbe  army,  1769;  lieutenant,  1772;  took  holy 
orders,  1779 ;  wrote  the  music  to  the  song  '  Auld  Robin 
Gray,'  by  Lady  Anne  Barnard  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  other 
musical  compositions,  and  of  occasional  poems. 

[xxxii.  396] 

LE  FANTJ,  MRS.  ALICIA  (1763-1817),  playwright; 
sister  of  the  dramatist  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  [q.  v.]  ; 
married  Joseph  Le  Fanu,  brother  of  Philip  Le  Fanu 
[q.  v.],  divine,  1776  ;  author  of  a  comedy, '  Sons  of  Erin,' 
performed  in  London,  1812.  [xxxii.  398] 

LE  FANTT,  ALICIA  (ft.  1812-1826),  daughter  of  Henry 
Le  Fanu,  a  brother  of  Philip  Le  Fanu  [q.  v.] ;  pub- 
lished '  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Frances  Sheridan,'  1824. 

[xxxii.  398] 

LE  FANU,  JOSEPH  SHERIDAN  (1814-1873),  novelist 
and  journalist;  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1833; 
devoted  himself  to  journalism  from  1839,  when  he  began 
to  Issue  '  The  Evening  Mail,'  a  Dublin  paper ;  published 
'Uncle  Silas,'  1864,  and  twelve  other  novels,  1865-75; 
edited  the  '  Dublin  University  Magazine,'  1869-72  ;  stands 
next  to  Lever  among  modern  Irish  novelists. 

[xxxii.  396] 

LE  FANtT,  PETER  (fl.  1778),  playwright :  brother  of 
Philip  Le  Fanu  [q.  v.]  ;  his  'Smock  Alley  Secrets'  pro- 
duced at  Dublin,  1778.  [xxxii.  398] 

LE  FANU,  PHILIP  (fl.  1790),  divine :  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1755;  D.D.,  1776;  published  translation 
of  the  Abbe  Guenee's  'Lettres  de  certaiues  J  dives  a 
Monsieur  Voltaire,'  1777.  [xxxii.  397] 

LEFEBURE,  NICASIUS  or  NICOLAS  (d.  1669). 
[See  LE  FKVRK.] 


LEFEBVRE,  ROLAND  (1608-1677),  painter:  born  at 
Anjou :  residul  at  Venice;  came  to  England,  1666; 
painted  inudiotTc  portrait*  ami  small  history  pictures 
tinder  the  patronage  of  Prince  Rupert.  [xxxii.  398] 

LEFEVRE,  CHARLES  SHAW,  first  VWCOCKT 
BVKRSLKY  (1794-1888).  [See  SHAW-LKK*  VKK.] 

LEFEVRE,  SIR  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1798-184«X 
physician  ;  xtudied  at  Edinburgh  and  at  Gay's  and 
St.  Thomas'*  hospitals,  London ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1819 : 
travelled  in  France,  Austria,  Poland,  and  Kufiila  as  physi- 
cian to  a  Polish  nobleman ;  published  '  The  Life  of  a 
Travelling  Physician,'  1843  ;  afterwards  practised  at  St. 
Petersburg,  and  became  physician  to  tbe  embassy; 
knighted;  settled  in  London,  1843;  F.R.C.P.,  1841; 
Lumleian  lecturer,  1846  ;  committed  suicide. 

[xxxii.  398] 

LEFEVRE,  SIR  JOHN  GEORGE  SHAW  (1797-1879). 
[See  SHAW-LEFEVRK.] 

LE  FEVRE,  NIOA8IUS  or  NICOLAS  (d.  1669), 
chemist;  studied  at  Sedan;  professor  of  chemistry  to 
Charles  II,  and  apothecary  in  ordinary  to  tbe  royal 
household,  1660;  F.R.S.,  1663;  published  chemical  works. 

[xxxii.  399] 

LEFROY,  SIR  JOHN  HENRY  (1817-1890),  governor 
of  Bermuda  and  of  Tasmania ;  educated  at  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich ;  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1837 ; 
engaged  in  a  magnetical  survey,  chiefly  at  St.  Helena, 
1839-42 ;  transferred  to  observatory  at  Toronto,  1849 ;  en- 
gaged in  magnetical  survey  of  extreme  north  of  America, 
1843-4 ;  worked  at  Toronto,  1844-53 ;  captain,  1846 ; 
F.R.S..  1848 ;  founded  the  Canadian  Institute,  1849 ;  com- 
piled '  The  Handbook  of  Field  Artillery  for  the  use  of 
Officers,'  1854 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1865  :  inspector-general 
of  array  schools,  1857;  brevet-colonel,  1858;  director- 
general  of  ordnance,  1868;  retired  from  the  army,  1870  ; 
governor  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bermudas,  1871- 
1877  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1877 :  governor  of  Tasmania,  1880-8  : 
published  the  diary  of  his  Canadian  magnetic  survey, 
1883.  [xxxii.  399] 

LEFROY,  THOMAS  LANGLOIS  (1776-1869),  Irish 
judge  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  1796 : 
called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1797 ;  K.C.,  1806  ;  king's  Serjeant, 
1808 ;  bencher  of  the  King's  Inns,  1819 ;  LL.D.,  1827  ; 
M.P.,  university  of  Dublin,  1830-41 ;  baron  of  the  Irish 
court  of  exchequer,  1841-52  ;  lord  chief -justice  of  the 
queen's  bench,  1862-66.  [xxxiL  404] 

LEGAT,  FRANCIS  (1755-1809),  engraver ;  historical 
engraver  to  the  Prince  of  Wales;  engraved  several 
pictures  in  Boydell's  Shakespeare  Gallery,  [xxxii.  404] 

LEGAT,  HUGH  (ft.  1400),  Benedictine;  studied  at 
Oxford ;  of  St.  Albans  Abbey ;  studied  history,  and  pre- 
pared a  commentary  on  John  de  Hauteville's  [q.  v.] 
'Architrenius.'  [xxxii.  405] 

LEGATE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1575  ?-l 612),  the  last 
heretic  burned  at  Smithfield:  preacher  among  the 
'Seekers';  denied  divinity  of  Christ,  1604;  proceedings 
taken  against  him  in  consistory  court  of  London,  1611 ; 
committed  to  Newgate  on  charge  of  heresy :  burned  at 
Smithfleld.  [xxxiL  406] 

LEGATE,  JOHN,  the  elder  (d.  1620  ?),  printer  to 
Cambridge  University  ;  freeman  of  Stationers'  Company, 
1686  ;  printer  to  Cambridge  University,  1688-1609 :  after- 
wards carried  on  business  in  London.  [xxxii.  406] 

LEGATE,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1600-1658X  printer 
to  Cambridge  University:  eldest  son  of  John  Legate 
the  elder  [q.  v.];  freeman  of  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany, 1619 ;  succeeded  to  his  father'?  business,  1620 ;  one 
of  the  Cambridge  University  printers,  1660-6. 

[xxxiL  406] 

LE  GEYT,  PHILIP  (1635-1716),  writer  on  the  laws 
of  Jersey  ;  born  at  St.  Heller :  educated  at  Saumur,  Caen, 
and  Paris  ;  greffler  of  the  royal  court,  1660 :  jurat,  1666- 
1710;  lieutenant-bailiff,  1676-94;  his  manuscript  collec- 
tions on  the  constitution  and  laws  of  Jersey  published, 
1846-7.  [xxxii.  407] 

LEGGE,  EDWARD  (1710-1747),  commodore:  flftb 
son  of  William  Legge,  first  earl  of  Dartmouth  [q.  v.] : 
entered  navy,  1726;  lieutenant,  1734:  captain,  1738; 
accompanied  Anson's  voyage  to  the  Pacific,  1740-2  :  com- 
modore and  comuiander-in-chiei  at  tbe  L^ward  islands, 
1747.  [xxxii.  407] 


LEGGE 


762 


LEIFCHILD 


GEORGE,  first  BAROX  DARTMOUTH  (1648- 
-  r-in-chief :  eldest  son  of 
T.]  :  of  Westminster  and 
in  Dutch  war. 


captain.  1667;  in  intervals  of  war  by  sea  held 
Motoon  land :  groom  of  the  bedchamber.  1668 ; 
at-rorernor  of  Portsmouth,  1670-8* :  lieutenant- 
I  o<  the  ordnance,  1672:  master  of  the  bone  to  the 
of  York.  1673:   commanded    in  Flanders,  1678; 
of  ordnance.  1682:  created  Baron  Dart- 
.    natter  of  Trinity  Hoo*e,  1683 :  engaged  in 

[expedition.  168J-4 :  governor  of  the  Tower,  1685  : 
and   commander-in-chief  of  the  fleet,  1688-9: 
of  conspiring  against  William  III  and  committed 
to  the  Tower.  1WL  [xxxiL  408] 

LE001,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OF  DARTMOUTH  (1755- 
1810).  statesman  :  son  of  William  Legge,  second  earl  [q.  v.]  : 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1775 : 
1 778 :  M.P.,  Plymouth.  1778,  Staffordshire,  1780 ; 
privy  councillor,  1801 :  president  of  the  board  of  control. 
1801 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1801 ;  lord  chamberlain.  1804. 

[xxxiL  410] 

LEOOE,  JAMBS  (181 6-1897X  professor  of  Chinese  at 
Oxford  University ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen.  1835  ; 
appointed  by  London  Missionary  Society  to  Chinese  mis- 
sion at  Malacca,  1839  :  principal  of  Anglo-Chinese  College 
at  Malacca,  1840,  and  later  at  Hong  Kong :  D.D.  New 
York  University,  1841 :  returned  to  England,  1873 :  LL.D. 
Aberdeen.  1870,  and  Edinburgh,  1884 ;  first  professor  of 
Chinese  at  Oxford  University  and  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford.  1876 ;  published  numerous  writings  in 
Chinese  and  English,  including  an  edition  of  Chinese 

[8nppLiiL87] 

LEOOE,  HENEAGE  (1704-1759X  judge:  second  son 
of  William  Legge,  first  earl  of  Dartmouth  [q.  v.] ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1728  ;  raised  to  the  exchequer  bench, 
1747.  [xxxiL  410] 

LEOOE.  HENRY  BILSON-  (1708-1764),  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  :  fourth  son  of  William  Legge,  first  earl  of 
Dartmouth  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Bast  Looe,  1740,  Orford,  1741-59  : 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1745-7 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury, 
1746  :  envoy-extraordinary  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  1748; 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1754-5, 1756-7, 1757-61 ;  M.P., 
Hampshire,  1769-64 ;  had  a  great  reputation  as  a  finan- 
cier. [xxxiL  411] 

LEOOE,  THOMAS  (1535-1607),  master  of  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  Latin  dramatist;  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1560 ;  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1568 :  master  of  Caius  College,  1673- 
1607;  LLJX,  1576:  regiu."  professor  of  civil  law,  Cam- 
bridge :  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1587-3 
and  1592-3 ;  master  in  chancery,  1693  ;  bis  Latin  tragedy 
of  •  Richard  III '  acted,  1579.  [xxxiL  413] 

LEOOE,  WILLIAM  (1609  ?-1670),  royalist :  a  leader 
in  second  army  plot,  1641  ;  joined  the  king's  army,  1842  ; 
governor  of  Oxford,  1645  ;  imprisoned  for  high  treason, 
1649-63 ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  ordnance,  1660. 

LEOOE,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  DARTMOUTH 
(1672-1760X  son  of  George  Legge,  first  baron  Dartmouth 
fq.  v.] :  of  Westminster  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1689 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  the  Dartmouth  barony, 
1691 ;  a  commissioner  of  the  board  of  trade  and  foreign 
plantations,  1702:  privy  councillor,  1702;  secretary  of 
state,  1710-13;  created  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  1711:  lord 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1713-14.  [xxxii.  416] 

LEOOE,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OF  DARTMOUTH 
(1731  1801 ),  grandson  of  William  Legge,  first  earl  of 
Dartmouth  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity 
College,  Oxford :  succeeded  to  earldom,  1760  ;  M.A.,  1761  • 
P.S.A^  1754  :  D.C.L.,  1766 ;  privy  councillor.  1766  ;  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade  and  foreign  plantations,  1765- 
1766;  colonial  secretary,  1772-5  :  lord  privy  seal,  1776-82  • 
high  steward  of  Oxford  University,  1786:  strongly 
attached  to  the  metbodUtu ;  Dartmouth  College  in  the 
United  States  (incorporated,  1769)  named  in  bis  honour 


in  chancery,   1537;  employed  in 
bouses,  1538-40 ;  knighted,  1544. 


LEOH.    [See  also  LBC.LBIOH,  and  LRY.] 

LEOH,   ALEXANDER   (d.    1601),   ambassador;    of 

wTi  ••"*   Kin*'§  ™«*  CambridgJ;  M.A.;  canon  of 

*  tatar,  14.;o  .  employed  on  embassies  to  Scotland,  1474, 

and  later  years  ;  temporal  chancellor  of  Durham  Cathedral, 

[xxxiL  419] 


LEGH.  GERARD  (d.  1663X  writer  on  heraldry ;  pnb- 
*  The  Accedens  of  Armory,'  1562.       [xxxii.  419] 

LEGH,  8m  THOMAS  (<f.  1545X  visitor  of  the 
monasteries;  B.C.L.  (perhaps  of  King's  College)  Cam- 
bridge, 1627;  D.C.L.,  1531 :  ambassador  to  the  king  of 
Denmark,  1612-3:  'visited'  monasteries,  1635;  master 

suppressing  religious 
[xxxiL  420] 

LEOUETJ8,  GILBERTUS  (fl.  1250).  [See  GILBERT 
THK  ENGLISHMAN.] 

LE  ORAHD.  ANTOINE  (d.  1699),  Cartesian  philo- 
sopher ;  native  of  Donay ;  Franciscan  Recollect  friar :  as 
member  of  the  English  mission  resided  many  years  in 
I  Oxfordshire;  provincial  of  bis  order,  1698-9;  chief  work, 
'Institutio  Philosophise,  secundnm  principia  Renatt  Des- 
cartes,' 1672  (Eng.  trans.,  1694X  [xxxiL  421] 

LEGREW,  JAMES   (1803-1857),    sculptor ;    studied 

I  under  Sir  Francis  Legatt  Chantrey  [q.  v.]  and  at  the 
Royal  Academy  schools ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
from  1826.  [xxxiL  422] 

LE  ORICE,   CHARLES  VALENTINE  (1773-1858X 

,  friend   of   Coleridge   and   Lamb;  educated  at  Christ's 

i  Hospital,  London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A^ 

••  1796;  ordained,  1798;  M.A.,  1805;  conversationalist  and 

author  of  small  pieces  in  verse  and  prose.    [xxxiL  422] 

LE  GRY8,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1635),  courtier  and 
translator ;  published  '  John  Barclay  his  Argenis  trans- 
lated out  of  Latine  into  English,'  1629 ;  knighted,  1629 ; 
his  translation  of  'Velleins  Patercnlns,  his  Romaine 
Historic '  published,  1632 ;  captain  of  the  castle  of  St. 
Mawes,  1633-4.  [xxxii.  423] 

LEGTJAT,     FRANgOIS    (1638-1735X    voyager   and 

,  author:  born  at  Bresae,  Savoy:    Huguenot  refugee  in 

Holland,  1689;  founded  colony  of  French  protestante  in 

Mascarene  islands,  1691 ;  sailed  to  Mauritius  (1693X  where 

be  was  imprisoned :  transferred  to  Batavia,  1696 :  came 

to  England  on  being  released,  1698 ;  published  account 

;  of  hia  travels,  1708.  [xxxiL  424] 

LE  HART,  WALTER  (d.  1472).    [See  LYHERT.] 

LEICESTER,  EARLS  OF.    [See  BEAUMONT,  ROBERT 

I  DE,   first  EARL,  1104-1168;   BEAUMONT,   ROBERT   DK, 

second  EAKL,  d.  1190;   MONTFORT,  SIMON  OF,  second 

EARL  of   the  second    creation,  1208  ?-1265  ;    DUDLEY, 

ROBERT,  first  EARL  of  the  fourth  creation,  1532?-!  688; 

,  SIDNEY,    ROBERT,    first   EARL    of   the    fifth   creation, 

1563-1626;   SIDNEY,  ROBERT,  second  EARL,  1595-1677; 

SIDNEY,  PHILIP,  third  EARL,  1619-1698;  TOWNSHEND, 

GEORGE,  first  EARL  of  the  seventh  creation,  1765-1811.] 

LEICESTER  OF  HOLKHAM,  EARL  OF  (1752-1842X 
[See  COKE,  THOMAS  WILLIAM.] 

LEICESTER,  SIR  JOHN  FLEMING,  first  BARON  DB 
TABLEY  (1762-1827),  art  patron:  succeeded  as  sixth 
baronet,  1770;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1784: 
collected  examples  of  British  art  ;  M.P.,  Yarmouth,  Isle 
of  Wight,  1791,  Heytesbury,  1796,  Stockbridge,  1807; 
created  Baron  de  Tabley,  1826.  [xxxii.  425] 

LEICESTER,  LETTIOE,  COUNTESS  OF  (d.  1634X 
[See  DUDLEY,  LETTICE.] 

LEICESTER,  ROBERT  OF  (/.  1320),  Franciscan; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1325 ;  author  of  works  on  Hebrew  chron- 
ology, written  in  1294  and  1295.  [xxxii.  426] 

LEICESTER,  WILLIAM  DE,  or  WILLIAM  DU  MONT 
(rf.1213).  [See  WILLIAM.] 

LEICHHARDT.  FRIEDRICH  WILHELM  LUDWIG 
(1813-1848),  Australian  explorer;  born  at  Trebatecb, 
Prussia :  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Berlin ;  went  to  New 
South  Wales,  1841 ;  crossed  the  Australian  continent  from 
east  to  north,  1844-6 :  published  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion, 1847  ;  explored  Sturt's  desert  in  the  interior,  1847 ; 
started  to  cross  the  continent  from  east  to  west,  1848, 
and  was  never  again  heard  of.  [xxxii.  426] 

LEIFCHJJJ),  HENRY  STORMONTH  (1823-1884), 
sculptor:  studied  at  the  British  Museum,  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  (1848-51)  at  Rome ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  from  1846.  [xxxiL  4J7] 


LEIFCHILD 


763 


LEIGHTON 


LEIFCHILD,      JOHN      (1780-1862),      independent 
minister  ;  student  in  Hoxton  Academy,  1804-8 ;  minister 
il  chapels  between   1808  and   1K54  ;   publish^! 
religious  works.  [xxxil.  427] 

LEIGH.    [See  also  LEE,  LKGH,  and  LKT.] 

LEIGH,  ANTHONY  (rf.  1692),  comedian:  first 
••pared  on  the  stage,  1672;  played  many  original  parts 
of  importance  in  plays  by  Dryden,  Otway,  and  Mrs. 
Behn.  [xxxiL  428] 

LEIGH,  CHANDOS,  first  BARON  LEIOH  of  the  second 
creation  (1791-1850X  poet  and  author;  descendant  of  Sir 
Thomas  Leigh,  first  baron  Leigh  of  a  former  creation 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
wrote  verges  prized  by  the  scholarly  few,  and  took  interest 
in  social  and  political  questions ;  created  Baron  Leigh  of 
Stoneleigh,  1839 ;  died  at  Bonn.  [xxxii.  429] 

LEIGH,  CHARLES  (d.  1605),  merchant  and  voyager : 
made  a  voyage  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  partly  for  tixbiug 
and  trade,  and  partly  for  plundering  Spanish  ships,  1597  : 
sailed  for  Guiana  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  colony  to 
look  for  gold,  1604-5  :  died  in  Guiana.  [xxxii.  430] 

LEIGH,     CHARLES    (1662-1701?),    physician   and 
naturalist ;  great-grandson  of    William  Leigh  [q.  v.] ;  , 
educated    at   Braseuose   College,    Oxford;    B.A.,    1683;  ! 
F.R.S.,  1685  ;  M.A.  and  M.D.  Cambridge,  1689  ;  published 
an  unimportant '  Natural  History  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire, 
and  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire,'  1700.  [xxxii.  431] 

LEIGH,  EDWARD  (1602-1671),  miscellaneous  writer : 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1623:  his  writings  mostly 
compilations,  the  best-known  being  'Critics  Sacra,  or 
Philologicall  and  Theologicall  Observations  upon  all  the 
Greek  Words  of  the  New  Testament,'  1639;  M.P.,  Staf-  j 
ford,  1644-8,  when  he  was  expelled  the  house  for  voting 
that  the  king's  concessions  were  satisfactory. 

[xxxii.  432] 

LEIGH,  EGERTON  (1815-1876),  writer  on  dialect; 
educated  at  Eton ;  entered  the  army,  1833 ;  captain,  1840 ; 
edited  '  Ballads  and  Legends  of  Cheshire,'  1867 ;  M.P.  for 
Mid-Cheshire,  1873  and  1874.  His  '  Glossary  of  Words 
used  in  the  Dialect  of  Cheshire '  published,  1877. 

[xxxii.  433] 

LEIGH,  EVAN  (1811-1876),  inventor;  became  a 
manufacturer  of  machinery,  1851 ;  patented  nineteen  in- 
ventions between  1849  and  1870,  the  most  useful  for  the 
improvement  of  the  machinery  of  cotton  manufacture ; 
published  '  The  Science  of  Modern  Cotton  Spinning,'  1871.  [ 

[xxxii.  433] 

LEIGH,  SIR  FERDINAND  (1585  ?-1654),  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Man;  knighted,  1617;  deputy-governor  of 
Man,  1625  ;  fought  in  the  war  on  the  royalist  side. 

[xxxii.  434] 

LEIGH,  FRANCIS,  first  EARL  OP  CHICHESTER  (d. 
1653),  great-grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Leigh  (1504?-1571) 
[q.  v]  ;  created  baronet,  1618  ;  M.P.,  Warwick,  1625 ; 
created  Baron  Dunsmore,  1628 ;  privy  councillor,  1641 ; 
created  Earl  of  Chichester,  1644.  [xxxii.  434] 

LEIGH,  HENRY  SAMBROOKE  (1837-1883),  dra- 
matist ;  son  of  James  Mathews  Leigh  [q.  v.] ;  engaged 
early  in  literary  pursuits  ;  published  'Carols of  Cockayne,' 
1869  ;  translated  and  adapted  French  comic  operas  for 
the  English  stage,  1871.  [xxxii.  435] 

LEIGH,  JAMES  MATHEWS  (1808-1860),  painter  and  ' 
author ;  nephew  of  Charles  Mathews  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1830-49 ;  published  '  Crom- 
well,' historical  play,  1838.  [xxxii.  435] 

LEIGH,  JARED  (1724-1769),  amateur  artist ;  painted 
chiefly  sea-pieces  and  landscapes ;  exhibited  with  the  Free 
Society  of  Artists,  1761-7.  [xxxii.  435] 

LEIGH,  JOHN  (1689-1726),  dramatist  and  actor: 
played  important  parts  in  London,  1714-26  :  author  of  a 
comedy,  -  The  Pretenders,'  1720.  [xxxii.  436] 

LEIGH,  SIR  OLIPH  or  OLYFF  (1560-1612),  en- 
courager  of  maritime  enterprise;  brother  of  Charles 
Leigh  («/.  1605)  [q.  v.]  ;  keeper  of  the  great  park  at 
Eltham ;  sold  the  surrender  of  it,  1609.  [xxxiL  430] 

LEIGH,     PEROIVAL    (1813-1889),    comic    writer: 
studied  medicine  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;    I 
1834  ;  M.K.C.S.,  1835  ;  abandoned  medicine  for  literature ; 


joined  the  staff  of  •  Punch,'  1841,  to  which  he  contributed 
tUl  his  death;  satirised  prevailing  fashions  in  'Y« 
Manners  and  Customs  of  y  Bnglvsbe/  1849.  [xxxiL  416] 

LEIGH.  RICHARD  (6. 1649),  poet ;  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1669;  actorin  London  ;  attacked 
Dryden  in  pamphlets  published,  1678;  author  of  'Poem* 
upon  Several  Occasions,'  published,  167*.  [xxxiL  437] 

LEIGH,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1688),  author  of  a  metrical 
version  of  the  Psalms :  born  about  1636 ;  educated  at 
Merton  College,  Oxford ;  author  of  'Samnells  Primitie, 
or  an  Essay  towards  a  Metrical  Version  of  the  whole 
Book  of  Psalms,'  1661.  [xxxiL  437] 

LEIGH  or  LEE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1604?-1671),  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  warden  of  the  Mercers'  Company,  1544 
and  1552;  master,  1544, 1558,  and  1564;  alderman,  1582- 
1571 ;  sheriff,  1555  ;  lord  mayor  and  knighted,  1658. 

LEIGH,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  BARON  LEioifof  the  first 
creation  (d.  1671),  second  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Leigh  (1604  ?- 
1571)  [q.  v.] ;  created  baron  Leigh  of  Stoneleigh,  1643 : 
royalist.  The  barony  became  extinct,  1786. 

[xxxiL  4381 

LEIGH,  THOMAS  PEMBERTOX,  first  BARON 
KIXGSDOWX  (1793-1867).  [See  PKJIBKRTOX-LKIGH.] 

LEIGH,  VALENTINE  (ft.  1562),  miscellaneous 
writer;  published  '  Death's  Generall  Proclamation,'  1661, 
and  •  The  most  Profitable  and  Commendable  Science  of 
Lands,  Tenements,  Hereditaments,'  1662.  [xxxiL  438] 

LEIGH,  WILLIAM  (1550-1639),  divine;  educated 
at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford:  fellow,  1573;  M.A.,  1578; 
a  popular  preacher  ;  B.D.,  1586  ;  tutor  to  Prince  Henry, 
eldest  son  of  James  I ;  published  sermons  and  religious 
pieces  between  16U2  and  1613.  [xxxii.  43»] 

LEIGHTON,  ALEXANDER  (1568-1649),  physician 
and  divine :  studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  Leyden  univer- 
sities:  M.A.  St.  Andrews;  published  'Speculum  Belli 
sacri,  or  the  Looking  Glass  of  the  Holy  War,'  1624,  and 
'  An  Appeal  to  the  Parliament,  or  Sion's  Plea  against  the 
Prelacie,'  1628 ;  arrested  and  condemned  by  Star-chamber 
to  mutilation  and  life-long  imprisonment,  1630  ;  released 
by  Long  parliament,  1640;  keeper  of  Lambeth  House, 
1642.  [xxxiiL  1] 

LEIGHTON,  ALEXANDER  (1800-1874),  editor  of 
'  Tales  of  the  Borders  ' ;  edited  and  helped  to  write  '  Tales 
of  the  Borders,'  1835-40 ;  re-edited  the  complete  '  Tales  of 
the  Borders,'  1857  ;  published  '  Romance  of  the  Old  Town 
of  Edinburgh,'  1867.  [xxxiii.  2] 

LEIGHTON,  CHARLES  BLAIR  (1823-1855),  artist ; 
painted  portraits  and  figure-pieces;  occasionally  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy.  [xxxiii.  2] 

LEIGHTON,  SIR  ELISHA  (d.  1685),  courtier  :  son  of 
Alexander  Leighton  (1568-1649)  [q.  v.];  colonel  in  the 
royalist  army ;  joined  royalist  party  abroad  after 
Charles  I's  execution  ;  appointed  by  Charles  secretary 
for  English  affairs  in  Scotland,  1650;  knighted,  1669; 
F.R-S.,  1663-77 :  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  prize  office, 
1664;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1666;  secretary  to  the  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1670 ;  recorder  of  Dublin,  167*. 

[xxxiiL  J] 

LEIGHTON.  FREDERIC,  BAROX  LEIGHTON  op 
STRKTTOX  ( 1830-18% X  painter  and  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy :  educated  at  London  and  various  continental 
towns  ;  studied  art  at  Florence,  Frankfort,  at  Paris,  again 
at  Frankfort  under  Jobann  Ediiard  Steinle  (1810-86), 
and  at  Rome ;  exhibited  •  Cimabue's  "  Madonna  "  carried 
through  Streets  of  Florence '  at  Royal  Academy,  1865 : 
A.R.A.,  1866 ;  exhibited  'Venus  disrobing  for  the  Bath,' 
1866 ;  lived  in  Holland  Park  Road  from  1866  :  RJU  1869 : 
made  journey,  1873,  to  the  East,  which  resulted  in  several 
oriental  pictures  :  P.RJL,  1878-96  :  knighted,  1878 ;  painted 
two  wall-pictures  in  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  and  wall- 
decoration  on  canvas  for  Royal  Exchange  (finished,  1895) : 
raised  to  peerage  by  patent  dated  24  Jan.  1896,  the  day 
before  his  death  :  bon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  LL.D.  Cambridge 
and  Edinburgh,  1879;  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
where  an  elaborate  monument  wae  erected.  His  'Ad- 
dresses delivered  to  students  of  the  Royal  Academy ' 
appeared,  1896.  Among  his  best  work*  are  'Hercules 
wrestling  with  Death '  and '  The  Summer  Moon '  (1871-2), 
•  Athlete  straggling  with  a  Python '  (1877,  sculpture). 


LEIGHTON 


764 


LE  MARCHANT 


•The  Bath  of  Psyche '(1WO), 'Peweua  and  Andromeda' 
(1891X  'The  Garden  of  the  Hesperides'  (1892),  and 
•  Wedded '  (188S).  [Suppl.  lit.  88] 

LEIGHTON.  LICHTON,  or  LYCHTON,  HENRY 
Id  1440),  bishop  successively  of  Moray  and  Aberdeen  ; 
bishop  of  Moray,  1415,  of  Aberdeen,  1423  ;  built  a  great 
cart  of  Aberdeen  Cathedral ;  employed  on  diplomatic 

[xxxiii.  3] 


LZIGHTON,   HENRY    (<f.    1669),    French  scholar; 
educated  in  France:   obtained  Oxford  M.A.  by  fraud, 


1*43:   taught  French    at  Oxford:    published  'Lingtue 
Gallic*?  addiacenda?  ReguUe,'  1659. 


[xxxiiL  4] 


LEIGHTON.  ROBERT  (1611-1684),  archbishop  of 
Glasgow  ;  son  of  Alexander  Leighton  (1568-1649)  [q.  v.]  ; 
student  at  Edinbnrgh  University,  1627;  M.A.,  1631; 
traTdled  on  the  continent  ;  licensed  priest,  1641  ;  a  famous 
preacher;  principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  1653,  and 
professor  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh  ;  bishop  of  Dunblane, 
1M1  :  archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1669-74  ;  his  sermons  pub- 
lished, 1692-1708.  [xxxiii.  4] 

LEIGHTON,  ROBERT  (1822-1869),  Scottish  poet; 
entered  the  office  of  his  brother,  a  shipowner,  1837  ;  went 
round  the  world  as  a  supercargo,  1842-3  ;  managed  the 
business  of  a  firm  of  seed-  merchants,  1854-67;  published 
poems  in  1856,  1861,  1866  ;  other  poems  by  him,  some  in 
the  vernacular,  posthumously  published.  [xxxiii.  7] 

LEIGHTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (/.  1603-1614),  poet  and 
composer  ;  published  a  poem  in  praise  of  James  I, 
1603  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  published  the  '  Teares  or  Lamen- 
tations of  a  sorrowful  Soule,'  1613,  and  '  Musicall  Ayres,' 
1614.  [xxxiii.  7] 

LEIGHTON,  WILLIAM  (1841-1869),  Scottish  poet, 
nephew  of  Robert  Leighton  (1822-1869)  [q.  v.]  ;  employed 
in  a  Brazilian  business  house,  1864-9.  'Poems  by  the 
kite  William  Leighton  '  appeared,  1870  ;  and  other  volumes 
in  1872  and  1875.  [xxxiii.  8] 

LEIGHTON,  WILLIAM  ALLPORT  (1805-1889), 
botanist;  educated  at  St.  John's  College.  Cambridge; 
B.A.,  1833  ;  published  '  Flora  of  Shropshire,'  1841,  and 
other  works,  including  '  Lichen  Flora  of  Great  Britain,' 
1871.  [xxxiii.  8] 

LEINSTER,  DUKES  OF.  [See  SCHOMBKRG,  MEIN- 
HARD,  flrxt  DUKK  of  the  first  creation,  1641-1719  ;  FITZ- 
GERALD, JAMES,  first  DUKK  of  the  second  creation,  1722- 
177*.] 

LEIN8TEE,   EARL  OP    (1584  ?-1659).    [See   OHOL- 

MONDELET,  ROBERT.] 

LEINTWARDEN  or  LEYNTWARDYN,  THOMAS 
(d.  1421  X  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London  ; 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  D.D.  Oxford  ;  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's 
1401;  provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1417-21;  wrote 
commentary  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles.  [xxxiii.  9] 

LEITCH,  WILLIAM  LEIGHTON  (1804-1883),  water- 
colour  painter;  scene-painter  at  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Glasgow,  1824,  and  lateral  the  Queen's  Theatre,  London  ;  a 
successful  teacher  of  drawing  and  water-colours  ;  draw- 
ing-master to  Queen  Victoria  and  the  royal  family  for 
twenty-two  years  ;  member  of  the  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water-colours,  1862  ;  the  last  of  the  great  English 
teachers  of  landscape-painting.  [xxxiii.  9] 

LETTH,  ALEXANDER  (1758-1838).  [See  HAY, 
AUUCAXDKR  LKITH.] 


rfn1;  !ll5AMEL(1r7?,3-1816>'  "eutenant-general  ; 
??  ^L*.  Ab«rdeen  and  Li»e:  served  in  Toulon  opera- 
±^»MML^ODe^1794:  Sadler-general,  1804;  pre- 
SS£iV^rl2t%i<?  ^rUt^  1809  :  wlth  Pe°to<»ular  army, 
2  :  K.B  1813  :  heutenant-general,  1813  ;  command^ 
tf  forces  in  Ue*t  Indies  and  governor  of  the  Leeward 
islands,  1814  ;  Q.C.B.,  1816  ;  died  at  Barbados. 


LDTH,  THEODORE  FORBES  ni*\>j. 
l?1^BdinbarKb  University;  M.D.  1768; 
;  LAC.P.,  1788.  [xxxiii.  11] 


HENRY  <1787-HK8X  engraver;  brother 
mi*  reux  tq.  v.];  apprenticed  to  James  Basire 
\2Si  }  Cq<  V-1  :  en*raved  tor  fashionable  annuals. 

•      '  [xxxiii.  12] 


LE  KEUX,  JOHN  (1783-1846),  engraver  ;  apprenticed 
to  James  Basire  (1730-1802)  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  plates  for 
tbe  architectural  publications  of  John  Britton  [q.  v.], 
Augustus  Welby  Northmore  Pugin  [q.  v.],  John  Preston 
Neale  [q.  v.],  and  similar  works.  [xxxiiL  11] 

LE  KEUX,  JOHN  HENRY  (1812-1896),  architec- 
tural engraver  and  draughtsman  ;  son  of  John  Le  Keux 
[q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1853-65 ;  engraved 
plates  for  Raskin's  'Modern  Painters'  and  'Stones  of 
Venice.'  [Suppl.  iii.  91] 

LEKPEEVICK,   ROBERT   (ft.    1661-1588),  Scottish 
j  printer ;  principal  printer  for  the  reform  party  in  Scot- 
land ;  king's  printer,  1568-88 ;  imprisoned  for  printing  a 
I  pamphlet  which  reflected  on  the  Regent  Morton,  1574. 

[xxxiii.  12] 

LELAND  or  LEYLOND,  JOHN,  the  elder  (d.  1428), 
grammarian ;  taught  as  a  grammarian  at  Oxford ;  wrote 
grammatical  works  in  Latin.  [xxxiii.  13] 

LELAND  or  LEYLAND,  JOHN  (1506  ?-1552),  tbe 
earliest  of  modern  English  antiquaries  ;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1522  ;  studied  at  Paris  ;  took  holy  orders ;  library- 
keeper  to  Henry  VIII  before  1530  ;  king's  antiquary,  1533  ; 
made  an  antiquarian  tour  through  England,  1534-43 ; 
intended  his  researches  to  be  the  basis  of  a  great  work 
on  the  '  History  and  Antiquities  of  this  Nation ' ;  in  '  A 
New  Year's  Gift,'  1545,  described  to  the  king  the  manner 
and  aims  of  his  researches ;  became  insane,  1550.  '  Leland's 
Itinerary '  was  first  published  at  Oxford  in  nine  volumes, 
1710,  and  his  '  Collectanea '  in  six,  1715.  [xxxiii.  13] 

LELAND,    JOHN   (1691-1766),  divine;    a    noncon- 
formist   minister ;    D.D.  Aberdeen,  1739  ;    attacked  the 
deists  in  '  A  View  of  the  principal  Deistical  Writers  that 
have  appeared  in  England  during  the  last  and  present 
I  Century,'  1754-6,  and  other  works.  [xxxiii.  17] 

LELAND,  THOMAS  (1722-1785),  historian;  entered 
I  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1737 ;  B.A.,  1741 ;  fellow,  1746 ; 
|  published  Latin  translation  of  the  Philippics  of  Demo- 
sthenes, 1754,  and  English  translation,  1754-61 ;  published 
i  the  '  History  of  Philip,  King  of  Macedon,'  1758  ;  presented 
the  Irish  manuscript  chronicle,  '  Annals  of  Loch  Ce,'  to 
Trinity    College    Library,    1766 ;    vicar    of    St.  Anne's, 
Dublin,  1773 ;  D.D. ;  published  '  History  of  Ireland  from 
the  Invasion  of  Henry  II,  with  a  preliminary  Discourse  on 
the  ancient  State  of  that  Kingdom,'  1773.     [xxxiii.  18] 

LELY,  SIR  PETER  (1618-1680),  portrait-painter; 
born  at  Soest  by  Amersfoort,  near  Utrecht;  studied  at 
Haarlem  ;  came  to  England,  1641 ;  introduced  to  Charles  I, 
1647  ;  painted  Charles  I's  portrait  during  his  captivity 
at  Hampton  Court ;  painted  Cromwell  and  enjoyed  con- 
siderable private  practice  under  him ;  in  high  favour  with 
Charles  II ;  painted  portraits  of  the  beauties  of  Charles  IPs 
court,  and  of  the  admirals  and  commanders  in  the  naval 
victory  at  Solebay,  1665  ;  knighted,  1679.  [xxxiii.  19] 

LEMAN,  SIR  JOHN  (1544-1632),  lord  mayor  of 
London;  alderman,  1605;  sheriff,  1606;  lord  mayor, 
1616-17,  and  knighted,  1617.  [xxxiii.  21] 

LEMAN,  THOMAS  (1751-1826),  antiquary ;  educated 
at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1774:  fellow  of 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1778;  Dixie  (bye)  fellow 
of  Emmanuel  College,  1783 ;  chancellor  of  Oloyne,  1796- 
1802 ;  visited  every  Roman  and  British  road  and  station 
in  Great  Britain,  and  communicated  his  observations  to 
county  historians ;  F.S.A.,  1788.  [xxxiii.  22] 

LE  MARCHANT,  SIR  DENIS,  first  baronet  (1796- 
1874),  politician;  son  of  John  Gaspard  le  Marchant 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1823;  clerk  of  the 
crown  in  chancery,  1834 ;  edited  a  highly  successful 
pamphlet, '  The  Reform  Ministry  and  the  Reform  Parlia- 
ment,' 1834 ;  secretary  to  the  board  of  trade,  1836-41 ; 
created  baronet,  1841 ;  liberal  M.P.,  Worcester,  1846-7 ; 
under-secretary  for  the  home  department,  1847  ;  secretary 
of  the  board  of  trade,  1848 ;  chief  clerk  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  1860-71 ;  edited  Walpole's  •  Memoirs  of  the 
reign  of  George  III,'  1846.  [xxxiii.  22] 

LE  MARCHANT,  JOHN  GASPARD  (1766-1812), 
major-general ;  ensign,  1781 ;  intimate  with  George  III ; 
in  Flemish  campaigns,  1793-4;  major,  1795  :  devised  a 
system  of  cavalry  sword-exercise,  and  suggested  pattern 
for  improved  sword  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1797 ;  projected 


LE  MARCHANT 


765 


LENNARD 


schools  of  instruction  for  officers,  which  were  the  begin- 
nings of  Sandhurst ;  lieutenant-governor  of  the  echonK 
1801-10 ;  major-general  in  the  Peninsula,  1810-12 ;  mor- 
tally wounded  at  Salamanca,  1812 ;  wrote  on  military 
subjects.  [xxxiii.  23] 

LE  MARCHANT,  SIR  JOHN  QASPARD  (1803- 
1874),  lieutenant-general,  colonial  administrator ;  son  of 
John  Gaspard  le  Marchant  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1820 : 
major  in  the  new  98th  foot,  1832 ;  served  at  the  Oapc, 
1832:  as  brigadier-Kem-rul  in  the  Carlist  wur,  1835-7; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Newfoundland,  1847-52,  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1852-7 ;  governor  of  Malta,  1859-64  ;  G.O.M.G., 
1860  ;  couimuiider-iii-chlef  at  Madras,  1865-8 ;  K.O.B., 
1865.  [xxxiii.  25] 

LEMEN8,  BALTHAZAR  VAN  (1637-1704).  [See 
VAN  LEMKNS.] 

LE  MESURIER,  HAVILLAND  (1758-1806),  com- 
missary-general ;  son  of  John  Le  Mesurier  [q.  v.] ;  « ad- 
jutant commissary-general  of  stores,  supplies,  and  storage ' 
to  the  forces  on  the  continent,  1793 ;  with  the  army 
during  winter  retreat  through  Holland,  1794-6;  serval 
later  in  Egypt,  Malta,  Naples,  and  elsewhere :  published 
pamphlets  on  commissariat  matters.  [xxxiii.  25] 

LE  MESURIER,  HAVILLAND  (1783-1813),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  son  of  Havilland  Le  Mesurier  (1768- 
1806)  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Westminster ;  ensign,  1801 ; 
served  under  Sir  John  Moore  in  Sweden  and  at  Corufta ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1811 ;  commandant-of  Almeida, 
1811;  shot  ni  the  battle  of  the  Pyrenees;  translated 
French  military  works.  [xxxiii.  26] 

LE  MESURIER,  JOHN  (1781-1843),  major-general, 
last  hereditary  governor  of  Alderney :  nephew  of  Havil- 
land Le  Mesurier  (1783-1813)  [q.v.]  ;  ensign,  1794;  served 
in  Ireland,  1798  ;  at  the  occupation  of  Messina,  1799-18001; 
in  Egypt,  1801 ;  govenior  of  Alderuey,  1803-24. 

[xxxiii.  27] 

LE  MESURIER,  PAUL  (1755-1805),  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  brother  of  Havilland  Le  Mesurier  (1768-1806) 
[q.  v.]  ;  as  a  proprietor  of  the  East  India  Company 
opposed  Fox's  India  bill,  1783 ;  M.P.,  Southwark,  1783 ; 
sheriff,  1787;  colonel  of  the  honourable  artillery  com- 
pany, 1794 ;  lord  mayor,  1794.  [xxxiii.  26] 

LE  MOINE,  ABRAHAM  (rf.  1757),  theological  con- 
troversialist ;  probably  son  of  a  Huguenot  refugee ;  chap- 
lain to  the  French  hospital  in  London,  1723-49,  the 
Duke  of  Portland,  1729  ;  chief  work,  a  '  Treatise  on 
Miracles '  (reply  to  Thomas  Ohubb  [q.  v.]),  1747  ;  also  pub- 
lished French  translations  of  theological  works. 

[xxxiii.  27] 

LEMOINE,  HENRY  (1756-1812),  author  and  book- 
seller ;  son  of  a  French  protestant  refugee  ;  purchased  a 
bookstall  in  the  Little  Minories,  1777  ;  contributed  to  the 
magazines ;  published  miscellaneous  works ;  started  and 
edited  various  periodicals :  published  anonymous  books 
and  pamphlets ;  contributed  to  the  '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine' ;  described  as  one  of  the  best  judges  of  old  books  in 
England,  and  an  authority  on  foreign  and  Jewish  litera- 
ture, [xxxiii.  27] 

LEMON,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1726-1797),  master 
of  Norwich  school;  BJL  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1747  ;  took  holy  orders  and  held  several  livings  ;  master 
of  Norwich  free  grammar  school,  1769-78  ;  published  edu- 
cational works,  1774-92.  [xxxiiL  29] 

LEMON,  MARK  (1809-1870),  editor  of  'Punch'; 
began  his  career  as  a  playwright,  1835  ;  published  farces, 
melodramas,  and  operas  ;  contributed  to  '  Household 
Words,'  the  '  Illustrated  London  News '  and  other 
periodicals,  and  edited  the '  Family  Herald '  and  '  Once  a 
Week  '  ;  best  known  as  one  of  the  founders  and  the  first 
editor  of  •  Punch '  (first  number  published  17  July  1841) ; 
edited  '  Punch,'  1841-70  ;  began  writing  novels  late  in 
life  with  indifferent  success;  known  among  bis  friends 
as  •  Uncle  Mark.'  [xxxiii.  30] 

LEMON,  ROBERT  (1779-1835),  archivist  ;  educated 
at  Norwich  Grammar  school  ;  under  his  uncle,  George 
William  Lemon  [q.  v.],  helped  to  compile  appendix  to  the 
•  Report  on  Internal  Defence,'  1798  ;  deputy-keeper  of 
the  state  paper  office,  1818 ;  F.S.A.,  1824.  [xxxiii.  31] 

LEMON,  ROBERT  (1800-1867),  archivist  ;  son  of 
Robert  Lemon  (1779-1835)  [q.  v.] ;  employed  under  his 


father  in  the  state  paper  office  :  interpreted  a  certain 
cypher  found  in  some  state  papers  ;  FAA.,  1836,  re- 
arranging Mx-ii-ty  V  library,  1848.  [xxxiii.  32] 

LEMPRIERE,  JOHN  (1765?  -  18S4),  classical 
scholar  ;  educated  at  Winchester  College  and  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1792  ;  master  of  grammar  school 
at  Bolton,  Lancashire,  1791 ;  of  grammar  school  at 
Abiugdon,  1792-1808  (or  1809)  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1801 ;  master 
of  Exeter  free  grammar  school,  1809-c.  1823  ;  chief  works, 

A  Classical  Dictionary '  (1788)  and  a  *  Universal  Bio- 
graphy ...  of  Eminent  Persons  in  all  Age*  and  Countries  ' 

1808  and  1812).  [xxxiii.  88] 

LEMPRIERE,  MICHAEL  (Jl.  1640-1660),  seigneur 
of  Maufant,  and  one  of  the  leader*  of  the  parliamentary 
party  in  Jersey ;  as  a  jurat  of  the  royal  court  actively 
>ppoeed  the  bailiff  of  the  island,  Sir  Philip  de  Carteret 
;q.  v.] ;  succeeded  De  Carteret  as  bailiff,  1643 ;  royal 
warrant  issued  for  his  arrest,  1643  ;  in  exile,  1643-51 ;  on 
return  of  parliamentary  party  to  power  resumed  hi« 
office  of  bailiff,  1651 ;  removed  from  the  bench  of  jurats, 
but  allowed  to  retain  his  estates,  1660  ;  highly  esteemed 
by  Cromwell.  [xxxiiL  33] 

LEMPRIERE,  WILLIAM  (,i.  1834),  traveller  and 
medical  writer  ;  entered  the  army  medical  service ;  went 
to  Morocco  to  attend  the  emperor's  son,  1789,  and  also 
attended  the  ladies  of  the  harem  :  published  account  of 
bis  travels,  1791  ;  army  surgeon  in  Jamaica,  1794-9; 
published  medical  pamphlets.  [xxxiii.  34] 

LEMPUT,  REMIGIUS  VAN  (1609  7-1676).  [See  VAN 
LEEMPDT.] 

LKNDY,  AUGUSTE  FREDERICK  (1826  -  1889), 
military  tutor  and  author  ;  set  up  a  private  military 
college  at  Sunbury-on-Thames,  c.  1854;  held  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army,  1869-79  ;  published  works  on  military 
subjects.  [xxxiii.  34] 

LE  NEVE,  JOHN  (1679-1741),  antiquary  ;  of  Eton 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  his  greatest  work,  *  Fasti 
Kcclesise  Anglicanse,  or  an  Essay  towards  a  regular 
Succession  of  all  the  principal  Dignitaries,'  &c.,  published, 
1716  ;  took  holy  orders  ;  imprisoned  for  insolvency,  1722. 

[xxxiii.  35] 

LE  NEVE,  PETER  (1661-1729),  Norfolk  antiquary  ; 
entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  1673  ;  president 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  1687- 1724  ;  F.R.S.;  Rouge  Croix 
pursuivant,  1689-90 ;  Richmond  herald  and  Norroy  king- 
at-arms,  1704  ;  collected  much  material,  but  printed 
nothing ;  many  of  his  manuscripts  preserved  in  Bodleian, 
British  Museum,  Heralds'  College,  and  elsewhere.  His 
copious  notes  form  the  backbone  of  the  history  of  Nor- 
folk, begun  by  Blomefield  and  completed  by  Parkin. 

[xxxiii.  36] 

LE  NEVE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1600  7-1661),  herald  and 
genealogist ;  Mowbray  herald  extraordinary,  1622  ;  York 
herald  and  Norroy  king,  1633  ;  knighted,  1634 ;  Clarenceux, 
1636  ;  sent  by  Charles  I  with  proclamation  to  parliamen- 
tarians before  battle  of  EdgehilL,  1642 ;  became  insane, 
1668.  [xxxiii.  38] 

LENEY,  WILLIAM  S.  (fl.  1790-1810),  engraver  ; 
articled  to  Peltro  William  Tomkins  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  five 
plates  for  Boydell's  edition  of  Shakespeare  ;  emigrated  to 
America,  1806  ;  engraved  portraits  of  American  cele- 
brities. [xxxiiL  38] 

LENG,  JOHN  (1665-1727),  bishop  of  Norwich  ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Catharine  HalL 
Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1688  ;  M.A.,  1690 :  a  distinguished 
Latin  scholar  :  D.D.,  1716  ;  Boyle  lecturer,  1717-18 :  chap- 
lain in  ordinary  to  George  I  :  bishop  of  Norwich,  1723-7  : 
published  sermons,  his  Boyle  lectures,  and  translations 
from  the  classics.  [xxxiiL  38] 

LENIHAN,  MAURICE  (1811-1895),  historian  of 
Limerick  ;  educated  at  Carlow  College ;  engaged  in 
journalism  ;  editor  of  '  Limerick  Reporter,'  1841-3,  and 
of  '  Tipperary  Vindicator,'  a  paper  started  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  repeal  movement  at  Nenagh,  1848  ;  incor- 
porated •  Limerick  Reporter  '  with  '  Tipperary  Vindica- 
tor.' 1849,  and  conducted  it  on  moderate  nationalist  lines  ; 
published  •  Limerick,  its  History  and  Antiquities,'  1866. 

[Suppl.  iii.  91] 

LENNARD.  FRANCIS,  fourteenth  BARON  DACRB 
(1619-1662),  succeeded  to  barony,  1630;  sided  with 
the  parliament  against  Charles  I  :  lord-lieutenant  of 


LENNARD 


766 


LENS 


,     2  ;  retired  from  active  support  of  par- 
when  the  supremacy  of  the  army  became  ••vi.l.-nt  : 
one  of   the   twelve    peers    who    rejected    the    bill    for 
Ohartos  I's  trial,  1648-9  ;  went  abroad,  1655. 

[xxxiii.  39] 

LENNABD,  SAMSON  (rf.  1633),  genealogist  and 
translator:  accompanied  Sidney  to  the  Netherlands, 
1686 ;  entered  the  College  of  Arms  :  Rouge-rose  pursuivant 
extraordinary,  1616 :  Bluemantle  pursuivant,  1616  : 
author  of  translations  and  a  devotional  work ;  some  of 
hi*  heraldic  visitations  printed  between  1619  and  1623. 

[xxxiii.  40] 

LENNIE,  WILLIAM  (1779-1852),  grammarian: 
founded  bursaries  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  published 
•  Principles  of  English  Grammar,'  1816.  [xxxiti.  40] 

LENNON.  JOHN  (1768-1842?),  master-mariner: 
nerved  in  the  navy  during  the  American  war  ;  traded 
from  St.  Thomas  :  brought  his  vessel  safely  without  con- 
voy into  the  English  Channel,  1812.  [xxxiii.  40] 

LENNOX,  DUKES  OP.  [See  STUART,  ESMK,  first 
DCKK,  1642  7-1583 ;  STUART,  LUDOVICK,  second  DUKK, 
1574-1624:  STUART,  JAMKB,  fourth  DUKK,  1612-1665; 
STUART,  CHARLES,  sixth  DUKK,  1640-1672.] 

LENNOX,  DUCHEHS  OF  (1648-1702).  [See  STUART, 
FRANCES  TKRESA.] 

LENNOX,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LENNOX,  MALCOLM,  fifth 
EARL,  1255  ?-1333;  STEWART,  SIR  JOHN,  first  or  ninth 
EARL,  d.  1496:  STEWART,  MATTHEW,  pecond  or  tenth 
EARL,  d.  1513 :  STEWART,  JOHN,  third  or  eleventh  EARL, 
d.  1526:  STEWART,  MATTHEW,  fourth  or  twelfth  EARL, 
1516-1671.] 

LENNOX.  OOUXTEBS  OF  ( 1515-1578).  [See  DOUGLAS, 
LADY  MARGARET.] 

LENNOX,  CHARLES,  first  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND 
(1672-1723),  natural  sou  of  Charles  II  by  Louise  de 
Keroualle,  duchess  of  Portsmouth  [q.  v.]  :  created  Baron 
of  Settrington,  Yorkshire,  Earl  of  March,  and  Duke  of 
Richmond,  Yorkshire,  in  the  peerage  of  England,  and 
Baron  Methnen  of  Tarbolton,  Earl  of  Darnley,  and  Duke 
of  Lennox  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  1675  :  K.G.,  1681, 
and  governor  of  Dumbarton  Castle,  1681  ;  master  of  the 
hone,  1682-6  :  aide-de-camp  in  Flanders,  1693-1702 ;  lord 
of  the  bedchamber  to  George  I,  1714  ;  Irish  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1715.  [xxxiii.  41] 

LENNOX,  CHARLES,  second  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND, 
,  and  AUBIGNY  (1701-1750),  only  son  of  Charles 
Lennox,  first  duke  [q.  v.];  grandson  of  Charles  II; 
captain  in  royal  regiment  of  horse-guards,  1722 :  M.P., 
Chicheeter,  1722-3 :  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  1723 ;  F.R.S., 
1724  :  K.B.,  1725  ;  K.G.,  1726  ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber, 
1727  :  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1728  ;  succeeded  to  dukedom  of 
Aubigny  in  France  on  the  death 'of  his  grandmother, 
the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  [see  KEROUALLE,  LOUISE  DE]  ; 
master  of  the  horae,  1735 ;  privy  councillor,  1736  ;  present 
at  Dettingen,  1743  ;  lieutenant-general,  1745  :  M.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1749  ;  P.S.A.,  1750.  [xxxiii.  42] 

LENNOX.  CHARLES,  third  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND  and 
LENNOX  ( 1735-1806),  third  son  of  Charles  Lennox,  second 
duke  of  Richmond,  Lennox,  and  Aubigny  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Leyden  University ;  graduated 
at  Leyden,  1753  ;  entered  the  army  ;  F.R.8.,  1755  :  colonel, 
1758 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Miuden,  1759 ;  succeeded 
to  the  title,  1760  :  lord-lieutenant  of  Sussex,  1763  ;  am- 
bassador extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  at 
Paris,  1765 :  secretary  of  state  for  the  southern  depart- 
ment, 1766-7  :  denounced  ministerial  policy  with  reference 
to  the  American  colonies  ;  K.G.,  1782  ;  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  1782-95: 
rtrongly  urged  appointment  of  committee  (never  formed) 
upon  parliamentary  reform,  1782;  member  of  Pitt's 
cabinet,  17K3  ;  became,  in  spite  of  former  declarations, 
otrongly  opposed  to  all  reform,  and  consequently  ex- 
tremely unpopular:  F.S.A..  1793.  His  letter  'On  the 
Subject  of  a  Parliamentary  Reform,'  demanding  universal 
suffrage,  together  with  annual  elections,  was  published, 
1788,  and  paned  through  a  number  of  editions. 

[xxxiii.  44] 

LENNOX,  CHARLES,  fourth  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND 
and  LBNXOX  (1764-1819),  eldest  son  of  George  Henry 
Lennox  [q.  v.] ;  fought  a  duel  with  the  Duke  of  York 
t«ee  FREDERICK  ArocHTt's,  DUKE  OF  YORK  AND 
AUUST],  178»;  served  in  the  Leeward  islands;  M.P., 
1790;  colonel,  1795:  lieutenant-general,  1805; 


succeeded  to  the  title,  IROfi  :  privy  .-..uncillor,  1807; 
lord-lieutenaut  of  Ireland,  1807-13  :  general,  1814  ;  gave  a 
ball  at  Brussels,  where  he  was  residing,  on  the  eve  of 
Quatre  Bras,  1816 ;  present  at  Waterloo ;  governor-general 
of  British  North  America,  1818;  died  near  Richmond, 
Canada.  [xxxiii.  48] 

LENNOX,  CHARLES  GORDON-,  fifth  DUKE  OF  RICH- 
MOND (1791-1860),  eldest  sou  of  Charles  Lennox,  fourth 
duke  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ;  lieutenant, 
1810 ;  assistant  military  secretary  to  Wellington  in 
Portugal,  1810-14:  lieutenant-colonel,  1816;  M.P., 
Winchester,  1812-19;  succeeded  his  father,  1819;  K.G., 
1828 :  postmaster-general,  1830-4 ;  president.  Royal 
Agricultural  Society,  1845-60.  [xxxiii.  48] 

LENNOX,  CHARLOTTE  (1720-1804),  miscellaneous 
writer;  daughter  of  Colonel  James  Ramsay,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  York,  where  she  was  boru  :  sent  to 
England.  1735  :  married  one  Lennox,  c.  1748  ;  befriended 
and  flattered  by  Dr.  Johnson:  author  of  'The  Female 
Quixote '  (novel),  1762;  conducted  '  The  Ladies'  Museum 
Magazine,'  1760-1 ;  her  comedy, '  The  Sister,'  acted  once, 
1769  ;  published  novels,  poems,  and  translations  from  the 
French.  [xxxiii.  50] 

LENNOX,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1737-1805),  general; 
son  of  Charles  Lennox,  second  duke  of  Richmond  [q.  v.]  ; 
ensign,  1754 ;  saw  service  abroad,  1757-63 :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1758  ;  colonel,  1762  ;  brigadier,  1763  ;  secretary  of 
legation  to  the  court  of  France,  1765  ;  major-general, 
1772;  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1783;  privy 
councillor,  1784 ;  general,  1793.  [xxxiii.  51] 

LENNOX,  LORD  HENRY  CHARLES  GEORGE 
GORDON-  (1821-1886),  son  of  Charles  Gordon-Lennox, 
fifth  duke  of  Richmond  [q  v.] :  M.P.,  Chichester,  1846- 
1885 :  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1852  and  1858-9  ;  secretary  to 
the  admiralty,  1866-8  ;  first  commissioner  of  public  works, 
1874-6.  [xxxiii.  50] 

LENNOX,  MALCOLM,  fifth  EARL  OF  LENNOX  (1255?- 
1333),  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1292;  a  supporter  of 
Bruce  ;  killed  at  battle  of  Halidou  Hill.  [xxxiii.  51] 

LENNOX,  SIR  WILBRAHAM  GATES  (1830-1897), 
general,  royal  engineers ;  studied  at  Woolwich  ;  lieutenant, 
royal  engineers,  1854 ;  brevet  major,  1858  ;  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1859 ;  first  captain,  1863 ;  major,  1872  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1873 ;  major-general,  1881 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1888  ;  general,  1893 ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854-6 ; 
V.O.  (Inkermann),  1854 ;  took  conspicuous  part  in  second 
relief,  1857,  and  final  siege  of  Lucknow,  1858;  and  in 
subsequent  campaigns ;  C.B.  (military),  1867  ;  instructor 
in  field  fortification  at  Chatham,  1866-71  ;  attached 
officially  to  German  armies  in  France  during  Franco- 
German  war,  1870-1 ;  second  in  command  of  royal  en- 
gineers at  Portsmouth,  1873-6 ;  military  attache  at  Con- 
stantinople, 1876-8  ;  commanded  garrison  of  Alexandria, 
1884-7;  commanded  troops  in  Ceylon,  1887-8;  K.C.B., 
1891 :  director-general  of  military  education  at  war 
ofllce,  1893-5  ;  published  writings  on  military  subjects. 

[Suppl.  iii.  92] 

LENNOX,  LORD  WILLIAM  PITT  (1799-1881),  mis- 
cellaneous writer  ;  sou  of  Charles  Lennox,  fourth  duke  of 
Richmond  [q.  v.] ;  at  Westminster  School,  1808-14  ;  comet, 
1813;  present  as  spectator  at  Waterloo,  1815;   captain, 
j  1822;   M.P.,  King's  Lynn,  1832-4;    published  novels  of 
little  merit ;  contributed  to  the  annuals, '  Once  a  Week,' 
I  aud  the  '  Court  Journal ' ;  edited  the  '  Review,'  newspaper, 
I  1858.  Fxxxiii.  52] 

LE  NOIR,  ELIZABETH  ANNE  (1755  9-1841),  poet  and 
novelist ;  daughter  of  Christopher  Smart  [q.  v.],  the  poet : 
married  Jean  Baptiste  le  Noir  de  la  Brosse,  1795  ;  author 
of  novels  praised  by  Dr.  Burney  and  Miss  Mitford,  and 
books  of  poems.  [xxxiii.  52] 

LENS,  ANDREW  BENJAMIN  ( fl.  1765-1770),  minia- 
ture-painter;  son  of  Bernard  Lens  (1682-1740)  [q.  v.]; 
re-engraved  and  published  his  father's  'Granadier's 
Exercise,'  1744 ;  exhibited  miniatures  with  the  Incor- 
porated Society  of  Artists,  1765-70.  [xxxiii.  54] 

LENS,  BERNARD  (1631-1708),  enamel-painter;  of, 
Netherlandish  origin ;  practised  in  London. 

[xxxiii.  53] 

LENS,  BERNARD  (1659-1725),  mezzotint-engraver 
and  drawing-master ;  son  of  Bernard  Lens  (1631-1708) 
[q.  v.] ;  kept  a  drawing-school  with  John  Sturt  [q.  v.] 

[xxxiii.  53] 


LENS 


767 


LESLIE 


LENS,  BERNARD  (1682-1740),  miniature-painter  and 
drawing-master  ;  son  of  Bernard  Lens(1659-1725)[q.  v.]: 
esteemed  the  beat  miniature-painter  iu  water-colours  of 
his  time ;  limner  to  George  I  and  George  II ;  taught  draw- 
ing at  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and  drew  and  engraved 
plates  illustrating  '  A  New  and  Gompleat  Drawing-Book,' 
published  posthumously;  published  etchings  illustrating 
1  The  Grauadier's  Exercise,'  1735.  [xxxiii.  53] 

LENS,  JOHN  (1756-1825),  serjeant-at-law  ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1784  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1782:  serjeant-at-law,  1799;  king's  Serjeant,  1806  ;  counsel 
to  the  university  of  Cambridge,  1807.  [xxxiii.  54] 

LENTHALL,  StR  JOHN  (1625-1681),  sou  of  William 
Lenthall  [q.  v.],  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  ;  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Cbristi  College,  Oxford ;  M.P.  for  Glou- 
cester, 1645 ;  knighted  by  Cromwell,  1658 ;  governor  of 
Windsor,  1660  ;  high  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire,  1672  :  knighted 
by  Charles  II,  1677.  [xxxiii.  59] 

LENTHALL,  WILLIAM  (1591-1662),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons;  entered  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford, 
1607;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1616;  bencher,  1633; 
reader,  1638 ;  speaker  of  the  Long  parliament,  1640 ;  be- 
haved with  discretion  and  dignity  on  the  occasion  of  the 
king's  attempt  to  arrest  the  five  members,  1642  ;  matter 
of  the  rolls,  1 643 :  one  of  the  two  commissioners  of  the  great 
seal,  1646-8 ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1647  ; 
abandoned  his  post  of  speaker,  and  left  London,  fearing 
mob  violence,  1647 ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  and  speaker,  1653  ; 
speaker  in  the  restored  Long  parliament,  1659  ;  supported 
Monck  and  the  Restoration.  [xxxiii.  55] 

LENTON,  FRANCIS  (.ft.  1630-1640),  court  poet  and 
anagrammatist ;  said  to  have  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ; 
styled  himself  'Queen's  poet';  author  of  'The  Young 
Gallants  Whirligigg,  or  Youth's  Reakes,'  1629  ;  '  Charac- 
terismi,  or  Lenton's  Leasures,'  1631 ;  'The  Innes  of  Court 
Anagrammatist,  or  the  Masquers  masqued  in  Epigrammes,' 
1666,  and  other  works.  [xxxiii.  60] 

LENTON,  JOHN  (/.  1682-1718),  musician ;  gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal  extraordinary,  1685 ;  member  of 
the  royal  band,  1692-1718  ;  composed  music  for  '  Venice 
Preserved,'  1682,  songs,  catches,  airs,  and  'The  Useful 
Instructor  for  the  Violin '  (1694, 1702).  [xxxiii.  61] 

LEOFKIG  (Lat.  LEURICUS),  EARL  OF  MKRCIA  (d. 
1057),  witnessed  charters  as  '  minister '  or  thegn,  1005- 
1026 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  the  earldom  between  1024 
and  1032  ;  ranked  with  Godwine  and  Si  ward  as  one  of  the 
three  great  earls  among  whom  the  government  of  the 
kingdom  was  divided  ;  his  wife  Godgifu  the  Godiva  [q.  v.] 
of  legend.  [xxxiii.  61] 

LEOFKIG  (Lat.  LEFRICUS)  (d.  1072),  first  bishop  of 
Exeter ;  educated  in  Lothariugia  ;  chancellor  to  Edward 
the  Confessor  [q.  v.],  being  the  first  to  be  so  designated ; 
bishop  of  the  united  dioceses  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall, 
1046 ;  had  seat  of  bishopric  removed  from  Crediton  to 
Exeter,  1050 ;  bestowed  lands,  money,  and  books,  including 
the  collection  of  poetry  known  as  the  '  Liber  Exoniensis,' 
on  the  church.  [xxxiii.  63] 

LEOFEIC  OP  BOURNE  (fl.  1100),  monk  ;  said  to  have 
written  a  life  of  Hereward  [q.  v.]  [xxxiii.  64] 

LEOFWINE  (d.  1066),  son  of  Earl  Godwine  [q.  v.] ; 
acted  as  governor  of  Kent,  1049 ;  outlawed  ;  fled  to  Ire- 
land, 1051 ;  earl  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Essex,  Middlesex  (except 
London),  Hertfordshire,  and  probably  Buckinghamshire, 
1057-66 ;  killed  at  Hastings.  [xxxiii.  64] 

LEOMINSTEE,  first  BARON  (d.  1711).  [See  FERMOR, 
WILLIAM.] 

LEONI,  GIACOMO  (1686-1746),  architect ;  Venetian, 
and  architect  to  the  elector  palatine ;  settled  in  England 
at  beginning  of  eighteenth  century ;  prepared  plates  for 
the  English  editions  of  Palladio's  'Architecture,'  1715; 
translated  Alberti's  'De  re  JSdificatoria,'  1726;  built 
various  country  seats.  [xxxiii.  64] 

LEOPOLD.  GEORGE  DUNCAN  ALBERT,  DUKE  OF 
ALBANY  (1853-1884),  fourth  and  youngest  son  of  Queen 
Victoria ;  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1872 ;  granted 
an  annuity  of  15,CKXW.,  1874 ;  left  Oxford  with  an  hon. 
D.OJL,  1876 ;  travelled  in  Europe  and  America ;  president, 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  1878  ;  vice-president,  Society 
of  Arts,  1879  ;  created  Duke  of  Albany,  Earl  of  Clarence, 


and  Baron  Arklow,  1881;  married  Prince*  Helen 
Frederica  Augusta,  daughter  of  HAH.  George  Victor, 
prince  of  Waldeck-Pyrmont,  1882 ;  died  at  Cannes  :  buried 
in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor.  [xxxiii.  66] 

LEPIPRE  (LE  PIPER),  FRANCIS  (d.  1698),  arttat ; 
drew  landscapes,  humorous  compositions,  and  caricatures, 
and  etched  subjects  on  silver  plates  ;  painted  twelve 
small  pictures  of  scenes  in  '  Hudlbras."  [xxxiii.  66] 

LE  QUESNE,  CHARLES  (1811-1856),  writer  on  the 
constitutional  history  of  Jersey ;  contributed  articles  on 
commercial  questions  relating  to  the  Channel  islands  to 
the  'Guernsey  Magazine,'  1836-8  ;  published  '  Ireland  and 
the  Channel  Islands,  or  a  Remedy  for  Ireland,'  1848 ;  jurat 
of  the  Royal  Court  of  Jersey,  1850;  his '  Constitutional 
History  of  Jersey '  published,  1856.  [xxxiii.  66] 

LE  ROMEYN,  JOHN  (d.  1296).    [See  ROMAXUH.] 

LERPINIERE,  DANIEL  (17457-1785),  engraver; 
exhibited  with  the  Free  Society  of  Artists,  1773-83; 
engraved  plates,  chiefly  landscapes,  for  Messrs.  Boy  dell, 
1776-85.  [xxxiii.  67] 

LESIEUR,  SIR  STEPHEN  (/.  1586-1627),  ambassa- 
dor :  a  Frenchman  :  secretary  to  the  French  ambassador 
to  England,  1586;  naturalised,  c.  1589;  taken  into  the 
public  service,  c.  1598;  sent  on  embassy  to  Denmark, 
1602,  to  the  Emperor  Rudolph  II,  1603  and  1612-13,  to 
Florence,  1608  and  1609.  [xxxiii.  67] 

LESLEY.    [See  also  LESLIE  and  LKSLT.] 

LESLEY,  ALEXANDER  (1693-1758),  Jesuit :  studied 
at  Douay  and  Rome ;  joined  Jesuits,  1712 ;  taught  in 
the  Illyrian  College  of  Loreto,  1728 ;  missioner  in  Aber- 
deenshire,  1729  ;  taught  in  colleges  of  Ancona  and  Tivoli, 
1734;  again  in  England,  1738-44;  prefect  of  studies  in 
the  Scots  College,  Rome,  1744-6  ;  professor  of  moral 
theology  in  the  English  college,  1746-8 ;  edited  a  fragment 
of  the  *  Thesaurus  Liturgicus '  entitled  '  Missale  mixtnm 
secundum  Regulam  Beati  Isidori  dictum  Mozarabes,'  1755. 

[xxxiii.  67] 

LESLEY,  WILLIAM  ALOYSIUS  (1641-1704),  Jesuit ; 
joined  Jesuits,  1656;  superior  of  the  Scots  College  at 
Rome,  1674-83 ;  D.D. ;  published  '  Vita  di  S.  Margberita, 
Regina  di  Scozia,'  1675  ;  missioner  in  Scotland,  1694-1704. 

[xxxiii.  68] 

LESLIE.    [See  also  LESLEY  and  LESLY.] 

LESLIE,  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF  LEVEX  (1580  ?- 
1661),  general;  served  in  the  Swedish  army  for  thirty 
years  :  knighted  by  Gustavus  Adolphus,  1626  ;  compelled 
Wallenstein  to  raise  the  siege  of  Stralsund,  1628 ;  governor 
of  the  Baltic  district,  1628-30  ;  engaged  with  the  British 
contingent  that  aided  Gustavus,  1630-2;  fought  at 
Lut/.en,  1632;  besieged  and  took  Brandenburg,  1634; 
field-marshal,  1636 ;  identified  himself  with  the  coven- 
anters; directed  the  military  preparations  in  Scotland, 
1638 ;  lord-general  of  all  the  Scottish  forces,  1639 ;  vic- 
torious at  battle  of  Newburn,  1640;  created  Earl  of 
Leven  and  Lord  Balgonie,  1641  ;  general  of  the  Scottish 
army  in  Ireland,  1642;  sent  to  the  assistance  of  the 
English  parliament,  1643:  present  at  Marston  Moor, 
1644  ;  in  charge  of  Charles  I  at  Newcastle,  1645-7  ;  fought 
for  the  royalists  at  Dunbar,  1650 ;  prisoner  of  the  English 
parliament,  1651-4.  [xxxiii.  68] 

LESLIE,  ANDREW,  properly   fifth,  but  sometimes 
called  fourth  EARL  OF  ROTHES  (d.  1611),  eldest  sou  of 
I  George,  fourth  earl  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1558 ; 
stedfastly  supported  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  from  1566. 

LESLIE,  CHARLES  (1650-1722),  nonjuror  and  con- 
troversialist ;  sou  of  John  Leslie  (1571-1671)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1673 :  took  holy  orders,  1680 ; 
chancellor  of  Connor,  1686  ;  refused  to  take  the  oaths  at  the 
revolution,  and  was  deprived  of  his  office :  commenced  his 
series  of  controversial  pamphlets  with  'An  Answer  to  a 
Book  intituled  the  State  of  the  Protestants  in  Ireland 
under  the  late  King  James's  Government,'  1692  :  published 
attack  on  William  III,  'Gallienus  Redivivus,  or  Murtber 
will  out,'  <fcc.,  1696 ;  attacked  in  various  pamphlet*  the 
whig  divines,  Burnet,  Tillotson,  Sherlock,  as  well  as  the 
quakers  deists,  and  Jews,  and  defended  the  sacraments ; 
brought  out  '  The  Rehearsal '  in  opposition  to  Defoe's 
'  Review,'  1704-9,  carrying  on  at  the  same  time  his  eccle- 
siastico-political  pamphlet  warfare:  warrant  issued  for 
1  his  apprehension.  1710;  escaped  to  St.  Germaini«,  1711: 


768 


LESLIE 


hut   (1713)  accepted  a   place    in 

the  household  of  the  Pretender  at  Bar-lc-duc.    A  collective 
edition    of  bis   '  Theological  Works  '   was  published  in 

[xxxiiL  77] 

LESLIE,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1794-1859),  painter : 
son  of  American  parents ;  born  in  London :  taken  to 
Philadelphia,  1799 :  educated  at  Pennsylvania  University  : 
apprenticed  to  publishers  in  Philadelphia,  1808 ;  student 
at  the  Royal  Academy  schools,  London,  1811 ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  between  1813  and  1839 ;  R.A.,  1826  ; 
taught  drawing  at  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point, 
ca,  1899 ;  summoned  to  Windsor  to  paint  '  The 
_  receiving  the  Sacrament  at  her  Coronation,'  1838, 
and  *  The  Christening  of  the  Princess  Royal,'  1841 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Memoirs  of  John  Constable,  R.A.,'  1845  ;  pro- 
femor  of  painting  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1848-52 ;  pub- 
lished his  lectures  as  'Handbook  for  Young  Painters,' 
1855 ;  excelled  in  depicting  quiet  humour.  His  '  Autobio- 
graphical Recollections,'  edited  by  Tom  Taylor  [q.  v.],  and 
bis  •  Life  of  Reynolds,'  completed  by  the  same  author,  were 
published  in  1868.  [xxxiiL  84] 

LESLIE,  DAVID,  first  BARON  NEWARK  (d.  1682), 
military  commander :  entered  service  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phns ;  major-general  in  the  Scottish  army  under  Alexander 
Leslie,  first  earl  of  Leven  [q.  v.],  1643  ;  at  battle  of  Marston 
Moor,  1644 ;  defeated  Montrose  at  Philiphaugh,  1645  ; 
commander  of  the  army  raised  on  behalf  of  Charles  II 
in  Scotland  in  1651 ;  taken  prisoner  after  Worcester,  1651 ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  till  1660 ;  created  Baron  Newark, 
1661.  [xxxiii.  86] 

LESLIE, FRANK  (1851-1880).   [SeeOARTKR, HENRY.] 

LESLIE,  FREDERICK  (1855-1892),  actor ;  his  real 
name  FREDERICK  HOBSON  ;  appeared  first  in  London  as 
Colonel  Hardy  ('  Paul  Pry ')  at  the  Royalty,  1878,  and  sub- 
sequently took  numerous  parts  in  light  opera,  and,  with 
Miss  Ellen  Farren  at  the  Gaiety,  in  burlesque. 

[Suppl.  iii.  94] 

LESLIE,  GEORGE,  usually  called  third,  but  properly 
fourth,  EARL  ox  RoTH«s(d.  1658),  sheriff  of  Fife,  1529- 
1540 ;  a  lord  of  session,  1541 ;  a  lord  of  the  articles,  1544 ; 
tried  for  toe  murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  and  acquitted, 
1547 ;  ambassador  to  Denmark,  1550 ;  died  at  Dieppe. 

[xxxiiL  89] 

LESLIE  or  LESLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1637),  Capuchin 
friar,  known  as  FATHER  ARCHANGEL  ;  scholar  in  the  Scots 
College,  Rome,  1608  ;  preached  in  Scotland,  c.  1624-5  ;  fled 
to  France  from  persecution  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1631. 

[xxxiii.  90] 

LESLIE,  GEORGE  (d.  1701),  divine  and  poet;  works 
include '  Fire  and  Brimstone, or  the  Destruction  of  Sodom,' 
1675,  •  Abraham's  Faith'  (morality  play),  1670. 

[xxxiii.  Ill] 

LESLIE,  HENRT  (1580-1661),  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor  ;  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  went  to  Ireland,  1614 ; 
ordained  priest,  1617  :  prebendary  of  Connor,  1619;  dean 
of  Down,  1627  ;  precentor  of  St.  Patrick's^  Dublin,  1628  ; 
prolocutor  of  lower  house  in  Irish  convocation,  1634; 
bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  1635  ;  a  champion  of  Laudian 
episcopacy;  withdrew  to  England  after  the  loss  of  his 
property  in  the  Irish  rebellion,  1643  ;  went  abroad  about 
the  time  of  Charles  I's  execution  ;  bishop  of  Meath,  1661. 

LESLIE  or  LESLEY,  JOHN  (1527-1596),  bishop  of 
Boss ;  M.A.  Aberdeen  :  canon  of  Aberdeen  Cathedral,  1547  ; 
studied  at  Paris  and  Poictiers,  1649-54 ;  took  holy  orders, 
1558;  had  a  disputation  with  Knox  and  other  reformers, 
1661  ;  employed  in  France  about  the  person  of  Queen  Mary; 
professor  of  canon  law,  Aberdeen,  1562  ;  judge  of  session, 
1565  ;  privy  councillor,  1565  ;  bishop  of  Ross,  1666  :  chief 
adviser  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scote  in  her  ecclesiastical  policy ; 
appointed  her  ambassador  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1569  ;  sent 
to  the  Tower  in  connection  with  the  Ridolfl  plot,  1571 ; 
set  at  liberty  on  condition  of  leaving  England,  1573  ;  went 
to  Paris,  1674,  and  to  Rome  to  represent  Mary's  interests, 
1675  ;  published  there  bis  Latin  history  of  Scotland,  1578 ; 
suffragan  and  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of  Rouen,  1579  ; 
nominated  to  the  bishopric  of  Coutances  by  Clement  VIII ; 
died  at  the  Augustinian  monastery  at  Guirtenburg,  near 
Brussels.  [xxxiiL  93] 

LESLIE,  JOHN,  sixth  EARL  or  ROTHES  (1600-1 641), 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  covenanting  party ;  served  heir  to 
hts  grandfather,  Andrew  Leslie,  fifth  (or  fourth)  earl  [q.  v.], 
M»l ;  opposed  Charles  I's  ecclesiastical  policy  in  Scotland  : 


chief  organiser  of  the  movement  against  episcopacy,  1638 ; 
i  after  pacification  of  1640  remained  in  England  at  the  court 
j  of  Charles  I ;  author  of  a  'Short  Relation  of  Proceedings 

concerning  the  Affairs  of  Scotland  from  August  1637  to 


July  1638,'  first  published,  1830. 


[xxxiii.  99] 


LESLIE,  J03N  (1571-1671),  bishop  of  Clogher ; 
known  as  'the  fighting  bishop';  educated  at  Aberdeen 
and  in  France ;  with  Buckingham  at  Rhe,  1627 ;  bishop 
of  the  Scottish  isles,  1628-33,  of  Rapboe,  1633-61 ;  a  leader 

'  in  the  rebellion  of  1641 ;  after  the  king's  execution  de- 
fended Raphoe  against  the  Cromwellians,  and  was  one  of 
the  last  royalists  to  submit ;  the  only  Anglican  bishop 
who  remained  at  his  post  during  the  interregnum ;  bishop 

1  of  Ologber,  1661 ;  left  manuscript  treatise  on  '  Memory.' 

[xxxiii.  101] 

LESLIE,  JOHN,  seventh  EARL  and  first  DUKK  OF 
ROTHKS  (1630-1681),  eldest  son  of  John  Leslie,  sixth  earl ; 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father,  1641 ;  entered  the  army  ; 
taken  prisoner  at  Worcester,  1651 ;  released,  1658 ;  lord 
of  session,  1661  ;  commissioner  of  the  exchequer,  1661 ; 
lord  high  treasurer,  1663  ;  privy  councillor  of  England, 
1663;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1664;  lord  chancellor, 
1667  ;  created  Duke  of  Rothes,  1680.  [xxxiii.  102] 

LESLIE,  JOHN,  eighth  EARL  OP  ROTHES  (1679-1 722), 
eldest  son  of  Charles  (Hamilton),  fifth  earl  of  Haddington, 
and  Margaret  Leslie,  elder  daughter  of  John  Leslie,  duke 
of  Rothes  [q.  v.],  who  succeeded  her  father  as  Countess  of 
Rothes,  the  earldom  surname  of  Leslie  passing  to  her  son  : 
privy  seal,  1704 ;  aided  the  union  of  1707 ;  Scots  repre- 
sentative peer,  1707-22  ;  vice-admiral  of  Scotland,  1714  ; 
fought  against  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender,  in  1715  ; 
governor  of  Stirling  Castle,  1716-22.  [xxxiii.  103] 

LESLIE,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL  OF  ROTHES  (1698?- 
i  1767),  eldest  son  of  John  Leslie,  eighth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1719;  succeeded  his  father,  1722;  Scots 
representative  peer,  1723,  1727,  1747,  1754,  and  1761; 
major-general,  1743  ;  present  at  Dettingen,  1743 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1750  ;  K.T.,  1753  ;  general,  1765  ;  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ireland.  [xxxiii.  104] 

LESLIE,  SIR  JOHN  (1766-1832),  mathematician  and 
natural  philosopher ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edin- 
burgh universities ;  his  paper  '  On  the  Resolution  of  In- 
determinate   Problems'     communicated    to    the    Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  1788 ;  superintended  studies  of  the 
Wedgwoods,  1790-2;    published,  as  outcome  of   his  re- 
searches, '  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Pro- 
perties of  Heat,'  1804,  a  work  of  great  scientific  value ; 
i  Rumford  medallist,  1805 ;  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics   at    Edinburgh,    1805;    published    'Elements    of 
Geometry,  Geometrical  Analysis,  and  Plane  Trigonometry,' 
i  1809,  'Geometry  of  Curve  Lines,' 1813,  and  'Philosophy 
j  of  Arithmetic,'  1817 ;  the  first  to  achieve  artificial  congela- 
i  tiou  ;   contributed  to  the  '  Edinburgh  Review '  and  the 
'  Eacyclopsedia  Britannica ' ;   professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh,  1819;  published  'Elements  of  Natural 
Philosophy'  (vol.  i.),  1823  ;  knighted,  1832.  [xxxiii.  105] 

LESLIE,  NORMAN,  MASTER  OF  ROTHES  (d.  1554), 
leader  of  the  party  who  assassinated  Cardinal  Beaton ; 
eldest  son  of  George  Leslie,  fourth  earl  of  Rothes  [q.  v.] ; 
sheriff  of  Fife,  1641 ;  led  the  conspirators  against  Beaton, 
but  took  no  personal  part  in  the  net  of  assassination,  1546  : 
was  carried  captive  to  France,  but  escaped  to  England 
and  was  pensioned  by  Edward  VI ;  on  accession  of  Mary 
entered  service  of  Henry  II  of  France  ;  mortally  wounded 
in  action  near  Cambray.  [xxxiii.  107] 

LESLIE,  THOMAS  ED  WARD  CLIFFE(1827  ?-1882), 
political  economist ;  descended  from  Charles  Leslie  (1650- 
1722)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  B.A., 
1847 ;  LL.B.,  1861 ;  later  hon.  LL.D. ;  professor  of  juris- 
prudence and  political  economy,  Queen's  College,  Belfast, 
1863  ;  contributed  articles  on  economic  subjects  to  various 
periodicals,  most  of  which  were  reprinted  in  '  Essays  on 
Political  and  Moral  Philosophy,'  1879,  and  'Essays  in 
Political  Philosophy,'  1888  ;  wrote  on  laud  systems  and 
industrial  economy.  [xxxiii.  108] 

LESLIE,  WALTER,  COUNT  LESLIE  (1606-1667), 
soldier  of  fortune  and  diplomatist ;  entered  the  imperial 
service  and  took  part  in  war  of  Mantuan  succession,  1630  : 
served  in  Germany,  1632-46  ;  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  the  assassination  of  Walleustein,  1634 ;  master  of 
the  ordnance,  1646  ;  vice-president  of  the  council  of  war, 


LESLIE 


LETTSOM 


\\-i  nlcn  of  the  Sclavonian  marches,  and  field-marshaL1650  ; 
privy  councillor,   1655 ;  invested  with  onler  of  Golden 
Fleece,  ami  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  Ottoman  j 
Porte,  1666  ;  died  at  Vienna.  [xxxiii.  109] 

LESLIE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1654  ?),  principal  of  King's  j 
College,  Aberdeen;  educated  at  Aberdeen;  recent,  1617; 
sub-principal,  1623;   principal,  1632:    with  other  Aber- 
deen doctors  refused  the  covenant,  1639.      [xxxiii.  110] 

LESLIE,  WILLIAM  (1657-1727),  bishop  of  Laybach  In 
Styrin  :  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  studied  at  Padua,  1684 ; 
converted  to  [toman  Catholicism  ;  professor  of  theology, 
Padua  ;  bishop  of  Waltzen,  Hungary,  1716,  of  Laybach,  in 
Styria,1718.  [xxxiii.  Ill] 

LESPEC,  WALTER  (d.  1153).    [See  ESPKC.] 

LESSE,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1550),  religious  writer; 
author  of  'The  Apologle  of  the  Worde  of  God,'  1547,  and 
several  translations.  [xxxiii.  112] 

LESTER,  FREDERICK  PARKINSON  (1795-1858), 
major-general,  Bombay  artillery:  educated  at  Addis- 
combe;  lieutenant,  1815;  captain,  1818;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1840:  major-general,  1854;  commander  of  the 
southern  division  of  the  Bombay  army,  1857-8 ;  instru- 
mental in  preventing  the  mutiny  from  extending  to 
Western  India,  1857-8.  [xxxlll.  112] 

LESTOCK,  RICHARD  (1679  ?-1746),  admiral :  served 
with  Sir  Clowdisley  Shovell  [q.  v.],  1704-5  ;  with  Sir 
George  Byng,  1717-18 ;  took  part  in  the  operations  against 
Cartagena,  1741 ;  vice-admiral,  1743 ;  court-martialled  and 
acquitted  (1746)  for  refusal  to  obey  his  superior,  Mathews 
[see  MATHKWS,  THOMAS]  in  the  action  (1744)  off  Toulon, 
and  admiral  of  the  blue,  1746.  [xxxiii.  113] 

L'ESTRANGE,  HAMON  (1605-1660),  theologian  and 
historian ;  brother  of  Sir  Nicholas  L'Kstranpe,  first 
baronet  [q.  v.],  and  of  Sir  Roger  L'Estrange  [q.  v.] ;  pub- 
lished theological  works,  1641-69.  [xxxlll.  116] 

L'ESTRANGE,  HAMON  (1674-1767),  grandson  of 
Hamon  L'Estrange  (1605- 1660)  [q.  v.]  ;  on  the  commission 
of  the  peace  for  sixty-five  years  ;  published  legal  and  re- 
ligious works.  [xxxiii.  116] 

LE  STRANGE,  HENRY  L'ESTRANGE  STYLEMAN 
(1815-1862),  art  amateur  and  decorative  painter ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1837  ; 
employed  in  designing  and  carrying  out  the  decoration  of 
Ely  Cathedral,  1863-62.  [xxxiii.  117] 

LE  STRANGE,  JOHN  (d.  1269),  lord  marcher ;  served 
under  King  John  in  Poitou,  1214;  defended  the  Welsh 
border  as  a  lord  marcher.  [xxxiii.  117] 

L'ESTRANGE,  JOHN  (1836-1 877),  Norfolk  antiquary ; 
clerk  in  the  stamp  office  at  Norwich  ;  made  large  collec- 
tions for  the  history  of  the  county  of  Norfolk,  and  the 
city  of  Norwich  ;  published '  The  Church  Bells  of  Norfolk,' 
1874.  [xxxiii.  117] 

LE  STRANGE,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (1515-1580),  steward 
of  the  manors  of  the  Duchess  of  Richmond,  1547-80 ;  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Le  Strange  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1547 :  M.P., 
Norfolk,  1547,  King's  Lynn,  1555,  Castle  Rising,  1571. 

[xxxiii.  129] 

L'ESTRANGE,  SIR  NICHOLAS,  first  baronet  (d. 
1655),  collector  of  anecdotes  ;  brother  of  Hamon  L'Estrange 
(1605-1660)  [q.  v.]  :  created  baronet,  1629;  compiled 
'  Merry  Passages  and  Jests,'  some  of  which  were  printed 
in  1839.  [xxxlll.  118] 

L'ESTRANGE,  SIR  ROGER  (1616-1704),  tory  jour- 
nalist and  pamphleteer ;  probably  studied  at  Cambridge  ; 
formed  a  plan  to  recapture  Lynn  ;  seized  by  the  parlia- 
ment and  imprisoned,  1644-8 ;  projected  a  royalist  rising 
in  Kent ;  had  to  flee  to  Holland  ;  employed  while  abroad 
by  Hyde  in  service  of  Charles  II ;  returned  to  England, 
1653 ;  published  broadsides  attacking  Lambert  and  the 
leaders  of  the  army,  1659  ;  wrote  pamphlets  in  favour  of 
monarchy,  1660,  and  to  show  that  the  presbyterians  were 
responsible  for  the  wars  and  the  king's  death,  1661-2 ; 
advocated  a  more  stringent  censorship  of  the  press, 
1663 ;  appointed  surveyor  of  printing  presses  and  a 
licenser  of  the  press,  1663  ;  Issued  the  '  Intelligencer '  and 
'The  News,'  1663-6 ;  encouraged,  perhaps  projected, ' The 
City  Mercury,  or  Advertisements  concerning  trade,'  1675  ; 
published  pamphlets  to  meet  Shaftesbury's  attack  on 


:  I  and  his  government,  1679 ;  adversely  criticised 
the  *  vi.lcncc  for  a  nuppoeal  popish  plot,  1680;  J.P.  for 
Middlesex,  1680 ;  bad  to  flee  the  country  owing  to  the 
hostility  of  the  promoters  of  the  alleged  popinh  plot: 
returned  to  England,  1681  ;  attacked  dissenter*  and  whig* 
in  his  periodical  'The  Obeervator,'  1881-7;  M.I'.,  Win- 
chester, 1685 ;  knighted,  1685 :  deprived  of  bis  office  of 
surveyor  and  licenser  of  the  press  at 
imprisoned  in  1688, 1691,  and  16» 
pblets  and  periodicals,  he 

•The  Fables  of  j&ap  and  other  eminent  Mytbologist*,  wi_ 
Moral  Reflections,'  1692  (the  most  extensive  collection  of 
fables  in  existence),  and  •The  Works  of  Flavius  Josepbus 
compared  with  the  Original  Greek,*  1702,  also  translating 
'Quevedo'a  Visions,'  1687.  [xxxiii.  118] 

LE  STRANGE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1494-1545),  of  Hun- 
stanton,  Norfolk :  attendal  Henry  VIII  to  the  Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520;  knighted,  1629;  high  sheriff  of 
Norfolk,  1532.  [xxxiii.  128] 

LE  8UETJR,  HUBERT  (1595  ?-1660  ?),  sculptor  :  born 
probably  in  Paris ;  came  to  England,  1628  ;  received  com- 
mission for  an  equestrian  statue  of  Charles  1, 1830,  which 
was  not  set  up  at  Charing  Cross  until  1674. 

[xxxiii.  129] 

LETCHWORTH,  THOMAS  (1739-1784 X  quaker; 
began  preaching,  1758 ;  published  verse,  1765,'  The  Monthly 
Ledger,  or  Literary  Repository,'  an  unsectarian  periodical, 
1766-9  ;  his  '  Life  and  Writings  of  John  Woolman '  [q.  v.], 
published,  1775,  and  a  posthumous  volume  of  his  sermons, 
1787.  [xxxiii.  130] 

LETHBRIDGE,  JOSEPH  WATTS  (1817-1885),  dis- 
senting divine;  entered  Lady  Huntingdon's  connexion, 
1846 ;  migrated  to  the  Independents ;  published  moral  and 
religious  works.  [xxxiii.  131] 

LETHBRIDGE,  WALTER  STEPHENS  (1772-1831  ?X 
miniature-painter ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  schools ; 
exhibited  miniatures  at  the  Academy,  1801-29. 

[xxxiii.  131] 

LETHEBY,  HENRY  (1816-1876),  analytical  chemist : 
M.B.  London,  1842 ;  lecturer  on  chemistry  at  the  London 
Hospital ;  for  some  years  medical  officer  of  health  and 
analyst  of  foods  for  the  city  of  London  ;  chief  work, '  Food, 
its  Varieties,  Chemical  Composition,  etc.,'  1870. 

[xxxiii.  131] 

LETHERLAND,  JOSEPH  (1699-1764),  physician; 
M.D.  Leyden,  1724  ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  by  royal  mandate. 
1736;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1736-5K; 
F.R.C.P.,  1737 ;  physician  to  George  Ill's  queen,  1761 : 
credited  with  being  the  first  to  draw  attention  in  1739  to 
the  disease  of  diphtheria.  [xxxiii.  131] 

LETHTETTLLIER,  SMART  (1701-1760),  antiquary: 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1723 ;  formed  collections 
and  drawings  of  antiquities  and  English  fossils:  F.H.S. 
and  F.S.A.  [xxxiii.  132] 

LETHINGTON,  LORD  (1496-1586).  [See  MAITLAJTD, 
SIR  RICHARD.] 

LETHLOBOR  (d.  871),  Irish  king  ;  defeated  the  Danes, 
826 ;  repulsed  an  invasion  made  by  greater  Ulster,  853  :  be- 
came king  of  all  lesser  Ulster  or  Ulidia.  [xxxlll.  133] 

LETTICE,  JOHN  (1737-1832),  poet  and  divine;  of 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1764 :  Seatonian 
prizeman,  1764 ;  chaplain  and  secretary  to  British  em- 
bassy at  Copenhagen,  1768-72;  published 'Letters  on  a 
Tour  through  various  parts  of  Scotland  In  1792,'  1794, 
and  translations  from  the  Italian  and  Latin. 

[xxxiii.  133] 

LETTOTJ,  JOHN  (Jt.  1480),  printer :  the  first  to  set  up 
a  printing  press  in  the  city  of  London.  [xxxiii.  133] 

LETTS,  THOMAS  (1803-1873X  inventor  of  « Letta's 
Diaries ' ;  bookbinder  from  1835,  devoting  himself  to  the 
manufacture  of  diaries;  sold  several  hundred  thousands 
annually.  The  diary  business  was  purchased  by  Messrs. 
Cassell  &  Co.  In  1885.  [xxxiii.  184] 

LETTSOM,  JOHN  COAKLEY  (1744-1815), physician ; 
born  in  West  Indies ;  brought  to  England,  1750  ;  studied 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London  ;  returned  to  the  West 
Indira,  1767  ;  practised  at  Tortola;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
(1768)  and  at  Leyden  (1769):  commenced  practice  in 
London,  1770  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1770  ;  F.SJL,  1770 ;  F.RA,  1771 ;  a 

3D 


LETTSOM 


770 


LEVESON-GOWER 


al  qnaker  physician  ami  philanthropist ;  author  of 
biographical,  and  philanthropic  works. 

[xxxiii.  134] 

LETTSOJf ,  WILLIAM  NANSON  (1796-1866),  man  of 
i ;  grandson  of  John  Ooakley  Lettaom  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1829;  published  'The  Fall  of  the  Nebel lingers,'  1850: 
i  William  Sidney  Walker's  '  Shakespeare's  Versifica- 
tion '  (1864),  and  hla  'Critical  Examination  of  the  Text  of 
Shakespeare'  (1860)  ;  aided  Alexander  Dyce  [q.  v.]  in  the 
preparation  of  bis  edition  of  Shakespeare,  [xxxiii.  136] 

LEVEN,  EARLS  OP.  [See  LESLIE,  ALEXANDER,  first 
F.utL,  1680?-1661;  MELVILLK,  DAVID,  third  EARL,  1660- 

LEVENS,  PETER  (ft.  1687),  scholar  and  medical 
writer  :  educated  probably  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ; 
B.A.,  1666  :  fellow,  1669 ;  author  of  '  Manipulus  Vocabu- 
lonun.  A  Dietioimrie  of  English  and  Latine  Wordes,'  1670, 
valuable  as  evidence  of  contemporary  pronunciation. 

[xxxiii.  136] 

LEVENS,  ROBERT  (1616-1660).    [See  LKVINZ.] 

LEVER,  SIR  ASHTON  (1729-1788),  collector  of  the 
Leverian  Museum:  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford:  first  collected  live  birds,  then  shells,  fossils, 
stuffed  birds,  all  kinds  of  natural  objects,  savage  costumes 
an.l  weapons;  removed  his  museum  to  London,  1774; 
knighted,  1778 ;  disposed  of  his  museum  by  lottery  in  1788. 

[xxxiii.  137] 

LEVER,   CHARLES   JAMES  (1806-1872),  novelist; 
nephew  of  Sir  Ashton  Lever  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Trinity  Col-  i 
lege,  Dublin,  1822 ;  graduated,  1827 ;  travelled  in  Holland  ! 
and  Germany,  1828,  in  Canada,  1829 ;  studied  medicine  at  ! 
Dublin:  M.B.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1831;  first  instal- 
ment of '  Harry  Lorreqner '  produced  in '  Dublin  University  j 
Magazine,'  1837 :  practised  medicine  in  Brussels,  1840-42  :  ! 
published  'Charles  O'Malley,'  first  in  'Dublin University  i 
Magazine,'  1840,  and '  Jack  Hinton  the  Guardsman,'  1843  ;  \ 
returned  to  Dublin  and  edited  the  'Dublin  University 
Magazine,'  1842-6 ;  contributed  to  that  magazine  '  Tom 
Burke  of  Ours'  and  'Arthur  O'Leary,'  1844;  published 
•The  O'Donoghue,'  1845,  aud  the   'Knight  of  Gwynne,' 
1847;    settled  at  Florence  and  produced  there  'Roland 
CasheV  1850,  and 'The  Dodd  Family  Abroad,'  1853-4; 
British  consul  at  Spezzia,  1857  ;  consul  at  Trieste,  1867-72 ; 
his  last  novel,  'Lord  Kilgobbin,'   1872  (first  issued  in 
•  ('..rnhill  Magazine ') ;  died  at  Trieste :  collected  edition  of 
his  works  was  issued,  1876-8.  [xxxiii.  138] 

LEVER,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1627),  protestant  writer 
and  poet;  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge :  published  reli- 
gious poems  and  prose  works,  1607-27.  [xxxiii.  140] 

LEVER,  DARCY  (1760  ?-1837),  writer  on  seamanship ; 
nephew  of  Sir  Ashton  Lever  [q.  v.]:  published  'The 
Young  Sea  Officer's  Sheet  Anchor,  or  a  Key  to  the  Lend- 
ing of  Rigging  and  to  Practical  Seamanship,'  1808,  for 
forty  years  the  navy  text-book.  [xxxiii.  140] 

LEVER  or  LEAVER,  RALPH  (</.  1585),  master  of 
Sherburu  Hospital,  Durham  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Lever 
[q.  v.];  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1549; 
M.A.,  1651 ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1660;  archdeacon 
of  Northuinlierland,  1566-73;  canon  of  Durham  1567- 
inasterof  Sherburn  Hospital,  1577  :  D.D.Cambridge,  1578 ; 
hi*  work  on  chess  published  without  his  consent  1563- 
published  'The  Arte  of  Reason,'  1573,  one  of  the  rarest  of 
early  English  treatises  on  logic.  [xxxiii.  141] 

LEVER  or  LEAVER,  THOMAS  (1521-1577),  puritan 
divine:  brother  of  Ralph  Lever  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1545 ;  fellow  and  college  preacher 
1548 :  a  leader  of  the  extreme  protestant  reformers  at 
Cambridge;  preached  at  court  before  Edward  VI,  1550  • 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1651 ;  B.D.,  1662 : 
at  Mary's  accession  fled  to  Zurich,  1663 ;  a  hearer  of 
Calvin  at  Geneva,  155 1 ;  minister  of  the  English  congre- 
gation at  Aarau,  1556-9;  returned  to  England,  1559; 
master  of  Sberbiirn  Hospital,  Durham,  1563  ;  canon  of  i 
Durham,  1564-7 ;  published  sermons  and  a  religious  treatise. 

LEVERIDGE.  RICHARD  ( 1670  ?-1758x"  vocalist, 
wing-  writer,  and  <xmi power :  sang  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  j 

S-8,  at  tlu>  Haymarki*,  Ixw.lon.  1708-13,  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Iii-Ms,  1715-32,  at  Co  vent  Uurden,  1732-51  •  said  to 

&E?  S01??01  the  ma"lc  to  Mllcbctu  for  the  revival  of 
;  bis  best-known  song"  •  All  in  the  Downs  '  and  'The 
BOM! Beef  of  Old  England.'  (xxxiii.  143] 


LEVERTON,  THOMAS  (1713-1824),  architect:  em- 
ployed in  tlio  erection  of  dwelling-houses  in  London  and 
j  the  country;  exhibited  designs  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1771-1803.  [xxxiii.  144] 

LEVESON,  SIR.  RICHARD  (1570-1605),  vice-admiral 
i  of  England;  volunteer  against  the  Armada,  1588:   had 
[  command  in  expedition  against  Cadiz,  1596;  Inii  ihtcd, 
1596;  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  off  Ireland,  1601;  vice- 
admiral  of  England,  1604;  marshal  of  the  embassy  to 
Spain  to  conclude  the  peace,  1605.  [xxxiii.  145] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  LORD  FRANCIS  (1800-1857). 
I  [See  EGEKTON,  FRANCIS,  first  EARL  OP  ELLKHMERE.] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  GEORGE    GRANVILLE,  first 
DUKE  OP   SUTHERLAND  (1758-1833),  educated  at  West- 
i  minster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  M.P.,  Newcastle- 
:  under-Lyme,  1778  and  1780  ;  travelled  in  Europe,  1780-6 ; 
I  M.P.,  Staffordshire,  1787-98 ;  ambassador  to  Paris,  1790-2  ; 
summoned  as  Baron  Gower  of  Stittenham,  Yorkshire, 
the  original  barony  of  his  family,  1798 ;  joint  postmaster- 
!  general,  1799-1810 ;  K.G.,  1806  ;  became  possessed  of  the 
1  greater    part    of    Sutherlandshire    through    his    wife, 
Countess  of  Sutherland  in  her  own  right,  1785  ;  inherited 
!  the  Bridge  water  estates  from  his  uncle,  the  last  Duke 
i  of  Bridgewater,  and  by  the  death  of  his  father,  Marquis 
of    Stafford,    the    estates    of    Stittenham    (Yorkshire), 
!  Trentham  (Staffordshire),  Wolverhampton  and  Lilleshall 
i  (Shropshire),  1803 ;  made  450  miles  of  roads  and  built 
134  bridges  in  Sutherlandshire  between  1812  and  1832 ; 
purchased  Stafford  House,  London,  1827 ;  created  Duke  of 
Sutherland,  1833.  [xxxiii.  146] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  GEORGE  GRANVILLE  WIL- 
LIAM SUTHERLAND,  third  DUKE  OP  SUTHERLAND 
(1828-1892),  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  1861;  M.P., 
Sutherlandshire,  1852-61 :  improved  his  highland  estates  ; 
attended  coronation  of  Czar  Alexander  II  as  member  of 
the  special  mission,  1856;  K.G.,  1864;  present  at  the 
opening  of  the  Suez  Canal,  1869  ;  accompanied  Edward  VII, 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  to  India,  1876.  [xxxiii.  147] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  GRANVILLE,  first  MARQUIS  OP 
STAPPORD  (1721-1803),  son  of  John  Leveson-Gower,  first 
earl  Gower  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.,  Bishop's  Castle,  1744,  Westminster, 
1747  and  1749;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1749-51;  M.P., 
Lichfield,  1754 ;  succeeded  to  the  Upper  House,  1754  ;  lord 
privy  seal,  1755-7  and  1785-94 ;  master  of  the  horse, 
1757-60;  keeper  of  the  great  wardrobe,  1760-3;  lord 
chamberlain  of  the  household,  1763-6;  president  of  the 
council,  1767-79  and  1783-4 ;  K.G.,  1771 ;  F.S.A.,  1784 ; 
created  marquis  of  the  county  of  Stafford,  1786. 

[xxxiii.  148] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  LORD  GRANVILLE,  first  EARL 
GRANVILLE  (1773-1846),  diplomatist:  youngest  son  of 
Granville  Leveson-Gower,  first  marquis  of  Stafford  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1789;  M.P.,  Lichfield, 
1795-9;  D.C.L.,  1799;  M.P.,  Staffordshire,  1799-1815;  a 
lord  of  the  treasury,  1800 ;  privy  councillor,  1804 ;  am- 
bassador extraordinary  at  St.  Petersburg,  1804-5 ;  created 
Viscount  Granville,  1815 ;  minister  at  Brussels ;  ambas- 
sador at  Paris,  1824-41 ;  created  Earl  Granville  and  Baron 
Leveson  of  Stone,  1833.  [xxxiii.  149] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  GRANVILLE  GEORGE,  second 
EARL  GRANVILLE  (1815-1891),  statesman :  eldest  son  of 
Lord  Granville  Leveson-Gower,  first  earl  Granville  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford:  attache  at  the 
British  embassy,  Paris,  1835 ;  Whig  M.P.,  Morpeth,  1836 
and  1837 ;  B.A.,  1839  ;  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,  1840-1 ;  M.P.,  Lichfleld,  1841 ;  succeeded  to  peer- 
age, 1846 ;  vice-president  of  board  of  trade  in  Lord  John 
Russell's  ministry,  1848 ;  paymaster  of  the  forces,  1848 ; 
minister  for  foreign  affairs,  1851-2  (under  Lord  John 
Russell),  1870-4,  and  1880-5  (under  William  Evvart  Glad- 
stone) ;  president  of  the  council,  1852-4  ;  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1854 ;  leader  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
when  the  liberals  were  in  office,  from  1855  ;  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  London,  1856-91 ;  K.G.,  1857 ;  president  of 
the  council,  1859  ;  lord  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports  and 
hon.  D.C.L.,  Oxford,  1865;  secretary  of  state  for  the 
colonies,  1868-70  and  1886.  [xxxiii.  150] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  HARRIET  ELIZABETH 
GEORGIANA,  DUCHKSH  OP  SUTHERLAND  (1806-1868), 
daughter  of  George  Howard,  sixth  earl  of  Carlisle ;  mar- 
ried ( 1823)  George  Granville  Leveson-Gower,  earl  Gower, 
who  succeeded  his  father  as  second  Duke  of.Sutherland  in 


LEVESON-GOWER 


771 


LEWQAR 


1K;J3  ;  mistress  of  the  robes  under  liberal  administrations 
1837-41,  184C-52,  1853-8,  and  185'J-Gl  ;  u  tfruat  friend  of 
Queen  Victoria.  [xxxiii.  152] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  JOHN,  first  BARON  GOWKR 
(1675-1709) ;  M.P.,  Newcastle-under-Lyuie,  Staffordshire, 
1691-1703;  created  Baron  Gower  of  Stittenham,  1703; 
privy  councillor,  1703;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1703-6.  [xxxiii.  153] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  JOHN,  first  EARL  GOWKR  (d. 
1754),  eldest  sou  of  John  Leveson-Qower,  first  barou 
(JOWLT  [q.  v.] ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1732 ;  one  of  the  lords 
justices  of  the  kingdom,  1740,  1743,  1745,  1748,  1750,  ami 
1752  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1742-3  and  1744  ;  created  Viscount 
Treutham  and  Earl  Uower,  1740.  [xxxiii.  153] 

LEVESON-GOWER,  JOHN  (1740-1792),  rear-admi- 
ral ;  sou  of  John  Leveson-Gower,  first  earl  Gower  [q.  v.] ; 
captain  in  the  navy,  1760  ;  commanded  in  Mediterranean, 
ob  coast  of  Guinea,  in  West  Indies,  and  on  the  home 
and  Newfoundland  stations  between  1760  and  1777  ;  took 
part  in  action  off  Ushant,  1778  ;  a  junior  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty, 1783-90  ;  rear-admiral,  1787.  [xxxiii.  153] 

LEVETT,  HENRY  (1668-1725),  physician  ;  educated 
at  Charterhouse  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1688;  M.A.,  1694;  M.D.,  1699  ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1708 ;  physician  to  the  Charterhouse,  1713-25; 
author  of  a  letter  in  Latin  on  the  treatment  of  small-pox, 
printed  in  the  works  of  Dr.  John  Freiud  [q.  v.],  1733. 

[xxxiiL  154] 

LEVETT  or  LEVET,  ROBERT  (1701  ?-1782),  'that 
odd  old  surgeon  whom  Johnson  kept  in  his  house  to  tend 
the  out-pensioners ' :  made  Johnson's  acquaintance,  c. 
1746  ;  became  a  regular  inmate  of  Johnson's  house,  1763  ; 
bad  some  practice  as  a  surgeon  in  London. 

[xxxiii.  164] 

LEVI,  DAVID  (1740-1799),  Jewish  controversialist ; 
published '  A  Succinct  Account  of  the  Rites  and  Cere- 
monies of  the  Jews  . . .  and  the  Opinion  of  Dr.  Humphrey 
Prideaux  .  .  .  refuted,'  1783 ;  published  '  Lingua  Sacra,' 
a  Hebrew  grammar,  in  weekly  parts,  1785-7;  replied 
(1787  and  1789)  to  Joseph  Priestley's  '  Letters  to  the 
Jews ' ;  replied  to  a  fresh  antagonist  in  '  Letters  to 
Nathaniel  Brassey  Halhed,  M.P.,'  1795  ;  his  '  Defence  of 
the  Old  Testament  in  a  Series  of  Letters  addressed  to 
Thomas  Paine,'  first  published  in  New  York,  1797.  He 
also  published  the  Pentateuch  in  Hebrew  and  English, 
and  an  English  translation  of  the  prayers  used  by  the 
London  congregations  of  Jews  (1789-93),  and  'Disserta- 
tions of  the  Prophecies  of  the  Old  Testament^,'  3  vols., 
published,  1793-1800.  [xxxiii.  155] 

LEVI,  LEONE  (1821-1888).  jurist  and  statistician  ; 
born  in  Ancona ;  settled  at  Liverpool  as  a  merchant  and 
was  naturalised ;  published  pamphlets  advocating  the 
establishment  in  commercial  centres  of  general  represen- 
tative chambers  of  commerce,  1849-50;  hon.  secretary, 
Liverpool  chamber  of  commerce ;  published  his  great  work 
on  commercial  law,  1850-2;  appointed  to  the  newly 
created  chair  of  commerce  at  King's  College,  London, 
1852  ;  F.S.A.  and  published  his  lectures  as  'Manual  of  the 
Mercantile  Law  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,'  1854 ;  his 
chief  work  on  statistics,  a  periodical  summary  of  parlia- 
mentary papers,  published  in  eighteen  volumes,  1856-68 : 
bis  '  History  of  British  Commerce  and  of  the  Economic 
Progress  of  the  British  Nation,  1763-1870,'  published, 
1872 ;  vice-president  of  the  Statistical  Society,  1885. 

[xxxiii.  156] 

LEVIGNAC,  ABBE  DE  (1769-1833).  [See  MACCARTHT, 
NICHOLAS  TUITE.] 

LEVINGE,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (d.  1724), 
Irish  judge;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1678;  recorder  of 
Chester,  1686 ;  M.P.,  Chester,  1690-2  ;  solicitor-general  for 
Ireland,  1690-4  and  1704-11  ;  knighted,  1692;  M.P.  for 
Blessingtou  in  Irish  House  of  Commons  and  speaker  of 
the  house,  1692-6  :  M.P.  for  Longford,  1695-1700  and  1703  ; 
created  baronet,  1704 ;  M.P.,  Derby,  1710  :  attorney-gene 
ral  for  Ireland,  1711 ;  M.P.,  Kilkenny,  1713 ;  lord  chief 
justice  of  Irish  common  pleas,  1720-4 ;  his  correspondence 
on  •  Various  Points  of  State  and  Domestic  Policy,'  pri- 
vately printed,  1877.  [xxxiii.  158] 

LEVINGE,  SIR  RICHARD  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS, 
.seventh  baronet  (1811-18«4),  soldier  and  writer;  entered 
the  army,  1828  ;  lieutenant,  1834 ;  served  in  the  Canadian 
rebellion  of  1837-8;  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  militia, 
11846;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1848;  high  sheriff  for 


ath,   1851;    M.I',   for   ro.    \Vi-stin.-.ith,   1857  and 
SS'J;    author  of  'Echoes  from   tin:    I '.a.  k  .v.iods,'    1846, 
Historical  Notices  of  the  Levinge Family,'  1853, 'Histori- 
cal Records  of  the  Forty-third  Regiment,  hire 
Light  Infantry,'  1868,  and  other  works.      [xxxiiL  169] 

LEVINZ,  BAPTIST  (1644-1693),  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man ;  brother  of  Sir  Creswell  Levin*  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Magdak-u  Hall  and  College,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1666;  Whyte's  professor  of  moral  philobophy, 
Oxford,  1677-82;  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1685:  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  1691;  contributed  to'Epictedia 
Universitatis  Oxouiensis  iu  obituin  Georgii  Ducis  All«- 
inarlue,'  1670.  [xxxiii.  169] 

LEVINZ,  SIR  CRESWELL  (1627-1701),  judge; 
brother  of  Baptist  Levinz  [q.  v.];  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1661 ;  knighted,  1678; 
king's  counsel,  1678 ;  attorney-general,  1679 ;  sat  on  the 
bench  of  common  pleas,  1680-6 ;  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
seven  bishops,  1688.  From  manuscripts  left  by  him  was 
published  in  1722 '  The  Reports  of  Sir  Creswell  Levinz, 
Knight.'  [xxxiii.  160] 

LEVINZ,  LEVENS,  or  LEVINGE,  ROBERT  (1615- 
1650),  royalist;  uncle  of  Sir  Creswell  Levinz  [q.  v.], 
Baptist  Leviuz  [q.  v.],  and  William  Levin/,  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1634;  D.C.L., 
1642 ;  fought  for  Charles  I ;  employed  by  Charles  II  to 
raise  troops  in  England,  1650;  arrested,  condemned  by 
court-martial,  and  hanged.  [xxxiii.  161] 

LEVINZ,  WILLIAM  (1625-1698),  president  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford;  brother  of  Sir  Creswell  Levinz 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1645  ;  M.A.,  1649;  regius 
professor  of  Greek,  1665-98 ;  president  of  his  college,  1673 ; 
sub-dean  of  Wells,  1678 ;  canon,  1682.  [xxxiiL  161] 

LEVIZAC,  JEAN  PONS  VICTOR  LECOUTZ  DB  (d. 
1813),  writer  on  the  French  language ;  born  in  Languedoc ; 
canon  in  the  cathedral  of  Vabres,  and  probably  vicar- 
general  of  the  diocese  of  St.  Omer  ;  at  the  revolution  fled  to 
London,  where  he  taught  French  and  published  books  on 
the  French  language,  1797-1808.  [xxxiii.  161] 

LEVY,  AMY  (1861-1889),  poetess  and  novelist;  edu- 
cated at  Newuham  College,  Cambridge ;  her  '  Xantippc 
and  other  Poems,'  published,  1881, '  A  Minor  Poet  and 
other  Verse,'  1884,  'A  London  Plane  Tree  and  other 
Poems,'  and  'Reuben  Sachs,'  a  novel,  1889;  committed 
suicide.  [xxxiii.  162] 

LEVY,  JOSEPH  MOSES  (1812-1888),  founder  of  the 
'  Daily  Telegraph ' ;  purchased  a  printing  establishment : 
took  over  the  'Daily  Telegraph  and  Courier '  and  issued  it 
as  the '  Daily  Telegraph,'  the  first  London  daily  penny 
paper,  1855.  [xxxiiL  162] 

LEWES.    [See  also  LEWIS.] 

LEWES,  CHARLES  LEE  (1740-1803),  actor;  his 
first  recorded  appearance  at  Covent  Garden,  1763 ;  played 

ng  Marlow  in  first  performance  of  'She  Stoops  to 
uer,'  1773;  at  Coveut  Garden  as  leading  comedian 
till  1783 ;  at  Drury  Lane,  1783-5 ;  at  Edinburgh,  1787 ; 
played  in  Dublin  in  low  comedy,  1792-3;  published 
theatrical  compilations.  [xxxiii.  163] 

LEWES,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1817-1878),  miscella- 
neous writer ;  grandson  of  Charles  Lee  Lewes  [q.  v.] ; 
tried  various  employments,  among  them  that  of  actor ; 
contributed  to  the  quarterlies  (1840-9)  and  wrote  a  play 
and  two  novels  ;  published  '  Biographical  History  of 
Philosophy,'  1845-6;  co-operated  with  Thornton  Leigh 
Hunt  [q.  v.]  in  the  4  Leader,*  1850 ;  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Miss  Evans  [see  CROSS,  MARY  ANN],  1851,  and 
went  to  Germany  with  her  in  1854,  and  for  the  rest  of  his 
life  lived  with  her  as  her  husband  ;  his  'Life  of  Goethe,' 
the  standard  English  work  on  the  subject,  published,  1866 ; 
studied  physiology,  and  published  •  Seaside  Studies,'  1858, 
'  Physiology  of  Common  Life,'  1859, '  Studies  in  Animal 
Life,'  1862,  and  'Aristotle,'  the  first  instalment  of  a  pro- 
jected history  of  science,  1864 ;  edited  '  Fortnightly  Re- 
view,' 1865-6 ;  his  '  Problems  of  Life  and  Mind '  published 
at  intervals,  1873-9 :  his  criticisms  on  the  drama  contri- 
buted to  the  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette '  published,  1875. 

[xxxiii.  164] 

LEWGAR,  JOHN  (1602-1665),  Roman  catholic  contro- 
versialist ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  162-' ;  published 
controversial  works.  [xxxiii.  167] 

3D2 


LEWICKE 


772 


LEWIS 


LEWICKE.  EDWARD  (ft.  1662),  poet:  author  of 
•The  most  wonderfull  and  pleaaaunt  History  of  Titus  and 
Gisippra,'  1562,  a  rhymed  paraphrase  of  Sir  Thomas 
Eliot's  prose  version  of  a  tale  of  Boccaccio. 

[xxxiii.  168] 

LEWIN,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (ft.  1805),  naturalist; 
brother  of  William  Lcwin  (d.  1795)  [q.  v.]  ;  settled  in 
Paramatta,  New  South  Wales  ;  published  «  The  Birds  of 
New  Holland,'  1808-22,  and  'Prodromus  (tic)  Ento- 
mology,' 1806,  a  history  of  the  lepldoptera  of  New  South 

[xxxiil.  170] 


LEWIW,  SIR  JUSTINIAN  (1613-1673),  master  in 
chancery  :  grandson  of  William  Lewin  (d.  1698)  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  ;  D.C.L.,  1637  ;  official  to  the 
archdeacon  of  Norfolk,  1631  ;  judge  marshal  of  the  army 
In  the  Scottish  expedition,  1639;  a  master  in  chancery, 
1641  ;  promoted  Charles  II's  interest  in  Norfolk  :  knighted, 
1661.  [xxxlii.  169] 

LEWIH,  THOMAS  (1806-1877),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Worcester  and 
Trinity  Colleges,  Oxford;  M.A^  1831:  conveyancing 
counsel  to  the  court  of  chancery,  1862-77  ;  F.S.A.,  1863  ; 
chief  works,  *  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Trusts 
and  Trustees,'  1837,  an  authoritative  text-book,  '  The  Life 
and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,'  1861,  and  archaeological  pamph- 
let*. [xxxiii.  168] 

LEWIW,  WILLIAM  (d.  1898),  civilian  ;  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1666;  public  orator.  1670-1; 
LL.D.,  1676  ;  judge  of  the  prerogative  court  of  Canter- 
bury, 1676-98  ;  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Rochester  and 
commissary  of  the  faculties;  M.P.,  Rochester,  1686,  1689, 
and  1693  ;  a  master  of  chancery,  1693  ;  friend  of  Gabriel 
Harvey  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  the  Latin  epistle  to  the  Jesuits 
before  Harvey's  •  Ciceronianus,'  1677.  [xxxiii.  168] 

LEWIH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1796),  naturalist;  F.L.S., 
1791  ;  published  an  unscientific  book,  'The  Birds  of  Great 
Britain  accurately  figured,'  7  vols.,  1789-96,  of  which  he 
executed  the  drawings;  and  published  vol.  i.  of  'The  In- 
sects of  Great  Britain  systematically  arranged,  accurately 
engraved,  and  painted  from  Nature,'  1795.  [xxxiii.  170] 

LEWIN8  orLEWENS,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1756-1828) 
United  Irishman;  educated  in  France:  envoy  of  the 
Society  of  United  Irishmen  at  Hamburg,  1797;  con- 
fidential agent  at  Paris:  banished  from  Ireland  by  act  of 
parliament  at  the  union;  inspector  of  studies  at  the 
university  of  Paris;  exercised  great  influence  in  France 
during  reign  of  Charles  X.  [xxxiii.  170] 

LEWIS.    [See  also  LEWES.] 

LEWIS  OP  CAERLBOX  (16th  cent.)  [See  CAERLEOX 
LEWIH  OF.] 

LEWIS  GLYW  COTHI  (/.  1450-1486),  Welsh  bard  • 
ato  sometimes  called  LEWIS  Y  GLYX  or  LLYWELYN  GLYX 
OOTHI  :  took  the  Lancastrian  side  in  the  wars  of  the  rose«  • 
his  poems,  about  160  of  which  were  published  for  the 
Cymmrodorion  Society  (1837),  valuable  as  illustrating 
the  part  played  by  the  Welsh  in  the  wars  of  the  roS 

.  LEWIS,  ANDREW  (1720?-1781),  soldie^volunteer 
in  the  Ohio  expedition,  1754:  major  in  Washington's 
Virginia  regiment.  1765:  commanded  Sandy  Creek  ex- 
pedition, 1,66:  taken  prisoner  at  Fort  Duquesne,  1758  • 
brlgadier-ipneral,  1774  :  delegate  to  the  Virginia  conven- 
tion*, 1776  ;  took  popular  side  in  the  war  of  independence 
?2f-waf,  br^f  -general  of  the  continental  army,  1776- 
1*77  ;  died  in  Virginia.  [xxxiii.  171] 

LEWIS,  CHARLES  (1753-1795),  Dainter  of  atill  lifp  • 
exhibited  at  the  Society  o<  ^*ff&$  £Sg%, 

[xxxiii.  171] 

,  P^P.  °HARLES  (1786-1836),  bookbinder  ;  brother 
of  Frederick  Christian  Lewis  (1779-1866)  [q  v  1  and  of 

:  employed  V%2l5f£ 
[xxxiii.  172] 


ass 


I»WIS  CHARLES  JAMES  (1830-1892),  painter  ;  his 
iS  1  ln,^ter-°°Iour  [Painted  8ma11  domestic  sub- 


- 

men>ber  of  the  Royal  Institute  of 
In  Water-colour*,  1882.  [xxxiii.  173] 


LEWIS  or  LEWES,  DAVID  (1520  ?-1584),  civilian  ; 
educated  at  All  Souls  College,  Oxford  ;  B.C.L.,  1540  :  fel- 
low, 1641  ;  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1545-8; 
D.C.L.  and  admitted  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1548  ;  a  master 
in  chancery,  1553;  M.P.,  Steyning,  1553;  M.P.,  Mon- 
mouthshire, 1554-5  ;  judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty, 
1558-75  ;  first  principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1671-2  ; 
joint  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1575. 


LEWIS, 
CHARLES.] 


DAVID      (1617-1679). 


LEWIS,  DAVID  (16837-1760),  poet;  probably  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford  :  B.A., 
1702  ;  published  '  Miscellaneous  Poems  by  Several  Hands.' 
1726,  'Philip  of  Macedon'  (tragedy),  1727,  acted  three 
times,  and  'Collection  of  Miscellany  Poems,'  1730. 

[xxxiii.  174] 

LEWIS,  EDWARD  (1701-1784),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1726;  held  several 
livings  and  wrote  and  preached  against  Roman  Catho- 
licism. [xxxiii.  174] 

LEWIS,  ERASMUS  (1670-1754),  the  friend  of  Swift 
and  Pope  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1693  :  wrote  news-letters  from  Berlin, 
1698;  secretary  to  the  English  ambassador  at  Paris, 
1701,  to  Robert  Harley,  1704,  and  secretary  at  Brussels, 
1708  ;  came  to  London,  1710  ;  M.P.,  Lostwithiel,  Corn- 
wall, 1713  ;  intimate  with  Prior,  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  Gay, 
and  Swift  [xxxiu.  176] 

LEWIS,  EVAN  (1828-1869),  independent  minister  ; 
B.A.  London  ;  served  various  independent  chapels  ; 
F.R.G.S.;  fellow  of  the  Ethnological  Society;  published 
religious  works.  [xxxiii.  176] 

LEWIS,  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN  (1779-1856),  en- 
graver and  landscape-painter  :  brother  of  Charles  Lewis 
(1786-1836)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  J.  0.  Stadler  and  in  the 
schools  of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  aquatinted  most  of  Girtin's 
etchings  of  Paris,  1803  ;  made  transcripts  of  drawings  by 
the  great  masters  for  Ottley's  'Italian  School  of  Design,' 
1808-12;  executed  plates  for  Chamberlaine's  'Original 
Designs  of  the  most  celebrated  Masters  in  the  Royal  Collec- 
tion,' 1812;  engraved  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence's  crayon 
portraits  ;  engraver  of  drawings  to  Princess  Charlotte, 
Prince  Leopold,  George  IV,  William  IV,  and  Queen 
Victoria:  painted  landscapes,  chiefly  of  Devonshire 
scenery  ;  published  several  volumes  of  plates  illustrating 
the  Devonshire  rivers  between  1821  and  1843,  and  also 
etchings  of  the  'Scenery  of  the  Rivers  of  England  and 
Wales,'  1845-7.  [xxxiii.  177] 

LEWIS,  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN  (1813-1875),. 
painter;  son  of  Frederick  Christian  Lewis  (1779-1856) 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  ;  went 
to  India,  1834,  and  painted  pictures  of  durbars  for  native 
princes,  engraved  by  his  father,  and  published  in  England  ; 
died  at  Genoa.  [xxxiii.  177] 

LEWIS,  GEORGE  (1763-1822),  dissenting  divine; 
issued  a  manual  of  divinity  in  Welsh  which  became  very 
popular,  1796,  and  a  valuable  Welsh  commentary  on  the1 
New  Testament,  1802  ;  head  of  Abergavenny  Theological 
College,  1812-22.  [xxxiii.  178] 

LEWIS,  Sm  GEORGE  OORNEWALL.  second  baronet 
(1806-1863),  statesman  and  author;  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Frankland  Lewis  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1831  ;  assistant-commissioner  to  inquire 
into  the  condition  of  the  poorer  classes  in  Ireland,  1833, 
and  into  the  state  of  religious  and  other  instruction, 
1834;  joint-commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  affairs  of 
Malta,  1836-8  ;  a  poor-law  commissioner  for  England  and 
Wales,  1839-47  ;  liberal  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1847;  secretary 
to  board  of  control,  1847  ;  under-secretary  for  the  home 
department,  1848;  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury, 
1860-2;  editor  of  the  'Edinburgh  Review,'  to  which  he 
contributed  eighteen  articles,  1852-5;  succeeded  to 
baronetcy,  1855;  M.P.  for  Radnor  boroughs,  1855-63; 
published  .'Enquiry  into  the  Credibility  of  the  Early 
Roman  History,'  1855  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1856- 
1858  ;  home  secretary,  1859-61  ;  secretary  for  war,  1861-3  : 
published,  among  other  works  on  politics,  'A  Treatise  on 
the  Methods  of  Observation  and  Reasoning  in  Polities' 
(1852).  [Xxxiii.  178] 


LEWIS 


773 


LEWIS 


LEWIS,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1782-1871),  painter  of 
landscapes  and  portraits ;  brother  of  Charles  Lewis  (1786- 
1836)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  schools  ; 
exhibited  landscapes,  1805-7  ;  accompanied  Thomas  Prog- 
nail  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  as  dZMffhtUMO  on  his  continental 
journey,  and  illustrated  Dibdin's  '  Bibliographical  and 
Picturesque  Tour  through  France  and  Germany*  (pub- 
lished, 1821);  etched  'Groups  illustrating  the  Physio- 
gnomy, Manners,  and  Character  of  the  People  of  France 
and  Germany,'  1823 :  exhibited  portraits  and  landscapes 
and  flgure-subjecte,  1820-59.  [xxxlii.  183] 

LEWIS,  GRIFFITH  GEORGE  (1784-1859),  lieute- 
nant-general ;  colonel-commandant,  royal  engineers ;  edu- 
cated at  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich ;  lieutenant, 
1803;  fought  at  Maida,  1806;  captain,  1807;  served  in 
Spanish  campaign  under  Wellington,  1813  ;  served  in 
Newfoundland,  1819-27  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1825  :  com- 
manded royal  engineers  at  Jersey,  1830-6 ;  at  the  Oape  of 
Good  Hope,  1836-42  ;  in  Ireland,  1842-7  ;  at  Portsmouth, 
1847-51 :  joint-editor  of  the  '  Professional  Papers  of  the 
Corps  of  Royal  Engineers,'  and  of  the  'Corps  Papers,' 
1847-64  ;  governor  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, 1851-6 ;  lieutenant-general,  1858.  [xxxiii.  184] 

LEWIS,  HUBERT  (1825-1884),  jurist ;  educated  at 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1848;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1854;  published  'Principles  of  Con- 
veyancing," 1863,  'Principles  of  Equity  Drafting,'  1865; 
his  '  Ancient  Laws  of  Wales '  published,  1889. 

[xxxiii.  185] 

LEWIS,  JAMES  HENRY  (1786-1853),  stenographer ; 
taught  and  lectured  on  writing  and  stenography  in  the 
principal  towns  of  the  United  Kingdom ;  his  system  of 
shorthand,  'The  Art  of  Writing  with  the  Velocity  of 
Speech,'  issued  anonymously,  1814;  his  'Historical  Ac- 
count of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Shorthand,'  1816,  still 
the  best  history  of  the  subject.  [xxxiii.  185] 

LEWIS,  JOHN  (1675-1747),  author;  educated  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1697;  ordained,  1698 ;  vicar 
of  Minster,  Kent,  1709-47;  M.A.,  1712;  master  of  East- 
bridge  Hospital,  Canterbury,  1717 ;  chiefly  known  by  his 
biographies  of  Wycliffe  (1720  and  1723),  Caxton  (1737), 
Pecock  (1744),  and  Bishop  Fisher  (first  printed,  1855); 
published  valuable  topographical  works  dealing  mainly 
with  Kent;  made  important  contributions  to  religious 
history  and  bibliography.  [xxxiii.  186] 

LEWIS,  JOHN  DELAWARE  (1828-1884),  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  born  in  St.  Petersburg ;  educated  at  Eton 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  published  'Sketches  of 
Oantabs,'  1849;  M.A.,  1853;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1858;  M.P.,  Devonport,  1868-74;  wrote  miscellaneous 
works  in  French  and  English.  [xxxiii.  188] 

LEWIS,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1805-1876),  painter  of 
Italian,  Spanish,  and  Oriental  subjects  :  son  of  Frederick 
Christian  Lewis  (1779-1856)  [q.v.]:  painted  and  exhibited 
animal  subjects,  1820-32 ;  member  of  the  Water-colour 
Society,  1829 ;  visited  Spain,  1832-4 ;  painted  Spanish 
subjects  until  about  1841 ;  travelled  in  the  East,  1839-51 : 
painted  oriental  subjects,  1850-76,  based  on  sketches  made 
during  his  travels  ;  R.A.,  1865.  [xxxiii.  188] 

LEWIS,  JOYCE  or  JOCASTA  (<f.  1557),  martyr; 
daughter  of  Thomas  Curzon  of  Croxall,  Staffordshire ; 
married,  first,  Sir  George  Appleby,  and,  secondly,  Thomas 
Lewis ;  became  a  protestaut,  was  imprisoned,  1556,  and 
burned.  [xxxiii.  190] 

LEWIS,  LEOPOLD  DAVID  (1828-1890),  dramatist ; 
dramatised  'The  Bells'  from  Erckmann-Chatrian's  'Le 
Juif  Polonais,'  produced  1871 ;  author  of  '  The  Wandering 
Jew,'  1873, '  Give  a  Dog  a  bad  Name,'  1876,  and '  The  Found- 
lings,' 1881;  conducted  'The  Mask,'  1868,  and  published 
4  A  Peal  of  Merry  Bells '  (tales),  1880.  [xxxiii.  191] 

LEWIS,  LADY  MARIA  THERESA  (1803-1865),  bio- 
grapher ;  granddaughter  of  Thomas  Villiers,  first  earl  of 
Clarendon  [q.  v.],  and  sister  of  George  William  Frederick 
Villiers,  fourth  earl  of  Clarendon  [q.  v.]  ;  married,  first, 
Thomas  Henry  Lister  [q.  v.],  1830,  and,  secondly,  Sir 
George  Cornewall  Lewis  [q.  T.],  1844 ;  published  '  The 
Lives  of  the  Friends  and  Contemporaries  of  Lord  Chan- 
cellor Clarendon,'  1852 ;  edited  '  Extracts  of  the  Journals 
of  Miss  Berry,'  1865.  [xxxiii.  191] 

LEWIS,  MARK  (fl.  1678),  financial  and  miscel- 
laneous writer;  invented  a  new  method  of  teaching 


(patented),  and  published  works  expounding  it  between 
1670  ?  an.l  1.575?  :  proposed  quack  schemes  of  financial 
reforms  in  pamphlet*,  issued,  1676-8.  [xxxiii.  191] 

LEWIS,  MATT1IKW  CKEOORY  (1775-1818),  author 
of  tin-  -Monk';  of  Westminster  and  Christ 
Oxford:  attache  to  the  British  embaasy  at  the  Hague, 
1794;  published  'The  Monk,'  1795,  and  immediately 
became  famous ;  M.P.,  Hindoo,  1796-1802 ;  brought  out 
the  'Castle Spectre'  at  Drury  Lane,  1798;  made  Walter 
Scott's  acquaintance  (1798),  and  procured  the  publica- 
tion of  his  translation  of  'Goetz  von  Berlichlngen,"  17W ; 
visited  his  West  Indian  property  in  order  to  arrange  for 
the  proper  treatment  of  the  slaves,  1815-16  and  1817-18 ; 
died  at  sea  on  his  way  home.  His  writings  are  memorable 
on  account  of  their  influence  on  Scott's  early  poetical 
efforts:  some  of  his  numerous  dramas  and  tales  were 
translated  from  the  German.  His  'Journal  of  a  West 
Indian  Proprietor,'  1834,  is  interesting  as  showing  the 
condition  of  the  negroes  in  Jamaica  at  the  time. 

[xxxiiL  192] 

LEWIS  MOROAXWO,  Le,  of  Glamorganshire  (Jl. 
1500-1540),  Welsh  bard;  author  of  a  poem  on  St.  Iltutu* 
[see  ILLTYD  or  ILTUTUH],  entitled  'Cowydd  8t  nityd,' 
printed  with  an  English  translation  in  the  lolo  M83. 

[xxxiii.  194] 

LEWIS,  OWEN,  also  known  as  LEWIH  OWKN  (1532- 
1594),  bishop  of  Cassano;  of  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford ;  B.O.L.,  1559  ;  went  to  Douay  University,  1561 ; 
appointed  regius  professor  of  law  at  Douay ;  canon  of 
Cambray  Cathedral  and  archdeacon  of  Hainault ;  bishop 
of  Cassano,  1588 ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxxiii.  194] 

LEWIS,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (d.  1862),  topo- 
grapher ;  son  of  Samuel  Lewis  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  author 
of  'Islington  as  it  was  and  as  it  is,'  1854,  and  other 
works.  [xxxiii.  195] 

LEWIS,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (d,  1865),  publisher ;  his 
best-known  publications,  topographical  dictionaries, 
edited  by  Joseph  Haydn  [q.  v.],  and  atlases,  1831-42. 

[xxxiii.  195] 

LEWIS,  SAMUEL  SAVAGE  (1836-1891),  librarian  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  grandson  of  George 
Lewis  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  the  City  of  London  School  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  :  studied  farming  in 
Canada,  1857-60;  migrated  to  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge,  1865,  and  fellow,  1869 ;  librarian  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  1870-91;  M.A.,  1872;  P.S.A.,  1872; 
ordained,  1872;  a  diligent  antiquary;  bequeathed  his 
collections  of  coins,  gems,  and  vases  to  his  college. 

[xxxiii.  195] 

LEWIS,  STUART  (1756  ?-1818),  Scottish  poet; 
roamed  over  Scotland  as  '  the  mendicant  bard ' ;  produced 
his  poem,  '  Fair  Helen  of  Kirkconnell,'  1796,  with  an  in- 
teresting preface  on  the  history  of  the  ballad  on  the  same 
theme ;  '  O'er  the  Muir '  the  most  noteworthy  of  his  lyrics. 

[xxxiii.  196] 

LEWIS,  THOMAS  (1689-1749?),  controversialist: 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1711 ;  ordained, 
1713 ;  forced  to  hide  on  account  of  the  libellous  nature 
of  his  periodical  publication,  '  The  Scourge,  in  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Church  of  England/  1717 ;  continued  to  issue 
controversial  writings,  1719-35.  [xxxiii.  196] 

LEWIS,  SIK  THOMAS  FRANKLAND,  first  baronet 
(1780-1855),  politician;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Frank- 
land  [q.  v.];  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Radnorshire  militia,  1806-16; 
M.P.,  Beaumaris,  1812-26,  Enuis,  1826-8;  Radnorshire, 
1828-34,  Radnor  boroughs,  1847-55 ;  member  of  commis- 
sion to  inquire  into  Irish  revenue,  1821,  of  commi?Mon  to 
inquire  into  revenue  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1822, 
and  of  commission  on  Irish  education,  1825-8:  joint- 
secretary  to  the  treasury,  1827;  vice-president  of  the 
board  of  trade  and  privy  councillor,  1828;  treasurer 
of  the  navy,  1830  ;  chairman  of  the  poor-law  commission, 
1834-9 ;  created  baronet,  1846.  [xxxiii.  197] 

LEWIS,  THOMAS  TAYLOR  (1801-1868),  geologist 
and  antiquary ;  M.A.  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1828 ; 
investigated  the  Silurian  system :  edited  for  the  Camden 
Society  the  '  Letters  of  Lady  Brilliana  HMle 


LEWIS,  TITUS  (1773-1811X  baptist  minister;  in 
charge  of  baptist  church  at  Carmarthen;  published 
Welsh  theological  works,  1802-11.  [xxxiii.  198] 


LEWIS 


774 


LEYCESTER 


LEWIS,  WILLIAM  (1592-1667),  master  of  the 
hosDital  of  St.  Gross,  \Viiirln-t< -r,  and  canon  of  Win- 
chester; educated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford ;  B.A.  and  fellow 
of  Oriel,  1608 ;  M.A.,  1612 ;  chaplain  to  Lord  Chancellor 
Bacon;  provostof  Oriel,  1618-21 ;  in  the  service  of  George 
Villlers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  1627-8;  canon  of  Win- 
chester, 1827 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1627 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I 
and  master  of  the  hospital  of  St.  Gross,  1628 ;  D.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1629;  ejected  under  the  Commonwealth;  re- 
instated, 1660.  [xxxiii.  198] 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM  (1714-1781),  chemist;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1737;  MJB.,  1741;  M.D.,  1745; 
delivered  the  oration  at  opening  of  Radcliffe  Library, 
1749;  chief  works,  'The  New  Dispensatory,'  1753,  and 
•  Experimental  History  of  the  Materia  Medica,'  1761. 

[xxxiii.  199] 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM  (1787-1870),  writer  on  chess  and 
chew-player,  also  a  teacher  of  chess :  published  elementary 
works  on  chess  between  1814  and  1835.  [xxxiii.  199] 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM  GARRETT  (1821-1885),  baptist 
minister ;  obtained  clerkship  in  post  office,  1840 ;  became 
a  baptist,  and  was  chosen  minister ;  secretary  of  the 
London  Baptist  Association,  which  he  helped  to  found, 
1866-9,  and  president,  1870;  editor  of  the  'Baptist 
Magazine  •  for  twenty  years.  [xxxiii.  200] 

LEWIS,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1748  ?-1811),  called 
•Gentleman1  Lewis,  actor;  great-grandson  of  Erasmus 
Lewis  [q.  v.] ;  appeared  at  Dublin,  1770-2,  at  Covent  Gar- 
den, London,  1773-1809  ;  played  more  characters,  original 
and  established,  than  almost  any  other  English  comedian ; 
created,  among  other  parts,  Faulkland  in  the  '  Rivals,' 
Doricourt  in  the  '  Belle's  Stratagem,'  and  Jeremy  Diddler 
in  '  Raising  the  Wind ' ;  deputy-manager  of  Covent 
Garden,  1782-1804 ;  lessee  of  the  Liverpool  Theatre,  1803- 
1811.  [xxxiii.  200] 

LEWSON,  JANE  (1700  ?-1816),  commonly  called 
LADY  LEWSON  ;  eccentric  centenarian ;  her  maiden  name 
Vaughan  ;  after  the  death  of  her  husband  (1726)  lived  in 
close  retirement.  Her  peculiarities  possibly  suggested 
Dickens's  character  of  Miss  Havisham.  [xxxiii.  202] 

LEWYS  AP  RHYS  AP  OWAIN  (d.  1616  ?).  [See 
DWNN,  LEWYS.] 

LEXINGTON,  BARONS.  [See  SUTTON,  ROBERT,  first 
BARON,  1694-1668;  BUTTON,  ROBERT,  second  BARON, 
1661-1723.] 

LEXINTON,  HENRY  DE  (d.  1258),  bishop  of  Lincoln ; 
brother  of  John  de  Lexinton  [q.  v.];  dean  of  Lincoln, 
1245 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1253-8.  [xxxiii.  203] 

LEXINTON  or  LESSINGTON,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1257), 
baron,  judge,  and  often  described  as  keeper  of  the  great 
seal ;  a  clerk  in  chancery ;  had  custody  of  great  seal  for 
short  periods  in  1238,  1242,  1247,  1249,  1253;  king's 
seneschal,  1247  ;  chief-justice  of  the  forests  north  of  the 
Trent,  and  governor  of  several  northern  castles,  1256 ; 
put  in  fetters  the  Jew  Copin,  supposed  murderer,  with  his 
co-religionists,  of  Hugh  of  Lincoln  [q.  v.],  1255. 

LEXINTON,  OLIVER  DE  (<f.  1299).    [See  BUTTON.] 

LEXINTON  or  LESSINGTON,  ROBERT  DE  (d. 
1250),  judge;  prebendary  of  Southwell;  senior  of  the 
justices,  1234;  chief  of  the  itinerant  justices  for  the 
northern  division,  1240.  [xxxiii.  203] 

LEXINTON  or  LESSINGTON,  STEPHEN  DE  (ft 
1260),  abbot  of  Olairvaux ;  studied  at  Paris  and  Oxford- 
prebendary  of  Southwell.  1214 ;  abbot  of  Savigny,  Nor- 
mandy, 1229;  abbot  of  Olairvaux,  1243-55;  founded 
house  in  Paris  for  scholars  of  bis  order,  1244. 

LEY,  HUGH  (1790-1837),  physician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1813  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1818 ;  published  '  An  Essay  on  Laryniris- 
mus  Stridulus,  or  Crouplike  Inspiration  of  Infants' the 
first  work  containing  a  full  pathological  description  of 
the  malady,  1856.  [xxxiii.  204] 

,«.P*'  JAMES«  fl™t  *****  o*  MARLBOROUOH  (1650- 
1629),  judge;  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  B.A..  1674  • 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1684 ;  M.P.,  Westbury,  1597-8 
1604-6,  and  1609-11;  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1BOO-' 
reader,  1602 ;  serjeant-at-law  and  knighted,  1603 ;  lord 
chief-justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1604 ;  com- 
of  the  great  seal  at  Dublin,  1605 ;  commissioner 


for  the  plantation  of  Ulster,  1G08  ;  attorney  of  the  court 
of  wards  and  liveries  in  England,  1608  ;  governor  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1609-22:  M.P.,  Bath,  1614;  created  barom", 
1619:  lord  chief- justice  of  king's  bench,  1622-4;  lord 
high  treasurer  and  privy  councillor,  1624.and  created  Baron 
Ley  of  Ley  in  Devonshire,  1624;  Earl  of  Marlborough, 
1626 :  president  of  the  council,  1628 ;  member  of  Eliza- 
bethan Society  of  Antiquaries.  [xxxiii.  205] 

LEY,  JAMES,  third  EARL  OF  MARLBOROUOH  (1618- 
1665),  naval  captain;  grandson  of  James  Ley,  first  earl 
of  Marlborough  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  title,  1638  ; 
royalist  commander,  1643 ;  established  a  colony,  which 
soon  failed,  at  Santa  Cruz,  West  Indies,  1645  ;  commanded 
the  squadron  which  went  to  the  East  Indies  to  receive 
Bombay  from  the  Portuguese,  1661 :  nominated  governor 
of  Jamaica,  1664 :  killed  in  naval  action  with  Dutch,  1665. 

[xxxiii.  207] 

LEY,  JOHN  (1583-1662),  puritan  divine;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1608;  prebendary  of  Chester, 
1627 ;  took  the  solemn  league  and  covenant,  1643  ;  presi- 
dent of  Sion  College,  1645 ;  a  'trier,'  1653 ;  held  various 
rectories,  and  wrote  religious  works.  [xxxiii.  207] 

LEYBOTTRN,  THOMAS  (1770-1840).  mathematician  ; 
edited  the  '  Mathematical  Repository,'  1799-1835  ;  pub- 
lished '  A  Synopsis  of  Data  for  the  Construction  of  Tri- 
angles,' 1802 ;  teacher  of  mathematics  at  the  Military 
College,  Sandhurst,  1802-39.  [xxxiii.  208] 

LEYBOTTRN,  WILLIAM  (1626-1700?),  mathema- 
tician; teacher  of  mathematics  and  professional  land 
surveyor ;  joint-author  of  the  first  book  on  astronomy 
written  in  English,  '  Urania  Practica,'  1648 ;  published 
'The  Compleat  Surveyor,'  1653,  ' Arithmetick,  Vulgar, 
Decimal,  and  Instrumental,'  1657,  'The  Line  of  Propor- 
tion or  [of]  Numbers,  commonly  called  Gnnter's  Line,  made 
easie,'  1667 ;  'Oursus  Mathematicus,'  1690,  and  'Panarith- 
mologia,'  1693  (the  earliest  ready-reckoner  known  in 
English).  [xxxiii.  208] 

LEYBOTJRNE,  LEYBTTRN,  LEMBTIRN,  or  LEE- 
BURN,  ROGER  DE  (d.  1271),  warden  of  the  Cinque 
ports;  accompanied  Henry  III  to  Gascony,  1253; 
served  against  Llywelyn  of  Wales,  1256 ;  sided  with 
the  barons,  1258,  and  was  consequently  deprived  of 
all  his  revenues,  c.  1260 ;  took  to  marauding  ;  associated 
himself  with  Simon  de  Montfort,  1263  ;  reconciled  to  the 
king,  1264 ;  took  the  king's  side  in  the  battle  of  Evesham, 
1265.  [xxxiii.  209] 

LEYBOURNE,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1309),  baron; 
son  of  Roger  de  Leybourne  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  Wales,  1277 ; 
constable  of  Pevensey,  1282;  described  as  'admiral  of 
the  sea  of  the  king  of  England,'  1297 ;  served  in  Scotland, 
1299-1300  and  1304.  [xxxiii.  211] 

LEYBTTRN,  GEORGE  (1593-1677),  Roman  catholic 
divine  ;  studied  at  Douay,  1617-25  ;  missioner  in  Eng- 
land, 1630 ;  chaplain  to  Queeu  Henrietta  Maria  ;  forced 
to  retire  to  Douay,  where  he  taught  philosophy  and 
divinity ;  D.D.  Rheims  ;  returned  to  England,  but  during 
the  civil  war  retired  to  France  and  rendered  services  to 
the  royalist  party ;  president  of  the  English  college  at 
Douay,  1652-70  ;  died  at  Chalou-sur-Saunu  ;  author  of 


religious  works. 


[xxxiii.  212] 


LEYBTTRN,  JOHN  (1620-1702),  Roman  catholic 
prelate  ;  nephew  of  George  Leyburn  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  the  English  college,  Douay  ;  taught  classics  there ; 
president,  1670-6 ;  D.D. ;  vicar-apostolic  of  all  England, 
1685-8,  and  first  vicar-apostolic  of  the  London  district, 
1688 ;  translated  Kenelm  Digby's  treatise  on  the  soul  into 
Latin  (Paris,  1661).  [xxxiii.  213] 

LEYCESTER,  JOHN  (/.  1639),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1622 ;  works 
include  '  A  Manual  of  the  Choicest  Adagies,'  1623,  and  two 
poems,  one  on  the  death  of  Hampden,  1641,  and  another 
entitled  '  England's  Miraculous  Preservation,'  1646. 

[xxxiii.  214] 

LEYCESTER,  SIR  PETER,  first  baronet  (1614- 
1678),  antiquary  ;  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  entered 
Gray's  Inn,  1632 ;  took  royalist  side  in  the  civil  war ; 
rewarded  with  a  baronetcy,  1660  ;  author  of  '  Historical 
Antiquities  in  two  Books,'  1673 ;  contributed  to  the  con- 
troversy concerning  the  legitimacy  of  Amicia,  wife  of 
Ralph  Mainwariug,  his  ancestor.  [xxxiii,  214] 


LEYDEN 


775 


L.IGHTFOOT 


LEYDEN,  JOHN  (1775-1811),  physician  and  poet: 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University,  1790-7  ;  contributed  to 
the  'Edinburgh  Literary  Magazine';  contributed  to 
Lewis's  •  Tales  of  Wonder,'  1801 :  assisted  Scott  with 
earlier  volumes  of  the 4  Border  Minstrelsy,'  1802  ;  pub- 
lished '  Scottish  Descriptive  Poems,'  1802  ;  M.D.  St. 
Andrews;  assistant-surgeon  at  Madras,  1803-5;  snttlnl 
at  Calcutta,  1806  ;  published  his  essay  on  the  Indo- Persian, 
Indo-Chinese,  and  EK-kkmi  languages,  1807 ;  commissioner 
of  the  court  of  requests,  Calcutta,  1809  ;  assay-master  of 
the  mint,  Calcutta,  1810  ;  accompanied  Lord  Minto  to 
Java,  1811  ;  translated  into  English  the  'Sejarah  Ma- 
layu  '  ('  Malay  Annals  '),  published  1821,  and  •  Commen- 
taries of  Baber,'  published  1826  ;  died  at  Cornelia,  Java. 

[xxxiii.  215] 

LEYLAND,  JOSEPH  BENTLEY  (.1811  -  1851), 
sculptor  ;  his  most  important  works  a  statue  of  Dr. 
Beckwith  of  York,  in  York  Minster,  and  a  group  of 
African  bloodhounds.  [xxxiii.  216] 

LEYSON,  THOMAS  (1549-1608?),  poet  and  physi- 
cian ;  of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford :  fellow, 
1509-86  ;  M.A.,  1576 :  M.B.  and  proctor,  1583 ;  practised 
physic  at  Bath ;  wrote  Latin  verses.  [xxxiii.  217] 

LHTIYD.    [See  also  LLOYD,  LLWYD,  and  LOYD.] 

LHUYD,  EDWARD  (1660-1709),  Celtic  scholar  and 
naturalist ;  entered  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1682 ;  keeper 
of  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  1690-1709 ;  published  catalogue 
of  the  figured  fossils  in  the  Ashmolean,  1699  ;  M.A.,  1701 ; 
vol.  i.  of  his  '  Archseologia  Britannica*  published,  1707  ; 
F.R.S.,  1708 ;  superior  beadle  of  divinity  in  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, 1709.  [xxxiii.  217] 

LIAFWHTE,  SAINT  (ft.  755).    [See  LKBWIN.] 

LIARDET,  FRANCIS  (1798-1863),  captain  in  the 
navy  ;  entered  navy,  1809  ;  served  on  the  coast  of  Africa 
and  on  the  North  American  station,  1810-14  ;  lieutenant, 
1824;  on  the  South  American  station,  1833-8  ;  commander 
and  serving  in  the  Mediterranean,  1838-40;  obtained 
post  rank,  1840;  New  Zealand  Company's  agent  at 
Taranaki,  1841-2;  published  'Professional  Recollections 
on  Points  of  Seamanship,  Discipline,'  &c.,  1849,  and 
'  The  Midshipman's  Companion,'  1851  ;  one  of  the,  cap- 
tains of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1856 ;  published  « Friendly 
Hints  to  the  Young  Naval  Lieutenant,'  1858. 

[xxriii.  219] 

HART,  MATTHEW  (1736-1782?),  engraver; 
apprenticed  to  Simon  Francois  Ravenet  [q.  v.]  :  pub- 
lished engravings  after  Benjamin  West,  P.R.A. 

[xxxiii.  220] 

LIBBERTOTTN,  LORD  (d.  1650).  [See  WIXKAM, 
GEORGE.] 

LIGHFIELD.    [See  also  LITCHFIKLD.] 

LICHFIELD,  EARLS  OP.  [See  STUART,  BKRNARD, 
titular  earl,  1623  ?-1646 ;  LKK,  GKORGE  HKNRY,  third 
EARL  of  the  Lee  family,  1718-1772.] 

LICHFIELD,  LEONARD  (1604-1657),  printer  and 
author  :  printer  to  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  printed 
public  papers  for  Charles  I,  1642-6.  [xxxiii.  220] 

LICHFIELD,  LEONARD  (d.  1686),  printer ;  son  of 
Leonard  Lichfleld  (1604-1657)  [q.  v.] ;  printed  at  Oxford 
'The  Oxford  Gazette,'  a  folio  half-sheet,  containing 
the  government's  official  notices,  the  earliest  English 
periodical  of  the  kind  (1665-6),  which  was  continued  in 
London  as  'The  London  Gazette.'  [xxxiii.  221] 

LICHFIELD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1447),  divine  and  poet ; 
D.D. ;  rector  of  All  Hallows  the  Great,  London  ;  a 
famous  preacher :  left  3,083  sermons  written  in  English 
with  his  own  hand.  [xxxiii.  221] 

LIDDEL,  DUNCAN  (1561  -  1613),  mathematician 
and  physician  ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  :  studied  mathe- 
matics and  physic  at  Frankfort-on-Oder  ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Helmstadt,  1691-1603;  M.D.  Helmstadt, 
1596,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  philosophy,  1599  ;  pro- 
rector,  1604;  returned  to  Scotland,  1607:  endowed  a 
professorship  of  mathematics  in  the  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  1613 ;  published  medical  works,  [xxxiii.  221] 

LIDDELL,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1811-1898),  dean  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  of  Charterhouse  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1835 ;  D.D.,  1865 ;  tutor,  1836,  and 
censor,  1845,  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  White's  professor 
of  moral  philosophy,  1845;  domestic  chaplain  to  Prince 
Albert,  1846 ;  head-master  of  Westminster  School,  1846-55  ; 


published  (1843),  with  Robert  Scott  (1811-1887)  [q.  v.], 
Greek-English    Lexicon,'    which    he   revised  alone  for 
7thelit.,  1883;   member  of  first  Oxford  University  oom- 
mlssion,   1862;   dean  of  Christ    ri.-.ir.  rook 

prominent  part  in  administrative  reforms  at  Chri-t 
Church:  vice-chancellor,  1870-4:  Iran.  LM>.  K-lln- 
burgh,  1884  :  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1893  :  his  publicatio:  * 
include  '  A  History  of  Ancient  Rome,'  1855. 

[Suppl.  Hi.  94] 

LIDDELL,  HENRY  THOMAS,  flr-t  HAUL  <>r 
UAVKNSWDHTH  (1797-1878),  educated  at  Eton  an 
John's  College,  Cambridge:  M.P.,  Northumberland,  1886  : 
North  Durham,  1837-47 ;  Liverpool,  1853-5 :  succeeded 
liis  father  as  second  Baron  Ravens  worth  (of  a  second 
creation),  1855 :  created  Earl  of  Ravens  worth  and  Baron 
Eslington,  1874 ;  published  original  poems,  and  trans- 
lations from  Horace  and  Virgil.  [xxxiii.  222] 

LIDDELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1794-1868),  director-general 
of  the  medical  department  of  the  royal  navy,  1854-64  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh ;  entered  the  navy  as  assistant-surgeon, 
1812  ;  L.R.C.S.,  1821 ;  director  of  the  hospital  at  Malta, 
1831;  Inspector  of  fleets  and  hospitals,  1844;  F.H.P., 
1846 ;  deputy  inspector-general  of  Haslar  Hospital ; 
inspector-general  of  Royal  Hospital,  Greenwich  ;  knighted, 
1848 ;  honorary  physician  to  Queen  Victoria,  1859  :  K.C.B., 
1864.  [xxxiii.  223] 

LIDDESDALE,  KNIGHT  OF  (1300  ?-l?53).  [See 
DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM.] 

LLDDIARD,  WILLIAM  (1773-1841),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  entered  University  College,  Oxford,  1792  ;  in  the 
army,  1794-6:  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1803  ;  author 
of  poems  and  a  book  of  travels.  [xxxiii.  223] 

LIDDON,  HENRY  PARRY  (1829-1890),  canon  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  and  preacher  ;  of  King's  College 
School,  London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1860  : 
ordained,  1853  ;  joined  Pusey  and  Keble ;  vice-principal  of 
Bishop  Wilberforce's  Theological  College,  Cuddesdon,  1854- 
1859 ;  vice-principal  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford,  1869 ; 
on  the  hebdomadal  board  three  times  between  1864  and 
1875 ;  Bampton  lecturer,  1866 ;  B.D.,  D.D.,  and  D.C.L.,  1870  : 
Ireland  professor  of  exegesis,  1870-82 ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  1870 :  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1886  : 
his  sermons  at  St.  Paul's  for  twenty  years  a  central  fact  of 
London  life ;  most  of  his  sermons  published ;  left  ready 
for  publication  three  volumes  of  a  '  Life  of  Pusey.* 

[xxxiii.  223] 

LIFARD,  GILBERT  OP  ST.  (<*.  1305).   [See  GILBERT.] 

LIFFORD,  first  VISCOUNT  (1709  -  1789).  [See 
HKWITT,  JAMES.] 

LIGHT,  EDWARD  (1747-1832),  professor  of  music 
and  inventor  of  musical  instruments ;  organist  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover  Square,  1794:  invented  the  harp- 
guitar  and  the  lute-harp,  1798,  and  the  harp-lyre,  lute- 
harp,  and  dital-harp,  1816  ;  published  'A  First  Book  on 
Music,'  1794,  '  Lessons  and  Songs  for  the  Guitar"  In 
1795  and  1800,  and  instructions  for  lute-playing,  1800 
and  1817.  [xxxiii.  22K] 

LIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1784-1838),  colonel  :  surveyor- 
general  of  South  Australia  and  founder  of  the  city 
of  Adelaide  ;  lieutenant,  1809 ;  served  in  the  Pt-nin- 
sula  ;  captain,  1821 ;  employed  in  navy  of  Mehemet 
A15,  pasha  of  Egypt ;  surveyor-general  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, 1836 ;  selected  site  for  city  of  Adelaide,  1836 : 
died  at  Port  Adelaide;  author  of  'A  Trigonometrical 
Survey  of  Adelaide.'  [xxxiii.  228] 

LIGHTFOOT,  HANNAH  (fl.  1768),  the  beautiful 
quakeress  ;  said  by  scandal  to  have  been  secretly  married 
to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George  III. 

[xxxiii.  229] 

LIGHTFOOT,  JOHN  (1602-1675),  biblical  critic-; 
entered  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1617 :  took  holy 
orders  and  held  various  cures  ;  his  first  work,  'Erubhim, 
or  Miscellanies,  Christian  and  Judaical,'  1629  :  master  of 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1650;  D.D.,  1652;  vice- 
cliancellor  of  his  university,  1654  :  prebendary  of  Kly. 
1668 ;  aided  in  Walton's  Polyglot  Bible,  1657 ;  the  first 
collected  edition  of  his  works  published,  1684. 

[xxxiii.  229] 

LIGHTFOOT,  JOHN  (1735-1788),  naturalist :  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  17«6;  in  holy  orders,  holding 
several  cures  ;  published  the'  Flora Scotica,'  1778;  F.H.s.. 
1781 :  member  of  the  Linnean  Society.  [xxxiii.  231] 


LIGHTFOOT 


776 


LINCHE 


LIOHTFOOT,  JOSEPH  BARBER  (1828  -  1889), 
:rham,  divine  aud  scholar ;  educated  at 
:'s  School,  Birmingham,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1851:  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  1858-79 :  edited  '  Journal  of  Classical  and  Sacred 
Philology,'  1854-9;  ordained,  1858;  member  of  the 
*  council  of  senate,"  1860 ;  Hulseau  professor  of  divinity, 
1861 ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Victoria,  1862 ;  member  of  the 
New  Testament  Company  of  Revisers,  1870-80;  Lady 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1875  ;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1879-89;  published  many  valuable  works  on  biblical 
criticism  and  early  post-biblical  Christian  history  and 
iterature.  [xxxiii.  232] 

LIGONIZR,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  Lioo.MKR  in  the 
peerage  of  Ireland  (d.  1782),  lieutenant-general ;  son  of 
Francis  Ligonier  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  1752;  present 
atMinden,  1759 ;  succeeded  his  uncle,  Earl  Ligoiiier,  in  the 
Irish  viscountcy,  1770;  created  Earl  Ligouier,  1776: 
lieutenant-general,  1777  ;  K.B.,  1781.  [xxxiii.  242] 

LIGONIEB,  FRANCIS,  otherwise  FRANQOIS 
AUGUSTS  (d.  1746), colonel  in  the  British  army  ;  brother 
of  John  Ligonier,  first  earl  Ligonier  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the 
army,  1720;  present  at  Dettingen,  1743  ;  colonel,  1745. 

[xxxiii.  242] 

LIGONIER,  JOHN,  otherwise  JEAN  LOUIS,  first  EARL 
LK;ONIKR  (1680-1770),  field-marshal  in  the  British  army ; 
born  at  Castres,  France ;  educated  in  France  and  Switzer- 
land ;  came  to  Dublin,  1697 ;  fought  under  Maryborough 
at  Blenheim,  1704,  Ramillies,  1706,  Oudenarde,  1708,  Mal- 
plaquet,  1709 ;  governor  of  Fort  St.  Philip,  Minorca,  1712 ; 
adjutant-general  of  the  Vigo  expedition,  1718;  colonel  of 
the  black  horse  (now  7th  dragoons),  1720-49;  major- 
general  and  governor  of  Kinsale,  1739 ;  present  at  Dettin- 
gen, 1743  ;  K.B.  and  lieutenant-general,  1743 ;  commanded 
the  British  foot  at  Fontenoy,  1745 ;  commander- in -chief 
in  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  1746-7 ;  M.P.,  Bath,  1748 ; 
governor  of  Jersey,  1750,  of  Plymouth,  1752  ;  commander  - 
in-chief  and  created  Viscount  Ligonier  of  EnuiskQlen,  co. 
Fermanagh,  1757 ;  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1759-62 ; 
his  title  altered  to  Viscount  Ligonier  of  Clonmell,  1762  ; 
created  Baron  Ligonier  in  peerage  of  Great  Britain,  1763 ; 
created  Earl  Ligonier  of  Ripley,  Surrey,  1766:  field- 
marshal,  1766.  [xxxiii.  240] 

LILBTJRNE,  JOHN  (1614?-1657),  political  agitator  ; 
accused  before  the  Star-chamber  of  printing  and  circulat- 
ing unlicensed  books,  1637 ;  imprisoned,  1638-40 ;  fought  for 
the  parliament,  1642-5 ;  left  the  service,  because  he  would 
not  take  the  covenant,  1645  ;  expressed  his  distrust  of  the 
army  leaders  in  pamphlets,  1648-9 ;  sent  to  the  Tower, 
tried  and  acquitted,  1649 ;  advocated  release  of  trade  from 
the  restrictions  of  chartered  companies  and  monopolists, 
1650 ;  exiled  for  supporting  his  uncle,  George  Lilburne,  in 
his  quarrel  with  Sir  Arthur  Hesilrige  [q.  v.],  1652-3 ; 
allowed  to  return  to  England,  but  on  refusing  to  promise 
compliance  with  the  government  was  confined  in  Jersey 
and  Guernsey,  and  at  Dover  Castle  till  1655  ;  joined  the 
Quakers.  [xxxiii.  243] 

LILBURNE,  ROBERT  (1613-1665),  regicide ;  brother 
of  John  Lilburne  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  parliamentarian 
army ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649  ;  served  in 
Cromwell's  Scottish  campaigns,  1651-2  ;  M.P.  for  the 
East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1656;  acted  with  Lambert, 
1659  ;  condemned  to  life-long  imprisonment,  1660. 

[xxxiii.  250] 

LTLFORD,  fourth  BARON  (1833-1896).  [See  POWYS, 
THOMAS  LITTLETON.] 

LILLINGSTON,  LUKE  (1663-1713),  brigadier-general; 
served  in  Ireland  under  William  III ;  in  the  Martinique 
expedition,  1693;  in  Jamaica,  1695;  brigadier-general, 
1704  ;  ordered  to  Antigua,  1707,  whither  his  regiment  had 
been  sent  in  1706  ;  deprived  of  command  for  unreadiness, 
1708.  [xxxiii.  251] 

LILLO,  GEORGE  (1693-1739), dramatist;  his  famous 
tragedy,  •  The  London  Merchant,  or  the  History  of  George 
Barnwell,'  first  acted,  1731:  his  'Christian  Hero'  acted, 
1735  ;  his  •  Fatal  Curiosity '  produced,  1736,  and '  Elmerick, 
or  Justice  Triumphant,'  after  his  death,  1740;  helped  to 
popularise  the  'domestic  drama '  in  England. 

[xxxiiL  252] 

LILLY.    [See  also  LILT  and  LYLY.] 

LILLY,  CHRISTIAN  (d.  1738X  military  engineer; 
commenced  his  military  career  in  service  of  the  Dukes  of 
Zelte  and  Hanover,  1685 ;  entered  service  of  William  III, 


1688:  engineer  of  the  office  of  ordnance,  1692  ;  employed 
in  the  West  Indies  as  engineer,  1693  and  1694-5  ;  chief 
engineer  at  Jamaica,  1696;  third  engineer  of  England, 
1701-15  ;  chief  engineer  in  West  Indies,  1704-38. 

[xxxiii.  255] 

LILLY,  EDMOND  (d.  1716),  portrait-painter ;  exe- 
cuted indifferent  portraits  of  enormous  dimensions ;  his 
best-known  work  a  portrait  of  Queen  Anne,  1703. 

[xxxiii.  257] 

LILLY,  HENRY  (d.  1638),  Rouge-dragon  pursuivant ; 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital ;  Rouge-rose  pursuivant, 
1634;  Rouge-dragon  pursuivant,  1638;  left  in  manuscript 
•Pedigrees  of  Nobility '  and '  The  Genealogie  of  the  Priucelie 
Familie  of  the  Howards.'  [xxxiii.  257] 

LILLY,  JOHN  (1554  7-1606).    [See  LYLY.] 

LILLY,  WILLIAM  (1602-1681),  astrologer  ;  wrote  a 
treatise  on  'The  Eclipse  of  the  Sun  in  the  eleventh  Degree 
of  Gemini,  22  May  1639,'  1639 ;  published  bis  first  almanac, 
'  Merlinus  Anglicus  Junior,  the  English  Merlin  revived,' 
1644,  and  henceforth  prepared  one  every  year  till  his 
death ;  began  to  issue  pamphlets  of  prophecy,  1644  ;  pub- 
lished 'Christian  Astrology  modestly  treated  in  three 
Books,'  long  an  authority  in  astrological  literature,  1647 ; 
while  ostensibly  serving  the  parliament  endeavoured  to 
aid  Charles  I,  1647-8;  claimed  scientific  value  for  his 
'Annus  Tenebrosus,  or  the  dark  Year,  together  with  a 
short  Method  how  to  judge  the  Effects  of  Eclipses,'  1652; 
studied  medicine;  granted  a  licence  to  practise,  1670. 
His  published  writings  consist  mainly  of  astrological  pre- 
dictions and  vindications  of  their  correctness ;  his  chief 
non-professional  work  is  his '  True  History  of  King  James  I 
and  King  Charles  I,'  1651.  [xxxiii.  258] 

LILLYWHJTE,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1792- 
1854),  cricketer ;  a  bricklayer  by  trade ;  in  middle  life 
took  a  foremost  place  among  professional  cricketers; 
played  his  first  match  at  Lord's,  1827 ;  known  as  the 
'  Nonpareil  Bowler' ;  bowler  to  the  M.C.C.,  1844-54. 

[xxxiii.  262] 

LILY,  GEORGE  (d.  1559),  Roman  catholic  divine; 
son  of  William  Lily  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Cardinal  Pole ;  canon  of 
Canterbury,  1558 ;  author  of  some  Latin  historical  works. 

[xxxiii.  263] 

LILY  or  LILLY,  PETER  (d.  1615),  archdeacon  of 
Taunton  ;  grandson  of  William  Lily  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow ;  M.A.  and  D.D. ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  1699 ;  archdeacon  of  Taunton, 
1613 ;  '  Conciones  Duae '  and  '  Two  Sermons '  published  in 
1619.  [xxxiii.  263] 

LILY,  WILLIAM  (1468 ?-1522),  grammarian;  pro- 
bably entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1486 ;  graduated  ; 
made  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem ;  studied  Greek  and  Latin 
and  classical  antiquities  in  Italy;  engaged  in  teaching 
in  London;  high-master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London, 
1512-22  ;  contributed  a  short  Latin  syntax,  with  the  rules 
in  English,  under  the  title  of  '  Grammatices  Rudimenta,'  to 
Colet's  '  .Editio,'  first  printed,  1527.  [xxxiii.  264] 

LIMERICK,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation  (1758- 
1845).  [See  PEHY,  EDMUND  HENRY.] 

LIMPUS,  RICHARD  (1824-1875),  founder  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Organists,  1864;  secretary,  1864-75;  composed 
sacred  and  secular  music.  [xxxiii.  266] 

LINACRE,  THOMAS  (1460  ?-1524),  physician  and 
classical  .scholar  ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  fellow  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford,  1484 ;  went  to  Italy,  c.  1485-6  ;  M.D.  Padua ; 
returned  to  England  about  1492 ;  one  of  Henry  VIII's 
physicians,  1509 ;  lectured  at  Oxford,  1510 ;  received  many 
ecclesiastical  preferments,  1509-20  ;  mainly  instrumental 
in  founding  College  of  Physicians,  1518 ;  Latin  tutor  to 
the  Princess  Mary,  1623,  for  whom  he  composed  a  Latin 
grammar,  '  Rudimenta  Grammatices ' :  founded  lecture- 
ships in  medicine  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  wrote  gram- 
matical and  medical  works,  and  translated  from  the  Greek, 
especially  from  Galen.  [xxxiiL  266] 

LINCHE  or  LYNCHE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1596-1601), 
poet ;  author  of  'The  Fountaine  of  English  Fiction,'  1599, 
and  'An  Historical  Treatise  of  the  Travels  of  Noah  into 
Europe,'  1601,  both  so-called  translations  from  the  Italian ; 
supposed  to  be  the  '  R.  L.  gentleman  '  who  published  in 
159tt  a  volume  pf  sonnets  entitled  '  Diella.'  [xx xjii.  271] 


LINCOLN 


777 


LINDSAY 


LINCOLN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  ROUMARE,  WILLIAM  DK, 
fl.  1140;  LACY,  JOHN  DK,  first  EARL  of  the  Lacy  family, 
d.  1240;  LACY,HKXKYDE,  third  EARL,  1249  V-1311 ;  I'MI.I:, 
JOHN  DE  LA,  1464  ?-1487  ;  CLIXTON,  EDWARD  FIKXXKS  UK, 
first  EARL  of  the  Clinton  family,  1512-1586;  CLINTON, 
HENRY  FIEXXKS,  ninth  EARL,  1720-1794.] 

LINCOLN,    HUGH    OK,   SAIXT   (1246  ?-1255).     [See 

HL-UH  ] 

LIND,  JAMES  (1716-1794),  physician;  surgeon  in  the 
navy  ;  served  at  Minorca  (1739)  and  in  the  West  Indies, 
Mediterranean,  and  Channel ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1748 : 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Edinburgh,  1750 ; 
physician  to  the  Naval  Hospital,  Haslar,  1758-94;  pub- 
lished '  An  Essay  on  Diseases  incidental  to  Europeans  in 
Hot  Climates,'  1768,  and  other  medical  works  ;  discovered 
lemon-juice  to  be  a  specific  for  scurvy  at  sea. 

[xxxiii.  271] 

LIND,  JAMES  (1736-1812),  physician ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1768;  fellow  of  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Phy- 
sicians. 1770 ;  made  a  voyage  to  Iceland,  1772 ;  F.R.S., 
1777;  settled  at  Windsor  and  became  physician  in  the 
royal  household ;  interested  in  astronomy  and  science ; 
had  a  private  press  at  which  he  printed  mysterious  little 
books,  and  (1795)  Sir  Robert  Douglas's  'Genealogy  of  the 
Families  of  Lind  and  the  Montgomeries  of  Smithson.' 

[xxxiii.  272] 

LIND,  JOHANNA  MARIA,  known  as  JENNY  LIND,  and 
afterwards  as  MADAME  JENNY  LIND-GOLDSCHMIDT  (1820- 
1887),  vocalist ;  born  at  Stockholm ;  began  to  study  sing- 
ing at  the  Royal  Theatre,  Stockholm,  1830  ;  first  appear- 
ance at  the  theatre,  1838 ;  appointed  court  singer,  1840 ; 
studied  in  Paris  under  Garcia ;  visited  professionally  Fin- 
land and  Copenhagen,  1843,  Dresden  and  Berlin,  and  other 
German  cities,  1844-5,  and  Vienna,  1846-7 ;  first  appeared 
in  London,  1847 ;  retired  from  the  operatic  stage,  but 
continued  to  sing  at  concerts,  1849 ;  made  tours  in  America, 
1850-2  ;  married  Mr.  Otto  Goldschmidt  of  Hamburg,  1852, 
and  lived  at  Dresden,  1852-5 ;  made  tours  in  Germany, 
Austria,  and  Holland,  1854-5,  in  Great  Britain,  1855-6 ; 
became  a  naturalised  British  subject,  1859 ;  made  her  last 
appearance  in  public,  1883 ;  professor  of  singing  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Music,  1883-6.  [xxxiii.  273] 

LIND,  JOHN  (1737-1781),  political  writer;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1761 ;  went  to  Warsaw  and  became 
tutor  to  Prince  Stanislaus  Poniatowski ;  appointed  gover- 
nor of  an  institution  for  educating  four  hundred  cadets ; 
F.S.A. ;  returned  to  England,  1773  ;  published  his '  Letters 
concerning  the  Present  State  of  Poland,'  1773  ;  F.R.S., 
1773 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1776 ;  wrote  also  on  the 
American  war.  [xxxiii.  276] 

LINDESAY,  THOMAS  (1656-1724),  archbishop  of 
Armagh  ;  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1678  ;  fellow, 
1679 ;  D.D.,  1693 ;  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1693 ; 
bishop  of  Killaloe,  1693-1713,  and  of  Raphoe,  1713-14  ; 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  1714.  [xxxiii.  277] 

LINDEWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1375  ?-1446).   [See  LYND- 

WOOD.] 

LINDLEY,  JOHN  (1799-1865),  botanist  and  horti- 
culturist ;  published  his  first  book,  a  translation  of 
Richard's  '  Analyse  du  Fruit,'  1819 ;  assistant-librarian  to 
Sir  Joseph  Banks ;  published  *  Rosarum  Monographia,' 
1820  ;  F.L.S.  and  F.G.S.,  1820;  assistant-secretary  to  the 
Horticultural  Society,  1822-41 ;  F.R.S.,  1828 ;  professor  of 
botany  in  the  University  of  London,  1829-60 ;  lecturer  on 
botany  to  the  Apothecaries'  Company,  1836-53 ;  vice-secre- 
tary, 1841-58;  honorary  secretary  and  member  of  the 
council,  1858-62 ;  helped  to  found  the  '  Gardeners'  Chroni- 
cle,' 1841.  His  chief  work  was  '  The  Vegetable  Kingdom,' 
1846.  [xxxiii.  277] 

LINDLEY,  ROBERT  (1776-1855),  violoncellist ;  prin- 
cipal violoncello  at  the  opera,  1794-1851 ;  professor  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1822 ;  the  greatest  violoncellist 
of  his  time.  [xxxiii.  279] 

LINDLEY,  WILLIAM  (1808-1900),  civil  engineer ; 
engineer-in-chief  to  Hamburg  and  Bergedorf  railway, 
1838-60 ;  designed  Hamburg  sewerage  and  water  works, 
and  drainage  and  reclamation  of  the  '  Hammerbrook ' 
district;  consulting  engineer  to  city  of  Frankfort-on- 
Ilaiu,  1865-79.  [Suppl.  iii.  96] 


LLNDON,  PATRICK  (</.  1734),  Irish  poet;  some  of  his 
songs,  which  were  very  popular  while  Irish  was  spoken  in 
the  district  of  the  Fewa,  co.  Armagh,  are  extant  in  manu- 
script, [xxxiii.  279] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  fourth  EARL  OF  CRAW- 
FORD (d.  1454),  sumamed  the  TIGER  EARL,  and  also 
EARL  BEARDIE  ;  hereditary  sheriff  of  Aberdeen,  1446 ; 
warden  of  the  marches,  1451 ;  engaged  In  quarrels  with 
other  Scottish  nobles,  1445-52 ;  received  king's  pardon, 
1453.  [xxxiii.  279] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  first  BARON  SPYXIB  (<*. 
1607),  fourth  son  of  the  tenth  Earl  of  Crawford ;  brother 
of  David  Lindsay,  eleventh  earl  of  Crawford  [q.  v.]  ;  vice- 
chamberlain  to  James  VI ;  created  Baron  Spynie,  1590 ; 
accused  of  harbouring  the  Earl  of  Both  well,  1592  ;  tried 
and  acquitted ;  slain  '  by  a  pitiful  mistake,'  in  a  brawl  in 
his  own  house.  [xxxiii.  280] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1639),  bishop  of  Dun- 
keld ;  bishopric  bestowed  on  him,  1607  ;  deposed,  1638. 

[xxxiii.  281] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  second  BARON  SPYNIE 
(d.  1646),  eldest  son  of  Alexander,  first  baron  Spynie 
[q.  v.]  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland,  1626-46  ;  served 
under  Gustavus  Adolphus,  1628-33  ;  supported  Charles  I 
against  the  covenanters.  [xxxiiL  282] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  second  BARON  BALCARRES 
and  first  EARL  OF  BALCARRES  (1618-1659),  eldest  son  of 
David  Lindsay,  first  baron  Balcarres,  and  grandson  of 
John  Lindsay,  lord  Menmuir  [q.  v.]  :  succeeded  his  father, 
1641 ;  present  at  Marston  Moor,  1644 ;  declared  for  the 
king,  severing  his  connection  with  the  covenanting  party, 
1648 ;  admitted  to  parliament,  1649 ;  a  commissioner  of 
the  exchequer,  1650 ;  created  Earl  of  Balcarres  and  here- 
ditary governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  1651 ;  visited  France 
to  advise  the  king,  1653  and  1654 ;  finally  resided  at  the 
court  of  Charles  II ;  died  at  Breda.  [xxxiii.  282] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER,  sixth  EARL  OF  BALCARRES 
(1752-1825),  eldest  son  of  James  Lindsay,  fifth  earl  of 
Balcarres,  and  grandson  of  Colin  Lindsay,  third  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1768 ;  studied  at  Gbttingen, 
1768-70  ;  captain,  1771 ;  major,  1775 ;  present  at  Ticon- 
deroga,  1777  ;  compelled  to  surrender  and  a  prisoner  till 
1779;  lieutenant-colonel,  1782 ;  Scots  representative  peer, 
1784-1825  ;  colonel,  1789  ;  major-general  and  commander 
of  the  forces  in  Jersey,  1793  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1794- 
1801 ;  lieutenant-general,  1798  ;  general,  1803  ;  completed 
the  '  Memoirs  of  the  Lindsays  '  begun  by  his  father,  and 
left  manuscript '  Anecdotes  of  a  Soldier's  Life.' 

[xxxiii.  284] 

LINDSAY,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1785-1872),  general ; 
colonel-commandant,  royal  (late  Bengal)  artillery ;  edu- 
cated at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich  ;  received 
his  first  Indian  commission  as  first  lieutenant,  1804 ;  on 
active  service,  1806-18 ;  captain,  1813 ;  major,  1820  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1824 ;  colonel  and  colonel-commandant, 
1835;  superintendent  of  telegraphs  and  agent  for  the 
manufacture  of  gunpowder  ;  served  in  first  Burmese  war ; 
major-general,  1838 ;  lieutenant-general,  1851 ;  general, 
1859 ;  K.C.B.,  1862.  [xxxiii.  285] 

LINDSAY  OF  LUFFNESS,  SIR  ALEXANDER  DE 
(fl.  1283-1309),  high  chamberlain  of  Scotland  under 
Alexander  III ;  wavered  in  his  allegiance,  sometimes  sup- 
porting the  English,  sometimes  the  Scottish  sovereign. 

[xxxiii.  300] 

LINDSAY,  ALEXANDER  WILLIAM  CRAWFORD, 
twenty-fifth  EARL  OF  CRAWFORD  and  eighth  EARL  OF 
BALCARRES  (1812-1880),  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1833;  travelled  and  collected  books; 
succeeded  to  the  earldoms,  1869  ;  died  at  Florence ;  chief 
works,  *  Lives  of  the  Lindsays,'  1840,  and  'Sketches  of  the 
History  of  Christian  Art,'  1847.  [xxxiiL  285] 

LINDSAY,  LADY  ANNE  (1750-1825).  [See  BAR- 
NARD.] 

LINDSAY,  COLIN,  third  EARL  OF  BALCARRES  (1654  ?- 
1722),  second  sou  of  Alexander  Lindsay,  second  baron 
Balcarres  and  first  earl  of  Balcarres  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his 
brother  in  the  earldom,  1662  ;  went  to  sea  with  the  Duke  of 
York  and  distinguished  himself  at  Solebay,  1672 ;  privy 
councillor,  1680 ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1686 ; 
was  connected  with  the  Montgomery  plot  for  James  ITs 
restoration ;  left  the  country,  1690 ;  settled  at  Utrecht ; 
returned  to  Scotland,  1700;  privy  councillor,  1 705 ;  sup- 
ported the  union,  1707  ;  published  his  '  Memoirs  touching 


LINDSAY 


778 


LINDSAY 


the  Rerolntion  in  Scotland,'  1714.  a  valuable  narrative  of 
proceedings  and  negotiations  01  1688-90;  joined  1'rinoe 
Charles  Edward,  1715.  [xxxiii.  286] 

LINDSAY,  COLIN  (1819-1892),  founder  of  English 
Church  Union:  fourth  son  of  James  Lindsay,  tweuty- 
fourth  earl  of  Crawford :  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  founder  .md  pn  -idnit  of  Manchester  Church 
Society,  which  developed  (I860)  into  English  Church 
Union  ;  president,  1860-7  ;  joined  Roman  catholic  church, 
1868  :  published  theological  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  97] 

LINDSAY.  SIR  DAVID,  first  EARL  OK  CRAWFORD 
(1865  7-1407),  chiefly  celebrated  for  his  successful  tourna- 
ment with  Lord  Welles  at  London  Bridge,  135)0 :  succeeded 
as  tenth  Baron  Crawford,  1397  ;  created  Earl  of  Crawford, 
1398;  deputy-chamberlain  north  of  the  Forth,  1406. 

[xxxiii.  288] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID,  fifth  EARL  OF  CRAWFORD  and 
first  DUKE  OF  MONTROSB  (1440?-1495),  eldest  son  of 
Alexander  Lindsay,  fourth  earl  of  Crawford  [q.  v.] ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom,  1454 ;  ward  of  Sir  James  Hamilton 
of  Cadzow,  first  baron  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  whose  daughter 
he  married,  1459;  sheriff  of  Forfar,  1466;  lonl  high 
admiral,  1476  :  master  of  the  household,  1480  ;  lord  cham- 
berlain, 1483  ;  joint  high  justiciary  of  the  north  of  Scot- 
land, 1488 ;  created  Duke  of  Montrose,  1488,  the  first  time 
such  a  dignity  was  conferred  on  a  Scotsman  not  a  member 
of  the  royal  family ;  privy  councillor,  1490. 

[xxxiii.  288] 

LINDSAY  or  LYNDSAY,  SIR  DAVID  (1490-1555), 
Scottish  poet  and  Lyon  king  of  arms  ;  entered  the  royal 
service  as  equerry;  usher  to  Prince  James  (afterwards 
James  V),  1512-22  ;  his  first  poem,  'The  Dreme,'  written 
1528,  not  printed  till  after  bis  death;  Lyon  king  of 
arms,  1529;  circulated  'The  Complaynt  to  the  King,' 
1589,  and  '  The  Testament  and  Oomplaynt  of  our  Soverane 
Lordis  Papyngo,'  1530 ;  his  first  embassy  as  Lyon  king  to 
the  court  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V,  1531 ;  his  principal 
poem, '  Ane  Satyre  of  the  Three  Estaits,'  a  drama,  pro- 
duced, 1540 ;  his  •  Register  of  Arms  of  the  Scottish  Nobility 
and  Gentry '  (unpublished  till  1821),  the  best  source  for 
early  Scottish  heraldry,  completed  1542;  printed  'Ane 
Dialog  betoix  Experience  and  ane  Courteour,'  1552,  and 
'  The  Monarchy,'  1554 ;  a  satirist  of  abuses  in  church 
and  state  and  the  poet  of  the  Scottish  Reformation. 
Repeated  editions  of  the  poems  have  been  published  from 
1558  to  1870.  [xxxiii.  289] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID,  tenth  EARL  OF  CRAWFORD  (d. 
1574),  succeeded  to  earldom,  1558;  supporter  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  joining  the  association  for  her  defence, 
1568,  [xxxiii.  295] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID,  eleventh  EARL  OF  CRAWFORD 
(1547  7-1607),  eldest  son  of  David  Lindsay,  tenth  earl  of 
Crawford ;  lived  abroad,  1579-82 ;  master  stabler  to  the 
king  and  provost  of  Dundee,  1582  ;  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism  and  associated  himself  with  the  schemes  of 
the  Romanist  nobles  ;  convicted  of  treason  and  condemned 
to  confinement,  1589.  [xxxiii.  295] 

LINDSAY,  SIR  DAVID,  of  Edzell,  BARON  EDZKLL 
(1551  7-1610),  eldest  son  of  the  ninth  Earl  of  Crawfortl ; 
succeeded  to  the  Edzell  estates  on  death  of  his  father, 
1558,  the  earldom  of  Crawford  passing  to  David  Lind- 
say, tenth  earl  [q.  v.],  son  of  Alexander  Lindsay  the 
•  wicked  master,'  son  of  David  Lindsay,  eighth  earl ; 
educated  on  the  continent  with  his  brother,  John  Lind- 
say, lord  Mennmir  [q.  v.],  under  care  of  John  Lawson 
fa.  v.] ;  knighted,  1581  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lonl  Edzell, 
1593;  privy  councillor,  1598;  in  seeking  to  avenge  the 
murder  of  Sir  Walter  Lindsay  of  Balgavie  [q.  v.]  in- 
directly occasioned  the  death  of  Alexander  Lindsay,  first 
baron  Spynie  [q.  v.],  1607.  [xxxiii.  297] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID  (1631  ?-1613),  bishop  of  Ross; 
one  of  the  twelve  original  ministers  nominated  to  the 
•chief  places  in  Scotland,*  1560;  one  of  the  recognised 
leaden  of  the  kirk  ;  as  chaplain  of  James  VI  of  Scotland 
accompanied  him  to  Norway  to  fetch  home  his  bride, 
1589  ;  bishop  of  Ross,  1600  ;  privy  councillor,  1600. 

[xxxiii.  297] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID,  twelfth  EARL  on  CRAWFORD  (d. 
1611),  slew  his  kinsman,  Sir  Walter  Lindsay  of  Balgavie 
[q.  v.],  1606  ;  ultimately  placed  under  surveillance  in  Edin- 
burgh Castie.  [xxxiii.  296] 


LINDSAY,  DAVID  (1566  7-1627),  presbyte-  ian  divine  ; 
pn^ibly  son  of  David  Lindsay  (1531  V-1613)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
St.  Andrews  1586  ;  published  theological  work*. 

[xxxiii.  298] 

LINDSAY,  DAVID  («/.  1641  ?),  bishop  of  Edinburgh  : 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1693  ;  master  of  Dundiv  '.'nun- 
mar  school,  1597-1606  ;  member  of  the  hia;h  commission, 
1616  ;  supported  the  '  king's  articles '  at  Perth  assembly, 
1618;  rewarded  with  the  bishopric  of  Brechin,  1619; 
crowned  Charles  I  at  Holyrood,  1633  ;  bishop  of  Edinburgh 
and  one  of  the  lords  of  exchequer,  1634  ;  deposed  by  the 
Glasgow  assembly,  1638.  [xxxiii.  299] 

LINDSAY,  GEORGE,  third  BARON  SPYXIK  (rf.  1671), 
second  son  of  Alexander  Lindsay,  second  baron  Spynie 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  the  estates,  1646 ;  supporter  of 
Charles  I ;  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Worcester, 
1651,  and  committed  to  the  Tower;  reinstated  in  his 
possessions,  1660  ;  became  chief  representative  of  the 
Lindsays  on  the  death  of  Ludovic  Lindsay,  sixteenth  earl 
of  Crawford  [q.  v.]  [xxxiii.  299] 

LINDSAY,  SIR  JAMES,  ninth  BARON  CRAWFORD, 
Lanarkshire  (d.  1396),  son  of  Sir  James  Lindsay,  eighth 
baron  Crawford  ;  probably  succeeded  his  father,  1357 ; 
fought  at  Otterburn,  1388 ;  founded  a  convent  of  Trinity 
friars,  Dundee,  1392 ;  at  feud  with  other  Scottish  nobles. 

[xxxiii.  299] 

LINDSAY,  JAMES,  seventh  BARON  LINDSAY  (d. 
1601),  son  of  Patrick  Lindsay,  sixth  baron  Lindsay 
of  the  Byres  [q.  v.] ;  chiefly  responsible  for  the  pro- 
testant  tumult  in  the  Tolbooth,  1596.  [xxxiii.  312] 

LINDSAY,  JAMES  BOWMAN  (1799-1862),  elec- 
trician and  philologist ;  apprenticed  as  hand-loom  weaver 
at  Carmyllie,  Forfarsbire :  studied  at  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity ;  lecturer  on  mathematics  and  physical  science  at 
Watt  Institution,  Dundee,  1829 ;  patented,  1854,  a  wire- 
less system  of  telegraphy  by  which  water  was  to  be 
utilised  as  conductor  of  the  electric  current;  devoted 
much  time  to  compiling  a  Pentecontaglossal  dictionary, 
which  he  left  in  MS.  incomplete.  [Suppl.  iii.  97] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN  (d.  1335),  bishop  of  Glasgow ;  pro- 
bably appointed,  1321 ;  held  office  till  1329  :  a  supporter 
of  the  house  of  Bruce ;  the  year  and  manner  of  his  death 
a  matter  of  dispute.  [xxxiii.  301] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN,  fifth  BARON  LINDSAY  OF  THE 
BYRKS,  Haddingtonshire  (d.  1563):  descended  from 
William,  son  of  Sir  David  Lindsay  of  Crawford  (d. 
1355  ?),  succeeded  to  the  title  on  death  of  his  grand- 
father, Patrick,  fourth  lord  Lindsay,  1526  ;  present  at  the 
death  of  James  V,  1542;  one  of  the  four  noblemen  en- 
trusted with  the  custody  of  the  infant  Princess  Mary,  1543 ; 
subscribed  the  'Book  of  Discipline,'  1561.  [xxxiii.  301] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN,  LORD  MKNMUIR  (1652-1598), 
secretary  of  state  in  Scotland :  brother  of  Sir  David  Lind- 
say, baron  Edzell  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Paris  and  Cambridge ; 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord 
Menmuir,  1581 ;  privy  councillor,  1589 ;  lord  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal  and  secretary  of  state,  1595  ;  advised  the 
king  to  establish  episcopacy,  1596.  [xxxiii.  302] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN,  tenth  BARON  LINDSAY  OF  THE 
BYRES,  first  EARL  OF  LINDSAY,  and  afterwards  known  as 
JOHN  CRAWFORD-LINDSAY,  seventeenth  EARL  OF  CRAW- 
FORD (1596-1678),  created  Earl  of  Lindsay,  1633  ;  leader 
of  the  covenanters ;  lord  of  session  and  commissioner  of 
the  treasury,  1641 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Marston 
Moor,  and  title  and  dignities  of  Earl  of  Crawford  ratified 
on  him,  1644  ;  president  of  the  parliament,  1645  ;  took 
part  in  attempt  to  rescue  Charles  from  Carisbrook,  1646  : 
joined  the  coalition  for  Charles  IPs  restoration,  1650 ; 
taken  prisoner,  1652  ;  released,  1660 ;  lord  high  treasurer, 
1661 ;  refusing  to  abjure  the  covenant  resigned  his  offices 
and  retired  from  public  life,  1663.  [xxxiii.  304] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN,  twentieth  EARL  OF  CRAWFORD 
(1702-1749),  military  commander ;  educated  at  the  uni- 
versities of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  and  the  military 
academy  of  VaudeuiL,  Paris :  entered  the  army,  1726  ; 
Scots  representative  peer,  1733  :  captain,  1734 ;  joined  the 
imperial  army  under  Prince  Eugene,  1735;  served  in  the 
Russian  army,  1738-41  :  adjutant-general  at  Dettingeu, 
1743 ;  brigadier-general  at  Fontenoy,  1745 ;  engaged  in 
suppressing  the  rebellion  of  1745;  lieutenant-general, 
1747.  [xxriii.  305] 


LINDSAY 


770 


LINGARD 


LINDSAY,  JOHN  (/.  1758),  chaplain  of  the  Fou- 
RUCUX  with  Keppel  at  the  Goree  expelition  :  published '  A 
Voyage  to  the  Coast  of  Africa  in  1758,'  1769. 

[xxxiii.  307] 

LINDSAY,  JOHN  (1686-1768),  nonjuror:  published 
historical  and  religious  works.  [xxxiii.  806] 

LINDSAY,  SIR  JOHN  (1737-1788),  rear-admiral; 
served  in  Hochefort  expedition,  1757,  in  expedition 
asrmnst  Havana,  1762:  knighted,  1763;  in  West  Indies, 
1764-5 ;  commodore  and  commander-in-chief  in  Etist 
Indies,  1769-72 :  K.B.,  1771 :  took  part  in  engagement  off 
Ushant.  1778:  commodore  and  commander-in-chief  in 
the  Mediterranean,  1783 ;  rear-admiral,  1787. 

[xxxiii.  307] 

LINDSAY.  LUDOVIO,  sixteenth  EARL  OF  CRAW- 
FORD (1600-1652?),  succeeded  his  brother  Alexander 
Lindsay,  fifteenth  earl,  1639 ;  entered  Spanish  service ; 
connected  with  the '  Incident '  plot,  1641 :  joined  Charles  I'a 
standard,  1642:  fought  at  Newbury,  1643,  at  Marston 
Moor,  1644 ;  exiled,  1646 ;  subsequently  served  in  Spain 
and  France ;  died  probably  in  France.  [xxxiii.  308] 

LINDSAY,  PATRICK,  sixth  BARON  LINDSAY  OF  THE 
BYRES  (d.  1589),  supporter  of  the  reformers  in  Scotland  ; 
eldest  son  of  John  Lindsay,  fifth  baron  of  the  Byres 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  title,  1663 ;  supporter  of  the  plot 
to  murder  David  Riccio  or  Rizzio,  1566 :  supported  the 
king's  party,  1570-2 ;  concerned  in  Ruthven  raid,  1582, 
and  in  Gowrie  conspiracy,  1684.  [xxxiii.  309] 

LINDSAY,  PATRICK  (1566-1644),  archbishop  of 
Glasgow  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews;  supported  the  epis- 
copalian schemes  of  James  I;  bishop  of  Ross,  1613-33; 
privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1615 ;  archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow, 1633  ;  deposed  by  the  general  assembly,  1638. 

[xxxiii.  312] 

LINDSAY,  PATRICK  (d.  1753),  lord  provost  of 
Edinburgh  ;  served  in  Spain  until  peace  of  Utrecht,  1713 ; 
lord  provost  of  Edinburgh,  1729  and  1733  ;  published 
work  on  the  economic  resources  of  Scotland,  1733  ;  M.P., 
Edinburgh,  1734-41 ;  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  1741. 

[xxxiii.  312] 

LINDSAY,  ROBERT  (1500  7-1565  ?),  of  Pitscottie, 
Scottish  historian ;  his  '  History,'  covering  a  period  of 
Scottish  history  about  the  earlier  part  of  which,  from  the 
death  of  James  I  to  that  of  James  III,  very  little  is 
known,  first  published,  1728.  [xxxiii.  313] 

LINDSAY,  SIR  WALTER  of  Balgavie,  Forfarshire 
(d.  1605),  Roman  catholic  intriguer;  acquired  property 
of  Balgavie,  1584 ;  converted  to  Roman  Catholicism,  and 
constantly  charged  with  conspiring  against  presby- 
teriauism ;  escaped  the  vengeance  of  the  kirk  by  fleeing 
to  Spain ;  there  published  'An  Account  of  the  present 
State  of  the  Catholic  Religion  in  the  Realm  of  Scotland,' 
1594 ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1698 ;  took  part  in  all  the 
feuds  of  the  Lindsays ;  barbarously  murdered  by  his 
kinsman,  David  Lindsay,  twelfth  earl  of  Crawford  [q.  v.] 

[xxxiii.  314] 

LINDSAY,  WILLIAM,  eighteenth  EARL  OF  CRAW- 
FORD and  second  EARL  OF  LINDSAY  (d.  1698),  eldest  son 
of  John  Lindsay,  tenth  baron  Lindsay  of  the  Byres, 
seventeenth  earl  of  Crawford,  and  first  earl  of  Lindsay 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  the  earldoms,  1678 ;  a  zealous 
presbyterian;  president  of  the  Convention  parliament, 
]  689 ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1690 ;  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  settling  the  government  of  the  church. 

[xxxiii.  315] 

LINDSAY,  WILLIAM  (1802-1866),  united  presby- 
terian minister ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University  and  the 
theological  hall  at  Paisley;  ordained,  1830;  appointed 
professor  of  exegetical  theology  and  biblical  criticism  by 
the  relief  synod ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1844 ;  professor  of  sacred 
languages  and  biblical  criticism  on  the  staff  of  the 
United  Presbyterian  Hall,  Glasgow,  1847,  and  professor 
of  exegetical  theology,  1858 ;  published  '  The  Law  of  Mar- 
riage,' 1855, « Exposition  of  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews '  (edited, 
1867),  and  other  works.  [xxxiii.  315] 

LINDSAY,  WILLIAM  LAUDER  (1829-1880), 
botanist ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  Uni- 
versity: M.D.  Edinburgh,  1852;  combined  geological  and 
botanical  studies  with  his  practice  of  medicine;  pub- 
lished 'The  History  of  British  Lichens,'  1856 ;  visited 
New  Zealand,  1861-2 ;  published  '  Contributions  to  New 
Zealand  Botany,'  1868,  and  '  Memoirs  on  the  Spermogenes 
and  Pycnides  of  Lichens,'  1870.  Of  bis  works  on  medi- 


cal subjects,  the  chief  is  '  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals  in 
Health  and  Disease,'  1879.  [xxxiii.  316] 

LINDSAY,  WILLIAM  SCHAW  (1816-1877),  mer- 
chant and  shipowner;  began  a  seafaring  life,  1831 ;  cap- 
tain in  the  merchant  service,  1830-40 :  fitter  to  the  Castle 
Eden  Coal  Company,  Hartlepool,  1841 ;  established  firm 
of  W.  S.  Lindsay  &  Co.,  one  of  the  largest  shipownimr 
concerns  in  the  world;  M.P.,  Tynemouth  and  North 
Shields,  1854-9,  Sunderland,  1859-65 ;  published  a  valuable 
'History  of  Merchant  Shipping  and  Ancient  Commerce,' 
1874-6  ;  author  of  other  works  on  kindred  subject*,  and 
of  '  Log  of  my  Leisure  Hours.'  [xxxiii.  316] 

LIND8ELL,  AUGUSTINE  (d.  1634),  bishop  of  Here- 
ford ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge  :  fellow  of  Clare  Hall, 
1699;  D.D.,  1621;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1628;  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  1633,  of  Hereford,  1684  :  his  edition  of 
Theophylact's  'Commentaries  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles',' 
published,  1636.  [xxxiii.  817] 

LINDSEY,  EARLB  OF.  [See  BERTIE,  ROBERT,  flrrt 
EARL.  1582-1642;  BERTIE,  MONTAGUE,  second  EARL, 
16087-1666.] 

LINDSEY,  THEOPHILUS  (1723-1808),  Unitarian  ; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  follow,  1747  ; 
held  several  livings,  but  his  views  becoming  Unitarian, 
resigned,  1773;  opened  a  temporary  chapel  (established 
permanently,  1778)  in  London,  1774,  and  issued  his 
4  Apology ' ;  'A  Sequel  to  the  Apology,'  1776,  his  most 
valuable  contribution  to  dogmatic  theology;  his  'His- 
torical View  of  the  State  of  the  Unitarian  Doctrine  and 
Worship  from  the  Reformation  to  our  own  Time,'  pub- 
lished, 1783 ;  took  leave  of  his  pulpit,  1793  ;  published 
'Conversations  on  the  Divine  Government,'  1802,  and  a 
liturgy  adapted  for  Unitarian  congregations. 

[xxxiii.  317] 

LINE,  alias  HALL,  FRANCIS  (1595-1675X  Jesuit  and 
scientific  writer;  joined  Jesuits,  1623;  ordained,  1628; 
professed  of  the  four  vows,  1640 ;  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  mathematics  in  the  Jesuit  college,  Liege ;  missioner 
in  England,  1656-69  ;  constructed  a  sun-dial  set  up  in  the 
king's  private  garden  at  Whitehall,  1669;  returned  to 
Liege,  1672,  where  he  died ;  author  of  several  scientific 
works  written  between  1660  and  1675  on  such  subjects  as 
squaring  the  circle,  sundials,  and  the  barometer. 

[xxxiiL  319] 

LINES,  SAMUEL  (1778-1863),  painter,  designer,  and 
art  instructor ;  worked  as  designer  to  a  clock-dial  ena- 
meller,  papier-mache  maker,  and  die  engraver;  began  to 
teach  drawing  at  Birmingham,  1807 ;  set  up  in  conjunc- 
tion with  others  a  life  academy  there,  1809 ;  helped  to 
found  Birmingham  School  of  Art,  1821 ;  treasurer  and 
curator  of  the  Birmingham  Society  of  Artists. 

[xxxiii.  319] 

LINES,   SAMUEL  RESTELL  (1804-1833),  painter ; 

j  son  of  Samuel  Lines  (1778-1863)  [q.  v.]:  studied  under 

his  father  ;  occasionally  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[xxxiii.  320] 

LINFORD,  THOMAS  (1650-1724).    [See  LYNFORD.] 

LINGARD,  FREDERICK  (1811-1847),  musician: 
organist,  choirmaster,  teacher  of  music,  and  composer; 
lay- vicar  of  Durham  Cathedral,  1835;  published  'Anti- 
phonal  Chants  for  the  Psalter,'  1843,  and  a  'Series  of 
Anthems.'  [xxxiii.  320] 

LINGARD,  JOHN  (1771-1851),  Roman  catholic  his- 
torian of  England;  studied  at  the  English  college  at 

i  Donay,  1782-93 ;  ordained  and  a  ppointed  vice-president 
of  Crookhall  College,  near  Durham,  1795-1811 ;  published 

!  'The  Antiquities  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church,'  1806 ; 
began  his  'History  of  England'  when  missioner  at 
Hornby,  near  Lancaster,  1811 ;  D.D. :  visited  Rome,  1817 
and  1825 ;  took  part  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Roman 
church  in  Great  Britain  ;  created  doctor  of  divinity  and 
of  the  canon  and  civil  law  by  Pius  VII,  1821 :  vols.  i.  iL 
and  iii.  of  the  'History'  were  published,  1819;  the  re- 
mainder followed  at  intervals,  1820-30.  It  had  five  edi- 
tions before  1851,  and  remains  the  authority  for  the  refor- 
mation from  the  side  of  the  enlightened  Roman  catholic 
priesthood.  [xxxiii.  320] 

LINGARD  or  LYNGARD,  RICHARD  (1598  ?-1670), 
dean  of  Lismore :  ordained,  1622 :  archdeacon  of  Clon- 
macnoise,  1639 ;  professor  of  divinity,  Dublin  University, 
1660 ;  vice-provost,  1662 ;  D.D.,  1664 ;  dean  of  Lismore, 
1666.  [MxiiL  823] 


L.INGEN 


780 


LINTOT 


LINGEN.  Sin  HKXRY  (1812-1662),  royalist;  raised 
foogbt  for  Charles  1,  1643-8  ;  knighted,  1646  : 

.;  M.P., 


LINLEY.  ELIZABETH  ANN,  afterwards  MRS. 
SHBiiiiAS  (1754-1793).  [See  SHEKIDAN.] 

LINLEY,  FRANCIS  (1774-1800),  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  blind  from  birth  ;  organist  at  St.  James's  Chapel, 
Pentouville,  London,  c.  1790  ;  carried  on  business  as  a 
music-seller,  1796:  composed  sonatas  and  airs  for  piano- 
forte and  flute,  and  wrote  a  practical  introduction  to  the 
organ  (1  Jth  «L  c.  1810).  [xxxiii.  325] 

LDTLEY,  GEORGE  (1798-1865),  verse-  writer  and 
ma*ical  composer:  composed  fashionable  and  popular 
ballads.  1830-47:  author  of  farces  and  satirical  poems, 
Including  •  Musical  Cynics  of  London,  a  satire,'  1862,  a 
saTage  onslaught  on  Chorley  ;  his  operetta,  4  The  Toy- 
makers,'  performed,  1861,  and  '  Law  versus  Love  '  (come- 
dietta), 1862.  [xxxiii.  326] 

LINLEY,  GEORGE  (rf.  1869),  son  of  George  Linley 
[q.  T.]  ;  published  'The  Goldseeker  and  other  poems,'  1860, 

•  Old  Saws  newly  set,'  1864.  [xxxiii.  325] 

LINLEY,  MARIA  (rf.  1784),  singer  at  the  Bath  con- 
cert* and  in  oratorio  ;  daughter  of  Thomas  Linley  the 
dder  [q.  v.]  [xxxiii.  327] 

LINLEY,  MARY,  afterwards  MRS.  TICKKLL  (1756  ?- 
1787),  vocalist;  daughter  of  Thomas  Linley  the  elder 
[q.  v.],  musician  ;  first  appeared  in  public,  1771  ;  married 
Richard  Tickell,  pamphleteer  and  commissioner  of  stamps, 
1780.  [xxxiii.  325] 

LINLEY,  OZIAS  THURSTON  (1766-1831X  organist  ; 
son  of  Thomas  Linley  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  .educated  at 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1789  ;  minor  canon 
of  Norwich,  1790  ;  organist,  Dulwich  College,  1816. 

[xxxiii.  327] 

LINLEY,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1756-1778), 
violinist  and  composer  ;  son  of  Thomas  Linley  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  violin  under  his  father,  and  at  Florence 
under  Nardini  ;  leader  of  the  orchestra  and  solo-player  at 
bis  father's  concerts  at  Bath,  1773,  and  at  the  Drury  Lane 
oratorios,  1774  ;  drowned  through  the  capsizing  of  a 
pleasure  boat  off  the  Lincolnshire  coast  ;  his  compositions 
include  songs  for  the  'Duenna'  (1775),  songs  for  the 
•Tempest*  (1776),  and  a  short  oratorio,  'The  Song  of 
Moses.'  [xxxiii.  326] 

LINLEY,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1732-1795),  musical 
composer  ;  set  up  in  Bath  as  a  singing-master  and  carried 
on  the  concerto  in  the  Bath  Assembly  Rooms  ;  became 
joint-manager  of  the  Drury  Lane  oratorios,  1774  ;  coin- 
posed  with  his  son  Thomas  the  music  for  Sheridan's 

•  Duenna,'  1775  ;  directed  the  music  at  Drury  Lane,  1776- 
1781  ;  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians,  1777. 
HU  compositions  include  the  music  to  various  dramatic 
pieces,  and  separate  songs,  glees,  and  canzonets. 

[xxxiii.  326] 

LINLEY,  WILLIAM  (1771-1835),  author  and  musical 
1  ;  son  of  Thomas  Linley  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
at  SU  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Harrow  ;  writer 
the  Bast  India  Company,  sailing  for  Madras,  1790  : 
deputy-secretary  to  the  military  board,  1793  ;  returned 
to  England,  and  brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  '  Harlequin 
Captive,  or  Magic  Fire,'  1796  ;  produced  '  The  Honey- 
moon* (comic  opera),  1797,  and  'The  Pavilion'  (euter- 
tainnientx  1799;  returned  to  Madras,  1800;  paymaster 
at  Nellore,  1801  ;  sub-treasurer  and  mint^master  to  the 
presidency,  Fort  St.  George,  1806  ;  settled  in  London, 
1806  ;  collected  Shakespeare's  dramatic  lyrics,  with  music 
by  various  composers  and  himself,  in  2  vols.,  1816  ;  com- 
posed songs  and  wrote  novels  and  verses,  [xxxiii  328] 

LINLITHGOW.  EARLS  o».  [See  LIVINGSTONE. 
ALEXANDER,  first  EARL,  d.  16M;  LIVINGSTONE,  GEOKGK 
third  EARL,  1616-1690;  LIVINGSTONK,  GEORGE,  fourth 
EARL,  1663  V-1696.] 

LDTNECAK,  RICHARD  (1722-1800),  dramatist:  post- 
master at  Wakefield  :  coroner  for  the  West  Riding!  of 
lorksblre,  1763;  published  'Miscellaneous  Works,'  con- 
taining two  Insipid  comedies  and  other  efforts,  1789. 

LIHHE1L,  JOHN  (179J-1882),  portrait  ami  land^Spe 
^SS^!^*^  tbe  Uoyal  Academy  «*ooL»,  18U5  ;  firrt 
exhibited  at  the  Academy,  1807  ;  member  of  the  Society 


of  Painters  in  Oil  and  Water-colours,  1812,  exhibiting, 
1H13-20  ;  treasurer,  1817  ;  became  intimate  with  Willium 
Blake  (1767-1827)  [q.  v.],  1818;  drew,  painted,  and  en- 
graved portraits ;  exhibited  over  a  hundred  portraits  and 
ten  or  twelve  landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1821-47 ; 
subsequently  exhibited  landscapes ;  put  down  his  name 
for  the  A.R.A.,  1821 ;  withdrew  it  in  disgust,  1842 ;  de- 
clined membership  when  offered  in  later  life. 

[xxxiii.  329] 

LINSKILL,  MARY  (1840-1891),  novelist;  contri- 
buted, under  pseudonym  of  Stephen  Yorke,  '  Tales  of  the 
North  Riding '  to '  Good  Words '  (published,  1871)  ;  author 
of  four  other  novels,  1876-87,  and  of  some  short  stories. 

[xxxiii.  331] 

LINTON,  ELIZA  LYNN  (1822-1898),  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  daughter  of  the  Rev.  James  Lynn, 
and  granddaughter  of  Samuel  Goodenough  [q.  v.] ;  estab- 
lished herself  in  London,  1845,  as  a  woman  of  letters  ; 
published  '  Azeth  the  Egyptian,'  1846,  '  Amymone,'  1848, 
and  '  Realities,'  1851,  none  of  which  were  very  successful ; 
member  of  staff  of '  Morning  Chronicle,'  1848-51 ;  news- 
paper correspondent  at  Paris,  1851-4 ;  contributed  to  '  All 
the  Year  Round';  married,  1858,  William  James  Lin  ton 
[q.  v.]»  from  whom  she  subsequently  separated  amicably ; 
returned  to  fiction  and  achieved  considerable  success,  two 
of  her  works,  '  Joshua  Davidson,'  1872,  and  '  Autobio- 
graphy of  Christopher  Kirkland,'  1885  (the  latter  in  a 
large  measure  her  own  autobiography),  being  especially 
notable ;  contributed  to  '  Saturday  Review  '  from  1866. 
Her  works  include,  'The  Girl  of  the  Period,  and  other 
Essays'  (1883),  and  'George  Eliot'  (1897). 

[Suppl.  iii.  98] 

LINTON,  WILLIAM  (1791-1876),  landscape-painter  : 
first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1817  ;  helped  to  found 
the  Society  of  British  Artists,  1824 ;  visited  the  continent, 
1828 ;  published  in  two  folio  volumes,  'Sketches  in  Italy,' 
drawn  on  stone,  with  descriptive  text,  1832  ;  resigned 
membership  of  the  Society  of  British  Artists,  1842 ;  well 
versed  in  chemistry  of  colours ;  published  '  Ancient  and 
Modern  Colours,  from  the  earliest  periods  to  the  present 
time ;  with  their  Chemical  and  Artistical  Properties,' 
1852  ;  ceased  to  exhibit  at  Royal  Academy  after  1859,  at 
Society  of  British  Artists  after  1871.  [xxxiii.  331] 

LINTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1801-1880),  army  physi- 
cian ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University :  L.R.C.S.  and 
entered  army  medical  department,  1826  ;  M.D.  Glasgow, 
1834 ;  staff  surgeon  of  the  first  class,  1848 ;  served  in 
Canada,  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  West  Indies ;  deputy- 
inspector  of  hospitals  in  the  Crimea ;  present  in  every 
action  up  to  Balaclava ;  in  charge  of  barrack  hospital, 
Scutari,  from  1854  till  return  of  British  forces  ;  proceeded 
to  India  as  inspector-general  of  hospitals,  1857 ;  held 
offices  throughout  the  mutiny ;  retired  from  the  active 
list,  1863  ;  K.C.B.,  1865.  [xxxiii.  333] 

LINTON,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1812-1898),  engraver, 
poet,  and  political  reformer ;  apprenticed  as  wood-en- 
graver ;  became  associated  with  John  Orrin  Smith  [q.  v.] ; 
adopted  advanced  views  in  religion  and  politics;  esta- 
blished, 1839,  '  The  National,'  designed  as  a  vehicle  for 
reprints  from  publications  inaccessible  to  working  men ; 
editor  of '  The  Illuminated  Magazine,'  1845 ;  formed  in- 
timate friendship  with  Mazzini;  took  part  in  founding 
'  International  League '  of  patriots  of  all  nations,  1847  ; 
supported  'The  Friends  of  Italy ' ;  founded  and  conducted, 
1850-5, 'The  English  Republic '  periodical ;  gained  wide 
reputation  as  wood-engraver;  married  Eliza  Lynn  [see 
LINTON,  ELIZA  LYNN],  1858 ;  engraved  covers  of  '  Corn- 
hill*  and  ' Macmillan's '  magazines;  went  to  America 
(1866)  and  established  himself  at  Appledore,  near  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  where  he  engaged  privately  in 
printing  and  engraving,  and  issued  several  books ;  died 
at  New  Haven.  His  publications  include  '  A  History  of 
Wood  Engraving  in  America,'  1882,  '  Masters  of  Wood 
Engraving,'  1890,  some  volumes  of  verse,  and  '  Memories,' 
an  autobiography,  1895.  [Suppl.  iii.  100] 

LTNTOT,  BARNABY  BERNARD  (1675-1736),  pub- 
lisher ;  apprentice  at  Stationers'  Hall,  1690 :  free  of  the 
company,  1699 ;  published  poems  and  plays  for  Pope,  Gay, 
Farquhar,  Paruell,  Steele,  and  Rowe,  1702-8 ;  published 
Fenton's  '  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Miscellany  Poems,'  1709, 
and  '  Miscellaneous  Poems  and  Translations  '  (containing 
Pope's 'Rape  of  the  Lock'  in  its  first  form),  1712  ;  pub- 
lished Pope's  'Iliad,1  1718-20,  'Odyssey,*  1725-6;  under- 
warden  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1729-30. 

[xxxiii.  333] 


LINTOT 


781 


LISTER 


LIirrOT,  HENRY  (1703-1758),  publisher  and,  from 
1730,  partner  with  his  father,  Barnaby  Bernard  Llntot 
[q.  v.]  [xxxiii.  334] 

LINWOOD,  MARY  (1755-1845),  musical  composer 
and  artist  in  needlework ;  imitated  pictures  in  worsted 
embroidery  ;  exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Artiste,  1776  and 
1778,  and  in  London  and  the  chief  provincial  towns,  1798- 
1835 :  composed  an  oratorio  and  some  songs ;  published 
'  Leicestershire  Tales,'  1808.  [xxxiii.  335] 

LINWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1817-1878),  classical  scholar : 
entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1836  :  M.A.,  1842  :  public 
examiner  at  Oxford,  1850-1 ;  his  best-known  works,  •  A 
Lexicon  to  .fischylus,'  1843,  and  '  Sophoclis  Tragcediw,' 
1846.  [xxxiii.  335] 

LIONEL  OF  ANTWERP,  EARL  OF  ULSTER  and 
first  DUKE  OF  CLARENCE  (1338-1368),  third  son  of  Ed- 
ward III ;  born  at  Antwerp ;  guardian  and  lieutenant  of 
England  during  his  father's  absence,  1345  and  1346  : 
created  Earl  of  Ulster,  1347  :  married  Elizabeth  (rf.  1362), 
daughter  of  William  de  Burgh,  third  earl  of  Ulster  [q.  v.], 
1352  ;  knighted,  1355  ;  king's  lieutenant  in  Ireland,  1361  ; 
created  Duke  of  Clarence,  1362  :  met  the  parliament 
which  drew  up  statute  of  Kilkenny,  1367;  married  at 
Milan,  as  his  second  wife,  Violaute,  daughter  of  Galeazzo 
Visconti,  lord  of  Pavia,  1368;  died  at  Alba,  [xxxiii.  335] 

LIPSCOMB,  CHRISTOPHER  (1781-1843),  first  bishop 
of  Jamaica,  1824  ;  son  of  William  Lipscomb  [q.  v.] 

[xxxiii.  339] 

LIPSCOMB,  GEORGE  (1773-1846),  historian  of  Buck- 
inghamshire :  studied  surgery ;  house-surgeon  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1792 ;  captain  com- 
mandant of  the  Warwickshire  volunteer  infantry,  and 
deputy- recorder  of  Warwick,  1798 :  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1801 ; 
joint-editor  of  the  '  National  Adviser,'  1811 ;  contributed 
to  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine';  his  great  work,  'The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  County  of  Buckingham,' 
published  in  eight  parts,  1831-47;  published  medical 
works.  [xxxiii.  338] 

LIPSCOMB,  WILLIAM  (1754-1842),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  cousin  of  George  Lipscomb  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Winchester  and  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford:  M.A., 
1784 ;  published '  Poems '  (including  translations  of  Italian 
sonnets),  1784,  and  "The  Canterbury  Tales  of  Chaucer 
completed  in  a  Modern  Version,'  1795.  [xxxiii.  339] 

LISGAB,  first  BARON  (1807-1876).  [See  YOUNG  ,SiR 
JOHN.] 

LISLE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  PLANTAGENET,  ARTHUR, 
1480?-1542 ;  DUDLEY,  JOHN,  1502  ?-1553  ;  SIDNEY,  ROBERT, 
first  VISCOUNT  of  the  Sidney  family,  1563-1626  ;  SIDNEY, 
ROBERT,  second  VISCOUNT,  1595-1677 :  SIDNEY,  PHILIP, 
third  VISCOUNT,  1619-1698.] 

LISLE,  ALICE  (1614  ?-1685),  victim  of  a  judicial 
murder;  daughter  of  Sir  White  Beckenshaw;  married 
John  Lisle  [q.  v.],1630;  tried  before  Jeffreys  for  shelter- 
ing Monmouth's  supporters  at  her  house  at  Moyles  Court ; 
found  guilty  and  beheaded  at  Winchester.  [xxxiiL  339] 

LISLE,  SIR  GEORGE  (4.  1648),  royalist ;  received  his 
military  education  in  the  Netherlands;  fought  for 
Charles  I  in  battles  of  Newbnry,  1643  and  1644,  Cheriton, 
1644,  and  Naseby,  1645  ;  governor  of  Faringdon,  1644-6  : 
hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1645;  knighted,  1645;  defended 
Colchester,  but  was  forced  to  surrender  and  shot  as  a 
rebel,  1648.  [xxxiii.  340] 

LISLE,  JAMES  GEORGE  SEMPLE  (/.  1799).  [See 
SKMPLK.] 

LISLE,  JOHN  (1610  ?-1664),  regicide ;  educated  at 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1626;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1633 :  bencher,  1649  ;  M.P.,  Winchester,  1640 ; 
master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital,  Winchester,  1644-9  ;  one  of 
the  managers  in  Charles  I's  trial ;  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  great  seal,  and  placed  on  the  council 
of  state,  1649:  M.P.,  Southampton,  1654;  held  various 
offices  in  parliaments  of  1654-9  :  commissioner  of  the 
admiralty  and  navy,  1660 ;  at  Restoration  fled  to  Switzer- 
land ;  murdered  at  Lausanne  by  an  Irishman  known  as 
Thomas  Macdonnell,  really  named  Sir  James  Fitz  Edmond 
Cotter.  Alice  Lisle  [q.  v.]  was  his  second  wife. 

[xxxiii.  341] 

LISLE,  SAMUEL  (1683-1749),  successively  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  and  of  Norwich:  M.A.  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  1706;  received  holy  orders,  1707;  chaplain  to  the 


Levant  Company,  1710-19;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury, 
1724 ;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1728  ;  prolocutor  of  the 
lower  house  of  convocation,  1734  and  1741  ;  warden  of 
Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1739-44  :  D.D.,  173V* 
of  St.  Asaph,  1744-8,  of  Norwich,  1748-9 ;  printed  a  few 
sermons  and  collected  inscriptions  during  his  Levant 
chaplaincy,  printed  in  the  '  Autiquitates  Asiatics;'  of 
Edmund  Chishull  [q.  v.],  1728.  [xxxiiL  S42] 

LISLE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1361 X  bishop  of  Ely ;  called 
LYLK,  LYLDK,  and  LYLDUS  ;  educated  in  the  Dominican 
house,  Cambridge :  joined  the  order  of  Predicant  friars, 
and  acquired  celebrity  as  a  preacher :  bishop  of  Ely,  1S4»  ; 
built  churches  in  his  diocese,  and  rendered  material 
services  to  the  University  of  Cambridge ;  at  feud  with 
Blanche,  daughter  of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  com- 
pelled to  flee ;  died  a  refugee  at  Avignon,  '[xxxiii.  343] 

LISLE  or  L'ISLE,  WILLIAM  (1569?  -1637),  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholar  ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A,  1592 ;  lived  at  Cambridge  ;  a  pioneer  in  the  study 
of  Anglo-Saxon;  printed  for  the  first  time,  with  an 
English  translation,  the  '  Treatise  on  the  Old  and  New 
Testament,"  by  ^Elfric  Grammaticus  [q.  v.] ;  published 
a  rhymed  version  of  Heliodorus's  '  ^Ethiopica,'  1631. 

LISTER,  EDWARD  (1556-1620),  physician  ;  brother 
of  Sir  Matthew  Lister  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1588  ;  M.D.,  1590;  F.R.O.P.,  1594,  and 
treasurer,  1612-18;  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth and  to  James  I.  [xxxiiL  846] 

LISTER,  JOSEPH  (1627-1709),  puritan  autobio- 
grapher  ;  by  turns  trader,  man-servant,  and  small  farmer  ; 
his  autobiography  edited  by  Thomas  Wright,  1842. 

[xxxiii.  346] 

LISTER,  JOSEPH  JACKSON  (1786-1869),  discoverer 
of  the  principle  of  the  modern  microscope ;  occupied  in 
the  wine  trade ;  attempted  to  improve  the  object-glass, 
1824;  continued  his  investigations,  1826-7;  discovered 
principle  of  construction  of  modern  microscope,  1830 ;  the 
first  to  ascertain  the  true  form  of  the  red  corpuscle  of 
mammalian  blood,  1834;  aided  opticians  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  microscope.  His  law  of  the  aplanatic  foci 
remains  the  guiding  principle  of  microscopy. 

[xxxiii.  347] 

LISTER,  MARTIN  (1638  ?-1712),  zoologist ;  nephew 
of  Sir  Matthew  Lister  [q.  v.]  :  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; fellow,  1660;  M.A.,  1662;  F.R^.,  1671 ;  practised 
medicine  at  York  till  1683 ;  removed  to  London,  1684  ; 
M.D.  Oxford,  1684:  published  'Historia  sive  Synopsis 
Methodica  Conchyliorum,'  1686-92;  F.R.C.P.,  1687; 
censor,  1694 :  accompanied  Earl  of  Portland  on  his  em- 
bassy to  Paris,  and  published  an  account  of  his  journey, 
1698.  His  contributions  to  the  'Philosophical  Trans- 
actions '  (extending  over  Kos.  25-585)  treat  of  plants, 
spiders,  meteorology,  minerals,  molluscs,  medicine,  and 
antiquities.  [xxxiiL  350] 

LISTER,  SIR  MATTHEW  (1571  7-1656),  physician  ; 
M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  1695 ;  M.D.  Basle,  incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1605,  at  Cambridge,  1608 ;  F.R.C.P., 
1607;  physician  to  Anne,  queen  of  James  I,  and  to 
Charles  I ;  knighted,  1636.  [xxxiii.  351] 

LISTER,  THOMAS,  alias  BUTLER  (1559-1626  ?), 
Jesuit ;  entered  the  English  college  at  Rome,  1679  ;  joined 
Jesuits,  1583 ;  D.D.  Pont-a-Mousson,  1692  ;  missioner  in 
England,  1696;  imprisoned  at  time  of  Gunpowder  plot; 
banished,  1606 ;  again  in  England,  and  professed  of  the 
four  vows,  1610 ;  superior  of  the  Oxford  district,  1621 : 
author  of  a  'Treatise  of  Schism,'  widely  circulated  in 
manuscript.  [xxxiii.  351] 

LISTER,  THOMAS  (1597-1668),  parliamentarian 
colonel;  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn,  1616;  lieutenant-colonel 
in  the  parliamentary  army  and  deputy-governor  of  Lin- 
coln ;  M.P.,  Lincoln,  1647-56,  and  in  1659 :  member  of  the 
council  of  state,  1651;  forbidden  to  hold  office  from 
1660.  [xxxiii.  351] 

LISTER,  THOMAS  (1810-1888),  poet  and  naturalist ; 
assisted  his  father,  a  qunker  gardener  and  small  farmer : 
published  '  Rustic  Wreath,'  a  collection  of  fugitive  verses, 
1834  ;  visited  the  continent,  1838 ;  postmaster  of  Barnsley, 
1889-70 ;  an  enthusiastic  naturalist,  and  constant  at- 
tendant and  contributor  of  papers  at  the  British  Associa- 
tion meetings.  [xxxiii.  362] 


LISTER 


782 


LITTLETON 


LISTER. 

i    ,:•  :••:>-.-! 


Til    v  IS 


HKNRY  (1800-1842),  novelist  | 
tinstor  :in«l  Trinity  College, 
(or  inquiring  into  state  of 
r^wiooTand  other  instruction  in  Ireland,  1834,  into  the 
opportunities  of  religious  worship  and  means  of  religious 
instruction  hi  Scotland,  1836  ;  the  first  registrar-general 
of  BngU"d  and  Wales,  1836 ;  works  include  '  Granby ' 
(novel),  1 8S«,  •  Epicharis '  (a  tragedy  performed  at  Drury 
Lane.  1829).  and  '  The  Life  and  Administration  of  Edward, 
flrst  Earl  of  Clarendon,'  1887-8.  [xxxiii.  352] 

LISTON,  HENRY  (1771-1836),  writer  on  music; 
Htudiol  for  the  ministry  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
of  Ecclesmachan,  Linlithgowshire,  1793-1830; 
inventor  of  the  *  Eucharmouic '  organ,  1811;  published 
•Essay  on  Perfect  Intonation,'  1812;  conjunct  clerk  of 
the  synod  of  Lothian  and  Tweeddale,  18 


LI8TON,  JOHN  (17767-1846),  actor  :  master  at  the 
grammar  school  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester  Square,  London, 
1799  :  his  flrst  effort*  as  an  actor  made  in  company 
with  Stephen  Kemble  in  north  of  England  ;  played  comic 
parts  at  Ha\  market  Theatre,  London,  1805,  at  Covent 
Garden,  London,  1808-22,  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1823, 
subsequently  at  Olympic,  London  ;  retired  from  the  stage, 
1837  ;  played,  among  other  parts,  Polonius,  Slender,  Sir 
Andrew  Aguecheek,  Bottom,  and  Oloten.  [xxxiii.  354] 

LI8TON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1742-1836),  diplomatist: 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  tutor  to  the  sous  of 
Sir  Gilbert  Elliot  (1722-1777)  [q.  v.]  :  minister  pleni- 
potentiary at  Madrid,  1783-8  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1785  ; 
envoy  extraordinary  at  Stockholm,  1788-93  :  ambassador 
extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary,  Constantinople,  1793- 
1796;  ambassador  extraordinary  and  minister  pleni- 
potentiary, Washington,  1796-1802  ;  envoy  extraordinary 
and  plenipotentiary  to  the  Batavian  republic,  1802-4; 
ambassador  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary,  Constanti- 
nople, 1811-21  ;  privy  councillor,  1812  ;  G.C.B.  (civil), 
1816.  [xxxiii.  356] 

LISTON,  ROBERT  (1794-1847),  surgeon;  son  of 
Henry  Liston  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Edinburgh  University, 
1808  :  assistant  to  Dr.  John  Barclay  (1758-1826)  [q.  v.]  ; 
boose-surgeon  at  Royal  Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  1814-16  : 
M.H.C.S.,  1816;  worked  in  Edinburgh  as  teacher  of 
anatomy  and  operating  surgeon,  1818-28  :  surgeon  to  the 
hospital  attached  to  the  London  University,  1834;  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery.  University  College,  London, 
1885;  FJUS.,  1841;  a  skilful  operator;  best  known  in 
connection  with  the  'Listen  splint';  chief  works,  'The 
Elements  of  Surgery,'  1831-2,  and  'Practical  Surgery,' 
1837.  [  xxxiii.  357] 

LITCHFIELD.    [See  also  LICHFIELD.] 

LITCHFIZLD,  MRS.  HARRIETT  (1777-1854X 
actress  ;  ntt  Hay  ;  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage, 
1791;  married  John  Litchfleld  (d.  1858)  of  the  privy 
council  office,  1794  ;  acted  at  Covent  Garden  from  1797  ; 
retired  after  1812  ;  her  best  part  Emilia  in  Othello. 

[xxxiii.  358] 

LITHGOW,  WILLIAM  (1582-1645  ?),  traveller  ;  made 
voyages  to  the  Orkneys  and  Shetlands  :  travelled  in  Ger- 
many, Bohemia,  Helvetia,  and  the  Low  Countries  ;  claimed 
to  have  tramped  over  36,000  miles  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
1610-13;  made  other  journeys,  1614-19  and  1620-2; 
walked  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  1627  ;  journeyed  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Holland,  1628-44  ;  chief  work, 
•The  Total!  Discourse  of  the  Rare  Aduentures  and  pain- 
full  Peregrinations  of  long  nineteene  Yeares,'  1614. 

LITLINOTON  or  LITTLINGTON,  XNICHOLAS 
(1116  ?-1386),  successively  prior  and  abbot  of  Westminster 
Abbey:  prior  of  Westminster,  1352;  abbot,  1362;  built 
the  Jerusalem  Chamber  ;  assisted  at  the  coronation  of 
Kichard  II,  1377.  [xxxiii.  Ml] 

LTT8TER  or  LE  LITESTER,  JOHN  (d.  1381),  'king 
•MM  commons':  led  the  'rustics  and  ribalds'  of  Nor- 
folk, 1381  ;  assumed  the  royal  title  as  '  king  of  the  corn- 
moos,'  1881  ;  taken  at  the  battle  of  North  Walsham  and 
banged,  beheaded,  and  quartered  at  the  command  of 
Henry  le  Despeuser  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Norwich. 


UTTLEDALE,    SIR   JOSEPH   (1767-io«A   juoge 
M.A.   St.   John's   College,  Cambridge,   1790 :  barrister, 
Gray  •  Inn,  1798 ;  counsel  to  tlie  University  of  Cambridge 


1813;  edited  Skeltou's  '  Magnyfyeence,  an  Interlude,' 
1821;  judge  in  the  court  of  king's  bench,  1824-41; 
knighted,  1824  ;  privy  councillor,  1841.  [xxxiii.  363] 

LITTLEDAIE,  RICHARD  FREDERICK  (1833- 
1890),  Anglican  controversialist :  M.A.  Trinity  Collet.'.-, 
Dublin,  1858  ;  LL.D.,  1862  :  held  curacies  in  England,  but 
devoted  himself  mainly  to  literary  work ;  published  v,  ..rk> 
in  support  of  Anglicanism  in  opposition  to  Roman 
Catholicism,  1887-89.  [xxxiii.  364] 

LITTLER,  SIR  JOHN  HUNTER  (1783-1R5G),  lieu- 
tenant-general, Indian  army:  lieutenant,  10th  Bengal 
infantry,  1800  ;  served  in  the  campaigns  under  Lord  Lake, 
1804-5;  in  Java,  1811-16;  captain,  1812;  commissary- 
general  in  the  Marquis  of  Hastings's  army,  1816-24 ; 
major,  1824 ;  colonel,  36th  Bengal  native  infantry,  1839- 
1856 ;  major-general,  1841 ;  commander  of  the  Agra 
division  of  the  Bengal  army,  1843  ;  K.C.B.,  1844;  served 
in  the  Sikh  war,  1845 ;  G.O.B.  and  deputy  governor  of 
Bengal,  1849 ;  lieutenant-general,  1851.  [xxxiii.  365] 

LITTLETON.    [See  also  LYTTELTON.] 

LITTLETON,  ADAM  (1627-1694),  lexicographer: 
educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
second  master  at  Westminster,  1658 ;  rector  of  Chelsea, 
1669 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II,  1670 ;  published  '  A  Latin 
Dictionary  in  four  parts,'  1673;  prebendary  of  West- 
minster, 1674.  [xxxiii.  365] 

LITTLETON,  SIR  EDWARD,  first  BARON  LITTLETON 
(1589-1645),  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1609 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1617 ;  chief-justice  of 
North  Wales,  1621 ;  M.P.,  Leominster,  1625-6  and  1627-8; 
helped  to  frame  the  Petition  of  Right,  1628  ;  bencher  of 
his  inn,  1629 ;  recorder  of  London,  1631 ;  reader  to  the 
Inner  Temple,  1632;  solicitor-general,  1634;  knighted, 
1635 ;  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1640 ;  lord 
keeper,  1641 ;  created  Baron  Littleton,  1641  ;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1643.  [xxxiii.  366] 

LITTLETON,  EDWARD  (ft.  1694),  agent  for  the 
island  of  Barbados;  educated  at  Westminster  and  St. 
Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1644 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1647;  M.A.,  1648;  senior  proctor,  1656; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1664 :  went  to  Barbados  as  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Willoughby  of  Parham,  1666;  judge,  1670- 
1683;  elected  member  of  the  assembly,  1674;  agent  for 
Barbados,  1683  ;  published  tracts  on  the  colonies,  finance, 
and  general  politics,  1664-94.  [xxxiii.  368] 

LITTLETON,  EDWARD  (d.  1733),  divine  and  poet : 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A., 
1720;  LL.D.  comitiis  regiis,  1728;  assistant-master  at 
Eton,  1720;  M.A.,  1724;  a  royal  chaplain,  1730:  his 
poems  published  in  Dodsley's  '  Collection '  (edited  1782), 
the  most  celebrated  being  '  On  a  Spider ' ;  two  volumes 
of  sermons  published,  1735.  [xxxiii.  369] 

LITTLETON,  EDWARD  JOHN,  first  BARON 
HATHKRTON  (1791-1863),  of  Rugby  and  Brasenose  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  M.P.,  Staffordshire,  1812-32;  created 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1817 ;  supported  Reform  Bill :  M.P.,  South 
Staffordshire,  1832  and  1836 ;  chief  secretary  to  the 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1833  :  privy  councillor,  1833  ; 
supported  new  Coercion  Bill,  1834,  but  resigned  office  in 
consequence  of  having  made  indiscreet  communications  to 
O'Counell,  1834 ;  created  Baron  Hatherton  of  Hatherton, 
1835 ;  began  his  political  career  as  member  of  the  inde- 
pendent country  party,  and  ended  it  as  a  whig. 

[xxxiii.  369] 

LITTLETON,  HENRY  (1823-1888),  music  publisher  ; 
entered  music  publishing  house  of  Novello,  1841 ;  manager, 
1846  ;  partner,  1861 ;  sole  proprietor,  1866  ;  retired,  leaving 
largest  business  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  1887. 

[xxxiii.  372] 

LITTLETON,  JAMES  (d.  1723),  vice-admiral ;  grand- 
nephew  of  Sir  Thomas  Littleton  (1647  ?-1710)  [q.  v.]  ; 
present  as  first  lieutenant  at  the  battle  of  La  Hogue, 
1692 ;  captain,  1693  ;  on  the  Newfoundland  station,  1696- 
1697 ;  in  the  East  Indies  acting  against  pirates,  1699 ; 
present  at  Alicante,  1706 ;  in  the  West  Indies,  1709-12 ; 
resident  commissioner  and  commander-in-chief  at  Chat- 
ham, 1715  ;  rear-admiral  of  the  red,  1716 :  vice-admiral  of 
the  blue,  1717 ;  M.P.,  Queensborough,  1722. 

[xxxiii.  372] 

LITTLETON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1402-1481),  judge  and 
legal  author :  sheriff  of  Worcestershire,  1447  ;  serjeunt-ut- 
law,  1453;  king's  Serjeant,  1455;  justice  of  the  common 


LITTLETON 


783 


LIVINGSTONE 


pleas,  1466 ;  K.B.,  1475.  His  fame  rests  on  his  treatise 
on  'Tenures.'  written  in  law- French,  ami  hi.-  text,  \\ith 
Coke's  comment  [siv  (.'OKI-:,  Silt  Ki>w.vui>  j.lon:.'  remained 
the  principal  authority  on  English  real  property  law  ;  the 
filitin  j>rinct>ps  is  a  folio  published  in  London  without 
date  or  title.  [xxxiii.  373] 

LITTLETON,  Silt  THOMAS,  third  baronet  (1647?- 
1710),  shaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  and  treasurer  of 
the  navy ;  educated  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1671 ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  baronetcy, 
1681 ;  M.P.,  Woodstock,  1609-1702 ;  an  active  whig ;  a 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1697;  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  1698-1700;  treasurer  of  the  navy,  1701-10; 
M.P.,  Castle  Rising,  Norfolk,  1702,  Chichester,  1707, 
Portsmouth,  170N-10.  [xxxiii.  376] 

LITTLEWOOD,  WILLIAM  EDfiNSOR  (1831-1886), 
miscellaneous  writer;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1854;  ordained, 
1858:  M.A.,  1860;  published  theological  and  historical 
works.  [xxxiii.  377] 

LITTLINGTON,  WILLIAM  OP  (d.  1312).  [See  WIL- 
LIAM.] 

LITTON,  MARIE  (1847-1884),  actress  ;  her  real  name 
Lowe ;  first  appeared  on  the  stage,  1868 ;  managed  the  | 
Court  Theatre,  1871-4,  the  Imperial  Theatre,  1878,  and  ; 
the  Theatre  Royal,  Glasgow,  1880 ;  made  her  reputation 
in    old  comedy  in  such  parts   as  Lady  Teazle,  Lydia  I 
Languish,  and  Miss  Hardcastle.  [xxxiii.  377] 

LITJLF  or  LIGULF  (d.  1080),  Anglo-Saxon  nobleman  : 
friend  of  Walcher,  bishop  of  Durham  ;  excited  envy  of 
bishop's  chaplain,  Leobwine,  by  whom  he  was  murdered. 

[xxxiii.  378] 

LIVELY,  EDWARD  (1545?-1605),  Hebrew  professor 
at  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1572  ; 
regius  professor  of  Hebrew.  1575;  prebendary  of  Peter- 
borough, 1602 ;  one  of  the  translators  of  the  authorised 
version,  1604  ;  published  '  A  true  Chronologic  of  the  ... 
Persian  Monarchic,'  1597,  and  other  works,  [xxxiii.  378] 

LIVERPOOL,  EARLS  OF.  [See  JENKINSON,  CHARLES, 
first  EARL,  1727-1808;  JENKINSON,  ROBERT  BANKS, 
second  EARL,  1770-1828 ;  JENKINSON,  CHARLES  CECIL 
COPE,  third  EARL,  1784-1851.] 

LTVERSEEGE,  HENRY  (1803-1832),  painter;  lived 
chiefly  in  Manchester  ;  painted  subject-pictures. 

[xxxiii.  379] 

LIVESAY,  RICHARD  (d.  1823  ?),  portrait  and  land- 
scape painter ;  exhibited  portraits  and  domestic  subjects 
at  Royal  Academy,  1776-1821 ;  copied  pictures  at  Windsor 
for  Benjamin  West,  and  taught  some  of  the  royal  children 
drawing,  1790 :  drawing-master  to  the  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege, Portsmouth,  1796.  [xxxiii.  379] 

LIVESEY,  JAMES  (1625  ?-1682),  divine;  vicar  of 
Great  Budworth,  Cheshire,  1657-82;  published  some 
scholarly  sermons.  [xxxiii.  380] 

LIVESEY,  JOSEPH  (1794-1884),  temperance  advo- 
cate and  philanthropist;  brought  out  'The  Moral  Re- 
former,' a  magazine,  1831-3  and  1838-9;  issued  the 
'  Preston  Temperance  Advocate,'  the  first  teetotal  publi- 
cation in  England,  1834 ;  managed  the '  Preston  G  uardian,' 
1844-59;  the  'Teetotal  Progressionist,'  1851-2,  'The 
Staunch  Teetotaler,'  1867-9 ;  published  an  autobiography, 
1881.  [xxxiii.  380] 

LIVESEY,  SIR  MICHAEL,  first  baronet  (1611-1663  ?), 
regicide;  created  baronet,  1627:  M.P.,  Queensborough, 
Kent,  1645 ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant ;  commis- 
sioner of  the  admiralty  and  navy,  1660  ;  escaped  to  the 
Low  Countries  at  the  Restoration.  [xxxiii.  381] 

LIVING,  LYFING,  ELFSTAN,  or  ETHELSTAN 
(d.  1020),  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  bishop  of  Wells, 
999 ;  appointed  to  Canterbury  by  Ethelred  the  Unready 
[q.  v.],  1013  ;  crowned  Edmund  Ironside  [q.  v.],  1016,  and 
Canute  [q.  v.],  1017.  [xxxiii.  382] 

LIVING  or  LYFING  (d.  1046),  bishop  of  Crediton  ; 
abbot  of  Tavistock,  Devonshire:  accompanied  Canute 
[q.  v.l  to  Rome,  and  brought  back  his  famous  letter  to  the 
English  people;  bishop  of  Crediton,  1027;  bishop  of 
Worcester,  holding  the  see  in  plurality,  1038,  the  see  of 
Cornwall  being  merged  with  that  of  Crediton,  c.  1043. 

[xxxilL  382] 


LIVINGSTONE.  Sm  ALEXANDER  (d.  1450?).  of 
('iill.-iidar  :  guardian  ot  James  II  of  Scotland:  aided 
James  I  of  Scotland's  widow  in  foiling  s >.r  William 
Criohton  [q.  v.],  1439  and  1443:  juHticiary  of  Scotland, 
1449  ;  fell  into  disgrace  and  was  imprisoned. 

[xxxiii.  882] 

LIVINGSTONE,  ALEXANDER,  seventh 
LIVI\<;STOXK  and  first  EARL  OK  Lixi.rm<;<>w  (,l.  1622), 
eldest  son  of  William  Livingstone,  sixth  baron  [q.  v.] : 
supported  Mary  Queen  of  Soots :  lord  of  the  bedcliamber, 
1580;  succeeded  hi*  father,  1&92;  oommiwioner  of  taxa- 
tion, 1594 :  guardian  of  Princess  Elizabeth,  1696-1C03 : 
privy  councillor,  1698;  created  Earl  of  Liulithgow,  Lord 
Livingstone  and  Cullendar,  1600.  [xxxiii.  883] 

LIVINGSTONE,  CHARLES  (1821-1873),  missionary 
and  traveller :  brother  of  David  Livingstone  [q.  v.]  :  emi- 
grated to  America  and  became  a  missionary,  1840 :  joined 
his  brother  in  his  African  expeditions,  1867-68 ;  appointed 
English  consul  at  Fernando  Po,  1864;  the  Bight*  of 
Benin  and  Biafra  added  to  his  district,  1867 ;  died  near 
Lagos.  [xxxiii.  384] 

LIVINGSTONE,  CHARLOTTE  MARIA,  OOCNTH* 
OF  NBWBUROH  (d.  1755).  [See  RADCLIFKE  or  RAD- 
CLYKFE,  CHARLOTTE  MARIA.] 

LIVINGSTONE,  DAVID  (1813-1873),  African  mis- 
sionary and  explorer;  educated  himself  while  working 
at  a  cotton  factory  near  Glasgow  ;  attended  the  medical 
class  at  Anderson  College  and  lectures  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1832;  entered  the  service  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society,  studied  medicine  and  science  in  London : 
embarked  as  a  missionary  for  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
1840;  made  journeys  into  the  interior,  1841,  1842,  and 
1843 ;  discovered  Lake  Ngami,  1849,  and  the  Zambesi  in 
the  centre  of  the  continent,  1851 ;  made  great  exploring 
expedition  from  Cape  Town  northwards  through  West- 
central  Africa  to  Luanda  and  back  to  Quilimane  1862- 
1856  ;  visited  England,  1856  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford  and  F.R.S. ; 
published  his  missionary  travels,  and  severed  bis  con- 
nection with  the  London  Missionary  Society,  1857  ;  consul 
at  Quilimane,  1858-64 ;  commanded  expedition  to  explore 
Eastern  and  Central  Africa,  1858 ;  discovered  lakes 
Shirwa  and  Nyasa,  1859  ;  lost  his  wife  at  Shupanga,  1862 ; 
visited  England,  1864 ;  published  "The  Zambesi  and  Its 
Tributaries,'  1865 ;  started  on  expedition  to  solve  the  ques- 
tion of  the  Nile  basin,  1865;  discovered  Lake  Bangweolo, 
1868 ;  reached  Ujiji,  1869 ;  explored  the  cannibal  country, 
enduring  great  sufferings,  and  returned,  almost  dying,  to 
Ujiji,  where  he  was  rescued  by  Stanley,  1871 ;  reached 
Unyanyembe,  1872  ;  made  further  explorations  to  discover 
the  sources  of  the  Nile,  and  died  at  a  village  in  the  country 
of  Ilala  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1874. 

[xxxiii.  384] 

LIVINGSTONE,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OF  LINLITH- 
oow  (1616-1690),  eldest  son  of  Alexander  Livingstone, 
second  earl  of  Linlithgow ;  M.P.,  Perthshire,  1654-6; 
privy  councillor,  1660 ;  major-general  of  the  forces  in 
Scotland,  1677-9 ;  justice-general,  1684  ;  deprived  of  the 
justice-generalship  at  the  Revolution.  [xxxiii.  396] 

LIVINGSTONE,  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL  OF  LINLITH- 
oow  (1652?-1695),  eldest  son  of  George  Livingstone, 
third  earl  of  Linlithgow  [q.  v.]  ;  supported  his  father 
against  the  covenanters;  attempted  to  support  King 
James,  1689  ;  succeeded  his  father,  1690 ;  privy  councillor 
and  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1692.  [xxxiii.  397] 

LIVINGSTONE,  SIR 'JAMES,  of  Barncloich,  first 
VISCOUNT  KILSYTH  (1616-1661),a  devoted  loyalist;  raised 
to  the  peerage  of  Scotland  as  Viscount  Kilsyth  and  Lord 
Campsie,  1661.  [xxxiii.  397] 

LIVINGSTONE,  SIR  JAMES,  of  Kinnaird,  first  EARL 
OF  NEWBUROH  (d.  1670),  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Charles  I,  and  created  Viscount  Newbtirgh,  1647:  joined 
Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  1650 :  accompanied  Charles's 
expedition  to  England,  1651 :  escaped  to  France  after  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  1651 ;  captain  of  the  guards,  1660 ; 
created  Earl  of  Newburgh,  Viscount  Kmnaird,  and  Baron 
Livingstone  of  Flacraig,  1660.  [xxxiii.  398] 

LIVINGSTONE,  JAMES,  first  EARL  OF  OALLANDKR 
(d.  1674),  third  son  of  Alexander  Livingstone,  first  earl  of 
Linlithgow  [q.  v.] ;  saw  military  service  abroad  ;  knighted 
before  1629  ;  created  Baron  Livingstone  of  Almond,  1633 : 
accepted  office  from  the  covenanters,  but  secretly  favoured 
Charles  I,who  created  him  Earl  of  Callander,  Baron  Living- 
stone and  Almond,  1G41  ;  appointed  lieutenant-general  of 


LIVINGSTONE 


784 


LLOYD 


the  'Engagement'  army  raised  to  liberate  the  king; 
escaped  to  Holland  on  its  failure ;  took  an  active  part  in 
parliament,  1661-72.  [xxxiii.  398] 

LIVINGSTONE,  JOHN  (1603-1672),  Scottish  divine  ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  licensed  to  preach, 
16SS  ;  banished  at  the  Restoration,  1660  ;  died  at  Rotter- 
dam  ;  hU '  Life  '  first  published,  1754.  [xxxiii.  401] 

LIVINGSTONE.  Sm  THOMAS,  first  VISCOUNT  OP 
TBVIOT  (1668? -1711),  lieutenant-general;  born  in 
Holland ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet ;  came  to  England 
with  William  of  Orange,  1688 ;  appointed  colonel  of  the 
1688;  commander-in-chief  in 
privy  councillor,  1690;  major-general  on 
establishment,  1696;  created  Viscount  of 
Teviot  In  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  1696;  lieutenant- 
general,  1704.  [xxxiii.  403] 

LIVINGSTONE.  WILLIAM,  sixth  BARON  LIVING- 
STONE (<f.  1&92),  partisan  of  Queen  Mary  ;  succeeded  to 
barony,  1653;  fought  for  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at 
Langside,  and  accompanied  her  in  her  flight,  1568 ; 
Mary's  agent  in  England,  1570 ;  advised  the  king  to 
abolish  the  regency,  1577.  [xxxiii.  403] 

IJVINGU8  (d.  1046).    [See  LIVING.] 

LIVINGS,  SAINT  (d.  656  ?),  known  as  the  '  Apostle 
of  Brabant' ;  the  proof  of  his  existence  rests  on  an 
epistle  and  epitaph  which  he  is  said  to  have  written  ; 
according  to  late  authorities  he  was  of  Scottish  or  Irish 
race,  and  an  archbishop  of  Ireland,  who  went  to  Ghent, 
633,  and  was  martyred  at  Escha.  [xxxiii.  404] 

LIVTU8,  TITDS  (./!.  1437),  historian;  called  himself 
Titus  Livius  de  Frulovisiis,  of  Ferrara  ;  came  to  England 
and  found  a  patron  in  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester 
[q.  v.]  ;  naturalised,  1437 ;  his  *  Vita  Henrici  Quinti, 
Begis  Invictissimi,' edited  by  Hearne,  1716. 

[xxxiii.  405] 

LIXNAW,  BARONS.  [See  FITZMAURR-K,  PATRICK, 
1551  ?-1600 ;  FITZMAURICE,  THOMAS,  1502-1590 ;  FITZ- 
MAURICK,  THOMAS,  1574-1630.] 

LIZAB8,  JOHN  (1787  7-1860),  surgeon  :  educated  at 
Edinburgh  University ;  his  best-known  work,  '  A  System 
of  Anatomical  Plates  of  the  Human  Body,  with  De- 
scriptions,' 1822;  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  1831.  [xxxiii.  405] 

LIZABS,  WILLIAM  HOME  (1788-1859),  painter 
and  engraver ;  brother  of  John  Lizars  [q.  v.]  ;  learnt  en- 
graving from  his  father  ;  studied  painting  at  Trustees' 
Academy,  Edinburgh  ;  carried  on  the  engraving  business 
after  his  father's  death,  1812;  perfected  method  of 
etching  for  book  illustration.  [xxxiii.  406] 

LLANOVEB,  first  BARON  (1802-1867).  [See  HALL, 
SIR  BENJAMIN.] 

LLEWELYN.    [See  also  LLUELYN  and  LLYWELYN.] 
LLEWELYN,  DAVID  (d.  1415).    [See  GAM.] 

LLEWELYN,  THOMAS  (1720  ?-1793),  baptist  minis- 
ter ;  published  an  'Historical  Account  of  the  British 
or  Welsh  Veiwons  and  Editions  of  the  Bible,'  1768; 
prominent  in  establishment  of  baptist  mission  in  North 
Wale*,  1776.  [xxxiii.  407] 

LLEYN,  SIGN  (1749-1817).    [SeeSlON.] 
LLEYN,  WILLIAM  (16307-1587).    [See  OWKN.] 
LLOYD.   [See  also  LHUYD,  LLWYD,  and  LOYD.] 

LLOYD.  BARTHOLOMEW  (1772-1837),  provost  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin:  M.A.,  1796;  D.D.,  1808;  Erasmus  Smith's 
professor  of  mathematics,  1813  ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1821,  1828,  and  1825 :  Erasmus  Smith's  professor 
of  natural  and  experimental  philosophy,  1822 ;  king's 
lecturer  in  divinity,  1823  and  1827;  provost,  1831-7- 
president  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1836 ;  '  Lloyd 
Exhibitions '  founded  In  his  memory,  1839. 

LLOYD  or  FLOYD,  SIR  CHARLES  (rf.  1661), 
royalist ;  brother  of  Sir  Godfrey  Lloyd  or  Floyd  [q.  v.] ; 
quartermaster .  general  of  the  king's  army,  1644; 
knighted,  1644.  [xxxiii.  408] 

LLOYD,  OHABLE8  (1735-1 773),  secretary  to  George 
Grenville  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church, 


Oxford ;  M.A.,  1761 ;  secretary  to  George  Grenville.  1763  ; 
deputy-teller  of  the  exchequer,  1767  ;  published  political 
pamphlets  in  Grenville's  interest,  1763-7.  [xxxiii.  408] 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  (1748-1828),  quaker  ;  philan- 
thropist ;  banker  of  Birmingham  ;  a  pioneer  in  the 
movement  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves ;  published 
translations  from  Homer  and  Horace.  [xxxiii.  409] 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  (1766-1829),  dissenting  minister 
and  schoolmaster  ;  held  ministries  in  England  till  1793 ; 
pastor  in  Cardiganshire  and  Suffolk;  LL.D.  Glasgow, 
1809  ;  opened  school  in  London,  1811  ;  chief  work,  'Par- 
ticulars in  the  Life  of  a  Dissenting  Minister '  (auto- 
biography), 1813.  [xxxiii.  410] 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  (1784-1829),  bishop  of  Oxford ; 
of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1809 ; 
mathematical  lecturer,  tutor,  and  censor,  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;  preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1819-22;  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  Oxford,  1822-9 ;  bishop  of  Oxford, 
1827-9;  the  first  to  publish  the  'Book  of  Common 
Prayer '  with  red-lettered  rubrics,  1829.  [xxxiii.  411] 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  (1775  - 1839),  poet ;  son  of 
Charles  Lloyd  (1748-1828)  [q.  v.] ;  published  poems, 
1795 ;  lived  with  Coleridge,  1796-7 ;  his  poems  appended 
to  an  edition  of  Coleridge's  poems,  along  with  verses  by 
Charles  Lamb,  1797;  cultivated  Lamb's  society;  his 
'Desultory  Thoughts  in  London,'  published,  1821 ;  became 
insane ;  died  at  Ohaillot  near  Versailles.  [xxxiii.  412] 

LLOYD,  CHARLES  DALTON  CLIFFORD  (1844- 
1891 X  servant  of  the  crown  ;  grandson  of  Bartholomew 
Lloyd  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Sandhurst ;  in  police  force  in 
British  Burmah,  1862-72 ;  resident  magistrate  for  co. 
Down,  1874 ;  employed  to  restore  order  in  co.  Longford, 
1881  ;concerted  scheme  (1881)  for  vigorous  administra- 
tion of  Protection  of  Person  and  Property  Act ;  inspec- 
tor-general of  reforms  to  khedive  of  Egypt,  1883  ;  under- 
secretary at  the  home  office  in  Egypt ;  resigned  (1884) 
because  his  schemes  for  prison  reform  were  not  supported ; 
again  resident  magistrate  in  Ireland,  1885 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Mauritius,  1885-7;  consul  for  Kurdistan, 
1889 ;  died  at  Erzeroum,  1891 ;  his  •  Ireland  under  the 
Land  League,  a  Narrative  of  Personal  Experiences,'  pub- 
lished, 1892.  [xxxiii.  41 4] 

LLOYD,  DAVID  (1597-1663),  author  of  the  'Legend 
of  Captain  Jones ' ;  educated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford  :  B.A., 
1615 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1618 ;  D.O.L., 
1628 ;  canon  of  Chester,  1639 ;  remembered  by  his 
popular  jeu  <Teaprit,  '  The  Legend  of  Captain  Jones,'  a 
burlesque  on  the  adventures  of  an  Elizabethan  sea- 
rover  named  Jones,  1631.  [xxxiii.  415] 

LLOYD,  DAVID  (1635-1692),  biographer;  M.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1659:  reader  in  the  Charter- 
house, London,  1659 ;  chaplain  to  Isaac  Barrow,  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  The  Statesmen  and  Favour- 
ites of  England  since  the  Reformation,'  1665  and  1670 ; 
his  memoirs  of  royalist  sufferers  published,  1668. 

[xxxiii.  416] 

LLOYD,  DAVID  (d.  1714  ?),  captain  in  the  navy, 
1677;  employed  by  James  II  as  agent  and  emissary 
during  the  reign  of  William  III ;  retired  into  private  life 
after  James's  death.  [xxxiii.  417] 

LLOYD,  DAVID  (1752-1838),  divine  and  poet;  took 
holy  orders,  1778 ;  his  '  Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners, 
and  Sentiments,  on  the  Voyage  of  Life,'  1812,  an  imitation 
of  Young  ;  published  '  Horse  Theologicae,'  1823. 

LLOYD,  EDWARD  (d.  1648  ?).    [See  FLOYD!]' 

LLOYD,  EDWARD  (/!. 1688-1726),  coffee-house  keeper, 
from  whom  the  great  commercial  corporation  known  as 
'  Lloyd's '  derives  its  name ;  his  coffee-house  in  Lombard 
Street  the  centre  of  shipbroking  and  marine  insurance 
business,  1692 ;  issued  '  Lloyd's  News,'  a  shipping  and 
commercial  chronicle,  1696-7,  revived  as  '  Lloyd's  Lists,' 
1726,  and  still  continued.  [xxxiii.  418] 

LLOYD,  EDWARD  (d.  1847),  captain  of  the  Gambia 
River  ;  captain  in  the  royal  African  corps,  1804-12  ; 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Gambia  River  settlement, 
where  he  died.  [xxxiii.  419] 

LLOYD,  EDWARD  (1815-1890),  founder  of  « Lloyd's 
Weekly  London  Newspaper';  sold  books  and  published 
cheap  literature  in  London ;  issued  '  Lloyd's  Penny  Weekly 
Miscellany,'  1842-4,  continued  us  'Lloyd's  Entertaining 


LLOYD 


LLOYD 


Journal'  till  1847;  first  issued  'Lloyd's  Weekly  London 
Newspaper,'  1842  ;  bought  the  '  Daily  Chronicle,'  1876. 

[xxxiii.  419] 

LLOYD,  EVAN  (1734-1776),  poet;  M.A.  .1. 
lege,  Oxford,  1757  :  published  '  The  Powers  of  the  I  Vn,'  an 
attack  on  Warburton  and  Johnson,  1765,  'The  Curate,' 
1766,  and  'The  Met  In*  list,'  for  which  latter  satire  he 
underwent  imprisonment  for  libel ;  friend  of  Wilkes  and 
Garrick.  [xxxiii.  419] 

LLOYD,  GEORGE  (1560-1615),  bishop  of  Chester: 
fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge :  rector  of  Heswell- 
in-Wirrall,  Cheshire, and  divinity  reader  in  Chester  Cathe- 
dral; bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1600,  of  Chester,  1604; 
held  livings  in  addition  to  his  sees.  [xxxiii.  420] 

LLOYD  or  FLOYD,  SIR  GODFREY  (fl.  1667),  mili- 


tary  engineer ;  brother  of  Sir  Charles  Lloyd  or  Floyd  [q.  v.]; 
catain  in  the  Dutch  service ;    knighted  by  Charles  II. 


LLOYD,  JOHN  (rf.  1682),  poet:  brother  of 
Lloyd  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Wadbam  College,  Oxford,  1669  ;  pub- 
lished a  '  Paraphrase '  of  the  Song  of  Solomon,  . 

[xxxiii.  427] 

LLOYD,  JOHN  (1688-1687),  bishop  of  St.  David'*: 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1662;  precentor  of 
Llandaff,  1672 ;  principal  of  Jesus  College.  Oxford,  1673  : 
D.D.,  1674 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  1682-5 ;  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  1686.  [xxxiii.  427] 

LLOYD,  JOHN  AUGUSTUS  (1800-1864),  engineer 
and  surveyor ;  served  ou  the  staff  of  Simon  Bolivar,  the 
liberator  of  Colombia,  as  a  captain  of  engineers :  surveyed 
Isthmus  of  Panama,  1827;  F.R.S.,  1830;  colonial  civil 
engineer  and  surveyor-general  in  Mauritius,  1831-49; 
British  charge  d'affaires,  Bolivia,  1851 ;  died  at  Tberapia. 

427] 


[xxxilL 

LLOYD,    JULIUS  (1830-1892),  divine  and  author: 

1657 ;  chief  engineer  of  ports,  castles,  and  fortifications  in  1  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1856  :  canon  of  Man- 
England,  1661-7.  [xxxiii.  420]        Chester,  1891 :  author  of  sermons  and  essays. 

LLOYD,  HANNIBAL  EVANS  (1771-1847),  philo-  I  TLOYD  LUDOVIO  LODOWICK  «?RWI??ll 
logist  and  translator:  son  of  Henry' Humphrey  Evans  \  u^^JS^SSm^^SS^y^^ 
Lloyd...l:q;  TllL^I^J1  .-I  , IVl?',;8  °r!  JfSL'P?  I  Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I  ;  author  of '  The  Pilgrimage 

of  Princes,'  compiled  from  Greek  and  Latin  author?,  1673. 
and  other  compilations  and  poems,  mainly  treating  of 
•  Collectanea  Curiosa.'  [xxxiii.  429] 

LLOYD,  8m  NATHANIEL  (1669-1745),  master  of 
1  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  Lloyd  (1634- 
I  1686)  [q.  v.] ;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Trinity 
1  College,  Oxford  :  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford, 
i  1689 ;  D.O.L.,  1696  ;  member  of  the  College  of  Advocates, 
1696  ;  knighted,  1710 ;  master  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
i  1710-35 ;  king's  advocate,  1716-27.  [xxxiii.  430] 

LLOYD,  NICHOLAS  (1630-1680),  historical  compiler  ; 
>  educated  at  Winchester  and  Hart  Hall  and  Wadhani 
I  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1658 ;  university  rhetoric  reader, 
1666;  sub-warden  of  Wadham  College,  1666  and  1670; 
published  a  '  Dictionarium  Historicum,'  1670. 

[xxxiii.  430] 

LLOYD,  RICHARD  (1595-1659),  royalist  divine; 
educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford  :  B.D.,  1628 ;  on  out- 
break of  civil  law  deprived  of  his  preferments  and  im- 
prisoned. [xxxiiL  431] 

LLOYD,  SIR  RICHARD  (1606-1676),  royalist ;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1631 :  attended  Charles  I  in  the  north,  1639  ; 
attorney-general  for  North  Wales  and  knighted,  1642 ;  jus- 
tice of  Glamorganshire,  Brecknockshire,  and  Radnorshire, 
1660  ;  M.P.,  Radnorshire,  1661.  [xxxiii.  431] 


ment  in  London  foreign  office,  1813-47;  published  annals 
of  Hamburg  for  1813,  1818;  his  '  Theoretisch-praktische 
Englische  Sprachlehre  flir  Deutsche*  (1833)  long  the 
standard  grammar  in  several  German  universities  ;  pub- 
lished translations  from  various  European  languages. 

[xxxiii.  421] 

LLOYD,  HENRY,  or  HENRY  HUMPHREY  EVANS 
(1720  ?-1783),  historian  and  soldier :  engineer  in  the  Yonng 
Pretender's  expedition  to  Scotland,  1745 ;  distinguished 
himself  at  the  siege  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  1747,  and  was 
made  major  in  the  French  army,  1747;  served  first  on 
Austrian  side,  and  afterwards  ou  Prussian  side,  in  the 
seven  years'  war;  in  the  Russian  service,  1774 ;  occupied 
himself  with  literary  work,  1779-83 ;  died  at  Hay.  Belgium : 
chief  works,  '  History  of  the  War  between  the  King  of 
Prussia  and  the  Empress  of  Germany  and  her  Allies' 
(vol.  i.  1766,  vols.  ii.  and  iii.  1782),  and  'A  Political  and 
Military  Rhapsody  ou  the  Defence  of  Great  Britain,'  1779. 

[xxxiii.  422] 

LLOYD,  HUGH  (1546-1601),  master  of  Winchester 
College;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Ox- 
ford: B.A.,  1566:  chancellor  of  Rochester,  1578;  master 
of  Winchester,  1580-7 :  D.C.L.,  1588 ;  Latin  phrase-book 
by  him  published,  1654.  [xxxiii.  423] 

LLOYD,  HUGH  (1586-1667),  bishop  of  Llaudaff :  M.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1614 ;  held  various  livings  in  Wales, 
1617-44:  D.D.,  1638:  a  staunch  royalist:  his  benefices 
sequestered  during  the  civil  wars :  canon  and  archdeacon 
of  St.  David's,  1644 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1660-7. 

[xxxiii.  424] 

LLOYD,  HUMPHREY  (1610-1689),  bishop  of  Bangor : 
educated  at  Jesus  and  Oriel  Colleges,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1635 : 
prebendary  of  York,  1660 :  dean  of  St.  Asaph,  1663-74 ; 
bishop  of  Bangor,  1674-89.  [xxxiii.  424] 


LLOYD,  SIR  RICHARD  (1634-1686),  judge  :  fellow  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford:  D.O.L.,  1662;  advocate  at 
Doctors'  Commons,  1664 ;  admiralty  advocate,  1674-86 ; 
chancellor  of  the  dioceses  of  Llandaff  and  Durham ; 
knighted,  1677  ;  M.P.,  Durham,  1679-81  and  1686  ;  dean 
of  the  arches,  1684-6  ;  judge  of  the  high  court  of  admi- 
ralty, 1686-6.  [xxxiii.  430] 
LLOYD,  HUMPHREY  (1800-1881),  provost  of  Trinity 

College,  Dublin,  and  man  of  science ;  son  of  Bartholomew 

Lloyd  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819  :  junior 

fellow,  1824;   M.A.,  1827;   Erasmus  Smith's  professor  of  i  published  theological  works. 

natural  and  experimental  philosophy,  1831-43  :  president 

of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1846-51;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1855; 

vice-provost,  1862:  provost,  1867  ;  published  treatises  on 

optics  and  magnetism,  embodying  his  discoveries. 

[xxxiii.  426] 
LLOYD,    JACOB    YOUDE   WILLIAM    (1816-1887), 

genealogist;  son  of  Jacob  William  Hinde,  but  assumed 

name  of  Lloyd  on  succeeding  to  estates,  1857  ;  M.A.  Wad- 
ham  College, Oxford,  1874 :  convert  to  Roman  Catholicism ; 

served  in  the  pontifical  Zouaves ;  published  genealogical 

works.  [xxxiii.  426] 

LLOYD,  FLOYD,  or  FLUD,  JOHN  (rf.  1623),  com- 
poser: took  a  musical  degree  at  Oxford  ;  attended 
Henry  VIII  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520 : 
his  extant  compositions  in  the  British  Museum  Addit. 
MSS.  [xxxiii.  426] 

LLOYD,  JOHN (1568-1603),  classical  scholar;  brother 


of  Hugh  Lloyd  (1646-1601)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  and  New 
College,  Oxford;  perpetual  fellow,  1679-96;  M.A.,  1585; 
edited,  with  Latin  translation  and  notes,  '  Flavii  Joaephi 
de  Maccabaeis  liber,'  1690;  D.D.,  1595:  v\cnr  of  Writtle, 
K?sex,  1598-1603.  [xxxiii.  427] 


LLOYD,  RICHARD  (rf.  1834),  divine;  educated  at 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1790; 

[xxxiiL  432] 

LLOYD,  RIDGWAY  ROBERT  SYERS  CHRISTIAN 
CODNER  (1842-1884),  physician  and  antiquary  :  M.R.C.S. 
and  L.S.A.,  1866  ;  published  '  An  Account  of  the  Altars, 
Monuments,  and  Tombs  in  St.  Albans  Abbey,'  1873,  and 
wrote  many  archaeological  papers.  [xxxiii.  432] 

LLOYD,  ROBERT  (1733-1764),  poet ;  of  Westminster 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1758 ;  published 
'The  Actor,'  1760,  and  a  collection  of  poems.  1762  :  edited 
the  '  St.  James's  Magazine,'  1762-3 :  imprisoned  for  debt ; 
drudged  for  the  booksellers ;  his  comic  opera,  '  The 
Capricious  Lovers,'  performed,  1764 ;  friend  of  Churchill, 
Garrick,  and  Wilkes.  [xxxiii.  432] 


LLOYD,  SIMON  (1766-1836),  Welsh  methodist ;  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1779  ;  associated  binwelf  with  the 
Calvinistic  methodist  movement  after  1788;  edited  tin- 
Welsh  magazine  '  Y  Drysorfa,'  1814  :  published  a  biblical 
chronology,  1816,  and  a  commentary  on  the  Apocalypse, 
1828,  both  In  Welsh.  [xxxiii.  434] 

LLOYD,  THOMAS  (1784-1813),  colonel :  served  in  the 
Egyptian  campaign,  1801;  at  Gibraltar,  istn".  captain, 


LLOYD 


786 


LOBB 


1801 ;  terred  at  Copenhagen  ami  throughout  the  Penin- 
sular campaigns,  1808-10;  major,  1810;  killed  at  battle 

LLOYD.  WILLIAM  (1637-1710),  nonjuriug  bishop  of 
Norwich;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  D.D. 
per  literal  region  1670 ;  chaplain  to  the  English  Mer- 
chants' Factory,  Portugal :  D.D.,  1670  ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  1672-6;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1675-9,  of  Peter- 
borough, 1679-85,  of  Norwich,  1685-91 ;  deprived  of  bis 
office  for  refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  III, 
1691.  [xxxiii.  435] 

LLOYD,  WILLIAM  (1627-1717),  successively  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  of  Lichfleld  and  Coventry, and  of  Worcester ; 
son  of  Richard  Lloyd  (1595-1659)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Oriel  and 
Jesus  Colleges,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1646 ;  M.A.  Cambridge, 
IMt;  {.rvt*'ii<i;iry  of  Ripon,  If,ii3  :  !).!>.,  \M7  :  prebondavy 
of  Salisbury,  1667:  archdeacon  of  Merioneth,  1668-72; 
dean  of  Banger  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1672  ;  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  1680  ;  tried  with  the  six  other  bishops  on  the 
charge  of  publishing  a  seditious  libel  against  the  king  and 
acquitted,  1688  ;  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1692, 
of  Worcester,  1700 ;  being  half  crazed  by  excessive  study 
of  the  apocalyptic  visions  prophesied  to  Queen  Anne, 
Barley,  Evelyn,  and  Wbiston  ;  a  staunch  supporter  of  the 
revolution  and  an  excellent  scholar  ;  engaged  Burnet  to 
undertake  '  The  History  of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church 
of  England  '  and  gave  him  valuable  assistance  ;  published 
sermons  and  controversial  pamphlets.  [xxxiii.  436] 

LLOYD,  WILLIAM  FORSTER  (1794-1852),  mathe- 
matician ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1818;  Greek  reader,  1823;  mathematical  lecturer 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1824 ;  Drummond  professor  of 
political  economy,  1832-7 ;  F.R.S.,  1834 ;  published  profes- 
sorial lectures.  [xxxiii.  440] 

LLOYD,  WILLIAM  WATKISS  (1813-1893),  classical 
and  Shakespearean  scholar ;  partner  in  tobacco  manufac- 
turing business  in  London;  retired,  1864;  member  of 
Society  of  Dilettanti,  1854  :  published  '  History  of  Sicily, 
to  the  Athenian  War,'  1872, 'The  Age  of  Pericles,'  1875, 
•  The  Moses  of  Michael  Angelo,'  1863, '  Homer,  his  Art  and 
Age,'  1848,  'Shakespeare's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing" 
...  in  fully  recovered  Metrical  Form,'  1884  (he  con- 
tended that  Shakespeare's  prose  was  disguised  blank  verse), 
and  other  miscellaneous  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  102] 

LLUELYN.    [See  also  LLEWELYN  and  LLYWELYN.] 

LLTTELYN  or  LLTTELLYN,  MARTIN  (1616-1682), 
poet,  physician,  and  principal  of  St.  Mary  HaU,  Oxford  ; 
of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1643  ; 
joined  the  royal  army ;  published  '  Men  Miracles,  with 
other  Poem;,'  1646  ;  ejected  from  Oxford,  1648  ;  physician 
in  London  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1653 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1659  ;  principal 
of  St.  Mary  Hall,  1660-4 ;  physician  at  High  Wycombe 
after  1664  ;  mayor  of  High  Wycombe,  1671. 

LLWYD.    [See  also  LHUYD,  LLOYD,  and  LOYD.] 
LLWYD,    EDWARD   (Jl.    1328-1405).      [See    IOLO 

OOCH.] 

LLWYD,  SIR  GRUFFYDD  (Jl.  1322),  Welsh  hero ; 
grandson  of  Ednyved  Vychan  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1284 ; 
rebelled  against  the  English  and  was  defeated  and  impri- 
soned, [xxxiv.  1] 

LLWYD,  ORUFFYDD  (Jl.  1370-1420),  Welsh  poet; 
family  bard  to  Owen  Glendower.  Two  poems  by  him 
published.  [xxxlv.  1] 

LLWYD,  HUGH  or  HUW  (1533  ?-1620),  Welsh  poet; 
held  commission  In  the  English  army  and  saw  service 
abroad  :  his  best-known  production,  a  'Poem  on  the  Fox,' 
printed  in  '  Cymru  Fu,*  L  857.  [xxxlv.  1] 

LLWYD,  HUMPHREY  (1527-1668),  physician  and 
antiquary  ;  of  Brasenote  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1661 ; 
M .P.,  East  Grinstead,  1659,  Denbigh  boroughs,  1663-7 ; 
author  of  antiquarian  works,  among  them, '  Commeutarioli 
Dwcriptlonis  Britannicae  Fragmentum,'  published  at 
Cologne,  1572  (an  English  translation.  '  The  Breviary  of 
Britain,'  published  in  London,  1573),  and  'Cambria 
Typoa,'  one  of  the  earliest  known  maps  of  Wales. 

»    LLWID  or  "-OYD,  JOHN  (1568  ?-l<WS),[oYw\nches- 
ter  and  New  College,  Oxford ;   fellow  of  New  College, 


1579 ;  M.A.,  1585 ;  D.D.,  1595  ;  author  of  an  edition  of 
Josephm's  'De  Maccabaeis,'  1690  ;  edited  Barlaamus's  '  De 
Papa?  Principatu,'  1592.  [xxxiv.  3] 

LLWYD,  MORGAN  (1619-1669),  Welsh  puritan 
di vine  and  myst'e  writer ;  grandson  or  nephew  of  Husrh 
Llwyd  [q.  v.] ;  served  with  the  parliamentary  army  in 
England ;  founded  a  nonconformist  church  at  Wrexham, 
and  became  it*  first  minister,  c.  1646.  His  published 
works  rank  among  the  Welsh  prose  classics. 

[xxxiv.  3] 

LLWYD,  RICHARD  (1762-1835),  poet;  known  as 
•  the  Bard  of  Snowdon '  ;  '  Beaumaris  Bay,'  his  best- 
known  poem,  published,  1800;  published  other  poems, 
1804.  [xxxiv.  4] 

LLYWAKOH  AB  LLYWELYN,  otherwise  known  as 
PRYDYDD  Y  MOCH  (Jl.  1160-1220),  Welsh  bard  ;  the  most 
illustrious  Welsh  bard  of  the  middle  ages ;  some  of  his 
poems,  all  of  which  are  historically  valuable,  printed  in  the 
1  My  vyrian  Archaiology  of  Wales.'  [xxxiv.  5] 

LLYWARCH  HEN,  or  the  AGED  (496  ?-646  ?),  Bri- 
tish chieftain  and  bard ;  not  mentioned  till  several  cen- 
turies after  his  death ;  ancient  form  of  his  name  Loumarc ; 
probably  spent  some  time  at  Arthur's  court.  Twelve 
poems,  six  of  an  historical  character  and  the  remainder  on 
moral  subjects,  are  ascribed  to  him,  and  were  first  pub- 
lished with  an  English  translation  in  1792.  [xxxiv.  5] 

LLYWELYN.    [See  also  LLEWELYN  and  LLUELYN.] 

LLYWELYN  AB  SEISYLL  or  SEISYLLT  (d.  1023  ?), 
king  of  Gwynedd ;  took  possession  of  the  throne  of  North 
Wales,  c.  1018.  [xxxiv.  6] 

LLYWELYN  AB  IORWERTH,  called  LLYWELYN 
THE  GREAT  (d.  1240),  prince  of  North  Wales,  afterwards 
called  Prince  of  Wales ;  son  of  Owain  Gwyuedd  [q.  v.]  ; 
brought  up  in  exile,  probably  in  England ;  drove  his 
uncle  Davydd  ab  Owain  [see  DAVYDD  I]  from  his  terri- 
tory, 1194 ;  made  peace  with  Gwenwynwyn  [q.  v.],  1202  ; 
married  Joan  (d.  1237)  [q.  v.],  King  John's  illegitimate 
daughter,  1206  ;  with  John's  help  extended  his  power  to 
South  Wales,  1207 ;  opposed  by  John  with  some  success, 
1208-11 ;  regained  his  possessions  and  couquered  South 
Wales,  1212-15 ;  prince  of  all  Wales  not  ruled  by  the 
Normans,  1216 ;  did  homage  to  Henry  III,  1218  ;  fought 
against  the  English,  1228  ;  submitted  to  Henry  III,  1237 ; 
the  greatest  of  the  native  rulers  of  Wales.  [xxxiv.  7] 

LLYWELYN  AB  GRTTFFYDD  (d.  1282),  prince  of 
Wales  ;  son  of  Gruffydd  ab  Llywelyn  (d.  1244)  [q.  v.]  ; 
succeeded  (with  his  elder  brother,  Owain  the  Red)  his 
uncle,  Davydd  ab  Llywelyn  [see  DAVYDD  II],  as  ruler  of 
Wales,  1246  ;  did  homage  to  Henry  III,  and  gave  up  to 
him  all  lands  east  of  the  Oonway,  1247  ;  allied  himself  with 
Simon  de  Montfort,  1262;  took  the  offensive  against 
Prince  Edward  and  forced  him  to  a  truce,  1263 ;  after 
renewal  of  hostilities  (1265)  agreed  to  hold  the  principality 
of  Wales  subject  to  the  crown  of  England,  1267  ;  neglected 
to  do  homage  to  Edward  1, 1272  ;  quarrelled  with  Gruffydd 
ab  Gwenwynwyn  [q.  v.]  and  Davydd  III  [q.  v.]  and 
drove  them  to  England,  1274  ;  signed  treaty  of  Con  way, 
1277  ;  married  to  Eleanor  de  Montfort  (d.  1282),  1278  ; 
revolted  against  the  English  rule  and  was  slain  in  a 
skirmish.  1282  ;  the  last  champion  of  Welsh  liberty. 

[xxxiv.  13] 

LLYWELYN  AB  RHYS,  commonly  called  LLYWELYN 
BREN  (d.  1317),  Welsh  rebel ;  held  high  office  under 
Gilbert  de  Clare  (1291-1314)  [q.  v.] ;  revolted  against  one 
of  the  English  overlords,  1314 ;  surrendered,  1316  ;  tried, 
condemned,  and  hung.  [xxxiv.  21] 

LLYWELYN  OF  LLINGEWYDD  (or  LLEWELYN  SIGN) 
(1620  ?-1616),  Welsh  bard  ;  disciple  of  Thomas  Llewelyn 
of  Rhegoes;  gained  his  living  by  transcribing  Welsh 
manuscripts  ;  several  of  his  compositions  published  in  the 
lolo  MSS.  [xxxiv.  22] 

LOBB,  EMMANUEL  (1594-1671).  [See  SIMKON, 
JOSEPH.] 

LOBB,  STEPHEN  (d.  1699),  nonconformist  divine ; 
imprisoned  for  complicity  in  the  Rye  House  plot,  1683; 
published  controversial  pamphlets.  [xxxiv.  23] 

LOBB,  THEOPHILUS  (1678-1763),  physician  ;  son 
of  Stephea  Lobb  [q.  v.] ;  educated  for  the  ministry  ; 


LOBEL 


787 


LOCKEY 


studied  medicine  nnd  practise!  while  acting  as  noncon- 
formist minister;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1722;  F.R.S.,  1729; 
applied  himself  wholly  to  medicine  from  1736  ;  L.R.O.P., 
]  740  ;  published  religious  and  medical  works. 

[xxxiv.  24] 
LOBEL,  HIRSCH  (1721-1800).     [See  LYON,  HAHT.] 

LOCH,  DAVID  (d.  1780),  writer  on  commerce:  in- 
spector-general of  the  woollen  manufactures  of  Scotland, 
1776,  and  afterwards  of  the  fisheries  ;  author  of  pamphlets 
advocating  the  abolition  of  the  wool  duties,  1774,  and  of 
'E«snys  on  the  Trade,  Commerce,  Manufactures,  and 
Fisheries  of  Scotland,'  1775.  [xxxiv.  25] 

LOCH,  QRANVILLB  OOWER  (1813-1853),  captain 
in  the  navy ;  son  of  James  Loch  [q.  v.  ] ;  entered  the 
navy,  1826;  commander,  1837;  attained  post  rank  and 
went  to  Obina  as  a  volunteer,  1841 ;  published  '  The 
Closing  Events  of  the  Campaign  in  China,'  1843 ;  em- 
ployed at  Nicaragua,  1848;  C.B.,  1848;  took  prominent 
part  in  the  second  Burmese  war,  1852-3  ;  shot  while 
attacking  Donabew  ;  buried  at  Rangoon.  [xxxiv.  25] 

LOCH,  HENRY  BROUGHAM,  first  BARON  LOCH  OP 
DRTLAW  (1827-1900),  gazetted  to  3rd  Bengal  cavalry, 
1844 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Gough  in  Sutle]  campaign, 
1845;  adjutant  of  Skinner's  (irregular)  horse,  1850; 
served  in  Crimean  war  ;  attached  to  staff  of  embassy  to 
China,  1857 ;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Elgin  when  pleni- 
potentiary in  China,  1860;  seized  by  Chinese  officials, 
imprisoned  and  tortured ;  returned  to  England  in  charge 
of  treaty  of  Tientsin,  1860  ;  private  secretary  to  Sir  George 
Grey  (1799-1882)  [q.  v.];  governor  of  Isle  of  Man,  1863-82  ; 
K.C.B.,  1880  ;  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests  and  land 
revenue,  1882-4 ;  governor  of  Victoria,  1884-9  ;  governor 
of  the  Cape  and  high  commissioner  in  South  Africa,  1889- 
1895 :  raised  to  peerage,  1895 ;  took  leading  share  in 
raising  and  equipping  '  Loch's  Horse '  for  service  in  South 
Africa,  1899  ;  published  '  Personal  Narrative  of  ...  Lord 
Elgin's  second  Embassy  to  China,'  1869. 


[SuppL  iii.  103] 
economist ; 


LOCH,  JAMES  (1780-1855),  economist ;  admitted  an 
advocate  in  Scotland,  1801 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1806  ;  abandoned  law  and  assumed  management  of  several 
noblemen's  estates;  M.P.  for  St.  Germains,  Cornwall, 
1827-30,  for  Wick  burghs,  1830-52.  [xxxiv.  26] 

LOCHINVAR,  first  BARON  (1599  7-1634).  [See  GOR- 
DON, SIR  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  KENMURE.] 

LOCHORE,  ROBERT  (1762-1852),  Scottish  poet ;  pub- 
lished poems  in  Scottish  vernacular,  1795-6  and  1815 ; 
edited  the  •  Kilmarnock  Mirror,'  c.  1817.  [xxxiv.  26] 

LOCK.    [See  also  LOCKE  and  LOK.] 
LOCKE.    [See  also  LOK.] 

LOCKE,  JOHN  (1632-1704),  philosopher;  educated 
at  Winchester  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1658  ; 
Greek  lecturer  at  Oxford,  1660;  lecturer  on  rhetoric, 
1662 ;  censor  of  moral  philosophy,  1663 ;  wrote  '  An  Essay 
concerning  Toleration,'  which  contains  his  views  on  re- 
ligion, 1667 ;  became  physician  to  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper 
(afterwards  the  first  Earl  of  Shaftesbury)  and  settled  in  his 
house,  1667 ;  F.R.S.,  1668  ;  M.B.,  1675 ;  secretary  to  the 
4  lords '  proprietors  of  Carolina,  1669-72  ;  secretary  of  pre- 
sentations under  Shaftesbury  as  lord  chancellor,  1672; 
secretary  to  the  reconstructed  council  of  trade,  1673-5  ;  in 
France,  1675-9  ;  subsequently  resided  in  Oxford  until  ex- 
pelled for  supposed  complicity  in  Shaftesbury's  plots,  1684 ; 
lived  in  Holland,  where  he  became  known  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  1685-9  ;  commissioner  of  appeals,  1689-1704  ;  bis 
first  letter  on  '  Toleration  '  published  in  Latin  and  then  in 
English,  1689;  published  'An  Essay  concerning  Human 
Understanding,'  1690  (2nd  edit.  1694 ;  3rd,  1695) ;  his 
second  letter  on  'Toleration '  published,  1690  (a  third  in 
1692,  a  fourth  left  unpublished  at  his  death) ;  lived  with 
the  Masham  family  at  Gates,  Essex,  1691;  published 
treatise  '  On  Education,'  1693,  on  the  '  Reasonableness  of 
I  Christianity,'  1695,  and  on  the  currency  question,  1696  ; 
iber  of  the  new  council  of  trade,  1696-1700;  his 

Paraphrases  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles'  published,  1706-7; 

irst  edition  of  his  collected  works,  1714  ;  called  by  John 
,rt  Mill  the  'unquestioned  founder  of  the  analytic 

ihilosophy  of  mind.'  [xxxiv.  27] 

LOCKE,  JOHN  (1806-1880),  legal  writer  and  politi- 
an  ;  of  Dulwich  College  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  : 
.A.,  1832  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1833  ;  bencher,  1867 ; 


Q.C.,  1867 :  M.P.,  Southwark,  1867-80 ;  introduced  and 
passed  bill  (1861)  for  the  admission  of  witnesses  in 
criminal  cases  to  the  same  right  of  substituting  an  affir- 
mation for  an  oath  as  in  civil  cases ;  published  two  legal 
works.  [xxxiv.  37] 

LOCKE,  JOSEPH  (1805-1860),  civil  engineer;  aided 
George  Stepbenson  in  construction  of  the  railway  between 
Manchester  and  Liverpool  (opened,  1830);  constructed 
various  lines  on  his  own  account  in  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  and  Germany,  1835-52  ;  F.R.S.,  1838;  M.P.,  Honi- 
ton,  1847-60 ;  president  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Kn- 
gineers,  1858  and  1859  ;  designer  of  tbe'Crewe  engine.' 

[xxxiv.  37] 

LOCKE,  MATTHEW  (16307-1677X  musical  com- 
poser; assisted  in  the  composition  of  the  music  for 
Shirley's  masque,  '  Cupid  and  Death,'  1653,  and  D'Ave- 
nant's  'Siege  of  Rhodes,'  1666;  created  'composer  in 
ordinary  to  his  majesty'  (Charles  II),  1661;  organist  to 
Queen  Catherine's  Roman  catholic  establishment  at 
Somerset  House;  composed  music  for  'Macbeth,'  1666 
and  1669,  and  for  the  'Tempest ' ;  published  '  Melotbesia, 
or  Certain  General  Rules  for  Playing  on  a  Continued 
Bass,  with  a  choice  collection  of  Lessons  for  the  Harpsi- 
chord or  Organ  of  all  sorts,'  1673.  [xxxiv.  38] 

LOCKE  or  LOCK,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1732-1810), 
art  amateur  and  collector  of  works  of  art.  [xxxiv.  39] 

LOCKE,  WILLIAM  (1804-1832),  captain  in  the  life- 
guards and  amateur  artist ;  published  illustrations  to 
Byron's  works ;  drowned  in  the  lake  of  Oomo. 

[xxxiv.  40] 

LOCKE,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1767-1847),  amateur 
artist ;  son  of  William  Locke  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  painted 
historical  and  allegorical  subjects.  [xxxiv.  40] 

LOCKER,  ARTHUR  (1828-1893),  novelist  and  journal- 
ist ;  son  of  Edward  Hawke  Locker  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  School  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  B.A., 
1851 ;  journalist  in  Victoria,  1852  ;  returned  to  England, 
1861 ;  editor  of  the  '  Graphic,'  1870-91.  [Suppl.  iii.  105] 

LOCKER,  EDWARD  HAWKE  (1777-1849),  commis- 
sioner of  Greenwich  Hospital;  son  of  William  Locker 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  entered  the  navy  pay  office, 
1795 ;  civil  secretary  to  Sir  Edward  Pellew  (afterwards 
Viscount  Exmouth)  [q.  v.],  1804-14  ;  secretary  to  Green- 
wich Hospital,  1819  :  civil  commissioner,  1824-44  ;  joint- 
editor  of  'The  Plain  Englishman,'  1820-3;  published 
'  Views  in  Spain,'  1824,  and  '  Memoirs  of  celebrated  Naval 
Commanders,'  1832.  He  established  the  gallery  of  naval 
pictures  at  Greenwich,  1823.  [xxxiv.  40] 

LOCKER,  JOHN  (1693-1760),  miscellaneous  writer; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Merton 
College,  Oxford  ;  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn,  1719  ;  translated 
the  last  two  books  of  Voltaire's  '  Charles  XII,'  and  wrote 
the  preface,  1731 ;  collected  original  or  authentic  manu- 
scripts of  Bacon's  works,  now  in  the  British  Museum ; 
F.S.A.,  1737.  [xxxiv.  41] 

LOCKER,  WILLIAM  (1731-1800),  captain  in  the 
navy ;  son  of  John  Locker  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London  ;  entered  the  navy,  1746 ;  fought 
at  Quiberon  Bay,  1759  ;  commander,  1762 ;  served  at  Goree 
and  in  West  Indies,  1763-6  :  advanced  to  post  rank,  1768 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1793-1800; 
compiled  materials  for  a  naval  history,  which  he  handed 
over  to  John  Oharnock  [q.  v.]  [xxxiv.  41] 

LOCKER-LAMPSON,  FREDERICK  (1821-1896), 
poet ;  more  commonly  known  as  FREDERICK  LOCKER  ; 
son  of  Edward  Hawke  Locker  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk  in  Somerset 
House  (1841)  and  the  admiralty  (1842),  where  he  became 
deputy-reader  and  precis  writer  ;  left  government  service, 
c.  1860  ;  published  (1857)  '  London  Lyrics,'  which  he  ex- 
tended and  rearranged  in  subsequent  editions,  of  which 
the  last  is  dated  1893  ;  took  name  of  Lampsou,  1886  (his 
second  wife's  maiden  name).  He  compiled  '  Lyra  Elegan- 
tiarum,'  a  collection  of  light  verse,  1867, '  Patchwork,'  a 
volume  of  prose  extracts,  1879,  and  a  catalogue  of  his  choice 
library  at  Rowfant,  1886.  His  'Confidences'  appeared 
posthumously,  1896.  [Suppl.  iii.  106] 

LOCKEY,  ROWLAND  (ft.  1690-1610),  painter  ;  men- 
tioned in  Francis  Meres's  '  Wit's  Commonwealth,'  1598. 

[xxxiv.  43] 

LOCKEY,  THOMAS  (1602-1679),  librarian  of  the 
Bodleian  and  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  educated 

3E2 


LOCKHART 


788 


LODER 


at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1626;  prebendary  of  Chicbester,  1633-60  ;  D.D. ;  librarian 
of  the  Bodleian,  1660-6 ;  designed  the  catalogue  of  Selden's 
books  •  canon  of  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  Oxford,  1665-79. 

[xxxiv.  43] 

LOCKHAKT,  DAVID  (d.  1846  ,  botanist ;  assistant- 
naturalist  in  Tuckey's  Congo  expedition,  1816 ;  in  charge 
of  the  gardens  at  Trinidad,  1818-46 ;  died  at  Trinidad. 

[xxxiv.  44] 

LOCKHART  or  LOKEET,  GEORGE  (ft.  1620),  pro- 
arts  at  the  college  of  Montaign,  Paris,  1516  ;  a 


Scotsman  ;  author  of  4  De  Proportione  et  Proportional  i- 
tate,'  1618,  and  of  •  Termini  Georgu  Lokert,'  1524. 

[xxxiv.  44] 

LOCKHART,  SIR  GEORGE  (1630  ?-1689),  of  Carn- 
wath,  lord  president  of  the  court  of  session  ;  son  of  Sir 
James  Lockhart,lord  Lee  [q.  v.]  :  admitted  advocate,  1656  ; 
M.P.  Lanarkshire  (in  the  English  parliament),  1658-9  ; 
knighted,  1663  ;  dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1672  ; 
MJ>.  Lanarkshire  (Scottish  parliament),  1681-2,  and  1686- 
1686;  lord  president  of  the  court  of  session,  1685  ;  privy 
councillor,  1686;  commissioner  of  the  exchequer,  1686; 
shot  in  Edinburgh  by  a  man  in  favour  of  whose  wife's 
claim  for  aliment  he  had  decided.  [xxxiv.  44] 

LOCKHART,  GEORGE  (1673-1731),  of  Carnwath  ; 
Jacobite  and  author  ;  son  of  Sir  George  Lockhart  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.  for  Edinburgh,  1702-7,  and  1708-10,  for  Wigton 
burghs,  1710-13,  and  1713-15  ;  arrested  during  the  rebellion 
of  1718  ;  imprisoned,  but  liberated  without  a  trial  :  confi- 
dential agent  to  Prince  James  Edward  in  Scotland,  1718-27; 
detected  and  forced  to  flee  to  Holland  ;  permitted  to  return 
to  Scotland,  1728  ;  killed  in  a  duel.  His  •  Memoirs  of  the 
Affairs  of  Scotland  from  Queen  Anne's  Accession  .  .  . 
to  the  commencement  of  the  Union  .  .  .  1707,'  was  pub- 
lished anonymously,  1714.  His  'Papers  on  the  Affairs  of 
Scotland,'  the  most  valuable  sources  of  the  history  of  the 
Jacobite  movement,  appeared  1817.  [xxxiv.  45] 

LOCKHART,  SIR  JAMES,  LORD  LEE  (rf.  1674),  Scot- 
tish judge;  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  I, 
by  whom  he  was  knighted  ;  commissioner  for  Lanarkshire 
in  parliaments  of  1630,  1633,  1645,  1661,  1665,  and  1669  ; 
lord  of  the  articles,  1633;  ordinary  lord  of  session,  1646; 
fought  for  Charles  I,  1648;  deprived  of  his  office,  1649; 
superintended  levy  for  Charles  II's  invasion  of  England  ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  1651  ;  restored  to  his  offices, 
1661  ;  lord  justice  clerk,  1671-4.  [xxxiv.  47] 

LOCKHART,  JOHN  GIBSON  (1794-1854),  biographer 
of  Scott;  educated  at  the  high  school  and  university  of 
Glasgow,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  advocate,  1816; 
began  to  contribute  to  '  Blackwood's  Magazine,'  1817  ;  met 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  1818  ;  published  'Peter's  Letters  to  his 
Kinsfolk,'  a  description  of  Edinburgh  society,  1819  ;  mar- 
ried Scott's  daughter  Sophia,  1820;  edited  the  'Quarterly 
Review,'  1825-53  ;  published  his  '  Life  of  Burns,'  1828  ; 
published  his  famous  *  Life  of  Scott,'  1838  ;  wrote  several 
novels,  the  most  notable  being  '  Some  Passages  in  the  Life 
of  Adam  Blair,'  1822:  edited  Motteux's  'Don  Quixote,' 
1822;  translated  'Ancient  Spanish  Ballads,'  1823. 

[xxxiv.  47] 

LOCKHART,  LAURENCE  WILLIAM  MAXWELL 
(1831-1882),  novelist;  nephew  of  John  Gibson  Lockbart 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  and  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  B.A.,  1855;  entered  the  army,  1855; 
served  before  Sebastopol,  1856  ;  MA.,  1861  ;  captain, 
1864  ;  retired,  1865  ;  published  three  novels,  '  Doubles  and 
Quits,'  '  Fair  to  See,'  and  '  Mine  is  Thine,'  in  '  Blackwood's 
Magazine  '  ;  '  Times  '  correspondent  for  the  Franco- 
German  war,  1870  ;  died  at  Mentone.  [xxxiv  49] 

LOCKHART,  PHILIP  (1690  7-1716),  Jacobite  ;  brother 
of  George  Lockhart  [q.  v.]  :  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of 

been 
!•>•--.  ni-nt  [xxxiv.  50] 

.LOCKHART,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1621-1676),  of  Lee; 
soldier  and  diplomatist  ;  son  of  Sir  James  Lockhart,  lord 
Lee  [q.  T.]  ;  entered  the  French  army  and  rose  to  be  captain  ; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  Lanark's  regiment  during  the  civil 
war  ;  knighted,  1646  ;  went  over  to  Cromwell's  side  ;  a  com- 
missioner for  the  administration  of  justice  in  Scotland, 
1652  ;  M.P.,  Lanark,  1653,  1654-5,  and  1666-8  ;  English  am- 
bassador in  Paris,  1666-8,  1673-6  ;  commanded  the  English 
forces  at  Dunkirk  and  was  made  governor  after  the  town's 
•  1858  ;  deprived  of  the  office,  1660. 

[xxxiv.  60] 


Preston,  1716  ;  condemned  to  death  as  a  deserter,  having 
en  previously  a  half-pay  officer  in  -Lord  Mark  Ker's 


LOCKHART,  WILLIAM  (1820-1892),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1842;  follower  of 
John  Henry  Newman  [q.  v.] ;  received  into  the  Roman 
communion,  1843  ;  entered  the  Rosminian  Order  of  Charity 
at  Rome,  1845,  and  became  its  procurator-general ;  edited 
'Outline  of  the'  Life  of  Rosmini,'  1856;  wrote  second 
volume  of  a  '  Life  of  Antonio  Rosmini-Serbati.'  1886 ; 
edited  the '  Lamp.'  [xxxiv.  52] 

LOCKHART,  WILLIAM  EWART  (1846-1900),  sub- 
!  ject  and  portrait  painter ;  studied  art  in  Edinburgh : 
;  R.S.A.,  1878;  commissioned  by  Queen  Victoria  to  paint 
j  '  Jubilee  Celebration  in  Westminster,'  1887 ;  subsequently 
devoted  himself  principally  to  portraiture.  His  best  works 
!  are  Spanish  and  Majorca  subjects.  [Suppl.  iii.  107] 

LOCKHART,    SIR    WILLIAM    STEPHEN    ALEX- 
ANDER (1841-1900),  general ;  nephew  of  Sir  John  Gibson 
i  Lockhart  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  44th  Bengal  native  infantry, 
1859;  major,  1877;  brevet-colonel,  1883  ;  lieutenant-gene- 
I  ral,  1894  ;  general,  1896 ;  served  in  Indian  mutiny,  1858- 
I  1869,  Bhutan  campaigns,  1864-6,  Abyssinian  expedition, 
1867-8,  expedition  to  Hazara  Black  Mountains,  1868-9 ; 
i  quartermaster-general  in  Northern  Afghanistan,  1878-80  : 
|  C.B.  (military),  1880;  deputy  quartermaster-general  in 
;  intelligence  branch  at  headquarters  in  India,    1880-6; 
!  brigadier-general  in  Burmese  war,  1886-7;    K.O.B.  and 
C.S.I.,  1887;  assistant  military  secretary  for  Indian  affairs 
I  at  Horse  Guards,  London,  1889-90;  commanded  Punjab 
i  frontier  force,  1890-5;  K.C.S.I.,  1895;  commanded  force 
i  sent  to  quell  rising  of  tribes  of  the  Tirah,  1897;  G.O.B. ; 
!  commander-in-chief  in  India,  1898.          [Suppl.  iii.  108] 

LOCKHART-ROSS,  SIR  JOHN,  sixth  baronet  (1721- 
1790).  [See  Ross.] 

LOCKLER,  FRANCIS  (1667-1740),  dean  of  Peter- 
borough and  friend  of  Dryden  and  Pope ;  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1683 ;  M.A.,  1690 ;  chaplain  to  the 
English  factory  at  Hamburg;  D.D.,  1717 ;  dean  of  Peter- 
borough, 1725;  his  reminiscences  of  Dryden  and  Pope  in 
Spence's  'Anecdotes,'  ed.  1820.  [xxxiv.  53] 

LOCKMAN,  JOHN  (1698-1771),  miscellaneous  writer; 
author  of  occasional  verses  intended  to  be  set  to  music 
for  Vauxhall;  wrote  for  the  'General  Dictionary,'  1734- 
1741;  translated  French  works;  contributed  to  the 
'  Gentleman's  Magazine.'  [xxxiv.  53] 

LOCKWOOD,  SIR  FRANK  (1846-1897),  solicitor-gene- 
ral; graduated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1869;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1872 ;  joined  old  midland  circuit ; 
defended  the  burglar  and  murderer  Charles  Peace,  1879: 
Q.C.,  1882 ;  recorder  of  Sheffield,  1884 ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
York,  1885-97;  solicitor-general,  1894-5;  several  of  his 
sketches  reproduced  in  'The  Frank  Lockwood  Sketch- 
Book,'  1898.  [Suppl.  iii.  109] 

LOCKYER,  NICHOLAS  (1611-1685),  puritan  divine  ; 
B.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1633;  incorporated  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1635;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1636; 
took  the  covenant  and  became  a  powerful  preacher  :  B.D. 
Oxford,  1654;  provost  of  Eton,  1659-60;  compelled  to 
leave  the  country  for  disregarding  Uniformity  Act,  1666 
and  1670  ;  published  theological  works.  [xxxiv.  54] 

LOCOCK,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  baronet  (1799-1875), 
obstetric  physician;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1821;  F.R.C.P., 
1836;  first  physician-accoucheur  to  Queen  Victoria,  1840 ; 
discovered  the  efficacy  of  bromide  of  potassium  in  epilepsy ; 
created  baronet,  1857 ;  F.R.S. ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1864. 

[xxxiv.  65] 

LODER,  EDWARD  JAMES  (1813-1865),  musical 
composer ;  son  of  John  David  Loder  [q.  v.] ;  studied  in 
Germany;  his  opera  'Nourjahad'  produced,  1834;  author 
of  musical  compositions,  including  operas  and  a  cantata 
and  '  Modern  Pianoforte  Tutor.'  [xxxiv.  56] 

LODER,  GEORGE  (1816  ?-1868).  musician :  nephew  of 
John  David  Loder  [q  v.] :  went  to  America,  1836 :  prin- 
cipal of  the  New  York  Vocal  Institute,  1844 ;  published 
'Pets  of  the  Parterre,' a  comic  operetta,  1861,  and 'The 
Old  House  at  Home,'  a  musical  entertainment,  1862  ;  died 
I  at  Adelaide.  [xxxiv.  56] 

LODER,  JOHN  DAVID  (1788-1846),  violinist:  pro- 
fessor of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  London,  1840; 
leader  at  the  Ancient  Concerts,  1845 ;  author  of  a  standard 
work  of  instruction  for  the  violin,  1814.  [xxxiv.  67] 


L.ODER 


LOGAN 


LODER,   JOHN    FAWOBTT  (1812-1863),    violinist;1 
played  the  viola  in  Dimdo's  quartet,  1842-53. 

[xxxiv.  57] 

LODGE,  EDMUND  (1756-1839),  biographer;  B 
mantle  pursuivaut-at-arms  at  the  College  of  Arms,  IT.sj  ; 
F.S.A.,  1787 ;  Lancaster  herald,  1793,  Norroy,  1822, 
Clarenceux,  1838.  His  chief  work  id  the  series  of  '  biogra- 
phical and  historical  memoirs,'  attached  to  '  Portraits  of 
Illustrious  Personages  of  Great  Britain,  engraved  from 
authentic  pictures,'  1821-34.  [xxxiv.  67] 

LODGE,  JOHN  (rf.  1774),  archivist;  entered  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1716;  M.A.,  1730:  deputy- 
clerk  and  keeper  of  the  rolls,  1759 ;  chief  work,  '  The 
Peerageof  Ireland,' 1754.  [xxxiv.  58] 

LODGE,  JOHN  (1801-1873).  [See  ELLERTON,  JOHN 
LODGE.] 

LODGE,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1684),  lord  mayor  of  London ; 
alderman,  1553;  sheriff  of  London,  1556;  master  of  the 
Grocers'  Company,  1559;  chartered  ships  to  'sail  and 
traffic  in  the  ports  of  Africa  and  Ethiopia,'  a  voyage  said 
to  have  inaugurated  the  traffic  in  slaves  countenanced  by 
Elizabeth,  1562  ;  lord  mayor  and  knighted,  1562. 

[xxxiv.  59] 

LODGE,  THOMAS  (1558  ?-1625),  author ;  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lodge  [q.  v.],  lord  mayor  of  London ;  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1577  ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1678;  M.A., 
1581 ;  abandoned  law  for  literature ;  published  'A  Defence 
of  Plays,'  a  reply  to  '  School  of  Abuse '  of  Stephen  Gosson 
[q.  v.],  1580;  published  'An  Alarum  against  Usurers,' 
1584,  and  his  first  romance,  'The  Delectable  Historic  of 
Forbonitis  and  Prisceria,'  1584;  sailed  to  the  islands  of 
Terceras  and  the  Canaries,  1588,  and  to  South  America, 
1591 ;  issued  '  Scillaes  Metamorphosis'  (verse),  1589  (re- 
issued as  'A  most  pleasant  Historic  of  Glaucus  and 
Scilla,'  1610);  issued  his  second  and  best-known  romance 
'Rosalynde.  Euphues  Golden  Legacie,'  1590 (written  dur- 
ing his  voyage  to  the  Canaries);  his  work  praised  by 
Spenser  and  Greene;  his  chief  volume  of  verse, ' Phillis : 
honoured  with  Pastorall  Sonnets,  Elegies,  and  amorous 
Delights,'  issued,  1593;  published  'A  Fig  for  Momus,' 
1695, '  The  Divel  Conjured,'  1596,  'A  Margarite  of  America '  ! 
(romance  of  the  Euphues  pattern),  1596,  'Wits  Miserie 
and  Worlds  Madnesse,'  1596  ;  converted  to  Roman  Catho- 
licism ;  studied  medicine ;  M.D.  at  Oxford,  1603 ;  pub- 
lished a  laborious  volume,  '  The  Famous  and  Memorable 
Workes  of  Josephus,'  1602;  issued  'A  Treatise  of  the 
Plague,'  1603;  published  "The  Workes,  both  Morrall  and 
Natural,  of  Lucius  Aunseus  Seneca,'  1614  ;ihis  last  literary 
undertaking, '  A  learned  Summary  upon  the  famous  Poeme 
of  William  of  Saluste,  lord  of  Bartas,  translated  out  of  the 
French,'  published,  1625;  excelled  as  a  lyric  poet , 

[xxxiv.  60] 

LODGE,  WILLIAM  (1649-1689),  amateur  artist  and 
engraver;  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's 
Inn ;  translated  Giacomo  Barri's  '  Viaggio  Pittoresco 
d'  Italia,'  1679 ;  a  prolific  draughtsman  and  etcher  mainly 
of  topography  ;  painted  a  portrait  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

[xxxiv.  66] 

LODVILL  or  LUDVLLLE,  PHILIP  (d.  1767),  divine : 
published 'The  Orthodox  Confession  of  the  Catholic  and 
Apostolic  Eastern  Church,'  1762,  the  first  authoritative 
work  in  English  on  the  subject  [xxxiv.  67] 

LOE,  WILLIAM  (/.  1639),  compiler ;  son  of  William 
Loe  (d.  1645)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  D.D. ;  contributed  to  the  university 
collections  of  Latin  and  Greek  verses  on  the  birth  of 
Princess  Elizabeth,  1685,  and  of  Princess  Anne,  1637; 
compiled  from  his  father's  papers  'The  Merchants 
Manuell,1  &c.,  1628.  [xxxiv.  68] 

LOE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1645),  divine :  M.A.  St.  Alban 
Hall,  Oxford,  1600:  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1602; 
D.D.,  1618  ;  pastor  of  the  English  Church  at  Hamburg ; 
published  'Songs  of  Sion'  (religious  verse),  1620,  and 
quaint  prose  writings,  1609-23.  [xxxiv.  67] 

LOEGHAIRE  (d.  458).    [See  LAEQHAIRK.] 

LOEWE,  LOUIS  (1809-1888),  linguist ;  bora  at  ZUlz, 
Prussian  Silesia  ;  educated  at  Berlin,  where  he  graduated 
Ph.D. ;  accompanied  Sir  Moses  Montefiore  as  his  secre- 
I  tary  to  the  Holy  Land  and  other  places  thirteen  times 
between  1839  and  1874;  first  principal  of  Jews'  College, 


1856  ;  examiner  in  oriental  lau^ 


to  Royal  College  of  ; 


Preceptors,  1858 ;  principal  and  director,  Judith  Theo- 
logical College,  Ramagate,  1868-88;  published  English 
translation  of  J.  B.  Levinaohn's  'Bfefl  Dammlm,'  con- 
versations between  a  patriarch  of  the  Greek  church  and 
a  chief  rabbi  of  the  Jews,  1841 ;  translated  first  two  con- 
versations in  David  Nieto's '  Matteh  Dan,'  1849 ;  edited  the 
'  Diaries  of  Sir  Moses  and  Lady  Monteflore '  (published, 
1890).  [xxxiv.  68] 

LOEWENTHAL  or  LOWENTHAL,  JOH ANN  JACOB 
a810-1876),  chess-player ;  born  at  Buda-Pesth;  expelled 
from  Austro-Huugary  as  a  follower  of  Kossutb,  1849; 
settled  in  London,  1851 ;  chess  editor  of  the  *  Illustrated 
News  of  the  World'  and  of  the  'Era';  published 
'  Morphy's  Games  of  Chess,'  1860  ;  edited '  Chest  Player's 
Magazine,'  1863-7 ;  manager  of  the  British  Chess  Asso- 
ciation, 1865-9 ;  became  a  naturalised  Englishman. 

[xxxiv.  68] 

LOFFT,  CAPELL,  the  elder  (1761-1824),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Peterhouee,  Cambridge ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1775 ;  settled  at  Turin,  1822 ;  died 
at  Moncalieri ;  author  of  poems  and  works  on  miscellaneous 
subjects  and  translations  from  Virgil  and  Petrarch,  pub- 
lished between  1776  and  1814.  [xxxiv.  69] 

LOFFT,  CAPELL,  the  younger  (1806-1873),  classical 
scholar,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  son  of  Capell 
Lofft  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1832:  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1834; 
published  an  ethical  '  Self-Formation,  or  the  History  of 
an  Individual  Mind,'  1837  ;  published  '  Ernest,'  an  epic 
poem,  1839,  representing  the  growth,  struggles,  and 
triumphs  of  chartism ;  died  at  Millmead,  Virginia,  U.8.A. 

[xxxiv.  71] 

LOFTHOUSE,  MARY  (1863-1885),  water-colour 
painter;  nt,e  Forster ;  associate  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours,  1884  ;  married  Samuel  H.  S. 
Lofthouse,  1884.  [xxxiv.  72] 

LOFTING  or  LOFTINGH,  JOHN  (1659  ?-l 742), 
inventor;  native  of  Holland;  naturalised  in  England, 
1688 ;  patented  a  fire-engine,  1690 ;  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  fire-engines.  [xxxiv.  72] 

LOFTUS,  ADAM  (1633  ?-1605),  archbishop  of  Armagh 
and  Dublin :  educated  at  Cambridge,  probably  at  Trinity 
College ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1563 ;  dean  of  St. 
Patrick's,  1565 ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1566  ;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1567 ;  lord  keeper,  1573-6,  1579,  and  1581 ;  lord 
chancellor,  1581-1605;  lord  justice,  1582-4,  1597-9,  and 
1600;  assisted  in  foundation  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
appointed  first  provost,  1590.  [xxxiv.  73] 

LOFTUS,  ADAM,  first  VISCOUNT  LOFTUS  OF  ELY 
(1568 ?-1643),  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland;  nephew  of 
Adam  Loftus  (1633?-1605)  [q.  v.]  ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  1692 ;  judge  of  the  Irish  marshal  court, 
1597  ;  master  of  chancery,  1698  ;  knighted,  c.  1604 ;  Irish 
privy  councillor,  1608  ;  M.P.,  King's  County,  1613  ;  lord 
chancellor,  1619  ;  created  Viscount  Loftus  of  Ely,  1622 ; 
lord  justice,  1629.  [xxxiv.  77] 

LOFTUS,  DUDLEY  (1619-1695),  jurist  and  oriental- 
ist ;  great-grandson  of  Adam  Loftus  (1533  ?-1606)  [q.  v.]  : 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  B.A.,  1638 ;  incor- 
porated B.A.  at  Oxford,  1639 :  M.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1640 ;  M.P.  for  Naas  in  Irish  House  of  Commons, 
1642-8  ;  deputy-judge  advocate,  1661 ;  commissioner  of 
revenue  and  judge  of  admiralty,  1654;  master  in  chan- 
cery, 1655;  M.P.,  co.  Kildare  and  co.  Wicklow,  1659, 
Bannow,  1661,  Fethard,  1692 ;  supplied  the  Ethiopic  ver- 
sion of  the  New  Testament  in  Walton's  Polyglott  Bible 
(1657)  and  published  several  translations  from  the 
Armenian  and  Greek,  1657-95.  [xxxiv.  79] 

LOFTTJS,  WILLIAM  KENNETT  (1821 ?-1858X 
archaBologist  and  traveller ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  geolo- 
gist to  the  Turco- Persian  Frontier  Commission,  1849-52  ; 
at  Babylon  and  Nineveh  on  behalf  of  the  Assyrian  Ex- 
cavation Fund,  1853-5 ;  published  -  Travels  and  Researches 
In  Chaldaea  and  Susiana,'  1857 ;  died  on  the  voyage  home 
from  India,  where  he  had  been  appointed  to  ^I^VJ?1 

LOGAN,  GEORGE  (1678-1755),  controversialist; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1696  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly, 
1740 ;  published  ecclesiastical  and  political  works. 

[xxxir.  81] 


LOGAN 


790 


LONG 


LOGAN.  JAMBS  (1674-1751),  man  of  science  and 
Peon's  agent  In  America ;  accompanied  Penn  to  Pennsyl- 
vania as  secretary,  1699  :  secretary  to  the  province,  com- 
missioner of  property,  receiver-general  and  business 
agent  for  the  proprietor,  1701 ;  member  of  the  provincial 
council,  1708-47;  a  justice  of  common  pleas,  1715;  pre- 
siding judge  in  court  of  common  pleas  and  mayor  of 
Philadelphia,  1723 ;  published  '  The  Antidote,'  1725,  and 
' A  Memorial  from  James  Logan  in  behalf  of  the  Proprie- 
tor's family  and  of  himself,'  1726  ;  chief-justice  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council,  1731-9 ;  governor,  1836-8  ;  published 
soient i tic  works  and  translations  from  the  classics;  died 
at  Philadelphia.  [xxxiv.  81] 

LOGAN,  JAMES  ( 1794  ?-1872),  author  of  the  'Scot- 
tish Gael ' ;  studied  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  pub- 
Usbed  his  'Scottish  Gael,  or  Celtic  Manners  as  preserved 
the  Highlanders,'  1831.  [xxxiv.  83] 


LOGAN,  JAMBS  RICHARDSON  (d.  1869),  scientific 
writer  ;  settled  at  Penaug  ;  rendered  important  services 
to  the  struggling  settlement:  contributed  geological 
papers  to  •  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal.'  1846  : 
started  and  edited  the  '  Journal  of  the  Indian  Archipelago 
and  Eastern  Asia,'  1847-57  ;  published  his  articles  as  '  The 
Languages  [and  Ethnology]  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,' 
1857  ;  started  and  edited  the  '  Penang  Gazette  '  ;  died  at 
Penang.  [xxxiv.  83] 

LOGAN,  JOHN  (1748-1788),  divine  and  poet  ;  entered 
Edinburgh  University,  1762  ;  ordained,  1773  ;  member  of 
the  committee  for  the  revision  of  paraphrases  and  hymns 
in  use  in  public  worship,  1775  ;  lectured  on  history  in 
Edinburgh,  1779-80  and  1780-1  ;  published  analysis  of 
lectures  as  '  Elements  of  the  Philosophy  of  History,'  1781  ; 
his  tragedy  '  Runnamede  '  acted,  1783  ;  his  chief  poem,  the 
'  Ode  to  the  Cuckoo,'  pronounced  by  Burke  the  most 
beautiful  lyric  in  the  language.  [xxxiv.  84] 

LOGAN,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1606),  of  Restalrig  ;  sup- 
posed Gowrie  conspirator  ;  supported  the  cause  of  Mary 
gueen  of  Scots.  After  his  death,  George  Sprott  [q.  v.] 
confessed  knowledge  of  letters  written  by  Logan  in  con- 
nection with  the  Gowrie  plot,  and  on  that  evidence  his 
bones  were  exhumed  (1609)  and  sentence  of  forfeiture  for 
high  treason  passed  against  him.  [xxxiv.  85] 

LOGAN,  Sm  WILLIAM  EDMOND  (1798-1875), 
OMMlliii  geologist;  barn  in  Montreal;  graduated  at 
Edinburgh,  1817  ;  head  of  the  geological  survey  of  Canada, 
1842-70;  P.R.S.,  1851;  knighted,  1856;  his  'Geology  of 
Canada  '  published,  1863.  [xxxiv.  86] 

LOGGAN,  DAVID  (1635-1700  ?),  artist  and  engraver  ; 
born  at  Danzig  ;  came  to  England  before  1653  ;  engraver 
to  Oxford  University,  1669,  naturalised  and  published  his 
•Oxonialllustrata,'  1675,  'Cautabrigia  Illustrata,'  1676- 
1690;  engraver  to  Cambridge  University,  1690. 

LOGGON,  SAMUEL  (1712-1778?),  writer  T'  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1736  ;  author  of  a  popular  school- 
book,  '  M.  Corderii  Oolloquia  '  (21st  edit.  1830). 

LOGOS,  JOHN  BERNARD  (1780-1846)X,XmuIician  ; 
born  at  Kaiserslautern  in  the  Palatinate  ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, c.  1790  ;  invented  the  '  chiroplast,'  an  apparatus  to 
facilitate  the  position  of  the  hands  on  the  pianoforte; 
established  chiroplast  school  at  Berlin  by  invitation  of  the 
Prussian  government,  1821.  [xxxiv.  90] 

LOLNG8ECH  (d.  704),  king  of  Ireland  ;  first  men- 
tioned in  the  annals,  672  ;  slain  in  battle,  [xxxiv.  91] 

LOK,  LOOK,  or  LOCKE,  HENRY  (1653?-1608?), 
poet  ;  grandson  of  Sir  William  Lok  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
probably  at  Oxford  ;  contributed  sonnet  to  the  '  Essayes 
«*«j5ptic«'  by  James  VI  of  Scotland,  1691  ;  bis  '  Eccle- 
Biasticus  .  .  .  paraphristically  dilated  in  English  Poesie 
.  .  .  wnereunto  are  annexed  sundrie  Soneta  of  Christian 
Passions,'  printed  by  Richard  Field,  1597.  [xxxiv.  91] 


•  ««  of  Sir 

[q.  v.]  ;  'travelled  through  almost  all  the 
hristianity  '  ;  governor  of  the  Cathay  Com- 
pany, 1577  ;  consul  for  the  Levant  Company  at  Aleppo, 

m  V  :  tra,n*Utai  lnto  En*llsh  P*rt  of  Peter  Martyrt 
HUtone  of  the  West  Indie*,'  1613.  [xxxiv  92] 


LOK,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1480-1550),  Londoii  merchant ; 
sent  Henry  VIII  and  Cromwell  letters  of  intelligence 
from  Bergen-op-Zoom  and  Antwerp,  1532-7  ;  sheriff  of 
London,  1548  ;  knighted,  1548.  [xxxiv.  93] 

LOLA  MONTEZ,  COUNTESS  VON  LANDSPELD  (d. 
1861).  [See  GILBERT.  MARIE  DOLORES  ELIZA.  ROSANNA.] 

LOMBARD,  DANIEL  (1678-1746),  divine:  born  at 
Angers ;  naturalised  in  England,  1688 ;  of  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow, 
1697-1718 ;  B.A.,  1698 ;  chaplain  at  Hanover  to  the 
Princess  Sophia  and  the  embassy,  1701  ;  D.D.,  1714 ; 
chaplain  to  Caroline,  princess  of  Wales,  1714 :  chief  work, 
4  Succinct  History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Persecutions,' 
published  1747.  [xxxiv.  93] 

LOMBARD,  PETER  (d.  1626),  Irish  Roman  catholic 
prelate  ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Louvaiii  Univer- 
sity :  D.D.,  1594 ;  provost  of  Cambrai  Cathedral ;  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh  and  primate  of  all  Ireland,  1601  ;  died 
at  Rome ;  author  of  '  De  Regno  Hiberniae,  Sanctorum 
Insula.  Oommentariue,'  published,  1632.  [xxxiv.  94] 

LOMBART,  PIERRE  (1620?-1681),  engraver  and 
portrait-painter ;  born  in  Paris ;  came  to  England, 
c.  1640 ;  returned  to  France  after  1660 ;  died  at  Paris. 

[xxxiv.  94] 

LOMBE,  JOHN  (16937-1722),  half-brother  of  Sir 
Thomas  Loinbe  [q.  v.] ;  sent  by  his  brother  to  Italy  to 
make  himself  acquainted  with  the  processes  of  silk-throw- 
ing ;  said  to  have  been  poisoned  by  jealous  Italian  work- 
men, [xxxiv.  96] 

LOMBE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1685-1739),  introducer  of 
silk-throwing  machinery  into  England ;  patented  his  new 
invention,  1718 ;  sheriff  of  London  and  knighted,  1727. 

[xxxiv.  95] 

LONDESBOROUGH,  first  BARON  (1805-1860).  [See 
DENISON,  ALBERT.] 

LONDON,  HENRY  OP  (d.  1228).  [See  LOUNDRKS. 
HENRY  DE.] 

LONDON,  JOHN  OP  (fl.  1267).    [See  JOHN.] 

LONDON,  JOHN  OP  (d.  1311).  [See  JOHN  OP  LON- 
DON.] 

LONDON,  JOHN  (1486  ?-1643),  visitor  of  monasteries ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow 
of  New  College,  1505-18;  D.O.L.  and  prebendary  of  York, 
1519 ;  treasurer  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1522 :  warden  of 
New  College,  1526 ;  attached  himself  to  Cromwell ;  a 
commissioner  for  the  visitation  of  monasteries,  1535-8  ; 
after  Cromwell's  death  (1640)  attached  himself  to  Stephen 
Gardiner  [q.  v.],  and  became  canon  of  Windsor ;  con- 
victed of  perjury,  stripped  of  his  dignities,  and  committed 
to  prison,  where  he  died.  [xxxiv.  97] 

LONDON,  RICHARD  OP  (ft.  1190-1229).  [See 
RICHARD  DE  TEMPLO.] 

LONDON,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1658),  bibliographer;  his 
'  Catalogue  of  the  most  vendible  Books  in  England,'  1668, 
and  '  Catalogue  of  New  Books  by  way  of  Supplement  to 
the  former,'  1660,  the  earliest  bibliographical  catalogues  of 
value.  [xxxiv.  98] 

LONDONDERRY,  MARQUISES  OP.  [See  STEWART, 
ROBERT,  first  MARQUIS,  1739-1821 :  STEWART,  ROBERT, 
second  MARQUIS,  1769-1822 ;  STEWART,  CHARLES  WIL- 
LIAM, third  MARQUIS,  1778-1854.] 

LONDONDERRY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  RIDOEWAY,  SIR 
THOMAS,  first  EARL,  1665  ?-1631 ;  PITT,  THOMAS,  first 
EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1688  V-1729.  J 

LONG,  AMELIA,  LADY  FARNBOROUQH  (1762-1837), 
daughter  of  Sir  Abraham  Hume  [q.  v.]  of  Wormleybury, 
Hertfordshire;  married  Charles  Long,  afterwards  first 
baron  Farnborough,  1793 ;  art  connoisseur  and  horticul- 
turist, [xxxiv.  99] 

LONG,  ANN  (16817-1711),  granddaughter  of  Sir 
James  Long  [q.  v.]  ;  a  celebrated  beauty ;  acquainted  with 
Swift.  [xxxiv.  105] 

LONG,  LADY  CATHARINE  (d.  1867),  novelist  and 
religious  writer ;  daughter  of  Horatio  Walpole,  third  earl 
of  Orford  :  married  Henry  Lawes  Long,  1822  ;  her  novel, 
'Sir  Roland  Ashton,'  directed  against  the  tractariau 
movement,  1833;  published  religious  works,  1846-63. 

[xxxiv.  99] 


LOtfQ 


791 


LONGFIELD 


LONG,  CHARLES,  fln-t  BARON  FARXBOROUOH 
(1761-1838),  politician  :  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.P.,  Rye,  1789-96,  Midburst,  1796,  Wendover,  1802,  aud 
Hasleinere,  1806-26  ;  joint-secretary  to  the  treasury,  1791- 
l*i  il  ;  F.R.S.,  1792;  a  lord  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
1804 ;  privy  councillor,  1806 ;  secretary  of  state  for  Ire- 
laud,  1806;  joint-payniaster-geueral,  and  subsequently 
sole  occupant  of  tbe  office,  1810-26  ;  Q.C.B.  (civil),  1820  : 
created  Baron  Farnborougb,  1820;  assisted  George  III 
and  George  IV  in  tbe  decoration  of  tbe  royal  palaces. 

[xxxlv.  9«] 

LONG,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1796-1861),  genealogist 
and  antiquary  :  grandson  of  Edward  Long  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1822 ; 
published  works,  including  '  Royal  Descents,'  1845. 

[xxxiv.  100] 

LONG,  DUDLEY  (1748-1829).    [See  NORTH.] 

LONG,  EDWARD  (1734-1813),  author;  of  Gray's 
Inn  ;  in  Jamaica  as  private  secretary  to  Sir  Henry  Moore, 
tbe  lieutenant-governor,  and  subsequently  judge  of  tbe 
vice-admiralty  court,  1767-69  ;  bifi  chief  work, '  The  His- 
tory of  Jamaica,'  issued  anonymously,  1774. 

[xxxiv.  100] 

LONG,  EDWIN  LONGSDEN  (1829-1891),  painter 
and  royal  academician ;  R.A.,  1881 ;  excelled  as  a  painter 
of  oriental  scenes.  [xxxiv.  101] 

LONG,  GEORGE  (1780-1868),  police  magistrate  :  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1811 ;  magistrate  at  Great  Marlborough 
Street  police  court,  1839-41 :  recorder  of  Coventry,  1840- 
1842;  magistrate  at  Maryleboue  police  court,  1841-69; 
published  legal  works.  [xxxiv.  102] 

LONG,  GEORGE  (1800-1879),  classical  scholar; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1822 ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1823 ;  professor  of  ancient  languages 
in  tbe  university  of  Virginia  at  Charlottesville,  1824-8 ; 
professor  of  Greek,  University  College,  London,  1828-31 ; 
edited  '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Education,'  1831-6  ;  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  (which  he 
helped  to  found  in  1830),  1846-8;  edited 'Penny  Cyclo- 
paedia,' 1833-46 ;  professor  of  Latin,  University  College, 
London,  1842-6:  published  'Two  Discourses  on  Roman 
Law,'  in  which  subject  he  surpassed  all  his  English  con- 
temporaries, 1847:  established  and  edited  the  'Biblio- 
theca  Classica,'  1861-8 :  published  his  translation  of 
Marcus  Aurelius,  1862,  of  the  '  Discourses  of  Epictetus,' 
1877.  [xxxiv.  102] 

LONG,  SIR  JAMES,  second  baronet  (1617-1692), 
royalist ;  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Long  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in 
the  royalist  army  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1673. 

[xxxiv.  104] 

LONG,  JAMES  (1814-1887),  missionary;  went  to 
India  in  the  service  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 
1846 ;  wrote  a  preface,  adversely  criticising  the  English 
press  at  Calcutta,  to  an  English  version  of  '  Niladarpana 
Nntaka,'  a  sort  of  oriental  '  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,'  1861 ; 
indicted  for  libel  and  imprisoned ;  author  of  various 
books,  pamphlets,  and  contributions  to  periodical  litera- 
ture dealing  with  Anglo-Indian  questions,  [xxxiv.  106] 

LONG,  JOHN  (1648-1689),  archbishop  of  Armagh; 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  primate  of  all  Ireland,  1684;  Irish  privy 
councillor,  1685.  [xxxiv.  106] 

LONG,  JOHN  ST.  JOHN  (1798-1834),  empiric; 
studied  drawing  and  painting  at  Dublin,  1816-22 ;  set  up 
practice  in  London  and  became  fashionable,  1827 ;  twice 
tried  for  manslaughter  through  tbe  deaths  of  his  patients ; 
chief  work, '  A  Critical  Exposure  of  the  Ignorance  aud 
Malpractice  of  Certain  Medical  Practitioners  in  their 
Theory  and  Treatment  of  Disease,'  1831.  [xxxiv.  106] 

LONG,  SIR  LISLEBONE  (1613-1659),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
B.A.,  1631 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1640 ;  M.P.  (parlia- 
mentariau),  Wells,  1645-53,  1654-5,  and  1659,  Somerset, 
1656-8 ;  knighted,  1655  ;  recorder  of  London,  a  master  of 
requests,  and  treasurer  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1656 ;  appointed 
speaker,  9  March  1659,  but  died  16  March,  [xxxiv.  107] 

LONG,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1673),  auditor  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  M.P.,  Devizes,  1625,  Midhurst,  1640  ;  knighted, 
1660 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1660-7  ;  M.P.,  Borough- 
bridge,  1661  :  auditor  of  tbe  exchequer,  1662 :  privy 
councillor,  1G72.  [xxxiv.  107] 


LONG,  ROBERT  BALLARD  (1771-1816),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  sou  of  Edward  Long  (1734-1818)  [q.  T.]  ;  "Id- 
eated at  Harrow  and  Gottingeu  University  ;  captain, 
MTVtaff  in  Flanders,  1793-4 ;  deputy  adjutant-general, 
1794-6:  lieutenant-colonel,  1798;  colonel  on  tbe  staff  in 
Ppain,  1808,  present  at  Corufta,  1809 ;  brigadier-general 
in  Wellington's  army  in  Portugal,  1810-11 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1821.  [xxxiv.  108] 

LONG,  ROGER  (1680  -1770),  divine  and  astronomer; 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1708  ;  MJL,  1704  ; 
D.D.,  1728;  F.R.S.,  1729;  master  of  Pembroke  Hall, 
1733  ;  vice-chancellor  of  the  nnlvewity,  1788  and  1769 ; 
published  instalment*  of  an  important  work  on  astro- 
nomy, 1742-64  (completed  by  Richard  Duntborne  [q.  T.], 
1784);  first  Lowndean  professor  of  astronomy  and 
geometry,  1750.  [xxxir.  109] 

LONG,  SAMUEL  (1638-1683),  speaker  of  the  Jamaica 
House  of  Assembly  ;  served  in  the  expedition  which  con- 
quered Jamaica,  1655  ;  clerk  of  the  House  of  Assembly, 
1661 ;  speaker,  1672-4 ;  chief- justice,  1674 ;  died  at  St. 
Kutberiue,  Jamaica.  [xxxiv.  109] 

LONG,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1621-1707),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1648 ;  B.D.,  1660  ; 
prebendary  of  Exeter,  1661-1701 ;  a  voluminous  con- 
troversial writer.  [xxxlv.  110] 

LONG,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1649-1707),  son  of 
Thomas  Long  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1670;  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  1681 ;  deprived  at  the  revolution,  [xxxiv.  Ill] 

LONG,  WILLIAM  (1817-1886),  antiquary;  educated 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1844 ;  F.S.A. ;  published 
'Stonehenge  and  its  Burrows,'  1876.  [xxxiv.  Ill] 

LONGBEAED,  WILLIAM  (d.  1196).  [See  FITZ- 
OSBURT,  WILLIAM.] 

LONGCHAMP,  WILLIAM  OP  (d.  1197),  bishop  of 
Ely  and  chancellor  to  Richard  I ;  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom, 1189;  bishop  of  Ely,  1189;  justiciar,  1190;  joined 
Richard  I  while  in  prison  in  Germany,  1193 ;  Richard  I's 
intermediary  in  England,  France,  Germany,  and  at  home, 
1194-5 ;  a  faithful  servant  to  Richard  I ;  died  at  Poitiers. 

[xxxiv.  Ill] 

LONGDEN,  SIR  HENRY  ERRINGTON  (1819-1890), 
general ;  educated  at  Eton  and  tbe  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege, Sandhurst:  entered  the  army,  1836 ;  captain,  1843 : 
served  in  the  Sikh  wars,  1846-6  and  1848-9,  in  tbe  Indian 
mutiny,  1867-8  ;  colonel,  1859 ;  adjutant-general  in  India, 
1866-9;  major-general,  1872:  lieutenant-general,  1877; 
retired  with  honorary  rank  of  general,  1880 ;  K.C.B.  and 
O.S.L  [xxxiv.  114] 

LONGDEN,  Sm  JAMES  ROBERT  (1827-1891),  colo- 
nial  administrator  ;  acting  colonial  secretary  in  the  Falk- 
land islands,  1845  ;  president  of  tbe  Virgin  islands,  1861  : 
governor  of  Dominica,  1865  :  governor  of  British  Hon- 
duras, 1867;  governor  of  Trinidad,  1870;  K.C.M.G., 
1876  :  governor  of  Ceylon,  1876-83;  G.C.M.G.,  1883. 

[xxxiv.  115] 

LONGESPEE  or  LTJNGESPE~E  (Lo.soswoRD),  WIL- 
LIAM DK,  third  EARL  OP  SALISBURY  (d.  1226),  natural 
son  of  Henry  II  by  an  unknown  mother ;  according  to  a 
late  tradition  by  Rosamond  Clifford  ('  Fair  Rosamond ') 
[q.  v.]  ;  received  earldom  of  Salisbury,  1198 ;  lieutenant 
of  Gascouy,  1202;  warden  of  the  Cinque  porte.  1204-6: 
warden  of  the  Welsh  marches,  1208 :  counselled  King 
John  to  grant  the  Great  Charter,  1215 ;  joined  the  dauphin 
Louis,  1216,  but  returned  to  the  English  allegiance,  1217; 
faithfully  served  his  nephew,  Henry  III,  1218-26. 

[xxxiv.  116] 

LONGESPEE  or  LUNGE8PEE,  LUNGESPEYE,  or 
LUNGESPERE,  WILLIAM  DK,  called  EARL  OP  SALIS- 
BURY (1212?-1250X  son  of  William  de  Longespee  (d. 
1226)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1233  :  witnessed  the  confirmation 
of  the  Great  Charter,  1236 :  accompanied  Earl  Richard  of 
Cornwall  to  the  crusade,  1240 ;  accompanied  Henry  II 
to  Gascony,  1242:  went  again  to  the  crusades,  1247; 
killed  at  the  battle  near  Mansourah,  1260.  [xxxlv.  118. 

LONGFIELD,  MOUNTIFORT  (1802-1884),  Irish 
judge ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1828  :  LL.D..  1881  ; 
professor  of  political  economy  at  Trinity  College,  1882-4  ; 
regius  professor  of  feudal  and  English  law,  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, 1834-84  :  Q.C.,  1841 ;  judge  of  the  landed  estates 
court,  1868-67  ;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1867. 


LONGLAND 


792 


LOPEZ 


LONGLAND.  JOHN  (1473-1547),  bishop  of  Lincoln: 
educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  :  principal  of  Mag- 
Ma?  Hall,  Oxford,  1606  :  D.D.,  1511  ;  dean  of  Salisbury, 
1614'  canon  of  Windsor,  1519;  bishop  of  Lipooln,  1521  : 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford,  1532-47  ;  printed 
.ermons  (1617,  1536,  and  1638)  and  'Trea  Condones' 
(.v:,  [xxxiv.  120] 

LONOLAND.  WILLIAM  (1330  ?-1400  ?).  [See  LANO- 
i.A\i>.] 

LONGLEY,  CHARLES  THOMAS  (1794-1868).  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  :  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  student,  1812:  M.A.,  1818: 
D  D  1829  :  bead-master  of  Harrow,  1829-36  ;  bishop  of 
KiDon,  1836-66,  of  Durham,  1866-60;  archbishop  of 
York,  1860-8,  of  Canterbury,  1862-8  ;  published  sermons 

[xxxiv.  121] 


pnhlishi 
bnrines*, 


LONGLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1437).    [See  LANGLEY.] 
LONGMAN,    THOMAS   (1699-1755),  founder  of  the 
hlishing  house  of   Longman  :  bought   a  bookseller's 
*,  1784  :  increased  his  business  by  the  purchase  of 
in  wnnd  literary  properties.  [xxxiv.  122] 


LONGMAN.  THOMAS  (1730  -  1797),  publisher : 
nephew  of  Thomas  Longman  (1699-1755)  [q.  v.]  ;  taken 
into  partnership,  1753  :  succeeded  to  the  business,  1755. 

[xxxiv.  122] 

LONGMAN,  THOMAS  (1804-1879),  publisher  ;  son 
of  Thomas  Norton  Longman  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Glas- 
gow ;  became  partner  in  the  firm,  1834,  and  its  head, 
1842 ;  published  tor  Macaulay  and  Disraeli. 

[xxxiv.  124] 

LONGMAN,  THOMAS  NORTON  (1771-1842),  pub- 
lisher: son  of  Thomas  Longman  (1730-1797)  [q.  v.]: 
succeeded  to  the  business,  1797  :  took  Owen  Rees  [q.  v.] 
Into  partnership,  on  which  the  firm  became  one  of  the 
greatest  In  London :  published  for  Wordsworth,  Southey, 
Scott  ('  Lay  of  the  Laet  Minstrel  '),  and  Moore  :  became 
sole  proprietor  of '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1826. 

[xxxiv.  123] 

LONGMAN,  WILLIAM  (1813-1877),  publisher  :  son 
of  Thomas  Norton  Longman  [q.  v.]  :  became  a  partner 
in  the  business,  1839 :  compiled  '  A  Catalogue  of  Works 
in  all  Departments  of  English  Literature,  classified,  with 
a  general  Alphabetical  Index  '  (2nd  edit.  1848);  promoted 
the  publication  of  '  Peaks.  Passes,  and  Glaciers,'  1859-62 : 
published  his  'History  of  the  Life  and  Times  of 
Edward  III,'  1869  ;  president  of  the  Alpine  Club,  1871-4 : 
published '  A  History  of  the  three  Cathedrals  dedicated 
to  St.  Paul  in  London,'  1873.  [xxxiv.  123] 

LONGMATE,  BARAK  (1738-1793),  genealogist  and 
heraldic  engraver  ;  published  fifth  edition  of  Collins's 
4  Peerage,'  1779,  and  a  •  Supplement,'  1784  ;  edited  '  Pocket 
Peerage  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,'  1788. 

[xxxiv.  124] 

LONOMATE,  BARAK  (1768-1836),  compiler:  son 
of  Barak  Longmate  (1738-1793)  [q.  v.]  ;  edited  'Pocket 
Peerage,'  ixis :  assisted  John  Nichols  and  other  anti- 
quaries in  their  researches.  [zxxiv.  125] 

LONGMTTIR,  JOHN  (1803-1883),  Scottish  antiquary  ; 
rt tidied  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen;  M.A.  :  LL.D., 
1859;  his  most  important  work,  a  revised  edition  of 
Jamieaon's  'Scottish  Dictionary,'  1879-82;  published 
venes  and  two  guide-books.  [xxxiv.  125] 

LONG8TROTHER,  JOHN  (d.  1471),  lord  treasurer 
of  England  ;  a  knight  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  ; 
castellan  of  Rhodes,  1463 ;  English  prior  of  the  order  of 
St.  John,  1460:  lord  treasurer  to  Henry  VI,  1470  ;  tried 
and  beheaded  after  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury. 

[xxxiv.  126] 

LONG8WORD.    [See  LONGEHPKB.] 

LONGTTEVILLE,  WILLIAM  (1639-1721),  friend  of 
th"  poet  Samuel  Butler  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1660,  and  treasurer,  1696  ;  a  six-clerk  in  chancery,  1660- 
lf.78;  Parquhar  indebted  to  him  for  part  of  his  'Twin 
Hlvate.'  [xxxiv.  126] 

LONGWORTH,  MARIA  THERESA  (1833  ?-1881> 
authored  and  plaintiff  in  the  Yelverton  case ;  married  to 
William  Oliarle*  Yelverton,  afterwards  the  fourth  Vis- 
coon  t  A  von  more,  by  a  priest  at  the  Roman  catholic 
chapeURoKtrevor,  Ireland,  1867  ;  the  marriage  repudiated 
by  Yelverton  (who  afterwards  married  the  widow  of  Pro- 


fessor Edward  Forbes  [q.  v.],  1858);  the  validity  of  Mis- 
l,<>im'\vortli's  marriage  established  in  the  Irish  court,  1861, 
but  annulled  in  the  Scottish  court,  1862  ;  the  Scottish  judg- 
ment confirmed  in  the  House  of  Lords,  1864 ;  published 
several  novels,  1861-75,  and  'The  Yelverton  Correspond- 
ence,' <fec.,  1863.  [xxxiv.  12(5] 

LONSDALE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LOWTHKR,  JAMKS, 
first  EAKL,  1736-1802  ;  LOWTHXR,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL, 
1757-1844  ;  LOWTHKR,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1787-1872.] 

LONSDALE,  first  VISCOUNT  (1635-1700).  [See 
LOVVTHKR,  SIR  JOHN.] 

LONSDALE,  HENRY  (1816-1876),  biographer: 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  1834  ;  became  partner  of 
Dr.  Robert  Knox  (1791-1862)  [q.  v.],  1840  ;  fellow  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Edinburgh,  1841 ; 
published  biographies,  including  '  The  Worthies  of  Cum- 
berland,' 1867-76,  '  A  Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Robert  Knox,  the  Anatomist,'  1870.  [xxxiv.  127] 

LONSDALE,  JAMES  (1777-1839),  portrait-painter; 
first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1802 ;  helped  to  found 
Society  of  British  Artists;  portrait-painter  in  ordinary 
to  Queen  Caroline.  [xxxiv.  128] 

LONSDALE,  JAMES  GYLBY  (1816-1892),  son  of 
John  Lonsdale  (1788-1867)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1838-64  ;  took  holy  orders, 
1842;  professor  of  classical  literature,  King's  College, 
London,  1865-70;  published  with  Samuel  Lee  prose 
translation  of  Virgil,  1871,  and  of  Horace,  1893. 

[xxxiv.  130] 

LONSDALE,  JOHN  (1788-1867),  bishop  of  Lichfleld  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow 
of  King's  College,  1809;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1827, 
of  St.  Paul's,  1828,  principal  of  King's  College,  London, 
1839  ;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1842 ;  bishop  of  Lichfleld, 
1843  ;  prepared  for  press,  in  conjunction  with  Archdeacon 
Hale, '  The  Four  Gospels,  with  Annotations,'  1849. 

[xxxiv.  129] 

LONSDALE,  WILLIAM  (1794-1871),  geologist; 
entered  the  army,  1812 ;  fought  at  Waterloo,  1815 ;  re- 
tired soon  after  1815  and  studied  geology  :  curator  and 
librarian  to  the  Geological  Society,  1829-42  :  joint  origi- 
nator with  Murchison  and  Sedgwick  of  the  theory  of  the 
independence  of  the  devonian  system.  [xxxiv.  130] 

LOOKUP,  JOHN  (fl.  1740),  theologian  ;  a  disciple 
of  John  Hutchinson  (1674-1737)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  an 
essay  on  the  Trinity,  1739,  and  a  translation  of  Genesis, 
1740.  [xxxiv.  130] 

LOOSEMORE,  GEORGE  (/.  1660),  organist  and 
composer  ;  son  of  Henry  Loosemore  [q.  v.] ;  organist  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  Mus.  Doc.,  1665  ;  composed 
anthems.  [xxxiv.  131] 

LOOSEMORE,  HENRY  (1600  ?-1670),  organist  and 
composer  :  Mus.  Bac.  Cambridge,  1640 ;  organist  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  1660  ;  composed  litanies  and  anthems. 

[xxxiv.  131] 

LOOSEMORE,  JOHN  (1613  ?-1681),  organ-builder; 
brother  of  Henry  Loosemore  [q.  v.] ;  designed  organ  for 
Exeter  Cathedral ;  also  made  virginals.  [xxxiv.  131] 

LOOTEN  (LOTEN),  JAN  (1618-1681),  landscape- 
painter  ;  native  of  Amsterdam  ;  came  to  London  early  in 
Charles  IPs  reign.  [xxxiv.  132] 

LOPES,  HENRY  CHARLES,  first  BARON  LUDLOW 
(1828-1899),  judge;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1849;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1852  ;  bencher,  1870  ;  treasurer,  1890  ;  Q.C.,  1869  :  con- 
servatiye  M.P.  for  Lannceston,  1868-74,  and  Frome, 
1874;  justice  in  high  court,  1876;  knighted,  1876; 
sat  successively  in  common  pleas  and  queen's  bench 
divisions,  and  was  advanced  to  court  of  appeal,  1885  ; 
privy  councillor,  1886  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1897. 


[Suppl.  iii.  110] 
!H,  first    baronet 


LOPES,  SIR  MANASSEH  MASSEI 
(1755-1831),  politician  :  descended  from  a  family  of 
Spanish  Jews ;  born  in  Jamaica  ;  conformed  to  church  of 
England  ;  M.P.,  Romney,  1802  ;  created  baronet,  1805  ; 
M.P.,  Barnstaple,  1812 ;  imprisoned  for  bribery  and  cor- 
ruption, 1819  ;  M.P.,  Westbury,  1823  and  1826-9. 

[xxxiv.  132] 

LOPEZ,  RODERIGO  (d.  1594),  Jewish  physician ; 
native  of  Portugal ;  settled  in  England,  1559;  first  house 
physician  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital ;  member  of 


LORD 


793 


LOUIS 


Royal  Colletre  of  Physicians  before  1669  ;  chief  physician 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1586;  implicated  in  the  plot  to 
murder  Antonio  Perez  and  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  tried,  found 
guilty,  and  executed  at  Tyburn,  1594 ;  possibly  the 
original  of  Shakespeare's  Shylock.  [xxxiy.  132] 

LORD,  HENRY  (yf.  1630),  traveller  ;  of  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford;  English . chaplain  at  Surat,  1624;  pub- 
lished 'A  Display  of  two  forraigne  Sects  in  the  East 
Indies,'  <fcc.,  1630.  [xxxiv.  134] 

LORD.  JOHN  KEAST  (1818  - 1872),  naturalist  ; 
entered  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,  London,  1842; 
received  his  diploma,  1844 ;  served  in  the  Crimea  as 
veterinary  surgeon  to  the  artillery  of  the  Turkish  con- 
tingent, 1855-6 ;  naturalist  to  the  boundary  commission 
sent  to  British  Columbia,  1858 ;  employed  in  archaeologi- 
cal and  scientific  researches  in  Egypt ;  first  manager  of 
the  Brighton  Aquarium,  1872 ;  author  of  '  The  Naturalist 
in  Vancouver's  Island,'  1866,  and  a 'Handbook  of  Sea- 
Fishing.'  [xxxiv.  136] 

LORD,  PERCIVAL  BARTON  (1808-1815),  diploma- 
tic agent ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1829 ;  M.B.,  1832  ;  studied  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  ;  assistant-surgeon  under  East  India 
Company,  1834  ;  accompanied  the  '  commercial  mission  ' 
under  Sir  Alexander  Burnes  to  Cabul,  penetrated  into 
Tartary,  1837  ;  political  assistant  to  William  Hay  Mac- 
naghten  [q.  v.],  1838  ;  killed  in  action  at  Purwan,  1840 ; 
author  of  '  Popular  Physiology,'  1834,  and  '  Algiers, 
with  Notices  of  the  neighbouring  States  of  Barbary,' 
1835.  [xxxiv.  135] 

LORD,  THOMAS  (fl.  1796),  ornithologist ;  published 
'  Lord's  Entire  New  System  of  Ornithology,'  1791-6. 

[xxxiv.  136] 

LORIMER,  JAMES  (1818-1890),  jurist  and  political 
philosopher  ;  educated  at  the  universities  of  Edinburgh, 
Berlin,  Bonn,  and  the  academy  of  Geneva ;  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  Advocates  of  Scotland,  1845;  published 
4  Political  Progress  not  necessarily  Democratic,'  1857, 
and  the  sequel  '  Constitutionalism  of  the  Future,'  1865; 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  '  The  Law  of  Nature  and  of 
Nations,'  Edinburgh,  1865  ;  published  '  The  Institutes  of 
Law,'  1872,  and  •  The  Institutes  of  the  Law  of  Nations,' 
1883-4.  [xxxiv.  136] 

LORIMER,  PETER  (1812-1879),  presbyterian  divine ; 
entered  Edinburgh  University,  1827 ;  professor  of  theo- 
logy in  the  English  presbyterian  college,  London, 
1844,  and  principal,  1878;  chief  work,  'John  Knox  and 
the  Church  of  England,'  1875.  [xxxiv.  138] 

LORING.  SIR  JOHN  WENTWORTH  (1775-1852), 
admiral  ;  born  in  America  ;  entered  the  navy,  1789 ; 
lieutenant,  1794;  present  in  actions  off  Toulon,  1795; 
employed  off  France,  1806-13 ;  C.B.,  1815 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth,  1819- 
1837  ;  K.O.B.,  1840  ;  vice-admiral,  1840 :  admiral,  1851. 

[xxxiv.  138] 

LORKLN,  THOMAS  (1528  ?-l 691),  regius  professor 
of  physic  at  Cambridge  ;  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1555;  M.D.,  1560;  fellow  of  Queens' 
College,  of  Peterhouse,  1664-62;  published  'Recta 
Regula  et  Victus  ratio  pro  studiosis  et  literatis,'  1662; 
regius  professor  of  physic,  1564.  [xxxiv.  139] 

LORKYN,  THOMAS  (d.  1626),  M.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1604;  secretary  to  the  embassy  at 
Paris,  1623 ;  drowned  at  sea,  1625.  [xxxiv.  140] 

LORRALN,  PAUL  (d.  1719),  ordinary  of  Newgate, 
1698-1719 ;  compiled  the  official  accounts  of  the  dying 
speeches  of  criminals ;  published  *  The  Dying  Man's 
Assistant,'  1702,  and  a  translation  of  Muret's  '  Rites  of 
Funeral,'  1683.  [xxxiv.  140] 

LORT,  MICHAEL  (1725-1790),  antiquary;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1750 ;  senior  fellow,  1768 ; 
F.S.A.,  1756 ;  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge, 
1769-71 ;  F.R.S.,  1766 ;  D.D.  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
1780.  The  results  of  his  antiquarian  researches  appeared 
in  works  like  Chalmers's  '  Biographical  Dictionary '  and 
Nichols's  '  Literary  Anecdotes,'  [xxxiv.  140] 

LORTE,  Sm  ROGER,  first  baronet  (1608-1664), 
Latin  poet ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1627 ;  pub- 
lished '  Bpigrammatum  liber  primus,'  1646;  created 
baronet,  1662.  [xxxiv.  142] 


LORYNO,  SIR  NIGEL  or  NELE  (</.  1388).  soldier  : 
knighted  for  bravery  at  Sluys,  1340 ;  one  of  the  original 
kBlfUi  of  the  Garter,  1344;  present  at  Poitiers,  1388; 
served  in  France  and  Spain,  1364-9.  [xxxiv.  142] 

LOSINGA,  HERBERT  OB  (1054  7-1119),  first  bishop 
of  Norwich  and  founder  of  the  cathedral  church ;  bis 
native  place  and  the  signification  of  hi*  surname  a  matter 
of  dispute ;  educated  in  the  monastery  at  Fecamp,  Nor- 
mandy ;  Benedictine  monk,  e.  1075  ;  prior  of  Fecamp, 
1088 ;  abbot  of  Ramsey,  1088 :  bishop  of  Tbetford,  1091 ; 
removed  the  see  from  Tbetford  to  Norwich,  1094;  bis 
sermons  and  letters  edited  and  translated  by  Goulburn  and 
Symonds,  1878.  [xxxiv.  148] 

LOSINGA   or   DE  LOTHARINGIA,    ROBERT  (rf. 

1095),  bishop  of  Hereford  ;  a  native  of  Lotharingia  or  the 
southern  Netherlands :  doubtless  a  relative  of  Herbert  de 
Losinga  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  astronomical  works  :  crossed  to 
England  and  became  one  of  the  royal  clerks  :  bishop  of 
Hereford,  1079.  [xxxiv.  148] 

LOTHIAN,  MARQUISES  or.  [See  KKRR,  ROBERT, 
first  MARQUIS,  1636-1703;  KKRR,  WILLIAM,  second 
MARQUIS,  16627-1722;  KKHU,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  fourth 
MARQUIS,  d.  1775.] 

LOTHIAN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  KKRR,  MARK,  first  EARL, 
<i.  1609 ;  KKRK,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1606  7-1675  ;  KKRR, 
ROBKRT,  fourth  EARL,  1636-1703.] 

LOTHIAN,  ninth  MARQUIS  OF  (1833-1900).  [8e* 
KKRR,  SCHOMBERG  HKNRY.] 

LOTHIAN,  WILLIAM  (1740-1783),  divine  and 
historian  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1779  ;  published  a  history  of 
the  Netherlands,  1780.  [xxxiv.  147] 

LOTHROPP,  LATHROP,  or  LOTHROP,  JOHN  (d. 
1653),  independent  divine  ;  sailed  for  Boston,  1634  ;  died 
at  Barns  taple.  Massachusetts,  where  he  ministered,  1639- 
1653.  [xxxiv.  147] 

LOUDON,  EARLS  OF.    [See  LOUDOUN.] 

LOUDON,  CHARLES  (1801-1844),  medical  writer; 
M.R.C.S.,  1826 ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1827 ;  published  medical 
works,  1826-42.  [xxxiv.  148] 

LOUDON.  JANE  (1807-1858),  horticultural  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer;  nie  Webb;  published  'The  Mummy, 
a  Tale  of  the  Twenty-second  Century,'  which  may  have 
furnished  some  of  the  ideas  of  Lytton's  '  Coming  Race,' 
1827  :  married  John  Claudius  Loudon  [q.  v.],  1830  ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Ladies'  Companion  to  the  Flower  Garden,' 
1841,  and  other  horticultural  works.  [xxxiv.  148] 

LOUDON,  JOHN  CLAUDIUS  (1783-1843),  landscape- 
gardener  and  horticultural  writer ;  F.L.S.,  1806 ;  his 
'  Encyclopaedia  of  Gardening '  published,  1822,  '  Encyclc- 
pasdia  of  Agriculture,'  1825,  '  Encyclopaedia  of  Plants,' 
1829  ;  edited  '  Gardener's  Magazine,'  1826-43 ;  began  to 
compile  the  '  Encyclopaedia  of  Cottage,  Farm,  and  Villa 
Architecture,'  1832 ;  began  to  publish  bis  '  Arboretum 
et  Fruticetum  Britannicum,'  1833;  established  '  Archi- 
tectural Magazine,'  1834;  'Suburban  Gardener  and 
Villa  Companion,'  1836;  published  '  Encyclopaedia  of 
Trees  and  Shrubs,'  1842.  [xxxiv.  149] 

LOUDOUN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  first 
EARL,  1598-1663 ;  CAMPBELL,  HUGH,  third  EARL,  d. 
1731 ;  CAMPBELL,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL,  1705-1782.] 

LOUGH,  JOHN  GRAHAM  (1806-1876X  sculptor ;  first 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1826.  [xxxiv.  161] 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  first  BARON  HASTINGS  OF.  [See 
HASTINGS,  SIR  EDWARD,  d.  1573.] 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  BARONS.  [See  HASTINGS,  HEXRY, 
d.  1667  ;  WEDDKRBURN,  ALEXANDER,  EARL  OF  ROSSLTK, 
1733-1805.] 

LOUGHER,  ROBERT  (d.  1685),  civilian ;  fellow  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1583 :  B.C.L.,  1568 ;  principal 
of  New  Inn  Hall,  1664-70  and  1575-80  ;  D.O.L,and  regius 
professor  of  civil  law,  1565 ;  M.P.,  Pembroke,  1579  ;  master 
in  chancery,  1574.  [xxxiv.  151] 

LOUIS,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (17TO-1807), rear- 
admiral  ;  entered  the  navy,  1770 :  in  active  service,  1778- 
1780  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1783 ;  present  at  the  battle 


LOUND 


794 


LOVELL 


of  Ux  Nile,  1798:  acted  under  Nelson,  1799-1802;  rear- 
admiral.  1804  :  performed  brilliant  service  at  battle  of  St. 
Domingo,  1806  ;  rewarded  with  a  baronetcy ;  dial  off  the 
crat  of  Egypt  [x.xxiv.  151] 

LOUND,   THOMAS   (1802-1861X    amateur    painter; 
occasionally  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[rxxlv.  153] 

LOUNDRES,   HBNRY  DK  (rf.   1228),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  from    1212:    papal   legate  to  Ireland,  1217-20; 
d, 1219-2 


justiciary  in  Ireland, 


M, 


[xxxiv.  153] 


LOUTH,  first  EAKL  o»  (d.  1328).  [See  BERMINOHAM, 
SIR  JOHN.] 

LOUTH,  GILBERT  OF  (d.  1163  ?).    [See  UILBKRT.] 

LOUTHERBOURGH  (LOUTHERBOURG),  PHILIP 
JA  MKS  (PHILIPPE  JACQUES)  DK  (1740-1812),  painter 
and  royal  academician ;  born  at  Fulda,  Germany ;  studied 
at  Paris  under  Francis  Casanova  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the 
Salon,  1763 ;  member  of  the  Academic  Royale,  1767 ;  came 
to  England,  1771 ;  assisted  Garrick  as  designer  of  scenery 
and  costume :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1772 ;  R.A., 
1781 :  painted  landscapes,  marine  subjects,  and  battle 
;  IMH,  [xxxiv.  154] 

LO VAT,  twelfth  BARON  ( 1667  V- 1 747).  [See  ERASER, 
SIMON.] 

LOVE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1618-1651),  puritan  minister; 
of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1642  :  tried,  condemned, 
and  executed  for  plotting  against  the  Commonwealth, 
1651 ;  published  controversial  pamphlets  and  sermons. 

[xxxiv.  155] 

LOVE,  DAVID  (1750- 1827),  pedlar-poet;  issued  verses 
in  single  sheets  and  chap-books  :  wrote  the  '  Life,  Adven- 
tures, and  Experience  of  David  Love'  (3rd  edit.  1823). 

[xxxiv.  157] 

LOVE,  JAMES  (1722-1774).    [See  DANCE.] 

LOVE,  SIR  JAMES  FREDERICK  (1789-1866), 
general :  entered  the  army,  1804 ;  served  in  the  Coruna 
retreat,  1809 ;  captain,  1811:  present  at  Ciudad  Rodrigo, 
1812 ;  wounded  at  Waterloo,  1815 ;  saved  Bristol  during  the 
rioteof  1831 :  lieutenant-colonel,  1834 ;  British  resident  at 
Zante,  1835-8 ;  colonel,  1838  ;  governor  of  Jersey,  1852-6  ; 
inspector-general  of  infantry,  1857-62  ;  general,  1864 ; 
G.O.B.  and  K.H.  [xxxiv.  157] 

LOVE,  JOHN  (1695-1750),  grammarian  and  contro- 
versialist;  educated  at  Glasgow  University;  master  of 
Dumbarton  grammar  school,  1721 ;  issued  '  Two  Gram- 
matical Treatises,'  1733  ;  published,  in  conjunction  with 
others,  an  edition  of  Buchanan's  Latin  version  of  the 
'Psalms,'  1737  ;  rector  of  Dalkeith  grammar  school,  1739. 

[xxxiv.  158] 

LOVE,  JOHN  (1757-1826),  presbyterian  divine ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  University;  founded  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  1795 ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1816 ;  letters, 
sermons,  and  addresses  by  him  published  posthumously. 

[xxxiv.  158] 

LOVE,  NICHOLAS  (1608-1682X  regicide:  educated 
at  Wadham  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1636 ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1636;  M.P.,  Winchester,  1645;  one  of  the 
judges  at  Charles  I's  trial,  but  did  not  sign  the  death- 
warrant  :  M.P.,  Winchester,  in  the  Rump  Parliament  of 
1659 ;  escaped  to  Switzerland  at  the  Restoration  ;  died  at 
Vevey.  [xxxiv.  169] 

LOVE,  RICHARD  (1596-1661),  dean  of  Ely ;  fellow  of 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  before  1628 :  D.D.  and  prebendary 
of  Lichfield,  1634 ;  master  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1632;  vice-chancellor,  1633-4;  Lady  Margaret 
professor  of  divinity,  1649 ;  dean  of  Ely,  1660 ;  contri- 
buted commendatory  verse*  to  Quarles's  'Emblems.' 

LOVE,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1806-1867),  ^ly- 
phonlst:  mimicked  sounds  made  by  musical  instruments, 
beast*,  birds.  Mi  insects :  gave  public  performances  in 
England,  Itortliiiil.  France,  United  States,  West  Indies, 
and  South  America,  1826-66.  [xxxiv.  161] 

LOVEDAY,  JOHN  (1711-1789),  philologist  and  anti- 
quary: M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1734;  collected 
pictures,  book.,  and  antiquities,  and  assisted  in  literary 
"******.  [xxxiv.  161] 

LOVEDAY,  JOHN  (174J-1809),  scholar :  son  of  John 
Loveday  (1711-1789)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Magdalen 


College,  Oxford  ;  assisted  Dr.  Chandler  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  'MartnoraOxonimisia,'  1763;  D.O.L.,  1771. 


[xxxiv.  162] 
slat 


LOVEDAY,  ROBERT  (./f.  1665),  translator;  studied 
at  Cambridge;  translated  into  English  the  first  three 
parts  of  La  Calpreuede's  '  Cleopatra,'  as  '  Hymen's 
Praeludia,  or  Love's  Master-Piece,'  1652-4-5. 

[xxxiv.  162] 

LOVEDAY,  SAMUEL  (1619-1677),  baptist  minister 
and  author  of  religious  pamphlets.  [xxxiv.  162] 

LOVEGROVE,  WILLIAM  (1778-1816),  actor:  first 
appeared  in  London,  1810.  [xxxiv.  163] 

LOVEKYN,  JOHN  (d.  1368),  lord  mayor  of  London ; 
traded  in  salted  fish ;  sheriff  of  London,  1342 ;  M.P.  for 
the  city,  1347-8  and  1365 ;  lord  mayor,  1348, 1358, 1365, 
and  1366.  [xxxiv.  164] 

LOVEL.    [See  also  LOVELL.] 

LOVEL,  PHILIP  (d.  1259),  treasurer  and  justice; 
treasurer,  1262  ;  justice  itinerant,  1255  ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's.  [xxxiv.  164] 

LOVELACE,  FRANCIS  (16187-1675?),  governor  of 
New  York;  deputy-governor  of  Long  island,  1664  or 
1665  ;  governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  1668  ;  his 
paternal,  but  autocratic  government  not  relished  by  the 
Dutch,  and  city  surrendered  to  the  Dutch  fleet  in  his 
absence,  1673 ;  arrested  at  Long  island,  sent  back  to 
England,  and  examined ;  died  shortly  afterwards. 

[xxxiv.  165] 

LOVELACE,  JOHN,  third  BARON  LOVKLACK  of 
Hurley  (1638  ?-1693),  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1661;  M.P.,  Berkshire,  1661-70;  succeeded  to  barony, 
1670  ;  arrested  on  account  of  the  Rye  House  plot,  1683 ; 
embraced  the  cause  of  William  III;  overpowered  and  im- 
prisoned by  James  II's  supporters,  1688 ;  captain  of  the 
gentlemen  pensioners,  1689.  .  [xxxiv.  166] 

LOVELACE,  JOHN,  fourth  BARON  LOVELACE  of 
Hurley  (d.  1709),  cousin  of  John  Lovelace,  third  baron 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  House  of  Lords,  1693 ;  guidon  of  the 
horse  guards,  1699 ;  governor  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  1709 ;  died  at  New  York.  [xxxiv.  167] 

LOVELACE,  RICHARD  (1618-1668),  cavalier  and 
poet ;  educated  at  Charterhouse  School  and  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1636  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1637); 
wrote  'The  Scholar,  a  comedy,'  1636;  contributed  to 
'Musarum  Oxoniensium  Charisteria,'  1638;  repaired  to 
court,  and  served  in  the  Scottish  expeditions,  1639  ;  wrote 
his  famous  song,  'Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make,' 
when  imprisoned  (1642)  for  supporting  the  '  Kentish 
Petition';  rejoined  Charles  I,  1645;  served  with  the 
French  king,  1646;  again  imprisoned,  1648;  while  in 
prison  prepared  for  press  his  '  Lucasta ;  Epodes,  Odes, 
Sonnets,  Songs,  &c.,'  published,  1649  ;  known  almost  ex- 
clusively by  a  few  lyrics.  [xxxiv.  168] 

LOVELL.     [See  also  LOVHL.] 

LOVELL,  DANIEL  (d.  1818),  journalist ;  proprietor 
and  editor  of  the  '  Statesman,'  1806-18 ;  imprisoned  for 
libel,  1811-15;  heavily  fined,  1817,  for  traducing  the 
ministerial  journal,  the  'Courier.'  [xxxiv.  172] 

LOVELL,  FRANCIS,  first  VISCOUNT  LOVELL  (1454- 
1487  ?),  descended  from  Philip  Lovel  [q.  v.] ;  son  of  John, 
eighth  baron  Lovell  of  Tichmarsh,  Northamptonshire; 
knighted,  1480 ;  summoned  to  parliament  as  ninth  Baron 
Lovell  of  Tichmarsh,  1482;  supporter  of  Richard  III; 
created  Viscount  Lovell,  privy  councillor,  and  K.G.,  1483 ; 
lord  chamberlain,  1483-5;  attainted,  1485;  fought  for 
Lambert  Simnel,  1487,  and  seems  to  hare  escaped  to  his 
own  house,  where  he  died  of  starvation.  [xxxiv.  172] 

LOVELL,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1804-1878),  dramatic 
author ;  his  first  play, '  The  Avenger,'  produced,  1836  ;  his 
most  famous  play, '  The  Wife's  Secret,'  originally  produced 
at  New  York.  1846,  brought  out  in  London,  1848. 

[xxxiv.  173] 

LOVELL,  SIR  LOVELL  BENJAMIN  BADOOCK 
(formerly  BADCOCK)  (1786-1861 X  major-general;  de- 
scended from  Sir  Salathiel  Lovell  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Eton  ;  entered  the  army,  1805  ;  served  in  the  Montevideo 
expedition,  1807,  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  1809-14 ; 
captain,  1811;  lieutenant-colonel,  1826:  one  of  the  mili- 
tary reporters  at  the  siege  of  Oporto  and  in  the  Miguelite 


LOVELL 


795 


LOWE 


war  in  Portugal ;  published  •  Rough  Leaves  from  a  Journal 
ill  Spain  and  Portugal,'  1835;  K.H.,  1835;  assumed  sur- 
name of  Lovell,  1840;  major-general,  1854  ;  K.O.B.,  1866. 

[xxxiv.  174] 

LOVELL,  MARIA  ANNE  (1803-1877),  actress  and 
dramatist,  nt*  Lacy  ;  first  appeared  on  the  stage,  1818 ; 
represented  Belvidera  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1822 : 
married  George  William  Lovell  [q.  v.],  1830;  retired 
from  the  stage  ;  her  '  Ingomar  the  Barbarian '  produced 
at  Drury  Lane,  1851,  and  '  The  Beginning  and  the  Bnd '  at 
the  Haymarket,  1855.  [xxxiv.  173] 

LOVELL  or  LOVEL,  ROBERT  (1630? -1690),  naturalist; 
brother  of  Sir  Salathiel  Lovell  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1659;  published  his  'Enchiridion  Botanicum,' 
1659, and  'A  Compleat  History  of  Animals  and  Minerals,' 
1661.  [xxxiv.  174] 

LOVELL,  ROBERT  (17707-1796),  poet;  son  of  a 
quaker ;  probably  engaged  in  business  at  Bristol ;  made 
acquaintance  of  Southey  (with  whom  he  published '  Poems 
by  Biou  and  Moschns,'  1794)  and  Coleridge,  and  partici- 
pated in  their  project  for  a  pautisocratic  colony  on  the 
banks  of  the  Susquehanna.  [Suppl.  in'.  Ill] 

LOVELL,  SIR  SALATHIEL  (1619-1713),  judge; 
brother  of  Robert  Lovell  (1630?-1690)  [q.  v.] ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1656 ;  ancient,  1671 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1688 ; 
recorder  of  London,  1692-1708  ;  knighted,  1692  ;  king's 
serjeant,  1695 ;  judge  on  the  Welsh  circuit,  1696 ;  fifth 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1708.  [xxxiv.  175] 

LOVELL,  SIR  THOMAS(d.  1524).  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons ;  probably  related  to  Francis,  first  viscount 
Lovell  [q.  v.] ;  fought  at  Bosworth  on  side  of  Henry  Tudor, 
afterwards  Henry  VII,  1485 ;  created  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  for  life,  1485 ;  M.P.,  Northamptonshire,  1485  ; 
speaker,  1485-8 ;  knighted,  1487  ;  president  of  the  council, 
1502 ;  K.G.,  1503  ;  constable  of  the  Tower,  1509 ;  abandoned 
public  life,  1516.  [xxxiv.  175] 

LOVER,  SAMUEL  (1797-1868),  song-writer,  novelist, 
and  painter;  applied  himself  to  portraiture,  especially 
miniature-painting;  secretary  to  Royal  Hibernian  Aca- 
demy, 1830;  produced  the  best-known  of  his  ballads, 
*  Rory  o'  More,'  1826  ;  published  '  Legends  and  Stories  of 
Ireland,'  illustrated  by  himself,  1831 ;  helped  to  found  the 
'  Dublin  University  Magazine,'  1833 :  miniature-painter  in 
London,  1835  ;  associated  with  Dickens  in  founding 
'  Bentley's  Magazine ' ;  published '  Rory  o'  More,  a  National 
Romance,'  1837  ;  dramatised  it  and  wrote  other  plays ; 
published  '  Songs  and  Ballads,'  1839,  and  his  second  and 
best-known  novel,  '  Handy  Andy,'  1842  ;  gave  an  enter- 
tainment called  '  Irish  Evenings '  in  England,  Canada, 
and  (1846)  United  States;  produced  selection  of  Irish 
lyrics,  1858 ;  produced  parodies  entitled  •  Rival  Rhymes,' 
1859 ;  '  Volunteer  Songs,'  1869.  [xxxiv.  176] 

LOVETT,  RICHARD  (1692-1780),  author  of  works 
on  electricity  ;  declared  himself  able  to  cure  disease  by 
the  aid  of  electricity  (1758).  [xxxiv.  178] 

LOVETT,  WILLIAM  (1800-1877),  chartist;  secre- 
tary of  the  British  Association  for  Promoting  Co-opera- 
tive Knowledge,  1830  ;  arrested  and  tried  for  rioting, 
1832 ;  assisted  in  drafting  parliamentary  petitions  and 
bills,  1836-8 ;  arrested  for  his  manifesto  against  the 
police,  tried  and  imprisoned,  1839-40 ;  opened  a  book- 
seller's shop,  and  published  '  Chartism ;  a  new  Organisa- 
tion of  the  People,'  the  best  book  on  the  organisation  of 
the  chartist  party,  1841  ;  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  League,  1846;  published  school-books  on 
elementary  science.  [xxxiv.  178] 

LOVIBOND,  EDWARD  (1724-1775),  poet;  entered 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1739 ;  contributed  well-known 
articles  to  the  '  World,'  a  weekly  newspaper  started  by 
Edward  Moore  [q.  v.]  ;  his  best-known  piece, '  The  Tears 
of  Old  May-day,'  published,  1754 ;  his  '  Poems  on  several 
occasions,'  published  by  bis  brother,  1785.  [xxxiv.  180] 

LOW,  DAVID  (1768-1855),  bishop  of  Ross,  Moray, 
and  Argyll;  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen; 
bishop  of  the  united  dioceses  of  Roes,  Argyle,  and  the 
Isles,  to  which  Moray  was  added  (1838),  1819-50 ;  LL.D., 
1820 ;  effected  separation  of  Argyll  and  the  Isles  from 


Ron  and  Moray,  1847 ;  D.D.  Hartford  College,  Connec- 
ticut, and  Geneva  College,  New  York,  1848.  * 

LOW  DAVID  (1786-1869X  professor  of^icult^re; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  published  'Obterv*! 
«008°n  the  Present  State  of  Landed  Property  and  on 
"»«  %.°W?"  of  ^  landholder  and  the  Farmer,'  1817  ; 
established  'Quarterly  Journal  of  Agriculture,'  1816, 
editing  it,  1828-72  ;  profeMor  of  agriculture  in  Edinburgh 
University,  1831-54;  formed  an  agricultural  museum; 
published  '  The  Breeds  of  the  Domestic  Animals  of  the 
British  Islands,'  1842,  and  works  on  agriculture. 

LOW,  GEORGE  (1747-1796),  naturalist*  educated  at 
Aberdeen  and  St.  Andrews  Universities;  studied  the 
natural  history  and  antiquities  of  the  Orkney  Isles ;  bis 
manuscripts  never  printed,  but  freely  used  by  other 
antiquaries.  [xxxiv.  182] 

LOW,  JAMES  (d.  1862),  lieutenant-colonel,  Madras 
army  ;  Siamese  scholar ;  captain,  1826 ;  retired  as  lien- 
tenant-colonel,  1846;  in  civil  charge  of  Province  Welles- 
ley  ;  published  '  A  Dissertation  on  tb«  Soil  and  Agricul- 
ture of  Peuang,'  1828,  a  grammar  of  the  Siamese  language, 
and  treatises  on  Siamese  literature.  [xxxiv.  183] 

LOW,  SIR  JOHN  (1788-1880),  general  in  the  Indian 
army  and  political  administrator ;  educated  at  St.  An- 
drews University;  lieutenant,  Madras  native  infantry, 
1805 ;  captain,  1820  ;  resident  of  Cawnpore  ;  political 
agent  at  Jeypore,  1825,  at  Gwalior,  1830,  at  Lucknow, 
1831 ;  governor-general's  agent  in  Rajpootana  and  com- 
missioner at  Ajmere  and  Mbairwar,  1848-52  ;  resident  to 
the  nizam  at  Hyderabad,  1852 ;  member  of  the  council, 
1853 ;  major-general,  1854 ;  gave  valuable  assistance  in 
Indian  mutiny,  1867-8;  K.C.B.,  1862;  general,  1867; 
G.C.S.I.,  1873.  [xxxiv.  184] 

LOW,  SAMPSON  (1797-1886),  publisher ;  brought  out 
first  number  of  '  Publishers'  Circular,'  1837  (his  sole  pro- 
perty, 1867);  issued  the  'English  Catalogue,'  1753-82; 
retired  from  business,  1875.  [xxxiv.  186] 

LOW,  WILLIAM  (1814-1886), civil  engineer ;  engaged 
under  Brunei  in  construction  of  Great  Western  Railway  ; 
colliery  engineer ;  M.I.O.E.,  1867.  [xxxiv.  186] 

LOWDER,  CHARLES  FUGE  (1820-1880),  vicar  of 
St.  Peter's,  London  Docks;  educated  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1845  ;  joined  the  mission  at  St.  George's- 
iu-the-East,  1866 ;  riots  in  the  congregation  being  pro- 
duced by  his  high  church  views,  built  a  new  church,  St. 
Peter's,  London  Docks  (consecrated,  1866);  known  as 
4  Father  Lewder ' ;  published  accounts  of  his  ministry  at 
St.  George's ;  died  at  Zell-am-See,  Salzburg,  Austria. 

[xxxiv.  187] 

LOWE,  EDWARD  (d.  1682X  composer  and  organist ; 
organist  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1630-56 ;  one  of  the 
organists  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1660-82 ;  published 
'  A  Short  Direction  for  the  performance  of  Cathedrall  Ser- 
vice,' &c.,  1661 ;  professor  of  music  at  Oxford,  1661 ;  com- 
posed anthems.  [xxxiv.  187] 

LOWE.  EDWARD  WILLIAM  HOWE  DK  LANCY 
(1820-1880),  major-general;  son  of  Sir  Hudson  Lowe 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Royal  Military  College,  Sandhurst ; 
entered  the  army,  1837  ;  captain,  1845 ;  served  in  second 
Sikh  war,  1848-9  ;  in  Indian  mutiny,  1857-8 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1868;  C.B.,1869;  major-general,  1877. 

[xxxiv.  189] 

LOWE,  SIR  HUDSON  (1769-1844),  lieutenant-general 
and  governor  of  St.  Helena ;  gazetted  ensign,  1787 ; 
captain,  1795  ;  served  at  Toulon  and  in  Corsica,  Elba, 
Portugal,  Minorca,  and  Egypt ;  berved  in  Italy,  1805-12 ; 
served  with  BlUcher ;  knighted,  1817;  major-general, 
1814 ;  served  in  Italy,  1816 ;  while  governor  of  St.  Helena 
(1816-21)  bad  custody  of  Napoleon;  K.C.B.,  1816;  his 
treatment  of  Napoleon  the  subject  of  an  attack  by  Barry 
Edward  O'Meara  [q.  v.],  at  one  time  Napoleon's  medical 
attendant  at  St.  Helena,  1822 ;  governor  of  Antigua,  1823 ; 
on  the  staff  in  Ceylon,  1826-30 ;  lieutenant-general,  1830. 
The  'Lowe  Papers,'  which  supplied  the  materials  for 
Forsy tb's  'Captivity  of  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena'  (1853), 
are  In  the  British  Museum.  [xxxiv.  189] 

LOWE,  JAMBS  (d.  1865),  journalist  and  translator; 
edited  '  The  Critic  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Drama,' 
1843-63  ;  projected  a  'Selected  Series  of  French  Litera- 
ture' (one  volume  issued,  1853).  [xxxiv.  193] 


LOWE 


7% 


LOWTHEB 


LOWE,  JAMES  (<f.  1866),  a  claimant  to  the  invention 
at  the  screw-propeller  :  patented  •  improvement*  in  pro- 
pelling Tends,'  1838  and  1852.  His  propeller  was  used  in 
tte  nary,  bat  be  never  obtained  any  compensation  for  it. 

[xxxiv.  194] 

LOWE,  JOHN  (d.  1467),  bishop  successively  of  St. 
Asaph  and  Rochester  ;  prior  of  Augustiuian  eremites  at 
London  and  provincial  for  England,  1428  ;  bishop  of  St. 
Asapn,  1433,  of  Rochester,  1444.  [xxxiv.  194] 

LOWE,  JOHN  (1760-1798X  Scottish  poet;  entered 
Edinburgh  University,  1771 ;  went  to  the  United  States, 
1773;  took  orders  and  obtained  a  living  as  a  clergyman 
of  the  church  of  England  ;  his  chief  lyric, '  Mary's  Dream.1 

[rxxiv.  195] 

LOWE.  MAURITIUS  (1746-1793),  painter :  one  of  the 
flnt  students  in  the  school  of  the  Royal  Academy ;  gold 
medallist,  1769 ;  obtained  the  travelling  allowance  for 
study  at  Rome,  1771 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and 
Society  of  Artists ;  befriended  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

[xxxiv.  195] 

LOWE,  PETER  (1550  ?-1612  ?),  founder  of  the  Faculty 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Glasgow ;  studied  at  Paris ; 
published  the '  Whole  Oovrseof  Chirurgerie,'  1597 :  settled 
in  Glasgow,  1598 ;  founded  the  Glasgow  Faculty,  1599. 

[xxxiv.  196] 

LOWE,  RICHARD  THOMAS  (1802-1874),  naturalist ; 
educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1825  ; 
English  chaplain  at  Madeira,  1832-54 :  published  '  A 
Manual  Flora  of  Madeira,'  1857-72 ;  drowned  in  the 
wreck  of  the  Liberia,  in  which  he  was  returning  to 

[xxxiv.  196] 


LOWE,  ROBERT,  first  VISCOUNT SHKRBROOKE(  1811- 
189JX  politician  ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  University 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1836 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1842 ;  went  to  Sydney,  where  he  practised,  1842  ;  in  the 
legislative  council  for  New  South  Wales,  1843-50 ;  re- 
turned to  England  and  became  leader-writer  in  the 
4  Times,'  1850  ;  M.P.,  Kidderminster,  1862-9 ;  joint-secre- 
tary of  the  board  of  control,  1852-5 ;  vice-president  of 
board  of  trade  and  paymaster-general,  1855-8;  privy 
councillor,  1856 ;  M.P.,  Calne,  1859-67  ;  vice-president  of 
the  committee  of  council  on  education,  1859-64 ;  his  best 
speeches  made  during  the  reform  debates,  1866-7 ;  first 
M.P.  for  London  University,  1868-80  ;  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  1868-73 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870 ;  home  secre- 
tary, 1873-4 ;  created  Viscount  Sherbrooke  of  Sherbrooke 
in  Warlingham,  Surrey,  1880 ;  published  '  Poems  of  a 
Life,'  1884  ;  G.C.B.,  1885.  [xxxiv.  197] 

LOWE,  THOMAS  (d.  1783),  vocalist  and  actor  ;  first 
appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1740 ;  associated  with 
the  production  of  Handel's  oratorios,  1742-50  ;  lessee  and 
manager  of  Marylebone  Gardens,  London,  1763-8;  at 
Sadler's  Wells,  1772-83.  [xxxiv.  201] 

LOWER,  MARK  ANTHONY  (1813-1876),  antiquary  ; 
son  of  Richard  Lower  (1782-1865)  [q.  v.]  ;  mainly  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  Sussex  Archaeological  Society, 
1846  ;  author  of '  Patronymics  Britannica.  A  Dictionary 
of  Family  Names  of  the  United  Kingdom,'  1860,  and 
antiquarian  works  on  Sussex.  [xxxiv.  202] 

LOWER,  RICHARD  (1631-1691),  physician  and 
physiologist ;  brother  of  Thomas  Lower  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  •  stu- 
dent, 1649  ;  M.A.,  1655  ;  M.D.,  1666 ;  F.R.S.,  1667 ;  F.R.O.P., 
1676  ;  the  most  noted  physician  of  his  time  in  London  ; 
the  flrst  to  perform  the  operation  of  direct  transfusion  of 
blood  from  one  animal  into  the  veins  of  another  ;  author 
of  three  medical  treatises,  the  chief  being  '  Tractatus  de 
Oorde/Um  [xxxiv.  203] 

LOWER,  RICHARD  (1782-1885),  Sussex  poet;  his 
best-known  production,  'Torn  Cladpole's  Jurney  to 
Lunnon,'  printed  as  a  sixpenny  pamphlet,  1830 ;  published 
•  Stray  Leaves  from  an  Old  Tree,'  1862.  [xxxiv.  204] 

LOWER,  THOMAS  (1633-1720),  quaker  sufferer; 
fc"*  1*1  of  Richard  Lower  (1631-1691)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Winchester  College:  became  a  quaker;  imprisoned, 
with  occasional  periods  of  liberty,  1673-86:  married  a 
stepdaughter  of  George  Fox  (1624-1691)  [q.  v.] 


i^i£«MrtateA.^Aiaa^wS 

fought  for  Charles  I,  1640-*;  knighted,  1645 ;  lived  in 


Cologne  and  Holland,  1655-61:  published  'The  En- 
chanted Lovers;  a  Pastoral,'  1658;  published  a  sumptu- 
ous '  Relation  ...  of  the  Voyage  and  Residence  which 
the  most  mighty  .  .  .  Prince  Charles  II  ...  hath  made 
in  Holland,'  1660.  [xxxiv.  205] 

LOWICK,  ROBERT  (d.  1696),  conspirator;  fought 
for  James  II,  1689;  implicated  in  the  'Assassination 
plot,'  tried  and  executed.  [xxxiv.  206] 

LOWIN,  JOHN  (1676-1659),  actor ;  his  name  spelt 
Lowine,  Lowen,  Lowyn,  and  Leweu  ;  joined  the  kind's 
company,  1603 ;  acted  with  Shakespeare,  Burbage,  John 
Heming,  Condell,  Ac.,  1603-11 ;  shared  with  Taylor  the 
management  of  the  king's  players,  1623-42  ;  acted  in  the 
chief  plays  of  Shakespeare,  Jonson,  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  and  Massinger.  [xxxiv.  206] 

LOWMAN,  MOSES  (1680-1752),  nonconformist 
divine:  studied  at  Leyden  and  Utrecht;  chief  work, 
•  Dissertation  on  the  Civil  Government  of  the  Hebrews,' 
1740.  [xxxiv.  208] 

LOWNDES,  THOMAS  (1692-1748),  founder  of  the 
Lowndes  chair  of  astronomy  in  Cambridge;  provost- 
marshal  of  South  Carolina,  1725-7,  1730-3 ;  entrusted  his 
duties  to  a  deputy  and  never  visited  the  colony,  but  ad- 
vanced schemes  for  its  improvement ;  published  pamphlet 
advocating  a  project  for  supplying  the  navy  with  salt, 
1746  ;  left  his  property  to  found  a  chair  of  astronomy  in 
Cambridge  University.  [xxxiv.  208] 

LOWNDES,  WILLIAM  (1662-1724),  secretary  to  the 
treasury  ;  first  connected  with  the  treasury,  1679 ;  secre- 
tary, 1695 ;  M.P.,  Seaford,  1695-1714,  St.  Mawes,  1714, 
East  Looe,  1722-4 ;  credited  with  originating  the  phrase, 
4  ways  and  means.'  [xxxiv.  210] 

LOWNDES,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (d.  1843),  biblio- 
grapher ;  published  '  The  Bibliographer's  Manual,'  the 
first  systematic  work  of  the  kind  in  England,  1834,  and 
4  The  British  Librarian,'  1839-42.  [xxxiv.  212] 

LOWRIE,  alias  WEIR,  WILLIAM  (d.  1700  ?).  [See 
LAWRIE.] 

LOWRY,  JOHN  (1769-1850),  mathematician ;  contri- 
buted to  Thomas  Leybourn's  '  Mathematical  Repository ' 
(1799-1819);  his  tract  on  spherical  trigonometry  ap- 
pended to  vol.  ii.  of  Dalby's  '  Course  of  Mathematics.' 

[xxxiv.  212] 

LOWRY,  JOSEPH  WILSON  (1803-1879),  engraver  ; 
son  of  Wilson  Lowry  [q.  v.] ;  illustrator  of  scientific 
works ;  engraver  to  the  Geological  Survey  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  ;  F.R.G.S.  [xxxiv.  212] 

LOWRY,  WILSON  (1762-1824),  engraver ;  studied  in 
the  Royal  Academy  schools ;  engraver  of  architecture  and 
mechanism,  devising  ingenious  instruments  for  the  work ; 
discovered  the  secret  of  biting  in  steel  successfully  ;  the 
first  to  use  diamond  points  for  ruling ;  executed  the 
plates  for  Dr.  Rees's  4  Cyclopaedia ' ;  F.R.S.,  1812. 

[xxxiv.  213] 

LOWTH  orLOUTH,  ROBERT  (1710-1787),  bishop  of 
London  ;  son  of  William  Lowth  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1737 ;  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1741-50  :  archdeacon  of  Win- 
chester, 1750 ;  published  his  lectures  on  Hebrew  poetry, 
1753 ;  created  D.D.  Oxford,  1753  ;  prebendary  of  Durham, 
1765  ;  F.R.S.,  1765 ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1766-77 ;  bishop  of 
London,  1777 ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1777 ;  privy 
councillor,  1777 ;  wrote  a  life  of  William  Wykeham,  1768, 
a  short  introduction  to  English  grammar,  1762,  and  a  new 
translation  of  Isaiah,  1778.  [xxxiv.  214] 

LOWTH,  SIMON  (1630  ?-1720),  nonjuring  clergy- 
man; M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1660;  D.D.,  1689; 
deprived  of  his  livings,  1690 ;  wrote  in  defence  of  the  non- 
juriug  schism  and  an  episcopal  succession  against  any 
right  of  deposition  by  a  civil  magistrate,  [xxxiv.  216] 

LOWTH,  WILLIAM  (1660-1732),  theologian;  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow ;  M.A.,  1683  ;  B.D.,  1688 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  1696 :  best-known  work,  4  Com- 
mentary on  the  Prophets,'  1714-25.  [xxxiv.  216] 

LOWTHER,  SIR  GERARD  (d.  1624),  Irish  judge : 
third  son  of  Sir  Richard  Lowther  (1529-1607)  [q.  v.] : 
judge  of  the  common  pleas  in  Ireland  from  1610  till 
death  ;  knighted,  1818.  [xxxiv.  223] 


LOWTHER 


797 


LUCAS 


LOWTHER,  SIR  (JKHARD  (1589-1680),  Irish  judge; 
podnon  of  tbe  elder  Sir  Gerard  Lowther  [q.  v.],  being 
natural  eon  of  the  elder  S|r  Gerard's  brotber,  Sir  Chris- 
topher Gerard ;  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  bar- 
rister, G  ray's  Inn,  1614 ;  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1628  ; 
knighted,  1681;  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas  in 
Ireland,  1634  ;  at  first  on  Charles  I's  side,  but  subsequently 
joined  the  parliament ;  commissioner  of  the  great  real  In 
Ireland,  1654.  [xxxiv.  833] 

LOWTHER,  HENRY,  third  VISCOUXT  LONSDALK 
(d.  1751),  sou  of  Sir  John  Lowtber,  first  viscount  Lons 
dale  [q.  v.]  ;  lord  of  tbe  bedchamber ;  constable  of  the 
Tower,  1726 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1733-5.  [xxxlv.  222] 

LOWTHER,  JAMES,EARL  OF  LoxHr»ALK(1736-1802), 
M.P.,  Cumberland,  1757-61,  1762,  1768,  1774-84,  West- 
moreland, 1761,  Cockermoutb,  1769 ;  created  Earl  of  Lons- 
dale,  1784,  and  Viscount  and  Baron  Lowther  of  White- 
haven,  1797  ;  unrivalled  in  the  art  of  electioneering. 

[xxxiv.  217] 

LOWTHER,  Sm  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  LOXSDALE 
(1655-1700),  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy,  1676  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1677  ; 
M.P.,  Westmoreland,  1676-96  ;  actively  supported  William 
of  Orange;  vice-chancellor  and  privy  councillor,  1689; 
first  lord  of  tbe  treasury,  1690-2  ;  created  Baron  Lowtber 
and  Viscount  Lomxlale,  1636 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1699 ;  his 
*  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  James  II '  privately  printed, 
1808.  [xxxiv.  220] 

LOWTHER,  Sm  RICHARD  (1529-1607),  lord  warden 
of  the  west  marches;  knighted,  1566;  assisted  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  1568-72 ;  lord  warden  of  the  west  marches, 
1591.  [xxxiv.  222] 

LOWTHER,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OP  LOXSDALE  of 
the  second  creation  (1757-1844),  succeeded  his  third  cousin, 
James  Lowther,  earl  of  Lonsdale  [q.  v.],  as  Viscount 
Lowther  by  special  patent,  1802,  and  created  Earl  of 
Lonsdale,  1807 ;  patron  of  Wordsworth,  [xxxiv.  223] 

LOWTHER,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OP  LOXSDALK 
of  the  second  creation  (1787-1872),  of  Harrow  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1808;  M.P.,  Cockermouth, 
1808-13,  Westmoreland,  1813,  1818,  1820,  1826,  and  1832 ; 
junior  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1809  ;  on  the  treasury  board, 
1813-26  ;  first  commissioner  of  woods  and  forest*,  1828  ; 
president  of  board  of  trade,  1834-5 ;  postmaster-general, 
1841 ;  summoned  to  the  House  of  Lords  in  his  father's 
barony,  1841 ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1844  ;  president 
of  council,  1852.  [xxxiv.  223] 

LOYD.    [See  also  LHUVD,  LLOYD,  and  LLWTD.] 

LOYD,  SAMUEL  JONES,  first  BAROX  OVERSTOXE 
(1796-1883),  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.P.,  Hythe,  1819-26;  M.A.,  1822;  succeeded  to  bis 
father's  banking  business  (London  and  Westminster 
Bank,  founded  1834),  1844  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1864  ;  created 
Baron  Overstone  of  Overstone  and  Fotheringay,  1860 
authority  on  banking  and  finance  ;  the  Bank  Act  of  184 
substantially  based  on  his  principles ;  influenced  curreu 
politics  on  the  financial  side  [xxxiv.  224] 

LTTARD,    HENRY    RICHARDS   (1825-1891),  regis- 
trary  of  the  university  of  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Trinitj 
College,  1849 ;    M.A.,  1850 ;  vicar  of  Great  St.  Mary V 
Cambridge,  1860-87  ;  registrary  of  the  university,  1862 
contributed  a  '  Life  of  Person '  to  the  '  Cambridge  Essays, 
1856,  and  to   the  ninth  edition  of  the  'Encyclopaedia 
Britannica';    contributed  to  the    master   of   the   rolls 
series;  a  frequent  contributor  of  articles  on  mediae 
and  classical   scholars  to  the  'Dictionary  of  Nationa 
Biography '  (vols.  i-xxxii.)  [xxxiv.  225] 

LUARD,  JOHN  (1790-1875),  lieutenant-colonel 
author  of  tbe  'History  of  the  Drees  of  the  Britis] 
Soldier ' ;  served  in  the  navy,  1802-7 ;  in  the  arm: 
through  tbe  Peninsular  campaigns  1810-14;  as  lieu 
tenant  fought  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  retired  as  major,  1834 
published  '  Views  in  India,  St.  Helena,  and  bar  Nicobar, 
1835,  and  '  History  of  tbe  Dress  of  tbe  British  Soldier 
1852.  [xxxiv.  226] 

LTJARD,  JOHN  DALBIAC(1830-1860),artiKt ;  gon  o 
John  Luard  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Sandhurst ;  in  the  army 
1848-53 ;  studied  art,  and  exhibited  paintings  at  Roya 
Academy,  1855-8.  [xxxiv.  226] 


LUBBOCK,  SIK  JOHN  WILLIAM,  third  baronet 
803-1865),  astronomer  and  mathematician  :  of  Eton  and 
'rinlty  College,  Oambiidge;  partner  in  hi*  father'*  bank, 
825;  F.H.H.,  1829;  treasurer  and  vice-president  of  tbe 
toyal  Society,  1830-6  and  1838-47;  Bakerlan  lecturer, 
886 ;  first  vice-chancellor  of  London  University,  1837- 
842 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1840 ;  compared  in  detail 
idal  observation*  with  theory ;  mainly  directed  hi*  re- 
fearcbe*  in  physical  astronomy  towards  the  simplification 
f  methods  ;  foremost  among  English  mathematicians  in 
dopting  Laplace's  doctrine  of  probability. 

[xxxiv.  227] 

LUBY,  THOMAS  (1800-1870).  mathematician :  edu- 
cated at  Tilnity  College,  Dublin  ;  M.A.,  1836  ;  D.D.,  1840 ; 
senior  fellow,  1867  ;  filled  various  college  offices ;  wrote 
mathematical  text-books.  [xxxiv.  338] 

LUCAN,  titular  EAKL  op  (d.  1693).    [See  SARUFIKLD, 

A1RICK.] 

LUCAN,  COUXIKSS  OP  (d.  1814).  [Sec  BlXGHAM, 
MAROARKT.] 

LUCAN,  third  EARL  OF  (1800-1888).  [See  BINOHAW, 
jtoROK  OHARLFS.] 

LUCAR,  CYPRIAN  (fl.  1600),  mechanician  and 
uthor  ;  of  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow 
jf  New  College  before  1564  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1568  ; 
Bsued  work  on  artillery,  1588,  and  'A  Treatise  named 
Lucar  Solace,'  dealing  with  mensuration,  geometry,  and 
ractical  mechanics,  1590.  [xxxiv.  228] 

LUCAS,  ANTHONY  (1633-1693),  Jesuit ;  studied  at 
St.  Omer ;  joined  Jesuits,  1662 ;  professor  of  theology  In 
he  college  at  Liege,  1672  ;  rector  of  the  English  College 
at  Rome,  1687  ;  provincial  of  his  order,  1693  ;  involved  in 
a  controversy  with  Sir  Isaac  Newton  respecting  the 
prismatic  spectrum.  [xxxiv.  229] 

LUCAS,  SIR  CHARLES  (d.  1648),  royalist :  knighted, 
1638  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Marston  Moor,  1644  ;  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  cavalry,  1645;  played  foremost  part  in 
defence  of  Colchester,  and  on  its  capitulation  was  con- 
demned to  death  by  court-martial,  1648.  [xxxiv.  229] 

LUCAS,  CHARLES  (1713-1771),  Irish  patriot;  pub- 
shed  'Pharmacomastix,'  1741;  Interested  himself  in 
municipal  reform  in  Dublin  and  issued  'Divelina  Libera  : 
an  Apology  for  the  Civil  Rights  and  Liberties  of  the  Com- 
mons and  Citi7X*u8  of  Dublin,'  1744  ;  behaved  during  his 
candidature  for  the  parliamentary  lepresentatiou  of 
Dublin  city  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause  tbe  government  to 
prevent  bis  going  to  the  poll,  to  declare  him  an  enemy 
of  his  country,  and  to  condemn  him  to  Imprisonment, 
1748 ;  escaped  to  London ;  studied  medicine  at  Paris, 
Rhelms,  and  Leyden ;  M.D.  Leydcu,  1752;  published 
a  successful  'Essay  on  Waters,'  1756;  L.R.C.P.,  1760; 
M.P.,  Dublin,  1761-71;  contributed  to  the  'Freeman's 
Journal '  from  1763  ;  '  the  Wilkes  of  Ireland.' 

[xxxiv.  231] 

LUCAS,  CHARLES  (1769-1854),  miscellaneous  writer 
and  divine  ;  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  published 
novels  and  poems  between  1795  and  1810.  [xxxiv.  234] 

LUCAS.  CHARLES  (1808-1869),  musical  composer ; 
principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1859-66  :  com- 
posed an  opera,  symphonies,  string  quartets,  anthems,  and 
songs.  [xxxlv.  235] 

LUCAS,  FREDERICK  (1812-1855),  Roman  catholic 
journalist  and  politician  ;  brother  of  Samuel  Lucas  (1811- 
1865)  [q.  v.] ;  brought  upas  a  quaker ;  student  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London  ;  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1835 : 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  1830.  and  published  '  Reasons 
for  becoming  a  Roman  Catholic';  started  the  'Tablet,' 
1840 ;  M.P.,  co.  Meatb,  1852  ;  identified  himself  with  the 
nationalist  party ;  at  the  suggestion  of  Pope  Pius  IX 
began  to  write  a  '  Statement '  of  the  condition  of  affairs 
In  Ireland  (1854).  which  appears  In  the  second  volume  of 
Lucas's  '  Life  '  by  bis  brother.  [xxxlv.  235] 

LUCAS,  HENRY  (d.  1663X  founder  of  the  Luounan 
professorship ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1636 ; 
M.P.,  Cambridge  University,  1640 ;  left  money  to  endow 
a  nrofeFgorsbip  of  tbe  mathematical  sciences  at  Cam- 
bridge, [xxxiv.  236J 

LUCAS,  HENRY  (/.  1795),  poet:  son  of  Charles 
Lucas  (1713-1771)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  M.A.,  1762  ;  wrote  occasional  vene. 

[xxxlv.  236] 


LUCAS 


798 


LUDLAM 


LUCA8,  HORATIO  JOSEPH  (1839-1873),  artist  ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  Salon,  Pans ; 
excelled  in  the  art  of  etching.  [xxxiv.  237] 

LUCAS,  JAMES  (1813-1874X'the  Hertfordshire  her- 
mit'; tod  an  eccentric  life  at  his  house  near  Hitchin, 
abjured  washing,  slept  on  cinders,  associated  mainly 
with  tramps,  bat  was  visited  out  of  curiosity  by  many 
well-known  j am  [xxxlv.  237] 

LUCAS.  JOHN  (1807-1874),  portrait-painter;  appren- 
ticed to  Samuel  William  Reynolds  (1773-1836)  [q.  v.] ; 
began  to  exhibit  at  Royal  Academy,  1828  ;  painted  con- 
temporary celebrities  and  court  beauties,  [xxxiv.  238] 

LUCAS.  JOHN  TEMPLETON  (1836-1880),  artist; 
son  of  John  Lucas  (1807-1874)  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  land- 
scapes at  the  Royal  Academy,  the  British  Institution,  and 
the  Suffolk  Street  Gallery,  1869-76 ;  published  a  farce 
and  (1871)  a  volume  of  fairy  tales.  [xxxlv.  238] 

LUCAS,  LOUIS  ARTHUR  (1861-1876),  African 
traveller;  educated  at  University  College,  London; 
started  to  explore  the  Congo,  1876 ;  reached  Khartoum, 
1876 ;  arrived  at  Lardo ;  not  permitted  by  Gordon  to 
undertake  so  difficult  an  expedition,  which  was  likely  to 
be  certain  destruction ;  navigated  the  northern  portion 
of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza  ;  died  on  the  steamboat  voyage 
from  Suakim  to  Suez  ;  buried  at  Jeddah.  [xxxiv.  239] 

LUCAS,  MARGARET  BRIGHT  (1818-1890),  sister 
of  John  Bright  (1811-1889)  [q.  v.] ;  married  Samuel 
Lucas  (1811-1866)  [q.  v.],  1839 :  aided  her  husband  in  his 
public  projects  ;  visited  America  and  began  to  take 
interest  in  temperance  reform  and  women's  suffrage,  1870  ; 
president  of  the  British  Women's  Temperance  Association. 

[xxxiv.  241] 

LUCAS,  RICHARD  (1648-1716),  prebendary  of  West- 
minster: M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1672;  D.D.,  1691; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1697  ;  published  his  «  Enquiry 
after  Happiness,'  a  popular  devotional  work,  1685,  and 
other  religions  works.  [xxxiv.  239] 

LUCAS,  RICHARD  COCKLE  (1800-1883),  sculptor  ; 
exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1829-69  ;  his  best  works 
medallion  portraits,  executed  in  marble,  wax,  and  ivory  : 
published '  An  Essay  on  Art,  especially  that  of  Painting,' 
1870.  [xxxiv.  240] 

LUCAS,  ROBERT  (17487-1812),  divine  and  poet;  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  D.D.,  1793 ;  held  a  living  in 
Worcestershire,  and  others  in  Northamptonshire ;  pub- 
lished •  Poems  on  Various  Subjects,'  1810,  containing  a 
translation  of  the  Homeric  hymn  to  Ceres  (Demeter). 

[xxxiv.  240] 

LUCAS,  SAMUEL  (181 1-1866),  journalist  and  politi- 
cian :  brother  of  Frederick  Lucas  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Mar- 
garet Bright  [see  LUCAS,  MARGARET  BRIGHT],  sister  of 
John  Bright,  1839  ;  member  of  the  Anti-Cornlaw  League ; 
published  •  Plan  for  the  Establishment  of  a  General  System 
of  Secular  Education  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,'  1847  ; 
edited  the  •  Morning  Star,'  1866-66.  [xxxlv.  241] 

LUCAS,  SAMUEL  (1818-1868),  journalist  and  author ; 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  and  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1846;  started  the  'Shilling  Magazine,' 
1864  ;  published  essays  and  poems.  [xxxiv.  241] 

LUCAS,  SAMUEL  (1806-1870),  amateur  painter;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1830.  [xxxiv.  242] 

LUCAS,  THEOPHILUS  (ft.  1714),  biographer ;  author 
of  an  entertaining  work  entitled  •  Memoirs  of  the  Lives, 
Intrigues,  and  Comical  Adventures '  of  famous  gamblers 
and  sharpers  from  Charles  II  to  Anne,  published,  1714. 

[xxxiv.  242] 

LUCAS,  SIR  THOMAS(rf.  1649),  brother  of  Sir  Charles 
Lncas  (d.  1648)  fq.T.]  ;  distinguished  himself  on  the  king's 
side  In  Ireland  in  the  civil  war ;  knighted,  1628 ;  Irish 
privy  councillor,  1642.  [xxxiv.  831] 

LUCAS,  WILLIAM?  (A  1789),  African  explorer; 
thres  yean  a  slave  at  Morocco,  having  been  captured 
when  a  boy ;  vice-consul  at  Morocco  till  1786 ;  travelled 
in  Africa  in  the  service  of  the  newly  formed  Association 
for  Promoting  African  Exploration,  1788-9 ;  published 
his  account  of  Africa  in  the  'Reports'  of  the  African 
Association.  [xxxlv.  242] 

LUCIUS,  a  legendary  hero ;  called  the  first  Christian 
king  in  Britain ;  supposed  to  have  lived  In  the  second 


century.  No  record  of  his  existence  appears  till  three  or 
four  centuries  after  his  supposed  death.  His  legend  owes 
its  detail  to  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  [xxxiv.  243] 

LUCKOMBE,  PHILIP  (d.  1803),  miscellaneous  writer 
and  conchologist :  edited  dictionaries  and  cyclopaedias, 
and  wrote  on  printing.  [xxxiv.  243] 

LUCY,  CHARLES  (1814-1873),  historical  painter; 
studied  at  Paris  and  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London; 
exhibited  his  first  historical  painting,  'The  Interview 
between  Milton  and  Galileo,'  1840 :  painted  historical 
subjects  and  some  portraits,  frequently  engraved. 

[xxxiv.  244] 

LUCY,  GODFREY  DB  (<f.  1204),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
son  of  Richard  de  Lucy  [q.  v.]  ;  became  a  royal  clerk  and 
received  many  ecclesiastical  preferments;  archdeacon  of 
Derby,  1182 ;  canon  of  York  and  archdeacon  of  Rich- 
mond ;  justice  itinerant  for  the  district  beyond  the  Trent 
and  the  Mersey,  1179 ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1189-1204. 

[xxxiv.  244] 

LUCY,  RICHARD  DE(d.  1179),  chief  justiciary ;  main- 
tained the  cause  of  Stephen  in  Normandy  against  Geoffrey 
of  Anjou  :  recalled  to  England,  1140 :  chief  justiciary  jointly 
with  Robert  de  Beaumont,  earl  of  Leicester  (1104-1168) 
[q.  v.],  1163-66;  sole  chief  justiciary,  1166-79;  excom- 
imnicated  by  Thomas  Becket  in  1166  and  1169  for  his 
share  in  drawing  up  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon  (1164) ; 
commanded  for  Henry  II  in  the  insurrection  of  1173. 

[xxxiv.  246] 

LUCY,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1592-1667),  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy  (1532-1600)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1611;  created  baronet,  1618;  M.P.  for 
Old  Sarum  in  the  Long  parliament,  1647,  for  Hertford- 
shire in  Cromwell's  parliament,  1654  and  1656. 

[xxxiv.  250] 

LUCY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1532-1600),  owner  of  Charlecote, 
Warwickshire;  educated  by  John  Foxe  [q.  v.],  the 

rtyrologist,  whose  puritan  sentiments  he  adopted ; 
inherited  the  great  Warwickshire  estate,  1552;  rebuilt 
his  manor-house  at  Charlecote,  1558-9 ;  knighted,  1565  ; 
M.P.,  Warwick,  1671  and  1584  ;  alleged  to  have  prosecuted 
Shakespeare  for  deer-stealing,  1585  ;  Shakespeare's  Jus- 
tice Shallow.  [xxxiv.  248] 

LUCY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1585-1640),  grandson  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lucy  (1532-1600)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1602 ;  knighted,  1614 : 
M.P.,  Warwickshire,  1614, 1621,  1624, 1625,  1626,  1628,  and 
1640 ;  friend  of  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  [see  HER- 
BKRT,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  HERBERT  OF  OHERBURY.] 

[xxxiv.  250] 

LUCY,  WILLIAM  (1594-1677),  bishop  of  St  David's ; 
of  the  Oharlecote  family ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1613 ;  entered  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
1615  ;  B.D.,  1623 ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1660 ;  inhibited 
the  archdeacon  of  Brecon  from  holding  visitations  in  his 
diocese ;  published  controversial  works.  [xxxiv.  251] 

LUDERS,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1819),  legal  writer; 
probably  of  German  extraction ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1778  ;  bencher,  1811 ;  author  of  historico-legal  writings, 
published,  1785-1818.  [xxxiv.  252] 

LUDFORD,  SIMON  (d.  1574),  physician :  Franciscan ; 
at  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  became  an  apothecary ; 
M.D.  Oxford,  1560  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1563.  [xxxiv.  253] 

LUDLAM,  HENRY  (1824-1880),  mineralogist;  be- 
queathed his  fine  collection  of  minerals  to  the  Geological 
Museum,  Jermyn  Street,  London.  [xxxiv.  253] 

LUDLAM,  ISAAC  (d.  1817),  rebel ;  prominent  in  the 
'Derbyshire  insurrection'  promoted  by  Jeremiah  Bran- 
dreth  [q.  v.],  1817 ;  arrested,  tried,  and  executed. 

[xxxiv.  253] 

LUDLAM,  THOMAS  (1776-1810),  governor  of  Sierra 
Leone ;  son  of  William  Ludlam  [q.  v.] ;  retired,  1807 ; 
died  at  Sierra  Leone.  [xxxiv.  255] 

LUDLAM,  THOMAS  (1727-1811),  theologian  and 
essayist ;  brother  of  William  Ludlam  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1752;  attacked  Calvinistic 
writers  in  the  •  Orthodox  Churchman's  Review  ' ;  most  of 
his  essays  included  in  'Essays,  Scriptural,  Moral,  and 
Logical,'  by  William  and  Tboi_a.s  Ludlam,  1807. 

[xxxiv.  254] 

LUDLAM,  WILLIAM  (1717-178SX  mathematician; 
brother  of  Thomas  Ludlam  (1727-1811)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1742;  BJ>.,  174D; 


LUDLOW 


799 


LUMLEY 


Liuacre  lecturer  in  physic,  1767-9;  published  mathema- 
tical and  theological  works;  his  'Rudiments  of  Mathe- 
matics '  (1785)  still  used  at  Cambridge  in  1815. 

[xxxiv.  254] 

LTJDLOW,  BAROS  (1828-1899).  [See  LOPKS  HKXRY 
CHARLKS.] 

LUDLOW,  EDMUND  (16177-1692),  regicide;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1636;  fought  at  Edgehill,  1642  ; 
M.P.,  Wiltshire,  1646;  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
Pride's  Purge,  1648  ;  one  of  the  king's  judges  who  signed 
the  death-warrant ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1649  and 
1650 ;  lieutenant-general  of  the  horse  in  Ireland  and  a 
commissioner  for  the  civil  government  of  Ireland,  1650-5 ; 
after  the  proclamation  of  Cromwell  as  Protector  refused 
to  acknowledge  his  authority  or  to  give  security  for  peace- 
able behaviour,  1656 ;  allowed  to  retire  to  Essex :  M.P., 
Hindon,  1659;  on  the  recall  of  the  Long  parliament 
(7  May  1659)  made  member  of  the  committee  of  safety, 
of  the  council  of  state,  and  commander-in-cbief  of  the 
Irish  army  ;  impeached  by  the  restored  parliament,  1660 ; 
surrendered  to  proclamation  summoning  all  Charles  I's 
judges  to  surrender,  1660 ;  allowed  his  liberty  by  provid- 
ing sureties  ;  escaped  to  Switzerland  ;  came  to  England  in 
hope  of  being  employed  by  William  III,  1689  ;  proclama- 
tion published  by  William  III  for  bis  arrest ;  escaped 
abroad  and  died  at  Vevey.  Ludlow's  '  Memoirs,'  the  com- 
position of  his  exile,  were  first  printed,  1698-9.  Their 
chief  value  lies  in  their  account  of  the  republican  party's 
opposition  to  Cromwell  and  of  the  factions  which  caused 
the  overthrow  of  the  republic  after  its  restoration  in 
1659.  [xxxiv.  255] 

LUDLOW,  GEORGE  (1596-1655),  younger  brother  of 
Roger  Ludlow  [q.  v.] ;  a  prominent  and  influential 
colonist ;  held  large  grants  of  land  in  Massachusetts ; 
member  of  the  council,  1642-55.  [xxxiv.  263] 

LTJDLOW,  GEORGE  JAMES,  third  and  last  EARL 
LUDLOW  (1758-1842),  general ;  entered  the  army,  1778 ; 
captain,  serving  in  America,  1781-2  ;  served  in  Flanders, 
where  be  lost  his  left  arm,  1793-4 ;  in  the  Vigo  expedi- 
tion (1801),  the  Egyptian  campaign  (1801),  the  Hanover 
expedition  (1805),  and  the  Copenhagen  expedition  (1807) ; 
succeeded  his  brother  in  the  peerage  (of  Ireland),  1811 ; 
general,  1814 ;  G.O.B.,  1815 ;  created  Baron  Ludlow 
(peerage  of  United  Kingdom),  1831.  [xxxiv.  261] 

LUDLOW,  ROGER  (/.  1640),  deputy-governor  of 
Connecticut ;  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  assistant  of  the 
Massachusetts  colony,  1630-4 ;  deputy- governor,  1634-5 ; 
deputy-governor  of  Connecticut,  1639 ;  appointed  to 
codify  the  laws  of  Connecticut,  1646  ;  bis  code  established, 
1650 ;  commissioner  in  the  congress  of  the  United  Colonies 
of  New  England,  1651,  1652,  and  1653  ;  said  to  have 
finally  settled  in  Ireland.  [xxxiv.  262] 

LUGHAIDH  (d.  507),  king  of  Ireland  ;  ardrigh  after 
the  battle  of  Ocha,  484.  [xxxiv.  263] 

LUGID  or  MOLUA,  SAINT  (554  ?-608  ?),  first  abbot 
of  Clonfertmulloe,  alias  Kyle,  in  Queen's  County :  bis 
name  also  spelt  Lua,  Luaid,  Luanus,  Lugdach,  Lugdaigh 
Lughaidb,  Lugidus,  Lugeth,  and  Moluanus ;  trained 
under  St.  Comgall  [q.  v.]  at  Bangor ;  the  Bollandists'  and 
Fleming's  life  of  him  both  untrustworthy. 

[xxxiv.  263] 

LUKE,  SIR  SAMUEL  (rf.  1670),  parliamentarian 
knighted,  1624 ;  M.P.,  Bedford,  1640 ;  belonged  to  the 
presbyterian  section  of  the  popular  party ;  present  at 
Edgehill,  1642,  and  Chalgrove  Field,  1643  ;  scoutmaster 
general  of  the  army  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  1643-5 ;  took  no 
part  in  public  affairs  during  the  Commonwealth  and  pro- 
tectorate; the  supposed  original  of  Butler's  Sir  Hudi- 
bras.  [xxxiv.  264] 

LUKE,  STEPHEN  (1763-1829),  physician:  studied 
medicine  in  London  and  Paris;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1792 
mayor  of  Falmouth,  where  he  practised,  1797 ;  L.R.C.P. 
1815 ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1821 ;  pb3'sician  extraordinary  fc 
George  IV,  1828 ;  contributed  to  Thomas  Beddoes's  'Con 
tributions  to  Physical  and  Medical  Knowledge,'  1799. 

[xxxiv.  266] 

LUKIN,  HENRY  (1628-1719),  nonconformist  divine 
published  religious  works.  [xxxiv.  266] 

LUKIN,  LIONEL  (1742-1834),  inventor  of  lifeboats 
invented  an  '  nnsubmergible '  boat,  1785  ;  his  boat  in  little 
demand  ;  published  a  description  of  Ins  lifeboat,  1790. 

[xxxiv.  266] 


LULACH,  LUTHLACH,  LULAO.  LAHOULAN. 
DULACH,  or  GULAK  (d.  1068),  king  of  Scots;  eon  of 

iilcomgan,  mormaer  of  Moray ;  bis  mother  probably 
Gruocb,  the  wife,  after  Gilcomgao's  death,  of  Macbeth 

q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  the  monnaership  of  Moray,  1067 ; 
set  up  an  king  by  the  people  of  Alban ;  slain  by  treachery : 
juried  at  lona.  [xxxiv.  268] 

LUMBY,  JOSEPH  RAW8ON  (1831-1895),  author  and 
ivine;  M.A.Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  1861;  D.D., 
879 ;  ordained  priest,  18«0 :  Tyrwhltt  Hebrew  scholar, 
861  ;  classical  lecturer  at  Queens' 
861 ;  member  of  Old  Testament  Revisit 


ellow  and  dean  of  St.  Catharine's  College,  < 

874  ;  vicar  of  St.  Edward's,  Cambridge,  1875  ;  Non-Man 

profeffor  of  divinity,  1879;  prebendary  of  York,  1887; 

Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  1892 ;  helped  to  found 

Early  English  Text  Society :  edited  literary,  historical, 
nd  religious  works.  [SuppL  lit  111] 

LUMI8DEN.    [See  also  LITMSDEN.] 

LUMISDEN  or  LUM8DEN,  ANDREW  (1720-1801). 
Jacobite ;  private  secretary  to  Prince  Charles  Edward, 
1745  ;  present  at  Culloden,  1746  ;  included  in  the  Act  of 
Attainder;  escaped  to  France;  under-secretary  to  the 
Chevalier  de  St.  George  at  Rome,  1757 ;  principal  secre- 
tary, 1762-6 ;  allowed  to  return  to  England,  1773 ;  par- 
doned, 1778 ;  published  work  on  the  antiquities  of  Rome, 
1797.  [xxxiv.  368] 

LUMLEY,  BENJAMIN  (1811-1875),  author  and 
manager  of  the  opera  in  London  ;  solicitor,  1832  ;  super- 
n tended  the  finances  of  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  1836-41 ; 
took  over  the  management,  1842;  bis  position  shaken  by 
the  opening  of  the  Royal  Italian  Opera  House,  Covent 
Garden,  1847  ;  saved  for  a  time  from  disaster  by  the  en- 
gagement of  Jenny  Lind  [see  Lixn,  JOHANNA  MARIA], 
1847-9 ;  his  theatre  closed,  1853-5,  reopened,  1856,  closed, 
1858 ;  returned  to  the  practice  of  the  law ;  published  a 
standard  book, '  Parliamentary  Practice  on  Passing  Pri- 
vate Bills,'  1838,  and  '  Sirenia,'  1862,  and  'Another  World, 
or  Fragments  from  the  Star  City  of  Montallayah  by 
Hermes,'  1873,  romances ;  published  '  Reminiscences,'  1864. 

[xxxiv.  269] 

LUMLEY,  GEORGE,  fourth  BARON  LUMLEY  (rf. 
1508),  grand-nephew  of  Marmaduke  Lumley  [q.  v.]; 
fought  on  the  Yorkist  side  ;  knighted,  1462  ;  M.P.,  North- 
umberland, 1467 ;  knight-banneret,  1481 ;  submitted  to 
Henry  VII,  1485.  [xxxiv.  271] 

LUMLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1537),  son  of  John  Lumley, 
fifth  (or  sixth)  baron  Lumley  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  with 
bis  father  in  the  northern  insurrection  of  1536 :  sur- 
rendered, arraigned,  and  executed.  [xxxiv.  272] 

LUMLEY,  HENRY  (1660-1722),  general  and  governor 
of  Jersey  ;  brother  of  Richard  Lumley,  first  earl  of  Scar- 
borough [q.  v.];  entered  the  army,  1685;  colonel,  1692; 
brigadier-general,  1693 ;  at  siege  of  Namur,  1695  ;  major- 
general,  1696 ;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1701  and  1703 ;  lieutenant- 
general  and  governor  of  Jersey,  1703;  fought  at  Blen- 
heim, 1704,  Ramillies,  1706,  Oudenarde,  1708,  and  Mal- 
plaquet,  1709;  general,  1711;  M.P.,  Arundel,  1716; 
resigned  bis  command,  1717.  [xxxiv.  271] 

LUMLEY,  JOHN,  fifth  (or  sixth)  BARON  LUMLKT 
(1493-1544),  fought  at  Flodden,  1513 :  summoned  to  par- 
liament, 1614 :  present  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold, 
1520  ;  a  leader  in  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1636. 

[xxxiv.  272] 

LUMLEY,  JOHN,  first  BARON  LTTMLEY  of  the  second 
creation  (1534  7-1609),  son  of  George  Lumley  (d.  1637) 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  K.B.,  1553 ;  high 
steward  of  Oxford  University,  1559;  implicated  in  toe 
Ridolfl  plot ;  imprisoned,  1569-73  ;  founded  a  surgery  lec- 
ture in  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1583 ;  member  of 
the  Elizabethan  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  collected  por- 
traits and  books.  [xxxiv.  373] 

LUMLEY,  MARMADUKE  (rf.  1450),  bishop  succes- 
sively of  Carlisle  and  Lincoln ;  LL.B.  Cambridge :  pre- 
centor of  Lincoln,  1425 ;  archdeacon  of  Northumberland, 
1425  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1437 ;  master 
of  Trinity  Hall,  1429-43 ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1429-50 ; 
lord  high  treasurer  of  England,  1447  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1450.  [  xxxiv.  274] 

LUMLEY,  RICHARD,  first  VWCODNT  Lux  LEY  OF 
WATERFORD  (d.  1661?),  grandson  of  Anthony  Lumley, 


LUMLEY 


800 


LUPUS 


brother  of  John  Lumley,  fifth  (or  sixth)  baron  Lumley 
fq.  v.]:  knighted,  1616:  created  Viscount  Lumley  of 
\Vaferford  (peerage  of  Ireland).  1628;  royalist  in  the 
civil  war.  f  xxxiv.  275] 

LUMLEY,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  OP  SCARBOROUGH 
(d.  1721),  grandson  of  Richard  Lumley,  first  viscount 
Lumley  of  Waterford  [q.  v.] ;  educated  as  a  Roman 
catholic  :  master  of  the  horse  to  Queen  Catherine,  1680-2  ; 
created  Baron  Lumley  of  Lumley  Castle,  1681 ;  treasurer 
to  Charles  II's  queen,  1684 :  Monmouth  captured  by  hi* 
troop  of  horse,  1686 ;  became  a  protestant,  1687  ;  signed  the 
invitation  to  William  of  Orange,  1688 ;  privy  councillor, 
1689 ;  created  Viscount  Lumley,  1689,  and  Earl  of  Scar- 
borough, 1690 ;  fought  at  the  Boyne,  1692  ;  major-general, 
1692 ;  lieutenant-general,  1694  :  retired  from  active  service, 
1697  :  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1716-17 :  joint 
vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  1717.  [xxxiv.  276] 

LUMLEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1769-1850),  general ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton ;  entered  the  army,  1787 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1795 ;  served  during  the  Irish  rebellion,  1798,  and 
in  Egypt,  1801 ;  major-general,  1805  ;  took  part  in  re- 
capture of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1806,  in  the  operations  in 
South  America,  1806-7;  joined  Wellington's  army  in  the 
Peninsula,  1810 :  lieutenant-general,  1814 ;  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  at  Bermuda,  1819-25;  G.C.B.,  1831; 
general,  1837.  [xxxiv.  276] 

LUMSDEN.    [See  also  LUMISDEN.] 

LUMSDEN,  SIR  HARRY  BURNETT  (1821-1896), 
lieutenant-general ;  ensign,  1838  :  interpreter  and  quarter- 
master to  33rd  Bengal  native  infantry,  1842  ;  lieutenant, 
69tb,  1842  ;  served  in  Sutlej  campaign,  1845  ;  assistant  to 
(Sir)  Henry  Montgomery  Lawrence  [q.  v."],  then  resident 
at  Lahore,  1846 ;  charged  with  formation  of  corps  of 
guides  for  frontier  service ;  introduced  khaki  uniform 
into  Indian  army  ;  captain,  1853 ;  went  on  mission  to 
Oandahar,  1867-8 :  lieutenant-colonel,  1858 ;  O.B.  (civil), 
1859 ;  severed  connection  with  guides,  and  as  brigadier- 
general  commanded  Hyderabad  contingent,  1862  :  colonel, 
1862;  left  India,  1869;  major-general,  1868;  K.C.S.I., 
1873 ;  retired  as  honorary  lieutenant-general,  1875. 

[Suppl.  iii.  112] 

LUMSDEN,  SIR  JAMES  (1598?-1660  ?),  military 
commander ;  entered  the  service  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  ; 
in  England  soon  after  1639 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Dunbar, 
1660 ;  set  free,  1652.  [xxxiv.  277] 

LUMSDEN,  MATTHEW  (1777-1835),  orientalist; 
professor  of  Persian  and  Arabic  in  Fort  William  College, 
India,  1808 ;  published  '  A  Grammar  of  the  Persian  Lan- 
guage,' 1810;  secretary  to  the  Calcutta  Madressa,  1812; 
published  '  A  Grammar  of  the  Arabic  Language,'  vol.  i. 
1813 ;  in  charge  of  the  company's  press  at  Calcutta,  1814- 
1817 ;  secretary  to  the  stationery  committee,  1818  ;  tra- 
velled through  Pers:a,  Georgia,  and  Russia  to  England, 
1830.  [xxxiv.  278] 

LUMSDEN,  ROBERT  (d.  1651),  brother  of  Sir  James 
Lnmsden  [q.  v.] ;  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and 
in  the  civil  war ;  killed  at  storming  of  Dundee. 

[xxxiv.  277] 

LUMSDEN,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1651),  brother  of  Sir 
James  Lumsden  [q.  v.] ;  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus 
and  in  the  civil  war ;  present  at  Mars  ton  Moor,  1644,  and 
at  Dunbar,  1660.  [xxxiv.  277] 

LUKABDI,  VINOENZO  (1769-1806),  'first aerial  tra- 
veller in  the  English  atmosphere';  born  probably  at 
Lucca ;  secretary  to  the  Neapolitan  ambassador  in  Eng- 
land ;  made  bis  first  balloon  ascent,  1784  ;  published  '  An 
Account  of  Five  Aerial  Voyages  in  Scotland,'  1786. 

[xxxiv.  278] 

LUND,  JOHN  (fl.  1785),  humorous  poet. 

[xxxiv.  279] 

LUNDGREN,  EGRON  8ELLIF  (1815-1875),  water- 
colour  painter ;  born  at  Stockholm  ;  studied  at  Stock- 
holm and  Paris ;  accompanied  Sir  Colin  Campbell's  relief 
WfMdtttou  on  the  campaign  in  Oudh,  and  made  sketches 
on  the  ipot,  1867 :  member  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-colours,  1865  ;  settled  in  Sweden  :  published  '  Let- 
ters from  Spain  and  Italy,'  and  '  Letters  from  India,' 
1870 ;  died  at  Stockholm.  [xxxiv.  279] 

LU5DIE,  JOffN  (d.  1662?).  poet;  professor  of 
humanity,  Aberdeen,  1631 ;  author  of  Latin  poems. 

[xxxiv.  279] 


LUNDLN,  SIR  ALAN,  EARL  OF  ATHOLL  (d.  1268). 
[See  DURWARD,  ALAN.] 

LUNDY,  ROBERT  (/.  1689),  governor  of  London- 
derry: supported  William  III,  1689,  yet  advised  the 
surrender  of  Londonderry  to  James  II;  turned  out  by 
the  citizens  who  undertook  their  historic  defence  under 
Ueorge  WTalker  (1618-1690)  [q.  v.] :  his  conduct  found 
'  faulty  by  the  House  of  Commons ;  excepted  from 
William's  Act  of  Indemnity,  1690.  [xxxiv.  280] 

LUNN,  JOSEPH  (1784-1863),  dramatic  author;  his 
burlesque, '  The  Sorrows  of  Werther,'  produced  at  Coveut 
Garden,  1818 ;  his  '  Family  Jars,'  •  Fish  out  of  Water,' 
4  Hide  and  Seek,'  and  '  Roses  and  Thorns,'  produced  at 
the  Haynwrket  between  1822  and  1825  ;  adapted  other 
plays  from  the  French.  [xxxiv.  281] 

LUNSFORD,  HENRY  (1611-1643),  brother  of  Sir 
Thomas  Lunsford  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1640  ;  killed 
at  the  siege  of  Bristol.  [xxxiv.  283] 

LUNSFORD,  SIR  HERBERT  (fl.  1640-1665),  brother 
of  Sir  Thomas  Lunsford  [q.  v.] ;  captain,  1640  ;  present 
at  Edgehill,  1642  ;  knighted,  1645.  [xxxiv.  283] 

LUNSFORD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1610?-1653?),  royalist 
colonel ;  committed  a  murderous  assault  upon  Sir  Thomas 
Pelham,  1633  ;  outlawed  for  failing  to  appear  to  receive 
judgment,  1637  ;  pardoned,  1639  ;  joined  Charles  I's  army 
1639  :  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  1641 ;  removed  on  petition 
from  the  Commons ;  knighted,  1641 ;  made  prisoner  at 
Edgehill,  1642 ;  released,  1644  ;  went  to  Virginia,  1649, 
where  he  died.  [xxxiv.  281] 

LUNY,  THOMAS  (1759-1837),  marine  painter;  stu- 
died under  Francis  Holman  [q.  v.];  exhibited  at  the 
Society  of  Artists,  1777-8,  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1780-93. 

LUPO  or  LUPUS,  THOMAS,  the  elder **£  1628  ?), 
musician  ;  member  of  the  royal  band,  1579. 

[xxxiv.  284] 

LUPO,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (fl.  1598-1641),  pro- 
bably first  cousin  of  Thomas  Lupo  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  one 
of  her  majesty's  violins,  1598;  in  Prince  Henry's  band 
of  musicians,  1610 ;  many  compositions  assigned  to  him, 
some  possibly  by  the  elder  Thomas  Lupo.  [xxxiv.  284] 

LUP8ET,  THOMAS  (1498  ?-1530),  divine  ;  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  London,  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  B.A. 
Paris  ;  read  the  rhetoric  and  humanity  lecture  founded  by 
Wolsey  at  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1520  ;  M.A.  Ox- 
ford, 1521 ;  helped  More,  Erasmus,  and  Linacre  to  prepare 
their  works  for  the  press,  and  himself  produced  religious 
works  and  translations.  [xxxiv.  285] 

LUPTON,  DONALD  (d.  1676),  miscellaneous  writer; 
chaplain  to  the  English  forces  in  the  Low  Countries  and 
Germany;  hack  author  in  London,  1632;  puol  shed 
'Emblems  of  Rarieties,'  1636,  and  biographical  and  other 
works,  1632-58.  [xxxiv.  286] 

LUPTON,  ROGER  (d.  1640),  provost  of  Eton  and 
founder  of  Sedbergh  school  in  Yorkshire;  B.A  Cam- 
bridge, 1483 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1500 ;  provost  of  Eton, 
1504-35 ;  founded  a  free  school  in  his  native  town  of 
Sedbergh,  1528,  and  scholarships  and  fellowships  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1528  and  1536. 

[xxxiv.  286] 

LUPTON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1583),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
best-known  work, « A  Thousand  Notable  Things  of  Sundry 
Sortes,'  a  variety  of  enigmatic  and  grotesque  recipes  and 
nostrums,  1579.  [xxxiv.  287] 

LUPTON,  THOMAS  GOFF  (1791-1873),  engraver; 
studied  mezzotint-engraving  under  George  Clint  [q.  v.]  ; 
exhibited  crayon  portraits  at  Royal  Academy,  1811-20  : 
mainly  responsible  for  the  introduction  of  steel  for 
mezzotint-engraving ;  employed  by  Turner  on  the  '  Liber 
Studiorum ' ;  engraved  the  plates  for  •  The  Harbours  of 
England,'  with  text  by  Ruskin,  published,  1856. 

[xxxiv.  288] 

LUPTON,  WILLIAM  (1676-1726),  divine;  fellow  of 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1698  ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1700;  D.D.,  1712;  preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn  and 
afternoon  preacher  at  the  Temple,  1714;  prebendary  of 
Durham,  1715 ;  published  single  sermons,  [xxxiv.  289] 

LUPUS,  HUGH,  EARL  OF  CHKSTKR  (d.  1101).  [See 
HUGH  op  AVRANCHKS.] 


LUSOOMBE 


801 


L.UXBOROUGH 


LUSCOMBE,  MICHAEL  HENRY  THORNHILL 
(1776-1846),  bishop :  of  Catherine  Hull,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1805;  incorporated  at  Oxford  and  D.O.L.,  1810: 
consecrated  to  a  continental  bishopric  by  the  bishops  of 
the  Scottish  episcopal  church,  and  appointed  embassy 
chaplain  at  Paris,  1825  :  helped  to  found  the «  Christian 
Remembrancer,'  1841:  published  'The  Church  of  Home 
Compared  with  tin1  I'.ibK  the  Fiither-  of  tin-  Church  and 
tlie  Church  of  England,'  1839,  and  sermons;  died  at 
Lausanne.  [xxxiv.  289] 

LUSH,Sm  ROBERT  (1807-1881),  lortl  justice :  entered 
Gray's  Inn,  1836;  published  an  edition  of  'The  Act  for 
the  Abolition  of  Arrest  on  Mesne  Process,'  1838  ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1840 ;  published  '  The  Practice  of  the  Superior 
Courts  of  Common  Law  at  Westminster  iu  Actions  and 
Proceedings  over  which  they  have  a  common  Jurisdic- 
tion,' which  became  the  standard  book  on  common  law 
practice,  1840  :  Q.O.  and  bencher,  1857  ;  succeeded  to  the 
court  of  queen's  bench,  1865;  privy  councillor,  1879; 
succeeded  to  the  court  of  appeal,  1880.  [xxxiv.  289] 

LUSHINGTON,  CHARLES  (1785-1866),  brother  of 
Stephen  Lushingtou  [q.  v.] ;  in  the  service  of  the  East 
India  Company  in  Bengal,  1800-27 ;  M.P.,  Ashburton, 
1833-41,  Westminster,  1847-52;  published  a  'History  of 
Calcutta's  Religious  Institutions,'  1824,  and  '  Dilemmas  of 
a  Churchman,'  1838.  [xxxiv.  293] 

LUSHINGTON,  EDMUND  LAW  (1811-1893),  Greek 
scholar;  of  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge: senior  classic  and  senior  chancellor's  medallist, 
1832 ;  professor  of  Greek  at  Glasgow,  1838-75  ;  hon.  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  1875  :  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1884  ; 
he  married  (1842)  Cecilia  Tennyson,  sister  of  Lord  Tenny- 
son, the  epilogue  to  whose  'In  Memoriam'  is  an  epi- 
thalamium  on  the  marriage.  [Suppl.  iii.  114] 

LUSHINGTON,  HENRY  (1812-1855),  chief  secretary 
to  the  government  of  Malta ;  of  Charterhouse  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1836 :  M.A.,  1837 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1840 ;  chief  secretary  to  the  government 
of  Malta,  1847-55 ;  published  verse  and  prose  works, 
1828-55  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxiv.  290] 

LUSHINGTON,  Sm  JAMES  LAW  (1779-1869),  gene- 
ral ;  brother  of  Stephen  Rumbold  Lushiugton  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  Madras  army,  1797 ;  rose  to  be  general ; 
chairman  of  the  East  India  Company,  1838-9;  M.P. 
successively  for  Petersfleld,  Hastings,  and  Carlisle. 

[xxxiv.  294] 

LUSHINGTON,  STEPHEN  (1782-1873),  civilian; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.  and 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1802 ;  M.A. ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1806;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1806-8, 
Ilchester,  1820-6,  Tregony,  Cornwall,  1826-30,  Winchelsea, 
1830-1,  Tower  Hamlets,  1832-41 ;  judge  of  the  consistory 
court  of  London,  1828,  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty, 
1838-67 ;  privy  councillor,  1838 ;  dean  of  arches,  1858-67 ; 
reformer  and  abolitionist ;  some  of  his  speeches  and  judg- 
ments published  separately.  [xxxiv.  291] 

LUSHINGTON.  SIR  STEPHEN  (1803-1877),  admiral ; 
nephew  of  Stephen  Lushington  (1782-1873)  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
navy,  1816;  present  at  Navariuo,  1827;  distinguished  at 
the  reduction  of  Kastro  Morea,  1828 ;  superintendent  of 
the  Indian  navy,  1848-52 ;  commanded  naval  brigade  at 
Sebastopol,  1854;  K.O.B.  and  rear-admiral,  1856;  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1862-5 :  admiral, 
1865  ;  G.C.B.,  1867.  [xxxiv.  293] 

LUSHINGTON,  STEPHEN  RUMBOLD  (1776-1868), 
Indian  official ;  educated  at  Rugby ;  assistant  in  military, 
political,  and  secret  department,  Madras,  1792 ;    trans- 
lator to  board  of  revenue,  1793  :  deputy  Persian  trans- 
lator to  government,  and  Persian  translator  to  revenue 
board,  1794;  secretary  to  board  of  revenue,  1798;    left 
•  the  service,  1807 ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1807-12,  Canterbury,  1812- 
\  1830  and  1835-7  ;    privy  councillor,  1827 ;   governor  of 
Madras,  1827-35 ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1839 ;  published 
life  of  his  father-in-law,  Lord  Harris,  1840. 

[xxxiv.  294] 

LUSHINGTON,  THOMAS  (1590-1661),  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Oxford;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1618; 
prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1631 ;  D.D.,  1632  ;  published  a 
commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,  1646; 
'Logica  Analytica  de  Principiis,'  1660.  [xxxiv.  294] 

LUTTEEELL,  JOHN  (d.  1335),  theologian:  D.D. 
Oxford;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1317-22;  pre- 


bendary of  Salisbury,  1319,  of  York,  1334 ;  *aid  to  have 
written  theological,  philosophical,  and  mathematical 
works :  died  at  Avignon.  [xxxiv.  196] 

LUTTICHUY8,  ISAAC  (1618-1673),  painter;  brother 
of  Simon  Luttichuy*  [q.  v.] ;  removed  from  London  to 
Amsterdam  before  1643,  where  he  died,  [xxxiv.  296] 

LUTTICHUYS,  SIMON  (1610-1663?),  painter  of 
portraits  and  still-life :  removed  before  1650  from  London 
to  Amsterdam,  where  he  died.  [xxxiv.  396] 

LUTTRELL  or  LUTTEREL,  EDWARD  (Jl.  1670- 
17111),  crayon  painter  and  mezzotint-engraver;  invented 
a  method  of  laying  a  ground  on  copper  on  which  to  draw 
in  crayons ;  one  of  the  earliest  of  English  mezzotint- 
engravers.  [xxxiv.  »6] 

LUTTRELL,  HENRY  (1655  7-1717),  colonel ;  brother 
of  Simon  Luttrell  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  James  II,  bat  sub- 
sequently joined  William  III :  enlisted  Iri-h  papists  for 
the  Venetian  republic,  1693 ;  shot  dead  in  Dublin. 

[xxxiv.  297] 

LUTTRELL,  HENRY  (17667-1851),  wit  and  poet  of 
society ;  a  natural  son  of  Henry  Lawes  Luttrell,  second 
earl  of  Carhampton  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  (' Ion  mines,  co.  Wexford, 
in  the  Irish  parliament,  1798:  introduced  to  London 
society  through  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire  ;  famous  as  a 
conversationalist  and  diner-out :  published  '  Advice  to 
Julia,  a  Letter  in  Rhyme,'  1820  (third  and  improved  edi- 
tion as  '  Letters  to  Julia  in  Rhyme,'  1822),  and  '  Crock- 
ford  House,'  a  satire  on  high  play,  1827.  [xxxiv.  298] 

LUTTRELL,  HENRY  LAWES,  second  EARL  OP  OAR- 
HAMPTON  (1743-1821),  soldier  and  politician,  entered  the 
army,  1757 :  deputy  adjutant-general  to  the  forces  ID 
Portugal,  1762:  M.P.,  Bossiney,  1768-9,  and  1774-84, 
Middlesex,  1769-74;  major-general,  1782;  M.P.,  Old 
Leighton,  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1783;  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  (Irish)  peerage,  1787 :  lieutenant-general  of 
the  ordnance  in  Ireland.  1789;  M.P.,  Plympton  Earls, 
1790-4;  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland,  1796-7; 
master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1797-1800 ;  M .P.,  Ludgers- 
hall,  1817-21.  [xxxiv.  299] 

LUTTRELL,  JAMBS  (1751 7-1788),  captain  in  the 
navy;  brother  of  Henry  Lawes  Luttrell,  second  earl  of 
Carhampton  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  Stockbridge.  Hampshire, 
1775-84 ;  engaged  in  active  service,  1782 ;  surveyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance,  1783-8  ;  M.P.,  Dover,  1784. 

[xxxiv.  300] 

LUTTRELL,  JOHN,  afterwards  LUTTRELL-OL- 
MIUS,  third  earl  of  Carhampton  (d.  1829);  brother  of 
Henry  Lawes  Luttrell,  second  earl  of  Carhampton  [q.  v.] ; 
captain  in  the  navy,  1762  ;  a  commissioner  of  the  excise, 
1784 ;  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Olmius,  1787 ;  succeeded 
to  peerage,  1821.  [xzxiv.  300] 

LUTTRELL,  NARCISSUS  (1667-1732),  annalist  and 
bibliographer ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1675 ;  collected  valuable  manuscripts  and  fugitive 
poetical  tracts,  broadsides,  and  slips  relative  to  his  own 
time ;  compiled  in  manuscript  '  A  Brief  Historical!  Rela- 
tion of  State  Affairs  from  September  1678  to  April  1714,' 
printed,  1857.  [xxxiv.  300] 

LUTTRELL,  SIMON  (d.  1698),  colonel ;  brother  of 
Henry  Luttrell  (16657-1717)  [q.  v.];  an  adherent  of 
James  II;  M.P.,  co.  Dublin,  in  Irish  parliament,  1689; 
served  in  Italy  as  brigadier  under  Oatinat,  and  in  Cata- 
lonia under  the  Duke  de  Venddme.  [xxxiv.  301] 

LUTTRELL,  TEMPLE  SIMON  (d.  1803),  third  son  of 
Simon  Luttrell,  first  earl  of  Carhampton;  M.P.,  Mil- 
borne  Port,  Somerset,  1774-80 ;  arrested  at  Boulogne, 
1793  ;  imprisoned  in  Paris,  1793-5 ;  died  in  Paris. 

[xxxiv.  297] 


prepared  '  Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Common  Pleas,'  1704 
(published,  1718).  [xxxiv.  302] 

IUTWYOHE,  THOMAS  (1676-1734),  lawyer ;  son  of 
Sir  Bdward  Lutwyche  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1697 ; 
treasurer,  1722  ;M.P.,  Appleby,  1710-16,  Callington,  1722-7 
Agmondesham,  1728-34.  [xxxiv.  302] 

LUXBOROUGH,  HENRIETTA,  LADY  (d.  1766). 
[See  KNIGHT,  HENRIETTA.] 

3  F 


LUXFORD 


802 


LUXFORD,    GEORGE  (1807-1854),    botanist;    pub- 
>  Flora  of  Reigate,'  183H  :  sub-editor  of  the  '  West- 
minster   Review';    edited    the   '  Phytologist,'    1811-54; 
lecturer  on  botany  in  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1846-51. 

[xxxiv.  302] 

LUXMOORE,  CHARLES  SCOTT  (1794  ?-1854),  dean 
of  St.  Asaph:  son  of  John  Luxmoore  (1756-1830)  [q.  v.]  : 
M.A.  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1818;  a  notable 
t;  dean  of  St.  Asaph  and  chancellor  of  the  diocese  ; 


prebendary  of  Hereford,  and  holder  of  three  rectories  at 
the  same  time.  [xxxiv.  303] 

LUXMOORE,  JOHN  (1756-1830),  bishop  successively 
of  Bristol.  Hereford,  and  St.  Asaph ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1783 ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1795 : 
dean  of  Gloucester,  1799-1808;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1807,  of 
Hereford,  1808,  of  St.  Asaph,  1815.  [xxxiv.  303] 

LYALL.    [See  also  LYELL  and  LYLK.] 

LYALL,  ALFRED  (1795-1865),  philosopher  and 
traveller :  brother  of  George  Lyall  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1818 :  edited 
the  'Annual  Register,'  1822-7;  published  'Rambles  in 
Madeira  and  Portugal,'  1827,  and  •  Principles  of  Necessity 
and  Contingent  Truth,'  1830 :  vicar  of  Godmersham,  1837 ; 
rector  of  Harbledown,  1848 :  criticised  John  Stuart  Mill 
in  'Agouistes,'  1856;  contributed  to  the  'History  of  the 
Medieval  Church'  in  vol.  xi.  of  the  'Encyclopaedia 


Metcopolitana.' 


[xxxiv.  303] 


LYALL,  GEORGE  (rf.  1853),  politician  and  merchant ; 
succeeded  to  his  father's  shipowning  and  merchant's  busi- 
ness, 1805;  assisted  to  reform  'Lloyd's  Register'  of 
shipping,  1834;  M.P.  for  the  city  of  London,  1833-5  and 
1841-7 ;  chairman  of  the  East  India  Company,  1841. 

[xxxiv.  304] 

LYALL,  ROBERT  (1790-1831),  botanist  and  traveller ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh;  spent  many  years  in  Russia  ;  published 
1  The  Character  of  the  Russians  and  a  detailed  History  of 
Moscow,'  1833,  and  narrative  of  travel,  1825;  British 
agent  in  Madagascar,  1826-8  ;  collected  plants  and  speci- 
mens ;  died  at  Mauritius.  [xxxiv.  304] 

LYALL,  WILLIAM  ROWE  (1788-1857),  dean  of 
Canterbury;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1816 ;  conducted  the  *  British  Critic,'  1816-17  ; 
reorganised  the  'Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana,'  1820; 
Warburtonian  lecturer,  1826;  helped  to  edit  the  'Theo- 
logical Library,'  vols.  i-xiv.,  1832-46;  archdeacon  of 
Moidstone,  1841 ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1845. 


[xxxiv.  305] 

!  JO 


LYDE,  WILLIAM  (1622-1706).    [See  JOYNEB.] 

LYDOATE,  JOHN  (1370 ?-1451  ?),  poet;  ordained 
priest,  1397 ;  celebrated  civic  ceremonies  in  verse  at  the 
request  of  the  corporation  of  London ;  began  his  '  Troy 
Book'  (finished,  1420)  at  request  of  the  Prince  of  Wales 
(afterwards  Henry  V),  1412 ;  acted  as  court  poet,  and  found 
a  patron  in  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  from  1422 ; 
rewarded  with  hinds  and  money ;  spent  the  later  part  of 
his  life  at  Bury  monastery ;  describes  himself  as  Chaucer's 
disciple ;  shows  to  best  advantage  in  his  shorter  poems  on 
social  subjects.  His  chief  poems  are  'Falls  of  Princes,' 
written  between  1430  and  1438,  first  printed,  1494,  'Troy 
Book,'  written  between  1412  and  1420,  first  printed,  1513, 
*  The  Story  of  Thebes,'  written,  c.  1420,  first  printed,  c.  1500. 
He  wrote  also  devotional,  philosophical,  scientific,  histori- 
cal, and  occasional  poems,  besides  allegories,  fables,  and 
moral  romances.  One  prose  work,  'The  Damage  and 
Destruccyon  in  Realmes,'  written  in  1400,  is  assigned 
to  him.  [xxxiv.  306] 

LYDIAT,  THOMAS  (1572-1646),  divine  and  chrono- 
loger ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford  • 
fellow  of  New  College,  1593 :  M.A.,  1599  ;  chrouographer 
and  cosmographer  to  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  to  whom 
he  dedicated  his  » Emendatio  Temporum,*  1609 ;  in  Dublin, 
iMnaahlf  fellow  of  Trinity  College  and  M.A.,  1609-1  !• 
first  contrived  the  octodesexcentenary  period;  published 
chronological  work*  in  Latin,  1605-21 ;  some  of  his  manu- 
script* printed  after  his  death.  [xxxiv.  316] 

LYE,  ED  WARD  ( 1694-1 767),  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic 

•Mr:   educated  at  Hertford  College,  Oxford;   B.A., 

1718 ;  ordained,  1717  ;  published,  with  additions,  the '  Ety- 

aotogtcum  Anglicanum'  of  Francis  Junius  [q.  v.],  and 

si  to  it  an  Anglo-Saxon  grammar,  1743;  published 

Hacrorum  Evangeliorum  Versio  Gothica,'  with  a  Latin 


translation  and  a  Gothic  grammar,  1750;    his  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Gothic  dictionary  published,  1772. 

[xxxiv.  318] 

LYE,  LEE,  or  LEIGH,  THOMAS  (1621-1684),  non- 
conformist minister;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1641 ;  migrated  •*  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1646 :  refused  to  sign  the  engagement,  1651 ;  ejected  from 
All  Hallows,  Lombard  Street,  London,  1662 ;  a  popular 
and  successful  instructor  of  children  ;  wrote  educational 
works  for  children.  [xxxiv.  318] 

LYELL.    [See  also  LYALL  and  LYLE.] 

LYELL,  CHARLES  (1767-1849),  botanist  and  student 
of  Dante ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1794 ;  studied  mosses  ;  published  trans- 
lations of  Dante,  1835,  1842,  and  1845.  [xxxiv.  319] 

LYELL,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  baronet  (1797-1875X 
geologist ;  son  of  Charles  Lyell  (1767-1849)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1821  ;  studied  geology  under  Dr. 
Buckland ;  began  the  series  of  continental  tours  which 
formed  the  foundation  of  his  best-known  works,  1818 ; 
entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1819  ;  secretary  of  the  Geological 
Society,  1823-6 ;  F.R.S.,  182G ;  published  vol.  i.  of  his 
'Principles  of  Geology,'  1830  (vol.  ii.  1832,  vol.  iii.  1833, 
whole  work  in  four  smaller  volumes,  1834),  finally  dis- 
crediting the  catastrophic  school  of  geologists  ;  professor 
of  geology,  King's  College,  London,  1831-3 ;  president  of 
the  Geological  Society,  1835-6  and  1849-50;  published 
'  Elements  of  Geology,'  supplementary  to  the  '  Principles/ 
and  more  a  descriptive  text-book,  1838  (6th  edit.  1865) ; 
lectured  in  the  United  States,  1841  and  1852;  published 
'  Travels  in  North  America,  with  Geological  Observations,' 
1845;  knighted,  1848 ;  published  'A  Second  Visit  to  the 
United  States  of  North  America,'  1849 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1854;  published  'The  Antiquity  of  Man,'  1863;  created 
baronet,  1864;  published  'The  Student's  Elements  of 
Geology,'  1871.  [xxxiv.  319] 

LYFORD,  WILLIAM  (1598-1653),  nonconformist 
divine;  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1618;  B.D.,  1631;  held  Calvinistic  views;  author  of 
theological  works.  [xxxiv.  324] 

LYGON,  FREDERICK,  sixth  EARL  BEAUCHAMP 
(1830-1891),  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1856;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1852-6;  M.P., 
Tewkesbury,  1857-63;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1859; 
M.P.,  Worcestershire,  1863-6;  succeeded  to  earldom, 
1866  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870 ;  lord  steward  of  the  house- 
hold, 1874-80 ;  privy  councillor,  1874 :  paymaster  of  the 
forces,  1885-6  and  1886-7 ;  helped  to  found  Keble  College, 
Oxford.  [xxxiv.  324] 

LYGON,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  BBAUCHAMP  (1747- 
1816),  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Worcester, 
1775-1806 ;  created  Baron  Beauchamp  of  Powycke,  Wor- 
cestershire, 1806,  and  Viscount  Elmley  and  Earl  Beau- 
champ,  1816.  [xxxiv.  325] 

LYHERT,  otherwise  LYART,  LE  HERT,  or  LE 
HART,  WALTER  (d.  1472),  bishop  of  Norwich ;  fellow 
of  Exeter  and  Oriel  Colleges,  Oxford :  provost  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1444 ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1446 ;  when 
English  ambassador  to  Savoy  prevailed  on  the  antipope, 
Felix  V,  to  resign  his  claim  to  the  papacy,  1449. 

[xxxiv.  325] 

LYLE.    [See  also  LYALL  and  LYKLL.] 

LYLE,  DAVID  (/.  1762),  stenographer;  his  'The 
Art  of  Short-hand  improved,'  1762,  of  little  practical 
value.  [xxxiv.  326] 

LYLE,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  LYLE  (d.  1497  ?), 
justiciary  of  Scotland  ;  engaged  on  embassies  to  England, 
1472,  1484,  and  1485 ;  a  lord  in  council,  1485  ;  great  jus- 
ticiary of  Scotland,  1488  ;  ambassador  to  Spain,  1491 ;  an 
auditor  of  the  exchequer,  1492.  [xxxiv.  326] 

LYLE,  THOMAS  (1792-1859),  Scottish  poet:  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  University ;  took  the  diploma  of  sur- 
geon,  1816  :  remembered  solely  for  the  song, '  Let  us  haste 
to  Kelvin  Grove,'  first  published,  1820.  [xxxiv.  327] 

LYLY,  JOHN  (1554  ?-1606),  dramatist  and  author  of 
'Euphues';  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1575; 
studied  also  at  Cambridge,  being  incorporated  M.A.,  1679  ; 
published,  in  London,  the  first  part  of  his  '  Euphues,  the 
Anatomy  of  Wit,'  1579,  and  the  second  part, '  Euphues 
and  his  England,'  1580  ;  wrote  light  plays  to  be  performed 


LYNAM 


803 


LYNNE 


at  court  by  the  children's  acting  companies  of  tin-  ( 'Impel 
Hoyul  iiinl  St.  l';uil'-,  London,  including  'Oampaspe*  and 
'Sapho  and  Phao,'  produced,  1584  ;  championed  the  cause 
of  the  bishops  in  the  Martin  Mar-Prelate  controversy  In 
a  pamphlet, '  Pappe  with  an  Hatchet,'  1589  :  M.P.,  Hindon, 
1589,  Aylesbury,  1593  and  1601,  Appleby,  1597:  his 
'Euphues '  interesting  for  its  prose  style,  which  is  charac- 
terised by  a  continuous  straining  after  antithesis  and 
epigram,  and  received  the  name  of  '  Euphuism.'  Lyly's 
style  beeume  popular  and  influenced  some  writers,  while 
it  was  ridiculed  by  others, Shakespeare  among  them.  His 
best  plays  are  'Alexander  and  Cumpaspe,'  1584,  •  Miilus,' 
1692,  and  '  Endymion,"  1591;  they  contain  attractive 
lyrics,  which  were  first  printed  in  mount's  collected 
edition  of  the  plays,  1632.  [xxxiv.  327] 

LYNAM,  HUBERT  (1796-1845),  miscellaneous  writer; 
of  Christ's  Hospital  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1821 ;  assistant-chaplain  and  secretary  to  the  Mag- 
dalene Hospital,  London,  1832  ;  wrote  a  history  of  the 
reign  of  Qeorge  III  and  of  the  Roman  emperors,  but  is 
chiefly  remembered  as  an  editor  of  such  authors  as  Kolliu, 
Skelton,  Paley,  and  Johnson.  His  moot  complete  com- 
pilation was  '  The  British  Essayist,'  30  vols.  1827. 

[xxxiv.  332] 

LYNCH,  DOMINIO  (rf.  1697  ?),  Dominican  friar; 
joined  the  order  of  St.  Dominic  ;  lived  for  many  years  in 
the  convent  of  St.  Paul  at  Seville ;  professor  of  theology 
in  the  College  of  St.  Thomas,  1674  ;  published  a  scholastic 
work  in  Latin,  1666-46.  [xxxiv.  333] 

LYNCH,  HENRY  BLOSSE  (1807-1873),  Mesopota- 
uiian  explorer  :  brother  of  Thomas  Kerr  Lynch  [q.  v.]  ; 
volunteer  in  the  Indian  navy,  1823 ;  employed  on  the 
survey  of  the  Persian  Gulf ;  Persian  and  Arabic  inter- 
preter to  the  gulf  squadron,  1829-32 ;  second  in  command 
of  the  expedition  under  Francis  Kawdon  Chesney  [q.  v.] 
to  explore  the  Euphrates  route  to  India,  1834;  in  full 
command  of  it,  1837  ;  decorated  by  the  shah,  1837 ;  as- 
sistant to  the  superintendent  of  the  Indian  navy,  1843-51  ; 
captain,  1847 ;  master  attendant  in  Bombay  dockyard, 
1849 ;  distinguished  himself  in  second  Burmese  war, 
1851-3 ;  C.B.,  1853 ;  retired  and  settled  in  Paris,  1856 ; 
conducted  the  negotiations  with  Persia  that  led  to  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  1867  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxiv.  333] 

LYNCH,  JAMES  (1608  ?-1713),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Tuam ;  educated  at  the  English  College, 
Rome ;  archbishop  of  Tuam,  1669 ;  accused  of  violating 
the  statute  of  premunire  and  forced  to  retire  to  Spain ; 
returned  to  Ireland,  1685 ;  settled  at  Paris,  1691 ;  died  at 
the  Irish  college,  Paris.  [xxxiv.  334] 

LYNCH,  JOHN  (1599 ?-1673?),  Irish  historian;  edu- 
cated by  the  Jesuits  ;  secular  priest,  1622 ;  archdeacon  of 
Tuam  ;  died  probably  at  St.  Malo ;  author  of  Latin  works 
on  Irish  history,  including  '  Cambrensis  Eversus,'  trans. 
1795  and  1848-62.  [xxxiv.  335] 

LYNCH,  PATRICK  EDWARD  (d.  1884),  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  English  army ;  brother  of  Thomas  Kerr 
Lynch  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  Indian  army,  1826  ;  employed 
in  Persia  and  Afghanistan,  1840-1  and  1868 ;  lieutenant- 
general  and  retired,  187&  [xxxiv.  336] 

LYNCH,  RICHARD  (1611-1676),  Jesuit ;  educated  in 
Irish  college  of  Compostella :  joined  Jesuits,  1630 ;  rector 
of  the  Irish  college  of  Seville,  1637  ;  published  '  Univena 
Philosophia  Scholastica,'  1654,  and  Latin  sermons. 

[xxxiv.  336] 

LYNCH,  THEODORA  ELIZABETH  (1812-1885), 
poetical  and  prose  writer  ;  daughter  of  Arthur  Foulks ; 
married,  in  Jamaica,  Henry  Mark  Lynch,  1836 ;  returned 
to  England  after  her  husband's  death  and  wrote  seventeen 
volumes  (1846-65)  of  poems  and  fiction  for  young  people, 
frequently  with  a  West  Indian  setting.  [xxxiv.  336] 

LYNCH,  SIR  THOMAS  (rf.  1684  ?),  governor  of  Ja- 
maica ;  grandson  of  John  Aylmer  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Lon- 
don ;  served  in  Jamaica  expedition,  1655 ;  provost-marshal 
of  Jamaica,  1661 ;  member  of  council,  1663 ;  president, 
1664 ;  lieutenant-governor  and  knighted,  1670 ;  recalled, 
1676  ;  sent  out  again,  1682 ;  died  in  Jamaica. 

[xxxiv.  337] 

LYNCH,  THOMAS  KERR  (1818-1891),  Mesopota- 
mian  explorer;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin; 
accompanied  his  brother,  Henry  Blosse  Lynch  [q.  v.], 
in  second  Euphrates  expedition,  1837-42;  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  Mesopotamia  and  Persia  ;  consul-general  for 


Persia  in  London  ;  published '  A  Visit  to  the  Suet  Canal.' 
!»««.  [xxxiT.  338] 

LYNCH,  THOMAS  TORE  (1818-1871),  hymn-writer : 
his  •'  Hymns  for  Heart  and  Voice :  the  Rivulet,'  1855, 
attacked  as  pantheistic;  composed  several  tunes  for 
them,  and  wrote  his  •  Memoirs'  (published,  1874)  and 
other  proee  work*.  [xxxiv.  338] 

LYNCHE,      RICHARD     (ft.    1596? -1601).       [See 

LlNCHE.] 

LYNDE,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (1579  1636),  puritan  con- 
troversialist;  of  Westminster  School  ami  Christ  Chun  lj 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1600 ;  knighted,  1618 :  M.P.,  Brwkuock, 
1626;  wrote  numerous  controversial  works,  including 
•  Via  Tuta,  the  Safe  Way,'  16*8.  [xxxiv.  839] 

LYNDHTJRST,  first  BARON  (1772-1868).  [See 
COPLEY,  JOHN  Boroumm.] 

LYND8AY,  Sin  DAVID  (1490-1555).    [See  LlXDflAT.] 

LYNDWOOD,  WILLIAM  (1376?- 1446),  civilian, 
canonist,  and  bishop  of  St.  David's ;  his  name  is  variously 
spelt  Lyndewode,  Lindewood,  Lyndwood,  and  Liudwood  ; 
educated  at  Qonville  Hall,  Cambridge :  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke Hall ;  removed  to  Oxford,  where  he  took  LL.D.  de- 
gree; prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1412,  of  Hereford,  1422; 
dean  of  the  arches,  1426 ;  archdeacon  of  Oxford,  1433 ; 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1433  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1442 ; 
completed  hia  '  Proviuciale,'  a  digest  of  the  synodal  con- 
stitutions of  the  province  of  Canterbury  from  Stephen 
Laugton  to  Henry  Chichele,  the  principal  authority  for 
English  canon  law,  1433  (first  printed,  c.  1470-80). 

LYNE,  RICHARD  (ft.  1570-1600),  painteJ1Tan(l°eii- 
graver;  one  of  the  earliest  native  artists  In  England 
whose  works  have  been  preserved  ;  employed  by  Matthew 
Parker  [q.  v.] ;  drew  and  engraved  map  of  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  published,  1674  ;  mentioned  by  Meres  in 
'  Palladis  Tamia'  (1598)  as  among  the  leading  painters  of 
the  time.  [xxxiv.  342] 

LYNEDOCH,  first  BARON  (1748-1843).   [See  GKAHAM, 

THOMAa] 

LYNFORD  or  LINFORD,  THOMAS  (1650-1724), 
divine;  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1674; 
fellow  of  Christ's  College,  1675;  canon  of  Westminster, 
1700 ;  archdeacon  of  Bamstaple,  1709-24 ;  published  ser- 
mons and  'Some  Dialogues  between  Mr.  Godden  and 
others,'  &c,,  1687.  [xxxiv.  342] 

LYNGARD,    RICHARD   (1598?-1670).      [See    LlN- 

GARD] 

LYNN,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1676-1742),  astronomer 
and  antiquary ;  communicated  his  astronomical  observa- 
tions and  meteorological  registers  to  the  Royal  Society, 
1724-40.  [xxxiv.  343] 

LYNN,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1707-1758),  barrister. 
Inner  Temple ;  son  of  George  Lynn  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
F.SJL,  1726.  [xxxiv.  343] 

LYNN,  SAMUEL  FERRIS  (1836-1876),  sculptor; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1856-75  ;  member  of  the 
Institute  of  Sculptors,  1861;  associate  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy.  [xxxiv.  343] 

LYNN,  THOMAS  (1774-1847),  writer  on  astronomy  ; 
in  the  naval  service  of  the  East  India  Company  ;  examiner 
in  nautical  astronomy  to  the  company's  officers  ;  author 
of  'Solar  Tables,'  'Star  Tables,'  'Astronomical  Tables,' 
'A  new  Method  of  finding  the  Longitude,'  1826,  and 
'Practical  Methods  for  finding  the  Latitude,'  1833. 

[xxxiv.  343] 

LYNN,  WALTER  (1677-1763),  medical  writer  and 
inventor ;  brother  of  George  Lynn  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  BjL. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1698;  M.B.,  1704; 
medical  works ;  chiefly  remembered  by  his  proposed 
provements  of  the  steam-engine,  described  In  '  The  Case 
of  Walter  Lynn,  M.B.,'  1726.  [xxxiv.  843] 

LYNNE,  NICHOLAS  OP  (ft.  I860).    [See  NICHOLAS.] 

LYNNE,  WALTER  (ft.  1650),  printer  and  translator ; 
an  ardent  reformer ;  printed  and  translated  about  nine- 
teen religious  works ;  patronised  by  Cranmer. 

[xxxiv.  844] 


LYON 


804 


LYSONS 


LYON,  MR.«.  AGNES  (1762-1840),  Scottish  poetess: 
ri,s  L'Amy:  married  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  Lyou,  1786; 
solely  remembered  by  the  song, '  You've  surely  beard  of 
famous  Niel.1  [xxxiv.  346] 

LYON,  GEORGE  FRANCIS  (1795-1832),  captain  in 
the  nary  and  traveller  ;  entered  the  navy,  1808  ;  travelled 
in  Africa  in  the  interests  of  the  government,  1818-20 : 
published  'A  Narrative  of  Travels  in  North  Africa,'  1821 : 
took  part  in  Parry's  arctic  expedition,  1821-3,  publishing 
a  narrative,  1824;  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  reach 
Repulse  Ray,  1824 ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1825 ;  went  to 
Mexico  and  South  America ;  died  at  sea.  [xxxiv.  345] 

LYON,  HART  (more  correctly  HIRSCH  LOBKL  or 
LRWIX)  (1721-1800),  chief  rabbi;  born  at  Resha, 
Poland:  chief  rabbi  of  the  London  congregation  of 
German  and  Polish  Jews,  1757-63 :  subsequently  rabbi 
of  Halberstadt,  Mannheim,  and  Berlin ;  died  at  Berlin. 

[xxxiv.  346] 

LYON,  SIR  JAMES  FREDERICK  (1775  -  1842), 
lieutenant-general :  born  on  a  homeward  bound  transport 
from  America  after  Bunker's  Hill,  where  his  father  was 
killed ;  entered  the  army,  1791 :  lieutenant,  1794  :  in  Egypt 
as  major,  1801  :  as  lieutenant- colonel  in  the  Peninsula. 
1808-11  ;  K.C.B.,  1815;  G.O.H.,  1817;  commander  of  the 
troops  in  the  Windward  and  Leeward  islands,  1828-33 ; 
lieutenant-general,  1830.  [xxxiv.  347] 

LYON,  JANET,  LADY  GLAMMIS  (d.  1537).  [See 
DOUGLAS,  JANET.] 

LYON,  JOHN,  seventh  BARON  GLAMMIS  (1510?- 
1558),  son  of  John,  sixth  lord  Glammis,  by  Janet  Douglas 

Sq.   v.] ;  tried  for   conspiring   to   effect   the   death  of 
ames  V,  1637 :  imprisoned,  1537-40 ;  held  a  command  in 
the  Scottish  army,  1545.  [xxxiv.  347] 

LYON,  JOHN,  eighth  BARON  GLAMMIS  (d.  1678), 
lord  high  chancellor  of  Scotland ;  son  of  John,  seventh 
baron  Glammis  [q.  v.]  ;  partisan  and  kinsman  of  Morton ; 
lord  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1573 ;  accidentally  slain  in  a 
street  brawL  [xxxiv.  348] 

LYON,  JOHN  (1614?-1692),  founder  of  Harrow 
School ;  obtained  charter  for  the  foundation  of  a  free 
grammar  school  for  boys  in  Harrow,  1572 ;  drew  up 
statutes  and  course  of  study  for  the  school,  1590. 

[xxxiv.  348] 

LYON  or  LYOTTN,  JOHN  (ft.  1608-1622),  of  Auld- 
bor,  the  supposed  author  of  'Teares  for  the  Death  of 
Alexander,  Earle  of  Dunfermeling  '  (first  printed,  1622) ; 
eon  of  Sir  Thomas  Lyon  (d.  1608)  [q.  v.]  [xxxiv.  349] 

LYON,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL  OP  STRATHMORE  (1737- 
1776),  married  Mary  Eleanor  Bowes  [q.  v.],  a  member  of 
a  distinguished  border  family,  1767 ;  took  his  wife's  sur- 
name ;  Scots  representative  peer.  [vi.  60] 

LYON,  JOHN  (1702-1790X  antiquary  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1732;  minor  canon  of  St.  Patrick's, 
Dublin,  1740 :  published  nothing ;  reputed  a  learned 
ecclesiologist ;  took  care  of  Swift  in  his  last  illness. 

[xxxiv.  349] 

LYON,  JOHN  (1734-1817),  historian  of  Dover;  took 
holy  orders ;  his  principal  work  is  a  •  History  of  the 
Town  and  Port  of  Dover,'  1813-14  ;  published  works  on 
electricity,  1780-96.  [xxxiv.  350] 

LYON,  Sm  PATRICK  OF  CARSE  (d.  1695  ?),  lord  of 
session ;  second  cousin  of  Patrick  Lyon,  first  earl  of 
Btrathmore  [q.  v.] ;  professor  of  philosophy  at  St. 
Andrews;  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1671- 
lord  of  session  as  Lord  Carse,  1683-8  ;  a  lord  justiciary, 
1684-8 ;  deprived  of  both  offices  at  the  revolution,  1688. 

LYON,  PATRICK,  first  EARL  OP  STRATH  MOHK  and 
third  EAKL  OK  KINOHORNK  (1643-1696),  succeeded  to  his 
estates,  1660 ;  restored  the  fortunes  of  his  family  by  a 
course  of  self-denial;  privy  councillor,  1682;  lord  of 
session,  1686-9 ;  took  the  oath  to  King  William  III,  1690. 

LYOH,  BIB  THOMAS  OP  BALDDCKIE  and  AULDBAR, 
MAKTKR  OF  GLAMMIS  (d.  1608),  lord  high  treasurer 
of  Scotland;  son  of  John  Lyon,  seventh  baron  Glam- 
mis [q.  v.] ;  a  main  contriver  of  the  raid  of  Ruthven  of 
MM>sjcaped  to  Ireland,  1588 ;  pardoned,  1585 ;  lord  high 
treasurer,  1686-V6;  lord  of  session,  1686;  knighted,  1590; 
deprived  of  his  office  for  favouring  Botbwell,  1691 ;  re- 
appointed,  1693.  [xxxiv.  351] 


LYON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1617),  bishop  of  Cork, 
Cloyne,  and  Ross ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  first  protcstant 
bishop  of  Ross,  1582 ;  bishop  of  Cork  and  Cloyne,  1584 
(three  sees  united,  1687) ;  foiled  machinations  of  Jesuits 
and  friars  ;  recommended  the  strict  exclusion  of  foreign 
priests.  [xxxiv.  353] 

LYONS,  EDMUND,  first  BARON  LYONS  (1790-1858), 
admiral  :  entered  the  navy,  1803  ;  present  at  the  passing 
of  the  Dardanelles,  1807 ;  saw  active  service  in  East 
Indies,  1810-11;  commander,  1812;  employed  in  the 
Mediterranean,  1828-33  ;  K.O.H.  and  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary at  Athens,  1835;  created  baronet,  1840  ;  minister  to 
the  Swiss  confederation,  1849-51  ;  rear-admiral,  1850: 
minister  at  Stockholm,  1851-3  ;  second  in  command  of 
the  Mediterranean  fleet,  1853-55 ;  commander-in-chief. 
1855-8 ;  military  G.C.B.,  1865 ;  created  Baron  Lyons  of 
Christchurch,  1856  ;  rear-admiral,  with  temporary  rank  of 
admiral,  while  in  command  in  the  Mediterranean,  1857. 

[xxxiv.  355] 

LYONS,  ISRAEL,  the  elder  (rt.  1770),  hebraist ;  a 
Polish  Jew  settled  at  Cambridge :  instructed  members  of 
the  university  in  Hebrew;  author  of  'The  Scholar's 
Instructor :  an  Hebrew  Grammar,  with  Points,'  1735. 

[xxxiv.  357] 

LYONS,  ISRAEL,  the  younger  (1739-1775),  mathe- 
matician and  botanist  ;  sou  of  Israel  Lyons  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  published  'A  Treatise  of  Fluxions,'  1758,  and 
'  Fasciculus  Plantarum  circa  Oantabrigiam,'  1763  ; 
lectured  on  botany  at  Oxford,  1764  ;  appointed  by  the  board 
of  longitude  to  accompany  Captain  Phipps  as  principal 
astronomer  in  his  arctic  expedition,  1773.  [xxxiv.  357] 

LYONS,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1792-1874),  antiquary 
and  writer  on  gardening  ;  educated  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  published  a  'Treatise  on  the  Management  of 
Orchidaceous  Plants,'  2nd  ed.  1845  ;  interested  in  local  anti- 
quities and  literature,  publishing  '  The  Grand  Juries  of 
Westmeath  from  1727  to  1853,  with  an  Historical  Appen- 
dix,' 1853.  [xxxiv.  358] 

LYONS,  RICHARD  BICKERTON  PEMELL,  second 
BARON  and  first  EARL  LYONS  (1817-1887),  diplomatist; 
son  of  Edmund  Lyons,  first  baron  Lyons  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Winchester  College  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1843 ;  unpaid  attache  at  Athens,  1839 ;  paid  attache, 
1844 ;  transferred  to  Dresden,  1852 ;  appointed  to  Florence, 
1853 ;  secretary  of  that  legation,  1856  ;  British  minister 
at  Washington,  1858-65  ;  K.O.B.,  1860 ;  G.O.B.,  1862  ; 
ambassador  at  Constantinople,  and  privy  councillor, 
1865-7,  at  Paris,  1867-87 ;  created  Viscount  Lyons  of 
Christchurch,  1881,  and  Earl  Lyons,  1887. 

[xxxiv.  358] 

LYONS,  ROBERT  SPENCER  DYER  (1826-1886), 
physician  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  M.B., 
1848  ;  licentiate,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  1849; 
chief  pathological  commissioner  to  the  army  in  the 
Crimea,  1855 ;  investigated  pathological  anatomy  of 
Lisbon  yellow  fever,  1857 ;  joined  St.  George's  Hospital, 
Dublin  ;  professor  of  medicine  in  the  Roman  catholic 
university  medical  school ;  M.P.,  Dublin,  1880-5  ;  published 
two  medical  works  and  a  book  on  forestry,  [xxxiv.  359] 

LYSAGHT,  EDWARD  (1763-1811),  Irish  song- 
writer ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1788 ;  called  to  the  English 
and  Irish  bars,  1788;  practised  first  in  England  and 
afterwards  in  Ireland ;  commissioner  of  bankruptcy  in 
Ireland  and  police  magistrate  for  Dublin ;  wrote  poems 
(published  posthumously,  1811),  political  squibs,  and 
pamphlets.  [xxxiv.  360] 

LY8ARDE,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1570).    [See  LYZABDE.] 

LYSONS,  DANIEL  (1727-1800),  physician;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1751 ;  fellow  and  B.O.L.  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1755  ;  M.D.,  1769 ;  published 
medical  works.  [xxxiv.  360] 

LYSONS,  DANIEL  (1762-1834),  topographer ;  nephew 
of  Daniel  Lysons  (1727-1800)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  St..  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1785 ;  his  principal  work,  •  The 
Environs  of  London,'  1792-6;  held  family  living  of 
Rodmarton,  1804-33;  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Samuel  Lysons  (1763-1819)  [q.  v.]  began  a  'Magua 
Britannia  .  .  .  Account  of  the  .  .  .  Counties  of  Great 
Britain,'  dealing  with  ten  counties  from  Bedfordshire  to 
Devonshire,  in  alphabetical  order,  1806-22.  [xxxiv.  361] 


LYSONS 


LYSONS,  SIR  DANIEL  (1816-1898),  general  ;  son  of 
Daniel  Lysons  (1762-1834)  [q.  v.];  ensign,  1K34  ;  lieuten- 
ant, 1837  ;  served  in  Canada  :  received  company  in  3nl 
West  India  regiment,  1843  :  brigade-major  of  23rd  \\Vlsh 
fusiliers  in  Barbados,  1845-7,  and  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  1847-8;  major,  1849;  in  Crimea,  1854-6; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1851  ;  brevet-colonel  and  O.B.,  1855  ; 
assistant  adjutant-general  at  headquarters  in  England, 
1856 ;  in  Canada  in  connection  with  the  '  Trent '  affair, 
1861 ;  major-general,  1868  ;  quartermaster-general  at 
headquarters,  1876 ;  lieutenant-general  and  K.O.B., 
1877;  general,  1870;  commanded  Aldewbot  division, 
1880-3;  G.C.B.,  1886;  constable  of  the  Tower,  1890; 
published  'Instructions  for  Mounted  Kifle  Volunteers,' 
1860.  [SuppL  iii.  116] 

LYSONS,  SAMUEL  (1763-1819),  antiquary  ;  P.S.A., 
1786;  F.R.S.,  1797;  ^barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1798; 
keeper  of  the  Tower  *of  London  records,  1803 ;  vice- 
president  and  treasurer  of  the  Royal  Society,  1810 ; 
antiquary  professor  in  the  Royal  Academy,  1818  ;  assisted 
his  brother,  Daniel  Lysons  (1762-1834)  [q.  v.],  on  the 
'Magna  Britannia.'  His  greatest  work,  'Reliquiae 
Britanuicc-RomanBD,  containing  Figures  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities discovered  in  England,'  with  plates,  was  pub- 
lished,|1801-17.  [xxxiv.  362] 

LYSONS,  SAMUEL  (1806-1877),  antiquary  ;  son  of 
Daniel  Lysons  (1762-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  BA.  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1830  ;  honorary  canon  of  Gloucester  Cathedral, 
1867;  published  antiquarian  works  connected  with 
Gloucestershire,  1832-68.  [xxxiv.  363] 

LYSTER,  Sin  RICHARD  (d.  1554),  chief-justice  of 
the  court  of  king's  bench  :  reader  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
1515;  solicitor-general,  1522-6;  chief -baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1529 ;  knighted,  1529 ;  chief-justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  1546-52.  [xxxiv.  363] 

LYTE,  HENRY  (1529  ?-1607),  botanist  and  anti- 
quary ;  student  at  Oxford,  c.  1546  ;  published  a  transla-. 
tion  through  the  French  of  the  '  Cruydeboeck'  of  Rem- 
bert  Dodoens,  with  the  title,  '  A  niewe  Herball  or  Historic 
of  Plantes,'  1578;  published  'The  Light  of  Britayue; 
a  Recorde  of  the  honorable  Originall  and  Antiquitie  of 
Britaine,'  1588.  [xxxiv.  364] 

LYTE,  HENRY  FRANCIS  (1793-1847),  hymn- 
writer  ;  lineal  descendant  of  Henry  Lyte  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  took  holy  orders  ;  pub- 
lished '  Poems,  chiefly  Religious,'  1833,  and  other  works ; 
chiefly  remembered  for  his  hymns,  the  best  of  which  ap- 
pear in  most  hymnals ;  died  at  Nice.  [xxxiv.  365] 

LYTE,  THOMAS  (15687-1638),  genealogist;  edu- 
cated at  Sherborne  School;  drew  up  the  'most  royally 
ennobled  Genealogy  '  of  James  I,  now  lost,  which  he  pre- 
sented to  the  king,  1610  ;  compiled  Lyte  pedigrees. 

[xxxiv.  366] 

LYTTELTON  or  LITTLETON,  SIR  CHARLES, 
second  baronet  (1629-1716),  governor  of  Jamaica  ;  sou  of 
Sir  Thomas  Lyttelton  (1596-16501  [q.  v.] ;  fought  in  the 
royalist  army;  escaped  to  France,  1648;  cupbearer  to 
Charles  II,  1650  ;  knighted,  1662 ;  governor  of  Jamaica, 
1662-4 ;  founded  first  town  of  Port  Royal  ;  summoned 
the  first  legislative  assembly,  1664  ;  major  of  the  yellow- 
coated  '  maritime '  regiment,  the  precursor  of  the  marine 
forces ;  governor  of  Harwich  and  Landguard  Fort  at 
time  of  great  sea-fight  with  the  Dutch,  1672 ;  M.P.,  Be\vd- 
ley,  1685-9;  succeeded  his  brother  as  second  baronet, 
1693.  [xxxiv.  307] 

LYTTELTON,  CHARLES  (1714-1768),  antiquary  and 
bishop  of  Carlisle;  grandson  of  Sir  Charles  Lytteltou 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  University  College,  Oxford ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1738;  ordained,  1742;  F.RJS.,  1743; 
D.C.L.,  1745  ;  F.S.A.,  1746 ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1747  ;  bishop 
of  Exeter,  1762 ;  president  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
1765;  contributed  to  the  'Philosophical  Transactions' 
(1748  and  1750).  and  to '  Archaeologia '  (vols.  i-iii.). 

[xxxiv.  368] 

LYTTELTON,  Sm  EDWARD,  first  BARON  LYlTELr 
TON  of  Muuslow  (1589-1G45).  [See  LITTLETON.] 

LYTTELTON,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  LYTTKLTON 
(1709-1773),  descended  from  William,  sou  of  Sir  Thomas 
Littleton  ( 1402-1481)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Okehamptou,  1735-56;  opposed 
Walpolc;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1744-54;  with  his  cou- 


LYTTON 


nections,  Pitt  and  the  Grcnvilles,  composed  'Oobhamite' 
party  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1751  ;  privy  councillor, 
1754  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for  a  short  peri<-l. 
1766  ;  creaU-d  JJaron  Lytteltou  of  Frankley,  1756  ;  oppose! 
the  rej.eal  of  the  Stamp  Act,  1766  :  friend  of  Pope  and  * 
liberal  patron  of  literature  ;  his  beet  poem,  the  monody 
on  the  death  of  bis  wife,  1747  ;  published,  among  numer- 
ous other  works,  '  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,'  1760,  and  "The 
History  of  the  Life  of  Henry  the  Second,  and  of  the 
Age  in  which  he  lived,'  1767-71.  [xxxiv.  369] 

LYTTELTON,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  fourth  HA  ICON 
LYTTELTON  of  Frankley  of  the  second  creation  (1817- 
1876),  son  of  William  Henry  Lyttelton,  third  baron 
Lyttelton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1837;  M.A.,  1888; 
LL.D.,  1862  ;  D.O.L.,  1870;  the  centre  of  the  intellectual 
life  of  Worcestershire  from  1839  :  P.R.8.,  1840  :  principal 
of  Queen's  College,  Birmingham,  1846  ;  tinder-secretary  of 
state  for  the  colonies,  1846  ;  chairman  of  the  Canterbury 
Association,  a  church  of  England  corporation  which  estab- 
lished Canterbury,  New  Zealand,  1850  ;  first  president  of 
the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute,  1853  ;  chief  com- 
missioner of  endowed  schools,  1869  ;  privy  councillor,  1869  ; 
K.O.M.G.,  1869  ;  killed  himself  in  an  attack  of  constitu- 
tional melancholia  ;  published,  together  with  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, a  volume  of  translations,  1839.  [xxxiv.  374] 

LYTTELTON,  Sm  HENRY,  second  baronet  (1624- 
1693),  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Lyttelton  (1596-1660)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  1651  ;  M.P.,  Lichfleld,  1678-9. 


[xxxiv.  376] 
LnT 


LYTTELTON,  JAMES  (rf.  1723).    [See  LnTLKTON.] 

LYTTELTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1402-1481).  [See  LIT- 
TLETON.] 

LYTTELTON,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1596- 
1650),  royalist  ;  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A., 
1614;  created  baronet,  1618;  M.P.,  Worcester,  1621-2, 
1624-5,  1625,  1626,  1640;  colonel  of  the  Worcestershire 
horse  and  foot,  1642  ;  imprisoned,  1644-6.  [xxxiv.  375] 

LYTTELTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1647  ?-1710).  [See 
LITTLETON.] 

LYTTELTON,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  LYT- 
TELTON (1744-1779),  commonly  called  the  wicked  Lord 
Lyttelton  ;  son  of  George,  first  baron  Lyttelton  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.P., 
Bewdley,  1768-9  ;  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
1774  ;  prominent  in  debates  on  American  affairs,  1774-8  ; 
wanied  in  a  dream  (24  Nov.  1779),  which  was  exactly 
fulfilled,  that  he  would  die  in  three  days  ;  a  notorious  pro- 
fligate. [xxxiv.  375] 

LYTTELTON,  WILLIAM  HEN  RY,  first  BARON  LYT- 
TBLTON  of  Frankley  of  the  second  creation  (1724-1808), 
educated  at  Eton  College  and  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1748  :  M.P.,  Bewdley,  1748-66, 
and  1774-6  :  governor  of  South  Carolina,  1765-62,  of 
Jamaica,  1762-6  ;  ambassador  to  Portugal,  1766-71  ; 
created  Baron  Westcote  of  Balamare,  co.  Longford  (Irish 
peerage),  1776  ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1776-82  ; 
bon.  D.O.L.,  1781  ;  created  Baron  Lyttelton  of  Frankley 
(peerage  of  Great  Britain),  1794  :  chief  published  work 
'An  Historical  Account  of  the  Constitution  of  Jamaica,' 
1792.  [xxxiv.  378] 

LYTTELTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  third  BARON 
LYTTELTON  of  Frankley  of  the  second  creation  (1788- 
1837),  son  of  William  Henry  Lyttelton,  first  baron  Lyt- 
telton of  the  second  creation  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1805  ;  M.P.,  Worcestershire,  1807- 
1820  ;  D.C.L.,  1810  ;  succeeded  to  the  title  on  death  of  his 
half-brother,  George  Fulke,  second  baron,  1828  :  a  whig 
and  an  eloquent  orator.  [xxxiv.  378] 

LYTTELTON,  WILLIAM  HENRY(1820-1884),canon 
of  Gloucester  ;  sou  of  William  Henry  Lytteltou,  third 
baron  Lyttelton  [q.  v.]  :  of  Winchester  College  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1841;  honorary  canon  of 
Worcester,  1847  ;  canon  of  Gloucester,  1880  ;  published 
religious  works.  [xxxiv.  379] 

LYTTON,  EDWARD  GEORGE  EARLE  LYTTON 
HULWKR-,  first  BARON  LYTTON  (1803-1873),  novelist; 
educated  at  private  schools  under  a  tutor,  and  then  suc- 
cessively at  Trinity  College  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  : 
published  a  small  volume  of  poeuis  ;  chancellor':-  medallist, 


LYTTON 


806 


MACALPINE 


182*:  B.A.,  1826;  frequented  the  fashionable  circles 
of  London  and  Paris;  married  Rosina  Wheeler,  1827  [see 
LTTTOIC,  ROSINA  BULWKR-LYTTON,  LADY]  ;  supported 
himself  by  energetic  literary  labour ;  wrote  for  all  kinds 
of  periodicals,  from  '  Quarterly  Reviews '  to  •  Keepsakes ' ; 
published '  Falkland,'  1827, '  1  'el hum,'  one  of  his  best  novels, 
1828, and  'The  Disowned,'  1828;  published  'Devereux,' 
18»,  'Paul  Clifford,'  1830;  edited  the  'New  Monthly,' 
1831-2;  M.P.,  St  Ives,  Huntingdonshire,  1831,  Lincoln, 
1832-41  :  a  reformer  in  politics  and  a  steady  supporter  of 
authors'  copyrights  and  the  removal  of  taxes  upon  litera- 
ture :  published  'Eugene  Aram,'  1832,  'Godolphin,'  1833, 
•The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,'  1884,  ami  '  Hieuzi,'  1835 ; 
separated  from  his  wife  (legal  separation,  1836),  who 
spent  her  remaining  years  ((/.  1882)  in  lawsuits  directed 
against  her  husband,  and  in  publishing  a  long  series  of 
attacks  upon  him ;  the  '  Lady  of  Lyons '  produced  at 
Co  vent  Garden,  1838,  and  'Richelieu,'  1839;  produced 
•  Money '  at  the  Hayumrket,  1840 ;  undertook,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  others,  '  The  Monthly  Chronicle,'  1841 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Last  of  the  Barons,'  1843,  and  '  The  New 
Union,'  a  romantic  story  in  heroic  couplets,  1846  ;  brought 
out '  Harold,'  1848 ;  joined  the  conservatives  and  returned 
to  politics ;  M.P.,  Hertfordshire,  1852-66 ;  published  '  My 
Novel,'  1863;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1856 
and  1858 ;  secretary  for  the  colonies,  1858-9 ;  created 
Baron  Lytton  of  Knebworth,  1866 ;  published  anony- 
mously *  The  Coming  Race,'  an  ingenious  prophecy  of  the 
society  of  the  future,  1871,  and  '  The  Parisians,'  1873. 

[xxxiv.  380] 

LYTTON.  EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWER,  first  EARL 
or  LYTTON  (1831-1891),  statesman  and  poet;  son  of 
Edward  George  Earle  Lytton  Bulwer-Lytton,  first  baron 
Lytton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Bonn  ;  private 
secretary  to  his  uncle,  Lord  Dalling,  at  Washington  and 
Florence ;  paid  attache  at  the  Hague  and  Vienna ;  pub- 
" '  Clytemnestra,' '  The  Earl's  Return,'  and  other  poems, 


under  the  pseudonym  of  Owen  Meredith,  1855  ;  published 
'The  Wanderer,'  a  volume  of  lyrics,  1857,  and  Lucile' 
(a  poem),  1860 :  consul-general  at  Belgrade ;  second  secre- 
tary at  Vienna,  1862 ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Copenhagen, 
1863  ;  transferred  to  Athens,  1864,  and  to  Lisbon,  1865  ; 
employed  successively  at  Madrid^  and  Vienna,  1868-72; 
published  *  Chronicles  and  Characters,'  1868 ;  '  Orval,  or 
the  Fool  of  Time,'  the  sole  representative  in  English 
literature  of  the  great  Polish  school  of  mystical  poetry, 
1869 ;  secretary  to  the  embassy  at  Paris,  1872-4  ;  British 
minister  at  Lisbon,  1872 ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  title, 
1873 ;  published  '  Fables  in  Song,'  1874  ;  viceroy  of  India, 
1876-80;  proclaimed  Queen  Victoria  empress  of  India  at 
Delhi,  1877  ;  did  admirable  work  in  famine  of  1877-8 ;  re- 
sponsible for  the  Afghan  war,  1879  ;  effected  memorable 
internal  reforms,  but  his  administration  regarded  at  home 
as  a  failure  ;  ambassador  at  Paris,  an  office  in  which  he 
won  great  popularity,  1887-91 ;  •'  King  Poppy,'  his  most 
original  and  best  poem,  published,  1892 ;  takes  high  rank 
as  a  prose  writer  in  his  minutes  and  despatches. 


[xxxiv.  387] 
rTTON,    LADY 


LYTTON,  KOS1NA  BULWER-LY: 
(1802-1882),  novelist :  nir.  Wheeler;  married  by  Ed  ward 
George  Earle  Lyttou  Bulwer-Lytton,  first  baron  Lyttou 
[q.  v.],  against  his  mother's  wishes,  1827 ;  a  woman  of 
excitable  temperament ;  became  estranged  from  her  hus- 
band (1836)  and  was  legally  separated  from  him  ;  wrote  a 
long  series  of  attacks  upon  him,  publishing  (1839), 
'  Cheveley,  or  the  Man  of  Honour,'  a  novel  in  which  she 
made  her  husband  the  villain.  [xxxiv.  381] 

LYVEDEN,  first  BARON  (1800-1873).  [See  SMITH, 
ROBERT  VERNON.] 

LYZARDE,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1570),  sergeant-painter ; 
painter  to  the  court  in  time  of  Henry  VIII  and  Edward  VI ; 
sergeant-painter  to  queens  Mary  and  Elizabeth. 

[xxxiv.  392] 


M 


MAAS,  JOSEPH  (1847-1886),  vocalist;  studied  at 
Milan,  1869-71 ;  public  singer  in  London,  1871  ;  principal 
tenor  at  her  majesty's  opera;  created  the  part  of  the 
Chevalier  des  Grieux  in  Massenet's  'Mauon'  at  Drury 
Lane,  1886.  [xxxiv.  392] 

BAB  or  MABBE,  JAMES  (1572-1642?),  Spanish 
scholar ;  grandson  of  John  Mab  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1594-1633  ;  M.A.,  1698  ;  secretary 
to  Sir  John  Dlgby.  ambassador  at  Madrid,  1611-13  ;  pub- 
lished translations  from  the  Spanish,  including  'The 
Rogue,  or  the  Life  of  Guzman  de  Alfarache,'  1622,  and 
some  'Devout  Contemplations,  by  Fr.  Ch.  de  Fonseca,' 
1629.  [xxxiv.  392] 


or  MABBE,  JOHN  (d.  1682),  chamberlain  of 
London  ;  freeman  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company ;  chamber- 
lain of  Ixmdon,  1577-82 ;  wrote  '  Remembrances,  faith- 
fuHic  printed  out  of  his  own  hand  writing,  etc.,'  licensed, 
1583.  [xxxiv.  393] 

MABERLY.  CATHERINE  CHARLOTTE  (1805- 
187*),  novelist;  nee  Prittie;  married  William  Leader 
Maberly  [q.  v.],  1830 ;  wrote  eight  novels,  published 
between  1840  and  1856.  [xxxiv.  394] 

MABERLY.  FREDERICK  HERBERT  (1781-1860), 
politician ;  of  Westminster  Scbool  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1809  ;  led  by  his  fanatical  zeal  against 
catholic  emancipation  into  eccentric  and  violent  conduct, 
which  caused  the  magistrates  and  the  home  secretary 
anxiety  about  the  public  peace,  1812-36.  [xxxiv.  393] 

MABEKLY,  WILLIAM  LEADER  (1 798-1 885),  secre- 
tary of  the  general  post  office;  entered  the  army,  1816- 
lieutenant-colonel ;  M.P.,  Westbury,  1819-20,  Northamp- 
ton, 1820-30,  Shaftcsbury,  1831-2,  Chatlium,  1832-4- 
joint  secretary  of  the  general  post  office,  1836-54  ;  opposed 
all  Rowland  Hill's  schemes  of  reform ;  transferred  to  the 
board  of  audit,  1864,  where  he  rcinuiued  till  1866 ;  retired 
Iroui  the  army,  1881.  [IXxiv.  394] 

MAB8    [See  MAB,  JOHN.] 


MACADAM,  JOHN  (1827-1865),  chemist;  studied 
medicine  at  Glasgow  University  and  chemistry  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  M.D.  Glasgow ;  lecturer  on  chemistry  and  natural 
science  in  the  Scottish  College,  Melbourne,  1855  ;  member 
of  the  legislative  assembly  of  Victoria,  1869-64;  post- 
master-general, 1861 ;  lecturer  in  chemistry  in  Melbourne 
University,  1861-2 ;  died  at  sea  on  his  way  to  New 
Zealand.  [xxxiv.  395] 

McADAM,  JOHN  LOUDON  (1756-1836),  the  'mac- 
adamiser '  of  roads  ;  began  experiments  in  roadmakiug  in 
Ayrshire ;  continued  them  at  Falmouth,  where  he  resided 
after  1798  as  agent  for  revictualling  the  navy  in  the 
western  ports ;  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  roads 
should  be  constructed  of  broken  stone ;  surveyor-general 
of  the  Bristol  roads,  1816 :  published  '  Present  State  of 
Road-making,'  1820  ;  general  surveyor  of  roads,  1827 ;  his 
process  adopted  in  all  parts  of  the  civilised  world,  his 
name  becoming  the  synonym  for  the  invention. 

[xxxiv.  395] 

MACALISTER,  ARTHUR  (1818-1883),  Australian 
politician;  emigrated  to  Australia,  I860;  represented 
Ipswich  in  the  first  Queensland  parliament,  1860 ;  secre- 
tary for  lands  and  works,  1862;  premier  and  colonial 
secretary,  1866-7,  1874-6  ;  speaker,  1870-1 ;  agent-general 
for  Queensland  in  London,  1676-81.  [xxxiv.  397] 

McALL,  ROBERT  STEPHENS  (1792-1838),  congre- 
gational minister  ;  ordained,  1823  ;  a  brilliant  preacher  ; 
published  sermons  and  poems.  [xxxiv.  397] 

MACALLTTM,  HAMILTON  (1811-1896),  painter: 
studied  at  Royal  Academy,  where  he  exhibited  between 
1876  and  1896.  [Suppl.  iii.  116] 

MACALPINE,  MACCABEUS,  MACHABEUS, 
MACCABE,  or  MACHABE,  JOHN  (<f.  1557),  Scottish 
reformer  and  professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen ;  prior 
of  Dominican?  at  Perth,  1532-4;  imbibed  reformation 
principles  and  fied  to  England  ;  passed  to  the  continent ; 
professor  in  Copenhagen,  1642 ;  assisted  to  translate 
Luther's  bible  into  Danish,  1550  ;  author  of  Latin  theo- 
logical works  ;  died  at  Copenhagen.  [xxxiv.  398] 


MACANWAKD 


807 


MACAULAY 


MACANWARD,    HUGH    BOY    (1580?-1635),    Iri-h 
historian  ;  belonged  to  a  clan,  eight  of  whom,  dour: 
between  1587  and  1696,  were  poets  ;   studied  at  th>-  i 
ciscan  convent  of  Donegal,  at  Salamanca,  and  in  Paris  ; 
first  professor  of  theology   in  the  IrUh  college  of  St. 
Anthony  at  Louvain,  1616  :  made  collections  for  a  com- 
plete   Irish  martyrolo'-ry    and    hagiology,    which    John 
Colgan  [q.  v.]  used  for  his  '  Acta  Sanctorum  Hiberaia ' ; 
died  at  Louvaiu.  [xxxiv.  398] 

MACARDELL,  JAMES  (17297-1765X  mezzotint- 
engraver ;  studied  under  John  Brooks  [q.  v.] ;  engraved 
over  forty  plates  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  twenty- 
five  after  Hudson.  [xxxlv.  399] 

MACARIUS,  called  SCOTUS  (<*.  1153),  abbot;  mi- 
grated to  Germany  from  Scotland,  1139 ;  abbot  of  the 
Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  James,  near  WUrzburg; 
author  of  '  De  Laude  Martyrum.'  [xxxiv.  400] 

MACARTHUR  or  McARTHUR,  SIR  EDWARD 
(1789-1872),  lieutenant-general;  son  of  John  Macarthur 
(1767-1834)  [q.  v.]  :  born  in  England  ;  lived  as  a  boy  at 
Parramatta,  near  Sydney :  entered  the  army,  1  wi.< ;  saw 
action  in  the  Peninsula,  1812-14,  in  Canada,  1814 ;  cap- 
tain, 1821 :  assistant  adjutant-general  in  Ireland,  1837 ; 
deputy  adjutant-general  in  the  Australian  colonies,  1841- 
1855 ;  commander  of  the  troops  in  Australia,  with  rank 
of  major-general,  1855-60 ;  acting  governor  of  Victoria, 
1856 ;  K.G.B.,  1862  ;  lieutenant-general,  1866. 

[xxxiv.  400] 

MACARTHUR,  HANNIBAL  HAWKINS  (1788-1861), 
nephew  of  John  Macarthur  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  born  in 
England ;  emigrated  to  New  South  Wales,  1805  ;  engaged 
in  the  wool  trade;  police  magistrate  at  Parramatta; 
member  of  the  legislative  council,  1843.  [xxxiv.  402] 

MACARTHUR,  JAMES  (1798-1867),  son  of  John 
Macarthur  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.]  :  born  at  Oamden,  New 
South  Wales ;  published  '  New  South  Wales,  its  Present 
State  and  Future  Prospects,'  1838  ;  member  of  the  legisla- 
tive council  of  New  South  Wales,  1839,  1848,  and  1851  ; 
engaged  in  the  exploration  of  Gippsland,  1840. 

[xxxiv.  402] 

MACARTHUR,  JOHN  (1794-1831),  son  of  John 
Macarthur  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  appointed  chief-justice  of  New  South  Wales ; 
died  before  assuming  office.  [xxxiv.  402] 

MACARTHUR,  JOHN  (1767-1834),  'the  father'  of 
New  South  Wales ;  born  in  England ;  entered  the  army, 
1788 ;  accompanied  the  New  South  Wales  corps  to  Sydney, 
1790:  commandant  at  Parramatta,  1793-1804;  turned  his 
attention  to  agriculture  and  to  improving  the  colonial 
breed  of  sheep  :  tried  at  Sydney  for  high  misdemeanors  in 
connection  with  the  liquor  traffic  and  acquitted,  1808 ; 
planted  the  first  vineyard  in  the  colony,  1817 :  member  of 
the  first  legislative  council  of  New  South  Wales,  1825-31 ; 
created  the  Australian  wool  and  wine  trade. 

[xxxiv.  401] 

McARTHUR,  JOHN  (1755-1840X  author;  entered 
navy,  1778;  secretary  to  Lord  Hood,  1791 ;  published  'A 
Treatise  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Naval  Courte- 
MartiaV  1792  (the  second  edition,  1805,  entitled  *  Prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  Naval  and  Military  Courts- Martial,' 
long  the  standard  work);  commenced  publication,  in  con- 
junction with  James  Stanier  Clarke  [q.  v.],  of  the  '  Naval 
Chronicle,'  1799 ;  chief  work,  •  Life  of  Lord  Nelson,'  also 
in  conjunction  with  Clarke,  1809.  [xxxiv.  402] 

MACARTHUR,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1800-1882),  son  of 
John  Macarthur  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.]  :  born  at  Parramatta 
member  of  New  South  Wales  legislative  council,  1849  and 
1864 ;  knighted,  1855.  [xxxiv.  402] 

McARTHUR,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1809-1887),  lord  mayor 
of  London;    a  woollen  draper  of  Londonderry;    com 
menced  exporting  woollen  good?  to  his  brother  in  Sydney 
transferred  headquarters  of  his  business  to  London,  1857 
M.P.,  Lambeth,  1868-85 :  sheriff  of  London,  1867  :  alder 
man,  1872 ;  lord  mayor,  1880  ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1881 ;  K.O.M.G.,  1882. 

[xxxiv.  404] 

MACARTNEY,  GEORGE  (1660  ?-1730).      [See  MAC 

CARTNEY.] 

MACARTNEY,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  MACARTNEY 
(1737-1806),  diplomatist  and  colonial  governor;  M.A 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1759;  envoy  extraordinary  at  St 


etersburg,  1764-7  :  M.P.,  Antrim,  in  Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons; chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1769-71;  captain- 
general  and  governor  of  the  Oaribbee  Island*,  1775  a: 


reated  Baron  Macartney  of  Llsaanoure  (Irish  peerage), 
776  ;  governor  ami  president  of  Port  St.George(MadrM), 
780-6;  IrUh  privy  councillor,  1788;  created  Earl 
Macartney  and  Viscount  Macartney  of  Dervook  in  the 


rish  peerage,  1702  :  ambaMador  extraordinary  and  pleni- 
potentiary to  Pekin,  1792-4  ;  gWMM  of  the  Gape  of 


3ood  Hope,  1796-8 ;  wrote '  An  Account  of  an  Embassy  to 
Russia,'  '  A  Political  Account  of  Ireland,'  and  '  Journal 
f  the  Embassy  to  China,'  all  published  in  Barrow's 
Memoir '  of  him  (vol.  ii.)  [xxxiv.  404] 

MACARTNEY,  JAMES  (1770-1848),  anatomist; 
pprenticed  as  surgeon  in  Dublin  ;  studied  at  Hunterian 
chool  of  medicine,  London,  and  at  Guy's,  St.  Thomas's, 
and  St.  Bartholomew's  hospitals  ;  M.R.C.8.,1800  ;  F.R.S., 
811 ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1813 ;  professor  of  anatomy  and 
urgery,  Dublin  University,  1813-37 ;  hon.  P.R.O.P.  Ire- 
and,  1818:  hon.  M.D.Cambridge,  1833  :  published  anato- 
mical works.  [Suppl.  iii.  116] 

MACAULAY,    AULAY    (1758-1819X    miscellaneous 
writer ;    brother  of   Zacbary   Macaulay  [q.  v.] ;    M.A. 
Glasgow,   1778 ;    took  orders ;    published   sermons   and 
iscellaneous  essays,  1780.  [xxxiv.  406] 

MACAULAY,  MRS.  CATHARINE,  after  her  second 
marriage  known  as  CATHARINE  MACAULAY  GRAHAM 
1731-1791 X  historian  and  controversialist;  nle  Saw- 
iridge ;  married  George  Macaulay,  M.D.  (d.  1766X  1760  : 
mblished  vol.  i.  of  her  '  History  of  England,'  1763 :  settled 
it  Bath,  1774;  married  William  Graham,  brother  of 
James  Graham  (1745-1794)  [q.  v.],  the  quack  doctor, 
778 ;  visited  North  America,  1784 ;  stopped  ten  days  with 
Washington,  1785;  her  most  famous  production,  'The 
listory  of  England  from  the  Accession  of  James  I  to  that 
of  the  Brunswick  Line*  (i.  1763,  ii.  1766,  iii.  1767, iv.  1768, 
v.  1771,  vi.  and  vii.  1781,  viii.  1783X  now  almost  forgotten. 

[xxxiv.  407] 

MACAULAY,  OOLIN  CAMPBELL  (1799-1853X  son 
of  Aulay  Macaulay  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Rugby ;  contri- 
buted to  the  transactions  of  the  Leicester  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society.  [xxxiv.  407] 

MACAULAY,  SIR  JAMES  BUCHANAN  (1793-1859), 
Canadian  judge;  born  at  Niagara,  Ontario;  lieutenant, 
Glengarry  fencibles,  1812,  serving  during  the  American 
war :  admitted  to  the  Canadian  bar,  1822 ;  judge  of  the 
court  of  king's  bench,  Canada,  1829:  chief-justice  of 
court  of  common  pleas,  1849-56,  subsequently  judge  of  the 
court  of  error  and  appeal;  chairman  of  commission  to 
revise  and  consolidate  statutes  of  Canada  and  Upper 
Canada  ;  O.B.,  1868 ;  knighted,  1859.  [xxxiv.  409] 

MACAULAY,  JOHN  (d.  1789X  divine  :  minister  suc- 
cessively of  South  Uist,  1746,  LUmore,  1756,  Inverary, 
1765,  and  Oardross,  1775 ;  mentioned  in  Boswell's  account 
of  Johnson's  '  Tour  to  the  Hebrides  in  1773.' 

[xxxiv.  418] 

MACAULAY,  KENNETH  (1723-1 779),  alleged  author 
of  a«  History  of  St.  Kilda ' ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1742 :  minister 
of  Harris  in  the  Hebrides  and  other  places  in  Scotland ; 
sent  by  the  kirk  on  a  special  mission  to  St.  Kilda,  1759; 
published  '  History  of  St.  Kilda '  a?  his  own  composition, 
1764 :  doubts  thrown  on  his  authorship  by  Dr.  Johnson  ; 
probably  did  no  more  than  supply  the  materials  to  Dr. 
John  Macphersou  of  Skye,  the  real  author. 


[xxxiv.  409] 
)X,  f       ~ 


MACAULAY,  THOMAS  BABINGTON,  first  BARON 
MACAULAY  (1800-1859  x  historian ;  son  of  Zachary  Mac- 
aulay [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  private  schools  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  1824 ;  bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1826 ;  his  first  article  (on  Milton)  pub- 
lished in  the  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1825 :  became  a  main- 
stay of  the  '  Edinburgh  Review ' ;  a  nmmMiair  In  bank- 
ruptcy, 1828 ;  liberal  M .P.,  Calne,  1830,  Leeds,  1831 :  a 
commissioner  of  the  board  of  control,  1832,  secretary,  1833 : 
member  of  the  supreme  council  of  India,  1834-8  ;  president 
of  the  commission  for  composing  a  criminal  code  for  India, 
1835  (published  1837,  becoming  law  1860):  returned  to 
London  and  engaged  in  literature  and  politics,  1838 :  began 
bis  •  History  of  England,'  1839 ;  M.P.,  Edinburgh,  1839-47, 
and  1852-6;  secretary  of  war,  1839-41;  published  'Lays 
of  Ancient  Rome,*  1842 :  a  collective  edition  of  the  'Edin- 
burgh '  essays  published,  1843  :  proposed  and  carried  the 
copyright  bill  of  forty-two  years,  which  is  still  law; 


MACAULAY 


808 


MACCALL 


paymaster  of  the  forces,  1816-7  ;  published  vols.  i.  and  ii 
SObe'HJstotj, 


,,f  (;:.-•.  'A 
of  Rothley, 


,  1848,  vols.  iii.  and  iv.  1855  ;  lord  rector 
t'niver>ity.  l*4'.t;  <-rv.i'.-l  IS.  iron  MH«M:I!:I\ 
1857:  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Hie 
writings  were  largely  coloured  by  bis  whig  sympathies 
and  dislike  of  speculation.  His  complete  works  ap- 
peared in  eight  volumes,  1866.  [xxxiv.  410] 

MACAULAY,  ZAOHARY  (1768-1838),  philanthropist 
rion  of  John   Macanlay  [q.  v.]  ;  when  manager  of  at: 


in  Jamaica,  became  deeply  impressed  with  the 
BB  of  the  slave  population  ;  governor  of  Sierra  Leone, 
179J-9:  secretary  to  the  Sierra  Leone  Company,  1799- 
1808:  edited  the  '  Christian  Observer,'  an  organ  specially 
•levoted  to  the  abolition  of  the  British  slave-trade,  and  to 
t  lie  destruction  of  the  slave-trade  abroad,  1802-16  :  secre- 
tary to  the  African  Institute,  1807-12 ;  helped  to  form 
Anti-Slavery  Society,  1823  ;  did  much  for  the  abolitionist 
cause.  His  works,  consisting  chiefly  of  papers  issued  by 
the  societies  to  which  he  belonged,  are  anonymous. 

[xxxiv.  418] 

McATJLEY,  CATHARINE  (1787-1841),  foundress  of 
the  Order  of  Mercy :  founded  the  '  House  of  our  Blessed 
Lady  of  Mercy  '  in  Dublin,  1827,  which  became  a  flourish- 
intr  ( Koui.in  catholic) order  of  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  spread 
to  England,  1839,  Newfoundland,  1842,  United  States,  1843, 
Australia,  1845,  Scotland  and  New  Zealand,  1849,  and 
South  America,  1856.  [xxxiv.  420] 

M'AVOY,  MARGARET  (1800-1820),  blind  lady;  be- 
came blind,  1816  ;  could  distinguish  colours  and  decipher 
printed  or  clearly  written  manuscript  forms  of  letters  by 
her  touch.  [xxxiv.  421] 

MACBAIN,  Sm  JAMES  (1828-1892),  Australian 
statesman ;  born  in  Scotland ;  migrated  to  Melbourne, 
1853 ;  partner  in  Gibbs,  Ronald  &  Co.,  a  firm  of  mercantile 
and  squatting  agents  which  was  bought  by  the  Australian 
Mortgage  Land  and  Finance  Company ;  of  that  company 
Miii-bain  was  chairman  of  Australian  directorate,  1865-90 ; 
member  of  the  legislative  assembly,  1864  ;  member  of  the 
cabinet,  without  portfolio,  1881-3  :  president  of  the  legis- 
lative council,  1884 ;  knighted,  1886 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1889  ;  died 
at  Toorak.  [xxxiv.  421] 

MACBEAW,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1784),  one  of  the  six 
amanuenses  whom  Johnson  employed  on  the  '  Dictionary ' ; 
assisted  when  starving  by  Johnson,  who  wrote  a  preface 
for  his  '  Dictionary  of  Ancient  Geography,'  1773  ;  admitted 
to  the  Charterhouse,  1780.  [xxxiv.  422] 

MACBEAN,  FORBES  (1725-1800),  lieutenant-general, 
royal  artillery ;  educated  at  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich ;  present  at  Fontenoy,  1745  ;  adjutant  at  Wool- 
wich,  1755-9  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Miuden,  1759,  at 
Warburg,  1760,  and  at  Fritzlar,  1761  :  inspector-general 
of  Portuguese  artillery,  1765-9  ;  served  in  Canada,  1769- 
1773,  and  1778-80;  lieutenant-general,  1798  :  left  valuable 
manuscript  notes  relating  to  the  earlier  history  of  the 
royal  artillery.  [xxxiv.  422] 

MACBETH  (d.  1057),  king  of  Scotland :  commander 
of  the  forces  of  Duncan,  king  of  Scotland,  whom  he  slew, 
and  whose  kingdom  he  took,  1040 ;  defeated  by  Siward, 
earl  of  Northumbria,  1054 ;  defeated  and  slain  by  Mal- 
colm III,  Oanmore  [q.  v.],  1057.  [xxxiv.  423] 

MACBETH,  NORMAN  (1821-1888),  portrait-painter; 
i-tudied  in  the  Royal  Academy  schools,  London,  and  in 
Paris;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  from 
1845  ;  RJSJL,  1880.  [xxxiv.  424] 

MACBRADY,  FIACHRA(./l.  1712),  Irish  poet ;  author 
of  poems  in  Irish,  printed  in  the  •  Antbologia  Hibernica.' 

[xxxiv.  424] 

MACBEADY,  PHILIP  (ft.  1710),  Irish  scholar ;  a  pro- 
tcstaut  clergyman  and  famous  wit ;  translated  sermons 
into  Irish  and  wrote  Irish  poems.  [xxxiv.  424] 

MACBRIDE,  DAVID  (1726-1778),  medical  writer; 
eon  of  Robert  McBride  [q.  v.] ;  studied  in  Edinburgh 
and  London;  secretary  to  the  Medico- Philosophical 
Society,  Dublin,  1762  ;  published  '  Experimental  Essays,' 
1764;  suggested  a  method  for  treating  scurvy  by  an 
infusion  of  malt,  and  advocated  the  use  of  lime-water  in 
certain  part*  of  the  process  of  tanning  ;  published  '  Intro- 
duction to  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic '  (Dublin 
•UtoUX  1773.  [xxxiv.  424] 

McBRIDE,  JOHN  (1651 7-1718),  Irish  presbyterian 
divine;  graduated  at  Glasgow,  lt>73 ;  received  presby- 


terian ordination,  1680:  minister  of  Belfast,  1694-1718; 
moderator  of  (.'oncral  synod  of  Ulster,  1(597:  refused 
oath  of  abjuration,  1703,  in  consequence  of  which  his 
ministry  was  often  interrupted  ;  an  able  preacher  ;  pub- 
lished controversial  tracts.  [xxxiv.  425] 

MACBRIDE,  JOHN  (rf.  1800),  admiral :  son  of  Robert 
McBride  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1764  ;  lieutenant,  1761  ; 
took  part  in  the  action  off  Ushant,  1776,  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  1780 ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1784 ;  rear-admiral  and 
commander-in-chief  in  the  Downs,  1793 ;  admiral,  1799. 

[xxxiv.  427] 

MACBRIDE,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  PATERSON, 
(1819-1890),  sculptor ;  worked  in  the  studio  of  Samuel 
Joseph  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the  Liverpool  Academy  from 
1836  ;  executed  chiefly  portrait  busts  and  monuments  for 
Liverpool  Institution.  [xxxiv.  428] 

MACBRIDE,  JOHN  DAVID  (1778-1868),  principal  of 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  son  of  John  Macbride  (d.  1800) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1800 ; 
M.A.,  1802 ;  interested  in  oriental  literature ;  both  prin- 
cipal of  Magdalen  Hall  (named  Hertford  College,  1874)  and 
lord  almoner's  reader  in  Arabic,  1813-68:  his  principal 
literary  work,  'The  Mohammedan  Religion  explained,' 
1857.  [xxxiv.  429] 

McBRIDE,  ROBERT  (1687-1759),  son  of  John  McBride 
(1651?-1718)  [q.  v.];  ordained  minister  of  Ballymoney, 
1716;  took  the  side  of  subscription  in  the  sy  nodical  con- 
troversies of  1720-6.  [xxxiv.  427] 

MACBRTJAIDEDH,  MAOILIN  (d.  1602),  Irish  his- 
torian and  poet,  commonly  called  MAOILIX  the  younger ; 
belonged  to  a  family  of  hereditary  historians ;  ollamh  (chief 
chronicler)  to  the  chiefs  of  the  O'Gradys  and  the  O'Gor- 
inans ;  author  of  a  number  of  Irish  poems,  some  in  a  very 
difficult  metre  called  dan  direch.  [xxxiv.  430] 

MACBRTJAIDEDH,  TADHO  (1570-1652),  Irish  poet ; 
called  by  Irish  writers  Tadhg  MacDaire;  ollamh  to 
Donpgh  O'Brien,  fourth  earl  of  Thomond  [q.  v.],  1603 ; 
president  of  Munster,  1605 ;  author  of  numerous  Irish 
poems,  some  of  them  in  defence  of  the  northern  Irish 
poetry  against  southern  ;  flung  over  a  cliff  and  killed  by 
a  Cromwellian,  to  whom  his  estate  had  been  granted. 

[xxxiv.  430] 

MACCABE,  OATHAOIR  (d.  1740),  Irish  poet  and 
harper ;  name  written  MacCaba  in  Irish  ;  friend  of  the 
poet  O'Carolan  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  Irish  poems. 

[xxxiv.  431] 

M'CABE,  EDWARD  (1816-1885),  cardinal  and  Roman 
catholic  archbishop  of  Dublin ;  educated  at  May- 
nooth ;  ordained,  1839 ;  bishop  of  Gadara  as  assistant  to 
Cardinal  Cullen  [q.  v.],  1877  ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1879  ; 
created  cardinal,  1882  ;  denounced  agrarian  agitation. 

[xxxiv.  432] 

MACCABE,  WILLIAM  BERNARD  (1801-1891), 
author  and  historian ;  connected  with  the  Irish  press 
from  1823;  became  member  of  the  staff  of  the  London 
'  Morning  Chronicle,'  1833  ;  published  '  A  Catholic  His- 
tory of  England,'  3  vols.  (closing  with  the  Norman  Con- 
quest), 1847-54;  wrote  historical  romances  ;  edited  Dublin 
Telegraph,'  1852.  [xxxiv.  432] 

M'CABE,  WILLIAM  PUTNAM  (1776?-1821),  United 
Irishman ;  went  about  Ireland  as  an  organiser ;  joined 
French  invaders,  and  on  their  capitulation  escaped 
to  Wales ;  assumed  name  of  Lee  (his  real  name  having 
been  inserted  in  the  Irish  Banishment  Act),  and  started 
cotton  mill  near  Rouen  ;  encouraged  by  Napoleon ;  visited 
England  and  Ireland  on  business,  and  is  said  to  have  had 
tiairbreadth  escapes  from  arrest.  [xxxiv.  433] 

MACCAGHWELL,  HUGH  (1571-1626),  sometimes 
known  as  Aodh  mac  aingil,  Roman  catholic  archbishop 
of  Armagh ;  went  to  Salamanca,  where  he  was  famous 
us  a  reader  in  theology  ;  taught  at  the  Irish  Franciscan 
College  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua  at  Louvain,  1616  ;  reader 
n  theology  at  the  convent  of  Ara  Coeli,  Rome,  1623; 
consecrated  archbishop  of  Armagh  at  Rome,  1626  ;  died 
just  as  he  was  prepared  to  go  to  Ireland  ;  published  Latin 
theological  works.  [xxxiv.  433] 

MACCALL,   WILLIAM  (1812-1888),    author;    M.A. 
lasgow,  1833  ;  joined  the  Unitarian  ministry  :  wrote  for 
the  press  and  published  works  of  individualist  ethics. 

[xxxiv.  434] 


MACCARTAIN 


hU'.t 


MAOCONMIDHE 


MACCARTAIN,  WILLIAM  ( /».  1703),  Irish  poet; 
Roman  catholic  and  royalist ;  wrote  a  poetical  address  to 
Sir  Jiimos  FitzEdmoud  Cotter,  the  real  murderer  of  John 
Lisle  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  Irish  poems.  [xxxiv.  434] 

M'CARTHY,  8m  CHARLES  (1770?-1824),  governor 
of  Sierra  Leone ;  served  in  the  West  Indies  with  the  Irish 
brigade,  1794-6  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  royal  African  corps, 
1M1 1  ;  governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  1812-24  ;  knighted,  1820  ; 
mortally  wounded  in  a  battle  with  the  Ashantees. 

[xxxiv.  435] 

MACCARTHY,  OORMAC  LAIDHIR  OGB  (d.  1536X 
Irish  chieftain  and  lord  of  Muskerry.  [xxxiv.  435] 

MACCARTHY,     DENIS     FLORENCE    (1817-1882), 
poet;  a  descendant   of    the    Irish    sept  of  Maccauras; 
espoused  the  repeal  movement  and  contributed  political  ' 
verse  to  the  '  Nation  ' ;  published  admirable  translations  j 
of  Calderon's  plays,  1848-73,  '  Ballads,  Poems,  and  Lyrics,' 
1850,  and  'The  Bell-founder,'  and  •  Under-glimpses,'  1867. 

[xxxiv.  436] 

MACCARTHY  or  MACCARTY,  DONOUGH,  fourth 
EAKL  OK  OLANCARTY  (1668-1734),  sent  by  his  mother, 
his  guardian  after  his  father's  death,  to  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1676 :  decoyed  to  London  by  his  uncle,  Ju-tin 
MacCarthy,  titular  viscount  Mountcashel  [q.'v.] ;  married 
at  the  age  of  sixteen ;  became  a  Roman  catholic,  1685 ; 
•poiioa!  James  II's  cause  in  Ireland  ;  member  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Lords,  1689  ;  made  prisoner  at  the  capitulation 
of  Cork,  1690  ;  escaped  from  the  Tower  of  London,  1694  ; 
went  to  St.  Germaius  ;  arrested  in  London,  and  committed 
to  Newgate,  1698  ;  pardoned  ;  resided  on  an  island  in  the 
Elbe,  near  Altona  ;  died  at  Praals-Hoff.  [xxxiv.  436] 

MACCARTHY,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1829^1892),  Irish 
land  commissioner  and  author :  M.P.,  Mallow,  1874-80 ; 
one  of  the  two  commissioners  for  carrying  out  the  Land 
Purchase  Act,  1885 :  published  legal  pamphlets  and  works 
dealing  with  Irish  questions.  [xxxiv.  438] 

MACCARTHY,  JUSTIN,  titular  VISCOUNT  MOUNT- 
CASHEL (d.  1694),  uncle  of  Douough  MacCarthy,  fourth 
earl  iof  Olancarty  [q.  v.] ;  served   under  Tyrconnel  in 
Ireland,  1687  ;  took  Bandon,  disarmed  the  protestauts  in 
Cork,  and  was  created  Viscount  Mountcashel  by  James  II,  | 
1689 ;  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Newtown  Butler,  , 
1689  ;  escaped  to  France  though  on  parole  ;  commanded 
with  distinction  the  Irish  regiments  sent  to  France  at  the 
demand  of  Louis  XIV  ;  died  at  Bareges.      [xxxiv.  439] 

MACCARTHY,  NICHOLAS  TUITE,  called  the  ABBK 
DE  LkviQXAC  (1769-1833),  Jesuit  preacher ;  born  in 
Dublin ;  taken  to  Toulouse,  1773 :  studied  at  Paris  and 
received  the  tonsure  ;  ordained,  1814 ;  joined  Jesuits,  1820 ; 
one  of  the  most  eloquent  of  French  preachers ;  died  at 
Annecy.  [xxxiv.  441] 

MACCARTHY,  ROBERT,  VISCOUNT  MUSKKRRY  and 
titular  EARL  OF  CLANCARTT  (d.  1769).. son  of  Donough 
MacCarthy,  fourth  earl  of  Clancarty  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 
navy  ;  goveniorof  Newfoundland,  1733-5:  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  recover  the  family  estates  (forfeited  by  his 
father's  attainder) ;  left  the  navy :  went  over  to  France 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  Stuart  cause,  1741;  excluded 
from  the  Act  of  Indemnity,  1747  ;  died  at  Boulogne. 

[xxxiv.  438] 

MACCARTHY  REAGH,  FLORENCE  (FINEEN) 
(1562  V-1640  ?),  Irish  chieftain  ;  served  on  the  side  of  the 
crown  during  Desmond's  rebellion ;  suspected  of  in- 
triguing with  Spain,  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  1589  ; 
liberated,  1591 ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1593 ;  again  charged 
with  disloyalty  and  plotting,  arrested,  sent  to  England 
and  imprisoned,  1601-14,  1617-19,  and  1624-6:  wrote 
during  his  imprisonment  a  treatise  on  the  history  of  Ire- 
land in  prehistoric  times  (published,  1858). 

[xxxiv.  441] 

MACCARTNEY  or  MACARTNEY.  GEORGE  (1660?- 
1730),  general ;  accompanied  his  regiment  to  Flanders, 
1706,  and  afterwards  to  Spain,  commanding  a  brigade  at 
Alman/.a,  1707;  distinguished  himself  at  Malplaquet, 
1709  ;  major-general  and  acting  engineer  at  the  siege  of 
Douay,  1710;  dismissed  from  his  appointments  on  Marl- 
borough's  fall ;  second  to  Charles  Mohun,  fifth  baron  [q.  v.], 
in  his  duel  with  James  Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Hamilton 
[q.  v.] ;  accused  of  giving  the  murderous  thrust  which 
caused  the  duke's  death,  1712  ;  escaped  to  Holland  :  sur- 
rendered and  arraigned  for  murder,  and  found  guilty  as 
an  accessory,  1716  ;  immediately  restored  to  his  military 
rank  and  promoted  lieutenaut-generaL  [xxxiv.  143] 


MACCARWELL  or  MACCERBHAILL,  DAVID  (d. 
1289),  archbishop  of  Oashel :  dean  of  Oubel ;  elected 
archbishop,  1253 ;  Involved  In  disputes  with  the  crown, 
1266-81 ;  founded  the  Cistercian  abbey  of  the  Rock  of 
Oashel,  e.  1270.  [XXXT.  1] 

M'CAUL,   ALEXANDER  (1799-1863),  divine:   BJL 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819 ;   M.A.,  1831 ;   D.D.,  1837  ; 
in  Poland  under  the  London  Society  for  pro- 
istianity  among  the  Jews,  1821-32;  settled  in 
ublished  '  Old  Path*,'  a  weekly  pamphlet  on 


moting 

London ;  published  '  Old  Path*,'  a  weekly  pamphlet 
Jewish  ritual,  1837-8;  principal  of  the  Hebrew  College, 
1840 ;  professor  of  Hebrew  and  rabbinical  literature  at 
King's  College,  London,  1841,  and  of  divinity  al.*o,  1846  ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1845:  published  a  'Hebrew 
Primer,'  1844,  and  religious  works.  [xxxv.  1  ] 

McCAUSLAND,  DOMINIOK  (1806-1873),  religions 
writer :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1835 :  LL.D.,  1859 ;  Q.O.,  1860 ;  published  religions 
works,  the  most  popular  being  '  Sermons  in  Stones,'  1856. 

[xxxv.  2] 

McCHEYNE,  ROBERT  MURRAY  (1813-1843),  Scot- 
tish  divine ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  licensed 
as  a  preacher,  1835  ;  a  member  of  the  committee  sent  to 
Palestine  by  the  church  of  Scotland  to  collect  information 
about  the  Jews,  1839 ;  published  (jointly  with  Dr.  Andrew 
Bonar)  *  Narrative  of  a  Mission  of  Inquiry  to  the  Jews,' 
1842 ;  a  fine  preacher :  several  of  his  hymns  constantly 
used  in  the  Scottish  churches.  [xxxv.  3] 

MACCLESFIELD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  GERARD,  CHARLES, 
flrst  EARL,  d.  1694;  GRRARD,  CHARLES,  second  EARL, 
16597-1701;  PARKER,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  1666?-1732;  PAUKKR,  GEORGE,  second  EARL, 
1697-1764.] 

McCLTTEE,  JOHN  (d.  1794?),  commander  in  the 
Bombay  marine  and  hydrographer ;  surveyed  Persian  Golf, 
the  bank  of  soundings  off  Bombay,  the  Pelew  islands,  the 
Sulu  Archip"!  .K'o,  and  part  of  the  New  Guinea  coast, 
1785-93 ;  settled  in  the  Pelew  islands,  1793 ;  sailed  for 
China,  taken  ill  at  Macao,  eventually  sailed  for  Calcutta, 
and  was  never  again  heard  of.  [xxxv.  3] 

McCLTJRE,  SIR  ROBERT  JOHN  LE  MESURIER 
(1807-1873),  vice-admiral ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Sand- 
hurst ;  entered  navy,  1824 ;  made  an  Arctic  voyage,  1836- 
1837 ;  lieutenant,  1837 ;  served  in  Canada,  1838-9,  the 
West  Indies,  1839-48;  commander  in  the  search  for  Sir 
John  Franklin  [q.  v.],  1850-4;  discovered  the  North- 
West  passage,  but  had  to  abandon  his  ship,  1854  ;  court- 
martialled  and  honourably  acquitted ;  knighted  and  made 
captain:  served  in  China  and  the  Straits  of  Malacca, 
1856-61 ;  C.B.,  1859  ;  vice-admiral  on  the  retired  list,  1873. 

[xxxv.  4] 

MACCODRUM,  JOHN  (/.  1750),  Gaelic  poet;  last 
bard  of  the  Macdonalds  :  his  satirical  and  political  verses, 
the  most  popular  being  '  Old  Age '  and  *  Whisky,'  never 
collected.  [xxxv.  5J 

MACCOIS8E,  ERARD,  or  URARD  (d.  1023),  Irish 
•  chronicler ;  poet  to  Maelsechlaiun  or  Malachy  II  (</. 
1022);  five  poems  and  one  prose  composition  in  Irish, 
partly  historical,  attributed  to  him  ;  sometimes  confused 
with  another  MacCoisse,  who  wrote  a  poem  preserved  in 
the  'Book  of  Leinster.'  [xxxv.  6] 

McCOMB,  WILLIAM  (1793-1873),  poet;  bookseller  in 
Belfast,  1828-64;  established  'McComb's  Presbyterian 
Almanac,'  1840 ;  his  '  Poetical  Works '  collected,  1864. 

[xxxv.  7] 

McCOMBIE.  WILLIAM  (1809-1870),  journalist: 
began  to  write  while  a  farm  labourer,  1835 :  joined  '  North 
of  Scotland  Gazette,'  1849;  edited  'Aberdeen  Daily  Free 
Press,'  1853-70  ;  published  miscellaneous  works,  1838-69. 

[xxxv.  7] 

McCOMBIE.  WILLIAM  (1805-1880),  cattle-breeder : 
educated  at  Aberdeen  University  :  reformed  cattle-breed- 
ing, and  was  one  of  the  largest  fanners  in  Aberdeeushire ; 
M.I'.,  West  Aberdeen,  1868-76;  published  'Cattle  and 
Cattle-Breeders,'  1867.  [xxxv.  8] 

.    MACCONMIDHE,  GILLABRIGHDE  (/.  I860),  his- 
|  torian  and  poet ;  hereditary  poet  to  the  O'Neills  ;  hi*  chief 
I  work  a  lament  on  the  death  of  Brian  O'Neill,  flrst  printed 
I  with  an  English  translation,  1849.    Other  literary  mem- 
ber ol  the  family  lived  between  1420  and  1583. 

[X.XXT.  8] 


McCONNELL. 


810 


MAODIARMID 


McCONWELL,  WILLIAM  (1833-1867),  humorous 
book-illustrator.  [xxxv.  9] 

MACCORMAC.  HENRY  (1800-1886),  physician; 
studied  at  Dublin,  Paris,  and  Edinburgh  :  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1834  ;  in  charge  of  the  Belfast  hospitals  during  the  cholera, 
18SS ;  retired  from  practice,  1866 :  author  of  medical 
works,  many  of  which  advocate  the  fresh-air  treatment  of 
consumption.  [xxzv.  9] 

McCORWCK,  CHARLES  (1755?- 1807),  historian  and 
biographer:  educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford;  B.O.L., 
1794;  abandoned  law  for  literature:  continued  Hume 
and  Smollett's  histories  to  1783,  and  wrote  a  '  Memoir  of 
Edmund  Burke,'  famous  for  its  party  virulence,  1797. 

[xxxv.  10] 

MACCORJUCK.  JOSEPH  (1733-1799),  Scottish  divine ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews  University,  1750 ;  ordained,  1758  :  D.D., 
1760;  edited  the 'State  Papers  and  Letters  addressed  to 
William  Oarstares,  to  which  is  prefixed  the  Life  of 
William  Caratare*,'  1774 :  moderator  to  the  general  as- 
sembly, 1782;  principal  of  the  United  College  of  St. 
Andrews,  1783  :  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1788. 

[xxxv.  10] 

McCORMICK,  ROBERT  (1800-1890),  naval  surgeon, 
explorer  and  naturalist ;  entered  the  navy  as  assistant- 
surgeon,  1823 ;  served  on  various  stations ;  accompanied 
the  Antarctic  expedition  commanded  by  Captain  Sir  James 
Olark  Ross  [q.  v.],  1839-43 ;  conducted  a  search  for  Sir 
John  Franklin  [q.  v.].  1852:  published 'Narrative  of  a  Boat 
Expedition  up  the  Wellington  Channel,'  1854 ;  deputy- 
inspector  of  hospitals,  1859  ;  published  '  Voyages  of  Dis- 
corery  in  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Seas  and  round  the 
World,'  2  vols.  1884.  [xxxv.  11] 

McCOSH,  JAMES  (1811-1894),  philosopher  :  educated 
at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh:  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1834; 
licensed  by  presbytery  of  Ayrshire ;  officiated  at  Arbroath, 
1835-8,  and  Brechin,  1838-50  :  adopted  'free-kirk'  prin- 
ciples ;  published  '  Method  of  the  Divine  Government,' 
1850 ;  professor  of  logic  at  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  1851- 
1868;  president  of  Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  1868- 
IMI,Mlil  professor  of  philosophy,  1868,  till  death  ;  LL.D. 
Aberdeen,  1850,  and  Harvard,  1868:  Litt.D.  Queen's 
College,  Belfast,  and  D.D.  His  publications  include 
'Intuitions  of  the  Mind  inductively  investigated,'  1860, 
'  Laws  of  Discursive  Thought,'  1870, '  Scottish  Philosophy,' 
1874,  and  '  Psychology,'  1886-7.  [Suppl.  iii.  117] 

McCOY,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1823-1899),  naturalist  and 
geologist ;  studied  medicine  at  Dublin  and  Cambridge ; 
employed  by  Sir  Richard  John  Griffith  [q.  v.]  to  make 
palieontological  investigations  required  for  the  'Geological 
Map  of  Ireland ' :  professor  of  mineralogy  aud  geology, 
Queen's  College,  Belfast ;  professor  of  natural  science  in 
new  university  of  Melbourne,  1854  :  founded  National  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History  and  Geology,  Melbourne :  F.G.S., 
1862 ;  F.R.S.,  1880  ;  hou.  D.Sc.  Cambridge,  1880 :  K.C.M.G., 
1891.  He  arranged  and  issued,  1854,  description  of  fossils 
in  Woodwardian  Museum,  Cambridge,  and  published 
zoological  and  palaeontological  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  119] 

MrCRACKEN,  HENRY  JOY  (1767-1798),  united 
Irishman :  lielped  to  form  the  first  society  of  United 
Irishmen  in  Belfast,  1791;  commanded  the  rebels  in 
co.  Antrim,  1798;  tried  aud  executed.  [xxxv.  11] 

MACCREERY.  JOHN  (1768-1832),  printer  and  poet  • 
wrote  anil  printed  in  Liverpool  '  The  Press:  a  i>oein  pub- 
lished a*  a  specimen  of  Typography,'  1803  (second  part 
piibh-hwl  in  London,  1827):  removed  to  London,  where 
he  printed  the  •  Bibliomania '  for  Dibdiu  ;  died  in  Paris. 

McCMZ,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1772-1835^Xs£ottish 
xeceding  divine  and  ecclesiastical  historian  :  entered  Edin- 
burgh University,  1788:  ordained.  1796:  ejected  from  his 
pastorate,  1809 :  published  his  '  Life  of  John  Knox  '1812 
a  work  of  genius  and  erudition  :  D.D.,  1813 :  professor  of 
divinity,  Edinburgh,  1816-18 :  published  a  history  of  the 
reformation  in  Italy,  1827,  in  Spain,  1829;  and  other 
biographical  and  historical  works.  [xxxv.  12] 

McCRIE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1797-1875),  Scottish 
dirine  and  author;  son  of  Thomas  McOrie  the  elder 
[T^O:  edocatod  at  Edinburgh  University;  ordained, 
820;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  and  LL.D.  Glasgow  before  1810: 
profeMor  of  church  history  and  systematic  thcologv  at  the 
London  ColU^e  of  the  Enelish  Presbyterian  Church 


1856-66;  published  historical  and  religions  works  1840- 
1872.  [xxxv.  14] 

MACCUAIRT,  JAMES  (fl.  1712),  Irish  poet:  became 
blind  early;  composed  Irish  j>oems  and  SOUL'S. 

[xxxv.  14] 

McCTTLLAGH,  JAMES  (1809-1847),  mathematician; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, Dublin  University,  1836 ;  secretary  of  council  to 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1840-2,  aud  secretary  to  the 
Academy,  1842-6  :  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  1843 ; 
committed  suicide.  The  most  important  of  his  scanty 
remains  is  the  memoir  on  surfaces  of  the  second  order, 
read  to  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1843.  [xxxv.  15] 

MACCULLOCH,  HORATIO  (1805-1867),  landscape- 
painter  ;  pupil  of  William  Home  Lizars  [q.  v.] :  associate 
of  the  Scottish  Academy,  1834 ;  academician,  1838  ;  the 
most  popular  landscape-painter  of  his  day  in  Scotland ; 
exhibited  only  once  at  Royal  Academy,  London,  1844. 

[xxxv.  15] 

McCULLOCH,   Sm  JAMES  (1819-1893),    Australian 

politician  ;  opened  a  branch  of  Messrs.  Dennistoun  &  Go's 

business  in  Melbourne,  1853  :    nominee  member  of  the 

Victoria  chamber,   1854;    member  of  the  first  elective 

legislative  assembly,  1857 ;  formed  a  government,  of  which 

he  held  the  portfolio  of  trades  aud  customs,  1857 ;  resigned, 

and    was   elected  member   for    East    Melbourne,    1858; 

treasurer,  1859-60 :   member  for  Mornington,  1862 :  pre- 

)  mier,   1863-8,   1868-9,   1870-1,   1875-7 ;    knighted,   1869 ; 

j  agent-general  in  London,  1872-3  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1874  ;  settled 

!  finally  in  England,  1877.        ••  [xxxv.  16] 

MACCULLOCH,  JOHN  (1773-1835),  geologist :  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  M.D.,1793;  chemist  to  the  board 
of  ordnance,  1803 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1808  :  gave  up  practice  as  a 
physician,  1811 ;  geologist  to  the  trigonometrical  survey, 
1814  ;  president  of  the  Geological  Society,  1816-17 ;  F.R.S., 
1820  ;  commissioned  to  prepare  a  geological  map  of  Scot- 
land (published  shortly  after  his  death),  1826:  chief 
works,  '  A  Description  of  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland, 
including  the  Isle  of  Man,'  still  a  classic  in  geology, 
1819,  'A  Geological  Classification  of  Rocks,'  1821,  and 
'  Highlands  and  Western  Isles  of  Scotland,'  1824. 

McCTJLLOCH,  JOHN  RAMSAY  (1789-1864),  statis- 
tician and  political  economist :  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University ;  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  economics  and 
wrote  the  articles  on  that  subject  for  the  'Scotsman,' 
1817-27;  edited  the '  Scotsman,1  1818-20;  contributed  to 
the  '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1818-37  ;  delivered  the  Ricardo 
memorial  lectures  in  London,  1824  ;  published  '  Principles 
of  Political  Economy,'  1825 ;  professor  of  political 
economy,  London  University,  1828-32;  expounded  the 
celebrated  'wages'  fund  theory  in  an  'Essay  on  the 
Circumstances  which  determine  the  Rate  of  Wages  and 
the  Condition  of  the  Labouring  Classes,'  1826  :  published 
'  A  Dictionary,  Practical,  Theoretical,  and  Historical,  of 
Commerce  and  Commercial  Navigation,'  1832,  and  a 
number  of  statistical  and  economical  works  between  1841 
and  1860 :  comptroller  of  the  stationery  office,  1838-64. 

McCTJLLOCH,  WILLIAM  (1816-1885),  resident  at 
Manipur :  son  of  John  Ramsay  McOulloch  [q.  v.]  :  entered 
the  army,  1834  ;  employed  in  India,  1835-67  ;  political 
agent  at  Manipur,  1845-63,  and  1864-7;  retired  from 
the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1861 ;  published  'Account 
of  the  Valley  of  [Manipur  or]  Muunipore  and  the  Hill 
Tribes,'  1859.  [xxxv.  21] 

MACCTTRTLN,  ANDREW  (in  Irish  MacOruitin) 
(</.  1749),  Irish  poet:  hereditary  ollamh  to  the  O'Briens: 
two  of  his  poems,  one  in  praise  of  Sorley  MacDonnell 
(written,  c.  1720),  the  other  an  address  to.a  fairy  chief,  still 
remembered  in  Clare.  [xxxv.  21] 

MACGTJRTIN,  HUGH  (1680  ?-1765),  Irish  antiquary : 
succeeded  his  cousin,  Andrew  MacCurtin  [q.v.],  as  ollamh 
to  the  O'Briens :  studied  in  France ;  tutor  for  seven  years 
to  the  dauphin ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1714 :  works  in- 
clude '  The  Elements  of  the  Irish  Language,'  1728,  aud  an 
English-Irish  Dictionary,  a  valuable  record  of  the  ver- 
micular of  its  day,  1732.  [xxxv.  22] 

MACDIARMID,  JOHN  (1779-1808),  journalist  and 
author  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews  Univer- 
sities :  settled  in  London,  1801  :  edited  the 'St.  James'g 
Chronicle ' :  author  of  two  works  on  military  topics,  pub- 
lished in  1805  and  1806.  [xxxv.  23? 


M'DIARMID 


811 


MACDONAI/D 


M'DIARMID,  JOHN  (1790-1852),  Scottish  journalist; 
editor  of  the  'Dumfries  and  Galloway  Courier,'  1K17; 
published  his '  bcrap- Book,'  1820;  started  the  '  Dumfries 
Magazine,'  1825 ;  became  owner  of  the  '  Couri. 
edited,  with  memoirs,  Cowper's '  Poems,'  1817,  and  tiol.l- 
*mith's  '  Vicar  of  WakefleltV  1823.  [xxxv.  23] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER,  third  LORD  or  THK 
ISLKS  and  tenth  EAHL  OK  Ross  (d.  1449),  eldest  son  of 
Donald  Macdonald,  second  lord  of  the  Isles  [q.  v.] ;  im- 
prisoned ns  a  rebel,  1427-9  ;  destroyed  Inverness,  but  was 
eventually  defeated  by  James  I  of  Scotland  and  again 
imprisoned,  1429 ;  later  gave  loyal  obedience  to  the  king  ; 
juaticiar  of  Scotland  north  of  the  Forth,  1438. 

MACDONALD  or  MACDONNELL,  ALEXANDER  or 
ALASTER  (<l.  1647),  general;  joined  the  insurgent*, 
1641 ;  with  Moutrose  in  Scotland,  1644-6 ;  being  defeated, 
escaped  to  Ireland,  1647;  killed  by  treachery,  [xxxv.  25] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER  or  MAClAN  OF  GLKN- 
COK  <</.  1692),  chief  of  his  clan;  joined  Claverbouse, 
1689  ;  took  part  in  the  rising  of  the  northern  highlands ; 
bidden  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  within  a  stipulated 
time  ;  when  that  period  had  almost  elapsed,  made  a  vain 
effort  to  find  a  magistrate  to  administer  the  oath  ;  finally 
persuuded  Sir  Colin  Campbell  to  administer  the  oath  five 
days  later  ;  his  tardy  action  ignored  and  the  clan  destroyed 
in  their  home  in  the  valley  of  Glencoe,  1692.  An  inquiry 
was  made,  but,  although  the  massacre  of  Glencoe  was  con- 
demned, none  of  the  ugeutp  were  brought  to  justice. 

[xxxv.  26] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER  or  ALESTAIR  OK 
GLKXOAURY  (d.  1724).  [See  MACDOXELL.] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER,  ALASDAIR  MAC- 
MHAiGHSTin  ALASDAIR  (1700  7-1780?),  Gaelic  poet ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  University;  assisted  the  Society  for 
Propagating  Christian  Knowledge  in  the  Highlands ;  pub- 
lished an  'English  and  Gaelic  Vocabulary,'  1741 ;  became 
a  Roman  catholic  and  joined  the  Chevalier,  1745  ;  became 
the  'sacer  vates '  of  the  rebellion  of  1745 ;  served  through 
the  campaign,  1745-6 ;  his  collected  poems,  a  fine  contri- 
bution to  martial  literature,  published  as  '  Ais-eiridh  na 
Sean  Chanoin  Albannaich,'  1751.  [xxxv.  27] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER  (1736-1791),  Scottish 
catholic  prelate  ;  entered  the  Scots  College,  Rome,  1764 ; 
ordained,  1764 ;  joined  the  mission  in  Scotland  and  was 
stationed  at  Barra,  1765-80 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  the  high- 
land district,  1780.  [xxxv.  29] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER  (1756-1837),  Gaelic 
scholar ;  educated  at  the  Roman  catholic  seminary  of 
Bourblach  and  at  the  Scots  College,  Rome  :  ordained, 
1778 :  returned  to  Scotland,  1782  ;  published  '  Phingateis, 
give  Hiberuia  Liberate,'  1820 ;  contributed  to  the  Gaelic 
dictionary  published  under  the  direction  of  the  Highland 
Society  of  Scotland,  1828.  [xxxv.  29] 

MACDONALD,  ALEXANDER  (1791  ?-1860),  Scottish 
antiquary  ;  employed  in  the  Register  House,  Edinburgh  ; 
principal  keeper  of  the  register  of  deeds  and  probate 
writs,  1836;  supplied  note?  for  the  'Waverley  Novels'; 
editor  of  the  Maitlund  Club  publications.  [xxxv.  29] 

MACDONALD,  ANDREW  (1755  V-1790),  dramatist 
and  verse-writer ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University : 
ordained  to  the  Scottish  episcopal  church,  1775 ;  resigned 
his  charge  and  came  to  London ;  his  most  successful 
tragedy,  '  Vimonda,'  produced  1787,  published  1788.  His 
•  Miscellaneous  Works  '  appeared.  1791.  [xxxv.  30] 

MACDONALD,  ANGUS  (1834-1886),  medical  writer ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1864 ;  practised  and  lectured  in  Edin- 
burgh ;  published  medical  works.  [xxxv.  30] 

MACDONALD,  ARCHIBALD  ( 1736-1814),  author  ;  a 
Benedictine  monk  and  Roman  catholic  pastor ;  published 
defence  of  the  authenticity  of  Mucpherson's  'Ossian,' 
1805.  [xxxv.  30] 

MACDONALD,  SIR  ARCHIBALD, first  barouet(1747- 
1826),  judge:  lineal  descendant  of  the  old  Lords  of  the 
Isles;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1764;  B.A., 
1768 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1770 ;  M.A.,  1772 :  K.O., 
1778;  M.P.,  Hindon,  1777,  Newaistle-under-Lyme,  1780- 
1793;  solicitor-general,  1784-8  :  knighted,  1788  ;  attorney- 
geueral,  1788-92 ;  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1793-1813  ;  privy  councillor,  17P3  ;  created  baronet,  1813. 

[xxxv.  30] 


LORD  OK  THK 


EARL  or  BOM  (d.  1410  ?),  eldest  son  of 
first  lord  of  the  W  [q.  T.]  :  made  per- 
with  Henry  IV,  1406;  claimed  the  earl- 


MACDONALD,     DONALD,    second 
ISLKS  and  ninth  EARL  or  BOM 
John  Macdonald, 
manent  alliance  with  Henry  IV, 

di.m.,1  Ron,  but  after  the  battle'of  'Hariaw  (1411  )ror- 
n-n,  it-red  his  claim  and  became  rascal  to  the  Scottish 
throne,  1412.  [xxxv.  W] 

MACDONALD,  DUNCAN  GEORGE  FORBES  (1823?- 
1884),  agricultural  engineer  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  son 
of  John  Macdonald  (1779-1849)  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  What 
Farmers  may  do  with  the  Land,'  1862  ;  member  of  the 
government  survey  staff  in  British  North  America ;  pub- 
lished 'British  Columbia  and  Vancouver's  Island,'  1862; 
drainage  engineer  of  improvement*  to  the  enclosure  com- 
missioners for  England  and  Wales  ;  engineer-ln-chief  to  the 
inspector-general  of  highland  destitution.  [xxxv.  33] 

MAODONALD,  FLORA  (17J2-1790),  Jacobite  heroine : 
daughter  of  Ranald  Macdonald,  farmer  at  Milton,  South 
Uist  (Hebrides) :  while  in  1746  on  a  visit  to  the  Clan- 
raualds  in  Benbecula  (Hebrides),  met  Prince  Charles 
Edward  in  flight  after  Culloden  ;  helped  the  prince  to  reach 
Skye;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London  after  Prince 
Charles  Edward's  escape;  released  by  the  Act  of  In- 
demnity, 1747;  married  Allan  Macdonald,  1760:  emi- 
grated to  North  Carolina,  1774 ;  returned  to  Scotland, 
1779.  [xxxv.  33] 

MACDONALD,  HUGH  (1701-1773),  Scottish  catholic 
prelate ;  ordained,  1725  ;  vicar  of  the  highland  district 
and  bishop  of  Diana  in  Numidia,  1731  ;  escaped  to  Paris 
after  the  rebellion  of  1745;  returned  to  Scotland,  1749; 
apprehended,  1755 ;  sentenced  to  banishment,  but  sen- 
tence not  carried  out,  1766.  [xxxv.  35] 

MACDONALD,  HUGH  (1817-1860),  Scottish  poet; 
wrote  verses  in  the  •  Gbisgow  Citizen,'  joining  its  staff, 
1849;  joined  the  'Glasgow  Sentinel,'  1855;  edited  the 
•  Glasgow  Times ' ;  wrote,  for  those  journals,  '  Rambles 
round  Glasgow '  and  '  Days  at  the  Coast,'  afterwards  pub- 
lished in  book  form ;  literary  editor  of  the  '  Morning 
Journal '  (Glasgow),  1858-60.  [xxxv.  35] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN,  OP  ISLA.  first  LORD  OF  TOT 
ISLES  (d.  1386?),  joined  Edward  Baliol,  1335  ;  transferred 
his  allegiance  to  David  II,  1341  ;  joined  Baliol  again 
when  the  king  objected  to  his  assumption  of  the  title  of 
Lord  of  the  Isles ;  persuaded  to  take  an  oath  of  obedience, 
1369.  [xxxv.  36] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN,  fourth  and  last  LOKD  OK  THE 
ISLES  and  eleventh  EARL  OK  Ross  (d.  1498?),  son  of 
Alexander,  third  lord  of  the  Isles  [q.  v.]  ;  rebelled  against 
King  James  II  of  Scotland,  but  came  to  terms,  and  was 
made  one  of  the  wardens  of  the  marches,  1467 ;  one  of 
the  ambassadors  who  helped  to  bring  about  the  treaty  with 
the  English  signed  at  Westminster,  1463 ;  summoned  to 
answer  for  treasonable  acts,  and  sentence  of  attainder 
passed  against  him,  1475  ;  pardoned,  1476  ;  finally  retired 
to  the  monastery  of  Paisley.  [xxxv.  37] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  (16207-1716?),  known  in  the 
highlands  as  Ian  Loin,  Gaelic  poet  and  warrior  :  assisted 
Moutrose,  1645-50 ;  composed  a  '  Lament '  in  his  honour, 
1650 ;  became  absorbed  in  local  politics ;  pensioned  by 
the  government,  1660;  present  at  Killiecrankie,  1689; 
celebrated  the  triumph  of  the  highlauders  in  his  poem, 
'Rinrory.'  [xxxv.  39] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  ( fl.  1778X  gentleman's  servant  ; 
became  known  as  Beau  Macdonald  ;  spent  some  years  in 
Bombay,  and  travelled  in  India  and  Europe  with  bis  em- 
ployers, 1768-78;  settled  at  Toledo,  1778;  published 
'  Travels  In  Various  Parts,'  1790.  [xxxv.  40] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  (1727-1779),  Scottish  catholic 
prelate  ;  nephew  of  Hugh  Macdonald  (1701-1778)  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  Scots  College,  Rome,  1743;  ordained,  1762; 
returned  to  Scotland,  1753 ;  vicar-apostolic  of  the  high- 
land district  of  Scotland,  1773-9.  [xxxv.  40] 

MACDONALD,   SIR  JOHN  (1782-1830).    [See  KIN- 

XEIR.] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  (1769-1831),  lieutenant-colonel 
and  military  engineer  :  son  of  Flora  Macdouakl  [q.  v.]  ; 
as  ensign,  Bengal  engineers,  surveyed  the  Dutch  settle- 
ments in  Sumatra,  1783  :  remained  there  as  military  and 
civil  engineer  until  1796 ;  employed  in  England  during 
the  French  wars;  F.U.S.,  1800:  author  of  military  and 
technical  engineering  works,  and  of  a  book  on  Anglo- 
Indian  administration.  [xxxv.  40] 


MACDONALD 


812 


MACDONNELL, 


MACDONALD,  JOHN (1779-1 849),  called  the  '  Apostle 
of  tl..-  North  ' ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeeii,  1801 :  or- 
dained missionary  minister.  1806;  visited  Ireland,  1824 ; 
wined  the  secession  party,  1843 :  author  of  sermons,  pub- 
lished 1880,  and  a  volume  of  Gaelic  verse,  1848, 

[xxxv.  41] 

MACDONALD,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1850),  adjutant-general 
at  the  Hone  Guards ;  a  connection  of  Flora  Maodonald 
[q.  v.]  :  entered  the  army,  1795 ;  served  in  Ireland  and 
and  on  the  continent:  held  important  staff  ap- 
.  daring  t  he  Peninsular  campaign ;  deputy  ad- 
;ral  at  the  Horse  Guards,  1820-30  ;  adjutant- 
1830-50  ;  G.O.B.,  1847.  [xxxv.  42] 

MACDONALD,  JOHN  (1818-1889),  Scottish  catholic 
prelate :  Jit  the  Scots  seminary,  Ratisbon,  1830-7  ;  at  the 
Scots  College,  Rome,  1837-40;  vicar-apostolic  of  the 
northern  district  of  Scotland,  1869 ;  bishop  of  Aberdeen, 
1878.  [xxxv.  43] 

MACDONALD.  Sm  JOHN  ALEXANDER  (1815- 
1891),  the  organiser  of  the  dominion  of  Canada :  of  Scot- 
tish origin:  born  at  Kingston,  Canada;  admitted  to 
the  bar,  18S6;  member  for  Kingston  in  the  House  of 
Assembly,  1844-54  ;  commissioner  for  crown  lands,  1847  ; 
attorney-general  for  Upper  Canada,  1854 ;  leader  of  the 
House  of  Assembly,  1856-91 :  premier,  1857  ;  succeeded, 
despite  strong  opposition,  in  making  Ottawa  the  capital, 
1859 ;  led  the  federation  movement,  and  went  to  England 
as  a  delegate,  1866 ;  mainly  responsible  for  the  British 
North  America  Act,  1867  :  C.B..  1867 ;  first  prime  minister 
of  the  Dominion,  1867  ;  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
treaty  of  Washington,  1871;  privy  councillor  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  1872 ;  premier  and  minister  of  the  ulte- 
rior, 1878-91 ;  also  president  of  the  council  and  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs,  1883  ;  G.C.B.,  1884.  [xxxv.  43] 

MACDONALD,  LAWRENCE  (1799-1878),  sculptor: 
entered  the  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh,  1822 ;  went  to 
Rome,  and  helped  to  found  the  British  Academy  of  Arts 
there,  1823 :  returned  to  Edinburgh,  1827 ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  from  1829 ;  member  of  the  Scottish 
Academy,  1829-58 ;  died  at  Home  ;  noted  for  his  portrait 
busts.  [xxxv.  46] 

MACDONALD,  PATRICK  (1729-1824),  amateur  musi- 
cian :  educated  at  Aberdeen  University ;  ordained  mis- 
sionary, 1756;  chief  work,  'A  Collection  of  Highland 
Vocal  Airs  never  hitherto  published,'  1784.  [xxxv.  47] 

MACDONALD,  RANALD  (1756-1832),  Scottish 
catholic  prelate  ;  educated  at  the  Scots  College,  Douay  ; 
returned  to  Scotland,  1782 ;  D.D. ;  vicar-apostolic  of  the 
highland  district,  1819,  and  of  the  western  district,  1827. 

[xxxv.  47] 

MACDONALD,  WILLIAM  BELL  (1807-1862),  lin- 
guist ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  :  graduated,  1827 ; 
surgeon  on  a  flag-ship  in  the  Mwiitcrranean,  1828-31 : 
famous  linguist ;  published  uiUc-clhuiL-ous  works. 

MACDONALD,  WILLIAM  RUSSELL  (HST-HM), 
miscellaneous  writer ;  editor  of,  part  proprietor  of,  and 
contributor  to,  various  periodicals ;  later  wrote  books  for 
the  young.  [xxxv.  48] 

MACDONELL,  ALASTA1R  RUADH,  known  as 
PICKLKTHK  SPY  ( 1725  V-1761),  thirteenth  chief  of  Glen- 
garry: went  to  France,  1738,  and  joined  Lord  Drum- 
mond's  regiment  of  royal  Scots  guards,  1743 ;  employed 
by  highland  chiefs  on  secret  mission  to  Prince  Charles, 
1745;  captured  by  English  and  imprisoned  in  Tower  of 
London,  1745-7:  acted,  under  pseudonym  of  'Pickle,' as 
spy  on  Charles,  1749-54 ;  succeeded  as  chief  of  clan,  1754. 

MAODONELL  or  MACDONALD,  AL^XANDER^r 
ALESTAIR  OK  GLEXOARIIY  (d.  1724),  Jacobite:  sur- 
natned  •  Dubb '  from  his  dark  complexion  :  joined  Claver- 
house,  1689;  one  of  the  leaders  at  Killiecrankie,  1689; 
reluctantly  took  the  oath  to  William  III,  1691 ;  joinel 
Mar  and  fought  at  Sheriff  in  uir,  1715  ;  a  trustee  for 
managing  the  Chevalier's  affairs  in  Scotland,  1720. 

MACDONELL,  ALEXANDER  (1762-1840)!' ^ist 
Koman  catholic  bishop  of  Upper  Canada  •  educated  at 
the  Scot*  College,  Valladolid  ;  ordained,  1787  ;  while  mis- 
••••»  priest,  helped  to  form  Romanist  peasants  into 
U*  1st  Glengarry  feudbles  (disbanded,  1801);  obtained  a 


grant  of  land  in  Canada  for  the  men  ;  again  raised  a  regi- 
ment of  Glengarry  fencibles,  which  did  good  service  for 
Upper  Canada  in  the  United  States  war,  1812  ;  organised 
the  colony,  and  devoted  himself  to  missionary  work  in 
Upper  Canada :  vicar-apostolic  of  Upper  Canada,  1819 ; 
bishop  of  Uegiopolis  or  Kingston,  1826 ;  died  at  Dumfries  ; 
was  buried  in  Kingston  Cathedral,  Canada,  [xxxv.  49] 

MACDONELL  or  MACDONNELL,  ALEXANDKR 
RANALDSON,  OK  GLKNGARRY  (d.  182H),  colonel,  high- 
laud  chieftain  ;  brother  of  Sir  James  Macdouell  [q.  v.] ; 
major  in  the  Glengarry  fencibles  infantry,  1795-1801  ; 
lived  in  feudal  style ;  the  original,  to  some  extent,  of 
Scott's  Fergus  Maclvor  in  '  Waverley  '  ;  perished  by 
shipwreck.  [xxxv.  6U] 

MACDONELL,  Sm  JAMES  (d.1857),  general :  brother 
of  Alexander  Ranaldson  Macdonell  of  Glengarry  [q.  v.]  ; 
fought  in  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Egypt,  1804-7  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1809 ;  in  the  Peninsula,  1812-14 :  present  at 
Waterloo,  and  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  commanded  hi  Canada,  1838- 
1841 ;  lieutenant-general,  1841 ;  general.  1854 ;  G.C.B.,  1855. 

[xxxv.  51] 

MACDONELL,  JAMES  (1842-1879),  journalist ;  on 
the  staff  of  the  '  Daily  Review '  in  Edinburgh,  1862 ; 
editor  of  the  Newcastle  •  Northern  Daily  Express ' ;  on 
the  staff  of  the  '  Daily  Telegraph,'  1865-75 ;  special  cor- 
respondent in  France,  1870-1 ;  leader-writer  on  the 
'  Times,'  1875  ;  made  a  special  study  of  French  politics ; 
his  '  France  since  the  First  Empire '  published,  1880. 

[xxxv.  51] 

MACDONLEVY,  CORMAO  (fl.  1459),  physician; 
called  in  Irish  MacDuinntshleibhe ;  translated  'Gual- 
terus'  and  other  medical  works  into  Irish;  hereditary 
physician  to  the  O'Douuells,  like  other  members  of  the 
family  (1200-1586).  [xxxv.  52] 

MACDONNELL,  ALEXANDER  or  ALASTER  (d. 
1647).  [See  MACDONALD.] 

MACDONNELL,  ALEXANDER,  third  EARL  OP 
ANTRIM  (d.  1696  ?),  brother  of  Randal  Macdonuell,  second 
earl  of  Antrim  [q.  v.] ;  joined  the  rebellion  in  Ireland ; 
represented  Wigan  at  intervals,  1660-83  ;  succeeded  to  the 
earldom,  1683  :  marched  to  the  relief  of  Londonderry,  but 
was  mistaken  for  the  enemy,  1689.  [xxxv.  58] 

MACDONNELL,  ALEXANDER  (1798-1835),  chess- 
player ;  merchant  at  Deinerara,  1820-30 ;  secretary  to 
the  West  India  Committee  of  Merchants,  1830 ;  studied 
chess  under  William  Lewis  (1787-1870)  [q.  v.] ;  admitted 
the  best  English  player  from  1833 ;  beaten  by  the  French 
player,  Labourdonnais,  1834.  .  [xxxv.  52] 

MCDONNELL,   SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  baronet 

(1794-1875),  commissioner  of  national  education  in  Ire- 
land ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  student  till  1826 ;  M.A.,  1820 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1824  ;  renounced  the  bar  and  became  chief  clerk  hi 
the  chief  secretary's  office,  Ireland  ;  resident  commis- 
sioner of  the  board  of  education,  Ireland,  1839-71 ;  privy 
councillor  of  Ireland,  1846 ;  created  baronet,  1872. 

[xxxv.  53] 

MACDONNELL,  JOHN  (1691-1754),  Irish  poet; 
began  a  translation  of  Homer  into  Irish  and  a  '  History  of 
Ireland  '  ;  some  of  his  Irish  poems  printed,  [xxxv.  53] 

MACDONNELL,  SIR  RANDAL,  first  VISCOUNT 
DUNLUCE  and  first  EARL  OF  ANTRIM  (rf.  1636),  called 
'  Arrannch ' ;  son  of  Sorley  Boy  MacDonnell  [q.  v.] ;  joined 
O'Neill's  rebellion,  1600;  submitted  to  Mountjoy,  the 
lord-deputy,  1602 :  created  Viscount  Dunluce,  1618,  and 
Earl  of  Antrim,  1620.  [xxxv.  54] 

MACDONNELL,  RANDAL,  second  VISCOUNT  DUN- 
LUCK,  second  EARL  and  first  MARQUIS  OF  ANTRIM  (1609- 
1683),  son  of  Sir  Randal  MacDounell,  first  viscount  Dun- 
luce  and  first  earl  of  Antrim  [q.  v.] ;  introduced  at  court, 
1634;  married  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  widow,  1636: 
sent  by  the  king  to  raise  forces  in  Scotland,  1639 ;  took 
his  seat  in  the  Irish  House  of  Lords,  1640 :  frequently 
imprisoned  as  a  suspect,  1642-5 ;  ordered  to  lay  down 
his  arms,  1646  ;  retired  to  Ireland ;  allowed  to  return  to 
England,  1650 :  pardoned,  1663.  [xxxv.  55] 

MACDONNELL,  SIR  RICHARD  GRAVES  (1814- 
1881),  colonial  governor;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin;  MJL,  1836;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1838 ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1841 ;  chief-justice  of  the  Gambia, 
1843 ;  LL.B.,  1845 :  governor  of  the  British  settlements 


MCDONNELL 


813 


MAOFAHLAN 


on  the  Gambia,  1847-52 ;  governor  of  St  Lucia,  1852-3  ; 
O.B.,  1852;  administrator  and  captain-general  of  M. 
Vincent,  1853-5;  governor  of  South  Australia,  1855-62; 
knighted,  1856;  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1864-5 :  governor  of  Jtong  Kong,  1865-72 :  K.C.M.G., 
1871  ;  died  at  Hyeres.  ^  [xxxv.  58] 

MCDONNELL,  ROBERT  (i828-i889x  surgeon:  B.A. 

and  M.B.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1850 ;  volunteered  as 
civil  surgeon  in  Crimean  war,  1855 ;  medical  super- 
intondent  of  Mountjoy  government  prison,  1867-67 ; 
F.R.S.,  1865 ;  president  of  Academy  of  Medicine  in  Ire- 
land, 1885-8.  [xzxv.  59] 

MACDONNELL,  SORLEY  BOY  (OAROLUB  FLAVUS) 
(1505  ?-1590),  Scoto-Irish  chieftain,  lord  of  the  Route  and 
constable  of  Dunluce  Castle;  appointed  to  lordship  of 
Route  district,  1558 ;  made  overtures  to  Elizabeth  regard- 
ins?  the  Scottish  settlement  on  the  Antrim  coast,  1560 : 
worsted  by  Shane  O'Neill,  1564-7 :  defeated  by  Earl  of 
Essex,  1575 ;  after  some  success  was  forced  to  escape 
to  Scotland,  1585 ;  admitted  his  lack  of  legal  right  in 
Ulster,  1586,  and  submitted  to  government,  [xxxv.  59] 

MACDOUGALL,  ALLAN  (1750  ?-1829),  Gaelic  poet ; 
published  Gaelic  verses,  1798;  family  bard  to  Colonel 
MacDonald,  laird  of  Glengarry.  [xxxv.  62] 

MACDOTJGALL,  SIR  DUNCAN  (1787-1862),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 79th  Cameron  highlanders ;  ensign,  1804  ; 
served  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  the  Peninsula ;  and  in 
the  American  war,  1814-15  ;  entrusted,  as  commander  of 
79th  foot  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  with  organisation  of 
colonial  militia,  1825;  quartermaster-general  and  second 
in  command  of  British  auxiliary  legion  of  Spain,  1835 ; 
»  prominent  figure  in  the  volunteer  movement;  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  [SuppL  iii.  120] 

McDOUGALL,  FRANCIS  THOMAS  (1817-1886), 
bishop  of  Labuau  and  Sarawak;  studied  medicine  at 
Malta  university,  King's  College,  London,  and  London 
University ;  subsequently  entered  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  B.A.,  1842 ;  ordained,  1845 ;  missionary  in  Borneo, 
1847-67;  bishop  of  Labuau,  1855-68;  archdeacon  of 
Huntingdon,  1870 ;  canon  of  Ely,  1871,  of  Winchester, 
1873 ;  archdeacon  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1874. 

[xxxv.  62] 

MACDOUGALL,  SIR  JOHN  (1790-1865),  vice-admiral ; 
entered  the  navy,  1802 ;  repeatedly  in  boat  actions,  1803- 
1809 ;  lieutenant,  1809  ;  commander,  1820  ;  captured  the 
Bogue  ports,  Canton,  1847  ;  K.C.B.,  1862 ;  vice-admiral, 
1863.  [xxxv.  64] 

MACDOTJGALL,  SIR  PATRICK  LEONARD  (1819- 
1894),  general ;  educated  at  Military  Academy,  Edin- 
burgh, and  at  Sandhurst ;  lieutenant,  36th  foot,  1839 ; 
major,  1849;  major-general,  1868;  lieutenant-general, 
1877  ;  colonel,  2nd  battalion  West  India  regiment,  1881 : 
and  of  Leinster  regiment,  1891 ;  general,  1883 ;  served 
in  Canada,  1844-54  ;  superintendent  of  studies  at  Sand- 
hurst, 1854-8,  but  served  in  Crimea,  1854-5;  adjutant- 
general  of  Canadian  militia,  1865-9  ;  deputy-inspector- 
general  of  auxiliary  forces  at  headquarters,  1871 ;  head 
of  intelligence  branch  of  war  office,  1873-8 :  K.O.M.G., 
1877 ;  commander  in  North  America,  1877-83 ;  retired, 
1885 ;  principal  work, '  The  Theory  of  War,'  1856. 

[Suppl.  iii.  121] 

MACDOWALL,  ANDREW,  LORD  BANKTON  (1685- 
1760),  Scottish  judge ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ; 
admitted  advocate,  1708 ;  became  judge,  with  the  title 
Lord  Bankton,  1756 ;  author  of  '  An  Institute  of  the 
Laws  of  Scotland  in  Civil  Righto,'  1751-3.  [xxxv.  64] 

M'DOWALL,  WILLIAM  (1815-1888),  journalist  and 
antiquary;  appointed  to  the  editorial  staff  of  the  'Scot- 
tish Herald,'  1843;  edited  'Dumfries  and  Galloway 
Standard,'  1846-88;  published  'History  of  Dumfries,' 
1867,  '  The  Man  of  the  Woods  and  other  Poems,'  1844, 
and  '  Mind  in  the  Face,'  1882.  [xxxv.  64] 

McDOWELL,  BENJAMIN  (1739-1824),  presbyterian 
divine :  born  at  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey ;  educated 
at  Princeton  and  Glasgow  universities  :  joined  the  esta- 
blished church  of  Scotland;  ordained,  1766;  influential 
in  Dublin  presbyteriauism ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1789; 
author  of  controversial  works.  [xxxv.  65] 

MACDOWELL,  PATRICK  (1799-1870),  sculptor; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1822  and  1826-9 ;  en- 
tered the  Academy  Schools,  1830 ;  R.A.,  1846 ;  executed^ 


_  other  worka,  •Girl  going  to  the  Bath,*  1841,  and 
'  Kuropa '  for  the  Albert  Memorial,  1870.       [xxxv.  66] 

MACDOWELL,  WILLIAM  (1590-1666),  diplomat*; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  University ;  profcMor  of  philo- 
sophy at  Groningen,  1614;  LI-.D.  (ironingea,  1626;  pre- 
sident of  the  council  of  war  in  Groningen  and  Prie»land, 
1627:  ambassador  to  England,  1629,  1680,  and  16J6 ; 
Charles  II V  resident  agent  at  the  Hague,  I860;  defeated 
the  proposals  of  the  envoys  of  the  EngllHb  parliament  to 
the  assembly  of  the  States-General,  1661 ;  bis  '  Answer  to 
English  envoys '  published,  1611.  [xxxv.  67] 

MACDUFF,  THANK  or  EARL  OF  Fint  (jf.  1066?), 
a  half  or  wholly  mythical  personage  ;  advanced  the  cause 
of  Malcolm  Caumore  [q.  v.]  against  the  warper  Macbeth 
[q.  v.],  1067.  fxxxT.  67] 

MACE,  DANIEL  (d.  1763),  textual  critic ;  presbyte- 
rian  minister ;  published  anonymously  '  The  New  Testa- 
ment in  Greek  and  English  .  .  .  corrected  from  the 
Authority  of  the  most  authentic  Manuscript*,'  a  pre- 
cursor of  the  modern  critical  text*,  17W.  [XXXT.  68] 

MACE,  THOMAS  (1619  7-1709  ?),  musician  ;  an  ac- 
complished lutenist,ithough  deaf;  devised  a  lute  of  fifty 
strings,  1672 ;  published  '  Music's  Monument,'  1676. 

[xxxv.  68] 

MACEACHEN,  EVAN  (1769-1849),  Gaelic  scholar: 
entered  the  Scots  College,  Valladolid,  1788 :  ordained  there, 
1798;  misMouer  in  Scotland,  1798-1838:  his  most  impor- 
tant work,  'Gaelic  Translation  of  the  New  Testament 
(unpublished).  [xxxv.  69] 

MACEGAN,  MACEGGAN,  MACEOOAN,  or  MACK- 
EGAN,  OWEN  or  EUGENIUS  (d.  1603),  bishop-designate 
of  ROBS,  co.  Cork ;  probably  educated  at  an  Irish  Roman 
catholic  seminary  in  Spain  ;  encouraged  rebellion  in  Ire- 
land, 1600 ;  went  to  Spain  again  and  gained  influence 
with  Philip  III,  persuading  him  to  assist  Tyrone's  rebel- 
lion, 1601 ;  as  a  reward  for  this  made  vicar-apostolic  by 
the  pope ;  prevented  Charles  Blount,  eighth  baron  Mount- 
joy  [q.  v.],  from  entirely  crushing  the  rebellion,  1602 ; 
exercised  great  power,  but  was  slain  in  an  encounter  with 
the  English  at  Cladach.  [xxxv.  69] 

MACERONI,  FRANCIS  (1788-1846X  aide-de-camp  to 
Murat  and  mechanical  inventor ;  aide-de-camp  to  Murat, 
king  of  Naples,  1814;  Murat's  envoy  in  England,  1816; 
settled  in  England,  1816;  published  a  biography  of 
Joachim  Mnrat,  king  of  Naples,  1817;  meddled  in 
American,  Spanish,  and  Neapolitan  politics,  1819-26.  A 
'steam-coach,'  his  most  important  invention,  experi- 
mented with,  1833.  [xxxv.  70] 

M'EWEN,  WILLIAM  (1735-1762),  Scottish  seces- 
sionist ;  ordained,  1754 ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxxv.  72] 

MACFAIT,  EBENEZER  (d.  1786),  Greek  scholar, 
mathematician,  physician,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

[xxxv.  72] 

MACFARLAN,  JAMES  (1832-1862),  poet :  a  profes- 
sional pedlar  ;  walked  from  Glasgow  to  London  to  publish 
a  volume  of  lyrics,  1853 ;  published  other  volumes  of 
poems,  1864,  1856,  and  1866 ;  contributed  to '  Household 
Words.1  [xxxv.  72] 

MACFARLAN,  JAMES  (1800-1871),  presbyterian 
minister ;  son  of  John  Macfarlan  (d.  1846)  [q.  v.]  ;  licensed, 
1831 :  published  an  English  version  of  the  '  Prophecies  of 
Ezekiel,'  1845.  [xxxv.  73] 

MACFARLAN,  JAMES  (1845-1889),  presbyterian 
minister ;  sou  of  James  Macfarlan  Q800-1871)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy  and  University,  1868-64  ; 
minister  of  Ruthwell,  1871-89.  [xxxv.  73] 

MACFARLAN,  JOHN  (d.  1846),  Scottish  advocate; 
brother  of  Patrick  Macfarlan  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott ;  author  of  two  religious  pamphlets,  [xxxv.  73] 

MACFARLAN,  PATRICK  (1780-1849),  Scottish 
divine  ;  brother  of  John  Macfarlan  [q.  v.] :  licensed,  1803 : 
joined  secessionist*,  1843 :  moderator  of  the  free  general 
assembly,  1846  ;  published  religious  works.  [XXXT.  73] 

MACFARLAN,  WALTER  (rf.  1767),  antiquary:  de- 
voted himself  to  Scottish  antiquarian  research:  his 
materials  used  by  Douglas  in  his  '  Peerage  of  Scotland.' 


MACFARLANE 


814 


McGLASHAN 


MACFARLANE,  MRS.  (fl.  1716-1719),  murderess;  nrt 
Straiten  :  married  John  Mm-furlimo,  writer  to  the  sicm-t ; 
for  some  unknown  reason  shot  Captain  Oayley  at  her 
boose  in  Edinburgh,  1716;  not  appearing  to  stand  her 
trial  (1717),  was  outlawed  and  reuiuined  In  hiding,  pro- 
bably till  her  death.  [xxxv.  74] 

MACFARLANE,  CHARLES  (d.  1858X  miscellaneous 
writer :  travelled  in  Italy,  1816-27 :  in  Turkey,  1827-9 ; 
settled  in  London  and  supported  himself  by  literary  work, 
1829  ;  again  travelled  abroad,  1847-8 ;  nominated  a  poor 
brother  of  the  Charterhouse,  1867;  his  best  works  'Civil 
and  Military  History  of  England'  (8  vols.),  1838-44,  and 
The  Book  of  Table  Talk,'  1836.  [xxxv.  74] 

MACFARLANE,  DUNCAN  (1771-1857),  principal  of 
Glasgow  University;  educated  at  Glasgow  University; 
ordained,  1792;  D.D.,  1806;  principal  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1824;  as  moderator,  defended  the  established 
church  in  the  disruption  year,  1843.  [xxxv.  75] 

MACFARLANE,  JOHN  (1807-1874),  Scottish  divine ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Universities  ;  or- 
dained, 1831 ;  LL.D.,  1842 ;  promoted  presbyterian  church 
extension  in  England ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxxv.  76] 

MACFARLANE,  PATRICK  (1758-1832),  Gaelic 
scholar;  translated  religious  books  into  Gaelic  for  the 
Society  in  Scotland  for  the  Propagation  of  Christian 
Knowledge ;  published  a  collection  of  Gaelic  poems,  1813, 
and  a  vocabulary  of  Gaelic  and  English,  1815. 

[xxxv.  76] 

MACFARLANE,  ROBERT  (1734-1804),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  M.A.  Edinburgh  ;  editor  of  the  '  Morning 
Chronicle '  and  '  London  Packet ' ;  accidentally  run  over 
and  killed ;  author  of  a  Latin  translation  of  the  first  book 
of  Ossian's  *  Temora,'  1769,  and  of  vols.  i.  and  iv.  of  a 
'History  of  George  III,'  1770  and  1796.  [xxxv.  76] 

MACFARLANE,  ROBERT,  LORD  ORMIDALE  (1802- 
1880),  senator  of  the  College  of  Justice;  educated  at 
Glasgow  and  Edinburgh:  writer  to  the  signet,  1827; 
advocate  at  Edinburgh,  1838;  sheriff  of  Renfrewshire, 
185S;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Ormidale,  1862;  wrote 
on  procedure  of  court  of  session.  [xxxv.  77] 

MACFARREN,  GEORGE  (1788-1843),  dramatist  and 
theatrical  manager;  his  first  play  performed,  1818; 
produced  a  play  almost  every  year  after  1818;  took 
the  Queen's  Theatre,  London,  1831 ;  stage-manager  of  the 
Surrey  Theatre,  and  then  of  the  Strand  Theatre,  London  ; 
first  suggested  the  Handel  Society  ;  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  '  Musical  World,'  1841.  [xxxv.  77] 

MACFARREN,  SIR  GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1813- 
1887),  musical  composer :  son  of  George  Macfarren  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1829-36 ;  his 
symphony  in  0  performed,  1830 ;  other  compositions  per- 
formed, 1830-7 ;  professor  of  harmony  and  composition  at 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1837-46  and  1851-75 ;  the 
'  Devil's  Opera,'  one  of  his  best  dramatic  works,  produced, 
1838;  founded  the  Hnndel  Society,  1844;  conductor  at 
Covent  Garden,  1845  ;  became  blind,  1860 ;  composed 
operas,  1860-73 ;  his  first  oratorio,  'St.  John  the  Baptist,' 
performed,  1873;  principal  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Marie,  and  professor  of  music,  Cambridge,  1875-87; 
knighted,  1883.  [xxxv.  78] 

MACTIE,  ROBERT  ANDREW  (1811-1893),  free-trade 
advocate :  educated  at  Leith  and  Edinburgh ;  engaged  in 
business  as  sugar  refiner  at  Edinburgh  and  Liverpool, 
where  he  assisted  in  founding  chamber  of  commerce ; 
M  P  Leith  Burghs,  1868-74  ;  F.R.O.I.  and  F.R.S.E. ;  pub- 
lished works  dealing  with  patents,  copyright,  and  political 
questions.  '  [Suppl.  iii.  122] 

MACFIRBIS,  DUALD  (1585-1670),  Irish  historian  ; 
composed  a  treatise  on  Irish  genealogy,  finished,  1650;  in 
Dublin  translating  Irish  manuscripts  for  Sir  James  Ware 
[q.  T.],  1655-66  ;  stabbed  at  Duuflin  while  on  his  way  to 
Dublin  ;  the  last  of  the  hereditary  sennachies  of  Ireland. 

MACFLYNN,  FLORENCE  or  FLANN  (d.  1256)',  arch- 
buhop  of  Tnam ;  also  called  FIACHA  O'FLYN  ;  consecrated 
arcnbUhop,  1250;  went  to  England  to  plead  the  cause  of 
the  Irish  church,  1266.  [xxxv.  83] 

M'OAUIET,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (d.  1867),  professor 
pi  natural  philosophy  to  the  board  of  national  education 
In  Ireland,  1836-56 ;  In  Canada,  1856-66 ;  on  the  council 


:  of  the  Inventors'  Institute,  and  editor  of  the  *  Scientific 
Review ' ;  published  scientific  works.  [xxxv.  84] 

M'GAVIN,  WILLIAM  (1773-1832),  controversialist; 
partner  in  a  firm  of  cotton  uieBgliaiits,  1813 ;  Glasgow 
agent  for  the  British  Linen  Coinauy's  bank,  1822  f  be- 
longed to  the  anti-burgher  communion  ;  contributed  con- 
troversial letters  to  the 'Glasgow  Chronicle'  under  the 
title  of  the  '  Protestant,'  1818-22,  afterwards  issued  in  book 
form  ;  author  of  other  controversial  works,  [xxxv.  84] 

McGEE,  THOMAS  D'AROY  (1825-1868),  Irish-Cana- 
dian statesman  and  poet;  emigrated  to  America, 
1842;  edited  'Boston  Pilot';  London  correspondent  for 
the  'Nation';  secretary  to  the  committee  of  the  Irish 
Confederation,  1847  ;  escaped  to  America  on  the  rout  of 
the  '  Young  Ireland'  party,  1848 ;  founded  the  'American 
Gelt,'  and  conducted  it,  1850-7;  started  the  'New  Era' 
at  Montreal ;  member  for  Montreal  in  legislative  assembly, 
1858-62 ;  president  of  the  council,  1864 ;  a  warm  advo- 
cate of  federation;  member  for  Montreal  West,  and 
minister  of  agriculture  and  emigration,  1867 ;  openly  de- 
nounced Irish  disloyalty,  and  was  shot  in  Ottawa ;  chief 
work,  'Popular  History  of  Ireland,'  1862.  [xxxv.  85] 

MACGEOGHEGAN,  OONALL  (ft.  1635).    [See  MA- 

OEOGHKOAX.] 

MACGEOGHEGAN,  JAMES  (1702-1763),  historian  ; 
related  to  Oonall  Macgeoghegan  [q.  v.];  educated  in  France, 
becoming  an  abbe  ;  published  'Histoire  del'Irlande,'  voLi. 
1758,  vol.  ii.  1762,  vol.  iii.  1763 ;  died  at  Paris. 

[xxxv.  86] 

MACGEOGHEGAN,  ROCHE,  also  called  ROCHUS  DB 
ORUCE  (1580-1644),  Irish  Dominican  and  bishop  of  Kil- 
dare;  studied  at  the  Irish  College,  Lisbon;  Dominican 
provincial  of  Ireland,  1622;  bishop  of  Kildare,  1629-44; 
constantly  persecuted  and  forced  to  live  in  hiding. 

[xxxv.  87] 

MACGEORGE,  ANDREW  (1810-1891),  antiquarian 
writer  and  historian ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University ; 
practised  as  an  ecclesiastical  lawyer,  1836-89  ;  caricaturist 
and  author  of  works  on  heraldry  and  antiquarian  sub- 
jects, [xxxv.  87] 

MACGHL,  HAMILTON  MONTGOMERY  (1807- 
1880),  united  presbyterian  divine,  educated  at  Glasgow 
University;  ordained,  1837;  home  mission  secretary  of 
the  united  presbyterian  church,  1865-8 ;  foreign  mis- 
sion secretary,  1868-80 ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1870 ;  author  of 
4  Songs  of  the  Christian  Creed  and  Life,'  1876. 

[xxxv.  88] 

MACGILL,  STEVENSON  (1765-1840),  professor  of 
theology  at  Glasgow  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  ; 
ordained,  1796  ;  D.D.  Aberdeen  and  Marischal  College, 
1803  ;  professor  of  theology,  Glasgow,  1814 ;  moderator 
of  the  general  assembly,  1828 ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
London,  1835.  [xxxv.  88] 

M'GILL,  WILLIAM  (1732-1807),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  Glasgow  College;  ordained.  1761;  published  essay 
on '  The  Death  of  Christ,'  1786 ;  the  discussion  of  his  sup- 
posed heterodoxy  by  the  presbytery  gave  rise  to  Burus'a 
satire, '  The  Kirk's  Alarm.'  [xxxv.  89] 

MACGILLIVRAY,  CHARLES  R.(1804  ?-1867),  M.D., 
1853 ;  lecturer  in  Gaelic  at  the  Glasgow  Institution, 
1859  ;  translated  the  '  Pilgrim's  Progress '  into  Gaelic 
(translation  published,  1869).  [xxxv.  90] 

MACGILLIVRAY,  JOHN  (1822-1867),  naturalist; 
son  of  William  MacGillivray  [q.  v.];  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  ;  naturalist  on  various  government  surveying 
expeditions,  1842-55 ;  after  1855  studied  natural  history 
in  Australasian  islands ;  died  at  Sydney.  [xxxv.  91] 

MACGILLIVRAY,  WILLIAM  (1796-1852),  natural- 
ist; M.A.  Aberdeen,  1815;  dissector  to  the  lecturer  on 
comparative  anatomy,  Aberdeen ;  assistant  and  secretary 
to  the  regius  professor  (Robert  Jameson  [q.  v.])  of 
natural  history,  Edinburgh,  1823 ;  conservator  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons'  Museum,  Edinburgh,  1831-41 ; 
professor  of  natural  history,  Aberdeen,  1841 ;  best-known 
work, '  A  History  of  British  Birds,'  1837-52. 

[xxxv.  90] 

MAC  GIOLLA  CUDDY  (1618-1693).  [See  ABCHDEKIN, 
RICHARD.] 

McGLASHAN,    ALEXANDER   (d.    1797\   Scottish 
violinist ;  edited '  A  Collection  of  Scots  Measures,  Horn- 
I  pipes,  Jigs,'  <fcc.,  1781.  [xxxv.  92] 


McGLASHAN 


si:, 


MACILWAIN 


McGLASHAN,   JOHN  (d.    18G6),   legal 
Edinburgh  solicitor;  went  to  New  Zealand,  1865, where 
h.-tli.-l:  published  legal  works,  1831-44.       [xxxv.  92] 

MACGOWAN.  JOHN  (1726-1780),  baptist  mlnUter; 
pastor  of  the  meeting-house,  Devonshire  Square,  1766-80; 
chief  work,  '  Infernal  Conferences,  or  Dialogues  of  Devils, 
by  the  Listener,'  1772.  [xxxv.  92] 

MACGRADOIGH,  AUGUSTIN  (1349-1405),  also 
called  MAGRAIDIN  ;  Irish  chronicler ;  canon-regular  of 
St.  Austin  ;  continued  the  O'Brlan  annals  to  1406. 

[xxxv.  93] 

MACGREGOE,  Sin  CHARLES  METOALPE  (1840- 
1887),  major-general;  educated  at  Marlborough ;  took 
part  in  the  suppression  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  1857-8 ; 
served  In  China,  1860-1 :  took  part  In  the  Abyssinian 
expedition,  1867-8;  compiled  the  'Oazetteer  of  Central 
Asia '  for  the  Indian  government,  1868-73 ;  made  expedi- 
tions to  obtain  information  about  the  Afghan  frontier, 
1875  ;  served  in  the  second  Afghan  war,  1878-9  ;  K.O.B., 
1881;  quartermaster-general  of  India,  1880;  general 
officer  commanding  the  Punjaub  frontier  force,  1885 ; 
major-general,  1887 ;  published  accounts  of  his  travels  in 
Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan,  1879  and  1882,  and  works 
suppressed  by  the  Indian  government,  1884  and  1885-6  ; 
died  at  Cairo.  [xxxv.  93] 

MACGREGOE,  SIR  QREGOR  (ft.  1817),  calling  him- 
self His  Highness  Gregor,  Cacique  of  Poyais,  South 
American  adventurer ;  said  to  have  served  in  youth  in 
British  army ;  went  to  Oaraccas  to  aid  in  the  struggle 
for  South  American  independence,  1811 ;  general  of 
brigade,  Venezuelan  army,  1812 ;  distinguished  himself 
In  the  campaign  of  1813-21 ;  general  of  division,  1817  ; 
assumed  the  title  of  cacique  and  settled  among  the  Poyaia 
Indians,  1821  ;  failed  in  his  schemes  for  colonising  the 
mosquito  territory ;  restored  to  the  rank  of  general  of 
division,  Venezuelan  army,  1839 ;  died  probably  at  Oaraccas. 

[xxxv.  95] 

MACGREGOE,  JAMES  (d.  1551),  dean  of  Lismore; 
notary  public,  1511;  dean  of  Lismore,  1514;  collected 
Gaelic  poetry  (selection  edited,  1862).  [xxxv.  96] 

MACGEEGOE,  JOHN  (1797-1857),  statistician  and 
historian ;  emigrated  to  Canada  and  settled  in  Prince 
Edward  island:  member  of  the  House  of  Assembly :  high 
sheriff,  1823 ;  travelled  over  America  collecting  statistics  ; 
joint-secretary  of  the  board  of  trade  in  London,  1840; 
M.P.,  Glasgow,  1847 ;  promoter  of  the  Royal  British  Bank, 
1849 ;  absconded  shortly  before  it  stopped  payment ;  died 
at  Boulogne :  best-known  works,  •  My  Note-book,'  1835, 
and  '  The  Resources  and  Statistics  of  Nations,'  1835. 

[xxxv.  96] 

MACGREGOE,  JOHN,  known  as  ROB  ROY  (1825- 
1892),  philanthropist  and  traveller  :  entered  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1839 ;  proceeded  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1844 ;  B.A.,  1847  ;  M.A.,  1850 ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1851 ;  travelled  widely,  1848-57  ;  went  for  his 
first  solitary  cruise  in  his  '  Rob  Roy '  canoe,  1865  ;  pub- 
lished'A  Thousand  Miles  in  the  Rob  Roy  Canoe,'  1866; 
made  other  cruises,  1866,  1867,  and  1868 ;  member  of  the 
London  school  board,  1870  and  1873  ;  actively  promoted 
philanthropic  schemes  iii  London.  [xxxv.  97] 

McGREGOE,  JOHN  JAMES  (1775-1834),  historian 
and  topographer ;  edited  '  Munster  Telegraph,'  and  sub- 
sequently '  Church  Methodist  Magazine ' :  literary  assist- 
ant to  the  Kildare  Place  Education  Society,  Dublin,  1829. 

[xxxv.  99] 

MACGREGOE  or  CAMPBELL,  ROBERT,  commonly 
called  ROB  ROY  (1671-1734),  highland  freebooter; 
nominally  a  grazier,  though  deriving  his  principal  in- 
come from  cattle-lifting  and  exacting  money  for  afford- 
ing protection  against  thieves  ;  a  man  of  some  education  ; 
penal  acts  enforced  against  him  and  his  clan  for  their 
conduct  at  the  revolution,  1693;  accused  of  fraudulent 
bankruptcy,  1712 ;  followed  with  his  men  in  the  wake 
of  the  rebel  army,  but  did  not  join  it,  1715 ;  surrendered 
to  the  Duke  of  Atholl,  1717  ;  escaped  and  continued  his 
depredations ;  apprehended  and  sentenced  to  be  trans- 
ported to  Barbados,  but  pardoned,  1727 ;  eventually  be- 
came a  Roman  catholic  and  a  peaceful  subject.  Authen- 
tic particulars  of  his  life  are  to  be  found  In  Scott's  Intro- 
duction to  •  Rob  Roy.'  [xxxv.  »»] 

McGRIGOE,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1771-1858), 
army  surgeon  ;  studied  medicine  at  Aberdeen  and  Edin- 


burgh Universities ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1788  ;  surgeon  to  de 
Burgh's  regiment  (Oonnaoght  rangers),  1791;  saw  service 
in  Flanders,  West  Indies,  and  India:  superintending 
surgeon  to  the  European  and  Indian  troops  going  to 
Egypt,  1801  :  M.D.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1804 : 
inspector-general  of  hospitals,  1809 :  chief  of  the  medical 
Ktaff  of  Wellington's  army  in  the  Peninsula,  1811: 
knighted,  1814  :  director-general  of  the  army  medical  de- 
1816-61 ;  K.R.K.,  1810:  created  baronet,  1810: 


MH.  LL.D.  Edinburgh ;  K.OJJ.,  1860 ;  author  of  medical 
reports.  [xxxv.  lot) 

McORIGOE,  JAMES  (1819-1861),  lieutenant-colonel 
n  tin-  Indian  army  :  nephew  of  Sir  James  McGrigor 
q.  v.];  distinguished  hiuuwlf  in  the  Indian  mutiny. 
1857-8:  major,  1868;  lieutenant-colonel,  1862;  drowned 
while  bathing  at  Aden.  [xxxv.  10ft] 

MACGUIEE.    [See  MAODIRK.] 
MACHABE,  JOHN  (d.  1667).    [See  MACAUMXK.] 

MACHADO,  ROGER  (./.1511V),  diplomatist  and 
Clarenceux  king-of-arms ;  present  at  Edward  IV's 
funeral,  1483  ;  Richmond  herald  and  Norroy  king-of-arms, 
1485 ;  Clarenceux  king-of-arms,  1494;  employed  on  diplo- 
matic missions  in  France,  1494-6.  [xxxv.  106] 

MACHALE,  JOHN  (1791-1881),  archbishop  of  Tuam ; 
educated  at  Maynooth  ;  lecturer  on  theology  there,  1814 ; 
coadjutor  bishop  of  Killalu,  1825 ;  visited  Rome,  1831 ; 
archbishop  of  Tuam,  1834;  induced  by  his  dislike  of 
everything  English  to  oppose  Newman  ;  quarrelled  with 
Archbishop  Cullen  [q.  v.]  ;  translated  the  Pentateuch  Into 
Irish,  1801,  also  some  of  Moore's  melodies  and  part  of  the 
Iliad,  1844-71.  [xxxv.  106] 

MACHEN,  THOMAS  (15C8-1C14),  M.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1592,  and  fellow  ;  student  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1589  ;  M.P.,  Gloucester,  1614.  [xxxv.  108] 

McHENEY,  JAMES  (1785-1845 ).  poet  and  novelist ; 
emigrated  to  the  United  States,  1817;  settled  In  Phila- 
delphia, 1824;  United  States  consul  in  Londonderry, 
1842-5 ;  best  known  by  his  novel,  '  O'Halloran,  or  the 
Insurgent  Chief,'  1824.  [xxxv.  108] 

MAOHIN  or  MACHYN,  HENRY  (14987-1563  ?), 
diarist;  kept  a  valuable  diary  of  the  years  1660-63 
(published  by  the  Oamdeu  Society,  1848).  [xxxv.  108] 

MACHIN,  JOHN  (1624-1664),  ejected  nonconformist: 
converted  after  entering  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1645 ; 
B.A.,  1649;  received  presbyteriau  ordination,  1649;  lec- 
tured at  different  towns,  1660-61:  ejected  from  curacy  of 
Whitley  Chapel,  Great  Bud  worth,  Cheshire,  1662. 

[xxxv.  109] 

MACHIN,  JOHN  (d.  1751),  astronomer:  F.R£., 
1710 ;  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham  College,  London, 
1713-51 ;  left  unpublished  writings.  [xxxv.  110] 

MACHIN,  LEWIS  (ft.  1608),  author,  in  collaboration 
with  Gervase  Markham  [q.  v.],  of  a  comedy,  'The  Dumbe 
Knight,'  1608.  [xxxv.  109] 

MACHIN  or  MACHAM,  ROBERT  (ft.  1344  \ 
legendary  discoverer  of  Madeira ;  supposed  to  have  fled 
from  England  with  Anna  Dorset,  daughter  of  an  English 
noble,  and  landed  on  an  island  at  a  port  which  he  called 
Machico ;  Madeira  was  discovered  by  Genoese  sailors  in 
the  Portuguese  service  prior  to  the  date  of  Machin's 
voyage.  [xxxv.  110] 

MACHLINIA,  WILLIAM  DK  (ft.  1482-1490),  printer : 
probably  a  native  of  Mechlin :  printer  in  England  after 
1482 ;  about  twenty-two  books  aligned  to  his  press. 

[xxxv.  Ill] 

MACHON,  JOHN  (1572-1640?),  B.A.  Magdalen  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  1594 ;  canon  of  Lichfield,  1631. 

[xxxv.  109] 

MACIAN  OP  GLKXCOE  (d.  1692).  [See  MACDONALD, 
ALEXANDER.] 

M'lAN,  ROBERT  RONALD  (1803-1866),  historical 
painter :  while  studying  art,  was  on  the  stage  till  1839 ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1836  :  associate  of 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1862 ;  painted  chiefly  pic- 
tures of  highland  life  and  history.  [xxxv.  Ill] 

MACILWAIN,  GEORGE  (1797-1882),  medical  writer: 
studied  under  Abernethy  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
London  :  F.R.O.S.,  1843 ;  held  various  surgical  appoint- 
ments in  London :  published '  Memoir*  of  John  Abernethy/ 
1853,  and  medical  treatises.  [xxxv.  Ill] 


McIL  WRAITH 


810 


MACKELLAR 


McttWRATTH,  Sm  THOMAS  (1836-1900),  premier 
of  Queensland  :  educated  as  engineer  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity:  went  (1864)  to  Victoria,  where  he  found  employ- 
ment on  railways ;  engaged  in  pastoral  pursuits  in  Queens- 
land: member  of  legislative  assembly  for  Marnnon,  1869: 
minister  for  works  and  mines,  1874;.  member  for  Mul- 
grave,1878:  premier,  1879-88  :  colonial  treasurer,  1879- 
1881;  colonial  secretary,  1881-3:  K.O.M.U.,  1«82 :  an- 
nexed New  Guinea  to  Queensland,  1H83:  came  to  Great 
Britain :  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1883 ;  member  for  North 
Brisbane,  1888  :  premier,  colonial  secretary,  and  treasurer, 
1888;  resigned  premiership,  1888,  but  retained  seat  in 
cabinet  without  portfolio ;  colonial  treasurer,  1890 ;  pre- 
mier, 1893 :  returned  (1893)  to  England,  where  he  died. 

[Suppl.  iii.  123] 

MACINTOSH.    [See  also  MACKINTOSH.] 

MACINTOSH,  CHARLES  (1766-1843),  chemist  and 
inventor  of  waterproof  fabrics  :  studied  chemistry  while 
a  counting-house  clerk  ;  started  the  first  alum  works  in 
Scotland,  1797;  connected  with  the  St.  Rollox  chemical 
works  till  1814  ;  patented  his  waterproof  invention,  1823, 
and  started  works  in  Manchester  (still  continued) ; 
F.RJ9.,  1823.  [xxxv.  112] 

MACINTOSH,  DONALD  (1743-1808),  Scottish  non- 
juring  bishop;  clerk  for  the  Gaelic  language  to  the 
Scottish  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1786-9:  ordained,  i789  ; 
acted  as  a  missionary  or  untitled  bishop  of  Jacobite 
episcopacy ;  Gaelic  translator  and  keeper  of  Gaelic  records 
to  the  Highland  Society  of  Scotland,  1801 :  the  last  repre- 
sentative of  the  nonjuring  Scottish  episcopal  church : 
compiled  '  A  Collection  of  Gaelic  Proverbs,'  the  first  ever 
made.  [xxxv.  113] 

MACINTYRE,  DUNCAN  BAN  (1724-1812),  Gaelic 
poet ;  joined  the  Hanoverian  forces,  1746 ;  present  at  the 
battle  of  Falkirk,  1746:  published  the  first  edition  of  his 
poems,  1786  (other  editions,  1790  and  1804) :  some  of  his 
poems  translated  into  English ;  vividly  described  high- 
land  scenery.  [xxxv.  114] 

MACKAIL,  HUGH  (1640  7-1666).  Scottish  martyr; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  ordained,  1661 ; 
apprehended  for  his  preaching,  1662  ;  escaped  to  Holland: 
joined  a  covenanters*  rising  in  Scotland,  1666 ;  tortured 
and  hanged  in  Edinburgh.  [xxxv.  116] 

MACKAIL  or  MACKAILLE,  MATTHEW  (fl.  1657- 
1696),  medical  writer;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1696;  published 
medical  works.  [xxxv.  115] 

MACKAIL,  MATTHEW  (d.  1734).  sou  of  Matthew 
Mackail  (fi.  1657-1696)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  medicine  at 
Leyden ;  professor  of  medicine,  Aberdeen,  1717. 

MACKARNESS,  JOHN  FIELDER  (1820-X1889),  bishop 
of  Oxford :  educated  at  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford ; 
BJL,  1844;  honorary  canon  of  Worcester,  1854-8;  pre- 
bendary of  Exeter,  1868;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1870-88;  ii 
liberal  in  politics.  [xxxv.  116] 

MACKABNESS,  MRS.  MATILDA  ANNE  (1826-1881), 
author;  daughter  of  James  Robinson  Planche  [q.  v.]; 
published  her  best-known  story,  '  A  Trap  to  Catch  a  Sun- 
beam,* 1849;  married  the  Rev.  Henry  S.  Mackarness  (d. 
1868),  brother  of  John  Fielder  Mackarness  [q.  v.] 

[xxxv.  117] 

MAOKAY,  ALEXANDER  (1808-1852),  journalist; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1847 ;  on  the  staff  of  the  '  Morn- 
ing Chronicle1  till  1849;  sent  to  India  by  the  chambers 
of  commerce  of  the  big  cities  in  the  north  to  inquire  into 
the  cultivation  of  cotton,  1851;  his  'Western  World,  or 
Travels  in  the  United  States  in  1846-7,'  1849,  long  the 
most  complete  work  on  the  subject.  [xxxv.  117] 

MACKAY,  ALEXANDER  (1816-1895),  educational 
mar;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1840:  LL.D., 
1866 ;  first  Free  church  minister  of  Rhynie,  Aberdeenshire, 
1844-67  ;  studied  local  geology,  and  was  F.R.G.S.,  1859 ; 
published  educational  works,  including  •  Manual  of  Modern 
Geography,'  1861.  [Suppl.  iii.  124] 

MACKAY,  ALEXANDER  MURDOCH  (1849-1890) 
missionary ;  studied  engineering  subjects  at  Edinburgh 
University;  draughtsman  in  an  engineering  firm  at 
Berlin,  1873-6  :  joined  the  mission  to  Uganda,  1876,  and 
gained  great  inttueuce  over  the  natives ;  died  at  Usambiro. 

[xxxv.  118] 


MACKAY,  ANDREW  (1760-1809),  mathematician: 
keeper  of  Aberdeen  Observatory,  1781 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen. 
1786;  mathematical  examiner  to  the  Trinity  House 
(1806-9)  and  to  the  East  India  Company  :  chief  works, 
•  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  finding  the  Longitude  at 
Sea  or  on  Land,'*  1793,  'A  Collection  of  Mathematical 
Tables,'  1804,  and  'The  Complete  Navigator,'  1804. 

[xxxv.  118] 

MACKAY,  ANGUS  (1824-1886),  colonial  journalist 
and  politician :  taken  by  his  parents  to  New  South 
Wales,  1827 ;  editor  of  the  '  Atlas,'  1847 :  represented  the 
'Empire'  at  the  gold  fields,  1851 :  member  for  Sandhurst 
burghs,  Victoria,  1868-79  and  1883-6  :  minister  of  mines, 
1870:  launched  the  'Syduey  Daily  Telegraph,'  1879  :  died 
at  Sandhurst  burghs.  [xxxv.  119] 

McKAY,  ARCHIBALD  (1801-1883),  poet  and  topo- 
grapher: his  most  popular  poems  'My  First  Bawbee,' 
'My  ain  Couthie  Wife,'  and  '  Drouthy  Tarn,'  1828 ;  author 
of  '  A  History  of  Kilmarnock,'  1848.  [xxxv.  120] 

MACKAY,  CHARLES  (1814-1889),  poet  and  jour- 
nalist ;  educated  at  Brussels  ;  private  secretary  to  William 
Cockerill  [q.  v.],  1830-2:  assistant  sub-editor  of  the 
'Morning  Chronicle,'  1834-44;  editor  of  the  'Glasgow 
Argus,'  1844-7,  of  the  '  Illustrated  London  News,'  1862-9  ; 
special  correspondent  of  'The  Times'  at  New  York, 
1862-5  ;  wrote  his  song, '  The  Good  Time  Coming,'  1846,  of 
which  400,000  copies  were  circulated :  published  songs 
at  intervals  from  1834-90  (collected,  1859  and  1868),  his 
'Gossamer  and  Snowdrift,'  being  posthumous,  1890 ;  LL.D. 
of  Glasgow,  1846  :  published  numerous  prose  works. 

[xxxv.  120] 

MACKAY,  SIR  DONALD,  of  Far,  first  BARON  RKAY 
(1591-1649),  succeeded  to  the  headship  of  the  clan,  1614 ; 
knighted,  1616 ;  created  baronet,  1627 :  served  the  King 
of  Denmark  with  distinction,  1627-9;  created  Baron 
Reay,  1628;  transferred  his  regiment  to  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  1629  ;  present  at  the  battles  of  Leipzig  (1631) 
and  Lutzen  (1633) ;  returned  to  Denmark,  1643 ;  joined 
King  Charles  I,  1644 :  captured  at  Newcastle,  1644 ;  set 
free,  1645 ;  retired  to  Denmark  (1648),  where  he  died. 

[xxxv.  122] 

MACKAY,  HUGH  (16407-1692),  of  Scourie,  general: 
served  with  his  regiment  abroad,  1660-73;  transferred 
his  services  to  the  States-General,  1673  :  colonel  of  Scots 
Dutch  regiments,  1680 ;  summoned  to  England  to  aid 
against  Monmouth,  1685 ;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland ; 
returned  to  Holland,  remaining  there  on  the  recall  of  the 
regiment  by  James  II,  1687 ;  in  command  of  the  English 
and  Scots  division  in  the  expedition  of  William  of  Orange, 
1688 ;  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Scotland,  1689 : 
defeated  Olaverhouse  at  Killiecrankie,  1689 ;  induced  the 
surrender  of  the  forces  of  Cannon,  Claverhouse's  suc- 
cessor, 1689 ;  led  the  attack  at  Steinkirk,  where  he  was 
slain.  [xxxv.  124] 

MACKAY,  JAMES  TOWNSEND  (1775  7-1862), 
botanist ;  curator  of  the  botanical  garden,  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1806-62 ;  published  his  •  Flora  Hibernica,'  1836  : 
LL.D.  Dublin  University,  1850 ;  discovered  plants  new  to 
the  British  isles.  [xxxv.  127] 

MACKAY,  JOHN,  second  BARON  RKAY  (fl.  1650), 
son  of  Sir  Donald  Mackay  of  Far,  first  baron  Reay  [q.  v.]  : 
took  part  in  royalist  insurrections  in  Scotland,  1649  and 
1654.  [xxxv.  123] 

MACKAY,  MACKINTOSH  (1800-1873),  Gaelic 
scholar ;  educated  for  the  ministry ;  superintended  the 
printing  of  the  Gaelic  dictionary  of  the  Highland  and 
Agricultural  Society,  1828;  published  the  'Poems'  of 
Robert  Mackay,  Rob  Donn  [q.  v.],  1829 ;  at  the  disruption 
joined  the  Free  church ;  minister  of  the  Gaelic  church  at 
Melbourne,  1854,  uud  Sydney,  1856 ;  returned  to  Scotland. 

[xxxv.  127] 

MACKAY,  ROBERT,  commonly  called  ROB  DONN 
(the  Brown)  (1714-1778),  Gaelic  poet;  acted  as  herd, 
gamekeeper,  and  boman ;  in  the  Reay  fencibles,  1759-67 ; 
wrote  poems,  chiefly  elegies  and  satires,  in  the  Sutherland- 
shire  dialect.  [xxxv.  127] 

MAOKAY,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1803-1882),  philo- 
sopher and  scholar ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Braseuose 
College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1828;  published  'The  Progress 
of  the  Intellect  as  exemplified  in  the  Religious  Develop- 
ment of  the  Greeks  and  Hebrews,'  1860,  and  other  learned 
works.  [xxxv.  129] 


MACKELLAK 


817 


MACKENZIE 


MACKELLAE,  MARY  (1834- 1890 ),  highland  poetess  : 
nie  Cameron  :  married  John  MarkclUr,  rap' 
coasting  ves.-el ;  obtained  judicial  separation  from  liiui  ; 
settled  in  Edinburgh,  c.  178G;  her  'Poems  au«l  ><>iik'-. 
Gaelic  and  English,'  contributed  to  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  published,  1880 :  translated  into  Gaelic  the 
second  series  of  Queen  Victoria's  '  Leaves  from  our  Journal 
In  the  Highlands.'  [XXXT.  129] 

MACKELLAR,  PATRICK  (1717-1778),  colonel, 
military  engineer :  clerk  in  the  ordnance  service,  1735 ; 
employed  in  Minorca,  1739-64  and  1763-78  :  engineer  in 
ordinary,  1751;  served  in  Braddock's  campaign  in  North 
America.  1764  ;  chief  engineer  of  the  frontier  fort*!,  1766 ; 
taken  prisoner  and  confined  in  Quebec  and  Montreal, 
1766-7  :  second  and  then  chief  engineer  at  the  capture  of 
Louisburg,  1768 :  chief  engineer  to  Wolfe,  1769 ;  in  the 
expedition  against  Martinique,  1761-2,  and  the  attack  on 
Havanuah,  1762;  director  of  engineering  and  colonel  at 
Minorca,  1777.  [xxxv.  129] 

MACKELVTE.  WILLIAM  (1800-1863),  united  pres- 
byterian  divine ;  studied  for  the  ministry  as  a  secessionist 
at  Edinburgh  University :  ordained,  1829 ;  promoted 
union  of  secession  and  relief  churches ;  best-known  work 
'Annals  and  Statistics  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church '  (published,  1873).  [xxxv.  131] 

MACKEN,  JOHN  (17847-1823),  poet;  merchant  at 
Ballyconnell  :  joint-editor  of  the  •  Enniskillen  Chronicle,' 
1808:  in  London,  1818;  assisted  in  compiling  'Hunting- 
don Peerage,'  1821 ;  returned  to  Ireland  and  resumed  his 
joint-editorship  of  the  '  Euuiskillen  Chronicle,'  1821  ; 
published  verse.  [XXXT.  132] 

MACKENNA,  JOHN  or  JUAN  (1771-1814),  Chilian 
general ;  left  Ireland  and  entered  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Mathematics  at  Barcelona,  1784 :  entered  an  Irish  engineer 
corps  in  the  Spanish  army,  1787  ;  served  against  the 
French,  1787-8  and  1794;  went  to  Peru,  1796;  governor 
of  Osoruo,  1797-1808 :  joined  revolution,  1810 :  provisional 
governor  of  Valparaiso  and  commander-in-chief  of 
artillery  and  engineers,  1811-14;  brigadier-general,  1813; 
banished,  1814  ;  killed  in  a  duel  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

[XXXT.  132] 

MACKENNA,  NIAL  (fl.  1700),  Irish  poet  and  harper ; 
author  of  the  celebrated  song,  '  Little  Celia  Couuellan.' 

[XXXT.  133] 

MACKENNA,  THEOBALD  (d.  1808).  Irish  catholic 
writer;  secretary  to  the  catholic  committee  in  Ireland; 
the  mouthpiece  of  the  seceders  after  1791 ;  opposed  Wolfe 
Tone's  views  in  a  pamphlet,  1793 ;  disappointed  with  the 
results  of  the  union ;  suggested  raising  the  Irish  catholic 
church  to  an  establishment,  1806 ;  issued  political  pamph- 
lets, [xxxv.  133] 

MACKENZIE,  first  BARON  OP  KINTAIL  (1764-1816). 
[See  HUMBKRSTON,  FRANCIS  MACKENZIE,  first  BARON 
SEAFORTH  and  MACKENZIE.] 

MACKENZIE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1755  ?-l 820), 
North  American  explorer;  explored  the  then  unknown 
north-west,  1789;  started  from  Fort  Cbippewayan,  a 
trading  port  at  the  head  of  Lake  Athabasca,  with  the 
object  of  reaching  the  Pacific  coast,  1792;  published  an 
account  of  his  voyages,  1801  ;  knighted,  1802;  resided  in 
Canada  and  represented  Huntingdon  county  in  the  pro- 
vincial parliament ;  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  died. 

[xxxv.  134] 

MACKENZIE,  ALEXANDER  (1822-1892),  first 
liberal  premier  of  the  Canadian  Dominion  ;  emigrated  to 
Canada,  1842;  builder  and  contractor  at  Sarnia,  1848; 
edited  '  Lambtou  Shield,'  1852  ;  member  for  Lambton  in 
the  provincial  parliament,  1861-7,  and  in  the  Dominion 
House  of  Commons,  1867 ;  premier  and  minister  of  public 
works,  1873-8 ;  resigned  the  leadership  of  the  opposition, 
1880 ;  member  for  East  York,  1882-92 ;  died  at  Toronto  ; 
upheld  the  connection  between  Canada  and  Great  Britain. 

[XXXT.  136] 

MACKENZIE,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (1825-1862), 
bishop  of  Central  Africa;  brother  of  William  Forbes 
Mackenzie  [q.  T.]  ;  educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge  : 
M.A.,  1851 :  fellow ;  accompanied  John  William  Coleuso 
[q.  T.]  to  Natal  as  his  archdeacon,  1855;  chaplain  to 
the  troops  round  Durban,  1858 ;  head  of  the  universities' 
mission  to  Central  Africa,  1860 :  consecrated  bishop  at 
Cape  Town,  1861  ;  settled  at  Magomero  in  the  Maugauja 
country  :  often  reported  to  force  to  help  the  Manganja ; 
diedat'Malo.  [xxxv.  136] 


MACKENZIE,  COLIN  (17137-1821),  colonel  in  the 
Madras  engineers,  Ind :;tn  .u.u.juary  and  topographer: 
•erred  in  the  Madras  engineer,  against  Tippoo  Sahib, 
•2  and  1799  ;  surveyed  Mysore.  1799-1806:  iarreyor- 
geueral  of  Madras,  1807 :  commanding  engineer  in  Java, 
1811-16:  O.B.,  1H15:  Hurveyor-general  rf  India,  1819; 
made  valuable  collection*  of  Indian  antiquities,  iwcrip- 
tiou?,  and  manuscript*.  [XXXT.  1U] 

MACKENZIE,  COLIN  (180«- 1881 ),  lieutenant-general 
in  Indian  army :  cadet  of  infantry  on  Madran  establish- 
ment, 1826  ;  served  in  Ooorg  campaign,  1834,  and  in 
Straits  of  Malacca,  1836 ;  assistant  political  agent  at 
Peshawar,  1840 :  served  with  distinction  at  Kabul  : 
brevet-captain :  attended  conference  between  Akbar  Khun 
and  Sir  William  Hay  Macuaghten  [q.  T.]  and  was  taken  - 
prisoner ;  on  being  released,  chowu  by  Akbar  Khan  an 
one  of  the  hostages  to  be  given  up  to  him ;  raised  Sikh 
regiment  during  the  last  Sikh  campaign:  brigadier- 
k"  n  nil  in  command  of  Kllichpur  division  of  Hyderabad 
contingent,  1853;  dangerously  wounded  at  Bolaruin  in 
mutiny  of  a  cavalry  regiment  against  orders  which  the 
government  subsequently  condemned  as  ill-judged,  1866  ; 
returned  temporarily  to  England  ;  agent  to  governor- 
general  with  Nawab  Nazim  of  Bengal :  C.B.,  1867  ;  failed 
to  obtain  divisional  command  owing  to  censure  in  ItoU- 
rum  case,  and  finally  left  India,  1873.  [SuppL  iil.  126] 

MACKENZIE,  DUGAL  (d.  1688  ?X  Scottish  author  : 
educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Paris  Universities :  some  Latin 
poems  and  epigrams  attributed  to  him.  [xxxv.  139] 

MACKENZIE,  ENEAS  (1778-1832),  topographer: 
became  baptist  minister  and  ultimately  printer  and  pub- 
lisher :  founded  the  Mechanics'  Institution,  Newcastle; 
published  several  topographical  works.  [xxxv.  139] 

MACKENZIE,  FREDERICK  (17887-1854),  water- 
colour  painter  and  topographical  draughtsman:  em- 
ployed in  making  topographical  and  architectural  draw- 
ings ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1804-28  ;  member 
of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1823. 

[XXXT.  140] 

MACKENZIE,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OK  SKAPORTH 
(d.  1651),  succeeded,  1633;  of  royalist  inclination,  but 
with  the  covenanters,  1639-40  :  sometimes  supported  and 
sometimes  opposed  Montrose,  1640-6  ;  joined  Charles  II  in 
Holland,  1649  ;  died  at  Schiedam.  [xxxv.  140] 

MACKENZIE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1636-1691),  of  Rose- 
haugh,  king's  advocate ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews,  Aber- 
deen, and  Bourges  Universities:  called  to  the  bar  at 
Edinburgh,  1659;  distinguished  himself  in  the  trial  of  the 
Marquis  of  Argyll,  1661;  knighted;  M.P.,  Ross,  1669: 
king's  advocate,  1677 ;  privy  councillor,  1677 ;  called 
'Bloody'  from  his  severe  treatment  (1679-86)  of  the 
covenanters :  resigned  for  a  short  time,  1686 ;  again  in 
office,  1688  ;  opposed  the  dethronement  of  James  II,  and 
to  escape  the  consequences  retired  from  public  life: 
founded  the  library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  opened 
1689 ;  author  of  moral  essays  and  legal  and  historical 
works  of  a  bigoted  character.  [xxxv.  142] 

MACKENZIE,  GEOROE,  first  VIHTOUNT  TARBAT, 
first  EARI.  OP  CROMARTY  (1630-1714).  statesman;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrews  and  Aberdeen  Universities ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  estates,  1654 :  as  a  royalist  had  to 
remain  in  exile  till  1660  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Tarbat : 
planned  Lauderdale's  downfall  by  means  of  the  '  act  of 
billeting,' 1662 ;  deprived  of  office,  1«64;  appointed  lord 
justice-general  of  Scotland,  1678 ;  chief  minister  of  the 
1  king  in  Scotland,  1682-8;  created  Viscount  Tarbat,  1685 : 
,  joined  the  new  government,  1689 ;  secretary  of  state, 
1702-4 ;  created  Earl  of  Cromarty,  1703 :  advocated  »hc 
union  ;  published  miscellaneous  pamphlets,  [xxxv.  145] 

MACKENZIE,  GEORGE  (1669-1725),  Scottish  bio- 
grapher ;  son  of  George  Mackenzie,  second  earl  of  Seaforth 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  medicine  at  Aberdeen,  Oxford,  and  Paris  : 
M.D.  Aberdeen  :  chief  work,  •  Lives  and  Character*  of  the 
most  Eminent  Writers  of  the  Scots  Nation,'  vol.  L  1708, 
vol.  ii.  1711,  and  vol.  iii.  1722.  [XXXT.  148] 

MACKENZIE,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  OF  CROMAKTT 
(d.  1766),  succeeded,  1731 ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Hd- 
ward,  1745 :  taken  prisoner,  tried,  and  sentenced  to  death, 
1746  ;  pardoned,  1749.  [XXXT.  148] 

Sfl 


MACKENZIE 


818 


MACKENZIE 


MACKENZIE.  GEORGE  (1741-1787),  brother  of  John 
Mackenzie,  baron  Macleod  [q.  v.] ;  present  at  the  defence 
of  Gibraltar,  1780;  lieutenant-colonel,  1783;  died  at 
Walla  jabad.  [xxxv.  156] 

MACKENZIE,  GEORGE  (1777-1856X  meteorologist ; 
began  a  register  of  atmospheric  changes,  1802 :  formed 
his  •  primary  cycle  of  the  winds,'  1819 ;  author  of  reports 
or  '  Manuals '  of  the  weather.  [xxxv.  149] 

MACKENZIE,  SIR  GEORGE  STEUART,  seventh 
baronet  (1780-1 848 X  of  Coul,  mineralogist ;  succeeded  to 
baronetcy,  1796  :  discovered  identity  of  diamond  and 
carbon,  1800  :  F.R.S. ;  studied  mineralogy  and  geology  in 
Iceland,  1810;  in  the  Faroe  islands,  1812 ;  joint  author  of 
'  Travels  in  Iceland,'  1811 ;  wrote  geological  and  miscella- 
neous works.  [xxxv.  149] 

MACKENZIE,  HENRY  (1745-1831),  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School 
and  University  :  attorney  for  the  crown  in  Scotland ;  his 
novels,  'The  Man  of  Feeling,'  1771,  'The  Man  of  the 
World,1  1773,  and  'Julia  de  Ronbigne,"  1777,  published 
anonymously;  produced  a  successful  tragedy,  "The 
Prince  of  Tunis,'  1773 ;  superintended  the  periodicals, '  The 
Mirror,'  1779-80,  and  'The  Lounger,*  1785-7;  wrote  on 
contemporary  politics,  1784-93  ;  comptroller  of  taxes  for 
Scotland,  1804-31;  his  'Works'  issued,  1807  and  1808; 
called  by  Scott  the  '  Northern  Addison.'  [xxxv.  150] 

MACKENZIE,  HENRY  (1808-1878),  bishop  suffra- 
gan of  Nottingham;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  London,  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  ;  ordained, 
1834 ;  M.A.,  1838  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1858  ;  sub-dean 
and  canon-residentiary,  1864  ;  archdeacon  of  Nottingham, 
1866 ;  D.D.,  1869  ;  bishop  suffragan  of  Nottingham,  1870-8. 

[xxxv.  152] 

MACKENZIE,  JAMES  (16809-1761),  physician; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Leydeu  Universities  ;  published 
'The  History  of  Health  and  the  Art  of  preserving  it,' 
175&  [xxxv.  153] 

MACKENZIE,  JAMES  ARCHIBALD  STUART- 
WORTLEY-,  first  BARON  WHAKXCLIPFE  (1776-1845). 
[See  STUART- WORTLKY-MACKEXZIE.] 

MACKENZIE,  JOHN  (1648?-1696),  Irish  divine: 
ordained  presbyterian  minister,  1673 ;  chaplain  of 
Walker's  regiment  during  the  siege  of  Londonderry,  1689 ; 
wrote  narrative  of  siege,  1690.  [xxxv.  154] 

MACKENZIE,  JOHN,  BARON  MACLEOD,  COUNT 
CROMARTY  in  the  Swedish  peerage  (1727-1789),  major- 
general  in  the  British  army  ;  great-grandson  of  George 
Mackenzie,  first  viscount  Tarbat  and  first  earl  of  Oromarty 
[q-  v.]  ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745  ;  captured, 
1746;  pardoned,  but  deprived  of  his  title  and  estates, 
1748 ;  joined  a  Swedish  regiment,  1 750 ;  present  at  the 
battle  of  Prague  as  a  volunteer  of  the  Prussian  army  and 
aide-de-camp  to  Marshal  Keith  [see  KEITH,  JAMKB 
FRANC  IN  EHWARD],  1767 :  returned  to  England,  1777 ; 
raised  highland  regiment,  and  as  its  colonel  embarked 
with  it  for  India,  1779 :  served  in  India  till  1783  ;  major- 
general,  1783  ;  his  estates  restored,  1784.  [xxxv.  154] 

MACKENZIE,    JOHN  (1806-1848),  Gaelic   scholar; 
collected  popular  songs  ;  book-keeper  in  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity printing-office,  1836  ;  published  '  Beauties  of  Gaelic 
Poetry,'  1841 ;  translated  theological  works  into  Gaelic. 
^  [xxxv.  156] 

MACKENZIE,  JOHN  KENNETH  (1860-1888),  medi- 
cal missionary  ;  obtained  medical  diplomas,  London  and 
Edinburgh,  1874  ;  sent  by  the  London  Missionary  Society 
to  Hankow  as  a  medical  missionary,  1876 ;  founded  a 
medical  school  for  native  students  at  Tieu-tsin  ;  died  at 
Tien-tsin.  [xxxv.  157] 

MACKENZIE,  KENNETH,  fourth  EARL  OP  SKA- 
FORTH  (d.  1701),  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1678;  fol- 
lowed James  II  to  France,  1689 ;  served  in  the  siege  of 
Londonderry,  1689  ;  created  by  James  titular  Marquis  of 
Seaforth;  failed  to  make  terms  with  William  Ill's 
government,  1690;  imprisoned  till  1697  ;  died  in  Paris. 

[xxxv.  157] 

MACKENZIE,  KENNETH  (1754-1833).    [See  Dou- 

ULAH,  8lR  K KXXKTII.] 

MACKENZIE,  KENNETH  DOUGLAS  (1811-1873), 
colonel :  ensign  in  the  Gordon  highlanders,  1831 :  c 
tared  William  Smith  O'Brien  in  the  Irish  insurrection, 
1848;  served  in  Crimea,  1854-6;  went  to  India,  1857; 


employed  in   the  expedition    to   China,    1860;    colonel, 
9;    assistant    quartermaster-general    at    the    Horse 
Guards,  1870.  [xxxv.  158] 

MACKENZIE,  MARIA  ELIZABETH  FREDERIOA 
STEWART,  LADY  HOOD  (1783-1862).  [See  STKWAUT.] 

MACKENZIE.  SIR  MORELL  (1837-1892),  physi- 
cian ;  studied  medicine  at  the  London  Hospital,  at  Paris, 
Vienna,  and  Pesth ;  specialised  on  throat  diseases  ;  M.D. 
London,  1862  ;  helped  to  found  the  Hospital  for  Diseases 
of  the  Throat,  Golden  Square,  London,  1863 ;  summoned 
to  Berlin  to  attend  the  crown  prince  of  Germany,  after- 
wards the  Emperor  Frederick  III,  1887;  knighted,  1887: 
justified  his  conduct  in  regard  to  the  German  physicians 
and  his  general  treatment  of  the  case  in  '  Frederick  the 
Noble,'  1888,  an  injudicious  work,  for  which  he  was  cen- 
sured by  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1889 ;  published 
'  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose,'  vol.  i.  1880, 
vol.  ii.  1884.  [xxxv.  159] 

McKENZIE,  MURDOCH,  the  elder  (rf.  1797),  hydro- 
grapher ;  surveyed  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  isles,  1749  ; 
admiralty  surveyor  till  1771 ;  F.R.S.,  1774  ;  published  '  A 
Treatise  on  Marine  Surveying,'  1774,  and  the  results  of  his 
work  on  the  Scottish  and  Irish  coasts,  1776. 

[xxxv.  160] 

McKENZIE,  MURDOCH,  the  younger  (1743-1829), 
commander  in  the  navy ;  nephew  of  Murdoch  M'Kenzie 
the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  admiralty  surveyor,  1771-88 ;  com- 
mander, 1814.  [xxxv.  161] 

MACKENZIE,  ROBERT  (1823-1881),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  journalist  and  author  of  historical  works. 

[xxxv.  161] 

MACKENZIE,  ROBERT  SHELTON  (1809-1880), 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  contributed  poems  to  the  '  Dublin 
and  London  Magazine,'  published  'Lays  of  Palestine,* 
1828 ;  journalist  in  London  after  1830 ;  engaged  in 
literary  work  in  New  York,  1852  ;  settled  at  Philadelphia 
(1857),  where  he  died  ;  remembered  chiefly  for  his  com- 
pilations, including  valuable  editions  of  the  '  Noctes 
Ambrosianae,'  1861-3,  and  of  Maginn's  '  Miscellaneous 
Works,'  1855-7.  [xxxv.  161] 

MACKENZIE,  SAMUEL  (1785  -  1847),  portrait- 
painter  ;  studied  in  Raeburn's  studio  at  Edinburgh : 
contributed  to  the  exhibitions  of  Associated  Artists, 
Edinburgh,  1812-16,  and  to  the  Royal  Institution,  Edin- 
burgh, 1821-9 ;  member  of  the  Scottish  Academy,  and 
contributed  to  its  exhibitions,  1829-46 ;  especially  suc- 
cessful in  his  female  portraits.  [xxxv.  1G2] 

MACKENZIE,  THOMAS,  LORD  MACKENZIE  (1807- 
1869),  Scottish  judge  ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edin- 
burgh Universities ;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1832 ; 
solicitor-general,  1851  ;  raised  to  the  bench  with  the 
title  Lord  Mackenzie,  1854  ;  retired,  1864 :  author  of 
'  Studies  in  Roman  Law,  with  Comparative  Views  of  the 
Laws  of  France,  England,  and  Scotland,'  1862. 

[xxxv.  163] 

MACKENZIE,  WILLIAM,  fifth  EARL  OF  SKAFORTH 
(d.  1740),  joined  the  Pretender,  1715 :  served  throughout 
the  war  and  escaped  to  France,  1716 ;  accompanied 
George  Keith,  tenth  earl  Marischal  [q.  v.],  in  his  expedi- 
tion to  the  highlands,  1719;  again  escaped  to  France; 
pardoned  and  returned  to  Scotland,  1726.  [xxxv.  163] 

MACKENZIE,  WILLIAM  (1791-1868),  ophthalmic 
surgeon  ;  studied  chiefly  at  Glasgow  and  Vienna  ;  Wal- 
tonian  lecturer,  Glasgow  University,  1828 ;  surgeon- 
oculist  to  the  queen  in  Scotland,  1838;  helped  to  raise 
ophthalmic  surgery  to  a  high  place  among  the  special 
branches  of  medical  science  :  his  most  important  work, 
'  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Eye,'  1830. 

[xxxv.  164] 

MACKENZIE,  WILLIAM  BELL  (1806-1870),  of 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1837  ;  published  religious 
works.  [xxxv.  165] 

MACKENZIE,  WILLIAM  FORBES  (1807-1862), 
of  Portmore,  Peeblesshire,  politician  ;  brother  of  Charles 
Frederick  Mackenzie  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  the  bar,  1827  ; 
M.P.  Peeblesshire,  1837-62  ;  lord  of  the  treasury,  1845-6  ; 
author  of  the  Forbes  Mackenzie  Act  (for  the  regulation 
of  public-houses  in  Scotland),  1H52.  [xxxv.  165] 

MACKENZIE.  WILLIAM  LYON  (1795  -  1861), 
leader  of  Canadian  insurgents  ;  a  native  of  Dundee ; 
emigrated  to  Canada,  1820 ;  conducted  the  'Colonial  Advo- 
cate '  at  Toronto,  1824-34  -..member  of  the  Upper  Canada 
legislative  assembly  for  th«  county  of  York,  1828-30,  aixi 


MACKERELL 


819 


MACKRETH 


1834-6;  mayor  of   Toronto,  1834;  led  an  insurrection  j 
(1837)  which  failed,  and  ended  in  bis  imprisonment  for  a 
year,  but  which  drew  the  attention  of  the  home  govern- 
ment to  colonial  abuses ;  member  of  the  united  provinces  ' 
legislature,  1850-8.  [xxxv.  165] 

MACKERELL,  BENJAMIN  (d.   1738),    Norfolk  an-  I 
tiquary  ;  librarian  of  the  Norwich  public  library,  1716- 
1732.  [xxxv.  166] 

McKERROW,  JOHN  ( 1 789-1867),  presbyteriau  divine ; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  ordained  by  the  seoetf-  [ 
siou  church,  1813 ;  published  works  on  the  history  of  his 
church.  [xxxv.  167] 

McKERROW,  WILLIAM  (1803-1878),  presbyterian 
divine  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  ;  ordained  and 
ministered  in  Manchester,  1827-69  ;  supported  Manches- 
ter liberal  movements ;  started  the  Manchester  •  Ex- 
aminer and  Times,'  1846  ;  member  of  the  first  Manchester 
school  board,  1870.  [xxxv.  167] 

MACKESON,  FREDERICK  (1807-1853),  lleutenant- 
oolouel  ;  in  the  East  India  Company's  service  :  commis- 
sioner at  Peshawur  ;  received  a  Bengal  cadetship,  1825 ; 
accompanied  Sir  Alexander  Burues  [q.  v.]  to  Cabul,  1837  ; 
distinguished  himself  in  the  Sikh  wars  ;  commissioner  at 
Feshawur,  1851-3  ;  employed  in  quieting  the  frontier 
tribes  ;  assassinated  by  a  native.  [xxxv.  168] 

McKEWAN,  DAVID  HALL  (1816-1873),  water- 
colour  painter ;  studied  under  David  Cox  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water-colours,  1850  ;  painted  landscapes  and  interiors. 

[xxxv.  168] 

MACKGILL  or  MACGILL,  JAMES  (<i.  1579),  of 
Nether  Rankeillour,  clerk  register  of  Scotland  ;  educated 
at  St.  Andrews  University;  admitted  advocate,  1550; 
appointed  clerk  register  and  an  ordinary  lord  of  session, 
1554  ;  at  first  adhered  to  Queen  Mary,  but  was  concerned 
In  Riccio's  (Kizzio's)  murder,  1565,  and  afterwards  be- 
came her  opponent ;  member  of  the  new  council,  1578. 

[xxxv.  169] 

McKIE,  JAMES  (1816-1891),  Burns  collector  ;  book- 
seller at  Kilmarnock ;  started  the  '  Kilmaruock  Jour- 
nal '  and  the  '  Kilmarnock  Weekly  Post '  ;  collected 
rare  editions  of  Burns,  and  published  facsimiles ;  author 
of  works  connected  with  Burns.  [xxxv.  170] 

MACKIE,  JOHN  (1748-1831),  physician;  studied  at 
Edinburgh  University ;  spent  much  time  abroad,  where 
be  occasionally  practised  ;  published  a  '  Sketch  of  a  New 
Theory  of  Man,'  1819.  [xxxv.  170] 

McKINLAY,  JOHN  (1819-1872),  Australian  explorer  ; 
emigrated  to  New  South  Wales,  1836 ;  left  Adelaide  to 
trace  the  fate  of  O'Hara  Burke,  and  Wills,  and  to  ex- 
plore, 1861;  proved  that  Lake  Torrens  did  not  exist; 
struck  the  coast  at  Gulf  Carpentaria,  1862 ;  beaded 
another  expedition  to  explore  the  northern  territory,  1865. 

[xxxv.  171] 

MACKINNON,  DANIEL  (1791-1836),  colonel  and 
historian  of  the  Coldstream  guards ;  brother  of  William 
Alexander  Mackinnon  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  guards,  1804  ; 
on  the  continent,  1805-14 ;  wounded  at  Waterloo,  1815 : 
colonel,  1830  ;  published  a  famous  '  Origin  and  History  of 
the  Coldstream  Guards,'  1832.  [xxxv.  171] 

MACKINNON,  DANIEL  HENRY  (1813  -  1884), 
soldier  and  author;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin; 
entered  the  army,  1836  ;  served  in  Afghanistan,  1838-9  ; 
in  the  Sikh  war,  1846  ;  major-general,  1878 ;  published 
•  Military  Services  and  Adventures  in  the  Far  East,'  1849. 

[xxxv.  172] 

MACKINNON,  SIK  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1823- 
1893),  founder  of  British  East  Africa  Company ;  engaged 
In  mercantile  firm  in  Glasgow ;  went  to  India,  1847,  and 
with  a  partner  founded  firm  of  Mackinnon,  Mackenzie 
&  Co.  for  coasting  trade  in  Bay  of  Bengal ;  took  great 

Ert  in  founding  Calcutta  and  Burmah  (after  1862, 
itish  India)  Steam  Navigation  Company,  1866; 
negotiated  with  Sultan  Seyyid  Barghash,  1878,  for  lease 
of  laud  now  called  German  .East  Africa  (sanction  de- 
clined by  British  government);  chairman  of  Imperial 
British  East  Africa  Company,  1888-95  ;  territory  taken 
over  by  British  government,  1895 ;  shared  largely  in 
promoting  Sir  H.  M.  Stanley's  expedition  for  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha,  1886  ;  founded  East  African  Scottish 
mission,  18'Jl  ;  C.1.&,  1882  ;  created  baronet,  1889. 

[Suppl.  ill.  127] 


MACKINNON,  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  (17W- 
1870),  legislator ;  brother  of  Daniel  Mackinnon  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.!'.,  Dunwich,  1K30-1,  Lymlngton,  1881-41,  Bje, 
1853,  1867,  and  1859-66;  published  'On  Public  Opi- 
nion In  Great  Britain  and  other  Parts  of  toe  World,' 
1828 ;  rewritten  M '  Hiatory  of  Civilisation,'  1846. 

[XXXT.  171] 

MACKINTOSH.    [See  also  MACIXTOSH.] 

MACKINTOSH,  SIK  JAMES  (1766-1832),  philosopher  ; 
educated  at  Aberdeen  University  ;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  :  obtained  his  diploma,  1787  ;  moved  to  Lon- 
don, 1788 ;  became  a  regular  contributor  to  the  '  Oracle ' 
iK-longing  to  John  Bell  (1746-1831)  [q.  v.]  ;  published 

•  Vindiciro  Gallica-,'  1791,  in  answer  to  Burke'*  •  Reflec- 
tions on  the  French  Revolution  ' ;  on  becoming  known  to 
Burke,  adopted  his  view  of  the  French  revolution;  barrister. 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1796  ;  lectured  on  '  The  Law  of  Nature  and 
Nations,'  1799  ;  recorder  of  Bombay,  1804-6  :  judge  In  the 
vice-admiralty    court,  Bombay,  1806-11;   M.P.,   Nairn, 
1813,    Knaresborough,     1819;    professor    of     'law    and 
general  politics '  at  Haileybury,  1818-24  ;  published  '  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Progress  of  Ethical  Philosophy,'  1830  ; 
commissioner  of  the  board  of  control,  1 830 ;  wrote  '  His- 
tory of   England  '  in    Larducr's  -  Cabinet  Cyclopedia,* 
1830, '  History  of  the  Revolution  in  England  in  1688,'  pub- 
lished, 1834,  and  other  historical  works.         [xxxv.  173] 

MACKINTOSH,  WILLIAM  (1662-1743),  of  Borlum, 
Inverness-shire ;  brigadier  in  James  Edward  the  Old  Pre- 
tender's service ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ; 
prominent  In  the  Jacobite  rising,  1714 ;  confined  in  New- 
gate, 1715  ;  escaped  to  France,  1716 ;  returned  to  Scotland 
probably  in  1719  ;  again  captured  and  imprisoned  for  life 
in  Edinburgh  Castle ;  published  work  on  tillage  In  Scot- 
land, 1729.  [xxxv.  177] 

MACKLIN,  CHARLES  (16977-1797),  actor  and 
stage-manager  ;  played  in  London  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Theatre,  1730,  at  Drury  Lane,  1733-44,  and  1744-8 ;  made 
his  reputation  by  his  interpretation  of  the  character  of 
Shylock ;  appeared  in  Dublin  (under  Sheridan's  auspices), 
1748-50,  and  again,  1761  and  1763-70  ;  at  Ooveut  Garden, 
London,  1750-3, 1761, 1772, 1775, 1781-9  ;  retired  from  the 
stage,  1789.  Of  his  dramatic  productions,  'Love  a  la 
Mode,'  a  farce  (1759)  and  •  The  Man  of  the  World '  (1781), 
one  of  the  best  comedies  of  the  century,  are  the  most 
notable.  [xxxv.  179] 

MACKLIN,  MARIA  (d.  1781),  actress ;  daughter  of 
Charles  Macklin  [q.  v.]  ;  appeared  first  at  Drury  Lane  in 

*  Richard  III,'  1743 ;  left  the  stage,  1777  ;  Portia,  Desde- 


moua,  and  Rosalind  among  her  parts. 


[xxxv.  183] 


MACKNESS,  JAMBS  (1804-1851),  medical  writer: 
passed  the  College  of  Surgeons,  1824  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1840;  member  of  the  council  of  the  British  Medical 
Association,  1847  ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxxv.  184] 

MACKNIGHT,  JAMES  (1721-1800),  biblical  critic; 
educated  at  Glasgow  and  Lcyden  universities  ;  ordained, 
1763 ;  published  a  '  Harmony  of  the  Gospels,'  1766,  which 
became  celebrated :  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1759 ;  main  pro- 
moter of  the  declaratory  act  of  assembly,  1782  ;  issued  a 
•  Translation  of  all  the  Apostolical  Epistles,'  1795. 

[xxxv.  184] 

MACKNIGHT,  THOMAS  (1829  -  1899),  political 
writer  ;  studied  medicine  at  King's  College,  London  ;  editor 
(1866-99)  of  Belfast  •  Northern  Whig,'  which  became  main- 
stay of  liberal  party  in  Ireland,  though  it  opposed  home 
rule  ;  published  •  Life  and  Times  of  Kdniuud  Burke,'  1868- 
1860,  and  other  political  and  historical  works. 

[SuppL  iii.  128] 

MACKONOCHIE.     [See  also  MACOXOCIUK.] 

MACKONOCHIE,  ALEXANDER  HERIOT  (1825- 
1887),  divine;  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  ordained, 
181!) :  M.A.,  1851 ;  adopted  advanced  ritualistic  view?, 
and  was  subjected  to  a  series  of  lawsuits  promoted  by 
the  Church  Association,  1867-82.  [xxxv.  186] 

McKOWEN,  JAMES  (1814-1889),  Ulster  poet;  em- 
ployed in  bleachworks  at  Belfast ;  contributed  racy  poems 
to  various  Irish  newspapers ;  his  "  Ould  Irish  Jig'  known 
throughout  Ireland.  [xxxv.  186] 

MACKRETH,  SIK  ROBERT  (1726-1819),  club  pro- 
prietor ;  at  first  a  billiard-marker,  and  then  a  waiter,  at 
White's  Club ;  proprietor  of  White's,  1761 :  bookmaker 

3  u  2 


MACKULLOCH 


820 


MACLEAN 


and  usurer  :  M.P.  for  Castle  Rising  through  the  nomina- 
tion of  the  Earl  of  Orford,  his  debtor,  1774-1802;  pro- 
ceeded against  ami  found  guilty  for  taking  advantage  of 
a  minor,  1786,  and  for  assaulting  John  Scott  (afterwards 
Lord  KMon),  1792;  knighted  for  his  services  in  parlia- 
ment, 1795.  [xxxv.  186] 

MACKULLOCH,  MAGNUS  (Jl.  1480),  reputed  con- 
tinuator  of  Fordun's  '  Scotichrouicon  ' ;  copied  for  the 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  the  '  Scotichronlcon,'  1483-84  ; 
probably  wrote  the  additions  at  the  cud,  which  bring  the 
narrative  down  to  1460.  [xxxv.  187] 

MACKWORTH,  Sin  HUMPHRY  (1657-1727),  poli- 
tician and  capitalist :  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1682  :  knighted,  1683;  M.P.,  Car- 
diganshire, 1701, 1702-6  and  1710-13 ;  deputy-governor  of 
a  large  mining  company ;  accused  of  peculation  and  found 
guilty  by  the  House  of  Commons,  1710 ;  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge ;  author 
of  political  and  financial  pamphlets.  [xxxv.  187] 

MACKY.  JOHN  (rf.  1726),  government  agent  or  spy ; 
discovered  James  IPs  intended  expedition  to  England, 
1692;  inspector  of  the  coast  from  Dover  to  Harwich, 
1693 :  published  '  A  View  of  the  Court  of  St.  Germains 
from  the  Year  1690  to  1695,'  1696;  directed  the  packet- 
boat  Bervlce  from  Dover  to  France  and  Flanders,  1697- 
1702,  and  1706-8;  suspected  by  the  government  and  im- 
prisoned ;  released  at  accession  of  George  I ;  died  at 
Rotterdam.  His  '  Memoirs  of  the  Secret  Services  of  John 
Macky,  Ksq.,'  published,  1733,  is  an  important  contri- 
bution to  contemporary  history.  [xxxv.  189] 

MACLACHLAN,  EWEN  (1775-1822),  Gaelic  poet  and 
scholar ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University ;  head-master 
of  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1810-22;  author  of  some 
Gaelic  poems,  also '  Attempts  in  Verse,'  1807,  and  '  Metrical 
Effusions,'  1816.  [xxxv.  190] 

MACLACHLAN,  LAUOHLAN  (rf.  1746),  fifteenth 
chief  of  the  ancient  Argyllshire  clan ;  succeeded  his  father, 
1719 ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745 ;  killed  at  Oul- 
loden,  1746.  [xxxv.  190] 

McLACHLAN,  THOMAS  HOPE  (1845-1897),  land- 
scape-painter; B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1868; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1868 ;  abandoned  law  for  art, 
1878.  His  picture,  'Ships  that  pass  in  the  Night,'  is  in 
the  National  Gallery.  [SuppL  ill.  128] 

MACLAINE,  ARCHIBALD  (1722-1804),  divine; 
brother  of  James  Maclaine  [q.  v.]  ;  co-pastor  to  the  Eng- 
lish church  at  the  Hague,  1747-96 ;  translated  Mosheim's 
'Ecclesiastical  History,'  1765  (last  reprint,  1826). 

[xxxv.  191] 

MACLAINE  or  MACLEAN,  JAMES  (1724-1750), 
'  gentleman  highwayman ' ;  spent  his  patrimony  and  took 
to  the  highway,  1748  ;  arrested,  1750 ;  tried  and  hanged. 

MACLAREN,  ARCHIBALD  (1755-1826)*  dramatist ; 
entered  the  army,  1765 ;  served  In  the  American  war ; 
returned  to  Scotland :  on  his  discharge  joined  a  troop  of 
strolling  players;  joined  Dumbartonshire  Highlanders, 
1784 ;  discharged  after  serving  in  Guernsey  and  Ireland ; 
author  of  numerous  dramatic  pieces,  two  prose  works  de- 
scribing the  Irish  rebellion,  1798-1800,  and  a  few  poems. 

[xxxv.  192] 

MACLAREN,  CHARLES  (1782-1866),  editor  of  the 
'Scotaman':  established  the  'Scotsman,'  1817;  editor, 
1820-46;  edited  the  sixth  edition  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia 
Britanuica,'  1823  ;  published  geological  works. 

fxxxv   194*1 

McLAREN,  DUNCAN  (ISOO-lSSe),  politician':  mem- 
ber of  the  Edinburgh  town  council,  1833,  provost,  1851-4  • 
M.P.,  Edinburgh,  1866-81 ;  wrote  on  political  questions. 

[xxxv.  1941 

McLAREN,  WILLIAM  (1772-1832),  Scottish  poet; 
weaver,  manufacturer,  and  tavern-keeper ;  published  verse. 
1817  and  1827.  [xxxv.  195] 

MACLAUCHLAN,  THOMAS  (1816-1886),  Scottish 
presbyterian  divine,  and  Gaelic  scholar  :  M.A.  Aberdeen, 
1833:  ordained,  1837;  supported  the  non-intrusiouistn  at 
the  dimiption,  1843 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1864 ;  moderator  of 
tlie  Free  Church  Assembly,  1876 ;  maintained  the  authen- 
ticity of  Maophcrson's  Osniau :  edited  the  'Book  of  the 
Dean  ol  Llttuore,'  1863.  [xxxv.  1»5] 


MACLAURIN,  COLIN  (1698-1746),  mathematician 
and  natural  philosopher :  educated  at  Glasgow  :  professor 
of  mathematics  in  the  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1715- 
1726;  F.R.S.,  1719;  deputy-profc^or  ;it  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, 1725 :  organised  the  defence  of  Edinburgh  against 
the  rebels,  1745 ;  the  one  mathematician  of  first  rank 
trained  in  Great  Britain  in  the  eighteenth  century.  His 
most  noted  works  are  *  Geometria  Organica,  sive  De- 
scriptio  Linearum  Curvarum  Universalis,'  1720,  '  A  Trea- 
tise of  Fluxions,'  1742,  '  A  Treatise  of  Algebra,  with  an 
Appendix  De  Linearum  Geometricarum  Proprietatibus 
Generalibus,'  published,  1 748,  and  '  An  account  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton's  Philosophy,'  published,  1748.  [xxxv.  196] 

MACLAURIN,  JOHN  (1693-1754),  presbyterian 
divine ;  brother  of  Colin  Maclaurin  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at 
Glasgow  and  Leyden;  ordained,  1719;  a  leader  of  the 
'  intruslonists* ;  a  famous  preacher  and  controversialist ; 
his  'Sermons  and  Essays '  published,  1756.  [xxxv.  198] 

MACLAURIN,  JOHN,  LORD  DIIKOIIORN  (1734-1796), 
Scottish  judge  ;  son  of  Colin  Maclauriu  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  High  School  and  University;  advocate, 
1756 ;  senator  of  the  College  of  Justice,  with  the  title 
Lord  Dreghorn,  1788-96 ;  published  satirical  poems  and 
legal  works.  [xxxv.  198] 

MACLEAN.    [See  also  MACLA.INE.] 

MACLEAN,  ALEXANDER  (1840-1877),  painter; 
studied  at  Rome,  Florence,  and  Antwerp ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  1872-7.  [xxxv.  199] 

MACLEAN,  ALLAN  (1725-1784),  colonel;  in  the 
Scots  brigade  in  the  Dutch  service :  taken  prisoner,  1747  ; 
served  in  America,  1757-83 ;  commanded  the  operations 
against  Quebec,  1776-7 ;  colonel,  1782.  [xxxv.  199] 

McLEAN,  ARCHIBALD  (1733-1812),  baptist  minister; 
a  printer  and  bookseller  by  trade ;  successively  a  presby- 
terian and  Sandemanian  ;  became  a  baptist  minister, 
1768;  author  of  religious  and  controversial  works  (col- 
lected, 1823).  [xxxv.  200] 

MACLEAN,  CHARLES  (/.  1788-1824),  medical  and 
political  writer ;  entered  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  ;  appointed  surgeon  to  East  Indiameu  voyaging 
to  Jamaica  and  India ;  settled  in  Bengal,  1792 ;  ordered 
to  leave  India  for  making  an  insinuation  in  an  Indian 
newspaper  against  a  magistrate,  1798 ;  went  to  Hamburg 
and  was  forcibly  detained  by  Napoleon,  1803 ;  left  the  ser- 
vice on  failing  to  obtain  promotion ;  travelled  for  the  Levant 
Company,  1815-17 ;  lecturer  on  the  diseases  of  hot  climates 
to  the  East  India  Company  ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxxv.  201] 

McLEAN,  SIR  DONALD  (1820-1877),  New  Zealand 
statesman ;  emigrated  to  Sydney,  e.  1837 ;  went  to  New 
Zealand  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Maori 
language ;  local  protector  for  the  Taranaki  district ;  em- 
ployed in  difficult  negotiations  with  the  Maoris  from 
1844 ;  resident  magistrate  for  the  Taranaki  district,  1850  ; 
entered  the  legislative  assembly,  1866 ;  obtained  the  ad- 
mittance of  Maoris  to  the  assembly,  1867 ;  native  minister 
and  minister  for  colonial  defence,  1869-76  ;  brought  about 
a  final  peace  with  the  natives,  1870;  K.C.M.G.,  1874; 
died  in  New  Zealand.  [xxxv.  201] 

MACLEAN,  JOHN  (1828-1886),  first  bishop  of  Sas- 
katchewan: M.A.  Aberdeen,  1851 ;  ordained,  1858,  and 
went  to  Canada  under  the  Colonial  and  Continental  Church 
Society,  1858 ;  archdeacon  of  Assiniboia,  1866 ;  bishop  of 
Saskatchewan,  1874  ;  founder  of  the  Alberta  University. 

[xxxv.  202] 

MACLEAN,  JOHN  (1835?-1890),  actor;  first  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  at  Plymouth,  1869  ;  in  London,  1861 ; 
thenceforth  acted  constantly  at  the  Gaiety  and  other 
theatres.  [xrxv.  203] 

MACLEAN,   SIR  JOHN  (1811-1895),    archaeologist; 
entered  ordnance  department  of  war  office,  1837  ;  ke 
of  ordnance  records  in  Tower  of  London,  1855-61,  and 
deputy-chief  auditor  of  army  accounts,  1865-71 ;  knightec 
1871 ;  works  include  '  Parochial  and  Family  History  c 
Deanery  of  Trigg  Minor,'  1868-79.  [Suppl.  iii.  129] 

MACLEAN,    Mils.    LET1TIA    ELIZABETH  {It 
1838).    [See  LAXUOX.] 


MAOLEAB 


821 


MACLEOD 


MACLEAR,  Sui  THOMAS  (1794-1878),  astronomer; 
studied  medicine  iu  London  ;  M.R.C.S.,  1815  ;  F.RJ5., 
1831 ;  studied  astronomy ;  royal  astronomer  at  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  1834-70;  occupied  with  the  re-measure- 
ment  and  extension  of  Lacaille's  arc,  1837-47 ;  made  valu- 
able astronomical,  meteorological,  magnetic,  an<l  tidal 
observations  ;  knighted,  I860  ;  became  blind,  1876  ;  bU 
more  important  observations  recorded  in  the  'Cape  Cata- 
logues' ;  died  at  Mowbray,  Cape  Town.  [xxxv.  204] 

MACLEAY,  ALEXANDER  (17G7-1848),  entomologist 
and  colonial  statesman  :  chief  clerk  in  the  prisoners-of- 
war  office,  London,  1 795 :  secretary  of  the  transport  board, 
1806-18;  F.H.S.,  1809:  colonial  secretary  for  New  South 
Wales,  1825-37;  first  speaker  in  the  first  legislative 
council,  1843-6  ;  died  at  Sydney ;  possessed  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  insects.  [xxxv.  206] 

MACLEAY,  Sm  GEORGE  (1809-1891),  Australian 
explorer  and  statesman:  son  of  Alexander  Macleay 
[q.  v.] ;  explored  South  Australia  with  Sturt :  speaker  of 
the  legislative  council  of  New  South  Wales,  1843-6; 
K.O.M.G.,  1875.  [xxxv.  205] 

MACLEAY,  JAMES  ROBERT  (1811-1892),  of  the 
foreign  office ;  son  of  Alexander  Macleay  [q.  v.]  ;  secretary 
and  registrar  to  the  British  and  Portuguese  commission 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave 
trade,  1843-58.  [xxxv.  205] 

MACLEAY,  KENNETH,  the  elder  (fl.  1819),  anti- 
quary ;  physician  in  Glasgow ;  published  '  Historical 
Memoirs  of  Kob  Roy  and  the  Clan  MacGregor,'  1818. 

[xxxv.  205] 

MACLEAY,  KENNETH,  the  younger  (1802-1878), 
miniature-painter;  son  of  Kenneth  Macleay  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh,  1822 ; 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
demy, founded,  1826 :  employed  by  Queen  Victoria  to 
paint  figures  Illustrative  of  the  highland  clan  costumes 
(selection  published  as  •  Highlanders  of  Scotland,'  1870.) 

[xxxv.  206] 

MACLEAY,  SIR  WILLIAM  ( 1820-1891  \  Australian 
statesman  and  naturalist:  nephew  of  Alexander  Macleay 
[q.  v.] ;  emigrated  to  Australia,  1839 ;  member  of  the 
legislative  assembly,  1854-74;  formed  a  valuable  ento- 
mological museum,  afterwards  presented  to  the  New  South 
Wales  University ;  member  of  the  legislative  council ; 
knighted,  1889.  [xxxv.  206] 

MACLEAY,  WILLIAM  SHARP  (1792-1865),  zoolo- 
gist :  son  of  Alexander  Macleay  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1818; 
secretary  to  the  board  for  liquidating  British  claims  in 
France  on  the  peace  of  1815 :  commissary  judge  in 
Havana,  1830-7  ;  went  to  New  South  Wales,  1839,  where 
he  enlarged  his  father's  collection  of  insects ;  chief  work, 
'Hone  Entomologies,'  propounding  the  circular  or 
quinary  system  of  classification,  2  vols.,  1819  and  1821. 

[xxxv.  206] 

MACLEHOSE,  MRS.  AGNES  (1759-1841),  the 
'Clarinda'  of  Robert  Bums;  nte  Craig;  grandniece  of 
Colin  Maclaurin  [q.  v.]  :  married  James  Maclehose,  a 
Glasgow  lawyer,  1776;  separated  from  him,  1780;  moved 
to  Edinburgh,  1782;  first  met  Burns,  1787  ;  entered  into 
a  familiar  correspondence  with  him  and  sent  him  verses ; 
her  ambiguous  relations  with  Burns  were  interrupted  for 
a  while  by  his  marriage  to  Jean  Armour,  1788,  but  were 
continued  till  1791.  Mrs.  Maclehose  went  to  Jamaica  to 
join  her  husband,  but  soon  returned,  1792  ;  corresponded 
with  Burns  till  1794  ;  the  whole  correspondence  between 
Burns  and  herself  published,  1843.  [xxxv.  207] 

McLELLAN,  ARCHIBALD  (1797-1854),  coach- 
builder  and  amateur  of  works  of  art ;  a  leading  Glasgow 
citizen.  His  collection  of  pictures  forms  the  nucleus  of 
the  Corporation  Galleries  of  Art  at  Glasgow. 

[xxxv.  208] 

MACLELLAN,  JOHN  (1609  ?-l651),  of  Kirkcudbright ; 
covenanting  minister ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1629 ;  after  ordi- 
nation ministered  in  Ireland  and  Scotland ;  snpix>sed  to 
possess  the  gift  of  prophecy ;  prophesied  the  disaster  of 
Hamilton's  force  in  England,  1648;  member  of  the 
assemblies'  commissions,  1642, 1645,  and  1649. 

[xxxv.  209] 

MACLELLAN,  SIR  ROBERT,  of  Bombie,  first  BARON 
KIKKCUUBHIUHT  (d.  1641),  succeeded  his  father  as  Baron 
of  Bornbie,  1608 ;  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to  James  I 


and  Charles  I  ;  knighted  by  Jam*  I  and  cr 
ed  Baron  Kirkcudbright  (8 


Charles  I  ;  created 


[xxxv.  809] 

McLENHAH,  JOHN  FERGUSON  (188T-18H1).  Moio- 
legist ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge :  B.A.,  1853:  wrote  for  the '  Leader '  for 
two  years;  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1867;  contributed 
tin-  article  on  'Law'  to  tlie  'Encyclopedia  Britannic* ' 
(8th  edition),  1K57  ;  parliamentary  draughtsman  for  Hoot- 
land.  1871;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1874;  author  of  'Primitive 
Marriage,'  1866,  a  book  tliat  gave  immenie  impetus  to 
research,  and  other  works ;  originated  theory  that  exo- 
gamy was  the  primitive  form  of  marriage,  polyandry  and 
monandry  being  successive  development*,  [xxxv.  110] 

MACLEOD,  ALEXANDER  (1817-1891),  presbyterian 
divine :  educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  ordained,  1844 : 
D.D.,  1866;  moderator  of  tlie  presbyterian  church  of 
England,  1889  ;  author  of  articles  and  essays  on  rellgtou* 
subjects.  [XXXT.  Ill] 

MACLEOD,  ALLAN  ( •/.  1805),  political  writer :  editor 
and  owner  of  the  '  London  Albion  Journal ' ;  author  of 
virulent  pamphlets.  [xxxv.  218] 

McLEOD,  SIR  DONALD  FRIBLL  (1810-1872),  Indian 
administrator ;  son  of  Duncan  Macleod  [q.  v.] ;  born  at 
Calcutta:  came  to  England,  1814;  educated  at  Hailey- 
bury;  returned  to  Calcutta,  1828;  after  holding  sub- 
ordinate posts  became  commissioner  of  the  Trans-Sutlej 
states,  1849-54;  at  Lahore  during  the  mutiny,  1857-8; 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  Punjab,  1866-70;  K.C.8.I., 
1866.  [xxxv.  212] 

McLEOD,  DUNCAN  (1780-1856),  lieutenant-general ; 
relative  of  Neil  MoLeod  [q.  v.]  ;  second-lieutenant,  Bengal 
engineers,  1795  ;  chief  engineer  for  Bengal ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1851.  [xxxv.  212] 

MACLEOD,  SIR  GEORGE  HUSBAND  BAIRD(1828- 
1892),  surgeon ;  son  of  Norman  Macleod  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  medicine  at  Glasgow  (M.D.,  1853),  Paris,  and 
Vienna;  senior  surgeon  of  the 'civil  hospital  at  Smyrna 
during  the  Crimean  war  ;  regius  professor  of  surgery, 
Glasgow,  1869 ;  knighted,  1887.  [xxxv.  817] 

McLEOD,  JOHN  (17777-1820),  naval  surgeon  and 
author ;  surgeon  in  the  navy,  1801 :  on  the  Trusty,  a  slave 
trade  boat,  1803 :  concerned  in  the  capture  of  a  French 
ship  and  tried  for  piracy :  employed  on  foreign  service  till 
1817  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1818 ;  surgeon  to  the  Royal  Sove- 
reign yacht,  1818-20 :  published  •  Narrative  of  a  Voyage 
in  His  Majesty's  late  Ship  Alceste  to  the  Yellow  Sea,  along 
the  coast  of  Corea,'  1817,  and  '  A  Voyage  to  Africa,  1820. 

[xxxv.  213] 

MACLEOD,  JOHN  (1757-1841),  presbyterian  divine 
and  Gaelic  scholar;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University: 
ordained,  1779  :  D.D.,  1795  ;  superintended  publication  of 
Gaelic  bible,  1826 ;  general  editor  of  the  Gaelic  dictionary, 
1828.  [x«v.  214] 

MACLEOD,  SIR  JOHN  MACPHERSON  (1792-1881 X 
Indian  civilian  :  educated  at  Haileybury  and  Edinburgh 
University;  writer  in  Madras  civil  service,  1811;  com- 
missioner (1832)  for  government  of  Mysore,  of  which  pro- 
vince he  organised  the  financial  and  political  administra- 
tion ;  K.O.S.I.,  1866  ;  privy  councillor,  1871. 

[Suppl.  lit.  130] 

MACLEOD,  MARY  (1569- 1674),  Gaelic  poetess  ;  called 
•  Poetess  of  the  Isles ' ;  her  poems  chiefly  panegyrics  of  the 
Macleods.  [xxxv.  214] 

MACLEOD,  NEIL,  eleventh  of  Assynt  (1628  7-1697  ?), 
betrayed  Moutroee  to  his  enemies,  1650 ;  imprisoned  for 
having  delivered  up  Montrose.  1660-6  :  pardoned,  16W ; 
again  imprisoned  in  consequence  of  a  feud  with  the 
Mackenzies,  1672;  tried  on  four  charges,  although  ac- 
quitted on  two :  was  deprived  of  his  estates,  1690. 

[XXXT.  814] 

MACLEOD,  SIR  NORMAN  (ft.  1650X  founder  of  the 
Macleods  of  Berncra  and  Muiravonside :  joined  forces  of 
Charles  II,  1650;  present  at  the  battle  of  Worcester, 
1661,  and  tried  for  high  treason;  camped;  wa»  mtm 
lieutenant-colonel  and  employed  by  Charles  II  to  carry 
information  to  his  adherents ;  knightud  at  the  Restora- 
tion, [xxxv.  216] 

MACLEOD,  NORMAN,  the  elder  (1783- 1862),  clenry 
man  of  the  church  of  Scotland ;  ordained,  1806 ;  D.D. 


MACLEOD 


MACNAB 


GlMgow,  1827  :  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1836 : 
chaplain  iu  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1841 ;  author  of 
religious  works  in  Gaelic  and  English,  [xxxv.  216] 

MACLEOD,  NOUMAN,  the  younger  (1812-1872),  Scot- 
tish  divine :  sou  of  Nor  man  Mucleod  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  divinity  at  Edinburgh,  1831  :  ordained,  1838 : 
remained  in  the  church  at  the  disruption,  1843 :  one  of 
the  founder*  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  1847;  editor  of 
the  Edinhtinrh  '  Christian  Instructor,'  184» :  chaplain  to 
Queen  Victoria,  1857-72:  D.D.  Glasgow,  1858:  editor  of 
'Good  Words,'  18«0-72:  made  a  tour  in  Palestine  and 
pul.li-lied  an  account  of  it,  entitled  'Eastward,'  1866: 
visited  the  mission  stations  in  India,  1867;  published 
•  Peeps  at  the  Far  East,'  1871.  [xxxv.  217] 

MACLEOD,  RODERICK  (rf.  1852),  physician :  educated 
at  Edinburgh  University;  M.D.,  1816;  F.R.C.P.,  1836: 
(iiilstoniun  lecturer,  1837;  consiliariu*,  1839;  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  '  London  Medical  und  Physical  Journal,' 
1822.  [xxxv.  219] 

MACLIAC,  MUIRCHEARTACH  (rf.  1015),  Irish  poet ; 
chief  poet  to  Brian  (926-1014)  [q.  v.]  :  present  at  the  battle 
of  Cloutarf,  1014  ;  a  legend  of  Cam  Conaill  in  the  '  Book  of 
Leinster '  is  attributed  to  him  and  considered  genuine. 

[xxxv.  219] 

MACLISE,  DANIEL  (1806-1870),  historical  painter ; 
first  studied  art  at  the  Cork  Academy,  1822  ;  unobserved 
made  a  clever  drawing  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  while  in  a  book- 
shop at  Cork ;  opened  a  studio  as  a  portrait-painter ; 
went  to  London,  1827 ;  came  into  notice  in  London  by 
his  portrait  of  Charles  Kean,  1827 ;  entered  the  Academy 
schools,  1828;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1829- 
1870 ;  contributed  series  of  character  portraits,  inclu- 
ding all  the  great  literary  men  and  women  of  the  time, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Alfred  Croquis,  to  'Eraser's 
Ma.My.ine,1 1830-8 :  R.A.,  1840;  occupied  in  painting  the 
two  frescoes  in  the  Royal  Gallery  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
'  Wellington  and  Bllicher  at  Waterloo  '  and  '  The  Death  of 
Nelson,"  1857-66  :  refused  presidency  of  Royal  Academy  ; 
designed  book  illustrations  for  Tennyson  (1860),  and  for 
some  of  his  friend  Dickens's  Christmas  books ;  his 
frescoes  the  greatest  historical  paintings  of  the  English 
school.  [xxxv.  219] 

MACLONAN,  FLANN  (d.  896),  Irish  historian  and 
poet;  author  of  a  poem  contained  in  the  'Book  of 
Leiuster ' ;  two  other  poems  attributed  to  him. 

[xxxv.  224] 

MACMAKON,  Silt  CHARLES  (1824-1891),  captain; 
son  of  Sir  William  MacMahon  [q.  v.] :  in  the  army,  1842- 
1851:  served  in  India  and  Canada,  and  (1851)  attained  a 
captaincy ;  entered  the  Melbourne  police,  1853 ;  chief 
commissioner  till  1858 :  member  of  the  legislative  assembly 
at  Melbourne,  1861-86;  speaker,  1871-7  and  1880; 
knighted,  1875.  [xxxv.  228] 

MACMAHON,  HEBER,  EVER,  or  EMER,  usually 
latinised  as  E.MEKUS  MATTHBUS  (1600-1650),  bishop  of 
Clogher  and  general  in  Ulster  ;  educated  at  the  Irish  col- 
lege, Douay,  and  at  Louvain ;  ordained  priest  1625 ; 
bishop  of  Clogher,  1643  :  a  leader  among  the  confederate 
catholics  :  general  of  the  Ulster  army  against  Cromwell, 
1650 ;  defeated  at  Scariffhollis,  taken  prisoner,  and  exe- 
cuted, [xxxv.  225] 

MACMAHON,  HUGH  OGE  (1606?-1644),  Irish  con- 
spirator ;  joined  the  northern  conspiracy,  1641 ;  planned 
the  assault  on  Dublin  Castle,  was  betrayed  by  an  accom- 
plice, and  arrested ;  imprisoned  in  Dublin  and  in  the 
Tower  of  London ;  escaped,  1644 ;  retaken,  tried,  and 
executed.  [xxxv.  227] 

MACMAHON,  JOHN  HENRY  (1829-1900X  scholar; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1856 :  took  holy  orders, 
1883:  cliaplain  to  lord-lieutenant,  and,  from  1890,  to 
Mount  joy  prison  ;  published  classical  translations  and 
other  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  130] 

M'MAHOK,  THOMAS  O'BRIEN  (/.  1777),  Irish  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  [xxxv.  228] 

MACMAHON.  SIR  THOMAS  WESTROPP,  third 
baronet  (1813-1892),  general;  entered  the  army,  1829; 
served  in  the  Sutlej  campaign,  1846  :  major,  1847  ;  served 
through  the  Crimean  war ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1860 ; 
general,  1880.  [xxxv  228] 

1U,MA,CMAHOH'  8m  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1776- 
«7),  Irish  judge:  called  to  t lie  Irish  bar,  1799;  master 
of  the  roll*,  1814-37 ;  received  a  baronetcy,  1814. 

[XXXT.  228] 


MACMANTTS,  TKMKNCK  I'.KLLEW  (1823  ?- 1860), 
Irish  patriot:  member  of  the  '82  club,  1844  ;  joined  the 
'  physical  force '  movement,  1848 ;  took  part  in  the  Tippe- 
rary  civil  war:  arri'stol  and  transported  to  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  1849;  escaped  (1852)  to  San  Francisco,  where  he 
died.  •  [xxxv.  229] 

MACMICHAEL,  WILLIAM  (1784-1839),  physician  ; 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1807  :  Radcliffe  travel- 
ling fellow,  1811:  M.D.,  1816:  F.R.C.P.,  1818;  censor, 
1822,  registrar,  1824-9;  published  (1819)  'Journey  from 
Moscow  to  Constantinople,'  an  account  of  his  travels, 
1814-17;  published  'The  Gold-headed  Cane,'  1827  :  phy- 
sician in  ordinary  to  William  IV,  1831 ;  published  also 
medical  works.  [xxxv.  229] 

MACMILLAN,  ANGUS  (1810-1865),  discoverer 
of  Gippsland,  Australia  ;  emigrated  to  Australia,  1829  ; 
explored  the  country  south-west  of  Sydney,  afterwanls 
called  Gippsland,  1839-41 ;  died  in  Australia,  [xxxv.  2301 

MACMILLAN,  DANIEL  (1813-1857),  bookseller  and 
publisher :  founder  of  the  firm  of  Macmillan  &  Co.,  Lon- 
don ;  took  service  with  a  Cambridge  bookseller,  1833-7, 
and  with  Messrs.  Seeley  of  Fleet  Street,  London,  1837-43  : 
set  up  for  himself  with  his  brother  Alexander,  at  first  in 
i  London,  but  soon  re-settled  at  Cambridge,  1843  :  added 
I  publishing  to    the    bookselling  business  at    Cambridge, 
1844 ;  published   Kingsley's  '  Westward  Ho  1 '  1855,  and 
'  Tom  Brown's  School  Days,'  1857.  [xxxv.  230] 

MACMILLAN,  JOHN  (1670-1753),  founder  of  the 
reformed  presbyterian  church ;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
University ;  ordained,  1701 ;  deposed  for  schismatical 
practices,  1703;  retained  his  church  and  manse;  re- 
signed in  order  to  terminate  the  insults  to  which  his  ap- 
pointed successor  was  subjected,  1715:  minister  to  the 
'remnant'  afterwards  called  Macmillanites,  1706-43; 
first  pastor  of  the  'Reformed  Presbyterians,'  1712; 
published  controversial  pamphlets.  [xxxv.  231] 

MACMOYER,  FLORENCE  (d.  1713),  last  keeper 
of  the  book  of  Armagh,  written  in  807 ;  schoolmaster ; 
pledged  the  'Book  of  Armagh,'  of  which  he  was  cus- 
todian, as  a  member  of  the  Clan  MacMoyre,  to  pay  his 
expenses  to  London,  1680  ;  a  witness,  probably  perjured, 
at  trial  of  Oliver  Plunket  [q.  v.],  1681  ;  imprisoned  till 
after  1683  ;  the  'Book  of  Armagh  '  was  ultimately  sold 
to  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  [xxxv.  233] 

MACMTJRCHADA,  DIARMAID  (Dermod  MacMur- 
rough)  (1110?  - 1171),  king  of  Leinster,  succeeding 
1126;  claimed  the  south  of  Ireland,  1134:  ravaged  the 
south  with  great  cruelty  and  abducted  DerTorgill,  wife 
of  the  lord  of  Breifne,  1152:  was  defeated  and  banished 
by  a  combination  of  chieftains,  1166  :  his  offer  to  become 
Henry  IPs  vassal,  if  assisted  in  the  restoration  of  his  king- 
dom, accepted;  returned  to  Ireland,  1167,  having  pre- 
vailed on  Ricliard  de  Clare  (Strongbow)  to  assist  him, 
Henry  II  being  unwilling  to  afford  him  direct  help  ;  took 
Waterford  and  Dublin  with  the  aid  of  various  Norman 
nobles  ;  claimed  to  be  king  of  all  Ireland,  [xxxv.  233] 

McMTTRDO,  SIR  WILLIAM  MONTAGU  SCOTT 
(1819-1894),  general  :  studied  at  Sandhurst ;  lieutenant, 
22nd  foot,  1841 ;  quartermaster-general  in  Scinde,  1842- 
1847 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Charles  James  Napier  [q.  v.], 
1849  ;  served  against  Afridis,  1851 ;  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1853  ;  organised  transport  service  in  Crimea  : 
aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria  and  brevet-colonel, 
1855 ;  C.B.,  1857  ;  colonel  commandant  of  military  train, 
1857  ;  lieutenant-general,  1876  ;  general,  1878  ;  K.C.B., 
1881.  [Suppl.  iii.  130] 

MACMTTRROGH  or  MACMTIRCHAD,  ART  (1357- 
1417),  styled  also  CAVANAOH  ;  Irish  chief  ;  descended 
from  Donall,  illegitimate  son  of  Diarmaid  or  Dermod 
MacMurchada  [q.  v.] ;  frequently  in  arms  against  the 
English  government  for  private  reasons ;  a  reward 
offered  for  his  capture  by  Richard  II.  [xxxv.  236] 

MACNAB,  Sm  ALLAN  NAPIER,  first  baronet 
(1798-1862),  Canadian  soldier  and  politician;  born  at 
Newark,  now  Niagara,  Ontario  ;  joined  the  army  and  then 
the  navy  at  the  time  of  the  American  invasion,  1813-15  ; 
called  to  the  Canadian  bar,  1826  ;  member  of  the  House 
of  Assembly,  1830,  and  speaker,  1837-41,  1844-8,  and 
1862  ;  with  the  militia  in  the  rebellion,  1837-8 ;  knighted, 
1838 ;  created  baronet,  1«58.  [xxxv.  236J 


MACNAB 


MAC^HERSON 


MACNAB,    HENRY   GRAY    or  (JHBY  (1761-1- 

publk-ist  :  studied  medicine  at  Montpellier  ;  pn-jiui  • 
eilnriitioual  scheme  on  Owenite  lines,  but  died  at  Paris 
before  it  was  put  into  practice  ;  published   works    on 

[XXXV.  288] 


McNAB,    WILLIAM    RAMSAY   {1844-1889), 
nist  ;    M.D.    Edinburgh,    1866;    professor  of     botany, 
Dublin    Royal  College  of  Science,    1872-89  ;    scientific 
superintendent  of  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Glasnevin,  and 
Swim>y  lecturer  on  geology  at  British  Museum  :  author  , 
of  botanical  papers  and  text-books.  [  \\\  v.  238] 

MACNAGHTEN  or  MACNATJGHTON,    JOHN   (rf.  | 
1761),  criminal;  educated  at  Dublin  University:  sought 
to  marry  Miss  Knox,  an  heiress  of  Prehen,  Londonderry,  , 
and  persuaded  her  to  go  through  the  ceremony  with  him  ; 
being  forbidden  to  communicate  with  her  by  her  family, 
he  and  his  accomplices  attacked  the  couch  by  which  she 
was  travelling  to  Dublin,  and  shot  her  ;  captured,  tried, 
and  liangcd  at  Strabane.  [xxxv.  238] 

MACNAGHTEN,      SIR     WILLIAM      HAY,     first  , 
baronet  (1793-1841),  diplomatist  :  educated  at  Charter- 
house School  ;  went  to  India  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,   1809  :   studied    Hindustani,  Persian,   and  other 
Asiatic    tongues  ;    judge   and    magistrate  of  Shahabod, 
1820;    registrar  of  the  Sudder  Dewanny    Adawlut  for  : 
nine  years  ;    published  works  on   Indian  law,    1825-0  ; 
secretary  to  Lord  \Vi11iam  Bentinck,  1830-3  ;  In  charge 
of  the  secret  and  political  departments  of  the  secretariat, 
1833-7  ;  accompanied  Lord  Auckland  to  the  north-west  i 
provinces,  1837  ;  appointed  envoy  and  minister  to  the  | 
Afghan  court  at  Cabul,  1  Oct.  1838  ;  accompanied  expe-  I 
dition  which  placed  ShahSoojah  on  Afghan  throne  ;  found 
difficulty  in  acting  with  the  military  authorities  ;  created 
baronet  and  a  provisional  member  of  the  council  of  India, 
1840  ;  nominated  governor  of  Bombay,  1841  ;  meanwhile  j 
rebellion  broke  out  anew  in  Afghanistan,  and  Macuaghten  I 
unsuspectingly  accepted   the  terms   of  the  insurgents,  ' 
which  were  not  adhered  to  ;  he  was  shot  at  Cabul  by  , 
Akbar  Khan,  the  deposed  ameer's  son,  at  a  meeting  with 
the  chiefs  to  discuss  the  situation.  [xxxv.  239] 

McNAIR,     WILLIAM    WATTS     (1849-1889),    tra-  ' 
veller;  joined  Indian  survey  department,  1867;  accom-  i 
panied   Aghan  field  force,   1879-80;  attempted  to  visit  ! 
Kafristan  disguised  as  native  doctor,  but  failed,  1883  ; 
continued  his  survey  work  ;  died  at  Mussooree. 

[xxxv.  243] 

MACNALLY,    LEONARD    (1752-1820),    playwright  ' 
and  political  informer  ;    called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1776  : 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1783  ;  edited  '  The  Public  Ledger  ' 
and  wrote  plays  ;  joined  the  United  Irishmen,  but  secretly  ; 
betrayed  them  to  the  government,  1794-1820  ;  took  briefs  | 
for  the  defence  in  government  prosecutions,  and  disclosed 
their  contents  to  the  crown  lawyers  ;  his  conduct  only 
discovered  after  his  death  ;  author  of  dramatic  pieces,  | 
legal  works,  and  the  song,    'Sweet  Lass  of  Richmond 
Hill.'  [xxxv.  243] 

MACNAMARA,  JAMES  (1768-1826),  rear-admiral; 
entered  the  navy,  1782  :  served  on  foreign  stations  ; 
commander,  1793  :  served  under  Nelson,  1795-6  ;  tried  for 
manslaughter,  having  mortally  wounded  Colonel  Mont- 
gomery in  a  duel,  but  was  acquitted,  1803  :  served  in  the 
North  Sea  ;  rear-admiral,  1814.  [xxxv.  244] 

McNAMARA,  THOMAS  (1808-1892%  Irish  catholic 
divine  ;  helped  to  establish  Castlekuock  College,  co. 
Dublin,  1834,  and  acted  as  its  superior,  1804-8  ;  rector  of 
the  Irisli  College  in  Paris,  1868-89  ;  wrote  works  for 
the  catholic  clergy.  [xxxv.  245] 

MACNAUGHTON,  JOHN  (d.  1761).  [See  MAC- 
NAOHTKN.] 

MACNEE,  Sm  DANIEL  (1806-1882),  portrait- 
painter  ;  employed  by  William  Home  Lizars  [q.  v.]  ; 
an  academician  of  the  newly  founded  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  1830  :  portrait-painter  at  Glasgow,  1832  ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1840-81  ;  president  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Academy,  1876  ;  knighted,  1877. 

[xxxv.  246] 

McNEILE,  HUGH  (1795-1879),  dean  of  Ripon  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1821  ;  D.D.,  1847  ;  ordained,  1820; 
canon  of  Chester,  1845-68  :  dean  of  Ripon,  1868-76  ;  a 
strong  evangelical;  published  sermons  and  religious 
works.  [xxxv.  246] 

McNEILL,  DUNCAN,  first  BARON  OOLONSAY  and 
OROXSAY  (1793-1874),  Scottish  judge  ;  educated  at  St. 


Andrews  and  Edinburgh  Universities;  called  to  the 
Scottish  bar,  1816 ;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1H34-5, 
18 11-2;  M.P.,  Argyllshire.  1848-51 ;  lord  advocate,  1R42- 
1846 :  ordinary  lord  of  tewion  M  Lord  Oolonsay  and 
Oronsay,  1851;  lord  justice-general,  1852-67;  created 
Baron  Oolonsay  and  Oroway,  1887.  [xxxv.  147] 

MACNEILL,  HECTOR  (1746-1818),  Scottish  poet; 
filled  a  succession  of  subordinate  port*  with  commercial 
firms  in  West  Indies,  1761-76:  assistant-secretary  ou 
board  flagships  In  naval  expeditions,  1 780-6 ;  subsequently 
fallal  to  obtain  remunerative  employment;  lived  with 
friends  in  Scotland  and  Jamaica:  wrote,  among 
poems, '  Scotland's  Scaith,  or  the  History  of  Will  and  . 
1795.  and  '  The  Waes  o'  War,  or  the  Upshot  of  the  History 
of  Will  and  Jean,'  1796.  [xxxv.  248] 

McNEILL,  SIR  JOHN  (1795-1883),  diplomatist; 
brother  of  Duncan  McNetll,  first  baron  Tolonsay  [q.  T.]  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1814:  surgeon  on  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's Bombay  establishment,  1816-36 ;  envoy  and 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  Khali  at  Teheran,  18S6 : 
failed  to  prevent  the  shah  from  attacking  the  Afghans, 
1838;  eventually  brought  about  treaty  of  commerce 
between  Great  Britain  and  Persia,  1M41  ;  "olmiruian  ul  the 
board  of  supervision  of  the  working  of  the  Scottish  1'our 
Law  Act,  1845-78 ;  on  commission  of  inquiry  into  the 
commissariat  department  and  general  organisation  of 
troops  in  Crimea,  1855;  privy  councillor,  1857;  died  at 
Cannes.  [xxxv.  249] 

MACNEILL,  SIR  JOHN  BENJAMIN  (17937-1880), 
civil  engineer ;  one  of  Td  ford's  chief  assistant*  in  road 
and  bridge  making;  made  known  his  plan  of  'sectio- 
planography,'  1837  :  professor  of  civil  engineering  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1842-52 ;  knighted,  1844 :  con- 
structed railway  lines  in  Scotland,  and  was  surveyor  to 
the  Irish  railway  commission  ;  on  becoming  blind  with- 
drew from  professional  pursuits;  author  of  works  on 
engineering.  [xxxv.  251] 

MACNEVEN  or  MACNEVIN,  WILLIAM  JAMES 
(1763-1841),  United  Irishman;  educated  at  Prague; 
studied  medicine  tin-re  and  practised  in  Dublin,  1784; 
joined  the  United  Irishmen,  1797;  urged  French  inter- 
vention, and,  his  memorial  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
English,  was  arrested,  1798 ;  to  allay  the  severity  with 
which  the  government  suppressed  the  rebellion,  disclosed 
the  conspiracy  and  offered  to  submit  to  banishment  for  life : 
eventually  confined  in  Fort  George,  Scotland,  till  1802 ; 
physician  in  New  York,  1805;  held  various  medical 
appointments  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
there,  1808-39 ;  champion  of  the  Irish  in  America :  died 
at  New  York.  [xxxv.  252] 

MACNICOL,  DONALD  (1735-1802X  pnsbyterian 
divine  and  author ;  graduated  at  St.  Andrew?,  1756 :  pub- 
lished a  defence  of  the  highlands  against  Dr.  Johnson's 
'Journey  to  the  Hebrides,'  1779.  [xxxv.  253] 

MACNI8H,  ROBERT  (1802-1837),  author  and  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1825  ;  contributed  his  one  master- 
piece in  fiction,  'The  Metempsychosis,'  to  'Blackwood,' 
1826 ;  published  '  The  Philosophy  of  Sleep,'  1830. 

[xxxv.  2531 

MACONOCHIE,  afterwards  MACONOCHIE  -WEL- 
WOOD,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  MRAUOWBANK  (1777-1861), 
Scottish  judge:  son  of  Allan  Maconochie  [q.  v.];  ad- 
mitted advocate,  1799;  solicitor-general,  1813:  lord- 
advocate,  1816 ;  M.P.,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1817-18, 
Kilrenny  district  of  burghs,  1818-19 ;  raised  to  the  Scottish 
bench  as  Lord  Meadowbank,  1819:  resigned,  1843;  as- 
sumed the  additional  surname  of  Welwood  on  succeeding 
to  his  cousin's  estates,  1854.  [xxxv.  254] 

MACONOCHIE,  ALLAN,  LORD  MKAHOWBANK  (1748- 
1816),  Scottish  jmlge :  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
admitted  advocate,  1770 ;  professor  of  public  law,  Edin- 
burgh, 1779-96 :  took  his  seat  on  the  Scottish  bench  as 
Lord  Meadowbank,  1796 ;  author  of  legal  and  agricul- 
tural works.  [xxxv.  266] 

MACPHAIL,  JAMES  (fl.  1785-1805X  gardener :  in- 
vented  a  new  method  of  growing  cucumbers ;  published 
horticultural  works.  [xxxv.  247] 

MACPHERSON,  DAVID  (1746-1816X  historian  and 
compiler :  deputy-keeper  in  London  of  public  records  ; 
edited  NVyntoun's  '  Orygynal  Cronykil  of  Scotland,'  17W; 
assisted  in  preparing  for  publication  '  Rotull  Scotia* 
(voL  I.  and  part  of  vol.  li.)  [xxxv.  268] 


MACPHERSON 


824 


MACSPARRAN 


MACPHERSON,  DUNCAN  (d.  1867).  army  surgeon 
:ui-l  writer:  surgeon  to  the  army  In  Madras,  1836,  in 
China.  1840-2,  in  Russia,  1855:  inspector-general  of  the 
medical  wrvioe  of  Madras,  1857;  chief  work,  'Anti- 
quities of  Kertoh  nn<l  U.  >«•  ir.-hcs  in  the  Cimmerian 
Botpboruft,'  1887  ;  died  at  Merkura,  Coorg.  [xxxv.  258] 

MACPHERSON.  KWEN  (d.  1756),  of  Cluny:  Jaco- 
bite :  before  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  supported  the 
government,  but  on  being  pressed  joined  Prince  Charles 
Edward.  1746:  helped  the  prince  to  escape:  tied  to 
France,  1766 ;  died  at  Dunkirk.  [xxxv.  258] 

MACPHERSON,  KWEN  (1804-1884),  son  of  Ewen 
Maophcrson  <(f.  1756)  [q.  v.]  :  captain  in  the  42nd  high- 
huiclt-rs:  interested  himself  in  the  highland  volunteer 
movi-nu-nt ;  C.B.  [xxxv.  260] 

MACPHERSON,  Sm  HERBERT  TAYLOR  (1827- 
1886),  major-general,  Bengal  staff  corps;  served  under 
Havi-lnck  at  Lucknow.  gaining  the  V.O.,  1867  :  transferred 
to  the  Indian  army,  1H65  :  commanded  a  division  in  the 
Afghan  war.  1878  9 :  K.C.B.,  1879:  major-general  and 
present  at  Tel-el-Kebir,  1882:  commander- in-chief  at 
Madras  1886 :  sent  to  organise  the  pacification  of  Bur- 
mah,  1886 :  fell  ill  and  died  on  his  way  from  Promt-  to 
Rangoon.  [xxxv.  260] 

MACPHERSON.  JAMES  <•/.  1700),  the  Banff  free- 
booter; of  gipsy  parentage;  wandered  about  Scotland 
with  his  mother  till  captured,  1700:  executed  on  the 
charge  of  '  going  up  and  doune  the  country  armed ' :  said 
to  have  played  a  '  rant '  before  his  execution,  the  words  of 
which  are— probably  wrongly— attributed  to  him. 

[xxxv.  261] 

MACPHERSON,  JAMES  (1736-1796),  the  alleged 
translator  of  the  Ossianic  poems ;  studied  at  Aberdeen 
and  Edinburgh  Universities  ;  said  to  have  composed  over 
four  thousand  verses  while  at  college;  published  'The 
Highlander,'  1758,  and  'Fragments  of  Ancient  Poetry 
collected  in  the  Highlands,'  1760;  issued  two  epic  poems, 
•  Pingal,'  1762,  and  •  Temora,'  1763,  which  he  alleged  to 
be  translated  from  the  Gaelic  of  a  poet  called  Ossian  ; 
was  generally  believed  to  have  wholly  invented  the  poems  ; 
never  seriously  rebutted  the  charge  of  forgery  :  attacked 
by  Dr.  Johnson  in  his '  Journey  to  the  Western  Islands  of 
Scotland,'  1775 :  secretary  to  the  governor  of  Pensacola, 
West  Florida,  1764-6;  published  'Original  Papers  con- 
taining the  Secret  History  of  Great  Britain  from  the 
Restoration  till  the  Accession  of  George  I,'  1775 ;  em- 
ployed by  North's  ministry  to  defend  their  American 
policy,  from  1766;  M.P.,  Oamelford,  1780-96;  London 
agent  to  Mohammed  Ali,  nabob  of  Arcot,  1781.  After 
Macpherson's  death  a  committee  was  appointed  by  the 
Highland  Society  of  Scotland  to  investigate  the  Ossianic 
poems,  1797.  They  reported  that  while  a  great  legend 
of  Fiugul  and  Ossian  existed  in  Scotland,  Macpherson  had 
liberally  allied  his  originals  and  inserted  passages  of  his 
own.  Subsequent  investigation  has  confirmed  the  com- 
mittee's conclusions.  [xxxv.  261  ] 

MACPHERSON,  JOHN  (1710-1765),  presbyterian 
minister :  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1728 :  D.D.,  1761 :  work  on  the 
'  Ancient  Caledonians,'  published,  1768.  [xxxv.  267] 

MACPHERSON,  8m  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1745- 
1881X  governor-general  of  India  :  educated  at  Edinburgh 
University ;  writer  under  the  East  India  Company  at 
Madras,  1770-6 :  dismissed  in  consequence  of  his  conduct 
while  on  a  secret  mission  to  England  for  the  nabob  of  the 
Carnatic  in  1768,  1777 ;  reinstated,  1781 ;  M.P.,  Crick- 
lade,  1779-82,  Horsham,  1796-1802;  member  of  the 
supreme  council  at  Calcutta,  1782:  governor-general  of 
India,  1786-6 ;  created  baronet,  1786.  [xxxv.  267] 

MACPHERSON.  JOHN  (1817-1890),  physician: 
brother  of  Samuel  Charters  Macpherson  [q.  v.]  and  of 
William  Macpherson  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  and  hon.  M.D.  Aber- 
deen :  studied  medicine  in  London  and  abroad,  1835-9  • 
member  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1839 ;  in  the  East 
India  Company's  service,  1839-64,  becoming  inspector- 
general  of  hospitals  ;  published  medical  works. 

MAC!  HERSON,  PAUL  (1766-1846),  Soottfeh  abbe  • 
•tortied  at  the  Scot*  Colleges  in  Rome  and  Valladolid ; 
procurator  of  the  mission  in  Scotland,  1791  ;  agent  of  the 
Scottish  clergy  at  Rome,  1793-8  and  1800-11;  first  I 
Beotttah  rector  of  the  Sooto  College  in  Rome,  1820-6  and 
lW4-4« ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxxv.  269] 


MACPHERSON.  SAMUEL  CHARTERS  (1806-1  860), 

]  political  agent   in   India:    brother  of  John  Macpherson 

I  (1817-1890)  [q.  v.]    ami  of  William  Macpherson  [q.  v.]  ; 

!  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  and  at  Trinity  College, 

Cambridge:  cntt-n-<i  the  Indian  army,  1827;  despatched 

to  obtain  info.-mntion  about    the    K  howls  in  Gumsur. 

1837-9:    principal    assistant    to   the  agent,   completely 

I  reforming  the  tribe,  1842-4  :  governor-general's  agent  for 

suppression  of  human  sacrifice  in  Orissa.  1845;  agent  at 

|  Gwalior:     prevented  Gwalior  tribes    from    joining  the 

i  mutiny,  1867;  died  in  India.  [xxxv.  270] 

MACPHERSON,  \VILLIAM(1812-1893),  legal  writer  : 
brother  of  John  Macpherson  (1817-1890)  [q.  v.],  and 
of  Samuel  Charters  Macpherson  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Charterhouse 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1837  ;  M.A.,  1838  ;  master  of  equity  in  the 
supreme  court,  Calcutta,  1848-59  :  edited  the  '  Quarterly 
Review,'  1860-7  ;  secretary  to  the  Indian  law  commis- 
sion, 1861-70  ;  in  the  India  office  as  legal  adviser,  1874-9, 
|  and  as  secretary  in  the  judicial  department,  1879-82  ; 
chief  work,  '  Procedure  of  the  Civil  Courts  of  India,'  1850. 

MACQTTARIE,  LACHLAN  (d.  1824),  mjjor-general 
and  governor  of  New  South  Wales  :  entered  the  army, 
1777  ;  served  in  America  and  Jamaica,  1777-84,  India, 
China,  and  Egypt,  1787-1807;  governor  of  New  South 
Wales,  1809-21  ;  personally  encouraged  exploration  in  the 
colony:  his  administration  attacked  at  home  for  his 
i  efforts  on  behalf  of  the  convict  population. 

[xxxv.  271] 

MACQTTEEN,     JAMES    (1778-1870),     geographer; 

manager  of  a  sugar  plantation  in  the  West  Indies,  1796  ; 

a    student    of   African    geography  ;    edited    '  Glasgow 

i  Courier,'  1821  ;  wrote  in  London  on  politics,  geography, 

j  economics,  and  general  literature.  [xxxv.  273] 

MACQTJEEN,  JOHN  FRASER  (1803-1881),  lawyer; 

barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1838  ;    bencher,  1861  ;  official 

reporter  of  Scottish  and  divorce  appeals  in  the  House  of 

{  Lords,  1860-79  ;  compiled  4  vols.  of  appellate  reports, 

!  1801-5  ;  Q.C.,  1861  :  published  legal  works,  [xxxv.  274] 

MACQUEEN,  ROBERT,    LORD   BRAXFIKU>  (1722- 

1799),  Scottish  judge;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 

admitted  advocate,  1744  ;  ordinary  lord  of  session  as  Lord 

i  Braxfield,  1776;  lord  of  justiciary,  1780;    lord    justice 

clerk,  1788  ;  expert  in  feudal  law.  [xxxv.  274] 


ANGE  DENIS  (1756-1823),  abbe  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  at  Meaux  ;  professor  of  belles- 
lettres  and  rhetoric  at  Meaux  ;  came  to  England,  1792  ; 
heraldic  draughtsman  to  the  College  of  Arms,  1793  ;  pub- 
lished works  on  heraldry  and  other  subjects. 

[xxxv.  275] 

MACRAE,  JAMES  (1677  ?-1744),  governor  of  Madras  ; 
went  to  sea,  1692  ;  subsequently  served  under  the  East 
India  Company  :  governor  of  Madras,  1725  ;  effected  re- 
forms in  the  fiscal  administration  ;  settled  in  Scotland. 
1731.  [xxxv.  276] 

MACREADY,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1793-1873), 
actor  :  educated  at  Rugby  ;  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Birmingham  as  Romeo,  1810  :  acted  in  the  provinces  with 
his  father's  company,  at  Newcastle  playing  with  Mrs. 
Siddons  ;  first  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1816; 
raised  by  his  Richard  III  to  the  undisputed  head  of  the 
theatre,  1819  ;  quarrelled  with  the  management  of  Covent 
Garden,  and  began  to  play  at  Drury  Lane,  1823  ;  acted  in 
America,  1826-7,  and  in  Paris,  1828;  manager  of  Covent 
Garden,  1837-9  ;  produced  the  'Lady  of  Lyons,'  1838;  at 
the  Haymarket,  1839-41  ;  manager  of  Drury  Lane,  1841-3  ; 
visited  America,  1843  ;  played  in  Paris  with  Miss  Helen 
Faucit  ;  while  in  America  (1848)  was  involved  in  an  un- 
fortunate quarrel  with  the  actor  Forrest,  which  caused  a 
riot  ;  obliged  to  leave  the  country  in  consequence  ;  took 
leaveof  the  stage  as  Macbeth  at  Drury  Lane,  1851  ;  called 
by  Talfourd  '  the  most  romantic  of  actors  '  ;  his  impersona- 
tion of  King  Lear  still  held  to  be  unrivalled,  [xxxv.  277] 

MACRO,  COX  (1683-1767),  antiquary  ;  educated  at 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  (LL.Ii.,  1710),  and  Leyden 
University;  chaplain  to  George  II;  D.D.  Cambridge, 
1717  ;  collected  valuable  antiquities,  books,  paintings, 
coins,  and  medals.  [xxxv.  283] 

MACSPARRAN,  JAMES  (d.  1757),  writer  on 
America  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1709  ;  ordained,  1720  ;  sent  as 
a  missionary  to  Narragausett,  Rhode  island,  1721,  and 
ministered  there  till  his  death  ;  visited  England,  1736  and. 


MACSWINNY 


MADOX 


1754-6  ;  made  D.D.  Oxford  as  u  recognition  of  his  effort* 
against  the  dissenters,  1737:  warned  intending 
gainst  emigrating  to  America  in  'America  Dissected,' 
1763.  [xxxv.  284] 

MACSWINNY,  OWEN  (,/.  1754X    [SeeSwixxv.] 

MACTAGGART,  JOHN  (1791-1830),  encyclopedist 
and  versifier;  studied  at  Edinburgh:  clerk  of  works  to 
Rideau  canal.  Canada,  1826-8  :  published  'Scott 
vidian  Encyclopedia,'  1824,  and  •  Three  Years  la  Canada,* 
182y.  [xxxv.  2H5] 

MACVICAR,  JOHN  GIBSON  (1800-1884),  author; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh  Universities: 
lecturer  in  natural  history  at  St.  Andrews,  1827 :  paotor 
of  the  Scottish  Church  lu  Ceylon,  1839-52  ;  published 
scientific  works.  [xxxv.  284] 

MACWARD  or  MACUARD,  ROBERT  (1633  7-1687), 
covenanting  minister  ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  University ; 
ordained,  1654  :  preached  in  support  of  the  covenant, 
16G1 ;  banished  to  Holland  ;  died  at  Uo.terdam :  published 
religious  pamphlets.  [xxxv.  286] 

Me  WILLIAM,  JAMES  ORMISTON  (1808-1862), 
medical  officer  to  the  Niger  expedition;  surgeon  in  the 
navy,  1830;  M.I).  Edinburgh,  1840:  appointed  senior 
surgeon  (1840)  on  the  Albert,  one  of  the  ships  which 
joined  the  Niger  expedition  ;  practically  saved  his  own 
ship  when  a  fever  broke  out  among  the  members  of  the 
expedition  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niger  and  their  return  was 
necessary,  1841 ;  published  his  •  Medical  History  of  the 
Niger  Expedition,'  1843;  sent  to  the  Cape  de  Verde 
islands  to  study  the  yellow  fever  ;  medical  officer  to  the 
custom  house,  1847-C2  ;  F.R.S.,  1848.  [xxxv.  287] 

MADAN,  MARTIN  (1726-1790),  author  of  'Thely- 
phthora ' :  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1746;  barrister,  1748;  adopted 
methodist  principles  after  hearing  a  sermon  by  Wesley  ; 
ordained;  became  chaplain  of  the  Lock  Hospital,  1750-80 ; 
in  close  connection  with  Lady  Huntingdon  ;  corresponded 
with  John  Wesley ;  published  '  Thelyphthora,'  a  book  in 
favour  of  polygamy,  1780,  which  excited  public  indignation, 
the  poet  Cowper  being  among  its  assailants;  author  of 
religious  works.  [xxxv.  288] 

MADAN,  SPENCER  (1729-1813),  bishop  successively 
of  Bristol  and  Peterborough  ;  younger  brother  of  Martin 
Madan  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1753;  fellow,  1753;  D.D.,  1756;  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  the  king,  1761-87 ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1792- 
1794,  of  Peterborough,  1794-1813.  [xxxv.  290] 

MADAN,  SPENCER  (1768-1836),  translator  of  Gro- 
tius  ;  son  of  Spencer  Madan  (1729-1813)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  M.A., 
1778 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king,  1788 ;  prebendary 
of  Peterborough,  1800 ;  D.D.,  1809  ;  published  translation 
of  Qrotius's  '  De  Veritate,'  1782.  [xxxv.  291  j 

MADDEN,  SIR  FREDERIC  (1801-1873),  antiquary 
and  palaeographer ;  nephew  of  Sir  George  Allan  Madden 
[q.  v.];  collated  manuscripts  of  Caedmon  for  Oxford 
University,  1825  ;  engaged  on  the  British  Museum  '  Cata- 
logue,' 1826  -8  ;  assistant-keeper  of  manuscripts,  1828 ; 
head  of  the  department,  1837-66;  F.R.S.,  1830:  an 
original  member  of  the  Athenaeum  Club,  1830 :  knighted, 
1883 ;  edited  '  Layamon's  Brut,'  1847,  and  •  Wycllf  s  Bible,' 
1850.  [xxxv.  291] 

MADDEN,  Sm  GEORGE  ALLAN  (1771-1828),  major- 
general  in  the  British  and  Portuguese  armies;  entered  the 
army,  1788  :  served  in  Italy,  Corsica,  and  Portugal,  1793-5  ; 
in  Egypt,  1801 ;  tried  by  court-martial  for  perjury,  1801 : 
had  to  resign  his  commission,  1802;  brigadier-general 
in  the  Portuguese  iirmy,  1809 ;  served  with  the  Spanish 
troops.  1810-13;  reinstated  in  the  British  army,  1818; 
knighted,  1816  ;  major-general  in  the  British  army,  1819. 


•feretary  to  the  Loan  Fond  Board,  Dublin  Castle,  1810-80 ; 
F.R.O.8.,  1856;  best-known  work,  "The  United  Irishmen, 
their  Lfr«  and  Time*.'  7  volTTsV  *  [M«  JSBT 

MADDEN,  SAMUEL  (1686-17M),  misceUaneous 
writer  and  philanthropist:  B.A.  Dublin,  170i :  D.D., 
1723;  ordained  and  held  cum;  organised  the  system  of 
premium*  in  Dublin  University.  1780:  chief  work.  'In- 
flections and  Kesohitioni  proper  for  the  Gentlemen  of  Ire- 
land as  to  their  conduct  for  the  service  of  their  country,* 


•  Constantinople 
[XXXT.  299] 


[xxxv.  292] 
-1886),  t 


MADDEN,  RICHARD  ROBERT  (1798- 1886),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  studied  medicine  at  Paris,  Naples,  and 
London  ;  one  of  the  special  magistrates  appointed  to  ail- 
minister  statute  abolishing  slavery  in  Jamaica  planta- 
tions. 1833-41 ;  superintendent  of  liberated  Africans,  and 
judge-arbitrator  in  the  mixed  court  of  commission,Havana, 
1836-40 :  special  commissioner  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
1841-3 ;  special  correspondent  of  the  '  Morning  Chronicle,' 
1843-G  ;  colonial  secretary  of  Western  Australia,  1847-60  ; 


MADDI80N  or  MADDE8TONE.  Sin  RALPH  (1171 7- 
1656?),  economic  writer:  knighted,  1608;  member  of 
the  royal  oommUsion  on  the  woollen  trade,  1611 ;  held 
office  in  the  mint  during  the  Commonwealth  ;  author  of 
'  England's  Looking  in  and  out :  presented  to  the  High 
Court  of  Parliament  now  assembled,'  a  olw  ffrtmmmt  of 
the  theory  of  the  balance  of  trade,  1640.  [XXXT.  197] 

MADDOCK,  HENRY  (<t  1824).  legal  author;  edu- 
cated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  borrUter,  Lincoln'* 
Inn,  1801 ;  died  at  St.  Lucia  in  tin-West  Indies ;  chief  work, 
'A  Treatise  on  the  ...  High  Court  of  Chancery,'  2  vols. 
1816.  [xxxv.  198] 

MADDOX,  ISAAC  (1697-1769),  bishop  of  Worcester: 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1723 :  ordained,  1723 :  B.A.  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1724 :  M.A.  Queens'  College.  Cambridge, 
1728;  published  his  best-known  work,  a  'Vindication* 
of  the  Elizabethan  settlement  of  the  church  of  England, 
1733 ;  dean  of  Wells,  1734  ;  bishop  of  St.  Asapb,  1786,  of 
Worcester,  1743.  [xxxv.  298] 

MADDOX,  WILLIS  (1813-1863),  painter;   exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1844-62 ;  invited  to  I 
to  paint  the  sultan :  died  at  Pera. 

MADDY,  WATKIN  (d.  1857),  astronomer ;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1823  :  fellow,  1823  ;  B.D., 
1830;  joined  Cambridge  Astronomical  Society:  pub- 
lished '  The  Elements  of  the  Theory  of  Plane  Astronomy,' 
1826.  [xxxv.  299] 

MADERTY,  first  BARON  (16407-1623).  [See  DRUM- 
MONO,  JAMKS.] 

MADGETT  or  MADOET,  NICHOLAS  (./T.1799), 
Irish  adventurer ;  in  the  French  foreign  office,  1794 ;  sap- 
ported  scheme  for  French  expedition  to  Ireland,  1796; 
member  of  a  '  secret  committee  for  managing  the  affairs 
of  Ireland  and  Scotland,'  1798 ;  wrongly  identified  with 
another  Maget,  an  Irish  priest.  [XXXT.  800] 

MADOCKS.  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  (1774-1828X 
philanthropist;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1799:  re- 
claimed marsh  laud  in  Carnarvonshire  and  founded  the 
town  of  Tremadoc ;  M.P.,  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1802-20, 
Ohippenham,  1820-8  :  died  in  Paris.  [xxxv.  300] 

MADOG  AP  MAREDTTDD  (</.  1160),  prince  of  Powys ; 
nephew  of  lorwerth  ab  Bleddyn  [q.  v.] ;  prince  of  Powys 
during  the  reign  of  Stephen  ;  allied  himself  with  the  Eng- 
lish to  protect  his  own  domains;  defeated  in  battle  by 
the  Prince  of  Gwynedd :  probably  liad  a  secret  understand- 
ing with  Henry  II.  [xxxv.  801] 

MADOG  AH  OWAIN  GWYNEDD  ( 1150-1 180  ?X  sup- 
posed discoverer  of  America  ;  said  in  a  Welsh  poem  of  the 
fifteenth  century  to  have  gone  to  sea  in  ten  ships  and 
never  returned.  Dr.  David  Powel,  who  published  Llwyd's 
translation  of  the  -Hint  y  Tywysoeion,'  1584,  with 
additions  of  his  own,  declared  that  Madog,  after  leaving 
Ireland  to  the  north,  came  to  a  hind  which  must  have 
been  Florida  or  New  Spain.  The  story,  which  is  un- 
supported by  evidence,  is  the  subject  of  Southey's  poem  of 
'  Madoc.'  [xxxv.  801] 

MADOG  AI>  GRUFFYDD  MAELOR(./.  1236X  prince 
of  Northern  Powys  ;  ruler  of  Northern  Powys,  1197 :  an 
I  ally  of  LJywelyn  ab  lorwerth  [q.  v.] ;  founded  Valle 
!  Crucis  Abbey,  1200.  [xxxv.  803] 

MADOG  (fl.  1294-1295),  leader  of  the  North  Welsh 
rebellion :  in  consequence  of  heavy  taxation  rose  in  re- 
bellion with  many  of  the  Welsh,  1294 ;  forced  to  submit 
by  Edward  I,  1295.  [xxxv.  804] 

MADOG  BENFRA8  (i.e.  GRKATHKAI*)  (/.  1350), 
Welsh  poet ;  prominent  with  his  brothers  in  the  revival 
of  Welsh  poetry.  [xxxv.  804] 

MADOX,  THOMAS  (1666-1727).  legal  antiquary; 
sworn  clerk  in  the  lonl-truwurer'u  office;  joint-clerk  in 


1 


MAEL 


MAGRATH 


the  auirmentation  office,  and  published  his  '  Formulare 
Amrlicauum.'  1702,  his  'History  aii.l  Antiquities  of  the 
Exchequer  of  the  Kings  of  KM,-!*,,,!,'  1711.  on,  of  hi-  belt- 
known  works  ;  historiographer  royal,  1714.  [xxxv.  306] 
MAEL.  SAINT  (<i.  487).    [See  MKL.] 
MAEL  DUB  H  (d.  675  ?).    [See  MAILDVLF.] 
MAELGARBH  (J.  644).    [See  TUATHAL.] 
MAELOWN  OWYNEDD  (d.  660  ?),  British  kin*  :  pos- 
sibly the  'Maglocune*  of  Gildas:  according  to  tradition 
snoceedal  to  the  throne  by  overthrowing  an  uncle  :  pro- 
bably died  of  the  '  yellow  pestilence.'  [xxxv.  305] 

MAELMURA  (</.  «86),  Irish  historian  ;  monk  of  Fahan  : 
one  of  hi*  historical  poems  preserved  in  the  '  Book  of 
Leinster.'  [xxxv.  306] 

MAELSECHLAINN  I  (d.  863),  king  of  Ireland  :  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  842;  defeated  the  Danes,  844  and  847; 
thrice  Invaded  Minister  ;  again  defeated  the  Danes,  869. 

[xxxv.  307] 

MOLSECHLAINN  U  (949-1022),  king  of  Ireland  : 
chief  of  his  clan,  979  :  became  king  of  all  Ireland,  980  ; 
defeated  the  Danes,  980  and  1000  :  recognised  the  supe- 
riority of  Brian  (926-1014)  [q.  v.]  as  king,  1002  ;  regained 
his  kingship  on  Brian's  death  in  tlie  battle  of  Cluantarbh 
(Clontarf  ),  in  which  the  Danes  were  finally  overthrown, 
1014.  [xxxv.  308] 


HAOAH,  FRANCIS  (1772  ?-1843),  Irish  informer: 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1794:  admitted  to 
the  Irish  bar,  1793;  acted  as  government  spy  on  Lord 
Edward  Fitzgerald  (1763-1798)  [q.  v.],  1798;  elected 
member  of  the  committee  of  United  Irishmen  on  the 
night  of  Fitzgerald's  arrest  ;  commissioner  for  enclosing 
waste  lands  and  commons,  1821  ;  had  a  secret  pension 
from  government  until  1834.  [xxxv.  309] 

M  AGAUR  AN,  EDMUND  (1548-1593),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh  ;  educated  abroad;  sent  on  a  mis- 
sion to  the  pope  by  the  Irish  chiefs,  1581  :  bishop  of 
Ardagh,  1581  ;  archbishop  of  Armagh  and  primate  of  nil 
Ireland,  1687  ;  went  to  Spain  and  obtained  from  Philip  II 
a  promise  of  help  for  the  Irish  against  Queen  Elizabeth, 
1692:  instigated  a  rebellion:  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  Elizabeth's  troops.  [xxxv.  310] 

MAGEE,  JAMES  (d.  1866),  Irish  journalist  ;  son  of 
John  Magee  (d.  1809)  [q.  v.]  ;  conducted  the  'Dublin 
Evening  Post'  from  1815;  was  subsequently  a  Dublin 
police  magistrate.  [xxxv.  313] 

MAGEE,  JOHN  (J.  1809),  Irish  journalist  and  colliery 
broker:  proprietor  and  printer  of  'Magee's  Weekly 
Packet,'  1777,  of  the  'Dublin  Evening  Post,'  1779; 
opposed  government  measures  in  his  paper  ;  tried  for 
libel  on  Francis  Higgins  (1746-1802)  [q.  v.]  and  found 
guilty,  1789  ;  imprisoned  in  Newgate,  Dublin. 

[xxxv.  311] 

MAGEE,  JOHN  (ft.  1814),  son  of  John  Magee  (d. 
1809)  [q.  v.1  ;  carried  on  the  '  Dublin  Evening  Post  '  ; 
convicted  of  libel  and  imprisoned,  1813  and  1814  :  de- 
fended by  Daniel  O'Oonnell.  [xxxv.  312] 

MAOEE,  MARTHA  MARIA  (d.  1846),  foundress  of  the 
Magee  College,  Londonderry  ;  daughter  of  Mr.  Stewart  of 
Lurgan,  co.  Armagh  ;  married  (1780)  William  Magee 
(d.  1800),  presbyterian  minister  ;  inherited  a  fortune  from 
her  brothers  :  left  20,000*.  to  erect  and  endow  a  college 
for  the  Munition  of  the  Irish  presbyterian  ministry  (Magee 
College,  opened,  1866).  [xxxv.  313] 

MAOEE,  WILLIAM  (1766-1831),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  :  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.  A.,  1785  ; 
fellow,  1788;  ordained,  1790;  Donellan  lecturer,  1795; 
professor  of  mathematics,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1800  ; 
published  sermons,  delivered  (1798  and  1799)  in  Trinity 
College  Chapel  as  '  Discourses  on  the  Scriptural  Doctrines 
of  Atonement  and  Sacrifice,'  1801  ;  dean  of  Cork,  1813-19  ; 
bishop  of  Raphoe,  1819-22  :  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1822-31  ; 
rendered  considerable  services  to  the  Irish  church  ;  his 
'Works  published,  1842.  [xxxv.  313] 

MAOEE,  WILLIAM  CONNOR  (1821-1891),  succes- 
sively bishop  of  Peterborough  and  archbishop  of  York  ; 
grandson  of  William  Magee  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1835:  M.A.,  1854;  ordained,  1845;  held 
various  livings  in  England  and  Ireland,  1846-64  :  D.D. 
Dublin,  I860  ;  dean  of  Cork,  1864-8  :  Donnellan  lecturer  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  18C5  ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 


Dublin,  1866-8  ;  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1868-91 ;  opposed 
Irish  disestablishment:  honorary  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1870; 
archbishop  of  York,  1891  :  one  of  the  greatest  orators 
and  most  brilliant  controversialists  of  his  day ;  published 
speeches,  addresses,  and  sermons.  [xxxv.  315] 

MAGELLAN  or  MAGALHAENS,  JEAN  HYA- 
OINTHE  DK  (1723-1790),  scientific  investigator:  de- 
scendant of  the  Portuguese  navigator  who  discovered 
Magellan  Straits  in  1520 :  born  probably  at  Talavera ; 
Augustinian  monk  :  abandoned  monastic  life  for  scientific 
research,  1763;  reached  England,  1764;  F.R.S.,  1774; 
published  work  on  English  reflecting  instruments,  1775; 
engaged  in  perfecting  the  construction  of  scientific  in- 
struments ;  published  descriptions  of  them,  and  the 
memoirs  of  his  friend  the  Hungarian  Count de  Benyowsky 
(posthumous,  1791).  [xxxv.  317] 

MAGEOGHEGAN,  CON  ALL  (fl.  1635),  Irish  histo- 
rian ;  translated  'The  Annals  of  Cloumacnois,'  1627. 

[xxxv.  318] 

MAGHERAMORNE,  first  BAROX  (1823-1890).  [See 
Hooo,  SIK  JA.MKS  MACNAGHTKX  MCGAREL.] 

MAGILL,  ROBERT  (1788-1839),  Irish  presbyteriau 
clergyman:  M.A.  Glasgow,  1817;  licensed  to  preach, 
1818  ;  his  best-known  work,  '  The  Thinking  Few,'  1828. 

[xxxv.  319] 

MAGINN,  EDWARD  (1802-1849),  Irish  catholic 
prelate :  educated  at  the  Irish  College,  Paris  ;  ordained 
priest,  1825  ;  agitated  for  the  repeal  of  the  union,  1829 ; 
coadjutor  to  the  bishop  of  Derry  and  nominated  bishop 
of  Ortosia  in  the  archbishopric  of  Tyre,  in  partibux  infl- 
delium,  1845  ;  D.D.  [xxxv.  319] 

MAGINN,  WILLIAM  (1793-1842),  poet,  journalist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin;  B.A.,  1811 ;  LL.D.,  1819  :  contributed  to  'Black- 
wood's  Magazine,'  1819-28  and  1834-42;  in  Edinburgh, 
1821-3;  settled  in  London,  1823;  joint-editor  of  the 
'Standard':  contributed  to  the  'Age'  ;  established 
'Fraser's  Magazine,'  1830,  his  'Gallery  of  Literary 
Characters '  being  its  most  popular  feature :  his  master- 
piece in  humorous  fiction, '  Bob  Barke's  Duel  with  Ensign 
Brady,'  1834;  published  his  '  Homeric  Ballads'  in '  Fraser,' 
1838:  published  reproductions  of  Lucian's  dialogues  in 
the  form  of  blank- verse  comedies,  1839 :  his  health  ruined 
after  imprisonment  for  debt ;  the  original  of  Thackeray's 
'  Captain  Shandon.'  [xxxv.  320] 

MAGLORITTS,  SAINT  (495?-575),  second  bishop  of 
Dol  in  Brittany:  educated  in  the  college  of  St.  Illtyd 
at  Llantwit  Major ;  placed  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  reli- 
gious communities  of  St.  Sampson  [q.  v.],  near  Dol; 
ordained  priest  and  bishop ;  episcopal  abbot  there ;  re- 
tired to  Jersey,  where  his  hermitage  grew  into  a  monas- 
tery ;  his  relics  removed  to  Paris  in  the  tenth  century. 

[xxxv.  323] 

MAGNUS,  THOMAS  (d.  1550),  ambassador :  arch- 
deacon of  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1504 ;  employed 
on  diplomatic  missions,  1509-19  and  1524-7;  present  at 
the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520;  privy  councillor, 
c.  1520 ;  incorporated  in  a  doctor's  degree  at  Oxford,  1520  ; 
canon  of  Windsor.  1520-49  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1522- 
1548  ;  paymaster  of  the  forces  and  treasurer  of  the  wars 
in  the  north,  1523 ;  custodian  of  St.  Leonard's  Hospital, 
York,  1529.  [xxxv.  324] 

MAGRAIDAN,  AUGUSTIN  (1349-1406).    [See  MAC- 

GRADOIGH.] 

MAORATH,  JOHN  MAORORY,  in  Irish  Eoghan 
MacRuadhri  MacOraith  (fl.  1459),  Irish  historian ;  one  of 
a  family  of  hereditary  men  of  letters  ;  chief  historian  to 
the  Dal  Oais  in  Thomoud ;  author  of  '  Oathreim  Thoir- 
dhealbhaigh,'  a  history  of  the  wars  of  Thomond,  of  which 
the  best  existing  copy  is  by  Andrew  MacCuirtin  [q.  v.] 

[xxxv.  325] 

MAGRATH,  MEILER  (1523  ?-1622),  archbishop  of 
Cashel ;  became  a  Franciscan  friar  :  lived,  when  young, 
in  Rome ;  bishop  of  Clogher,  1570-1 ;  archbishop  of 
Cashel  and  bishop  of  Emly,  1571  ;  attacked  by  James 
Fitzmaurice  Fitzgerald  (d.  1679)  [q.  v.]  for  imprisoning 
friars,  1571-80  ;  continued  to  serve  the  government,  though 
intriguing  with  rebels  ;  bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore, 
1582-1607;  received  sees  of  Killala  and  Achonry,  1611  ; 
according  to  Sir  John  Da  vies,  'a  notable  example  of 
pluralities.'  [xxxv.  326] 


MAGUIRE 


MAINE 


MAGUIRE,  OATHAL  MAOMAGHNUSA 
1498),  Irish  historian:  archdeacon  of  Ologber,  1483: 
collected  H  flue  library  of  manuseripts.and  compil«l  *  Tli'- 
Historical  Book  of  Biillymiieiimmis  '  ('  Annals  of  Ulster,' 
60-1498) ;  according  to  Paul  Harris  [q.  v.],  author  of 
additions  to  the  '  Felire '  of  Oengus  and  annotations  to 
the  '  Register  of  Clogher.'  [xxxv.  387] 

MAGUIRE,  CONNOR  or  CORNELIUS,  second  BARON 
OP  KxxisKii.ucx  (1016-1645),  succeeded  to  peerage,  1684 : 
inveigled  by  Roger  More  [q.  v.]  into  taking  part  in 
catholic  conspiracy,  1641,  which  was  discovered  thromrh 
the  folly  of  Hugh  Oge  MacMahon  [q.  v.] ;  imprisoned  in 
the  Tower  of  London  and  subsequently  in  Newgate  :  trial 
and  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered. 

[xxxv.  328] 

MAGUIRE,  HUGH.  LORD  OP  PKRMAXAOR  (rf.  1600), 
implicated  in  a  plot  with  Hugh  O'Neill,  second  earl  of 
Tyrone  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  estates  of  Fermanagh,  1689 :  ! 
declared  by  the  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  to  be  a  traitor ;  \ 
invaded  Oonnaught ;  driven  back  by  Sir  Richard  Bingham  ' 
[q.  v.] :  slain  in   Tyrone's  expedition  into  Munster  and 
Leinster.  [xxxv.  329] 

MAGUIRE,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1815-1872),  Irish  poli- 
tician :  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1843  ;  journalist :  founded 
(1841)  and  conducted  'Cork  Examiner':  M.P.,  Dungar- 
van,  1852,  Cork,  1865-72:  acted  with  the  Independent 
Irishmen ;  took  prominent  part  in  debates  on  the  Irish 
land  question  ;  upheld  the  papacy  and  published  '  Rome 
and  its  Ruler,'  for  which  the  pope  named  him  knight 
commander  of  St.  Gregory,  1866  :  issued  third  edition  as 
'The  Pontificate  of  Pius  IX,'  1870:  published  also  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [xxxv.  330] 

MAGUIRE,  NICHOLAS  (14607-1512),  bishop  of 
Leighlin;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  bishop  of  Leighlin,  1490 ; 
completed  the  '  Chrouicon  Hibernue '  and  4  Vita  Milonis 
Episcopi  Leighlinensis.'  [xxxv.  331] 

MAGUIRE,  ROBERT  (1826-1890),  controversialist : 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  clerical  secretary. 
to  the  Islington  Protestant  Institute,  1852 ;  M. A.,  1855 : 
D.D.,  1877;  a  popular  preacher  and  lecturer:  published 
addresses  and  sermons.  [xxxv.  332] 

MAGUIRE,  THOMAS  (1792-1847),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist:  educated  at  Maynooth  College;  or- 
dained, 1816:  held  various  livings;  engaged  in  platform 
discussions,  of  which  '  Authenticated  Reports '  appeared 
in  1827  and  1839.  [xxxv.  332] 

MAGUIRE,  THOMAS  (1831-1889),  classical  scholar 
and  metaphysician ;  first  Roman  catholic  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin :  educated  at  Trinity  College ;  B.A.,  1855  : 
obtained  law  studentship  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1861 ;  bar- 
rister. Lincoln's  Inn,  1862;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1868;  after 
'  Fawcett's  Act'  of  1873  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1880 :  professor,  classical  com- 
position (chair  specially  created),  till  1882 :  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  1882-9 ;  took  part  in  discussion  concern- 
ing the  '  Pigott  letters '  [see  PIOOTT,  RICHARD]  :  published 
philosophical  works,  including  '  Essays  on  the  Platonic 
Idea,'  1866,  and  translations.  [xxxv.  333] 

MAHOMED,  FREDERICK  HENRY  HORATIO 
AKBAR  (1849-1884),  physician ;  sou  of  the  keeper  of  a 
Turkish  bath ;  studied  at  Gniy's  Hospital,  London ; 
M.R.O.S.,  1872;  resident  medical  officer  at  the  London 
Fever  Hospital ;  medical  tutor  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
London,  1875  :  M.D.  Brussels ;  medical  registrar  at  Guy's, 
London:  entered  Gains  College,  Cambridge,  going  np~to 
Cambridge  every  night  to  keep  his  term :  F.R.O.P.,  1880 ; 
M.B.  Cambridge  and  assistant- physician  to  Guy's  Hospital, 
London,  1881 ;  contributed  to  medical  periodicals. 

[xxxv.  333] 

MAHON,  VISCOUNT  (1805-1875).  [See  STANUOPK, 
PHI i.i i1  HENRY,  fifth  EARL  STANHOPE.] 

MAHON,  CHARLES  JAMES  PATRICK,  better 
known  as  TIIK  O'GOUMAN  MAHON  (1800-1891),  Irish 
politician :  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.A., 
1826 ;  urged  O'ConneU  to  wrest  Clare  from  William  Veaey 
Fit/.gerald  [q.  v.]  when  Fitzgerald  became  president  of 
the  board  of  trade  in  1828 :  failed  to  gain  the  seat  himself 
in  1831,  quarrelling  with  O'Connell  in  consequence:  M.P., 
Ennis,  1847-52  ;  lived  a  life  of  adventure  under  many  flags 
1852-71 :  as  a  supporter  of  Charles  Stewart  Parnell  [q.  v.] 
was  M.P.  for  Clare,  1879-85 ;  sat  for  Oarlow,  1887-91, 
repudiating  Paruell  in  1890.  [xxxv.  834] 


MAHONY,     CONNOR,      CORNELIUS,    or     CON- 

(Jl.  1660),  Irish  Jesuit :  author  of  •  Disputatio  Apologetics 

faita  Bsni  !i  .M.  ,.  psjo  '  -•  sis  M  Mn5  •£ 
haeretlcos  Anglo*,'  urging  the  Irish  to  elect  a  B 
catholic  king  for  themselves,  164*.  [xxxv.  33»] 

MAHOFY,  FRANCIS  SYLVESTER,  best  known  by 
his  pseudonym  of  FATHKU  Paoirr  (1804-18M),  humorist : 
educated  at  the  Jesuit  collages  of  Clongoweswood,  co. 
Klldare.  and  of  St.  Acheul,  Amiens,  and  at  Borne ;  ad- 
mitted Jesuit;  master  of  rhetoric  at  the Cloogoweswood 
Jesuits'  college,  August  18JU;  dismissed  from  the  order, 
November  1830:  abandoned  the  priesthood  for  literary 
life  In  London  ;  befriended  by  William  Maginn  [q.  v.]  ; 
contributed  entertaining  papers,  over  signature  '  Father 
Prout,'  to'Fraser's  Magazine,'  1834-4  (published  collec- 
tively, 1836) ;  contributed  poems  to  '  Benttey's  Miscel- 
lany,' 1837  ;  correspondent  at  Rome  to  the  •  Dally  New*,* 
1846 :  Paris  correspondent  to  the  •  Globe,'  18MMM :  died 


in  Paris. 


,  m 


MAIDMENT,  JAMES  (17957-1879),  Scottish  anti- 
quary :  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1817  :  advocate:  much 
engaged  in  disputed  peerage  canes  ;  Interested  in  historical 
:ui'l  antiquarian  research  :  edited  works  for  the  Banua- 
t  \  in-.  Muitland,  Abbots  ford,  and  Huntemn  Club*,  and  for 
the  Spottiswoode  Society.  One  of  hi*  nuvt  valuable  work* 
Is  the  '  Dramatist*  of  the  Restoration,'  1877. 


[xxxv.  338] 
CLEMENT  (/f. 


MAIDSTONE   or   MAYDZSTONE. 
1410),  theologian  and  historical  writer  :  probably  a  Trini- 
tarian friar  ;  author  of  ecclesiastical  works. 

[xxxv.  339] 

MAIDSTONE,  RALPH  OP  (d.  1246).    [See  RAU-II.] 

MAIDSTONE  or  MAYDE8TONE,  RICHARD  (d. 
1396),  Carmelite  :  educated  at  Oxford  ;  D.D.,  and  confessor 
to  John  of  Gaunt  ;  prominent  opponent  of  Wyclif  ;  manu- 
scripts by  him  preserved  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  British 
Museum,  and  elsewhere.  [xxxv.  339] 

MAIHEW,  EDWARD  (1570-1625),  Benedictine;  edu- 
cated in  the  English  College  at  Douay,  and  subsequently 
at  Rome  ;  took  orders  ;  secular  priest  in  England  ;  Bene- 
dictine in  the  abbey  of  Westminster,  1G07  ;  prior  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  Laurence  at  Dieulwurt  in  Lorraine, 
1614-20  ;  died  at  Cambray  ;  author  of  some  religious 

[xxxv.  340] 


MAILDULF  or  MAHOUT  (d.  675  ?X  Scottish  or 
Irish  teacher;  gave  his  name  to  the  town  of  Malmes- 
bury  ;  according  to  William  of  Malmesbury,  opened  a 
school  in  '  the  spot  now  called  Malmexbury,'  which  Aid- 
helm  [q.  v.]  attended,  and  where  he  took  the  tonsure 
later.  [xxxv.  341] 

MAIMBRAYor  MAINBRAY,  STEPHEN  CHARLES 
TRIBOUDET  (1710-1782).  [See  DKMAINBRAV.] 

MAIN,  JAMES  (1700?-1761).    [See  MAN.] 

MAIN,  ROBERT  (1808-1878),  astronomer  :  brother 
of  Thomas  John  Main  [q.  v.]  :  fellow  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge;  took  orders;  M.A.,  1837  ;  chief  assistant  at 
the  Roval  Observatory,  1835  :  gold  medallist.  Astronomical 
Society,  1858;  F.R.S.,  1860;  Radcliffe  observer,  I860; 
editeil  first  Radcliffe  catalogue  and  compiled  second,  1800; 
collected  materials  for  a  third,  with  the  Ke.ll.ill  t  nu-it 
circle  purchased  (1861)  from  lUchard  Christopher  Car- 
rington  [q.  v.]  ;  published  astronomical  treatise*  and 
addresses.  [xxxv.  342] 

MAIN,  THOMAS  JOHN  (1818-1886),  mathematician  ; 
younger  brother  of  Robert  Main  [q.  v.]  :  senior  wrangler, 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1838;  took  orders:  M.A., 
1841  ;  naval  chaplain  :  placed  on  retired  list,  1869  :  for 
thirty-four  year*  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  Portsmouth  ;  published  works  on  applied 
mathematics.  [xxxv.  $43] 

MAINE,  SIR  HENRY  JAMES  SUMNER  (18tt-1888), 
jurist:  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge  ;  senior  classic,  1844  ;  junior  tutor  at 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1845-7  :  reglos  professor  of  civil 
law,  1847-64  :  called  to  the  bar,  1860  ;  reader  in  Roman 
law  and  jurisprudence  at  the  Inns  of  Court,  1862  ;  con- 
tributed to  the  'Saturday  Review  '  from  its  start  in  1866  ; 
published  •  Ancient  Law  :  it*  Connection  with  the  Early 
History  of  Society  and  its  PlslttaM  to  Modern  Ideas,' 


MAINE 


MAITLAND 


1881-  legal  member  of  the  council  of  India,  1862-9;  | 
Corpus  profwaor  of  jurisprudent,  oxford,  1KG9-78;  pub-  • 
1  'Village  Communities.'  1K71,  '  Ivirly 


HUtory  of  Institutions,'  1875,  and  '  Dissertations  on  Karly 
LAW  and  Customs,'  1888;  K.C.S.I.  and  appointed  to  a  ' 
•eat  on  the  Indian  council,  1871 :  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
i'ambridge,  1877-88;  Whewell  professor  of  international 
law,  Cambridge.  1887-8:  died  at  Cannes;  one  of  the 
earliest  to  apply  tlie  historical  method  to  the  study  of 
political  institutions.  [xxxv.  313] 

MAINE,  JASPER  (1604-1672).    [See  MAYNB.] 
MAINWARINO    or    MAYNWARINO,     ARTHUR 
(1668-171SX  auditor  of  imprests:  entered  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  1688,  and  the  Inner  Temple,  1687 ;  at  first  op- 
posed, but  subsequently  served  the  revolution  govern- 
ment:   auditor   of    imprests,    1705-12;     M.P.,    Preston, 
1706-10,  West  Looe,  1710-12  ;  started  the  k  Medley,'  1710 ; 
in   his    writings   attacked    Sacheverell,  defended   Marl- 
borough,  and  arraigned  the  French  policy,    [xxxv.  346] 
MAINWARINO,    EVERARD    (1628-1699?).      [See 

M.VYXWAKIXO.] 

MAINWARINO,  MATTHEW  (1661-1652),  roman- 
cist ;  published  '  Vienna,'  an  adaptation  of  a  romance  of 
Oatalonian  origin,  c.  1618.  [xxxv.  348] 

MAINWARINO,  SIR  PHILIP  (1589-1661),  secretary 
for  Ireland  :  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1613;  M.P., 
Boroughbridge,  1624-6,  Derby,  1628-9,  Morpeth,  1640, 
Newton,  Lancashire,  1661;  knighted,  1634:  secretary  to 
the  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  1634 ; 
returned  to  London  and  was  imprisoned  as  a  delinquent, 
1660-1.  [xxxv.  348] 

MAINWARINO,    ROGER   (1590-1653).    [See  MAX- 

WARINO.] 

MAINWARINO,  ROWLAND  (1783-1862),  naval 
commander  and  author:  present  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile,  1798,  at  the  blockade  of  Copenhagen,  1801 :  captain, 
1830:  author  of  'Instructive  Gleanings.,  on  Painting 
and  Drawing,'  1832,  and  '  Annals  of  Bath,'  1838. 

[xxxv.  348] 

MAINWARINO,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1623- 
1689),  Author  of  the  '  Defence  of  Amicia ' ;  entered  Brase- 
nose College,  Oxford,  1637,  and  Gray's  Inn,  1640 ;  took 
parliamentary  side  in  civil  war,  but  at  the  Restoration 
gained  favour  at  court;  created  baronet,  1660.  His 
'  Defence  of  Amicia,'  to  prove  that  his  ancestor  Amicia 
was  the  lawful  daughter  of  Earl  Hugh  of  Cyveiliog  [see 
HUOH,  d.  1181]  (published,  1673),  led  to  a  controversy 
with  his  relative  Sir  Peter  Leycester  [q.  v.] 

[xxxv.  349] 

MAINZER,  JOSEPH  (1801-1861),  teacher  of  music; 
born  at  Treves:  ordained,  1826  :  singing-master  to  the 
college  at  Treves :  being  compelled  to  leave  Germany  on 
account  of  his  political  opinions,  went  to  Brussels,  1833; 
proceeded  to  Paris  and  came  to  England,  1839 ;  best- 
known  work, '  Singing  for  the  Million,'  1841. 

MAIR,  JOHN  (1469-1650).    [See  MAJOR*JOHN'.] 

MAIRE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1697-1767),  Jesuit;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Omer  :  joined  Jesuits,  1716  ;  professed,  1733 ; 
rector  of  the  English  College  at  Rome,  1744-50  ;  died  at 
Ghent;  author  of  Latin  theological  and  astronomical 
works.  [xxxv.  350] 

MAIRE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1769),  Roman  catholic  pre- 
late: educated  at  the  English  College,  Douay :  ordained 
priest,  1780;  served  the  Durham  mission,  1742-67;  co- 
adjutor to  the  vicar-apostolic  of  the  northern  district  of 
England,  1767-9.  [xxxv.  360] 

HAITIAND,  ANTHONY,  tenth  EARL  op  LAUDER- 
I>ALK  (1786-1863),  admiral  of  the  red;  son  of  James 


G.O.M.G. :  last  baron  Lnuderdale.  [xxxv.  367] 

MAITLAND,  CHARLES,  third  EARL  OF  LAUDKR- 
r>ALK  (d.  1691),  brother  of  John  Maitlaud,  first  duke  of 
Lauderdale  [q.  T.]  ;  master-general  of  the  Scottish  mint ; 
privy  councillor,  1661 ;  commissioner  to  parliament  for 
«  o'  Edinburgh,  and  lord  of  the  articles,  1669; 
I -depute.  1871;   created  baronet,  1672.   assisted 
her  in  the  management  of  Scottish  affairs,  1674- 
»1 :  aoctwed  of  perjury  and  deprived  of  his  position, 
;  »ucc«eded  a*  Kurl  of  Laudenlale,  1682. 

350] 


MAITLAND,  CHARLES  (1815-1866),  author: 
nephew  of  Sir  Peregrine  Maitlund  [<].  v.] ;  M.I).  Edinburgh, 
1838 ;  studied  theology  and  graduated  B.A.  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  1852;  held  various  curacies;  author  of 
the  first  popular  book  on  the  'Catacombs  of  Rome," 
1846.  [xxxv.  351] 

MAITLAND,  EDWARD  (1824-1897),  mystical 
writer:  B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1847;  wont  to 
California,  1849,  became  a  commissioner  of  crown  hinds 
in  A ustralia,  and  returned  to  England,  1857:  published 
romances,  including  '  The  Pilgrim  and  the  Shrine1  (largely 
autobiographical),  1867  :  collaborated  with  Anna  Kings- 
ford  [q.  v.]  in 'Keys  of  the  Creeds'  (1875),  and  joined 
her  in  crusade  against  materialism,  animal  food,  and 
vivisection  ;  declared  (1876)  that  he  had  acquired  a  new 
sense,  that  of  '  spiritual  sensitiveness,'  which  enabled  him 
to  see  the  spiritual  condition  of  people ;  published, 
with  Anna  Kingsford,  'The  Perfect  Way:  or  the  Finding 
of  Christ,'  1882,  and  founded  with  her  the  Hermetic 
Society,  1884;  founded  Esoteric  Christian  Union,  1891. 
His  publications  include  'Anna  Kingsford.  Her  Life, 
Letters,  Diary,  and  Work,'  1896.  [Suppl.  Ui.  131] 

MAITLAND,  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  LORD  BARCAPLK 
(1803-1870),  Scottish  judge ;  brother  of  Thomas  Mait- 
land,  lord  Dundrennan  [q.  v.]  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh  :  advo- 
cate, 1831  :  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1855-8  and 
1859-62 ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Barcaple,  1802-70. 

[xxxv.  376] 

MAITLAND,  FREDERICK  (1763-1848),  general: 
grandson  of  Charles  Maitland,  sixth  earl  of  Lauderdale ; 
entered  the  army,  1779;  present  as  lieutenant  at  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782;  served  chiefly  in  the  West 
Indies:  lieutenant-colonel.  1795;  major-general,  1805; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Grenada,  1805-10;  lieutenant- 
general,  1811 :  second  in  command  in  the  Mediterranean, 
1812;  lieutenant-governor  of  Dominica,  1813;  general, 
1825.  [xxxv.  352] 

MAITLAND,  FREDERICK  LEWIS  (d.  1786),  cap- 
tain of  the  royal  navy ;  son  of  Charles  Maitland,  sixth 
earl  of  Lauderdale :  commanded  the  royal  yacht,  1763-75 ; 
served  under  Rodney,  1782  ;  rear-admiral,  1786. 

[xxxv.  353] 

MAITLAND,  SIR  FREDERICK  LEWIS  (1777-1839), 
rear-admiral;  son  of  Frederick  Lewis  Maitland  (d.  1786) 
[q.  v.] ;  served  in  the  Mediterranean  and  off  the  French 
and  Spanish  coasts  ;  commanded  on  the  Halifax  and  West 
India  stations,  1813-14  ;  as  commander  of  the  Bellerophon 
took  Napoleon  to  England,  1815;  C.B.,  1815;  K.C.B. 
and  rear-admiral,  1830  ;  admiral  superintendent  of  Ports- 
mouth dockyard,  1832-7 ;  comma  nder-in-chief  in  the  East 
Indies  and  China,  1837-9;  died  at  sea.  [xxxv.  353] 

MAITLAND,  JAMES,  eighth  EARL  OF  LAUDER- 
DALK  (1769-1839),  studied  at  Edinburgh  High  School  and 
University,  Trinity  College,  Oxford  (1775),  and  Glasgow 
University ;  admitted  to  Lincoln's  Inn,  1777  ;  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1780;  M.P.,  Newport,  Cornwall, 
1780,  Malmesbury,  1784;  succeeded  to  the  title,  17*9; 
Scots  representative  peer,  1790  :  strenuously  opposed  Pitt's 
government;  published  his  '  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Origin  of  Public  Wealth,'  1804;  created  Baron  Lauder- 
dale of  Thirlestane  in  the  county  of  Berwick  (peerage  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1806);  lord  high  keeper  of 
the  great  seal  of  Scotland,  1806 ;  privy  councillor,  1806  : 
resigned,  1807;  turned  tory  after  1821;  retired  from 
public  life  after  1830.  [xxxv.  355] 

MAITLAND,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BAROX  MAITLAND  OF 
THIRLKSTANE  (1645?-1595),  lord  high  chancellor  of 
Scotland ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  Maitland,  lord  Lethingtou 
[q.  v.];  brother  of  William  Maitland  of  Lethin^'ton 
[q.  v.];  lord  privy  seal,  1567:  favoured  the  queen 
and  was  rigorously  treated  by  Morton,  1569-78:  privy 
councillor,  1583;  secretary  of  state,  1684:  vi-'t-rhun- 
cellor,  1586 ;  acquired  great  influence  over  the  king ; 
created  Baron  Maitland  of  Thirlestane,  1690 ;  responsible 
for  the  act  which  established  the  kirk  on  a  strictly 
presbyterian  basis;  wrote  verse.  [xxxv.  357] 

MAITLAND,  JOHN,  second  EARL  and  first  DUKK  OF 
LAUDKRDALK  (1616-1682),  grandson  of  Sir  John  Mait- 
land [q.  v.]  ;  grand-nephew  of  William  Maitland  of  Leth- 
iugtou  [q.  v.j ;  regarded  as  a  rising  hope  of  the  ultra- 
covenanting  party ;  commissioner  for  the  Solemn  League 
and  Covenant,  1643-r> :  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
obtained  the  famous  '  Engagement ' ;  with  Charles  II  in 


MAITLAND 


MAJOR 


Holland,  1649  ;  followed  l.im  to  Worcester  and  v 
prisoner,  1651  ;  kept  a  prisoner  till  1660  ;  secretary  for 
Scottish  affair?,  1660-80 ;  aimed  at  making  the  crown 
absolute  in  Scotland  both  in  state  and  church ;  had  com- 
plete influence  over  Charles ;  created  Duke  of  Laudenlale 
and  Marquis  of  March  in  the  Scottish  peerage,  1672 ; 
placed  upon  the  commission  for  the  admiralty,  1673; 
made  a  privy  councillor  und  a  peer  of  England  as  Earl 
of  Gnildford  and  Baron  Petersham,  1674  :  supported  by 
Charles  II  against  attacks  from  the  English  parliament. 

[xxxv.  8601 

MAITLAND,  JOHN,  LORD  UAVKUUU,  ami  fifth 
EARL  OF  LAUUKRDAU-:  (16607-1710),  brother  of  Kit-hard 
Maitland,  fourth  earl  of  Lauderdale  [q.  v.] :  passed  advo- 
cate at  the  Scottish  bar,  1680 :  concurred  in  the  revolu- 
tion .  a  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Havelrig,  1689 ;  succeeded 
to  the  earldom  of  Lauderdale,  1695  ;  supported  the  union. 

[xxxv.  367] 

MAITLAND,  JOHN  GOHHAM  (1818-18G8),  civil 
servant:  son  of  Samuel  Koffey  Maitlaud  [q. v.];  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  secretary  to  the  civil 
service  commission  ;  published  pamphlets,  [xxxv.  367] 

MAITLAND,  Siu  PEREGRINE  (1777-18M),  general 
and  colonial  governor :  entered  the  army,  1792 ;  served  in 
Flanders,  1794-8 :  in  Spain,  1809  and  1812 ;  major-general, 
1814;  present  at  Waterloo,  1816 ;  K.C.B.,  1816 :  lieu- 
tenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada,  1818-28,  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1828-34 :  conmiauder-in-chief  of  the  Madras  army, 
1836-8,  and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1844-7  ;  general, 
1846;  resigned  governorship  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1847  ; 
G.O.B.,  1862.  [rxxv.  367] 

MAITLAND,  SIR  RICHARD,  Loun  LKTHINOTOX 
(1496-1686),  poet,  lawyer,  and  collector  of  early  Scottish 
poetry  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  University ;  studied 
law  at  Paris :  employed  by  James  V  and  Queen  Mary : 
an  ordinary  lord  of  rension  and  privy  councillor,  1661 ; 
keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1562-7 ;  a  selection  from  his 
collection  of  early  Scottish  poems,  with  additions  by  him- 
self, published,  1786.  [xxxv.  368] 

MAITLAND,  RICHARD,  fourth  EAUL  OF  LAUDKII- 
IIALK  (1653-H96),  Jacobite;  sou  of  Charles  Maitlnud, 
third  earl  of  Lauderdale  [q.  v.] :  privy  councillor  and 
joint  general. of  the  mint  with  his  fatlier,  1678;  lord- 
justice  general,  1681-4;  declined  to  agree  to  the  revolu- 
tion settlement ;  for  a  time  in  exile  at  the  court  of  St. 
Germains;  outlawed,  1694;  diel  at  Paris ;  author  of  a 
verse  translation  of  Virgil,  published,  1737.  [xxxv.  370] 

MAITLAND,  RICHARD  (17147-1763),  captor  of 
Surat;  enlisted  in  royal  artillery,  1732;  lieutenant-fire- 
worker, 1742 :  fought  at  Fontenoy  as  first  lieutenant, 
1745 ;  served  under  Olive  in  India  ;  commanded  the 
expedition  for  capturing  Surut,  1759;  major,  1762:  dial 
at  Bombay.  [xxxv.  370] 

MAITLAND,  SAMUEL  ROFFEY  (1792-1866), 
historian  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  educated  at  St.  John's 
and  Trinity  Colleges.  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1816  ;  entered  holy  orders,  1821  :  published  his  elaborate 
monograph  on  the  Albigenses  and  Waldenses,  1832  ;  com- 
menced contributing  to  the  'British  Magazine,'  1835, 
the  remarkable  papers  afterwards  published  as  'The  Dark 
Ages,'  1844,  and  '  Essays  on  Subjects  connected  with  the 
Reformation  in  England,'  1849;  librarian  and  keeper  of 
«>c  manuscripts  at  Lambeth,  1838  ;  F.R.S.,  1839  ;  editor 
of  the  '  British  Magazine,'  1839-49 :  contributed  to  '  Notes 
and  Queries ' ;  author  of  thirty-seven  works,  mainly 
historical  and  ecclesiastical.  [xxxv.  371] 

MAITLAND,  Sm  THOMAS  (17597-1824),  lieuteuant- 
prniTal ;  commauder-iii-chief  in  the  Mediterranean ; 
M-rvoti  in  India,  both  ashore  and  afloat,  till  1790  ;  in  Sau 
Dominpo,  1794-8 ;  M.P.,  Haddiugton  burglis,  1794-6  and 
1800-6;  hrigadier-peneral,  1797;  employed  in  the  secret 
expedition  against  Belle  Isle,  1799 :  major-general,  1806; 
lieutenant-general  and  commauder-in-chicf  in  Ceylon, 
1806-11 ;  major-general,  1811 :  governor  of  Malta,  1813  ; 
lord  high  commissioner  of  the  Ionian  islands  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean.  1816:  died  at 
Malta  :  an  able  administrator,  though  nicknamed  •  King 
Tom '  from  his  eccentricities  and  arbitrary  conduct. 

[xxxv.  374] 

MAITLAND,  TMoMAS.  LOUD  DrxmtEXXAX  (17-J2- 
1851),  Scottish  judge:  studied  at  Edinburgh:  called  to 
the  Scottish  bar,  1813;  solicitor-general,  1840-1  and 


1846-W:  M.R,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  18O-40;  lor  I  of 
•easton  M  Lord  Dundrennan,  1860 ;  studied  antiquarian 
literature ;  hi*  fine  library  told  in  1H1.  [XXXY.  376] 

MAITLAND.  THOMAS,  eleventh  EARL  or  LACDBR- 
:<M>  CM01  :->».  ,i:.  nri  3  ",  •:•••  :  Mtarafl  t>..  ,..,•... 
1816 ;  served  on  the  Sooth  American  station.  1816,  the 
West  Indian,  1832-3,  the  north  coa*  of  Spain,  18W-7 ; 
advanced  to  po*t  rank,  1817  :  shared  in  the  operations  in 
the  Persian  Oulf,  1839;  served  during  the  in*  Chinese 
war,  1840-1 :  knighted,  1843  :  rear-admiral,  1817  ;  com- 
niaiid.T-iii-.-i.;.-!  H.  ti,,-  Pacific,  1860-1:  succeeded  to  earl- 
dom on  the  death  of  his  consul,  1868 :  admiral,  1868 ; 
admiral  of  the  fleet  on  the  retired  list,  1877.  [xxrr.  176] 

MAITLAND,  WILLIAM  (16287-1673),  of  Lethlngton, 
known  as  the  '  Secretary  Lethlngton • ;  son  of  Sir  Richard 
Maitland  [q.  v.] :  edncated  at  it.  Andrews  and  on  the 
continent ;  in  the  »erviue  of  llXllBMB  IMiml  of  Scotland 
1664-9 ;  entered  into  close  relations  with  Cecil,  IftGO : 
secretary  and  entrusted  with  Mary's  foreign  policy,  1661  : 
pursued  a  conciliatory  policy  toward*  England;  sup- 
ported tin;  Dariiley  marriage,  1664-6 ;  said  to  have  been  a 
party  to  Darnley's  murder,  1667 :  tried  to  reconcile  the 
two  Scottish  factions,  1670:  surrendered  Edinburgh 
Oastle  to  the  English  commander,  1673;  died  in  prison  at 
Leith.  [xxxv.  377] 

MAITLAND,  WILLIAM  (1693  V-1757),  topographer: 
published  topographical  compilations  1739-67,  of 
ephemeral  reputation.  [xxxv.  883] 

MAITLAND,  WILLIAM  FULLER  (1813-1876), 
picture  collector  :  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1839;  formed  a  fine  collection  of  early  Italian  master* 
and  of  English  landscape  paintings,  some  of  which  were 
bought  after  his  death  by  the  National  Gallery. 

[xxxv.  383] 

MAITTAIRE.  MICHAEL  (1668-1747),  clawical 
scholar  and  writer  on  typography ;  born  in  Prance  : 
educated  at  Westminster  School ;  '  cauoucer '  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1696 ;  second  master  of 
Westminster,  1695-9;  began  to  publish,  c.  1706,  works 
consisting  principally  of  editions  of  the  Latin  classics ; 
published  'Annales  Typographic!,'  6  vols.  1719-41. 

[xxxv.  884] 

MAJENDIE,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1764-1830),  bishop 
of  Chester  and  Bangor :  of  Charterhouse  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1776 :  fellow,  1776 ;  preceptor 
to  Prince  William,  afterwards  William  IV;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1785-98  ;  D.D.,  1791 ;  canon  of  St.  Paul'*  Cathe- 
dral, 1798  ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1800-9,  of  Banwr.  1KO9-30. 

[xxxv.  3*6] 

MAJOR  or  MAIR,  JOHN  (1469-1560),  lustomn  and 
scholastic  divine :  studied  at  Cambridge  and  Paris ;  M.A., 
1496;  taught  at  Paris  in  arts  and  scholastic  philosophy  ; 
published  his  first  work  on  logic,  1503  :  D.D.,  1606  ;  betran 
to  lecture  on  scholastic  divinity  at  the  Sorbonne,  Paris, 
1606;  published  'A  Commentary  on  the  Four  Hook*  of 
Peter  the  Lombard's  ".Sentences,"  '  at  interval*,  1609-17  ; 
professor  of  philosophy  and  divinity.  Glasgow.  1618; 
published  '  History  of  Greater  Britain,  both  England  and 
Scotland,'  1521  ;  taught  philosophy  and  logic  in  St. 
Andrews  University,  1522;  taught  again  at  Paris  Uni- 
versity, 1525-31 :  returned  to  St.  Andrews,  1531 ;  provost 
of  St.  Salvator's  College  there,  1533-50;  with  William 
Manderston  [q.  v.]  founded  ami  widowed  chaplaincy  at 
St.  Andrew*,  1539 :  championed  the  doctrinal 
Rome :  wrote  entirely  in  Latin.  [xxxv.  386] 

MAJOR,  JOHN  (1782-1849),  bookseller  and  publisher : 
a  supporter  of  Dibdin's  publication* :  failed  in  business 
through  becoming  entangled  in  Dibdin's  speculations; 
well-known  by  his  beautiful  edition  of  Walton  aud  Cotton's 
'Complete  Angler,'  first  publislied,  1823:  published  verse, 
including  squibs  on  current  politics.  [xxzv.  888] 

MAJOR,  JOHN  HENNIKER-,  second  BAKON  HKXM- 
KEH  (1762-1821).  [Sec  HK.VMKKR-M.UOK.] 

MAJOR,  JOSHUA  ( 1787-1866 x  landscape-gardener; 
author  of  important  works  on  gardening,  published,  1W9- 
1861.  [XMT.  888] 

MAJOR,  RICHARD  HENRY (1818-1891), geographer; 
keeper  of  the  department  of  maps  and  plans,  British 
Museum,  1867-80;  his  chief  work,  "The  Life  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Portugal,  surnamcd  tl»e  Navigator,'  1868; 
edited  ten  works  for  the  Haklu.vt  Society  (hou.  secretary, 
1849-5H),  1847-73.  [xxxv.  889] 


MAJOR 


830 


MALCOLM 


MAJOR.  THOMAS  (1780-1799),  engraver:  resided 
wd  worked  for  some  time  in  Paris  ;  returned  to  England, 
1763 :  issued  a  aerie*  of  his  prints,  1754  (2nd  edit  1768) : 
first  English  engraver  to  be  elected  A.K.A.,  1770 ;  engraver 
to  the  king  and  to  the  stamp  office.  [xxxv.  389] 

MAXELSFELD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1804).    [See  MYKKLH- 


FRANCIS   (1658-1708),    Irish   divine; 

studied  at  Glasgow  University  :  missionary  to  America, 
1682;  worked  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  ami  Barbados ; 
formed  at  Philadelphia  the  first  presbytery  in  America, 
1708,  and  the  father  of  prcsbyteriauisin  in  America :  died 
in  Acoomac,  Virginia.  [xxxv.  390] 


_  r,  BATHSUA  (ft.  1673),  the  most  learned 
Englishwoman  of  her  time;  sister  of  John  Pell  (1611- 
1686)  [q.  v.]  :  tutoress  to  Charles  I's  daughters  ;  probably 
kept  a  school  at  Putney,  1649  :  wrote  on  female  edm-at  <>u, 
1671.  [«xv.  391] 


MAX3TTRICK,  JAMES  (1728-1802).  [See  ADAIR, 
JAMS  MAKITTKICK.] 

jfAWARTiT.T.  or  MACKARZLL.  MATTHEW  <•/. 
1537),  abbot  of  Barlings,  Lincolnshire  ;  D.D.  Paris  (in- 
corporated at  Cambridge,  1516)  ;  abbot  of  Gilbertines  or 
Preuxmstratensians  at  Alnwick  ;  subsequently  of  Barlings 
or  Oxeuey,  Lincolnshire  ;  suffragan  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1535:  a  leader  in  Lincolnshire  rebellion,  1536;  taken 
prisoner  and  executed,  1537.  [xxxv.  391] 

MAKTN,  DAVID  (</.  1588?).  [See  MAC  KEN  /IK, 
DUGAL.] 

MALACHY  I  (d.  863).    [See  MAELSKCHLAINN  L] 
MALACHY     MOR    (949-1022).       [See    MAKLSKCII- 

LAIN.N  II.] 

MALACHY  OK  IUKI.ANM  (/.  131<»,  Franciscan; 
probably  author  of  •  Libellus  septem  peccatorum  mor- 
talium*  (Paris,  1518),  remarkable  for  its  denunciation  of 
the  government  of  Ireland.  [xxxv.  392] 

MALACHY  MACAEDH  <-/.  1348),  archbishop  of 
Tuam;  bishop  of  Elphiu,  13U7-12;  archbishop  of  Tuam, 
1318-48  ;  often  confused  with  Malachy  (fl.  1310)  [q.  v.] 

[xxxv.  392] 

MALACHY  O'MORGAIR,  SAIXT  (in  Irish,  MAKL- 
MAKOHOIU  UA  MORUAIR)  (1094  V-1148),  archbishop  of 
Armagh  :  gained  a  great  reputation  for  sanctity  and 
learning  ;  head  of  the  abbey  of  Bangor,  co.  Down  ;  bishop 
of  Connor,  1124  ;  established  monastery  of  Ibrach  in  south 
of  Ireland  after  the  destruction  of  the  scut  of  his  bishopric 
by  a  northern  chieftain  ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1132-6  ; 
bishop  of  Down,  1136  ;  visited  St.  Bernard,  his  future 
biographer,  at  Clairvaux  ;  died  at  (Jluirvaiix  on  his  way 
to  Borne.  [xxxv.  392] 

MALAK,  CESAR  JEAN  SALOMON,  calling  himself 
later,  SOLOMON  C.KSAR  MALAX  (1812-1891),  oriental 
lii)i:ui.-t  ami  biblical  scholar  :  born  at  Geneva  ;  educated 
at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  ;  Bodeu  (Sanskrit)  scholar, 
1834  ;  Puscy  and  Ellertou  (Hebrew)  scholar,  1837  ; 
B.A.,  1837  ;  classical  lecturer  at  Bishop's  College,  Cal- 
cutta, 1838  ;  deacon,  1H38  ;  returned  to  England,  1840  : 
priest  and  M.A.  Balliol  College,  1843;  held  living  of 
Broadwindsor,  Dorset,  1845-85  ;  travelled  in  the  East, 
and  published  numerous  translations  from  oriental 
literature;  joined  John  William  Burgon  [q.  v.]  in 
attacking  revised  version  of  New  Testament,  1881.  His 
works  include  •  Notes  on  Proverbs,'  1892-3. 

[Suppl.  iii.  133] 

MALARD,  MICHAEL  (fl.  (1717-1720),  French  pro- 
Jtant  divine  ;  born  at  Vaurenard  :  educated  for  the 
I  Ionian  catholic  priesthood  ;  came  to  England,  c.  1700  ;  em- 
braced protestantism,  1705  ;  published  pamphlets  against 
the  French  committee  for  the  distribution  of  the  money 
charged  upon  the  civil  list  for  the  benefit  of  the  French 
protestanU,  1717-20;  author  of  manuals  of  French 
accidence.  [xxxv.  394] 

MALBY,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1530  7-1681),  president  of 
Connaught;  served  in  France,  .Spain,  and  Ireland; 
'Utionedat  Oarrickfergiw,  1567-9:  collector  of  customs 
of  >Strangford,  Ardglass,  and  Dundruiu,  1571  ;  made  uu- 
•ocoesrfal  efforts  to  colonise  part  of  Down,  1671-4; 
knighted  and  appointed  military  govemor  of  Cou- 
;  president  of  Oounaught,  1679;  engaged  in 


suppressing  rebellions,  1579-81 ;  his  services  ignored  by 
Queen  Elizabeth.  [xxxv.  3U5] 

MALCOLM  I  (MAcDoXALU)  (</.  954),  king  of  Scot- 
land :  succeeded,  943 ;  made  treaty  with  Edmund,  the 
West-Saxon  king,  945 ;  lost  Northumbria,  954  ;  slain  in 
a  border  skirmish.  [xxxv.  398] 

MALCOLM  H  (MACKENNETH)(d.  1034),  king  of  Scot- 
land ;  son  of  Kenneth  II  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded,  1005,  by  de- 
feating and  killing  Kenneth  III  [q.  v.] ;  defeated  Eadulf 
Cudel,  1018,  thereby  causing  the  cession  of  Lothian  to 
the  Scottish  kingdom,  Cambria  north  of  the  Solway 
becoming  also  an  appanage  of  the  same  ;  did  homage  to 
Canute,  1031.  [xxxv.  399] 

MALCOLM  HI,  called  CANMORE  (d.  1093),  king 
of  Scotland ;  succeeded  his  father  Duncan  I  in  conse- 
quence of  the  defeat  of  Macbeth  [q.  v.]  by  Earl  Edward 
of  Northumbria,  1054  ;  defeated  and  slew  Macbeth  at 
Lnmphanan  ;  crowned  at  Scone,  1C57  ;  married  Margaret 
(d.  1093)  [q.  v.],  sister  of  Edgar  Atheling  [q.  v.] ;  did 
homage  to  the  English  kings,  1072  and  1091 ;  treacherously 
slain  while  invading  Northumberland.  [xxxv.  400] 

MALCOLM  IV  (the  MAIDEN)  (1141-1165),  king  of 
Scotland ;  grandson  of  David  I  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his 
grandfather,  1153;  surrendered  Northumberland  and 
Cumberland  to  Henry  II,  1157  ;  served  as  English  baron 
in  the  expedition  against  Toulouse,  1159  ;  engaged  in 
suppressing  rebellions  in  Scotland,  1100-4.  [xxxv.  401] 

MALCOLM,  Sin  CHARLES  (1782-1851),  vioe- 
admirnl  ;  brother  of  Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  the  navy,  1795  ;  employed  in  the  East  Indies  till 
1802 ;  on  the  coast  of  France  and  Portugal,  1806-9 ; 
chiefly  in  the  West  Indies,  1809-19 ;  knighted  while  in 
attendance  on  the  Marquis  Wellesley,  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  1822-7 ;  superintendent  of  the  Bombay  marine 
(name  afterwards  changed  to  the  Indian  navy),  1827- 
1837  ;  rear-admiral,  1837  ;  vice-admiral,  1847. 

[xxxv.  402] 

MALCOLM,  SIR  GEORGE  (1818-1897),  general; 
born  at  Bombay ;  ensign  in  East  India  Company's  ser- 
vice, 1836;  lieutenant,  1840;  served  in  Sciude,  and 
second  Sikh  war;  lieutenant-colonel,  1854;  in  Persian 
war,  1866-7,  and  Indian  mutiny,  1857-8 ;  C.B.,  1859  ; 
brevet-colonel,  1860;  major-general,  1867  ;  in  Abyssinian 
expedition,  1868  ;  general,  1877 ;  G.U.B.,  1886. 

[Suppl.  iii.  134] 

MALCOLM,  JAMES  PELLER  (1767-1815),  topo- 
grapher and  engraver  ;  born  in  Philadelphia ;  came  to 
London  and  studied  in  the  Royal  Academy ;  chief  work, 
1  Londi iiium  Redivivum  '  (history  and  description),  with 
forty-seven  plates,  published,  1802-7.  [xxxv.  403] 

MALCOLM,  SIR  JOHN  (1769-1833),  Indian  ad- 
ministrator and  diplomatist  :  entered  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company,  1782;  preferring  diplomacy  to 
fighting,  studied  Persian,  and  was  appointed  Persian  in- 
terpreter to  the  uizaui  of  the  Deccan,  1792  :  secretary  to 
Kir  Alured  Clarke  [q.  v.],  coinmander-in-chief,  1795-7,  and 
to  his  successor,  General  George,  lord  Harris  [q.  v.] ,  1797-8 ; 
assistant  to  the  resident  of  Hyderabad,  1798  ;  chosen  by 
Lord  Wellesley,  the  governor-general,  as  envoy  to  Persia, 
1799-1801  ;  private  secretary  to  Wellesley,  1801-2  ;  politi- 
cal agent  to  General  Wellesley  during  the  Mahratta  war, 
1803-4 ;  sent  on  a  mission  to  Teheran,  1808-9,  and  1810; 
published  his  'Political  History  of  India,'  1811,  his 
'History  of  Persia,'  1818;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  as  brigadier  in 
the  army  of  the  Deccau  took  part  in  the  new  Mahrattu 
war,  1817-18;  after  assisting  in  the  reclamation  ol 
Mai  wan,  returned  to  England  and  occupied  himself 
with  literary  work,  1822 ;  governor  of  Bombay,  1826-30  ; 
M.P.,  Launcestoii,  1831-2 ;  his  '  Administration  of  India ' 
published,  1833,  and  his  life  of  Clive  (completed  by  another 
hand),  posthumously  published,  1836.  [xxxv.  404] 

MALCOLM,  SIR  PULTENEY  (1768-1838),  admiral ; 
entered  the  navy,  1778 :  served  in  West  Indies,  Quebec, 
East  Indies,  and  China  seas;  under  Nelson  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 1804-5:  rear-admiral,  1813;  K.C.B.,  1815; 
Commander-in-chief  on  the  St.  Hoi  en  a  station,  1816-17 ; 
vice-admiral,  1821  ;  coinmander-iu-chief  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 1828-31  and  1833-4.  [xxxv.  412] 

MALCOLM,  SARAH  (1710 ?-1733),  criminal;  char- 
woman in  the  Temple,  London  ;  murdered  Mrs.  Duncomb, 


MALCOT.ME 


831 


MALLET 


her  employer,  and  her  two  servant*,  1783;  condemned  to 
death  and  executed ;  painted  by  Hogarth  while  In  the 
condemned  cell.  _  [xxxr.  414] 

MALCOLME,  DAVID  (d.  1748),  philologist:  or- 
dained as  prosbyterian  minister,  1705  ;  deposed  for  de- 
serting bin  charge,  1742  ;  specialised  in  Celtic  philology  : 
chief  work,  •  Letters,  Essays,  and  other  Tract*  illustrat- 
ing the  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  . .  .  Also 
Specimens  of  the  Celtic,  Welsh,  Irish,  Saxon,  and 
American  Languages,'  1744.  [XXXT.  414] 

MALCOM,  ANDREW  GKORGB  (1782-1H23),  Irish 
presbyterian  divine  and  hymn-writer  :  M.A.,  Glasgow  ; 
ordained,  1807;  ministered  at  Newry,  co.  Down;  D.D., 
Glasgow,  1820 ;  coinpo  ed  hymns.  [XXXT.  416] 

MALGOME,  JOHN  (1GG2  y-1729),  presbyterian  po- 
lemic :  M.A.  Glasgow  ;  ordained,  1687  :  adhered  to  the 
subscription  and  invented  the  phrase  'new  light,*  1720 ; 
published  theological  works.  [XXXT.  415] 

MALDEN.  DANIEL  (d.  1736),  prison-breaker: 
adopted  street-robbery  us  a  profession :  condemned  and 
ordered  to  be  executed,  1736  ;  escaped  from  prison  twice, 
bat  was  retaken  and  hanged.  [xxxv.  416] 

MALDEN.  HENRY  (1800-1876),  classical  scholar; 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  fellow,  1831 ;  M.A.,  1825; 
professor  of  Greek  at  University  College,  London,  1831- 
1876;  head-master  of  University  College  school  with 
Thomas  Hewitt  Key  [q.  v.],  1833-42.  [xxxv.  417] 

MALDON.  THOMAS  (d.  1404),  Carmelite;  prior  of 
the  convent  at  Maldou  :  Latin  works,  now  lost,  ascribed 
to  him  by  Leland  and  Bale.  [xxxv.  417] 

MALEBYSSE,  RICHARD  (d.  1209),  justiciar;  one 
of  the  leaders  in  an  attack  on  and  massacre  of  the  Jews 
at  York,  1190:  justice  itinerant  for  Yorkshire,  1201;  sat 
to  acknowledge  fines  at  Westminster,  1202 :  employed  in 
enforcing  payment  of  aids,  1204.  [xxxv.  418] 

MALET,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  second  baronet  (1800- 
1886),  diplomatist  :  son  of  Sir  Charles  Warre  Malet 
[q.  v.j ;  educated  at  Winchester  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  : 
B.A.,  1822;  entered  diplomatic  service,  1824  ;  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  the  Germanic  confederation  at  Frank- 
fort, 1849-66:  K.C.B.,  1866:  published  'The  Overthrow 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation  by  Prussia  in  1866,*  1870. 

[xxxv.  418] 

MALET.  ARTHUR  (1806-1888),  Indian  civilian: 
•on  of  Sir  Charles  Warre  Malet  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Win- 
chester, Addlscombe,  and  Haileybury ;  appointed  to  the 
Bombay  civil  service,  1824 :  chief  secretary  for  the 
political  and  secret  departments  to  the  Bombay  govern- 
ment, 1847 ;  member  of  the  legislative  council  of  India, 
1854:  of  the  government  council  of  Bombay,  1855-60; 
published  '  Notices  of  an  English  Branch  of  the  Malet 
Family,' 1885.  [xxxv.  119] 

MALET,  Sm  CHARLES  WARRE,  first  baronet 
(1753  ?-1815),  Indian  administrator  and  diplomatist: 
descendant  of  William  Malet  (d.  1071)  [q.  v.]  of  Graville  ; 
resident  minister  at  Poonah,  1785-91  :  created  baronet  for 
his  services,  1791 ;  acting  governor  at  Bombay  till  1798  ; 
retired  and  returned  to  England,  1798.  [xxxv.  418] 

MALET,  GEORGE  GRENVILLE  (1804  -  1856), 
lieutenant-colonel;  son  of  Sir  Charles  Warre  Malet 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  Indian  army,  1822  ;  political  superin- 
tendent of  Mellanee,  Rajputana,  1839;  engaged  in  the 
Afghan  war,  1842,  and  "in  the  war  with  Persia,  1856; 
superintendent  of  the  Guicowar  horse,  1850 :  killed  in 
action.  [xxxv.  419] 

MALET  or  MALLET,  ROBERT  (d.  1106  ?),  baron 
of  Eye;  son  of  William  Malet  (d.  1071)  [q.  v.]  of 
Graville :  endowed  a  Benedictine  monastery  at  Eye  ; 
supported  Robert  against  Henry  I  ;  supposed  to  have 
been  killed  at  the  battle  of  Tinchebrai.  [xxxv.  420] 

MALET  or  MALLETT,  SIR  THOMAS  (1582-1666), 
judge:  descendant  of  William  Malet  (<i.  1071)  [q.  v.]  of 
Graville:  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1606;  reader,  1626; 
wit  in  the  first  two  parliament-*  of  Charles  I :  serjeant, 
1635 ;  raised  to  the  king's  bench,  1641 :  knighted,  1641  ; 
supported  the  royal  policy  ami  prerogative  ;  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower,  1612-4  ;  again  on  the  bench,  1660-3. 

[xxxv.  420] 

MALET  or  MALLET,  WILLIAM  (d.  1071).  of  Gra- 
ville in  Noruia::  ly  ;  companion  ul  the  Conqueror  :  bis 


exploit*  at  Hasting*  iMfrrtOliil  by  Wace  in  hi«  •  Roman 
de  Ron'  (1L  1S47I-84):  iheriff  of  York,  1068;  Uken 
MJMMr  »t  capture  of  York,  1069,  but  subsequently  re- 

MALET  or  MALLET,  WILLIAM  </».  1IM-1SUX 
baron  of  Curry  Mallet  and  Suepton  HaUet,  Bonwnet ; 
descend*!  from  Gilbert,  ton  of  William  Malet  (<f.  lOfl) 
[q.  v.l  of  O ravine  ;  in  Normandy  with  Richard  1, 11M; 
sheriff  of  Dorset  and  Human!  1111 ;  joined  barons  hi 
their  struggle  with  King  John,  1116.  [x»xv.  411) 

MALOER  (d.  1111). 


[See  MAUOER.] 
JOHN  (1747-1811),  mlsccUi 


r  t- 


Northamptonshire  curate ;  acted  a*  Kchoolnuuter ;  em- 
ployed by  London  booksellers  in  the  issue  of  a  number 
of  illustrated  bibles,  prayer-books,  and  popular  hUtoncal 
works,  1781-1811.  [XXXT.  421] 

•AUK,  WILLIAM  (1533-1594),  schoolmaster :  edu- 
cated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow, 
1551;  M.A.,  1556:  head-master  of  Eton,  1661-71;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1669;  high-muter  of  St.  Paul'*, 
1673-81 ;  bis  extant  piece*  chiefly  commendatory  Latin 
verses  and  letters  prefixed  to  the  works  of  friends. 

[XXXT.  4ffl 

MALINS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1806-1881),  judge ;  edu- 
cated at  Oalus  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1817 :  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1830;  Q.O.,  1849;  M.P.,  Wallimrford, 
1H52-65;  a  vice-chancellor,  1866-81;  knighted,  1H67; 
privy  councillor,  1881.  [XXXT.  4tt] 


BENJAMIN  HEATH  ( 1769-1 842 ),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1802 ;  head-master  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
grammar  school,  1809-28  ;  D.C.L.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1810  ;  professor  of  history,  ancient  and  modern,  London 
University,  1830;  F.S.A. :  author  of  some  antiquarian 
and  historical  works,  1795-1826,  and  of  a  translation  of 
•  Gil  Bias,'  1809.  [xxxv.  414] 

MALLE80N,  GEORGE  BRUCE  (1826-1898),  colonel 
and  military  writer;  educated  at  Winchester;  ensign, 
1842  ;  lieutenant,  33rd  B.N.I.,  1847  ;  assistant  military 
auditor-general,  1866  ;  captain,  1861  ;  major,  Bengal  staff 
corps,  1863:  lieutenant-colonel,  1868;  colonel  in  army. 
1873;  guardian  of  young  Maharajah  of  Mysore,  1869-77  ; 
C.S.I.,  1872 ;  wrote  on  military  history.  [Suppl.  iii.  138] 

MALLESON,  JOHN  PHILIP  (1796-1869),  Unitarian 

minister  and  schoolmaster;  graduated  at  Glasgow,  1819  : 

I  became  minister  of  a  presbyterian  congregation ;  adopted 

I  Arian  views  and  resigned,  1822;    Unitarian  minister  at 

|  Brighton,  1829  ;  conducted  a  fcchool  at  Brighton. 

fxxxv.  414] 

MALLET,   originally   MALLOCH,    DAVID    (1706?- 
1765),  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer:  studied  at  Edin- 
i  burgh  University  (1721-2, 1722-3)  and  formed  a  friendship 
I  with  James  Thomson,  author  of  *  The  Seasons ' ;  com- 
posed a  number  of  short  poems,  1720-4;  produced  'Eury- 
'  dice*  (tragedy)  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1731 ;  studied  at 
'  St.  Mary  Hall, Oxford:  M.A.,  1734;  produced  ' Mustapha* 
(tragedy)  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1739;  with  Thomson 
wrote  the  masque  of  'Alfred,'  1740;   undcr-secrctary  to 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  1742:  received  inspectorship 
of  exchequer-book  in  the  out  port*  of  London  for  his  politi- 
cal writings,  1763;  author  of  'William  and  Margaret,' 
1723,  a  famous  ballad.  The  national  ode,  '  Rule  Britannia,' 
oouietimes  ascribed  to  him,  was  more  probably  written  by 
Thomson.  [xxxv.  426] 

MALLET,  SIB  LOUIS  (1 823- 1890),  civil  servant  and 
economist:  of  Huguenot  origin:  clerk  in  the  audit  office 
soon  after  1800  :  transferred  to  the  board  of  trade,  1847  ; 
I  private  secretary  to  the  president,  1848-62  and  1866-7 : 
|  employed  chiefly  in  the  work  of  extension  of  cotuuiercuil 
treaties,  1860-6  ;  C.B.,  1806  :  knighted,  1*6*  ;  nominated 
to  the  council  of  India  in  London,  1872:  pvnuauent 
under-secretary  of  state  for  India,  1874-83  :  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1883;  after  Cobden's  death  (1866)  the  principal 
authority  on  questions  of  commercial  policy,  and  the 
chief  official  reprecentative  of  free  trade  opinion:  hi* 
occasional  writings,  which  set  forth  the  'frw-trnde*  doc- 
trine,  published  as  '  Free  Exchange,'  1891.  [xxxv.  418] 

MALLET,  ROBERT  ( 1810- 1881 X  civil  engineer  and 
scientific  investigator;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  DnMJa, 
1890;  M.A.,  IMS:  assumed  charge  of  the  Victoria 
foundry,  Dublin,  1831 ;  conducted  many  engineering  work* 


MALL.ETT 


832 


MALYNES 


in  Ireland,  among  them  the  building  of  the  Fastuet  Rook 
lighthouse,  1848-9 :  F.R.8.,  1884:  con«ultinir  engineer  in 
London,  1861  ;  edited  the  '  Practical  Mechanic's  Journal,' 
1866-9;  contributed  to  •  Philosophical  Transactions,'  and 
published  works  on  engineering  subjects,  [xxxv.  429] 

MALLETT,  FRANCIS  (d.  1570),  dean  of  Lincoln; 
B.A.  Cambridge,  1522:  M.A.,  1525;  D.D.,  1535;  vice- 
chancellor,  1536  and  1540:  chaplain  to  Thomas  Cromwell, 
1188;  canon  of  Windsor,  1543:  prebendary  of  Wells, 
1644 :  chaplain  to  the  Princess  Mary,  1544 ;  prebendary 
of  Westminster  and  dean  of  Lincoln,  1564-70  ;  master  of 
the  Hospital  of  St.  Katheriue  by  the  Tower,  London, 

[xxxv.  430] 


MALLOCH,  DAVID  (1705?-1765).    [See  MALLET.] 

MALLORY  or  MALLERY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1662), 
ejected  minister;  vicar  of  St.  Nicholas,  Deptford,  1644; 
ejected  from  lectureship  of  St.  Michael's,  Crooked  Lane, 
London,  1662 ;  mentioned  by  Evelyn.  [xxxv.  432] 

MALLORY  or  MALLORIE,  THOMAS  (1605  7-1666  ?), 
divine ;  of  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.An  1632 ;  incumbent 
of  Nortbenden,  1635;  ejected  as  a  loyalist.  1642;  canon 
of  Chester  and  D.D.,  1660.  [xxxv.  431] 

MALMESBURY.  EARL*  OK.  [See  HARRIS,  JAMKS, 
first  EARL,  1746-1820 ;  HARRIS,  JAMKS  HOWARD,  third 
EARL,  1807-1889.] 

MALMESBURY,  GODFREY  OF  (fl.  1081).  [See 
GODFREY.] 

MALMESBURY,    OLIVER    OF    (fl.    1066).      [See 

OUVKR.] 

MALMESBURY,  WILLIAM  OF  (d.  1143?).  [See 
WILLIAM.] 

MALONE,  ANTHONY  (1700-1776),  Irish  politician  ; 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1726:  M.P.,  oo.  Westmeath,  1727-60  and  1769-76, 
Oastlemartyr,  1761-8,  in  the  Irish  parliament;  LL.D. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1737;  prime  serjeant-at-law. 
1740-64;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1757-61. 

[xxxv.  432] 

MALONE,  EDMUND  (1704-1774),  judge;  called  to 
the  English  bar,  1730  ;  practised  in  the  Irish  courts  after 
1740;  M.P.  for  Granard  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1760-6; 
jndge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  1766.  [xxxv.  433] 

MALONE,  EDMUND  (1741-1812),  critic  and  author; 
•on  of  Edmund  Malone  (1704-1774)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  :  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1763;  called 
to  the  Irish  bar  soon  after  1767;  settled  permanently  in 
London  as  a  man  of  letters,  1777:  joined  the  Literary 
Club,  1782;  intimate  with  Johnson,  Reynolds,  Bishop 
Percy,  Burke,  and  Boswell:  a  supporter  of  the  union  with 
Ireland :  published  '  Attempt  to  ascertain  the  Order  in 
which  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare  were  written,'  1778; 
edited  Shakespeare,  1790:  collected  materials  for  a  new 
edition,  which  he  left  to  James  Boswell  the  younger,  who 
published  it  in  21  vols.  in  1821  (the  'third  variorum ' 
edition  of  works  of  Shakespeare,  and  generally  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  best) ;  edited  works  of  Dryden,  1800. 

MALONE,  RICHARD.  LORD  SUNDKRUN  (1738-1816), 
elder  brother  of  Edmund  Malone  (1741-1812)  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1759;  M.P.  in  Irish  House 
of  Commons,  1768-85 ;  raised  to  Irish  peerage,  1785. 

MALONE,  WILLIAM  (1686-1656),  \&u£l'  joined 
Jesuit*  at  Rome,  1606:  joined  the  mission  of  the  society 
in  Ireland;  issued  'The  Jesuits'  Challenge,'  e.  1623  (an- 
swered by  Ussher,  protestant  bishop  of  Armagh,  1624)  • 
iwued  'A  Reply  to  Mr.  James  Ussher,  his  answere,'  1627 ; 
prudent  of  the  Irish  College  at  Rome,  1635-47 ;  superior 
of  the  Jesuit*  in  Ireland,  1647;  taken  prisoner  by  the 
parliamentarians  and  banished,  1648  ;  rector  of  the  Jesuit 
college  at  Seville,  where  he  died.  [xxxv.  438] 

MALORY,  SIR  THOMAS  (ft.  1470),  author  of  •  Le 
Mort*  Arthur' :  Malory  translated, '  from  the  Frensshe,' 
'a  most  pleasant  jumble  and  summary  of  the  legends 
about  Arthur,'  in  21  books,  finished  between  March  1469 
<md  March  1470.  The  translation  was  printed  by  Oaxton 
IBMII.  Malory's  'Le  Mort*  Arthur '  greatly  influenced 
the  English  pnw«  of  the  sixteenth  century.  [xx*v.  439] 


MALTBY.  EDWARD  (1770-1859),  bishop  of  Durham  : 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge  : 
M.A.,  1794;  D.D.,  1806  ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824- 
1833;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1831,  of  Durham,  1836-56 
F.R.S.  and  F.3.A. ;  published  a  useful  'Lexicon  Grseco- 
prosodiacum,'  1815,  and  some  sermons.  [xxxv.  440] 

MALTBY,  WILLIAM  (1763-1854),  bibliographer: 
cousin  of  Edward  Maltby  (1770-1859)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge:  principal 
librarian  of  the  London  Institution,  18U9-34. 

[xxxv.  442] 

MALTHUS,  THOMAS  ROBERT(1766-1834),  political 
economist;  was  educated  by  his  father,  at  Warrington 
dissenting  academy  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge:  M.A., 
1791  ;  fellow,  1793  ;  curate  at  Albury,  Surrey,  1798 ;  pub- 
lished 'Essay  on  Population,'  1798,  in  which  he  laid  down 
that  population  increases  in  geometrical,  and  subsistence 
in  arithmetical  proportion  only,  and  argued  necessity  of 
1  checks  '  on  population  in  order  to  reduce  vice  and  misery  : 
travelled  abroad,  1799  and  1802 ;  professor  of  history  and 
political  economy  at  Haileybury  College,  1805  ;  published 
'The  Nature  and  Progress  of  Rent,'  1815,  in  which  he 
laid  down  doctrines  generally  accepted  by  later  econo- 
mists ;  F.R.S.,  1819,  and  member  of  foreign  academies ; 
supported  factory  acts  and  national  education;  disap- 
proved of  the  poor  laws ;  as  exponent  of  new  doctrine 
had  great  influence  on  development  of  political  economy. 

MALTON,  JAMES  (d.  1803),  arcbitecturafdraughts- 
man  and  author  ;  son  of  Thomas  Malton  the  elder 
[q.  v.]  [xxxvi.  5] 

MALTON,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1726-1801),  architec- 
tural draughtsman  and  writer  on  geometry,  [xxxvi.  5] 

MALTON,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1748-1804),  archi- 
tectural draughtsman :  son  of  Thomas  Malton  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Academy  chiefly  architectural  views 
of  great  accuracy  of  execution ;  published'  A  Picturesque 
Tour  through  .  .  .  London  and  Westminster,'  1792. 

MALTRAVERS,  SIR  JOHN  (1266-1343  ?),  knighted, 
1306 ;  conservator  of  the  peace  for  Dorset,  1307, 1308,  and 
1314  ;  served  in  Scotland  between  1314  and  1322, 1327  and 
1331 ;  sent  to  serve  in  Ireland,  1317,  in  Guienne,  1325. 

[xxxvi.  6] 

MALTRAVERS,  JOHN,  BARON  MALTRAVKRS 
(1290  ?-1365),  knighted,  1306  ;  knight  of  the  shire  for 
Dorset,  1318;  sided  with  Thomas  of  Lancaster  [q.  v.]  and 
Roger  Mortimer  [q.  v.] ;  fled  abroad  after  battle  of  Borough- 
bridge,  1322;  keeper  of  Edward  II,  1327,  whom  he  is  said 
to  have  harshly  treated  ;  justice  in  eyre  and  keeper  of  the 
forests:  accompanied  Edward  III  to  France  as  steward, 

1329  ;  concerned  in  death  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Kent  [q.  v.], 

1330  ;  summoned  to  parliament  as  Baron  Maltravers, 
1330 ;  constable  of  Corfe  Castle,  1330 ;  on  fall  of  Mortimer 
was  condemned  to  death  for  his  share  in  the  murder  of  the 
Earl  of  Kent,  and  fled  abroad  :  allowed  to  return,  1345  ; 
subsequently  employed  by  the  king.  [xxxvi.  6] 

MALVERN,  WILLIAM  OF,  alias  FARKKR  (/.  1535), 
last  abbot  of  St.  Peter's,  Gloucester,  1514 ;  D.O.L.,  1508, 
andD.D.,  1515,  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford:  attended  par- 
liament ;  added  largely  to  the  Abbey  buildings. 

[xxxvi.  7] 

MALVERNE,  JOHN  (d.  1414  ?),  historian ;  prior  of 
Worcester;  author  of  continuation  of  Higden's  'Poly- 
chronicon,'  1346-94.  [xxxvi.  8] 

MALVERNE,  JOHN  (d.  1422  ?),  physician  and  priest : 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1405;  wrote  'De 
Remediis  Spiritualibus  et  Corporalibus.  .  .  .'  [xxxvi.  8] 

MALVOISIN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1238),  chancellor  of 
Scotland  and  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews;  chancellor, 
1199-1211;  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1200;  corresponded  with 
archbishop  of  Lyons;  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1202; 
energetically  vindicated  rights  of  his  sec ;  founded 
hospitals  and  continued  building  of  cathedral;  vi.-itul 
Rome ;  treated  with  King  John  in  England,  1215. 

[xxxvi.  8] 

MALYNES,  MALINES,  orDEMALINES,  GKKAItl) 
(fl.  1686-1641),  merchant  and  economic  writer;  commis- 
sioner of  trade  in  Netherlands,  c.  1586,  for  establishing 
par  of  exchange,  1600,  and  on  mint  affairs,  1609;  con- 
sulted by  council  on  mercantile  questions  ;  attempted 
unsuccessfully  development  of  English  lead  aud  silver 


MAN 


MANGEY 


ruin--*:  ruined   by   tiiiili-rtakinir   farthing  coinage;    pro- 
-ystem  of  puwnbrokiiii;   under  L'overnuient  control 
'..•  pour  from  usurers;  published  'A  Treatise  of 
tin-    Canker    (if    Kn;Man.rs    <  'omtnonweulth  .  .  .,'    1601, 
'  Consuetude    vel  Lex   Mercatoria  .  .  .,'  1622,  uuil  0 
important  works;    one  of  the  first  English   writers  to 
apply  natural  law  to  economic  science.  [xxxvi.  9] 

MAN,  HENRY  (1747-1799), author;  deputy-secretary 
of  t  lie  South  Sea  House  and  colleague  of  Charles  Lamb 
[q.  v,] ;  contributed  essays  to  'Morning  Chronicle' :  hi* 
works  collected,  1802.  [xxxvi.  11] 

MAN  or  MAIN,  JAMBS  (1700  7-1761),  philologist; 
M .  \ .  King'*  College,  Aberdeen,  1721 ;  exposed  errors  in 
Ruddiuiau'?  edition  of  Buchanan  in '  A  Censure,'  1768. 

[xxxvi.  12] 

MAN.  JOHN  (1512-1669),  dean  of  Gloucester  :  of 
Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford:  fellow, 
1531:  M.A.,  1538:  expelled  for  heresy,  bat  (1547)  made 
president  of  White  Hall,  Oxford;  warden  of  Mertou 
College,  Oxford,  1562 ;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1566-9  :  ambas- 
sador to  Spain,  1567;  published  'Common  places  of 
Christian  Religion,'  1563.  [xxxvi.  12] 

MANASSEH  BKN  ISRAEL  (1604-1657),  Jewish 
theologian  and  chief  advocate  of  reudmission  of  Jews 
into  England ;  studied  at  Amsterdam :  became  minister 
of  the  synagogue  there;  formed  friendships  with  Isaac 
Yosslus  and  Grotius  ;  established  press  for  Hebrew 
printing,  1626  ;  published  '  Spes  Israelis,'  1660 ;  sent  peti- 
tion to  the  Long  parliament  for  return  of  Jews  into 
England ;  was  encouraged  by  sympathy  of  Cromwell,  but 
his  request  was  refused  by  council  of  state,  1652  ;  subse- 
quently he  petitioned  Cromwell  again  and  wrote  in  defence 
of  his  cause,  1655,  after  which  Jews  were  tacitly  allowed 
to  settle  in  London  and  opened  a  synagogue;  received 
pension  of  1001.  from  Cromwell ;  published  theological 
works.  [xxxvi.  13] 

MANBY,  AARON  (1776-1850),  engineer;  ironmaster 
at  Wolverhampton  and  founder  of  Horseley  Ironworks, 
Tipton  ;  took  out  patent  for  (but  did  not  Invent) '  oscil- 
lating engine,'  1821;  built  the  Aaron  Manby,  1822, 
first  iron  steamship  to  go  to  sea  and  first  vessel  to  make 
voyage  from  London  to  Paris  ;  founded  Charenton  works, 
1819  ;  obtained  concession  with  others  for  lighting  Paris 
with  gas,  1822  ;  bought  Creusot  Ironworks,  1826. 

[xxxvi.  14] 

MANBY,  CHARLES  (1804-1884),  civil  engineer ;  son 
of  Aaron  Manby  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  his  father  in  England 
and  Prance;  manager  of  Beaufort  ironworks,  South 
Wales,  1829  ;  civil  engineer  in  London,  1836  ;  secretary  to 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1839-56  ;  F.R.S.,  1853. 

[xxxvi.  16] 

MANBY,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1765-1854),  inventor 
of  apparatus  for  saving  life  from  shipwreck ;  brother  of 
Thomas  Manby  [q.  v.] ;  schoolfellow  of  Nelson  at  Dur- 
ham ;  joined  Cambridgeshire  militia ;  barrack-master  at 
Yarmouth,  1803 ;  invented  apparatus  for  firing  line  from 
mortar  to  wreck,  successfully  used,  1-808,  and  afterwards 
extensively  employed  ;  invented  other  life-saving  appara- 
tus ;  F.R.S.,  1831 ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[xxxvi.  16] 

MANBY,  PETER  (d.  1697),  dean  of  Derry ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's, 
1666  ;  dean  of  Derry,  1672  ;  turned  Roman  catholic,  but 
was  authorised  by  James  II  to  retain  deanery,  1686 ; 
retired  to  France  after  battle  of  the  Boyne;  published 
controversial  religious  works.  [xxxvi.  18] 

MANBY,  PETER  (ft.  1724),  son  of  Peter  Manby  (d. 
1697)  [q.  v.]  ;  Jesuit.  [xxxvi.  18] 

MANBY,  THOMAS  {ft.  1670-1690),  landscape- 
painter,  [xxxvi.  18] 

MANBY,  THOMAS(1769-1834X rear-admiral ;  brother 
of  George  William  Manby  [q.  v.j ;  entered  navy,  1783, 
and  served  on  various  ships  and  stations ;  convoyed  ships 
to  West  Indies,  on  the  Bordelais,  1799,  and  engaged  in 
small  successful  fight  with  French  ships,  1801 ;  convoyed 
ships  again  to  West  Indies,  1802,  on  the  Africaine,  a  third 
of  the  crew  dying  from  yellow  fever  on  the  voyage  home  ; 
commanded  small  squadron  on  voyage  to  Davis  Straits, 
1808  ;  rear-admiral,  1825.  [xxxvi.  18] 

MANCHESTER,  DUKKSOP.  [See  MONTAGU,  CHARLES, 

first    DUKK,    1660?-1722;    MCNTAOU,    GEOROR,   fourth 

B,    1737-1788;    MONTAGU,    WILLIAM,    fifth    DUKB, 

1768-1843.] 


MANCHESTER,    KARUI  or.    [See   MONTAGU,  8m 
Hr.vuv.  iir -t    I.AKU    1MS7-164J:    MoKTAOU,    KnWARU, 
second  EARL,  16O«- 1671  ;  MONTAGU,  Roman.  i 
6S4-1683;M  :LW,  fourth  KARL,  1«60?-17».) 

MANDEH8TOWN.  \VI  I.I.I  AM  (jf.  Illft-lMOX  pWU>- 
sopber;  studied  at  Paris  University;  rector,  USA;  pub- 
lished philosophical  work*.  [xxxvi.  JO] 

MANDEVH,  ROBERT  (U78-H18),  puritan  divine; 
MJL  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford,  1603  ;  wrote  'Timothies 
i'aske,'  published,  1619.  [xxxvi.  SO] 

KAHDBVILLE,  BERN ARD(  1670  ?-17M>,  author  of 
the  -Fable of  the  Bees';  native  of  Dort,  Holland;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1691 :  settled  in  England,  where  be  was  known  for 
his  wit  and  advocacy  of '  dram  drinking ' :  published '  The 
Grumbling  Hive  •  (poem),  1705,  repubUsbed  with  '  Inquiry 
mto  the  Origin  of  Moral  Virtue'  and  'The  Fable  of  the 
Bees,  or  Private  Vices  Public  Benefit*,'  1714,  and  again 
with  'Essay  on  Charity  and  Charity  Schools,'  and  a 
•Search  into  the  Nature  of  Society,'  17J8.  His  'Fable.' 
maintaining  the  essential  vileness  of  human  nature,  was 
widely  controverted.  [xxxvLSl] 

MANDEVILLE,  GEOFFREY  DK,  first  EAIII.  «.r 
ESSEX  (d.  1144),  rebel ;  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London : 
detained  there  Constance  of  France  after  her  betrothal  to 
Eustace,  son  of  King  Stephen;  created  Earl  of  Essex, 
before  1141 ;  got  possession  of  vast  lands  and  enormous 
power  by  giving  treacherous  support  to  the  king  and  the 
Empress  Maud  and  betraying  both  :  arrested  by  Stephen, 
1 143,  and  deprived  of  the  Tower  and  other  catties  :  raised 
rebellion  in  the  feus,  but  was  fatally  wounded  in  fighting 
against  Stephen  at  Burwell.  [xxx. 

MANDEVILLE,  SIR  JOHN,  was  the  ostensible  author 
of  a  book  of  travels  bearing  his  name,  composed  soon 
after  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  purporting  to  be 
an  account  of  his  own  journeys  in  the  east,  including 
Turkey,  Tartary,  Persia,  Egypt,  India,  and  Holy  Land,  but 
really  a  mere  compilation,  especially  from  William  of 
Boldensele  and  Friar  Odoric  of  Pordenone,  and  from  the 
'Speculum 'of  Vincent  de  Beauvais;  his  work  written 
originally  in  French,  from  which  English,  Latin,  German, 
and  other  translators  were  made.  The  author  of  this 
book  of  travels  certainly  died  1372,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  the  Guillemius  at  Liege  in  the  name  of  John 
Mandeville.  Probably  this  name  was  fictitious,  and  its 
bearer  is  to  be  identified  with  Jean  de  Bourgogne  or 
Burgoyue,  chamberlain  to  John,  baron  de  Mowbray,  who 
took  part  in  rising  against  Despeusers,  and  on  Mowbray's 
execution  (1322)  tied  from  England.  [xxxvi.  23] 

MANDEVILLE  or  MAONAVILLA,  WILLIAM  nm, 
third  EARL  OF  ESSEX  and  EARL  or  COUNT  OF  AUMALJC 
(d.  1189),  son  of  Geoffrey  de  Man.leville,  first  earl  of  Essex 
[q.  v.]  ;  knighted  by  Philip  of  Flanders  and  brought  up 
at  Philip's  court;  became  Karl  of  Essex  on  death  of  his 
brother,  1166;  came  over  to  England,  1166  :  accompanied 
Henry  II  abroad  and  remained  faithful  during  rebellion, 
1173-5;  took  part  in  crusade  with  Philip  of  Flanders, 
1177-8;  married  heiress  of  Aumale,  1180,  mm 
linn  is  and  title ;  ambassador  to  Emperor  Frederic  1, 1 1*'.' : 
took  part  wit li  Henry  II  in  hi*  French  warn;  remained 
with  Henry  till  the  last ;  made  a  chief  justiciar  by 
Richard  1, 1189  ;  died  at  Rouen  ;  founded  several  religious 
!.<•;;-«-.  [xxxvi.  29] 

MANDTJIT,  JOHN  (ft.  1310).    [See  MAUUUITU.] 
MANFIELD,  SIR  JAMES  (1733-1881).    [See  MAX* 

FIKLD.] 

MANGAN.  JAMES,  commonly  called  JAMBS  CI.AR- 
KNCB  MANGAN  (1803-1849),  Irish  poet:  lawyer's  clerk ; 
later  employed  in  library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  Irish  ordnance  survey  office ;  contributed  prose  and 
verse  translations  and  original  poems  to  various  Irish 
journals  and  magazines;  wrote  for  the  'Nation*  and 
'United  Irishman,'  but  was  prevented  from  kerping 
regular  employment  by  his  indulgence  in  drink  :  probably 
the  greatest  of  the  poet*  of  Irish  birth :  published '  Gorman 
Anthology,'  1845,  and  other  volumes.  [xxxvi.  30] 

MANGEY,  THOMAS  (1688-1755),  divine  and  con- 
troversialist ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1711 ; 
fellow,  171.-..  und  D.I). ;  held  livings  of  St.  Nicholas 
Guildford,  Haling,  and  St.  M  ildred's,  Bread  Street,  London : 
canon  oi  Durham,  1721;  edited  'Philonls  Judsei  Opera,4 
1742.  [xxxvi.  SS] 

9m 


MANGIN 


834 


MANNERS 


devoted  hifl 


MANGIN.     EDWARD     (1772-1852),     miscellaneous 
writeT^of  Hu»rtirm.t  decent  :    M.A.  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
«Sl    1795-  prebendary  of  Killaloe;  lived  at  Bath  and 
'   time  to  literary  study  ;  published,  among 
1  An  Essay  on  Light  Reading,'  1808. 

[xxxvi.  32] 

MANGLES,   JAMES  (1786-1867),  captain  R.N.  and 

traveller-    saw  much   service   abroad;    travelled   with 

Charto  Leonard  Irby  [q.  v.],  1816,  their  letters  being 

ublibed  in  Murray's'  Home  and  Colonial  Library,'  1844 ; 

published  a  few  miscellaneous  works.  [xxxvi.  33] 

MANGLES,  ROSS  DONNELLY  (1801-1877),  chair- 
man of  Ku-t  India  Company :  educated  at  Eton  and  East 
India  Company's  College  at  Haileybury ;  writer  in  Bengal 
civil  service,  1819;  deputy-secretary  in  general  depart- 
ments 1832 :  secretary  to  government  of  Bengal  in  judicial 
and  revenue  departments,  1835-9;  liberal  M.P.  for  Guild- 
ford,  1841-58;  director  of  East  India  Company,  1847-57; 
chairman,  1857-8  ;  member  of  council  of  India,  1858-66 ; 
published  writings  on  Indian  affaire.  [Suppl.  Hi.  136] 

MANGNALL,  RICHMAL  (1769-1820),  schoolmistress 
of  Crofton  Hall,  Yorkshire;  works  include  'Historical 
and  Miscellaneous  Questions,'  1800.  [xxxvi.  34] 

MANING,  FREDERICK  EDWARD  (1812-1883),  the 
PakCha  Maori:  his  father  an  emigrant  to  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  1824:  went  to  New  Zealand,  1833  ;  married  Maori 
wife  and  settled  among  the  natives :  a  judge  of  the  native 
lands  court,  1865-81 ;  author  of  '  Old  New  Zealand,'  1863, 
and  '  History  of  the  War  ...  in  1845.'  [xxxvi.  34] 

MANINI,  ANTONY  (1750-1786),  violinist;  played 
and  tan-lit  in  provinces  and  at  Cambridge  as  leading 
violinist ;  taught  Charles  Hague  [q.v.]  [xxxvi.  34] 

MANISTY,  SIR  HENRY  (1808-1890),  judge  :  solicitor, 
1830 ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1845 ;  Q.O.,  1857 :  judge, 
1876 ;  knighted,  1876.  [xxxvi.  35] 

MANLEY,  MRS.  MARY  DE  LA  RIVIERE  (1663- 
1724),  author  of  the  '  New  Atalantis ' ;  daughter  of  Sir 
Roger  Manley  [q.  v.]  ;  drawn  into  false  marriage  with 
her  cousin,  John  Manley,  his  wife  being  then  alive ;  lived 
with  Duchess  of  Cleveland ;  subsequently  brought  out 
•Letters,'  1696,  several  plays,  some  of  which  were  acted 
with  success,  and  fell  into  disreputable  course  of  life: 
published  '  The  New  Atalantis,'  1709,  in  which  whigs  and 
persons  of  note  were  slandered,  and  was  arrested,  but  j 
escaped  punishment ;  published  '  Memoirs  of  Europe  .  .  . 
written  by  Eginardus,'  1710,  and  'Court  Intrigues,'  1711 ;  j 
attacked  by  Swift  in  the  'Tatler'  (No.  63);  succeeded 
Swift  as  editor  of  the  '  Examiner,'  1711,  and  was  assisted 
by  him :  wrote  several  political  pamphlets  and  defended 
herself  from  attacks  by  Steele  in  the  '  Guardian ' ;  brought 
out  'Lucius'  at  Drury  Lane,'  1717;  published  works, 
i  nt- hiding  '  The  Power  of  Love,'  1720;  mistress  for  some 
years  of  Alderman  Barber.  [xxxvi.  35] 

MANLEY,  SIR  ROGER  (1626  ?-1688),  cavalier; 
fought  for  the  king,  but  was  exiled  to  Holland,  1646-60 ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey,  1667-74;  subsequently 
governor  of  Landguard  Fort:  published  'History  of  Late 
Warres  in  Denmark,'  1670,  and  '  De  Rebellione,'  1686. 

[xxxvi.  38] 

MANLEY,  THOMAS  (1628-1690),  author;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  r.  1650  ;  K.C.,  1672 ;  published  several 
legal  works  and  a  pamphlet,  'Usury  at  Six  per  cent.,' 
against  Oulpeper's  tract,  'Usury,'  1669,  as  well  as 'The 
Present  State  of  Europe  .  .  .  found  languishing,  occa- 
sioned by  the  greatness  of  the  French  Monarchy,'  1689. 

[xxxvi.  38] 

MANLOVE,  EDWARD  (/.  1667),  poet  and  lawyer; 
wrote  •  Liberties  and  Customs  of  the  Lead  Mines,'  1653  (hi 
verse),  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  39] 

MAHLOVE,  TIMOTHY  (</.  1699),  presbyterian 
divine  and  physician ;  probably  grandeon  of  Edward 
Maulove  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  at  Leeds  ;  published  religious 
works.  [xxxvi.  39] 

MANN,  (JOTHEK  (1747-1830),  general,  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications,  colonel-commandant,  R.E.;  served 
in  Dominica,  1776-H ;  employed  in  tour  of  survey  of  north- 
eaiit  coast  of  England,  1781 ;  commanding  R.E.  in  Canada, 
1786-91  and  1794-1804:  served  under  Duke  of  York  in 
Holland,  1793;  colonel-commandant,  R.E.,  1805,  and 
general,  1821;  inspector-general  of  fortifications,  1811; 
several  of  his  plans  for  fortifying  Canada  still  preserved. 

[xxxvi.  40] 


MANN,  Sin  HORACE,  first  baroret  (1701-1786), 
British  envoy  at  Florence';  fr'u-nd  of  Horace  Wai  pole  and 
made  by  Sir  Robert  Walpole  a  i>tant  to  Fane,  envoy  at 
Florence,  1737,  becoming  Fane's  successor,  1740-86 ;  com- 
municated with  government  principally  on  subject  of 
Young  Pretender,  who  resided  at  Florence;  kept  np 
artificial  correspondence,  extending  to  thousands  of 
letters,  with  Horace  ^yalpole,  1741-85,  valuable  as  illus- 
trating Florentine  society  ;  created  baronet,  1755  ;  K.B., 
1768.  [xxxvi.  41] 

MANN,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1753),  master  of  the  Charter- 
house, 1737 ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1707,  and 
fellow ;  scholar,  antiquarian,  and  author,  [xxxvi.  43] 

MANN,  ROBERT  JAMES  (1817-1886),  scientific 
writer ;  educated  for  the  medical  profession  at  University 
College,  London ;  practised  in  Norfolk,  but  soon  devoted 
himself  more  especially  to  literature ;  published  series  of 
scientific  text-books  which  had  large  circulation ;  contri- 
buted to  various  publications  ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1854  ; 
superintendent  of  education  in  Natal,  1859 ;  emigration 
agent  for  Natal  in  London,  1866  ;  member  of  numerous 
learned  societies.  [xxxvi.  43] 

MANN,  THEODORE  AUGUSTUS,  called  the  ABB* 
MANX  (1735-1809),  man  of  science,  historian,  and  anti- 
quary ;  sent  to  London  to  study  for  legal  profession, 
1753*;  proceeded,  unknown  to  his  parents,  to  Paris,  1754, 
read  Bossuet  and  turned  Roman  catholic  ;  on  outbreak  of 
war  went  to  Spain,  1756,  and  was  given  commission  in 
O'Mahony's  dragoons;  became  monk  in  the  English 
Chartreuse,  Nieuport,  1759,  and  prior,  1764  ;  appointed 
imperial  minister  of  public  instruction  at  Brussels,  1776 ; 
wrote  memoirs  on  various  practical  projects  for  imperial 
government  and  numerous  educational  primers;  tra- 
velled ;  secretary  and  treasurer  of  Brussels  Academy, 
1786;  F.R.S.,  1788;  retired  to  England,  1792,  during 
French  irruption ;  at  Prague,  1794;  published  works  in 
French  and  English,  miscellaneous  papers,  and  cata- 
logues, reports,  and  letters.  [xxxvi.  44] 

MANN,  WILLIAM  (1817-1873),  astronomer ;  grand- 
son of  Gother  Mann  [q.  v.] ;  assistant  at  Royal  Observa- 
tory, Cape  of  Good  Hope;  erected  transit-circle  with 
native  aid,  1855,  and  made  valuable  observations. 

[xxxvi.  46] 

MANNERS,  MRS.  CATHERINE,  afterwards  LADY 
STEPNEY  (d.  1845).  [See  STEPNEY.] 

MANNERS,  CHARLES,  fourth  DUKE  OF  RUTLAND 
(1754-1787),  eldest  son  of  John  Manners,  marquis  of 
Granby  [q.  vf] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1774; 
M.P.,  Cambridge,  1774  ;  opposed  government  policy  in 
America  ;  succeeded  to  dukedom,  1779;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Leicestershire,  1779;  K.G.,  1782;  lord-steward,  1783; 
privy  councillor,  1783  ;  resigned  on  formation  of  coalition 
government,  but  lord  privy  seal  in  Pitt's  ministry;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1784,  advocated  union  and  passed, 
with  some  concessions,  Pitt's  commercial  propositions 
through  Irish  parliament;  gave  magnificent  entertain- 
ments and  made  a  tour  through  the  country,  1787  ;  died 
at  Phoenix  Lodge,  Dublin,  from  fever.  [xxxvi.  46] 

MANNERS,  CHARLES  CECIL  JOHN,  sixth  DUKE  OP 
RUTLAND  (1815-1888),  M.P. :  strong  protectionist,  and 
supporter  of  George  Bentinck;  succeeded  to  title,  1857; 
K.G.,  1867.  [xxxvi.  48] 

MANNERS,  EDWARD,  third  EARL  OF  RUTLAND 
(1549-1587),  son  of  Henry  Manners,  second  earl  of  Rut- 
land [q.  v.]  ;  displayed  great  devotion  to  Elizabeth  ;  filled 
numerous  offices :  lord-lieutenant  of  Nottinghamshire  and 
Lincolnshire ;  K.G.,  1584 ;  commissioner  to  try  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  1686;  lord-chancellor  designate,  April 
1587,  dying  the  same  mouth.  [xxxvi.  48] 

MANNERS,  FRANCIS,  sixth  EARL  OF  RUTLAND 
(1578-1632),  brother  of  Roger  Manners,  fifth  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
travelled  abroad ;  took  part  in  Essex's  plot,  1601 ;  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1612 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Lincolnshire 
and  Northamptonshire;  held  several  offices;  K.G.,  1616: 
privy  councillor,  1617  :  admiral  of  the  fleet  to  bring  home 
Prince  Charles  from  Spain,  1«23.  [xxxvi.  49] 

MANNERS,  GEORGE (1778-1853),  editor  and  founder 
of  the  'Satirist,' 1807,  a  scurrilous  periodical;  consul  at 
Bostou,  U.S.A.,  1819-39 ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[xxxvi.  50] 


MANNERS 


MANNING 


MANNERS,    Tt KXHY.    second    EARI 
(//.  l.r)t!3),  son  of  Thomas  Mann.  tl;m«l 

[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  carldotn,  1543  :  knighted,  1644  :  • 
cliief-justice  of  Sherwood  Forest,  1647  ;  took  part  In  Scot- 
ii-h  operations;  attended  embassy  to  France,  1661; 
belonged  to  the  extreme  reformers'  party  ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Nottinghamshire,  1552,  of  Rutland/1559;  imprisoned 
at  Mary's  accession,  1663  :  admiral,  1666 :  general  in 
French  war,  1667 ;  favourite  of  Elizabeth  ;  K.O.,  1669 ; 
lord  president  of  the  north,  1661,  and  ecclesiastical  com- 
mteioner  for  York.  [xxxvi.  60] 

MANNERS,  JOHN,  eighth  EARI,  OF  RUTLAND  (1604- 
1679),  descended  from  Thomas  Manners,  first  earl  of 
llnthind  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1642;  moderate 
parliamentarian  ;  took  covenant,  1643 ;  filled  various 
offices  ;  at  the  Restoration  rebuilt  Belvoir,  which  had  been 
dismantled  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Leicestershire,  1667. 

[XXXYl.  81] 

MANNERS,  JOHN  (1609-1696).    [See  SIMCOCKB.] 

MANNERS,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL  and  first  DUKE  or 
RUTLAND  (1638-171 IX  son  of  John  Manners,  eighth  earl 
of  Rutland  [q.  v.] :  succeeded  to  earldom,  1679 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Leicestershire,  1677,  dismissed,  1687,  and  re- 
stored, 1689 ;  assisted  in  raising  forces  for  William  of 
Orange  in  Nottinghamshire ;  created  Marquis  of  Qranby 
and  Duke  of  Rutland,  1703.  [xxxvL  61]  > 

MANNERS,  JOHN,  MARQUIS  UP  ORANBT  (1721- 
1770),  lieutenant-general ;  colonel  of  royal  horse  guards 
(blues) ;  eldest  son  of  John  Manners,  third  duke  of  Rut- 
land ( 1696-1779) ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
travelled  with  his  tutor,  John  Ewer  [q.  v.];  M.P.  for 
Grautham  and  subsequently  for  Cambridge ;  colonel  of 
'Leicester  blues'  at  Jacobite  invasion,  1746;  served  in 
Flanders,  1747;  colonel  of  the  blues,  1768;  lieutenant- 
general,  1759 ;  commanded  blues  at  Minden,  1769,  where 
his  advance  was  stayed  by  orders  of  Lord  George  Sack- 
ville  [see  GKRMAIN]  ;  succeeded  latter  as  commander-in- 
chief  of  British  contingent,  1769 ;  performed  brilliant 
services  at  Warburg,  1760,  Fellinghausen,  1761,  Graven- 
stein,  Wilhelmstabl,  heights  of  Homburg,  and  Cassel,  1762  ; 
master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1763  ;  twelfth  coinmander- 
in-chief,  1766  ;  savagely  assailed  by  Jnnius ;  retired  from 
office,  1770;  lord-lieutenant  of  Derbyshire,  [xxxvi.,52] 

MANNERS,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1355?);  M.P.,  North- 
nmberland,  1340 ;  constable  of  Norham  before  1345 ;  fought 
nt  Neville's  Cross,  1346.  [xxxvi.  M] 

MANNERS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1408-1461),  sheriff,  1464, 
and  M.P.  for  Northumberland,  1459.  [xxxvi.  64] 

MANNERS,  LORD  ROBERT  (175S-1782),  captairr,' 
R.N. ;  son  of  John  Manners,  marquis  of  Granby  [q.  v.] ; 
served  under  Rodney  and  Hood  and  took  part  in  actions  off 
Ushant,  1778,  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1779,  Cape  Henry,  1781, 
and  Dominica,  1782,  where  he  was  fatally  wounded. 

[xxxvi.  64] 

MANNERS,  ROGER,  fifth  EARL  OP  RUTLAND  (1576- 
1612),  son  of  fourth  earl ;  educated  at  Queens'  and  Corpus 
Christi  Colleges,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1595 ;  travelled  abroad, 
*  Profitable  Instructions '  being  written  for  him,  probably 
by  Bacon  ;  knighted  by  Essex  in  Ireland,  1599;  steward 
of  Sherwood  Forest,  1600 ;  took  part  in  Essex's  conspiracy, 
1601,  and  was  heavily  fined  ;  K.B.,  1603  ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Lincolnshire,  1603.  [xxxvi.  55] 

MANNERS,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OP  RUTLAND  and 
thirteenth  BARON  Ros  (d.  1543),  became  Baron  Ros  on  bis 
father's  death,  1513:  took  part  in  French  expedition, 
1513 ;  present  at  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1620  ;  favourite 
of  Henry  VIII,  receiving  numerous  grants  and  offices ; 
warden  of  the  east  marches  and  of  Sherwood  Forest; 
K.C.,  1525;  created  Earl  of  Rutland,  1525;  took  active 
part  against  northern  rebels,  1536 ;  constable  of  Notting- 
ham Castle,  1542.  [xxxvi.  66] 

MANNERS-BUTTON,  CHARLES  (1755-1828),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Manners-Suttou, 
first  baron  Manners  [q.  v.] ;  fifteenth  wrangler,  1777,  and 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1780;  D.D.,  1792; 
rector  of  Averham-with-Kelham  and  Whitwell,  1785 ;  dean 
of  Peterborough,  1791;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1792-1806; 
dean  of  Windsor,  1794 ;  favourite  of  royal  family ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1805-28 ;  active  in  church  revival. 

[xxxvi.  67] 

MANNERS- BUTTON,  CHARLES,  first  VISCOUNT 
OANTRititi'KY  (17HO-1845),  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mon* ;  son  of  Charles  Monners-Sutton  [q.  v.],  arch- 


i.,-1:.,;,,,:   i    M   -.          . 

bridge;    MJL,  180 
Inn,  1806 ;  tory  II. 

bf  '  uatalta  i  M. 
privy   councillor, 
Ireland,   1812,  and 
Residence  Bill,  181 

•MM  i  '•:    ;•  M  -.. 


1833  ;  created  Baron  Bottesf ord  and  Viscount  Can 
1835.  [xxxvi.  18] 

MANNERS-BUTTON,  JOHN  HKNKY  THOMAS, 
thirl  VISCOUNT  OAKTBRBURY 

Manners-Sutton,  first  Viscount  Canterbury  [q.  r.1  :  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  18M:  M.P.,  Cambridge 
1841-7 ;  under  home  secretary  (1841-4)  in  Peel's  ad- 
ministration ;  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick, 
1864-61  ;  governor  of  Trinidad,  1864-«,and  Victoria,  1866- 
1X73:  K.C.B.,  1866;  succeeded  to  title,  1869;  K.c.M.'.., 
1873 ;  published  •  Lexington  Papers,'  1861.  [xxxri.  69] 

MANNERS-BUTTON,  THOMAS,  first  BAROX  MAN- 
NERS (1756-1842),  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland :  grandson 
of  the  third  Duke  of  Rutland  ;  fifth  wrangler,  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1777  ;  M.A.,  1780;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1780 ;  obtained  large  chancery  practice ;  M.P.,  Newark- 
upon-Trent,  1796-1805;  Welsh  judge,  1797;  K.C.,  1800, 
and  solicitor-general  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1800 ;  solicitor- 
general,  1802 ;  knighted,  1802 ;  serjeant-at-law  and  baron 
of  exchequer,  1805 ;  created  Baron  Manners  and  privy 
councillor,  1807 ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1807-27  :  re- 
moved O'Hanlon  from  bench  for  supporting  catholic 
claims ;  took  active  part  in  proceedings  against  Queen 
Caroline,  1820 ;  opposed  catholic  claims,  1828. 

[xxxvi.  60] 

MANNIN,  JAMES  (d.  1779),  flower-painter. 

[xxxvi.  62] 

MANNING,  ANNE  (1807-1879),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
sister  of  William  Oke  Manning  [q.  v.] ;  contributed  to 
'Sharpe's  Magazine,'  1849,  'The  Maiden  and  Married 
Life  of  Mistress  Mary  Powell  '  (frequently  reprinted) ; 
was  known  thenceforward  as  the  4  author  of  Mary 
Powell '  ;  her  best  works  are  historical  tales  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  [Suppl.  ill.  137] 

MANNING,  HENRY  ED  WARD  (1808-1892),  cardinal- 
priest  ;  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  under  Charles 
Wordsworth,  and  with  William  Ewart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.,  1833 ;  obtained  post  in  colonial  office,  1830 :  fellow, 
Merton  College,  1832;  curate  of  Woollavington-curn- 
Graffbam,  1832,  and  rector,  1833  :  rural  dean,  1837:  arch- 
deacon of  Chicbester,  1840 ;  select  preacher  at  Oxford, 
1842  ;  published  '  The  Unity  of  the  Church,'  an  able  ex- 
po^ition  of  Anglo-catholic  principles,  and  'Sermons,' 
1844;  disapproved  of  'Tract  XGY  and  preached  anti- 
papal  sermon  at  Oxford  on  Guy  Fawkec*  day,  1843  :  voted 
against  William  George  Ward's  degradation  by  the  Oxford 
convocation,  1846;  travelled  abroad  and  (1848)  visited 
Pius  IX  ;  supported  resistance  to  government  grants  ill 
aid  of  elementary  schools,  1849  ;  protested  a-ninst 
Gorham  judgment,  1860,  ami  wrote  '  The  Appellate  Juris- 
diction of  the  Crown  in  Matters  Spiritual '  denying  the 
jurisdiction  ;  resigned  archdeaconry  and  became  Roman 
catholic,  1851  ;  published  'The  Grounds  of  Faith,'  1862; 
superior  of  '  Congregation  of  the  Oblates  of  St.  Charles,' 
at  Bayswater,  1857 :  occupied  himself  in  preaching,  edu- 
cation, mission  work,  and  literary  defence  of  papal 
temporal  power ;  appointed  at  Rome  domestic  prelate  and 
monsignore,  1860;  published  letters  'To  an  Anglican 
Friend,'  1864,  and  on  •  The  Workings  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in 
the  Church  of  England,'  addressed  to  Pusey ;  nominated 
Roman  catholic  archbishop  of  Westminster,  1865 :  pub- 
lished 'The  Temporal  Mission  of  the  Holy  Gh<> 
and  1875 :  as  archbishop  was  autocratic  and  a  thorough 
ultramontane  ;  established  Westminster  Education  Fund, 
1868 ;  supported  infallibility  of  the  pope,  and  published 
'Petri  PrivilegitinV  1871,  and  'National  Education,'  187J, 
in  favour  of  voluntary  teaching:  contributed  articles  to 
various  papers  defending  his  orthodoxy  and  ultramontane 
theory ;  published  '  The  Vatican  Decrees,'  1875,  in  answer 
to  William  Ewart  Gladstone;  published  in  the  'Daily 
Telegraph  letters  on  the  infallibility  of  the  Roman 
church,  in  answer  to  Lord  Redesdale,  1876  (reprinted, 
1875);  cardinal,  1875;  carried  on  crusade  against  drink ; 
a  zealous  philanthropist:  sat  on  royal  commisrinns  on 
boosing  of  the  poor.  1884-5,  and  Education  Acts,  1880- 
1887,  and  published  articles  on  those  topics;  favoured 

3ll  '2 


MANNING 


MANSELi 


Gladstone's  domestic  politics  in  later  life  ;  great  pr.  :><-l><>r 

and  ecclesiastical  statesman:  of  apcvtu-  T.-np.T  :  a  subtle 

butnnspeculative  controversialist ;  pntilisli.il  in  late  years 

rnal  Priesthood,'  1883,  sermons,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  62] 

MANNING,  JAMES  (1781-1866X  serjeant-at-law ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1817;  leader  of  western  circuit : 
learned  especially  in  copyright  law  :  recorder  of  Sudbury, 
1836-66,  and  Oxford  and  Banbary,  1867-66 ;  serjeant-at- 
Uw,  1840,  and  queen's  ancient  serjeant,  1846 :  judge  of 
Whitechapel  County  Court,  1847 ;  published  legal  works. 

[xxxvi.  68] 

MANNING.  MARIE  (1821-1849),  murderess ;  nie  de 
Hoax;  native  of  Lau«anne;  married  Frederick  George 
Manning,  publican,  1 847,  and  with  him  murdered  O'Connor 
at  Bermondsey,  1849,  both  being  condemned  and  executed. 

[xxxvi.  69] 

HANKING,  OWEN  (1721-1801),  historian  of  Surrey; 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1744;  B.D.,1763 ;  fellow 
and  incumbent  of  St.  Botolph,  Cambridge,  1741 ;  obtained 
several  other  preferments;  rector  of  Godalming,  1763- 
1801;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1767  and  1760;  collected 
materials  for  history  of  Surrey,  afterwards  published  with 
additions  by  William  Bray  (1736-1832)  [q.  v.],  1804-9-14; 
completed  Lye's  Saxon  dictionary,  1772,  and  annotated 
•  The  Will  of  King  Alfred,'  1788.  [xxxvi.  69] 

MANNING,  ROBERT  (rf.  1731),  Roman  catholic  con- 
troversialist; professor  at  Douay  English  college:  mis- 
sioner  in  England ;  works  include  '  The  Shortest  Way  to 
end  disputes  about  religion,'  1716.  [xxxvi.  70] 

MANNING,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (/.  1846),  sculp- 
tor ;  son  of  Samuel  Manning  (d.  1847)  [q.  v.] 

[xxxvi.  71] 

MANNING.  SAMUEL  (rf.  1847),  sculptor;  executed 
bust  of  Warren  Hastings'*  statue  in  Westminster  Abbey  ; 
exhibited  statuary  at  Royal  Academy.  [xxxvi.  71] 

MANNING,  SAMUEL  (1822-1881),  baptist  minister 
at  Sbeppard's  Barton,  Somerset,  1846-61 ;  editor  of  the 
'Baptist  Magazine';  general  book  editor  of  Religious 
Tract  Society,  1863,  and  joint-secretary,  1876. 

[xxxvi.  71] 

MANNING,  THOMAS  (1772-1840),  traveller  and 
friend  of  Charles  Lamb ;  scholar  of  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  private  tutor :  studied  mathematics  and  made 
acquaintance  with  Porson  and  Lamb ;  studied  Chinese  at 
Paris,  1800-3 ;  studied  medicine  and  left  for  Canton,  1807, 
but  failed  to  penetrate  into  China ;  went  to  Calcutta, 
1810,  and  travelled  from  Rangpur  to  Lhasa,  1811,  the  first 
Englishman  to  enter  Lhasa;  returned  to  Canton,  1812; 
accompanied  Lord  Amherst  to  Pekin  as  Interpreter,  1816 ; 
returned  to  England,  1817;  considered  first  Chinese 
scholar  in  Europe;  wrote  mathematical  works. 

[xxxvi.  71] 

MANNING,  WILLIAM  (1630  ?-1711),  ejected  minis- 
ter; perpetual    curate  of    Middleton,  Suffolk;    ejected, 
1662;  took  out  licence  as    'congregational  teacher'  at 
Peasenhall,  1672  ;  became  Socinian ;  published  sermons. 
[xxxvi.  73] 

VANNING.  WILLIAM  OKE  ( 1809-1878),  legal  writer : 
nephew  of  James  Manning  (1781-1866)  [q.  v.] ;  published 
'  Commentaries  on  Law  of  Nations,'  1839.  [xxxvi.  74] 

MANNINGHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1622),  diarist ;  student  of 
Middle  Temple  and  utter  barrister,  1606  ;  his  diary  (1602- 
1603),  of  considerable  value,  was  first  printed  by  the  Cam- 
den  Society  In  1868.  [xxxvi.  74] 

MANNINGHAM.  SIR  RICHARD  (1690-1769),  man- 
midwife:  son  of  Thomas  Manningham  [q.  v]  ;  LL.B. 
Cambridge,  1717;  M.D. ;  F.R.S.,  1720;  knighted,  1721; 
chief  man-midwife  of  the  day:  attended  Mary  Toft 
[q.  v.].  and  published  'Exact  Diary'  on  the  case,  1726 ; 
published  'Artis  Obstetricariae  Compendium,'  1740,  and 
other  works.  [xxxvi.  74] 

MANNINGHAM,  THOMAS  (1661 7-1722),  bishop  of 
Chicbester:  scholar  of  Winchester  College  and  New 
College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1671-81 ;  M.A.,  1677  ;  D.D.  Lam- 
beth, 1691 ;  obtained  various  preferments ;  dean  of  Windsor 
1709 ;  bishop  of  Ohicbester,  1709 ;  published  sermons. 

MANNOCK,  JOHN  (1677-1764),  Benedictine  monk ; 
made  profession  at  Donay,  1700;  chaplain  to  Canning 
family ;  procurator  of  southern  province,  1729 ;  published 

[xxxvi.  76] 


MANNY  or  MAUNY.  Sin  WALTER  UK,  afterwards 
BAUON  I>K  MANNY  (d.  1372).  military  commander  and 
founder  of  the  Charterhouse,  London  ;  native  of  Hainault ; 
esquire  to  Queen  Philippa;  knighted,  1331;  distinguished 
himself  in  Scottish  wars ;  was  rewarded  with  lands  and 
governorship  of  Merioneth  (1332)  and  Harlech  Castle 
(1334) ;  admiral  of  northern  fleet,  1337,  capturing  Guy  de 
Rickenburg  in  the  Scheldt ;  according  to  Froissart  took 
French  castle  of  Tlmn  1'Eveque  with  only  forty  lances  on 
defiance  of  French  king,  1339 ;  served  throughout  campaign 
and  won  distinction  at  Sluys,  1340  ;  sent  by  Edward  III  to 
assist  Countess  of  Montfort  against  Charles  of  Blois,  1342  ; 
accompanied  Earl  of  Derby  in  successful  Gascony  cam- 
paigns ;  according  to  Froissart  conducted  siege  of  Calais, 
and  was  summoned  to  parliament  as  baron,  1346  ;  sent  to 
negotiate  in  France,  1348,  and  in  Netherlands,  1361 ;  re- 
ceived grants  of  land  ;  accompanied  Edward  III  to  Artois, 
1356 ;  present  at  siege  of  Berwick,  1355 ;  took  part  in 
Edward's  French  campaigns,  1359-60,  and  negotiated  in 
his  name  ;  a  guarantor  of  treaty  of  Bretigni  and  guardian 
of  King  John  of  France  at  Calais,  1360 ;  K.G.,  1359 ; 
ordered  to  Ireland,  1368  ;  accompanied  John  of  Gaunt  in 
Invasion  of  France,  1369  ;  obtained  licence  to  found  house 
of  Carthusian  monks,  i.e.  the  Charterhouse  in  London,  1371; 
one  of  the  ablest  of  Edward  Ill's  soldiers,  [xxxvi.  76] 

MANNYNG,  ROBERT,  or  ROBERT  DE  BRUNNK  (fl. 
1288-1338),  poet ;  native  of  Bourne,  Lincolnshire ;  entered 
Sempringham  priory,  1288;  wrote  'Handlyng  Synne' 
(edited,  1862),  the  'Chronicle  of  England'  (first  part 
edited  by  Dr.  Furnivall,  second  part  by  Hearne),  neither 
original  works,  but  of  great  literary  value ;  also  probable 
author  of  '  Meditacyuns '  (edited,  1875).  [xxxvi.  80] 

MANSEL,  CHARLES  GRENVILLE  (1806-1886), 
Indian  official ;  filled  various  posts  at  Agra ;  member  of 
Punjab  administration,  1849,  resident  of  Nagpur,  1850. 

[xxxvi.  81] 

MANSEL,  HENRY  LONGUEVILLE  (1820-1871), 
metaphysician;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
London,  where  he  wrote  verses ;  scholar,  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford ;  obtained  '  double  first,'  1843 ;  tutor,  and  ordained, 
1844;  strong  tory  and  high  churchman;  ' professor  fellow,' 
1864;  reader  in  theology  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
from  1856 ;  wrote  article  on  metaphysics  in  '  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,'  1857;  Bampton  lecturer,  1858;  engaged  in 
controversy  with  Maurice,  Goldwin  Smith,  and  Mill; 
select  preacher,  1860-2,  and  1869-71 ;  professor  of  eccle- 
siastical history,  1866-8;  lectured  on  'The  Gnostic  Here- 
sies,' 1868 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  1868-71  ;  published 
'  Phrontisterion,'  1850, '  Prolegomena  Logica,'  1851,  'The 
Limits  of  Demonstrative  Science,'  1853,  '  Man's  Concep- 
tion of  Eternity,'  1854,  and  other  metaphysical  works ; 
contributed  to  'The  Speaker's  Commentary,'  and  to 
'Aids  to  Faith';  follower  of  Sir  William  Hamilton, 
and,  with  Veitch,  edited  his  lectures,  1 859.  [xxxvi.  81] 

MANSEL  or  MATTNSELL,  JOHN  (d.  1265),  keeper  of 
the  seal  and  counsellor  of  Henry  III ;  son  of  a  country 
priest ;  obtained  post  at  exchequer,  1234 ;  accompanied 
Henry  III  on  expedition  to  France,  1242-3,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself;  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1246-7, 
and  subsequently;  ambassador  to  Brabant,  1247;  had 
considerable  influence  with  Henry  III ;  sent  on  missions 
to  Scotland,  Brabant,  France,  Germany,  and  Brittany  ; 
concerned  in  Edward's  marriage  to  Eleanor  of  Castile, 
1254,  in  the  election  of  Richard,  king  of  the  Romans, 
1257,  and  in  the  abandonment  of  English  claims  on 
Normandy,  1258 ;  member  of  the  committee  of  twenty- 
four  and  council  of  fifteen,  1258 ;  followed  Henry  III  to 
France:  the  king  compelled  to  dismiss  him,  1261;  ob- 
tained papal  bull  releasing  Henry  III  from  his  obligations, 
1262  ;  accompanied  Henry  III  to  France,  1262  ;  on  civil 
war  breaking  out,  escaped  to  Boulogne,  1263  ;  present  at 
mise  of  Amiens,  1264  ;  died  in  France  in  great  poverty ; 
said  to  have  held  three  hundred  benefices  ;  by  supporting 
the  king's  measures  acquired  much  odium,  but  was  a 
capable  and  diligent  administrator.  [xxxvi.  84] 

MANSEL,  WILLIAM  LORT  (1763-1820),  bishop  of 
Bristol ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1777 ;  fellow, 
1777;  D.D.,  1778:  tutor;  master,  1798;  vice-chancellor, 
1799-1800  ;  held  livings  of  Bottisham  and  Chesterton ; 
appointed  bishop  of  Bristol  by  Perceval,  a  former  pupil, 
1808  ;  well-known  wit  and  writer  of  epigrams  :  author  of 
sermons.  [xxxvi.  86] 


MAN9EL.L 


837 


MANWARTNG 


MANSELL,  FRANCIS  (1579-1665),  principal  of 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1611  ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1613;  D.U.,  Itii'i  ;  principal 
of  Jesus  College,  1MO ;  after  expelling  nevenil  ' 
retired  from  office ;  again  principal,  1630-47 ;  treasurer  of 
Ls*nd*fl  mid  prebendary  of  St.  David's,  1631 ;  t>euefactor 
of  the  college  ;  assisted  royalists  in  Wales,  1643-7 ;  ejected 
from  Jesus  College,  1647  ;  reinstated,  1660.  [xxxvi.  87] 

MANSELL,  SIR  ROBERT  (1573-1656),  admiral; 
served  in  Cadiz  expedition  and  was  knighted,  1596  ;  took 
part  in  '  The  Islands'  Voyage,'  1597  ;  held  commands  off 
Irish  coast,  1599-1600 ;  active  in  arresting  accomplices  of 
Essex  and  captured  Hansa  ships,  1601;  M.P.,  King's 
Lynn,  1601,  Carmarthen,  1603,  Carmarthenshire,  1614, 
Glamorganshire,  1623-5,  Lostwithiel,  1626,  and  Glamor- 
ganshire, 1628:  intercepted  Portuguese  galleys,  1602; 
'  vice-admiral  of  the  Narrow  Seal,  1001 ;  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  1604 ;  accompanied  Earl  of  Nottingham  on  Spanish 
mission,  1605 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Marshalsea  for  alleged 
political  disaffection,  1613  ;  vice-admiral  of  England,  1628 ; 
commanded  unsuccessful  expeditions  against  Algiers, 
1620-1 ;  obtained  glass  monopoly,  1615.  [xxxvi.  88] 

MANSELL,  SIB  THOMAS  (1777-1858X  rear-admiral ; 

?  resent  at  actions  off  Lorient,  1795,  Cape  St.  Vincent, 
797,  and  battle  of  the  Nile,  1798 ;  promoted  lieutenant  by 
Nelson  ;  held  various  commands  and  captured  170  ships  • 
K.O.H.,  1837 ;  rear-admiral,  1849.  [xxxvi.  89] 

MANSFIELD,  EARLS  OK.  [See  MURRAY,  WILLIAM, 
first  EARL,  1705-1793 ;  MURRAY,  DAVID,  second  EARL, 
1727-1796.] 

MANSFIELD,  CHARLES  BLACKFORD(1819-1855), 
chemist  and  author  ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1849; 
discovered  method  of  extracting  benzol  from  coal-tar, 
1848,  and  published  pamphlet;  joined  Maurice  and 
Kingsley  in  efforts  for  social  reform  (1848-9),  and  con- 
tributed to  'Politics  for  the  People'  and  'Christian 
Socialist ' ;  published  '  Aerial  Navigation,'  1850,  and  de- 
livered lectures  at  Royal  Institution  on  chemistry  of 
metals,  1851-2;  visited  Buenos  Ayrea  and  Paraguay, 
1852-3;  published  'Theory  of  Salts,'  1855;  died  from 
accident  by  burning.  [xxxvi.  90] 

MANSFIELD,  HENRY  DE  (rf.  1328).  [See  MAUNS- 
FIELD.] 

MANSFIELD  (originally  MANFIELD),  SIR  JAMES 
(1733-1821),  lord  chief-justice  of  common  pleas;  fellow, 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1754 ;  M.A.,  1758 ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1768 ;  adviser  of  Wilkes,  1768,  Duchess  of 
Kingston,  and  others;  K.O.,  1772;  M.P.,  Cambridge 
University,  1779-84;  solicitor-general,  1780-2,  and  in  I 
coalition  ministry,  1783;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas 
and  knighted,  1804.  [xxxvi.  91] 

MANSFIELD,  SIR  WILLIAM  ROSE,  first  BARON 
SANDHURST  (1819-1876),  general;  grandson  Of  Sir  James 
Mansfield  [q.  v.] ;  joined  63rd  foot,  1835 ;  distinguished 
himself  in  first  Sikh  war,  Punjab  war,  1849,  and  under  Sir  | 
Colin  Campbell  on  Peshawur  frontier;  military  adviser 
to  British  ambassador  at  Constantinople,  1855 :  consul- 
general  at  Warsaw,  1856 ;  chief  of  the  staff  to  Sir  Colin 
Campbell  in  Indian  mutiny,  1857  ;  present  at  relief  and 
siege  of  Lucknow  and  tight  at  Cawnpore,  when  his  con- 
duct was  much  criticised;  served  in  campaigns  in 
Rohilcund,  Oude,  and  other  operations;  commander  of 
Bombay  presidency,  1860  ;  commander-in-chief  in  India, 
1865;  in  Ireland,  1870:  general,  1872;  K.O.B.,  1867; 
created  Baron  Sandhurst,  1871;  G.O.S.I.,  1866;  G.O.B., 
1870 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1870  ;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1870. 

[xxxvi.  92] 

MANSHIP,  HENRY  (fl.  1562),  topographer ;  directed 
construction  of  Yarmouth  harbour;  his  'Greate  Yer- 
mouthe '  printed,  1847.  [xxxvi.  94] 

MANSHIP,  HENRY  (d.  1625).  topographer;  son 
of  Henry  Manship  [q.  v.j;  town  clerk  of  Yarmouth, 
1679-85;  dismissed  from  corporation,  1604:  managed 
Yarmouth  affairs  in  London,  again  falling  into  disgrace, 
1616;  published  'History  of  Great  Yarmouth,'  1619; 
died  in  poverty.  [xxxvL  94] 

MANSON,  DAVID  (1726-1792),  schoolmaster ;  began 
life  as  farmer's  boy  at  Cairncastle,  co.  Antrim ;  opened 
school  there  and  afterwards  (1755)  one  at  Belfast  and  also 
a  brewery ;  published  school-books.  [xxxvi.  95] 


MANSON,  i!K«'l:«Ji:  ,  1*80-1876),  Scottkh  artist: 
executed  woodcuts  for  'Chambers'*  Miscellany'-  disciple 
of  Ik-wick  and  painter  of  homely  subject*,  [xxxVi.  M] 

MANX.  K1CHAHD  (1776-1848),  bishop  of  Down. 
Connor,  and  Dromon ;  scholar  of  u 
Trinity  College.  Oxford:  fellow  of  t  >ri,-i  College.  Oxford. 
1798;  gained  chancellor's  prize  with  essay  'On  Com- 
merce,' 1799:  M.A.,  1H01 ;  5.D..  iMlft ;  vlcalr  of  Cogges- 
hall,  Essex,  1810;  Bampton  lecturer.  1811;  chaplain  to 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1818;  rector  of  St. 
Botolph'8,1816,  and  East  HorsleJ,  1818  ;  blsbopof  KUUloe 
and  K.lfenoragh,  1820  ;  translated  to  Down  and  Connor. 
1823,  Dromore  being  added,  1842;  built  many  new 
churches :  published  poetical,  theological,  miscellaneous, 
and  historical  works,  including  •  History  of  the  Church 
of  Ireland,'  1840.  [xxxrL  »«] 

MANX,  WALTER  BISHOP  ( 1807-1869),  divine :  son 
of  Richard  Mant  [q.  v.] ;  archdeacon  of  Down,  antiqua- 
rian, and  author  of  works  in  prow  and  vene. 

MANTE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1773),  military  writer :  author 
of  •  History  of  the  late  War  in  America,'  1772,  and  other 
works.  [xxxvi.  98] 

MANTELL,  GIDEON  ALGERNON  (1790-1852), 
geologist;  ton  of  a  shoemaker;  articled  to,  and  finally 
partner  of  Lewes  surgeon ;  devoted  himself  to  natural 
history  and  geology  and  made  noted  collection ;  removed 
to  Brighton,  1835,  and  lectured  ;  published  'The  Wonders 
of  Geology,'  1838,  and  other  geological  works,  besides 
papers  published  by  Royal  and  Geological  Societies,  setting 
forth  his  extensive  investigation*  and  discoveries ;  F.R.S., 
1826  ;  hon.  F.R.G.S.,  1844.  [xxxvi.  99] 

MANTELL,  JOSHUA  (1795-1865),  surgeon  and  horti- 
cultural writer;  brother  of  Gideon  Algernon  Mantell 
[Q.  v.]  [xxxvi.  100] 

MANTELL,  SIR  THOMAS  (1751-1831),  antiquary ; 
F.S.A.,  1810;  surgeon  at  Dover  and  mayor;  knighted, 
1820  ;  published  '  Cinque  Porte,'  1828,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  100] 

MANTON,  JOHN  (d.  1834),  gunmaker;  brother  of 
Joseph  Mantou  [q.  v.]  [xxxvL  101] 

MANTON,  JOSEPH  (1766  ?-1835),  gunmaker  :  took 
out  several  patents  for  improvements  in  guns,  1792-1825, 
and  other  inventions;  bankrupt,  1826.  [xxxvi.  100] 

MANTON,  THOMAS  (1620-1677X  presbyteriau 
divine;  B.A.  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1639;  ordained,  164O: 
lecturer  at  Cullomptou  and  (c.  1645)  obtained  living  of 
Stoke  Newington ;  one  of  the  scribes  to  Westminster 
Assembly ;  disapproved  of  Charles  I's  execution ;  at- 
tended Christopher  Love  [q.  v.]  on  the  scaffold  and 
preached  funeral  sermon,  1661 ;  rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Coveiit 
Garden,  London,  1656  ;  drew  up  with  Baxter  and  others 
•  Fundamentals  of  Religion,'  1668 ;  one  of  the  deputies  to 
Breda,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  II ;  took  part  in  religious 
conferences  and  was  created  D.D.  Oxford,  1660 :  left  St 
Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  1662,  and  held  meetings  elsewhere 
in  London;  arrested,  1670;  preacher  at  Pinners'  Hall. 
London,  1672 ;  discussed  '  accommodation '  with  Tillotboo 
and  Stilliugfleet,  1674 ;  the  most  popular  of  the  pr**hy- 
terians  ;  published  religious  works.  [xxxvi.  101] 

MANUCHE  or  MANUCCI,  COSMO  (ft.  1652),  drama- 
tist ;  of  Italian  origin  ;  probably  member  of  household  of 
James  Compton,  third  earl  of  Northampton ;  captain  and 
major  of  foot  in  king's  army  during  civil  war ;  subse- 
quently obtained  employment  under  the  Protector. 
Twelve  plays  have  been  assigned  to  him,  three  of  which 
were  published,  'The  Just  General,'  1652,  'The  Loyal 
Lovers,' 1652,  and 'The  Bastard*  (issued  anonymously), 
1652 ;  of  the  remaining  nine  plays  which  were  formerly 
in  manuscript  at  Castle  Ash  by  only  one  is  still  known 
there.  [Suppl.  iiL  138] 

MANWABLNG  or  MAYNWARINO,  R<  x;KR  (1590- 
1663),  bishop  of  St.  David's;  D.D.  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford ;  rector  of  St  Giles'- in- the- Fields.  London,  1616  : 
chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  preached  sermons  before  Charles  I 
on  '  Religion '  and  '  Allegiance,'  1627,  asserting  '  peril  of 
damnation'  of  those  who  resisted  taxation  levied  by 
royal  authority  ;  on  being  sentenced  to  imprisonment, 
fine,  and  suspension,  made  retractation  ;  received  several 


preferments;  dean  of   Worcester,  1633:   bishop  of  St. 
I's,  1638  ;  was  deprived  of  vote  in  House  of  Lords  by 


David', 


Short  parliament,  1640;  imprisoned  and  persecuted  by 
Long  parliament.  [xxxvi.  104] 


MANWOOD 


MARCH 


MAHWOOD,  JOHN  (A  1610),  legal  author:  relative 
of  Sir  Roger  Manwood  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  : 
jtLtice  rftbe  New  Forest;  published  'A  Brefe  Collection 
of  the  Lnwoi  of  the  Forest,'  1692  (enlarged,  1615). 

[xxxvi.  105] 

MANWOOD,  SIR  PETER  (d.  1625),  antiquary  ;  son  of 
Sir  Roger  Manwood  [q.  v.l ;  student  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
1683 ;  represented  between  1688  and  1621  Sandwich,  Salt- 
ash,  Kent,  and  New  Komuey;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1602; 
ILlL,  1603 :  patron  of  learned  men  at  St.  Stephen's,  near 
Canterbury,  an. I  mentioned  with  great  respect  by  Cam- 
den  ;  published  part  of  Williams's  'Actions  of  the  Lowe 
Countries,'  16ia  [xxxvi.  106] 

MANWOOD,  SIR  ROGER  (1625-1692),  judge;  barris- 
ter. Inner  Temple,  1555:  recorder  of  Sandwich,  1556-66, 
and  steward  of  chancery  and  admiralty  courts,  Dover ; 
M.P.,  Hastings,  1555,  Sandwich,  1558 :  granted  by  Eliza- 
beth manor  of  St.  Stephen's,  Kent;  friend  of  Sir  Thomas 
Graham  and  Archbishop  Parker,  and  founded  with  the 
latter  grammar  school  at  Sandwich  ;  supported  treason 
bill,  1671 ;  judge  of  common  pleas,  1572-8 :  with  bishops 
of  London  and  Rochester  convicted  of  anabaptism  two 
Flemings,  who  were  burnt,  1575  ;  showed  himself  severe 
towards  enemies  of  the  government;  knighted,  1578 ; 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1678-92  ;  member  of  Star- 
chamber,  which  sentenced  Lord  Vaux  of  Harrowden, 
1681 ;  member  of  commission  at  Fotheringay,  1586 ;  re- 
buked by  Elizabeth  for  sale  of  office,  1591 ;  accused  of 
various  malpractices  and  arraigned  before  privy  council, 
1592.  [xxxvi.  106] 

MAP  or  MAFE8,  WALTER  (Jl.  1200),  mediaeval 
author  and  wit ;  probably  native  of  Herefordshire ; 
studied  in  Paris  under  Girard  la  Pncelle;  clerk  of  royal 
household  and  justice  itinerant ;  accompanied  Henry  II 
abroad,  1173  and  1183;  sent  to  Rome,  1179;  canon  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Lincoln,  and  Hereford ;  precentor, 
and,  later,  chancellor  of  Lincoln  ;  archdeacon  of  Oxford 
from  1197  ;  author  of  '  De  Nugis  Curialium,'  a  collection 
of  anecdotes  and  legends  of  considerable  interest  and  of 
satirical  purport  (edited,  1850);  probably  also  author,  or 
largely  author,  of  '  Lancelot,'  and  perhaps  of  some  of  the 
satirical  Goliardic  verse ;  specimens  of  his  wit  preserved 
by  Giraklus.  [xxxvi.  109] 

MAFLET,  JOHN  (d.  1592),  miscellaneous  writer; 
fellow  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1564 ;  M.A.,  1567  ; 
vicar  of  Northolt,  Middlesex,  1576;  wrote  'A  Greene 
Forest '  (natural  history),  1667,  and'  The  Diall of  Destinie,' 
1681.  [xxxvi.  112] 

MAPLET,  JOHN  (16127-1670),  physician;  M.A., 
1638,  and  M.D.,  1647,  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  principal  of 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1647 ;  travelled  in  France  with 
third  Viscount  Falkland  and  went  to  Holland;  ejected 
from  Oxford  appointments ;  practised  medicine  at  Bath ; 
"»tf«t-M*d  at  Oxford,  1660  ;  author  of  miscellaneous  works 
in  Latin,  prose  and  verse.  [xxxvi.  113] 

MAPLETOFT,  JOHN  (1631-1721),  physician  and 
divine ;  nephew  of  Robert  Mapletoft  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Westminster  School ;  scholar  and  fellow  (1653)  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1655,  and  M.D.,  1667  (incorpo- 
rated at  Oxford,  1669) ;  tutor  to  Earl  of  Northumberland's 
son ;  practised  medicine  in  London  with  Sydenham  and 
became  intimate  with  John  Locke;  travelled  abroad; 
Gnwham  professor  of  physic,  1675-9 ;  successively  rector 
of  Braybrooke  and  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  London ;  lecturer 
at  Ipswich,  1685,  and  St.  Christopher's,  London,  1685 ; 
D.D.Cambridge,  1690;  F.R.S.,  1676;  works  include 'The 
Principle*  and  Duties  of  the  Christian  Religion,'  1710. 

[xxxvi.  113] 

MAPLETOFT,  ROBERT  (1609-1677),  dean  of  Ely 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1632 ;  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke College,  1631 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Wren  ;  rector  of 
Bartlow,  1639  ;  ejected,  1644  ;  officiated  privately  at  Lin- 
coln :  D.D.  at  Restoration  by  royal  mandate ;  sub-dean 
of  Lincoln,  1660 ;  master  of  Spitul  Hospital,  1660,  reviving 
the  charity  ;  rector  successively  of  Clay  worth  and  Soham  ; 
master  of  Pembroke,  1664-77 ;  vice-chancellor,  1671-2 ; 
dean  of  Ely,  1667-77  ;  founded  educational  institutions. 

[xxxvi.  116] 

MAE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BRSKINB,  JOHN,  first  or  sixth 
EARL  of  the  Erekine  line,  d.  1572 ;  EIWKINB,  JOHN,  second 
or  seventh  EARL,  1558-16S4 ;  ERSKIXK,  JOHN,  sixth  or 
eleventh  EARL,  1675-1732 :  STBWAJIT,  ALEXANDER,  EARL 
99  MAU,  13767-1435;  STEWART,  JOHN,  EARL  OF  MAR, 


1467  7-1479  7 ;  CocHRAXK,  ROHKRT,  EARL  OP  MAR,  d. 
1482;  STKWAKT,  LORD  JAMES,  EARL  OF  MAR,  15317- 
1570.] 

MAR,  DONALD,  tenth  EARL  OF  (d.  1297),  son  of 
William  Mar,  ninth  earl  of  Mar  [q.  v.] ;  supported 
Edward  I's  suzerainty  over  Scotland ;  revolted,  1294,  but 
returned  to  allegiance  after  battle  of  Dunbar,  1296. 

[xxxvi.  116] 

MAE,  DONALD,  twelfth  EARL  OF  (12937-1332), 
grandson  of  Donald  Mar,  tenth  earl  of  Mar  [q.  v.],  and 
nephew  of  Robert  Bruce ;  brought  to  England,  1306 ;  was 
exchanged,  1314,  after  Banuockburn,  but  returned,  pre- 
ferring England ;  received  grants ;  keeper  of  Newark 
Castle,  1321 ;  joined  Scots  in  raid,  1327  ;  regent  of  Scot- 
land, 1332 ;  defeated  by  Baliol  at  Dupplin  Moor  and  slain. 

[xxxvi.  117] 

MAE,  THOMAS,  thirteenth  EARL  OF  (d.  1377),  son 
of  Donald  Mar,  twelfth  earl  of  Mar  [q.  v.] ;  Scottish 
commissioner  to  treat  for  peace  with  England,  1351,  and 
hostage  chamberlain  of  Scotland,  1358;  entered  service 
of  Edward  III,  1359;  his  castle  seized  by  David  II,  1361, 
and  himself  imprisoned,  1370 ;  present  at  coronation  of 
Robert  II,  1371.  [xxxvi.  117] 

MAE,  WILLIAM,  ninth  EARL  OF  (d.  1281  ?),  one 
of  the  regents  of  Scotland,  1249,  and  great  chamberlain, 
1252-5;  commanded  expedition  to  reduce  chiefs  of 
Western  Isles,  1263.  [xxxvi.  118] 

MAEA,  MRS.  GERTRUDE  ELIZABETH  (1749- 
1833),  vocalist ;  nte  Schmeling  ;  native  of  Cassel ;  violinist, 
but  became  singer;  studied  under  Paradisi  and  Hiller:  a 
better  vocalist  than  actress ;  engaged  by  Frederick  II  at 
Berlin,  1771 ;  married  Johann  Mara,  who  ill-treated  her  ; 
escaped  from  Berlin,  1778,  and  toured  on  the  continent ; 
did  not  please  Mozart ;  sang  in  London,  1784-7  and  1790- 
1802,  chiefly  in  Handel's  music;  settled  at  Moscow  till 
1812  ;  ruined  by  the  burning  of  Moscow,  1812 ;  sang  again 
in  London,  1816 ;  died  at  Revel ;  Goethe  sent  her  a  poem 
for  her  birthday,  1831.  [xxxvi.  118] 

MAEA,  WILLIAM  DE  (fl.  1280),  Franciscan ;  studied 
at  Paris  under  Bonaventura  and  Roger  Bacon;  wrote 
'  Correctorium '  (criticism  of  Thomas  Aquinas),  first 
printed  at  Strasburg,  1501,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  119] 

MARBECK  or  MEEBECK,  JOHN  (d.  1585  7),  musi- 
cian and  theologian ;  lay-clerk  and  afterwards  organist 
of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1541 ;  Calvinist ;  arrested 
for  possessing  heretical  writings,  1543  ;  sentenced  to  be 
burnt,  but  pardoned  through  Gardiner's  instrumentality, 
1544;  published  his  '  Ooncordace,'  1550  (the  earliest  con- 
cordance of  whole  English  bible), '  The  Boke  of  Common 
Praier  noted,'  1650,  adaptation  of  plain  chant  to  liturgy 
of  1549,  and  several  other  works,  besides  musical  compo- 
sitions, [xxxvi.  120] 

MARBECK,  MARKBEEKE,  or  MERBECK,  ROGER 
(1536-1605),  provost  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  physi- 
cian ;  son  of  John  Marbeck  [q.  v.] ;  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1558 ;  senior  proctor  and  public 
orator;  elegant  latinist,  and  twice  pronounced  oration 
before  Elizabeth ;  prebendary  of  Hereford  and  canon  of 
Christ  Church ;  provost  of  Oriel,  1565 ;  resigned  all  Oxford 
offices  on  account  of  discreditable  marriage  ;  M.D.,  1573  ; 
fellow  and  registrar  of  London  College  of  Physicians  and 
physician  to  Queen  Elizabeth ;  accompanied  Howard  in 
Cadiz  expedition,  1596,  and  wrote  account. 

[xxxvi.  121] 

MAECET,  ALEXANDER  JOHN  GASPARD  (1770- 
1822),  physician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1797  ;  physician  and 
chemical  lecturer  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London ;  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Geneva,  1819 ;  F.R.S.,  1815 ;  published 
medical  and  chemical  papers.  [xxxvi.  122] 

MAECET,  MRS.  JANE  (1769-1858),  writer  for  the 
young ;  formerly  Haldimand ;  of  Swiss  birth ;  married 
Alexander  John  Gaspard  Marcet  [q.  v.],  1799;  wrote 
popular  scientific  text-books,  which  obtained  large  circu- 
lation ;  her  '  Conversations  on  Political  Economy,'  1816, 
praised  by  Macaulay.  [xxxvi.  122] 

MARCH,  EARLS  OF,  in  the  English  peerage.  [See 
MORTIMER,  ROGER  (IV)  DE,  first  EARL,  12877-1330 
MnuTi.MKU  ROGER  (V)  DB,  second  EARL,  13277-1360 
MORTIMER,  EDMUND  ril)  DE,  third  EARL,  1351-1381 
MORTIMER,  ROGER  (VI)  DE,  fourth  EARL,  1374-1398 
MORTIMER.  EDMUND  (IV)  DB,  fifth  EARL,  1391-1425.] 


MARCH 


MARGARET 


MARCH,  EARLS  OP,  in  the  Scottish  peerage.  [See 
DUNBAR,  PATRICK,  s«vc>nd  K\KI.,  rj-vi  1  3«9  ;  STBWABT, 
AU:\A\I>KR,  1454?-ll^.r>:  D..I.II.A-.  WILLIAM,  third 
EARL  of  the  Douglas  family,  1724-1810.] 

MARCH,  Mus.  <  1*25-1*77).  [See  GABRIEL,  MARY 
ANN-  Viini 


MARCH.  .H»HN  (l«;i-J-l.,:»7).  legal  writer:  employed 
by  council  of  state  during  Common  wealth  In  various 
capacities;  justice  in  Scotland,  I<;.V2;  wrote  '  Actions  for 
Slander,'  1648,  'Reports,1  1648,  •  Amicus  lleipublicaj,1  1661, 
and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  123] 

MARCH,  JOHN  (1640-1692),  vicar  of  Newcastle: 
educated  at  Queen's  College  and  St.  Kmmnd  li:ill, 
Oxford:  M.A.,  1664:  B.D.,  1674;  tutor  and  (1664-78) 
vice-president  of  St.  Edmund  Hall  :  vicar  successively  of 
Embleton,  1672-9,  and  Newcaatle-on-Tyne,  1679-92,  and 
proctor  for  Durham:  strong  churchman  and  <l«  •!.  -ndM 
passive  obedience  ;  published  sermons  and  a  'Vindira- 
tion,'  1689.  [xxxvi.  125] 

MARCH,  DE  LA  MARCHE.  or  DE  MARCHIA, 
WILLIAM  (rf.  1302),  treasurer,  and  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  ;  clerk  of  the  chancery,  clerk  of  the  king's  ward- 
robe, c.  1286;  treasurer,  1290-5;  prominent  offlc-inl  dur- 
ing Edward  I's  absence  ;  received  various  preferments  ; 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  1293  ;  became  unpopular 
through  Edward  I's  exactions;  removed  from  treasury, 
1295  ;  built  chapter-house  at  Wells  ;  much  venerated, 
'miracles'  being  wrought  at  his  tomb.  [xxxvi.  125] 

MARCHANT.  NATHANIEL  (1739-1816),  gem- 
engraver  and  medallist;  stadied  under  Edward  Burch 
[q.  v.]  and  at  Rome  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  ; 
R.A.,  1809  ;  F.S.A.  ;  assistant-engraver  at  the  mint,  1797  : 
produced  intaglios  of  great  merit  and  delicacy  ;  published 
catalogue,  1792.  [xxxvi.  127] 

MARCHI,  GIUSEPPE  FILIPPO  LIBERATI  (1735?- 
1808),  painter  and  engraver;  assistant  to  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  ;  excelled  as  a  mezzotint-engraver  and  copyist. 

[xxxvi.  127] 

MARCHILEY,  JOHN  (d.  1386  ?).    [See  MARDISLEY.] 

MARCHMONT,  EARLS  OP.  [See  HUME,  SIR  PATRICK, 
first  EARL,  1641-1724  :  CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER,  second 
EARL,  1675-1740;  HUME,  HUGH,  third  EARL,  1708-1  794.] 

MARCKANT,  JOHN  (/.  1562),  contributor  to  Stern- 
hold  and  Hopkins's  '  Metrical  Psalter,'  1562  ;  vicar  of 
Clacton-Magna,  1559,  and  Shopland,  1663-8;  wrote  other 
works.  [xxxvi.  128] 

MARCTIARJ),  ROBERT  SAMUEL  (1751-1792?),  en- 
graver. [xxxvi.  128] 

MARDELEY,  JOHN  (/.  1548),  clerk  of  the  mint  and 
author.  [xxxvi.  128] 

MARDISLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1386  ?),  Franciscan;  pro- 
vincial minister:  D.D.  Oxford  before  1355;  denied  pope's 
temporal  power  in  council  at  Westminster,  1374. 

[xxxvi.  128] 

MARE,  SIR  PETER  PR  LA  (/.  1370).  [See  DE  LA 
MARE.] 

MARE,  THOMAS  DH  LA  (1309-1396),  abbot  of  St. 
Albans:  entered  St.  Albans,  1326  ;  prior  of  Tynemouth, 
1340:  abbot  of  St.  Albans,  1349:  skilful  administrator  : 
member  of  Edward  Ill's  council;  zealous  defender  of 
rights  of  abbey  against  exactions  of  the  pope  and  of 
powerful  courtiers,  including  Alice  Perrers  [q.  v.],  as  well 
as  against  recalcitrant  tenants  ;  his  abbey  threatened  in 
peasant  rising,  1381,  when  tenants  extorted  privileges, 
afterwards  withdrawn  ;  benefactor  of  the  abbey  ;  spent 
much  on  the  maintenance  of  scholars  at  Oxford. 

[xxxvi.  129] 

MAREDUDD  AB  OWAIN  (./.  999  ?),  Welsh  prince  ; 
son  of  Owain  ap  Hywel  Dda,  whom  he  succeeded,  988. 

[xxxvi.  130] 

MAREDUDD  AB  BLEDDYN  (<l.  1132),  prince  of 
Powys  ;  brother  of  lorwerth  [q.  v.]  and  Cadwgan  [q.  v.]  ; 
led  resistance  to  invasion  of  Henry  I,  1121:  eventually 
became  lord  of  all  Powys.  [  x  xxvi.  1  30] 

MARETT  or  MARET,  PHILIP  (1568?-1637),  at- 
torney-general of  Jersey,  1609  ;  became  involved  in  com- 
plicated feud  with  John  Herault,  the  bailiff,  ordered  to 
make  submission  by  privy  council,  and  imprisoned  on  re- 
fusal ;  lieutenant-governor,  1632.  [xxxvi.  131; 


MARETT,  Silt  KUHKUT  PimNOMO-lWUKattornev- 
general  and  bailiff  of  Jeney  ;  descendant  oi  Philip  M 
[q.  v.]  ;  disting 
Le  Ueyt  [q.  v.], 


ished  judg 


dited 


ript*  of  Philip 


1847  ;  wrote  poem*  in  Jeney 

[xxxvi.  131] 


MARFELD,  .J.'H.N  irf.lSM).    [See  MIRFKI.K] 

MARGARET,  ST.  (</.  1093),  queen  of  Scotland  and 
sister  of  Edgar  AtheUng  [q.  v.]  ;  went  to  Scotland  with 
him  soon  after  Conquest,  and  married  Malcolm  II  I.e.  10*7; 
:<>man  use  introduced  into  Scotland  ;  reformed 
manners  and  custom*:  educated  her  ton*  with  gnat 
care;  died  after  hearing  of  -l.mifl.ter  of  Malcolm  her 
husband,  and  her  eldest  Km  ;  canonised,  1260. 

[xxxvL  133] 

MARGARET  (1240-1275),  queen  of  Soots:  eldest 
daughter  of  Henry  III  of  England:  married  Alexand.-r  1  1  1 
of  Scotland,  1261  :  was  treated  unkindly,  hut  eventually 
was  provided  with  proper  household  ;  her  tyrannical 
guardians,  Robert  de  Km  and  John  Baliol,  punished, 
Kir.'lish  influence  being  restored,  1265:  visited  England 
with  lier  husband,  1256  and  1260:  gave  birth  to  eldest 
••hiM,  Margaret,  12G1,  to  Alexander,  1264,  and  David,  1270: 
visited  Henry  III,  126K,  awl  attended  Edward  I's  corona- 
tion, 1274.  [xxxvi.  134] 

MARGARET  (12827-1318),  queen  of  Edward  I; 
daughter  of  Philip  III  of  France  :  married  Edward,  as  his 
second  wife,  1299  ;  gave  birth  to  three  children  :  Thomas. 
1300,  Edmund,  1»M,  and  Margaret,  1306:  crowed  to 
Boulogne  to  be  present  at  Edward  I  I's  marriage,  130H. 

[xxxvi.  136] 

MARGARET  op  SCOTLAND  (14257-1445),  wife  of  the 
dauphin  Louis  (afterwanls  Louis  XI  of  France):  daughter 
of  .l.iin.--  1  of  Scotland  ;  married  Louis  at  Toun>,  1436.and 
was  treated  badly  by  him  ;  wrote  poetry,  [xxxvi.  136] 

MARGARET,  the  MAID  OP  NORWAY  (1283-1290), 
queen  of  Scotland  :  daughter  of  Eric  II  of  Norway  and 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Alexander  III  of  Scotland  (1241- 
1286)  [q.  v.],  by  his  queen  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  III  [q.  v.]  ;  acknowledged  by  nobles  as  heir  of 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  1284  :  affianced  to  Prince  Edward, 
son  of  Edward  I,  1287;  died  in  the  Orkneys  while  on 
voyage  from  Bergen  to  England.  A  woman  declaring 
herself  to  be  Margaret  was  bnnied  at  Bergen.  13nl,  by 
King  Hakon  V,  and  was  reverenced  as  a  saint  by  many 
who  believed  her  story.  [Suppl.  iii.  139] 

MARGARET  OF  ASJOU  (1430-1482X  queen  con-ort  of 
Henry  VI  ;  daughter  of  Rene  of  Anjou;  brought  up  by 
her  grandmother,  Yolande  of  Aragon  in  Anjou  ;  tnuv  of 
Tours  confirming  her  betrothal  to  Henry  VI  siifnr«l,  Mil; 
married  by  proxy  at  Nancy,  1445,  these  events  being 
brought  about  by  Beaufort  and  the  peace  party  :  i-ntm-l 
London  and  crowned  at  Westminster  Abbey  in  Ml 
1446  ;  devoted  her  abilities  towards  identifying  IHTM  It  and 
Henry  VI  with  one  faction,  the  Beaufort-Suffolk  party  : 
brought  about  Henry's  surrender  of  possession*  in  Maine, 
1445;  appropriated  greedily  part  of  Duke  Humphrey's 
estates  on  his  death,  1447  :  on  fall  of  Suffolk  (14-J'J  »  ti  -.in- 
ferred her  confidence  to  Somerset,  who  incurred  unpopu- 
larity by  his  loss  of  Normandy  and  Gulenue:  liberated 
Somerset  from  prison,  1450,  and  drove  Richard,  duke  of 
York,  into  violent  courses;  displayed  covetousness  and 
high-handedness  :  foundol,  with  Andrew  Doket  [q.  v.], 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1448;  gave  birth  to  son 
Edward,  1463  ;  failed  to  secure  regency  on  Henry's  pro- 
stration, but  on  his  recovery  (1455)  tried  to  crush  York  ; 
defeated  at  St.  Albans,  1455,  when  Somerset  was  killed, 
on  which  York  again  became  protector:  left  Henry  in 
disgust,  1456;  was  seemingly  reconciled  to  York,  1458, 
but  forthwith  stirred  up  country  against  his  party; 
communicated  secretly  with  Breze,  seneschal 
mandy:  on  Henry's  defeat  at  Northampton,  MI".  rt«d 
with  the  prince  into  Cheshire,  and  after  many  adven- 
tures took  refuge  successively  at  Harlech  Cu-tl.-,  at 
Denbigh,  and  in  Scotland  ;  signed  treaty  at  Liiu-ludvn 
consenting  to  Edward's  marriage  with  Mary  of  BooUaad 
and  surrendering  Berwick,  1461  ;  after  victory  at  Wake- 
field  (1460)  marched  to  London  and  defeated  Warwick 
at  St.  Albans,  1461  ;  showed  great  bruUility  in  execution 
of  her  enemies  :  after  defeat  at  Towton  (  March  1461  )  retired 
again  to  Scotland  with  Henry,  surrendering  Berwick  to 
the  Scot*:  went  to  Brittany  and  Anjou  and  appealed  to 
Louis  XI,  1462  ;  invaded  Northumberland  with  Brea*  and 
French  troops,  but  failed,  1462:  protected  by  a  robber: 
landed  at  Sluy*,  1463,  almost  d-.tituu-;  took  refuge  in 


MARGARET 


840 


MARKHAM 


finally  with  her  father :  sent  Jasper  Tudor 
"  :  made  treaty  with  Warwick 


470-  landed  at  Wevmouth  with  forces,  1471, 
Wnwhile  Warwick  had  been  killed »      tan* 


her  Mm  being  slain  on  the  field  and  her  husband 
niarderedsoon  after,  1471 :  rematnei  imprisoned  till 
,  1476 ;  was  conveyed 


released  by  treaty  of  Peoquigny,  1476 ;  was  conveyeu 
•braid  and  pensioned  by  Lonis  XI,  but  compelled  to  sur- 
render all  rights  of  Buccession  to  French  territory  ;  lived 
in  extreme  poverty  and  isolation  in  Anjou,  and  was  buried 
at  Angers  ; Commemorated  by  Chastellain  and  Drayton 
8h»A«pe«re  probably  little  responsible  for  the  portrait  of 
her  in  » King  Henry  VI.'  [xxxvi.  138] 

MARGARET  OF  DENMARK  (1457  7-1486),  queen  of 
Jam«  III  of  Scotland ;  daughter  of  Christian  I  of  Den- 
mark. Norway,  and  Sweden ;  married  James  III,  1469 ; 
part  of  her  dowry  being  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  Isles  ; 
gave  birth  to  heir  (afterwards  James  IV  of  Scotland), 
;.;.>.  [xxxvi.  148] 

MARGARET,  DUCHESS  OF  BURGUNDY  (1446-1503), 
jister  of  Edward  IV  :  married  Charles,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
at  Damme,  1468,  thus  cementing  alliance  between  houses 
of  York  and  Burgundy  ;  reconciled  Clarence  to  his  brother, 
Edward  IV,  the  latter  having  been  compelled  to  take  re- 
fuge in  Burgundy,  1470;  patroness  of  Oaxton:  visited 
England,  1480 :  on  Henry  VH's  accession  received  discon- 
tented Yorkists  at  her  court,  and  enco-iraged  the  pre- 
tenders, Lambert  Simnel  and  Perkin  Warbeck ;  apologised 
to  Henry  VII,  1498 ;  died  at  Mechlin.  [xxxvi.  148] 

MARGARET  BEAUFORT,  COUNTKSS  OF  RICHMOND 
AXD  DERBY  (1443-1509).  [See  BEAUFORT.] 

MARGARET  TUDOR  (1489-1541),  queen  of  Scotland ; 
eldest  daughter  of  Henry  VII :  married  James  IV  of  Scot- 
land at  Holyrood,  1503:  crowned,  1504;  gave  birth  to 
six  children,  two  of  whom  survived,  James  (afterwards 
James  V)  and  Alexander;  supported  English  party 
against  the  French;  on  James  IV's  death  at  Flodden, 

1513.  became  regent  and  guardian  of  young  king,  but  met 
with  great  opposition ;  secured  peaoj  with  England,  1514; 
married  Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.], 

1514,  whereby  she  strengthened  French  party;  was  be- 
sieged in  Stirling   and    compelled  to  give  up  regency 
and  young  king  to  John  Stewart,  duke  of  Albany  [q.  v.], 
1615;  escaped  to  England  and  gave  birth  to  Margaret, 
afterwards  Countess  of  Lennox  [q.  v.] :  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh,  1617,  but  the  promise  made  her  of  dower,  rents, 
and  access  to  her  son  never  fulfilled  ;  quarrelled  with  her 
hnsband,  Angus,  1518  :  joined  French  party  ;  was  allowed 
accesK  to  the  king,  but  constantly  changed  sides ;  allied 
herself  with  Albany,  1621 ;  was  accused  of  'over-tender- 
ness* for  him,  and  caused  withdrawal  of  her  husband, 
Angus,  to  France ;  played  with  both  parties;  carried  off 
her  son  James  to  Edinburgh,  and  abrogated  Albany's 
regency,  but  alienated  support  by  rash  actions,  1524 ;  fired 
on  Angus  when  he  broke  into  Edinburgh,  but  admitted 
him  to  the  regency,  1525;  regained  influence  over  her  son 
.linn.--,   but  retired  to  Stirling  on  his  refusal  to  allow 
return  of  Henry  Stewart,  first  lord  Methven  [q.  v.],  her 
favourite ;  obtained  divorce  from  Angus,  1527,  and  married 
Ptewart,  and  together  with  him  became  James's  chief 
adviser  on  fall  of  Angus,  1528 ;   helped  to  bring  about 
peace  with  England,  1634;  accused  by  James  of  taking 
bribes   from    England,   and   treated    with  coldness   by 
Henry  VIII;  interceded  with  Henry  VIII  for  her  daughtei 
Lady  Margaret  Douglas,  1536 ;  endeavoured  unsuccessful!, 
to  procure  divorce  from  Henry  Stewart ;  attempted  tc 
escape  into  England,  but  was  overtaken,  1537  ;  troubled 
Henry  VIII  with  various  complaints;  died  at  Methven 
Castle;  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  John  at  Perth. 


MARGART,  AUGUSTUS  »a.*a^J*,u  ^  10*0-10/0 
traveller;  interpreter  in  Chinese  consular  establishment 
filled  various  appointments  in  China;  travelled  througl 
KMith  western  provinces  to  Yunnan  to  meet  Colone 
Urowne,  1875,  being  the  first  Englishman  to  accomplid 
the  journey  ;  murdered  at  Manwein  ;  obtained  melals  fo 
laving  life  at  Formosa,  1873.  [xxxvi.  157] 

MARGET80H,  JAMES  (1600-1678),  archbishop  e 
Armagh;  educated  at  Peterhoose,  Cambridge;  chaplai 


Wentworth  in  Ireland,  1633  ;  dean  of  Waterford,  1635; 

ucccssively  rector  of  Armagh  and  Galloon  or  Dartry : 

rehendary  of  Cork  and  dean  of  Derry,  1637  ;   dean  of 

hrist  Church,  Dublin,  1639;    refused  to  rise  directory 

nstead  of  prayer-book,  1647 ;  fled  to  England,  and  was 

mprisoned;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1661-3;  privy  coun- 

llor,  1661 ;   archbishop  of  Armagh,  1663-78,  and  vice- 

lancellor  of  Dublin  University,  1667 ;   rebuilt  Armagh 

'athedral.  [xxxvi.  157] 

MARGOLIOUTH,  MOSES  (1820-1881),  divine;  Jew- 
jh  uative  of  Suwalki,  Poland  :  entered  church  of  Eng- 
ind,  1838  :  taught  Hebrew  and  other  subjects ;  entered 
rinity  College,  Dublin,  1840  ;  ordained  to  curacy  of  St. 
neustine,   Liverpool,  1844;    incumbent   of   Glasnevin, 
844;  examining  chaplain  to  bishop  of  Kildare,  1844; 
erved  several  curacies;   visited  the  Holy  Land,  1847; 
vicar  of  Little  Linford,  1877-81 ;  published  '  The  Funda- 
mental Principles  of  Modern  Judaism,'  1843,  and  other 
corks.  [xxxvi.  159] 

MARHAM,  RALPH  (/.  1380),  historian  ;  D.D.  Cam- 
ridge  ;  prior  of  King's  Lynn ;  wrote  '  Manipulus  Ohroni- 
orum.'  [xxxvi.  159] 

MARIANUS      SCOTUS     (1028-1082?),    chronicler: 
ative  of  Ireland ;   his  true  name  Moelbrigte ;    pupil  of 
Tigernach;  entered  Cologne  monastery,  1056  ;  '  recluse' 
uccessively  at  Fulda  and  Mentz ;  wrote  universal  chro- 
icle.  [xxxvi.  160] 

MARIANUS  SCOTUS  or  MUIREDACH  (d.  1088), 
rst  abbot  of  St.  Peter's,  Ratisbon ;  famous  for  his  cali- 
raphy.  [xxxvi.  160] 

MARINER,     WILLIAM  (fl.  1800-1860),    traveller; 

etained  in  friendly  captivity  in  the  Tonga  islands,  1805- 

_810;  communicated  to  John  Martin  H789-1869)  [q.  v.] 

materials  for  his  'Account  ...  of  the  Tonga  Islands,' 

.817.  [xxxvi.  285] 

MARISCHAL,  EARLS  OF.  [See  KEITH,  WILLIAM, 
burth  EARL,  d.  1581 ;  KEITH,  GEORGE,  fifth  EARL,  1553  ?- 
1623;  KEITH,  WILLIAM,  sixth  EARL,  d.  1635;  KEITH, 
WILLIAM,  seventh  EARL,  1617  ?-1661 ;  KEITH,  GEORGE, 
tenth  EARL,  1693  ?-1778.] 

MARISCO,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1257  ?).    [See  ADAM.] 

MARISGO,  MARISCIS,  MAREYS,  or  MARES, 
GEOFFREY  DB  (rf.  1245),  justiciar  or  viceroy  of  Ireland ; 
nephew  of  John  Oomyn  [q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Dublin; 
powerful  in  South  Munster  and  Leinster ;  received  large 
grants  of  land  in  Ireland ;  defeated  Hugh  de  Lacy  (d.  1 242  ?) 
[q.  v.]  at  Thurles ;  conquered  Connauprht,  1210;  made  pro- 
testation of  loyalty  to  King  John,  1211 ;  justiciar  of  Ire- 
land, 1215-21,  1226-8,  and  1230-2:  visited  Henry  III  at 
Oxford  and  made  agreement  with  him,  leaving  one  of  his 
sons  as  hostage,  1220;  carried  on  private  wars;  treacher- 
ously brought  about  death  of  Richard  Marshal,  1234 ;  being 
suspected  of  having  plotted  assassination  of  Henry  III, 
1238,  fled  to  Alexander  II  of  Scotland ;  expelled  from 
Scotland,  1244 ;  died  in  poverty  in  France,  [xxxvi.  161] 

MARISCO,  HERVEY  DE  (/.  1169).  [See  MOUNT- 
MAURICE.] 

MARISCO  or  MARSH,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1226), 
bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor;  clerk  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  held  various  preferments ;  advised  King  John's 
persecution  of  Cistercians,  1210 ;  archdeacon  of  Northum- 
berland before  1212,  and  Richmond,  1213  ;  sheriff  of  Dorset 
and  Somerset,  1212;  suspended  for  officiating  during 
interdict,  1212 ;  visited  Rome;  justiciar,  1213-14 ;  acconrf- 
panied  King  John  abroad,  1214;  chancellor,  1214;  sent 
on  missions  abroad,  1215;  bishop  of  Durham,  1217-26; 
justice  itinerant,  1219 ;  engaged  in  violent  dispute  with 
his  monks  ;  one  of  John's  worst  advisers,  [xxxvi.  163] 

MARKAUNT,  THOMAS  (d.  1439),  antiquary  ;  B.D. ; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  proctor, 
1417 ;  said  to  have  first  collected  the  privileges,  statutes, 
and  laws  of  Cambridge  University.  [xxxvi.  164] 


MARKHAM,     MRS. 
ELIZABETH.] 


(1780-1837).      [See    PENROSK, 


MARKHAM,  FRANCIS  (1565-1627),  soldier  and 
author  ;  brother  of  Gervase  Markham  [q.  v.]  ;  fonirlit  in 
several  campaigns  abroad;  muster-master  at  ]s~<vt  ii','- 
ham  ;  works  include  '  Five  Decades  of  Epistles  of  War,' 
1622.  [xxxvi.  165] 


MAKKHAM 


841 


MARLOWE 


MARKHAM.   FIIKDEHFCK   (isns  isr.r,),  li.-ntenant- 
peneral,  son  of  John  Markli.-ini  (1761-1827)  [.(. 
S'2i\<l  foot,  isi't;  imprisoni'.!  lor  acting  as  second  ii. 
linrl.  ]*:!•>:  served  in  Canada  and  was  wounded,  1837; 
commnndiil  divisions  in    Punjab  campaign,   1848-9,  in- 
cluding victory  at  Goojerat;  C.B.  and  aide-de-camp  to 
tlir  Miioen;  adjutant-general  in  India,  1854:  comm 
division  at  attack  on  the  Redan,  1855 ;  published  '  Shoot- 
in-  in  the  Himalayas,'  1864.  [xxxvt.  165] 

MARKHAM,  G-KUVASE  or  JERVI8  (16687-1687), 
author;  brother  of  Francis  Markham  [q.  v.] ;  fought  in 
tlic  Netherlands  ;  a  scholar  acquainted  with  various  Ian- 
gnnire?  :  agricultural  writer  and  reformer ;  said  to  have 
imported  first  Arab  horse  into  England ; '  earliest  English 
hackney  writer';  author  of  works  and  compilations,  In- 
cluding 'Tlie  most  Honorable  Tragedie  of  Sir  Richard 
<}rinvilc,'  1595,  'The  English  Arcadia,'  1607,  'Discourse 
on  Horsemanshippe,'  1693,  'Country  Contentments,'  1611, 
'The  Souldier's  Accidence,'  1626,  and  'The  Faithfull 
Farrier,'  1635;  collaborated  in  writing  plays;  styled  'a 
base  fellow'  by  Ben  Jonson.  [xxxvi.  166] 

MARKHAM,  SIR  GRIFFIN  (1564  ?-1644  ?),  soldier 
nnd  conspirator ;  cousin  of  Francis  and  Qervase  Mark- 
ham  [q.  v.];  served  in  Netherlands;  with  Essex  in 
France,  where  he  was  knighted,  and  in  Ireland ;  con- 
cerned in  the  '  Bye'  plot,  1603,  convicted  of  high  treason, 
but  respited  at  moment  of  execution ;  banished  and  his 
estates  confiscated  ;  retired  abroad.  [xxxvi.  168] 

MARKHAM.  JOHN  (d.  1409),  judge  of  common  pleas, 
1396:  member  of  commission  which  carried  out  change 
of  dynasty,  1399.  [xxxvi.  169] 

MARKHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1479),  chief-justice  of 
England ;  son  of  John  Markham  (d.  1409)  [q.  v.] ;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1440;  judge,  1444;  K.B.  and  chief-justice 
of  king's  bench,  1461 ;  deprived,  1469 ;  famous  for  his  im- 
partiality, [xxxvi.  170] 

MARKHAM,  JOHN  (1761-1827),  admiral:  son  of 
William  Markham  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1776 ;  served  on 
North  America  and  West  Indies  stations  ;  nearly  wrecked 
and  murdered  when  in  charge  of  prize-ship,  1 777 :  cashiered 
for  firing  upon  Ji  French  cartel,  1782,  but  reinstated  by 
Rodney  and  promoted  post-captain,  1783 ;  commanded 
Sphynx  in  Mediterranean,  1783-6 ;  travelled,  1786-93 ; 
served  under  Lord  St.  Vincent  at  reduction  of  Martinique, 
1 703,  off  Cadiz.  1797,  in  Mediterranean,  1799,  and  off  Brest, 
1  si  ii  i  ;  colleague  of  St.  Vincent  at  admiralty  board,  1801-4, 
and  of  Howick  and  Grenville,  1806-7 ;  M.P.,  Portsmouth, 
1807-26  (except  1818-20).  [xxxvi.  171] 

MARKHAM,  PETER  (ft.  1758),  writer  on  adul- 
teration of  bread,  1758 ;  M.D.  [xxxvi.  172] 

MARKHAM,  WILLIAM  (1719-1807),  archbishop  of 
York  ;  descended  from  John  Markham  (d.  1409)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School :  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1742  ;  M.A.,  1745  :  D.C.L.,  1752  ;  one  of 
the  best  scholars  of  the  day ;  published  Latin  verse ;  head- 
master of  Westminster  School,  1753-65;  chaplain  to 
George  II,  1766 ;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1759 ;  dean  of 
Rochester,  1766 ;  vicar  of  Boxley,  1766  ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1767  ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1771 ;  preceptor 
to  George,  prince  of  Wales  and  Prince  Frederick,  1771,  but 
dismissed,  1776;  archbishop  of  York,  1777;  lord  high 
almoner  and  privy  councillor,  1777;  denounced  by 
Chatham  and  others  for  preaching  '  pernicious '  doctrines  ; 
attacked  by  Gordon  rioters,  1780;  used  intemperate 
language  in  defence  of  Warren  Hastings,  which  was 
brought  under  notice  of  parliament,  1793;  at  one  time 
intimate  friend  of  Burke.  [xxxvi.  172] 

MABKLAND,  ABRAHAM  (1645-1728),  master  of 
St.  Cross  Hospital,  Winchester:  scholar  and  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1689 ;  D.D.,  1692 ; 
master  of  St.  Cross,  Winchester,  1694-1728;  held  several 
living,  and  Winchester  prebend ;  published  poems  and 
sermons.  [xxxvi.  175] 

MARKLAND,  JAMES  HEYWOOD  (1788-1864), 
antiquary;  London  solicitor,  1808  and  1839;  F.S.A., 
1809 ;  parliamentary  agent  to  West  Indian  planters, 
1814  ;  student,  Inner  Temple,  1814  ;  F.R.S.,1816  :  edited 
for  Roxburghe  Club,  which  (1813)  be  joined,  'Chester 
Mysteries,'  1818;  assisted  and  contributed  to  various 
publications,  including  papers  for  the  '  Arcbseologia ' : 
wrote  'On  the  Reverence  due  to  Holy  Places,'  1846.  and 
•everal  other  works,  [xxxvi.  175] 


MARKLAND,  JEREMIAH  (16W-177S), 
scholar;  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and  St. 
•  ..!i.i.ri,hf,.:  M.A..  1717;  fellow  and  tot., 
OOrtrtbated  p.*  try  to  'Cambridge  OratuUtious'  1714; 
engaged  in  private  tuition:  willed  finally  at  Milton 
Court,  near  Dorking  ;  published  '  Bphtola  Critic*  '  (on 
Horace),  1723,  '  Remark*  on  toe  BptatiM  of  Cicero,1  1746, 
ai  .d  (  .t  h  rr  \vorks.  [xxxvi.  17«] 


HENBY  8TAOY 
ployed  in  his  father'!  coach-b 
heraldic  device*  on  carriage*: 
Matbews  Leigh  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Royal  Academy  schools, 
1861  :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  IMS  :  executed 
wall-paintings,  representing  the  Canterbury  pilgrims,  in 
Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  1876-8;  R.A.,  1878;  member  of 
Royal  Water-colour  Society,  1888.  His  earlier  pictures 
were  largely  humorous  Shakespearean  subject*  ;  in  later 
years  be  specialised  in  natural-history  subjects  (prin- 
cipally birds),  but  produced  also  land  and  *ea  scapes. 

MARKWICZ  or  MABKWICKE,  NATHANIEL 
(1664-1735),  divine  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1690  :  B.D.  (as  Markwitb),  1696  ;  prebendary  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  1699  ;  works  include  '  Stricture?  LucU,'  1788. 

[xxxvi.  177] 

MABLBOBOUGH,  DUKES  OF.  [See  OHCRI-HII.U 
JOHN,  first  DUKE,  1660-1722;  SPENCER,  OHARLKA,  third 
DUKE,  1706-1758;  SPENCER,  GEORGE,  fourth  DUKK, 
1739-1817;  SPENCER,  GEORGE,  fifth  DUKE,  1766-1840; 
CHURCHILL,  JOHN  WINSTON  SPKNCBR,  seventh  DUKK, 
1822-1883.] 

MARLBOROUGH,  SARAH,  DUCHESS  OF  (1660-1744). 
[See  CHURCHILL,  SARAH.] 

MARLBOROUGH,  EAKLS  OF.  [See  LET,  JAMES,  first 
EARL,  1550-1629  ;  LEY,  JAMES,  third  EARL,  1618-1666.] 

MARLBOROUGH,  HRNRY  OF  (fl.  1420).  [See 
HENRY.] 

MARLEBERGE.  THOMAS  DE  (d.  1236),  abbot  of 
Evesbam  ;  learned  in  canon  and  civil  law  ;  taught  at 
Oxford;  monk  of  Evesham,  1199  or  1200;  engaged  in 
dispute  with  bishop  of  Worcester  concerning  right  of 
visitation  of  monastery  ;  went  to  Rome  and  obtained 
verdict  of  exemption,  1205  ;  quarrelled  with  Abbot 
Norreys;  expelled  and  attacked  with  his  companions, 
1206,  but  beat  off  assailants  ;  effected  deposition  of  Nor- 
reys, 1213  ;  made  abbot,  1229  ;  paid  off  the  abbey's  debts 
and  carried  out  numerous  and  important  restorations 
and  adornments;  architect,  mechanical  workman, 
painter,  and  embroiderer  ;  wrote  '  Chronicon  Abbatite  de 
Evesham  '  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  178] 

MAR10W,  WILLIAM  (1740-1813),  water-colour 
painter  ;  member  of  Society  of  Artists  ;  exhibited  there 
and  at  Academy  :  painted  mostly  English  country  seats 
and  scenes;  worked  also  in  oil.  [xxxvi.  180] 


MARLOWE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1564-1593), 
tist ;  son  of  a  Canterbury  shoemaker  ;  educated  at  King's 
School,  Canterbury,  and  Corpus  Cbri*ti  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A..  1587 ;  attached  himself  to  Earl  of  Notting- 
ham's theatrical  company,  which  produced  most  of  bis 
plays  :  acquainted  with  leading  men  of  letters,  including 
Raleigh ;  wrote,  not  later  than  1587,  '  Tamburlaine ' 
(published,  1590),  in  which  he  gave  new  development  to 
blank  verse  ;  wrote  '  The  Tragedy  of  Dr.  Faustos '  (first 
entered  on '  Stationers'  Register,'  1601,  but  not  apparently 
published  till  1604),  which  was  well  received:  produced 
after  1688,  'The  Jew  of  Malta*  (first  published,  1633X 
'  Edward  II,'  the  best-constructed  of  his  plays,  1593  (first 
published,  1594),  and  two  inferior  pieces,  the  '  Massacre 
at  Paris'  (probably  published,  1600),  and  'Tragedy  of 
Dido'  (joint  work  of  Marlowe  and  Nash),  published,  1594  : 
pointed  to  as  part  author  of  Shakespeare's  "Titus  An- 
dronicus,'  by  internal  evidence :  wrote  much  of  the  second 
and  third  parts  of  '  Henry  VI,'  which  Shakespeare  revised 
and  completed,  and  of  'Edward  III';  translated  Grid's 
'  Amores '  (published  with  Sir  John  Davies's  '  Epigrammes 
and  Elegies,'  e.  1597) ;  paraphrased  part  of  Mosseus's  '  Hero 
and  Leander'  (completed  by  George  Chapman  and  pub- 
lished, 1698)  ;  translated  '  The  First  Book  of  Lacan[*s 
Pharsalia] '  (published,  1600) :  wrote  the  song  '  Come  live 
with  me  and  be  my  love'  (published  in  "The  Passionate 
Pilgrim,'  1599,  and  in  '  England's  Helicon');  held  and 
propagated  atheistical  opinions,  and  a  warrant  Issued 


MABMION 


MARRYAT 


for  his  arrest,  !»»»  :  killed  in  a  drunken  brawl  at  Dept- 
fonl  •  probably  not  guilty  of  the  blasphemy  and  gross 
immoiality  often  ascribed  to  him  :  spoken  of  with  affection 
by  Edward  Blount,  Nashe,  and  Chapman  :  his  '  mighty  line  ' 
•noken  of  by  Ben  Jonson  :  quoted  and  apostrophised  by 
Bbjkkamue  m  'As  yon  like  it.*  Marlowe  excelled  in 
portraying  human  ambition  and  exerted  much  influence 
over  Shakespeare,  His  collected  works  were  first  published, 
>•:,;.  [xxxvi.  180] 

MARMION.  PHILIP  (d.  1291),  grandson  of  Robert 
Marmion(</.  1218)  :  sheriff  of  Warwickshire  and  Leicester- 
shire, 1249,  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1261  ;  taken  prisoner 
fighting  for  the  king  at  Lewes,  1264.  [xxxvi.  191] 

MARMION.  ROBERT(d.  1143),  carried  on  war  during 
anarchy  in  Stephen's  reign  ;  killed  in  fight  with  Earl  of 
Chester  at  Coventry.  [xxxvi.  190] 

MARMION,  ROBERT  (d.  1218),  justice  itinerant  and 
reputed  king's  champion  :  descended  from  lords  of  Fon- 
tenay  le  Marmion  in  Normandy,  grandson  of  Robert 
Marmion(d.  1143):  sheriff  of  Worcester,  1186;  attended 
Richard  I  and  King  John  in  Normandy  ;  sided  with 
barons  against  King  John  ;  benefactor  of  Kir  ks  toad  Abbey, 
Lincolnshire.  [xxxvi.  190] 

MARMION,  SHAOKERLEY  (1603-1639),  dramatist  ; 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1624  ;  soldier  for  a  short 
time  in  the  Netherlands;  settled  in  London  and  was 
patronised  by  Ben  Jonson,  whose  dramatic  work  he 
imitated  ;  convicted  of  stabbing,  1629  :  joined  Suckling's 
expedition  to  Scotland,  1638;  wrote  'A  Morall  Poem 
intituled  the  Legend  of  Cupid  and  Psyche,'  1637  (in  heroic 
couplets):  contributed  poetry  to  •  Annalia  Dubrensia,' 
1«3«,  and  to  'Jonsonus  Virbius,'  1638;  produced  the 
comedies  '  Hollands  Leagver,'  1632,  'A  Fine  Companion,' 
1633,  and  •  The  Antiquary,'  published,  1641.  [xxxvi.  191] 

MARNOCK,  ROBERT  (1800-1889),  landscape  gar- 
dener ;  laid  out  botanical  gardens  in  Sheffield  and  Regent's 
Park,  London,  becoming  curator  ;  carried  out  designs  at 
Greenland*,  Henley-on-  Thames,  Taplow  Court,  San 
Donate,  near  Florence,  and  Alexandra  Park,  Hastings  ; 
his  designs  distinguished  by  good  taste  and  '  picturesque- 
ness';  edited  *  Floricultnral  Magazine'  (1836-42)  and 
other  gardening  publications,  and  wrote  with  Deakin  first 
volume  of  *  Florigraphia  Britannica,'  1837.  [xxxvi.  192] 

MAROCHETTI,  CARLO  (1805-1867),  sculptor,  baron 
of  Italy  :  studied  at  Paris  and  Rome  ;  executed  statue  of 
Emmanuel  Philibert  of  Savoy  for  Turin,  and  other  work  ; 
made  baron  by  Carlo  Alberto,  later  patronised  by  Louis- 
Philippe  ;  executed  at  Paris  statue  of  Duke  of  Orleans, 
relief  of  *  Assumption  '  in  the  Madeleine,  and  other  sculp- 
tures ;  given  Legion  of  Honour,  1839  ;  patronised  by  Queen 
Victoria  and  Prince  Albert  after  1848  ;  exhibited  '  Sappho  ' 
and  other  work  at  Academy,  and  statue  of  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion  at  Great  Exhibition,  1851  ;  executed  statues  of 
Queen  Victoria,  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  others,  the 
Inkerman  monument  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  other 
monuments  and  busts  :  R.A.,  1866  ;  advocateof  polychromy 
in  sculpture.  [xxxvi.  193] 

MARRABLE,  FREDERICK  (1818-1872),  architect  ; 
superintending  architect  to  metropolitan  board  of  works, 
1866-62  ;  constructed  offices  in  Spring  Gardens,  besides 
other  important  London  buildings.  [xxxvi.  194] 

MARRAS,  OIAOINTO  (1810-1883),  singer  and  musi- 
cal composer  ;  born  at  Naples  and  studied  music  there  ; 
came  to  England,  1835  ;  sang  at,  and  gave,  concerts  with 
Qrisi,  Lablache,  Balfe,  and  others  ;  visited  Russia,  1842, 
and  Vienna  and  Naples  later;  was  in  Paris,  1844  ;  settled 
in  England,  1846  ;  published  songs  and  other  works  ; 
sang  in  public;  instituted  'apres-midis  musicales*  at  his 
own  boose;  visited  India,  1870-3,  and  the  Riviera,  1879  ; 
immense  repertoire  of  oratorio,  opera,  and 


chamber  music  ;  as  composer  belongs  to  Italian  school  ; 
published  also  '  Lezioni  di  Canto  '  and  •  Element!  Vocali,' 
18*0,  valuable  treatises  on  singing.  [xxxvi.  194] 

MARRAT,  WILLIAM  (1772-1882),  mathematician 
and  topographer  ;  contributed  to  mathematical  serials  ; 
printer  and  publisher  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  and  teacher 
of  mathematics  ;  works  include  '  An  Introduction  to  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Mechanics,'  1810,  and  '  The  His- 
tory of  Lincolnshire,'  1814-16.  [xxxvi.  196] 

MARRETor  MARRE,  JOHN  (d.  1407),  Carmelite: 
«cbola«Uc  theologian,  disputant,  and  preacher  ;  bead  of 


POIKM^UT  convent ;  wrote  scholastic  treatises  ami  other 
works.  [xxxvi.  196] 

MARRIOTT,  CHARLES  (1811-1858), divine;  son  of 
John  Marriott  (1780-1825)  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  of  Bnlliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1832  :  fellow,  mathematical  lecturer, 
and  tutor  of  Oriel,  College,  Oxford,  1833;  principal  of 
Theological  College,  Chichester,  1839 ;  sub-dean  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1841 ;  disciple  of  Newman  till  Newman 
went  over  to  Rome  ;  had  great  influence  among  younger 
men  at  Oxford :  vicar  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  1850-8 ; 
member  of  hebdomadal  council :  published  sermons  and 
pamphlets,  and  edited  with  Pusey  and  Keble  'The  Library 
of  the  Fathers,'  1841-55,  also  '  The  Literary  Churchman ' 
from  1855,  and  other  publications.  [xxxvi.  196] 

MARRIOTT,  SIR  JAMES  (1730?-1803),  lawyer  and 
politician ;  scholar  and  (1756)  fellow  of  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge;  LL.D.,  1767;  patronised  by  Duke  of  New- 
castle ;  advocate-general,  1764 ;  master  of  Trinity  Hall, 
1764;  vice-chancellor,  1767;  judge  of  admiralty  court, 
1778;  knighted,  1778 ;  M.P.,  Sudbury,  1781-4  and  1796- 
1802  ;  declared  America  to  be  represented  in  the  English 
parliament  by  the  member  for  Kent,  the  thirteen  pro- 
vinces being  described  in  their  charters  as  part  and  parcel 
of  the  manor  of  Greenwich,  1782 ;  published  poems  and 
legal  and  political  works.  [xxxvi.  198] 

MARRIOTT,  JOHN  (d.  1653), '  the  great  eater,'  known 
as  'Ben  Marriott';  celebrated  in  'The  Great  Eater  of 
Graye's  Inn'  (pasquinade),  1652,  where  his  insatiable 
appetite  is  described  in  detail.  [xxxvi.  199] 

MARRIOTT,  JOHN  (1780-1825),  poet  and  divine: 
student,  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1806;  tutor  to 
Lord  Scott,  1804-8,  and  intimate  with  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
who  addressed  to  him  the  second  canto  of  '  Marmion ' ; 
rector  of  Church  Lawford,  Warwickshire,  1807 ;  held 
curacies  in  Devonshire :  contributed  poems  to  Scott's 
'  Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border '  and  author  of  several 
others,  including  '  Marriage  is  like  a  Devonshire  Lane,' 
and  hymns,  also  of  sermons.  [xxxvi.  199] 

MARRIOTT,  WHARTON  BOOTH  (1823-1871), 
divine  ;  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1843-6  ;  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1846-51 ;  B.O.L.,  1851  ;  M.A., 
1856;  B.D.,  1870;  university  preacher,  1868;  Grinfield 
lecturer,  1871 ;  assistant-master  at  Eton,  1850-60 ;  F.S.A., 
1857  ;  published  '  Vestiarium  Ohristianum,'  1868,  and 
other  works.  [xxxvi.  200] 

MARROWE,  GEORGE  (/.  1437),  alchemist. 

[xxxvi.  201] 

MARRYAT,  FLORENCE,  successively  MRS.  CHURCH 
and  MRS.  LEAN  (1838-1899),  novelist:  daughter  of 
Frederick  Marryat  [q.  v.] ;  married,  firstly,  T.  Ross 
Church,  afterwards  colonel  in  Madras  staff  corps,  1854, 
and  secondly,  Colonel  Francis  Lean  of  royal  marine  light 
infantry,  1890 ;  published  from  1865  many  novels,  works 
dealing  with  spiritualism,  and  '  Life  and  Letters  of  Captain 
Marryat,'  1872.  [Suppl.  Hi.  141] 

MARRYAT,  FREDERICK  (1792-1848),  captain 
R.N.  and  novelist ;  grandson  of  Thomas  Marryat  [q.  v.] ; 
served  under  Lord  Cochrane  in  the  Imperieuse,  which 
performed  several  brilliant  actions,  including  attack 
on  French  fleet  in  Aix  Roads,  1809 ;  took  part  in 
Walcheren  expedition,  1809  ;  served  on  Mediterranean, 
West  Indies,  North  America,  and  St.  Helena  stations : 
commanded  the  Larne  in  first  Burmese  war,  1823  ;  senior 
naval  officer  at  Rangoon,  1824  ;  commanded  successful 
expedition  up  Bassein  river,  1825  ;  appointed  to  the  Teea, 
1825,  and  Ariadne,  1828 ;  O.B.,  1826 ;  gold  medallist. 
Royal  Humane  Society,  for  saving  life  at  sea ;  adapted 
Popham's  signalling  system  to  mercantile  marine; 
F.R.S.,  1819 ;  member  of  Legion  of  Honour,  1833  ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Naval  Officer,'  1829,  and  series  of  well-known 
novels  of  sea-life,  including  '  Peter  Simple,'  1834,  and  '  Mr. 
Midshipman  Easy,'  1836,  largely  autobiographical ;  pub- 
lished children's  books  and  other  works,  and  (1832-8) 
edited  '  Metropolitan  Magazine '  ;  lived  for  some  time  at 
Brussels  and  in  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

[xxxvi.  201] 

MARRYAT,  THOMAS  (1730-1792),  physician  and 
wit ;  belonged  to  poetical  club  which  met  at  the  Robin 
Hood,  Butcher  Row,  Strand;  was  educated  for  prcs- 
byterian  ministry;  M.D.  Edinburgh  ;  practised  in  Lon- 
don, America,  Ireland,  and  elsewhere,  finally  settling  at 


MARSDEN 


Mfl 


MARSH-CALDWELL 


Bristol:  administered  strange  remedies:  published  'The 
Philosophy  of  Masons,'  'Therapeutics,'  1758,  and  vcrren, 
and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  203] 

MARSDEN,  JOHN  BUXTOX  (1803-1870),  historical 
writer  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1830;  vicar 
of  Great  Misseudeu,  Buckinghamshire,  1844;  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Peter,  Dale  End,  Birmingham,  1851 :  works 
include  'The  History  of  the  Early  Puritans,'  1850,  'The 
History  of  the  Later  Puritans,'  1852,  '  History  of  Chris- 
tian Churches,'  1856.  [xxxvL  804] 

MARSDEN,  JOHN  HOWARD  (1808-1891),  nnti- 
quary  ;  scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  H.  II 
scholar ;  Seatouian  prizeman,  1829 ;  M.A.,  1829 ;  B.D., 
1836 :  select  preacher,  1834,  1837,  and  1847 ;  Hulsean 
lecturer,  1843  and  1844,  and  Disney  professor  of  archie- 
oliiiry.  1851-65 ;  rector  of  Great  Oakley,  Essex,  1840-89, 
and  rural  dean :  published  religious,  archaeological,  and 
historical  works,  and  verses.  [xxxvi.  205] 

MARSDEN,  SAMUEL  (1764-1838),  apostle  of  New 
Zealand ;  tradesman's  sou  ;  studied  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  chaplain  in  New  South  Wales,   1793;  had 
charge  of  convicts;   while  on  visit  to  London  in  1807  i 
obtained  audience  of  George  HI,  who  presented  him  with 
five  Spanish  sheep,  the  progenitors  of  extensive  Australian 
flocks  ;  made  several  visits  to  New  Zealand,  and  was  one  | 
of  the  chief  settlers  of  that  country ;  endeavoured  to  im-  , 
prove  the  standard  of  morals  ;  was  attacked  by  authorities, 
but  defended  himself  successfully  before  commission,  1820 ; 
died  at  Parramatta.  [xxxvi.  205] 

MARSDEN,  WILLIAM  (1754-1836),  orientalist  and 
numismatist ;  entered  East  India  Company's  service,  1770 ;  i 
secretary  to  government  at  Sumatra  ;  established  agency 
business  in  London,  1785 ;  second  secretary,  1795,  and 
secretary,  1804,  to  admiralty ;  F.R.S.,  1783 ;  subsequently 
treasurer  and  vice-president ;  member  of  various  learned 
societies;   D.O.L.  Oxford,  1786;  published   'History  of 
Sumatra,1 1783,  'Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Malayan 
Language,'  1812,'  NumismataOrientalia,'  1823- 5,  and  other  , 
works ;  presented  his  collection  of  oriental  coins  to  British  ' 
Museum,  1834.  [xxxvi.  206] 

MARSDEN,  WILLIAM (1796-1867), surgeon;  worked 
under     Abernethy     at    St.     Bartholomew's     Hospital;  I 
M.R.C.P.,  1827:  founded  Royal  Free  Hospital,  London,  | 
where  poor  were  admitted  immediately  without  formali-  j 
ties,  aud  Brompton  Cancer  Hospital;    MJ).  Erlangen, 
1838 ;   published    '  Symptoms    and    Treatment  of  ... 
Asiatic  .  .  .  Cholera,'  1834.  [xxxvi.  207] 

MARSH.    [See  also  MARISCO.] 

MARSH,  ALPHONSO,  the  elder  (1627-1681),  musician 
to  Charles  I :  gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  e.  1661 ; 
composed  songs.  [xxxvi.  208] 

MARSH,  ALPHONSO,  the  younger  (16487-1692), 
musician  ;  FOII  of  Alphonso  Marsh  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1676.  [xxxvi.  208] 

MARSH,  CHARLES (1735-1812),  clerk  in  war  office; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1760  :  F.S.A., 
1784  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [xxxvi.  209] 

MARSH,  CHARLES  (1774  ?-1835  ?),  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  practised  at  Madras ;  M.P.,  East  Retford, 
1812:  distinguished  himself  by  knowledge  of  Indian 
affairs  and  denounced  Wilberforce's  attempt  to  force  ' 
Christianity  on  natives ;  contributed  to  various  publica- 
tions and  wrote  able  pamphlets.  [xxxvi.  209] 

MARSH,  FRANCIS  (1627-1693),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1650 ; 
fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1651 ;  prelector 
rbetoncus,  1651-2  and  1654-7 ;  dean  of  Connor,  1660 ;  dean 
of  Armagh  and  archdeacon  of  Dromore,  1661 ;  bishop  of 
Limerick,  Ardfert,  and  Aghadoe,  1667;  translated  to  I 
Kilmore  and  Ardagh,  1672  ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1682 ; 
opposed  Tyrcounel ;  withdrew  to  England,  1689,  and  was 
included  in  act  of  attainder ;  returned  after  battle  of  the 
Boyue,  1690.  [xxxvi.  209] 

MARSH,  GEORGE  (1515-1555),  protestant  martyr; 
farmer:  subsequently  M.A.  Cambridge,  1542:  lived  at 
Cambridge  aud  also  acted  as  curate  in  Leicestershire  and 
London  ;  preached  in  Lancashire  and  was  imprisoned  at 
Lancaster,  155  4,  and  Chester:  burnt  at  Spital  Boughton, 
his  character  aud  sufferings  giving  rise  to  marvellous 
traditions.  [xxxvi.  210] 


MARSH,   Bl  ant    baronet  (1790-1860), 


•fcMidMt  descended  from  Fraud*  Marsh  [q.  v.]:  B.A., 
n  :  professor  of  medicine  at 

College  of  Physicians,  1841, 184J,  1845.  and  184 
to  the  queen,    1837:   created   baronet,    18tt;' 
taMtern  i  Ml  Ml  ..  ftbor,  [xxzvi.SH] 

MARSH,  HK1UIKRT  (1757-18»Xsacoessively  btabop 
of  Llandaff  and  Peterborough  :  educated  at  King's  School, 
(  :.nuri.iiry;  scholar  of  St.  John1*  College,  Cambridge, 
177» :  seoond  wranger  ^second  Smith's  prizeman. 


1779;  fellow, 


.An  1782  ;  DJ>.  (  by  royal  mandate), 


1808  ;  studied  at  Leipzig  ;  returned  to  Leipzig  after  pro- 
secution of  William  Fraud  [q.  T.]  ;  published  translation 
of  Michaelis's  '  Introduction  to  the  New  Testament,'  with 
original  notes,  1  793-  IHol,  which  aroused  a  great  contro- 
versy ;  supported  English  national  credit  by  publishing 
translation  of  an  essay  by  Patje  (president  of  the  board 
of  finance  at  Hanover),  1797  ;  hia  '  History  of  the  Politics 
of  Great  Britain  and  France'  widely  read,  1799;  given 
pension  by  Pitt  aud  proscribed  by  Napoleon;  lady 
Margaret  professor  at  Cambridge,  1807;  gave  several 
courses  on  biblical  criticism,  which  were  attended  by 
crowded  audiences;  preached  anti-CulvmUti<-  vermons 
before  university,  1805  ;  opposed  establishment  of  Bible 
Society  In  Cambridge  ;  wrote  various  pamphlets  an  ! 
answered  by  Simeon  and  Milner;  published  'Compara- 
tive View  of  the  Churches  of  England  and  Rome,'  1814, 
and  '  Hone  Pelasgicw,'  1816  ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1*16, 
of  Peterborough,  1819;  endeavoured  to  exclude  evan- 
gelical clergy  from  diocese  by  his  notorious  'eighty- 
seven  questions  '  ;  successfully  defended  himself  in  House 
of  Lords  ;  denounced  by  Sydney  Smith  ;  opposed  hymns 
in  services  and  catholic  emancipation  ;  foremost  divine  at 
Cambridge  ;  a  vigorous  but  often  coarse  pamphleteer  ; 
introduced  German  methods  of  research  into  biblical 
study.  [xxxvi.  811] 

MARSH,  JAMES  (1794-1846),  chemist;  practical 
chemist  at  Woolwich  Arsenal  aud  assistant  to  Faraday 
at  Military  Academy,  1829;  invented  electro-magnetic 
apparatus  and  Marsh  arsenic  test  :  gained  gold  and  silver 
medals  from  Society  of  Arts  ;  wrote  papers. 

[xxxvi.  215] 

MARSH,  JOHN  (1750-1828),  musical  composer; 
wrote  works  on  musical  theory  ;  compiled  chart-books  ; 
composed  various  pieces.  [xxxvi.  215] 

MARSH,  JOHN  FITCHETT  (1818-1880),  antiquary  ; 
solicitor  and  town-clerk  of  Warriugton  ;  contributed  to 
various  societies  papers  on  Milton  and  other  subjects; 
his  •  Annals  of  Chepstow  Castle  '  printed,  1883. 

[xxxvi.  216] 

MARSH,  NARCISSUS  (1638-1713),  archbifhop  of 
Armagh  ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1658  ;  fellow  of 
Exeter,  1658  ;  D.D.,  1671  ;  incumbent  of  Swindon,  1662-3  : 
preached  at  Oxford;  chaplain  to  bishop  of  Exeter  and 
Clarendon  ;  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1673  ; 
provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1679;  encouraged 
maintenance  of  Irish  language,  and  prepared,  with  Robert 
Boyle  [q.v.],  Irish  translation  of  Old  Testament:  enthu- 
siastic mathematician  ;  joined  in  founding  Royal  Dublin 
Society,  contributing  essay  on  sound,  1683  ;  learned 
orientalist;  built  new  hall  and  chapel  ;  bishop  of  Firu- 
aud  Leighlin  and  rector  of  Killeban,  16*3  ;  fled  to  England, 
1689.  and  obtained  preferment  ;  returned,  1690  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Cashel,  1691  ;  gave  Swift  prebend  of  Dunlavin, 
1700  ;  established  library  at  St  Sepulchre's,  for  which  he 
purchased  Stillingfleet's  books  ;  several  times  lord  justice 
of  Ireland  ;  translated  to  Armagh,  1703  ;  benefactor  of 
Armagh  diocese  ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[xxxvi.  216] 

MARSH,  WILLIAM  (1775-1864),  divine:  M.A.  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1807  ;  D.D.,  1839  ;  curate  of  St. 
Lawrence,  Reading,  1800  ;  impressive  evangelical  preacher; 
friend  and  correspondent  of  Charles  Simeon  [q.  v.]  ;  held 
livings  successively  of  Nettlebed,  Basildon,  and  Ashamp- 
stead,  St.  Peter's,  Colchester,  St.  Thomas,  Birmingham, 
St.  Mary,  Leamington,  and  Beddiugton,  Surrey  ;  canon 
of  Worcester,  1848  ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxxvi  «8] 

MARSH-CALDWELL,  MRS.  ANNE  (1791-1874), 
novelist  ;  nAe  Caldwell  ;  married  Arthur  Cuthbert  Marsh, 
1817;  published  'Two  Old  Men's  Tales,'  1834,  followed 
by  'Emilia  Wyndbam,'  1846,  and  other  novel*. 

[xxxvi.  219] 


MARSHAL, 


844 


MARSHALL. 


ANDREW  (1742-1813),  physician   and 

private  tutor:    later    studied    medicim-    in 

LoodooT'sargeon  at  Jersey  to  83rd  regiment,  1778-83  ; 
MJ>  Edinburgh,  1788 :  successful  teacher  of  anatomy 
in  London:  devoted  himself  to  medical  practice,  1800; 
wrote  papers  on  madness.  [xxxvi.  219] 

MARSHAL,  ANSELM,  sixth  and  last  EARL  OP  PEM- 
BROKE and  8TRiouiL(A  18«X  «>n  °'  William  Marshal, 
flrstearl  of  Pembroke  and  Striguil  [q.  v.]  [xxxvi.  232] 

MARSHAL,  EBENEZER  (d.  1813),  historian;  pres- 
bvfcrian  minister:  published  "The  History  of  the  Union 
of  Scotland  and  England,'  1799,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  220] 

MARSHAL,  GILBERT,  lourth  EARL  op  PEMBROKE 
and  STRIOUIL  (rf.  1841),  son  of  William  Marshal,  flrstearl 
of  Pembroke  and  StriguU  [q.  v.] ;  took  minor  orders ; 
joined  opposition  to  Henry  Ill's  foreign  favourites ;  re- 
ceived fatal  injuries  in  a  tournament.  [xxxvi.  231] 

MARSHAL,  JOHN  (d.  1 164  ?),  warrior ;  was  besieged 
by  Stephen  at  Marlboroiigh,  1139;  supported  Empress 
Mand  ;  present  at  siege  of  Winchester,  1141 :  took  refuge 
in  Whi-rwell  Abbey:  with  the  empress  Matilda  at  Oxford, 
1142 :  given  lands  by  Henry  II  on  his  accession:  present 
at  council  of  Clarendon,  1164  ;  appealed  to  the  king  for 
justice  against  Becket,  1164.  [xxxvL  221] 

MARSHAL,  JOHN,  first  BARON  MARSHAL  of  Hing- 
ham  (1170  ?-1235),  nephew  of  William  Marshal,  first  earl 
of  Pembroke  and  Striguil  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  his  uncle 
on  Flanders  campaign,  1197-8;  had  charge  of  Falaise, 
1203;  received  grant  of  lands:  steward  for  his  uncle  in 
Ireland,  1204 ;  marshal  of  Ireland,  1207 ;  given  charge  of 
various  counties  and  castles;  received  large  grants  of 
land ;  supported  King  John  against  the  barons  ;  went  to 
Rome  on  mission  for  John,  1215 :  accompanied  him  north, 
1216:  fought  against  the  French  at  Lincoln,  1217,  and 
preoared  for  arrival  of  French  fleet ;  sheriff  of  Hamp- 
shire, 1217  ;  justice  of  the  forest  and  justice  itinerant,  and 
for  assize  of  arms,  1230;  sent  on  various  missions  to 
Ireland ;  sent  abroad,  1225.  [xxxvi.  221] 

MARSHAL,  RICHARD,  third  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE 
and  STRIGUIL  (d.  1234),  son  of  William  Marshal,  first  earl 
[q.  v.]  ;  lived  at  first  in  France ;  on  death  of  elder  brother 
came  to  England  and  obtained  possession  of  earldom, 
1231 ;  defended  Hubert  de  Burgh,  1232,  and  opposed 
Peter  des  Roches;  as  head  of  baronage  appealed  in  vain 
to  Henry  III  todismiss  foreigners,  1233 ;  engaged  in  war 
with  Llywelyn  ab  lorwerth  [q.  v.],  1233  ;  being  warned  of 
intended  treachery  refused  to  come  to  council,  1233 ;  pro- 
claimed traitor  and  deprived  of  marshalship,  1233 :  made 
alliance  with  Llywelyn  and  captured  several  castles; 
defeated  foreign  mercenaries  and  royal  army,  1234,  and 
secured  dismissal  of  Peter  des  Roches  and  Poitevins,  1234 ; 
went  to  Ireland  to  make  war  against  enemies  stirred  up 
by  Peter  des  Roches ;  treacherously  betrayed  and  fatally 
wounded  in  Kildare.  [xxxvL  223] 

MARSHAL,  WALTER,  fifth  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE 
AND  STRIGUIL  (d.  1246),  son  of  William  Marshal,  first 
earl  of  Pembroke  and  Striguil  [q.  v.]  [xxxvi.  232] 

MARSHAL,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  op  PEMBROKE 
and  STRIUPIL  (d.  1219),  regent  of  England ;  son  of  John 
Marshal  (d.  1164  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  hostage  in  Stephen's  hands, 
1152 ;  trained  in  Normandy ;  accompanied  his  nncle,  Earl 
Patrick, to  Poitou,  1168,  but  was  wounded  and  captured: 
ransomed  by  Queen  Eleanor ;  guardian  of  Prince  Henry, 
1170:  sided  with  the  prince  in  his  rebellion  against  his 
father:  left  the  court.  1182;  went  to  France;  recalled, 
1183;  on  death  of  young  Henry  started  for  the  Holy 
Land  to  bear  Henry  I  I's  cross  to  the  holy  sepulchre  and 
performed  greatcxploite  there ;  returned,  c.  1187  ;  became 
member  of  king's  household;  present  at  conference  of 
Oisors,  1 188,  and  volunteered  to  fight  as  champion ;  pro- 
mised the  band  of  the  heiress  of  Pembroke  and  Striguil ; 
failed  in  mission  to  King  Philip  of  France  at  Paris,  1189; 
took  part  in  engagement* ;  spared  Prince  Richard's  life 
in  battle:  remained  faithful  to  Henry  II  to  the  last  at 
Chinon ;  joint-marshal  at  Richard  I's  coronation,  1189 ; 
subordinate  justiciar  under  Longchamp ;  subsequently 
joined  in  opposition  toLongchnmp;  received  Nottingham 
Castle  to  bold  for  Richard  I,  1 191 :  associated  in  govern- 


.  with  Walter  de  Coutances  and  excommunicated  by 
Longchamp  ;  retained  Richard  I's  favour :  took  up  arms 
against  Earl  John,  brother  of  Richard  I,  1193 ;  accom- 
panied Richard  to  Normandy,  1194,  and  took  part  in 


fighting:  made  treaties  with  counts  of  Boulogne  and 
Flanders,  1196  ;  appointed  custodian  of  Rouen  by  Richard 
before  his  death,  1199  ;  declared  for  King  John,  and  with 
Hubert  secured  his  peaceful  succession  in  England,  1199  ; 
invaded  Wales,  1204  ;  with  John's  consent  did  homage  to 
King  Philip  oi  France  for  his  Norman  lands,  1204  ;  refused 
to  accompany  John's  projected  expedition  to  Poitou,  1205 ; 
entrusted  with  defence  of  England  in  John's  absence,  1206  ; 
visited  his  estates  in  Ireland,  1207  ;  recalled  to  England, 
and  his  Irish  lands  ravaged  by  John's  direction  :  returned 
to  Ireland,  1208,  and  obtained  full  possession :  received 
William  de  Braose  [q.  v.],  1208;  compelled  to  give 
hostages  to  John  ;  protested  against  papal  encroachments, 
1212 ;  returned  to  England,  1213 :  became  John's  chief 
adviser,  1213 ;  witnessed  charter  of  resignation  to  pope, 
1213 ;  made  guardian  of  John's  eldest  son,  and  guardian 
of  England,  1214,  during  John's  absence  abroad ;  one  of 
John's  envoys  to  the  barons,  but  also  one  of  the  coun- 
sellers  of  Magna  Carta,  1215 ;  sent  to  France  to  avert 
threatened  invasion,  end  of  1216  :  executor  of  John's  will, 
1216 ;  regent,  1216  :  republished  Great  Charter  with  omis- 
sions, 1216;  took  Lincoln,  1217,  while  Hubert  defeated 
French  fleet;  effected  treaty  of  Lambeth  (1217)  with 
Louis,  and  made  himself  responsible  for  payment  of  10,000 
marks ;  established  order  in  the  kingdom ;  took  habit 
of  a  Templar  before  his  death  at  Caversham,  near  Read- 
ing; possessed  lands  in  Ireland,  England,  Wales,  and 
Normandy.  [xxxvi.  225] 

MARSHAL,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE 
and  STRIGUIL  (d.  1231),  son  of  William,  first  earl  [q.  v.] ; 
hostage  in  King  John's  hands,  1205-12 ;  joined  barons  and 
was  one  of  twenty-five  executors  of  Magna  Carta,  1215 ; 
excommunicated  by  the  pope ;  joined  Louis  of  France, 
1216,  but  abandoned  him  later  ;  fought  with  his  father  at 
Lincoln,  1217 ;  succeeded  to  earldom  and  estates,  1219, 
and  surrendered  Norman  lands  to  his  brother  Richard 
[q.  v.] ;  forced  Llywelyn  of  Wales  to  make  terms,  1223  : 
justiciar  in  Ireland  (1224),  where  he  compelled  submission 
of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  1224 ;  lived  alternately  in  England  and 
Ireland;  married  as  second  wife  Henry  Ill's  sister 
Eleanor,  1224 ;  high  in  Henry  Ill's  favour,  though  sup- 
porting Richard  of  Cornwall  [q.  v.],  1227 ;  accompanied 
Henry  HI  into  Brittany,  1230,  and  fought  in  Normandy 
and  Anjou.  [xxxvi.  233] 

MARSHALL,  ARTHUR  MILNES  (1852-1893), 
naturalist:  B.A.  London,  1870,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1874  ;  lectured  with  Francis  Maitland  Balfour 
[q.  v.]  on  zoology  at  Cambridge,  1875  :  M.B.  Cambridge, 
D.Sc.  London,  and  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1877  ;  M.A.,  1878 :  M.D.,  1882 :  professor  of  zoology,  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  1879-93  ;  secretary,  and  subsequently 
chairman  of  board  of  studies  of  the  Victoria  University; 
killed  accidentally  while  on  Scafell ;  F.R.S.,  1885 ;  pub- 
lished important  memoirs  on  origin  and  development  of 
nervous  system  in  higher  animals  and  other  subjects. 


[Suppl.  iii.  142] 


MARSHALL,  BENJAMIN  (1767  ?-l  835),  animal 
painter;  exhibited  thirteen  pictures,  chiefly  portraits  of 
racehorses  and  their  owners,  at  Royal  Academy,  1801-12 
and  1818-19.  [Suppl.  iii.  143] 

MARSHALL,  CHARLES  (1637-1698),  quaker; 
'chymist'  and  'medical  practitioner';  devoted  his  life 
to  preaching  throughout  the  country ;  was  frequently  im- 
prisoned, fined,  and  prosecuted  for  non-payment  of  tithes ; 
worked  bard  to  counteract  divisions;  published  'The 
Way  of  Life  Revealed,'  1674, '  A  Plain  and  Candid  Account 
of  ...  certain  experienced  Medicines,'  c.  1681,  and  a 
journal,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  234] 

MARSHALL,  CHARLES  (1806-1890),  scene-painter ; 
executed  very  successful  work  under  Macready  at  Oovent 
Garden  and  Drury  Lane,  London,  especially  in  some  of 
Shakespeare's  plays ;  employed  also  at  the  opera :  painted 
landscapes  and  other  pictures.  [xxxvi.  235] 

MARSHALL,  CHARLES  WARD  (1808-1876),  tenor 
singer;  brother  of  William  Marshall  (1806-1876)  [q.v.] 

[xxxvi.  253] 

MARSHALL,  EDWARD  (1578-1675),  statuary  and 
master-mason ;  master-mason  to  Charles  II ;  executed 
monuments.  [xxxvi.  236] 

MARSHALL,  EMMA  (1830-1899),  novelist:  daughter 
of  Simon  Martin,  banker  at  Norwich ;  married  Hugh 


MARSHALL 


845 


MARSHALL 


George  Marshall,  1854  ;  nettled  at  Clifton  ;  published  nume- 
nm-  novels,  thestoriesof  which  aregeuerully  woven  round 
sunn-  historical  character.  [Suppl.  lit  144] 

MARSHALL,  FRANCIS  ALBERT  (1840-1889), 
dramatist ;  of  Harrow  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  olerk 
in  sunlit  office  and  later  contributor  to  the  press  and 
dramatic  critic:  wrote  several  plays  and'  some  other 
works;  edited  the  'Henry  Irving  Edition'  of  Shake- 
speare, 8  vols.,  1888-90.  [xxxvi.  336] 

MARSHALL,  GEORGE  (/I.  1664),  poet;  wrote  'A 
Compendious  Treatise  in  metre*  describing  growth  of 
Christianity  till  Mary's  reign  from  catholic  point  of 
view  (reprinted,  1876).  [xxxvi.  237] 

MARSHALL,  HENRY  (1776-1881),  inspector-general 
of  army  hospitals ;  surgeon's  mate  in  navy,  1808 ;  served 
with  army  later ;  served  in  South  America,  Cape,  and 
Ceylon  ;  M.D. ;  held  various  posts  in  England ;  drew  up 
valuable  report  with  Tulloch  concerning  health  of  West 
Indian  troops,  1836  ;  hon.  M.D.  New  York,  1847 ;  founder 
of  military  medical  statistics;  wrote  on  military  and 
medical  topics.  [xxxvi.  237] 

MARSHALL,  JAMES  (1796-1865),  divine:  presby- 
terian  minister,  but  subsequently  joined  English  church : 
held  livings  successively  of  St.  Mary-le-Port,  Bristol,  1842, 
and  Christ  Church,  Clifton,  1847-66 ;  published  sermons 
and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  238] 

MARSHALL,  SIR  JAMES  (1829-1889 X  colonial  judge  ; 
son  of  James  Marshall  [q.  v.],  vicar  of  Christ  Church, 
Clifton;  graduated  from  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  was 
ordained,  but  turned  Roman  catholic,  1867 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1866;  chief  magistrate  of  Gold  Coast, 
1873;  chief-justice,  1877-82  ;  knighted,  1882  ;  O.M.G.,  1886 

[xxxvi.  238] 

MARSHALL  or  MARISHALL,  JANE  {ft.  1765), 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  imitator  of  Richardson. 

[xxxvi.  239] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  (1534-1597).    [See  MARTIALL.] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN" (1757-1825),  village  pedagogue; 
educated  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  grammar  school;  school- 
master successively  in  Lake  district  and  Freeman's 
Hospital,  Newcastle;  published  "The  "Village  Pedagogue, 
a  poem,'  1817.  [xxxvi.  239] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  (1784  ?-1837),  lieutenant  R.N. 
(1815)  and  author;  published  the  'Royal  Naval  Bio- 
graphy,' 1823-35.  [xxxvi.  240] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  (1783-1841),  statistical  writer ; 
employed  at  the  home  office ;  chief  work,  'A  Digest  of  all 
the  Accounts  relating  to  ...  the  United  Kingdom,'  1833. 

[xxxvi.  240] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN,  LORD  CURRIEHILL  (1794-1868), 
judge  of  the  court  of  session  as  Lord  Curriehill,  1852-68. 

[xxxvi.  240] 

MARSHALL,  JOHN  (1818-1891),  anatomist  and 
surgeon;  entered  University  College,  London,  1838; 
F.R.C.S.,  1849 ;  assisted  Robert  Listen  [q.  v.]  and  prac- 
tised ;  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  University  College, 
London,  1845 ;  professor  of  surgery,  1866,  subsequently 
professor  of  clinical  surgery ;  consulting  surgeon,  Uni- 
versity College  Hospital,  1884;  Hunterian  (1885)  and 
Morton  (1889)  lecturer ;  F.R.S.,  1857  ;  president  of  several 
medical  societies;  LL.D.  Edinburgh  ;  hon.  M.D.  Dublin, 
1890 ;  professor  of  anatomy  at  Royal  Academy,  1873-91 ; 
Pullerian  professor  of  physiology  at  Royal  Institution ; 
introduced  galvano-cautery  and  excision  of  varicose 
veins ;  published  *  The  Outlines  of  Physiology,'  1867,  and 
several  valuable  works.  [xxxvi.  241] 

MARSHALL,  JOSHUA  (1629-1678),  statuary  and 
master-mason  ;  son  of  Edward  Marshall  [q.  v.] 

[xxxvi.  236] 

MARSHALL.  NATHANIEL  (d.  1730),  divine; 
LL.B.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1702  ;  took  orders  ; 
preacher  in  London  and  George  I's  chaplain,  1715  ;  rector 
of  St.  Vedast  and  St.  Michael-le-Querne,  London,  1715 : 
D.D  Cambridge,  by  royal  mandate,  1717;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1722 :  works  include  » A  Defence  of  the  Consti 
tution,'  &c.,  1717.  [xxxvi.  242] 

MARSHALL,  STEPHEN  (1594  7-1665),  presbyterian 
divine  ;  sou  of  a  poor  Huntingdonshire  glover  ;  M.A 
Kmmaiuu-l  College,  Cambridge,  1622;  B.D.,  1629 
vicar  of  Finchingfield,  Essex ;  reported  for  '  want  of 


conformity,'  1636  ;  a  great  preacher  ; 
for  Short  parliament,  1940,  and  d 
eloquent  sermons  before  the  Commons  of  great  political 

'•:'.  ••'•  •         ••"    .'-I'-  ••-      :    -;  •      '••'<  rv   . 

•MMtad  •  i. ,-•.••-•  -p.t.t,.,,'  Ml  'MM  :  •:.,;./  U  II, 
and  wrote  with  other  divines  '  Smectymnuus,'  1641; 
supported  bill  for  abolishing  episcopacy,  1641;  ap- 
pointed preacher  at  St.  Margaret'*,  W«tmln»ter,  1642; 
chaplain  to  regiment  of  third  Earl  of  Essex.  1642; 


estminster   Assembly,    1641  ;   sent   to 
in  discussions  with  Scottish 


chaplain  to  regiment 
summoned  to  Westm 
Scotland  and  took  part 

delegates;  waited  on  Land  before  execution,  IMS; 
attended  Uxbridge  conference,  1646  ;  parliamentary  com- 
missioner at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1647  ;  chaplain  to  the 
king  at  Holmby  House  and  in  the  Isle  of  Wight; 
prepared  with  others  the  shorter  catechism,'  1647  ; 
town  preacher  at  Ipswich,  1661  ;  commissioner  to  draw 
up  'fundamentals  of  religion,'  1663;  a  'trier,'  1644; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  but  exhumed  at  Re- 
storation. His  srrmuns  i-.-p«-cnilly  the  funeral  sermon 
for  Pym,  1643,  helped  to  guide  the  course  of  events,  and 
his  influence  was  esteemed  by  Clarendon  greater  than 
that  of  Laud's  on  the  other  side.  [xxxvi.  243] 


MARSHALL 


THOMAS  (1621-1685),  dean  of  Glon- 
BJL  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1646  ;  served  in 
king's  army  ;  preacher  in  Holland  to  merchant  adven- 
turers, 1660-76;  published  'Observations'  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Gothic  versions  of  the  gospel,  1665,  and  other 
works ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1659  ;  rector  of  Lincoln  College, 
1672 ;  chaplain  to  the  king ;  rector  of  Bladou,  1680-2 ; 
dean  of  Gloucester,  1681-5 ;  left  estate  for  maintenance 
of  scholars  at  his  college,  and  books  and  manuscripts  to 
university  library.  [xxxvL  247] 

MARSHALL.  THOMAS  FALCON  (1818-1878),  por- 
trait, landscape,  genre  and  history  painter,  [xxxvi.  248] 

SHALL,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1818  -  1877), 
catholic  controversialist ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1840;  took  orders,  but  (1846)  turned  Roman 
catholic;  inspector  of  schools;  lectured  in  United 
States,  1873 ;  published  '  Christian  Missions,'  1862,  and 
controversial  works.  [xxxvi.  249] 

[ARSHALL,   WALTER  (1628-1680),    presbyterian 


divine ;  scholar  of  Winchester ;  M.A.  and  fellow,  New 
College,  Oxford,  1660  ;  fellow  of  Winchester,  1657-61 ; 
incumbent  of  Hursley,  but  ejected,  1662 ;  later,  minister 
at  Gosport ;  his  '  Gospel  Mystery  of  Sanctiflcation,' 
published,  1692.  [xxxvi.  249] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1535),  reformer,  printer, 
and  translator  ;  enthusiastic  protestant  reformer,  and 
Cromwell's  agent ;  published  several  anti-catholic  works, 
including  translation  of  Erasmus's  'Maner  and  Forme 
of  Confession  ' ;  'The  Defence  of  Peace '  (translation  from 
Marsilio  of  Padua),  1535,  and  '  Pyctures  and  Y mages,' 
1535.  [xxxvi.  260] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1630-1650),  early  Eng- 
lish engraver  ;  illustrated  books,  and  executed  portrait* 
of  historical  interest.  [xxxvi.  261] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (1746-1818X  agriculturist 
and  philologist  ;  traded  in  Weil  Indies ;  subsequently 
took  farm  near  Croydon,  1774 ;  agent  in  Norfolk  to  Sir 
Harbord  Harbord,  1780  ;  published  '  Minutes  of  Agricul- 
ture,' 1778  (submitted  to  Dr.  Johnson),  '  General  Survey 
of  the  Rural  Economy  of  England,'  1787-98  :  originated 
board  of  agriculture,  1793  ;  published  vocabulary  of  York- 
shire dialect  in  his  '  Economy  of  Yorkshire.' 

[xxxvi.  251] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (1748-1833),  violinist  and 
composer,  and  factor  (1790)  to  the  Duke  of  Richmond  and 
Gordon  ;  published  '  Marshall's  Scottish  Airs,'  1821. 

[xxxvi.  262] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (1806-1875),  organist  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1824, 
and  St.  Mary's,  Kidderminster,  1846 ;  Mus.  Doc.  Oxford, 
1840 ;  composer  and  compiler.  [xxxvi.  252] 

MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  (1807  -  1880),  Scottish 
divine  and  controversialist ;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh Universities;  secessionist  minister  at  Ooupar- Angus, 
Perthshire,  1830 :  champion  of  '  the  voluntary  principle' ; 
zealous  advocate  of  free  trade  and  abolitionism :  Instru- 
mental In  effecting  union  between  relief  and  secession 
churches,  1847 :  moderator  of  presbyterian  synod,  1865  ; 
published  historical  and  other  works.  [xxxvL  253] 


MARSHALL 


846 


MARTIN 


MARSHALL,  WILLIAM  CALDEH  (1813-1894), 
sculptor;  studied  at  Trustees'  Acui).  n,.,  l..l.nl>urgh,  and 
at  Royal  Academy,  London:  A.K.s.A..  1*40  ;  R.A., 
18M:  retired,  1890:  his  works  include  the  group 
svmboho  of  '  Agriculture '  on  the  Albert  Memorial,  Hvtle 
Park.  [Suppl.iii.144] 

MARSHAM,  SIR  JoHX,  first  baronet  (1602-1685), 
writrr  on  chronology:  M.A.  St  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1625  :  travelled  abroad:  chancery  clerk,  1638  ;  followed 
Charles  I  to  Oxford  :  compounded,  1646,  and  retired  to 
hit  seat  at  Cuxton,  Kent ;  M.P.,  Rochester,  166U ;  rein- 
stated in  chancery  and  knighted,  1660  ;  created  baronet, 
1663:  published  •  Cbronicus  Canon  .  .  .,'  1672,  and  other 
works :  according  to  Wotton,  the  first  to  make  the 
Egyptian  antiquities  intelligible.  [xxxvi.  254] 

MARSHAM,  THOMAS  (d.  1819),  entomologist :  pub- 
lished •  Coleoptera  Britannica,'  1808.  [xxxvi.  254] 

MARSHE,  GEORGE  (1515-1555).    [See  MARSH.] 

MARSHMAN,  JOHN  CLARK  (1794-1877),  author  of 
4  History  of  India  '  ;  son  of  Joshua  Marshman  [q.  v.]  ; 
accompanied  his  father  to  Serampur,  1800,  and  directed 
mission ;  subsequently  undertook  secular  work  ;  started 
first  paper-mill  in  India,  and  (1818)  first  paper  in  Ben- 
gali, and  first  English  weekly,  the  *  Friend  of  India,' 
1821 :  published  'Guide  to  the  Civil  Law,'  long  the  civil 
code  of  India  ;  established  Serampur  College  for  educa- 
tion of  natives  :  official  Bengali  translator  ;  published  his 
•  History  of  India,'  1842,  the  •  History  of  Bengal,'  1848, 
and  other  works  ;  O.I.E.,  1868.  [xxxvi.  255] 

AN,  JOSHUA  (1768-1837),  orientalist  and 


missionary  ;  weaver  ;  master  of  baptist  school  at  Broad- 
mead,  Bristol,  1794 ;  baptist  missionary  to  Serampur, 
1799 :  took  prominent  part  in  translating  scriptures  into 
various  dialects,  and  with  his  son,  John  Clark  Marshman 
[q.  v.],  established  newspapers  and  Serampur  College; 
published  first  complete  Chinese  bible  and  other  works, 
Including  translation  of  Confucius,  1809.  [xxxvi.  255] 

MARSTON,  BARONS.  [See  BOYLE,  CHARLES,  first 
BARON,  1676-1731 ;  BOYLE,  JOHN,  second  BARON,  1707- 
1762.] 

MARSTON,  JOHN  (15759-1634),  dramatist  and 
divine ;  belonged  to  Shropshire  Marstons  ;  B.A.  Brase- 
noee  College,  Oxford,  1594;  incumbent  of  Ohristchurch, 
Hampshire,  1616-31;  published  'The  Metamorphosis  of 
Pigtnalion's/mage,'  1698,  and  'The  Scourge  of  Villanie,' 
1598  and  1599  (satires)  ;  issued  '  History  of  Antonio  and 
Mellida,"  a  tragedy,  1602,  which  was  ridiculed  by  Ben 
Jonson  ;  wrote  a  series  of  comedies :  « The  Malcontent,' 
with  additions  by  Webster,  1604, '  Eastward  Ho '  (comedy), 
1605  (with  Jonson  and  Chapman),  for  which  latter  they 
were  imprisoned,  'The  Dutch  Courtezan,'  1605,  and 
'  Parasitaster,'  1606;  finally  published  a  tragedy  on 
Sophonisba,  1606,  '  What  You  will '  (comedy),  1607,  and 
"The  Insatiate  Countess  '  (tragedy),  1613,  the  last  some- 
times assigned  to  William  Barksteed.  [xxxvi.  256] 

MARSTON,  JOHN  WBSTLAND  (1819-1890),  dra- 
matic poet  ;  solicitor's  clerk  :  joined  mystical  society  of 
James  Pierrepont  Greaves  [q.  v.]  ;  edited  '  Psyche,'  a 
mystical  periodical  ;  wrote  '  Gerald  . . .  and  other  Poems,' 
1842,  and  several  plays,  including  the  'Patrician's 
Daughter,'  1841,  '  Strathrnore '  (historical  drama),  1849, 
•Marie  de  Merauie,'  1850,  •&  stirring  tragedy';  his 
'  Hard  Struggle,'  1858,  much  praised  by  Dickens,  and  the 
nxwt  successful  of  all  his  pieces ;  « Donna  Diana,'  1863, 
his  best  play ;  from  about  1863  contributed  poetical 
criticism  to  the  •  Athenaeum,'  including  celebrated  review 
of  '  Atalanta  in  Calydon '  ;  published  '  Our  Recent  Actors 
.  .,'  1888  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  ' ;  chief  upholder  of  poetical  drama  on  English 
stage  ;  praised  for  bis  elegant  diction  and  well-constructed 
Plot«-  [xxxvi.  258] 

MARSTON,  PHILIP  BOURKE  (1850-1887),  poet ; 
•on  of  John  WustUnil  Mansion  [q.  v.]  ;  lost  his  sight  at 
early  age :  wrote  '  Song-Tide  and  other  Poems,'  1871, 
'  All  in  All,'  1875,  and'  Wind  Voices,'  1883 ;  the  subject  of 
•*»  ekgy  by  Mr.  Swinburne.  There  were  publishod  post- 
Lumouidy,  •  For  a  Song's  Sake,'  1887  (a  collection  of  short 
»),  'Garden  Secrets,'  Ib87,  and  'A  Lost  Harvest,' 
[xxxvi.  260] 


1891. 


MARTEN.  [See also  MARTIN,  MARTINE,  and  MARTYN.] 

MARTEN,  sm  HENRY  (1562  Y-1641),  civilian; 
fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1582 ;  D.O.L.,  1592  ; 
king's  advocate,  1609:  sent  on  mission  to  Palatinate, 
1613 :  chancellor  of  London  diocese,  1616 ;  knighted, 
1617  ;  judge  of  admiralty  court,  1617-41  :  member  of  high 
commission,  1620-41 ;  dean  of  arches  and  judge  of  Canter- 
bury prerogative  court,  1624  ;  was  superseded  as  dean  of 
arches  in  1633  by  Sir  John  Lambe  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  St 
Germans,  1625  and  1626,  Oxford  University,  1628,  and  St. 
Ives,  Cornwall  (Short  parliament),  1640  ;  supported  attack 
on  Buckingham;  prominent  in  debates  on  Petition  of 
Right,  1628 ;  unsuccessfully  appealed  to  king  against  writs 
impeding  his  administration  of  admiralty  court,  1630  ; 
argued  before  privy  council  against '  new  canons,'  1640. 

[xxxvi.  261] 

MARTEN,  HENRY  or  HARRY  (1602-1680),  regicide ; 
son  of  Sir  Henry  Marten  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1619;  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn,  1618: 
lived  a  dissipated  life  :  refused  to  subscribe  to  loan  for 
Scottish  war,  1639 ;  M.P.  Berkshire,  1640  ;  supported 
Stratford's  attainder  and  supremacy  of  parliament : 
raised  regiment  of  horse ;  served  on  committee  of 
safety  ;  specially  excepted  from  pardon  by  Charles  I, 
1642  ;  governor  of  Reading,  which  he  soon  evacuated : 
conducted  himself  with  great  violence ;  seized  the 
king's  private  property,  and  was  expelled  the  house 
and  imprisoned  for  advocating  destruction  of  royal 
family,  1643  ;  governor  of  Aylesbury,  1644  ;  com- 
manded at  siege  of  Dennington  Castle,  1645-6 ;  re-ad- 
mitted to  parliament,  1646;  leader  of  extreme  party; 
opposed  Scottish  influence  and  claims  ;  proposed  motion 
that  no  more  addresses  should  be  sent  to  Charles  I,  1647  ; 
sided  with  army  against  parliament,  and  was  supported 
by  the  levellers ;  said  to  have  desired  Cromwell's  assas- 
sination ;  raised  troop  of  horse  on  his  own  authority  to 
prevent  restoration  of  Charles  1, 1648  ;  extremely  active 
in  bringing  king  to  trial  and  in  establishing  republic : 
signed  death-warrant,  1649  ;  member  of  first,  second,  and 
fourth  councils  of  state,  and  granted  lands,  1649  ;  in- 
fluential speaker  in  parliament ;  became  hostile  to 
Cromwell  and  Bradshaw  ;  gave  offence  by  his  immorality 
and  lost  support  of  army :  disappeared  from  political 
life  at  expulsion  of  Long  parliament ;  outlawed  and  im- 
prisoned for  debt,  1655-7  ;  resumed  seat  in  Long  par- 
liament, 1659  ;  surrendered  at  Restoration  and  conducted 
his  defence  with  great  courage  and  ability  ;  escaped 
death  and  was  imprisoned  for  life  ;  published  speech  and 
pamphlets,  including  '  The  Independency  of  England  . . . 
Maintained,'  1647.  [xxxvi.  263] 

MARTEN,  MARIA  (d.  1827) ;  murdered  by  her  lover, 
William  Corder  [q.  v.]  [xii.  214] 

MARTIAL  or  MARSHALL,  RICHARD  (d.  1563), 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  1540  ;  D.D.,  1552  ;  Roman  catholic  and 
protestant  alternately  in  reigns  of  Henry  VIII,  Ed- 
ward VI,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth  ;  witness  against  Craumer ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1552  ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  1553-63.  [xxxvi.  269] 

MARTIALL  or  MARSHALL,  JOHN  (1534-1597), 
Roman  catholic  divine  :  perpetual  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1551 ;  B.O.L.,  1556 ;  usher  of  Winchester  School, 
but  being  Roman  catholic  left  England  at  Elizabeth's 
accession ;  one  of  the  founders  of  English  College,  Douay ; 
B.D.  Douay,  1568;  canon  of  St.  Peter  at  Lille:  published 
theological  treatises.  [xxxvi.  269] 

MARTIN.  [See  also  MARTEN,  MARTINS,  and 
MARTYN.] 

MARTIN  (d.  1241).    [See  CADWOAN.] 
MARTIN,  LADY  (1817-1898).    [See  FAUCIT,  HELENA 
SAVILLE.] 

MARTIN  OF  ALNWICK  (d.  1336),  Franciscan  ; 
member  of  minorite  convent  at  Oxford  ;  D.D. ;  took 
part  at  Avignon  in  controversy  between  conventual  and 
spiritual  Franciscans,  1311.  [xxxvi.  270] 

MARTIN,  ANTHONY  (d.  1597),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  gentleman  sewer,  c.  1570,  and  cup-bearer  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  ;  keeper  of  royal  library  at  Westminster, 
1588-97  ;  published  translations  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  270] 


MARTIN 


847 


MARTIN 


MARTIN  or  MARTYN,    UK  N  DAL  (1700-1761),  son 

of  Jlniry  Martin  or  Martyn  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  KimrV 
Coll.r.',  Cimihri.lKV,  172»5  :  fi-llow,  17M;  entered  of  the 
Temple  ;  treasurer  of  excise,  1738-61.  [xxxvi.  270] 

MARTIN.  HI : NM A  M I X  (1704-1782),  mathematician, 
instrument  maker,  and  general  compiler  ;  schoolmaster 
and  tnivi  lliiiL'  lecturer  :  published  '  Philosophical  Gram- 
mar; 1735,  'Bibliotheca  Technologic*,'  1737;  Invented 
and  made  optical  and  scientific  instrument* ;  settled  in 
Fleet  Street,  1740;  published  'An  English  Dictionary,' 
1749,  'Martin's  Magazine,'  1755-64,  and  some  not  very 
original  works ;  became  bankrupt  aud  hastened  his  death 
by  attempted  suicide.  [zzzvi.  271] 

MARTIN,     DAVID    0737-1798),    painter   and  en- 
graver :  studied  under  Allan  Ramsay  (1713-1784)  [q.  v.] ; 
Hi'  1  in  line  and  nortrait- 


•essful  engraver  in  mezzotint  ar 
iter  in  Ramsay's  style. 


[xxxvL  272] 


MARTIN,  EDWARD  (</.  1662),  dean  of  Ely  ;  M.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1612;  M.A.,  1617  ;  chaplain 
to  Laud,  1627 ;  preached  at  St.  Paul's  Cross,  London,  against 
presbyterianism  :  received  several  livings ;  president  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1631  ;  D.D.  by  royal  mandate, 
1631 ;  sent  college  plate  to  Charles  1, 1642,  and  thereupon 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  and  ejected ;  drew  up  famous 
mock  petition,  'Submission  to  the  Covenant*  ;  escaped 
to  Suffolk,  1648,  but  was  again  imprisoned  ;  released, 
1650  ;  reinstated,  1660  ;  a  manager  at  Savoy  conference  ; 
dean  of  Ely,  1662  ;  published  controversial  works. 

[xxxvi.  273] 

MARTIN,  ELIAS(1740?-1811),  painter  and  engraver : 
born  in  Sweden :  exhibited  at  Academy  landscapes,  views 
of  country  seats,  engravings,  and  other  work ;  A.R.A., 
1771 ;  court  painter  to  king  of  Sweden,  1780. 

[xxxvi.  274] 

MARTIN,  FRANCIS (1652-1722),  Angnstinian  divine ; 
studied  at  Louvain  ;  lector  in  theology  at  convent  of  St. 
Martin ;  professor  of  Greek  at  Collegium  Buslidianum ; 
supported  ultramontane  party;  visited  England,  1687  or 
1688,  and  suggested  to  papal  nuncio  assassination  of  Wil- 
liam of  Orange,  1688;  doctor  of  theology  at  Louvain, 
168H  ;  involved  in  various  controversies;  regius  professor 
of  holy  scripture  and  canon  of  St.  Peter's  at  Louvain, 
1694;  works  include  'Scutum  Fidei  contra  Haereses 
hodiernas,'  1714,  in  answer  to  Tillot?on.  [xxxvi.  274] 

MARTIN,  FREDERICK  (1830-1883),  miscellaneous 
writer:  secretary  to  Thomas  Oarlyle  after  1856;  in- 
augurated the  'Statesman's  Year- Book,'  1864;  given 
pension  by  Lord  Beaconsfield,  1879.  [xxxvi.  275] 

MARTIN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1764-1847),  admiral  of  the 
fleet:  great-nephew  of  William  Martin  (1696?-1766) 
[q.  v.]  ;  present  under  his  uncle,  Joshua  Rowley  [q.  v.],  at 
actions  off  Ushant,  1778,  and  Martinique,  1780,  and  battle 
of  Grenada,  1779;  served  in  Jamaica  and  commanded 
ships  in  various  stations;  present  in  the  Irresistible  at 
battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  captured  the  Ninfa  and 
was  warmly  commended  by  Lord  St.  Vincent,  1797; 
assisted  in  capture  of  the  Generenz,  1800 ;  took  part  in 
action  off  Cape  Finisterre,  1805;  rear-admiral,  1805 ;  held 
important  commands  ;  knighted,  1814  ;  G.O.B.,  1821 ; 
G.C.M.G.,  1836  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1846.  [xxxvi.  276] 

MARTIN,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1828-1881),  musical 
composer  :  chorister  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  first  organist 
of  Christ  Church,  Battersea  :  established  National  Choral 
Society,  1860  ;  composed  glees  and  hymns,  [xxxvi.  277] 

MARTIN,  GREGORY  (d.  1582),  biblical  translator ; 
scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1565;  tutor 
to  sons  of  Thomas  Howard,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.v.] ; 
escaped  to  Douay,  1670;  ordained  priest,  1673;  lectured 
on  Hebrew  and  the  scriptures ;  went  to  Rome  to  help 
organise  the  new  English  college  there,  1577  ;  returned  to 
Douay  and  removed  with  the  Douay  college  to  Rheims, 
1578 :  translated  the  bible  (the  '  Douay  version ')  with  some 
assistance  from  Richard  Bristow  [q.  v.]  and  other  theo- 
logians, the  New  Testament  being  published,  1582,  and  the 
Old  Testament,  1610.  Martin's  translation  was  revised 
by  Bishop  Challoner,  1749-50.  Martin  also  published 
religious  works.  [xxxvi.  877] 

MARTIN,  HARRIET  LETITIA  (1801-1891),  writer 
of  tales  ;  daughter  of  Richard  ( •  Humanity ')  Martin  [q.  v.] 

[xxxvi.  293] 


9  or  MARTYN.  HBNBY  (<f.  1721), essayist; 
lawyer:  wrote  in  '8pecUtor'  and  'Guardian':  prated 
by  Steele:  largely  caused  by  his  writing  rejection  of 
commercial  treaty  with  France,  1714 ;  Inspector-general 
of  Imports  and  export*  of  customs.  [zzzvi.  J79] 

MARTIN,  HUGH  (1822-1885),  minister  of  Seotttah 
free  church ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1839 ;  minister  at  Panbrid*. 
1844-58,  at  Free  Oreyfriars,  Edinburgh,  18ft8-«f ;  math*. 
matlcal  examiner  at  Edinburgh  University,  1866-8 ;  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1872;  his  works  mostly  religious. 

MARTIN,  JAMES  (Jt.  1677),  philosophical  writer: 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Paris;  published  'De  prim. 
Himplicium  A  concretorum  corporum  Uenerstione .  .  .  dis- 
putatio,'  1577,  and  other  treatises.  [xxxvi.  2*)] 

MARTIN,  8m  JAMBS  ( 1816-1886 X  chief- justice  of 
New  South  Wales ;  taken  by  his  parent*  to  New  Booth 
Wales,  1821 :  member  of  legislative  council,  1848,  and  of  first 
parliament  under  responsible  government.  1866 ;  attorney- 
general,  1856  and  1867  ;  premier,  1863,  1866-8.  and 
1H70-2;  knighted,  1869  :  chief-justice,  187t-8«;  published 
' The  Australian  Sketch-book,'  1838.  [xxxvi.  180] 

MARTIN,  SIR  JAMES  RANALD  (1791-1 874), surgeon; 
surgeon  on  Bengal  medical  establishment.  1817  ;  served  in 
first  Burmese  war ;  presidency  surgeon,  1830,  and  surgeon 
to  Calcutta  Hospital ;  wrote  with  Dr.  James  Johnson  'On 
the  Influence  of  Tropical  Climates  on  European  Constitu- 
tions,' 1841,  and  published  memoirs  and  pamphlets; 
F.R.OJS.,  1848 ;  F.R.S.,  1845 ;  inspector-general  of  army 
hospitals ;  C.B.,  1860 ;  knighted,  1860.  [xxxvi.  280] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1619-1693),  divine;  BJL  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1640 ;  M.A. ;  obtained  living  of  Oompton 
Chamberlayne,  Wiltshire,  seat  of  the  Penruddockes,  1644, 
but  was  ejected;  arrested  after  Penruddocke's  rising, 
1654 ;  given  living  of  Melcombe  Horsey,  Dorset,  at  Restora- 
tion :  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1668  and  1677 ;  nonjnror; 
published  religious  works.  [xxxvi.  281] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1741-1820),  baptist  minister: 
called  to  various  places,  finally  (1795)  to  Keppel  Street, 
London ;  offended  his  congregation  by  his  opinions,  and 
was  ejected  from  communion  of  particular  baptists  ;  pub- 
lished various  works,  including  autobiography,  1797. 

[xxxvi.  282] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1789-1854),  historical  and  land- 
scape painter ;  apprenticed  to  coach-painter  and  subse- 
quently  to  china-painter ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1812 ;  exhibited  'Joshua,'  1816,  which  obtained  prize  from 
British  Institution ;  sent  other  pictures  to  British  In- 
stitution, including  'The  Fall  of  Babylon,'  1819,  and 
'  Belshazzar's  Feast,'  1821,  considered  his  finest  work, 
which  obtained  premium  of  2007. ;  exhibited  '  The  Pall  of 
Nineveh '  at  Brussels,  1833  ;  elected  member  of  Belgian 
Academy  and  given  order  of  Leopold  ;  died  while  engaged 
on  a  series  of  three  large  pictures  of  Apocalypse,  1863  ;  his 
artistic  work  marked  by  wild  imaginative  power. 

[xxzvi  282] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1791-1856), bibliographer;  London 
bookseller :  librarian  at  Woburn,  1836 :  wrote  description 
of  Bedfordshire  churches  in  local  papers;  published 
'  Bibliographical  Catalogue  of  Books  privately  printed,' 
1834, '  History  ...  of  Woburn,'  1846,  and  other  works ; 
F.S.A.  and  F.L£.  [xxxvi.  284] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1789-1869 X  meteorologist;  M.D.; 
London  physician ;  made  meteorological  charts ;  pub- 
lished 'An  Account  of  the  Natives  of  the  Tonga  Islands,' 
1817  ;  died  at  Lisbon.  [xxxvi.  286] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  (1812-1875),  Irish  nationalist ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1834 ;  travelled  abroad ;  member 
of  Repeal  Association  ;  subsequently  joined  secession  of 
Young  Ireland  party :  took  prominent  part  in  meetings 
i.f  Irish  confederation,  and  contributed  to  Mitcbel's 
'  United  Irishman  ' ;  on  arrest  of  Mitchel,  1848,  issued  "The 
Irish  Felon'  and  was  arrested:  exhorted  people  from 
Newgate  to  retain  arms  In  spite  of  proclamation,  1848 : 
convicted  of  treason- felony  and  transported  to  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  1849  ;  allowed  to  return.  1866 ;  pro- 
secuted for  violent  speech  at  funeral  at  Dublin  of  '  Man- 
chester Martyrs,'  1867 ;  home  rule  M.P.,  co.  Meath,  1871-6 : 
secretary  to  Home  Rule  League;  known  in  Ireland  as 
•  Honest  John  Martin.'  [xxzvi.  286] 

MARTIN,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (1744-1808).  engraver. 
brother  of  Ellas  Martin  [q.  v.]  [zzzvi.  *74] 


MARTIN 


848 


MARTIN 


_  ITIN.  JONATHAN  (1715-1737),  organist  to 
Chapel  Royal,  Londou,  1736,  and  once  chorister  ;  composed 
•  To  thee,  O  gentle  sleep,'  in  '  Tamerlane."  [xxxvi.  287] 

MAKTIH,  JONATHAN  (1782-1838),  incendiary; 
brother  of  John  Martin  (1789-1864)  [q.  T.],  the  painter  ; 
apprentice  to  a  tanner  :  pressed  for  the  navy,  1804  ;  sub- 
sequently farm  labourer,  Wesleyan,  and  disturber  of  church 
•erricea:  confined  In  asylum  for  threatening  to  shoot 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1817  :  escaped,  and  was  excluded  from 
methodist  societies  ;  wrote  his  biography,  1826  :  set  fire  to 
York  Minster,  1829  ;  tried  and  confined  as  a  lunatic. 

[xxxvi.  287] 

MARTIN.  JOSIAH  (1683-1747),  quaker:  classical 
scholar:  published  'A  Letter  from  one  of  the  People 
called  Quakers  to  Francis  de  Voltaire,'  1741,  and  other 
works.  [«**.  288] 

MARTIN,  LEOPOLD  CHARLES  (1817-1889),  mis- 
cellaneous writer  :  son  of  John  Martin  (1789-1854)  [q.  v.], 
toe  painter  :  published  with  his  brother  '  Civil  Costumes 
of  England,'  1842,  and  other  works  ;  skilful  artist  and 
authority  on  costume  and  numismatics.  [xxxvi.  288] 

MARTIN.  MARTIN  (d.  1719),  author  ;  visited  western 
islands  of  Scotland  :  published  '  Voyage  to  St.  Kilda,'  1698, 
and  '  A  Description  of  the  Western  Islands  of  Scotland,' 
1703.  [xxxvi.  288] 

MARTIN,  MARY  LETITIA  (1815-1850),  novelist; 
'Mrs.  Bell  Martin'  of  Ballinahinch  Castle,  co.  Galway; 
married  Arthur  Qonne  Bell,  1847  ;  became  impoverished  ; 
published  'Julia  Howard'  1850,  and  other  works;  died 
at  New  York.  [xxxvi.  289] 

MAXTIN,  MATTHEW  (1748-1838),  naturalist  and 
philanthropist:  Exeter  tradesman;  member  of  Bath 
Philosophical  Society:  published  works  on  natural  his- 
tory ;  investigated  and  wrote  report  ou  London  mendicity, 
1803.  [xxxvi.  289] 


r,  PETER  JOHN  (1786-1860),  geologist; 
received  medical  education  at  London  hospitals  and  Edin- 
burgh: M.R.O.S.  ;  joined  his  father  in  practice  at  Pul- 
borough  ;  wrote  '  Geological  Memoir  on  a  part  of  Western 
Sussex,'  1828,  and  contributed  geological,  archaeological, 
and  gardening  articles  to  various  publications. 

[xxxvi.  290] 

MARTIN,  SIR  RICHARD  (1534-1617),  master  of  the 
mint  and  lord  mayor  of  London:  goldsmith  to  Queen 
Elizabeth:  warden,  1560-95,  and  (1581-1617)  master  of 
the  mint  ;  as  master  of  the  mint,  issued  report,  1601  ;  lord 
mayor,  1581,  1689,  and  1594  ;  removed  from  aldermanship 
for  debt,  1602  ;  knighted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  president 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1593-1602.  [xxxvi.  290] 

MABTIN,  RICHARD  (1670-1618),  recorder  of  Lon- 
don :  commoner  of  Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford;  expelled 
from  Middle  Temple  for  riot,  1591  ;  M.P.,  Barnstaple, 
1601;  barrister,  1602;  recorder  of  London,  1618;  cele- 
brated as  a  wit.  [xxxvi.  291] 

MARTIN,  RICHARD  (1764-1834),  '  Humanity  Mar- 
tin  *  ;  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  Irish 
MJ*.  for  Jamestown,  1776-83,  Lanesborough,  1798-1800, 
Galway  (first  united  parliament),  1801-26  ;  owned  exten- 
aive  estates  at  Oonnemara  ;  supported  union  ;  friend  of 
George  IV  ;  supported  catholic  emancipation  ;  succeeded 
in  carrying  'first  modern  legislation  for  protecting 
animals,'  1822  ;  a  founder  of  Royal  Society  for  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  1824  ;  worked  to  abolish  death 
penalty  for  forgery,  and  to  secure  counsel  for  prisoners 
charged  with  capital  crimes  ;  declined  peerage  ;  elected  to 
parliament,  1826,  but  his  name  erased,  1827  ;  withdrew 
to  Boulogne,  where  he  died.  [xxxvi.  292] 

MAKTnr,  ROBERT  MONTGOMERY  (1803  ?-1868), 
historical  writer  and  statistician;  travelled  as  botanist 

™dk"^ra,U8t  hl  feyl^,Africa'  Au8tralia>  ^  Ind"a 
^JL?^  A    1WVal  "t**1^0"  «*  8«^eon  'off  coasts  of 
Africa,  Madagascar,  and  South-Eastern  Islands,'  1823- 
j    member   of   court   of  East  India  Company! 
*-15  on  ml88ion  to  Jamaica 


of  bad  neighbourhood  ;  took  active  part  in  management 
of  Westminster  Hospital,.Loudon  ;  chairman  of  Congrega- 
tional Union,  1862  ;  published  sermons  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  294] 

MARTIN,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1801-1883),  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832;  hon.  LL.D., 
1857  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  I860  ;  Q.C.,  1843 :  liberal 
M.P.  for  Pontefract,  1847 ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1850-74  ; 
knighted,  1850.  [xxxvi.  295] 

MARTIN,  SARAH  (1791-1843),  prison  visitor ;  dress- 
maker and  Sunday  school  teacher ;  visited  the  notorious 
Yarmouth  gaol  and  workhouse ;  preached  and  gave  in- 
struction, 1819-41:  exerted  great  influence  over  the 
criminals  ;  wrote  poems  and  journals.  [xxxvi.  296] 

MARTIN,  THOMAS  (1697-1771),  antiquary  ;  '  Honest 

Tom  Martin  of  Palgrave ' ;  clerk  to  his  brother  Robert, 

!  attorney;  settled  at  Palgrave,  Suffolk,  1723 :  F.S.A.  1720; 

I  his  collections  afterwards  published  by  Richard  Gough 

•  [q.  v.]  aa  '  The  History  of  Thetford,'  1779.  [xxxvi.  297] 

MARTIN,  THOMAS  BARNEWALL  (<f.  1847),  M.P., 
co.  Galway,  1832-47 ;  sou  of  Richard  ('  Humanity ') 
Martin  [q.  v.]  [xxxvi.  293] 

MARTIN,  SIR  THOMAS  BYAM  (1773-1854),  admiral 
of  the  fleet;  'captain's  servant'  in  the  Pegasus,  1786; 
captured  the  Tamise,  1796,  and  while  commanding  various 
ships  off  Irish  and  French  coasts,  and  in  West  Indies,  the 
Immortalite,  1798,  and  large  number  of  privateers  and 
other  ships  ;  had  large  share  in  capture  of  Russian  ship 
Sewolod,  1808;  received  Swedish  order  of  the  Sword; 
rear-admiral,  1811;  took  part  in  defence  of  Riga,  1812; 
comptroller  of  the  navy,  1816-31 ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1818- 
1831 ;  G.C.B.,  1830 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1849. 

[xxxvi.  298] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  (1696  ?-1756),  admiral;  entered 
navy,  1708;  served  on  various  ships  and  stations;  com- 
manded squadron  which  enforced  neutrality  of  Naples, 
1742,  and  protected  Italy  against  Spaniards :  vice-admiral, 
1744 ;  commanded  fleet  at  Lisbon  and  in  North  Sea ;  re- 
tired, 1747  ;  linguist  and  classical  scholar,  [xxxvi.  299] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  (1767-1810),  naturalist :  actor 
and,  later,  dra wing- master ;  F.L.S.,  1796;  published 
'Figures  and  Descriptions  of  Petrifications  collected  in 
Derbyshire,'  1793,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  300] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1766-1821),  painter;  as- 
sistant to  Cipriani ;  exhibited  Shakespearean  and  classical 
subjects  and  portraits  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

[xxxvi.  301] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  (1772-1851),  'natural  philo- 
sopher and  poet';  brother  of  John  Martin  (1789-1854) 
[q.  v.]  and  of  Jonathan  Martin  (1782-1838)  [q.  v.] ;  rope- 
maker  ;  announced  discovery  of  perpetual  motion  and 
collapse  of  Newtonian  system;  gained  medal  from 
Society  of  Arts  for  spring  weighing  machine,  1814,  and 
exhibited  other  inventions ;  affected  great  singularity  of 
dress  and  founded  '  Martinean  Society,'  1814,  in  opposition 
to  Royal  Society ;  works  include  •  W.  M.'s  Challenge  to 
the  whole  Terrestrial  Globe,'  1829.  [xxxvi.  301] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  (1801-1867),  writer  for  the 
young;  woollen-draper's  assistant  at  Woodbridge  and 
subsequently  schoolmaster  at  U x bridge :  returned  to 
Woodbridge,  1836,  and  gained  livelihood  by  writing  and 
lecturing ;  author  of  '  Peter  Parley's  Annual,'  1840-67, 
various  books  of  simple  instruction,  and  household  tracts. 

[xxxvi.  302] 

MARTIN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1807-1880),  scholar  and 
first  chief-justice  of  New  Zealand ;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1831  ;  M.A.,  1832 ;  gained  classical 
and  mathematical  distinctions;  barrister,  1836;  chief- 
justice  of  New  Zealand,  1841  ;  supported  rights  of  natives 
and  protested  against  Lord  Grey's  instructions,  1847 ; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1861 ;  knighted,  1861.  [xxxvi.  303] 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  LINNJEUS  (1798- 
1864),  writer  on  natural  history  ;  son  of  William  Martin 
(1767-1810)  [q.  v.] ;  superintendent  of  museum  of  Zoo- 
logical Society,  1830-8 ;  wrote  several  volumes  in '  Farmer's 
Library.'  [xxxvi.  304] 

MARTIN,  SIR  WILLIAM  FANSHAWE,  fourth 
baronet  (1801-1895),  admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Byarn 
Martin  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  navy,  1813 ;  lieutenant,  1820 : 
commander,  1823;  served  with  distinction  at  Callao  at 
time  of  civil  war :  post  captain,  1824  ;  in  Mediterranean, 
1826-31 ;  commodore  in  command  of  Lisbon  squadron, 


MARTINDAL.E 


H.I'.. 


MARTYN 


1849-52;    rear-admiral,   1853:   su;..  pint,  .,a,-nt  of   Ports- 
mouth    dcx-kyanl.    1853  -  nil,    1858;    lonl  of 

fulmiralty,  1859  ;  commanded  with  gn-at  rk'nur  on 
tcrranean  station,  1860-3:  admiral.  1863;  succeeded  to 
baronetcy  on  a  cousin's  death,  1863  :  comnwiider-in-ohirf 
-•it    Portsmouth,  1866-9:  G.C.B.,  187U  :    rear-admiral  of 
United  Kingdom,  1878.  [Suppl.  iii.  145] 

MARTINDALE.  ADAM  (1683-1686),  presbyterlan 
divine ;  tutor  and  schoolmaster :  later  deputy  quarter- 
master ;  took  'covenant,'  1643 ;  became  preacher  at  Man- 
chester and  vicar  of  Rostbeme,  Cheshire,  1648;  sympa- 
thised with  rising  of  George  Booth  (1622-1684)  [q.  v.]  ; 
deprived,  1662:  preached  and  taught  mathematics; 
ch.-iplain  to  Lord  Delamer  (Sir  George  Booth )  lit  Dunham, 
1671 ;  took  out  licence,  1672 :  imprisoned  on  groundless 
suspicion?,  168ft  ;  works  include  controversial  publica- 
tions and  an  autobiography.  [xxxvi.  304] 

MARTINDALE,  MILES (1756-1824),  Wesleyan  minis- 
ter; preacher  in  Cheshire ;  governor  of  Woodhouse  Grove 
school,  1816 ;  published  sermons,  poems,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvi.  307] 

MARTINDELL  or  MARTINDALL,  SIR  GABRIEL 
(1766?-1831),  major-general  in  Bast  India  Company's 
service ;  ensign  in  Bengal  native  infantry,  1776 ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Mahratta  war,  1804-6:  held  com- 
mands in  India:  major-general,  1813;  K.C.B.,  1815; 
commander  of  field  army,  1820.  [xxxvL  307] 

MARTINE.  [See  also  MAUTKN,  MARTIN,  and  MAK- 
TYX.] 

MARTINE,  GEORGE,  the  elder  (1635-1712),  histo- 
rian of  St.  Andrews  :  commissary  clerk,  but  deprived  for 
refusing  to  take  oath,  1690 ;  secretary  to  Archbishop 
Sharp ;  his  '  K.-liqnm-  divi  Andreae'  published,  1727. 

[xxxvi.  308] 

MARTINE,  GEORGE,  the  younger  (1702-1741),  phy- 
sician ;  son  of  George  Martine  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  M.D. 
Leyden,  1725  ;  accompanied  CathcartV  American  expedi- 
tion, 1740,  and  various  expeditions  against  Carthagena ; 
published  scientific  works.  [xxxvi.  308] 

MARTINEAU,  HARRIET  (1802-1876),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  daughter  of  Norwich  manufacturer  and  sister  of 
James  Martineau  [q.  v.] ;  of  Huguenot  origin :  uni- 
tarian  :  suffered  from  feeble  health  and  deafness :  at- 
tracted by  philosophical  books :  contributed  article  on 
'  Female  Writers  on  Practical  Divinity  '  to  the  '  Monthly 
Repository,'  1821,  followed  by  other  papers,  and  published 
short  tales ;  went  through  long  illness  and  was  left  pen- 
niless, 1829;  publishol  successful  works,  'Illustrations  of 
Political  Economy .'1832 -4,  'Poor  Law  and  Paupers  Illus- 
trated,' 1833.  and"1  Illustrations  of  Taxation,'  1834;  came 
to  London ;  became  acquainted  with  literary  celebrities, 
and  was  consulted  by  cabinet  ministers  :  visited  America, 
1834-6,  and  wrote  'Society  in  America,'  1837,  and  a 
'Retrospect  of  Western  Travel,'  1838;  published  'Deer- 
brook;'  a  novel,  1839 ;  visited  Venice  and  returned  seriously 
ill ;  published  '  The  Playfellow  *  series  and  other  books  : 
tried  mesmerism  and  recovered,  1844  ;  friend  of  Words- 
worth; travelled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine,  and  published 
'  Eastern  Life,'  1848,  and  '  History  of  England  during  the 
Thirty  Years'  Peace,'  1849  :  published  Atkinson's'  Letters 
on  the  Laws  of  Man's  Social  Nature  and  Development,' 
1851,  containing  anti-theological  views ;  brought  out  con- 
densed translation  of  Comte's  '  Philosophic  Positive,' 
1853;  contributed  to  the  'Daily  News'  and  'Edinburgh 
Review,'  and  wrote,  among  other  works,  an  autobio- 
graphy, which  was  published  posthumously. 

[xxxvi.  309] 

MARTINEAU,  JAMES  (1805-1900),  Unitarian  divine ; 
educated  at  Norwich  grammar  school  under  Edward 
Valpy  [q."v.],  and  at  Bristol  under  Lant  Carpenter  [q.  v.] ; 
apprenticed  as  civil  engineer,  1821  ;  studied  divinity  at 
Manchester  College,  York,  1822-7;  assistant  in  Lant 
Carpenter's  school  at  Bristol,  1827  :  assistant  pastor  of 
Eustace  St  reet  congregation,  Dublin,  1828  :  ordained,  1828 ; 
chief  promoter  and  first  secretary  of  'Irish  Unitarian 
Christian  Society,'  1830 ;  colleague  with  John  Grundy 
(1782-1843)  [q.  v.]  at  Paradise  Street  Chapel,  Liverpool, 
1832,  and  sole  pastor,  1835,  continuing  in  that  office  despite 
other  appointments  elsewhere  till  1857  (the  chapel  re- 
moved to  Hope  Street,  1849) ;  published  '  Rationale  of 
Religious  Enquiry,'  1836  ;  professor  of  mental  and  moral 
philosophy  and  political  economy  from  1840  to  1857  at 
Manchester  New  College  (removed  from  Manchester, 
1853,  to  University  Hall,  Gordon  Square,  London):  joint- 


editor  with  John  James  Tayler  [q.  v.l  and  Charles 
\Vi,-k.<t«,l  of  •  Prospective  Review?  1846-64,  and  con- 
tril.utoi  (1855-64)  much  to  'National  Review.'  which 
i:.  H.  Huttou  [q.  v.]  and  Walter  Bagehot  [q.  v.] 
1  professor  of  mental,  moral,  and  religious  n  " 


Manchester  New  College,  1867-69  :  ___  „ 

in  charge  of  Little  Portland  Street  Chapel 

and  sole  pastor,  1860-71;  principal  of  Manchester  New 

College,  1869-85  ;  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1884  ;  DXJ.l. 

1888:   Lltt.D.  Dublin,   1892.    HI.    publications   Include 

'Ideal  Substitutes  for  God,'  1879.  'Study  of 


.  -Tvi>.-nf  Kt:.  ..-.,:  rbMfjJ  i--:,.  --:..:i.  ,,f 
1888:  'Seat  of  Authority  In  Religion,'  1890,  and  two 
volumes  of  hymns.  [Suppl.  III.  14«] 

MARTINEAU,  ROBERT  BRAITHWAITE  (1816- 
1869),  painter  :  educated  at  University  College,  London  ; 
first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  1852.  [xxxvi.  214] 

MARTINEAU,  RUSSELL  (1811-1898),  orientalist: 
son  of  Jamen  Martineau  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Heidelberg 
and  University  College,  London:  M.A.  London,  1864; 
joined  staff  of  British  Museum  Library.  1857,  and  was 
asBlstan^keeper,  1884-98  ;  lecturer  on  Hebrew  language 
and  literature  at  Manchester  New  College,  London,  1867- 
1H66,  and  professor,  1866-74  ;  published  philosophical  and 
other  writings.  [SuppL  ill.  150] 

MABTYN.    [See  also  MARTEN,  MARTIN,  and  MAR- 


MARTYN,   BENJAMIN    (1699-1763),  miscellaneous 

writer  ;  nephew  of  Henry  Martin  [q.  v.]  ;  examiner  at 

the  custom  bouse,  secretary  to  Society  for  Colony  of 

Georgia,  and  (1733)  published  account  ;  original  member 

of  Society  for  Encouragement  of  Learning,  1736  :  :• 

j  mental  in  erecting  Shakespeare's  monument  in  West- 

;  minster  Abbey  ;  composed  life  of  first  Earl  of  Sbaftes- 

bury,  unsatisfactory  and  suppressed  :  produced  '  Timoleon  ' 

(tragedy)  at  Drury  Lane,  1730.  [xxxvi.  314] 

MARTYN,  ELIZABETH  (1813-1846).    [See  I.VVKK 

ARITY.] 

MARTYN,  FRANCIS  (1782-1838),  Roman  catholic 
divine:  published  'Homilies  on  the  Book  of  Tobias,' 
1817,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  315] 

MARTYN.  HENRY  (1781-1812),  missionary;  senior 

wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 

bridge ;  fellow,  1802  ;  M.A.,  1804  ;  curate  to  Simeon  at 

Holy  Trinity,  Cambridge,  1803  :  chaplain  on  Bengal  esta- 

blishment, 1805  ;  opened  church  atCawnpore  for  natives; 

1  translated  New  Testament  and  Prayer  Book  into  Hindus- 

i  taiii.  New  Testament  and  Psalms  into  Persian,  and  Gospels 

i  Into  Judteo-  Persic  ;  visited  Persia,  and  died  at  Tokat  from 

I  fever  ;  left  '  Journals  and  Letters,'  edited,  1837. 

[xxxvi.  315] 

MARTYN,  JOHN  (1699-1768),  botanist:  translated 
Tournefort's  works,  •  The  Compleat  Herbal*  and  '  History 
of  Plants  growing  about  Paris  '  ;  made  excursions  in 
country  and  collected  botanical  specimens  :  became 
secretary  to  botanical  society  meeting  at  Rainbow  Coffee- 
house ;  F.R.S.,  1724  ;  contributed  to  Bailey's  '  Dictionary,' 
1725,  and  lectured  in  London  and  at  Cambridge,  and 
practised  as  apothecary  ;  published  '  Historia  Plantarum 
rariorum,'  1728-37,  and,  with  Dr.  Alexander  Rnseel  [q.  v.], 
l  "The  Grub  Street  Journal'  (styling  himself  'Bavius'), 
1730-7  ;  entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1730  : 
Cambridge  professor  of  botany,  1732-68  :  corresponded 
'  with  Sloane,  Linnaeus,  and  others  ;  collected  material  for  an 
English  dictionary  ;  contributed  to  '  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions '  ;  published  editions  of  Virgil's  '  Georgicks,'  1741. 
and  '  Bucolicks,'  1749,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  317] 

MARTYN  or  MARTIN,  RICHARD  (d.  1483),  bishop 
of  St.  David's  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge  ;  archdeacon  of  Lon- 
don, 1469,  and  member  of  king's  council  before  1471  : 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1471,  and  Hereford, 
1472  ;  chancellor  of  the  marches,  1471  ;  served  on  com- 
missions ;  master  in  chancery,  1472-7  ;  perhaps  bishop  of 
Waterford  and  ..ismore,  1472  ;  archdeacon  of  Hereford  and 
king's  chaplain,  1476  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland  and  ambas- 
sador to  Castile,  1477  ;  bishop  of  St,  David's,  1482-4. 

Txxxvi.  319] 

MARTYN  or  MARTIN.  THOMAS  (rf.  1597  ?X  civi- 

lian and  controversialist  ;  fellow  of  New  College.  Oxford, 

1538-53  ;  member  of  College  of  Advocates,  1556  :  chan- 

cellor to  Gardiner,  bishop  of  Winchester  and  master  in 

chancery:   wrote  treatise  against  marriage  of   priests, 

i  1553  ;  took  active  part  against  Oranmer,  Hooper,  and 

•  others  ;  went  to  Calais,  1566  :  master  of  requests,  1666: 

3i 


MARTYN 


850 


MARY   II 


wnt  on  tnteion  to  King  Philip  at  Ghent,  1558  ;  member 
nf  council  of  the  north,  1557 ;  commissioner  to  settle 
matterV  between  England  and  Scotland,  1557  : 

:•;.-  ;.;     .  .  [xxxvi. 320] 

MARTYH.  THOMAS  (ft.  1760-1816),  natural  history 
draughtsman  and  pamphleteer:  established  academy 
In  Great  Marlborough  Street,  London,  where  his  books  on 
natural  history  were  prepared;  published  also  political 
,,v,  .,-.  •,.;,  [xxxvi. 321] 

MARTYH,  THOMAS  (1735-1825),  botanist;  son  of 
John  Martyn  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
'  scholarships ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex 


incumbent  of  Lndgershall,  Buckinghamshire,  1774,  and 
Little  Marlow,  1776 ;  travelled  abroad  with  a  ward,  1778- 
1190 :  purchased  Charlotte  Street  Chapel,  Pimlico ;  pub- 
Usbed  translation  and  continuation  of  Rousseau's  '  Letters 
on  the  Elements  of  Botany,'  1785  ;  edited  Miller's 
'Gardener's  Dictionary'  on  Linnjean  system,  1807,  and 
other  works;  rector  of  Pertenhall,  1804;  F.R.S.,  1786; 
F.L.S.,  1786.  [xxxvL  321] 

MARTYH,  WILLIAM  (1562-1617),  lawyer  and  his- 
torian :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1589;  M.P.,  Exeter, 
1597-8;  recorder  of  Exeter,  1605-17;  published  'The 
Historic  and  Lives  of  the  Kings  of  England,'  1615  and 
1638,  and  '  Youth's  Instruction,'  1612.  [xxxvi.  323] 

MAEVELL,  ANDREW,  the  elder  (1586  ?-1641), 
divine;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1608; 
*  minister '  of  Flamborough,  1610  ;  incumbent  of  Wine- 
stead,  1814-24 ;  master  of  grammar  school,  Hull,  1624 ; 
master  of  the  Charterhouse  and  lecturer  at  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  e.  1624  :  drowned  in  the  Humber ;  described  by 
Fuller  as  excellent  preacher.  [xxxvi.  324] 

MAEVELL,  ANDREW,  the  younger  (1621-1678),  poet 
and  satirist ;  son  of  Andrew  Marvell  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  under  his  father  at  Hull  grammar  school; 
scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1638 ;  con- 
tributed verses  to  '  Musa  Oantabrigiensis,'  1637  ;  travelled 
abroad ;  wrote  poems,  including  satire  on  death  of  Thomas 
May  [q.  v.] ;  tutor  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
e.  1650 ;  wrote  poems  in  praise  of  gardens  and  country  life, 
and  became  ardent  republican ;  recommended  unsuccess- 
fully to  council  of  state  by  Milton  to  be  his  assistant  in  the 
secretaryship  for  foreign  tongues,  1653  ;  resided  at  Eton, 
In  house  of  John  Oxenhridge,  as  tutor  of  William  Dutton, 
Cromwell's  ward,  1653 ;  became  Milton's  colleague  in  Latin 
secretaryship,  1657  ;  wrote  several  poems  in  the  Protector's 
honour,  including  '  Horatian  Ode  upon  Cromwell's  Return 
from  Ireland,'  1650,  his  greatest  achievement  (first  printed, 
1776)  and  elegy  upon  his  death  ;  thrice  elected  M.P.,  Hull, 
1660  and  1661 ;  guarded  vigilantly  interests  of  his  con- 
stituents and  corresponded  with  corporation ;  went  to 
Holland,  1663  ;  accompanied  Earl  of  Carlisle,  ambassador 
to  northern  powers,  as  secretary,  1663-5,  publishing  an 
account  of  the  mission,  1669  ;  vigorously  defended  Milton  ; 
opposed  Bill  for  Securing  the  Protestant  Religion,  1677 ; 
became  disgusted  at  management  of  public  affairs,  and 
wrote,  for  private  circulation,  bitter  satires,  first  attack- 
ing ministers,  but  afterwards  Charles  II  himself,  and 
advocating  republic ;  wrote  the  '  Rehearsal  Transprosed,' 
1672  and  1678,  against  Samuel  Parker  [q.  v.],  afterwards 
bishop  of  Oxford,  a  leading  champion  of  intolerance; 
took  part  al.«o  in  controversy  about  predestination,  1 678  ; 
wrote,  anonymously,  '  Account  of  the  Growth  of  Popery 
and  Arbitrary  Government  in  England,'  1677,  which  pro- 
duced great  sensation ;  according  to  his  biographer, 
Cooke,  refused  court  favours;  intimate  with  James 
Harrington  and  Milton  ;  wrote  prefatory  lines  extolling 
the  'mighty  poet'  to  second  edition  of  'Paradise  Lost,' 
and  rebuked  Dryden  for  attempting  to  convert  it  into 
a  rhyming  opera  ;  as  pamphleteer  was  admired  by  Swift ; 
his  work  as  poet  belongs  to  pre- Restoration  period. 

MAEVIH,  CHARLES  THOMAS  (1 854-4890),'  writer 
on  Russia ;  resided  in  Russia,  1870-6 ;  while  writer  at 
foreign  office  disclosed  secret  treaty  with  Russia  to  the 
'Globe,'  1878,  and  published  an  account  of  the  secret 
treaty  of  1878 ;  sent  to  Russia  by  Joseph  Cowen,  1882 ; 
wrote  several  books  on  Russia,  including  '  The  Russians 
at  the  Gates  of  Herat,'  1886.  [xxxvi.  332] 


MARWOOD,  WILLIAM   (1820-1883),  public  execu< 
tiouer ;  introduced  the  '  long  drop.'  [xxxvi.  333] 

MARY  I  (1516-1558),  queen  of  England  and  Ireland  ; 
third  but  only  "nrviving  child  of  Henry  VIII  and  Cathe- 
rine of  Arragon  ;  tentatively  betrothed  to  son  of  Francis  I, 
and  subsequently  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V;  made 
princess  or  governor  of  Wales  at  Ludlow  Castle,  1 525 ; 
studied  Greek,  Latin,  French,  Italian,  science,  and  music, 
and  read  Erasmus's  '  Paraphrases '  and  More's  '  Utopia ' ; 
attended  by  Countess  of  Salisbury,  mother  of  Reginald 
Pole ;  was  separated  from  her  mother  on  Queen  Catherine's 
divorce,  1532,  but  boldly  avowed  sympathy  with  her; 
was  declared  illegitimate,  1533,  but  refused  to  give  up 
title  of  princess ;  sent  to  Hatfleld  to  reside  there  with 
her  half-sister  Princess  Elizabeth,  under  care  of  Lady 
Shelton,  aunt  of  Anne  Boleyn ;  ill-treated,  denounced  by 
Henry,  and  her  life  threatened ;  received  much  public 
sympathy  and  had  a  protector  in  the  Emperor  Charles  V  ; 
after  Queen  Anne  Boleyn's  execution  was  reconciled  \vith 
Henry  VIII  on  acknowledging  her  illegitimacy  and  the 
king's  ecclesiastical  supremacy ;  chief  mourner  at  funeral 
of  Queen  Jane  Seymour,  1537  ;  proposed  in  marriage  to 
Duke  Philip  of  Bavaria,  1539 ;  declared  capable  of  in- 
heriting crown  after  Henry's  legitimate  children,  1544; 
translated  Erasmus's  Latin  paraphrase  of  St.  John ;  on 
friendly  terms  with  her  half-brother  Edward  and  her 
half-sister  Elizabeth  after  her  father's  death  and  Ed- 
ward's succession  to  the  throne,  1547 ;  received  proposal 
of  marriage  from  Lord  Seymour;  refused  to  give  up 
mass  on  passing  of  Act  of  Uniformity,  1549 ;  was  sup- 
ported by  Charles  V,  who  prepared  for  her  escape  to 
the  continent ;  on  Edward  VI's  death  and  proclamation 
as  queen  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  took  refuge  at  Framlingham 
Castle,  Suffolk,  1553;  on  country  declaring  for  her 
accession  to  the  throne,  journeyed  to  London,  and  was 
proclaimed  queen  18  July;  released  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
Stephen  Gardiner,  and  other  prisoners  in  the  Tower  of 
Londou ;  first  queen  regnant  of  England ;  announced 
her  intention  abroad  to  re-introduce  Homan  Catholicism, 
but  promised  in  England  that  religion  should  be  settled 
by  common  consent;  restored  Gardiner  and  Bonner  to 
their  sees  and  made  Gardiner  chancellor  and  chief  ad- 
viser, 1553 ;  executed  the  Duke  of  Northumberland,  but 
for  the  time  spared  Lady  Jane  Grey  ;  crowned  with  great 
splendour,  1  Oct.  1553 ;  in  first  parliament  abolished  new 
treasons  and  felonies  and  Edward  VI's  religious  laws ; 
had  her  legitimacy  declared;  announced  (contrary  to 
Gardiner's  and  to  the  French  ambassador's  wishe-)  in- 
tention of  marrying  her  cousin  Philip  of  Spain,  a  suitor 
agreeable  to  her  on  account  of  his  fanatical  Roman 
Catholicism  ;  evoked  by  her  steadfast  pursuit  of  this  pro- 
ject three  insurrections,  1554  ;  showed  courage  in  rebellion 
of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  who  marched  into  London  but  was 
defeated  in  the  city ;  executed  Wyatt,  Duke  of  Suffolk, 
Lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband,  and  many  others,  and 
imprisoned  Princess  Elizabeth  ;  began  campaign  against 
protestantism  and  expelled  married  clergy;  married 
Philip  of  Spain  at  Winchester,  25  July,  1564,  and  par- 
doned Elizabeth ;  with  Philip  opened  parliament  which 
reversed  Cardinal  Pole's  attainder  and  passed  acts  restor- 
ing papal  power ;  imagined  herself  to  be  pregnant ;  gave 
consent  to  re-enactment  of  statute  against  lollardy  and 
set  on  foot  great  persecution,  ninety-six  protestants 
suffering  death,  including  Bishop  Hooper,  during  1555, 
and  three  hundred  before  end  of  the  reign;  restored 
some  of  the  property  taken  by  the  crown  from  the  church 
and  re-established  many  monasteries  ;  had  disputes  with 
her  husband,  who  left  the  country  (Aug.  1555) :  suffered 
from  continued  ill-health  and  grief  caused  by  Philip's 
absence;  received  Philip  at  Greenwich,  1567;  agreed  to 
join  in  his  schemes  of  war  with  France ;  said  farewell 
to  Philip,  July  1557 ;  successfully  resisted  appointment 
by  the  pope  of  new  legate  in  place  of  Pole,  1557 ;  de- 
manded forced  loans  to  support  war  against  France  and 
Scotland ;  lost  Calais,  Jan.  1658 ;  took  measures  during 
her  last  days  to  secure  accession  of  Elizabeth  ;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  Religious  devotion  to  the  catholic 
faith  was  the  central  feature  of  Mary's  life,  inducing  her 
to  marry  Philip,  one  of  the  great  errors  of  her  reign,  and 
to  persecute  her  protestant  subjects.  Owing  mainly  to 
her  persecution  of  the  protestants,  her  personal  character 
has  been  assailed  with  fanatical  animosity,  [xxxvi.  333] 

MARY  U  (1662-1694),  queen  of  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  ;  eldest  child  of  James  II  and  Anne  Hyde 


MARY 


851 


MARY 


[q.  v.],  lived  with  IHT  grandfather, Clarendon, at  Twicken- 
ham. ;md  later  at  Richmond  P.ihice ;  brought  tip  a  pro- 
trstan'  :  n-'-i-ived  r>-'  .MOM  ir»m  < 'nmpmn, 

bishop  of  London  ;  rrwrru-d  William  of  Orange,  tin-  mar- 
riage being  part  of  Danby's  policy  for  pacifying  parlia- 
ment ;  left  with  her  husband  for  Holland,  1677  ;  at  first 
n<  '!<•<  tM  by  William  ;  received  visit*  from  the  Duke  and 
DH.II.S^  of  York  and  from  Monmouth,  1679;  received 
the  latter  again,  1685  ;  obtained  great  popularity 
itch  by  her  noble  and  amiable  character; 
estranged  from  English  court  on  expedition  of  Mon- 
niouth;  promised  William  that  he  should  always  bear 
rule.  1686;  obliged  to  dismiss  Burnet,  1687;  joined  with 
William  in  protesting  against  Declaration  of  Indulgence; 
received  proselytising  letters  from  her  father,  James  II, 
1687-8  ;  identified  herself  completely  with  William  In 
subsequent  events ;  believed  birth  of  Prince  of  Wales  a 
fraud.  1688  ;  repudiated  idea  of  reigning  as  sole  sovereign 
i '-tod  by  Danby) ;  arrived  in  England,  1689 ;  ac- 
cepted crown  with  William  and  assented  to  Declaration 
of  Righto ;  interfered  little  in  public  affairs,  bat  was  very 
popular ;  settled  at  Hampton  Oourt  and  Kensington 
Palace;  endeavoured  to  improve  social  morals,  and  in 
accordance  with  her  puritan  opinions  abolished  singing 
of  prayers  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall;  became 
estranged  from  her  sinter,  Princess  Anne ;  governed 
England  during  William's  absence,  and  in  a  time  of 
great  crisis,  1690-1 ;  exercised  wise  patronage  in  church 
matters,  and  endeavoured  to  obtain  lenient  treatment 
for  nonjuring  bishops ;  alarmed  by  conspiracy  of  Anne 
and  the  Marlboroughf,  1692 ;  administered  government, 
1692 ;  disturbed  by  fears  of  a  French  invasion,  con- 
spiracies against  her  life  and  that  of  William,  and 
William's  defeats  in  Holland ;  addressed  letter  of  con- 
fidence to  the  navy ;  issued  orders  to  magistrates  for 
enforcing  law  against  vice;  resumed  regency,  1698  and 
1694 ;  requested  and  obtained  loan  from  city  of  London  of 
300,0007. :  died  of  small-pox,  to  the  great  grief  of  William 
and  England  and  Holland,  her  scheme  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital being  carried  out  by  William  in  memory  of  her; 
buried  in  Henry  VII's  chapel,  Westminster  Abbey.  Obliged 
by  fate  to  choose  between  father  and  husband,  she  chose 
the  latter,  making  devotion  to  William  Ill's  interest* 
almost  a  religious  duty,  but  retaining  kindly  feelings  for 
James  II  till  his  connivance  in  Grand  vaal's  attempt  on 
William's  life,  1692.  She  endowed  William  and  Mary 
Missionary  College,  Virginia,  and  supported  S.P.C.K. 

[xxxvi.  854] 

MARY  op  MOPEXA  (1658-1718),  queen  of  James  II  of 
England  ;  only  daughter  of  Alfonso  IV,  duke  of  Modena  ; 
brought  up  religiously  and  strictly  ;  intended  becoming 
a  nun ;  married  James,  duke  of  York,  through  influence 
of  Louis  XIV,  who  aimed  at  England's  conversion  and 
subservience  to  French  policy,  1673  ;  received  with  great 
honours  on  tor  way  to  England  at  Versailles  and  elsewhere; 
found  favour  at  court  and  was  attached  to  her  husband's 
daughters,  Mary  and  Anne,  but  shared  unpopularity  of 
James  with  the  public  ;  gave  birth  to  five  children,  1675- 
1682,  who  all  died  young ;  visited  Mary  in  Holland,  1678 ; 
her  secretary,  Edward  Coleman  (d.  1678)  [q.  v.],  fatally 
Involved  in  the  'Popish  plot,'  though  she  herself  was 
innocent ;  accompanied  James,  on  his  withdrawal  from 
England,  to  the  Netherlands,  1679,  and  to  Scotland  ;  re- 
turned with  him  to  England,  1680,  and  again  to  Scotland  ; 
finally  came  to  London  with  him,  1682 ;  on  accession  of 
James  II  to  the  throne  became  identified  with  aggressive 
Roman  catholic  faction ;  became  ill  and  distressed  by 
the  king's  infidelities,  1685 ;  announced  her  pregnancy, 
1687 ;  gave  birth  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1688,  an  event 
beyond  question,  but  then  commonly  disbelieved,  sus- 
picion being  greatly  increased  by  absence  of  the  proper 
witnesses  ;  fled  to  France,  followed  soon  afterwards  by 
James ;  in  contrast  with  James  made  very  favourable 
impression  on  French  court;  supported  schemes  for 
Invasion  of  England  and  for  exciting  religious  war; 
corresponded  with  Jacobites;  resided  at  St.  Germains 
Palace,  retiring  frequently  to  nunnery  at  Chaillot ;  gave 
birth  to  Princess  Louisa,  1692;  received  with  James 
pension  of  fifty  thousand  crowns  a  month  from  Louis, 
and  after  bis  death,  1701,  annuity  of  a  hundred  thousand 
francs :  buried  at  Chaillot ;  was  praised  by  St.  Simon  and 
Madame  de  Sevigne,  but  was  always  unpopular  in  England. 

[xxxvi.  365] 

MARY  QUEEN  OP  SCOTS  (1542-1587),  third  child  and 
only  dauarhter  of  James  V  of  Scotland  [q.  v.]  and  Mary 
of  Guise  [q.  v.] ;  queen  in  infancy  on  her  father's  death, 


164* :  sent  to  France,  1548,  the  agreement  for  her  mar- 
riage with   the  dauphin  of   France  (Pn: 

y  the  estate*:  educated  with  royal  children  of 
Prance :  brought  up  btrict  Roman  catholic,  and  taught 
various  accomplishments,  but  not  English :  famou*  for 
her  beauty  and  grace ;  the  great  hope  of  Catholicism ; 
married  Francis,  1558,  and  made  secret  treaty  delivering 
Scotland  to  France  in  case  of  her  death  without  heir:  laid 
claim  to  English  throne  on  den- 
great-granddaughter  of  Henry  1 


Mtb  of  Mary  I,  15*8,  as 
VII;  styled  berseU  qoasn 
her  husband  Praneto  IPs 


of  England  ;  was  prostrated  by  1 
death,  1560;  entertained  various  proposals  of  marriage 
which  were  brought  forward  by  the  Guises,  bat  obstructed 
by  Catherine  de  Medici :  determined  to  return  to  Soot- 
land;  arrived,  1561, accompanied  by  Brantome,  Chaste- 
lard,  and  others  ;  heard  mass  in  her  chapel ;  bad  stormy 
with  Knox,  who  had  denounced  the  •  idolatry ' ; 
informed  the  pope  of  her  determination  to  restore 
Catholicism  ;  carried  on  negotiation*  with  Elizabeth  for 
a  reconciliation,  1  .'>'..'  :  entered  into  sports  of  the  nobles 
and  life  of  the  people,  and  disarmed  hostility  :  conferred 
on  the  protestant  Lord  James  Stewart,  afterwards  earl  of 
Moray  (1531  7-1670)  [q.  v.],  the  title  of  Earl  of  Mar,  and 
sanctioned  expedition  against  George  Gordon,  fourth  earl 
of  Hnntly  [q.  v.],  1562:  sent  Maltland  to  England  to 
claim  right  of  succession  to  Elizabeth,  1563;  showed 
imprudent  partiality  for  Chastelard,  who  was  executed, 
after  being  found  concealed  in  her  bedroom,  1563;  ber 
project  of  marriage  with  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  thwarted  by 
the  French ;  pretended  to  be  guided  in  choice  of  a  husband 
by  Elizabeth,  who  proposed  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  1563 ; 
married  in  1565  Henry  Stewart,  earl  of  Darnley  [q.  v.], 
thus  strengthening  her  claims  as  heir-presumptive  and 
defying  Elizabeth  ;  marched  with  a  force  to  Cf  lasgow  to 
capture  Moray  and  rebellious  lords,  on  which  Moray  took 
refuge  in  England ;  determined  to  make  herself  absolute 
and  to  impose  Roman  catholic-ism  on  the  country  ; 
quarrelled  with  Darnley,  who  was  supported  l>y  the 
nobles  ;  her  favourite,  Rizzio,  murdered,  156G  ;  determined 
on  revenge,  but  for  the  time  was  reconciled  to  ber 
husband  ;  fled  to  Dunbar  with  Darnley  and  entered  Edin- 
burgh with  a  powerful  force ;  gave  birth  to  a  prince 
(afterwards  James  I  of  England),  1566;  became  finally 
estranged  from  Darnley  and  showed  more  marked  favour 
to  James  Hepburn,  fourth  earl  of  Bothwell  [q.  v.]  ; 
visited  Darnley  at  Glasgow,  1567 ;  persuaded  him  to 
accompany  her  to  Edinburgh,  and  was  met  by  Both- 
well,  who  conveyed  them  to  a  house  in  Kirk-o'-Field, 
which  was  blown  up  in  her  temporary  absence,  Darnley 
being  killed ;  was  probably  actuated,  in  conniving  at  the 
murder,  by  motives  of  revenge  and  love  for  Bothwell ; 
co-operated  with  Bothwell  and  others  in  making  trial  of 
murderers  a  fiasco,  and  left  for  Seton  with  Bothwell  and 
others  implicated  ;  was  carried  off  to  Dunbar,  probably  at 
her  own  instigation  :  refused  offer  of  a  rescue ;  married 
to  Bothwell  at  Edinburgh  with  protestant  rites,  1567; 
consented  to  prohibition  of  cathedral  services  throughout 
Scotland,  1567  ;  joined  Bothwell,  who  had  escaped  from 
Borth  wick  Castle,  and  rode  with  him  to  Dunbar;  delivered 
herself  to  the  lords  at  Carberry  Hill,  and  was  imprisoned 
at  Locbleven,  1567 ;  was  allowed  to  choose  between  a 
divorce,  a  trial  at  which  the  Casket  letters  were  to  be 
adduced  as  evidence,  and  abdication  :  chose  the  last  and 
nominated  Moray  regent ;  escaped  from  Lochleven  (1568) 
with  George  Douglas  to  Hamilton  Palace,  where  she  was 
joined  by  nobles  and  six  thousand  men ;  watched  the 
battle  of  Langside,  and  seeing  all  was  lost  escaped  to 
England,  1568;  guarded  closely  at  Carl'sle  and  denied 
interview  by  Elizabeth  till  she  had  cleared  herself  of 
Darnley's  murder ;  refused  to  allow  Elizabeth's  jurisdiction 
when  conferences  meeting  at  York  and  Westminster 
finally  reached  a  formal  verdict  that  nothing  bad  been 
proved  against  either  party  :  was  nevertheless  kept  for 
life  a  prisoner  by  Elizabeth  ;  removed  to  care  of  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  1569,  to  Tutbury,  and  to  Wingfleld  ;  accepted 
proposal  of  marriage  with  Norfolk,  and  joined  plot  formed 
for  her  escape  and  for  a  catholic  rising,  1569  :  on  advance 
of  Northumberland  and  Westmorland  to  Tutbury  was 


Sheffield  ;  her  death  contemplated  by  Elizabeth  after 
R  idol  ft  plot,  1572,  and  the  massacre  of  >t.  Bartholomew ; 
made  plans  for  escape,  but  achieved  nothing  by  treating 
with  both  parties ;  proposed  to  pope  and  Philip  con- 
quest of  England,  and  superintended  details  of  projected 

3  I  _ 


MARY  8 

in  ration  under  toe  Duke  of  Ouiae  ;  was  accused  unjustly 
by  Countess  of  Shrewsbury  of  criminal  intrigues  with 
Shrewsbury,  and  removed  onoe  more  to  Wingfii-ld :  was 
ignored  by  her  son  James  VI  in  negotiations  between 
England  and  Scotland,  1684,  on  which  she  bequeathed  her 
crown  to  Philip  II  of  Spain :  was  removed  to  Tutbury 
and  then  to  Ohartley,  1686:  involved  l»T,i-lf.  through 
facilities  afforded  her  by  Walsingbatn,  in  the  Babington 
conspiracy ;  was  removed  to  Fotheringay ;  put  on  her 
trial  there,  1586,  condemned  to  death,  and  was  at  length 
executed,  1687,  Elizabeth  maintaining  that  she  bad  never 
intended  the  execution  to  take  place.  A  woman  of  much 
cultivation,  she  wrote  verse  of  no  great  merit.  '  Adieu 
plaisant  pays  de  France,'  sometimes  ascribed  to  her,  was* 
really  written  by  Meusuier  de  Querlon.  [xxxvL  373] 

MARY  or  GUELDRES  (d.  1463),  queen  of  James  II  of 
Scotland :  daughter  of  Arnold,  duke  of  Queldres ;  brought 
np  by  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy;  married  James  II, 
1449:  on  death  of  James  at  Roxburgh,  1460,  set  out  for 
the  camp  with  the  infant  king  and  took  the  castle  ;  regent 
of  Scotland  during  James  Ill's  minority ;  received  Mar- 
garet and  Henry  VI  after  defeat  at  Towton,  1461. 

[xxxvi.  390] 

MARY  OF  GUISB  (1515-1560),  queen  of  James  V  of 
Scotland  [q.  v.],  and  mother  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
[q.  v.]  ;  daughter  of  Claude,  count  of  Guise ;  married 
Louis  of  Orleans,  1534,  and  gave  birth  to  a  son,  Francis, 
1635 :  sought  in  marriage  by  Henry  VIII  on  death  of 
her  husband,  1537;  married  James  V  of  Scotland  at 
Paris,  1538,  and  brought  him  as  dower  150,000  livres ; 
after  giving  birth  to  two  princes,  who  died,  became 
mother  of  a  daughter,  Mary,  1542 ;  almost  at  the  same 
time  received  news  of  disaster  of  Solway  Moor  and  death 
of  James ;  failed  in  preventing  nomination  to  regency  of 
James  Hamilton,  second  earl  of  Arran  and  duke  of 
Chatelherault  [q.  v.],  who  as  next  heir  after  the  infant 
princess  was  regent  according  to  constitutional  precedent, 
but  being  a  protestant  and  supporter  of  English  interests 
came  under  her  displeasure ;  carried  off  by  David  Beaton 
[q.  v.],  her  chief  adviser,  with  her  daughter  to  Stirling, 
1543 :  accused  of  too  great  familiarity  with  Beaton ; 
accepted  French  offers  of  help  against  England,  on  which 
war  was  declared ;  desired  to  marry  her  daughter  in  France, 
but  was  opposed  by  Arran  and  Beaton  ;  secured  support 
of  the  Douglases,  1544,  and  was  left  leading  figure  in 
Scotland  by  murder  of  Beaton,  1546 ;  resisted  Somerset's 
attempts  to  force  Mary's  marriage  with  Edward  VI; 
showed  great  courage  in  subsequent  disasters  ;  obtained 
consent  of  nobles  and  parliament  to  Mary's  marriage 
with  the  dauphin,  1548 ;  sent  the  princess  to  France ; 
made  peace,  1650;  went  to  France  and  was  received 
with  great  honour  :  on  her  way  back  to  Scotland  visited 
Edward  VI,  1551 ;  became  regent  of  Scotland,  1554 ;  bent 
on  bringing  Scotland  into  line  with  policy  of  her  family, 
the  Guises  ;  but  in  order  to  promote  French  marriage  was 
obliged  to  temporise  with  protestant  party;  provoked 
war  with  England,  1657,  but  failed  to  raise  force  for 
invasion ;  succeeded  in  bringing  about  marriage  of  Mary 
and  dauphin,  1688,  and  subsequently  (1559)  treated  re- 
formers with  severity,  with  the  result  that  civil  war 
broke  out ;  received  help  from  France,  while  the  protes- 
tante  were  encouraged  by  Cecil,  by  English  money,  and 
the  aid  of  Arran ;  fortified  Leith  with  French  help  •  on 
approach  of  English  force  to  besiege  Leitb,  took  refuge  in 
Edinburgh  Castle  and  died  there.  [xxxvi.  391] 

MARY  OF  FRANCE  ( 1 496-1 533 X  queen  of  Louis  XII, 
king  of  France  :  daughter  of  Henry  VII  by  Elizabeth  of 
York  ;  betrothed  to  Charles,  prince  of  Castile  (afterwards 
Emperor  Charles  V),  1508,  but  contract  subsequently 
broken  off,  1814 ;  married  by  Henry  VIII  to  Louis  XII 
at  Abbeville,  1614 :  on  his  death  (1515)  married  in  France 
Charles  Brandon,  first  duke  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.],  to  the 
annoyance  of  Henry  VIII,  who  was,  however,  pacified  by 
large  gift*  of  money  ;  gave  birth  to  a  son,  1516,  and  to  two 
daughters,  one,  Frances,  being  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  ; 
present  at  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520 ;  disliked  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  refused  to  go  with  her  and  Henry  to  meeting 
with  Francis  1, 1632.  [xxxvi.  397] 

MARY,  PRINCBBS  ROYAL  OF  ENGLAND  and  PRINCESS 
OF  OIUMOB(  1631-1660),  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  I  and 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria ;  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and 
intelligence:  married  William,  son  of  Frederick  Henry, 
prince  of  Orange,  1641 ;  went  to  Holland,  1642,  and  wel- 
comed Charles  and  James,  1648  :  gave  birth  to  son,  after- 
wards William  III  of  England, after  death  of  her  husband, 


MASHAM 


1650:  made  guardian  of  young  prince,  1651;  disliked  by 
the  Dutch,  whose  sympathies  were  with  Cromwell ;  re- 
ceived Charles  II  secretly,  1651,  and  helped  her  brothers 
and  tlu'ir  adherents  liberally  ;  finally  forbidden  by  the 
Dutch  States  to  receive  them  on  outbreak  of  war  be- 
tween England  and  Holland,  1652 ;  her  son  William 
formally  elected  stadtholder  by  Zealand  and  several  north- 
ern provinces,  but  excluded  from  his  father's  military 
dignities ;  visited  Charles  II  at  Cologne  and  Paris,  1656 ; 
courted  by  Buckingham  and  others  ;  became  sole  regent, 
1658,  opposed  by  Dona,  governor  of  town  of  Orange; 
invoked  help  of  Louis  XIV  of  France,  who  took  Orange, 
1660 ;  took  part  in  festivities  at  the  Hague  on  Charles's 
restoration  ;  visited  England  and  died  there  of  small-pox. 

[xxxvi.  400] 

MARY  (1723-1772),  princess  of  Hesse;  daughter  of 
George II and  Queen  Caroline;  married  Frederic,  heredi- 
tary prince,  afterwards  landgrave  of  Hesse-Cassel,  1740 ; 
separated  from  him  on  his  turning  Roman  catholic,  1754, 
and  resided  with  her  children  at  Hanau.  [xxxvi.  404] 

MARY,  PRINCESS,  DUCHESS  OP  GLOUCESTER  AND 
EDINBURGH  (1776-1857),  fourth  daughter  of  George  III ; 
mentioned  by  Miss  Burney  ;  married  William  Frederick, 
second  duke  of  Gloucester  [q.  v.],  1816.  [Ixi.  349] 

MARY  OF  BUTTERMERE  (fl.  1802).  [See  ROBINSON, 
MARY.] 

MARYBOROUGH,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  MOLYNEUX,  SIR 
RICHARD,  first  VISCOUNT,  1593-1636;  MOLYNEUX,  SIB 
RICHARD,  second  VISCOUNT,  161 7  7-1654?;  MOLYNEUX, 
GARYLL,  third  VISCOUNT,  1621-1699.] 

MARYBOROUGH,  first  BARONET.  [See  WELLESLEY- 
POLE,  WILLIAM,  1763-1845.] 

MARZAI,  STEPHEN  DE  (d.  1193).    [See  STEPHEN.] 

MASCALL,  EDWARD  JAMES  (d.  1832),  collector  of 
customs  for  port  of  London,  1816 ;  published  works  on 
the  customs.  [xxxvi.  404] 

MASCALL,  LEONARD  (d.  1589),  author  and  trans- 
lator ;  clerk  of  the  kitchen  to  Archbishop  Parker  [q.  v.] ; 
possibly  author  of  '  A  Booke  of  the  Arte  .  .  .  howe  to 
plant  and  graffe  all  sortes  of  trees,'  1572,  and  works  on 
poultry,  cattle,  fishing,  and  '  remedies  ' ;  drew  up  '  Re- 
gistrum  parochise  de  Farnham,'  1573.  [xxxvi.  404] 

MASCALL,  ROBERT  (d.  1416),  bishop  of  Hereford  ; 
distinguished  himself  at  Oxford  in  philosophy  and  theo- 
logy ;  confessor  to  Henry  IV,  c.  1400  ;  bishop  of  Hereford, 
1404;  took  part  in  condemnation  of  Oobham,  1413;  de- 
legate to  council  of  Constance,  1415;  'De  Legationibus 
suis  lib.  i.'  and  sermons  attributed  to  him.  [xxxvi.  405] 

MASCARENE,  PAUL  (1684-1760),  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  of  Huguenot  family ;  educated 
at  Geneva;  nationalised  in  England,  1706^,  commanded 
grenadiers  at  storming  of  Port  Royal ;  brevet  major ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Annapolis,  1740,  and  of  province, 
1744 ;  defended  fort  against  Indians  and  French,  1744, 
in  spite  of  state  of  garrison  and  neglect  by  authorities ; 
sent  on  mission  to  New  England  by  Oornwallis,  1751 ; 
major-general,  1768;  his  services  inadequately  recom- 
pensed, [xxxvi.  406] 

MASCHIART,  MICHAEL  (1644-1698),  Latin  poet; 
perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1662 ;  D.O.L., 
1573  ;  vicar  of  Writtle,  Essex,  1572-98 ;  reputed  author  of 
•Poemata  Varia.'  [xxxvi.  407] 

MASERES,  FRANCIS  (1731-1824),  mathematician, 
historian,  and  reformer ;  of  Huguenot  family ;  B.A.  Clare 
College,  Cambridge,  1762  ;  first  Newcastle  medallist,  1752 ; 
M.A.,1755;  fellow,  1756-9;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1750, 
and  later,  bencher  and  treasurer ;  attorney-general  of 
Quebec,  1766-9  ;  cursitor  baron  of  exchequer,  1773-1824 ; 
senior  judge  of  London  sheriffs'  court,  1780;  zealous  pro- 
testant and  whig ;  Unitarian ;  inherited  great  wealth, 
which  he  generously  employed ;  F.R.S.,  1771 ;  published 
several  mathematical  works,  and  rejected  negative  quanti- 
ties ;  wrote  several  books  on  Quebec,  and  on  social  and 
political  questions,  including  translations  from  French 
writers ;  edited  reprints  of  historical  works,  and  supplk-d 
funds  for  other  publications.  [xxxvi.  407] 

MASHAM,    ABIGAIL.   LADY    MASHAM   (d.   1734),  ] 
daughter  of  Francis  Hill,  first  cousin  of  Sarah,  dnrlirs*  of 
Marlborough    [see  CHURCHIU..  SARAH],  and  related  to  { 
Harley ;  entered  service  of  Lady  Rivers,  and  subsequently  j 
lived  with  the  Duchess  of  Marlborongh  ;  made  bedchamber 


! 


MASHAM 


MASON 


woman  to  Queen  Anne  by  the  latter'*  influence;  sympa- 
thised with  Anne's  opinions  on  church  and  state  matter*, 
and  trnuiually  supplanted  the  duchess  in  Anne's  favour  : 
married  privately  Samuel  Masbam  (167'.' 
groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  Prince  Qeorge  of  Denmark 
[q.  v.],  1707  ;  ki-pt  Mutt-n's  favour  in  spite  of  the  duchess's 
iinliu'iiatinii :  in.. i. .mi  <>!'  llarlry's  communications  with 
Ann.  after  his  fall,  1708;  given  care  of  privy  pone  on 
dismissal  of  the  duchess,  1711,  and  her  husband  made  peer ; 
procured  Harley's  dismissal,  and  sided  with  Bolingbroke 
and  the  Jacobites,  1714 ;  lived  in  retirement  after  death 
of  Aiine ;  much  esteemed  by  Swift.  [xxxri.  410] 

MASHAM,  DAMARIS,  LADY  MAHHAII  (1658-1708), 
theological  writer ;  daughter  of  Ralph  Cud  worth  [q.  v.] ; 
stiiiluit  under  her  father  and  Locke ;  married  Sir  Francis 
Masham,  third  baronet,  of  Gates,  Essex,  1686  ;  gave  birth 
to  a  son,  1686 ;  adopted  the  views  of  John  Locke,  who 
resided  at  Gates  from  1691  till  bis  death  in  1704;  pub- 
lished '  A  Discourse  concerning  the  Love  of  God,'  1696, 
'Occasional  Thoughts,'  c.  1700,  and  account  of  Locke  in 
'  Great  Historical  Dictionary.'  [xrxvi.  418] 

MASHAM,  SAMUEL,  first  BARON  MASHAM  (1679V- 
1758),  son  of  Sir  Francis  Masham,  third  baronet;  succes- 
sively page,  equerry,  and  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  Prince 
George  of  Denmark;  married  Abigail  Hill,  1707  [see 
MASHAM,  ABIGAIL,  LADY]  ;  brigadier-general,  1710 :  M.P., 
nchester,  1710,  Windsor,  1711;  cofferer  of  household  to 
Qneeu  Anne,  1711 ;  one  of  twelve  tory  peers  created,  1712 ; 
remembrancer  of  the  exchequer,  1716 ;  belonged  to  famous 
Society  of  Brothers.  [  x  x  x  vi.  41 1  ] 

MASHAM,  SAMUEL,  second  BARON  M  AMI  A  M  (1712- 
177*. ),  son  of  Samuel  Masham,  first  baron  Ma-ham  [q.  v.]  ; 
auditor-general  of  household  of  George,  prince  of  Wales  ; 
given  pension  by  George  III,  1761 ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber, 
1762;  hated  by  Swift.  [xxxvi.  412] 

MASKELL,  WILLIAM  (1814  ?-1890),  medievalist ; 
M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1838;  extreme  high 
churchman ;  attacked  Bishop  Stanley  of  Norwich  for  his 
support  of  relaxation  of  subscription,  1840 ;  rector  of 
Corscombe,  Dorset,  1842-7  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary  Church,  near 
Torquay,  1847-60 ;  published  '  Ancient  Liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  England,'  1844,  and  other  works,  which  placed 
him  in  front  rank  of  English  ecclesiastical  historians ; 
chaplain  to  Bishop  of  Exeter ;  published  •  Holy  Baptism,' 
1848,  and  other  works ;  questioned  jurisdiction  of  privy 
council  in  Gorham  case  [see  GORHAM,  GEORGE  CORXK- 
LIUS]  ;  became  Roman  catholic,  1860 ;  acquiesced  un- 
willingly in  dogma  of  papal  infallibility  ;  lived  in  retire- 
ment and  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  collecting 
mediaeval  service  books  and  objects;  JJP.  and  deputy- 
lieutenant  for  Cornwall.  [xxxvi.  413] 

MASKELYNE,  NEVIL(1732-1811),  astronomer  royal : 
wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1754  ;  fellow,  1767 ; 
M.A.,  1767  ;  D.D.,  1777 :  obtained  livings  of  Shrawardine, 
1775,  and  North  Runcton,  1782 ;  assisted  Bradley  ;  sent 
by  Royal  Society  to  observe  transit  of  Venus  at  St.  Helena, 
1761 ;  was  unsuccessful,  but  made  other  useful  observa- 
tions ;  astronomer  royal,  1765  ;  established  the  'Nautical 
Almanac,'  1766  ;  made  about  ninety  thousand  observa- 
tions, published,  1776-1811,  with  one  assistant  only;  per- 
fected method  of  transit-observation,  1772;  obviated 
effects  of  parallax ;  invented  prismatic  micrometer  (in 
part  anticipated) ;  Copley  medallist  for  •  Observations  on 
the  Attraction  of  Mountains,'  1775  :  edited  Mason's  cor- 
rection of  Mayer's  'Lunar  Tables,'  1787,  and  other  works  ; 
wrote  essay  on  '  Equation  of  Time';  member  of  French 
Institute,  1802  ;  F.R.S.,  1758.  [xxxvL  414] 

MASON,  CHARLES  (1616-1677),  royalist  divine;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1635  ;  fellow, 
1635-44;  D.D.Oxford,  1642,  Cambridge,  1660;  deprived 
of  fellowship,  1644 ;  rector  of  Stower  ProTOst,  Dorset, 
1647 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Woolchnrch,  London,  1660-6, 
and  of  St.  Peter-le-Poor,  London,  1669-77,  and  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1663,  and  of  Salisbury,  1671 :  pub- 
lished sermons  and  verse.  [xxxvi.  416] 

MASON,  CHARLES  (1730-1787),  astronomer:  as- 
sistant to  Bradley  at  Greenwich;  with  Dixou  observed 
transit  of  Venus  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1761 :  settled 
boundary  between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  1.63-7; 
measured  an  arc  of  the  meridian,  1764 :  employed  by 
Royal  Society  on  mission  at  Cavan,  Ireland,  1769;  ob- 


served second  transit  of  Venus  and  other  phenomena; 

.-...-!       '     :     •  r-   'I.  ...'I.  .:•    1    .-.-..:..;        , 

[xxxvi.  417] 

MASON,  FRANCIS  (ISM  7-1621),  archdeacon  of  Nor- 
folk :  f.  How  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1686 ;  B.A.  Brass- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  Itsf-M-A.  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1590;  B.D.,  1597;  obtained  rectory  of  Sodboaro,  with 
chapel  of  Grford  in  Suffolk.  1 699 ;  wrote  •  Of  the  Oonsecr*- 

validity  of  their  consecration, and  exciting  several  answers 
from  Roman  catholic* ;  published  Latin  and  enlarged 
editions,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  417] 

MASON,  FRANCIS  (1837-1888).  surgeon  :  PJLC.S , 
1862 ;  filial  posts  of  surgeon  and  lecturer  at "" 


and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals  and  elsewhere;   president  of 
Kattoal  BookStj,  180;  ;  .•,.,:  •  lisa!  ,...r,., 

[xxxvi.  419] 

MASON,  GEORGE  (1736-1806),  miscellaneous  writer: 
of  Corpus  Christl  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1761  ;  collector  of  scarce  books ;  published  '  A  Supplement 
to  Johnson's  "  English  Dictionary," '  1801, '  Life  of  Richard 
Barl  Howe,'  1803,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  419] 

MASON,  GEORGE  HEMING  (1818-1872),  painter: 
travelled  to  Rome  through  France  and  Switserland  with 
his  brother,  mostly  on  foot,  1843-5,  and  earned  livelihood 
by  painting  portraits  of  English  vUitors  or  settler*  and 
their  pet  animals ;  tended  the  wounded  daring  Italian 
war ;  painted  cattle  in  the  Campagna ;  formed  friendships 
with  Frederic  Lord  Leightonand  Costa :  painted  'Plough- 
ing in  the  Campagna,'  1866,  and  similar  pictures;  visited 
Paris  exhibition,  1866  ;  returned  to  England,  married,  and 
settled  in  family  mansion  at  Whitby  Abbey,  1868 ;  painted 
•  Wind  on  the  Wolds,'  followed  by  series  of  English  Idylls  ; 
exhibited  at  Academy  and  Dudley  Gallery  several  fine 
pictures,  including '  The  Oast  Shoe,'  1865,  and  the •  Harvest 
Moon  '  (his  last),  1872  ;  A.R.A.,  1869.  [xxxvi.  420] 

MASON,  GEORGE  HENRY  MONCK  (1826-1867X 
British  resident  at  Jodhpore  ;  nephew  of  Henry  Joseph 
Monck  Mason  [q.  v.] ;  dUtinguisht.il  himself  as  assistant  to 
agent  at  Rajpootaua  from  1847,  and  as  political  agent  at 
Kerowlee ;  resident  at  Jodhpore,  1867  ;  provided  for  safety 
of  Europeans  on  mutiny  of  the  Jodbpore  legion  ;  accom- 
panied troops  to  meet  Sir  George  St.  Patrick  Lawrence 
[q.  v.],  and  was  murdered  by  the  rebels,  [xxxvi.  422] 

MASON,  HENRY  (15737-1647X  divine;  brother  of 
Francis  Mason  (1566  7-1621)  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford,  1603 ;  B.D.,  1610 ;  obtained  several  livings, 
including  (1613)  that  of  St.  Andrew  Uudersbaft,  London  ; 
chaplain  to  bishop  of  London  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  1616;  works  include  "The  New  Art  of  Lying, 
covered  by  Jesuits,'  1624.  [xxxvi.  422] 

MASON,  HENRY  JOSEPH  MONCK  (1778-1868),  mis- 
cellaneous writer :  brother  of  William  Monck  [q.  v.] ; 
scholar  and  gold  medallist,  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
B.A.,  1798 ;  Irish  barrister,  1800 ;  examiner  to  prerogative 
court;  subsequently  librarian  of  King's  Inns,  1816;  cor- 
responded with  Robert  Southey :  organised  societies  for 
giving  religious  instruction  to  the  Irish-speaking  popula- 
tion, and  for  improvement  of  prisons :  instrumental  in 
founding  Irish  professorship  and  scholarships  at  Dublin 
University;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1817;  works  include  'Essay 
on  the  Antiquity  and  Constitution  of  Parliaments  in  Ire- 
land,' 1820.  [xxxvi.  423] 

MASON,  JAMES  ( fl. -1743-1783),  landscape  engraver; 
executed  plates  from  pictures  by  Claude,  Poossln,  and 
contemporary  English  artists.  [xxxvi.  424] 

MASON,  JAMES  (1779-1827),  miscellaneous  writer: 
supporter  of  Fox  ;  advocated  abolition  of  slavery  and 
catholic  emancipation :  published  political  pamphlets  and 
'  The  Natural  Son '  (tragedy \  1805, '  Literary  Miscellanies,* 
1809,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  414] 

MASON,  SIR  JOHN  (1503-1566),  statesman :  son  of 
a  cowherd  at  Abingdon  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Ox- 
ford  ;  M.A.,  1525  ;  king's  scholar  at  Paris :  obtained  living 
of  Kyngeston,  1632 :  travelled  abroad  on  the  king's  service 
for  several  years  ;  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  ( 150J  ?- 
1641) [q.v.];  gained  reputation  as  diplomatist:  okrk  to 
privy  council,  1642 :  master  of  the  posta,  1644,  and  French 
secretary:  kniphted  by  Edward  VI,  1647;  searched  re- 
gisters to  establish  English  wteraluty  over  Scotland,  154* 
dean  of  Winchester,  1649 ;  ambassador  to  Prance,  1560-1. 
and  corresponded  with  council ;  master  of  request*  and 
clerk  of  parliament,  1561 ;  commissioner  to  collect '  church 


MASON 


MASSEREENE 


lands  m  JNew  ttugiana;  returned  to  i-jitnu 
treasurer  and  paymaster  of  the  army,  1627 ;  rec 
patents  aud  sailed  again,  1629 ;  associated 
Ferdiuando  Gorges  [q.  v.]  and  six  London  u 


.52 :  obtained  some  of  Somerset's  lands ;  M.P., 
1551  and  1552,  Tauutoii,  1552-3;  chancellor  of 
Oxford  University,  1552-6  and  1559-64;  witness  to 
Kdward  Vl's  will,  1553  ;  signed  letter  to  Mary  announc- 
ing proclamation  of  Jane,  but  soon  afterwards  arranged 
with  lord  mayor  proclamation  of  Mary,  1553 ;  gave 
op  ecclesiastical  offices,  but,  favoured  by  Mary,  was  mode 
treasurer  of  the  chamber,  1554;  ambassador  to  the  Em- 
peror Oharles  V  at  Brussels,  1553-6,  aud  present  at  his 
abdication  :  reinstated  in  chancellorship  and  deanery  at 
Elizabeth's  accession ;  directed  foreign  policy  and  nego- 
tiated with  Prance,  1559  and  1564.  [xxxvi.  425] 

MASON.  JOHN  (/».  1«03),  fellow  of  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1603 ;  B.D. ;  brother  of  Francis 
Mason  (1566  ?-1621)  [q.  V.]  [xxxvi.  419] 

MASON.  JOHN  (1588-1635),  founder  of  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  matriculated  from  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1602:  assisted  in  reclamation  of  the  Hebrides,  1610; 
governor  of  Newfoundland,  1615  ;  completed  first  English 
map  of  the  island,  1625,  and  wrote  '  A  Briefe  Discovrse  of 
the  Newfoundland,'  1620;  received  various  patents  for 
lands  in  New  England ;  returned  to  England,  1624 ; 

27  ;  received  new 
with    Sir 
merchants, 

obtained  bind  on  Piscataqua  river,  1631  (colony  after- 
wards kuo\v"  as  New  Hampshire) ;  returned,  1634 ;  was 
appointed  captain  of  Soutbsea  Castle  and  inspector  of 
forts  and  castles  ou  south  coast ;  nominated  to  council  for 
New  England,  1633,  and  '  vice-admiral  of  New  England,' 
1635  ;  zealous  churchman  and  royalist.  [xxxvi.  428] 

MASON,  JOHN  (1600-1672),  New  England  com- 
mander ;  served  in  Netherlands  under  Sir  Thomas,  after- 
wards Baron  Fairfax  (1612-1671)  [q.  v.] ;  went  to 
Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  1630,  and  obtained  military 
command ;  assisted  migration  to  Windsor,  New  Connec- 
ticut, 1635  ;  with  help  of  friendly  Indians  exterminated 
the  Pequots,  1637;  major-general  of  colonial  forces, 
1638-70:  deputy-governor  of  Connecticut,  1660,  and  chief 
judge  of  colonial  county  court,  1664-70  ;  prepared  'Brief 
History  of  the  Pequot  War.'  [xxxvi.  429] 

MASON,  JOHN  (1646?-1694),  enthusiast  and  poet; 
M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1668 ;  vicar  of  Stantoubury, 
1668-74,  and  rector  of  Water  Stratford,  1674;  Oalvinist 
aii'l  enthusiastic  preacher  on  the  millenium,  which  he 
announced  was  beginning  at  Water  Stratford ;  preached, 
1890,  and  published  sermon  on  the  ten  virgins,  which  made 
some  stir ;  attracted  noisy  encampment  of  followers  to 
the  village,  who  remained  unconvinced  of  his  mortality 
after  his  exhumed  corpse  had  been  shown  to  them ;  wrote 
'  A  living  stream  as  crystal  clear,'  and  other  familiar 
hymns,  [xxxvi.  430] 

MASON,  JOHN  (1706-1763),  nonconformist  divine 
and  author:  grandson  of  John  Mason  (1646  ?-1694) 
[q.  v.]  ;  tutor  and  chaplain  in  family  of  Governor  Peaks  ; 
presbyterian  minister  at  Dorking,  1729,  and  at  Cheshunt, 
1746;  published  'Plea  for  Christianity,'  1743,  and  other 
works,  and  trained  students  for  ministry,  [xxxvi.  432] 

MASON,  JOHN  OHARLES  (1798-1881),  marine 
secretary  to  Indian  government ;  solicitor's  clerk  ;  later 
employed  in  important  affairs  in  secretary's  office  at  East 
India  House;  compiled  '  An  Analysis  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  East  India  Company,'  1825-6  ;  marine  secretary, 
introduced  great  improvements ;  arranged  for 
transport  of  fifty  thousand  troops  on  outbreak  of  mutiny, 

[xxxvi.  432] 

MASON,  JOHN  MONOK  (1726-1809),  Shakespearean 
commentator ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  176lTlri8h 
barrister,  1752;  Irish  M.P.,  Btessington,  1761  and  1769 
St.  Oanice,  1776,  1783,  1790,and  1798;  made  commissioner 
of  public  works,  1771,  and  of  revenue  of  Ireland,  1772  • 
became  supporter  of  government  in  Ireland ;  Irish  orivv 
councillor ;  voted  for  union  in  last  Irish  parliament  • 
works  include  '  Comment*  on  the  last  Edition  of  Shake- 
speare's Play*,'  1785.  [xxxvl.  433] 

MASON  SIR  JOSI AH  (1795-1881 X  pen  manufacturer 
and  philanthropist ;  was  successively  fruit-seller  in  the 
•™««i  shoemaker,  carpenter,  blacksmith,  house-painter 
Ml  manufacturer  of  imitation  gold  jewellery  and  split 
rings;  made  split  rings  by  machinery ;  manufactured 
pens  for  Perry;  joined  the  Elkingtons  in  electro-plate 
business,  1844,  aud  in  smelting  works;  acquired  great 


wealth ;  founded  almshouses  aud  orphanage  at  Eniiugton 
and  the  Mason  College  at  Birmingham  ;  knighted,  1872. 

[xxxvi.  434] 

MASON,  MARTIN  (fl.  1660-1676),  quaker  :  continu- 
ally  imprisoned  for  his  opinions,  1650-71  ;  concerned  in 
schism  of  John  Ferret  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  '  An  Address '  (to 
Charles  II),  and  another  to  parliament,  1660 ;  liberated, 
1672  ;  published  controversial  tracts.  [xxxvi.  435] 

MASON,  RICHARD  (1601-1678).  [See  ANGEUJ8  1 
BANCTO  FRANCISCO.] 

MASON,  ROBERT  (1571-1635),  politician  and  author : 
of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  M.J\, 
Ludgershall,  Wiltshire,  1626,  Winchester,  1628;  opponent 
of  the  court ;  assistant  to  managers  of  Buckingham's 
impeachment,  1626  ;  one  of  the  framers  of  the  Petition 
of  Right,  1628 ;  defended  Eliot,  1630  ;  recorder  of  London, 
1634 ;  author  of  '  Reason's  Monarchic,'  1602,  and  of  other 
writings.  [xxxvi.  435] 

MASON,  ROBERT  (1589  ?-1662),  secretary  to  Duke  of 
Buckingham ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
LL.D.  [xxxvi.  43G] 

MASON,  THOMAS  (1580-1619?),  divine;  of  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford  ;  vicar  of  Odiham,  1614-19 ;  published 
'Christ's  Victorie  over  Sathan's  Tyrannic,'  1615,  and 'A 
Revelation  of  the  Revelation,'  1619.  [xxxvi.  436] 

MASON,  THOMAS  (d.  1660),  Latin  poet;  demy, 
1596,  and  fellow,  1603-14 ;  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
M.A.,  1605  ;  D.D.,  1631 ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1624 ; 
rector  of  North  Waltham,  1623,  and  Weyhill,  1624; 
ejected  during  rebellion  ;  wrote  Latin  verses. 

[xxxvi.  436] 

MASON,  WILLIAM  (.#.  1672-1709),  stenographer; 
London  writing-master;  published  three  treatises  on 
shorthand,  1672, 1682,  and  1707,  embodying  three  systems, 
the  last  and  best,  with  modifications,  being  still  in  use  ; 
greatest  stenographer  of  seventeenth  century ;  celebrated 
for  his  skill  in  minute  handwriting.  [xxxvi.  437] 

MASON,  WILLIAM  (1724-1797),  poet;  scholar  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1749;  wrote 
4  monody  '  on  Pope's  death,  published,  1747  ;  elected  fellow 
of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  through  Gray's  influ- 
ence, 1749 ;  composed  '  Isis '  (poem  denouncing  Oxford 
Jacobitism),  1748,  an  ode  upon  Duke  of  Newcastle's  instal- 
lation, 1749,  and  '  Elfrida,'  dramatic  poem,  1752 ;  became 
acquainted  with  Hurd  and  Warburtou  ;  rector  of  Aston, 
Yorkshire,  1754,  and  chaplain  to  Lord  Holdemess;  visited 
Germany,  1756  ;  king's  chaplain,  1757 ;  canon  of  York, 
1762;  published  odes,  1756,  '  Oaractacus,'  1759,  and 
'  elegies,'  1762 ;  maintained  .close  friendship  with  Gray,  and 
was  his  literary  executor  ;  published  '  An  Heroic  Epistle ' 
to  Sir  William  Chambers,  a  sharp  satire,  1773  ;  published 
Gray's  'Life  and  Letters,'  1774;  corresponded  with 
Horace  Walpole ;  prominent  in  political  agitation  for 
retrenchment  and  reform,  1780,  but  later  became  follower 
of  Pitt;  his  'Sappho'  (lyrical  drama)  first  printed,  1797  ; 
imitator  of  Gray,  and,  in  satire,  follower  of  Pope ;  oom- 
1  instil  church  music,  and  invented  an  instrument,  the 
'  Oelestina ' ;  his  '  Works '  collected,  1811.  [xxxvi.  438] 

MASON,  WILLIAM  MONOK  (1775-1859),  historian ; 
brother  of  Henry  Joseph  Monck  Mason  [q.  v.]  ;  '  hind 
waiter  for  exports '  at  Dublin,  1796  ;  published  '  The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  ...  Church  of  St.  Patrick,' 
1819  (portion  of  much  larger  projected  work),  and  a 
pamphlet, '  Suggestions  relative  to  ...  a  Survey  ...  of 
Ireland,'  1825.  [xxxvi.  441] 

MASON,  WILLIAM  SHAW  (1774-1853),  statist; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1796 ;  remembrancer,  1806,  and  secretary  to 
commissioners  for  public  records  in  Ireland,  1810 ;  pub- 
lished '  A  Statistical  Account ...  of  Ireland,'  1814, 1816, 
1819,  and  other  works.  [xxxvi.  442] 

MASftTTERIER,  JOHN  JAMES  (1778-1865),  painter ; 
studied  at  Paris  and  in  London ;  exhibited  a  picture  of 
'Napoleon  reviewing  the  Consular  Guards,'  1801,  which 
caused  him  to  be  bitterly  attacked  as  a  spy  by  William 
Cobbett ;  painted,  among  others,  portraits  of  Emma,  lady 
Hamilton,  Harriot  Mellon,  afterwards  Duchess  of  Su 
Albans,  Miss  O'Neil,  and  Warren  Hastings ;  intimate  with 
Sir  Francis  Burdett,  Baroness  BurdettOoutts,  JohnWilkes, 
Michael  Faraday,  and  Thomas  Campbell.  [xxxvii.  1] 

MASSEREENE,  second  EAKL  OF.  [See  SKKVFIXO- 
TON,  CLOTWOUTIIV,  1742-1806.] 


MASSEREENE 


8r,s 


MASTER 


MASSEREENE,  VISCOUNTS.    [See  CixyrwoBTHT,  8m 

JOHN,  first  Visr.>i:vr,  <(.  1665;  SKKKKlNGTuN,  SIR  Jons, 
second  VISCOUNT,  d.  1695;  SKKH  i\'.  i»\.  .J'.iis    E 
i  IM,  I..N  F..MKK,  truth  VIHCOUNT,  1812-18G3.] 

MAS8EY,  gm  EDWARD  (1619  7-1674?),  major- 
L'< 'iii-nil ;  royalist,  1612  ;  joined  parliamentarians ;  general 
of  the  Western  Association,  1646  ;  co-operated  with  Pair- 
fax  in  reducing  the  west,  1645-6;  M.P.,  Gloucester,  1646; 
i-iiiiiiiiiuuler-in-chief  of  the  London  force*  ;  impeached  by 
the  army,  1647  ;  fled  to  Holland  ;  returned,  1648  ;  exclu<l<-l 
from  the  House  of  Commons  by  Pride's  Purge,  1648, 
and  imprisoned  with  Waller ;  again  sjtMpod  to  Holland 
and  joined  the  king,  1649;  lieutenant-general,  1651; 
wounded  at  Worcester,  taken  prisoner,  and  lodged  in  the 
Towt-r,  1651 ;  again  escaped  to  Holland ;  negotiated  with 
English  presbyterians,  1654,  1655,  and  1660:  appointed 
governor  of  Gloucester  by  Charles  and  knighted,  1660; 
M.P.,  Gloucester,  1661-74.  [xxxviL  2] 

MASSEY,  EYRE,  first  BARON  OLARINA  (1719-1804), 
general :  served  in  West  Indies,  1739;  ensign,  1741 ;  com- 
manded Niagara  expedition,  1759;  routed  the  French  at 
La  Belle  Famille  and  gained  possession  of  all  the  Upper 
Ohio;  commanded  grenadiers  at  Montreal,  1760,  Mar- 
tinique, 1761,  Havana,  1762,  New  York  and  Quebec,  1763- 
1769;  Halifax,  1776-80,  and  Cork,  1794-6;  raised  to 
peerage  of  Ireland,  1800.  [xxxviL  5] 

MASSEY,  JOHN  (1651-1715),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1672;  M.A.  Magdalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  1676  ;  senior  proctor,  1684 ;  became  a  Roman 
catholic,  1685;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1686 ;  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Oxford  Chemical  Society,  1683; 
fled  to  France,  1688 ;  died  in  Paris.  [xxxviL  6] 

MASSEY,  WILLIAM  (1691-1764?),  miscellaneous 
writer  and  translator ;  published  '  Origin  and  Progress  of 
Letters,'  1763,  and  translations.  [xxxvll.  6] 

MASSEY,  WILLIAM  NATHANIEL  (1809-1881), 
politician  and  historian;  recorder  of  Portsmouth,  1852, 
Plymouth,  1855 ;  M.P.,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  1855-7, 
Salford,  1857-63;  financial  member  of  government  of 
India,  1863-8  ;  M.P.,  Tiverton,  1872-81  ;  published  history 
of  George  Ill's  reign,  1855-63.  [xxxviL  7] 

MASSIE,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1799-1869),  Inde- 
pendent minister ;  missionary  in  India,  1822-39 ;  secretary 
to  Home  Missionary  Society;  advocated  free  trade  and 
emancipation  of  slaves.  [xxxviL  7] 

MASSIE,  JOSEPH  (d.  1784),  writer  on  trade  and 
finance;  formed  collection  of  fifteen  hundred  treatises  on 
economics,  1557-1763;  compiled  statistics  to  Illustrate 
the  growth  of  British  trade  and  published  works  on 
political  economy.  [xxxviL  8] 

MASSIE,  THOMAS  LEEKE  (1802-1898),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1818 ;  lieutenant,  1827;  commander,  1838; 
captain,  1841 ;  served  in  Burmese  war,  18-19 ;  on  North 
American  station,  1855-6  ;  rear-admiral,  1860  ;  admiral, 
1872.  [Suppl.  ill.  151] 

MASSINGBEED,  FRANCIS  CHARLES  (1800-1872), 
chancellor  of  Lincoln  ;  went  to  Italy  with  Dr.  Arnold  and 
William  Ralph  Churton  [q.  v.],  1824 ;  M.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1825  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1847 ;  chan- 
cellor and  canon,  1862 ;  active  member  of  convocation  ; 
proctor  for  parochial  clergy,  1857,  for  the  chapter,  1868 ; 
published  'English  History  of  the  Leaders  of  the  Reforma- 
tion,' 1842.  [xxxviL  9] 

MASSINGEE,  PHILIP  (1583-1640),  dramatist; 
entered  at  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1602  ;  came  to  London, 
1606 ;  soon  became  a  famous  playwright ;  collaborated 
with  Nathaniel  Field,  Robert  Daborne,  Cyril  Tourneur, 
andDekker ;  wrote  regularly  in  conjunction  with  FleMn-r, 
1613-25 ;  associated  with  the  king's  company  of  actors, 
1616-23  and  1625-40  ;  with  the  Cockpit  company,  1623- 
1625  ;  remarkable  for  his  skill  in  the  working  out  of  plots 
and  his  insight  into  stage  requirements.  Among  his 
patrons  were  the  Herbert  family,  the  Earl  of  Carnarvon, 
Sir  Warham  St.  Leger,  Sir  Francis  Foljambe,  Sir  Thomas 
Bland,  Sir  Aston  Cokayne,  and  Lord  Mohun ;  the  fifteen 
plays  entirely  written  by  him  are  'The  Duke  of  Milan,' 
1623, '  The  Unnatural  Combat,'  1639, '  The  Bondman,'  1624, 
'The  Renegade,'  1630,  'The  Parliament  of  Love'  (licensed 
for  the  Cockpit,  1624), 'A  New  Way  to  pay  Old  Debt*,' 
1632,  'The  itoruan  Actor,'  1629, 'The  Maid  of  Honour,' 


163J,' The  Pietuw,'  1680,  "The  Great  Duke  of  Florence,' 

The  Emperor  of  the  Knit,'   1631,  'Believe  as  700 

lint '  ('  Stationers'  Registers,'  1663X  '  The  City  Madam,' 

1658,  'The  Guardian,'  1645,  and  'The  Bashful  Lover,' 

H.55.    In  collaboration  with  Fletcher  be  wrote,  among 

others,  portion*  of  '  Henry  VIII,'  1617,  and  of  'Two  Noble 

.<»,•  1634,  in  both  of  which  a  large  *bare  It  attri- 

to  Shakespeare.    His  [political  views  Inclined  to  the 

popular  party;   in  'The  Bondman'  be  supported    the 

rn  in  tu-ir  quarrel  with  Buckingham,  whom  be 

denounced  under  the  guise  of  Ulsco.    Thinly  veiled  reflec-    ' 

tious  on  current  politics  figure  in  other  play*. 

f  xxxviL  101 

MA8SON,  FRANCIS  (1741-1805),  gardener  and  bota- 
nist ;  sent,  by  the  authorities  at  Kew  Gardens,  to  collect 
plant*  and  bulbs  at  the  Cape,  1779;  in  1776  to  the 
Canaries,  Axores,  Madeira,  and  the  West  Indies,  and  to 
1'ortugal  and  Madeira,  1788 ;  again  sent  to  the  Cape, 
1786-95,  and  to  North  America,  1788;  genus  Mutonia 
named  after  him  by  Linnaeus.  [xxxviL  16] 

MASSON,  GBOROE  JOSEPH  GUST  A  VE(  1819-1888), 
educational  writer ;  educated  at  Tours :  B.  es  L.  Universlte 
de  France,  1837  ;  came  to  England  as  private  tutor,  1847 ; 
French  master  at  Harrow,  1855-88;  Vanghan  librarian 
from  1809 ;  published  works  on  French  literature  and 
history,  and  edited  French  classics.  [xxxviL  16] 

MA8SUE  DE  RUVIGNY,  HENRI  DB,  second  MAR- 
QUIS DE  RUVIUNY,  first  EARL  OF  GALWAT  (1648-1790), 
born  in  Paris  ;  entered  the  army  and  served  in  Portugal ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Marshal  Tureniie,  1672-6;  sent  by 
Louis  XIV  to  England  to  detach  Charles  II  from  the 
Dutch  alliance  and  elected  deputy-general  of  the  Hugue- 
nots, 1678;  endeavoured  unsuccessfully  to  avert  their 
persecution  ;  retired  to  England,  1688 ;  as  major-general 
uf  horse  in  the  English  service  served  in  Ireland  under 
William  III,  1691 ;  commander-in-chlef  of  the  forces  in 
Ireland,  1692 ;  created  Viscount  Galway  and  Baron  Port- 
arliugton,  1692  ;  joined  the  army  in  Flanders,  1693  :  envoy 
extraordinary  to  Turin,  1694 ;  created  Earl  of  Galway, 
1697  ;  appointed  one  of  the  lords  justices  of  Ireland,  1697  ; 
retired  from  government  of  Ireland,  1701  ;  sent  on  a  mis- 
sion to  the  elector  of  Cologne,  17ol ;  commander  of  the 
English  forces  in  Portugal,  1704 ;  badly  wounded  while 
besieging  Badajoz,  1705 ;  reduced  fortresses  of  Alcantara 
and  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  and  entered  Madrid,  1706 ;  compelled 
to  retreat  to  Valentia,  1706  ;  defeated  at  Almanza  through 
the  cowardice  of  the  Portuguese,  1707;  collected  14,600 
troops  in  less  than  five  mouths  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Lisbon,  17u8 ;  displayed  great  personal  bravery  at  tin- 
battle  on  the  Caya,  1709  ;  recalled,  1710  ;  appointed  lord 
justice  in  Ireland,  in  view  of  Jacobite  rising,  1715  ;  retired, 
1716.  [xxxviL  17] 

MASTER,  JOHN  (fl.  1654-1680),  physician;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1667,  and  M.D.,  1672;  M.A.  8U 
Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1659 ;  honorary  F.U.C.P.,  1080,  and 
assisted  Dr.  Thomas  Willis  (1621-1676)  [q.  v.]  in  his 
medical  publications.  [xxxviL  34] 

MASTER,  RICHARD  ( -/.  1588X  physician :  fellow  of 
All  Souls,  Oxford,  1533 ;  M.A.,  1537  ;  F.C.P.,  1653  :  M.D. 
ChrUt  Church,  Oxford,  1556  ;  physician  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, 1559 :  president,  College  of  Physicians,  1661 :  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1563.  [xxxviL  W] 

MASTER,  STRBYNSHAM  (1683-1724),  naval  cap- 
tain ;  brother-in-law  of  George  Byng  [q.  v.] ;  captain, 
1709 ;  as  captain  of  the  Superbe  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
Passaro,  1718,  captured  the  Spanish  cominauder-iu-chief. 

[xxxviL  22] 

MASTER,  THOMAS  (1603-1643),  divine ;  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  16S4 ;  M.A.,  16» :  B.D.,  1641 ;  rector 
of  Wykeham,  1637  ;  assisted  Edward  Herbert,  baron  Her- 
bert of  Cherbury  [q.  v.],  in  hi*  'Life  of  Henry  VIII,' 
and  translated  Herbert's  work  into  Latin,  [xxxvii.  23] 
-  MASTER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1662),  high  sheriff  of 
Gloucestershire ;  grandson  of  Richard  Master  [q.  v.] ; 
member  of  the  Inner  Temple,  1612 ;  knighted,  1622  :  M.I'., 
Cireucester,  1624  ;  high  sheriff  of  Gloucestershire,  16J7  ;  at 
first  a  parliamentarian,  but  (1642)  forced  to  contribute  to 
the  royal  garrison  of  Cireucettter  ;  submitted  to  parliament, 
1644,  but  his  estate  sequestered  for  entertaining  Charles  I, 
1644.  [XXXTU.  «] 

MASTER,  WILLIAM  (1617-1684X  divine:  son 
df  -ir  William  Master  [q.  v.];  bachelor-fellow  of  Merton 


College,  Oxford,  1661 ; 


1662;   vicar  of   Preston, 


MASTERS 


850 


MATHEWS 


near  Oirencester,  1658 :  rector  of  Woodford,  Essex,  1661 ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1663 ;  rector  of  South- 
church,  1666,  fora  year  ;  prebendary  of  Oadington  Major, 
1667 ;  rector  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster  Lane,  London,  1671 ; 
published  moral  essays.  [xxxvii.  23] 

MASTERS,  MRS.  MARY  (d.  1769?),  poetess;  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  Johnson  ;  wrote  hymns,  [xxxvii.  26] 

MASTERS,  ROBERT  (1713-1798),  historian;  grand- 
Ma  of   Sir  William   Master   [q.  v.] ;    fellow    of  Corpus 
Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1736-50:  M.A.,  1738;  B.D.,  I 
1746;  F.S.A.,  1762;  rector  of  Landbeach,  1756,  and  of  ! 
Waterbeaoh,  1769;    resigned  his  rectories  in  favour  of  I 
relations ;  published  4  History  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,' 
1763  (with  appendix  of  lives  of  its  members),  1755. 

[xxxvii.  26] 

MASTERTOWN,  CHARLES  (1679-1760),  presbyte- 
rian  divine :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1697  ;  ministered  at  Connor, 
oo.  Antrim,  1704-23 ;  moderator  of  the  general  synod  at 
Dungannon,  and  installed  at  Third  Belfast,  1723,  where 
the  non-subscription  controversy  was  in  active  progress  : 
established  an  orthodox  congregation  ;  published  exposi- 
tory and  polemical  works.  [xxxviL  26] 

MATCHAM,  GEORGE  (1753-1833),  traveller  and 
Indian  civil  servant :  wrote  account  of  part  of  his  over- 
land journey  home  from  India  in  1783  ;  patented  appa- 
ratus for  preserving  vessels  from  shipwreck,  1802. 

[xxxvii.  27] 

MATCHAM,  GEORGE  (1789-1877),  civil  lawyer ;  son  of 
Georee  Matcham  (1753-1833)  [q.  v.] ;  advocate  in  Doctors' 
Commons,  1820 ;  contributed  to  Hoare's  '  History  of  Wilts,' 
1825.  [xxxvii.  27] 

MATHER,  COTTON  (1663-1 728),  New  England  divine ; 
ron  of  Increase  Mather  [q.  v.] ;  minister  at  Boston,  Mass., 
1684-1728  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1710 ;  F.R.S.,  1714  ;  linguist  and 
author  of  '  Magnalia  Christi  Americana,1  1702. 

[xxxvii.  28] 

MATHER,  INCREASE  (1639-1723),  president  of  Har- 
vard College  ;  son  of  Richard  Mather  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  and 
fellow  of  Harvard,  1666 :  came  to  England,  1657  :  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1658  ;  ordained  at  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1664 ;  presided  at  Boston  synod,  1680 ;  procured 
refusal  to  give  up  Boston  charter,  1683;  president  of 
Harvard,  1684-1701 ;  conveyed  (1688)  thanks  of  colony  to 
James  II  for  declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience,  1687  ; 
D.D. ;  gained  an  enlarged  charter  from  William  III  for 
Massachusetts  ;  published  religious  writings. 

[xxxvii.  27] 

MATHER,  NATHANAEL  (1631-1697),  congrega- 
tional divine :  son  of  Richard  Mather  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Har- 
vard, 1647  ;  vicar  of  Harberton,  1655,  of  Barnstaple,  1666 ; 
pastor  of  English  church,  Rotterdam,  1660,  and  at  New 
How,  Dublin,  1671,  and  Paved  Alley,  Lime  Street,  London, 
1688 ;  joined  the  '  happy  union,'  1691,  but  aided  in  its 
disruption ;  Pinners'  Hall  lecturer,  1694.  [xxxvii.  28] 

MATHER,  RICHARD  (1596-1669),  congregational 
divine :  originally  a  schoolmaster ;  ordained  minister  at 
Toxteth,  1618  ;  suspended.  1633,  for  not  using  ceremonies  ; 
emigrated  to  New  England,  1635 ;  accepted  call  from 
Dorchester.  Massachusetts ;  bis  plan  to  check  presbyte- 
rianlsm  (the  '  Cambridge  platform ')  adopted  by  the  Cam- 
bridge synod,  1648  ;  wrote  principally  on  church  govern- 
ment. [xxxviL  29] 

MATHER,  ROBERT  COTTON  (1808-1877),  mission- 
ary ;  went  to  India,  1833  ;  built  schools  and  churches  at 
Mirzapore,  1838-73  ;  revised  and  edited  the  bible  in  Hindu- 
stani; LL.D.  Glasgow,  1862;  returned  to  England,  1873; 
published  a  New  Testament  commentary  in  Hindustani. 

[xxxviL  30] 

MATHER,  SAMUEL  (1626-1671),  congregational 
divine:  son  of  Richard  Mather  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  and  fellow, 
Harvard,  1643;  chaplain  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1650 ;  attended  parliamentary  commissioners  to  Scotland, 
1653;  incorporated  M.A.  Cambridge  and  (1664)  Dublin; 
senior  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1664  ;  ordained, 
1686 ;  curate  of  Burton  wood,  1660 ;  ejected,  1662  ;  erected 
meeting  house  in  New  Row,  Dublin,  1662  ;  published 
religious  works.  [xxxvii.  31] 

MATHER,    WILLIAM   (ft.    1696),  author ;    qnaker 
from  1661 ;  schoolmaster  and  surveyor  of  highways  at  Bed- 
ford ;  chief  work,  •  Young  Man's  Companion,'  1681,  reach- 
ing twenty-four  editions.  [xxxviL  31] 
MATHETE8  (1821 7-1878).    [See  JONES,  JOHN.] 
MATHEW.    [See  also  MATTHKW.] 


MATHEW,  THEOBALD  (1790-1856),  apostle  of  tem- 
perance ;  Roman  catholic  priest,  1841 ;  sent  to  small 
chapel  in  Cork ;  opened  free  school  for  boys  and  another 
for  girls ;  signed  total  abstinence  pledge,  1838  ;  visited 
the  principal  cities  of  Ireland  with  wonderful  effect; 
his  preaching  ii/Londou  described  by  Mrs.  Oarlyle,  1843 ; 
worked  energetically  during  the  Irish  famine  ;  preached 
in  the  United  States,  1849  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1851. 

[xxxvii.  32] 

MATHEWS.    [See  also  MATTHKWS.] 

MATHEWS,  CHARLES  (1776-1835),  comedian  :  went 
to  Ireland,  1794 ;  played  at  Dublin,  Cork,  and  Limerick : 

Wilkinson,  and  became  a  popular  actor  on  the  York  cir- 
cuit ;  appeared  at  the  Hayrnarket,  1803, 1805-7,  and  1812- 
1817 ;  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1804  and  1807  ;  accom- 
panied the  burnt-out  actors  of  Drury  Lane  to  the  Lyceum, 
London,  1809-11 ;  instituted  at  entertainments,  called  '  At 
Homes,'  a  series  of  sketches,  the  first  called  'The  Mail 
Coach,'  1808  ;  produced  numerous  other 4  At  Homes ' :  went 
on  tour  in  America,  1822-3;  undertook  with  Frederick 
Henry  Yates  [q.  v.]  the  management  of  the  Adelphi,  1828 ; 
played  with  Yates  in  Paris,  1829  ;  again  visited  America, 
1834:  compelled  to  return  by  the  failure  of  his  voice; 
played  four  hundred  different  parts ;  praised  by  Leigh 
Hunt,  Horace  Smith,  and  Lord  Byron  :  intimate  with 
Coleridge  and  the  Lambs ;  his  collection  of  pictures, 
j  largely  consisting  of  theatrical  portraits,  bought  for  the 
Garrick  Club,  1836.  [xxxvii.  34] 

MATHEWS,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1803-1878),  actor 
!  and  dramatist ;  son  of  Charles  Mathews  [q.  v.] ;  articled 
I  to  Augustus  Charles  Pugin  [q.  v.],  1819 ;  visited  with 
Pugin,  York,  Oxford,  and  Paris ;  amateur  actor,  1822  ; 
j  went  to  Ireland  to  build  a  house  for  Lord  Blessington, 
,  1823,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Italy ;  entered  the  employ 
of  John  Nash  ;  again  in  Italy,  1827,  where  he  acted  at  a 
private  theatre  built  by  Lord  Normanby ;  returned  home, 
1830 ;  district  surveyor  at  Bow,  London  ;  took  to  the  stage, 
1835  ;  joined  Yates  in  management  of  the  Adelphi,  London  ; 
appeared  at  the  Olympic,  London,  1835,  after  the  failure 
of  the  Adelphi ;  married  his  manageress,  Lucia  Elizabeth 
Vestris  [see  below],  1838  ;  unsuccessful  in  American  tour, 
1838,  and  management  of  Covent  Garden,  London,  1839- 
1842 ;  produced  over  a  hundred  pieces  at  Oovent  Garden, 
London  ;  opened  the  Lyceum,  London,  1847 ;  resigned,  in 
consequence  of  heavy  debts,  though  his  management  was 
remunerative ;  bankrupt,  1856  ;  revisited  America,  1866 ; 
played  in  London,  1858-63,  in  Paris,  1863  and  1866; 
appeared  at  Melbourne,  1870,  leaving  Australia,  1871; 
visited  Auckland,  Honolulu,  San  Francisco,  and  New 
York ;  took  Wallack's  Theatre,  New  York,  1872 ;  acted 
in  London,  1872-7,  except  for  a  season  in  Calcutta  (1876) ; 
successful  chiefly  in  comedy  and  farce;  wrote  various 
light  pieces,  mostly  adaptations.  [xxxvii.  37] 

MATHEWS,  LUCIA  ELIZABETH  or  ELIZA- 
BETTA,  also  known  as  MADAMB  VESTRIS  (1797-1856), 
actress ;  daughter  of  Gaetano  Stefano  Bartolozzi  [q.  v.]  ; 
first  appeared  in  Italian  opera,  1815 ;  acted  at  Paris,  1816 ; 
appeared  frequently  at  Drury  Lane,  Covent  Garden,  and 
the  Haymarket,  London,  as  well  as  in  Ireland  and  the 
provinces,  1820-31 ;  opened  the  Olympic,  London,  with 
I  Maria  Foote,  1831;  married  Charles  James  Mathews 
[q.  v.],  1836,  and  went  with  him  to  America :  aided  him  in 
his  management  of  Oovent  Garden,  London,  1839-42,  and 
the  Lyceum,  1847-54 ;  unrivalled  as  a  stage  singer. 

[xxxviL  41] 

MATHEWS,  THOMAS  (1676-1751),  admiral ;  entered 
the  navy,  1690;  lieutenant,  1699;  captain,  1703;  assisted 
in  capture  of  Spanish  flagship  at  Cape  Passaro,  1718 ; 
blockaded  Messina  unsuccessfully ;  commanded  squadron 
in  East  Indies  against  pirates,  1722-4;  virtually  retired, 
1724 ;  but  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  navy  at 
Chatham,  1736;  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  1742;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  king  of  Sardinia  and  the  States  of  Italy, 
1742;  to  prevent  the  allies  slipping  away  to  the  south 
fought  without  waiting  for  the  rear  division  to  close  up, 
on  which  a  panic  seized  the  English  fleet  and  the  blockade 
off  Toulon  was  fairly  broken:  resigned,  1744;  charged 
by  Richard  Lestock  [q.  v.]  with  having  neglected  to  give 
necessary  orders,  and  having  fled  from  the  enemy  and 
given  up  the  chase,  though  there  was  every  chance  of 
success  ;  dismissed,  after  a  trial  of  unprecedented  length, 
1747;  regarded  the  sentence  as  merely  the  outcome  of 
parliamentary  faction.  [xxxviL  43] 


MATHIAS 


s.-,7 


MATTHEWS 


MATHIAS,  BENJAMIN  WILLIAMS  (1772-1841X 
divine  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1799  ;  ordained  to 
the  curacy  of  Rathfryland,  17'J7;  chaplain  of  Betheada 
Chapel,  Dorset  Street,  Dublin,  1805-35  ;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [xxxvii.  46] 

MATHIAS,  THOMAS  JAMES  (1754  ?-183B),  satirist 
and  Italian  scholar  ;  major-fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1776;  M.A.,  1777;  sub-treasurer  to  George  Jir- 
qiifrii,  1782;  afterwards  treasurer:  F.S.A.  and  P.FL8., 
17'.»f, ;  librarian  at  Buckingham  Palace,  1812 ;  lost  heavily 
over  his  edition  of  Gray's  works,  1814;  went  to  Italy, 
1817  :  published  tin-  •  Pursuits  of  Literature,'  1794,  a  reck- 
less satire  on  authors,  which  went  through  sixteen  editions 
and  provoked  many  replies  ;  the  best  English  scholar  in 
Italian  since  Milton;  translated  English  poets  into 
Italian  and  Italian  works  into  Bnglish ;  published 
'  Poeaie  Liriche,'  1810,  and  'Canzoni  Toscane.' 

[xxxvii.  47] 

MATILDA  (d.  1083),  queen  of  William  the  Con- 
queror ;  daughter  of  Baldwin  V  of  Flanders,  descendant 
of  Alfred  [q.  v.] ;  forbidden  to  marry  Duke  William  of 
Normandy  by  the  council  of  Rheims,  1049 ;  married  at 
Eu,  1063,  dispensation  being  granted  by  Nicolas  II.  1059  ; 
built  abbey  at  Caen  as  a  penance ;  ruled  Normandy  in 
William's  absence;  crowned  at  Westminster,  1067 ;  resided 
much  in  Normandy  superintending  the  affairs  of  the 
duchy ;  sent  quantities  of  valuables  to  her  son  Robert,  1079, 
during  his  quarrel  with  his  father  ;  founded  the  abbey  of 
St.  Mary  de  Pre  at  Rouen ;  benefactor  of  French  religious 
houses.  [xxxvii.  49] 

MATILDA,  MAUD,  MAHALDE,  MOLD  (1080-1118), 
first  wife  of  Henry  I  of  England;  daughter  of  Mal- 
colm III  of  Scotland  and  granddaughter  of  Edmund 
Ironside;  educated  at  Romsey;  left  Scotland  on  her 
father's  death;  went  to  her  uncle  Edgar  ^Etheling,  1094 ; 
married  Henry  I,  1100:  crowned  at  Westminster,  1100; 
corresponded  with  Bishop  Hildebert  of  Le  Mans,  and 
Anselm  [q.  v.],  whose  return  she  welcomed,  1106 ;  built  a 
leper  hospital  at  St,  Giles-in-the-Fields,  London,  and  a 
bridge  over  the  Lea  at  Stratford;  founded  Austin  priory, 
Aldgate,  1108.  [xxxvii.  52] 

MATILDA  OF  BOULOGNE  (1103  ?-1152),  wife  of 
Stephen,  king  of  England ;  daughter  of  Eustace  III  of 
Boulogne ;  married,  before  1125,  Stephen  of  Blois,  who 
seized  the  crown  on  Henry  I's  death,  1135 ;  crowned  at 
Westminster,  1136;  made  treaty  with  David  of  Scotland, 
1139;  secured  alliance  of  France,  1140;  her  husband  a 
prisoner,  1141;  regained  London  for  her  husband;  be- 
sieged the  Empress  Matilda  (1102-1167)  [q.  v.],  who  was 
besieging  Winchester,  and  compelled  her  to  withdraw, 
soon  effecting  Stephen's  release,  1141.  [xxxvii.  53] 

MATILDA,  MAUD,  MOLD,  JETHELIC.  AALIZ 
(1102-1167),  empress ;  daughter  of  Henry  I ;  married  to 
Henry  V  of  Germany,  and  crowned  at  Mainz,  1114  ;  after 
her  husband's  death  (1125)  returned  to  England,  1126  ; 
recognised  as  Henry  I's  successor  by  the  barons  and 
bishops,  1126, 1131,  and  1133;  on  her  father's  death  (1135) 
entered  Normandy,  which,  as  well  as  England,  chose  her 
cousin  Stephen  for  its  king ;  gained  nothing  by  an  appeal 
to  Rome,  1136;  landed  in  England,  1139;  Stephen 
brought  captive  to  her  at  Gloucester,  1141 ;  acknowledged 
by  a  council  at  Winchester  as  'Lady  of  England  and 
Normandy,'  1141 ;  went  to  London,  but,  her  confiscations 
and  demands  for  money  irritating  the  citizens,  was  driven 
from  the  city ;  besieged  Winchester,  but,  being  in  turn 
besieged  by  Stephen's  wife,  Matilda  (1103?-1152)  [q.  v.], 
cut  her  way  out  and  fled  to  Gloucester;  besieged  by 
Stephen  in  Oxford  Castle,  1142 ;  escaped  from  Oxford,  but 
bad  no  further  hope  of  success,  1142;  conjointly  with 
her  husband,  who  held  Normandy  as  a  conqueror,  ceded 
the  duchy  to  her  sou  Henry  (afterwards  Henry  II),  1150 ; 
induced  Henry  II  not  to  invade  Ireland,  1155;  founded 
several  religious  bouses.  [xxxvii.  54] 

MATILDA,  DUCHBSS  OP  SAXONY  (1156-1189), 
daughter  of  Henry  II  of  England;  married  Henry  the 
Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  at  Mindeu,  1168;  Brunswick  be- 
sieged by  the  emperor  in  consequence  of  her  husband's 
refusal  to  submit  to  the  forfeiture  of  his  hinds,  1180,  but 
the  siege  raised  on  her  appeal  to  bis  chivalry ;  sought 
refuge  in  England  with  her  husband,  who,  however  (1181), 
had  submitted,  returning  to  Brunswick,  1185;  her  hug- 
baud  again  exiled,  1189.  [xxxvii.  58] 


MATON,  ROBERT  (1607-1MITX  divine;  M.A.  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford.  1630;  took  order*;  'millenary' 
and  believer  in  the  literal  meaning  of  scriptural  pro- 
phecy ;  published  •  Israel's  Redemption,'  164}  :  replied  to 

%2F°™H   tbereby  exclted'  ta   •!«*»'•    B*vSp5<» 
Redeemed.'  1646.  [xxxvuTC] 

MATON,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (l7T4-183r, 
aidan  ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  17»7  ;  P.uC,  !>% 
subsequently  vice-president  :  physician  to  Westminster 
Ho«piUl,  London,  1800-8  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1801  ;  F.RX)Pn 
1802  ;  Gulstouiuu  Nvt.mr.  1803;  Harvelau  orator.  181*1 
physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1816,  to 
the  Duchess  of  Kent,  and  the  infant  Prince*  Victoria, 
1820  :  published  (1797)  account  of  tour  in  Dorset,  Devon- 
shire, Cornwall,  and  Somerset.  [xxxvii.  60] 

MATTHEW.    [See  also  MATHBW.] 

MATTHEW  PABIS  (  d.  1269).    [See  PARIS.] 

MATTHEW  WESTMHTBTEB. 


MATTHEW,  TOBIE  or  TOBIAS  (1546-16281  arch- 
bishop of  York  ;  B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1564  ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1566,  and  student  ;  D.D.,  1574  ; 
ordained,  1566;  attracted  Queen  Elizabeth's  notice  at 
Oxford,  1566  ;  public  orator,  1569-72  ;  cation  of  ChrUt 
Church,  1570  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  157»  ;  president 
of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1672-7  ;  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  1576;  vice-chancellor,  1579:  preached  a  Latin 
sermon  defending  the  reformation,  1581  ;  dean  of  Durham, 
1584;  vicar  of  Bishop's  Wearmoutb,  1590;  acted  as  poli- 
tical agent  in  the  north  ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1596  ;  active 
against  recusants;  prominent  in  the  Hampton  Court 
conference,  1604  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1606  ;  entrusted 
with  the  detention  of  Lady  Arabella  Stuart,  who,  how- 
ever, escaped,  1611  ;  frequently  opposed  the  royal  policy. 

[xxxvii.  60] 

MATTHEW,  Sm  TOBIE  (1577-1655),  courtier,  diplo- 
matist, and  writer:  sou  of  Tobie  or  Tobias  Matthew 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1597  ;  admitted  of 
Gray's  Inn,  1599;  M.P.,  Newport,  Cornwall,  1601,  St. 
Albans,  1604  ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1604-6  ;  converted  to 
Roman  Catholicism  at  Florence,  1606  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  was  committed  to  the  Fleet  on  account  of  his 
religion  ;  allowed  to  leave  prison  on  parole  in  consequence 
of  the  plague,  1608  ;  obtained  leave  to  go  abroad,  1608  ; 
ordained  priest  at  Rome,  1614  ;  returned  to  London, 
1617  ;  exiled  on  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
1619;  allowed  to  return,  1621;  acquainted  government 
with  a  scheme  for  erecting  titular  Roman  catholic 
bishoprics  in  England,  1622  ;  sent  to  Madrid  to  advise 
Charles  and  Buckingham,  1623  ;  knighted  on  bis  return, 
1623  ;  member  of  abortive  Academy  Royal,  1624  :  in  Paris 
and  Brussels,  1625-33  :  secretary  to  Strafford  in  Ireland, 
1633  ;  soon  returned  to  court,  where  the  puritans  suspected 
him  of  being  a  papal  spy  ;  retired  to  Ghent,  both  bouses 
of  parliament  having  petitioned  for  his  banishment, 
1640  ;  Bacon's  later  work  submitted  by  the  author  to  his 
criticism  ;  translated  Bacon's  '  Essays  '  into  Italian,  1618  : 
wrote  an  account  of  his  conversion  (never  printed)  ;  died 
at  Ghent  ;  a  collection  of  letters  made  by  him,  published, 
1660.  [xxxvii.  63] 

MATTHEWS.    [See  also  MATHEWS.] 

MATTHEWS,  HENRY  (1789-1828),  judge  and  tra- 
veller ;  son  of  John  Matthews  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge;  fellow  of  King's  College;  M.A., 
1815;  advocate-fiscal  of  Ceylon,  1821-7;  judge,  1827; 
published  *  Diary  '  of  continental  travels,  1820  (5th  edit. 
1835)  ;  died  in  Ceylon.  [xxxviL  68] 

MATTHEWS,  JOHN  (1  755-1826  \  physician  and 
poet;  M.A.  Mertou  College,  Oxford,  1779;  MJX,  1782; 
physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London. 
F.R.C.P.,  1783;  Gulstouian  lecturer,  1784;  mayor  of 
Hereford,  1793  ;  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1803-6  ;  composed 
prose  and  verse  ;  parodied  Pope's  'Eloisa,'  1780. 

[xxxviL  68] 

MATTHEWS  or  MATHEWS.  LEMUEL  (fi.  1661- 
1705),  archdeacon  of  Down  :  son  of  ilarmaduke  Matthews 
[q.  v.];  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  before  1667; 
rector  of  Leuavy  and  chaplain  to  Jeremy  Taylor,  bishop 
of  Down  [q.  v.]  ;  prebendary  of  Oarncastle,  1667  :  arch- 
deacon of  Down,  1674  ;  chancellor  of  Down  and  Connor, 
1690  ;  held  nine  livings  ;  attainted  by  Irish  parliament, 
1689  ;  found  guilty  and  suspended  by  the  Lisburu  visitation, 


MATTHEWS 


858 


MAULE 


16W.    for   maintenance,  non-residence,   and  neglect   of 
duties ;  agitated  in  a  aeries  of  fourteen  appeals ;  restored 

,,..    ,    ;.,   ;..-    ..„:.,:,.!.  [XXXVii.    W] 

MATTHEWS.  MARMADUKE  (1606-1683?),  Welsh 
nonconformist :  M.A.  All  Boulfi,  Oxford,  1627  ;  inhibited 
by  the  bishop  of  St.  David's ;  fled  to  West  Indies  ;  '  teach- 
ing-elder1 at  Maldon,  New  England ;  appointed  to  St. 
John's,  Swansea,  1668  ;  ejected,  1662 ;  licensed  to  preach, 
1673.  [xxxvii.  70] 

MATTHEWS,  THOMAS  (pseudonym)  (1500  ?-1565). 
[See  ROQKKH,  JOHN.] 

MATTHEWS,  THOMAS  (1805-1889),  actor  and 
pantomimist ;  coached  by  Grimaldi ;  clown  at  Sadler's 
Wells,  Theatre,  1829 ;  in  pantomimes  in  London,  Paris, 
and  Edinburgh ;  retired,  1865.  [xxxvii.  70] 

MATTHIAS.    [See  MATHIAS.] 

MATTHIESSEN,  AUGUSTUS  (1831-1870),  chemist 
and  physicist ;  studied  at  Giessen,  1852,  and  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1853 ;  returned  to  London  and  studied  with  Hof- 
mann,  1857 ;  F.H.S.,  1861 ;  lecturer  on  chemistry  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  London,  1862-8,  at  St.  Bartholomew's, 
London,  1868 :  worked  chiefly  on  the  constitution  of  alloys 
and  opium  alkaloids.  [xxxvii.  71] 

MATTOCKS,  ISABELLA  (1746-1826),  actress ;  daugh- 
ter of  Lewis  Hallam,  a  comedian  ;  played  children's  parts, 
1 753 ;  chief  support  of  Go  vent  Garden,  at  which  she 
played  an  immense  variety  of  parta,  1761  till  her  retire- 
ment, 1808 :  also  appeared  at  Portsmouth  and  Liverpool, 
where  her  husband  became  manager ;  especially  shone  in 
the  role  of  chambermaid.  [xxxvii.  72] 

MATURIN,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1782-1824), 
novelist  and  dramatist ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1800;  curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Dublin  ;  set  up  a  school  and 
took  to  literature.  1807  ;  compelled  to  give  up  the  school, 
1813;  his  manuscript  tragedy  'Bertram,'  recommended 
by  Scott  to  Kemble,  who  declined  it ;  produced  by  Kean, 
on  Byron's  recommendation,  at  Drury  Lane,  1816,  with 
great  success;  produced  two  unsuccessful  tragedies  ;  pub- 
lished, besides  other  novels,  ' Montorio,'  1807,  which  Scott 
reviewed  with  appreciation,  'The  Milesian  Chief,'  1812, 
imitated  by  Scott  in  *  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,'  and 
'  Melmoth,'  1820,  his  masterpiece ;  had  great  influence  on 
the  rising  romantic  school  of  France.  [xxxvii.  74] 

MATURHf,  WILLIAM  (1803-1887),  divine ;  son  of 
flurtai  Robert  Maturiu  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  and  D.D.  Dublin, 
1866  ;  was  made  perpetual  curate  of  Grangegorman,  1844  ; 
librarian  in  Archbishop  Marsh's  library,  Dublin,  1860; 
tractariau.  [xxxvii.  76] 

MATY,  MATTHEW  (1718-1776),  physician,  writer, 
and  principal  librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  born  near 
Utrecht;  Ph.D.  and  M.D.  Leyden,  1740;  physician  in 
London,  1741  ;  published  '  Journal  Britannique,'  1750-5, 
which  reviewed  English  publications  in  French :  F.R.S., 
1751 :  appointed  under-librarian  on  the  establishment  of 
the  British  Museum,  1753;  foreign  secretary,  Royal  So- 
ciety, 1762;  principal  secretary,  1765;  L.R.O.P.,  1765; 
principal  librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  1772  ;  disliked 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  but  intimate  with  other  literary  men  of 
the  day.  [xxxvii.  76] 

MATT,  PAUL  HENRY  (1745-1787),  assistant- 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  ;  sou  of  Matthew  Maty 
[q.  T.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1770,  and  travelling  fellow:  F.R.S.,  1772' 
chaplain  to  Lord  Stofmont,  English  ambassador  at  Paris  ; 
assistant-librarian  at  the  British  Museum,  1776 ;  foreign 
secretary,  Royal  Society,  1776  (principal  secretary,  1778) ; 
protested  strongly  against  Dr.  Charles  Button's  dismissal 
t^L"*1.8?^,1118  "crrtMy-Wp.  17W ;  started  the  'New 
Review,'  1782.  [xxxvii.  78] 

MATJCLEBK,  WALTER  (d.  1248),  bishop  of  Carlisle ; 
sent  to  Ireland,  1210,  and  to  Rome,  to  urge  the  royal 
complaints,  1214  ;  justice  of  the  northern  counties,  1221 ; 
sheriff  of  Cumberland  and  constable  of  Carlisle,  1222  • 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1223 :  employed  on  diplomatic  mis- 
sions; treasurer,  1227-33;  councillor  during  Henry  Ill's  ' 
absences,  1243  and  1245  ;  resigned  bishopric,  1248. 


the  Yorkshire  estates  of  his  commander,  Lord  Harry 
1'uulet  [q.  v.],  at  whose  court-martial  (1753)  he  h;ul 
given  favourable  evidence,  1765-94;  wrote  verses  de- 
scriptive of  Yorkshire  dales;  contributed  to  Grose's 
'Antiquities.'  [xxxvii.  80] 

MAUDSLAY,  HENRY  (1771-1831),  engineer :  entered 
Woolwich  arsenal ;  employed  by  Bramah,  1789-98 ;  set 
up  business  in  London  and  made  improvements  in  the 
lathe  and  marine  engines ;  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth  and 
James  Nasmyth  among  his  pupils.  [xxxvii.  81] 

MAUDSLAY,  JOSEPH  (1801-1861),  engineer,  sou 
of  Henry  Maudslay  [q.  v.] ;  originally  a  shipbuilder ; 
patented  marine  engines,  which  were  extensively  used  ; 
built  the  engines  of  the  first  admiralty  screw  steamship, 
1841.  [xxxvii.  82] 

MAUDSLAY,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1792-1864),  en- 
gineer ;  son  of  Henry  Maudslay  [q.  v.] ;  greatly  contri- 
buted to  the  success  of  his  father's  firm,  which  constructed 
engines  for  royal  navy  for  over  twenty-five  years  ;  gave 
evidence  before  a  House  of  Commons  committee  on  steam 
navigation,  1831.  [xxxvii.  82] 

MAUDUIT,  ISRAEL  (1708-1787),  political  pamph- 
leteer; preached  at  the  Hague  and  other  protestant 
chapels ;  partner  in  a  woollen-draper's  business,  London  ; 
F.R.S.,  1761 ;  appointed  customer  of  Southampton  and 
agent  in  England  for  Massachusetts,  1763;  witness  for 
the  defence  at  Governor  Hutchinson's  trial ;  declared  for 
American  independence,  1778;  published  pamphlets  on 
the  American  war,  and  'Considerations  on  the  present 
German  War,'  1760,  the  latter,  according  to  WTalpole, 
having  enormous  influence.  [xxxvii.  82] 

MAUDUIT,  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF  WARWICK  (1220- 
1268),  became  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  right  of  his  mother, 
1263;  sided  with  the  barons,  but  afterwards  joined 
Henry  III;  surprised  and  taken  prisoner  at  Warwick 
Castle,  1264.  [xxxvii.  83] 

MAUDUITH    or     MANDUTT,    JOHN    (fl.     1310), 
astronomer;  fellow  of  Mertou  College,  Oxford,  c.  1305; 
j  famous  as    physician,  astronomer,  and  theologian;    his 
mathematical  tables  well  known  in  Leland's  time. 

txxxvii.  84] 

MAUGEE  (d.  1212),  bishop  of  Worcester;  physician 
to  Richard  I  and  archdeacon  of  Evreux  ;  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, 1199 ;   urged  King  John  to  submit  to  the  pope ; 
pronounced  the  interdict,  1208 ;  fled  to  France ;  attempted 
I  reconciliation  with  King  John,  1208  and  1209 ;   died  at 
I  Pontigny.  [xxxvii.  84] 

MAUGHAM,  ROBERT  (d.  1862),  first  secretary  to 
the  Incorporated  Law  Society,  of  which  he  urged  the 
I  formation,  1825,  establishment,  1827,  and  incorporation, 
1831 ;  sole  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  '  Legal  Observer,' 
1830-56;  promoted  Attorneys  Act,  1843,  and  Solicitors 
Act,  1860 ;  published  legal  works.  [xxxvii.  85] 

MAULE,  FOX,  second  BARON  PANMURK  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  eventually  eleventh  EARL  OF  DAL- 
HOUSIE  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland  (1801-1874) ;  in  the 
army,  1820-32 :  M.P.,  Perthshire,  1835-7,  Elgin  burghs, 
1838-41,  and  Perth,  1841-52 ;  under-secretary  of  state, 
1835-41;  secretary  at  war,  1846-52  and  1855-8;  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1860.  [xxxvii.  85] 

MAULE,  HARRY,  titular  EARL  OF  PANMURB  (d. 
1734),  joined  Jacobite  rising,  1715 ;  fought  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  rescuing  his  brother,  James  Maule,  fourth  earl  of 
Panmure  [q.  v.],  under  perilous  circumstances,  1716  ;  fled 
to  Holland,  1716  ;  corresponded  with  leading  Jacobites  ; 
collected  at  Kelly  Castle,  chronicles,  chartularies,  and  his- 
torical documents  of  Scotland  ;  compiled  a  family  history, 
1733.  [xxxvii.  85] 

MAULE.  JAMES,  fourth  EARL  OF  PANMURK  (1659  ?- 
1723),  Jacobite ;  privy  councillor  to  James  II,  1686-7  ; 
proclaimed  the  Old  Pretender  king  at  Brechiu,  1715; 
taken  prisoner  at  Sheriffmuir  and  rescued  by  his  brother, 
Harry  Maule,  titular  earl  of  Panmure  [q.  v.]  ;  escaped  to 
the  continent,  1716  ;  his  estates  confiscated,  1716  ;  twice 
declined  their  restoration  at  the  price  of  swearing  allegi- 
ance to  George  I ;  died  at  Paris.  [xxxvii.  86] 

MAULE,  PATRICK,  first  EARL  OF  PANMURB  (d. 
S-1798),  minor  poet  and  1661);  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  1603:  keeper  of 
)  Barfleur,  1766  ;  steward  of  j  Eltharn  and  sheriff  of  Forfarshire,  1625  ;  endeavoured 


MAULK 


MAURICE 


to   recoucile    the    king    and    tlie  covenanters;    created 
liarou  Mauleof  I'.iv.-lun  and  Man  and  Kurl  of   Pauuiure, 

10-10;  lined  l.\  Cromwell.  [xxxviL  87] 

MAULE,  MI:  WILLIAM  I  -   1868),  judge  ; 

senior    wran^k-r,     Trinity     College,     <  Dunlin. u- 
fellow,    1X11:     barrister,    Lincoln's    Inn,    lull 
Oxford  circuit ;  K.C.,  1H33  ;  counsel  to  Bank  of  K"gl»«"). 
1835  ;  M.I'.,  (Jarlow,  1837 ;   barou  of  the  excbeqi 
knighted,  1839  ;  transferred  to  court  of  couituoi   w 
IHo'.i  ;  member  of  judicial  committee  of  privy  council. 

[xxxrU.  88] 

MAULE,  WILLIAM  RAMSAY,  BARON  PAXMUKK 
(1771-1852),  cornet,  llth  dragoons,  1789;  whig  M.T., 
Forfarshire,  1796  and  1806-31;  created  Baron  1'an- 
inure  (peerage  of  Great  Britain),  1831.  [xxxviL  88] 

MATJLEVERER,  JOHN  (d.  1650),  colonel;  par- 
liameiitary  governor  of  Hull,  1646;  colonel  of  foot 
regiment  in  Scots  war,  1C&U.  [xxxviL  90] 

MAULEVERER,  Sm  RICHARD  (1623?  -  1675), 
royalist;  eon  of  Sir  Thomas  Mauleverer  (rf.  1655) 
[q.  v.]  ;  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn,  1641  :  knighted,  1645 ; 
lined  by  parliament,  1649 :  his  estates  sequestered, 
1650;  declared  outlaw,  1654:  taken  prisoner,  165ft; 
escaped  to  the  Hague  ;  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber, 
1660;  M.P.,  Boroughbridge,  1G61.  [xxxviL  89] 

MAULEVERER,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (d. 
1665),  regicide  ;  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn,  1C  17  ;  M.P., 
Boroughbridge,  1640;  created  baronet,  1641;  raised  two 
foot  regiments  and  a  troop  of  horse  for  parliament ; 
fought  at  Atherton  Moor,  1643 ;  attended  the  king's 
trial  and  signed  the  death-warrant.  [xxxviL  89] 

MAULEVERER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1643  ?  -  1687), 
eldest  sou  of  Sir  Richard  Mauleverer  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Boroughbridge,  1679 ;  commanded  a  troop  of  horse  in 
Mouuiouth's  rebellion,  1086.  [xxxviL  90] 

MAULEY,  PETER  DB  (d.  1241X  favourite  of  Ki 
John ;  took  charge  of  treasure  and  prisoners  at 
Castle,  1216;  sheriff  of  Somerset  and  Dorset,  1216: 
summoned  to  bring  regalia  to  coronation,  1220:  arrested 
for  treason,  1221  ;  given  charge  of  Sherborue  Castle, 
1221 ;  died  a  crusader  in  the  Holy  Laud.  [xxxviL  90] 

MAUND,  BENJAMIN  (1790  -  1863),  botanical 
writer  ;  at  once  chemist,  bookseller,  printer,  and  pub- 
lisher ;  F.L.S.,  1827  ;  on  committee  of  Worcestershire 
Natural  History  Society  ;  started  monthly  botanical 
publications.  [xxxviL  91] 

MAUNDER,  SAMUEL  (1785-1849),  compiler  :  as- 
sisted his  partner,  William  Pinnock  [q.  v.],  in  the  '  Cate- 
chisms,' 1837-49;  published  the  'Literary  Gazette'; 
compiled  educational  dictionaries.  [xxxviL  91] 

MAUNDRELL,  HENRY  (1665-1701),  oriental  tra- 
veller;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1688:  B.D.,  1697; 
fellow,  1697  ;  chaplain  to  the  Levant  merchants  at 
Aleppo,  1695 ;  travelled  in  the  Holy  Laud,  spending 
Easter  at  Jerusalem,  1697  ;  his  narrative  of  the  ex- 
pedition (published,  1703)  frequently  reprinted,  and 
translated  into  French,  Dutch,  and  German. 

[xxxviL  92] 

MAUNSELL,  ANDREW  (d.  1596),  bibliographer 
and  publisher;  brought  out  Martin's  translation  of 
Peter  Martyr's  '  Commonplaces,'  1583  ;  designed  a  clas- 
sified catalogue  of  English  books,  the  first  two  parts 
(divinity  and  science)  published,  1595.  [xxxviL  93] 

MAUNSELL,  JOHN  (d.  1265).  [See  MANBKL.] 
MAUNSFIELD,  MAUNNESFELD,  MAMMESFELD, 
or  MAYMYSFELD,  HENRY  I)K  (d.  1328),  dean  of  Lin- 
coln ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1309  and  1311  ; 
dean  of  Lincoln,  1314;  declined  bishopric  of  Lincoln, 
1319  ;  canon  of  Carlisle,  1324.  [xxxviL  94] 

MAUNY,  Sm  WALTER,  afterwards  BARON  DK 
MANNY  (d.  1372).  [See  MANNY.] 

MAURICE  (<I.  1107),  bishop  of  London,  chaplain  and 
chancellor  to  William  the  Conqueror ;  bishop  of  Londou, 
1086 ;  controversy  with  Auselm  as  to  the  right  to  con- 
secrate Harrow  church  decided  against  him,  1094; 
crowned  Henry  I  iu  Anselm's  absence,  1100  :  commenced 
building  St.  Paul's  CathedraL  [xxxviL  94] 


to 
stles'  Club' 


founded  the  »  Apostles'  Club':  with  Whitmore  edite 

•  Metropolitan  Quarterly  Magazine  '  for  a  year,  182ft  ; 

j  class  in  '  civil  law  claw*,'  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1 


MAURICE     <  .if.     l-jlo),    called   MORUANWBIS,   and 

" 

u,,,-,,,,  ,.:  Lbataft  [xxxrlL9»] 

MAURICE.  1-it.N.  K  (1MO-16MX  son  of  the  elector 
palatine  Frederick  V  and  KUxabeth,  daughter  of  James  I  • 
landMl  .a  England,  1641,  to  aid  the  royalbt  cause;  com' 
missioned  to  protect  Gloucestershire,  164S  :  forced  his 
x  lord  fur  reinforcement*,  1643  :  Exeter  and  Dart- 
mouth  surreuderv.1  to  him.  1643  :  abandoned  the  siege  of 
Plymouth  in  comiequetice  of  illness,  1643  :  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  southern  counties  1644  ;  prewot  at  the 
second  battle  of  Newbury,  1644  :  unable  to  keep  order  In 
Wales,  1646  :  relieved  by  his  brother.  Prince  Rupert  [q.  v.], 
at  Chester,  1046  ;  fouKht  on  the  right  wing  at  Naseby, 
14  June  164ft  ;  besieged  hi  Oxford,  1646  ;  banished  by 
parliament,  26  June  1646  ;  joined  Rupert  in  hi.*  piracy, 
1648  ;  lost  at  sea  off  the  Anagadas.  [xxxviL  9ft] 

MAURICE,     1  I;i:i'i:iU(  K     DENI8ON    (180A-1872X 
divine:    went    up    to    Cambridge,  1823;    with   Sterling 
with  Whitmore  edited  the 
,  182ft  ;  flrst- 
1827  : 

edited  the  •  London  Literary  Chronicle  '  until  1H3O  :  went 
up  to  Oxford  to  take  orders,  1830  ;  joined  the  'Essay 
Society  •  and  met  William  Ewart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  :  curate 
of  Bubbenhall,  1834  ;  published  'Subscription  no  Bond- 
age,'  against  abolishing  subscription  to  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles;  chaplain  at  Guy's  Hospital.  London,  1836-46, 
lecturing  on  moral  philosophy  :  married  Anna,  silfter-iu- 
law  of  John  Sterling  [q.  v.],  1837  ;  published  '  Letters  to 
a  Quaker,'  1837  :  edited  the  •  Education  Magazine,'  1839- 
1841;  professor*  of  English  literature  and  history  at 
King's  College,  Londou,  1840;  Boyle  lecturer  and  War- 
burton  lecturer,  1845  :  chaplain  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  184<i  ; 
resigned  chaplaincy  of  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  1846  : 
helped  to  found  Queen's  College,  London,  1848  ;  married 
Julius  Hare's  half-sister,  1849  :  edited  for  a  few  weeks  the 
paper  of  the  '  Christian  Socialists,'  and  had  his  attention 
drawn  to  co-operation  and  trade  associations  ;  called 
upon  by  the  principal  of  King's  College  to  clear  himself 
of  charges  of  heterodoxy  brought  against  him  iu  the 
'  Quarterly  Review,'  1851  :  cleared  by  a  comuuttee  of  in- 
quiry, 1882;  asked  to  retire  by  the  council  of  King's 
College  after  the  publication  of  his  '  Theological  Essays,' 
1853  ;  strongly  advocated  abolition  of  university  tests, 
1853;  inaugurated  (1864)  the  Working  Men's  College  in 
lied  Lion  Square,  London  (afterwards  removed  to  Great 
Ormond  Street),  of  which  he  was  chosen  principal  ;  ac- 
cepted the  chapel  of  St.  Peter's,  Vere  Street,  London, 
1860-9  ;  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge, 
1866:  incumbent  of  St.  Edward's,  Cambridge,  l*7n  I; 
Cambridge  preacher  at  Whitehall,  1871.  [xxxviL  1)7] 

MAURICE,  GODFREY  (d.  1598).  [See  JUNKS, 
JOHN.] 

MAURICE,     HENRY      (1648-1691),     divine:     MA. 
Jesus    College,     Oxford,      1671:     D.D.,    1683:    fellow; 
gamed,  as  curate  of  Cheltenham,  1669,  great  reputation 
in  a  controversy  with  the  Sociuians  ;  chaplain  to  Sir 
Leoline  Jenkins  [q.  v.]  at  Cologne,  1673-6  :  doua-t 
lain  to  Bancroft,  1680-91  :  treasurer  of  Chichwt. 
rector  of  Newiugton,  Oxfordshire,  1686  :  repre«?nt4il  »>x- 
fonl  at  Westminster  convocation,  1689  :  Margaret  profes- 
sor of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1691  ;  published  controversial 
workc  ;  well  versed  in  canon  law.  [xxxviL  loft] 

MAURICE,  JAMBS  WILKES  (1776-1867),  rear- 
admiral  ;  entered  navy,  1789;  lieutenant,  1797;  went  to 
\\Y-t  lii'lit-,  1802:  commander,  1804;  held  Diamond 
lUx-k,  Martinique,  for  more  than  a  year,  1806;  gos.mor 
of  Marie  Galaute,  1808  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1809  ; 
governor  of  Auholt,  1810-12,  where  he  defeated  the  Danes, 
1811  ;  retired  rear-admiral,  1846.  [xxxviL  106] 

MAURICE,  THOMAS  (1764-1824),  oriental  scholar 
and  historian  ;  M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1808  ; 
while  at  Oxford  translated  '(Edipus  Tyraunus,'  for  which 
Dr.  Johnson  wrote  the  preface  ;  vicar  of  Wormlcightou, 
1798  ;  assistant-keeper  of  manuscripts  in  the  ltriti>h 
Muslim.  17D8;  ohtaim-d  pension,  1800:  vicar  of  Cud- 
ham,  1804  :  a  voluminous  author,  and  the  first  to  popu- 
larise Eastern  history  and  religions.  [xxxviL  107] 

MAURICE,     WILLIAM    (/.    1640-1680),    collector 
and  tram-oilier  of  Welsh  manuscripts  ;  his   collection 
\Vyuustay.  [xxxvii.  108] 


MAVOB 


860 


MAXWELL 


MAVOB,  WILLIAM  FORDYCE  (1758-1837),  com- 
mlf?of  educational  work*  :  schoolmaster  at  Woodstock  ; 
oXned,  1781  :  vicar  of  Hurley  and  I.I.  .P.  AU-nleen. 
°7«>.  n»tor  of  Stonesfield,  Oxfordshire,  which  he  ex- 
chanced  (1810)  for  Bladon-with-  Woodstock  ;  chief  oom- 
•Kngliah  Spelling  Book;  1801.  [xxxvli.  108] 


MAWBEY,  SIR  JOSEPH,  first  baronet  (1730-1798), 
politician;  inherited  property  iu  Surrey,  1754;  sheriff, 
17&7-  M  1'  Southward  1761-74  ;  created  baronet,  1765  ; 
Ml''  Surrev,  1775-90;  cbairmaii  of  Surrey  quarter 
uemtons  for"  twenty-seven  years;  contributed  to  the 
•Gentleman's  Magazine.'  [xxxvii.  109] 

MA  WE,  JOHN  (1764-1829),  mineralogist  :  a  sailor 
for  fifteen  years;  collected  minerals  in  England  and 
<^tlaiid  for  the  King  of  Spain  ;  blockaded  in  Cadiz, 
1804Mmprisoned  at  Monte  Video,  1805-6;  visited  the 
interior  of  Brazil,  1809-10  ;  opened  a  shop  in  the  Strand, 
1811:  wrote  books  on  mineralogy  and  his  South 
American  travels.  [xxxvii.  110] 

MA  WE  or  MAW,  LEONARD  (d.  1629),  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells:  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1595;  M.A.  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1599):  master  of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1617;  vice-chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1621  ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  and  chap- 
lain to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales:  joined  him  in  Spam, 
1683  ;  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1625  ;  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  1628.  [xxxvii.  Ill] 

MAWSON,  MATTHIAS  (1683-1770),  bishop  of  Ely  ; 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge;  fellow,  1707  ;  M.A.,  1708;  D.D.,  1725;  master 
of  Corpus  Cliristi  College,  Cambridge,  1724-44  ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1730;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1738  :  transferred 
to  Chichester,  1740;  bishop  of  Ely,  1754  :  founded  twelve 
scholarship  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1754. 

[xxxvii.  Ill] 

MAX  MflLLEB,  FRIEDRIOH  (1823-1  900),  orientalist 
and  philologist  :  son  of  the  poet  Wilhelm  Miiller  (1794- 
1827)  ;  born  at  Dessau  ;  educated  at  Leipzig  ;  Ph.D.,  1843  ; 
studied  under  Franz  Bopp  and  Schelling  at  Berlin  and 
under  Eugene  Burnouf  at  Paris  ;  obtained  introduction 
to  Baron  Bunsen,  then  Prussian  minister  in  London  ;  came 
to  England,  1846,  and  was  commissioned  by  board  of 
directors  of  East  India  Company  to  bring  out  edition  of 
the  Sanskrit  classic  '  Rigveda,'  with  Sayana's  commen- 
tary (published,  1849-73)  ;  settled  at  Oxford,  1848  ; 
deputy  Tnylorian  professor  of  modern  European  lan- 
guages, 1850  ;  hon.  M.A.  and  member  of  Christ  Church, 
1851  ;  full  M.A.  and  Tayloriau  professor,  1854-68  ;  curator 
of  Bodleian  Library,  1856-63  and  1881-94;  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,  1858  ;  unsuccessfully  opposed 
(Sir)  Monicr  Monier-Williams  [q.  v.]  as  candidate  for 
professorship  of  Sanskrit  at  Oxford,  1860  ;  studied  com- 
parative philology  and  was  first  professor  of  that  sub- 
ject at  Oxford,  1868  till  death,  though  he  retired  from 
the  active  duties  of  the  chair,  1875  ;  devoted  much  at- 
tention to  comparative  mythology  and  the  comparative 
study  of  religions  ;  edited,  from  1876,  '  Sacred  Books  of  the 
East,'  a  series  of  English  translations  of  oriental  works  of 
a  religious  character.  He  was  a  privy  councillor  and  ob- 
tained numerous  honours  from  British  and  foreign  courts 
and  learned  bodies.  Though  much  in  his  works  and 
methods  may  already  be  superseded,  his  writings  exercised 
an  extraordinarily  stimulating  influence  in  many  fields. 
They  fall  under  the  heads  of  Sanskrit,  Pali,  science  of 
religion,  comparative  mythology,  comparative  philology, 
philosophy,  biography,  and  writings  in  German.  A  col- 
lected edition  of  his  essays  entitled  *  Chips  from  a  German 
Workshop  '  appeared,  1867-75.  A  full  collected  edition  of 
his  works  began  to  appear  in  1898.  [SuppL  UL  161] 


T,  ANTHONY  (d.  1618),  dean  of  Windsor ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1686;  D.D.,  1608; 
chaplain  to  James  I  ;  dean  of  Windsor  and  registrar  of 
the  order  of  the  Garter,  1612  ;  made  the  highest  bid  for 
the  vacantsee  of  Norwich,  1618.  [xxxvii.  112] 


),  THOMAS  (rf.  1616),  Roman  catholic 
priest ;  educated  at  Douay  ;  missioncr  in  England,  1615 ; 
arre-ted;  refused  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  was  exe- 
cuted, [xxxvii.  112] 

MAXFIELD,  THOMAS  (d.  1784),  Wesleyanj  con- 
verter! by  John  Wesley,  1739  ;  travelled  with  Charles 
Wedey,  1740  :  left  In  charge  of  the  Foundery  Society 
by  John  Wesley,  1741;  seized  by  the  press-gang,  1745 ; 


tnunf erred  to  the  army:  on  his  discharge,  became  one 
of  Wesley's  chief  assistants  and  chaplain  to  the  Countess 
of  Huntingdon  ;  separated  from  the  Wesleys,  1763; 
preached  in  Moorfields,  1767;  at  his  secession  became 
Wesley's  enemy  •  unsuccessfully  negotiated  for  a  reunion, 
1772  and  1779.  [xxxvii.  113] 

MAXSE,    FREDERICK     AUGUSTUS    (1833-1900), 
I  admiral  and  political  writer ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Ber- 
keley Fitzhardiuge  Maxse  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant  R.N.,  1852  ; 
i  captain,  1855 ;  retired  as  admiral,  1867  :  wrote  on  social 
questions.    Mr.  George  Meredith's  novel,  'Beauchamp's 
Career,'  is  largely  a  study  of  his  character. 

[Suppl.  iu.  157] 

MAXSE,  SIR  HENRY  BERKELEY  FITZH ARDINGE 
(1832-1883),    governor    of    Heligoland;    army   captain, 
1864;  served  through  Crimean  war  (medals) ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1863:  governor  of  Heligoland,  1864-81,  during 
which    time  the  constitution  was   reformed,  1868,  the 
!  gaming-tables  abolished,  1870,  and  telegraphic  communi- 
]  cation  established  ;  governor  of  Newfoundland,  1881-3 ; 
died  at  St.  John's,  Newfoundland.  [xxxvii.  114] 

MAXWELL,  CAROLINE  ELIZABETH  SARAH, 
LADY  STIRLING  (1808-1877).  [See  NORTON.] 

MAXWELL,  SIR  GEORGE  CLERK  (1715-1784). 
[See  CLERK-MAXWELL.] 

MAXWELL,  JAMES  (fl.  1600-1640),  author;  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  1600;  went  abroad;  returned  to  England 
and  published  numerous  works,  including  poems  on 
Charles  I  and  Prince  Henry,  and  works  in  defence  of  the 
English  church ;  nicknamed  by  Laud  '  Mountebank  Max- 
well.' [xxxvii.  115] 

MAXWELL,  JAMES  (1708  ?-l 762),  of  Kirkconnel; 
Jacobite ;  joined  the  rebellion  of  1746  ;  escaped  to  France 
1  after  Culloden  ;  published  'Narrative  of  Charles  Prince 
;  of  Wales's  Expedition  in  1745.'  [xxxvii.  117] 

MAXWELL,  JAMES  (1720-1800),  'Poet  in  Paisley ' ; 
,  followed  numerous  trades ;  received  assistance  from 
i  Paisley  town  council,  1787 ;  author  of  doggerel  religious 
I  publications.  [xxxvii.  117] 

MAXWELL,    JAMES     OLERK   (1831-1879).     [See 

I  CLERK-MAXWELL.] 

MAXWELL,  SIR  JOHN  of   Terregles,  MASTER  OP 
I  MAXWELL,    and    afterwards   fourth   BARON    HERRIKS 
I  (15127-1583),  partisan  of  Mary  Queen   of  Scots;   held 
|  Lochmaben  Castle,  1545;  warden  of  the  west  marches, 
i  1552-3:  reappointed  warden  of  the  west  marches,  1561  ; 
endeavoured  to  mediate  between  Mary  and  Moray,  1566  ; 
after  Rizzio's  murder  joined  Mary  with  a  strong  force  at 
Dunbar,  1666;    became  Baron  Her ries,  1566;    one  of  the 
assize  who  acquitted  Bothwell ;  entreated  Mary  not  to 
marry  Bothwell ;  submitted  to  Moray's  regency,  1567 ; 
commanded  Mary's  horse  at  Langside,  1568;   commis- 
sioner to  England,  1568  ;  joined  a  revolt  against  Moray, 
1569  ;  submitted  to  the  regent  on  finding  that  Elizabeth 
would  not  aid   Mary;  assisted    in   depriving    Morton, 
1578;  member  of  the  new  privy  council;  on  Morton's 
return  to  power  sent  to  Stirling  to  maintain  quiet ;  subse- 
quently supported  Lennox.  [xxxvii.  121] 

MAXWELL,  JOHN,  seventh  or  eighth  BARON  MAX- 
WELL and  EARL  OF  MORTON  (1553-1593),  attended  Perth 
convention,  1569;  voted  for  Mary's  divorce  from  Bothwell, 
1569  ;  his  territories  invaded  and  castles  demolished 
by  Lord  Scrope,  1570 ;  came  to  terms  with  Morton, 
1673;  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh  on  claiming  (1577)  the 
earldom  of  Morton,  which  he  obtained  on  Morton's  exe- 
cution, 1681 ;  denounced  as  rebel  after  Lennox's  over- 
throw, 1582  and  1586,  when  the  earldom  of  Morton  and 
its  adjuncts  were  revoked ;  assisted  in  the  capture  of 
Stirling  Castle,  1586 :  granted  indemnity,  1586 ;  im- 

'  prisoned  for  causing  mass  to  be  celebrated ;  exiled ; 
returned  without  permission,  was  again  exiled,  the 
earldom  of  Morton  being  ratified  by  parliament  to  the 
Earl  of  Angus,  1587;  assembled  his  followers  to  help 
Spanish  invasion,  1588 ;  captured  and  brought  prisoner 
to  Edinburgh  ;  appointed,  under  title  of  Earl  of  Morton, 
warden  of  the  west  marches,  1592 ;  subscribed  presby- 

!  terian  confession  of  faith,  1593 ;  slain  in  an  encounter 

j  with  the  laird  of  Johnstone's  followers,      [xxxvii.  124] 
MAXWELL,  JOHN,  eighth  or  ninth  BARON  MAX- 

1  WELL  (1586  ?-16l2),  son  of  John  Maxwell,  seventh  or 


MAXWELL 


HAT 


eighth  baron  Maxwell  [q.  v.] ;  at  feud  with 
on  account  ot  bis  father's  death,  and  with  the 
nv:ini:iiLr  the  earldom  of  Morton;  constantly  called 
before  the  council  to  answer  for  his  plot*  against  John- 
stone,  1598-1603 ;  reconciled,  160ft ;  committed  to  Edin- 
burgh Castle  for  his  feud  with  the  Earl  of  Morton,  1607; 
escaped,  1607 ;  denounced  as  rebel ;  shot  Johnstone  and 
escaped  to  the  continent,  1608;  in  his  absence  found 
guilty  of  acts  of  treason,  including  Johns  tone's  murder, 
1608 ;  condemned  to  death ;  on  his  return,  1612,  appre- 
hended and  beheaded  at  Edinburgh.  [xxxviL  126] 

MAXWELL,  JOHN  (15907-1647),  archbishop  of 
Tuam ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1611 ;  advocated  the  restora- 
tion of  liturgical  forms  in  Scotland ;  bishop  of  Ross,  1633 ; 
privy  councillor  and  extraordinary  lord  of  cession,  1636: 
assisted  in  compilation  of  new  service-book,  using  it  at 
Fortrose,  1637-8;  deposed  and  excommunicated  by  the 
assembly,  1638;  appealed,  1639;  D.D.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1640 :  bichop  of  Killala  and  Achonry,  1640 ;  left 
for  dead  in  the  rebellion,  1641;  finally  went  to  Oxford 
and  acted  as  royal  chaplain ;  appointed  archbishop  of 
Tuam,  1643.  [xxxvii.  128] 

MAXWELL,  JOHN  HALL (1812-1866), agriculturist; 
called  to  Scottish  bar,  1835 ;  secretary  to  Highland  Agri- 
cultural Society  ;  collected  stock  and  crop  statistics ;  C.B., 
1856.  [xxxviL  130] 

MAXWELL,  SIR  MURRAY  (1775-1831),  naval  cap- 
tain; entered  navy,  1790:  lieutenant,  1796 ;  commander, 
1802;  took  part  in  capture  of  Tobago,  Demerara,  and 
Essequibo,  1803,  of  Berbice  and  Surinam,  1804  ;  C.B.,  1815  ; 
after  landing  Lord  Amberst  at  Pei-bo,  1816,  explored  the 
Gulf  of  Pechili,  the  west  coast  of  Oorea,  and  the  Loo- 
Choo  islands,  an  account  of  which  was  published  (1818) 
by  Captain  Basil  Hall;  wrecked  in  the  Straits  of  Gaspar, 
with  Lord  Amherst  on  board,  1817,  and  was  in  charge  of 
the  crew  (all  saved)  on  Pulo  Lest ;  acquitted  by  court- 
martial,  1817;  knighted,  1818;  F.RA,  1819;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Prince  Edward's  island,  1831.  [xxxviL  130] 

MAXWELL,  SIR  PETER  BENSON  (1817-1893),  chief- 
justice  of  Straits  Settlements ;  B.  A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1839;  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1841;  recorder  of  Penang, 
1856-66,  and  of  Singapore,  1866-71 ;  chief-justice  of  Straits 
Settlements,  1867-71 ;  knighted,  1856.  [Suppl.  iiL  158] 

MAXWELL,  ROBERT,  fifth  BARON  MAXWELL  (d. 
1546);  warden  of  the  west  marches,  1517 ;  lord  provost  of 
Edinburgh  on  the  removal  of  the  king  there,  1524  ;  coun- 
cillor, 1626;  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1533;  one  of 
the  regents,  1638 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Solway  Moss,  1542 ; 
sent  to  London,  but  released  on  James  V's  death;  in- 
trigued with  Henry  VIII ;  taken  prisoner  at  Glasgow, 
1544;  set  free  on  approach  of  the  English:  imprisoned 
in  the  Tower  of  London  for  supposed  treachery:  released, 
1545 :  taken  prisoner  by  Beaton,  but  granted  remission 
on  stating  he  only  made  terms  with  Henry  VIII  under 
compulsion ;  chief-justice  of  Anuaudale  and  warden  of  the 
west  marches,  1546.  [xxxvii.  132] 

MAXWELL,  ROBERT  (1696-1766),  writer  on  agri- 
culture; experimented  in  farming;  member  of  the  Society 
of  Improvers  in  the  Knowledge  of  Agriculture  in  Scotland, 
1723;  insolvent,  1749;  land-valuer;  published  agricul- 
tural works.  [xxxvii.  134] 

MAXWELL,  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON  HURRIES  (rf. 
1603),  son  of  Sir  John  Maxwell,  fourth  baron  Berries 
[q.  v.] ;  gentleman  of  the  chamber,  1580 ;  privy  councillor, 
1683  ;  warden  of  the  west  marches,  1687 :  called  before  the 
council  to  answer  for  his  feud  with  the  Johnstones,  whom 
beattacked  unsuccessfully  (1595)  with  three  hundred  men ; 
submitted  the  feud  to  arbitration,  1699.  [xxxviL  135] 

MAXWELL,  WILLIAM,  fifth  EARL  OF  NITHSPALK 
(1676-1744),  Jacobite :  joined  the  English  Jacobites,  1715 ; 
taken  prisoner  at  Preston,  1715 ;  sent  to  the  Tower  of 
London  ;  condemned  to  death  :  escaped  by  the  aid  of  his 
wife  Winifred  Maxwell  [q.  v.] ;  joined  the  Chevalier  James 
Edward  at  Rome,  where  he  died.  [xxxviL  136] 

MAXWELL,  WILLIAM  (1782-1818).  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1755;  D.D.,  1777; 
first  met  Dr.  Johnson,  c.  1766  :  assistant-preacher  at  the 
Temple,  London ;  rector  of  Mount  Temple,  co.  Westmeath, 
1775-1808:  copied  Dr.  Johnson's  appearance  and  manner ; 
furnished  Boswell  with  collectanea.  [xxjcviL  137] 


MAXWELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  EDWARD (1846-1837). 
governor  of  the  Gold  Coast :  son  of  Sir  Peter  Benson  Max- 
well  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Repton :  qualified  at  local  bar  in 
Singapore  and  Penang,  1867 :  awistant  resident  of  Perak 
and  member  of  state  council,  1K78;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1881 ;  C.M.G.,  1884 :  British  resident  of  Sdangor. 
1889 ;  colonial  secretary  of  Strait*  Settlement*,  189S.  and 

.   i    •  •      •.    •.     ......... .r ..:      r« ....  r. YV,;,; 

K.C.M.G.,  1896 ;  died  at  sea.  [BappL  lit.  1*8] 

MAXWELL.  WILLIAM  HAMILTON  (17W-18*OX 
Irish  novelist ;  graduate.  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  served 
in  Peninsular  campaign  and  at  Waterloo;  rector  of 
Ballagb,  1820-14 ;  originated  a  rollicking  style  of  fiction, 
ilminatcd  in  Lever.  [xxxviL  137] 

MAXWELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  STIRLING-,  ninth 
baronet  (1818-1878).  [See  STIRLING-MAXWELL.] 

MAXWELL,  WINIFRED,  Ootnrram  or  NITHUDALB 
(<*.  1749).  daughter  of  William  Herbert,  Bret  marquis  of 
Fowls  :  married  William  Maxwell,  fifth  earl  of  Nithfdale 
[q.v.],  1699 ;  fruitlessly  petitioned  George  I  (1716)  for  the 
life  of  her  husband,  who  had  been  sentenced  to  death  for 
his  share  in  the  rebellion  of  1715 :  enabled  him  to  escape 
from  the  Tower  of  London,  17 16,  and  joined  him  at  Borne ; 
wrote  a  narrative  of  his  escape,  first  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,' 
voL  L  [xxxviL  136] 

MAXWELL-DTOLIS,  MRS.  MARGARET(1774-184J). 
[See  INGLIB.] 

MAT.    [See  also  MET.] 

MAT,  BAPTIST  (1629-1698),  keeper  of  the  privy 
purse  to  Charles  II  ;  registrar  in  chancery  court,  1660; 
keeper  of  the  privy  purse,  1665;  M.P.,  Midhnrst,  1670; 
clerk  of  the  works  at  Windsor  Caftle,  1671  ;  with  Letyand 
Evelyn  recommended  Grinling  Gibbons  to  Charles  II, 
1671 ;  M.P.,  Thetford,  1690.  [xxxviL  138] 

MAT,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  CHICHE8TBB  (181*- 
1892).  Irish  judge:  of  Shrewsbury  School  and  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1841 :  fellow  ;  called  to  Irish  bar, 
1844;  Q.C.,  1865;  legal  adviser  at  Dublin  Castle,  1874; 
attorney-general,  1875;  lord  chief- justice  of  Ireland  and 
privy  councillor,  1877;  president  of  the  queen's  bench 
division,  1878,retainingtitleor  lord  chief-  justiceof  Ireland: 
withdrew  from  presiding  at  I'arnull's  trial  on  being  accused 
of  partiality,  1881 ;  resigned,  1887.  [xxxvii.  140] 

MAT,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (1673-1630),  statesman :  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple :  B.A^ 
1692;  groom  of  the  king's  privy  chamber,  1604;  M.P., 
Beeralston,  1606-11,  Westminster,  1614,  Lancaster,  1621-2, 
Leicester,  1624-6,  Lancaster,  1625,  and  Leicester,  1626  and 
1628-9;  pensioned  and  knighted,  1613;  surveyor  of  the 
court  of  wnrds,  1618;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1618;  privy  councillor,  1625 :  defended  Charles  and 
Buckingham  in  the  Hou.se  of  Commons  against  the  attacks 
of  the  opposition  ;  attempted  to  rescue  Speaker  Finch  from 
violence,  1629.  [xxxviL  140] 

MAT.  JOHN  (d.  1598),  bishop  of  Carlisle ;  brother  of 
William  May  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1550 ;  M.A.,  1553 :  master  of  Catharine  HaU,  Cambridge, 
1659  •  held  various  rectories ;  canon  of  Ely,  1564-82 ;  Lent 
preacher  at  court,  1566;  archdeacon  of  East  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  1669;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1570: 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1577. 

MAT,  JOHN  (A  1613X  economic  writer:  deputy- 
aulnaicer,  c.  1606;  published  (1613)  an  account  of  the 
means  by  which  woollen  manufacturers  evaded  the 
statutes.  [xxxvii.  142] 

MAT,  THOMAS  (1596-1660X  author:  B.A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1612  ;  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn, 
1615 ;  prevented  by  defective  utterance  from  practising 
law  ;  unsuccessful  as  a  playwright ;  his  translation*  of  tt 
classics  praised  by  Ben  Jonson  ;  wrote  two  narrattre 
poems,  one  on  Henry  II,  1««3.  the  other  on  Rdward  III, 
1635,  by  the  king's  command  :  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
laureateship,  1637 :  adopted  parliamentary  cause ;  secretary 
for  the  parliament,  1646;  his  •  Hli-tory  of  the  Long 
Parliament,'  1647,  considered  by  Chatham  '  botiester  and 
men-  instructive  than  Clarendon's.'  [xxxviL  14JJ 

MAT,  SIR  THOMAS  ERSKINB,  first  BARON  PARH- 
BOROUQH  (1S15-1886X  constitutional  jurist;  Mutant- 
librarian  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1831 ;  barrister,  Middle 


MAY J 

Temple,  18S8  •  examiner  of  petition-*  for  private  bills  and 
taxin*-m««UT  for  both  houses  of  parlisimrnt,  1S47-56; 
Sikrf  the  Houw  of  Commons,  1871  -*•; :  K.r.B.,1866; 
president  of  the  Statute  Law  Rev  i- ion  ( •ommittee,  1866-84; 
nriry  oouncillor,  1K86  :  created  Baron  Farnborough,  1886  ; 
Wrote  l.Utoric-al  works  and  on  parliamentary  procedure. 

[xxxvii.  146] 

MAY,  MET,  or  MEYE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1660),  arch- 
bishop-elect of  York;  brother  of  John  May  (d.  1598) 
fo.T  1,  bishop  of  OarlUle  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1631 ;  fellow 
of  Trinity  Hall;  energetically  supported  the  Reforma- 
tion •  chancellor  of  Ely,  1582;  vicar-general  of  Ely,  1683  : 
signed  the  Ten  Articles,  1536:  assisted  in  the  •  Institution 
of  •  Christian  Man,'  1537 :  president  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1537:  prebendary  of  Ely,  1541;  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1545 ;  saved  the  Cambridge  colleges 
from  dissolution  by  his  favourable  report,  1546  ;  dean  of 
8t  Paul's,  1546 ;  a  prominent  ecclesiastic  in  Edward  VI's 
reign ;  dispossessed  on  Queen  Mary's,  restored  on  Queen 
Blixabeth's,  accession:  died  on  the  day  of  his  election  to 
the  archbishopric  of  York.  [xxxvii.  146] 

MAYART.  Sm  SAMUEL  (rf.  I860?),  Irish  judge; 
appointed  justice  of  Irish  common  pleas,  having  offered 
300/.  to  anyone  who  should  procure  him  the  office,  1625 ; 
knighted,  1631 :  wrote  on  constitutional  relations  between 
England  and  Ireland,  1643.  [xxxviL  148] 

MAYDESTONE,    RICHARD  (rf.  1396).    [See  MAID- 

BTONK.] 

MAYER,  JOHN  (1583-1664),  biblical  commentator: 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  16U5  ;  D.D.,  1627 ; 
published  a  biblical  commentary,  1627-69,  and  other  theo- 
logical works.  [xxxvii.  148] 

MAYER,  JOSEPH  (1803-1886),  antiquary  and  col- 
lector ;  first  studied  Greek  coins;  sold  his  cabinet  of 
Greek  coins  to  the  French  government,  1844;  presented 
his  collection,  which  included  Egyptian  antiquities  and 
Saxon  remains  (valued  at  80,0001.),  to  the  corporation  of 
Liverpool,  1867 ;  purchased  some  spurious  papyri  of  the 
scriptures  from  Simonides  (published,  1861) ;  acquired 
many  thonsands  of  drawings,  engravings,  and  autograph 
letters  on  the  history  of  art  in  England,  including  the 
collections  of  William  Upcott  [q.  v.]  and  Thomas  Dodd 
[q.  v.] ;  founded  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire ;  president,  1866-9  ;  established  a  free  library  at 
Bebington,  1866.  [xxxvii.  149] 

MAYER,  SAMUEL  RALPH  TOWNSHBND  (1840- 
1880),  miscellaneous  writer :  secretary  of  the  Free  and 
Open  Church  Association,  1866-72 :  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Junior  Conservative  Club,  1870 ;  editor  of  various 
magazines.  [xxxvii.  160] 

MAYERNE,  SIR  THEODORE  TURQUET  DE  (1573- 
1655),  physician  :  M.D.  Montpellier,  1597  ;  royal  district 
physician  at  Paris,  1600  ;  his  treatise  on  chemical  remedies 
condemned  by  the  College  of  Physicians  at  Paris,  1603 ; 
came  to  England,  1603 ;  physician  to  James  I's  queen ; 
returned  to  Paris,  but  after  1611  resided  entirely  in  Eng- 
land, attending  the  royal  family  and  nobility ;  knighted, 
1634  :  made  chemical  and  physical  experiments ;  drew  up 
a  series  of  precautions  against  plague,  1644 ;  wrote  an 
historically  valuable  account  of  the  typhoid  fever,  of 
which  Prince  Henry  died,  1612  ;  twenty-three  volumes  of 
his  notes  on  cases  in  the  British  Museum,  [xxxvii.  150] 

MAYERS,  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (1831-1878), 
Chinese  scholar ;  went  to  China  as  student-interpreter, 
1859;  secretary  of  legation  at  Pekin,  1872;  F.R.G.8., 
1861 ;  F.R.A.&,  1861 ;  wrote  on  Chinese  subjects. 

[xxxvii.  152] 

MAYHEW,  AUGUSTUS  SEPTIMUS  (1826-1875), 
author;  brother  of  Henry  Mayhew  [q.  v.]  and  Horace 
Mayhew  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  popular  fiction  with  his  brother 
Henry  Maybew  [q.  v.] ;  with  Henry  Sutherland  Edwards 
wrote  six  playi.  [xxxvii.  153] 

MAYHEW,  EDWARD  (1670-1626).    [See  MAIHEW.] 

MAYHEW,  HENRY  (1812-1887),  author :  brother  of 
Augustus  Septimus  Mayhew  [q.  v.]  and  Horace  Mayhew 
[q.  v.];  educated  at  Westminster :  started  'Figaro  in 
London,*  1881-9 ;  collaborated  with  Augustus  Septimus 
Maybew  [q.  v.]  ;  an  originator  of  *  Punch,'  1841 ;  started 
philanthropic  jniiriiallrai  on  the  subject  of  the  London 
poor,  1862;  published  'German  Life  and  Manners  in 
Saxony,'  1864,  humorous  work*, and  plays,  [xxxvii.  163] 


MAYNE 


MAYHEW,  HORACE  (1816-1872),  author:  brothor 
of  Augustus  Septimus  Mayhew  [q.  v.]  and  Henry  May  hew 
[q.  v.]:  wrote  farces  and  tales;  contributed  to  Gruik- 
shank's  'Table-book,'  1845,  and  'Lloyd's  Weekly  News,' 
1852;  sub-editor,  of  'Punch';  many  of  his  books  illus- 
trated by  Cruikshank.  [xxxvii.  15  i] 

MAYMYSFELD,  MATTNNESFELD,  or  MAUNS- 
FIELD,  HENRY  IIK  (d.  1328).  [See  MAUN.HFIKLH.] 

MAYNARD,  EDWARD  (1654-1740),  antiquary: 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1678-94  ;  M.A.,  1677; 
D.D.,  1691 ;  canon  and  precentor  of  Lichfleld,  1700  ;  edited 
Dugdale's  '  History  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,'  1716. 

[xxxvii.  154] 

MAYNARD,  JOHN  (/.  1611),  lutenist;  one  of  the 
first  to  use  the  lyra-viol ;  wrote 'The  Twelve  Wonder- ' 
(songs),  1611.  [xxxvii.  165] 

MAYNARD,  SIR  JOHN  (1592-1658),  courtier,  pres- 
byterian,  and  royalist;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1610: 
partisan  of  Buckingham ;  M.P.,  Ohippenham,  1624  ;  K.B. 
and  servant  of  the  privy  chamber,  1625;  M.P.,  Oalne, 
1628 ;  raised  troops  in  Surrey  for  parliament,  1642  ;  M.P., 
Lostwithiel,  1647 ;  leader  of  the  presbyterian  party  and 
charged  with  disaffection  by  Fairfax,  1647  ;  readmitted  to 
the  house  and  placed  on  the  committee  of  safety,  1647 ; 
committed  to  the  Tower  and  impeached,  1648 :  protested 
against  the  Lords'  jurisdiction  over  the  Commons,  1648  ; 
resumed  his  seat,  1648.  [xxxvii.  156] 

MAYNARD,  JOHN  (1600-1665),  divine  ;  B.A.  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1620;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  1622;  incum- 
bent of  Mayfield,  1624;  became  a  puritan;  chosen  one 
of  the  Westminster  Assembly ;  preached  before  the  Long 
parliament,  1644,  1646,  and  1648;  Sussex  commissioner 
for  ejecting  scandalous  ministers  and  schoolmasters,  1654 ; 
ejected,  1662  ;  published  sermons.  [xxxvii.  157] 

MAYNARD,  Sm  JOHN  (1602-1690),  judge  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1626;  M.P.,  Totnes,  in  Short  and  Long 
parliaments ;  framed  Strafford's  impeachment;  deputy- 
lieutenant  of  militia  under  parliament,  1642 ;  member  of 
the  Westminster  Assembly ;  advocated  abolition  of  feudal 
wardships;  protested  against  the  king's  deposition,  1648; 
i  serjeant-at-law,  1664;  imprisoned  for  hinting  Cromwell's 
1  government  a  usurpation,  1655 ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1656-8; 
Protector's  Serjeant,  1658 ;  solicitor-general  on  Richard 
Cromwell's  accession :  one  of  the  first  Serjeants  called 
at  the  Restoration ;  king's  Serjeant  and  knighted,  1660 ; 
appeared  for  the  crown  at  most  of  the  state  trials  at  the 
Restoration,  and  at  most  of  the  popish  plot  prosecutions; 
M.P.,  Plymouth,  in  th6  convention,  1689 ;  lord  commis- 
sioner of  the  great  seal,  1689:  left  such  an  obscure  will 
that  a  private  act  of  parliament  was  passed,  1694,  to 
settle  the  disputes  to  which  it  gave  rise  ;  his  legal  manu- 
script collections  preserved  hi  Lincoln's  Inn  Library. 

[xxxvii.  158] 

MAYNARD,  WALTER  (pseudonym)  (1828-1894). 
[See  BKALE,  THOMAS  WILLERT.] 

MAYNE,  OUTHBERT  (d.  1577),  first  seminary  priest 
executed  in  England ;  chaplain  of  St.  John's  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.,  1570 :  went  to  Douay,  1573;  ordained  Roman 
catholic  priest,  1575  ;  chaplain  to  Francis  Tregian,  1576  ; 
discovered  and  imprisoned,  1577  ;  executed. 

[xxxvii.  161] 

MAYNE,  JASPER  (1604-1672),  archdeacon  of  Chi- 
chester  and  dramatist ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1627;  M.A.,  1631;  D.D.,  1646;  wrote  'City  Match' 
(comedy),  1639.  and  '  The  Amorous  War '  (tragi-comedy), 
1648 ;  in  middle  life  abandoned  poetry  and  (1639)  became 
rector  of  Oassington ;  preached  before  Charles  I  at  Ox- 
ford and  wrote  controversial  pamphlets :  ejected  from 
hU  studentship  and  from  Oassington,  but  made  rector  of 
Pyrton,  1648 ;  ejected  from  Pyrton,  1656 ;  reinstated  in 
his  benefices  at  the  Restoration  and  appointed  canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  archdeacon  of  Ohichester,  and 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king.  [xxxvii.  162] 

MAYNE,  JOHN  (1769-1836),  Scottish  poet ;  printer  ; 
subsequently  proprietor  and  joint-editor  of  the  'Star*; 
wrote  poems  for  magazines  ;  praised  by  Scott  and  Burns. 

[xxxvii.  164] 

MAYNE,  PERRY  (1700?-1761),  vice-admiral:  en- 
tered navy,  1712  :  captain,  1725  ;  present  at  reduction 
of  Portobello,  1739 ;  unsuccessfully  attacked  Cartagena, 
1741 ;  rear-admiral,  1746  ;  presided  at  the  trials  of  Vice- 


MAYNE 


863 


MKAD 


admiral    Kichard    Lestock  [q.  v.],    1747,  ami    Admiral 
Thomas  Mathews  [q.  v.] ;  vice-admiral,  1747. 

[xxxvii.  164] 

MAYNE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1796-1868),  police  com- 
mission. -r :  I'.. A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1H18;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1821;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
I, m,  1  vj-j  to  institute  metropolitan  police, 

Ihr.u;   K.C.B.,  1861.  [xxxvil.  165] 

MAYNE,  RICHARD  CHARLES  (1835-1892  ),admii»l ; 
educated  at  Eton  :  entered  navy,  1847  ;  commanded  sur- 
vey  expedition  to  the  Strait*  of  Magellan,  1866-9,  the 
a  of  which  be  published,  1871 ;  rear-admiral,  1879 : 
C.B.,  1879;  vice-admiral,  1885;  M.P.,  Pembroke  and 
Haverfordwest,  1886.  [xxxvii.  166] 

MAYNE,  SIMON  (1612-1661),  regicide:  student  at 
Inner  Temple,  1630 ;  MJP.,  Aylesbury,  1645 ;  judge  at 
diaries  I's  trial,  signing  the  warrant;  attainted,  1660; 
died  in  the  Tower  of  London.  [xxxvii.  166] 

MAYNE,  WILLIAM  (1818-1865),  colonel  and  briga- 
dier of  the  Hyderabad  contingent ;  ensign  in  Bast  India 
Company's  service,  1837  :  lieutenant,  1841 :  distinguished 
himself  at  Julgar,  1840,  Jellalahad,  and  Istiliff,  1842 ;  sup- 
pressed disturbances  in  the  Deccan,  1851-4 ;  brevet-colonel 
and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1854.  [xxxviL  167] 

MAYNE,  ZAOHARY  (1631-1694),  religious  writer; 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1652 ;  M.A.,  1654 ; 
convened  before  the  vice-chancellor  for  a  sermon  preached 
in  St.  Mary's  Church,  Oxford,  1660  :  expelled  from  his 
fellowship,  1660;  schoolmaster  at  Dalwood,  1671-90; 
master  of  Exeter  grammar  school,  1690-4:  publishal 
religious  treatises.  [xxxvii.  167] 

MAYNWARING.  [See  also  MAIXWARING  and 
MANWAIUNG.] 

MAYNWABING,  ARTHUR  (1668-1712).  [See 
MAIXWARINO.] 

MAYNWARING,  EVERARD  (1628-1699?),  medical 
writer;  M.B.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1652  ;  visited 
America ;  M  J>.  Dublin,  1655 ;  began  to  practise  in  Lon- 
don 1663;  condemned  violent  purgatives  and  blood- 
letting ;  had  charge  of  Middlesex  pest-house  during  the 
plague,  1665 ;  published  medical  works.  [xxxviL  168] 

MAYO,  sixth  EARL  op  (1822-1872).  [See  BOURKB, 
RICHARD  SOUTHWELL.] 

MAYO,  CHARLES  (1750-1829),  historian;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1774 :  B.O.L.,  1779 ;  incumbent 
of  Huish,  1775,  Beechingstoke,  1779 ;  wrote  a  European, 
1793,  and  a  universal,  history,  1804  ;  founded  two  scholar- 
ships at  Oxford.  [xxxvii.  169] 

MAYO,  CHARLES  (1792-1846),  educational  reformer : 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford ;  D.C.L.,  1822  ;  head-master  of  Bridgnorth 
grammar  school,  1817-19  ;  English  chaplain  to  Peetalozzi's 
establishment  at  Yverdun,  1819 ;  introduced  Pestalozzi's 
system  at  Epsom,  1822,  and  at  Cheam,  1826 :  published 
school-books  and  '  Memoirs  of  Pestalozzi,'  1828. 

[xxxvii.  169] 

MAYO,  CHARLES  (1767-1858),  professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  at  Oxford :  son  of  Herbert  Mayo  ( 1720-1802)  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  :  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  1788 :  M.A.,  1793 ;  professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon,  1795-1800  :  B.D.,  1796 ;  Whitehall  preacher,  1799  : 
F.S.A.,  1820 ;  F.R.S.,  1827.  [xxxvii.  170] 

MAYO,  CHARLES  (1837-1877),  army  surgeon;  of 
Winchester  School ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1856  ; 
M.A.,  1863 ;  M.D.,  1871 ;  M.R.C.S.,  1861 :  L.R.O.P.,  1869 : 
university  coroner,  1865-9;  in  medical  service  corps 
under  Grant,  1862 ;  with  the  German  army,  1870 :  with 
the  Dutch  in  Sumatra,  1873-4:  published  'History  of 
Wimhorue  Minster,'  1860  ;  died  at  sea.  [xxxviL  170] 

MAYO,  DANIEL  (1672  7-1733),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter ;  son  of  Richard  Mayo  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Glasgow 
(M.A.)  and  Leyden  ;  presbyteriau  minister  at  Kingston- 
on-Thames,  where  he  kept  a  school,  1698;  presbyterian 
pastor  in  London  :  published  sermons.  [xxxvii.  171] 

MAYO,  ELIZABETH  (1793-1865),  educational  re- 
former; with  her  brother,  Charles  Mayo  (1792-184«) 
[q.  v.],  at  Epsom  and  Cheam  ;  published  school-books. 

[xxxviL  172] 


WEN  WILLIAM  (1766-1838),  physician  : 
Mayo  (1720-1802)  [q.  v.]  ;  medical  fellow, 
ege,  Oxford,  1792 :  M.D..  1795 ;  physician 


MAYO.  HKXRY  ( 1783-1 793 \  dissenting  minister: 
pastor  of  independent  church,  Wapping,  1762  ;  D.D.  and 
LL.D. ;  acquainted  with  Dr.  Johnson,  and  known  as  toe 
'Literary  [xxxvti.  17J] 

MAYO.  H HUBERT  (172O-1802),  divine;  fellow  of 
Bnsenose  College,  Oxford,  1740 ;  M.A..  1745 ;  D.D.,  1763 ; 
rector  of  Middleton  Cheney.  1764,  of  St.  OeorgVs,  Lon- 
don, 1764-1802  ;  J.P.  for  Middlesex.  [xxxv, 

MAYO,  HERBERT  (1796-1852).  physiologist:  son  of 
John  Mayo  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  of  Sir  Charlen  Bell,  1812-15 ; 
M.D.  Leyden  :  M.U.O.S..  1819  ;  dUcovered  the  real  function 
of  the  nerves  of  the  face,  1822;  surgeon  of  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1827-42  ;  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  to 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1828-9;  F.BA,  1828;  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  King's  College,  London.  188O-6 ; 
F.G.8.,  1882 ;  founded  medical  school  at  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1836 ;  physician  to  hydropathic  establishment 
at  Boppart,  1848,  afterwards  at  Bad  Weilbach  ;  published 
medical  works.  [xxxviL  172] 

MAYO,  JOHN  (1761-1818),  physidan  ;  fellow  of  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1784  :  M.A.,  1788  ;  M.D.,  1788;  F.R.C.P., 
1788;  censor,  1790, 1795, 1804,  and  1808  ;  Harveian  orator, 
1795  ;  physician  to  Foundling  Hospital,  London,  1787-1809, 
Middlesex  Hospital,  1788-1803 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to 
Caroline,  princess  of  Wales,  [xxxvii.  178] 

MAYO,  PAGGEN  WILLIAM  (1766-1836), ; 
son  of  Herbert 
St.  John's  College,*  Oxford, 
to  Middlesex  Hospital,  1793-1801 ;  F.R.C.P.,  17 
1797  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1798;  Harveian  orator,  1807. 

[xxxvii.  170] 

MAYO,  RICHARD  (1631 7-1695),  ejected  divine; 
vicar  of  Kingston-on-Thames,  1648;  ejected,  1662:  pres- 
byterian minister  in  London  ;  merchants'  lecturer,  1694 ; 
published  theological  works.  [xxxvii.  174] 

MAYO,  THOMAS  (1790-1871),  president  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians ;  son  of  John  Mayo  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1813  ;  M.A..  1814  :  M.D.,  1818  ; 
F.R.O.P.,  1819:  censor,  1836,  1839,  1850;  F.R.SM  1835; 
Lumleian  lecturer,  1839,  1842 :  physician  to  Marylebone 
Infirmary,  1841 :  Harveian  orator,  1841  :  Croonian  lec- 
turer, 1853 ;  president,  R.C.P.,  1857-62 ;  wrote  on  mental 
diseases.  [xxxvii.  174] 

MAYOW,  MAYOTJWE,  or  MAYO,  JOHN  (1640- 
1679),  physiologist  and  chemist:  fellow  of  All  Souls, 
Oxford,  1660:  D.C.L.,  1670;  pubUsbed  tract  on  respi- 
ration, 1668  (repnbhshed  at  Leyden,  1671),  in  which  he 
discovered  the  double  articulation  of  the  ribs  with  the 
spine,  and  put  forward  views  (still  discussed)  on  the  in- 
ternal intercostals,  developed  in  'Tractatus  quinque,' 
1674  (translated  into  French,  German,  and  Dutch):  <ii<- 
cussed  the  chemistry  of  combustion,  and  described  mus- 
cular action  ;  F.R£.,  1678.  [xxxvii.  176] 

MAZZINGBJ,  JOSEPH,  COUNT  (1765-1844),  com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  John  Christian  Bach,  Bertolini,  Sacchiui, 
and  Anfossi ;  organist  at  the  Portuguese  Chapel,  London, 
1775 :  composer  and  director  of  music  at  the  Italian  opera, 
1785-92;  arranged  Carl  ton  House  and  Nobility  concerto, 
1791 :  partner  in  Goulding,  D'Almaine  &  Co.,  1790 :  com- 
posed stage  pieces,  pianoforte  sonatas,  and  other  works. 

[xxxvii.  177] 

MEAD  or  MEDE,  JOSEPH  (1586-1638).  biblical 
scholar  ;  MA.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1610 :  fellow, 
1613 ;  appointed  to  the  Greek  lectureship,  1619 ;  philo- 
logist, historian,  mathematician,  and  physicist:  botanist 
and  practical  anatomist :  studied  astrology,  egyptology, 
and  the  origin  of  Semitic  religions ;  chief  work,  '  Clavis 
Apocalyptica,'  1627.  [xxxvii.  178] 

MEAD  or  MEADE,  MATTHEW  (1630  7-1699),  in- 
dependent  divine ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1649-51;  contested  the  rectorship  of  Great  BrickhilL 
1653;  appointed  by  Cromwell  to  St.  Paul's,  ShadweU, 
1658;  ejected,  1662;  went  to  Holland,  1664:  in  London 
during  the  plague,  1665;  minister  at  Stepney,  16,1; 
guardian  of  James  Peirce  [q.  v.],  the  Exeter  heretic,  1680 ; 
suspected  of  complicity  in  the  Rye  House  plot,  but  dis- 
charged, 1683 ;  assisted  in  amalgamation  of  the  presby- 
teriSTand  congregatlonallst  bodies,  1690;  puolisbed 

[xxxviL  180] 

««_,  RICHARD  (1673-1754).  physician :  son  of 
Matthew  Mead  [q.  ».] ;  educated  at  Utrecht  under 


' 


MEAT) 


864 


MEARES 


Gnerias.  and  at  Leydcn  under  Paul  Herman  and  Archi- 
iSd  PttSe  [q.  v.];  travelled  in  Italy,  1G95  :  M.D. 
Padua,  1696;  began  practice  at  Stepney,  1696:  published 
*  Mechanical  Account  of  Poisons '  (an  account  of  venomous 
snakes),  170* :  F.R.S.,  1703 :  physician  to  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  1708-15 :  published  a  treatise  on  the  influence 
of  the  son  and  moon  on  human  bodies,  1704;  on  the 
council  of  the  Royal  Society,  1705  and  1707-54 ;  vice- 
president,  1717:  M.D.  Oxford,  1707;  F.R.C.P.,  1716: 
censor,  1716,  1719,  and  1724 ;  anatomy  lecturer  to  the 
Barber-Surgeons,  1711-15:  collected  objects  of  vertu : 
procured  the  release  of  Dr.  Freind  from  the  Tower ;  at- 
tended  Sir  Isaac  Newton  [q.  v.].  Bishop  Burnet  [q.  v.], 
George  L  and  Sir  Robert  Walpole  [q.  v.]  ;  friend  of  Richard 
Bentley  (1669-1743)  [q.  v.] :  drew  up  a  statement  con- 
cerning the  prevention  of  the  plague,  1720 ;  successfully 
inoculated  seven  condemned  criminals,  1721 ;  Harveiau 
orator,  1723 ;  physician  to  George  II,  1727 ;  financially 
assisted  various  literary  projects.  [xxxvii.  181] 

MEAD,  ROBERT  (1616-1653),  poet:  contributed, 
while  at  Westminster  School,  to  Oowley's  «  Poetical  Bios- 
somes,'  1633:  aa  an  undergraduate  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  wrote  a  comedy,  'The  Combat  of  Love  and 
Friendship ' :  contributed  to  'Jonsouus  Virbius,'  1638: 
M.A.,  1641 :  royalist  captain  at  the  siege  of  Oxford  and 
assault  on  Abingdon,  1646 ;  Charles  II's  envoy  to  Sweden, 
1649-51,  [xxxvii.  186] 

MEAD.  WILLIAM  (1628-1713),  quaker:  originally 
captain  of  a  train-band :  joined  the  quakers,  1670 :  im- 
prisoned with  William  Penn,  1670:  jury  committed  to 
Newgate  for  acquitting  him  and  Penn,  1670;  wrote  in 
defence  of  the  quakers.  [xxxvii.  187] 

MEADE,  JOHN  (1672-1653).    [See  ALMEIDA.] 

MEADE,  RICHARD  CHARLES  FRANCIS,  third 
BARL  OF  CLANWILLIAM  (Irish  peerage)  and  first  BARON 
CLAXWILLIAM  (peerage  of  United  Kingdom)  (1795-1879). 
educated  at  Eton  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1805 ;  attended 
Lord  Castlereagh  at  Vienna  congress,  1814  ;  Castlereagh's 
private  secretary,  1817-19  ;  foreign  under-secretary,  1822  ; 
with  Wellington  at  Verona  congress,  1822  ;  minister 
at  Berlin,  1823-7;  G.O.H.,  1826  ;  created  Baron  Olan- 
william,  1828.  [xxxvii.  187] 

MEADE.  SIR  ROBERT  HENRY  (1835-1898),  civil 
servant ;  second  son  of  Richard  Charles  Francis  Meade, 
third  earl  of  Clanwilliam  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  I860:  entered  foreign  office,  1859  ; 
accompanied  Prince  of  Wales  (now  Edward  VII)  on  tour 
in  Palestine  and  Eastern  Europe,  1861-2  ;  groom  of  bed- 
chamber to  Prince  of  Wales  (now  Edward  VII),  1862; 
private  secretary  to  Earl  Granville  as  president  of  council, 
1864-6,  and  in  colonial  office,  1868  :  assistant  under- 
secretary of  state  in  colonial  office.  1871-92,  and  permanent 
under-secretary,  1892-6  :  G.O.B.,  1897.  [Suppl.  iii.  158] 

KEADLEY,  GEORGE  WILSON  (1774-1818),  bio- 
grapher; banker's  apprentice,  1788-93;  founded  Sunder- 
lanu  subscription  library,  1795  ;  met  Paley,  whose 
'  Memoirs '  he  wrote,  1809 :  made  mercantile  voyages  to 
the  Levant,  1796,  to  Danzig,  1801,  and  to  Hamburg,  1803 ; 
became  a  Unitarian ;  published  biographies  of  Algernon 
Sidney,  1813,  and  others.  [xxxvii.  188] 

MEADOWBANK,  LORDS.  [See  MACONOCHIE,  ALLAN, 
1748-1816  ;  MACONOCHIE,  afterwards  MACONOCHIE-WEL- 
WOOD,  ALWAXDER,  1777-1861.] 

MEADOWOOTTRT,  RICHARD  (1695-1760),  divin*  and 
author:  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1718:  M.A., 
1718;  controversy  caused  by  his  sermon  on  calumny  in 
religious  polemics,  1722 ;  vicar  of  Oakley,  1727  ;  canon  of 
Worcester,  1734 ;  incumbent  of  Quinton,  1738,  of  Lind- 
ridge,  1761 ;  published  •  Critique  on  Paradise  Regained,' 
1 732,  and  similar  works.  [xxxvii.  189] 

MEADOWE,  JOHN  (1622-1 697).    [See  MEADOWS.] 
MEADOWS.    [See  also  Menows.] 

MEADOWS,  ALFRED  (1833-1887),  obstetric  physi- 
cian ;  entered  King's  College  medical  school,  1853 ;  M.D. 
London,  1868  :  F.R.O.P.,  1873  :  house-physician,  1856  and 
aMUrtant-pbysician,  1860,  at  King's  College  Hospital, 
London ;  physician  to  Hospital  for  Women,  Soho  Square 
London,  1863-74 ;  physician  accoucheur  and  lecturer  to 


St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London,  1871-87 ;  first  president  of 
British  Gynaecological" Society,  1884  ;  his  '  Manual  of 
Midwifery '  (3rd  edit.  1876),  translated  into  Japanese. 

[xxxvii.  189] 

MEADOWS,  DRINKWATER  (1799-1869).  actor; 
acted  at  Covent  Garden,  1821-44  ;  at  the  Lyceum,  London, 
under  the  Keeley  management,  1844-7 ;  joined  Kean  and 
Keeley  in  the  management  of  the  Princess's,  London,  where 
he  remained  under  Harris  until  his  retirement,  1862  ;  most 
successful  in  eccentric  comedy.  [xxxvii.  190] 

MEADOWS  or  MEADOWE,  JOHN  (1622-1697), 
ejected  minister;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1644;  M.A.,  1646;  rector  of  Ousden,  1653;  ejected, 
1662  ;  licensed  as  a  presbyterian,  1672.  [xxxvii.  191] 

MEADOWS,  JOHN  (1676-1757),  divine ;  son  of  John 
Meadows  (1622-1697)  [q.  v.] ;  presbyterian  minister  at 
Needham  Market,  1701;  published  *  Apostolic  Rule  of 
Ordination,'  1738.  [xxxvii.  191] 

MEADOWS,  JOSEPH  KENNY  (1790- 1874 ),  draughts- 
man; produced  an  illustrated  edition  of  Shakespeare, 
1839-43;  exhibited  occasionally  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  'the  Society  of  British  Artists  ;  received  civil  list 
pension,  1864.  [xxxvii.  192] 

MEADOWS,  SIR  PHILIP,  the  elder  (1626-1718), 
diplomatist ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  appointed 
Latin  secretary  to  Cromwell's  council  to  relieve  Milton, 
1653  ;  represented  Cromwell  at  Lisbon,  1656 ;  envoy  to 
Frederick  III  of  Denmark  at  the  treaty  of  Roskild,  1658 ; 
knighted,  1658;  ambassador  to  Sweden,  1658;  published 
in  retirement  an  account  of  the  wars  between  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  1675,  also  a  book  on  naval  supremacy  and 
marine  jurisdiction,  1689;  commissioner  of  public  ac- 
counts, 1692 ;  member  of  the  council  of  trade,  1696 ;  com- 
missioner of  trade,  1708.  [xxxvii.  192] 

MEADOWS,  SIR  PHILIP,  the  younger  (d.  1757),  son 
of  Sir  Philip  Meadows  the  elder  [q.  v.];  commissioner  of 
excise,  1698-1700 :  knight-marshal  of  the  king's  household 
and  knighted,  1700;  envoy  to  Holland,  1706 :  sent  on  a 
mission  to  the  emperor,  1707 :  controller  of  army  accounts, 
1707.  [xxxvii.  194] 

MEAGER,  LEONARD (1624  ?-1704  ?),  gardener  ;  pub- 
lished '  English  Gardener,'  1670  (llth  edit.  c.  1710). 


[x.xxvii.  194] 
[ADEE  DE  (1670- 


MEAGHER,  THADDEUS  qr  TH 
1765),  soldier  of  fortune ;  left  Ireland  and  served  in  the 
French  army ;  chamberlain  to  Frederick  Augustus  II, 
king  of  Poland  and  elector  of  Saxony,  1739  ;  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  Polish  army,  1752 ;  despatched  to  negotiate 
with  Frederick  the  Great,  1756  died  at  Dresden. 

[xxxvii.  194] 

MEAGHER,  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1823-1867),  Irish 
nationalist;  studied  at  Dublin  for  the  bar,  1844;  made  a 
brilliant  speech  against  peace  with  England,  1846,  which 
led  Thackeray  to  dub  him  *  Meagher  of  the  Sword ' ; 
founded  the  Irish  Confederation,  1847  ;  arrested  for  sedi- 
tion, 1848  ;  found  guilty  of  high  treason  for  endeavouring 
to  raise  an  insurrection  in  Ireland,  1848  ;  transported  to 

|  Van  Diemen's  Land,  1849 :  escaped  to  America,  1852 ; 

!  admitted  to  the    New   York    bar,    1855;    founded    the 

|  ' Citizen,' 1854,  and  'Irish  News,' 1856;  volunteer  in  the 
civil  war,  becoming  brigadier-general,  1862 ;  secretary 
of  Montana  territory,  1866;  temporary  governor,  1866; 
drowned  in  the  Missouri.  [xxxvii.  194], 

MEANS,  JOSEPH  OALROW  (1801-1879),  general 
baptist  minister ;  on  general  baptist  assembly  committee, 
1823 ;  entered  University  College,  London,  1828  :  after- 
noon preacher  at  Worship  Street,  London,  1829-39; 
secretary  to  general  baptist  assembly,  1831  :  edited 
'General  Baptist  Advocate,'  1831-6  ;  minister  at  Chatham, 

!  1843-55  ;  headmaster  of  Chatham  proprietary  school  :  re- 
turned to  Worship  Street,  London,  1855.  [xxxvii.  196] 

MEARA,  DERMOD  or  DERMITIUS  (/.  1610),  author 
and  physician ;  studied  at  Oxford  ;  physician  in  Ireland ; 
published  Latin  poem  on  the  Earl  of  Ormonde,  1615, 
and  treatise  on  hereditary  diseases,  1619.  [xxxvii.  197] 

MEARA  or  O'MEARA,  EDMUND  (d.  1680),  physi- 
cian ;  sou  of  Dermod  Mcara  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Rheims,  1636  ; 
honorary  F.R.O.P.,  1664  :  defended  in  his  '  Examen,'  1665, 
Thomas  Willis  (1621-1675)  [q.  v.],  and  was  attacked  by 
Richard  Lower  (1631-1691)  [q.  v.]  [xxxvii.  197] 

MEARES.     [See  also  MERES.] 


MEETKERKE 


MEARE8,  JOHN  (1756  7-1809),  naval  commander  and 
voyager:  eiitcred  navy,  1771;  lieutenant,  177* 
India,  1783;  formed  a  company  for  trading  with  North- 
west America, and (1786) explored  Prince  William  Sound; 
olitaint-d  promise  of  monopoly  of  Nootka  M>  in  I  tr.i.Ir, 
1788  ;  returned  to  India,  1788,  leaving  at  Nootka  Sound 
the  Iphitfcuia,  which  was  seized  by  the  Spaniard-  :  ap- 
pealed to  government,  1790,  war  being  only  avt-rtiil  i.y 
Spain  acceding  to  the  British  demand*;  his  account-  of 
hU  voyages  disputed  by  George  Dixou  (d.  18UO  ?)  [q.  v.J 

[xxxvii.  198] 

MEARNS,  DUNCAN  (1779-1852),  professor  of  theo- 
logy ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1795  ;  minister  of  Tarvea,  1799 ; 
professor  of  divinity,  Aberdeen,  1816 ;  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly,  1821 ;  one  of  George  IV'8  chaplains  for 
Scotland,  1S23.  [xxxvii.  199] 

MEARS  or  MAIR8,  JOHN  (1695  7-1767),  Irish  pres- 
byterian  divine ;  studied  divinity,  Glasgow;  M.A.,  1713: 
licensed  to  Newtownards,  1730;  non-subscriber ;  formed 
a  separate  congregation,  1723 ;  minister  at  Cloumel,  1735- 
174<i,  at  .Stafford  Street,  Dublin,  1740-67  ;  his  'Catechism,' 
1732,  loug  in  use.  [xxxvii.  199] 

MEARS,  WILLIAM  (Jf.  1722),  publisher :  foreman  of 
the  Stationers'  Company,  1707 ;  issued  in  1722  editions 
of  Holinshed,  Defoe's  '  Moll  Flanders '  (3rd  edit.)  and  Lud- 
low1-  •  Memoirs ' ;  imprisoned  for  publishing  'Philosophi- 
cal Dissertation  on  Death '  by  de  Paaaereau  and  Morgan, 
1732  ;  mentioned  in  the  '  Duuciad.'  [xxxvii.  975] 

HEATH,  LORDS  OF.  [See  LACY,  HUGH  DK,  first 
LORO,  d.  1186  ;  LACY,  WALTER,  second  LORD,;!.  1241.] 

MECHI,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1802-1880),  agriculturist: 
clerk  in  the  Newfoundland  trade,  1818;  cutler:  made  a 
fortune  by  his  '  magic  razor  strop ' :  purchased  a  farm, 
1841  ;  effected  improvements  in  agriculture :  sheriff  of 
London,  1856  ;  alderman,  1857 ;  published  agricultural 
works.  [xxxvii.  200] 

MEDBOTTRNE,  MATTHEW  (rf.  1679),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  of  the  Duke's  Theatre  company  ;  imprisoned 
on  Oates's  information,  1678  ;  wrote  and  translated  plays. 

[xxxvii.  201] 

MEDE,  JOSEPH  (1586-1638).    [See  MKAD.] 

MEDHTJRST.  GEORGE  (1769-1827),  projector  of  the 
atmospheric  railway  :  clockmaker ;  subsequently  engineer  ; 
patented  windmill  for  compressing  air,  1799,  'yEolian 
engine,'  1800,  and  compound  crank,  1801 :  machinist  and 
ironfounder  in  London;  invented  balance  scales;  sug- 
gested '  pneumatic  dispatch '  for  conveying  letters  and 
goods  in  tubes  by  compressed  air,  1810 :  extended  his 
suggestion  to  passengers,  1812,  developing  it  into  a  pro- 
ject for  a  carriage  on  rails  in  the  open  air,  1827. 

[xxxvii.  201] 

MEDHURST,  WALTER  HENRY  (1796-1867),  mis- 
sionary, of  St.  Paul's  School,  London  :  went  to  China  as 
missionary  printer,  1816:  learnt  Malay  and  Chinese: 
ordained,  1819:  translated  the  bible  into  Chinese,  and 
published  English  and  Japanese  (1830)  and  Chinese  and 
English  (1842-3)  dictionaries.  [xxxvii.  202] 

MEDHURST,  Siu  WALTER  HENRY  (1822-1886), 
British  consul  in  China ;  son  of  Walter  Henry  Medhnrst 
[q.  v.] :  entered  office  of  Chinese  secretary,  1840 :  sent 
to  Hong  Kong,  1841 ;  present  at  Amoy  and  Chusan  (gain- 
Ing  medal),  1841 ;  consular  interpreter  at  Shanghai,  1843 : 
vice-consul  at  Amoy  and  (1864)  at  Foo-chow-foo.  also  at 
Tang-chow  and  Shanghai ;  mentioned  in  war  despatches, 
1861  ;  consul  at  Hankow,  1864 ;  defended  British  treaty 
rights,  1868 ;  removed  to  Shanghai,  1868-77 :  knighted, 
1877 :  promoted  formation  of  British  North  Borneo  Com- 
pany, 1881.  [xxxvii.  203] 

MEDINA,  JOHN  (1721-1796),  painter;  grandson  of 
Sir  John  Baptist  Medina  [q.  v.] ;  restored  the  Holyrood 
pictures;  made  copies  of  the  'Ailsa'  portrait  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1772  and 
1773.  [xxxvii.  204] 

MEDUTA,  SIR  JOHN  BAPTIST  (1659-1710),  portrait- 
painter  ;  born  at  Brussels  ;  went  to  Scotland,  1688,  where 
he  was  known  as  '  the  Kneller  of  the  North  ' ;  last  knight 
made  in  Scotland  before  the  union,  1707.  [xxxvii.  803] 

MEDLAUD,  THOMAS  (d.  1833),  engraver  and 
draughtsman:  drawing-master  at  Haileybury  College, 
iwiti:  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy;  illustrated  various 
works.  [xxxvii.  204] 


MEDLEY,   IIKNKY  < /.  1747),  vice-admiral :  entered 

navy,  1703 ;  lieutenant,  1710  ;  captain,  17X0 ;  rear-admiral 

hite,  1744 ;  vice-admiral,  1746  ;  commander-ln- 

••iiii-i  in  the  Mediterranean,  1746 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  red, 

[xxxril.204] 

MEDLEY,  JOHN(1804-1892X  first  bisbopof  Predertc- 
Brunswiek ;  M JL.  Wadbam  College,  Oxford. 
IH:K> ;  vicar  of  St.  John's,  Truro,  18S1 ;  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  1842:  D.D.,  1846;  bishop  of  Prederlcton,  1(M6; 
metropolitan  of  Canada,  1879 ;  hou.  LL.D.  Cambridge  and 
D.D.  Durham,  1888;  published  theological  works. 

[xxxvii.  206] 

MEDLEY,  SAMUEL  (1738-1799),  baptist  minister 
and  h\  Min-writer;  wounded  off  Cape  Lagos  and  dis- 
charged from  the  navy,  1769;  schoolmaster,  1762-4; 
baptist  minister  at  Watford,  1767,  at  Byrom 
Liverpool,  1772 ;  worked  among  the  seamen ; 
hymns  and  devotional  works.  [xxxvii.  206] 

MEDLEY,    SAMUEL   (1769-1857),    painter;  son  of 
Samuel  Medley  (1738-1799)  [q.  v.] ;   painted  portrait*. 
University  College; 


[xxxvii.  206] 


1792-1805 :    assisted   in    founding 
London,  1826.     • 

MEDOWS.    [See  also  MEADOWS.] 

MEDOWS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1718-1811),  general; 
grandson  of  Sir  Philip  Meadows  (d.  1767)  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
the  army,  1766 ;  served  in  Germany,  1760-4 :  lieutenant- 
oolonel,  1764:  distinguished  himself  at  Brandy  wine, 
1776,  and  against  Santa  Lucia,  1778;  colonel,  1780; 
sent  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1781 ;  commander-in-chief 
and  governor  of  Bombay,  1788 ;  led  unsuccessful  campaign 
against  Tippoo,  sultan  of  Mysore,  1790:  distinguished 
himself  at  Nandidrug,  1791,  and  Seringapatam,  1792: 
K.B.,  1792;  lieutenant-general,  1793;  general  and 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1798 ;  commander-in-chief 
in  Ireland,  1801.  [xxxvii.  206] 

MEDWALL,  HENRY  (./».  I486),  writer  of  interludes : 
chaplain  to  Morton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  his  ex- 
tant interlude,  'Nature'  (printed,  <-.  1516),  performed 
before  Morton  in  Henry  VIl's  reign.  [xxxvii.  207] 

MEDWIN,  THOMAS  (1788-1869),  biographer  of 
Shelley  and  author  of  '  Conversations  of  Lord  Byron ' ; 
lieutenant,  24th  dragoon  guards,  1813;  served  in  India; 
introduced  by  his  cousin  Shelley  to  Byron  at  Pisa,  1821 ; 
took  notes  of  his  conversation,  which  he  published  on 
Byron's  death,  1824 ;  expanded  his  memoir  of  Shelley, 
Issued  in  '  Shelley  Papers  '  (1833),  Into  a  life,  1847. 

[xxxvii.  208] 

MEDWYN,  LORD  (1776-1864).  [See  FoRBffl,  JOHN- 
HAY.] 

MEE,  ANNE  (1775  7-1851),  miniature-painter;  eldest 
child  of  John  Foldsoue  [q.  v.]  ;  received  much  royal  and 
aristocratic  patronage ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1815-37.  [xxxvii.  209] 

MEEHAN,  CHARLES  PATRICK  (1812-1890),  author 
and  translator;  educated  at  Ballymahon  and  Rome: 
Roman  catholic  curate  of  Rathdrum,  1834 ;  member  of 
Royal  Irish  Academy ;  published  translations  and  his- 
torical compilations  in  connection  with  Irish  Roman 
catholic  subjects.  [xxxvii.  209] 

MEEK,  SIR  JAMES  (1778-1866),  public  servant; 
entered  commissariat  department,  1798;  collected  sup- 
plies for  Egyptian  expedition,  1800 :  comptroller  of  the 
victualling  and  transport  services,  1830;  collected  infor- 
mation (1841)  for  Peel's  free-trade  measures;  knighted, 
1851.  [xxxvii.  209] 

MEEKE,  MRS.  MARY  (d.  1816  ?), novelist;  published 
novels,  from  1796,  in  her  own  name  and  under  the 
pseudonym 'Gabrielli.'  [xxxvii.  210] 

MEEK,  HENRY  (d.  1817),  classical  scholar;  fellow 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  MJU  1769;  BJ>., 
1776 ;  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1792 :  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1796 :  published  'Remarks  on  the 
Cassandra  of  Lycophron,'  1800.  [xxxvii.  210] 

MEESON,  ALFRED  (1808-1886),  architect  and  sur- 
veyor ;  superintended  construction  of  houses  of  parliament 
under  Sir  Charles  Barry  [q.  v.],  1842,  and  other  public 
buildings.  [xxxvii.  211] 

MEETKERKE,  EDWARD  (1590-1657),  divine;  of 
Westminster  School ;  student  and  tutor  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1610;  M.A.,  1613  (incorporated  at  Cambridge, 

8x 


MEGGOT 


MELMOTH 


1617): 


wrote  poem- in 


D.D.,  1625; 
deprived  of  hi*  stall 
Hebrew  and  Latin. 
[xxxvit.211] 


[xxxvii.  212] 
IttOOOTT,  JOHN  (1714-1789).    [See  ELWW.] 
MXHOL,  CHRISTOPHER  (.*.  1687-1708),  Quaker; 
Xflrwciriao  Wrth  •  chaplain  to  Prince  George  of  Den- 
e.  1683 ;  minister  of  DaniMi  con>?rega- 
1687:  "Joined  qoakers,  1699:  accompanied  Claridge, 
-in  Hereford-hire  and  Buckinghamshire,  1706  ; 
7.  vUited   HoUteiu ;  arrested  in  France, 
Dantftb  translations  of  quaker  books. 

[xxxvii.  212] 

MEIOAJTT,  MATJOANTITJB,  METJOAN,  MEUGANT 
If  6th  cent),  Welsh  Mint  or  druid:  presi.leut  of  the 
ootaJofSLllityd  at  Llantwit:  subsequently  moved  to 
tbewUblishmeut  of  St.  Dubrioiu-.  [xxxviil.  173] 

ANDREW  (1719-1811),  millwright  and  in- 

oflbe  thrashing-machine;  millwright  near  Dun- 
bar:  patented  machine  tor  dressing  grain,  1768;  un- 
•rul  with  first  tbrashlng-inachine,  1778 :  invented 
thraBhing-machine,  1784  :  manufactured  thrashmg- 
17W:  iobacription  rained  for  his  J^'JJf' ™ff- 

GBORGB  (d.  1811),  millwright;  son  of 
|:  invented  a  water-raising  wheel, 
ne  MOM,  1787.  [xxxvii.  214] 


of  Hull  1643  :  captured  Gainsborough,  Cawopi 
nd  t  he  fort  of  Aimmouth,  1643  ;  forced  to  .  dis- 
MM  capitulation  tit  Newark  by  Rupert  1644  ; 
wounded  at  Scarborough.  [xxxvii.  218] 

MELFORT,  flrnt  EARL  and  titular  DUKE  OF  (1649- 
1714).  [See  DRUMMOND,  JOHN.] 

KELIA  PIUS  (1800-1883),  Roman  catholic  divine; 
professor  of  literature  in  the  jesuite'  college,  Rome  ;  mis- 
SSfS  England,  1848  ;  almoner  of  the  Italian  Benevo- 
Jen?  Society,  1862  ;  published  doctrinal  "o*^..  ^ 

MELITON,  MILITON,  or  MILTON,  WILLIAM  OF 
(d  1261),  Franciscan;  fifth  master  of  the  Friars  Minors, 
Cambridge,  1260;  D.D.:  finished  Alexander  of  Hales's 
"  1252;  died  in  Paris;  his  com- 

the  Natioual 


writer; 
•eon'*  mate 


scripts,  Paris. 

MELL  DAVIS  (ft.  1650),  violinist;  musician  to 
rii-irl.'i  I'  considered  the  first  violinist  in  England; 
entertained  at  Oxford,  1658 ;  leader  of  Charles  II's  band, 
1660 :  some  of  his  compositions  contained  in  Simpson's 
'Division  Violin,'  1684.  [xxxvu.  220] 

MELLENT,  COUNT  OF  (1104-1166).  [See  BEAUMONT, 
WALERAN  UE.] 

MELLIB  HUGH  (ft.  1588),  mathematician ;  South- 
wark  schoolmaster;  published  works  on  arithmetic  and 
book-keeping.  [xxxvii.  220] 

MELLISH,  SIR  GEORGE  (1814-1877),  lord  justice  of 
anneal  •  educated  at  Eton  and  University  College,  Oxford ; 
M  V  1839;  honorary  fellow,  1872;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1848:  Q.C.,  1861;  lord  justice  of  appeal,  1870; 
knighted  and  privy  councillor,  1870 ;  hoii.  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1874  [xxxvii.  220] 

MELLITUS  (d.  624),  first  bishop  of  London  and  third 
archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  sent  from  Rome  by  Pope 
Gregory  to  reinforce  Augustine,  601 :  consecrated  bishop 
by  Augustine,  and  sent  to  preach  to  the  East  Saxons ; 
won  the  support  of  ^Ethclbert,  king  of  Kent,  who  built 
St  Paul's  Church,  London  ;  attended  a  council  at  Rome, 
610 ;  brought  back  decrees  and  letters  from  the  pope ; 
banished,  616 :  returned  to  Kent,  617,  on  Eadbald's  con- 
version ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  619-24. 

[xxxvii.  221] 

MELLON,  ALFRED  (1820-1867),  musician  ;  leading 
violinist  of  the  Royal  Italian  Opera,  London ;  musical 
director  at  the  Haymarket  and  Adelphi  Theatres;  hia 
opera  'Victorine'  produced  at  Oovent  Garden,  London, 
1859.  [xxxvii.  222] 

MELLON,  HARRIOT,  DUCHESS  OF  ST.  ALBANS 
(17777-1837),  actress;  first  appeared,  1787;  at  Drury 
Lane,  1795-1815,  playing  an  extensive  round  of  characters  : 
married  Thomas  Coutts  [q.  v.],  the  banker,  1815,  and 
after  his  death,  William  Aubrey  de  Vere,  ninth  duke  of  St. 
Albans,  1827.  [xxxvii.  223] 

MELLOR,  SIR  JOHN  (1809-1887),  judge ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1833  ;  Q.C.,  1851 ;  recorder  of  Warwick, 
1849-52,  of  Leicester,  1855-61 :  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth, 
1857,  Nottingham,  1869;  justice  of  the  queen's  bench  and 
knighted,  1861 ;  tried  the  Fenians  at  Manchester,  1867, 
and  Arthur  Orton  [q.  v.]  for  perjury,  1873  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1879  ;  published  a  life  of  Seldeu.  [xxxvii.  224] 

MELMOTH,  COURTNEY  (1749-1814).  [See  PRATT, 
SAMUEL  JACKSON.] 

MELMOTH,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (1666-1743), 
religious  writer  and  lawyer  :  barrister,  1693  ;  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1699 ;  corresponded  anonymously  with 
Archbishop  Tenison,  1705;  bencher,  1719;  treasurer 
(1730)  of  Lincoln's  Inn ;  published  anonymously  the 
'Great  Importance  of  a  Religious  Life,'  1711,  which  was 
generally  assigned  to  John  Perceval,  first  earl  of  Egmont 
[q.v.]  [xxxvii.  224] 

MELMOTH,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (1710-1799), 
author  and  commissioner  of  bankrupts ;  son  of  William 
Melmoth  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  abandon. -d  law,  1739:  com- 
missioner of  bankrupts,  1756;  derided  by  Dr.  Johnson; 

•»:  knighted,  1622:  took  part  in  Rocbelle  expedi-     knew  Mrs.  Thralc  at  Bath,   1780;   wrote   'Letters    on 
Uon  and  French  war;  patentee  for  erecting  lighthouses  1  Several  Subjects,'  1742,  under  the  pseudonym  Sir  Thomas 
on  north  and  tooth  Foreland,  1636 ;  wrote  to  the  king  I  Fitzwlxmie ;  translated  Pliny's  •  Letters,'  1746,  Cicero's 
justifying  lilii  conduct  in  joining  tlw  parliament :  fought  !  •  Ad  Familiar**,'  1763,  and  •  De  Penectute,'  1773. 
at  KdgH.ill,  164J,  and  tin.-  nicvo  of  Il.-a.ling,  1643  :  raised  fxxxvii.  225} 


WOTTT/E  j  AMES  (1730-1799X  surgeon  and  devotional 
Iter '  Darted  at  Surgeons'  Hall,  London :  second  sur- 
to  the  Portland,  1768 :  preaent  at  Cape  Lagos, 
tei  flwt  mate,  1759 ;  obtained  discharge,  1762 ; 
religious  meditations.  [xxxvii.  214] 

r  MARK  ANTHONY  (ft.  1812),  miscellaneous 
writer :  resigned  situation  in  post-office :  schoolmaster  at 
Hoxton,177C;  curate  of  St  John,  Wapplng,  1809 ;  pub- 
lished dramatic  works  and  religious  books  for  children. 

[xxxvii.  216] 

BBLYK  BETDYDD  (U.  THE  POET)  (d.  1140  ?), 
Webb  bard:  chief  bard  of  Gruffydd  ab  Cynan ;  once 
acted  M  envoy;  three  poems  by  him  preserved  in 
•  Myvyrian  Arcbalology.'  [xxxvii.  215] 

MEL  (d.  487X  Irish  saint;  nephew  of  St.  Patrick 
[q.  v.]  ;  founded  aee  of  Ardagh,  r.  464.  [xxxvii.  216] 

MELBANCKE,  BRIAN  (ft.  1583),  enphulstic  writer  ; 
B.A.  St.  John'fl  College,  Cambridge,  1579 ;  imitated  Lyly's 
•Kuphue* '  in  '  Phllotlinu*,'  1683 ;  alludes  to  story  of  Romeo 
and  Juliet  M  well  known.  [xxxvii.  216] 

MELBOTTRNE,  VisrnrxT*.  [See  LAMB,  WILLIAM, 
wcond  VIHCOUXT,  1779-1848 ;  LAMB,  FRKTJKRICK  JAMKS, 
UAK-.S  BKACVALK,  third  VISCOUNT,  1782-1863.] 

MELOOMBE,  flrrt  BARON  ( 1691-1762).  [See  DODINC- 
TOK,  OBOROR  BUBB.] 

MELDOLA,  RAPHAEL  (1764-1828),  Jewish  theo- 
logian :  born  at  Leghorn;  'rabbi*  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portufueae  Jews  in  London,  1804 ;  restored  synagogue, 
1824;  endeavoured  to  maintain  sanctity  of  Sabbath; 
wrote  devotional  books  in  Hebrew.  [xxxvii.  216] 

MELDRUM,  GEORGE  (1636  7-1709 ),m-tor  of  Mart- 
aohal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  profemor  of  divinity  at  Kdin- 
of  Aberdeen,  1668 :    M.A.    Aberdeen ; 


KMpenikd,  1662-1 ;  elected  rector  of  Marixchal  College  ten 
Umei;  depriveii,  1681,  for  refusing  the  tent;  minister  of 
KUwinnin*.  1688,  of  Tron  Chun-h,  Edinburgh,  1692 ; 
moderator  of  the  general  amcmhly,  1698  and  1703;  pro- 
teMor  of  divinity,  Kilinburgh,  1702;  published  sermons 
and  treatiM  on  church  matters.  [xxxvii.217] 

,  sin  JOHN  (r/.  1646),  soldier;  assisted  in 
of    UUtcr,    1610-17;    nerved    in   the    Low 


plantation 
CounUien; 


MELROSE 


867 


MELVILLE 


MELROSE,  first  EARL  OF  (1563-1637).  [Sec  HAMIL- 
TON, THOMAS.] 

MELTON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1640),  politician  and  author ; 
read  law  ;  knighted,  1632 ;  traded  m  saltpetre  and  conl ; 
secretary  to  the  council  of  the  north,  1635;  M.I'.,  New- 
caatle-ou-Tyue,  1610;  published  'Sixefolde  Politician,' 
1609,  and  '  Agtrologaster,'  1620.  [xxxvii.  226] 

MELTON,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1340),  archbishop  of 
York;  held  posts  in  the  king's  household;  received 
ecclesiastical  preferments  ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1307  ; 
accompanied  Edward  II  to  France  as  secretary,  1308: 
commissioner  to  the  Cinque  i*orts,  1312 ;  archbishop  of 
York,  1316  ;  commissioner  to  treat  with  Scotland,  1318, 
1321,  and  1323 ;  routed  by  the  Scots  at  Myton-on-Swale 
('  Obaptour  of  Mytouu '),  1319  ;  treasurer  of  England, 
1325-7  ;  officiated  at  Edward  Ill's  marriage,  1328  ;  ac- 
quitted of  complicity  in  the  Earl  of  Kent's  plot,  1329 ; 
treasurer,  1330 ;  empowered  to  open  parliament  at  York, 
1332 ;  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1333-4 ;  asserted  his  right 
to  bear  the  cross  in  the  southern  province,  [xxxvii.  227] 

MELTON,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1628),  chancellor  of 
York;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1479;  D.D.,  1496;  master  of 
Michaelhouse,  Cambridge,  1495;  chancellor  of  York, 
1496;  author  of  'Sermo  Exhortatorius,'  published  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1494;  sometimes  confounded  with 
three  namesakes.  [xxxvii.  229] 

MELUN,  ROBERT  DK  (d.  1167).    [See  ROBERT.] 

MELVILL,  HENRY  (1798-1871),  canon  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral ;  sizar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1817 ; 
migrated  to  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge ;  second 
wrangler,  1821 ;  fellow  and  tutor,  1822-32 ;  M.A.,  1824 ; 
B.D.,  1836 ;  chaplain  at  the  Tower  of  London,  1840 ;  prin- 
cipal of  Haileybury  College,  1843-57 ;  chaplain  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1853;  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  1856-71;  rector  of 
Barnes,  1863-71 ;  published  numerous  sermons. 

[xxxvii.  229] 

MELVILL,  SIR  JAMES  COSMO  (1792-1861),  brother 
of  Henry  Melvill  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  home  service  of  East 
India  Company,  1808,  became  financial  secretary,  1834, 
and  was  chief  secretary,  1836,  till  termination  of  com- 
pany's existence  as  governing  body,  1858 ;  government 
director  of  Indian  railways,  1858 ;  F.R.S.,  1841 ;  K.O.B., 
1853.  [Suppl.  iii.  159] 

MELVILL,  THOMAS  (1726-1763),  experimental  philo- 
sopher ;  divinity  student  at  Glasgow,  1748-9 ;  read  before 
Edinburgh  Medical  Society  'Observations  on  Light  and 
Colours,'  containing  fundamental  experiments  in  spectrum 
analysis,  1752,  '  Ref tangibility  of  the  Rays  of  Light* 
before  Royal  Society,  1753.  [xxxvii.  230] 

MELVILLE,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  DUNDAS,  HENRY,  first 
VISCOUNT,  1742-1811;  DUNDAS,  ROBERT  SAUNDKRS, 
second  VISCOUNT,  1771-1851;  DUNDAS,  HENRY,  third 
VISCOUNT,  1801-1876.] 

MELVILLE  or  MELVELL,  ANDREW  (1545-1622), 
Scottish  presbyterian  leader  and  scholar;  educated  at 
Montrose  grammar  school  under  Pierre  de  Marsiliers, 
1557-9,  and  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews;  went  to 
Paris,  1564 ;  studied  Greek,  oriental  languages,  mathe- 
matics, and  law ;  influenced  by  Peter  Ramus ;  went  to 
Poitiers,  1566  :  helped  to  defend  Poitiers  during  the  siege, 
1568;  professor  of  humanity,  Geneva,  1568;  met  Beza, 
Joseph  Scaliger,  and  Francis  Hottomau ;  returned  to 
Scotland,  1573  ;  appointed  head  of  Glasgow  College,  1574 ; 
introduced  an  enlarged  curriculum  and  established  chairs 
in  languages,  science,  philosophy,  and  divinity,  confirmed 
by  royal  charter,  1577 ;  assisted  in  the  organisation  of 
the  Scottish  church  in  the  presbyterian  mould,  which  was 
set  forth  in  the  *  second  book  of  discipline,'  sanctioned, 
1581 ;  assisted  in  the  reconstitution  of  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity, 1675,  and  the  re-formation  of  St.  Andrews,  1679  ; 
became  principal  of  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1680, 
where  he  promoted  the  study  of  Aristotle,  and  created  a 
taste  for  Greek  letters  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly 
at  St.  Andrews,  1582,  at  which  the  order  for  the  excom- 
munication of  Montgomery  (whom  he  prosecuted  as  a 
'  tulchan '  bishop)  caused  open  war  between  the  assembly 
and  the  court ;  his  party  placed  in  power  by  the  '  raid  of 
Ruthven,'  1582 ;  charged  with  treason,  1584 ;  escaped  to 
England,  and  was  well  received  in  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  London  ;  returned  to  Scotland  on  Arran's  fall,  1585  ; 
effectul  a  compromise,  1586 ;  rector  of  St.  Andrews  Uni- 
versity, 1590 ;  unsuccessfully  claimed  the  right  to  sit  in 


!  the  assembly  at  Dundee,  1598,  and  at  Montroae,  1600 ; 

I  deprived  of  the  rectorship  in  a  visitation  of  M.   Andrew*, 

1  but  made  dean  of  the  faculty  of  theology,  1199 ;  protested 
on  behalf  of  the  leaden  of  a  general  assembly  ootutitated 
at  Aberdeen,  1«05,  in  defiance  of  the  king', 
summoned  to  London,  1606,  where  be  made  two 
uncompromising  speeches  on  behalf  of  the  freedom 
assemblies  :  confined  in  the  lower  for  a  bitter  epigram  on 
Anglican  ritual,  1607  ;  his  release  at  last  obtained,  1611, 
I iy  Henri  de  la  Tour,  due  de  Bouillon,  who  wUhed  him  to 

;  become  professor  of  biblical  theology  in  the  university  of 
Sedan ;  wrote  controversial  prose  works  ;  ranked  by  laaac 
Walton  next  to  Buchanan  as  a  Latin  poet :  died  at  Sedan. 

[XXXTM.JW1 

MELVILLE,   ANDREW  (1624-1706),  soldier  of  for- 
tune ;  studied  languages  at  KUnlgKberg ;  joined  praby- 
teriau  troops,  1647  ;  joined  Charles  II  at  Breda  ;  escaped 
after  Worcester  (1661)  to  Holland;  fought  for  France, 
Sweden,  and  Brandenburg  ;  sent  by  the  Duke  of  Oelle  to 
I  congratulate  Charles  II,  1660 ;  appointed  commandant  of 
i  Gifbom,  1677 ;  published  an  autobiography,  1704  ;  died 
at  Gifhorn.  [xxxvii.  237] 

MELVILLE,  DAVID,  third  EARL  OF  LEVKN,  second 
EARL  OF  MBLVILLK  (1660-1728),  son  of  George  Melville, 
first  earl  of  Melville  [q.  v.]  ;  military  commander  ;  became 
Earl  of  Leveu,  1681 ;  confidential  agent  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange  ;  raised  regiment  of  Scottish  refugees,  1688 ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Killiecrankie  (1689)aud  in  the  IrUh 
campaign ;  served  in  Flanders,  1692  ;  major-general  of  the 
i  Scottish  forces,  1703  ;  master  of  ordnance,  1705  ;  com- 
ma nder-iu-chief  of  the  Scots  forces,  1706 ;  suppressed 
Jacobite  rising,  1708  ;  deprived  of  all  offices  by  tory  ad- 
ministration, 1712.  [xxxvii.  237] 

MELVILLE,  ELIZABETH  (Jl.   1603).      [See   COL- 

I  VILLE.] 

MELVILLE,  GEORGE,  fourth  BARON  and  first  EARL 
OF  MELVILLK  (1634?-1707),  welcomed  Charles  II  in  Lou- 
'  don,  1660;  joined  Monmouth  against  the  covenanters, 
i  1679,  and  endeavoured  to  avoid  a  conflict ;  fled  on  dis- 
covery of  the  Rye  House  plot  and  joined  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  1683  ;  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  1689  ;  com- 
missioner  to   the   parliament  (1690)  which  established 
presbyterianism ;  trusted  by  the  king  to  propitiate  the 
'  presbyteriaus ;  created  Earl  of  Melville,  Viscount  Kirk- 
i  caldy,  1690  :  lord  privy  seal,  1691  :  president  of  the  privy 
council  and  member  of  the  committee  for  the  security  of 
;  the  kingdom,  1696  ;  deprived  of  his  offices,  1702. 

[xxxvii.  238] 

MELVILLE,   CAPTAIN  GEORGE   JOHN    WHYTB- 
j  (1821-1878).    [See  WHYTE-MKLVILLE.] 

MELVILLE  or  MELVILL,  JAMES  (1656-1614),  Scot- 
!  tish  reformer;  nephew  of  Andrew  Melville  (1545-1622) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  (B.A.  St.  Leonard's  Col- 
lege, 1571)  and  Glasgow  ;  professor  of  Hebrew  and  oriental 
languages  at  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1580: 
seconded  his  uncle  in  his  views  on  presbyterianism ;  fled  to 
Berwick,  1584 ;  prohibited  from  preaching ;  attacked 
!  Bishop  Adamsou  at  the  synod  of  Fife,  1586 ;  ordained 
to  a  charge  in  Fifeshire,  1586 ;  moderator  of  the  general 
1  assembly,  1589  :  presented  petitions  on  ecclesiastical  mat 
ters  to  James  VI  of  Scotland,  who  sent  him  to  collect 
subscriptions  from  the  presbyterians  to  pay  for  the  expe- 
dition against  Bothwell ;  opposed  James  VI's  proposal  of 
a  parliamentary  vote  for  ministers,  1598;  summoned  to 
London  on  ecclesiastical  affairs,  1606 ;  ordered  to  confine 
himself  within  ten  miles  of  Newcastle,  1607 ;  died  at  Ber- 
wick on  his  way  back  to  Scotland  ;  published  numerous 
poems ;  '  Diary '  printed,  1829.  [xxxvii.  241  ] 

MELVILLE,  SIR  JAMES  (1535-1617X  of    Hallhill : 
autobiographer ;  son  of  Sir  John  Melville  [q.  v.] :  page  to 
,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1549  ;  wounded  at  St.  Queutin,  1667  : 
i  sent  to  discover  the  designs  of  Lord  James  Stewart,  earl 
of  Moray  [q.  v.],  1557 :  endeavoured  to  win  Queen  Eliza- 
1  beth's  approval  of  Mary  Stuart's  marriage  to  Daruley  : 
I  sent  to  offer  the  regency  to  Moray :    entrusted  with 
diplomatic  missions  throughout  James  VI's  minority ; 
knighted ;   privy  councillor ;    manuscript  of   hi»  auto- 
biography first  discovered,  1660,  last  edited,  1887. 

[xxxvii.  240] 

MELVILLE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1648),  laird  of  Raith  ;  en- 
gaged in  the  disputes  of  the  regency  during  James  V's 
minority  ;  master  of  artillery,  1526 ;  followed  James  V  in 
his  border  expeditious ;  assisted  in  the  trial  of  Janet 


MELVILLE 


MENZIES 


OUunis  [n.  T.],  1M7 ;  captaiu  of  Duubar 
iJS™i?«ipportin»U»e 'English'  party 


jjvTT.T.g,  ROBERT,  first  BARON  MKLViLU£(1527- 
non  of  <ir  John  Mdville  [q.  v.] ;  in  the  French  «er- 
•  ad,  1559:  opposed  Mary  Stuart's 
umnucy  -.  Tisited  Mary  Stuart  in  Lochleven 
taken  prisoner  at  Langside,  bat  released 
',  Ii68;  declared  traitor,  1678;  his 
.wu,  1*80;  knighted,  1581:  clerk  and 
rer  depute,  MSI :  privy  councillor,  1582;  entreated 
JBtebeth  for  Mary  Stuart's  life :  acted  as  chan- 
1M9;  sent  to  negotiate  with  Queen  Elizabeth, 
iuu-  extraordinary  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Murdo- 
cSreie,  1»94 :  resigned  his  offices,  1600;  accompanied 
Jama  VI  to  England,  1601 :  commissioner  for  the  union, 
1601;  ereated  Baron  Melville  of  Monimall,  1616. 

LXXXVU. 24t>J 

^El.mi.T.*  ROBERT  (1723-1809),  general  and  anti- 
aoary  •  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  Universities ; 
a*iffVl744:  served  in  Flanders:  captain,  1751  ;  major, 
1766 ;  Ueatenant*OTeruor  of  Guadeloupe,  1759,  governor, 
1760*  governor  of  the  ceded  islands,  1763-70;  sent  to  , 
France  to  solicit  certain  indulgences  for  the  British  in 


1835;  commander,  1846;  post-captain,  1852;  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1853;  distinguished  at  bombardment  of  Odessa, 
1854 ;  flag-captain  to  Sir  Edmund  (afterwards  Lord) 
Lyons  [q.  v.],  1854-7;  C.B.,  1855;  deputy  coutroller- 
peueral  of  coastguard  at  admiralty,  1861-2 ;  director  of 
transports,  1862-8.";  rear-admirul,  1869;  vice-admiral, 
1874;  admiral,  1879 ;  G.O.B.,1882:  his 'Life'  publisliol  by 
his  son,  Boweu  Stilon  Mends,  1899.  [Suppl.  iii.  159] 


ADAH    ISAACS,    formerly    ADELAIIM: 

McCoKD  (1836-1868),  actress  and  writer;  acted  at  New 
Orleans  and  hi  Texas;  journalist ;  taught  French, Greek, 
and  Latin  in  a  school  at  New  Orleans ;  married  Alexander 
Isaac  Menken,  1856  ;  became  a  Jewess ;  acted  in  theStatos, 
New  York,  and (1864)  London;  became  acquainted  with 
Dickens,  Charles  Reade,  and  Swinburne;  met  the  elder 
Dumas  and  Gautier  in  Paris,  18G6  ;  published  '  Infelicia ' 
(poems),  1868;  was  married  four  and  divorced  three 
times  ;  died  in  Paris.  [xxxvii.  252] 

MENMTTCR,  LORD  (1552-1598).  [See  LINDSAY,  Jo  H*] 
MENNES,  Em  JOHN  (1599-1671),  admiral ;   recom- 
mended by  Sir   Alexander  Brett  for   command.  1626 ; 
served  in  the  Narrow  Seas ;  raised  troop  of  carabineers, 
1640;    knighted,  1642;    governor  of   North  Wales  for 


i- ranee  w>  soucit  CCTUUD  IUUUJBCU»«.  »».  ««.  ~. ~-  ,  Charles  I,  1644  :  commander  of  the  king's  navy,  1645  ; 

Tobago ;  suggested  a  new  theory  of  Hannibal  s  route  comptroller  of  the  navy,  1661, '  though  not  fit  for  busi- 
across  the  Alps:  Invented  a  naval  gun,  1759  (used  until  ne(SJ,  according  to  Pepys ;  commauder-in-chief  in  the 
the  middle  of  this  century):  F.RA  ;  F.8.A.  Downs  and  admiral,  1662;  published,  with  Dr.  James 

Smith, '  Wits  Recreations,'  1640,  and  '  Musarum  Deliciaj,' 
1665.  [xxxvii.  253] 


[xxxvii.  246] 

JAMBS  (1795-1858),  Latin  scholar ;  edu- 
deen  grammar  school  and  Marischal  College, 
1816 ;  LL.D.,  1834 ;  master  at  Aberdeen 


ADcraeen  ;  si. A.,  IBID  ;  L,LJ.U.,  ion  ,  maswr  »•  AUCIUCCI 
grammar  school,  1828,  rector,  1826 :  'lecturer  on  humanity 
at  Marischal  College;  published  Latin  grammar,  1822, 
exercise*,  posthumous,  1857;  collected  classical  and 
medieval  Latin  literature.  [xxxvii.  247] 

BKN     ISBAEL     (1604-1657).       [See 


MEHDE8,  FERNANDO  (d.  1724),  physician :  born  in 
Portugal ;  M.D.  Montpellier,  1667 :  attended  Catherine  of 
Braganza  to  England;  physician  in  ordinary  to  Catherine 
of  Braganza,  1669 ;  attended  Charles  II :  F.R.C.P.,  1687. 

[xxxvii.  247] 

MEKDE8,  MOSES  (d.  1758),  poet  and  dramatist; 
grandson  of  Fernando  Meudes  [q.  v.]  ;  successful  stock- 
broker;  bon-rivant  and  wit ;  wrote  dramatic  pieces  set  to 
music  by  Boyce  and  Buruey,  and  poems  and  songs  in 
imitation  of  Spenser.  [xxxvii.  248] 

AM,  JOSEPH  (1769-1856),  controversialist: 


M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1795 :  incumbent  of  Hill 
Chapel  in  Anicu,  1836;  wrote  against  Romish  doctrine 
and  organisation;  his  library  presented  to  the  Incor- 
porated Law  Society.  [xxxvii.  249] 

MXirDTP,  first  BARON  (1713-1802).  [See  ELUS 
WBLBORK.] 

KEKDOZA,  DANIEL  (1784-1836X  pugilist :  success- 
fully united  sparring  with  boring;  encountered  'the 
Bath  batcher,'  1 787 ;  at  times  acted  aaofflcer  of  the  sheriff 
of  Middlesex  :  made  tours  in  Ireland,  1791,  and  England ; 
retired,  1880 ;  published  the  •  Art  of  Boxing,'  1789. 

MEHDOZA  Y  RI08,  JOSEPH  DK  (1762^6  X*iwtro- 
nomer ;  born  at  Seville :  educatal  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Nobles,  Madrid;  served  in  the  Spanish  navy  with  dis- 
tinction :  oommlMioned  by  government  to  form  a  mari- 
time library  at  Madrid:  travelled  in  France:  made  his 
home  in  England  after  being  elected  F.R.S.,  1793;  pub- 
lished works  on  nautical  astronomy,  which  revolutionised 
that  science,  and  on  navigation.  [xxxvii.  251] 

HBJTM,  SIR  ROBERT  (1767?-1823\  commodore: 
mtcrcd  navy,  1779  :  lost  right  arm  at  the  defence  of  York 
town,  1781 :  wounded  at  battle  of  Dominica  :  lieutenant, 
1789 ;  severely  burnt  by  an  explosion  in  action  off  Lorient, 
179*:  captain,  1800:  distinguished  himself  on  Spanish 
«>a«t,  1810;  superintendent  of  Portsmouth  harbour, 
11-14;  knighted,  1816;  appointed  commodore  and 
«mm»nder-in-cbief  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  1821 ; 
died  on  board  bis  ship  at  Gape  Coast,  1883. 


MXHD8,     KIR    WILLIAM     ,„*    v.«M-4o.f/1 

mind :  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Mends  [q.  v.] :  studied  at 


ojral  Na 


valOott 


'  M*  tmmm  \\f,    »»j  ,    niimmvi  nu 

PorUmouth :  served  under  Captain 
v.]  on  the  Pique,  1836  ;  llnnlijmi. 


MENTEITH,  EARLS  OP.  [See  OOMYN,  WALTER,  d. 
1258;  GRAHAM,  WILLIAM,  seventh  EARL,  1591-1661.] 

MENTEITH,  SIR  JOHN  DE  (d.  after  1329),  Scottish 
knight;  imprisoned  for  resistance  to  Edward  I,  1296; 
released,  1297;  warden  of  castle,  town,  and  sheriff dom  of 
Dumbarton,  1304 ;  captured  Wallace  at  Glasgow  and  took 
him  to  London ;  nominated  one  of  the  Scots  barons  in 
the  united  parliament ;  on  the  Scottish  council  and  created 
Earl  of  Lennox ;  joined  Bruce  in  his  revolt,  1307 ;  com- 
missioned to  treat  for  truce,  1316  and  1323  ;  present  nt 
Arbroath  parliament,  1320;  last  recorded  grants  to  him, 
1329.  [xxxvii.  256] 

MENTEITH,  MENTET,  or  MONTEITH,  ROBERT 
(fl.  1621-1660),  author  of  •  Histoire  des  Troubles  de  la 
Grande  Bretagne ' ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1621 ;  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Saumiir;  presented  to  the  kirk  of  Dudding- 
ston,  1630;  fled  to  Paris,  1633;  denounced  as  rebel;  be- 
came Roman  catholic  and  secretary  to  De  Retz  till  (1662) 
the  cardinal's  arrest;  canon  of  Notre- Dame;  his  'His- 
toire '  published,  1660.  [xxxvii.  257] 

MENZIES,  ARCHIBALD  (1754-1842),  botanical  col- 
lector; studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  naval  surgeon;  accom- 
panied fur-trading  voyage  of  discovery  to  North-west 
coast  of  America  and  China,  1786-9 ;  as  naturalist  and 
surgeon  went  with  Vancouver  to  the  Cape,  New  Zealand, 
and  North-west  America,  1790-6:  ascended  Wha-ra-rai 
and  Mauna  Loa  in  Hawaii,  determining  their  altitude  by 
the  barometer;  brought  back  various  plants,  crypto- 
gams, and  natural-history  objects  ;  F.L.S.,  1790. 

[xxxvii.  258] 

MENZIES,  JOHN  (1624-1684),  Scottish  divine  and 
professor ;  graduate  and  regent,  Marisclml  College,  Aber- 
deen ;  professor  of  divinity,  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen, 
and  pastor  of  Greyfriars  Church,  Aberdeen,1649 :  became 
an  independent,  1651 ; 4  trier '  in  Scotland,  1664 ;  returned 
to  presbyteriauism ;  reluctantly  conformed  to  episco- 
pacy ;  engaged  in  controversy  with  Roman  catholics  and 
quakers  ;  professor  of  divinity,  Kind's  College,  Old  Aber- 
deen, 1679,  but  soon  resigned;  reinstated  professor  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1679 ;  deprived  on  refusing 
the  test,  1681 ;  gave  way,  and  was  reinstated,  1682  ;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [xxxvii.  258] 

MENZIES,  JOHN  (1766-1834),  founder  of  Blairs  Col- 
lege, Kincardineshirc ;  educated  at  Dinant ;  convcynl  to 
Bishop  I'atersou  his  estate  of  Blairs  for  the  education  of 
secular  priests,  1827 ;  benefactor  of  St.  Margaret's  Con- 
vent, Edinburgh,  opened,  1835  ;  acquainted  with  Scott. 

[xxxvii.  259] 

MENZIES,  MICHAEL  (rf.  1766),  advocate  and  in- 
ventor; advocate,  1719;  invented  a  thrashing-madam-, 
1734,  a  machine  for  conveying  coal  to  the  shaft,  1750,  and 
a  machine  for  draining  coal-mines,  1761,  which  came  into 
partial  use.  [xxxvii.  259] 


MEOPHAM 


8G9 


ME  KETWE  T  HE  R 


MEOPHAM  or  MEPEHAM,  SIMON  (<l.  1333),  nr«-h- 
bishop  of  Canterbury  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  : 
D.D. ;  prebendary  of  Llandaff,  1295  :  canon  of  Chu  : 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1327  ;  OOOMCratod  at  Avignon  ; 
mediated  between  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  Mor- 
timer, 1328;  enthroned  at  Canterbury,  1»29;  crowiml 
Queen  Philippa,  132'J  ;  held  several  rhurdi  councils  ;  irri- 
tated his  sutrrauMiis  liy  a  scries  of  systematic  visitation-;  : 
contested  rieht  of  Archbishop  of  York  to  have  his  cross 
borne  erect  before  him  in  the  southern  province ;  called 
on  the  monks  of  St.  Auunstine's  Abbey  to  justify  their 
rights  to  their  Kentish  churches,  1329  ;  refused  to  appear 
before  the  papal  nuncio  on  the  monks'  appeal,  1332  :  pro- 
nounced contumacious,  fined  7UO/.,  and  excommunicated 
for  non-payment.  [xxxvli.  260] 

MERBECKE,  JOHN  (fl.  1583).    [See  MARBKCK.] 

MERBURY  or  MARBURY,  CHARLES  (fl.  1581), 
author :  B.A.  Oxford,  1570 :  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1571 ; 
went  to  Italy :  entered  household  of  Earl  of  Sussex ;  in 
France  on  official  business,  1583:  corresponded  with 
Anthony  Bacon  [q.  v.]  and  Walsiugham :  published  de- 
fence of  absolute  monarchy,  1581.  [xxxvii.  263] 

MERCER,  ANDREW  (1775-1842),  poet  and  topo- 
grapher; gave  up  theology  for  miniature-painting ;  wrote 
for  magazines  in  Edinburgh ;  settled  at  Dunfermllne  and 
taught  drawing  ;  wrote  poems  and  'History  of  Duuferm- 
line,'  1828.  [xxxvii.  264] 

MERCER,  HUGH  (1726  ?-1777),  American  brigadier- 
general  :  medical  student  at  Aberdeen :  surgeon's  mate  in 
the  Pretender's  army;  went  to  America,  1747  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  provincials,  1758;  in  command  at  the  new 
Fort  Du  Quesne ;  doctor  at  Predericksburg  ;  drilled  the 
Virginian  militia ;  colonel,  1775 ;  brigadier-general,  1776  ; 
died  of  wounds  received  at  Princetown.  [xxxvii.  264] 

MERCER,  JAMES  (1734-1804),  poet  and  soldier; 
second  cousin  to  Hugh  Mercer  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Aberdeen, 
1754;  went  to  Paris;  joined  a  British  regiment,  1756: 
distinguished  himself  at  Minden,  1759,  and  in  Ireland ; 
major,  1770;  sold  out  of  the  army,  1772;  major  in  the 
4  Gordon  Fencibles,'  1777  ;  intimate  with  Beattie,  Dr.  Reid, 
Sir  William  Forbes,  and  Robert  Arbutbnot;  his  'Lyrio 
Poems,'  1797,  republished  1804  and  1806.  [xxxvii.  265] 

MERCER,  JOHN  (1791-1866),  calico-printer  and 
chemist ;  bobbin- winder  and  hand-loom  weaver :  experi- 
mented in  dyeing ;  studied  mathematics  and  chemistry ; 
discovered  dyes  suitable  for  printing  calico  in  orange, 
yellow,  and  bronze;  chemist  at  Messrs.  Fort  Brothers' 
print-works,  1818;  partner,  1825;  propounded  theory  of 
'catalytic'  action  at  British  Association  meeting,  1842 ; 
joined  Chemical  Society,  1847;  discovered  process  of 
'Mercerising,'  1850:  F.R.S.,  1852;  read  paper  on  ferro- 
cy  an  ides  at  British  Association,  1858 ;  made  other  dis- 
coveries connected  with  dyeing  processes,  [xxxvii.  265] 

MERCER,  WILLIAM  (1605  ?-1675  ?),  lieutenant-colo- 
nel and  poet :  served  in  Denmark  and  Sweden  ;  granted 
prebend  of  Glenholnie,  1630 ;  officer  in  Ireland,  1638 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  parliamentarian  army,  1646 ;  swore 


allegiance  at  the  Restoration ;  published  poems,  including 
'  Angliie  Speculum,'  1646,  and  '  News  from  Parnassus,' 
1682.  [xxxvii.  267] 

MERCHISTON,  LORDS  OP.  [See  NAPIER,  ARCHI- 
BALD, first  LORD,  1574-1645 ;  NAPIER,  ARCHIBALD, 
second  LORD,  d.  1660.] 

MERCIA,  EARL  OP  (d.  1057).    [See  LKOFRIC.] 

MERCIANS,  KINGS  OP.  tSee  PKNDA,  577?-655; 
PEADA,  under-kiug  of  the  South  Mercians,  d.  656 ;  WOLP- 
IIERK,  d.  675 ;  COKXRKD,  Ji.  704-709 ;  CKOLRED,  d.  716 : 
ETHELBALD,  d.  757 ;  OPPA,  d.  796 ;  BEORNWULP,  d.  826 ; 
WIQLAP,  d.  838 :  BEORHTWULP,  d.  852 ;  BUKHHED, 
fl.  852-874.] 

MERCEER,  HONORS  (1840-1894),  premier  of  Quebec ; 
born  at  Ste.-Atbanase,  Lower  Canada  :  educated  at  Jesuit 
college,  Montreal ;  edited  '  Le  Courier ' ;  called  to  Mont- 
real bar,  1867;  member  of  I  House  of  Commons  for 
Houvillt;  in  province  of  Quebec,  1872 ;  solicitor-general, 
1878-9 ;  member  for  Ste.-Hyacinthe  and  liberal  leader  in 
provincial  house,  1883  ;  premier  of  Quebec,  1887-92.  His 
measures  included  the  consolidation  of  provincial  statutes 
and  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  department.  In 
1891  investigation?,  besrun  in  the  senate,  traced  to  Mercier 
or  hi-  agents  sums  which  the  provincial  house  had  voted 


to  the  Rale  des  Chalenn  railway ;  a  royal  commission  was 
;s-::.-l  :nnl  tin-  ministry  dismissed  ;  a  prosecution  against 
him,  1892,  on  an  in.lictm«>nt  of  conspiracy  to  defraud  the 
province,  failed.  Subsequently  he  again  took  an  active 
part  in  politics.  [Suppl.  Ill  1C1] 

MERCIER,  PHILIP  (1689-1760),  portrait-painter ; 
born  at  Berlin:  studied  under  Antolne  Pesne;  visited 
Italy,  France,  and  Hanover;  painted  the  then  Prince  of 
Walee's  portrait;  settled  in  London.  1716;  appointed 
principal  painter  (1727)  and  librarian  to  Frederick,  prince 
of  Walrs.  [xxxvii.  5W9] 

MERDDIN,  WYLLT  (ft.  680  ?).    [See  MYBODIN.] 

MEREDITH,  EDWARD  (1648-1889?),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist:  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  accompanied  Sir  William  Godol- 
pbin  to  Spain  as  secretary ;  became  Roman  catholic ; 
went  abroad,  1688  ;  published  controversial  works  ;  died 
In  Italy.  [rxxviL  870] 

MEREDITH,  RICHARD  (1550  7-1697),  bishop  of 
Leighlin  and  Ferns:  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1575; 
held  several  ecclesiastical  appointments  in  Wales  :  chap- 
lain to  Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.l,  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  1584  ; 
dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1584 ;  bishop  of  Leigblin, 


1589;    accused   of   complicity    in   Perrot's 

designs ;  tried  in  the  Stur-chamber,  1590 ;  imprisoned  and 

fined,  1591  and  again,  1594  ;  died  in  Dublin. 

[xxxvii.  370] 

MEREDITH,  RICHARD  (1559-1621),  dean  of  Wells  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  New  College,  Oxford 
(fellow,  1578) ;  B.O.L.,  1584  ;  B.D.,  1606 ;  royal  chaplain 
and  dean  of  Wells,  1607.  [xxxvii.  271] 

MEREDITH,  SIR  WILLIAM,  third  baronet  (d.  1790), 
politician;  D.C.L.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1749;  M.P., 
Wigan,  1754-61,  Liverpool,  1761-80 :  a  whig  and  follower 
of  Lord  Rockiugbam;  admiralty  lord,  1765;  protected 
Lord  North  from  the  mob,  1771 ;  his  bill  for  repealing  a 
clause  in  the  Nullum  Tempus  Act  rejected,  1771  :  failed 
in  attempt  to  abolish  subscription  for  members  of  the 
universities,  1773;  comptroller  of  the  household  and 
privy  councillor,  1774 ;  resigned,  1777  ;  sold  his  property. 
1779  ;  wrote  on  political  subjects  ;  died  at  Lyons. 

[xxxvii.  271] 

MEREDYDD  (d.  999  ?).   [See  MAREDCDD  AB  OWAIX.] 

MEREDYDD  AB  BLEDDYN,  PRINCE  OF  POWYS  (d. 
1132).  [See  MAREDUDD.] 

MEREDYTH,  first  BARON.  [See  SOMERVILLK,  SIR 
WILLIAM  MEREDYTH,  1802-1873.] 

MERES,  FRANCIS  (1565-1647), divine  and  author; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1591  ;  incorporated 
at  Oxford,  1593 ;  rector  and  schoolmaster  at  Wing,  1602 ; 
author  of  'Gods  Arithmeticke,'  1597,  'Palladia  Tamia,' 
1598,  and  '  Wits  Treasury,'  1598 ;  translated  works  by 
Luis  de  Grenada.  [xxxvii.  272] 

MERES  or  MEERES,  JOHN  (1698-1761),  printer  and 
journalist ;  printer's  apprentice,  1712 ;  partner  and  mana- 
ger with  Richard  Nutt :  owner  of  the  '  London  Evening 
Post'  and  'Daily  Post':  imprisoned,  1740,  for  remarks 
on  an  act  of  parliament ;  compiled  a  catalogue  of  English 
plays,  1713  (with  continuation,  1715)  and  1734. 

MERES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1635-1715),  knighted,  16CO; 
whig  M.P.,  Lincoln,  1C59-1710:  commissioner  of  the 
admiralty,  1679-84;  tried  to  pass  a  bill  compelling 
foreigners  in  England  to  adopt  the  English  liturgy,  1685. 

[xxxvii.  274] 

MEREWETHER,  HENRY  ALWORTH  (1780-1864), 
serjeant-at-law;  barrister,  1809:  serjeant-at-law,  1827; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1839 ;  town  clerk  of  London,  1842-69 ; 
Q.O.,  1853  :  recorder  of  Heading ;  attorney-general  to 
Adelaide,  queen-dowager;  chief  work,  'History  of 
Boroughs  and  Municipal  Corporations,'  1835. 

[xxxvii.  275] 

MEREWETHER,  JOHN  (1797-1850),  dean  of  Here- 
ford ;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1818 ;  D.D.,  1832 ; 
incumbent  of  New  Radnor,  1828  ;  dean  of  Hereford,  1832 ; 
deputy  clerk  of  the  closet  to  William  IV,  1833  :  opposed 
election  of  Hampden  to  see  of  Hereford,  1847; 
1836 ;  assisted  in  the  restoration  of  Hereford  Cathedral. 

[xxxvii.  275] 

MEREWETHER,  SIR  WILLIAM  LOCKYER  (1826- 
1K80),  Indian  military  officer  and  administrator;  son 
of  Henry  Alworth  Merewether  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 


MERFYN 


870 


MERRIMAN 


School :  entered  Bombay  army,  1841 ;  di«- 
d"himself  during  Sindb  campaign,  1843  ;  com- 
rfttifronUer  force,  1869  ;  C.B.,  1860  :  p»lit..-:il 
Aden.  18«ft:  commanded  the  piomx-r  force  in 
iS?*  K.CAI     1868;  chief  commissioner  in 
of  the  council  of  India,  1876. 


[See  MKRRICK  and  MEYRICK.] 
or  MERYTOH,  GEORGE  (d.  1624),  dean 
of  YoS>  graduated  M.A.  from  St.  John's  College,  1588: 
faUoVof  Gowns*  College,  Cambridge,  1689 :  rector  of 
j-Vitohrti  1M9:  dean  of  Peterborough,  1612 ;  chaplaiu  to 
isl's  Qoeen  ;  dean  of  York,  1617  ;  published  sermons, 
[xxxvii.  277] 

MERITON  or  MERRTTON,  GEORGE  (1634-1711), 
MtCrT grandson  of  George  Meriton  (d.  1624)  [q.  v.] ; 
lawyer  at  Nortliallerton ;  went  to  Ireland,  1684  ;  LL.D. 
of  Dublin.  1700 :  published  legal  works  and  a  curious 
poem  In  'Praise  ofYork-hire  Ale,'  1683.  [xxxvii.  278] 

MERITON,  JOHN  (1636-1704),  divine:  sizar  of  St. 
John'*  College,  Cambridge ;  recommended  by  Cromwell  to 
St.  Nicholas  Aooas,  London,  1666 ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  by 
royal  mandate,  1660,  and  D.D.,  1669;  rector  of  St. 
Michael's,  OornhiU,  1663 ;  remained  at  his  post  during  the 
plague,  1661 :  assisted  in  uniting  and  rebuilding  churches 
after  the  fire,  1666 :  published  devotional  works. 

[xxxvii.  279] 

MEBJTOH,  THOMAS  (ft.  1668),  dramatist :  grandson 
of  George  Meriton  (d.  1624)  [q.  r.] :  M.A.  St  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1669  ;  published  '  Love  and  War,'  1658, 
and  'The  Wandring  Lover,'  1658,  two  tragedies. 

[xxxvii.  280] 

MERIVALE,  CHARLES  (1808-1893),  dean  of  Ely : 
son  of  John  Herman  Merirale  [q.  v.] ;  of  Harrow  and 
St.  John's  College.  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1833  ;  B.D.,  1840; 
rowed  for  university  in  first  contest  with  Oxford  at 
Henley,  1819:  fellow  of  St  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1833 ;  rector  of  Lawfonl,  Essex,  1848 ;  chaplaiu  to  speaker 
of  House  of  Commons  (John  Evelyn  Denison),  1863-9 ; 
Hulsean  lecturer,  1862 ;  Boyle  lecturer,  1864-5 ;  dean  of 
By,  1868 ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  I860 ;  published  '  History 
of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire,'  1850-64,  and  other  liis- 
torical  writings,  sermons,  and  lectures,  besides  numerous 
Latin  poems  including  a  translation  of  Keate's  »Hy- 
— «—  f  [Suppl.  iii.  163] 


MERIVALE,  HERMAN  (1806-1874),  under-secretory 
for  India :  *on  of  John  Herman  Merivale  [q.  v.]  ;  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford :  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1817 ;  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  1828 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1832;  professor  of  political  economy  at 
Oxford,  1837  ;  assistant  under-Hecretary  of  state  for  the 
colonies,  1847;  permanent  uuder-secretary,  1848;  trans- 
ferred to  the  India  office  and  C.B.,  1859;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1870 ;  principal  works,  •  Lectures  on  Colonisation,'  1841, 
'  Historical  Studies,'  1866,  and  •  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Law- 
rence,' 1872.  [xxxvii.  280] 

MERIVALE,  JOHN  HERMAN  (1779-1844),  scholar 
and  minor  poet ;  grandson  of  Samuel  Merivale  [q.  v.J ; 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1*>4  ;  practised  in  chancery  aud  bankruptcy  ;  chancery 
commUiiioner.  1824;  bankruptcy  commissioner,  1831; 
published  law  reports  and  translations  from  Greek  aud 
Italian  poetry.  [xxxvii.  281] 

MEBJVALE,  SAMUEL  (1716-1771),  presbyterian 
minister  at  Sleaford,  1737,  and  Tavistock,  1743;  tutor  at 
Kxeter  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary,  1761 :  pub- 
lished devotional  work*.  [xxxvii.  281] 

THOMAS  (d.  1409X  bishop  of  Carlisle; 
at  Oxford  :  D.D. ;  monk  of  Westminster;  ap- 
pointed bl-bop  of  Carlisle,  1897;  ambassador  to  the 
German  princes,  1397  ;  present  In  parliament,  1397 ;  com- 
missioner for  Oueen  Isabella's  dowry,  1398 ;  accompanied 
Richard  II  to  Ireland,  1399 ;  protested  against  Henry  IV's 
treatment  of  Richard ;  committed  to  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don, 1400 ;  found  guilty  and  deprived  of  his  bUhopric ; 
J-d  conditional  pardon,  1401 ;  acted  occasionally  as 
to  Wykeham ;  commission^  to  perform  episcopal 
««lnthedloceseofWinche^rda^itevic«c7^ 
skied  against  the  pope  at  Lucca,  1408.  [xxxviL  282] 


deputy  to 
fonons 


MERLAC,  DANIEL  OF  (ft.  1170-1190).  [See 
MORLKY.] 

MERLE  or  MORLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1347),  meteoro- 
logist ;  rector  of  Driby,  1 331 ;  kept  systematic  record  of 
the  weather  for  seveil  years,  preserved  in  Digby  MS., 
Merton  College,  Oxford.  [xxxvii.  285] 

MERLIN  AMBROSITJS,  or  MYRDDIN  EMRYS, 
legendary  rneliiititcr  :md  l)iml ;  brought  before  Vortigern 
as  a  chikl :  foretold  the  king's  deuth  und  the  triumph  of 
Aurelius  Ambrosius :  made  ruler  of  the  western  part  of 
Britain  by  Vortigem  :  advised  Anrelius,  as  a  memorial  of 
his  triumph,  to  send  for  the  stones  called  '  Giants'  Dnnce' 
from  Ireland  ;  defeated  the  Irish  by  his  art,  and  the 
'  Dance '  was  set  up  (Stonehenge).  One  legend  represents 
Merlin  to  have  gone  to  sea  in  a  glass  ve^el  and  dis- 
appeared. Welsh  tradition  recognises  another  Merlin, 
Merlin  Silvester,  or  Myrddin  Wyllt,  who  lived  c.  670,  was 
connected  with  the  fatal  battle  of  Arderydd,  573,  and 
subsequently  became  insane  and  lived  in  the  forest.  The 
Merlin  legend  is  common  to  Scotland,  Wales,  Cornwall, 
and  Brittany.  The  popular  French  romance  of  '  Merlin,' 
by  Robert  de  Borrou  (thirteenth  century),  was  founded 
on  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  Sir  Thomas  Malory  borrowed 
much  from  Borrou 's  '  Merlin '  in  his  '  Morte  d'Arthur.' 

[xxxvii.  286] 

MERLIN  CELIDONIUS  or  SILVESTER.  [See 
MYRDDIN,  WILT.] 

MERRET  or  MERRETT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1614- 
1695),  physician;  M.D.  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1643; 
P.R.O.P.,  1651;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1654;  censor  seven 
times  between  1657  and  1670;  first  librarian  at  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  which  was  destroyed,  1666,  and  hia 
services  dispensed  with ;  expelled  from  his  fellowship  for 
non-attendance,  1681 ;  published  works  on  natural  history 
and  medicine.  [xxxvii.  288] 

MERREY,  WALTER  (1723-1799),  numismatist ;  Not- 
tingham manufacturer;  published  a  history  of  English 
coinage,  1789.  [xxxvii.  289] 

MERRICK,  JAMES  (1720-1769),  poet  and  scholar; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1742  :  fellow,  1745 :  ordained, 
but  lived  in  college ;  published  poems,  including  '  The 
Chameleon ' ;  translated  from  the  Greek  and  advocated  the 
compilation  and  amalgamation  of  indexes  to  the  principal 
Greek  authors ;  versified  the  Psalms,  several  editions  of 
which  were  set  to  music.  [xxxvii.  289] 

MERRICK,  RICE  (d.  1587),  historian  of  Glamorgan ; 
clerk  of  the  peace ;  his  history  printed,  1825  and  1887. 

[xxxvii.  291] 

MERRIFIELD,  CHARLES  WATKINS  (1827-1884), 
mathematician;  entered  the  education  department,  1847; 
barrister,  1861 ;  P.R.S.,  1863  ;  held  offices  in  the  London 
Mathematical  Society  and  the  Royal  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects ;  principal  of  Royal  School  of  Naval  Archi- 
tecture and  Marine  Engineering,  1867-73 ;  served  on 
royal  commissions ;  wrote  books  and  papers  in  periodi- 
cals on  mathematics  and  hydraulics.  [xxxvii.  291] 

MERRIMAN,  BRIAN  (1757-1808),  Irish  poet;  school- 
master at  Kilcleriu ;  wrote  a  poem,  '  Midnight  Court,' 
1780  ;  composed  songs.  [xxxvii.  292] 

MERRIMAN,  JOHN  (1774-1839),  surgeon;  first 
cousin  to  Samuel  Merriman  (1771-1852)  [q.  v.] :  M.R.O.S. 
and  M.S.A. ;  general  medical  attendant  on  the  Duchess  of 
Kent ;  apothecary  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837. 

[xxxvii.  294] 

MERRIMAN,  NATHANIEL  JAMES  (1810-1H82), 
bishop  of  Grahamstown,  South  Africa  ;  educated  at  Win- 
cheater  College  and  Oxford;  M.A.  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  1834  ;  archdeacon  of  Grahamstown,  1848 ;  under- 
took a  Kaffir  mission,  1850;  one  of  Bishop  Coleuso's 
accusers,  1863 ;  bishop  of  Grahamstown,  1871 ;  wrote  on 
South  Africa.  [xxxvii.  292] 

MERRIMAN,  SAMUEL  (1731-1818),  physician; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1753;  settled  in  London,  1757; 
specialised  in  midwifery.  [xxxvii.  293] 

MERRIMAN,  SAMUEL  (1771-1852),  physician; 
studied  medicine  under  his  uncle,  Samuel  Merriman 
(1731-1818)  [q.  v.]  ;  hon.  M.D.  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
deen; physician-accoucheur,  Westminster  General  Dis- 
pensary, London,  1808-15,  to  Middlesex  Hospital,  London, 
1809-26,  where  he  lectured  on  midwifery,  1810-25  ;  pub- 
lished medical  works,  sonic  ou  obstetrics,  [xxxvii.  293] 


MERRIOT 


871 


METHUEN 


MERRIOT,  THOMAS  (1589-1668),  grammarian : 
fellow  of  New  College,  oxfonl,  1610-24;  H.C.L.,  1015; 
vicar  of  Swalcliffe,  1624,  win-re  In-  taught  grammar: 
sequestered,  1646;  published  grammatical  works  in  Latin. 

MERRITT,  HKNUY  (1822-1877),  pictnru-draiier  and 
art-critic;  came  to  London,  1846;  cleaned  pu-turt-  for 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  London.  Hampton  Court, 
and  Marlborough  House  ;  acquainted  with  (ihnlstdin-  and 
Huskin,  with  whom  he  corresponded ;  pulili.-lied  «  Robert 
Dalby  '  (autobiographical  romance ).  lsG5  ;  art-critic  to 
tin-  'Standard,'  i860.  [xxxvii.  295] 

MERRY,  ROBERT  (1755-1798),  dilettante:  educated 
at  Harrow;  left  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  without 
graduating ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  purchased  a  com- 
mission in  the  horse  guards,  which  he  sold  on  account 
of  gambling  debt* :  settled  at  Florence,  1784 ;  wrote  for 
the  '  Arno*  aud  '  Florence  Miscellany,'  1785  ;  member  of 
the  Delia  Cruscan  Academy:  left  for  London,  1787; 
carried  on  a  sentimental  correspondence  in  verse  in  the 
*  World '  with  Mrs.  Hannah  Cowley  [q.  v.],  1787 :  sympa- 
thised with  the  French  revolution ;  visited  Paris,  1789, 
1791,  and  1792 :  went  to  America,  1796,  where  his  wife, 
Elizabeth  Brunton,  acted  in  the  chief  cities  in  the  States  ; 
wrote  several  unsuccessful  plays ;  died  at  Baltimore. 

[xxxvii.  295] 

MERRYFELLOW,  DICK  (1723-1781).  [See  GARDI- 
NER,  RICHARD.] 

MERSINGTON,  LORD  (1625  ?-1700).  [See  SWI.VTON, 
ALEXANDER.] 

MERTON,  WALTER  DK  (rf.  1277),  bishop  of  Rochester 
and  founder  of  Mertou  College,  Oxford ;  probably  a  pupil 
of  Adam  de  Marisco,  at  Mauger  Hall,  Oxford ;  founded  a 
hospital  at  Basingstoke  in  memory  of  his  parents  ;  proto- 
notary  of  chancery  ;  negotiated  with  the  pope  about  the 
grant  of  Sicily  to  Edmund,  the  king's  sou,  1258  ;  chan- 
cellor, 1261-3 ;  justiciar,  1271;  again  chancellor,  1272-4 ; 
bishop  of  Rochester,  1274.  He  obtained  charters,  1261, 
1263,  1264,  1270, 1274,  to  assign  various  manors  for  the 
support  of  scholars  at  Oxford  who  should  form  a  corpo- 
rate body  under  a  warden.  [xxxvii.  297] 

MERVIN  or  MERVYN,  Sm  AUDLEY  (d.  1675), 
soldier,  lawyer,  and  politician  ;  acquired  lands  in  Ulster  : 
M.P.,  Tyrone,  1&40 ;  lieutenant-colonel  against  the  rebels, 
1641 ;  governor  of  Derry,  1644 ;  taken  prisoner  by  par- 
liamentarians, 1648 ;  co-operated  against  Sir  Charles 
Coote,  but  afterwards  withdrew  from  the  royalist  party, 
1649  ;  admitted  of  King's  Inns  at  Dublin,  1658 :  assisted 
in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II  in  Ireland  :  knighted, 
1660  :  serjeant-afc-law  in  Ireland,  1660 ;  commissioner  of 
lands  and  for  the  settlement  of  Ireland,  1661 ;  speaker  of 
the  Irish  House  of  Commons,  1661-6.  [xxxvii.  299] 

MERYCK,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1668).  [See  MEY- 
RICK.] 

MERYON,  CHARLES  LEWIS  (1783-1877),  physician 
and  biographer  of  Lady  Hester  Stanhope  [q.  v.];  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford, and  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London  ;  M.A., 
1809  ;  M.D.,  1817 ;  accompanied  Lady  Hester  Stanhope  as 
medical  attendant,  1810 :  revisited  her  in  Syria ;  F.R.O.P., 
1821  ;  published  •  Memoirs,'  1845,  and  'Travels,'  1846,  of 
Lady  Hester  Stanhope.  [xxxvii.  301] 

MESSING,  RICHARD  (d.  1462  ?).    [See  MISYX.] 

MESTON,  WILLIAM  (1688?-1745),  burlesque  poet; 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and  (1715) 
regent ;  govemor  of  Dunnottar  Castle  during  Jacobite 
rising,  1715;  schoolmaster  at  Elgin  and  Turriff ;  pub- 
lished 'The  Knight  of  the  Kirk '  (imitation  of  Hudibras), 
1723.  [xxxvii.  301] 

METCALF,  JOHN  (1717-1810),  commonly  known  as 
'  Blind  Jack  of  Knaresborough ' ;  became  blind  when  six 
years  old ;  distinguished  athlete  and  dealer  in  horses ; 
rode  several  races  successfully;  walked  from  Knares- 
borough  to  London  and  back  ;  recruitiug-serjeant,  1745  ; 
fought  at  Falkirk,  1746,  and  Culloden,  1746  :  set  up  a 
stage-coach  between  York  and  Kuaresborough,  1754;  a 
pioneer  road-maker  and  bridge-builder  ;  constructed  about 
180  miles  of  turnpike  road  ;  retired  to  a  small  farm,  1792. 

fxxxvii.  3ii'2] 

METCALFE,  CHARLES  THEOPHILUS, first  I'.viinx 
METCALFK  (.1785-1846),  provisional  governor-general  of 


India  :  educated  at  Eton ;  appointed  to  a  Bengal  writer- 
si.: P.  iHuo  :  ]>olitical  agent  tucceMively  to  general*  Lake, 
Smith,  and  Dowdeswell;  sent  on  a  miMioii  to  Lahore 
1808  ;  resident  of  Delhi,  1811-20 :  developed  the  industrial* 
resources  of  Delhi  territory ;  raiideiit  of  Hyderaba.  i 
member  of  thesupreme  council,  1X27  provisional  govi-rnor- 
general,  1835-0;  O.C.B.  ami  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
North- west  Province*,  1836-8;  aa  governor  of  Jamaica! 
1839-42,  smoothed  matters  between  proprietors  and 
negroes;  governor-general  of  Canada,  1843-6,  where  hi* 
tact  -.von  tl.e  wnu-nil  .-levtiun,  1*4 ».  for  the  government; 
created  Baron  Metcalfe,  1846 ;  retired,  1846. 


METCALFB,      FREDERICK 
navian  scholar ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  18X8  • 
fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1844-84;  M..\ 
published  works  on  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Iceland. 

METCALFE,  JAMES  (1817-1888),  HeutenanUcolonel, 
Indian  army  ;  natural  son  of  Charles  Tbeophllu*  Metcalfe, 
first  baron  Metcalfe  [q.  v.];  entered  Bengal 
1836:  adjutant,  1839-46;  aide-de-camp  to  the 
of  Dalhousie,  1848-53 ;  interpreter  to  Sir  Colin 
during  the  mutiny ;  O.B.,  1860.  [xxxviL 

METCALFE,  NICHOLAS  (1475  7-1639),  archdeacon 
of  Rochester  ;  B.A.  Michaelhonse,  Cambridge,  1494  ;  D.D 
1507 :  archdeacon,  1515 :  master  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1516-37 ;  opposed  Henry  VIII's  divorce  from 
Catherine  and  royal  supremacy  in  doctrinal  matter*; 
founded  scholarships  at  Cambridge.  [xxxvii.  306] 

METCALFE,  ROBERT  (1590  7-1652),  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College.  Cam- 
bridge,  1606 ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew,  Cambridge,  till 
1648 ;  fellow  and  vice-master  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1648 ;  benefactor  of  Beverley  school. 

[xxxviL  307] 

METCALFE,  THEOPHILUS  (Jt.  1649X  stenographer ; 
teacher  of  shorthand  ;  published  stenographic  system, 
1635;  on  lines  of  Shelton's  » Tachygraphy '  (frequently 
reprinted  and  used  by  Isaac  Watts).  [xxxvii.  307] 

METCALFE,  SIR  THEOPHILUS  JOHN  (1828-1883), 
joint- magistrate  at  Meerut :  nephew  of  Charles  Tbeophilus 
Metcalfe,  first  baron  Metcalfe  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Bengal  civil 
service,  1848  :  joint-magistrate  at  Meerut  and  deputy- 
collector  at  Futtepur,  1867  ;  joined  army  before  Delhi ; 
C.B.,  1864.  [xxxviL  308] 

METEYARD,  ELIZA  (181 6-1879),  author;  contributed 
to  periodicals,  published  novels,  'Life  of  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood,' 1865-6,  besides  other  works  on  Wedgwood's  friends 
and  ware.  [xxxvii.  308] 

METFORD,  WILLIAM  ELLIS  (1824-1899),  inventor ; 
apprenticed  as  engineer;  employed  on  Wilts,  Somerset, 
and  Weymouth  railway,  1846-50  ;  associate  of  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  1856  ;  held  appointment  on  East  India 
railway,  1857-8  ;  an  explosive  rifle  bullet  invented  by  him 
adopted  by  government,  1863 ;  the  pioneer  of  substitution 
of  shallow  grooving  and  a  hardened  cylindrical  bullet  ex- 
panding into  it  for  deep  grooving  and  soft  bulleta  of  lead ; 
produced  his  first  match  rifle,  1866,  and  his  first  breech- 
loading  rifle,  1871.  A  rifle  which  combined  the  Metford 
bore  with  the  bolt-action  and  detachable  magazine  in- 
vented by  the  American,  James  P.  Lee,  was  selected  for 
British  use.  1888.  [Suppl.  iii.  165] 

METHOLD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1660  7-1620),  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1681 
(bencher,  1608);  serjeant,  1611;  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  Ireland,  1612;  privy  councillor  and  knighted, 
1612  ;  lord  chief-justice  in  Ireland  and  joint-keeper  of  the 
great  seal,  1619.  [xxxvii.  309] 

METHOLD,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1653),  nephew  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Methold  [q.  v.] ;  entered  East  India  Company,  1616  : 
visited  Golcouda,  1622 ;  director,  1628  ;  sent  on  a  mission 
to  Persia,  1633  ;  deputy-governor  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1650  ;  published  travels.  [xxxvii.  309] 

METHUEN,  JOHN  (1650  7-1706),  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland  :  son  of  Paul  Methuen  (d.  1667)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford;  barrister,  Inner  Temple; 
master  in  chancery,  1686  ;  M.P.,  Devizes,  1690 ;  envoy  to 
Portugal,  1691 :  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1697 ;  again 
sent  to  Portugal,  1702  ;  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Portugal,  1703 :  concluded  '  Methuen  Treaty '  (commercial 
treaty  with  Portugal X  1703;  died  at  Lisbon;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [xxxviL  310] 


METHUEN 


872 


MICHEL, 


PATJLO».  KM),  Scottish  reformer:   a 
converted   to   protestantism:    escaped 
bliclv  ilnriiur  the  war,  1556  :  found 
irterlal  oflkJ.  1559:  nominal  to 
Church,  1560;  denoted  and  excommunicated  for 
,  IMS;  fled  to  England  ;  commanded  by  the  as- 
aany  to  repent  pnWirly  at  Edinburgh,  Dundee,  and 
Jedborgh,  1M6 ;  partly  obeyed  and  returned  to  England. 

[xxxvii.  311] 

METHUEN.  PAUL  (rf.  1667),  Itaidford  clothier:  ob- 
tain*! spinner*  from  Mollun.l.  [xxxvii.  310] 

METHTTEN.  Sin  PAUL  (1678-1757),  diplomatist :  son 
of  John  Methoeo  (q.  T.]  ;  entered  diplomatic  service,  1690 ; 
en  TOT  to  king  of  Portugal,  1697-1705 ;  minister  at  Turin, 
1704:  ambajMdor  to  Portugal,  1706-8;  M.P.,  Devizes, 
IToa-lO,  Brackley,  1718-47 ;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1714- 
1717  •  ambMMdor  to  Spain  and  Morocco  and  privy  coun- 
cillor, 17U:  comptroller  of  the  household,  1720:  K.B., 
17i* ;  retired,  17SO ;  collected  pictures.  [xxxvii.  312] 


r,     first    BARON     (1495  ?-1551  ?).      [See 
STEWART,  HKXRY.] 


r,  LORD  (1746-1801).  [See  SMYTHE,  DAVID.] 
METOWT  M0N  (1806-1889).    [See  JONES,  OWE*.] 

ME  ULAN,  COUNTS  OF.  [See  BEAUMONT,  ROBKRT  DE, 
d.  1118;  BKACMONT,  WALERAN  DR,  1104-1166.] 

METIEYO  (/f.  1250).    [See  MBYRIG.] 

MEVERALL,  OTHOWELL  (1585-1648),  physician; 
B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.D.  Leyden,  1613; 
F.R.C.P.,  1618:  censor  for  eight  years,  registrar,  1639-40, 
president,  1641-4 ;  lecturer  on  anatomy,  1638 ;  lecturer 
to  the  Barber-Surgeons,  1638 ;  notes  of  his  lectures  still 
extant.  [xxxvii.  313] 


7B,  PETER  (1619-1706),  bishop  of  Winchester: 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford :  M. A  ,  1645 ;  served  in  the  king's 
army,  1842 ;  retired  to  Holland,  1648 ;  acted  as  royalist 
agent :  went  to  Scotland  as  secretary  to  Middleton,  1654  ; 
•erred  in  Flanders ;  rewarded  at  the  Restoration ;  pre- 
sident of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1667-73  ;  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  University,  1669-73  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  1672,  of  Winchester,  1684 ;  opposed  Monmouth  at 
Bedgmoor,  1685  :  upheld  the  fellows  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  in  their  contention  with  James  II,  1687  ;  took  the 
oaths  to  William  and  Mary.  [xxxvii.  314] 


r,  JOHN  (d.  1456),  archbishop  of  Armagh :  official 
of  the  court  of  Meath ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1444 ;  as 
deputy  lord-lieutenant  was  unsuccessful  in  maintaining 
oner.  [xxxvii.  316] 

MET,  WILLIAM  (</.  1560).    [See  MAY.] 

MEYER,  HENRY  (1782?-1847),  portrait-painter  and 
engraver ;  nephew  of  John  Hoppner  [q.  v.]  ;  pupil  of 
Bartolozzi ;  worked  in  mezzotint  and  painted  portraits  in 
oil  and  water  colours ;  foundation  member  of  the  Society 
of  British  Artist*,  1824 ;  president,  1828.  [xxxvii.  316] 


_._,  JEREMIAH (1735-1789), miniature-painter ; 
born  at  Tubingen:  pupil  of  Zincke ;  his  profile  of 
Otorjre  III  nswi  on  the  coinage,  1761 ;  original  director  of 
Inrorporated  Society  of  Artists  ;  foundation  member  of 
Royal  Academy.  [xxxvii.  816] 


,    PHILIP   JAKES  (1782-1820),  musician! 

born  at  Strawburg ;  improved  the  harp :  visited  England, 
1778 :  returned  to  Paris,  but  finally  settled  in  England, 
1784 ;  composer  and  teacher  of  the  harp,  [xxxvii.  317] 

METHELL,  CHARLES  (1828-1882),  Roman  catholic 
divine:  profewor  of  metaphysics  at  St.  Mary's  College, 
Oaoott;  mtarioner  of  Caverswall,  1873 ;  published  cou- 
trorenial  works.  [xxxvii.  317] 

METRICS,  SIR  OELLY  or  QILLY  (1556  7-1601), 
oMupirator ;  ion  of  Rowland  Meyrtok  [q.  v.]  :  attended 
EMK  to  nothing,  1586 ;  steward  in  Essex's  household : 
— »nied  him  to  Portugal,  1689,  Normandy,  1591,  and 
IW«,  where  he  wa«  knighted ;  with  Essex  in  the 
:.I??5**'  li97'  and  •ooompanied  him  to  Ireland, 
J:  defended  EMexHoiMe,  1101 ;  surrendered  at  Essex  « 
bkidlng ;  hanged  at  Tyburn.  [xxxviL  318] 


MEYRICK,  JOHN  (1538-1599),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man  '  scholar  of  Winchester  College,  1550  ;  scholar,  1555, 
and  fellow,  1557,  of  New  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1562 ; 
vicar  of  Hornchurch,  1570 :  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1575. 

[xxxvii.  319] 

MEYRICK,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1638),  English  ambassador 
to  Russia :  agent  for  the  London  Russia  Company  at 
Jaroslavl,  15St,  ami  at  Moscow,  1592:  forwarded  political 
intelligence  from  Russia,  1596-7  :  visited  England,  1600  ; 
ambassador  to  the  czar,  1602;  secured  protection  for 
English  merchants  from  successive  Russian  czars ;  re- 
appointed  ambassador  and  knighted,  1614  ;  took  part  in 
peace  negotiations  between  Russia  and  Sweden,  1615  ; 
obtained  commercial  treaty,  1623;  governor  of  Russia 
Company,  1628.  [xxxvii.  319] 

MEYRICK,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1659),  parliamentarian 
general :  grandson  of  Rowland  Meyrick  [q.  v.] ;  fought 
under  Essex  in  Flanders,  1620  ;  served  in  the  United  Pro- 
vinces, 1624,  and  Spain,  1G25  ;  knighted  ;  wounded  before 
Maestricht,  1632  ;  M.P.,  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  1640; 
president  of  the  council  of  war ;  general  of  ordnance, 
1643;  after  Lostwithiel  fled  with  Essex  to  Plymouth, 
withdrew  from  public  affairs,  1649.  [xxxvii.  320] 

METRICK,  ROWLAND  (1505-1566),  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor ;  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1534-6 ;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1538 ;  precentor  of  Llandewy-Velfrey,1541 ;  chan- 
cellor of  Wells,  1547  ;  canon  and  chancellor  of  St.  David's, 
1550 ;  led  the  struggle  between  the  chapter  and  Bishop 
Robert  Ferrar  [q.  v.] ;  ejected  from  St.  David's  on  his 
marriage,  1554 ;  bishop  of  Baugor,  1559.  [xxxvii.  321] 

METRICK,  Sm  SAMUEL  RUSH  (1783-1848),  anti- 
quary :  M.A.,  1810,  D.O.L.,  1811,  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ; 
ecclesiastical  and  admiralty  lawyer;  F.S.A.,  1810;  con- 
sulted on  the  arrangement  of  the  armour  at  the  Tower 
of  London  and  Windsor  Castle,  1826 ;  knighted,  1832  ;  high 
sheriff  of  Herefordshire,  1834  ;  principal  works  :  a  history 
of  Cardiganshire,  1810,  and  of  arms  and  armour,  1824, 
and  an  edition  of  Lewis  Dwnn's  '  Heraldic  Visitations  of 
Wales,' 1840.  '  •  (xxxvii.  322] 

METRICK  or  MERICKE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1668), 
civilian  ;  scholar  of  Winchester  College,  and  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1616-26:  D.O.L.  New  College,  Oxford, 
1627 ;  advocate,  1628 :  judge  of  the  prerogative  court  of 
Canterbury,  1641;  joined  the  king;  ejected,  1648;  re- 
instated and  knighted,  1660.  [xxxvii.  323] 

METRIC  or  METTRTG  (ft.  1250),  treasurer  of  Llan- 
daff  :  probably  identical  with  the  epigrammatist  Maurice 
(fl.  1210)  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  various  Welsh  works  (none 
traced),  including  'Y  Owtta  Cyfarwydd'  (existing  copy, 
c.  1446,  possibly  borrowed  from  an  older  manuscript). 

[xxxvii.  95] 

MIALL,  EDWARD  (1809-1881),  politician;  inde- 
pendent minister  at  Leicester,  1834;  established  and 
edited  the 'Nonconformist' (weekly),  1841  ;  endeavoured 
to  amalgamate  with  the  chartists,  1842  ;  procured  a  con- 
ference on  disestablishment  in  London,  1844,  which 
founded  the  'British  Anti-State  Church  Association'; 
M.P.,  Rochdale,  1852-7;  commissioner  on  education, 
1868;  M.P.,  Bradford,  1869-74;  endeavoured  to  bring 
forward  disestablishment,  1871  and  1872 ;  retired  from 
public  life,  1874 ;  published  pamphlets  on  disestablishment. 

[xxxvii.  324] 

MICHAEL,  BLAUNPAYN  (.fl.  1250),  also  called 
MICHAEL  THE  GORNIBHMAN  and  MICHAEL  THE  ENGLISH- 
MAN, Latin  poet;  possibly  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris; 
traditionally  dean  of  Utrecht;  wrote  a  satirical  Latin 
poem,  c.  1250.  [xxxvii.  326] 

MICHEL,  Sm  JOHN  (1804-1886),  field-marshal ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ;  entered  the  army,  1823  ;  lieutenant,  1825 ; 
passed  his  examinations,  1832 ;  major,  1840 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1842 ;  served  in  the  Kaffir  wars,  1846-7  and  1852- 
1853  (medal  and  C.B.) ;  brevet-colonel,  1854 ;  chief  of  the 
staff  of  the  Turkish  contingent  in  the  Crimean  war 
(medals)  ;  sent  to  the  Cape,  1856  ;  transferred  to  China ; 
wrecked  and  carried  to  Singapore,  1867;  placed  on  the 
Bombay  staff,  1858 ;  major-general,  1868 ;  defeated  the 
rebels  at  Beorora,  Mingrauli,  and  Sindwaha,  1858  (K.O.B. 
and  medal) ;  commanded  at  Sinhoand  Pekin,  1860  (O.O.B. 
and  medal) ;  lieutenant-general,  18C6 ;  general,  1874 ; 
Irish  privy  councillor  and  commander  of  the  forces  In 
Ireland,  1875-1880 ;  field-marshal,  1886.  [xxxvii.  326] 


MICHELBORNE 


873 


MIDDLETON 


MICHELBORNE,  Km  EDWARD  (<l.  1611?),  adven- 
turer ;  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  1591 ;  M.P.,  Bramber, 
1593;  accompanied  K-sox  on  Island-  vm^-,-,  1597;  served 
in  Ireland  and  was  knighted,  1599  :  subscriber  to  the 
East  India  Company,  1600  ;  implicated  in  Essex's  rebel- 
lion, 1001  ;  sailed  for  the  East,  1604,  nominally  to  trade ; 
returned,  after  plundering  a  Chinese  ship,  1806. 

[xxxvii.  328] 

MICHELBORNE,  EDWARD  (1565-1626),  Latin  poet ; 
of  St.  Mary  nnd  Gloucester  Halls,  Oxford  ;  friend  of  Charles 
Fit/.u'effrey  and  Thomas  Campion,  contributing  to  the 
works  of  both.  [xxxvii.  328] 

MICHELBORNE,  MITCHELBURN,  or  MICHEL- 
BTJRNE,  JOHN  (1647-1721),  governor  of  Londonderry; 
served  under  Percy  Kirke  (16467-1691)  [q.  v.]  at  Tangier, 
1680-3 ;  acted  as  military  governor  during  the  siege  of 
Londonderry  after  Governor  Baker's  death,  1689  ;  sole 
governor  after  the  relief,  1689 :  petitioned  for  arrears  of 
pay,  1691  (paid,  1703)  ;  his  sword  and  saddle  preserved  at 
Londonderry.  [xxxvii.  329] 

MICHELL.  [See  also  MICHKL,  MITCHKL,  and 
MrrriiKLL.] 

MICHELL,  CHARLES  CORNWALLIS  (1793-1851), 
lieutenant-colonel ;  entered  array,  1809 ;  distinguished 
himself  in  Peninsular  war;  lieutenant,  1813;  captain, 
1817;  on  the  staff  of  Marshal  Beresford  in  Lisbon;  ac- 
companied Beresford  to  the  Brazils,  1820 :  master  at 
Sandhurst,  1824,  and  Woolwich,  1825 ;  major,  1826  :  super- 
intendent of  works  at  the  Cape,  1828-48;  assistant 
quartermaster-general  during  Kaffir  war,  1833-4 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel/1841.  [xxxvii.  330] 

MICHELL,  EDWARD  THOMAS  (1787-1841),  briga- 
dier-general ;  lieutenant,  1803 ;  commanded  artillery  in 
Peninsular  war;  served  in  Holland,  1813-14;  brevet- 
major,  1814  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1838 ;  C.B.,  1838 ;  British 
commissioner  in  Spain,  1839-40  ;  sent  as  brigadier-general 
to  Syria ;  present  at  Medjdel,  1841 ;  died  of  fever  at  Jaffa. 

[xxxvii.  331] 

MICHELL,  SIR  FRANCIS  (fl.  1621),  commissioner 
for  enforcing  monopolies ;  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford ;  secured  reversion  of  clerk  of  the  market,  1603 ; 
commissioner  for  enforcing  gold  and  silver  thread  patents, 
1618  ;  knighted,  1620 ;  tried  for  corruption  ;  sentenced  to 
degradation  from  knighthood  and  imprisoned,  1621 ;  re- 
leased immediately ;  subsequently  petitioned  for  financial 
assistance.  [xxxvii.  331] 

MICHELL,  HENRY  (1714-1789),  scholar ;  fellow  of 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1739;  vicar  of  Brighton, 
1744;  assisted  in  development  of  Brighton;  wrote  on 
classical  antiquities.  [xxxvii.  332] 

MICHELL,  JOHN  (1724-1793),  astronomer  ;  fellow  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1749-64  ;  M.A.,  1752 :  B.D., 
1761  ;  lectured  on  Hebrew,  arithmetic,  geometry,  and 
Greek ;  F.R.S.,  1760 :  Woodwardian  professor  of  geology, 
1762;  rector  of  Thornhill,  1767;  wrote  on  artificial 
magnets,  1750,  earthquakes,  1760,  longitude,  1767,  and 
fixed  stars,  1767  ;  invented  apparatus  for  weighing  the 
earth  with  torsion-balance.  [xxxvii.  333] 

MICHELL  or  MITCHELL,  MATTHEW  (d.  1752), 
commodore;  lieutenant,  1729;  commanded  the  Glou- 
cester, the  only  ship  besides  Anson's  which  doubled  Cape 
Horn,  1740  ;  commodore  of  a  squadron  off  Flauders  coast ; 
M.P.,  Westbury,  1747.  [xxxvii.  334] 

MICHELL,  NICHOLAS  (1807-1880),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  encouraged  by  Campbell ;  author  of  poems  and 
novels  in  prose  and  verse.  [xxxvii.  334] 

MICHELL,  RICHARD  (1805-1877),  first  principal  of 
Hertford  College,  Oxford  ;  educated  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford  :  M.A.,  1827 ;  D.D.,  1868  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, 1830 ;  first  prtelector  of  logic,  1839 ;  Bampton  lec- 
turer, 1849 ;  public  orator,  1849-77 ;  vice-principal,  1848  ; 
principal,  1868,  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1848  ;  agitated 
for  its  formation  into  a  college ;  the  Hall  endowed  with 
fellowships  and  scholarships  by  T.  0.  Baring,  MJ»M  and 
called  Hertford  College,  1874.  [xxxvii.  335] 

MICKLE,  WILLIAM  JULIUS  (1735-1788),  poet; 
owner  of  a  brewery  in  Edinburgh,  1757 ;  failed,  1763 ; 
corrector  to  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  1765-71 ;  author 
of  '  The  Concubine,'  1767,  and  l  Voltaire  in  the  Shades,' 
1770 ;  translated  the  •  Lusiad '  of  Camoens,  1775  (reprinted, 
1778,  1798,  and  1807) ;  as  secretary  to  George  Johnstoue 
(1730-1787)  [q.  v.] ;  sailed  to  Portugal,  1779 ;  received 


1  share  of  naval  prizes ;  wrote  the  ballad  '  Cumnor  Hall ' ; 
credited  with  the  song  •  There's  na'e  luck  about  the  hoose.' 

MICKLETHWAITE,  Pm  JOHN   (1612*1682)',  physi- 
cian ;  bbudiod  at  Leyden,  Padua,  and  Oxford  ;  physician 
at  St.  Bartholomews  Hu-pitul,  London.  1053 ;    i 
1G43;    (iinVtoimin  lecturer.   1644;   censor  seven  time*; 
president,  1676-81 ;  attended  Charles  II ;  knighted,  1681. 

[xxxviLSST] 

MIDDIMAN.    SAMUEL  (1750-1881),  engraver;  en- 
j  graved  Shakespearean  scenes  for  Boydell.    (xxxrii.  888] 

MIDDLEMORE,  GEORGE  (d.  1860),  lieutenant-gene- 
1  ral ;  entered  the  army,  1798 ;  lieutenant,  1794 ;  major, 
1804  ;  served  at  the  Cape  and  in  India,  Egypt,  and  Portu- 
gal (Talayera    medal):    C.B.,   1816;    lieutenant-colonel, 
1  1815;  major-general,  1830;  commanded  in  West  Indict, 
1  1830-5  ;  governor  of  St.  Helena,  1836  ;  Napoleon's  remains 
removed   during    his  governorship;    lieutenant-general, 
1841.  [xxxvii.  338] 

i       MIDDLESEX,  EARLS  OF.    [See  ORAXFIKLD,  LIOJJKL, 
!  first  EARL,  1575-1645  ;  SACKVILLR,  CHARLKS.  first  EARL 
of  the  second  creation,  1638-1706.] 

MIDDLETON.    [See  also  MYDDELTOX.] 

MIDDLETON,  CHARLES,  second  EARL  OF  MIDDIJB- 
TON  and  titular  EAKL  OF  MONMOUTH  (16407-1719),  secre- 
tary of  state  to  James  II ;  eldest  son  of  John  Middleton, 
first  earl  of  Middleton  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied  his  father 
abroad,  1653 :  envoy  extraordinary  at  Vienna,  1660  ;  privy 
councillor  and  joint-secretary  of  Scotland,  1682 ;  privy 
i  councillor  and  secretary  of  state  for  England,  1684 ;  M.P., 
Winchelsea.  1686  ;  endeavoured  to  induce  James  to  aban- 
don his  Sight  and  summon  parliament,  1688  ;  remained  in 
England  ;  apprehended,  1692 ;  released ;  chief  adviser  of 
the  exiled  king  at  St.  Germain ;  created  Earl  of  Monmouth 
by  James  Edward  the  Old  Pretender,  1701;  became  a 
Roman  catholic,  1 703 ;  responsible  for  the  abortive  expedi- 
tion to  Scotland,  1707 ;  resigned  office  of  secretary  of  state 
for  England,  1713,  and  returned  to  St.  Germain. 

[xxxvii.  339] 

MIDDLETON,  CHARLES,  first  BARON  BARHAM 
i  (1726-1813),  admiral ;  on  convoy  service ;  cruised  in  West 
1  Indies,  1761 ;  comptroller  of  the  navy,  1778-90 :  created 
j  baronet,  1781 ;  M.P.,  Rochester,  1784  :  rear-admiral,  1787 ; 
i  vice-admiral,  1793  ;  admiral,  1795 ;  lord  commissioner  of 
the  admiralty,  1794  ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1805,  and 
1  created  Baron  Barham,  1805.  [xxxvii.  341] 

MIDDLETON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1560  7-1628),  trans- 
lator and  poet ;  translated  Digby's  '  Art  of  Swimming,' 
1595 ;  published  works,  including  '  The  Famous  Historic 
of  Chinon,'  1597,  and  '  The  Legend  of  Humphrey,  Duke  of 
Glocester,'  1600.  [xxxvii.  341] 

MIDDLETON,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1770),  naval  com- 
mander and  arctic  voyager;  employed  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  1720 ;  observed  variation  of  magnetic 
needle,  1721 ;  discovered  how  to  obtain  true  time  at  sea 
with  Hadley's  quadrant,  c.  1737  ;  F.R.S.,  1737 ;  commander 
in  the  navy ;  set  out  to  discover  the  north-west  passage, 
1741 ;  arrived  in  Hudson's  Bay  too  late  in  the  season  for 
discovery,  1741 ;  examined  the  coast  to  the  northward 
and  entered  a  river  inlet,  1742;  returned  to  England, 
1742  ;  stationed  off  Scottish  and  Flemish  coasts,  1746. 

[xxxvii.  342] 

MIDDLETON,  CONYERS  (1683-1750),  divine ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1707 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1706  :  known  for  his  musical  tastes ;  one 
of  thirty  fellows  who  petitioned  against  Bentley,  the 
master  of  Trinity,  1710 ;  D.D.  on  George  I's  visit  to  Cam- 
bridge, 1717 ;  involved  in  a  bitter  dispute  with  Bentley 
about  the  fees,  1717  ;  an  action  for  a  libel  contained  in 
'The  Present  State  of  Trinity  College,'  1719,  brought 
against  him  by  Bentley,  a  compromise  resulting ;  '  Proto- 
bibliothecarius'of  the  university  library,  1721 :  in  Italy, 
1724-5  ;  published  '  Letter  from  Rome,'  1729  ;  Wood- 
wardian professor,  1731-4 :  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  Waterland  on  the  historical  accuracy  of  the  bible, 
for  which  he  was  threatened  with  the  loss  of  his  degrees ; 
published  a  '  Life  of  Cicero,'  1741,  mainly  plagiarised  from 
William  Bellenden  (d.  1633  7)  [q.  v.] :  excited  much  criti- 
cism by  his  latitudinarian  treatise  on  •  Miracles,'  1748. 

[xxxviL  343] 

MIDDLETON,  DAVID  (d.  1615),  merchant  and  sea- 
captain  ;  younger  brother  of  John  and  Sir  Henry  Middle- 
ton  [q.  v.] ;  joint-commander  in  a  voyage  to  West  Indies, 


MIDDLETON 


874 


MIEGE 


mt 


to  East  Indie*,  1604-6, 

of  .M:i,l:u':i^:ir. 


1614. 


MIDDLETON,  ERASMUS  (1739-1RO5),  author;  of 
St.  Bdmund  Hall,  Oxford:  expelled,  170H,  for  publicly 
prying  and  preaching :  curau -in ,  Lc mdon  ;  rector  of 


MIDDLETON,  HEXRY  (rf.  1587),  printer  ;  probably 
<on  of  William  Mid.lletoi.  (  H.  1641-1647)  [q.  v.]  :  admitted 
of  the  8Utk»n«ra'  Company,  1667;  partner  with  Thomas 
Ka»t,  1667-72  ;  tinder-warden  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1:,7  [xxxvii.  349] 

MIDDLITON.  SIR  HRNRY  (d.  1613),  merchant  and 
Mi-captain  :  promoted  captain  during  the  first  voyage 
of  the  Bant  India  Company,  1602:  commanded  the 
MOTtri  voyage,  1604-6  :  knighted,  1606  :  commanded  the 
tilth  voyage,  1610-19  :  escaped  from  imprisonment  at 
Mocha-  attempted  (1611-1$)  to  trade  at  Surat  and 
Dabul  :  died  In  ,/ava.  [xxxvii.  360] 

MIDDLETON,  Sm  HUGH  (1560  7-1631).  [See 
MTDDKLTOX.] 

MIDDLETON,  JANE  (1646-1692).  [See  MYDDELTON.] 

MIDDLETON,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  MIDDLKTON 
(1619-1674),  pikeman  in  Hepburn's  regiment  in  France  ; 
major  in  covenant  army,  1639  ;  lieutenant-general  in  par- 
liamentary army  :  second  in  command  at  Pbiliphaugh, 
164ft  :  negotiated  Montrose's  submission,  1646,  suppressed 
royalist  rising,  1647  :  as  lieutenant-general  of  the  Scottish 
cavalry  diatinjruUhed  himself  at  Preston,  1648  :  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Worcester,  1651  ;  escaped  from  the 
Tower  to  Prance:  captain-general  of  a  highland  force, 
dispersed  by  Monck,  1654;  joined  the  king  at  Cologne: 
created  an  earl  by  Charles  II,  1666  (the  creation  confirmed 
at  the  Restoration)  ;  commander-in-chief,  governor  of 
Edinburgh  Castle,  and  lord  high  commissioner  to  the 
Scottish  parliament,  1660  :  urged  restoration  of  episcopacy 
in  Scotland,  1661  ;  accused  of  withholding  letters  from 
the  king,  consenting  to  measures  without  authority,  and 
taking  bribes,  1663  :  deprived  of  his  offices  ;  subsequently 
became  governor  of  Tangier,  where  he  died. 

[xxxvii.  352] 

MIDDLETON,  JOHN  (1827-1866),  landscape-painter. 
[xxxvii.  354] 

MIDDLETON,  JOHN  HENRY  (1846-1896),  archa?c- 
logitt  and  architect  ;  educated  at  Cheltenham  College 
and  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  studied  art  and  archaeo- 
logy :  travelled  abroad  ;  practised  as  architect  at  West- 
minster till  1885;  F.S.A.,  1879,  vice-president,  1894; 
contributed  to  •  Encyclopaedia  Britannica*  (9th  edit.); 
Slade  profwaor  of  fine  art  at  Cambridge,  1886  ;  hon.  M.A., 
18M,aod  Lit  UD.,  1892,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1887,  and  D.C.L., 
1894,  Oxford  ;  director  of  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge, 1889-92  :  art  director  at  South  Kensington  Mu- 
seum. London,  1892-6  ;  published  works  on  artistic  and 
archjBological  subjects.  [Suppl.  iii.  166] 

MIDDLETON,  JOSHUA  (1647-1721),  quaker;  early 
joined  the  quakers  and  travelled  as  a  minister. 

_  [xxxvii.  354] 

MIDDLITON,  MARMADDKE  (<l.  1593),  bishop  of 
Waterford  and  St.  David's  ;  left  Oxford  without  a  degree  ; 
Obtained  preferment  in  Ireland  ;  bishop  of  Waterford, 
1179  ;  accused  of  plundering  the  cathedral,  but  acquitted  ; 
translated  to  St.  David's.  1682  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1583  ;  fined 
bj  the  Btar-cliamber,  1589,  and  handed  over  to  the  high 
commission  court  for  degradation,  which  took  place  at 
Lambeth  House.  [xxxvii.  355] 

MIDDLETOH,  PATRICK  (1662-1736),  Scottish  non- 
juring  divine  :  M.A.  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews 
1680  :  summoned  1689,  1692,  1716,  and  1717  for  not  pray- 
ing for  William  III  and  George  I  ;  published  theological 

[xxxvii.  356] 


T,  r,'^  ^LCHARD  0».1*80),  Franciscan; 
BJX,  1288,  and  D.D.  ParU  ;  one  of  the  fifteen  chief  doctors 
of  his  order  :  wrote  works  of  theology  and  canon  law. 


MIDDLITOM.   RICHARD  (d.  _ 
Jew.  Oolite,  Oxford,  1686:  prebendary  of  Brecon  400» ; 
•rchd^on  of  Cardigan,  1M9-16I9 ;  published  tbeologicai 

[xxxvii.  357] 


MIDDLETON,  THOMAS  (1570  7-1627),  dramatist : 
»-nt.-rc.l  at  Gray's  Inn,  1593;  became  connected  with  the 
stage,  1592 :  collaboratel  with  Dekker,  Rowley,  Monday, 
Pniyton,  Webster,  and  others  ;  turned  his  attention  to 
satirical  comedies  of  contemporary  manners,  1607-8 ; 
wrote  pageants  and  masques  for  city  ceremonials:  city 
chronologer,  1620 ;  wrote  a  political  drama, l  A  Game  nt 
Chess  '  1624,  for  which  he  and  the  players  wore  censored 
on  the  representations  of  the  Spanish  ambassador.  His 
plays  (which  were  very  popular)  include  'The  Old  Law,' 
1666  (in  collaboration  with  Massinger  and  Rowley): 
'  Michaelmas  Terme,'  1607, '  A  Trick  to  catch  the  Old-One,' 
1608  'The  Familie  of  Love,'  1608,  'A  Mad  World,  my 
Masters,'  1608,  'The  Roaring  Girle,'  1611  (with  Dekker), 
'A  Faire  Quarrell,'  1617  (with  Rowley),  'More  Dis- 
semblers besides  Women,'  1667,  'A  Game  at  Chess.'  ICLM, 
'A  ClmstMaydin  Cheape-side,'  1630,  'No  Wit,  no  Help 
like  a  Woman's,'  16&7,  '  Women  beware  Women,*  1657  ; 
'The  Witch'  (not  published  until  1778),  'Anything  for 
a  Quiet  Life,'  1662,  'The  Widdow,'  1652  (with  Ben  Jon- 
son  and  Fletcher).  His  pageants  and  masques  include 
'The  Triumphs  of  Truth,'  1613,  '  Civitatis  Amor,'  1616, 
'  The  Tryumphs  of  Honor  and  Industry,'  1617, '  The  Inner 
Temple  Masque,'  1619,'  The  Triumphs  of  Love  and  Anti- 
quity,' 1619,  'The  World  Tost  at  Tennis,'  1620,  'The 
Triumphs  of  Honor  and  Virtue,"  1622,  '  The  Triumphs  of 
Integrity,'  1623, '  The  Triumphs  of  Health  and  Prosperity,' 
1626.  He  is  supposed  to  have  also  written  some  miscel- 
laneous verse  and  prose.  [xxxvii.  357] 

MIDDLETON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1550-1831).  [See  MYD- 

DBLTON.] 

MIDDLETON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1586-1666).  [See  MYD- 

DELTON.] 

MIDDLETON,  THOMAS  FANSHAW  (1769-1822), 
bishop  of  Calcutta :  of  Christ's  Hospital  and  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A,  1795  :  D.D.,  1808 :  curate  of 
Gainsborough,  1792:  edited  'The  Country  Spectator,' 
1792-3;  rector  of  Tansor,  1795,  of  Bytham,  1802 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1809:  edited  'British  Critic,'  1811; 
F.R.S.,  1814 ;  bishop  of  Calcutta,  1814 ;  organised  schools, 
1815,  and  established  the  Bishop's  Mission  College,  Cal- 
cutta, 1820 ;  died  at  Calcutta.  [xxxvii.  363] 

MIDDLETON,  WILLIAM  OP  (rf.  1261).    [See  MELI- 

TON.] 

MIDDLETON  or  MYDDYLTON,  WILLIAM  (ft. 
1541-1547),  printer  ;  succeeded  to  Pynson  and  Redman's 
press  ;  printed  legal,  medical,  and  other  learned  works. 

[xxxvii.  365] 

MIDDLETON,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1613),  protestant  con- 
troversialist ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1571 ; 
fellow,  1672-90 ;  denied  Cambridge  M.A. ;  M.A.  Oxford  ; 
deprived  of  fellowship  for  not  taking  his  M.A. ;  restored 
by  Lord  Burghley,  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  ; 
incorporated  M.A.  Cambridge,  1576 ;  B.D.,  1582 ;  elected 
master  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  in  place  of 
John  Jegou  [q.  v.],  who  was  subsequently  restored  :  pub- 
lished defence  of  protestantism,  1606.  [xxxvii.  366] 

MIDDLETON,  WILLIAM  (15567-1621).    [See  MYD- 

DELTOX.] 

MIDOLEY,  ROBERT  (1653-1723),  alleged  author  of 
the  « Turkish  Spy  ' ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1673  ;  M.D.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1687 ;  candidate 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  1687  :  licenser  of  the  press, 
1686  :  remembered  chiefly  as  the  'editor '  of  '  Letters  writ 
by  a  Turkish  Spy,'  1687-93  (probably  written  in  French 
by  a  Genoese,  Giovanni  Paolo  Marana,  translated  by 
Bradshaw  and  edited  by  Midgley).  [xxxvii.  366] 

MIDLETON,  first  VISCOUNT  (16607-1728).  [See 
BRODRICK,  ALAN.] 

MIDNIGHT  (MARY).  [Pseudonym  of  NKWBERY, 
JOHN,  q.  v.,  and  SMART,  CHRISTOPHER,  q.  v.] 

MIEGE,  GUY  (1044-1718  ?),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
native  of  Lausanne ;  came  to  London,  1661 :  under- 
secretary to  Charles  Howard,  first  earl  of  Carlisle  [q.  v.]  ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
mark, 1663;  published  account  of  the  embassy,  1669; 
beet-known  work,  the '  New  State  of  England,'  1691,  Scot- 
land and  Ireland  being  subsequently  added;  published 
also  French  and  English  dictionaries  and  grammars. 

[xxxvii.  367] 


MIERS 


875 


MILL, 


MIERS,  JOHN  (1789-1879),  engineer  nnd'  botanist : 
accompanied  Lord  Oochrane  to  Chile,  IHlx;  rniide  col- 
lections of  birds,  insects,  and  plant*  ;  settled  in  London, 
1836;  F.L.S.,  1839  ;  F.R.S.,  1K43  ;  published  'Travel-  111 
Chile  and  La  Plata,'  1825,  and  botanical  works. 

[xxxvii.  369] 

MILBANKE,  MARK  (1725  ?-18()5>,  ailiniriil  :  entered 
navy,  1737;  lieutenant,  1744;  promoted  to  command  the 
Serpent,  1746;  commissioner  to  Morocco,  1759;  mir- 
admiral  of  the  white,  1779  ;  sat  on  the  court-martial  of 
Admiral  Keppel ;  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  1780 ;  port- 
admiral  at  Plymouth,  17H3-6  ;  commander-in-chiuf  in 
Newfoundland,  1790-2;  admiral,  1793;  commauder-in- 
chief  at  Portsmouth,  1799-1803.  [xxxvii.  369] 

MILBOURN,  JOnN(./f.  1773-1790),  portrait  painter ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1772-4.  [xxxvii.  370] 

MILBOURNE,  LUKE  (1622-1668),  ejected  non- 
conformist divine  ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1646;  perpetual  curate  of  Houiley;  royalist;  in  retire- 
ment at  Kenilworth,  1645-60 :  ejected,  1668 :  school- 
master at  Coventry  ;  compelled  to  leave  by  the  Five  Mile 
Act,  166B.  [xxxvii.  370] 

MILBOURNE,  LUKE  (1649-1720),  poet ;  son  of  Luke 
Milbourue  (1622-1668)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  held  chaplaincies  at  Hamburg,  Rotterdam,  and 
Harwich;  rector  of  St.  Ethelburga's,  London,  1704; 
supported  Dr.  Sacheverell ;  attempted  an  English  rendering 
of  Virgil ;  chiefly  remembered  by  his  subsequent  strictures 
on  Drydeu's  translations  of  Virgil,  and  the  retaliation 
made  by  Dryden  and  Pope.  [xxxvii.  371] 

MILBURG,  MILDBUROA,  or  MILDBURH  (,/. 
722  ?),  saint  and  abbess  ;  reputed  miracle- worker ;  built 
nunnery  at  Winwick  or  Wenlock,  680,  restored  by  the 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  1080  ;  her  day  23  Feb. 

[xxxvii.  372] 

MILDMAY,  Sm  ANTHONY  (d.  1617),  ambassador ; 
son  of  Sir  Walter  Mildmay  [q.  v.] ;  was  educated  at 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  entered  at  Gray's  Inn,  1579 ; 
knighted,  1596;  ambassador  to  Henry  IV  of  France, 
1596-7.  [xxxvii.  376] 

MILDMAY,  SIR  HENRY  (d.  1664  ?),  master  of  the 
king's  jewel-house  ;  knighted,  1617 ;  master  of  the  king's 
jewel-house,  1620;  M.P.,  Maldon,  1620,  Westbury,  1624, 
Maldon  again,  1625-60 :  attended  Charles  I  to  Scotland, 
1639 ;  deserted  the  king,  1641 ;  revenue  commissioner, 
1645-52 ;  left  as  hostage  in  Scotland,  1646 ;  present  at 
Charles  I's  trial  ;  member  of  state  councils,  1649-62 ; 
attempted  escape  when  called  on  to  account  for  the  king's 
jewels,  1660  ;  degraded  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for 
life ;  warrant  issued  for  his  transportation  to  Tangier, 
1664 ;  died  at  Antwerp  on  the  way.  [xxxvii.  372] 

MILDMAY,  SIR  WALTER  (1520  ?-1589),  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  and  founder  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  entered 
Gray's  Inn,  1546 ;  surveyor-general  of  the  court  of  aug- 
mentation, 1545  ;  knighted,  and  appointed  revenue  com- 
missioner, 1547 ;  examiner  of  the  mint  accounts,  1550 ; 
M.P.,  Maldon,  1563,  Peterborough,  1553,  Northampton- 
shire, 1557-89 ;  after  Elizabeth's  accession  directed  the 
issue  of  a  new  coinage,  1560  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
and  auditor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1566  ;  a  commis- 
sioner at  the  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586  ;  founded 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1585 ;  benefactor  of 
Christ's  Hospital,  London,  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  other  educational  institutions.  [xxxvii.  374] 

MILDRED  or  MILDRYTH  (d.  700?),  saint  and 
abbess ;  sister  of  Milburg  [q.  v.] ;  instructed  in  eccle- 
siastical learning  at  Chelles,  near  Paris  ;  being  persecuted 
by  the  abbess,  escaped  to  England  and  succeeded  her 
mother  as  abbess  of  Minster,  St.  Augustine's,  and  St. 
Gregory's,  Canterbury.  The  two  latter  houses  claimed 
possession  of  her  body.  [xxxvii.  376] 

MILES.    [See  also  MILLES.] 

MILES  DK  GLOUCESTER  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (d. 
1143).  [See  GLOUCESTER.] 

MILES,  CHARLES  POPHAM  (1810-1891),  divine ; 
son  of  William  Augustus  Miles  [q.  v.] ;  midshipman  in 
the  navy  ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1851 :  chap- 
lain of  the  Sailors'  Home,  London  Docks,  1838  ;  principal 


of  Malta  Proi.-tant  College,  1858-67;  rector  of  Monk- 

weanuouth,  1HC.7  S3;  edited  his  fa'  ••ondence 

and  ptibli-i.i-l  n -lit; ions  treatise*,  [xxxvii.  3W.I] 

MILES,  i:i)\VARI)  (,/.  1798),  miniature-painter; 
copied  some  of  Reynolds'*  pictures ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1776-97.  [xxxvii.  377] 

MILES,  GEORGE  FRANCIS,  known  as  Fins* 
M ILKS  <  1852  1891),  painter ;  known  for  a  aeries  of  pretty 
female  heads  ;  student  of  Japanese  art  and  botany. 

[xxxvii.  377] 

MILES,  HENRY  (1698-1763),  dissenting  minuter 
and  scientific  writer;  F.R.S.,  1743;  communicated  idea- 
tine  papers  to  •  Philosophical  Transaction,"  1741-63. 

[xxxvii.  378] 
MILES,  JOHN  (1621-1684).    [See  MTLKB.] 

MILES,  Mas.  SI  BELLA  ELIZABETH  (1800-188*), 
poetess  ;  nte  Hatfleld ;  kept  boarding-school  at  Peniance : 
married  Alfred  Miles,  1833 ;  published  poems  and  prose 
works.  [xxxrii.  378] 

MILES,  WILLIAM  (d.  i860),  major-general,  Indian 
army ;  entered  army,  1799  ;  lieutenant,  1800 ;  captain, 
1815;  concluded  treaty  with  rajah  of  Rodanpur,  1820; 
major,  1821 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1824 ;  captured  Mergui ; 
concluded  treaty  with  Suigam  chiefs,  1826;  political 
resident  at  Pallampur,  1829  ;  brevet-colonel,  1829 ;  trans- 
lated oriental  works.  [xxxvii.  379] 

MILES,  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  ( 1763  ?-1817),  politi- 
cal writer;  held  appointment  in  ordnance  office,  1770; 
served  under  Rodney  in  West  Indies ;  prisoner  of  war  in 
St.  Lucia ;  settled  at  Seraing,  near  Liege,  1783 ;  corre- 
sponded with  Pitt ;  met  all  the  leading  French  politicians 
at  Paris,  1790 :  pensioned,  1791 ;  suggested  a  Suet  canal, 
1791 ;  author  of  political  tracts  and  two  comic  operas ; 
published  pamphlet  on  the  then  Prince  of  Wales's  debts, 
1795,  which  went  through  thirteen  editions  ;  died  at  Paris, 
where  he  was  collecting  materials  for  a  history  of  the 
French  revolution.  [xxxvii.  379] 

MILEY,  JOHN  (1805  ?-1861),  Roman  catholic  divine ; 
educated  at  Maynooth  and  Rome ;  D.D. :  endeavoured  to 
reconcile  the  young  Ireland  party  and  Daniel  O'Oonnell 
[q.  v.],  1846  ;  accompanied  O'Counell  to  Italy,  1847  ;  rector 
of  the  Irish  College,  Paris,  1849-59 ;  vicar  of  Bray,  1859 ; 
wrote  on  ecclesiastical  history.  [xxxvii.  381] 

MILL,  HENRY  (1683  ?-1771),  engineer:  engineer  to 
the  New  River  Company,  1720 ;  carried  out  Houghton 
Hall  water  supply  ;  possibly  invented  a  type-writer,  1714. 

[xxxvii.  381] 

MILL  or  MILLE,  HUMPHREY  (fl.  1646),  verse- 
writer.  [xxxvii.  388] 

MILL,  JAMES  (fl.  1744),  Indian  colonel;  captain  and 
second  in  command  of  the  East  India  Company's  military 
in  Bengal,  1743 ;  submitted  project  for  the  conquest  of 
India  to  Francis,  duke  of  Lorraine,  1744.  [xxxvii.  382] 

MILL,  JAMES  (1773-1836),  utilitarian  philosopher: 
educated  at  Edinburgh  by  Sir  John  Stuart  of  Fettercairn  ; 
licensed  to  preach,  1798 ;  came  to  London,  1802 ;  became 
editor  of  the  '  Literary  Journal,'  1803,  and  the  '  St.  James's 
Chronicle,'  1805 :  wrote  for  the  '  Edinburgh  Review,"  1808- 
1818;  met  Benthain,  1808;  promulgate*  of  Benthamism 
in  England  ;  supported  his  family  by  writing,  at  the  same 
time  working  at  his  history  of  India;  abandoned  theo- 
logy after  his  acquaintance  with  Beutham ;  took  active 
part  in  Bell  and  Lancaster  educational  controversy,  sup- 
porting the  Lancasterian  institution  ;  formed  an  associa- 
tion  to  set  up  a  •  Chrestomathic '  school  for  superior  edu- 
cation on  the  same  lines,  1814,  the  outcome  being  the 
formation  of  the  London  University,  1826:  published 
•  History  of  India,"  1818 ;  assistant  to  the  examiner  of 
India  correspondence,  1819 ;  second  assistant,  1821 ;  assist- 
ant-examiner, 1823  ;  examiner,  1830 :  encouraged  Ricardo 
to  publish  his  political  economy ;  took  part  in  meetings 
at  Ricardo's  house,  which  resulted  in  the  •  Political  Eco- 
nomy Club,'  founded  1820 :  contributed  utilitarian  articles 
to  the  '  Encyclopedia  Britannica,'  1816-23,  and  to  the 
4  Westminster  Review,'  started  (1824)  as  the  official  Ben- 
thamite organ  ;  wrote  in  the  '  London  Review,'  1836.  He 
published  an  essay  on  the  export  of  grain,  1804, '  Commerce 
Defended,'  1808,  •  History  of  India,'  1818,  '  Elements  of 
Political  Economy,'  1821,  '  Analysis  of  the  Phenomena  of 
the  Human  Mind  '  182Uvaud  'Fragment  on  Mackintosh,' 
1835.  [xxxvii.  3W] 


MILL 


876 


MILLER 


MILL,  JOHN  (1646-1707),  principal  of  St  Edmund 
HauToxford :  M.A.  Queen'*  (Allege,  Oxford,  1669 ;  D.D., 
SSl-  speaker  of  the  'Oratto  Panegyrica'  at  the  open- 

of  tfaftSheklonian  Theatre,  1669 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter, 

*  raetar  of  Bletchln«rton  and  chaplain  to  Charles  II, 

llsi ':  elected  principal  of  St.  Kd.nun,l  Hall,  0x^1685 ; 


[xxxvii.  888] 

•TT.T.,  JOHN  STUART  (1806-1878),  philosopher; 
son  of  James  Mill  (1778-1886)  [q.  v.]  :  educated  entirely  by 
his  father  •  before  he  was  fourteen  had  studied  classical 
literature.  logic,  political  economy,  history,  general  litera- 
SeTand  BSthSoatics ;  visited  France,  1820;  junior 
clerk  In  the  India  House.  1823;  formal  the  Utilitarian 
Dootetj.  which  met  to  read  essays  and  discuss  them, 
1818-6 :  edited  Bentham's '  Treatise  upon  Evidence,'  1825 ; 
Mtitttid  in  the  formation  of  the  Speculative  Society,  1826 ; 
visited  Paris,  1880  ;  contributed  to  the  '  London  Review,' 
started  (1836)  a*  an  organ  of  philosophical  radicalism  ; 
was  its  proprietor,  1837-40;  published  his  'Logic,'  1843, 
and  •Political  Economy,'  1848 ;  retired  with  a  pension  on 
the  dissolution  of  the 'East  India  Company,  1858;  M.P., 
Westminster,  1866-8 :  a  follower  of  William  Ewart  Glad- 
stone [q.  v.] :  rector  of  St.  Andrews  University,  1866 :  re- 
turned to  literary  pursuits,  1868.  His  works,  devoted  to  the 
humanising  and  widening  of  utilitarian  teaching,  include 
•A  System  of  Logic.'  1848,  essays  on'  Political  Economy,' 
1844,'  Principles  of  Political  Economy,'  1848, '  On  Liberty,' 
1869.  •  Thoughts  on  Parliamentary  Reform,'  1859, '  Repre- 
sentative Government,'  1861, 'Utilitarianism,'  1863, 'Ex- 
amination of  Sir  William  Hamilton's  Philosophy,'  1866, 
'  August*  Oomte  and  Positivism,'  1865, '  The  Subjection  of 
Women,'  1869,  '  Chapters  and  Speeches  on  the  Irish  Land 
Question,'  1870, '  Autobiography,'  1873,  and '  Three  Essays 
on  Religion,'  posthumously  published,  1874. 

[xxxvii.  390] 
WALTER  (</.  1658).    [See  MYLXK.] 


MILL,  WILLIAM  HODGE  (1792-1853),  orientalist; 
rixth  wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1813  ;  fellow, 
1814;  MA.,  1816;  first  principal  of  Bishop's  College, 
Calcutta,  1820;  vice-president,  Bengal  Asiatic  Society, 
1888-7  ;  nvius  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  with 
,  1848  ;  chief  work,  '  Ohrista-Sanglta,' 


ranonry  at  Ely, 

(the  Gospel-story  in  Sanskrit). 


1831 
[xxxvii.  400] 


MILLAI8,  SIB  JOHN  EVERETT  (1829  -  1896), 
painter,  and  president  of  Royal  Academy  ;  a  native  of 
Southampton  ;  lived  during  various  periods  of  early  life 
In  Jersey  and  Brittany  ;  came  to  London,  1838  :  studied 
art  under  Henry  Bass  [q.  v.];  entered  Royal  Academy 
school*,  1840,  and  obtained  gold  medal  for  painting  'The 
Young  Men  of  Benjamin  seizing  their  Brides,'  1846  :  first 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  '  Pizarro  seizing  the  Inca  of 
Pen,'  1846  :  originated  (1848),  with  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  the 
pre-Raphaelite  movement,  soon  joined  by  Dante  Gabriel 
Rouetti  [q.  v.],  who  exerted  influence  on  some  of  MUlais's 
subsequent  work  ;  bis  most  successful  pre-Raphaelite  pic- 
ture, 'Isabella,'  1849;  great  hostility  aroused  by  his 
'  Christ  in  the  House  of  his  Parents,'  1850,  owing  to  the 
unconventional  treatment  of  a  scene  in  the  life  of  the 
Holy  Family  ;  among  the  most  notable  of  his  works  at 
this  period  are  'The  Return  of  the  Dove  to  the  Ark  '  and 
'  Mariana  of  the  Moated  Grange,'  1861,  'The  Huguenot' 
and  •  Ophelia,'  1852,  '  The  Proscribed  Royalist  '  and  '  The 
Order  of  Release,'  1853;  A.R.A.,  1853;  married,  1865, 
Bupbemia  Chalmers,  daughter  of  George  Gray,  who  had 
obUined  a  decree  of  the  'nullity  '  of  her  marriage  with 
Ruskin  [q.  v.]:  exhibited  'Autumn  Leaves'  and 
concluded,'  1866,  ' 


Sir  Isumbras  at  the  Ford'  and 

•The  Escape  of  a  Heretic,'  1857,  '  Apple  Blossoms'  and 
•  The  Vale  of  Rest,'  1859  ;  deviated  from  the  pre-Raphael- 
e  manner   in   his  'Black   Brunswicker,'  1860;    R.A., 


ite 


,  .., 

INI;  exhibited  'The  Eve  of   St.  Agues,'  1863,  'Jeph- 
thah/  1867,  •  Rosalind  and  Oelia,'  1868,  'The  Boyhood  of 


,  tool,  nvpoiiuu  MM  i/euu,  i»oc,  •  me  uoynooa  or 
&b,'  'The  Knight  Errant,'  1870,  and  'Victory,  O 
I?  •  Ohill  October  '  (his  first  exhibited  pure  landscape), 
1871 ;  after  1870  devoted  himself  mainly  to  portrait  and 
landscape,  and  to  single  figures  of  children  and  pretty 

^"N^^^S^^iS^^P6'1  exbibite<l 


.  '  A  Yeoman  of   the 

i,  1877, 'The  Princes  In  the  Tower,*  1878, and  'The 
Elizabeth,'  1879 :  painted  bin  own  portrait  for 
ths  tflUi  Gallery,  Florence,  1880  ;  created  baronet,  1885  ; 


the  last  subject  picture  exhibited  by  him,  'The  Fore- 
runner ' :  P .R.A  ,  1896.  [Suppl.  iii.  167] 
[See  also  MILLKR  and  MDLLKR.] 


MILLAR,  >  NDREW  (/.  1503-1508).    [See  MYT.LAR.] 

MILLAR,  ANDREW  (1707-1768),  publisher;  pub- 
lished Johnson's  '  Dictionary,'  Thomson's  'Seasons,'  Field- 
ing's \vorks,  and  the  histories  of  Robertson  and  Hume. 

[xxxvii.  400] 

MILLAR,  JAMES  (1762-1827),  physician  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  :  M.D.  and  F.R.O.P. 
Edinburgh  ;  chaplain  to  Glasgow  University  ;  edited  the 
fourth  and  part  of  the  fifth  editions  of  the  'Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,'  1810-17,  also  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Edinensis,' 
1827.  [xxxvii.  401] 

MILLAR,  JOHN  (1735-1801),  professor  of  law  ;  edu- 
cated under  Adam  Smith  at  Glasgow;  intimate  with 
James  Watt  ;  an  advocate,  1760  ;  professor  of  law  at 
Glasgow,  1761  ;  lectured  on  civil  law,  jurisprudence, 
Scottish  and  English  law  ;  member  of  the  Literary 
Society;  sympathised  with  the  French  revolution,  and 
opposed  the  slave  trade  ;  published  '  The  Origin  of  the 
Distinction  of  Ranks,'  1771,  and  '  Historical  View  of  the 
English  Government,'  1787.  [xxxvii.  401] 

MILLAR,  JOHN  (1733-1805),  medical  writer  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh  ;  physician,  Westminster  General  Dispensary, 
London,  1774  ;  published  medical  works,  [xxxvii.  403] 


WILLIAM  (d.  1838),  lieutenant-general  ; 
colonel  commandant,  royal  artillery  ;  son  of  John  Millar 
(1735-1801)  [q.  v.]  ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery, 
1781;  first  lieutenant,  1787;  captain  lieutenant,  1794; 
captain,  1799;  major,  1806;  lieutenant-colonel,  1806; 
colonel,  1814  ;  major-general,  1831  ;  colonel  commandant, 
1834  ;  lieutenant-general.  1837  ;  originated  the  10-inch  and 
8-inch  shell-guns  ;  inspector-general  of  artillery,  1827  ; 
director-general  of  the  field-train  department,  1833. 

[xxxvii.  404] 
MILLER.    [See  also  MILLAR  and  MULLER.] 

MILLER,  ANDREW  (d.  1763),  mezzotint-engraver, 
mainly  of  portraits.  [xxxvii.  404] 

MILLER,  ANNA,  L>ny  (1741-1781),  verse-  writer  ; 
nie  Riggs  ;  married  John  Miller  of  Ballicasey,  1765  : 
travelled  in  Italy,  1770-1,  publishing  an  account  ;  her 
husband  created  an  Irish  baronet,  1778  ;  instituted  a 
literary  salon  at  Batheastou,  at  which  each  guest  was 
invited  to  contribute  an  original  poem  ;  four  volumes  of 
the  compositions  published.  [xxxvii.  405] 

MILLER,  EDWARD  (1731-1807),  organist  and  his- 
torian of  Doncaster  ;  trained  by  Dr.  Burney  at  King's 
Lynn  ;  organist  of  Doncaster,  1756-1807  ;  created  Mus. 
Doc.  Cambridge,  1786  ;  set  the  psalms  to  music,  1774  : 
published  '  Thorough  Bass  and  Composition,'  1787, 
'  History  and  Antiquities  of  Doncaster,'  1804  ;  taught 
Francis  Linley  [q.  v.].  [xxxvii.  406] 

MILLER,  GEORGE  (1764  -  1848),  divine;  MA. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1789  ;  fellow,  1789  ;  D.D.,  1799  ; 
assistant-professor  of  modern  history,  Dublin,  1799-1803  ; 
head-master  of  the  royal  school,  Armagh,  1817  ;  as  vicar- 
general  of  the  diocese  of  Armagh  (1843)  settled  important 
points  in  law  of  marriage  and  divorce  :  member  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  ;  published  two  pamphlets  on  the 
Athanasian  creed,  1825  and  1826,  besides  sermons  and 
miscellanea  ;  Newman's  '  Tract  XC.'  partly  elicited  by 
his  '  Letter  '  to  Pusey,  1840.  [xxxvii.  406] 

MILLER,  HUGH  (1802-1856),  man  of  letters  and 
geologist  ;  stonemason  by  trade  ;  accountant  in  the 
Commercial  Bank  at  Cromarty,  1834  ;  contributed  to 
Mackay  Wilson's  '  Tales  of  the  Borders  '  ;  became  editor 
of  the  '  Witness,'  1840.  the  uon-intrusionists'  organ  ;  his 
'  Old  Red  Sandstone'  (published  serially  in  the  '  Witness  ') 
republished,  1841  ;  ckief  works,  '  Footprints  of  the  Creator,' 
1847,  'My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters,'  1852,  and  'The 
Testimony  of  the  Rocks,'  published,  1857.  [xxxvii.  408] 

MILLER,  JAMES  (1706-1744),  playwright  ;  of  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford  :  lecturer  at  Trinity  Chapel,  Conduit 
Street,  London  ;  took  to  dramatic  writing  to  enlarge  his 
iucorna  ;  but  by  his  supposed  representation  of  the  keepers 
of  Temple  coffee-house  caused  the  templars  to  ruin  his 
subsequent  pieces  ;  his  principal  plays,  '  Humours  of 


MILLER 


877 


MILLER 


Oxford,'  1730,  •  The  Man  of  Taste,'  1785  (an  adaptation 
of  Molicrc,  to  be  distinguished  from  a  like-named  piece 
attacking  Pope), '  Universal  Passion,1  1737,  -The  Coffee- 
house,' 1737,  and  'Mahomet  the  Impostor,'  1744. 

[xxxvii.  410] 

MILLER,  JAMKS  (1812-1884),  surgeon;  educated 
at  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh  Universities  ;  L.R.O.8., 
1832 ;  assistant  to  Robert  Listen  [q.  v.] .  1842 ;  sur- 
geon in  ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1848  ;  published 
surgical  works.  [xxxvii.  411] 

MILLER,  JOHN  (fl.  1780),  architect:  studied  in 
Italy  ;  practised  in  London  ;  published  books  on  archi- 
tecture, with  designs,  [xxxvii.  412] 

MILLER,  JOHN,  otherwise  JOHANN  SEBASTIAN 
MULLER  (1716V-1790?),  draughtsman  and  engraver; 
born  at  Nuremberg ;  came  to  England,  1744  ;  published 
'  Illustration  of  the  Sexual  System  in  Plant*,'  1777 
(arranged  according  to  the  system  of  Dr.  Linnaeus)  ; 
also  executed  other  plate*,  including  those  for  Lord 
Bute's  '  Botanical  Tables,'  1786.  [xxxvii.  412] 

MILLER,  JOHN  GALE  (1814-1880),  evangelical 
divine  ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1838 ;  D.D., 
1857 :  curate  of  Park  Chapel,  Chelsea  ;  incumbent  of 
St.  Martin's,  Birmingham,  1846 ;  most  successful  among 
the  working  classes  ;  canon  of  Rochester,  1873 ;  published 
theological  works.  The  Miller  Hospital  of  Greenwich 
was  opened  (1884)  as  a  memorial  to  him.  [xxxvii.  414] 

MILLER,  JOHN  FREDERICK  (  fi.  1785),  draughts- 
man ;  son  of  John  Miller  (1715  ?  -  1790  V)  [q.  v.] ; 
accompanied  Sir  Joseph  Banks  to  Ireland,  1772 ;  pub- 
lished '  Various  Subjects  of  Natural  History,'  1785. 

[xxxvii.  414] 

MILLER,  JOSEPH  or  JOSIAS,  commonly  called 
JOE  MILLER  (1684-1738),  actor  and  reputed  humorist; 
joined  Drury  Lane  Company,  1709  ;  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  company :  temporarily  engaged  at  Goodman's 
Fields,  London,  1731 ;  returned  to  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1732  ;  described  as  a  natural  spirited  comedian.  After 
his  death  a  collection  of  jests  by  John  Mottley  [q.  v.]  was 
published,  unwarrantably  entitled  'Joe  Miller's  Jests,' 
1739,  which  became  a  standard  book.  [xxxvii.  415] 

MILLER,  JOSIAH  (1832-1880),  hymnologist  ;  M.A. 
London,  1865 ;  independent  minister  and  missionary 
secretary ;  wrote  biographical  sketches  of  hymn-writers 
and  hymns.  [xxxvii.  417] 

MILLER,  MRS.  LYDIA  FALCONER  (1811  ?-1876), 
authoress  :  nie  Fraser  ;  married  Hugh  Miller  [q.  v.], 
1837 ;  assisted  him  in  the  management  of  the  '  Witness ' 
and  edited  his  works  after  his  death ;  published  stories 
for  the  young  under  the  pseudonym  of  Harriet  Myrtle. 

[xxxvii.  417] 

MILLER,  PATRICK  (1731-1816),  projector  of  steam 
navigation ;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Miller  [q.  v.]  ;  Edin- 
burgh merchant,  1760 ;  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  Scot- 
land, 1767 ;  deputy-governor,  1790  ;  shareholder  in  Oarron 
Iron  Company ;  purchased  estate  of  Dalswiuton,  1785  ; 
devoted  himself  to  agricultural  improvements  and  ship- 
building experiments  ;  his  first  idea,  a  ship  with  two  or 
three  hulls  propelled  by  paddle-wheels  placed  between  the 
hulls  and  worked  by  men  from  capstans  on  deck  ;  subse- 
quently experimented  with  a  double  boat  fitted  with 
steam  engine  made  by  Symington,  1788  and  1789 ;  lost 
heart  at  not  meeting  with  James  Watt's  approval ;  intro- 
duced florin  grass  into  Scotland,  1810;  numbered  among 
his  friends  Burns  and  the  Nasmyths.  [xxxvii.  417] 

MILLER,  PHILIP  (1691-1771),  gardener;  began 
business  as  a  florist ;  appointed  gardener  of  the  Chelsea 
Botanical  Garden  on  Sir  Hans  Sloane's  recommendation, 

1722  ;  discovered  the  method  of  flowering  bulbous  plants 
in  bottles  filled  with  water,  1730 ;  visited  Holland  between 

1723  and  1730  ;  experimented  in  fertilisation,  1761 :  grew 
rare  plants  ;  chief  works,  '  The  Gardener's  and  Florist's 
Dictionary,'  1724  (translated  into  German,  Dutch,  and 
French),  'Gardener's  Kaleudar,'  1732,  and  'Method  of 
cultivating  Madder,'  1768.  [xxxvii.  420] 

MILLER,  RALPH  WILLETT  (1762-1799),  nava 
captain  ;  born  in  New  York  ;  came  to  England  and  enteret 
the  navy  ;  promoted  lieutenant  by  Rodney,  1781 ;  posted 
to  command  the  Mignonue,  1796  ;  became  flag-captain 
to  Nelson,  1796 :  with  Nelson  at  Cape  St.  Vincent  (1797) 
and  the  Nile  (1798)  ;  served  under  Sir  Sidney  Smith  off 


the  coast  of  Egypt  and  Syria :  killed  during  the 
St.  Jean  d'Acre  by  the  accidental  bunting  of  st 

[xxxvii.  422] 

MILLER,  SIR  THOMAS,  LORD  GUJXLKK,  first 
mronet  (1717-1789),  lord-president  of  the  College  of  Jos- 
tlce ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  ;  advocate,  1742 ; 
solicitor  of  the  excise  In  Scotland,  1765  ;  solicitor-general, 

769  ;  lord  advocate,  1760 ;  M.P.,  Dumfries,  1781 ;  rector 
of  Glasgow  University,  1762 ;  lord  justice  clerk,  1766,  as 
Lord  Glenlee ;  lord  president  of  the  College  of  Justice, 

788 ;  created  baronet,  1789.  [xxxvii.  423] 

MILLER,  THOMAS  (1731-1804),  bookseller  ;  brother 
of  Edward  Miller  [q.  v.] ;  combined  grocery  and  book- 
selling,  1766  ;  formed  collections  which  comprised  a  nearly 
complete  series  of  Roman  and  English  silver  and  brass 
coins.  [xxxviL  423] 

MILLER,  THOMAS  (1807-1874),  poet  and  novelist ; 
apprenticed  to  a  basket-maker  ;  encouraged  by  Thomas 
Bailey  [q.  v.]  to  publish  '  Songs  of  the  Sea  Nymphs,'  1812 ; 
bookseller  in  London,  1841 :  noticed  by  W.  H.  Harrison  : 
granted  a  pension  by  Disraeli ;  published  novels,  poems, 
and  children's  books.  [xxxviL  424] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (17107-1810?),  painter;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Society  of  Artiste,  1780-3,  and  the  Royal 
Academy,  1788-1803.  [xxxvii.  425] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1815),  lieutenant-colonel: 
second  son  of  Sir  William  Miller,  lord  Glenlee  [q.  v.] ; 
mortally  wounded  at  Quatre-Bras  ;  referred  to  by  Scott. 

[xxxviL  426] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (1769-1844),  publisher;  son  of 
Thomas  Miller  (1731-1804)  [q.  v.]  ;  placed  in  Hookham's 
publishing  house,  1787  ;  commenced  publishing  on  his 
own  account,  1790 ;  succeeded  by  John  Murray,  1812 ; 
Fox's  '  James  II '  and  Scott's  edition  of  Drydeu  among  bis 
publications.  [xxxviL  425] 

MILLER,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  GLKXLKB,  second 
baronet  (1755-1846),  Scottish  judge  ;  sou  of  Sir  Thomas 
Miller,  lord  Gleulee  [q.  v.] ;  advocate,  1777  ;  principal 
clerk  in  the  high  court  of  justiciary  ;  M.I'.,  Edinburgh, 
1780  ;  unseated,  1781 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1789  ;  lord 
of  session  as  Lord  Glenlee,  1795-1840.  [xxxviL  428] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (1795-1 861),  general  in  Peruvian 
army ;  assistant-commissary  in  (British)  royal  artillery, 
1811 ;  served  in  the  Peninsula  and  North  America  :  went 
out  to  La  Plata  and  repeatedly  distinguished  himself  in 
Chili  and  Peru  ;  governor  of  Potosi,  1826  ;  became  grand 
marshal ;  left  Chili  owing  to  political  changes,  1839 ; 
British  consul-general  in  the  Pacific,  1843  ;  died  atCalluo. 

[xxxvii.  426] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (1810-1872),  Scottish  poet ;  con- 
tributed  to  •  Whistle  Binkie,'  1832-53  ;  wrote  '  Wee  Willie 
Winkie '  and  other  nursery  lyrics.  [xxxviL  427] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  (1796-1882),  line-engraver ;  edu- 
cated in  England  and  Edinburgh  ;  landscape-engraver  in 
Edinburgh,  1821 ;  acquired  fame  as  an  interpreter  of  the 
works  of  Turner ;  engraved  plates  after  Clarkxm,  Stan- 
field,  and  other  artists.  [x xx vii.  428] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  ALLEN  (1817-1870),  chemist : 
studied  at  Birmingham  General  Hospital  and  King's 
College,  London :  worked  in  Llebig's  laboratory,  1840 ; 
chemical  demonstrator,  King's  College,  London :  M.D. 
London,  1842 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  King's  College, 
London,  1845 :  F.R.S.,  1846  :  experimented  In  spectrum 
analysis,  on  which  he  read  papers  at  the  British  Associa- 
tion, 1845  and  1861 ;  with  Dr.  (Sir  William)  Huggius 
investigated  the  spectra  of  heavenly  bodies  and  procured 
the  first  trustworthy  information  on  stellar  chemistry, 
1862 ;  assayer  to  the  mint  and  Bank  of  England :  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1860  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1868  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge, 
1869  ;  published  'Elements  of  Chemistry,'  1855-7. 

[xxxvii.  429] 

MILLER,  WILLIAM  HALLOWES  (1801-1880), 
mineralogist ;  of  St  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fifth 
wrangler,  1826;  fellow,  1829;  M.D.,  1841:  professor  of 
mineralogy,  1832-70  :  developed  system  of  crystallography 
adapted  to  mathematical  calculation,  1838  ;  commissioner 
for  standard  weights  and  measures :  member  of  the  in- 
ternational commission,  1870 ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1866 : 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1878 ;  foreign  secretary,  Royal  Society, 
1866-T3  ;  royul  medallist,  1870  ;  published  scientific  works. 

[xxxviL  430] 


MILLER 


878 


MILLS 


W I  U.I  AM     HKNRY     (1789-1848),    book 
:  M.P.,  Newcastle-nnder-Lyme,  1880-7  ;  formed  a 
library  at  BritwHl  Oourt,  unn vailed  among  private  col 
it*  examples  of  early  English  awl  Sootti-1 
[xxxvit.  431] 


MULZ8,  ISAAC,  the  elder  (1638-1 720),  divine ;  of  St 
John1*  College,  Cambridge :  vicar  of  Chipping  Wycombe 
W74,  of  Higbcterc,  1680;  taught  the  sous  of  Thomas 
Herbert,  eighth  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.].  [xxxvii.  432] 

MILLB8,  ISAAC,  the  younger  (/.  1701-1727),  son  of 
Isaac  Milk*  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Balllol  College,  Oxford, 
MM;   M.A.  Sidney  Sussex   College,  Cambridge,    1701 
of  the  diooeae  of  Waterford,  1714  ;  prebendary 
1716.  [xxxvii.  432] 

JEREMIAH   (1675-1746),    son   of    Isaac 

Milles  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  ltt*-170«  ;  rector  of  Duloe,  1704-46. 

fxxxvii.  432] 
HULKS,  JEREMIAH  (1714-1784),  antiquary _;  son  of 


(1676-1746)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  aud  Corpus 
Cbristi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1736  ;  D.D.,  1747  ;  travelled 
through  Europe,  1733-7;  treasurer  of  Lismore,  1735-45; 
precentor  of  Waterford,  1737-44 :  F.S.A.,  1741 ;  P.R.S., 
1741 :  member  of  the  Egyptian  Club  ;  son-in-law  of  Arcb- 
bUbop  Potter  :  precentor  and  prebeudnry  of  Exeter,  1747, 
dean,  1762 ;  PJB.A.,  1768  ;  collected  materials  for  a  history 
of  Devonshire;  maintained  the  antiquity  of  Cluittertou's 
Rowley  poems ;  his  library  sold,  1843.  [xxxvii.  432] 


J,  THOMAS  (d.  1627?),  customer  of  Sandwich: 
bailiff  of  Sandwich,  1679:  accompanied  Randolph  on 
his  mission  to  Edinburgh,  1586 ;  customer  of  Sandwich, 
1187 ;  sent  to  Brittany  to  report  on  the  forces  there,  1591 ; 
Prize  commissioner  at  Plymouth,  1696  ;  secretary  to  Lord 
Oobbam,  lord  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1598 ;  obtained 
reversion  of  keepersbip  of  Rochester  Castle,  1598  ;  wrote 
books  on  economics  in  support  of  the  staple  system ; 
edited  the  manuscripts  of  his  brother-in-law,  Robert 
Glover,  Somerset  herald.  [xxxvii.  434] 

MILLES,  THOMAS  (1671-1740),  bishop  of  Waterford 
and  Lismore ;  eldest  son  of  Isaac  Milles  (1638-1720)  [q.  v.]  : 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1695 ;  B.D.,  1704  ;  chaplain 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1694 ;  vice-principal  of  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall,  Oxford,  1695-1707  :  regius  professor  of  Greek, 
1707  ;  bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  1708  ;  published 
tract-  and  eermona  and  edited  the  works  of  St.  Cyril  of 
Jerusalem,  1703.  [xxxvii.  436] 

MILLHOUSE,  ROBERT  (1788-1839),  weaver  and 
poet;  wrote  bis  first  verses,  1810;  received  grant  from 
the  Royal  Literary  Fund,  1822 ;  assistant  at  a  savings 
bank,  1832 ;  published  poems.  [xxxvii.  436] 

MILLIGAN,  WILLIAM  (1821-1893),  Scottish  divine ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1839;  ordained  minister  of  Cameron, 
Flfeshire,  aud  of  Kilcouqubar,  1850;  first  professor  of 
biblical  criticism,  Aberdeen  University,  1860-93  ;  member 
of  company  formed  for  revision  of  English  New  Testa- 
ment, 1870  ;  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1882  ;  prin- 
cipal clerk  of  general  assembly,  1886 :  took  prominent 
part  In  formation  of  Scottish  Church  Society,  1892  (first 
presUeut) ;  published  theological  and  other  writings,  in- 
cluding article  on  '  Epistle  to  Ephesiaus'  in  'Encyclo- 

"    Britannica,'  1879.  [Suppl.  iii.  174] 


or  MILLIKIN,  RICHARD  ALFRED 
(1767-1K16),  poet:  admitted  attorney ;  volunteered  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Irish  rebellion  :  chiefly  remembered  for 
•The  Grove*  of  Blarney '  aud  other  lyrics,  sung  by  the 
dder  CharSea  Mathews  on  the  stage.  [xxxvii.  437] 

MULWOHr,  JAMES  (1774-1846),  archroologist ; 
brother  of  John  Gideon  Milliugen  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Westminster  School ;  banker's  clerk,  1790 ;  obtained  past 
in  French  mint ;  arrested  as  a  British  subject,  1792 ; 
partner  in  Sir  Robert  Smith  &  Co.,  1794  ;  resided  in  Italy  ; 
1  "t  pension ;  F.8.A.  ami  member  of  many 
in  Europe ;  compiled  valuable  works  on 


— . ,  and  kindred  subjects  in 

Boflish,  French,  and  Italian ;  died  in  Florence. 

MnjJHQKH,  JOHN  GIDEON  (1782-^862),^"^^ 
S?  T^^i, brother  of  *****  Milllngen  [q.  v.] ;   ob- 
tained a  medical  degree  in  Paris  ;  as-Utant-surgeon  in  the 
army,  1802 :  (erred  In  the  Peninsular  mimnalglsl 


and  at  Waterloo  (medal)  and  the  surrender  of  Paris  ;  re- 
tired, 1823  ;  physician  to  the  military  asylum  at  Chatham 
and  Han  well,  1837  ;  published  medical  and  other  works. 

[xxxvii.  439] 

MILLINGEN,  JULIUS  MICHAEL  (1800-1878),  phy- 
sician and  writer  ;  f  on  of  James  Millinpen  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  Rome  aud  Edinburgh,  1817;  M.R.C.S.  Edinburgh, 
1821;  went  to  Corfu,  1823;  attended  Byron  in  his  last 
illness ;  surgeon  in  Greek  army,  1824 ;  settled  in  Con- 
stantinople, 1827  ;  court  physician  to  five  successive 
sultans ;  Instrumental  in  introducing  Turkish  baths  into 
England  ;  discovered  ruins  of  Aczani  and  excavated  site 
of  temple  of  Jupiter  Urius  on  the  Bosphorus  ;  published 
memoirs  ;  died  in  Constantinople.  [xxxvii.  439] 

MILLINGTON,  GILBERT  (d.  1666),  regicide ;  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1614 ;  M.P.,  Nottingham,  in  Long 
parliament;  deputy-lieutenant  for  Nottingham,  1642; 
agent  of  communication  between  the  governor,  John 
Hutcbinson  (1615-1664)  [q.  v.],and  parliament ;  energetic 
at  Charles  I's  trial ;  signed  the  king's  death-warrant, 
1649 ;  condemned  to  death,  1660 ;  his  sentence  commuted 
to  life  imprisonment ;  died  in  Jersey.  [xxxvii.  440] 

MILLINGTON,  JAMES  HEATH  (rf.  1873),  painter  ; 
curator  of  the  Royal  Academy  School  of  Painting. 

[xxxvii.  441] 

MILLINGTON,  JOHN  (1779-1868),  engineer;  pro- 
fessor of  mechanics  at  the  Royal  Institution,  London, 
1817-29 ;  engineer  of  some  Mexican  mines,  1829 ;  professor 
of  chemistry  at  Williainsburg,  1837,  where  he  died ;  wrote 
on  scientific  subjects.  [xxxvii.  441] 

MILLINGTON,  Sm  THOMAS (1628-1704),  physician  ; 
of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1667  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1659  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford  ;  original  member  of  the  Royal  Society ;  Sedleiau 
professor  of  natural  philosophy,  Oxford,  1675 ;  court 
physician  and  knighted,  1680  ;  alleged  discoverer  of 
sexuality  in  plants.  [xxxvii.  442] 

MILLINGTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1466  ?),  first  provost 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  probably  educated  at  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge;  rector,  1440;  provost,  1443,  of  King's 
College  :  deprived  by  royal  commissioners ;  assisted  in 
drawing  up  Queens'  College  statutes,  1448 ;  vice-chan- 
cellor, 1457.  [xxxvii.  442] 

MILLNER.    [See  also  MII,NKK.] 

MILLNER,  JOHN  (./?.  1712),  captain  in  the  Scots 
royal ;  served  under  Marlborough  ;  published  journal  of 
Marlborough's  marches  (1702-12),  1733.  [xxxvii.  443] 

MILLS,  ALFRED  (1776-1833),  draughtsman. 

[xxxvii.  443] 

MILLS,   CHARLES  (1788-1826),    historical    writer; 
abandoned   law    for   literature  ;  published   •  History  of 
Muhammedauism,'  1817,  '  History  of  the  Crusades,'  1820, 
nd  other  works.  [xxxvii.  444] 

MILLS,  Sm  CHARLES  (1825-1895),  first  agent- 
general  for  Cape  Colony  ;  born  at  Ischl,  Hungary  ;  private 
in  98th  regiment,  1843 ;  with  Ills  regiment  in  China  ;  staff 
clerk  in  adjutant-general's  office ;  served  in  Punjab,  1849 ; 
ensign  and  adjutant,  1851 ;  lieutenant,  1854  ;  brigade 
major  in  Crimea,  1865  ;  in  charge  of  military  settlement 
of  Germans  on  east  border  of  British  Kaffraria,  1858; 
retired  on  its  incorporation  with  Cape  Colony,  1865 ; 
member  of  Cape  parliament  for  Kiugwilliamstowu,  18G6  ; 
chief  clerk  for  finance,  1867;  permanent  uuder-secretary, 
1872 ;  in  colonial  secretary's  office ;  agent-general  in  Lon- 
don for  Cape  Colony,  1882 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1885  ;  O.B.,  1886. 

[Suppl.  iii.  175] 

MILLS,  GEORGE  (1792?-1824),  medallist;  gained 
three  gold  medals  from  the  Society  of  Arts  ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  1816-23;  engraved  for  Mudie's 
'  National  Medals.'  [xxxvii.  444] 

MILLS,  GEORGE  (1808-1881),  shipbuilder,  journalist, 
and  novelist ;  as  shipbuilder  beeau  to  build  iron  steamers, 
1838;  stockbroker,  1848-50  ;  started  'Glasgow  Adverti>rr 
and  Shipping  Gazette,1  1857 ;  started  the  Milton  chemical 
works,  1866;  started  'The  Northern  Star'  in  Aberdeen, 
1869;  literary  critic  of  the  'Glasgow  Mall';  wrote  three 
novels.  [xxxvii.  444] 

MILLS,  JOHN  (d.  1736),  ac-tor :  acted  at  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  London,  for  forty  years,  and  occasionally 
at  the  Haymarket,  London.  [xxxvii.  445] 


MILLS 


879 


MILNES 


MILLS,  JOHN  (d.  1784?),  writer  on  agriculture; 
translated  French  agrieoltaml  work- ;  K.H.s.,  1768  ;  first 
foreign  associate  of  the  French  Agricultural  Society, 
1767-84;  author  of  'System  of  Practical  Husbandry ,' 
1767.  [xxxvii.  446] 

MILLS,  JOHN  (1812-1873),  author  and  Calvinistic 
methodist  minister  ;  extended  musical  culture  in  Wales  ; 
visited  the  Holy  Laud,  1855  aud  1859 ;  published  Welsh 
miscellaneous  works.  [xxxvii.  447] 

MILLS,  RICHARD  (1809-1844),  Welsh  musician; 
published  congregational  tune-.  [xxxvii.  447] 

MILLWARD.     [See  MILWARD.] 

MILLYNO,  THOMAS  (<*.  1492),  bishop  of  Hereford  ; 
D.D.  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford  ;  prior  of  Westminster, 
1405,  abbot,  1469;  received  (1470)  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
Edward  IV,  into  sanctuary  at  Westminster,  where  her 
son  Ed wanl  was  born  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1474. 

[xxxvii.  447] 

MLLMAN,  SIR  FRANCIS,  first  baronet  (1746-1821), 
physician :  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1767;  M.D., 
1776  ;  Radcliffe  fellow,  1771 ;  physician  to  Middlesex  Hos- 
pital, 1771-9  ;  F.O.P.,  1778  ;  Gulstouian  lecturer,  1780 ; 
Orooniau  lecturer,  1781;  Harveian  orator,  1782;  presi- 
dent, 1811  and  1812;  created  baronet,  1800;  physician 
to  George  III,  1806  ;  published  medical  works. 

[xxxviii.  1] 

MLLMAN,  HENRY  HART  (1791-1868),  dean  of  St. 
Paul's ;  sou  of  Sir  Francis  Milmau  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1816  ;  D.D.,  1849 ;  New- 
digate  prizeman,  1812 ;  chancellor's  English  essay  prize- 
man, 1816 ;  fellow  of  Braseuoae,  1814 ;  iucumbent  of  St. 
Mary's,  Reading,  1818  ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford, 
1821-31 ;  Bamptou  lecturer,  1827 ;  rector  of  St  Mar- 
garet's, Westminster,  1835;  dean  of  St  Paul's,  1849; 
published  '  Fazio,'  1815  (acted  in  Loudon,  1818),  •  Samor ' 
(epic),  1818,  •  The  Fall  of  Jerusalem,'  1820,  •  The  Martyr 
of  Antioch,'  1822, '  Beishazzar,'  1822,  and  '  Anne  Boleyn,' 
1826;  'History  of  the  Jews,'  1830,  'History  of  Chris- 
tianity under  the  Empire,'  1840,  and  '  Latin  Christianity,' 
1855 ;  edited  Gibbon,  1838  ;  a  history  of  St  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral, published  by  his  son,  1868.  [xxxviii.  1] 

MLLMAN,  ROBERT  (1816-1876),  bishop  of  Calcutta  ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Francis  Milmau  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford :  M.A. 
and  D.D.,  1867 ;  vicar  of  Ohaddleworth,  1840,  of  Lam- 
bourn,  1851,  of  Great  Marlow,  1862;  bishop  of  Calcutta, 
1867;  published  devotional  works  and  a  life  of  Tasso, 
1850.  [xxxviii.  4] 

MLLN,  JAMES  (1819-1881),  archaeologist;  entered 
navy,  1842  ;  merchant  in  China  aud  ludia  ;  interested  in 
astronomy,  archaeology,  and  small  arms  ;  excavated  at 
Carnac  and  Kermario,  accounts  of  which  he  published. 

[xxxviii.  5] 

MLLN,  WALTER  (d.  1558).    [See  MYLXK.] 

MILNE,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  baronet  (1806- 
1896),  admiral  of  the  fleet ;  son  of  Sir  David  Milne  [q.  v.]  ; 
lieutenant,  1827 ;  commander,  1830 ;  served  in  West 
Indies,  North  America,  and  Newfoundland,  1836-41 ;  flag- 
captain  to  his  father  at  Devon  port,  1842-5  ;  junior  lord  of 
admiralty,  1847-59 ;  rear-admiral  and  civil  K.C.B.,  1858  ; 
commanded  in  West  Indies  and  North  American  station, 
1860 ;  military  K.C.B.,  1864 ;  junior  naval  lord  of  ad- 
miralty, 1866-8  and  1872-6  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Medi- 
terranean, 1869-70  ;  G.O.B.,  1871 ;  created  baronet,  1876. 

[Suppl.  iii.  176] 

MILNE,  COLIN  (17437-1815),  divine  and  botanist; 
educated  at  Martschal  College,  Aberdeen ;  LL.D.  Aber- 
deen ;  rector  of  North  Chapel,  Sussex  :  founded  Kent  Dis- 
pensary (Miller  Hospital),  Greenwich,  1783;  promoted 
the  Royal  Humane  Society  ;  published  botanical  works. 

[xxxviii.  6] 

MILNE,  SIR  DAVID  (1763-1845),  admiral;  entered 
navy,  1779  ;  in  the  East  India  service  until  1793 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1794 ;  commander,  1795 ;  served  on  various  sta- 
tions abroad ;  in  command  of  Forth  district  of  Sea  Fen- 
cibles,  1803-11;  captain,  18U;  served  with  distinction 
against  Algiers,  1816;  K.O.B.,  1816;  commauder-in-chief 
in  North  American  waters ;  M.P.,  Berwick,  1820 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1825;  G.O.B.,  1840;  admiral,  1811 :  commnnder- 
In-chief  at  Plymouth,  1845.  [xxxviii.  6] 


MILNE,  JOSHUA  (1776-1851),  actuary  to  the  San 
ranee  Society,  1810  ;  compiled  '  Treatise  on  the 
Valuation  of    Annuities  ...  the  Probabilities  and   Ex- 
pectations of  Life,'  1816,  which  revolutionise!  actuarial 
science,  [xxxviii.  8] 

MILNE,    WILLIAM    (1784-188*),    _ 
daincd,  1812;  settled  at  Malacca;   four 
principal  of  an  Anglo-Chinese  college;  D.D.  Glasgow, 
1818.  [xxxviii.  9] 

MILNE,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1815-1863),  Chinese 
mi— ..in.iry  at  Macao,  Canton,  and  Shanghai;  son  of 
William  Milne  [q.  v.]  ;  assistant  Chinese  secretary  to  the 
Pekin  legation  ;  wrote  books  on  China.  [xxxvliL  9] 

MLLNE-HOME,  DAVID  (1805-1890),  founder  of  Scot- 
tish Meteorological  Society;  son  of  Sir  David  Milue 
[q.  v.] ;  proposed  Ben  Nevis  as  an  observatory,  1877. 

[xxxviii.  8] 

MILNER.    [See  also  MILLNKR.] 

MILNER,  ISAAC  H750-1820),  mathematician  and 
divine ;  brother  of  Joseph  Milner  [q.  v.] ;  sizar  of  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1770 ;  B.A.,  1774  :  fellow,  1776 ;  F.R.S., 
1776;  rector  of  St.  Botolph's,  Cambridge,  1778-92;  first 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Cambridge,  1783-92; 
president  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1788-1820 ;  dean 
of  Carlisle,  1791 ;  vice-chancellor,  1792  and  1809  ;  Lucasi&n 
professor  of  mathematics,  1798-1820;  intimate  with 
William  Wilberforce  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  on  chemistry  and 
mathematics  ;  edited  his  brother's  theological  works. 

[xxxviii.  9] 

MILNER,  JAMES  (</.  1721),  merchant  of  London : 
traded  extensively  with  Portugal ;  wrote  several  articles 
on  the  Methueu  treaty  aud  Portuguese  trade,  1713,  and 
on  the  South  Sea  Company,  1720  ;  M.P.,  Minehead,  1717. 

[xxxviii.  12] 

MILNER,  JOHN  (1628-1702),  nonjuring  divine :  of 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  curate  of  Beeston,  1660 : 
B.D.,  1662 :  vicar  of  Leeds,  1673 ;  prebendary  of  Ripon, 
1681 ;  joined  noujurore,  1688 ;  retired  to  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  published  theological  aud  controversial 
works.  [xxxviii.  13] 

MILNER,  JOHN  (1752-1826),  bishop  of  Castabala 
and  vicar-apostolic  of  the  western  district  of  England  ; 
educated  at  the  English  College,  Douay,  1766-77 ;  ordained 
Roman  catholic  priest,  1777 :  mlssioncr  in  .England ; 
established  at  Winchester  the  Benedictine  nuns  who  fled 
from  Brussels  daring  the  French  revolution ;  F.S.A., 
1790;  successfully  opposed  the  suggested  oath  of  al- 
legiance in  the  Catholic  Relief  Bill,  1791 ;  bishop  of 
Castabala,  1803 ;  steadily  opposed  the  right  of  English 
government  to  'veto'  appointment  of  Roman  catholic 
bishops.  He  published '  The  History,  Civil  and  Eccle- 
siastical, and  Survey  of  the  Antiquities  of  Winchester,' 
1798-1801, '  The  End  of  Religious  Controversy,'  1818,  and 
other  theological  works.  [xxxviii.  14] 

MILNER,  JOSEPH  (1744-1797),  evangelical  divine: 
brother  of  Isaac  Milner  [q.  v.]  ;  third  senior  optime, 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  head-master  at  Hull  grammar 
school ;  afternoon  lecturer  at  Holy  Trinity,  Hull,  1768 ; 
subsequently  vicar  of  North  Ferriby :  his  chief  work, 
•  The  History  of  the  Church  of  Christ,'  1794-7,  edited 
and  continued  by  his  brother  Isaac.  [xxxviiL  17] 

MILNER,  THOMAS  (1719-1797),  physician;  MJ>. 
St.  Andrews,  1740;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
London,  1759-62  ;  wrote  on  electricity.  [xxxviii.  18] 

MILNER-GLBSON,  THOMAS  (1806-1884).  [Sec 
GIBSON,  THOMAS  MILNER-.] 

MILNES,  RICHARD  MONOKTON,  flwt  BAHOX 
HOUOHTOX  (1809- 1885),  son  of  Robert  Pemberton  Milues 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
was  an 'Apostle 'and  Intimate  with  Tennyson,  Hallam, 
and  Thackeray ;  M.A.,  1831  ;  travelled,  1832-ti :  conser- 
vative M.P.,  Pontefract,  1837 ;  did  much  to  secure  the 
Copyright  Act ;  became  a  liberal  on  Peel's  conversion  to 
free  trade;  assisted  in  preparation  of  "The  Tribune,' 
1836  ;  visited  Egypt  and  the  Levant  1842-3 :  established 
Pbilobiblon  Society,  1853;  interested  himself  in  Miss 
Nightingale's  fund  during  the  Crimean  war ;  advocated 
mechanics'  institutes  and  penny  banks ;  created  Baron 
Houghtou,  1863 ;  supported  reform  of  franchise ;  visited 
Canada  and  United  states  1875 ;  trustee  of  the  British 


MILNES 


MINSHULL 


• ;  ptmident  of  the  London  Library,  1882-5  :  hoi 
rxO.L.  Oxford ;  published  poems  of  a  meditative  kind, 
and  political  and  social  writCgsTdied  at  Vichy. 

[xxxviii.  18] 

ROBERT  PBMBERTON  (1784-1858X  gra 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1804;    M.P., 
06 ;  resided  chiefly  in  Milan  and  Rome  after 
;  m,  [xxxviii.  19] 

MILO  or  GLOUCKSTKR.  [See  GLOUCESTER,  MILES  UE, 
EARL  or  HEHKKORU,  </.  1143.] 

KLLRED  or  MLLRET  (d.  776),  bishop  of  the  H\vi,-«M- 
(Woroestar) ;  succeeded  Wilfrith,  743 ;  visited  Boniface 
and  Lullua  in  Germany,  764.  [xxxviii.  21] 

MLLBOY,  GAVIN  (1805-1886),  medical  writer  and 
founder  of  the  •  Milroy  lectureship '  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1838  ;  assisted  in  found- 
ing Honterian  Society :  co-editor  of  Johnson's  '  Medico- 
Ohirurgical  Review,'  1844-7  ;  superintendent  medical  in- 
spector of  toe  general  board  of  health,  1849-60 :  inspected 
sanitary  condition  of  Jamaica,  1862 ;  sanitary  commis- 
sioner to  the  army  during  the  Crimean  war,  1855-6  :  left 
tflWl.  to  the  London  College  of  Physicians  to  found  a 
MSJMM*  [xxxviii.  22] 

MILTON,  LORD.  [See  FLETCHER,  ANDREW,  1692- 
1766.] 

MILTON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1615-1693),  judge : 
brother  of  the  poet  John  Milton  [q.  v.] :  of  St  Paul's 
School  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge :  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1639 ;  deputy  recorder  of  Ipswich,  1674  ;  invested 
with  the  coif,  knighted,  and  raised  to  exchequer  bench, 
1686  ;  transferred  to  common  pleas,  1687.  [xxxviii.  23] 

MILTON,  JOHN,  the  elder  (1563  ?-1647),  musician ; 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  scrivener  in  London,  1595 ; 
admitted  to  Scriveners'  Company,  1600  ;  composed  motets, 
madrigals,  and  melodies.  [xxxviii.  23] 

MILTON,  JOHN  (1608-1674X  poet;  son  of  John 
Milton  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  of  St  Paul's  School  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1626  ;  B.A.,  1629 ;  M.A.,  1632  ;  at 
Cambridge  wrote  Latin  poems  on  university  events,  an 
•Ode  on  the  Nativity,'  1629,  the  sonnet  to  Shakespeare, 
1630,  and  English  poems ;  lived  at  Horton  with  his 
father,  reading  classics,  1632-8;  wrote  'L' Allegro'  and 
•II  Penseroso,'  1632,  and  'Arcades,'  1633,  and  'Comus,' 
1634,  two  masques,  for  which  Lawes  wrote  the  music ; 
wrote  *  Lycidas,'  1637  (published,  1638) ;  travelled  abroad, 
chiefly  in  Italy,  1637-9;  on  his  return  became  tutor  to 
his  two  nephews,  Edward  and  John  Phillips  [q.  v.] ; 
published  three  pamphlets  against  episcopacy,  1641,  to 
which  Bishop  Hall  replied  acrimoniously ;  defended  him- 
self in  his  'Apology,'  1642,  bitterly  abusing  Hall; 
abandoned  intention  of  taking  orders,  and  married 
Mary  Powell,  1643,  who  returned  to  her  father's  bouse 
after  a  mouth ;  immediately  published  pamphlet  on 
•doctrine  and  discipline  of  divorce,'  which  mode  him 
notorious  :  published  '  The  Judgment  of  Martin  Bucer  on 
Divorce,'  1644,  being  attacked  by  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany for  publishing  these  two  pamphlets  without  licence ; 
wrote  •  Areopagitica,'  1644;  reconciled  to  his  wife,  1645  ; 
gave  up  pupils,  1647,  and  employed  himself  on  the 
•  History  of  Britain ' ;  published,  after  Charles  I's  execu- 
tion, 'Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates,'  1649;  Latin 
secretary  to  the  newly  formed  council  of  state,  1649, 
officially  replying  to  'Eikou  Basillke*  with  'Eikono- 
Uaite*,'  1649,  and  to  Salmaaius  with  'Pro  Populo 
Anriicano  Defensio,'  1660,  also  to  du  Moulin's  '  Clamor ' 
with  '  Defensio  Secnnda,'  1664,  which  contains  autobio- 
graphical passages:  being  blind,  was  assisted  in  his 
secretarial  duties  *ucce«sively  by  G.  R.  Weckherlin  [q.  v.], 
Philip  Meadows  [q.  T.],  and  Andrew  Marvell  (1621-1678) 
[q.  v.] ;  retained  his  post  until  the  Restoration  ;  married, 
at  his  second  wife,  Catharine  Woodcock,  1656  (died,  1658 ) ; 
concealed  himself  at  the  Restoration ;  arrested  during  the 
rammer,  bat  fined  and  released ;  married  his  third  wife, 
Kliiabrth  Mlnshull,  1662;  bis  'Paradise  Lost'  said  by 
Aubrey  to  have  been  finished,  1663  (begun,  1660),  but 


..in-,  ii  aaaarau  ropir-  i.y  LOCO  ;  in- 
Regained '  and  'Samson  Agonistes,' 
171 ;  published  his  Latin  grammar 
Britain,'  1669  (written  long  before). 


Paradise  Regained 
anta  together,  1671 
History  of  Great  Britain,1  1669  (written  long  before), 

of  Kauaun's  •  Logic,'  1672,  a  tract  on  'True  , 
1671,  •  Familiar  Letters,'    1674,  and  'College  ' 


Exercises,'  1674  ;  died  from  '  gout  struck  in  ' ;  buried,  be- 
side his  father,  in  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate,  London. 

[xxxviii.  24] 

MILTON,  JOHN  (/.  1770),  painter ;  descendant  of  Sir 
Christopher  Milton  [q.  v.]  [xxxviii.  41] 

MILTON,  JOHN  (d.  1805),  medallist :  assistant  en- 
graver at  the  Royal  Mint,  1789-98:  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1785-1802 ;  F.S.A.,  1792 ;  executed  the 
Isle  of  Man  penny,  1786,  and  the  Barbados  penny  and 
halfpenny.  [xxxviii.  41] 

MILTON,  THOMAS  (1743-1827),  engraver;  sou  of 
John  Milton  (fl.  1770)  [q.  v.]  ;  engraved  '  Views  of  Seats 
in  Ireland,'  1783-93,  and  '  Views  in  Egypt,'  1801  ;  unique 
in  his  power  of  distinguishing  the  foliage  of  trees. 

[xxxviii.  42] 

MILTON,  WILLIAM  OK  (d.  1261).    [See  MELITON.] 

MILVERiEY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1350),  Oxford  school- 
man ;  wrote  scholastic  works  in  Latin.  [xxxviii.  42] 

MILVERTON,  JOHN  (d.  1487),  Carmelite ;  studied 
at  Oxford,  where  he  became  prior ;  English  provincial, 
1456-66  and  1469-82  ;  opposed  by  William  Ive  or  Ivy 
[q.  v.]  ;  excommunicated  and  imprisoned  by  the  bishop, 
1464 ;  went  to  Rome ;  possibly  chosen  bishop  of  St. 
David's  ;  imprisoned  by  Paul  II  for  three  years ;  acquitted 
of  heresy.  [xxxviii.  42] 

MILWARD,  EDWARD  (1712  ?-1757),  physician  ;  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  created  M.D.  Cambridge, 
1741 ;  F.R.S.,  1742 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1748 ;  censor  and  Harveian 
orator,  1762 ;  published  essay  on  Alexander  Trallianus, 
1733 ;  collected  materials  for  a  history  of  British  medical 
writers  and  for  a  treatise  on  gangrene.  [xxxviii.  43] 

MIL  WARD,  JOHN  (1656-1609),  divine:  B.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  subsequently  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1582;  M.A.  and  D.D.  Oxford,  1584:  vicar  of 
Bovey  Tracey,  1696 :  rector  of  Passenham,  1605,  of  St. 
Margaret  Pattens,  Billingsgate,  London,  1608 ;  chaplain 
to  James  I,  c.  1603  ;  sent  to  Scotland  to  aid  the  establish- 
ment of  episcopacy,  1609.  [xxxviii.  44] 

MLLWARD,  JOHN  (1619-1683),  nonconformist  divine ; 
B.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1641;  fellow  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  and  M.A.,  1648;  ejected  from 
living  of  Darfield,  Yorkshire,  1660.  [xxxviii.  44] 

MILWARD,  MATTHIAS  (fl.  1603-1641),  divine: 
brother  of  John  Milward  (1556-1609)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  rector  of  East  Barnet, 
1603  ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1624 ;  rector  of  St.  Helen's, 
Bishopsgate,  London.  [xxxviii.  44] 

MLLWARD,  RICHARD  (1609-1 680),  editor  of  Selden's 
'  Table  Talk ' :  sizar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1625  ; 
B.A.,  1628 :  M.A.,  1632 ;  D.D.  by  royal  mandate,  1662 ; 
rector  of  Great  Braxted  in  Essex,  1643-80 ;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1666  ;  vicar  of  Isleworth,  1678-80  ;  amanuensis 
to  John  Seldeu  :  arranged  Seldeu's  '  Table  Talk '  for  pub- 
lication (published,  1689).  [xxxviii.  45] 

MIMPRISS,  ROBERT  (1797-1875),  Sunday  school 
worker :  went  to  sea ;  became  a  merchant's  clerk  ;  studied 
art;  devised  system  of  instruction  for  Sunday  schools 
based  on  GresweH's  '  Harmony  of  the  Gospels,'  and  pub- 
lished devotional  works.  [xx.xviii.  45] 

MTNLTIE,  SUSANNAH  (1740  ?-1800).  [See  GUN- 
NING.] 

MLNNAN,  SAINT  (d.  875  ?).    [See  MONAN.] 
JUNNES,  SIR  JOHN  (1599-1671).    [See  MENNES.] 

MINNS  or  MINGH,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER  (1625-1666). 
[See  MYNUS.] 

MINOT,  LAURENCE  (1300  V-1352  ?),  lyric  poet; 
probably  a  soldier:  his  poems  (terminating  abruptly 
in  1352)  remarkable  for  their  personal  devotion  to 
Edward  III  and  savage  triumph  in  the  national  successes. 

[xxxviii.  46] 

MIN8HETJ,  JOHN  (ft.  1617),  lexicographer  ;  taught 
languages  in  London  ;  published  Spanish  dictionaries  and 
a  grammar  (1599),  also  a  '  Guide  into  Tongues,'  1617  (the 
first  book  published  by  subscription),  which  contained 
equivalents  in  eleven  languages.  [xxxviii.  47] 

MTNSHTTLL  or  MYNSHUL,  GEFFRAY  (1594?- 
1668),  author:  admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  1612;  occupied 
himself,  when  imprisoned  for  debt,  by  writing  a  series  of 
prison  '  characters,'  published,  1618.  [xxxviii  48] 


MINTO 


881 


MITCHELL 


MINTO,  EARLH  OK.    [See  ELLIOT,  SIR  GILHKRT,  first 
KARL,  1751-1814  ;  ELLIOT,  GILBKHT,  second  KAHI-  !7.->i' 
1869.] 

MINTO,  LORD  [See  ELLIOT,  Sin  GILBERT,  1651- 
1718 ;  ELLIOT,  SIR  GILUKHT,  1693-1766.] 

MINTO,  WILLIAM  (1845-1893),  critic ;  M.A.  Aber- 
deen, 18G5  ;  assistant  to  Dr.  Alexander  Bain  at  Aberdeen  ; 
edited  the  'Examiner'  in  London,  1874-8;  1,-u.li-r- 
to  the  '  Daily  News '  and  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette ' ;  professor 
of  logic  and  literature,  Aberdeen,  1880-93 ;  wrote  three 
novels,  books  on  logic,  and  works  on  literature;  edited 
Scott's  works.  [xxxviii.  48] 

MINTON,  HERBERT  (1793-1858),  manufacturer  of 
pottery  and  porcelain ;  partner  with  his  father,  1817-36  ; 
sole  proprietor  from  1836 ;  manufactured,  amonx  other 
things,  majolica  and  Palissy  ware.  [xxxviii.  49] 

MIRFIELD,  JOHN  <  /.  1393),  writer  on  medicine ; 
Augustiuiuu  canon  of  St.  Bartholomew's,  Siuithfleld; 
wrote  'Brevlarium  Bartholomaei.'  [xxxviii.  50] 

MIRK,  JOHN  (/.  1403  ?),  prior  of  Lilleshall  in  Shrop- 
shire; wrote  'Liber  ffestialis,'  '  Manuale  Sacerdotum,' 
and  « Instructions  to  Parish  Priests.'  [rxxvili.  60] 

MISATJBIN,  JOHN  (d.  1734),  physician;  born  In 
France ;  M.D.  Cahora,  1687 ;  L.R.OJP.,  1719 ;  mentioned 
in  'Tom  Jones.'  [xxxviii.  51] 

MISSELDEN,  EDWARD  (/.  1608-1654),  merchant 
and  economic  writer;  deputy-governor  of  the  Merchant 
Adventurers'  Company  at  Delft,  1623-33  ;  commissioner 
at  Amsterdam  for  the  East  India  Company  to  negotiate  a 
Dutch  treaty,  1624,  and  to  obtain  satisfaction  for  the 
Amboyna  outrages,  1624-8 ;  endeavoured  to  thrust  the 
prayer-book  on  the  Merchant  Adventurers  at  Delft,  1633  ; 
published  '  Free  Trade,'  1622,  and  '  The  Circle  of  Com- 
merce,' 1623.  [xxxviii.  51] 

MISSON,  FRANCIS  MAXIMILIAN  (1656  9-1722), 
traveller  and  author :  French  refugee ;  became  tutor  to 
Charles  Butler,  afterwards  Earl  of  Arran,  1686 ;  published 
'  Voyage  d'ltalie,'  1691,  '  Memoires  et  Observations,'  1698, 
and  'Theatre  Sacre  dea  Oevennes,'  1707.  His  'Observa- 
tions '  form  a  humorous  descriptive  dictionary  of  London 
in  Queen  Anne's  reign.  [xxxviii.  52] 

MIST,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1737),  printer :  originally  a 
sailor ;  became  a  printer  and  started  the  '  Weekly  Journal,' 
1718,  afterwards  the  organ  of  the  Jacobites  ;  twice  arrested 
for  libel,  1717,  but  discharged  ;  assisted  by  Daniel  Defoe 
[q.  v.],  a  secret  agent  of  the  whig  government,  who 
became  '  translator  of  foreign  news '  for  the  '  Journal,' 
1717;  twice  examined,  1718,  but  discharged  through 
Defoe's  intervention :  found  guilty  of  scandalously  reflect- 
ing on  George  I's  interposition  in  favour  of  protestants 
abroad,  1720;  was  sentenced  to  the  pillory  and  three 
months'  imprisonment ;  arrested  and  fined  for  printing 
libels  on  the  government,  1723,  1724,  1727  ;  retired  to 
France,  1728 ;  died  at  Boulogne.  [xxxviii.  63] 

MISYN,  RICHARD  (d.  1462  ?),  Carmelite ;  probably 
bishop  of  Dromore,  1457,  and  suffragan  of  York ;  trans- 
lated Hampole's  '  De  Emendatione  Vita; '  and  '  Incendium 
Amoris'  into  English.  [xxxviii.  57] 

MTTAN,  JAMES  (1776-1822),  line-engraver ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1802-5  and  1818. 

[xxxviii.  57] 

MITAN,  SAMUEL  (1786-1843),  line-engraver; 
brother  of  James  Mitan  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  plates  of 
French  scenery,  1822.  [xxxviii.  58] 

MITAlfD,  LOUIS  HUGUENIN  DU  (Jt.  1816),  edu- 
cational writer;  born  in  Paris;  taught  languages  in 
London,  1777;  published  'New  Method  of  Teaching 
Languages,'  1778,  and  Greek  and  French  grammars ; 
edited  Boyer's  '  French  Dictionary,'  1816.  [xxxviii.  58] 

MITCH,  RICHARD  (ft.  1557),  lawyer;  educated  at 
Cambridge;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1643 ;  M.A.,  1644 ;  subsequently  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  advocate  of  Doctors'  Commons,  1559 ;  active 
opponent  at  Cambridge  of  the  reformed  religion  in  Mary's 
reign  ;  subsequently  went  abroad.  [xxxviii.  58] 

MITCHEL.    [See  also  MICHKLL  and  MITCHELL.] 

MTrCHEL,  JOHN  (1816-1875),  Irish  nationalist; 
matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1830 :  solicitor, 


1840;  aided  Repeal  Association,  IM:;  «;  ;  eiuplo>«i  on 
staff  of  tin:  •  Nation,'  1H45-7  ;  «Urted  the  •  Wwkly  :• 
man,1  1K1M;  tried  for  swlitiou  and  trautportal,  I 
escaped  to  Sun  Francisco,  18*3  ;  started  the  '  Citiien  '  at 
<-rk,  1H54;  farmer  and  lecturer,  1815;  edited  tu- 
'  Southern  Citizens,'  1867-9  ;  strenuously  opposed  aboli- 
tion :  edited  the  New  York  '  Dally  News,'  18«T*;nnauclal 
:u.--ni  of  the  Fenians  in  Paris,  1866-6  ;  started  and  con- 
ducted 'Irish  Citizen,'  1867-72;  elected  M.P.  for  Tip- 
perury,  1876,  but  a  new  writ  ordered  on  the  ground  that 
M.t.-lu'l  was  a  convicted  felon;  was  again  returned  by  a 
large  majority,  but  died  soon  after.  [xxxviit  58] 

MITCHEL,  JONATHAN  (1624  7-1668X  New  England 
divine  ;  went  to  America,  1686  ;  graduated  at  Harvard, 
1647  ;  fellow,  1650  ;  pastor  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
1662  ;  drew  up  petition  to  Charle*  II  respecting  the  colony's 
charter,  1664  ;  published  theological  w^rksT 


MITCHEL,  WILLIAM  (167J-1740  ? 
the  'Tiuklarian  Doctor';  tinsmith  in  West  Bow,  Edin- 
burgh, and  town  lamplighter,  1696-1707;  Issued  from 
1712  illiterate  pamphlets  dealing  with  religion  and  church 
politics.  [xxxvili.  61] 

MITCHELBURN.    [See  MICHELBORXK.] 
MITCHELL.    [See  also  MICHELL  and  MITCHEL.] 

MITCHELL,  ALEXANDER  (1780-1868),  civil  en- 
piueer;  invented  in  1842  the  Mitchell  screw-pile  and 
mooring,  a  simple  means  of  constructing  durable  light- 
houses In  deep  water  on  shifting  sands,  extensively  used 
in  India  and  the  breakwater  at  Portland,  [xxxviii.  62] 

MITCHELL,  ALEXANDER  FERRIER  (18S2-1899), 
Scottish  ecclesiastical  historian  ;  M.A.  St.  Mary's  College, 
St.  Andrews,  1841  ;  D.D.,  1862  ;  ordained  to  presbyterian 
ministry  of  Dunnichen,  1847  ;  member  of  general  assembly, 
1848  ;  professor  of  Hebrew,  St.  Mary's  College,  1848,  and 
of  divinity  and  ecclesiastical  history,  1868-94;  moderator 
of  church  of  Scotland,  1886  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1892  ; 
published  works  on  Scottish  ecclesiastical  history. 

[SuppL  ili.  177] 

MITCHELL,  SIB  ANDREW  (1708-1771),  diplomatist  ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Leydeu  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1738;  undersecretary  of  state  for  Scotland, 
1741-7;  M.P.,  Aberdeenshire,  1747,  Elgin  burghs,  1766 
and  1761  ;  British  envoy  to  Frederick  the  Great,  1756  ; 
accompanied  Frederick  during  the  seven  years'  war  ;  K.B., 
1765  ;  died  at  Berlin.  [xxxviii.  63] 

MITCHELL,  SIR  ANDREW  (1757-1806),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1771  ;  lieutenant,  1777  ;  rear-admiral,  1796  ; 

,  vice-admiral,  1799  ;  served  in  expedition  to  Holland,  17W; 

!  K.B.,  1800  ;  commanded  in  Channel  fleet,  1800  and  1801  : 
president  of  the  court-martial  for  mutiny  In  the  Channel 
fleet,  1801  ;  commander-in-chief  on  the  North  American 
station,  1802  ;  died  at  Bermuda.  [xxxviii.  64] 

MITCHELL,  CORNELIUS  (d.  1749  ?X  naval  captain  ; 
entered  navy,  1709  ;  lieutenant,  1720;  captain,  1731  :  met 
convoy  off  Cape  Nicolas  and  failed  to  engage  it,  1746; 
court-martialled,  1747,  and  cashiered.  [xxxviii.  66] 

MITCHELL,  SIR  DAVID  (1660  ?-1710),  vice-admiral  : 
pressed  into  the  navy,  1672  ;  lieutenant,  1678  ;  commander, 
1683  ;  captain  of  the  fleet,  1691  ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber  ; 
convoyed  William  III  to  Holland,  1693  ;  rear-admiral  of 
the  blue.  1693  ;  knighted,  1694  ;  vice-admiral,  1696  ;  con- 
voyed Peter  the  Great  to  England,  1698:  lord  com- 
missioner of  the  admiralty,  1699-1701  :  visited  Holland, 
'to  negotiate  matters  relating  to  the  sea,*  1709. 

[xxxviii.  66] 

MITCHELL,  HUGH  HENRY  (1770-1817),  colonel; 
ensign,  1782  ;  lieutenant,  1783  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1806; 
colonel,  1816;  C.B.,  1815;  served  with  distinction  at 
Waterloo.  [xxxviii.  67] 

MITCHELL  or  MITCHEL,  JAMES  (d.  1678),  fanatic  : 
graduated  at  Edinburgh,  1656  ;  joined  covenanter  rising, 
1666  ;  escaped  to  Holland,  1667  :  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
1668  ;  fired  at  James  Sharp,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew*, 
1668,  but  again  escaped  :  returned,  1673  ;  confessed  on 
receiving  promise  of  his  life,  but  denied  his  guilt  before 
the  justiciary  court,  1674  ;  imprisoned,  and,  In  1677, 
tortured,  but  persisted  In  his  denial  ;  tried  and  executed. 

[xxxviii.  67] 

MITCHELL,  JAMES  (1786  7-1844),  scientific  writer  ; 
M.A.  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1804; 

8  1 


MITCHELL 


MIVART 


LLJ).  Abttdeen :   secretary  to  insurance  com- 
Mrrtd  on  factory,  weaving,  and  colliery  com- 
1  Scottish  antiquities   and  published 
•dentiflc  works.  [««*«.  »] 

MITCHELL,  JAMBS  (1791-1852).  line-engraver. 

[xxxviii.  69] 

MITCHELL  or  MYCHELL,  JOHN  (./I.  1556),  printer  : 
at  Canterbury    compiled  'A  brevlat  Oronlde'  of  the 
Brut  to  the  year  1M1 :  printed  other  works. 
[xxxviiL  69] 

JOHN  (J.  1768),  botanist;  emigrated  to 
1700,  and  discovered  several  new  species  of 

«•  returned  to  England,  1748:  F.R.8.,  1748;  pub- 
besides  botanical  works,  '  A  Map  of  the  British  and 
French  Dominion.  In  North  America,'  '^^  70] 

MITCHELL.  JOHN  (1784-1859),  major-general ;  en- 
sign,  1801;  captain,  1807  ;  nerved  In  the  Peninsula  and 
Holland-  major.  1811 :  colonel,  1851;  major-general, 
IMS:  published  works.  Including  "The  Life  of  Walleu- 
steta,'  1837.  and  '  The  Pall  of  Napoleon,'  1846. 

[xxxviii.  70] 

MITCHELL.  JOHN  (1806-1874),  theatrical  manager  : 
introduced  various  foreign  plays,  actors,  and  musician* 
Into  England.  [xxxviii.  71] 

MITCHELL.  SIR  JOHN  (1804-1886).    [See  MICHEL.] 

MITCHELL,  JOHN  MITCHELL  (1789-1866).  anti- 
quary;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone  Mitchell 
[q.  v.] ;  Leith  merchant ;  acted  as  consul-general  for 
Belgium ;  published  miscellaneous  works,  including '  Mese- 
bowe:  Illustrations  of  the  Runic  Literature  of  Scandi- 
navia,' 1863.  [xxxviii.  71] 

MITCHELL.  JOSEPH  (1684-1738),  dramatist ;  settled 
In  London  under  the  patronage  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole ; 
published  dramas  and  lyric-.  [xxxviii.  72] 

MITCHELL,    PETER    (1821-1899),   Canadian    poli- 
at  Newcastle,  New  Brunswick;   called  to 


New  Brunswick  bar,  1848 :  member  of  provincial  assembly 
for  Northumberland,  1858 ;  member  of  New  Brunswick 
legislative  council,  1860 :  delegate  to  meeting  at  Quebec 
for  onion  of  British  America,  1864;  provincial  premier 
and  president  of  council,  1866 ;  strongly  advocated  federa- 
tion, and  on  proclamation  of  the  dominion  (1867)  became 
privy  councillor  of  Canada  and  dominion  minister  of 
marine  and  fisheries:  member  of  senate,  1867-72;  con- 
ducted fisheries  negotiations  with  United  States,  1869-71 ; 
edited 'Herald'  newspaper,  Montreal,  1873;  inspector  of 
fisheries,  1897.  [Suppl.  iii.  178] 

MITCHELL,  ROBERT  (/.  1800),  architect :  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  1782-98;  wrote  on  perspective, 
1801.  [xxxviii.  72] 

MITCHELL,  ROBERT  (1830-1873),  mezzotint  en- 
graver: son  of  James  Mitchell  (1791-1852)  [q.  v.] ;  etched 
plates  after  Landseer.  [xxxviii.  69] 

MITCHELL,  THOMAS  (A  1735-1790),  marine-painter 
and  naval  official ;  assistant-surveyor  of  the  navy ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1774-89.  [xxxviii.  73] 

MITCHELL,  THOMAS  (1783-1845),  classical 
scholar;  of  Christ's  Hospital  and  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A^  1809  ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge,  1809-18 ;  translated  plays  of  Aristophanes 
Into  English  verse,  1820-8 :  edited  plays  of  Aristophanes, 
1834-3,  and  Sophocles.  [xxxviii.  73] 

MITCHELL,  SIR  THOMAS  LIVINGSTONE  (1792- 
*»X  Australian  explorer;    brother  of  John   Mitchell 
itcbell  [q.  v.] ;  served  as  a  volunteer  In  the  Peninsula ; 
lieutenant,  1813 ;  captain,  1822 ;  major,  1826  :  surveyor- 
general  to  New  South  Wales,  1828  ;    surveyed  road  to 
wesUrn  plains  and  Bathuret,  1830 ;  made  four  explora- 
tions into  the  interior  of  Australia,  in  the  third  of  which 
be  proved  the  junction  of  the  Murray  with  the  Darling 
and  struck  the  Olenelg,  which  he  followed  to  the  sea, 
*''**&**'. ISS9-  endeavoured  to  find  an  overland 
oote  to  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  and  discovered  sources  of 
Barcoo,  184*-7 :  D.O.L.  of  Oxford  and  F.R.8. ;  published 
accounts  of  his  explorations ;  died  at  Darling  Point. 

.MITCHELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1811-18%"  maritime 
|  chief  Proprietor  and  editor  of  the  '  Shipping  and 
Mercantile  Oawlte;  1836;  Introduced  International  code 
Of  signal*  for  ships  ;  knighted,  1867.  [xxxviii.  76] 


MITCHELL,  Sm  WILLIAM  HENRY  FANOOURT 
(1811-1884),  Au>tr;ili;in  politician  ;  became  writer  in  the 
colonial  secretary's  office  in  Tasmania,  1833,  and  assistiint- 
colouial  secretary,  1839  ;  head  of  the  police  in  the  gold 
districts  of  Victoria,  1853  ;  postmaster-general  of  Victoria, 
1857-8;  commissioner  of  railways,  1861-3.  and  president 
of  the  council,  1870-84  ;  knighted,  1875.  [xxxviii.  76] 

MITFORD,  JOHN  (1782-1831),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
entered  navy,  1796  :  commanded  revenue  cutter  on  Iri-sh 
coast,  1804-6 ;  employed  by  Lady  Perceval,  who  had 
promised  to  secure  him  a  lucrative  appointment  in  the 
civil  service,  to  write  in  the  *  Star '  and  ' News '  in  sup- 
port of  Caroline,  princess  of  Wales ;  placed  in  a  private 
lunatic  asylum,  1812-13;  falsely  accused  of  perjury  and 
acquitted,  1814;  took  to  journalism;  became  a  drunkard 
and  fell  into  poverty.  [xxxviii.  77] 

MITFORD,  JOHN  (1781-1859),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1804  ;  combined  the  livings  of 
Benhall,  Weston  St.  Mary's,  and  Stratford  St.  Andrew ; 
formed  an  extensive  library,  principally  of  English 
poetry,  at  Beuhall ;  devoted  to  landscape  gardening ; 
edited  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1834-50,  Gray's 
'  Works,'  1814,  and  many  of  the  Aldine  editions  of  the 
poets ;  published  original  poems ;  his  collections  sold, 
1859.  [xxxviii.  78] 

MITFORD,  JOHN  FREEMAN-,  first  BARON  RRDES- 
I>ALE  (1748-1830),  brother  of  William  Mitford  [q.  v.]  ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1777  ;  practised  at  the  chancery 
bar;  M.P.,  Beeralston,  1788 ;  K.O.,  1789 ;  Welsh  judge,  1789 ; 
solicitor-general  and  knighted,  1793 ;  attorney-genenil, 
1799 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1801  ;  privy 
councillor,  1801:  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1802: 
created  Baron  Redesdale,  1802  ;  unpopular  in  Ireland 
through  his  opposition  to  catholic  emancipation ;  dismissed 
from  the  chancellorship,  1806 ;  opposed  repeal  of  Test 
and  Corporation  Acts;  supported  restrictions  on  corn; 
F.S.A.,1T94  ;  F.R.S.,1794 ;  published  treatise  on  pleadings 
in  chancery,  1780,  and  other  works,  chiefly  on  catholic 
emancipation.  [xxxviii.  80] 

MITFORD,  JOHN  THOMAS  FREEMAN-,  first  EARL 
OP  REDESDALK  (1805-1886),  son  of  John  Freeman- 
Mitford,  first  baron  Redesdale  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  New  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1828;  D.C.L., 
1853 ;  interested  himself  in  the  detail  of  parliamentary 
bills ;  chairman  of  committees,  1851 ;  carried  on  a  con- 
troversy in  the  press  with  Cardinal  Manning,  1875; 
opposed  the  divorce  laws  and  Irish  disestablishment ; 
created  Earl  of  Redesdale,  1877.  [xxxviii.  83] 

MTTFOED,  MARY  RUSSELL  (1787-1855),  novelist 
and  dramatist;  published  'Miscellaneous  Poems,'  1810; 
wrote  much  for  magazines;  contributed  'Our  Village' 
(sketches  of  country  life)  to  the  'Lady's  Magazine,' 
1819,  thereby  originating  a  new  branch  of  literature  : 
published  'Rienzi,'  a  tragedy,  1828;  published  'Belford 
Regis,'  1835,  and  '  Recollections  of  a  Literary  Life,'  1852 ; 
•Atherton,'  1854:  won  high  praise  from  Ruskin;  con- 
versationalist and  letter-writer.  [xxxviii.  84] 

MITFORD,  WILLIAM  (1744-1827),  historian  ; 
brother  of  John  Freeman-Mitford,  first  baron  Redesdale 
[q.v.];  matriculated  from  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1761; 
colonel  of  the  South  Hampshire  militia  with  Gibbon  ; 
wrote  at  Gibbon's  suggestion  '  History  of  Greece'  (pub- 
lished, 1784-1810),  which  became  very  popular;  M.P., 
Newport,  Cornwall,  1785-90;  Beeralston,  1796-1806, 
New  Romney,  1812-18 ;  published  some  miscellaneous 
works.  [xxxviii.  86] 

MTVART,  ST.  GEORGE  JACKSON  (1827-1900), 
biologist ;  studied  at  King's  College,  London ;  joined 
Roman  catholic  church  and  proceeded  to  St.  Mary's 
College,  Oscott;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1851;  member 
of  Royal  Institution,  1849  ;  F.H.S.,  1858 ;  lecturer  on 
comparative  anatomy  in  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London, 
1862  ;  F.L.S.,  1862  ;  secretary,  1874-80,  and  vice-president, 
1892 ;  F.R.S.,  1869 ;  professor  of  biology  at  Roman 
catholic  university  college,  Kensington,  1874;  received 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  pope,  1876  :  M.D.  Louvain, 
1884  ;  professor  of  philosophy  at  Louvain,  1890-3  ; 
excommunicated  by  Canlinal  Vaughan  in  consequence  of 
several  articles  contributed  to  the  '  Nineteenth  Century ' 
and  '  Fortnightly  Review '  (1885-1900)  in  which  he  re- 
pudiated ecclesiastical  authority  ;  published  biological, 
philosophical,  and  other  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  179] 


MOBERLY 


MOHUN 


MOBERLY,  GEORGE  (1803-1885),  bishop  of  Sails- 
bury  ;  of  Winchester  College  ami  Halliol  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  i::iiin-l  the  English  essay  prize,  1826;  fellow  and 
tutor  ut  Balliol,  182B :  M.  A  .  I'vj.s;  D.C.L.,  is?,. 
preacher,  1H33,  1858,  and  1863:  Hampton  lecturer,  1868; 
headmaster  of  \Vinehester  College,  1H35-66;  canon  of 
Chc-trr,  IMC.M  ;  bi<hop  of  Salisbury,  1869  ;  objected  to  the 
damnatory  clauses  in  the  A  t  hana-ian  creel,  1872  ;  opposed 
rontV.-Muii,  ls77  ;  publish"!  sermon*  ami  charges. 

[ x \  x  viii.  87] 

MOCHAEI  (-/.  497),  saint  ami  bishop  of  Aemlruim  : 
known  ;il-<»  :i-  Ciiilaii:  baptis.il  and  ordained  by  St. 
Patrick;  built  a  church  of  wattles  on  Mahee  island;  bU 
monastery  also  a  school.  [xxxviil.  88] 

MOCHAEMOO  or  PULCHERIUS,  SAINT  (d.  655), 
studied  under  St.  Comgall,  and  was  sent  as  a  missionary 
to  Tipperary  ;  granted  site  for  a  monastery  on  Lake 
Lurgan;  had  great  Influence  over  local  chieftains; 
credited  with  curing  blindness.  [xxxviii.  89] 

MOCHUA  or  CRONAN ,  SAINT  (680  ?-637),  educated 
by  St.  Cornwall ;  travelled  through  Armagh  and  Wrst- 
meath  into  Galway:  effected  many  cures  during  the 
yellow  plague;  miraculously  created  a  road  connecting 
Inishlee  with  the  mainland.  [xxxviii.  90] 

MOCHUDA  ((/.  636).  [See  CAUTHACH,  SAINT,  the 
younger.] 

MOCKET,  MOKET,  or  MOQTJET,  RICHARD  (1577- 
1618),  warden  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford  :  B.A.  Brase- 
nose  College,  Oxford,  1595  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford,  1599;  M.A.,  1600;  D.D.,  1609;  held  several 
livings ;  licensed  books  for  entry  at  Stationers'  Hall, 
1610-14;  warden  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1614;  said 
to  have  written  a  tract,  'God  and  the  King,'  1615,  which 
was  ordered  to  be  bought  by  every  householder  in  England 
and  Scotland ;  published  a  volume  of  theological  tracts 
(including  one  on  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction),  1616,  which 
was  condemned  to  be  burnt,  1617.  [xxxviii.  91] 

MOCKET,  THOMAS  (1602-1670?),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Queens' College,  Cambridge,  1631 ;  incorporated  M.  A. 
Oxford,  1639;  chaplain  to  John  Egerton,  first  earl  of 
Bridgewater  [q.  v.]  ;  rector  of  Gilston,  1648-60 ;  resigned 
Gilston  to  the  sequestered  rector,  1660;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [xxxviii.  91] 

MODESTX7S,  SAINT  (./*.  777),  missionary  to  the 
Carinthians  and  regiouary  bishop ;  of  Irish  birth ;  dis- 
ciple of  St.  Fergil  of  Salzburg  ;  founded  three  churches  in 
Carinthia ;  said  to  have  baptised  St.  Domitian ;  his  day 
5  Dec.  [xxxviii.  92] 

MODWENNA  or  MONINWE,  SAINT  (d.  518),  an  Irish 
princess  baptised  by  St.  Patrick :  travelled  with  other 
maidens  to  England  and  Scotland,  founding  churches; 
died  at  Dundee ;  buried  at  Burton-ou-Treut. 

[xxxviii.  92] 

MODYFORD,  SIR  JAMES,  baronet  (d.  1673),  mer- 
chant ;  colonial  agent  and  deputy-governor  of  Jamaica  ; 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Modyford  [q.  v.]  ;  served  the  Turkey 
Company  ;  knighted,  1660  ;  created  baronet,  1661 ;  visited 
Jamaica  and  sent  home  a  survey  and  description  of  the 
island,  1663;  agent  for  the  colony,  1664-6;  deputy- 
governor  and  chief  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  of 
Jamaica,  1667  ;  died  in  Jamaica.  [xxxviii.  93] 

MODYTORD,  SIR  THOMAS,  baronet  (1620  ?-1679), 
governor  of  Jamaica;  brother  of  Sir  James  Modyford 
[q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  went  to  Barbados, 
1647 ;  a  zealous  royalist,  afterwards  going  over  to  the 
parliamentarians  ;  governor  of  Barbados,  1660 ;  resigned 
to  become  speaker  of  the  assembly ;  created  baronet,  1664  : 
governor  of  Jamaica,  1664,  this  island  prospering  under 
his  rule;  accused  of  encouraging  piracy  and  sent 
home  under  arrest,  1671 ;  he  returned  to  Jamaica,  where 
be  died.  [xxxviii.  94] 

MOELES,  BALDWIN  OF  (d.  1100  ?).  [See  BALDWIN.] 

MOELMUD,  DYFNWAL  (fl.  500),  Northern  British 
prince  ;  in  legend  the  primitive  legislator  of  ,he  Britons ; 
probably  a  mythical  personage.  [xxxviii.  95] 

MOELS  or  MOLI8,  NICHOLAS  DK  (/  1250),  sene- 
schal of  Gascony ;  constantly  sent  abroad  a,*  a  royal  mes- 
senger, 1215-28;  sheriff  of  Hampshire  *ud  custos  of 
Winchester  Castle,  1228-32 ;  sheriff  of  York*  hire,  1239-41 : 
seneschal  of  Gascony,  1243-5 ;  when  warden,  established 


in  Oxford  Castle,  1254;  ward.-n  of  V.\i»\w 
port*,  1258  ;  had  cbargt  of  Sherborne  (fettle,  W,i 

[xxxviii.  M] 

MOETHETT,  THOMAS  (1530-16JO?).  [See  JOSW, 
THOMAS.] 

MOFFAT,  ROBERT  (1795-1883).  millenary:  was 
accepted  by  the  London  Mlwionary  Society,  1816 ;  tent  to 
Namaqualaud,  he  converted  the  chief,  Afrikaner;  married 
Mary  Smith,  IM'.i;  appointed  iuiprrintendentat  Lattakoo, 
I.HJM:  itexmnd  that  the  Mantatees  were  on  their  way 
to  take  Lattakoo,aud  secured  assistance  from  tbeGriqua* : 
COI..IH -ilii!  by  the  rextleuneat  of  the  native*  to  seek  refuge 
at  iirii|uatown,  1824,  the  minion  station  being  moved  to 
Kurun.an.  Is-.v,  :  .  omiuenced  learning  the  Sechwana  lan- 
guage ;  ttlMd  many  convert*  ;  completed  hi*  translation 
of  n,r  New  Testament,  1839,  and  visited  England,  1  SW- 
IM:!;  met,  ami  secure!  for  tbe  Bakwana  iniscion,  David 
Livingstone,  who  (1844)  married  bis  daughter,  Mary 
Moffat;  established  (1859)  a  mission  station  among  tbe 
Matabeles,  but  was  obliged  by  failing  health  to  leave 
Africa,  1870  ;  translated  into  Sechwana  tbe  Old  and  New 
testaments  and  'Pilgrim's  Progress,'  and  compiled  a 
Sechwaua  hymn-book,  besides  writing  books  on  South 
African  mission  work,  of  which  he  was  tbe  pioneer. 

[xxxviii.  97] 

MOFFATT,  JOHN  MARKS  (d.  1802),  antiquary  and 
dissenting  minister ;  published  a  history  of  Malmesbury, 
1805.  [xxxviii.  97] 

MOFFETT,  PETER  (d.  1617),  divine:  brother  of 
Thomas  Moffett  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of  Fobbing,  1592-1817 ; 
published  scripture  commentaries.  [xxxviii.  101] 

MOFFETT,  MplTFET.  or  MUFFET,  THOMAS 
(1553-1604),  physician  and  author;  brother  of  Peter 
Moffett  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
London  ;  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1569,  but  B.A.  Caius  College,  1672 ;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1576,  and  expelled  from  Cains  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  studied  medicine  at  Cambridge  and  Basle :  M.D. 
Basle,  1678 ;  visited  Italy,  Spain,  and  Germany,  1679-82  ; 
published  'De  Jure  et  Pnestantia  Chemicorum  Medica- 
mentorum  Dialogue  Apologeticus,'  1684 :  practised  at 
Ipswich  and  afterwards  in  London:  F.R.O.P.,  1688;  at- 
tended Anne,  duchess  of  Somerset,  widow  of  the  Protector, 
1586,  and  attested  her  will ;  patronised  by  Henry  Herbert, 
second  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.],  who  induced  him  to 
settle  at  Wilton :  M.P.,  Wilton,  1597 :  published  an  in- 
teresting poem  on  the  silkworm,  1599 :  two  scientific 
works  by  him  published,  1634  and  1656.  [xxxviii.  101] 

MOOFORD,  THOMAS  (1809-1868),  portrait  and  land- 
scape painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1838-46. 

[xxxviii.  103] 

MOGRIDGE,  GEORGE  (1787-1854),  miscellaneous 
writer;  published,  under  his  own  name  ami  various 
pseudonyms,  tales  and  religious  books  for  children,  and 
religious  tracts  and  ballads.  [xxxviii.  104] 

MOHL,  MADAMK  MARY  (1793-1883X  n^.  Clarke; 
educated  in  a  convent  school ;  visited  Madame  lU-camier, 
1831-49,  and  Chateaubriand  ;  married  Julius  Mohl,  the 
orientalist,  1847:  her  receptions  in  Paris  attended  by 
most  literary  and  other  celebrities  for  nearly  forty  years. 

[xxxviii.  104] 

MOHTTN,  CHARLES,  fifth  BARON  MOHUN  (1676?- 
1712),   duellist:    fought  his   first  recorded   duel,  1692; 
I  arrested  for    being  concerned  in  the  death  of  William 
I  Mountfort  [q.  v.],  but  acquitted  before  his  peers,  1693 ; 
I  volunteered  for  the  Brest  expedition,  1694 ;  made  captain 
of  horse,  1694  ;  distinguished  himself  in  Flanders  ;  fought 
a  duel  with    Captain   Richard   Cook,  1699;   became  a 
staunch  supporter  of  the  whigs  :  attended  Charlw  Gerard, 
second  earl  of  Macclesfleld  [q.  v.],  as  envoy  extraordinary 
to  Hanover,  1701 ;  entered  on  a  complicated  dispute  with 
James  Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  concern- 
ing MacclesfieUl's  real  estate,  and  challenged  the  duke  to  a 
duel,  in  which  both  combatants  were  mortally  wounded, 
1712.     This   duel   forms  an  incident    in    Thackeray's 
'Esmond.'  [xxxviiL  106] 

MOHTJN,  JOHN  DK  (1270 ?-1330),  baron;  lord  of 
Dunster  in  Somerset:  great-grandson  of  Reginald  de 
Mohun  [q.  v.] ;  a  prominent  figure  in  tbe  reigns  of 
Edward  I  and  II ;  granted  charter*  to  Dunster  and  Bruton 


priories. 


[xxxviii.  107] 

3L  2 


MOHUN 


884 


MOLINES 


r  JOHN  DR(1WO-1376),  baron  :  lord  of  Duns- 
'    of  John  de  Mohun  (1270?-13_30)  [q.  v.] ; 


ii  o     on  -  .    . 

«n      in  Scotland  and  Prance  ;  an  original  E.G.  ;  gave  a 
Sr  to  tSuSnta  of  Dunster.  [*«vill.  108] 

MOHTTN   JOHN,  flret  BARON  MOHUN  (1592?-1640), 
*  .    •,        il   iwlitu'ian:   B.A.  Exeter   College,   Oxford, 
?7t«3ent  at  the  Middle  Temple,  1610;  M.P^Q- 
1625;  created  Baron 


MOHUH,  MICHAEL  (1MO?-1684),  actor;  performed 
r  Bemton  at  the  Cockpit  :  entered  the  royalist  army  ; 


;  to  Flanders  and  attained  the  rank  of  major  :  resumed 
»  at  the  Restoration,  joining  Killigrew's  company  ; 
,  of  hi.  part,  original  ;  played  •««*  *Hart  ^ 

MOHTTir  MOUN,  or  MOYTJN,  RRGINALD  DR 
(rf.  1247Y,  sometimes  called  Earl  of  Somerset:  great-grand- 
•oo  of  William  de  Mohun  (/f.  1141)  [q.  v.]  ;  sat  among 
the  king's  justice*.  1284  :  founded  Newnham  Abbey,  1246  : 
•aid  to  hare  received  bis  title  Earl  of  Somerset  from  the 
;  benefactor  of  Oleeve  Abbey  and  other  religious 
[xxxvm.  Ill] 


MOHUN  or  MOION,  WILLIAM  DK  (fl.  1066),  baron 
and  sheriff  of  Somerset  ;  a  Norman  who  followed  William 
the  Conqueror  to  England,  1066  :  received  manors  in  the 
west  of  England,  was  sheriff  of  Somerset,  and  (c.  1095) 
Dunxter  priory.  [xxxviii.  112] 


Momnr,  MOIOH,  or  MOYNE,  WILLIAM  DK,  EARL 

OF  SOMKRHBT  or  DORSET  (Jl.  1141),  son  of  William  de 


[q.  v.]  ;  row  against  Stephen,  1138:  marched  to 
the  siege  of  Winchester,  1141,  with  Matilda,  who  created 
him  Earl  of  Dorset  or  Somerset  ;  founded  Brutou  priory, 
1UJ.  [xxxviii.  112] 

MOOmnrO,  SAINT  (./.  570),  suffragan  bishop  of 
Clonfert  ;  a  disciple  of  St.  Brendan.  [xxxviii.  113] 

MOIR,  DAVID  MACBETH  (1798-1861),  physician 
and  author  ;  known  as  Delta  (A)  :  obtained  his  surgeon's 
diploma,  1816;  practised  in  Mnsselburgh;  became  a 
regular  writer  of  essays  and  serious  verse  for  a  number 
of  magazine*  and  of  jfux  d'rtprU  for  '  Blackwood's,'  for 
which  be  wrote  '  The  Autobiography  of  Mansie  Waiich  ' 
(republished,  1828)  ;  published  works,  including  '  Outlines 
of  the  Ancient  History  of  Medicine,'  1831. 

[xxxviii.  113] 

MOIR,  GBORQB  (1800-1870),  advocate  and  author  ; 
advocate,  1825;  became  acquainted  with  Sir  William 
Hamilton,  1788-1856  [q.  v.]  and  Thomas  Carlyle  [q.  v.]  ; 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  bellti  lettret  at  Edinburgh,  1835- 
1840  ;  sheriff  of  Ross  and  Oromarty,  1855-9  ;  sheriff  of 


1859 ;  professor  of  Scots  law,  1864 ;  wrote 
OB  Scots  law  and  translated  Schiller's  'Piccolomini '  and 
•  Walienstdn,'  1827,  and '  Thirty  Years'  War,'  1828. 

[xxxviii.  114] 

MOIRA,  EARL  OP.  [See  HASTINGS,  FRANCIS  RAW- 
DON-,  second  EARL,  1754-1826.] 

MOI8E8,  HUGH  (1722-1806),  schoolmaster;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1745 ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1749;  head-master  (1749-87)  of  New- 
rafctk-on-Tyue  grammar  school,  which  he  raised  to  a 
high  state  of  efficiency  ;  rector  of  Greys toke,  1787. 

[xxxviii.  115] 

MOIVRE,  ABRAHAM  DK  (1667-1754),  mathema- 
tician :  born  at  Vitry ;  educated  at  Sedan  and  Namur ; 
devoted  himself  to  mathematics  in  Paris  under  Ozanam ; 
came  to  London,  1688 ;  F.R.S.,  1697 ;  commissioner  to 
arbitrate  on  the  claims  of  Newton  and  Leibnitz  to  the 
invention  of  the  infinitesimal  calculus,  1712 ;  wrote  on 
fluxions,  1894,  on  the  doctrine  of  chances,  1711  and  1718, 
and  on  life  annuities,  1725.  published  'Miscellanea  Ana- 
lytica,'  1730,  in  which  his  method  of  recurring  series 
created  •  imaginary  trigonometry.'  [xxxviii.  116] 

MOLAOA  or  MOLACA  (Jl.  650),  Irish  saint ;  baptised 
by  St.  Ouimln  ;  travelled  through  Ulster,  Scotland,  and 
wales ;  cured  the  king  of  Dublin,  who  gave  him  a  town 
la  Ptngal,  where  he  erected  a  church :  confessor  to  the 
king  of  Tulachmln,  at  which  place  he  founded  a  sanctuary 
and  arrested  the  yellow  plague,  [xxxviii.  117] 

MOLAI88I  (53S-M*X  Irish  saint ;  founded  a  church 
on  an  island  In  Loch  Erne ;  made  pilgrimage  to  Rome. 

[xxxviii.  118] 

MOLE,   JOHN   (1748-1827),   mathematician;    farm 
opened  school  at  Nactou,  1773 ;  removed  to 


Witneehnin,  1793 ;  wrote  books  on  algebra,  1788  and 
1809.  [xxxviii.  118] 

MOLE,  JOHN  HENRY  (1814-1886),  water-colour 
painter ;  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters 
in  Water-colours,  1S7».  [xxxviiL  118] 

MOLESWORTH,  JOHN,  second  VISCOUNT  Mou:s- 
WOKTH  (1679-1726),  ambassador  in  Tuscany  and  Turin  ; 
son  of  Robert  Molesworth,  first  viscount  [q.  v.] ;  com- 
missioner of  trade  and  plantations,  1715.  [xxxviii.  122] 

MOLESWORTH,  JOHN  EDWARD  NASSAU  (1790- 
1877)  vicar  of  Rochdale;  great-grandson  of  Robert  Moles- 
worth  first  viscount  [q.  v.] ;  graduated  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1K17  :  D.D.,  1838;  curate  of  Millbrook, 
1812-28 ;  vicar  of  Rochdale,  1840 ;  started  and  edited 
'  Penny  Sunday  Reader ' ;  opposed  Bright  on  the  aboli- 
tion of  church  rates  ;  promoted  the  Rochdale  Vicarage 
Act,  1866  ;  which  converted  thirteen  chapels  of  ease  into 
parish  churches  ;  had  a  misunderstanding  with  Bishop 
Prince  Lee  of  Manchester ;  published  pamphlets  and 
sermons.  [xxxviii.  119] 

MOLESWORTH,    HON.    MARY    (d.    1715).      [See 

MoNTK.] 

MOLESWORTH,  RICHARD,  third  VISCOUNT  MOLES- 
WORTH  (1680-1768),  field-marshal ;  son  of  Robert  Moles- 
worth,  first  viscount  [q.  v.]  ;  abandoned  law  to  join  the 
army  in  Holland;  present  at  Blenheim,  1704;  saved 
Marlborough's  life  at  Ramillies,  1706  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1707;  colonel,  1710:  lieutenant  of  the  ordnance  in  Ire- 
laud,  1714:  M.P.,  Swords,  1714;  served  against  the 
Jacobites,  1715 ;  succeeded  as  Viscount  Molesworth,  1731 ; 
Irish  privy  councillor,  1735  ;  major-general,  1735  ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1742  ;  general  of  horse,  1746  ;  commander- 
in-chief  in  Ireland,  1751 ;  field-marshal,  1757. 

[xxxviii.  120] 

MOLESWORTH,  ROBERT,  first  VISCOUNT  MOLES- 
WORTH  (1656-1725),  educated  at  Dublin  ;  supported  the 
Prince  of  Orange  in  Ireland,  1688 ;  sent  on  missions  to 
Denmark,  1689  and  1692,  where  he  gave  serious  offence ; 
returned  to  Ireland,  1695 ;  M.P.,  Dublin,  1695,  Swords 
(Irish  parliament),  1703-5,  Lostwithiel  and  East  Retford 
(English  parliament),  1705-8;  Irish  P.O.,  1697;  after 
George  I's  accession  sat  for  St.  Michael's  ;  created  Baron 
Molesworth  of  Philipstowu  and  Viscount  Molesworth  of 
Swords,  1719;  published  pamphlets  and  an  'Account  of 
Denmark,'  1692.  [xxxviii.  121] 

MOLESWORTH,  Sm  WILLIAM,  eighth  baronet 
(1810-1855),  politician ;  educated  at  Offenbach  near 
Frankfort ;  entered  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  but, 
offering  to  fight  a  duel  with  his  tutor,  was  expelled ; 
finished  his  education  at  Edinburgh  ;  travelled  in  the 
south  of  Europe;  M.P.,  East  Cornwall,  1832  and  1835; 
started  '  London  Review,'  1835 ;  supported  all  measures 
for  colonial  self-government ;  M.P.,  Leeds,  1837  ;  South- 
wark,  1845 ;  first  commissioner  of  the  board  of  works 
in  Lord  Aberdeen's  government,  1853  ;  colonial  secretary 
in  Lord  Palmerston's  government,  1855  ;  first  opened  Kew 
Gardens  on  Sunday  ;  edited  Hobbes's  'Works,'  1839-45. 

[xxxviii.  123] 

MOLESWORTH,  WILLIAM  NASSAU  (1816-1890), 
historian;  son  of  John  Edward  Nassau  Molesworth 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1839 ;  M.A., 
1842  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Clement's,  Spotland,  near  Roch- 
dale, 1844-89;  honorary  canon  of  Manchester,  1881; 
LL.D.  Glasgow,  1883 ;  chief  work,  '  History  of  England 
from  1830 '  (published,  1871-3).  [xxxviii.  125] 

MOLEYNS,  BARON.  [See  HUNOEKPORD,  ROBKRT, 
1431-1464.] 

MOLEYNS,  ADAM  (rf.  1450).    [See  MOLYNKUX.] 

MOLINES  or  MULLEN,  ALLAN  (d.  1690),  ana- 
tomist; M.D.  Dublin,  1686;  F.R.S.,  1683;  went  to 
Barbados,  1690  ;  wrote  on  human  and  comparative  ana- 
tomy ;  made  discoveries  in  connection  with  the.  eye ; 
died  in  Barbados.  •  [xxxviii.  125] 

MOLINES,  EDWARD  (d.  1663),  surgeon;  son  of 
James  Mol  nes  (d.  1639)  [q.  v.]  ;  surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's 
and  St.  Bai  tholomew's  hospitals,  London  ;  fought  in  the 
royalist  aruw  and  was  expelled  from  his  offices  ;  restored, 
1660.  [xxxviii.  126] 

MOLINxS,  MOLEYNS,  or  MULLINS,  JAMES 
(d.  1639),  suvgeon  ;  warden  of  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Com- 
pany, 1625;  master,  1632;  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew 
and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals,  London.  [xxxviii.  126] 


MOLINES 


MOMPES80N 


MOLINES,  JAMKS  (ft.  1675),  surgeon;  COIIMII  of 
James  Moliues  (1628-1686)  [<i.  v.] ;  left  manuscript  notes 
on  the  surgical  practice  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  lx>ndon. 

[xxxviii.  126] 

MOEINES,  JAMES  (1628-1686),  surgeon;  son  of 
Edward  Moliues  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pital, London,  16G3  ;  surgeon-in-ordinary  to  Oharles  II 
aud  James  II ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1681.  [xxxviii.  126] 

MOLINES,  MOLYN8,  or  MOLEYN8,  Sm  JiiHN  UK 
(d.  1362  ?),  soldier  ;  assisted  William  de  MoutacuU-  [i,.  v.] 
to  arrest  Mortimer,  1330 ;  received  grants  of  land  from 
Edward  III  ;  served  in  the  Scottish  ware,  1336-8  ;  appre- 
hrndfd,  1340;  escaped  from  the  Tower  of  London; 
pardoned,  1345 ;  served  against  the  French,  1346-7 ; 
steward  to  Queen  Philippa,  1352  ;  probably  died  in  Cam- 
bridge guol :  benefactor  of  St.  Mary  Overy,  Southwurk, 
and  .St.  Frideswide's,  Oxford.  [xxxviii.  127] 

MOLINES,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1680),  author  of  •  Myo- 
tomia,'  a  manual  of  dissection,  1680.  [xxxviii.  126] 

MOLLNEUX,  THOMAS  (1759-1850),  stenographer  ; 
writing-master  at  Macclesfleld  grammar  school,  1776 ; 
published  works  on  Byrom's  shorthand,  [xxxviii.  128] 

MOLINS,  LEWIS  DU  (1606-1680).    [See  MOCUN.] 

MOLL,  HERMAN  (d.  1732),  geographer ;  of  Dutch 
nationality  ;  came  to  London,  1698 :  published  works  on 
geography  and  maps  of  all  parts  of  the  world. 

[xxxviii.  128] 

MOLLLNEUX,  HENRY  (d.  1719),  quaker ;  impri- 
soned in  Lancaster  Castle,  1684  and  1690;  wrote  in 
defence  of  quaker  principles.  [xxxviii.  130] 

MOLLING  (d.  696).    [See  DAIRCELL  or  TAIRCKLL.] 

MOLLOY,  CHARLES  (1646-1690),  legal  writer; 
entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1663 ;  migrated  to  Gray's  Inn, 
1669  ;  published  treatise  on  maritime  law  and  commerce, 
1676.  [xxxviii.  130] 

MOLLOY,  CHARLES  (d.  1767),  journalist  and  dra- 
matist ;  author  of  three  comedies ;  adopted  whig  jour- 
nalism and  contributed  to  '  Fog's  Weekly  Journal '  and 
'  Common  Sense,'  1737-9.  [xxxviii.  130] 

MOLLOY  or  O'MAOLMHUALDH,  FRANCIS  (/.1660), 
theologian  and  grammarian ;  appointed  theological  pro- 
fessor at  St.  Isidore's  College,  Rome ;  acted  as  Irish  agent 
at  the  papal  court ;  wrote  on  theology  and  compiled  a 
grammar  of  the  Irish  language  in  Latin,  1677. 

[xxxviii.  131] 

MOLTENO,  Sm  JOHN  CHARLES  (1814-1886),  South 
African  statesman ;  went  to  Cape  Town,  where  he  was 
employed  in  public  library,  1831 ;  started  commercial 
business,  1837  ;  engaged  in  wool  trade  in  the  great  Karoo, 
1841-52  ;  burgher  and  commandant  in  Kaffir  war,  1846  ; 
returned  to  mercantile  pursuits,  1852 ;  first  member  for 
Beaufort  in  Cape  legislative  assembly,  1854;  advocated 
responsible  government  and  became  first  Cape  premier, 
1872 ;  came  into  conflict  on  questions  of  policy  and  ad- 
ministration with  Sir  Henry  Bartle  Edward  Frere  [q.  v.], 
who  dismissed  him  from  office,  1878 ;  colonial  secretary, 
1881-2  ;  K.O.M.G.,  1882.  [Suppl.  Hi.  181] 

MOLUA,  SAINT  (554  ?-608  ?).    [See  LI;<;II>.] 

MOLYNEUX,  MOLEYNS,  or  MOLINS,  ADAM  DE 
(d.  1450),  bishop  of  Chichester;  clerk  of  the  council, 
1436-41 ;  archdeacon  of  Taunton,  144U  ;  prebendary  Of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1440 ;  archdeacon  of  Salisbury,  1441 ; 
employed  on  diplomatic  missions  abroad ;  keeper  of  the 
privy  seal,  1444 ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1446-50  :  con- 
sidered responsible  for  the  unpopular  peace  negotiations 
which  led  to'the  surrender  of  Maine  and  Anjou ;  mortally 
wounded  in  a  riot  over  the  payment  of  the  sailors  at 
Portsmouth.  [xxxviii.  131] 

MOLYNEUX,  CARYLL,  third  VISCOUNT  MARY- 
BOROUGH  (1621-1699),  son  of  Sir  Richard  Molyueux, 
second  viscount  Maryborough  [q.  v.] ;  royalist  in  civil 
war :  lord-lieutenant  of  Lancashire ;  arrested  on  charge 
of  treason,  1694,  but  acquitted.  [xxxviii.  1:15] 

MOLYNEUX,  Sm  EDMUND  (d.  1552),  judge  ;  B.A. 
Oxford,  1510  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1510  ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1542;  K.B.,  1547;  on  the  council  of  the  north,  1549; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1560.  [xxxviii.  133] 

MOLYNEUX,  EDMUND  (ft.  1587),  biographer ;  son 
of  Sir  Edmund  Molyueux  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Sir  Henry 


Sidney  [q.  T.]  to  Ireland :  acted  as  clerk  to  the  council 
there;  reported  on  state  of  Ireland,  1578;  oouUttmted 
biographies  of  the  Sidneys  to  Holinsbed's  •  Chronicle* ' 
cd.  15K7).  [xxxvui.  113] 

MOLYNEUX,  MU  UK  IIAK1)  ,,/.  1419),  soldier; 
chief  forester  of  West  Derbyshire,  1446 ;  constable  of 
Liverpool,  1446  ;  sided  with  Henry  VI  in  the  wars  of  the 
Roses  ;  fell  at  Bloore  Heath.  [xxxvui.  1S4] 

MOLYNEUX,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  VWCOUXT  MARY- 
HoKorcui  (1593-1636X  receiver-general  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster  ;  created  Viscount  Molyneux  of  Maryborough 
(Irish  peerage),  1628.  [xxxvui.  Itt] 

MOLYNEUX,  8m  RICHARD,  second  Vwoomrr 
MARYBOROUGH  (1617  7-1654  ?),  son  of  Sir  Richard  Moly- 
neux, first  viscount  Maryborough  [q.  v.] :  raised  two 
royalist  regiments ;  defeated  at  Wlmlley,  1643,  aud  at 
Orinskirk,  1644 ;  escaped  after  battle  of  Worcester,  1661. 

MOLYNEUX,  SAMUEL  (1689-1728),  astronomer  and 
politician ;  son  of  William  Molyneux  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  171U:  visited  England  and  Holland :  sent 
to  Hanover  :  F.RA,  1712 ;  secretary  to  George,  prince  of 
Wales:  M.P.,  Bossiney,  1715, St.  Mawes,  1726, and  Exeter 
(British  parliament),  1727;  M.P.,  Dublin  University 
(Irish  parliament),  1727;  successfully  experimented  on 
construction  of  reflecting  telescope*,  1724;  endeavoured 
to  determine  stellar  annular  parallax ;  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1727  ;  privy  councillor  of  England  and  Ire- 
land, [xxxviii.  136] 

MOLYNEUX  or  MOLUTEL,  SIR  THOMAS  (1631- 
1597),  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland ;  born  at 
Calais ;  surveyor  of  victuals  for  the  army  in  Ireland, 
1678 ;  chancellor  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1690. 

[xxxviii.  137] 

MOLYNEUX,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1661- 
1733),  physician  ;  brother  of  William  Molyneux  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  and  M.B.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1683;  visited 
London,  Cambridge,  and  Oxford;  corresponded  with 
Locke ;  entered  Leydeu  University,  1683 ;  M.D.  Dublin, 
1687 ;  F.KS.,  1687  ;  practised  in  Dublin ;  president,  Irish 
College  of  Physicians,  1702, 1709, 1713,  and  1720:  professor 
of  medicine,  Dublin,  1717  ;  created  baronet,  1730  ;  several 
of  hte  zoological  papers  the  first  upon  their  subjects. 

[xxxviii.  137] 

MOLYNEUX,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1483-1548),  soldier; 
a  leader  at  Flodden  Field,  1513,  where  he  took  two  Scot- 
tish banners  ;  joined  Derby's  Bailee  expedition,  1536. 

[xxxviii.  134] 

MOLYNEUX,  WILLIAM  (1656-1698),  philosopher; 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Molyneux  (1661-1733)  [q.  v.]; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1675 ;  studied  philosophy  and  applied  mathematics  ;  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  king's  buildings,  1684-8 :  F.R&, 
1685;  commissioner  for  army  accounts,  1690;  M.Pn 
Dublin  University,  1692  and  1695  ;  wrote  on  philosophy 
and  optics ;  best  known  as  the  author  of  '  The  Case  of 
Ireland's  being  bound  by  Acts  of  Parliament  in  England 
stated,' 1698.  [xxxviii.  138] 

MOLYNS,  JOHN  (d.  1591),  divine:  M.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1645;  D.D.,  1566;  reader  in  Greek  at 
Frankfurt  during  Queen  Mary's  reign ;  canon  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1559 ;  archdeacon  of  London,  1569 ;  en- 
dowed two  scholarships  at  bis  college,  Oxford. 

[xxxviii.  141] 

MOMERIE,  ALFRED  WILLIAMS  (1848-1900),  di- 
vine ;  educated  at  City  of  London  School  and  Edinburgh 
University ;  M.A.,  1875  ;  D.Sc.,  1876 :  entered  St  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1876 ;  B.A.,  1878 ;  M.A.,  1881 ;  or- 
dained priest,  1879  ;  fellow  of  his  college,  1880 ;  professor 
of  logic  and  mental  philosophy,  King's  College,  London, 
1880-91 ;  published  sermons  and  works  on  philosophy  of 
Christianity.  [Suppl.  liL  183] 

MOMPES80N,  Sm  GILES  (1684-1661  ?),  politician  : 
M.P.,  Great  Bedwin,  1614  ;  suggested  creation  of  licensing 
commission,  1616 ;  made  one  of  the  commissioners  and 
knighted,  1617;  charged  exorbitant  fees  and  exacted 
heavy  flues ;  gold  and  silver  thread  commissioner,  1618 ; 
surveyor  of  the  New  River  Company  profits,  1619 ;  re- 
ceived charcoal  licence,  1620 ;  committed  to  the  care  of 
the  serjeant-at-arms,  the  House  of  Commons  having  or- 
dered an  investigation  of  the  licensing  patent,  16S1; 
escaped  to  France ;  his  sentence,  degradation  from  knight- 


MOMPESSON 


MONCKTON 


.  mid  a  fine  of  10,000*. ;  per- 
to  BMt""1  on  private  I.JIMIK— .,  1>.-J3. 
ment  in  Wiltshire ;  possibly  the  original 
Sir  Giles  Overreach.  [xxxviii.  141] 

WILLIAM  (16W-1709),  hero  of  the 

,_ Byam':  MA.  Peterbouse,  Cambridge,  1662; 

rector  at  Byam,  Derbyshire,  1664  ;  persuaded  the  people 
to  confine  themselves  to  the  village,  plague  infection 
having  reached  Eyam,  1686,  receiving  necessaries  in 
exchange  for  money  placed  in  running  water  ;  rector  of 
Baking;  1669  ;  prebendary  of  Southwell  (1676)  and  York. 

[xxxviii.  143] 

MOW  AH  AN,  JAMBS  HENRY  (1804-1878),  Irish 
judge;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1823  ;  called  to  the 
Irish  bar,  1828:  Q.C.,1840;  solicitor-general  for  Ireland, 
1846:  attorney-general,  1847:  Irish  privy  councillor, 
1818;  conducted  revolutionary  prosecutions,  1848:  chief- 
jortloe  of  common  pleas,  1860 ;  LL.D.  Dublin,  1860 ;  com- 
•  of  national  education,  1861.  [xxxviii.  144] 


MONAXY,  PETER  (1670V-1749),  marine-painter ; 
native  of  Jersey  ;  devoted  himself  in  London  to  drawing 
shipping;  painted  part*  of  the  decorative  paintings  at 
VattxhSl,  London.  [xxxviii.  146] 

XONAN,  SAINT  (rf.  876?),  missionary  in  Fifeshire; 
is  said  to  have  preached  in  Fifeshire,  and  been  martyred 
by  the  Danes  in  the  Isle  of  May  in  the  Firth  of  Forth. 

[xxxviii.  146] 

MONBODDO,    LORD    (1714-1799).     [See    BURXKTT, 


MONCK.    [See  also  MONK.] 

MONCK.  8m  CHARLES  STANLEY,  fourth  Vis- 
couxr  MONCK  in  Irish  peerage  and  Bret  BAKOX  MONCK 
in  peerage  of  United  Kingdom  (1819-1894),  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1H41  :  LLJX,  1870;  called  to  Irish  bar 
at  King's  Inn,  Dublin,  1841;  succeeded  as  viscount, 
1849:  liberal  M.P.  for  Portsmouth,  1852  ;  lord  of  treasury, 
1865-8 ;  captain-general  and  governor-in-chief  of  Canada 
and  governor-general  of  British  North  America,  1861 ; 
received  renewal  of  appointment,  with  title  of  governor- 
general  of  Dominion  of  Canada,  1866 ;  privy  councillor 
of  Canada,  1867;  resigned  office,  1868,  after  inaugurating 
the  federation ;  created  Baron  Monck  of  Ballytramuion, 
1866  ;  O.O.M.G.  and  privy  councillor,  1869 ;  on  commission 
to  carry  out  provisions  of  new  Irish  Laud  Acts,  1882-4. 

[SuppL  iii.  183] 

MONCK,  CHRISTOPHER,  second  DUKK  OF  ALBE- 
MARLK  (1653-1688),  son  of  George  Monck,  first  duke 
of  Albemarlc  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  title,  1670;  K.G.,  1670 ; 
colonel  of  foot  regiment,  1673 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Devon- 
shire and  joint  lord-lieutenant  of  Essex,  1675,  and  Wilt- 
shire, 1681 ;  colonel  of  the  1st  horse  guards  and  captain 
of  all  king's  guards  of  horse,  1679 :  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1682;  raised  Devon  and  Cornwall 
militia  against  Moumouth,  1686 ;  governor-general  of 
Jamaica,  1687  ;  died  in  Jamaica.  [xxxviii.  146] 

MONCK  or  HONK,  GEORGE,  first  DOKE  OP  A  i,m> 
MARLK  (1608-1670),  volunteered  for  Cadiz  expedition, 
1626 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Breda,  1637,  aud  in  the 
Scottish  troubles,  1640 ;  served  against  the  Irish  rebels  in 
command  of  a  foot  regiment ;  returned  with  Irish  troops 
to  help  Charle»  I ;  taken  prisoner  by  Fairfax  at  Naut- 
wich,  1844,  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
offered  command  in  Ireland  by  the  parliament  on  condi- 
tion of  taking  the  negative  oath,  after  which  he  became 
•dtntant-geoeral  and  governor  of  Ulster,  1647 ;  captured 
Robert  Moan  [q.  v.],  commander  of  the  royalist  Scots  in 
Ireland,  164H ;  a*  governor  of  Carrickfergus,  concluded  a 
cessation  ..f  arms  with  « •'N.-.ll,  1049 ;  thereupon  forced  by 

ils  discontented  soldiers  to  nurrender  Dundalk,  1649; 
proceeded  to  England  and  wua  censured  by  parliament, 
•  t  with  Cromwell  to  Scotland,  a  new  regiment 
having  been  formed  (which  became  the  Ooldstream 
guards),  1660 :  appointed  lieutenant-general  of  the  ord- 
nance and  left  commas  ler-ln-chief  in  Scotland,  1651 ; 
eonptetad  conquest  of  Scotland,  1652;  admiral  (1662), 
JghUng  in  the  three  great  battles  which  practically  ended 
Dotflk  war;  resumed  command  of  army  in  Scotland, 

I«M  :  extended  powers  of  civil  government  granted  him 

.  ^i^PHJ?!*  :  much  trU8ted  b*  OUver  Uromwcll : 
••otBfchard  Cromwell  a  letter  of  valuable  advice  on 
Jtert  death  ;  received  royalist  overtures,  1669 ;  promised 
—  to  the  parliament,  a  breach  with  the  army  aueiu- 


inir  imminent,  and,  on  hearincr  of  the  parliament's  expul- 
sion, expostulated  with  Lambert  and  Fleet  wood ;  after 
parliament  had  again  resumed  its  place  at  Westminster, 
mari-lifd  slowly  towards  London,  besieged  by  addresses 
from  all  parts  of  Englaud  ;  ordered  to  make  the  city  of 
I/ondon  indefensible;  the  quarrel  between  the  city  and 
parliament  having  come  to  a  head,  roused  the  indigna- 
tion of  the  soldiers  against  the  parliament  by  obeying 
this  order,  February  1660 ;  demanded  the  issue  of  writs 
for  a  new  parliament,  and  ordered  the  guards  to  admit 
the  secluded  members ;  elected  head  of  a  new  council, 
February  1660:  general-in-chief  of  the  land  forces  and 
joint-commander  of  the  navy ;  refused  to  listen  to  the 
suggestions  offered  by  Heselrige  and  others  of  supreme 
IHI.MT;  had  entered  into  direct  communication  with 
Charles  II,  but  the  precise  date  at  which  he  resolved  to 
restore  the  king  much  disputed ;  his  suggestions  practi- 
cally adopted  by  the  king  in  the  declaration  of  Breda, 
4  April  1660 :  received  from  the  king  a  commission  as 
captain-general,  authority  to  appoint  a  secretary  of 
state,  and  letters  for  the  city,  the  council,  and  parliament, 
the  king's  letters  being  presented  to  parliament,  1  May, 
and  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  voted  the  same  day ; 
knighted  on  the  king's  arrival,  made  K.G.,  and  (July 
1660)  created  Baron  Monck,  Earl  of  Torrington,  and  Duke 
of  Albemarle ;  had  much  influence  in  military  affairs, 
his  own  regiments  being  retained  as  king's  guards ; 
had  less  influence  in  purely  political  and  none  in 
ecclesiastical  questions ;  his  advice  of  weight  in  the 
settlement  of  Scotland,  but  the  withdrawal  of  English 
garrisons  carried  out  against  his  wishes ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  but  (1661)  withdrew  in  favour  of  Ormonde; 
remained  in  London  throughout  the  plague,  1665,  main- 
taining order  and  superintending  preventive  measures  ; 
largely  responsible  for  the  conduct  of  the  Dutch  war ; 
put  to  sea  with  Rupert  as  his  colleague,  1666  ;  defeated 
by  the  Dutch  off  the  North  Foreland,  1666,  but  later  in 
the  same  year  gained  a  victory,  facilitated  by  the  jealousy 
between  Tromp  and  De  Ruyter ;  called  to  restore  order  in 
the  city  after  the  great  fire,  1666,  the  large  ships  being 
subsequently  harboured  ;  his  orders  on  the  appearance  of 
the  Dutch,  1667,  in  the  Thames  being  neglected,  eight 
great  ships  burnt  in  the  Medway  and  the  Royal  Charles 
captured ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1667  ;  retired,  1668. 

[xxxviii.  147] 

MONCK,  MARY  (d.  1716),  poetess;  daughter  of 
Robert  Molesworth,  first  viscount  Molesworth  [q.  v.] ; 
married  George  Monck  of  Dublin  ;  her  '  Marinda,  Poems, 
and  Translations,'  published,  1716.  [xxxviii.  162] 

MONCK  or  MONK,  NICHOLAS  (1610-1661),  provost 
of  Eton  and  bishop  of  Hereford ;  brother  of  George  Monck, 
first  duke  of  Albemarle  [q.  v.j ;  M.A.  Wadham  College, 
Oxford,  1633 ;  rector  of  Plyintree,  1646 ;  incumbent  of 
Kilhampton,  Cornwall,  1653  ;  sent  to  Scotland  to  discover 
his  brother's  intentions,  1659,  but  failed  to  do  so  :  made 
provost  of  Eton  after  the  Restoration  :  D.D.  Oxford, 
1660  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1660.  [xxxviii.  162] 

MONCKTON,  MARY,  afterwards  OOUNTKHH  OP  CORK 
AND  ORRKRY  (1746-1840),  daughter  of  John  Moncktou, 
first  viscount  Galway;  became  known  as  a  'blue-stock- 
ing'; her  mother's  house  a  rendezvous  of  persons  of 
genius  and  talent ;  married  Edmund  Boyle,  seventh  earl 
of  Cork  and  Orrery,  1786 ;  as  Lady  Cork  entertained, 
among  many  notable  people,  including  the  prince  regent, 
Canning,  Byron,  Scott,  Sheridan,  Lord  John  Russell, 
and  Sir  Robert  Peel;  possibly  the  'Lady  Bellair'  of 
Beaconsfleld's  '  Henrietta  Temple '  and  '  Mrs.  Leo  Hunter ' 
of  Pickwick.  [xxxviii.  163] 

MONCKTON,   SIR    PHILIP  (1620  V-1679),  royalist; 
distinguished    himself    at    Athertou    Moor,    1643,    ami 
j  Naseby,  1645  :   wounded   at  Rowton   Heath  ;   knighted, 
1644 ;    shared    command    of  the    Yorkshire    cavaliers : 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  Willoughby  Field,  1648 ; 
after  five  months'  imprisonment  received  a  pass  to  the 
I  continent ;  controller  of  the  excise  and  customs  of  Dun- 
kirk, 1661  ;    M.P.,  Scarborough,  167U  ;    sheriff  of  York- 
shire, 1676  ;  committed  to  the  Tower  for  writing  defama- 
tory letters,  1676 ;  held  various  military  appointments. 

[xxxviii.  164] 

MONCKTON,  ROBERT  (1726-1782),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  commissioned  to  serve  in  Flanders,  1742  :  cap- 
tain, 1744  ;  major,  1747;  lieutenant-colonel,  1751  :  M.I'.. 
Pontefract,  1752;  sent  to  Nova  Scotia,  1752,  and  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor  of  Annapolis  Royal,  1754  ; 
reduced  forts  Beausejour  and  Gaspereau  in  the  1755 


MONCREIFF 


887 


MONMOUTH 


campaign  ;  second  in  command  of  Wolfe's  expedition 
to  Quebec,  1759,  where  he  was  wounded ;  major-general, 
1761  ;  governor  of  New  York,  1761 :  sailed  with  Ilodney, 
1702  :  ufter  surrender  of  Martinique,  Grenada,  St.  Lucia, 
ami  St.  Vincent  returned  to  England,  1763;  governor 
of  Her wick-ou-T weed,  1766:  lieutenant-general,  1770; 
governor  of  Portsmouth,  1778 ;  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1779- 
1782.  [xxxviii.  166] 

MONCREIFF,  SIR  HENRY,  eighth  baronet,  after- 
wards Hill  llKMlY  MiiNCKKIKK  WKl.LWUOU  Of  Tllllielxile 

(1750-1827),  Scottish  divine;  educated  at  Glasgow  and 
Edinburgh  Universities  ;  ordained  minister  at  Blackfonl, 
1771  ;  appointed  to  one  of  the  charges  of  St.  Outbbert's, 
K<linlmrgh,  1776  ;  moderator  of  the  assembly  and  D.D. 
of  Glasgow,  1785  ;  chaplain  to  George  III,  1793  ;  published 
sermons  and  religious  biographies.  [xxxviii.  167] 

MONCREIFF,  Sm  HENRY  WELLWOOD,  tenth 
baronet  (1809-1883),  Scottish  divine;  son  of  Sir  James 
Wellwood  Moncreiff,  afterwards  Lord  Moucreiff  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1831  ;  studied  divinity  under 
Dr.  Chalmers,  minister  of  Ku-t  Kilbride,  1837-52 ;  joined 
free  church  at  disruption,  1843  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1851 ;  minister  of  Free  St.  Guthbert's,  Edinburgh,  1862  ; 
joint  principal  clerk  (1855)  and  moderator  (1869)  of  the 
free  general  assembly ;  D.I).  Glasgow,  1860 ;  wrote  vin- 
dications of  the  free  church.  [xxxviii.  168] 

MONCREIFF,  JAMES,  first  BARON  MONCRKIFF  of 
TuUiebole(  181 1-1895),  lord  justice-clerk  of  Scotland ;  son 
of  Sir  James  Wellwood  Moucreiff  [q.  v.] ;  educated  tit 
Edinburgh  :  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1833  ;  M.P.  for  Leith 
Burghs,  1851-9,  Edinburgh,  1859-68,  and  Glasgow  and 
Aberdeen  Universities,  1868;  solicitor-general  for  Scot- 
land, 1850 ;  lord  advocate,  1851-2,  1852-8,  1859-66,  and 
1868-9;  lord  justice-clerk,  1869-88;  dean  of  Faculty  of 
Advocates,  1858-69;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1858;  rector  of 
Glasgow  University,  1868-71,  and  LL.D.,  1879  :  privy 
councillor,  1869;  created  baronet,  1871,  and  baron  of 
United  Kingdom,  1871 ;  succeeded  as  eleventh  baronet  of 
Tulliebole,  1883.  [Suppl.  Iii.  184] 

MONCREIFF,  Siu  JAMES  WELLWOOD,  LORD 
MOXCRKIFF  (1776-1851),  Scottish  judge  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry 
Wellwood  Moncreiff  of  Tulliebole  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  the 
Scottish  bar,  1799;  B.C.L.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1800 ; 
sheriff  of  Clackmannan  and  Kinross,  1807  ;  dean  of  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates,  1826 ;  judge  of  the  session,  1829  ; 
favoured  catholic  emancipation  and  strongly  opposed 
patronage ;  joined  free  church  at  disruption. 

[xxxviii.  168] 

MONCRIEFF,  ALEXANDER  (1696-1761),  presby- 
terian  minister;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  Leyden; 
minister  of  Abernethy,  1720  ;  agitated  against  patronage; 
being  suspended  by  the  assembly,  helped  to  form  the 
secession  church  of  Scotland,  1733 ;  professor  of  divinity, 
1742  ;  published  vindication  of  secession  church,  1750. 

[xxxviii.  169] 

MONCRIEFF,  JAMES  (1744-1793),  military  engi- 
neer ;  entered  Woolwich,  1759  ;  practitioner  engineer  and 
ensign,  1762;  served  in  West  Indies;  sub-engineer  and 
lieutenant,  1770;  engineer  extraordinary  and  captain- 
lieutenant,  1776  :  distinguished  himself  at  the  defence  of 
Savannah,  1779  (promoted  brevet-major),  and  at  the 
capture  of  Charlestown,  1780  (promoted  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel)  :  quartermaster-general  to  the  allies  in  Holland, 
1793;  chief  engineer  at  Valenciennes,  1793;  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  royal  engineers,  1793;  mortally 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Dunkirk  and  buried  at  Osteud 
with  military  honours.  [xxxviii.  170] 

MONCRIEFF.  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1794-1857), 
drsimatisf.  clerk  in  a  solicitor's  office,  1804  ;  associated 
with  Robert  William  Elliston,  1815,  William  Oxberry, 
1824,  and  Charles  Mathews  the  elder  [q.  v.].  whom  he 
assisted  in  his  entertainments  ;  opened  a  music  shop  in 
Regent  Street,  1828:  gradually  became  blind,  and  on 
Queen  Victoria's  presentation  became  a  Charterhouse 
brother,  1844  ;  'Tom  and  Jerry,'  dramatisation  of  Bpurt 
'Life  in  London,'  1821,  the  most  successful  of  his 
numerous  dramatic  pieces.  [xxxviii.  171] 

MO-NENNIUS  (  ft.  500),  bishop  of  Whithorn  :  pro- 
ttge  of  St.  Niniaii:  bishop  of  Whithorn  )>efore  497; 
master  or  abbat  of  a  celebrated  school  at  Whithorn 
called  Monasteriurn  Rosnatense  :  fell  a  victim  to  his  own 
plot  for  the  death  of  Fiuian,  one  of  his  pupils  ;  author  of 


•  If  >  inn  of  Mugint  '  (part-  of  which  are  embodied  in  the 
Anglican  church  service).  [xxxviii.  173] 

MONET,   JOHN  (1762-1817),  aeronaut  and  general; 
entered  army,  1769;   captain,  1 

colonel,  1790;  colonel,  1796;   major-general,  1798;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 180ft  ;  general,  1814  :  one  of  the 


English  aeronaut*,  making  two 


earliest 
t*,  1786. 

[xxxviii.  173] 

MONOREDIKN,  AUGUSTUS  (1807-1888),  political 
economist  and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  in  London  of 
French  parent*  ;  grail  ually  withdrew  from  boainew  and 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuit*;  joined  National 
Political  Union,  1831  :  member  of  Oobden  Club,  1872  ; 
received  a  civil  list  pension  ;  wrote  on  free  trade  and 
botanical  subject*.  [xxxviiL  174] 

MONIER-  WILLIAMS,  SIR  MONIKK  (1819-1899), 
orientalist  ;  born  at  Bombay  ;  came  to  England,  1821  ; 
educated  at  King's  College  School,  London,  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  ;  received  writership  in  East  India  Com- 
pany's civil  service,  1839  ;  studied  at  Haileybury,  1840, 
|  but  abandoned  intention  of  going  to  India  and  entered 
University  College,  Oxford;  studied  Sanskrit:  Boden 
!  scholar,  1843  ;  B.A.,  1844  ;  professor  of  Sanskrit,  Persian, 
1  and  Hindustani  at  Haileybury,  1844-58;  Boden  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit  at  Oxford,  1860  ;  conceived  plan  of 
Indian  Institute,  which  was  founded  at  Oxford  largely 
owinu'  to  lii>  exertions,  1883;  fellow  of  Balliol  College, 
1882-8  ;  hon.  fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford,  189*  ; 
keeper  and  perpetual  curator  of  Indian  Institute  ;  boo. 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1875  ;  knighted,  1886  ;  K.C.I.E.,  1887,  when 
be  assumed  additional  surname  of  Monier;  published 
Sanskrit  texts  and  translations  and  other  works,  including 
a  '  Sanskrit-English  Dictionary,'  1872.  [Suppl.  iii.  186] 

MONK.     [See  also  MOXCK.] 

MONK,  JAMES  HENRY  (1784-18W),  bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  Bristol,  educated  at  Charterhouse  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  M.A.,  1807  ;  D.D.  ptr 
literal  regias,  1822  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1805  ;  regius  professor  of  Greek,  1809-23  ;  dean  of  Peter- 
borough, 1822  ;  assisted  in  restoration  of  Peterborough 
Cathedral:  canon  of  Westminster,  1830;  consecrated 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  1830,  the  see  of  Bristol  being  amalga- 
mated with  Gloucester,  1836  ;  wrote  on  classical  subject*. 

[xxxviiL  174] 

MONK,  RICHARD  (Jl.  1434),  cbrmiologer  ;  an  Ox- 
ford chaplain  who  compiled  chronological  tables. 

[xxxviii.  176] 

MONK,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1823-1889),  composer  ; 
organist  and  professor  of  music  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, 1874,  and  Bedford  College,  1878  :  lectured  at  London 
Institute,  Manchester,  and  Edinburgh  ;  musical  editor  of 
I  'Hymns  Ancient  and  Modern,'  and  many  other  col- 
lections. [xxxviii.  176] 

MONK-BRETTON,  first  BARON.  [See  DOUSON,  JOHN 
1  GKORGK,  1825-1897.] 

MONKSWELL,  first  BARON  (1817-1886).    [See  OUL- 

LIEH,  ROBKKT  PoRRETT.] 

MONMOUTH,  DI.-KK  OF  (1649-1685).  [See  SCOTT, 
JAMKS.] 

MONMOUTH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  CAREY,  ROBERT,  first 
Euu.,  15GOV-1639;  CAREY,  HKSRY,  second  EARL,  1596- 
1661;  MnuDAUNT,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  1658-1735.] 

MONMOUTH,  titular  EARL  OF.  [See  MIDDLCTOX, 
OHAIILKB,  1640  V-1719.] 

MONMOUTH,  GEOFFREY  OF  (1100?-!  1M).  [See 
QKOFKRKY.] 

MONMOUTH  or  MONEMUE,.K)HNi.E(llM?-1147?X 
lord  marcher  ;  actively  supported  King  John  against  the 
1  barons:  negotiated  with  the  Imroii?,  1215;  justice 
itinerant  in  Gloucestershire,  1221  ;  built  CUterciaii  abbey 
of  Grace  Dieu  in  Wales,  1226;  negotiated  truce  with 
LJywelyn,  1231  ;  justiciar  and  commander  of  the  foreign 
mercenaries  in  South  Wales  ;  defeated  by  Richard  Mar- 
shal, 1233  ;  witnessed  confirmation  of  Magua  Chart* 
and  rebuilt  abbey  of  Grace  Dieu,  1236  ;  chief  bailiff  of 
Cardigan,  Carmarthen,  and  South  Wales,  1242:  defeated 
Davy.ld,  1244.  [xxxviii.  177] 


MONMOUTH 


MONSON 


MONMOUTH.  JOHN  DK  (/.  1320),  partisan  of 
Roger  Mortimer,  first  carl  of  March  [q.  v.] 

MOKNOYER,  ANTOIXE  (rf.  1747),  flower-painter  ; 
called  *  Young  Baptist*' ;  son  of  Jean  Baptiste  Monuoyer 
[q.  T.J ;  died  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye.  [xxxviii.  178] 

MOKNOYER,  JEAN  BAPTISTS,  better  known  by 
the  surname  BAPTWTK  (16J4-1699),  flower-painter ;  born 
at  Lille :  decorated  the  French  royal  palaces ;  accom- 
panied Ralph  Montagu,  afterwards  duke  of  Montagu  [q.v.], 
toBBgtand,  1078 :  pain  to  1  panels  at  Hampton  Court, 

*«**-  "ft  ^ -1  *"*•&»«.  178] 

MOKRO.    [See  also  Memo.] 

MOKKO,  ALEXANDER  (A  1715?),  principal  of 
Edinburgh  University:  educated  at  St.  Andrews  Uui- 
versity :  D.D.  and  professor  of  divinity,  St.  Andrews, 
IMS :  principal  oC  Edinburgh  University,  1685 ;  forced 
to  demit  his  office  at  the  revolution.  [xxxviii.  179] 

MOKRO,  ALEXANDER,  primus  (1697-1767),  phy- 
..jtan  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh  :  studied  at  London,  Paris,  and 
(1718)  Leyden  ;  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  to  the 
Surgeons'  Company,  Edinburgh,  1719 ;  first  professor  of 
anatomy,  Edinburgh  University,  1710;  attended  the 
wounded  at  Prestoupans,  1745;  published  'Osteology,' 
17M  :  edited  '  Transactions '  of  the  Medico-Ohirurgical 
Society,  1731.  [xxxviii.  179] 

MOKRO,  ALEXANDER,  secnndus  (1733-1817),  ana- 
tomist; son  of  Alexander  Monro  primus  [q.  v.],  entered 
University,  1752 ;  coadjutor  to  his  father  as 


rof  anatomy  and  surgery  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1755 : 
studied  at  London,  Paris,  Leyden,  and  Berlin ;  lectured 
in  Edinburgh,  1759-1808 ;  the  communication  between 
the  lateral  ventricles  of  the  brain  called  the  '  foramen  of 
Monro'  from  his  description,  1783  ;  described  accurately 
the  bonus  mucous,  1788,  and  wrote  other  medical  works. 

[xxxviii.  180] 

MONRO,  ALEXANDER,  tertiua  (1773-1859),  ana- 
tomist ;  son  of  Alexander  Monro  secundus  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1797 ;  studied  at  London  and  Paris ;  joint- 
professor  with  his  father,  1800 ;  published  no  works  of 
permanent  value.  [xxxviii.  181] 

MOKRO.  SIR  DAVID  (181S-1877),  colonial  politician  ; 
son  of  Alexander  Monro  tertius  [q.  v.] ;  member  of  first 
fcneral  assembly  in  New  Zealand,  1854 ;  speaker,  1861, 
1861-70 ;  knighted,  1861.  [xxxviii.  182] 

MOKRO,  DONALD  (fl.  1560),  known  as  HIGH  DEAN 
or  THK  ISLE*;  parson  of  Kiltearu;  transferred  on 
account  of  his  ignorance  of  Gaelic  to  Lymlair,  1574 ; 
pshlhhfd  narrative  of  travels  through  the  western  isles, 
1M«.  [xxxviii.  182] 

MOKRO,  DONALD  (1727-1802),  medical  writer;  son 
of  Alexander  Monro  primus  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1751;  army  physician;  L.R.O.P.,  1766;  physician  to  St. 
George's  Hospital,  London,  1758-86:  F.R.S.,  1766; 
F.R.O.P.,  1771;  censor,  1772,  1781,  1785,  and  1789; 
Oroonian  lecturer,  1774-5 :  Harveian  orator,  1775 ;  piib- 
luhed  works  on  medicine  and  soldiers'  health. 

[xxxviii.  182] 

MOKRO,  EDWARD  (1815-1866),  divine  and  author: 
brother  of  Henry  Monro  (1817-1891)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Harrow  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  :  B.A.,  1836  ;  perpetual 
curate  of  Harrow  Weald,  1842-60 ;  established  college  for 
poor  DOTS  at  Harrow  Weald,  which  was  pecuniarily  un- 
successful ;  vicar  of  St.  John's,  Leeds,  1860-6 ;  published 
stories,  allegories,  and  religious  works.  [xxxvtti.  183] 

MOKRO  or  MUKRO,  Sm  GEORGE  (d.  1693),  of  Oul- 
rain  and  Newmore  :  royalist  general :  served  under  Gus- 
tavos  Adolphns;  commanded  troops  in  Ireland,  1644- 
recalled  to  Scotland,  1648 ;  followed  Hamilton  into  Eng- 
land, 1648,  but  was  not  present  at  Preston ;  disbanded 
his  troops  and  went  to  Holland ;  appointed  lieutenant- 
under  John  Middleton,  first  «rl  of  Mhldleton 
on  behalf  of  Prince  Charles, 


•**&m*xtt*i^**SuK 

MOKRO,  MOKROE,  or  MTTKRO,  IIENRY  (H«8- 
I,  United  Irishman  ;  entered  the  linen  business,  1788; 
1  the  United  Irishmen,  1796  ;  chosen  to  command  tht 

*-  17M;  rooted  at  Balliuahiucb ;  tried  by  court- 
[xxxviii.  185] 


MONRO,  HENRY  (1791-1814),  portrait  and  subject 
painter ;  son  of  Thomas  Monro  (1759-1833)  [q.  v.] ;  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  and  British  Institution. 

[xxxviii.  186] 

MONRO,  HENRY  (1817-1891),  physician  and  philan- 
thropist ;  brother  of  Edward  Monro  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  18?9 ;  M.D.,  1863  ;  F.K.O.P.,  1848  ;  presi- 
dentof  tin-  ModiiMl  Psychological  Society,  1864  ;  physician 
of  Bethlehem  Hospital,  London,  1848;  chief  work,  'Re- 
marks on  Insanity,'  1851.  [xxxviii.  186] 

MONRO,  JAMES  (1680-1752),  physician  ;  son  of 
Alexander  Mouro  (d.  1716  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1708;  M.D.,  1722;  F.R.O.P.,  1729;  studied  in- 
sanity ;  physician  to  Bethlehem  Hospital,  London,  1728- 
1752.  [xxxviii.  186] 

MONRO,  JOHN  (1715-1791),  physician  ;  son  of  James 
Monro  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1740 ;  Radcliffe  travel- 
ling fellow,  1741 ;  studied  insanity  at  Edinburgh  and  on 
the  continent ;  physician  to  Bethlehem  Hospital,  1751 ; 
F.R.O.P.,  1752.  [xxxviii.  187] 

MONRO  or  MUNRO,  ROBERT  (d.  1633),  styled  the 
BLACK  BARON  ;  joined  the  Scottish  corps  in  the  German 
wars,  1626 ;  colonel  under  Gustavus  Adolphns  ;  died  at 
Ulm  of  a  wound.  [xxxviii.  187] 

MONRO  or  MUNRO,  ROBERT  (d.  1680  ?),  general ; 
cousin  of  Robert  Monro,  the  « Black  Baron '  [q.  v.] ;  served 
for  seven  years  on  the  continent;  sided  with  the  Scots 
against  Charles  I ;  sent  to  Ireland  as  major-general  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  rebellion  ;  dispersed  Lord  Iveagh's 
forces  near  Moira,  1642,  sacked  Newry,  1642,  and  (1642) 
captured  Randal  Macdonnell,  second  earl  of  Antrim 
[q.  v.],  who  subsequently  escaped ;  relieved  Sir  John 
Clotworthy,  gained  a  dubious  advantage  over  Owen  Roe 
O'Neill  [q.  v.],  and  recaptured  Antrim,  1643  ;  surprised 
Belfast,  1644  ;  defended  Ulster  against  Castlehaven,  1644  ; 
defeated  by  O'Neill  at  Benburb,  1646 ;  came  to  an  under- 
standing with  the  royalist  party,  but  was  taken  prisoner  by 
Monck  and  sent  to  England,  1648,  where  he  was  imprisoned 
till  1654;  he  thenceforth  lived  in  Ireland,  [xxxviii.  188] 

MONRO  or  MUNRO,  SIR  ROBERT,  twenty-seventh 
BARON  and  sixth  BARONET  OK  FOULIS  (d.  1746),  served 
in  Flanders ;  M.P.,  Wick,  1710-41 ;  assisted  Sutherland 
agninst  Jacobites,  1716 ;  commissioner  for  forfeited  estates 
of  highland  chiefs,  1716 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  '  Black 
Watch,'  1739  :  distinguished  at  Fontenoy,  1745 ;  ordered 
to  Scotland  at  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion ;  killed  at 
Falkirk.  [xxxviii.  190] 

MONRO,  THOMAS  (1764-1815),  miscellaneous  writer; 
educated  under  Dr.  Samuel  Parr  [q.  v.]  and  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1791 ;  rector  of  Little  Easton, 
1800-15  ;  projector  and  editor  of '  Olla  Podrida,'  1787  ;  with 
William  Beloe  [q.  v.]  translated  'Alciphron's  Epistles,' 
1-791.  [xxxviii.  191] 

MONRO,  THOMAS  (1759-1833),  physician  and  con- 
noisseur ;  son  of  John  Mouro  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  under 
Dr.  Samuel  Parr  [q.  v.]  and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1783;  M.D.,  1787;  F.R.O.P.,  1791,  censor,  1792, 
1799,  and  1812;  Harveian  orator,  1799;  physician  at 
Bethlehem  Hospital,  London,  1792-1816 :  a  patron  of 
young  artists,  including  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner 
[q.  v.]  and  John  Linnell  [q.  v.]  [xxxviiL  192] 

MONSELL,  JOHN  SAMUEL  BEWLEY  (1811-1875), 
hymn- writer ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  LL.D., 
1866 ;  successively  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  Connor, 
vicar  of  Egham,  and  rector  of  St.  Nicholas,  Guildford ; 
a  popular  writer  of  hymns  and  religious  verse. 

[xxxviii.  192] 

MONSELL,  WILLIAM,  BARON  EMLY  (1812-1894), 
politician;  of  Winchester  College  and  Oriel  College, 
Oxford  ;  moderate  liberal  M.P.,  Limerick,  1847-74  ;  clerk 
of  ordnance,  1852-7  ;  president  of  board  of  health,  1857  ; 
privy  councillor,  1855 ;  vice-president  of  board  of  trade 
and  paymaster-general,  1866  ;  under-secretary  for  colonies, 
1868-70 ;  postmaster-general,  1H71-3 ;  raised  to  peerage, 
1874 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Royal  University  of  Ireland. 

[Suppl.  iii.  187] 

MONSEY,  MESSENGER  (1693-1788),  physician; 
B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1714;  L.R.O.P., 
1723  ;  physician  to  Chelsea  Hospital  and  chief  medical 
adviser  of  the  whigs ;  eccentric  and  rough  in  his  manner. 

[xxxviii.  193] 

MONSON,  GEORGE  (1730-1776),  Indian  officer  and  op- 
ponent of  Warren  Hastings ;  sou  of  Sir  John  Mousou,  first 


MONSON 


baron  Monson  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  army,  1750  ;  lieutenant,  ' 
175 1;  M.P.,  Lincoln,  1754-68;  trroom  of  the  bolcliuinUr 
to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  1756;  major,  1757;  went  to 
India,  1758 ;  distinguished  himself  at  Pondioherry,  1760, 
and  Manila,  1762;  brigadicr-peneral,  17G3;  colonel  and 
aide-de-camp  to  George  III,  1769  ;  one  of  the  supreme 
council  of  Bengal,  1773  ;  unit«il  with  Claveringand  Francis 
against  Warren  Hastings;  died  in  India,  [xxxviii.  194] 

MONSON,  SIR  JOHN,  second  baronet  (1600-1683), 
royalist ;  son  of  Sir, Thomas  Monson  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  law  ; 
M.P.,  Lincoln,  1625 ;  K.B.,  1626 ;  undertook  to  reclaim 
some  of  the  fens,  1638 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1641 ; 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1642;  negotiated  surrender  of  Oxford  to 
Fairfax,  1646 ;  signal  the  engagement  to  the  Common- 
wealth, 1652;  refused  to  pay  decimation  tax,  1666;  im- 
prisoned in  his  own  house,  1655-7  ;  endowed  a  free  school 
in  South  Carltou,  and  a  hospital  in  Burtou  ;  published 
religious  works.  [xxxviii.  195] 

MONSON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  MONSON  (1698- 
1748),  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.  for  Lin- 
coln, 1722  and  1727 ;  K.B.,  1725 :  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1727;  created  Baron  Mousou  of  Burton,  1728 ;  commis- 
sioner of  trade  and  plantations  and  privy  councillor,  1737. 

[xxxviii.  196] 

MONSON,  JOHN,  second  BARON  MONSON  (1727-1774), 
sou  of  Sir  John  Monson,  first  baron  Monson  [q.  v.] : 
created  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1749  ;  warden  and  chief- justice 
in  eyre  of  the  forests  south  of  the  Trent,  1765  ;  resigned 
with  Portland.  [xxxviii.  197] 

MONSON,  ROBERT  <  -/.  1583),  judge ;  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1550 ;  M.P.,  Dun- 
heved,  1563  and  1657,  Looe,  1554,  Newport-juxta-Launces- 
ton,  1554,  Lincoln,  1558  and  1566,  Totnes,  1572 ;  serjeant- 
at-law  and  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1672 ;  a  commis- 
sioner for  examination  of  anabaptists,  1575. 

[xxxviii.  197] 

MONSON,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1564-1641), 
master  of  the  armoury  at  the  Tower  of  London  ;  brother 
of  Sir  William  Monson  (1569-1643)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  j 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford ,  knighted,  1588 ;  M.P.,  Lincoln- 
shire, 1597,  Castle  Rising,  1603,  Oricklade,  1614 ;  created 
M.A.  Oxford,  1605  ;  master  falconer ;  keeper  of  the  armoury 
at  Greenwich ;  master  of  the  armoury  at  the  Tower  of 
London,  1611 ;  created  baronet,  1611 ;  accused  of  complicity 
in  the  Overbury  poisoning  case,  1615 ;  remained  in  the 
Tower  of  London  till  1617 ;  clerk  for  the  king's  bills  before 
the  council  of  the  north,  1626.  [xxxviii.  198] 

MONSON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1569-1643),  admiral; 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Monson  [q.  v.] ;  matriculated 
from  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1681  ;  went  to  sea,  1685 ; 
lieutenant,  1588  ;  commanded  the  Margaret  in  the  voyage 
to  the  Azores  and  the  Canaries,  1589;  prisoner  in  Spain, 
1591-3 ;  distinguished  himself  in  Cadiz  expedition  and  I 
•was  knighted  by  Essex,  1596  ;  commanded  in  the  narrow  | 
seas  and  the  Downs ;  vice-admiral  of  squadron  sent  to 
intercept  a  Spanish  treasure  fleet,  1602 ;  admiral  of  the 
narrow  seas,  1604 ;  enforced  proclamation  prohibiting 
nations  from  offering  violence  one  to  another  within  the 
compass  of  a  line  drawn  from  headland  to  headland,  1605 ; 
arrested  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  as  she  was  escaping  to 
France,  1611 ;  suppressed  the  pirates  of  Broad  Haven  in 
Ireland,  1614 ;  suspected  of  complicity  in  the  Overbury 
murder,  1616,  and  in  consequence  deprived  of  his  com- 
mand; vice-admiral  of  the  fleet  under  Liudsey,  which 
restored  the  sovereignty  of  the  narrow  seas  to  the  English, 
1635  ;  author  of  'Naval  Tracts.'  [xxxviii.  199] 

MONSON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  VIHCOUNT  MONSON  OF 
CASTLKMAINK  (d.  1672  ?),  regicide :  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Mouson  [q.  v.] ;  created  viscount  Mouson  of  Castlemaine 
(Irish  peerage),  1628;  knighted,  1633;  M.P.,  Reigate, 
1640 ;  nominated  one  of  the  king's  judges,  but  only 
attended  three  sittings  ;  sentenced  by  Parliament  to  de- 
gradation from  his  honours  and  titles  and  to  be  impri- 
soned for  life,  1661 ;  died  in  the  Fleet.  [xxxviii.  202] 

MONSON,  WILLIAM  (1760-1807),  Indian  officer; 
son  of  John  Mousou,  second  baron  Mousou  [q.  v.]  ;  went 
to  India  with  his  regiment,  1780 ;  captain,  1785 :  served 
against  Tippoo,  sultan  of  Mysore ;  major,  1796 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1797 ;  obliged  to  retreat  before  the  Mah- 
ratta  chief,  1804,  but  employed  in  the  final  operatioua 
against  him  :  M.P.,  Lincoln,  1806.  [xxxviii.  203] 


MONTAOUTE 


MONT.    MOUNT,  MUNDT,  or   MONTABORDfUS, 

KlSTiilMIKK  (•/.   157:.'),  Knirlish  agent  in  Germany. 
Crom  well's  servio-,  1531  ;   sent  to  Germany  to 
report  on  the  political  situation,  1633  ;  continued  to  act  as 


agent  in  Germany  during  Edward  VI's  reign ;  re 
IH..I.T  Queen  Mary  ;  regained  his  position  on  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's accession  ;  died  at  Strasbourg.         [xxxviii.  J04] 

MONT,  WILLIAM  DU  (rf.  1213).    [See  WiLUAM.] 
MONTACUTE,    BARON    (14M?-16»).     [See   POLE, 

llKNUY.] 

MONTACUTE  or  MONTAGU,  JOHN  DK,  third  EARL 
OF  SALISBURY  (1350?-1400),  nephew  of  William  de 
Montacutc,  second  earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.] ;  knighted 
before  Bourdeille,  1369;  held  a  command  in  Ireland, 
1394-5  ;  privy  councillor ;  advocated  Richard  H'a 
marriage  with  Isabella  of  France,  1896;  succeeded  as 
Earl  of  Salisbury,  1397 ;  K.G.  ;  commissioner  for  dis- 
charging the  functions  of  parliament,  1398  ;  deputy- 
marshal  of  England  for  three  years,  1398 ;  joint-ambassador 
to  France,  1398 ;  accompanied  Richard  II  to  Ireland, 
1399 ;  accused  on  Henry  IV's  accession  of  complicity  in 
Gloucester's  death ;  entered  into  a  conspiracy,  1400,  and 
beheaded  at  Cirencestcr  by  the  auti-lollard  mob ;  author  of 
ballads  and  songs,  not  now  extant.  [xxxviii.  J04] 

MONTACUTE,  NICHOLAS  (A  1466),  historian: 
wrote  .account*  in  verse  of  the  popes,  and  of  the  kings  and 
bishops  of  England,  the  first  only  extant. 

[xxxviii.  807] 

MONTACUTE,  SIMON  DK,  first  BARON  MOXTACUTR 
( ./.  1317),  served  in  the  Welsh  wars,  1277  and  1282  ;  broke 
through  the  French  fleet  blockading  Bordeaux,  1296  ; 
summoned  to  an  assembly  of  the  lay  estates  at  York, 
1298 ;  served  in  the  Scottish  wars ;  signed  the  barons' 
letter  to  the  pope,  1301 :  governor  of  Beaumaris  Castle, 
1308;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1310;  employed  against  the 
Scots,  1310  ;  guarded  the  northern  frontier,  1316-16. 

[xxxviii.  207] 

MONTACUTE,  SIMON  DE  (d.  1345),  son  of  William 
de  Montacute,  second  baron  Montacute  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Oxford ;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury  ;  bishop  of  Worcester, 
1334,  of  Ely,  1337.  [xxxviii.  211] 

MONTACUTE  or  MONTAGUE,  THOMAS  DK,  fourth 
EARL  or  SALISBURY  (1388-1428),  son  of  John  de  Mont- 
acute, third  earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.] ;  K.G.,  1414 ;  joint- 
commissioner  to  treat  with  France  concerning  Henry  V's 
rights,  1414 ;  served  against  France  in  command  of  the 
rear  division  of  Henry  V's  army,  and  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  Normandy  and  created  Earl  of  Pert-he, 
1419 ;  besieged  Meulan,  Freuay,  and  Meluii,  1430  ;  marched 
into  Maine  and  Anjou,  1421 :  governor  of  Champagne  and 
Brie,  1422  ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  relief  of  Crevaut, 
1423,  and  the  siege  of  Moutaguillon,  which  latter  surren- 
dered, 1424 ;  completed  the  subjugation  of  Champagne  and 
Maine,  1425  ;  went  to  England  to  obtain  reinforcements 
and  petition  for  the  payment  of  arrears,  1427 ;  returned 
to  France,  1428;  after  gaining  many  victories  besieged 
Orleans,  1428  ;  died  at  Meung  of  injuries  received  from  a 
cannon  ball  at  Tourelles.  [xxxviii.  208] 

MONTACUTE,  WILLIAM  DE,  second  BARON  MONT- 
ACUTK  ('/.  1319),  son  of  Simon  de  Montacute,  first  baron 
Montacute  [q.  v.] ;  served  continually  against  the  Scots  ; 
commanded  an  expedition  into  Wales,  1316  :  seneschal  of 
Aquitaine  and  Gascouy,  1318 ;  died  in  Gascouy. 

[xxxviii.  211] 

MONTACUTE  or  MONTAGU,  WILLIAM  DK,  third 
BARON  MOXT.VTTK  and  first  EARL  OF  SALISBURY  (1301- 
1344),  sou  of  William  de  Moutacute,  second  baron  Mont- 
acute [q.  T.]  ;  knighted,  1325 ;  accompanied  Edward  III 
to  Scotland,  1327,  and  abroad.  1329 ;  assisted  in  arrest 
of  Mortimer,  1330;  rewarded  with  some  of  Mortimer's 
forfeited  lands  ;  present  at  the  siege  of  Berwick  and  battle 
of  Halidon  Hill,  1333 ;  left  in  command  with  Aruudel,  133*  ; 
blockaded  Dunbar  Castle  and  concluded  a  truce  in  Scot- 
land, 1336  ;  created  Earl  of  Salisbury.  l**7  '•  8ent  to 
declare  Edward  Ill's  claim  to  the  French  crown  and  to 
organise  a  league  against  France,  1337;  marshal  of 
England,  1338 ;  served  in  Flanders  and  taken  prisoner  to 
Paris,  1340  :  conquered  and  was  crowned  king  of  the  Isle 
of  Man,  1841 :  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Carlisle,  1343  ;  bene- 
factor of  the  church.  [xxxviii.  SIS] 

MONTACUTE  or  MONTAGU,  WILLIAM  DE.  second 
EARL  OF  SALISBURY  (1328-1397X  ton  of  William  de 


MONTAGU 


890 


MONTAGU 


MONTAGU,  MARQUB  or  (<*.  1471).  [See  NKVILLK, 
JOHN.] 

MONTAGU  or  MONTAGUE,  first  VISCOCXT  (1586- 
1191).  [See  BROWXK,  ANTHONY.] 

MONTAGU,  BARON  (1492  ?-1588).  [See  POLK,  HENRY.] 

MONTAGU,  BASIL  (1770-1851),  legal  and  miscel- 
Uneoos  iSter;  of  Charterhouse  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge:  MJL,  1793;  intimate  with  Coleridge i  and 
Woniiworth  at  Oambridge  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1798  ; 
«2mtartoSr  Inbankroptcy,  1806  ;  K.C.,  1835  ;  accoun- 
tanUgeneral  in  bankruptcy,  IBM:  suggested  radical  re- 
form In  the  existing  bankruptcy  procedure,  and  wrote  on 
bankruptcy :  published  •  Essays'  and  pamphlets ;  edited 
Bacon,  18S*-37  ;  di«l  at  Boulogne.  [xxx viiL  215] 

MONTAGU,  CHARLES,  first  EARL  OF  HALIFAX 
(1M1-1716),  brother  of  Sir  James  Montagu  [q.  v] ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Tnnity  Col- 
lege, Oambridge,  where  be  formed  friendship  with 
STlsaac  Newton  [q.  v.]:  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Oambridge:  M.PnMaldon,  1689-95  :  clerk  of  the 
miry  council,  1689 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1692; 
the  national  debt  originated  by  his  proposal  (1G92)  to 
raise  a  million  by  life  annuities :  introduced  bill  estab- 
lishing the  Bank  of  England,  which  became  law,  1694  ; 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  privy  councillor,  1694  ; 
M.P.,  Westminster,  1«W :  supported  bill  for  regulating 
trials  in  cases  of  high  treason:  introduced  Recoinage 
Bill  16»5;  issued  the  first  exchequer  bills  to  provide 
credit  for  the  government  when  the  old  coins  had 
bsen  withdrawn :  carried  his  scheme  for  the  formation 
of  a  consolidate!  fund  to  meet  the  interest  on  the  various 
government  loans,  1696 ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1697 ; 
resUrned  his  office*  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  1699 :  auditor  of  the  exchequer,  1700  : 
created  Baron  Halifax  of  Halifax,  1700;  impeached  by 
the  House  of  Commons,  1701,  on  account  of  grants  obtained 
from  William  III  in  the  names  of  Railton,  Seager,  and 
Montagu,  in  trust  for  himself,  and  for  advising  and  pro- 
tbe  conclusion  of  the  second  Partition  Treaty,  but 


bis  impeachment  dismissed  for  want  of  prosecution : 
resisted  Occasional  Conformity  Bill,  1703 ;  next  charged 
(1701)  with  neglect  of  his  duties  as  auditor  of  the  ex- 
chequer :  continued  out  of  office  uring  Anne's  reign ;  first 
lord  of  the  treasury  on  George  I's  accession  ;  created  K.G. 
and  Viscount  Sunbury  and  Earl  of  Halifax,  1714 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Surrey.  [xxxviii.  218] 

MONTAGU,  CHARLES,  first  DUKK  OF  MANCHESTER 
(1MOV-1722), diplomatist:  son  of  Robert  Montagu,  third 
earl  of  Manchester  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  abroad ;  succeeded  to  title  and  estates, 
1681 ;  raised  troop  for  Prince  of  Orange :  fought  in  Ireland, 
16*0:  ambassador  extraordinary  at  Venice,  1697,  Paris, 
1699,  Venice  again,  1707.  [xxxviii.  223] 

MONTAGU,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1657),  judge ;  educated 
at  Cambridge ;  ban-inter.  Middle  Temple  :  serjeant-at-law, 
I  Ml:  knighted,  1537:  chief- justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
ISW;  aiwiatedin  the  examination  of  the  Duchess  of  Nor- 
folk, 1M1 ;  transferred  to  the  common  pleas,  1545  :  member 
of  the  council  of  regency  appointed  by  Henry  VI I  I's  will : 
drafted  the  elnu*s  In  Edward  VI'«  will  in  favour  of 
I*dy  Jane  Grey,  for  which  he  was  fined  1,000*.  on  Queen 
Mary's  accession.  [xxxviii.  223] 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD,  first  HAHOX  MONTAGU  of 
Boughton  (IMS- 1644),  grandson  of  Sir  Edward  Montagu 
fq.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1579  ;  student  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  1*80  :  M.P.,  Brackley.1601,  Northampton. 
160J-4,  1614,  1820-1-2 ;  K.B.,  1603 ;  created  Baron 
of  Bonghton,  1621  :  imprisoned  as  a  royalist  in 
the  Tower  of  London,  1642 ;  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

[xxxviii.  226] 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD  (1635-1665),  sou  of  Edward 
Montagu,  second  baron  Montagu  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
School,  Cbru-a  Church,  Oxford,  and  Sidney  Sussex  College 


Oambridge :  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1661 :  M.P.,  Sandwich, 
1661-5  ;  killed  at  Bergen.  [xxxviii.  226] 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD,  second  EARL  OF  MANTHKSTKR 
(1602-1671),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Montagu,  first  earl  of 
Manchester  [q.  v.]  :  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambriilirc : 
M.l'.,  Huntingdon,  1623  and  1625  ;  K.B.  and  create!  Baron 
Montagu  of  Kimbolton,  but  known  as  Viscount  Miunlc- 
villc  on  his  father  being  created  Earl  of  Manchester, 
1626 :  took  command  of  a  foot  regiment  in  Essex's  army, 
1642:  lord-lieutenant  of  Huntingdonshire  and  North- 
amptonshire, 1642  ;  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Manchester,  ll>42  ; 
major-general  of  the  associated  counties,  1643:  joined 
Cromwell  and  Fairfax  in  winning  Horucastle  fight  and 
Lincoln,  1643:  directed  to  'regulate'  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  1644 ;  secured  Lincolnshire  for  the  parliament, 
1644:  marched  to  Fairfax's  assistance  at  York,  1644; 
palpably  negligent  at  the  second  battle  of  Newbury,  1644 ; 
charged  by  Cromwell  in  the  House  of  Commons  with 
neglect  and  incompetency  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war, 
1644  :  resigned  his  commission,  1645  :  opposed  the  ordinance 
for  the  king's  trial,  1 649 :  retired  from  public  life  when 
the  formation  of  a  commonwealth  became  inevitable ; 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Cambridge,  1649-51 ; 
welcomed  Charles  II ;  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
great  seal,  1660:  restored  to  his  lord-lieutenancy  and 
chancellorship,  1660  ;  privy  councillor  and  lord  chamber- 
lain, 1660  ;  inclined  to  leniency  on  the  trial  of  the  regicides, 
1660 :  K.G.,  1661  ;  made  a  general  when  the  Dutch  appeared 
in  the  Channel,  1667.  [xxxviii.  227] 

MONTAGU,  or  more  properly  MOUNTAGU,  ED- 
WARD, first  EARL  OF  SANDWICH  (1625-1672),  admiral 
and  general  at  sea :  raised  foot  regiment  in  Cambridge- 
shire and  joined  parliamentarian  army,  1643 ;  distin- 
guished himself  at  Naseby,  1645,  and  the  storming  of 
Bristol,  1645;  member  of  the  council  of  state,  1663  ;  con- 
joint general  at  sea  with  Blake,  1656  ;  commanded  in  the 
Downs,  1657 ;  supported  Richard  Cromwell,  but  oil  his 
fall  listened  to  overtures  from  Charles  II ;  resigned  his  com- 
mand, 1659,  but  was  re-appointed  jointly  with  Monck, 
1660  ;  sailed  to  Holland  to  convey  Charles  II  to  England ; 
nominated  K.G.  and  created  Viscount  Hinchiubroke 
and  Earl  of  Sandwich,  1660 ;  admiral  of  the  narrow  seas, 
lieutenant-admiral  to  the  Duke  of  York  and  master  of  the 
wardrobe,  1660;  negotiated  the  marriage  between  Charles  II 
and  Catherine  of  Braganza,  receiving  the  surrender  of 
Tangier  and  conducting  the  queen  to  England,  1661  : 
distinguished  himself  in  a  battle  with  the  Dutch  fleet  oft 
Lowestoft,  1664;  captured  some  Dutch  East  Indiamen, 
1665,  and  fell  into  general  disfavour  by  his  manner  of 
dealing  with  the  cargo ;  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Madrid,  concluding  a  treaty  with  Spain,  1666  ;  president 
of  the  council  of  trade  and  plantations,  1670 ;  second  in 
command  of  the  English  fleet  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
Dutch  war,  1672  ;  blown  up  in  his  ship  when  the  fleet 
were  surprised  by  the  Dutch  in  Solebay,  1672 ;  his  body 
found  near  Harwich  and  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey ; 
Samuel  Pepys  [q.  v.]  was  his  secretary,  [xxxviii.  232] 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD,  second  BARON  MONTAGU  of 
Boughton  (1616-1684).  son  of  Edward  Montagu,  first 
baron  Montagu  [q.  v.] ;  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cam- 
bridge •  M  P  Huntingdon,  1640  ;  treated  for  the  surrender 
of  Newark,  1646  ;  conducted  Charles  I  to  Holmby  House 
and  attended  him  till  his  escape,  1647.  [xxxviii.  226] 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD  (1755-1799),  Indian  officer; 
son  of  John  Montagu  (1719-1795)  [q.  v.]  ;  went  out  to 
'  Bengal,  1770;  lieu  tenant- fire  worker,  1772;  first  lien- 
!  tenant,  1777  :  served  in  the  Mahratta  campaign,  1781,  and 
;  in  the  Oarnatic,  1782 :  captain,  1784  ;  took  prominent 
i  part  in  invasion  of  Mysore,  1791  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
<  1794:  commanded  the  Bengal  artillery  at  Serinpanutaui, 
j  where  he  wa-s  shot.  [xxxviii.  237] 

MONTAGU,     EDWARD    WORTLEY     (1713-1776), 
1  author  and  traveller  :  son  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu 
[q.  v.];  was  sent  to  Westminster  School,  from  which  M 
ran  away  several  times,  and  then  to  the  continent  in 
I  charge  of  a  keeper:  studied  Arabic  and  European  lan- 
,  guagec:  held  a  commission  in  the  army  of  the  allies, 
:  1745 ;  M.P.,  Huntingdon,  1747 ;  secretary  at  the  congress 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748;   M.P.,  Bossiney,  1754-62;  tra- 
velled in  Italy,  1762,  and  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land  ;  re- 
turned to  Italy,  1775,  and  died  at   Padua:    published 
,  '  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Antient  Republics, 
'  1759,  au  historical  didactical  essay.  [xxxviii.  237] 


MONTAGU 


891 


MONTAGU 


MONTAGU,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1720-1800),  authoress 
and  leader  of  society ;  nei  Robinson ;  married  Edward 
Montagu,  grandson  of  the  first  Earl  of  Sandwich,  171:.'  ; 
nought  to  make  her  husband's  bouse  '  the  mitral  jxunt  of 
union '  for  all  the  intellect  and  fashion  of  the  nirtn>|><>lis, 
1750  ;  held  evening  assemblies,  at  which  literary  topics 
were  discussed;  the  epithet  'blue  stocking '  appli"!  to 


MONTAGU,  JAMES  (176S-1794),  nary  capUin :  Mm 
of  John  Montagu  (1719-1796)  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  1771 ; 


her ;  lost  her  husluuid,  1775  ;  built  a  mansion  at  Sunlit-ford 
after  plans  by  NVyatt,  17-S1,  and  Montagu  HOII-.  at  tin- 
corner  of  Portinan  Square,  London,  denned  l>y  .lames 
(' Athenian ')  Stuart,  where  she  entertained  Cieorge  III 
and  his  queen,  1791 ;  she  contributed  three  dialogues  to 
Lyttletou's  '  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,'  1760,  and  attacked 
Voltaire  in  '  An  Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Shakespear,'  1769 ;  four  volumes  of  her  letters  published 
by  her  nephew,  1809  and  1813.  [xxxviii.  240] 

MONTAGU,   FREDERICK    (1733-1800),    politician; 
of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1767  ;   bencher,  1782 ;    M.P.,  Northampton,     natalium,  1673 :  D.D.  per  lUertu   regitu^  1686 ;   fellow. 
1759-67,  Higham  Ferrers,  1768-90;  lord  of  the  treasury,  I  1674  ;  master   of   Sherburn    Hospital,   Durham,    1680; 


Worcester,  1604  ;  bishop  of  Bath  and  WelU,  1608-16  ; 
bishop  of  Winchester,  1616  ;  edited  and  translated  the 
works  of  James  L,  1616.  [xxxviii.  251] 

MONTAGU,     SlU     JAMBS    (1666  -  17M),   judge  ; 


barrier,  Middl,-   Triiipl,-;    M.I'.,    Tnv-ny.    It.'Jft.  Ifci-r- 
;  knitfhuil,  17U5  ;  y.0.,170*  ;  solicitor-general, 


a:  •<„,,  1698; 

1707;   attorney-general,    1708-10;   first   baron  ..f  tin- 

exchequer,  172J.  [xxxviii.  262] 


commander,  1773  ;  carried  home  despatches  announcing 
capture  of  Rhode  island,  1776  ;  served  In  Channel  and 

pran.l    l!,-t,    17M  •>  ; 
[xxxvllL  262] 


East  Indies,    1782,  and  with  the 
killed  In  the  battle  off  Uahant. 

MONTAGU,  JOHN  (1655  7-1728),  divine;  son  of 
Edward  Montagu,  first  earl  of  Sandwich  [q.  v.]; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  jure 


1782  and  1783 ;  member  of  the  committee  which  pi 

the  articles  of  Warren  Hastings's  impeachment,  1787 ; 

privy  councillor,  1790 ;  retired  from  public  life,  1790. 

[xxxviii.  244] 

MONTAGU,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OF  HALIFAX 
(1716-1771).  [See  DUNK.] 

MONTAGU,  GEORGE,  fourth  DUKE  OF  MANCHESTER 
(1737-1788),  M.P.,  Huntingdonshire,  1761  ;  succeeded  to 
dukedom,  1762  ;  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  the  county 
and  collector  of  the  subsidies  of  tonnage  and  poundage  in 
London,  1762;  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1763-70;  sided 
with  the  colonies  in  the  disputes  preceding  the  American 
war  of  independence,  but  opposed  the  Roman  catholic 
relief  bill  of  1778  ;  lord  chamberlain  and  privy  councillor, 
1782 ;  named  ambassador  to  France  to  treat  for  peace, 
1783 ;  resisted  Pitt's  commercial  treaty,  1786. 

[xxxviii.  244] 


prebendary  of  Durham,  1683  ;  master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1683  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, 1687  ;  dean  of  Durham,  1699.  [xxxviii.  263] 

MONTAGU,  JOHN,  second  DUKE  OF  MOXTAOC 
(1688 ?-1749),  courtier;  sou  of  Ralph  Montagu,  first 
duke  of  Montagu  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  as  second  dake, 
1709 ;  K.G.,  1719  ;  was  granted  the  Islands  of  St. 
Vincent  and  St.  Lucia,  1722,  but  failed  In  his  attempt  to 
establish  a  footing  :  grand  master  of  the  order  of  the 
Bath,  1726;  master-general  of  the  ordnance,  1740; 
raised  regiment  of  horse  ('  Montagu's  Carabineers 'X 
1746  (disbanded  after  Culloden).  [xxxviii.  263] 


MONTAGU,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL  OF  SANDWICH 
(1718-1792),  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  toured  on  the  continent  and  in  the  East, 
1737-9  ;  F.R.S.,  1740 ;  lord  commissioner  of  the  ad- 

MONTAGU,  GEORGE  (1751-1815),  writer  on  natural  |  miralty,    1744  ;    appointed    captain    in    the    Duke   of 
history;  captain  in  the  army  during  the  war  with  the     Bedford's  foot  regiment:  aide-de-camp  and  colonel  in 
American  colonies ;    devoted  himself  at  Easton  Grey  to 
scientific  study;  chief  works,  'The  Sportsman's  Direc- 


tory,' 1792,  'Ornithological  Dictionary,'  1802,  and 'Tea 
tacea  Britanuica,'  1803.  [xxxviii.  246] 

MONTAGU,  SIR  GEORGE  (1750-1829),  admiral ;  son 
of  John  Montagu  (1719-1795)  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant  In  navy, 
1771;  commander,  1773;  served  with  distinction  on  the 
North  American  station:  rear-admiral,  1794;  unsuccess- 
fully attempted  to  intercept  the  French  provision  convoy, 
1794  ;  vice-admiral,  1795  ;  admiral,  1801  ;  commander-in- 
chief  at  Portsmouth,  1803  ;  G.C.B.,  1815.  [xxxviii.  247] 

MONTAGU  (formerly  BKUDENELL),  GEORGE  BRU- 
DENELL,  DUKK  OF  MONTAGU  of  a  new  creation,  and  fourth 
EARL  OF  CARDIGAN  (1712-1790),  succeeded  his  father  as 
fourth  Earl  of  Cardigan,  1732 :  on  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law,  John  Montagu,  second  duke  of  Montagu  [q.  v.], 
1749,  took  name  and  arms  of  Montagu ;  K.G.,  1762 ;  re- 
ceived dukedom  of  Montagu,  1766  ;  appointed  governor 
to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  1776  ;  master  of  t 


the  army,  1745 ;  plenipotentiary  at  Breda,  1746,  and  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748  ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1748  ; 
with  Ansou's  help  detected  abuses  and  instituted 
stringent  reforms  ;  dismissed,  1751 ;  again  nominated 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  one  of  the  principal 
secretaries  of  state,  1763  ;  his  reputation  permanently 
sullied  by  the  part  he  took  in  the  prosecution  of 
Wilkes  ;  postmaster-general,  1768 ;  returned  to  bis  poet 
at  the  admiralty,  1771,  and  began  to  employ  the  vast 
patronage  of  the  office  as  an  engine  for  bribery  and 
political  jobbery,  in  consequence  of  which,  when  war 
broke  out,  1778,  the  navy  was  found  inadequate  and  the 
naval  storehouses  empty  ;  Sandwich  islands  named  after 
him ;  retired  from  public  life  on  the  fall  of  the  North 
administration,  1782.  [xxxviii.  264] 

MONTAGU,  JOHN  (1719-1795),  admiral  ;  lieu- 
tenant In  the  navy,  1741  ;  commander,  1746 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1770  ;  Commander-in-chief  on  the  North 
American  station,  1771-4  ;  vice-admiral  and  commander- 
iu-chief  at  Newfoundland,  1776 ;  admiral  of  the  blue, 
1782;  commander-iii-chief  at  Portsmouth,  1783-6; 
admiral  of  the  red,  1787.  [xxxvliL  258] 

MONTAGU,  JOHN  (1797-1863),  colonial  official  ; 
son  of  Edward  Montagu  (1766-1799)  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign, 
1814  ;  lieutenant,  1815  ;  captain,  1822 ;  private  secretary, 


j  the  horse,  1776 ; 

governor  of  Windsor  Castle ;  privy  councillor  and  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Huntingdon.  [xxxviii.  248] 

MONTAGU,  SIR  HENRY,  first  EARL  OF  MANCHESTER 
(15637-1642),  judge  and  statesman ;  of  Christ's  College, 

Cambridge;    barrister,  Middle  Temple:    M.P.,  Higham      

Ferrers  1601,  London,  1604  and  1614  ;  recorder  of  London  i  1824-7,  to  (Sir)  George  Arthur  [q.  v.]  when  lleutennnt- 
and  knighted,  1603 ;  K.C.,  1607  ;  serjeant-at-law  and  king's  governor  of  Van  Diwnen's  Laud  ;  was  clerk  of  excite 
serjeant,  1611 ;  opened  case  against  Earl  and  Countess  of  I  and  legislative  councils,  1827-9 ;  colonial  treasurer,  1*32  : 
Somerset  [see  CARR,  ROBERT,  EARL  OF  SOMERSKT],  1616 ;  ]  colonial  secretary,  1834 ;  suspended  from  office  owing  to 
us  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench  condemned  Sir  Walter  !  difference  with  the  governor,  Sir  John  Franklin  [q.  v.], 
Ralegh  1618  •  lord  high  treasurer  of  England,  1620  :  ;  1^42 ;  colonial  secretary  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  18 
created  Baron  Montagu  of  Kimbolton  and  Viscount  ;  till  death ;  left  colony  owing  to  ill-health,  1861  ;  dial  in 
Mandeville,  1620;  appointed  master  of  the  court  of  wards  London.  He  greatly  Improved  the  financial  condition 
and  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Virginian  commission,  1624 ;  of  Cape  Colony.  [Suppl.  111.  1« 

created    Earl  of    Manchester,    1626;   on  the  legislative          WAW^Aftff 
council  for   the  colonies,  1634 :  a  commissioner  of  the  j 
treasury,  1635  ;  one  of  the  guardians  of  the  realm  during 
Charles  I's  absence,  1641 ;  published  '  Coutemplatio  Mortis 
et  Immortalitatis,'  1631.  [xxxviii.  249] 


MARY  WORTLEY  (1689-1762), 


MONTAGU  or  MOUNTAGUE,  JAMES  (1568?- 
1618),  bishop  of  Winchester ;  brother  of  Sir  Henry  Mon- 
tagu, first  earl  of  Manchester  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge;  first  master  of  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge,  1595  ;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1603 ;  dean  of 


afterwards  fifth  earl  and  first  duke 
taught  herself  Latin  at  an  early  age  :  married  (1712) 
Edward  Wortley  Montagu,  M.P.  for  Huntingdon,  com- 
missioner (1714-15)  of  the  treasury,  a"d  ambassador  to 


mssoner  -  , 

CousUi.tinople,  1716;  went  to  Constantinople  with  her 
husband,  and  on  her  return  to  England  (1718)  Introduced 
the  practice  of  Inoculation  for  small-pox  ;  became  •  Jeader 
of  society  :  quarrelled  with  Pope,  who  had  professed  a 


MONTAGU 


802 


MONTEFIORE 


votir  courted  by  Youne: 

A.— . »  with  Sarah,  duchess   of   Marlboroneh  ; 
y   17S9 :  settled  in  Avignon,  1742  ;    moved 

',',      ...:  iHj    *  ttlt»l  ;it    V,  nice  :   roturn..i  to 
on  her  husband's  death,  1761 :  author  of  •  Town 
•—   -i  'Court  Poems,'  1716, 


MONTAGU.  RALPH, first  DUKKOF  MONTAGU  (163s 
17WV  son  of  Bdward  Montagu,  second  baron  Montagu 

Bouirnton  [q.  v.] ;  master  of  the  horse  to  the  Duchess 
of  YorPiSbMsIdoV  extraordinary  to  Louis  XIV,  1669 ; 
Durcbased  the  mastership  of  the  great  wardrobe,  1671 ; 
prWyoouncillor.  1«7J;  again  ambassador  extraordinary 
to  Louis  XIV.  1676 ;  unsuccessf ully  intrigued  for  the  post 
of  secretory  of  state;  being  denounced  by  the  Duchess  of 
Cleveland,  returned  to  England  without  permission,  to 
IfiKck  out  of  the  privy  council  (1678)  and 
as  ambassador  ;  negotiated  with  the  French 
__r.  offering  to  procure  Danby's  fall  within  six 
_i;  his  papers  seiied ;  produced  two  letters,  which 
voted  as  sufficient  ground  for  Danby's  impeach- 
,1678:  escaped  arrest  after  the  dissolution  of  parlia- 

,..,1678:  unwccesBinlly  endeavoured  to  get  Monmouth 
declared  Prince  of  Wales;  retired  to  France,  1680;  suc- 
ceeded as  Baron  Montagu,  1684,  and  returned  to  England 
on  the  accession  of  James  II ;  took  up  William's  cause  at 
the  revolution :  privy  councillor  and  created  Viscount 
Monthermer  and  Earl  of  Montagu,  1689  ;  the  mastership 
of  the  wardrobe  restored  to  him  ;  several  lawsuits  con- 
cerning the  Albemarle  property  caused  by  his  marriage 
with  Elizabeth  Cavendish,  widow  of  Christopher  Monck, 
second  duke  of  Albemarle  [q.  v.],  1692  ;  became  Marquis 
of  Monthermer  and  Duke  of  Montagu,  1705. 

[xxxviii.  263] 

MONTAGU  or  MOUNTAGUE,  RICHARD  (1577- 
19411  controversialist  and  bishop  ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1602 ;  B.D.,  1609 ;  assisted 
Sir  Henry  Savile  [q.  v.]  in  bis  literary  work  ;  fellow  of 
Eton,  1613  :  dean  of  Hereford,  1616  ;  exchanged  deanery 
fora  canonry  of  Windsor,  1617  ;  archdeacon  of  Hereford 
and  chaplain  to  James  1, 1617  ;  prepared  an  answer  to 
Baron  ins,  issued  aa  •  Analecta  Ecclesiasticarum  Exer- 
citationum,'  1622  :  published  '  Diatribte  upon  the  first 
part  of  the  late  History  of  Tithes,'  1621  ;  answered 
Matthew  Kellison's  'Gag  for  the  New  Gospel'  with 
•  A  New  Gagg,'  1824,  in  •  Appello  Cffisarem,'  1625  : 
vindicated  his  teaching  from  the  charge  of  Arminianism 
and  popery  ;  committed  to  the  custody  of  the  serjeant- 
at-armx  in  consequence  of  a  hot  debate  in  the  House  of 
Common*  :  his  punishment  petitioned  for  by  the  House 
of  Commons  ;  appointed  by  Charles  I  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter,  1638 ;  a  bitter  pamphlet  against  him  addressed  to 
the  House  of  Commons,  1629 ;  endeavoured  to  recover 
the  alienated  estates  of  bis  diocese  ;  diligent  in  procuring 
obedience  to  church  discipline  :  published  a  book  on  the 
Eucharutic  Sacrifice,  1638 ;  according  to  Panzani,  con- 
sidered reunion  with  the  Roman  church  quite  possible ; 
bUhop  of  Norwich,  1638.  [xxxviii.  266] 

MONTAGU,  ROBERT,  third  EARL  OF  MANCHESTER 
(1694-1683),  son  of  Edward  Montagu,  second  earl  of 
Manchester  [q.  v.];  M.P.,  Huntingdonshire,  1660  and 
1661 ;  sent  on  a  mission  to  France,  1663 ;  gentleman  of 
the  bedchamber,  1666 ;  died  at  Moutpcllier. 

[xxxviii.  231] 

MONTAGU,  WALTER  (1603  ?-1677),  abbot  of  St 
Martin  near  Pontoise  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Montagu,  first 
earl  of  Manchester  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex 
College.  Cambridge,  and  on  the  continent :  employ.il  by 
Buckingham  on  a  secret  mission  to  France,  1624  and 
Ifttt  ;  continued  in  secret  service  in  France,  1627-33 ; 
became  Roman  catholic,  1635  ;  collected  catholic  con- 
tributions to  the  royalict  army ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  1643-7 ;  exiled,  1649 ;  became  abbot  of  St. 
Martin  near  Poutoise;  resigned  in  favour  of  Cardinal 
Bouillon  at  the  request  of  the  French  government.  1U70, 
but  continued  to  enjoy  the  revalues  ;  published  a  comedy, 
verses,  and  theological  and  political  works. 

MONTAGU,  SIR  WILLIAM  ( 1619 ?-"o6), '  fudge: 
son  of  Bdward  Montagu,  first  baron  Montagu  of 
Boughton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge:  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1641;  MJ>. 
Huntingdon,  1640:  Cambridge  University,  1660;  at- 
torney-general to  Cuarlw  ll's  queen,  166J  ;  s-crjcnut-at- 


law  and  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1676:  re- 
moved from  the  bench  on  his  refusal  to  give  an  un- 
qualified opinion  in  favour  of  the  prerogative  of  dis- 
pensation, 1686  ;  assessor  to  the  convention.  1689. 

[xxxviii.  272] 

MONTAGU,  WILLIAM  (1720?-1757),  naval  cap- 
tain; brother  of  John  Montagu,  fourth  earl  of  Sandwich 
[q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  1740  ;  commander,  1744  :  distinguished 
in  the  action  of  3  May  1747  ;  M.P.,  Huntingdon,  1745, 
Bossiuey,  1752.  [xxxviii.273] 

MONTAGU,  WILLIAM,  fifth  DUKE  OP  MANCHESTER 
(1768-1843),  governor  of  Jamaica  ;  son  of  George  Mon- 
tagu, fourth  duke  of  Manchester  [q.  v.]  ;  gazetted  lieu- 
tenant, 1787  ;  colonel  in  the  army,  1794 ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Huntingdonshire,  1793;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1808; 
reforms  made  in  the  law  courts  and  post  office  during  his 
governorship,  1814  ;  alleviated  the  distress  caused  by  the 
hurricane  and  floods,  1815 ;  the  Jamaica  slaves  pacified 
by  his  personal  influence  during  the  insurrection  of  the 
slaves  in  Barbados;  returned  to  England,  1827;  post- 
master-general, 1827-30  ;  voted  against  the  Reform  Bill ; 
died  in  Rome.  [xxxviii.  274] 

MONTAGUE.    [See  also  MONTAGU.] 

MONTAGUE,  BARON  (1492  ?-1539).  [See  POLE, 
HKNRY.] 

MONTAGUE,  HENRY  JAMES  (1843  ?-1878),  actor ; 
his  real  name  MANN  ;  held  an  appointment  in  the  Sun 
Fire  office;  appeared  in  London  at  Astley's  Theatre, 
1863,  the  St.  James's,  1864,  the  Prince  of  Wales's,  1867, 
and  the  Princess's,  1868;  partner  in  the  Vaudeville, 
1870-1;  sole  lessee  of  the  Globe,  1871-4;  excelled  in 
juvenile  parts ;  went  to  America  and  died  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, [xxxviii.  275] 

MONTAIGNE  or  MOUNTAIN,  GEORGE  (1569- 
1628),  archbishop  of  York ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1593 ;  fellow,  1591 ;  attended  Essex  as  chaplain 
to  Cadiz,  1596  ;  professor  of  divinity  at  Gresham  College, 
London,  1607;  master  of  the  Savoy  and  chaplain  to 
James  I,  1608;  incumbent  of  Oheam,  1609;  dean  of 
Westminster,  1610 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1617  ;  lord  high 
almoner,  1619 ;  bishop  of  London,  1621  ;  enthusiastic 
supporter  of  Laud ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1627  ;  said  to  have 
secured  the  primacy  of  York  by  a  witty  remark,  1628. 
He  founded  two  scholarships  at  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, [xxxviii.  276] 

MONTALBA,  HENRIETTA  SKERRETT  (1856-1893), 
sculptor ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1876 ; 
devoted  herself  mainly  to  portrait  or  fancy  busts,  and 
worked  mostly  in  terracotta  ;  died  at  Venice. 

[xxxviii.  277] 

MONTE,  ROBERT  DE  (1110  ?-1186).    [See  ROBERT.] 

MONTEAGE,  STEPHEN  (1623  ?-1687),  merchant  and 
accountant ;  agent  to  Christopher  Hatton,  first  viscount 
Hatton  [q.  v.] ;  did  much  to  bring  double  entry  into 
general  use  ;  published  books  on  double  entry. 

[xxxviii.  278] 

MONTEAGLE,  BARONS.  [See  STANLEY,  EDWARD, 
first  BARON,  1460V-1623;  PARKKR,  WILLIAM,  fourth 
BARON,  1575-1622.] 

MONTEAGLE  OF  BRANDON,  first  BARON.  [See 
SPRING-RICE,  THOMAS,  1790-1866.] 

MONTEATH,  GEORGE  CUNNINGHAM  (1788- 
1828),  physician  and  oculist;  studied  in  Glasgow; 
licensed  by  the  R.C.S. ;  surgeon  to  Northumberland 
militia,  1809-13 ;  physician  and  oculist  in  Glasgow : 
published  '  Manual  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Human  Eye,' 
1821.  [xxxviii.  278] 

MONTEATH,  SIR  THOMAS  (1787-1868).  [See 
DOUGLAS,  SIR  THOMAS  MONTKATH.] 

MONTEFIOBE,  SIR   MOSES  HAIM,  first    baronet 


(1784-1885),  philanthropist  and  centenarian;  i 
fortune  as  a  stockbroker  and  retired,  1824 ;  sheriff  of 
London  and  knighted,  1837  ;  secured  a  firman  from  the 
sultan  placing  Jews  on  the  same  footing  as  all  other 
aliens,  1840 ;  obtained  abrogation  of  ukase  for  removal  of 
Jews  into  the  interior  of  Russia,  1846 ;  received  baronetcy, 
1846  ;  collected  and  distributed  fund  for  relief  of  sufferers 
by  Syrian  famine,  1855  ;  founded  girls'  school  and  hos- 
pital at  Jerusalem,  1855 :  raised  funds  for  the  Jewish  and 
Christian  refugees  at  Gibraltar.  1860;  obtained  from  the 
sultan  of  Morocco  an  edict  giving  equality  to  the  Jews, 


MONTEIT; 


MONTGOMERIE 


1864  ;  interceded  on  behalf  of  the  Moldavian  Jew*,  1867  : 
visited  Jerusalem  for  the  seventh  time,  1875  ;  vrotc  :i 
narrative  of  his  visit  lor  private  circulation. 

[xxxviii.  278] 
MONTEITH,  ROBERT  (A  1621-1660).    [See  MEN- 

TEITH.] 


MONTEITH,  WILLIAM  (1790-1864), 
general,  Indian  army,  diplomatist,  and  historian  :  lieu- 
tenant iu  Madra-;  engineers,  1809  ;  captain,  1817  ;  colonel, 
1839;  accompaninl  sir  John  Malcolm's  embassy  to 
Persia,  1810;  commanded  against  Russians,  lslu-13: 
employed  to  ascertain  the  boundary  between  Persia  and 
Turkey,  1821,  and  between  Persia  and  Russia,  1828;  left 
Persia,  1829  ;  chief  engineer  at  Madras,  1832  ;  major- 
general,  1841  ;  retired  from  service,  1847  ;  lieuu-nant- 
general,  1854  :  wrote  books  on  geography  and  the  Russian 
campaigns  of  1808-9  and  1826-8.  [rxxviii.  1'suj 

MONTEZ,  LOLA  (1818-1861).    [See  GILBERT,  MAIUK 

Dnl.ciKH.-;  ELIZA  ROHANNA.] 

MONTFICHET,  RICHARD  I>K  (d.  1268),  justiciar; 
one  of  the  twenty-five  barons  appointed  to  enforce  Magua 
Oharta  ;  justice  itinerant  for  Essex  and  Hertfordshire, 
1226  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1234  ;  justice  of  the  forest 
for  nineteen  counties,  1237  ;  sheriff  of  Essex  and  Hert- 
fordshire, 1242-6.  [xxxviii.  281] 

MONTFORT,  ALMERIO  OF  <  ,/.  1292  ?),  son  of  Simon 
of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester  [_'!•  v-l  :  canon  and  trea- 
surer of  York,  1265  ;  lost  these  preferments  on  bis  father's 
fall,  1265  ;  went  to  Italy,  1268  ;  chaplain  to  the  pope  ; 
assumed  title  of  Earl  of  Leicester,  his  brother  Guy  i-rinir 
an  outlaw,  1272  ;  refused  permission  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, 1273  ;  sued  Edmund  Mortimer,  the  treasurer  of 
York,  before  the  official  of  Paris,  1274;  captured  at 
Bristol,  1276  ;  imprisoned  for  six  years  and  liberated  on 
condition  of  abjuring  the  realm,  1282.  [xxxviii.  282] 

MONTFORT,  ELEANOR  OF  (1252-1282),  daughter  of 
Simon  of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester  [q.  v.]  ;  exiled  to 
France,  1265  ;  married  by  proxy  to  Llywelyn  ab  Gruffydd, 
prince  of  Wales,  1275  ;  captured  and  imprisoned  till  1278  ; 
married  to  Llywelyn  on  his  submission  to  Edward  1,  1278. 

[xxxviii.  282] 

MONTFOET,  GUY  OF  (1243  ?-1288?),  son  of  Simon 
of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester  [q.  v.]  ;  shared  command  at 
Lewes,  1264  ;  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Evesham, 
1265  ;  escaped  to  France,  1266  ;  governor  of  Tuscany, 
1268  ;  with  his  brother  Simon  murdered  Henry  of  Corn- 
wall at  Viterbo,  1271,  in  revenge  for  his  father's  death  ; 
excommunicated  and  outlawed,  1273  ;  bought  his  free- 
dom, 1274  ;  captain-general  of  the  papal  forces,  1283  ; 
captured  at  Catania,  1287  ;  died  in  a  Sicilian  prison. 

[xxxviii.  283] 

MONTFORT,  HENRY  OF  (1238-1265),  son  of  Simon 
of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  MB 
father  to  Gascony,  1252;  knighted  by  Prince  Edward, 
1260  ;  represented  barons  at  Mise  of  Amiens,  1264  ;  com- 
manded on  Welsh  border,  1264;  seized  Worcester,  1264; 
led  van  at  Lewes,  1264;  constable  of  Dover  Castle, 
governor  of  the  Cinque  ports,  and  treasurer  of  Sandwich, 
1264  ;  fought  and  fell  at  Evesham.  [xxxviii.  283] 

MONTFORT,  SIMON  OF,  EARL  OF  LEICESTER  (1208?- 
1265),  son  of  Simon  IV  of  Montfort  I'Amaury  (Nor- 
mandy) ;  born  in  Normandy  ;  agreed  with  his  elder 
brother  Almeric  to  exchange  his  share  in  their  continental 
patrimony  for  the  earldom  of  Leicester,  the  heritage  of 
their  English  grandmother  ;  went  to  England,  1229  ;  found 
that  the  estates  had  been  given  to  the  Earl  of  Chester, 
who,  however,  acknowledged  Simon's  right  to  them  and 
petitioned  the  king  to  restore  them,  1231  ;  unable  to  sup- 
port the  rank  and  dignity  of  an  earl,  although  he  officiated 
as  grand,  seneschal  at  the  queen's  coronation,  1236,  an 
office  belonging  to  the  earldom  of  Leicester;  married 
Eleanor,  sister  of  Henry  IU,  1288;  went  to  Rome  to 
obtain  the  pope's  dispensation,  the  marriage  being  an 
ecclesiastical  offence,  as  Eleanor  had  taken  a  vow  of  per- 
petual widowhood  ;  formally  invested  with  the  earldom  of 
Leicester,  1239  ;  quarrelled  with  Henry  III  concerning  a 
debt,  1239  ;  crusader,  1240  ;  returned  to  Europe,  1242, 
and  helped  Henry  III  in  Poitou  ;  commissioner  to  answer 
the  king's  demand  for  money,  1244;  induced  (1248)  to 
undertake  the  government  of  Gascony  on  condition  of 
having  absolute  control;  his  high-handed  severity,  at 
first  successful,  followed  by  a  rising  in  Gascony,  1251  ; 
besieged  chief  malcontents  at  Castillon  and  took  the  town, 


fmviiiL.-  the  rebel  leaden  one  by  one  to  make  their  peact  : 
after  a  second  rising  Henry  III  beard  complaint*  against 
Simon  at  Westminster;  ho  was  accused  of  all  sorts  of 
oppression  and  violence ;  denied  some  of  toe  charges  and 
claimed  that  his  severity  was  justified  by  the  otter  law- 
IBMMM  of  the  Gaseous :  the  accuser*  agreeing  to  no 
settlement,  Simon  was  acquittal ;  returned  to  Gascony 
to  tind  the  truce  broken  and  prepare!  to  fight  Uastoo 


de  Bfem,  1252;  yielded  to  Hour. 

should    resign   bis   governorship,    1252;   withdrew  to 

France ; 


IXJI^U          UID          gWTVB  l«Ui  I*UI|S,  A«V«    , 

his  help  in  quelling  the  revolt 


rtats 


lli-nry  III,  1253;  envoy  to  Scotland,  1254, 
1255, 1257,  and  1258,  and  to  Italy.  1257 ;  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  administrative  reform,  who  drew  up  the 
1  Provisions  of  Oxford,'  1258:  attacked  by  Henry  III  in 
council,  12C(i;  withdrew  to  France,  1261,  Henry  having 
proclaimed  his  intention  of  ruling  as  be  pkswwtl :  n. 
moued  to  England  as  its  leader  by  the  parliament,  which 
had  denounced  the  king  as  f:»lse  to  bis  oatb  and  pro- 
claimed war  on  all  violators  of  the  '  1'rovinions,*  1268 ; 
agreed  with  the  other  barons  to  refer  the  dispute  to  the 
arbitration  of  St.  Louis  of  France,  whose  decision,  the 
'Mise  of  Amiens '(1264),  quashed  the  'Provisions,'  bat 
recognised  popular  rights;  defeated  the  royalisto  and 
captured  the  king  at  the  battle  of  Lewes  (14  May  1264) ; 
being  by  the  'Mise  of  Lewes'  virtually  governor  of  the 
king  and  kingdom  summoned  (1264)  a  parliament 
(January  1265),  not  only  of  churchmen,  barons,  and 
knighte,  but  also  two  citizens  from  every  borough  in 
England ;  quarrelled  with  Gilbert  de  Clare,  the  young 
(ninth)  earl  of  Gloucester  [q.  v.],  who  thereupon  joined 
Prince  Edward  and  the  marcher  lords :  killed  in  the 
resulting  battle  at  Evesham,  4  Aug.  1265.  He  was  not 
the  inventor  of  the  representative  system,  nor  the  creator 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  but  a  champion  of  righteous- 
ness rather  than  a  reformer  of  government,  a  hero  rather 
than  a  statesman.  [xxxviii.  284] 

MONTFORT,  SIMON  OF,  the  younger  (1240-1271), 
son  of  Simon  of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester  [q.  v.] ; 
knighted  by  Prince  Edward,  1260  ;  defended  Northamp- 
ton, 1264,  but  was  captured  by  Henry  III ;  released  after 
Lewes  (1264),  but  reached  Evesbam  after  the  battle  and 
withdrew  to  Kenil  worth,  1265,  where  he  was  forced  to 
submit ;  escaped  over  sea,  1266 ;  took  part  with  his 
brother  Guy  of  Montfort  [q.  v.]  in  the  murder  of  Henry 
of  Cornwall  at  Viterbo,  1271 ;  died  at  Siena. 

[xxxviii.  296] 

MONTGOMERIE.    [See  also  MONTOOMKRY.] 

MONTGOMERIE,  SIR  ALEXANDER  DK,  of  Ar- 
drossan,  first  BARON  MOXTGOMKRIK  (d.  1470  ?X  grandson 
of  Sir  John  Montgomerie  [q.  v.] ;  privy  councillor,  1425  ; 
joint-governor  of  Cantyre  and  Knapdale,  1430 ;  commis- 
sioner to  England  and  sent  on  various  important  em- 
bassies ;  keeper  of  Brcdick  Castle,  1444 ;  lord  of  parlia- 
ment, 1445.  [xxxviii.  296] 

MONTGOMERIE,  ALEXANDER  (1556  7-1610  ?), 
Scottish  poet ;  brother  of  Robert  Montgomerie  (d.  1600) 
[q.  v.] ;  held  office  in  the  Scottish  court,  1577 ;  styled 
captain  ;  became  laureate  of  the  court ;  travelled  on  the 
continent,  1586 ;  imprisoned  abroad  and  his  pension  with- 
held, a  protracted  lawsuit  resulting  ;  wrote,  besides  mis- 
cellaneous poems,  '  The  Cherrie  and  the  Slae,'  (first  edi- 
tion printed,  1597),  which  has  long  been  popular;  bis 
'Flyting  betwixt  Montgomery  and  Polwart,'  published 
by  Andro  Hart,  1621.  [xxxviii.  297] 

MONTGOMERIE  or  8ETON,  ALEXANDER,  sixth 
EARL  OF  EULINTON  (1588-1661),  originally  known  as 
Sir  Alexander  Setoii ;  succeeded  his  cousin  Hugh,  fifth 
earl  of  Eglinton,  who,  having  no  issue,  made  a 
tiou  and  settlement  of  the  earldom  and  entail  on 
provided  he  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Moutgomerie, 
1612  (confirmed  by  the  king,  1615) ;  petitioned  against 
the  prayer-book  and  assisted  in  the  preparations  of  the 
national  covenant ;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1641 ; 
commanded  Scottish  regiment  of  horse  for  the  English 
parliament;  distinguished  himself  at  Marston  Moor, 
1644 ;  on  the  execution  of  Charles  I  supported  the  recall 
of  Charles  II  and  the  policy  of  Argyll;  betrayed  to 
Cromwell,  1651 ;  detained  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  but  after- 
wards allowed  the  liberty  of  Berwick ;  bis  estates  seques- 
tered for  two  years ;  included  in  Cromwell's  Act  of  Grace. 

[xxxviii.  298] 

MONTGOMERIE,  ALEXANDER,  ninth  EARL  or 
EQUNTON  (1660  ?-172»),  grandson  of  Hugh  Montgomerie, 


MONTGOMERIE 


894 


MONTGOMERY 


n.  lit!.  ,-:»rl 


iton  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Rt  Andrews 
auncillor  and  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
as  ninth  earl,  1701  ;  Soot- 
1710  and  1713:  supported  bill 
in  Scotland  and  applying 
clergy:  raised  and  discipliuni  the 
[xxxviii.  300] 

w  ALEXANDER,   tenth   EARL   OF 

(1713-1769),  son  of  Alexander  Montgomerie, 
of  Bgllnton  [q.  v.]:  purchased  the  sheriftMiij) 
..«»,  1748:  governor  of  Dumbarton  Castle,  1759  : 
lord  of  the  bedchamber  to  George  III :  strongly  opposed 
to  the  optional  clause  in  the  Scottish  Bank  Act  and  to 
the  •aeumulaUon  of  the  public  debt :  published  '  Inquiry 
hrto  the  Origin  and  Consequences  of  the  Public  Debt,' 
1764 :  representative  peer  for  Scotland,  1761  and  1768 : 
•hot  by  Mungo  Campbell,  an  excise  officer,  perhaps  acci- 
,;,,.,,  [xxxviii.  301] 

MONTOOMERIE.  ARCHIBALD,  eleventh  EARL  OF 
HOUSTON  (17*6-1796),  son  of  Alexander  Montgomerie, 
ninth  earl  of  Eglinton  [q.  v.]  ;  raised  regiment  of  High- 
landers aiK*  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  comman- 
dant, 1767  ;  served  In  America  :  colonel,  1769  ;  succeeded 
to  earldom,  1769 ;  lieutenant-general,  1777. 

[xxxviii.  302] 

MONTGOMERIE.  ARCHIBALD  WILLIAM, 
thirteenth  EARL  or  EGLINTON  and  first  EARL  OF  WIN- 
TON  in  the  peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  (1812-1861), 
born  at  Palermo:  succeeded  his  grandfather,  Hugh  Mont- 
gomerie, twelfth  earl  of  Eglinton  [q.  v.],  1819;  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ayrshire,  1842  ;  one  of  the  whips  of  the  protec- 
tion party,  1846 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1852  ;  privy 
councillor,  1852  (February  to  December)  and  1858-9  ; 
K.T.,  1*53 :  created  Earl  of  Wiuton,  1859;  held  tourna- 
ment at  Bglinton  Castle,  1839,  described  in  Disraeli's 
•  Bndymion ' ;  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  and  Glasgow,  1852  ; 
president  of  the  Burns  commemoration,  1844;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1868,  [xxxviii.  303] 

MONTOOMERIE,  HUGH,  third  BARON  MONT- 
GOMKKIK  and  first  EARL  OF  EGLINTON  (1460?-1545), 
grandson  of  Sir  Alexander  Montgomerie,  first  baron 
Montgomerie  [q.  v.] :  was  privy  councillor,"  1489  :  created 
Earl  of  Eglinton,  1506 ;  guardian  of  the  infant  James  V, 
1513:  justice-general  of  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland, 
1527 ;  one  of  the  council  of  regency,  1536.  [xxxviii.  304] 

MOHTOOMERIE,  HUGH,  third  EARL  OF  EGLLNTON 
(1S31  7-1686),  great-grandson  of  Hugh  Montgomerie,  first 
earl  of  Bglinton  [q.  v.]  ;  student  of  St.  Mary's  College,  St. 
Andrews,  1662 ;  visited  Mary  Stuart  in  France  aud  re- 
turned in  her  train,  1660 ;  supported  Mary's  Roman  catho- 
lic policy;  bad  no  connection  with  Darnley's  murder; 
opposed  Mary's  marriage  to  Both  well ;  joined  her  after 
her  escape  from  Lochleven  ;  fought  for  her  at  Langside, 
1648 ;  subscribed  his  obedience  to  the  regent,  1571 ;  en- 
deavoured to  secure  toleration  for  Romanists,  1573  ;  privy 
councillor,  1578  ;  subscribed  order  for  prosecution  of  the 
Hamilton*.  1579  :  one  of  the  assize  for  Morton's  trial,  1581; 
formally  approved  Rutbven  raid,  1682.  [xxxviii.  305] 

MONTOOMERIE,  HUGH,  seventh  EARL  OF  EGLINTON 
(1613-1669),  son  of  Alexander  Montgomerie,  sixth  earl 
of  Bglinton  [q.  v.l ;  student  of  Glasgow  University,  1628; 
opposed  Charles  Fs  ecclesiastical  policy ;  colonel  under 
Leslie  at  Newburn ;  failed  to  seize  Tynemouth,  1640 ; 
engaged  in  northern  campaign  under  Middleton,  1646; 
defeated  by  Hnntly  at  Aberdeen,  1646 ;  disqualified  for 
public  service  until  1660  for  being  accessory  to  the 'en- 
gagement ' ;  taken  prisoner,  1661  ;  exoepted  from  Crom- 
well's Act  of  Grace,  1664.  [xxxviii.  306] 

MONTOOMERIE,  HUGH,  twelfth  EARL  OF  BGLINTON 
<  1739-181 9),  captain  in  the  army  during  the  American  war; 
major  in  the  western  fencibles,  1788 ;  M.P.,  Ayrshire,  1780- 
89 :  inspector  of  military  roads  in  Sootli 

1796; 


1  789  ;  inspector  of  military  roads  in  Scotland,  1  789  ;  colonel 
west  lowland  fencibles,  1793;  succeeded  to  earldom, 


representative  peer  of  Scotland,  1798  and  1802; 
created  Baron  Ardrossan  of  Ardrossan  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  1806;  K.T.  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ayrshire:  com- 
menced a  harbour  for  Ardrossan,  1806  ;  composed  popular 
•in.  [xxxviii.  307] 

MONTOOMERIE.  SIR  JOHN,  ninth  of  Baglesham 
and  first  of  Bglinton  and  Ardrossan  (<*.  1398?),  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  e.  1880  ;  obtained  baronies  of  Bglinton 
and  Anliwsan  by  his  marriage;  distinguished  htmaelf  at 
Otttrtoro,  1388.  [xxxviii.  308] 


MONTOOMERIE,  ROBERT  (d.1609),  titular  arch- 
bishop of  Glasgow  ;  brother  of  Alexander  Moutgomerie 
( 1666  ?-16lO  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  at  Cupar,  1562,  Dunblane, 
1667,  and  Stirling,  1672  ;  presented  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Glasgow,  1581  ;  censured  and  interdicted  from  taking  the 
office  by  the  geueml  assembly ;  huving  entered  Glasgow 
church  with  an  armed  force,  was  excommunicated  by  the 
presbytery  of  Edinburgh  ;  his  excommunication  was  de- 
clared void  by  parliament,  1584  ;  resigned  bishopric,  1587  ; 
pastor  of  Symington,  1588,  of  Ayr,  1589.  [xxxviii.  309] 

MONTOOMERIE,  ROBERT  (<f.  1684),  parliamentary 
and  afterwards  royalist  officer :  son  of  Alexander  .Mont- 
gomerie, sixth  earl  of  Eglinton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Glas- 
gow University  ;  fought  at  Marstou  Moor,  1644;  com- 
manded under  Middleton,  1646  ;  joined  western  whigamores 
in  march  on  Edinburgh,  1648  :  after  the  recall  of  Charles  II, 
1650,  was  employed  on  the  royalist  side  ;  fought  as  major- 
general  aud  captured  at  Worcester,  1651 ;  escaped  from 
the  Tower  of  London,  1664 ;  arrested  and  confined  in 
Edinburgh  Castle :  again  escaped,  1657  ;  lord  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Charles  II ;  imprisoned  for  his  presbyterian 
sympathies,  1665-8.  [xxxviii.  310] 

MONTOOMERIE,  THOMAS  GEORGE  (1830-1878), 
colonel,  royal  engineers,  and  geographer ;  second  lieu- 
tenant, Bengal  engineers,  1849  ;  assisted  in  surveying  plain 
of  Chach,  1853,and  Karachi,  1864-5 ;  first  lieutenant,  1854 ; 
given  charge  of  the  trigo-topographical  survey  of  Jauin 
and  Kashmir,  1855-64 ;  captain,  1868 ;  appointed  to  the 
Himalayan  survey  in  Kumaon  and  Gurhwal,  1867  ;  trained 
natives,  who  passed  freely  to  and  fro  as  traders,  it  being 
impossible  for  European  officers  to  extend  the  survey 
without  the  risk  of  political  complications  ;  responsible 
for  the  survey  of  the  route  to  Yarkand,  1863,  and  the  dis- 
covery of  the  upper  valley  and  source  of  the  Brahmaputra: 
officiated  as  superintendent  of  the  great  trigonometrical 
survey  of  India,  1870-3  :  major,  1872  :  lieutenant-colonel, 
1874 ;  retired  as  colonel,  1876 ;  F.R.S. ;  contributed  to 
scientific  periodicals  papers  on  the  native  explorers' 
travels  and  the  geography  of  India.  [xxxviii.  311] 

MONTGOMERY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  HERBERT,  PHILIP, 
first  EARL,  1584-1650;  HERBERT,  HENHY,  sixth  EARL, 
1693-1751 ;  HERBERT,  HENRY,  seventh  EARL,  1734-1794 ; 
HERBERT,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  eighth  EARL,  1759-1827.] 

MONTGOMERY,  COUNTESS  OF.  [See  CLIFFORD, 
ANNE,  1590-1676.] 

MONTGOMERY,  HENRY  (1788-1865),  founder  of  the 
remonstrant  synod  of  Ulster ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1807 ;  pastor 
of  Dunmurry,  near  Belfast,  1809 ;  head-master  of  Belfast 
Academical  Institution,  1817-39  ;  moderator  of  the  synod, 
1818 ;  strongly  opposed  Henry  Cooke's  attempt  to  render 
presbyteriau  discipline  more  stringent ;  adopted  a  '  re- 
monstrance,' 1829,  the  first  meeting  of  the  remonstrance 
synod  being  held,  1830 :  advocated  catholic  emancipation 
and  Irish  disestablishment ;  elected  by  the  combined  re- 
monstrance synod,  Antrim  presbytery,  and  Muuster synod 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  pastoral  theology, 
1838 ;  an  original  editor  of  the  '  Bible  Christian ' ;  con- 
tributed « Outlines  of  the  History  of  Presbyteriauism  in 
Ireland '  to  the  » Irish  Unitarian  Magazine,'  1846-7. 

[xxxviii.  313] 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  HENRY  OONYNGHAM,  second 
baronet  (1803-1878),  Madras  civil  servant ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Haileybury ;  went  to  India,  1825 ;  succeeded  to 
baronetcy,  1830 ;  sent  on  special  commission  to  Rajah- 
mundry  district,  1843,  and  recommended  utilisation  of 
waters  of  the  Godavery  for  irrigation  [see  COTTON,  SIR 
ARTHUR  THOMAS]  ;  secretary  to  government  in  revenue 
and  public  works  department,  1843-50  ;  chief  secretary, 
1850 ;  member  of  governor's  council,  1855-7 ;  original 
member  of  new  council  of  India  in  London,  1868-76 ; 
privy  councillor,  1876.  [Suppl.  ili.  189] 

MONTGOMERY,  HUGH  OF,  second  EARL  OF 
SHREWSBURY  (d.  1098).  [See  HUGH.] 

MONTGOMERY,  HUGH,  third  VISCOUNT  MONT- 
GOMERY of  the  Ards  and  first  EAKL  OF  MOUNT  ALEX- 
ANDER (1623?-1663),  succeeded  his  father  as  viscount, 
and  was  appointed  to  command  his  father's  regiment, 
1642 ;  commander-in-chief  of  the  royalist  army  in  Ulster, 
1649 ;  seized  successively  Belfast,  Antrim,  and  Carrick- 
fergus ;  surrendered  to  Cromwell,  and  was  banished  to 
Holland  ;  life  master  of  ordnance  in  Ireland,  1660 ;  created 
Earl  of  Mount  Alexander,  1661.  [xxxviii.  316] 


MONTGOMERY 


MOODY 


MONTGOMERY  or  MONTGOMERIE,  Sm  JAMES, 

tenth    !'.AIIOM:T    OK   SKKI.MOKI.IK   (</.    Hi'.Hi.   politician; 
imprisoned   for    harbouring    covenanter;',    lox-i 
Holland  in   connection  with  the  Invitation   to  William, 
prince  of  Orange;  M.I'.,  Ayrshire,  1689;  organised  '  The 
Club'  political  society  ;    went  to  London  with  his  con- 
federates, but  William  111  having  d.-<-lim<d   to  listen  to 
their  complaints,  joined  the  Jacobite-  in  tin-  Montgomery 
plot ;  confessed  on  promise  of  indemnity ;  was  imprisoned 
for  writing  against  the  government,  but  c 
IG'.M  ;  died  at  St.  Germain.  [xxxviii.  316] 

MONTGOMERY,  JAMES  (1771-1854),  poet;  clerk 
and  book-keeper  to  the'  Sheffield  Register,'  1792,  becoming 
a  contributor  to  and  finally  editor  of  the  paper,  which 
was  renamed  the  'Sheffield  Iris,'  and  became  Mont- 
gomery's property,  1795;  imprisoned  for  libel,  1795  and 
1796;  sold  his  paper,  1825;  lectured  on  poetry  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  1830  and  1831.  His  best-known  hymn- 
include  '  For  ever  with  the  Lord,'  *  Songs  of  praise  the 
Angels  sang,'  and  '  Go  to  dark  Gethsemaue,'  and  among 
his  poems  are  'The  Wanderer  of  Switzerland,'  1806,  'The 
West  Indies,'  1809,  '  The  World  before  the  Flood,'  1812, 
«  Greenland,'  1819,  and  '  The  Pelican  Island,'  1826. 

[xxxviii.  817] 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  JAMES  WILLIAM,  first  baro- 
net (1721-1803),  Scottish  judge;  called  to  the  Scottish 
bar,  1743 ;  sheriff  of  Peeblesshire,  1748 ;  joint  solicitor- 
general,  1760  ;  sole  solicitor-general,  1764  ;  lord  advocate, 
1766:  M.P.,  Dumfries  burghs,  1766.  Peeblesshire,  1768; 
introduced  measure  for  reform  of  entails,  1770 ;  created 
lord  chief  baron  of  the  Scottish  exchequer,  1775  ;  resigned 
his  iudgeship  and  was  created  baronet,  1801. 

[xxxviii.  320] 

MONTGOMERY,  JEMIMA  (1807-1893).  [See  TAUT- 
PHCEUS,  BARONESS  VON.] 

MONTGOMERY,  PHILIP  OP  (d.  1099).  [See  PHILIP.] 

MONTGOMERY,  RICHARD  (1736-1775),  major- 
general  ;  of  St.  Andrews  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
entered  the  army,  1756  ;  captain,  1762 ;  served  in  Canada, 
1759,  and  Cuba,  1762  ;  sold  out  of  the  army,  1772  ;  settled 
on  the  Hudson  river;  became  brigadier-general  in  the 
American  army,  1775  ;  took  (1775)  Fort  Chamblai  and 
St.  John's,  but  was  killed  in  an  attack  on  Quebec. 

[xxxviii.  820] 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  ROBERT,  eleventh  BARONET 
OP  SKKLMORLIE  (1680-1731),  projector  of  a  scheme  for 
colonisation  in  America  :  served  in  war  of  Spanish  suc- 
cession, 1702-13 ;  granted  land  in  South  Carolina,  1717 ; 
recommended  as  governor,  1718.  [xxxviii.  321] 

MONTGOMERY,  ROBERT  (1807-1865),  poetaster; 
wrote  religious  poems  (including  '  The  Omnipresence  of 
the  Deity,'  1828,  and  '  Satan,'  1830)  which  were  extrava- 
gantly praised  in  the  press,  and  severely  criticised  by 
Macaulay  in  the '  Edinburgh  Review,'  1830  ;  B.A.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1833 :  M.A.,  1838 :  curate  of  Whittlng- 
ton,  1835 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Jude's,  Glasgow,  1836 ; 
minister  of  Percy  Chapel,  St.  Pancras,  London,  1843. 

[xxxviii.  322] 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1809-1887),  Indian 
administrator;  appointed  to  the  Bengal  civil  service, 
1827 ;  transferred  to  the  Punjab :  commissioner  of  the 
Lahore  division,  1849  ;  disarmed  the  sepoys  at  Lahore  and 
Mean  Meer,  12  May  1857,  and  warned  Ferozepore,  Mooltan, 
and  Kangra  of  the  mutiny :  chief  commissioner  of  Oudh, 
1858 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Punjab,  1869-66  ;  K.O.B., 
1859  ;  G.C.S.I.,  1866  ;  member  of  the  council  of  state  for 
India,  1868.  [xxxviii.  323] 

MONTGOMERY,  ROGER  OP,  EARL  OP  SHREWS- 
BURY (</.  10937).  [See  ROGER.] 

MONTGOMERY,  WALTER  (1827-1871),  actor;  his 
real  name  RICHARD  TOMLINSON  ;  born  at  Long  island, 
America;  acted  in  London,  1863;  acted  with  Helen 
Faucit  [q.  v.]  and  Mrs.  Kendal :  made  some  reputation 
in  America  and  Australia ;  committed  suicide. 

[xxxviii.  324] 

MONTGOMERY,  WILLIAM  (1633-1707),  historian: 
educated  at  Glasgow  and  Leyden  Universities  ;  M.P.,  New- 
townards,  1661  ;  high  sheriff  of  Down,  1670;  chief  works, 
'  Incidental!  Remembrances  of  the  two  Ancient  Families 
of  the  Savadges,'  first  printed.  1830,  'The  Narrative  of 
Gransbeogh,' '  Memoires  of  William  Montgomery  of  Rose- 


IXXXTW.  326] 

,  RALPH  DK,  EARL  or  GLODCWTW 
181*7),  a  squire  of  Gilbert  de  Clare, 
*hose  widow  be  married,  1197.  and 


mount,  co.  Down,'  and  '  Memoir*  of  the  Montgomery! 
of  Midland  and  Scotland,  lir.-i  printed,  1869. 

[  xxxviiL  8861 

MONTHERMER,  RALPH 

AM.  HKUTKOIUI  (./.   ISHf 
earl  of  Gloucester,  whose 

whooe  titles  he  bore  in  right  of  his  wife ;  served  in i  Boot- 
land,  1298, 1303, 1304,  and  13u6  ;  received  earldom  of  Athol, 
1806,  but  surrendered  it,  1807 ;  keeper  of  castle*  in  Wales, 
1807  ;  wanlen  and  lieutenant  for  K.1  .•..,,,'.  1!  in  Scotland, 
1311  and  1312;  taken  prisoner  at  Baunockburn.  1114; 
warden  of  the  royal  forwt  south  of  the  Trent,  1180. 

MONTJOY.    [See  MOUXTJOT.] 

MONTMORENCY,    HERVEY 
i  MOUNT-MAURICE.] 


DK  (A   1169).    [See 


MONTRE80R,  JAMES  GABRIEL  (1701-1776),  di- 
rector  and  colonel,  royal  engineers  ;  matron,  1717 ;  prac- 
titioner-engineer, 1781;  ensign,  1781:  lieutenant,  1787; 
engineer  extraordinary,  1742;  engineer  at  Port  Mahon, 
1743-7;  chief  engineer  at  Gibraltar,  1747-64 ;  chief  engi- 
neer of  the  expedition  to  North  America  under  Major- 
general  Braddock,  1754 ;  prepared  roads  over  the  Alle- 
ghany  mountains,  1766 ;  surveyed  Lake  Champlaiu  ami 
strategic  vicinity,  1756  ;  major,  1767  ;  director  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1768;  designed  and  constructed  Fort 
George,  1759;  superintended  erection  of  new  powder 
magazines  at  Pnrfleet,  1763-6 ;  chief  engineer  at  Chat- 
ham, 1769  ;  colonel,  1772.  [xxxviii.  327] 

MONTRE80R,  JOHN  (1736-1788?),  major,  royal  en- 
gineers ;  son  of  James  Gabriel  Montresor  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at 
Gibraltar ;  accompanied  his  father  to  North  America, 
1754 ;  wounded  at  battle  of  Du  Quesne,  1765 :  sub-engi- 
neer, 1759 ;  took  part  in  reduction  of  Canada :  captain- 
lieutenant,  1765 ;  chief  engineer  in  America,  1775  ;  cap- 
tain and  engineer  in  ordinary,  1776;  constructed  Phila- 
delphia lines  of  defence;  retired,  1779.  [xxxviii.  388] 

MONTR08E,  DUKES  op.  [See  LINDSAY,  DAVID, 
first  DUKE,  1440  ?-1495 ;  GRAHAM,  JAMES,  first  DUKE  of 
the  second  creation,  d.  1742;  GRAHAM,  JAMES,  third 
DUKE,  1755-1836 ;  GRAHAM,  JAMES,  fourth  DUKE,  1799- 
1874.] 

MONTR08E,  MARQUISES  op.  [See  GRAHAM,  JAMES, 
first  MARQUIS,  1612-1660 ;  GRAHAM,  JAMEB,  second 
MARQUIS,  1631  7-1669 ;  GRAHAM,  JAMEB,  fourth  MAR- 
QUIS, d.  1742.] 

MONTR08E,  EARLS  op.  [See  GRAHAM,  JOHN,  third 
EARL,  1547  7-1608 ;  GRAHAM,  JAMES,  fifth  EARL,  1612- 
1650.] 

MOODIE,  DONALD  (d.  1861),  commander,  royal  navy, 
and  colonial  secretary  hi  Natal:  entered  navy,  1808; 
lieutenant,  1816;  emigrated  to  Cape  Colony.  1816;  resi- 
dent magistrate  at  Fort  Francis,  1826,  at  Graham's  Town, 
1828 ;  protector  of  slaves  in  the  eastern  district,  1830-4 : 
superintendent  of  the  government  bank.  Cape  Town, 
1840 ;  secretary  and  colonial  treasurer  of  Natal,  1846-61 ; 
published  works  on  the  history  of  the  Cape;  died  at 
Pietermaritzburg.  [xxxviiL  329] 

MOODIE,  JOHN  WEDDERBURN  DDNBAR  (1797- 
1869),  soldier ;  brother  of  Donald  Moodie  [q.  v.]  ;  second 
lieutenant,  1813 ;  first  lieutenant.  1814 ;  wounded  at 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  1814  :  joined  his  brothers  James  and 
Donald  in  South  Africa,  1814-24:  emigrated  to  Upper 
Canada  ;  captain  of  militia  on  the  Niagara  frontier.  1837 ; 
sheriff  of  Vittoria,  Ontario,  1839 ;  wrote  on  the  wars  in 
Holland,  1814  ;  published  descriptions  of  sports  and  life  in 
the  Bush,  1835  and  1862.  [xxxviii.  880] 

MOODIE,  MRS.  SUSANNAH  (1808-1886),  authoress : 
sister  of  Agnes  Strickland  [q.  v.] ;  married  John  Wedder- 
burn  Dunbar  Moodie  [q.  v.] ;  published  poems  and  stories. 

[xxxviiL  880] 

MOODY,  JOHN  (1727  7-1812),  actor ;  his  real  name 
Oochran  ;  first  acted  in  Jamaica ;  in  London,  1769 ;  acted 
chiefly  at  Drury  Lane ;  retired,  1786  ;  excelled  in  comic 
characters.  [xxxviiL  831] 

MOODY,  RICHARD  CLEMENT  (1813-1887),  colonial 
governor ;  born  in  Barbados ;  entered  Woolwich,  1827 : 
second  lieutenant  In  the  royal  engineers,  1880  ;  for  some 
years  at  St.  Vincent ;  first  lieutenant,  1836  ;  professor  of 
fortification  at  Woolwich,  1888;  first  governor  of  the 
Falkland  islands,  1841 ;  captain,  JLR.,  1847 :  returned  to 


MOON 


SIM; 


MOORE 


1849:  Ueutenant-.-oloiicl,  1856:   brevet-colonel, 
:    British  Columbia,   1H6S ; 
home,   1863.    retired  as  major- 
[xxxviii.  3*2] 

,  FRANCIS  GRAHAM,  first  baronet 
(1796-1871X  prlntoeller  and  publisher ;  placed  with  the 
book  and  print  teller  Tugwell,  whose  business  he  sub- 
nnenUr  Durchased  ;  joined  the  nrm  Moon,  Boys  <fe  Graves 
J53  M;  iw3  raprodnoed  urn  of  tte  tart  work*  pi 
WOkie.  Bastlake,  Landseer.and  others ;  sheriff  of  London, 
184S;  aklennan,  1844 :  lord  mayor,  1864  ;  created  baronet, 
;>.,s  [xxxviii.  333] 

MOON,  WILLIAM  (1818-1894),  inventor  of  Moon's 
tal  type  for  the  blind ;  became  totally  blind,  1840 ; 
;  blind  children,  and  constructed  (1845)  a  system  of 
d  type  differing  from  former  systems  in  almost 
discarding  contractions:  issued  several  publica- 


tbe  bible,  in  his  system,  which  he  extended 
IO  foreign  languages,  beginning  with  Irish  and  Chinese; 
F.R.G.&,  1862:   fellow  of  Society  of  Art*,  1859;   LL.D. 
1871;  advocated  and  assisted  in  forming 
and   lending  libraries  for  the 
[Suppl.  iii.  190] 


MOONE,  PETER  ( fl.  1648X  poet ;  author  of  '  A  short 
Treatise  of  certayne  Thinges  abused  in  the  Popysh 
Church.'  [xxxviii.  334] 

MOOR,    [See  also  MOORK  and  MORE.] 

,  EDWARD  (1771-1848),wrlter  on  Hindoo  myth- 
nuder  the]  East  India  Company,  1782 ;  lieu- 
1788':  served  with  the  Mahratta  army,  1790-1: 
at  Doridroog  and  G  ad  j  moor,  1791 ;  brevet-cap- 
tain, 1796 :  garrison  storekeeper  at  Bombay,  1799-1806 ; 
member  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Calcutta,  1796;  F.R.S., 
1806  :  P.SJU  1818 ;  wrote  principally  on  Hindoo  mythology 
and  other  Indian  subjects.  [xxxviii.  334] 

MOOR,  JAMBS  (1712-1779),  professor  of  Greek:  dis- 
7  in  classics  and  mathematics  at  Glasgow 


University:  private  tutor;  librarian  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity ,  1743:  professor  of  Greek,  Glasgow,  1745-74; 
rice-rector,  1761  :  LL.D.,  1763  ;  edited  classical  authors 
for  the  Foolif  press,  and  wrote  on  classical  subjects. 

[xxxviii.  335] 

MOOS,  MICHAEL  (1640-1726),  provost  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  ;  studied  at  Nantes  and  Paris  :  prebendary 
of  Tymothan,  1686  ;  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1689;  his  deposition  procured  by  the  Jesuits  ;  censor  of 
books  at  Rome  ;  rector  of  Paris  University,  1702  ;  prin- 
cipal of  the  College  de  Navarre  ;  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin  philosophy  at  tbe  College  de  France  ;  helped  to 
remodel  the  university,  and  to  found  the  college,  of  Cam- 
bray  ;  wrote  against  tbe  Cartesian  philosophy  ;  died  in 
ParU.  [xxxviiL  336] 

MOOR,  ROBERT  (1568-1640),  chronographer  ;  of 
Winchester  College  and  New  College  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1595  ; 
D.D.,  1614;  perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  1589-97; 
rector  of  West  Moon  and  vicar  of  Bast  Meon,  1597  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  1613  ;  published  a  long  Latin  poem 
intended  as  a  universal  chronology,  1595.  [xxxviii.  336] 

MOOR,  SIB  THOMAS  DE  LA  Q».  1327-1347).    [See 

MOORCROFT,  WILLIAM  (1765  ?-1825),  veterinary 
•nrgeon  and  traveller:  studied  veterinary  science  in 
France:  settled  in  London,  where  he  realised  an  ample 
fortune,  bat  lost  it  over  patents  ;  veterinary  surgeon 
to  tbe  Bengal  army,  1808;  crossed  the  Himalaya  and 
ntamlnfri  tbe  sources  of  the  Sutlej  and  Indus,  1811-12- 
explored  Lahore  and  Cashmere,  1819-22  ;  visited  Bokhara 
1816  ;  died  at  Andekhul  :  a  summary  of  his  travels  pub-' 
uibed,  1841  ;  wrote  also  on  veterinary  surgery. 


•0011. 

MOORE,   ALBBKT  JOSEPH    (1841-1893) 

":         MbS£  WX'  ft  v  °  : 

subject*  at  tbe  Royal  Academy,  1857-9, 
jecto.1861-6  ;  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
rnUve  pictures  from  1866  ;  noted  for  his  diaphanous 
[xxxviii.  338] 

1818>-  tbe  '  fftttifl*  woman  of  Tut- 
;  married  »  turn  servant.  James  Moore, 
;  arrived  at  Tutbnry,  c.  1800  ;  originally 


compelled  to  fast  by  poverty,  she  afterwards  trailed  on 
1  her  fame  as  a  *  fasting  woman '  ;  confessed  the  fraudulencc 
of  her  fasts  in  1813.  [xxxviii.  339] 

MOORE,  ARTHUR  (16667-1730),  economist  and 
politician ;  born  in  Ireland ;  studied  trade  questions  ; 
M.I'.,  Grimsby,  1695-1715;  high  steward  of  Grimsby, 
1714-30 ;  director  of  the  South  Sea  Company ;  comp- 
troller of  army  accounts,  1704 ;  lord  commissioner  of 
trade  and  plantations,  1710  ;  responsible  for  the  reci- 
procal tariff  clauses  in  the  treaty  of  commerce,  1712, 
which  were  eventually  cancelled ;  charged  before  the 
South  Sea  Company  with  being  privy  to  clandestine 
trade,  1714;  censured  and  declared  incapable  of  further 
employment,  1714 ;  held  advanced  views  on  trade  ques- 
tions, [xxxviii.  340] 

MOORE,  AUBREY  LACKINGTON  (1848-1890), 
writer  on  theology;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and 
Exeter  College,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1874  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  1872-6 ;  rector  of  Frenchay,  1876-81 ;  tutor 
of  Keble  College,  Oxford,  1881 :  select  preacher  at  Oxford, 
1885-6,  Whitehall,  1887-8  ;  hon.  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1887 ;  contributed  to '  Lux  Mundi,'  1889 ;  published 
scientific  and  philosophical  works.  [xxxviii.  342] 

MOORE,  SIR  CHARLES,  second  VISCOUNT  MOOKE 
of  Drogheda  (1603-1643),  son  of  Sir  Garret  Moore,  viscount 
Moore  of  Drogheda  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father,  1627 ; 
energetically  set  about  repairing  the  fortifications  of 
Drogheda,  and  endeavoured  to  procure  assistance  from 
government  against  the  rebels,  1641 ;  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  siege  and  was  active  in  suppressing  tbe  Meath 
rebellion,  1642~;  commissioner  to  hear  the  grievances  of  the 
confederate  catholics,  1643  ;  advanced  against  Owen 
O'Neill  at  Portlester,  where  he  was  killed. 

[xxxviii.  342] 

MOORE,  CHARLES,  sixth  EARL  and  first  MARQUIS 
OF  DROGHEDA  (1730-1822),  entered  the  army,  1765  ;  M.P., 
St.  Canice,  1756-8  ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1758  ;  governor  of 
Meath,  1759;  lieutenant-colonel,  1769;  colonel,  1762; 
secretary  to  the  lord-lieutenant,  1763 ;  lord  justice,  1766  ; 
governor  of  Queen's  County,  1767;  lieutenant-general, 
1777 ;  general,  1793;  field-marshal,  1821 ;  M.P.,  Horsham, 
1776-80 ;  K.P.,  1783  :  created  Marquis  of  Drogheda, 
1791 ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1797-1806. 

[xxxviii.  344] 

MOORE,   CHARLES  (1815-1881),  geologist :   F.G.S., 
j  1854;    discovered  the  Rhsetic   beds   and   founded  the 
!  Museum  at  Bath  Institute ;  contributed  papers  to  geo- 
logical and  scientific  societies.  [xxxviii.  344] 

MOORE,  DAVID  (1807-1879),  botanist :  migrated  to 
Ireland,  1828;    assistant  in  Dublin  University  botanic 
i  garden;    director  of  Glasuevin  botanic    garden,   1838; 
published  botanical  papers.  [xxxviii.  345] 

MOORE,  DUGALD  (1805-1841),  Scottish  poet ;  book- 
seller in  Glasgow ;  published  lyrical  poems,  including 
'The  African,'  1829,  and  ' The  Bard  of  the  North,'  1833. 

[xxxviii.  345] 

MOORE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1530  ?-l602),  constable  of 

I  Philipstown ;  went  to  Ireland,  c.  1659 ;  sheriff  of  Louth, 

I  1571 ;  constable  of  Philipstowu,  1576 ;  commissioner  for 

concealed  lands  and  ecclesiastical  causes,  1577  ;  knighted, 

1579 ;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1589 ;  negotiated  with  the 

Earl  of  Tyrone  and  acted  as  commissioner  for  the  pre- 

I  servation  of  the  peace  of  Leiuster,  1599  and  1601. 

[xxxviii.  346] 

MOORE,    EDWARD  (1712-1757),  fabulist  and  dra- 

I  niatist ;  failed  as  a  liuendraper ;    patronised  by  George 

Lytteltou,  first    baron    Lyttelton    [q.  v.],    and    Henry 

Pulham  [q.  v.]  ;  editor  of '  The  World,'  a  satirical  periodical, 

1763-7 :    published  '  Fables  for   the    Female  Sex,'  1744, 

•The  Trial  of  Selim  the  Persian,'  1748,  'The  Foundling,' 

1748,  'Gil  Bias,'  1751,  and  'The Gamester,'  1753  ;  probably 

|  assisted  by  Garrick.  [xxxviii.  347] 

MOORE,  EDWIN  (1813-1893),  water-colour  painter  ; 
!  son  of  William  Moore  (1790-1861)  [q.  v.]  ;  taught  paint- 
|  ing  at  York.  [xxxviiL  386] 

MOORE,  KLEANORA,  otherwise  NELLY  (d.  1869), 
actress;  most  successful  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre, 
London,  with  Sothern.  [xxxviii.  848] 

MOORE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1558-1621),  law  reporter: 
commoner  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1574  ;  member 
of  New  Inn;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1580;  autumn 


MOORE 


881 


MOORE 


reader,  1607;  counsel  iin.l  uii<lcr-steward  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, 1612  ;  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1612 ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1614  ;  knighted,  1616;  M.P.,  Boroughbridge,  1588-9, 
Reading,  1597-8,  1601,  1604-11,  and  1614;  invented  the 
conveyance  known  as  lease  and  release.  His  law  reports 
(1663)  extend  from  1512  to  1621.  [xxxvilL  348] 

MOORE,  FRANCIS  (1667-1715?),  astrologer  and 
almanac-maker ;  physician,  astrologer,  and  schoolmaster 
in  Lambeth ;  published  an  almanac  prophesying  the 
weather,  1699,  to  advertise  his  pills ;  published  the  'Vox 
Stellarum '  (» Old  Moore's  Almanac'),  1700. 

[xxxvtil.  349] 

MOORE,  FRANCIS  (/.  1744),  traveller:  entered 
service  of  Royal  African  Company,  1730 ;  factor  at  Joar, 
1732 ;  assisted  in  establishing  the  colony  of  Georgia, 
1735-6  and  1738-43  :  wrote  descriptions  of  the  interior 
of  Africa  and  Georgia.  [xxxviii.  349] 

MOORE,  SIR  GARRET,  first  BAROX  MOORS  of 
Mcllifont,  first  VISCOUNT  MOORE  of  Drogheda  (1560  ?- 
1627),  son  of  Sir  Edward  Moore  [q.  v.]  ;  commissioner 
for  arranging  matters  with  Tyrone,  1594,  1596,  and  1598 ; 
constable  of  Philipstown,  1602 ;  Irish  privy  councillor, 
1604 :  accused  of  complicity  in  Tyrone's  schemes  by 
Howth,  1607 ;  fully  acquitted,  1609 ;  undertaker  In  the 
Ulster  plantation ;  M.P.,  Dungannon,  1613 ;  created 
Baron  Moore,  1615,  and  Viscount  Moore,  1G21. 

[xxxviii.  360] 

MOORE,  Sm  GEORGE  (1663-1632),  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower  of  London.  [See  MORE.] 

MOORE,  GEORGE  (1806-1876),  philanthropist  ; 
came  to  London,  1825  ;  traveller  for  a  lace  house ;  partner 
in  Groucock,  Copestake  <fc  Moore,  1829;  devoted  him- 
self to  philanthropic  work :  died  from  the  effects  of  an 
accident  at  Carlisle.  [xxxviii.  351] 

MOORE,  GEORGE  (1803-1880),  physician  and  author ; 
studied  at  Paris  with  Erasmus  Wilson :  M.R.C.S.,  1829 ; 
M.D.  St.  Andrew?.  1841 ;  M.R.C.P.,  1869 ;  physician  in 
London;  published  'The  Lost  Tribes  and  the  Saxons,' 
1861,  and  other  works  of  religious  and  medical  character. 

[xxxviii.  362] 

MOORE,  GEORGE  BELTON  (1806-1875),  painter  ; 
drawing-master  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich: wrote  on  perspective.  [xxxviii.  362] 

MOORE,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1811-1870),  Irish  poli- 
tician ;  educated  at  Oscott  College,  Birmingham,  and 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  :  M.P.,  co.  Mayo,  1847 :  a 
leader  of  the  tenant-right  movement ;  unseated,  1867 ; 
elected  unopposed,  1868.  [xxxviii.  352] 

MOORE,  SIR  GRAHAM  (1764-1843),  admiral  :  son 
of  John  Moore  (1729-1802)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1777  ; 
lieutenant,  1782  :  commander,  1790  :  seized  four  treasure 
ships  off  Spanish  coast,  1803 ;  escorted  Portuguese  royal 
family  to  Brazil,  1807 :  served  in  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809;  rear-admiral,  1812;  K.O.B.,  1816;  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1816-20;  vice-admiral,  1«19;  comnmnili-r-iii- 
chief  in  the  Mediterranean  and  G.C.M.G.,  1820  :  G.C.Bn 
1836  ;  admiral,  1837 :  commander-in-chief  at  Plymouth, 
1839-42.  [xxxviii.  353] 

MOORE,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1713-1769), 
colonial  governor :  born  in  Vere,  Jamaica ;  studied  at 
Leyden ;  trained  in  the  militia ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Jamaica,  1755-62;  allayed  quarrels  between  the  two 
houses  of  legislature:  suppressed  slave  rising,  1760; 
created  baronet,  1762:  governor  of  New  York,  1765; 
suspended  the  Stamp  Act ;  tried  unsuccessfully  to  deter- 
mine the  question  of  boundary  with  Massachusetts,  1767  ; 
died  at  New  York.  [xxxviii.  364] 

MOORE,  HENRY  (1732-1802),  Unitarian  minister 
and  hymn- writer ;  became  minister  successively  of  Dul- 
verton,1756;  Modbury,  1757,  and  Liskeard,  1787  ;  secured 
by  Priestley  as  a  contributor  to  hi?  •  Commentaries  and 
Essays ' ;  wrote  essays,  lyrical  poems,  and  hymns. 

[xxxviii.  355] 

MOORE,  HENRY  (1751-1844),  Wesleyan  minister 
and  biographer :  originally  a  wood-carver ;  converted  to 
methodism,  1777;  John  Wesley's  assistant,  travelling 
companion,  and  amanuensis,  1784-6  and  1788-90;  one  of 
John  Wesley's  literary  executors,  and  entrusted  hy  him 
with  joint-authority  at  City  Road  Chapel :  with  Thomas 
Coke  wrote  a  life  of  John  Wesley,  1792  ;  after  obtaining 


access  to  Wesley'*  private  papers  published  a  more  valu- 
able biography,  1824-5.  [xxxviii.  855] 

MOORE.  HKXHY  (1881-1896),  marine- painter;  MM 
of  William  Moore  (1790-1861)  [q.  v.],  by  whom  he  was 
taught  painting :  exhibited  at  Jtoyal  Academy  from  1863, 
British  Institution,  1856-65,  and  at  Suffolk  Street  gallery 
from  1865  ;  R.A.,  1893.  [SnppL  iii.  192] 

MOORE,  JAMES  (1702-1734).  [See  SMTTHK,  JAMES 
MOORK.] 

MOORE,  JAMBS  or  JAMBS  CARRICK  (176S-18S4X 
surgeon ;  son  of  John  Moore  (1719-1808)  [q.  v.] ;  studied 
London;    M.ok,    179J: 


medicine   In    Rdlnborgh   and 
director   of   the  national 


IN,'..  ; 


wrote  two  accounts  of  his  brother.  Sir  John  Moore  (1761 - 
1809)  [q.  v.],  and  medical  work*.  [xxxviii.  857) 

MOORE,  JOHN  (./.  1619),  divine:  of  University 
College,  Oxford :  rector  of  Knaptoft,  1686,  of  Shear-by, 
1615 :  published  '  A  Target  for  Tillage,'  1611,  and  a 
theological  work.  [xxxviii.  857] 

MOORE,  .lollN  (1595 7-1667),  son  of  John  Moore 
(d.  1619)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  rector  of  Knap- 
toft,  1638,  of  Lutterwerth,  1647 ;  preached  and  wrote 
against  enclosures.  [xzxviii.  8*7} 

MOORE,  JOHN  (  rt.  1669),  author  of  '  Moses  Revived,' 
1669.  m  [xxxviii.  M2] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (/.  169«),  curate  of  Brislington :  pub- 
lished episcopalian  sermons.  [xxxviii.  862] 

MOORE,  SIR  JOHN  (1620-1702),  lord  mayor  of  Lou- 
don  :  gained  wealth  in  East  India  trade  :  alderman,  1671 : 
sheriff  of  London  and  knighted,  1672 ;  lord  mayor,  1681  : 
supported  the  court  party  in  London  :  M.P.  city  of  London. 
1686  :  benefactor  to  city  charities  and  to  Christ's  Hospital 
(president,  1681) :  founded  and  endowed  Appleby  grammar 
school,  1697 ;  rebuilt  Grocers'  Company's  HaU,  London, 
1682, of  which  company  be  was  master,  [xxxviii.  368] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (1646-1714),  bishop  successively  of 
Norwich  and  Ely ;  grandson  of  John  Moore  (1695  ?-1667) 
[q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1669  ;  D.D.,  1681  : 
incorporated  D.D.  Oxford,  1673 ;  fellow  of  Clare  College, 
1  1667-77;  canon  of  Ely,  1679:  held  two  rectories  in 
London  ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1691-1707,  of  Ely,  1707 ; 
presided,  as  visitor  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  at 
Hentley's  trial,  a  draft  sentence  of  deprivation  being 
found  among  his  papers.  His  library,  which  was  famous 
throughout  Europe,  was  bought  by  George  I  and  pre- 
sented to  Cambridge  University.  He  was  a  munificent 
patron  of  Clare  College  Library.  [xxxviii.  359] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (1642  7-1717),  dissenting  minister  :  of 
Brasenoee  College,  Oxford  ;  curate  of  Long  Burton, 
Dorset,  1662 ;  became  a  dissenter,  1667  ;  pastor  of  Christ 
Church  Chapel,  Bridgwater,  1676.  [xxxviii.  361] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (fl.  1721),  dissenting  minister  :  kept 
a  seminary  at  Bridgwater  and  wrote  a  defence  of  the 
'  Deity  of  Christ,'  1721.  [xxxviii.  362] 

MOORE,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet(  1718-1779),  admiral ; 
entered  navy,  1729  :  lieutenant,  1738:  commander,  1748  : 
distinguished  himself  in  the  action  with  L'Etenduere,  1747 : 
commodore  and  commander-in-chief  on  the  Leeward 
islands  station,  1766 ;  convoyed  General  Hopton  to 
Martinique,  1759;  assisted  in  the  reduction  of  Guade- 
loupe 1759;  rear-admiral,  1762;  commander-in-rhief  in 
the  Downs  ;  created  baronet,  1766  ;  K.B.,  1772  ;  admiral, 
1778.  [xxxviii.  362] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (1729-1802),  physician  and  man  of 
letters  ;  studied  at  Glasgow ;  surgeon's  mate  in  the  Duke 
of  Argyll's  regiment  serving  in  Holland,  1747  ;  studied  at 
Paris  and  London:  practised  in  Glasgow,  1711;  M.D. 
Glasgow,  1770;  travelled  with  Dougla*,  eighth  duke  of 
Hamilton,  1772-8;  published  'A  View  of  Society  and 
Manners  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,'  1779, 
and  'A  View  of  ...  Italy,'  1781:  published  'Zeluco,' 
1788, '  Bdward,'  1796,  and  '  Mordaunt,'  1800,  three  noveta ; 
in  France,  1792  :  published  journal  of  Paris  disturbances, 
1798  and  1794:  published  an  account  of  the  French 
revolution,  1795 ;  edited  the  works  of  his  friend  and 
patient,  Smollett,  with  memoir,  1 797.  [«  xrilL  868] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (1780-1805),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury :  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1751  :  private 

3  M 


MOORE 


S'.IS 


MOORE 


tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  second  Duke  of  Marlborough  : 
of  Durham,  1761 :  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
l-dBMiof  C»nt«rburv.  1771  :  t,i-ho,,  of  Ban- 
:££Uhop  of  Canterbury,  l"™ 


MOORE.  Stu  J-'HN  (17L1-1809),  lieutenant-general: 
«oo  of  John  Moore  (1729-1H02)  [q.  r.J  ;  ensign,  1776: 
r*ntain-lleutenant,  1778 ;  served  in  the  American  war, 
^M  P.  Llnllthgow,  Selkirk,  Lanark,  and  Peebles 
iMinriuL  1784-90  •  malor.  1786  :  lieutenant-colonel,  179t> : 
rt  to  Oontato  interview  General  Paoli :  assisted  ' 
•  the  redaction  of  the  French  garrisons  there :  adju- 
untHmienil.  1794:  recalled  to  England  by  reason  of 
Smutesbetween  the  military  and  naval  forces,  1796 : 
bSJiooloneU  with  looal  rank  of  brigadier-general; 
itothsWert  Indies,  1796  ;  under  Sir  Ralph  Aber- 
crombT  attacked  St.  Lucia,  1796  ;  left  in  command  of  the 
Wand  :  re-estmbltohed  order  and  security  :  major-general, 
1798 :  ordered  to  Holland,  1799  :  wounded  »t  Egmont-op- 
*ee.  1799-  colond-commandant,  second  battalion  52nd 
foot,  1799':  served  in  Mediterranean,  1800,  and  Egypt, 
1801  *  distinguished  himself  before  Alexandria  and  Cairo, 
1801  •  colonel,  1801 ;  introduced  a  new  system  of  drill  and 
'  ivre  in  the  Shorncliffe  camp  :K.B.,  1804;  lieutenant-  j 
1806  :  held  Mediterranean  command,  1806 ;  I 
_  _;r  Sir  Harry  Burrard  to  Portugal,  1808 ;  com-  , 
mander-in-ohief  on  Burrard's  recall  :  decided  to  transport 
his  troops  by  land  from  Lisbon  to  Corufia,  1808  :  de- 
.  partly  in  consequence  of  want  of  supplies,  to  re- 
Into  Portugal,  when  he  was  requested  by  Sir 
i  Stuart  (1808)  to  come  to  the  defence  of  Madrid  ; 
junction  with  Baird  at  Majorga,  20  Dec.  1808, 
•  to  with  hi  a  march  of  the  enemy 
brought  news  that  Napoleon 


had  already  entered  Madrid  and  cut  off  bis  own  retreat  | 
Into  Portugal:  commenced  bis  historic  retreat  over 
difficult  country  in  midwinter  to  Oorufta,  arriving  there 
on  IS  Jan.  1809,  and  began  the  embarkation  16  Jan.:  \ 
mortally  wounds  i.  on  the  arrival  of  the  French,  who 
noon  appeared  :  lived  to  hear  that  the  French  were  de- 
feated: buried  at  midnight  in  the  citadel  of  Comfia, 
16  Jan.  1809.  A  temporary  monument  placed  over  his 
grave  by  the  Spanish  commander,  Marquis  de  la  Romana, 
was  converted  into  a  permanent  one  by  the  prince 
regent,  1811.  [xxxviii.  366] 

MOORE,  JOHN  (1742-1821),  biblical  scholar :  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1763 :  LL.B.  :  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  1766  :  rector  of  Langdon  Hill,  Essex.  1798  ; 
aeslntfd  Kennioott  in  collating  Hebrew  manuscripts  of  the 
OH  Testament :  published  works  on  the  Old  Testament. 

[xxxviii.  372] 

MOORE,  JOHN  BRAMLEY  (1800-1886).  [See 
BIUMUCT-MOORE.] 

MOORE.      JOHN     OOLLINGHAM     (1829  -  1880),  ' 
painter  :  son  of  William  Moore  (1790-1851)  [q.  v.] ;  exhi- 
bited  at  the  Royal  Academy  Italian  scenes  and  portraits  , 
of  children.  [xxxviii.  386] 

MOORE,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (d.  1809),  sculptor :  native 
of  Hanover:  executed  monuments  to  Mrs.  Catherine 
Macaulay,  Earl  Ligonier,  Robert,  earl  Ferrers,  and  others,  i 

[xxxviii.  372] 

MOORE,  SIR  JOHN  HENRY,  second  baronet  (1756- 
1780),  poet  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Moore  [q.  v.l;  born  in 
Jamaica  ;  of  Eton  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1776:  acquainted  with  Edward  Jerningham  and 
Ledy  Milter  of  Bath  Easton :  published  •  The  New  Para- 
dise of  Dainty  Device*,'  1777.  [xxxviii.  372] 


expedition  to  Spanish  America,  1740 ;  mortally  wounded 
,1'intitf  attack  on  Carthagena.  [xxxviii.  374] 

MOORE,  JOSEPH  (1766-1851),  Birmingham  bene- 
fuctor  :  acquired  wealth  in  the  button  trade  at  Birming- 
ham:  founded  a  dispensary;  established  Birmingham 
Oratorio  Choral  Soc.ety,  1808  ;  agitated  for  erection  of  the 
town  Imll  (1H32-4);  induced  Mendelssohn  to  compose 
'St.  Paul '  (given  at  the  festival,  1837)  and  « Elijah  '  (per- 
formed,  1846).  [xxxviii.  375] 

MOORE,  JOSEPH  (1817-1892),  medallist  and  die- 
sinker  :  die-sinker's  apprentice  in  Birmingham ;  partner 
in  a  business  which  manufactured  papier-mache  and 
metal  articles,  1844-56  ;  executed  numerous  pri/.e  and 
commemoration  medals;  his  medal,  bearing  'Salvator 
Mundi'of  Da  Vinci  on  the  obverse  and '  Christus  Con- 
solator '  of  Scbeffer  as  the  reverse,  1846,  much  praised  by 
Scheffer.  [xxxviii.  375] 

MOORE,  PETER  (1753-1828),  politician  :  amassed  a  for- 
tune in  the  East  India  Company  :  radical  M.P.,  Coventry, 
1803 :  known  as  the  most  adroit  manager  of  private  bills : 
lent  his  name  as  director  to  companies  with  such  freedom 
that  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Dieppe  to  escape  arrest,  1825  ; 
gave  up  nearly  all  his  property ;  died  at  Abbeville. 

[xxxviii.  376] 

MOORE,  PHILIP  (ft.  1573),  medical  writer;  prac- 
tised physic  and  chirurgery ;  wrote  on  medicinal  herbs  ; 
published  'Almanack  and  Prognostication  for  xxxiiii. 
yeares,'  1573.  [xxxviii.  377] 

MOORE,  PHILIP  (1705-1783),  Manx  scholar  ;  rector 
of  Kirk  Bride  and  master  of  Douglas  school ;  revised  the 
Manx  translation  of  the  bible  and  prayer-book  and  reli- 
gious pieces.  [xxxviii.  377] 

MOORE,  RICHARD  (1619-1683),  nonconformist 
divine ;  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1640  ;  preached  at 
Worcester  and  Alvechurch  ;  published  sermons. 

[xxxviii.  377] 

MOORE,  RICHARD  (1810-1878),  politician:  origin- 
ally a  wood-carver,  began  young  to  take  part  in  radical 
politics :  acquainted  with  and  assisted  Robert  Owen,  Sir 
Francis  Burdett,  Lovett,  Collins,  Henry  Hetherington, 
and  James  Watson :  worked  for  the  promotion  of  electoral 
purity,  the  chartist  cause,  and  the  abolition  of  newspaper 
stamps.  [xxxviii.  378] 

MOORE,  ROBERT  ROSS  ROWAN  (1811-1864), 
political  economist ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1836  : 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1837 ;  intimate  with  Oobden  and 
Bright:  joined  the  Anti-cornlaw  League:  a  valuable 
speaker  in  favour  of  free  trade  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland  ;  unsuccessfully  contested  Hastings,  1844. 

[xxxviii.  378] 

MOORE,  SAMUEL  (/.  1680-1720),  draughtsman  and 
;  drew  plates  of  the  coronation  of  James  II  and 


engraver ;  drew  plates 
of  William  and  Mary. 


[xxxviii.  379] 


SIR  JONAS  (1817-1679),  mathematician  : 
clerk  to  Dr.  Bnrghill,  chancellor  of  Durham  :  mathematical 
tutor  to  the  Duke  of  York,  1647 ;  surveyor  of  Fen 
drainage  system,  1649.  publishing  an  account,  1685  ; 
:  to  report  on  ferttficatkmsof  Tangier.  1663  ;  knighted : 
-•n,  1868 :  published  •  Arith- 
"  the  Matbematicks,' 
[xxxviiL  373] 


MW  w  mpwrv  <w  loroncauon*  01  i  ar 

.-••    OMMfsi  of  tt.. .  nrdnan--.  1'. 

mettck,-  1WO,  a  •  New  System  of 
( northamoQs.  16*1),  and  other  work 


,  JONA8(l«91  ?-174U  military  engineer :  pro- 
•oo  of  Sir  Jonas  Moore  fq.  T.]  ;  probationer- 
r,  1709 :   sub-engineer  at  Gibraltar.  1711 ;  chief 
engineer  and  commander-in-cuief  of  artillery  train,  1720 ; 
•ntvdirector  of  engineers  and  major,  1722:  distinguished 
"  at  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1727:  chief  engineer  of 


MOORE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1735),  playwright :  ad- 
mitted at  Gray's  Inn,  1670 :  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1674;  knighted,  1716;  his  tragedy,  'Mangora, 
King  of  the  Timbusians,'  acted,  1717.  [xxxviii.  379] 

MOORE,  THOMAS  (d.  1792),  teacher  of  psalmody : 
taught  music  at  Manchester,  1750 :  precentor  and 
psalmody  teacher  at  Glasgow,  1755-87;  kept  a  book- 
seller's shop  in  Glasgow ;  edited  collections  of  psalms. 

[xxxviii.  380] 

MOORE,  THOMAS  (1779-1852),  poet;  entered  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1794,  and  Middle  Temple,  1799  ; 
admiralty  registrar  at  Bermuda,  1803  ;  discovered  the 
office  to  be  a  sinecure,  and  travelled  through  the  States  on 
his  way  back  to  London ;  became  the  national  lyrist  of 
Ireland  by  his  publication  of  '  Irish  Melodies,'  1807-34 
(with  music  by  Sir  John  Stevenson);  inspired  by  the 
failure  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  as  regent  to  support 
catholic  emancipation  to  write  airily  malicious  lampoon ; 
in  verse,  which  were  collected  into  a  volume  called  '  The 
Twopenny  Post  Bag,'  1813 ;  acquainted  with  Byron  and 
Leigh  Hunt ;  acquired  a  European  reputation  by  his 
'Lalla  Rookb,'  1817 ;  rendered  liable  for  6,000*.  by  the  de- 
falcations of  his  deputy  at  Bermuda  :  took  refuge  abroad, 
visiting  Italy  with.  Lord  John  Rus?ell ;  given  his  memoir? 
by  Byron  at  "Venice ;  returned  to  England,  the  debt  to  the 
acmiralty  being  paid,  1822 ;  excited"  much  reprehension 
by  his  'Loves  of  the  Angels,'  1823  ;  destroyed  Byron's 
memoirs,  and  on  his  death  wrote  a  graceful  life  of  Byron 


MOORE  6 

(1830);  edited  Byron's  works;  received  a  literary  pen- 
sion, 1835,  to  which  a  civil  hat  pension  was  added  1*5..- 
his  last  work,  "I'll,-  History  of  Ireland'  foT^rdner-; 
Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,'  1846.  Moore  also  wrote  'Poems 
by  the  late  Thomas  Little,'  1801, '  Odes  and  Eoistles  •  1806. 
'National  Airs,'  1H15,  'Sacred  Song,'  1816,  'The  Vudire 
F:imily  in  1'ari.i,1  1818, 'The  Fudges  in  England'  (oub- 
lishcd,  1835),  and  '  Rhymes  on  the  Road  •  and  •  Fables  for 
the  Holy  Alliance,'  1823  (the  last  four  under  the  pseudo- 
nym of  Thomas  Brown  the  younger);  first  collective 
edition,  1840-1.  [xxxviii.  380] 

MOORE.THOM  AS  (1821 -1887),  gardener  and  botanist ; 

nsHi-n-d  in  hyiiiLr  out  K.trcntV  1  irk  gardens.  London ' 
curaK.r  of  the  Apothecaries'  Company's  garden,  Chelsea, 
IKin;  cditol  numerous  botanical  publications;  P.L&. 
1  v,  i  ;  wrote  chiefly  on  British  ferns.  [xxxviii.  886] 

MOORE,    WILLIAM  (1590-1659),   librarian;    MA 

Gonville  and  ('aiiis  College,  Cambridge,  1613-  fellow" 
1«13:  university  librarian,  1663 :  contributed  to  the 'Ob- 
sequies to  the  Memorie  of  Mr.  Edward  King,'  1638. 


MORDAUNT 


MOORE,  WILLIAM  (1790-1851),  _„..„_.  . 
successful  as  a  portrait-painter  in  oils,  water-colour,  and 
P88**1-  [xxxviii.  386] 

MOOREHEAD,  JOHN  (d.  1804),  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  brought  to  London  by  Thomas  Dibdin,  1794  •  en- 
gaged at  Sadler's  Wells  ;  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  1798 ; 
became  insane :  was  sailor,  afterwards  bandmaster  on 
board  H.M.S.  Monarch;  with  Attwood,  Reeve,  and 
Braham  composed  theatre  music ;  committed  suicide. 

MOORSOM,  CONSTANTINE  RICHAR^W^-mi), 
vice-admiral ;  brother  of  William  Scarth  Moorsom  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy,  1809;  lieutenant,  1812;  commander,  1814 ; 
devised  a  new  mortar  for  bombs,  first  used  in  tbe  bom- 
bardment of  Algiers  (1816):  received  post  rank,  1818; 
senior  officer  at  Mauritius;  flag-captain  to  his  father, 
then  commander-in-chief  at  .Chatham,  1825-7 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1851 ;  vice-admiral,  1857 ;  director  and  chairman 
of  London  and  North  Western  Railway ;  published  '  Prin- 
ciples of  Naval  Tactics,'  1843.  [xxxviii.  387] 

MOORSOM,  WILLIAM  (1817-1860),  cousin  of  Con- 
stantiue  Richard  Moorsom  [q.  v.] ;  served  as  lieutenant 
in  the  first  China  war,  as  captain  in  the  Black  Sea  and 
Crimea ;  O.B. ;  inventor  of  the  Moorsom  shell  with  per- 
cussion fuse,  and  of  the  'director'  for  concentrating  a 
ship's  broadside ;  published  two  naval  works. 

MOORSOM,  WILLIAM  ROBERT  (1834^1868),  son  of 
William  Scarth  Moorsom  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1862 ;  lieutenant, 
1853 ;  served  in  the  siege  of  Lucknow  as  aide-de-camp  to 
Havelock ;  helped  forward  the  relief  of  Lucknow  by  his 
skilful  plans  ;  killed  at  Lucknow.  [xxxviii.  389] 

MOORSOM,  WILLIAM  SCARTH  (1804-1863),  cap- 
tain; civil  engineer:  brother  of  Oonstantine  Richard 
Moorsom  [q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1821 ;  lieutenant,  1825 ;  captain, 
1826;  served  in  Nova  Scotia:  deputy  quartermaster- 
general  ;  sold  out  of  the  army,  1832  :  employed  in  laying 
out  many  railway  systems  in  England  and  Ireland :  his 
plans  for  the  railway  bridge  over  the  Rhine  at  Cologne 
adopted,  1850  ;  sent  to  Ceylon  to  report  on  the  feasibility 
of  a  railway  to  the  highlands  of  Kandy,  1886  ;  published 
an  account  of  Nova  Scotia  and  papers  on  engineering. 

[xxxviii.  388] 

MORANT,  PHILIP  (1700-1770),  historian  of  Essex ; 
born  in  Jersey ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1721 ; 
curate  of  Great  Waltham,  Essex,  1724;  M.A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1729 ;  chaplain  to  the  English 
church  at  Amsterdam,  1732-4 ;  patronage  conferred  on 
him  by  the  bishop  of  London ;  held  cures  of  Oolchestei 
and  Aldham  conjointly ;  F.S.A.,  1755 ;  prepared  for  the 
press  the  ancient  records  of  parliament  (1278-1413); 
chief  works,  'The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Colchester,' 
1748,  and  '  History  and  Antiquities,  of  the  County  of 
Essex,'  1760-8;  published  also  theological  and  historical 
works.  [xxxviii.  390] 

MORAY.    [See  MURRAY.] 

MORAY  or  MURRAY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  RANDOLPH, 
Sm  THOMAS,  tirst  EARL  of  the  Randolph  family,  d.  1332 ; 
KAXDDU-H,  JOHN,  third  EARL,  d.  1346;  STEWART,  JAMB, 
first  EARL  of  the  Stewart  family,  1499  ?-1544  ;  STEWART, 


,  first   BARL  of  a  new  creation,   1M1?-]»70: 
STEWART,  JAM  w,  second  KARL,  d.  IMS  ;  STEWART  A  i  «' 
h  KARL,  rf.  1701.] 

MORAY,  GILBERT  OF  (d.  It46).    [See  GlLBKBT.] 
MORCAR  or    MORKERZ 


nutted  to  William  the  Conqueror  and 
joined  io  a  rebellion  against  William  tbe  Conqueror,  1068  ' 
made  submission  and  was  pardoned  ;  joinedtDsurratain 
Isle  of  Ely  ;  on  itc  surrendeToommittSt?  tSTcuSS 

BwNmt  io  Bonmodj;  tnuMtend  Io  wTn- 


[xxxviii.  291] 


Chester  prison, 

MORDAF  HAKL  (U.  Trat  GtomoDfl 
North  British  prin.-c  :  on,-  of  the  three  princes  wbowwt 
to  avenge  upon  Arfon  the  death  of  Klidyr  Mwynfawr. 

taai   •  M  ' 

MORDAUNT,  CHARLES,  third    KAHL   or  PKTKR- 
BOROUGH  and  first  EARL  OF  MOXMOOTH  of  the 


•  creation  (1658-1735X  admiral,  general,  and  diplomatist' 
!  son  of  John  Monlaunt,  viscount  Monlaunt  (1827-1675) 
[q.  v.] ;  served  in  tbe  Mediterranean,  1674-7  and  1678-9, 
j  and  on  shore  at  Tangier,  1680 :  active  member  of  the 
parliamentary  opposition,  1680-6 ;  went  to  Holland  and 
intrigued  against  James  II ;  commanded  Dutch  squadron 
in  West  Indies,  1687 ;  privy  councillor  on  William  Ill's 
accession,  1689  ;  made  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1689,  and 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1689 ;  created  Earl  of  Mon- 
mouth,  1689;  one  of  the  queen's '  council  of  nine,'  1689; 
accompanied  William  III  to  Holland,  1691  and  1692 ;  en- 
deavoured to  incriminate  Marlborougb,  Russell,  and 
Shrewsbury  in  Sir  John  Fenwick's  plot,  1696 ;  ordered  to 
the  Tower  of  London  for  three  months;  succeeded  liis 
uncle  as  third  Earl  of  Peterborough,  1697 ;  advocated  the 
impeachment  of  Somers ;  declined  command  of  an  inade- 
quate expalition  to  Jamaica,  1702;  helped  Somers  (1702) 
to  translate  the '  Olynthiacs '  and  '  Philippics '  of  Demos- 
thenes;  appointed  joint-commander  with  sir  ClowdUl'-v 
Shovell  [q.  v.]  of  the  expeditionary  force  to  Spain.  17<».V; 
surprised  Montjuich  and  compelled  the  surrender  of  Bar- 
celona, deemed  impregnable,  1706,  on  which  the  Archduke 
Charles  made  a  formal  entry  and  was  proclaimed  king  of 
Spain,  12  Oct.  1705 ;  proceeded  to  Valencia,  leaving  Bar- 
celona at  the  mercy  of  the  French  Marshal  de  Tease,  who 
was,  however,  obliged  to  abandon  the  siege  on  the  arrivu! 
(1706 )  of  tbe  English  fleet :  remained  at  Valencia  ;  ordered 
by  King  Charles,  who  had  turned  aside  towards  Aragoii, 
to  join  him  with  every  available  man ;  having  no  means 
of  transport,  arrived  with  only  four  hundred  dragoons ; 
decided  to  go  to  Italy  to  arrange  with  the  Duke  of  Savoy 
for  a  combined  attack  on  Toulon,  September  1706  ;  nego- 
tiated a  loan  at  ruinous  interest  without  authority ;  re- 
turned to  Spain,  but  was  recalled  to. England  to  explain 
his  conduct,  1707 ;  charges  against  him  at  the  official 
inquiry  not  adopted  by  the  House  of  Lords,  1708 ;  ordered 
to  render  an  account  of  money  received  and  expended ; 
inquiry  into  his  conduct  renewed  without  effect,  1711 ; 
sent  on  special  embassies  to  Vienna,  Frankfort,  and  Italy, 
1712;  E.G.,  1713;  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Italian 
princes,  1713  ;  recalled  on  tbe  accession  of  George  1, 17K  ; 
travelled  for  the  sake  of  his  health :  said  to  have  married 
Anastasia  Robinson  [q.  v.],the  singer,  1722  ;  corresponded 
with  and  addressed  verses  to  Mrs.  Howard;  patron  of 
letters  and  science  ;  numbered  among  his  friends  Swift, 
Pope,  Arbuthnot,  and  Gay  ;  died  at  Lisbon. 

[xxxviii.  393] 

MORDAUNT,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OF  PCTKR- 
BOROUGH  (1624  ?-1697),  cavalier ;  educated  at  Eton  : 
served  in  the  parliamentary  army  ;  deserted  to  Charles  I, 
1643;  raised  the  royal  standard  at  Dorking,  1647,  but 
was  defeated  and  wounded ;  escaped  to  Antwerp,  1647 ; 
governor  of  Tangier,  1661 ;  resigned,  1662 ;  escorted  Mary 
of  Modena  to  England,  1673 ;  privy  councillor,  1674  ;  *\u - 
pected  of  complicity  in  the  Popish  plot:  E.G.,  1686; 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  1687 :  impeached,  1689,  bnt 
released  on  bail,  1690 ;  published  a  book  on  the  genealogies 
of  his  family  under  the  pseudonym  'Robert  Halstead,' 
1. ;«.->.  [xxxviii.  403] 

MORDAUNT,  HENRY  (1681 7-1710),  navy  captain: 
son  of  Oliarles  Mordaunt,  third  earl  of  Peterborough  [q.  v.]; 

3M 


MORDAUNT 


000 


MORE 


captain.  1703-  ran  his  ship  ashore,  landed  his  mm.  an  1 
,  ship  on  being  attacked  between  lian-HoiKi  and 
Oenoa  b»  the  French,  1707;  tried  by  court-martial  and 
-J9;M.P.,"  ' 


MORDAUNT.  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1504\  speaker  of  the 
HOOK  of  Commons ;  cbo»en  speaker,  1487,  being  M.P.  for 
Bedfordshire :  serjeant-at-law  and  king's  serjeant,  1495  : 
chief •iostice  of  Chester,  1499 :  knighted,  1608 ;  high  steward 
of  OambrkUw  University,  16O4 :  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
r,  1104;  privy  councillor;  benefactor  of  the 
[xxxviii.  405] 


MORDAUNT,  JOHN,  first  BARON  MORDAUNT  OP 
T0B  VKT(  1490  ?-1662),  courtier :  son  of  Sir  John  Mordaunt 
(d.  1604)?q.  v.l ;  sheriff  of  Bedfordshire  and  Buckingham- 
shire, 1809 ;  knightod,  1880 :  privy  councillor,  1626 ;  general 
surveyor  of  the  king's  woods,  152« :  supported  the  Refor- 
mation: made  Baron  Mordaunt  of  Turvey,  1532:  engaged 
in  trial  of  Lord  Daore,  1634,  of  Anne  Boleyn,  1636. 

[Kxviii.  406] 

MORDAUNT,  JOHN,  afterwards  first  EARL  OF  PKTKR- 
Hnnornii  (d.  1642),  ward  of  Archbishop  Abbot:  educated 
at  Oxford  :  K.B.,  1616 :  created  Harl  of  Peterborough,  1628 ; 
general  of  the  ordnance  under  Easex  in  the  parliamentary 
army.  [xxxviii.  403] 

MORDAUirr.  JOHN,  first  BARON  MORDAUNT  of 
Reigate  in  Surrey,  and  VISCOUNT  MORDAUNT  of  Avalon 
in  Somerset (1627-1 675 X  cavalier  and  conspirator;  son  of 
John  Mordaunt,  first  earl  of  Peterborough  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated in  France  and  Italy;  planned  an  insurrection  in 
Sussex ;  arrested  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  1658  ;  ac- 
quitted ;  raised  to  the  peerage  in  anticipation  of  another 
insurrection  in  the  king's  favour,  1659 ;  escaped  to  Calais  on 
its  suppression  ;  messenger  of  King  Charles  II  to  the  city 
of  London,  Apnl  1660 ;  constable  of  Windsor  Castle,  1660 ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Surrey,  1660  ;  impeached  for  arbitrary 
act*,  1667,  but  pardoned.  [xxxviii.  406] 

MORDAU17T,  SIR  JOHN  (1697-1780),  general ;  nephew 
of  Charles  Mordaunt,  third  earl  of  Peterborough  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  army,  1721 :  colonel,  1741 ;  brigadier-general, 
1745 ;  served  in  Scotland  and  Holland ;  major-general  and 
colonel,  1747;  M. P..  Oockermouth,  1764-67;  lieutenant- 
generaU  1764;  commanded  the  futile  expedition  against 
Rocbefort,  1787 ;  censured  by  a  court  of  inquiry,  but 
acquitted  by  court-martial;  general,  1770;  K.B.  and 
governor  of  Berwick.  [xxxviii.  408] 

MORDEN,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1623-1708), 
founder  of  Morden's  College,  Blackheath ;  acquired  wealth 
as  a  Levant  merchant ;  created  baronet,  1688 ;  on  the 
committee  of  the  East  India  Company ;  excise  commis- 
sioner, 1691  :  M.P., Colchester,  1695-8  :  founded  a  'college' 
at  Blackheath  for  twelve  decayed  merchant*  (the  number 
increased  after  his  death  to  forty).  [xxxviii.  409] 

MORDEK,  ROBERT  (d.  1703),  geographer;  com- 
menced business  as  a  map  and  globe  maker  in  London. 
1M8;  went  into  partnership  with  Thomas  Cockerill  at 
the  Atlas  in  Oornhill.  1688;  published  astronomical, 
navigation,  and  geographical  maps  and  terrestrial  and 
•  •-  'i  IMA  [xxxviii.  410] 

MORDIWOTON,  fourth  BARON.  [See  DOUGLAS, 
GBOROE,  d.  1741.] 

MORE,  ALEXANDER  (1616-1670),  protestant  divine 
and  antagonist  of  Milton;  born  of  Scote  parent*  at 
OMtre* ;  educated  at  Castres  and  Geneva ;  professor  of 

at  Middelburg,  1649;  professor  of  ecclesiastical'  history' 
Amsterdam,  1662-9  :  pastor  of  Charenton,  1689  ;  violently 
attacked  by  Milton  as  the  supposed  author  of  'Regii 
SangumU  Clamor  ad  Coslum  adversus  Parricidaa  Angli- 
canos '  ( Id**; ;  a  reply  to  bis  rejoinder  published  by  Milton. 

MORE,  SIR  ANTHONY,  who  is  also  known™  A  NTOXIO 


/  AKTHOKIS    MOR 

(1512?-167«?X  portrait-painter ;  was  born  in  Utrecht; 
admitted  to  the  guild  ofst  Luke  in  Antwerp,  1547  ;  in 
lUlv,  1660  and  1661 ;  employed  at  the  court  at  Madrid 
IMi;  Mot  to  England,  1863,  to  paint  Queen  MaryTpor- 
^n  f?^hlUp  <*  Spain  :  ******  :  Whined  in  England 
??«  IM6 ,1, weot  to  the  Ne*herlands ;  visited  Madrid, 
1669 :  settled  at  Antwerp,  1868 :  one  of  the  chief  portratt- 
pinww  of  the  world :  8lr  Thomas  Oresham  and  Sir  Henry 
I**  are  probably  his  only  genuine  portraits  of  bflkb 

[xxxviii.  411] 


MORE,  ORESACRE  (1572-1649),  biographer  (1631) 
an<l  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  More  [q.  v.J  [xxxviii.  448] 

MORE,  EDWARD  (1479-1541),  divine;  scholar  of 
Winchester  College,  1492  :  fellow,  1498-1502  :  B.D.  New 
College,  Oxford,  1518 ;  head-master  of  Winchester,  1508-17 : 
canon  of  Chichester ;  rector  of  Cranford,  1521-41 ;  eighth 
warden  of  Winchester,  1526.  [xxxviii.  413] 

MORE,  EDWARD  (1537?-1620),  grandson  of  Sir 
Thomas  More  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  a  poem  in  defence  of  women, 
1560.  [xxxviii.  413] 

MORE  or  MOORE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1553-1632),  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Tower  of  London  ;  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College, 
Oxford  ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1574 ;  M.P.,  Guildford, 
1584-8,  1686-7,  1593,  1604-11,  and  1624-5,  Surrey,  1597-8, 
1614,  and  1621-2  ;  knighted,  1597  ;  sheriff  of  Surrey  and 
Sussex,  1698;  chamberlain  of  receipt  of  the  exchequer, 
1603  ;  visited  by  James  I,  1603  and  1606  ;  created  M.A. 
Oxford,  1606 ;  chancellor  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  1611- 
1629 ;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1615-17 ;  in- 
duced Robert  Carr,  earl  of  Somerset  [q.  v.],  to  appear  for 
trial ;  collector  of  loans  in  Surrey,  1625.  [xxxviii.  413] 

MORE,  GERTRUDE  (1606-1 633),  daughter  of  Cresacre 
More  [q.  v.]  ;  originally  Helen,  took  the  veil  as  Gertrude, 
and  became  a  nun  of  Cambray,  1623.  [xxxviii.  448] 

MORE,  HANNAH  (1745-1833),  religious  writer :  ac- 
quired Italian,  Spanish,  and  Latin  at  her  sister's  boarding- 
school  in  Bristol,  1757  ;  published  a  pastoral  drama, '  The 
Search  after  Happiness,'  1762  (intended  for  school  chil- 
dren); engaged  to  a  Mr.  Turner  of  Belmont,  but  the 
match  was  broken  off ;  visited  London,  1774 :  intimate 
with  Garrick  and  his  wife;  met  Burke,  Reynolds,  Dr. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Montagu,  Mrs.  Delany,  Mrs.  Carter,  Mrs. 
Chapone,  and  Mrs.  Boscawen ;  her  tragedy  '  Percy,'  pro- 
duced by  Garrick,  1777  ;  her  '  Fatal  Falsehood '  produced, 
1779;  came  to  think  playgoing  wrong  after  Garrick's 
death ;  published  '  Sacred  Dramas,'  1782 ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  Kennicott,  Dr.  Home,  Bishop  Porteus, 
John  Newton,  and  Wilberforce,  and  published  '  Thoughts 
on  the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the  Great  to  General 
Society,'  1788,  which  met  with  great  success;  induced  by 
the  general  ignorance  and  distress  in  Cheddar  to  institute 
Sunday  schools  in  the  neighbourhood,  1789 ;  involved 
(1800-2),  in  the 'Blagdon  controversy,'  which  originated 
in  a  complaint  of  the  curate  of  Blagdon  that  the  master 
of  the  school  she  had  started  there  (1795)  was  holding  a 
kind  of  conventicle :  wrote,  during  the  excitement  caused 
by  the  French  revolution,  a  tract  called  '  Village  Politics,' 
1792 ;  emboldened  by  its  success,  she  issued  series  of  cheap 
tracts  called  '  Cheap  Repository  Tracts,'  which  appeared 
regularly,  and  the  venture  being  supported  by  committees 
all  over  the  kingdom,  led  (1799)  to  the  formation  of  the 
Religious  Tract  Society;  published  her  most  popular 
work,  'Ooelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,'  1809 :  continued  writ- 
ing her  moral  and  religious  treatises  until  1819 ;  during 
illness  compiled  her  'Spirit  of  Prayer,'  1825;  left  about 
30,000f.  in  legacies  to  charitable  institutions  and  religious 
societies.  [xxxviii.  414] 

MORE,  HENRY  (1586-1661),  Jesuit :  son  of  Edward 
More  (1637?-1620)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  St.  Omer  and 
Louvain  ;  professed  of  the  four  vows,  1622 ;  mis?ioner  in 
London  :  vice-provincial  of  his  order ;  author  of  '  Historia 
Missionis  Anglicanae  Societatis  Jesu,'  1649,  and  other 
theological  works  ;  died  at  Watten,  Belgium. 

[xxxviii.  420] 

MORE,  HENRY  (1614-1687),  theologian  ;  of  Eton  and 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1639:  fellow,  1639: 
received  holy  orders,  but  refused  all  preferment,  including 
two  bishoprics,  and  shrank  from  theological  and  political 
disputes ;  benevolent  to  the  poor ;  one  of  the  Cambridge 
Platonists  ;  published  theological  and  philosophical  works 
in  verse  and  prose,  including  'Psychozoia  Platonica' 
(verse),  1642, '  Philosophicall  Poems,'  1647, '  Enthusiasmus 
Triumphatus'  (prose),  1666,  and  'Divine  Dialogues' 
(proseX  1668;  believed  to  have  written  « Philosophic 
Teutonicee  Censura,'  1670 :  supposed  to  have  edited  Glan- 
vill's  'Saducismus  Triumphatus,'  1681;  his  writings 
valued  by  John  Wesley  and  Coleridge.  [xxxviii.  421] 

MORE,  JACOB  (1740-1793),  landscape-painter,  known 

I  as  '  More  of  Rome ' ;   born  in  Edinburgh ;  went  to  Italy, 

i  177S  ;  employed  by  Prince  Borghese ;  sent  views  of  Italian 

scenery  to  English  exhibitions  ;  his  painting  pr:u>.>.!  by 

1  Goethe ;  died  in  Rome.  [xxxviii.  423] 


MOKE 


901 


MORE 


MORE,   Sm  JOHN  (U53?-1.VU)),   judpe :    butl.-r    of 
Lincoln's  Inn  and  subsequently  barrister  :  serjeant-at-law, 
1503  ;  mentioned  as  judge  of  the  common  pl.im,  15. 
judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1523.  [xxxvi 

MORE,  JOHN  (d.  1592),  the  •  Apostle  of  Norwu-h  • ; 
B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  15G2  ;  fellow  ;  iiu-umbent 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Norwich,  till  tit-.itti ;  n-fuseil  to  wear  a 
surplice,  1573;  entered  into  a  controvi-r-y  \\ith  \ndrew 
IVrne  [q.  v.],  1573;  suspended  (1576-8)  for  objecting  to 
the  imposition  of  curt-monies  :  bis  works  (theological  and 
chronological)  published  by  Nicholas  Bownde  [q.  v.] 

[xxxvliL  426] 

MORE,  JOHN  (1630-1C89).    [See  CROSS.] 

MORE,  RICHARD  (d.  1643),  puritan;  barge*  of 
Bishop's  Castle,  1610 ;  J.P.  and  M.P.  for  Bishop's  Castle, 
in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments;  supported  parlia- 
mentary cause  in  Shropshire  ;  published  •  A  true  Relation 
of  the  Murders  of  Enoch  ap  Evan'  (printed,  1641,  though 
a  licence  had  been  refused  before)  and  a  translation  of 
Mode's  '  Glavis  Apocalyptica,'  1641.  [xxxviiL  426] 

MORE,  RICHARD  (1627-1698),  lawyer;  son  of  Samuel 
More  [q.  v.];  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn,  1646 ;  commissioner 
for  compounding,  1646-59  ;  serjeant  of  Gray's  Inn ;  M.P., 
Bishop's  Castle,  1680-98.  [xxxviiL  428] 

MORE,  ROBERT  (1671-1727?),  writing-master; 
master  of  Colonel  John  Ayres's  school  at  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard,  London  ;  published  '  The  Writing  Master's 
Assistant,'  1696,  and  similar  works.  [xxxviii.  427] 

MORE,  ROBERT  (1703-1780),  botanist :  grandson  of 
Samuel  More  [q.  v.]  ;  F.R.S.  [xxxviii.  428] 

MORE,  ROGER  (Jf.  1620-1662).   [S<*  O'MORK,  RORY.] 

MORE,  SAMUEL  (1594-1662),  parliamentarian ;  son 
of  Richard  More  (d.  1643)  [q.  v.]  ;  member  of  the  'com- 
mittee of  parliament  for  Shropshire ' ;  governor  of  Mont- 
gomery Castle,  1645-7,  Monmouth,  1645,  Ludlow  Castle, 
1646,  and  Hereford  Castle,  1647 ;  accused  of  complicity  in 
an  attempt  to  depose  Cromwell ;  M.P.,  Bishop's  Castle, 
1658.  [xxxviii.  427] 

MORE  or  MOORE,  SIR  THOMAS  DK  LA  (fl.  1327- 
1351X  alleged  chronicler ;  passed  for  three  centuries  as 
the  author  of  '  Vita  et  Mors  Edwardi  Secundi,'  which  is 
really  nothing  but  an  extract  from  the  chronicle  of  Geof- 
frey Baker  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  1340,  1343,  and 
1351 ;  possibly  constable  or  vice-warden  of  Porchester 
Castle,  1370.  [xxxviii.  428] 

MORE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1478-1535),  lord  chancellor  of 
England  and  author  ;  son  of  Sir  John  More  [q.  v.] ;  edu- 
cated at  St.  Anthony's  School,  Threadneedle  Street, 
London ;  placed,  1491,  in  the  household  of  John  Morton 
[q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  on  whose  recommen- 
dation he  entered  Canterbury  Hall,  Oxford,  1492  :  pupil  of 
Linacre  and  Grocyn  ;  entered  at  New  Inn,  1494  :  removed 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  1496,  and  was  called  to  the  outer  bar ; 
appointed  reader  at  Furnival's  Inn  ;  devoted  his  leisure 
to  literature  and  became  intimate  (1497)  with  Colet,  Lily, 
and  Erasmus,  who  afterwards  stayed  frequently  at  his 
house;  contemplated  becoming  a  priest,  but  at  the  end 
of  four  years  returned  to  secular  affairs  ;  brilliantly  suc- 
cessful at  the  bar ;  began  to  study  politics ;  member  of 
parliament,  1504  ;  successfully  opposed  Henry  VII's  de- 
mand for  an  aid  of  three-fifteenths  on  his  daughter  Mar- 
garet's marriage,  1503 ;  visited  Louvain  and  Paris,  1508  ; 
bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1509 ;  reader,  1511  and  1516 ; 
undersherifl  of  London,  1510;  nominated  one  of  the 
envoys  to  Flanders  to  secure  by  treaty  fuller  protection 
of  English  commerce,  1615  ;  during  his  absence  sketched 
his  description  of  the  imaginary  island  of  *  Utopia,'  which 
he  completed  and  published,  1516  :  included  in  the  com- 
mission of  the  peace  for  Hampshire,  1515  and  1528:  a 
member  of  a  new  embassy  to  Calais  to  arrange  disputes 
with  French  envoys,  1516 ;  impressed  Henry  VIII  with 
the  necessity  of  making  him  an  officer  of  the  crown  by 
the  a/ Iroitness  of  his  arguments  in  a  Star-chamber  case 
agaiiHtthe  claim  of  the  crown  to  seize  a  ship  belonging 
to  the  pope ;  master  of  requests  and  privy  councillor, 
1518  ;  treated  by  Henry  VIII  with  exceptional  fami- 
liarity, .inability,  and  courtesy  during  his  residence  at 
court:  Irequently  chosen  as  spokesman  of  the  court  at 
ceremonial  functions ;  welcomed  Campeggio,  1518 ;  pre- 
sent at  t.ie  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520,  when  he  met 
William  Budee  or  Budaeus,  the  greatest  Greek  scholar  of 


the  age :  knighted,  16*1 :  rob-tr. 


er  to  the  king,  1621 ; 

accompanied  Wolsey  to  Calais  and  Bruges.  1621 :  received 
grants  of  land  in  Oxfordshire  and  Kent,  168*  and  1686: 
as  speaker  of  the  Howe  of  Commons  pleaded  privilege 

••••••  '     •          •         .   •-          •  •         .-:',      .     .:,,. 

bridge  University.  1886:  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, 1625 :  took  part  in  important  negotiations  wtth 
Wolsey  at  Amiens,  1627,  and  with  Tunstall  at  Cambray, 

l.VJ'.i  ;  .-mi.;,:.  I.M  !..-•;  .;.i;,,  .•;],..'  |.;  .  t;r-t  .-.,;  p..\.  r      .    •  .H,! 

i  l,D  J°«lllb  (Directed  mainly  against  Tyndale's  writings), 
I  1688:    succeeded  Wolsey  as  lord  chancellor,  1689;    un- 
!  rivalled  In  the  rapidity  with  which  he  despatched  chan- 
cery business ;  vexed  the  king  by  his  opposition  to  the 
'  relaxation  of  the  heresy  laws,  and  (1638)  resigned  the 
ohaaoalionhto;  *£ta!j  £  p?ot*t»ati  tm  JSS£  S 
undue  severity  to  persons  charged  with  heresy ;  lived  for 
some  time  after  his  resignation  In  complete  rpUrement, 
mainly  engaged  In  religioos  controversy  with  Tyndale 
ami  Frith;  on  the  arrest  of  the  'Holy  Maid  of  Kent,' 
1533,  was  Included  as  guilty  of  misprision  of  treason  In 
the  bill  of  attainder  aimed  at  the  nun's  friends,  1634  ; 
summoned  before  four  members  of  the  council  (1634)  to 
explain  why  he  declined  to  acknowledge  the  wisdom  of 
i  Henry  VIII's  attitude  to  the  pope ;  his  name  struck  oat 
of  the  bill  In  consequence  of  his  personal  popularity ; 
i  although  willing  to  swear  fidelity  to  the  new  Act  of  Suc- 
cession, refused  to  take  any  oath  that  should  impugn  the 
pope's  authority,  or  assume  the  justice  of   the  king's 
divorce  from  Queen  Catherine,  1534,  and  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  of  London  with  John  Fisher,  bishop  of 
Rochester,  who  had  assumed  a  like  attitude :  during  the 
first  days  of  his  imprisonment  prepared  a  '  Dialogue  of 
Comfort  against  Tribulation '  and  treatises  on  Christ's 
passion  ;  examined  from  time  to  time,  but  without  result ; 
indicted  of  high  treason  in  Westminster  Hall,  1  July  1535 ; 
denied  that  he  had  maliciously  opposed  the  king's  second 
marriage,  or    advised    Fisher   to   disobey    the    Act  of 
i  Supremacy  ;   found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged 
1  at  Tyburn ;  executed,  6  July  1635,  the  sentence  having 
'  been  commuted  to  decapitation ;  his  body  buried  in  St. 
Peter's  In  the  Tower,  London,  and  his  head  exhibited 
on  London  Bridge.    Catholic  Europe  was  shocked  by  the 
news,  and  English  ambassadors  abroad  were  instructed 
to  declare  that  More  and  Fisher  had  been  found  traitors 
by  due  course  of  law . 

More  was  a  critic  and  a  patron  of  art,  and  Holbein  is 
said  to  have  stayed  three  years  in  his  house  at  Chelsea ; 
he  painted  portraits  of  him  and  his  family.  For  two 
centuries  he  was  regarded  in  catholic  Europe  as  one  of 
the  glories  of  English  literature ;  his  Latin  verse  and 
prose  are  scholarly  and  fluent,  while  his  epigrams  embody 
much  shrewd  satire.  The  English  prose  in  his  contro- 
versial tracts  Is  simple  and  direct,  and  his  devotional 
works  are  noticeable  for  their  sincerity.  The  •  Utopia,' 
his  greatest  literary  effort,  was  written  in  Latin  In  two 
books,  the  second  in  1515  and  the  first  in  1516.  It 
j  describes  the  social  defect**  of  England,  and  suggests 
,  remedies  in  the  account  of  the  social  and  political  con- 
stitution of  the  imaginary  Island  of  '  Utopia,'  where 
'  communism  is  the  law  of  the  land,  a  national  system  of 
!  education  Is  extended  to  men  and  women  alike,  and  the 
!  freest  toleration  In  religion  is  recognised.  The  '  Utopia,' 
j  however,  does  not  contain  his  own  personal  and  practical 
opinions  on  religion  and  politics.  The  book  at  once 
became  popular  and  was  translated  into  French,  1530, 
Into  English,  1551,  Into  German,  1524,  into  Italian,  1548, 
and  into  Spanish,  1790.  More's  other  chief  English  works 
are  his  '  Life  of  John  Picua,  Earl  of  Mirandula '  (printed 
by  Wynkyu  de  Worde,  1510), hi*  'History  of  Richard  III ' 
(printed  imperfectly  in  Grafton's  'Chronicle,'  1543,  used 
by  Hall,  and  printed  fully  by  Rastell  In  1667),  'A 
Dyaloge  of  Syr  Thomas  More,'  1628.  '  Supplycacyon  of 
Soulys,'  1529,  •  Confutacyon  of  Tyudale's  Auswere,'  1632, 
and '  An  Apologye  of  Syr  Thomas  More,'  1533.  His  Eng- 
lish works  were  collected  In  1667.  His  Latin  publications 
included  two  dialogues  of  Lucian,  epigrammata.  and  con- 
troversial tracts  In  divinity.  Collections  of  his  Latin 
works  are  dated  1663, 1565,  1666,  and  1689. 

[xxxviiL  4*9] 

MORE,  THOMAS  (1587-1623  ?X  Jesuit;  son  of  Ed- 
w,trd  More  (1537?-1620)  [q.  v.] ;  translated  Into  Latin, 
1620, '  God  and  the  King,'  by  John  Floyd  [q.  v.] 

[xxxviiL  420] 

MORE,  THOMAS  (d.  1686),  author:  of  Merton 
College  and  St.  Alban  Hall.  Oxford:  barrister.  Gray's 
Inn,  lo-ii' ;  joiiu.il  tin-  {>urlmuifutar>  army  ami  afterwards 


902 


MORGAN 


THOMAS  (17W-1795X  Jesuit :  descendant  of 
M  fa.  T.I :  oroviueuU  of  the  English  feMUt, 


MORE.  WILLIAM  (147J-1569  ?),  prior  of  Worcester  : 
red  [Worcester  priory,  1488,  sub-prior,  1807,  prior, 

for  the 


,         , 

Vnd  plate  for  the 
J.P.,  Wor- 


MOREHEAD,  CHARLES  (1807-1882),  Bombay  medi- 
OB!  officer  ;  brother  of  William  Ambrose  Morehead  [q.  v.]  : 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Paris  :  M.D.  Edinburgh:  went 
to  India,  18»:  first  principal  and  £*•"<*""*££ 
Grant  Medical  College,  Bombay;  retired,  1862;  O.I.E., 
1881  :  P.RX3  J.  ;  published  •  Researches  on  the  Dtseases  of 
India,"  1886.  [xxxix.  1] 

MOREHEAD,  WILLIAM  (1637-1692),  divine:  of 
Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1663  ; 
faU^nwS-TSVtoemnbentof  Bocknell,  1670  ;  punched 
•  Lachrym*  Sootto,'  1660,  on  the  departure  from  Scottand 
of  his  uncle,  General  Monck.  [xxxix.  1] 

MOREHEAD,  WILLIAM  AMBROSE  (1805-1863), 
Indian  official:  brother  of  Charles  Morehead  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  Madras  civil  service,  1826;  aa  sub-collector  at 
Cuddapah,  1832,  restored  order  and  brought  to  justice  the 
murderer*  of  Macdonald,  the  head  assistant-collector; 
judge  of  the  court  of  Sadr  Adalut,  1846  ;  member  of  the 
council  of  the  governor  of  Madras,  1867-1862.  [xxxix.  2] 

MORELL,  SIR  CHARLES  (pseudonym).  [See  RIDLKY, 
JAMKS,  1736-1766.] 

MORELL,  JOHN  DANIEL  (1816-1891),  philosopher 
and  inspector  of  schools  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1841  ;  studied  at 
Bonn,  1841  ;  congregational  minister  at  Gosport,  1842-5  ; 
inspector  of  schools,  1848-76;  published  works  dealing 
with  English  grammar  and  spelling,  and  a  '  Historical  and 
Critical  View  of  the  Speculative  Philosophy  of  Europe  iu 
the  Nineteenth  Century,'  1846.  [xxxix.  2] 

MORELL,  THOMAS  (1703-1784  X  classical  scholar  ; 
of  Hum  and  King'*  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1730  ;  D.D., 
1743  ;  incorporated  M.A.  at  Oxford,  1733  ;  rector  of  Buck- 
land,  1737;  FJ3.A.,  1737:  chaplain  to  Portsmouth  garri- 
son, 1776  ;  compiled  '  Thesaurus  Grow  Poese**,'  1762  ; 
supplied  libretti  for  Handel's  oratorios,  including  the  well- 
known  line*,  'See  the  Conquering  Hero  comes';  edited 
Chaucer,  1737,  and  Spenser,  1747,  and  published  miscel- 
laneous writings.  [xxxix.  4] 

MOREMAN,  JOHN  (14907-1564),  divine:  fellow  of 
Kxeter  College,  Oxford,  1610-22;  M.A.,  1613;  D.D.,  1630; 
principal  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1522-7;  vicar  of  Mcn- 
heniot,16*9  ;  nmon  of  Exeter,  1544  ;  opposed  Henry  VIU's 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragou  ;  imprisoned  during 
Edward  Vl's  reign,  [xxxix.  5] 


MORES,  EDWARD  ROWE  f  1781-1778),  antiquary; 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Queen's  College, 
Orfofd:  P.8^,1712;  M.A.,  1763;  started  Society  for 


,  1761  ;  purchased  John  James's  col- 
>  of  printing  materials,  1772  ;  composed  a  valuable 
"O  upon  English  Typographical  Founders  and 
'  (published,  1778);  collected  materials  for  his- 
tories of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Oxford  ; 
his  books,  manuscripts,  engravings,  and  printing  types 
now  In  the  Bodleian  and  the  British  Museum. 

MORESBY,  SIR  FAIRFAX  (1786-1877),  admiral  of 
the  fleet;  entered  navy,  1799  :   lieutenant,  1806  :  com- 


[xxxix.  7] 
THOMAS(16*8?-160S?).  [See  MoRiuoK.] 


MORET,  HUBERT  (fl.  1530-1550),  goldsmith  and 
jeweller  •  a  Paris  merchant ;  friend  of  Holbein ;  visited 
I  ,on.lo,i  and  sold  jewels  to  Henry  VIII.  [xxxix.  8] 

MORETON,  EDWARD  (1599-1665),  royalist  divine; 
.-iui-ated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge ;  prebendary  of  Chester, 
1  i,-:r  his  property  sequestered,  1645,  but  restored,  1660. 

[xxxix.  9] 

MORETON,  HENRY  GEORGE  FRANCIS,  second 
KXIII.  OK  DuciE  (1802-1853),  educated  at  Eton;  M.l'.. 
Gloucestershire,  1831,  East  Gloucestershire,  1832-4 ;  suc- 
oeeded  his  father,  1840;  lord-in-waiting  to  the  queen, 
1846-7 ;  charity  commissioner,  1847 ;  advocated  free 
trade  •  agriculturist  and  breeder  of  shorthorns. 

[xxxix.  8] 

MORETON,  WILLIAM  (1641-1715),  bishop  succes- 
sively of  Kildare  and  Meath ;  son  of  Edward  Moreton 
a  vl-  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1667;  B.D.,1674; 
accompanied  the  Duke  of  Ormonde  (lord-lieutenant)  to 
Ireland  as  chaplain,  1677 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin, 
1677  •  bishop  of  Kildare,  1682 ;  Irish  privy  councillor, 
1682  ;  translated  to  Meath,  1705.  [xxxix.  9] 

MOREVILLE,  HUGH  DK  (d.  1204).    [See  MORVILLE.] 
MORGAN  (fl.  400  ?).    [See  PELAGIC*,.] 
MORGAN    MWYNFAWR   (d.  665?),  regulus  of  Gla- 
morgan; owned  lands  in  Gower,  Glamorgan,  and  Gwent ; 
granted  lands  to  the  church  of  Llaudaff,  and  was  pro- 
ceeded against  by  Oudoceus  for  murdering  his  uncle. 
Ffriog.  .  [xxxix.  10] 

MORGAN  HJtN  (i.e.  the  AGED)  (d.  973),  regulus  of 
Glamorgan  ;  chief  prince  of  the  region  between  the  Towy 
and  the  Wye;  attended  the  courts  of  Edgar,  Athelstan, 
Edred,  and  Edwy.  [xxxix.  10] 

MORGAN  (fl.  1294-1295),  leader  of  rebels  in  Glamor- 
gan, 1294 ;  submitted  to  Edward  1, 1296.  [xxxix.  11] 

MORGAN,  ABEL  (1673-1722),  baptist  minister; 
pastor  of  Blaenau  Gwent,  1700-11 ;  emigrated  to  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  compiled  the  first '  Concordance  of  the  Welsh  Bible ' 
(published,  1730).  [xxxix.  11] 

MORGAN,  M»s.  ALICE  MARY  (1850-1890),  painter; 
nte  Havers ;  studied  at  South  Kensington ;  married  Mr. 
Frederick  Morgan,  1872 ;  exhibited  (1873-89)  at  the  Society 
of  British  Artiste,  the  Royal  Academy,  and  the  Salon. 

[xxxix.  11] 

MORGAN,  ANTHONY  (fl.  1652),  royalist:  served  the 
Earl  of  Worcester,  1642  ;  his  estates  sequestered. 

[xxxix.  13] 

MORGAN,  ANTHONY  (d.  1665),  royalist ;  knighted, 
1642 ;  fought  at  Edgehill,  1642 ;  succeeded  to  his  half- 
brother's  estates,  which  were  sequestered,  1646 ;  being  a 
'  papist  delinquent'  was  unable  to  compound,  1650. 

[xxxix.  13] 

MORGAN,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1621-1668),  soldier; 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1641;  first  a  royalist 
captain ;  then  a  parliamentarian,  1646  ;  captain  in  Ireton's 
horse  in  Ireland,  1649  ;  major,  1662  :  M.P.,  Wicklow  and 
Kildare,  1654,  Meath  and  Louth,  1659,  hi  Cromwell's  united 
parliament ;  knighted,  1656,  and  again  by  Charles  II,  1660 ; 
commissioner  of  the  English  auxiliaries  in  France;  an 
original  F.R.8.,  1663.  [xxxix.  12] 

MORGAN,  AUGUSTUS  DE  (1806-1871).  [See  DK 
MORGAN.] 

MORGAN,  SIR  CHARLES  (1676?-1642),  soldier; 
served  in  the  Netherlands :  knighted,  1603  ;  commanded 
the  English  at  Bergen,  1622,  and  Breda,  1625  ;  compelled 
through  want  and  disease  to  surrender  Stade,  1628 ;  helped 
to  besiege  Breda,  1637;  governor  of  Bergen;  died  at 
Bergen.  [xxxix.  13] 

MORGAN,  SIR  CHARLES  ( 1726-1806).    [See  GOULD.] 

MORGAN,  CHARLES  OOTAVIUS  SWINNERTON 
(18U3-1888),  antiquary;  grandson  of  Sir  Charles  Gould 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  M^..,  1832  ;  M.P.,  Monmouthshire,  1841-74 ;  .ieouty- 
lieuteuant  and  J.P.,  Monmouthshire ;  president  of  c/aer- 
leon  Antiquarian  Association,  to  whose  papers  he  contri- 
buted, as  also  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  [xxxi\.  14] 

MORGAN,  DANIEL  (1828?-! 865),  or  SAMUEL  MOHAN, 
Australian  bushranger ;  a  stockrider  for  whose  apprehen- 
sion r.(Hi/.  reward  was  offered,  1864;  increased  to  1,500/., 
1K65,  in  run  -cqiK'nce  of  murders  ;  captured  ami  shot  at 
Pecchaiba  Station.  [xxxix.  14] 


MORGAN 


1)03 


MORGAN 


MORGAN,  GEORGE  CADOGAN(  1754-1798),  - 
writer:  brother  of  William  Morgan  (1750-1833)  [«).  v.] : 
was  educated  at  Jesus  College,  Ox f on  1 ;  uiiituriiiii  mim-U-r 
at  Norwich,  1 776  ;  tutor  at  Hackney  College,  1787-91  ;  took 
private  pupils  at  Southgate,  Middlesex,  1791  ;  wrote  oil 
electricity  and  chemistry.  [xxxix.  16] 

MORGAN,  Sin  GEORGE  OSBORNE,  first  baronet 
(182G-1897),  lawyer  and  politician  ;  born  at  Gothi-nlnin.'. 
Sweden ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School  und  lialliol 
College,  Oxford;  gained  Craven  M-holurship  wliilc  at 
school,  1M  I  :  x-holur  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1847  ; 
B.A.,  1848 ;  Eldou  law  scholar,  1861 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1H63;  joint-editor  of  the  'New  Report* ';  liberal 
M.P.  for  Denbighshire,  1868;  introduced  burials  bill,  1870, 
and  places  of  worship  (sites)  bill,  which  became  law, 
1873;  Q.C.  and  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1869,  and 
treasurer,  1890 ;  chairman  of  select  committee  on  laud 
titles  and  transfer,  1878-9 ;  judge  advocate-general,  1880-6  ; 
privy  councillor,  1880 ;  introduced  successfully  animal 
army  discipline  bill,  1881  :  took  charge  of  married  woinrnV 
property  bill,  1882 ;  M.P.,  East  Denbighshire,  1886,  1886, 
and  1892 ;  parliamentary  uuder-secretary  for  colonies, 
1886 ;  founded  emigration  inquiry  office  ;  created  baronet, 
1892  ;  published  translation  of  Virgil's  '  Eclogues '  in  Eng- 
lish hexameters,  arid  other  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  192] 

MORGAN,  HECTOR  DAVIES  (1786-1860),  theo- 
logical writer ;  assumed  the  name  of  Morgan  in  addition 
to  Davies,  1800;  M.A,  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1816; 
curate  of  Castle  Hedingham,  1809-46;  opened  savings- 
bank  there,  1817  ;  chief  work,  '  The  Doctrine  and  Law  of 
Marriage,  Adultery,  and  Divorce,'  1826.  [xxxix.  16] 

MORGAN,  HENRY  (d.  1559),  bishop  of  St.  David's  ; 
became  an  Oxford  student,  1515  ;  D.O.L.,  1525  ;  principal 
of  St.  Edward's  Hall,  Oxford,  c.  1525  ;  admitted  at  Doctors' 
Commons,  1528  ;  obtained  much  clerical  preferment, 
1530-51 ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1554-9.  [xxxix.  16] 

MORGAN,  SIR  HENRY  (16367-1688),  buccaneer; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jamaica ;  commanded  a  privateer, 
1663;  sailed  with  Edward  Mansfield,  and  was  elected 
'  admiral '  of  the  buccaneers  on  Mansfield's  death,  1666 : 
on  a  rumoured  Spanish  invasion  of  Jamaica  ( 1668)  received 
commission  to  sail  towards  the  mainland,  where  he  at- 
tacked Porto  Bello  and  utterly  sacked  it ;  unsuccessfully 
attacked  by  the  president  of  Panama ;  reproved  on  his 
return  for  exceeding  his  commission  ;  forced  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Maracaybo,  1669,  sacked  the  town  and  proceeded 
to  the  head  of  the  lake  and  sacked  Gibraltar ;  after  ravag- 
ing the  coast  of  Cuba  and  the  mainland  of  America, 
resolved  to  take  Panama,  1670  ;  the  castle  of  Chagre  being 
successfully  stormed,  proceeded  over  the  ridge  on  foot, 
dispersed  the  Spaniards  after  two  hours'  fighting,  and 
took  possession  of  the  city  of  Panama ;  received  the 
formal  thanks  of  Jamaica,  bat  was  sent  to  England  to 
answer  for  his  conduct,  1672 ;  in  disgrace  for  a  short  time ; 
knighted,  1675,  and  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of 
Jamaica,  senior  member  of  the  council,  aud  commauder- 
iu-chief  of  the  forces ;  died  at  Port  Royal  [xxxix.  17] 

MORGAN,  J.  (fl.  1739),  historical  compiler;  projected 
and  edited  « Phoenix  Britanuicus,'  1732  (discontinued  after 
six  months) ;  compiled  oriental  biographies,  1739. 

[xxxix.  21] 

MORGAN,  JAMES  (1799-1873),  Irish  presbyterian 
divine ;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Belfast ;  minister  of 
Carlow,  1820,  Lisburn,  1824,  Fisherwick  Place,  Belfast, 
1828 ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1846 ;  D.D. 
Glasgow,  1847  ;  published  devotional  works. 

[xxxix.  21] 

MORGAN  or  YONG,  JOHN  (</.  1504),  bishop  of  St. 
David's ;  doctor  of  laws  at  Oxford ;  a  counsellor  of  Sir 
Rhys  ap  Thomas  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1496. 

[xxxix.  22] 

MORGAN,  JOHN  MINTER  (1782-1854),  udscellaueous 
writer;  devoted  himself  to  philanthropy;  founded 
National  Orphan  Home,  1849 ;  tried  to  form  a  self- 
supporting  village,  1860 ;  wrote  principally  on  the  edu- 
cation and  condition  of  the  lower  classes,  [xxxix.  22] 

MORGAN,  MACNAMARA  < ,/.  1762),  dramatist ;  his 
'Philoclea'  (based  on  Sidney's  'Arcadia'),  acted,  1764, 
and  '  Florizel  and  Perdita '  (based  on  '  Winter's  Tale '), 
1754  ;  possibly  wrote(1742)  '  The  Cnusidicade '  and  (1746) 
'The  Processionade,'  satires  on  William  Murray,  after- 
\\ar.ls  earl  of  Mansfield  [q.  v.]  [xxxix.  23] 


MORGAN,  MATTHKW  (1 051'  1703),  ver*e-wriu-r : 
M.A.  M.  John's  College,  Oxford,  107-4 ;  D.C.L.,  It,h6  ;  vicar 
of  Wear,  U;'J3 :  triui.-luti-d  Plutarch's  •  Mural*, '  1684; 
wrote  biographies  and  elegies.  [xxxix.  23] 

MORGAN,  PHILIP (rf.  I486),  bbhop  succcMively  of 
Worcester  and  Ely  ;  doctor  of  laws  before  1413 ;  con- 
timmlly  sent  on  foreign  mission*,  1414-18;  prebendary 
..I  L.ncolu,  1416  ;  biehop  of  Worcester,  1419  ;  \>r\\  \ 
cillor,  1419;    constantly  attended    the   coui 
1  K-u  ry  VI's  minority ;   unanimously  elected  archbishop  by 
the  chapter  at  York,  1423,  but  wan  instead  translated  by 
the  pope  to  Ely,  1426  ;  arbitrator  between  Gloucester  and 
Beaufort,  1426  ;  vigilant  in  putting  down  clerical  abuses. 

[xxxix.  24] 

MORGAN,  PHILIP  (d.  1570).  [See  PUIIJPPH,  MOR- 
GAN.] 

MORGAN,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1566),  judge :  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1629  ;  reader,  1642  and  1646  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1546 ;  recorder  and  M.P.  for  Gloucester,  1646-7  and 
1653 ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1553 ;  knighted, 
1553.  [xxxix.  26] 

MORGAN,  ROBERT  (1608-1673),  bishop  of  Bangor  ; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1630 ;  incumbent  of  Llan- 
\\nol,  1632,  Llangynhafal,  Llanfair,  1637,  and  Efenechtyd, 
1638 ;  B.D..  1642 ;  bought  the  lease  of  the  tithes  of  Llan- 
dy  vnan,  1642,  but  was  ejected  from  his  other  preferments ; 
archdeacon  of  Merioneth,  1660  :  bishop  of  Baugor,  1666  ; 
gave  an  organ  to,  aud  effected  considerable  restorations 
iu,  Banger  Cathedral.  [xxxix.  26] 

MORGAN,  SYDNEY,  LADY  MORGAN  (17837-1859), 
novelist ;  daughter  of  Robert  Owenson  [q.  v.] ;  published 
sentimental  verse,  1801 ;  took  to  fiction,  1804  ;  made  lier 
reputation  by  '  The  Wild  Irish  Girl,'  1806 ;  married  Sir 
Thomas  Charles  Morgan  [q.  v.],  1812 ;  attacked  in  the 
'  Quarterly  Review '  for  her  patriotic  novels  *  O'DonneL* 
1814,  and  'Florence  M'Carthy,'  1816;  induced  by  the 
popularity  of  her  'France,'  1817,  to  publish  a  similar 
book  on  Italy,  1821,  and  the  'Life  of  Salvator  Rosa,' 
1823;  published  'The  O'Briens  and  the  0' Flaherties,' 
1827 ;  visited  France  a  second  time,  1829,  and  Belgium, 
1836  ;  received  a  government  pension,  1837  ;  came  to  live 
in  London,  1839  ;  subsequently  gave  her  whole  attention 
to  society.  [xxxix.  27] 

MORGAN,  SYLVANUS  (1620-1693),  arms-painter 
and  author ;  published  '  London,'  a  poem,  1648,  '  Horo- 
logiographia  Optica,'  1652,  and  two  books  on  heraldry, 
1661  and  1666.  [xxxix.  29] 

MORGAN,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1595),  '  the  warrior ' ; 
appointed  captain  of  a  band  of  English  volunteers  under 
William  of  Orange,  1572  ;  served  in  Holland,  1572-3,  in 
Ireland,  1574  ;  returned  to  the  Low  Countries,  1578 ;  con- 
spicuous for  his  bravery  at  Kowenstyn  Dyke,  1686 ; 
governor  of  Flushing  for  a  short  time,  then  commander 
of  the  fortress  of  Rheinberg ;  ousted  as  governor  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  1586,  by  Peregrine  Bertie,  baron  Wil- 
loughby  de  Eresby  [q.  v.]  ;  decision  given  in  his  favour  by 
Elizabeth  and  the  States-General ;  knighted,  1587;  deprived 
of  his  governorship,  1593  ;  returned  to  England. 

[xxxix.  29] 

MORGAN,  THOMAS  (1643-1606  ?),  Roman  catholic 
conspirator ;  became  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
1569,  in  order  to  serve  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  dismissed 
unpunished  after  ten  months'  imprisonment  on  a  charge 
of  conspiracy,  1572  :  secretary  to  Jnmes  Beaton,  Mary 
Stuart's  ambassador  in  Paris,  1573:  Queen  Elizabeth 
having  applied  for  his  extradition,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Bastille,  1583;  corresponded  with  Mary  Stuart  through 
Gilbert  Gifford  [q.  v.],  who  betrayed  him  ;  helped  to 
organise  the  Babington  plot,  1586,  and  advised  Mary 
Stuart  to  send  Babiugton  a  letter  of  approval ;  released, 
1590,  and  again  imprisoned  for  three  years  in  Flanders ; 
visited  Italy  aud  returned  to  Paris.  [xxxix.  31] 

MORGAN,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1679  ?),  soldier  ;  served 
in  the  Low  Countries,  and  under  Fairfax  in  the  thirty 
years'  war ;  parliamentary  governor  of  Gloucester,  1645  ; 
took  Chepstow  Castle  aud  Moumouth,  1646;  besieged 
Raglan  Castle,  1646 ;  assisted  Moiick  in  Scotland,  1661-7, 
becoming  major-general ;  second  in  command  in  Flanders, 
1667  ;  knighted  on  his  return,  1668 ;  rejoined  Monck  in 
Scotland,  and  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Restoration 
in  Edinburgh  ;  governor  of  Jersey,  1665  :  repaired  Jersey 
forte  and  reorganised  militia  :  a  pamphlet  narrating  his 
acts  hi  France  and  Flanders  (1667  and  1668),  said  to  be  by 
himself,  published,  1699.  [xxxix.  83] 


MORGAN 


THOMAS  «/.  1743),  deist;  of  humhhr 
Independent  minister  of  Burton,  1716,  and  Marl- 
boronffh :  dlsmisMd  for  heterodoxy,  1720  :  stn.lit-1 
wdidne :  M.D. :  described  himself  as  a  '  Christian  dn-t  : 
ptiblfebed  pamphlets  In  opposition  to  Sauniel  Chamllt T. 
John  Chapman,  Thomas  Chubb,  Samuel  Faucourt,  and 
John  LetendL  '  [xxxix.  35] 

MORGAN,  8lB  THOMAS  CHARLES  (1783-1843), 
DhUoMonhioal  and  mlscelUineous  writer;  of  Eton  and 
Peterboatt,  Cambridge:  M.D.,  1809;  F.R.C.P.,  1810: 
knighted  In  Ireland,  1811:  physician  to  the  Manhataa 
prison :  a  commissioner  of  Irish  fisheries,  1835,  supplying 
an  appendix  to  the  first  report :  published  '  Sketches  of  the 
PhUoJophy  of  Life,'  1818,  and  '  Sketehes  of  the  Philosophy 
of  Moral*/ 18».  [xxxix.  36] 

MORGAN,  SMI  WILLIAM  (rf.  1584),  soldier :  volun- 
teered in  the  Huguenot  army,  1569 :  assisted  in  capture 
of  Valenciennes,  1672,  and  defence  of  Mons,  1572 ;  took 
part  in  the  colonisation  of  Ireland  under  Essex,  1573 ; 
knighted,  1574:  governor  of  Duuparvan,  1579-82;  dis- 
played gnat  activity  against  the  rebels  in  South  Minister. 

[xxxix.  36] 

MORGAN.  WILLIAM  (15407-1604),  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  ;  sizar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1571:  D.D.,  1583:  university  preacher,  1578;  incumbent 
of  Llanrhaiadr  Mochuant,  1578,  of  Llanfyllin,  1579 ;  sum- 
moned before  Archbishop  Whitgift  to  justify  his  preten- 
sion! to  translate  the  bible  into  Welsh,  1587  ;  bishop  of 
Uandaff,  1595-1604,  and  of  St.  Asaph,  1601.  [xxxix.  38] 

MORGAN,  WILLIAM  (1623-1689),  Jesuit;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  exiled 
after  Naneby:  professed  of  the  four  vows,  1666  ;  inissioner 
In  Walt-*,  1670;  rector  of  the  English  college  at  Rome, 
1683 ;  provincial  of  his  order,  1689.  [xxxix.  39] 

MORGAN.  WILLIAM  (1750-1833),  actuary ;  brother 
of  George  Oadogau  Morgan  [q.  v.]  ;  assistant  (1774),  after- 
wards chief  (1775-1830)  actuary  to  the  Equitable  Assur- 


MORIER 


r ;  published '  Doctrine  of  Annuities,'  1779,  upon 
the  basis  of  which  new  tables  of  mortality  were  con- 
structed ;  vigorously  denounced  the  accumulation  of  the 
National  Debt  in  many  pamphlets ;  wrote  life  of  his  uncle, 
Kichard  Price  (172IM791)  [q.  v.],  1816;  intimate  with 
Home  Tooke,  Sir  Francis  Burdett,  Samuel  Rogers,  and 
Tom  Paine,  [xxxix.  40] 

MORGAN.  SIR  WILLIAM  (1829-1883),  South  Austra- 
lian statesman ;  emigrated  to  Australia,  1848,  and  became 
bead  of  a  leading  mercantile  house ;  member  of  the  legis- 
lative council,  1869  ;  intercolonial  delegate,  1871,  and  chief 
necretary  of  the  legislative  council,  1875-6  and  1877-8; 
premier,  1878-81  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1883.  [xxxix.  41] 

MORGANEN8IS  (.it.  1210).    [See  MAUKICK.] 

MORGANN.  MAURICE  (1726-1802),  commentator  on 
the  character  of  Sir  John  Falstaff ;  uuder-secretary  of 
state,  1782;  secretary  to  the  embassy  for  peace  with 
America,  1782:  chief  work,  'Essay  on  the  Dramatic 
Character  of  Sir  John  Falstaff '  (vindication  of  Falstaff's 
courage),  1777.  [xxxix.  42] 

MOROANWG,  IOLO  (1746-1826).  [See  WILLIAMS, 
EDWARD.] 

MORGANWG,  LEWIS  (fl.  1500-1640).    [See  LEWIS.] 
MORI.    PRANCI8   (1820-1873),   composer;    son   of 
Nicolas    Mori  [q.  v.] ;  composed  'Fridolin'  and  'The 
Hirer  Sprite,'  1865 ;  died  at  Chamant.  [xxxix.  43] 

MORI,  NICOLAS  (1797-1839),  violinist;  born  in 
I»M.|OM  ;  pupil  of  Barth.-lemon  and  Viotti ;  leader  of  the 
Philharmonic  orchestra,  1816;  published  "The  Musical 
<J«n'  (annual):  member  of  the  first  board  of  professors 
Jl^ST  ^^niy  of  Mu8ic' 182'  :  Principal  orchestral 
"••••'•-.  [xxxix.  42] 

MOEIABTY,  DAVID  (1814-1877),  bishop  of  Kerry: 
educated  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer  and  Maynootli;  bishop  of 
Kerry,  1866 ;  opposed  treasonable  movement*  and  home 
"*"•  [xxxix.  43] 

MORIOI.    [See  also  Mounts.] 

*°M01,  HUMPHRY  (1640  V-1696),  son  of  Sir  Wil- 
i  Monce[q.  *.]  :  auditor  of  the  exchequer;  probably 
•ecreUry  u>  the  embassy  to  the  Dutch,  1667. 

[xxxix.  49] 


MORICE,  HUMPHRY  (1«71  7-1731),  governor  of  the 
BankofEiiL'land  :  .-mi  of  Humphry  Morice  (1640?-1696) 
[q.  v.]:  a  Turkey  merchant;  .M.I'..  Newport,  1713-22, 

I  Grampound,  1722-31 ;  steadily  supported  Walpole ;  director 

i  of  the  Bank  of  England,  1716;  deputy-governor,  1726-6; 

I  governor,  1727-8 ;  discovered,  after  his  death,  to  have 
dr;i\vn  fictitious  bills  and  to  have  appropriated  trust 

j  funds.  [xxxix.  44] 

MORICE,  Sm  HUMPHRY,  fourth  baronet  (1723-1785), 
politician  :  son  of  Humphry  Morice  (1671  ?-1731)  [q.  v.]  ; 
succeeded  to  his  cousin's  baronetcy  and  estates,  1760 ;  M.P., 
Lauuceston,  1754  and  1757  ;  clerk-comptroller  of  the  house- 
hold of  George  II,  1767  ;  went  abroad,  1760  :  his  household 
appointment  not  renewed  till  1761 :  privy  councillor,  1763  ; 
lord  warden  of  the  stannaries,  1763  ;  high  steward  of  the 
duchy  of  Corn  wall,  1763;  recorder  of  Lauuceston,  1771; 
retired  from  parliament,  1 780  ;  resigned  the  recorder-ship, 
i  1782  ;  ousted  from  the  stannaries,  1783  ;  died  at  Naples. 

[xxxix.  44] 

MORICE,  RALPH  (ft.  1523-1570),  secretary  to  Arch- 

j  bishop    Craumer;    M.A.    Cambridge,    1523;    Craumer's 

j  secretary,  1528 ;  bailiff  for  some  crown  lauds,  1637 ;  regis- 

i  trar  to  the   commissioners  for   Rochester,  Canterbury, 

Chichester,  and  Winchester,  1547;    was  imprisoned   in 

Queen  Mary's  reign,  but  escaped  ;  supplied  information  to 

Foxe  and  others.  [xxxix.  46] 

MORICE,   WILLIAM  (fl.  1647),  brother  of   Ralph 
I  Morice  [q.  v.]  ;  gentleman-usher    to    Henry  VIII ;  im- 
prisoned for  heresy,  but  released  on  Henry's  death ;  M.P. 

[xxxix.  46] 

MORICE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1602-1676),  secretary  of 
I  state  and  theologian ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1622  : 
i  J.P.,1640;  M.P.,  1648,  1654,  and  1656;  excluded  in  Pride's 
I  Purge  ;  high  sheriff  of  Devonshire,  1651 ;  M.P.,  Newport, 
!  1 658,  Plymouth,  1660;  related  to  Mouck;  assisted  in  the 
Restoration;    secretary  of  state,  1660;    knighted,  1660; 
privy  councillor,  1660 ;  resigned  secretaryship,  1668  ;  pub- 
lished treatise  on   the  administration    of  the  sacrament 
to  all  church  members,  1657.  [xxxix.  47] 

MORIER,  DAVID  (1705  ?-1770),  painter;  born  at 
Berne  ;  came  to  England,  1743 ;  exhibited  equestrian  por- 
traits at  the  Society  of  Artiste,  1760, 1762,  1765,  and  1768  ; 
died  in  the  Fleet.  [xxxix.  49] 

MORIER,  DAVID  RICHARD  (1784-1877),  diploma- 
tist ;  son  of  Isaac  Morier  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Smyrna : 
entered  the  diplomatic  service,  1804  ;  served  in  South-east 
Europe,  Egypt,  Dardanelles,  and  Constantinople,  till  1812; 
assisted  in  the  'settlement  of  Europe,'  1813-16;  consul- 
general  for  France,  1815-32 ;  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  Swiss  States,  1832-47 ;  published  two  religious  pam- 
phlets and  '  Photo,'  a  tale  of  modern  Greece,  1857. 

[xxxix.  49] 

MORIER,  ISAAC  (1750-1817),  consul-general  of  the 
Levant  Company :  born  at  Smyrna ;  naturalised  in  Eng- 
land, 1803;  consul-general  of  the  Levant  Company  at 
Constantinople,  1804 ;  his  post  converted  into  a  British 
consulship,  1806 ;  died  of  plague  at  Constantinople. 

[xxxix.  50] 

MORIER,  JAMES  JUSTINIAN  (1780  ?-1849),  diplo- 
matist, traveller,  and  novelist ;  sou  of  Isaac  Morier  [q.  v.]  ; 
born  at  Smyrna;  entered  Persian  diplomatic  service, 
1807 ;  travelled  home  by  Turkey  in  Asia,  1809,  publishing 
an  account,  1812;  returned  from  Tehran  through  Asia 
Minor,  181 5,  and  published  a  second  book,  1818  ;  published 
oriental  romances, '  Hajji  Baba,'  1824,  being  the  best 

[xxxix.  51] 

MORIER,  JOHN  PHILIP  (1776-1853),  diplomatist ; 
son  of  Isaac  Morier  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Smyrna ;  became 
attached  to  Constantinople  embassy,  1799 ;  sent  to  Egypt, 
1799  ;  published  account  of  the  Egyptian  campaign,  1800  ; 
consul-general  in  Albania,  1803 ;  secretary  of  legation  at 
Washington,  1810;  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs, 
1815  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  court  of  Saxony,  1816-25. 

[xxxix.  52] 

MORIER,  SIK  ROBERT  BURNETT  DAVID  (1826- 
1893),  diplomatist :  son  of  David  Richard  Morier  [q.  v.] : 
born  in  Paris  ;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1849  ;  entered 
diplomatic  service,  1851 ;  held  various  appointments  at 
German  courts,  1853-76,  and  acquired  an  unrivalled 
intimacy  with  Germau  politics ;  minister  at  Lisbon,  1876- 
1881,  Madrid,  1881-4;  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg, 
1884-93  ;  K.O.B.,  1882;  privy  councillor,  1885  ;  G.O.M.G., 
1886;  G.O.B.,  1887;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1889;  displayed 


MORIER 


905 


MOKLEY 


exceptional  ability  in  the  conduct  of  British  relations 
with  Russia,  especially  in  1885  ;  died  at  Montreux. 

[xxxix.  52] 

MORIER,  WILLIAM  (1790-1864),  admiral;  son  of 
Isaac  Morier  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Smyrna;  entered  navy, 
1803  ;  served  in  Mediterranean  and  North  Sea,  1825  ;  post 
captain,  1830  ;  rear-admiral,  1855  ;  vice-admiral,  1862. 

[xxxix.  64] 

MORINS,  IUCHARD  DH  (d.  1242),  huturiun  :  runuu 
of  Merton  ;  became  prior  of  Duustable,  12u2  ;  went  to 
Rome,  1203  and  1215 ;  arbitrated  between  the  bishop  of 
London  and  the  abbey  of  Westminster,  1222  ;  compiled 
the  early  portion  of  the  '  Duustuble  Annals'  (Rolls  Ser., 
1866).  [xxxix.  54] 

MORISON.    [See  also  MORRISON  and  MORYSON.] 

MORISON,  Sin  ALEXANDER(1779-1866), physician  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1799 ;  F.U.C.P.,  1841 ;  knighted,  1838 ; 
wrote  on  mental  diseases.  [xxxix.  65] 

MORISON,  DOUGLAS  (1814-1847),  painter  and 
lithographer;  associate  of  the  New  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water-colours,  1836-8.  [xxxix.  55] 

MORISON,  GEORGE  (1757-1845),  son  of  James  Mori- 
son  (1708-1786)  [q.  v.] ;  graduated  at  Aberdeen  ;  minister 
of  Banchory-Devenick,  1785  ;  D.D.Aberdeen,  1824 ;  wrote 
on  the  Scottish  church.  [xxxix.  56] 

MORISON,  JAMES  (1708-1786),  of  Elsick ;  elected 
provost  of  Aberdeen,  1744  ;  forced  by  John  Hamilton  to 
hear  the  Pretender  proclaimed  king,  but  declined  to  drink 
his  health,  1745.  [xxxix.  55] 

MORISON,  JAMES  (1762-1809),  theologian;  Perth 
bookseller ;  seceded  from  the  Glassites ;  founded  a  new 
sect,  and  published  theological  works.  [xxxix.  66] 

MORISON,  JAMES  (1770-1840),  self-styled  'the 
Hygeist ' ;  merchant ;  cured  himself  of  ill-health  and  be- 
came a  vendor  of  *  Morison's  pills,'  1825,  of  which  he  wrote 
puffs ;  died  in  Paris.  [xxxix.  66] 

MORISON,  JAMES  (1816-1893),  founder  of  the  evan- 
gelical union ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  em- 
bodied his  views  of  the  atonement  being  for  all  mankind 
in  a  tract,  1840  ;  minister  of  Kilmurnock,  1840  ;  suspended 
by  the  presbytery,  1841 ;  being  joined  by  other  suspended 
ministers  formed  '  evangelical  union,'  1843 ;  established  a 
theological  college,  1843,  of  which  he  wa.s  first  principal ; 
left  Kilmarnock  for  Glasgow,  1853  ;  D.D.  Michigan,  1862, 
Glasgow,  1883 ;  retired  from  the  ministry,  1884 ;  pub- 
lished New  Testament  commentaries.  [xxxix.  57] 

MORISON,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  COTTER  (1832- 
1888),  author ;  son  of  Jamea  Morison  (1770-1840)  [q.  v.] : 
lived  in  Paris,  1834-40;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1859 ;  contributed  to  '  Saturday  Review  ' ;  wrote  4  Life  of 
St.  Bernard,'  1863, '  Gibbon,'  1878,  and '  Macaulay,'  1882,  in 
'  Men  of  Letters '  series  ;  published  •  Service  of  Man ' 
(positivist  essay),  1887;  contemplated  a  history  of 
Louis  XIV's  reign.  [xxxix.  58] 

MORISON,  JOHN  (1750-1798),  Scottish  divine  and 
poet ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1771 ;  minister  of 
Canisbay,  1780 ;  contributed  to  '  Scottish  Paraphrases,' 
1781,  and  Chalmers's  •  Caledonia.'  [xxxix.  59] 

MORISON,  JOHN  (1791-1869),  congregational  minis- 
ter ;  pastor  at  Chelsea,  1815-16,  at  Trevor  Chapel,  London, 
1816-59 ;  edited  '  Evangelical  Magazine,'  1827-67 ;  D.D. 
Glasgow,  1830  ;  published  devotional  works,  [xxxix.  60] 

MORISON,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1566),  ambassador; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1628  ;  visited  Italy  :  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
1537;  ambassador  to  the  Hanse  towns,  1646;  commih- 
slouer  to  visit  Oxford,  1549  ;  knighted  before  1560 ;  am- 
bassador to  Charles  V,  1550-3,  with  Ascham  as  his 
secretary ;  studied  with  Peter  Martyr  at  Strasburg,  1554- 
1556  ;  published  a  defence  of  Henry  VIII  against  Cochlteus, 
1537,  and  other  works ;  died  at  Strasburg.  [xxxix.  60] 

MORISON,  ROBERT  (1620-1683),  botanist :  M.A.  and 
Ph.D.  Aberdeen,  1638;  studied  science  at  Paris:  M.D. 
Angers,  1648 ;  physician  to  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  1649  ; 
senior  physician  and  king's  botanist  to  Charles  II,  1660  ; 
professor  of  botany  at  Oxford,  1669 ;  published  '  Prseludia 
Botanica,'  1669,  and '  Historia  Plantarum  Oxoniensis,'  1680, 
containing  a  clear  conception  of  genus,  species,  and  family; 
his  name  perpetuated  by  the  genus  Morisonia  ;  died  from 
the  effects  of  an  accident.  [xxxix.  61] 


MORIBON  or  MORESIN,  THOMAS  (1658?-1«03  ?), 
physician  and  diploniatiHt ;  bom  in  Scotland ;  M.D.  Mont- 
pellier;  visiml  Fninkfort;  after  his  return  to  Scotland 
(1593)  became  one  of  Essex's  intelligencers  ;  wrote  against 
alchemists  and  astrologers,  1698 ;  published  a  history  of 
the  papacy,  1594.  [xxxix.  68] 

MORISON,  THOMAS  (d.  1824),  army  surgeon  :  sou  of 
James  Morisou  (170H-17KO)  [q.  v.]  ;  brought  into  notice 
the  medicinal  properties  of  rttrathpeffer  springs. 

[xxxix.  66] 

MORLAND,  <;KUR«;K  (1763-1804),  painter;  sou  of 
Henry  Robert  Morlaud  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  when  ten  years 
old  at  the  Royal  Academy ;  copied  Flemish  and  Dutch 
pictures  ;  early  developed  a  taste  for  dissipation ;  his  ori- 
ginal picture,  'The  Angler's  Repast,'  was  engraved  by 
William  Ward  and  published  by  John  Raphael  Smith,  1780 ; 
married  Anne,  sister  of  William  Ward  (1766-1826)  [q.  v.], 
1786,  his  marriage  having  for  a  time  a  steadying  effect ; 
again  fell  into  bad  habits,  and  was  arrested  for  debt,  1799 ; 
released,  1802 ;  died  in  a  spongiug-house,  his  own  epitaph 
on  himself  being '  Here  lies  a  drunken  dog.'  He  was  a 
master  of  genre  and  animal  painting,  and  his  most  charac- 
teristic pictures  are  faithful  reflections  of  lowly  life  in 
England.  His  total  production  is  estimated  at  four  thou- 
sand pictures.  [xxxix.  64] 

MORLAND,  GEORGE  HENRY  (d.  1789  ?),  genre 
painter  ;  assisted  by  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artiste, 
1760  ;  his  works  engraved  by  Watson  and  Philip  Dawe. 

[xxxix.  67] 

MORLAND,  SIR  HENRY  (1837-1891),  Indian  official ; 
entered  Indian  navy,  1852;  fourth  lieutenant,  1857;  lieu- 
tenant, 1859  ;  transferred  to  the  marines,  1863  ;  transport 
officer  at  Bombay,  1865 ;  superintended  Abyssinian  expe- 
dition, 1867 ;  organised  commissariat  and  transport  of 
Afghan  war ;  conservator  of  the  port  of  Bombay  and 
registrar  of  shipping,  1873;  knighted,  1887;  died  in 
Bombay.  [xxxix.  67] 

MORLAND,  HENRY  ROBERT (1730  ?-1797), portrait- 
painter  ;  sou  of  George  Henry  Morland  [q.  v.] ;  picture- 
dealer  ;  exhibited  (1760-91)  portraits  and  domestic  sub- 
jects at  the  Royal  Academy  and  Society  of  Artiste. 

[xxxix.  68] 

MORLAND,  SIR  SAMUEL,  first  baronet  (1625-1695). 
diplomatist,  mathematician  and  inventor ;  of  Winchester 
School  and  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge;  fellow  and 
tutor,  1649:    supported  parliamentarians;  accompanied 
Whitelocke's  embassy  to  Sweden,  1653  ;  assistant  to  Secre- 
|  tary  Thurloe,  1664  ;  sent  to  remonstrate  with  the  Duke  of 
!  Saxony  on  the  Waldensian  cruelties,  1655  ;  published  his- 
I  tory  of  Waldensian  church,   1658 ;    became  acquainted* 
!  with  Sir  Richard  Willis's  plot,  and  from  that  time  endea- 
|  voured  to  promote  the  Restoration  ;  joined  Charles  II  at 
Breda,  May  1660 ;  created  baronet  and  gentleman  of  the 
privy  chamber,  1660;  visited  France  'about  the  king's 
waterworks,'  1682  ;  became  blind,  1692.    He  Invented  two 
arithmetical  machines  and  a  speaking  trumpet,  and  by  the 
'  plunger-pump '  raised    water  to  the  top   of    Windsor 
Castle,  1675.    Besides  this,  he  endeavoured  to  use  high- 
pressed  steam  as  a  power,  and  suggested  it  for  the  propul- 
sion of  vessels.    He  wrote  on  mathematics  and  hydro- 
statics.   One  of  Morland's  calculating  machines  is  now  at 
South  Kensington,  and  a  speaking  trumpet  is  preserved  at 
;  Cambridge.  [xxxix.  68] 

MORLEY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  PARKER,  JOHN,  first  EARL, 
j  1772-1840 ;  PABKKH,  EDMUND,  second  EARL,  1810-1864.] 

MORLEY,  BARONS.  [See  PARKER,  HENRY,  eighth 
I  BARON,  1476-1656  ;  PARKER,  HENRY,  ninth  BARON,  d. 

1577.] 

MORLEY,    CHRISTOPHER   LOVE  (fl.  1700),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Leydeu,  1679  ;  studied  under  Schacht,  Drelin- 
court,  Maets,  MargKraff,  and  Le  Mort ;  honorary  F.C.P., 
1680;  published  'De  Morbo  Epidemico,'  1679,  and 'Col- 
i  lectanea  Chemlca  Leydensia,'  1684.  [xxxix.  73] 

MORLEY,  MERLAI,  MERT.AC,  or  MARLACH. 

,  DANIEL  OF  (ft.  1170-1190),  astronomer;  said  to  have 

studied  at  Oxford,  Paris,  and  Toledo;  author  of  'Philo- 

sophia  Magistri  Danielis  de  Merlac.'or  '  Liber  de  Naturis 

inferiorum  et  superiorum.'  [xxxix.  74] 

MORLEY,    GEORGE   (1697-1684),   bishop   of   Win- 
chester;   of    Westminster   School   and  Christ   Church, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1621  ;  D.D.,  1642 ;  met  at  Oxford  Robert 
1  Sanderson,  Gilbert  Sheldon,  Edward  Hyde,  of terwards  carl 


MORLEY 


OOfJ 


MORRIS 


-  »MMI 
11  oT   Christ 


uently  Edmund  Waller  and  John 
"  Chiin-li,  lti-11  :  rector  of 
ll:  preached  before  the  Hooseof  Common*. 

. .  ejected,  1«48 :  went  abroad  and  performed  service 
fo7  toe  Itagltah  rojmlta*  wherever  be  stayed ;  sent  to 
Mead  to  win  over  the  presbyterians  to  the  Restoration ; 
revalued  bis  oanonry,  became  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
JordVand  in  Octobef  blabop  of  Worcester,  1660;  preacher 
of  the  coronation  sermon,  1661 ;  translated  to  wbttberter, 
IGtt :  frequently  entertained  the  Duke  of  York  at  Faruham 
Castto-^faiined  to  Clarendon  the  king's  wish  that  he 

mid  leave  the  country,  1667;  of  Calviuistic  leanings: 
benefactor  of  Winchester  diocese,  St  Paul's  Cathedral, 
and  Christ  Church  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  pub- 
lished controversial  works.  [xxxix.  74] 

MORLEY,  HENRY  (1822-1894),  author :  educated  at 
King's  College,  London ;  editor  of  Dickens's  periodicals, 
1810-  6ft,  and  the  '  Examiner ' ;  evening  lecturer  at  King's 
College,  London,  1867 ;  professor  of  literature  at  University 
College,  London,  1865,  and  Queen's  College,  London,  1878 ; 
principal  of  University  Hall,  Gordon  Square,  London, 
1888-90 ;  edited  •  Morieyfs  Universal  Library '  and '  Cassell's 
National  Library';  wrote  on  English  literature  and 
biographies.  [xxxix.  78] 

MORLEY,  HERBERT  (1616-1667),  colonel :  educated 
at  Lewes  with  John  Evelyn ;  entered  the  Inner  Temple, 
1634:  M.P.,  Lewes,  1640;  colonel  in  the  parliamentary 
army  :  pat  Sussex  in  a  state  of  defence,  1642 ;  assisted  in 
the  recapture  of  Aruudel  and  at  Basing  House,  1644  ;  re- 
fused to  act  as  one  of  the  king's  judges  ;  opposed  Crom- 
well as  long  as  possible  and  (1663)  withdrew  into  private 
life:  M.P.,  Sussex,  1669;  elected  one  of  the  council  of 
state  and  admiralty  commissioner,  1669 ;  collected  troops 
and  opposed  Lambert,  October  1669  ;  restored  parliament, 
December  1659  :  refused  to  negotiate  for  the  king's  return  ; 
purchased  pardon,  1660 ;  was  elected  M.P.  for  Rye,  but 
probably  did  not  sit.  [xxxix.  79] 

MORLEY,  JOHN  (1656-1732),  known  as  «  Merchant 
Morley ' :  agent  and  land  jobber  of  Halstead,  Essex  ;  a 
butcher  who  became  agent  to  Edward  Harley,  afterwards 
second  earl  of  Oxford  [q.  v.],  and  negotiated  his  marriage 
(1713)  with  Lady  Henrietta  Holies.  [xxxix.  80] 

MORLEY,  JOHN  (d.  1776?),  medical  writer;  grand- 
son of  John  Morley  (1666-1732)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  an  essay 
on  scrofula,  1767.  [xxxix.  81] 

MORLEY,  ROBERT  DK,  second  BARON  MORLEY 
(12967-1360),  summoned  to  parliament,  1317;  served  in 
Ireland,  1331 :  admiral  of  the  fleet ;  gained  the  victory  of 
Sluyg.  1340  ;  commanded  the  fleet,  1341, 1348,  and  1354  ; 
served  In  the  French  wars,  1341, 1346, 1347,  and  1359. 

MORLEY,  SAMUEL (1809-1886), politician;  amassed 
a  fortune  in  the  hosiery  business  ;  active  in  religious, 
philanthropic,  and  temperance  movements ;  M.P.,  Not- 
tingham, 1865;  unseated  on  petition,  1866;  became  pro- 
prietor of  the  •  Daily  News  ' ;  M.P.,  Bristol,  1868-85  ; 
consistently  followed  Gladstone;  supported  Irish  dis- 
establishment, and  was  converted  to  state  education ;  on 
the  London  School  Board,  1870-6 ;  took  part  in  all 
movements  for  the  abolition  of  tests  and  dissenters'  burial 
grievances ;  munificent  builder  of  chapels  ;  pensioned  his 
employes  at  a  cost  of  2.000/.  annually.  [xxxix.  82] 

MORLEY,  THOMAS(1567-1604?),  musician;  pupil  of 
William  Byrd  [q.  v.]  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1588  ;  organist  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1591-2 ;  gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  1598:  wrote  'Plaine  and  Basic  Introduction  to 
Practloall  Musicke,1  1597 ;  composed  graceful  madrigals 
(including  the  well-known  •  It  was  a  Lover  and  his  Lass ') 
and  church  music.  [xxxix.  84] 

MORLEY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1347).    [See  MERLE.] 

^  J<!Rt5TY.,W1LLIAM  HOOK  (1815-1860),  orientalist ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1840;  discovered  (1838)  a  miss- 
rig  manuscript  of  Raabldudln  Jam'ia  Tawarlkh :  libra- 
f  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  [Suppl/lli.  195] 

n,*0**11'010*1  EARLS  OP.    [See  WKLLHSLBY,  GAR- 
KTT,   first  BAKU    1736-1781;    WBLLEHLBY,    RICHARD 
£»LUCY,   second    EARL,    1760-1848;   WKLLBSLKY-POLK 
*  »u.u«.  third  EARL,  1768-1846  :  WBLU*LEY,  WILLIAM 
fourth  EAKL,  1788-1867.] 


MORNINGTON,  BAKOXS.  [Sw  WKLLKSLKY,  RICHARD 
Y,  first  BAHON,  1G90V-1758;  WKU.KSI,KY,GAKKKTT, 
,   -ond  BAKON,  1735-1781.] 

MORPETH,  VISCOUNT  (1773-1848).  [See  HOWARD, 
GEORGE,  sixth  K.uu.  <>K  CARLISLE.] 

MORPHETT,   S.it    JOHN  (1809-1892),  pioneer  and 

politician  of  South  Australia;  emigrated,  1836;  general 

merchant :  nominated  for  the  legislative  assembly,  1843 ; 

!  sixaker,  1851-5 ;  chief  secretary,  1861 ;  president  of  the 

council,  1865-73  ;  knighted,  1870  ;  died  in  Australia. 

[xxxix.  85] 

MORRELL,  HUGH  <d.  1664?),  woollen  merchant; 
was  engaged  in  export  trade  between  Exeter  and  Franci- ; 
obtained  patents  to  regulate  manufactures  in  Hereford- 
shire, 1624,  and  Devonshire,  1626  ;  having  had  his  goods 
at  Rouen  seized  by  the  French,  petitioned  the  king  for 
satisfaction,  1627 :  made  efforts  to  improve  trade,  1033, 
1638,  1647 ;  surveyor  of  customs  at  Dover,  1642 ;  em- 
ployed by  government  in  commercial  negotiations  with 
France,  1650.  [xxxix.  86] 

MORRELL,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1625),  New  England  poet ; 
an  Anglican  clergyman  who  remained  a  year  in  Massa- 
chusetts, 1623;  wrote  Latin  hexameters  and  English 
verse  on  New  England,  1625.  [xxxix.  87] 

MORREN,  NATHANIEL  (1798-1847),  Scottish  di- 
vine ;  M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1814 ;  minister 
at  Greenock,  1823,  and  Brechin,  1843  :  wrote  '  Annals  of 
the  General  Assembly '  and  other  ecclesiastical  works. 


[xxxix.  87] 
*OY  (1767-ir 


MORRES,  HERVEY  MONTMORENOY  (1767-183~9), 
United  Irishman  ;  entered  the  Austrian  service ;  returned 
to  Ireland,  1796  ;  became  a  United  Irishman,  1796 ;  chosen 
county  representative  for  Tipperary,  1797 ;  adjutant- 
general  of  Munster ;  escaped  to  Hamburg  after  the  capitu- 
lation of  the  French  at  Balliuamuck,  1798  ;  arrested  and 
extradited,  1799  ;  prosecuted,  but  without  result ;  released. 
1801 ;  entered  the  French  service,  c.  1811,  and  became 
adjutant-commandant,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  1812; 
obtained  letters  of  naturalisation,  1816 ;  wrote  on  Irish 
topography  and  the  Moutnioreucy  genealogy  ;  died  at  St. 
Germam-en-Laye.  [xxxix.  87] 

MORRES,  HERVEY  REDMOND,  second  VISCOUNT 
MOUNTMORRES  (1746  ?-1797),  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1766 ;  created  M.A.,  1766  ;  D.C.L.,  1773 ;  supported  Pitt 
strongly  in  Ireland,  1788 ;  wrote  on  political  questions ; 
shot  himself  in  a  fit  of  insanity.  [xxxix.  89] 

MORRICE.    [See  MOIUCE  and  MORRIS.] 
MORRIS.    [See  also  MORICE.] 

MORRIS,  CHARLES  (1745-1838),  song-writer;  en- 
,  tered  17th  foot,  1764  ;  served  in  America ;  exchanged  into 
!  the  2nd  life-guards ;  punch-maker  and  bard  of  the  Beef- 
i  steak  Society,  1785,  at  which  he  sang  many  of  his  wittiest 
i  songs ;  visited  frequently  at  Carltou  House ;  his  songs 
,  published  as  4  Lyra* Urbanica,'  1840.  [xxxix.  90] 

MORRIS,  MORES,  or  MORICE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER 

(149U ?-1644),  master  of  ordnance;  gunner  in  the  Tower, 

|  1513  ;  served  on  the  coast  of  France,  1522-4  ;  master  of 

I  ordnance,  1637  ;  master-gunner  of  England,  and  knighted, 

I  1537;  with  Hertford  in  Scotland,  1544 ;  mortally  wounded 

at  Boulogne.  [xxxix.  91] 

MORRIS,  CORBYN  (d.  1779),  commissioner  of  cus- 
toms ;  provoked  controversy  on  the  national  income  by 
a  '  Letter  from  a  Bystander,'  1742 ;  made  proposals  for 
regulating  the  highlands,  1746  ;  secretary  of  the  customs 
in  Scotland,  1761 ;  suggested  a  census  to  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle, 1763 ;  F.R.S.,  1767 ;  commissioner  of  customs  in 
England,  1763 ;  published  economic  works,  [xxxix.  92] 

MORRIS,  EDWARD  (d.  1689),  Welsh  poet:  wrote 
carols,  ballads,  and  'englyniou';  translated  an  English 
ecclesiastical  work  into  Welsh.  [xxxix.  94] 

MORRIS,  FRANCIS  ORPEN  (1810-1893),  naturalist  : 
grandson  of  Roger  Morris  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Worcester  College, 
Oxford,  1833  ;  incumbent  of  Nafferton,  1844,  of  Nunburn- 
holme,  1854 :  anti-viviaectionist ;  wrote  against  Dar- 
\vini;inism  and  on  religion  and  natural  history;  chief 
work,  '  History  of  British  Birds,'  1851-7.  [xxxix.  94] 

MORRIS  or  MORTIS,  11UW  (1G22-1709),  Welsh  poet: 
composed  carols,  ballads,  and  occasional  verse;  royalNt  : 
wrote  satires  on  the  parliamentary  party  ;  collected  edition 
of  his  poems  published,  1823.  [xxxix.  95] 


MORRIS 


907 


MORRISON 


MORRIS,   SIR  JAMES  NICOLL  (1763  V- 1830),  vice- 
udiniral ;     joined  uavy    before    1778;    lu-uti-uiint,    L780; 
commander,  1790;  served  in  the  Channel  mni  M.-: 
main,  and  with  Nelson  off  Cadiz  ;    wounded  at  Tru: 
1805  ;  rear-udmiral,  1811  :  third  in  command  in  tlu-  Baltic, 
1812;  K.O.B.,  1816;  vice-admiral,  iHiy.         [xxxix.  96] 

MORRIS,  JOHN   (1G17V-1G-P.M,  soldier;    bn 
in  ihe  Imnseliiild  of  Thomas  Wentworth,  flMt  e;irl  of  Straf- 
loni  [q.V.]j  :it'ler  Stratford's  death   Iwvan,,-  nnijor. 
threw  up  his  commission,  1644  ;  colonel  in  the  parliamen- 
tary arm  \  :  '-it-ifl  ln>m  command  by  the  New  Model ;  took 
Ponu-in. •  t  <::!!••  by  stratagem,  1645  (castle  retaken  by 
parliamentarians,  1649) ;  imprisoned  in  Lancaster  Castle ; 
escaped,  but  waa  retaken  and  executed.          [xxxix.  96] 

MORRIS,  JOHN  (1810-1886X  geologist ;  originally  a 
pharmaceutical  chemist ;  professor  of  geology,  University 
College,  London,  1864-77  ;  F.G.S.,  1845  ;  published  '  Cata- 
logue of  British  Fossils,'  1846,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
John  Lycett,  *  Great  Oolite  Mollusca.'  [xxxix.  98] 

MORRIS,  JOHN  (1826-1893),  Jesuit;  eon  of  John 
Oarnac  Morris  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Ootacamund  ;  entered 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1845;  became  u  Roman 
catholic,  1846;  ordained  to  the  English  mission,  1849; 
vice-rector  of  the  English  College,  Home,  1852-6 ;  secre- 
tary to  Cardinal  Wiseman  ;  professed  of  the  four  vows, 
1877;  rector  at  Boehampton,  1880-6;  F.S.A.,  1889; 
published  works  on  ecclesiastical  history,  [xxxix.  98] 

MORRIS,  JOHN  BRANDE  (1812-1880),  theological 
writer;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1837;  fellow  and 
Hebrew  lecturer,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1837;  joined 
church  of  Bx>me,  1846  ;  priest,  1849 ;  held  various  charges ; 
published  mystic  and  devotional  works.  [xxxix.  99] 

MORRIS,  JOHN  CARNAC  (1798-1858),  Telugu 
scholar;  midshipman,  1813-16;  entered  Madras  civil  ser- 
vice, 1818  ;  F.R.S.,  1831 :  Telugu  translator  to  govern- 
ment, 1832  ;  accountant-general,  1834  ;  established  bank 
in  Madras,  1834 ;  returned  to  England,  1846,  and  engaged 
in  commercial  enterprise ;  published  au  '  English- Telugu 
Dictionary,'  1835 ;  died  at  St  Heliers.  [xxxix.  100] 

MORRIS,  JOHN  WEBSTER  (1763-1836),  baptist 
minister  and  author ;  pastor  of  Clipstoue,  1785,  of  Dun- 
stable,  1803-9;  set  up  as  a  printer,  and  published  the 
work?  of  Sutcliffe,  Fuller,  and  Hall ;  chief  works, '  Sacred 
Biography '  and  '  Memoirs  of  ...  Andrew  Fuller,'  1816. 

[xxxix.  101] 

MORRIS  or  MORYS,  LEWIS  (1700-1765),  Welsh 
poet;  philologist  and  antiquary;  originally  a  land 
surveyor ;  collector  of  customs  at  Holyhead,  1729 ;  sur- 
veyed the  Welsh  coast,  1737-48:  superintendent  of  crown 
lands  and  mines  in  Wales,  1760  ;  retired  to  Penbryn,  1761 ; 
published  poetry  and  works  on  Welsh  history  and  anti- 
quities; author  of  a  dictionary  of  Celtic  mythology, 
history,  and  geography,  completed,  1760,  published,  1878. 

[xxxix.  101] 

MORRIS,  MORRIS  DRAKE  (/.  1717),  biographer ; 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  assumed  surname  Morris, 
1717  ;  compiled  biographies  of  famous  men,  1716-16. 

[xxxix.  104] 

MORRIS  or  MORYS,  RICHARD  (d.  1779),  Welsh 
scholar ;  brother  of  Lewis  Morris  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk  of  foreign 
accounts  in  navy  office ;  supervised  editions  of  the  Welsh 
bible,  1746  and  1752,  and  of  the  prayer-book. 

[xxxix.  104] 

MORRIS,  RICHARD  (1833-1894),  plulologist ;  Win- 
chester lecturer  on  English  language  and  literature  at 
King'*  College  school,  1869  ;  ordained,  1871 ;  head-master 
of  Royal  Masonic  Institution  for  Boys,  Wood  Green, 
London,  1875-88;  LL.D.  Lambeth,  1870;  hon.  M.A. 
Oxford,  1874 ;  published  educational  works  on  English 
grammar,  besides  editions  of  texts  for  the  Early  English 
'JVxt  Society  and  Pali  Text  Society.  [Suppl.  iii.  196] 

MORRIS,  ROBERT  (/.  1754),  architect ;  supervised 
building  of  Inverary  Castle,  1745-61,  Richmond  Park 
Lodge,  Brandenburgh  House,  c.  1750,  Wimbledon  House, 
and  Kirby  Hall,  c.  1760 ;  published  architectural  works. 

[xxxix.  104] 

MORRIS,  ROGER  (1727-1794),  lieutenant-colonel; 
American  loyalist;  captain  in  48th  foot,  1745  ;  went  to 
America,  1765  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Major-general  Braddock 
and  major,  1758  ;  wounded  at  Quebec  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 


1760  ;  retired,  1764  ;  returned  to  England,  1776,  after  bin 
•  I.,;H  rty  on  the  Hudson  River  was  confiscated  and 

she  wati  attaint^!.  [xxxix.  10ft] 


MORRIS,    THOMAS  (1660-1748),  non  juror  : 
i    vYoreester  and  vicar  of  Olaines  ;  M.A.   K 
Cambridge,   1088;   deprived,    1689: 
ester  Cathedral  as  '  MiMrunui  '  (nr  ),  without  name 
or  date,  a  fact  which  called  forth  poeuw  from  V. 
worth  and  others,  and  a  novel  by  Frederic  Hansel 

«l.  v.],  1832.    The  epitaph  was  nearly  obliterated  in 
1829,  but  renewed  as  •  Miaerrimu*.'  [xxxix.  106] 

MORRIS,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1780-1800),  engraver  ;  pupil 
of  Woollett  ;  confined  himself  to  line-engravings  of  land- 
scapes after  Gilpui  and  Garrard.  [xxxix.  106] 

MORRIS,  (  '  ATTAIN  THOMAS  (Jt.  1806),  song-  writer  ; 
brother  of  Charles  Morris  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  College 
and  Jesas  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1768  ;  nerved  with  17th 
foot  in  America  ;  published  songs  and  voraes. 

[xxxix.  »1] 

MORRIS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1603-1676).  [See  MORICK.] 

MORRIS,  WILLIAM  (1834-1896),  poet,  artist,  manu- 
facturer, and  socialist  ;  of  Marlborough  School  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  ;  formed  friendship  with  (Sir)  Edward 
Coley  Burne-Jones  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.,  1866  ;  articled  as  archi- 
tect to  George  Edmund  Street  [q.  v.],  1866  ;  followed  pro- 
fession of  painter,  1867-62  ;  one  of  originators  of  '  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Magazine,'  to  which  he  contributed  tales, 
essays,  and  poems  ;  assisted  in  painting  frescoes  in  Ox- 
ford Union,  1857;  published  'Defence  of  Guenevere  and 
other  Poems,'  1868  ;  helped  to  found  manufacturing  and 
decorating  firm  of  Morris,  Marshall,  Faulkner  &  Co. 
(dissolved,  1874),  in  which  Roesetti,  Burne-Jones,  Madox 
Brown,  and  Philip  Webb  were  also  partners  ;  published 
'  Life  and  Death  of  |  Jason,'  1867,  and  *  Earthly  Paradise,' 
1868-70;  travelled  in  Iceland,  1871  :  acquired  Kelmscott 
Manor  House,  near  Lechlade  ;  published  '  Love  is  Enough,' 
1872  ;  produced  numerous  illuminated  manuscripts,  in- 
cluding two  of  Fitzgerald's  '  Omar  Khayyam  '  ;  published 
1  -Sueids  of  Virgil  '  (an  English  verse  translation  X  1875, 
'Three  Northern  Love  Stories,'  1876,  and  the  epic,  'Sigurd 
the  Volsung  and  the  Fall  of  the  Niblungs,'  1876  ;  studied 
practical  arts  of  dyeing  and  carpet  weaving  ;  founded 
Society  for  the  Protection  of  Ancient  Buildings,  1877; 
treasurer  of  National  Liberal  League,  1879  ;  joined,  1883, 
Democratic  Federation,  the  doctrine  of  which,  largely 
under  his  leadership,  developed  into  socialism,  and  on  its 
disruption,  1884,  became  head  of  the  seceders,  who  or- 
ganised themselves  as  the  Socialist  league;  published 
English  verse  translation  of  'Odyssey,'  1887,  *  Dream  of 
John  Ball,'  1888,  'House  of  the  Wolfings,'  1889,  "The 
Roots  of  the  Mountains,'  1890,  'Story  of  the  Glittering 
Plain,'  1890,  'News  from  Nowhere,'  1891,  'The  Wood 
beyond  the  World,'  1894,  'Child  Christopher,'  1895,  'The 
Well  at  the  World's  End,'  1896,  and  •  The  Water  of  the 
Wondrous  Isles'  and  'Story  of  the  Sundering  Flood,' 
posthumously,  1897  and  1898  respectively  ;  started,  1890, 
at  Hammersmith,  the  Kelmscott  Press,  for  which  he 
designed  founts  of  type  and  ornamental  letters  and 
borders,  and  from  which  were  issued  fifty-three  books, 
comprising  (1)  Morris's  own  works,  (2)  reprints  of  Eng- 
lish classics,  and  (3)  various  smaller  books,  originals  or 
translations.  [Suppl.  iii.  197] 

MORRISON,  ALFRED  (1821-1897),  collector  of  works 
of  art  ;  son  of  James  Morrison  [q.  v.]  ;  made  at  his  houses 
at  Fonthill  and  Carlton  House  Terrace,  London,  collections 
of  works  of  art  and  autographs.  The  autographs  com- 
prised many  valuable  manuscripts,  including  the  papers  of 
Sir  Richard  Bulst  rode  [q.  v.],  which  he  printed  for  the  first 
time.  [SuppL  iii.  203] 

MORRISON,  CHARLES  (fl.  1763),  first  projector  of 
the  electric  telegraph  ;  a  Greenock  surgeon  who  emi- 
grated to  Virginia  ;  in  a  letter  to  the  'Scots  Magazine,' 
1763,  he  suggested  conveying  messages  by  electricity  ;  died 
in  Virginia.  [xxxix.  107] 

MORRISON,  GEORGE  (1704  7-1799),  general  :  gunner. 
1722;  served  in  Flanders,  1747:  employed  in  surveying 
and  constructing  roads  In  the  highlands,  1746-60  ;  cap- 
tain and  engineer  in  ordinary,  1768  ;  engaged  in  descents 
on  the  French  coast,  1758;  lieutenant-colonel,  1761: 
quartermaster-general,  17f>3  ;  equerry  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  1764  ;  colonel,  1777  ;  lieutenant-general,  1788  ; 
general,  1796.  [xxxix.  107] 


MORRISON 


908 


MORTIMER 


"  Voted  for  the^Reform  Bill ;  M.P.,  Ipswich,  1831-7, 
InverneM  burghs,  1840-7  :  endeavoured  to  improve  rail- 
waj  legislation,  and  published  pamphlets  on  the  subject. 

MORRISON,  JOHN  ROBERT (1814-1843),  officiating 
^aiaaui  Mcretary  of  Hongkong :  son  of  Robert  Morrison 
fa.  v.l :  born  at  Macao ;  translator  to  the  Canton  mer- 
chanU,'  1830:  secretary  and  interpreter  to  the  British 
government,  18*4-41;  officiating  colonial  secretary  of 
Honffkonff-  published  the  'Chinese  Commercial  Guide,' 
183*;  died  'at  Hongkong.  [xxxix.  Ill] 

MORRISON,  SIR  RICHARD  (1767-1849),  architect; 
knighted,  1841  :  built,  among  other  public  works,  the 
Roman  catholic  cathedral  at  Dublin.  [xxxix.  109] 

MORRISON,  RICHARD  JAMES  (1796-1874),  in- 
ventor and  astrologer:  known  by  his  pseudonym  of 
•ZadkJeT:  entered  navy,  1806;  served  in  the  Adriatic 
and  on  the  North  Sea,  Baltic,  and  Cork  stations:  lieu- 
tenant, 1815  •  coastguard,  1827-9 ;  presented  plan  to  the 
admiralty  (1824)  for  registering  merchant  seamen,  and 
another  (1835)  for  providing  seamen  without  impress- 
ment; brought  out  the  '  Herald  of  Astrology,'  1831  (con- 
tinued as  'Zadkiel's Almanac'):  wrote  on  astrology  and 
astronomy.  [xxxix.  109] 

MORRISON,  ROBERT  (1782-1834),  Chinese  mis- 
sionary: originally  a  shoemaker;  studied  in  England, 
1801-7  ;  went  to  China,  1807  ;  translator  to  the  East  India 
Company,  1809 ;  interpreter  to  Lord  Amherst,  1817 ;  D.D. 
Glasgow,  1817:  established  the  Anglo-Chinese  College 
at  Malacca,  1818 :  F.BJ3.,  1824  ;  published  'Dictionary  of 
the  Chinese  Language,'  1816-23,  and  translated  the  bible 
into  Chinese ;  died  at  Macao.  [xxxix.  Ill] 

MORRISON,  THOMAS  (d.  1835?),  medical  writer; 
M.R.CJS. ;  practised  in  Chelsea,  1798 :  moved  to  Dublin, 
1806.  His  medical  works  include  'An  Examination  into 
the  ...  Brunonian  System,'  1806.  [xxxix.  112] 

MORRISON.  WILLIAM  VITRUVIUS  (1794-1838), 
architect :  son  of  Sir  Richard  Morrison  [q.  v.] ;  made  tour 
through  Europe,  1821 ;  assisted  his  father,  [xxxix.  109] 

MORE  ITT.  JOHN  BACON  SAWREY  (1772  ?-1843), 
traveller  and  classical  scholar ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1798;  travelled  in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor, 
1794-6  :  surveyed  the  scene  of  the  Iliad ;  maintained  his- 
torical existence  of  Troy  against  Jacob  Bryant ;  M.P., 
Bererley,  1799-1802,  Northallerton,  1814-18,  Shaftesbury, 
1818-20;  exchanged  visits  with  Scott;  'arch-master'  of 
the  Dilettanti  Society ;  a  founder  of  the  Travellers'  Club, 
1819.  [xxxix.  112] 

MORS,  RODERICK  (d.  1546).  [See  BRINKELOW, 
HRNRY.] 

MORSE,  HENRY  (1595-1645),  Jesuit;  known  as 
CLAXTOX  and  WARDK  ;  studied  at  Douay  and  Rome; 
mUwioner  in  England,  1624 :  Jesuit,  1626 ;  three  times 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  England,  and  finally  executed 
at  Tyburn ;  his  diary  in  the  British  Museum. 

[xxxix.  113] 

MORSE,  ROBERT  (1743-1818),  general;  employed 
in  descent*  on  the  French  coast,  1758 ;  served  in  the  West 
Indies,  1759,  and  in  the  expedition  against  Belleisle,  1761 ; 
in  Germany,  1762-3  ;  captain-lieutenant  and  engineer 
extraordinary,  1768;  commanded  in  the  West  Indies; 
chief  engineer  in  America,  1782  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1783 ; 
colonel,  1788 ;  commanding  engineer  at  Gibraltar,  1791 ; 
major-general,  1793  ;  lieutenant-general,  1799;  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications,  1802;  general,  1808;  author  of 
report  on  Nova  Scotia  and  plans.  [xxxix.  114] 

MORSE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1649),  Jesuit ;  brother  of  Henry 
Morse  [q.  v.] ;  miwiouer  in  England.  [xxxix.  114] 

MOR8HEAD,  HENRY  ANDERSON  (17747-1831), 
colonel,  royal  engineers :  entered  artillery,  1790 ;  served 
in  Flanders:  transferred  to  the  engineer*,  1794;  first 
lieutenant,  1796 ;  captain-lieutenant,  1801 ;  captain,  1805  ; 
aMumed  name  of  Monbead,  1806;  served  in  Madeira. 
1808-12;  lieutenant-colonel,  1813;  commanding  royal 
of  western  district.  1M15;  colonel,  1826;  cotu- 
•at  Malta,  1829  ;  died  at  Valetta. 

[xxxix.  116] 


MORT,  THOMAS  SUTOLIFFE  (1816-1878),  a  pioneer 
of  commerce  in  New  South  Wales ;  went  to  Australia, 
1838 ;  promoted  steam  navigation,  1841 ;  started  public 
wool  sales,  1843 ;  promoted  first  railway  in  New  South 
Wales,  1849 ;  encouraged  pastoral  development ;  com- 
menced dock  at  Port  Jackson,  1863;  originated  frozen 
meat  trade,  1875 ;  died  in  Australia.  [xxxix.  116] 

MORTAIN,  ROBERT  OF,  COUNT  OP  MORTAIN,  in 
the  diocese  of  Avranches  (d.  1091  ?),  brother  of  Odo  of 
Bayeux ;  uterine  brother  of  William  the  Conqueror ;  re- 
ceived from  William  the  county  of  Mortain,  1049 ;  accom- 
panied William  to  England  and  received  many  grants  ; 
held  Pevensey  Castle  against  Rufus,  1088.  [xxxix.  117] 

MORTEN,  THOMAS  (1836-1866),  painter  and  book- 
illuBtrator ;  occasionally  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy ; 
illustrated  works,  including  'Gulliver's  Travels,'  1846. 

[xxxix.  117] 

MORTIMER,  CROMWELL  (d.  1752),  physician  ;  son 
of  John  Mortimer  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Cambridge  comitiis 
regiis  1728 ;  studied  under  Boerhaave  at  Leyden ;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1724  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1725  ;  assistant  to  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  1729-40;  issued  account  of  his  system  of  pay- 
ments, 1744  ;  F.R.S.,  1728  (secretary,  1730-52) ;  promoted 
incorporation  of  Society  of  Antiquaries  1750  ;  edited 
Royal  Society's  '  Transactions ' ;  wrote  on  chemistry. 

[xxxix.  i!8] 

MORTIMER,  EDMUND  (II)  DE,  third  EARL  OF 
MARCH  (1351-1381),  son  of  Koger  de  Mortimer  (V), 
second  earl  of  March  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1360  : 
married  Philippa,  daughter  of  Lionel,  second  son  of 
Edward  III,  1368,  and  handed  on  to  the  house  of  York 
the  claim  to  the  throne,  which  resulted  in  the  Wars  of  the 
Roses ;  marshal  of  England,  1369-77 ;  ambassador  to  France 
and  Scotland,  1373 ;  led  the  constitutional  and  popular 
party  in  opposition  to  the  court  and  John  of  Gaunt  in  the 
Good  parliament,  1376;  bore  the  sword  and  spurs  at 
Richard  II's  coronation,  1377  ;  elected  on  the  king's  new 
council :  commissioner  to  treat  with  Scotland  and  inspect 
the  fortifications  in  the  north,  1378 ;  lieu  tenant  of  Ireland, 
1379;  established  himself  in  eastern  Ulster;  attempted 
to  gain  possession  of  Connaught  and  Munster ;  died  at 
Cork.  [xxxix.  119] 

MORTIMER,  SIR  EDMUND  (III)  DE  (1376-1409?), 
son  of  Edmund  de  Mortimer  (II),  third  earl  of  March 
[q.  v.]  ;  adhered  to  Henry  of  Lancaster's  rising  fortunes, 
1399 ;  assisted  to  put  down  revolt  of  Owen  Glendower 
[q.  v.],  but,  on  being  taken  prisoner  at  Brynglas,  1402, 
joined  with  Glendower,  married  his  daughter,  and  pos- 
sibly assisted  in  the  triple  partition  treaty,  1405 :  perished 
during  the  siege  of  Harlech.  [xxxix.  121] 

MORTIMER,  EDMUND  (IV)  DE,  fifth  EARL  OP 
MARCH  and  third  EARL  OP  ULSTER  (1391-1425),  son  of 
Roger  de  Mortimer  (VI),  fourth  earl  of  March  [q.  v.]  ; 
succeeded  his  father  and  was  recognised  as  heir-pre- 
sumptive by  Richard  II,  1398;  honourably  treated,  but 
strictly  guarded  on  the  Lancastrian  revolution:  his 
estates  restored,  1413  ;  K.B.  and  summoned  to  parliament, 
I  1413 ;  founded  college  of  secular  canons  at  Stoke-by-Clare, 
'  1414;  retained  Henry  V's  friendship,  divulging  a  plot 
formed  in  his  favour  against  the  king,  and  served  with 
him  in  France,  1415-21  ;  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1423, 
sending  a  deputy  there ;  obliged  by  the  unsettled  state  of 
Ireland  to  go  there  in.person,  1424,  and  negotiate  with  U»e 
native  septs,  but  he  died  suddenly  of  plague. 

[xxxix.  123] 

MORTIMER,  MRS.  FAVELL  LEE  (1802-1878), 
authoress  ;  nfa  Bevan  :  corresponded  with  Henry  Edward 
Manning  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Thomas  Mortimer,  1841 ;  wrote 
educational  works  for  the  young,  including  *  Peep  of  Day  * 
(last  edit.  1891  \  'Line  upon  Line,'  1837,  and  'Reading 
without  Tears,'  1857.  [xxxix.  126] 

MORTIMER,  GEORGE  FERRIS  WHIDBORNE 
(1805-1871).  schoolmaster  and  divine ;  B.A.  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  1826  ;  headmaster  of  Newcastle  grammar  school 
1828,Bromptou  proprietary  school,  1833,  and  the  City  of 
London  school,  1840-65;  honorary  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  1864.  [xxxix.  126] 

MORTIMER,  HUGH  (I)  DE  (d.  1181),  lord  of  Wig- 
more  and  founder  of  Wipmore  Priory  ;  son  of  Ralph  de 
Mortimer  (I)  [q.  v.] ;  during  Stephen's  reign  devoted  him- 
self to  strengthening  his  local  position  and  fortifying 
Bridgnorth,  Cleobury,  and  Wigmore  castles;  resisted 


MORTIMER 


MORTON 


Henry  II,  1155;  his  castles  taken :  (subsequently  allowed 
to  retain  his  castles  and  lands,  which  In-  held  free  from 
military  -rrvicc,  aids,  ami  s outages  ;  established  \Vigmore 
Priory  (consecrated,  1174).  [xxxix.  126] 

MORTIMER,  JoHN  (16567-1736),  writer  on  agricul- 
ture and  merchant ;  chief  work,  '  The  whole  Art  of 
Husbandry,'  1707  (sixth  edition,  1761).  [xxxix.  128] 

MORTIMER,  JOHN  HAMILTON  (1741-1779),  his- 
torical painter:  Htmlird  under  Cipriani,  Robert  Edge 
Pine,  and  Reynolds ;  won,  in  competition  with  Romney, 
the  prize  for  an  historical  picture,  with  'St.  Paul  oonv.-rt- 
iimr  the  linton-,'  1763  ;  vice-president  of  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Arts,  1773  ;  R.A.,  1779  ;  painted  historical  and 
allegorical  pictures.  [xxxix.  129] 

MORTIMER,  RALPH  (I)  DE  (d.  1104?),  Norman 
baron  ;  son  of  Roger  de  Mortimer  (/.  1054)  [q.  v.] :  re- 
ceived forfeited  estates,  including  Wigmore,  in  the  middle 
marches  of  Wales,  1074  ;  probably  seneschal  of  the  Earl 
of  Shrewsbury  ;  joined  in  the  rising  of  1088 ;  as  a  par- 
tisan of  Rufus  joined  the  barons  of  Oaux  in  repelling  the 
French,  1089 ;  received  fresh  estates,  1102 ;  upheld  Henry  I 
in  Normandy  against  Robert,  1104.  [xxxix.  180] 

MORTIMEE,  ROGER  DE  (/.  1054-1074),  son  of 
Hugh,  bishop  of  Coutanoes  :  assumed  the  name  of  Mor- 
timer from  Mortemer-en-Brai,  where  he  won  a  victory, 
1054  ;  transferred  his  chief  seat  to  Saint-Victor-en-Caux 
and  erected  an  abbey  there,  1074.  [xxxix.  130] 

MORTIMER,  ROGER  (II)  DK,  sixth  BARON  OF  WIG- 
MORK  (1231  V-1282),  succeeded  to  his  father's  estates  and 
married  Matilda  de  Braose.  1247  ;  knighted,  1263  :  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  struggle  between  Henry  III  and  the 
baions,  1268,  sided  with  the  barons  and  was  e^scted  to 
various  councils ;  after  the  compromise  of  1261  became  a 
strong  royalist ;  fought  against  Llywelyn  with  varying 
success,  1262  and  1263  ;  returned  to  Wales  after  the  battle 
of  Lewes,  1264,  and  was  exiled  to  Ireland,  when  de  Mont- 
fort  marched  to  subdue  the  marcher  lords,  who  were 
obliged  to  surrender  :  did  not  leave  England,  but  prepared 
for  fresh  resistance ;  assisted  Prince  Edward  in  hi?  escape 
from  de  Montfort,  1265,  commanded  the  rear-guard  at 
Evesham,  1265,  and  assisted  in  the  siege  of  Kenilworth, 
1266 ;  remained  Prince  Edward's  close  friend,  and  was  one 
of  the  guardians  of  his  children,  1270  and  1271,  and  of  the 
realm,  1272;  he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  Edward  I's 
early  struggles  with  Llywelyn.  [xxxix.  131] 

MORTIMEE,  ROGER  (HI)  DE,  LORD  OF  CHIRK 
(1256  ?-1326),  son  of  Roger  de  Mortimer  (II)  [q.  v.]  ;  as- 
sisted his  brothers  to  entice  Llywelyn  of  Males  to  his 
doom,  1282 ;  granted  the  lordship  of  Chirk,  1282 ;  raised 
troops  of  Welsh  infantry  for  Edward  I's  wars  in  Gascony, 
1294  and  1297,  and  in  Scotland,  1300,  1301,  and  1:?03 ; 
king's  lieutenant  and  justice  of  Wales,  1307-21 ;  served 
in  the  Baunockburu  campaign  and  in  those  of  1319-20  ; 
joined  in  the  attack  on  the  Despensers,  1321,  and  finally 
surrendered  to  Edward  II  at  Shrewsbury,  1322 ;  remained 
in  the  Tower  of  London  until  his  death.  [xxxix.  135] 

MORTIMER,  ROGER  (IV)  DE,  eighth  BAROX  OF 
WIGMORE  and  first  EARL  OF  MARCH  (1287?-1330),  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Edmund  de  Mortimer,  seventh  baron, 
c.  1304  :  knighted,  1306  ;  acquired  large  estates  in  Ireland 
through  hie  wife,  Joan  de  Genville ;  went  to  Ireland,  1308, 
and  defeated  bis  kinsfolk,  the  Lacys :  defeated  at  Kells, 
1316,  by  Edward  Bruce,  whom  the  Lacys  had  invited  to 
assist  them ;  appointed  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1316  :  drove 
Bruce  to  Carrickfergus,  1317  ;  defeated  the  Lacys  and  the 
Leinster  clans,  1317 ;  justiciarof  Ireland,  1319 ;  helped  his 
uncle  Roger(of  Chirk)  to  establish  in  Wales  the  independent 
position  of  house  of  Mortimer,  which  was  threatened  by 
the  Despensers,  1320;  obliged,  on  the  appearance  of 
Edward  II  in  the  west,  to  submit,  and  was  sent  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  1322 :  escaped,  after  two  years'  im- 
prisonment, with  the  help  of  Orleton,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, to  Paris,  1324 ;  became  chief  adviser  to  Queen  Isa- 
bella, his  paramour,  and  with  her  and  her  son  Edward 
landed  at  Orwell,  1326 ;  employed  his  agent,  Orleton,  to 
obtain  Edward  ITs  deposition  in  parliament,  1327  ;  after 
Edward  Ill's  election  as  king  virtually  ruled  the  realm 
for  four  years  through  bis  influence  over  Queen  Isabella  : 
appointed  justiciar  of  Wales  and  the  border  counties, 
i:W7  ;  became  Earl  of  March,  1328,  and  received  palatine 
jurisdiction  in  Trim,  Meath,  and  Louth  :  popularly  re- 
garded us  responsible  for  Edward  II's  murder,  the  failure 


soot*  expedition.  1337.  and  the  •  Shameful  Peace ' 
with  Scotland.  I:\-M:  bit  position  Mulled  by  Henry  of 
Lancaster  ( 1328),  who  wan,  however,  ultimately  obliged 
to  accept  mediation  ;  formed  a  plot,  which  resulted  In  the 
execution  for  treason  of  the  king's  ancle,  Edmund,  earl 
of  Kent,  1330  ;  seized  by  William  de  MonUcute,  who  had 
been  joined  by  Edward  III,  and  taken  to  the  Tower  of 

London  ;    aOCOMd   I"  '.'<!'<•  I'^if-  MMHl   <''•    '  .1  ;-'.!..'  '!.->  '  !,-!'Hi 

between  Edward  II  andhis  queen,  of  usurping  royal 
power,  procuring  Edward  II's  murder,  and  the  execution 
of  Edmund,  earl  of  Kent ;  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered 
like  a  common  malefactor  at  Tyburn.  [xxxix.  136] 

MORTIMER,  ROGER  (V)  DK,  second  EARL  or 
MARCH  (13277-1360),  grandson  of  Roger  Mortimer  (IV), 
first  earl  of  March  [q.  v.] ;  was  gradually  restored  to  the 
family  estates  and  honours  ;  accompanied  Edward  in  to 
France,  1346  :  knighted,  1346  :  K.G.  and  summoned  to 
parliament,  1348 ;  obtained  the  reversal  of  his  grand- 
father's sentence  and  the  remainder  of  the  Mortimer  In- 
heritance, 1354 ;  received  various  offices  ;  fought  in  Prance, 
1365  and  1359  ;  died  suddenly  at  Rouvray.  [xxxix.  144] 

MORTIMER,  ROGER  (VI)  DK,  fourth  EARL  or 
MARCH  and  ULSTER  (1374-1398),  son  of  Edmund  Morti- 
mer (II),  third  earl  of  March  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father, 
1381 ;  brought  up  as  a  royal  ward  and  proclaimed  heir- 
presumptive,  1385 ;  married  Eleanor  Holland,  the  king's 
niece,  1388 :  knighted,  1390 ;  accompanied  Richard  II  to 
Ireland,  1394;  lieutenant  of  Ulster,  Connaught,  and 
Meath,  1396,  and  of  Ireland,  1397 ;  waged  war  against 
native  septa  without  notable  result :  summoned  to  attend 
parliament,  his  growing  popularity  having  aroused 
Richard  II's  suspicions ;  by  his  caution  or  duplicity 
deprived  Richard  of  any  opportunity  of  attacking  him  ;  re- 
turned to  Ireland  and  was  slain  in  battle  at  Kells. 

[xxxix.  145] 

MORTIMER,  THOMAS  (1730-1810),  author  ;  grand- 
son of  John  Mortimer  [q.  v.]  :  vice-consul  of  the  Austrian 
Netherlands,  1762-8 ;  man  of  letters  and  private  tutor  in 
England  ;  wrote  on  economic  subjects,  and  published  '  The 


British  Plutarch,'  1762. 


[xxxix.  146] 


MORTON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  fourth 
EARL,  d.  1581 ;  DOUGLAS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  of  Locbleven, 
sixth  or  seventh  EARL,  d.  1606;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM, 
seventh  or  eighth  EARL,  1582-1660 ;  DOUGLAS,  JAMES, 
fourteenth  EARL,  1702-1768  ;  and  MAXWELL,  JOHN,  16*8- 
1593.] 

MORTON,  SIR  ALBERTUS  (1584  ?-1625),  secretary 
of  state ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  ac- 
companied his  half-uncle,  Sir  Henry  Wotton  [q.  v.],  to 
Venice  as  secretary,  1604  ;  minister  to  Savoy,  1612  ;  clerk 
of  the  council,  1616 ;  secretary  to  the  electress  palatine, 
1616  ;  knighted,  1617  :  clerk  of  the  council,  1619-23 ;  am- 
bassador to  France,  1624 ;  secretary  of  state,  1625  ;  M.P., 
Kent.  [xxxix.  148] 

MORTON,  ANDREW  (1802-1845),  portrait-painter ; 
brother  of  Thomas  Morton  (1813-1849)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited 
portraits  of  distinguished  people  at  the  Royal  Academy 
and  the  British  Institution,  1821-45.  [xxxix.  148] 

MORTON,  CHARLES  (1627-1698),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1662  (incorporated  at 
Cambridge,  1653)  ;  rector  of  Blisland,  1656  :  ejected,  1668 ; 
master  of  the  dissenters'  school  at  Stoke  Newington : 
went  to  New  England  and  became  minister  of  the  first 
church  atCharlestown,  1686 :  prosecuted  for  seditious  ser- 
mon, but  acquitted,  1687  ;  wrote  on  social  and  theological 
questions  :  approved  the  prosecutions  for  witchcraft  at 
Salem  ;  died  at  Charlestown.  [xxxix.  149] 

MORTON,  CHARLES  (1716-1799),  principal  librarian 
of  the  British  Museum  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1748  :  practiMsd  in 
London :  under-librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  17 
secretary  to  the  trustees  and  principal  librarian,  1776 ; 
F.R.S.,  1752;  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  1760-74: 
P.S.A. ;  edited  Whitelocke.  [xxxix.  150] 

MORTON,  GEORGE  HIGHFIELD  (1826-1900),  geo- 
logist :  house  decorator  at  Liverpool :  formed  valuable 
collection  of  fossils ;  F.G.S.,  1868,  and  Lyell  medallist, 
1892:  lecturer  on  geology.  Queen's  College,  Liverpool: 
chief  work, '  Geology  of  Country  round  Liverpool,  186S. 

[Snppl.  in.  JRMJ 

MORTON.  JOHN  (142H  V-1500),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury and  ,-ardinal;  D.C.L.  Balliol  College,  Oxford; 


MORTON 


910 


MORYS 


nnurttadas  a  canon  lawyer  in  th.-  court  of  arches  ;  sriven 
"  stical  preferment  and  the  principalship  of 
-   -£d  '   Lancastrian  part) 

noennn  and  was  attainted;  sub 

'       V     '"          . 


-  .'••••-   • 

Mrs  went  on  an  emba*y  to  Hun,  MTV. 
to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  PeoquL'. 

^  Eh%  1479  ;  present  at  Edward  iV's  death 
H8J  :  arrested,  14SS,  and  imprisoned,  first 

" 


of  Canterbury, 


lord  chan- 


[xxxix.  151] 

MORTOH,  JOHS  (1671  ?-1726X  naturalist;  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1695:  rector  of  Great 
Oxendon,  1706:  F.RA,  1703;  published  'The  Natural 
History  of  Northamptonshire,  with  some  Account  of  the 
Antiquities,'  1712.  C*«lx-  1533 

MORTOH,  JOHN  (1781-1864),  agriculturist ;  agent 
on  Lord  Ducie's  Gloucestershire  estates,  where  he  con- 
ducted the  •Whitficld  Example  Farm';  invented  the 
•  Uley  cultivator '  and  other  agricultural  appliances ;  wrote 
•OnSoUV1838.  [xxxix.  154] 

MORTOH,  JOHN  CHALMERS  (1821-1888),  agricul- 
turist; sou  of  John  Morton  (1781-1864)  [q.  v.] ;  editor 
of  the  'Agricultural  Gazette,'  1844;  commissioner  for 
inquiry  into  the  pollution  of  rivers,  1868-74 ;  wrote  and 
edited  works  on  agriculture.  [xxxix.  154] 

MORTON.  JOHN  MADDISON(1811-1891),dramatist ; 
•on  of  Thomas  Morton  (1764  ?-1838)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  in 
Prance;  held  clerkship  in  Chelsea  Hospital,  London, 
1832-40 ;  Obarterbou.se  brother,  1881 ;  wrote  farces  and 
showed  exceptional  facility  in  suiting  French  dialogues 
to  English  tastes  ;  his  most  popular  piece, '  Box  and  Cox, 
1847.  [xxxix.  156] 

MORTON,  NICHOLAS  (ft.  1686),  papal  agent ;  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1545 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1646  ;  B.D.,  1664  ;  withdrew  to  Rome  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession,  1568  ;  D.D.  Rome ;  came  to  England  and  pro- 
moted the  northern  rebellion  of  1569;  again  intrigued 
against  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Rhtims,  1580.  [xxxix.  156] 

MORTON,  RICHARD  (1637-1698),  ejected  minister 
and  physician  ;  M.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1659  ;  vicar  of 
Kiuver,  1659 ;  ejected,  1662 :  M.D.  Oxford,  1670 ;  F.R.O.P., 
1679 :  Incorporated  M.D.  Cambridge,  1680 ;  censor  of  the 
College  of  Physician*,  1690,  1691,  and  1697;  physician  to 
the  king :  published  '  Phthisiologia,'  1689,  and  « Pyreto- 
logia,'  1692.  [xxxix.  157] 

MORTOH,  RICHARD  (1669-1730),  physician :  sou  of 
Richard  Morton  (1637-1698)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1691 ;  M.D.,  1695  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1707 ;  physician 
to  Greenwich  Hospital,  1716  [xxxfx.  158] 

MORTOH,  ROBERT  (d.  1497),  bishop  of  Worcester : 
nephew  of  John  Morton  (1420  V-1600)  [q.  v.] ;  master  of 
the  rolls,  1479  ;  deprived  during  Richard  Ill's  reign,  but 
i  by  Henry  VII :  canon  of  Windsor,  1481-6  ; 
archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  1482;  bishop  of 
r,  1487.  [xxxix.  158] 


MORTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1646),  author  of  '  New  Eng- 
lish Canaan';  an  attorney  of  Clifford's  Inn;  landed  in 
New  England,  1632 ;  established  himself  at  Merry  Mount, 
Masa«chusetu  Bay,  1626 ;  traded  with  the  Indians ;  ar- 
re»ted  and  sent  home,  1628 ;  returned  to  New  England  as 
IJMO  AHerton's  secretary,  1629:  again  banished,  1630; 


prosecuted  a  suit  at  law  repealing  the 
impany's  patent,  1635  :  returned  to  New  Eng- 
land, 1643,  and  died  in  poverty  at  Acomenticus,  1646  ; 
published  'New  English  Canaan,'  a  descriptive  work, 
1617.  [xxxix.  158] 

MORTON.  THOMAS  (1564-1659),  bishop  successively 
Chester,  Licbfleld.  and  Durham  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 


lege, Cambridge,  1690  ;  D.D.,  1006  :  fellow  ;    university 
in  logic  ;  rector  of  Lou-f  Mars  ton,  1698  ;  devoted 
to  the  plague-stricken  sufferers  at  Tork,  1602  : 
Lord   Enre,  ambassador  extraordinary  to 


Germany  and  Denmark,  1602  ;  oue  of  James  1's  chaplains 
and  dean  of  Gloucester,  1606;  transferred  to  deanery  of 
Winchester,  1000,  ami  collated  to  cauoury  at  York,  1610  : 
bishop  of  Chester,  1616  ;  on  his  translation  to  Liehneld 
and  Country,  1G1S,  continue  1  his  endeavours  to  win  over 
nonconformists  and  nvusmts ;  appointed,  1G32,  to  the 
see  of  Durham,  which  he  held  canonically  until  his  death, 
although  parliament  claimed  to  deprive  him  of  it,  1647  ; 
iinijeuched,  1641,  but  released  after  four  months'  imprison- 
ment without  trial ;  imprisoned,  1645,  for  refusing  to  sur- 
render the  seal  of  Durham  ;  driven  from  Durham  House, 
Strand,  1648;  resided  ultimately  at  Easton-Mauduit  with 
Sir  Christopher  Yelvertou  ;  patron  and  friend  of  lean  ml 
men.  The  larger  portion  of  his  writings  were  devoted  to 
the  exposure  of  Romish  fallacies ;  his  three  chief  works 
are  '  Apologia  Oatbolica,'  1605,  '  Catholic  Appeal,'  1609, 
and  '  Causa  Regia,'  1620.  [xxxix.  160] 

MORTON,  THOMAS  (1781-1832),  inventor  of  the 
'patent  slip'  for  docking  vessels ;  shipwright ;  invented  a 
cheap  substitute  for  a  dry  dock,  1819,  which  is  now  used 
in  nearly  all  harbours  (extension  of  patent  refused,  1832). 

[xxxix.  165] 

MORTON,  THOMAS  (1764  ?-1838),  dramatist ;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1784 ;  wrote  a  considerable  number  of 
comedies,  in  which  John  Emery,  Charles  and  John  Kemble, 
and  Macready  appeared ;  honorary  member  of  theGarrick 
Club,  1837.  [xxxix.  166] 

MORTON,  THOMAS  (1813-1849),  surgeon  ;  brother 
of  Andrew  Morton  [q.  v.] :  studied  at  University  College 
Hospital,  London,  1832  ;  M.R.C.S.,  1835 ;  demonstrator  of 
anatomy,  1836  ;  surgeon,  1848,  at  University  College  Hos- 
pital, London  ;  wrote  on  surgical  anatomy  :  committed 
suicide.  [xxxix.  167] 

MORTON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (d.  1672),  judge;  M.A. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1625  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1630;  fought  on  the  royalist  side;  knighted; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1644 ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1660 ;  king's  serjeant,  1663 ;  justice  of  the  king's 
bench, 1665.  [xxxix.  167] 

MORVULE,  HUGH  DE  (d.  1162),  constable  of  Scot- 
land under  David  I ;  assisted  in  making  William  Cumin 
bishop  of  Durham,  1140;  founded  Kil winning  Abbey, 
1140,  and  Melrose  Abbey,  1150.  [xxxix.  169] 

MORVULE,  HUGH  DE  (d.  1204),  one  of  the  murderers 
of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury ;  attached  to  the  court  from 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Henry  II ;  itinerant  justice 
for  Cumberland  and  Northumberland,  1170;  kept  back 
the  crowd  with  his  sword  while  St.  Thomas  was  mur- 
dered ;  did  penance  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  soon  regained 
royal  favour.  [xxxix.  168] 

MORVULE,  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1189),  son  of  Hugh 
de  MorviUe  (d.  1162)  [q.  v.]  ;  constable  of  Scotland,  1162; 
adviser  of  William  the  Lion ;  commanded  part  of  the 
Scottish  army  before  Alnwick,  1174 ;  benefactor  of  Melrose 
Abbey.  [xxxix.  169] 

MORWEN,  MORING,  or  MORVEN,  JOHN  (1518  ?- 
1561  ?),  divine;  was  placed  under  a  relative,  Robert  Mor- 
wen  [q.  v.]  ;  president  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1543:  B.D.,1652:  secretary  to  Bishop  Bonner ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1568:  deprived  on  Queen 
Elizabeth's  accession  :  charged  with  scattering  libel,  1561 ; 
a  famous  Greek  scholar.  [xxxix.  170] 

MORWEN,  MORWENT,  or  MORWINGE,  PETER 
(1530  V-1573  ?),  translator ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1550 ;  fellow,  1552 ;  M.A.,  1560 :  went  to  Germany, 
1553 ;  received  various  livings ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield, 
1567;  translated  Joseph  Ben  Gorton's  'History  of  the 
Jews,'  1558,  and  two  medical  works.  [xxxix.  170] 

MORWEN,  MORWENT,  or  MORWYN,  ROBERT 
(1486  ?-1558),  president  of  Corpus  Obristi  College,  Oxford ; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1507 ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1510 ;  M.A.,  1511 ;  vice-president  of  the  newly  founded 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  1517 ;  president,  1537 ;  conformed 
outwardly  during  Edward  VI's  reign,  but  carefully  pre- 
served the  Roman  catholic  vessels  and  vestments;  on 
Pole's  commission  for  visiting  the  university,  1566. 

[xxxix.  171] 

MORYS  or  MORIZ,  SIR  JOHN  (fl.  1346),  deputy  of 
Ireland  :  M.P.,  Bedford,  1322-40  ;  commissioner  of  array 
for  Bedfordshire  and  Buckinghamshire,  1322  and  1324 : 
|  knighted  and  acting  deputy  in  Ireland,  1341 ;  held  parlia- 
ment in  Dublin,  1341  ;  again  deputy,  1346.  [xxxix.  171] 


MOBYS ! 


911 


MOS8OP 


MORYSINE,  SIR  Klf-HAUI)  (./  :..ui- 

sox.] 

MORYSON,    FYXKS  ( 1566 1017  V),  A. 

Peterboose,  Cambridge    fdi<j\v.  r.  i.vsj  . 

tiiiiu-ii  lirr-iiv  u>   tr.iv.-l.  If.-  • 

Coiiiitritx.     I>..'imi:irk,    i'olami,    Italv.    S.v.  i 

I  •Yaiii-e,  1691-5;  visited  t)u-   Holy  Lan.l.  (ten 

ami  S-otlaml,  l.">'.iM;  wt-nt  to  In-laiiil.  i' 

.n-y  to  Sir  Charles  Blount  [q.  v.],  16U),  m 
suppress  T\  roue's  rebellion  ;  published  an  account  of  his 
travels  aiid  a  history  of  Tyrone's  rebellion,  1617. 

[xxxix.  172] 

MORYSON,  Sm  RICHARD  (1671  ?-1628),  vice-presi- 
dent  of  Muuster ;  brother  of  Fyues  Moryson  [q.  v.] ; 
sailed  in  the  Islands  Voyage,  1697  ;  colonel  with  Essex  in 
Ireland,  1599;  knighted  by  Essex,  1699:  governor  of 
Waterford  and  Wexford,1604 ;  vice-president  of  MUD-NT. 
1«U9  ;  M.P.,  Bandou  (Irish  parliament),  1613 ;  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  ordnance  in  England,  1616-28;  M.P., 
Leicester,  1621.  [xxxix.  174] 

MOSELEY.    [See  also  MosiatY.] 

MOSELEY,  BENJAMIN  (1742-1819),  physician; 
studied  at  London,  Paris,  and  Leyden  ;  practised  in  West 
Indies  ;  returned  to  England,  1784 ;  M.D.  St.  Andrew?, 
1784  ;  visited  continental  Imepitals :  L.H.O.P.,  1787  ;  phy- 
sician to  the  Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea,  1788 ;  wrote  chiefly 
on  tropical  diseases.  •  [xxxix.  174] 

MOSELEY,  HENRY  (1801-1872),  mathematician; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1836;  LL.D.  Aon. 
<-n'i.<n.  1870 ;  professor  of  natural  and  experimental  philo- 
sophy and  astronomy,  King's  College,  London,  1831-44 ; 
F.K.S.,  1839  ;  one  of  the  first  inspectors  of  schools,  1844 ; 
canon  of  Bristol,  1853 ;  published  works  on  mechanics. 

[xxxix.  176] 

MOSELEY,  HENRY  NOTTIDGE  (1844-1891),  natu- 
ralist ;  son  of  Henry  Moseley  [q.'  v.] ;  of  Harrow  and 
Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1868 ;  Radclitfe  travelling 
fellow,  1869 ;  joined  government  expedition  to  Ceylon, 
1871,  and  Challenger  expedition,  1872-6  ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1876;  went  to  California  and  Oregon, 
1877 ;  F.R.S. ;  F.Z.S.,  1879 ;  assistant-registrar  to  the 
University  of  London,  1879 ;  Linacre  professor  of  human 
and  comparative  anatomy  at  Oxford,  1881 ;  published 
'Notes  by  a  Naturalist  on  the  Challenger,'  1879,  and  other 
scientific  works.  [xxxix.  176] 

MOSELEY,  HUMPHREY  (d.  1661),  bookseller; 
warden  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1669 ;  published  the 
first  collected  edition  of  Milton's'  Poems,'  1646,  and  early 
editions  of  Crashaw,  D'Avenant,  and  others,  also  trans- 
lations of  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French  romances. 

[xxxix.  177] 

MOSER,  GEORGE  MICHAEL  (1704-1783),  chaser 
and  enameller ;  born  at  Scbaffhausen  ;  came  to  England ; 
distinguished  for  compositions  in  enamel  on  watches  and 
bracelets ;  drawing-master  to  George  III ;  engraved 
George  Ill's  first  great  seal ;  assisted  in  establishing  the 
Royal  Academy,  1767  ;  elected  the  first  keeper. 

[xxxix.  177] 

MOSER,  JOSEPH  (1748-1819),  artist,  author,  and 
magistrate ;  nephew  of  George  Michael  Moser  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1774-82;  magistrate 
for  Westminster,  1794 ;  published  political  pamphlets, 
dramas,  and  fiction.  [xxxix.  178] 

MOSER,  MARY  (d.,1819),  flower-painter;  daughter 
of  George  Michael  Moser  [q.  v.]  ;  foundation  member  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  contributing  to  its  exhibitions  till 
1802  ;  married  Captain  Hugh  Lloyd  of  Chelsea,  1793. 

[xxxix.  178] 

MOSES,  HENRY  (1782  ?-1870),  engraver :  obtained 
great  reputation  for  his  outline  plates.  [xxxix.  179] 

MOSES,  WILLIAM  (1623?-1688),  ser  jennt-at-law ; 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A. ;  master,  1656-60 ;  counsel  to  the  East 
India  Company  ;  serjeant-at-law.  1688.  [xxxix.  179] 

MOSES,  WILLIAM  STAINTON  (1840-1892),  spirit- 
ualist  :  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford.  1866  :  English 
master  at  University  College  School,  London,  1872-90  :  a 
'medium,'  writing  and  editing  spiritualistic  literature. 

[xxxix.  180] 

MOSLEY.     [See  also  MOSKLKY.] 


MOSLEY.  I'HAUI.i 
by  Hogarth. 

MOSLEY. 

UM   tfMMhfc 


[XX' 

672).     author    and 

.  bd  I.-T.T..I.  :••»": 


iMil: 


[xxxix.  180] 


MOSLEY.  SAM 
Philip,'  and  .1.  :  1,-ushed   himself   In  the  capture  and 


svrv.-i  it,  Ihl  -,v  ir  :I.M  Ml   BH  In. I  .in  01  <•!  ' 


lestruction  of  Canonicut,  1676.  [xxxix.  181] 

MOSS,  CHARLES  (1711-1801),  bkbop  sacoeMively  of 
St.  David's  and  of  Bath  and  Wells;  nephew  of  Robert 
Moss  [q.  v.l ;  M.A.  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1785 :  fellow, 
1736  :  received  much  preferment  from  Sherlock,  bishop 
of  Salisbury  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1766-74,  of  Bath  and 


of  Salisbury ;  bishop 


St.  David's,  1766-74,  of  '. 

[xxxix.  181] 

MOSS,  CHARLES  (1763-1811),  bishop  of  Oxford; 
son  of  Charles  Mom  (1711-180J)  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1783 ;  D.D.,  1797,  received  preferment 
from  bis  father;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1807-11. 

[xxxix.  189] 

MOSS,    JOSEPH     WILLIAM    (1801-1862),    biblio- 
grapher;    M.A.  Magdalen    Hall,  Oxford,   1827;    M.B., 
829;    practised   in    Dudley;    F.R.S.,  1830;    published 
Manual  of  Classical  Bibliography,'  1825.  [xxxix.  189] 

MOSS,  ROBERT  (1666-1729),  dean  of  Ely  ;  M.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1688;  fellow,  c.  168ft ; 
D.D.,  1706 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  William  III,  Anne, 
and  George  I ;  dean  of  Ely,  1713 ;  his  sermons  collected 
and  published,  1736.  [xxxix.  183] 

MOSS,  THOMAS  (d.  1808),  poet ;  B.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1761 :  perpetual  curate  of  Brinley 
Hill  Chapel:  published  'Poems  on  several  Occasions,' 
1769,  including  the  well-known  '  Beggar's  Petition.' 

[xxxix.  183] 

MOSSE,  BARTHOLOMEW  ( 1712-1 769),  philan- 
thropist; travelled  through  England,  France,  and  Hol- 
land to  perfect  himself  in  midwifery  and  surgery  ;  rented 
a  house  in  Dublin  for  poor  lying-in  women,  1 746  ;  erected 
the  Rotunda  Hospital  (incorporated,  1766,  opened,  1787). 

[xxxix.  184] 

MOSSE  or  MOSES,  MILES  (fl.  1680-1614),  divine; 
educated  at  Cambridge  (D.D.,  c.  1600) ;  minister  at  Nor- 
wich, 1580;  published  'A  Catechism,'  1690,  and  various 
sermons  with  a  Calvinistic  tendency.  [xxxix.  184] 

MOSSES,  ALEXANDER  (1793-1837),  artist:  taught 
drawing  at  Liverpool  Royal  Institution ;  exhibited  por- 
traits at  the  Liverpool  Academy,  1811-36.  [xxxix.  185] 

MOSSMAN,  GEORGE  (fl.  1800),  medical  writer: 
physician  at  Bradford ;  wrote  on  the  use  of  digitalis  in 
consumption  and  scrofula.  [xxxix.  186] 

MOSSMAN,  THOMAS  WIMBERLEY  (1826-1886), 
divine :  B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1846 ;  held  several 
livings ;  became  a  Roman  catholic  during  his  last  illness ; 
published  controversial  works.  [xxxix.  186] 

MOSSOM,  ROBERT  (d.  1679),  bishop  of  Derry ;  M.A. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1638 ;  used  the  prayer-book, 
notwithstanding  its  prohibition,  at  St.  Peters,  Paul's 
Wharf,  London,  1650-5 :  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin, 
1660 ;  bishop  of  Derry,  1666  ;  published  religious  works. 

[xxxix.  186] 

MOSSOP,  HENRY  (1729  7-1774?),  actor;  appeared 
in  Dublin,  1749 :  acted  with  Garrick  in  London,  1761-9, 
where  be  was  most  successful  as  Richard  III :  returned 
to  Dublin,  1759  ;  acted  with  Barry  at  Crow  Street,  Dublin  : 
opened  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  in  opposition  to 
Barry,  1760,  Barry  being  ruined,  1768 :  tried  to  manage 
both  theatres,  but  broke  down  under  troubles,  vexations, 
and  debt:  arrested  for  debt,  1771;  became  bankrupt; 
admirable  in  heroic  parts.  [xxxix.  187] 

MOSSOP,  WILLIAM  (1751-1804),  medallist:  a  die- 
sinker  who  prepared  numerous  seals  for  public  bodies  in 
Ireland,  and  engraved  a  large  number  of  portraits  on 
i  medals.  [xxxix.  189] 

MOSSOP,  WILLIAM  STEPHEN  (1788-1827),  medal- 
list :  yon  of  William  Mossop  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  Francis 
West ;  followed  his  father's  method  of  making  a  wax 
model  before  cutting  the  steel  die:  nnde  dies  for  the 
stamp  office,  Dublin  :  projected  a  series  of  portrait-mfdals 
of  distinguished  Irishmen.  [xxxix.  189] 


MOSTYN 


912 


MOUNTAGUE 


MOSTYH.  JOHN  (1710-1779),  general  ;  son  of  Sir 
Mostyn  (1675-1739)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School 
hrSt  Church.  Oxford:  captain,  2nd  foot  guards, 
'743  •  major-general,  1757  ;  governor  aud  ooinmander-in- 
chief'  of  Minorca,!  758:  M  P.,  Malton,  1747,  1764,  and 
;  governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1768  : 


MOSTYH,  SIR  ROQBR,  first  baronet  (1625?-1690), 
royalist  •  took  op  arms  for  Charles  I  ;  sacked  the  bouses 
l^arUamentarians  in  Chester,  164S  and  1643  ;  governor  I 
of  Flint  Castle,  but  (1643)  forced  to  surrender  it:  cap-  • 
tared  Hawarden  Castle  and  went  to  Chester:    raised 
recrulto  in  Ireland,  1644  ;  arrested,  1658,  but  immediately  , 
released  on  parole  ;  created  baronet,  1660.    [xxxix.  190] 

MOSTYH,  SIB  ROGER,  third  baronet  (1675-1739),  ' 
nolitidan  •  irrandson  of  Sir  Roger  Mostyn,  first  baronet 
k  v  ]  '  tory  M.P.  for  Cheshire,  1701,  for  Fintshire,  1705- 
17J4,  except  1713,  when  he  sat  for  Flint  borough  ;  pay- 
master of  the  marines,  1711  ;  teller  of  the  exchequer, 
1714-16.  [xxxix.  1913 

MOSTYH,  SAVAGE  (d.  1757),  vice-admiral  ;  son  of 
Sir  Roeer  Mostyn  (1675-1739)  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant  in  navy, 
1784-  oommaoder,  1739:  post-captain,  1739:  failed  to 
engage  two  French  ships  off  Ushant,  1745  ;  acquitted  by 
court-martial,  but  his  conduct  unfavourably  commented 
on;  M.Pn  Weobley,  1747  :  comptroller  of  the  navy,  1749; 
vice-admiral  and  second  in  command  on  the  North 
American  station,  1756  ;  junior  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
1767.  [xxxix.  192] 

MOTHE&BY,  GEORGE  (1732-1793),  medical  writer; 
a  Hitfhjfate  physician;   compiled  a  'New  Medical  Die- 
1776.  [xxxix.  193] 


MOTHERWELL.  WILLIAM  (1797-1835),  poet; 
sheriff-clerk  depute  of  Renfrewshire,  1819-29  ;  editor  of 
•Paisley  Advertiser,'  1828-30,  and  'Glasgow  Courier,' 


1810;  isroed  'Poems,  Narrative  and  Lyrical,'  1832  ;  col- 
laborated with  Hogg  in  an  edition  of  Burns,  1835. 

[xxxix.  193] 

MOTTE,  ANDREW  (d.  1730),  mathematician  ;  lec- 
tarer  in  geometry  at  Gresham  College,  London,  before 
1727;  published  treatise  on  'Motion,'  1727;  translated 
Newton's  '  Principia,'  1729.  [xxxix.  194] 

MOTTE,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1738),  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher ;  brother  of  Andrew  Motte  [q.  v.]  ;  edited  an 
abridgment  of  the  Royal  Society's  '  Transactions,'  1700- 
17*1  ;  succeeded  to  Benjamin  Tooke's  business  with  the 
tories;  published  'Gulliver's  Travels,'  1726;  acted  as 
London  agent  to  Swift.  [xxxix.  194] 

MOTTERSHEAD.  JOSEPH  (1688-1771),  dissenting 
minister  ;  studied  under  Timothy  Jollie  [q.  v.]  and  Matthew 
H.-nry  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  at  Cross  Street,  Manchester,  1717  ; 
published  religious  discourses.  [xxxix.  195] 

MOTTEUX.  PETER  ANTHONY  (1660-1718),  trans- 
lator and  dramatist  ;  born  at  Rouen  ;  came  to  England, 
1686;  edited  'Gentleman's  Journal,'  1692-3;  collaborated 
with  Sir  Thomas  Urquhart  [q.  v.]  in  bringing  out  on 
edition  of  Rabelais,  1693-1708;  wrote  comalies  and 
masques;  clerk  in  the  foreign  department  of  the  post 
office,  1703-11;  published  a  free  translation  of  'Don 
Quixote,'  1712;  became  an  East  India  merchant,  1712. 

[xxxix.  195] 

MOTTLEY.  JOHN  (1692-1750),  dramatist  and  bio- 
grapher ;  clerk  in  the  excise  office,  1708-20  ;  wrote  two 
doll  pseudo-classical  tragedies,  but  was  more  successful 
with  comedies;  published  'Joe  Miller's  Jest-book,'  1739; 
wrote  the  life  of  Peter  I  of  Russia,  1739,  of  Catherine 
of  Russia,  1744.  [xxxix.  197] 

MOTTRAM.  CHARLES  (1807-1876),  engraver;  exhi- 
bited at  toe  Royal  Academy  from  1861  ;  engraved  after 
Landseer,  ROM  Bonbeur,  and  Holman  Hunt. 

[xxxix.  198] 

MOUFET,  THOMAS  (1553-1604).    [See  MOFFETT.] 

MOTTLE,  HENRY  (1801-1880),  divine  and  inventor  ; 
M~A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1826  :  vicar  of  For- 
dlwrton,  1829;  exerted  himself  unweariedly  during  the 
cholera,  184»-*4  ;  invented  dry-earth  system,  1860; 
wrote  on  sanitary  science,  gardeniitg,  and  religious  topics. 

[xxxix.  198] 

MOULE,  THOMAS  (1784-1861  X  writer  on  heraldry 
and  anUoniUe*  ;  bookseller,  1816-23  ;  clerk  in  the  post- 
office  and  chamber-keeper  in  the  lord-chamberlain's 


department  and  member  of  the  Westminster  Society ; 
published  '  Bibliotheca  Heraldica  Maguse  Britauniee,' 
1822,  and  antiquarian  works.  [xxxix.  199] 

MOULIN,  LEWIS  DU  (1606-1680),  nonconformist 
controversialist ;  son  of  Pierre  du  Moulin  [q.  v.]  ;  born 
at  Paris  ;  M.D.  leyden  :  graduated  at  Cambridge,  1634, 
and  Oxford,  1649 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1640  ;  Camden  professor  of 
ancient  history,  Oxford,  1648-60;  published  violent  at- 
tacks on  Anglican  theologians.  [xxxix.  200] 

MOULIN,  PETER  pu  (1601-1684),  Anglican  divine  : 
son  of  Pierre  du  Moulin  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Paris  ;  studied 
at  Sedan,  Leyden,  and  Cambridge;  D.D.  Cambridge: 
iiu-iimbent  of  St.  John's,  Chester,  1625  ;  published 
'  Regii  Sanguinis  Clamor*  anonymously ;  D.D.  Oxford, 
1666  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II,  1660 ;  prebendary  of  Canter- 
bury, 1660.  [xxxix.  200] 

MOULIN,  PIERRE  DU  (1568-1658),  French  pro- 
testant  divine;  born  at  Buhy ;  studied  at  Sedan  and 
Cambridge,  1588-92  ;  professor  of  philosophy,  Leyden, 
1592-8 :  protestant  minister  at  Charenton,  1599  ;  as- 
sisted James  I  in  his  '  Regis  Declaratio  pro  Jure  Regio,' 
and  received  prebend  at  Canterbury,  1615  ;  professor  of 
theology  at  Sedan,  1620-8  ;  died  at  Sedan,  [xxxix.  201] 

MOULTON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1640?),  Dominican; 
called  himself  '  Doctor  of  Divinity  of  the  order  of  Friar 
Preachers ' ;  his  '  Myrour  or  Glasse  of  Helthe,'  published 
c.  1539.  [xxxix.  202] 

MOULTON,  WILLIAM  FIDDIAN  (1835-1898), 
biblical  scholar ;  M.A.  London,  1856  ;  entered  Wesleyau 
ministry,  1858 ;  classical  tutor  at  Wesley  College,  Rich- 
mond, Surrey,  1858-74;  published  (1870)  translation  of 
Winer's  '  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek ';  member 
of  committee  of  revisers  of  New  Testament,  1870  ;  first 
head-master  of  the  Leys  school,  Cambridge,  1874-98  ;  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1874 ;  hon.  M.A.  Cambridge,  1877  ;  published 
'  History  of  the  English  Bible,'  and  other  writings  re- 
lating to  the  bible.  [Suppl.  iii.  204] 

MOULTRIE,  GERARD  (1829  -  1885),  devotional 
writer;  son  of  John  Moultrie  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1861  ;  vicar  of  Southleigh  and  warden  of 
St.  John's  College  there,  1873 ;  wrote  hymns  and  religious 
verse.  [xxxix.  203] 

MOULTRIE,  JOHN  (1799-1874),  poet;  educated  at 
Eton  under  Dr.  Keate,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1822 ;  abandoned  law  for  the  church ;  went  to 
reside  at  Rugby  as  rector,  1828,  Thomas  Arnold  being 
head-master  at  the  school:  'My  Brother's  Grave,'  1820, 
and  'Godiva,'  1820,  his  best  work,  which  he  never 
afterwards  surpassed ;  collected  works  published,  1876. 

[xxxix.  202] 

MOUNDEFORD,  THOMAS  (1550-1630),  physician; 
fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1571  ;  M.A.,  1576 ; 
M.D. ;  studied  medicine ;  censor  seven  times  and  president 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1612, 1613,  1614, 1619, 
1621, 1622,  and  1623  ;  published  '  Vir  Bonus,'  1622. 

[xxxix.  204] 

MOUNSEY,    MESSENGER   (1693-1788).    [See  Mos- 

SEY.] 

MOUNSLOW,  BARON  LITTLETON  OF  (1589-1645). 
[See  LITTLETON,  SIR  EDWARD.] 

MOUNSTEVEN,  JOHN  (1644-1706),  politician; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1671 ;  secretary  to  the  Earl 
of  Sunderland  and  under-secretary  of  state;  M.P.  Bos- 
siney,  1685-8,  West  Looe,  1696,  1701,  and  1705-6; 
committed  suicide.  [xxxix.  204] 

MOUNT,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1572).     [See  MONT.] 

MOUNT,  WILLIAM  (1545-1602),  master  of  the 
Savoy  ;  B.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1567 ;  fellow. 
1566 ;  master  of  the  Savoy,  1594  ;  wrote  on  distilled 
waters.  [xxxix.  205] 

MOUNTAGU.    [See  MONTAGU.] 

MOUNTAGUE,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (d.  1841), 
architect :  son  of  William  Mountague  [q.  v.]  ;  made  many 
architectural  improvements  in  London.  [xxxix.  205] 

MOUNTAGUE,  WILLIAM  (1773-1843),  architect  and 
surveyor  ;  clerk  of  works  to  city  of  London,  1816. 

[xxxix.  205] 


MOUNTAlGNi: 


MOWBRAY 


MOUNTAIGNE  or   MOUNTAT  1 

1628).    [See  MONTAKJXK.] 

MOUNTAIN,    A  KM  INF    8IMOOH  HKNKY    (1797- 

1854),  adjutant-general  in    I  nUUl 
[q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Quebec  ;  elite*  «.U    u  t  . 
1818 -.captain,  1M25  ;  major.  1*.''.  . 

military  secretary  to  Sir  Colin  II...-  - ,.'  ;  served 
throughout  the  China  war  as  .1  iint-Ki-nenil  ; 
C.I'..  ;  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1845  ; 
military  secretary  to  Lord  Dalhousie,  1K47;  brigadier- 
general  ;  served  in  the  second  Sikh  war;  adjutant- 
general,  1849 ;  died  at  Futtyghur.  [xxxix.  2o6] 

MOUNTAIN,  DIDYMUS  (pseudonym).  [See  HlLL, 
THOMAS,  Ji.  1690.] 

MOUNTAIN,  GEORGE  JEHOSHAPHAT  (1789- 
1863),  protestaiit  bishop  of  Quebec ;  son  of  Jacob  Moun- 
tain [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1810 ; 
D.D.,  1819 ;  rector  of  Quebec  and  bishop's  official,  1817 ; 
suffragan  bishop  of  Montreal,  1836 ;  bishop  of  Quebec, 
1850 ;  published  sermons  and  journals.  [xxxix.  307] 

MOUNTAIN,  JACOB  (1749-1825),  protestant  bishop 
of  Quebec;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1777; 
fellow,  1779 ;  D.D.,  1793 :  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1788  ; 
first  bishop  of  Quebec,  1793.  [xxxix.  208] 

MOUNTAIN,  MRS.  ROSOMAN  (17687-1841),  vocal- 
ist and  actress :  nte  Wilkinson ;  taught  by  Dibdin : 
performed  at  Hull,  York,  Leeds,  Liverpool,  and  Don- 
caster,  1784  ;  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1786- 
1798,  chiefly  in  musical  pieces ;  married  John  Mountain, 
violinist,  1787 ;  one  of  the  first  vocalists  of  the  day  ;  re- 
tired, 1815.  [xxxix.  208] 

MOUNTAIN,  THOMAS  (d.  1661  ?),  divine  ;  M.A. 
Cambridge ;  partisan  of  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  imprisoned, 
1653  ;  went  abroad,  but  returned  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession ;  rector  of  St.  Panoras,  Soper  Lane,  London ;  his 
narrative  used  by  Strype  and  Froude.  [xxxix.  210] 

MOUNT  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF.  [See  MONT- 
GOMERY, HUGH,  1623  ?-1663.] 

MOUNTCASHEL,  VISCOUNT.  [See  MACOARTHY, 
JUSTIN,  d.  1694.] 

MOUNT-EDGCUMBE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  EDGCUMBE, 
GEORGE,  first  EARL,  1721-1795  ;  EDGCUMBE,  RICHARD, 
second  EARL,  1764-1839.] 

MOUNTENEY  or  MOUNTNEY,  RICHARD  (1707- 
1768),  Irish  judge  and  classical  scholar  ;  fellow,  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  1729  ;  M.A.,  1735  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple;  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1737;  edited 
Demosthenes,  1731.  [xxxix.  210] 

MOUNTFORT,  MRS.  SUSANNA  (1667  7-1703).  [See 
VERBRUGGEN.] 

MOUNTFORT,  WILLIAM  (1664  7-1692),  actor  and 
dramatist ;  joined  Dorset  Garden  company,  1678 ;  married 
Mrs.  Susanna  Verbruggen  [q.  v.],  1686 ;  wrote  an  un- 
successful tragedy,  *  The  Injur'd  Lovers,'  1688 ;  his 
comedies,  'Successful  Strangers,'  1690,  'King  Edward 
the  Third,'  1691,  and  'Greenwich  Park,'  1691,  well 
received  ;  intimate  with  Judge  Jeffreys  ;  stabbed  by 
Captain  Richard  Hill ;  praised  by  Cibber  as  an  affecting 
lover  in  tragedy.  [xxxix.  211] 

MOUNTGARRET,  third  VISCOUNT.  [See  BUTLER, 
RICHARD,  1578-1651.] 

MOUNTIER,  THOMAS  (ft.  1719-1733),  vocalist; 
lay  vicar  and  preceptor  of  Ohichebter,  1719-32 ;  sang  in 
London,  1732 ;  joined  Italian  opera  troupe,  1733. 

[xxxix.  213] 

MOUNTJOY,  first  VISCOUNT.  [See  STEWART,  SIR 
WILLIAM,  1663-1692.] 

MOUNTJOY,  BARONS.  [See  BLOUNT,  WALTER,  first 
BARON,  d.  1474  ;  BLOUNT,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON,  d. 
1534  ;  BLOUNT,  CHARLES,  fifth  BARON,  d.  1546  ;  BLOUNT, 
OHAKLKS,  eight  BARON,  1663-1606  ;  BLOUNT,  MOUNTJOY, 
ninth  BARON,  1597  7-1665.] 

MOUNT-MAURICE,  HERVEY  DE  (fl.  1169-1176), 
invader  of  Ireland  ;  probably  served  in  France  ;  sent  by 
his  nephew,  Earl  Richard,  called  Strongbow  [see  CLARE, 
lu«  HARD  DK,  d.  1176],  to  Ireland,  1169,  to  report  on 
affairs  there  ;  was  victorious  at  Wexford,  ami  received 


grant*  of  land ;  shared  in  Raymond  PitxGerakl's  victory 
at  Wuu  rford  :  arranged  matters  between  Karl  Richard 
and  Henry  II,  1171;  commanded  in  Ireland,  1173. 
constable  of  Leinster  ;  probably  advised  the  disastrou* 
expedition  into  Monster,  1174;  returned  to  England 
after  Earl  Richard's  death,  1176,  and  became  a  monk: 
benefactor  of  the  church  and  one  of  the  tear  principal 
conquerors  of  the  Irish.  [xxxix.  »13) 

MOUNTMORRE8,  second  VISCOUNT,  [gee  MORBW 
HKRVKY  RKDMOND,  1746  7-1797.] 

MOUNTNEY,    RICHARD.     [See   MommWKY,   Bl- 

ciiAiti),  1707-1768.] 

MOUNTNORRI8,  first  BAROX.    [See  AXVBBLKT,  BIB 

FHAX.-IS,  1685-1660.] 

MOUNTRATH,    first  EARL  or.    [See  COOTK,  8m 

CilAKLKS,   d.  1661.] 

MOUNT-TEMPLE,  first  BARON.  [See  COWPBR  (after- 
wards OOWPKR-TKMPLK),  WILLIAM  FEANCIH,  1811-1888.] 

MOUTRAY,  JOHN  (d.  1785),  naval  captain  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1744  ;  commander,  1769 ;  advanced  to  post  rank, 
1768 ;  convoyed  a  valuable  fleet  for  the  Bast  and  West 
Indies,  1780,  nearly  the  whole  of  which  was  captured  by 
the  Franco-SpanLsh  fleet ;  tried  by  court-martial  and  cen- 
sured ;  resident  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  Antigua, 
1783  ;  recalled,  1786.  [xxxix.  216] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (I)  DK,  eighth  BARON  MOWBKAY 
(1286-1322),  great-grandson  of  William  de  Mowbray, 
fourth  baron  Mowbray  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  bis  father.  1298 ; 
knighted,  1306  :  ordered  to  arrest  Percy  for  permitting 
Gaveston's  death,  1312:  involved  in  a  dispute  with  the 
Despensers  (1320)  about  the  lordship  of  Gower,  which  his 
father-in-law,  William  de  Brewes,  bad  granted  him  ;  joined 
by  the  other  lords-marchers,  who  harried  Glamorgan, 
1321 ;  pardoned  with  them  on  the  fall  of  the  Despensere, 
1321 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Boroughbridge,  1322,  Edward  II 
having  recourse  to  arms,  and  executed  at  Pontefract. 

[xxxix.  217] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (II)  DB, -ninth  BARON  MOWBKAY 
(</.  1361),  son  of  John  (I)de  Mowbray  [q.  v.] ;  released  from 
the  Tower  of  London  and  bis  father's  lands  restored  to 
him,  1327  ;  involved  in  litigation  through  the  De  Brewes's 
inheritance,  1338-47  ;  served  frequently  against  the  Scot*, 
1327-37  and  1347-65  ;  justiciar  of  Lothian  and  governor 
of  Berwick,  1340  ;  fought  at  Neville's  Cross,  1346 ;  J.P., 
1359  ;  commissioner  of  array  at  Leicester,  1360. 

[xxxix.  219] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (III)  DK  (13287-1368),  son  of 
John  (II)  de  Mowbrny  [q.  v.]  ;  killed  by  the  Turks  near 
Constantinople  on  his  way  to  the  Holy  Land. 

[xxxix.  220] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (V),  second  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK 
(1389-1432),  son  of  Thomas  Mowbray  (I)  first  duke  of 
Norfolk  [q.  v.] ;  earl-marshal  and  fourth  Earl  of  Notting- 
ham on  the  execution  of  his  brother,  Thomas  Mowbray  ( 11 ) 
[q.  v.],  1406 ;  commissioner  to  investigate  the  Earl  of 
Cambridge's  plot,  1415  ;  prominent  in  the  French  ware. 
1417-21,  1423-4,  and  1430 ;  K.G.,  1421  ;  nominated  one  of 
the  Protector's  council,  1422  ;  restored  to  the  dukedom  of 
Norfolk,  1426 ;  assisted  in  the  arbitration  between  Glou- 
cester and  Beaufort,  1426 ;  marshal  at  Henry  VI's  corona- 
tion, 1439 ;  attended  parliament,  1432.  [xxxix.  221  ] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (VI),  third  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK. 
hereditary  EARL  MARSHAL  OF  ENGLAND, and  fifth  i:\ui. 
OF  NOTTINGHAM  (1416-1461),  son  of  John  (V)  Mowbray 
[q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1426  ;  succeeded  bis  father,  1432  : 
summoned  to  the  council,  1434  ;  warden  of  the  east 
march,  1437  :  inquired  into  the  Norwich  disturbances, 
1441  ;  went  on  a  pilgrimage,  1446  ;  supported  Richard, 
duke  of  York  (his  uncle  by  marriage),  in  his  struggle  for 
the  direction  of  the  royal  policy  ;  his  influence  with  York 
overshadowed  by  that  of  the  Nevilles  ;  took  the  oath  to 
the  Lancastrian  succession,  1469 ;  renewed  his  allegiance 
to  the  Yorkist  cause,  1460 ;  shared  Warwick's  defeat  at 
St.  Albans,  1461  ;  accompanied  Edward,  duke  of  York, 
to  his  enthronement  and  fought  at  Towton,  1461  ;  re- 
warded with  the  offices  of  steward  and  chief-justice  of 
the  royal  forests  south  of  Trent,  and  made  constable  of 
Scarborough  Castle,  1461.  [xxxix.  222] 

MOWBRAY,  JOHN  (VII),  fourth  Dtnue  OF  NORFOLK 
(1444-1476),  son  of  John  (VI)  Mowbray,  third  duke  of 
Norfolk  [q.  v.]  ;  figures  in  the  '  Paston  Correspondence ' ; 


MOWBRAY 


914 


MOYLE 


besieged  and  took  Oaistor  Castle  in  support  of  his  father's 
linnliiii  claim,  1469  (recovered  by  the  Pastons,  1476) ; 
transferred  his  Gower  and  Chepstow  estates  to  William 
Herbert,  first  earl  of  Pembroke  (d.  1469)  [q.  v.].  in  cx- 
t  for  manors  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  [xxxix.  225] 


MOWBRAY  (formerly  CORNISH),  SIR  JOHN 
ROBERT,  first  barouet  H816-1899),  'father  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ' :  son  of  Robert  Stribling  Cornish  ; 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
:  MJL,  1839;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1841; 
married  (1847)  daughter  of  George  Isaac  Mowbray,  whose 
name  he  st-nmr*  ;  conservative  M.P.  for  Durham  city, 
18M-48,  and  for  Oxford  University,  1868-99  :  made  baronet 
and  privy  councillor.  1880 ;  chairman  of  House  of  Commons 
committee  of  selection  and  committee  of  standing  orders, 
1874-99;  became  •father  of  the  house*  on  death  of 
Charles  Pelham  Vllliers  [q.  v.],  1898 :  his  '  Seventy  Years 
at  Westminster,'  published  posthumously,  1900. 

[Suppl.  iii.  206] 

MOWBRAY,  ROBERT  rat,  EARI.  OK  NORTHUMBKR- 
LAND  (d.  1125?),  nephew  of  Geoffrey  (</.  1093)  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Coutauces ;  became  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land, r.  1080;  sided  with  Robert  against  William 
Ruftis,  1088 ;  ejected  a  Durham  monk  from  St.  Oswine's 
and  bestowal  the  church  on  the  Benedictines,  e.  1091 ; 
surprised  and  slew  Malcolm  of  Scotland  at  Ain  wick,  1093 ; 
Joined  a  conspiracy  to  transfer  the  crown  to  Count 
Stephen  of  Anmale,  1096 ;  taken  prisoner  and  deprived 
of  his  earldom  and  possessions  :  remained  a  prisoner  at 
Windsor  until  his  death,  or  possibly  until  he  became  a 
monk  of  St.  Albane.  [xxxix.  225] 

MOWBRAY,  ROGER  (I)  me,  second  BARON  (d.  1188  ?), 
ward  of  the  crown  ;  went  on  crusades,  1147  and  1164  ; 
joined  the  Scottish  king  in  the  rebellion  of  1174,  but 
surrendered  on  the  collapse  of  the  rising  in  the  midlands  ; 
his  Yorkshire  castles  demolished;  went  on  a  third 
i  nisadfi.  1186 ;  according  to  one  tradition  buried  at  Tyre ; 
according  to  another  tradition  he  returned  to  England 
and  was  buried  in  Byland  Abbey  ;  benefactor  of  the 
church  and  credited  with  the  foundation  of  thirty-five 
monasteries  and  nunneries,  as  well  as  the  leper  hospital  at 
Burton.  [xxxix.  227] 

MOWBRAY,  THOMAS  (IX  twelfth  BARON  MOW- 
RRAT  and  first  DUKK  OF  NORFOLK  (1366  V-1399),  son  of 
John  ile  Mowbray  (III)[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  brotherJohn 
(IV),  13H3 ;  K.G.,  1383  ;  summoned  as  Earl  of  Nottingham, 
1383 ;  served  against  the  Soots,  1384,  and  shared  with 
Arundel  the  glory  of  the  naval  victory,  1387 ;  joined  the 
revolted  lords  and  assisted  (1383)  in  the  prosecution  of 
Richard  II's  friends  in  the  Merciless  parliament;  con- 
ciliated by  Richard  II  after  that  king  had  thrown  off  the 
yoke  of  the  appellants;  made  warden  of  the  Scottish 
marches,  1389 ;  exchanged  wardenship  for  the  captaincy 
of  Calais,  1391 ;  accompanied  Richard  II  to  Ireland,  1394 : 
assisted  in  negotiating  the  marriage  of  Richard  with 
Isabella  of  Prance,  1396  :  confirmed  his  ancestor's  grants 
to  various  monasteries,  and  founded  a  Cistercian  priory  at 
Up  worth,  1396  ;  helped  to  arrest  Gloucester,  Arnndel,  and 
Warwick,  and  received  Gloucester  into  his  custody  at 
Dalai*  :  present  at  the  trial  of  Arundel,  1397 ;  when  called 
upon  to  produce  Gloucester  for  trial  asserted  that  he  had 
died  in  prison ;  possibly  responsible  for  Gloucester's  death  ; 
received  part  of  A  rondel's  estates,  and  was  created  Duke 
of  Norfolk, -1397 ;  being  accused  of  treason  by  Hereford, 
1398,  denied  the  charges,  but  in  the  end  was  banished  and 
his  estates  forfeited ;  reached  Venice,  1399,  and  made  pre- 
parations to  visit  Palestine,  but  died  at  V 


MOWBRAY,  THOMAS  (II),  EAR.. 
Uiird  RAW.  oy  NOTTINGHAM  (1386-1405),  aou  of  Thomas 
Mowbray,  first  duke  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.] ;  smarting  under 
his  exclusion  from  his  father's  honours,  entered  into  the 
treasonable  movements  of  1406,  and  marched  with  Arch- 
bishop Sorope  to  join  Northumberland;  seized  with 
Scrope  at  Hhipton  Moor,  and  along  with  him  beheaded 
»itb..iit  total,  [xxxix.  236] 

MOWBEAY,  WILLIAM  I>K,  fourth  BARON  MOWBRAY 

«?),  one  of  the  executors   of   Magna   Charta : 

prandson  of  Roger  (I)de  Mowbray,  second  baron  Mowbray 

[q.  ».l :  prominent  among  Johu'sopponent8,1215 :  executor 

of  Macna  Chart* :  uMtatwl  In  ilrivimr  \vniiam  nr  A., .„.•.!„ 


of  Magna  Charta ;  aasbtsd  in  driving  William  of  Anmale 
IrWlytbain,  mi  :  benefactor  of  the  church. 

[xxxix.  237] 


MOWSE  or  MOSSE,  WILLIAM  (<t.  1588),  civilian  : 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1552:  master  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1652-3;  deprived.  1553;  reinstated,  1555  iregius  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Oxford,  1554  ;  deprived  on  Queen 
Elizabeth's  accession  ;  prebendary  of  Southwell,  1569,  of 
York,  1561 ;  liberal  donor  to  his  college.  [xxxix.  238] 

MOXON,  EDWARD  (1801-1868),  publisher  and  verse- 
writer  ;  came  to  London  from  Wakefleld,  1817  ;  entered  the 
service  of  Messrs.  Longman,  1821  ;  published  a  volume  of 
verse,  1826;  set  up  as  a  publisher,  lx:i(J,  his  first  publica- 
tion being  Lamb's  '  Album  Verses ' ;  married  Lamb's 
adopted  daughter  Emma  I  sola,  1833  ;  published  for  Barry 
Cornwall,  Southey,  Wordsworth,  Tennyson,  Monckton 
Milnes,  Landor,  and  Coventry  Patmore ;  published 
'Sordello,'  'Bells  and  Pomegranates,'  and  'Cleon,'  and 
'  The  Statue  and  the  Bust,'  by  Browning ;  accompanied 
Wordsworth  and  Crabb  Robinson  to  Paris,  1837 ;  visited 
Wordsworth  at  Kydal  Mount,  1846  ;  commenced  a  series  of 
single-volume  editions  of  poets,  1840.  He  wrote  a  second 
volume  of  sonnets,  1837,  and  the  two  were  rcpublished 
together,  1843  and  1871.  [xxxix.  239] 

MOXON,  GEORGE  (/.  1650-1660),  ejected  minister  ; 
son  of  George  Moxon  (1603  ?-1687)  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of 
Radwinter,  1650 ;  ejected,  1660 ;  chaplain  to  Samuel  Shute, 
sheriff  of  London.  [xxxix.  241] 

MOXON,  GEORGE  (1603  ?-1687),  congregational 
divine :  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge :  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Helens,  Lancashire ;  pastor  of  Springfield, 
Massachusetts,  1637-53 ;  returned  to  England,  1653  ; 
ejected  from  Rushton,  1662 ;  licensed  to  preach,  1672. 

[xxxix.  241] 

MOXON,  JOSEPH  (1627-1700),  hydrographer  and 
mathematician ;  visited  Holland ;  settled  in  London, 
1657 ;  sold  mathematical  and  geographical  instruments 
and  maps  ;  nominated  hydrographer  to  the  king,  1660  ; 
published  'Mechanick  Exercises,'  1678,  and  works  on 
astronomy,  geography,  architecture,  mathematics,  and 
typography.  [xxxix.  242] 

MOXON,  WALTER  (1836-1886),  physician  ;  gave  up 
commerce  to  enter  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  1854 ;  M.D. 
London,  1864 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1868 ;  physician,  1873  ;  lecturer 
on  medicine,  1882,  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London ;  Croonian 
lecturer,  1881  :  contributed  to  many  medical  papers ; 
poisoned  himself.  [xxxix.  242] 

MOYLAN,  FRANCIS  (1735-1815),  bishop  of  Cork; 
educated  at  Paris,  Montpellier,  and  louloase  ;  bishop  of 
Kerry,  1775 ;  translated  to  Cork,  1786  ;  actively  engaged 
in  the  establishment  of  Maynooth  College  and  in  the  '  veto ' 
controversy.  [xxxix.  243] 

MOYLE,  JOHN  (1592?-1661),  friend  of  Sir  John 
Eliot  [q.  v.] ;  met  Eliot  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  wounded 
by  him  in  a  temporary  fit  of  rage,  caused  by  his  having 
represented  to  Eliot's  father  his  son's  extravagance; 
sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1624 ;  M.P.,  East  Looe,  1649. 

[xxxix.  243] 

MOYLE,  JOHN  (d.  1714),  naval  surgeon  ;  served  in 
various  naval  engagements ;  wrote  four  works  on  his 
surgical  experiences.  [xxxix.  244] 

MOYLE,  MATTHEW  PAUL  (1788-1880),  meteoro- 
logist ;  M.R.O.S.,  1809 ;  practised  at  Helston ;  wrote  on 
the  atmosphere  and  temperature  of  mines. 

[xxxix.  244] 

MOYLE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1560),  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Walter  Moyle  [q.  v.] ; 
Lent  reader,  Gray's  Inn,  1633  ;  knighted,  1637  ;  receiver, 
afterwards  chancellor  of  the  court  of  augmentations,  1637 : 
M.P.,  Kent,  1542,  and  chosen  speaker ;  first  speaker  to 
claim  privilege  of  freedom  of  speech  ;  M.P.,  Rochester, 
1644,  1553,  and  King's  Lynn,  1554.  [xxxix.  245] 

MOYLE,  SIR  WALTER  (d.  1470  ?),  judge  ;  reader  at 
Gray's  Inn  and  serjeant-at-law,  1443  ;  king's  serjeant  and 
judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1454  ;  knighted,  1466. 

MOYLE,  WALTER  (1672-1721),  politician  and  stu- 
dent ;  grandson  of  John  Moyle  (1592  ?-1661)  [q.  v.]  :  left 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  without  taking  a  degree ;  studied 
constitutional  law  and  history  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
1891 ;  frequented  Will's  coffee-house  ;  became  acquainted 
with  Congreve,  Wycherley,  and  others :  M.P.,  Saltasli, 
1695-8;  issued,  with  John  Trenchard,  a  pamphlet 
against  a  standing  army,  1C97  ;  contributed  to  T»-— »•••••-• 


MOYNE 


MUGGLETON 


issue  of  Liician,  1711 ;  studied  botany  and  ornithology  : 
wrote  ou  the  forms  and  laws  of  government ;  hU  works 
edited,  1726  ;  reprinted,  1727.  [xxxix.  246] 

MOYNE,  WILLIAM  DK,  EARL  OF  SoMKii>KT  or 
DORSET  (/.  1141).  [See  Monrx.] 

MOYSIE,  MOI8E,   MOY8E8,   or  MOSEY,  DAVID 

(fl.  1582-1603),  author  of  '  Memoirs  of  the  Affairs  of 
land,  1577-1603,*  the  record  of  an  r\f- \vitness,  since  he 
was  clerk  of  the  privy  council,  1582,  and  (1596)  in  the 
office  of  the  king's  secretary.  [xxxix.  248] 

MOYUN,  REGINALD  DK  (d.  1257).     [See  Mojtr.v  J 

MOZEEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1768),  actor  and  dramatist : 
forsook  the  bar  for  the  stage,  and  appeared  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1745;  acted  in  Dublin,  1748-9;  wrot«-  a 
farce,  veraes,  and  fables  in  verse ;  with  one  Owen  Bray 
wrote  the  Bong  '  Kilruddery.'  [xxxix.  348] 

MOZLEY,  ANNE  (1809-1891 X  author;  sister  of  James 
Bowling  Mozley  [q.  v.]  :  reviewed  books ;  contributed  to 
the  'Saturday  Review'  and  'Blackwood's  Magazine'; 
edited  her  brother's  '  Letters,'  1885, and  tboseof  Newman. 
1891.  [xxxix.  240] 

MOZLEY,  JAMES  BOWLING  (1813-1878),  regius 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford ;  M.A.  Oriel  College, 
1838 ;  D.D.,  1871 ;  gained  the  English  essay,  1835 ;  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1840;  took  part  in  the 
Oxford  movement ;  joint-editor  of  the '  Christian  Remem- 
brancer ' ;  incumbent  of  Old  Shoreham,  1856 ;  agreed  with 
the  Gorham  decision  (1850),  and  wrote  three  works  on  the 
subject  of  dispute ;  his  Bampton  lectures  on  '  Miracles ' 
published,  1865;  canon  of  Worcester,  1869;  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  1871 ;  Lia  lectures  and  collected 
works  published  after  his  death.  [xxxix.  249] 

MOZLEY,  THOMAS  (1806-1893),  divine  and  journal- 
ist ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1828 ;  fellow,  1829 ;  mar- 
ried Newman's  sister,  Harriet  Elizabeth,  1836 ;  rector  of 
Cholderton,  1836-47  ;  took  part  in  the  tractarian  move- 
ment ;  editor  of  the  '  British  Critic,'  1841-3 ;  wrote 
leaders  for  the  '  Times '  from  1844  ;  rector  of  Plymtree, 
1868-80 ;  attended  the  oecumenical  council  at  Rome  as 
the  "Times '  correspondent,  1869-70.  His  •  Reminiscences,' 
1882,  contain  a  valuable  account  of  Oxford  during  the 
tractarian  movement.  [xxxix.  261] 

MUCXLOW,  WILLIAM  (1631-1713X  Quaker  contro- 
versialist ;  seceded  from  the  quakers  before  1673  :  carried 
on  a  controversy  with  William  Penn  and  George  White- 
head,  but  finally  rejoined  the  connection,  [xxxix.  252] 

MTJDD,  THOMAS  (fl.  1577-1590),  musical  composer; 
M.A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1584 ;  fellow  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge :  composed  church  music  and  pieces  for 
four  viols.  [xxxix.  252] 

MUDFORD,  WILLIAM  (1782-1848),  author  and 
journalist;  originally  assistant,  then  editor,  of  the 
'  Courier,'  supporting  Canning  ;  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  •  Kentish  Observer ' ;  succeeded  Hook  as  editor  of  the 
'  John  Bull,'  1841 ;  published  tales,  essays,  and  translations, 
and  an  account  of  the  Waterloo  campaign,  1815. 

[xxxix.  253] 

MUDGE,  HENRY  (1806-1874),  temperance  advocate ; 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  ;  M.R.C.S.,  1828  ;  practised 
in  Bodmin,  where  he  was  twice  mayor  ;  published  works 
advocating  strict  temperance.  [xxxix.  254] 

MUDGE,  JOHN  (1721-1793),  physician;  son  of 
Zachariah  Mudge  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Plymouth  Hospital 
and  practised  at  Plymouth  ;  published  '  Dissertation  on 
Small-pox,'  1777;  F.R.S.  and  Copley  medallist,  1777; 
made  two  Urge  telescopes,  one  of  which  passed  from 
Count  Bruhl  to  the  Gotha  observatory ;  intimate  with 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Dr.  Johnson,  John  Smeaton,  James 
Ferguson,  and  James  Northcote.  [xxxix.  254] 

MUDGE,  RICHARD  ZACHARIAH  (1790-1854),  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, royal  engineers ;  son  of  William  Mudge 
(1762-1820)  [q.  v.]  ;  second  lieutenant,  1807  :  first  lieu- 
tenant, 1807  ;  fought  at  Talavera,  1809 ;  second  captain, 
1813  ;  employed  on  ordnance  survey;  went  to  Dunkirk, 
1819,  and  the  north  of  France,  1821 ;  F.R.S.,  1823 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1837  ;  commissioner  to  report  on  the  boun- 
dary between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick,  1838. 

[xxxix.  255] 


MUDGE.  THoMAS  (1717-1794),  borologtst ;  son  of 
Zachariah  Mudge  [q.  v.] ;  apprenticed  to  a  watchmaker, 
17:tl  ;  ron-tructed  an  elaborate  chronometer  for 
dirmnd  VI  of  Spain  ;  went  into  partnership  with  William 
Dutton,  1750  ;  retired  to  Plymouth,  1771  ;  devoted  himself 
to  improving  maritime  chronometers ;  king's  watchmaker. 
1776  ;  rompl«t«l  hm  flr»t  maritime  chronometer,  and  sub- 
mitted it  to  Nevil  Maskelyne  [q.  v.1  to  te*t  for  the  govern- 
ment award,  1776-7  ;  rewarded,  after  some  discussion,  by 
government,  1792.  [xxxix.  1W] 

MUDGE,  THOMAS  (1760-1843),  horologist :  aoo  of 
Thomas  Mudge  (1717-1794)  [q.  v.];  barrister,  Lincoln'* 
Inn  ;  successfully  advocated  hin  father's  claims  to  govern- 
ment award  ;  wrote  ou  the  improvement  of  timekeepers. 

[xxxix.  268] 

MUDGE,  WILLIAM  (1768-1820),  major-general, 
royal  artillery  ;  son  of  John  Mudge  [q.  v.]  ;  a  godson  of 
Dr.  Johnson  ;  commissioned,  1779  ;  first  lieutenant,  1781 ; 
director  of  ordnance  survey  and  F.Itfi.,  1798 ;  major, 
1801 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804 ;  lieutenant-governor  of 
Woolwich,  1809 ;  superintended  the  extension  of  the 
meridian  line  into  Scotland,  and  was  promoted  colonel, 
1813 ;  commissioner  of  board  of  longitude,  1818 ;  in 
general,  1819  ;  wrote  geodetic  works.  [xxxix.  268 J 

MUDGE,  WILLIAM  (1796-1837),  naval  commander  ; 
son  of  William  Mudge  (1762-1820)  [q.  v.] ;  employed 
(1821-5)  on  survey  of  the  east  coast  of  Africa ;  conducted 
(1826-37)  survey  of  the  coast  of  Ireland  ;  wrote  on  hydro- 
graphy, [xxxix.  269] 

MUDGE,  ZAOHARIAH  (1694-1769),  divine;  second 
master  in  John  (grandfather  of  Sir  Joshua)  Reynolds's 
school,  becoming  intimately  acquainted  with  three  gene- 
rations of  the  Reynolds  family;  master  of  Bideford 
grammar  school,  1718;  left  nonconformists  and  joined 
the  church  of  England  and  became  incumbent  of  Abbote- 
ham,  1729,  of  St.  Andrew's,  Plymouth,  1782  ;  prebendary 
of  Exeter,  1786 ;  acquainted  with  Dr.  Johnson,  John 
Smeaton,  and  Edmund  Burke ;  author  of  sermons  and  a 
new  version  of  the  Psalms,  1744.  [xxxix.  260] 

MUDGE,  ZACHARY  (1770-1862),  admiral;  son  of 
John  Mudge  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy,  1780 ;  lieutenant, 
1789 ;  commander,  1797  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1800 : 
his  ship  reduced  to  a  wreck  by  a  small  French  squadron, 
1805;  rear-admiral,  1830;  vice-admiral,  1841;  admiral, 
1849.  [xxxix.  261] 

MUDIE,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1818-1890),  founder 
of  Mudie's  Lending  Library,  London ;  stationer  and  book- 
seller, 1840  ;  commenced  lending  books,  1842  ;  published 
Lowell's  poems  in  England,  1844 ;  advertised  extensively, 
and  by  his  knowledge  of  public  requirements  made  his 
library  successful ;  published  verse,  1872.  [xxxix.  262] 

MUDIE,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1860-1879),  philan- 
thropist ;  son  of  Charles  Edward  Mudie  [q.  v.] ;  devoted 
himself  to  work  among  the  poor.  [xxxix.  262] 

MUDIE,  ROBERT  (1777-1842),  miscellaneous  writer; 
professor  of  Gaelic  and  drawing,  Inverness  academy, 
1802 ;  master  at  Dundee  High  School,  c.  1808 ;  removed  to 
London;  reporter  to  the  'Morning  Chronide,'  1820; 
subsequently  edited  the  '  Sunday  Times ' ;  wrote  for  a 
Winchester  bookseller,  1838  ;  described  George  FV's  visit 
to  Edinburgh  in  '  Modern  Athens,'  1824 ;  wrote  mostly  oil 
natural  history.  [xxxix.  263] 

MUDIE,  THOMAS  MOLLESON  (1809-1876),  com- 
poser ;  pianoforte  professor  at  the  Royal  Academy  of 
.Mu-ic,  1832-44,  and  at  Edinburgh,  1844-63.  [xxxix.  264] 

MUFFET,  THOMAS  (1553-1604).    [See  MOPFKTT.] 

MUGGLETON,  LODOWICKE  (1609-1698),  heresiarch ; 
apprentic  ed  to  a  tailor ;  journeyman  to  his  cousin 
William  Reeve,  a  strong  puritan,  1631 ;  had  inward  reve- 
lations, 1651-2  ;  declared  by  Reeve  to  have  been  appointed 
with  himself  messenger  of  a  new  dispensation,  1652 ; 
identified  himself  and  Reeve  as  the  'two  witnesses'  and 
made  some  converts  of  position  ;  imprisoned  for  blas- 
phemy, 1653  :  his  authority  twice  disputed,  1660  and  1670, 
the  ringleaders  returning  to  their  allegiance ;  had  con- 
troversies with  the  quakera;  arrested  for  blasphemous 
writings  and  fined  500/.,  1677  ;  prepared  an  autobiography 
and  wrote  an  abundance  of  doctrinal  letters,  published 
after  his  death  ;  in  gome  points  anticipated  Swedenborg. 
Reeve  and  Muggleton's '  commission  book,'  the '  Transcen- 
dent Spirltuall  Treatise,'  was  published,  1652. 

[xxxix.  264] 

3x2 


MULLMAN 


916 


MULOCK 


MUILMAH,    RICHARD  (1785  ?-1797).    [Sec   OHW- 
WKLL,  TRKKCB.] 

E,  JOHN  (1810-1882),  orientalist;  entered  ser- 
But India  Company,  1829,  principal  of  Queen's 


enares,  1844;  judge  at  Fatelipur,  1M5  ;  n-tir.- 


vice  at 
OoUam. 

IttS  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford.  1866  :  LL  D.  Edinburgh,  1861 
wrote  Sanskrit  work*  dealing  with  Indian  history,  Chris- 
tian apologetic*,  and  biography  ;  founded  Sanskrit  ami 
comparative  philology  profe^orahip,  Edinburgh,  1862. 

[xxxix.  267] 

MUIR,  THOMAS  (1765-1798),  parliamentary  re- 
former; M.A.  Edinburgh,  1782;  advocate,  1787;  assisted 
to  found  »  society  for  obtaining  parliamentary  reform, 
1792;  arrested  for  sedition,  1795,  and  sentenced  to  four- 
teen yean'  transportation  to  Botany  Bay  ;  escaped,  1796, 
and  after  a  variety  of  adventures  was  severely  wounded 
on  board  a  Spanish  frigate  at  Cadis  ;  died  at  Chantilly. 

[xxxix.  268] 

MUIR,  WILLIAM  (1787-1869X  divine;  minister  of 
St.  George's,  Glasgow,  1810  ;  transferred  to  Edinburgh, 
1823  ;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  18S8  ;  at  the 
disruption  remained  with  the  established  church  ;  dean 
of  the  Thistle,  1845,  and  chaplain  to  Queen  Victoria. 

[xxxix.  269] 

HVIR,  WILLIAM  (1806-1888),  engineer  ;  apprenticed 
at  Kilmaruock  ;  came  to  London,  1831  ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  James  Nasmyth  and  Joseph  Wbitworth  ; 
worked  for  Maudslay,  Holtzapffel,  and  Bramah,  and  at 
Manchester  for  Whitworth  ;  started  business  at  Mail- 
cheater  as  a  maker  of  lathes  and  machine-tools,  1842. 

[xxxix.  270] 

MTTIRCHEARTACH  (d.  633),  king  of  Ireland  ;  vic- 
torious in  battles  at  Ocha,  482,  Kellistown,  489,  and 
Indemor,  497,  and  in  the  Curlieu  Hills,  604  ;  made  king 
of  Ireland,  617  ;  he  attacked  and  conquered  the  Oir- 
ghialla;  fought  against  the  Leiustermeu  and  the  Con- 
uaughtmeu,  624.  [xxxix.  271] 

KUTJtCHEARTAGH  (d.  943),  king  of  Ailech  ;  won 
important  battles  over  the  Danes,  921  and  926,  and  (938) 
plundered  their  territory  ;  made  an  expedition  to  the 
Hebrides,  941  ;  his  most  famous  campaign  ('  Moirthim- 
cheli  Bireann,'  or  great  circuit  of  Ireland)  described  in  a 
poem  by  Cormacan,  son  of  Maolbrighde  ;  killed  in  battle 
at  Ardee.  [xxxix.  271] 

MUIRCHEARTACH  (d.  1166).    [See  O'LocHLAiNN, 

MUIRCHKAKTACH.] 

MUIECHT7  MACCTT  MACHTHENI,  SAINT  (fl.  697), 
only  known  as  the  author  of  the  life  of  St.  Patrick  in  the 
•  Book  of  Armagh'  ;  identified  the  author  of  the  'Con- 
fession '  with  the  popular  saint  [xxxix.  272] 

MUIRHEAD,  OEORQB(1716-1773),  M.A.  Edinburgh, 
1742  ;  ordained,  1746  ;  professor  of  oriental  languages  at 
Glasgow,  1762,  and  of  humanity,  1764-73. 

MUIRHEAD,  JAMBS  (1742-1808),UPwngl-v?ri6ter  ; 
minuter  of  Urr,  1770  ;  replied  to  a  satire  of  Bums,  1795  ; 
naturalist  and  mathematician;  author  of  'Bess  the 
Uawkie,'  1776.  [xxxix.  273] 

MUIRHEAD,  JAMES  (1831-18891  jurist;  barrister, 
Iniu-r  Temple,  1867,  and  admitted  advocate,  1867  ;  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  Edinburgh,  1862  ;  sheriff  iu  chancery, 
88!_;.Wrot<  ^  B°man  Liw'  [xxxix.  273] 

MUIRHEAD,  JAMES  PATRICK  (1813-1898),  bio- 
K  ruphrr  of  James  Watt  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  College  and 
lialliol  Colkv*  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1836  ;  M.A.,  1838  ;  admitted 
advocate,  1838;  became  acquainted  with  James  Watt 
••on  of  the  great  engiiurr,  who  entrusted  him  with  the 
£"^°.f  JS?1*  hta  latber'8  Ufe  :  Punished  '  Life  of  James 

XJOiSSS*  W0rk8  rdafcin«  to  Watt'8  inventions, 
t-r  writings.  [SuL  ili.  206 


SlR 


[SuppL  ili.  206] 

WILLIAM  (1772- 
-econd  "»tauMit,  1792;  first 
ieutenant,  1798  ;  judge  of  the 
court  in  the  Mediterranean!  1799-180?! 


scbool- 


. 

'1.1  r  »M  K^  f100*4*1  «*  Bton  under  Udall,  and 
•tObttotChnrch,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1656;  first  head-master 


of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  1561-86  ;  vicar  of 
Cranbrook,  1590;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1594;  high- 
master  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  1596-1608;  rector  of 
Stanford  Rivers,  1698 ;  wrote  chiefly  on  the  training  of 
children  ;  masques  frequently  performed  at  court  by  his 
pupils.  [xxxix.  275] 

MULGRAVE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  SHKFFIKLD,  EDMUND, 
first  EARL,  1564  ?-1646 ;  SHEFFIELD,  EDMUND,  second 
EARL,  1611  ?-1658  ;  SHKFFIBLD,  JOHN,  third  EARL,  1648- 
1721 ;  PHIPPS,  HENRY,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation, 
1756-1831,] 

MULGRAVE,  BARONS.  [See  PHIPPS,  OONSTANTINK 
JOHN,  second  BARON,  1744-1792  ;  PHIPPS,  HKNRY,  third 
BAHON,  1765-1831.] 

MULHALL,  MICHAEL  GEORGE  (1836-1900),  statis- 
tical compiler ;  born  in  Dublin ;  educated  at  Irish  College, 
Rome;  went  to  South  America;  founded  (1861)  Buenos 
Ayres  '  Standard,'  with  which  he  remained  connected  till 
1894  ;  published  '  Dictionary  of  Statistics,'  1883,  and  other 
statistical  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  207] 

MULHOLLAND,  ANDREW  (1791-1866),  cotton  and 
linen  manufacturer ;  set  up  flax-spinning  machinery  in 
Belfast,  1828;  mayor  of  Belfast,  1845;  subsequently 
J.P.,  deputy-lieutenant,  and  high  sheriff  of  Down  and 
Antrim.  [xxxix.  276] 

MULLEN,  ALLAN  (d.  1690).    [See  MOLINES.] 

MULLENS,  JOSEPH  (1820-1879),  missionary ;  B.A. 
London,  1841 ;  worked  at  Bhowanipore  in  India,  1842-68 ; 
foreign  secretary  to  the  London  Missionary  Society,  1865  ; 
visited  America,  1870,  Madagascar,  1873,  and  Central 
Africa,  1879 ;  wrote  on  missionary  work ;  died  at 
Chakombe,  [xxxix.  276] 

MULLER,    FRIEDRICH    MAX    (1823-1900).      [See 

MAX  MtJLLER.] 

MtfLLER,  GEORGE  (1805-1898),  preacher  and  philan- 
thropist; bora  at  Kroppenstadt,  near  Halberstadt  ; 
educated  at  Halle ;  came  to  London,  1829 ;  pastor  of 
congregation  at  Teignmouth,  1830 ;  adopted  (1830)  prin- 
ciple that  trust  in  God  is  sufficient  for  all  purposes  tem- 
poral and  spiritual ;  and  thenceforth  depended  for  support 
on  free-will  offerings ;  lived  (1832  till  death)  at  Bristol, 
where  he  conducted  philanthropic  work,  which  gradually 
?rew  to  immense  proportions ;  published  •  The  Lord's 
Dealings  with  George  Mttller,'  1846.  [Suppl.  iii.  208] 

MULLER,  JOHANN  SEBASTIAN  (fl.  1715  ?-1790  ?). 
[See  MILLER,  JOHN.] 

MULLER,  JOHN  (1699-1784),  mathematician  :  born 
n  Germany  ;  head-master  and  professor  of  fortification 
and  mathematics  at  Woolwich,  1741;  wrote  on  mathe- 
matics and  fortification.  [xxxix.  277] 

MULLER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1846),  writer  on  military 
and  engineering  science  ;  a  Hanoverian  officer ;  instructor 
n  military  science  at  Gbttingen  University:  came  to 
England,  1807 ;  lieutenant  of  engineers  in  George  Ill's 
German  legion,  1807  ;  captain  of  engineers  in  the  reformed 
Hanoverian  army,  1816 ;  wrote  military  and  engineering 
works  in  German  and  English  ;  K.H. ;  died  at  Stade. 

„  [xxxix.  277] 

MULLER,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1812-1845),  landscape 
>ainter ;  studied  under  Pyne  at  Bristol ;  travelled  in 
Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy,  1833  ;  Greece  and  Egypt, 
1838  ;  and  Lycia.  1841 ;  painted  in  oil  and  water  colour ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1833-45,  his  best-known 
work, '  The  Ammunition  Waggon.'  [xxxix.  278] 

MULUNER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1550  ?),  musician ;  pos- 
iibly  master  of  St.  Paul's  (Cathedral)  choir  school  before 
659  ;  collected  virginal  music.  [xxxix.  279] 

MTTLLIN8,  GEORGE  (fl.  1760-1775),  painter;  an 
rishman ;  exhibited  landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
770-6.  [xxxix.  280] 

MULLINB,  JAMES  (d.  1639).    [See  MOLINES.] 
MULLINS,  JOHN  (d.  1591).    [See  MOLYNS.] 

MTJLOCZ,  DINAH  MARIA,  afterwards  MRS.  CRAIK 
1826-1887),  authoress  ;  came  to  London,  c.  1846 :  at  first 
vrote  children's  books;  her  chief  novel,  'John  Halifax, 
Gentleman,'  1857;  published  latterly  didactic  essays; 
narried  (1864)  George  Lillie  Craik,  a  partner  in  the  house 
f  Macmlllan  &  Co.  [xxxix.  280] 


MCTLREADY 


917 


MUNDY 


MULREADY,  WILLIAM  (1786-1H63),  genre  painter; 
showed  early  a  tendency  towards  art,  and  received  tuition 
through  the  kindness  of  Thomas  Banks;  admitted  as  a 
student  of  the  Hoyal  Academy,  1800;  entered  the  house  of 
John  Varley  [q.  v.]  as  pupil  teacher,  and  married  Varley's 
sister,  1803  ;  taught  drawing,  illustrated  children's  books, 
and  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  figure  subject*  and 
domestic  scenes  of  the  Wilkie  type :  R.A.,  1816  :  illus- 
trated 'The  Vicar  of  Wakendd,'  <-.  1840;  designed  tin- 
first  penny  postage  envelope  issued  by  Rowland  Hill, 
1840  (caricatured  by  John  Leech  in  'Punch');  bis 
'Choosing  the  Wedding  Gown,'  1846,  celebrated  for  its 
technical  merits  in  the  representation  of  textures. 

[xxxix.  281] 

MULSO,  HESTER  (1727-1801).     [See  OHAPONK.] 

MULTON  or  MULETON,  THOMAS  DB  (rf.  1240  ?), 
justiciar;  sheriff  of  Lincolnshire,  1206-8;  accompanied 
King  John  to  Ireland,  1210  ;  sided  with  the  barons,  1216  ; 
imprisoned  at  Corfe,  1216-17 ;  justice  itinerant  in  the 
north,  1219;  after  1224  sat  continually  at  Westminster ; 
witnessed  confirmation  of  Magna  Oharta,  1226 ;  endowed 
various  religious  foundations.  [xxxix.  284] 

MULVANY,  CHARLES  PELHAM  (1836-1885),  minor 
poet  and  journalist ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1866  ; 
naval  surgeon  ;  subsequently  emigrated  to  Canada,  1868 ; 
curate  in  Ontario,  contributing  to  newspapers  and  maga- 
zines, [xxxix.  286] 

MULVANY,  GEORGE  F.  (1809-1869),  painter;  son 
of  Thomas  James  Mulvany  [q.  v.] ;  keeper  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy,  1846  ;  director  of  the  Irish  National 
Gallery,  1854.  [xxxix.  285] 

MULVANY,  THOMAS  JAMBS  (<*.  1845  ?),  painter ; 
advocated  incorporation  of  Irish  artists  (charter  obtained, 
1823);  academician  on  the  foundation  of  the  Royal 
Hibernian  Academy,  1823  ;  keeper,  1841.  [xxxix.  285] 

MUMFORD,  JAMES  (1606-1666),  Jesuit ;  professed  at 
St.  Omer,  1641 :  remained  abroad  till  1650,  when  he  was 
sent  to  Norwich,  seized  by  parliamentary  soldiers  and  im- 
prisoned ;  his  theological  works  frequently  reprinted  and 
translated.  [xxxix.  286] 

MUMMERY,  ALBERT  FREDERICK  (1855-1895), 
author  of  works  relating  to  economical  questions  and 
to  climbing  in  the  Alps  and  Caucasus.  [Suppl.  iii.  209] 

MUN,  THOMAS  (1571-1641),  economic  writer;  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  affairs  in  Italy  and  the  Levant ;  a 
director  of  the  East  India  Company,  1615 ;  declined  the 
deputy-governorship,  1624 ;  published  '  A  Discourse  of 
Trade,  from  England  unto  the  East  Indies,'  1621,  defending 
the  East  India  Company  from  the  complaints  that  the 
scarcity  of  specie  was  due  to  the  company's  exportation 
of  it.  His  second  book, '  England's  Treasure  by  Forraign 
Trade '  (written  c.  1630,  published  1664),  defines  the  balance 
of  trade,  makes  interesting  reference  to  the  customs  re- 
venue in  relation  to  trade  with  India  and  other  countries, 
and  deplores  the  neglect  of  the  English  fishing  trade. 

[xxxix.  286] 

MUNBY,  GILES  (1813-1876),  botanist;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh,  London,  and  Paris  :  travelled  in 
the  south  of  France,  1836 ;  lived  at  Algiers,  1839-44, 
collecting  plants ;  returned  to  England,  1860 ;  wrote  on 
the  flora  of  Algeria.  [xxxix.  289] 

MUNCASTER,  BARONS.  [See  PENNDJGTON,  SIR 
JOHN,  first  BARON,  1737-1813  ;  PKNNINOTON,  LOWTHER, 
second  BARON,  1745-1818.] 

MUNCASTER,  RICHARD  (1530  7-1611).    [See  MUL- 

CAfiTKK.] 

MUNCHENSL.  WARINE  (II)  DE  (d.  1256),  baron ; 
served  in  Wales,  1223,  and  Poitou,  1226;  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Saintes.  [xxxix.  290] 

MUNCHENSI,  WILLIAM  DK  (<*.  1289X  baronial 
leader ;  son  of  Warine  (II)  de  Munchensi  [q.  v.]  ;  taken 
prisoner  with  the  younger  Simon  de  Montfort  at  Kenil- 
worth,  1265;  made  submission,  1267,  but  was  not  fully 
pardoned  until  1279 ;  served  in  Wales  and  was  killed  at 
the  siege  of  Dyryslwyan  Castle.  [xxxix.  290] 

MTJNDAY,  ANTHONY  (1553-1633),  poet  and  play- 
wright; apprenticed  to  John  A  llde,  stationer,  1676 ;  went 
to  Rome,  1578  ;  deccribed  the  arrangements  at  the  English 


College,  the  carnival,  and  matter*  likely  to  excite  pro- 
teotanU,  in  '  The  KnglUh  Romayne  Lyfe,'  1582;  on  hit 
return,  1679,  tried  the  sU*e  ;  published  an  anti-catholic 
work  narrating  the  circumstances  of  Campion's  capture, 
1581  ;  employed  for  a  short  time  in  guarding  and  taking 
bonds  of  recusants  ;  concerned  in  eighteen  play*  (1684- 
1602),  of  which  only  four  are  extant,  'John  a  Kent  and 
John  a  Cumber,'  1696,  '  The  Downfall  of  Robert,  Karl  of 
11  m.tingdon,'  produced,  1699,'  The  Death  of  Robert  Barto 
of  Huntingdon  '(  with  Ohettle),  and  the  "True  and  Honour- 
able History  of  the  Life  of  Sir  John  Oldoutle,  the  good 
Lord  Cobbam,'  1600  (with  Drayton,  Hathway,  and  WU- 
i)  :  accompanied  Pembroke's  players  on  a  foreign  tour 
to  the  exclusion  of  Ben  Jonson,  1698  ;  ridiculed  by  Ben 


as  Antonio  Balladino  in  toe  'Cane  is  Altered,' 
1699  ;  was  al«>  a  ballad-writer,  all  bis  pieces  being  lost, 
unless  'Beauty  sat  bathing  in  a  Springe,'  by  'Shepherd 
Tonie,'  in  '  England's  Helicon,'  can  be  assigned  to  him  ; 
wrote  (1692-1623)  most  of  the  city  pageant*,  and  was 
keeper  of  the  properties  of  the  show  ;  best  known  for  his 
voluminous  translation  of  popular  romances,  including 
'  PalLidino  of  England,'  1583,  and  '  Amadis  de  Ganle,' 
1589-95  ;  as  literary  executor  produced  Stow's  'Surrey  of 
London,'  1618.  In  some  canes  be  uses  the  pseudonym 
Lazarus  Piofc'  or  '  L.  P.,'  and  some  miscellaneous  pieces 
bear  his  motto,  '  Hono*  alit  artes.'  [xxxix.  290] 

MUNDAY,  HENRY  (1623-1682),    physician;    B.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1647  ;  bead-master  of  Henley-on- 


Thames    grammar-school,    1656;     bis      toxpnvr 
published,  Oxford,  1680  and  1685,  London,  1681,  Frank- 
fort, 1685,  Leipzig,  1686,  Leyden,  1715.         [xxxix.  297] 

MUNDEFORD,  OSBERT  or  OSBERN  (d.  1460). 
treasurer  of  Normandy  ;  English  representative  at  various 
foreign  conferences  ;  treasurer  of  Normandy,  1448  :  taken 
prisoner  at  Pont  Audemer,  1449  ;  beheaded  at  Calais. 

[xxxix.  297] 

MUNDELLA,  ANTHONY  JOHN  (1  825-1  897),  states- 
man; entered  partnership  with  Messrs.  Hine  &  Co., 
hosiery  manufacturers  at  Nottingham,  1848  ;  took  part 
in  local  politics  ;  formed  '  Nottingham  board  of  concilia- 
tion in  glove  and  hosiery  trade,'  1866  ;  radical  M.P.  for 
Sheffield,  1868-85,  and  for  Brighteide  division  of  Sheffield, 
1885-97  ;  brought  about  the  passing  of  Mr.  (afterwards 
Viscount)  Cross's  Factories  Act,  1874  ;  largely  responsible 
for  procuring  Education  Act,  1870;  privy  councillor, 
1880  ;  vice-president  of  committee  of  council  for  educa- 
tion, 1880-5  ;  introduced  important  educational  reforms, 
Including  Compulsory  Education  Act,  1881  ;  president  of 
board  of  trade,  1886  and  1892-4  ;  created  labour  depart- 
ment, 1886;  chairman  of  departmental  committee  on 
poor-law  schools,  1894-5.  [SuppL  iii.  209] 

MUKDEN,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1719),  rear-admiral  ;  brother 
of  Sir  Richard  Munden  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  1677  ;  com- 
mander, 1688  ;  rear-admiral  and  knighted,  1701  ;  fully 
acquitted  by  court-martial  for  falling  to  intercept  a  French 
squadron,  1702,  but  cashiered  by  government. 

[xxxix.  298] 

MUNDEN,  JOSEPH  SHEPHERD  (1758-1832),  actor  ; 
joined  a  company  of  strolling  players  ;  gradually  became 
a  leading  comic  actor  in  the  northern  towns  ;  came  to 
London,  1790  ;  acted  at  Covent  Garden,  with  occasional 
appearances  at  the  Haymarket,  till  1811,  gradually  be- 
coming the  most  celebrated  comedian  of  his  day  ;  acted 
at  Drury  Lane,  1813-24.  His  appearance  and  merits  are 
described  by  Lamb,  Hazlitt,  Leigh  Hunt,  and  Talfourd. 

[xxxix.  298] 

MUNDEN,  SIR  RICHARD  (1840-1680),  naval  cap- 
tain ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Munden  [q.  v.]  ;  first  appears 
as  commander,  1666  ;  captain,  1672  ;  knighted  for  captur- 
ing St.  Helena  from  the  Dutch,  1673  ;  convoyed  the  trade 
to  the  Mediterranean,  1677-80.  [xxxix.  301] 

MUNDY,  SIR  GEORGE  RODNEY  (1806-1884),  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet;  grandson  of  George  Brydges  Rodney, 
first  baron  Rodney  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  1826  :  commander, 
1828  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1837  ;  engaged  against  the 
Borneo  pirates,  1846,  publishing  an  account  of  his  opera- 
tions, 1848;  rear-admiral,  1867;  C.B.,  1869:  protected 
British  interests  at  Palermo  and  Naples,  1869-60,  and 
published  a  history  of  the  revolution,  1863  ;  K.O.B.,  1862  ; 
vice-admiral,  1868  ;  admiral,  1  869  ;  commander-in-chief  at 
Portsmouth,  1872-6  ;  G.C.B.,  1877  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet, 
1877.  [xxxix.  301] 


MUNDY 


918 


MURDAC 


•TODY.  JOHN  (d.  1680X  organist  and  conu>oscr; 
Muudy  [q.  v.]  ;  Mas.  Baa.  Oxford,  1586  ; 


. 

composed  songs 

•TODY.  PETER  (Jt  MOO-H67),  traveUer;  went  to 
•     oi  to  Independent  circumstances  after 
<«  a  merchant  ship  :  kept  journal*  of  his 
,  China,  and  Japan,  1M8-M  ;  visited  Den- 
1659-48!  [xxxix.  JUS] 

•TODY,  8m  ROBERT  MILLER  (1813-1892),  colonial 

- 


bwe     18S6  ; 


Grenada.  18W.  of  British  Honduras,  1874 

•UKDY,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1564),  musical  composer; 
member  of  St.  Paul's  (Oatbedral)  choir  ;  gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1664  ;  compose!  church  music,  songs,  and 
LatininoteU  In  part*.  [xxxix.  304] 

MTOOO,  SAINT  (518  ?-603).    [See  KKXTIOEKX.] 

•TOK,  WILLIAM  (1816-1898),  physician  :  educated 
at  University  College,  London  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1837;  ; 
F.R.C.P.,  18M;  Harveian  librarian,  1857-98;  published 
'  Roll  of  Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London,'  1861,  and 
other  works  relating  to  eminent  physicians. 

[Snppl.  ill.  212] 

•TON,  PAUL  SANDBY  (1773-1845),  water-colour 
painter  :  godson  of  Paul  Sandby  [q.  v.l  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  other  exhibitions  from  1798^ 

•TOOT,  SAINT  (<f.  634).    [See  FINTAN.] 
•UNRO.    [See  also  MONRO.] 

•TORO,  AJLRXAJfDBR  (1825-1871),  sculptor;  em- 
ployed  on  stone-carving  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
1848  ;  exhibited  portrait-bust*  of  celebrities  at  the  Hoyal 
Academy  from  1849  ;  died  at  Cannes.  [xxxix.  305] 

•TORO,  8m  HECTOR  (1726-1805),  general  ;  received 
his  commission,  1747  ;  lieutenant,  1754  ;  captain,  1756  ; 
major,  1759;  served  in  India;  effectively  suppressed 
mutiny  at  Pataa,  1764  ;  routed  the  confederated  princes 
i<f  Hindofltan  at  Buxar,  1764  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1765; 
MJ»n  Inverness  burghs,  1768-1801  ;  local  major-general 
to  command  the  army  in  Madras,  1777;  captured  Pondi- 
cherry,  1778;  K.B.,  1779;  commanded  right  division  of 
Coote's  army  at  Porto  Novo,  1781  ;  captured  Negapatam, 
17H1  ;  returned  home  ;  major-general,  1782  ;  lieutenant- 
general.  1793  ;  general,  1798.  [xxxix.  305] 

MUNRO.  HUGH  ANDREW  JOHNSTONE  (1819- 
188H  classical  scholar  and  critic  :  of  Shrewsbury  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1842  ;  fellow,  1843  ; 
collated  Vatican  and  Laurentian  manuscripts  of  Lucretius, 
examined  those  at  Leyden,  and  in  I860  edited  the  text  ; 
published  text  of  '  Aetna,'  1867,  of  Horace,  1868  ;  first 
Kennedy  professor  of  Latin,  1869  (resigned,  1872)  ;  pub- 
lished '  Criticisms  and  Elucidations  of  Catullus,'  1878  ;  his 
translations  into  Latin  and  Greek  verse  privately  printed, 
1884  ;  died  at  Rome.  [xxxix.  307] 

MUNRO,  INNER  (d.  1827),  of  Poyntzfield  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  fought  (1780-4)  against  Hyder  Ali,  publishing 
an  account  of  the  campaigns,  1789  ;  left  the  army,  1808  ; 
published  •  A  System  of  Farm  Book-keeping,'  1821. 
_  [xxxix.  309] 

•UntO,  8m  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1761-1827), 
major-general  ;  governor  of  Madras  ;  educated  at  Glas- 
gow ;  infantry  cadet  at  Madras,  1780  ;  served  against 
Hyder  Ali,  1780-4  :  assisted  in  forming  the  civil  adminis- 
tration of  the  Baramahal,  1792-9;  after  Seringapatam, 
secretary  to  the  commission  for  the  administration  of 
Mysore;  contracted  a  lasting  friendship  with  Colonel 
WeUsftley,  the  future  Duke  of  Wellington  ;  in  administra- 
tive charge  of  Canara,  but  soon  transferred  to  the  ceded 
districts  sooth  of  the  Tungabhadra,  1800,  where  he  intro- 
duced and  developed  the  ryotwar  system  of  land  tenure 
and  revenue;  left  India  for  Knitlaml,  1807,  and  Informed 
the  gumumeut  on  internal  Indian  administration,  on 
trade  questions,  and  on  the  organisation  of  the  Indian 
army  :  returned  to  India,  1814,  on  a  special  commission  to 
reorganise  the  judicial  and  police  departments  ;  briga- 
oferpneral  during  the  second  Mahratto  war  K.O.B.  ; 
nomtoated«oTcnior  of  Madras,  1819  ;  created  baronet  for 


services  in  connection  with  first  Bin-mall  war  ;  died  of 
cholera  while  on  a  farewell  tour  through  the  ceded  dis- 

[xxxix.  309] 


MUNRO,  WILLIAM  (1818-1880),  general  and  botanist; 
entered  the  army,  1834  ;  commanded  39th  foot  at  Sebas- 
topol  ;  C.B.  ;  served  in  India,  the  Crimea,  Canada,  and 
Hermuda  :  general,  1878  ;  wrote  on  botany,  specialising 
on  grasses.  [xxxix.  313] 

MUN80N,  LIONEL  (d.  1680).    [See  ANDERSON.] 

MUNSTER,  KINGS  OF.  [See  O'BRIEN,  DONOUQH,  d. 
1064  ;  O'BRlKN,  TCRLOUGH,  1009-1086  ;  O'BRIEN, 
Mi  iiT<>ri;ii,  .7.  1119;  O'BRIEN,  DOMHNALL,  d.  1194; 
O'BiiiKX,  DOXOGH  CAIRBRECH,  d.  1242  ;  O'BRIEN, 

CONCHOBHAR,    d.     1267;     O'BRIEN,    BRIAN     RUADH,    d. 
1276.] 

MTOSTER,  first  EARL  OF.  [See  FITZCLARENCE, 
GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  FREDERICK,  1794-1842.] 

MUNTZ,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1794-1857),  politi- 
cal reformer  ;  went  into  his  father's  metal  works  ;  took 
out  patents,  1832  and  1846,  in  connection  with  Muntz's 
metal  ;  actively  supported  the  repeal  of  the  Test  and  Cor- 
poration Acts,  catholic  emancipation,  and  political  re- 
form :  M.P.,  Birmingham,  1840-67  ;  induced  the  adoption 
of  perforated  postage-stamps';  opposed  church  rates. 

[xxxix.  313] 

MUNTZ,  JOHN  HENRY  (fl.  1755-1776),  painter  ;  of 
Swiss  origin  ;  employed  by  Horace  Walpole  as  painter  and 
engraver  ;  published  '  Encaustic,'  1780.  [xxxix.  315] 

MURA  (d.  645  ?),  Irish  saint  ;  founded  Fahan  Abbey, 
becoming  the  first  abbot;  received  lands  from  Aodh 
Uairidhneach,  king  of  Ireland  ;  possibly  wrote  a  poem  on 
St.  Oolumcille  ;  founded  church  of  Banagher  ;  his  staff 
and  bell  still  preserved.  [xxxix.  315] 

MURCHISON,  CHARLES  (1830-1879),  physician; 
born  in  Jamaica  ;  studied  at  Aberdeen,  Edinburgh  (M.D., 
1851),  Turin,  Dublin,  and  Paris;  went  to  India,  1863; 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Calcutta;  served  in  Burma, 
1864  ;  settled  in  London,  1855  ;  attached  to  several  Lon- 
don hospitals  ;  a  prominent  figure  in  many  scientific 
societies;  wrote  principally  on  'Continued  Fevers'  and 
'  Diseases  of  the  Liver  '  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1859  ;  Croouian  lecturer, 
1873  ;  F.R.S.,  1866  ;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1870. 

[xxxix.  316] 

MURCHISON,  SIR  RODERICK  IMPEY,  first  baronet 
(1792-1871),  geologist  ;  entered  the  army,  1807  ;  served  in 
Portugal,  Sicily,  and  Ireland  ;  sold  out  of  the  army,  1814  ; 
became  acquainted  with  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  1823  ; 
studied  secondary  rocks,  making  summer  geological  tours, 
1825-31  ;  F.R.S.,  1826  ;  subsequently  devoted  himself  to 
the  older  masses  under  lying  the  old  red  sandstone,  to 
which,  in  1835,  he  assigned  the  name  Silurian  ;  published 
'The  Silurian  System,'  1838;  travelled  extensively  in 
Germany.,  Russia,  Scandinavia,  and  Finland,  and  colla- 
borated with  Von  Keyserling  and  De  Verneuil  in  '  The 
Geology  of  Russia  and  the  Ural  Mountains,'  1846  ;  director- 
general  of  the  Geological  Survey,  1855  ;  attempted  to 
unravel  the  complicated  structure  of  the  Scottish  high- 
lands ;  president  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  1843  ; 
received  Russian  orders  ;  knighted,  1846  ;  K.O.B.,  1863  ; 
created  baronet,  1866  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge 
and  Dublin.  [xxxix.  317] 

MURCOT,  JOHN  (1625-1654),  puritan  divine  ;  B.A. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1647;  went  to  Ireland,  1651; 
preacher  to  the  lord-deputy  and  attached  to  Dr.  Winter's 
independent  congregation  ;  wrote  on  religious  topics. 

[xxxix.  320] 

MURDAC,  HENRY  (d.  1163),  archbishop  of  York: 
Cistercian  monk  ;  first  abbot  of  Vauclair,  1135,  and  third 
abbot  of  Fountains  in  Yorkshire,  1143  ;  five  daughter 
houses  founded  during  his  abbacy  ;  elected  archbishop  of 
York,  1147,  on  the  deprivation  of  William  Fitzherbert, 
King  Stephen's  nephew,  whom  Stephen  upheld  ;  refused 
admission  into  the  city  of  York  by  the  citizens  ;  inter- 
dicted the  citizens  and  complained  to  the  pope,  on  which 
a  reconciliation  followed,  and  he  was  magnificently  re- 
ceived at  York,  1151  ;  refused  to  recognise  the  election  of 
Hugh  of  Puiset  to  the  see  of  Durham,  1163,  and  excom- 
municated the  offenders,  but  finally  absolved  them. 

fxxxix.  321] 

MURDAC  or  MURDOCH,  second  DUKK  or  ALBANY 
(d.  1425).  [SeeSTEWAin.J 


MURDOCH 


919 


MURPHY 


MURDOCH,  JOHN  <  1717  ls2-i »,  miscellaneous  writer  : 
friend  and  fellow-pupil  of  Hums  at  Ayr  school  ;  \ 
Paris  ;  taught  laiijrnatfcs  in  Ixmdnn  :  corn-poinlol  with 
Burns,  and  wrote  ou  the  pronunciation  of  French  and 
English.  \_\\\\x.  :w:»] 

MURDOCH,  PATRICK  (d.  1774),  author:  .listin 
u'ui^hed  himself  at  Edinburgh  in  mathematics ;  aft. 
inir  as  travelling  tutor  became  rector  of  Stradishall,  173H  ; 
published  memoirs  of  Colin  Mnclaurin,  1 748,  and  of  Thom- 
son, 1762;  published  'Mercator's  Sailing,'  1741,  and  geo- 
graphical works.  [xxzix.  323] 

MURDOCH,  SIR  THOMAS  WILLIAM  CLINTON 
(1809-1891),  civil  servant;  entered  colonial  office,  1826; 
in  Canada,  1839-42  ;  chairman  of  the  Colonial  Land  and 
Emigration  Commission,  1K47;  special  commissioner  to 
Canada,  1870  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1870.  [xxxix.  324] 

MURDOCH,  WILLIAM  (1754-1839),  engineer  and 
inventor  of  coal-gas  lighting ;  obtained  employment  under 
Boulton  Si  Watt  at  Soho,  1777 :  commenced  making 
experiments  on  the  illuminating  properties  of  gases  pro- 
duced by  distilling  coal,  wood,  peat,  \ .-.,  1792 ;  put  up 
experimental  gas  apparatus  at  Soho,  1800,  the  foundry 
being  regularly  lighted  with  gas,  1803;  Rumford  gold 
medallist  for  paper  which  hetread  before  the  Royal  Society, 
1808 ;  issued  a  •  Letter  to  a  Member  of  Parliament  ...  in 
Vindication  of  his  Character  and  Claims,'  answering  the 
charge  of  plagiarism,  1809,  gas-lighting  having  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  company  promoters ;  sometimes  supposed  to 
have  invented  the  steam  locomotive,  but  wrongly,  since, 
though  he  made  three  steam  engines,  his  experiments  led  to 
no  results ;  originated  the  •  sun  and  planet  motion '  and  the 
'  bell-crank  engine.'  He  took  out  a  patent  for  making  stone 
pipes,  1810,  and  the  invention  of  -iron  cement*  is  also 
attributed  to  him.  [xxxix.  324] 

MURE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1594-1667),  poet;  probably 
educated  at  Glasgow;  M.P.,  Edinburgh,  1643;  wounded 
at  Mars  ton  Moor.  1644  :  commanded  his  regiment  at  New- 
castle, 1644 ;  left  numerous  manuscript  verses,  some  of 
which  occur  in  Lyle's  '  Ancient  Ballads  and  Songs.' 

[xxxix.  328] 

MURE,  WILLIAM  (1718-1776),  baron  of  the  Scots 
exchequer ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  M.I'.,  Ren- 
frewshire, 1742-1761 ;  baron  of  the  Scots  exchequer,  1761 ; 
lord  rector  of  Glasgow.  1764  and  1765  ;  the  friend  of  John 
Stuart,  third  earl  of  Bute  [q.  v.],  and  of  David  Hume  (1711- 
1766)  [q.v.]  [xxxix.  329] 

MURE,  WILLIAM  (1799-1860),  classical  scholar; 
grandson  of  William  Mure  (1718-1776)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  and  Bonn  ;  travelled  in  Greece,  1838;  M.P., 
Renfrewshire,  1846-55 ;  rector  of  Glasgow,  1847-8  ;  chief 
work, '  A  critical  History  of  the  Language  and  Literature 
of  Ancient  Greece,'  1850-7.  [xxxix.  330] 

MURFORD,  NICHOLAS  (/.  1638-1652),  poet;  salt 
merchant  at  Lynn ;  travelled  widely  for  business  purposes ; 
petitioned  parliament,  1638,  on  the  infringement  of  his 
patent  method  of  manufacture ;  imprisoned  for  debt, 
1652  ;  produced  two  volumes  of  pedestrian  verse. 

[xxxix.  330] 

MURGATROID,  MICHAEL  (1551-1608),  author; 
fellow,  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1577-1800 ;  M.A.,  1580  ; 
secretary  to  Archbishop  Whitgift  and  commissary  of  the 
faculties ;  wrote  on  Greek  scholarship  and  on  Whitgift's 
archiepiscopate.  [xxxix.  331] 

MURIMUTH,  ADAM  (12757-1347), historian;  D.C.L. 
Oxford  before  1312 ;  agent  at  Avignon  for  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, for  the  chapter  of  Canterbury,  and  Edward  II,  1312- 
1317 ;  and  again  for  Edward  II,  1319  and  1323 ;  sent  on 
a  mission  to  Sicily,  1323 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral and  vicar-general  for  Archbishop  Reynolds,  1325 ; 
exchanged  precentorship  of  Exeter  for  rectory  of  Wrays- 
bury,  1331 ;  author  of  '  Coutinuatio  Chronicarum '  (from 
1303  to  1347);  the  continuation  of  the  'Flores  His- 
toriarum'  sometimes  ascribed  to  him.  [xxxix.  331] 

MURLIN,  JOHN  (1722-1799),  methodist  preacher; 
converted  to  methodism,  1749;  itinerant  preacher  in 
England  and  Ireland ;  resided  at  Bristol  and  (1784)  at  Man- 
chester ;  published  religious  verse  and  doctrinal  letters. 

[xxxix.  333] 

MURPHY,  ARTHUR  (1727-1805),  author  and  actor ; 
educated  at  St.  Omer ;  became  a  merchant's  clerk ;  pub- 
lished the  'Gray's  Inn  Journal,'  1752-4 ;  took  to  the  stage, 
1754 ;  refused  admission  to  the  Middle  Temple,  1757, 


because  be  was  an  actor,  but  admitted  at  Linn> 
a  .•(.Munitioner  of  bankrupts  and  granted  a  pens', 
invariably  took  hi«  plot*  from  previous  writer 
Field. IILT'S  works,  1762.  and  wrote  an  'Essay  on  the  Life 
and  <;c,,iu*  of  Samuel  Johnson.'  179*,  a 'Life  of  David 
(iarriek;  1801,  and  miscellaneous  works,     [xxxix.  334] 

MURPHY,  DENIS  (1838-1896),  historical  writer: 
trained  in  various  Jesuit  colleges  in  England,  Germany, 
and  Spain  :  entered  Society  of  Jeans  ;  professor  of  history 
and  literature  at  University  College,  Dublin:  published 
•  ( •romwell  in  Ireland.'  1883,  and  other  historical  writings ; 
vice-president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy. 


[Snppl.  iii.  SIS] 
(rf.  1848),  minlature- 


MTJRPHY,  DKNISBROWNELL(<*. 
painter:  settle.!  in  Ix>mlon.  1803  ;  commanded  by 
Charlotte  to  copy  in  miniature  Lely's  'Beauties'  (pur- 
chased by  Sir  Gerard  Noel  and  published  as  'Beauties  of 
the  Court  of  King  Charles  II,'  18:<3).  [xxxix.  SS7] 

MURPHY  or  MORPHY,  EDWARD  or  DOMINIC 

EDWARD  (d.  1728),  bishopof  Kildareaud  Leighlin,  1715- 
1734 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1724-8.  [xxxix.  337] 

MURPHY,  FRANCIS  (1795-1858),  first  Roman 
catholic  bishop  of  Adelaide ;  educated  at  Maynooth ;  went 
to  New  South  Wales,  1838 ;  bishop  of  Adelaide,  1844 ; 
established  twenty-one  churches  and  commenced  a  cathe- 
dral, [xxxix.  837] 

MURPHY,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1809-1891),  first  speaker  of 
the  legislative  assembly  of  Victoria ;  studied  medicine  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  district  surgeon  for  Bungonia, 
Argyle  county,  1837-40;  on  the  separation  of  Victoria 
became  member  for  Murray  and  chairman  of  committees, 
1851 ;  speaker,  1856-60  ;  knighted,  1860.  [xxxix.  338] 

MURPHY,  FRANCIS  STACK  (1810?-18«0),  ser- 
jeant-at-law ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832 ;  called 
to  the  English  bar ;  contributed  to  '  Fraser's  Magazine,' 
1834;  M.P.,  co.  Cork,  1837-53:  serjeant-at-law,  1843; 
commissioner  of  bankruptcy,  1853.  [xxxix.  339] 

MURPHY,  JAMES  (1725-1759),  dramatic  writer; 
brother  of  Arthur  Murphy  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple ;  adopted  the  surname  French  ;  wrote  a  comedy 
and  a  farce ;  died  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  [xxxix.  336] 

MURPHY,  JAMES  CAVANAH  (1760-1814),  archi- 
tect and  antiquary ;  consulted  as  to  additions  to  the  House 
of  Commons,  1786  :  made  drawings  of  Batalha  church  and 
monastery,  1788 :  studied  Moorish  architecture  at  Cadiz, 
1802  :  wrote  on  Portugal  and  on  Arabian  antiquities. 

[xxxix.  339] 

MURPHY,  JEREMIAH  DANIEL  (1806-1824),  boy 
linguist ;  cousin  of  Francis  Stack  Murphy  [q.  v.] 

[xxxix.  339] 

MURPHY,  JOHN  (1753  ?-1798),  Irish  rebel;  D.D. 
Seville:  assistant  priest  at  Boula  vogue,  1785;  raised  the 
standard  of  revolt,  1798  ;  established  a  camp  on  Vinegar 
Hill,  1798 ;  failed  to  take  Arklow,  and  after  the  battle  of 
Vinegar  Hill  escaped  to  Wexford  ;  attacked  and  routed  by 
Sir  Charles  Asgill  at  Kilcomney  Hill ;  beheaded  and  bis 
body  burnt.  [xxxix.  340] 

MURPHY,  JOHN  (ft.  1780-1820), engraver:  engraved 
historical  subjects  after  contemporary  painters  and  old 
masters.  [xxxix.  341] 

MURPHY,  MARIE  LOUISE  (1737-1814),  mistress  of 
Louis  XV ;  an  Irish  shoemaker's  daughter ;  born  at 
Rouen  ;  first  occupant  of  the  Pare  aux  Oerfs,  1753  ;  dis- 
missed for  aiming  at  supplanting  Madame  de  Pompadour ; 
married  Major  Beaufrancbet  d'Ayat,  1755,  Francois- 
Nicolas  Le  Normant,  1757,  and  Louis  Philippe  Dumont, 
who  obtained  a  divorce  in!799.  [xxxix.  34 1] 

MURPHY,  MICHAEL  (1767 ?-1798),  Irish  rebel; 
officiating  priest  of  Ballycauew;  joined  the  rebellion, 
1798  ;  shot  while  leading  the  attack  at  Arklow. 

[xxxix.  842] 

MURPHY,  PATRICK  (1782-1847),  weather  prophet; 
accurately  predicted  in  the  'Weather  Almanack'  that 
20  Jan.  1838  would  be  the  coldest  day  of  winter ;  wrote 
also  on  natural  science.  [xxxix.  342] 

MURPHY,  ROBERT  (1806-1843X  mathematician; 
B.A.  Gonville  and  Cains  College,  Cambridge;  fellow, 
1829 :  dean,  1831  ;  examiner  in  mathematics  in  London 
University,  1838 ;  wrote  on  the  theory  of  equations  anil 
electricity.  [xxxix.  343] 


MURRAY 


920 


MURRAY 


didate  at 


MURRAY  or  MORAY,  EARLS  or.    [See  RANpni.ru. 
THoSSflrrt  KARL*  the   Randolph  family, 
RAKDOLPH  JOHN,  third  KARL.  d.  1346  :  STKWART.JAMKS, 
flrst  BARL  of  the  Stewart  family,  1499  ?-1544  ;  s 
jAMiTnntEARLof  a  new  creation.  1631  7-1570.  the  regent; 
STEWART    JAMKS,  second   BARL,  d.    1693;   STEWART, 
AJUOUXDKR,  fourth  BARL,  d.  1701.] 

MURRAY.  ADAM  (d.  1700),  defender  of  Londonderry  : 
ndsed I  troov  of  bone  against  Tyrconnel,  1688 ;  leader  of 
the  no-surrender  party,  and  chosen  to  command  the  horse  ; 

tlnffnished  by  nil  bravery  and  was  badly  wounded. 

[xxxix.  343] 

MURRAY,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1777),  Jacobite ;  actively 
rted  Sir  George  Vandeput,  the  anti-ministerial  can- 
at  the  Westminster  election,  1760 ;  tried  by  the 
!  of  Commons  as  the  ringleader  of  u  mob,  and  corn- 
to  Newgate,  1781 ;  released  after  five  months'  im- 
;;  went  to  France;  recalled  from  exile,  1771. 
[xxxix.  344] 

MURRAY.  ALEXANDER,  LORD  HnNni:iu.ANi> 
(1736-1796).  Scottish  jndge:  called  to  the  Scottish  bar, 
1768 ;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1776  ;  lord  of  session 
and  a  commissioner  of  the  court  of  justiciary,  1783. 

[xxxix.  345] 

MURRAY,  ALEXANDER  (1776-1813),  linguist: 
tauirht  himself  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French,  German, 
and  some  Abyssinian  :  translated  Drackenburg's  German 
lectures  on  Roman  authors ;  student  at  Edinburgh ; 
studied  the  language*  of  Western  Asia  and  North-east 
Africa  and  Lappish:  wrote  the  biography  and  edited  the 
works  of  Brnce  the  Abyssinian  traveller ;  minister  of 
Urr,  1806  ;  translated  an  Ethiopic  letter  for  George  III, 
1811 ;  professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Edinburgh,  1812  ; 
wrote  'Hi-tory  of  European  Languages,'  edited  by  Dr. 
Scott,  1823.  [xxxix.  346] 

MURRAY,  AMELIA  MATILDA  (1796-1884),  writer ; 
daozhter  of  Lord  George  Murray  (1761-1803)  [q.  v.] ; 
maid  of  honour  to  Queen  Victoria,  1837-56 ;  abolitionist ; 
published  'Letters  from  the  United  States,'  1856,  and 
•  Recollections  from  1803-37,'  1868.  [xxxix.  347] 

MURRAY  or  MORAY,  SIR  ANDREW  (d.  1338),  of 
Bothwell :  warden  of  Scotland  ;  led  a  rising,  1297  ;  joined 
with  Wallace  in  command  of  the  Scottish  raiders,  1297  ; 
elected  warden  by  David  I  I's  adherents,  1332  ;  opposed  the 
English,  1334 ;  relieved  Kildrummie,  1335  ;  again  made 
warden,  1336;  captured  and  sacked  St.  Andrews  and 
marched  to  Carlisle,  1337 :  returned  to  Invest  Edinburgh  ; 
claimed  the  victory  at  Cricbton,  but  raised  the  siege. 

[xxxix.  348] 

MURRAY,  SIR  ANDREW,  first  BARON  BALVAIRD 
(1697  7-1644),  minister  of  Abdie ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews, 
1618;  presented  to  Abdie,  1622;  knighted,  1633;  created 
peer,  1641.  [xxxix.  349] 

MURRAY,  ANDREW  (1813-1878),  naturalist;  aban- 
doned law  and  took  up  natural  science ;  F.R.S.  Edin- 
burgh, 1867 ;  president  of  Edinburgh  Botanical  Society, 
1868 :  secretary  of  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society,  1860  ; 
K.L.S.,  1861,  and  its  scientific  director,  1877 :  wrote  on 
botany  and  entomology.  [xxxix.  349] 

MURRAY.  LORD  CHARLES,  flrst  EARL  OP  DUN- 
MORK  (1660-1710),  son  of  John  Murray,  flrst  marquis  of 
Atholl  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  Dalyell's  regiment  of 
hone,  1681 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1684 ;  created  Earl  of  Dun- 
more,  1686  :  imprisoned  at  the  revolution  ;  privy  councillor, 
ir<i3;  examiner  of  public  accounts,  1704;  supported  the 
union  ;  governor  of  Blackness  Castle,  1707. 

[xxxix.  360] 

MURRAY,  LORD  CHARLES  (d.  1720),  Jacobite :  son 
of  John  Murray,  flrst  duke  of  Atholl  [q.  v.] ;  taken  prisoner 
at  Prwton  In  the  1716  rebellion,  but  ultimately  pardoned. 

MURRAY.  CHARLES  (1764-1821),  actor  and  drama- 
tist: mm  of  Sir  John  Murray  of  Broughton  (1718-1777) 
[q.  T.J :  abandoned  surgery  and  acted  in  York,  Bath, 
Norwich,  and  elsewhere ;  came  to  Covent  Garden,  London, 
1796 ;  commanded  in  r6lt  of  dignified  old  man  ;  wrote 
•The  Experiment,'  1779,  and  possibly  the  •  New  Maid  of 
the  Oak*,'  1778.  [xxxix.  351] 

MURRAY,  SIR  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS  (1806-1895), 
diplomatist  and  author:  second  son  of  George  Murray, 
Sttb  earl  of  Danmore  (176J-1M6) :  of  Eton  and  Oriel  (Jol- 
Isf*, Oxford ;  B.A.  and  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford, 
18*7 ;  M.A-,  18M  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1827  ;  travelled  in 


America,  1834,  and  published  '  Travels  in  North  America,' 
IM;;<I  :  L'room-in-waitinp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1838  ;  master  of 
hoiisrhold.  1838-44  ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Naples,  1S-14  : 
consul-general  in  Egypt,  1846-63  ;  minister  to  Swiss  con- 
federation at  Berne,  1853;  envoy  and  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  court  of  Persia,  1854-9 ;  charged  by  the  grand 
vizier,  Sadr  Azim,  with  odious  offences,  on  which,  the 
charges  not  being  withdrawn,  war  was  declared  by 
Great  Britain,  1866 :  minister  at  court  of  Saxony,  1859 ; 
C.B.,  1848 ;  K.C.B.,  1866 ;  minister  at  Copenhagen,  1866, 
and  subsequently  at  Lisbon  till  1874;  privy  councillor, 
1876.  [Suppl.  iii.  213] 

MURRAY,  DANIEL  (1768-1852),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  :  studied  at  Dublin  and  Salamanca ;  coadjutor  to 
the  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1809  ;  succeeded  to  the  see,  1823  ; 
corresponded  with  John  Henry  Newman  [q.  v.] 

[xxxix.  352] 

MURRAY,  SIK  DAVID  (1567-1629),  of  Gorthy,  poet ; 
held  various  court  appointments,  1600-15:  received  the 
estate  of  Gorthy  from  Charles  I :  published  '  The  Tragical! 
Death  of  Sophonisba,'  and  'Coelia,'  1611.  [xxxix.  352] 

MURRAY,  SIR  DAVID,  of  Gospertie,  BARON  SCONE 
and  afterwards  VISCOUNT  STORMONT  (d.  1631),  comp- 
troller of  Scotland  and  captain  of  the  king's  guard  ; 
brought  up  at  the  court  of  James  VI ;  knighted  and  ad- 
mitted privy  councillor,  1599;  comptroller  of  the  royal 
revenues,  1599 ;  provost  of  Perth,  1600 ;  attended  James  VI 
of  Scotland  to  England,  1603  ;  invested  with  the  lordship 
of  Scone,  1606  ;  James  I's  commissioner  at  the  synods  of 
Perth  and  Fife,  1607,  and  the  conference  at  Falkland,  1609 ; 
re-chosen  privy  councillor  and  appointed  justice  of  Fife, 
Kinross,  and  Perth,  1610  ;  James  I's  commissioner  at  the 
general  assembly  at  Perth,  1618,  when  sanction  was  given 
to  the  '  five  articles ' ;  created  Viscount  Stormont,  1621. 

[xxxix.  353] 

MURRAY,  DAVID,  second  EARL  OF  MANSFIELD 
(1727-1796),  diplomatist  and  statesman  ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  Viscount  Stormont,  1748;  attach^  at  the 
British  embassy,  Paris,  1751 ;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Saxony,  1756-9  ;  privy  councillor,  1763 ;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary to  Austria,  1763-72  ;  transferred  to  Paris,  1772  ; 
recalled,  1778  ;  entered  the  cabinet  as  secretary  of  state 
for  the  southern  department,  1779-82  ;  succeeded  his  uncle 
William  Murray  [q.  v.]  as  second  Earl  of  Mansfield,  1793  : 
president  of  the  council  in  the  coalition  ministry,  1783,  and 
again  from  1794  to  1796.  [xxxix.  355] 

MURRAY,  ELIZABETH,  COUNTESS  OF  DYSART  and 
afterwards  DUCHESS  OP  LAUDERDALE  (d.  1697),  suc- 
ceeded her  father,  William  Murray,  first  earl  of  Dysart 
[q.  v.],  1660  ;  her  title  confirmed  by  Charles  II,  1670; 
married  Sir  Lionel  Tollemache,  1647  ;  married  John 
Maitland,  duke  of  Lauderdale  [q.  v.],  1672  ;  a  prominent 
beauty  in  the  court  of  Charles  II.  [xxxix.  356] 

MURRAY,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  LEIGH  (d.  1892), 
daughter  of  Henry  Lee  (1765-1836)  [q.  v.] ;  married 
Henry  Leigh  Murray  [q.  v.],  1841 ;  accompanied  him 
to  London,  1845,  and  became  famous  as  a  singer  in  domestic 
comedy.  [xxxix.  368] 

MURRAY,  G ASTON  (1826-1889),  his  real  name 
Garstin  Parker  Wilson  ;  brother  of  Henry  Leigh  Murray 
[q.  v.]  ;  essayed  his  brother's  parts.  [xxxix.  368] 

MURRAY,  MRS.  GASTON  (d.  1891),  actress  :  n& 
Hughes  ;  married  Gaston  Murray  [q.  v.],  the  actor. 

[xxxix.  368] 

MURRAY,  LORD  GEORGE  (1700  7-1760),  Jacobite 
general  ;  son  of  John  Murray,  first  duke  of  Atholl 
[q.  v.] ;  fought  in  the  rebellion  of  1715  and  the  highland 
expedition,  1719  ;  acquired  a  high  reputation  in  the 
Sardinian  army ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745  ; 
made  lieutenant-general  ;  advanced  from  Edinburgh  and 
defeated  Sir  John  Cope  [q.  v.]  at  Prestonpans,  September 

1745  ;  marched  into  England  and  besieged  Carlisle,  which 
surrendered  18  Nov. ;  during  the  retreat  from  Derby  at- 
tacked Cumberland's  dragoons  and  successfully  checked 
his  pursuit  of  Prince  Charles  Edward  ;  led  the  right  wing 
at  Falkirk  and  completely  routed  Hawley's  forces,  17  Jan. 

1746  ;  after  the  highlanders'  retreat  to  Inverness,  attempted 
to  free  the  Atholl  country  and  Blair  Castle  from  the  royal 
troops,  but  was  recalled  to  Inverness  ;  averse  to  making  n 
stand  at  Culloden  :  commanded  the  right  wing  at  the  battle, 
1746 ;  retired  to  France,  failing  to  persuade  Prince  Charles 
Edward  to  remain  in  Scotland  ;  travelled  on  the  continent 
and  died  at  Medenblik  in  Holland.  [xxxix.  357] 


MURRAY 


921 


MURRAY 


MURRAY,  LORD  GEORGE  (1761-1803),  bishop  of 
St.  David's;  son  of  John  Murray,  third  diikt?  of  Atholl 
[q.  v.] ;  B.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1782  ;  D.D.  by  .liploiiiii, 
1800;  archdeacon  of  Mini,  17*7  :  director  of  the  telegraph 
at  the  admiralty,  1796  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1801.  [xxxix.  361] 

MURRAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1759-1819),  vice-admiral : 
entered  navy,  1772 :  lieutenant,  1778  :  wrecked  on  the 
Breton  coast  ;  prisoner  in  France  till  1781 ;  served  in 


East  Indies  ;  took  part  in   battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent, 

1797;    wrecked   off    the   Scillv 

quitted    by    court-martial  ;    distinguished    himself    at 


the   Scillv    islands,    1798,  but  ac- 


Copeuhagen,  1801 ;  captain  of  the  fleet  to  Nelson,  1803-6  ; 
vice-admiral,  1809 ;  K.O.B.,  1815.  [xxxix.  361] 

MURRAY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1772-1846),  general  and 
statesman ;  of  Edinburgh  University  ;  entered  the 
army,  1789 :  served  in  Flanders  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1799 ; 
served  in  Egypt,  the  West  Indies,  1802,  and  Ireland, 
1804  ;  quartermaster-general  in  the  Peninsular  war  ; 
major-general,  1812  ;  K.C.B.,  1813  ;  lieutenant-general 
and  governor  of  Canada,  1814 ;  with  the  army  of  Flanders 
after  Waterloo,  1815-18 ;  governor  of  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Sandhurst,  1819-24:  M.P.,  Perth,  1823; 
commander-in-chief  in  Ireland,  1825-8;  privy  councillor 
and  colonial  secretary,  1828-30 ;  master-general  of  the 
ordnance  ;  general,  1841  ;  edited  Marlborough's  despatches, 
1845.  [xxxix.  363] 

MURRAY,  GEORGE  (1784-1860),  bishop;  son  of 
Lord  George  Murray  (1761-1803)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1810;  D.D.  by  diploma,  1814;  arch- 
deacon of  Man,  1808 ;  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1814  ; 
bishop  of  Rochester,  1827-54 ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1828-54. 

[xxxix.  361] 

MURRAY,  Sm  GIDEON,  LORD  BLIBANK  (rf.  1621), 
deputy-treasurer  and  lord  of  session;  imprisoned  for 
killing  a  man  in  a  quarrel,  1586 ;  justiciary  for  the 
borders,  1603  ;  knighted,  1605  ;  commissioner  for  estab- 
lishing peace  on  the  borders,  1607  ;  privy  councillor  and 
commissioner  of  the  exchequer,  1610  ;  M.P.  Selkirkshire, 
1612  ;  treasurer  depute,  1612  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord 
Elibank,  1613  ;  held  in  high  esteem  by  James  I :  com- 
mitted suicide  in  a  fit  of  insanity  caused  by  an  accusation 
of  malversation  as  treasurer  depute.  [xxxix.  364] 

MURRAY,  GRENVILLE  (1824-1881),  journalist  ; 
his  full  name  Eustace  Clare  Grenville  Murray ;  sent  as 
attache  to  Vienna,  1851 ;  correspondent  to  the  '  Morning 
Post,'  1851  :  vice-consul  at  Mltylene,  1852 ;  consul- 
general  at  Odessa,  1855-68 ;  publicly  horsewhipped  by 
Lord  Carrington,  1869;  published  several  novels,  but 
was  more  successful  in  satirical  essays  and  sketches  for 
the  London  and  American  press  ;  died  at  Plassy. 

[xxxix.  366] 

MURRAY,  HENRY  LEIGH  (1820-1870),  actor; 
his  original  name  Wilson  ;  made  his  debut  under  Hooper 
on  the  York  circuit,  1839  ;  acted  in  Scotland  ;  appeared 
in  London  at  the  Princess's  Theatre,  1845;  acted  with  Mac- 
ready,  1846,  and  Miss  Faucit  (Lady  Martin),  1848;  became 
stage-manager  at  the  Olympic  Theatre,  London,  under 
Spicer,  Davidson,  and  William  Farren  ;  a  painstaking  and 
natural  actor.  [xxxix.  367] 

MURRAY,  HUGH  (1779-1846),  geographer  ;  clerk 
in  the  Edinburgh  excise  office  :  F.R.S.  Edinburgh,  1814 ; 
editor  of  the  'Scots  Magazine';  F.R.G.S. :  brought  out 
'Encyclopaedia  of  Geography,'  1834,  to  which  Hooker, 
Wallace,  and  Swainston  contributed.  [xxxix.  368] 

MURRAY,  JAMES  (d.  1596),  of  Pardovis  ;  opponent 
of  the  Earl  of  Bothwell  (d.  1583)  ;  brother  of  Sir  William 
Murray  of  Tullibardine  [q.  v.]  ;  helped  Bothwell  to  return 
to  Scotland,  1564,  but  accused  him  of  Darnley's  murder  by 
placards  affixed  on  the  Tolbooth,  Edinburgh ;  escaped  ar- 
rest, offered  proofs  of  Both  well's  guilt  and  challenged  him. 

[xxxix.  369] 

MURRAY,  SIR  JAMES,  LORD  PHILTPHAUGH  (1655- 
1708),  lord  register  of  Scotland  ;  succeeded  his  father  as 
sheriff  of  Selkirk;  accused  of  remissness  in  proceeding 
against  conventicles  and  deprived,  1681 ;  concerned  In 
the  Rye  House  plot,  1683  ;  confessed  and  witnessed 
against  the  chief  contrivers,  1684  and  1685  :  lord  of 
session  as  Lord  Philiphaugh,  1689  ;  political  associate  of 
Queensberry  :  clerk-register,  1702-4  and  1705-8. 

[xxxix.  370] 

MURRAY,  JAMES  (1702  -  1758),  presbyterian 
divine  ;  published  '  Aletheia,'  an  ethical  work,  1747. 

[xxxix.  371] 


MURRAY,  JAMES,  second  DUKE  or  ATHOLL  (1690  ?- 
1764),  lord  privy  seal :  son  of  John  Murray,  first  duke  of 
Atholl  [q.v.]  ;  succeeded  hi*  fath.-r.  17.M.  m  consequence 
of  tin:  attainder  of  hU  elder  brother  William,  marquis  of 
Tullibardine  [q.  v.] ;  lord  privy  seal,  1733-63 :  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  and  lord  justice  general,  1763.  [xxxix.  371] 

MURRAY,  JAMES  (1732-1782),  author  of  'Sermons 
to  Asses  ' ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  ;  minister  at  Alnwick, 
1761  ;  removed  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1764 ;  opposed  the 
catholic  relief  bill  and  the  American  war,  of  which  he  wrote 
a  history,  1778 ;  published,  beside*  bis  'Sermons  to  ASMS,' 
1768,  various  theological  works.  [xxxix.  372] 

MURRAY,  JAMBS  (17197-1794),  general:  governor 
of  Quebec  and  Minorca ;  brother  of  Alexander  Murray 
(d.  1777)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  e,  1728 ;  served  in 
West  Indies,  Flanders,  and  Brittany ;  major,  1749  : 
lieutenant-colonel,  1751  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Louis- 
burg,  1758,  and  in  the  expedition  against  Quebec,  1759; 
left  in  command  of  Quebec  after  ite  surrender,  1759 :  de- 
fended Quebec  against  the  French,  who  retired  dis- 
heartened to  Montreal,  1760  :  governor  of  Quebec,  1760 : 
major-general,  1762  ;  governor  of  Canada,  1763-6,  where 
his  efforts  to  alleviate  discontent  met  with  only  partial 
success  ;  lieutenant-general,  1772 ;  governor  of  Minorca, 
1774  ;  Sir  William  Draper  [q.  v.]  sent  as  his  lieutenant- 
governor  when  war  broke  out  with  Spain,  1779;  was 
obliged  to  capitulate  (1782)  after  Minorca  was  blockaded 
by  De  Crillon,  and  sickness  broke  out  in  the  garrison ; 
acquitted  by  court-martial  (1783)  of  charges  brought 
against  him  by  Sir  William  Draper  ;  general,  1783. 

[xxxix.  373] 

MURRAY  (afterwards  MURRAY  -  -TULTElfEY), 
SIR  JAMES,  seventh  baronet  of  Clermont,  Fifeshlre 
(1751 7-1811),  general;  entered  the  army,  1771;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy,  1771 :  served  in  America  and  the 
West  Indies  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1780  ;  aide-de-camp  to 
the  king,  1789 ;  major-general,  1790  ;  assumed  the  name 
Pulteney  on  bis  marriage  with  Henrietta  Laura  Pul- 
teney,  baroness  Bath,  1794  ;  major-general,  1798 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1799 ;  accompanied  Abercromby  to 
Holland  :  temporarily  occupied  the  heights  of  Ferrol, 
1800:  M.P.  Weymouth,  1790-1811;  died  from  the  effects 
of  the  bursting  of  a  powder-flask.  [xxxix.  376] 

MURRAY,  JAMES  (1831-1863),  architect ;  executed 
several  works  with  Edward  Welby  Pugin  [q.  v.] ;  pub- 
lished two  works  on  architecture.  [xxxix.  377] 

MURRAY,  SIR  JAMES  (1788-1871),  discoverer  of  fluid 
magnesia  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1829 ;  published  '  Heat  and 
Humidity,'  1829  ;  resident  physician  to  the  lord- lieu  tenant 
of  Ireland ;  knighted  ;  hon.  M.D.  Dublin,  1832  ;  inspector 
of  anatomy  in  Dublin  ;  established  manufactory  for  fluid 
magnesia ;  suggested  electricity  as  a  curative  agent  ; 
published  •  Observations  on  Fluid  Magnesia,'  1840. 

[xxxix.  378] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (d.  1510),  laird  of  Falahill : 
sheriff  of  Selkirk,  1501  ;  according  to  the  ballad  held 
possession  of  Ettrick  Forest,  but  finally  swore  fealty  on 
being  made  hereditary  sheriff  :  slain  by  Andrew  Ker. 

[xxxix.  378] 

MURRAY  or  MORAY,  JOHN  (1575  7-1632X  Scottish 
divine  :  brother  of  Sir  David  Murray  of  Gorthy  [q.  v.] : 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1595  ;  opposed  episcopacy,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  an  '  impertinent  sermon '  on  Galatians  iii.  1  was 
imprisoned  at  Edinburgh,  1608-9 ;  minister  at  Dunfermline, 
1614  ;  summoned  to  answer  for  nonconformity,  1621 ; 
ordered  to  confine  himself  within  his  native  parish  of 
Fowlis  Wester,  1624.  [xxxix.  379] 

MURRAY,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  ANNANDALE(<*.  1640) 
accompanied  James  VI  to  England,  1603 :  keeper  of  the 
privy  puree  ,  received  many  grants  of  land,  those  in  Scot- 
land being  erected  into  the  earldom  of  Aunandale,  1625  ; 
frequently  engaged  on  judicial  border  commission. 

[xxxix.  380] 

MURRAY,  JOHN,  second  EARL  and  first  MARQUIS 
OP  ATHOLL  (1636  ?-1703),  royalist :  supported  a  highlana 
rising,  1653 :  exempted  from  the  Act  of  Grace,  1664 ; 
privy  councillor,  1660  ;  sheriff  of  Fifeshire,  1660 ;  justice- 
general  of  Scotland,  1670-8 :  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Tulli- 
bardine, 1670 ;  created  Marquis  of  Atholl,  1676 :  severed 
himself  from  Lauderdale  on  account  of  the  excesses  com- 
mitted in  the  western  raid,  1678;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Argyll,  1684  ;  captured  the  Earl  of  Argyll.  1685  ;  irreso- 
lute at  the  revolution,  but  probably  had  no  desire  to 


MURRAY 


MURRAY 


neV :  w 

;;.,.  ,..k. .,r  •  ri    MM 


farther  the  interests  of  William  of  Onuiuv.  .md  his  clan  de- 
n?:WB,^_  ^  dnrinf  fcfc  Absence  at  Bath  :  concerned 
1     appointed  to  negotiate 
[xxxix.  380] 

MURRAY.  JOHN,  second  MARQUIS  and  first  DUKK 
or  ATHOLL  (1669-1724),  son  ofJolm  Murray,  first  mar- 
aids  of  Atholl  [q.  v.l ;  unsaccessfally  endeavoured  to  pre- 
vent the  clan  raining  Dundee  daring  his  father's  absence, 
1689  '  a  secretaryof  state  for  Scotland,  1694-8 :  created 
Karl  of  Tullibardine,  1696 :  became  privy  councillor,  lord 
privy  teal,  and  Dnke  of  Atholl,  1703  :  exasperated  at  his 

hj    t>,     fffejp     in    .•oim.-.-ti.ill    with    the    OIKVI)-- 

A ;  strongly  opposed  the  union,  1706,  and  was 
1  of  Jacobite  sympathies  :  proclaimed  George  I  at 
14,  bat  was  deprived  nevertheless  of  his  office  of 
lord  privy  seal ;  sided  with  the  government  In  the  1716 
rebellion  and  displayed  great  activity  in  collecting  arms 
from  the  rebels :  captured  Rob  Boy  Macgregor,  1717. 

[xxxix.  383] 

MURRAY.  JOHN,  third  DUKK  OP  ATHOLL  (1729- 
1774).  son  of  Lord  George  Murray (1700?-! 760)  [q.  v]; 
smuiMflillT  claimed  the  dukedom  on  the  death  of  his 
onefe.  second  Dnke  of  Atholl,  1764,  whose  daughter  he 
had  married ;  representative  peer,  1764  and  1768 ;  sold 
the  sovereignty  oT  the  Isle  of  Man  to  the  treasury,  1766  ; 
K.T.,  1767.  [xxxlx.  386] 

MURRAY,  SIR  JOHN,  baronet  (1718-1777),  of 
Broughton,  secretary  to  Prince  Charles  Edward  during 
the  rebellion  of  1745 ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
visited  Prince  Charles  Edward  in  Rome,  1742,  and  Paris, 
1741 ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Edward  on  his  arrival  and 
acted  as  his  secretory ;  too  111  to  be  present  at  Culloden, 
but  was  arrested  at  Polmood  and  sent  to  London,  where 
mod  king's  evidence,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  wit- 
against  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth  lord  Lovat ;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy,  1770  ;  a  client  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
fatt.rr.  [xxxix.  386] 

MURRAY,  LORD  JOHN  (1711-1787),  of  Banner 
Cross,  Yorkshire,  general ;  son  of  John  Murray,  first 
duke  of  Atholl  [q.  y.]:  entered  army,  1727;  colonel  of 
Black  Watch,  1746-87 ;  major-general,  1755 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1758;  general,  1770;  M.P.,  Perth,  1741, 1747,  and 
1764  ;  died  In  Pans.  [xxxix.  387] 

MURRAY,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL  OP  DUNMORE  (1732- 
1809),  succeeded  to  peerage,  1766  :  governor  of  New  York 
and  Virginia,  1770 ;  nearly  provoked  armed  resistance  by 
bis  removal  of  some  powder  to  a  man-of-war,  1775  ;  with- 
drew to  a  warship  during  a  riot,  1776  ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1776  ;  governor  of  the  Bahama  islands,  1787. 

[xxxix.  388] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (rf.  1820),  chemist  and  physicist ; 
M.D.  St  Andrews,  1814;  lectured  at  Edinburgh  on 
chemistry,  materia  medica,  and  pharmacy,  on  which  he 
wrote;  F.R.C.P.  Edinburgh ;  F.R.S.  Edinburgh ;  F.G.S. 

[xxxix.  388] 

MURRAY,  SIR  JOHN,  eighth  baronet  of  Olermont 
(1768?- 1827),  general;  half-brother  of  Sir  James  Murray 
( 1 751  ?-181 1 )  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  1788 ;  captain,  1793; 
I  ten  tenant-colonel,  1794;  commanded  In  the  Red  Sea, 
1796-1800;  quartermaster-general  of  the  Indian  army, 
1801-6 ;  major-general,  1806  ;  served  in  Sweden  and  Por- 
tugal: succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1811 ;  lieutenant-general, 
181* ;  appointed  to  the  army  in  Sicily,  1812;  court-mar- 
tialled,  after  long  delay  (1816X  for  sacrificing  stores  and 
guns  at  Tarragona,  1813,  and  neglecting  Wellington's  In- 
struction* ;  acquitted  with  an  admonition ;  general,  1825  ; 
died  at  Frankfort -on-Maine.  [xxxix.  389] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (1778-1843),  publisher;  London 
agent  for  Constable  of  Edinburgh,  1803,  sharing  in  'Mar- 
raion'  and  other  joint  publications  (business  relations 
broken  off,  1808,  and  though  resumed,  1810,  finally  ter- 
minated, 1813) ;  started  '  Quarterly  Review '  on  tory  prin- 
ciple*, with  Gifford  as  editor,  1809,  Scott  and  Southey 
being  among  the  contributor*  ;  moved  to  Albemarle 
\  1812,  and  became  acquainted  with  Byron ;  pub- 
for  Jane  Austen,  Crabbe,  Lyell,  Borrow,  and  many 
••  published  Mrs.  Mariana  Starke's  'Guide  for 
i  on  the  Continent,1  1820,  which  led  to  the  pub- 
of  Murray's  guide-books  ;  involved  in  the  contro- 
t  Byron's  'Memoirs'  which  resulted  in  their 
«""•!•  MM:  Morray's  project  of  •  The  Represen- 
«,"  •  Jiaiiy  newspaper,  suggested  by  Disraeli,  proved  a 
«,  and  wt.  discontinued  after  six  months,  1 826.  His 


I  chief  literary  advisers  were  Lockhart,  who  became  editor 
of  the  '  Quarterly '  in  1824,  Milman,  Barrow,  and  Lady 
Calcott  [xxxix.  390] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (17867-1851),  scientific  writer  and 
lecturer :  became  well  known  as  a  scientific  lecturer  at 

1  mechanics'  institutions  ;  exhibited  at  his  lectures  an  ex- 

1  perimental  safety-lamp ;  F.L.S.,  1819 ;  F.S.A.,  1822 ; 
F.G.S.,  1823 :  F.H.S.,  1824 ;  contributed  to  scientific 
journals  and  periodicals.  [xxxix.  394] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (1798-1873),  man  of  science ;  son  of 
John  Murray  (d.  1820)  [q.  v.]  ;  edited  his  father's  works  ; 
died  in  Melbourne.  [xxxix.  389] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  (1808-1892),  publisher;  son  of 
John  Murray  (1778-1843)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Charterhouse  School 
and  Edinburgh  University;  M.A.,  1827;  present  when 
Scott  acknowledged  the  authorship  of  the  '  Waverley 
Novels,'  1827  ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1829-32 ;  wrote 

;  guide-books  on  Holland,  France,  South  Germany,  and 
Switzerland  ;  published  for  Layard,  Grote,  Dr.  (Sir  Wil- 

!  liam)  Smith,  Milman,  Darwin,  Dean  Stanley,  Dr.  Smiles, 

1  and  many  others  ;  inaugurated  series  of  illustrated  books 

1  of  travel'  by  Mrs.  Bird,  Mr.  Whymper,  and  others. 

[xxxix.  394] 

MURRAY,  SIR  JOHN  ARCHIBALD,  LORD  MTORAY 
(1779-1869),  Scottish  judge;  son  of  Alexander  Murray, 
lord  Henderland  [q.  v.]  ;  contributed  to 'the 'Edinburgh 
Review'  from  its  commencement;  promoted  the  (1832) 

1  reform  bill ;  M.P.,  Leith,  1832 ;  lord  advocate,  1835 ; 
knighted  and  appointed  judge  as  Lord  Murray,  1839. 

[xxxix.  396] 

MURRAY,  JOHN  FISHER  (1811-1866),  Irish  poet 
and  humorist;  son  of  Sir  James  Murray  (1788-1871) 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  contributed 
satirical  sketches  to '  Blackwood's  Magazine,'  the '  Nation,' 
and  the  '  United  Irishman.'  [xxxix.  397] 

MURRAY,   MRS.  LEIGH  (d.  1892).    [See  MURRAY, 

|  MRS.  ELIZABETH  LKIGH.] 

MURRAY,  LINDLEY  (1745-1826),  grammarian; 
born  in  Pennsylvania ;  called  to  the  bar  at  New  York, 
where  he  practised;  settled  in  England,  1784;  published 
religious  works  and  an '  English  Grammar,'  1795, '  Reader,' 
1799,  and  'Spelling  Book,'  1804,  which  went  through 

,  many  editions,  and  were  used  in  schools  to  the  exclusion 
of  any  others  ;  introduced  system  into  grammar ;  styled 
the  '  father  of  English  grammar.'  [xxxix.  397] 

MURRAY,  MATTHEW(1765-1826),  engineer ;  worked 
at  Marshall's,  Leeds,  1789-95,  and  made  many  improve- 
ments in  flax-spinning ;  set  up  in  partnership  with 
Fen  ton  and  Wood  at  Leeds,  1795  ;  patented  Improvements 
in  the  steam-engine,  notably  the  '  short  D-slide  valve ' ; 
built  four  railway  engines,  1812-13,  and  fitted  up  a  steam- 
boat, 1813.  [xxxix.  398] 

MURRAY,  MUNGO  (rf.  1770),  author  of  a  treatise 
on  shipbuilding,  1754 ;  appointed  to  the  Magnanime  as 
schoolmaster,  1758-62  ;  published  '  Rudiments  of  Naviga- 
tion,' 1760.  [xxxix.  399] 

MURRAY,  PATRICK,  fifth  BARON  EMBANK  (1703- 
1778),  brother  of  James  Murray  (1719-1794)  [q.  v.]  ;  advo- 
cate, 1722  ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army ;  succeeded  his 
father,  1736 ;  wrote  on  the  currency,  entails,  and  the 
state  of  the  Scottish  peerage.  [xxxlx.  400] 

MURRAY,  PATRICK  ALOYSIUS  (1811-1882),  Ro- 
man catholic  theologian;  professor  of  belles-lettres  at 
Maynooth,  1838,  of  theology,  1841-82;  published  'Trac- 
tatu*  de  Ecclesia  Christi,'  1860-6.  [xxxix.  400] 

MURRAY  or  MORAY,  SIR  ROBERT  (rf.  1673),  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Society ;  served  in  the  French 
army ;  knighted  by  Charles  I,  1643 ;  negotiated  between 
France  and  Scotland  on  Charles's  behalf,  and  unsuccess- 
fully planned  his  escape  from  Newcastle,  1646  ;  joined 
Charles  II  in  Paris,  1664,  after  the  collapse  of  the  highland 
rising ;  lord  of  exchequer  for  Scotland  and  deputy- 
secretary,  1663  ;  assisted  in  the  foundation  of  the  Royal 
Society,  1661 ;  learned  in  geology,  chemistry,  and  natural 
history.  [xxxix.  401] 

MURRAY,  ROBERT  (1635-1726  ?),  writer  on  trade; 
took  up  his  freedom  in  the  Cloth  workers'  Company,  1660 ; 
invented  ruled  copybooks ;  originated  the  idea  of  penny 
post  In  London,  1681 ;  possibly  clerk  to  the  Irish  revenue 
commissioners  ;  appointed  paymaster  of  the  1714  lottery  ; 
published  various  proposals  for  the  advancement  and  im- 
provement of  trade  and  raising  of  revenue,  [xxxix.  402] 


MURRAY 


MUSGRAVE 


MURRAY,  the  Hoy.  M,,,.  SAHAH  (1744-1811).    [See  |  in  Edinburgh,  1809;   took  up  the  management  of  the 
ST'1  Theatre  Royal,  Edinburgh,  ....  the  d^tturfhU  brother-in- 


A  rsr.] 

MURRAY,  silt  TERENCE  AUBREY  (1810-1873), 
Australian  politician:  went  to  New  South  Wales,  1827; 
represented  Murray  in  the  legislature,  1843-56, and  Argyle, 
isrxi- i;j  ;  appointed  to  Ute  upper  house,  1862;  aecivUiry 
for  lauds  and  works,  1866  and  1857-8  ;  speaker,  186U-73  • 
knighted,  1869.  [Xxxix.  403] 

MURRAY,  THOMAS  (1564-1623),  provost  of  Kton  ; 
tutor  to  Charles,  duke  of  York,  afterwards  CharteB  I ; 
secretary  to  Charles  when  Prince  of  Wales,  1617  ;  provost 
of  Kton,  1622.  [xxxix.  404] 

MURRAY.  SIR  THOMAS  (18307-1684),  of  Glendoick, 
clerk-register;  advocate,  1661 ;  lord  clerk-register,  1662-81  ; 
senator,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Olendoick,  1674 ;  created 
baronet,  1676  ;  received  licence  to  print  the  statutes,  1679. 

[nrxix.  404] 

MURRAY  or  MURREY.  THOMAS  (1683-1784), 
portrait-painter ;  painted  faces  only,  others  supplying  the 
accessories.  [xxxlx.  4U5] 

MURRAY,  THOMAS  (1792-1872X  printer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer ;  intimate  with  Carlyle  and  Alexander 
Murray  at  Edinburgh  ;  established  a  printing  businew  in 
Edinburgh,  1841 ;  published  biographical  works ;  con- 
tributed to  '  firewater's  Cyclopedia.'  [xxxix.  406] 

MURRAY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1583),  of  Tullibardine ; 
comptroller  of  Scotland ;  supported  the  marriage  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  with  Darn  ley  ;  comptroller  and  privy 
councillor,  1665  ;  joined  the  confederate  lords  after  the 
queen's  marriage  to  Both  well ;  attended  the  coronation 
of  the  young  king  James  VI ;  was  ready  to  help  the  queen 
after  Bothwejl's  flight,  and  (1569)  voted  for  her  divorce; 
joint-governor  of  the  young  king  James  VI,  1572 ;  joined 
conspiracy  against  Morton,  1578.  [xxxix.  406] 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OP  DYBAKT 
(1600  ?-1651),  nephew  of  Thomas  Murray  (1564-1623) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  with  Charles,  prince  of  Wales ;  gentle- 
man of  his  bedchamber,  1626;  negotiated  between 
Charles  I  and  the  leading  covenanters ;  created  Earl  of 
Dysart,  1643;  on  the  outbreak  of  civil  war  negotiated 
for  the  king  with  Scotland,  foreign  powers,  and  the  pope  ; 
arrested  as  a  spy,  1646 ;  joined  Charles  at  Newcastle  on 
his  release :  went  to  Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  1649 ;  ac- 
cused by  Burnet  of  duplicity.  [xxxix.  407] 

MURRAY,  LORD  WILLIAM,  second  BARON  NAIRNK 
(d.  1724).  [See  NAIRNK,  WILLIAM.] 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM,  MARQUIS  OP  TULLIBARDINK 
(d.  1746),  son  of  John  Murray,  first  duke  of  Atholl  [q.  v.] ; 
attainted  for  taking  part  in  the  1715  rebellion  ;  com- 
manded in  the  highland  expedition,  1719,  and  in  1745 ; 
gaiued  a  large  number  of  Atholl  men  and  accompanied  the 
Pretender  into  England ;  delivered  himself  up  after  the 
defeat  at  Culloden,  1746 ;  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

[xxxix.  408] 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OP  MANSFIKLD 
(1705-1793),  judge:  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1730; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1730  ;  K.C.,  1742 ;  M.P.,  Borough- 
bridge,  1742  ;  solicitor-general,  1742 ;  proved  himself  an 
able  defender  of  the  government ;  attorney-general,  1754 ; 
serjeant-at-law,  1756  ;  privy  councillor,  1756 ;  lord  chief- 
justice,  1766 ;  created  Baron  Mansfield  of  Mansfield,  1756 ; 
reversed  Wilkes's  outlawry  on  account  of  a  technical  flaw, 
discovered  by  himself,  and  substituted  a  sentence  of  fine 
and  imprisonment,  1768 ;  gained  more  and  more  unpopu- 
larity over  the  cases  of  seditious  libel  arising  out  of 
Junius's  •  Letter  to  the  King,'  1770,  and  the  case  of  the 
dean  of  St.  Asaph,  1784,  holding  in  both  cases  that  if  the 
jury  were  satisfied  of  the  fact  of  publication  or  sale  they 
ought  to  find  for  the  crown,  as  the  question  of  libel  or  no 
libel  was  matter  of  law  for  the  court  to  decide  (this  view 
was  technically  correct  until  Fox's  Libel  Act,  1792):  created 
Earl  of  Mansfield,  1776  ;  his  house  sacked  and  burned  during 
the  Gordon  riots,  1780;  he  resigned  office,  1788;  instru- 
mental in  the  improvement  of  mercantile  law,  the  law  of 
evidence,  and  the  procedure  of  courts ;  termed  by  Macaulay 
'  the  father  of  modern  toryism.'  As  a  parliamentary  debater 
he  was  second  only  to  Chatham,  but  as  a  statesman  his 
fame  is  tarnished  by  his  adhesion  to  the  policy  of  coercing 
America.  [xxxix.  409] 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1790-1852),  actor 
and  manager :  son  of  Charles  Murray  [q.  v.] ;  played 
minor  part*  at  Oovent  Garden,  London,  1803-4  ;  appeared 


law,  Henry 


after  which 


n.  Yates,  and  Mackay  were  engaged;  •oquiml  L 
theatres  in  Edinburgh,  and  was  foroneyeir  in  p*rtner*hip 
with  Yate* ;  retired,  1848 :  a  good  actor  in  cSme5\Ed 
•  character '  part*  ;  wrote  many  dramas  for  a  temporary 
purpose  ami  without  literary  aim.  [xx xixTJ] 

MURRELL,  JOHN  (^.  1630),  writer  on  cookery ;  Un- 
prov«l  his  knowledge  of  hU  art  by  foreign  travel ;  pub 
,,.,...,  ^.0  boo^  on  cookery  wulch  ftj^nff  p 


editions. 

^  MUSCHAMP, 


GEOFFREY     DK 


[xxxix.  417] 
(rf.    1208).      [See 


MUBGRAVE,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1888-1888),  adminis- 
trator ;  student  at  the  Inner  Temple,  1881  ;  governor  of 

Newfoundland,  1864,  of  Brituih  Columbia,  186a  ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Natal,  1872  :  governor  of  South  Australia,  1873. 
of  Jamaica,  1877,  of  Queensland,  1888  ;  K.C.M.G..  1875  • 
published  •  Studies  in  Political  Economy,'  1876. 

MUSGRAVE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER,  foarth^baronet 
(1632?-1704),  politician;  son  of  Sir  Philip  Mttegnrre 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1651  ;  student 
of  Gray's  Inn,  1654;  a  captain  in  Carlisle  garrison  - 
mayor  of  Carlisle,  1672  ;  governor  of  Carlisle  Castle,  1677- 
lieutenant-general  of  ordnance,  1681-7;  M.P.,  Carlisle. 
1661-90,  Westmoreland,  1690-5,  1700-1,  and  170JHL 
Appleby,  1696-8,  Oxford  University,  1698-1700,  Totnea! 
1701-2;  fiercely  opposed  Sir  John  Lowther  in  parliamen- 
tary contest  and  was  well  rewarded  for  supporting  the 
crown  ;  a  teller  of  the  exchequer,  1702.  [xxxix.  418] 

MUSGRAVE,  GEORGE  MUSGRAVE  (1798-1883) 
divine  and  topographer  ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford 
1822  ;  incumbent  of  Bexwell,  1835-8,  of  Borden,  1838-64  ; 
travelled,  principally  in  France;  author  of  'Cautions  for 
Travellers,'  1863,  and  of  seven  volumes  narrating  his 
rambles  ;  published  instructive  books  for  his  parishioners. 

MUSGRAVE,  JOHN  (/.  1654),  pamphle^rT'ca'Jtain 
in  parliamentary  army  ;  wrote  three  virulent  pamphlets 
during  his  imprisonment  for  contempt  of  court,  1644-7  ; 
made  various  attempts  to  induce  parliament  to  redress  his 
grievances,  and  charged  the  Cumberland  commissioners 
with  disaffection  ;  published  apologetic  pamphlets. 

MUSGRAVE,  SIR  PHILIP,  second  baronet'  (1607- 
1678),  royalist:  M.P.,  Westmoreland,  1640;  governor  of 
Carlisle,  1642;  taken  prisoner  at  How  ton  Heath,  1644; 
intrigued  for  the  king  with  the  Scote;  capitulated  at 
Appleby,  1648  ;  withdrew  to  the  Isle  of  Man,  1649  ;  en- 
gaged in  royalist  conspiracies,  1853,  1655,  and  1659  :  again 
governor  of  Carlisle,  1660;  M.P.  for  Westmoreland  in 
Charles  II's  Long  parliament.  [xxxix.  421] 

MUSGRAVE,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1757?- 
1818),  Irish  political  writer  ;  M.P.,  Lismore,  1778  ;  created 
baronet,  1782;  wrote  on  contemporary  political  events; 
attached  to  the  English  connection,  but  opposed  to  the 
Act  of  Union.  [xxxix.  422] 

MUSGBAVE,  SAMUEL  (1732-1780),  physician  and 
classical  scholar;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford 
1754  ;  M.A.,  1756  ;  Radcliffe  travelling  fellow,  1764  :  went 
to  Holland  and  France  ;  F.R.S.,  1760  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1763  ; 
published  pamphlets  accusing  three  persons  of  rank  of 
having  sold  the  peace  of  1763  to  the  French  :  M.D.  Oxford, 
1776  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1777  ;  Gulstonian  lecturer  and  censor, 
1779;  had  few  superiors  as  a  Greek  scholar;  published 
medical  works  and  edited  and  collated  various  plays  of 
Euripides  ;  his  notes  on  Sophocles  bought  by  Oxford  Uni- 
versity after  his  death  and  inserted  in  the  1800  edition. 

[xxxix.  423] 

MUSGRAVE,  THOMAS,  BAROX  MUBGRAVK  (d. 
1384),  summoned  to  parliament,  1341-4  and  1360-73; 
warden  of  Berwick,  1373-8  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Melroee, 
1377  ;  released,  1378,  and  his  ransom  paid,  1382. 

[xxxix.  426] 

MUSGRAVE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1737-1812),  general; 
entered  the  army,  1754:  lieutenant,  1756;  major,  1776; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1776;  distinguished  himself  at  Phila- 
delphia, 1777;  appointed  colonel  of  the  '  Hiiuloeteu  ' 
regiment,  1787  :  served  on  the  staff  at  Madras;  lieutenant- 
general,  1797  :  general,  1802.  [xxxix.  426] 


MUSGRAVE 


924 


MYERS 


WEAVE,  THOMAS  (1788-1860),  successively 
D  of  Hereford  and  arrhbishop  of  York  ;  fallow, 
Trinity  OoDeg*,  Oambri^'. .  1M:':  M.A..  1813 :  professor 
of  AraWoTlWI :  *«> of  Bristol  and  bishop  of  Hen-ford, 
1837-17  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1847-60.  [xxxix.  426] 

MU80BAVE,  WILLIAM  (16W  »-1721),  physician  and 
antiquary:  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1677-92; 
B.CJL,  1MI :  MJ).,  1689 ;  F.RA,  1684 :  Becretary  of  the 
BojmTsociety,  1684  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1692 ;  practised  at  Exeter ; 
noblished  three  treati.^  on  arthritis,  1703, 1707, 1776,  and 
fear  volume*  of  •  Antiquitates  Britannc-Belgicae,'  1719- 

im 


MUSH,  JOHN  (1M2-1617X  Roman  catholic  divine; 
educated  at  Douay  and  Rome:  opposed  George  Black- 
well's  •ppointment  as  archpriest,  and  urged  the  grievances 
of  the  secular  clergy  at  Rome,  1602 :  assistant  to  the  arch- 
prie*t ;  iplritoal  director  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Clitheroe,  whose 
biography  he  wrote,  1586 ;  published  defence  of  the  secular 
deny  in  their  conflicts  with  the  Jesuits  and  Black  well, 
;,,,;  [xxxix.  428] 

MUSHET,  DAVID  (1772-1847),  metallurgist;  autho- 
rity on  iron  and  steel ;  discovered  the  economic  value  of 
blaok-nand  ironstone,  1801 :  his  chief  invention  the  pre- 
paration of  steel  from  bar-iron  by  a  direct  process,  1800 ; 
wrote  papers  on  iron  and  steel.  [xxxix.  429] 

MUSHET,  ROBERT  (1782-1828),  officer  of  the  royal 
mint,  brother  of  David  Mushet  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  mint, 
1804  ;  wrote  and  gave  evidence  to  a  parliamentary  com- 
mittee on  currency  questions,  1819.  [xxxix.  430] 

MUSHET,  ROBERT  (1811-1871),  officer  of  the  royal 
mint,  nephew  of  David  and  Robert  Mushet  (1782-1828) 
[q.  v.]  :  senior  clerk  and  melter  at  the  mint,  1851 ;  wrote 
on  symbols  and  coinage.  [xxxix.  430] 

MUSHET.  ROBERT  FORESTER  (1811-1891),  metal- 
lurgist ;  son  of  David  Mushet  [q.  v.] ;  discovered  the 
value  of  spiegcleisen  in  restoring  the  quality  of  'burnt 
iron.'  which  discovery  he  applied  to  the  Bessemer  process 
and  produced  cast  steel,  but  neglected  to  secure  his  patent 
rights ;  invented  '  special  steel'  for  engineers'  tools,  1870 ; 
Sir  Henry  Bessemer  [q.  v.]  paid  Mushet  an  annuity,  but 
steadily  refused  him  any  royalty ;  Mushet  stated  his  own 
case  in  the  '  Bessemer- Mushet  Process,'  1883. 

[xxxix.  430] 

MUSHET,  WILLIAM  (1716-1792),  physician ;  M.D. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1746 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1749 ;  Gul- 
stonian  lecturer,  1751 ;  physician  in  chief  to  the  forces ; 
fought  at  Minden,  1769.  [xxxix.  432] 

MU8KERRY,  VISCOUNT.  [See  MACCARTHY, ROBERT, 
d.  1769.] 

MU8KERBY,  LORD  OF.    [See  MACCARTHY,  CORMAC 

LAIDHIROUK,rf.  1636.] 

MTJSKET,  alias  FISHER,  GEORGE  (1583-1645),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  converted  to  Roman  Catholicism,  1597; 
educated  at  Douay  and  Rome:  missioner  in  England, 
1«0» ;  held  a  disputation  with  Dr.  Daniel  Featley  and  Dr. 
Thomas  Goad,  1621 :  imprisoned  under  Charles  I ;  chosen 
president  of  the  English  College  at  Douay,  1640  ;  released 
HIM!  banished,  1641 ;  took  up  duties  at  Douay,  1641  ; 
ponibly  wrote  "The  Bishop  of  London,  his  Legacy,'  1624. 

MUSPBATT,  JAMES  (1793-1886),  foander''of  the 
alkali  industry  in  Lancashire ;  apprenticed  to  a  wholesale 
chemist;  went  to  Spain  ;  enlisted  as  a  midshipman,  1812, 
bat  deserted,  1814 :  started  Lcblanc  soda  works  in  Liver- 
pool, 1823,  opening  other  works  in  St.  Helens,  Widnes, 
and  Flint ;  helped  to  found  the  Liverpool  Institute. 

[xxxix  433] 

MUBPBATT,  JAMES  SHERIDAN  (1821-1871) 
chemist ;  MO  of  James  Muspratt  [q.  v.] :  entered  Liebig's 
laboratory,  1843;  founded  the  Liverpool  College  of 
Ohembtry,  1848 ;  partner  in  his  father's  business,  1857; 
edited  a  dictionary  of  chemistry,  1864-60.  [xxxix.  434] 

.•W-OHARLBS  0"9-1824),  enamel  and  glass 
painter ;  copied  the  works  of  the  old  masters. 


Bo,    G    ORGB    >»»..»,,  >_,».iAi     ^icni-ioi  B  j, 
'King  of  PaUaonU,'  commander,  royal  nav> :   born  at 
KaDle«:  entered  navy,  1864;  lieutenant,  1861 ;  travelled 
Magellan  Strait*  to  the  Rio  Negro  with  a  horde  of 
""«•«   aborigines;   pabuibed  an  account  of   the 


experience,    1873 :    visited  Vancouver's    Island,    British 
Columbia,  and  Bolivia.  [xxxix.  435] 

MUTFORD,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1329),  judse :  justice  for 
ten  counties,  1306  ;  a  justice  of  common  pleas,  1316. 

[xxxix.  436] 

MTJTRIE,  ANNIE  FERAY  (1826-1893),  artist ;  sister 
of  Martha  Darley  Mutrie  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  paintings  of 
flowers  and  fruit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1851-82. 

[xxxix.  436] 

MUTRIE,  MARTHA  DARLEY  (1824-1885),  artist : 
sister  of  Annie  Feray  Mutrie  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  paintings  of 
flowers  and  fruit  at  Manchester  and  the  Royal  Academy, 
1863-78.  [xxxix.  436] 

MWYNFAWK(d.  666  ?).  [See  MORGAN  MWYNFAWR.] 
MYCHELBOURNE.     [See  MICHELBORXE.] 
MYCHELL,  JOHN  (ft.  1556).    [See  MITCHELL.] 
MYDDELTON.    [See  also  MIDDLETON.] 

MYDDELTON  or  MIDDLETON,  SIR  HUGH,  first 
baronet  (15607-1631),  projector  of  New  River;  brother 
of  Sir  Thomas  Myddelton  (1550-1631)  [q.  v.]  and  of 
William  Myddelton  [q.  v«»]  ;  traded  as  a  goldsmith, 
banker,  and  clothmaker ;  alderman  of  Denbigh,  1597 ; 
M.P.,  Denbigh,  1603,  1614,  1620,  1623,  1625,  and  1628 ; 
the  London  corporation  having  obtained  authority  from 
parliament  to  bring  in  a  stream  from  Chadwell  and 
Amwell,  offered  to  execute  the  work ;  compelled  by  the 
opposition  and  demands  of  the  landlords  to  apply  to 
James  I  for  money,  on  which  James  paid  half  the  cost  on 
condition  of  receiving  half  the  profits  (the  canal,  which 
about  thirty-eight  miles  long,  ten  feet  wide,  and  four 
deep,  completed,  1613) ;  obtained  large  profits  from 


feet 


some  lead  and  silver  mines  in  Cardiganshire,  1617; 
began  reclaiming  Brading  harbour,  1620  ;  created  baronet, 
1622.  [xxxix.  436] 

MYDDELTON  or  MIDDLETON,  JANE  (1645-1692), 
4  the  great  beauty  of  Charles  It's  time ' :  daughter  of  Sir 
Robert  Needham  ;  married  to  Charles  Myddelton,  1660  ; 
attracted  many  lovers,  including  the  Chevalier  de  Gram- 
mont,  Ralph,  duke  of  Montagu,  the  Duke  of  York,  and 
Edmund  Waller  ;  menaced  the  supremacy  of  the  Countess 
of  Oastlemaine,  1665  ;  received  pension  from  James  II. 

[xxxix.  439] 

MYDDELTON  or  MIDDLETON,  SIR  THOMAS 
(1550-1631),  lord  mayor  of  London  ;  brother  of  Sir  Hugh 
Myddelton  [q.  v.] ;  admitted  to  the  Grocers'  Company, 
1582 ;  M.P.  for  Merionethshire,  1597-8,  for  the  city  of 
London,  1624-6 ;  original  member  of  the  East  India 
Company,  1600,  the  New  River  Company,  1613,  and 
member  of  the  Virginia  Company,  1623 ;  alderman, 
sheriff,  and  knighted,  1603  ;  lord  mayor,  1613. 

[xxxix.  440] 

MYDDELTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1586-1666),  parlia- 
mentarian ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Myddelton  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  student  of  Gray's  Inn,  1607  ; 
knighted,  1617  ;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1624-5,  and  Denbigh, 
1625  and  1640-8  ;  was  appointed  (1643)  sergeant-major- 
general  for  North  Wales,  but  after  taking  several  strong- 
holds hastily  retreated  before  Irish  reinforcements ; 
finally  crushed  the  royalists  of  North  Wales  at  Mont- 
gomery, 1644;  took  up  arms  in  behalf  of  Charles  II,  1659, 
but  was  defeated  by  Lambert.  [xxxix.  441  ] 

MYDDELTON,  WILLIAM  (1556?-1621),  Welsh 
poet  and  seaman ;  brother  of  Sir  Hugh  Myddelton  [q.  v.]  ; 
served  under  Cumberland  off  Portugal,  1591 ;  sent  to  the 
Azores  to  warn  Lord  Thomas  Howard  of  the  impending 
Spanish  attack,  1591 ;  wrote  on  Welsh  prosody,  1593, 
and  published  a  metrical  version  of  the  Psalms,  1603 ; 
died  in  Antwerp.  [xxxix.  443] 

MYEBS,  FREDERIC  (1811-1851),  author  and  divine  : 
son  of  Thomas  Myers  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1833  ;  fellow ;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  John's,  Kes- 
wick,  1838 ;  published  '  Catholic  Thoughts,'  1834-48,  and 
sermons  and  '  Lectures  on  Great  Men,'  1848. 

[xxxix.  444] 

MYERS,  FREDERIC  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1843- 
1901),  poet  and  essayist;  son  of  Frederic  Myers  [q.  v.] : 
educated  at  Cheltenham,  where  he  displayed  a  remark- 
able taste  for  poetry  ;  first  minor  scholar  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1860 ;  B.A.,  1864 ;  fellow,  1865;  classical 
lecturer,  1865-9 ;  on  education  department's  permanent 
staff  of  school  inspectors,  1872-1900;  published,  1867-82, 
several  volumes  of  poems  including  •  St.  Paul,'  1867 ; 


MYERS 


hie    'Essays    ClasBical   and    Modern,'    published,  1883; 
contributed   monograph  (1881)  on  Wordsworth  to  the 
'  Knirlish  Men  of  Letters  'series,  and  wrote  on  Shdlrv,  IHSU, 
for  Ward's  '  Knirlish  Poete  '  ;  began  to  give  much  atten- 
tion  to  the  phenomena  of  mesmerism  and  spiritualism, 
c.  1870:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  for  l\v<-lii«-;il 
Research,  1882  ;  joint-author  of  '  Phantasm**  of  th> 
1886,  which  embodied  the  first  considerable  resulte  of 
the  society's  labours  ;  contributed  to  the  socit 
ceedings  '  on  the  '  Subliminal  Self.'          [Suppl.  iii.  215] 

MYERS,  THOMAS  (1774-1834),  mathematician  ami 
geographer;  professor  at  Woolwich,  1806;  wrote  on 
geography,  mathematics,  and  astronomy,  [xxxix.  446] 

M  YKELFELD,  MAKELSFELD,  MACLESFELD,  or 
MASS1/T,  WILLIAM  (d.  1304),  cardinal;  B.D.  Paris; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1291  ;  D.D.  Oxford  ; 
cardinal,  1303  ;  wrote  theological  works,  [xxxix.  445] 

MYLES  or  MILES,  JOHN  (1621-1684),  founder  of 
Welsh  baptist  churches  ;  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ; 
formed  the  first  baptist  church,  1649;  obtained  the 
sequestered  rectory  of  I  Is  ton  ;  emigrated  to  New  England, 
1663,  and  was  preacher  at  Rehoboth,  Harrington,  and 
Swansea,  Massachusetts  ;  died  at  Swansea,  Massachusetts. 

[xxxix.  446] 

MYLLAR,  ANDROW  (fl.  1503-1508),  the  first  Scot- 
tish printer;  a  bookseller,  who  published  Joannes  de 
Gar  land  ia's  '  Multorum  vocabulorum  equiuocorum  inter- 
pretatio,'  1505,  and  '  Expositio  Sequentiarum,'  1506,  both 
of  which  were  printed  abroad  ;  in  partnership  with 
Walter  Chepman  set  up  a  printing  press  in  Edinburgh, 
1507  ;  issued  'The  Maying  or  Disport  of  Chaucer,'  1508. 


MYLNE  or  MYLN,  ALEXANDER  (1474-1548?), 
abbot  of  Cambuskenneth  and  president  of  the  court  of 
session  in  Scotland  ;  graduated  from  St.  Andrews,  1494  ; 
canon  of  Aberdeen  ;  dean  of  Angus  ;  abbot  of  Cambus- 
kenueth,  1517  ;  lord  of  the  articles,  1532-42  ;  president  of 
the  court  of  session,  1632-48;  wrote  a  history  of  the 
bishops  of  Dunkeld,  and  collected  the  records  of  Cambus- 
kenneth. [xl.  2] 

MYLNE,  ALEXANDER  (1613-1643),  sculptor;  son  of 
John  Mylne  (d.  1657)  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted  his  brother,  John 
Mylne  (1611-1667)  [q.  v.]  [xl.  4] 

MYLNE,  JAMES  (d.  1788),  poet  ;  his  '  Poems,  consist- 
ing of  Miscellaneous  Pieces  and  two  Tragedies,'  published, 
1790.  [xl.  3] 

MYLNE  or  MYLN,  JOHN  (d.  1621),  mason  ;  great- 
nephew  of  Alexander  Mylne  (1474-1548?)  [q.  v.]  ;  master- 
mason  in  Scotland  before  1684  ;  repaired  the  Dundee 
harbour  works  ;  built  bridge  over  the  Tay,  1604-17  (de- 
stroyed, 1621).  [xl.  3] 

MYLNE,  JOHN  (d.  1657),  mason  ;  son  of  John  Mylne 
(d.  1621)  [q.  v.]  ;  engaged  on  the  present  steeple  of  the 
Tolbooth  at  Aberdeen,  1622-9,  on  fortifications  at  Dundee, 
1643-51  ;  master-mason,  1631-6.  [xl.  3] 

MYLNE,  JOHN  (1611-1667),  mason  ;  son  of  John 
Mylne  (d.  1657)  [q.  v.]  ;  principal  master-mason,  1636  ; 
designed  Tron  Church  (opened,  1647),  partly  built  Heriot's 
Hospital,  1643-69,  and  Edinburgh  College,  1646-7  ;  served 
with  the  covenanters,  1640;  master-gunner  of  Scotland, 
1646  ;  sat  on  Edinburgh  town  council,  1655-64  ;  M.P., 
Edinburgh,  1662-3.  [xl.  4] 

MYLNE,  ROBERT  (1633-1710),  mason  :  son  of  Alex- 
ander Mylne  (1613-1643)  [q.  v.]  ;  master-mason,  1668; 
reclaimed  the  foreshore  and  constructed  the  sea-wall  at 
Leith,  1669-86;  superintended  building  of  Holyrood 
Palace,  1670-9;  erected  many  stone  buildings  in  the 
principal  streets  of  Edinburgh,  and  built  '  Mylne's  Mount,' 
one  of  the  bastions  in  Edinburgh  Castle.  [xl.  5] 

MYLNE,  ROBERT  (1643  ?-1747),  writer  of  pasquils 
and  antiquary  ;  collected  public  records  ;  notorious  for 
his  bitter  political  squibs  against  the  whigs.  [xl.  6] 

MYLNE,  ROBERT  (1734-1811),  architect  and  en- 
gineer ;  sou  of  Thomas  Mylne  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Rome, 
1754-8;  travelled  through  Switzerland  and  Holland, 


5  MYVYB 

1759  ;  constructed  Blackfriars  Bridge,  1700-9  ;  engaged 
in  many  architectural  and  engineering  works  in  England 
and  Scotland :  designed  the  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal, 
and  an  improvement  to  the  fen  level  drainage  by  the  Ban 
Brink  Cut ;  surveyor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1766  ;  en- 
gineer to  the  New  River  Company,  1770-1811 :  F.R.8., 
1767  ;  original  member  of  the  Architect*'  Club,  1791. 

[xl.  6] 

MYLNE,    ROBERT   WILLIAM  (1817-1890),  arelii- 
•urin.vr,  and  geologist :  son  of  William  Chadwell 
Mylne  [q.  v.]  ;  engineer  to  the  Limerick  water  works ; 
|  wrote  on  artesian  wells  and  the  geology  of  London. 

[xL  10] 

MYLNE,  THOMAS  (d.  1763),  city  surveyor  of  » 
burgh  ;  son  of  William  Mylne  (1662-1788)  [q.  v.]  [xL  6] 

MYLNE  or  MILN.  WALTER  (d.  1558),  martyr; 
imbibed  protestant  doctrines  in  Germany,  and  waa  con- 
demned as  a  heretic  before  1646  ;  fled  abroad,  but  in  1668 
was  burnt  as  a  heretic  at  St.  Andrews.  [xL  9] 

MYLNE,  WILLIAM  (1662-1728),  master-mason  ;  son 
of  Robert  Mylne  (1638-1710)  [q.  v.]  [xl.  5] 

MYLNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1790),  architect;  son  of 
Thomas  Mylne  [q.  v.]  ;  architect  to  city  of  Edinburgh, 
1765 ;  built  the  North  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  1765-72. 

[xl.  8] 

MYLNE,  WILLIAM  CHADWELL  (1781-1863),  en- 
gineer and  architect:  son  of  Robert  Mylne  (1734-1811) 
[q.  v.] ;  engineer  to  the  New  River  Company,  1811-61 ; 
much  engaged  in  engineering  projects  in  connection  with 
water-supply  and  drainage ;  F.R.A.S.,  1821 ;  F.R.8.,  1826 ; 
F.R.I.B.A.,  1834  ;  M.I.C.E.,  1842.  [xL  »] 

MYNG8,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1626-1666),  vice- 
admiral  ;  entered  the  navy  when  young ;  captain,  1653  ; 
captured  a  fleet  of  Dutch  merchant-vessels,  1663  ;  served 
in  Jamaica,  1665-64 ;  knighted,  1666  ;  led  the  van  on  the 
fourth  day  of  the  battle  off  the  North  Foreland,  1-4  June 
1666,  and  was  mortally  wounded.  [xl.  10] 

MYNN,  ALFRED  (1807-1861).  cricketer;  originally 
a  hop  merchant ;  became  a  cricketer,  1832 :  played  for 
the  Gentlemen,  Kent,  and  All  England ;  the  first  fast 
round-arm  bowler  of  eminence.  [xl.  13] 

MYNOR8,  ROBERT  (1739-1806),  surgeon  ;  practised 
at  Birmingham ;  wrote  on  surgery.  [xl.  IS] 

MYNSHUL,    GEFFRAY    (1694?-1668).    [See    MIN- 

8  HULL.] 

MYRDDIN  EMRY8.    [See  MERLIN  AMBROSTUB.] 

MYRDDIN  WYLTT,  i.e.  THE  MAI>  (/.  580 ?X 
legendary  Welsh  poet :  erroneously  credited  with  six 
poems  printed  in  the  '  Myvyrian  Archaiology ' ;  has  been 
improbably  identified  with  Merlin  Ambrosius  and  Merlin 
•  Silvester '  or '  Celidonlus '  [see  MERLIN].  [*'•  13] 

MYTENS,  DANIEL  (1690?-1642X  portrait-painter ; 
born  at  the  Hague;  member  of  the  Guild  of  St.  Luke, 
1610;  came  to  England  before  1618;  became  'king's 
painter '  on  Charles  I's  accession  ;  painted  portraits  of 
the  court  and  nobility  and  copied  old  masters ;  returned 
to  Holland,  1630,  and  died  there.  [xl.  14] 

MYTTON,  JOHN  (1796-1834),  sportsman  and  eccen- 
tric ;  of  Westminster  School ;  served  in  the  army,  1816-17; 
M  .P.,  Shrewsbury,  1818-20 ;  high  sheriff  for  Shropshire 
and  Merionethshire ;  a  great  sportsman ;  ran  through  a 
fortune  and  died  of  delirium  tremeus  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison. 

MYTTON.  THOMAS  (1597  ?-1656),  parliamentarian  ; 
of  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1616 ; 
a  prominent  parliamentarian  in  Shropshire ;  seized,  and 
became  governor  of,  Wem,  1643,  and  Os-westry,  1644, 
and  captured  Shrewsbury,  1645  ;  commander-in-chief  and 
vice-admiral  in  North  Wales,  1646;  recovered  Anglesea 
from  the  royalists,  1648-9 ;  member  of  the  court-martial 
which  condemned  the  Earl  of  Derby,  1661 ;  represented 
Shropshire  in  Cromwell's  first  parliament 

MYVYR,  OWAIN  (1741-1814).    [See  JOXBB,  OWEN.] 


NAAS 


926 


NANMOR 


N 


NAAS,  BARON.    [8«  Boimiac,  RICHARD  SOUTH  WKU., 
sixth  EAHL  or  MATO  (18M-1H72).] 


THOMAS  (A  1688),  dramatist;    matri- 
fron»BiwterOollege,Oxfonl,1021,  but  left  withouta  i 
;  settled  in  London,  e.  1680 ;  wrote  passable  comedies  j 
a  the  foibles  of  middle-class  society  ;  excelled  as 
of  masques,  two  of  which,  with  *>me  occasional  I 
era  pubUfthed  (1689)  as  '  The  Spring's  Glory ' :  his  j 

works,  excepting  his  continuation  of  llichanl 
. .  •Generall  Historie  of  the  Turkes '  from  1628  to 
1687,  privately  printed  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen,  1887  (2  vols.).  j 

HAD  EN,    CONSTANCE    CAROLINE    WOOD*HILL  j 

';  disciple  of  Robert  Lewins  from 
•     n,  1881-7; 
Induction 

and  Deduction?  188f;  sympathised  with  Herbert  Spencer's 
philosophy:  adopted  a  system  of  ' Hylo- Idealism.'  Her 
pOBmTwere  published  in  1881  and  1887.  [xl.  18] 

NADDT,    JOSEPH  (1765-1848),  deputy-constable  of 
«r :  a  successful  cotton-spinner :  when  deputy - 
(1801-21)  became  very  unpopular  through  his 
iroura  to  repress  popular  claims.  [xl.  19] 


fl 848- 1889k  Doetess :  disciple  of  Robert  Lew 
18^.tndW  *Mason  College,  Birmingham, 
wonprtaes  for  geology,  1885,  and  for  an  essay  on' I 


NAESMTTH.    [See  NASMITH  and  NASMTTH.] 

HAFTEL,  MAUD  (1856-1890),  daughter  of  Paul  Jacob 
Naftel  [q.v.] :  painted  flowers  in  water-colour.  [xL  20] 

N AFTEL.  PAUL  JACOB  (1817-1891),  painter ;  native 
of  Guernsey ;  came  to  London,  1870 ;  exhibited  scenery 
at  the  'Old '  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1856-91 
(member,  18M).  '  [xl.  20] 

NAOLE,  SIR  EDMUND  (1757-1830),  admiral;  rela- 
tive of  Edmund  Burke ;  entered  navy,  1770 ;  commander, 
1782 ;  knighted,  1794 ;  vice-admiral,  1810 ;  governor  of 
Newfoundland,  1818 ;  K.C.B.,  1815 ;  admiral,  1819 ;  in- 
timate with  the  prince  regent  (George  IV).  [xl.  20] 

NAOLE.  NANO  or  HONORA(  1728-1784),  foundress 
of  tin-  Presentation  order  of  nuns ;  devoted  herself  to  the 
poor  of  Ireland  from  1750,  and  started  schools  for  Roman 
catholic  girla  of  the  poorer  classes  in  Cork,  1771,  founding 
the  Order  of  the  Presentation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary, 
1775 ;  the  rules  were  approved  by  Pope  Piua  VI,  1791,  and 
confirmed,  1805.  [xl.  21] 

NAOLE,  SIB  RICHARD  (Jl.  1689-1691),  attorney- 
general  ;  regarded  by  Lord-deputy  Clarendon  as  the  au- 
thorised representative  of  the  Irish  Roman  catholics ;  privy 
councillor,  knighted,  and  attorney-general  for  Ireland, 
1686;  active  in  destroying  protestant  corporations  and 
churches  ;  speaker  of  the  1689  parliament ;  took  part  in 
repealing  the  Act  of  Settlement  and  passing  the  great  Act 
of  Attainder ;  became  secretary  to  James  II,  and  after  the 
l.uttlc  of  the  Boyue  (1690)  urged  the  defeated  king's  flight 
to  France ;  followed  him  after  the  surrender  of  Limerick, 
1691,  and  probably  died  abroad.  [xl.  22] 

HATJLVX,  BARONKRS.  [SeeELpHiNsroxK,  MARGARET 
MRRCRR  (1788-1867).] 

NAIRNE,  CAROLINA,  BARONESS  NAIRNK  (1766- 
1845),  Scottish  ballad-writer;  nte  Oliphant;  began  to 
write,  1792 ;  married  Major  William  Murray  Nairne,  1806, 
who  became  fifth  Baron  Nairne,  1824 ;  travelled  on  the 
.-ontimiit,  1884-7  and  1888-44 ;  ranks  with  Hogg  in  her 
Jacobite  songs,  and  approaches  Burns  in  her  humorous 
ballads  and  pathetic  songs ;  her  poems,  anonymous  in  her 
lifetime,  were  collected  and  published  as '  Lays  from  Strath- 
earn,'  184«.  The  beat  known  are  '  Land  o'  the  Leal,' '  Caller 
HerrinY  «nd  •Charlie  is  my  darling.'  [xL  23] 

NAIRNE,  SIR  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1836-1899), 
lieutenantrKeneral ;  lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1858; 
Moond  captain,  royal  artillery,  1865 ;  major,  1872 ;  lieu- 
tenant^olonel,  1880 ;  commanded  horse  artillery  in  Egypt, 
W :  O.B.,  1882  ;  inspector-general  of  artilkry  in  India, 
1««7-M;  major-general,  1890;  held  chief  Command  in 
Bombay,  1898 :  Ueotenant-Keneral,  1895 ;  K.C.B.,  1897  ; 
acting  oommanili-r-iii-i-hii-f  in  In.lm,  1898. 

[Siippl.  lii.  218] 


NAIRNE,  EDWARD  (17427-1799),  attorney  and 
supervisor  of  customs  at  Sandwich  ;  published  hmnor<m> 
poetry.  [xl.  25] 

NAIRNE,  EDWARD  (1726-1806),  electrician;  an 
instrument-maker  in  Oornhill,  who  constructed  and 
patented,  on  plans  supplied  by  Priestley, '  Nairne's  H>  <•- 
trical  machine,'  1782  ;  F.R.S..  1776  ;  contributed  scientific 
papers  to  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions.'  [xL  25] 

NAIRNE,  JOHN,  third  BARON  XAIUNE  (d.  1770), 
Jacobite;  son  of  William  Nairne,  second  baron  Nairne 
[q.  v.]  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Preston,  1715  ;  held  a  command 
in  the  1746  rebellion  ;  escaped  after  Oulloden  and  died  in 
France.  [xl.  26] 

NAIRNE,  Sin  ROBERT,  of  Strathord,  first  BARON 
NAIRNE  (1600-1683),  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
1651-60  ;  lord  of  session  and  knighted,  1661 ;  appointed  a 
criminal  judge,  1671 :  created  Baron  Nairne,  1681. 

[xl.  27] 

NAIRNE,  WILLIAM,  second  BARON  NAIRNE  (rf. 
1724),  son  of  John  Murray,  first  marquis  of  Atholl  [q.  v.] ; 
succeeded  his  father-in-law,  Sir  Robert  Nairne,  first  baron 
Nairne  [q.  v.],  1683,  and  assumed  his  name  ;  opposed  the 
union,  1707  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Preston,  1715  ;  death  sen- 
tence passed  on  him  but  remitted.  [xl.  26] 

NAIRNE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  DDXSINAXK  (1731  ?- 
1811),  Scottish  judge;  admitted  advocate,  1755;  joint 
commissary  clerk  of  Edinburgh,  1758;  lord  of  session, 
1786  ;  lord  of  the  justiciary  court,  1792.  [xl.  27] 

KAISH,  JOHN  (1841-1890),  lord  chancellor  of  Ire- 
land ;  B.A.  Dublin  University ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar, 
1865 ;  Q.C.,  1880 ;  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1883 ; 
attorney-general,  1884;  Irish  privy  councillor  and  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland.  May  to  July  1886  and  February  to 
June  1886 ;  died  at  Ems.  [xl.  28] 

NAISH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1800),  miniature-painter; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1783-1800.  [xL  28] 

NAISH,  WILLIAM  (1785-1860),  quaker  writer; 
haberdasher  in  Gracechurch  Street,  London  ;  published 
anti-slavery  tracts  and  pamphlets.  [xl.  28] 

NALBON,  JOHN  (1638  ?-1686),  historian  and  royalist 
pamphleteer ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1678  ;  rector  of  Dodding- 
ton,  Isle  of  Ely ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1684 ;  an  active 
polemical  writer  on  the  side  of  the  government,  1677-83  : 
published  two  volumes  (extending  only  to  January  1642) 
of  his  only  important  work,  *  Impartial  Collection  of  the 
Great  Affairs  of  State,  from  the  beginning  of  the  Scotch 
Rebellion  in  the  year  1639  to  the  Murder  of  Charles  I,' 
1682  and  1683.  His  valuable  collections  of  manuscripts 
were  gradually  broken  up.  [xL  29] 

NALTON,  JAMES  (1600 ?-1662),  'the  weeping  pro- 
phet ' ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1623  ;  incumbent 
of  Rugby,  1632-42,  of  St  Leonard's,  Foster  Lane,  London, 
1644-62  ;  concerned  in  Love's  plot,  1651.  [xl.  31] 

NANFAN,  JOHN  (d.  1716),  captain ;  a  descendant  of 
Sir  Richard  Nanfan  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York,  1697-1702  ;  returned  to  England,  1706.  [xl.  32] 

NANFAN  or  NANPHANT,  SIR  RICHARD  (d 
1507),  deputy  of  Calais  ;  J.P.  for  Cornwall,  1485 :  received 
frequent  grants ;  knighted,  1488 ;  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Portugal,  1489 ;  deputy  at  Calais ;  patron  of  Thomas 
Wolsey  [q.  v.]  [xl.  31] 

NANGLE,  RICHARD  (d.  1541  ?),  bishop  of  Clonfert : 
D.D.  and  provincial  of  the  Augustiuians  in  Ireland  ;  was 
made  bishop  of  Clonfert  by  Henry  VIII,  1636,  but  never 
occupied  the  see.  [xl.  32] 

NANMOR,  DAFYDD  (ft.  1400),  Welsh  bard ;  sang 
the  honour  of  the  house  of  Gogerddan  (Cardiganshire). 

[xl.  32] 

NANMOR,  DAFYDD  (/.  1480),  bard ;  son  of  Rhys 
Nanmor  [q.  v.]  [xl.  32] 

NANMOR,  RHYS  (fl.  1440),  Welsh  bard :  probably 
sou  of  Dafydd  Nanmor  (/».  1400)  [q.  v.]  [xl.  32] 


NANTGLYN 


927 


NAPIER 


NANTGLYN,  BARDD.  [See  DATIE*,  RORKRT  ( 1769  ?- 
1835).] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (rf.  1473?),  «eeond  of 
Mrr.'histon,  oomptroller  of  Scotland;  belonged  to  the 
household  of  the  queen-mother,  Joan  Beaufort;  comp- 
troller of  the  household,  1449-61  ;  ambassador  to  EIIK- 
lawl,  1461-61  ;  knighted  and  made  rice-admiral  before 
1461;  negotiated  a  marriage  between  James  III  and 
Margaret  of  Denmark,  1468 ;  sent  on  special  embassies  to 
Bruges,  1472,  and  Burgundy,  1473.  [xL  33] 

NAPIER,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1887),  editor:  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  son  of  Macvey  Napier  (q.  T.]  ; 
vicar  of  Holkham,  1847-87  :  edited  Barrow's  works,  1869, 
an<l  Boswell's  '  Johnson,'  1886.  [xl.  69] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  (1634-1608),  wv. -nth  of 
Merchiston,  master  of  the  Scottish  mint :  knighted,  1566  ; 
master  of  the  mint,  1576  ;  frequently  acted  on  religious 
commissions  ;  commissioner 'anent  the  cuimr'  in  I»n- 
'i»i  i.  1604 ;  interested  in  the  mining  industry,  [xl.  34] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ARCHIBALD,  first  BARON  NAPIKR 
(1576-1645),  ninth  of  Merchiston,  treasurer-depute  of 
Scotland  ;  son  of  John  Napier  [q.  v.  ]  ;  educated  at  Glas- 
gow University ;  devoted  special  attention  to  agriculture ; 
accompanied  James  VI  to  England,  1603 :  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1615  ;  treasurer-depute  of  Scotland,  1622-31 :  created 
baronet,  1625,  and  a  peer  of  Scotland,  1627 ;  subscribed 
Charles  I's  confession  at  Holyrood,  1638;  assisted  Mont- 
rose  todraw  up  the  band  of  Cumbernauld,  1640,  for  which 
he  was  imprisoned,  1641,  but  released  with  a  caution,  1641 ; 
confined  at  Edinburgh  and  Linlithgow,  1644,  on  account 
of  his  sympathies  with  Montrose,  who  liberated  him 
after  the  victory  of  Kilsyth,  1645 ;  fled  to  Atholl  after 
the  defeat  of  Montroee  at  Philiphaugb.  [xl.  35] 

NAPIER,  ARCHIBALD,  second  BARON  NAPIKR  (d. 
1658),  tenth  of  Merchiston ;  son  of  Sir  Archibald  Napier, 
first  baron  [q.  v.] ;  left  his  confinement  in  Holyrood  to 
join  Montrose,  1645  ;  distinguished  himself  at  battles  of 
Auldearn  and  Alford,  1645  :  succeeded  his  father,  1645  ; 
subsequently  communicated  with  Montroae  from  the 
continent ;  excluded  from  Scotland,  1650,  and  from  Crom- 
well's Act  of  Grace,  1654 ;  died  in  Holland.  [xl.  37] 

NAPIER,  SIR  CHARLES  (1786-1860),  admiral :  en- 
tered navy,  1799 ;  lieutenant,  1805 ;  commander,  1807  ; 
captain,  1809  ;  actively  engaged  (1811-13)  in  stopping  the 
coasting-trade  on  the  west  coast  of  Italy ;  distinguished 
himself  in  the  expeditions  against  Alexandria  and  Balti- 
more, 1814 ;  C.B.,  1815  ;  travelled  over  the  continent,  and 
(1819)  endeavoured  to  promote  iron  steamers  on  the 
Seine;  appointed  to  the  Galatea  frigate,  1829;  sent  to 
watch  over  British  interests  in  the  Azores,  1831,  being 
brought  thereby  into  close  connection  with  Portuguese 
affairs ;  accepted  command  of  Portuguese  fleet  to  serve 
Dona  Maria,  1833 ;  sighted  the  squadron  of  Dom  Miguel 
off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and,  in  spite  of  disparity  of  forces, 
won  a  very  creditable  victory  (1833),  for  which  he  was 
ennobled  in  the  Portuguese  peerage  as  Viscount  Cape  St. 
Vincent :  obtained  leave  after  the  surrender  of  Lisbon  to 
attack  the  northern  ports,  where  he  raised  the  siege  of 
Oporto  and  secured  the  Entre-Douro-e-Minho,  1834 ;  re- 
ceived in  triumph  at  Oporto  and  created  Count  Cape  St. 
Vincent ;  obtained  the  surrender  of  Figuera  and  Ourem, 
on  which  the  civil  war  ended  :  resigned  on  account  of  the 
rejection  of  his  scheme  for  the  government  of  the  navy, 
and  returned  to  England,  1835 ;  published  an  account  of  the 
•war,  1836  ;  sent  to  reinforce  Sir  Robert  Stopford  [q.  v.]  in 
the  Mediterranean  as  commodore.  1839  ;  atBeyrout(1840) 
given  command  of  the  land  forces;  when  prepared  for 
attack  received  orders  to  retire  and  hand  over  the 
command,  but,  judging  a  retreat  to  be  disastrous,  fought 
and  won  a  victory,  which  resulted  in  the  immediate 
evacuation  of  Beyrout ;  caused  general  dissatisfaction  by 
his  disregard  of  orders ;  signed  a  convention  with  Mo- 
hammed AH  without  authority  and  without  consulting 
the  admiral,  1840,  the  convention  being  repudiated,  but 
adopted  as  the  basis  of  negotiations ;  K.C.B.  and  deco- 
rated by  the  European  powers,  1840 ;  M.P.,  Marylebone, 
is  11  ;  published  a  somewhat  inaccurate  4 History  of  the 
War  in  Syria,'  1842  ;  rear-admiral  and  commander  of  the 
Channel  fleet,  1846 ;  vice-admiral,  1863 :  commanded  in 
the  Baltic,  1854  ;  declined  the  G.C.B.,  1856  ;  M.P.,  Soath- 
\\urk,  1855  ;  admiral,  1858.  [xl.  58] 


NAPIER,  SIR  CHARLES  JAMBS  (178J-18S3).  con- 
queror of  si  rid  (Srinde) ;  son  of  Geonre  Napier  [q.  T.]  ; 
obtained  commission  and  wan  promoted  lieutenant,  1794 ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Sir  James  Duff  [q.  v.L  17W.  and  to 
I,-H,T.,!  Uwvd  Pox,  1808;  M  captain  In  the  staff  corns 
came  under  the  notice  of  Sir  John  Moore,  1806 ;  major, 
1806 ;  commanded  battalion  under  Moore  in  Spain,  1808 : 
was  severely  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Oorufia, 
1809:  exi-hanu-:  tinguished  himself  at  Ooa 

and  BUHBCO;  Ifeutenant-colonel,  1811;  served  against 
the  United  States,  1818  ;  volunteered  on  Naooleon'slscape 
from  Elba  and  made  C.B.,  1816 ;  resident  of  OephalonU, 
1822;  became  acquainted  with  Byron  and  sympathised 
with  the  Greeks,  but  finally  declined  to  become  their 
commander :  returned  to  England,  after  quarrelling  with 
the  new  high  commissioner,  1830 :  major-general,  1887 ; 
K.C.B.,  1838 ;  appointed  to  command  the  northern  dis- 
trict of  England,  1839,  whrn-e  chartism  was  rife ;  accepted 
an  Indian  commission,  1841 ;  ordered  to  take  command 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Sind,  which  he  found  in  a  state 
bordering  on  war :  offered  the  amirs  a  fresh  treaty  as  an 
I  ultimatum,  and  occupied  the  fortress  of  Imamghar,  their 
I  impregnable  refuge,  after  which,  tlie  amirs  being  unable 
to  restrain  their  followers,  hostilities  commenced ;  with  a 
force  of  2,800  men  discovered  an  enemy  of  22,000  en- 
trenched in  the  bed  of  the  Palaili  River,  near  Miani 
(Meanee),  17  Feb.  1843,  and  after  a  desperate  conflict  won 
the  battle,  after  which  Haidarabad  surrendered  and  six 
amirs  submitted ;  victorious  over  Shir  Muhammad,  the 
Lion  of  Mirpur,  at  Dubba,  24  March,  who,  however, 
escaped  to  the  hills,  and  was  not  finally  defeated  until 
14  June  at  Shah-dal-pur ;  set  about  receiving  the  sub- 
mission of  the  chiefs  and  organising  the  military  occupa- 
tion ;  established  a  civil  government,  in  its  social,  finan- 
cial, and  judicial  branches,  and  organised  an  effective 
police  force ;  warmly  congratulated  by  Wellington  and 
made  G.C.B.,  1843;  began  his  campaign  against  the 
northern  hill  tribes,  1844,  finally  capturing  Beja  and  his 
followers  at  Traki,  9  March  1845 ;  assembled  an  army  and 
siege  train  at  Rohri,  but  took  no  further  part  in  the  first 
Sikh  war  :  lieutenant-general,  1846  ;  resigned  the  govern- 
ment of  Sind,  1847 ;  in  response  to  popular  demand  was 
given  command  against  the  Sikhs,  1849,  hot  arrived  in 
India  after  the  war  was  over  ;  suppressed  the  66th  regi- 
ment, which  showed  a  mutinous  spirit,  but  on  being 
reprimanded  for  suspending  a  regulation  pending  a  refer- 
ence to  the  supreme  council,  resigned,  1850,  and  returned 
to  England  ;  published  works  on  the  roads  of  Oephalonia, 
the  administration  of  the  colonies,  the  defects  of  Indian 
government,  and  on  military  snbjecte.  [xl.  46] 

NAPIER,  DAVID  (1790-1869),  marine  engineer: 
cousin  of  Robert  Napier  (1791-1876)  [q.  v.] ;  introduced 
(1818)  steam  packets  for  post-office  service :  established 
regular  steam  communication  between  Greenock  and  Bel- 
fast, and  between  Liverpool,  Greenock,  and  Glasgow, 
1822 ;  Invented  the  steeple  engine.  [xl.  64] 

NAPIER,  EDWARD  DELAVAL  HUNGERPORD 
ELERS  (1808-1870),  lieutenant-general  and  author ;  step- 
son of  Sir  Charles  Napier  [q.  v.] ;  received  his  commis- 
sion, 1825  ;  lieutenant,  1826 ;  captain,  1831 :  major,  1839 : 
served  with  distinction  in  Syria  and  Egypt;  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel,  1841 ;  brevet  colonel,  1854 ;  major- 
general,  1868 ;  lieutenant-general,  1864 ;  published  a  life 
of  his  stepfather,  1862,  and  works  on  sport  in  foreign 
countries.  [xl.  64] 

NAPIER,  FRANCIS,  seventh  BARON  NAPIKR  (1758- 
1828),  succeeded  his  father,  1775  ;  entered  the  army,  1774 ; 
major,  1784 ;  representative  peer  of  Scotland,  1796-1807  ; 
prepared  a  genealogical  account  of  his  family,  [xl.  55] 

NAPIER,  SIR  FRANCIS,  ninth  BARON  NAPIKR  in 
Scottish  peerage,  first  BARON  ETTRICK  OF  ETTRICK  in 
I  peerage   of    United    Kingdom,   eleventh   (Nova  Scotia) 
baronet  of  Scott  of  Thirlestane  (1819-1898),  diplomatist 
I  and  Indian  governor ;  son  of  William  John  Napier,  eighth 
baron  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
j  bridge;   joined  diplomatic  service,  1840;  ambassador  at 
!  St.  Petersburg,  1860-4,  and  Berlin,  1864-6 ;  governor  of 
'  Madras,  1866 ;  devoted  particular  attention  to  questions 
of  public  health  and  the  development  of  public  works, 
|  and  especially  works  of  irrigation  ;  temporarily  governor- 
general  of  India  on  assassination  of  Richard  Southwell 
Uotirke,  sixth  earl  of  Mayo  [q.  v.],  1872 ;  returned  to 


NAPIER 


I^Anil  and  was  created  Baron   Ettrick.  1872 ;  LL.D. 

Mirvb  Glasgow,  and  Harvard ;  resided  in  Scotland, 

SKR-HU.  in,-,  in  Condon  0,  Uj.  poo, 

HAPIER,  OBOROB  (1761-1804X  colonel:  educated 
under  David  Hume:  entered  the  army,  1767  ;  lieutenant, 
1771;  Mrred  in  America;  captain,  1778:  re-entered  the 
armj,  178J;  .aperintendent  of  Woolwich  laboratory  c. 
1788 :  major  and  deputy  quartermaster-general  under  the 
Earl  of  Mobm,  1793;  fortified  bis  house  at  Oelbridge  during 
the  Irish  rebellion,  1798;  wrote  on  the  composition  of 


NAPIXR,  SIR  OBOROB  THOMAS  (1784-1865), 
general  and  goTernor  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope:  eon  of 
George  Napier  [q.  T.]  ;  entered  the  army,  1800  :  captain, 
1804  •  served  under  Sir  John  Moore  in  Sicily,  Sweden,  and 
Portugal  •  major,  1811  ;  O.B.,  1818  :  major-general,  1837  ; 
governor  at  the  Cape,  1837-43  :  K.O.B.,  1838  :  lieutenant- 
general,  1846  ;  general,  18*4  ;  wrote  an  account  of  his  early 
life. 


NAPIER.  SIR  OBRARD,  first  baronet  (1606-1673), 
rovalist  :  grandson  of  Sir  Robert  Napier  (d.  1615)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M  P.,  Melcombe  Regis,  1640  :  created  baronet,  1641  ;  com- 
missioner for  Charles  1,  1643  ;  submitted  to  parliament, 
1644  :  sent  money  to  Charles  I  ;  commissioner  for  waste 
lands,  1668.  C*L  683 

NAPIER,  HENRY  EDWARD  (1789-1853),  historian  ; 
son  of  George  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1803  ; 
lieutenant,  1810;  commander,  1814;  captain,  1830; 
author  of  a  Florentine  history,  1846-7  ;  F.R.S.,  1820. 

[xL  59] 

NAPIER,  JAMES  (1810-1884),  dyer  and  antiquary: 
published  '  Folklore,  or  Superstitious  Beliefs  in  the  West 
of  Scotland  within  this  Century,'  1879,  and  works  on 
metallurgy  and  dyeing.  [xl.  59] 

NAPIER  or  NEPER,  JOHN  (1550-1617),  laird  of 
MercLUton  ;  inventor  of  logarithms  ;  son  of  Sir  Archi- 
bald Napier  (  1634-1608)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ; 
infefted  in  the  baronies  of  Edeubellie-Napier  and  Mer- 
chiston,  1571  ;  entered  into  a  bond  for  the  loyalty  of  his 
father-in-law.  Sir  James  Chisholm,  1593  ;  had  constant 
trouble  in  connection  with  the  disputes  between  his 
tenants  and  those  of  bis  neighbours,  1591  and  1611-13; 
succeeded  bis  father,  1608,  some  family  litigation  being 
caused  thereby  ;  made  valuable  experiments  in  the  use  of 
manures,  and  Invented  an  hydraulic  screw  for  clearing 
coal-pit*  of  water,  for  which  he  was  granted  a  monopoly, 
1697  ;  published  '  A  plaine  Discovery  of  the  whole  llevela- 

i  of  St.  John,'  1693  ;  invented  the  present  notation  of 
il  fractions,  and  in  his  work,  *  Oonstructio  '  (  pub- 
.  1619).  explained  the  method  of  the  construction 
of  logarithms  which  were  there  called  artificial  numbers  ; 
published  in  his  'Mirifid  Logaritbmorum  Canonis  De- 
scriptio,'  1614,  the  canon  or  table,  and  an  explanation  of 
the  nature  of  logarithms  and  their  use  in  numeration  and 
trigonometry;  subsequently  in  conjunction  with  Henry 
Itnggs  [q.  v.]  determined  that  0  should  become  the  loga- 
rithm of  unity,  and  10  000  000  000  the  logarithm  of  the 
whole  sine,  Briggs  computing  the  new  canon  :  in  his  last 
work,  'RabdologUe  seu  uumerationis  per  virgulas  libri 
duo,'  1616,  explained  enumeration  by  little  rods  (termed 
Napier's  bones)  and  multiplication  and  division  by  metal 
plates  (the  earliest  attempt  at  the  invention  of  a  calcu- 
lating machine).  [xl.  59] 

NAPIER,  SIR  JOSEPH,  first  baronet  (1804-1882),  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  educated  at  Belfast  under  James 
Sheridan  Knowle*  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1828; 
barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1830  ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1831  ; 
Q.O.,  1844,  and  much  employed  in  appeals  before  the  House 
of  Lords  ;  M.P.,  Dublin  University,  1848-68  ;  spoke  in  the 
interest*  of  protestantism  and  Ireland;  prepared  and 
carried  through  the  House  'Napier's  Ecclesiastical  Code,' 
1»49  :  appointed  Irish  attorney-general  and  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1862;  failed  to  past  his  measures  for  the  reform  of 
the  land  laws,  1862;  D.O.L.  Oxford  1863  ;  lord  chancellor 
of  Ireland,  1868-9  ;  devoted  himself  to  evangelical  religious 
work,  and  endeavoured  to  a  vert  the  disestablishment  of  the 
IrUli  church  ;  rioe-ohanoellor  of  Dublin  University,  1867- 
88J  ;  created  baronet,  1867  ;  nominated  to  a  vacancy  in 
the  judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council,  1868  ;  actively 
««ged  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  Irish  church  :  chief 
comouwloner  of  the  great  seal  of  Irelaud,  1874  ;  published 
legal  work*  ami  others  on  church  question*.  [xl.  66] 


38  NAPIER 

NAPIER,  MACVEY  (1776-1847), editor  of  the  'Edin- 
burgh Review '  ;  originally  Napier  Macvey,  the  name 
being  changed  to  Macvey  Napier  at  his  grandfather's 
Wish;  sunlit-d  at  MtinbtirKU  and  Glasgow;  became 
acquaints!  with  Archibald  Constable,  1798;  librarian  to 
the  writers  to  the  signet,  1805  ;  edited  a  supplement  to  the 
sixth  edition  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britaunica,'  1814-24, 
and  the  seventh  edition,  1827-42  ;  first  professor  of  con- 
veyancing at  Edinburgh,  1824  ;  editor  of  the  '  WUnborgt] 
Review,'  1829;  clerk  of  session  in  Edinburgh,  1837; 
F.R.S.  [xl.  68] 

NAPIER,  MARK  (1798-1 879),  Scottish  historical  bio- 
grapher; was  educated  at  Edinburgh;  advocate,  1820; 
shcritT-depute of  Dumfriesshire,  1844  ;  published '-The  Law 
of  Prescription  in  Scotland,'  1839,  and  historical  works  on 
the  earldom  of  Lennox,  the  Napiers,  Montrose,  and 
Graham  of  Claverhouse.  [xl.  69] 

NAPIER,  SIR  NATHANIEL,  second  baronet  (1636- 
1709),  dilettante  ;  son  of  Sir  Gerard  Napier,  first  baronet 
[q.  v.] ;  matriculated  as  fellow-commoner  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1654  :  knighted,  1662  ;  travelled  in  Holland,  1667, 
and  France,  1672  and  1697 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1673  ; 
M.P.,  Dorset,  1677-8,  Corfe  Castle,  1679,1681,  and  1685-7. 

[xl.  70] 

NAPIER  or  NAPPER,  RICHARD  (1559-1634), 
astrologer ;  matriculated  from  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1577 ; 
rector  of  Great  Liuford,  1590;  studied  astrology  under 
Simon  Forman  [q.  v.]  ;  legatee  of  Formau's  manuscripts, 
1611 ;  licensed  to  practise  medicine,  1604.  [xl.  71] 

NAPIER,  SIR  RICHARD  (1607-1676),  physician  ;  son 
of  Sir  Robert  Napier  (1560-1637)  [q.  v.]  ;  nephew  and  heir 
of  Richard  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  student  at  Gray's  Inn,  1622 ; 
B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1626  ;  created  M.A.,  1627 ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1628 ;  B.O.L.,  1630 ; 
licensed  to  practise  medicine,  1633  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1642 ; 
incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1663 ;  knighted,  1647 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1664.  [xl.  72] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1615),  judge  ;  joined  the 
Middle  Temple ;  M.P.,  Dorchester,  1586  ;  knighted  before 
1593 ;  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland,  1693-1602  ; 
M.P.,  Bridport,  1601,  Wareham,  1603-4.  [xl.  73] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ROBERT,  first  baronet  (1560-1637), 
brother  of  Richard  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  a  Turkey  merchant ; 
high  sheriff  of  Bedfordshire,  1611 ;  knighted  and  created 
baronet,  1612.  [xl.  72] 

NAPIER,  ROBERT  (1611-1686),  royalist ;  grandson 
of  Sir  Robert  Napier  (d.  1615)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1637 ;  receiver-general 
and  auditor  of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall;  compounded, 
1649 ;  granted  renewal  of  receiver-generalship,  1663. 

[xl.73] 

NAPIER,  SIR  ROBERT,  first  baronet  (1642  ?-1700), 
sou  of  Robert  Napier  (1611-1686)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  high  sheriff  of  Dorset,  and  knighted,  1681  ; 
created  baronet,  1682;  M.P.,  Weymouth,  1689-90,  Dor- 
chester, 1698.  [xl.  74] 

NAPIER,   ROBERT  (1791-1876),  marine  engineer; 
constructed  his  first  marine  engine,  1823,  and  supplied 
]  engines  for  the  East  India  Company  and  the  Cunard  Oom- 
|  pany ;  took  to  shipbuilding,  1841 ;  constructed  iron  ships 
for  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company  and  for  the 
British,  French,  Turkish,  Danish,  and  Dutch    govern- 
ments ;  took  out  patents  for  improvements  in  warships ; 
president  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical   Engineers, 
1863-5.  [xl.  74] 

NAPIER,  ROBERT  CORNELIS,  first  BARON  NAPIKR 
OP  MAODALA  (1810-1890),  field-marshal ;  born  at  Colombo, 
!  Ceylon  ;  received  his  commission  in  the  Bengal  engineers, 
I  1826 ;  first  lieutenant,  1828 ;  sailed  for  India,  1828 ;  em- 
ployed in  irrigation  works  on  the  Eastern  Jamna  Canal, 
I  1831 ;  visited  European  engineering  works,  1836  ;  laid  out 
the  settlement  of  Darjiling,  1838,  and  established  com- 
munication with  the  plain  below,  for  which  he  organised 
a  local  corps  of  workmen  called  '  Sebundy  savpers '  ; 
second  captain,  1841 ;  laid  out  a  cantonment  at  Sirhind  in 
echelon  011  the  slopes,  1842,  an  arrangement  which  became 
known  as  '  Napier's  system ' ;  distinguished  himself  in  the 
first  Sikh  war  and  was  promoted  brevet  major,  1846; 
showed  special  engineering  skill  in  the  reduction  of  Kote 
Kanfrra,  1846  ;  took  part  in  the  second  Sikh  war  and  be- 
came brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1849  ;  civil  engineer  to  the 


KAPIER 


NASH 


Punjab  iKxird  of  administration,  IHIO;  r^ni-ir 
high  road  from  Lahore  to  Peshawar  and  the  i 
canal,  und  strengthened  tin-  frontier  defeinvs  ;  brevet 
colonel,  18. VI  ;  reliiiiiuisliMl  bi>  \**t,  185»;  ;  at  the  relief  of 
Luckuow,  1H57,  successfully  effected  tlic  union  of  tin-  nur 
guard  ami  \va.-  wounded  with  tin-  main  relieving  force; 
undertook  the  L'rueral  direction  of  the  minim,'  <.; 
daring  the  second  sietrc ;  command*,  d  .1  i>ni.'ade  of  engineers 
during  the  third  attack  on  l,iicknow  ;C.15.;  •oui.-d^r  Hnt/h 
Rose  at  Gwalior  und  gained  a  signal  victory  over  Tan  tin 
Topi  on  the  plains  of  Jaora  Alipur,  1H5H;  routed  K.-P./..- 
shah  (who  had  joined  Tantia  Topi),  Decemlwr  185«,  l>y 
means  of  destroy  ing  the  forts  of  1'arune,  and  cutting  clear- 
ings through  the  jungle  succeeded  in  capturing  both  rebel 
leaders,  1859 ;  K.O.B. ;  appointed  to  command  the  second 
division  in  the  Chinese  expedition,  I860:  assisted  (1860) 
in  taking  Pchtang-ho  aud  IViho,  and  maintaini-d  com- 
munication- and  pushed  supplies  to  the  front ;  promoted 
major-general  for  his  distinguished  services,  1861 ;  mili- 
tary member  of  the  governor-generals  council,  1861-5 ; 
commaudcr-iu-chief  of  the  Bombay  army,  1865  ;  promoted 
lieutenant-general  of  the  Bombay  army",  1865  ;  appointed 
to  command  the  Abyssinian  expedition,  1867  ;  organised 
his  base,  provided  for  his  communications,  defeated  his 
enemy,  and  attained  the  object  of  his  mission  ;  pensioned, 
made  G.C.S.I.  aud  Q.C.B.,  and  created  Baron  Napier 
of  Magdala,  1868 :  commander-in-chief  in  India,  1870 ; 
general,  1874  ;  governor  of  Gibraltar,  1876  ;  field-marshal, 
1883.  [xl.  76] 

NAPIER,  SIR  THOMAS  ERSKINE  (1790-1863), 
general ;  brother  of  Sir  Charles  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 
army,  18U5  :  lieutenant,  1806 ;  served  in  Sweden,  1808, 
and  the  Peninsula  (medals) ;  C.B.,  1838 ;  general,  1861 ; 
K.C.B.,  1860.  [xl.  81] 

NAPIER,  Sm  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  PATRICK 
(1785-1860),  general  and  historian  of  the  Peninsular  war ; 
son  of  George  Napier  [q.  v.]  :  entered  the  army,  1800 ; 
lieutenant,  1801  ;  joined  Sir  John  Moore's  brigade  at 
Shorncliffe,  1803,  and  took  part  in  Moore's  campaign 
in  Spain,  1808  ;  served  in  Portugal,  1809,  and  specially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  fight  on  the  Coa,  1810; 
badly  wounded  at  Casal  Novo,  1811  ;  major,  1812 ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1813  ;  retired  on  half-pay,  1819  ; 
O.B. ;  began  to  collect  materials  in  1823  for  his  •  History 
of  the  Peninsular  War'  (published,  1828-40),  which 
placed  Napier  high  among  historical  writers,  and  was 
translated  into  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  German,  and 
Persian  ;  colonel,  1830 ;  major-general,  1841 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Guernsey,  1842-7  ;  published  a  history  of  the 
'  Conquest  of  Scinde,'  1844-6,  in  reality  a  defence  of  his 
brother  Charles  ;  published,  1851.  •  History  of  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Scinde '  and  a  '  Life  '  of  his  brother, 
1857  ;  K.O.B.,  1848  ;  general,  1859.  [xl.  82] 

NAPIER,  WILLIAM  JOHN,  eighth  BARON  NAPIER 
(1786-1834),  naval  captain  :  ?ou  of  Francis  Napier, 
seventh  baron  Napier  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  navy,  1803  ; 
lieutenant,  1809;  commander,  1812:  promoted  to  post 
rank,  1814  ;  published  treatise  on  sheep-farming,  1822  ; 
succeeded  his  father,  1823  ;  chief  superintendent  of  trade 
in  China,  1833  ;  died  at  Macao.  [xl.  87] 

NAPLETON,  JOHN  (1738V-1817),  divine  and  edu- 
cational reformer  ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1761  ; 
D.D.,  1789  ;  fellow,  1760;  rector  of  Wold,  1777  ;  became 
golden  prebendary  in  Hereford  Cathedral,  1789,  and  re- 
ceived much  preferment  in  the  diocese  ;  wrote  a  book  on 
logic  in  Latin,  1770,  and  on  Oxford  examinations,  1773  ; 
published  also  sermons.  [xl.  88] 


NAPPER.    [See  NAPIER.] 


[See 


NAPPER  -  TANDY,    JAMES   (1747  -  1803). 

TANDY.] 

NARBONNE,  PBTER  RBMI  (1806-1839),  Canadian 
insurgent ;  born  at  St.  Remi  ;  took  an  active  part  in  the 
rebellious  of  1837  and  1838  ;  hanged  at  Montreal. 

[xl.  89] 

NARBROTJGH,  SIR  JOHN  (1640-1688),  admiral  ; 
lieutenant,  1664  ;  commander,  1666  ;  captain  of  the  Duke 
of  York's  flagship  in  the  battle  of  Solebay,  1672  ;  rear- 
admiral  of  the  red,  1673  ;  knighted,  1673 ;  admiral  and 
commander-in-chief  of  a  squadron  sent  against  the  Tripoli 
i-orsairs,  1674,  aud  the  Algerine  corsairs,  1677;  commis- 


sioner of  the  navy,  1880-7  ;  cent  to  St  Domingo  to  recover 
treasure  from  a  wreck,  where  lie  caught  fever  aud  died. 

[xl  89] 

NARES.  KIAV.VKD  (W2-1841), 
writer  ;  >on  i .f  .sir  Umrge  Nans  [q.  v.l  ;  of  We 
School  and  Christ  Church,  n.xford;  fellow,  1788-97; 
MA.,  17hU;  vicar  of  St.  I'eter-in-the-Eart,  Oxford,  1795; 
rrciur  of  iJiddeiid.-n.  17'.'*:  UaiupUm  lecturer,  180*: 
regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford,  1*13-41 : 
published  memoirs  of  Lord  Burghley,  18*8-11,  also  two 
novels  satirising  fashionable  society,  and  theological 
works.  [xL9J] 

NARES,  Si K  I.KORGE  (1716-1786),  judge;  brother 
of  James  Nares  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1741 : 
king's  Serjeant,  1759 :  M.P.  for  Oxford  city,  1768  ;  justice  of 
the 
1773. 


pleas,  1771 ;  knighted,  1771  ;  D.O.L.  oxford, 

[xL  91] 
NARES,    JAMBS    (1716-1783X   composer;    brother 


(1716-1783X  composer; 
of  Sir  George  Nares  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  of  York  Cathedral, 
1734;  Mm.  Doc.  Cambridge,  1757;  organist,  Chapel 
Royal,  London,  1757 ;  composed  church  music,  [xl.  92] 

NARES,  ROBERT  (1753-1829),  philologist;  son  of 
James  Nares  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1778  ;  tutor  to  Sir  Watkin 
Wynn,  1779-83  :  usher  at  Westminster  School,  1786-*  : 
assistant-librarian  at  the  British  Museum,  1795  ;  canon  of 
Lichfield,  1798  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1798; 
archdeacon  of  Stafford,  1801 ;  published  a  'Glossary'  of 
Elizabethan  literature,  1822  ;  revised  '  General  Biographi- 
cal Dictionary,'  1789,  and  assisted  in  Bridges's  'History 
of  Northamptonshire,'  1790.  [xL  93] 

NARFORD,  NERFORD,  or  NEREFORD,  ROBERT 
(d.  1225),  constable  of  Dover  Castle;  received  grants, 
1216  ;  became  chief  constable  of  Dover  ;  present  at  the 
defeat  of  Eustace  the  Monk,  1217  ;  founded  the  priory  of 
St.  Mary  de  Pratis.  [xL  94] 

NARRIEN,  JOHN  (1782-1860), astronomical  writer: 
optician  ;  mathematical  professor  at  Sandhurst,  1820 ; 
F.R.S.,  1840  ;  wrote  on  astronomy  and  mathematics. 

[xL94] 

NART,  CORNELIUS  (1660-1738),  Irish  catholic 
divine  ;  belonged  to  the  Irish  College  in  Paris,  1682-96  : 
D.D.  Paris,  1694 :  imprisoned  in  Dublin  on  account  of 
his  religion,  1702  ;  published  theological  works  and  some 
controversial  pamphlets.  [xL  95] 

NASH,  FREDERICK  (1782-1856),  water  -  colour  . 
painter :  studied  at  the  Royal  Academy,  and  with 
Thomas  Malton  the  younger  [q.  v.] ;  architectural  drafts- 
man to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1807 ;  contributed  to 
the  Royal  Academy,  1800-47,  and  to  the  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water-colour?,  1810-56 ;  declared  by  Turner 
to  be  the  finest  architectural  painter  of  the  day. 

[xL  96] 

NASH,  GAWEN  (1605-1658),  royalist  divine;  sizar 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1620 ;  fellow,  1627  ;  rector 
of  St.  Matthew's,  Ipswich,  1638 ;  vicar  of  Warcsley,  1642  : 
ejected,  1646.  [xl.  110] 

NASH,  JOHN  (1762-1835),  architect:  pupil  of  Sir 
Robert  Taylor  [q.  v.] ;  began  to  practise,  c.  1793  ;  laid  out 
Regent's  Park,  London,  and  designed  most  of  the  terrace?- 
near  it,  1811  ;  also  planned  Regent  Street,  London,  between 
Carltou  House  and  Regent's  Park,  London,  1813-20;  re- 
paired and  enlarged  Buckingham  House,  from  which  his 
large  entrance  gateway,  known  as  the  Marble  Arch,  was 
removed  to  Cumberland  Gate,  Hyde  Park,  1851.  His 
style  lacks  grandeur,  and  great  monotony  is  produced  by 
his  persistent  use  of  stucco.  [xl.  96] 

NASH,  JOSEPH  (1809-1878X  water-colour  painter 
and  lithographer ;  studied  under  the  elder  Pugin ;  drew 
figure  subjects  illustrating  poeta  and  novelist";  earned 
celebrity  by  his  picturesque  views  of  Gothic  buildings, 
English  and  foreign.  [xl.  98] 

NASH,  MICHAEL  (Jt.  1796),  protestant  controver- 
sialist ;  collector  of  subscriptions  for  the  Societas  Evan- 
gelica,  1791-4 ;  secretary  of  th«  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  the  French  protestant  bible :  attacked  Dr.  William 
Romaine  [q.  v.]  and  William  Huntingtou  [q.  v.] 

[xl.  93] 

NASH,  RICHARD,  BEAD  NASH  (1674-1762),  'kins? 
of  Bath';  educated  at  Carmarthen  grammar  school; 
matriculated  from  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1692;  after 

So 


NASH 


930 


NATHALAN 


the  army  entemi  the  Inner  Temple,  1683:  derived 
>m    a.-.vptinir   extravagant    wapers   and 
:  went  to  Hath.  17<i5  ;  establi.-hed  the  Assembly 
and  a  code  ot  etiquette  and  of  dress,  and  became 
autocrat  ot  Bath  :    evaded 


the 

law*  of  1740,  by  Inventing  new  games,  but  aft. -r  i:»s 
irradually  l«t  hU  popularity,  and  in  1768  was  allowed 
To*,  a  month  by  toe  corporation  ;  assisted  in  establishing 
the  mineral- wa'ter  hospital  at  Bath.  [xl.  99] 

NA8H  or  NASHE,  THOMAS  (1667-1601),  author; 
stxar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1583  ;  B.A.,  1586 ; 
tnfrf*  a  baity  tour  through  France  and  Italy,  and  before 
1MB  MtUed  in  London :  bis  promise  recognised  by  Sir 
Q<erge  Carey  [q.  v.]  :  endeavoured  to  secure  the  patron- 
age of  the  KarU  of  Southampton  and  Derby :  but  did 
not  retain  the  favour  of  any  patron  long ;  his  first  publi- 
cation an  acrid  review  of  recent  literature  prefixed  to 
Greene's  '  Mcnaphon,'  1589,  which  he  discussed  at  greater 
length  in  'Anatomic  of  Absurdities,'  1589:  attracted  to 
the  Martin  Marprelatc  controversy  by  his  hatred  of  puri- 
Uni-m:    un<irr   the  pseudonym  of  '  Pasquil  *  wrote  'A 
ConntercuftY  given  to  Martin  Junior,'  1589,  *  The  Returne 
of  the  renouned  Cavaliero  Pasquil  of  England,'  1589,  and 
"The  First  Parte  of  Pasquils  Apologie,'  1590:  possibly 
the  author  of  other  attacks  on  the  Martinists  ;  replied  to 
the  »Tage  denunciations  of  Hiohanl  Harvey  [q.  v.]  with 
'A    wonderful,   strange,  ami    miraculous    Astrologicall 
Prognostication,'  1691,  and  'Pierce  Penuilesse  his  Suppli- 
cation to  the  DiveUY  1692,  which  was  translated  into 
French  and  six  times  reprinted,  and  the  second  edition  of 
which  was  called  '  The  Apologie  of  Pierce  Penuilesse ' : 
avenged  Gabriel  Harvey  V  attack  on  Greene  with  'Strange 
Newts  of  the  Intercepting  certaine  Letters,'  1593 ;  being 
subsequently  troubled  with  religious  doubts  published  his 
repentant  reflections  under  the  title  '  Christes  Teares  over 
Jerusalem,'  1693,  but,  Harvey  being  deaf  to  his  appeal 
for  peace,  repeated  his  attacks  in  a  second  edition  of 
•Christes  Teares';  published  (1594)  'The  Terrors  of  the 
Night,'  notable  for  the  praise  of  Daniel's  '  Delia ' ;  pub- 
lished the  'Unfortunate  Traveller,  or  the  Life  of  Jack 
Wilton,'  a  romance  of  reckless  adventure,  dedicated  to 
the  Bar!  of  Southampton,  1594 :  further  satirised  Harvey 
in  '  Haue  with  you  to  Saffron- Walden,'  1596,  to  which 
Harvey  replied,  the  government  subsequently  ordering 
the  two  authors  to  desist;  attacked  so  many  current 
abuses  in  the  state  in  bis  loot  comedy '  The  Isle  of  Dogs,' 
1697,  that  he  was  sent  to  the  Fleet  prison   for  some 
months:  published  (1599)  'Lenten  Stuffe,'  a  burlesque 
panegyric  of  the  red  herring,  and  a  comedy,  still  extant, 
called  'Summers  Last  Will,'  1600.    Nash's  original  per- 
ity  gives  him  a  unique  place  in  Elizabethan  literature, 
bis  writing*  have  something  of  the  fascination  of 
dais.    His  romance  of  'Jack  Wilton*  inaugurated 
the  novel  of  adventure  in  England.  [xl.  101] 

HASH,  THOMAS  (1593-1647),  entered  Lincoln's  Inn, 
l«lt;  intimate  with  Shakespeare's  family:  married 
Shakespeare's  granddaughter,  Elizabeth  Hall,  1626; 
became,  with  bih  wife,  owner  of  New  Place,  Stratford, 
1«*.  [xL  no] 

HASH,  THOMAS  (1688-1648),  author  ;  matriculated 
from  St.  Bdmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1605;  entered  the  Inner 
Temple,  1607;  royalist:  his  death  said  to  have  been 
caused  by  the  misfortunes  of  Charles  I;  published 
•Qoaternio,  or  a  Fourfold  Way,'  1633.  [il.  109] 

HASH.    TREADWAY    RUSSELL   (1725-1811),  his. 

torian  of  Worcestershire:  matriculated  from  Worcester 

College,  Oxford,  1740 ;  M.A.,  1747  ;  vicar  of  Eynsham,  c 

:   tutor  of  Worcester   College,   Oxford,  c.  1761-7: 

F'^5*'  L73 :  Vic*r  of  LdRh' 1773 :  Pushed  '  Collections 

^.5,!5l*tol7  *  Worc«tershire,'  1781-2 ;  edited  Butler's 

ibras,  1793.  [xl.  110] 

HA8MTTH.    [See  also  NASicrrn.] 
HAJMITH,  DAVID  (1799-1839),  originator  of  town 
ind  city  missions ;   became   secretary  to  twenty-three 

^^1^*,iS.Gll^OW'  1813-M:  founded  Glas- 
E*Sft  Mlwion.  1826,  and  similar  institutions  in  Ire- 
land, United  States,  France,  and  London.  [xl.  Ill] 

IAMKS  '17'°-1K>8,  antiquary;    M.A. 
1767;    D.D.,  1797; 
-  176»LrecU*  of  Snallwell,  1778,  of 
w.'T"18*1  Wld  °»t«l<Wned  the  manu- 
Krtpts  which  Archbishop  Parker  gave  to  Corpus  Ohrteti 


College,  Cambridge:    edited    (1787)    Tanner's    '  Notitia 
Monastics,'  and  wrote  antiquarian  pamphlets. 

NASMITH  or  NAYSMITH,  JOHN  (i  lll?t> 
surgeon  to  .James  VI  of  Scotland  and  1  of  England  ;  pre- 
sent in  Holyrood  Palace  when  Bothwell  attempted  to 
capture  the  young  king  James  VI  1591,  and  imprisoned  in 
consequence ;  accompanied  James  to  London,  1603 : 
!  bought  the  lands  of  Cowdenkuowes,  1612;  devoted  special 
attention  to  botany.  [xl.  112] 

NASMYTH,    ALEXANDER    (1758-1840),     portrait 

and  landscape  painter ;    at  first  employed  to  paint  the 

i  panels  of  carriages,  but  after  studying  under  Allan  Ram- 

i  say  in  London  set  up  as  portrait-painter  in  Edinburgh, 

.  1778;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1782-4;  intimate  witli 

'  Robert  Burns;  finally  restricted  himself  chiefly  to  l;m<i 

scape ;  belonged  to  many  artistic  societies,  and  was  iute- 

i  rested  in  science  ;  designed  the  '  bow-and-string  bridge ' 

used  at  Charing  Cross  and  Birmingham  stations. 

[xl.  113] 

NASMYTH,  CHARLES  ( 1826-1861 ),  major, '  defender 

j  of  Silistria ' ;  entered  the  East  India  Company,  1843 ;  sent 

i  as  '  The  Times '  correspondent  to  Omar  Pasha's  camp  at 

Shumla  ;    instrumental    in    checking    the    Russians    at 

;  Silistria,  1854  :  transferred  to  the  royal  army  as  major, 

1854  ;  present  at  the  Alma  and  Sebastopol ;  brigade-major 

at  Sydney  ;  died  at  Pau.  [xl.  116] 

NASMYTH  or  NAESMITH,  Sin  JAMES,  first 
baronet  (d.  1720),  lawyer ;  admitted  advocate,  1684  ; 
created  baronet,  1706.  [xl.  115] 

NASMYTH,  JAMES  (d.  1779),  botanist:  son  of  Sir 
James  Nasmyth  [q.  v.] ;  introduced  the  birch  and  silver 
fir  into  Scotland ;  genus  Naamythia  named  after  him. 

NASMYTH,  JAMES  (1808-1890),  engineer*  '  son  of 
Alexander  Nasmyth  [q.  v.] ;  constructed  a  six-inch  dia- 
meter reflecting  telescope,  1827;  constructed  (1827)  a 
steam-engine  capable  of  carrying  six  people;  became 
assistant  to  Maudslay,  1829  ;  started  in  business  at  Man- 
chester, 1834,  as  a  maker  of  machine-tools  ;  invented  the 
steam  hammer,  1839,  and  patented  it,  1842  ;  the  first  to 
observe  a  mottled  appearance  of  the  sun's  surface  called 
'  willow  leaves '  or  '  rice  grains,'  1860  ;  invented  a  nut- 
shaping  machine,  a  flexible  shaft  for  driving  small  drills, 
and  an  hydraulic  punching-machine ;  proposed  the  use 
of  chilled  cast-iron  shot,  1862  ;  published,  in  conjunction 
with  James  Carpenter,  an  elaborate  work  on  the  moon, 
1874.  [xi.  H6] 

NASMYTH,  PATRICK  (1787-1831),  landscape- 
painter  ;  son  of  Alexander  Nasmyth  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  art 
under  his  father :  contributed  to  Scottish  and  English  art 
institutions :  styled,  from  the  character  of  his  works, '  the 
English  Hobbema.'  [xl.  118] 

NASSAU,  GEORGE  RICHARD  SAVAGE  (1756-1823), 
bibliophile;  formed  a  library,  which  was  especially  rich 
in  early  English  books ;  made  extensive  collections  on 
the  history  of  Suffolk,  most  of  which  were  sold,  1824. 

NASSAU,    HENRY,  COUNT  and  LORD  OF**'  "' 


QUERQUE  (1641-1708),  general;  accompanied  William, 
prince  of  Orange,  on  his  visit  to  Oxford,  1670,  and  was 
made  D.O.L. ;  attended  William  of  Orange  to  England, 
1688;  promoted  major-general,  1891  ;  appointed  deputv 
stadtholder,  1693  ;  with  the  rank  of  field-marshal  co- 
operated with  Marlborough  and  died  in  camp  at  Lille. 

[xl.  119] 

NASSYNOTON,  WILLIAM  OK  (/.  1375?),  trans- 
lator ;  translated  from  Latin  into  English  verse  '  Trea- 
tise on  the  Trinity  and  Unity,  with  a  Declaration  of 
God's  Works  and  of  the  Passion  of  Jesus  Christ,'  written 
by  John  of  Waldeby  or  Waldly.  [xl.  120] 

NATARE8  or  NATURES,  EDMUND  (d.  1649), 
master  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge :  fellow  of  Catharine 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  by  special  grace,  1502 :  D.D., 
1516 :  was  master  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1614-30 ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1618,  1521,  and  1526-7  ;  rector  of  Middleton- 
upon-Tecs,  1522.  [xL  120] 

NATHALAN  or  NAUCHLAN  (ft.  452?),  Scottish, 
saint;  devoted  himself  to  contemplation  and  practised 
agriculture ;  went,  partially  bound,  to  Rome  as  a  penance, 
and  was  made  bishop  by  the  pope ;  founded  the  churches 
of  Meldrum,  Cowie,  and  Tulllch.  [xl  121] 


NATHAN 


031 


NEALE 


NATHAN,  ISAAC  (1791  ?-1864),  musical  composer 
and  author ;  abandoned  theology  for  music  and  studied 
under  Domenico  Oorri ;  became  intimate  uith  Byron, 
1812,  who  wrote  'Hebrew  Melodies'  for  Nathan  to  set 
to  inn-it- ;  emigrated  to  Australia,  1841*  published  ' Ma- 
surgia  Vo<Mli-,'  1823,  on  musical  theory,  Fugitive  Pieces 
and  Reminiscences  of  Lord  Byron  ....  also  ....  Re- 
collections of  Lady  Caroline  Lamb,'  1829,  the  'Life  of 
Madame  Malibran  de  Beriot,'  1836,  and  'The  Southern 
•apbltxyne,'  1846  ;  killed  in  Sydney  by  accident. 

[xl.  121] 

NATTER,  LORENZ  (1705-1763),  gem-engraver  and 
medallist;  born  in  Suabia;  taught  by  Johann  Rudolph 
Ochs  at  Berne ;  studied  in  Italy ;  copied  ancient  genie, 
whi.-h  he  frequently  signed ;  came  to  England,  c,  1741; 
visited  the  northern  capitals  of  Europe,  1743,  returning  to 
England,  e.  1754;  patronised  by  the  royal  family  and 
employ^  1  at  the  royal  mint ;  published  a  treatise  on  ancient 
and  modern  methods  of  engraving,  1754,  and  a  catalogue 
of  the  Bessborough  gems,  1761 ;  died  of  asthma  at  St. 
Petersburg.  [xl.  123] 

NATTES,  JOHN  CLAUDE  (1765  7-1823),  topo- 
graphical draughtsman :  travelled  in  Great  Britain,  Ire- 
land, and  France,  working  as  a  topographical  draughts- 
man and  colouring  big  drawings.  [xl.  124] 

NATJ,  CLAUDE  DK  LA  BOISSELIERE  (.If.  1574- 
1605),  secretary  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  ti  lawyer,  who 
acted  as  secretary  to  the  Cardinal  of  Lorraine ;  became 
secretary  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scote,  1574 ;  managed  her 
accounts  and  advised  her  in  matters  of  policy  ;  went  on 
mis-ions  to  Scotland,  1579  and  1581;  .supposed  agent  in 
the  Babingtou  plot,  1586;  defended  himself  against 
the  accusation  of  betraying  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and 
was  liberated,  1587;  returned  to  France;  ennobled  by 
Henry  IV,  1605;  wrote  a  'History  of  Mary  Stewart' 
(published,  1883).  [xL  125] 

NAUCHLAN  (</.  452  ?).    [See  NATRALA.V.] 

NATJNTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1563-1635),  politician; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1582  ;.M.  A.;  major 
fellow,  1586  ;  accompanied  his  uncle,  William  Ashby,  on 
a  diplomatic  mission  to  Scotland,  1589  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1592:  acted  as  travelling  tutor,  and 
regularly  communicated  to  the  EarLof  Essex  any  political 
news  he  could  learn;  returned  to  Cambridge,  c.  1600; 
M.P.,  Helston,  1606,  Camelford,  1614,  and  Cambridge 
University,  1621,  1624,  and  1625  ;  knighted,  1614,  and 
made  master  of  requests,  1616  ;  secretary  of  state,  1618, 
exercising  what  influence  he  possessed  in  behalf  of  the 
Elector  Frederick  in  Bohemia ;  retired  from  the  secretary- 
ship, 1623 ;  master  of  the  court  of  wards,  1623-35 ;  his 
manuscript  account  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  courtiers  (com- 
piled c.  1630)  frequently  printed  after  his  death. 

[xl.  126] 

NAVARRE,  JOAN  ov  (1370  ?-1437).    [Sec  JOAN.] 

NAYLER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1764  ?-1831),  garter  kiug- 
of-arms;  became  Blanc  Coursier  herald,  1792:  blue- 
mantle  pursuivant  and  member  of  the  College  of  Arms, 
1793;  York  herald,  1794;  F.S.A.,  1794;  knighted,  1813; 
first  kiug-of-arms  of  the  Hanoverian  Guelphic  order, 
1815,  and  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  1818 ; 
Clarenceux  king-of-arms,  1818;  Garter  king-of-arms, 
1822 ;  formed  a  collection  of  private  acts  of  parliament 
(1733-1830),  and  commenced  u  history  of  George  IV'a 
coronation.  [xL  129] 

NAYLER,  JAMES  (16177-1660X  Quaker;  joined 
parliamentary  army,  1642,  and  was  quartermaster  in 
Lambert's  horse ;  became  a  quaker,  1661 ;  being  con- 
vinced of  a  call  to  the  travelling  ministry,  left  home, 
1652,  and  preached  in  the  north ;  imprisoned  for  a  short 
time  at  Appleby,  1653,  for  alleging  that  'Christ  was  in 
him ' :  went  to  London,  1655 ;  gained  many  devoted 
followers,  and  was  attended  by  a  '  company '  when  he  set 
oat  for  Launceston,  where  Fox  was  imprisoned ;  created 
a  disturbance  at  Exeter  and  was  imprisoned  with  his 
'company';  gained  more  followers,  who  displayed  great 
extravagance ;  arrested  with  seven  of  his  following  at 
Bristol  and  sent  to  London,  1G56  :  adjudged  guilty  of 
'horrid  blasphemy ' and  sentenced  to  be  pilloried  in  New 
Palace  Yard,  London,  and  the  Exchange,  London,  his 
tongue  to  be  pierced  with  a  hot  iron,  his  forehead  to  be 
branded  with  '  B'  (for  blasphemer),  and  he  himself  to  be 
whipped  through  the  citv  of  Bristol  and  imprisoned  at 
Bridewell,  London ;  released,  1659 ;  for  a  short  time  in 


Westmoreland  with  George  Whitehead  [q.  v.J  ;  publighcd 
controversial  pamijhlet^i-tinguished  by  depth  of  thought, 
beauty  of  expression,  and  moderation  in  tone.  fxl.  13"] 

NAYLOR,  FRANCIS  HARE  (1753-1815).  [SeeHuut- 
NAYLOR.] 

NEADE,  WILLIAM  (A  16J5),  archer  and  investor; 
iuvenu.il  a  combined  bow  and  pike,  exhibited  before 
James  I,  1624,  on  which  he  wrote  a  pamphlet,  1625  ;  failed 
to  get  his  invention  generally  adopted.  [xl.  134] 

NEAOLE,  JAMBS  (1760  V-18WX  line-engraver  ;  illus- 
trated books ;  emigrated  to  America  and  died  there. 

NEAL.    [See  also  NKALK,  NKKLB,  NKILK,  and*NKiu..] 

NEAL,  DANIEL  (1678-1748),  historian  of  the  puri- 
tans ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors*  School,  London  ; 
studied  at  Utrecht  and  Lcyden  ;  became  pastor  to  a  con- 
gregation in  Aldersgate  Street,  London,  which  subse- 
quently removed  to  Jewin  Street,  London  ;  published  the 
'  History  of  New  England,'  1720,  and  became  honorary 
M.A.  of  Harvard,  1721 ;  wrote  an  introduction  to  a 
treatise  on  small-pox,  1722.  His  •  History  of  the  Puritans ' 
down  to  1689,  in  four  volumes,  1732,  1733,  1736, 1788(snb- 
eequently  translated  into  Dutch),  was  somewhat  severely 
criticised  by  Isaac  Maddox  [q.  v.]  and  Zachary  Grey 
[q.  v.]  [xL  134] 

NEAL  or  NEALE,  THOMAS  (1519-1590  V),  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  ;  of  Winchester  College ;  admitted 
perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1540;  M.A., 
1546 ;  B.D.,  1556 ;  became  chaplain  to  Bishop  Bouuer : 
regins  professor  of  Hebrew,  1559-69 ;  wrote  account  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  entertainment  at  Oxford,  1566 ;  trans- 
lated the  '  Prophets '  from  Hebrew  into  Latin,  [xl.  136] 

NEALE.    [See  also  NEAL,  NKKI.K.  NKILK,  and  NEILL.] 

NEALE,  ADAM  (</.  1832),  army  physician  and  author  : 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1802 ;  published  an  account  of  the  Pen- 
insular war,  1808,  continental  travels,  1818,  and  medical 
works ;  died  at  Dunkirk.  [xl.  137] 

NEALE,  EDWARD  VANSITTART  (1810-189J), 
Christian  socialist  and  co-operator ;  M.A.  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1836 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1837 ;  founded  two 
building  societies  and  the  Central  Co-operative  Agency, 
and  purchased  the  Atlas  Ironworks,  all  of  which  failed ; 
frequently  acted  as  legal  adviser  to  co-operative  societies, 
and  published  a  handbook  on  limited  liability  laws,  1860 : 
assisted  in  founding  the  North  of  England  Co-operative 
Society,  1863,  the  Oobden  Mills,  1866,  and  the  Agricultural 
Association,  1867;  promoted  the  annual  co-operative 
congress,  1869,  of  which  be  was  secretary  (1875-91 ).  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Christian  Social  Union  on  its 
formation,  and  wrote  pamphlets  on  co-operation  and 
socialism.  [xl.  138] 

NEALE,  ERSKINE  (1804-1883),  divine  and  author  : 
sou  of  Adam  Nealc  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College, Cam- 
bridge, 1832 ;  vicar  of  Exniug,  1854  ;  published  theological 
works  and  religious  novels.  [xL  141] 

NEALE,  SIR  HARRY  BURRARD.  second  baronet 
(1765-1840),  admiral ;  originally  named  Burrard ;  entered 
the  navy,  1778 ;  lieutenant,  1787  ;  commander,  1790  ;  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  baronet,  1791 ;  assumed  bis  wife's 
name,  Neale,  1795 ;  a  lonl  of  the  admiralty,  1804 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1810 ;  vice-admiral,  1814 :  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  G.C.B., 
1822;  G.O.M.G.  and  cominauder-in -chief  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 1823-6 ;  admiral,  1830 ;  M.P.  for  Lymington 
for  forty  years.  [xL  141] 

NEALE,  JAMES  (1722-1792),  biblical  scholar;  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1746:  schoolmaster  at 
Henlcy-on-Thames,  1747-62;  translated  '  Hosea,'  1771. 

[xl.  1«] 

NEALE,  JOHN  MASON  (1818-1866),  divine  and 
author :  graduated  B.A.  from  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1840  :  tutor  of  Downing  College,  Cambridge ;  espoused 
high  church  views  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
QNBteUga  t'ain.lfn  Society,  1839,  afterward*  called  the 
Ecclesiological  Society ;  became  warden  of  Sackvtlle 
College,  East  Grinstead,  is  it;,  where  he  founded  the 
nursing  sisterhood  of  St.  Margaret's  ;  leader-writer  for 
the  'Morning  Chronicle,'  1851-3;  published  work*  on 
theological  and  ecclesiological  subjects  and  tales  and 
books  for  the  young.  One-eighth  of  the  '  Hymns  Ancient 
an.:  Modem '  are  by  Neale.  [xl.  143] 


NEALE 


032 


NEELE 


NEALE  JOHN  PRESTON  (1780-1847),  architectural 
draoffatnnan ;  executed  architectural  drawings  with  a 
nea  and  tinted  them  with  water-colour:  exhibited  at 
1-7  Royal  Academy  and  other  exhibitions.  [xl.  140] 
NEALE,  SAMUEL  (17M-1792),  quakcr :  became  a 
Bitter,  1762:  inflnenced  by  Mary  Peisley,  whom  be 
17*7;  preached  in  Holland,  Germany,  and 

THOMAS  (/.  1643),  author;    nephew  of 

Walter  Neale  [q.  v.] ;  published  a  travelling  guide  to 
•  forraigne  countries,'  1643.  [  xl.  148] 

NEALE,  THOMAS  (ft.  1657),  engraver.  [xl.  149] 
NEALE,  THOMAS  (d.  1699  ?),  master  of  the  royal 
mint  and  groom-porter :  master  ami  worker  of  the  royal 
mint,  1878-99 :  groom-porter  to  Charles  II,  c.  1684 :  as 
master  of  the  transfer  office  conducted  public  lotteries  ; 
engaged  In  banking  and  building  and  mining  schemes, 
and  in  East  India  trade.  [xl.  147] 

NEALE.  WALTER  (  ft.  1639),  New  England  explorer; 
fought  in  Bohemia,  1618;  governor  of  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  1630-3;  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of 
Portemouth.  1639.  [xl.  149] 


SIR  WILLIAM  (1609-1691),  royalist;  scout- 
ral  in  Prince  Rupert's  army  :  knighted,  1643  ; 
fought  at  Newark,  1644  ;  taken  prisoner,  1659. 

[xl.  149] 

NEALE.  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1785-1855),  grandson 
of  James  Neale  [q.  v.] ;  schoolmaster  at  Beverley,  1808- 
1816 ;  nominated  a  Charterhouse  brother,  1853 ;  published 
theological  works.  [xl.  143] 

NBALB.  WILLIAM  JOHNSON  (1812-1893),  lawyer 
and  novelist:  son  of  Adam  Neale  [q.  v.];  quitted  the 
navy ;  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1836 ;  recorder  of  Wal- 
sau\  1869 ;  wrote  sea  stories.  [xl.  150] 

NEATE,  CHARLES  (1784-1877),  pianist  and  com- 
poser; an  original  member  of  the  Philharmonic  Society, 
18J3:  became  intimate  with  Beethoven  In  Vienna,  1815  ; 
composed  pianoforte  pieces.  [xl.  150] 

NEATE,  CHARLES,  LORD  NEAVKS  (1800-1876), 
Scottish  judge :  called  to  the  bar  at  Edinburgh,  1822  ; 
solicitor-general,  1852 :  judge  of  the  court  of  session  as 
Lord  Neaves.  1863 ;  rector  of  St.  Andrews,  1872 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Greek  Anthology,'  1870,  and  contribute!  to 
periodicals.  [xl.  152] 

NEATE,  CHARLES  (1806-1879).  economist  and 
political  writer:  educated  in  Paris  and  at  Lincoln  Col- 
lege. Oxford  :  B.A.,  1828 :  fellow  of  <  >riel  College,  Oxford, 
18»;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1832;  examiner  in  law 
and  hi«fc>ry  at  Oxford.  1853-6  ;  Drummond  professor  of 
political  economy,  1857  ;  M.P.,  Oxford  city,  1863-8  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  mainly  on  political  subjects,  [xl.  150] 

NECHTAN  (d.  732),  sou  of  Derelei  or  Derganl,  king 
of  the  Plots :  conformed  to  the  Roman  date  for  Easter  : 
applied  to  Bede  for  arguments  to  confute  heresy,  710  • 
supplanted  In  the  Pictish  throne  by  Drust,  724 ;  regained 
his  kingdom,  728.  [xl.  153] 

«/1C?TAK  MOBBET  (d.  481  ?),  king  of  the  Picts  ; 
•aid  to  have  dedicated  Abernothy  to  St.  Brigtt  in  the 
presence  of  Darlugdach,  the  exiled  abbess  of  Kildare. 


NECXAMor  NECHAM,  ALEXANDER 


[xl.  153] 

_          1167-1217) 

scholar  :  went  to  Paris  UniversltyTwas  a'distingnished 
teacher  there,  1180;  returnel  to  England,  1186;  Augus- 
Unian  canon;  abbot  of  Cirencester,  1213;  wrote  'De 
naturis  rerum,'  '  De  Ijiudibus  Divin*  Sapient!*,'  '  De 
Contempt.!  Mundi,'  and  some  treatises  on  grammar. 

NECTON  or  NECHODUN,  HUMPHREY  (V.  1303) 
^  T?I  rannellt«'  w«o  preached  against  hen-tic-  at 
Cambridge  ;  bin  works  lost.  [xi.  155] 

H1EDHAM,  CHARLES,  fourth  Viworvr  KILMORKT 
,«.n, ,_  ^  ., hi8  MtBteg  gub 

iW,'    — *~*   "*   "  P'°*  *°  "store 
» :  died  in  prison.  [xl.  166] 

known    as    '  MOTHKR 

SKK  iKswAssszffKsSit  star 

[xl.155] 


NEEDHAM,  FRANCIS  JACK,  twelfth  ViscorNTsmd 
fir^t  KAIU.  OK  KILMOHKY  (1748-1832),  entered  the  army, 
1762:  lieutenant,  1773:  captain,  1774;  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Arklow,  17S>K ;  colonel,  1810; 
general,  1812  ;  M.P.,  Newry,  1806  ;  succeeded  to  peerage, 
1818;  created  Earl  of  Kilmorey,  1822.  [xl.  156] 

NEEDHAM  or  NEDEHAM,  JAMKSfrf.  1530-1533), 
architect  and  master-carpenter;  appointed  clerk  of  the 
king's  works,  1530,  and  overseer,  1538.  [xl.  156] 

NEEDHAM,  Siu  JOHN  (d.  1480),  judge :  M.P.,  New- 
castle-under-Lyme.  1441,  1446,  1448,  and  London,  1449 ; 
common  serjeant,  1449 ;  king's  serjeant,  1453,  and  jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas,  1457  ;  knighted,  1470. 

[xl.  157] 

NEEDHAM.  JOHN  TURBERVILLE  (1713-1781), 
Roman  catholic  divine  and  man  of  science ;  educated  at 
Douay;  onlained  priest,  1732:  taught  rhetoric  in  the 
college,  1736-40  ;  ordered  to  the  English  mission,  1740; 
did  much  scientific  work  with  Buffon :  F.K.S.,  1747 : 
F.S.A.,  1761:  travelled  as  a  tutor,  1751-67;  director  of 
the  Imperial  Academy,  Brussels,  1768-80 :  belonged  to 
many  foreign  societies:  endeavoured  by  means  of  the 
Chinese  characters  to  interpret  an  Egyptian  inscription 
on  a  bust  at  Turin :  published  miscellaneous  scientific 
treatises,  some  embodying  his  theory  that  every  organised 
substance  is  formed  by  vegetation.  [xl.  157] 

NEEDHAM  or  NEDHAM,  MARCHAMONT  (1620- 
1678),  journalist:  chorister  at  All  Souls,  Oxford;  B.A. 
All  Souls,  Oxford,  1637 :  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1662 ; 
studied  medicine ;  chief  author  of  '  Mercurius  Britanicus,' 
1643-6  a  satirical  weekly  commentary  on  the  news  of  the 
day ;  twice  arrested  for  the  scurrilous  character  of  his 
paper ;  took  up  medicine  for  a  time :  became  a  royalist, 
obtained  pardon,  and  published  in  Charles  I's  defence 
'Mercurius  Pragumticns,'  1647,  the  royalism  of  which 
was  combined  with  hostility  to  the  Scots ;  his  paper  sup- 
pressed by  government  and  himself  committed  to  New- 
gate, 1649 :  again  engaged  to  support  the  Common- 
wealth, and  published  the  first-fruits  of  his  conversion  in 
a  pamphlet,  'The  Case  of  the  Commonwealth,'  1650,  and 
a  new  weekly  paper,  '  Mercurius  Politicus,'  in  which 
he  championed  Cromwell's  foreign  and  ecclesiastical 
policy  ;  translated  Selden's  '  Mare  Clausum,'  1652 ;  also 
edited  the  official  journal,  the  'Public  Intelligencer,* 
1653-60 ;  oil  Cromwell's  death  wrote  against  the  restora- 
tion of  the  monarchy  and  fled  to  Holland,  May  1660: 
obtained  a  pardon,  returned  to  England,  and  lived  by 
i  practising  physic ;  in  '  Schools  and  Schoolmaster* '  (1663) 
'  suggested  various  educational  reforms,  and  complained  of 
|  the  neglect  of  chemistry  for  anatomy  in  '  Medela  Medi- 
i  cilia.1,'  1665:  employed  by  government  to  attack  the 
opposition  and  its  leaders  in  '  Pacquet  of  Advices  to  the 
men  of  Shaftesbury,'  1676 ;  was  attacked  in  uumeroiia 
verse  and  prose  satires.  [xl.  159] 

NEEDHAM,  PETER  (1680-1731),  classical  scholar ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1700 ;  D.D..  1717 ;  fel- 
low, 1698-1716 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Florence,  Pembroke- 
shire, 1714,  and  rector  of  Stamvick,  1717  ;  edited  Greek  and 
Latin  texts.  [xl.  164] 

NEEDHAM,  WALTER (1631  ?-l691  ?),  physician  and 
anatomist ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1654  ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1655;  honorary  F.R.C.P.,  1664:  F.R.S.,  1671: 
physician  to  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1672;  published 
'  Disquisitio  anatomica  de  formate-  Foctu,'  1667. 

[xl.  165] 

NEEDLER,  BENJAMIN  (1620-1682),  ejected  minis- 
ter ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1645-51  ;  B.C.L.,  1648 ;  rector 
of  St.  Margaret  Moses,  Friday  Street,  London,  IM^. 
ejected,  Ififi2  :  preached  privately  at  North  Warnborouph  : 
published  sermons.  [xl.  166] 

NEEDLER,  OULVERWF.LL  <  ft.  1710),  son  of  Ben- 
jamin  Needier  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk-assistant  of  the  Hou-  «ii 
Commons;  published  'Debates  of  the  House  of  Couim»ii> 
in  January  1704,'  1721  (2nd  ed.)  [xl.  166] 

NEEDLER.  HENRY  (1685-1 7CO),  musical  amateur: 
accountant  for  the  candle  duty,  1710:  s-tudietl  under 
Purcell  and  Bannister ;  performed  at  private  concerts ; 
Intimate  with  Hand.-i.  [xl.  166] 

NEELE.    [See  also  NKAL,  NKAI.K,  NKILE,  and  NRIM..] 


NEELE 


NELSON 


NEELE,  m:\KY  (17-.1M  IH-JM,,  ,„„.(  uiid  uii-.vlliiiui.n- 
writer:  solicitor;  oublisli.-l  \»*-in~,  1H17  ,m<i  l«i'3  <.•..!- 
looted,  1H^7);  contributed  tales  to  periodicals,  and  pub 
lished  'Romance  of  Km/li-li  Hi-tory,'  1827;  committed 

•oMda  [xl.  166] 

NEELE  or  NEALE,  Sin  UK'lf  ARD  (d.  1486X  ju-lgf  : 
member  01    Cray's    Inn,  1463;    Serjeant,   li 
serjeant,  14C«;  judge  of  common  pleas,  I47n  :   knitted 
before  1483.  [xl.  107] 

NEORETTI.  JIMUCO  ANGELO  LCDOVK'n  i  1>17 
1879),  optician  ;  born  in  Oomo;  .-aim-  to  I.<>n.|<>i,. 
took  Joseph  Warren  Zambra  into  partnership,  1850,  with 
whom  he  obtained  u  reputation  as  maker  m  ->-i.-ntiric  and 
mathematical  instruments;  intimate  with  < ! aribaMi. 

[xl.  167] 

NEGUS,  FRANCIS  (d.  1732),  reputed  inventor  of 
iuvu> ;  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  1685-8 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel under  Marlhorough ;  held  varion-  court 
appointments;  M.P.,  Ipswich,  1717-32;  invented  uegm 
to  avert  n  political  fracas,  attention  being  diverted  from 
political  matters  at  a  party  in  Queen  Anne's  reign  to  a 
discussion  of  the  merits  of  wine  and  water.  [xl.  168] 

NEGUS,  SAMUEL  (/f.  1724),  author  of  a  li-t  of  KHL- 
lisli  printer*,  1724.  [xl.  168] 

NEGUS,   WILLIAM  (1659  ?-16l6),  puritan  mini-t.-r  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College, Cambridge,  1578;  benefits!  in  I 
suspended,  1584 ;  restored,  1585  ;  went  to  Leigh,  158c>,  and 
was  suspended  for  a  short  time,  1587  ;  deprived,  1609. 

[xl.  169] 

NEILD,  JAMKS(1744-1814), philanthropist;  a  jeweller 
who  became  interested  in  prisons,  1762;  treasurer  of  a 
society  for  helping  debtors,  1773;  visited  prisons  in  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  Flanders,  and  Germany ;  published  an 
account  of  his  work,  1800 ;  public  interest  roused  by  his 
'Prison  Remarks'  in  the  'Gentleman's  Magazine';  ex- 
posed system  of  imprisonment  for  debt,  1812.  [xl.  169] 

NEILD,  JOHN  CAMDEN  (1780?-1852),  eccentric; 
son  of  James  Neild  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge :  M.A.,  1804  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1808 ;  a 
confirmed  miser;  left  500,0001.  to  Queen  Victoria;  his 
servants  provided  for  by  Queen  Victoria  after  his  death. 

[xL  170] 

NEILE.  [See  also  NEAL,  NKALK,  NKELK,  and  NKII.U] 
NEILE.  RICHARD  (1562-1640),  archbishop  of  York  ; 
of  Westminster  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
installed  dean  of  Westminster,  1606 ;  bishop  of  Rochester, 
1608-10 ;  appointed  Laud  his  chaplain  and  gave  him 
valuable  preferments  ;  elected  bishop  of  Lichfield,  1610  ; 
translated  to  Lincoln,  1U14,  and  to  Durham,  1617 ;  politi- 
cally active  in  the  northern  province :  privy  councillor, 
1627  ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1628-31 ;  sat  regularly  on 
the  high  commission  and  in  the  Star-chamber ;  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1631-40;  reported  on  the  state  of  his 
diocese  and  province,  1634 :  kept  up  a  political  and 
ecclesiastical  correspondence  with  Laud,  Windebank,  and 
Sir  Dudley  Carlcton.  [xl.  171] 

NEILE,  WILLIAM  (1637-1670 X  mathematician; 
grandson  of  Richard  Neile  [q.v.]:  discovered  an  exact 
rectification  of  the  cubical  parabola,  1657  ;  F.R.S.,  1663. 

[xl.  17S] 

NEILL.    [See  also  NKAL,  NEALK,  NEKLK,  and  NEILE.] 

NEILL,  JAMES  GEORGE  SMITH  (1810-1857), 
colonel  and  brigadier-general;  entered  East  India  Com- 
pany's service,  1826;  lieutenant,  1828;  brevet-captain, 
1842  :  major,  1860  ;  deputy  assistant  adjutant-general  in 
the  second  Burmese  war ;  promoted  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1853;  appointed  second  in  command  of  the 
Turkish  contingent  in  the  war  with  Russia ;  organised 
and  reformed  the  Turkish  contingent;  on  the  news  of 
the  mutiny  was  sent  up  to  Baniiras,  where  he  completely 
routed  the  mutineers  and  succeeded  in  reinforcing  Allaha- 
bad and  clearing  the  adjacent  villages ;  colonel  aud  aide-de- 
camp to  Queen  Victoria  ;  disappointed  at  being  superseded 
by  Havelock,  but  after  some  friction  joined  Uavelock  as 
second  in  command  at  Gawnpore,  where  he  was  left  in 
command,  and  punished  the  mutineers  with  great  severity ; 
kept  opeu  communications  with  Havelock,  who  was  ad- 
vancing on  Lucknow  ;  accompanied  Havelock  as  brigadier- 
general  in  the  final  advance  on  Lucknow,  and  while  fight- 
ing bravely  was  shot  dead.  [xl.  174] 

NEILL  or  NEIL,  PATRICK  (d.  1705  ?),  first  printer 
in  Belfast ;  came  from  Scotland,  c.  1694  ;  his  books,  which 


are  very  rare,  consist  of  religious  works  print*!  between 
1G'J9  and  1702.  [\L17x] 

NEILL,    1'ATKlfK.   ( 1776-1851  \  naturalist ;  a  pnb- 
o  drvotMl  l.imx'lf  in  lx>tany  and  horticulture; 
[••How  »i    Liimran  and  Kdinhunrh   Koyal  societies;  pub- 
li>hrd-Th.-  Huwer,  rruit.andKit.-hi-ii  Uardeu,'  and .. 
work*.  [xl.  178] 

NEIL80N,  JAMES  BEAUMONT  (1795-1865),  In- 
•.rni.ir  of  the  hot  blast  in  iron  mamii.i.  inre ;  engine' 
wright  ol  a  colliery  ut  Irvine.  1MH  ;  foreman  <>t  Die  GlM- 
unrorki,  i-i7  ;  mtn>iu.--d  important  improvement* 
in  the  miintiiacture  of  ga*.  and  exerted  himself  for  the 
mental  aixl  technical  improvement  of  the  workmen  under 
him ;  led  by  the  inefficiency  of  a  particular  engine  to  bin 
discovery  that  the  substitution  of  a  hot  blart,  instead  of  a 
refrigerated  one,  produced  three  tlmeu  as  much  iron  with 
the  same  amount  of  fuel :  tented  its  effects  at  the  Clyde 
Ironworks,  and  patents!  it  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land, 1828.  The  validity  of  the  patent  was  tested  in  the 
law  courts,  1840, 1841,  and  1842,  but  the  verdict  in  each 
case  was  given  in  Neilson's  favour.  [xl.  179] 

NEILSON,  JOHN  (1778-1839),  benefactor  of  Paisley  : 
amamd  a  considerable  fortune  as  a  grocer,  and  founded  u 
school  for  boys  in  Pai>le> .  [xl.  181] 

NEILSON,  JOHN (1770-1848), Canadian  journalist;  n 
>,-ntMiian  who  went  to  Canada,  1790;  edited  the  'Quebec 
( ia/.etti-,'  1796  ;  member  for  Quebec  County  in  the  assembly 
of  Lower  Canada,  1818-34;  delegate  to  England,  1823, 
1828,  and  1835 :  member  for  Quebec  county  in  the  united 
legislature,  1841;  speaker,  1844.  [xl.  182] 

NEILSON,  LAURENCE  CORNELIUS  (17607-1830), 
organist  at  Chesterfield,  1808-30.  [xl.  183] 

NEILSON,  LILIAN  ADELAIDE (1848-1880), actress; 
her  real  name  EUZAHKTH  ANN  BROWN  ;  successively  a 
mill  hand  at  Gniscley,  a  nursemaid,  and  a  barmaid  ;  first 
appeared  as  Juliet  in  London,  1866  :  visited  America, 
where  she  was  very  popular,  1872, 1874, 1876,  and  1879 : 
had  no  English  rival  as  a  tragedian ;  died  suddenly  in 
Paris.  [xl.  183] 

NEILSON,  PETER  (1795-1861),  poet  and  mechanical 
inventor  ;  exporter  of  cotton  goods  to  America,  where  he 
lived,  1822-8;  proposed  improvements  to  the  lifebuoy, 
1846 ;  suggested  iron-plated  warships,  1848 ;  wrote  ion 
slavery,  1846  ;  his  poems  published,  1870.  [xl.  184] 

NEILSON,  SAMUEL  (1761-1803X  United  Irishman: 
a  woollendraper  Interested  in  politics  :  suggested  the 
idea  of  a  united  Irish  society,  which  Theobald  Wolfe 
Tone  organised,  1791  ;  to  propagate  it  a  bi-weekly  news- 
paper was  started  (the  '  Northern  Star1),  1792,  with  Neil- 
son  as  editor;  arrested  for  seditious  libel,  1796,  and  his 
paper  violently  suppressed,  1797  ;  released  on  condition  of 
abstaining  from  conspiracy,  February  1798 ;  again  took 
part  in  politics,  and  was  re-arrested  in  May  ;  included  in 
the  arrangement  of  July  1798  and  banished;  revisited 
Ireland.  1802,  and,  eluding  the  authorities,  sailed  for 
America,  where  he  died.  [xl.  185] 

NEILSON,  WILLIAM  (1760M821X  grammarian: 
presbyterian  minister  and  schoolmaster  at  Dundalk  :  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  and  Hebrew  in  Belfast  College,  1817  :  pub- 
lished 'Greek  Exercises,'  1804  (eighth  edition.  1840),  an 
Irish  grammar,  1808,  •  Greek  Idioms,'  1810,  and  '  Elenienta 
Lingute  Gnecse,'  1820.  [xL  187] 

NELIOAN,  JOHN  MOORE  (1815-1863),  physician : 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1836  ;  lectured  on  materia  uiedica  and 
botany  at  Cork  and  Dublin  ;  published  compilations  on 
medicines,  1844,  scalp  diseases,  1848,  and  skin  diseases, 
1852.  [xL  187] 

NELSON,  8m  ALEXANDER  ABERCROMBY  (1816- 
1893),  lieutenant-general ;  entered  the  army,  1835 :  lieu- 
tenant, 1839 ;  served  at  Kandahar  and  in  Afcham.-tan, 
1841-2;  brigade-major  at  Portsmouth:  major,  186ft; 
colonel,  1869;  lieutenant-governor  of  Guernsey,  1870-83 ; 
major-general,  1880;  lieutenant-general,  1883;  K.r.l:., 
1891.  [xl  188] 

NELSON,  FRANCES  HERBERT,  Vi8rot\m-> 
NELSON  (1761-1831),  *<>  Woodward;  widow  of  Josiah 
Nisbet :  married  Horatio  Nelson  [q.  v.]  at  Nevis  in  the 
West  Indies,  1787,  aud  lived  with  him  at  Ruruham 
Thorpe:  corresponded  affectionately  with  her  husband 
till  1798,  when  she  heard  of  his  intimacy  with  Lady 


NELSON 


934 


NENNIUS 


on  hie  return  to  Knulau.l,   18UO,   they  had 
aiu-rcatioiw,  and  separated  early  in  1801   Nelson 


1.JOW.  a  year  on  her. 


[XL  188] 


NELSON,  HORATIO,  VISCOUNT  NKLROX  (1758-1805), 
viae-admiral  •  entered  the  navy,  1770  :  nerved  in  the  West 
i  •  commander,  1778;  ported.  1779:  compelled  to 
I  to  England  on  account  of  ill-health,  178U:  took  a 
convoy  to  America,  178*:  returned  to  the  West  Indies  : 
placed  on  half-pay,  1783:  went  to  St  Omer  to  learn 
French  :  appointed  to  the  Boreas,  1784,  and  rant  attain  to 
the  We«t  Indie*,  where  he  sebed  five  American  ships  for 
irregular  trading,  and  married  Mrs.  Nisbet,  1787  ;  ordered 
home:  TW*1"*1  unemployed  from  1787  to  1793,  when  be 
miltd  in  the  Agamemnon  for  the  Mediterranean  ;  at  Naples 
nr»t  net  Sir  William  and  Lady  Hamilton,  August  1793  ; 
Lord  Hood  having  resolved  on  capturing  Corsica,  1794, 
Netoon  was  landed  in  command  of  the  seamen  and  marines 
and  imooeMfuUy  built  and  armed  the  batteries  at  Bastia; 
again  with  the  hind  forces  at  the  surrender  of  Oalvi,  where 
he  had  the  sight  of  his  right  eye  destroyed,  1794,  after 
which  battle  the  reduction  of  Corsica  was  complete  : 
appointed  commodore,  1796,  and  employed  in  harassing 
the  Preach  on  shore  and  preventing  their  coasting  trade: 
his  share  In  the  battle  of  Oape  St.  Vincent  against  the 
combined  Kronen  ana  Spanish  fleets,  13  Feb.  1797, 
a  main  cause  of  the  victory:  made  K.B.  and  promoted 
rear-admiral;  resumed  his  command  of  the  inshore 
squadron,  and  in  July  1797  failed  to  capture  a  treasure- 
ship  at  Santa  Oruz,  losing  his  rigntjarm;  rejoined  the 
fleet,  April  1798,  and  was  sent  to  watch  the  French  at 
Toulon:  sent  to  discover  the  whereabouts  of  the  French 
which  had  succeeded  in  putting  to  sea,  and  take  or 
oy  it:  arrived  at  Alexandria  without  getting  any 
of  the  French,  bat  at  last  (1  Aug.  1798)  discovered 
in  Aboukir  Bay,  lying  at  anchor,  close  in  shore  ; 
the  French  only  prepared  for  an  attack  from  the 


only  two 


only  prepared 

MO  pot  hi*  fleet  between  them  and  the  shore,  and 
such  overwhelming  fire  to  bear  on  them,  that 
only  two  frigates  escaped ;  rewards  bestowed  on  him  from 
all  the  courts  of  Europe:  created  Baron  Nelson  of  the  Nile; 
returned  to  Naples,  1798 ;  instructed  to  co-operate  with  the 
Austrian*,  with  whom  the  Neapolitan  government,  declar- 
ing war  on  France,  had  made  an  alliance;  leftt  for  Leghorn, 
M  NOT.  1798 ;  Naples,  unprotected  on  the  land  side,  was 
Uken  by  the  French,  aided  by  the  Neapolitan  Jacobins, 
January  1799,  and  a  capitulation  with  the  rebels  was  agreed 
on  by  lUiffo,  the  commander  of  the  royal  forces ;  Nelson,  on 
his  return,  annulled  the  capitulation  and  insisted  on  the  ab- 
solute surrender  of  Neapolitan  Jacobins ;  court-martialled 
and  hanged  Oaraociolo,  a  commodore  of  the  Neapolitan 
navy  who  had  deserted,  restored  the  civil  cower  in  Naples, 
and  was  made  Duke  of  Bronte  in  Sicily:  was  infatuated 
with  Lady  Hamilton,  and  remained  in  close  attendance  on 
the  Neapolitan  court,  regulating  the  blockade  of  Egypt  and 
Malta  from  Palermo ;  obtained  permission  to  return  home 
on  account  of  ill-health,  1800  :  travelled  bac*  overland  in 
company  with  the  Hamiltons ;  joined  his  wife  in  London, 
which  resulted,  after  a  few  weeks' acrimonious  intercourse, 
in  a  separation ;  vice-admiral,  1801 ;  sent  to  command  the 
attack  on  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  returned  to  England,  an 
armistice  being  agreed  on,  and  was  created  Viscount 
Nelson,  1801 :  shared  bouses  with  the  Hamiltons  in  Lon- 
don and  at  Merton  in  Surrey,  the  arrangement  continuing 
after  Sir  W.  Hamilton's  death  (April  1803).  On  the  im- 
minence of  war,  1803,  Nelson  was  appointed  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  for  two  years  kept  a  watch  on  the  French 
fleet  at  Toulou  under  very  adverse  circumstances.  In 
January  1806  Napoleon  proposed  to  forma  junction  of  the 
French  and  Spanish  fleets  in  the  West  Indies,  whence  they 
were  to  return  in  overwhelming  force  to  Europe ;  Ville- 
Mro  eluded  Nelson  at  Toulon  and  reached  Martinique; 
•"-  contrary  winds  and  false  Intelli- 
returned  to  Europe  and  was  met 
by  Sir  Robert  Calder ;  resumed  com- 
_J  on  9  Oct.  issued  his  celebrated  memo- 
randum with  instructions  to  form  in  two  columns :  on  the 
ranee  of  toe  enemy  (21  Oct.)  off  Oaoe  Trafalgar  re- 
I  tor  mnuetf  the  tasVof  restraining  tne  e£mr?va£ 
hurf  ItiT'S*  ih^t  trom  tue  mizeutop  of  the  Redoubt- 
able, of  which  his  ship,  the  Victory,  had  run  foul  •  died 
*  boari. }»««.  i«Mt  M  the  victory  was  complete  ;  ac- 
corded  a  public  funeral  and  burled  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

[xl.  189] 


NELSON.  JOHN  (1660-1721),  New  England  states- 
man ;  went  to  Boston,  r.  1G80  :  commanded  Boston  militia, 
1689;  captured  by  the  French  on  his  way  to  Accadia, 
1691 :  gave  information  of  the  French  designs  on  Boston  ; 
sent  to  the  Bastille  ;  while  still  in  prison  (1698),  contrived 
to  send  further  information  to  England ;  released  soon 
after.  [xl.  207] 

NELSON,  JOHN  (1 707-1774),  methodist ;  stonemason  : 
converted  by  John  Wesley,  1739:  pressed  for  a  soldier: 
had  considerable  influence  over  the  poor  and  ignorant ;  his 
journal  subsequently  published.  [xl.  209] 

NELSON,  JOHN  (1726-1812),  sculptor.        [xl.  209] 

NELSON,  RICHARD  JOHN  (1803-1877),  major-gene- 
ral, royal  engineers,  and  geologist;  entered  the  army,  1826: 
superintended  work  in  the  Bermudas  and  studied  their 
coral  formation  ;  captain,  1841 ;  regimental  colonel,  1854 ; 
commanding  royal  engineer  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia, 
1858-61;  major-general,  1864 ;  chief  work, 4  Geology  of  the 
Bermudas.'  [xl.  209] 

NELSON,  ROBERT  (1665-1715),  religious  writer; 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  London;  entered  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1678,  but  never  resided ;  F.R.S.,  1680 ;  lived 
chiefly  on  the  continent  until  1691 ;  became  intimate  with 
John  Kettlewell,  and  joined  the  nou jurors  before  1694 ; 
took  an  active  part  in  the  various  charitable  enterprises 
of  the  day,  especially  schools  and  parochial  libraries ; 
published  a  life  of  Dr.  George  Bull<1713)  and  other  re- 
ligious works.  [xl.  210] 

NELSON,  SYDNEY  (1800-1862),  composer :  pupil  of 
Sir  George  Smart ;  visited  America,  Canada,  and  Australia ; 
a  prolific  writer.  [xL  212] 

NELSON,  THOMAS  (fl.  1580),  printer  and  ballad- 
writer  ;  obtained  the  freedom  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1580;  chiefly  published  short  tracts  or  ballads,  most  of 
which  were  by  himself.  [xL  213] 

NELSON,  THOMAS  (1822-1892),  publisher ;  entered 
his  father's  business  at  Edinburgh,  1839:  established  a 
London  branch,  1844 ;  invented  a  rotary  press,  1850,  now 
used  for  newspapers;  children's  books  and  school  books 
produced  by  his  firm;  entered  into  partnership  with 
Bartholomew  &  Co.,  map  engravers.  [xl.  214] 

NELSON,  WILLIAM  (/.  1720),  legal  writer;  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1684; 
practised  in  chancery ;  wrote  chiefly  reports  of  chancery 

[xl.  215] 


NELSON,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  NELSON  (1757-1835), 
brother  of  Horatio,  viscount  Nelson  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1781 ;  rector  of  Brandon  Parva,  1784 ; 
chaplain  to  the  Boreas,  1784-6;  D.D.  Cambridge  and 
Oxford,  1802 ;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1803  ;  succeeded 
his  brother  as  second  Baron  Nelson,  1805;  created  Vis- 
count Merton  and  Earl  Nelson,  1805  :  on  good  terms  with 
Lady  Hamilton  ;  succeeded  in  the  title  by  his  nephew. 


NELSON,  WILLIAM  (1816-1887),  publisher ;  brother 
of  Thomas  Nelson  (1822-1892)  [q.  v.];  entered  the  pub- 
lishing business,  1835 ;  travelled  and  collected  china  and 
bronzes  ;  interested  himself  in  the  improvement  of  Edin- 
burgh, [xl.  214] 

NELSON,  WOLFRED  (1792-1863),  Canadian  insur- 
gent ;  became  doctor,  brewer,  and  distiller  at  St.  Denis : 
allied  himself  with  Papiueau  and  was  imprisoned,  1837-8; 
elected  to  the  Canadian  assembly,  1845  ;  chairman  of  the 
board  of  health,  1847 ;  inspector  of  prisons,  1851 ;  chair- 
man of  prison  inspectors,  1859.  [xl.  216] 

NELTHORPE.  RICHARD  (d.  1685),  conspirator; 
admitted  of  Gray's  Inn,  1669 ;  concerned  in  Rye  House 
plot ;  escaped  to  Switzerland ;  landed  with  Monmouth, 
"  "16  ;  betrayed  and  executed.  [xl.  217] 

NENNITTS  (/.  796),  historian ;  the  traditional  author 
of  the  •  Historia  Britonum';  lived  on  the  borders  of 
Mercia,  in  Brecknock  or  Radnor,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Elbod, 
bishop  of  Bangor.  There  are  several  versions  of  the 
4  Historia,'  the  North- Welsh,  the  South- Welsh,  the  Irish, 
and  the  English.  The  principal  manuscripts  are  the 
Cambridge,  the  Harleian,  and  the  Vatican.  The  'His- 
toria' was  first  printed  by  Gale,  1691,  in  'Scriptores 
yuindecim.'  LxL  217] 


NEOT 


NEVE 


NEOT,  RAIMT  (,/.  877  ?),  Saxon  anchoret  :  said  to  have 
been  ordained  t>y  Hi.-hop  .Klfheah,  to  have  visited  Home 
seven  times,  to  have  preached  much  n»iir  hodnn'n,  ami  to 
have  reproved  .Klfre.l.  who~e  kinsman  he  was  [xl.  Ml] 

NEPEAN,     Sin    KYAN",    first    baronet    <17M    ;  •• 
•dnbliltnitor  ;  clerk  in  the  navy  ;  Invitine  un 
«'i    -tat.-    in    tin-    shcllinrne   miiii-irv  ;  secretary   of    the 
admiralty,  1795;  created   baronet.   IKII-J  ;  ,-Ku  i  MONtM] 
for  Ireland  for  a  few  months,  1804  ;  governor  of  Bombay, 
1812-19. 


NEPER.     [See  NAI-IKH.] 

NEQUAM,       ALEXANDER       (1167-1217).        [See 

NKl'KAM.] 

NE8BIT. 


NESBIT,  ALFRED  ANTHONY  (1854-1894),  analyti- 
cal chemist ;  son  of  John  Oollis  Neabit  [q.  v.] :  invented 
an  ink  for  preventing  fraudulent  alteration  of  cheques  and 
postage  stamps.  [xl.  226] 

NESBIT,  ANTHONY  (1778-1869).  schoolmaster: 
started  a  school  at  Bradford,  1814;  removed  to  Man- 
chester, 1821,  and  to  London,  1841  :  published  works  on 
hind  surveying,  also  l  English  Parsing,'  1817,  and  'Arith- 
metic,' 1826.  [xl.  223] 

NESBIT.  CHARLTON  (1775-1838X  wood-engraver; 
apprenticed  to  Thomas  Bewick  [q.  v.]  :  moved  to  London, 
1799;  silver  medallist  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  1802;  illus- 
trated books.  [xl.  223] 

NESBIT,  JOHN  OOLLIS  (1818-1862),  agricultural 
chemist:  son  of  Anthony  Nesbit  [q.  v.j :  introduced 
natural  science  teaching  into  bis  father's  school,  which  he 
converted  into  a  chemical  and  agricultural  college ;  F.G.S. ; 
fellow  of  the  Chemical  Society,  1845;  wrote  chiefly  on 
chemical  manures.  [xl.  224] 

NESBITT,  JOHN  (1661-1727),  Independent  minister; 
displayed  excessive  protestant  zeal  and  fled  from  Edin- 
burgh, 1681 ;  became  a  classical  scholar  in  Holland  ;  came 
to  London,  1690:  pastor  in  Hare  Court,  Aldersgate 
Street,  London,  1691 :  published  sermons.  [xl.  226] 

NESBITT,  LOUISA  ORANSTOUN  (1812?-1868). 
[See  NiSBK-iT.j 

NESBITT  or  NISBET,  ROBERT  (d.  1761X  physician  : 
son  of  John  Nes-bitt  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1721 ;  created 
M.D.  at  Cambridge,  1728  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1729 ;  filled  many 
offices  at  the  College  of  Physicians ;  wrote  on  osteology. 


[xl.  225] 
(1793-188 IX 


NESFIELD,  WILLIAM  ANDREWS 
artist ;  entered  the  army,  1809 ;  served  in  the  Peninsular 
war  and  in  Canada :  retired  lieutenant,  1816 ;  famous  as  a 
painter  of  cascades  ;  exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water-colours,  1820-50 ;  frequently  consulted  as  a  land- 
scape gardener.  [xL  226] 

NESFIELD,  WILLIAM  EDEN  (1835-1888),  architect : 
son  of  William  Andrews  Nesfleld  [q.  v.]  :  studied  under 
William  Burn  and  Anthony  Salviu  ;  wrote  on  '  Mediaeval 
Architecture,'  1862.  [xl.  226] 

NESHAM,  CHRISTOPHER  JOHN  WILLIAMS 
(1771-1853),  admiral;  entered  the  nr.vy,  1782;  in  Nor-  | 
m  a  i  id  y  at  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution,  1789  :  lieutenant, 
1790;  commander,  1798;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1802; 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Martinique,  1809  ;  rear-admiral, 
1837  ;  vice-admiral,  1846 ;  admiral,  1852.  [xl.  227] 

NESS  or  NESSE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1621-1706X 
divine  and  author ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
schoolmaster  and  preacher  in  various  parts  of  Yorkshire : 
moved  to  London,  r.  1674 :  excommunicated  four  times ; 
wrote  on  election  and  predestination.  [xl.  228] 

NEST    or   NESTA  (c.   1095-c.    1114),    mistress   of  i 
Henry  I ;  married  (c.  1095)  to  Gerald  of  Windsor,  constable 
of  Pembroke  Castle :  abducted  by  Owen,  son  of  Cadwgan, 
c.  1106 ;  wife  or  mistress  of  Stephen,  constable  of  Cardigan ; 
mistress  of  Henry  I,  c.  1H4.  [xl.  228] 

NETHERSOLE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1587-1659),  secretary  i 
to  the  Electress  Elizabeth  ;  scholar,  fellow,  and  tutor  of 
Trinity     College,     Cambridge:     M.A.,     1610:     became 
secretary  to  James  Hay,  viscount  Doucaster,  afterwards  ; 
earl  of  Carlisle  [q.  v.],  1619 :  accompanied  him  on  his 
mission  to  the  Elector  Palatine :  knighted,  1619 ;  secretary 
to  the  Electress  Palatine,  1C20-3  ;  M.P.,  Corfe  Castle,  1624,  ; 
1625,  and    1628;   endeavoured   unsuccessfully   to   raise 


163S  ;    imprisoned   for  a  few 


money  for  the 

months  for  UK)  eealouidy  •upportn.tr  her,   1634:  took  DO 

purt  in  the  civil  wars  and  compounded  for  his  e«tat«, 

Hi.Vi:  wrote  political  pamphlets  advocating  p*»« 

the  signature  •  1'.  I).';  endowed  school  at  Polwwortb. 

NETTER  or  WALDEN.  THuMAS  (,/.  143(1)'  l'»r- 
melite;  entered  tin-  Carmelite  order  at  I/ni.l..n  ;  1>.D. 
"\lonl;  attended  the  Paris  council,  1409;  in>iiu.-itor  in 
Kngland  :  took  prominent  part  in  the  persecution  of  the 
Wvcliffite*;  confessor  to  n.  nry  V  and  one  of  the  Bnglifth 
repn-enutive*  at  Constance,  1416:  sent  on  a  mtaion  to 
tfMtataw,  king  of  Poland,  1419,  to  prevent  the  failure 
01  the  papal  army  against  the  Hottite*  ;  coofenor  to 
Henry  VI,  accompanying  him  to  France,  1430;  died  at 
Rouen.  He  iu-titutwl  the  Cimnelit«-  nuns  in  England  aud 
defended  the  Roman  catholic  faith  against  Wycliffe  and 
Husi>.  His  chief  work  was  'Doctrinale  Fidel  Eccktia? 
Catholicse  contra  Wiclevistas  et  HusslUn,'  and  be  pro- 
bably wrote  part  of  '  Fasciculi  Zizaniorum,  JohannU 
Wyclif.'  [xl.  231] 

NETTERVILLE,  SIR  JOHN,  second  ViscofXT 
N>  rii.uui.LEof  Dowth(</.  1C59),  joined  Lord  Moore  at 
Drogheda  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  rebellion.  1641  ; 
sent  to  Dublin,  being  distrusted,  and  was  imprisoned  for 
about  a  year,  1642-3:  on  his  release  joined  Prwton'* 
Lei  nster  army,  but  afterwards  adhered  to  Ormonde  and 
(  'lunru-arde,  1648  ;  retired  to  England,  1653.  [xl.  234] 

NETTERVILLE  or  NUTREVUXA,  LUOA8  DK  (d. 
1227X  archbishop  of  Armagh;  archdeacon  of  Armagh, 
1207  ;  archbishop,  1216  ;  commenced  a  Dominican 
monastery,  1224.  [xL  23S] 

NETTERVILLE,  RICHARD  (1545?-1607X  Irish 
lawyer  :  imprisoned  when  sent  (1576)  on  a  mission  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  for  the  abolition  of  the  cess  ;  released  on 
account  of  the  plague,  1577  ;  M.P.,  co.  Dublin,  1686. 

[xl.  236] 

NETTLES,  STEPHEN  (/f.  1644X  controversialist; 
fellow  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1699  :  M.  A.,  1602  : 
B.D.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cambridge,  1611:  held  pre- 
ferments in  Essex,  1610:  ejected,  1644.  [xL  236] 

NETTLEBHIP,  HENRY  (1839-1893),  Latin  scholar  : 
educated  at  Charterhouse  School  :  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1857  :  won  the  Hertford  scholar- 
ship  and  the  Gaisford  prize,  1869,  and  a  Craven  scholar- 
ship, 1861  ;  B.A.,  1661  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1862  :  assistant-master  at  Harrow,  1868  ; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1873;  Corpus 
professor  of  Latin,  1878-93:  spent  many  years  on  the 
study  of  Latin  lexicography  ;  wrote  on  the  classics. 

[xl.  236] 

NETTLESHIP,  RICHARD  LEWIS  (1846-1892), 
fellow  and  tutor  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  brother  of 
Henry  Nettleship  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  of  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford,  1864;  Hertford  scholar,  1866  ;  Ireland  scholar,  1867  ; 
Gaisford  prizeman,  1868  ;  Graven  scholar,  1870  ;  Arnold 
prizeman,  1873;  fellow  of  Balliol,  1869-92;  died  from 
exposure  attempting  to  ascend  Mont  Blanc  ;  published  an 
essay  on  '  The  Theory  of  Education  in  Plato's  Republic'  in 
'Hellenica,'  1880;  formed  collections  for  a  history  of 
'  The  Normans  In  Italy  and  Sicily.'  [  xl.  238] 

NEUHOFF,  FREDERICK  DK  (1726  7-1797).  [See 
FRKDKKICK,  COLONEL.] 

NEVA7,  JOHN  («/.  1672X  covenanter:  nephew  of 
Andrew  Cant  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1626  ;  strongly 
opposed  to  all  set  forma  of  prayer  ;  joined  the  whiga> 
mores,  1648,  and  the  extreme  covenanters,  1650  ;  banished, 
1660  ;  died  in  Holland.  [xl  238] 

NEVAY,  JOHN  (1792-1870),  poet;  a  handloom 
weaver  ;  gained  repute  as  a  lyric  poet.  [xl.  239] 

NEVE.    [See  LK  NHVK.] 

NEVE,  CORNELIUS  (Jl.  1637-1664),  portrait-painter  ; 
of  Netherlandish  origin;  painted  portraits  now  at  Pet- 
worth,  Knole,  and  Oxford.  [xl  239] 

NEVE  or  LE  NEVE,  JEFFBRY  (1679-1664X  astro- 
loger :  merchant  and  alderman  of  Great  Yarmouth  ;  bailiff 
of  Yarmouth,  1620  ;  deputy  water-bailiff  of  Dover,  1636  ; 
commissioned  to  encourage  archery,  1628-31  ;  M.D. 
Franeker  ;  established  himself  in  London  :  author  of  '  An 
Almanacke  and  Prognostication,'  1607-24,  and  a  manu- 
script •  Vindicta  Astrologie  Jndiciari*/  [xl.  240] 


NEVE 


986 


NEVILLE 


nVX.  TIMOTHY (1691  ir/.r  ...Imn.-.md  antiquary  ; 
.  'allege.  Cambridge,  17 14 :  schoolmaster  at 
r,  1716-W;  minor  canon  of  Peterborough,  1729- 
ided  at  Peterborough  a  Gentleman's  Society  ; 
of  Lincoln,  1744  :  archdeacon  of  Huntin.'  l<m. 
1747.  [xl.24l] 

NEVE.  TIMOTHY  (1724  179S).  divine;  son  of 
Tlmottu  17S7)  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Corpus  OhrUti 

College    Oxford,  1744;    D.D..  1758;   nvtor  of  Middlfton 
Sumcy.'l7n:  Lady  Margnn  <  livinity  at  •  »x- 

ford.  17*<     pn-b,Midarv  of  Worcester,  1783;    publMi.-d  a 
vitnl ication  of  the  Protestant  reformation,  1766. 

NEVELL.  JOHN  (</.  1697X  vice-admiral :  li»-utcn:int, 
1675:  commander.  1682:  posted,  1682;  rear-admiral, 
16M-  commanded  off  Dunkirk,  Ifi'.w :  <-omniander-in- 
chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  1696 :  vice-admiral  and  or- 
dered to  the  Went  Indies,  1697:  endeavoured  nti-uc- 
rcwfully  to  intercept  the  French  fleet  after  the  attack  on 
Cartagena  :  tiled  of  ff\er  on  the  coast  of  Virginia. 

NBVILE,  NEVYLE,  and  NEVILL.    [See  NKVILLK.] 
NEVILLE.   ALAN   HE  «i.  1191?).  judge  of  the  ex- 
chequer. 1166:  justice  of  the  forests,  1166 ;  excommuui- 
cat.,1  for  supporting   Henry  II  against  Becket,   1166; 
went  to  Jerusalem,  but  was  again  excommunicated,  1168. 

NEVILLE,  ALEXANDER  (if.  1392),  archbishop  of 
York ;  son  of  Ralph,  fourth  baron  Neville  [q.  v.] :  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1361 ;  archdeacon  of  Durham,  1369-71  : 
Moeeeded  Tboresby  as  archbishop  of  York,  1373  :  engaged 
in  various  ecclesiastical  quarrels,  and  was  a  conspicuous 
member  of  the  court  party :  appealed  of  treason,  1388, 
and  deprived  :  died  at  Loiivain.  [xl.  243] 

NEVILLE.  ALEXANDER  (1544-1614),  scholar; 
brother  of  Thomas  Neville  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1581  ; 
studied  law  and  became  secretary  to  Archbishop  Parker, 
and  "litcd  for  him  -Tabula  Heptarchiac  Saxonicao': 
wrote  a  Latin  account  of  KettV  rebellion,  1575,  with  a 
description  of  Norwich  and  its  antiquities;  translated 
Seneca's  '(Kdipus'  into  ballad  metre,  1563;  published 
•Acadetnise  Cantabrigifusis  lacryuue  tumulo  ...  P.  Sid- 
neij  sacraUr  per  A.  Nevillum,'  1587.  [xl.  244] 

HEVILLE,  ANNE  (1456-1486).    [Set-  ANNE.] 

NEVILLE.  CHARLES,  sixth  EARL  OP  WKSTMOR- 
I«AXI>  (1543-1601),  son  of  Henry,  fifth  earl  of  Westmorland 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  fattier,  1563 ;  endeavoured  with 
the  Karl  of  Northumberland  to  release  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  1569,  and  marched  towards  Tutbury  :  after  the 
removal  of  Mary  to  Coventry  and  retreat  of  the  rebels 
went  to  Loiivain ;  was  attainted,  1571,  losing  his  estates  ; 
lived  at  Maastricht,  e.  1577 ;  went  to  Home,  1581 :  died  at 
Nieuport.  [xl.  245] 

NEVILLE,  CHRISTOPHER  (ft.  1669),  rebel ;  son  of 
Ralph,  fourth  earl  of  Westmorland  [q.  v.] ;  a  leader  in  the 
northern  rebellion  of  1669  ;  fled  to  Scotland  and  then  to 
the  Low  Countries,  where  he  died.  [xl.  246] 

HEVILLE,  CUTHBERT  (/.  1669),  son  of  Ralph, 
fourth  earl  of  Westmorland  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  the  1569 
rebellion,  fled  to  the  Low  Countries,  and  died  there. 

[xl.  247] 

HEVILLE,  EDMUND  (15609-1618),  conspirator: 
claimed  to  be  heir  to  his  grand-uncle,  fourth  Baron 
Latimer,  r.  1684 ;  implicated  in  Parry's  plot,  1584 ;  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  of  London,  1684-95 ;  died  in 
Brussels.  [xl.  247] 

H1VILLE,  EDMUND  (1606-1647),  Jesuit;  studied  at 
Ft  Omrr  and  Home :  professed  of  the  four  vows,  1640 :  mis- 
kioiwr  in  England ;  wrote  on  Christian  fortitude,  1630. 
[xl.  248] 

NEVILLE,  EDWARD  (d.  1476),  first  BARON  OK  BKR- 
uAVKXffY  or  ABKROAVKNKY  (the  form  finally  adopted 
17IO|,  son  of  Ralph  Neville,  first  earl  of  Westmorland 
[q.  v.]  ;  married  Elizabeth  Beauchamp,  heiress  of 
Klcliard.  earl  of  Worcester,  who  had  Inherited  the  castle 
and  lands  of  Bergavenny;  obtained  possession  of  his 
fatber-in-lawV  lands.  14S6,  but  did  not  definitely  acquire 
the  castle  and  lordship  of  Ik-rgavenny  till  1480 ;  servel 
in  Normandy,  1449,  and  follc.u.-.!  the  heads  of  his  family 
m  tlw  rlvil  strife  ;  sat  regularly  in  the  privy  council  and 
In  the  north,  1462;  commissioner  of  array  for 

[xl.  248] 


NEVILLE.  Sir.  V. I > \V  A  HP  (d.  1538), courtier  :  brother 
of  George  Neville,  third  baron  Bngavenin  ;  held  uiany 
court  offices  ;  knighted  at  Tournay,  1613  ;  held  command 
in  the  army  in  France,  1628 ;  assisted  at  Anne  Boleyn's 
coronation.  1533,  and  Prince  Edward's  baptism,  1537; 
found  guilty  of  conspiring  with  the  Poles  and  beheaded. 

[xl.  250] 

NEVILLE,  iv/v  S.-ARISKRICK,  EDWARD (1(139-1709), 
jc-uit  :  assumed  the  name  Neville,  1660  ;  profess*!  of  the 
four  vows.  1H77  ;  English  missioner  and  royal  chaplain, 
1686  ;  on  the  continent,  1688-93  ;  published  sermons. 

[xl.  250] 

NEVILLE,  GEOFFREY  DK  ((/.  1225),  baron  :  son  of 
Alan  de  Neville  [q.  v.] ;  king's  chamberlain,  1207 ;  his 
fidelity  to  John  rewarded  with  grants  of  land  and  the 
shrievalty  of  Yorkshire,  1214  ;  seneschal  of  Poiton  and 
Gascony,  1215-19;  reappoiuted,  1223;  died  in  Gascony. 

[xl.25l] 

NEVILLE,  GEOFFREY  UK  (d.  1285),  baron  ;  brother 
of  Robert  de  Neville  («/.  1282)  [q.  v.] ;  sided  with  the 
king  in  the  barons'  war  ;  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  1265, 
of  Scarborough,  1270;  served  against  Llywelyn,  1276 
and  1282.  [xl.  252] 

NEVILLE,  GEORGE  ( 1433  ?-1476),  bishop  of  Exeter, 
archbishop  of  York,  and  chancellor  of  England ;  son  of 
Richard  Neville,  first  earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.],  prebendary 
of  York,  14,46  :  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1450 ;  M.A., 
1452  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1453-7  ;  received 
much  ecclesiastical  preferment :  bishop-elect  of  Exeter, 
1465 ;  consecrated.  1458 :  avoided  being  compromised  in 
the  rebellion  of  his  family,  1459,  and  on  their  successful 
return  to  London  became  chancellor,  1460 ;  succeeded  in 
detaching  Louis  XI  of  France  from  the  Lancastrians  and 
obtaining  a  commercial  truce  with  Flanders  at  a  con' 
ference  at  Hesdin,  1463 :  arranged  a  peace  with  Scotland, 
1464  -.celebrated  his  installation  (1465)  in  the  archbishopric 
of  York  with  great  extravagance :  deprived  of  the  seal, 
1467  ;  was  apparently  reconciled  to  Edward  IV,  1468,  but 
performed  the  marriage  (1469)  between  Warwick's  elder 
daughter  Isabel  and  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  and,  on  Edward's 
flight  to  Holland,  1470,  became  chancellor  to  Henry  VI : 
surrendered  Henry  VI  and  himself  to  Edward  IV  when 
Edward  entered  London  as  victor,  1471 ;  was  imprisoned 
for  two  months  only,  and  thought  himself  restored  to 
favour,  but  (1472)  was  seized  secretly  and  imprisoned  in 
France  till  1475,  and  his  hinds  and  see  forfeited.  He  was  a 
benefactor  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  saved  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  from  confiscation,  1462.  [xl.  252] 

NEVILLE,  GEORGE,  third  BARON  OF  BKRGAVENNY 
(1461  ?-1535),  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Neville  [q.  v.] ;  K.B., 
1483 ;  succeeded  his  father,  1492  ;  warden  of  the  Cinque 
ports  and  K.G.,  1613  ;  arrested  on  account  of  his  knowledge 
of  the  schemes  of  his  father-in-law,  Edward  Stafford,  third 
duke  of  Buckingham  [q.  v.],  1521 :  released,  1622 ;  com- 
manded in  the  army  in  France,  1523.  [xL  257] 

NEVILLE,  GEORGE  (1509-1567),  divine;  son  of 
Richard,  second  baron  Latimer ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1524 : 
D.D. ;  held  many  livings  and  (c.  1558)  became  archdeacon 
of  Carlisle.  [xl.  296] 

NEVILLE,     GEORGE,     afterwards     GRENVILLE 
-1854),    son   of  Richard    Aldworth    Griffin-Neville 
..  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,   Cambridge :  M.A., 
10 ;  nominated  master  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge, 
1813,  inherited  the  property  and  assumed  the  surname  of 
his  uncle  Thomas  Grenville  (1755-1846)  [q.  v.],  1825  :  dean 
of  Windsor,  1846.  [xl.  297] 

NEVILLE,  GREY  (1681-1723),  politician;  M.P., 
Abingdon,  1706,  Wallingford,  1708,  Berwick-on-Tweed, 
1715  ;  joined  the  Walpole  section  of  the  whigs.  [xl.  258] 

NEVILLE,  HENRY,  fifth  EARI.  OP  WKSTMORI.AND 
(1525  ?-1563),  son  of  Ralph  Neville,  fourth  earl  of  West- 
morland [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1544  :  succeeded  as  earl.  1550  ; 
K.G.,  1552 ;  supported  Queen  Mary  on  Edward  VI's  death : 
lieutenant-general  of  the  north,  1558-9.  [xl.  278] 

NEVILLE,  SIR  HENRY  (1564?-1615),  courtier  and 
diplomatist;  matriculated  from  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1677 ;  created  M.A.,1605  ;  sat  in  parliament  from  coming 
of  age  till  his  death  ;  knighted  and  sent  as  ambassador  to 
France,  1599  ;  imprisoned  iu  the  Tower  of  London  for 
complicity  in  Essex's  plot,  1600-3  :  identified  himself  with 
the  popular  party.  [xl.  258] 


NEVILLE 


'J37 


NEVILLE 


NEVILLE,   HKNItV  <1  •;•„"'  l»i»4>.  political   nn.l   mis- 
eell.iiHmus  \\ritcr;  irranoNnii  of  ,-ir  Henn   Neville  i  l.'n.l  'f 
1015)  [q.  v.] ;    nlucat^l   at    Merlon  UH   ','nu.  ; 
hrcs, Oxford  ;  visit4ii  Italy  :  M.J'..  Reading.  ItiftH  ;  arrested 
•  MI  suspicion  of  implication  in  tin-  York-liirv  ri-ing,  1663  ; 
released,  1GG4  ;  author  of  some  conr-e  lampoon-  ami  m  a 
.!    -torv.    'The    1-lf   of    1'intV    hlf.H  :    tran-laN-d 
Macchiavclli1-  \\ork-.  [xl.  259] 

NEVILLE,  HUGH  in :  «/.  1  •„".".').  baron  :  accompaniM 
Richard    I   to  Palestine,  1190:    present  at   the 
.Jonpa,  1192;  chief-justi.-c  of  for.-t-.  11!»K;  one  of  Kin:.r 
John's  chief  advisers,  but  on  hi*  death  ioiiK-1  the  barons  : 
u  benefactor  (.f  Waltham  Abbey,  [xl.  260] 

NEVILLE,  HIJCH  I.IM-/.  1234),  wn of  Hugh  de  Neville 
(rf.  1222)  [q.  v.] :  ,-hici-ju-ti«-c  and  warden  of  forest*,  1»3. 

[xl.  261] 

NEVILLE.  >n:  HI'MPHHKY  ( 14.1H  ?-1469),  in- 
surgent: impri-onol  in  tin-  Tower  for  mining  Henry  VI, 
1  l»;i  ;  e<ea|K-d  aii'i  was  pardoned  ami  knighU-d,  1403  ; 
again  joined  tin-  l.aiira-trian-.  !  li.-l  :  raised  a  fre»h  revolt, 
1409,  which  wi^  -uppre«-*d  by  Warwick  :  bche'idcd  at 
York.  [xl.  262] 

NEVILLE,  JOHN  OK,  fifth  BARON  NKVILLK  o»  RABY 
(•I.  1388),  son  of  Ralph  Neville,  fourth  baron  Neville 
[q.  v.] ;  fought  in  Oascony,  1345, 1349,  and  1360 ;  knighted, 
1360:  succeeded  his  father,  1367;  K.G.,  1369  ;  admiral 
of  the  fleet,  1370 :  negotiated  an  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  John  de  Montfort,  duke  of  Brittany.  1372  : 
commanded  at  the  siege  of  Bn«t :  impeached,  1376,  but 
his  impeachment  was  reversal.  1377 ;  as  lieutenant  of 
Aquitaine,  1378.  recovered  many  towns  and  forts ;  con- 
stantly employed  on  the  Scottish  bonier  after  1381.  He 
founded  a  chantry  in  the  Charterhouse  at  Coventry, 
erected  a  screen  in  Durham  Cathedral,  and  built  a  great 
part  of  Raby  Castle.  [xl.  2W] 

NEVILLE,  JOHN,  MARQUIS  OP  MONTAGU  and  EARL 
op  NORTHUMBERLAND  (</.  1471 X  son  of  Richard  Neville, 
first  earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1449 :  took  part  in 
the  northcm  conflicts  1463  and  1457 ;  taken  prisoner  and 
confined  in  Chester  Castle,  1459 :  released  after  the  battle 
of  Northampton,  1460,  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Montagu,  1165:  imprisoned  at  York  after  the  second 
battle  of  St.  Albans,  1461,  but  liberated  by  Kdtard  after 
Towton,  1461 ;  kept  employe!  in  the  north  :  K.G.,  1462  : 
commissioner  to  arrange  definite  peace  with  the  Scots, 
1463 :  avoided  Humphrey  Neville's  ambush  ;  utterly  de- 
feated the  Lancastrians  at  Hexham,  1464,  for  which  he 
was  rewarded  with  the  estates  and  eurldom  of  Northum- 
berland, 1464  ;  joined  the  Lancastrians  in  anger  that  the 
estates  and  earldom  of  Northumberland  were  restored  to 
Henry  Percy  (1446-1489)  [q.  v.] :  allowed  Edward  IV  to 
land  in  Yorkshire,  but  fought  on  the  Lancastrian  side  at 
Barnet,  where  he  was  slain :  his  body  exposed  for  two 
days  at  St.  Paul's  ami  then  interred  at  Bisham  Abbey. 

[xl.  265] 

NEVILLE,  JOHN,  third  BARON  LATIMEU  (1490?- 
1543),  son  of  Richard  Neville,  second  baron  Latimer 
[q.  T.I  ;  secured  valuable  grants  of  land  ;  succeeded  his 
father,  1531 ;  implicated  in  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1636  : 
second  husband  of  Catherine  Parr,  afterwards  sixth  wife 
of  Henry  VIII.  [xl.  269] 

NEVILLE,  JOLLAN  DK  (<l.  1246),  judge;  justice  in 
eyre  in  Yorkshire  and  Northumberland,  1234-11:  sat  at 
Westminster,  1241-5;  possibly  author  or  part  author  of 
the  •  Testa  de  Nevill.'  [xl.  269] 

NEVILLE,  RALPH  (d.  1244),  bishop  of  Chichester  | 
and  chancellor  ;  clerk  of  the  seal  under  Peter  des  Roches,  : 
[q.  v.],  1213  ;  held  many  preferments  ;  became  vice-chan- 
cellor, c.  1220  ;  chancellor  and  bishop  of  Chichester,  1222  ; 
justiciar  in  Shropshire,  1224  ;    lord  chancellor,  1226 ;   his 
election  as  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (1231)  quashed  by  ! 
Gregory  IX;  granted  the   Irish  chancellorship  for  life,  ' 
1232:  assent  to  Neville's  election  as  bishop  of  Winchester  i 
(1238)  refused  by  Henry  III ;  forcibly  deprived  of  the  seal,  ' 
1238,  but  restored  to  office,  1242.  [xl.  270] 

NEVILLE,  RALPH  I>K,  fourth  BARON  NKVILLK  OF 
RAP.Y  (1291V-1367),  seneschal  of  the  household;  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  1331 ;  with  Henry  Percy,  lord  Percy 
(1299  7-1352)  [q.  v.],  made  warden  of  the  marches,  1334 ; 
assisted  in  the  victory  of  Neville's  Cross,  near  Durham, 
1346  :  made  David  Bruce  prisoner  and  was  much  occupied 
with  negotiations  for  Bruce's  release  :  for  a  time  governor 
of  TVrwioV.  13S.r>,  [xl.  271] 


NEVILLE,  RALPH,  sixth  I;\K«.N  Ni  VII.I.HMK  RABY 
ami    lir-t     i:\i-.i.    ..i     \V  v  -  i  M<  >ltl.\M>  (1364-143*),  MQ   «C 
John    de    Neville,  fiftli   baron   Nevill.-  [.(.   v.]  ;    • 
1380:    JMiccei-dul    hi-    fiith-r,   13**;    joint 
.ml  eon-taiith   einjiloved    in   JMM. 
with  Scotland  ;  closely 'connected   with   the  coin 
a«si*ted  at  the  trial  of  the  U.r.l-  :,j,|--l:-»m.  i:w7  :  created 
Karl  of  Westmorland,  i:i;«7  ;  took  j.;,  hard  II, 

1399,  and  conveyed  hi-    r. -urnatioi 
dinted  at  H.M..   IV-  e,,roi. ;.n.. n  :  mar-),..;  of  Knffhmd, 
1899 ;  captain  of  HoxbnryhCa-tle  an.1  K.<, 
(•f  the  wi-t  man-he-  after  the  battle  <,f   -hre-A -l.nry,  1403, 
whore  Hotspur  wa<  -lain  ;  in  the  revolt.  14ti5,  threw  him- 
-••If  iM-tv.een  the  two  main  bodies  of  the  rvoelx,  rrxiutl  the 
Cleveland  foree,  and  took  Soropc  and  Mowbray  primnerrt: 
constantly  occupied  in  negotiation-  with  Scotland;   a«- 
tiisted  the  nveut  Bedford,  and  wax  one  of  toe  < 
of  linns   V-  Ail!:  tx-nelactnr  of  Staimlnip  ami  •  great 
builder.  [xl.  27:i] 

NEVILLE,  RALPH.  *wond  KAHL  OP  WrsruoRLAxn 
(  /.  US4),  grandson  of  Ralph  Neville,  flrnt  earl  [q.  T.]  ; 
marrie.1  a  daughter  of  Hotspur  (Sir  Henry  Percy  (1364- 
1403)  [q.  v.]).  [xl.  J77] 

NEVILLE,  RALPH,  fourth  RAUL  OK  WESTMORLAND 
(1499-1550),  great-nephew  of  Ralpli  Neville,  sei-owl  earl 
of  Westmorland  [q.  v.]:  receive<l  livery  of  his  lauds, 
1620;  knighted,  1M'3;  K.(J.,  1525;  vice- warden  of  the 
east  and  middle  marches ;  chief  commissioner  to  treat 
with  Scotland,  1525;  privy  councillor.  l.r>2«>, ;  remained 
loyal  during  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  153ti ;  member  of 
the  council  of  the  north,  1515.  [xL  278] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  first  EAKL  op  SALISBURY 
(1400-1460),  son  of  Ralph  Neville,  first  earl  of  Westmor- 
land [<|.  v.] ;  warden  of  the  west  march,  1420 :  married 
Alice,  only  child  of  Thomas  de  Montacute,  fourth  earl  of 
Salisbury  [q.  v.],  1426  :  became  Earl  of  Salisbury  in  right 
of  his  wife,  1429  ;  joined  Henry  VI  in  France,  1431 ; 
warden  of  both  marches,  1434 ;  helped  to  arrest  Hum- 
phrey, duke  of  Gloucester,  1447  ;  persuaded  York  to  lay 
down  his  arms,  1462  ;  chancellor  during  the  Duke  of 
York's  protectorate,  1453-5 ;  by  a  victory  at  Blore  Heath 
effected  a  junction  with  York  at  Ludlow,  1459,  with 
whom,  when  defeated  at  L ml  ford,  he  fled  to  France  and 
was  attainted  in  his  absence;  returned  with  Warwick, 

1460,  and  remained  in  charge  of  London  while  Warwick 
went  to  meet  the  Lancastrians  at  Northampton  ;  his 
attainder  removed  and  himself  made  chamberlain.  1460 ; 
captured  the  night  after  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  taken  to 
1'ontefract  Castle,  and  murdered  there.  [xl.  279] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  EARL  OP  WARWICK  and 
SALISBURY  (1428-1471),  the  '  king-maker ' ;  son  of  Richard 
Nevillq,  first  earl  of  Salisbury  [q.  v.]  :  married  Anne,  only 
daughter  of  Richard  de  Beauchamp,  earl  of  Warwick  [q. v.  ] ; 
succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates  in  right  of  his  wife, 
1449  :  when  Richard,  duke  of  York,  claimed  the  regency, 
1453,  sided  with  York,  took  up  arms  with  him.  1455,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  first  battle  of  St.  Albans, 
1455  ,  rewarded  with  the  captaincy  of  Calais  where  he 
entered  into  negotiations  with  Philip  of  Burgundy,  1467  ; 
took  part  in  the  'love-day'  procession,  1458;  made  a 
popular  hero  in  England  by  his  attack  on  a  fleet  of  Spanish 
ships  off  Calais,  1458  ;  brought  into  Calais  five  great  car- 
racks  of  Spain  and  Genoa,  1459 ;  with  York  at  Ludlow, 
but  returned  to  Calais  in  time  to  close  its  gates  against 
Somerset,  who  had  been  appointed  to  succeed  him  by 
Queen  Margaret:  landed  at  Sandwich,  June  1460,  and 
marched  to  London,  which  was  friendly  ;  gained  an  easy 
victory  at  Northampton,  1460,  and  brought  the  captive 
King  Henry  VI  to  London,  after  which  matters  were  com- 
promised by  making  York  heir-presumptive,  an  arrange- 
ment which  came  to  nothing,  since  the  Lancastrians 
rallied  in  December  at  Wakefield,  1460,  and  York  and 
Salisbury,  the  '  king-maker's  *  father,  were  both  killed  : 
became  Earl  of  Salisbury,  K.G.,  and  great  chamberlain. 
1461 ;  lost  control  of  King  Henry  VI  by  the  victory  of 
Queen  Margaret  at  the  second  battle  of  St.  Albans,  1461  ; 
joined  Edward,  the  young  duke  of  York  (afterwards  Kd 
ward  IV),  who  had  been  victorious  at  Mortimer's  Cross, 

1461,  and  assisted  in  declaring  him  king ;  with  F.-lwanl 
followed  the  Lancastrians  and  defeated  them  at  Towton, 
March  1461 ;  confirmed  in  all  his  offices  by  Edward  IV  at 
his  coronation :  the  real  ruler  of  England  during  the  first 
three  years  of  Edward's  reign :  secured  ascendency  for 
Hdward  IV  at  home  and  honour  abroad  :  annoyed  at  Ed- 
ward TV's  marriage  with  Elizabeth  Woodville,  1464,andat 


NEVILLE 


988 


NEWBALD 


•  to  negotiate  with  foreign  pow.-r-  ;tvvt>r.ling  to  the 
of  the  Woodvilles  :  withdrew  from  court,  1467  ; 
[  hU  daughter  InatM  to  the  Duke  of  Clarence  early 

1449  at  Oalat*.  and  instig.it«l  tlio  revolt  of  llobin  of 
Itatodalc.nrhviin-  lum-.-li  'u-t  alter  the  victory  of  North- 
ampton, Jul  v  1469  :  kept  k-lward  IV  pri-oner.  t.utu:i- 
obUgfd  to  release  him  to  suppress  a  rising  in  York-bin- : 
with  Clarence  fomented  fresh  dfatanteMM,  February 
1470:  wai  defeated  at  Stamford  by  Edward  IV,  1470,  but 
Moaprd  to  Honfleur  ;  joined  the  Lancastrians,  an«l  after 
•ome  difficulty  persuaded  Queen  Margaret  to  accept  his 
aid:  laodeii  in  England,  September  147U,  advanced  on 
London,  and  proclaimed  Henry  VI  kin*  Edward  IV 
being  compelled  to  flee  to  Flanders  :  maintaine.1  hi<  posi- 
Uon  with  difficulty,  and  when  (March  1471)  Edward  JV 
lauded  in  Yorkshire,  allowed  him  to  pass  and  proclaim 
himself  kin*:  defeated  and  slain  by  Kdward  IV  at  liarnet. 
14  April  1471  :  his  Ixriy  exposed  for  two  dnys  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  and  buried  at  Bisham  Abbey.  Warwick  de- 
voted himself  to  the  acquisition  of  power  for  himself  and 
hi*  family  :  be  was  singularly  energetic,  and  hU  genuine 
diplomatic  talent,  favoured  by  opportunity,  enabled  him 
to  gr«*p  and  utilise  almost  royal  power.  His  title  of  the 
4  king-maker '  is  not  traceable  further  I  nick  than  the 
Latin  history  of  Scotland  of  John  Major  (1469-1560) 
[q.y.]  C^l.  283] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  second  BARON  LATIMEU 
( 14W-1530X  succeeded  his  father,  1469 ;  served  on  the 
northern  border:  made  lieutenant-general,  1622:  com- 
mlMioner  for  the  north,  1 626.  [xl.  296] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD  ALDWORTH  GRIFFIN-, 
second  BARON  BRATBROOKK  (1760-1825),  son  of  Richard 
Nerille  AMworth  Neville  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.  for  Orampound, 
1774,  for  Reading,  1782-96  :  succeeded  his  father's  maternal 
uncle  M  Baron  Braybrooke  ami  assumed  the  name  Griffin, 
1797 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Essex,  1798.  [xl.  296] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD  CORN  WALLIS,  fourth  BARON 
Hit  \YimooKK  (1820-1861),  archaeologist;  son  of  Richard 
(triffin  Neville,  third  baron  Braybrooke  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
the  army,  1837 :  served  in  Canada.  1842 ;  F.S.A.,  1847 ; 
brought  to  light  the  Roman  station  at  Great  Chesterford, 
and  the  Saxon  cemeteries  near  Little  Wilbraham  and  Lin- 
ton  :  wrote  abont  his  discoveries ;  succeeded  his  father, 
18»8.  [xl.  297] 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD  GRIFFIN,  third  BARON  BR  \Y- 
BROOKK  ( 1783-1868 X  son  of  Richard  Aid  worth  Griffin- 
NeTille,  second  baron  [q.  v.] ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Oxford  ;  M.P.  from  1805  until  his  succession  to  the  peerage, 
18S6 :  was  first  editor  of  Pepys's  '  Diary,'  1825. 

NEVILLE,  RICHARD  NEVILLE  ALD*WORTH 
(1717-1793X  statesman:  originally  Aldworth,  assumed 
name  of  Seville  on  succeeding  to  his  maternal  uncle's 
widow's  property,  1762 :  educated  at  Eton  and  Merton 
College,  Oxford  :  travelled  in  Switzerland  and  Italy  :  M  P , 
Reading,  1747,  Wallingford,  1764-61,  Tavistock,  1761-74; 
under-secretory  of  state  under  Bedford,  1748  ;  secretary 
to  the  embassy  at  Paris,  1762-3.  [xl.  298] 

NEVILLE,  ROBERT  UK,  secoihl  BAHON  NKVILLE  OP 
RABT  (d.  1282X  brother  of  Geoffrey  de  Neville  (d.  1285) 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father,  1264  ;  governor  of  northern 
OMtlen;  chief-justice  of  forests,  1264:  reinstated  on  the 
final  defeat  of  the  barons  and  made  chief  assessor  in  the 
northern  counties,  1278.  [xl.  299] 

NEVILLE,  ROBERT  (1404-1457),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bory  and  Durham :  son  of  Ralph  Neville,  first  earl  of 
Westmorland  [q.  T.]  ;  received  much  ecclesiafltical  prefer- 
ment and  (14*7)  became  bishop  of  Salisbury:  founded 
Shcrborne  aloMboosec  :  translated  to  Durham,  1438 :  built 
toe  'Exchequer*  near  Durham  Castle:  visited  by 
Henry  VI,  1448 ;  commissioner  in  the  truces  with  Scot- 
land,1449  and  14*7.  [xL  300] 

NEVILLE  or  NEVTLE,  ROBERT  (d.  1694),  dramatist 
anddivlne:edocat«l  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge: M.A  1664 :  B.D.  by  royal  mandate,  1671 ;  rector 
of  Aiutle,  1671 ;  published  •  The  Poor  Scholar,'  1673. 


•  r»   ~™»«~«- ;  brother   of   George  Neville,  third 
ooof  BargaTflany  [q.  v.]:  member  of  Henry  VIII's 
boaaebokL,  and  privy  councillor  ;  M.P.,  Kent,  and  speaker, 

SEiSKtS: *•  """^ "" ;  T^* 


NEVILLE.  THOMAS  (-/.  1  •;!.->),  dean  of  Canterbury 
brother  of  Alexander  Neville  (1544- 1614)  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow, 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1570  ;  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1582  :  prebendary  of  Kly,  1587  ;  D.D., 
I  1688;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1588;  dean  of  Peter- 
borough. 1590:  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambrid'-e 
'.503-1615:  dean  if  Canterbury.  1597;  assisted  largely  in 
rebuilding  Trinity  College,  and  contributed  to  the  library  • 
benefactor  of  Eastbridge  Hospital,  Canterbury. 

NEVILLE,  Sm  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1389  ?),  loUard°:  son 

of  Kaljih  de  Neville,  fourth  baron  Neville  of  Raby  [q.'v.]  : 

admiral  of  the  fleet  north  of  the  Thames,  1372  ;  a  member 

,  of  the  king's  household  :  supported  the  lollard  movement. 

NEVILLE.    WILLIAM;    BARON   PAOTOxSai^L 

afterwards  Kuu,  OK  KKNT  ft/.  1463),  son  of  Ralph  Neville, 

first  earl  of  Westmorland  [q.  v.]  :  knighted,  1426  :  became 

i  Baron  Fauconberg  in  right  of  his  wife  Joan.  1424  •  served 

)  in  Normandy,  1436  and  1439-40 :  K.G.,  1439 ;  taken  pri- 

;  soner  at  Pont  de  1'Arche,  1449  :    keeper   of    Roxburgh 

Castle,  1452 ;  remained  as  Warwick's  lieutenant  at  Calais 

1459  ;  took  prominent  part  at  Towton,  14C1 ;  raised  to  the 

earldom  of  Kent,  1460  ;  when  admiral  of  the  Channel  fleet 

(1462)  failed  to  intercept  Queen  Margaret.         [xl.  304] 

NEVILLE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1618),  poet :  son  of  Richard 
Neville,  second  baron  Latimer  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  '  The 
Castell  of  Pleasure,'  printed  by  Hary  Pep  well,  1518  and 
Wynkyn  de  Worde.  [xl.  3b6] 

NEVILLE-PAYNE,  HENRY  (fl.  1672-1710).     [See 

NEVIN,  THOMAS  (1686?-1744),  Irish  presbyterian 
minister;  M.A..,  Glasgow;  ordained  minister  of  Down- 
patrick,  1711 ;  charged  with  Arianism  by  Charles  Echlin, 
1724,  when  the  civil  courts  dismissed  the  case,  but  the 
general  synod  struck  him  off  the  roll ;  readmitted,  1726. 

NEVISON,  JOHN  (1639-1684),  highwayomn  \  s^rval 
in  Holland  ;  took  to  highway  robbery,  c.  1660  ;  convicted 
and  imprisoned  at  York,  1676 :  escaped  :  a  reward  offered 
for  his  apprehension,  which  was  effected  at  Thorp,  1685  ; 
hanged  at  York.  [xl.  307] 

NEV0Y,  Sm  DAVID,  LORD  REIDIE,  afterward-; 
LOKD  NEVOY  (d.  1683),  Scottish  judge ;  appointed  lonl  of 
session  and  knighted,  1661.  [xL  308] 

NEVYLE,  ALEXANDER  (1644-1614).  [See  NE- 
VILLE.] 

NEVYN80N,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1551),  lawyer; 
cousin  of  Stephen  Nevynson  [q.  v.] ;  admitted  advocate, 
1539;  commissioner  for  diocesan  visitations  and  heresy 
trials,  1547.  [xl.  308] 

NEVYNSON,  STEPHEN  (d.  1581  ?),  prebendary  of 
Canterbury;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1544;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1648: 
LL.D.,  1553 ;  commissioner  for  diocesan  visitations,  1559  ; 
commissary-general  of  Canterbury,  1560  ;  canon  of  Can- 
terbury before  1563 ;  vicar-general  of  Norwich,  1666. 

NEWABBEY,  LORD  (1596-1646).  [See  SPOTTISWOOD, 
Sm  ROBERT.] 

NEWALL,  ROBERT  STIRLING  (1812-1889),  en- 
gineer and  astronomer ;  invented  wire-ropes,  1840 ;  laid 
many  submarine  telegraph  cables  :  invented  the  '  brake- 
drum'  and  cone  for  laying  cables  in  deep  seas,  1853; 
made  a  series  of  drawings  of  the  sun,  1848-52;  had  a 
large  telescope  made,  1871  :  wrote  on  submarine  cables  ; 
P.R.A.S.,  1864 ;  F.R.S.,  1875 ;  M.I.M.E.,  1879. 

[xl.  309] 

NEWARK,  first  LORD  (d.  1682).  [See  LESLIE,  DAVID.] 

NEWARK  or  NEWERK,  HENRY  DE  (d.  1299), 
archbishop  of  York :  received  much  preferment ;  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1271 ;  archdeacon  of  Rich- 
mond, 1281 ;  prebendary  of  York  before  1283 :  commis- 
sioner to  arrange  services  due  to  Edward  I,  1283 ;  dean  of 
York,  1290 ;  present  at  Norham,  at  the  process  between 
the  claimants  to  the  Scottish  crown,  1291 ;  archbishop  of 
York,  1296-9.  [xl.  310] 

NEWBALD  or  NEWBATTD,  GEOFFREY  DE  (d. 
1283),  judge;  assessor  of  the  fifteenth  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  1275  ;  justice,  1276 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
1277.  [xl.  311] 


NEWBERY 


NEWCOURT 


NEWBERY,  FKAN01S  (1743-1818),  publisher  :  sou 
of  John  Newbery  [q.  v.] ;  sin-re.-,!.  .1  to  ins  futhrr's  hu-i- 
nest,  1767;  wrote  a  voluminous  account  of  Coi-l-uiitli'- 
deatb ;  scholar,  poet,  and  lover  of  music  :  his  classical 
translations  published  ;i-  •  Dunum  Amicis,'  1«15. 

[xl.312] 

NEWBERY,     .lollX     (1713-17r,7 ),     puhl^lu-r    mid 
oriirinutor   of  children's  books;   assistant-editor  of   the 
'Keu'liiik'     Mercury,'    1730;    cotnbine.1    p:»t«-nt    medicine 
selling  and  publi^hiiii,'  in  London,  1744;  identified  him-  j 
self    with  newspaper  enterprise;    first    to  imue    boolu 
upecnilly    for    children  :   planned,  if    he  did  not 
Mliles  Gingerbread,'  '  Mn».    Margery    Two   Shoes.'    and 
•Tommy  Trip  nnd  his  IX*  Jowler' :  Dr.  Johnson,  Oliver 
CoMsuuth.  <:hn<toph«-r  Smart,  and  L»r.  Dodd  auiong  hi* 
literary  clients.  [xl.  312] 

NEWBEEY,  HALl'H  or  KAPE  (A.  1590),  publisher: 
made  free  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1567 ;  published 
•Hakluyt's    Voyages,'   'Holinshed's    Chronicles,'    1574, 
Barnabe  Googe's  'Ecloges,'  1563,   and  Stow's   4Am 
1580,  1599,  and  1600.  [xl.  314] 

NEWBERY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1563),  author  of  'Dives 
Pragmaticus,'  1563,  a  work  to  teach  children  to  read  and 
write.  [xl.  314] 

NEWBERY,  THOMAS  (  A.  1666),  printer  :  published 
4  Rules  for  the  Government  of  the  Tongue,'  1656. 

[xl.  314] 

NEWBOLD,  THOMAS  JOHN  (1807-1850),  traveller  ;  \ 
obtained  commission  under  the  East  India  Company, 
1828 ;  lieutenant,  1834 ;  aide-de-camp  to  brigadier-general 
Wilson,  1885-40;  collected  in  hi*  constant  intercourse 
with  Malayan  chiefs  materials  for  his  book  on  the  Strait* 
of  Malacca,  1839 ;  studied  the  geology  of  Southern  India  ; 
R.A.S.,  1841 ;  captain,  1842  :  assistant  at  Kumool,  1843- 
1848,  at  Hyderabad,  1848 ;  dial  at  Mahabuleshwar. 

[xL  314] 

NEWBOULD.WILLIAM  WILLIAMSON  (1819-1886), 
botanist;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1845;  was 
ordained,  1844,  but  did  not  officiate  regularly ;  fellow  of  , 
the  Botanical  Society  of  Kdinburgh,  1841 ;  an  original 
member  of  the  Ray  Society,  1844  ;  F.I^S.,  1863  :  devoted 
himself  to  helping  scientific  workers ;  XeicbouWia  (Big- 
noniacea))  named  after  him.  [xl.  315] 

NEWBUBGH,  first  EARL  OK  (d.  1670).  [See  LIVING- 
STONE, SIR  J  AMKS.] 

NEWBURGH,  COUNTESS  OF  (rf.  1765).  [See  RAD- 
CLIFFE,  OHARLOTTK  MARIA.] 

NEWBURGH,  NEUBOURG.  or  BEAUMONT, 
HENRY  PE,  first  EARL  OP  WARWICK  (d.  1123),  lord  of 
Neubourg  in  Normandy ;  keeper  of  Warwick  Castle, 
1068 ;  created  Earl  of  Warwick  by  William  II ;  friend  of 
Henry  I :  benefactor  of  Preaux  abbey  and  the  monks  of 
Warwick.  .  [xl.  316] 

NEWBURGH,  WILLIAM  OF  (1136-1198?).  [See 
WILLIAM.] 

NEWBYTH,  LORD  (1620-1698).  [See  BAIRD,  8m 
JOHN.] 

NEWCASTLE,  HUGH  OF  (/.  1322),  Franciscan: 
pupil  of  Duns  Scotus  ;  attended  the  chapter  of  Perugia, 
1322  ;  wrote  on  Antichrist ;  buried  at  Paris. 

[xl.  317] 

NEWCASTLE-ON  TYNE,  DUKES  OF.  [See  CAVEN- 
DISH, WILLIAM,  first  DUKE,  1592-1676 :  HOLLES,  JOHN, 
first  duke  of  the  second  creation,  1662-1711.] 

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE,  DUCHESS  OF  (1624?- 
1674).  [See  CAVENDISH,  MARGARET.] 

NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME,  DUKES  OF.  [See 
PELHAM-HOLLES,  THOMAS,  first  DUKK,  1693-1768; 
CLINTON,  HENRY  FIKNNES,  second  DUKE,  1720-1794; 
CLINTON,  HENRY  PELHAM  FIKNNES  PELHAM,  fourtli  DUKE, 
1785-1851;  CLINTON,  HBNRY  PELHAM  FIENNES  PELHAM, 
fifth  DUKE,  1811-1864.] 

NEWCOMB,  THOMAS  (16827-1762),  poet;  B.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1704 ;  dm  plain  to  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  rector  of  Stopham,  1705 :  pub- 
lished '  Bibliotheca '  (satire),  1712,  and,  by  subscription, 
4  The  Last  Judgment  of  Men  and  Angels,'  1723:  suffered 
in  old  age  from  poverty,  gout,  and  rheumatism :  wrote 
much,  chiefly  odes.  [xl.  318] 

NEWCOMBE,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1627-1681 ),  king's 
printer  to  Charles  II;  was  proprietor  and  printer  of 


I'uMi.-u- '  and  other  newspaper* ;  granted  the 

pau-nt  of  kind's  prinu-r  f«.r  thirty  yean,  1676.  [xL  S19] 

NEWCOMBE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (d.  1691).  MO 
of  Thomas  Newoombe  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  king'*  printer  to 
( -harks  II,  James  II,  and  William  II I.  [xl.  819] 

NEWCOME,  HENRY  (1627-16M).  nonoonformUt 
mii.i~t.-r:  M.A.  St.  .M.u's  College,  Cambridge,  16*1; 
schoolmaster  at  Congleton,  1647 ;  received  preibyterian 
ordination  :  curate  of  Goostrey.  1648 ;  rector  of  Oaws- 
worth.  1650;  elected  preacher  at  the  collegiate  church, 
Manchester,  1666,  but  not  retained  on  ita  reconstitotion, 
l«fio :  continued  to  preach  till  IMS  :  took  out  a  licence, 
1672,  and  performed  -.id.  inini-trattonii  an  be  could  In 
and  near  Manchester ;  moilerator  of  a  meeting  of  th* 
United  Brethren.  1693  :  kept  a  'diary  '  (part  published) 
and  wrote  devotional  wwta.  [  xl.  319J 

NEWCOME,  HENRY  (1660-171SX  divine;  of  >t. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford  :  son  of  Henry  Newcome  (1627- 
1696)  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of  Tattenhall,  1676,  of  Middleton,  1701. 

[xl.  321] 

NEWCOME,  PETER  (1666-1738),  divine;  of  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge.  St.  Kdmiind  Hall,  Oxford,  and 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford  ;  sou  of  Henry  Newcome  ( 1627- 
1695)  [q.  v.] ;  vicar  of  Aldenbam,  1688,  of  Hackney,  1708. 

[xL  321] 

NEWCOME,  PETER  (1727-1797),  antiquary  ;  grand- 
son of  Peter  Newcome  (1666-1738)  [q.  v.]  ;  prebendary  of 
Llandaff ,  1757 ;  wrote  a  history  of  St.  Albans  Abbey, 
1793-5.  [xl.  322] 

NEWCOME,  WILLIAM  (1729-1800),  archbishop  of 
Armagh ;  grand-nephew  of  Henry  Newcome  (1627-1696) 
[q.  v.];  scholar  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1746;  re- 
moved to  Hertford  College  and  became  fellow  ( 176«X  tutor, 
and  vice-principal;  M.I.,  1753;  D.D.,  1765;  bishop  of 
Dromore,  1766  ;  translated  to  Ossory,  1775,  to  Waterford 
and  Lismore,  1779 ;  finally  became  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
1795 ;  worked  at  the  revision  of  the  whole  bible ;  his  work- 
chiefly  exegetical.  [xl.  322] 

NEWCOMEN,  ELI  AS  (15607-1614),  schoolmaster; 
second  cousin  of  Matthew  Newoomen  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1572 ;  fellow  ;  set  up  a 
school  near  London ;  incumbent  of  Stoke- Fleming,  luoo  ; 
translated  from  the  Dutch  an  account  of  the  event*  in  the 
Netherlands, ,-.  1576.  [xl.  323] 

NEWCOMEN,  MATTHEW  (1610  ?-1669),  ejected 
minister,  and  one  of  the  authors  of  4  Smectymnuns ' ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1633;  lecturer  at 
Dedham,  1636  ;  headed  the  church  reform  party  in  Essex  ; 
assisted  Edmund  Calamy  the  elder  [q.  v.],  whose  sister- 
in-law  he  had  married,  to  write  'Smectymuuns'  (pub- 
lished 1641);  preached  before  parliament,  1643  ;  protested 
against  the  'agreement,'  1649;  became  pastor  of  the 
English  church  at  Leydeu,  1662 ;  died  of  the  plague  at 
Lcydeu.  [xl.  324] 

NEWCOMEH,  THOMAS  (1603  ?-1666),  royalist  dirine; 
brother  of  Matthew  Newcomea  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1629 :  incumbent  of  Holy  Trinity, 
Colchester,  1628 ;  a  strong  royalist  :  rector  of  Clothall, 
1653 ;  D.D.  by  mandamus  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1660. 

[xl.326] 

NEWCOMEN,  THOMAS  (1663-1729),  inventor  of 
the  atmospheric  steam-engine  ;  great-grandson  of  Klias 
Newoomen  [q.  v.]  ;  an  ironmonger  or  blacksmith  of 
Dartmouth  ;  corresponded  with  Dr.  Hooke  on  Papiu's 
proposals  to  obtain  motive  power  by  exhausting  the 
air  from  a  cylinder  furnished  with  a  piston  (John  Calley 
or  Cawley,  a  glazier,  was  associate!  with  him  in  this  in- 
vention) :  entered  into  partnership  with  Thomas  Savery 
[q.  y.],  who  had  taken  out  a  patent  for  raising  water  from 
mines,  1698 ;  so  greatly  improved  Savery'*  patent,  which 
had  been  up  to  that  time  rather  unsuccessful,  that  it 
furnished  the  model  for  pumpiiitf-i-utrines  for  three- 
quarters  of  a  ivutury  :  there  are  two  prints  extant  of 
Newcomen's  engine,  which  was  a  beam  engine  of 
familiar  type,  of  five  and  a-half  horse-power,  raising 
fifty  gallons  of  water  per  minute  from  a  depth  of  a 
hundred  and  fifty-six  feet.  [xL  326] 

NEWCOURT,  RICHARD,  the  elder  (d,  1679),  topo- 
graphical draughtsman  ;  executed  a  map  of  London  and 
the  suburbs  (published  by  William  Faithorne,  1658), 
only  two  copies  of  which  are  extant.  [xL  329] 


NEWCOURT 


'.MO 


NEWMAN 


KEWCOURT  RICHARD,  the  younger  (</.  1716), 
author  of  '  Repe-torium  •eoMMtiOOa';  MHI  of  Richard 
Newoourt  the  elder  [q.v.];  principal  regfefcraroi  London, 
ieO-96;  published  tbe  '  Hepertoriuni  Bcok»t**tloum,' 
1708-10.  [*!•  3291 

NEWDEOATE.    CHARLES     NKWDIGATE    (1816- 

1887),  politician  :  of  Kton  ami  Christ   Ohnrrh,  n\iord: 

.  Hi/!  :    con~'-r\ali\e  M.I',  lor 

North  Warwick-hire,  1843-86:  privy  councillor,  1886; 
-i  1,-tt.T-  mi  trade,  1349-51.  [xl.  329] 

NEWDEOATE  or  NEWDIOATE,  JnHX  (1641- 
IftMk  scholar  and  country  gentleman  ;  of  Eton  and 
Kin*'*  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1&63  :  M.A.  Prague : 
wrote  verses  in  the  University  Collection  on  Bucer: 
M  I1  for  Middlesex  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  second  and  third 

;,r. ,,.„.,.:-.  [Xl.330] 

NEWDIOATE.  Sin  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1602- 

1678).  grandson  of  John  Newdegnte   [q.  v.]  ;   barrister, 

I  riennt,  1654  ;    justice  of   tin-  king's 

bench.  1664  :    returned  to  the  bar,  1G65  ;    chief- justice, 

1660 :  received  a  baronetcy,  1677.  [xL  331] 

NEWDIGATE.  SIR  ROGER,  fifth  Itaronet  (1719- 
1806),  antiquary  ;  great-grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Newdi- 
ittte  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  brother  as  baronet,  1734 : 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  University  College, 
oxftml;  created  M.A.,  17.18:  D.C.L.,  1749:  M.P.,  Middle- 
sex. 1741-7,  for  Oxford  University,  1760-80  :  travelled  and 
collected  ancient  marbles  :  a  benefactor  of  University 
College  and  the  Radcliffe  Library,  Oxford ;  founded  the 
NVwdigate  prize  for  English  verse,  1806.  [xl.  331] 

1TEWBLL,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1771-1798),  Irish  in- 
former :  practised  miniature-painting  at  Belfast,  1796  ; 
joined  United  Irishmen  and  betrayed  them,  1797,  in 
revenge  for  their  distrust  of  him ;  published  some  con- 
fessions and  was  assassinated.  [xl.  332] 

NEWELL.  ROBERT  HASELL  (1778  -  1852), 
amateur  artist  and  author  :  fourth  wrangler,  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1799:  M.A.,  1802:  B.D.,  1810; 
rector  of  Little  Hormend,  1813:  illustrated  an  edition  of 
Goldsmith,  1811-20,  and  wrote  and  illustrated  letters  on 
North  Wales,  182L  [xl.  333] 

NEWENHAX,  Sin  EDWARD  (1732-1814),  Irish 
politician ;  collector  of  the  excise  of  Dublin,  1764-72 ; 
M.P.  Enniscorthy,  1769-76,  co.  Dublin,  1776-97 ;  anxious 
to  reform  parliamentary  abuses  on  a  strictly  protestant 
basis ;  advocated  protective  duties.  [xl.  333] 

NEWENHAM,  FREDERICK  (1807-1859),  a  fashion- 
able painter  of  ladies'  portraits  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  and  British  Institution.  [xl.  334] 


.  JOHN  DK  (d.  1382  ?),  chamberlain 
of  the  exchequer  ;  received  much  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1359,  of  Lincoln,  1360 ; 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer,  1364.  [xl.  334] 

NEWENHAK,  THOMAS  DE  (fl.  1393),  clerk  in 
chancery  :  receiver  of  parliamentary  petitions,  1371-91  • 
had  custody  of  the  great  seal,  1377  and  1386.  [xl.  335] 

NEWENHAM,  THOMAS  (1762-1831),  writer  on 
Ireland  :  nephew  of  Sir  Edward  Newenham  [q.  v.]  • 
M.P.,  Clorimel,  1798;  opposed  the  union;  wrote  on  the 
resources  and  capabilities  of  Ireland.  [xL  335] 

Loun  (1664?-1736).     [See   PRINGLE, 

NEWHAVEN,  first  VISCOUNT  (1624  ?-1698).  fSee 
niKYNK  or  CHIRKR,  CHARLES.] 

NEWLAND,  ABRAHAM  (1780-1807),  chief  cashier  of 
tbe  Bank  of  England  ;  entered  the  bank,  1748 :  became  ' 
chief  cashier,  1782  ;  bank-notes  being  long  known  as  i 
'  Abraham  Newlandx  '  from  bearing  his  signature ;  i 
resigned  his  pwition,  1807  ;  amassed  a  fortune  by  economy  : 
and  speculation  in  Pitt's  loans.  [xl.  336] 

NEWLAND,     HKNRY     GARRETT     (1804-1860),; 
dirine :  M.A.  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  1830  •  ' 
rector  of  Wwtlwurne,  1829  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary-Church, 
1885 ;  xiipported  the  tractarian  movement,  and  published 
P«nphleu  on  it.  [kl.  386] 

.   M1WLAJID,  JOHN  (</.  1515),  abbot  of  St.  Angus- 
t'W'X  Bristol,  1481 :  superseded,  1483  ;  reinstated,  1485. 

[xl.337] 


NEWLIN,  THOMAS  (1688-1743),  divine;  M.A. 
Ma-.rd;tleii  Cnllege,  Oxford,  1713:  fellow,  1717-21;  15.1)., 
17i'7:  incumbent  of  Upper  Heeding,  1720:  translated 
Parker's  '  History,'  1727,  and  published  sermons. 

[xl.  337] 

NEWMAN.  ARTHUR  (A  1619),  poet  and  essayist  : 
of  Trinity  College.  Oxford:  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple,  i«16;  published  'The  Bible-bearer'  (satire), 
It',o7,  and  '  I'leasvres  Vision.'  Mill,  [xl.  337] 

NEWMAN,  ARTHUR  SHEAX  (1828-1x73),  archi- 
tect: son  of  John  Newman  ( 17HO  -IH.V.i)  [q.  v.];  built 
chiefly  churches.  '  [xl.  340] 

NEWMAN,  EDWARD  (1801-1876),  naturalist  :  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Entomological  Club,  1826  :  an  all- 
round  naturalist  ;  M.L.S..  1833  ;  wrote  on  '  British  Ferns,' 
1840,  ' Birds-nesting,'  1861,  '  Moths,'  18C9,  and  'Butter- 
flies,' 1871.  [xl.  338] 

NEWMAN,  FRAXCFS  (</.  I860),  New  England 
|  statesman  :  emigrated  to  America,  1638 ;  held  many 
i  public  offices  in  Connecticut  ;  became  governor  of  New- 
1  haven,  1658.  [xl.  339] 

NEWMAN,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  (1806  -  1897), 
scholar  and  man  of  letters :  brother  of  John  Henry 
Newman  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1826 ; 
fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1826-30  ;  classical  tutor 
at  Bristol  College  (unsectarian),  1834  ;  professor  of  classi- 
cal literature,  Manchester  New  College,  1840,  and  of 
Latin,  University  College,  London,  1846-69  ;  principal  ot 
University  Hall,  London,  1848 ;  acquired  repute  by  his 
writings  on  religion,  among  the  most  important  of  which 
were  '  History  of  Hebrew  Monarchy,'  1847,  '  The  Soul,' 
1849,  and  '  Phases  of  Faith '  (an  autobiographical  account 
of  his  religious  changes,  which  excited  much  contro- 
versy), 1850 ;  joined  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian  Asso- 
ciation, 1876,  and  was  vice-president,  1879  ;  took  keen 
interest  in  political  questions  bearing  on  social  problems  ; 
published  numerous  educational,  political,  social,  and 
religious  works  and  pamphlets.  [Suppl.  iii.  221] 

NEWMAN,  JEREMIAH  WHITAKER  (1759-1839), 
medical'  and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  practised  at  Ring- 
wood  and  Dover  ;  published  '  The  Lounger's  Common' 
place  Book,'  1805,  and  medical  essays.  [xL  339] 

NEWMAN,  JOHN  (1677  ?-  1741),  presbyterian 
minister:  became  assistant  to  Taylor  at  Salters'  Hall, 
1696,  and  co-pastor,  1716;  trustee  of  Daniel  Williams's, 
foundations,  1728.  [xl.  339] 

NEWMAN,  JOHN  (1786-1859),  architect  and  anti- 
quary ;  pupil  of  Sir  Robert  Smirke  [q.  v.] ;  commissioner 
of  sewers,  1815 ;  clerk  of  the  Bridge  House  estates  ;  his 
collection  of  antiquities  exhibited  before  the  Archaeologi- 
cal Association,  1847  ;  F.S.A.,  1830  ;  F.R.I.B.A.;  died  at 
Passy.  .  [xl.  340] 

NEWMAN,  JOHN  HENRY  (1801-1890),  cardinal : 
educated  at  Dr.  Nicholas's  school  at  Ealing  ;  matriculated 
from  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1816,  where  he  gained  a 
scholarship,  1818  :  B.A.,1820  ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1822 ;  curate 
of  St.  Clement's,  Oxford,  1824 ;  vice-principal  of  Alban 
Hall,  Oxford,  1825 ;  assisted  the  principal,  Dr.  Whately, 
in  his  '  Logic  ' ;  tutor  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1826, 
Richard  Hurrell  Froude  [q.  v.]  being  elected  in  the  same 
year ;  Whitehall  preacher,  1827  ;  examiner  in  literae 
/i  j/mawioTY*,  1827-8;  influential  in  Hawkins's  election  to 
the  provostship  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  was  himself 
presented  to  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  vacated 
by  Hawkins,  1828;  resigned  his  fellowship,  1832,  and  went 
to  the  south  of  Europe  with  Hurrell  Froude :  wrote  most 
of  the  '  Lyra  Apostolica '  in  Rome  (1834) ;  published 
'  Lead  kindly  light,'  composed  during  his  passage  in  an 
orange  boat  from  Palermo  to  Marseilles,  1833 ;  on  his 
return,  1833,  met  William  Palmer,  Hurrell  Froude,  and 
Arthur  Philip  Perceval  at  Hugh  James  Rose's  rectory  at 
Hadleigh,  and  with  them  resolved  to  fight  for  tbe  doc- 
trine of  apostolical  succession  and  the  integrity  of  the 
prayer-book  ;  preached  four  o'clock  sermons  at  St.  Mary's, 
Oxfonl ;  commenced  '  Tracts  for  the  Times '  and  pub- 
lished his  book  on  '  Arians  of  the  fourth  Century,'  1833  : 
found  an  ally  in  Dr.  Pusey,  who  joined  the  'Oxford 
movement,'  1835  ;  published  in  defence  of  Anglo-catholi- 
cisui  'Romanism  and  Popular  Protestantism,'  1837, 
and  '  Justification,'  'Disquisition  on  the  Canon  of  Scrip- 
ture,' and  'Tractate  on  Antichrist,'  1838,  and  became 
editor  of  the  '  British  Critic '  ;  began  to  doubt  the 


NEWMAN 


'.HI 


NEWTON 


Anglican  view,  1839;  maintained  in  'Tra.-t  XC..' 
1841,  that  the  articles  were  opposed  to  Roman  dogma  ami 
errors,  hut  not  to  catholic  teaching,  a  view  which  raiswi 
a  storm  of  indignation,  and  brought  the  tractarians 
under  the  official  ban  :  retired  to  Littlernore,  184*,  and 
passed  the  next  three  yearn  in  prayer,  fasting,  and  seclusion; 
formally  retracted  all  he  had  said  against  the  Romish 
church  and  resigned  the  living  of  St.  Mary's,  nxfnnl, 
1843;  received  into  tin-  Roman  church,  1846;  wait  to 
Rome,  1846,  and  was  ordained  priest  and  created  D.D. ; 
returned  to  Englajid  to  establish  the  oratory  at  Rirniini;- 
liani,  1847,  and  London,  I860;  published  'Twelve  Lec- 
tures,' 1860,  and  in  his  '  Lectures  on  the  present  Position 
of  Catholics,'  1861,  exposed  the  moral  turpitude  of  Achilli, 
an  apostate  monk,  which  led  to  a  libel  action,  Ui  which 
Newman  was  fined  100/.,  although  he  established  bis  facto, 
1853:  rector  of  the  Dublin  Catholic  University,  1864-8; 
laid  down  the  aims  and  principles  of  education  in '  Idea  of* 
a  University ' ;  published  '  Apologia  pro  Vita  sua,'  1864,  in 
answer  to  "<  'baric-  Kingslf.v,  who  in  •  Macmillau's  Maga- 
zine '  had  remarked  that  Newman  did  not  consider  truth 
a  necessary  virtue ;  asserted  that  papal  prerogatives 
cannot  touch  the  civil  allegiance  of  catholics  in  his 
4  Letter  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk ' ;  honorary  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1877  ;  formally  created  cardinal 
of  St.  George  in  Velabro,  1879.  His  guiding  motive  was 
the  conception  of  an  infallible  church.  [xl.  340] 

NEWMAN,  SAMUEL  (1600  7-1663),  concordance 
maker  ;  B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1680  ;  being  pro- 
secuted for  nonconformity,  went  to  Massachusetts,  1636  ; 
published  a  concordance,  1643  ;  died  in  Massachusetts. 

[xl.  361] 

NEWMAN,  THOMAS  (ft.  1578-1693),  stationer; 
freeman  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1686 ;  printed  a 
faulty  issue  of  Sidney's  '  Astrophel  and  Stella,'  1691. 


[xl.  351] 
ting  mini 


NEWMAN,  THOMAS  (1692-1768),  dissenting  minis- 
ter ;  matriculated  at  Glasgow  University,  1710  ;  ordained, 
1721 ;  assisted  Dr.  Wright  at  Blackfriars,  London,  and 
succeeded  him  as  pastor,  1746 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xl.  361] 

NEWMARCH  or  NETTFMARCHE\  BERNARD  OP 
(ft.  1093).  [See  BKUNAHD.] 

NEWMARCH,  WILLIAM  (1820-1882),  economist 
and  statistician  ;  clerk  in  a  banking  house  in  Wakefleld, 
1843-6  ;  appointed  to  the  London  branch  of  the  Agra 
bank,  1846;  appointed  manager  of  Glyn.  Mills  &  <'<>.. 
1862 ;  president  of  the  Statistical  Society,  1869 ;  gave 
evidence  in  committee  on  the  Bank  Acts,  1857  :  F.R.S. 
The  Newmarch  professorship  of  economic  science  at 
University  College,  Ixmdon,  and  the  Newmarch  memo- 
rial essay  were  founded  in  his  memory.  His  chief  works 
arc 'The  New  Supplies  of  Gold,'  1853.  a  work  on  Pitt's 
financial  operations,  1855,  and  (with  Thomas  Tooke)'A 
History  of  Prices  and  of  the  State  of  the  Circulation 
during  the  Nine  Years,  1848-5G,'  1857.  [xl.  362] 

NEWMARKET,  ADAM  DK  (ft.  1220),  justiciar ;  an 
adherent  of  the  baronial  party  ;  justiciar  in  Yorkshire, 
1215  ;  justice  itinerant,  1219-20.  [xl.  354] 

NEWMARKET,  ADAM  UK  (ft.  1265),  baronial 
loader ;  grandson  of  Adam  do  Newmarket  (ji.  1220) 
[q.  T.]  :  taken  prisoner  at  Northampton,  1264,  and  again 
at  Kenilworth,  1265.  [xl.  354] 

NEWMARKET,  THOMAS  OF  (ft.  1410?).  [See 
THOMAS.] 

NEWNHAM,  WILLIAM  (1790-1866),  medical  and 
religious  writer ;  studied  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and 
in  Paris ;  practised  at  Farnham ;  an  active  member  of 
the  British  Medical  Association;  published  works  on 
medical  subjects  and  on  mental  and  spiritual  phenomena. 
[xL  354] 

NEWPORT,  first  EARI-  OK  (1597?-! 666).  [Sec 
BUR-XT,  MOUXTJOY,  BAHON  MOUNTJOY.] 

NEWPORT,  ANDREW  (1623-1699),  royalist:  son 
of  Richard  Newport,  first  baron  Newport  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  actively  engaged  in  the  rising 
of  1659;  commissioner  of  customs,  1662;  M.P.,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, 1661-78,  Preston,  1685,  and  Shrewsbury, 
1689-98 ;  wrongly  identified  with  the  hero  of  Defoe's 
•  Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier.'  [xl.  366] 

NEWPORT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1565  ?-l617).  sea  cap- 
tain ;  sailed  as  captain,  1592 ;  made  five  voyages  to 


Virginia,  and  was  wrecked  on  the  Bermuda*,  1609 ;  made 
two  successful  voyage*  for  the  East  India  Company,  1613 
and  1615 ;  died  at  Bantam  on  his  third  voyage. 



NEWPORT,  KKANC!.-.  ftntt  EARI.  ...  itu\i*uRi> 
(1619-1 708),  KOH  of  Richard  Newport,  flna  bnrou  Newport 
[q.  v.]:  of  Gray V  Inn.  1C33,  th.  Inn.  r  Teniul, ,  1«;34.  and 
of  Christ  Church,  oxford.  H;35  ;  M.P.  for  Bjirev  - 
the  Short  and  Long  parliament* ;  engaged  in  royalUt 
plot*,  1666  and  1657 ;  created  Vbooant  Newport,  1676, 
and  Karl  of  Bradford.  1694.  [xl.  8*6] 

NEWPORT.  GKORGK  (1808-1864).  naturalUt; 
|H:«V:  houw  inrgeon  to  the  Chicbester  In- 
firmary, 1886-7 ;  made  anatomical  reiemrcbw  on  insect 
structure  and  the  generative  system,  on  which  he  wrote ; 
president  of  the  Entomological  Society,  1844-6 ;  I 
1843  :  F.R.S.,  1846  ;  F.L.S.,  1847.  [xL  SI7] 

NEWPORT,  8m  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1756-1843), 
politician:  banker;  created  baronet,  17m»;  M.P.,  Water- 
ford,  1803-32 ;  appointed  chancellor  of  the  Iri-ti  ex- 
chequer and  English  privy  councillor,  1806  ;  coniptroller- 
geueral  of  the  exchequer,  1834-9.  [xL  1W] 

NEWPORT,  verb  EWKXS,  MAURICE  (1611-1687), 
Jesuit;  assumed  the  name  Newport,  163ft;  professed  of 
the  four  vows,  1643  ;  missioncr  in  England,  1644  ;  raided 
in  Belgium  for  some  years ;  published  4  Votam  Candidum ' 
(panegyric  in  Latin  verse  on  Charles  II X  1666. 

NEWPORT,  RICHARD  m:  (rf.  1318),  bishop*  of  Lon- 
don :  was  archdeacon  of  Middlesex  in  1303:  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  1314 :  bishop  of  London,  1317.  [xl.  359] 

NEWPORT,  RICHARD,  first  BABOX  NEWPORT 
(1587-1651),  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1607; 
knighted,  1616 ;  M.P.,  Shropshire,  1614-29 ;  created  Baron 
Newport,  1642 ;  escaped  to  France  before  1646 ;  died  at 
Moulins.  [xL  869] 

NEWPORT,  SIR  THOMAS  (</.  1522),  knight  of  St 
John  of  Jerusalem  ;  became  receiver-general  of  the  order 
in  England  :  went  to  Rhodes,  1513 ;  drowned  off  the 
coast  of  Spain.  [xl.  360] 

NEWSAM.  BARTHOLOMEW  (d.  1593),  clockmakcr 
to  Queen  Elizabeth  before  1582  :  received  numerous  grants 
of  laud.    A  striking  clock  by  Newsam  is  in  the  British 
i  Museum.  [xl.  360] 

I  NEWSHAM,  R1CHARD(</.  1743),  fire-engine  maker  : 
patented  improvements,  1721  and  1725  :  supplied  engines 
to  the  chief  provincial  towns  ;  one  of  his  fire-engines  pre- 
served in  .South  Kensington  Museum.  [xL  361] 

NEWSTEAD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1697-1662),  divine; 
of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Thomas  Roc 
[q.  v.]  at  Constantinople,  1621-8  ;  rector  of  Stisted,  1643 : 
sequestered,  1645 ;  appointed  to  Maidenhead,  1660 ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1660 ;  published  » Apology 
for  Women,'  1620.  [xl.  363] 

NEWTE,  JOHN  (1655  V-1716),  divine  :  gonof  Riclianl 
Newte  [q.  v.],  educated  at  Bliindcll's  school  and  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1679  (incorporated  at  Cambridge, 
1681);  rector  of  Tidconibe  Portion,  1679,  and  Pitt's 
Portion,  Tiverton,  1680  :  made  numerous  gifts  to  Tivcrton, 
and  defended  the  lawfulness  of  church  music,  [xl.  362] 

NEWTE,  RICHARD  (1613-1678),  divine;  of  Blun- 
dell's  school  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1686- 
1642  ;  M.  A.,  1686  :  rector  of  Tidcombe  and  Clare  portion.*, 
Tiverton,  1641  ;  dispossessed  of  his  benefices,  1664 ;  re- 
instated,  1660.  [xl.  863] 

NEWTH,  SAMUEL  (1831-1898),  principal  of  New 
College,  London :  B.A.  and  M.A.  London ;  minister  of 
congregational  chapel  at  Broseley,  1842-6:  profo>s..r 
of  classics  and  mathematics  at  Western  College,  Ply- 
mouth, 1845 ;  professor  of  mathematics  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  at  New  College,  St.  John's  Wood,  1865-89,  and 
of  classics  from  1867  ;  principal  of  the  college,  187J-W 
member  of  company  of  New  Testament  revisers,  1870-80 : 
D  D  Glasgow,  1875  :  chairman  of  congregational  union 
of  England  and  Wales,  1880 ;  published  religious  and 
educational  scientific  works.  [Snppl.  ill.  »3J 

NEWTON,  LOHII.  [See  HAY,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1616) : 
OLII-HAXT,  SIK  WILLIAM  (1537-1688);  FAI.CONKR,  Su; 
DAVID  (.1640-1686).] 


NEWTON 


942 


NEWTON 


NEWTON,  SIR  ADAM,  tint  baronet  (./.  1630),  dean 
of  Durham:  tutor  to  Prince  Henry  («ft«-r  wards  prince 
„•  vs  5  111600:  dean  of  Durham,  1W>5  ;  tutor  to  1'riiuv 
Chute,  1611:  created  baronet,  1620:  translated  into 
w  IV  Dbcoane  against  Vontios.'  [xL  364] 


NEWTON,  ALFRED  PIZZI  (1830-1883X  water-colour 
nainter:  attracted  Queen  Victoria's  notice;  exhibited 
{andMftpei  at  the  Royal  Acad.  -mj.  [xL  364] 

NTWTON,  ANN  MARY  (1832-1866),  portrait- 
painter:  daughter  of  Joseph  Severn  [q.  T.]  ;  born  at 
Rome:  studied  under  Richmond  and  Schcffer  ;  married 
Sir  Charles  Thomas  Newton  [q.  T.],  1861.  [xl.  365] 

NEWTON,  BENJAMIN  (1677-1735),  divine;  M.A. 
Glare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1702  ;  held  numerous  preferments  ; 
j'-.;!>'.i-'.'-i  -iTini>:i-.  [xl.  365] 

NEWTON,  BENJAMIN  (rf.  1787%  divine;  son  of 
Benjamin  Newton  (1677-1735)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Jesus  Col- 
lege. Cambridge,  1747,  and  dean  of  his  college  :  wrote  011 
civil  liberty  and  morals.  [xl.  366] 

NEWTON,  Sill  CHARLKS  THOMAS  (1816-1894), 
•rcluBOlogist  :  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1840  ;  assistant  in  department  of 
antiquities  at  British  Museum,  1840;  vice-consul  at 
MytUeoe,  1862  ;  consul  at  Rhodes,  1853-4  ;  superintended 
excavations  in  Calymuos,  1854-6,  and  identified  site  and 
recovered  chief  remains  of  mausoleum  at  Halicarnassus  ; 
consul  at  Rome,  I860  ;  keeper  of  Greek  and  Roman  anti- 
quities at  British  Museum,  1861-85  ;  Yates  professor  of 
archeology  at  University  College,  London,  1880-8; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1875;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1879;  O.B., 
1876  ;  K.O.B.,  1877  :  published  archieological  writings. 

[SuppL  iii.  224] 

NEWTON,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1672),  dean  of  Winchester  ; 
fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1556:  M.A.,.  1553; 
DDM  1668;  prebendary  of  North  Newbold,  1560;  vice- 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1563  ;  dean  of  Win- 
chester, 1666.  [xl.  366] 

NEWTON,  FRANCIS  MILNER  (1720-1794),  portrait- 
painter  and  royal  academician,  whose  efforts  to  esta- 
blish a  national  academy  of  art  resulted  in  the  Royal 
Academy,  1768  (secretary,  1768-88)  ;  exhibited  portraits. 

[xl.  367] 

NEWTON,  GEORGE  (1602-1681),  nonconformist 
divine;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1624;  vicar  of 
Taunton,  1631  ;  deprived,  1662  ;  imprisoned  for  unlawful 
preaching  ;  published  sermons.  [xl.  367] 

NXWTON,  GILBERT  STUART  (1794-1835),  painter  ; 
born  in  Nova  Scotia  ;  studied  at  Florence,  Paris,  and  the 
Royal  Academy  ;  exhibited  humorous  subject-pictures  and 
some  portrait*  ;  BJL  1832  ;  became  insane,  c.  1832. 

[xl.  368] 

NEWTON,  HARRY  ROBERT  (rf.  1889),  collector  of 
lots  ;  -on  of  Sir  William  John  Newton  [q.  v.]  ; 
drawings  and  manuscripts,  now  in  the  posses- 


oollerted 

»lon  of  the  Institute  of  British  Architect?. 


[xl.  407] 


NEWTON,  afterwards  PUCKERING,  SIR  HENRY, 
third  baronet  (1618-1701),  royalist;  son  of  Sir  Adam 
Newton  [q.  v.]  ;  raised  a  troop  of  horse  ;  fought  at  Edge- 
hill,  1642  ;  compounded,  1646  ;  assumed  the  name  Flicker- 
ing on  inheriting  his  uncle's  estates,  1664 ;  paymaster- 
1  of  the  forces,  1660  ;  M.P.,  Warwick,  1661-79. 


[xl.  369] 
),  British  envoy  it 


NIWTON,  SIR  HENRY  (1661-1715), 
Tnaeany  ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1671 ;  D.O.L.  Mer- 
too  College,  Oxford,  1678 ;  advocate,  1678 ;  judge-advocate 
to  the  admiralty,  1894  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  Florence, 
1704-9 ;  judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty,  1714; 
knighted,  1716 ;  published  some  Latin  letters,  verses,  and 
speeches,  1710.  [xl.  370] 

NXWTON,  SIR  ISAAC  (1642-1727),  natural  philoso- 
pher ;  born  at  Wookthorpe ;  attended  Gran tham  grammar 
»cbooU  16*4-6;  matriculated  a*  a  sub-sizar  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1661 ;  scholar,  1664 ;  B.A.,  1665 ;  while 
absent  from  Cambridge  during  the  plague  (1665-6)  dis- 
covered the  binomial  theorem,  differential  calculus,  in- 
tegral  calculus,  computed  the  area  of  the  hyperbola,  and 
conceived  the  idea  of  universal  gravitation;  returned  to 
Cambridge,  1667,  a*  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  and  turned 
hfe  attention  to  opttc*;  made  a  reflecting  tetescope,  1668  ; 
in  protewor.  1669;  htal wcondVeflecting 
to  the  Royal  Society,  1671 ;  F.RJ3.,  1672  ; 


his  first  communication,  which  contained  his '  New  Theory 
about  Light  and  Colour?,'  read  6  Feb.  1672,  and  handed 
over  for  report  to  Robert  Hooke  [q.  v.],  who  did  not 
accept  Newton's  reasoning ;  founder  of  the  emission  theory 
of  light,  but  did  not  accept  it  as  entirely  satisfactory  ;  his 
researches  summed  up  in  '  Optics,'  1704.  In  1679  Hooke's 
letter  to  Newton  on  the  laws  of  motion  started  the  train 
of  thought  which  resulted  in  the  first  book  of  Newton's 
"  Principia.'  The  idea  of  universal  gravitation  had  pre- 
sented itself  to  Newton  in  1665,  and  early  in  1680  he 
discovered  how  to  calculate  the  orbit  of  a  body  mov- 
ing under  a  central  force,  but  published  no  account 
of  his  discoveries,  possibly  in  consequence  of  his  inability 
to  solve  the  question  of  the  mutual  attraction  of  two 
spheres ;  first  book  of  his  '  Principia '  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Society,  1686,  and  the  whole  published  about  mid- 
summer, 1687,  the  completion  and  publication  of  the 
•work  being  entirely  due  to  Halley,  who  smoothed  over 
difficulties  between  Hooke  and  the  author,  paid  all  ex- 
penses of  publication,  and  corrected  the  proofs  ;  M.P., 
Cambridge  University,  1689  and  1701-2  ;  appointed  war- 
den of  the  mint,  1696,  and  master,  1699  ;  elected  president 
1  of  the  Royal  Society,  1703,  and  annually  re-elected  for 
;  twenty- five  years ;  as  president  was  involved  in  the  diffi- 
culties relating  to  the  publication  of  Flamsteed's  obser- 
vations, which  lasted  from  1705  to  1712;  his  method  of 
fluxions,  which  he  brought  out  as  an  appendix  to  the 
•Optics,'  1704,  the  cause  of  a  bitter  controversy  between 
himself  and  Leibnitz  as  to  priority  of  discovery,  which 
lasted  from  1705  until  1724 ;  knighted  by  Queen  Anne 
on  occasion  of  her  visit  to  Cambridge,  1705  ;  one  of 
Bishop  Moore's  assessors  at  the  trial  of  Richard  Bentley 
[q.  v.],  1714 ;  presented  reports  on  the  coinage,  1717  and 
1718.  Died  at  Kensington.  There  are  portraits  of  him 
by  Kueller  and  Vanderbank.  He  attempted  to  amend 
ancient  chronology  by  astronomy,  corresponded  with 
Locke,  and  wrote  on  theological  subjects,  objecting  to  the 
manner  in  which  certain  texts  were  treated  with  the 
view  of  supporting  Trinitarian  doctrine.  Many  anecdotes 
are  told  of  his  absence  of  mind  and  his  modesty.  His 
body  lay  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  28  March  1727.  The  only 
collected  edition  of  his  works  is  an  incomplete  one  by 
Samuel  Horsley  in  five  volumes,  1779-85.  [xL  370] 

NEWTON,  JAMES  (16707-1760),  botanist;  M.D.; 
kept  a  private  lunatic  asylum  and  studied  botany  to  divert 
his  attention ;  his  » Compleat  Herbal '  published,  1752. 

[xl.  393] 

NEWTON,  JOHN  (1622-1678),  mathematician  and 
astronomer ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1642 ;  D.D., 
1660 ;  a  loyalist ;  became  king's  chaplain  and  rector  of 
Ross,  1661 ;  canon  of  Hereford,  1673 ;  wrote  on  arith- 
metic, geometry,  astronomy,  logic,  and  rhetoric. 

[xl.  394] 

NEWTON,  JOHN  (1725-1807),  divine  and  friend  of 
Cowper ;  led  a  wandering  life  at  sea,  1736-55 ;  began  to 
have  strong  religious  experiences,  1748,  which  were  in* 
creased  under  the  influence  of  Whitefield  and  Wesley ; 
ordained  deacon  in  the  church  of  England,  1764,  with  the 
curacy  of  Oluey,  where  Cowper  and  Mrs.  Unwin  settled 
in  1767  ;  with  Cowper  published  the  '  Oluey  Hymns,'  1779  ; 
became  incumbent  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London,  1780, 
where  be  soon  collected  a  very  large  congregation  and 
proved  a  strong  evangelical  influence;  D.D.  New  Jersey, 
1732 ;  published  •  Review  of  Ecclesiastical  History,'  1770, 
and  '  Oardiphonia,'  1781,  and  aided  Wilberforce  with  a 
ghastly  recital  of  facts  from  his  own  experience  of  the 
slave  trade.  [xL  395] 

NEWTON,  SIR  RICHARD  (1370?-1448?),  judge' 
serjcant-at-law,  1424 ;  justice  itinerant,  1427;  king's  ser- 
jeaut,  1429  ;  recorder  of  Bristol,  1430 ;  justice  of  the 
common  bench,  1438 ;  knighted,  1439.  [xl.  398] 

NEWTON,    RICHARD  (1676-1763),  educational  re- 
former :  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.,  1701 :  D.D.  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1710 ;  tutor  at 
Christ  Church  ;   rector  of  Sudborough,  1704 ;  appointed 
principal  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1710 ;    endeavoured  to 
I  establish  it  as  a  college  for  poor  students  ;  built  part  of  a 
I  quadrangle  for  Hart  Hall,  and  obtaining  a  charter,  1740, 

I  became  the  first  principal  of  Hertford  College  (dissolved 
through  insufficiency  of  endowments,  1805,  reconstituted, 
I  1874);  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1753  :  wrote  on  university 
education  and  in  explanation  and  defence  of  his  schemes 
I  for  Hertford  College.  [xl.  399] 


NEWTON 


NICHOLAS 


NEWTON,  KIOHAIID  (1777-1798),  caricaturist  and 
miniature-painter,  [xl.  401] 

NEWTON,  If  'ItKTlT  (1780-1864),  W,.-i.-yan  minister; 


great  famine,  1047,  in  hi*  rHjrn  followed  by  a  deep  snow, 
frequently  mentioned  by  Irish  chroniclers.         [xL  409] 
NIALL  <,/.  1139),  anti-primate  of   Armagh;   unsue- 


entered  tin-  \\Vsleyan  ministry,  ,:  IKOO  ;  prmobad  at  Lon-  j  cessfully  seized  the  staff  aud  book  of  Armagh,  1181  ;  re- 
don,  Liverpool,  Manchester,  !/••«.!-.  .m.l  sux-kport:  presi-  '  asserted  his  claim,  1137.  [XL  410] 


dent  of   the  We-leyan   conference,  1824,  1832,  1840^  and 

LXU  w 


NIAS,   8m  JOSEPH  (1798-1879),  admiral:  entered 

the  iiiiv\,  1«<)7  ;  appointed  to  the  Arctic  expedition,  IhlM  . 

NEWTON,     SAMUKL   <  162K-1718),   notary    public;     lieutenant,  1820;   commander,  18*7 ;  advanced  to  post 
ury  public  and  burgess  of  Cambridge,  1661;  alderman,  i  rank,  1836;  employed  in  the  capture  of  Canton:  CB, 

1841;    rear-u.lmirai,   1*67;    vice-admiral,   1861:    K 
1867  ;  admiral,  1867.  [XL  410] 

NICCOLS,  RICHARD  (1684-1616),  poet;  accompanied 
Charles  Howard,  earl  of  Nottingham,  on  his  voyage  to 
Cadiz,  1696  ;  H.A.  Magdalen  Hull,  •  »xlord,  1606:  bis  chief 
patrons  the  Karl  of  Nottingham,  James  Hay,  earl  of 
Carlisle,  and  Sir  Thomas  Wroth ;  wrote,  besides  several 
funeral  orations,  'The  Cuckoo,'  1607,  a  narrative  poem  : 
revise.!  the  '  Mirror  for  Magistrates,'  1610,  in  which  be 

'  omitted  some  poems  and  added  '  A  Winter  Night's  Vision  ' 
and  'England's  Eliza';  published  a  poetical  account  of 
Overbury's  murder,  1616,  and  (1627)  "The  Beggar's  Ape.' 
His  play,  'The  Twynnes  Tragedie,'  entered  on  the 
'Stationers'  Registers,'  1612,  is  not  otherwise  known. 

[xl.  411] 

NICHOL,  JOHN  (1833-1894),  man  of  letters;  son  of 
John  Pringle  Nicbol  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1874  ;  entered 

,  Gray's  Inn,  1859 ;  appointed  by  the  crown  professor  of 
English  language  and  literature  at  Glasgow,  1862 ;  re- 
signed, 1889;  founded,  with  Professor  Knight,  the  New 
Speculative  Society,  1867.  His  publications  include '  Frag- 
ments of  Criticism,'  1860, '  Hannibal '  (historical  drama), 
1873,  'Death  of  Tbemistocles  and  other  Poems,'  1881, 

.  'Byron,'    1880,   and   'Carlylc,'    1892  ('English   Men   of 

I  Letters '  series),  '  Robert  Burns,'  1882,  and  '  Francis 
Bacon,'  1888-9.  [SuppL  ill.  2)8] 

NICHOL,  JOHN  PRINGLE  (1804-1869),  astronomer : 
educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  rector  of  Montrose 
;  Academy,  1827  ;  regius  professor  of  astronomy  at  Glas- 
I  gow  University,  1836  ;   instrumental  in  transferring  the 
observatory  to  Dowanhill,  1840 :   lectured  in  the  United 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  (1750-1830),  the  Peak  Mln-  i  States,  1848-9 ;  wrote  on  astronomy  and  contributed  to 

current  literature,  [XL  412] 

NICHOLAS.    [See  also  NICOLAS.] 
NICHOLAS  (./.  1124),  prior  of  Worcester;  educated 
by  Bishop  Wnlfstan  II  of  Worcester  and  by  Lan  franc : 
prior   of   Worcester,  1113;   corresponded  with   Eadmcr 
[q.  v.]  [xL  418] 

NICHOLAS  AP  GWRGANT  (rf.  1183),  bishop  of 
Llandaff ;  elected  to  the  see,  1148 ;  supported  Henry  II 
and  was  twice  suspended.  [xl.  414] 

NICHOLAS  DK  WALKING-TON  (/.  1193?X  mediaeval 
writer :  wrote  a  short  account  of  the  battle  between 
Henry  1  aud  Louis  the  Great  of  France.  [xl.  414] 

NICHOLAS  op  MKAUX  (rf.  1227V),  called  KOLUS, 
1  KOLIUS,  or  KOLAS,  bishop  of  the  Isles :  an  Augiutinian 
I  canon  of  Wartre:  entered  the  Cistercian  order  and  be- 
I  came  ultimately  At  facto  abbot  of  Furness  ;  nominated 
I  bishop  of  Man  and  the  Sudreys  <  r.  1207)  by  Olaf,  king  of 
the  Isles.,  although  the  monks  of  Furness  claimed  the  right 
!  of  election  to  the  see ;  consecrated  by  the  archbishop  of 
!  Trondjem,  1210  ;  driven  into  exile,  e.  1217 ;  became  attached 


notur.  . 

166s;  registrar  of  Pembroke  Hall  and  (1673)  Trinity  ('<.! 
lege,  Cambridge;  mayor  of  Cambridge,  1671  ami  If,*;  , 
his  diary  (1662-1717)  printed,  1890.  [xl.  401] 

NEWTON,  THEODORE  (rf.  1569),  brother  of  Francis 
Newton  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1562  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury,  1559  ;  rector  of  Rlnirwould,  1565 ; 
rector  of  St.  Dionis  Hackchurch,  London,  1567. 

[xl.  366] 

NEWTON,  THOMAS(1842?-1607),  poet,  physician, 
and  divine ;  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  probably  practised  as  a  physician  at 
Butley;  rector  of  Little  II  ford,  c.  1583;  published  works 
on  historical,  medical,  and  theological  subjects  ;  translated 
from  Latin  ;  a  skilled  writer  of  Latin  aud  English  verse. 

[xl.  402] 

NEWTON,  THOMAS  (1704-1782),  bishop  of  Bristol : 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Oam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1730 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oambridge ; 
rector  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  1744 :  D.D.,  1745 ;  Boyle  lec- 
turer, 1754 ;  chaplain  to  George  II,  1756 ;  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  1757 ;  precentor  of  York,  1759 ;  bishop  of 
Bristol,  1761-82  :  became  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1768 ; 
wrote  an  autobiography,  a  work  on  the  prophecies,  and 
sermons  (collected  edition,  1782) ;  edited  Milton's  •  Para- 
dise Lost,'  1749.  [xl.  403]  . 

NEWTON,  WILLIAM  (1735-1790),  architect;  tra- 
velled in  Italy,  1766 ;  designed  residences  in  London  aud 
the  vicinity ;  became  assistant  to  James  Stuart,  '  The 
Athenian,'  and  clerk  of  the  works  to  Greenwich  Hospital, 
1782 ;  completed  Stuart's  '  Antiquities  of  Athens '  (pub- 
lished, 1787) ;  translated  Vitruvius  (published,  1791). 


strel ;  a  machinery  carpenter  whose  verses  and  sonnet? 
attracted  the  notice  of  Peter  Cunningham  (rf.  1805)  [q.  v.] 
and  Anna  Seward,  who  procured  him  a  mill-partnership. 

[xl.  406] 

NEWTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1785-1869),  minia- 
ture-painter ;  nephew  of  William  Newton  (1735-1790) 
[q.  v.] ;  became  one  of  the  most  fashionable  miniaturists 
of  his  day ;  appointed  miniature-painter  to  William  IV 
and  Queen  Victoria;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1808-63 ;  knighted,  1837.  [xL  406] 

NIAL,  AOD  or  HUGH  (1610  ?-1616).  [See  O'NEILL, 
HUGH.] 

NIALL  (rf.  405),  king  of  Ireland ;  known  in  Irish  as 
Naishiallach ;  made  war  on  the  Leinstermen  and  Mun- 
stermen,  aud  fought  in  Britain  and  Gaul ;  bis  importance 
due  to  the  fame  of  bis  descendants.  [xl.  407] 

NIALL  (715-778),  king  of  Ireland ;  surnanied  Fras- 
?ach  ;  descended  from  Niall  (rf.  405)  [q.  T.]  ;  became  king, 
763 :  exacted  tribute  from  Conuaupht,  Munster,  and 
Leinster ;  resigned,  770,  and  became  a  monk.  [xl.  407] 


NIALL  (791-845),  king  of  Ireland  :  surnamed  Oaille  ; 
grandson  of  Niall  (715^778)  [q.  v.] ;  raised  the  clans  of 
Tyrone  and  Tyrconnell  to  avenge  the  primate  of  Armagh, 
826  ;  became  king,  833 ;  fought  successfully  in  Leinster, 
Meath,  and  Munster,  and  defeated  the  Danes,  843  ;  drowned 
near  Armagh.  [xl.  408] 

NIALL  (8707-919),  king  of  Ireland:  surnamed 
Glundubh ;  grandson  of  Niall  (791-848)  [q.  v.] :  made 
forays  into  Connaught,  905  and  909:  l>ecame  king  of 
Ailech,  911 ;  king  of  Ireland,  915 ;  marched  against  the 
Danes  and  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  at  Kil- 
mashojre.  [xl.  408] 

NIALL  (rf.  1061),  king  of  Ailech:  succeeded  his 
brother,  whom  he  killed  in  battle;  made  forays  into 
Louth  (1044)  and  Monaghan,  in  revenge  for  the  violation 
of  an  oath  sworn  upon  St.  Patrick's  bell.  [xl.  409] 

NIALL  (d.  1062),  king  of  Ulidia  or  Lesser  Ulster ; 
defeated,  deposed,  and  succeeded  his  nephew,  101 1  ;  de- 
feated a  Danish  fleet,  1022 ;  was  himself  defeated,  1027  ;  a 


to  the  church  of  Kclloc.  e.  1226.  [XL  415] 

NICHOLAS  DE  GUILDKORD  (/f.  1280).    [Sec  GUILD- 

FORD.] 

NICHOLAS  DE  FAKNHAM  (rf.  1287),  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  professor  of  medicine  in  the  universities  of  Parta 
and  Bologna  ;  began  his  studies  at  Oxford  and  proceeded 
to  Paris,  where,  in  addition  to  medical  studies,  be  directed 
courses  of  dialectics,  physics,  and  theology :  went  for  a 
short  time  to  Bologna  as  professor  of  medicine ;  returned 
to  England,  1229  ;  taught  logic  and  natural  philosophy  at 
Oxford  and  became  physician  to  Henry  III :  received 
much  ecclesiastical  preferment:  elected  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 1241  ;  had  cathedral  rebuilt ;  resigned,  1248.  Two 
treatises,  'Practica  Mediciiur'  and  ' De  Viribus  Herba- 
rum,'  mentioned  as  his  by  Pits,  have  not  been  traced. 
There  are  three  medical  treatises  extant  in  manuscript  in 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  in  Pari?  written  by  Nicholas 
de  Anglin,  who  is  probably  identical  with  Nicholas  de 
Faruham.  [XL  416] 


NICHOLAS 


NICHOLLS 


NICHOLAS  Ki.y.J 

NICHOLAS  ox  <>'  •  VM  (.".  1280).    [See  OCCAM.] 
NICHOLAS   I.K  HI.I.M.  (•/.  i:it>4X  bishop  of  Down; 
trva-nn-r  of  Ulster  and  prior  of  St.  Patrick's,  Down; 
uhullil  bishop,  1 J77  ;  administered  his  diocese  iu  accord- 
ance with  Irish  cn-toms  uhich  led  to  litigation. 

[xl.417] 
NICHOLAS    (1316?- 1386).       [Sw     LnuMniix    or 

LlTTI.IV. 

NICHOLAS  OK  LYXNK  (./f.  1386),  Carmelite:  lec- 
turer in  theology  at  Oxford  ;  iu  1386  composed  a  calendar 
for  the  period  from  1387  to  1462 ;  conjectured  to  have 
made  an  arctic  voyage.  [xl.  418] 

NICHOLAS  "H  HKKKKOIUI  or  NICHOLAS  HKHKOKD 
(fl.  ISmiollard  :  student  and  fellow  of  Queen's  College, 
oxford:  D.D.  oxford,  1382;  preached  constantly  in  sup- 
port of  Wycliffe,  1382,  and  was  suspended  and  excommu- 
nicated ;  at  once  set  out  for  Rome,  but  was  ordered  by 
the  pope  to  be  imprisoned  for  life  ;  escaped  to  England, 
ISM,  and  was  imprisoned  for  a  time ;  was  chief  leader  of 
the  lollard*  after  \V\  ,-litVs  death,  but  in  1391  recanted, 
appointed  chancellor  of  Hereford  Cathedral; 
of  Hereford,  1397-1417:  became  a  Carthusian 
monk  at  St.  Anne'*,  Coventry.  Very  little  of  Hereford's 
work  has  survived  except  his  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament,  which  stops  short  in  the  book  of  Baruch, 
chap.  iii.  [xL  418] 

NICHOLAS  OK  FAKKNHAM  (fl.  1402),  Franciscan ; 
D.D.  Oxford,  1395:  provincial  minister  of  his  order, 
1391-1402:  examined  into  the  charges  against  his  suc- 
oeuor,  and  reappointed  him.  His  '  Deteruiiuatio '  ( 1395) 
is  extant.  [xl.  420] 

NICHOLAS  DK  Btmoo  (fl.  1517-1537),  divinity  lec- 
turer at  Oxford ;  was  a  Florentine  Franciscan  friar  who 
at  Paris  and  began  to  lecture  at  Oxford,  1517; 
joint-author  of  a  book  advocating  Henry  VIII's  di- 
from  Catherine  of  Aragon,  and  was  appointed  public 
reader  in  divinity  at  Cardinal  College  (afterwards  Christ 
Church,  Oxford),  and  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  acted 
as  vice-chancellor,  1534  ;  returned  to  Italy,  1535. 

[xl.  421] 

NICHOLAS,  ABRAHAM  (1692-1744  ?),  schoolmaster ; 
published  three  copybooks  ;  emigrated  to  Virginia,  c.  1722. 

NICHOLAS.  DAVID  (1705?-1769),  Welsh  Ixfllad- 
writer ;  a  day  schoolmaster  iu  Glamorgan ;  admitted  to 
the 'congress  of  bards,'  1730;  wrote  a  letter  containing 
the  rules  of  Welsh  prosody,  1754.  [xl.  422] 

NICHOLAS,  Sm  EDWARD  (1693-1669),  secretary  of 
state  to  Charles  I  and  Charles  II ;  matriculated  from 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1611 ;  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
1613 ;  became  secretary  to  Edward,  baron  /ouch  [q.  v.], 
warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1618,  and  to  his  successor, 
George,  duke  of  Buckingham,  1624 ;  M.P.,  Winchelsea, 
1620-4,  Dover,  1627-8 :  secretary  to  the  admiralty,  1625, 
and  to  the  admiralty  commissioners  after  Buckingham's 
death :  clerk  of  the  council  in  ordinary,  1635 :  knighted 
and  appointed  secretary  of  state,  1641  ;  conducted  the 
treaty  of  Ux bridge  and  the  surrender  of  Oxford,  1646 ;  re- 
tired to  Caen  in  Normandy  ;  remained  in  name  Charl<--  r< 
secretary  of  state  till  the  king's  execution,  and  subse- 
quently made  vigorous  effort*  to  serve  his  sou  iu  a  like 
capacity,  but  was  disliked  by  Queen  Henrietta  Maria 
and  practically  excluded  from  Prince  Charles's  counsels  • 
directed  to  attend  the  Duke  of  York,  1650,  and  from  1650 
to  1654  resided  at  the  Hague :  joined  Charles  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  1654,  and  was  formally  reappointed  secretary  of 
•tote,  but  was  net  aside  and  pensioned  with  10,000/.  on 
account  of  age  and  sickness,  1662.  [xl.  422] 

NICHOLAS     HKNRY,   or    HICLABS,    HENRIOK 
A.  150-J-15MO),  founder  of  the  religious  sect  known  as 
the 'Family  of  Love';   burn  in  Westphalia;  imprisoned 
on  a  rapiciou  of  heresy,   1529;  began  to  see  visions, 
MO,  and  represented  that  he  had  recvivul  a  divine  sum- 
mon* to  become  a  prophet  and  founder  of  a  new  sect,  to 
bellied 1  •PamUiaCaritatis,'  with  three  elders  to  aid  him  ; 
Uved  at  Bmbden(l*4<MH)),  writing  the  divine  revelations 
!iat!rl'2i;  m?de  """^  «>nvert«»  I*  Holland,  Bra- 
EJ£  ^S»£^ :  bb  book"  Pwuibited,  1*70.  1&«2,  and 
JMO:TliiUd  England,  c.  1552  or  1553 ;  probably  died  at 
Wogne.    He  taught  an   anabaptist  mysticism,  and  re- 
tpirOrtl  lore  of  humanity  a*  the  weeutial  rule  of  life.    The 


constitution  of  the  sect  consisted  of  the  highest  bishop, 
twenty-four  elders,  seraphim  or  archbishops,  and  three 
OP K-rs  of  priests  The  sect  did  not  attract  much  attention 
in  England  until  1574,  when  its  numbers  had  grown  large, 
chiefly  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Essex. 
It  endured  some  persecution  between  1574  and  1604,  but 
before  1700  familists  had  become  extremely  rare.  Nearly 
all  of  his  books  were  translated  into  English,  [xl.  427] 

NICHOLAS,  MATTHEW  (1594-1661),  dean  of  St. 
Paul's;  brother  of  Sir  Kdward  Nicholas  [q.  v.]  ;  scholar 
of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford :  D.C.L., 
1627 ;  canon  of  Salisbury  and  dean  of  Bristol,  1639 ; 
canon  of  Westminster,  1642 ;  deprived  at  the  rebellion  ; 
canon  auddeuu  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1660.  [xl.  126] 

NICHOLAS,  ROBERT  (1595-1667),  judge;  M.P., 
Devizes,  1640 ;  assisted  in  prosecuting  Laud,  1643 ;  ser- 
jeaut-at  law,  1648 ;  judge  of  the  upper  bench,  1649  ;  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1655;  pardoned,  1660 ;  commissioner  for 
raising  money  in  Wiltshire,  1660.  [xl.  431] 

NICHOLAS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1560-1596),  translator; 
employed  by  the  Levant  Company  in  the  Canary  isles ; 
imprisoned  for  heresy,  1560-2  and  1562-1 ;  brought  to 
Spain  and  finally  released,  1565 ;  translated  Spanish  his- 
tories of  the  conquest  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  [xl.  432] 

NICHOLAS,  THOMAS  (1820-1879),  Welsh  antiqaary : 

educated  at  Manchester  and  in  Germany  ;  professor  of 

biblical  literature  at  the  Presbyterian  College,  Carmarthen, 

;  1856  ;  settled  in  London,  1863  ;  promoted  the  University 

I  College  of  Wales  at  Aberystwith,  and  became  a  governor 

1  of  it ;  wrote  on  education  and  Welsh  antiquities. 

[xl.  433] 

NICHOLAS,  WILLIAM  (1785-1812),  major  in  the 
royal  engineers  ;  entered  the  army,  1801 ;  promoted  second 
captain,  1806  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Hosetta,  1807 ; 
succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  engineers  at  Cadiz, 
1810  ;  signally  distinguished  himself  at  Barossa,  1811,  and 
at  Badajos,  1812,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

[xl.  433] 
NICHOLL.     [See  also  NICHOL,  NICOL,  and  NICOLL.] 

NICHOLL,  JOHN  (fl.  1607),  traveller  and  author: 
started  with  a  band  of  Englishmen  to  Guiana,  1605; 
wrecked,  rescued  by  Spaniards,  and  imprisoned  as  a  spy  ; 
finally  reached  England,  1607,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  adventures,  1607.  [xl.  434] 

NICHOLL,  Sm  JOHN  (1759-1838),  judge ;  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  D.C.L.,  1785 ;  admitted  an 
advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons,  1785  ;  knighted,  1798 ; 
king's  advocate,  1798 ;  M.P.,  Penryn,  1802,  Hastings,  1806, 
and  Great  Bedwin,  1807-32 ;  strongly  opposed  to  parlia- 
mentary reform  and  catholic  emancipation ;  dean  of 
arches  and  judge  of  the  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury, 
1809-34 ;  judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty,  1833 ; 
vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1834; 
F.S.A.  and  F.R.S.  [xL  436] 

NICHOLL,    JOHN    (1790-1871),  antiquary;    F.S.A., 
I  1843 ;  served  as  master  of  the  Ironmongers'  Company, 
1859;    made  extensive  researches  in    heraldry  and  the 
genealogy  of    Essex   families    and  that  of    the  various 
I  families  of  Nicholl,  Nicholls,  or  Nichol ;  compiled  a  his- 
tory of  the  Ironmongers'  Company.  [xl.  436] 

NICHOLLS.  [See  also  NICCOLS,  NICHOLS,  NICKOLLS, 
and  NICOLLS.] 

NICHOLLS,  DEGORY  (d.  1591),  divine ;  fellow  of 
Petarhouse,  Cambridge,  1566 ;  M.A.,  1567 ;  incorporated 
at  Oxford,  1567 ;  was  '  contentious '  and  *  verye  dis- 
orderlie';  B.D.  university  preacher,  1574;  master  of 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1577-82 ;  canon  of  Exeter, 
1579 ;  D.D.,  1581.  [xL  4U6] 

NICHOLLS,  EDWARD  (fl.  1617),  sea-captain  of  the 
Dolphin,  1617;  was  attacked  by  five  Turkish  men-of-war 
when  returning  from  the  Levant,  and  forced  the  Turks  to 
retire.  [xl.  437] 

NICHOLLS,  FRANK  (1699-1778),  physician;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Exeter  College,  Oxfoni ;  MA.,  1721  ; 
M.D.,  1729 ;  lectured  at  Oxford  on  anatomy ;  demon- 
strated the  minute  structure  of  blood-vessels,  and  was  the 
first  to  uae  corroded  preparations  ;  F.R.S.,  1728 ;  F.R.O.P., 
1732 ;  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1734  and  1736  ;  Harveian 
orator,  1739,  and  Lumleiau  lecturer,  1748-9  ;  published  u 
compendium  of  his  lectured,  1732.  [xl.  437] 


NICHOLLS 


945 


NICHOLSON 


NICHOLLS,  Sm  GEORGK  (17*1  IHC5),  poor-law  re- 
former uinl  administrator  ;  IM-CMUH-  mi<NhiMiii:»n  on  hoard 
no  Bast  India  Company's  ship,  1797  ;  ok>tain«-<l  OMMMM 
of  a  ship,  1K09  ;  left  the  service  in  consequence  <il  tin-  -hip 
under  his  command  being  burnt  inharbour,  l81i,aHtMOn 
the  company  attached  no  blame  to  him  ;  startoi  tin-  tir-t 
savings  bank  nt  Farndon,  and  at  Southwell  l*-came 1  IH-.M  ) 
o\(  r-«  r  of  the  jxx)r;  iu  three  yean  reduce* I  tin-  umount 
of  relief  to  almost  u  quarter  without  injury  to  the  poor, 
his  leading  iilcii  being  to  abolish  outdoor  relief;  became 
practically  tin-  controller  of  tin-  Moure-t.-r  ami  Iterkeley 
Ship  Canal,  1H23  :  appoint<il  superintendent  of  the  branch 
of  tin-  Hank  of  England  at  Hirmin^lmm.  1KW.  became 
a  director  of  the  Hirminirham  Canal  Navigations;  con- 
sulted by  the  poor-law  commissioners,  and  on  the  patting 
of  the  act  (1834)  mode  one  of  three  commissioners  ;  visited 
Ireland  to  observe  poor-law  legislation  there,  1836  and 
1837,  and  visited  Holland  and  Belgium  (1X38)  to  examine 
their  methods  of  administering  relief :  resided  in  Ireland  to 
direct  the  working  of  the  Irish  Poor-law  Act,  1838-42  ; 
appointed  permanent  secretary  of  the  poor-law  board, 
1847  ;  K.C.B.,  1861 ;  wrote  on  the  poor  and  the  poor-laws. 

NICHOLLS,  JAMES  FAWCKNER  (1818-1883),  anti- 
quary und  librarian:  tried  various  occupations,  and 
finally  wa<  appointed  city  librarian  of  Bristol,  1868; 
brought  the  libraries  into  a  high  state  of  efficiency ; 
P.S.A.,  187K;  published  'The  Life  and  Discoveries  of 
Sebastian  Cabot.'  1869.  and  a  number  of  antiquarian 
books,  the  chief  of  which  was  '  Bristol  Past  and  Pre-ent.1 
1881-8.  [Jrt.441] 

NICHOLLS,  JOHN  (1555-1584?)  controversialist; 
left  Oxford  without  a  degree;  became  a  curate  in  Somer- 
set; in  1577  went  to  Rome  by  way  of  Antwerp,  Douay. 
Grenoble,  and  Milan ;  voluntarily  gave  himself  up  to  the 
inquisition  and  publicly  abjured  protestantism,  1678  ;  left 
Rome,  on  the  plea  of  ill-health,  158(1,  and  proceeded  to 
England,  where  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
he  wrote  during  his  imprisonment  an  account  of  the 
English  seminaries  and  the  popes,  and  a  recantation  ot 
Romanism,  1581 ;  employed  to  preach  to  the  Roman 
catholics  in  the  Tower  of  London;  went  to  the  Low 
Countries  and  Germany  and  again  turned  Roman  catholic, 
1582,  expressed  penitence,  and  withdrew  all  his  accusations 
against  Rome  and  Roman  institutions,  a  report  of  it 
being  published,  1583.  [xl.  441] 

NICHOLLS,  JOHN  ASHTON  (1823-1859),  philan- 
thropist ;  interested  in  physical  science ;  life  member  of 
the  British  Association,  1842 :  F.U.A.S.,  1849  :  entered  his 
father's  cotton  manufactory,  and  gave  much  time  to  im- 
proving the  education  and  condition  of  the  working 
classes ;  organised  classes  and  delivered  lectures  in  Man- 
chester and  the  neighbourhood.  L*l-  *»*] 

NICHOLLS.  NORTON  (1742?-1809),  friend  of  the 
poet  Gray  ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  LL.B.,  1766 :  met  Gray  about  1761 ;  visited  the 
continent  by  Gray's  advice ;  became  rector  of  Lound  and 
Brad  well,  1767 ;  travelled  with  Gray  through  the  midland 
counties,  1770  ;  his  full  correspondence  with  Gray  and  his 
4  Reminiscences  of  Gray'  were  published  in  the  fifth 
volume  of  Mitford's  edition  of  Gray.  [xL  443] 

NICHOLLS,  RICHARD  (1584-1616).    [See  NircoiA.] 

NICHOLLS,  SUTTON  (/I.  1700-1740),  draughtsman 
and  engraver ;  drew  and  engraved  views  of  London,  1725. 

[xL  446] 

NICHOLLS,  WILLIAM  (1664-1712),  author  and 
divine ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  B.A. 
Watlham  College,  Oxford,  1683 :  probationary  fellow  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1684;  M.A.,  1688;  D.D.,  1695; 
rector  of  Selsey,1691 ;  said  to  have  been  rector  of  Bushy, 
1691-3,  and  canon  of  Chichester,  1707 ;  published  theo- 
logical works,  his  •  Defensio  Ecclesiae  Anglicanae,'  1707 
and  1708,  resulting  in  an  interesting  foreign  correspon- 
dence;  chief  work,  'Comment  on  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer,'  1710.  [xl.  445] 

NICHOLS.     [See  also  Nirou.s.] 

NICHOLS,  JAMES  (1786-1861),  printer  and  theo- 
logical writer ;  became  a  printer  and  bookseller :  edited 
the  'Leeds  Literary  Observer'  (1819,  1  vol.);  removing 
to  London  published 'Calvinism  and  Arminianism  com- 
pared,' 1824:  translated  two  volumes  of  Arminins's 
1  Works,'  1825 ;  printed  and  edited  Thomson's  '  Works,' 
1849,  and  Young's  '  Complete  Works,'  1856.  [xli.  1] 


NICHOLS  or   NICHOLSON.  JOHN   (d.  1538). 

UAMBMBT.] 

NICHOLS.  .It  -US  (1745-1826),  printer  awl  author  : 
«lu.-:it«i  lit  Islin*tou  and  apprenticed  to  Will  .. 
the  younger  [q.  v.],  whoM  partner  be  became,  17W  ;  edited 
Mire,-  additional  volume*  of  Swift's  'Works,'  1776,  177* 
ami  177-*,  mid  William  King's  '  Work*,'  1776  ;  joined  David 
Henry  in  the  management  of  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,* 
177*.  for  which  be  wa*  solely  responsible  f  rom  179*  to  1826. 
published  his  '  lioyal  Wills,'  178u,  a  'Collection  of  Miscel- 
laneous Poems,'  17HU-  a:  mi.!  »>etween  178U  and  18<JU  bin 
•  Jnbhothffa  Topographica  '  <  i«i  vol-.i;  pulillcbed  'Bio- 
graphical Anecdote*  of  Hi»garth,'  i78i,  and  between  180H 
and  1817  edited,  with  Steeven*,  Hogarth's  '  Genuine  Work*  ': 
edited  Bowyer'n  '  Anecdote*,'  and  •  Miscellaneous  Tract*,' 
1786,  AtU-rbury's  '  Correspondence,'  1783-99,  the  'Bio- 


graphical Dictionary,'   1784,.  the  'Tatler,'  17M,  KteeJe's 
•r,,m-i>oiiden.-.',-    1788-91,    'The    Progresses  of 


Kli/abeth;  1788-18J1,  and  '  Shakespeare'*  Play*,'  1790  ; 
published  between  1796  and  1816  '  The  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  Leicester*  (8  vols.),  his  moot  important  work, 
and,  in  1801,  his  alitiou  of  Swift's  work*  (19  vols.) 

[xli.  2] 

NICHOLS,  JOHN  BOWYER  (1779-1863),  printer  and 
antiquary  :  ?on  of  John  NichoN  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School.  London  ;  entered  his  father'*  priat- 
I  lug  office,  1796;  became  part  editor  of  the  •  Gentleman'* 
Magazine,'  and  subsequently,  in  18:::*,  ^ole  proprietor: 
printer  of  parliamentary  proceeding"  and  published  im- 
portant county  histories  :  wrote  an<l  edited  antiquarian 
and  topographical  works.  [xli.  6] 

NICHOLS,   JOHN  OOUGH  (1806-1873),  printer  and 

antiquary  :  son  of  John  Bowyer  Nichols  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 

at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  ;  entered  the  print- 

!  ing  offices  of  his  father  and  grandfather,  1824  ;  joint- 

I  editor  of  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1828-61  ;  oole  editor, 

'   1861-6  ;  a  founder  of  the  Camdeti  Society,  whose  volume* 

he  printed,  and  many  of  which  he  edited  ;  edited  '  Literary 

Remains  of  Edward  VI,'  and  '  Sir  Nicholas  Throckmor- 

ton'  for  the  Roxburgbe   Club;   edited  the  periodicals 

'  Collectanea  Topographica  et  Genealogica,'  1834-43,  '  The 

Topographer  and  Genealogist,'  1846-58,  and  '  The  Herald 

and  Genealogist,'  1863-73  ;  published  heraldic  and  genea- 

logical works.  [xli.  6] 

NICHOLS,   JOSIAS   (15557-1639),    puritan   divine: 

!  B.A.  Oxford,  1574  :  rector  of  Eastwell,  15811  ;  described  ax 

a  ringleader  of  puritan  ministers  and  suspended,  1684,  but 

1  hoon  restored;  deprived  in  consequence  of  his  puritan 

I  writings,  1603.  [xli.  8] 

NICHOLS,  PHILIP  (  fl.  1647-1559  ),protestant  writer  : 
published  a  very  protestant  and  outspoken  'Letter'  to 
Canon  Orispyn,  1547,  and  other  works  in  the  same  spirit. 

[xli.  9] 

NICHOLS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1560),  translator  of  Thncy- 
•  dides  :  a  goldsmith  :  translated  Thucydides  from  Sey**eIV 
French  version,  1560.  [xlL  10] 

NICHOLS,  THOMAS  (Jt.  1554),  merchant  :  lived  in 
i  the  Canary  islands,  r.  1554-61  ;  his  description  of  the 
I  Canary  islands  and  Madeira  included  iu  Hakluyt's  •  Prin- 
;  cipall  Navigations,'  1589.  [xli.  10] 

NICHOLS,  WILLIAM  (1655-1716),  Latin  poet;  1LA. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1677  ;  rector  of  Stockport,  1694- 
1716;  wrote  elegant  Latin  elegiacs,  1711,  and  translated 
1  portions  of  the  prayer-book  into  Latin  verse,      [xli.  10] 

NICHOLS,  WILLIAM  LUKE  (1802-1889X  antiquary  ; 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1829  ;  heki  various  charges 
in  the  English  church  ;  published  4  Hone  Roman*,'  1838. 

[xli.  10] 

NICHOLSON.    [Sec  also  NICOLSON.] 

NICHOLSON,  ALFRED  (1788-1833\  landscape- 
painter;  son  of  Francis  Nicholson  (1763-1844)  [q.  v.] 

[xli.  16] 

NICHOLSON,  BRINSLEY  (1824-1892X  scholar: 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Paris  ;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh :  army  surgeon  ;  nerved  in  Africa,  China,  and  New 
Zealand  :  wlited  the  tirstquarto  of  '  Henry  the  Fifth,'  1876, 
'The  Best  Plays  of  Ben  Jonson,'  published,  189S,  and 
Donne's  poems,  published,  1895. 

NICHOLSON,  CHARLES  (1796-1837X  flautist  and 
composer  :  appointed  professor  of  the  flute  at  the  Rpyal 
Academy  of  Music,  1822  ;  improved  the  instrument  and 
possessed  some  talent  for  composition.  [xli.  IS] 


NICHOLSON 


946 


NICHOLSON 


NICHOLSON.   SIP.    FRANTIC   (IfifiO -172H).   colonial 
vernor:  entcrelthe  army,  1678  :  lieutenant-governor  of 
tbootaoies  north  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  1688  :  fled  to  Bng- 
buMl  when  the  colonist,  row,  Itt89 ;  lieutenanHrovm.or  of 
lWM:   sooceerfnlly  established  schools  im- 
e  condition  of  the  clergy,  and  urged  a  vie.-,,,,, 
against  Canada:  governor  of  NUr>l;md,  1694,  of 
1««:  tern-d  against  Canada,  I7os  ;  pov.Tn.ir  «-i 
South  Carolina,  17l'.»:  knight-d.   1710: 
1725:  though  in  England,  hrld  nominal 
5X  [xli.  12] 


NICHOLSON.  FRANCIS  (1650-1 731X  theologian: 
MJL  University  College,  Oxford,  1673 :  avowed  himself  a 
Roman  catholic,  1686  :  joined  the  English  Carthusians  at 
Nleuport,  1688 :  subsequently  lived  at  Lisbon  and  died  at 
the  /£***"  College ;  wrote  on  the  eucharist,  1688. 

[xli.  13] 

NICHOLSON.  FRANCIS  (1763-1844),  water-colour 
painter ;  at  first  painted  portraits,  but  finally  devoted 
himself  to  landscape*:  left  Yorkshire  for  London.  1800  : 
an  original  member  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water- 
colours,  1804 :  wrote  on  drawing  and  painting  in  water- 
colour*,  1880 :  changed  the  art  from  mere  paper-staining 
with  light  tints  to  the  production  of  depth  of  tone  ami 
variety  of  shade  and  colour.  [xli.  14] 

NICHOLSON,  GEORGE  (1760-1825),  printer  and 
author  •  commenced  publishing  chap-books  at  Bradford, 
e.  1784;  published  his  'Literary  Miscellany'  at  Man- 
chester, r.  1797 ;  possessed  great  taste  and  originality  as 
a  typographer :  wrote  on  vegetarianism,  education^  and 

NICHOLSON,  GEORGE  ( 1795 ?-1839  ?).  artist;  exhi- 
bited at  Liverpool  Academy  exhibitions,  chiefly  water- 
colour  landscapes,  1827-38.  [xli.  16] 

NICHOLSON,  GEORGE  (1787-1878),  painter  :  nephew 
of  Francis  Nicholson  (1753-1844)  [q.  v.]  [xli.  15] 

NICHOLSON,  HENRY  ALLEYNE  (1844-1899X  bio- 
logist; Ph.D.  Gbttingen:  BJ3c.  Edinburgh,  1866:  D.Sc., 
18«7 ;  MJX,  1869 :  professor  of  natural  history,  Toronto, 
1871-4,  of  physical  science  in  Durham  College  of  Physical 
Science,  1874-5,  and  of  natural  history  at  St.  Andrews, 
1875-82 ;  regius  professor  of  natural  history  at  Aberdeen, 
1882-99 ;  fellow  of  Geological  Society,  1867  ;  F.L.S. :  F.R.S., 
1897 ;  published  zoological  and  palaeontologlcal  text-books 
and  numerous  scientific  papers.  [Suppl.  iii.  227] 

NICHOLSON,  ISAAC  (1789-1848),  wood-engraver; 
apprenticed  to  John  Bewick  [q.  v.],  whose  style  he  suc- 
cessfully copied.  [xli.  16] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (rf.  1538).    [See  LAMBKIIT.] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (1730-1796),  Cambridge  book- 
MOer:  married  Anne  Watte,  daughter  of  a  Cambridge 
bookseller,  to  whose  business  he  succeeded,  1752  :  nick- 
named '  Maps ' ;  supplied  undergraduates  with  their  class- 
books  by  subscription.  [xli.  16] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (1781-1822),  author:  grandson 
of  John  Nicholson  (1730-1796)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  anony- 
mooaly ( Fetus  and  Arria,'  1809,  and  'Right  and  Wrong,' 
181*.  [xli.  17] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (1790-1843), « the  Airedale  poet ' ; 
a  wool-sorter,  who  published '  Airedale  in  Ancient  Times,' 
1825 ;  his  separate  poems  collected  in  a  complete  edition, 
with  biography,  1844.  [xlu  17] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (1821-1857),  brigadier-general : 
born  in  Dublin :  obtained  cadetahip  in  Bengal  infantry, 
1839;  served  In  Afghanistan  and  (1842)  took  a  prominent 
part  In  the  defence  of  Ghaznl ;  made  prisoner,  but  ulti- 
mately rescued  by  Major-general  (afterward  Sir)  George 
Pollock  [q.  v.].  1842;  promoted  adjutant  of  his  regiment, 
1841 ;  accompanied  the  Maharajah  Gulub  Singh  to  Kash- 
mir, 184« :  captain,  1848  ;  regarded  as  a  demi-god  by  the 
native*,  a  brotherhood  of  fakirs  in  Hazara  originating  the 
worship  of  Nlkkul  Seyn.  1848 :  when  in  charge  of  Sind 
Sagar  Doab,  secured  Attek  and  scoured  the  country  on 
the  rebellion  of  Mulraj.  performing  almost  incredible 
marches  and  prodigies  of  valour :  distinguished  himself 
daring  the  second  Sikh  war,  especially  at  Gujrat.  1819, 
and  was  promoted  brevet-major,  1849;  administrative 


'  at  Bannn.  1851-6 ;  brevet  lieutenant-general,  1864 : 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  on  the  outbreak  of  the 


j  mutiny,  and  commander  of  the  Punjab  movable  column  : 
di-annul  susixvted  sepoy  regiments:  btfesjmpted  tin- 
nmtiiKvrs  who  \vnv  battening  to  Delhi,  mid  destroy.-.! 

I  them  at  Trinunu  (ihautand  at  the  Rnvi  river  ;  he  arrive  I 

1  at  Delhi  14  Aug.  1857  ;  captured  thirteen  guns  and  the 
camp  equipment  of  the  enemy .  who  were  mano.»uvrini:  txi 
get  at  the  British  rear,  25  Aug.  1857:  commanded  tin 
main  stormuiir  party  in  the  assault  on  Delhi,  14  Sept. 
IHS7-  w;i-  t-hot  through  the  chest  and  died  a  few  days 

:  later.  [xl>.  17] 

NICHOLSON,  JOHN  (1777-1866),  publisher,  of  Kirk- 
cudbright; brother  of  William  Nicholson  (17827-1849) 

:  [q.  v.]  :  antiquary  and  local  historian.  [xli.  32] 

NICHOLSON,  JOSHUA  (1812-1885),  silk  manufac- 
turer and  philanthropist:  partner  in  J.  &  J.  Brough, 
Nicholson  <fc  Co. ;  built  the  Nicholson  Institute  at  Leek, 
1884,  and  endowed  it  for  ten.  years.  [xli.  21] 

NICHOLSON,  Sm  LOTHIAN  (1827-1893),  general ; 
i  entered  Woolwich,  1844  ;  first  lieutenant,  1847 ;  second 
captain,  1856  :  served  in  the-Crimea :  brevet  major,  1855  : 
present  at  the  final  siege  of  Lucknow ;  promoted  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel,  1858  :  C.B.,  1859 ;  brevet  colonel,  1866  : 
major-general,  1877 :  lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey,  1878- 
1883  :  lieutenant-general,  1881 ;  K.C.B.,  1887  :  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1891 :  died  at  Gibraltar,  [xli.  21] 

NICHOLSON,  MARGARET  (1750?-1828),  assailant 
1  of  George  III :  a  housemaid  who  (1786)  attempted  to  stab 
l  George  III  with  a  dessert-knife  :  certified  insane  and  sent 
i  to  Bedlam:  burlesque  verses  written  on  her  by  Percy 
1  Bysshe  Shelley  [q.  v.]  and  Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg  [q.  v.], 
'  1810.  [*1L22] 

NICHOLSON,  MICHAEL  ANGELO  (rf.  1842),  archi- 
|  tectural  draughtsman ;  son  of  Peter  Nicholson  [q.  v.] : 
'  invented  the  inverted  trammel  for  drawing  ellipses ;  pub- 
1  lished  professional  works  and  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
j  Academy.  [*»'•  25] 

NICHOLSON,  PETER  (1765-1844),  mathematician 
I  and  architect :  opened  an  evening  school  for  mechanics  in 
i  Soho  •  set  up  as  an  architect  at  Glasgow,  1800 ;  removed 
1  to  Carlisle,  1806,  and  to  Newcastle,  1829  ;  devoted  his  life 
:  to  improving  the  mechanical  processes  of  building : 
'  formulated  rules  for  finding  sections  of  prisms,  cylinders, 
1  or  cylindroids,  invented  the  centrolinead,  and  claimed  to 
i  have  invented  a  method  for  obtaining  rational  roots  and 
1  approximating  to  the  irrational  roots  of  an  equation  of 
|  any  order ;  published  many  useful  works  on  architecture 
I  and  mathematics.  [xli.  23] 

NICHOLSON,  RENTON  (1809-1861),  known  as  the 
Lord  Chief  Baron;  finally  became  editor  of  a  society 
journal  and  a  sporting  paper ;  opened  the  Garrick's  Head, 
London,  1841,  and  there  established  the  Judge  and  Jury 
Society,  where  he  presided  as  lord  chief  baron  over 
humorous  trials;  subsequently  removed  his  'court'  to 
103  Strand:  wrote  on  boxing,  and  was  proprietor  and 
editor  of  « Illustrated  London  Life,'  1843.  [xli.  25] 

NICHOLSON,  RICHARD  (d.  1639).  musician :  Mus. 
Bac.  Oxford,  1596  ;  organist,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  c. 
1596 ;  first  professor  of  music  at  Oxford,  1626  ;  composed 
madrigals.  [xli.  26] 

NICHOLSON,  SAMUEL  (/.  1600-1602),  poet  and 
divine;  M.A.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1602;  his 
'Acolastus  his  After- Witte,'  1600,  interesting  from  its 
plagiarisms  from  Shakespeare's  and  other  works;  pub- 
lished a  devotional  treatise,  1602.  [xli.  26] 

NICHOLSON,  THOMAS  JOSEPH  (1645-1718),  fir*t 
vicar-apostolic  of  Scotland  :  regent,  Glasgow  University ; 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  1682 :  missionary  to  Scotland. 
1687 ;  imprisoned  for  a  short  time,  1688  and  1697 ;  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Peristachium  and  first  vicar-general  of 
Scotland,  1695.  [xli.  26] 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  (1691-1672),  bishop  of 
Gloucester;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1615;  master 

!  of  Oroydon  free  school,  1616-29  ;  rector  of  Llandilo-Vawr, 
1626 ;  archdeacon  of  Brecon,  1644 ;  kept  a  school  in  Car- 

!  marthenshire  in  partnership  with  Jeremy  Taylor  [q.  v.] 

j  and  William  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1661-72 ; 
published  expositions  of  the  catechism  and  apostles'  creed, 

I  and  an  analysis  of  the  Psalms ;  published  '  Apology  for  the 
Discipline  of  the  Ancient  Church,'  1669.  [xli.  27] 


NICHOLSON 


'.M7 


NICOLLS 


NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  (1753-1H15),  man  of  Mfenoe 

and  inventor  :  .-ailed  under  tin-  Ka-t  India  Company, 
17tJ'J-7G  ;  settled  in  London  and  engaged  in  MkoUflo 
studies  ;  invented  (c.  1789)  an  ingenious  aerometer,  which 
bore  his  mum-,  and  was  long  usnl  in  lalH.ratoriea;  acted 
as  a  patent  agent,  and  himself  patented  a  cylindrical 
machine  for  printing  ou  linen  and  other  articles,  1790, 
which  was  never  u-.-d  :  -ketch.-d  arrangements  for  the 
water  supply  of  Portsmouth  and  <i»-;«>rt.  and  became 
engineer  to  the  company  ;  brought  out  a  '  Dictionary  of 
Practical  and  Theoretical  Chemistry,'  1808:  edited 
Nicholson's  'Journal  ol  Natural  I'hilosophy,'  1797-1816, 
and  wrote  and  translated  many  books  on  chemi-try  and 
natural  philosophy.  [xli.  28] 

NICHOLSON,     WILLIAM      (1781-1844),     portrait-  , 
painter  and  etcher:    exhibited  portraits  at  the    Royal  ! 
Academy,  1808-22 ;  removed  to  Edinburgh,  1814  ;  miula-  j 
turist  and  painter  in  oils,  but  chiefly  successful  with  ! 
water-colour  portraits  :  etched  a  few  of  his  own  and  other 
painters'  portraits,  and  exhibited  at  Scottish  exhibitions  : 
instrumental  in  the  formation  of  the  Scottish  Academy  of 
Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Architecture,  1826.      [xli.  30] 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  (1782  7-1849),  the  Galloway 
poet ;  a  pedlar  who  was  encouraged  by  Hogg  and  Dr. 
Alexander  Murray  (1775-1813)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  'Tales 
in  Verse  and  Miscellaneous  Poems,'  1814 ;  visited  London 
to  preach  universal  redemption,  1826.  [xli.  31] 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  (1816-1866),  Australian 
statesman  aud  'father  of  the  ballot';  went  out  from 
England  to  Melbourne,  1841 ;  elected  to  the  city  council, 
1848 ;  alderman  and  mayor,  1860 ;  elected  to  the  mixed 
legislative  council  for  North  Bourke,  1862  ;  moved  a  resolu- 
tion in  favour  of  the  ballot,  1855 ;  unsuccessful  in  con- 
structing a  cabinet,  but  his  scheme,  ultimately  the 
'  Australian  ballot,'  accepted ;  visited  England,  1856 ; 
premier  of  Victoria,  1869  ;  endeavoured  to  settle  the 
Victoria  land  question.  [xli.  32] 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM  ADAMS  (1803-1853), 
architect ;  articled  to  John  Buonarotti  Papworth  [q.  v.]  ; 
established  himself  at  Lincoln,  1828,  and  acquired  exten- 
sive practice ;  original  F.R.I.B.A.  [xli.  33] 

NICKXE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1786-1855),  major-general ; 
entered  the  army,  1799  ;  lieutenant,  1802  ;  captain,  1809 ; 
served  through  the  Peninsular  war;  in  America,  1814; 
entered  Paris,  1815;  brevet  major,  1819;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1825;  served  in  Canada,  1838;  K.H.;  brevet 
colonel,  1848 ;  major-general,  1851 ;  appointed  commander 
of  the  Australian  forces,  1853 ;  died  at  Melbourne. 

[xli.  34] 

NICKOLLS,  JOHN  (1710  ?-1745),  antiquary;  mer- 
chant ;  collected  prints  of  heads  :  acquired  original  letters 
formerly  possessed  by  Milton,  which  he  published.  1743 ; 
F.S.A.,  1740.  [xli.  38] 

NICOL.    [See  also  NICHOLL,  NICHOL,  and  NICOLL.] 

NICOL,  MRS.  (d.  1834  ?),  actress  ;  a  housekeeper  who 
became  an  actress ;  appeared  first  at  Edinburgh,  1806 ; 
retired,  1834 ;  excelled  iu  old-women  roles.  [xli.  35] 

NICOL,  ALEXANDER  (fl.  1739-1766),  Scottish  poet : 
teacher  of  English  at  Aberuyte ;  his  poems  collected,  1766. 

[xli.  36] 

NICOL,  EMMA  (1801-1877),  actress;  daughter  of 
Mrs.  Nicol  [q.  v.];  played  at  Edinburgh,  1808-24;  ap- 
peared in  London  and  the  smaller  Scottish  towns  after 
1824;  in  Edinburgh,  1834-62,  devoting  herself  to  old- 
women  roles.  [xli.  36] 

NICOL,  JAMES  (1769-1819),  poet ;  was  minister  of 
Traquair,  1802 ;  contributed  to  magazines  ;  published  two 
volumes  of  poems,  1805.  [xli.  37] 

NICOL,  JAMES  (1810-1879),  geologist;  son  of  James 
Nicol  (1769-1819)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh,  Bonn, 
and  Berlin ;  professor  of  geology,  Queen's  College,  Cork, 
1849,  and  at  Aberdeen,  1863-78 ;  F.G.S.  and  F.RAE., 
1847 ;  published  handbooks  on  mineralogy,  1849  and  1868, 
and  wrote  on  the  geology  of  Scotland,  1844  and  1866  ; 
discovered  the  true  relations  of  the  rock-masses  in  the 
complicated  region  of  the  highlands.  [xli.  38] 

NICOL  or  NICOLL,  JOHN  (ft.  1590-1667),  diarist; 
writer  to  the  signet ;  compiled  a  diary  iu  two  vols. 
from  1637  to  1649  and  1660  to  1657,  prefixing  an  intro- 
duction on  earlier  Scottish  history.  Vol.  i.  has  beeu  lost, 


but  vol.  ii.  (1660-7)  wo*  printed  by  the  Banuntyne  Club, 

[xli.  89] 

NICOL,  WILLIAM  ( 171  r  17971  friend  of  Burns: 
stndiM  th.-ology  and  medicine  at  Edinburgh;  classical 
nuwter  at  Edinburgh  High  School ;  Bunu  WM  his  guest, 
1787  and  1789,  aud  they  vUitod  the  highland*  together. 

NICOLAS.    [See  also  NICHOLAS.] 

NICOLAS  BREAKSPEAR,  POPE  ADRIAN  IV  (</. 
1169).  [See  Aimi.vN.] 

NICOLAS,  (iUANVILLE  TOUP  (d.  18M),  n»vy 
captain :  son  of  John  Toup  Nioobu  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
navy,  1848  ;  engaged  In  suppression  of  Tae-plug  insurrec- 
tion ;  retired  as  captain,  1882.  [xli.  41  ] 

NICOLAS,  JOHN  TOUP  (1788-1861),  rear-admiral : 
brother  of  Sir  Nicholas  Harris  Nlcolac  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
navy,  1799 ;  lieutenant,  1804 ;  commander.  1809 ;  served 
in  the  Mediterranean  :  C.B.  aud  post  captain,  1816  ;  K.H., 
1834  ;  rear-admiral,  18SU.  [xlL  40] 

NICOLAS,  Sill  NICHOLAS  HARRIS  (1799-1848), 
antiquary  ;  entered  navy,  1808 ;  lieutenant,  1816 ;  put  ou 
half-pay,  1818 ;  F.S.A.,  1824-8;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1825  ;  many  desirable  reforms  produced  by  bis  attacks  ou 
the  record  commission,  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  aud 
the  British  Museum;  K.H.,  1831;  G.O.M.G.,  1840;  died 
at  Boulogne.  He  compiled  or  edited  many  valuable 
works,  amongst  others,  'The  Life  of  William  Davieon,' 
1823,  '  Notitia  Historica,'  1824  (Improved  edition,  'Chron- 
ology of  History,'  1833),  'Synopsis  of  the  Peerage  of 
England,'  1826,  'Testamenta  Vetnsta,'  1826,  'Literary 
Remains  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,'  1826,  'The  Battle  of  Agin- 
court,'  1827,  'The  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  Controversy,' 
1832,  '  Proceedings  and  Ordinances  of  the  Privy  Council, 
1886-1642,'  'Despatches  and  Letters  of  Lord  Nelson,' 
1844-6,  'History  of  Royal  Navy,'  1847,  and  '  Memoirs  of 
Sir  Christopher  Hattou,'  1847.  [xli.  41] 

NICOLAY,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1771-184SX  colonial  ad- 
ministrator; second  lieutenant,  1788  ;  present  at  Seringa- 
patam,  1792,  and  Pondicherry,  1793;  captain,  1798; 
major,  1801 ;  served  at  Waterloo :  C.H.,  1816 :  governor 
of  Dominica,  1824-31,  of  Antigua,  1831-2,  of  Mauritius, 
1832-40 ;  lieutenant-general,  1837  ;  K.O.U.  [xli.  44] 

NICOLL.    [See  also  NICHOL  and  NICOL,] 

NICOLL,  ALEXANDER  (1793-1838),  orientalist: 
M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1814 ;  regius  professor  of 
Hebrew  and  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1822-8 ; 
D.C.L.,  1822;  made  catalogues  of  the  oriental  manu- 
scripts at  the  Bodleian  Library,  of  which  he  was  a  sub- 
librarian, [xli.  44] 

NICOLL  or  NICOLLS,  ANTHONY  (1611-1669),  par- 
liamentarian ;  nephew  of  John  Pym  [q.  v.];  M.P.  for 
Bodmin  in  the  Long  parliament ;  joined  the  presbyterian 
members ;  several  charges  being  preferred  against  him, 
was  ordered  into  restraint,  1647;  escaped;  the  orders 
against  him  revoked  by  the  presbyterian*,  1647  ;  master  of 
the  armouries,  1648 ;  M.P.,  Cornwall,  1664-5,  Bossiuey, 
1669  :  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1667.  [xli.  46] 

NICOLL,  FRANCIS  (1770-1835),  Scottish  divine: 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  1789 ;  minister  of  Mains,  1799-1819; 
D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1807 ;  minister  of  St.  Leonard's,  Fife, 
1819-24;  principal  of  8k  Leonard's  and  St.  Salvator's, 
St.  Andrews,  1819,  and  rector  of  the  university,  1822. 

[xli.  46] 

NICOLL,  ROBERT  (1814-1837),  poet;  wrote  for 
'  Tait's  Magazine ' ;  opened  a  circulating  library  at 
Dundee ;  became  editor  of  the  '  Leeds  Times,'  1836 :  a 
strong  radical ;  published  poems,  1836,  the  best  being  his 
lyrics  in  the  Scottish  dialect.  [xli.  46] 

NICOLL,  WHITLOOK  (1786-1838X  physician: 
M.R.O.S.,  1809  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1816  ;  chief  work,  'Cere- 
bral Structures  in  Infante,'  1821 ;  wrote  also  on  theology. 

[xlL  47] 

NICOLLS  or  NICHOLL8,  Sm  AUGDSTINB  (1569- 
1616),  judge;  reader  at  the  Middle  Temple,  1608;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1603;  justice  of  common  pleas,  161S; 
knighted,  1612 ;  chancellor  to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales, 
1616.  [xli.  48] 

NICOLLS,  BENEDICT  (J.  1433),  bishop  of  St. 
David's  ;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1408-18 ;  a  trier  of  petitions, 
1414  and  1429  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1418-33 ;  founded  a 
chantry  at  St.  David's.  (.xli.  49] 

:J  i-  -2 


NICOLLS 


048 


NISBET 


NICOLLS,  PERDINANDO  (1598-1662),  pr*wi.yt.-ri:m 
divine:  1LA.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  i.:vi  :  r-.-ior  of  I 
,;   >[.,-,   \, -•:.••-.•  v  ;•••.:•  ..i  :  Dranahire  commissioner 
for  the  ejection  of  scandalous  ministers,  1664:  ejected,  , 
1661;  published  '  Life  of  Ignatius  Jourdain,'  1664. 

NICOLLS,  Sin  FRANCIS,  first  baronet  (1585-1642), 
nephew  of  Sir  Augustine  Nicolls  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  • 
Middle  Temple,    1601;    M.P.,  Northamptonshire,  1619; 
i  sheriff  of  the  county,  1631 :  secretary  to  the  elector 
1640 ;  created  baronet,  1641.  [xli.  49] 

NICOLLS,  SIB  JASPER  (1778-1849),  lieutenant-gene- 
ral: gasettoi  179J:  lieutenant,  1794:  captain,  1799:  . 
went  to  India,  1801 :  major,  1804 :  distinguished  himself 
at  the  assault  of  Buenos  Ayres,  1807 ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1807;  present  at  Oorufta  (medal):  quartermaster-general. 
1811 ;  colonel,  1814 :  distinguished  himself  in  the  conquest 
of  Oatnoan,  1814-16 :  major-general,  1821  :  created  K.O.B. 
for  his  brilliant  services  at  Bhurtpore,  1825  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1837:  commauder-in-chiet  in  Madras,  1838; 
transferred  to  Bengal,  1889 ;  resigned,  1843.  [xli.  50] 

NICOLLS,  MATHIAS(1630 ?-1687), jurist :  barrister; 
secretary  of  the  province  of  New  Netherlands,  1664, 
compiling '  the  Duke's  Laws,'  the  first  code  of  lawn  in 
New  York  :  mayor  of  New  York,  1672 ;  first  judge  of 
(be  common  pleas,  New  York  ;  died  in  America. 

[xli.  62] 

NICOLLS.     RICHARD    (1624-1672X     first    English 

the  civil 


Northumbria  and    to  have  been  slain    by  his   brother 
Sitric  ;  the  Irish  chroniclers  do  not  mention  him. 

[xli.  59] 

NIGEL  (d.  1169),  bishop  of  Ely  and  statesman  ;  nephew 
of  Roger  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Salisbury  ;  educated  byAnselin 
at  Loon  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London :  consecrated 
bishop  of  Ely,  1133,  and  was  then  'the  king's  treasurer ' ; 
restored  several  estates  to  the  see  ;  raised  Stephen's  sus- 
picions and  fortified  Ely,  which  was  taken  (1139)  by 
Stephen  ;  fled  to  Matilda,  but,  realising  the  hopelessness 
of  her  cause,  submitted,  and  was  restored,  1142  ;  accused 
of  connivance  in  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville's  revolt,  and 
obliged  to  purchase  his  peace.  On  Henry  H's  accession 
Nigel  was  called  upon  to  reinstate  Henry  I's  official 
system,  and  was  also  presiding  justiciar  in  the  curia 
regis.  [xli.  60] 

NIGEL,  called  WIRKKKR  (./?.  1190),  satirist ;  monk  of 
Christ  Church,  Canterbury  ;  best-known  work, '  Speculum 
Stultorum,'  in  which  the  vices  and  corruption  of  society 
and  the  religious  orders  are  satirised ;  wrote  also  '  Contra 
Curiales  et  Officiates  Olericos.'  [xli.  62] 

NIGER,  RALPH  (/.  1170),  historian  and  theologian  : 
educated  at  Paris  ;  supported  Thomas  a  Becket ;  accused 
before  Henry  II  and  fled  into  exile ;  in  addition  to  theo- 
logical works  wrote  two  chronicles,  which  contain  only 
borrowed  notices  of  English  affairs.  [xli.  63] 


NICOLLS,  WILLIAM  (1667-1723),  jurist;  son  of 
Mathias  Nicolls  [q.  v.] :  went  to  America  and  became 
clerk  of  Queen's  County,  New  York,  1683 ;  imprisoned  for 
opposing  Jacob  Leister's  usurpation  in  New  York ;  mem- 
ber for  Suffolk  County,  New  York,  1702,  and  speaker, 
1701-18.  [xli.  52] 

NICOL8.  THOMAS  (/.  1669),  writer  on  gems; 
studied  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  wrote  a  curious 
work  on  precious  stones,  published  thrice,  each  time  with 
a  different  title.  [xli.  64] 

NICOLSON.    [See  also  NICHOLSON.] 

HICOLSON.  ALEXANDER  (1827-1893),  Gaelic 
BJL  Edinburgh,  1850 ;  hon.  MJU  1869 :  took  to 
called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  1860 ;  assistant- 
•  of  Scottish  education,  1865  ;  sheriff -substi- 
tute of  Kirkcudbright,  1872,  of  Greenock,  1886 ;  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1880 ;  revised  the  Gaelic  bible  and  collected 
Gaelic  proverbs.  [xli.  64] 

HIOOLSON,  WILLIAM  (1855-1727),  divine  and  anti- 
qoary :  M.A.  Queen's  College.  Oxford,  1679  ;  fellow,  1679- 
1681;  visited  Leipzig  to  learn  German  and  the  northern 
languages  of  Europe ;  prebendary  of  Carlisle,  1681  ; 
archdeacon  of  Carlisle,  1682:  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1702; 
Involved  by  his  impetuosity  as  bishop  in  perpetual  strife ; 
formed  a  collection  of  manuscripts  and  contributed 
to  antiquarian  works:  translated  to  the  bishopric  of 
Derry,  1718,  to  the  archbishopric  of  Cashel  and  Emly, 
1717 ;  did  not  live  to  take  charge  of  the  archbishopric. 
m  ptVH  I.TI-:*!  /.iii  lur  HH  j.n-s.TViitmii  of  nfli.-ial 
documenu,  for  which  purpose  he  built  special  rooms  at 
Deny.  His  chief  work  consbts  of  the  'Historical 
'  part  published,  1696,  1697,  and  169», 
1. 1714 ;  entire  work  republished,  1732 
y.  In  1706  he  brought  out 'Leges  Marchiarum, 
or  Border  Laws  *  (repnblished,  1747).  [xli.  66] 

JAMES  (1744-1814).    [See  NKILD.] 


NIGER  or  LE  NOIR,   ROGER  (d.  1241),  bishop  of 
,  London ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1192 :  arch- 
,l"  2JL51IS  '  deacon  of  Colchester,  1218 ;  elected  bishop  of  London, 

from  the  Kennebec  to  the  Hudson,  1664  ;  on  the  SSS  I  £&£*£!£$  £  toSfrS^SLS  rSSeTwS? 
*nds,  1664,  retainal  Dutch  officials  where     ^SSlS^^J^^S^  oWoiS 

'  i  of  pillaging  the  Romans,  1232 ;  dedicated  the  choir  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1240.  [xli.  64] 

NIGHTINGALE,  JOSEPH  (1775-1824),  miscellane- 
ous writer;  became  a  Wesleyan  methodist,  1796;  was  a 
schoolmaster  and  became  a  Unitarian,  1804 ;  exposed  to 
criticism  by  his  '  Portraiture  of  Methodism,'  1807  ;  re- 
turned to  methodism,  1824 ;  wrote  on  history,  religion, 
stenography,  and  topography.  [xli.  65] 

NIGHTINGALL,  SIR  MILES  (1768-1829),  lieutenant- 
general ;  entered  the  army,  1787;  present  at  Seringapa- 
tam,  1792,  and  Pondicherry,  1793  ;  captain,  1794 ;  major 
and  lieutenant-colonel  before  1797 ;  quartermaster-general 
in  Bengal,  1803  ;  present  (1808)  at  Roleia  and  Vimeiro, 
and  (1811)  at  Fuentes  d'Onoro  (medals);  major-general, 
1810 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Java,  1813-15 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1814 ;  K.O.B.,  1815.  [xli.  66] 

NIMMO,  ALEXANDER  (1783-1832),  civil  engineer ; 
of  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh  Universities  ;  originally  a 
schoolmaster ;  commissioner  to  fix  the  county  boundaries 
of  Scotland ;  engineer  of  the  western  district  of  Ireland, 
where  he  reclaimed  waste  land  and  built  bridges  and 
harbours ;  P.R.S. ;  member  of  the  Institute  of  British 
Architects.  [xli.  67] 

NIMMO,  JAMES  (1 654-1 709X  covenanter  ;  was  among 
the  defeated  at  Bothwell  Bridge,  1679 ;  ultimately  fled  to 
Holland,  but  (1688)  returned  to  Scotland,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  customs.  [xli.  67] 

NIMROD  (pseudonym).  [See  APPERLKY,  CHARLES 
JAMKS,  1779-1843.] 


EDMUND    JOHN    (1813-1876),   land- 
scape-painter ;  exhibited  in  London  and  the  provinces. 


Venice:  came  to  London,  1701, as  rabbi  to  the 
and    Portuguese   Jews:    published    theoloirirail 


called  the  DAJTK  (d.  911  ?),  reputed  king  of 
:  saw  by  the  English  chronicler*  to  have  ruled  < 


NINIAN  or  NINIAS,  SAINT  (d.  432  ?),  apostle  of 
Christianity  in  North  Britain;  a  Briton  who  made  a 
pilgrimage  to  Rome ;  trained  at  Rome ;  consecrated 
bishop,  establishing  his  episcopal  seat  at  Whithorn,  where 
he  built  a  stone  church  dedicated  to  St.  Martin  of  Tours, 
and  commonly  called  Candida  Oasa:  evangelised  the 
southern  Picte;  Baeda  and  Ailred  of  Rievaulx  give  ac- 
counts of  him.  [xli.  68] 

NISBET.    [See  also  NKSBIT,  NKSBITT,  NISBETT.] 

NISBET,  ALEXANDER  (1667-1725),  heraldic 
writer:  educated  at  Edinburgh  for  the  law;  devoted 
himself  to  heraldry  and  antiquities ;  chief  work,  '  System 
of  Heraldry,'  1722.  [xli.  69] 

NISBET,  CHARLES  (1736-1804),  Scottish  divine; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  called  to  the  charge 
of  Montrose,  1764 ;  advocated  the  cause  of  the  American 
colonies ;  appointed  (1785)  principal  of  Dickinson  College, 
Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died.  [xli.  70] 


NISBET 


949 


NOBLE 


NISBET,  JOHN  (1627  9-1685),  covenanter:  took  an 
active  and  prominent  part  iu  the  strugglci,  of  the 
covenantors  for  civil  and  religious  liberty  ;  wounded  and 
left  for  dead  at  Pentland,  1666 ;  fought  a*  captain  at 
Both  well  Bridge,  1079  ;  seized  and  executed  as  a  rebeL 

[xli.  70] 

NISBET,  SIR  JOHN  (1609  V-1687),  lonl-advocate : 
admitted  advocate,  1633  ;  sheriff -depute  of  the  county  of 
Edinburgh,  1639;  defended  Moutrose,  1641;  appointed 
lord-advocate  and  raised  to  the  bench  as  Lord  inrl<t<>ii, 
1664 ;  severely  persecuted  the  covenanters  ;  commissioner 
for  the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms,  1670 ;  forced  to  resign 
position  of  lord  advocate,  1677.  [xli.  70] 

NISBET,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1787-1805X  medical  writer  : 
F.R.C.S.  of  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  on  venereal  disr  > 
on  scrofula  and  cancer,  1796 ;    published  *  The  Clinical 
Guide,'  1793,  and  a  'General  Dictionary  of  Chemistry,' 
1806.  [xli.  71] 

NISBETT,     LOUISA    CRANSTOUN  (18127-1858), 
actress;    the  daughter  of  one  Macnamara,  who  acted 
under  the  name  Mordaunt ;  began  to  act  as  Miss  Mor- 
daunt  at  Greenwich,  1826  ;  played  in  the  provinces  till  i 
1829 ;   married  John  Alexander  Nisbett,  1831,  but  re-  i 
turned  to  the  stage  (1832)  in  consequence  of  her  husband's  | 
sudden  death  and  his  affairs  being  put  into  chancery ; 
acted  in  various  London  theatres ;  married  Sir  William  I 
Boothby,  1844 ;    again  returned  to  the  stage  after  liis 
death,  1846  ;  retired,  1851 ;  a  charming  actress  in  comedy. 

[xli.  72] 

NITHSDALE,  fifth  EARL  OF  (1676-1744).  [See 
MAXWELL,  WILLIAM.] 

NITHSDALE,  COUNTESS  OF  (d.  1749).  [See  MAX- 
WELL, WINIFRED.] 

NITH8DALE,  LORD  OP  (d.  1392?).  [See  DOUGLAS, 
SIR  WILLIAM.] 

NIX  or  NYKKE,  RICHARD  (1447  7-1535),  bishop  of 
Norwich :  studied  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge  (LL.D.), 
Oxford,  and  Bologna  ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1489 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Exeter,  1492  ;  archdeacon  of  Well?,  1494  ;  pre- 
bendary of  York,  1494 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1497  :  dean  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1497;  bishop  of  Norwich, 
1501-35  :  belonged  to  the  old  catholic  party  ;  opposed  to 
Henry  VIII's  divorce,  and  to  the  reformers ;  fined  for 
infringing  the  Act  of  Pnemunire,  1534  ;  swore  to  recog- 
nise royal  supremacy,  1534.  [xli.  74] 

NIXON,  ANTHONY  (/f.  1602),  pamphleteer  and 
poet ;  was  the  author  of  miscellaneous  prose  pamphlets, 
\vitlj  scraps  of  original  timl  translated  verse  interspersed. 

[xli.  75] 

NIXON,  FRANCIS  RUSSELL  (1803-1879),  bishop  of 
Tasmania;  son  of  Robert  Nixon  (1759-1837)  [q.  v.]:  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  :  probationary  fellow 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1827  ;  M.A.,  1841 ;  D.D.,  1842  ; 
held  various  preferments ;  consecrated  first  bishop  of  Tas- 
mania, 1842 ;  returned  to  England,  1863  ;  rector  of  Bolton- 
Percy,  1863-6 :  died  at  Lago  Maggiore ;  published  mis- 
cellaueous  works.  [xli.  76] 

NIXON,  JAMES  (1741  7-1812),  miniature-painter  ; 
limner  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  miniature-painter  to 
the  Duchess  of  York;  exhibited  in  London  (1765-1805) 
portraits  of  theatrical  and  other  celebrities  ;  A.R.A.,  1778. 

[xli.  76] 

NIXON,  JOHN  (d.  1«18),  amateur  artist  and  mer- 
chant ;  exhibited  landscapes  and  caricatures,  1784-1815. 

[xli.  76] 

NIXON,  JOHN  (1815-1899),  pioneer  of  steam-coal 
trade  in  South  Wales  ;  apprenticed  as  mining  engineer  at 
Garesfield  ;  employed  on  coal  and  iron  field  at  Languin, 
near  Nantes;  perceived  advantages  of  Welsh  coal  for 
furnaces,  and  induced  French  government  to  make  trial 
of  it ;  sank  mine  at  Werfa,  and  gradually,  in  association 
with  others,  acquired  and  made  many  collieries  in  South 
Wales ;  introduced  important  improvements  in  mining 
methods.  [Suppl.  iii.  229] 

NIXON,  ROBERT  (/.  1620  ?),  the  'Cheshire prophet'; 
an  idiot  inspired  at  intervals  to  deliver  oracular  pro- 
phecies (first  published  by  John  Oldmixon,  1714). 

[xli.  77] 

NIXON,  ROBERT  (1759-1837),  painter,  brother  of 
John  Nixon  (rf.  1818)  [4.  v.]  ;  graduated  at  Christ  Church, 


Oxford.  1 780 :  B.D.,  1780 :  curate  of  Foot'*  Oray,  1784-1804 : 
exhibited  painting*  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1790-1818. 

[xli.  77] 

NIXON,  SAMUEL  (1803-1854),  sculptor:   exhibited 
at   tin-   Uoyal  Academy,  1826:   executed  the  sculptural 
decoration*  of  the  Goldsmith-'  Hall.  L,-. 
cipal  work  the  statue  of   William   IV   in  King  William 
Street,  London.  [xli.  77] 

NOAD,  HKNKY  .V  -15-1877), electrician; 

studied  chemistry  and  electricity  under  Hofmann ;  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  Loudon,  1*47  ; 
Knino.1  the  Astley  Cooper  prize,  1861 ;  consulting  chemist 
to  W.-lsl,  ironwork* ;  F.RA,  1856 ;  wrote  on  electricity 
and  chemistry.  [xli.  77] 

NOAKE,  JOHN  (1816-1894 X  antiquary  ;  edited  Wor- 
cester newspapers  ;  sheriff,  1878,  mayor  and  alderman, 
1879,  and  magistrate,  1882.  of  Worowter,  wrote  on  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Worcester.  [xli.  78] 

NOBBES,  ROBERT  (1652-1706  ?X  writer  on  angling ; 
M.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1676 ;  vicar  of 
Apcthorpe,  1676-90,  of  Sausthorpe,  1702-6 ;  hi* '  Compleat 
Troller,'  1682,  frequently  reprinted.  [xli.  79] 

NOBBS,  GEORGE  HUNN  (1799-1884),  missionary 
and  chaplain  of  Pitcairn  island ;  entered  the  navy,  1811 ; 
joined  the  patriot*  of  South  America,  1816;  captured  by 
Spaniards,  1817  ;  made  several  voyages  to  Sierra  Leone, 
1823 :  settled  on  Pitcairn  island,  1828 ;  ordained,  1852 ; 
subsequently  removed  with  the  Islanders  to  Norfolk 
Island,  where  he  died.  [xli.  79] 

NOBLE,  GEORGE  (ft.  1795-1806),  line-engraver; 
brother  of  William  Bonueau  Noble  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  for 
Boydell's  'Shakespeare,'  1802,  and  Bowyer's  'Hume,' 
1806.  [xlL  80] 

NOBLE,  JAMBS  (1774-1851),  vice-admiral;  entered 
navy,  1787 ;  served  in  Mediterranean ;  lieutenant,  1796  ; 
distinguished  himself  at  Loauo,  1796,  and  St.  Vincent, 
1797;  promoted  commander,  1796:  post-captain,  1802; 
rear-admiral,  1837  ;  vice-admiral,  184ti.  [xli.  80] 

NOBLE,  JOHN  (1827-1892),  politician  and  writer  on 
public  finance ;  supported  the  Auti-Corulaw  league,  man- 
hood suffrage,  and  municipal  reform  in  London ;  secre- 
tary of  the  County  Council  Union,  1889  ;  wrote  on  finan- 
cial reform.  [xli.  81] 

NOBLE,  MARK  (1754-1827),  biographer;  abandoned 
the  law  for  the  church ;  Incumbent  of  Baddesley  Clinton 
and  Packwood,  1781 ;  rector  of  Banning,  178<; : 
1781 ;  produced,  among  other  works,  '  Memoirs  of  the 
Protectoral  House  of  Cromwell,'  1784, 'The  Lives  of  the 
English  Regicides,'  1798,  and  continual  James  Granger's 
•  Biographical  History  of  England,'  1806 ;  his  numerous 
manuscripts  sold,  1K27.  [xli.  81] 

NOBLE,  MATTHEW  (1818-1876),  sculptor ;  studied 
under  John  Francis  (1780-1861)  [q.  v.] :  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  1845-76 ;  executed  chiefly  busts. 

[xli.  83] 

NOBLE,  RICHARD  (1684-1713),  criminal;  an  at- 
torney who  became  intimate  with  Mary,  daughter  of 
Admiral  John  Nevell  [q.  v.]  and  wife  of  one  John  Bayer  ; 
subsequently  killed  Sayer,  the  husband,  and  was  executed. 

NOBLE,  SAMUEL  (1779-1853),  engraver  and  minister 
of  the  'new  church';  brother  of  William  Bonneau 
Noble  [q.  v.] :  a  skilful  architectural  engraver ;  minister 
of  Cross  Street  congregation,  London,  1819  ;  bis  view  that 
Christ's  body  was  not  resuscitated,  but  dissipated  in  the 
grave  and  replaced  by  a  new  divine  frame,  controverted 
by  John  Clowes  and  Robert  Hindmarsu ;  published  an 
'  Appeal  on  behalf  of  the  . . .  Doctrines . . .  held  by  the 
. . .  New  Church,'  1826,  and  other  theological  works. 

NOBLE,  WILLIAM  BONNEAU  (1780-1881),  land- 
scape-painter in  water-colours  :  brother  of  Samuel  Noble 
[q.  v.] ;  taught  drawing  and  exhibited  water-colour 
paintings  of  Welsh  scenery,  1809  and  1811.  [xli.  86] 

NOBLE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1834-1892),  major- 
general,  royal  artillery;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1869;  lieutenant,  1856;  captain,  1866:  major,  1875; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1882 ;  brevet-colonel,  1886  :  served  as 
associate-member  of  the  ordnance  select  committee  for 
carrying  out  balistic  and  other  experiments  in  scientific 
gunnery :  the  manufacture  of  cordite  largely  due  to  his 
reeearrhe? :  ecrved  in  the  Afghan  war,  1876-8 ;  major- 
general,  1889 :  F.R.S.  [xli.  86] 


NOBYS 


950 


NORDEN 


NOBY8,  PETBR  (*.  15JO-162S),  master  of  Corpus 
Chrtott  Collefe,  Cambridge  ;  M.  A.  Cambridge,  1504  ;  fellow 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1603;  rector  of  Laud- 
beach,  1116  :  master  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1»17;  visited  Borne,  1619;  resigned  his  master- 
ahip  and  benefice,  1698.  [xli.  86] 

NODDER.  FREDERICK  P.  (</.  1800?),  botanic 
painter  and  engraver:  supplied  illustrations  to  various 
botanical  works  ;  exhibited,  1786-1800.  [xli.  86] 

NOEL,  SIR  ANDREW  (d.  1607),  sheriff  of  Rutland  ; 
brother  of  Henry  Noel  [q.  v.]  ;  sheriff  of  Rutland,  1587, 
1696,  and  1600;  M.P.,  Rutland,  1586,  1588,  and  1693; 
knighted,  1686.  [xli.  87] 

NOEL,  BAPTIST,  second  BAHON  NOKI,  OK  RIHI.IM:- 
TOX,  and  thin!  Vi-.-rvi  CAMIMIKN  and  BAROX  HICKS 
or  ILMINGTO.V  (1611-1682),  son  of  Edward  Noel,  second 
viscount  Campden  [q.  v.]  ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Rutland 
In  both  Short  and  Long  parliaments  ;  captain,  and  pro- 
moted colonel  in  the  royal  troops,  1643  ;  taken  prisoner, 
1646  ;  released,  1646  ;  his  estates  sequestered,  but  his  fine 
reduced  from  19,568/.  to  11,078*.  17*.;  lord-lieutenant  of 
Rutland,  1660,  and  J.P.,  1661.  [xli.  88] 

NOEL,  BAPTIST  WRIOTHESLEY  (1798-1873), 
divine;  brother  of  Gerard  Thomas  Noel  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.An  1821  ;  took  orders  and  became  evangelical  minister 
of  St.  John's  Chapel,  Bedford  Row,  London  :  became  a 
baptist,  1848  ;  minister  of  John  Street  Baptist  Chapel, 
London,  1849-68  ;  published  controversial  pamphlets  and 
devotional  works.  [xli.  89] 

NOEL,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  NOEL  OF  RIDLINGTON, 
and  second  VISCOUMT  CAMPDEN  (1582-1643),  son  of  Sir 
Andrew  Nod  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted  when  serving  in  the  Irish 
wars,  1609  ;  created  baronet,  1611  ;  master  of  the  game  in 
LyfleJd  Forest,  1614  ;  created  Baron  Noel  of  Ridliugton, 
1617;  commissioner  for  collecting  subsidies,  1624;  suc- 
his father-in-law  as  second  Baron  Hicks  and  Vis- 


count Oampden,  1629  :  assisted  the  attempts  to  levy  ship- 
money,  16*6  ;  one  of  the  council  of  peers  at  York,  1639  ; 
raised  a  regiment  of  horse  for  Charles  I.  [xli.  90] 

NOEL.  (JERARD  THOMAS  (1782-1851),  divine; 
brother  of  Baptist  Wriothesley  Noel  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1808  ;  vicar  of  Romsey,  1840, 
where  he  restored  the  abbey  church;  honorary  canon 
of  Winchester,  1834  ;  published  sermons  and  hymns. 

NOEL,  HENRY  (d.  1597),  courtier;  brotheV'of  Sir 
Andrew  Nod  [q.  v.]  ;  a  gentleman-pensioner  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  admitted  M.A.  Oxford,  1592  ;  notorious  for 
his  extraragance.  [xli.  87] 

NOEL,     RODEN     BERKELEY      WRIOTHESLEY 

(1834-1894),  poet;    M.A.    Trinity   College,    Cambridge, 

»8:    groom  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Queen  Victoria, 

1867-71;   published    poetry    and    miscellaneous   works; 

died  at  Mainz.  [xli.  92] 

n  ,?OE£'  THOMAS  (1799-1861),  poet;  B.A.  Mertou 
College,  Oxford,  1824  :  corresponded  with  Miss  Mitfonl  ; 
wrote  the  song,  •  Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep,'  and 
other  verses.  IxlLM] 

HOEL,  WILLIAM  (1695-1762),  judge  ;  barrister,  the 
Inner  Temple,  1721  ;  MJ>.,  Stamford,  1722-47,  West  Loot-, 
1747-57:  K.C.,  1738;  chief-justice  of  Chester,  1749  ;  jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas,  1767.  [xu.  93] 

,  HKXKY  (1811-1868).    [See  CHUIST- 


toird    BARON   BERWICK 

HOKE  or  HOKES,  JAMES  (d.  1692  ?),  actor  ;  became 
*n  actor,  1669;  represented  the  Duke  of  NorSuThi 
4  Henry  VIII,'  to  Charles  II'.  admiration,  c.  1663 ;  acted 
?*  ?f?X  -accewfully  in  Nevil  Payne's  '  Fatal  Jea- 
toosy  that  he  was  known  as  •  Nurse  Xokes.'  [xli.  93] 

!T,   FREDEIUCK 

•rf  I'.., -NT 


-1»<"X  Divine;  studied 
Oxford  (D.O.L.,  1828)  • 


lecturer 
theological  works  and 


NOLAN,  LKWIS  KDWARD  (1820V-1854),  captain, 
15th  hussars,  and  writer  on  cavalry;  entered  the  army, 
1839;  purchased  his  lieutenancy,  1841,  and  his  troop, 
1850;  served  in  India,  and  at  Balaclava,  1854,  carried  the 
order  which,  owing  to  a  misunderstanding,  resulted  in  the 
charge  of  the  light  brigade,  and  was  shot  while  endeavour- 
ing to  divert  the  brigade.  He  wrote  on  'Cavalry,'  1851, 
and  '  Cavalry  Horses,'  1861  (published  posthumously). 

[xli.  96] 

NOLAN,  MICHAEL  (d.  1827),  legal  author;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn  .  1792  ;  M.P.,  Barustaple,  1820-6  : 
introduced  Poor  Law  Reform  bills,  1822-3-4 ;  justice  of 
Brecon,  Glamorgan,  and  Radnor,  1824 ;  wrote  on  poor 
laws  and  edited  '  reports.'  [xli.  97] 

NOLLEKENS,  JOSEPH  (1737-1823),  sculptor ;  sou 
of  Joseph  Francis  Nollekens  [q.  v.] ;  placed  in  the  studio 
of  Peter  Scheemakere  [q.  v.]  ;  gained  three  prizes  for  clay- 
modelling  :  started  for  Rome,  1760  ;  met  Garrick  and 
Sterne  at  Rome  and  executed  busts  of  both ;  employed 
as  an  agent  in  the  collection  of  antiques  ;  subsequently 
speculated  successfully  on  the  Stock  Exchange  ;  returned 
to  England,  1770 ;  contributed  to  the  Royal  Academy, 
1771-1816 :  R.A.,  1772  ;  married  (1772)  Mary,  daughter 
of  Sauuders  Welch,  a  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  who  seconded 
her  husband's  economies ;  became  partially  paralysed  and 
sank  into  a  state  of  senile  imbecility  during  his  later 
years.  Besides  busts  of  all  the  important  people  of  the 
day,  his  work  as  sculptor  of  monuments  was  considerable, 
and  his  '  Veuuses '  were  greatly  admired.  [xli.  97] 

NOLLEKENS,     JOSEPH     FRANCIS    (1702-1748), 

painter ;    commonly   called    '  Old    Nollekeus ' ;    born   at 

Antwerp;    studied    under  Watteau    and  Paniui,  whose 

works  he  copied  on  coming  to  London,  1733;   painted 

I  conversation  pieces.  [xli.  100] 

NON    FKNDIGAID,    i.e.    the    BLKSSED    (ft.   550V), 
mother  of  St.  David  ;  was,  according  to  Ricemarchus,  a 
|  nun  violated  by  Sant,  king  of  Cardiganshire,    [xli.  100] 

NONANT,  HUGH  DK  (d.  1198),  bishop  of  Lichfleld  and 
Coventry,  or  Chester  ;  brought  up  by  his  maternal  uncle, 
Aruulf,  bishop  of  Lisieux,  who  gave  him  preferment; 
entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Becket  before  1164,  but 
by  1170  became  clerk  and  friend  of  Henry  II ;  successfully 
carried  out  a  mission  to  the  pope,  1184,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry  or  Chester,  as  it  was 
then  styled,  1185 ;  sent  on  a  second  mission  to  the  pope, 
1186 ;  abroad  with  Henry  II,  1188;  involved  in  a  quarrel 
with  his  monks  at  Coventry;  expelled  his  monks,  1190, 
who  were,  however,  restored,  1198 ;  sheriff  of  Warwick- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  1189,  though  Archbishop  Bald- 
win objected  to  a  bishop  holding  such  a  post :  continued 
to  hold  the  post  of  sheriff  in  the  interest  of  Earl  John  ; 
one  of  Longchamp's  opponents,  writing  an  account  of 
his  fall ;  made  his  way  to  Germany  during  Richard  I's 
captivity,  1193 ;  retired  to  Normandy,  and  died  at  Bee. 

[xli.  100] 

NOORTHOUCK,  JOHN  (1746  ?-1816),  author ;  index- 
maker  and  press-corrector :  published '  History  of  London,' 
1773,  and  'An  Historical  and  Classical  Dictionary,'  1776. 

[xli.  103] 

NORBURY,  first  EARL  OP  (1745-1831).  [See  TOLER, 
JOHN.] 

NORCOME,  DANIEL(1676-1647?),  musician  :  instru- 
mentalist at  Brussels ;  wrote  a  madrigal.  [xli.  1U3] 

NORCOTT,  WILLIAM  (1770  ?-1820  ?),  Irish  satirist; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1795;  LL.D.,  1806  ;  called 
to  the  Irish  bar,  1797 ;  wrote  poetical  satires  which  ap- 
peared in  Dublin  after  the  union  ;  given  an  appointment 
in  Malta,  c.  1815  ;  fled  from  Malta  and  lived  in  destitution 
at  Constantinople,  becoming  a.  Mohammedan ;  recanted 
his  Mohammedanism,  and  was  captured  while  attempting 
to  escape  and  beheaded.  [xli.  104] 

NORDEN,  FREDERICK  LEWIS  (1708-1742),  traveller 
and  artist ;  born  at  GlUckstadt ;  lieutenant  in  the  Danish 
navy,  1732 ;  sent  to  study  shipbuilding  in  Holland,  Italy, 
and  Egypt ;  came  to  London,  1740  :  present  at  siege  of 
Carthagena,  1741 ;  F.R.S.,  1741 ;  published  accounts  of 
Egypt  and  Nubia  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xli.  104] 

NORDEW,  JOHN  (fl.  1600),  devotional  author; 
M.A.  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1572;  published  devotional 
works.  [xli.  108] 

NORDEN,  JOHN  (1548-1625?),  topographer;  the 
first  to  design  a  complete  scries  of  county  histories ;  pre- 


NORFOLK 


951 


NORRIS 


vented  by  pecuniary  difficulties   from  currying   B 
dedpj  published  'Middlesex,' 1593,  an.l  »H«tfMdlhl>< 
1598;  (wished  in  iimnustTipt  Eiwx,  Northampton,  i  'nru- 
wall,  Kent,  an. I  Snrrcv  ;  >i;rvi-vor  of  crown   wood.-*,  180U  ; 
surveyor  tot  he  dnrhy  of  Cornwall,  10U5  ;  Hiirvr\,-,i  Wimlnor 
and  Mlghboarhood.  lr.u7:    published  -<>\,-,-. 
cerning  Crown  Land-  and  \VixNln,*  1618  ;  vnirravnt  :i  num. 
ber  of  maps,  in  which  roads  were  indicate!  for  ; ' 
time  ;  one  of  hb  maps  depicts  Loin  Ion  in  Shakespeare's 
time-  [xli.  K)5] 

NORFOLK.    1  'Sw  MMWIIRAY,  TnnM\*I 

first  DUKK,  1366-1399;  Mi.wi-.uiy.  JOB*.  -i-,-,,i,,i  DtJKJL 
1389-1432;  MOWUKAY.  J..HX,  third  DI:KK,  1415-1461; 
RICHARD,  first  DUKK  of  the  second  creatioii,  1472-1483; 
HOWARD,  JOHN,  first  DUKK  (of  the  Howanl  line),  1430  'i- 
1486;  HOWARD,  THOMAS,  second  DUKK,  1443-1524; 
HOWARD,  THOMAS,  third  DUKK,  1473-1554;  HOWARD, 
THOMAS,  fourth  DUKK,  1536-1572;  HOWARD,  II 
sixth  DUKE,  1628-1684  ;  HOWARD, HKXRY,  rot-nth  JJI-HK. 
1656-1701 ;  HOWARD,  CHARLES,  tenth  DUKK,  1720-1786  ; 
HOWARD,  OHARLKH,  eleventh  DUKK,  1746-1815;  HOWARD, 
UKRNARU  EDWARD,  twelfth  DUKK,  1766-1842;  HOWARD 
HKNRY  CHARI.KS,  thirteenth  DUKK,  1791-1866  :  HOWAKD, 
HKNRY  UHANVILLK  FITZALAN-.  fourteenth  DUKK,  1815- 
1860.] 

NORFOLK,  ELI/A  BETH,  DUCHKSW  OK  (1494-1658). 
[Sec  HOWARD,  ELIZABKTH.] 

NORFOLK,  EARLS  OK  [See  GUADKII  or  WAI.KK, 
RALPH,  ft.  1070;  Bicon,  HUGH,  first  EARI.,  d.  1176  or 
1177;  BIOOD,  ROGKR,  second  EARL,  </.  1221;  BH;OI> 
BoCUDL  fourth  HAKI..  ./.  1270  :  BIUOD,  ROOKR  fifth  EARL 
1245-1306  ;  THOMAS  OF  BROTHKRTOX,  1300-1338.] 

NORFORD,  WILLIAM  (1715-1793),  medical  writer; 
surgeon  at  Halesworth  and  Bury  St.  Edmunds ;  wrote  on 
cancer,  intestinal  obstruction,  and  intermittent  fevers. 

NORGATE,  EDWARD  (rf.  1660),  illuminer  and'heSd- 
painter ;  sou  of  Robert  Norgate  [q.  v.]  ;  Blue-mantle  pur- 
suivant, 1616 ;  illumined  royal  patents  and  wrote  letters 
to  foreign  sovereigns :  Windsor  herald,  1633  ;  clerk  of  the 
signet,  1638 ;  attended  Charles  I  to  Scotland,  1639  and 
1640  ;  employed  as  an  art  connoisseur  to  purchase  pictures. 

[xli.  1091 

NORGATE,  ROBERT  (</.  1587),  master  of  'corpus 
Christ!  College,  Cambridge  :  B.A.  St  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge,  1565;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  MA.,  1568  ;  D.D.,  1581 ;  master  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Cambridge  1673-87,  vice-chancellor,  1684;  re- 
ceived preferment  from  Archbishop  Parker,  whose  library 
he  preserved  for  the  college.  [xlL  110] 

NORGATE,  THOMAS  STARLING  (1772-1869),  mis- 
cellaneous writer :  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  established 
( 1830)  the  '  East  Anglian  '  (weekly  newspaper),  [xli.  Ill] 

NORGATE,  THOMAS  STARLING  (1807-1893),  trans- 
lator ;  son  of  Thomas'  Starling  Norgate  ( 1772-1869)  f  q.  v.]  : 
B.A.  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  rector 
of  Sparham,  1840 ;  published  blank- verse  translations  of 
Homer.  [xlL  m] 

NORIE,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1772-1843),  writer  on 
navigation ;  published  naval  books  and  charts.  '  Naviga- 
tion House,'  the  business  in  which  he  succeeded  William 
Heather,  is  mentioned  in  Charles  Dickens's  4  Dombey  and 
Son-'  [xli.  Ill] 

NORMAN.  GEORGE  WARDE  (1793-1882),  writer  on 
finance  ;  merchant  in  the  Norway  timber  trade  till  1830  ; 
a  director  of  the  Bank  of  England,  1821-72 ;  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  the  treasury  at  the  bank,  1840  :  an  ex- 
chequer bill  commissioner,  1831-76 ;  an  original  member 
of  the  Political  Economy  Club ;  wrote  on  currency  and 
taxation.  [xli.  112] 

NORMAN,  JOHN  (1491  ?-1553?),  Cistercian  ;  B.A. 
Cambridge,  1614;  abbot  of  Bindon,  c.  1523-38.  [xli.  113] 

NORMAN,  JOHN  (1622-1669),  presbyterian  divine; 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1641 ;  presbyteriau  vicar  of 
Bridgwater,  1647 ;  ejected,  1662  ;  imprisoned  for  preach- 
ing ;  published  '  Cases  of  Conscience  practically  resolved,' 
posthumous,  1673.  [xli.  113] 

NORMAN,  ROBERT  (/.  1590),  mathematical  instru- 
ment maker  ;  wrote  on  the  compass.  [xli.  114] 


NORMANBY,     first    Dunt    or    (1648-1731).      [ 

SHKHHIKI.I.,  .1 


NORMANBY. 


-.i   -i 


.    [8«e8inarriKi 

..        ,,..   • 


NORMANDY.     ALl'HuXSK    RUN*    ut    MIRE    I>K 
(1809-1HM),  chemist;  born' at  Rouen;  studied  medirii* 
1  Inmself  u,  chemistry ;  patentee  tor  l33bk 

to 


tilling  sea-water  for  drinking,  wucn  is  still  used  ;  wrote 
on  chemical  analysis.  [xli.  114] 

NORMANNUS,  SIMON  (rf.  1J49).    [See  OANTKLCI-K, 

S I M  o  \ .  J 

NORMANVILLE,  THOMAS  DB  (1JM-1JM),  judge ; 
governor  of  Bamborough  Castle  and  king's  esoheator 
bryond  the  Trent,  1276;  justice  in  eyre  in  Nottingham- 
shire  and  Lancashire,  1286  ;  summoned  to  council  at  West- 
minster, 1288  ;  held  pleas  'de  quo  warranto,'  1391. 

NORREY8.    [See  NOHHIS.] 

NORRIS,  ANTONY  (1711-1786),  antiquary ;  of  Gon- 
ville  and  Cuius  College,  Cambridge:  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1735;  compiled  a  history  of  the  eastern  part  of 
Norfolk,  and  Norfolk  pedigrees.  [xli.  115] 

NORRIS,    CATHERINE    MARIA    (d.   1767).    [See 

FlSHKK.] 

NORRIS.  CH  AIM.  IX  1779-1858),  artist;  of  Eton  ami 
Christ  Church,  Ox  ford  ;  issued  three  numbers  of  'Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Wules,'  1810-11,  and  '  An  Historical 
Account  of  Tenby,'  1818,  with  plates  by  him^lf. 

NORRIS,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1603), governor  of  Ostend  ; 
son  of  Sir  Henry  Norris,  baron  Norris  of  Rycote  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  Holland ;  knighted  at 
Utrecht  by  Leicester,  1586 ;  quarrelled  with  Count  Hohen- 
lohe,  1586 :  deputy-governor  of  Ostend,  1588 ;  accompanied 
Drake  to  Portugal,  and  wounded  at  Burgos,  1589 ;  governor 
of  Ostend,  1690-9  ;  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Enele- 
fleld,1601.  [xlL  11 7] 

NORRIS,  EDWARD(1584-1659X  New  England  divine- 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1609 :  an  uncompromising 
opponent  of  John  Traske  [q.  v.]  ;  went  to  America,  1639, 
and  (1640)  became  pastor  of  Salem  Church.  [xli.  118] 

NORRIS,  EDWARD  (1663-1726X  physician  ;  brother 
of  Sir  William  Norrte,  first  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Brasmo-v 
College,  Oxfonl,  1689 :  M.D.,  1696  :  F.RJ?.,  1698 ;  went  to  the 
Deccan  with  his  brother,  1699  ;  F.U.C.P.,  1716.  [xli.  118] 

NORRIS,  KDW  IN  (1796-1872),  orientalist  and  Cornish 
scholar:  clerk  to  the  East  India  Company,  1818-37: 
assistant-secretary  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1837,  and 
secretary,  1859 ;  edited  the  society's  'Journal ' ;  compiled 
grammars  of  eastern  languages,  and  published  "The 
Ancient  Cornish  Drama,'  with  a  Cornish  grammar,  1859 : 
one  of  the  earliest  decipherers  of  cuneiform ;  produced  an 
'Assyrian  Dictionary  '  from  Aleph  to  Nun,  1868-72. 

[xli.  119] 

NORRIS,  FRANCIS,  EARL  OF  BKRKSIMRK  (1579- 
1623),  grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Norris,  first  baron  Norris  of 
Rycote  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  the  title,  1600 :  K.B.,  1605 ;  in 
attendance  on  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  in  Spain,  1606 ; 
created  Viscount  Thume  and  Earl  of  Berkshire,  1621 ;  im- 
prisoned in  the  Fleet  in  consequence  of  an  encounter  with 
LordScropein  the  House  of  Lords,  1621  :  shot  himself  with 
a  cross-bow  from  mortification.  His  descendants  became 
Earls  of  Abingdon.  [xli.  120] 

NORRIS,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1609-1669),  illegitimate  sou 
of  Francis  Norris,  earl  of  Berkshire  [q.  v.];  knighted, 
1633 ;  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire,  1636 ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire, 
1656  and  165a  [xli.  1*0] 

NORRIS,  HENRY  (</.  1536),  courtier  ;  came  early  to 
court ;  gentleman  of  the  king's  chamber ;  became  a  friend 
of  Henry  VIII,  and  received  many  grants  and  offices; 
adhered  to  Anne  Boleyn  ;  took  part  in  the  Greenwich  tour- 
nament, 1536,  after  \\hich  he  was  arrested  on  suspicion  of 
an  intrigue  with  Anne  ;  found  guilty  and  executed,  though 
probably  innocent.  [xli.  121] 


NORRIS 


NORTH 


NORRIS.  SIU  HKNKY.  tir>t  Kui"\  N. mills  ox 
HTOOTK  (1525?-1601),  son  of  Henry  Norris  (</.  1636) 
[q  vV  restored  to  much  of  his  father's  wnftMftted 
.  V11I.  and  h.-ld  office  uiidi-r  Edward  VI; 
'  kl  favour  by  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  >LeritT  of 


and  Berkshire,  1661 ;  entertained  yueen 
Elizabeth  at  Rycote,  1666  and  1592 ;  knighted  and  ap- 
pointed •mbaneninr  to  France,  1666;  recalled,  1*70; 
orated  Baron  Nerri*  of  Rycote,  1672.  [xli.  122] 

NORRIS,  HBNRY  (16W-1730  ?X  known  as  Ji  1111.1:1 
DH-KY  :  actor  :  played  in  Dublin,  1695  ;  became  known  as 
Jubilee  Dicky  from  hl«  remarkable  success  a*  Dicky  in  the 
•Constant  Couple,  or  a  Trip  to  the  Jubilee,'  at  Drury 
T^pf,  London,  1699 ;  disqualified  by  his  short  stature  for 
important  part*,  [xli.  124] 

NORRIS,  HKXKY  HANDLKY  (1771-1880),  theo- 
logian :  graduated  M.A.  Peterhouae,  Cambridge,  1806  (ad 
rMMdrm,  Oxford,  1817):  perpetual  curate,  subsequently 
rector,  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  at  Hackney  :  prebendary 
of  Mntvi-*,  1816 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1825 ; 
on  the  committee  of  the  S.P.C.K.,  1793-1834 ;  wrote  on 
and  publislied  devotional  works.  [xli.  126] 


NORMS.  ISA  AC  (1671-1 735),  mayor  of  Philadelphia; 
born  in  London :  taken  to  Jamaica,  1678 ;  settled  in 
Philadelphia,  1690;  elected  to  the  Philadelphia  council 
and  awwnbly.  1708 ;  speaker,  1712  :  J.P.,  1717  :  mayor  of 
Philadelphia,  1724.  [xli.  127] 

NORMS,  SIR  JOHN  (1647  7-1697),  military  com- 
mander; son  of  Sir  Henry  Norris,  first  baron  Norris  of 
Rycote  [q.  v.] ;  volunteer  under  Admiral  Coligny,  1571 ; 
captain  under  Essex  in  Ireland,  1673:  crossed  to  the  Low 
Countries,  1577;  distinguished  himself  at  Rymenant,  1578, 
and  Steenwyk,  1680  ;  was  made  lord-president  of  Munster, 
1684,  but  left  his  brother.  Sir  Thomas  Norris  [q.  v.],  as 
deputy  and  again  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  1685 ; 
knighted  for  his  victory  at  Grave,  1586 ;  the  campaign 
rendered  futile,  1586,  by  his  dissensions  with  Leicester, 
who  was  in  command :  recalled  to  England  :  returned  to 
Holland  under  Lord  Willoughby,  1687,  for  a  short  time ; 
assisted  in  preparations  to  resist  the  Armada,  and  acted 
as  ambassador  to  the  States-General,  1588  ;  took  command 
with  Drake  of  the  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Spain,  1589  ; 
served  in  Brittany  against  the  forces  of  the  League,  1591 
and  1693 ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1595,  to  assist  in  reducing 
Tyrone ;  patched  up  a  hollow  peace  at  Dundalk.  1596,  and 
made  a  futile  effort  to  pacify  Oonnaught ;  retired  to 
Muiuter,  his  health  failing,  and  died  at  Mallow. 


;  of  Winchester 


NORMS,  JOHN  (1667-1711),  divine 
sge  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1680;  MJL, 
:  fellow  of  All  Souls,  Oxford  ;  incumbent  of  Newton 
St  Loe.  1689;  rector  of  Bemerton,  1692;  published  de- 
votional works;  entered  into  controversies  with  the 
quaker* ;  chiefly  remarkable  as  a  solitary  representative 
of  Maiebranche's  theories  in  England :  principal  work, 
'  E«ay  towards  the  Theory  of  an  Ideal  and  Intelligible 
World '  (pt.  i.  1701,  pt.  ii.  1704).  [xli.  132] 

NORMS,  Sm  JOHN  (1660  ?-1749),  admiral  of  the  fleet ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Norris  (1657-1702)  [q.  v.]  ;  was  in 
1689  lieutenant  of  the  Edgar  with  Sir  Clowdisley  Shovell 
[q.  v.] ;  commander.  1690,  and  posted,  1693;  served  with 
credit  off  Lagos,  1693;  sent  to  Hudson's  Bay,  1697;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Malaga,  1704,  and  Barcelona,  1705- 
knighted,  1705;  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  1707;  vice- 
admiral  of  the  white,  1708  ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1708-22  and  1734- 
1749,  Portsmouth,  1722-34;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1709; 
oommander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  1710-11  •  em- 
ployed in  the  Baltic,  1716-27,  at  first  to  give  effect  to  the 
treaty  with  Denmark,  afterwards  to  secure  the  inde- 
pendence of  Sweden:  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1718-30 
admiral  and  oommander-in-chief,  1734 ;  commanded  the 
Channel  fleet,  1739-44.  [xli.  134] 

NORMS,  JOHN  ( 1734-1777),  founder  of  theNorrisian 
profeMonhip  at  Cambridge  :  of  Eton  and  Cains  College. 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1760;  contributed  towards  the  educa- 
Uonof  Rlchanl  Ponon  [q.  v.] ;  founded  by  will  a  pro- 
iT^Vj^T1111*  at  C*mbr*dK«  «'"!  *  theological  prize 
emy ;  endowed  small  schools  at  Witton  un.l  Witching. 
*•"•  [xli.  137] 

)HN  PlLKINiiTON  (1823-1891),  divine  • 
•nd  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1849- 
;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1848  j  i 


inspector  of  schools,  1849-64 :  canon  of  Bristol,  1864  ; 
vicar  of  St.  George's,  Bristol,  1870,  and  of  St.  Mary 
Redcliffe,  Bristol,  1877  :  held  various  offices  in  connection 
with  the  cathedral  and  a-.-i>ted  in  its  restoration  ;  wrote 
on  theology  and  education.  [xli.  137] 

NORRIS,  PHILIP  («/.  14ti6j.  dean  of  Kt.  Patrick's, 
Dublin:  vicar  ot  St.  Nicholas.  Dundalk,  1427;  entered 
University  .College,  Oxford ;  became  proficient  in  learning 
and  advocated  the  reform  or  suppression  of  mendicant 
i  friars  :  bulls  promulgated  against  him,  1440  and  1458,  but 
not  enforced  ;  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1457. 

NORRIS,  ROBERT  (d.  1791),  African  trader*; Brother 
of  William  Norris  (1719-1791)  [q.  v.]  ;  visited  the  king  of 
Dahomey,  1772,  and  published  an  account  of  him,  1789. 

NORRIS,  NORREYS,  or  NOREIS,  ROGER39?,/. 
1223),  abbot  of  Evesham  :  one  of  the  monks  of  Christ- 
church,  Canterbury,  deputed  to  appeal  to  Henry  II  against 
Archbishop  Baldwin,  1187,  but  acknowledged  the  arch- 
bishop's sway;  consecrated  abbot  of  Evesham,  1191,  and 
in  1195  and  1198  hushed  up  complaints  of  the  monks; 
pleaded  Evesham's  exemption  from  episcopal  visitation  at 
Rome,  1205  ;  ordered  to  resign  on  charges  of  misconduct, 
1213 ;  made  prior  of  Penworthum,  1213.  [xli.  139] 

NORRIS.  SYLVESTER  (1572-1630),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist;  educated  at  Rheims  and  Rome ;  English 
missioner,  1596 ;  banished,  1605 :  D.D. ;  professed  of  the 
four  vows,  1618;  superior  of  the  Hampshire  district, 
1621 ;  published  controversial  works.  [xli.  140] 

NORRIS,  Sm  THOMAS  (1656-1599),  president  of 
Munster  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Norris,  first  baron  Norris  of 
Rycote  [q.  v.] ;  captain  of  a  troop  of  horse  in  Ireland,  1579 ; 
served  against  Gerald  Fitzgerald,  fifteenth  earl  of  Des- 
mond [q.  v.],  1580;  acted  as  governor  of  Conuaught, 
1580-1  ;  colonel  of  the  forces  in  Munster,  1582 :  M.P., 
Limerick,  1585-6 :  appointed  vice-president  of  Munster, 
1585  :  unable  to  do  much  for  the  plantation  of  Munster ; 
knighted,  1588  ;  served  under  his  brother,  Sir  John  Norris 
[q.  v.],  1595-6,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  of  Mun- 
ster, 1597 ;  relieved  Kilmallock,  1598 ;  died  of  a  jaw- 
wound  received  in  a  skirmish  with  Thomas  Burke. 

NORRIS.  THOMAS  (1653-1700),  brother  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Norris  (1657-1702)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Liverpool,  1688- 
1695  ;  high  sheriff  of  Lancashire,  1696.  fxli.  144] 

NORRIS,  THOMAS  (1741 -1790),  singer;  chorister  in 
Salisbury  Cathedral;  Mus.  Bac.  and  organist  of  Christ 
Church  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1765 ;  sang  at 
festivals.  [xli.  143] 

NORRIS,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1523-1591),  of  Fyfleld; 
M.P.,  Windsor.  1554-7 :  as  herald  declared  war  against 
Henri  II  of  France,  1557 :  held  various  offices  under  Queen 
Elizabeth.  [xli.  124] 

NORRIS.  WILLIAM  (1670?-1700?),  composer;  lay 
vicar  of  the  choir  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1686;  steward  o'f 
the  choristers,  1693  ;  left  manuscript  compositions. 

NORMS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1667-1702), 
British  envoy  to  India ;  brother  of  Thomas  Norris  (1653- 
1700)  [q.  v.];  M.P.,  Liverpool,  1695-1701;  created 
baronet,  1698  ;  sent  out  as  king's  commissioner  to  obtain 
trading  privileges  from  the  mogul  emperor  for  the  new 
General  Society  or  English  Company,  H  task  which  was 
almost  hopeless  in  face  of  the  determined  opposition  of 
the  old  East  India  Company,  and  was  further  complicated 
by  the  English  Company's  representative  at  Surat,  who 
offered  to  suppress  piracy  on  the  Indian  Seas  :  finally  re- 
ceived an  audience  of  the  emperor  at  Aurangzib,  mar 
Panalla,  but  failed  in  his  mission  through  being  unable 
honestly  to  promise  to  suppress  piracy ;  died  on  his  re- 
turn voyage  and  was  buried  at  sea.  [xli.  144] 

NORRIS,  WILLIAM  (1719-1791),  secretary  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries :  brother  of  Rol>crt  Norris  [q.  v.]  ; 
secretary  S.A.,  1759-86.  [xli.  146] 

NORTH,  BROWNLOW  (1741-1820),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester: son  of  Francis  North,  first  earl  of  Guilford 
[q.  v.]:  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1762;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1763;  M.A., 
1766;  D.C.L.,  1770:  canon  of  PhrNt  Phnr.'h.  Oxford, 
1768;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1770  ;  bishop  ot  Coventry  and 


NORTH 


953 


NORTH 


Lirlifield,  1771  ;  translate,!  to  Worcester,  1771,  ami  to 
Winchester,  1781 ;  organise!  clerical  charities  ami  was 
generous  to  literary  meu ;  published  sermon-.  [.\h.  in;; 

NORTH,  BROWN  Low  <  lsio-1876),  lay  preacher: 
grandson  of  Browulow  North  ( 1741-lni'o)  [q.  v 
trar  of  Winchester,  1817;  became  notorious  for  hi.- 
irregular  life;  served  with  Don  Pedro,  1832-3;  ooim-rtcl 
by  a  sudden  illness,  1854;  couducted  evangelical  meet- 
ings, principally  in  Scotland.  [xli.  147] 

NORTH,  CHARLES  NAPIER  (1817-1889),  colonel: 
entered  the  army,  1836;  lieutenant,  1838:  captain,  1H4H  : 
major,  1857  ;  served  in  the  n-lu-t  of  Lucknow  (medals  and 
clasp)  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1858 ;  colonel,  1865  :  published 
a 'Journal,' 1858.  [xli.  148] 

NORTH,  CHRISTOPHER  (pseudonym).  [See 
WILSON,  JOHN,  1785-1854.] 


NORTH,  KKANOI8,  fourth  KARL  or  Ociuronn 
(1761-1*17,.  MM  of  Frederick  North,  second  curl  of 
Guilford  [i|.  v.]  ;  entered  the  army,  1777  ;  quitted  it  an 
lieutenant-colonel,  17  W  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  1803: 
bin  drama,  the  •  Kentiih  Baron,'  produced,  1791 
!''-•'•  [xli.  164] 

NORTH,  FREDERICK,  second  EARL  OK  OIMLKURD, 
better  known  an  L«.Ki.  N..KIH  M732-1792X  000  of 
Francis  North,  first  iitrl  of  (iuildford  [q.  v.];  of  Ktou  and 
Trinity  Ct.luv.-.  oxford  :  .M.A.,  175*.;  M.I'..  Banburj, 
1754  ;  junior  lord  of  the  treasury,  1759;  retired,  1766: 
took  a  leading  part  against  Wilke*  :  joint-paymaster  of 
th«-  ten*  1766;  privy  <-oun<-illor,  1768;  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the  Houw  of  Commons 
1767  ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1770  ;  met  with  con- 
siderable opposition,  be  himself  being  the  agent  of 
George  III  who  entirely  directed  the  policy  of  the  ministry: 
K  ' ;..  1 772 ;  gained  considerable  reputation  by  bis  earlier 


NORTH,  DUDLEY,  third  HAR..V  NORTH  (1581-1666), 
sou  of  Sir  .John  North  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  grandfather 
as  third  baron,  1600  ;  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  1602  ; 
discovered  the  springs  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  1606 ;  a  con- 
spicuous figure  at  court  and  in  court  entertainments :  in 
opposition  in  the  House  of  Lords,  1626 ;  attended  Charles  I 
in  his  expedition  to  Scotland,  1639 :  took  no  part  in  the  i  f  tl 
civil  war,  but  was  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1645.  '  ' 
and  lord-lieutenant  of  Cambridgeshire  ;  an  accomplished 
musician ;  a  collection  of  his  essays  published,  1667. 

[xli.  149] 

NORTH,  DUDLEY,  fourth  BARON  NORTH  (1602- 
1677),  son  of  Dudley  North,  third  baron  North  (1681- 
1666)  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1616 ;  volunteered  for  the  relief  of  the 
palatinate,  1620 ;  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1640-53 ;  wrote 
on  economic  and  religious  subjects.  [xli.  151] 

NORTH,  SIR  DUDLEY  (1641-1691),  financier  and 
economist ;  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  baron  North 
[q.  v.]  ;  apprenticed  to  a  Turkey  merchant ;  became 
agent  at  Smyrna  and,  in  1662,  at  Constantinople :  realised 
a  fortune  and  returned  to  England,  1680 ;  sheriff  of  Lon- 
don and  knighted,  1682 ;  commissioner  for  the  customs, 
1683,  and  afterwards  for  the  treasury  ;  carried  out  reforms 
in  both  departments ;  wrote  on  '  Currency,' and  advocated 
free-trade.  [xli.  152] 

NORTH,  DUDLEY  LONG  (1748-1829),  politician  ; 
great-grandson  of  Sir  Dudley  North  [q.  v.j;  M.A.  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  1774;  M.Pn  St.  (tomans, 
1780-4,  Great  Grimsby,  1784-90  and  1793-6,  Banbury, 
1790-1812,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1812-18,  Jedburgh 
boroughs,  1818-20  ;  a  prominent  whig.  [xli.  153] 

NORTH,  DUDLEYA  (1675-1712),  granddaughter  of 
Dudley  North,  fourth  baron  North  [q.  v.] :  mastered 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  some  eastern  languages ;  be- 
queathed her  collection  of  oriental  literature  to  her  uncle's 
parochial  library  at  Rougham.  [xli.  182] 

NORTH,  EDWARD,  first  BARON  NORTH  (1-;3J?- 
1564),  chancellor  of  the  court  of  augmentations  ;  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  ;  bar- 
rister; clerk  of  the  parliament,  1531:  treasurer  of  the 
court  of  augmentations  and  knighted,  1541 ;  promoted  to 


budgets,  but  lost  popularity  ax  a  financier  through  the 
ait  terms  of  the  1781   loan  :  continued  in  office 
against  his  better  judgment  after  the  outbreak  of  war 
with  America,  but  resigned,  1782  :  combined  with   Yo\ 
and  overthrew  Shell >u rue's  ministry,  1783  ;  after  the  dl«.- 
solution  of  the  coalition,  which  lasted  only  nine  months, 
he  acted  with  the  opposition  against  Pitt ;  succeeded  his 
.r-1  of  G 


of  Guilford,  1790.  [xli.  169] 

NORTH,  FREDERICK,  fifth  EARL  or  GUILKORD 
(1766-1827),  philhellene :  younger  son  of  Frederick  North, 
second  earl  of  Guilford  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  mostly  abroad 
and  at  Eton  ami  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  travelled  in 
Greece  and  entered  the  Greek  church,  1791  ;  created 
D.O.L.,  1793 ;  M.P.,  Banbury,  1792 :  comptroller  of  the 
customs  in  the  port  of  London,  1794  :  governor  of  Ceylon, 
1798-1805  ;  improved  Ceylon  revenues  and  education ; 
succeeded  his  brother  as  fifth  earl,  1817  :  G.C.M.G.,  1819  ; 
largely  promoted  the  Ionian  university  at  Corfu,  and 
became  first  chancellor,  1824.  [xli.  164] 

NORTH,  GEORGE  ( rf.  1580),  translator  :  trans- 
lated three  books  into  English,  two  of  which  he  dedicated 
to  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  [q.  v.]  [xli  168] 

NORTH,  GEORGE  (1710-1772),  numismatist:  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1744;  vicar  of  Codicote,  1743;  F.8JL, 
1741 ;  wrote  and  corresponded  on  English  numismatics 
and  antiquities.  [xli.  166] 

NORTH,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  third  EARL  OK 
GUILFORD  (1757-1802),  sou  of  Frederick  North,  second 
earl  of  Guilford  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
1777  ;  M.P.,  Harwich,  1778-84,  Wootton  Basset,  1784-90, 
Petersfield,  1790,  and  Banbury,  1790-2  ;  supported  his 
father's  ministry,  and  was  his  under- secretary,  1783  :  suc- 
ceeded as  earl,  1792.  [xli.  163] 

NORTH,  SIR  JOHN  (1551  ?- 1597),  scholar  and 
l  soldier  :  son  of  Roger  North,  second  baron  North 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  167S ; 
travelled,  1576 ;  fought  in  the  Netherlands,  1679,  1585, 
and  1597 ;  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1584,  1586,  and  1587  ; 
died  in  Flanders.  [xli.  167] 


the  chancellorship,  1545  :  privy  councillor,  1546 ;  resigned 
chancellorship  under  Edward  VI :  supported '  Queen  Jane,' 
but  was  employed  by  Queen  Mary :  again  privy  coun- 
cillor ;  created  Baron  North,  1554  ;  his  house  twice  visited 
by  Queen  Elizabeth,  1558  and  1561.  [xli.  154] 

NORTH.   FRANCIS,  first  BARON  GuiLwmn  (1637- 
1685),  Ion!  chancellor  ;  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  baron 
North   [q.  v.] ;    barrister,  Middle    Temple,  1661 ;    K.C., 
1668 ;  solicitor-general  and  knighted,  1671 ;  M.P.,  King's  j 
Lynn,  1673 ;  attorney-general,  1673  ;  chief-justice  of  com- 
mon pleas,  1675-82 :  greatly  increased  the  popularity  of  j 
that  court ;  included  in  the  government,  1679 ;  lord  chnn-  ! 
cellor,  1682,  and  created  Baron  Guilford,  1683  :  took  part  I 
in  James  II's  coronation,  1685 ;  a  patron  of  art,  music,  ; 


and  science.  [xli.  155] 

NORTH,  FRANCIS,  first  EARL  OP  GuiLFtwn  (1704- 
1790),  grandson  of  Francis  North,  first  baron  Guilford 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Banbury,  1727 :  succeeded  his  father  as 
third  baron,  1729,  and  his  kinsman  William  North,  baron 
North  and  Grey  [q.  v.],  as  seventh  Baron  North  of  Kirt- 
Hng,  1734:  held  court  appointments;  created  Earl  of 
Guilford,  1753;  treasurer  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1773. 

[xli.  158] 


NORTH,  JOHN  (1645-1683),  professor  of  Greek  and 
master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  son  of  Dudley 
North,  fourth  baron  North  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1666  ;  preached  before  Charles  II  at 
Newmarket,  1668 ;  migrated  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, attracted  by  Isaac  Barrow  and  Newton  ;  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  1672 ;  clerk  of  the  closet  and  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  1673 ;  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1(577-83.  [xli.  167] 

NORTH,  MARIANNE  (1830-1890),  flower- painter : 
took  painting-lessons  from  Valentine  Bartholomew  :  tra- 
velled in  Syria  and  Egypt,  1866,  with  her  father,  and  after 
his  death  travelled  all  round  the  world,  painting  the  flora  : 
presented  her  paintings  to  Kew  Gardens,  building  the 
gallery  for  them  at  her  own  expense  (opened,  1882). 


NORTH,  ROGER,  second  BARON  NORTH  (1680-1600X 
son  of  Edward  North,  first  baron  North  [q.  v.]  ;  appeared 
early  at  court :  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1555,  15*8,  and 
1563:  K.H.,  1559;  succeeded  his  father  as  second  Baron 
North.  1664 ;  alderman  and  free  burgess  of  Cambridge, 
!  1568;  went  as  joint-ambassador  to  Vicuna,  1*68;  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant  of  Cambridgeshire,  1569,  and 
high  steward  of  Cambridge,  1673;  tent  as  ambassador  tc 


NORTH 


954 


NORTHCOTE 


Hi-nri  III  on  his  accession,  1574:  visited 
izabeth  at   Kirtlinir,    167H;    intimate   with 
rr  and  acoompaniai  him  to  Holland,! 685,  win-re  he 
JTit 1/  .  retnrnel,  1588,  to  prepare 


•gainst  Spanish  invasion  :  treasurer  of 
d  and  privy  councillor,  1696 :  keeper  of 
rt  Kltham mA Home,  1597.  [xli.  169] 
WORTH.  UtXJKR  (15857-16517),  colonial  projector; 
•on  of  Sir  John  North  [q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Ralegh  on 
bis  last  voyage  to  Oniana,  1817 :  went  up  the  Orinoco, 
and  assisted  in  routing  the  Spaniards  settled  there; 
forced  to  return  by  the  disaffection  of  soldiers  and 
Milon  -broke  the  tidings  to  James  I :  his  petition  for  the 
riffht  to  plant  and  trade  on  the  Amazon  (1619)  opposed  by 
Goodomar :  finally  sailed  without  permission  and  made 
t  successful  voyage,  but  was  imprisoned  for  six 
B^Sb.  oThte  retSUsi ;  obtained  letters  patent  to 
plant  Guiana,  1817  ;  returned  to  England,  1632. 

[xli.  173] 

NORTH,  ROGER  (1853-1734),  lawyer  and  historian  ; 
son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  baron  North  [q.  v.] ;  en- 
tered Jesus  OoUege,  Cambridge,  1667 ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1675  ;  steward  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  1678 ;  K.O., 
188* ;  solicitor-general  to  the  Duke  of  York,  1684 ;  attorney- 
peneral  to  James  II's  queen,  1688 ;  M.P.,  Dunwich,  1686  ; 
quitted  political  life  at  the  revolution  ;  a  nonjuror ;  exe- 
cutor to  Sir  Peter  Lely  [q.  v.]  and  bis  brothers;  his  'Me- 
raotrw  of  Muoick '  edited  by  Rimbault,  1846  ;  his '  Apology ' 
for  Charles  II  and  a  '  Vindication '  of  his  brother  Francis, 
in  reply  to  White  Kennett,  published,  1742,  and  his  '  Lives ' 
of  SlrDudley  North  and  Dr.  John  North,  1744 ;  a  complete 
edition,  with  his  autobiography  and  some  correspondence, 

[xli.  176] 

WORTH,  8»  THOMAS  (1635 7-1601?),  translator; 
son  of  Edward  North,  first  baron  North  [q.  v.] ;  perhaps 
studied  at  Peterbouse,  Cambridge:  entered  Lincoln's 
Inn,  15*7  ;  accompanied  his  brother  to  Prance,  1574 ; 
knighted,  1691  ;  J.P.  for  Cambridgeshire,  1692  ;  pen- 
sioned by  Queen  Elizabeth,  1601  :  translated  '  Marcus 
Aurelius1  from  French  and  Spanish  editions,  1557,  'The 
Morall  Philosophic  of  Doni,'  from  Italian,  1570,  and 
Plutarch's  'Lives'  from  the  French  of  Amyot,  1579,  to 
which  he  made  additions  from  other  authors,  1595.  His 
Plutarch  formed  Shakespeare's  chief  storehouse  of  classi- 
cal learning,  and  exerted  a  powerful  influence  on  Eliza- 
bethan prose.  [xli.  179] 

NORTH,  THOMAS  (1830-1884),  antiquary  and 
campanologist ;  employed  iu  a  bank  at  Leicester ;  F.S.A., 
1876;  secretary  of  the  Leicestershire  Architectural 
and  Archaeological  Society,  and  edited  its  'Transactions ' ; 
wrote  on  the  church  of  St.  Martin,  Leicester,  1866,  and 
the  church  bells  of  various  counties.  [xli.  181] 

WORTH,  WILLIAM, sixth  BARON  NORTH  (1678-1734), 
grandson  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  baron  North  [q.  y.]  ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  sixth  baron,  1690  :  left  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge,  for  Foubert's  military  academy, 
London,  1694 ;  commissioned  as  captain,  1702  ;  colonel, 
1703 ;  lost  his  right  arm  at  Blenheim,  1704 ;  brigadier- 
general,  1706;  lieutenant-general,  1710;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Cambridgeshire,  1711:  privy  councillor  and  governor 
of  Portsmouth,  1711:  defended  the  Pretender  in  the 
Lords,  1713  ;  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London  for 
complicity  in  Atterbury's  plot,  1722,  but  admitted  to 
bail ;  travelled  abroad ;  died  at  Madrid.  [xli.  181] 

HORTHALI8,  RICHARD  (<l.  1397),  archbishop  of 
Dublin  :  a  Carmelite  friar  ;  became  bishop  of  Ossory, 
1386:  was  absent  on  Richard  II's  business,  1387,  1389, 
and  1191:  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1393;  translated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Dublin,  1396.  [xli.  183] 

WORTHALL.  JOHN  (17237-1769),  captain  in  the 
royal  artillery  :  entered  the  service,  1741 ;  lieutenant, 
1741 ;  captain-lieutenant,  1752  ;  captain,  1755  ;  his  'Travels 
through  Italy  '  published,  1766.  [xli.  183] 

WORTHALL,  WILLIAM  OF  (d.  1190),  bishop  of 
Worcester;  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London;  archdeacon  of 
Gloucester,  1177  ;  had  custody  of  the  temporalities  of  the 
MM  of  Rochester,  1184,  and  Worc«*tcr,  1185;  bishop  of 
Worcester,  1188 ;  negotiated  with  the  monks  of  Canter- 
bury in  their  dispute  with  Archbishop  Baldwin,  1187. 

[xli.  184] 

NORTHAMPTON,  MARQUIHKH  or.  [See  PARK, 
WILLIAM,  flnt  MARQUIS,  1*13-1671;  OOMPTON,  SI-KN.  KK 


JOSHUA  ALWYNE,  second  MARQUIS  of  the  second  creation, 

1790-1861.] 

NORTHAMPTON,  EARLS  OF.  [See  SENLIS,  SIMON 
DK,  d.  1109;  SKNLIS,  SIMON  DE,  d.  1153 ;  BOHUN, 
WILLIAM  DK,  d.  1360 :  HOWARD,  HENRY,  1540-1614 ; 
COMPTON,  SPENCER,  1601-1643.] 

NORTHAMPTON  or  FITZPETER,  HENRY  DK 
(A.  1189-1207),  judge;  an  officer  of  the  exchequer  and 
a  canon  of  St.  Paul's;  justice  itinerant,  1189;  king's 
justice  at  Westminster  and  in  the  country,  1202  ;  joined 
the  baronial  party.  [xli.  184] 

NORTHAMPTON  or  COMBERTON,  JOHN  DE  (ft. 
1376-1390),  lord  mayor  of  London;  prominent  member 
of  the  Drapers'  Company ;  alderman,  1376 ;  sheriff, 
1377  ;  member  for  the  city,  1378  ;  mayor,  1381  :  head  of 
John  of  Oaunt's  party ;  sought  the  favour  of  the  populace 
at  the  expense  of  the  greater  companies ;  reduced  the 
price  of  fish  under  violent  opposition ;  his  decision 
reversed  by  his  successor  and  himself  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  sedition;  condemned  to  be  hanged,  but  bis 
sentence  commuted ;  released,  1387,  but  not  restored  to 
his  former  position  till  1390.  [xli.  185] 

NORTHBROOK,  first  BARON  (1796-18G6).  [See 
BARING,  SIR  FRANCIS  THORNHILL.] 

NORTHBROOKE,  JOHN  (  /.  1568-1579),  preacher  and 
writer  against  plays  ;  preached  at  St.  Mary  de  Redcliffe, 
Bristol,  1568;  procurator  for  the  Bristol  clergy  in  the 
synod  at  London,  1571 ;  published  theological  works  and 
in'Spiritus  est  Vicarius  Christ!  in  Terra,' 1579,  made 
the  earliest  attack  upon  dramatic  performances. 

[xli.  186] 

NORTHBTTRGH,  MICHAEL  DK  (d.  1361),  bishop 
of  London ;  entered  the  royal  service  and  received  con- 
siderable preferment ;  went  on  a  mission  to  the  pope, 
1346  ;  accompanied  Edward  III  on  his  French  expedition, 
1346;  commissioner  to  negotiate  alliances  with  foreign 
powers,  1346;  when  secretary  to  Edward  III  frequently 
treated,  with  France:  elected  bishop  of  London,  1354; 
conducted  negotiations  for  peace  with  France,  1354  and 
1355 ;  died  of  plague ;  left  bequests  for  students  of 
civil  and  canon  law  at  Oxford  and  the  Carthusian  house 
at  Newchurchbaw.  .  [xli.  187] 

NORTHBURGH,  ROGER  DE  (d.  1369  ?),  bishop  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry :  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  a  royal 
clerk  in  1310,  and  royal  messenger  :  comptroller  of  the 
wardrobe,  1315;  held  temporary  charge  of  the  great 
seal,  1321,  and  was  papally  provided  to  the  bishopric  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  1322;  swore  to  support  Queen 
Isabella,  January  1327 ;  treasurer  for  three  months, 
1328,  and  occasionally  employed  in  public  business  ; 
again  treasurer  for  a  short  time,  1340.  [xli.  188] 

NORTHCOTE,  JAMES  (1746-1831),  painter  and 
author;  apprenticed  as  a  watchmaker  at  Plymouth: 
spent  his  leisure  in  drawing  and  painting  ;  came  to 
London,  1771 ;  worked  as  an  assistant  in  the  studio  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  studied  in  the  Royal  Academy 
|  schools  ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1777-80 ;  regularly  contributed 
j  portraits  to  the  Royal  Academy ;  R.A.,  1787  ;  commis- 
sioned by  Boydell  to  paint  nine  pictures  for  his  Shake- 
speare gallery,  1786 ;  attained  his  chief  excellence  as  a 
portrait-painter ;  published  a  '  Memoir '  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  1813,  'One  Hundred  Fables'  (illustrated  by 
himself),  1828,  and  a  'Life  of  Titian,'  1830;  William 
Hazlitt  published  some  of  his  '  Conversations,'  1830. 

[xli.  190] 

NORTHCOTE,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1599-1676), 
politician :  matriculated  from  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1617; 
entered  at  the  Inner  Temple,  1618 :  was  sheriff  of  Devon- 
shire, 1626-7 :  created  baronet,  1641 ;  M.P.,  Ashburton, 
1641 ;  acted  with  the  presbyterians  and  aided  the  parlia- 
mentary cause  by  his  influence  and  wealth  :  taken  prisoner 
by  the  royalists,  1643  ;  released,  1645 :  excluded  from  par- 
liament, 1648-54  ;  sat  for  Barnstaple,  1667-76.  His  '  Note 
Book '  was  published,  1887.  [xli.  193] 

NORTHCOTE,  SIH  STAFFORD  HENRY,  first  EARL 

OF  IDDESI.EIGH(  1818-1887):  educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol 

College,  Oxford ;   M.A.,  1840  ;    D.O.L.,  1863 ;    barrister, 

Inner  Temple,  1847  ;  private  secretary  to  William  K\v;irt 

Gladstone  [q.  y.],  1842  ;  assisted  William  Ewart  Gladstone 

in  his  Oxford  elections  of  1847, 1852,  and  1853  ;  succceeded 

1  his  grandfather  as  eighth  baronet,  1851 ;  C.B.,  1851 ;  con- 

I  serrative  M.P.,  Dudley,  1885,  Stamford,  1858;  became  a 


NORTHCOTE 


955 


NORTON 


recognised  opposition  speaker  ami  was  greatly  in  Disraeli's 
confidence;  appointed  president  of  the  board  of  tr.i'le, 
1K66,  and  secretary  for  India,  1867  ;  M.P.  for  North 
Devon,  1866  ;  governor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
1869-74  :  commissioner  for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama 
claim-,  1871 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1H74-80  :  pointed 
out  that  the  income  tax  had  lost  Its  temporary  c 
and  increased  exemptions  by  which  he  eased  pressure  of 
the  tax  on  smaller  incomes ;  made  a  serious  attempt,  by  an 
annual  sinking  fund,  to  reduce  the  national  debt ;  leader 
of  the  bouse,  1876,  and  much  hampered  by  parliamentary 
obstruction ;  leader  of  the  opposition  to  Gladstone's 
government  in  the  House  of  Commons,  1880-6,  and 
defeated  the  ministry  on  the  Affirmation  Bill,  1883,  but 
assisted  in  the  compromise  on  the  Franchise  Bill,  1884 ; 
created  Earl  of  Iddebleigh  and  Viscount  St.  Gyres,  1885  ; 
became  foreign  secretary,  1886,  but  resigned  six  mouths 
later,  dying  suddenly  on  the  day  of  his  resignation.  He 
published  '  A  Short  Review  of  the  Navigation  Laws,' 
1849, 'Twenty  Years  of  Financial  Policy,'  1862,  and  (for 
the  lloxburghe  Club)  '  The  Triumphes  of  Petrarch,' 
1887.  [xli.  194] 

NORTHCOTE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1783?),  naval  surgeon  ; 
passed  at  the  Surgeons'  Company  as  second  mate,  1757 ; 
first  mate,  1759 ;  surgeon,  1771 ;  published  medical  works 
for  naval  surgeons,  devoting  special  attention  to  tropical 
diseases.  [xli.  199] 

NORTHESK,  seventh  EAKL  ov  (1758-1831).  [See 
CARNEGIE,  WILLIAM.] 

NORTHEY,  SIR  EDWARD  (1652-1723),  attorney- 
general  ;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  Ix>ndon,  and  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1674  :  attorney-general, 
17U1-7  and  1710-18  ;  knighted,  1702  ;  M.P.,  Tiverton,  1710. 

[xli.  200] 

NORTHINGTON,  EARLS  OK.  [See  HENLEY,  ROBERT, 
first  EARL,  1708  ?-1772  ;  1 1  KM.KY,  ROBERT,  second  EARL, 
1747-1786.] 

NORTHLEIGH.  JOHN  (1657-1705),  physician; 
B.O.L.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1681 ;  student,  Middle 
Temple,  1682;  incorporated  LL.B.  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge,  1682 ;  subsequently  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  LL.D.,  1687;  M.D. ;  practised  medicine  at 
Exeter  ;  wrote  in  defence  of  James  II  and  on  polemical 
theology.  [xli.  200] 

NORTHMORE,  THOMAS  (1766-1851),  miscellaneous 
writer  and  inventor ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1792  ;  F.S.A.,  1791 ;  divided  his  time  between  mechanics, 
literature,  and  science  ;  discovered  the  ossiferous  nature 
of  Kent's  cavern  at  Torquay,  1824.  [xli.  201] 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  DUKES  OF.  [See  DUDLEY, 
JOHN,  first  DUKK,  1502V-1553;  FITZROY,  GEORGE,  first 
DUKE  of  the  second  creation,  1665-1716 ;  PERCY,  HUGH, 
first  DUKE  of  the  third  creation,  1715-1786 ;  PERCY, 
HUGH,  second  DUKE,  1742-1817 ;  PERCY,  HUGH,  third 
DUKE,  1785-1847  ;  PERCY,  ALGERNON,  fourth  DUKE,  1792- 
1865.] 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  titular  DUKE  OF  (1573-1649). 
[See  DUDLEY,  SIR  ROBERT.] 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MORCAR, 
fl.  1066;  COPSI,  d.  1067;  GOSPATRIC,  fl.  1067;  COMIV, 
ROBERT  DE,  d.  1069;  WALTHKOF,  d.  1076;  WALCHKH, 
d.  1080 ;  MOWBRAY,  ROBERT  DE,  d.  1125  ?:  PUIBET  or 
PUDSEY,  HUGH  PR,  1125?-!  195;  PERCY,  HENRY,  first 
EARL  of  the  Percy  family,  1342-1408  ;  PERCY,  HKNRY, 
second  EARL,  1394-1455 ;  PKRCY,  HENRY,  third  EARL, 
1421-1461;  NEVILLE,  JOHN,  rf.  1471;  PERCY,  HENRY, 
fourth  EARL,  1446-1489 ;  PERCY,  HENRY  ALGERNON,  fifth 
EARL,  1478-1527 ;  PERCY,  HKNRY  ALGERNON,  sixth  EARL, 
i.'xrj  V-1537;  PERCY,  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL,  1528-1572; 
1'KiicY,  HKNRY,eighthEARL,  1532V-1585;  PERCY,  HKNHY, 
ninth  EARL,  1564-1632 ;  PERCY,  ALGERNON,  tenth  EARL, 
1602-1668.] 

NORTHUMBRIANS,  KINGS  OF  THE.  [See  ETHEL- 
FRID,  d.  617;  EDWIN,  585  ?-633 :  OSWALD,  6057-642; 
OSWY,  612  ?-670 ;  ALDFRITH,  d.  706  :  OSRED,  697  ?-716  ; 
OKRIC,  d.  729 ;  OSWULF,  d.  758 ;  OBOLWOLf,  d.  764 ; 
EADBERT,  d.  768 ;  OSRED,  d.  792 ;  EARDWULF,  d.  810 ; 
OSBERHT,  d.  867  ;  JELLA,  d.  867.] 

NORTHWELL  or  NORWELL,  WILLIAM  DB  (d. 
1363),  baron  of  the  exchequer  ;  clerk  of  the  kitchen,  1313 ; 
received  preferment,  including  a  prebend  of  Southwell ; 


keeper  of  Edward  Ill's  wi 

1340,  but  soon  reappointed  ;  baron  of  th- 

short  time,   1340;  kept  the  accounts  during  the  Crecy 

NORTHWOLD,  HUGH  OK(-/.  1254),  buhop  of  Ely; 
a  monk  of  the  Benedictine  Abbey  ..f    Bury  M.   frlm 
re-elected  abbot,  1213,  in  opposition  to  t 
the  abbey  ;  after  a  long  sertea  of  complicate 
King  John's  assent,  121 6  ;  itinerant  justice  for  Norfolk, 
11-J7:  bi-hop  of  Kly,  1220-N;  escorted  Eleanor  of  Pro- 
vence  to    England,   1236  ;    attended   parliament.   1248 ; 
offended  Henry  III  by  refusing  the  benefice  of  Dereham 
to  Henry's  lialf-bn)ther  ;  present  at  the  confirmation  of 
Magna  Charta,  1253.  [xli.  90S] 

NORTHWOOD,  JOHN  DE  (rf.  1817),  son  of  John  de 
Northwood,  baron  Northwood  [q.  T.];  died  before  nil 
father,  leaving  six  sons,  the  eldest,  Roger,  succeeding  bis 
•,'randfatluT  in  the  barony.  [xlL  806] 

NORTHWOOD  or  NORTHWODE,  JOHN  DB, 
BARON  NORTHWOOD  (1254-1319),  succeeded  bis  father, 
1285 ;  served  constantly  in  official  capacities  for  Kent : 
served  in  the  French  war,  1294,  in  Flaixlers,  1297,  and  in 
Scotland,  1298,  1309,  1311,  1314,  and  1318;  summoned  to 
parliament  as  a  baron,  1313.  [xli.  205] 

NORTHWOOD  or  NORTHWODE,  ROGKK  DE  (d. 
1285),  baron  of  the  exchequer;  employed  in  the  ex- 
chequer; warden  of  the  Cinque  porte,  1257  ;  baron  of  the 
exchequer  before  1274 ;  acted  on  various  judicial  commls- 
sious.  [xli.  205] 

NORTON,  BONHAM  (1565-1635),  printer,  son  of 
William  Norton  [q.  v.]  ;  became  n  freeman  of  the  Sta- 
tioners' Company  and  held  various  offices  in  the  com- 
pany ;  king's  printer ;  served  as  sheriff  of  Shropshire, 
1611.  [xli.  226] 

NORTON,  CAROLINE  ELIZABETH  SARAH,  known 
as  the  HON.  MRS.  NORTON,  afterwards  LADY  STIRLING- 
MAXWELL  (1808-1877),  poetess;  daughter  of  Thomas 
Sheridan  (1775-1817)  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  for  her  beauty 
and  wit ;  married  the  Hon.  George  Chappie  Norton,  1827  : 
definitely  entered  upon  a  literary  career,  her  husband 
having  no  independent  means  and  only  a  small  legal  ap- 
pointment ;  published  '  The  Sorrows  of  Rosalie with 

other  Poems,'  1829,  which  was  enthusiastically  received ; 

became  a  popular  writer  in  periodicals  ;  published  '  The 

Undying  One,'  1830,  and  'The  Dream,'  1840:   attacked 

social  conditions  in  '  A  Voice  from  the  Factories,'  1836, 

and  '  The  Child  of  the  Islands,'  1845 :  her  best  poem,  •  The 

Lady  of  La  Garaye,'  1862 ;  wrote  also  three  novels, '  Stuart 

|  of  Dunleath,'  1851, 'Lost  and  Saved,'  1863,  and 'Old  Sir 

1   Douglas,'  1867.    Mrs.  Norton  led  an  unhappy  life  with 

)  her  husband,  from  whom  she  separated  in  1836  ;  a  crirn. 

\  con.  action  was  unsuccessfully  brought  against  Lord  Mel- 

'  bourne  by  her  husband,  but  the  evidence  was  so  niani- 

:  festly  weak  that  the  trial  was  considered  by  some  as  a 

{  political  attempt  to  discredit  him.    In  1853  she  eudca- 

,  voured  to  obtain  legal  protection  from  her  husband,  and 

!  her  pamphlets  on  the  custody  of  offspring  and  female 

earnings   contributed  to  the  amelioration  of  the  laws 

affecting  the  social  condition  of  women.    In  1877  she 

married  Sir  William  Stirling-Maxwell  [q.  v.],  her  first 

husband  having  died  in  1875.  [xli.  206] 

NORTON,  CHAPPLE  (1746-1818),  general:  son  of 
Fletcher  Norton,  first  baron  Giautley  [q.  v.] ;  captain  of 
the  19th  foot,  1763  ;  distinguished  himself  in  America, 
1780 ;  general,  1802 ;  M.P.,  Guildford,  1784-1812. 

[xli.  208] 

NORTON,  CHRISTIAN  (fl.  1740-1760),  engraver : 
studied  under  Pierre  Charles  Canot  at  Paris,  and  accom- 
panied him  to  England. 

NORTON,  FLETCHER,  first  BARON  GIIAXTMY 
(1716-1789),  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1739  K.C.,  1764  : 
M.P.,  Appleby,  1756,  Wigau,  1761 :  solicitor-geuenil,  1762 ; 
knighted,  1762  ;  attorney-general,  1763,  but  dismissed  on 
the  formation  of  the  Buckingham  administration,  1765  ; 
M.P.,  Guildford,  1768;  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  1770 ;  supported  Burke  in  carrying  the  EsU 
bliphment  Bill  (civil  list  expenditure),  1780 :  not  re-elected 
speaker,  1780:  created  Baron  Grantley  of  Markenfleld, 
1782.  He  was  usually  nicknamed  •  Sir  Bull-face  Doable 
Pee'  in  satires  and  caricatures,  and  was  attacked  by 
Juuius  in  Letter  39.  [*H-  **] 

NORTON,  FRANCES,  LADY  (1640-1731),  authoress  : 
ntc  Frcke  ;  married,  first.  Sir  George  Norton,  1671 


NORTON 


956 


NORWICH 


'  Colonel  Ambrose  Norton,  a  cousin  of  her  first 

,  1718,  and,  thirdly.  William  Jones,  1724;   she 

•  The  Applause  of  Virtue,'  1 705.        [xli.  212] 


NORTON,  HUMPHREY  (ft.  1658-1659X  quaker ; 
London  agent  for  the  assistance  of  Friends,  1655-6: 
preached  in  Ireland  and  was  arrested  at  Galway  ami 
at  Wexford,  1666 :  went  to  Boston,  1657 ;  arrested  and 
banished  from  Rhode  island,  1667;  again  arrested  at 
Newhaveu  and  branded  with  II  at  Plymouth  and  again 
at  Boston :  imprisoned,  1668 ;  went  to  Barbados,  1659, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  his  sufferings  ('  New  England's 

[xli.  212] 


NORTON,  JOHN  (A  M85),  sixth  prior  of  the  Car- 
thusian monastery  of  Mouutgrace;  wrote  three  works, 
otill  extant  in  Lincoln  Cathedral  MS.,  'De  Musica  Mona- 
chorum,'  'Thesaurus  cordium  amautlum,'  and  'Devota 
Lamentacio.'  [xli.  213] 

NORTON.  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1534),  soldier  ;  served  under 
Poynings  in  Guelderlaud;  knighted,  1511;  sheriff  of 
Kent,  1622,  of  Yorkshire,  1614 ;  knight  of  the  body  to 
Henry  VIII ;  in  France,  1514  and  1632.  [xli.  214] 

NORTON,  JOHN  (d.  1612),  printer :  nephew  of  Wil- 
liam Norton  [q.  v.]  ;  printed  Gerard's  'Herbal,'  1597;  be- 
came printer  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  to  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  printed  SavUe's  edition  of  the  Greek  text  of 
OhrysoBtoni's  works,  1610-12 :  master  of  the  Stationers' 
Company,  bequeathing  it  1,000*.  [xli.  226] 

NORTON,  JOHN  (1606-1663),  divine;  B.A.  Peter- 
noose,  Cambridge,  1627 ;  landed  in  New  England,  1635, 
and  was  '  called '  to  Ipswich  ;  wrote  '  Respousio  ad  totem 
syllogen '  (the  first  Latin  book  composed  in 
colonies),  1648;  helped  to  draw  up  the  'Platform 
of  Church  Discipline'  at  the  Cambridge  synod,  1646; 
'called  to  Boston,'  1662 ;  instigated  the  persecution  of  the 
qtiakcrs ;  went  to  England  to  obtain  a  confirmation  of 
the  Boston  charter,  1662 ;  published  Calviuistic  works. 


c.  1483 ;  commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  exportation  of 
wool,  1486 ;  constable  of  Flint  Castle,  1495  :  chamberlain 
of  North  Wales,  15U9 ;  served  in  France  as  surveyor  of 
|  the  ordnance;  marshal  of  Tournay,  1515;  chamberlain 
of  the  exchequer,  1516.  [xli.  219] 

NORTON,  SAMUEL  (1548-1604  ?),  alchemist ;  studied 

at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;   J.P.  and  sheriff  of 

j  Somerset,  1589 ;  muster-master  of  Somerset  and  Wiltshire, 

1604  ;  wrote  several  alchemistic  tracts,  which  were  edited 

I  and  published  in  Latin  by  Edmund  Deane  at  Frankfort, 

I  1630.  (.xli.  220] 

NORTON,    THOMAS    (Jl.    1477),   alchemist;    M.P., 
Bristol,  1436;    member  of  Edward  IVs  privy  chamber 
and   employed    on    embassies  ;    studied    alchemy  under 
1  George    Ripley  [q.   v.],  and    wrote  chemical   tracts  in 
!  English  verse.     His  'Ordinal  of  Alchiniy'   was  several 


times  published. 


[xli.  220] 


[xli.  214] 
ul  pn 


NORTON,  JOHN  (/.  1674),  a  youthful  prodigy; 
ide  a  paraphrase  translation  of  Marcus  Antonius 
Flaminiu*  (published  as  '  The  Scholar's  Vade  Mecum ' 
1674).  [xli.  216] 

NORTON,  JOHN  BRUCE  (1815-1883),  advocate- 
general  at  Madras;  of  Harrow  and  Mertou  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1838 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1841 ; 
sheriff  of  Madras,  1843-5 ;  clerk  of  the  crown  in  the 
supreme  court,  1845-62:  advocate-general,  1863-71;  re- 
turned to  England  and  was  first  lecturer  on  Indian  law 
at  the  Temple,  1873 ;  wrote  on  Indian  law  and  adminis- 
tration, [xli.  216] 

NORTON,  MATTHEW  THOMAS  (1732-1800),  Domi- 
nican: professed  as  a  Dominican,  1754;  English  mis- 
sioner,  1759;  elected  prior  of  Bornhem,  1767;  appointed 
vicar- provincial  of  Belgium,  1774-8 ;  returned  to  England, 
1780  ;  won  three  medals  at  Brussels  for  dissertations  on 
agriculture.  [xli.  216] 

NORTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1420),  chief-justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas;  serjeant-at-law  before  1403; 
justice  of  assize  for  the  county  palatine  of  Durham; 
chief-justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  1413  ;  trier  of 
petitions  in  parliament,  1414-20.  [xli.  217] 

NORTON,  RICHARD  (1488?-1688),  rebel;  took  part 
In  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  but  was  pardoned;  one  of 
the  council  of  the  north,  1645  and  1656 ;  governor  of 
Norham  Castle,  1655-7:  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1668; 
joined  the  rebellion  of  1569;  his  estates  confiscated  and 
himself  attainted ;  fied  to  Flanders  and  was  pensioned  by 
Philip  of  Spain  ;  known  as '  Old  Norton  ' ;  died  abroad. 

NORTON,  ROBERT  (1540?-1587 1\  divine'; 'MJL 
Oaluu  College,  Cambridge,  1563;  B.D.,  1570;  vicar  of 
Aldborough,  1572 ;  preacher  in  Ipswich,  1576-86  ;  trans- 
lated Kodolph  G ualter's  sermons,  1573.  [xli.  218] 

NORTON.  ROBERT  (d.  1636),  engineer  and  gunner  ; 
"on  of  Thomas  Norton  (1532-1684)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the 
royal  service  ;  sent  as  engineer  to  Plymouth,  1627  ;  ongi- 
n«er  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1627  ;  wrote  on  mathe- 
niaUcB  and  artillery,  and  translated  Camden's  •  Annals  of 
KUabeth,'  163U.  [xli.  219] 

NORTON,  tjiK  SAMPSON  (d.  1517),  surveyor  of  the 
ordnance  and  marshal  of  Touruay  ;  knighted  in  Brittany, 


NORTON,  THOMAS  (1532-1584),  lawyer  and  poet ; 
admitted  to  the  Grocers'  Company ;  entered  the  service  of 
Protector  Somerset  as  amanuensis;  admitted  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  1565;  M.P.,  Galton,  1558,  Berwick,  1562,  and 
London,  1571,  1572,  and  1580 ;  created  M.A.  Cambridge, 
1570  ;  appointed  remembrancer  of  the  city  of  London,  1571 ; 
in  parliament  strongly  supported  all  active  measures 
against  the  Roman  catholics,  and  in  1579  went  to  Itorne 
to  procure  information  against  them;  kept  diary  (still 
extant)  of  his  journey ;  became  an  official  censor  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  Roman  catholic  subjects,  1681,  and  conducted 
the  examination  of  many  Uoman  catholic  prisoners  under 
torture ;  involved  through  his  dissatisfaction  with  episco- 
pacy in  a  charge  of  treason,  and  committed  to  the  Tower 
of  London  for  a  short  time,  1584.  He  devoted  much  time 
to  literature,  and  in  early  life  his  sonnets  and  verses 
attracted  attention.  Among  his  translations  were  Calvin's 
'Institutions  ol  the  Christian  religion,'  1559, and  Nowell's 
4  Middle  Catechism,'  1570;  but  he  owes  his  place  in  litera- 
ture to  his  joint-authorship  with  Sackville  of  the  earliest 
tragedy  in  English  and  in  blank  verse, '  The  Tragedie  of 
Gorboduc,'  of  which  he  wrote  three  acts.  'Gorboduc' 
was  performed  on  Twelfth  Night  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
1561.  A  corrupt  edition  of  the  play  was  published,  1565, 
and  an  authorised  version,  undated,  a  few  years  later. 

[xli.  221] 

NORTON,    WILLIA3I     DE    (/.    1346-1363).     [See 

NOTTON.} 

NORTON,  WILLIAM  (1527-1593),  printer  and  pub- 
lisher ;  an  original  freeman  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1555 ;  filled  various  offices  ;  published  Guicciardiui's  *  His- 
toric,' 1579,  two  editions  of  Horace,  1574  and  1585,  and 
the  '  Bishops'  Bible,'  1575.  [xli.  225] 

NORWELL,  WILLIAM  DE  (</.  1363).  [See  NORTH- 
WELL.] 

NORWICH,  first  EARL  of  the  second  creation  (1583  ?- 
1663).  [See  GORING,  GKORGE.] 

NORWICH,  JOHN  DE.  BARON  NORWICH  (rf.  1362), 
son  of  Sir  Walter  de  Norwich  [q.  v.] ;  admiral  of  the  fleet 
north  of  the  Thames.  1336 ;  went  to  France,  1838  ;  sum- 
moned to  parliament  as  a  baron,  1342 ;  served  in  France, 
1344,  and  specially  distinguished  himself  there,  1346  ; 
founded  a  chantry  of  eight  priests  and  a  warden  at  Raven- 
ingham,  1350.  [xli.  226] 

NORWICH,  RALPH  DE  (/.  125« ),  chancellor  of  Ire- 
laud  ;  acted  frequently  as  king's  messenger,  1216-21 ; 
employed  on  exchequer  business  in  Ireland.  1218  and  1221 ; 
received  considerable  ecclesiastical  preferment ;  notice 
of  the  king's  bench,  1229 ;  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1249  :  re- 
signed chancellorship,  1256  :  his  election  as  archbishop  of 
Dublin  (1256)  quashed  by  the  pope.  [xli.  227] 

NORWICH,  ROBERT  (d.  1535),  judge ;  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1503,  reader,  1518,  and  subsequently 
governor  ;  sat  on  various  commissions ;  king's  serjeant, 
1623 ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1530 ;  chief-justice,  1531. 

[xli.  228] 

NORWICH,  SIH  WALTER  DR  (d.  1329),  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer;  remembrancer  by  1308;  appointed  a 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1311 :  chief  baron,  1312;  resign.  •! 
his  office  ol  chief  baron,  1JJ14,  on  being  appointed  trea- 
surer; resigned  treasurership,  1317,  and  probably  rctimm! 
to  the  exchequer ;  keeper  of  the  treasury,  1321 :  rc- 
api>ointed  chief  baron,  1327.  [xli.  229] 


.NOKWICH 


NOYE 


NORWICH,  WILLIAM  oF(1298?-135&).    [See  ».-,  u 

MAN.] 

NORWOLD,  HUGH  OF  (d.  1254).  [Bee  XoiiTHWni.i».] 
NORWOOD,  RICHARD  (1590?-1675),  teacher  of 
mathematics  and  surveyor  ;  surveyed  the  islands  of  Ber- 
muda for  the  Bermuda  Oompauy,  1618;  taught  nnuhr- 
matics  in  London  and  measured  the  distance  between 
London  aud  York,  1633-5  :  calculated  the  length  of  a 
degree  of  the  meridian  ;  returned  to  Bermuda,  where  he 
<lu\l ;  wrote  on  mathematics.  [xli.  23U] 

NORWYCH,  GEORGE  (d.  1469),  abbot  of  West- 
minster ;  succeeded  Abbot  Keyton,  1462 ;  mismanaged 
affairs  and  (1467)  had  to  resign  the  management  to  the 
prior,  he  himself  receiving  a  pen-ion.  [xli.  230] 

NOTARY,  JULIAN  (fl.  1498-1520X printer  ;  produced 
•  missal  for  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1498  ;  his  best-known  pro- 
duction is  the  fifth  edition  of '  The  Kaleuder  of  Shepardes' 
c.  1518.  [xli.  231] 

NOTHELM  (J.  739),  tenth  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 
-applied  Bede  with  information  for  his  'Ecclesiastical 
History';  visited  Rome;  consecrated  archbishop,  785; 
held  a  synod,  c.  736.  [xlL  231] 

NOTT,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1767-1841),  divine 
and  author ;  nephew  of  John  Kott  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1788;  fellow  of  All  Souls,  Oxford: 
M.A.,  1792;  D.D.,  1807;  Hampton  lecturer,  1802;  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  1810,  of  Salisbury,  1814;  produced 
an  exhaustive  edition  of  the  works  of  Surrey  and  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt  the  elder,  1815-16,  containing  biographies. 

[xli.  232] 

NOTT,  JOHN  (1751-1865),  physician  and  classical 
scholar ;  studied  at  London  and  Paris ;  surgeon  in  an 
East  India  vessel  sailing  to  China,  1783;  went  as  travel- 
ling physician  on  the  continent,  1789-93;  settled  at 
Bristol ;  wrote  on  medicine ;  translated  Catullus,  1794, 
Propertius,  1782,  the  '  Basia  of  Joannes  Secuudus  Nico- 
laius,'  1775,  and  Petrarch's  sonnets  and  odes,  1777 ;  wrote 
original  poems  and  tales ;  edited  Dekker's '  Gulls  Horn- 
book,' 1812.  [xli.  233] 

NOTT,  SIB  THOMAS  (1606-1681),  royalist ;  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London;  M.A.  Pembroke 
College,  Cambridge,  1628;  knighted,  1639;  in  constant 
attendance  on  Charles  I  during  the  civil  war  ;  gentleman- 
usher,  1660.  [xli.  234] 

NOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1782-1845),  major-general; 
commander  of  the  army  of  Kandahar ;  obtained  a  Bengal 
cadetship,  1800 ;  lieutenant,  1801 ;  distinguished  himself 
at  Moko,  1804 ;  captain,  1814 ;  major,  1823 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1824 ;  colonel,  1829 ;  promoted  major-general, 
1838,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Afghan  war,  and  given  com- 
mand of  the  second  brigade,  first  division,  at  Quetta,  1839 ; 
successfully  defeated  the  Ghilzais  and  destroyed  their 
forte,  while  the  enemy  evacuated  Kalat  on  his  approach, 
1840  ;  made  commander  of  all  troops  in  Lower  Afghanistan 
and  Sindb,  1842;  repulsed  the  chiefs  near  Kandahar, 
January  and  June,  1842 ;  on  receiving  orders  to  with- 
draw from  Afghanistan,  sent  General  England  by  Quetta 
and  Sakhar,  while  he  himself  arranged  to  meet  General 
Pollock  at  Kabul ;  completely  defeated  the  enemy  near 
Ghazni,  which  he  entered  without  opposition,  1842  ;  after 
a  series  of  successful  engagements  joined  Pollock  at  Kabul ; 
appointed  resident  at  the  court  of  Lucknow;  G.O.B., 
1843.  [xli.  234] 

NOTTINGHAM,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MOWBRAT,  THOMAS, 
first  EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1366V-1399  ;  HOWARD, 
CHARLES,  first  EARL  of  the  sixth  creation,  1536-1624 ; 
FINCH,  HENEAQE,  first  EARL  of  the  seventh  creation,  1621- 
1682;  FINCH,  DANIEL,  second  EARL,  1647-1730;  FINCH- 
HATTON,  GEORGE  WILLIAM,  fifth  EARL,  1791-1858.] 

NOTTINGHAM,  WILLIAM  OF  c/.  1261),  Franciscan  ; 
elected  fourth  provincial  minister,  1240 ;  went  to  Rome, 
1244,  and  obtained  a  letter  restraining  the  Dominicans ; 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  gospels ;  died  at  Genoa  of  the 
plague.  [xli.  239] 

NOTION  or  NORTON,  WILLIAM  DE  ( /f.  1346- 
1361),  judge  ;  king's  Serjeant  by  1346 ;  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  1365;  excommunicated,  1358;  judge  of  assize, 
1361 ;  chief-justice  in  Ireland,  1361.  [xli.  239] 

NOUBfiE,  EDWARD  (1701-1761),  surgeon  ;  received 
uia  diploma  from  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Company,  1725  ; 


assistant-surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  IXMH]OII, 
1731,  sinKeon,  1746;  .lenioiwtrator  of  unatora>  ;«.  tin- 
Barber-Suiyeons,  1731-1 ;  published  lectures,  [xli.  24U] 

NOUR8E,  TIM()THY(</.1699XmlBcellaneoa«  writer: 
fellow  of  University  College.  Oxford,  1659:  M.A.,  1MO; 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  1672  ;  twqiu-uthed  hU  collection 
of  coins  to  the  Bodleian  Library;  wrote  on  religion, 
husbandry,  and  various  other  subject*.  [xli.  240] 

NOVELLO,  VINCENT  (1781-1861),  organist,  musical 
composer,  editor,  aud  arranger :  born  in  London ;  hi* 
father  an  Italian  ;  at  school  for  a  time  in  France  ; 
chorister  at  the  Sardinian  embassy  chapel,  London,  1798  ; 


organist  at  the  Portuguese  embassy  chapel,  1797  till  1821 ; 
arranged  two  volume*  of  sacred  music  (18111  which 
proved  the  foundation  of  the  publishing  bouse  of  Novello 
4  Co. ;  original  member  (1813)  aud  subsequently  con- 
iluctor  of  the  Philharmonic  Society ;  examined  and  re- 
ported on  the  musical  manuscripts  in  the  Fitzwilliam 
Museum  atCambridge,  1824  ;  organist  at  the  Westminster 
Abbey  festival,  1834 ;  organist  of  the  Roman  catholic  chapel 
at  Moornelds,  1840-3  ;  went  to  Nice,  1860,  where  he  sub- 
sequently died.  [xli.  241] 

NOWELL,  NOWEL,  or  NOEL,  ALEXANDER 
(1 507  V-1602),  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ;  elder  brother  of  Laurence 
Nowell  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Bra?enoee  College,  Oxford,  1526  ; 
M.A.,  1540 ;  master  of  Westminster  School,  1543  ;  preben- 
dary of  Westminster  Abbey,  1551 ;  during  Queen  Mary's 
reign  resided*  principally  at  Frankfort ;  archdeacon  ol 
Middlesex,  155.S;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1560;  did 
much  for  the  restoration  of  the  reformed  religion ;  pro- 
locutor of  the  lower  house  of  convocation,  and  presented 
a  catechism  for  its  approval ;  attended  the  Duku  of 
Norfolk  at  his  execution,  1572  ;  sat  on  ecclesiastical  com- 
missions, 1573,  1576,  and  1590:  successful  in  making 
converts  from  Romanism ;  twice  visited  Lancashire, 
1  preaching,  1570  and  1580 ;  appointed  to  hold  conferences 
with  papists,  1582 ;  elected  principal  of  Braseuose  College, 
Oxford,  1595,  but  resigned  it  three  months  later ;  loyally 
complied  with  Queen  Elizabeth's  ecclesiastical  settlement, 
though  inclined  to  Calvinism;  a  liberal  benefactor  of 
Middleton  School  and  Braseuose  College.  Apart  from  his 
controversial  and  theological  works,  Nowell  was  the  author 
of  three  catechisms,  the  '  Large  Catechism,'  which  he  sent 
to  Cecil,  1563,  the  'Middle  Catechism,'  and  the  'Small 
Catechism,'  which  is  practically  that  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  The  three  were  written  by  Nowell  in 
Latin  and  translated  into  Greek  by  William  Whitaker 
and  into  English  by  Thomas  Norton.  [xli.  243] 

NOWELL,  INCREASE  (1590-1655),  New  England 
settler;  arrived  in  America,  1630;  commissioner  ol 
military  affairs,  1634  ;  secretary  of  Massachusetts  colony, 
1644-9  ;  a  founder  of  the  church  in  Charlestown. 

[xli.  250] 

NOWELL  or  NOWEL,  LAURENCE  (d.  1576),  dean  of 
Lichfield;  brother  of  Alexander  Nowell  [q.  v.] ;  matri- 
|  culated  from  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  but  migrated  to 
Cambridge  to  study  logic ;  B.A.,  1542  (incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1542) ;  M.A.,  1544 ;  master  of  Suttou  Coldfiekl 
grammar  school,  1546 ;  went  abroad  during  Queen  Mary's 
reign,  but  received  preferment  under  Elizabeth ;  dean  of 
Lichfield,  1660.  He  was  a  diligent  antiquary  aud  left 
manuscripts  on  Anglo-Saxon.  [xli.  250] 

NOWELL,  RALPH  (d.  1144  ?).    [See  RALPH.] 

NOWELL,  SAMUEL  (1634  -  1688),  New  England 
settler ;  son  of  Increase  Nowell  [q.  v.]  ;  distinguished  him- 
self in  Philip's  war ;  assistant  of  the  colony  of  Massachu- 
setts, 1680,  and  treasurer,  1685.  [xli.  250] 

NOWELL,  THOMAS  (1730-1801),  divine ;  M.A.  Oriel 
'  College,  Oxford,  1753 ;  fellow,  1753 ;  principal  of  St.  Mary 
'  Hall,  Oxford,  1764-1801 ;  regius  professor  of  modern 
|  history,  1771-1801 ;  public  orator,  1760-76  ;  criticised  for 
some  expressions  in  his  sermon  on  Charles  I  preached 
i  before  the  House  of  Commons,  1772.  [xli.  251] 

NOWEB,  or  NOWEES,  FRANCIS  (d.  1670),  herald- 
painter  ;  edited  Guillim's  '  Display  of  Heraldry,'  1660 ; 
perished  in  a  fire  at  his  house.  [xli.  252] 

NOYE  or  NOY,  WILLIAM  (1677-1634),  attorney- 
general  ;  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1602;  autumn  reader,  1622;  bencher  from  1618; 
treasurer,  1632 ;  represented  various  boroughs  in  Corn- 
wall from  1604 ;  led  the  attack  on  monopolies,  1621 ; 
attorney-general,  1631 ;  revised  the '  Declaration  of  Sporto,' 
1633 :  prosecuted  William  Pryune  [q.  T.]  in  the  Star- 


NUCE 


958 


NUNNA 


_  16S4:  incurred  much  popular  odium  hy  hi< 
revival  of  the  foreat  laws,  the  soap  monopoly,  ami  tin- 
writ  of  .hip-money:  satirised  in  'A  I'n.u-rtor  l:it«-ly 
Dead,'  16S4.  He  wrote  on  the  '  Kk'hta  of  the  Crown,' 
tbetenure  of  property,  and  reports  of  cases.  [ xli.  253 ] 

NUCB,  THOMAS  (d.  1617),  translator ;  fellow  of 
Pembroke  HalL  Cambridge,  1562 :  prebendary  of  Kly, 
SS :  UmmStad  Seneca'.^Qctavia,'  1661.  [xli.  255] 

NUGENT.  BARON  (1788-1860).  [See  ORKNYIU.K. 
OBOROK  NITUKST] 

NUGENT,  SIB  CHARLES  EDMUND  (1769?-1844), 
admiral  of  the  fleet;  entered  navy,  1771;  commander, 
1778-  posted,  1779;  rear-admiral,  1797;  vice-admiral, 
1801 :  admiral,  1808  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1833 ;  G.C.H., 
1834.  [*»•  »M] 

NUGENT,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER,  fourteenth  BARON 
DKLVIX  (1644-1602),  Bacceeded  to  the  title,  1569;  fellow- 
commoner  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge :  went  to  Ireland, 
1666 ;  distinguished  himself  against  Shane  O'Neill,  1666 ; 
knighted,  1666 ;  protested  against  provisioning  the  army 
at  a  fixed  price,  and  (1677)  was  imprisoned :  commanded 
the  forces  of  the  Pale,  1679  :  again  imprisoned  on  a  sus- 
picion of  treason,  1680,  and  sent  to  England  for  trial, 
1682 ;  allowed  to  return  to  Ireland  to  transact  business 
with  regard  to  his  property,  1686,  and  in  1688  to  remain 
there ;  leader  of  the  forces  of  Weatmeath,  1693 ;  commis- 
sioner to  inquire  into  abuses,  1597  ;  arrested  after  the 
outbreak  of  Tyrone's  rebellion  on  suspicion  of  treason ; 
died  in  Dublin  Castle.  He  wrote  •  A  Primer  of  the  Irish 
Language'  and  a  •  Plot  for  the  Reformation  of  Ireland.' 

NUGENT.  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1731),  soldier;  went 
to  France  after  the  capitulation  of  Limerick,  1691 ;  served 
in  Flanders,  Germany,  and  Italy  ;  succeeded  to  the  coin- 
of  Sheldon's  regiment  and  changed  its  name  to 


Nugent's,  1706;  commanded  his  regiment  at  Ramillies, 
Oodenarde,and  Malplaquet;  promoted  inarechal-de-cauip, 
1718.  [xli.  259] 

NUGENT,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1775),  physician ; 
graduated  M.D.  in  Prance ;  practised  in  Bath ;  wrote  on 
hydrophobia,  1763 ;  removed  to  London,  1764 :  an 
original  member  of  the  Literary  Club  ;  F.R.S.,  1765. 

[xli.  259] 

NUGENT,  Sm  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1757-1849), 
field-marshal :  entered  the  army,  1773 ;  lieutenant,  1777 ; 
served  in  America ;  captain,  1778 :  major,  1782  ;  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, 1783;  accompanied  the  guards  to  Holland, 
1793 ;  raised  a  corps  from  Buckinghamshire ;  M.P.,  Buck- 
inghamshire, 1790-1800;  lieutenant-governor  of  Jamaica, 
1801-6 ;  created  baronet,  1806 ;  commander-iu-chief  in 
India,  1811-15 ;  general,  1813  ;  G.O.B.,  1815.  [xli.  260] 

NUGENT,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  OF  WKHTMKATH  (1672- 
1764),  brother  of  Thomas  Nugent,  fourth  earl  of  West- 
meath [q.  v.]  ;  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  and  at 
Limerick :  went  to  France,  1691 ;  served  with  the  army 
of  Flanders  till  1705;  subsequently  served  under  the 
French  standard;  major  in  the  German  army,  1720; 
brigadier,  1740;  marechal-de-camp,  1744;  succeeded  to 
the  earldom,  1762  ;  died  at  Nivelles.  [xli.  261] 

NUGENT,  LAVALL,  COUNT  NUGKNT  (1777-1862), 
prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  and  Austrian  field- 
manhal;  entered  the  Austrian  engineer  corps,  1793; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1805  ;  came  to  England,  1812 :  visited 
Wellington  in  Spain,  1813 ;  fought  in  the  north  of  Italy, 
1818,  and  became  lieutenant-general,  1814 ;  hon.  K.O.B. 
of  England,  1815  ;  fought  in  the  south  of  Italy,  1815-16, 
becoming  a  prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  1816  : 
commanded  the  Neapolitan  army,  1817-20;  created  a 
magnate  of  Hungary,  1826 ;  organised  two  reserve  corps 
daring  the  revolts  of  1848-9,  captured  Essigg,  secured 
control  of  the  Danube,  but  unsuccessfully  besieged  Oomorn; 
became  a  field-marshal,  1849;  died  at  Bosiljevo,  near 
Karlstadt.  [xli.  261] 

NUGENT,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1689),  chief 'justice  of  the 
common  bench  in  Ireland;  ancle  of  Sir  Christopher 
Nugent,  fourteenth  baron  Delvin  [q.  v.]  ;  chief  solicitor 
to  the  crown,  1566  ;  served  on  several  commissions ;  on 
Sir  Henry  Sidney's  retirement  from  the  lord-deputyship 
became  chief- justice  of  the  common  pleas,  but  (1682)  was 
arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason  ;  condemned  and  hanged, 
popular  opinion  attributing  his  death  to  the  private  malice 
of  Sir  Robert  Dillon  (d.  1697)  [q.  v.]  [xli.  263] 


NUGENT,  Sin  RICHARD,  tenth  BARON  DKLVIN  (d. 
1460  ?),  lord-deputy  of  Ireland :  succeeded  his  father, 
1415;  sheriff  of  Meath,  1424;  distinguished  himself  in 
the  wars  against  the  native  Irish  ;  lord-deputy,  1444  and 
1449;  seneschal  of  Meiith,  1452.  [xli.  264] 

NUGENT.  UK 'HARD,  twelfth  BARON  DKLVIN  (d. 
1538?),  succeeded  his  father,  1493;  assisted  the  lord- 
deputy  against  the  Irish  chiefs,  1504;  J.P.,  1515  ;  joined 
the  council,  1522  ;  acted  as  vice-deputy  of  Ireland,  1527  ; 
seized  by  stratagem,  1528,  and  detained  a  prisoner  at 
O'Conor's  house  till  1529  ;  continued  to  fight  actively 
against  the  rebels,  and  probably  died  on  an  expedition 
against  O'Conor,  1538.  [xli.  265] 

NUGENT,  RICHARD  (/.  1604),  poet;  son  of  Nicho- 
las Nugent  [q.  v.] ;  probably  the  author  of  '  Ric : 
Nugeut's  Cynthia'  (sonnets  and  madrigals),  1604. 

[xli.  264] 

NUGENT,  SIR  RICHARD,  fifteenth  BARON  DELVIN, 
first  EARL  OF  WESTMKATH  (1583-1642),  sou  of  Sir  Christo- 
pher Nugent,  fourteenth  baron  Delviu  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  1602 ;  knighted,  1603 ;  being  exasperated  by 
the  revocation  of  a  grant,  joined  a  conspiracy,  for  which 
he  was  arrested,  1607 ;  escaped  from  Dublin  Castle, 
but  submitted,  1608  ;  summoned  to  England  on  account  of 
parliamentary  obstruction,  1614,  but  recovered  favour  and 
was  created  Earl  of  Westmeath,  1621 ;  refused  to  join  the 
rebels,  1641.  [xli.  266] 

NUGENT,  RICHARD,  second  EARL  OK  WKSTMHATH 
(d.  1684),  succeeded  his  grandfather,  Sir  Richard  Nugent, 
first  earl  of  Westmeath  [q.  v.],  1642;  raised  a  troop  of 
horse  and  a  regiment  of  foot  for  Charles  1, 1645 ;  field- 
marshal,  1648;  submitted  to  the  parliamentary  com- 
missioners, 1652;  raised  a  regiment  for  the  Spanish 
service,  1653 ;  arrested  on  suspicion,  1659 ;  recovered  his 
liberty  and  estates,  1660.  [xli.  268] 

NUGENT,  ROBERT,  EARL  NUGENT  (1702-1788),  who 
afterwards  assumed  the  surname  CRAOOS,  politician  and 
poet ;  M.P.,  St.  M awes,  1741-54,  Bristol,  1754-74,  and  St. 
Mawes,  1774-84 ;  became  controller  to  Frederick,  prince 
of  Wales,  1747,  and  lent  him  money ;  created  lord  of  the 
treasury,  1754 ;  vice-treasurer  for  Ireland,  1760-5  and 
1768-82 :  president  of  the  board  of  trade,  1766-8  ;  became 
Viscount  Clare  and  Baron  Nugent,  1766,  and  Earl  Nugent, 
1776;  three  times  married,  twice  to  rich  widows,  on 
which  Horace  Walpole  invented  the  word  'Nugentize'  to 
describe  this  practice  ;  wrote  various  odes  and  poems,  his 
ode  to  William  Pulteney  being  so  good  that  he  was  sus- 
pected of  paying  Mallet  to  write  it.  [xli.  269] 

NUGENT,  THOMAS,  titular  BARON  OF  RIVERSTON 
(d.  1715),  chief- justice  of  Ireland  ;  sou  of  Richard  Nugent, 
second  earl  of  Westmeath  [q.  v.] ;  one  of  James  II's 
council,  1685 ;  judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1686 ;  privy 
councillor  and  lord  chief- justice,  1687 ;  furthered  James  II's 
anti-protestant  policy  ;  on  James's  landing  in  Ireland 
became  Baron  Riverston  and  commissioner  of  the  empty 
Irish  treasury,  1689.  [xli.  271] 

NUGENT,  THOMAS,  fourth  EARL  OF  WBSTMKATH 
(1656-1752),  served  with  James  II  at  the  Boyne,  1690, 
and  at  Limerick,  1691 ;  succeeded  his  brother  as  fourth 
earl,  1714.  [xli.  272] 

NUGENT,  THOMAS  (1700  ?-1772),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  honorary  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1765 ;  F.S.A.,  1767 ; 
wrote  on  travels  and  history  and  translated  a  great 
number  of  books,  mostly  from  the  French,  including 
Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and  Montesquieu.  [xli.  273] 

NUGENT,  WILLIAM  (d.  1625),  Irish  rebel ;  brother 
of  Sir  Christopher  Nugent,  fourteenth  baron  Delvin  [q.  v.] ; 
driven  to  rebellion  by  the  unwise  severity  of  Lord  Grey ; 
escaped  to  Rome,  1582,  and,  returning  by  Paris  and  Scot- 
land, formally  submitted :  accused  Sir  Robert  Dillon  (d. 
1597)  [q.  v.]  of  maladministration,  1591.  [xli.  273] 

NUNN,  MARIANNE  (1778-1847),  hymn- writer :  wrote 
sacred  pieces  and  hymns.  [xli.  274] 

NUNN,  WILLIAM  (1786-1840),  brother  of  Marianne 
Noun  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  several  hymns.  [xli.  274] 

NUNNA  or  NUN  (fl.  710),  king  of  the  South-Saxons ; 
confirmed  a  charter  of  Nothelm,  692.  His  three  charters 
in  the  Colchester  register  are  of  doubtful  antiquity. 

[xli.  274] 


NTJNNELEY 


115ft 


OAKLEY 


NUNNELEY,  THOMAS  (1809-1870),  surgeon     Ufl   \ 
1S32;    M.U.C.S.,  1832;    studied   in   ParN  :    practised  in 
Leeds  ;  surgeon  to  the  Leeds  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  and 
the  General  Infirmary;  studied  and  wrote  on  ophthalmic 
surgery  in  its  scientific  aspects.  [xli.  -J7 f> } 

NUTHALL,  THOMAS(rf.  1776),  politician  ami  public 
official:  registrar  of  warrants  in  the  excise  office,  1740: 
receiver-general  for  hackney  coaches,  174'J  ;    solicitor  to 
the  treasury,  1 7f,5  :  secretary  of  bankrupt*),  1766  :  inr 
with  William  Pitt,  afterwards  earl  of  Chatham, 
marriage  settlements  he  drew  up.  [xlL  275] 

NUTT,  JOSEPH  (1700-1775X  surveyor  of  highways; 
introduced  at  Hinckley  a  system  of  flooding  the  highways 
to  render  them  firm.  [xli.  276] 

NUTTALL,  J08IAH  (1771-1849),  naturalist:  an  ex- 
pert  taxidermist;  published  'Belshazzar'  (epic  poem), 
1846.  [xli.  276] 

NUTTALL,  THOMAS  (1786-1869),  naturalist ;  went 
to  America,  1807:  professor  of  natural  history  at  Har- 
vard, 1822-34  ;  wrote  on  the  botany, geology,  and  ornitho- 
logy of  North  America.  [xh.  276] 

NUTTALL,  THOMAS  (1828-1890),  lieutenant-general, 
Indian  army  ;  entered  the  army,  1846  :  lieutenant,  1847  ; 
captain,  1X56 :  suppressed  the  Bheel  rebels,  1867 ;  major, 
1865 ;  served  in  the  Abyssinian  expedition,  1867 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1871;  colonel,  187S;  brigadier-general  in 
the  Afghan  expedition,  1878 :  specially  disttngnislMd  uim- 
self  at  .Mai wand  and  Kandahar,  1880 ':  lieutenant-general, 
1887.  [xli.  277] 

NTJTTALL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1840),  author  and  school- 
master; wrote,  in  doggerel  verse,  the  first  attempt  at  a 
history  of  Rochdale,  1810.  [xli.  278] 

NUTTER,  WILLIAM  (1759  ?-1802),  engraver  and 
draughtsman;  executed  plates  after  leading  English 
artists,  1780-1800,  in  Bartolozzi's  stipple  manner. 

[xli.  278] 
NUTTING,  JOSEPH  (ft.  1700),  engraver. 

[xli.  278] 

NYE,  JOHN  ( ,/.  1688),  theological  writer  ;  son  of 
Philip  Nye  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  1664  ; 


clerk  to  the  'triers.'  1654:  conformed,   1660;   rector  of 
Quendon,  1669 ;  published  controversial  works. 

[xli.  *7«] 

NYE,  \  \T1I.\NIEL  (.ft.  1648),  author;  wrote  'The 
Art  of  Gunnery,'  1».»7.  for  tin-  hHp  of  gunners  and  other* 
•nut  well  versed  in  ;inthm.-tic  ' ;  published  an  almanac 
for  l.;r.',  and  two  others  for  1645.  [xli.  279] 

NYE.  PHI  1. 1 1'  <  15967-1672),  independent  divine; 
.M.A.  M:u'd:il. •„  i  hill,  Oxford,  1622  ;  bin  retirement  to  Hoi- 
l.u.d  <  1K33-40)  necessitated  by  his  nonconformity:  vicar 
of  Kimbolton;  summoned  to  the  Westminster  Amenably 
of  Divines,  1643.  when-  he  took  decided  part  with  the 
4 dissenting  brethren '  who  objected  to  the  aswuibly's  pro- 
position- on  church  government:  desired  'uniformity, 
but  only  in  institution*,'  and  proponed  to  tolerate  all 
peaceable  preachers ;  on  the  comtuiwion  of  '  triers,*  1654, 
of  'expurgators,1  1664  ;  took  part  in  the  Savoy  conference, 
1655 ;  lost  his  preferments,  1660 ;  preached  in  London, 
1666,  and  ministered  in  Queen  Street,  1672 ;  published 
theological  works,  separately  and  with  other  diasenter*. 

[xli.  279] 

NYE,  STEPHEN  (1648  7-1719),  theological  writer: 
son  of  John  Nye  [q.  v.] ;  D.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1665  :  rector  of  Little  Honnead,  1679 ;  intimate 
with  Thomas  Kinnin  [q.  v.],  and  took  part  in  the  current 
controversies  on  the  Trinity ;  believed  to  have  invented 
i  the  term  '  Unitarian.'  [xli.  282] 

NYNDGE,  ALEXANDER  (Jl.  1573),  demoniac:  lived 
I  at  Lyeringswell,  Suffolk  :  suffered  from  epileptic  or  hys- 
terical attacks,  1573 ;  an  account  of  his  condition  written 
'  by  his  brother  Edward.  [xli.  283] 

NYREN,  JOHN  (/.  1830),  cousin  of  John  Nyren 
I  (1764-1837)  [q.  v.] ;  author  of  'Tables  of  the  Duties, 
•  Bounties,  and  Drawbacks  of  Customs,'  1830.  [xli.  284] 

NYREN,  JOHN  (1764-1837),  cricket  chronicler:  in- 

i  terested  himself  in  cricket  from  an  early  age :  belonged  to 

!  the  Hambledon  Club ;  a  left-handed  batsman  of  average 

ability  and  a  fine  field  at  point  and  middle  wicket.    His 

recollections  were  published  in  -The  Young  Cricketer's 

Tutor '  (edited  by  Charles  Cowdeu  Clark,  1833). 

[xh.  283J 


O 


OAKELEY,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  baronet  (1761-1826), 
governor  of  Madras;  nominated  to  a  writership  in  the 
East  India  Company,  1766  ;  became  secretary,  1773 :  judge- 
advocate-general  and  translator,  1777-80 ;  president  of 
the  committee  of  assigned  revenue  of  the  nabob  of  Arcot, 
1781-4 ;  president  of  the  Madras  board  of  revenue,  1786-8  ; 
named  governor  of  Madras,  1790  ;  created  baronet,  1790  ; 
improved  the  administration,  retrenched  expenses,  re- 
sumed cash  payments,  and  was  able  to  supply  Lord  Corn- 
wallis  with  money,  grain,  and  cattle,  1791 ;  in  sole  charge 
of  Madras  as  governor,  1792 :  converted  the  company's 
floating  debt  and  equipped  the  Pondicherry  expedition, 
1793,  without  disturbing  government  credit :  retired, 
1795.  [xli.  284] 

OAKELEY,  FREDERICK  (1802-1880),  tractarian : 
con  of  Sir  Charles  Oakeley  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  1824 ;  chaplain-fel'low  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1827  ;  joined  the  tractarian  movement ;  prebendary  of 
Lichfleld,  1830  ;  appointed  Whitehall  preacher,  1837,  and 
incumbent  of  Margaret  Chapel,  London,  1839,  where  he 
introduced  ritualism  :  joined  the  Roman  communion,  1846, 
and  was  an  original  canon  of  the  Roman  catholic  diocese 
of  Westminster,  1852 ;  published  theological  works  before 
and  after  bis  secession.  [xli.  286] 

OAKELEY,  SIR  HERBERT,  third  baronet  (1791- 
1845),  archdeacon  of  Colchester;  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Oakeley  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  (senior  student) :  M.A.,  1813 ;  domestic 
chaplain  to  Dr.  Howley,  bishop  of  London,  1814-22  :  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1822  ;  succeeded  his 
brother  as  baronet,  1830 ;  rector  of  Rocking,  1834  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Colchester,  1841 ;  one  of  the  first  to  Institute 
district  visitors  and  Sunday  schools.  [xli.  287] 

OAKES,  SIR  HENRY,  second  baronet  (1 756-1 8S7), 
lieutenant-general,  East  India  Company's  service;  brother 


I  of  Sir  Hildebrand  Oakes  [q.  v.] ;  second  lieutenant,  1776  ; 
!  taken  prisoner  by  Tippoo  Sultan,  1783  ;  served  at  Seringa  - 
i  pa  tarn  and  in  Malabar ;  major,  1795  :  colonel,  1802 : 
|  major-general,  1810  ;  lieutenant-general,  1814  ;  succeeded 
I  his  brother  as  baronet,  1822 :  committed  suicide. 

[xli.  288] 

OAKES,  Sin  HILDEBRAND,  first  baronet  (1764- 
1822),  lieutenant-general ;  entered  the  army,  1767  ;  served 
in  America,  1775,  in  Corsica,  1794-6,  in  Egypt,  1801; 
brigadier-general  at  Malta,  1802-4 :  major,  1791  :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1795  ;  colonel,  1798  :  major-general,  1806  : 
lieutenant-general,  1811  ;  created  baronet,  1813 ;  G.C.B., 
1820.  [xli.  288] 

OAKES,  JOHN  WRIGHT  (1820-1887),  landscape- 
painter  ;  painted  landscapes,  chiefly  of  Welsh  mountains, 
from  1843  ;  A.R.A.,  1876.  [xli.  289] 

OAKES,  THOMAS  (1644-1719),  speaker  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts House  of  Representatives :  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts  ;  brother  of  Urian  Oakes  [q.  v.] ;  graduated 
at  Harvard,  1662 :  was  elected  representative  and  (1689 
and  1706)  chosen  speaker  :  represented  Massachusetts  in 
England,  1689.  [xlL  290] 

OAKES,  CUT  AN  (1631  7-1681),  New  England  divine : 
went  as  a  boy  to  America :  graduated  at  Harvard,  1649 ; 
incumbent  of  Titchfield,  England,  during  the  Common- 
wealth ;  ejected,  1662;  pastor  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1G71 ;  president  of  Harvard,  1676  ;  published 

[xli.»9] 


OAKLEY.  EDWARD  (A  1732X  architect;   published 

'  works  on  architecture  and  building.  [xli.  290] 

OAKLEY,  JOHN(1834-1890Xdean  of  Manchester ;  M.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1869 ;  vicar  of  St,  Saviour's, 


OAKLEY 


9GO 


O'BRIEN 


Boston,   1867-M  :    lu^h  churchman  and   friend  of  th. 

tVr.';'-s3.    "'  [xli.  2M1] 

OAKLEY,  OOTAVIU8  (1800-1867),  water-colour 
painter :  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1826-60  ;  fre- 
quently painted  groups  of  gipsies  and  was  nicknamed 
•Gipsy  Oakley';  member  o?  the  Society  of  P. 

1.S44.  [xli.  292] 

r,  JOHN  (1748?-1793),  engraver  and  author ; 
wrote  worthless  novels,  popular  songs  and  burlettas,  and 
engraved  wood  illustrations  for  cheap  literature. 

[xli.  292] 

OASLAND  or  OSLAND,  HENRY  (1625-1703),  ejected 
minister;  ALA.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1653;  pastor 
of  Bewdley,  1650 ;  arrested  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in 
Pakingtou'H  plot,  1661;  released,  1662;  associated  with 
Baxter;  ejected,  1662 ;  preached  regularly  after  1688. 

[xli.  292] 

OASTLBR,  RICHARD  (1789-1861),  'the  factory 
king';  articled  to  an  architect;  steward  of  the  Fixby 
•states,  Huddersfleld,  1820;  advocated  the  abolition  of 
slavery  and  opposed  catholic  emancipation ;  his  attention 
drawn  to  the  evils  of  children's  employment  in  factories, 
1880 ;  continually  wrote  and  spoke  for  the  improvement 
of  factory  legislation ;  objected  to  the  new  poor  law  and 
resisted  the  commissioners  at  Fixby,  an  action  which 
ultimately  resulted  in  his  dUmU-sal  from  his  stewardship, 
1838,  and  imprisonment  in  the  Fleet  for  debt,  1840-4  : 
constantly  wrote  in  periodicals  on  factory  legislation ; 
joint-editor  of  the  '  Ashton  Chronicle.'  [xli.  293] 

OATXS,  FRANCIS  (1840-1875),  traveller  and 
naturalist :  travelled  in  Central  America  and  explored  the 
Zambesi :  amassed  large  collections ;  died  near  the  Maka- 
laka  kraal;  his  journals  edited  by  his  brother,  Charles 
George  Gates,  1881.  [xli.  295] 

GATES,  TITOS  (1649-1705),  perjurer ;  expelled  from 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  1665,  during  his  first 
year  there;  entered  Gonville  and  Oaius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1M7 ;  migrated  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1669,  bat  took  no  degree ;  vicar  of  Bobbing,  1673 :  im- 
prisoned at  Dover  in  consequence  of  his  making  a  dis- 
graceful charge  against  a  Hastings  schoolmaster ;  escaped 
before  the  trial  and  became  a  naval  chaplain ;  expelled 
from  the  navy;  us  chaplain  to  the  protestants  in  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk's  household  first  came  in  contact  with 
papists :  met  Israel  Tonge  [q.  v.],  who  employed  him 
to  produce  diatribes  against  the  Jesuits,  1676 ;  became  a 
Roman  catholic,  1677,  to  procure  further  information,  and 
entered  the  Jesuit  College  at  Valladolid,  whence  he  was 
expellwl  after  five  months'  residence ;  expelled  also  from 
St.  Omer:  fabricated  the  'popish  plot,'  which  he  and 
Tonge  affirmed  before  Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey  [q.  v  ] 
1678,  his  revelations  being  in  effect  that  Charles  II  was  to 
be  killed  and  the  country  administered  by  the  Jesuits  • 
alleged  that  the  details  had  been  settled  at  a  'general 
ooMolf  odd  at  the  White  Horse  Tavern,  Fleet  Street,  in 
April  1678;  summoned  to  repeat  his  story  before  the 


Bedloe  and  others,  the  result  being  that  about  thirty-five 
men  were  judicially  murdered;  lost  prestige  by  the  ac- 
quittal of  Queen  Catherine  of  Braganza's  physician,  Wake- 

SlTj^  li7?'^  Sf08*8'8  8ucoe8sful  defence  of  him- 
«lf,  January  1680:  his  pension  reduced,  April  1682,  and 
in  August  stopped  altogether;  tried  for  perjury,  May 


tLSrf^SfX^Jf  ^^S1  f°T  lrfe:  hl8  "en^oe  «- 
d  himself  (1689)  set  at  liberty;  married  a  rich 

SU!;  lyJkS01  WM  •?owed  ***- to  p*y hi8  debt8  and » 

wstoo  of  SOW.  a  year,  1698 :  joined  the  Wapping  baptists 
preached,  but  was  expelled,  1701,  'as  a 
^ff1  •»*  •  hypocrite';    published  many 
i  the  popish  plot  and  against  the  Jesuits. 

i*2f5a25j£r  """w-"w>-  t^ss*. 

LEWIS  (17489-18S3X  divine 
-i  u  »  Roman  catholic 
'views;  chaplain  in 


secretary  to  Lord  Fitzwilliam  in  Ireland,  1794  ;  bishop  of 
(>---ory,  1795;  translated  to  Meath,  1798;  wrote  contro- 
versial tracts  and  whig  pamphlets.  [xli.  303] 

O'BRAEIN,  TKJIIEARNAOH  (d.  1088),  Irish  an- 
nalist :  abbot  of  Clonmacnoise  and  of  Roscommou  ;  wrote 
annals,  in  which  Irisli  events  are  synchronised  with  those 
of  Europe.  [xli.  305] 

O'BRIEN,  BARNAHAS,  sixth  EARL  OF  THOMOM* 
((/.  1657),  son  of  Donough  O'Brien,  fourth  earl  of  Tho- 
mond [q.  v.] :  succeeded  his  brother,  1639  ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Clare,  1640-1 :  his  rents  seized,  1644 ;  admitted  a  par- 
liamentary garrison  to  Bunratty  Castle  and  went  to  Eng- 
land :  joined  Charles  I ;  successfully  petitioned  parlia- 
ment for  2,0007.  spent  in  the  parliamentary  cause. 

O'BRIEN,  BRIAN  RUADH  (d.  1276),  kiu^of^Tho- 
moud  ;  son  of  Couchobhar  O'Brien  [q.  v.] ;  inaugurated 
king,  1267 ;  allied  himself  with  De  Clare,  to  defend  him- 
self against  the  rebellious  Turlough  O'Brien  ;  defeated  with 
his  ally ;  hanged  by  De  Clare  in  mortification  at  his  de- 
feat, [xli.  306] 

O'BRIEN,  CHARLES,  fifth  VISCOUNT  CLARE  (d. 
1706),  son  of  Daniel  O'Brien,  third  viscount  Clare  [q.  v.] ; 
served  in  James  II's  army  in  Ireland,  1689-91;  went  to 
France,  1692  ;  succeeded  his  brother,  1693  ;  colonel  of  the 
Clare  regiment,  1696 :  marechal-de-camp,  1704 ;  mortally 
wounded  at  Ramillies.  1706.  [xli.  307] 

O'BRIEN,  CHARLES,  sixth  VISCOUNT  CLARE  (1699- 

1761),  son  of  Charles  O'Brien,  fifth  viscount  Clare  [q.  v.] ; 

succeeded  his  father,  170G:  visited  England,  1716;  officer 

in  the  French  array :  distinguished  himself  at  Dettingen, 

;  1743,  and  Fontenoy,  1745  ;  created  marechal,  1757  ;  died 

;  at  Montpellier.  [xli.  307] 

O'BRIEN,   OONOHOBHAR  (d.  1267),  king  of  Tho- 

,  moud :  succeeded  his  father,  Donogh  Cairbrech  O'Brien 

!  [q.  v.],  1242 ;    had  some   success  against  the  English, 

1257 ;  mustered  an  army  and  fought  in  King's  County, 

Tipperary,  and  Clare  ;  defeated  and  slain  at  Belaclugga. 

[xli.  307] 

O'BRIEN,  CONOR  (d.  1539),  prince  of  Thomond: 
succeeded  to  Thomond,  1528 :  with  his  sons  by  his  second 
marriage  supported  Fitzgerald,  earl  of  Kildare,  his  son  by 
his  first  marriage  siding  with  the  Butlers;  defeated  at 
O'Brien's  Bridge,  1536  ;  made  peace,  1537.  [xli.  308] 

O'BRIEN,  CONOR,  third  EARL  OF  THOMOND  (1534  ?- 
1581),  called  Groibleach,  or  'Long-nailed':  grandson  of 
C-onor  O'Brien  (d.  1539)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom, 
1553;  his  right  to  the  lordship  of  Thomond  disputed  by 
his  uncle,  Donnell ;  confirmed  in  his  possessions  by  the 
Earl  of  Sussex,  1558,  who  proclaimed  his  uncles  traitors, 
though  peace  was  not  established  till  1565;  intrigued 
with  the  'arch-rebel'  Fitzgerald,  1569, and  fled  to  France ; 
returned  to  Ireland  and  received  pardon,  1571,  with  the 
restoration  of  his  lands,  1573.  [xli.  309] 

O'BRIEN,  DANIEL,  first  VISCOUNT  CLARE  (1577?- 
1663),  called  of  Moyarta  and  Carrigaholt;  grandson  of 


to  Anh™  v 
to  Aubigny, 


. 

chaplain  and 


became  a  Roman  catholic ;  prominent  in  the  disturbances 
in  the  Irish  parliament  as  member  for  co.  Clare ;  joined  the 
Kilkenny  confederation,  1641 ;  fled  abroad  to  Charles  II, 
1651 ;  created  Viscount  Clare,  1663.  [xli.  310] 

O'BRIEN,    DANIEL,   third    VISCOUNT   CLARK  (d. 
1690),  followed  Charles  II  into  exile;  lord-lieutenant  of 
<  Clare  under  James  II :  Irish  privy  councillor ;  sat  among 
the  peers,  1689  ;  raised  regiments  for  James  II's  service. 

[xli.  311] 

O'BRIEN,  DOMHNALL  (d.  1194),  king  of  Munster; 
son  of  Turlough  O'Brien  (1009-1086)  [q.  v.] ;  became  king, 
1168;  engaged  in  plundering  wars  and  blinded  rival 
chiefs;  frequently  successful  against  the  English,  but 
submitted  to  Henry  II,  1171.  [xli.  311] 

O'BRIEN,  DON  AT  HENCHY  (1785-1857),  rear- 
admiral  ;  entered  navy,  1796 ;  wrecked  and  taken  prisoner 
to  Verdun,  1804;  escaped,  1808  ;  commander,  1813  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1852  ;  published  an  account  of  his  imprisonment 
and  escape.  [xli.  311] 

O'BRIEN,  DONOGH  OAIRBREOH  (d.  1242),  king  of 
Thomond  ;  son  of  Domhnall  O'Brien  [q.  v.] ;  betrayed  his 
brother  Murtogh  to  the  English  and  succeeded  htm,  1208  ; 
successfully  ravaged  the  south  of  Ireland.  [xli.  312] 


O'BRIEN 


961 


O'BRIEN 


O'BRIEN.  nON<]U<;il  < ,/.  i m;.»),  king  of  .Munster  • 
«on  of  Brian  (920-1014)  [q.  v.] ;  ohtainrd  -iipn-niacy  over 
iuwntOHory,and  Leinstx?r;  deposed,  106 1,  \M'iittoi;oiM,.. 
and  died  there.  [xli.  31;.'] 

O'BRIEN.  DONOUQH,  BAROX  oy  luiii.  • 
fourth  K  AIM.  OK  TII.IM-.XI>  (d.  1624),  sou  of  Conor  <  niri.-n, 
third  earl  of  Thomond  [q.  T.]  ;  succeeded  his  father.  15H1  ; 
•Mated  in  suppn-«-iiu.'  Tyrone's  rebelliou,  1595  ;  gov.-rnor 
of  Clare  and  privy  nmm-illor,  1599  ;  constantly  employed 
in  the  war,  ItiUO  ;  visited  England  and,  oil  his  return, 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Kiusale,  1601 ;  obtained  the 
transfer  of  Clare  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Connauirht  to 
.Minister,  1C02 ;  president  of  Muuster,  1605  ;  governor  of 
Clare,  1619.  [xli.  312] 

O'BRIEN,  EDWARD  (1808-1840),  author:  brother 
of  William  Smith  O'Brien  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1832;  published 'The  Lawyer,'  1842,  a  work 
depicting  a  lawyer  of  ideal  holiness.  [xli.  314] 

O'BRIEN,  HENRY  (1808-1836),  antiquary;  B.A 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1831:  published  "The  Reund 
Towers  of  Ireland,'  1834,  with  the  object  of  proving  them 
Buddhistic  remains.  [xli.  314] 

O'BRIEN,  JAMES,  third  MARQUB  OP  THOMOXD 
and  seventh  EARL  OF  IXCHIQUIX  (1769-1855),  admiral : 
entered  the  navy,  1783 ;  commander,  1796  :  rear-admiral, 
1826;  vice-admiral,  1837;  admiral,  1847;  lord  of  the 
bedchamber,  1830  ;  Q.O.H.,  1831 ;  succeeded  his  brother, 
1846.  [xli.  316] 

O'BRIEN,  JAMES  [BROXTERRK]  (1805-1864),  chartist ; 
B.A.  Dublin,  1829  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn ;  became  prac- 
tically editor  of  the  '  Poor  Man's  Guardian,'  1831,  signing 
himself  'Bronterre';  steadily  developed  revolutionary 
views  ;  was  a  prominent  chartist,  and  at  first  advocated 
physical  force,  contributing  violent  articles  to  the 
'Northern  Star' :  imprisoned  for  seditious  speaking,  1840 : 
quarrelled  with  Feargus  O'Connor  [q.  v.] ;  edited  various 
newspapers  and  lectured  on  the  nationalisation  of  the  laud 
and  other  topics.  [xli.  315] 

O'BRIEN,  JAMBS  THOMAS  (1792-1874),  bishop  of 
Ossory,  Ferns,  and  Leighlin  :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1815;  fellow,  1820;  D.D.,  1830;  instituted  dean  of  Cork, 
1842;  bishop  of  Ossory,  1842;  wrote  on  justification  by 
faith  and  the  evidences  of  religion,  and  opposed  the  Ox- 
ford movement  [xli.  316] 

O'BRIEN,  JOHN  (rf.  1767),  Irish  catholic  prelate ; 
vicar-general  of  Cork,  Cloyue,  and  Ross ;  on  the  separa- 
tion of  Cork  and  Cloyue  ( 1747)  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Cloyne  and  floss ;  said  to  have  compiled  an  Irish-English 
dictionary,  published,  1768 ;  edited  the  statutes  of  Cloyue 
and  Ross,  1756  :  his  work  on  gavelkind  and  tanistry  in 
Ireland,  published,  1774-5.  [xli.  317] 

O'BRIEN,  SIR  LUCIUS  HENRY,  third  baronet  (d. 
1795),  Irish  politician  ;  entered  parliament  as  member  for 
Ennis,  1763  ;  prominent  member  of  the  popular  party ; 
endeavoured  to  remove  trade  restrictions  between  England 
and  Ireland,  and  agitated  for  Irish  legislative  independ- 
ence ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1766  :  M.P.,co.  Clare,  1768-76,  ' 
Ennis,  1776-83,  Tuam,  1783-90,  Ennis,  again,  1790-5  ;  privy  , 
councillor,  1787  ;  clerk  of  the  crown  and  hanaper  in  the 
high  court  of  chancery,  1787.  [xli.  318] 

O'BRIEN,  MATTHEW  (1814-1865X  mathematician  ; 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1841 ;  lecturer  at  Wool-  I 
wich,  1849-56,  and  at  King's  College,  London,  1844-54 ; 
wrote  on  mathematics.  [xli.  319] 

O'BRIEN,  MURROUGH,  first  EARL  OP  THOMOXD 
and  BARON  INCHIQUIN  (d.  1551),  succeeded  his  brother, 
Conor  O'Brien  (d.  1539)  [q.  v.],  in  the  lordship  of  Thomond, 
1530  ;  agreed  to  conditions  of  puace  and  submission,  1541 ; 
created  Earl  of  Tbomond  with  reversion  to  his  nephew, 
his  son  being  created  Baron  Inchiquin,  1543 ;  visited  Eng- 
land for  his  installation,  1543.  [xli.  319] 

O'BRIEN,  MURROUGH,  first  EARL  OP  IXCHIQUIX 
and  sixth  BAROX  INCHIQUIN  (1614-1674),  known  as 
'Murchadh  na  atoithean '  or '  of  the  conflagrations': 
studied  war  in  the  Spanish  service ;  accompanied  Straf- 
ford  into  Leiuster  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Irish  rebelliou, 
1641 ;  governor  of  Munster,  1642 ;  had  some  small  success, 
but  was  hampered  by  lack  of  funds;  outwitted  the 
Irish  leader,  Muskerry,  at  Cappoquin  and  Lismore  :  his 
forces  dispersed  at  the  truce,  1643  ;  visited  Charles  I  at 


I  Oxford,  1644 ;  forced  to  submit  to  parliiiiiH-ni.  1G44,  the 

parliamentarians  being  masters  of  them*,  and  therefore 

tin-  only  people  who.-oiiM  help  the  Muustor  proteetantx  ; 

I  made  president  of  Munctcr:  ^applies  haviur  been  broiurht 

him  by  Philip  sid.,,y.  inn  1. 

of  !••  •••],  1647,  he  became  gradually  matter 

of  the  south  of  Ireland  :  declared  for  Ohartaa  I,  U48; 
fortified  the  southern  port*  against  parliament ;  TWif>  a 
truce  with  the  confederate  catholic*,  1648 ;  joined  by 
Ormonde,  with  whom  he  got  poMeMioo  of  Drogheda  and 
Duudalk  ;  lost  influence  in  Minuter,  which  revolted  after 
Cromwell'*  landing,  1649  ;  made  some  stand  at  Kilmallock, 
1649,  but  after  retiring  west  of  the  Shannon  left  Ireland 
for  France,  1650 :  made  one  of  the  royal  council  aud 
created  earl  of  Inchiquin,  1654 ;  served  under  toe  French 
in  Catalonia,  1654:  engaged  in  the  Sexby  plot.  1656. 
and  became  a  Roman  catholic;  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Algerines,  1660,  but  ransomed  the  same  year;  became 
high  steward  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  household  ; 
lived  quietly  in  Ireland  after  1663.  [xli.  320] 

O'BRIEN,  MURTOGH  (d.  1119),  king  of  Munster  • 
son  of  Turlough  O'Brien  [q.  v.] ;  constantly  at  war  with  his 
neighbours ;  became  king,  1086  ;  made  a  circuit  of  Ireland 
in  six  week?,  1101.  [xu.  327] 

O'BRIEN,  PATRICK  (1761  ?-1806).    [See  COTTER.] 
O'BRIEN,  PAUL  (1750?-1820),  professor  of  Irish  at 
Maynooth,  1802;  published  a  •  Practical  Grammar  of  the 
Irish  Language,'  1809.  [xli.  327] 

O'BRIEN,  TERENCE  or  TOIRDHELBHAOH  (d 
1460),  bishop  of  Killaloe  ;  treacherously  slain,  [xli.  328] 

O'BRIEN,  TERENCE  ALBERT  (1600-1661X  bishop 
of  Kmly :  educated  at  Limerick  and  Toledo ;  became  prior 
of  the  Limerick  Dominicans ;  provincial  of  the  Irish 
Dominicans,  1643  ;  bishop  of  Kmly,  1647  ;  joined  Rinuc- 
cini's  party:  exhorted  resistance  against  the  Cromwel- 
lians  at  Limerick,  1651,  aud  nursed  the  sufferers ; 
by  Iretou.  [Xu.  328] 

O'BRIEN,  TURLOUG H  ( 1009-1086),  king  of  Munster  • 
relative  of  Brian  (926-1014)  [q.  v.]  ;  disputed  the  chief- 
tainship of  the  Dal  Cais  with  his  kinsman,  Murchadh, 
1065-64  :  became  king  of  Munster,  1067 ;  robbed  Clon- 
macnoise,  1073,  and  attacked  his  neighbours  with  moderate 
success  [xli.  329] 

O'BRIEN,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OP  IxcHUjurx 
(16387-1692),  sou  of  Murrough  O'Brien,  first  earl  of 
Inchiquin  [q.  v.] ;  taken  prisoner  by  the  Algeriue*,  1660 ; 
governor  of  Tangier,  1674-80 ;  succeeded  as  second  earl, 
1674  ;  welcomed  William  of  Orange,  1688 ;  attainted  by 
the  Irish  parliament,  1689;  successfully  headed  the 
Munster  protestants  against  the  Roman  catholics ;  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Jamaica,  1690,  where  his  troubles 
with  the  French  and  the  negroes  finally  caused  bin  death. 

[xli.  330] 

O'BRIEN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1815X  actor  and  dramatist ; 
engaged  by  Garrick  to  replace  Woodward,  1758  ;  left  the 
stage  on  his  marriage  to  Lady  Susan  Fox-Straugways, 
1764  ;  lived  for  a  time  in  America  ;  subsequently  became 
receiver-general  of  Dorset;  produced  'Cross  Purposes' 
1772,  and  » The  Duel,'  1773.  [xli.  331] 

O'BRIEN,  WILLIAM  SMITH  (1803-1864X  Irish 
nationalist;  brother  of  Edward  O'Brien  [q.  v.];  of 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1826 ; 
M.P.,  KnnU.  1828-31  :  as  a  supporter  of  Peel  approved  of 
catholic  emancipation,  and  brought  in  an  Irish  poor-law 
bill,  1831 ;  M.P.,  co.  Limerick,  1835-49 ;  made  repeated 
effort*  to  improve  the  poor  relief  and  education  in  Ireland ; 
joined  the  Repeal  Association,  1843  ;  in  the  custody  of  the 
serjeant-at-arms,  April-May  1846,  for  refusing  to  serve 
on  a  railway  committee  ;  seceded  from  the  Repeal  Asso- 
ciation and  founded  the  Irish  confederation  to  attain  an 
Irish  parliament  by  force  of  opinion  only,  1846  ;  urged 
the  formation  of  a  national  guard  in  Ireland,  1848,  for 
which  he  was  tried,  the  jury  being  discharged  as  unable 
to  agree ;  failing  to  raise  the  towns,  made  an  abortive 
insurrection  in  the  rural  districts,  was  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  drawn,  and 
quartered,  1848,  his  sentence  being  commuted  to  transpor- 
tation for  life  :  refused  a  ticket -of -leave  and  was  confined 
on  Maria  island,  Tasmania ;  pardon,  except  for  the  United 
Kingdom,  granted  him.  1864  :  settled  at  Brussels ;  re- 
ceived an  unconditional  pardon.  1856 ;  visited  America, 
1859,  and  Poland,  1863 ;  wrote  during  his  exile  the  greater 
part  of  his  •  Principles  of  Government '  (published,  1866). 

[xli.  332] 


O'BROLCHAIN 


962 


OOKHAM 


O'BROLCHAIir  FLAIBHERTACH  (<1.  1175),  first 
blsboo  of  Derrv  :  abbot  of  Derry,  1150,  and  chief  of  the 

umban  churches:  obtained  grants  of  cuttle  from  (  'im-1 
Koffhain  convocation  at  Uric  Mic  Taidhp. 

U58.wben  the  p*pul  legate  maile  him  hi-hop  of  Derry: 
obuin«1  grant  of  cattle  from  the  kin,'  of  I.ssc-r  Ulster, 
:ui<l  built  hU  OJitliolr.il.  1164.  [xh.  337] 

O'BRUADAIR,  DAVID  (fl.  1660-1694),  Irish  poet  ;  a 


«•  difficult  Irish  metre,  Dan  direcb,  correctly  :  a 
.!„..  ,.,;;..  ,  fUleiici  of  the  feeling  »«'  tin-  MriMpaudog 
m-ntry  of  Munsu-r  suppliM  by  his  writings  ;  about  twenty 
of  hU  poems  extant.  [xh.  338] 

0  BRYAN,  WILLIAM  (1778-1868X  founder  of  the 
Bible  Christian  sect;  was  converted  to  Wesleyanisin, 
179ft  :  expelled  from  the  society  in  consequence  of  dif- 
ferenoe*  about  discipline,  1810  :  gradually  formed  a  sect, 
the  •Arminlan  Bible  Christians,'  1816,  part  of  which 
seceded,  1829  :  went  to  America,  1831  :  published  '  Rules 
of  Society,'  1813  :  died  at  Brooklyn.  [  xli.  339] 

O'BRYEN,  DKNNIS  (1755-1832),  dramatist  and  poli- 
tical pamphleteer;  wrote  'A  Friend  in  Need  is  a  Friend 
indeed  '  (comedy),  1783  ;  supported  Fox  in  various  political 
pamphlet*.  [xli.  340] 

O'BRYEN,  EDWARD  (1754?-1808),  rear-admiral; 
entered  the  navy,  e,  1767  ;  commander,  1783  ;  distin- 
guished himself  at  Oamperdown,  1797;  rear-admiral, 
ES  [xli.  340] 

O'BYRICE,  PIAGH  MAcHUOH  (15447-1597),  in 
Irish  FIACHA  MAC  AODHA  UA  BROIN,  chief  of  the 
O'Byrnes  of  Wicklow  :  combined  with  Rory  Oge  O'More, 
1171  ;  was  implicated  in  the  murder  of  Robert  Browne, 
1572.  and  defeated  the  seneschal,  but  was  pardoned,  1573  ; 
invaded  Wexford,  1580,  and,  joining  Baltinglas,  advanced 
within  ten  miles  of  Dublin,  plundering  and  burning,  but 
after  some  negotiations  submitted  and  was  pardoned, 
Ift81  ;  renewed  his  submission,  1584,  1586,  and  1588  :  held 
responsible  (1594)  for  his  son's  outrage  on  the  sheriff  of 
Kiklare,  and  proclaimed  traitor  ;  again  submitted,  1595, 
and  appealed  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1696,  but  immediately 
joined  Tyrone  :  captured  and  beheaded.  [xli.  341] 

O'BYRNE.  WILLIAM  RICHARD  (1823-1896), 
author  of  '  Naval  Biographical  Dictionary,'  which  was 
begun  1845,  and  published  1849  ;  succeeded  to  Cabinteely 
estate,  co.  Wicklow  ;  M.P.,  co.  Wicklow,  1874-80  ;  died  in 
distressed  circumstances  owing  to  depreciation  of  Irish 
land.  [SuppL  iii.  230] 

O'CAHAN  or  O'KANE,  SIR  DONNELL  BALLAGH 
or  THK  FRBCKLKD  (d.  1617  ?),  Irish  chieftain  ;  chief  vassal 
of  Tyrone;  rebelled  under  Tyrone,  1598,  but  submitted 
after  siege  of  Kinsale  on  the  promise  of  holding  his  lands 
direct  from  the  crown,  and  he  proceeded  at  law  (1606) 
against  Tyrone,  who  claimed  his  submission  ;  knighted, 
1607  ;  surrendered  for  trial  and  was  imprisoned  in  Dublin, 
1609  ;  transferred  to  London,  dying  in  the  Tower  without 
being  tried.  [xli.  344] 

0  CALLAGHAN,  EDMUND  BAILEY  (1797-1880), 
historian  :  studied  medicine  at  Paris  ;  emigrated  to 
Canada,  1823  :  fled  to  the  States  when  the  1837  rising  in 
Canada  failed  :  attached  to  the  secretary  of  state's  office  ; 
published  'History  of  New  Netherland,'  1846,  and  'State 
Records,'  1849-61.  [xli.  345] 

O'OALLAOHAK,  JOHN  CORNELIUS  (1805-1883), 
Irish  historical  writer;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1829; 
wrote  for  periodicals,  including  the  '  Nation  '  ;  published 
a  '  History  of  the  Irish  Brigades  in  the  Service  of  France,' 
1869.  [xli.  346] 

O'CALLAOHAN,  8m  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1777- 
1840),  general  ;  entered  the  army,  1794  ;  captain,  1795  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1803:  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Peninsula  ;  major-general,  1814  ;  appointed  comniaiulcr 
at  Madras,  1880-6  ;  G.O.B.,  1838.  [xli.  346] 

OCARAlf,  OILLA-AN-CHOIMHDEDH  (d.  1180), 
archbishop  of  Armagh  ;  bishop  of  Cinel  Conaill  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  1176;  held  office  during  Cardinal 
Viriamu's  visitation.  [xli.  347] 

O'CAROLAH  or  CAROLAK,  TORLOGH  (1670-1738), 
Irish  bard;  became  blind  from  small-pox,  1684;  began 
as  a  bard,  1692  ;  repaid  hospitality  in  eongs 


named  after  his  entertainers,  sucl  as  'Gracey  Nugent,' 
•  Bridget  Cruise,'  and  the  famous  '  .leceipt  for  Drinking ' 
or  •  1'liuixty  Stafford.'  About  fiftj  of  his  pieces  survive 
in  Irish  collections.  [xli.  347] 

O'CARROLL,  MAOLSUTHAIN  (d.  1031),  confessor  of 
Brian  (926-1014)  [q.  v.],  king  of  Ireland;  accompanied 
Brian  in  his  journey  round  Ireland,  1004 :  wrote  a  short 
chapter  in  the  '  Book  of  Armagh.'  [xli.  349] 

O'CARROLL,  MARGARET (4. 1451).  hospitable  lady  : 
married  Calbhach  O'Connor  Faly ;  but  retained  her  maiden 
name ;  gave  two  great  entertainments  to  learned  mm. 

[xli.  350] 

OCCAM,  NICHOLAS  OF  (fl.  1280),  Franciscan  :  also 
called  Nicholas  de  Hotham;  disputed  at  Oxford  and 
wrote  sermons.  [xli.  350] 

OCCAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1349 ?).    [See  OCKHAM.] 
OCCLEVE,   THOMAS    (1370  ?-1450  ?).      [See    Hoc- 

CLKVE.] 

O'CEARBHALL,  LORD  OF  OSBOKY  (d.  888).  [See 
GEARBHALL.] 

O'CEARNAEDH,  BRIAN (1567-1640).  [SeeKKARNEY, 
BARNABAS.] 

OCHILTREE,  second  BARON  (fl.  1548-1593).  [See 
STEWART,  ANDREW.] 

OCHILTREE,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1425-1445),  bishop  of 
Dunblane ;  dean  of  Dunblane  before  1425  ;  became  bishop 
before  1430.  [xli.  350] 

OCHINO,  BERNARDINO  (1487-1564),  reformer; 
born  at  Siena;  quitted  the  Observantine  Franciscans, 
1534,  for  the  Capuchins ;  became  an  extraordinarily 
eloquent  preacher  ;  chosen  vicar-general  of  the  Capuchins, 
1538;  fled  to  Geneva  on  the  establishment  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, 1542 :  settled  at  Augsburg,  1545 :  migrated  to 
England,  1547  ;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1548 ;  returned 
to  Basle  on  Queen  Mary's  accession  and  was  for  a  time 
pastor  of  ZUrich ;  expelled  from  Switzerland  in  conse- 
quence of  his  'Thirty  Dialogues'  on  the  Trinity,  1563; 
went  to  Poland,  but  was  not  allowed  to  remain  there, 
and  died  at  Slakow  in  Moravia;  published  theological 
works  in  Italian,  most  of  which  were  translated  into 
English.  [xli.  850] 

OCHS,  JOHANN  RUDOLPH  (1673-1749),  medallist ; 
born  at  Bern;  cut  seals  and  engraved  gems:  came  to 
England,  1719,  and  was  employed  at  the  royal  mint. 

Lxli.353] 

OCHS  or  OCXS,  JOHN  RALPH  (1704-1788),  medal- 
list ;  sou  of  Johann  Rudolph  Ochs  [q.  v.] ;  employed  at 
the  royal  mint  of  England  from  1741.  [xli.  353] 

OCHTERLONY,  SIR  DAVID,  first  baronet  (1758- 
1825),  conqueror  of  Nipal  (Nepaul);  bora  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts ;  entered  the  Bengal  army,  1777 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1778;  served  under  Sir  Eyre  Ooote  against  the 
French ;  major,  1800 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1803  :  appointed 
British  resident  at  Delhi,  1803 :  defended  Delhi  against 
Holkar,  1804 ;  colonel,  1812 ;  major-general,  1814 ;  his 
column  the  only  one  of  the  four  invading  Nipal  which 
was  successful;  took  Nalagur,  1814,  and  advanced  to 
Bilaspur,  1814;  defeated  Amar  Singh  after  desperate 
fighting,  May  1815;  created  baronet  and  K.O.B.;  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  the  Gurkha  government,  1815,  which 
it  subsequently  refused  to  ratify  ;  again  took  the  field  to 
march  on  Kbatmandu  ;  obliged  the  Gurkhas  to  evacuate 
the  Kourea  Ghat  pass  and  defeated  them  within  twenty 
miles  of  Khatmandu,  1816,  after  which  the  treaty  was  duly 
ratified  and  faithfully  kept;  G.C.B.,  1816;  made  a  peace- 
able settlement  with  Amir  Khan,  1818,  and  effected  the 
disarmament  of  the  Pathan  forces ;  took  a  large  part  in 
the  reconstruction  of  government  in  Central  India,  in  the 
course  of  which  Balwant  Singh,  a  boy  of  six,  was 
recognised  as  raja  of  Bhartpur,  1825 ;  proceeded  to  uphold 
Balwant  Singh  against  his  rebellious  cousin  by  force  of 
arms ;  died  at  Mirat  broken-hearted  by  the  decision  of  the 
governor-general  to  investigate  the  matter  before  allowing 
him  to  carry  out  his  intention.  [xli.  353] 

OCKHAM,  BARONS  OF.  [See  KINO,  PETER,  first  BARON 
KINO,  1669-1734;  KINO,  PKTKK,  seventh  BARON  KINO, 
1776-1833.] 

OCKHAM,  NICHOLAS  OK  (fl.  1280).    [See  OCCAM.} 


OOKHAM 


O'CONNELL 


OCKHAM  or  OCCAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1349  ?),  'Doctor 
•invincibilis ' ;  studied  at  Oxford,  possibly  under  DUM 
Scotus :  became  a  Fraiu-i.-i-nn  :  l;.|>.  <>xfonl;  wait  to 
Paris  and  associated  with  Mareiglio;  D.I),  1'arU  ;  .-uteri-d 
into  the  Franciscan  controversy  concerning  pm  - 
ilHVixled  (1323)  against  Pope  John  XXII.  tbedootna 
'evangelical  poverty.1  mvepte.1  (i:?:".')  by  tin-  chap' 
lVni'_'ia;  \va«:  Imprisoned  nt  Avignon  on  a  charge  of 
heivsy,  1328,  but  escaped  to  tin- emperor  at  Pisa;  aoeom- 
Maied  him  back  to  Bavaria,  1330,  and  resided  in  tin- 
Franciscan  house  at  Municli,  where,  with  Michael  <l:i 
Oeseua,  he  was  a  leader  of  the  •  evangelical  poveru  ' 
minority;  refuted  in  'Opus  nonaginta  Dierum '  (e.  i:<:i'M 
tin-  pope's  treatise  against  it,  'Sentence  by  sentence,'  and 
in  'Compendium  erroruui  papre'  (c.  1338)  made  him 
answerable  for  seventy  errors  and  seven  heresies ;  defeiniol 
the  contention  of  Lewis  of  Bavaria  that  his  election  to  the 
empire  wa«  valid  without  the  pope's  confirmation,  and 
elaborated  the  general  discussion  of  the  nature  of  imperial 
and  papal  authority  in  a  •  Dialogus,'  which  is  incomplete 
as  we  have  it  now  ;  was  vicar  of  his  order  from  1342,  but 
passed  on  the  ring  of  office,  1349,  and  probably  was  recon- 
ciled to  the  pope  upon  the  recantation  of  his  more 
obnoxious  doctrines ;  died  and  was  buried  at  Munich. 
His  eminence  lies  in  his  work  in  logic,  philosophy,  and 
political  theory.  He  was  the  second  founder  of  nomi- 
nalism, and  made  the  method  of  logic  known  as  the 
'  Byzantine  logic '  his  fundamental  basis.  The  title 
•Venerabilisluceptor'  is  apparently  older  than  the  more 
familiar  '  Doctor  invincibilis.'  [xli.  357] 

OCKLAND,   CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1690?).    [See  Oc- 

LAND.] 

OCKLEY,  SIMON  (1678-1720),  orientalist;  entered 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1693,  where  he  was  made 
Hebrew  lecturer ;  M.A.  Cambridge  (incorporated  at  Ox- 
ford, 1706);  B.D.  Cambridge,  1710 ;  became  curate  and 
subsequently  vicar  of  Swavesey,  1705  ;  his  '  History  of  the 
Saracens,'  published  1708-57,  the  main  source  of  the 
average  notions  of  Mohammedan  history  for  generations ; 
frequently  visited  Oxford  to  consult  Arabic  manuscripts; 
appointed  professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  1711 ;  trans- 
lated the  Second  Book  of  Esdras  from  the  Arabic,  1716, 
and  other  Arabic  works.  [xli.  362] 

OCXS,  JOHN  RALPH  (1704-1788).    [See  OCHS.] 

OCLAUD,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1590  ?),  Latin  poet 
and  controversialist ;  a  schoolmaster  at  Cheltenham  and 
Greenwich ;  his  '  Auglorum  Praelia,'  1580,  ordered  to  be 
used  in  grammar  schools ;  published  also  Latin  poems  on 
Queen  Elizabeth.  [xli.  365] 

O'CLERY,  OUOOIQCRIOHE  (d.  1664),  Irish  chro- 
nicler; sou  of  Lughaidh  O'Clery  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted  Michael 
O'Clery  [q.  v.]  in  compiling  the  'Annals  of  the  Four 
Masters '  and  wrote  poems.  [xli.  366] 

O'CLERY,  LUGHAIDH  (fl.  1609),  Irish  historian ; 
became  chief  of  his  sept,  1595  ;  took  part  in  the  conten- 
tion between  the  northern  and  southern  Irish  bards, 
1600 ;  dictated  '  Life  of  Aodh  Ruadh  O'Donnell '  (trans- 
lated, 1820).  [xli.  366] 

O'CLERY,  MICHAEL  (1575-1643),  Irish  chronicler: 
third  cousin  of  Cucoigcriche  O'Clery  [q.  v.];  was  baptised 
Tadhg,  but  entered  the  Franciscan  order  as  Michael ; 
studied  Irish  history  and  literature  in  East  Munster ; 
entered  the  Lou  vain  convent  and  was  sent  (1620)  to  col- 
lect Irish  manuscripts,  especially  historical  and  hagio- 
logical  ones ;  assisted  by  other  Irish  scholars  composed 
'The  Royal  List'  of  Irish  kings  and  their  pedigrees, 
1624-30,  the  '  Book  of  Invasions,'  1627-31,  a  digest  of  the 
'  Annals  of  Kingdom  of  Ireland '  or  '  Annals  of  the  Four 
Masters,'  1632-6,  and '  Marty rologium  Sanctorum  Hiber- 
niffl,'  1636.  [xli.  367] 

O'COBHTHAIGH,  DERMOT  (fl.  1684),  Irish  poet; 
belonged  to  a  family  of  hereditary  poets  ;  wrote  a  lament 
for  a  murdered  kinsman  and  five  theological  poems. 

[xli.  369] 

O'CONNELL,  DANIEL  or  DANIEL  CHARLES, 
COUNT  (17457-1833X  French  general;  uncle  of  Daniel 
O'Oonnell  (1775-1847)  [q.  v.],  called  the  •  Liberator' ;  en- 
tered the  French  army,  1760 ;  became  adjutant  of  the 
Clare  regiment;  obtained  the  cross  of  St.  Louis  for  a 
pamphlet  on  army  discipline  ;  wounded  at  Gibraltar ;  be- 


came colonel  of  the  Salm-Salm  regiment:  accepted  the 
revolution,  but  (179S)  joined  the  Bourbons ;  suggested  the 

formation  of  un    Irish  brigade  to   I'itt,    1 


brigade  to  Pitt,  1796; 
lieuU-nantrgeneral  under  the  Bourbon* ;  died  at  Madon, 

[xli.  370] 

O'CONNELL,  DAN  I KL  (1775-1847),  Irish  politician, 

l.-.l  tl,e  •  i...iMT.it«.r ' ;  .-literal  the  Km 

17'Jl  ;  \vus  tntm-ft-iral  to  Douay,  1798,  which  wmt 
suppressed,  1793  ;  entered  Lincoln'*  Inn,  1794 ;  called  to 
tin-  Irish  bar,  1798  ;  joined  the  Munster  circuit  and  toon 
^uue.l  a  r. •putaiHin  for  legal  ability  and  unrivalled  power 
of  cross-examination  ;  protested,  in  his  first  public  speech 
(1800),  against  the  insinuation  that  Roman  catholic*  ap- 
proved the  Act  of  Union ;  signed  a  petition  for  catholic 
emancipation,  1805,  and  was  chairman  of  a  nub-com- 
mittee for  reporting  on  the  laws  affecting  catholic*, 
1811  ;  vigorously  opposed  Grattau's  bill,  1813,  as  in- 
adequate, 'restricted  in  principle,'  and  doubtful  in  iU 
wording:  leading  counsel  for  Magee,  proprietor  and 
editor  of  the  'Dublin  Evening  Post,'  1813;  powerfully 
vindicated  the  catholic  policy,  knowing  the  court  to  be 
hostile;  challenged  by  a  Dublin  merchant  named 
D'Esterre,  whom  he  fatally  wounded,  1815;  arrested  in 
London  on  his  way  to  the  continent,  his  projected  duel 
with  Peel  having  been  frustrated  in  Ireland,  and  bound 
over  to  keep  the  peace ;  formed  the  Catholic  Association 
to  deal  with  practical  questions  and  grievances  which 
pressed  on  the  catholic  peasant,  1823  ;  started  (1824) 
the  'catholic  rent,'  which  made  all  who  paid  one 
shilling  a  year  to  the  Catholic  Association  members,  by 
which  a  spirit  of  hope  was  infused  into  the  peasantry  ; 
gained  thereby  a  high  place  in  the  estimation  of  his 
countrymen  ;  his  work  thwarted  (February  1825)  by  a  bill 
which  suppressed  the  association,  and  by  the  rejection  of 
the  Catholic  Relief  Bill  by  the  Lords :  founded,  August 
1826,  his  '  Order  of  Liberators,'  to  which  every  man  who 
bad  performed  one  real  act  of  service  to  Ireland  was  entitled 
to  belong,  with  the  object  of  preventing  feuds  and  riots  at 
fairs,  discountenancing  secret  societies,  and  making  the 
franchise  effective ;  elected  M.P.  for  co.  Clare  at  a  bye- 
election,  1828;  believed  that  in  the  absence  of  a  direct 
prohibition  in  the  Act  of  Union  no  legal  obstacle  could 
prevent  a  duly  elected  Roman  catholic  from  taking  his 
seat;  found  that  before  parliament  reassembled  it  bad 
been  determined  to  admit  Roman  catholics  to  parliament, 
the  bill  passing  April  1829 ;  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
supremacy,  on  which  his  claim  to  sit  was  rejected  ;  again 
returned  unopposed,  a  national  testimonial  in  the  form  of 
an  annual  tribute  being  provided  for  his  expenses ;  pub- 
lished a  series  of  letters  giving  his  views  on  current  poli- 
tical questions,  1830,  and,  after  all  the  societies  which  he 
formed  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  repeal  of  the  union  bad 
been  promptly  suppressed,  was  finally  arrested,  1831,  for 
evading  the  proclamations ;  skilfully  averted  a  riot  in 
Dublin;  the  prosecution  of  him  dropped  through  the 
influence  of  English  reformers ;  considered  parliamentary 
reform  a  necessary  step  to  the  repeal  of  the  union,  but 
failed  to  obtain  the  restoration  of  the  forty-shilling 
freeholders  :  returned,  unsolicited,  for  Dublin,  1832  ;  moved 
for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  inquire  into  and 
report  on  the  union,  1834 :  was  defeated,  but  created  a 
more  conciliatory  disposition  towards  Ireland,  which  in 
1835,  when  the  balance  of  power  lay  in  his  hands,  issued 
in  the  'Lichfield  House  compact'  and  the  impartial 
government  of  Thomas  Drummond  [q.  v.] ;  denunciations 
and  charges  of  corruption  excited  by  his  friendly  relations 
with  the  ministry;  rendered  valuable  assistance  to  the 
English  Municipal  Corporations  Bill,  and  agitated  for 
similar  reform  in  Ireland ;  founded  the  Repeal  Associa- 
tion, 1840,  on  the  lines  of  the  old  Catholic  Association, 
and  addressed  meetings  on  the  subject  in  Ireland  and 
England;  elected  lord  mayor  of  Dublin,  1841:  refrained 
from  agitation  during  his  year  of  office ;  his  cause  con- 
siderably strengthened  by  the  establishment  of  the 
'Nation'  newspaper,  1842;  countermanded  the  meeting 
at  Olontarf,  thereby  averting  the  danger  which  would 
otherwise  have  arisen  from  the  suppression  of  the  exist- 
ing agitation  by  parliament,  1843  ;  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  creating  discontent  and  disaffection,  and  sentenced  to 
a  fine  of  2,000/.  and  a  year's  imprisonment,  1844,  but 
liberated,  judgment  being  reversed  on  appeal,  1844; 
wrote  in  favour  of  federalism,  but  withdrew  his  offer  of 
co-operation  with  federalist  advocates,  as  it  was  inter- 
preted as  an  abandonment  of  repeal :  called  attention  to 
the  constant  distress  in  Ireland,  1846,  and  made  his  last 

8*8 


O'OONNELL 


964 


O'CONNOR 


appeal  to  the  houw,  February  1847 :  went  fibroid  on 
account  of  his  health  and  died  at  Genoa.  The  system  of 
constitutional  agitation  by  mas*  meetings,  in  his  hands, 
reached  a  perfection  never  before  attained,  and  he  re- 
created national  feeling  in  Ireland.  [xli.  371] 

O'CONNELL.  JOHN  (1810-1858),  Irish  politician: 
«on  of  Daniel  o'Connell,  the  •  Liberator '  [q.  v.] ;  called  to 
the  Irish  bar:  MJ>.,  Youghal,  1832-7,  Athlone,  1837-41, 
Kilkenny,  1841-7,  Limerick,  1847-81,  Clonmel,  1853-7; 
actively  assisted  his  father  in  the  repeal  agitation,  and 
shared  his  trial  and  imprisonment,  1844  ;  succeeded  his 
*  of  the  Repeal  Association,  which  failed 


(1848)  for  lack  of  funds  ;  joined  the  whigs  and,  as  '  young 


Office,  Ireland,  1857;  pnblis 
(1846)  of  his  father  and  var 
Association. 


tried  to  start  agitation  ;  clerk  of  the  Hannper 
ished  'Life  and  Speeches' 
various  reports  for  the  Repeal 
[xli.  389] 

O'CONNELL,  SIR  MAURICE  CHARLES  (1812-1879), 
soldier  and  colonial  statesman  ;  son  of  Sir  Muurice  Charles 
Philip  O'Connell  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Sydney  ;  educated  in 
England,  Edinburgh,  Dublin,  and  Paris  ;  entered  the  army, 
1828;  lieutenant,  1834;  raised  a  regiment  in  Ireland  for 
wvice  in  Spain,  1835  ;  captain,  1838  ;  went  to  New  South 
Wales,  where  he  was  member  of  the  legislative  council  for 
Port  Philip,  1845-8,  and  appointed  commissioner  for 
crown  lauds,  1848  ;  member  of  the  legislative  council  of 
Queensland,  1859,  and  president  of  the  council,  1861-79  ; 
kniK-!,t,,l.  IM;S.  [xli.  390] 

O'CONNELL,  SIR  MAURICE  CHARLES  PHILIP 
(d.  1848),  lieutenant-general  ;  educated  in  Paris  by  his 
kinsman,  Daniel  O'Connell  (1745  ?-1833)  [q.  v.]  ;  a  captain 
in  the  French  service  by  1792;  came  into  the  English 
ranrice  on  the  transfer  of  the  Irish  brigade,  1794  ;  served 
with  distinction  in  the  West  Indies;  lieutenant-colonel 
and  lieutenantrgovernor  of  New  South  Wales,  1809-14; 
knighted  and  K.C.H.,  1834;  major-general  commanding 
the  forces  in  New  South  Wales,  1838-46;  lieutenant- 
general,  1841  ;  died  at  Sydney.  [  xli.  39  1  ] 

O'CONNELL,  MORGAN  (1804-1885),  politician  ;  son 
of  Daniel  O'Connell,  the  '  Liberator  '  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the 
Irish  South  American  legion  and  the  Austrian  army; 
M.P.,  Meath,  1832-40;  assistant-registrar  of  deeds  for 
Ireland,  1840-68  ;  did  not  agree  with  his  father  on  the 
repeal  question,  but  fonght  a  duel  with  William,  second 
baron  Alvanley,  on  his  father's  account.  [xli.  392] 

O'CONNELL,  MORITZ,  BARON  O'CoxxELL  (1740  ?- 
1830),  Austrian  officer  ;  went  abroad  with  Daniel,  count 
O'Connell  (1745  ?-1833)  [q.  v.],  1762,  entered  the  Austrian 
army,  was  imperial  chamberlain  fifty-nine  years,  and 
became  a  baron  ;  died  at  Vienna.  [xli.  393] 

O'CONNELL,  PETER  (1746-1826),Irish  lexicographer  ; 
a  schoolmaster  who  studied  old  Irish  manuscripts  and 
prepared  an  Irish  dictionary,  1785-1819,  but  was  unable 
to  publish  it  The  manuscript  was  finally  purchased  bv 
the  British  Museum.  *  [xli  393-.  * 

O'CONNOR.    [See  also  O'OoxoR.] 

O'CONNOR,  AEDH  (d.  1067),  king  of  Oonnaught; 

called  'an  gha  bhearnatgh'  r'of  the  clipped  spear'); 

contended  with  the  O'Rourkes  for  the  kingship  thronph- 

outbis  life:  killed  their  chief,  1039:  defeated  by  thefm, 

»1;  received  the  submission  of  the  O'Briens   1059   ad- 

mitted the  "upremacy  of  the  king  of  Ailecb,  1063  ;  killed 

fighting  against  the  O'Rourkes  near  Oranmore. 

brot0h?01P!S?f  rr£THIJR  <1763-1852)'  Irish  Si; 
brother  of  Roger  O'Connor  [q.  v.l  ;  B.A.  Trinity  Coll«?p 
Dublin,  1782;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1788;  Lt  ?n  The 
?S*1!J!aTlillmeut  for  PhiliP-town,  1791-5;  joined  the 
l?«7^  T?A  VS6'  i?Pri80ned  'or  seditious  libel, 
1797;  editor  of  the  'Press';  was  arrested  in  England 
bat,  having  given  some  information  to  the  government' 
was  despatched  to  Scotland,  1799  ;  released  and  S  to 

l^JSLSFltSS?  by  NT«leon  Beuerttl  of  divi8ion' 

.   published  books  on  political  questions  ;  died  at 

•BJML  [xii  394T 

O'CONNOR,  BERNARD  (1666  ?-1698).  [See  COXNOR.] 

O'CONNOR,    BRIAN  or  BERNARD  (14909-1560?) 

more  properly  known  as  BRIAN  O'CoxoR  FALY  •    suc- 

ceeded to  the  lordship  of  Offaly,  1611;  kept  prisoner  for 

nearly  a  year  the  vic£deputy,  who  had  attem 


e 
Uberation  from  detention  of  his  kinsman    the  earl  nf 

Kildare;  took  up  arm*,  1534,  and  thrSfgh  Ms  Mother 


raliir's  treachery  v.as  compelled  to  submit,  1535:  liis 
country  invaded  by  Lord  Leonard  Grey  [q.  v.],  1537, 
who  appointed  Cahir  lord  of  Offaly ;  forcibly  expelled 
Cahir,  and  offered  to  submit,  1538  :  invaded  the  Pale, 
1640,  but  submitted  to  St.  Leger ;  kept  the  peace  till  1547, 
when  he  joined  O'More  in  an  attack  on  the  Pale ;  gave 
himself  up,  1648,  after  St.  Leger  had  made  two  inroads 
into  Offaly, and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
1  escaped,  1552,  but  was  rearrested ;  returned  to  Ireland, 
1554,  but  was  soon  imprisoned  in  Dublin  Castle,  where 
he  died.  [xli.  395] 

O'CONNOR,  CALVACH  (1584-1655),  Irish  com- 
mander; rumoured  that  he  was  to  be  made  king  of 
Connaught  and  the  centre  of  the  confederate  party,  1641 ; 
attacked  and  routed,  1642 ;  excepted  from  pardon,  1652. 

[xli.  398] 

O'CONNOR,  CATHAL  (rf.  1010),  king  of  Connuii-rht ; 
became  king,  980  ;  built  a  bridge  over  the  Shannon,  1000  : 
entered  the  monastery  of  Clonmacnoise,  1003.  [xli.  398] 

O'CONNOR,  CATHAL  (1150?-! 224),  king  of  Oon- 
naught ;  called  Croibhdheirg  (red-handed),  son,  possibly 
illegitimate,  of  Turlough  O'Connor  [q.  v.],  king  of  Ire- 
land ;  opposed  his  brother  and  nephew,  but  succeeded 
as  king,  on  the  letter's  death  at  Boyle,  1201 :  acknow- 
ledged King  John's  supremacy,  1215,  but  resisted  Walter 
de  Lacy,  1220  and  1224 ;  founded  three  abbeys. 

O'CONNOR  or  O'CONOR  FALY,  CAT*HAL  ^or 
CHARLES,  otherwise  known  as  Dox  CARLOS  (1540-1596), 
son  of  Brian  O'Connor  [q.  v.],  brought  up  in  Scotland ; 
went  to  France,  1560;  a  spy  in  the  service  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots ;  fled  to  Spain  on  the  murder  of  Captain 
Henry  Mackworth,  1582 ;  joined  the  Spanish  army ; 
wrecked  in  the  Spanish  armada  for  the  invasion  of 
Ireland,  1596.  [xli.  897] 

O'CONNOR,  FEARGUS  (1794-1855),  chartist  leader  ; 
son  of  Roger  O'Connor  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
called  to  the  Irish  bar  ;  took  part  in  the  reform  agitation, 
1831,  and  organised  the  electorate  registration  in  Cork ; 
returned  as  a  repealer  for  co.  Cork,  1832  :  associated  with 
the  extreme  English  radicals ;  unseated,  1835  ;  travelled 
through  the  northern  and  midland  districts  advocating 
radicalism  and,  afterwards,  the  '  Pix  points  of  the  charter,' 
his  paper,  the  '  Northern  Star,'  being  the  official  organ  of 
chartism ;  sentenced  to  eighteen  months'  imprisonment 
at  York,  for  seditious  libel,  1840 ;  quarrelled  with  most  of 
the  other  leaders,  1841 ;  advocated  peasant  proprietorship, 
and  founded  the  National  Land  Company  to  buy  estates 
and  let  them  to  subscribers  by  ballot,  1846 ;  M.P.,  Not- 
tingham, 1847  ;  averted  disturbances  at  the  mass  meeting 
on  Kennington  Common,  1848 :  visited  America  ;  pro- 
nounced insane,  June  1852.  [xli.  400] 

O'CONNOR,  HUGH  (1617-1669),  Irish  chief ;  captured 
and  examined,  1642  ;  entered  into  articles  of  surrender, 
1652 ;  served  abroad ;  succeeded  his  father,  Calvach 
O'Connor  [q.  v.],  as  chief,  1656  ;  applied  to  be  reinstated 
after  1660,  but  died  before  his  claim  had  been  decided. 

O'CONNOR,  JAMES  ARTHUR  (1791-1841? paSter ; 
was  brought  up  as  an  engraver,  but  took  to  landscape- 
painting  ;  visited  Brussels,  1826,  Paris,  1832,  Belgium  and 
Rhenish  Prussia,  1833  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1822-40.  [xli.  402] 

O'CONNOR,  JOHN  (1824-1887),  Canadian  statesman  ; 
born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts  ;  worked  on  his  father's 
land ;  called  to  the  Canadian  bar,  1854 :  elected  to  the 
Canadian  legislature  for  Essex,  1867  ;  successively  (1872- 
1873)  president  of  the  council,  minister  of  inland  revenue, 
and  postmaster-general ;  elected  for  Russell  County,  1878  ; 
again  became  president  of  the  council  and  postmaster- 
general;  secretary  of  state;  puisne  judge  at  Ontario, 
1884.  [xli.  403] 

O'CONNOR,  JOHN  (1830-1889),  scene-painter  and 
architectural  painter ;  came  to  London,  1848,  and  ob- 
tained work  at  the  theatre?  ;  after  1867  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  chiefly  architectural  subjects ;  visited 
Sedan,  1870,  and  Paris,  during  the  Prussian  occupation, 
1871 ;  made  drawings  of  several  court  ceremonies  ;  de- 
signed and  directed  tableaux  vivants.  [xli.  403] 

O'CONNOR,  LUKE  SMYTHE  (1806-1873),  major- 
general  ;  entered  the  army,  1827 ;  captain,  1834 ;  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel,  1863:  major-general,  1866;  served 
with  special  distinction  in  West  Africa  (C.B.,  1855)  and  in 
Jamaica ;  died  at  Dresden.  [xli.  404] 


O'CONNOR 


965 


ODO 


O'CONNOR,  RODERIC,  or    in    Irish  RCAIDHIU  (d. 
1118),  king  of  Connaught ;  son  of  Aedh  O'Connor  [q.  v.]  ; 
became  king,  1076 ;  won  a  great  victory  at  Cun^hill, 
1087;  treacherously  seized  and  blinded,  1092:  retn 
Clonmacnoise.  [xli.  405] 

O'CONNOR,  RODERIO,  called  in  Irish  ItfAimuti  r.v 
CoNciioHiiAiu  (1116  7-1198),  king  of  Ireland;  son  of  Tur- 
lough  O'Connor  [q.  v.]  ;  became  king  of  Couuaught,  1166  ; 
ravaged  the  plain  of  Teffiu :  Buffered  reverses  at  Athlone 
ami  Ardee,  1159  :  took  advantage  of  the  weakness  of  the 
north,  went  to  Dublin,  and  was  inaugurated  king  of  all 
Ireland,  1166;  called  two  important  assemblies,  1167  and 
1168,  to  adopt  laws  and  determine  justice;  granted  ten 
cows  annually  for  teaching  scholars  at  Armagh,  1169; 
besieged  Strougbow  in  Dublin,  1171,  but  was  routed  by 
him  ;  acknowledged  Henry  II  as  his  liege  lord,  1175  ;  en- 
tered the  abbey  of  Ooug  and  died  tin  -re.  [xli.  405] 

O'CONNOR,  ROGER  (1762-1884),  Irish  nationalist; 
brother  of  Arthur  O'Connor  [q.  v.] :  called  to  the  English 
bar,  1784;  joined  the  United  Irishmen:  arrested,  1797, 
but  liberated,  1798  ;  imprisoned  for  some  years  with  his 
brother  Arthur  :  rearrested  for  raiding  the  Gal  way  coach, 
1817,  but  acquitted  ;  published  '  Chronicles  of  Eri,'  1822, 
mainly  imaginative.  [xli.  407] 

O'CONNOR,  TURLOUGH  (1088-1156),  king  of  Ire- 
laud  ;  called  in  Irish  Toirdhealbhach  m6r  ua  Conchobbair ; 
son  of  Roderic  O'Connor  (</.  1118)  [q.  v.] ;  became  king 
of  Connaught,  1106;  made  war  on  his  neighbours  with 
varying  success ;  allied  himself  to  Murchadh  O'Mueleach- 
lainn,  1118,  but  in  1120  drove  him  into  the  north  and 
assumed  the  kingship  of  Ireland;  divided  the  kingdom 
into  three  parts,  under  separate  chiefs  ;  deposed  by  Mur- 
chadh, 1135;  regained  the  kingship,  1141;  had  to  give 
hostages  to  O'Lochlainn,  king  of  Ailech,  1149,  who  pre- 
vented him  from  becoming  king  of  Ireland  again. 

[xli.  408] 

0' CONOR.    [See  also  O'CONNOR.] 

O'CONOR,  CHARLES  (1710-1791),  Irish  antiquary  ; 
educated  in  Ireland;  published  ' Dissertations  on  the 
Ancient  History  of  Ireland,'  1753,  and  a  preface  and 
terminal  essay  to  O'Flaherty's  '  The  Ogygia  Vindicated,' 
and  letters  on  Irish  history  in  Vallancey's  *  Collectanea ' ; 
collected  ancient  Irish  manuscripts  and  published  pam- 
phlets on  the  abolition  of  the  political  disabilities  of 
Roman  catholics.  [xli.  410] 

O'CONOR,  CHARLES  (1764-1828),  Irish  antiquary 
and  librarian  ;  grandson  of  Charles  O'Couor  (1710-1791) 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Rome,  1779-91 ;  chaplain  and 
librarian  at  Stowe  to  Richard  Grenville,  afterwards  duke 
of  Buckingham  and  Chandos  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  a  memoir  of 
his  grandfather,  1796  ;  supported  the  royal  veto  on  catholic 
episcopal  appointments  in  Ireland  in  'Colnmbanus  ad 
Hiberuos,'  1810-13 ;  published  the  annals  of  Tigbearuach, 
of  Ulster,  and  of  the  Four  Masters,  and  other  chronicles 
from  the  Stowe  Library  as  'Rerum  Hibernicaruin  Scrip- 
tores  Veteres,'  1814-26,  an  inaccurate  work  ;  became  insane 
before  his  death.  [xli.  412] 

O'CONOR,  MATTHEW  (1773-1844),  Irish  historical 
writer;  brother  of  Charles  O'Conor  (1764-1828)  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  at  Rome ;  barrister  ;  wrote  on  Irish  military 
history.  [xli.  413] 

O'CONOR,  WILLIAM.  ANDERSON  (1820-1887), 
author;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1864;  Latin  lec- 
turer at  St.  Aidan's  theological  college,  Birkeuhead ; 
attracted  notice  as  an  eloquent  and  original  preacher  when 
rector  of  St.  Simon  and  St.  Jude,  Manchester,  1858-87 ; 
wrote  on  theology  and  Irish  history.  [xli.  414] 

OCTA,  OCGA,  OHT,  or  OIRIC  (d.  632  ?),  king  of 
Kent ;  son  of  Aesc  or  Oisc  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father, 
c.  612 ;  reigned  over  the  Jutish  invaders  in  Kent. 

[xli.  414] 

O'CTTLLANE,  JOHN  (1754-1816),  Irish  poet  and 
schoolmaster  ;  many  of  his  poems  extant  in  Muuster. 

[xli.  415] 

O'CTJRRY,  EUGENE  (1796-1862),  Irish  scholar; 
obtained  employment  in  the  topographical  section  of  the 
Irish  ordnance  survey,  1834-7  ;  copied  and  arranged  Irish 
manuscripts ;  first  professor  of  Irish  history  and  archaeo- 
logy in  the  Catholic  University  of  Ireland,  1855;  gave 
an  account  of  mediaeval  Irish  manuscripts  and  their  con- 
tents in  his  lectures  (published,  1860  and  1873) ;  his  text 


and  traiiblation  of  two  mediaeval  Irish  tales  published  by 
the  Celtic  Society,  1855.  Hi«  facsimile  copies  In  Irish 
character  of  mauuacripte  are  preserved  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  [xli.  416] 

O'DALY,  AKXCJUS  (d.  1360),  Irish  poet.     [xlL  416] 
O'DALY,  AENGU8  (d.  1617),  Irfch  poet;  wrote  an 

abusive  poem  on  the  Irish  tribes  ;  assassinate!. 

[xli.  417] 
O'DALY,  DANIEL  or  DOMINIC  (1596-1668).    [See 

DALY.] 

O'DALY,  DONNCHADH  (d.  1244),  IrUh  poet :  the 
most  famous  member  of  the  greatest  family  of  hereditary 
poets  in  Ireland;  more  than  thirty  poems,  chiefly  on 
devotional  subjects,  attributed  to  him.  [xli.  417] 

O'DALY,  MUIREDHAOH  (Jl.  1J1S),  Irish  poet; 
having  killed  O'Donnell's  steward  fled  from  place  to 
place,  followed  by  O'Donnell;  wrote  in  Scotland  three 
poems  in  praise  of  O'Douuell,  which  led  to  his  being  for- 
given, [xli.  418] 

ODDA.    [See  ODO.] 

ODELL,  THOMAS  (1691-1749),  playwright;  wrote 
political  lampoons  for  Walpole :  built  a  theatre  in  Leman 
Street,  London,  1729,  which  he  sold  to  Giffard,  1731 ; 
deputy-licenser  of  the  stage,  1738;  composed  "The 
Chimera,'  1729,  'The Smugglers,'  1729,  'The  Patron,'  1730, 
and  •  The  Prodigal,'  1744.  [xli.  418] 

O'DEMPSEY,  DERMOT  (d.  1193),  Irish  chief  :  became 
chief  of  the  Clan  Mailughra,  1162,  and  subsequently  of 
the  group  of  clans  allied  to  his  own  ;  founded  a  Cistercian 
abbey  at  Rosglas,  1178.  [xli.  419] 

O'DEVANY  or  O'DUANE,  CORNELIUS  (1533-1612), 
called  in  Irish  Concbobhar  O'Duibbeauuaigb,  Roman 
catholic  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor ;  appointed  to  the 
bishopric,  1582,  and  consecrated  at  Rome ;  twice  arrested 
for  religious  reasons ;  arrested  for  complicity  in  Tyrone's 
rebellion  and  executed.  [xli.  419] 

ODGER,  GEORGE  (1820-1877),  trade  unionist;  a 
shoemaker,  who  became  secretary  to  the  London  trades 
council,  1862 ;  believed  in  the  combination  of  trade- 
unionism  with  political  action,  and  made  five  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  enter  parliament ;  president  of  the  inter- 
national association  of  working  men,  1870.  [xli.  420] 

ODINGSELL8,  GABIUEL  (1690-1734),  playwright; 
author  of  three  indifferent  comedies ;  committed  suicide 
while  insane.  [xli.  421] 

ODINGTON,  WALTER,  or  WALTKB  OP  EVESHAM 
(fl.  1320).  [See  WALTER.] 

ODO  or  ODA  (d.  959),  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
called  '  the  Good ' ;  was  early  converted  to  Christianity  ; 
adopted  and  educated  by  ^Ethelhelm,  a  noble,  with  whom 
he  went  to  Rome ;  ordained  at  Rome ;  esteemed  by 
jEthelstan,  who  gave  him  the  bishopric  of  Ramsbury, 
927,  and  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  942 ;  restored 
Canterbury  Cathedral  and  promoted  the  reformation  of 
morals,  the  rights  of  the  church,  and  the  restoration  of 
monastic  discipline;  published  constitutions  respecting 
these  matters  during  Edmund's  reign;  accompanied 
Edred  to  the  north,  947,  and  translated  the  Ripon  relics 
to  Canterbury ;  crowned  Edwy,  956,  and  separated  him 
from  ^Elfgifu.  [xli.  421] 

ODO  or  ODDA,  EARL  («/.  1056),  a  kinsman  of  Edward 
the  Confessor ;  had  an  hereditary  connection  with  Mercia  ; 
became,  on  the  banishment  of  Godwiucand  Harold  (1051) 
Earl  of  Somerset,  Devon,  Doreet,  and  •  the  Wealas,'  losing 
bis  earldom  on  tbeir  return  ;  compensated  with  the  earl- 
dom of  the  Hwiccas  ;  built  the  minster  at  Deerhurtt  for 
his  brother's  soal.  [xli.  423] 

ODO(</.  1097),  bishop  of  Bayeux  and  earl  of  Kent; 
half-brother  of  William  the  Conqueror,  who  made  him 
bishop  of  Bayeux,  1049;  accompanied  the  Normans  to 
England,  fought  at  Hastings  (1U66),  and  was  rewarded 
with  Dover  Castle  and  the  earldom  of  Kent,  1066 ;  viceroy 
in  William's  absence,  ruling  hairhly;  second  in  power 
only  to  William  himself;  acquired  vast  wealth;  built 
himself  a  palace  at  Rome  and  aspired  to  succeed  Hilde- 
brand  as  pope,  but  was  arrested  by  William  I  and  kept 
captive  at  Kouen  till  William's  death ;  was  unable  to 
regain  his  old  power  under  William  U  and  became  the 


ODO 


CTDONOVAN 


of  conspiracy  ;  besieged  at  Pevensey  and  Roches- 
ter, and  was  obliged  to  leave  England,  1088  ;  held  a  pro- 
minent position  under  Robert  in  Normandy ;  present  at 
the  proclamation  of  the  flr*t  crusade,  1095,  and  elected  to 
accompany  Robert  as  crusader,  1096  ;  died  at  Palermo  in 
.  :  a  liberal  patron  of  religion  and  learning. 

[xli.  42-1] 

ODO  OF  CANTERBURY  (d.  1SOOX  abbot  of  batik- :  also 
called  Odo  Oantianus ;  a  monk  of  Christchurch,  Canter- 
bury: sub-prior,  1 163 ;  represented  Canterbury  at  Rome, 
1163:  vacillated  between  tlu-  km-  and  Becket,  but  took 
the  ecclesiastical  side  on  Becket's  munler;  recommended 
for  the  archbishopric,  1173,  but  not  chosen  ;  became 
abbot  of  Battle,  1175:  chosen  a  second  time  as  arch- 
bishop, but  again  refused  by  the  king,  1184;  commis- 
sioned by  the  pope  to  remonstrate  with  Archbishop  Bald- 
win (4.  1190)  [q.  v.]  on  his  quarrel  with  his  monks,  1187. 
There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  his  writings  owing  to 
confusion  with  other  writers  of  the  same  name. 

[xli.  426] 

ODO  OP  CUKKITOX,  or,  less  familiarly,  SHERSTOX  (d. 
1247),  fabulist  and  preacher;  completed  his  sermons  on 
the  gospels,  1219 ;  illustrated  his  arguments  by  quaint 
extract*  from  the  bestiaries  and  from  older  collections  of 
fables,  some  of  which  he  formed  into  a  separate  collection 
as  *  Parabola?.'  [xli.  428] 

O'DOGHERTY,  SIR  OAHIR  (1587-1608),  lord  of 
Inishowen ;  a  minor  at  his  father's  death,  but  supported 
aa  chief  of  Inishowen  by  Sir  Henry  Docwra  [q.  v.]  ; 
knighted  on  the  field  of  Augher  ;  visited  England,  1603  ; 
insulted  by  Sir  George  Paulet  [q.  v.],  1608,  and  in  revenge 
seized  Culmore  Castle  and  sacked  and  burnt  Uerry,  1G08 ; 
•hot  during  an  engagement  near  Kilmacrenan. 

[xli.  429] 

O'DOHERTY,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1835-1868),  sculp- 
tor; studied  at  Dublin;  came  to  London,  1854,  and 
exhibited  from  1857 ;  visited  Rome,  1865 ;  died  in  hospital 
in  Berlin.  [xli.  431] 

O'DOIRNIN,  PETER  ( 1682-1 768),  Irish  poet  and 
schoolmaster;  composed  poems,  including  one  on  the 
ancient  divisions  of  Ireland.  [xli.  431] 

O'DOMHNTTILL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1628).   [See  DANIEL.] 
ODONE,  WILLIAM  OF  (rf.  1298).    [See  HOTHUM.] 

O'DONNEL,  JAMES  LOUIS (1738-1811),  'the Apostle 
of  Newfoundland ' ;  educated  at  Home  and  ordained 
priest  at  Prague ;  prior  of  the  Franciscan  house  at 
Waterford,  1779 ;  went  as  vicar-apostolic  to  Newfound- 
land, 1784  :  consecrated  bishop  of  Thyatira,  1796 ;  divided 
the  diocese  into  missions,  1801  :  resigned,  1807. 

O'DONNELL,  CALVAGH  (d.  1566),  lord  of  Tyrcon- 
nel ;  son  of  Manus  O'Donnell  [q.  v.] ;  quarrelled  with 
his  father  and  claimed  the  leadership  of  the  clan,  1547  : 
reconc'led  to  his  father  by  the  lord-deputy,  1549 ;  being 
again  at  feud  with  his  fether,  went  to  Scotland,  and  re- 
turning with  assistance,  1565,  captured  him  and  usurped 
the  government,  which  was  acquiesced  in  by  England 
1558;  surprised  and  captured  by  Shane  O'Neill,  1561; 
released,  1564:  went  to  England  to  solicit  aid  from 
Queen  Elizabeth  ;  returned  with  Sir  Henry  Sidney  [q.  v.], 
and  was  restored  by  him,  1566,  but  died  soon  afterward*. 

O'DONNELL,  DANIEL  (1666-1735),  brigJier-gtneral 
In  the  Irish  brigade  in  the  French  service;  appointed 
captain  in  James  ll'e  army,  1688 ;  transferred  to  the 
Drench  service,  1691 ;  served  in  Germany,  Italy,  and  the 
Netherlands,  1707-12;  brigadier-general,  1719;  died  at 
bt,  Germain-eu-Laye.  [xli.  434] 

0-DONNELL,    GODFREY    (rf.     1258),    Irish   chief: 

made  chief,  124H ;  made  successful  raids  into  Tyrone  and 

Lower  Connaiitfht ;  was  victorious  but  severely  wounded 

;.f<?ced,e'   1267:  fouKht  victoriously  against  O'Neill, 

1258,  but  died  from  his  old  wounds.  [xli.  435] 

O'DONNELL,  HUGH  BALLDEARG  (d.  1704),  Irish 
MUbrtf  fortune:  had  property  in  Spain,  went  to  Ire- 
Uind  without  permission,  1690,  raised  ten  thousand  men 

wm!  yi£°nnel',with    whom  he  <luarrelled,    joined  the 
iHiamites,  and  contributed  to  the  fall  of  Sligo ;  sub- 
•equentlj  fought  for  Austria ;  returned  to  Spain,  1697  • 
e  major-general  in  the  Spanish  army.     [xlL  435] 


O'DONNELL,  HUGH  ROE  (1571  ?-1602),  lord  of 
Tyrcounel ;  grandeon  of  Manus  O'Dounell  [q.  v.]  ;  seized 
by  stratagem  as  a  hostage  for  his  father's  loyalty,  1587, 
escaped  and  was  recaptured,  but  escaped  again,  1591, 
when  his  father  surrendered  the  chieftaincy  in  his  favour  ; 
formally  submitted  to  government,  1592,  but  applied  to 
Spain  for  assistance,  and  secretly  helped  Hugh  Maguire 
[q.  v.]  against  the  -English  ;  made  a  marauding  expedi- 
tion into  Connaught,  which  he  gained  by  the  destruction 
of  Sligo  Castle  and  other  fortresses,  1595  ;  invaded  and 
plundered  Conuatight,  1597  ;  forced  by  O'Conor  Sligo, 
who  had  established  himself  at  Sligo  with  Kn^li.-h  as~i'.-t- 
ance,  to  retreat  across  the  Erne;  assisted  Tyrone  in  de- 
feating the  English  at  Yellow  Ford  and  received  O'Couor 
Sligo's  submission,  1598;  lost  Lifford  and  Donegal,  his 
cousin  Niall  Garv  O'Donnell  [q.  v.]  having  deserted  to 
the  English,  1600 ;  on  the  arrival  of  the  Spanish  went 
southwards  and  attacked  the  English  besieging  Kinsale ; 
went  to  Spain,  1602,  but  gained  no  assistance ;  died  from 
poison  at  Simancas.  [xli.  436] 

O'DONNELL,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1837-1874),  poet; 
journalist  in  Limerick,  1854,  in  London,  1856,  in  Dublin, 
1862,  in  London  again,  1864;  contributed  prose  and 
verse  to  the  '  Nation,'  and  was  one  of  the  ablest  feuian 
propagandists  iu  the  press;  published  two  volumes  of 
poems.  [xli.  440] 

O'DONNELL,  MANUS  (d.  1564),  lord  of  Tyrcounel ; 
deputy-governor  of  Tyrconnel,  1510 ;  forced  by  his  quar- 
rels with  his  brothers  into  an  alliance  with  O'Neill ;  became 
chief,  1537 ;  with  O'Neill  invaded  the  Pale,  1639,  but  was 
utterly  routed ;  submitted  to  the  lord-deputy,  1641,  and 
released  his  brothers  in  deference  to  St.  Leger's  wishes, 
1542 ;  attacked  by  his  son  Calvagh  O'Donnell  [q.  v.],  1548, 
who  was  defeated,  but  (1655)  succeeded  in  taking  |his 
father  prisoner  and  usurping  his  authority ;  built  the  castle 
of  Portnatrynod,  where  the  'Life  of  St.  Columbkille'  was 
completed  under  his  direction,  1532.  [xli.  441] 

O'DONNELL,  MARY  STUART  (fl.  1632),  daughter 
of  Rory  O'Dounell,  first  earl  of  Tyrconnel  [q.  v.]; 
escaped  from  her  grandmother  in  male  attire,  1626  :  was 
suspected  at  Bristol,  but  succeeded  in  reaching  Brussels ; 
continued  her  adventures  as  man  and  married  an 
O'Gallagher.  [xlL  44^ 

O'DONNELL,  SIR  NIALL  GARV  (1569-1626),  grand- 
son of  Calvagh  O'Donnell  [q.  v.];  objected  to  the  election 
of  his  cousin  Hugh  Roe  O'Dounell  [q.  v.]  as  chief  of  Tyr- 
connel ;  promised  the  grant  of  Tyrconuel  by  Sir  Henry 
Docwra,  1600  ;  wrested  Lifford  and  Donegal  from  his 
cousin  ;  resented  the  establishment  of  Sir  Cahir  O'Dogherty 
[q.  v.]  as  Lord  of  Inishowen ;  caused  himself  to  be  in- 
augurated chief,  1602,  and  proceeded  to  London  to  receive 
pardon  for  his  insubordination ;  arrested  for  complicity 
in  O'Dogherty's  rebellion,  1608,  the  jury  eventually  re- 
fusing to  convict  him;  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London, 
1609,  where  he  died.  [xli.  443] 

O'DONNELL,  RORY,  first  EARL  OF  TYRCONNEL 
(1575-1608),  grandson  of  Maims  and  brother  of  Hugh 
Roe  O'Dounell  [q.  v.] ;  became  acting  chief  on  his 
brother's  flight  to  Spain,  1602 ;  created  Earl  of  Tyrcon- 
uel, 1603,  and  granted  the  greater  part  of  Donegal,  1604  ; 
with  Tyrone  aimed  at  tribal  independence,  and  in  1606 
divulged  to  Richard  Nugent,  lord  Delviu,  a  plan  to  seize 
Dublin  and  various  other  places ;  finding  his  rash  speeches 
were  known,  left  Ireland  with  the  Earl  of  Tyrone  and 
various  relatives,  1607 ;  with  them  landed  in  France  and 
went  to  Brussels  and  Louvain  and  finally  through 
Switzerland  to  Rome,  where  he  was  well  received ;  died 
of  Roman  fever ;  in  his  formal  statement  of  his  grievances 
he  put  religious  disabilities  in  the  foresrround.  His  flight 
cleared  the  way  for  the  settlement  of  Ulster,  [xli.  444] 

O'DONOVAN,  EDMUND  (1844-1883),  newspaper 
correspondent ;  son  of  John  O'Donovan  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
by  the  jesuite ;  studied  medicine  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin ;  contributed  to  newspapers,  1866,  joined  the 
French  army,  1870,  wrote  letters  on  his  experiences  to 
London  and  Dublin  papers  ;  proceeded  to  Spain,  1873,  and 
represented  the  '  Daily  News  'in  A  sia  .Minor,  1876 ;  accom- 
plished a  hazardous  journey  to  M<>rv,  1879,  an  account  of 
which  he  published,  1882 ;  perished  with  the  army  of  Hicks 
Pasha  in  the  Soudan.  [xli.  447] 

O'DONOVAN,  JOHN  (1809-1861),  Irish  scholar; 
obtained  work  in  the  Irish  Record  Office,  1826 ;  appoiiitwl 


O'DUANE 


967 


OGILVTE 


to  the  historical  deportment  of  the  Irish  ordnance  survey, 
1829;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1M7  ,  .  mploycd  to  tran- 
scribe legal  manuscript-;  by  the  roiiiiuis-ion  for  the  puh- 
lication  of  the  ancient  laws  of  Ireland,  l*'r>-  :  tr.m-rnbol, 
translated,  and  edited  the  *  Anou  of  the  Four  .MH-NT-.' 

1H-1S  M  ;  published,  among  other  works,  povms  and  tales 
and  a  MJrammar  of  the  Irish  Language,'  1845. 

[xli.448] 

O'DUANE,  CORNELIUS  (1533-1612).  [See  O'Du- 
VANY.] 

O'DUGAN,  JOHN,  THK  ORKAT  (d.  1372),  Irish  his- 
torian and  poet ;  belonged  to  a  literary  family,  ol  lambs 
to  0' Kelly;  made  a  pilgrimage  to  St.  Columba's  tomb 
and  retired  to  a  monastery  on  Loui/h  Kr.i.  He  wrote 
valuable  historical  poems  describing  Ireland,  the  early 
kings  of  Ireland,  and  the  kings  of  Leinster  and  Minuter. 

[xli.  450] 

O'DUINN,  GILLANANAEMH  (1102-1160),  Iri-h 
historian  ;  chief  poet  of  the  king  of  Leinster ;  five  of  his 
historical  poems  extant.  [xlii.  1] 

O'FAREELLY,  FEARDOROHA  (/.  1736),  Irish 
poet;  his  works  chiefly  in  manuscript  books  in  farm- 
houses of  Meath  and  Cavau.  [xlii.  1] 

O'FERRALL,  RICHARD  MORE  (1797-1880),  gover- 
nor of  Malta  ;  M.P.,  co.  Kildare,  1830-46  and  1859-65,  co. 
Longford,  1860-1 :  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1835  ;  secretary 
to  the  admiralty,  1839,  to  the  treasury,  1841 ;  privy 
councillor,  1847 ;  governor  of  Malta,  1847-51.  [xlii.  2] 

OFFA  (fl.  709  X  king  of  the  East-Saxons  ;  died  while 
on  pilgrimage  at  Rome.  [xlii.  2] 

OFFA  (d.  796),  king  of  the  Mercians  from  757 :  sub- 
jugated the  Hestingt,  771 ;  defeated  Kentishmen  at  Otford, 
776  ;  subjected  the  East-Saxons  and  gained  London ;  de- 
feated West-Saxons  at  Bensington,  779,  and  took  territory 
beyond  Severn  from  Welsh:  made  Offa's  Dyke  from 
mouth  of  Wye  to  mouth  of  Dee ;  allied  himself  with  the 
West-Saxon  house,  789 ;  described  as  King  of  the  English 
by  Pope  Hadrian  I,  who  sanctioned  formation  of  arch- 
bishopric of  Lichfield,  788 ;  made  first  yearly  payments  to 
Rome:  traded  and  corresponded  with  Charlemagne ;  a 
liberal  benefactor  of  some  monasteries ;  made  alliance  with 
Northumbria  in  later  years ;  caused  ^Ethelbert  (d.  794) 
[q.  v.],  king  of  East  Anglia,  to  be  beheaded,  794 ;  again  at 
war  with  Welsh  and  men  of  Kent.  His  laws  are  not 
extant,  but  were  used  by  Alfred.  [xlii.  2] 

OFFALEY,  BARONESS  (1588  ?-1658).  [See  DIGBY, 
LKTTICE,  LADY.] 

OFFALY,  LORDS  or  BARONS  OF.  [See  FITZGERALD, 
GERALD,  rf.  1204;  FITZGERALD,  MAURICK,  1194V-1257; 
FITZTHOMAS,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  KILDAKK,  d.  1316; 
FITZGERALD,  THOMAS,  tenth  EARL  OF  KILDARE,  1513- 
1537.] 

OFFLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1505  ?-1582),  lord  mayor  of 
London:  educated  under  William  Lily  [q.  v.]  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  London;  master  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
Company,  London,  1547  ;  alderman,  1549  ;  sheriff,  1553  : 
lord  mayor  of  London,  1556 ;  knighted,  1667 ;  originated 
night  bellmen  ;  made  many  charitable  bequests. 

[xlii.  5] 

OFFOR,  GEORGE  (1787-1864),  editor  and  biographer 
of  Banyan,  and  collector  of  early  English  bibles,  psalters, 
and  testaments  ;  most  of  his  library  burnt  at  Sotheby's, 
1865.  [xlii.  6] 

OFFORD,  ANDREW  (d.  1358),  clerk  or  master  in 
chancery ;  brother  of  John  de  Offord  [q.  v.] ;  employed 
in  negotiations  with  the  pope,  France,  Castile,  Flanders, 
and  Bavaria :  one  of  the  council  of  regency,  1345  :  pre- 
bendary of  Salisbury  and  York  ;  provost  of  Wells,  1350  ; 
had  charge  of  great  seal,  1353.  [xlii.  7] 

OFFORD  or  TJFFORD,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1349),  chancellor 
of  Knjrlandand  archbishop-elect  of  Canterbury :  educated 
probably  at  Cambridge;  dean  of  arches;  archdeacon  of 
Ely,  1335;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1342;  dean  of  Lin- 
coln, 1344 ;  chancellor  of  England,  1345-9 ;  much  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  with  European  courts;  archiiishop- 
elect  of  Canterbury,  1348.  [xlii.  7] 

O'FIHELY,  DOMHNALL  (/.  1505),  author  of  lost 
4  Irish  Annals.*  [xliL  9] 

O'FIHELY,  MAURICE  (d.  1513),  archbishop  of  Tuam : 
knowu  as  Mauritius  de  i'ortu  ;  regent  of  Franciscan 


schools  at  Milan,  14«« ;  lectured  on  theology  at  Padua; 
archbishop  of  Tti.un,  1506,  but  eoutuiuni  t<.  n-side  in 
lUily  :  present  at  Latcrau  council,  1612  ;  edited  works  by 

[xlii.  8] 

O'FLAHERTY,  HODBRIO  (18W-1718),  historio- 
jrapber;  publi-hed  'Ogygia,  seu  rerum  Hibernicarum 
H.rnnologia,'  1685 ;  his  ' Chorographical  Dewnpt.oi,  of 
West  or  H-Iar  Oonnaught,'  edited  by  Jame*  Hardiimm 
['I- v.],  1846.  [xlii.-O 

O'FLYN,    FIACIIA    (•/.    1266).       [See    MA<II^SS. 

Fl.iiKKVCK  or   Fl.AVV] 

OFTFOR  (d.  692),  bishop  of  Worcester;  consecrated, 
''•'-•  [xlii.  10] 

OGBORNE,  DAVID  (ft.  1740-1764),  artUt  and  author ; 
best  known  by  his  picture  representing  the  Dunmow 
4  flitch  of  bacon '  ceremony.  [xlii.  10] 

OGBORNE,  ELIZABETH  (1769-1863),  author  of  an 
unfinished  'History  of  Essex';  daughter  of  David 
Ogborne  [q.  v.]  [*UL  11] 

OGBORNE,  JOHN  (fi.  1770-1790),  stipple-engraver ; 
possibly  son  of  David  Ogborne  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  11] 

OGDEN,  JAMES  (1718-1802),  Manchester  poet  and 
author  of  4  A  Description  of  Manchester '  (1783). 

[xlii.  11] 

OGDEN,  JONATHAN  ROBERT  (1806-1882),  musical 
composer;  pupil  of  Moscheles  and  August  Friedrich 
Christoph  Kollman  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Holy  Songs  and 
Musical  Prayers,'  1842.  [xliL  12] 

OGDEN,  SAMUEL  (1626  7-1697),  presbyterian  divine  ; 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A. ;  vicar  of  Mackworth, 
1657-62:  kept  school  there,  and  afterwards  at  Derby 
and  Wirksworth.  [xlii.  12] 

OGDEN,  SAMUEL  (1716-1778),divine:  of  Manchester 
School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1741,  D.D., 
1753,  senior  fellow,  1758 ;  master  of  free  school,  Halifax, 
1744-53  ;  popular  as  preacher  at  round  church  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre,  Cambridge,  1753-71 ;  Woodwardian  pro- 
fessor of  geology,  1764-78 ;  Incumbent  of  Lawford  and 
Stansfield,  1766-78 ;  classical  scholar  and  orientalist. 

[xliL  13] 

OGILBY,  JOHN  (1600-1676),  author  and  printer;  in 
early  life  taught  dancing ;  employed  by  Straff ord  in  Ire- 
hind,  where  he  became  deputy-master,  and  afterwards 
master  of  the  revels ;  entrusted  with  '  poetical  part ' 
of  Charles  II's  coronation,  1661;  bis  house  and  book- 
sellers' stock  destroyed  in  fire  of  London,  1666 ;  after- 
wards set  up  large  printing  establishment  and  became 
'king's  cosmographer ' ;  published  verse  translations  of 
Virgil,  ^Ksop's  '  Fables,'  and  Homer,  with  plates  by  Hollar, 
and  printed  an  edition  of  the  bible  (Cambridge,  1660X  a 
folio  Virgil,  'Entertainment  of  Charles  II,'  i{  $  many 
geographical  works.  He  was  ridiculed  by  Dir10^  and 
Pope,  but  utilised  by  the  latter. 

OGILVIE.    [See  also  OGILVY.] 

OGILVIE,  CHARLES  ATMORE  (1793-1873),  theo- 
logian ;  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1816-34  ;  M.A., 
1818,  D.D.,  1842,  lecturer,  1836 ;  rector  and  vicar  of  ROBS 
from  1839 ;  first  regius  professor  of  pastoral  theology  at 
Oxford,  1842-73  :  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1849 ;  friend  of 
Routh  and  Blanco  White.  [xlii.  17] 

OGILVIE,  JAMES  (1760-1820),  claimant  of  earldom 
of  Fiudlater;  lectured  iu  Virginia;  published  'Philo- 
sophical Essays/  1816.  [xliL  18] 

OGILVIE  or  OGILBY,  JOHN  (1580?-1615X  Jesuit; 
admitted  to  the  society  at  Olmtitz  and  ordained  at  Paris  ; 
came  to  Scotland  in  disguise,  1613:  visited  London  and 
Paris,  1614  ;  arrested  at  Glasgow  and  examined  by  special 
commission  at  Edinburgh,  where,  being  denied  sleep  and 
rot,  he  revealed  names  of  accomplices  ;  tried  and  executed 
for  stirring  up  rebellion.  [xlii.  18] 

OGILVIE,  JOHN  (173:5-1813X  presbyterian  divine  and 
author ;  M.A.  Aberdeen  ;  minister  of  Midmar  from  1769  ; 
D.D.  Aberdeen,  1766  ;  member  of  committee  for  revision 
of  'Scottish  Translations  and  Paraphrases,'  1776;  pub- 
lished poems  and  apologetic  treatises.  [xlii.  SO] 

OGILVIE,  JOHN  (1797-1867X  lexicographer;  a 
ploughman  till  twenty-one ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  18*8  ;  hon. 
LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1848 ;  mathematical  master  in  Gordon's 


OOrLVTE 


968 


OGLE 


Aberdeen,  1831-W:  compiled  'Imperial  l>u-- 
I860  fsuDDlenicnt  1866), '  Comprehensive  English 
and^^ 

OOILVIE,  WILLIAM  (1736-1819),  professor  of 
humanity  and  advocate  of  common  property  in  land ; 
fttudied  at  Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  and  Edinburgh  ;  professor 
of  phllosophy/King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1762-5, ,  of 
humanity  1765-1817:  hon.  D.D.  Columbia  College,  1793; 
advocated  union  of  Mariwhal  and  King's  College?  ;  pub- 
Sbed  'BMav  on  the  Right  of  Property  in  Land'  (1781) 
advocating  common  ownership ;  classical  scholar  and 
numismatist.  txlii-  213 

OGILVY.    [See  also  OOILVIB.] 

OOILVY,  ALEXANDER,  second  BARON  OP  INVKR- 
QCHARITY  (d.  1466),  sheriff  of  Kincardine;  excommuni- 
cated for  raid  on  Bishop  Kennedy's  lands  in  Fife  and 
Angus  1444;  died  in  Finhaven  Castle  after  his  defeat  and 
capture  by  the  master  of  Crawford.  [xlii.  22] 

OGILVY,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  baronet  and  LORD 
POROLKN  (d.  1727),  Scottish  judge ;  created  baronet,  1701 : 
M.P.  for  Banff  burgh  in  Scots  parliament,  1702-7 ;  lord  of 
session,  1706  ;  commissioner  for  the  union.  [xlii.  23] 

OGILVY,  DAVID,  LORD  OOILVY  and  titular  EARL  OF 
AIRI.IK  (1725-1803),  Jacobite;  of  Aberdeen  and  Edin- 
burgh Universities ;  joined  Prince  Charles  Edward  with 
six  hundred  men,  1745 :  commanded  cavalry  during  re- 
treat from  Derby  ;  fought  at  Falkirk,  1746,  and  Cullodeu, 
1746 ;  escaped  to  Norway :  lived  in  France  till  1778,  be- 
coming lieutenant-general  in  French  army ;  returned  to 
Scotland,  being  restored  to  full  rights,  1782.  [xlii.  23] 

OGILVY,  SIR  GEORGE,  of  Dunlugas,  first  BARON 
IUNKX(d.  1663),  created  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1627; 
slew  his  cousin  James,  1628 :  supported  the  royal  cause 
against  the  covenanters,  whom  he  defeated  in  the  Trot  of 
Turriff,  1639 ;  one  of  the  accusers  of  Hamilton,  1634 ; 
created  a  Scots  peer,  1642.  [xlii.  24] 

OOILVY,  SIR  GEORGE,  of  Barras,  first  baronet  (ft. 
1A34-1679),  created  a  Nova  Scotia  baronet  at  the  Restora- 
tion for  his  defence  of  Dunottar  Castle  against  Cromwell 
and  preservation  of  the  regalia  of  Scotland,  1661-2. 

[xlii.  2i] 

OOILVY  or  OOILVIE,  JAMES,  fifth  or  sixth  BARON 
OOILVY  OK  AIRLIK  (d.  1605),  partisan  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Soots :  a  lord  of  the  articles,  1559  ;  joined  Mary's  raid 
against  Moray ;  subscribed  band  for  Bothwell  marriage, 
1667,  and  Hamilton  band  of  1568 ;  declared  a  rebel,  1669  ; 
escaped  Morton's  attack,  1569,  and  went  abroad  ;  em- 
ployed by  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to  negotiate  with  Mar 
nnd  Morton,  1571  and  1577 ;  member  of  the  privy  council 
and  one  of  the  eight '  notable  men,'  1678  ;  subscribed  con- 
fection of  laitb,  1681;  intermediary  between  Mary  Queen 
of  8co»*3  Ind  James  VI ;  helped  to  overthrow  Morton, 
IMliF »&«whose  death  he  obtained  grants  of  land. 
V.  sl  [xlii.  26] 

OOliVY,  JAMES,  first  EARL  OF  AIRLIK  (15»3  ?- 
1666),  royalist;  grandson  of  James  Ogilvy,  fifth  or  sixth 
baron  Ogilvy  of  Airlie  [q.  v.] ;  created  earl,  1639  ;  joined 
Montrorie,  1644  ;  bis  forfeiture  rescinded,  1647.  [xlii.  27] 

OGILVY,  JAMES,  second  EARL  OF  AIRLIK  (1615  ?- 
1704?),  aide-de-camp  of  Montrose  ;  son  of  James  Ogilvy, 
first  earl  of  Airlie  [q.  v.] ;  held  Airlie  Castle  against 
covenanters,  and  was  allowed  by  Montrose  to  escape, 
1840 ;  accompanied  Montrose  to  court  of  Charles  I,  1643  ; 
captured  in  Lancashire  carrying  despatches  to  the  king, 
1644 :  released  from  prison  after  Kilsyth,  1645,  but  cap- 
tured at  Philipbaugh,  1646;  was  condemned  to  death, 
bat  escaped  and  secured  pardon  ;  took  part  in  Pluscardon's 
rising,  1649;  again  captured,  1661,  and  imprisoned  in 
Tower  of  London  till  1657  ;  declared  for  William  of  Orange 
at  the  revolution.  [xlii.  28] 

OOILVY,  JAMBS,  fourth  EARL  OF  PINDLATKR  and 
first  EARL  OF  SKAFIKLD  (1664-1730X  lord  chancellor  of 
Scotland  ;  called  to  bar,  1685 ;  M.P.,  Banffshire,  1681-2 
and  1689-95 ;  wlicttor-gtmeral,  1683 ;  secretary  of  etate, 
1694-1708,  and  joint-secretary,  1704-6 ;  created  Viscount 
SeafleW  and  appointed  president  of  the  parliament,  1698  ; 
unpopular  as  opponent  of  the  African  Company;  com- 
missioner to  general  assembly,  1700;  created  earl,  1701 ; 
commissioner  for  the  union,  1702,  and  active  as  its  pro- 
moter, 17o«-7  :  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1703-4  and 
1W-7;  Scottish  representative  peer  from  1707:  privy 


councillor  of  England,  1707 ;  lord  chief  baron  in  the  court 
of  exchequer,  1707  ;  succeeded  as  Earl  of  Findlater,  1711 ; 
moved  repeal  of  the  union,  1713,  but  soon  afterwards 
became  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  [xlii.  29] 

OGILVY,  JAMES,  sixth  EAKL  OK  FIXDLATKII  and 
thi*d  EARL  OF  SKAFIELD  (17147-1770),  agriculturist; 
known  as  Lord  Desk  ford  till  1764 ;  Scots  commissioner  of 
customs,  1754-61 ;  a  lord  of  police,  1765.  [xlii.  31] 

OGILVY,  JOHN  (.ft.  1592-1601),  political  adventurer 
(«  Powrie-OgUvy ')  ;  professed  to  be  accredited  agent  of 
James  VI  in  Flanders  and  at  Rome,  1595,  and  in  Spain, 
1596;  imprisoned  at  Barcelona;  employed  by  Cecil  in 
Scotland  as  'John  Gibson,'  1600.  [xlii.  31] 

OGILVY  or  OGILVIE,  SIR  PATRICK,  seventh  BARON 
OF  BOYNK  (Jl.  1707),  a  lord  of  session,  1681 ;  kniuhti-d, 
1681;  M.P.,  Bauffshire,  1669-93;  signed  the '  assurance ' 
and  entered  into  relations  with  the  Pretender,  [xlii.  32] 

OGILVY  or  OGILVTE,  Sm  WALTER  (d.  1440),  of 
Lintratheu ;  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1425-31 ; 
commissioner  to  negotiate  with  England,  1430  ;  treasurer 
of  the  household,  1431.  [xlii.  32] 

O'GLACAN,  NIAL  (fl.  1629-1655),  physician ;  native 
of  Donegal ;  treated  patients  for  plague  in  France  ;  pub- 
lished '  Tractatus  de  Peste,'  1629  ;  afterwards  professor  at 
Toulouse  and  physician  to  the  king ;  published,  at  Bologna, 
'Oursus  Medicus,'  1646-55.  [xlii.  33] 

OGLANDER,  SIR  JOHN  (1585-1655),  author  of 
'Diary'  (ed.  W.  H.  Long,  1888);  of  Balliol  College,  Or 
ford,  and  the  Middle  Temple;  knighted,  1615:  deputy- 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1624-43  ;  sheriff  of  Hamp- 
shire ;  arrested  for  royalism,  1643  and  1651.  [xlii.  34] 

OGLE,  SIR  OHALONER  (1681  ?-1750),  admiral  of  the 
fleet;  entered  the  navy,  1697;  when  commander  of  the 
Tartar  frigate  made  valuable  prizes  in  the  Mediterranean  ; 
knighted'(1723)  for  capture  of  pirates  off  Cape  Lopez  ; 
commander-in-chief  in  Jamaica,  1732  ;  rear-admiral,  1739 ; 
with  Vernon  in  attack  on  Carthageaa,  1742,  succeeding 
him  in  command ;  vice-admiral,  1743 ;  admiral.  1744 ;  ad- 
miral and  commander-in-chief,  1749.  [xlii.  34] 

OGLE,  SIR  CHARLES,  second  baronet  (1775-1858), 
admiral  of  the  fleet :  grand-nephew  of  Sir  Chaloner  Ogle 
[q.v.];  entered  the  navy,  1787;  posted,  1797;  commander- 
in-chief  in  North  America,  1827-30,  at  Portsmouth, 
1845-8.  [xlii.  36] 

OGLE,  CHARLES  CHALONER  (1851-1878),  'The 
Times'  correspondent  in  Montenegro  and  Thessaly,  1876- 
1878 ;  probably  assassinated  by  Turks  at  Katochori,  near 
Volo,  after  second  battle  of  Macrynitza.  [xlii.  36] 

OGLE,  GEORGE  (1704-1746),  translator  of  Anacrepn 
and  Horace;  published  ' Antiquities  explained'  (vol.  i.), 
1737 ;  contributed  to  modernised  versions  of  Chaucer, 
1741.  [xlii.  37] 

OGLE,  GEORGE  (1742-1814),  Irish  politician  and 
composer  of  '  Banna's  Banks '  and  '  Molly  Asthore ' ;  as 
M.P.  for  Wexford  county,  1768-96,  and  Dublin,  1798-1800, 
in  Irish  parliament  supported  legislative  independence, 
but  opposed  catholic  emancipation  ;  colonel  in  the  volun- 
teers, 1782:  Irish  privy  councillor,  1783:  governor  of 
Wexford,  1796 ;  represented  Dublin  in  imperial  parl'a- 
ment,  1801-4.  [xlii.  37] 

OGLE,  JAMES  ADEY  (1792-1857),  physician;  of 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1816;  M.D., 
1820;  studied  also  at  Edinburgh  and  on  the  continent: 
practised  at  Oxford  and  became  Aldrich  professor  of 
medicine,  1824,  clinical,  1830,  and  regius  professor,  1851 ; 
as  mathematical  tutor  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  ha«l 
John  Henry  Newman  [q.  v.]  a*  pupil ;  advocated  estab- 
lishment of  science  school  at  Oxford,  1841 ;  F.R.C.P., 
1822  ;  F.R.S.,  1826  ;  Harveian  orator,  1844.  [xlii.  39] 

OGLE,  Siu  JOHN  (1569-1640),  military  commander ; 
sergeant-major-general  under  Sir  Francis  Vere  in  the  Low 
Countries,  1691 ;  as  lieutenant-colonel  rallied  the  English 
forces  at  Nieuport,  1600 :  knitted,  1603  :  helped  to  re- 
cover Sluys,  1604  ;  governor  of  Utrecht  for  the  stadthnldcr 
Maurice,  1610-18;  granted  coat-armour  by  James  I, 
1616  ;  member  of  the  council  of  war,  1624  ;  active  member 
of  the  Virginia  Company  ;  employed  in  Ireland  under 
Weutworth.  [xlii.  39] 


OGLE 


969 


O'HANLY 


OGLE,  JolIN  (1647  ?-1685  ?),  gamester  and  buffoon; 
mentioned  in  the  '  Tatler '  ( No.  132).  [xlii.  41] 

OGLE,  OWEN,  second  it  \IKIN  OQI.K  (/.  1483-1494), 
son  of  Robert  Ogle,  tir.-t  baron  Ogle  [q.  v.]  ;  firxt  sum- 
moned to  parliament,  1483,  lu«t  •nmnoed  11*5-  with 
Urnry  Vll's  nrmy  at  Stoke,  1486,  and  Surrey's  at  relief  .if 
Norham,  1494.  [xlii.  41] 

OGLE,  SIR  ROBERT  i>K  (d.  1362),  soldier:  capture! 
five  Scottish  knights,  and  was  allow.-.!  to  ,-;i-t«-llnte  Ogle 
House,  Northumberland,  1341  :  distinguished  himself  in 
resisting  the  foray  into  Cumberland  of  Sir  William 
Douglas,  1345;  fought  at  Neville's  Grow,  1346;  held 
Berwick  Castle,  1366.  [xlii.  42] 

OGLE,  ROBERT,  first  BARON  OOLB  (</  1469), 
Yorkist :  descendant  of  Sir  Robert  de  Ogle  [q.  v.] ;  sln-riif 
of  Northumberland,  1438  ;  brought  six  hundred  men  to 
the  Yorkists  at  first  battle  of  St.  Albans,  1465  ;  summoned 
to  parliament  as  baron,  1461,  and  made  warden  of  the 
east  marches  ;  received  grants  of  forfeited  Percy  and 
Talboys  estates ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  dash  upon 
Holy  island,  1462 ;  constable  of  Bamborough,  1464. 

[xlii.  42] 

OGLETHORPE,  JAMES  EDWARD  (1696-1785),  colo- 
nist of  Georgia;  entered  the  army,  1710;  of  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Oxford ;  served  as  volunteer  in  eastern 
Europe  with  Prince  Eugene ;  chairman  of  parliamentary 
committee  on  debtors'  prisons,  1729  ;  obtained  charter  for 
settlement  of  Georgia  as  a  refuge  for  paupers  and  a  barrier 
for  British  colonies  against  Spanish  aggression,  1732:  en- 
countered during  his  administration  of  the  new  colony 
much  opposition,  owing  to  his  prohibition  of  negro  slavery 
and  rum,  and  had  difficulties  with  the  Weslc-ys  and  Whit- 
field  ;  successfully,  nnd  partly  at  his  own  expense,  de- 
fended Georgia  against  the  Spaniard?,  allying  himself 
with  the  Indians,  but  failed  in  an  attack  on  St.  Augustine, 
1740 ;  named  brigadier-general,  1743 ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1743 ;  served  hi  Lancashire  against  the  Jacobites, 
1745  ;  was  accused  by  Cumberland  of  misconduct,  and, 
though  acquitted,  did  not  return  to  military  life ;  as  M.P., 
Haslemere,  for  thirty-two  years  acted  at  first  with  the 
Jacobite  tories,  and  afterwards  as  an  independent  whig ; 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson  and  his  circle,  and  immortalised  by 
Pope.  [xlii.  43] 

OGLETHORPE,  OWEN  (d.  1559),  bishop  of  Carlisle; 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1526 :  M.A.,  1529 ; 
D.D.,  1536  ;  president  of  Magdalen,  1535-52 ;  junior  proctor, 
1533,  and  vice-chancellor,  1551 ;  held  numerous  livings  and 
a  canonry  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  canon  of  Windsor 
and  one  of  Cranmer's  commissioners  on  the  sacrament*, 
1540 ;  entertained  Peter  Martyr,  Bucer,  and  Coverdale  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  but  was  much  attacked  by  the 
puritans,  and  obliged  to  retire  from  the  presidency,  1552 ; 
reappointed  by  Queen  Mary ;  one  of  the  Oxford  divines 
who  disputed  with  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer:  dean 
of  Windsor,  1563 :  as  bishop  of  Carlisle  (1557-9)  crowned 
Queen  Elizabeth,  but  was  deprived,  1559  ;  founded  a  school 
at  Tadcaster,  his  birthplace.  [xlii.  48] 

OGLETHORPE,  SIR  THEOPHILUS  (1650-1702),  bri- 
gadier-general;  serred  in  Charles  IPs  lifeguards;  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  royal  dragoons  commanded  advance 
iriiiird  of  Monmouth  at  Bothwell  Brigg,  1679;  routed 
rebels  at  Keynsbam  and  led  charge  at  Sedgmoor.  1685 ; 
brigadier-general  and  principal  equerry  to  James  II ;  re- 
turned from  France  and  took  oaths  to  William  and  Mary, 
1698 ;  M.P.,  Haslemere,  1698-1702 ;  his  daughter  Anne  said 
to  have  been  mistress  of  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pretender. 

[xlii.  50] 

O'GORMAN,  MAELMD1RE  (rf.  1181),  martyrologist 
and  abbot  of  Cnoc  or  Loath,  known  also  as  Marianus 
Gorman  and  Maelmuire  O'Dunmn  ;  his  •  Martyrology,'  in 
Irish  verse  (composed,  1156-73),  recently  edited  by  Dr. 
Whitley  Stokes  for  Bradshaw  Society.  [xlii.  51] 

O'GORMAN  MAHON,  THK  (1800-1891).  [See  MAHON, 
CHARLES  JAMES  PATRICK.] 

O'GRADY,  STANDISH,  first  VISCOUNT  GUILLAMORK 
(1766-1840),  lord  chief  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1806- 
1831;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1784;  attorney- 
general,  1803 ;  a  noted  wit ;  created  Irish  peer,  1831. 

[xlii.  51] 

O'GRADY,  STANDISH,  second  VISCOUNT  GUILLA- 
MORE  (1792-1848),  soldier ;  son  of  Standish  O'Grady,  first 
viscount  Guillamore  [q.  v.] ;  did  good  service  as  ofilcer  of 


the  7th  huwars  at  Waterloo  and  on  the  precelini;  day  : 
afterward*  lieutenant-colonel.  [xlii.  52] 

OG8TON,   FRANCIS  (1808-1887),  professor  at  Aber- 
deen :  M.I).  Edinburgh,  1*:M.  l.on.  I.I..];.  Aberdeen  :  first 
professor  of  medi.al  furispradence  at  Aberdeen.  : 
his  'Lectures'  (1878)  a  standard  work  in  Knirlaiid  and 
Germany.  [xlli.  62] 

0-HAGAN,  JOHN  (18*2-1890),  fudge;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  186ft:  called  to  Irish  bar,  IM:>:  y .«•'.. 
18€5  ;  education  commissioner,  1861 ;  active  member  of  the 
Youiiu-  Ireland  party,  and  counsel  for  Gavan  Duffy,  1848  : 
judicial  commissioner  under  Irish  Land  Act  of  1881,  and 
patriotic  song-writer.  [xlii.  83] 

O'HAGAN,  THOMAS,  first  BAIM-X  O'HA«;AN  (1812- 
1886),  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  called  to  Irish  bar, 
1836  ;  edited  •  Newry  Examiner,'  1836-40 ;  friend  and  sap- 
porter  of  Daniel  o'CniintlK  1776-1847)  [q.  v.],  but  oppowd 
his  repeal  policy  and  upheld  the  national  gyxtem  of  educa- 
tion ;  defended  Gavan  Duffy  in  libel  case,  184S,  and  acted 
under  Whiteside  in  trials  of  1843-4  ;  offered  retainer*  both 
by  crown  and  repealers  at  trials  of  the  agitators,  1848; 
Q.O.,  1849;  defended  Father  Petcheriue,  1865;  third 
Serjeant  and  bencher  of  King's  Inns,  1869  ;  solicitor- 
general  for  Ireland,  1861,  attorney-general,  1862;  whig 
M.P.  for  Tralee,  1863  ;  judge  of  common  pleas  in  Ireland, 
1865-8 ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1868-74  and  188O-1  ; 
created  peer,  1870,  he  carried  bill  for  amending  the  Irish 
jury  system:  first  vice-chairman  of  the  intermediate 
education  board  (established,  1878),  and  first  vice-chan- 
cellor of  the  Royal  University  of  Ireland  (founded,  1880). 

[xlii.  63] 

O'HAINGLI,  DONAT  or  DONNGUS  (d.  1095),  bishop 
of  Dublin,  1084-95  ;  a  monk  of  Lanfranc's  monastery  at 
Canterbury.  [xlii.  56] 

O'HAINGLI,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1121),  last  bishop  of 
Dublin,  1096-1121  ;  nephew  of  Douat  O'Haingli  [q.  v.] ; 
was  consecrated  by  Anselm,  but  neglected  canonical 
obedience.  [xlii.  56] 

O'HALLORAN.  SIR  JOSEPH  (1763-1843),  major- 
general  in  East  India  Company's  service ;  son  of  Sylvester 
O'Halloran  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Bengal  army,  1782 ;  adjutant 
at  Midnapiir,  1802  :  commanded  irregulars  against  Raja 
Ram,  1805,  and  led  attacks  in  Rogoulee  and  Adieghur, 
1809 ;  C.B.  for  services  in  Nepaulese  campaigns,  1815-16 : 
commandant  of  25th  Bengal  infantry  in  Straits  Settle- 
ments, 1818-25  ;  brigadier-general,  lt>28  ;  knighted  after 
return  to  England,  1835 ;  major-general,  1837 ;  G.C.B., 
1841.  [rlii.  56] 

O'HALLORAN,  LAWRENCE  HYNES  (1766-1831). 
[See  HAI.LORAN.] 

O'HALLORAN,  SYLVESTER  (1728-1807),  surgeon 
and  antiquary :  studied  at  Paris  and  Leyden ;  practised 
at  Limerick,  specialising  in  ophthalmic  surgery  and  treat- 
ment of  injuries  to  the  head ;  hon.  M.R.C.S.  of  Ireland, 
1786;  published  'lerne  Defended,'  1774,  and  'General 
History  of  Ireland  to  close  of  the  12th  Century '  (1774). 

[xlli.  57] 

O'HALLORAN,  THOMAS  SHULDHAM  (1797-1870X 
Australian  administrator;  second  son  of  Sir  Joseph 
O'Halloran  [q.  v.]  :  served  with  17th  foot  in  Nepaul, 
1814-16,  and  Deccau,  1817-18 ;  on  Dunkin's  staff  in  Bur- 
mese war,  1824-6  ;  with  6th  regiment  at  Saugor,  1829-34 ; 
retired,  1838;  settled  in  South  Australia  and  became 
commandant  of  the  militia  and  police  commissioner, 
1840-3,  member  of  the  nominated  council,  1843-51,  and  of 
the  elected  legislative  council,  1857-63.  [xlii.  18] 

O'HALLORAN,  WILLIAM  LITTLBJOHN  (1806- 
1885),  auditor-general  of  South  Australia ;  son  of  Sir 
Joseph  O'Halloran  [q.  v.] ;  served  with  the  14th  and  38th 
foot,  1824-32 ;  retired,  1840,  and  went  to  Australia  and 
became  private  secretary  to  the  governor  and  clerk  of  the 
councils,  1843  :  auditor-general,  1851-68.  [xliL  57] 

O'HANLON,  REDMOND  (rf.  1681),  Irish  outlaw; 
having  lost  his  estates  during  the  civil  wars  became  a 
leader  of  tories  in  Ulster,  c,  1670,  levying  contributions 
in  Armagh,  Tyrone,  and  Down ;  left  many  traditions  in 
Slieve  Gullion ;  held  out  till  treacherously  shot  by  his 
foster-brother  under  Ormonde's  commission,  [xlii.  69] 

O'HANLY,  DONAT  (./.  1095).    [See  O'HAINGU.] 


O'HARA 


970 


OKELY 


0  KARA.  SIR  CHARLES,  first  BARON  TYKVWI.KY 
(1MOT-17X41  general:  lieutenant-colonel  of  1st  foot- 
iuard*,  1688  ;  knighted,  1689:  served  under  William  III 
in  Flanders  and  received  colonelcy  of  royal  fusiliers 
(7th  foot);  distinguished  himself  at  capture  of  Vigo 
and  burning  of  Spanish  fleet,  1703,  and  at  Guadulaxara, 
1708  :  created  an  Irish  peer,  1706 :  Galway's  eecond-in- 
command  in  Spain,  leading  tin-  left  wing  at  Almanza, 
where  be  was  wounded;  privy  councillor,  1710;  sup- 
ported Oalway  against  Peterborough  in  debate  on 
SDantah  campaign ;  general,  1714 ;  commauder-in-chief 
SlreUnd,  1714-21.  [xlii.  60] 

O'HARA,  CHARLES  (17407-1802),  general;  grand- 
son  of  Sir  Charles  O'Hara  [q.  v.] ;  entered  Coldstreum 
guards,  of  which  his  father  was  colonel,  1756 :  aide-de-camp 
to  Qranby  after  Mlnden;  quartermaster-general  under 
Tyrawley  in  Portugal,  1763 ;  commandant  atGoree,  1766  ; 
commanded  brigade  of  guards  in  America,  being  wounded 
at  Quilford  Courthouse,  1781 ;  and  captured  at  York  town, 
1781;  major-general  and  colonel  of  22nd,  1782;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1793,  when  he  was  wounded  and  captured 
by  the  French  at  Toulon  ;  governor  of  Gibraltar  (where 
be  died),  1795-1803:  general,  1798;  friend  of  Horace 
Walpole,  and  for  some  time  engaged  to  Mary  Berry 
[q.  T.]  [xlii.  61] 

O'HARA,  JAMES,  BARON  KILMAINE  and  second 
BARON  TYRAWLKY  (1690-1773X  field-marshal  and  diplo- 
matist ;  wounded  at  Almanza  and  Malplaquet:  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Sir  Charles  O'Hara,  first  baron  Tyraw- 
ley [q.  v.],  as  colonel  of  the  royal  fusiliers,  1713  ;  created 
Baron  Kilmaine  of  Ireland,  1722 :  succeeded  to  English 
peerage,  1724;  ambassador  in  Portugal,  1728-41  and 
1752-6,  and  in  Russia,  1743-5;  major-general,  1739,  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1743 ;  governor  of  Minorca,  1762-6,  and 
Gibraltar,  1756-7;  general,  1761;  field-marshal  and 
governor  of  Portsmouth,  1763 ;  plenipotentiary  and  gene- 
ral in  Portugal,  1762-3.  [xlii.  62] 

O'HARA,  KANE  (17147-1782),  burlesque  writer ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1735 ;  lived  at  Dublin ; 
travestied  Italian  burletta  in  'Midas';  produced  also 
•The  Golden  Pippin/  1773, 'The  Two  Misers,"  1775,  and 
other  pieces.  [xlii.  63] 

O'HARTAGAJJf,  OINETH  (d.  975),  Irish  poet. 

[xlii.  64] 

O'HEARN,  FRANCIS  (1753-1801),  divine  and  tra- 
veller ;  rector  of  the  Irish  College,  Louvain ;  wrote  poems 
in  Flemish;  travelled  in  Eastern  Europe  and  Siberia; 
died  parish  priest  in  Waterford.  [xlii.  64] 

O'HZLY,  PATRICK  (d.  1578),  Roman  catholic  bishop 
of  Mayo;  Franciscan  in  Spain;  afterwards  went  to 
Rome:  bishop  of  Mayo,  1576-8;  tried  at  Kilmallock  and 
?.:ui»'.il.  [xlii.  65] 

O'HEMPSY,     DEXIS  (16957-1807),   Irish    harper;    , 
travelled  all  over  Ireland ;   played  before  Prince  Charles    I 
Edward  at  Holyrood,  1745 ;  attended  Belfast  meeting  of 
harpers,  1792.  [xlii.  65] 

O'HENEY,  MATTHEW  (d.  1206),  archbishop  of 
Owhel  and  (1192)  papal  legate  for  Ireland  ;  died  a  Cis- 
tercian monk  of  Holy  Cross  (Tipperary) ;  his  works  lost. 

0  HIGGIN,  CORMAC  (fl.  1590),  Irish  poet.  * 

0  HIGGIN,  DOMHNALL  (d.  1502),  'professor  of 
poetry  in  the  schools  of  Ireland  ' ;  wrote  a  poem  in  praise 
of  Ian  MacDonald.  [xlii.  67] 

0-HIOOnr,  DOMHNALL  (/.  1600),  Irish  poet. 

O-mOOUf,  MAOLMUIRE  (d.  1591),  DO* Ynd  arch- 
bUhop  of  Tuam  ;  died  at  Antwerp.  [xlii.  68] 

O'HIGGIN.  MATHP.HAMHAIN  (/.  1584),  bard  to 
the  O'Byrnes  of  Wicklow.  [xlii.  67] 

0  HIGGIN  TADHG  M6R  (d.  1315),  poet  and  tutor 
to  Magbnus  O'Connor  Oonnacht.  [xlii.  67] 

0  HIGGIN,  TADHG  60  (d.  1448),  poet:  bard  to 
Tadbg  O'Connor  SHgo  and  afterwards  to  the  chief  of  Ui 


Maine. 


[xlii.  60] 


OTOOOIH,  TEAGUE  (d.  1617),  blind  poet  (Tadhg 
dall  Ua  hUiginn),  brother  of  Maolmuire  O'Higgin  [q.  v.l  • 
panegyrised  the  O'Neills  and  Bnrkes :  urged  Sir  Brian 
0-Rourke  («f.  1M1)  [n.  v.]  to  attack  the  English,  c.  1688 ; 
the  home-life  of  the  Maguires.  [xlii.  66] 


0  HIGGINS  (HiooiNs),  DON  AMBROSIO,  MAR- 
QUIS »K  OSMKNO  (17207-1801),  viceroy  of  Peru;  of 
humble  Irish  parentage;  as  captain  of  cavalry  in  the 
Chilian  service  defeated  the  Indians  and  founded  San 
Carlos,  1770;  when  intend. mt  of  Concepcion  entertained 
La  Perouse,  founded  San  Aiiibrosiode  Ballenar,  and  made 
the  road  from  Santiago  to  Valparaiso ;  major-general 
1789,  and  viceroy  of  Chili,  1789-96 ;  rebuilt  OHorno  and 
was  created  marquis,  1792;  lieutenant-general,  1794; 
viceroy  of  Peru,  1795-1801 ;  father  of  Bernardo,  liberator 
of  Chili.  [xlii.  68] 

OHTHERE  (.//.  88U),  Norse  explorer  in  the  service  of 
Alfred  the  Great ;  sailed  from  Halogaland  round  the 
North  Cape  and  along  the  north  coast  of  Lapland  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  and  thence  southwards  to 
Schleswig.  [xlii.  69] 

O'HURLEY,  DERMOT  (1619  ?-1584),  archbishop  of 
Cashel :  professor  of  philosophy  at  Louvain,  c.  1559,  and 
of  canon  law  at  Rheims  ;  while  at  Rome  plotted  against 
the  English  government,  which  having  been  apprised  of 
his  coming  to  Ireland  as  archbishop  of  Oashel  (1581),  cap- 
tured  him  at  Carrick-on-Suir,  discovered  his  corre- 
spondence with  Desmond  and  Baltinglas,  and,  after 
causing  him  to  be  tortured,  had  him  condemned  by 
martial  law  and  hanged  at  Dublin.  [xlii.  69] 

O'HTJSSEY,  EOOHAIDH  (fl.  1630),  Irish  poet  (Ua 
hEodhasa).  [xni.  70] 

O'HTJSSEY  or  O'HEOGHTTSA,  MAELBRIGHDE 
(d.  1614),  Irish  Franciscan  (in  religion  Bonaventura) ; 
guardian  of  Louvain,  where  he  died ;  author  of  devotional 
works  and  poems  in  the  Irish  language.  [xlii.  71] 

O'K  ANE,  EACHMAROACH  (1720-1790),  Irish  harper ; 
sometimes  known  as  Acland,  played  at  Rome  and  Madrid, 
also  in  France  and  Scotland.  [xlii.  71] 

OKE,  GEORGE  COL  WELL  (1821-1874),  legal  writer, 
chief  clerk  to  the  lord  mayor  of  London  :  published  works 
including  '  Oke's  Magisterial  Synopsis,'  1849,  and  '  Magis- 
terial Formalist,'  1850.  [xlii.  72] 

O'KEARNEYor  CARNEY  (O'CEARNAIDH),  JOHN 
(d.  1600  ?),  Irish  divine.  [See  KEARNEY.] 

O'KEEFE,  EOGHAN  (1666-1726),  Irish  poet ;  parish 
priest  of  Doneraile.  [xlii.  72] 

O'KEEFFE,  ADELAIDE  (1776-1855?),  poet  and 
novelist ;  daughter  of  John  O'Keeffe  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  74] 

O'KEEFFE,  JOHN  (1747-1833),  dramatist;  twelve 
years  an  actor  in  Henry  Mossop's  company  at  Dublin, 
but  gradually  became  blind:  his  'Tony  Lumpkin  in 
Town'  produced  at  the  Hay  market,  1778:  lived  in  Eng- 
land from  1780  and  wrote  comic  pieces  for  the  Haymarket 
and  Covent  Garden,  London,  among  which  '  Wild  Oats ' 
is  still  played,  and  '  The  Castle  of  Andalusia '  was  revived 
by  Buckstone ;  author  of  the  famous  song  '  I  am  a  Friar 
of  Orders  Grey'  (in  his  opera  'Merry  Shei-wood'): 
received  a  benefit  at  Covent  Garden,  1800,  and  a  royal 
pension,  1820 ;  published  '  Recollections,'  1826.  [xlii.  72] 

O'KELLY,  CHARLES  (1621-1695),  Irish  historian  ; 
served  in  the  royal  army  in  Ireland  and  France :  after- 
wards in  the  Spanish  service ;  sat  in  James  II's  Irish 
parliament,  1689 :  defended  Connaught  under  Sarsfield ; 
his  '  Macariae  Excidium '  (1692)  edited  by  Crofton  Croker, 
1841,  by  John  Cornelius  O'Callaghan,  1860,  and  Count 
Plunket,  1894  ;  author  also  of  the  lost  'O'Kelly  Memoirs.' 

[xlii.  74] 

O'KELLY,  DENNIS  (17207-1787),  owner  of  the 
racehorse  Eclipse  and  of  a  famous  talking  parrot ;  made 
a  fortune  by  gaming  and  horse-breeding.  [xlii.  76] 

O'KELLY,  JOSEPH  (1832-1883),  geologist:  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1860 ;  secretary  to  Irish  Geo- 
logical Survey,  1865.  [xlii.  76] 

O'KELLY,  PATRICK  (1754-1835  ?), '  Bard  O'Kelly ' ; 
author  of  the  '  Doueraile  Litany '  and  other  verses. 

[xlii.  76] 
O'KELLY,  RALPH  (d.  1361).    [See  KELLY.] 

OKELY,  FRANCIS  (17197-1794),  minister  of  the 
Unitas  Fratrum  at  Bedford  and  Nottingham  ;  of  the 
Charterhouse  School  and  St.  John's  CoHege,  Cambridge  : 
B.A.,  1739  :  translated  and  edited  mystical  works  by  Jacob 
Behmeu  and  others.  [xlii.  77] 


OKEOVER 


971 


OLDFIELD 


OKEOVER,  OXEVER,  or   OKER,   JOHN   (ft.  1619- 

16.14),   organist  of     Well-    Cathedral,    ir.lu-     Mi. 
College,  Oxford,  1G33  ;  composer  m  •  fam-u-,.'     [xlii.  78] 

OKES,    HICHAHl)    (1797-1888),    provost    of    King's 

College,  Cambridge;  Browm-1-  medallist.  !*!'.•  and  1M2U; 
scholar  and  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  provost, 
MO  HS;  some  time  master  at  Kton ;  editor  of  •  Mnsw 
Etonensvs,'  1780-1833.  [xlii.  78] 

OKEY,  JOHN  (d.  1662),  regicide :  colonel  of  dragoons 
at  Naseby,  1645  ;  led  storming  party  at  Bath,  but  was 
captured  ut  Bristol,  1646  :  present  at  i  i  ngan'a, 

1648;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649;  created 
master  of  arts  at  Oxford,  1649;  took  part  in  and  de- 
scribed storming  of  Dundee,  1651 ;  sat  in  parliament, 
1654 ;  opposed  the  protectorate  and  was  cashiered  for 
circulating  a  petition  against  it;  arrested  for  renewed 
opposition  to  Cromwell,  1658  ;  represented  Bedfordshire-  in 
Richard  Cromwell's  parliament,  which  restored  him  to 
command ;  again  cashiered  for  resistance  to  Lambert, 
1659,  but  regained  his  regiment  the  same  year ;  being 
deprived  by  Mouck,  joined  Lambert  at  Daventry,  1660 ; 
fled  to  Germany ;  arrested  at  Delft ;  executed  in  England. 

OKEY,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1765-1780),  mezzotinting™  ver 
after  Reynolds  ;  afterwards  priuteeller  at  Newport, 
Rhode  island,  U.S.A.  [xlii.  80] 

OKHAM,  JOHN  DB  (ft.  1317-1322),  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1317-22.  [xlii.  81] 

OKINO,  ROBERT  (ft.  1625-1554),  archdeacon; 
D.C.L.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1534 ;  commissary  of 
Cambridge  University,  1629,  Bangor,  1534  ;  archdeacon 
of  Salisbury,  1639-52  ;  a  moderate  reformer.  [xliL  81] 

OLAT  GODFREYSOK  (d.  941),  leader  of  the  Ostmen 
and  king  of  Dublin  (934)  and  Deira  (940) ;  took  Lodore, 
935  ;  plundered  Clonmacnoise  abbey ;  fought  at  Brunan- 
burh,  937,  under  Olaf  Sitricsou  [q.  v.];  killed  near 
Dunbar.  [xlii.  81] 

OLAF  SITRICSON  (d.  981),  leader  of  Ostmen,  and 
king  of  Dublin  and  Deira  (called  in  sagas  'Olaf  the 
Red ')  ;  married  daughter  of  Oonstantine  II  of  Scotland  ; 
defeated,  with  Olaf  Godfreyson  [q.  v.]  and  Constantino  II, 
by  Athelstan  at  Brunanbnrh,  937 ;  shared  kingship  of 
Northumbrians  with  Olaf  Godfreyson,  940-1,  and  after- 
wards with  Reginald;  driven  out  by  Eadmuud,  944; 
restored  Dublin  and  established  his  rule  in  Ireland,  945  ; 
defeated  at  Slane  by  O'Cananain,  947;  failed  in  last 
attempt  on  Northumbria,  952,  having  held  Deira  since 
949;  allied  himself  with  Toole  in  Ireland;  slew  Cou- 
galach,956  ;  slew  the  heirs  of  both  northern  and  southern 
O'Neill  and  won  victory  at  Belau,  977  ;  resigned  Dublin 
after  defeat  of  Tara,  980  ;  died  at  lona.  [xlii.  82] 

OLAF  (11177-1238),  king  of  the  Isles  (' the  Black '); 
set  aside  by  his  half-brother,  Reginald,  and  imprisoned 
(c.  1208-14)  by  William  the  Lion  of  Scotland ;  driven, 
after  second  marriage,  from  the  island  of  Lewis,  the 
patrimony  assigned  him  by  Reginald ;  recovered  the  Isles, 
his  paternal  kingdom,  allowing  Reginald  to  remain  king 
of  Man,  1224 ;  king  of  Man  and  the  Ides,  1226-8  ;  defeated 
Reginald  at  Diugwall,  1230 ;  superseded  after  visit  to 
Norway ;  shared  Man  with  G  aired  Don  and  afterwards  ! 
ruled  alone ;  exchanged  allegiance  to  Norway  for  subor- 
dination to  England ;  visited  Henry  III,  1235.  [xlii.  84] 

OLD,  JOHN  (ft.  1545-1555),  one  of  the  translators  of  ' 
Erasmus's  'Paraphrase  of  the  New  Testament'  (1548); 
commissioner  for  several  dioceses ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln 
and  Lichfield  ;  vicar  of  Cubington,  1645,  till  accession  of 
Queen  Mary  ;  published  religious  works.  [xlii.  85] 

OLDCASTLE,  SIR  JOHN,  styled  LORD  COBHAM 
(d.  1417),  lollard  leader;  of  a  Herefordshire  family;  his 
age  much  exaggerated:  employed  under  Henry  IV  in 
Welsh  marches,  where  he  probably  became  acquainted 
with  Henry  IV's  sou,  Prince  Henry  ;  knight  of  the  shire  for 
Herefordshire,  1404  ;  sheriff,  1406-7  ;  married,  as  second 
wife,  Joan,  lady  Cobham,  1409 ;  summoned  to  parliament 
as  baron  Cobham  till  1413 ;  a  leader  of  troops  sent  to  help 
Burgundy,  14 11 ;  perhaps  attached  to  Prince  Henry's 
household,  but  never  his  boon  companion ;  said  to  have 
attempted  his  conversion  ;  attacked  by  clergy  for  main- 
taining heresy  in  London,  Rochester,  and  Herefordshire, 


1413  ;  arrested  after  vain  attempt*  by  Henry  V  to  con- 
Arch  bishop  il.erbishopi, 
presented  a  confession  oi  faith  u,  th,  ,,,Urt;  after 
Heterodox  declarations  as  • 
and  dcMMfetta  of  the  pope  as  a.  • 
enlarged  court,  was  declared  heretic,  and  banded  over  to 
the  secular  arm ;  escaped  mysteriously  from  the  Tower 
of  London  after  respite  ;  concealed  himself  in  London 
daring  lolhmi  HMUL- :  outlawed,  1414:  in  hiding  near 
Malvern,l4l6:believedtol»veengaReJdeeplymlntrigo«i 
with  the  Scots  and  to  have  instigated  attack  of  Albany 
audDoughw,  1416;  Piirpriwd  and  captured  by  Charlton 
at  Cae'r  Barwn,  near  Welshponl,  1417  ;  condemned  by  par- 
Bament ;  •  hung  and  burnt  hanging  '  in  St.  Giles's  Fields. 
He  was  extravagantly  execrated  by  contemporary  writer*, 
but  described  as  a  bWl  martyr  by  Batoand  Foxeii 
the  next  century.  Contemporary  calumnies  revived  in 
--e,  and  were  embodied  in  Shakespeare's 
Falstaff,  who  was  originally  called  Oklcastle.  A  play  of 
1600  bore  his  name,  and  he  is  the  hero  of  Wet-vert  poem, 
1  The  Mirror  of  Martyrs '  (1601).  [xliL  86] 

OLDCORNE,  ED  WARD  (1561-1606),  Jesuit;  ordained 
priest  and  admitted  to  society  at  Rome  ;  micsioner  in 
England,  16K8;  arrested  at  Hindlip  Hall,  Worcestershire, 
with  Garnett,  after  Gunpowder  plot ;  tortured  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  but  denied  complicity ;  was  executed 
after  triaL  [xiiL  93] 

OLDE,  JOHN  (ft.  1645-1565).    [See  OLD.] 

OLDENBXTEO,  HENRY  (1615  ?-l677),  first  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society;  bom  and  educated  at  Bremen; 
lived  in  England,  1640-8  ;  agent  of  Bremen  in  England 
1663  ;  made  the  acquaintance  of  Milton,  1664,  and  of 
Robert  Boyle  while  studying  at  Oxford,  1666-7  ;  travelled 
as  tutor  to  Richard  Jones  (Lord  Rauelagb),  1667-60  •  first 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  1663-77 ;  published  and 
edited  the  '  Transactions '  of  the  society,  1664-77  ;  corre- 
sponded with  Spinoza ;  imprisoned  on  account  of  politi- 
cal correspondence,  1667  ;  undertook  many  translations  ; 
Huygheus's  watch  patent  assigned  to  him.  [xlii.  94] 

OLDFIELD,  ANNE  (1683-1730),  actress;  daughter  of 
a  guardsman  named  Oldfield  ;  while  living  with  her 
mother  at  the  Mitre,  St.  James's  Market,  London,  was 
introduced  by  Vaubrugh  to  John  Rich  [q.  v.]  and  engaged 
at  Drury  Lane,  1692 ;  appeared  as  Alinda  in  Vanbrugh's 
'  Pilgrim,'  1700,  and  many  other  parts,  but  made  slow 
progress  till  she  played  Lady  Betty  Modish,  1704 ;  appeared 
with  seceders  at  Haymarket  in  pieces  by  Cibber  and  others 
1706-8  and  1709-10  :  returned  finally  to  Drury  Lane,  1711, 
playing  there  till  1730;  excelled  both  in  tragedy  and 
comedy  ;  Cleopatra  and  Calista  her  best  tragic  and  Lady 
Townly  her  best  comic  parts ;  praised  by  Cibber,  Steele, 
Walpole,  and  Thomson,  but  sneered  at  by  Pope ;  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  beneath  Congreve's  monument 

[xliL  961 

OLDFIELD,  HENRY  GEORGE  (d.  1791  "t\  anti- 
quary- [xliL  100] 

OLDFIELD  or  OTEFIELD,  JOHN  (1627  ?-168t), 
ejected  minister ;  rector  of  Carsiugton,  1649-62 ;  regular 
attendant  of  Wirksworth  classis ;  settled  at  Alf reton ; 
quoted  in  Mrs.  Gaskell's  •  North  and  South,'  1866. 

f  xlii.  100] 

OLDFIELD,  JOHN  (1789-1863),  general :  nominated 
to  Woolwich  by  Cornwallis,  in  consideration  of  services 
of  his  uncle,  Thomas  Oldfield  [q.  v.] :  entered  royal  en- 
gineers, 1806;  directed  inundation  of  country  round 
Ypres,  1815  ;  made  sketch-plan  of  Waterloo  for  Welling- 
ton and  took  part  in  battle ;  K.H.,  1830 ;  commanding 
royal  engineer  in  Canadian  rebellion,  1839  ;  colonel  com- 
mandant of  engineer*,  1869  ;  general,  1862.  [xlii.  100] 

OLDFIELD,  JUSHUA(1666-1729),  presbyterian  minis- 
ter: sou  of  John  Oldfleld  (1627?-16X2)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  and  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; minister  successively  at  Tooting,  Oxford,  Co- 
ventry, and  Globe  Alley,  Southwark;  kept  a  training 
academy  for  presbyterians  in  Coventry  and  London :  one 
of  Daniel  Williams'*,  trustees  ;  moderator  at  Sailers'  Hall 
conference,  1719;  D.D.;  intimate  with  Locke  and 
Calamy.  [xliL  108] 

OLDFIELD,  THOMAS  (1756-1799),  major  of  royal 
marines  ;  wounded  when  a  volunteer  at  Bunker's  Hill, 
1776;  served  on  Cornwallis's  staff,  1778-81 ;  distinguished 
as  commander  of  marines  in  St.  Domingo,  1794 ;  wounded 


OLDFIELD 


972 


OLEY 


at  bombardment  of  OadU,  1797:  assisted  in  attack  on 
Trnniffc:  senior  of  marines  at  the  Nile,  1<9H  ;  captured 
morully  wounded  in  sortie  from  Acre.  [xlii.  103] 

OLDFIELD,  THOMAS  HINTON  BURLEY  (1765- 
1822),  author  of  •  Representative  History  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,'  1816.  [xlii.  104] 

OLDHALL.  Pm  WILLIAM  (1390?-1466?),  soldier; 
won  his  spurs  at  Verneuil,  1424 ;  distinguished  as  sene- 
schal of  Normandy  in  invasion  of  Maine  and  Anjou ; 
commandant  at  La  Ferte  Bernard,  1449  ;  chamberlain  to 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  1440 ;  speaker,  1460 :  twice  at- 

[xlii.  106] 


OLDHAH,  HUGH  (d.  1519),  founder  of  Manchester 
grammar  school  and  bishop  of  Exeter ;  educated  in  house- 
hold of  Thomas  Stanley,  earl  of  Derby,  and  at  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  chaplain  to  '  the  Lady  Margaret '  (Ooun- 
teM  of  Richmond  and  Derby),  from  whom  he  received 
numerous  benefices;  as  bishop  of  Exeter  (1604-19)  had 
disputes  with  Archbishop  Warham  and  the  abbot  of  Tavis- 
tock:  contributed  largely  to  the  foundation  of  Corpus 
Ohristi  College,  Oxford.  [xlii.  106] 

OLDHAM,  JOHN  (1600 ?-1636),  'pilgrim  father'; 
arrived  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in  the  Anne,  1623 ; 
being  expelled  for  plotting  against  church  and  state, 
went  to  Nantasket  (Hull),  1624;  wrecked  off  Cape  Cod, 
1626;  went  to  England,  but  returned,  1629;  one  of  the 
first  settlers  in  Watertown  ;  projector  of  first  Connecticut 
plantation ;  granted  island  in  Narragausett  Bay,  1634 ; 
murdered  by  Indians.  [xlii.  107] 

OLDHAM,  JOHN  (1663-1683).  poet;  B.A.  St.  Edmund 
Hall,  Oxford,  1674  ;  three  years  usher  in  Whitgift's  school, 
Croydon  ;  afterwards  a  tutor :  befriended  by  Lord  Kings- 
ton ;  eulogised  by  Waller  and  Dryden ;  published  several 
Pindaric  odes,  the  moat  important  being  that  to  the 
memory  of  Charles  Morwent :  chiefly  celebrated  for  his 
ironical  'Satire  against  Virtue,'  'Satires  upon  the  Jesuits,' 
and  his  imitations  of  Horace  and  other  Latin  writers,  as 
well  as  of  Bion,  Moschus,  and  Boileau;  his  'Poems  and 
Translations '  collected,  1683.  [xlii.  108] 

OLDHAM,  .JOHN  (1779-1840X  engineer :  employed  by 
Bank  of  Ireland  and  Bank  of  England,  where  his  ma- 
chinery for  printing  and  numbering  notes  was  in  use  till 
1853 :  patented  paddle-wheeU  for  steamers ;  introduced 
system  of  warming  buildings.  [xlii.  110] 

OLDHAM.  NATHANIEL  (ft.  1740),  virtuoso ;  col- 
lected  paintings  and  curiosities;  died  prisoner  for  debt  in 
King's  Bench.  [xlii.  Ill] 

OLDHAM,  THOMAS  (1801-1851),  engineer  to  Bank  of 
England;  son  of  John  Oldham  (1779-1840)  [q.  T.]  ;  died 
at  Brussels.  [xlii.  m] 

OLDHAM.  THOMAS  (1816-1878),  geologist;  pro- 
fevor  of  geology,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1845  ;  M.A., 
1846;  president  of  Dublin  Geological  Society,  1846-  di- 
rector of  Irish  geological  survey,  1846-50;  discovered 
•  <  Mdhamia'  fossils  at  Bray  Head,  1849 ;  superintendent  of 
Indian  surrey,  1860-76 ;  F.R.8.,  1848 ;  royal  medallist, 
187ft-  [xlii.  Ill] 

OLDI8.    [See  OLDYS.] 

OLDISWORTH,  GILES  (1619-1678),  royalist  divine  : 
of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge : 
BJu  1643;  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1646:  incumbent  of 
Boarton-on-the-Hill,  1645-78 :  published  •  The  Stone  Rolled 
Away1  (1663)  and  'The  Holy  Royalist'  (1664)  ;  left  also 
poems  in  manuscript  [xlii.  112] 

OLDISWORTH,  MICHAEL  (1691-1654?)  parliamen- 
tarian politician:  fellow  of   Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
!:  M  A.,  1614;  secretary  to  William  Herbert,  third 
earl  of  Pembroke,  and  his  brother  Philip,  fourth  earl; 
r^l     ^™ln'   1824~9'  8»lw««1y.  1640-50;    witness 
against  Laud,  1644  ;  keeper  of  Windsor  Great  Park,  1650  ; 
ia*t*r   of   the    prerogative  office ;    much   satirised    by 
royalist  pamphleteers ;  eulogised  by  Herrick.  [xlii.  HU] 

OLDISWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1680-1734),  author  and 

translator ;  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford ;  edited  several  volumes 

°Tl^f  t27'Kxnmincr':  Published 'Annotation*  on  the 

M?     '  •/    .  * Vcrv tran"latlon»°f  the'Odes and  Epodes 

lorace  (with  'Notes  upon  Notes '),  1712-13,  and  poems  • 


with  the  Jacobites  at  Preston,  1715  ;  died  a  debtor  in  the 
King's  Bench  prison.  [xlii.  114] 

OLDMIXON,  JOHN  (1673-1742),  whig  historian  an.l 
pamphleteer  ;  published  poems,  169C  ;  produced  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  his  opera,  '  The  Grove,  or  Love's  Paradise/ 
1700,  and  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  his  tragedy, 
'The  Governor  of  Cyprus,'  1703;  published  'The  British 
Empire  in  America,'  1708. '  History  of  Addresses,'  1709-10  ; 
contributed  to  'The  Medley,'  1711;  answered  Swift's 
'Conduct  of  Allies 'in 'The  Dutch  Barrier  Ours,'  1712; 
published  'Secret  History  of  Europe'  (in  parts,  1712, 
1713, 1716)  and  other  works  against  the  Stuarts  ;  collector 
of  Bridgwater,  1716;  attacked  Clarendon's  'History  of 
the  Rebellion  '  in  his  'Critical  History,'  1724-6  ;  placed  in 
the  'Dunciad1  and  the  'Art  of  Sinking  in  Poetry'  by 
Pope,  in  retaliation  for  reflections  upon  him  ;  made  un- 
warranted attacks  upon  Clarendon's  editors  in  his 
'History  of  England  during  the  Reigns  of  the  Royal 
House  of  Stuart,'  1729 ;  published  as  a  second  volume, 
'History  of  England  during  Reigns  of  William  III,  Anne, 
and  George  I,'  1735  (third  volume,  dealing  with  Tudor 
period,  1739);  his  'Memoirs  of  the  Press,  1710-40,'  issued 
posthumously,  1742 ;  perhaps  author  of  'History  and  Life 
of  Robert  Blake.'  [xlii.  115] 

OLDSWORTH.    [See  OLDISWORTH.] 

OLDYS  or  OLDIS,  VALENTINE  (1620-1685),  poet 
aud  patron  of  men  of  letters  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  per  literat 
regiai,  1671.  .  [xlii.  119] 

OLDYS,  WILLIAM  (1591  ?-1645),  royalist ;  of  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1618, 
D.D.,  1643  ;  vicar  of  Adderbury,  1627-48  ;  shot  by  parlia- 
mentarians, [xlii.  119] 

OLDYS,  WILLIAM  (1636-1708),  admiralty  advocate 
and  chancellor  of  Lincoln  diocese  ;  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1666-71;  D.C.L.,  1667;  son  of  William  Oldys 
(1591  ?-1645)  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  119] 

OLDYS,  WILLIAM  (1696-1761),  Norroy  kiug-of-arms 
and  antiquary ;  grandson  of  William  Oldys  (1691  ?-1645) 
[q.  v.] ;  one  of  the  sufferers  in  the  South  Sea  Bubble,  1720 ; 
issued  '  Essay  on  Epistolary  Writings,'  1729  ;  collected 
valuable  library ;  published  a  '  Dissertation  upon  Pamph- 
lets,' 1731 ;  edited  Ralegh's  '  History  of  the  World,'  pre- 
fixing biography,  1736;  issued  anonymously  'British 
Librarian,'  1737;  literary  secretary  to  Earl  of  Oxford, 
1738-41;  joint-editor  with  Dr.  Johnson  of  'Harleian 
Miscellany,'  1744-6,  and  drew  up  and  annotated  catalogue 
of  Harleiau  pamphlets;  contributed  to  first  edition  of 
'  Biographia  Britannica,'  1747-60 ;  imprisoned  for  debt 
in  the  Fleet  till  released  by  Norfolk ;  Norroy  king-of-arms, 
1755-61  ;  his  notes  for  life  of  Shakespeare  used  by  Reed  in 
appendix  to  Rowe's  '  Life ' ;  wrote  life  of  Cotton  for 
Hawkins's  edition  of  the  '  Compleat  Angler '  (1760) :  tran- 
scripts of  his  notes  to  Langbaine's  'Dramatick  Poets' 
made  by  Percy,  Steevens,  and  Malone ;  left  various  works 
in  manuscript.  [xlii.  119] 

O'LEARY,  ARTHUR  (1729-1802),  Irish  priest  and 
politician ;  while  a  Capuchin  friar  at  St.  Malo  acted  as 
chaplain  to  prisoners  in  France,  1756-62  ;  settled  in  Cork, 
1771 ;  wrote  pamphlets  exhorting  Romanist?  to  be  loyal 
to  British  rule ;  defended  them  against  Wesley,  1780 : 
published  'Essay  on  Toleration,'  c.  1781;  chaplain  to 
Irish  national  volunteers,  1782-4.  but  in  receipt  of  pension 
from  British  government  to  reveal  secrets  of  disaffected 
Roman  catholics :  published  '  Addresses  to  the  Common 
People  of  Ireland,'  and  exerted  personal  influence  against 
Whiteboys  in  Mnnster,  1785-6  :  came  to  England  as 
chaplain  of  Spanish  embassy,  1789  :  attended  meetings 
of  catholic  committee,  but  opposed  its  action  ;  preached  in 
Sutton  Street,  Soho,  London.  [xlii.  123] 

O'LEARY,  ELLEN  (1831-1889),  Fenian  poet;  con- 
tributed  poems  to  the  '  Irish  People,'  1863-5 :  assisted 
James  Stephens  with  his  organisation.  [xlii.  126] 

O'LEARY,  JOSEPH  (ft.  1835),  Irish  barrister  and 
writer  on  tithes.  [xlii.  127] 

O'LEARY,  JOSEPH  (rf.  1846?),  song-writer  and 
journalist:  contributed  to  the  'Freeholder'  and  other 
Cork  papers,  1818-42;  published  the  'Tribute,'  1833; 
unsuccessful  in  London ;  drowned  himself  in  Regent's 
Canal,  London.  [xlii.  126] 

OLEY,  BARNABAS  (1602-1686),  royalist  divino ; 
M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1625  ;  B.D. :  fellow 


OUFARD 


973 


OLIVER 


time  president)  of  Glare  College,  Cambridge,  and  vicar  of 
Great  Gransdeu,  Huntingdonshire ;  began  tne  n-liuildinu 
of  his  college,  1638  ;  brought  college  plate  to  Charles  I  at 
Nottingham,  1642  ;  ejected  from  fellowship  by  the  Earl  of 
Manchester,  1644  ;  restored,  16CO  :  prebendary  of  Worcester, 
1G60-86;  edited  George  Herbert's  'Remains,'  1652,  and 
gome  works  of  Thomas  Jiiek«>u(  1679-1 640)  [q.  v.],  1653-7  ; 
benefactor  of  (iniiKden,  Worcester  Cathedral,  and  Clare 
and  King's  Colleges,  Cambridge,  [xlll.  127] 

OUFARD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1329).  [See  OLIPHANT, 
Sm  WILLIAM.] 

OLIPHANT,  CAROLINA,  BARONESS  NAIRXK  (1766- 
1845).  [See  NAIHNK,  CAROLINA.] 

OLIPHANT,  FRANCIS  WILSON  (1818-1869),  patnter 
and  designer  of  stained  glare ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ; 
worked  with  Pugin  at  windows  in  houses  of  parliament : 
exhibited  historical  pictures  at  Royal  Academy  ;  designed 
windows  in  Ely  Cathedral,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Aylesbury  Church  ;  died  at  Rome.  [xlii.  129] 

OLIPHANT,  JAMES  (1734-1818),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1756 ;  lampooned,  when  minister  of  Kil- 
murnock,  by  Burns  ;  minister  of  Dumbarton,  1773  ;  com- 
piled '  The  Mother's  Catechism,'  1772,  and  '  Sacramental 
CatechiHm,'  1779.  [xlii.  130] 

OLIPHANT,  SIR  LAURENCE,  of  Aberdalgie,  first 
BARON  OLIPHANT  (d.  1500  ?),  sat  in  parliament  of  1467; 
sheriff  of  Perthshire,  1470  :  commissioner  for  treaty  with 
England,  1484  ;  lord  of  the  articles,  1488  ;  privy  council- 
lor, 1488  :  supported  the  king  in  rebellion  of  1489 ;  ambas- 
sador to  France  and  Castile,  1491 ;  keeper  of  Edinburgh 
Castle,  1493.  [xlil.  130] 

OLIPHANT,  LAURENCE,  third  BARON  OUPHANT 
(d.  1566),  succeeded  his  grandfather,  1516;  captured  at 
Solway  Moss,  1642  ;  ransomed  on  conditions,  1543,  but  did 
not  fulfil  bis  pledges.  [xliL  131] 

OLIPHANT,  LAURENCE,  fourth  BARON  OLIPHANT 
(1529-1593),  son  of  Laurence  Oliphant,  third  baron 
Oliphant  [q.  v.] ;  extraordinary  member  of  privy  council, 
1565;  member  of  assize  for  trial  of  Both  well,  but  signed 
band  for  his  marriage  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  fought 
for  the  queen  at  Langside,  1568,  but  signed  '  band  for  the 
king,'  1569  ;  voted  against  Mary's  divorce  from  Both  well ; 
joined  anti-Marian  party,  1572  [xliL  131] 

OLIPHANT,  LAURENCE  (1691-1767X  Jacobite; 
present  at  Sherriffmuir,  1715 :  laird  of  Gask  (1732-46) ; 
joined  Prince  Charles  Edward  at  Perth,  1745,  and  was 
made  governor  of  the  north;  present  with  his  son  at 
Fnlkirk  and  Culloden,  1746,  after  which  they  escaped  to 
Sweden  :  Gask  estates  (forfeited)  purchased  for  him,  1753  ; 
allowed  to  return,  1763.  [xlit  132] 

OLIPHANT,  LAURENCE  (1829-1888),  novelist,  war 
correspondent  and  mystic  ;  born  at  Capetown  ;  received 
a  desultory  education  ;  travelled  with  his  parents  in 
France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Greece,  1846-8 :  barrister  in 
Ceylon;  published  'Journey  to  Khatmandu,'  1852,  'The 
Russian  Shores  of  the  Black  Sea  and  a  Tour  through  the 
Country  of  the  Don  Cossacks,'  1853  ;  secretary  to  Lord 
Elgin  at  Washington  and  in  Canada,  1853-4;  accom- 
panied Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe  to  the  Crimea  and 
represented  '  The  Times '  in  Circassia ;  issued  '  Minnesota 
and  the  Far  West,'  1855,  'The  Trans-Caucasian  Cam- 
paign,' 1856,  'Patriots  and  Filibusters,'  1860  (describing 
adventures  in  Southern  States) ;  private  secretary  to  Elgin 
in  China  ;  published  '  Narrative  of  Mission  to  China  and 
Japan  in  1857-8-9,'  1859  ;  plotted  with  Garibaldi  in  Italy, 
1860  ;  in  Montenegro,  1861 ;  when  first  secretary  of  lega- 
tion in  Japan  visited  Corea ;  visited  Corfu  and  the  Herze- 
govina, 1862,  and  Poland,  Moldavia,  and  Schleswig- 
Holrtein,  1863;  contributed  to  "The  Owl,'  1864;  his 
satirical  novel,  'Piccadilly,'  which  had  appeared  in 
'Blackwood,'  1865,  published,  1870 :  M.P.,  Stirling  burghs, 
1865-7;  lived  at  Brocton  or  '  Salem-ou-Erie '  as  Thomas 
Lake  Harris's  spiritual  slave,  1867-70;  'Times'  corre- 
spondent in  the  Franco-German  war;  married  Miss 
L'Estrange,  1872;  commercially  employed  by  Harris  in 
America ;  wrote  '  Autobiography  of  a  Joint  Stock  Com- 
pany,' 1876;  published  'The  Land  of  Gikad,'  1880  (de- 
scribing first  journey  to  Palestine),  and  'The  Laud  of 
Khemi'  (Egypt),  1882  ;  freed  himself  from  the  'prophet' 
Harris  and  recovered  his  land  at  Brocton,  1881 ;  wrote 
'Altiora  Peto*  at  Haifa,  1883,  where  he  formed  a  com- 


munity of  .ii-v.-ish  immigrant*. and  wveral  mystical  work*  ; 
on  the  d.-ath  of  his  wife  (1886)  returned  temporarily  to 
England:     publiBued    "EpUodes    of    Adventure,'    1887; 
visited  America  and  married  Rosamond  Dale  Owen,  1888  : 
k    House,    Twickenham,   having   finished 
IMigion.'  (xliL  183] 

OLIPHANT,  MAKGAHKT  OUI'HAM  < 1828-1 897X 
novelist  nnd  historical  writer :  n4-  Wilson ;  published 
<  Passages  in  Life  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Maltlaud,'  1849,  and 
•Merklaud,'  1851;  married  her  cousin,  Francis  Wthon 
Oliphant  [q.  v.],  1852 :  began  connection  with  firm  of 
Messrs.  Blackwood.  and  from  18*3  contributed  to  '  Black- 
wood's  Magazine '  many  novels,  including  '  Salem  Chapel,' 
1863,  one  of  the  series  of  four  entitled  •Chronicles  of 
Carlingford'  (issued  anonymously,  186S-76);  published 
'  Life  of  Edward  Irving,'  1862  ;  lived  in  perpetual  embar- 
rassment owing  to  her  undertaking  education  and  main- 
tenance of  her  widowed  brother's  children  in  addition  to 
her  own  two  sons  ;  edited  series  of  monographs  on  foreign 
classics,  for  which  she  wrote  volumes  on  Dante  (1877)  and 
Cervantes  ( 1 880).  Her  works  include '  Memoir  of  Laurence 
Olipbant  (1829-1888)  [q.  v.]  and  Alice  Oliphant,'  1892,  and 
'  Literary  History  of  England  in  end  of  Eighteenth  and 
beginning  of  Nineteenth  Century,'  1882. 

[SiippL  Hi.  230] 

OLIPHANT,  THOM  AS  (1799-1873),  musical  composer 
and  writer;  president  of  Madrigal  Society,  1871 ;  sung  in 
Handel  festival,  1834  ;  published  'Comment*  of  a  Chorus- 
singer  '  by  'Solomon  Sackbut,'  1834  :  published  works  on 
madrigals,  also  versions  of  '  Fidel io,'  'Lohengrin,'  and 
other  compositions.  [xlii.  137] 

OLIPHANT  or  OLIFARD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1329 X 
soldier;  captured  at  Dunbar,  1296;  forced  to  serve 
Edward  I  in  Flanders,  1297  ;  held  Stirling  Castle  against 
him  for  ninety  days,  1304 ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  1305  ;  released  by  Edward  II,  1308 ;  held  Perth 
for  Edward  II  during  six  weeks  against  Bruce,  1312 ; 
returned  to  England,  1313 ;  received  grants  from  Brace, 
1317  and  1326  ;  present  at  Scots  parliaments  of  1320  and 
1326.  [xliL  138] 

OLIPHANT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  NEWTON  (1681- 
1628),  lord  (king's)  advocate  ;  admitted,  1577  ;  advocate- 
depute,  1604  ;  gained  favour  of  James  VI  by  throwing  np 
his  brief  for  the  six  ministers,  1606 ;  lord  of  session,  1611- 
1626;  lord  advocate,  1612-28;  member  of  new  high 
commission  court,  1615  :  present  procedure  of  examining 
witnesses  originated  by  him.  [xlii.  139] 

OLIVER  OF  MALMESBURY,  otherwise  EILMER,  KI.MKR, 
or  JErHKLM^n  (fl.  1066 ),  astrologer  and  mechanician : 
monk  of  Malmesbury  ;  made  himself  wings  and  attempted 
to  fly ;  prophesied  on  the  great  comet  of  1066.  [xliL  140] 

OLIVER  (d.  1219),  bastard  son  of  King  John  ;  took 
part  in  defence  of  Dover,  1217 ;  died  on  crusade  at 
Damietta.  fxliL  141] 

OLIVER,  ANDREW  (1706-1774),  lieutenant-governor 
of  Massachusetts ;  graduated  at  Harvard,  1724  ;  secretary 
of  Massachusetts,  1756  :  hanged  in  effigy  when  distributor 
of  stamps,  1765,  and  compelled  to  renounce  collection ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  1770-4  ;  his  letters 
to  Thomas  Whateley,  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  English 
treasury,  laid  before  a.-vembly  by  Franklin,  1772. 

[xliL  141] 

OLIVER,  ARCHER  JAMES  (1774-1842),  portrait- 
painter  and  curator  of  Academy  painting-school ;  A.R.A., 
1807.  [xlii.  142] 

OLIVER,  EMMA  SOPHIA  (1819-1885X  painter; 
wife  of  William  Oliver  (1804  ?-1853)  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  156] 

OLIVER,  GEORGE  (1781-1861),  historian  of  Exeter; 
taught  for  eleven  years  at  Stouyhurst ;  forty-four  years 
Jesuit  missioner  at  St.  Nicholas,  Exeter  :  created  D.D.  by 
Gregory  XVI,  1844 ;  published  works,  including  •  History 
of  Exeter,'  1821,  'Ecclesiastical  Antiquities  of  Devon,' 
3  vols.,  1839,  1840,  1842, 4  Lives  of  the  Bishops  of  Bxetff,' 
1861,  and  biographical  notices  of  jesuite.  [xliL  142] 

OLIVER,  GEORGE  (1782-1867),  topographer  and 
writer  on  freemasonry ;  bead-master  of  Grimsby  grammar 
school,  1809 ;  rector  of  Scopwick  from  1831 ;  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Peter's,  Wolverhampton,  1834-46 ;  rector  of 
South  Hyckham,  1846  ;  deputy  past  grand  master  of  Lin- 
colnshire masons,  1832  ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1836 ;  published, 
among  other  books,  topographical  works  on  Great 
Grimsby,  Beverley,  and  the  collegiate  church  of  Wolver- 
hampton. His  masonic  works  include  'Antiquities  of 


OLIVER 


974 


O'LOGrHLEN 


Free-Masonry.'  1«23.  'History  of  Initiation,'  1829,  'His. 
torical  Landmark.*  of  Freemasonry,'  1844-6,  and  '  Golden 
Remains  of  Early  Masonic  Writers,1  1847-50.  [xlii.  143] 

OLIVER.  OLIVIER,  or  OLLTVIER,  ISAAC  (1556?- 
1617),  miniature-painter :  perhaps  native  of  Rouen  ;  pupil 
•l.olas  Milliard [q.v.]:  iiii-ntioii.-l  in  Kram-is  Meres's 
•  Palladis  Tamia,'  1598 :  paintnl  portraits,  among  others, 
of  James  I  and  his  family.  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  the 
family  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby:  drew  portrait  of  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  his  •  Entombment  of  Christ '  much  admiral  by 

MBtnmnriM,  [xlii.  145] 

OLIVER,  JOHN  (d.  1652),  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  master  in  chancery ;  D.Can.L.  and  D.O.L. 
Oxford.  1522  ;  Wolsey's  commissary,  1527  ;  held  numerous 
preferments;  employed  in  divorce  proceedings,  1531-3; 
took  part  in  trials  of  James  Bainham  [q.  v.]  and  of 
Bishop*  Gardiner,  Day,  and  Heath.  [xlii.  146] 

OLIVER,  JOHN  (1601-1861),  president  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1644-7  and  1660-1 :  fellow  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1620;  M.A.,  1622,  D.D.,  1639;  dean  of 
Worcester,  1660-1.  [xlii.  147] 

OLIVER,  JOHN  (1616-1701),  glass-painter  and  master- 
mason ;  one  of  the  commissioner ^  for  rebuilding  London 
after  the  fire.  [xlii.  147] 

OLIVER,  JOHN  (1838-1866),  Welsh  poet.  [xlii.  148] 

OLIVER,  MARTHA  ORANMER,  'PATTIK  OLIVER' 
(1834-1880 X  actress ;  performed  children's  parts  at  Salis- 
bury and  Southampton;  appeared  at  the  Marylebone, 
London,  1847;  with  Madame  Vestris  at  the  Lyceum, 
London.  1849-55 ;  played  Helen  In  '  The  Hunchback '  at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1856 ;  in  burlesques  by  Byron  and 
Talfourd  at  the  Strand.  London,  1857-60 ;  at  the  Hay- 
market,  London,  In  'Our  American  Cousin,'  1861;  as 
managerese  of  the  New  Royalty,  London,  1866-70,  made  a 
great  hit  with  Burnaud's  parody  of  '  Black-eyed  Susan.' 

[xlii.  148] 

OLIVER  or  OLIVIER,  PETER  (1594-1648),  minia- 
ture-painter ;  son  of  Isaac  Oliver  [q.  v.] ;  finished  his 
father's  '  Entombment ' ;  his  copy  of  Vandyck's  portrait 
of  Lady  Southampton  particularly  fine.  [xlii.  149] 

OLIVER,  RICHARD  (1734?-1784),  politician;  born 
in  Antigua;  alderman  of  Billingsgate  ward,  London, 
1770;  sheriff,  1772;  M.P.  for  the  city,  1770-80;  committed 
to  Tower  of  London  by  commons,  1771 ;  quarrelled  with 
Wilkes  ;  proposed  vote  of  censure  on  American  policy  of 
ministers,  1775  :  died  at  sea  on  return  from  Antigua, 
whither  he  had  been  to  look  after  his  estates,  [xlii.  149] 

OLIVER,  ROBERT  DUDLEY  (1766-1850),  admiral ; 
saw  service  in  West  Indies,  1782-3 ;  promoted  commander 
after  capture  of  Revolutionnaire,  1794;  posted,  1796; 
commanded  Melpomene  on  French  coast,  1803-5 ;  towed 
prises  from  Trafalgar ;  served  in  second  American  war, 
1813-14 ;  admiral,  1841.  [xlii.  160] 

OLIVER  or  OLYT7ER,  THOMAS  (d.  1624),  physi- 
cian and  mathematician;  published  'New  Handling  of 
the  Planisphere,'  1601,  and  •  De  Sophismatum  Prsestigiis 
caveodis  Admonitio,'  1603.  [xlii.  151] 

OLIVER,  THOMAS  (1725-1799).    [See  OLIVERS.] 

f  <2IV™J'  THOMAS  ("S4-1816X  lieutenant-governor 
of  Massachusetts ;  graduated  at  Harvard ;  erected 
LoweUs  mansion  near  Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Massachusetts,  1774 ;  obliged  to  re- 
nounce his  seat  on  council  board  after  the  seizure  by  the 
royal  troops  of  the  public  stock  of  powder  provided  for 
the  militia;  proscribed,  1778  ;  died  at  Bristol,  England. 


, 
.    813,  and  Ned  Painter, 

^  Mrtlr'  I816' and  Bm  Neat> 1818 

defeated  Hendnck  the  black,  but  was  beaten  by  Dan 

JSSftJL?*!  ^  skelton' bufc  wa8  defeated  &  N«I 

Painter,  1820 ;  imprisoned  for  presence  at  a  fight,  1846. 


rersity  ;  accompanied  Monmouth's  expedi- 
;  escaped  to  Holland  and  went  to  Poland  ; 


with  William  of  Orange,  *„<« .  „„»,,,. 

~- 1  fleet,  1693-1702,  to  Chatham  Hospital, 1709- 

1714, Greenwich  Hospital,  1714-16;  published  'Practical 


--------         , 

on  Ferers,'  1704,  and 


-  racca 

'  Di*ertaUon  onth  Water?; 
[xlii.  163] 


OLIVER,  WILLIAM  (1695-1764),  physician;  M.D. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1725  :  F.R.S.,  1730  ;  Intro- 
ducal  by  Ralph  Allen  [q.  v.]  to  Pope,  Warburton,  and 

|  Borlase;  physician  to  Bath  Mineral  Water  Hospital,  1740' 
1761;  invented  the  'Bath  Oliver'  biscuit;  published 

'  '  Practical  Essay  on  Use  and  Abuse  of  Warm  Bathing  in 
Gouty  Cases,'  1751;  his  '  Faint  Sketch  of  the  Life,  Cha- 
racter, and  Manners  of  the  late  Mr.  Nash'  used  by  Gold- 
smith, [xlii.  153] 

OLIVER,  WILLIAM  (1804  ?-1853),  landscape-painter ; 
published  'Scenery  of  the  Pyrenees,'  1842.  [xlii.  155] 

OLIVERS,  THOMAS  (1725-1799),  methodist  preacher 
and  hymn-writer ;  for  twenty-two  years  itinerant 
preacher ;  supervisor  of  Wesleyan  press,  1775-89 :  pub- 
lished tracts  and  composed  the  tune  'Helmsley'  and 
'Hymn  to  the  God  of  Abraham';  buried  in  Wesley's 
tomb.  [xlii.  156] 

OLLIER,  CHARLES  (1788-1859),  publisher  of  Shelley's 
works  and  first  poems  of  Keats  ;  collected  works  of  Lamb, 
and  some  by  Leigh  Hunt;  also  issued  romances  by  him- 
self, [xlii.  166] 

OLLIER,  EDMUND  (1827-1886),  author;  eon  of 
Charles  Oilier  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  Poems  from  the  Greek 
Mythology,'  1867 ;  edited  works  by  Lamb  and  Leigh 
Hunt ;  compiled  for  Cassell.  [xlii.  157] 

OLLIFFE,  SIR  JOSEPH  FRANCIS  (1808-1869),  phy- 
sician ;  M.A.  Paris,  1829  ;  M.D.,  1840  ;  physician  to  British 
embassy,  1852  ;  knighted,  1852  ;  an  assessor  at  exhibitions 
of  1855  and  1862  ;  friend  of  Count  de  Morny.  [xlii.  158] 

OLLIVAirr,  ALFRED  (1798-1882),  bishop  of  Llan- 
daff ;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  Craven  scholar,  1820,  sixth  wrangler,  1821, 
and  senior  chancellor's  medallist ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1824,  D.D.,  1836  ;  vice-principal  of  St. 
David's,  Lampeter,  1827-43 ;  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Cambridge  University,  1843-9  ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1849- 
1882  ;  restored  his  cathedral  and  formed  Church  Extension 
Society  ;  an  Old  Testament  reviser.  [xlii.  158] 

OLLYFFE,  JOHN  (1647-1717),  divine ;  B.O.L.  New 
Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1672  ;  rector  of  West  Aimer,  1673-93, 
of  Duntoii,  1693-1717 ;  published  '  Essay  towards  a  Com- 
prehension,' 1701,  'Defence  of  Ministerial  Conformity,' 
1792  (against  Oalamy),  and  other  work^.  [xlii.  159] 

OLMITJS,  JOHN  LUTTRELL-,  third  EARL  OP  CAR- 
HAMPTON  (d.  1829).  [See  LUTTRELL-OLMIUS,  JOHN.] 

O'LOCHLAINN,  DOMHNALL  (1048-1121),  king  of 
Ireland ;  king  of  Oilech,  1082 ;  received  submission  of 
Connaught,  1088,  of  Munster  and  Meath,  1090 ;  king  of 
Ireland,  1090-1121;  ruled  Donegal  from  1093;  drove 
Danes  from  Dublin,  1094  ;  repelled  attacks  on  Ulster ;  de- 
feated Leinstermen  at  Donaghmore,  1103.  [xliL  160] 

O'LOCHLAINN,  MUIRCHEARTACH  (d.  1166),  king 
of  Ireland ;  grandson  of  Domhnall  O'Lochlainn  [q.  v.]  ; 
defeated  the  O'Dubhdaa  of  Ulster,  1139  ;  as  chief  of  Cinel 
Eoghain  defeated  Ulidians  at  Dundrum,  1147;  received 
submission  of  Dublin  Danes  and  of  Leinster,  1149,  of 
Oonnaught,  1150  ;  restored  Turlough  O'Brien  In  Munster, 
1153;  received  as  king  at  Dublin  by  the  Danes,  1154; 
king  of  Ireland,  1156-66 ;  attended  synod  of  Mellifont, 
1157;  granted  charter  to  Cistercian  abbey  of  Newry, 
1168 ;  deposed  king  of  Meath  and  defeated  Connaughtmen 
at  Ardee,  1159  ;  received  submission  of  Roderic  O'Connor 
and  Diarmaid  MacMurchadha,  1161 ;  killed  in  battle  with 
the  Ulidians  in  Armagh.  [xlii.  161] 

O'LOGHLEN,  SIR  OOLMAN  MICHAEL,  second  baro- 
net (1819-1877),  judge-advocate-general  ;  son  of  Sir 
Michael  O'Loghlen  [q.  v.] ;  Q.O.  in  Ireland,  1852 ;  M.P., 
Clare,  1863 :  judge-advocate-general,  1868-70 ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1868;  carried  bill  admitting  catholics  to  Irish 
chancellorship.  [xlii.  163] 

O'LOGHLEN,  SIR  MICHAEL,  first  baronet  (1789- 
1842),  Irish  judge ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1809 ; 
called  to  Irish  bar,  1811 ;  O'Connell's  favourite  junior ; 
K.O.,  1830  ;  bencher  of  King's  Inn,  1832  ;  Irish  solicitor- 
general  under  Melbourne,  1834-6,  attorney-general,  1835- 
1836  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1836  ;  master  of  the  rolls  in 
Ireland,  1837-42 ;  first  Roman  catholic  judge  since  James 
II's  reign ;  created  baronet,  1838.  [xlii.  163] 


O'LOTHCHAIN 


975 


O'NEILL 


O'LOTHCHAIN,  CUAN  (d.  1024),  chief  man  of  learn- 
ing (Primheices)  to  Maelseehlainu  II  [q.  v.]  ;  aftn  w;ir.^ 
with  Corcran  Cleirech  governed  Ireland  ;  wrote  a.vniiiit 
of  the  kings  of  Tara.  [xlii.  164] 

O'MAELCHONAIRE,  FKAKFKASA  (fl.  1636),  one 
of  th»-  authors  of  '  Ainuiir-  i^uatuor  MaKixtrornm ' 
(Annuls  of  Kingdom  of  Ireland):  rei-onlnl  IIM-  oi  umr.- 
than  forty  of  Connaught  hereditary  bardx.  [xlii.  104  J 

O'MAHONY,  CONNuK,  (  <  >|;NKLIUS,or  OONSTAN- 
TINE  (ji.  1650).  [See  MAIIDNY.] 

O'MAHONY,  DAN'IKL  (d.  1714),  general  in  French 
ami  Spanish  service.*  ;  left  Ireland,  1692  ;  when  command- 
ing Dillon's  regiment  under  Villeroy  saved  Gremoua 
from  the  Austrians,  1702  ;  promoted  and  pensioned  by 
Louis  XIV,  and  knighted  by  the  Old  Pretender :  after- 
wards served  under  Vend&me ;  transferred  to  Spanish 
service,  1704 ;  created  marechal-de-camp,  1706  ;  defended 
Alicante  against  Sir  John  Leake,  1706 ;  commanded  in 
Valencia  and  distinguished  himself  at  head  of  Iri?h 
brigade  at  Almaimi ;  captured  Alcoy,  1708 :  commanded 
Spanish  in  Sicily,  1709 ;  commanded  Gallo-Spanish 
cavalry  at  Saragossa  and  Villa  Viciosa ;  created  count  of 
Castile  and  commander  of  lago  and  ennobled  by  Louis 
XIV  ;  died  at  Ocana.  [xlii.  165] 

O'MAHONY,  JOHN  (1816-1877),  Irish  politician; 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  translated  Eeating's  Gaelic 
4  History  of  Ireland,'  1857 ;  seceded  from  O'Connell,  1845 : 
joined  Smith  O'Brien,  1848,  and  fought  on  borders  of 
Waterford  and  Kilkenny  ;  fled  to  France  ;  helped  to  found 
Emmet  Monument  Association  in  New  York,  1854 ;  co- 
operated with  Stephens  in  formation  of  Fenian  brother- 
hood, 1858,  and  directed  the  movement  in  America  till 
1867 ;  died  in  New  York,  but  was  buried  at  Glasnevin. 

[xlii.  167] 

O'MALLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1843),  major-general  ; 
volunteer  in  Oastlebar  yeomanry  during  Humbert's  in- 
vasion, 1798;  served  with  13th  foot  at  Ferrol  and  (1801) 
in  Egypt ;  assisted  in  recruiting  of  101st  foot  in  Mayo, 
with  which  be  served  in  New  Brunswick  and  Jamaica, 
1808-13 ;  commanded  second  battalion  44th  foot  at 
Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo,  being  there  wounded  and 
created  C.B. ;  major-general,  1841.  [xlii.  168] 

O'MALLEY,  GRACE  (1630?-1600  ?),  Irish  chief- 
tainess  (Graine  Ui  Maille  in  Irish);  in  local  traditions 
Graine  Mhaol;  married,  first,  the  chieftain  of  Balliua- 
hinch,  secondly,  the  chief  of  the  Burkes  of  Mayo ;  famous 
as  leader  of  expeditions  by  sea ;  allied  with  Sir  Henry 
Sidney,  1576  ;  captured  by  Desmond  and  brought  to 
Dublin,  1577-8:  eeized  by  Sir  Richard  Bingham  for 
plundering  Aran  island,  but  was  released;  fled  to  Ulster; 
pardoned  through  Ferret's  influence ;  died  in  great 
poverty.  [xlii.  169] 

O'MALLEY,  THADEUS  (1796-1877),  politician  ;  as  a 
priest  several  times  suspended  for  advocating  reforms  in 
ecclesiastical  discipline :  supported  Doyle's  poor-law  policy, 
and  national  education  for  Ireland;  rector  of  catholic 
university,  Malta ;  started  '  The  Social  Economist,'  1845  ; 
disputed  with  O'Connell  on  repeal,  and  published  the 
'Federalist';  supported  Butt's  movement,  1870;  issued 
1  Home  Rule  on  the  basis  of  Federalism,'  1873. 

[xlii.  170] 

O'MAOLMHTJAIDH,     FRANCIS    (fl.    1660).      [Sec 

MOLLOT.] 

O'MEARA,  BARRY  EDWARD  (1786-1836),  surgeon 
to  Napoleon  in  St.  Helena;  assistant-surgeon  with  the 
62nd  foot  in  Sicily,  Calabria,  and  Egypt ;  dismissed  the 
army  for  participation  in  a  duel  at  Messina,  1807 ;  nayal 
surgeon  on  the  Bellerophon  and  other  ships ;  surgeon  to 
Napoleon  at  St.  Helena  ;  dismissed  (1818)  for  intrigues 
witli  Napoleon ;  eulogised  by  Byron  in  '  Age  of  Bronze ' ; 
partisan  of  Queen  Caroline  and  O'Connell ;  wrote  pam- 
phlets against  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  [q.  v.]  and  denounced  his 
treatment  of  Napoleon  in  '  Napoleon  in  Exile,'  1822  ;  pub- 
lished also  'Observations  upon  the  Authenticity  of  Bour- 
rienne's  "  Memoirs,"  *  1831.  [xlii.  171] 

O'MEARA,  DERMOD  or  DERMITIUS  (fl.  1610). 
[See  M KARA.] 

O'MEARA,  EDMUND  (d.  1680).    [See  MKARA.] 

O'MEARA,  KATHLEEN  (1839-1888),  novelist  and 
biographer;  granddaughter  of  Barry  Edward  O'Meara 


[q.  r.]  ;  lived  in  Paris  ;  published  MX  novels,  1867-88,  also 
live*  of  Frederick  Ozanam,  1876,  Madame  Mohl,  1885,  and 

[xlii.  172] 

OMMANNEY,  Sin  JoHN  ACWnKTH  (1773-1855V 
admiral:  present  at  UridportV  engagement  off  Lorn  nt. 
1786:  caused  SwulMi  ni.T.-lmnt  ll.vt  to  be  search, 
contraband  of  war,  1799;  flag-captain  on  Newfoundland 
a.  1H04-G:  <;.n.  for  services  at  Navarino,  18*7  ; 
K.C.H..  183H;  coumiand.-r  on  Lisbon  station.  1837-40, 
Malta,  1840-1,  Devonport,  1851-4  :  admiral,  1849. 

[xliL  173] 

O'MOLLOY,  ALBIN  or  ALl'IN  <  fMOKLMHUAIDH 
(d.  1223),  bishop  of  Ferns,  1187-1228;  recommended  by 
King  John  for  archbishopric  of  Ca»hel,  1206;  nent  on 
mission  to  Connaught,  120H  ;  attended  council  at  Rome. 
1215:  excommunicated  William  Marshal,  flr«t  earl  of 
Pembroke  [q.  v.],  1216.  [xlii.  174] 

O'MOLLOY,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1660).    [See  MOLLOY.] 

O'MORAN,  JAMES  (1736-1794),  lieutenant-general 
in  French  service :  born  at  Elphin :  served  in  Germany, 
1760-1,  and  America,  1779-83  ;  fought  under  Dumonriez, 
1792;  general  of  division  (lieutenant-general),  1792; 
guillotined  in  the  revolution.  [xlii.  174] 

O'MORE,  RORY  (fl.  1554),  Irish  rebel  (Ruaidhri  og 
ua  Mordha).  [xllL  175] 

O'MORE,  RORY  or  RURY  OGE  (d.  1578),  Irish 
rebel:  son  of  Rory  O'More  (fl.  1654)  [q.  v.] ;  pardoned, 
1566;  fought  Ormonde  and  Queen  Elizabeth  at  the 
same  time,  1572  ;  protected  Desmond,  1672 ;  impli- 
cated with  Kildare,  1574;  pardoned  on  submission  to 
Sidney,  1576  :  attacked  the  Pale,  1677  ;  with  the  O'Connors 
burned  Naas  and  captured  Harrington,  but  was  after- 
wards defeated ;  killed  by  the  Fitzpatricks.  [xlii.  175] 

O'MORE,  RORY  (fl.  1620-1652),  Irish  rebel  (called 
ROGER  MOURR  or  MORE)  ;  assisted  in  concerting  rising  of 
1641  :  won  victory  at  Julianstown,  1641 ;  negotiated  with 
gentry  of  the  Pale  at  Crofty,  1641  ;  outlawed,  1642 ;  com- 
manded confederate  Irish  in  King's  and  Queen's  counties, 
1643  ;  among  Owen  Roe  O'Neill's  followers,  1644 ;  in  arms 
against  Kilkenny  confederation,  1648;  tried  to  effect 
arrangement  between  O'Neill  and  Ormonde,  1649 ;  com- 
manded foot  in  Connaught,  1650  ;  had  Clanricarde's  com- 
mission as  commander  in  Ldnster  ;  driven  into  island  of 
Bofin;  said  to  have  escaped  to  Scotland,  but  perhaps 
perished  in  Ireland;  the  most  humane  of  the  Irish 
leaders.  [xlii.  176] 

O'MTILOONRY,     FEARFEASA     (fl.     1636).      [See 

0'MAKLCHONAlRK.j 

O'MTILLEN,  THOMAS  (fl.  1685-1708).  [See  TAAFFK, 
JOHN.] 

O'NEAL  or  O'NEALE.    [See  also  O'NKU.L.] 
O'NEAL,  JEFFREY  HAMET  (fl.  1760-1772),  minia- 
ture-painter, [xlii.  178] 

O'NEIL,  O'NEAL,  and  O'NEALE.    [See  also  O'NEILL.] 

O'NELL,  HENRY  NELSON  (1817-1880X  historical 
painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  British  Inctitotion, 
and  Society  of  British  Artists;  his  'Boaz  and  Ruth* 
bought  by  Prince  Albert,  1844  ;  A.R.A.,  1860 :  published 
'Lectures  on  Painting,'  1866, ' Satirical  Dialogues,'  1870, 
and  other  works.  [xlii.  178] 

O'NEILL,  SIR  BRIAN  MACPHELQI  (d.  1574X  chief 
of  the  O'Neills  of  Clandeboye ;  cousin  of  Shane  O'Neill 
[q.  v.],  against  whom  and  other  rebellious  chiefs  he  fought 
in  interests  of  English  government:  knighted,  1567: 
served  against  Turlough  Luineach  O'Neill  [q.  v.],  but 
joined  with  him  in  ravaging  the  Ards,  1572, on  learning  of 
the  project  of  Sir  Thomas  Smith  (1513-1577)  [q.  v.]  to  plant 
them  with  Englishmen ;  compelled  by  Walter  Devereux, 
earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.],  to  submit,  1672,  but  was  again  in 
rebellion,  1573 ;  proclaimed  traitor,  1574,  and,  having  been 
pardoned,  was  put  to  death  at  Essex's  instigation. 

[Snppl.  iii.  234] 

O'NEILL,  CHARLES  HENRY  ST.  JOHN,  second 
VISCOUNT  and  first  EARL  O'NKILL  (1779-1841),  grand 
master  of  Irieh  Orangemen :  son  of  John  O'Neill,  first 
viscount  O'Neill  [q.  v.] ;  created  earl,  1800 ;  joint  post- 
master-general of  Ireland,  1807.  [xlii.  199] 

O'NEILL,  CON  BACAfH,  first  EARL  or  TYRONE 
(1484?-1559?X  grandson  of  Henry  O'Neill  (d.  148») 


O'NELLL 


070 


O'NEILI, 


[q.  T.I;  invaded  the  Pale.  15LU  but  wa*  conciliated  by 
Surrey,  the  viceroy  :  defeated  by  O'Donnell,  1522  .  intrii:..^ 
against  Ormonde.  152*  :  supported  rebellion  of  'Silken 
fhoma*,'  1534-5;  nttacked  Ardtflass.  is;j7  :  with  Ma 


O'Doonell  [q.  T.]  invad.d  tin-  rale,  but  \v;u«  defeated  b 
Lord  Leonard  Orey  [q.  v.]  at  Bullahoe,  1539  ;  again  invaded 
toe  Pate.  1541,  but  after  three  invasions  of  Tyrone  sub- 
to  St.  Leper,  went  to  England  (1542),  and  was 
learl  ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland,  1543,  his  authority 
Mbetqaently  becoming  diminished  in  Ireland  ;  obliged  to 
take  refuge  w.thm  the  Pale.  [xlii.  178] 

O'NEILL,  DANIEL  (1612?-1664),  royalist  soldier; 
nephew  of  Owen  Roe  O'NeUl  [q.  v.]  ;  became  a  protestant 
and  frequented  court  of  Charles  I  :  wounded  at  siege  of 
Breda,  1638  ;  an  active  enemy  of  Strafford  ;  captured  by 
the  SooU  at  Newburn,  1640;  implicated  in  army  plots; 
was  impeached,  but  escaped  from  the  Tower  of  London, 
1642:  fought  at  two  battles  of  Newbury,  1643  and  1644, 
and  at  Naseby,  1645,  and  commanded  Rupert's  foot  at 
Mantou  Moor,  1644;  accompanied  Randal  MacDonnell 
[q.  T.]  on  mission  to  Ormonde,  and  became  groom  of  the 
bedchamber  to  Charles  I,  1644;  went  to  Ireland  and 
negotiated  between  Ormonde  and  Owen  Roe,  1649  ;  de- 
fended Trim,  1649  ;  commanded  Ulster  army  during  Owen 
Roe's  illness;  made  terms  with  Ireton  :  captured  in  Scot- 
land bat  released,  1650;  joined  in  Charles  IPs  invasion  of 
1651  ;  subsequently  employed  in  royalist  intrigues  abroad, 
having  great  influence  with  Charles  II  ;  received  pension 
and  numerous  grants  of  land  at  Restoration  ;  postmaster- 
general,  1663  ;  nicknamed  •  Infallible  Subtle.'  [xlii.  181] 

O'NEILL,  ELIZA  (1791-1872).  [See  BECHKR,  ELIZA, 
LADY.] 

O'NEILL,  SIB  FELIM  (1604  7-1653).  [See  O'NKILL, 
SIR  PHELIM.] 

O'NEILL,  FLAITHBHBARTAOH  (<*.  1036),  king  of 
Ailech  ;  son  of  Muircheartach  [q.  v.]  ;  made  war  on 
Ulidians,  Meatb,  and  the  O'Donnells  ;  went  on  pilgrimage 
to  Rome,  1030.  [xlii.  134] 

O'NEILL,  GORDON  (d.  1704),  Irish  Jacobite  ;  son 
of  Sir  Phdim  O'Neill  [q.  v.]  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Tyrone, 
1689  ;  fought  at  Derry,  the  Boyne,  and  Aug  hrim  ;  after- 
wards colonel  in  French  service.  [xlii.  207] 

O'NEILL  .HENRY  (rf.  1392X  Irish  chief;  known  as 
Knri  aimhreidh  ('  The  Contentious  ').  [xlii.  185] 

O'NEILL,  HENRY  (<*.  1489),  chief  of  Cinel  Eoghain  ; 
son  of  Owen  or  Eoghan  O'Neill  [q.  v.]  ;  captured  by 
Neachtan  O'Donnell,  1431;  defeated  the  O'Donnells  In 
Donegal,  1435  ;  mutilated  Brian  O'Neill's  sons  ;  obtained 

HS*r  Jitt^rS  1442  :  dep08ed  hi8  father  and  b^arne 
chief  of  Oinel  Eoghain,  1455  ;  recognised  by  England 
1459;  plundered  Donegal;  resigned  chieftainship  to  his 

[xliL  185] 


M-  *?NRY  (1800-1880),  Irish  archaeologist: 

published  "The  Most  Interesting  of  the  Sculptured  Crosses 
of  Ancient  reUnd,'  1857,  and  •  Fine  Arts  and  Oivilisatio* 
of  Anoent  Ireland,'  1863.  [xlii.  186] 


'  lord  of   a™*  Eoghain 
de  Courcy,  1199;  deposedafter 
drfebyConnahtmen  at  Ballysadare. 


. — , BARON  OF  DUNOANNON  and 

Lrrv^n  r  TYI¥>SE  (i540?-"™).  grandson  of  Con 

*SS£  SK  H^&'ZL*. n"~~ —  - 


lived  in 


c 
Kovernment,  1687  :  submitted 

urlo     ' 


"iT"V7?J.  Pl^08*1  ODfler  re«tr»lnt  in  England  for 

}l"fh   Geimhleach,   1590  :    eloped   with  Mabel 

— ._•—,  1691 :  came  to  terms  with  Turloncrh  O'N'eill  at 

S"^1*11^**1  ?'NeU1- 1M8:  SS3«7^2££d 

SL?«7  Bagenml  against  Hugh  Maguire  [q.  v^g? 

•     ted  English 
outlawed ; 


aTamr?  R.        Y«eiu,  w    :  unwillingly  accoc 


signed  treaty  with  the  government,  1596,  but  negotiated 
with  Spain,  and  was  again  attacked  by  the  English, 
1597;  pardoned  on  submission  to  Ormonde,  1098;  soon 
rebelled  airain,  defeated  Bagenal,  1598,  and  invaded 
Minister  in  support  of  the  Sugan  Karl  ;  made  truce  with 
Essex,  1599,  but  invaded  Munster,  1600 ;  received  supplies 
from  Spain,  but  w-»s  obliged  to  act  on  the  defensive  in 
Ulster,  1601-2,  a  price  being  set  on  his  head ;  compelled 
to  retreat  north,  1603 ;  submitted  on  promise  of  pardon, 
liberty,  and  restoration  of  estates,  Iti03,  abjuring  title 
of  O'Neill  and  all  foreign  relations ;  well  received  by 
James  I  at  Hampton  Court,  1603,  but  regarded  with  dis- 
trust on  return  to  Ireland;  on  receipt  of  another  sum- 
mons to  Kngland  fled  with  Tyrcounel  to  France,  1607  ; 
compelled  to  withdraw  to  Spanish  Netherlands  ;  enter- 
tained at  Rome  by  Pope  Paul  V  from  1608  tillihis  death, 
permission  to  return  being  refused  him.  [xlii.  188] 

O'NEILL,  HUGH  (ft.  1642-1660),  major-general- 
nephew  of  Hugh  O'Neill  (1540  P-1616)  [q.  v.] ;  served  in 
Spanish  army:  came  to  Ireland  with  Owen  O'Neill,  KJ42  ; 
captured  by  British,  1643;  major-general  of  the  Irish  in 
Ulster  ('Mac-Art'),  1646-9;  as  governor  of  Olonmel, 
1650,  repulsed  Cromwell's  attack ;  obliged  to  surrender 
Limerick  to  Ireton,  1651;  condemned  to  death,  but  re- 
prieved as  Spanish  subject ;  after  release  from  the  Tower 
of  London,  1652,  returned  to  Spain.  [xlii.  197] 

O'NEILL,  HUGH  (1784-1824),  architectural  draughts- 
man ;  made  drawings  of  buildings  at  Oxford  and  Bristol. 

[xlii.  198] 

O'NEILL,  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  O'NEILL  in  the 
peerage  of  Ireland  (1740-1798),  politician;  created  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1762;  M.P.,  Randalstown,  1761, 
1769,  and  1776,  and  afterwards  for  Antrim  in  Irish  parlia- 
ment, 1783  and  1790;  one  of  the  Ulster  delegates  to 
national  convention,  1783 ;  member  of  deputation  of  Irish 
parliament  to  offer  regency  in  Ireland  to  George,  prince  of 
Wales,  1789 ;  created  baron,  1793,  viscount,  1795  ;  shot  by 
rebels  at  Antrim  in  rebellion.  [xlii.  198] 

O'NEILL,  JOHN  (1777  ?-1860  ?),  shoemaker  poet: 
wrote  temperance  verses  and  other  works ;  his '  Drunkard ' 
1840)  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  1842.  [xlii.  200] 

O'NEILL,  JOHN  BRUCE  RICHARD,  third  VISCOUNT 
O'NEILL  (1780-1855),  general ;  second  son  of  John  O'Neill, 
first  viscount  O'Neill  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Antrim,  1802-41  •  con- 
stable of  Dublin  Castle,  1811 ;  representative  peer,  1842. 

[xlii.  199] 

O'NEILL,   SIR   NEILL  or   NIALL,  second   baronet 
1658  ?-1690),  Irish  Jacobite ;  nephew  of  Richard  Talbot, 
earl  of  Tyrconnel  [q.  v.] ;  raised  regiment  of  dragoons 
.or  James  II,  1687 ;  present  at  siege 'of  Derry,  1689 :  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  Boyne,  1690.  [xlii.  200] 

O'NEILL,  OWEN  or  EOGHAN  (1380  ?-l456),  chief  of 
Jinel  Eoghain;  imprisoned  at  Dublin,  1399:  with  the 
O'Donnells  ravaged  Tyrone  and  expelled  the  O'Neill,  1419  ; 
lelped  English  to  attack  Connaught,  1422,  bnt  ravaged 
Louth,  1423 ;  after  capture  by  Sir  John  Talbot  [q.  v.] 
acknowledged  English  suzerainty,  1425,  but  attacked 
English  settlers  again,  1430 ;  chief  of  Cinel  Eoghain,  1432- 
1455  ;  defeated  Brian  Oge  O'Neill,  1435  ;  levied  blackmail  on 
the  Pale,  1436  ;  deposed  by  eldest  son,  1455.  [xlii.  201] 

O'NEILL,  OWEN  ROE  (16907-1649),  Irish  general: 
nephew  of  Hugh  O'Neill,  second  earl  of  Tyrone  [q.  v.] : 
served  in  Spanish  army  thirty  years  ;  chosen  general  by 
Ulstermen,  1642;  defeated  Scottish  army  under  Monro 
at  Benburb  1646 ;  checked  parliamentarians  in  Leinster, 
1647;  supported  Rinuccini's  opposition  to  treaty  with 
Ormonde,  and  was  declared  an  enemy  by  Kilkenny  con- 
federates, 1648  ;  was  acting  with  confederate  catholics  at 
his  death.  [xlii.  201] 

O'NEILL,  SIR  PHELIM  (1604  7-1653),  Irish  rebel 
(Feidlimidh  ruadh);  inherited  property  in  Armagh  and 
Tyrone ;  expelled  from  Irish  parliament  aa  rebel,  1641  ; 
concerted  rebellion  with  Antrim  and  nobles  of  the  Pale, 
1641 ;  captured  Obarlemont  Castle,  1641 ;  held  responsible 
for  outrages,  but  (1653)  acquitted  of  Caulfeild's  murder; 
chosen  commander  of  northern  forces  of  rebels  ;  forged 
commission  from  Charles  I,  1641 ;  captured  Lurgan  and 
Strabane,  but  failed  elsewhere,  1641 ;  made  governor  of 
Meath  and  director  of  siege  of  Drogheda  by  lords  of  the 
Pale;  proclaimed  traitor,  1642;  defeated  (1642)  at  Glen- 
maquin  and  passage  of  the  Black  water  ;  yielded  command 
to  Owen  Roe  O'NeUl  [q.  v.],  but  intrigued  with  confederate 


O'NEILL 


977 


OPIE 


catholics  against  him ;  supported  Ormonde's  pacific  over* 
tures,  1646 ;  nominated  commissioner  of  trust  for  govern- 
ment of  Ireland  and  governor  of  Cbarleinout,  1618; 
capitulated  to  parliament,  1650;  betrayed  and  captured 
by  ( 'aulfeild  in  Tyrone,  1653 ;  tried  and  executed  as  traitor 
at  Dublin.  [xlii.  •.'<;»] 

O'NEILL,  SHANE,  second  EARL  OF  TTRONK.  •  Tin- 
Proud'  (1530?-1567),  eldest  son  of  Con  Bacacb  O'Neill 
[q.  v.] ;  refused  to  submit  to  supersession  by  bis  younger 
brother  Matthew  (Dungaunon),  and  raised  faction  against 
him;  intrigued  with  the  Antrim  Scots;  expelled  Inn 
father  and  Duugauuon,  1656  ;  defeated  by  the  O'Donnells, 
1556 ;  murdered  bis  brother,  1568 ;  recognised  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  on  accession,  but  recognition  revoked.  1560 ; 
captured  Calvagh  O'Donnell  [q.  v.]  and  harassed  English 
army ;  attempts  made  to  assassinate  him  by  Sussex ; 
signed  treaty  with  Kildarc  and  went  to  England,  1562, 
making  public  submission  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  but  In- 
trigued with  Spanish ;  acknowledged  as  captain  of  Tyrone, 
1562,  but  failed  to  keep  conditions  of  restoration  ;  made 
advantageous  treaty  with  English  at  Drumcree,  1563; 
destroyed  Scottish  settlements  in  Antrim  and  captured 
chiefs  of  the  MacDonnells,  1565 ;  intrigued  in  support  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  offered  submission  to  France  in 
exchange  for  help  against  England ;  invaded  the  Pale,  but 
failed  before  Dundalk,  1566  ;  burned  Armagh,  1566  :  made 
overtures  to  Desmond  and  Argyll ;  defeated  by  the 
O'Donnells  at  Letterkenny,  1567  ;  took  refuge  with  the 
MacDonnells,  taking  back  their  chiefs  with  him  ;  murdered 
by  them  at  Cushendun,  at  instigation  of  governor  of 
Carrickfergus,  who  obtained  reward  for  his  head. 


[xliL  208] 
LOT 


O'NEILL,  SIR  TURLOUGH  LUINEAOH  (1530?- 
1595),  lord  of  Tyrone ;  tried  to  supplant  bis  cousin  Shane 
O'Neill  [q.  v.],  1662  ;  murdered  Brian,  baron  of  Dungauuon, 
1562;  inaugurated  O'Neill,  1567;  protested  loyalty,  but 
allied  himself  with  O'Donnell  and  MacQuillin ;  resisted 
colonisation  of  Antrim,  1572 ;  signed  treaty  with  Essex, 
1575;  a  title  proposed  for  him  on  recommendation  of 
Sidney,  but  withdrawn  in  consequence  of  his  ambiguous 
attitude ;  made  another  peace,  1580  :  but  refused  to  sur- 
render William  Nugent  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied  Perrot 
against  the  Scots,  1583,  and  agreed  to  surrender  territory 
to  Tyrone ;  defeated  Tyrone  when  attacked  by  him  at 
Carricklea,  1688;  resigned  chieftainship  in  his  favour 
after  some  fighting,  1593  ;  died  when  attempting  to  reach 
Dublin.  [xlii.  213] 

O'NEILL,  WILLIAM  CHICHESTER,  first  BARON 
O'NKILL  (1813-1883),  musical  composer;  of  Shrewsbury 
School ;  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  son  of  the 
Rev.  Edward  Chichester;  assumed  name  of  O'Neill  on 
coming  into  possession  of  family  estates,  1835;  peerage 
restored,  1868.  [xlii.  216] 

ONSLOW,  ARTHUR  (1691-1768),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons ;  descendant  of  Sir  Richard  Onslow 
(1601-1664)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Winchester  College  and  Wadhain 
College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1713 ;  recorder 
of  Ouildford,  1737  ;  whig  M.P.,  Quildford,  1720-7,  Surrey, 
1728-61 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1728-61 : 
privy  councillor,  1728 ;  chancellor  to  Queen  Caroline,  1729 ; 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  1734-42  ;  opposed  regency  bill, 
1761 ;  received  annuity  for  three  lives  and  freedom  of  the 
city,  1761  ;  a  trustee  of  British  Museum  ;  appended  notes 
to  Burnet  and  Hatsell.  [xlii.  216] 

ONSLOW,  GEORGE  (1731-1792),  politician  ;  nephew 
of  ArthurOnslow  [q.  v.] ;  lieu  tenant-colonel  in  foot  guards, 
1759;  M.P.,  Guildford,  1760-84;  opposed  expulsion  of 
Wilkes ;  took  leading  part  in  proceeding*  against  printers 
of  parliamentary  debates  and  was  hanged  in  effigy,  1771 ; 
at  first  a  supporter  of  Rockingbam,  but  afterwards  of 
Graf  ton  and  North  ;  in  favour  of  giving  up  Gibraltar. 

[xlii.  218] 

ONSLOW,  GEORGE,  first  EARL  OP  OXSLOW  (1731- 
1814),  politician  ;  eon  of  Arthur  Onslow  [q.  v.] ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Peter-house,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1766 ; 
M.P.,  Rye,  1751-61,  Surrey,  1761-76 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
under  Rockingbam,  1765 ;  privy  councillor,  1767  ;  moved 
invalidation  of  Wilkes's  election  for  Middlesex,  1769;  non- 
suited in  action  for  libel  against  Home  Tooke,  1770; 
awarded  damages  in  new  trial  but  judgment  arrested 
on  technical  grounds,  1771 ;  introduced  bill  taking  away 
privilege  from  members'  servants,  1770,  but  generally 
supported  parliamentary  privilege;  created  Baron  Cran- 
ky, 1776,  succeeding  to  Onflow  barony  the  same  year; 


comptroller  of  tbe  household,  1777,  and  treasurer,  1779 ; 
lord  <>f  the  bedchamber  from  1780  ;  present  at  marriage 
of  George,  prince  of  Wales  with  Mrs.  FiUberbert,  1786; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Surrey;  created  earl,  1801.  [xlii.  219] 

ONSLOW,  UBORGB  or  GEORGES  (1784-1853),  mu- 
sical composer ;  grandson  of  George  Ouslow,  flr»t  earl  of 
Onblow  [q.  v.]  ;  lived  and  died  at  Clermont-Ferrand, 
Auvergne;  studied  under  Hullinuudel  and  J.  B.  Cramer  in 
KnirUnd,  and  afterwards  in  Paris;  original  honorary 
member  of  London  Philharmonic  Society,  1812 ;  president 
of  the  Institut  de  France,  1842;  composed  quintet*,  sym- 
phonies, quartets,  sonatas  for  pianoforte,  and  trios  for 
piano,  violin,  and  violoncello,  beside,  three  operas. 

ONSLOW,  RICHARD  (1528-1571),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple ;  recorder 
of  London,  1563;  M.P.,  Steyuing,  16*7-71;  solicitor- 
general,  1566  ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Common*,  1566-71 ; 
probable  author  of  'Arguments  relating  to  Sea  Landes 
and  Salt  Shores '  (edited,  1855).  [xlii.  222] 

ONSLOW,  SIR  RICHARD  (1601-1664),  parliamenta- 
rian ;  grandson  of  Richard  Onslow  (1528-1671)  [q.T.]; 
knighted,  1624 ;  M.P.  for  Surrey,  1628-9  and  in  Short  and 
Long  parliaments;  raised  a  regiment  for  parliament, 
1642  ;  one  of  tbe  colonels  at  siege  of  Basing  House,  1644 ; 
libelled  in  Witber's  'Justiciarius  Justlficatus,'  1646;  one 
of  the  secluded  members,  1647,  but  sat  in  Cromwell's  two 
parliament* ;  member  of  Cromwell's  upper  bouse,  1657,  of 
Richard's  parliament,  1659,  and  of  tbe  Convention  parlia- 
ment ;  intimate  with  Ashley  Cooper  (Shaftesbury). 

[xlii.  223] 

ONSLOW,  RICHARD,  first  BAROX  ONSLOW  (1654- 
1717),  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons;  grandson  of 
Sir  Richard  Onslow  (1601-1664)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Guildford, 
1679-87,  Surrey,  1689-1710  and  1713-16,  and  St.  Mawes, 
1710-13 ;  speaker,  1708-10 :  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1690- 
1693  ;  privy  councillor,  1710 ;  chancellor  of  tbe  exchequer, 
1714-16  ;  created  peer,  1716.  [xlii.  224] 

ONSLOW,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1741-1817), 
admiral,  brother  of  George  Onslow  (1731-1792)  [q.  v.]  ; 
took  part  in  repulse  of  D'Estaiug  in  tbe  Cul-de-sac,  1778, 
and  in  reliefs  of  Gibraltar,  1781,  1782;  second  in  com- 
mand in  North  Sea,  1796 ;  created  baronet  for  bis  services 
at  Cainperdowii  and  given  freedom  of  the  city,  1797; 
G.O.B.,  1815.  [xlii.  225] 

ONSLOW,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  OXSLOW  (1755- 
1827),  M.P.,  Rye,  1775-84,  Guildford,  1784-1806. 

[xlii.  221] 

ONWHYN,  THOMAS  (rf.  1886),  humorous  draughts- 
man and  engraver;  executed  'illegitimate'  illustration* 
to  Dickens's  works,  1837-8 ;  illustrated  works  by  Cockton 
and  others.  [xlii.  225] 

OPICIUS,  JOHANNES  (Jl.  1497),  writer  of  poems  in 
praise  of  Henry  VII.  [xllL  226] 

OPIE,  MRS.  AMELIA  (1769-1853),  novelist  and  poet ; 
m:e  Alderson  :  sought  in  marriage  by  Thomas  Holcroft 
[q.  v.]  ;  married  John  Opie  [q.  v.],  1798 :  her  tale  '  Father 
and  Daughter'  well  received,  1801,  also  her  poems,  1802; 
met  Fox  and  other  celebrities  In  Paris  ;  published '  Adeline 
Mowbray '  (suggested  by  story  of  Mary  Wollstonecraft), 
1804,  and  'Simple  Tales,'  1806;  wrote  memoir  of  her 
husband,  1809 ;  paid  frequent  visits  to  London  and  saw 
much  good  society  ;  became  a  quakcr  under  influence  of 
the  Gurneys,  1825 ;  ceased  writing  stories  after  1822,  but 
issued  'Illustrations  of  Lying,'  1826,  'Detraction  Dis- 
played,' 1828, and  'Lays  for  the  Dead,'  1833;  much  occu- 
pied in  philanthropic  movements ;  a  street  in  Norwich 
named  after  her ;  intimate  with  Sydney  Smith,  Sheridan, 
Madame  de  Stael,  and  Lady  Cork.  [xlii.  226] 

OPIE,  JOHN  (1761-1807),  portrait  and  historical 
painter;  eon  of  a  Cornish  carpenter;  when  employed  as 
a  travelling  portrait-painter  met  Dr.  Wolcot  ('  Peter 
Pindar');  came  with  him  to  London,  1780;  introduced 
to  tbe  court  through  Mrs.  Boscaweu,  and  became  fashion- 
able as  '  tbe  Cornish  wonder';  received  commission  from 
George  III  and  painted  many  court  ladies,  1782,  when  he 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Academy;  elected  A.R.A.  after 
exhibition  of  'Assassination  of  Rizzio,'  1787;  RJU  1788; 
much  employed  in  illustrating ;  having  divorced  first 
wife  married  Amelia  Alderson  [see  OPIK,  AMELIA],  1798 ; 
lectured  as  professor  of  painting  at  tbe  Academy,  1807 ; 

3  R 


O'QUTNTST 


978 


O'REILLY 


died  chiefly  of  overwork;  buried  In  St  Paul's.  He 
Minted  Dr.  Johnson  three  time*,  also  Fox,  Burke,  Southey, 
Bartoloni,  Mr».  Inchbald,  an.1  M  .  >.  Shflloy.  [xlii.  230] 


,  JKUKMIAH  (./.  1657),  Irish  presbyterian  ; 
M.A.  <;ia.«<row,  1644;  as  minister  of  Hilly.  <-u.  Antrim, 
MMMBded  lor  rrfusiuc  to  mid  tin-  Helfant  representation 
against  execution  of  Charles  I  ;  after  submission  in  pre<- 
bytery,  IMS,  became  intermediary  between  it  nnd  govern- 
ment. [xlii.  333] 

ORAM,  EDWARD  (/I.  1770-1800X  landscape-painter  ; 
son  of  William  Gram  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  234] 

ORAM.  WILLIAM  (rf.  1777),  painter  and  architect  ; 
employed  at  Buckingham  House  and  Hampton  Court. 

[xlii.  234] 
ORANGE,  PRINCKSS  OF  (1631-1660).    [See  MART.] 

ORCHEYERD  or  ORCHARD.  WILLIAM  (rf.  1504), 
maaon  and  architect  ;  employed  by  Wayneflete  at  Mag- 
dalen  College,  Oxford,  and  at  Eton.  [xlii.  235] 

ORD,  CRAVEN  (1756-1838),  antiquary  ;  nephew  ot 
Robert  Ord  [q.  r.]  ;  rice-president  of  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries and  V.fLS,  ;  assisted  Gough,  Nichols,  and  others  ; 
formed  fine  collection  of  impressions  of  brasses  and  of 
historical  manuscripts;  bis  Suffolk  collections  in  the 
British  Museum.  [xlii.  235] 

ORD,  SIR  HARRY  ST.  GEORGE  (1819-1885),  colonial 
governor  and  major-general  ;  served  with  royal  engineers 
at  Bomarsund,  1854  :  reported  on  naval  works  at  Ascen- 
sion, 1860  :  employed  on  West  African  questions,  1856-7  ;  . 
lieutenant-governor  of  Dominica,  1857-60;   governor  of  I 
the  Bermudas,  1860-6  ;  first  colonial  governor  of  Straits  j 
Settlement*,  1867-73,  of  South  Australia,  1877-9;  major-  ( 
1869  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1881.  [xlii.  236] 


ORD,  JOHN  (1729  ?-1814),  lawyer  and  politician,  son 
of  Robert  Ord  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1750,  and  lay  fellow  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  master 
in  chancery,  1778,  and  sometime  chairman  of  committees 
in  House  of  Commons  ;  M.P.  successively  for  Midhurst, 
Hastings,  and  Wendover  (1774-90).  [xlii.  238] 

ORD,  JOHN  WALKER  (1811-1853),  journalist  and 
author  ;  edited  '  Metropolitan  Literary  Journal  '  and  '  Bri- 
tannia'; published  poems  and  'History  and  Antiquities 
of  Cleveland,'  1846.  [xlii.  237] 

ORD  or  ORDE,  ROBERT  (d.  1778),  chief  baron  of 
Scottish  exchequer.  [xlii.  238] 

ORDE,  8m  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1751-1824),  admiral; 
commanded  Zebra  at  reduction  of  Philadelphia,  1778; 
present  at  reduction  of  Charleston,  1780  ;  created  baronet^ 
790,  for  services  as  governor  of  Dominica  (appointed 
17K3):  when  third  in  command  under  St.  Vincent  made 
complaints  of  supersession  by  Nelson  and  Curtis  :  com- 
manded squadron  off  FinHterre,  1804-5;  admiral,  1805; 
M.r.,  Yarmouth  (lale  of  Wight),  1807-24.  [xlii.  238] 

ORDE,  afterwards  ORDE-POWLETT,  THOMAS 
fln-t  KARON  BOI.TOX  (1746-1807),  chief  secretary  for  Ire-' 
land  ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Orde  [q.  v.]  ;  while  fellow  of 
£u£?  ^SV1  C'111101^'  <***«*  portraits  of  local  cele- 
brities ;  M.  A.,  1773;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn;  F.S.A., 
1775;  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1780-4,  Harwich,  1784-96,  and  in 
Irish  parliament  for  Rathcormack,  1784-90:  drew  up  fifth 
report  of  secret  committee  on  Indian  affairs,  1781  •  secre- 
tary to  the  treasury  under  Shelburue,  1782;  as  Irish  aecre- 
ry  introduced  propositions  for  commercial  union  with 
England,  1786,  and  carded  scheme  of  Irish  education, 
:  .created  peer,  1797;  governor  of  Isle  of  Wight, 
1791  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Hampshire,  1800  ;  friend  of  Rom- 

[xlii.  239] 


iw  VITAL  (1075- 

«?),  author  of  '  Historia  Ecclesiastica  '  :  born  in  Bng- 

Und,  but  throughout  his  life  a  monk  of  St.  Evroult 
Sonnandy  ;  vWted  Croyland  and  Worcester  ;  his  work 
ompleted,  1141  (valuable  after  jwriod  of  Norman  Con- 

Sw?h  KfSiS'L'Z  Dud"*"<'<  ltjl».  translated  into 
French,  1825,  and  into  English,  1853-5  (Bohu). 

ORDOAR  or  OROAR  (d.  971Xealdonnauofllb2ton. 


8herlff 

[xlii.  243] 


ORDGAR  or  ORGAR  (>t.  1097?),  English  noble;  ac- 
cused  E<lgar  Atheling  of  treason,  aud  was  killed  in  combat 
with  his  champion.  [xlii.  243] 

ORDISH,  ROWLAND  MASoN  <  is-.M -1886),  engineer  : 
made  drawings 'for  buildings  of  exhibition  of  1851,  and 
was  employed  in  their  re-erection  at  Sydcnham  ;  patented 
'  straight  chain  suspension '  system  for  bridges,  1858  ;  de- 
signed roofs  of  St.  Pancras  and  other  stations  and  of  the 
Albert  Hall ;  president  of  Society  of  Engineers,  I860. 

[xlii.  243] 

O'REILLY,  ALEXANDER  (1722  ?-1794),  Spanish 
general ;  born  in  Ireland ;  served  against  Austrians  in 
Italy;  in  Austrian  service  against  Prussians;  joined 
French  army,  1759,  but  soon  re-entered  Spanish  service : 
served  in  Portuguese  war,  1762;  became  governor  of 
Havana  and  Louisiana ;  governor  of  Madrid  during 
emeute  of  1765  ;  commanded  disastrous  expedition  against 
Algiers,  1775 ;  commander-in-chief  in  Andalusia  and 
governor  of  Cadiz ;  died  when  about  to  lead  army  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees  against  French.  [xlii.  244] 

O'REILLY,  ANDREW  (1742-1832),  Austrian  general 
of  cavalry  ;  born  in  Ireland  ;  served  in  Bavarian  succes- 
sion war,  and  against  the  Turks  and  in  Flanders ;  cap- 
tured by  French,  1796 ;  distinguished  himself  in  Italy, 
1800,  and  at  Ooldrerio,  1805  ;  as  governor  of  Vienna  sur- 
rendered to  Napoleon,  1809.  [xlii.  246] 

O'REILLY,  EDMUND  (1606-1669),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh ;  prefect  of  college  of  Irish  secular 
ecclesiastics  at  Louvain  ;  vicar-general  of  Dublin,  1642-9 ; 
governor  of  Wicklow,  1642 ;  deprived  of  vicar-generalship 
on  suspicion  of  treachery,  1649,  but  restored,  1650;  con- 
victed of  murder,  1654,  but  pardoned ;  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  c.  1654 ;  lived  at  Lille  till  1667 ;  ordered  to  with- 
draw from  Ireland,  1660 ;  remained  at  Rome  five  years ; 
attended  Dublin  synod,  1666;  again  banished,  1666;  died 
at  Saumur.  [xlii.  246] 

O'REILLY,  EDMUND  JOSEPH  (1811-1878),  Irish 
Jesuit  provincial ;  studied  at  Rome ;  professor  of  theology 
at  Maynooth,  1838-50  ;  teacher  at  St.  Beuno's  college  and 
in  the  Roman  catholic  university  of  Ireland ;  superior  of 
Milltown  Port,  Dublin,  1859-78 :  Irish  Jesuit  provincial, 
1863-70 ;  his  '  Relations  of  the  Church  to  Society'  issued, 
1892.  [xlii.  247] 

O'REILLY,  EDWARD  (d.  1829),  compiler  of  'Irish- 
English  Dictionary '  (1817) ;  published  also 'Chronological 
Account  of  nearly  four  hundred  Irish  Writers,'  1820,  and 
prize  essays  on  theBrehon  laws,  1824,  and  the  authenticity 
of  Macpherson's  'Ossian,'  1829.  [xlii.  247] 

O'REILLY,  HUGH  (1580-1653),  Roman  catholic 
bishop  of  Kilmore,  1625-8,  and  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
1628-53.  [xlii.  246] 

O'REILLY,  HUGH  (d.  1695  ?).    [See  REILLY.] 

O'REILLY,  JOHN  BOYLE  (1844-1890),  Irish  revolu- 
tionist and  author;  enlisted  in  10th  hussars,  really  as 
Fenian  agent ;  sentenced  to  death  by  court-martial,  but 
his  sentence  commuted  to  penal  servitude,  1866;  escaped 
from  West  Australia  in  American  whaler,  1869;  ufter 
cruising  in  Indian  Ocean  settled  in  Boston,  Massachusetts ; 
took  part  in  O'Neill's  invasion  of  Canada,  1870,  and  in 
organising  rescue  by  the  Catalpa  of  convicts  in  West 
Australia,  1876;  edited  the  'Pilot'  and  published  four 
volumes  of  poems  and  the  convict  story  'Moondyne,' 
1880 ;  died  at  Boston,  Massachusetts.  [xlii.  248] 

O'REILLY,  MILES  (pseudonym).  [See  HALI-IN  or 
HALPINE,  CHARLES  GRAHAM,  1829-1868.] 

O'REILLY,  MYLES  WILLIAM  PATRICK  (1825- 
1880),  Irish  politician;  B.A.  London,  1846;  LL.D.  Rome: 
commanded  Irish  brigade  in  papal  service:  ns  M.r.  for 
Longford  (1862-79)  supported  Butt ;  assistant-oommi*- 
siouer  of  intermediate  education,  1879 ;  compiler  of  a 
work  on  Irish  catholic  martyrs,  1868.  [xlii.  250] 

O'REILLY,  PHILIP  MArHUGH  (d.  1657  ?),  Irish 
rebel ;  prominent  in  Irish  parliament  as  member  for 
Cavuii,  1C39-41  ;  active  promoter  of  rebellion  in  the 
county,  though  discouraging  outrage;  besieged  I>n>-h.-d:i 
and  captured  other  places,  1(',42  ;  colonel  under  Owen  Hoc 
O'Neill  [q.  v.],  his  brother-in-law:  commissioner  in  the 
confederate's  treaty  with  royalists,  1646;  captured,  ir.17 : 
served  under  Hugh  O'Neill  (jl.  1642-1660)  [q.  v.]  at 
Clonmel,  1650  ;  laid  down  his  arms  and  went  abroad, 
1653  ;  died  at  Louvain  in  Spanish  service.  [xlii.  250] 


OBEM 


O'ROURKE 


OREM,  WILLIAM  (Jt.  1702),  author  ol  » Description 
of  the  Chanonry,  Cathedral,  and  King's  Coll. 
Aberdeen,'  printed,  1791.  [xlii.  252] 

ORFORD,  EARLS  OK.  [Sec  RUSHELL,  EDWARD,  1653- 
1727:  WAI.I-OLK,  SIK  KDUKHT,  first  HAUL  of  the  second 
creation,  1G70-1715;  WAU-OI.K,  H«.H.MI..,  fourth  EARL, 
1717-1797.] 

ORFORD,  KOBERT  (Jt.  1890),  Dominican  writer. 

[xlii.  252] 
ORFORD,  ROBERT  (rf.  1310),  bluhop 

of  Kly,  l:".f.i  i:;n-j;  i.i-iiop.  HiiiL-  in;  refused  continuation 
in  see  by  Archbi.-lmp  Winclidsra,  but  upheld  by  the  pope 
after  visit  to  Rome.  [xlii.  262] 

ORGER,  Miis.  MARY  ANN  (1788-1849),  actress; 
nit  Ivers  ;  married  George  Orger,  1804 ;  appeared  as  Lydia 
Languish  at  Dritry  Lane,  London,  1808 ;  afterward* 
acted  at  the  Lyceum,  London ;  with  Vestris  at  the 
Olympic  and  Covent  Garden,  London,  but  after  1816 
usually  seen  at  Drury  Lan«  ;  excelled  in  broad  farce. 

[xlii.  253] 

ORIEL,  first  BARON  (1740-1828).  [See  FOSTER,  JOHN. J 

ORIVALLE,  HUGH  DK  (d.  1085),  bishop  of  London, 
1075-K5  ;  a  leper.  [xlii.  254] 

ORKNEY,  EARLS  OF.  {See  PAUL,  d.  1099  ;  SIM -I.AIK, 
SIR  HKXRY,  first  EARL,  d.  1400?;  SINCLAIR,  HKNKY, 
second  EARL,  d.  1418 ;  SINCLAIR,  SIR  WILLIAM,  EARL  OF 
CAITHXKSS,  1404V-1480;  STKWART,  ROBERT,  d.  1593; 
STKWART,  PATRICK,  d.  1614  ;  HAMILTON,  LORD  GBOBUR, 
1666-1737.] 

ORKNEY,  COUNTESS  OF  (1657  ?-1733).  [See  VILLIKW, 
ELIZABETH.] 

ORLEANS,  DUCHESS  OF,  fifth  daughter  of  Charles  I. 
(1644-167U).  [See  HENRIETTA  or  HENRIETTE  ANNK.] 

ORLTON  or  ORLETON,  ADAM  OF  (d.  1345).  [See 
ADAM.] 

ORM  or  ORMIN  (fl.  1200?),  author  of  'Ormulum' 
(metrical  paraphrases  of  the  gospels  of  the  year,  with 
commentary) ;  Augustiuian  mouk  of  north-east  Mercia ; 
unique  manuscript  of  his  'Ormulum'  in  Bodleian,  pro- 
bably author's  own  copy  (first  printed  by  R.  Meadows 
White,  1852).  [xliL  254] 

ORME,  DANIEL  (1766  ?-1832  ?),  portrait- painter  and 
engraver  to  George  III;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1797-1801,  and  at  Manchester.  [xlii.  255] 

ORME,  ROBERT  (1728-1801),  author  of  •  History  of 
the  Military  Transactions  of  the  British  Nation  in  Indo- 
stan  from  1745'  (vol.  i.  1763,  ii.,  iii.  1778);  educated  at 
Harrow  ;  entered  service  of  East  India  Company,  1743 ; 
as  member  of  Madras  council,  1754-8,  recommended 
appointment  of  Olive  to  command  against  Suruj-ud- 
Dowlah;  commissary-general,  1757-8;  captured  by 
French  on  voyage  to  England,  1759 ;  historiographer  to 
East  India  Company ;  published  '  Historical  Fragments 
of  the  Mogul  Empire,  the  Morattoes,  and  English  Con- 
cerns in  Indostan  from  1659 '  (1782) ;  intimate  with  Dr. 
Johnson  ;  his  collections  of  Indian  tracts  aud  manuscripts 
preserved  at  India  office.  [xlii.  256] 

ORME,  WILLIAM  (1787-1830),  nonconformist  bio- 
grapher; aided  in  formation  of  Congregational  Union 
of  Scotland,  1813;  pastor  of  Camberwell  Green,  London, 
1824 ;  foreign  secretary  of  London  Missionary  Society, 
1824 ;  published  memoirs  of  John  Owen,  1820,  William 
Kiffin,  1823,  John  Urquhart,  1827,  and  •  Life  and  Times 
of  Baxter'  (posthumously,  1830).  [xlii.  257] 

ORMEROD,  EDWARD  LATHAM  (1819-1873), 
physician  ;  sixth  son  of  George  Onnerod  [q.  v.] :  educated 
at  Rugby  aud  Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.D.,  1851 ; 
F.R.S.,  1872  i  physician  to  Sussex  County  Hospital,  1853; 
author  of  pathological  papers  in  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital  Reports,  and  '  British  Social  Wasps,'  1868. 

[xlii.  258] 

ORMEROD,  GEORGE  (1785-1873),  author  of '  History 
of  the  County  Palatinate  and  City  of  Chester,'  1819 :  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford;  D.C.L.,  1818;  F.R.S.,  1819; 
published  ^eneulogical  works  relating  to  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,  and  papers  on  Roman  and  British  remains  in 
Gloucestershire.  [xlii.  958] 

ORMEROD,  GEORGE  WAREING  (1810-1891), 
geologist ;  sou  of  George  Ormerod  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Brasenoee 


Collet,  ^xford,  1*36 :  published  papers  on  Devonshire 

and  Cheshire   formation,.  ;    indexed  pub. 

Geological  Society.  . .  260] 

ORMEROD.  oLIVKIl  (1580?-16MX  controversialist : 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1599 ;  held  livings 
in  Somerset ;  published  treatises  against  puritans  and 
Roman  catholics.  [  \  1  u .  260  ] 

ORMEROD,  WILLIAM  IMEi'.s  (1818-1860),  anatomist 
and  surgeon :  son  of  George  Ormenxi  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of 
Sir   James   Paget:    demonstrator    in    anatom 
Bartholomew's,  1836-44;  practised  at  Oxford  ;  published 
'Clinical  Collections  and  Observations  In  Surgery,'  1846. 

[xlii.  Ml] 

OBJESBY  or  ORMSBY,  WILLIAM  DK  d.  1317), 
judge  ;  justice  in  eyre  for  northern  counties  ot  ~ 


1 2:r.'  ;  m.stice  of  king's  bench,  1296 ;  as  justice  of  ticoUand 
carried  out  with  some  harshness  Edward  I's  measures,  and 
was  attacked  at  Scone,  1297 ;  chief  of  justices  of  trail- 
baston  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1305 ;  continued  to  act 
under  Edward  II  aud  to  be  summoned  to  parliament. 

ORMIDALE,  Lt  HD  (1802-1880).  [See  HAcrAm^.N-F, 
ROBERT.] 

ORMIN  (/.  1200  ?).    [See  ORM.] 

ORMISTON,  LORD  (1656-1736).  [See  COCKBURN, 
ADAM.] 

ORMOND,  LORD  (1530  ?-1592).  [See  CHAMBERS, 
DAVID.] 

ORMONDE,  DUKKH  or.  [See  BUTLER,  JAMES,  first 
DUKK,  1610-1688;  BUTLKII,  JAMKS  second  DUKE,  166*- 
1745.J 

ORMONDE,  first  EARL  OK  (1609-1656).  [See  DOUGLAS, 

ARCHIBALD.] 

ORMONDE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  BUTLER,  JAM»,  second 
EARL,  1331-1382 ;  BUTLER,  JAMKS,  fourth  EARL,  d.  1452 : 
BUTUR,JAJCBL  fifth  EARL,  1420- 1461 ;  BUTLEK,  JOHN, 
sixth  EARL,  d.  1478;  BUTLER,  SIR  PIERCE,  eighth  EARL 
d.  1539;  BUTLER,  THOMAS,  tenth  EARL,  1532-1614; 
BUTLER,  WALTER,  eleventh  EARL,  1569-1633;  BUTLKR, 
JAMES,  twelfth  EARL,  161U-1688.] 

ORMONDE,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1497),  lord-treaenrer  of 
Ireland;  natural  sou  of  James  Butler,  fifth  earl  of  Or- 
monde [q.  v.];  called  'Black  James';  knighted  for  ser- 
vices in  Ireland  during  Simnel's  rising ;  lord-treasurer  of 
Ireland,  1492-4 ;  as  acting  head  of  his  family  engaged  in 
constant  feuds  with  Kildare  aud  the  Geraldines  ;  served 
with  Poynings  against  Warbeck,  1494;  killed  by  Kir 
Piers  Butler  near  Kilkenny.  [xlii.  262] 

ORMSBY,  JOHN  (1829-1895),  author;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1843  ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1848:  pub- 
lished translations  from  Spanish,  including  'Poenia  del 
Cid'  (in  English  verse  and  prose),  1879,  and  'Don 
Quixote,'  1885.  [Suppl.  iii.  235] 

ORMSBY,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1317).    [See  ORMEBBY.] 

ORNSBY,  GEORGE  (1809-1886),  antiquary  ;  vicar  of 
Ffcblake,  1850;  hon.  M.A.  Durham,  1872;  F.S.A.,  1873; 
prebendary  of  York,  1879  ;  published  'Sketches  of  Dur- 
ham,' 1846,  and  '  Diocesan  History  of  York,'  1882  ;  edited 
Dean  Granville's  'Remains'  (vol.  i.  1861,  vol.  li.  1866),  and 
Cosin's  'Correspondence'  (two volumes),  1869-72. 

[xlii.  268] 

ORNSBY,  ROBERT  (1820-1889),  classical  scholar  and 
biographer:  brother  of  George  Ornsby  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1840 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1843 ;  M.A. ;  became  a  Romanist,  1847  ;  tome 
time  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  Irish  Catholic 
University ;  fellow  of  Royal  University  of  Ireland,  1882 ; 
published  lives  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales,  1866,  and  of  Jstnes 
Robert  Hope-Scott,  1884;  published  'The  Greek  Testa- 
ment from  Cardinal  Mai's  edition  of  the  Vatican  Bible,* 
1860.  [*lii.  **»] 

ORONSAY,  BARON  (1793-1874).  [See  McNuu, 
DrxcAN,  BARON  OOLONBAY  aud  OKONKAY.] 

O'ROURKE,  SIR  IillIAN-KA-MUKTHA  (d.  1691), 
declared  the  O'Rourke,  1664  ;  knighted  and  allowed  to 
regain  possession  of  Leitrim  by  the  English,  1678,  but 
rebelled,  1680;  invaded  Oonnauifht,  1680;  refused  to 
acknowledge  the  governor  and  protected  refugee 


O'ROURKE 


960 


OSBORN 


Spaniards,  1688 ;  driven  out  by  Sir  Richard  Hiugham, 
15W;fl«il  to  Scotland,  but  wa«  given  up  by  James  VI 
and  executed ;  generally  identified  with  the  proud  Irish 
rebel  of  Bacon's  essay  'Of  Custom  and  Education.' 

[xli  . 

O'ROURKE.    KKIAN    0GB    or    BUI 
THA.OH  (d.  1604  X  natural  son  of  Sir  Brian-na-Murtlia 
O'Boorke  [q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded  as  O'Rourke ;  made 
war  on  the  English  and  the  O'Donuells  alternately. 

[xlii.  266] 

O'ROURKE,  EDMUND  (1814-1879).  [See  FALCONKK.] 

O'ROURKE,  TIEKNAN  (rf.  1172),  king  of  Breifne 
(Tighearnan  Ua  Ruairc);  made  war  on  Meath  and  Oon- 
naught:  expelled  from  chieftainship,  1141,  but  soon  re- 
stored; attacked  O'Connor  and  (1148)  invaded  Ulidia ; 
bit  wife  carried  off  by  O'Connor  and  Diarmait  Mac 
Murchadha,  1152,  but  reparation  made  1167;  slain  by 
Hugo  de  Lacy.  [xlii.  266] 

ORR,  HUGH  (1717-1798),  inventor  of  machines  for 
cleaning  flax-seed  and  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton ; 
emigrated  from  Scotland  to  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  introduced  the  first  trip-hammer  and  the  first 
muskets.  [xlii-  267] 

ORR,  JAMES  (1770-1816),  United  Irishman  and  poet 
of  Ballycarry ;  fought  at  Antrim,  1798:  his  song,  'The 
Irishman,'  erroneously  attributed  to  Currau.  [xlii.  267] 

ORR,  JOHN  (1760?-1835),  lieutenant-general  of  the 
Madras  army  ;  while  governor  of  Pondicherry  rendered 
important  services  to  Sir  Eyre  Coote's  army  as  commander 
of  a  flying  column,  1780-4;  afterwards  commanded  Lord 
Macartney's  bodyguard ;  chief  officer  of  1st  native  cavalry 
In  second  Mysore  war,  1790-2.  [xlii.  267] 

ORR,  WILLIAM  (1766-1797),  United  Irishman; 
charged  with  administering  a  treasonable  oath  to  soldiers, 
1796:  tried  at  Carrickfergus,  and  though  defended  by 
Curran  (who  brought  for  ward  affidavits  of  improper  in- 
fluence on  the  jury)  convicted  and  executed ;  his  memory 
popularised  in  Dreunan's  poem.  [xlii.  268] 

ORRERY,  EARLS  OP.  [See  BOYLE,  ROGER,  first 
EARL,  1621-1679  ;  BOYI,E,  CHAULKS,  fourth  EABL,  1676- 
1731  -.  BOYLE,  JOHN,  fifth  EAKL,  1707-1762.] 

ORRERY,  COUNTESS  OF  ( 1746-1840).  [See  MONCKTOX, 
MARY.] 

ORR1DGE,  BENJAMIN  BROGDEN  (1814-1870),  anti- 
quary; member  of  court  of  common  council  of  London, 
1863-9 ;  chief  works,  '  Account  of  Citizens  of  London  and 
their  Rulers,  1060  to  1807'  (1867),  and  'Illustrations  of 
Jack  Cade's  Rebellion  '  (1869).  [xlii.  269] 

ORTELIANUS,  JACOBUS  COLIUS  (1563-1628), 
nephew  of  Abraham  Ortelius  [q.  v.] ;  a  London  silk- 
merchant  ;  published  '  De  Statu  Civitatis  Loudineusis 
peste  laborantis,'  1604,  and  other  works.  [xlii.  270] 

ORTELIUS,  ABRAHAM  (1527-1598),  map-maker  of 
Antwerp ;  became  intimate  with  Camdeii  in  England ; 
geographer  to  Philip  II  of  Spain,  1573  ;  helped  Humphrey 
Uwyd  with  map  of  England  and  Wales;  published 
"TlMilliiiii  Orbis  Terrarum,'  1570 ;  died  at  Antwerp. 

[xlii.  269] 

ORTON,  ARTHUR  (1834  -  1898),  the  Tichbonie 
claimant ;  youngest  sou  of  a  butcher  at  Wappiug  ; 
went  to  sea,  c.  1849  ;  deserted  at  Valparaiso  ;  lived 
eighteen  months  at  Melipilla  and  returned  to  England, 
1851 ;  entered  his  father's  business  ;  emigrated  to  Aus- 
tralia, 1852,  and  ceased  to  correspond  with  his  family, 
18*4  ;  returned  to  England,  1866,  at  invitation  of  Lady 
Tichborne  (*/.  1868X  widow  of  Sir  James  Francis  Doughty 
Tichbornc,  tenth  barouet  (d.  1862),  who  had  convinced 
herself  from  descriptions  that  he  was  her  eldest  son  Roger 
Charles,  who  was  reported  to  have  been  drowned  at  sea 
in  1854,  and  whose  will  wad  proved,  1855  ;  was  received 
by  Lady  Tichborue,  who  professed  to  recognise  in  him  her 
long-lost  son  :  brought  ejectment  action  (1871-2)  against 
Sir  Henry  Tichborue,  twelfth  baronet,  and  posthumous 
heir  of  Sir  Alfred  Tichborne,  Sir  James's  younger  sou, 
who  bad  succeeded  as  eleventh  baronet,  1862,  and  died, 
1866  ;  at  the  trial,  which  lasted  102  days,  Serjeant 
Hallantinc  led  for  the  claimant,  and  Sir  John  ^afterwards 
Lord  chief-jiutice)  Coleridge  [q.  v.]  and  Mr.  Hawkins, 
Q.r.  (afterwards  Sir  Henry  Hawkins,  lord  Brampton), 
lor  the  trustee*  of  the  Tichborne  estates ;  filially  Serjeant 


Ballantinc  elected  to  be  nou-suited  ;  the  claimant  was 
accordingly  arrested  for  perjury,  was  tried,  1873-4  (188 
days),  and  was  sentenced  to  fourteen  years'  penal  ser- 
vitude, Mr.  Hawkins  leading  for  the  crown  aud  Edward 
Vaughau  Hyde  Kenealy  [q.  v.]  representing  the  claimant. 
He  was  released,  1884,  and  subsequently  died  in  poverty 
in  Maryleboue,  after  publishing  (1895)  in  the  '  People  ' 
newspaper,  a  signed  confession  of  his  imposture,  which  he 
is  said  afterwards  to  have  recanted.  [Suppl.  iii.  236] 

ORTON,  JOB  (1717-1783),  dissenting  minister ;  edu- 
cated at  Shrewsbury,  where  he  was  minister  of  a  united 
congregation  of  presbyteriaus  and  independents,  1741-66; 
assistant  to  Doddridge  at  Northampton,  1739-41 ;  after- 
wards retired  to  Kidderminster,  where  he  kept  up  an  ex- 
tensive correspondence ;  published '  Memoirs  of  Doddridge,' 
1766,  and  theological  and  devotional  works. 

[xlii.  271] 

ORTON,  REGINALD  (1810-1862),  surgeon  to  Suuder- 
land  Eye  Infirmary ;  instrumental  in  obtaining  repeal  of 
glass  and  window  duties;  patented  a  lifeboat  and  reel 
life-buoy,  1845.  [xlii.  272] 

ORUM,  JOHN  (d.  1436  ?),  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1406  and  1408 ;  D.D.  University  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  canon  of  Wells,  1410  ;  archdeacon  of  Cornwall,  1411 ; 
chancellor  of  Exeter,  1429-36  ;  author  of '  Lectures  (Latin) 
on  the  Apocalypse.'  [xlii.  273] 

OSBALD  (d.  799),  king  of  Northumbria,  796;  out- 
lawed after  twenty-seven  days'  reign ;  fled  to  Lindisfarne, 
but  left  on  Alcuhi's  exhortation  and  became  abbot  among 
the  Picts.  [xlii.  273] 

OSBALDESTON,  GEORGE  (1787-1866),  sportsman  ; 
master  of  hounds  while  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ; 
master  of  Quoru  hounds,  1817-21  and  1823-8,  afterwards 
of  Pytchley ;  rode  two  hundred  miles  in  ten  consecutive 
hours,  and  fought  duel  with  Lord  George  Bentinck,  1831 ; 
M.P.,  East  Retford,  1812-18.  [xlii.  274] 

OSBALDESTON  or  OSBOLSTON,  LAMBERT  (1594- 
1659),  master  of  Westminster  School ;  educated  at  West- 
minster School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1619 
(incorporated  M.A.  Cambridge,  1628)  ;  had  joint-patent  of 
mastership,  1621 ;  master  of  Westminster  School,  1625-39  ; 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  Lincoln,  and  Wells ;  sentenced 
to  the  pillory,  fine,  and  forfeiture,  for  letters  reflecting  on 
Laud,  1639  ;  restored  to  benefices  by  Long  parliament. 

[xlii.  275] 

OSBALDESTON,  RICHARD  (1690-1764),  bishop  of 
Carlisle  and  London ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1714 ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1714 ;  D.D.,  1726 ;  chaplain  to 
George  II  and  tutor  to  George  III ;  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
1747-62,  of  London,  1762-4;  neglected  Carlisle  diocese 
and  prohibited  introduction  of  statuary  at  St.  Paul's, 
London,  patronised  John  Jortin  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  275] 

OSBALDESTON  or  OSBOLSTON,  WILLIAM  (1577- 
1645),  divinity  professor  at  Gresham  College,  London ; 
brother  of  Lambert  Osbaldeston  [q.  v.]  ;  professor,  1610- 
1611 ;  deprived  of  benefices  by  parliament.  [xlii.  276] 

OSBERHT,  OSBRITH,  or  OSBYRHT  (d.  867),  under- 
king  of  Northumbria ;  deposed,  866  ;  defeated  and  slain  by 
Danes  at  York,  together  with  his  rival,  JElla  (d.  867) 
[q.  v.]  [xlii.  277] 

08BERN  (ft.  1090),  hagiographer ;  sub-prior  and 
precentor  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury;  compiled  lives 
of  Dunstan,  Alphege,  and  Archbishop  Odo  of  Canterbury, 
under  Lanfranc's  direction  ;  treatise*  on  music  also  attri- 
buted to  him.  [xlii.  277] 

OSBERN  or  OSBERT  (<f.  1103),  bishop  of  Exeter, 
and  chancellor  in  early  years  of  William  I ;  brother  of 
William  Fitzosbert  [q.  v.]  ;  chaplain  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1072-1 103.  [xlii.  278] 

OSBERN,  OL  AUDI  ANUS  (/.  1148),  classical  scholar  ; 
monk  of  Gloucester  under  Hamelin.  [xlii.  278] 

OSBERT  OF  STOKE  (jf.  1136).  [See  CLARE,  OSBKBT  D«.] 
OSBOLSTON.    [See  OSBALDKSTON.] 

OSBORN  WYDDEL(the  IKKSHMAN)(./!.  1280),  founder 
of  Merionethshire  families  ;  migrated  from  Ireland,  and 
was  perhaps  a  Geraldiue.  [xlii.  279] 

OSBORN,  ELI  AS  (1643-1720),  quaker ;  imprisoned 
or  non-payment  of  tithes,  1670 ;  built  meetiug-houtx-  at 


OSBORN 


981 


OSBORNE 


Ilminster  ;    imprisoned,  IfiKO;   mib-wqiu-ntly  preached  in 
western  counties  ;  his  autobiography  published,  1723. 

[xlii.  279] 

OSBORN,  GEORGE(1808-1891),  president  of  Wesleyan 
conference,  1863  and  1881  ;  professor  of  divinity  ut  Kii-h- 
inund  College,  1KGH-85  ;  published  •  Poetical  Work?  of 
J.  and  <\  Wrsli-y,'  lHC«,and  -Outline*  of  NVexlvyan  Biblio- 
graphy,' 1869.  [xlii.  280] 

OSBORN,  JOHN  (1584  ?-1634  ?),  worker  in  pressed  horn 
and  whalebone;  settled  at  Amsterdam,  1600.  [xlll.  281] 

OSBORN,  ROBERT  DURIE  (1835-1889),  orientalist 
and  soldier;  saw  service  in  the  Indian  mutiny,  1857-9, 
and  served  in  Afghan  campaign  of  1879;  retired  as 
lieutenant-colonel,  1879 ;  published  '  Islam  under  the 
Arabs'  1876,  and  'Islam  under  the  Khalifa  of  Baghdad,' 
1K77,  also  ' Lawn  Tennis,'  1881,  and  other  work*  ;  wlu-n 
editor  of  the  'Statesman,'  1879-80,  opposed  Lord  Lytton's 
Indian  policy.  [xlii.  281] 

OSBORN,  SHERARD  (1822-1875),  rear-admiral  and 
author  :  commanded  tender  at  blockade  of  Quedah,  1838-9  ; 
served  in  Chinese  war,  1840-3;  commanded  the  Pioneer 
steam-tender  in  Captain  Austin's  arctic  expedition,  1850-1, 
and  in  Sir  Edward  Belcher's  expedition,  1852-4 ;  O.B.  for 
services  against  Russia  in  Sea  of  Azov,  1855 ;  escorted  gun- 
boats to  Canton,  1857,  and  took  Lord  Elgin  to  Shanghai, 
Yedo,  and  up  the  Yangtze  to  Hankow,  1858 ;  managing 
director  of  Telegraph  Construction  Company,  1867-73: 
rear-admiral,  1873 ;  member  of  the  Arctic  Committee  of 
1874-5 ;  published  '  Last  Voyage  and  Fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,'  and  other  works  on  Arctic  exploration  (col- 
lected, 1865).  [xlii.  282] 

OSBORNE,  DOROTHY,  afterwards  LADY  TKMPLB 
(1627-1695).  [See  TEMPLE,  DOROTHY,  LADY.] 

OSBORNE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1630  9-1591),  lord  mayor 
of  London :  said  to  have  rescued  infant  daughter  of  Sir 
William  Hewett  [q.  v.]  from  the  Thames  when  apprentice, 
c.  1545  ;  married  her,  and  succeeded  to  Hewett's  business 
and  estates ;  traded  with  Spain  and  Turkey :  obtained 
incorporation  of  Turkey  company,  and  was  its  first 
governor ;  president  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London, 
1586-91 ;  alderman  of  London,  1573,  sheriff,  1575,  lord 
mayor,  1583  ;  knighted,  1584  ;  M.P.  for  the  city  of  London, 
1586 ;  ancestor  of  first  Duke  of  Leeds.  [xlii.  284] 

OSBORNE,  FRANCIS  (1593-1659),  author  of  '  Advice 
to  a  Son,'  1656  ;  master  of  horse  to  William  Herbert,  third 
earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.]  ;  afterwards  in  office  of  lord- 
treasurer's  remembrancer,  and  employed  under  Common- 
wealth at  Oxford  ;  friend  of  Hobbes  ;  his '  Advice '  ridiculed 
by  John  Heydon  (Jl.  1667)  [q.  v.],  but  one  of  the  most 
popular  contemporary  works ;  published  also  '  Traditional 
Memoirs  of  Reigns  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  King  James  I,' 
1658,  and  other  works  (first  collected,  1673).  [xlii.  285] 

OSBORNE,  FRANCIS,  fifth  DUKK  OF  LEKDS  (1751- 
1799),  politician;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1769  ;  D.O.L.,  1773 ;  as  Marquis 
of  Carmarthen  represented  Eye  and  Helston,  1774-5; 
called  to  House  of  Lords  as  Baron  Osbome  of  Kivetou, 
1776,  but  known  as  Carmarthen  till  his  succession  to 
dukedom,  1789 ;  lord  chamberlain  to  George  Ill's  queen, 
and  privy  councillor,  1777  :  dismiss!  from  lord-lieutenancy 
of  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  for  opposition  to  Lord  North, 
1780  ;  restored  by  second  Rockingham  ministry  and  named 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Paris,  1782  ;  foreign  secre- 
tary under  Pitt,  1783-91,  resigning  on  question  of  Russian 
armament ;  took  part  in  negotiations  for  coalition  between 
Pitt  and  Fox,  1791;  his  'Political  Memoranda'  printed, 
1884.  [xlii.  286] 

OSBORNE,  GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1806-1893X 
pianist  and  composer  ;  appointed  instructor  to  eldest  sou 
of  Prince  of  Orange  by  influence  of  Prince  de  Chimay  ; 
as  chapel-master  of  Prince  of  Orange  at  Brussels  gave 
successful  concerts,  and  collaborated  with  De  Bcriot; 
captured  by  revolutionists,  1830 ;  while  in  Paris  (1831-44) 
intimate  with  Berlioz  and  Chopin  ;  accompanied  Chopin 
in  F  minor  concerto,  1832  ;  returned  to  England  (1844) 
where  he  played,  taught  pupils,  and  composed  chamber 
and  violin  music,  overtures,  and  two  operas ;  his  '  Pluie 
de  Perles  '  published  in  Paris.  [xlii.  289] 

OSBORNE  or  OSBORN,  HENRY  (16987-1771), 
admiral  :  pn^eut  in  action  off  Cape  Passaro,  1718; 


commanded  the  Princess  Caroline  in  Toulon  action,  1744  : 
commamler-in-elnef  on  Leeward  Island!  station,  174H  ;  in 
Mfliterranenn,  1757-8.  where  he  capturvd  two  French 
ships  ;  a-lniirul  of  the  white  and  rice-admiral  of  England, 

[xlii.  MO] 

OSBORNE.  PEREGRINE,  second  DUKI  OF  LEKDS 
J65H- 17 :".i),  vir,.  Admiral  ;  created  Viscount  Osborne  in 
h  peerage,  1674 :  summoned  to  parliament  as 
Baron  Osborne  of  Kiveton,  1690,  but  known  a*  Earl  of 
Danny,  1689-94,  and  Marquii  of  Carmarthen,  1694- 
1712  {captain  of  the  Windsor  Castle  at  Barnenr,  1692: 
led  covering  squadron  at  attempted  landing  in  Camaret 
Bay,  1694  :  allowed  valuable  East  Indiaman  to  be  captured, 
1695  ;  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  1702  ;  succeeded  to  duke- 
dom, 1712.  [xliL291] 

OSBORNE,  PETER  (1521-1892X  keeper  of  the 
privy  parse  to  Edward  VI  :  of  Cambridge  and  Lincoln'* 
Inn ;  barrister  ;  friend  of  Sir  John  Cheke  [q.  v.]  and 
other  leading  reformers  :  ecclesiastical  commissioner, 
1566  ;  M.I'.,  llnrsham,  1562-3,  Plyrapton,  1572,  Aldeburgh, 
1684-6,  and  Westminster,  1588;  an  authority  on  com- 
mercial matters  ;  executor  of  Archbishop  Parker ; 
member  of  commission  of  oyer  and  termiuer,  1570. 

[xlii.  292] 

OSBORNE,  SIR  PETER  (1684-1663),  governor  of 
Guernsey  :  grandson  of  Peter  Osborne  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
1611 :  M.P.,  Corfe  Castle,  1623-4  and  1625  :  held  Canto 
Cornet  (Guernsey)  for  Charles  I  till  1646.  [xlii.  293] 

OSBORNE,  RALPH  BERNAL  (1808-1882).  [See 
BKUXAL  OSBORNK.] 

OSBORNE,  RUTH  (1680-1751),  reputed  witch: 
died  from  effects  of  ducking  by  mob  at  Longmaratone, 
Buckinghamshire  :  a  chimney-sweep  hanged  for  her 
murder  at  Tring  ;  last  victim  of  English  belief  in  witch- 
craft, [xlii.  293] 

OSBORNE,  LORD  SIDNEY  GODOLPHIN  (1808- 
1889),  philanthropist ;  of  Rugby  and  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1830 :  rector  of  Stoke  Pogis,  1832,  of  Dur- 
weston,  Dorset,  1841-75;  visited  the  Nightingale  hos- 
pitals at  Scutari  during  Crimean  war  and  western 
Ireland  during  the  famine  ;  as  '  S.  G.  0.'  addressed 
letters  to  '  The  Times  '  on  agricultural,  social,  educa- 
tional, and  other  matters  (selection  issued,  1888);  pub- 
lished various  works.  [xlii.  294] 

OSBORNE,  SIR  THOMAS,  successively  first  EARL 
OF  DAXBY,  MARQDIS  OF  CARMARTHEN,  and  DUKK  ox 
LKKDS  (1631-1712),  statesman ;  great-grandson  of  Sir 
Fxlward  Osborne  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy  and 
Yorkshire  estates,  1647  ;  introduced  at  court  by  Buck- 
ingham ;  high  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  1661 ;  M.P.,  York, 
1665  ;  attacked  lord-chancellor  Clarendon  ;  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  1671 ;  made  privy  councillor  and  a  Scottish 
peer,  1673,  and  soon  after  lord  high  treasurer  of  England 
and  a  British  peer  ;  created  earl  and  lord-lieutenant  of 
the  West  Riding,  1674  ;  managed  the  House  of  Commons 
during  his  five  years'  administration  by  corruption,  and 
enriched  himself,  but  tried  to  maintain  national  credit 
and  to  neutralise  French  influence  :  failed  to  pass  pro- 
posal to  make  profession  of  passive  obedience  necessary 
qualification  for  office,  1675;  K.G.,  1677  ;  made  peace 
with  Holland  and  promoted  marriage  of  Mary,  the  Duke 
of  York's  daughter,  with  William  of  Orange,  1677  ;  obliged 
to  connive  at  secret  treaty  between  Charles  II  and  Louis 
XIV,  1676,  and  to  demand  Charles  II's  pension  from 
France,  1678  :  impeached,  1678,  after  betrayal  by  Ralph 
Montagu  [q.  v.]  of  his  letters  to  Louis  XIV,  being  also 
charged  with  concealing  the  'Popish  plot'  :  received 
pardon  from  Charles  II  under  great  seal  and  promise  of 
marquisate  on  resignation,  1679,  but  his  impeachment 
being  revived  in  new  parliament,  although  the  trial  was 
not  proceeded  with,  he  was  kept  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London :  was  accused  by  Gates  of  plotting  murder  of 
Godfrey  :  refused  bail  in  1682  and  1683,  but  granted  it, 
1684,  and  released  from  Tower :  resumed  seat  in  House  of 
Lords.  1685;  on  the  dismissal  of  Halifax  (1685)  joined 
the  opposition  to  James  II,  became  reconciled  with  the 
whigs,  signed  the  invitation  to  William  of  Orange,  and 
secured  York  for  him,  hut  supported  the  claim  of  the 
Princess  Mary  (Mary  II)  to  the  crown  :  lord-president 
of  the  council,  1689-99,  being  virtually  prime  minister, 
1690-5 ;  created  marquis,  1689,  and  duke,  1694  ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Yorkshire,  1692-9:  bitterly  attacked  by 
whigs  and  accused  of  Jacobite  intrigues;  supported 


OSBORNE 


982 


O'SULLIVAN 


Triennial  bill,  1694  ;  impeached  for  receiving  bribe  to 
.  <  iuiru-r,  1695,  but  proceedings  not 
concluded  ;  created  D.O.L.  of  Oxford  and  cmum  ^-  <>m  rof 
trade,  1696  :  discouraged  attainder  of  Fen  wick  :  att.-u-k.il 
Halifax  in  House  of  Lonls,  1702  ;  granted  pension,  17U); 
published  defences  of  his  conduct  under  Charles  II,  1710  ; 
l.-ft  large  fortune  ;  his  papers  acquired  by  British  Museum, 
1869.  [xlii.  295] 

OSBORNE,  THOMAS  (d.  1767),  bookseller  ;  at  his 
•bop  in  Gray'*  Inn  Gateway  issued  Richardson's  '  Pa- 
mela,' the  catalogue  (1743-6)  of  the  Harleian  Library 
purchased  by  him.  and  the  •  Harleian  Miscellany  '(1744-6): 
tttirifwd  in  the  '  Dnnciud  '  :  principal  bookseller  of  his 
time,  but  ignorant  of  books  ;  beaten  by  Dr.  Johnson  for 
.ii.;.  rM..  i,  v.  [xlii.  303] 

OSBORNE.  WILLIAM  (1736-1808),  man-midwife; 
prm-tisfd  as  surgeon  and  became  M.D.  of  St.  Andrews, 
1777;  lectured  on  obstetrics,  and  published  'Essay  on 
Laborious  Paturitiou,'  1783  ;  opposed  Cwsarian  section. 

[xlii.  305] 

OSBORNE  MORGAN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1826-1897). 
[See  MORGAN.]  'M^  * 

OSBRITH  (</.  867).    [See  OSBKHHT.] 

OSBURGA  or  08BURH  (fl.  861),  wife  of  Ethel- 
wulf  [q.  v.],  king  of  the  West-Saxons,  ami  mother  of 
Alfred  the  Great  and  three  other  kings.  [xlii.  305] 

08GAR,  OSCAR,  or  ORDGAR  (d.  984),  abbot  of 
Abingdon,  963-84;  brought  Benedictine  rule  from 
Fleury  ;  finished  buildings  begun  by  Ethelwold  [q.  v.] 

[xlii.  305] 

08GITH  or  OSYTH  (fl.  7th  cent.  ?)    [See  OSYTH.] 

OSGODBY,  ADAM  DE  (d.  1316),  keeper  of  the  rolls 
of  chancery,  1296-1316,  and  temporary  keeper  of  great 
seal  under  Edward  I  and  Edward  II  ;  held  numerous 
offices  and  attended  Edward  II's  council  in  later  years. 

[xlii.  306] 

OSGOD  CLAPA  (d.  1054),  thegn  in  the  service  of 
Cnut  ;  outlawed  by  Edward  the  Confessor,  1046  ;  took 
service  with  Swegeu  Estrithson  of  Denmark,  and 
harried  Essex  coast,  1049  ;  died  probably  in  England  ; 
Olapham  said  to  be  named  from  his  house  there. 


nadian'  fudge  ; 


OSGOODE,  WILLIAM  (1754-1824),  Ca 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1777  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1779;  published  'Remarks  on  Laws  of  Descent.' 
1779  ;  chief-justice  of  Upper  Canada,  1792-4,  of  Lower 
Canada,  1794-1801  ;  as  president  of  committee  of  public 
lands  carried  on  contest  with  Prescott  (lieutenant- 
governor),  who  espoused  cause  of  French  Canadians  ; 
member  of  royal  commissions  on  courts  of  law. 

O'SHANASBY,  SIR  JOHN  (1818-1883),  ^ui'taXL 
statesman  ;  left  Ireland,  1839  ;  settled  in  Melbourne, 
1846  ;  agitated  for  separation  from  New  South  Wale« 
and  against  penal  settlements  ;  member  for  Melbourne  in 
legislative  council,  1861  :  member  of  gold  commiss;on 
1886  ;  elected  for  Melbourne  and  Kilmore  to  first  leeisla- 
SSTSS1^  °*  Victoria.  185«;  Premier  of  Victoria, 
1867,  1868-9,  and  1861-3  ;  member  of  legislative  council 
for  central  province,  1868-74  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1874  ;  supported 
free  trade,  immigration,  and  Australian  federation; 
negotiated  first  Victorian  loan  and  carried  Crown  Lands 
Act  (1862)  and  Local  Government  Act.  [xlii.  308] 

O'BHAUGHHESSY,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  EDGAR 
(1844-1881),  poet  and  herpetologist  :  assistant  in  zoolo- 
gical department,  British  Museum,  from  1803  ;  published 
'  Epic  of  Women,'  1870,  '  Lays  of  France,'  1872,  and  '  Music 
ami  Moonlight,'  1874:  collaborated  with  wife  in  'Toy- 
land,'  1875  ;  English  correspondent  of  'Le  Livre.' 

O'SHAUGHNESSY,  WILLIAM  (1674-174^^1- 
general  in  French  service  ;  of  Gort,  06.  Galway  -went  to 
France  with  Daniel  O'Brien's  Irish  brigade,  1696;  served 

ben* 


,  *.R  WILLIAM  BROOKE  OW9- 

i    °UIKi£n  tei<*rap^  "wSS 

Brooke,  1861  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1830  :  F.H.S., 


1843  ;  sometime  surgeon  in  Bengal  army  and  professor  of 
.-lii-iiustry  at  Calcutta  ;  laid  down  first  Indian  telegraphs 
as  director-general,  1863 ;  knighted,  1866  ;  published  works 
on  chemistry.  [xlii.  310] 

OSHERE  (/.  680).  under-king  of  the  Hwiccii. 

[xlii.  311] 

OSKYTEL  (d.  (.)7 1 ),  bishop  of  Dorchester,  950,  and  arch- 
bishop of  York,  956-71 ;  invited  Oswald  (d.  992)  [q.  v.] 
to  live  with  him,  958,  and  learnt  from  him  Benedictine 
rule.  [xlii.  311] 

OSLAC  (fl.  954-975),  Northumbrian  earl;  ruled  Deirn 
under  Edgar,  954-75  ;  styled  '  the  great  earl '  in  *  Saxon 
Chronicle';  banished,  975.  [xlii.  311] 

OSLER,  EDWARD  (1798-1863),  author  of  'Life  of 
Admiral  Viscount  Exmouth'  (1835);  house-surgeon  at 
Swansea  Infirmary,  1819-25 ;  when  naval  surgeon 
visited  West  Indies  and  wrote  '  The  Voyage,'  a  poem  ; 
collaborated  with  William  John  Hall  in  the  '  Mitre  Hymn- 
Book';  published  'Church  and  King';  edited  'Royal 
Cornwall  Gazette '  from  1841.  [xlii.  312] 

OSMUND  (/.  758),  king  of  the  South-Saxons. 

[xlii.  313] 

OSMUND  (fl.  803),  bishop  of  London.        [xlii.  313] 

OSMUND  or  OSMER,  SAINT  (d.  1099),  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury ;  accompanied  his  uncle,  William  of  Normandy,  to 
England  ;  acted  as  chancellor,  1072-8,  and  was  employed 
in  Domesday  survey  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1078-99 ;  con- 
secrated Sarum  Cathedral,  1092;  founded  chapter  on 
Norman  model  and  drew  up  an  Ordinal  and  Consuetudi- 
nary for  the  diocese  ('  Use  of  Sarum ') ;  canonised,  1457, 
when  his  bones  were  translated  to  Salisbury  ;  '  Register  of 
St.  Osmund '  printed,  1883-4.  [xlii.  313] 

OSRED  (697  ?-716),  king  of  Northumbria,  705-16,  suc- 
ceeding his  father,  Aldfrith  [q.  v.],  after  Eadwulf  s  short 
usurpation ;  ruled  with  violence ;  slain  in  battle  with  his 
kinsman,  Cenred.  [xlii.  315] 

OSRED  (d.  792),  king  of  Northumbria :  succeeded 
Alf wold,  788,  but  was  captured,  tonsured,  and  banished  to 
Man  by  ^Ethelred,  789 ;  returned  secretly,  but  was  taken 
and  put  to  death.  [xlii.  315] 

OSRIC  (d.  634),  king  of  Deira,  633-4  ;  cousin  of  Edwin 
of  Northumbria  [q.  v.] ;  defeated  and  slain  by  Otedwalla 
(d.  634)  [q.  v.]  [xlii.  315] 

OSRIC  (d.  729),  king  of  Northumbria ;  grandson  of 
Oswy  [q.  v.] ;  sometimes  identified  with  Osric,  king  of 
the  Hwiccii ;  founded  Gloucester  Abbey.  [xlii.  315] 

OSSIAN  or  OISIN,  legendary  character  in  Gaelic 
literature:  said  to  have  been  associate  of  Fionn  and  other 
third-century  warriors  at  court  of  Tara  and  to  have 
related  their  exploits  to  St.  Patrick ;  Macpherson's '  trans- 
lations '  inconsistent  with  accurate  knowledge  of  Gaelic 
literature.  [xlii.  316] 

OSSINGTON,  first  VISCOUNT  (1800-1873).  [See 
DENMON,  JOHN  EVKLYX.] 

OSSORY,  EARLS  OF.    [See  BUTLKR,  SIR  PIERCE  or 
PIKRS,  first   EARL,  d.  1639;    BUTIJSR,    THOMAS,   third 
EARL,  1532-1614  ;  BUTLKK,  WALTKR,  fourth  EARL,  1569- 
1633  ;  BUTLKU,  JAMRH,  fifth  EARL,  1610-1688.] 
T{[°8SORY,  styled  EARL  OP  (1634-1880).    [See  BUTLKR, 

OSSORY,  LORD  OP  (d.  888).    [See  CEARBHALL.] 

OSTLER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1601-1623),  actor;  when 
one  of  the  children  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  chapel,  played  in 
Jonson's  'Poetaster,'  1601:  appeared  also  in  the  'Al- 
chemist,' 1610,  and  'Catiline,'  1611  ;  played  Antonio  in 
'  Duchess  of  Malfy,'  c.  1616.  [xlii.  317] 

OSTRITH  or  OSTHRYTH  (d.  697),  queen  of  Mercia : 
daughter  of  Ouwy  [q.  v.]  ;  married  Ethelred,  son  of  Penda 
[q.  v.]  of  Mercia,  675 ;  removed  bones  of  St.  Oswald  to 
Bardney  Abbey  ;  murdered  by  Mercian  nobles. 

O'SULLIVAN  or  O'SULLTVAN-BEARE^DONALL 
[1560-1618),  chief  of  the  O'Sullivans  of  Beare  co.  Cork  • 
held  Dunboy  Castle  with  Spanish  garrison  against  Sir 
George  Oarew,  1602  ;  after  its  capture  retired  toGlengariff 
and  Ulster  ;  ennobled  by  Philip  III  of  Spain ;  killed  by  a 
refugee  at  Madrid.  [XHi  aig] 


O'SUKLIVAN 


OTOOLE 


O'SULLIVAN,  (SiK)  JOHN  (fl.  174 7), adjutant-general 
to  the  Young  Pretender;  served  In  French  army  during 
war  of  Austrian  succession;  assisted  Lochiel  in  capture 
of  Kdinbtiivli,  17  ir,.  and  drew  up  rebel  army  at  Culloden, 
1746;  after wards,  escaped  to  France;  knighted  by  the 
Pretender,  1747.  [xlii.  318] 

O'SULLIVAN,  MOKTIMKH  ( 1791  ?-1859)v  Irish  pro- 
testant  divine  ;  M. A.  Trinity  Colliya,  Dublin,  1H32;  Don- 
ellan  liM-turer,  1851  ;  pn-i..-n.lary  of  St.  Patrick1-*,  18*7-30: 
chaplain  to  the  earl  of  Carlisle  when  viceroy  ;  published 
in  answer  to  Moore 'Captain  lUx-k  Detect.-.!  i 
Mjuide  to  an  Irish  Gentleman  in  S«-ar. -h  oi  ..  it.-liifion1 
(1833),  and  to  Newman.  -Theory  of  Developments  in 
Christian  Doctrine  applied  and  tested*  <184ti),  and  with 
William  PlieUm 'Digest  of  Evidence  on  State  of  Ireland' 
(1826).  [xlii.  319] 

O'SULLIVAN  or  O'SULLIVAN-BEARE.  PHILIP 
(15907-1660?),  author;  nephew  of  Donall  O'SulIivan 
or  O'Sullivau-Beare  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Compostella; 
served  with  Spanish  fleet:  published  '  Historise  Catholic* 
Iberniae  Compendium,*  1621,  a  life  of  St.  Patrick,  1629, 
and  other  works.  [xlii.  320] 

O'SULLIVAN,  SAMUEL  (1790-1861),  Irish  divine 
and  author :  brother  of  Mortimer  O'Pullivan  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1825  :  chaplain  to  Koyal  Hiber- 
nian Military  School,  Dublin,  1827.  [xlii.  320] 

O'SULLTVAN,  THOMAS  HERBERT  (d.  1824),  soldier 
of  fortune ;  son  of  (Sir)  John  O'SulIivan  [q.  v.] ;  served 
with  John  Paul  Jones  [q.  v.],  1779,  and  in  the  British 
army ;  died  a  major  in  the  Dutch  service  at  the  Hague. 

[xlii.  319] 

OSWALD  or  OSUUALD,  SAINT  (605  ?-642),  king  of 
the  Northumbrians;  son  of  Ethelfrith  [q.  v.];  on  bis 
father's  death  fled  to  lona  and  became  Christian ;  de- 
feated Credwalla  (d.  634)  [q.  v.]  at  Hefenfelth,  near  Hex- 
ham,  634,  where  he  set  up  a  cross;  became  king  of  all 
Northumbria,  634 ;  helped  Aidan  [q.  v.]  to  spread  Chris- 
tianity, adopting  the  Scottish  rite;  completed  Edwine's 
church  at  York;  said  to  have  been  over-lord  of  Strath- 
clyde;  .exercised  authority  over  the  Trent  Valley  and  in 
Lindsey;  his  supremacy  acknowledged  by  West-Saxons 
and  probably  by  Kent;  called  'sixth  Bretwalda'  by  Bede 
and  'emperor  of  all  Britain'  by  Adamnan ;  defeated  and 
slain  by  Penda  [q.  v.]  of  Mercia ;  his  body  translated  from 
Bardney  to  monastery  founded  in  his  honour  by  Ethelfleda 
[q.  v.]  at  Gloucester,  909;  his  head  and  hands  carried 
to  Bamborough,  where  they  were  venerated ;  the  head 
taken  to  Lindisfarne  and  carried  thence  in  St.  Cuthbert's 
coffin  to  Durham,  1104.  [xlii.  321] 

OSWALD,  SAINT  (</.  992), archbishop  of  York ;  nephew 
of  Archbishop  Odo  (</".  959)  [q.  v.] ;  when  head  of  secular 
house  at  Winchester  went  to  Fleury  to  learn  the  Bene- 
dictine rule;  accompanied  Oskytel  [q.  v.]  to  Rome,  959, 
and  afterwards  assisted  him  at  York ;  bishop  of  Worcester, 
961-92;  co-operated  with  Duustan  and  Ethel  wold  [q.  v.] 
in  replacing  married  clergy  by  monks,  but  showed  mode- 
ration in  reforms;  founded  monasteries  at  Westbury, 
Worcester,  Winchcombe,  and  the  Isle  of  Ramsey  :  arch- 
bishop of  York,  972-92;  took  part  in  coronation  of 
Eadgar,  973 ;  removed  bones  of  Pt.  Wilfrid  from  Ripon 
to  Worcester ;  encouraged  learning.  [xlii.  323] 

OSWALD  or  OSWOLD  (,ft.  1010),  monk  of  Ramsey  : 
nephew  of  St.  Oswald  (d.  992)  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Fleury 
and  visited  abbeys  in  France ;  enjoyed  great  repute  as 
scholar  and  was  probably  author  of  '  Vita  S.  Oswaldi '  and 
of  the  Worcester  manuscript  at  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge.  [xlii.  325] 

OSWALD  (d.  1437),  priest  of  the  Charterhouse,  Perth, 
1429-37  ;  friend  of  Gerson.  [xlii.  326] 

OSWALD,  GEORGE  (d.  1819),  rector  of  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1797  ;  nephew  of  Richard  Oswald  [q.  v.] 

[xlii.  330] 

OSWALD.  JAMES  (1715-1769),  politician  and  friend 
of  Adam  Smith  ;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1740;  M.P.,Kirk- 
caldy  burghs,  1741-7  and  1754-68,  Fifeshire,  1747-54; 
Scottish  commissioner  of  the  navy.  1744 ;  commissioner 
of  trade,  1751-9;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1769-63;  privy 
councillor  and  joint  vice- treasurer  in  Ireland,  1763. 

[xlii.  326] 

OSWALD,  JOHN  (d.  1793),  republican  pamphleteer  ; 
served  with  the  42nd  higblauders  in  America  and  India  : 
joined  the  Jacobin  Club  at  Paris  ;  published  poems  and 


pamphlets,  political 

it  Pont^-. 


lied  at  head  of  his 
[xliL  326] 


OSWALD.  B  r  1-1840),  general ;  grandson 

of  James  Oswald  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  capture  of   : 
W«t  Indies,  1794  :  .•omn.an.l.xl  3&tti  regiment  In  H<>ll:ti:.i. 
1799,  ami  at  reduction  <>f   Malta,  1800;  rommandrd  l.ri- 
Malda,  1806!  captured  Scylla  Oastle,  1806;  1*1 
attit.-k  «n  Alexandria  and  defended  Rosetta,  1807 ;  com- 
manded reserve  in  capture  of  Ischla  and  Procida,  1809  : 
directed  capture  of  Ionian  inland*,  1809:  drove  French 
from  Santa  Maura,  iKlu:  h.-M  temporary  command  of 
the  5th  division  in  the  Peninxula,  1812-13  ;  Q.C.I'. 
general,  1837  ;  G.O.M.G.,  1838.  [xlii.  327] 

OSWALD,  RICHARD  (1706-1784),  merchant  and 
politician;  commissary  to  Brunswick's  army  in  Seven 
years'  war ;  introduced  by  Adam  Smith  to  Shelburne  : 
Shelburne's  agent  in  negotiations  with  Franklin  at  Pari*. 
1782,  and  was  chief  negotiator  of  the  treaty  with  United 
States.  [xliL  S2»] 

OBWELL,  WILLIAM  COTTON  (1818-1893X  African 
explorer :  educated  at  Hntrby  and  the  East  Indian  College, 
Haileybury :  during  his  ten  years  in  Madras  civil  -trvi.-e 
won  reputation  as  linguist  and  elephant  hunter ;  spent 
two  years'  furlough  in  hunting  over  unexplored  South 
Africa:  took  part  in  Livingstone's  discovery  of  Lake 
Ngami,  1849,  and  the  Zambesi,  1861 ;  during  Crimean 
war  carried  secret-service  money  from  Lord  Kaglan  to 
Sir  Lintorn  Simmons  at  Shuinla :  contributed  African 
chapter  to  0.  P.  Wolley's  '  Big  Game  Shooting.' 

[xlii.  330] 

OSWEN,  JOHN  (/.  1548-1553),  printer  at  Ipswich 
and  Worcester;  issued,  among  other  publications, 
Cranmer's  New  Testament,  1550.  [xliL  331] 

OSWESTRY,  LORD  OF  (1223-1267).  [See  FITZALAX, 
JOHN  II.] 

OSWLN  or  OSWINI  (d.  651),  last  king  of  Deira  ;  son 
of  Osric  (d.  634)  [q.  v.] ;  recalled  from  exile  in  Wessex, 
642,  and  ruled  Deira  under  Penda  [q.  v.],  but  helped 
St.  Aidan  ;  betrayed  by  Htmvald  to  Oswy  [q.  T.],  king 
of  Bernicia,  and  murdered  at  Ingetllngum  (GUliug): 
said  to  have  been  buried  at  Tynemoutb,  where  he  had  a 
shrine.  [xlii.  332] 

OSWULF  or  OSULF  («/.  758),  king  of  Northumbria  ; 
succeeded  his  father,  Eadberht,  who  resigned  the  kingdom 
to  him,  758 ;  assassinated  by  the  men  of  his  household. 

[xlii.  333] 

OSWULF  or  OSULF  (r/.  1067),  earl  of  Bernicia  under 
Morcar  [q.  v.],  1065-7 ;  slew  Copsige  [q.  v.],  his  dis- 
possessor,  but  was  himself  slain  soon  after,  [xlii.  333] 

OSWY,    osuiu,    oswru.    oswio,    OSGUID, 

OSWEUS,  OSWIU8  (612  ?-670),  king  of  Northumbria; 
younger  son  of  Ethelfrith  [q.  v.];  baptised  in  loua; 
became  king  of  Bernicia,  643 ;  had  constant  wars  with 
Penda  and  the  Britons ;  married  daughter  of  Eadwine ; 
invaded  Deira,  651,  and  procured  death  of  Oswin  [q.  v.], 
after  whose  death  he  ruled  all  Northumbria,  661-70; 
erected  monastery  at  Gilling  in  expiation:  gave  Peada 
[q.  v.],  king  of  the  Middle  Angles,  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage conditionally  on  his  acceptance  of  Christianity, 
e.  653 ;  assisted  in  reconversion  of  East-Saxons ;  defeated 
Penda  [q.  v.]  by  the  river  Winwcd,  656,  and  gained 
possession  of  Mercia,  Lindsey,  and  the  laud  of  tin- 
South- Angles  ;  his  supremacy  also  acknowledged  by  East- 
Angles  and  East-Saxons;  probably  ruled  Britons  of 
Alclyde  and  Scots  of  Dalriada,  and  is  said  to  have  sub- 
jugated Picts;  seventh  Bretwalda  of  the  'Saxon  Chro- 
nicle ' ;  lost  Southern  Mercia,  658 ;  presided  at  synod  of 
Whitbv  664,  and  accepted  Roman  rite,  bat  substituted 
Ceadda  [q.  v.]  for  Wilfrith  to  see  of  York  after  rebellion 
of  Alchfrith.  [xlii.  333] 

08WYN  (fl.  803).    [See  OSMUND.] 

08YTH,  OSITH,  or  OSGITH,  SAINT  (ft.  7th  cent  ?X 
said  to  have  been  a  granddaughter  of  the  Mercian  king 
Penda  [q.  v.] ;  founded  a  nunnery  at  Chich,  Essex ;  ac- 
cording to  an  unhistorical  legend  beheaded  by  Danes  on 
her  refusal  to  apostatise. 

OTHEBE  (.ft.  880).    [See  OHTHKKK.] 

O'TOOLE,  ADAM  DUFF  (d.  1327X  reputed  heretic; 
burnt  at  Le  Hotfgee,  Dublin.  (.*»'•  S37] 


OTOOLE 


OULD 


OTOOLE.  BRYAN  (d.  1825),  lieutenant-colonel ; 
>mpesch's  hussars  in  France  and  Belgium, 
17W-S,ln  Holland,  1794-8,  the  West  Indies,  1796-7  :  aide- 
de-camp  to  Sir  Qalbralth  Lowry  Oolo  [q.  v.]  at  Maida, 
18M ;  commanded  Oalabrian  free  corps,  1810  ;  st-m-l  with 
Portuguese  In  Peninsula  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1813  ;  0.8 
1815.  [xlii.  338] 

OTOOLE,  LAURENCE  (LoRcX.v  UA  TUATHAIL) 
(1130  ?-1180),  Irish  Mint  and  first  archbishop  of  Dublin  ; 
co«rb  of  Olendalough,  1155  :  arolibishop  of  Dublin,  1162- 
1180;  converted  secular  canons  of  Christ  Churcb, 
Dublin,  into  canons  regular  of  Aroasia:  practised  aus- 
terities; attended  great  meeting  at  Athboy,  1167;  took 
leading  part  in  rising  against  Anglo-Norman  invaders, 
1171:  attended  .x.uncil  of  Cashel,  1172;  ambassador  of 
Roderic  O'Connor  (1116?-1198)  [q.  v.]  to  Henry  II  at 
r.  1175:  attended  Lateran  Council  and  obtained 
bull  of  conflrnmtion  for  Dublin,  1179;  again  appealed  to 
Henry  II,  1180;  followed  him  to  France  and  died  at  Eu, 
being  burled  in  the  cathedral ;  canonised,  1226. 

[xlii.  338] 

OTTEBY,  JOHN  (d.  1487).  [See  HOTKEY.] 
OTTER.  WILLIAM  (1768-1840),  bishop  of  Chicbester : 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge:  fourth  wrangler,  1790: 
M.A.,  1793;  fellow,  1796-1804;  D.D.,  1836;  master  of 
Helston  grammar  school,  1791-6 ;  travelled  with  Malthas 
in  northern  Europe,  1799;  rector  of  Colmworth,  1804,  of 
Stunner,  1810,  of  Chetwynd,  1811, 'of  St.  Mark's,  Ken- 
nington,  1825;  first  principal  of  King's  College,  London, 
1K30-6:  Cbichester  theological  college  founded  during 
his  episcopate  (1836-40):  training  college  erected  in  his 
memory,  1850;  published  'Life  and  Remains  of  Edw. 
Daniel  Clarke.'  1S24,  and  wrote  memoir  of  Malthus  pre- 
fixed to '  Political  Economy,'  1836.  [xliL  340] 

OTTERBOURNE,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1448-1459),  clerk- 
registrar  of  Scotland  and  secretary  to  James  II ;  M.A. 
Glasgow ;  reputed  author  of  •  Epitbalamium  Jacob!  II, 
Lib.  I.'  [xlii.  341] 

OTTERBOURNE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1400),  author  of 
chronicle  extending  to  1420  (printed  by  Hcarne  with 
Whethamstede,  1732):  probably  not  identical  with  the 
Franciscan  of  the  same  name.  [xlii.  341] 

OTTERBURNE,  SIR  ADAM  (d.  1548),  king's  advocate 
of  Scotland  and  ambassador :  as  provost  of  Edinburgh 
tried  to  stamp  out  the  plague,  1529  ;  much  employed  in 
negotiations  with  England,  generally  favouring  the 
English  against  the  French  party;  knighted,  c.  1534: 
Imprisoned  for  relations  with  the  Douglases,  1538-9  ;  par- 
doned and  again  diplomatically  employed,  1542  ;  opposed 
marriage  of  Ed  want,  son  of  Henry  VIII,  with  Mary, 
tlnughtrr  of  James  V,  and  joined  French  party  after 
Sol  way  Moss ;  accredited  to  England  by  Mary  of  Guise, 
1647 ;  died  from  wound  in  campaign  against  English. 


[xlii.  342] 
)N,     HIPPO- 


OTTHEN.  D'OTTHEN.  or  D'OTHO ..  

CRATES  (d.  1611),  physician  successively  to  the  earls  of 
Leicester  and  Essex,  Mountjoy  (in  Ireland),  and  the  earl 
of  M.-rtford  (in  Austria);  M.D.  of  Montpellier  and 
Oxford  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1589.  [xlii.  344] 

OTTLEY,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1601-1649),  royalist:  edu- 
cated at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  entered  Inner  Temple, 
1620  :  knighted,  1642 ;  governor  of  Shrewsbury,  1643-4  ; 
nominated  by  royalists  sheriff  of  Shropshire,  1644 :  sur- 
rendered to  parliamentarians  at  Bridyrenortli,  1646,  being 
given  option  of  banishment ;  left  collections  of  papers  re- 
lating to  civil  war.  [Suppl.  iii.  238] 

OTTLEY,  WILLIAM  YOUNG  (1771-1836),  writer  on 
art  and  amateur  artist:  sold  fine  collections  of  drawings 
to  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  [q.  v.] ;  published  etchings  and 
enjniiving*  and  works  on  the  history  of  engraving,  besides 
'  Inquiry  into  Invention  of  Printing '  (posthumous,  18C3) ; 
keeper  of  prints  in  British  Museum,  1833-6.  [xlii.  344] 

OTWAY,  C^SAR  (1780-1842),  author;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1801  :  co-operated  with  Joseph  Henderson 
Singer  [a.  v.]  in  establishment  of  'Christian  Examiner,' 
18tt,  and  with  George  Petrie  [q.  v.]  in  '  Dublin  Penny 
JO£I?K^:  P"*01"*1  at  L*8800  Street  Chapel,  London; 
published  miscellaneous  works.  [xlii.  345] 

'   ?'"    ROBERT    WALLER,   flrst   baronet 
admiral ;  took  distinguished  part  In  action 
f  1  June  1794  on  flagship  of  Hear-admiral  Sir  Benjamin 


Caldwell  [q.  v.]  ;  took  leading  part  in  capture  of  Grenada, 
1796,  and  captured  or  destroyed  two  hundred  privateers 
or  merchantmen  in  West  Indies,  1795-1800:  as  com- 
mander of  Sir  Hyde  Parker's  flagship  at  Copenhagen 
communicated  message  to  Nelson  during  action,  1801  ; 
co-operated  with  Catalonian?.  18U8  ;  employed  in  blockade 
of  Toulon,  1809-10;  co-operated  in  siege  of  St.  Sebastian, 
1813 ;  commander-iu-cbief  at  Leith,  1818-21,  on  South 
American  station,  1826-9 ;  admiral,  1830  ;  created  baronet, 
1831  ;  G.O.B.,  1845.  [xlii.  345] 

OTWAY,  THOMAS  (1652-1685),  dramatist;  educated 
at  Winchester  College  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  but 
did  not  graduate  :  appeared  unsuccessfully  on  the  stage  ; 
his  tragedy, '  Alcibiades,'  acted  at  Dorset  Garden  Theatre, 
London,  by  the  Bettertons  and  Mrs.  Barry,  1675  :  gained 
great  success  with  '  Don  Carlos,'  1676  ;  produced  *  Titus 
and  Berenice1  and  'The  Cheats  of  Scapin'  (adaptations), 
1677,  'Friendship  in  Fashion'  (first  comedy),  1678; 
patronised  by  the  Duke  of  York  and  Lords  Plymouth, 
Falkland,  Middlesex,  and  Rochester  ;  enlisted  in  the  army 
in  Holland,  1678,  and  received  a  commission,  but  soon 
returned  ;  his  first  blank- verse  .  tragedy,  *  The  Orphan,' 
produced  successfully,  1680, '  Soldier's  Fortune '  (comedy), 
1681;  caricatured  Shaftesbury  as  Antonio  in  'Venice 
Preserved,'  1682,  in  which  Betterton  played  Jaffier  and 
Mrs.  Barry  Belvidera  ;  his  play,  '  The  Atheist '  (comedy), 
performed  1684 ;  also  wrote  prologues,  epilogues,  and  a 
few  poems ;  the  manner  of  his  death  when  in  a  state  of 
destitution  disputed.  French,  German,  Dutch,  Russian, 
and  Italian  versions  of  'Venice  Preserved'  have  been 
made,  and  the  play  has  been  commended  by  Dryden, 
Hazlitt,  and  Taine :  parts  also  of  '  The  Orphan '  have 
been  highly  praised.  Both  have  been  frequently  revived, 
the  former  being  seen  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London, 
in  1829.  First  published  edition  of  Otway's  collected  plays, 
1713.  [xlii.  346] 

OTWAY,  THOMAS  (1616-1693),  bishop  of  Ossory; 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin 
(D.D.);  captured  and  banished  to  West  Indies  by  parlia- 
mentarians when  chaplain  to  Sir  Ralph  Hopton  [q.  v.]  ; 
chaplain  to  Lord  Berkeley  when  viceroy  of  Ireland: 
bishop  of  Killaloe,  1670-80,  of  Ossory,  1680-93 :  adhered 
to  James  II ;  benefactor  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  [xlii.  352] 

OTJDART,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1681),  Latin  secretary  to 
Charles  II ;  brought  to  England  from  Brabant  by  Sir 
Henry  Wotton  :  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1636  (incorporated 
at  Cambridge,  1638):  secretary  to  Sir  William  Boswell  at 
the  Hague,  1640 ;  assistant-secretary  to  Sir  Edward 
Nicholas  [q.  v.],  1641-51 ;  amanuensis  to  Charles  I ;  secre- 
tary to  Princess  Mary  of  Orange,  1651-61 ;  Latin  secre- 
tary to  Charles  11,1666-81;  a  copy  of  'Eikon  Basilike' 
said  to  be  in  his  handwriting.  [xlii.  353] 

OUDNEY,  WALTER  (1790-1824),  naval  surgeon  and 
African  traveller  ;  friend  of  Abercrombie  at  Edinburgh  : 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1817 ;  joined  Hugh  Clapperton  [q.  v.] 
and  Dixon  Dcnham  [q.  v.]  in  expedition  to  trace  sources 
of  the  Niger,  1821 ;  died  at  Kouka,  Soudan,  [xlii.  354] 

OUDOCEUS  (fl,  630  ?),  bishop  of  Llandaff ;  reputed 
successor  of  Teilo  ;  church  of  Llandogo,  Monmouthshire, 
dedicated  to  him.  [xlii.  354] 

OUGHTON,  SIR  JAMES  ADOLPHUS  DIOKENSON 
(1720-1780),  lieutenant-general ;  served  at  Culloden,  1746, 
and  in  Flanders,! 747- 8  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Antigua  : 
K.B.  and  commauder-in-cbief  in  North  Britain,  1768-80; 
lieutenant-general,  1770  :  met  Dr.  Johnson  at  BoswellV 
house,  1773.  [xlii.  355] 

OUGHTRED,  WILLIAM  (1576-1660),  mathemati- 
cian ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge :  fellow  of 
King's  College,  1595  ;  held  clerical  preferment ;  composed 
'  Easy  Method  of  Geometrical  Dialling '  while  an  under- 
graduate ;  Invented  horizontal  instrument  for  delineating 
dials,  which  he  showed  to  Gunter,  1618;  publish^! 
'Olavis  Mathematical,'  1631,  'Circles  of  Proportion,'  1632, 
and  other  works  ;  invented  trigonometrical  abbreviations 
and  introduced  multiplication  and  proportion  signs ; 
correspondent  of  leading  contemporary  mathematicians. 

[xlii.  356] 

OULD,  SIR  FIELDING  (1710-1789),  man-midwife 
1  author  of  'Treatise  on  Midwifery' (1742);  master  of 
blin  Lying-in  Hospital,  1759 ;  knighted,  1759. 

[xlii.  358] 


OULTON 


OVERBURY 


OULTON,  WALLKY  CH  \  MUKULAIX  (1770V- 
1820  ?),  author  of  compilations  on  the  history  of  London 
theatres  from  1771  to  1795  and  17'JS  to  1817  ( 17*i>,  1«1H) ; 
produced  muneroun  plays  at  Dublin  and  in  London  ; 
published  works,  including  '  Ik-antic*  of  Kot/.ehtif,'  1800; 
a-  Mlroiv  Horn.-'  attacked  Uicliard  Brothers  [<|.  v.]  and 
Nathaniel  l',ra-sfv  I  {allied  [>[.  v.]  ;  dcti-ndcd  authenticity 
of  Ireland's'  Vortigi-rn.'  [xlii.  35H] 

OUSELEY,    SIR    FREDERICK     ARTHUR    GORE, 

second  baronet,  (1825-1889),  musician  and  composer:  «>\i 
of  sir  Gore  ( mseley  [q.  v.]  ;  of  OhriHt  Church,  Oxford; 
M. A.,  1849;  Muu.Doc.  Oxford,  1854  (inoorponiti-d  at  Dur- 
hain,  185C,  raml.ridkfe,  1MJ2,  Dublin,  1888);  professor  of 
music  at  Oxford  and  precentor  of  Hereford,  1855:  canon 
of  Hereford,  1886 ;  composed  an  opera  at  eight ;  founded 
St.  Michael's  College,  'I'mlmr..,  1857;  composed  a  sacred 
cantata,  two  oratorios,  and  much  church  and  secular 
music  ;  published  three  treatises  on  musical  theory. 

[xlii.  359] 

OUSELEY,  GIDEON  (1768-1839),  nu-thodi-t :  cousin 
of  Sir  Gore  Ouaeley  [q.  v.] :  prenched  in  Irish,  chiefly  in 
Ulster,  from  1799;  published  'Short  Defence  of  the  Old 
Religion,'  1812  (reprinted  ns  'Old  Christianity  against 
Papal  Novelties,'  1827),  and  other  works.  [xlii.  36U] 

OUSELEY,  SIR  GORE,  first  baronet  (1770-1844), 
diplomatist  and  oriental  scholar  :  while  engaged  in  com- 
merce in  India  was  aide-de-camp  to  the  nabob  vizier  of 
Ondh;  created  baronet,  1808,  for  his  services  to  British 
government :  as  ambassador  extraordinary  in  Persia  con- 
cluded treaty  with  England,  1812,  and  mediated  between 
Persia  and  Russia,  1813;  privy  councillor,  1820;  G.O.H., 
1831 ;  chairman  of  Oriental  Translation  Committee  and 
president  of  Society  for  Publication  of  Oriental  Texts, 
1842;  bis  'Biographical  Notices  of  Persian  Poets'  pub- 
lished posthumously,  1846.  [xlii.  361] 

OUSELEY,  (Sm)  RALPH  (1772-1842),  major-general 
in  Portuguese  array  ;  brother  of  Gideon  Ouseley  [q.  v.] ; 
served  during  French  invasion  of  Ireland,  1798,  and  in 
Emmet's  rising,  1803 ;  entered  Portuguese  service  under 
Beresford,  1809  ;  commanded  18th  Portuguese  in  Pyrenees, 
1813;  severely  wounded  in  successful  night  attack  on 
Urda ;  organised  at  Rio  Janeiro  and  commanded  regiment 
in  reduction  of  Pernambuco,  1817 ;  retired  from  British 
service  as  major,  1825;  died  at  Lisbon  as  Portuguese 
knight  and  major-general.  [xlii.  3G2] 

OUSELEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1767-1842),  orientalist: 
brother  of  Sir  Gore  Ouseley  [q.  v.];  studied  Persian  at 
Paris  and  Leyden,  and  received  honorary  degrees  from 
Dublin  and  Rostock ;  knighted  by  Coruwallis,  1800 ;  ac- 
companied his  brother  to  Persia,  1810:  published  '  Persian 
Miscellanies,'  1795,  'Oriental  Collections,'  1797-9,  and 
other  works.  [xlii.  363] 

OUSELEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  GORE  (1797-1866),  diplo- 
matist ;  son  of  Sir  William  Ouseley  [q.  v.] ;  while  attache 
at  Washington  issued  a  book  on  American  institutions, 
1832  ;  charge  d'affaires  in  Brazil,  1838 ;  minister  to  Ar- 
gentine, 1844 ;  secured  evacuation  of  Uruguay  by  Argen- 
tine troops,  1847 ;  K.C.B.,  1852 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  186* ; 
went  on  special  mission  in  Central  America,  1857  ;  pub- 
lished 'Description  of  Views  in  South  America,  from 
original  drawings,'  1852.  [xlii.  364] 

OUTRAM,  BENJAMIN  (1764-1805),  civil  engineer: 
introduced  iron  railways  for  colliery  traffic :  founded 
Butterley  Ironworks.  '  [xlii.  3C4] 

OUTRAM,  SIR  BENJAMIN  FONSEOA  (1774-1866), 
naval  surgeon;  in  the  Superb  during  Sir  J.  Saumarez's 
victory  at  Cadiz,  1801 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1809 ;  practised 
in  London  and  became  medical  inspector  of  fleets  and 
hospitals,  1841;  F.R.S.,  1838;  K.C.B.,  1850;  F.R.O.P., 
1852.  [xlii.  365] 

'  OUTRAM,  GEORGE  (1805-185G),  author  of  'Lyrics, 
Legal  and  Miscellaneous  •  (published,  1874) :  nephew  of 
Benjamin  Outram  [q.  v.] ;  edited  '  Glasgow  Herald,'  1837- 
1856:  collaborated  with  Christopher  North  in  'Dies 
Boreales.'  [xlii.  365] 

OUTRAM,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1803-1863), 
lieutenant-general  in  Indian  army  ;  sou  of  Benjamin  Out- 
ram [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Aberdeen  ;  entered  Indian  army, 
1819  ;  directed  capture  of  Malegaon,  1825 ;  subdued  Dang 
country,  1830 ;  put  down  rising  "of  Bhils  of  Barwani,  1833 ; 
performed  great  hunting  exploits ;  reported  on  ?tatc  of 


Gujerat,  1835,  and  became  political  agent  in  the  MaU 
kanta  :  .  mployni  !•>•  sir  John  Kcaneon  minion* 
Shuja  and  McNairhten,  Is.'i'.i  ;  1.-.1  .  vuedltious against  Dost 
Muhammad  and  against  Uhilzais  ;  promoted  for  services 
at  siege  of  Kalat,  1889 :  carried  despatches  in  Afghan 
disguise  from  General  WilNhire  to  Bombay  bySmimiaiii 
Bundar  route;  when  political  agent  in  Lower  Sindh 
( 1839-41  )negotlated  treaty  with  Mir  8her  Muhammad, 
1841 :  ad  agent  in  Upper  Sindh  assiBtal  Nott  and  Sir  Charles 
James  Napier  [q.  v.]  In  Afghanistan  and  Bal  . 
ItsS; described  bg  RjfftvM  HM7ittyMdd  taliu  .-,-.  •. 
defended  n  IteMg  U  SttmtaiacaitttdgU  thousand 
Sikhs,  1843;  O.B.  and  promoted  for  services  in  first  Sikh 
war;  espoused  cause  of  amir  of  Sindh  against  Napier, 
1843  ;  head  of  intelligence  department  during  campaign 
In  southern  Maratha  country,  1844 :  resident  of  Baroda, 
1847-51;  dismissed  in  connection  with  his  report  (1861) 
on  corruption  (khatpat),  but  reinstated  by  Dalhoosie, 
1K54;  wrote  'Memorandum  on  the  Invasion  of  India 
from  the  Westward,'  185H  ;  as  resident  at  oiidh  recom- 
mended annexation,  1855 :  K.C.B.,  1866 ;  G.O.B.  after  suc- 
cessfully conducting  war  against  Persia,  1867 ;  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Indian  mutiny  had  command  of  two  Ben- 
gal divisions  between  Calcutta  and  Cawnpore,  being  also 
chief  commissioner  of  Oudh  after  Lawrence's  death,  but 
waived  his  military  rank  and  acted  as  volunteer  under 
Havelock  during  the  first  relief  of  Lucknow  :  commanded 
Lucknow  garrison  until  the  second  relief  under  Sir  Colin 
Campbell ;  conducted  the  evacuation  and  held  the  place 
in  check  till  the  third  relief,  defeating  Ahmad  Shah's 
troops  in  several  engagements ;  co-operated  with  Camp- 
bell In  the  final  capture,  1868 :  received  a  baronetcy,  a 
pension,  and  the  freedom  of  London ;  military  member  of 
Lord  "Canning's  council,  1858-60;  lieutenant-general, 
1858  ;  died  at  Pau  and  received  public  funeral  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  He  published  works  concerning  the 
campaign  in  Sindh  and  Afghanistan,  the  conquest  of 
Sindh,  and  his  Baroda  administration.  [xlii.  366] 

OUTRAM,  WILLIAM  (1626-1679).    [See  OWTBAM.] 


OUVILLY,  GEORGE   GERBIER   (ft.    1661). 
D'OUVILLY.] 


[See 


OUVRY,  FREDERIC  (181 4-1881),  president  of  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  treasurer,  1854-74,  president,  1876-8; 
friend  of  Dickens ;  made  fine  collections  of  manuscripts, 
ballads,  and  autograph  letters.  [xlii.  374] 

OVERALL,  JOHN  (1560-1619),  bishop  successively 
of  Coventry  and  Lichfield  and  of  Norwich  :  educated  at 
Cambridge ;  major  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1582 ;  M.A.,  1582  ;  regius  professor  of  theology,  1596-1607  ; 
D.D.,  1596 ;  master  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1598- 
1607;  opposed  extreme  Calvinists ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's 
London,  1602 ;  took  part  in  Hampton  Court  conference 
and  enlargement  of  church  catechism,  1604;  prolocutor 
of  Canterbury  lower  house,  1605  (his  Convocation  Book 
published  by  Bancroft,  1690);  one  of  the  Old  Testament 
revisers,  1611  ;  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1614,  of 
Norwich,  1618 :  correspondent  of  Voss  and  Qrotiiu  ;  wrote 
against  Lambeth  articles  and  on  predestination. 

[xlii.  375] 

OVERALL,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1829-1888), 
librarian  or  the  Guildhall,  1865-88;  F.SJL,  1868:  with 
his  cousin  prepared  analytical  index  to  '  Remernbrancia,' 
1878 ;  chief  work,  '  History  of  Clockmakers'  Company,' 
1881.  [xlii.  377] 

OVERBURY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1581-1613),  poet  and 
victim  of  court  intrigue:  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford 
(B.A.,  1598),  and  the  Middle  Temple :  made  acquaintance 
of  Robert  Carr  [q.  v.]  at  Edinburgh,  whose  adviser  at 
court  he  became ;  made  sewer  to  the  king  and  knighted, 
1608  ;  travelled  in  Netherlands,  1609,  and  is  said  to  bare 
written  '  Observations  upon  the  Seventeen  Provinces' ; 
encouraged  Rochester's  (Carr's)  intrigue  with  Frances 
Howard,  countess  of  Essex,  and  is  said  himself  to  have 
attempted  intrigue  with  Lady  Rutland :  broke  with  Ben 
Jonson  in  consequence ;  opposed  Rochester's  marriage 
with  Lady  Essex  and  was  supposed  cognisant  of  some 
secret  concerning  him ;  after  refusal  of  diplomatic  em- 
ployment was  sent  to  the  Tower,  1613,  and  there  slowly 
poisoned  by  agente  of  Lady  Essex,  four  of  whom  were 
hanged,  1615,  Somerset  (Carr)  and  his  wife  (Lady  Essex) 
being  convicted,  but  pardoned.  Twenty  writers  (Including 
Ford)  contributed  prefatory  verses  to  his  poem  *  A  Wife ' 
(published,  1614),  and  Ben  Jonson  credited  him  with 


OVERBTTBY 


OWEN 


introducing  culture  into  the  court. 


Snl.se.iumt  edition* 


>A  Wife*  have  additional  compositions  of  the  author. 
imeof  doubtful  authenticity  :  his  '  Miscellaneous  Works 
inVerae  M>d  Prow*  edited  by  Edward  F. 


Henry  T  to  Normandv.  1111  :  killed  in  battle  with  Gerald 
of  Windsor.  [xlii.  390] 


[xin. 


OVERBURY.   SIB  THOMAS    (./.    1684),  author    of 
JlIrTl.^  s«  I  Harteian  Miscellany '  and  controversial 


Thomas  Overbury 


•riM  M  to 

writer:  nephew  ~.  — .    ---  -    "r»ii5  qu9i 

knighted,  16«0.  Cxhl-  3K21 

OVEREND.  M  \UMADUKE  (./.  1790),  organist  of 
Me  worth,  Middlesex.  1700-90,  and  composer,  [xlii.  382] 

OVBRSTONE,     UAUOX    (1796-1883).       [See    Lorn, 

-UUl  H.   JO1 

OVBRTON,  CHARLES  (1805-1889),  evangelical 
divine:  son  of  John  Overton  (1763-1838)  [q.  v]:  vicar 
of  Clapluim,  Yorkshire,  1837,  of  Cottingham,  1841-89: 
nubhsheU  'Cottage  Lectures  on  Bunynn'3  "Pilgrim's 
StgZm"  practically  explained'  (1848,  pt.i.  pt  ii.  1S4-J) 
and  similar  work*,  besides  verse  and  a  parochial^  history. 

OVERTON.  cr>NSTANTINE(</.1687),  qnake'r. 

[xlii.  383] 

OVERTON,  JOHN  (1640-1708?),  principal  vendor  of 
mezzotints  of  hi-  day.  [xlii.  384] 

OVERTON.  J»>HN  (1763-1838),  evangelical  divine: 
BJL  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1790:  incumbent  of 
Si  brnTand  St.  Ma^aret's,  York,  1802-38;  Published 
•  The  True  Churchman  Ascertained,'  1801.  [xlu.  384] 

OVERTON,  JOHN  (1764-1838),  author  of  'The 
Genealogy  of  Christ  elucidated  by  Sacred  History,'  1817, 
and  works  applying  astronomical  results  to  biblical 
chronology.  [xlii.  385] 

OVERTON,  RICHARD  (/.  1642-16G3),  pamphleteer 
and  satirist:  attacked  bishops  in  '  Lambeth  Fayre,'  1642; 
his  '  Man's  Mortality,'  1643,  followed  by  foundation  of 
the  sect  called  '  soul  sleepers '  and  censured  by  parliament, 
trvi-ther  with  Milton's  tract  concerning  divorce :  attacked 
Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines  in  tracts  signed  '  Martin 
Marpriest,'  1646 ;  sent  to  Newgate  for  defence  of  Lilburne, 
1G4G,  but  released,  1647;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of 
London  with  other  leaders  of  the  levellers  for  share  in 
authorship  of  'England's  new  Chains  Discovered,'  1649; 
released,  1649;  fled  to  Flanders  with  Sexby,  1655,  and 
obtainal  commission  from  Charles  II ;  again  imprisoned, 
1649  ami  1663.  [xlii.  385] 

OVERTON,  ROBERT  (/.  1640-1668),  Fifth-monarchy 
man  and  friend  of  Milton  ;  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn,  1631 ; 
fought  at  Mar-ton  Moor,  1644;  reduced  Sandal  Castle, 
1645:  made  parliamentary  governor  of  Hull,  1647;  com- 
manded brigade  of  foot  at  Duubar,  1650:  governor  of 
Edinburgh,  1650:  led  reserve  at  Inverkeithing,  1651; 
reduced  Orkney  and  Shetland :  commander  in  Western 
Scotland  1652-3 ;  opposed  Protectorate  and  was  impri- 
soned on  charge  of  intending  to  head  military  insurrec- 
tion ;  released  by  Richard  Cromwell,  1659,  and  restored  to 
commands  by  revived  Long  parliament,  1659 ;  refused 
obedience  to  Monck  and  tried  to  maintain  independent 
position  in  Yorkshire ;  imprisoned  as  Fifth-monarchy 
leader,  after  Restoration,  in  the  Tower  of  London  and  in 
Jersey;  his  exploits  celebrated  in  Milton's  'Defensio 
Secunda.1  [xlii.  387] 

OVERTON,  WILLIAM  (1525  ?-1609),  bishop  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfleld;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford,  1551  ;  M.A.  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1562), 
D.D.,  1668 :  rector  of  Balconibe  and  vicar  of  Eccleshall, 
1653;  canon  of  Chichester,  1563,  treasurer,  1567;  took 
prominent  part  in  reception  of  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Oxford, 
1664;  canon  of  Salisbury  ami  rector  of  Stoke-on-Trent, 
1570;  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1579-1609;  un- 
justly attacked  by  '  Martin  Marprelate'  as  an  '  unlearned 
P0l  *  .  [xlii.  889] 

OWAIN  AP  EDWIN  (</.  1104),  Welsh  chieftain,  of 
Oounsillt,  called  'Pradwr'  (Traitor)  on  account  of  his 
having  assisted  in  the  invasion  of  Anglesey,  1098. 

[xlii.  390] 

OWAIN  AP  CADWOAN  (rf.  1116),  prince  of  Powys: 
•ent  to  Ireland  in  childhood ;  carried  off  Nest,  wife  of 
Gerald  of  Windsor,  1110 :  took  refuge  with  Muircheartach 
in  Ireland:  on  return  allied  himself  with  Madog  ap 
»  Rhiryd, devastated  much  country,  ami  nmrdurul  William 
of  Brabant:  prince  of  Powyn,  1112-16:  blinded  and  de- 
prived Xadog  of  hi*  share  of  Powyn,  1113;  accompanied 


OWAIN    OWYNEDD    or    OWAIX     AP 

!  (,/.  11G9),  king  of  Gwyncdd(  North  Wales),  1137-69;  suc- 

i  ceeded  Gruffydd  al>  ('yuan  [q.  v.]  :  thrice  invaded  Cere- 

digion  and  burnt  Carmarthen,  1137;  drove  back  Irish 

;  Dane*,   1144;    during  reign   of  Stephen  captured   Mold 

(<;w\ddu'rug)  and  defeated  Randulf  of  Chester  and  Madotr 

up  MarediiddatCounsillt  :  after  Henry  II  's  invasion  of  1157 

did  homage,  gave  hostage?,  and  restored  Cadwaladr  (his 

own  brother)  to  his   territory:    supported  the  English 

1  against  Rhys  ap  Gruffydd  [q.  v.],  1159;  successfully  invaded 

Arwystli,  1162;  induced  Rhys  to  submit  to  Henry  II,  and 

j  with  him  did  homage  at  Woodstock,  1164,  but  combined 

I  with  him  and  the  Prince  of  Powys  in  repelling  fche  king's 

expedition    against   South    Wales,    1165;    joined    Rhys 

against    Powys  and    the   Normans,  1167;    kept  see  of 

Bangor  vacant  and  opposed  Norman  nominees  ;  excom- 

municated by    Becket    for    marriage    with    his    cousin 

Crisiant,  but  the  sentence  disregarded  by  the  Welsh: 

I  praised  by  Giraldus  Carabrensis  as  a  wise  and  moderate 

ruler,  and  much  celebrated  by  Welsh  bards,  but  guilty  of 

exceptional  cruelties  to  kinsfolk.  [xlii.  391] 

OWAIN  BROGYNTYN  (  rf.  1180),  Welsh  chieftain  ; 
!  natural  sou  of   Madog  ap   Maredudd  [q.  v.]  ;   ruled  in 
Diumael  and  Edeyrnion.  [xlii.  395] 

OWAIN  CYVEILIOG  or  OWAIX  AB  GRUFFYDD 
(d.  1197),  Welsh  poet  and  prince  of  Powys,  1160- 
1197  ;  joined  Gwynedd  and  South  Wales  iu  resisting 
Henry  II,  1165  ;  snared  Mochnant  with  Owain  Gwyuedd 
[q.  v.],  but  was  afterwards  attacked  by  him  and  Rhys  of 
South  Wales;  cultivated  good  relations  with  Heuryll; 
attended  great  council  at  Oxford,  1177;  excommunicated 
for  neglecting  to  meet  Archbishop  Baldwin,  1188,  but 
founded  Cistercian  house  of  Strata  Marcella  (Ystrad 
Marchell),  and  there  died  a  monk;  praised  by  Giraldus 
Cambrcnsis  as  ruler.  [xlii.  395] 

OWAIN,  GUTYN  (./?.  1480),  Welsh  bard  and  genea- 
logist (Gruffydd  ap  Huw  ab  Owaiu);  consulted  by 
Henry  VII  as  to  Tudor  pedigree.  [xlii.  396] 

OWAIN  MYVYR  (1741-1814).    [See  JONES,  OWKN.] 

OWEN.    [See  also  OWAIN.] 

OWEN  OP  WALKS  (d.  1378),  soldier  in  French 
service;  claimed  descent  from  Welsh  princes;  went  to 
France  in  boyhood;  fought  under  John  II  at  Poitiers, 
1356;  won  distinction  in  Lombardy,  1360;  given  com- 
mand of  French  expedition  against  Wales,  which  made 
descent  on  Guernsey,  1372  ;  captured  Sir  Thomas  Percy 
[q.  v.]  and  the  Captal  de  Buch  at  Soubise,  1372;  co- 
operated with  Spanish  in  capture  of  La  Rochelle,  1372  ; 
under  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  at  Chize,  1373  ;  took  part  in 
Enguerrand  de  Coucy's  expedition  against  Leopold  of 
Austria,  1375  ;  treacherously  murdered  by  a  Welshman 
before  Mortagne  ;  his  invasion  of  Guernsey  subject  of  a 
ballad.  [xlii.  396] 

OWEN  GLENDOWER  (1359  ?-1416?).    [See  GLEN- 


OWEN  TUDOR  (d.  1461).  [See  TUDOR.] 
OWEN,  MRS.  ALICE  (d.  1613),  philanthropist  :  nt* 
Wilkes  ;  married,  as  her  third  husband,  Thomas  Owen 
(d.  1598)  [q.  v.]  ;  founded  school  and  almshouses  at  Isling- 
ton ;  made  bequests  to  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  Universities.  [xlii.  398] 

OWEN,  ANEURIN  (1792-1851),  Welsh  historical 
scholar  ;  son  of  William  Owen(afterwardsPughe)  [q.  v.]  : 
assistant  tithe  commissioner,  1836  :  enclosure  commis- 
sioner, 1845;  edited  for  Record  Office  collection  of  ancient 
Welsh  laws,  1841  ;  edited  part  of  '  Brut  y  Tywysogion  '  in 
'Monumeuta  Historica  Britannioa,'  1848.  [xlii.  399] 

OWEN,  OADWALLADER  (1562-1617),  rector  of 
Llanfecbain,  1601,  and  Llanbrynmair  (sinecure),  1610; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1588  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1685  ;  B.D.,  1603  ;  a  great  disputant. 

[xlii.  434] 

OWEN,  CHARLES  (d.  1746),  presbyterian  minister 

and  tutor  at  Warrington:  hon.  D.D.  BUnborgn,  172S; 

!  indicted  for  sermon  on  'Plain   Dealing;  or  Separation 

without  Schism,'  1715;  influential  supporter  of  Hanove- 

rian dyna-ty  ;  published  controversial  works. 

[xlii.  400] 


OWEN 


987 


OWEN 


OWEN,  CORBET  (1646-1»;71 ).  Latin  poet,  of  West- 
minster School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxfor.l  (  XI. A.,  lu'o). 

[xlii.  401] 

OWEN,  DAVID  (  rt.  1641').  .•ontnivi-r-ialUt.  of  Cntliu- 
rine  Hall  (B.A.,  169H)aii(l  Clan-  Hull.  Cuinbridg 
1602):   iucorporatal    M.A.  Oxford,  160K  :    ,-r.-iit»l   \>.D. 
Cambridge,  1618 ;  defended  divine  right  of  kings. 

[xlii.  401] 

OWEN,  DAVID,  or  DAFYDD  Y  OAHRKG  WKN  iir-jo- 
1749),  Welsh  liarper,  to  whom  several  airs  are  ascribed, 
for  one  of  which  Srott  wrote  words  ('The  Dyiiitf  Hinl '  >. 

[xliL  403] 

OWEN,  DAVID  (1784-1841),  Welsh  poet  ('Dewi 
Wyn  o  Eiflon'):  awarded  second  prizes  by  Gwyueddigion 
Society  of  Lon<lon,  1803  and  1805;  awaiXUd  rup  (which 
was  withhi-lih  at  Trcmadoc  Eisteddfod  for  poem  on 
4 Agriculture,'  1811;  valued  after  bin  death;  his  chief 
works  collected  in  •  Blodan  Arfon,'  1842.  [xlii.  402] 

OWEN,  DAVID  (1794-1866),  Welsh  journalist 
('  Brutus ') ;  made  his  reputation  by  an  article 
Gomer'  on  the  'Poverty  of  the  Welsh  Language,'  1824  : 
edited  » Lleuad  yr  Oes,'  1827-30,  and  '  Hi,  n-yly-M,'  1831-5  : 
afterwards  joined  church  of  England  and  edited  the 
•Haul.'  [xlii.  403] 

OWEN,  EDWARD  (1728-1807),  translator  of  Juvenal 
and  Persius  (1785)  and  author  of  '  New  Latin  Accidence ' 
(1770);  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1752;  head-master 
(1757)  and  rector  (1767-1807)  of  Warrington. 


College,  Williamsburir,  Virginia,  1758-60;  dial  minister 
lri-\v's.  Hrimswirk  County  ;  published  '  Diddu- 
nwcb  Tetiltmiild,'  1703  ;  lib*  complete   works  ediu*l   by 
ItolM-rt  Joiu-s,  187G.  [xlii.411] 


[xlii.  404] 

OWEN,  SIR  EDWARD  CAMPBELL  RICH  (1771- 
1849),  admiral ;  while  in  command  of  the  Immortalite 
captured  and  destroyed  many  French  gunboats  and  pri- 
vateers, 1802-5;  attached  to  Walcheren  expedition.  1809; 
K.C.B.,1815;  commander-in-chief  in  West  Indies,  1822-5;  I 
surveyor-general  of  ordnance,  1827  ;  commander  in  East 
Indies,  1828-32,  in  Mediterranean,  1841-5 ;  G.O.H.,  1832; 
G.O.B.,  1845  ;  admiral,  1846.  [xlii.  405] 

OWEN,  EDWARD  PRYCE  (1788-1863),  etcher;  son 
of  Hugh  Owen  (1761-1827)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1816:  vicar  of  Wellington  and  rector  of 
Eyton-upon-Wildmoors,  Shropshire,  1823-63.  [xlii.  405] 

OWEN,  ELLIS  (1789-1868),  Welsh  antiquary  and 
poet ;  F.S.A.,  1868;  his  'Cell  Meudwy1  issued,  1897. 

[xlii.  406] 

OWEN,  SIR  FRANCIS  PHILIP  CUNLIFFE- 
(1828-1894),  director  of  South  Kensington  Museum  ; 
entered  science  and  art  department,  South  Ken- 
sington, 1854 ;  assisted  Sir  Henry  Cole  [q.  v.]  in 
international  exhibitions  at  Paris,  1855  and  1867,  and 
Vienna,  1873;  assistant-director  at  South  Kensington, 
1860-73 :  director,  1873-93 ;  superintended  British  section 
at  Paris  exhibition,  1878;  as  director  organised  Fisheries, 
and  succeeding  exhibitions,  1883-6 ;  C.B.,  1873  ;  K.O.M.G. 
and  legion  of  honour,  1878  ;  K.C.B.,  188G.  [xlii.  406] 

OWEN,  GEORGE  (</.  1558),  physician  to  Henry  VIII, 
Edward  VI,  and  Mary  I ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  and  M.D.,  1528;  received  grants  of  property  at 
and  near  Oxford  :  president  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
1553  and  1554  ;  friend  of  Thomas  Caius  [q.  v.] 

[xlii.  407] 

OWEN,  GEORGE  (/.  1604).  [See  HARRY,  GKOKOK 
OWKX.] 

OWEN,  GEORGE  (1552-1613),  author  of  'Description 
of  Pembrokeshire  '  (1603)  ;  sou  of  William  Owen  (1469  ?- 
1574)  [q.  v.]  ;  vice-admiral  of  Pembroke  and  Cardigan 
and  sheriff  of  Cardigan,  1689  and  1602  ;  gave  assistance 
to  Camden ;  author  also  of  descriptions  of  Wales  and 
Milford  Haven  and  '  Catologe  and  Genelogie  of  the 
Lordes  of  Kernes,'  and  other  treatises,  printed  in  nineteenth 
century.  [xlii.  408] 

OWEN,  GEORGE  (d.  1665),  York  herald  :  son  of 
George  Owen  (1552-1613)  [q.  v.]  ;  Rouge  Croix,  1626 ; 
York  herald,  1633  (reappointed,  1660) ;  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1643  ;  Norroy  king-of-arms,  1658  ;  frequently  confounded 
with  his  father  and  George  Owen  Harry  [q.  v.] 

[xlii.  410] 

OWEN,  GORONWY  or  GRONOW  (1723-1769?), 
Welsh  poet ;  son  of  a  tinker  in  Anglesey ;  of  Jesus 
College,  Oxford  ;  while  master  of  Donnington  school, 
corresponded  with  Lewis  Morris  [q.  v.]  and  composed 
1  Oywydd  y  Farn  Fawr '  :  secretary  to  Cymmrodorion 
Society  of  London,  1755;  master  of  William  and  Mary 


OWEN,  i ;  IMF  KITH  <-/.  1717), 
emigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  1684,  and  became 
executive  council  ;  died  at  Philadelphia.  [xlii.  412] 

OWEN,  HKNllY  (1716-179*),  divine  and  scholar: 
M.A.Jesus  College,  oxford.  17>3.  M.I).,  1753;  vicar  of 
Terliug,  1752  :  rector  of  St.  Oluve'u.  Hart  Street,  1760- 
1794;  vicar  of  Kdmonton,  1775-95;  chaplain  to  Bishop 
Shuu  Barrington:  Boyle  l.-c-turer,  1769-71;  friend  of 
Bowyer  and  Nichols  :  published  theological  works. 

[xlii.  412] 

OWEN,  HENRY  CHARLRSOUNLIFFB- (18*1-1867), 
lieutenant-colonel  of  royal  engineers:  brother  of  Sir 
Francis  Philip  Ouuliffe-Owen  [q.  v.] ;  nerved  against 
Boers  and  Kaffirs,  1845-7  ;  general  superintendent  of  the 
exhibition  of  1851 ;  inspector  of  art  schools :  wounded 
before  Sebastopol ;  C.B.  and  pensioned  ;  deputy  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications,  1866-60 ;  commanding  engineer 
of  western  district,  1860-7 ;  friend  of  Pusey.  [xlii.  413] 

OWEN,  HUGH,  properly  JOHN  Hruiiia  (1615-1686), 
Welsh  Jesuit.  [xlii.  4 14] 

OWEN,  HUGH  (1639-1700),  Welsh  nonconformist 
preacher  ;  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford.  [xllL  414] 

OWEN,  HUGH  (1761-1827),  collaborator  with  John 
Brickdale  Blukeway  [q.  v.]  In  '  History  of  Stirewnbury  ' 
(1825);  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1807 ;  arch- 
deacon of  Shropshire,  1821  ;  published  separate  work  on 
Shrewsbury,  1808.  [xlii.  415] 

OWEN,  HUGH  (1784-1861),  colonel  in  Portuguese 
army;  commanded  cavalry  skirmishers  at  Talavera; 
entered  Portuguese  service,  1810 ;  received  troop  in  7th 
hussars  for  services  at  Vittoria,  1813,  but  sold  out,  1817  : 
organised  and  commanded  6th  Portuguese  regiment  after 
1815  ;  accompanied  Beresford  to  Brazil,  1820  :  published 
'  Civil  War  in  Portugal '  (English  and  Portuguese,  1836). 

[xlii.  416] 

OWEN,  SIR  HUGH  (1804-1881),  promoter  of  Welsh 
education  and  philanthropist ;  chief  clerk  of  poor  law 
commission,  1853-72;   circulated   'Letter  to  the  Welsh 
People'  on  day-schools,   1843;  bon.  secretary  to  Caui- 
|  brian  Educational  Society,  1846 ;  took  up  cause  of  deaf 
I  and  dumb;  organised  state-aided  undenominational  edu- 
:  cation ;  promoted  establishment  of  training  colleges  for 
I  teachers  ;  the  virtual  creator  of  Aberystwith  University 
I  College  (opened,  1872)  ;  chiefly  instrumental  in  reform  of 
Eisteddfod  and  revival  (1873)  of  Cymmrodorion  Society  ; 
I  prominent  in  foundation  of  London- Welsh  Charitable  Aid 
1  Society,  1873;  connected  with  London  Fever  Hospital, 
'  National    Thrift    Society,    and    National    Temperance 
League;  member  of  London  school  board,  1872;  knighted, 
1881.  [xlii.  416] 

OWEN,  HUMPHREY  (1712-1768),  Bodley's  librarian 
and  principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1726  ;  fellow,  1726 :  D.D.,  1763 ;  rector  of 
Tredington  (second  portion),  1744-63;  Bodley's  librarian, 
1747-68 ;  principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1763-8. 

[xlii.  418] 

OWEN,  JACOB  (1778-1870),  architect  and  engineer  to 
Irish  board  of  works,  1832-56  ;  erected  Duudrum  Asylum, 
1848,  and  Mountjoy  prison,  Dublin,  1860.  [xlii.  418] 

OWEN,  JAMES  (1654-1706),  presbyterian;  brother 
of  Charles  Owen  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  public  disputation 
with  William  Lloyd  (1627-1717)  [q.  v.]  at  Oswestry,  1681, 
where  he  established  academy  for  training  presbyterians, 
1690 ;  joint-pastor  of  High  Street  Chapel,  Shrewsbury, 
1700;  carried  on  controversies  with  Benjamin  Keach 
[q.  v.],  Thomas  Gipps  [q.  v.],  and  William  Lloyd  [q.  v.] 

OWEN,  JOHN  (15607-1622),  epigrammatist ;  of  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1684-91 ; 
B.O.L.,  1590;  head-master  of  King  Henry  VIII's  school, 
Warwick,  e.  1694 :  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  his 
Latin  epigrams  collected,  1624,  and  translated  into  English, 
French,  German,  and  Spanish.  [xlii.  420] 

OWEN,  JOHN  (1680-1651X  bishop  of  St.  Asmph ; 
fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1600,  D.D.. 
1618 ;  rector  of  Burton  Latimer,  1608,  of  Carlton  and 
Oottiugham,  1625  :  chaplain  to  Prince  Charles;  bishop  of 


OWEN 


OWEN 


St.  Asapn,  1629-41 :  institutal  Welsh  sermons  in  his 
diocese  and  improve.)  the  Mthedrul ;  impeached,  impri- 
soned,and  sequestratai,  1641.  [xlii.  421] 

OWEN,  Sin  J«  iHX  (1600-1666),  royalist ;  his  appoint- 
ment as  governor  of  Kuabon  (1644)  resisted  by  Arch- 
bishop Williams:  knighted,  1644  :  surrendered  to Mytton, 
1649 ;  attacked  Carnarvon,  but  after  a  first  victory  was 
defeated  and  captured  at  Llandegai,  1648  ;  imprisoned  at 
Denbigh  and  Windsor:  condemned  to  death  with  Ion  Is 
Gorinir,  Holland.  Cambridge,  and  Capel,  but  respited, 
1649 ;  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  raise  north  Wales  in 
concert  with  Sir  George  Booth,  1659,  and  was  again 
sequestered.  [xlii.  422] 

OWEN,  JOHN  (1616-1683),  theologian  :  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1635:  created  D.D.,  1653  :  left  the 
university  on  account  of  Laud's  statutes ;  private  chaplain 
to  Sir  Robert  Dormer  and  Lord  Lovelace:  published 
tracts  against  Arminianism  and  in  favour  of  presby- 
terianism,  and  obtained  rectory  of  Fordham,  Essex,  1643 ; 
ejected  by  patron,  but  presented  by  House  of  Lords  to 
Ooggeshall,  1646;  adopted  independent  views  and  ex- 
panded them  in  'Eshcol,'  1648:  preached  before  parlia- 
ment, 1649,  and  accompanied  Cromwell  to  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  1650,  as  chaplain:  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1651-60;  vice-chancellor,  1652-8:  chairman  of 
committee  for  composing  differences  in  Scottish  church, 
1654  :  carried  on  controversies  with  John  Goodwin  [q.  v.], 
Henry  Hammond  [q.  v.],  and  William  Sherlock  (1641  ?- 
1707)  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  '  Vindicise  Evangelic® '  against  John 
Biddle  [q.  v.],  1655  :  charged  Grotius  with  Socinianism  ; 
published  treatise  'On  Schism,'  1657,  with  attack  on 
quaker  theory  of  inspiration :  ejected  from  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1660 :  wrote  anonymous  answer  to  the  '  Fiat  Lux ' 
of  Vincent  Canes  [q.  v.],  1662;  indicted  for  holding  reli- 
gion assemblies  at  Oxford,  1666 :  removed  to  London  and 
published  anonymous  tracts  in  defence  of  religions  liberty, 
and,  with  his  name,  other  writings,  including  one  boo'k 
of  the  'Exercitations  on  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews,'  1668; 
attacked  occasional  conformity ;  discussal  nonconformity 
with  the  Duke  of  York,  1674 :  received  audience  from 
Charles  II  and  money  for  nonconformists;  allowed  to 
preach  to  independent  congregation  in  Leadenhall  Street, 
London,  1673 ;  wrote  against  Romanism  and  rationalism, 
1674-80;  defended  dissenters  against  Stillingfleet  and 
contended  for  historical  position  of  Congregationalism, 
;  his  'Meditations  and  Discourse  on  the  Glory 
of  Christ,'  and  other  treatises,  published  posthumously; 
collective  editions  of  his  works  issued,  1721  (imperfect), 
1826  and  1850.  [xlii.  424] 

OWEN,  JOHN  (1766-1822),  secretary  of  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Ohristi  College, 
Cambridge,  1789;  M.A-,  1791;  curate  of  Fulham,  1795- 
}«*:  secretary  of  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
1804-tt;  rector  of  Paglesham,  1808;  minister  of  Park 
Chapel,  Chelsea :  chief  work, « History  of  the  Origin  and 
•t  ten  years  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,' 

[xlii.  428] 

OWEN,  JOHN  (1821-1883),  Welsh  musician  (' Owain 
Ataw  );  organist  in  Chester ;  won  many  prizes  at  eistedd- 
fod, and .composed  cantatas,  glees,  songs,  and  anthems ; 
edited  '  Gems  of  Welsh  Melody,'  1860.  [xlii.  429] 

OWKN,  JOSIAH  (1711  ?-1755),  presbyterian  minister 
at  Rochdale,  1740-52,  and  at  Ellenthorp,  1 762-5  ;  nephew 
of  Charles  Owen  [q.  v.]  ;  prominent  as  writer  against 
Jacobites.  [xlii>  429] 

OWEN,  LEWIS  (d.  1665),  vice-chamberlain  of  North 
Wales  and  baron  of  the  exchequer  of  Carnarvon  ('  Y 
Barwn  Owen ') ;  sheriff  of  Merionethshire.  1545-6  and 


,  Merionethshire,   1545-6  and 

M.P.  for  county,  1547,  1563,  and  1554  ;  mur- 
dered by  Mawddwy  brigands.  [xlii.  430] 

OWEN,  LEWIS  (1532-1594).    [See  LEWIS,  OWEN.] 
OWEN.  LEWIS  (1572-1633),  anti-Jesuit  writer  ;  some- 
ne  a  Jesuit  in  Spain  :  employed  by  government  as  spy  at 
f  Edaft1Wi8n  Londou  :  PuWfcbed  'Un- 


nx  - 

all  Popish  Monks,  Friers  and  lesuite,'  1623, 
'Speculum  Jesulticnm,'  1629,  and  other  works. 

.  MORGAN  (1585  ?-1645),  bishop  of^landaff  ; 
Oxford  (B.A.,  1613);   M.A. 


h., 

ni  bUhop  of  8U 
btehopof  Llandaff, 


;  cauon  of  St.  David's,  1623  ; 
1640-2 :  impeached  and  imprifoned 


for  promulgating  Land's  canons  and  protesting  against 
action  of  Long  parliament,  1641-2 ;  left  bequest  to  Car- 
marthen school.  [xlii.  432] 

OWEN,  NICHOLAS  (</.  1606),  Jesuit  ('  Little  John ') ; 
w:i~  imprisoned,  but  escaped  ;  said  to  have  effect. 
of  John  Gerard  (15F4-1637)  [q.  v.],  1597;  travelled  with 
Henry  Garnett  [q.  v.]  :  designed  hiding-places  at  Hindlip 
Hall  for  priests  ;  captured  there  and  taken  to  the  Tower 
of  London,  where  he  died,  probably  from  effects  of  torture 

[xlii.  433] 

OWEN,  NICHOLAS  (1752-1811),  Welsh  antiquary: 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1776:  rector  of  LJandyfiydog, 
and  Meyllteyrn;  published  works,  including  'British 
Remains,'  1777.  [xm.  434] 

OWEN,  RICHARD  (1606-1683),  royalist  divine  :  son 
of  .Cadwallader  Owen  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford.  1628-38;  M.A.,  1630,  B.D.,  1638;  rector  of 
Llanfechain,  1634;  vicar  of  Eltham,  1636;  rector  of  St. 
Swithin,  London  Stone,  1639  ;  ejected  for  royalism,  1643 ; 
regained  St.  Swithin  at  Restoration  and  was  made  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral:  intimate  wfth  John 
Evelyn  (1620-1706)  [q.  v.];  Latin  version  of  George 
Bate's  '  Royal  Apologie '  attributed  to  him.  [xlii.  434] 

OWEN,  Sm  RICHARD  (1804-1892),  naturalist; 
educated  at  Lancaster  school  with  Whewell;  studied 
anatomy  at  Edinburgh  under  John  Barclay  (1758-1826) 
[q.  v.];  prosector  to  Aberuethy  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  1826,  and  lecturer  on  anatomy,  1829;  assistant- 
conservator  of  Hunterian  Museum,  1827,  joint-conservator, 
1842,  and  afterwards  sole  conservator  till  1856;  attended 
Cuvier's  lectures  at  Paris,  1831;  made  his  name  as  anato- 
mist with  '  Memoir  on  the  Pearly  Nautilus,'  1832  ;  F.R.S., 
1834 ;  first  Hunterian  professor  of  comparative  anatomy 
and  physiology,  1836-56;  Wollaston  medallist,  1838; 
first  president  of  Microscopical  Society,  1840;  received 
civil  list  pension,  1842;  elected  to  'the  club,'  1845;  on 
royal  commission  on  public  health,  1847,  and  Smithfleld 
market,  1809  ;  while  at  the  Hunterian  museum  prepared 
'  Descriptive  and  Illustrative  Catalogue  of  Physiological 
Series  of  Comparative  Anatomy '  and  catalogue  of  osteo- 
logical  collections;  gave  annual  lectures,  and  wrote 
memoirs  of  animals  dissected  at  Zoological  Society,  on 
marsupialia  and  monotremes,  on  bones  and  teeth,  on 
cephalopoda,  and  parthenogenesis,  1849 ;  chairman  of 
jury  on  raw  materials  at  exhibition  of  1851,  on  '  Prepared 
and  Preserved  Alimentary  Substances '  at  Paris,  1855 : 
devised  models  of  extinct  animals  at  Crystal  Palace  ; 
as  superintendent  of  natural  history  collections  of  the 
British  Museum  (1856-83)  obtained  their  separation  from 
the  library  and  removal  to  South  Kensington  (1881), 
where  he  designed  the  'Index  Museum,'  but  was  over- 
ruled on  the  general  scheme  of  arrangement ;  lectured  on 
fossils  at  Jermyn  Street  Museum  and  Royal  Institution, 
1869-61 ;  presided  at  Leeds  meeting  of  British  Associa- 
tion, 1858 ;  gave  Rede  lecture  at  Cambridge,  1869 ;  lec- 
tured to  royal  family,  1860  and  1864 ;  helped  Livingstone 
to  write  '  Missionary  Travels,'  1857 ;  visited  Egypt  with 
Albert  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  1869 ;  received  the  '  Prix 
Cuvier,'  1857  ;  edited  '  Posthumous  Papers  of  John 
Hunter  '  (1861) ;  attacked  '  Origin  of  Species '  in  '  Edin- 
burgh Review '  (April  1860),  taking  up  an  ambiguous 
attitude  on  evolution;  royal  medallist,  1846;  Copley 
medallist,  1851 ;  Baley  medallist  for  physiology,  1869,  gold 
medallist,  Linnean  Society,  1888 :  received  honorary 
degrees  from  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Dublin,  and  was 
foreign  associate  of  Institute  of  France ;  K.O.B.,  1884 ; 
had  many  foreign  orders.  He  received  Sheen  Lodge  as  a 
residence  from  Queen  Victoria  in  1862.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  many  leading  contemporaries,  but  his  acer- 
bity as  a  controversialist  isolated  him  in  the  scientific 
world.  His  chief  larger  works  were,  '  Odontography,' 
1840-5, '  Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physio- 
logy of  Invertebrates,'  1843,  'History  of  British  Fossil 
Mammals  and  Birds,'  1846,  '  On  the  Anatomy  of  Inver- 
tebrates,' vols.  i.  and  ii.  1866,  vol.  iii.  1868,  '  Researches 
on  Fossil  Remains  of  Extinct  Mnmmals  of  Australia,' 
1877-8,  '  Memoirs  on  Extinct  Wingless  Birds  of  New 
Zealand,'  1879.  [xlii.  435] 

OWEN,  ROBERT  (1771-1858),  socialist  and  philan- 
thropist ;  born  and  died  at  Newtown,  Montgomeryshire ; 
read  widely  when  a  boy ;  obtained  knowledge  of  fabrics 
while  assistant  at  a  shop  in  Stamford,  Northamptonshire; 
while  employed  in  Manchester  set  up  a  small  cotton- 
establishment;  afterwards  very  successful  as 


OWEN 


OXENBRIDGE 


manager  of  large  mills  ;m«l  became  known  in  Mm 
had  discussion  with  Coleridge  and  lent  money  to  Hubert 
Fulton ;  formed  Cborltou  Twist  Company,  1794-5  ; 
houtrht  for  company  New  Laimrk  Mill-  from  Duviil  Dale 
[q.  v.]  and  married  hU  daughter.  1799;  in  onh-r  to  r.in -y 
out  his  schemed  bought  out  partners  and,  with  William 
Allen  (1770-184U)  [q.  v.],  Bentham,  and  other*,  form.- 1 
new  company,  1814;  became  famous  for  his  Mi 
for  the  formation  of  character,'  including  infant  and 
two  other  gradeti  of  schools  (opened,  1816);  his  essays 
circulated  by  the  British  an. I  American  government!*; 
consulted  by  Prussian  and  Austrian  ambassadors;  re- 
ceived offers  in  person  from  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  for 
an  establishment  in  Russia;  propounded  scheme  of 
'villages  of  unity  and  co-operation'  to  great  meeting 
at  City  of  London  Tavern,  1817 ;  made  continental  tour, 
attending  Germanic  diet  and  congress  of  Aix-lu-Chapelle, 
1818 ;  largely  Instrumental  in  bringing  about  tho  Factory 
Act  of  1819 ;  obtained  formation  of  committee  to  carry 
out  his  scheme  under  presidency  of  Duke  of  Kent, 
1819,  but  alienated  sympathy  by  declaration  against  re- 
ligion; during  a  visit  to  Ireland,  1823,  met  with  much 
opposition  ;  a  settlement  on  his  communistic  principles 
at  Orbiston  maintained  for  only  about  two  years  ;  gave 
•MMSjeu  at  Washington  and  took  over  Harmony  Settle- 
ment, 1826 ;  framed  communistic  constitution,  1826,  and 
several  times  visited  it,  but  being  unable  to  enforce  his 
principles,  abandoned  it,  1828;  withdrew  from  New 
'Lanark  after  disputes  with  partners,  1829;  received  an 
abortive  offer  from  Mexican  government,  1829 ;  took 
part  in  co-operative  and  social  congresses,  lecturing,  and 
pulili.-hiug  periodicals ;  carried  on  'Equitable  Labour  Ex- 
change,' 1832-4 ;  took  up  case  of  Dorset  labourers,  1834  : 
conducted  'New  Moral  World,'  1834-41;  was  presented 
by  Lord  Normauby  to  Queen  Victoria,  1840  ;  again  In 
America,  1844-7;  published  'Revolution  in  Mind  and 
Practice,'  1849;  took  up  spiritualism;  held  'millenial' 
meetings  in  St.  Martin's  Hall,  London,  1866  ;  published 
an  '  Autobiography,'  1857-8 ;  appeared  at  social  science 
congresses  at  Birmingham  and  Liverpool,  introduced  by 
Brougham.  He  spent  most  of  his  fortune  on  the  promo- 
tion of  hit-  schemes,  and  attempted  to  convert  many  public 
men.  [xliL  444] 

OWEN,  ROBERT  DALE  (1801-1877),  publicist  and 
author ;  son  of  Robert  Owen  [q.  v.] ;  educated  under 
Fellenberg  at  Hofwyl ;  joined  New  Harmony  settlement, 
1826;  edited  'New  Harmony  Gazette'  and  commenced 
(1828)  'Free  Inquirer';  published  'Moral  Physiology,' 
1831 ;  as  member  of  House  of  Representatives  for  Indiana 
supported  annexation  of  Texas  ;  U.S.  minister  at  Naples, 
1863-8;  published  'Policy  of  Emancipation,'  1863,  and 
'  The  Wrong  of  Slavery,'  &c.,  1864  ;  also  '  Footfalls  on  the 
Boundary  of  another  World,'  1869,  and  '  Debatable  Land 
between  this  World  and  the  next,'  1872;  published 
'Threading  my  Way '  (autobiography,  1874).  [xlii.  452] 

OWEN,  Bm  ROGER  (1573-1617),  politician ;  son  of 
Thomas  Owen  (</.  1598)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1592 ;  M.P.,  Shrewsbury,  1597,  and  Shropshire, 
16U1-14  ;  knighted,  1604 ;  barrister  and  treasurer,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1613  ;  dismissed  from  commission  of  peace  for 
anti-royalist  speeches.  [xlii.  455] 

OWEN,  SAMUEL  (1769  ?-1857),  water-colour  painter ; 
exhibited  battle-pieces  at  Royal  Academy  and  marine 
subjects  with  Associated  Artists  in  Water-colours. 

[xlii.  453] 

OWEN,  THANKFULL  (1620-1681),  independent 
divine ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1642 ; 
M.A.,  1646  ;  senior  proctor,  1649 ;  president  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  1650-60 ;  prominent  in  management  of 
university  during  Commonwealth  ;  published '  A  true  and 
lively  Representation  of  Popery,1  1679. 

OWEN,  THOMAS  (</.  1598),  judge;  graduated  at 
Oxford,  1559;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1670;  M.P., 
Shrewsbury,  1584-5 ;  member  of  council  of  Welsh  marches, 
1590 ;  queen's  serjeaut,  1693 ;  judge  of  common  pleas, 
1594-8 ;  his  common  pleas  reports  printed,  1666 ;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  [xlii.  •«&] 

OWEN,  THOMAS  (1557-1618),  rector  of  English 
Jesuit  college,  Rome,  1610-18  ;  published  translation  from 
French.  [xlii.  456] 

OWEN,  THOMAS  (1749-1812),  translator  of  agricul- 
tural works;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1770;  M.A. 


Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1773;  incumbent  of  Uj 
damore,  Wlltabire,  1779.  [xliL  446] 

OWEN.    Tl!  MS    (1764-1814),    author  of 

•Methodism  Unmasked '(1802);  of  WesUni 
and  ChriK   Church,  tixfnnl  :    B.A.,  1789; 
South  Stoke,  1792,  Llaudyfrydog,  Anglesey,  1794.  _ 

OWEN,  WILLIAM  (1469  V-1574),  , 
Bregement  .1.-  >tatuti« '  (1521);  of  the  Middle  Temple; 
recovered  barony  of  Kernes  after  nineteen  yean'  nit; 
vice-admiral  of  Wales.  [xliL  446] 

OWEN,  WILLIAM  (15JO?-1487),  Webb  pu 
MAM  Luroc) ;  M.A. ;  vicar  of  Ovwestry,  1481-7 ;  made 
chief  bard  at  Caerwyn,  1668 ;  some  of  his  pieces  printed 
In  '  Gorchestion  Belrdd  Cymru '  ( 1864)  and  •  Y  Brytbon.' 

[xliL  447] 

OWEN.  WILLIAM  (1789-1834),  portrait-painter  ;  ex- 
biblted  at  Royal  Academy  from  1792 ;  R.A.,  18O6 ;  princi- 
pal portrait- painter  to  George,  prince  regent,  1818  ;  acci- 
dentally poisoned. 


OWEN,  WILLIAM  (1769-1816). 


[xlii.  447] 
[See  PUOH.] 


OWEN,  WILLIAM  FITZWILLIAM  (1774-1857), 
vice-admiral;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Campbell  Rich 
Owen  [q.  v.] ;  midshipman  in  the  Culloden  in  battle  of 
1  June  1794 ;  explored  Maldlve  islands,  1806,  and  dis- 
covered Seaflower  Channel,  Sumatra,  1806  ;  nerved  against 
Dutch  in  East  Indies  ;  taken  by  French,  1808;  surveyed 
Canadian  hikes,  1815-16,  west  and  east  African  coasts, 
1821-6 ;  settled  Fernando  Po,  1827 ;  published  '  Narrative 
of  Voyages  to  explore  shores  of  Africa,  Arabia,  and 
Madagascar,'  1833  ;  vice-admiral,  1844.  [xliL  448] 

OWENS,  JOHN  (1790-1846),  founder  of  Owens  Col- 
lege, Manchester ;  a  Manchester  merchant  who  left  about 
100,0002.  to  found  a  college,  which  was  to  be  free  from 
religious  tests.  Owens  College  was  opened,  1851,  and  in- 
corporated by  parliament,  1871.  [xliii.  1.] 

OWENS,  JOHN  LENNERGAN  (ft.  1780),  actor; 
succeeded  Henry  Mossop  [q.  v.]  at  Smock  Alley  Theatre, 
Dublin.  [xliiL  2] 

OWENS,  OWEN(rf.  1593), divine;  M.A.  Cambridge, 
1564  ;  last  archdeacon  of  Anglesey  to  hold  It  plena  jure, 
the  bishops  of  Bangor  subsequently  holding  it  in  earn- 
mendam.  [xlii.  421] 

OWENSON,  ROBERT  (1744-1812),  actor ;  introduced 
to  Garrick  by  Goldsmith,  c.  1771 ;  made  his  London  debut 
at  Covent  Garden,  1774 ;  opened  Fishamblu  Street  Theatre, 
Dublin,  1785 ;  retired  from  the  stage,  1798.  [xliiL  2] 

OWENSON,  Miss  SYDNEY  (1783  V-1849).  [See 
MORGAN,  SYDNEY,  LADY.] 

OWTRAM,  WILLIAM  (1626-1679),  divine;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1645;  fellow  of  Christ's  Col- 
lege and  (1649)  M.A. ;  created  D.D.,  1660;  rector  of  St. 
Mary  Wooluoth,  London,  till  1666  :  archdeacon  of  Leices- 
ter, 1669 ;  preacher  and  rabbinical  scholar.  [xliiL  2] 

OWTEED  (1315  V-1396).    [See  UHTKKO.] 

OXBERRY,  WILLIAM  (1784-1824),  actor;  attracted 
the  attention  of  Henry  Siddons  [q.  v.],  and  first  appeared 
at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London,  in  1807 ;  was  for  long 
manager  of  the  Olympic ;  took  the  Craven's  Head  chop- 
house  in  1821 ;  said  to  have  been  unsurpassed  in  the  roles 
of  Slender,  Sir  David  Daw,  and  Petro  ;  edited  '  The  New 
English  Drama,'  1818-24,  besides  projecting  'Dramatic 
Biography,'  1825.  [xliii.  3] 

OXBERRY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1808-1842),  actor; 
son  of  William  Oxberry  [q.  v.] ;  first  appeared  at  the 
Olympic  Theatre,  London,  1825  ;  unsuccessful  as  manager 
of  the  English  Opera  House  (1833-7),  and  returned  to  the 
stage,  acting  at  the  Princess's,  the  Lyccum,Covent  Garden, 
and  many  other  theatres  in  London ;  author  of  burlesques 
and  plays.  [xliii.  5] 

OXBURGH,  HENRY  (rf.  1716),  Jacobite :  settled  in 
Cheshire,  1700,  after  serving  in  the  army  in  Ireland  and 
France ;  joined  Jacobite  rising,  1715,  and  received  colonel's 
commission  under  Thomas  Forster  (1675  V-1738)  [q.  r.]  ; 
surrendered  at  Preston  and  was  executed.  His  head  was 
displayed  on  the  top  of  Temple  Bar,  London,  [xliii.  6] 

OXENBRIDGE,  JOHN  ( 1608-1674 X  puritan  divine; 
became  tutor  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  (M.A.,  1631),  but 
(1634)  was  deprived  by  Laud  for  drawing  up  a  document 


OXENDEN 


990 


PAOIFIOO 


for  the  better  government  of  the  society,  which  be  per- 
Piimlcd  hU  scholars  to  subscribe:  after  exercising  hin 
ministry  in  the  Bermudas  returned  to  England  in  1(>41 
and  preached  in  various  part*  of  the  country  :  became  a 
fellow  of  Eton,  1662,  where  he  formed  a  friendship  with 
Andrew  Marvell  (1681-1678)  [q.  T.]  :  being  ejected,  1660 
emigrated  to  Surinam,  Barbados,  and  finally  to  Boston, 
where  he  became  pastor ;  published  sermons,  [xliii.  7] 

OXENDEN,  ASHTON  (1808-1892X  bishop  of  Mont- 
real ;  of  Harrow  and  University  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.. 
1869 ;  D.D.,  1869 :  rector  of  Pluckley,  Kent,  1849-69 ; 
honorary  canon  of  Canterbury,  1864 ;  elected  bishop  of 
Montreal  and  metropolitan  of  Canada,  May  1869; 
•Miduomdy  attended  to  his  duties  till  ill-health  caused  him 
to  resign  the  bishopric,  1878 ;  vicar  of  St.  Stephen's,  near 
Canterbury,  and  rural  dean,  1879-84:  published  minor 
theological  works,  which  his  plain  and  simple  language 
made  very  popular.  [xliii.  9] 

OXENDEN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1620-1669),  governor  of 
Bombay;  spent  his  youth  in  India;  knighted,  1661: 
appointed  by  the  Bast  India  Company  president  and 
chief  director  of  their  affairs  at  Surat,  1662 ;  found  the 
company's  trade  threatened  by  the  hostility  of  the  French 
and  Dutch,  but  during  his  term  of  office  established  the 
company's  affairs  on  a  sound  basis  and  prepared  the  way 
for  the  subsequent  development  of  its  power;  repulsed  an 
attack  on  Surat  by  the  Mahrattas,  1663 ;  on  the  cession  of 
Bombay  to  the  company  by  Charles  II  (1667)  was  nomi- 
nated governor  and  commauder-in-chief ;  died  at  Surat. 
[xliii.  9] 

OXENDEN,  GEORGE  (1661-1703),  civil  lawyer; 
nephew  of  Sir  George  Oxenden  (1620-1669)  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
per  litfrtu  rtgiat  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1676 ;  LL.D., 
1«79  ;  was  appointed  regius  professor  of  civil  law  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1884,  vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 1688,  and  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of  London ; 
masterof  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1680-1703 :  represented 
the  university  in  parliament  (1695-8);  author  of  several 
Latin  poems.  [xliii.  10] 

OXENDEN,  SIR  GEORGE,  fifth  baronet  (1694-1775), 
son  of  George  Oxenden  [q.  v.] ;  lord  of  the  admiralty  and 
of  the  treasury ;  M.P.,  Sandwich ;  noted  for  his  profligate 
character.  [xliii.  n] 

OXENDEN  or  OXINDEN,  HENRY  (1609-1670),  poet ; 
first  cousin  of  Sir  George  Oxeuden  (1620-1669)  [q.  v.]; 
B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1627;  author  of 
•  Jobus  Triumphaus,'  1651,  and  other  poems,  [xliii.  11] 

OXENEDES  or  OXNEAD,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1293?), 
chronicler ;  reputed  author  of  a  chronicle  really  written 
by  a  monk  of  St.  Benet's,  Hulme,  Norfolk,  covering  the 
Deripd  from  Alfred  to  1 293.  There  is  a  copy  in  the  Cotton 
lisa,  edited  by  Sir  Henry  Ellis  (1777-1869)  [q.  v.]  (1859) 
for  the  Rolls  Series,  and  another  in  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle's  MSS.  [xliiL  12] 

OXENFORD,  JOHN  (1812-1877),  dramatist;  author 
of  many  plays  and  of  translations  from  German,  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian  ;  became  dramatic  critic  to  'The 
Timer,  c,  1860,  and  held  that  position  for  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century.  An  essay  by  him  on  » Iconoclasm 
in  Philosophy  based  on  Schopenhauer's  'Parerga  und 
rarahpomena  ttrst  called  public  attention  to  Schopen- 
hauer's philosophy  in  England.  [xliii.  lL] 


OXENHAM,     HENRY     NUTCOMBE     (1829-1888), 
i  Roman  catholic  writer;  of  Harrow  and  Balliol  College, 
I  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1854 ;  took  orders  with  English  church, 
I  but  in  1857  was  received  into  the  church  of  Rome  ;  worked 
I  at  the  Brompton  Oratory,  and  afterwards  on  the  staff  of 
St.  Edmund's  College,  Ware ;  subsequently  held  a  master- 
ship   at    the    Oratory   School,  Birmingham;    published 
theological  and  historical  books,  including  translations  of 
works  by  Dbllinger,  under  whom  he  had  studied. 

OXENHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1575),  sea-captain"'  with 
Drake  in  Central  America,  1572 ;  undertook  (1674)  a 
second  expedition,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards  ; 
captured  and  hanged  at  Lima.  Kingsley  has  introduced 
a  late  and  partly  legendary  account  of  his  expedition  into 
his  novel  '  Westward  Ho  ! '  r xliii.  15] 

OXFORD,  EARLS  OF.  [Sec  VKRK,  KOBKKT  DE,  third 
EARL  of  the  first  creation,  1170  ?-1221 ;  VERK,  JOHX  DE, 
seventh  EARL,  1313-1360 ;  VERB,  ROBERT  DE, ninth  KARI,, 
1362-1392  ;  VKRE,  AUBKKT  DK,  tenth  EARL,  1340  ?-1400; 
VERB,  JOHN  DK,  thirteenth  EARL,  1443-1513 ;  VKRE,  JOHN 
DK,  sixteenth  EARL,  1512V-1562;  VKKK,  EDWARD  DE, 
seventeenth  EARL,  1650-1604 ;  VERB,  HENRY  DK, eighteenth 
EARL,  1593-1625;  VERK,  AUBREY  DK,  twentieth  E\RL, 
1626-1703 ;  HARLEY,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  1661-1724;  HARLEY,  EDWARD,  second  EARL, 
1689—1741.] 

OXFORD,  JOHN  OP  (d.  1200),  bishop  of  Norwich ; 
commissioned  by  Henry  II  (1164)  to  request  Pope 
Alexander  III  to  sanction  the  constitutions  of  Clarendon  ; 
subsequently  employed  on  other  important  foreign  mis- 
sions; was  excommunicated  by  Becket  (1166)  for  re- 
cognising the  an ti- pope  Paschal,  but  obtained  absolution 
from  Alexander ;  escorted  Becket  to  England,  1170,  and 
by  his  firmness  prevented  the  prelate's  enemies  attacking 
him  when  he  landed;  consecrated  bishop  of  Norwich, 
1175;  was  with  two  other  bishops  appointed  'archi- 
justiciarius '  on  the  reconstruction  of  the  judicial  system, 
1179.  [xiiii.  15] 

OXINDEN,  HENRY  (1609-1670)     [See  OXENDEN.] 

OXLEE,  JOHN  (1779-1854),  divine ;  rector  of  Scawton, 
1815-26,  Molesworth,  1836-54;  was  acquainted  with  120 
languages  and  dialects,  and  had  an  exceptional  knowledge 
of  Hebrew  literature ;  author  of  '  The  Christian  Doctrine 
of  the  Trinity,  the  Incarnation,  and  the  Atonement  .  .  . 
maintained  on  the  Principles  of  Judaism'  (3  vols.),  1816- 
1850.  [xliii.  17] 

OXLEY,  JOHN  (1781-1828),  Australian  explorer: 
surveyor-general  of  New  South  Wales,  1812 ;  made  ex- 
plorations between  1817  and  1823  in  the  interior  of  New 
South  Wales.  [xliii.  18] 

OXLEY,  JOSEPH  (1715-1775),  quaker ;  travelled 
much  in  the  United  States,  and  was  the  author  of  a  series 
of  autobiographical  letters.  [xliii.  19] 

OXNEAD,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1293  ?).    [See  OXKNEDES.] 

OYLEY.    [See  D'OYLHY.] 

OZELL,  JOHN  (d.  1743),  translator ;  an  accountant 
by  trade;  became  auditor-general  of  the  city  of  London 
and  bridge  accounts  and  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  and  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  London;  mentioned  in  the  'Dun- 
ciad ' ;  published  numerous  translations  of  slight  merit. 

[xliii.  19] 


PAAB,  SIMON  (1695  ?-1647).    [See  PASS.] 

[/i  y0^'^  kln« :  one  of  the  rule"  of  the 
irelsh  of  Strathclyde.  [xliii.  21] 

n    £ ACE;  T,?  uH.5    <15«?-1«W?),    professional    fool; 
nephew  of  Richard  Pace  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  King's  Coll 
.ridge ;  became  jester  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
id  afterwards  In  Elizabeth's  court.  [  xliii.  2 1  ] 

nf  ?,A?E<  ,!U(<HARD  (««  ?-lMC),  diplomatist  and  dean 
•f  St.  l««,,r«  Cathedral:  employed  by  Wolsey  in  1515  to  ! 

iSAr  viirWi,'!!JlgainBt  Frnllcl8  T'  In  1619  *°  Promote 

Z7  w1 ,"  el^ctlon  ns  emperor,  and  in  1521  and  1623  to 

*V  s  candidature  for  the  papacy  ;  author  of 


the  treatise  '  De  Frucbu,'  1617,  and  of  the  oration  4De 
Pace,'  1518.  From  1614  to  1624  his  despatches  form  no 
inconsiderable  portion  of  the  state  papers  of  this  country. 

[xliii.  22] 
PACE,  THOMAS  (d.  1533).    [See  SKEVINOTON.] 

PACTFICO,  DAVID  (1784-1864),  Greek  trader;  a 
Portuguese  Jew,  but  born  a  British  subject  at  Gibraltar ; 
hia  house  in  Athens  burnt  by  a  mob,  1847,  compensation 
for  which  was  delayed  by  the  Greek  government ;  a  dis- 
pute followed  between  France  and  England  and  almost 
ended  in  war,  owing  to  resolute  action  in  Pacifico's  behalf 
of  Palmerston,  foreign  secretary  of  English  government. 

[xliii.  24] 


PACK 


<r..  1 


PAGE 


PACK.  BlM  JM-.Nl.-  (1772?-1823),  major-general: 
dMoendant  o:  .-ir  Christopher  1'ackc  [q.  v.];  saw  service 
in  Flanders,  1791,  in  th.-  ^liU-roii  pxpMitinn.  17U5.  and  in 
Ireland.  17!».x  ;  commanded  tin-  7Nt  f»x>t  at  th.-  capture  of 
Qa|M  Of  Good  Hop,-,  l.-iu,;,  iii  tin-  I'cniii-iilH,  I.^HH,  and  in 
the  Walchcmi  r\|H-dition.  l*'M;  ,1.  1*13 : 

command."!   (  inlu   M»    a   Portuu'u.- 
K.C.I:.,   i.si.%;  roimnandttl  in  1*15  a  brigade  of 
division  at  Waterloo.  [xliii.  26] 

PACK.  (JKOKCK  (rt.  1700- 172 1),  actor;  originally  * 
singer;  acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Field-,  London,  17m  f>.  at 
the  Haymarket,  London,  1705-7,  and  at  Drury  Lane, 
London  ;  retired,  1724.  [xllil.  26] 

PACK,  RICHARDSON  (1682-17S8),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford :  barrister,  Middle  Temple:  entered 
the  army  ;  saw  service  in  Spain,  1710,  and  was  promoted 
major.  Edmund  Curll  [q.  v.]  printed  several  works  by 
Pack  iu  verse  and  prose  between  1719  and  1729. 


[rliii.  27] 

?-ir 


PACKE,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER  (1593  ?-1682),  lord 
mayor  of  London ;  member  of  the  Drapers'  Company ; 
lord  mayor,  1654 ;  a  prominent  member  of  the  Company 
of  Merchant  Adventurer*  ;  knighted  and  appointed  an 
admiralty  commissioner,  1655 ;  a  strong  partisan  of  Crom- 
well, proposing  on  23  Feb.  1656,  in  the  Protector's  last 
parliament,  that  Cromwell  should  assume  the  title  of 
kin-.::  disqualified  at  the  Restoration  from  holding  any 
public  office.  [xliiL  28] 

PACKE,  CHRISTOPHER  (Jl.  1711),  chemist:  prac- 
tised as  a  quack  under  the  patronage  of  Edmund  Dickin- 
son [q.  v.]  and  others  ;  author  of  chemical  works  of  an 
empirical  character.  [xliii.  30] 

PACKE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1686-1749),  physician ;  son 
of  Christopher  Packe  (Jl.  1711)  [q.  v.]:  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London  : created  M.D.Cauibridge(co//ji/«* 
regiit),  1717;  practised  at  Canterbury  from  1726  ;  published 
two  '  philosophico-chorographieal '  dissertations  on  a  chart 
of  East  Kent,  1736  and  1743.  [xliii.  30] 

PACKE  or  PACK,  CHRISTOPHER  (Jl.  1796),  por- 
trait-and  landscape-painter,  [xliii.  31] 

PACKE,  EDMUND  (Jl.  1735),  '  M.D.  and  chemist'; 
son  of  Christopher  Packe  (/.  1711)  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  30] 

PACKER,  JOHN  (1570?-1649),  clerk  of  the  privy 
seal,  1604 ;  of  Cambridge  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
envoy  to  Denmark,  1610;  received  many  favour?  from 
Oliarles  I,  but  in  1640  refused  him  a  loan  and  allied  him- 
self with  parliament;  his  property  in  Kent  sequestered 
for  a  time  by  the  royalist  forces ;  a  visitor  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford,  1647.  [xliii.  51] 

PACKER,  JOHN  HAYMAN  (1730-1806),  actor; 
oriirinally  a  saddler;  acted  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  Lon- 
don, under  Garrick ;  retired,  1805.  [xliii.  32] 

PACKER,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1644-1660),  soldier;  entered 
the  parliamentary  army  early  in  the  war  and  commanded 
Cromwell's  regiment  at  Dunbar,  1650;  promoted  by 
Cromwell,  but  on  becoming  discontented  at  the  restora- 
tion of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  opposing  the  Protector's 
policy,  was  deprived  of  his  posts ;  joined  Lambert  against 
parliament,  1659 ;  his  property  confiscated  at  the  Restora- 
tion, [xliii.  33] 

PACKING! ON.    [See  PAKINGTOX.] 

PADARN  (ft.  650),  Welsh  saint;  born  of  Breton 
parents  :  laboured  in  Britain  and  Ireland  as  a  missionary ; 
spent  his  last  days  in  Brittany,  founding  a  monastery  at 
Vannes.  Hi«  Latin  name,  Pateruus,  has  caused  him  to  be 
wrongly  identified  with  Paternus,  bishop  of  Avrauches. 

[xliii.  34] 

PADDOCK.  TOM  (18237-1863),  pugilist;  champion 
of  England,  1855,  but  defeated  (1856)  by  Bill  Perry,  the 
Tipton  slasher.  [xliii.  34] 

PADDY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1554-1634),  physician :  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford  (fellow);  B.A..  1573:  M.D.  Leyden,  1689  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1591):  physician  to  James  I,  1603; 
knk'hu-d.  Kin:;;  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
It'.n'i,  161(1,  1611,  and  1618;  friend  of  Laud  and  benefactor 
of  St.  John's  <  'ollive,  Oxford.  [xliiL  35] 

PADRIG  (373-463).    [Pee  PATHirK.] 


PADUA,   JOHN   .,?  (it.  1&42-1649X  architect;  em- 
ployed in  matters  relating  to  architecture  and  music  by 
VIII  and  Edward  VI:  doubtfully  identified  with 
-ir  John    ThyiUM    [q.    v.  ,   .!.,!,,,  Thorpe  (Jl.  1570-1610) 
[q.  v.],  and  John  Cains  (1610-1671)  [q.  T.]        [xliti.  16] 

PAGAN  .1),  versifier:  author  of  'A 

Collection  of  Song*  and  Poem*'  (pobUahed,  e.  1806): 
credited  by  legend  with  the  tongs  •  Oa'  the  Yowis  to  tbt 
Knowe* '  (revised  by  Bunts)  and  the  •  Crook  and  Plaid.' 

r  xiiii  SAi 

PAGAN,   JAMES  (1811-1870),  journalist:  editor  of 
.lasgow  Herald'  from  1866;   published  work*  on 
Glasgow  antiquities  [xlilL  86] 

PAGANEL.  ADAM  <  rf.  1210),  founder  of  a  tnonwUc 
bouse  at  Glandford  Bridge  in  the  time  of  King  John. 

[xliii.  18] 

PAGANEL,  FULK  (</.  1182),  baron  of  Hambie  in 
Normandy  :  son  of  William  Pngancl  [q.  T.] ;  a  ""-"f^*- 
attendant  of  Henry  1 1  when  abroad.  [xllli.  37] 

PAGANEL,  FULK  (</.  1210?),  second  Mm  of  Folk 
Pupanel  (./.  1182)  [q.  v.] ;  suspected  of  treachery  to  King 
John,  1203,  but  afterward*  re-torol  to  favour.  [xlilL  37] 

PAOANEL,  RALPH  (Jl.  1089),  sheriff  of  Yorkshire; 
seized  the  land*  of  William  de  St.  Carilef  [q.  v.],  1088,  by 
the  order  of  William  II.  [xliiL  37] 

PAGANEL,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1136),  soldier;  son  of 
Ralph  Paganel  [q.  v.]  ;  defeated  at  Moutien  Hubert 
(1136)  by  Geoffrey  Plautagenet  [xllii.  37] 

PAOANELLor  PAINEL,  GERVASE(./f.  1189X  baron, 
lord  of  Dudley  Castle :  joined  the  rebellion  of  Prince  Henry, 
1173.  [xliii.  38] 

PAGE,  BENJAMIN  WILLIAM  (1765-1846),  admiral : 
saw  much  service  in  the  eastern  seas,  and  piloted  the 
squadron  which  captured  the  Moluccas  in  1796. 

[xliil.  38] 

PAGE,  DAVID  (1814-1879),  geologist:  educated  at 
St.  Andrews;  LL.D.,  1867;  became '  scientific  editor 'to 
W.  &  R.  Chambers,  1843 ;  F.G.S.,  1863 :  professor  of  geo- 
logy at  Durham  University  College  of  Science,  1873. 

[xllii.  39] 

PAGE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1661  7-1741),  jodge;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1690 ;  bencher,  1713;  knighted,  1715;  ap- 
pointed a  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1718;  transferred  to 
the  court  of  common  pleas,  1726,  and  to  the  king's  bench, 
1727;  known  to  his  contemporaries  as  'the  hanging 
judge';  satirised  by  Pope,  assailed  by  Dr.  Johnson,  and 
vituperated  by  Savage,  whom  he  had  condemned  to  death 
for  killing  a  man  in  a  tavern  brawl.  [xliii.  39] 

PAGE,  FREDERICK  (1769-1834),  writer  on  the  poor 
laws ;  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1792 ;  bencher,  1826.  [xliii.  41] 

PAGE,  JOHN  (1760  ?-1818),  vocalist  and  compiler  of 
musical  works ;  vicar-choral  of  St.  Paul's  Catliedral,  1H01. 

[xliii.  41] 

PAGE,  SAMUEL  (1M4-1630),  poet  and  divine;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1594  :  fellow,  1591 :  D.D.,  1611  : 
naval  chaplain  in  the  expedition  to  Cadiz,  1695  :  vicar  of 
St.  Nicholas,  Deptford,  1697 :  author  of  sermons  and  of 
•  The  Love  of  Amos  and  Laura,'  a  poem  which  appeared 
in  •  Alcilia,'  1613.  [xl»"'-  «] 

PAGE, THOMAS (1803-1877), civil  engineer:  M.I.C'.K., 
1837  ;  made  desipns  for  the  embankment  of  the  Thames, 
1842;  constructed  the  Chelsea  suspension  bridge,  1868, 
and  Westminster  Bridge,  London,  1862;  carried  out  the 
Albert  Embankment,  London,  1869.  [xliii.  42] 

PAGE,  Sin  THOMAS  HYDE  (1746-18J1),  military 
engineer ;  served  in  the  war  of  independence  in  North 
America,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Bunker's  Hill, 
1775 ;  constructed  the  ferry  at  Chatham ;  F.R.S.,  1783  ; 
knighted,  1783  ;  consulting  engineer  to  several  Irian  in- 
stitutions. [*11U-  43  J 

PAGE,  WILLIAM  (1590-1663),  divine:  M.A.  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1614  :  incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1«1 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1619:  D.D.,  16S4 : 
master  of  Reading  grammar  school.  1629-44,  and  rector 
of  nanniiurtmi.  Hampshire:  sequestered  from  both  pre- 
ferments, but  in  1«47  made  rector  of  East  L«*tn«e; 
translated  Thomas  a  Kcmpis's  •  Imitatio  Chrirti,'  1«9. 
and  published  religious  treatises.  [xliiL  44] 


PAGEHAM 


992 


PACKET 


PAOEHAM  or  PAOHAM,  JOHN  UK  (d.  1158),  bishop 


PAGET    L«mi>  ALF<;r.l>    MKNUY   (  1816-  1888),  son 
of  <ir   H.-nrv  William   l':is:i-t,   fir.<t   marquis  of  Anglesey 
«  Westminster  Sch.x.1  :  liU-nil  M.P.forLiehfleld 
*  was  chief  euuerry,  1846-74,  and  rk-rk  marshal 
houaehoki,  1846-88;   general  in^the  army, 

PAOET,  SIR  ARTHUR  (1771-1840),  diplomatist: 
brother  of  Sir  Henry  William  Paget,  first  marquis  of  An- 
SSr  tq'v  ]  I  of  Westnunster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  :M.P,  Anglesey,  1794-1807  :  represented  England 
at  Berlin,  1794  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  elector  palatine, 
1798,  to  court  of  Naples,  1800,  to  Vienna,  1801-6,  where 
heaMistod  to  form  toe  third  coalition  against  France, 
180*-  privy  councillor,  1804;  Q.O.B.,  1816;  ambassador 
to  Turkey,  1807-0.  [xliii.46] 

PAOET  Siu  AUGUSTUS  BERKELEY  (1823-1896), 
diplomatist;  son  of  Sir  Arthur  Paget  [q.  v.]  ;  attache  at 
Madrid,  1843-6,  and  at  Paris,  1846-52  ;  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  Athens,  1852,  and  at  the  Hague,  1854-5  ;  charge 
d'affaires  at  the  Hague,  1855-6,  Lisbon,  1857-8,  and  Berlin, 
1858:  minister  at  court  of  Denmark,  1859;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  King  Victor 
Emmanuel,  1867-76,  and  ambassador,  1876-83  ;  am- 
bassador at  Vienna,  1884-93;  K.C.B.,  1863;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1876  ;  G.C.B.,  1883  ;  published  his  father's  memoirs 
under  title  of  'Tu«  Paget  Papers,'  1895. 

[Suppl.  iii.  2391 

PAOET,  CHARLES  (d.  1612),  Roman  catholic  con- 
spirator; of  Gouville  and  Caius  College  and  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge:  son  of  William  Paget,  first  baron  Paget 
[q.  v.]  :  retired  to  Paris  in  1572  and  became  secretary  to 
Mary  Stuart's  ambassador,  James  Beaton  (1517-1603) 
[q.  v.l  :  secretly  opposed  Beaton  and  acted  as  an  English 
spy  ;  visited  England,  1583,  but  was  justly  suspected  of 
treasonable  plotting;  retired  again  to  France;  his  sur- 
render demanded  by  the  English  ambassador,  1584  ;  at- 
tainted, 1587;  entered  service  of  king  of  Spain,  1588; 
removed  to  Brussels,  but  perfidiously  corresponded  with 
Cecil;  advocated  the  claims  of  James  VI  to  the  English 
crown,  opposing  those  of  the  infanta,  and  in  1599  threw 
up  bis  Spanish  employment  ;  his  attainder  reversed  after 
Jama's  accession  and  his  estates  restored.  [xliii.  46] 

PAOET,  8m  CHARLES  (1778-1839),  vice-admiral; 
brother  of  Sir  Henry  William  Paget,  first  marquis  of 
Anglesey  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1790  ;  commanded  ou 
the  North  American  and  West  Indian  stations,  1837-9  ; 
G.O.H.,  1832  ;  vice-admiral,  1837.  [xliii.  49] 

PAOET,  LORD  CLARENCE  EDWARD  (1811-1895), 
admiral  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  William  Paget,  first  marquis 
of  Anglesey  [q.  v.l  ;  of  Westminster  School  ;  M.P.,  Sand- 
wich, 1847-52  and  1857-66;  secretary  to  the  admiralty, 
1859-66;  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  1866- 
1869;  admiral,  1870  ;  privy  councillor  ;  G.O.B.,  1886. 

[xliii.  57] 

PAOET,  SIR  EDWARD  (1775-1849),  general;  brother 
of  Sir  Henry  William  Paget,  first  marquis  of  Anglesey 
[q.  v.]  :  cornet,  1792  ;  commanded  the  reserve  at  OoruHn, 
1809  ;  conducted  the  advance  to  Oporto,  1809  :  appointed 
second  in  command  to  Wellcsley,  1811,  but  almost  im- 
mediately taken  prisoner  ;  G.C.B.,  1812  :  conducted  the 
Burmese  campaigns  of  1824-5;  general,  1825.  [xliii.  49] 

PAOET,  FRANCIS  EDWARD  (1806-1882),  divine 
;  son  of  Sir  Edward  Paget  [q.  v.]  ;  of  West- 
School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  student, 
18J5-36  ;  M.A.,  1830  :  rector  of  Elford,  1835  ;  published 
tales  illustrating  his  views  on  church  and  social  reforms. 

[xliii.  50] 

PAGET,  Lonn  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  FREDERICK 
(1818-1880),  general;  son  of  Sir  Henry  William  Paget, 
lint  marquis  of  Anglesey  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  : 
Bcrved  throughout  the  Crimean  campaign  ;  commanded 
the  third  line  in  the  charge  of  the  light  brigade  at  Bala- 
clava; his  'Crimean  Journals'  published,  1881. 

[xliii.  61] 

PAGET,  SIR  GEORGE  EDWARD  (1809-1892),  phy- 
sician ;  fellow  of  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1832-51  ; 
M.D.,1SW;  physician  U>  Addenbrooke's  Hospital,  1839-84, 
and  ratio*  professor  of  physic  at  Cambridge,  1872-92  ; 
'•  [Xliii.  52] 


PAGET,  HENRY,  first  EARL  OK  UXBUIDUK  (d.  1743), 
son  of  William,  sixth  baron  Paget  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Stafford- 
shire, 1695-1711,  and  lord  of  the  treasury,  1711-15  ;  privy 
councillor,  1711 ;  created  Baron  Burton,  1711,  and  Earl  of 
Uxbridge,  1714.  [xliii.  53] 

PAOET,  HENRY,  second  EARL  OF  UXBRIUGK  (1719- 
1769),  son  of  Thomas  Catesby  Paget,  baron  Paget  [q.  v.] ; 
chiefly  remarkable  for  an  inordinate  love  of  money. 

[xliii.  54] 

PAGET,  SIR  HENRY  WILLIAM,  first  MARO.UIS  OF 
ANGLESEY  and  second  EARL  OF  UXBRII»;K  olfyhe  second 
creation  (1768-1854),  descended  from  William  Paget,  fifth 
baron  Paget  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Carnarvon  boroughs,  1790-6,  for 
MUborne  Port,  1796-1810;  raised  a  regiment  of  infantry 
in  1793,  chietiy  from  among  bis  father's  Staffordshire 
tenants,  which  on  the  outbreak  of  war  became  the  80th 
foot ;  served  in  Flanders,  1794,  and  in  Holland,  1799 ; 
commanded  the  cavalry  with  great  distinction  in  Spain 
under  Sir  John  Moore,  and  the  cavalry  and  horse  artillery 
at  Waterloo,  where  he  lost  a  leg;  created  Marquis  of 
Anglesey,  1815 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1828 ;  favoured 
catholic  emancipation;  adopted  a  conciliatory  attitude 
to  the  catholics,  and  was  recalled  in  January  1829  in  con- 
sequence of  differences  with  the  prime  minister,  the  Duke 
of  Wellington;  re-appointed  by  Lord  Grey  (December  1830), 
found  himself  opposed  by  O'Connell,  and  retired  in  1833, 
after  establishing  the  board  of  education  ;  field-marshal, 
1846.  [xliii.  54] 

PAOET,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1814-1899),  sur- 
geon; brother  of  Sir  George  Edward  Paget  [q.  v.]; 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London  ;  M.R.C.S., 
1836;  sub-editor  of  '  Medical  Gazette,'  1837-42 ;  demon- 
strator of  morbid  anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's,  1839 ; 
lecturer  ou  general  anatomy  and  physiology,  1843  ;  warden 
of  the  college  for  students,  1843-51;  full  surgeon,  1861-71 ; 
consulting  surgeon,  1871 ;  F.R.C.S.,  1843;  Arris  and  Gale 
professor  of  anatomy,  1847-52;  vice-president,  1873-4 ; 
president,  1875;  surgeon  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria, 
1858,  serjeant-surgeon  extraordinary,  1867-77,  and  ser- 
jeaut-surgeou,  1877;  baronet,  1871;  vice-chancellor  of 
London  University,  1883-95;  F.R.S.,  1851 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford ; 
LL.D.  Cambridge;  M.D.  Dublin,  Bonn,  and  WUrzburg: 
published  'Lectures  on  Surgical  Pathology,'  1853,  and 
other  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  240] 

PAOET,  JOHN  (d.  1640),  nonconformist  divine ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1698;  rector  of  Nautwich, 
1598 ;  ejected  for  nonconformity  ;  went  to  Holland  (1604) 
and  was  minister  of.  the  English  presbyterian  church  at 
Amsterdam,  1607-37  ;  wrote  on  controversial  subjects. 

[xliii.  58] 

PAGET,  JOHN  (1808-1892),  agriculturist  and  writer 
on  Hungary;  M.D.  Edinburgh;  married  (1837)  the 
Baroness  Polyxeua  Wesselenyi,  and  settled  on  her  Hun- 
garian estates.  [xliii.  68] 

PAGET,  JOHN  (1811-1898),  police  magistrate  and 
author;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1838;  secretary  suc- 
cessively to  lord  chancellors  Truro  and  Crauworth,  1850- 
1856;  magistrate  at  Thames  police  court,  1864,  and  sub- 
sequently at  the  Hammersmith  and  Wandsworth,  and  the 
West  London  court ;  resigned,  1889  ;  published  essays  on 
literary,  historical,  and  legal  subjects.  [Suppl.  iii.  242] 

FACET,  NATHAN  (1615-1679),  physician;  M.A. 
Edinburgh;  M.D.  Leyden,  1639;  son  of  Thomas  Paget 
(d.  1660)  [q.  v.] ;  nominated  physician  to  the  Tower  of 
London  in  1649  ;  friend  of  Milton.  [xliii.  59] 

PAOET,  THOMAS,  third  BAUOX  PAOET  (d.  1590), 
son  of  William,  first  baron  Pnget  [q.  v.] :  fellow-com- 
moner of  Gouville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1569  ; 
being  a  Roman  catholic  fled  to  the  continent,  1583,  on 
the  discovery  of  Throgmorton's  plot ;  obtained  a  pension 
from  Spain  ;  attainted,  1587 ;  died  at  Brussels. 

[xliii.  59] 

PAGET,  THOMAS  (rf.  1660),  divine  :  brother  of  John 
Paget  (d.  1640)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1612;  succeeded  his  brother  at  Amsterdam;  obtained 
preferment  in  England,  1639.  [xliii.  58] 

PAGET,  THOMAS  OATESBY,  BARON  PAOET  (d. 
1742),  son  of  Henry  Paget,  first  earl  of  Uxbridge  [q.  v.] ; 
M.P.,  Staffordshire,  1715  and  1722 ;  wrote  several  pieces 
in  prose  and  verse.  [xliii.  63] 


PAGET 


PAKENHAM 


PAOET,  WILLIAM,  first  HAR...N  I'A.JKT  • 
DRSKIIT  ( 1505-1663),  educated  at  St.  1'iuil'- 
and  Trinity  Hull,  Cuiiit.n.k'.- :  employed  on  vari.. 
matio  services  by  Henry  VIII ;  sent  M  ambassador  to 
Franc.-.  1541,  to  explain  the  (nil  of  Catherine  Howard; 
made  a  privy  councillor  and  a  secretary  of  state  on  his 
return  ;  for  the  closing  yearn  of  the  reign  was,  with 
the  first  Kurl  of  Hertford  [see  SEYMOUR,  BUWAKD 
(1606  7-1552)],  probably  H.-niV-  chief  adviser;  K.G.  and 
comptroller  of  the  king's  household  on  the  accession  of 
Edward  VI;  played  a  prominent  part  lu  the  plot  to  set 
aside  Henry  Vl II v  will,  ami  proposed  a  protectorate  in 
the  council;  created  Baron  Paget  of  Beaodesert,  1549; 
remained  faithful  to  Somerset,  was  arrested  (1551)  on  tin- 
charge  of  conspiring  against  Warwick's  life,  and  (1562) 
degraded  from  the  Garter  on  the  ground  of  Insufficient 
birth,  and  fined  6.000/.  for  n-im:  hi*  offices  for  his  private 
emolument ;  after  Edward  VI's  death  joined  Queen  Jane's 
council,  but  functioned  the  proclamation  of  Queen  Mary, 
1563 ;  became  a  privy  councillor,  was  restored  to  the 
Garter,  and,  in  1666,  made  lord  privy  seal ;  relinquished 
his  offices  on  Queen  Elizabeth's  accession.  [xliii.  60] 

PAOET,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BAROJC  PAORT  (1572- 
1629),  son  of  Thomas,  third  baron  Paget  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  1690 ;  a  staunch  protestant :  re- 
stored by  James  I  to  the  lands  and  honours  forfeited  by 
his  father's  attainder.  [xliii.  63] 

FAOET,  SIR  WILLIAM,  fifth  BARON  PAGBT  (1609- 
1678),  son  of  William,  fourth  baron  Paget  [q.  v.] ;  K.M.. 
1G25 ;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  at  flret  in  sympathy 
-\  ith  parliament  against  Charles  I,  but  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  joined  the  king ;  his  estates  sequestered,  [xliii.  63] 

PAGET,  WILLIAM,  sixth  BARON  PAGKT(1637-1713), 
son  of  Sir  William,  fifth  baron  Paget  [q.  v.]  ;  ambassador 
at  Vienna,  1689-93 ;  ambassador  to  Turkey,  1693-1702, 
where  he  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Carlowitz,  1699. 

[xliii.  64] 

PAGIT  or  PAGITT,  EPHHAIM  (1575  ?-1647),  here- 
siographer  ;  son  of  Eusebius  Pagit  [q.  v.]  ;  matriculated 
from  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  author  of  'Cbristiano- 
graphie,'  1635,  and  '  Heresiographie,'  1645,  a  valuable 
account  of  contemporary  sects.  [xliii.  65] 

PAGIT,  KUSEBIUS  (1561  ?-1617),  puritan  divine; 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  1567  ;  rector  of  Lamport,  1572-4,  and  of  Kilk- 
hampton,  of  which  he  was  deprived  for  nonconformity  to 
parts  of  the  Anglican  ritual  in  1585  ;  rector  of  St.  Anne 
and  St.  Agnes,  London,  1604-17 ;  remained  without  a 
charge  from  1585  to  the  death  of  Whitgift :  published 
theological  treatises.  [xliii.  65] 

PAGTJLA,  WILLIAM  (d.  1350  V),  theologian  :  vicar  of 
Winkfleld,  near  Windsor,  1330  ;  devoted  his  time  to  study ; 
wrote  theological  treatises.  [xliii.  66] 

PAIN.    [See  also  PAINK  and  PAYNE.] 

PAIN,  GEORGE  RICHARD  (1793  ?-1838),  architect: 
practised  with  his  brother,  .hum-  Pain  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  67] 

PAIN,  JAMES  (1779  ?-1877),  architect  and  builder; 
grandson  of  William  Pain  [q.  v.]  ;  designed  and  built  a 
number  of  churches  and  glebe  houses  in  Munster. 

[xliii.  66] 

PAIN,  WILLIAM  (1730  ?-1790  ?),  writer  on  architec- 
ture and  joinery  ;  wrote  several  treatises  between  1759  and 
1785.  [xliii.  67] 

PAINE.    [See  also  PAIN  and  PAYNE.] 

PAINE  or  PAYNE,  JAMES  (1725-1789),  architect: 
designed  many  large  houses,  described  in  his  •  Plans  of 
Noblemen  and  Gentlemen's  Residences,'  1767-83;  he 
held  several  government  appointments,  and  (1771)  was 
elected  president  of  the  Society  of  Artiste  of  Great  Britain. 

[xliii.  67] 

PAINE,  JAMES  (d.  1829  ?),  architect ;  son  of  James 
Paine  (1725-1789)  [q.  v.]  ;  original  member  of  the  '  Archi- 
tects' Club,'  179L  [xliii.  69]  . 

PAINE,  THOMAS  (1737-1809),  author  of  the*  Rights 
of  Man ' ;  «>n  of  Joseph  Paine,  n  staymaker  and  small 
farmer  of  Thetford,  and  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends ;  put  to  his  father's  business  at  the  age  of 
thirteen:  joined  a  privateer  when  nineteen  years  old; 
became  a  supernumerary  excise  officer  at  Thetford,  1761 : 
drew  up,  while  stationed  at  Lewes,  1772,  a  statement  of 


rt  i/rxv.u.,.-.    .1 ;...-:,     ru  printed  I     ; 
member*  of  parUamrn- 


t!.c    -X<   .-•!, :••!,•- 

tnluit-l    to 

movement  for  Increase  of  pay  ;  di»ml*»  • 
of  tbe  agitation;  separated  from  hswii 

America  with  an  Introduction  from  Frankli 

lisbed  hia  pamphlet  'Common  Sense,'  1 

the  transactions  which  had  led  to  the  war  with  England, 

In  the  autumn  and  became  a  volunteer  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Nathaniel  Greene,  animating  the  troop*  bj  bis 

affairs,  April  1777,  but  lost  his  post,  1779,  in  conseqoeooe 

of  making  indiscreet  revelation*  in  regard  to  the  Fren.  h 

alliance  ;  clerk  to  the  Pennsylvania  assembly,  1779  : 

tinned  to  write  political  pamphlets  on  public  affairs ; 

resigned  position  as  clerk,  1780,  and  (1781)  went  to  France 

on  a  political  mission  as  secretary  to  Colonel  Lanrens,  the 

American  envoy,  returning  to  Boston  in  August  1781 : 

allowed  a  salary  < 'f  H^la  hundred  dollarson  the  conclusion 

of  the  war  to  enable  him  to  continue  his  writings ;  becamf 

absorbed  in  an  invention  for  an  iron  bridge,  r.  1786,  ana 

suilal  to  Europe  to  promote  his  idea,  1787;  published  in 

London  the  first  part  of  his  'Rights  of  Man,'  in  reply  to 

,  Burke's  'Reflexions  on  the  Revolution,'    1790;   on    the 

appearance  of  the  second  part  (1792)  was  compelled  to  fly 

'  to  France  to  avoid  prosecution,  the  book  having  become 

!  a  manifesto  of  the  party  in  sympathy  with  the  French 

revolution  :   given   the   titl-  ot    French   citizen   17   Aug. 

1  1792 ;    elected  a  memtter  of  the  convention,  September 

1792;    opposed  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI,  and  was 

arrested  in  December  1793,    just  after   the  completion 

|  of  the  first  part  of  the  'Age  of  Reason':  his  life  saved 

by  the  fall  of    Robespierre;    released,   November  1794, 

having  written   most  of  the   second  part  of   the  'Age 

of    Reason '  while    in    prison ;    published  the   '  Age   of 

'  Reason,'   1793,  which  increased  the  odium  in  wh 

was    held    in    England ;    returned    to    America,    1802 : 

during  his  last  sojourn  there    lived  in  easier   circum- 

I  stances,  but  found  political  and  theological  antipathies 

strong,  and  was  more  or  less  'ostracised,'  both  as  an 

1  opponent  of  Washington  and  the  federalist*  and  as  the 

!  author  of  the  '  Age  of  Reason ' :  died  at  New  York.    He 

is  the  only  English   writer  who  expresses  with  uncom- 

!  promising  sharpness  the  abstract   doctrine  of  political 

rights  held  by  the  French  revolutionists.     His  connection 

with  the  American  struggle,  and  afterwards  with   the 

French  movement,  gave  him  a  unique  position,  and  his 

\\ritings  became  a  sort  of    text-book  for  the  extreme 

I  radical  party  in  England.  [xliii.  69] 

PAINTER,  EDWARD  (1784-1868),  pugilist:  beat 
Thomas  Winter  Spring  [q.  v.],  1818,  and  Tom  Oliver 
[q.  v.],  1820.  [xliii. 79] 

PAINTER,  WILLIAM  (15407-1594),  author;  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  head-master  of  Seveuoaks 
school :  made  clerk  of  the  ordnance,  1561  ;  acquired 
fortune  by  irregular  practices  with  public  money  ;  author 
of  'The  Palace  of  Pleasure'  (1566)  (last  reprint,  1890), 
a  work  consisting  of  stories  translated  from  Latin, 
Greek,  French,  and  Italian,  which  made  Italian  novelist* 
known  in  England,  and  wax  largely  utilised  by  the  Eliza- 
bethan dramatists.  [xliii.  80] 

PAISIBLE,  JAMES  (16567-1721),  flautist  and  com- 
poser ;  native  of  France ;  came  to  England,  r.  1680 : 
performed  for  the  Duchesse  de  Mazarin  at  Chelsea  and 
before  Queen  Anne  ;  published  numerous  works. 

[xliii.  83] 

PAISLEY,  first  BARON  (1543  ?-1622).  [See  HAMIL- 
TON-. CLAUD.] 

P AXEMAN,  THOMAS(1614?-1691), dissenting  divine; 
M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1637;  officiated  from 
1648  at  Harrow-on-the-Hill;  ejected,  1663 :  afterwards 
ministered  at  Brentford  and  Stratford. 

PAKENHAM,     SIR     EDWARD    MICHAEL 

1815),    major-general,   brother    of    Sir   Hercules  Robert 

Pakeubam  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  army.  1794  ;  commanded 

the  64th  (1803)  at  the  capture  of  SU  Lucia,  where  be  was 

wounded  ;  brevet-colonel,  1806 :  joined  Wellington  in  the 

,  Peninsula  after  Talavera  :    led   the    decisive  movement 

!  of  the  third  division  at  Salamanca,   1812,  his  conduct 

:  earning    him   a   remarkable   eulogy    from    Wellington : 

i  commanded    the    north   division    at    Snnroren,    1813 ; 

1  major-general,    1813;  G.O.B.,   1815;   killed   in    America 

while  directing  an  assault  on  New  Orleans.      [xliii.  83] 


PAKENHAM 


994 


PALEY 


PAKENHAX,    Sm    HERCULES    ROBERT   (1781- 

1  eutenant-generul  ;  brother  of  Sir  Kdwar.l  Mirhai-l 

ra  T.l  ;  eiiU'nil  tlu-arniy,  1HU3  ;  scrverl  throiigb- 

iPeninsaiar  war,  and  w.i-  .i.-M-ni>«l  by  Wellington 

MI  «  one  of  the  best  officers  of  riflemen  1  have  seen'; 

£**f««»l.  1887;    K.O.B.,    1838;  lieuteuant-ge.ienU, 


j  -  ;.  LXIIH.  <MJ 

PAKENHAM.  SIR  RICHARD  (1797-1868),  diplo- 
matist •  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Pakenbam  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity 
OoUegV  Dublin:  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Mexico 
OS^SX  the  United  States  (1843-7),  and  at  Lisbon 

[xliii.85] 

PAKENHAM,  SIR  THOMAS  (1757-1836),  admiral  ; 
uncle  of  Sir  Edward  Michael  Pakenham  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
the  navy.  1771  ;  honourably  acquitted  by  court-martial 
for  UK?  loss  of  his  ship,  1781  ;  his  conduct  in  the  battle 
'of  1  June  1794  spoken  of  as  particularly  brilliant  ; 
admiral,  1810  ;  G.O.B.,  1820.  [xliii.  86] 

PAXINGTON,  DOROTHY,  LADY  (d.  1679),  reputed 
anthor  of  'The  Whole  Duty  of  Man'  (1658)  ;  daughter  of 
Thomas  Coventry,  first  baron  Coventry  [q.  v.],  and  wife 
of  Sir  John  Pakington  (1620-1680)  [q.  v.]  ;  probably 
only  a  copyist  of  the  '  Duty.'  The  first  public  allusion  to  her 
us.  author  was  not  made  till  1697,  while  Internal  evidence 
chows  that  the  author  was  a  practised  divine,  and  one 
acquainted  with  Hebrew,  Syriac,  and  Arabic.  It  was 
probably  written  by  Richard  Allestree  [q.  v.],  who  in  all 
likelihood  was  the  author  also  of  other  works  generally 
ascribed  to  Lady  Dorothy  Pakington.  [xliii.  86] 

PAKINGTON.  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1560),  serjeant-at- 
law  :  treasurer,  Inner  Temple,  1529  ;  granted  licence  to 
remain  covered  in  the  king's  presence,  1529  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1532  ;  in  later  life  lived  in  Wales,  where  he  is  often 
spoken  of  as  a  judge,  and  in  Worcestershire. 

[xliii.  88] 

PAKINGTON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1600-1624), 
son  of  Sir  John  Pakington  (1549-1625)  [q.  v.];  created 
baronet,  1620  ;  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1623-4.  [xliii.  89] 

PAXINGTOir,  SIR  JOHN  (1549-1625),  courtier  ; 
great-nephew  of  Sir  John  Pakington  (d.  1560)  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1669  ;  student,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1570;  remarkable  for  wit  and  personal  beauty; 
knighted,  1587  :  nicknamed  '  Lusty  Pakington  '  by 
Qtui-n  Klizabeth,  who  took  great  pleasure  in  his  athletic 
achievements  ;  lived  for  a  few  years  in  great  splendour 
in  London,  and  outran  his  fortune,  but  retrieved  it  by  the 
queen's  favour,  strict  economy,  and  (1598)  a  wealthy 
marriage  ;  sheriff  of  Worcestershire,  1595  and  1607. 

[xliii.  88] 

PAKINGTON,  SIR  JOHN,  second  baronet  (1620- 
1680),  royalist  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Pakingtou,  first  baronet 
[q.  v.]  ;  fought  at  Kineton,  1642,  but  voluntarily  sur- 
rendered himself  to  the  speaker  to  compound,  1646  ; 
took  part  In  the  Worcester  campaign  (1651),  and 
suffered  considerable  pecuniary  losses  under  the  Common- 
wealth ;  his  fortunes  retrieved  by  the  Restoration  :  M.P., 
Worcestershire,  1661-79.  [xliii.  89] 

PAKINGTON,  SIR  JOHN,  third  baronet  (1649- 
1688),  Anglo-Saxon  scholar  ;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
fon  of  Sir  John  Pakington,  second  baronet  [q.  v.];  a 
pupil  of  George  Hickee  [q.  v.]  ;  under  his  tuition  he 
(•ecame  one  of  the  finest  Anglo-Saxon  scholars  of  the 
time;  MJ>.,  Worcestershire,  1686-7.  [xlill.  91] 

PAKINGTON,  SIR  JOHN,  fourth  baronet  (1671- 
1727),  politician  and  alleged  original  of  Addlson's  'Sir 
lioger  de  Coverley';  only  son  of  Sir  John  Pakingtou, 
third  baronet  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Worcestershire,  1690-5  and 
1698-1727;  a  pronounced  tory  ;  proposed  an  address  to 
William  III  requesting  him  to  remove  Burnet  from  the 
j-OBt  of  preceptor  to  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  1699;  sup- 
I  ortod  the  bill  for  preventing  occasional  conformity, 
1  703  ;  and  opposed  the  union,  1707  ;  warrant  issued  for  bis 
..rrest  on  the  outbreak  of  the  1716  rebellion  ;  managed 
to  clear  himself  before  the  council.  He  was  first  identified 
*itb  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  in  1783  by  Thomas  Tyere 
[q.  v.],  but  then  is  little  resemblance  beyond  the  fact 
that  both  were  baronets  of  Worcestershire.  Pakington 
vra*  only  thirty-nine  when  the  •  Spectator  '  first  appeared 
m  1711,  while  Sir  Roger  was  fifty-five.  He  had  beeu 
twice  married,  while  Sir  Roger  was  a  bachelor,  and  he 
was  an  energetic  politician,  while  Sir  Roger  visited 
Londao  only  occasionally.  [xliiL  91] 


PAKINGTON,  Sin  JOHN  SOMERSET,  first  BAROX 
HAMPTON  ami  first  baronet  (1799-1880),  was  son  of 
William  Russell,  taking  the  name  of  his  maternal  uncle, 
Sir  John  Pakington,  eighth  baronet,  in  1831,  on  succeed- 
ing to  his  estates  ;  of  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  : 
conservative  M.P.  for  Droitwich,  1837-74  ;  created  baronet, 
1846 ;  secretary  for  war  and  colonies  under  Lord  Derby 
in  1862  ;  twice  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  under  Lord 
Derby,  1858  and  1866  ;  secretary  for  war,  1867,  retaining 
office  until  Disraeli's  resignation  in  December  1868; 
indiscreetly  revealed  (1867)  the  secret  history  of  the 
ministerial  Reform  Bill,  afterwards  known  as  the  '  Ten 
Minutes  Bill '  ;  created  Baron  Hampton,  1874. 

[xliii.  94] 

PAKINGTON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1390),  chronicler  ; 
clerk  and  treasurer  of  the  household  of  Edward  the 
Black  Prince  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1381;  dean 
of  Lichfield,  1381-90;  held  several  prebends;  wrote  a 
chronicle  in  French,  beginning  with  the  ninth  year  of 
John  ;  only  some  extracts  made  by  Leland  from  a 
French  epitome  are  extant.  [xliii.  95] 

PALAIRET,  ELIAS  (1713-1765),  philologer  :  born 
at  Rotterdam  ;  pastor  of  several  foreign  congregations  in 
London  ;  published  some  useful  treatises  on  the  philology 
of  the  New  Testament  and  kindred  subjects,  [xliii.  96] 

PALATttET,  JOHN  (1697-1774),  author:  born  at 
Montaubon ;  French  teacher  to  three  of  George  IPs 
children  ;  wrote  educational  compendium^  in  French. 

[xliii.  96] 

PALAVICINO,  SIR  HORATIO  (<*.  1600),  merchant 
and  political  agent ;  born  at  Genoa  ;  on  his  arrival  in 
England  was  appointed  by  Queen  Mary  collector  of  the 
papal  taxes  ;  according  to  tradition  abjured  Romanism 
on  Queen  Mary's  death,  and,  appropriating  the  sums  he 
had  collected,  laid  the  foundation  of  an  enormous  fortune, 
extending  his  business  operations  to  most  parts  of  the 
globe  ;  knighted,  1587 ;  lent  largely  to  Queen  Elizabeth, 
Henry  of  Navarre,  and  the  United  Provinces;  of  im- 
portance as  a  collector  of  political  intelligence,  his 
numerous  commercial  correspondents  often  enabling  him 
to  forestall  other  sources  of  information  ;  English  envoy 
to  various  continental  states.  [xliii.  97] 

PALEY,  FREDERICK  APTHORP  (1815  -  1888), 
classical  scholar  ;  grandson  of  William  Paley  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Shrewsbury  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1842  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1883  ;  became  famous  as 
a  Greek  scholar  with  'JSschyli  quae  supersunt  omnia,' 
1844-7 ;  sympathised  with  the  Oxford  movement,  and 
(1846)  was  forced  to  leave  Cambridge  in  consequence  of  a 
suspicion  that  he  had  encouraged  one  of  his  pupils  to 
join  the  Roman  church  ;  became  a  Roman  catholic,  and 
(1847-56)  acted  as  private  tutor  hi  various  wealthy 
families  ;  returned  to  Cambridge  on  the  partial  removal 
of  religious  disabilities,  1860  ;  private  tutor  till  1874 : 
professor  of  classical  literature  of  the  new  catholic 
university  college  at  Kensington,  1874-7.  His  publica- 
tions include '  The  Tragedies  of  Euripides,'  1857,  his  in- 
troductions to  the  plays  of  Euripides  being  models  of 
clearness,  '  Manual  of  Gothic  Mouldings,'  1845,  '  The 
Epics  of  Hesiod,'  1861,  editions  and  translations  of  other 
classical  authors,  and  '  Bibliographia  Graeca,'  1881.  He 
was  a  firm  believer  hi  theory  of  the '  Solar  Myth,'  and 
propounded  the  suggestion  that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey 
were  put  together  out  of  a  general  stock  of  traditions  in 
the  time  of  Pericles.  [xliii.  99] 

PALEY,  WILLIAM  (1743-1805),  archdeacon  of  Car- 
lisle and  author  of  the  '  Evidences  ot  Christianity' ;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  senior  wrangler, 
1763 ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1766,  and 
college  lecturer ;  presented  to  Musgrave  in  Cumberland, 
1776,  whence  he  removed  to  Appleby,  1777;  installed 
a  prebendary  of  Carlisle,  1780,  and  (1782)  appointed  arch- 
deacon; published  'Principles  of  Morals  and  Political 
Philosophy,'  1785,  for  which  he  received  1,000/.,  and  which 
at  once  became  a  Cambridge  text-book;  published  his 

I  most  original  book, '  Horse  Pauline,'  which  was  also  the 

I  least  successful,  1790 ;  brought  out '  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity,' 1794,  which  succeeded  brilliantly,  and  secured 

I  him  ample  preferment ;  his  last  book, '  Natural  Theology,' 
1802 ;  a  good  whist  player  and  equestrian.  His  mo- 

i  rality  is  one  of  the  best  statements  of  the  utilitarianism 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  differing  chiefly  from  Bentham 
by  its  introduction  of  the  supernatural  sanction.  His 
book  upon  the  '  Evidences '  is  a  compendium  of  a  whole 


PALFRJEYMAN 


995 


PALMER 


library  of  arguments  produced  by  the  orthodox  opponents 
of  the  deists  of  the  eighteenth  century,  im-i  )...-•  Nutu nil 
Theology '  an  admirably  clear  account  of  the  a  posteriori 
argument.  The  accusation  of  plagiarism  brought  against 
Paley  arises  from  a  misconception  of  his  purpose,  which 
was  rather  inclusiveness  and  harmony  tlian  originality. 
The  latest  collectioun  of  his  works  were  published,  1837  and 
1861.  [xliii.  101] 

PALFREYMAN,  THOMAS  (d.  1589  ?),  author ;  gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  till  1589  ;  published  four 
religious  exhortations,  besides  editing  a '  Treatise  of  Moral 
Philosophy,'  1567.  IxlilL  107] 

PALGRAVE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1788-1861),  historian  : 
son  of  Meyer  Cohen,  a  Jew ;  embraced  Christianity  and 
adopted  the  surname  Palgrave  in  1823  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1827:  deputy-keeper  of  her  majesty's  records, 
1838-61 ;  author,  among  other  works,  of  '  The  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  English  Commonwealth,'  1832,  and  of 
'The  History  of  Normandy  and  England,'  1851-64; 
assisted  in  the  publication  of  public  records ;  knighted, 
1832 ;  rendered  great  service  in  promoting  the  critical 


study  of  mediaeval  history  in  England. 


[xliii.  107] 


PALGRAVE,  FRANCIS  TURNER  (1824-1897),  poet 
and  critic :  sou  of  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  [q.  v.] :  educated 
at  Charterhouse  School  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1847 ;  B.A.  and  M.A.,  1856 ; 
assistant  private  secretary  to  William  Ewart  Gladstone 
[q.  v.],  1846  ;  entered  education  department,  e.  1848  ;  vice- 
principal,  1850-5,  of  Kneller  Hall,  Twickenham,  where  he 
became  close  friend  of  Tennyson ;  successively  examiner 
and  assistant  secretary  of  education  department,  1855-84  ; 
art  critic  to  '  Saturday  Review' :  published,  1864,  'Golden 
Treasury  of  Songs  and  Lyrics,'  and  other  anthologies, 
including  a  second  series  of  '  The  Golden  Treasury,'  1896 ; 
professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1885-96.  His  publications 
include  lectures,  critical  essays,  and  several  volumes  of 
original  poems.  [Suppl.  iii.  242] 

PALGBAVE,  WILLIAM  GIFFORD  (1826-1888), 
diplomatist;  son  of  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Charterhouse  School  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  (B.A.) ; 
became  a  Jesuit  missionary  in  Syria  and  Arabia,  and  often 
assumed  the  disguise  of  a  Syrian  doctor  that  he  might 
visit  parts  of  Arabia  to  which  no  European  could  penetrate  ; 
severed  his  connection  with  the  Jesuits,  1865,  and  became 
an  English  diplomatist  in  Abyssinia  (1865),  Trebizond 
(1867),  Turkish  Georgia  (1870),  the  Upper  Euphrates  (1872), 
the  West  Indies  (1873),  Manilla  (1876),  Bulgaria  (1878), 
Bangkok  (1879),  and  Uruguay  (1884).  His  *  Narrative  of 
a  Year's  Journey  through  Central  and  Eastern  Arabia ' 
(1865)  is  well  known.  [xliii.  109] 

PALIN,  WILLIAM  (1803-1882), divine;  matriculated 
from  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1833 ;  M.A.,  1851  ;  rector  of  Stifford,  1834-82 ; 
author  and  hymn-writer.  [xliii.  110] 

PALK,  Sm  ROBERT,  first  baronet  (1717-1798),  go- 
vernor of  Madras ;  became  a  member  of  the  Madras 
council,  1753,  and  governor,  1763 ;  concluded  the  pusil- 
lanimous treaty  of  Hyderabad  (1766)  with  the  nizam,  by 
which  be  surrendered  the  sircar  of  Guntur,  consented 
to  pay  tribute  for  the  other  sircars,  and  agreed  to  furnish 
the  nizam  with  military  assistance  ;  returned  to  England, 
1767;  M.P.  Ashburton,  1767-84  and  1774-87;  created 
baronet,  1772.  Palk  Strait,  between  Ceylon  and  India,  was 
named  after  him.  .  [xliil.  Ill] 

PALLADITJS  (fl.  431  ?),  archdeacon  and  missionary 
to  Ireland ;  native  of  southern  Gaul ;  sent  to  Ireland  by 
Pope  Celestine,  after  Patrick's  mission  had  begun,  pro- 
bably to  introduce  the  Roman  discipline,  but  met  with  no 
success,  and  crossed  to  Britain,  where  he  died  shortly 
after.  [xliii.  112] 

PALLADY,  RICHARD  (fl.  1533-1556),  architect; 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  designed  the 
original  Somerset  House,  which  was  commenced  in  1546. 

[xliii.  113] 

PAXLISER,  FANNY  BURY  (1805-1878),  writer  on 
art ;  sister  of  Frederick  Marryat  [q.  v.] ;  married  Captain 
Richard  Bury  Palliser,  1832;  published  seven  original 
works,  chiefly  on  art  subjects.  [xlilL  114] 

PALLISER,  Sm  HUGH,  first  baronet  (1723-1796), 
admiral ;  entered  the  navy,  1736 ;  commander,  1746 ; 


governor  and  commander-ln-chief  at  Newfoundland,  1768- 
1766,  and  directed  a  surrey  of  the  ooasU :  comptroller  of 
the  navy,  177U;  created  a  baronet,  1778:  rear-admiral, 
1775  ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1775  ;  vice-admiral,  : 
while  serving  under  Keppel  In  1778  acted  very  insob- 
ordiuately  during  action  in  the  Channel,  bat  WM  acquitted 
by  a  packed  court-martial.  In  spite  of  popular  indignation ; 
not  reinstated  in  the  offices  which  he  had  resigned  In  an- 
ticipation of  his  trial,  but  in  1788  was  appointed  governor 
of  Greenwich  Hospital ;  admiral,  1787.  [xliii.  114] 

FALLISEB,  JOHN  (1807-1887X  geographer  and  ex- 
plorer;  travelled  in  North  America,  in  the  unknown 
regions  of  the  far  west,  between  1847  and  1861. 

[xliii.  116] 

PALLISER,  WILLIAM  (1646-1786X  archbishop  of 
Oashel ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1668 ;  professor 
of  divinity,  Dublin,  1678;  appointed  bishop  of  Cloyne, 
1693;  translated  to  Casbel,  1694  :  bequeathed  the'Biblio- 
theca  Palliseriaua  '  to  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

[xUii  117] 

PALLISER,  gin  WILLIAM  (1830-1882),  inventor  of 
'PalUser  shot';  brother  of  John  Palliser  [q.  v.];  of 
Rugby,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge; author  of  numerous  inventions,  particularly  In 
relation  to  projectiles,  among  the  chief  being  bis  method 
of  converting  smooth  bores  into  rifled  guns  (1862)  and  hie 
patent  for  chilled  cast-iron  shot  (1863),  which  for  a  time 
superseded  steel  projectiles  ;  C.B.,  1868 ;  knighted,  1873. 

[xliii.  117] 

PALLISER,  WRAY  RICHARD  GLED8TANES  (d. 
1891 X  commander ;  brother  of  John  Palliser  [q.  v.]  ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  1854  in  expeditions  against  Chinese 
pirates.  [xliii.  119] 

PALMARIUB,  THOMAS  (fl.  1410).    [See  PALMKR.] 

PALMER,  ALICIA  TINDAL  (fl.  1809-1815X  novelist ; 
author  of  three  novels  and  of  '  Authentic  Memoirs  of 
Sobieski,'  1815.  [xliiL  119] 

PALMER,  ANTHONY  (16187-1679X  independent: 
fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1640 ;  M.A.,  1641 ;  ejected 
from  rectory  of  Bourton-on-the- Water,  1662;  published 
six  theological  treatises.  [xliii.  119] 

PALMEB,  ANTHONY  (d.  1693X  divine;  rector  of 
Bratton  Fleming,  c.  1645 ;  ejected,  1668.  [xliii.  120] 

PALMEB,  ANTHONY  (16757-1749),  New  England 
pioneer ;  probably  born  in  England  ;  administered  the 
government  of  Pennsylvania  in  1747-8.  [xliii.  120] 

PALMEB,  ARTHUR  (1841-1897X  classical  scholar 
and  textual  critic ;  born  at  Gwelph,  Ontario,  Canada : 
educated  at  Cheltenham  College  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin;  fellow,  1867;  professor  of  Latin,  1880;  public 
orator,  1888;  M.A.,  1867  ;  Litt.D.  Dublin;  LLJX Glasgow. 
1890 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1894 ;  published  several  editions  of 
classical  texts.  [Suppl.  111.  244] 

PALMEB,  SIR  ARTHUR  HUNTER  (1819-1898X 
colonial  politician  ;  emigrated  to  New  South  Wales,  1838 ; 
member  of  legislative  assembly  of  Queensland  for  Port 
Curtis,  1866  ;  premier  and  colonial  secretary,  1870-4,  and 
secretary  for  lands,  1873-4;  president  of  legislative 
council  and  K.C.M.G.,  1881.  [SuppL  iii.  245] 

PALMEB,  BARBARA,  Comrrass  OP  OASTLEMAIXK 
and  DUCHESS  OF  CLEVELAND  ( 1641-1709).  [See  VILLJERS.] 

PALMEB,  CHARLES  (1777-18*1),  major-general:  of 
Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  son  of  John  Palmer 
(1742-1818)  [q.  v.]  ;  wbigM.P.,  Bath,  1808-26  and  1830-7  ; 
served  through  the  Peninsular  war  with  the  luth  dragoons, 
and  became,  after  his  father,  proprietor  of  the  Bath 
Theatre;  major-general,  1825.  [xliii.  148] 

PALMEB,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1808-1888),  historian 
of  Great  Yarmouth  :  practised  as  an  attorney  there  from 
1827 ;  edited  the  history  of  Yarmouth  by  Henry  Manship 
(d.  1625)  [q.  v.]  In  1854,  and  wrote  a  continuation  in 
1856,  besides  other  works.  [xliii.  180] 

PALMEB,  CHARLOTTE  (fl.  1780-1787X  author;  en- 
gaged in  the  profession  of  teaching;  published  several 
novels  and  letters.  [xliii.  181] 

PALMER,  EDWARD  (fl.  1578),  antiquary ;  of  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford  ;  made  a  collection  of  English  antiqui- 
ties, which  was  dispersed  on  his  death.  [xlilL  181] 

8t9 


PALMER 


PALMER 


PALMER,  EDWARD  HENRY  (1840-1882),  ori.-n- 
talist:  son  of  a  schoolmaster ;  learned  Italian  and  French, 
while  a  junior  clerk  in  London,  from  conversation-  in 
cafe*;  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  teacher  of  Hindu- 
stani at  Cambridge,  I860,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
oriental  tongues:  gained  admission  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  as  a  tricar,  1883 ;  fellow,  1867 ;  M.A.,  1870 ; 
accompanied  Henry  Spencer  Palmer  [q.  v.]  and  (Sir) 
Charles  Wilson  in  their  survey  of  Sinai ;  visited  Palestine, 
and  improved  his  knowledge  of  Arabic  dialects,  1869-70 ; 
published  'The  Desert  of  the  Exodus*  (a  popular  account 
of  his  travels X  1871 ;  lord  almoner's  professor  of  Arabic 
at  Cambridge,  1871 ;  from  that  time  did  much  literary 
work  in  Arabic,  Hindustani,  and  Persian ;  went  to  Lon- 
don, 1881,  and  was  employed  on  the  staff  of  the 'Standard ' 
as  a  leader-writer ;  despatched  by  Gladstone's  government 
on  a  secret  mission,  the  purport  of  which,  so  far  as 
known,  was  to  attempt  to  detach  the  Arab  tribes  from 
the  side  of  the  Egyptian  rebels,  1882  ;  succeeded,  and  was 
appointed  interpreter-in-chief  to  the  English  forces  in 
Egypt,  but  while  engaged  in  further  negotiations  with 
tribes  beyond  Suez  was  murdered  at  Wady  Sudr  by  Arab 
robbers.  His  remains  were  brought  home  and  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  in  April  1883.  [xliii.  122] 

PALMER,  ELEANOR,  LADY  (17207-1818),  daughter 
of  Michael  Ambrose,  a  brewer  of  Dublin ;  married,  in  1752, 
Roger  Palmer  of  Mayo  and  Dublin,  created  a  baronet  in 
1777 ;  celebrated  for  her  beauty,  in  which  she  rivalled  the 
Gunnings.  [xliii.  126] 

PALMER,  Sm  GEOFFREY,  first  baronet  (1598-1 670), 
attorney-general :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1623,  trea- 
surer, 1661 ;  an  original  member  of  the  Long  parliament, 
but  joined  the  king's  party ;  nominated  attorney-general 
and  created  baronet  at  the  Restoration.  [xliii.  126] 

PALMER,  GEORGE  (1772-1853),  philanthropist;  an 
East  India  merchant  who  designed  a  style  of  lifeboat 
which  was  in  general  use  between  1826  and  1858 ;  master 
of  the  Mercers'  Company,  1821 ;  conservative  M.P.,  South 
Essex,  1836-1847.  [xliii.  127] 

PALMER,  GEORGE  (1818-1897),  biscuit  manufac- 
turer; apprenticed  as  miller  and  confectioner  at  Taunton, 
e.  1832 ;  established  at  Reading  (1841)  with  ThomasHuntley 
(d.  1857X  biscuit  business  of  Huntley  &  Palmer,  which 
on  application  of  steam  machinery  to  manufacture  of 
biscuits,  rapidly  grew  to  large  proportions ;  mayor  of 
Beading,  1867 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Reading,  1878-85 

[Suppl.  iii.  245] 

PALMER.  Sm  HENRY  (d.  1559),  soldier;  brother  of 
Sir  pomas  Palmer  (d.  1553)  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  capture 
of  Boulogne,  1544;  master  of  ordnance  at  Boulogne 
1546 ;  for  many  years  held  a  subordinate  command  at 
Calais,  at  the  fall  of  which  in  1658  he  was  taSn  prisoner. 

PALMER,  Sm  HENRY  (d.  1611),  naval  c^mmamler  • 
on  active  service  between  1576  and  1611;  fought  ajrainst 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588 ;  comptroller  of  the  navyf  1598. 


PALMER,  HENRY  SPENCER 
general,  royal  engineers ;  nephew  of'slr"  HeVf>  Ja"mes 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  royal  engineers,  1866 ;  took  part  in  the 
survey  of  British  Columbia  (1868-63),  in  the  parliamen- 
^T^°UD^rle8  Commi88i°n  under  Disraeli's  reform  act 
(1867),  and  in  the  survey  of  Sinaitic  Peninsula  (1868-9  )• 
sentwith  the  New  Zealand  party  as  chief  astronomer  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  1873  ;  appointed  engineer  of 
the  admiralty  works  at  Hong  Kong,  1878;  became  com- 

D5r?T!!i,le^fV"?r  Of  tbe  Ma^hester  district,  1883; 
employed  (1886-93)  in  designing  waterworks  for  the 
Japanese  government ;  retired  as  major-general,  1887. 

PAU%,  HERBERT  (1601-1647X  pun&divine ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Palmer  (1640-1626)  [q.  v.]  •  edu- 

catMi    at    Rt.     .T/\Kn>.   /1ntl«~._    n__i u .    •»»  V1     .  A_          . 


«ww,  1D*S,  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  resisted 
Laud's  'innovations,'  and  was  articled  for  bfc  puritanism 
butwithnnt».nit:  rector  of  AsbwelL,  1632;  lecturer  at 


PALMER,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1657),  chancellor  of  the 
order  of  the  Garter,  1645  ;  third  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Palmer 
(1540-1626)  [q.  v.]  ;  personal  friend  of  Churl. -s  I. 

[xliii.  132] 

PALMER,  JAMES  (1585-1660),  divine;  M.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1606  ;  incorporated  at  Oxfonl, 
1611 ;  B.D.,  1613  ;  showed  puritan  predilections  in  middle 
life,  and  preached  frequently  before  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment; surrendered  his  living,  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street, 
London,  in  1645  on  account  of  failing  health.  He  founded 
several  charities  at  Westminster.  [xliii.  132] 

PALMER,  SIR  JAMES  FREDERICK  (1804-1871), 
Australian  politician ;  great-nephew  of  Sir  Joehua 
Reynolds  [q.  v.] ;  went  to  Australia,  1839,  and  became 
first  president  of  the  Victorian  legislative  assembly,  1856  • 
knighted,  1857.  [xliii.  133] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (d.  1607),  dean  of  Peterborough ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1573  ;  M.A,  1575 
(incorporated  at  Oxford,  1580);  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1595-1604 ;  D.D.,  1595 ;  dean  of  Peter- 
borough in  1597.  [xliii.  134] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (d.  1614),  divine ;  of  Westminster 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  fellow,  1582;  M.A., 
1583;  B.D.,  1692;  archdeacon  of  Ely,  1592-1600. 

[xliii.  134] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (1650-1700  ?),  colonial  official ;  came 
from  Barbados  to  New  York,  c.  1674;  judge  of  oyer  and 
terminer,  New  York,  1684;  published  'An  impartial 
Account  of  the  State  of  New  England,'  1689.  [xliii.  134] 

PALMER,  JOHN,  the  elder  (d.  1768),  actor  ;  known 
as  GENTLEMAN  PALMER;  celebrated  as  Captain  Plume,  as 
Osric,  as  the  Duke's  servant  in  '  High  Life  Below  Stairs,' 
and  as  Mercutio.  [xliii.  139] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (1742-1786),  Unitarian  divine; 
minister  at  Macclesfield  and  Birmingham;  published 
various  treatises.  [xliii.  135] 

PALMER,  JOHN    (1729 ?-1790),    Unitarian    divine; 
minister  in  New  Broad  Street,  London,   1759-80  ;    pub- 
|  lished  several  treatises.  [xliiL  135] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (1742?-1798),  actor ;  son  of  a  bill- 
sticker  and  door-keeper  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London  ; 
his  desire  to  go  upon  the  stage  discouraged  by  Garrick  and 
Foote;  gradually  rose  to  high  position  in  the  London 
theatres,  and  for  a  time  obtained  control,  all  but  un- 
disputed, over  the  highest  comedy  ;  held  unapproachable 
in  the  part  of  Joseph  Surface;  involved  himself  in  an 
unsuccessful  contest  with  the  managers  of  the  patent 
houses  by  commencing  to  build  the  Royalty  Theatre  in 
Wellclose  Square,  London,  1785  ;  frequently  insolvent ; 
died  on  the  stage  at  Liverpool  while  playing  in  'The 
Stranger.'  Except  singing  characters  and  old  men,  there 
was  no  character  in  which  he  did  not  achieve  a  high 
degree  of  excellence.  [xliii.  136] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (1742-1818),  projector  of  mail- 
coaches  ;  son  of  the  proprietor  of  the  two  Bath  theatres, 
for  whom  he  acted  as  agent  in  London ;  being  struck 
with  the  slowness  of  the  state  post,  prevailed  on  Pitt 
in  1784  to  order  a  trial  of  the  possibility  of  conveying  the 
posts  by  stage-coach,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  post 
office  declared  the  project  impracticable ;  his  innovation 
established  by  1785 ;  in  consequence  post-office  revenue 
increased  from  51,000?.  to  73,000/.  between  1784  and  1787 ; 
nominated  comptroller-general  of  the  post  office,  1786  ; 
compulsorily  retired  on  a  pension  owing  to  quarrels  with 
the  postmaster-general,  Lord  Walsingham,  1793  ;  obtained 
60.00W.  as  compensation  (1813),  after  a  long  controversy. 

[xliii.  139] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (fl.  1818),  traveller ;  published  a 
'Journal  of  Travels  in  the  United  States  and  Lower 
Canada,'  1818.  [xliiL  143] 

PALMER,  JOHN  (BERNARD)  (1782-1852),  mitred 
abbot ;  entered  the  Cistercian  order,  1808 ;  became  superior 
of  the  monastery  in  Charuwood  Forest,  1841 ;  his  house 
•  constituted  an  abbey,  1848.  [xliii.  143] 

PALMER,  JOHN  HO RSLEY  (1779-1 858),  governor  of 
the  Bank  of  England;  brother  of  George  Palmer  (1772- 
I  1863)  [q.  v.];  became  a  director  of  the   Bank,  1811; 
I  governor  of  the  Bank,  1830-2.  [xliii.  144] 


PALMER 


1W7 


PALMER 


PALMER,  formerly  BUDWORTH,  JnsKI'U  (17SO- 
1815),  miscellaneous  write  ;  m-pht-w  of  \Villiain  Utul worth 
[q.  v.];  adopted  his  wife's  nauic  in  IHII  ;  wrote  un«l>-r  tin- 
pseudonym  '  Kambler,1  in  Hie  '  Gt-utk'Uiiin's  Ma 

[xlii».  144] 

PALMER,  JULIKS  (d.  1556),  martyr  ;  B.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1548;  master  in  R«iding  grammar 
school ;  burntat  Newbury  for  holding  protestant  opinions. 

[xliii.  145] 

PALMER,  MARY  (1716-1794),  author ;  sister  of  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds  [q.  v.] ;  married  John  Palmer  of  Tor- 
rington,  1740 ;  her  •  Devonshire  Dialogue  •  (first  complete 
edition,  1839)  frequently  reprint.-.!.  [xliii.  145] 

PALMER,  RICHARD  (<i.  1195),  archbishop  of  Mes- 
sina :  born  in  England,  settled  in  Sicily,  and  was  a  chief 
counsellor  of  William  the  Bad,  one  of  the  Norman  king* 
of  Sicily;  elected  bishop  of  Syracuse,  c.  1155,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Messina  before  1183;  one  of  the  embassy  who 
endeavoured  to  avert  the  wrath  of  Richard  I  against  King 
Tancred,  after  the  capture  of  Messina  by  toe  former  in 
1190 ;  corresponded  with  Thomas  Becket  [q.  v.] 

[xliU.  146] 

PALMER,  RICHARD  (d.  1625),  physician;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1579 ;  MA.  Peterhouse,  1683 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1597,  president,  1630;  attended  the  deathbed  of 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  1612.  [xliii.  148] 

PALMER,  ROBERT  (1757-1805  ?),  actor ;  brother  of 
John  Palmer  (1742  7-1798)  [q.  v.] ;  excelled  in  rustic  roles. 

[xliii.  139] 

PALMER,  ROGER,  EARL  OF  OASTLEMMXK  (1634- 
1705),  diplomatist  and  author ;  son  of  Sir  James  Palmer 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  student, 
Inner  Temple,  1656;  married  Barbara  VUliers  (after- 
wards Duchess  of  Cleveland)  [q.  v.],  1659,  who  became 
Charles  ll's  mistress  at  the  Restoration:  M.P.,  New 
Windsor,  1660-1 :  forced  by  Charles  II  to  become  Earl  of 
Castlemaine  in  order  to  propitiate  Barbara's  jealousy 
of  the  marriage  of  Charles  II,  1661 ;  accused  of  complicity 
in  the  Popish  plot,  but  acquitted;  as  envoy  to  Rome, 
1686,  met  with  a  cold  reception,  his  excessive  zeal  tor 
Petre  and  other  of  James  II's  favourites  embarrassing 
Pope  Innocent  XI ;  privy  councillor,  1687;  at  the  revolu- 
tion was  exempted  from  the  Act  of  Indemnity,  and  after 
Imprisonment  in  the  Tower  of  London  escaped  to  the 
continent;  indicted  of  high  treason,  1695;  on  returning 
and  surrendering  himself  was  released  without  trial,  on 
condition  of  going  over-seas;  linguist,  mathematician, 
and  political  pamphleteer.  [xliii.  148] 

PALMER,  SIR  ROUNDELL,  first  EARL  OF  SKL- 
BORKE  (1812-1895X  lord  chancellor :  nephew  of  George 
Palmer  (1772-1853)  [q.  v.];  was  educated  at  Rugby, 
Winchester,  and  Christ  Church  and  Trinity  College, 
Oxford :  Ireland  scholar,  1832  ;  Eldon  law  scholar,  1834 ; 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1835 ;  M.A.,  1836 ; 
D.O.L.,  1862 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1837;  bencher,  1849;  treasurer,  1864;  Q.C.,  1849; 
entered  parliament  in  1847  as  a  conservative  (M.P.,  Ply- 
mouth), but  from  the  first  was  extremely  independent  in 
his  views,  and  gradually  passed  over  to  the  liberal  party ; 
solicitor-general  in  Palmerstou's  ministry,  1861 ;  knighted, 
1861:  M.P.,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1861-72;  attorney- 
general  from  1863  to  the  fall  of  Lord  Russell's  adminis- 
tration, 1866 ;  declined  Gladstone's  offer  of  the  great  seal 
and  a  peerage  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  diseu- 
dowment  of  the  Irish  church,  1868;  succeeded  Lord 
Hatherley  as  lord  chancellor,  and  was  created  Baron 
Selborne,  1872 ;  took  up  the  question  of  judicature  reform, 
and  although  unable  fully  to  carry  out  his  wishes  ob- 
tained the  passage  of  a  measure  doing  away  with  the 
multiplicity  of  courts  of  original  jurisdiction,  and  pro- 
viding for  the  gradual  fusion  of  law  and  equity  into  a 
common  system,  1873  ;  retired  from  the  woolsack  on  the 
return  of  the  conservatives  to  power,  1874;  again  lord 
chancellor  (1880-6)  under  Gladstone ;  created  Earl  of 
Selborne,  1882 ;  refrained  from  entering  Gladstone's  third 
cabinet  (1886),  on  account  of  his  antipathy  to  granting 
Irish  home  rule ;  a  high  churchman  and  author  of 
writings  on  ecclesiastical  matters  and  of  several  hymns. 
As  a  judge  of  first  instance  and  as  lord  chancellor  he  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  extension  and  refinement  of  some 
of  the  leading  doctrines  of  equitable  jurisprudence. 

[xliii.  150] 

PALMER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1724),  pamphleteer:  ori- 
ginally a  presbyterian  minister;  wrote  in  defence  of 


dissenters'  academies ;  vicar  of  All  Saints'  and  St.  Peter'*, 

M.iMun,  1710-24.  [xliiL  154] 

PALMER,   SAMOEL  (rf.  178JX  printer;  worked  In 
Bartholomew    Clow;    Benin 

employes,  1726;  hl»'  History  of  Printing'  completed  by 
George  Paalmaoazar  [q.  T.],  1732,  who  in  bis  '  Memoirs' 

ckum..l  t..  hi..  .hole  book.         [xhli.  166] 


PALMER,  SAMUEL  (1741-1813X1 
grapher ;  wa*  minister  of  the  independent  congregation 
at  Mare  Street,  H:i.-kn.->.  MI-I-I.-.-X,  and  fit.  Thomas'* 
Square,  London,  1766-1813;  published  "The  Protestant 
Dissenters'  Catechism,'  1772,  and  'The  Nonconformist'* 
Memorial,'  1776-8,  the  Utter  an  abridgment  and  continua- 
tion of  the  '  Account  of  the  Ministers  .  .  .  Ejected,'  by 
Edmund  Calamy  (1671-1782)  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  166] 

PALMER,  SAMUEL  (1806-18811  poetical  landscape- 
painter  ;  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  lull1: 
member  of  the  Etching  Society,  1853,  of  the  Water-colour 
Society,  1854 ;  almost  the  last  of  the  ideal  school  of  land- 
scape-painters represented  in  England  by  Wilson,  Turner, 
and  others;  much  influenced  by  his  intercourse  with 
William  Blake  (1757-1827)  [q.  v.]  Among  his  finest 
works  are  his  drawings  to  illustrate  Milton's  *L* Allegro' 
and  'II  Penseroso'  (exhibited  at  the  Water-colour  Society 
between  1868  and  1882).  [xliii.  167] 

PALMER.  SHIRLEY  (1786-1852),  medical  writer  ; 
M.R.C.S.,  1807 ;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1815  ;  practised  in  Tarn- 
worth  and  Birmingham ;  chief  work,  '  Popular  Illustra- 
tions of  Medicine,'  1829.  [xliii.  169] 

PALMER  or  PALMARITJS,  THOMAS  (fl.  1410), 
theological  writer;  Dominican  friar  of  London;  wrote 
orthodox  works  to  repair  the  schisms  in  the  church. 

[xliii.  160] 

PALMER,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1553),  soldier ;  knighted, 
1532 ;  held  appointments  at  Calais  and  Guisnes  under 
Henry  VIII ;  disclosed  Somerset's  treason,  1550  ;  executed 
as  an  adherent  of  Lady  Jane  Grey.  [xliii.  160] 

PALMER,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1640-1626X 
1  the  Travailer ' ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Palmer  (d.  1559)  [q.  v.]  ; 
high  sheriff  of  Kent,  1595;  went  on  the  expedition  to 
Cadiz  and  was  knighted,  1596;  published  'An  Essay  on 
Foreign  Travel,'  1606;  created  baronet,  1621 ;  not  iden- 
,  tical  with  the  Thomas  Palmer  or  Palmar  who  was  ap- 
pointed principal  of  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1563. 

[xliii.  161] 

PALMER,    THOMAS    (fl.    1644-1666),    independent 

minister  and  agitator;  chaplain  to  Skippon's  regiment, 

\  1644  ;  rector  of  Afiton-upou-Trent,  1646 ;  ejected,  1660 ; 

i  wandered  about  the  country  preaching  ;  went  to  Ireland 

•  to  do  mischief,'  1666 ;  published  four  religious  treatises. 

PALMER,  THOMAS  PYSHE  (1747-1802X  Unitarian 
minister ;  of  Eton  and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  M.A^ 
1772 ;  B.D.,  1781 ;  fellow,  1781 ;  pastor  at  Moutrose, 
1783-5,  at  Dundee,  1785-93;  sympathised  with  political 
reform  and,  in  1793,  corrected  the  proof  of  a  handbill  by 
George  Mealmaker,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  the  Friends 
,  of  Liberty  at  Dundee,  for  which  (1793)  he  was  sentenced  to 
twelve  years'  transportation  on  the  charge  of  treason, 
government  at  the  time  being  in  a  state  of  panic  on 
account  of  the  French  revolution :  served  his  sentence  at 
Botany  Bay  and  died  at  the  Ladroue  islands  while  return- 
ing home.  [iliii-  1623 

PALMER,  WILLIAM  (15397-1605X  divine;  B.A. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1560;  fellow,  1560;  held 
several  minor  preferments  ;  famous  as  a  disputant. 

[xliii.  164] 

PALMER,  WILLIAM  (1824-1886X  the  Rugeley 
poisoner ;  M.R.C.S.,  1846  ;  practised  as  a  medical  man  at 
Rugeley  after  acting  as  a  house-surgeon  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  London,  in  1846 ;  poisoned  his  wife  in  1884, 
his  brother  William  in  August  1865,  and  his  friend  Thomas 
Parsons  Cook  in  December  1855  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining money  ;  convicted  of  the  last  murder  and  hanged 
at  Stafford  on  14  June  1856,  after  a  trial  which  excited 
extraordinary  interest.  He  was  convicted  entirely  upon 
circumstantial  evidence,  but  no  innocent  explanation  of 
his  conduct  has  yet  been  suggested.  [xliii.  lt>5] 

PALMER,  WILLIAM  (1802-1868),  conveyancer  and 
legal  author;  son  of  George  Palmer  (1772-1853)  [q.  v.]; 


PALMER 


998 


PAOLI 


MJL  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1888;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1810 :  professor  of  law,  Gresham  College,  London, 
i ;  published  legal  works.  [xliii.  106] 


PALMER,   WILUAM   (1811-1879),   theologian  and 
::  brother  of  Rouudell  Palmer,  first  earl  of 


Sdborne  [q.  v.]:  fcllovr  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
18tf :  MJU  1833 ;  an  extreme  high  churchman  and  a 
derated  adTOcate  of  iutercommanion  with  the  Greek  and 
ifomM  cborches ;  made  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to 
obtain  admission  to  the  Greek  church  without  declaring 
the  English  church  heretical;  entered  the  Roman  com- 
munion without  rebaptism,  1865,  passing  the  rest  of  his 
life  at  Rome  in  retirement;  published  works,  including 
•An  Introduction  to  Early  Christian  Symbolism,'  1859, 
and  left  voluminous  manuscript*  chiefly  autobiographical. 

[xliii.  167] 

PALMEB.  WILLIAM  ( 1803-1886 X  theologian  and 
ecoledtttioal  antiquary ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1834;  MJL  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1829;  published 
•  ( Jrigines  Liturgies},'  1832,  and  a  •  Treatise  on  the  Church 
of  Christ,'  1838,  and  associated  himself  with  the  trac- 
Urians;  subsequently  published  several  controversial 
treatim* ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1849-58.  He  assumed 
the  title  of  baronet  in  1866.  [xliii.  168] 

PALMERANUS  or  PALMERSTON  (ft.  1306-1316). 
[See  THOMAS  HIBERXICUS.] 

PALMERSTON,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  TEMPLE,  HENRY, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1673?-1757;  TEMPLE,  HENRY,  second 
ViaootJNT.  1739-1802;  TEMPLE,  HENRY  JOHN,  third 
VBCOUXT,  1784-1865.] 

PALMES,  SIR  BRYAN  (1599-1654),  royalist;  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford;  M.P.,  Stamford,  1626,  Ald- 
borough,  Yorkshire,  1640 ;  knighted  and  created  D.C.L. 
i  ixfoni,  1642 ;  raised  a  regiment  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  but  compounded  for  his  estate  in  1646. 

[xliii.  170] 

PALSGRAVE,  JOHN  (d.  1554),  chaplain  to  Henry 
VIII;  BJL  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  M.A. 
Paris;  tutor  to  the  Princess  Mary,  1513-14,  and 
Henry  VIII's  natural  son,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  1525-9  ; 
rector  of  St.  Dunstan-in-the-East,  London,  1538,  of  Waden- 
boe.  1545  ;  published  •  Leselarcissemeut  de  la  Langue  Fran- 
ooyse,'  1530,  and  other  works.  [xliii.  170] 

PALTOCK,  ROBERT  (1697-1767),  romance- writer : 
an  attorney  at  Clement's  Inn ;  published  *  The  Life  and 
Adventures  of  Peter  Wilkins,  a  Cornish  Man,'  1751,  which 
WM  praised  by  Southey  and  Leigh  Hunt,  and  admired  by 
Coleridge,  Scott,  and  Lamb.  [xliu.  172] 

PAMAN.  HENRY  (1626-1696).  physician;  of  Em- 
manuel and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge :  fellow  of  St 
John's  College:  M.A.,  1650  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1655) ;' 
MJX  Cambridge,  1658  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1669)- 
professor  of  physic  at  Gresham  College,  London,  1679-89  • 
master  of  the  facultiesat  Cambridge,  1684-90 ;  a  nonjuror. 

PA1TOULF  (d.  1226),  papal  legate  and  bishop' of*  Nor- 
wich ;  a  Roman  by  birth,  but  erroneously  identified  with 
Pandulfus  Masca  (made  a  cardinal  in  1182) ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, July  1211,  to  determine  the  succession  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury,  and  excommunicated  King  John  for  refusing 
to  restore  Langton ;  returned  to  the  continent  after  King 
John  had  made  repeated  attempts  to  break  his  resolution  ; 
revisited  England,  John  having  made  overtures  for  a  re- 
conciliation iu  1213,  and  forbade  Philip  Augustus  of  France 
to  invade  the  country  until  his  mission  was  accomplished  • 
remained  in  England  after  King  John  had  made  his  sub- 
mission, 15  May  1213 ;  elected  bishop  of  Norwich,  1216- 
appointed  papal  legate,  1218 ;  exercised  almost  royal 
authority  from  the  death  of  Pembroke  in  May  1219  till  his 
recall  in  1221,  and  acted  with  statesmanlike  capacity ; 
eventually  found  himself  at  enmity  with  Hubertde  Burgh 
and  LaugUin,  who  made  his  position  untenable ;  died  at 
Rome  and  was  buried  in  Norwich  Cathedral.  [xliiL  174] 

PAKITBR.    [See  PANTKK.] 

PANIZZI,  SIR    ANTHONY    (1797-1879),    principal 
libranan  of  the  British  Museum!  born  at  BrSX 
Jjar graduated  in  law  at  Parma,  1818  :  afterward* 
as  an  advocate :   compelled  to  fly  as  a  oon- 
SS".1  £e   Wamaent,   1822,  and  was  sen- 
J?  d2fh  to  hU  *bs6noe  «"»  oontumaciouH ;  came  to 
"•  and  WM  befriended  by  William  llosooe  [q.  v.] 


the  chief  patron  of  Italian  literature  in  the  country ; 
became  intimate  with  Henry  Peter  Brougham,  buron 
Brougham  and  Vaux,  who  in  1831  procured  his  appoint- 
ment as  assistant-librarian  at  the  British  Museum  ;  chief 
keeper  of  the  printed  books,  1837 ;  chief  librarian,  1856 ; 
resigned  on  account  of  ill-health,  1866  ;  formed  the  plan  of 
the  catalogue  of  piiuted  books,  and  obtained  an  annual 
grant  of  10,000/.  to  repair  literary  specimens  of  the 
library  ;  conceived  the  plan  of  the  great  reading-room  and 
annexes  iu  the  central  quadrangle  ;  procured  the  recog- 
nition of  the  staff  as  civil  servants :  K.O.B.,  1809.  TLo 
bequest  of  the  Grenville  Library  in  1846  was  entirely  due 
to  his  personal  influence  [see  GRENVILLE,  THOMAS  (1755- 
1846)].  During  the  whole  of  his  official  career  Panizzi 
was  much  occupied  in  political  questions,  especially  as 
they  affected  the  movement  for  the  liberation  of  Italy. 
His  influence  with  the  English  whigs  was  frequently  used 
to  assist  the  Italian  patriots.  [xliii.  179] 

PANKE,  JOHN  (ft.  1608),  divine  ;  educated  at 
Oxford  ;  author  of  four  works  against  Roman  catholics. 

[xliii.  183] 

PANMURE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  MAULK,  PATRICK, 
first  EARL,  d.  1661 ;  MAULE,  JAMKS,  fourth  EARL, 
1659  ?-1723.] 

PANMURE,  titular  EARL  OF  (d.  1734).  [See  MAULE, 
HARRY.] 

PANMURE,  BARONS.  [See  MAULE,  WILLIAM 
RAMSAY,  first  BARON  PANMURE,  1771-1852;  MAULE, 
Fox,  second  BARON  PANMURE,  1801-1874.] 

PANMURE,  LORD  OF  (d.  1215).  [See  VALOGNES, 
PHILIP  DE.] 

PANTER,  DAVID  (d.  1558),  bishop  of  Ross; 
nephew  of  Patrick  Panter  [q.  v.]  ;  acted  as  secretary 
to  James  V ;  bishop  of  Ross,  1545.  [xliii.  183] 

PANTER,  PANNITER,  or  PANTHER,  PATRICK 
(1470  ?-1519),  abbot  of  Oambuskenneth ;  studied  at 
Paris  ;  nominated  royal  secretary,  1505  ;  abbot  of  Cam- 
buskenneth,  c.  1512.  [xliii.  184] 

PANTIN,  THOMAS  PINDAR  (1792-1866),  theolo- 
gical writer  ;  M.A,  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1827  ;  wrote 
against  Roman  Catholicism.  [xliu.  184] 

P  ANTON,  PAUL  (1731-1797),  Welsh  antiquary  : 
formed  a  large  collection  of  Welsh  manuscripts  at  Plas 
Gwyii.  [xliii.  184] 

P  ANTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1685),  gambler  ;  held  com- 
mission in  Charles  II's  life-guards  and  captaincy  in  the 
foot-guards  ;  made  a  fortune  by  card-playing  at  Charles 
II's  court.  [xliii.  185] 

PANTON ,  THOMAS  (1731-1808),  sportsman ;  keeper 
of  racehorses  ;  won  the  Derby  in  1786.  [xliii.  185] 

PANTULF,  HUGH  (d.  1224?),  sheriff  of  Shrop- 
shire (1179-1189)  ;  son  of  Ivo  Pantulf  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  186] 

PANTULF,  IVO  (d.  1176  ?),  feudatory ;  probably  son 
of  Robert  Pantulf  [q.  v.] ;  made  grants  to  several 
abbeys.  [xliii.  187] 

PANTULF,  ROBERT  (ft.  1130),  feudatory  ;  son  of 
William  Pantulf  (d.  1112  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  was  accused  of  robbing 
the  nuns  of  Caen.  [xliii.  187] 

PANTULF  or  PANTOUUM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1112  ?), 
Norman  knight ;  held  land  of  Robert  of  Belleme,  but 
supported  Henry  I  when  Robert  rebelled,  1102. 

[xliii.  186] 

PANTULF,  WILLIAM  (d.  1233),  feudatory ;  son  of 
Hugh  Pantulf  [q.  v.] ;  probably  served  King  John  iu 
Ireland,  1210.  [xliii.  186] 

PAOLI,  PASCAL  (1725-1807),  Corsican  general  and 
patriot  ;  son  of  Hyacinth  Paoli,  a  Corsican  leader  in  the 
revolt  of  1734;  brought  up  in  exile  at  Naples,  where  he 
entered  the  army  ;  offered  the  dictatorship  by  the  Cor- 
sican insurgents  against  the  Genoese  yoke,  1755:  ex- 
pelled the  Genoese  from  the  greater  part  of  the  island, 
who,  however,  in  1764  obtained  French  assistance,  and 
in  1768  yielded  Corsica  to  France;  commanded  the 
Corsicans  at  Pontenuovo,  where  they  were  signally 
defeated,  1769 ;  cut  his  way  through  the  French  troops 
and  took  refuge  on  board  an  English  frignte,  1769; 
resided  in  England,  receiving  a  pension  and  enjoying 
the  society  of  the  famous  men  of  the  time;  eleotel  u 


PAPILLON 


999 


PARIS 


member  of  the  Club,  and  Intimate  with  the  Johnsonian 
group  5  on  the  outbreak  of  tin*  Frt-m-h  revolution  re- 
called by  the  French  National  Assembly  to  Corsica, 
where  be  became  mayor  of  linstia  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  national  guard,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
by  Louis  XVI  lieutenant-general  and  military  comman- 
dant in  Corsica  ;  on  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI  .irov.- 
the  French  from  Corsica  and  obtained  an  English  pro- 
tectorate, but  was  disappointed  in  his  expectation  of 
bein<r  nominated  viceroy ;  retired  to  a  private  estate  in 
England  in  1795  ;  died  and  was  buried  In  London. 

[xliii.187] 

PAPILLON,  DAVID  (1581-1665?),  architect  and 
military  engineer  ;  born  in  France  of  Huguenot  parent*  ; 
brought  up  in  England ;  fortified  Gloucester  for 
parliament,  1646  ;  published  •  An  Essay  on  Fortification,' 
1641,  and  other  works.  [xliii.  190] 


PAPILLON,  PHILIP  (1680-1641),  writer  of 
M.A.    Exeter    College,    Oxford,    1641  ;    son    of    David 
Papillon  [q.  v.]  [xliiL191] 

PAPILLOW,  THOMAS  (1623-1702),  merchant  and 
politician  :  son  of  David  Papillon  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Dover, 
1673-81:  a  staunch  member  of  the  country  party; 
fled  to  Utrecht,  1684,  to  avoid  payment  of  10,000*. 
damages  awarded  against  him  by  a  packed  jury  [see 
MAYXARD,  SIR  JOHN  (1608-1690)1;  returned  at  the 
revolution  ;  M.P.,  Dover,  1689-95;  London,  1695-1700. 

[xliiL  190] 

PAPILON  or  PAPYLION,  RALPH,  called  DK 
AnuxDEL  (d.  1223X  abbot  of  Westminster  ;  elected  abbot, 
1200,  and  deposed  for  incontinency,  1213.  [xliii.  192] 

PAPIW,  DENIS  (1647-1712?),  natural  philosopher; 
born  at  Blois  :  graduated  in  medicine  at  Angers,  1669 ; 
lived  chiefly  in  England  after  1675  ;  F.R.S.,  1680 ; 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Marburg,  1688-95.  His 
claims  to  be  regarded  as  inventor  of  the  steam  engine 
have  been  urged  by  French  writers,  but  the  evidence  is 
inconclusive.  He  constructed  a  boat  with  paddle-wheels 
on  the  Weser,  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  it  was 
to  be  driven  by  steam.  [xliii.  192] 

PAPIN,  ISAAC  (1657-1709),  theologian ;  born  at 
Blois  ;  entered  the  English  church,  1686,  but  became 
a  Roman  catholic,  1690 ;  published  theological  works  in 
French.  [xliii.  193] 

PAPINEATT,  LOUIS  JOSEPH  (1786-1871),  Canadian 
rebel  ;  regarded  as  head  of  the  French  Canadian  party 
from  the  beginning  of  his  career  in  1809  :  speaker  of  the 
legislative  assembly  of  Lower  Canada,  1815-37 ;  fled  to 
the  territory  of  the  United  States  after  a  controversy 
with  the  home  government  concerning  the  constitution 
of  the  upper  house  had  issued  in  rebellion  in  1837,  instead 
of  joining  the  insurgents  ;  returned  under  the  general 
amnesty  of  1847,  and  entered  the  lower  house  of  the 
united  Canadian  legislature ;  retired  into  private  life,  18*4. 

[xliii.  193] 

PAPWOETH,  EDGAR  GEORGE  (1809-1866),  sculp- 
tor :  nephew  of  John  Papworth  [q.  v.] ;  travelling 
student  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1834 ;  executed  chiefly 
busts,  statuettes,  and  sketch  designs.  [xliii.  194] 

PAPWOETH,  GEORGE  (1781-1855),  architect; 
brother  of  John  Papworth  [q.  v.]  ;  settled  in  Dublin  and 
designed  many  public  and  private  buildings  in  Ireland. 


[xliiL  195] 
BuoNARo-n 


PAPWOETH,  JOHN,  afterwards  JOHN  BCOVAROTTI 
(1775-1847),  architect  and  designer :  contributed  to  the 
Royal  Academy  exhibitions,  1794-1841 ;  carried  oat  a 
number  of  important  works,  including  (1823-30)  St. 
Bride's  Avenue  in  Fleet  Street,  London  ;  original  member 
of  the  Associated  Artists  in  Water-colours  (1807)  and  of 
the  Institute  of  British  Architects  (1834);  published 
treatises  on  architecture  and  landscape-gardening. 

[xliii.  196] 

PAPWOETH,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1809-1841),  honorary 
secretary  to  the  Institute  of  Irish  Architects ;  son  of 
George  Papworth  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  195] 

PAPWOETH,  JOHN  WOODY  (1820-1870),  architect 
and  antiquary  ;  son  of  John  Papworth  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of 
the  Institute  of  British  Architects,  1848 ;  author  of  the 
•  Ordinary  of  British  Armorials,'  published,  1874,  and  other 
works.  [xliii.  198] 

PAPWOETH.  WYATTANGELICUSVAN8ANDAU 
(1822-1894),  architect  and  antiquary;  son  of  John 


nh  [q.  v.] ;  projector  and  editor  of  the  •  Dictionary 
of  Architecture '(1852-92),  published  by  the  Architectural 
Publication  Society  ;  run.  •  n  Soane's  Museum, 

1893-4 :  published  treatises  and  papers  on  various  subjects, 
mainly  architectural.  [xJlii.  198] 

PAEADI8E,  JOHN  (1743-1795),  linguist  and  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson :  a  Macedonian  by  birth :  grandson  of 
Philip  Lttlvill  [q.  v.] ;  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1769,  and 
D.C.L.,  1776;  P.R.S..  1771:  member  of  Dr.  Johnson's 
rv,-i,:iu'  ,-iub  at  the  Bnex  Head,  in  London.  [xliiL  MO] 

PARDOE,  JULIA  (1806-1862X  author  of  a  number 
of  historical  and  descriptive  works,  as  well  as  of  several 
tales ;  received  a  civil  list  pension,  1860.  [xlili.  201] 

PARDOE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1692),  baptist  divine;  suf- 
fered imprisonment  for  his  belief,  1676 ;  became  pastor  of 
a  baptist  church  in  Llchfleld,  c.  1688  ;  author  of  two  de- 
votional works.  [xliii.  808] 

PARDOK,  GEOROB  FREDERICK  (1884-1884X  ml* 
cellaneous  writer;  editor  of  several  minor  periodicals: 
published,  besides  other  works,  about  twenty  volumes  on 
game*,  sports,  and  pastimes,  under  the  peendonym  of 
4  Captain  Crawley.'  [xliiL  808] 

PAEE,  WILLIAM  (1805-1873),  co-operator:  a  Bir- 
mingham tobacconist ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  first 
Birmingham  Co-operative  Society,  1838;  left  Birming- 
ham, 1842,  and  interested  himself  in  the  promotion  of  co- 
operation ;  acting  governor  of  Owen's  community  at 
Queenwood,  Hampshire,  1842-4;  published  works  on  co- 
operation, [xliii.  203] 

PAEENT,  E*TIENNE  (1801-1874),  Canadian  jour- 
nalist ;  called  to  the  bar,  1828  ;  editor  of  the  '  Canadien  ' ; 
imprisoned  (1837)  for  his  attacks  on  the  executive ;  clerk 
to  the  executive,  1842;  assistant-secretary  for  Lower 
Canada,  1847.  [xliiL  204] 

PAEEPA-E08A,  EUPHROSYNB  PAREPA  DK 
BOYESKU  (1836-1874),  operatic  singer ;  daughter  of  a 
Wallachian,  Baron  Georgiades  de  Boyesku,  and  niece  of 
Arthur  Edward  Shelden  Seguin  [q.  v.]  ;  made  her  di-hut 
at  Malta,  1855;  came  to  England,  1857;  married  (1864) 
Captain  Henry  de  Wolfe  Carvell  (d.  1865),  and  in  1867 
Carl  August  Nicholas  Rosa  [q.  v.]  Her  voice  was  soprano 
in  quality.  [xliiL  204] 

PAEFEW  or  PUEFOY,  ROBERT  (d.  1557).  [See 
WARTON.] 

PAEFTTT,  EDWARD  (1820-1893),  naturalist;  left  a. 
manuscript  work  on  the  fungi  of  Devonshire  in  twelve 
volumes.  [xliii.  806] 

PAEFEE,  JHAN  (fl.  1612),  copyist:  generally  re- 
I  puted  the  author,  but  is  in  reality  only  the  transcriber,  of 
the  mystery  play, '  Candlemas  Day '(printed  in  1835  by 
the  Abbotsford  Club).  [xliiL  206] 

PAEIS,  JOHN  AYRTON  (1786-1856),  physician: 
studied  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and  Edinburgh  ; 
M.B.  Cambridge,  18061;  M.D.,  1813:  Harveian  orator, 
1843,  and  president  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
1844-56  ;  published  medical  works.  [xliii.  206] 

PAEIS,  MATTHEW  (d.  1259),  historian  and  monk : 
entered  monastery  of  St.  Albans,  1217 ;  became  an  expert 
in  writing,  in  drawing  and  painting,  and  in  working  gold 
and  silver ;  succeeded  Roger  of  Weudover  [q.  v.]  in  his 
office  of  chronicler  to  the  monastery,  1236,  and  carried  on 
the  'Chrouica  Majora'  from  the  summer  of  1235;  ex- 
panded the  scope  of  the  chronicle,  introducing  narratives 
I  and  accounts  of  events  in  foreign  countries  as  well  as  in 
England,  which  he  obtained  from  kings  and  all  manner 
of  great  persons  who  came  to  St.  Albans;  visited  Norway, 
1248,  having  received  a  commiwion  from  Innocent  FV  to 
reform  the  abbey  of  St.  Benet  Holm  in  the  province  of 
Trondhjem  :  cordially  received  by  King  Hacon  ;  returned 
to  England  in  1249,  after  successfully  accomplishing  his 
mission :  favourite  with  Henry  III.  who  frequently  talked 
with  him  and  listened  to  his  views  on  ecclesiastical  ques- 
tions. He  carried  his  greater  chronicle  down  to  May 
1259,  where  he  ends  abruptly,  and  certainly  died  about 
that  time.  In  vigour  and  brightness  of  expression  be 
stands  before  every  other  English  chronicler :  and  his 
writing  possesses  peculiar  historic  valm-  from  tin-  infor- 
mation he  derived  from  leading  actors  In  contemporary 
events,  and  from  his  bold  and  independent  trwitim-nt  of 
the  history  of  his  times,  which  led  him  to  denounce  the 


PARISH 


1000 


PARKE 


of  foreign  turptetlattiiiT  to  English  hcucliccs 

and  the  expenditure  of   Kni:Ii>h  wealth  on  schemes  ol   no 

benefit  to  the  country.  Besides  tlie  great  chronicle  lie 
wrote  a  summary  <>f  the  <:..<!  <  \eiu.-  between  1200  and 
ISM,  whicl  tin"  Hi-toriu  Minor,1  or  •  Historia 

Anglorum.'  Tlie  '  Chronica  Majora,'  to  the  year  1258,  is 
preserved  in  the  library  of  Corpus  Cbristi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  part  from  1264  to  1269,  which  is  not  in 
bio  handwriting,  U  contained  in  the  Arundel  manuscript 
in  the  British  Museum.  The  'Chronica  Majora '  was  first 
printed  by  Archbishop  Parker  in  1571.  The  standard 

ni\  U  that  by  Henry  Richards  Luard  [q.v.],  published 
in  avren  volumes  in  the  Rolls  Series  between  1869  and 
1883  The  manuscript  of  the  '  Historia  Minor '  (edited  by 

Frederic  Madden  [q.  v.]  in  the  Rolls  Series,  3  vols. 
1H66-9)  is  in  the  British  Museum.  Though  essentially  an 
abridgment,  it  contains  a  few  matters  not  to  be  found  in 
.•a  Majora.'  In  the  Cotton  manuscripts  will 
be  found  •  Vitae  duae  Offarum,'  attributed  to  him,  though 
probably  spurious— printed  in  1649  by  William  Watts 
(15907-1649)  [q.  v.]  These  lives  are  followed  by'Vit* 
Abbatum  S.  Albani,'  beinj,  the  lives  of  the  first  twenty- 
three  abboU  to  1255,  of  which  all  were  certainly  compiled, 
and  the  last  two  or  three  composed,  by  him.  They  were 
incorporate  I,  with  some  alterations,  by  Thomas  Walsing- 
ham  [q.  v.]  in  his  'Gesta  Abbatum.'  The  whole  of  his 
writings,  and  the  various  questions  relating  to  them,  are 
carefully  discussed  by  Luard  in  the  prefaces  to  his  edition 
of  the  '  Ohronica  Majora.'  [xliii.  207] 

PARISH,  Sin  WOODBINE  (1796-1882), diplomatist; 
-cut  to  Buenos  Ayre*  as  a  special  agent,  1823,;  concluded 
a  treaty  of  amity  with  the  new  state,  1825;  charge, 
d'affaires  at  Buenos  A yres,  1826-32:  K.C.H.,  1837  ;  chief 
commissioner  at  Naples,  1840-5,  where  he  concluded  a 
commercial  treaty  with  the  king,  1845;  published  an 
elaborate  work  on  Buenos  Ayres,  1839.  [xliii.  213] 

PARISH  ALVAR8,  ELI  or  ELIAS  (1808-1849), 
harpist  HIM!  musical  composer ;  performed  in  many  Euro- 
pean countries ;  one  of  the  most  distinguished  harpists  of 
any  period;  excelled  in  the  production  of  novel  effects, 
and  WHS  known  at  Vienna,  where  he  died,  as  4der  Paganini 
•  ler  Harfe ' ;  composed  music  for  the  harp,  [xliii.  214] 

PARK,  ANDREW  (1807-1863),  poet;  employed  in 
t  rade  in  Paisley  and  Glasgow;  unsuccessful  in  business; 
trained  some  fame  by  his  poems,  especially  the  'Bride- 
groom and  tlie  Bride '  (1834)  ami '  Silent  Love '  ( 1  H  15 ). 

[xliii.  215] 

PARK,  HENRY  (1745-1831),  surgeon:  surgeon  to 
Liverpool  Infirmary,  1767-98;  published  a  treatise  on 
dlMMi  of  the  joint*,  1783.  [xliii.  215] 

PARK  or   PARKES.   JAMES  (1636-1696),  quaker; 

joined  the  quakers  before  1663  and  suffered  imprisonment 

7  at  Harwich  for  being  present  at  a  meeting ;  con- 

1  to  preach  till  his  death,  in  spite  of  fines  and  prohi- 

published  religious  works.  [xliii.  215] 

PARK,  SIR  JAMES  ALAN  (1763-1838),  judge;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln'*  Inn,  1784;  appointed  vice-chancellor  of 
the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  1791 ;  recorder  of  Durham  1802- 
attorney-general  of  Lancaster,  1811;  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas  and  knighted,  1816.  [xliii.  216] 

PARK,  JOHN  (1804-1865),  divine  and  poet;  studied 
it  Abenlttn  and  Glasgow  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews  ;  minister  of 
t  charge  of  St.  Andrews,  1854-66  :  song-writer  and 
•somposer ;  his  songs  published,  1876.  [xliii.  217] 

PARK,  JOHN  JAMES  (1795-1833),  jurist  and  anti- 
„  "^f D  °f  Tboma8  Park  I*  v'l  J  barrister,  Lincoln's 
.  ilinWa8  Wft?*  to  the  clmir  of  E"KHsh  law  at 
"1|W,  London.  1831;  his 'Treatise  on  the  Law 
Itower,'  1819,  long  a  standard  work.  [xliii.  217] 

:.2?i  5£!?^<^^<w*«  -«i 

(Jol- 


ii|>  the  Gambia,  attended  only  by  a  negro  servant  and  a 
boy  ;  reached  Sego  in  1796,  after  incredible  hardships,  and 
was  imprisoned  by  the  Arabs  there,  but  escaped  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  1 799  ;  made  his  fame  by  his '  Travels ' 
(1799);  acquired  a  good  practice  at  Peebles,  but  though 
married  and  acquainted  with  many  famous  men,  including 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  was  restless  in  Scotland,  and  eagerly 
accepted  an  invitation  from  government  to  organise  a  fresh 
expedition  ;  departed  on  a  second  journey  to  the  Niger, 
1805 ;  reached  Bambakoo,  but  while  proceeding  thence 
down  the  Niger  perished  at  Boussa,  in  a  conflict  with  the 
natives,  together  with  all  his  men.  Particulars  of  his 
fate  were  not  ascertained  until  1812.  [xliii.  218] 

PARK,  PATRIC  (1811-1855),  sculptor  ;  began  life  as 
a  stonecutter,  but  by  the  assistance  of,  the  Duke  of  Hamil- 
ton was  enabled  to  study  under  Thorwaldsen,  1831-3 ; 
t>est  known  by  his  portrait  busts  ;  executed,  among  others, 
portraits  of  Campbell  the  poet,  Charles  Dickens,  Sir  Charles 
Napier,  Lord  Dundouald,  and  Macaulay.  [xliii.  221] 

PARK,  THOMAS  (1759-1834),  antiquary  and  biblio- 
grapher ;  was  brought  up  as  an  engraver,  but  (1797) 
abandoned  the  art  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature 
and  the  study  of  antiquities;  P'.S.A.,  1802;  published 
several  volumes  of  verse  and  edited  many  works  of  im- 
portance ;  had  a  unique  knowledge  of  poetical  literature 
and  biography.  [xliii.  223] 

PARKE,  DANIEL  (1669-1710),  governor  of,  the  Lee- 
ward islands ;  murdered  at  Antigua  during  an  insurrec- 
tion occasioned  by  his  attempts  at  internal  reform.  A 
tory  government  succeeding  to  office  at  the  time  no  steps 
were  taken  to  bring  his  assassins  to  justice  until  1715, 
when  one  Henry  Smith  was  tried,  but  acquitted  for  want 
of  proof.  [xliii.  225] 

PARKE,  HENRY  (1792  ?-1835),  architect;  son  of 
John  Parke  [q.  v.] ;  made  an  extensive  collection  of 
drawings  of  antique  remains,  which  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  R.I.B.A.  [xliii.  225] 

PARKE,  SIR  JAMES,  BAKON  WENSLKYDALR  (1782- 
1868),  judge:  Craven  scholar  (Cambridge),  1799;  fifth 
wrangler,  Trinity  College, Cambridge,  1803  ;  fellow,  1804 ; 
M.A.,  1806;  LL.D.,  1835;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1813; 
knighted  and  raised  to  the  king's  bench,  1828 ;  transferred 
to  the  exchequer,  1834 ;  created  baron,  1856.  His  patent 
was  at  first  only  for  a  life  peerage,  but  the  committee  of 
privileges  decided  that  the  crown  had  by  disuse  lost  the 
power  of  creating  life  peerages.  [xliii.  226] 

PARKE,  JOHN  (1745-1829),  oboist;  taken  into  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland's  band,  1783,  being  at  that  time  the 
principal  oboist  in  England.  [xliii.  226] 


.   ..«.^. ,  |.in.ii-iii-i  several  treatises  on  the 

[xliii.  218] 

*f^n?'  .MUN(;()  ' 1771  1K"«>-  African  explorer  ;  born 
~*rk  :  stll<1'«l  "t  Edinburgh  University  and  be- 
neasurgcoii  in  the  mercantile  marine  ;  vi-it4<i  Sumatra 
*Md on  hi.  return  attracted  the  attention  of  natu-' 
1 ,  ,  by  hU  botanical  and  .oological  investigations ; 
*>  Afnca  under  U*  auspice*  of  the  African  Associa- 
te to  explore  the  course  of  the  Niger,  1796;  proonded 


»»,. MABIA  HESTER  afterwards  MRS. 
BEARDMORE  (1775-1822),  vocalist:  daughter  of  John 
Parke  [q.  v.] ;  came  out  in  1790  as  second  singer,  and  in 
1794  as  principal  soprano  in  the  Three  Choirs  festival- 
married  John  Beurdmore,  1815,  and  retired  from  her  pro- 
fession, j- Xuii.  227] 

PARKE,  ROBERT  (/.  1588),  translator  of  the 
Chinese  « History  '  of  Gonzales  de  Meudoza,  1588.  His 
work  was  republished  by  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1853. 

PARKE,  ROBERT  (1600-1668),  nonconformist  divfne ; 

Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge :  vicar  of  Bolton,  1626  ; 
fled  to  Holland,  1630 :  returned,  1644,  and  became  lecturer 
at  Bolton  ;  ejected,  1662.  [xliii.  227] 

PARKE,  ROBERT  (.ft.  1787-1816),  architect  and 
builder ;  designed  many  public  buildings  in  Dublin. 

[xliii.  228] 

PARKE,  THOMAS  HEAZLE  (1857-1893),  African 
traveller:  entered  the  army  medical  service  and  (1893) 
became  surgeon-major;  saw  service  in  Egypt  between 
82  and  1885,  and  accompanied  Stanley's  expedition  in 
1887  as  an  unpaid  volunteer,  and  throughout  the  expedi- 
tion commanded  a  company,  besides  acting  as  medical 
officer.  He  contributed  to  periodicals  articles  on  his  travels 
and  on  professional  subjects.  [xliii.  228] 

PARKE,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1762-1847),  oboist, 
composer,  und  author ;  brother  of  John  Parke  [q.  v.] ;  a 
famous  oboist  and  member  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's 
band  ;  extended  the  compass  of  the  instrument  a  third 
higher,  to  G  in  alt.  [xliii.  230] 


PARKER 


1001 


PARKER 


PARKER,  ALEXANDER  (1628-1689),  quakcr  ;  friend 
of  George  Fox,  whom  he  joined  in  1664,  and  with  whom 
Le  frequently  travel  KM  ;  imprisoned  for  In- principles  on 
several  occasions  ;  published  religious  treatises. 

[xliii.  230] 

PARKER,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1747X  author  :  was  unsuc- 
cessful as  a  quack,  and  afterwards  failed  to  gain  ap- 
preciation as  theologian  and  philosopher ;  wrote  uuu-h 
and  died  poor.  Lord  Chesterfield  wan  among  hit  patrons. 

[xUiL232] 

PARKER,  OHARLBS  (1800-1881 X  architect; 
F.K.I.B.A.,  1834:  published  » Villa Hustioa,'  an  important 
work  on  domestic  dwellings  near  Hume  and  Florence, 
1832.  [xliii.  232] 

PARKER,   sin  CHARM:-  CHRIST*  >I-IIKK,  fifth 

baronet  ( 1792-1 869),  admiral:  son  of  Christopher  Parker 
[q.  v.] :  saw  service  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Baltic 
between  1806  and  1816  ;  admiral,  1863.  [xliii.  233] 

PARKER,  CHRISTOPHER  ( 1761 -1804X  vice-admiral : 
son  of  Sir  Peter  Parker  (1721-1811)  lq.  v.] ;  served  in 
the  Wi-st  Indies  under  Jarvis,  in  the  Channel  under 
Howe :  vice-admiral,  1804.  [xiiiL  266] 

PARKER,  EDMUND,  second  EARL  OK  MORLKY  (1810- 
1864),  son  of  John  Parker,  first  earl  of  Morley  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1830;  lord-in-waiting  to 
Queen  Victoria,  1846 ;  special  deputy-warden  of  the  Stan- 
naries, 1862.  [xliii.  260] 

PARKER,  EMMA  (Jt.  1811-1817X  author  of  four 
novels  published  between  1811  and  1816.  [xliii.  233] 

PARKER,  GEORGE  <  1G51-1743),  almanac  maker;  a 
man  of  disreputable  character ;  set  up  a?  an  astrologer 
:iiul  quack  at  the  Ball  and  Star  in  Salisbury  Court, 
Strand,  London  ;  rival  of  John  Partridge  (1644-1716) 
[q.  v.],  who  attacked  him  with  great  bitterness  in  his 
'  Defectio  Geniturarum '  (1697-8,  p.  331).  [xliii.  233] 

PARKER,  GEORGE,  second  EARL  OP  MACCLKSFIKLD 
(1697-1764),  astronomer  ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Parker,  first 
earl  of  Macclesfleld  [q.  v.]  :  F.R.S.,  1722 ;  M.P.,  Walling- 
ford,  1722-7;  erected  a  fine  observatory  (1739)  at  Shir- 
burn  Castle,  Oxfordshire ;  patron  of  James  Bradley  [q.  v.] 
and  Thomas  Phelps  [q.  v.] ;  mainly  instrumental  in  pro- 
curing the  change  of  style  in  the  computation  of  current 
chronology  in  1762  ;  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  1762 ; 
hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1769.  [xliii.  234] 

PARKER,  GEORGE  (1732-1800),  soldier,  actor,  and 
lecturer ;  attained  the  rank  of  sergeant  during  the  Seven 
Years'  war ;  afterwards  made  unsuccessful  essays  as  an 
actor  and  lecturer,  and  in  spite  of  the  patronage  of  Gold- 
smith, Dr.  Johnson,  and  Reynolds  sank  into  poverty ;  pub- 
lished an  untrustworthy  autobiography,  1781,  and  other 
works.  [xliii.  235] 

PARKER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1767-1847),  admiral; 
nephew  of  Sir  Peter  Parker  (1721-1811)  [q.  v.]  ;  saw  ser- 
vice during  French  war  ;  admiral,  1837  ;  K.C.B.,  1837. 

[xliii.  236] 

PARKER,  Sin  GEORGE,  fourth  baronet  (d.  1867), 
major;  grandson  of  Sir  William  Parker  (1743-1802) 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1833 ; 
succeeded  as  baronet,  1862 ;  major,  1867  ;  died  in  Cawn- 
pore  during  the  siege.  [xliii.  237] 

PARKER,  GEORGE  LANE  (1724-1791),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  son  of  George  Parker,  second  earl  of  Macclesfield 
[q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Tregony  ;  lieutenant-general,  1777. 

[xliii.  236] 

PARKER,  HENRY  (rf.  1470),  Carmelite:  an  inmate 
of  the  Carmelite  house  at  Doncaster ;  D.D.  Cambridge ; 
author,  among  other  works,  of  'Dives  and  Pauper* 
(printed,  1493,  by  Richard  Pynson  [q.  v.]).  [xliii.  237] 

PARKER,  HENRY,  eighth  BARON  MORLKY  (1476- 
1666),  courtier  and  author;  descended  from  Robert  de 
Morley,  second  baron  Morley  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Oxford  ; 
gentleman-usher  to  Henry  VIII,  1616  ;  published  a  trans- 
lation of  Petrarch's  'Trionfi,'  c.  1663,  and  left  many 
manuscripts,  which  display  bis  robust  faith  as  a  catholic 
and  his  appreciation  of  classical  and  modern  Italian 
literature.  [xliii.  238] 

PARKER,  SIR  HENRY,  ninth  BAROX  MORLKY  (d. 
1577),  son  of  Henry  Parker,  eighth  baron  Morley  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Corn-ill*  Hall,  Cambridge;  K.B.,  1563;  left  England, 


.  1669,  owing  to  hi>  attachment  to  Roman  Catholicism  ; 

liv,-i  under  Spanish  protection  and  was  regarded  M  a 
dangerous  trai tor.  :.  240] 

PARKER,  HENRY  (ie(H-16*fX  political  writer; 
M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hull.  Oxford,  16S8 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1637  ;  secretary  to  the  parliamentary  army,  1642  : 
secretary  to  the  House  of  Commons,  1646;  published 

mnat  pMnpttrta,  [xin.. 


PARKER,    *  HLBE   (1796-1873),   artist; 

exhibited  eighty-six  picture*— portrait*  and  historical  and 
marine  subjects— in  London  between  1817  and  1861. 


[xliii.  241] 
1808-1881 X  pre- 


PARKER,  8m  HENRY  WATSON  (It 
mier  of  New  South  Wales ;  went  out  as  private  secretary 
to  Governor  Sir  George  Glppt«,   WM ;    premier,  1H66-7  ; 
knighted,  1868  ;  K.O.M.O.,  1877.  [xliii.  242] 

PARKER,  But  HYDH,  third  baronet  (1714-1782), 
vice-admiral ;  great-grandson  of  Alexander  Hyde  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy  as  an  able  seaman,  1728 ;  appointed  lieu- 
tenant, 1746 ;  served  on  the  Indian  coast,  1760-4,  in  West 
Indies,  1779-80  (vice-admiral,  1780),  and  in  the  North 
Sea,  1781 ;  fought  with  the  Dutch  on  the  Doggerbank, 
6  Aug.  1781 ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1782 ;  lost  in  the 
Cato  off  South  America.  [xliii  J4J] 

PARKER,  SIR  HYDE  ( 1739-1807X  admiral;  second  son 
of  Sir  Hyde  Parker  (1714-1782)  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  North 
America  during  the  war  of  independence ;  knighted,  1779  ; 
commander-in-chief  at  Jamaica,  1796-1800 ;  commanded 
fleet  despatched  to  coerce  Denmark,  but  showed  some 
irresolution  both  before  and  after  the  battle  of  Copen- 
hagen, 1801,  and  was  recalled.  [x'.iii.  244] 

PARKER,  HYDE  (1784  V-1864X  vice-admiral ;  son  of 
Sir  Hyde  Parker  (1739-1807)  [q.  v.] ;  C.B.,  1839;  vice- 
admiral,  1862 ;  first  sea  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1863. 

[xliii.  246] 

PARKER,  JAMES (1760-1806X  engraver;  executed 
his  early  plates  in  the  stipple  type,  but  afterwards  became 
an  excellent  line-engraver ;  much  employed  on  book  Illus- 
trations, [xliii.  246] 

PARKER,  Sin  JAMES  ( 1803- 18.->n  vice-chancellor : 
seventh  wrangler,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1826 ;  M.A., 
1828 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1829 ;  Q.O.,  1844 ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1861 ;  knighted,  1861.  [xliii.  846] 

PARKER,  JOHN  (1534-1592),  divine :  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1558  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1564) ; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1583 ;  prebendary,  1665,  and  archdeacon 
of  Ely,  1568 ;  declined  bishopric  of  Ely.  1681 ;  author 
of  •  A  Pattern  of  Pietie,'  1592.  [xliii.  246] 

PARKER,  JOHN  ( ft.  1611-1660),  judge;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1617  ;  appoiuU-d  a  Welsh  judge,  1647 ;  a  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1655  ;  lost  his  post  at  the  Restoration, 
but  was  made  a  serjeant  [xliii.  247] 

PARKER,  JOHN  (d.  1681),  archbishop  of  Dublin ; 
D.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  bishop  of  Elphin,  1660 ; 
archbishop  of  Tuam,  1667  ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1678. 

[xliiL  247] 

PARKER,  JOHN  (/.  1676-1 706 X  colonel  and  Jaoobite 
conspirator ;  entered  the  army,  followed  Jamee  to  St.  Ger- 
main .ma  Ireland,  and  was  concerned  in  the  HHHSBBJ nation 
plot  of  1693  ;  escaped  from  the  Tower  of  London,  1694 ; 
confined  in  the  Bastille  for  offending  Mary  of  Modena, 
1702  ;  on  his  return  made  overtures  to  the  English  covcrn- 
meut.  [xliii.  247] 

PARKER,  JOHN  (1730 7-1765?),  painter;  made 
copies  of  antiquities  at  Rome  for  English  amateurs. 

[xliiL  248] 

PARKER,  JOHN  (./».  1762-1776).  painter  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  the  Free  Society  of  Artists  and  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1765  and  176tt.  [xliii.  S48] 

PARKER,  JOHN,  second  BARON  BORINODON  and 
first  EARL  OF  MORLEY  (1772-1840X  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  barony,  1788 :  created  D.O.L.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1799 ;  supported  Pitt  and  Canning  in  the  House  of  Lords ; 
created  Earl  of  Morley,  1816;  after  Canning's  death 
became  a  whig,  supporting  parliamentary  reform :  II •'.  K.s.., 

PARKER,  JOHN  (1798-1860),  amateur  architect ;  of 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1826  ;  designed 
several  ecclesiastical  structures,  including  the  church  of 
Llau-y-Blodwell,  of  which  he  was  vicar.  [xliii.  260] 


PABKEK, 


1002 


PABKEB, 


PARKER,  JOHN  (  1799-1881  X  politician  ;  MA.  Brase. 
ncwOoUegeToxford,  18SS  :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824  ; 
SI  M-PTfor  Sheffield,  1832-52  ;  secretary  of  the  admi- 
nlty,  1841  and  1849-62,  holding  also  other  offices;  privy 
councillor,  18M.  ""•  25° 


PARKER     JOHN  HENRY  (1806-1884),  writer  011 
-  >   •.  tore-    succeeded    his  ancle,  Joseph    Parker,  as 
Serand  published  at  Oxford  In  1832  ;  published  for 
r  and  brought  out  libraries  of  the  fathers  and  of 

'  .IV-  tOJft    .      «-»4>    V*w»»w»~    *f    *Ka 


fn^prv    •>••    uruuKiiy   vuv    »»^ »*•••%.—    ^*    v**^    »•»«»«•*»*« 

AnSloaSolictheology :  F^.A^  1849 ;  first  keeper  of  the 
AAmSaa.Orfoni,  1870-84;  O.B.,  1871 ;  published  works 

architecture.  Including  '  The  Archaeology  of  Rome,' 
SZTS^A-  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Gothic 
ArchUectare,- 1849.  [^  250] 

PARKER,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1792-1870),  publisher 
and  printer :  set  up  business,  London ;  printer  to  Cam- 
bridge University,  1836:  bis  London  business  sold  to 
,  1863.  [xliii-  261] 


PARKER,  MARTIN  (rf.  1656  ?),  ballad-monger  ; 
native  of  London  and  a  royalist ;  commended  by  Dryden 
as  the  best  ballad-maker  of  his  day;  produced  'When 
the  king  enjoyes  his  owne  again,'  1643 ;  produced  also  a 
number  of  small  books  of  poetry,  often  mere  chap-books, 
and  some  romances.  [xliii.  252] 

PARKER,  MATTHEW  (1504-1575),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury:  son  of  William  Parker,  a  calenderer  of 
stuffs ;  educated  at  St.  Mary's  Hostel,  Cambridge,  and 
Corpus  Oliristi  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1527  ;  ordained 
priest,  1587;  MJU  1528;  became  associated  with  the 
jrroup  of  students  known  as  the  •  Cambridge  reformers ' ; 
friend  of  Thomas  Bilney  [q.  v.]  and  Hugh  Latimer  [q.  v.], 
bat  studied  patristic  literature,  and  throughout  life 
showed  great  moderation  in  doctrine;  licensed  by  Oran- 
ini-r  to  preach  throughout  the  southern  province,  1533  ; 
appointed  chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn  and  dean  of  Stoke-by- 
Clare,  1536,  where  he  spent  much  of  the  next  ten  years ; 
elected  master  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1544 ; 
daring  the  last  three  years  of  Henry  V  Ill's  reign  manfully 
opposed  the  spoliation  with  which  the  colleges  generally 
were  threatened:  continued  to  grow  rapidly  in  favour 
with  the  reformers,  and  (1552)  was  installed  dean  of 
Lincoln  :  espoused  the  cause  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  was 
deprived  of  his  preferments  by  Queen  Mary,  after  which 
he  li ved  in  concealment ;  reluctantly  accepted  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury  on  the  accession  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  was  consecrated  at  Lambeth  on  17  Dec.  1559 ; 
identified  himself  with  the  great  party,  afterwards  known 
as  the  Anglican  party,  which  sought  to  establish  a  media 
via  between  Romanism  and  puritanisin;  revived  the 
powers  of  convocation,  and  with  its  assent  revised  the 
articles  in  1562,  reducing  them  from  forty-two  to  thirty- 
nine,  and  substantially  bringing  them  to  the  form  they 
finally  mumtiMrf  in  1571 ;  occupied  in  publishing  the 
'  Bishops'  Bible,'  1563-8,  his  most  distinguished  service  to 
the  theological  studies  of  his  day,  with  respect  to  which 
he  informed  Cecil  that,  besides  the  prefaces,  he  con- 
templated undertaking  Genesis,  Exodus,  Matthew,  Mark, 
and  the  Pauline  epistles,  except  Romans  and  1  Corin- 
thians: involved,  by  the  publication  of  his  celebrated 
*  Advertisements,'  1565,  in  a  controversy  with  the  puri- 
tans concerning  vestments  ;  during  his  later  years  made 
his  exercise  of  church  patronage,  hitherto  impartial 
and  judicious,  serve  as  an  instrument  for  checking  the 
spread  of  obnoxious  puritan  doctrines;  withdrew  more 
and  more  from  society,  being  conscious  of  the  strength  of 
the  opposing  current,  headed  by  the  all-powerful  Leicester, 
and  went  but  seldom  to  court ;  died,  17  May  1575,  and 
was  buried  in  his  private  chapel  at  Lambeth.  In  1648  his 
remains  were  disinterred  and  buried  under  a  dunghill,  but 
after  the  Restoration  they  were  restored  to  their  original 
resting-place.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  his  college 
and  to  the  university  of  Cambridge,  where  he  constructed 
a  hundnotne  new  street,  which  he  named  University 
Street,  leading  from  the  schools  to  Great  St.  Mary's.  To 
his  efforts  we  are  indebted  for  the  earliest  editions  of 
QUdas,  Asacr,  ^Elfric,  the '  Flores  Historiarum,'  Matthew 
Paris,  and  other  important  early  chroniclers.  In  spite  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  dislike  of  clerical  matrimony,  he  was 
married,  and  left  one  son.  His  '  De  Antiquitate  B^lfflfB 
et  PrivilegUs  Ecclesise  Gantuarleusls  cum  Arehiepiscopis 
ejosdem  70'  (1672)  Is  said  to  be  the  first  book  privately 
prinusi  in  England.  The  copies  differed  materially.  A 
new  edition  appeared  In  1605  and  a  third  in  1729,  edited 


by  Samuel  Drake  (1686  ?-1753)  [q.  v.]    Numerous  trac- 
tates by  him  have  been  printed  in  various  collections. 

fxliii.  254] 

PARKER,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (1547-1619),  military  cora- 
inander;  served  in  the  Low  Countries  ;  knighted  by  Lonl 
Willoughby,  1588 ;  commander  of  the  ordnance  for  the 
fortvs  in  Fraii'v  i.iukT  Willoughby,  1589 ;  accompanied 
Essex  In  the  Islands'  voyage,  1597 ;  governor  of  Plymouth, 
1001-3;  governor  of  Peiideimis  Castle,  1598-1619. 

[xliii.  264] 

PARKER,  SIR  PETER,  first  baronet  (1721-1811), 
admiral  of  the  fleet;  commanded  a  squadron  which 
attacked  Oharlestown,  1775,  and  was  repulsed  with  the 
lot*  of  three  frigates ;  took  part  in  the  reduction  of  Long 
island  and  Rhode  island,  1775;  rear-admiral  and  com- 
nmuder-ln-chlef  at  Jamaica,  1777 ;  became  a  baronet, 
1782 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1799 ;  the  early  patron  of 
Nelson.  [xliii.  265] 

PARKER,  SIR  PETER,  second  baronet  (1785-1814), 
captain  in  the  navy ;  grandson  of  Sir  Peter  Parker  (1721- 
1811)  [q.  v.]  ;  performed  much  meritorious  service  during 
the  French  war ;  fell  in  a  skirmish  on  the  Chesapeake 
during  the  war  with  the  United  States.  [xliii.  266] 

PARKER,  SIR  PHILIP  (fi.  1578-1580),  country 
gentleman  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Parker,  ninth  baron  Morley 
[q.  v.]  ;  played  a  large  part  in  the  local  affairs  of  the 
eastern  counties.  [xliii.  240] 

PARKER,  RICHARD  (1572-1629),  historian  of  Cain- 
bridge  University;  son  of  John  Parker  (1534-1592) 
[q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Oaius  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1597  ; 
B.D.,  1610:  held  clerical  preferment  in  Essex;  wrote 
'2*ceA«Tos  Cautabrigiensis,'  1622  (first  printed  by  Hearne, 
1715),  and  several  other  treatises.  [xliii.  267] 

PARKER,  RICHARD  (1767  ?-1797),  mutineer  ;  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  a  farmer  in  Braemar,  ran  through 
her  money,  and  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  Perth ; 
obtained  his  release  by  volunteering  for  the  navy  in  1797  ; 
became  an  able  seaman  on  the  Sandwich  ;  chosen  president 
by  the  mutineers  at  the  Nore  on  23  May  1797,  who 
blockaded  the  Thames  and  made  the  most  extravagant 
demands ;  hanged  after  the  collapse  of  the  mutiny. 

[xliii.  268] 

PARKER,  ROBERT  (1564?-1614),  puritan  divine: 
fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1585-93  ;  M.A.,  1587 ; 
rector  of  Patney,  Devizes,  1592-3;  vicar  of  Stanton  St. 
Bernard,  1594-1605 ;  crossed  to  Holland  (1607)  to  avoid 
prosecution  before  the  court  of  high  commission  and 
settled  in  Leyden  ;  removed  to  Antwerp,  1611,  but  was 
compelled  to  leave  the  congregation  there  (1613)  owing  to 
doctrinal  differences ;  published  theological  works ;  died 
at  Doesburg.  [xliii.  269] 

PARKER,  ROBERT  (fl,  1683-1718),  soldier;  saw 
much  service  in  Ireland  and  the  Low  Countries ;  wrote 
'  Memoirs  of  the  most  Remarkable  Military  Transactions 
from  .  .  .  1683  to  1718'  (Dublin,  1746),  in  which  Marl- 
borough  is  the  hero,  while  Ormonde  is  vigorously  de- 
nounced, [xliii.  271] 

PARKER,  SAMUEL  (1640-1688).  bishop  of  Oxford  ; 
son  of  John  Parker  (ft.  1611-1660)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Oxford,  at  Wadham  and  Trinity  colleges ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1663  ;  appointed  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Sheldon,  1667 ;  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1676  ;  wrote 
voluminously  on  ecclesiastical  history  and  political 
science,  criticised  Plato,  Aristotle,  Descartes,  and 
Hobbes,  and  attacked  the  puritans;  strongly  sup- 
ported the  power  of  the  crown  and  desired  to  restrict 
church  authority  to  purely  spiritual  questions ;  pub- 
lished 'Ecclesiastical  Politic'  (1670),  which  became  a 
popular  work  and  provoked  much  controversy;  D.D. 
Cambridge,  per  literas  regias,  1671;  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  James  II  by  his  advocacy  of  erastian  views ;  made 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1686 ;  nominated  president  of  Magdalen 
College,  1687,  where  he  admitted  many  Roman  catholic 
fellows  on  the  royal  mandate ;  his  patience  was  exhausted 
by  a  command  from  the  king  to  admit  nine  more  catholic 
fellows,  and  a  burst  of  anger  led  to  a  convulsive  fit,  in 
which  he  died.  Although  universally  regarded  by  con- 
temporaries as  merely  a  time-server,  an  examination  of 
his  writings  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  he  held  views 
on  religious  toleration  in  advance  of  his  age. 

[xliii.  272] 

PARKER,  SAMUEL  (1681-1730),  noujuror  and 
theological  writer:  son  of  Samuel  Parker  (1640-1688) 


PARKER 


1003 


PARKES 


[q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford  :  refused  the  oaths  of 
allegiance  and  lived  in  retirement  at  Oxford ;  conformed, 
1711  :  is- ued  'Censura  Temporum' (1708-10),  u  monthly 
Mrlodloal,  in  the  interest  of  the  high-church  school  of 
Queen  Anne's  rei^n,  uud  wrote  a  number  of  treatises. 

[xlilL  *76] 

PARKER,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM  LANGSTON  (180S- 
1871),  surgeon;  P.fi.C.8.  in  1843;  devoted  his  energies 
to  the  treatment  of  syphilis,  in  which  department  be 
obtained  a  world- wide  reputation,  though  be  did  not 
advance  the  scientific  knowledge  of  the  disease. 

[xltil.  176] 

PARXER,  THOMAS  (/.  1636-1581),  Roman  catholic 
divine;  M.A.  and  fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1541 ;  B.D.,  1548  ;  became  vicar  of  Mildenliull,  1556  :  went 
abroad  after  Queen  Elizabeth's  accession,  becoming  D.D. 

[xliiL  877] 

PARKER,  THOMAS  (1595-1677),  New  England  divine : 
son  of  Robert  Parker  (15647-1614)  [q.  v.];  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Leyden,  1617  ;  driven  by  bis  puritan 
opinions  to  embark  for  New  England,  1634 ;  first  pastor 
at  Newbury  in  Massachusetts;  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  prophecy  and  wrote  several  works,  only  one  of 
which  was  published,  'The  Visions  and  Prophecies  of 
Daniel  Expounded  *  (1646).  [xUii.  277] 

PARKER,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  EARL  ov  MACCLBS- 
PIKLD  (1666V-1732),  lord  chancellor;  sou  of  an  attorney 
at  Leek ;  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1691,  bencher,  1705 ;  attended  the  midland  cir- 
cuit, where  he  became  known  as  the  '  silver-tongued 
counsel ' ;  whig  M .P.  for  Derby,  1705,  continuing  to  sit 
until  his  elevation  to  the  bench ;  knighted,  1705 ;  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  committee  to  draw  up  articles  of 
impeachment  against  SachevereU,  1709;  distinguished 
himself  at  Sacheverell's  trial  in  1710  by  his  vehemence; 
lord  chief-justice  of  England,  1710 ;  refused  the  offer  of 
the  seals,  1711,  being  opposed  to  the  peace;  a  favourite 
of  George  I,  who  was  delighted  with  his  activity  against 
the  Jacobites  at  the  time  of  Queen  Anne's  death,  and  in 
1716  was  created  Baron  Macclesfield;  appointed  lord 
chancellor,  1718 ;  received  the  tellership  of  the  exchequer, 
1719 ;  created  Earl  of  Macclesfield,  1721.  In  1724  a  com- 
mittee of  the  privy  council  was  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  funds  of  the  suitors  in  the  hands  of  the  masters  in 
chancery.  They  reported  not  only  that  there  were  con- 
siderable defalcations  in  some  of  the  masters'  offices,  but 
that  there  was  a  case  of  grave  suspicion  against  the  lord 
chancellor.  In  consequence  he  resigned  the  seals  in 
January  1725,  though  he  still  continued  in  favour  at 
court.  In  May  he  was  impeached,  found  guilty,  and  fined 
30,000*.  He  took  no  further  part  in  public  affairs.  He 
was  an  able  judge,  both  in  common  law  and  equity. 
Though  a  member  of  the  cabinet  and  a  great  personal 
favourite  of  George  I,  he  did  not  possess  much  political 
influence.  [xliiL  278] 

PARKER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1695?-1784>,  judge;  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1724;  king's  serjeant,  1736;  baron 
of  the  exchequer,  1738 ;  knighted,  1742;  removed  to  the 
common  pleas,  1740  ;  returned  to  the  exchequer  as  chief 
baron,  1742,  retiring,  1772.  [xliii.  282] 

PARKER,  THOMAS  LISTER  (1779-1858),  antiquary ; 
of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  displayed  a  collection  of 
antiquities  and  pictures  at  Browsholme  Hall,  Yorkshire, 
partly  formed  by  himself.  His  manuscripts  were  used  by 
Thomas  Dunham  Whitaker  [q.  v.]  [xliiL  283] 

PARKER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1535).    [See  MALVKRN.] 


PARKER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1618),  sea-captain ; 
successful  expeditious  against  the  Spanish  Indies  in  1597 
and  1600-1,  when  he  sacked  St.  Vincent  in  the  Cape  Verd 
Islands  and  captured  Porto  Bello ;  died  on  a  voyage  to  the 
East  Indies.  [xliii.  283] 

PARKER,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON  MONTRAGLB 
and  eleventh  BARON  MORLEY  (1675-1622),  grandson  of 
Sir  Henry  Parker,  ninth  baron  Morley  [q.  v.] ;  related 
to  the  chief  Roman  catholic  families  of  the  country; 
after  being  involved  in  Essex's  rebellion  became  protestant 
in  1605 ;  rewarded  by  a  writ  of  summons  to  the  House 
of  Lords  as  Baron  Monteagle,  1606  ;  received  a  warning 
from  his  brother-in-law,  Francis  Tresham  [q.  v.],  which 
led  to  the  detection  of  the  Gunpowder  plot ;  sat  in  parlia- 
ment till  his  death ;  summoned  to  the  Lords,  1621,  as 
Baron  Morley  and  Monteagle.  [xliii.  284] 


PARKER,  WILLIAM  (1714-1803),  divine;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1738;  D.D..  K  1746; 

eminent  as  a  pulp  uapluin  in  ordinary    to 

George  II  and  George  III.  Hi*  works  consist,  for  the 
most  part,  of  single  sermons,  in  which  he  defends  the 
Mosaic  history  against  the  attacks  of  Bollngbroke, 
M,Mv:m.  .11.  l«  •..:.,-,-  \l,li:-  I--,.  [XWLM6] 

PARKER,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1745-1802), 
vice-admiral ;  entered  navy,  1766 ;  fought  a  gallant  action 
(28  May  1794)  in  the  Audacious  against  the  French  ship 
ReTolutionnaire :  third  in  command  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
8t  Vincent,  where  he  betrayed  some  resentment  at  Kelson's 
account  of  the  battle,  1797  ;  created  baronet,  1797 ;  com- 
mander on  the  Halifax  station,  1HOO,  but  recalled  in  1K01. 

[xliiL  187] 

PARKER,  .Siu  WILLIAM,  flret  baronet  (1781-1866), 
admiral  of  the  fleet;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Parker 
(1695  V-1784)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1793,  and  saw  much 
service ;  settled  down  in  Staffordshire  as  a  country  gen- 
tleman, 1812 ;  returned  to  service,  1827 ;  acted  as  senior 
officer  on  the  coast  of  Greece,  1828 ;  protected  British 
interests  on  the  Tagns  during  the  civil  war  of  1884  ;  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1834,  and  from  1836-41 :  commander 
in  China,  1841,  capturing  Amoy,  Ningpo,  Woosung,  and 
Shanghai,  and  bringing  the  war  to  a  successful  conclu- 
sion by  capturing  Chiu-kiang-foo ;  G.O.B.,  1843  ;  created 
baronet,  1844 ;  nominated  to  the  command  of  the  Channel 
fleet,  1846,  retiring,  1852 ;  commauder-in-chief  at  Devon- 
port,  1854-7 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1863.  [xliii.  288] 

PARKER,  WILLIAM  KITCHEN  (1823-1890), com- 
parative anatomist ;  Hunterian  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1873.  His  most 
extensive  work  is  that  upon  the  skull,  embodied  in  a 
series  of  monographs  and  smaller  papers  reduced  into 
book  form  in  1877.  [xliiL  290] 

PARKES,  ALEXANDER  (1813-1890),  chemist  and 
inventor ;  took  out  forty -six  patents  extending  over 
forty-six  years,  most  of  them  connected  with  the  deposi- 
tion of  metals  by  electricity :  discovered  the  method  of 
using  zinc  for  the  desilverisatiou  of  lead  (1850)  and  in- 
vented celluloid.  [xliii.  292] 

PARKES,  DAVID  (1763-1833),  schoolmaster, 
draughtsman,  and  antiquary :  established  a  mercantile 
school  at  Shrewsbury ;  collected  books,  and  made  innu- 
merable drawings  of  antiquities.  [xliiL  293] 

PARKES,  EDMUND  ALEXANDER  (1819-1876),  pro- 
fessor of  hygiene  and  physician;  nephew  of  Anthony 
Todd  Thomson  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  London,  1846  ;  professor  of 
clinical  medicine,  University  College,  London,  1849 ;  super- 
intended the  large  civil  hospital  in  the  Dardanelles  during 
the  Crimean  war;  founder  of  the  science  of  modern 
hygiene,  and  famous  throughout  Europe  in  the  field  of 
military  hygiene.  [xliii.  294] 

PARKES,  SIR  HARRY  SMITH  (1828-1885),  diplo- 
matist; went  to  China,  1841,  and  entered  government 
service ;  assisted  in  concluding  the  first  European  treaty 
with  Siam,  1855  ;  took  an  important  part  in  the  hostilities 
at  Canton,  1856 ;  one  of  the  three  commissioners  appointed 
(1858)  to  control  the  government  of  Canton:  arrested 
while  carrying  on  negotiations  for  the  termination  of  the 
third  Chinese  war,  1860,  and  kept  in  heavy  chains  at 
Peking  for  eleven  days ;  constantly  threatened  with  death 
and  was  kept  in  close  confinement  for  three  weeks  before 
his  release ;  consul  at  Shanghai ;  appointed  minister  to 
Japan,  1865  ;  associated  with  every  forward  movement  in 
Japan,  in  spite  of  several  attempts  to  assassinate  him,  till 
1872;  G.C.M.G.,  1882;  gazetted  minister  to  China,  and 
concluded  a  treaty  with  Korea  opening  the  country  to 
British  trade,  1883.  [xliii.  296] 

PARKES,  SIR  HENRY  (1815-1896X  Australian  states- 
man; born  of  humble  parents  at  Stoneleigh,  Warwick- 
shire ;  apprenticed  as  ivory  turner  at  Birmingham ;  emi- 
grated to  Sydney,  1839  ;  worked  as  farm  labourer;  opened 
shop  as  ivory  and  bone  turner  in  Hunter  Street,  Sydney; ; 
became  known  as  a  working-class  agitator,  1848 ;  founded 
and  edited  (1850-7)  the  '  Empire '  newspaper  aa  organ  of 
liberalism  in  New  South  Wales ;  member  for  Sydney  In 
legislative  council ;  strongly  advocated  responsible  govern- 
ment, and  on  ite  estabus-hment  (1868)  was  member  for  East 
Sydney,  1868-61 ;  colonial  secretary,  1866-8 ;  member  for 
Mndgee,  1871 ;  prime  minister  of  New  South  Wales,  1872-*, 
1878:3  and  1887-9;  K.C.M.G.,  1877;  G.C.M.G.,  1888; 


PARKES 


1004 


PARNELL 


strongly  advocated  federation,  and  presided  (1891)  over 
Sidney  convention,  which  practically  laid  foundations 
of  the  Australian  commonwealth  :  published  works  on 
Australian  history  and  politics  and  several  volumes  of 
,,*•-,.-.  [Suppl.  iii.  246] 

PARKES.  JAMES  (1794-1828),  artist  ;  son  of  David 
Parkes  [q.  v.]  ;  assisted  his  father  in  his  archaeological 
drawings.  [xliii.  294] 

PARKES,  JOSEPH  (1796-1866),  politician  :  brother 
of  Josiab  Parke«  [q.  v.]  :  a  Birmingham  solicitor  ;  after 
acting  as  an  intermediary  between  the  whigs  and  radicals 
on  the  question  of  parliamentary  reform,  became  a  member 
Birmingham  political  union  in  1832,  and  prepared 
for  aruml  rebellion  if  the  Reform  Bill  was  again  rejected  ; 
subsequently  built  up  a  considerable  business  as  a  parlia- 
mentary solicitor.  [xliii.  804] 

PARKES,  JOSI  AH  (1793-1871),  inventor  of  the  deep- 
drainage  system  ;  became  a  civil  engineer  and  discovered 
the  advantages  of  deep  drains  while  engaged  in  draining  a 
part  of  Chat  Moss,  Lancashire.  [xliii.  305] 

PARKES,  RICHARD  (JL  1674-1607),  divine  ;  M.A. 
Brasenow  College,  Oxford,  1686  ;  wrote  against  Andrew 
Willet  [q.  v.]  in  support  of  Augustinian  doctrines. 

[xliii.  306] 

PARKES,  SAMUEL  (1761-1825),  chemist;  manufac- 
turing chemist  in  London,  1803  ;  published  manuals  of 
chemistry  between  1806  and  1815,  which  brought  him 
many  honours  from  learned  societies.  [xliii.  307] 

PARKES,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1612),  satirist;  author  of 
'  The  Curtaine-  Drawer  of  the  World  '  (a  tract  in  prose  and 
verse),  1612.  [xliiL  307] 

PARKHOUSE,  HANNAH  (1743-1809).  [SeeCoWLKY.] 

PAEKHURST,  PERDINANDO  (fl,  1663-1662),  trans- 
lator ;  rendered  several  works  from  Latin  into  English. 

PARKHURST,  JOHN  (1512  ?-1575),  bishop  of^Nor- 
wich  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1529  ;  M.A.,  1633; 
created  D.D.  Oxford,  1566;  supported  the  Reformation 
and  went  to  Zurich  on  Queen  Mary's  accession  ;  became 
bishop  of  Norwich,  1560  ;  published  a  collection  of  Latin 
epigrams,  1574.  [xliii  308] 

PARKHTJRST,  JOHN  (1564-1639),  master  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford  :  a  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1581  ;  M.A.,  1590  ;  D.D,  IdloTsecretary  to  Sir  Henry 
Wotton  [q.  v.]  at  Turin,  1613,  and  was  sent  by  the  Duke 
of  Savoy  to  negotiate  with  the  protestante  of  Geneva  ; 
elected  master  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1617  ;  resigned 
mastership,  1637.  [xliii>  3089] 

PARKHITR8T,  JOHN  (1728-1797),  biblical  lexicogra- 
pher ;  grandson  of  Sir  Robert  Dormer  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1752,  and  fellow  ;  published  '  An  Hebrew 
and  English  Lexicon,'  1762,  '  A  Greek  and  English  Lexi- 
con to  the  New  Testament,'  1769.  [xliii.  310] 

PARKHTJRST,  NATHANIEL  (1643-1707),  divine; 
S«'  Hnf08  °J?Uege'  Cambrid*e.  1664;  vicar  of  Yoxford, 

5-1707  ;  published  religious  works.  [xliii.  310] 

PARKHTJRST,  THOMAS  (16297-1707?),  London 
bookseller  ;  eminent  as  a  publisher  of  presbyterian  works. 


PARKnr,  CHARLES  (1689-1765),  antiqA 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1717;  rector  of  Oxburgh 
1,17;  competed  Francis  Blomefleld's  'History  of  Nor- 
folk,' published  1778.  [x&i.  311] 

PARKINS.    [See  PARKYNS  and  PERKIXS.] 


l'**'  to  rdi»ion 
7-1728),  Franciscan    friar;    missioner  in 

province,  1713;  author  of  'Collectanea  An 

[xliii.  312] 
PARKINSON  JAMES  (1663-1722),  polemical  writer  ; 

LS^SKf  ?£fr  <Sford'  1674  :  feUow  of  Llncoln 

Oxford,  1674:  M.A.,  1675;  took  orders-  as  at 

T..?^  from  the  «^5B?W«S 

,  1689,  without  regaining  his  fellowship  • 
ward'8  School,  Birmingham,  from 
[xliii.  312] 


PARKINSON,  JAMES  (rf.  1824),  surgeon  and 
'  palaeontologist ;  published  numerous  small  medical  works, 
]  1799-1807,  besides  issuing  '  Organic  llemains  of  a  Former 
World,'  1804-11  (3  vols.)  [xliii.  314] 

PARKINSON,  JOHN  (1567-1650),  apothecary  and 
herbalist;  apothecary  to  James  I;  published  botanical 
works.  [xliii.  315] 

PARKINSON,  JOSEPH  (1783-1855),  architect;  son 
of  James  Parkinson  (1730?-1813)  [q.  v.]  ;  designed  many 
alterations  and  additions  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1822-30.  [xliii.  314] 

PARKINSON,  RICHARD  (1748-1815),  agricultural 
writer;  employed  as  agriculturist  by  George  Washing- 
ton at  Mount  Vernou,  c.  1798.  [xliii.  315] 

PARKINSON,  RICHARD  (1797-1868),  canon  of 
Manchester;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1824; 
D.D.?  1861 ;  principal  of  St.  Bees  College,  1846 ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Chetham  Society  and  its  vice-president 
from  its  commencement  in  1843.  [xliii.  316] 

PARKINSON,  STEPHEN  (1823-1889),  mathemati- 
cian ;  senior  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1845 ; 
tutor  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1864-82 ;  took  a 
leading  part  in  university  affairs.  [xliii.  317] 

PARKINSON,  SYDNEY  (1745  ?-1771),  draughtsman ; 
accompanied  Captain  Cook  to  the  South  Seas  in  1768, 
dying  at  sea.  Owing  to  a  dispute  with  his  brother, 
Stanfield  Parkinson,  concerning  his  papers,  his  name  was 
excluded  from  the  official  account  of  the  voyage  made  by 
John  Hawkesworth  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  317] 

PARKINSON,  THOMAS  (ft.  1769-1789),  portrait- 
painter,  chiefly  known  as  a  painter  of  theatrical  portraits 
and  groups.  [xliii.  318] 

PARKINSON,  THOMAS  (1745-1830),  mathemati- 
cian; fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1771-91; 
M.A.,  1772;  D.D.,  1795;  F.R.S.,  1786;  archdeacon  of 
Huntingdon,  1794,  of  Leicester,  1812  ;  published  4  A  Sys- 
tem of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics,'  1789.  [xliii.  318] 

PARKYNS,  MANSFIELD  (1823-1894),  traveller ; 
great-grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Parkyns,  second  baronet 
[q.  v.] ;  travelled  in  Abyssinia  between.  1843  and  1846, 
publishing  an  account,  1853.  [xliii.  319] 

PARKYNS,  SIR  THOMAS,  second  baronet  (1664- 
1741),  'Luctator';  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  student,  Gray's  Inn,  1682 ;  J.P., 
Leicestershire  and  Nottinghamshire,  1684-1741  ;  owed 
his  celebrity  to  his  extraordinary  passion  for  wrestling, 
establishing  an  annual  competition  at  his  residence, 
Bunny  Hall,  which  lasted  till  1810;  embodied  his 
theories  in  '  npoyvfwaoiaTa '  (1713,  latest  edit.  1810). 

PARKYNS  or  PERKINS,  SIR  WILLTAMU(1649  ?- 
1696),  conspirator ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1675 ; 
knighted,  1681;  clerk  of  the  court  of  chancery  and 
Jacobite;  associated  in  the  plot  of  Sir  George  Barclay 
[q.  v.]  to  assassinate  William  III,  1696 ;  executed  on 
Tower  Hill,  London.  [xliii.  321] 

PARLEY,  PETER  (pseudonym).  [See  MARTIN, 
WILLIAM,  1801-1867 ;  MOGRIDGE,  GEORGK,  1787-1854.] 

PARMENTIER,  JAMES  (JACQUES)  (1658-1730), 
painter ;  born  in  France ;  resided  intermittently  in  Eng- 
land from  1676;  employed  as  a  decorative  painter  by 
William  III.  [xliii.  322] 

PARNELL,  CHARLES  STEWART  (1846-1891), 
political  leader  ;  born  at  Avondale,  co.  Wicklow ;  grand- 
son of  William  Parnell  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge;  offered  his  services  to  Isaac  Butt  [q.  v.], 
leader  of  the  Irish  parliamentary  party,  1874 ;  M.P.,  co. 
Meath,  1876,  a  seat  which  he  exchanged  for  Cork  city, 
1880 ;  attracted  attention  by  his  extreme  attitude,  and 
won  the  confidence  of  the  Fenians,  which  Butt  had  lost ; 
from  1877  rapidly  fulfilled,  by  his  tactics  of  obstruction,  his 
object  of  bringing  discredit  upon  the  House  of  Commons ; 
his  action  at  first  disapproved  by  Butt,  but  countenanced, 
January  1878,  at  a  conference  in  Dublin ;  resolved  to  con- 
solidate and  dominate  all  the  scattered  forces  inside  and 
outside  parliament  which  aimed  at  securing  legislative 
independence  for  Ireland;  courted  the  support  of  the 
Fenians,  and  in  December  1878,  after  a  visit  to  Ameri.  :l. 
obtained  an  alliance  with  the  Clan-na-Gael,  or  new 
Fenians,  who  had  hitherto  despised  parliamentary  agitu- 
tion,  one  of  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  being  that  the 


PARNELL 


1005 


PARNELL 


land  qu-tion  -,1,0'iM  be  vigorously  agitated  ou  a  basis  of 
peasant  proprietorship,  to  curry  which  i-npul.i 
effect  the  National  Laud  League  of  Ireland  was  formed 
in  October  1H79  for  the  reduction  of  rack-rente  and  the 
transfer  of  the  ownership  of  the  hind  to  the  occupier*  ; 
president  of  the  Land  League ;  elected  chairman  of  the 
home-rule  party  iu  the  House  of  Commons,  May  1880  ; 
rxert<il  over  his  parliamentary  supporters  a  sway  un- 
puralleliil  in  parliamentary  annaU,  mid  wielded  enormous 
influence  outside  the  bouse ;  though  at  first  disliked  by 
the  Irish  clergy,  was  toon  supported  by  the  Irish  bishops  ; 
kept  together  for  nearly  ten  years  a  heterogeneous  crowd 
of  supporters,  many  o£  them  having  mutually  strong  anti- 
pathies ;  he  initiated,  in  a  speech  at  Bnnis,  September 

1880,  the  system  of '  boycotting '  those  who  took  the  farms 
of  evicted  tenants,  a  move  by  which  government  in  Ireland 
was  paralysed  throughout  the  autumn  ;  bitterly  opposed 
William  Edward  Forster's  Coercion  Bill  early  in  1881 : 
founded,  July  1881,  "The  Irish  National  Newspaper  and 
Publishing  Company,'  which  issued  the  '  Irishman '  and 
•  United  Ireland,'  under  the  editorship  of  William  O'Brien ; 
arrested  for  incendiary  speeches  and  imprisoned  in  Kil- 
mainham  gaol  with  several   of  his  supporters,  October 

1881,  the  Land  League  being  declared  an  illegal  associa- 
tion at  the  same  time ;  gained  great  popularity  by  his  im- 
prisonment, the  duration  of  which  was  marked  by  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  outrages ;  generally  known  to 
his  followers  as  •  the  uncrowned  king  of  Ireland  ' ;  given 
the  freedom  of  DubUn ;  released,  2  May  1882,  soon  after 
the  accommodation  with  Gladstone's  government  known 
as  the  '  K  ilmainham  treaty  '  had  been  effected,  contrary 
to  the  advice  of  Forster,  who  resigned  the  office  of  Irish 
secretary  in  consequence;  disavowed  all  sympathy  with 
the  perpetrators  of  the  murder  in  Phoenix  Park  (6  May 
1882)  of  Lord  Frederick  Charles  Cavendish  [q.  v.],  the 
new  chief  secretary,  and  the  permanent  under-secretary, 
Thomas  Henry  Burke  [q.  v.j ;  resumed  his  attitude  of 
implacable  hostility  on  fresh  coercive  legislation  being 
announced  by  government;  attended  a  national  confer- 
ence at  Dublin,  October  1882,  at  which  the  Land  League 
was  avowedly  revived  as  the '  Irish  National  League,'  for 
the  purpose  of  attaining  national  self-government,  land- 
•law  reform,  and    the   development  of    Irish    industry; 
accused  by  Forster,  February  1883,  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons of  planning  outrage  and  assassination;    met  the 
charge  with  a  blunt  denial ;  on  the  defeat  of  the  liberal 
government  by  the  Irish  vote,  June  1886,  received  over- 
tures from  the  succeeding  tory  government,  which  be 
welcomed,  as  he  probably  desired  to  employ  them  to 
induce  William  Ewart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  to  outbid  the 
tory  offers  ;  left  master  of  the  situation  by  the  balance  of 
parties  after  the  general  election  of  December ;   with  the 
help  of  the  liberal  party  overthrew  the  tory  government, 
January  1886,  which  had  announced  its  intention  of  intro- 
ducing a  bill  for  the  suppression  of  the  National  League  ; 
on  Gladstone's  return  to  power,  was  seen  to  have  con- 
verted Gladstone  to  his  home-rule  scheme ;  on  the  conser- 
vative triumph  at  the  election  (July   1886)  which  fol- 
lowed Gladstone's  appeal  to  the  country  after  the  defeat 
of  his  bill  for  the  establishment  of  an  Irish  parliament, 
made  a  complete  change  of  front  in  his  treatment  of  the 
English  parties,  and,  instead  of  holding  aloof  from  both, 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  liberals  for  all  parliamentary 
purposes,  and  sought  rather  '  to  win  than  to  force  his 
way'  by  the  ordinary  rules  of  parliamentary  warfare; 
attended  parliament  irregularly,  his  health  being  bad  be- 
tween 1885  and  1890 ;  spoke  rarely  at  public  meetings  in 
Ireland,  and  lost  influence  in  consequence ;  charged,  along 
with  many  of  bis  colleagues,  with  connivance  with  crime 
and  outrage  in  the  days  of  the  Land  League  in  a  series  of 
articles  entitled  '  Parnellism  and  Crime,'  which  appeared 
in  '  The  Times '  in  the  earlier  months  of  1887  :  denied  in 
the  House  of  Commons  the  authenticity  of  a  fac-simile 
letter  printed  in  'The  Times'  purporting  to  have  been 
written  by  himself  on  15  May  1882  in  extenuation  of  the 
Phoenix  Park  murders ;  declared  in  the  house  that  similar 
letters  read  in  court  a  prupos  of  a  libel  action  unsuccess- 
fully brought  against  '  The  Times '  in  July  1888  by  Mr. 
Frank  Hugh  O'Donnell  were  all  forgeries ;  was  ultimately 
vindicated,  after  the  government  constituted  a  special 
commission  to  inquire  into  all  the  charges  brought  against 
the  Irish  members  by  *  The  Times ; '  this  trial  commenced 
October  18K8,  and  during  its  course,  in  February  1889, 
Richard  Pigott  [q.  v.],  who  bad  sold  the  incriminating 
letters  to  %  The  Times,'  broke  down  under  cross-examina- 
tion, and  the  counsel  for  'The  Times'  withdrew  from  the 


case  the  charge*  founded  on  the  letters  which  Pigott  had 

:;•!•    -!:    '  •:•.::  ••:•.-.-•    .•    .     '.          .'..„', 

'ounce  agrarian  outrage;  report  of  the  trial  enter*! 

.i.inials,  an  amendment  by  Gladstone  In  the  House 

of  Commons  in  reprobation  of  the  charges  against  Parnell 

:-•    ..  "  '      ..    '••     '  .-•  .  '          .-..  •         .      :    .   •    -1 

in  November  ih-jo  by  his  appearance  a»  co-respondent  in 
a  suit  for  divorce  brought  by  Captain  O'Sheft  against  his 
wifr.  Parnriis  a,iult,-ry  with  her  being  legally  proved. 
Parnell  gradually  lost  the  support  of  the  liberal  noncon- 
formists in  consequence,  Gladstone  In  an  open  tetter  to 
Mr.  John  Morley  declaring  his  continuance  as  leader  of 
the  Irish  party  undesirable.  Parnell  summoned  the  Irish 
party,  December  1890,  In  committee  room  No.  15  at  the 
Bouse  of  Commons  to  consider  the  situation,  and,  on  re- 
fusing to  put  the  question  of  his  deposition  to  the  vote, 
was  abandoned,  by  the  majority  of  the  party  ;  endeavoured 
to  re-establish  hU  position,  and  was  supported  by  the 
Fenians  and  more  extreme  home-rulers,  bat  had  against 
him  the  influence  of  the  Roman  catholic  church ;  spoke  in 
public  for  the  last  time  at  Creggs  in  Galway,  27  Sept.  1891 : 
died  at  Brighton  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs  on  6  Oct. 
and  was  buried  in  Glasnevin  cemetery,  Dublin.  On  25  June 
1891  he  married  Katherine,  the  divorced  wife  of  Captain 
O'Sbea  and  the  daughter  of  Sir  John  Page  Wood  [q.  v.] 
His  influence  on  the  course  of  English  and  Irish  history 
may  be  estimated  by  the  fact  that  when  he  entered  public 
life  home-rule  for  Ireland  was  viewed  by  English  poli- 
ticians as  a  wild  impracticable  dream,  while  within  eleven 
years  he  had  induced  a  majority  of  one  of  the  two  great 
English  political  parties  to  treat  it  as  an  urgent  neceraity. 

[xliii.Stt] 

PARNELL,  FANNY  (1854-1882),  poetess  and  poli- 
tician ;  sister  of  Charles  Stewart  Paruell  [q.  v.] ;  wrote 
many  patriotic  poems  for  the  nationalist  press,  and 
assisted  in  organising  the  Land  League  and  the  Ladies' 
Land  League.  [xlili.  342] 

PA&NELL,  SIR  HENRY  BROOKE,  fourth  baronet 
and  first  BARON  COXGLKTON  (1776-1842),  son  of  Bit  John 
Parnell,  second  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Maryborough,  Irish 
House  of  Commons,  1797,  and  Queen's  County  (united 
parliament),  1802  ;  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the 
treasury  for  Ireland  in  the  ministry  of  '  all  the  talento,' 
1806,  retiring  from  office,  March  1807  ;  conspicuous  as  an 
advocate  of  catholic  emancipation  from  1810,  support  intr 
the  second  reading  of  the  Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  lb'-"J  ; 
secretary  at  war  in  Lord  Grey's  administration,  1831,  hut 
dismissed  from  office  (1832)  for  refusing  to  support  the 
ministry  on  the  question  of  the  Russian-Dutch  war ;  trea- 
surer of  the  navy  in  Lord  Melbourne's  ministry,  1835  ;  pay- 
master-general of  the  forces,  1835 ;  obtained  the  new  office 
of  paymaster-general,  1836,  which  he  held  until  his  death  ; 
created  Baron  Congleton,  1841 ;  published  numerous 
works,  mainly  in  the  field  of  economics :  committed 
suicide  after  suffering  for  some  time  from  ill-health.  He 
was  an  active,  and  useful  member  of  the  most  liberal 
section  of  the  whig  party,  and  achieved  a  high  reputation 
as  a  political  economist  and  a  writer  on  finance, 

[xliii.  342] 

PARNELL,  JAME3  (1637  ?-1656),  quaker  and  pam- 
phleteer ;  a  convert  of  George  Fox  [q.  v.],  whom  he  visited 
in  prison  at  Carlisle ;  imprisoned  at  Cambridge,  e.  1654, 
for  attacking  the  magistrates  and  priests,  and  in  1655  was 
confined  in  Colchester  Castle ;  died  In  consequence  of  his 
severe  treatment;  considered  the  *  quaker  protomartyr.' 
He  wrote  several  works,  of  which  the  earliest, '  A  Trial  of 
Faith'  (1654),  was  translated  into  Dutch  and  French. 

[xliii.  346] 

PARNELL,  SJR  JOHN,  second  baronet  (1744-1801), 
chancellor  of  the  Irish  exchequer;  student  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1766;  bencher,  King's  Inns,  Dublin,  1786:  M.P., 
Bangor,  1761-8  (Irish  parliament),  Inistioge,  1776-83  ; 
chancellor  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1785  ;  warmly  opposed 
the  liberal  policy  of  the  English  government ;  helped  to 
dissuade  Pitt  and  Dundas  from  measured  of  reform,  1792 ; 
removed  from  his  post  (1799)  La  consequence  of  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  union :  entered  the  first  parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom  (M.P.,  Queen's  County),  1801. 

[xlUL  347] 

PARNELL,  SIB  JOHN  VBSEY,  fifth  baronet  and 
second  BARON  OOXGLKTON  (1805-1883),  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Brooke  Parnell,  first  baron  [q.  v.] ;  educated  in 
France  and  at  Edinburgh  University ;  joined  the  Ply- 
mouth brethren,  1829,  and  spent  his  life  in  making 
preaching  tours.  [xliii.  345] 


PARNELL 


1006 


PARKY 


PARNELL,  THOMAS  (1679-1718),  poet;  born  In 
iblin-  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1700;  installed  a 
minor  canon  of  St.  Patrick's.  Dublin,  1704  ;  archdeacon  of 
Glogber.  1706-16 ;  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Fiuglas, 
1716  •  on  friendly  terms  with  Swift  and  other  members 
of  thetory  party  by  1711;  contributed  (1712-13)  occa- 
sional allegorical  papers  to  the  '  Spectator '  and  '  Guar- 
dian* ;  created  D.D.  Dublin,  1713  ;  aided  Pope  in  his  trans- 


lation of  the  'Iliad,'  also  contributing  to  the  work  an 
introductory  'Essay  on  Homer' ;  vicar  of  Finglas,  1716  ; 
addicted  to  excessive  drinking.  As  a  poet  his  work_is 


marked  by  fluent  versification  and  high  moral  tone.  His 
more  important  pieces,  including  *  The  Hermit '  and  '  The 
Fairy  Tale'  were  revised  by  Pope.  The  first  collective 
edition  of  his  poems  appeared,  1721,  the  last  Aldiue 
edition,  1894.  [xl"i.  349] 

PAR  NELL.  WILLIAM,  afterwards  PARNELL- 
HAYE8  (d  1831),  controversialist :  the  eon  of  Sir  John 
Parnell,  second  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  co.  Wicklow,  1817, 
1818,  and  1830;  opposed  the  union  and,  though  a  pro- 
testant,  had  a  warm  admiration  for  the  Roman  catholic 
clergy,  whose  influence  he  supported  in  his  works. 

PARKING,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1343),  chancellor; 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Cumberland,  1325, 1327, 1328, 1331, 
and  1332 ;  chief-justice  of  the  court  of  king's  bench,  1340  ; 
chancellor,  1341.  [xliii.  352] 

PAKE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1750-1810),  medical 
writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1773 ;  physician  to  the  Devon 
and  Exeter  Hospital,  1776 ;  published  the  '  London 
Medical  Dictionary '  (1809,  2  vols.)  [xliii.  352] 

PARS,    CATHERINE    (1512-1548).      [See    OATHE- 

HIXE.] 

PARR,  BLNATHAN  (rf.  1632?),  divine;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1601 ;  B.D.,  1615  ; 
rector  of  Palgrave ;  author  of  four  theological  treatises. 

[xliii.  353] 

PARR, GEORGE  (1826-1891),  cricketer;  represented 
Nottinghamshire,  1846-70;  captain  of  the  All  England 
Eleven,  1857-70;  succeeded  Fuller  Pilch  [q.  v.]  as  the 
finest  batsman  in  England.  [xliii.  353] 

PARR,  HARRIET  (1828-1900),  novelist;  published 
(1854-82)  under  pseudonym  of  HOLM  LEE,  numerous  novels 
and,  under  her  own  name, '  Life  of  Joan  of  Arc,'  1866,  and 
other  works.  [SuppL  iii.  248] 

PARR,  JOHN  (1633  ?-1716  ?),  dissenting  minister ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1662  ;  ministered  for  a 
time  to  the  Darwen  nonconformists  and  also  at  Walton 
and  Preston,  enduring  considerable  persecution. 

[xliii.  354] 

PARR,  NATHANIEL  (ft.  1730-1760),  engraver. 

[xliii.  355] 

PARR,  REMIGIUS  (ft.  1747),  engraver;  probably 
son  or  brother  of  Nathaniel  Parr  [q.  v.]  ;  his  work 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  that  of  Nathaniel ;  some  of 
his  engravings  of  historical  importance.  [xliii.  355] 

PARR  or  PARRE,  RICHARD  (1592  ?-1644),  bishop 
of  Sodor  and  Man ;  fellow  of  Braseuose  College,  Oxford, 
1614 ;  M.A.,  1616 ;  D.D.,  1634  ;  consecrated,  1635. 

[xliii.  355] 

PARR,  RICHARD  (1617-1691),  divine;  M.A.Exeter 
College, Oxford,  1642;  fellow;  created  D.D.,  1660;  vicar 
of  Reigate,  1646-63,  of  Camberwell,  1653-91 ;  published 
the  life  of  James  Ussher  [q.  v.],  partly  compiled  by 
Thomas  Marshall  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  356] 

PARR,  SAMUEL  (1747-1825),  pedagogue ;  son  of  a 
Harrow  apothecary;  educated  at  Harrow  School  and 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  per  literal  reoiat, 
1771;  forced  by  toe  'rapacity'  of  his  stop-mother  to 
leave  Cambridge  on  his  father's  death  in  1766 ;  became 
first  assistant  at  Harrow  under  Robert  Carey  Sumner 
[q.  v.] ;  on  Sumner's  death  (1771)  took  offence  at  not 
being  elected  to  succeed  him,  and  started  a  rival  school  at 
IwiMWii,  which  declined  after  the  departure  of  the  first 
art  of  boys ;  obtained  the  mastership  of  Colchester  gram- 
mar school,  1776,  which  did  not  prosper  under  him ;  re- 
Mored  to  Norwich  as  head-master  of  the  grammar  school, 
1779:  Mtued  at  Hatton  in  Warwickshire  as  perpetual 
curate  and  took  in  private  pupils,  1785 ;  lived  there  for 
the  rest  of  his  life,  enlarging  the  parsonage  and  building 
-  library,  which  finally  contained  over  ten  thousand"  < 


volumes;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  1783;  exchanged 
(1789)  his  perpetual  curacy  for  the  rectory  of  Wadenhoe, 
but  retained  the  parsonage  and  continued  to  serve  the 
church  at  Hatton :  prevented  from  obtaining  high  pre- 
ferment by  his  strong  whiggism  ;  becume  conspicuous  as 
a  political  writer  in  1787 ;  met  Priestley  at  Warwick,  1790, 
and  at  once  foruled  a  friendship  with  him;  nearly  in- 
volved by  this  acquaintance  in  the  Birmingham  riots  of 
1791,  the  rioters  being  expected  to  attack  Hatton  after 
their  outrages  on  Priestley  and  his  supporters ;  con- 
tinually involved  in  literary  quarrels,  and  at  different 
times  was  at  variance  with  Richard  Hurd  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  Worcester,  with  Charles  Combe  [q.  v.],  and  with  Wil- 
liam Godwin  (1756-1836)  [q.  v.];  published  his 'Charac- 
ters of  Fox'  (a  collection  of  articles  and  notes),  1809. 
He  was  regarded  as  the  whig  Johnson,  but  his  conversa- 
tion was  apparently  very  inferior  to  that  of  his  model. 
His  mannerism  and  verbosity  make  his  English  writings 
in  general  unreadable.  He  was  admittedly  a  fine  Latin 
scholar,  and  excelled  as  a  writer  of  Latin  epitaphs.  He 
knew  Rogers  and  Moore,  and  met  Byron.  Among  literary 
men  who  have  warmly  acknowledged  his  kindness  to 
them  were  Landor  and  the  first  Lord  Lytton.  His 
works  were  collected  in  eight  volumes  in  1828. 

[xliii.  356] 

PARR,  THOMAS  (1483  7-1635), '  Old  Parr ' ;  a  native 
of  Alberbury,  near  Shrewsbury,  whose  longevity  was 
celebrated  by  Taylor  the  water-poet ;  said  to  have  been 
born  in  1483,  to  have  gone  into  service  in  1500,  and  to  have 
done  penance  for  incontinence  at  the  age  of  105  ;  sent  to 
court  by  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  1635,  where  the  change  in 
his  mode  of  life  killed  him.  Sir  George  Cornewall  Lewis 
and  William  John  Thorns  regard  the  story  of  his  extra- 
ordinary age  as  unsupported  by  any  trustworthy  evidence. 

[xliii.  364] 

PARR,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1434-1483?),  courtier  and 
soldier ;  K.G. ;  supported  the  revolt  of  the  Nevilles  and 
Clarence,  1469,  but  returned  to  Edward  IV,  1471,  and  was 
made  comptroller  of  the  household ;  chief  commissioner 
for  exercising  the  office  of  constable  of  England,  1483. 

[xliii.  366] 

PARR,  SIR  WILLIAM,  MARQUIS  OF  NORTHAMPTON, 
EARL  OF  ESSEX,  and  BARON  PARR  (1513-1571),  brother 
of  Catherine  Parr  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Cambridge; 
created  Baron  Parr  and  Ross,  1539,  Earl  of  Essex,  1543, 
and  Marquis  of  Northampton,  1547;  a  supporter  of 
Somerset  and  afterwards  of  Northumberland,  whom  he 
accompanied  into  the  eastern  counties  on  Edward  VI's 
death  to  maintain  the  cause  of  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  con- 
demned to  death  on  Queen  Mary's  triumph,  but  pardoned, 
with  forfeiture  of  his  titles  and  part  of  his  estates  ;  again 
created  marquis,  1559.  [xliii.  367] 

P ARRIS,  EDMUND  THOMAS  (1793-1873),  painter ; 
constructed  panoramas,  and  was  for  some  years  a  fashion- 
able portrait-painter;  restored  Thornhill's  paintings  in 
the  cupola  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  completely  re- 
painting them  and  depriving  them  of  all  interest,  between 
1853  and  1856.  [xliii.  368] 

PARRIS  or  PARIS,  GEORGE  VAN  (d.  1551),  heretic  ; 
an  inhabitant  of  Mentz ;  naturalised,  1550 ;  burnt  at 
Smithfield,  1551,  for  denying  the  humanity  of  Christ. 

[xliii.  369] 

PARROT  or  PERROT,  HENRY  (fl.  1600-1626), 
epigrammatist ;  author  of  '  Springes  for  Woodcocks,' 
1613,  and  six  other  little  volumes  of  profligate  epigrams 
and  satires.  [xliii.  369] 

PARRY,  BENJAMIN  (1634-1678),  bishop  of  Ossory  ; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1654 ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  and  Greek  reader,  1660 ;  D.D.,  1670 ;  son 
of  Edward  Parry  (d.  1650)  [q.  v.] ;  appointed  bishop  in 
1677  as  his  brother's  successor;  author  of  'Chimia 
Caelestis,'  1659.  [xliii.  370] 

PARRY,  CALEB  HILLIER  (1755-1822),  physician ; 
son  of  Joshua  Parry  [q."  v.] ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1778 ; 
L.R.C.P.,  1778 ;  settled  as  a  physician  in  Bath,  1779 ;  his 
medical  researches  of  considerable  importance,  especially 
his  tract  on  'The  Nature,  Cause,  and  Varieties  of  the 
Arterial  Pulse,'  1816.  [xliii.  371] 

PARRY,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1779-1860),  physician  ; 
son  of  Caleb  Hillier  Parry  [q.  v.] ;  studied  medicine  at 
Gbttingen ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1804 ;  L.R.C.P.,  1806 ;  F.R.S., 
1812 ;  practised  for  some  years  at  Bath,  and  published 
treatises  on  miscellaneous  subjects.  [xliii.  372] 


PARRY 


1007 


PARRY 


PARRY,   CHARLES  JAMES  (1824-1894),  petnter; 

<»on  of  Diiviil  Henry  Parry  [q.  v.] ;  executed  landscapes  in 
oil.  [xliii.  3nl] 

PARRY,  DAVID  HENRY  (1793-1826),  portrait- 
painter;  son  of  Joshua  1'jirry  [q.  v.] ;  painted  portrait* 
of  Manchester  worthies,  both  in  oils  and  watercolours. 

[xliii.  880] 

PARRY,  EDWARD  (rf.  1650),  bishop  of  Killaloe ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  1620 :  fellow,  1624 ;  conse- 
crated  bishop,  1647  ;  never  visited  Killaloe,  where  he  wnuM 
not  have  been  safe,  owiner  to  the  predominance  of  the 
catholics  during  the  civil  war ;  died  of  the  plague  in 
Dublin.  [xliii.  372] 

PARRY,  EDWARD  (1830-1890),  bishop  suffragan  of 
Dover:  son  of  Sir  William  Ivl-.v.ml  Tarn'  [q.  v.]:  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1845 :  D.D.,  1870  :  domestic  chap- 
lain of  Archibald  Campbell  Tait,  bishop  of  London,  1867  : 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1869,  and  suffragan  bishop  of 
Dover,  1870  :  published  memorials  of  hi-  father  and  his 
brother,  Charles  Parry.  [xliii.  373] 

PARRY,  HENRY  (1661-1616),  successively  bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  Worcester ;  M.A.  Corpus  Obristl  College, 
Oxford.  1585:  fellow,  1586;  D.D.,  1596;  chaplain  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  present  at  her  death :  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  1607,  of  Worcester,  1610 ;  published  several 
treatises.  [xliii.  375] 

PARRY,  HENRY  HUTTON  (1827-1893),  bishop  of 
Western  Australia :  son  of  Thomas  Parry  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Rugby  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1851 ;  was  con- 
secrated coadjutor  to  his  father,  1868,  and  appointed  to 
the  see  of  Perth,  1876.  [xliii.  386] 

PARRY,  JAMES  (d.  1871  ?),  artist ;  son  of  Joseph 
Parry  [q.  v.j  ;  drew  and  engraved  views  of  Manchester. 

[xliii.  380] 

PARRY,  JOHN  (d.  1677),  bishop  of  Ossory ;  son  of 
Edward  Parry  (d.  1650)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  (B.A.),  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford  (fellow)  ;  M.A., 
1653  ;  Ormonde's  chaplain  and  consecrated  bishop,  1672 ; 
benefactor  of  his  see ;  published  (1666)  'Tears  well  di- 
rected, or  pious  Reflections  on  our  Saviour's  Sufferings.' 

[xliii.  376] 

PARRY,  JOHN  (d.  1782),  musician ;  a  blind  harper 
of  Ruabon;  editor  with  Evan  Williams  [q.  v.]  of  the 
earliest  published  collections  of  Welsh  music,  [xliii.  376] 

PARRY,  JOHN  (1776-1851),  musician  and  composer ; 
wrote  several  plays  and  contributed  to  the  musical  press. 
His  compositions  include  songs,  glees,  and  pieces  for  the 
harp,  piano,  flageolet,  flute,  and  violin.  [xliii.  376] 

PARRY,  JOHN  DOCWRA  (d.  1833  ?),  topographer ; 
M.A.  PeterhouRe,  Cambridge,  1827  ;  took  orders ;  pub- 
lished several  treatises  of  small  value.  [xliii.  377] 

PARRY,  JOHN  HUMFFREYS  (1786-1826),  Welsh 
antiquary ;  barrister,  Temple,  1811 ;  practised  at  the  bar, 
but  finally  turned  to  literature  for  a  livelihood  :  assisted 
in  publishing  the  government  edition  of  Welsh  historians ; 
active  in  the  re-establishment  of  the  Oymmrodorion 
Society,  1820;  killed  In  the  street  at  Pentonvllle  In  a 
quarrel.  [xliii.  377] 

PARRY,  JOHN  HUMFFREYS  (1816-1880),  serjeant- 
at-law  ;  son  of  John  Humffreys  Parry  (1786-1826)  [q.  v.]  ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1843  ;  Serjeant,  1866  ;  bencher 
of  the  Middle  Temple,  1878;  practised  at  first  in  the 
criminal,  but  afterwards  in  the  civil,  courts,  [xliii.  378] 

PAR.RY,  JOHN  ORLANDO  (1810-1879%  actor  and 
entertainer ;  son  of  John  Parry  (1776-1861)  [q.  v.] :  made 
his  debut  as  a  vocalist,  1830,  and  as  an  actor  at  St.  James's 
Theatre,  London,  1836 ;  forsook  the  stage  for  the  concert 
room,  1842;  came  out  as  an  entertainer,  1850;  joined 
Thomas  German  Reed  [q.  v.],  1860,  retiring,  1869. 

[xliii.  379] 

PARRY,  JOSEPH  (1744-1826),  artist;  often  called 
the  father  of  art  in  Manchester.  His  best  pictures  are 
familiar  scenes  in  everyday  life,  but  he  was  also  a  por- 
trait and  historical  painter.  [xliii.  380] 

PARRY,  JOSHUA  (1719-1776),  dissenting  divine; 
presbyterian  minister  in  Cirencester  from  1742 ;  possessed 
much  literary  ability,  which  he  dissipated  in  fugitive 
pieces,  political,  metaphysical,  and  satirical,  [xliii.  381] 

PARRY,  SIR  LOVE  PARRY  JONES  (1781-1853), 
lieutenant-general  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 


Church,  Oxford;    M.A.,  1811;   student,  Lincoln'!  Inn, 
1802 ;    commanded  a  brigade  on  the  Canadian  frontier 

,1. in.it'  tl,,-  war  .  -,..'   M.I'.,  Horsham,  1806-7, 

Carmarthen,  1835-40;    K.H.,  1«35:  high  sheriff  of  Car- 
marthenshire, 1K40;  lieutenant-general,  1846. 

PARRY,  RIOHARD(1560-1688), bishop  of  St.  Asaph; 
of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.An 
1686 ;  D.D.,  1597  ;  dean  of  Bangor,  1699 ;  consecrated 
bishop,  1604 :  revised  the  Welsh  translation  of  the  bible 
by  his  predecessor,  William  Morgan  (1640  V- 1604)  [q.  T.] 

[xliii.  882] 

PARRY,  RICHARD  (1722-1780),  divine;  of  Wert- 
minster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  student,  1740 ; 
preacher  at  Market  Harborough,  1764 ;  M.A.,  1747 ;  D.D., 
1757  ;  rector  of  Witchampton,  1767 ;  author  of  theological 
works.  [xliii.  388] 

PARRY,  ROBERT  (Jl.  1695),  translator ;  author  of 
'  Moderates' (1696);  perhaps  the'R.  P.*  who  translated 
partB  ii.  ilL  and  iv.  of  the'Myrrour  of  Princely  Deeds ' 
from  the  Spanish  original.  [xliii.  888] 

PARRY,  SEPTON  HENRY  (18W-1887),  theatrical 
manager ;  built  the  London  theatres,  the  Holbora  in  1866. 
the  Globe  in  1868,  and  the  Avenue  in  1882.  [xliii.  384] 

PARRY,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1560),  controller  of  the 
household ;  steward  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  and  ap- 
pointed controller  at  her  accession ;  knighted  and  made 
privy  councillor.  [xliii.  884] 

PARRY,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1616),  ambassador  in 
France  ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Parry  (d.  1560)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Berkshire,  1586;  ambassador,  1601-5;  knighted,  1601; 
had  the  custody  of  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  for  a  short  time, 
1610-11.  [xliii.  386] 

PARRY,  THOMAS  (1796-1870),  bishop  of  Bar- 
bados ;  was  fellow  and  tutor  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1816  ;  M.A.,  1819 ;  D.D.,  1842 ;  archdeacon  of  Antigua, 
1824;  archdeacon  of  Barbados,  1840;  bishop  of  Bar- 
bados, 1842  ;  retired,  1869.  [xllli.  886] 

PARRY,  THOMAS  GAMBIER  (1816-1888),  inventor 
of  the  '  spirit  fresco '  process  ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1848  :  published  (1880)  an  account  of 
his  process,  which  ensured  permanence  for  colours  in 
fresco  painting  :  painted  frescoes  in  several  English 
abbeys  and  cathedrals,  and  was  recognised  as  the 
chief  authority  on  decorative  painting.  [xliii.  386] 

PARRY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1585),  conspirator;  after 
squandering  his  own  and  his  wife's  money  became  a  spy 
of  Burleigh  on  the  continent ;  he  secretly  became  a 
catholic,  c.  1579,  and  a  double  traitor  ;  accused  (1585)  of 
a  plot  to  murder  Queen  Elizabeth  by  his  accomplice 
Edmund  Neville  (1560? -1618)  [q.  T.]  and  executed. 
There  is  some  doubt  as  to  his  guilt.  [xliii.  887] 

PARRY,  WILLIAM  ( Jl.  1601),  traveller  ;  accom- 
panied Sir  Anthony  Shirley  [q.  v.]  in  his  travels,  and 
published  an  account  of  them  in  1601,  entitled  '  A  New 
and  Large  Discourse  of  the  Travels  of  Anthony  Sberley.' 

[xliii.  389] 

PARRY.  WILLIAM  (1687-1786  ?),  caligrapher  and 
numismatist ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1712  ;  B.D., 
1719 ;  fellow ;  vicar  of  8hipston-on-Stour,  1739 :  wrote  so 
elegant  a  hand  that  some  of  his  manuscripts  resemble 
typography.  [xliii.  390] 

PARRY,  WILLIAM  (1742?-1791),  portrait-painter  ; 
son  of  John  Parry  (d.  1782)  [q.  v.]  ;  A.RJL,  1776. 

[rliii.  390] 

PARRY,  WILLIAM  (1764-1819).  congregational 
minister  and  tutor  ;  minister  at  Little  Baddow  and 
tutor  of  the  academy  of  the  Coward  Trust  at  Wymondley 
in  Hertfordshire ;  published  theological  works. 

[xliii.  390] 

PARRY,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1823-1825),  major  of  Lord 
Byron's  brigade  in  Greece  ;  originally  a  '  ti remaster  * 
in  the  navy  ;  employed  by  Thomas  Gordon  (1788-1841) 
[q.  v.]  in  1823  to  prepare  a  plan  for  supplying  artillery 
to  the  Greeks;  kept  Byron's  account*,  and  was  his 
favourite  butt  at  Missolonghi ;  published  '  The  Last  Days 
of  Lord  Byron,'  1825.  According  to  Trelawny  he  sub- 
sequently became  insane  through  drink.  [xliii.  391] 

JARRY,  SIR  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1790-1865), 
rear-admiral  and  arctic  explorer ;  son  of  Caleb  Hillier 
Parry  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the 


PARS 


1008 


PARSONS 


•t  passage.    1819-90,  1821-3,  and   1824-5;    at- 
pted (1827)  to  reach  the  North  lY>li>  from  Spitsbergen 
by  travelling  with  sledge-boats  over  the  ice  ;  was  finally 


•itoppM  by  the  current  which  set  the  ice  floes  to  the 
southwards  almost  as  fast  as  the  men  could  drag  the 
•ledges  towards  the  north,  but  attained  latitude  82°  45', 
the  highest  reached  until  1876 :  hy.ircxrrapher  to  the  ad- 
miralty, 1826-9  ;  knighted,  1829  ;  rear-admiral,  1852. 

[xliii.  392] 

PARS,  HENRY  (1784  -  1806),  draughtsman  and 
chaser :  kept  a  drawing  school  in  the  Strand  for  over 
forty  years,  [xliii.  393] 

PARS,  WILLIAM  (1742-1782),  portrait-painter 
and  draughtsman ;  brother  of  Henry  Pars  [q.  v.] : 
illustrated  '  Ionian  Antiquities '  for  Dr.  Richard  Chandler 
(1788-1810)  [q.  v.]  [xliii.  394] 

PARSELL.  THOMAS  (1674-1720),  head-master  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  :  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1701 ;  D.D.,  1706 :  appointed  head-master,  1707  ;  trans- 
lated the  prayer-book  into  Latin,  1706.  [xliii.  394] 

PARSLEY  or  PERSLEY,  OSBERT  (1511-1585), 
musical  composer ;  for  fifty  years  singing-master  at 
Norwich  OathedraL  [xliii.  394] 

PARSON,  THOMAS  (1631-1681  ?),  dissenting  divine ; 
MA.  and  nominated  (1660)  fellow  of  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  by  Oliver  Cromwell  ;  ejected  from  St. 
Michael's,  Wood  Street,  London,  1662.  [xliii.  395] 

PARSONS,  ABRAHAM  (d.  1785),  traveller  and 
consul  ;  made  several  journeys  in  Asia  Minor,  Persia, 
India,  and  Egypt,  of  which  he  left  a  journal,  published  in 
1808,  under  the  title,  '  Account  of  Travels  in  Asia  and 
Africa.'  [xliii.  395] 

PARSONS,  ANDREW  (1616-1684),  dissenting  minis- 
ter ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1638;  rector  of 
Wem,  1646 ;  ejected  at  the  Restoration ;  afterwards 
ministered  in  London.  [xliii.  396] 

PARSONS,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1574-1642X  divine  ; 
M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1603;  B.D.,  1611;  held 
several  preferments;  published  eight  sermons,  1616-37. 

[xliii.  396] 

PARSONS,  BENJAMIN  (1797-1855),  congregational 
minister  ;  ordained  to  Ebley,  1826 ;  wrote  on  the  volun- 
tary system  of  education,  temperance,  and  the  observance 
of  the  sabbath,  [xliii.  397] 

PARSONS.  EDWARD  (1762-1833),  congregational 
minister :  minister  at  Leeds,  1785-1832  ;  published  ser- 
mons and  tracts.  [xliii.  398] 

PARSONS,  EDWARD  (1797-1844),  congregational 
minister:  son  of  Edward  Parsons  (1762-1833)  [q.  v.]  ; 
published  several  small  historical  works.  [xliii.  398] 

PARSONS,  ELIZA  (rf.  1811),  novelist  and  dramatist ; 
was  the  daughter  of  a  Plymouth  wine  merchant  named 
Phelp ;  married  a  turpentine  merchant  named  Parsons ; 
wrote  above  sixty  volumes  of  novels,  all  mediocre. 

PARSONS,  ELIZABETH  (1749-1807),  Uhe^cik 
Lane  ghost  * ;  daughter  of  the  deputy  parish  clerk  at  St 
Sepulchre's,  London  ;  attracted  attention,  when  a  '  little 
artful  girl  about  eleven  years  of  age,'  by  making  mys- 
terious scratching  and  noises  supposed  to  proceed  from 
a  ghost ;  visited  by  the  Duke  of  York  and  numerous 
leaden  of  fashion  :  but  was  detected  in  1762  ;  Dr  John- 
ran  published  an  account  of  the  investigations  in  the 
•(Gentleman's  Magazine,'  which  gave  the  imposture  ite 
deathblow.  [xliii.  399] 

PARSONS,  ELIZABETH  (1812-1873),  hymn-writer: 
»<•>  Rooker :  married  T.  Edgecurabe  Parsons,  1844  ; 
author  of  a  number  of  hymns,  including  'Jesus,  we  love 

[xliii.  401] 

PARSONS,  FRANCIS  (Jl.  1763-1783),  portrait- 
painter  and  picture-dealer,  [xliii.  401] 

PARSONS,  Mm.  GERTRUDE  (1812-1891),  novelist : 
MHglltli  of  John  Hext :  married  Daniel  Parsons,  1845 ; 
from  1846  wrote  a  series  of  tales  chiefly  with  the  object 
««f  wrving  the  church  of  Rome,  which  she  and  her  husband 
joined  in  1848-4.  [xliii.  401] 

«r  t^i5?)lr8VHUMPHREY  n676?-1741X  lord-mayor 
of  London  ;  a  brewer  by  trade  at  Aldgate ;  twice  lord- 


mayor,  1730  and  1740;  died  during  his  second  term  of 
office.  He  was  a  favourite  with  Louis  XV,  who  per- 
mitted him  to  import  beer  into  France  free  of  duty. 

PARSONS,  JAMES  (1705-1770),  physician  arid  anti- 
quary;  M.D.  Rheims,  1736;  F.R.S.,  1741  (foreign  secre- 
tary, e.  1750)  ;  AS. A. ;  L.R.O.P.,  1751 ;  practised  in 
London  ;  published  medical  treatises  and  one  philological 
work.  [xliii.  403] 

PARSONS,  JAMES  (1762-1847),  divine ;  vice-principal 
of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford  ;  of  Trinity  and  Wadham  Col- 
leges, Oxford ;  M.A.,  1786 ;  B.D.  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford, 
1815 ;  completed  the  '  Oxford  Septuagint,'  1827. 

[xliii.  404] 

PARSONS,  JAMES  (1799-1877),  preacher;  son  of 
Edward  Parsons  (1762-1833)  [q.  v.] ;  congregational 
minister  at  York,  1822-70;  the  most  remarkable  pulpit 
orator  of  his  time.  [xliii.  401] 

PARSONS,  JOHN  (d.  1623),  organist  and  composer ; 
said  to  be  the  son  of  Robert  Parsons  (d.  1570)  [q.  v.]  ; 
became  organist  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1621. 

PARSONS,  JOHN  (1742-1785),  physician ;  4<M?A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1766  ;  M.D.,  1772 ;  first  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Oxford,  1766.  [xliii.  405] 

PARSONS,  JOHN  (1761-1819),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough; M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1785;  D.D., 
1799;  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1785,  master,  1798- 
1819  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  1807-10 ;  in  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Eveleigh,  the  provost  of  Worcester  College,  gave 
the  lead  to  the  university  in  making  the  examinations, 
which  had  degenerated  into  a  discreditable  farce,  a 
reality  ;  elaborated  the  new  examination  statute  of  1801, 
by  which  honours  were  for  the  first  time  awarded  for  real 
merit;  dean  of  Bristol,  1810;  bishop  of  Peterborough, 
1813.  [xliii.  405] 

PARSONS,  JOHN  MEESON  (1798-1870),  picture 
collector ;  chairman  of  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway 
Company,  1843-4 ;  amassed  a  valuable  gallery,  chiefly  o'f 
the  German  and  Dutch  Schools,  many  of  which  he  left 
to  public  institutions.  [xliii.  407] 

PARSONS,  SIR  LAWRENCE,  first  baronet  (d.  1698), 
Irish  protestant ;  grand-nephew  of  Sir  William  Parsons 
(1570  7-1650)  [q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet,  1677  •  refusing  to 
deliver  Birr  Castle  to  James  II,  was  besieged,  captured, 
and  condemned  for  high  treason,  1689,  but  liberated  after 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  [xliiL  407] 

PARSONS,  SIR  LAWRENCE,  second  EARL  OP  ROSSB 
(1758-1841),  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1780  ;  entered 
the  Irish  parliament  (M.P.,  Dublin  University,  1782),  and 
disclaimed  party  politics,  though  influenced  by  Henry 
Flood  [q.  v.]  ;  opposed  the  union  ;  became  Earl  of  Rosse, 
1807  ;  joint  postmaster-general  for  Ireland  in  1809. 

PARSONS,  PHILIP  (1594-1653),  principl^of  Hart 
Hall  (now  Hertford  College),  Oxford:  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
fellow,  1613;  M.A.,  1618  (incorporated  at  Cambridge, 
1622) ;  M.D.  Padua  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1628)  ;  prin- 
cipal of  Hart  Hall,  1633 ;  wrote  '  Atalanta '  (Latin 
comedy).  t  [xliii.  ^09] 

PARSONS,  PHILIP (1729- 1812), divine;  M.A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1776 ;  perpetual  curate  of  Wye, 
1761 ;  published  miscellaneous  works.  [xliii.  410] 

PARSONS,  RICHARD  (1643-1711),  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  : 
fellow,  1659  ;  D.O.L.,  1687  ;  vicar  of  Driffleld,  1674  :  made 
considerable  collections  for  a  history  of  the  diocese  of 
Gloucester  (now  in  the  Bodleian).  [xliii.  410] 

PARSONS,  ROBERT  (d.  1570),  musical  composer: 
gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1563  ;  composed  church 
music.  [xliii.  411] 

PARSONS  or  PERSONS,  ROBERT  (1546-1610), 
Jesuit  missionary  and  controversialist ;  fellow  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1668 ;  M.A.,  1572 ;  tutor  and  for  some 
time  (1574)  bursar  and  dean ;  being  at  enmity  with  the 
fellows,  left,  or  was  dismissed,  the  college,  1574  ;  proceeded 
to  Louvain  and  was  received  into  the  Roman  catholic 
church ;  joined  Jesuits,  1575 :  returned  to  England  with 
Edmund  Campion  [q.  v.],  1580,  on  a  religious  mission ; 
made  many  converts  among  the  gentry ;  set  up  a  secret 


PARSONS 


1009 


PASLEY 


PARTRIDGE,      PARTRICHE.      or      PLRTRICH, 
/.  1461),  chancellor  of  Lincoln  Catbedr 


printing  press  and  also  engaged  in  political  intrigues  In 
l.iiL'liind  and  on  tin-  eontinetit  :  iii  t!i«-  Spaiu-h  pe!i.n-ula, 

<.:Tn,d.-d  the  patriotism  of  the  majority  of  U.I),  "xfonl ;  sent  on  an  embMcy  to  the  king  of  Aragon 
English  catholics  by  his  eonduct.ln  incitiiiK  1'hilip  II  to  ;  and  king  of  the  Romans,  1488;  represented  the  BnglUa 
attack  Rnglund,  and  by  hid  violent  •  >  n  from  [  clergy  at  Baele,  1438.  [xliii.  431] 

u  place  of  safety  ;  drew  down  on  them  suspicions  of 
treason,  which  most  of  them  did  not  deserve  ;  appointed 
rector  of  the  English  College  at  Rome,  1597,  where  lie  died. 
His  published  works,  chiefly  controversial  pamphlet*,  are 
over  thirty  in  number.  [xliii.  411] 

PARSONS,     ROBERT    (1647-1714),    archdeacon    of 
Gloucester;    M.A.    University    College,    Oxford,    1670; 


patronised  by  the  family  of  John  Wilmot,  second  earl  of 
Rochester  [q.  v.],  whose  funeral  sermon  (frequently  re- 
publihhed)  he  preached.  [xliii.  418] 

PARSONS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  fii>t  baronet (1670  7-1660). 
lord  justice  of  Ireland  ;  came  to  Ireland  as  assistant  to  his 
uncle.  Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton  [q.  v.],  and  in  1608  succeeded 
him  as  surveyor-general ;  obtained  numerous  grants  of 
land ;  took  an  active  part  in  the  plantation  of  Ulster 
(1610),  Wexford  (1618),  Longford  (1619),  and  Leitritn 
(leJO) ;  privy  councillor,  1683 ;  M.P.,  co.  Wicklow,  1639  ; 
appointed  lord  justice,  1640  ;  has  been  accused  of  stimu- 
lating the  rebellion  to  obtain  'a  new  crop  of  confisca- 
tions ' ;  retired  to  England,  where  he  met  with  a  cold  re- 
ception, 1648.  [xliii.  419] 

PARSONS,  WILLIAM  (1658-1785  ?),  chronologer; 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford:  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
English  army,  1687 :  published  valuable  » Chronological 
Tables  of  Europe,'  1707.  [xllll.  481] 

PARSONS,  WILLIAM  (1736-1795),  actor ;  first  acted 
In  the  provinces,  appearing  in  1768  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
London,  with  which  be  was  all  his  life  associated  ;  popularly 
known  as  the  comic  Roscius ;  excelled  in  the  riJle  of  old 
man.  [xliii.  421] 


PARTRIDGE,     RICHARD     (1806-1873),     - 
brother  of  John  Partridge  (1790-1871)  [q.  v.] ;  F.RS., 

l  College  of 


PARSONS,  WILLIAM  (/f.  1785-1807),  poet  jwasoneof 
the  '  knot  of  fantastic  coxcombs '  who  wrote  verse  for  the 
'  World ' ;  published  several  volumes  of  bad  poetry. 

[xliii.  424] 

PARSONS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1746  7-1817),  professor  of 
music;  Mas.  Doc.  Oxford,  1790;  master  of  the  king's 
band,  1786 ;  knighted,  1796.  [xliii.  424] 

PARSONS,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OP  ROSSE  (1800- 
1867),  astronomer ;  son  of  Sir  Lawrence  Parsons,  second 
earl  of  Rouse  [q.  v.] :  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1822;  M.P.,  King's 
County,  1823-34  ;  commenced  experiment*  for  improving 
the  reflecting  telescope,  1827  ;  began  to  make  observations 
with  his  great  telescope  (1846)  erected  at  Parsons  town  in 
King's  County  ;  discovered  spiral  nebulae  and  detected  a 
complex  annular  structure  in  many  of  the  '  planetary ' 
kind  ;  elected  to  the  House  of  Lords,  1845.  [xliii.  425] 


scientific  writer :  wrote  and  edited  popular  manuals  and 
lectures  on  scientific  subjects,  [xliii.  427] 


1K37;  held  all  the  chief  post*  at  the  Royal 
Surgeons;  surgeon  at  King's  College  Hospital,  London, 
184U-70.  [xlill.  4M] 

PARTRIDGE,     8ETH    (1603-1688),     mall 
writer ;  wrote  a  couple  of  practical  works  to  assist  sur- 

[xlili.  433] 

PARVU8,  JOHN  (d.  1180).    [See  Jons  OF  BALI*. 

BCKY.] 

PARYS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1609),  author;  M.A.  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1689 :  master  of  St.  Glare's  grammar 
school,  Southwark,  1596-1609 ;  probably  the  •  W.  P.' 
who  wrote  or  translated  between  1680  and  1696. 

[xiiii.  433] 

PASCHAL,  J<  )HN(cf.l861X bishop  of  Llandaff;  D.D. 
Cambridge,  1333 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1347-«1 ;  wrote 
several  homilies  (a  copy  in  the  British  Museum). 

[xlili.  4141 

PA800,  JOHN  (1774-1863),  rear-admiral;  was  Nel- 
son's signal  officer  at  Trafalgar,  and  made  the  famous 
signal  C  England  expects,'  &c.)  before  the  battle,  180ft ; 
promoted  to  flag  rank,  1847.  [xliii.  434] 

PASCOE,  FRANCIS  POLKINGHORNE  (1813-189SX 
entomologist;  M.R.C.S.,  1835;  formed  a  great  collection, 
now  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at  South  Kensington, 


[xlliL  436] 
!RT  (fl.  15M), 


PASFIELD  or  PASHFIELD,  ROBEI 
servant  of  John  Bruen  [q.  v.]  ;  had  a  leathern  girdle, 
which,  being  marked  into  portions  for  the  several  books 
of  the  bible,  with  points  and  knots  for  the  smaller 
divisions,  served  him  as  a  memoria  techniea.  [vii.  139] 

PASHE  or  PASCHE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1500?),  musical 
composer ;  manuscript  compositions  by  him  at  Cam- 
bridge, [xliii.  435] 

PASHLET,  ROBERT  (1805-1859),  barrister  and 
traveller;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1880; 
M.A.,  1832 ;  barrister,  1837  ;  published  '  Travels  in  Crete  * 
(1837),  having  toured  in  Asia  Minor,  Crete,  and  Greece, 
1833.  [xliii.  436] 

PA8KE,  THOMAS  (d.  1662),  royalist  divine ;  fellow 
of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1603-12;  master,  1621 ;  B.A., 
1606  ;  D.D.,  1621 ;  deprived  by  parliament  of  the  master- 
ship of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  the  archdeaconry  of 
London,  and  other  preferments,  some  of  which  (including 
the  mastership)  he  recovered  at  the  Restoration. 

[xliii.  436] 

PASLEY,     CHARLES    (1824-1890),     major-general, 

PARTINGTON,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (d.  1867  7),  ]  royal  engineers  ;  eldest  sou  of  Sir  Charles  W.lliam  Pasley 

[q.  v.]  ;  colonial  engineer  for  "Victoria,  1853  ;  nominated 
to  a  seat  in  the  legislative  council  of  the  colony  of  Victoria, 
1864;  helped  to  suppress  the  serious  disturbances  that 

PARTRIDGE,  JOHN  (fl.  1566-1573),  translator  and     broke  out  in  the  goldflelds  of  Ballarat,  1854;  took  office 
;t ;  translated  into  English  verse  several  well-known  |  in  the  ministry  as  commissioner  of  public  work?,  Victoria 

having  become  a  self-governing  colony,  1866;  served  In 
New  Zealand  against  the  Maoris,  1860;  director  of 
engineering  works  and  architecture  to  the  admiralty, 
1873-82  ;  C.B.,  1880  ;  retired  as  major-general,  1881. 

[xliii.  437] 
PASLEY,  SIR    CHARLES  WILLIAM    (1780-1861), 


poet 
romances. 


English 

[xlill.  427] 

PARTRIDGE,  JOHN  (1644-1715),  astrologer  and 
almanac-maker ;  originally  a  shoemaker ;  began  to  pub- 
lish astrological  calendars,  1678,  his  almanac,  'Merlinus 
Liberatus,'  first  appearing  in  1680:  an  almanac  predicting 
his  death,  and  a  pamphlet  and  epitaph  chronicling  the 
fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  issued  by  Swift  under  the  name 
of  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  1708:  spent  the  rest  of  his  days 
attempting,  without  much  success,  to  demonstrate  that 
he  was  still  alive.  [xliii.  428] 

PARTRIDGE,  JOHN  (1790-1872),  portrait-painter; 
settled  in  London,  1827 ;  became,  under  the  patronage  of 
Queen  Victoria  and  Prince  Albert,  a  fashionable  portrait- 
painter,  [xliii.  430] 

PARTRIDGE,  JOSEPH  (1724-1796),  author  ;  master 
of  the  free  grammar  school  at  Acton,  Cheshire ;  published 
miscellaneous  works.  [xliii.  431] 

PARTRIDGE,  SIR  MILES  (d.  1552),  courtier;  a 
follower  of  Somerset ;  fought  at  Pinkie,  1647 ;  knighted, 
1547  ;  accused  of  plotting  against  Northumberland  and 
hanged.  [xliii.  431] 


general ;  served  in  Minorca,  Malta,  Naples,  Sicily,  Spain, 
1  and  Holland  between  1799  and  1809 ;  first  captain,  1807 ; 
1  F.R.8.,  1816;  introduced  (1811),  while  in  command  of  the 
Plymouth  company  of  military  artificers,  a  course  of 
instruction  for  non-commissioned  officers  in  military 
engineering,  which  developed  in  1812  into  the  formation 
of  the  establishment  for  field  instruction  at  Chatham : 
director,  1812-41 ;  organised,  during  his  tenure  of  office, 
improved  systems  of  telegraphing,  sapping,  mining,  pon- 
tooning,  and  exploding  gunpowder  on  land  and  in  water: 
K.C.B.,  1846;  general,  1860;  published  treatises  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  military  engineering,  [xliii.  439] 

PASLEY,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1734-1808)' 
admiral ;  saw  much  service  in  North  America  and  the 
West  Indies ;  bore  a  distinguished  part  in  the  battle  of 
1  June  1794 ;  created  baronet,  1794  ;  admiral,  1801. 

[xliii.  442] 


PASLEY 


1010 


PATERSON 


PASLEY.   siu  THOMAS  SABINE,  second  baronet 
(1804-1884),  admiral:  ^run.lson  of  Sir  Thomas  Pasley, 
hom  he  succeeded  by  special  nro- 
1*56  ;  vic*-adminU,  186!  :  .  adnnrul, 
442J 


I960;  K.O.B.,  1878. 

ASOE     MATTHIAS    (1599-1658),    mathematician, 
dsTnnd  theologian;  born  In  Nassau;  M.A.  Heidel- 
1617  professor  of  philosophy  there,  1619,  and  pro- 
of  matfceuSca,  1620  ;  settled  at  Oxford,  1624;  iu- 
JrmtrtlLA.:  reader  of  Arabic,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac, 


, 

rmtrtlLA.:  reader  of  Arabic,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac, 
Oxford.  1686-  removed  (1689)  to  Groningen,  where  he 
Md  °Jwo  profeaSS  :  died  It  Qronlngen.  [xliii.  443] 

PASS  (VAN  DE  PAS  or  PASSE,  PA8B.EUS), 
SIMON  (1596  7-1647),  engraver:  son  of  Crispin  van  de 
?U  a  famous  engraver  of  Utrecht  ;  practised  in  England, 
but  (  1682)  removed  to  Copenhagen.  [xliii.  443] 

PASS  WILLIAM  (15987-1637?),  engraver;  brother 
of  Simon  Pass  [q.  v.]  ;  settled  in  London, 


PA8SELEWE  or  PASSELE,  EDMUND  M(tf.  1327), 
baron  of  the  exchequer  :  a  justice  of  assize  from  1309  ; 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1828.  [xhli.  444] 

PA8BELEWE  or  PA8SELETI,  ROBERT  (A  1252), 
deputy-treasurer  ;  a  clerk  of  Palkes  de  Breaute  [q.  v.]  ; 
became  a  favourite  of  Henry  III  and  deputy-treasurer, 
18S8;  was  dismissed,  1234,  but  made  his  peace,  1235; 
elected  bishop  of  Chichester,  1244,  but  rejected  by  Boni- 
face of  Savoy  [q.  v.],  who  declared  the  election  void. 

PASSELEWE,  SIMON  (  ft.  1237-1269),  baron  of  the 
exchequer;  probably  brother  of  Robert  Passelewe  [q.  v.]  ; 
employed  by  Henry  III  to  raise  money,  nominally  by  way 
of  loans,  1258  ;  envoy  in  France,  1263,  1265,  and  1268  ; 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1267-8.  [xliii.  446] 

P  ASTON,  CLEMENT  (1515?-1597),  sea-captain  ;  son 
of  Sir  William  Pastou  (1479?-1554)  [q.  v.];  commanded 
the  Pelican  and  captured  Baron  St.  Blanchard  in  a 
French  galley,  1546  ;  sheriff  of  Norfolk,  1588.  [xliv.  1] 

PASTON,  EDWARD  (1641-1714),  president  of  Douay 
College  ;  entered  Douay,  1651  (D.D.,  1681)  ;  president,  1688. 

PASTON,  JOHN  (1421-1466),  letter-  writer  '  and 
country  gentleman;  son  of  William  Paston  [q.  v.];  of 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  the  Inner  Temple  ;  friend  of 
Sir  John  Fastolf  [q.  v.],  on  whose  death  he  produced  a 
doubtful  will,  by  which  he  inherited  his  estates  ;  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life  in  maintaining  his  hold  on  the  estates 
against  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  [xliv.  2] 

PASTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1442-1479),  courtier  and  letter- 
writer  ;  eldest  sou  of  John  Pastou  [q.  v.]  ;  possibly  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge;  knighted,  1463;  obtained  royal 
recognition  of  his  rights  to  the  Fastolf  estates  on  his 
father's  death,  1466  ;  fought  for  the  Nevilles  at  Barnet, 
but  was  pardoned  and  again  taken  into  favour;  sub- 
sequently became  involved  in  financial  difficulties,  which 
ended  in  a  sacrifice  of  part  of  his  estates  to  satisfy  rival 
claimants.  [xliv.  3] 

PASTON,  KIR  ROBERT,  second  baronet  and  first 
EAUI.  OF  YARMOUTH  (1631-1683),  descended  from  Sir 
William  Paston  (1628-1610)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.P.,  Castle  Rising,  1661- 
1671  ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1663  ;  a  friend  of  Charles  II, 
whom  he  entertained  in  1676  at  his  seat,  Oxnead  ;  created 
Viscount  Yarmouth,  1673,  Earl  of  Yarmouth,  1679. 

[xliv.  6] 

PASTON,  WILLIAM  (1878-1444),  judge  ;  one  of  the 
small  gentry  of  Norfolk  :  a  serjeant-at-law,  1421  ;  justice 
of  common  pleas,  1429.  His  conduct  on  the  bench  earned 
him  the  honourable  title  of  the  'Good  Judge,'  and  a  place 
among  Fuller's  '  Worthies.'  [xliv.  6] 

PASTON,  Sin  WILLIAM  (1479  7-1554),  lawyer  and 
courtier  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  University  ;  bred  to  the 
law,  but  chiefly  known  as  a  courtier  ;  a  commissioner  of 
array  for  Norfolk,  1511  ;  knighted  before  1520  ;  present  at 
the  reception  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V  and  at  the  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  (told,  1580.  [xliv.  7] 

PASTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1528-1610),  founder  of 
North  Walnham  grammar  school;  son  of  Sir  William 
i'wton(  1479  7-1554)  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1578;  benefactor 
of  Caltw  College,  Cambridge.  [xliv.  8] 


PASTON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  third  baronet  and  swond 
KAIU.  <>K  Y.\KM<>rTH  ( 1C52-1732),  sou  of  Sir  Robert  Pas- 
ton  tir^t  i-:irl  of  Yarmouth  [q.  v.]  ;  treasurer  of  the 
liojiM-hold,  1686-9.  [xliv.  5] 

PASTORINI,  BENEDICT  (BENEDETTO)  (fl.  1775- 
1810),  draughtsman  aud  engraver ;  a  native  of  Italy ; 
obtained  employment  in  England  as  a  decorator  of 
ceilings.  [xliv.  8] 

PASTORITJS,  FRANCIS  DANIEL  (1651-1719?), 
New  England  settler ;  born  at  Sommerhauseu,  Franconia ; 
doctor  of  law,  Nuremberg,  1676  :  became  a  quaker,  and 
(1688)  conducted  a  colony  of  German  and  Dutch  Men- 
nonites  aud  quakers  to  Pennsylvania,  where  they  founded 
Germantown ;  drew  up  the  first  protest  (1688)  against 
negro  slavery  made  by  a  religious  body  ;  published  eccle- 
siological  works,  and  left  many  manuscripts,  [xliv.  8] 

PATCH,  RICHARD  (1770  ?-l 806),  criminal ;  executed 
in  Horeemonger  Lane,  London,  for  the  murder  of  his 
employer,  Isaac  Blight,  a  ship-breaker ;  numerous  accounts 
of  his  trial  published.  [xliv.  9] 

PATCH,  THOMAS  (d.  1782),  printer  aud  engraver  ; 
famous  for  his  work  in  connection  with  early  Florentine 
art,  publishing  many  valuable  engravings  of  frescoes. 

[xliv.  10] 

PATE,  PATES,  or  PATYS,  RICHARD  (d.  1565), 
bishop  of  Worcester  ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
1523;  M.A.  Paris;  made  archdeacon  of  Worcester  in 
1526  and  received  other  preferments ;  ambassador  to 
Charles  V,  1533-6  ;  '  provided '  to  the  see  of  Worcester  by 
Paul  III,  1541 :  attended  the  council  of  Trent  (1547, 1549, 
1651) ;  during  Edward  VI's  reign  remained,  in  banishment, 
but  was  consecrated  bishop,  1554;  deprived  and  im- 
prisoned, 1559 ;  died  at  Louvain  in  exile.  [xliv.  10] 

PATE,  RICHARD  (1616-1588),  educational  bene- 
factor; scholar  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford; 
founded  Cheltenham  grammar  school,  1586.  [xliv.  12] 

PATE,  WILLIAM  (1666-1746), '  the  learned  woollen- 
draper  ' ;  friend  of  Steele,  Swift,  and  Arbuthnot,  and  a 
familiar  figure  in  the  literary  society  of  his  time  ;  sheriff 
of  the  city,  1734.  [xliv.  12] 

PATER,  WALTER  HORATIO  (1839-1894),  critic  and 
humanist ;  descended  from  a  family  of  Dutch  extraction  ; 
B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1862  ;  fellow  of  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  1864,  and  M.A.,  1865 ;  became  associated 
with  the  pre-Raphaelites,  particularly  with  Mr.  Swin- 
burne, 1869  ;  published  (1873)  4  Studies  In  the  History  of 
the  Renaissance  '  and  (1885)  '  Marius  the  Epicurean,'  the 
latter  written  to  illustrate  the  highest  ideal  of  the 
esthetic  life.  He  possessed  all  the  qualities  of  a  humanist. 

[xliv.  13] 

PATERNTTS  (fl.  550).    [See  PADARN.] 

PATERSON.    [See  also  PATTERSON.] 

PATERSON,  ALEXANDER  (1766-1831),  Scottish 
catholic  prelate;  consecrated  bishop  of  Oybistra  in 
partibus,  1816;  vicar-apostolic  of  the  Lowland  district, 
1825.  [xliv.  15] 

PATERSON,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1756-1841), 
admiral ;  saw  much  service  in  the  West  Indies ;  admiral, 
1837.  [xliv.  16] 

PATERSON,  DANIEL  (1739-1825),  author  of  'The 
Road  Book';  entered  the  army  aud  (1798)  became  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  nominated  lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec, 
1812 ;  published  (1771)  'A  New  and  Accurate  Description 
of  all  the  Direct  and  Principal  Cross  Roads  in  Great 
Britain '  (eighteenth  edition,  1829).  [xliv.  16] 

PATERSON,  EMMA  ANNE  (1848-1886),  organiser 
of  trade  unions  among  women ;  nfa  Smith ;  married 
Thomas  Paterson,  1873  ;  founded  the  Women's  Protective 
and  Provident  League,  1874,  which  promoted  women's 
unions  in  London  and  elsewhere.  She  was(1876)the  first 
woman  admitted  to  the  Trade  Union  Congress. 

[xliv.  17] 

PATERSON,  JAMES  (1805-1876),  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer ;  journalist ;  contributed  most  of  the 
biographies  to  Kay's '  Edinburgh  Portraits '  (1837-9). 

[xliv.  18] 

PATERSON,  JOHN  (1604?-1679),  bishop  of  Ross; 
graduated  at  Aberdeen.  1624 ;  consecrated  bishop,  1662. 

[xliv.  18] 


PATERSON 


1011 


PATON 


PATERSON,  JOHN  ( K.32-1708),  Lint  arrhb'uhop  of 
Glasgow  ;  eldest  son  of  John  Puterson  ( 1604  ?-167») 
[q.  v.]:  studied  at  St.  Andrews  ;uiu  became  u. 
Kllori,  I860,  of  the  Edinburgh  Tron  church,  1663.  and  of 
:.uivh  H  ii.'h  Kirk,  1672;  appointal  bishop  of 
Galloway,  1G74,  through  his  p;iinni,  Lauderdale,and(167») 
translated  to  Edinburgh  :  nominated  to  Glasgow,  1687 ; 
actively  engaged  in  all  tin-  intolerant  measures  of  the 
government,  and  opposed,  until  the  accession  of  James  II, 
the  granting  of  all  indulgences ;  adhering  to  James  II, 
was  banished  t  >1  before  1696;  restored  in 

Queen  Anne's  reign.    His  character  was  painted  by  hie 
opponents  in  the  blackest  colours.  [xliv.  18] 

PATERSON,  JOHN  (1776-1858), missionary:  studied 
at  Glasgow  University ;  became  a  missionary  in  Den- 
mark, 1804,  removing  to  Stockholm,  1807,  and  to  St. 
Petersburg,  1813  ;  treated  with  great  kindness  and 
granted  a  pension  for  life  by  the  Emperor  of  Russia; 
returning  to  Edinburgh,  1835,  was  many  yean  Scottish 
secretary  of  the  London  Missionary  Society,  [xliv.  30] 

PATERSON,  NATHANIEL  (1787-1871),  author; 
grandson  of  Robert  Paterson  [q.  T.]  ;  of  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity; minister  of  Galashiels,  1821,  went  out  at  the 
disruption,  removed  to  Free  St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  and 
(1860)  was  moderator  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  ; 
DJ). ;  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xliv.  81] 

PATERSON,  ROBERT  (1716-1801), 'Old  Mortality,' 
Cameroniau  stone-cutter  ;  for  over  forty  years  employed 
himself  in  repairing  the  memorials  placed  over  cove- 
nanters' graves ;  the  original  of  Scott's  '  Old  Mortality.' 

[xliv.  22] 

PATERSON,  SAMUEL  (1728-1803),  bookseller  and 
auctioneer ;  carried  on  his  business  in  Covent  Garden  and 
was  one  of  the  first  in  England  to  produce  good  cata- 
logues for  book  sales ;  had  a  great  acquaintance  with  litera- 
ture, and  published  several  books.  Dr.  Johnson  was  god- 
father to  his  son.  [xliv.  3*] 

PATERSON,  THOMAS  (1780-1866),  lieutenant-gene- 
ral :  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars ;  lieutenant-general, 
1864.  [xliv.  23] 

PATERSON,  WILLIAM  (1658-1719),  founder  of  the 
Bank  of  England ;  born  in  Dumfriesshire,  but  bred  in 
England  from  infancy  :  made  money  by  trade,  and  in  1681 
became  a  member  of  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company : 
by  1691,  having  acquired  great  influence  in  the  city  and 
a  considerable  fortune,  proposed  to  establish  the  Bank  of 
England,  pointing  out  at  the  same  time  the  necessity  of 
restoring  the  currency  ;  became  a  director  on  the  founda- 
tion of  the  bank,  1694 ;  considered  the  scope  of  the  bank  s 
operations  too  narrow,  and  in  1695  withdrew  on  a  differ- 
ence with  his  colleagues  and  matured  tlie  scheme,  which 
he  first  conceived  in  1684,  of  establishing  a  colony  at 
Darien;  accompanied  the  Darien  expedition,  1698,  but 
had  little  influence  in  the  conduct  of  affairs,  which  were 
entrusted  to  seven  councillors,  who  quarrelled  among 
themselves;  returned  in  December,  1699:  from  1701 
urged  upon  government  the  financial  measures  which  be- 
came the  basis  of  '  Walpole's  Sinking  Fund,'  and  the  great 
scheme  of  1717  for  the  consolidation  and  conversion  of 
the  national  debt ;  actively  promoted  the  union,  and 
assisted  in  framing  the  articles  of  the  treaty  :  published 
political  and  economic  treatises. 

PATERSON,  WILLIAM  (1756-1810),  traveller  and 
lieutenantrgovernor  of  New  South  Wales ;  travelled  in 
South  Africa  between  1777  and  1779,  and  published  an 
account  of  his  journeys,  1789;  bad  entered  the  army  at 
an  early  age,  and  (1789)  was  one  of  the  lieutenants  chosen 
to  recruit  and  command  a  company  of  the  corps  formed 
to  protect  the  new  convict  settlement  at  Botany  Bay  ; 
proceeded  to  New  South  Wales,  1791 ;  sent  (1804)  to  Port 
Dalrymple  in  Tasmania  as  lieutenant-governor,  and  (1809) 
administered  the  government  at  Sydney  after  the  deposi- 
tion of  William  Biigh  [q.  v.]  ;  died  on  the  voyage  home. 

[xliv.  26] 

PATESHULL,  HUGH  DB  (d.  1241),  bishop  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfield  ;  son  of  Simon  de  PateshuU  [q.  v.]  ; 
treasurer  of  the  kingdom,  1234;  elected  bishop,  1239. 

[xliv.  28] 

PATESHUU,  SIR  JOHN  DB  (1291  ?-1349),  knight; 


Eat  111  the  parliament  of  1342. 


[xliv.  30] 


PATE8HUI.L.  MARTIN  DB  (d.  1220),  judge  mid  dean 

it  as  a  justice  at  Westmn 
of  London,  1328.  [xliv.  38] 

PATESHULL,  PETER  (ft.  1S87X theologUml  writer: 
an  August  inian  friar,  who  attacked  his  order  in  a  set  of 
theses nal-i  t..  t!,.- door  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1887. 

[xliv.  39] 

PATESHULL  or  PATTI8HALL.  SIMON  DB  (d. 
1217  ?).  judge;  chief -justice,  of  the  common  pleas  division 
of  the  king's  court  during  King  John's  reign,  [xliv.  39] 

PATESHULL  or  PATTI8HALL,  SIB  SIMON  DB(<*. 
1274),  judge  and  knight :  son  or  grandson  of  Simon  de 
Pateshull  [q.  v.]  ;  a  king's  justice,  1367  ;  joined  the  baro- 
nial party.  [xliv.  80] 

PATESHULL,  WALTER  DB  (d.  1333),  judge :  itine- 
rant justice  for  Bedfordshire,  Buckinghamshire,  and  other 

counties,  r.' is.  [xliv.  30] 

PATEY,  CHARLBSGBORGE  ED  WARD  (1813-1881), 
admiral ;  administrator  of  Lagos  (1866)  and  governor  of 
St.  Helena  (1869-78);  O.M.G.,  1874;  admiral,  1877. 

[xliv.  80] 

PATEY,  JANET  MONAOH  (1842-1894X  contralto 
singer :  nle  Whytock :  married  John  George  Patey,  1866 ; 
became  the  principal  English  contralto  on  the  retirement 
of  Madame  Sainton-Dolby  in  1870 ;  known  as  the  English 
Alboni.  [xliv.  31] 

PATIENT  or  PATIENCE,  THOMAS  (d.  1666),  di- 
vine: proceeded  to  New  England  between  1630  and  1636, 
where  he  became  a  baptist;  returned (1644)  to  England, 
and  was  chosen  assistant  to  William  Kifflu  [q.  v.] ;  ap- 
pointed by  parliament '  to  dispense  the  gospel  hi  the  city 
of  Dublin,'  1649,  returning  to  England,  1660;  died  of  the 
plague  in  London,  1666.  [xliv.  31] 

PATIN,  WILLIAM  (/.  1548-1580).    [See  PATTEN.] 

PATMORE,  COVENTRY  KERSEY  DIGHTON 
(1823-1896),  poet ;  son  of  Peter  George  Patmore  [q.  v.] : 
educated  privately;  published  volume  of  poems,  1844 ;  assis- 
tant in  printed  book  department,  British  Museum,  1846  ; 
formed  intimate  relations  with  Tennyson  and  Raskin, 
and  (1849)  made  acquaintance  of  the  pre-Raphaelite 
group,  to  whose  organ, '  The  Germ,'  he  contributed ;  pro- 
moted volunteer  movement,  1851;  published  'Tamerton 
Church  Tower,'  1853;  issued  'The  Betrothal,'  1864, "The 
Espousals,'  1856,  'Faithful  for  Ever,'  1860.  and  'The 
Victories  of  Love,'  1862— the  four  poems  forming  parts 
of  'The  Angel  in  the  House,'  a  long  poem  designed 
to  be  the  apotheosis  of  married  love:  became  Roman 
catholic,  1864  ;  published  "The  Unknown  Eros  and  other 
Odes,'  1877,  '  Amelia,'  1878 :  his  collected  poetical  works 
published,  with  an  appendix  on  English  metrical  law, 
1886:  contributed  to 'St.  James's  Gazette,'  f rom  c.  1888, 
articles  subsequently  published  under  titles  '  Principle  in 
Art,'  1889,  and '  Religio  Poetae,'  1893 ;  his  '  Rod,  Root,  and 
Flower,'  observations  and  meditations  chiefly  on  religions 
subjects,  published,  1896.  [SuppL  iii.  249] 

PATMORE,  HENRY  JOHN  (1860-1883X  poet;  son 
of  Coventry  Kersey  Dighton  Patmore  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Ushaw  College;  a  selection  from  his  lyrics  published 
privately.  [Suppl.lii.252] 

PATMORE,  PETER  GEORGE  (1786-1855),  author: 
edited  the  'New  Monthly  Magazine,'  1841-53  :  best  known 
by  his  '  Imitations  of  Celebrated  Authors '  (1826)  and  his 
'  My  Friends  and  Acquaintances '  (1884).  [xliv.  33] 

PATON,  ANDREW  ARCHIBALD  (1811-187 1),  author 
and  diplomatist ;  employed  in  several  minor  diplomatic 
offices;  consul  at  Ragusa  and  Bocca  di  Cattaro,  1862; 
published  books  of  travel.  [xliv.  33] 

PATON,  DAVID  (  ft.  1650-1700),  painter :  executed 
portraits  and  medallions. 

PATON,  GEORGE  (1731-1807),  bibliographer  and 
antiquary:  clerk  In  the  custom-house:  amassed  an  ex- 
tensive antiquarian  library  and  a  valuable  collection  of 
antiquities  by  frugal  living.  Two  volumes  of  his  corre- 
spondence were  privately  printed  (1829-30).  [xliv.  84] 

PATON,  JAMES  (d.  1596).  bishop  of  Dunkeld ;  con- 
secrated, 1672,  and  deprived  for  simony,  c.  1681,  after 
resisting  the  decrees  of  the  general  assembly  for  over  five 
years ;  privy  councillor,  1575. 

3  T  '2 


PATON 


1012 


PATTESON 


PATON   .I\MFS(J.  1«84).  covenant,  r  .  fouj; 
Moatroft?  at  Kikytli.  1646,  and  for  Charles  II  at  Worcester, 
1661  •  foturbt  for  the  covenanters  at  Rnllion  Green,  1666, 
.nd  BotbvreU  Bridge,  1679 ;  taken,  1684,  and  hanged  at 


PATCH,  JOHN  STAFFORD  (1881-1889),  general  in 
the  Indian  army  :  served  against  the  Sikhs  in  1816-6  and 
1848-8.  belnir  severely  wounded  at  Chilliau  wallah  ;  fought 
agminn  the  Afrldla,  I860.  and  (1867)  commanded  the  field 
teuchment  from  Lahore  dent  to  aid  in  suppressing  the 
Gogaira  insurrection  ;  C.B.,  1875.  [xliv.  36] 

PATON,  MARY  ANN,  afterwards  MRS.  WOOD  (1802- 
1864).  vocalist:  appeared  in  public  at  the  age  of  eight  ,; 
joined  the  Haymarket  company,  1822:  marned  (1824) 
Lord  William  Pitt  Lennox  [q.  v.],  whom  she  divorced  in 
1K31  marrying  Joseph  Wood  in  the  same  year:  from  1826 
she  waa  considered  first  in  her  prof&uiou  aa  a  soprano. 

[xliv.  36] 

PATON,  RICHARD  (1716?-1791),  marine  painter: 
executed  numerous  pictures  of  naval  engagements. 

[xliv.  37] 

PATON.  WALLER  HUGH  (1828-1896),  Scottish 
landscape-painter  :  member  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Aca- 
ilemy,  1867,  contributing  yearly  to  its  exhibition  from 
1861.  [xliv.  38] 

PATRICK  (373-463),  saint  and  bishop,  originally 
named  Sucat;  born  in  Allclyde,  now  Dumbarton,  and 
was  captured  in  a  raid  of  the  Picts  and  Scots,  389  ;  sold 
to  Mlliuc,  a  chieftain  of  Antrim  :  after  six  years  of 
bondage  proceeded  to  Gaul  and  studied  under  Martin 
of  Tours:  returned  to  his  parents  in  Britain,  and  felt 
a  supernatural  call  to  go  and  preach  to  the  heathen 
Irish  ;  after  episcopal  consecration  landed  in  Wicklow, 
406,  accompanied  by  a  missionary  party,  but  meeting 
with  a  hostile  reception  proceeded  up  the  east  coast  to 
Strangford  Lough  ;  remained  at  Strangford  Lough  until 
be  bad  converted  all  the  Ulstermen  ;  subsequently  jour- 
neyed through  Ireland,  preaching  Christianity  :  founded, 
near  Armagh,  his  first  mission  settlement  ;  probably  died 
in  463.  though  there  is  much  discussion  as  to  the  date  ; 
according  to  St.  Bernard,  was  buried  at  Armagh,  pil- 
grimages being  afterwards  mode  to  the  place.  His  extant 
works  are  the  'Epistles,'  consisting  of  the  'Confession,' 
the  letter  to  Ooroticus,  and  an  Irish  hymn,  all  of  which 
are  considered  genuine.  At  a  later  time  these  and  the 
early  life  by  Muirchn  [q.  v.]  were  all  tampered  with, 
chiefly  by  way  of  excision,  to  bring  them  into  conformity 
with  the  elaborated  life  of  the  apostle,  according  to  which 
legendary  foreign  experiences  delayed  his  arrival  in  Ire- 
land till  lie  was  sixty  years  old.  When  the  Irish  came  in 
contact  with  Augustine  of  Canterbury  it  was  felt  that 
the  learning  and  culture  of  the  Roman  missionaries 
rontraKted  too  strongly  with  the  Irish  saint's  absence  of 
pretension.  Hence  a  spirit  of  national  pride  ascribing 
to  him  a  learning  be  never  claimed  and  a  Roman 
mission  of  which  he  knew  nothing,  protracted  his  stay  in 
Gaul  and  extended  his  travels  to  Italy.  [xliv.  38] 

PATRICK  (d.  1084),  bishop  of  Dublin  ;  consecrated 
in  London  by  Lanfranc,  1074.  [xliv.  43] 

PATRICK,  JOHN  (1632-1696),  protestant  controver- 
sialist :  grandson  of  Simon  Patrick  (d.  1613)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Peterhonse,  Cambridge,  1671;  preacher  of  the 
Charterhouse,  London,  from  1671-96  ;  prebendary  of  Peter- 
borough, 1686-96  ;  distinguished  himself  as  a  champion 
of  protestantism  in  the  time  of  James  II.  His  works, 
almost  all  anonymous,  are  noteworthy,  and  include, 
beside*  controversial  treatises,  'A  Century  of  Select 
Psalms,'  1679,  which  were  in  high  repute  among  many 
dissenting  congregations.  [xliv.  43] 

PATRICK,  RICHARD  (1769-1816),  classical  scholar 
and  divine  ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1808  ; 
vicar  of  Sculooates,  Hull,  from  1794.  [xliv.  44] 

PATRICK,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  COOHRAN-  (1842- 
1897).  [See  OOCHRAN-PATRICK.] 

PATRICK,  SAMUEL  (1684-1748X  scholar  ;  for  some 
year,  usher  at  Charterhouse  ;  edited  several  Latin  works. 


PATRICK,  SIMON  (rf.  1613),  translator 
proprietor  of  Oaistor  in  Lincolnshire  ;    translated  two 
works  from  toe  French.  [xliv  48] 


PATRICK,  SIMON  (1626-1707),  successively  bishop 
of  Chichester  and  Ely, grandson  of  Simon  l';itriek(d.  1613) 
[q.  v.];  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1651;  D.D., 
1666 ;  vicar  of  Battereea,  1668-62  ;  rector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Oovent  Garden,  London,  1662-89  ;  elected  (1661)  president 
of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  but  his  appointment  over- 
ridden by  a  royal  mandate  ;  made  a  royal  chaplain,  1671, 
and,  1672,  presented  to  a  prebend  at  Westminster ;  dean  of 
Peterborough,  1679 :  consecrated  bishop  of  Chiohester, 
1689 ;  translated  to  Ely,  1691 ;  one  of  the  chief  instruments 
in  the  revival  of  church  life  which  marked  the  late  years 
of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  was  one  of  the  five  original 
founders  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian 
Knowledge,  and  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel ;  a  voluminous  writer 
in  polemical  theology,  scriptural  exegesis,  und  edificatory 
literature.  In  1719  appeared  a  volume  of  •  Poems  upon 
Divine  and  Moral  Subjects,'  to  which  he  had  contributed. 

[xliv.  45] 

PATRINGTON,  STEPHEN  (d.  1417),  bishop  of  Cui- 
chester ;  educated  at  Oxford :  entered  the  Carmelite  order, 
of  which  he  was  chosen  provincial  in  1399  ;  a  leading 
opponent  of  the  lollanls ;  consecrated  bishop  of  St. 
David's,  1416 ;  translated  to  Chichester,  1417.  [xliv.  47] 

PATTEN,  GEORGE  (1801-1865),  portrait  and  histo- 
rical painter  ;  portrait- painter  in  ordinary  to  Prince 
Albert.  [xliv.  48] 

PATTEN,  JOHN  WILSON-,  BARON  WINMARLKIQH 
(1802-J892).  [See  WILSON-PATTEN.] 

PATTEN,  ROBERT  (ft.  1715-1717),  historian  of  the 
Jacobite  rebellion  of  1715;  curate  of  Allendale;  joined 
the  insurgents  and  afterwards  turned  king's  evidence. 
His  history  appeared  in  1717.  [xliv.  49] 

PATTEN,  THOMAS  (1714-1790),  divine ;  of  Brase- 
nose  and  Corpus  Christi  Colleges,  Oxford;  fellow  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1737 ;  D.D.,  1754  ; 
rector  of  Childrey ;  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson.  [xliv.  49] 

PATTEN,   WILLIAM    (1395  ?-1486).      [See    WAYN- 

FLETE,] 

PATTEN,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1548-1580),  historian  and 
teller  of  the  exchequer :  accompanied  the  expedition  into 
Scotland,  1548,  and  by  Earl  Warwick,  lieutenant  of  the 
host,  was  made  '  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Marshelsey ' ;  pub- 
lished an  account  of  the  expedition  in  June,  1549,  and 
subsequently  held  various  offices,  including  that  of  re- 
ceiver-general of  Queen  Elizabeth's  revenues  in  the  county 
of  York.  [xliv.  50] 

PATTENSON,  MATTHEW  (ft,.  1623),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist ;  published  '  The  Image  of  Bothe  Churches, 
Hiervsalem  and  Babel '  (1623)  ;  physician  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  I.  [xliv.  60] 

PATTERSON.     [See  also  PATERSON.] 

PATTERSON,  SIR  JAMES  BROWNE  (1833-1895), 
Australian  statesman  ;  emigrated  to  Victoria,  1862  ;  con- 
ducted business  of'.slaughtennan  at  Chewton,  Castlemaine 
district ;  member  of  legislative  assembly  for  Castlemaine, 
1870,  till  death  ;  commissioner  of  public  works  and  presi- 
dent of  board  of  land  and  works,  1875  and  1877-80  ;  post- 
master-general, 1877-80  and  1890:  minister  of  railways, 
1880-1,  and  of  customs,  1889-90 ;  minister  of  public  works, 
1890  ;  premier  and  minister  of  railways,  1893-4 ;  K.C.M.G., 
1894.  [Suppl.  iii.  252] 

PATTERSON,  JOHN  BROWN  (1804-1835),  divine; 
became  minister  of  Falkirk,  1829  ;  his  discourses  published 
in  two  volumes,  1837.  [xliv.  61] 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT  (1802-1872),  naturalist;  a 
Belfast  merchant ;  founded  the  '  Natural  History  Society 
of  Belfast,'  1821,  being  its  president  for  many  years.  His 
zoological  works  had  a  wide  circulation.  [xliv.  81] 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT  HOGARTH  (1821-1886), 
journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer  ;  became  editor  of  the 
'  Edinburgh  Advertiser,'  1852,  of  the  London  '  Press,'  1858, 
of  the  'Globe,'  1865,  of  the  •  Glasgow  News,'  1872. 

[xliv.  62] 

PATTERSON,  WILLIAM  (1756-1810).    [See  PATJJR- 

80N.] 

FATTESON,  SIR  JOHN  (1790-1861),  judge;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  1816  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple 


PATTESON 


1013 


PAUL 


1821  ;  appointed  judge  in  the  court  of  kintrV  tn-n. 
knighted,  ls.su  ;  r.-signed,  1852;  frequently  chonen  arbi- 
trator in  government  questions,  [xliv.  53] 

PATTESON.  JOHN  COLERIDGE  (1827-1871),  first 
missionary  bishop  in  Melanesia;  elder  con  of  Sir  John 

on[q,Y.];  J-..A.  it:iiiioi  College, Oxford. 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1852;  became  a  mhuiona 
Melanesia,  IMS:,,  HII.I.T  the  influence  of  George  Augustus 
Selwyn  (1809-1878)  [q.  T.]  ;  consecrated  bishop  in  1861, 
fixing  his  residence  at  Mota  :  greatly  aided  by  UngaisUc 
powers,  which  enabled  him  to  speak  readily  twenty-three 
languages ;  reclaimed  the  natives  from  savagery ;  killed 
at  Nukupu  in  September  1871,  in  revenge  for  the  kidnap- 
ping practised  by  the  traders  to  supply  luUiur  in  Fiji  and 
Queensland.  His  death  led  to  an  attempt  in  England  to 
regulate  the  labour  traffic.  [xliv.  53] 

PATTI,  OARLOTTA  (1835-1889),  vocalist :  born  at 
Florence ;  sister  of  Adelina  Patti ;  made  her  first  appear- 
ance (1861)  at  New  York :  attained  great  fame  as  singer, 
retiring  (1879)  on  her  marriage  to  M.  Ernest  de  Munck ; 
possessed  a  voice  of  abnormal  compass,  extending  to  G  in 
altissimo.  [xliv.  66] 

PATTINSON,  HUGH  LEE  (1796 -1868),  metallurgical 
chemist ;  patented  a  process  for  desil verising  lead,  1833, 
which  rendered  it  profitable  to  extract  silver  when  only 
present  in  the  proportion  of  two  or  three  ounces  to  the 
ton,  the  previous  limit  being  eight  ounces.  [xliv.  66] 

PATTISON,  DOROTHY  WYNDLOW,  known  as 
SISTER  DORA  (1832-1878),  philanthropist;  sister  of  Mark 
Pattison  [q.  v.] ;  became  a  member  of  the  sisterhood  of 
the  Good  Samaritan  at  Coatham,  1864;  was  an  excellent 
surgical  nurse,  and  indefatigable  in  ministering  to  the 
sick  and  unfortunate ;  left  the  sisterhood  to  take  charge 
of  a  hospital  at  Walsall,  1877.  [xliv.  67] 

PATTISON,  GRANVILLE  SHARP  (1791-1851),  ana- 
tomist ;  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  London, 
and  afterwards  in  the  University  of  New  York  (1840-61). 

[xliv.  68] 

PATTISON,  MARK  (1813-1884),  rector  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford :  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1836 :  fellow 
of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1839:  M.A..  1840;  tutor, 
1843;  for  a  time  an  ardent  follower  of  Newman  and 
Pusey,  and  in  1838-9  lived  with  other  young  men  in  New- 
man's house  in  St.  Aldate's,  Oxford,  and  aided  in  the 
translation  of  Thomas  Aquinns's  *  Catena  Aurea  on  the 
Gospels';  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  tutor  and 
examiner ;  gradually  separated  from  his  close  connection 
with  the  high  church  party ;  in  1851  failed  to  be  elected 
rector  of  Lincoln  College ;  threw  up  his  tutorship,  1865,  on 
account  of  differences  with  the  new  rector,  and  for  some 
years  wrote  largely,  chiefly  on  educational  subject* ;  for 
three  months  Berlin  correspondent  of  "The  Times,'  1868  ; 
appointed  (1859)  an  assistant-commissioner  to  report  upon 
continental  education ;  elected  rector  of  Lincoln  College, 
1861,  and  continued  his  literary  activity  in  a  wider  field ; 
took  a  less  active  part  in  college  administration  than  might 
have  been  expected  ;  wrote  for  the '  Quarterly,'  the  *  North 
British,'  and  other  reviews,  and  was  an  occasional  con- 
tributor to  •  The  Times ' ;  dictated  (1883)  his  •  Memoirs ' 
reaching  to  1860,  comparable  for  their  introspection  only 
to  Rousseau's  •  Confessions.'  He  collected  much  material 
for  a  life  of  Joseph  Scaliger,  and  published  (1875)  a  life  of 
Isaac  Casaubon  (2nd  edit.  1892).  [xliv.  58] 

PATTISON,  WILLIAM  (1706-1727),  poet :  commenced 
to  work  in  London  as  an  author  in  1726  ;  died  of  small-pox 
in  ereat  poverty  in  the  house  of  Curll  the  bookseller.  Pope 
accused  Curll  of  starving  him.  His  '  Poetical  Works ' 
appeared,  172&  [xliv.  63] 

PATTON,  CHARLES  (1741-1837),  post-captain; 
brother  of  Philip  Patton  [q.  v.] ;  published  two  abstract 
political  treatises  on  the  nature  of  freedom  and  on  a  pro- 
ject for  basing  representation  upon  property. 

[xliv.  66] 

PATTON,  GEORGE,  LORD  GLEN  ALMOND  (1803-1869), 
Scottish  judge;  studied  law  at  Edinburgh  :  conservative 
M.P.,  Bridgewater,  1866  :  lord  advocate,  1866 ;  appointed 
himself  lord  justice  clerk,  1867,  partly  to  avoid  an  inquiry 
into  charges  of  bribery  in  connection  with  his  election  to 
parliament :  committed  suicide.  [xliv.  64] 

PATTON,  PHILIP  (1739-1815),  admiral ;  overcame 
by  bis  firmness,  while  acting  captain  of  the  Prin<*e  George, 


a  mutiny  of  the  ship's  company,  1779;  rear-admiral, 
1795 ;  vice-admiral,  1HU1 ;  admiral,  1806.  [xliv.  65] 

PATTON,    HdHKHT  (1742-181JX  brother  of  Philip 
<>f  the  Ka<t  India  Company; 

governor  of  St.  Helena:  wrote  two  elaborate  historical 
treatises  upon  the  •  Mon  ;-.tne' 

(1797)  and  upon  'Principles  of  Astatic  Monarchies' 
(1*03).  [xliv.  66] 

PATTRICX   or    PATRICK,    GEORGE   (1746-1800), 

diviiM •;  <>f  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge;  LL.B., 
1777;  HUM  several  small  preferments;  popular  a«  a 
preacher  in  London.  [xliv.  66] 

PATY8,  RICHARD  (</.  1666).    [Bee  PATS.] 

PAUL  or  POL  (d.  573),  saint :  also  called  Atmu 
bifhop  of  Leon  in  Brittany :  said  in  have  been  born  in 
Cornwall  or  Wales ;  consecrated  probably  in  51J :  built 
several  monasteries,  and  died  in  retirement  at  a  hermit  in 
the  island  of  Bat*.  [xliv.  67] 

PAUL  (rf.  1093),  abbot  of  St.  Albans ;  according  to 
tradition  a  son  of  I^anfranc  [q.  v.] ;  appointed  abbot, 
1077 ;  built  theexisting  abbey :  despised  the  English  monks, 
and  destroyed  the  tombs  of  his  English  predecessors, 
declaring  that  they  were  Ignorant  and  uncultivated ; 
neglected  to  translate  the  bones  of  the  founder  of  hi* 
house,  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  to  his  new  church ;  died  soon 
after  taking  possession  of  a  church  at  Tynemouth  granted 
to  the  abbey  by  Robert  de  Mowbray,  earl  of  Northumber- 
land [q.  v.] ;  his  death  regarded  as  a  judgment  by  the 
monks  of  Durham,  who  claimed  the  church  as  their  pro- 
perty, [xliv.  67] 

PAUL,  EARL  OF  ORKNEY  (d.  1099),  succeeded  his 
father  Torflnn,  1064,  conjointly  with  his  younger  brother 
Erlend,  but  took  the  entire  management  of  the  earldom  ; 
fought  at  Stamford  Bridge  on  the  side  of  Harald  Hardradi ; 
sent  by  Magnus  Barelegs  a  prisoner  (1098)  to  Norway, 
where  Le  died.  [xliv.  68] 

PAUL  THE  SILENT,  EARL  OF  ORKNEY  (Jl.  1136), 
grandson  of  Paul,  earl  of  Orkney  [q.  v.]  ;  ruled  over  the 
islands  with  his  half-brother  Harald,  and  afterwards 
alone ;  forced  by  his  second  cousin  Rognvald  to  divide  his 
dominions  with  him,  but  immediately  after  (1136)  was 
carried  into  captivity,  from  which  be  never  returned,  by 
Maddad,  earl  of  Athole.  [xliv.  69] 

PAUL  AKGLiruR  (fl.  1404),  canonist ;  assailed  the 
Roman  church  in  the  'Aureum  Speculum,'  written  in 
1404,  the  work  being  well  known  in  Germany  prior  to  the 
Reformation  (first  published  at  Basle,  1655);  described  as 
•  Doctor  Anglus.'  [xliv.  7U] 

PAUL  OF  ST.  MAGDALKN  (1899-1643).  [See  HEATH, 
HKNRY.] 

PAUL,  SIR  GEORGE  ONBSIPHORUS,  second  baronet 
(1746-1820),  philanthropist;  son  of  Sir  Onesiphorns  Paul, 
first  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  created  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1766 ;  did  much  useful  work  in  connection  with 
the  improvement  of  prisons  in  Gloucestershire. 

[xliv.  70] 

PAUL.  HAMILTON  (1773-1864),  poet:  educated  at 
Glasgow  University;  minister  of  Broughton,  Kilbucho, 
and  Glenholm,  1813-54 :  wrote  humorous  poems,  and 
edited  the  works  of  Burns,  1819.  [xliv.  71] 

PAUL,  ISABELLA  HOWARD  (18337-1879),  actress 
and  vocalist ;  made  her  first  appearance  on  tlie  London 
stage  as  Isabella  Featherstone,  1863;  married  Howard 
Paul,  an  actor,  1867 ;  acted  many  parts,  including  Lady 
Macbeth,  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1869.  [xliv.  7»] 

PAUL,  JOHN  (1707-1787),  legal  author  ;  wrote  several 
manuals  of  a  popular  type.  [xliv.  72] 

PAUL,  JOHN  (1777-1848),  Irish  divine;  of  Glasgow 
University;  reformed  presbyterian  minister  of  Lougl.- 
mourne  from  1805  ;  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Arian 
controversy  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  defending  the  Cal- 
vinistic  position. 

PAUL,  SIR  JOHN  DEAN, second  baronet  (180J-1B6S), 
banker  ;  belonged  to  the  firm  of  William  Strahan,  Pan), 
and  Robert  Makin  Bate?,  which  suspended  payment  in 
1865,  on  which  the  partners  were  severally  sentenced  to 
fourteen  years'  penal  servitude,  as  they  had  fraudulently 
disposed  of  their  client*'  wvmitit-.  [xliv.  73] 


PAUL 


1014 


PAULET 


PAUL,  LBWIS  (rf.  1789),  inventor  of  spinnm- 
machinery  ;  invented  '  roller  spinning,'  for  which  In-  took 
oat  •  patent,  1788;  patented  a  carding-machine,  17  is. 
and  a  •pinning-machine,  1758.  [xliv.  74] 

PAUL,  8m  ONESIPHORUS,  first  baronet  (1706-1 774), 
woollen  manufacturer  at  Woodcutter,  who  introduced 
many  improvements  into  the  trade  ;  created  baronet,  1774. 

[xliv.  70] 

PAUL,  ROBERT  BATEMAN  (1798-1877),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1817- 
18J7:  M.A-  1822;  held  various  benefices;  published 
works.  [xliv.  75] 


PAUL.    WILLIAM  r>K  (d.   1349),  bishop  of  Meath; 
D.D.  Oxford:  elected  provincial   of  the  Carmelites  in 
England  and  Scotland,  1309  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Meath, 
.  John  XX 11  at  Avignon.  [xliv.  76] 

PAUL,  WILLIAM  (1699-1665),  bishop  of  Oxford; 
fellow,  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1618  ;  M.A.,  1621 ;  D.D., 
1632 ;  became  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  I  after  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and  lost  his  preferments  ;  re- 
gained them  at  the  Restoration ;  consecrated  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1663.  [xliv.  76] 

PAUL,  WILLIAM  (1678-1716),  Jacobite;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1705;  vicar  of  Orton-on-the- 
Hill,  1709;  joined  the  Pretender,  1715;  taken  in  London 
and  hanged.  [xliv.  77] 

PAULDEN,  THOMAS  (1626-1710?),  royalist;  killed 
Thomas  Rainborow  [q.  v.]  at  Doncaster,  1648,  while 
attempting  to  take  him  prisoner  by  surprise;  lived  in 
poverty  after  the  Restoration;  published  an  account  of 
his  exploit  at  Doncaster,  1702.  [xliv.  78] 

PAULS,  SIR  GEORGE  (1563?-1637),  registrar  of  the 
court  of  high  commission ;  M.P.,  Downton,  1597,  Hindon, 
1601 ;  for  long  a  servant  of  Archbishop  Whitgift,  whose 
biography  he  published  in  1612;  knighted,  1607;  became 
registrar  of  the  court  of  high  commission  before  1625. 

[xliv.  79] 

PAULET  or  POULET,  Sm  AMIAS  or  AMYAS  (d. 
1538),  soldier  ;  attainted  after  Buckingham's  rebellion  in 
1483:  restored,  1486;  knighted,  1487;  served  in  France 
in  Henry  VIII's  reign.  [xliv.  80] 

PAULET  or  POULET,  SIR  AMIAS  (1536  ?-1588), 
keeper  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots;  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Paulet 
[q.  v.] ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey;  knighted,  1576; 
ambassador  to  France,  1576-9  :  nominated  keeper  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  1686,  in  spite  of  her  protest  against  him  on 
account  of  his  puritanism  and  the  dislike  he  had  shown 
to  her  agents  at  Paris ;  had  custody  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  at  Tutbury,  Chartley,  and  Fotheringay,  repelled 
her  attempts  to  gain  him,  and  assisted  in  the  inspection 
of  her  correspondence ;  acted  as  a  commissioner  on  her 
trial,  and  after  her  condemnation  vehemently  urged  her 
execution ;  declined,  however,  to  act  on  Secretary  Davi- 
son'B  suggestion  that  he  might  murder  her  privately ; 
appointed  chancellor  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  April 
1687;  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  the  Low  Countries  to 
discuss  Queen  Elizabeth's  relations  with  the  States-General, 

[xliv.  81] 

PAULET  or  POWLETT,  CHARLES,  first  DUKE  OP 
JLTOX  and  sixth  MARQUIS  OF  WINCHESTER  (1625  ?- 
»»),  eldest  son  of  John  Paulet,  fifth  marquis  of  Win- 
[iq'  vj]:  8tron«lv  supported  the  whigs  in  the  crisis 

t£&i  du7in?  the  rei«n  of  James  n 

disorder  of  mind;  actively  supported 
\VuliamofOrangeonhls  landing;  created  Duke  of  Bol- 
ton, 1689  ;  considered  by  Burnet  'a  very  crafty  politic 
hTip^S  totha™  ?aU8f  Marlborough's  disgrace,  1692, 
by  revealing  to  William  III  a  conversation  he  had  had 

[xliv.  83] 

PAULET   or   POWLETT,   SIR  CHARLES,   second 
?T«£>LTO!f  ""dseventh  MARQUIS  OP  WINCHESTER 
wm*  i°n  of  Oharle8  Pa«let,  first  duke  [q.  v.]  • 
William  of  Orange  in  Holland,  1688,  took  part  in 
exPedition«  and  filled  several  minor  office? 
•  ot  Wllllam  IU  an'1  Queen  Anne ;  privy 

f  K'G"  1714:  created  lord  chamberlain, 
-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1717-22.        [xliv.  84] 

1.,01;  PKOWLETT.  8IR  CHARLES,  third  DUKE 
,  eighth  MARQUIS  OK  NViNcnu8TKR,and  BARON 


(1685-1764),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Charles  Paulet, 
Mvond  dukeof  Bolton  [q.  v.] :  \v;is  summoned  to  the  House 
of  Lords  (1717)  as  Lord  liusinir ;  deprived  of  all  Ir.s  places 
(1733)  on  account  of  his  persistent  opposition  to  Walpole  ; 
married  as  his  second  wife  (1751)  Lavlnia  Fen  ton  [q.  v], 
the  theatrical  singer,  who  had  previously  been  his  mistress. 

[xliv.  85] 

PAULET,  Pin  GEORGE  (d.  1608),  governor  of  Derry  ; 
brother  of  Sir  William  Paulet,  third  marquis  of  Win- 
chester [q.  v.] ;  appointed  governor,  1606 ;  said  to  have 
insulted  the  Irish  chieftain,  Sir  Cahir  O'Dogherty  [q.  v.], 
and  thereby  driven  him  into  rebellion  ;  killed  by  O'Dog- 
herty  at  the  sack  of  Derry  after  a  stormy  administration. 

[xliv.  86] 

PAULET  or  POWLETT,  HARRY,  sixth  DUKK  OP 
BOLTON  and  eleventh  MARQUIS  OP  WINCHESTER  (1719- 
1794),  admiral ;  nephew  of  Sir  Charles  Paulet,  third  duke 
of  Bolton  [q.  v.];  served  hi  the  East  Indies  (1746-50), 
and  on  his  return  procured  the  suspension  of  Thomas 
Griffin  (d.  1771)  [q.  v.]  froni  the  service  on  charges  of 
misconduct;  rear-admiral,  1756;  vice-admiral,  1759; 
succeeded  as  Duke  of  Bolton,  1766 ;  admiral,  1770 ; 
governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1766-80  and  1782-94. 

[xliv.  87] 

PAULET,  HARRY  (d.  1804),  master  mariner ;  accord- 
ing to  his  own  account  brought  information  to  England 
which  led  to  Wolfe's  expedition  (1759)  to  Quebec,  and 
afterwards  gave  Admiral  Hawke  news  of  the  escape  of 
Conflans.  There  is  no  evidence  for  his  story,  [xliv.  88] 

PAULET  or  POULET,  SIR  HUGH  (d.  1572?), 
military  commander  and  governor  of  Jersey ;  said  to  have 
been  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Amias  Paulet  (d.  1538)  [q.  v]  ; 
captain  of  Jersey,  1550  till  death ;  vice-president  of  the 
Welsh  marches,  1559 ;  present  at  the  surrender  of  Havre 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1562,  as  adviser  to  the  commander 
of  the  place,  Ambrose  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.]  ; 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Somerset,  1672.  [xliv.  89] 

PAULET,  SIR  JOHN  (fl.  1497-1501),  soldier ;  a  com- 
mander  ut  the  battle  of  Blackheath,  1497 ;  K.B.,  1501. 

[xliv.  80] 

PAULET,  JOHN,  fifth  MARQUIS  OP  WINCHESTER 
(1598-1675),  grandson  of  Sir  William  Paulet,  third  mar- 
quis  of  Winchester  [q.  v.] ;  kept  terms  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford.  His  chief  seat,  Basing  House,  was  the  great  resort 
of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  friends  in  south-west  England. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  fortified  and  garrisoned 
Basing  House  and  held  it  for  Charles  I  during  1643  and 
1644,  until  it  was  stormed  by  Cromwell  in  October  1645; 
thenceforth  known  as  'the  great  loyalist' ;  committed  to 
the  Tower  of  London  on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  1645, 
where  he  remained  a  long  time ;  his  property  sequestered 
and  partially  sold  ;  suffered  to  go  unrecompensed  at  the 
Restoration,  but  regained  his  lands.  [xliv.  90] 


PAULET,   LAVINTA,  DUCHI 
1760).    [SeeFENTON.] 


OP  BOLTON  (170«- 


PAULET,  PAWLET,  or  POULET,  SIR  WILLIAM, 
first  MARQUIS  op  WINCHESTER,  first  EARL  op  WILTSHIRE, 
and  first  BARON  ST.  JOHN  (1485  ?-1572),  eldest  son  of  Sir 
John  Paulet  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  before  1525 ;  comptroller 
of  the  royal  household,  1532  ;  treasurer  of  the  household, 
1637  to  March  1539,  when  the  old  St  John  barony  was 
revived  in  his  favour ;  chamberlain  of  the  household, 
1543,  and  was  great  master  (i.e.  lord  steward)  of  the  same, 
1545-50 ;  became  lord  president  of  the  council  a  year  before 
Henry  VIII's  death,  and  was  nominated  by  Henry  VIII's 
will  one  of  the  council  of  regency ;  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Somerset  (1547),  but  joined  in  overthrowing 
the  Protector,  and  afterwards  adhered  to  Northumber- 
land's party  ;  was,  however,  strongly  opposed  to  the  pro- 
clamation of  Queen  Jane,  and  on  19  July  1553  proclaimed 
Mary  at  Baynard's  Castle ;  on  Elizabeth's  accession  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  her  favour,  and  advocated  a  moderate 
foreign  policy ;  disliked  Cecil's  projects,  and  was  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  intrigues  of  1569  against  the  secretary; 
was  treasurer  from  1560  till  his  death;  created  earl,  1550, 
marquis,  1551.  [xliv.  92] 

PAULET,  Sm  WILLIAM,  third  MARQUIS  OP  WIN- 
cnRSTRR  (1535?-1598),  grandson  of  Sir  William  Paulet, 
first  marquis  of  Winchester  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  before  1659 ; 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  try  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1686, 
and  lord  steward  of  her  funeral,  1587;  published  'The 
Lord  Marques  Idlenes,'  1686  (2nd  edit.  1587>  [xliv.  95] 


PAULET 


101.) 


PAYNE 


PAULET,    [.nun   WILLIAM  (ixn«-l- 

shal ;  eduriitt-d  at  Kton  ;  i-uiimianilrd  »n  1 1..-  I  ;.>-[. h.iru-,  at 
(Sallipoli,  and  tin-  Dardanelles  during  tin-  <  'riinwin  war; 
field-marshal,  IHSIJ.  [xliv.  95] 

PAULINUS  (Jl.  500?),  British  ecclesiastic  :  a  bishop 
who  lived  as  an  anchorite  upon  an  island;  St.  David's 
early  teacher,  [xllv.  96] 

PAULINUSc/.  644),  archbishop  or  bishop  of  Yorkr: 
a  Roman  who  joined  Augustine  [q.  v.]  in  Kent  in  601; 
was  episcopally  ordained,  and  in  625  accompanied  Kthel- 
burga,  sister  of  Eadhald  [<|.  v.],  to  Nortlmmbria  on  l>«-r 
marriaL'e  to  Kdwin[q.  v.];  converted  Kdwin  and  estub- 
lislic<l  his  episcopal  see  at  York,  labouring  Incessantly 
and  with  great  success  to  convert  the  Northumbrians : 
extended  his  journeys  to  Llndsey  and  Nottinghamshire  : 
fled  on  the  overthrow  of  Edwin  (633)  to  Kndbald,  and 
became  bishop  of  Rochester.  He  did  not  receive  t)n> 
archiepiscopal  pall  until  after  his  flight  from  North 
umbria,  and  it  is  therefore  doubtful  whether  he  should  be 
reckoned  among  the  archbishops  of  York.  [xliv.  96] 

PATJLL,  JAMES  (1770-1808),  politician:  established 
himself  as  a  trader  in  Lncknow,  c.  1790,  returning  to 
England  with  a  fortune  in  1804,  where  be  assailed  the 
Indian  administration  of  Wellesley,  with  whom  he  had 
quarrelled  in  India ;  entered  parliament  as  M.P.  for  New- 
town  in  1805,  and  at  once  pressed  his  cliargea  of  malad- 
ministration against  Wellesley,  but  failed  to  obtain 
government  support;  was  not  re-elected  after  the  dis- 
solution of  parliament  in  1806,  though  he  twice  stood 
for  Westminster ;  committed  suicide  while  in  pecuniary 
difficulties.  [xliv.  98] 

PATTLTON,  ABRAHAM  WALTER  (1812-1876), 
politician  and  journalist ;  lectured  for  the  Anti-Cornlaw 
League,  and  edited  its  journal  until  the  repeal  of  the  com 
laws  in  1846 ;  conducted  the  '  Manchester  Examiner  and 
Times,'  1848-64.  [xliv.  100] 

PAUPER,  HERBERT  (d.  1217).    [See  POOR.] 
PAUPEB,  ROGER  (Jl.  1139).    [See  ROGER.] 

PAVELEY,  SIR  WALTER  (1319-1375),  soldier ;  served 
in  Brittany  and  Gascony  in  the  French  war ;  chosen  one 
of  the  first  knights-companions  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
1350.  [xliv.  100] 

PAYEE,  WILLIAM  (1802-1871),.  genealogist ;  made 
extensive  manuscript  genealogical  collections  for  York- 
shire, now  in  the  British  Museum  :  published  •  Pedigrees 
of  Families  of  the  City  of  York,'  1842.  [xliv.  101  ] 

PAXTON,  GEORGE  (1762-1837),  Scottish  secession 
divine;  studied  at  Edinburgh;  professor  of  divinity  by 
appointment  of  the  general  associate  synod,  1807-20,  after 
which  be  seceded  and  became  professor  of  divinity  to  the 
Associate  Synod  of  Original  Seceders.  [xliv.  102] 

PAXTON,  JAMES  (1786-1860),  surgeon  and  medical 
writer;  M.R.O.S.,  1810;  practised  at  Rugby,  1843-58; 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1845 ;  published  medical  works. 

[xliv.  102] 

PAXTON,  JOHN  (d.  1780),  painter;  an  original 
member  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artiste,  1766  ;  ex- 
hibited portraits  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1769  and  1770. 

[xliv.  103] 

PAXTON,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1801-1865),  gardener  and 
architect;  was  superintendent  of  the  gardens  at  Obate- 
\vorth  from  1826,  and  became  an  intimate  friend  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  travels 
between  1838  and  1840  ;  F.L.S.,  1833  ;  designed  the  plan 
of  the  Industrial  Exhibition  of  1850,  after  which  he  was 
knighted.  His  building,  generally  known  as  the  Crystal 
Palace,  was  re-erected  at  Sydenham,  1853-4.  [xliv.  103] 

PAXTON,  PETER  (d.  1711X  medical  writer  and 
pamphleteer ;  M.D.,  per  literas  regiat,  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge,  1687 ;  compiled  medical  and  political  works. 

[xliv.  104] 

PAXTON,  STEPHEN  (1735-1787),  violoncellist  and 
composer ;  a  professional  member  of  the  Catch  Club, 
1780 ;  published  violoncello  music.  [xliv.  104] 

PAXTON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1780),  violoncellist; 
brother  of  Stephen  Paxton  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  105] 

PAYE,  HENRY  (Jl.  1403-1414),  sea-captain  ;  ravaged 
(he  coasts  of  France  and  Castile.  [xliv.  105] 


PAYE,     RICHARD    MuRT<»\    (d.    18*1),    painter; 
portraits,  miniatures,  and  cnmll  • 

PAYN.    .IAME8   (1830-1898),  novelet;  educated  At 
Eton  and  Woolwich  :  coiitrihuu-d  art  irle  describing  Wool- 
wich Academy  to  •  Honnehold   Word-.'   thi-n   ed 
Charles  Dickon  [q.  v.] :  filtered    1 
bridge,  1847:  president  of  the  Union  ;  B.A.,  185. 
bu  ted  regularly  to  *  Household  Words '  and  to •  Chambers'! 
Journal/of  which  be  became  creditor  with  Leitcl.  Ra.-lue 
[q.  v.],  1858,  and  was  sole  editor,  1849-74;  resided  In 
I....,d..n.  1861  till  death:  reader  to  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
:i;  editor  of  Tomhill  Magazine,*  1883-96.    He 
published,  besides  numerouH  novels,  •  Poems,'  18M, ' 


Private  View*,'  18X2,  'Some  Literary  Recollections,'  1884, 
'Gleams  of  Memory,'  1894, and  "The  Backwater  of  Life' 
(posthumously,  1899).  [Suppl.  ill.  263] 

PAYNE.    [See  also  PAI.V  and  PAIXK.] 

PAYNE,  GEORGK  (1781-1848),  congregational  di- 
vine; M.A.  Glasgow,  1807;  minister  in  Kdint.urgh  (1812- 
1823)  and  theological  tutor  of  the  Hla.'kt.urn  academy 
(1823-9)  and  of  the  Western  academy  ( 1829-4*  i.  Hi-; 
writings,  the  most  noteworthy  of  which  is  '  Elements  of 
Mental  and  Moral  Science'  (1828),  show  a  genuine  gift  for 
metaphysical  speculation.  [xliv.  106] 

PAYNE,  GEORGE  (1803-1878),  patron  of  the  turf; 
of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  dissipated  three 
large  fortunes  in  various  forms  of  extravagance,  including 
racing  and  gambling.  [xliv.  107] 

PAYNE,  HENRY  NEVILLE  (Jl.  1672-1700),  con- 
spirator and  author ;  produced  plays  and  pamphlets : 
became  after  the  revolution  '  the  most  active  and  deter- 
mined of  all  King  James's  agents ' ;  instigated  the  Mont- 
gomery plot,  1690,  and  was  arrested  on  the  discovery  of 
the  plot ;  was  tortured.  1690,  but  confessed  nothing  ;  kept 
in  prison  till  December  1700,  when  he  seems  to  have  been 
liberated.  He  was  the  last  person  tortured  in  Scotland. 

[xliv.  10H] 

PAYNE,  JOHN  (d.  1606),  bishop  of  Meath :  D.D. 
Oxford  :  elected  provincial  of  the  Dominicans  in  England  : 
bishop  of  Meath,  1434;  a  strenuous  Yorkist,  supporting 
Lambert  Simnel  on  his  landing  in  Ireland  in  1487.  but 
after  the  battle  of  Stoke  was  one  of  the  first  to  make  his 
peace  with  Henry  VII :  afterwards  on  bad  terms  with 
Gerald  Fitzgerald, eighth  earl  of  Kildare  [q.  v.] ;  remained 
loyal  during  the  rebellion  of  Perkin  Warbeck ;  master  of 
the  rolls  in  Ireland,  1496.  [xliv.  109] 

PAYNE,  JOHN  (d.  1647  ?),  engraver ;  an  early  ex- 
ponent of  line-engraving  in  England.  [xliv.  110] 

PAYNE,  JOHN  (d.  1787),  publisher  :  a  friend  of  Dr- 
Johnson  :  carried  on  a  publishing  business  in  Paternoster 
Row,  London,  and  was  employed  from  1744  in  the  Bank 
of  England,  where  he  became  accountant-general,  1780. 

[xliv.  110] 

PAYNE,  JOHN  (ft.  1770-1800),  compiler  ;  originally 
a  publisher :  took  to  authorship  on  the  consumption  of 
his  property  by  fire,  and  became  au  'indefatigable  manu- 
facturer of  books.'  [xliv.  Ill] 

PAYNE,  JOHN  WILLETT(  1752-1 803),  rear-admiral ; 
paw  much  service  during  the  war  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, and  at  the  peace  became  a  boon  companion  of 
George,  prince  of  Wales,  who  made  him  his  private 
secretary ;  M.P.,  Huntingdon  ;  strenuously  urged  the 
prince's  claim  to  the  regency,  1788 ;  served  till  1798  in 
the  war  of  the  French  revolution,  when  ill-health  com- 
pelled him  to  retire:  rear-admiral,  1799;  treasurer  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,  1803.  [xliv.  Ill] 

PAYNE,  JOSEPH  (1K08-1876),  professor  of  education 
in  England ;  when  a  schoolmaster,  introduced  Jacotot's 
system  into  England,  1830  ;  nominated  first  professor  of 
education  in  England  by  the  College  of  Preceptors,  187J. 

[xliv.  112] 

PAYNE,  PETER  (d.  1458),  lollard  and  Tabortte; 
born  in  Lincolnshire ;  son  of  a  Frenchman  by  an  English 
wife;  educated  at  Oxford:  principal  of  St.  Edmund's 
Hall,  Oxford,  1410-14 ;  adopted  Wycliffe's  views  and  fled 
to  Bohemia  to  avoid  persecution,  r.  1416 ;  protected  by 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  King  Wenceslafl,  and  soon  attained 
a  prominent  position  ;  joined  the  sect  of  the '  Orphans,' 
1427 ;  a  Bohemian  delegate  at  the  council  of  Basle,  1433, 
where  his  unyielding  temper  contributed  to  the  failure  of 


PAYNE 


1010 


PEACOCK 


the  PohfmJ*™  to  come  to  term*  with  the  council :  Joined 
the  Tmborttaa,  1434,  after   the   outbreak  of  civil   war 
narrowly  escaped  arrest  as  a  heretic  in  subsequent  years  ; 
died  in  Prague  after  t;..>  rn.-rthrow  of   tin-  Taborite* : 
•ereral  of  bis  manuscript  are  extant  at  Prague  niui 

\    .  : .-.,.  [Xliv.   114] 


PAYNE,  SIR  PETER,  third    baronet  de  jurt  (1763- 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Gillies  Payne  born 
in  wedlock:  refuwd  to  register  himself  its  baronet :  M.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1787  :  attacked  Pitt's  foreign 
i  several  pamphlets,  written  from  a  whig  stand- 
point :  advocated  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  1832. 

[xliv.  118] 

PAYNE,   SIR    RALPH    first    BARON    LAVINQTON 

(17218  ?-1807).  M.P.,  Shaftesbury,  1768-71,  supporting  the 

:   was  captain-general  and  governor-in-chief  of 

toe  Leeward  islands,  1771-5 :   M.P.,  Camelford,  1776-80. 

Plympton.  1780-4,  and   Woodstock,  1795-9:  an  ally  of 

1795  :  joined  Pitt,  1795  ;  created  Baron  Laving- 

ton  (Irish  peerage),  1795;   reappointed  governor  of   the 

Leeward  islands,  1799,  where  he  died.  [xliv.  119] 

PAYNE,  ROBERT  (/.  1590  X  writer  on  agriculture  ; 
author  of  •  A  Briefe  Description  of  Ireland*  (1590),  edited 
for  the  Irish  Archaeological  Society  in  1841.  [xliv.  120] 

PAYNE.  ROGER  (1739-1797),  bookbinder :  set  up  his 
badness  near  Leicester  Square,  London,  and  became 
fnrno'i*  for  IUH  bindings ;  considered  by  some  to  have 
originated  a  new  style  of  bookbinding,  but  was  undoubtedly 
influenced  by  the  work  of  Samuel  Mearn  and  other  binders 
of  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  Earl  Spencer,  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  Colonel  Stanley  among  his 
patrons.  [xliv.  121] 

PAYlfE,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1719-1799),  bookseller: 
establiched  himself  in  the  Strand,  London;  published 
catalogue*  annually,  1755-90  ;  retired  in  favour  of  bis  son, 
1790 :  known  as  '  Honest  Tom  Payne.'  [xliv.  122] 

PAYNE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1752-1831),  book- 
seller :  ekte>t  son  of  Thomas  Payne  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
succeeded  hi*  father  in  the  business,  1790  ;  transferred  his 
business  to  Pall  Mall,  London,  1806  ;  retired,  1825. 

[xliv.  123] 

PAYNE.  WILLIAM  (1650-1696),  controversialist; 
fellow  of  Maudalene  College,  Cambridge,  1671-5 ;  D.D., 
1689 :  rector  of  Whitechapel,  London,  1681 ;  wrote  against 
the  Roman  catholics  during  the  agitation  concerning 
the  '  Popish  plot,'  and  afterwards  against  the  Unitarians. 

[xliv.  123] 

PAYNE,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1776-1809),  water-colour- 
painter :  became  soon  after  1790  the  most  popular  draw- 
ing-master in  London  ;  increased  the  resources  of  water- 
colour  art,  especially  in  the  rendering  of  sunlight  and 
atmosphere :  invented  Payne's  grey.  [xliv.  124] 

PAYNE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  SCHOFIELD  (1804- 
1K7H).  actor  and  pantomimist;  appeared  at  Covent  Gar- 
den, London,  1831,  as  clown,  and  afterwards  played  many 
parts  at  Covent  Canton,  London,  Manchester,  and  Sadler's 
Wells,  London  :  pre-eminent  as  a  mime.  [xliv.  124] 

PAYNE  SMITH,  ROBERT  (1819-1895),  dean  of  Can- 
terbury, orientalist,  and  theologian  ;  of  Pembroke  College 
Oxford:  fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1843;  was 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1865-70:  dean  of 
Caiitprhury.  1870-95;  left  almost  complete  a 'Thesaurus 
Byriacus,'  which  occupied  him  for  thirty-six  years  ;  con- 
servative as  a  theological  controversialist.  [xliv.  126] 

PAYNELL.    [See  also  PAOANKL  and  PAOANKT.U] 

PAYNELL,  MAURICE  DE,  BARON  OF  LEBD8(1184?- 
1230).  [See  CATS..] 

PAYNELL,    THOMAS   (ft.    1528-1568),  translator; 
an  Auetin  friar  and  canon  of  Merton  Abbey,  Surrey  • 
chaplain  to  Henry  VIII ;  translated  many  books  from  the 
Latin  from  1528  onwards ;  an  intimate  friend  of  Alex-  I 
ander  Barclay  [q.  v.] ;  confused  by  Wood,  Cooper,  and  I 
other*  with  a  contemporary  Thomas  Paynell  or  ParnelL  a  i 


PAYNTER  DAVID  WILLIAM  (1791-1823),  author ; 
published  mainly  tragedies.  [xliv.  129] 

PAYNTER   or    CAMBOURNE,    WILLIAM    (1637- 

2!iTB??l7  °/  Exeter  College'  °xford  :  feUow  of  B*eter 
OolkKm,  oxford.  1657  :  M.AM  1663  (incorporated  at  Cam-  - 
1664)  ;  D.D.,  1696  ;  rector,  1690-1716. 

[xliv.  1W] 


PEABODY,  GEORGE  (1795-1869),  philanthropist: 
born  in  Massachusetts;  made  a  fortune  in  dry  iroods; 
came  to  England,  1827  ;  began  business  in  London  as  a 
banker  and  merchant,  1811!  :  founded  the  '  Peuhody  dwell- 
ings '  for  workmen  in  various  parts  of  London,  and  was  a 
munificent  benefactor  of  Harvard  and  Yale  Universities  • 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  186/.  [xliv.  130] 

PEACH,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1800-1886),  natu- 
ralist and  geologist;  employed  in  the  customs  till  1861 ; 
made  important  researches  in  the  study  of  marine  inverte- 
brates and  in  geology.  [xliv.  131] 

PEACHAM,  EDMOND  (d.  1616),  reputed  traitor; 
rector  of  Hiuton  St.  George,  1587 :  a  strong  puritan  :  was 
arrested  by  the  court  of  high  commission,  1614,  and.  re- 
fusing to  defend  himself  against  the  charge  of  uttering 
words  of  treasonable  intent,  tortured  with  the  object  of 
drawing  a  statement  from  him  ;  condemned  to  death, 
1616  ;  died  in  gaoL  [xliv.  131] 

PEACHAM,  HENRY  (1576  ?-1643  ?),  author  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1698;  master  of  the  free 
school  at  Wymondham ;  painted,  drew,  and  engraved 
portraits  and  landscapes,  and  was  besides  a  musical  com- 
poser, a  student  of  heraldry,  and  a  mathematician  :  pub- 
lished 'Graphice,'  1606,  a  practical  treatise  on  art,  which 
passed  through  many  editions  under  the  new  title  of '  The 
Gentleman's  Exercise,'  given  it  in  1607 ;  travelled  widely 
(1613-14)  as  tutor  to  the  sons  of  Thomas  Howard,  second 
earl  of  Arundel  [q.  v.],  the  great  art  collector ;  gained 
admission  into  literary  society,  and  quickly  made  a  repu- 
tation by  his  epigrams ;  published  '  The  Co'mpleat  Gentle- 
man,' the  work  by  which  he  is  best  known  (1622)  from 
the  last  edition  of  which  (1661)  Dr.  Johnson  drew  all  the 
heraldic  definitions  in  his  dictionary.  [xliv.  133] 

PEACHELL,  JOHN  (1630-1690),  master  of  Magda- 
lene College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1653 ;  D.D.,  1680 ;  foundation  fellow,  1656 :  a 
staunch  toper  and  unswerving  loyalist :  elected  master, 
1679 ;  suspended  from  his  mastership,  1687,  for  refusing 
as  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  to  admit  the  Bene- 
dictine Alban  Francis  [q.  v.]  to  the  master's  degree  until 
he  had  taken  the  oaths :  terrified  by  Jeffreys  on  his  ap- 
pearance before  the  council,  when  he  showed  great  igno- 
rance and  timidity;  restored  by  James  II,  1688,  and 
(1690)  rebuked  by  Bancroft  for  drunkenness  and  ill-con- 
duct ;  his  death  said  to  have  been  caused  by  a  self-imposed 
penance  of  four  days'  abstinence.  [xliv.  136] 

PEACHI,  JOHN  (ft.  1683),  physician :  a  doctor  of 
medicine  of  Caen  in  Normandy ;  has  been  frequently 
confused  with  John  Pechey  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  184] 

PEACOCK,  SIR  BARNES  (1810-1890),  judge:  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1836 ;  became  legal  member  of  the 
supreme  council  of  India,  1852 ;  chief- justice  at  Calcutta, 
1859-70 ;  knighted,  1859 ;  member  of  the  judicial  com- 
mittee of  the  privy  council,  1872.  [xliv.  137] 

PEACOCK,  DMITRI  RUDOLF  (1842-1892),  traveller 
and  philologist ;  born  in  Russia  of  an  English  father ; 
consul  at  Batoum,  1890 ;  consul-general  at  Odessa,  1891 ; 
published  original  vocabularies  of  five  west  Caucasian 
languages.  [xliv.  137] 

PEACOCK,  FREDERICK  BARNES  (1836-1894),  In- 
dian civilian :  educated  at  Haileybury ;  chief  secretary  of 
Bengal,  1883 ;  O.S.I.,  1890.  [xliv.  137] 

PEACOCK,  GEORGE  (1791-1858),  mathematician  and 
dean  of  Ely;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1814  ; 
M.A.,  1816 ;  appointed  lecturer  in  mathematics  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1815,  and  tutor,  1823  :  from  1835  till 
1839  he  was  sole  tutor ;  F.R.S.,  1818  ;  with  Robert  Wood- 
house,  Herschel,  and  Babbage  had  a  great  share  in  intro- 
ducing analytical  methods  and  the  differential  notation 
Into  the  mathematical  course  :  formed  with  them  (1812) 
an  analytical  society,  which  held  meetings,  read  papers, 
and  published  a  volume  of  '  Transactions ' ;  his  reputation 
as  a  philosophic  mathematician  greatly  increased  by  the 
publication  of  his  '  Algebra.'  1830  ;  Lowndean  professor  of 
astronomy,  1836-68;  dean  of  Ely,  1839-68;  persuaded  the 
chapter  of  Ely  to  undertake  a  complete  restoration  of  the 
cathedral,  which  was  carried  out  by  Sir  George  Gilbert 
Scott  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  138] 

PEACOCK,  GEORGE  (1805-1883),  sea-captain  and 
shipowner  ;  served  as  a  master  in  the  navy  (1828-40),  and 
as  a  captain  in  the  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Company 
(1840-6)  ;  published  pamphlets.  [xliv.  140] 


PEACOCK 


1017 


PEAR8E 


PEACOCK,   JAMES   (<l.   1653),  vice-admiral;   active 
in   the  parliamentary  navy  as  a  commodore  • 
admiral;  kill.-d  in   the  concluding  actiou  of    ti. 
war  (29-31  July  1653).  [xliv.  141] 

PEACOCK.  JAMI-:s<i73H?-18l4),jir.-hitect  :  practised 
in  London  ;  wrote  on  architecture  and  social  problems, 
his  main  project  being  to  find  employment  for  the  desti- 
tute, [xliv.  148] 

PEACOCK,  JOHN  MACLBAY  (1817-1877),  Terse- 
writer :  a  boiler-maker  by  trade ;  an  active  chartist  and 
the  author  of  several  volumes  of  verse.  [xliv.  142] 

PEACOCK,  LUOY  (/I.  1785-1816),  bookseller  and 
author :  kept  a  shop  in  Oxford  Street,  London  ;  wrote 
tales  for  children,  mainly  anonymously.  [xliv.  143] 

PEACOCK,  REGINALD  (1395?  -  1460?).  [See 
PECOCK.] 

PEACOCK,  THOMAS  (1516  ?-1582?X  pre*id-nt  »f 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1534  ;  M.A.,  1537 ;  B.O.,  1554 ;  president  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1558-9 :  after  the  accession  of 
QiMHi  Elizabeth  lost  all  his  preferment*  for  adhering  to 
tin  llomau  catholic  faith,  resigning  the  presidency  in  order 
to  avoid  expulsion.  [xliv.  143] 

PEACOCK,  THOMAS  BEVILL  (1812-1882),  physi- 
cian ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1842;  F.R.O.P.,  1850;  a  founder 
of  the  Pathological  Society  (1846)  and  of  the  Victoria 
Park  Hospital,  London ;  published  medical  works. 

[xliv.  143] 

PEACOCK,  THOMAS  LOVE  (1785-1866),  novelist, 
poet,  and  official  of  the  East  India  Company ;  son  of  a 
London  merchant ;  found  mercantile  occupation  and  em- 
ployment as  secretary  to  Sir  Home  Riggs  Popham  [q.  v.] 
equally  uncongenial,  and  was  enabled  by  his  private 
means  to  live  mainly  for  study  :  friend  of  Shelley  :  entered 
the  East  India  Company's  service  in  London,  1819  ;  chief 
examiner,  1837-56  ;  published  satirical  novels  interspersed 
with  lyrics,  among  the  most  notable  being  'Headlong 
Hall'  (1816),  'Melincourt'  (1817),  'Nightmare  Abbey' 
(1818),  'The  Misfortunes  of  Elphin  '  (1829),  and  '  Crotchet 
Castle '  (1831) ;  published  '  Paper  Money  Lyrics  and  other 
Poems,'  1837.  [xliv.  144] 

PEADA  (d.  666),  under-king  of  the  South  Mercians  ; 
eldest  son  of  Penda  [q.  v.]  ;  ealdorman  of  the  Middle 
Mercians,  653  ;  baptised  on  his  marriage  with  the  daughter 
of  Oswy  [q.  v.] :  under-king  of  the  South  Mercians,  655  ; 
slain  the  following  Easter.  [xliv.  147] 

PEAK  or  PEAKE,  JAMES  (1703  ?-1782  ?),  engraver ; 
engraved  landscape  in  the  manner  of  Thomas  Vivares 
[q.  v.]  [xliv.  147] 

PEAKE,  RICHARD  BRINSLEY  (1792-1847),  drama- 
tist ;  wrote  numerous  farces  and  comedies  between  1818 
and  1847  for  the  London  theatres.  [xliv.  147] 

PEAKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1626?),  serjeant-paiuter  to 
James  I :  extolled  by  Henry  Peacham  [q.  v.]  for  his  skill 
in  oil-painting.  [xliv.  148] 

PEAKE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1592  ?-1667),  print-seller  and 
royalist ;  son  of  Robert  Peake  [q.  v.] :  knighted,  1645  ; 
one  of  the  garrison  of  Basing  House,  1645;  exiled  for 
refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Cromwell ;  appointed 
vice-president  and  leader  of  the  Honourable  Artillery 
Company  after  the  Restoration  ;  published  a  number  of 
engravings  by  Paithorne.  [xliv.  148] 

PEAKE,  THOMAS  (1771-1838),  serjeant-atrlaw  and 
legal  author  :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1796  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1820 ;  published  reports  of  proceedings  in  the  king's 
bench.  [xliv.  148] 

PEARCE.  [See  also  PKARRE,  PKIRCK,  PIKWK,  and 
PIKRS.] 

PEARCE,  Sm  EDWARD  LOVET(rf.  1733), architect; 
M.P.,  Ratoath  (Irish  parliament),  1727 :  designed  Irish 
parliament  house  on  College  Green,  Dublin  (commenced, 
1729).  The  building— now  the  bank  of  Ireland— was 
completed  by  Arthur  Dobbs  [q.  v.],  1739.  [xliv.  149] 

PEARCE,  NATHANIEL  (1779-1820),  traveller  :  lived 
at  Tigr£  from  1806  to  1818 ;  died  at  Alexandria :  his 
journals  published,  1831.  [xliv.  149] 

PEARCE,  SAMUEL  (1766-1799),  hymn-writer  :  bap- 
tist minister  in  Birmingham.  [xliv.  150] 


PEARCE,   THOMAS  (/».   1722-1766),  legal  author; 

ombe  Regis,  1722-6 ;  oommUsi.. 

1727;   published  'The  Complete  Justice  of  the  Peace,' 
1766,  and  other  works.  [xliv.  160] 

PEARCE,  Sin  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1833-1888), 
naval  architect :  founded  the  Fairfleld  Shipbuilding  and 
Engineering  Company  (chairman,  1886);  M.P.,  Govan, 
1886-8 ;  created  baronet,  1887.  [xliv.  150] 

PEARCE,  ZACHARY  (1690-1774),  •oceewlvely  bishop 
of  Bangor  and  Rochester:  fellow  of  Trinity  College. 
Cambridge,  1716-20  :  obtained  the  patronage  of  Thomas 
Parker,  first  earl  of  Macclesfleld  [q.  v.],  and  received  rapid 
preferment;  dean  of  Winchester,  1789;  consecrated 
bishop  of  Bangor,  1748;  translated  to  Rochester,  17M; 
refused  the  bishopric  of  London,  1761  ;  published  theolo- 
gical and  classical  works,  including  an  edition  of  '  Longi- 
nus,'  1724  (9th  edit.  1806).  [xliv.  161] 

PEARD,  GEORGE  (1594  7-1644 X  parliamentarian  ;  of 
the  Middle  Temple :  sat  In  the  two  parliament*  of  1640  ; 
took  an  active  part  In  the  proceedings  against  Stratford  : 
assisted  in  the  unsuccessful  defence  of  Barnstaple  against 
Rupert,  1643.  [xliv.  162] 


PEARD,  JOHN  WHITEHEAD  (1811-1880), 
baldi's  Englishman,'  a  youth  of '  great  stature  and  extra* 
ordinary  muscular  strength';  son  of  Shuldham  Peard 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1836 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1837;  joined  Garibaldi's  forces,  1859,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Melazzo,  1860,  and 
commanded  the  English  legion  during  Garibaldi's  ad- 
vance on  Naples  ;  received  from  Victor  Emmanuel  the 
cross  of  the  order  of  Valour.  [xliv.  183] 

FEARD,  SHULDHAM  (1761-1832),  vice-admiral :  saw 
much  service  during  the  French  wars  of  the  revolution : 
showed  great  courage  in  repressing  a  mutiny  (1797)  on 
the  St.  George,  of  which  he  was  in  command  ;  vice-admi- 
ral, 1830.  [xliv.  164] 

PEARL,  CORA  (1842-1886),  courtesan  ;  her  real  name 
EMMA  ELIZABETH  CROUCH  ;  from  1858  resided  chiefly  in 
Paris,  where  she  was  a  prominent  figure  during  the 
second  empire ;  died  in  Paris  in  poverty  after  numerous 
wanderings.  [xliv.  168] 

PEARHAN,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1810-1824),  vocalist; 
originally  a  seaman  ;  made  his  debut  at  the  English 
Opera  House,  1817.  His  tenor  voice,  veiled  in  tone,  was 
ansuited  for  large  houses.  [xliv.  165] 

PEARS,  STEUART  ADOLPHDS(  1815-1 875),  school- 
master and  author:  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Townsend 
Pears  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1836  ; 
fellow  ;  head-master  of  Hepton,  1854-74,  raising  the  num- 
ber of  pupils  from  fifty  to  three  hundred ;  published 
Sir  Philip  Sidney's  correspondence  with  Languet,  1845. 

[xliv.  166] 

PEARS,  SIR  THOMAS  TOWNSEND  (1809-1892* 
major-general,  royal  engineers ;  entered  the  East  India 
Company's  service,  1823 :  served  in  the  Chinese  war 
(1840-2)  as  commanding  engineer:  consulting  engineer 
for  railways  in  Madras,  1851-7;  retired  with  honorary 
rank  of  major-general,  1861 ;  military  secretary  at  the 
India  office,  1861-77  ;  K.C.B.,  1871.  [xliv.  166] 

PEARSALL,  RICHARD  (1698-1762),  dissenting 
divine ;  independent  minister  at  Bromyard,  at  War- 
minster,  1731-47,  Taunton,  1747-62 ;  published  religious 
works,  feebly  imitating  James  Hervey  (1714-1758)  [q.  v.] 

PEARSALL,  ROBERT  LUCAS  (DE)  (X1796-1856), 
musical  composer  ;  wrote  a  cantata  at  the  age  of  thirteen, 
entitled  'Saul  and  the  Witch  of  Endor';  settled  at 
Wartensee,  on  Lake  Constance,  1842 ;  his  name  chiefly 
identified  with  the  composition  of  madrigals. 

[xliv.  158] 

PEARSE.  [See  also  PBARCB,  PEIRCK,  PIERCE,  and 
PIKRS.] 

PEARSE,  EDWARD  (1633  ?-1674  ?),  nonconformist 
divine;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1664;  a  prolific 
!  author;  ejected  from  the  poet  of  preacher  at  St.  Mar- 
garet's, Westminster,  1662.  [xliv.  159] 

PEARSE,  EDWARD (1631-1694),  divine;  M.A.  Jesus 
;  College,  Oxford,  1667  :  a  Northamptonshire  vicar  and  a 
controversialist :  confused  by  Wood  with  Edward  Pearn 
(1633  V-1674  ?)  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  18«] 


PEABSE 


1018 


PEARSON 


THOMAS  DBANE  ( 1738  ?-1789),  colonel ; 

colonel,  1779 :  commanded  the  Bengal  sepoy  corps  serving 
in  Madras,  1781-3.  [xliv.  160] 

PEARSE.  WILLIAM  (1625-1691X  ejected  minister: 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  presented  to  living  of  Duns- 
ford,  1655  ;  ejected,  1669.  [xliv.  159] 

PEARSON.  [See  also  PEKRSON,  PEIRSOX,  and  PIER- 
BOX.] 

PEARSON,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  SOUTHALI.  (d. 
1657), Scottish  judge:  lord  of  session,  1649-51:  a  judge 
of  the  high  court,  16M.  [xliv.  160] 

PEARSON.  ANTHONY  (1628-1670  ?),  quaker ;  be- 
came (1648)  secretary  to  Sir  Arthur  Hesilrige  [q.  v.]; 
acted  as  clerk  and  registrar  of  the  committee  for  com- 
pounding from  its  appointment  in  1649  :  became  a  quaker, 
e.  1663 ;  wrote  in  reprobation  of  the  persecution  of  the 
Friends ;  enlarged  on  the  same  theme  in  a  personal  inter- 
view with  Cromwell.  1654;  published  his  well-known 
work,  "The  Great  Case  of  Tythes  truly  stated,'  1657 
(latest  edition,  1850):  his  loyalty  suspected  after  the 
Restoration ;  renounced  his  faith  in  his  endeavour  to 
stand  well  with  government ;  under-sheriff  for  Durham, 
1665.  [xliv.  161] 

PEARSON,  CHARLES  BUCHANAN  (1807-1881), 
divine:  eldest  son  of  Hugh  Nicholas  Pearson  [q.  v.]; 
B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1828;  rector  of  Kneb worth, 
1888  ;  published  '  Latin  Translations  of  English  Hymns,' 
18«.  [xliv.  167] 

PEARSON,  CHARLES  HENRY  (1830-1894),  colonial 
minister  and  historian:  son  of  John  Norman  Pearson 
[q.  v.];  was  educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and 
Oriel  and  Exeter  Colleges,  Oxford:  M.A.  Oxford,  1856; 
professor  of  modern  history  at  King's  College,  London, 
1855-65:  lectured  on  modern  history  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1869-71 ;  emigrated  to  South  Australia  (1871) 
on  account  of  his  health ;  removed  to  Victoria,  1874 ; 
took  a  deep  interest  in  the  public  affairs  of  that  colony, 
and  (1878)  undertook  an  inquiry  for  its  government  into 
the  state  of  education  in  Victoria;  minister  of  education 
in  Victoria,  1886-90,  completely  reorganising  the  system 
in  vogue,  separating  primary  from  secondary  education, 
and  raising  the  pay  of  certified  teachers ;  author  of  '  The 
History  of  England  during  the  Early  and  Middle  Ages,' 
1867,  which  occasioned  some  controversy  with  Edward 
Augustus  Freeman  [q.  v.]  ;  published  (1893)  '  National 
Life  and  Character,  a  Forecast,'  containing  very  pessi- 
mistic conclusions  respecting  the  future  of  mankind. 

[xliv.  162] 

PEARSON,  EDWARD  (1756-1811),  theologian  ;  M.A., 
1785,  B.D.,  1792,  and  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge ;  master  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
1808;  D.D.,  1808;  vice-chancellor,  1808 ;  published  trea- 
tises on  theological  and  ecclesiastical  questions. 

PEARSON,  EGLINGTON  MARGARET**'!'  ^sU), 
glass-painter ;  daughter  of  Samuel  Paterson  [q.  v.]  and 
wife  of  James  Pearson  [q.  v.] :  assisted  her  husband  in 
his  art,  and  after  his  death  (1805)  practised  independently. 

[xliv  167] 

PEARSON,  GEORGE  (1751-1828),  physician  and 
chemist:  physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London, 
1787 ;  P.R.8.,  1791,  and  member  of  the  council ;  an  early 
advocate  of  vaccination,  and  one  of  the  first  Englishmen 
to  welcome  the  chemical  theories  of  Lavoisier,  which  he 
diil  much  to  spread  in  England  by  translating  (1794)  the 
'  Nomenclature  Chimique.'  [xliv.  165] 

PEARSON,  HUGH  (1817-1882),  canon  of  Windsor  • 
^on  of  Hugh  Nicholas  Pearson  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A,  Balliol  Col- 
l-«p,  Oxford,  1841 :  installed  canon  of  Windsor,  1876  ;  a 
close  friend  of  Arthur  Penrhyn  Stanley  [q.  v.] 

PEARSON,  HUGH  NICHOLAS  (1776-1  SN^deai? of 
Salisbury;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1803;  D.D.,  | 
1K21  :  dean  of  Salisbury,  1823-46;  author  of  biographies 
of  the  missionaries  Claudius  Buchanan  [q.  v.]  and  Chris- 
tian Priedrich  Schwartz  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  166] 

PEARSON,  JAMBS  (rf.  1805),  glass-painter;  intro- 
duced some  improvements  Into  the  colouring  of  glass ; 
married  Bglington  Margaret  Pearson  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  167] 

PEARSON,  JOHN  (1613-1686X  bishop  of  Chester: 
fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1834-40 :  M.A.,  1639 : 
I'.U.,  e.  1«60;  prebendary  of  Salisbury  and  rector  of 


'  Thoringtou,  1640  ;  joined  the  last  remnant  of  Charles  I'* 
party  in  the  west,  acting  as  chaplain  (1645)  to  Goring's 
;  forces ;  on  the  collapse  of  the  royal  cause  withdrew  to 
!  London,  where  he  remained  till  the  Restoration,  devotimr 
1  himself  to  study  ;  accepted  ( 1654)  post  of  weekly  preacher 
at  St.  Clement's,  Eastcheap,  London,  where  he  prrachcil 
in  substance  the  oeries  of  discourses  which  he  published 
in  1659  as  an  'Exposition  of  the  Creed,'  within  its  limit- 
the  most  perfect  and  complete  production  of  English  dog- 
matic theology  ;  while  debarred  from  the  full  exercise  of 
his  ministry,  defended  the  church  with  his  pen  against 
both  Romanist  and  puritan  assailants,  and  interested 
himself  in  promoting  the  polyglot  bible,  which  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  a  scholar ;  after  the  Restoration 
made  prebendary  of  Ely  and  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  and 
appointed  a  royal  chaplain:  became  master  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1660 ;  chosen  with  John  Earle  by  con- 
vocation, 1661,  to  superintend  a  translation  into  Latin 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer ;  elected  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1662,  and  during  his  tenure  of  office 
wrote  •  Vindiciae  Epistolarum  S.  Ignatii'  (1672),  in  defence 
of  the  authenticity  of  the  letters  ascribed  to  Ignatius  of 
Antioch,  a  position  which  has  been  confirmed  by  the 
recent  labours  of  Zahn  and  Lightfoot ;  consecrated  bishop 
of  Chester,  1673,  his  elevation  to  the  episcopate  having 
been  long  delayed  by  the  influence  of  the  Cabal  ministry : 
careful  and  painstaking  in  discharging  his  episcopal 
duties,  though  Burnet  gives  another  account  of  him  ;  a 
tomb  was  erected  over  his  grave  in  Chester  Cathedral 
(1860)  by  his  admirers  in  England  and  America.  The 
1  Exposition  of  the  Creed,'  on  which  his  reputation  still 
mainly  rests,  has  long  been  a  standard  book  in  English 
divinity.  The  notes  of  the  '  Exposition '—a  rich  mine 
of  patristic  and  general  learning— are  at  least  as  remark- 
able as  the  text,  and  form  a  complete  catena  of  the 
best  authorities  upon  doctrinal  points.  He  was  probably 
the  ablest  scholar  and  best  systematic  theologian  among 
Englishmen  of  the  seventeenth  century.  His  learning 
and  critical  skill  were  greater  than  his  originality. 

[xliv.  168] 

PEARSON,  JOHN  (1758-1826),  surgeon:  house-sur- 
geon to  the  Lock  Hospital,  London,  1782-1818 ;  F.R.S., 
1803 ;  published  medical  treatises.  [xliv.  173] 

PEARSON,  SIR  JOHN  (1819-1886),  judge;  son  of 
John  Norman  Pearson  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1844;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1844;  created 
judge,  1882  ;  knighted,  1882.  [xliv.  174] 

PEARSON,  JOHN  LOUGHBOROUGH  (1817-1897), 
architect ;  worked  with  Anthony  Salvin  [q.  v.]  and  Philip 
Hardwick  [q.  v.]  in  London  :  began  practice  indepen- 
dently, 1843 ;  F.S.A.,  1853 ;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1860 ;  engaged  on 
restorations  at  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1870;  architect  for 
new  cathedral  of  Truro,  1879-87  :  gold  medallist,  R.I.B.A., 
1880 :  R.A.,  1880  ;  he  restored  Westminster  Hall,  c.  1885, 
and  north  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and  was  also 
engaged  in  restorations  at  Peterborough,  Canterbury, 
Bristol,  Rochester,  Ohichester,  and  Exeter  cathedrals. 
He  was  a  consummate  master  of  building  according  to 
mediaeval  precedent.  [Suppl.  iii.  255] 

PEARSON,  JOHN  NORMAN  (1787-1865),  divine; 
son  of  John  Pearson  (1758-1826)  [q.  v.]  ;  Hulsean  prize- 
man. Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1807 ;  principal  of  the 
missionary  college  at  Islington,  1826;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [xliv.  174] 

PEARSON,  SIR  RICHARD  (1731-1806),  captain  in 
the  navy;  captured  by  John  Paul  Jones  [q.  v.]  (1779) 
while  commanding  the  Serapis ;  knighted  for  his  brave 
resistance  to  superior  force,  which  caused  Jones  to  remark, 
'  Should  I  have  the  good  fortune  to  fall  in  with  him  again, 
I'll  make  a  lord  of  him.'  [xliv.  174] 

PEARSON,  RICHARD  (1765-1836),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1786;  physician  to  the  General  Hospital, 
Birmingham,  1792-1801 ;  wrote  a  number  of  medical 
treatises.  [xliv.  175] 

PEARSON,  THOMAS  HOOKE  (1806-1892),  general ; 
educated  at  Eton  ;  saw  much  service  in  India  :  general, 
1877.  [xliv.  176] 

PEARSON,  WILLIAM  (1767-1847),  astronomer: 
F.R.8.  and  hon.  LL.D.,  1819;  largely  instrumental  in 
founding  the  London  Astronomical  Society,  1820;  pub- 
lished an  '  Introduction  to  Practical  Astronomy '  (vol.  i. 
1824,  vol.  ii.  1829).  [xliv.  176] 


PEAR8ON-JERVIS 


1010 


PECKWELL, 


PEARSON-JERVI8,  WILLIAM  HKM.KY  (181*- 
1883).  [Sec  JKI:VIS.] 

PEART,  I'll AKLKS  (fl.   1778-1798),  sculptor:   pro- 

\\nrk<oi"  it  monumental  character;  gold  mnl.ilhst, 
Koyal  Academy,  1782 :  last  exhibited,  1798.    [xiiv.  177] 

PEART,  EDWARD  (1768?-1824),  physician:  prac- 
tised at  Hutterwick :  chiefly  remembered  for  his  work*  on 
physical  and  chemical  theory.  [xliv.  178] 

PEASE,  EDWARD  (1767-1868),  railway  projector: 
ronstrix-tod  the  flwt  railway  line.  It  ran  from  Stockton 
to  Darlington,  and  was  opened  in  1826.  Peam-  was  per* 
snaded  by  George  Stepbenson  [q.  v.]  to  employ  steam 
i  m.-t  ion.  He  wan  a  founder  of  toe  Peace  Society. 

[xliv.  178] 

PEASE,  HEN RY(  1807-1881  \  railway  projector:  son 
of  Edward  Pease  [q.  v.] ;  constructed  the  line  across 
Stainmoor,  1861.  [xlir.  179] 

PEASE,  JOSEPH  (1799-1872),  railway  projector: 
son  of  Edward  Pease  [q.  v.] ;  persuaded  the  mine-owner* 
of  the  utility  of  railways,  to  which  they  were  opposed  till 
c.  183U.  [xliv.  179] 

PEAT,  THOMAS  (1708-1780),  almanac-maker  :  edited 
the '  Gentleman's  Diary '  from  it*  foundation  in  1741  till 
his  death,  and  also  '  Poor  Robin's  Almanac.'  [xliv.  180] 

PEBODY,  CHARLES  (1839-1890),  journalist;  edited 
the '  Yorkshire  Post,*  1881-90.  [xliv.  180] 

PECHE,  RICHARD  (d.  1182),  bishop  of  Licbfleld; 
consecrated,  H61 ;  excommunicated  by  Becket  (1170)  for 
his  share  in  the  coronation  of  Prince  Henry,  [xliv.  181] 

PECHELL.     [See  also  PKACHELL  and  I'KMI  A i.i..] 

PECHELL,  SIR  GEORGE  RICHARD  BROOKE,  fourth 
baronet  (1789-1860),  vice-admiral:  grandson  of  Sir  Paul 
Pechell  [q.  v.]  :  entered  the  navy,  1803,  served  chiefly  in 
American  waters;  whig  M.P.  for  Brighton,  1835-60; 
vice-admiral,  1868.  [xliv.  181] 

PECHELL,  SIR  PAUL,  first  baronet  (1724-1800X 
soldier ;  entered  the  army,  1744 ;  served  in  Holland,  1747 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1762 ;  created  baronet,  1797. 

[xliv.  182] 

PECHELL,  Sm  SAMUEL  JOHN  BROOKK,  third 
baronet  (1786-1849),  rear-admiral;  grandson  of  Sir  Paul 
Pechell  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1796 ;  took  part  in  the 
redaction  of  Martinique  (1810);  M.P.,  Halleatone,  1830, 
Windsor,  1833 :  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1830-4,  1839-41 ; 
rear-admiral,  1846.  [xliv.  183] 

PECHEY,  JOHN  (1655-1716),  medical  writer;  M.A. 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1678:  practised  in  London; 
L.R.C.P.,  1684  ;  published  medical  treatises.  His  methods 
of  advertisement  were  those  of  an  apothecary  rather  than 
of  a  physician.  He  has  often  been  confused  with  John 
Peachi  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  184] 

PECK,  FRANCIS  (1692-1743X  antiquary:  M.A, 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1713 :  rector  of  Goadby- 
Marwood,  1723-43;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1738-43; 
F.S.A.,  1732;  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  anti- 
quities  from  1721 ;  exhibited  in  his  well-known '  Desiderata 
Curiosa'  (1732-6)  a  remarkable  faculty  for  the  accumu- 
lation of  out-of-the-way  facts ;  his  researches,  which 
were  mainly  confined  to  the  seventeenth  century,  not 
sufficiently  concentrated  to  render  him  an  expert  in  deal- 
ing with  subjects  of  controversy ;  published,  among  other 
works, '  A  Complete  Catalogue  of  all  Discourses  written 
both  for  and  against  Popery  in  the  time  of  James  II,' 
1735  (edited  for  the  Chetham  Society,  1859),  '  Memoirs 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,'  1740,  and  « New  Memoirs  of  the  Life 
and  Poetical  Works  of  Mr.  John  Milton,'  1740. 

[xliv.  184] 

PECK,  JAMES  (1773-1810?),  musician;  composed 
songs,  glees,  and  hymn -tunes.  [xliv.  187] 

PECKAED,  PETER  (17187-1797),  whig  divine; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1742  ;  probationary 
fellow,  1744 :  rector  of  Fletton,  1760-97  ;  vicar  of  Yaxley, 
1760-77 ;  appointed  master  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1781  ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1792  ;  published 
sermons  and  tracts  of  a  liberal  tendency,  and  in  later  life 
drew  attention  to  the  evils  of  the  slave  traffic. 

[xliv.  187] 

PECKE,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1665-1664),  verse-writer ;  of 
Caius  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 


1664:  published,  besides  other  verses,  •  Parnassi  Puer- 
perium,'  a  collection  of  epigrams,  1868.  [xliv.  188] 

PECKHAM,  SIR  EDMUND  (1496  V-1564),  trea- 
surer or  nuwter  of  the  mint  (appointed,  1646);  M.P., 
Buckinghamshire,  1664;  privy  councillor;  knighted, 
1565  ;  helped  to  carry  into  effect  Queen  Elizabeth's 
1  measures  for  the  restoration  of  toe  coinage  :  voluntarily 
exiled  himself  (1564)  on  account  of  toe  final  triumph  of 
protestantism  ;  died  at  Rome.  [xliv.  1&] 

PECKHAM,    8m    GBORGB    (rf.    1608),   merchant 

venturer  ;  son  of  Sir  Edmund  Peckbam  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted, 
1670;  associated  with  Gilbert,  Greiiville,  and  Carleill  in 
American  explorations.  [xliv.  189] 

PECKHAM,  HENRY  (rf.  1556X  conspirator :  BOO  of 
Sir  Edmund  Pcckhnm  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Chipping  Wyoombe, 
1552-3, 1656  ;  hanged  for  conspiring  to  rob  the  exchequer! 


PECXHAM,JOHN  (d.  1292),  archbishop 
bury:  studied  at  Oxford;  proceeded,  c.  1250,  to  Paris, 
where  he  enjoyed  the  favour  of  Margaret,  wife  of 
Louis  IX,  and  defended  the  doctrine  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas 
on  the  '  Unity  of  Form ' ;  returned  to  Oxford,  t. 
1270  ;  elected  (e.  1276)  ninth  provincial  minister  of  the 
Franciscans  in  England  ;  summoned  to  Rome  a  year  or 
two  later  by  Pope  Nicholas  III,  ami  made  •  Lector  sacri 
palatii,'  or  theological  lecturer  in  the  schools  in  the  papal 
palace:  nominated,  1279,  by  Nicholas  III  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  very  much  against  his  will  :  as  a  friar  was 
naturally  inclined  to  favour  the  pretensions  of  the  papal 
see  ;  his  tenure  of  office  marked  by  several  bold  though 
ineffectual  attempts  to  magnify  ecclesiastical  authority 
at  the  expense  of  the  temporal  power  ;  his  attitude  made 
by  Edward  I  the  occasion  for  passing  the  statute  of 
Mortmain  or  De  Religiosis  ;  precipitated  the  overthrow 
of  Llywelyn's  power  by  his  pretensions  to  authority  over 
the  Welsh  church,  and  after  the  completion  of  the  con- 
quest took  various  measures  intended  to. bring  the  church 
in  Wales  into  conformity  with  English  customs  ;  in  his 
ecclesiastical  administration  in  England  applied  himself 
with  much  zeal  to  the  correction  of  abuses  in  the 
church,  passing  statutes  at  the  council  of  Rending 
(1279)  and  the  council  of  Lambeth  (1281)  to  check  the 
growth  of  plurality  ;  involved  by  his  insistence  on  his 
visitorial  rights  (1280)  in  a  dispute  with  Edward  I ;  lost 
no  opportunity  of  advancing  the  interests  of  the  two 
great  mendicant  orders,  especially  those  of  his  own 
order;  appointed  by  Pope  Nicholas  III  •  protector  of  the 
privileges  of  the  order  of  minors  in  England ' ;  inter* 
posed  on  the  behalf  of  the  Franciscans  against  the  Cister- 
cians of  Scarborough,  1281,  and  denied  the  claim  of  the 
Dominicans  to  superiority  over  them  ;  condemned  (1284) 
at  Oxford  certain  erroneous  opinions  in  grammar,  logic, 
and  natural  philosophy,  and  gave  a  decision  on  the  vexed 
question  of  the  '  form  '  of  the  body  of  Christ,  involving 
the  received  doctrine  of  the  eucharist,  which  brought  him 
into  conflict  with  the  Dominicans.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer  of  treatises  on  science  and  theology,  as  well  as  of 
poetry.  Twenty-five  of  his  treatises  are  extant,  of  which 
four  have  been  printed,  'Perspectira  Communis'( Milan, 
1482),  'Divinaru  Seutentiara  Libroru  Biblie  ad  certos 
titulos  redacte  Collectariu  '  (Paris,  1613),  '  De  Summit 
Trinitate  et  Fide  Catholica  *  (London,  1510),  •  Philomela ' 
(Paris,  1503),  the  last  erroneously  printed  among  the 
works  of  St.  Bona venture.  [xliv.  190] 

PECKTTT,  WILLIAM  (1731-1795),  glass-painter: 
was  brought  up  as  a  carver  and  gilder,  bnt  adopted 
glass-painting  as  a  profession;  did  much  for  English 
cathedrals,  and  for  the  collet 


brid^r. 


colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
[xliv.  197] 


PECKWELL,  HENRY  (1747-1787),  divine ;  of  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford ;  chaplain  to  the  Counters  of 
Huntingdon  ;  bis  outspoken  preaching  in  the  chapel 
of  the  Magdalen  Institution,  Dublin,  much  resented; 
rector  of  Bloxholm-cum-Digby  ;  published  *  A  Collection 
of  Psalms  and  Hymns,'  c.  1760.  [xliv.  198] 

PECKWELL,  afterwards  BL088ET,  SIR  ROBERT 
HENRY  (1776-1823),  judge  :  only  sou  of  Henry  Peck- 
well  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1799; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1801  :  serjeant-at-law,  1809  ; 
chief-justice  of  Calcutta,  1822-3  ;  knighted,  1822. 

[xliv.  198] 


PECOCK 


1020 


PEEL 


PECOCK.  REGINALD  (1395  ?-1460  ?),  bishop  suc- 
MBdrely  of  St.  Asaph  and  Ohichester  ;  a  Welshman  by 
birth-  ft:<  :  College,  Oxford,  1417:  B.D., 

14*5  ;  master  (1431)  of  Whittington  College,  London, 
where  be  distinguished  himself  by  his  writing  juMinst 
the  Vollard*:  promoted  by  papal  provision  to  the 
bUhoprio  of  St.  Asaph,  1444  ;  excited  indignation  by 
preaching  at  St  Paul's  Cross,  London,  against  church 
reform,  1447 :  translated  to  Chichester,  1460  ;  publicly 
attached  to  the  bouse  of  Lancaster  by  his  appointment, 
which  was  one  of  the  last  acts  of  William  <le  la  Pole,  first 
duke  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ;  subsequently  became  a  privy  coun- 
cillor:  issued (1465)  'Represser  of  over  much  Blaming  for 
the  Clergy,'  a  work  directed  against  lollard  teachings  and  a 
monument  of  fifteenth-century  English,  clear  and  pointed 
in  style ;  issued  (1466)  his  •  Book  of  Faith,'  also  in  English 
(the  greater  part  printed  in  1688);  in  another  work,  the 
'Proroker,'  not  extant,  denied  the  authenticity  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,  of  which  be  had  already  issued  a  revised 
version ;  alienated  by  such  writings  every  section  of  theo- 
logical opinion  in  England :  cited  with  his  accuser  before 
Thomas  Boucbier,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1457,  and  in 
November  expelled  from  the  privy  council ;  his  creed  con- 
demned :  and  after  making  a  public  abjuration  at  St. 
Paul's  Cross,  London,  resigned  his  bishopric  (1468)  and 
was  sent  to  Thorney  Abbey  in  Cambridgeshire,  where  he 
probably  lived  in  seclusion.  His  '  Represser '  and  the 
4  Book  of  Faith'  have  been  printed,  and  a  collection  of 
excerpts  from  his  works  included  in  Foxe's '  Commentarii 
Rerum  in  Ecclesia  Ge^tarum '  (.1554).  [xliv.  198] 

PECTHELM  (d.  735),  first  bishop  of  Whithorn  ;  con- 
secrated, 730  ;  learned  in  ecclesiastical  law  ;  friend  of 
Boniface  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  202] 

PECTWIH  (d.  776),  bishop  of  Whithorn;  con- 
secrated in  763.  [xliv.  203] 

PEDDEB,.  JOHN  (1520 7-1571),  dean  of  Worcester: 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1542 ;  B.D.,  1552 ;  being  a  protestant 
went  abroad  on  Queen  Mary's  accession ;  returned,  1558 ; 
dean  of  Worcester,  1559-71.  [xliv.  203] 

PEDDIE.  JAMES  (1758-1845),  presbyterian  divine; 
of  Edinburgh  University ;  minister  of  the  Bristo  Street 
secession  church  in  Edinburgh,  1782-1845  ;  twice  moder- 
ator ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  '  old  '  and  '  new  light ' 
controversy  as  a  '  new  light.'  [xliv.  203] 

PEDDIE,  JOHN  (d.  1840),  lieutenant-colonel :  en- 
sign, 1805;  lieutenant-colonel  31?t  foot,  1830,  72nd 
higblanders,  1832;  K.H.,  1832;  at  Izolo  Berg  in 
Kaffraria  defeated  the  Kaffirs  in  a  night  attack,  1835. 

[xliv.  204] 

PEDDIE,  WILLIAM  (1805-1893),  minister  ;  of 
Edinburgh  University  ;  son  of  James  Peddie  [q.  v.]  ; 
appointed  colleague  and  successor  to  his  father  at  Bristo 
Street,  Edinburgh,  1828 ;  moderator  1855.  [xliv.  204] 

PEDEN,  ALEXANDER  (1626  ?-1686),  covenanter  ; 
of  Glasgow  University  ;  ordained  minister  of  New  Luce 
1660  ;  ejected,  1663,  for  refusing  to  obtain  episcopal  col- 
lation ;  byjiis  power  of  speech  and  supposed  prophetical 

Mirnr 


tory  M.P.  for  Norwich,  1836,  for  Huntingdon,  1831-68  : 
surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance,  1841-6,  under  his 
brother,  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  secretary  for  war  under  Lord 
Derby,  1858  and  1866,  resigning  office  in  1867  rather  than 
support  Disraeli's  scheme  of  reform  ;  noted  for  his  devo- 
tion to  horseracing  and  his  extensive  acquaintance  with 
all  matters  connected  with  the  turf.  [xliv.  207] 

PEEL,  SIR  LAWRENCE  (1799-1884),  chief-justice  of 
Calcutta  ;  nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  first  baronet  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Rugby  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1824 ; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1824,  bencher,  1856,  treasurer, 
1866;  knighted,  1842;  was  chief- justice,  1842-55  ;  created 
D.O.L.  Oxford,  1868.  [xliv.  209] 

PEEL,  PAUL  (1861-1892),  Canadian  painter;  born 
in  Ontario ;  studied  in  Paris,  where  he  settled ;  his  art 
entirely  French  in  character.  [xliv.  209] 

PEEL,  Sm  ROBERT,  first  baronet  (1750-1830), 
manufacturer ;  son  of  Robert  Peel,  parent  of  the  calico- 
printing  industry  in  Lancashire ;  applied  the  discoveries 
of  Arkwright  and  Hargreaves  in  his  business ;  M.P., 
Tamworth,  1790,  and  took  an  interest  in  industrial  and 
financial  measures  ;  carried  an  act  (1802)  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  health  of  apprentices  and  others,  which  was 
the  forerunner  of  all  factory  reform.  [xliv.  209] 

PEEL,  SIR  ROBERT,  second  baronet  (1788-1850), 
statesman ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  first  baronet 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
double  first  class,  1807 ;  tory  M.P.  for  Cushel  (seat 
bought  for  him  by  his  father),  1809  ;  under-secretary  for 
war  and  the  colonies  under  Lord  Liverpool,  1810-12; 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1812-18 ;  successfully  opposed 
catholic  emancipation,  and  established  the  peace  preser- 
vation police,  vulgarly  called  '  peelers ' ;  met  with  vehe- 
ment opposition  from  O'Connell,  with  whom  he  declined 
a  duel,  1815 ;  M.P.,  Oxford  University.  1817 ;  carried 
'Peel's  Act '  (1819)  providing  for  the  resumption  of  cash 
payments  in  1823 ;  began  to  distrust  rigorously  un- 
changing toryism  as  a  political  creed;  rejoined  Lord 
Liverpool's  ministry  as  home  secretary,  182? ;  after 
effecting  important  reforms  in  criminal  law,  resigned 
office  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  catholic  emancipa- 
tion (April  1827) ;  after  Canning's  death  (August  1827) 
laboured  successfully  to  reunite  the  tory  party,  and  in 
January  1828  joined  Wellington's  administration  as  home 
secretary  and  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons;  aban- 
doned his  opposition  on  finding  the  country  determined 
on  catholic  emancipation,  and  (March  1829)  introduced 
a  bill  for  granting  the  measure;  M.P.,  Westbury,  1829, 
Tamworth,  1830  and  1833  ;  resigned  office  (Novem- 
ber 1830)  on  the  defeat  of  Wellington's  government;  be- 
came premier  (November  1834)  at  the  instance  of  Wil- 
liam IV,  holding  the  offices  of  first  lord  of  the  treasury 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer;  confronted  in  the 
Commons  by  a  hostile  majority,  and  outvoted  six  times 
in  six  weeks ;  resigned  office  (April  1835),  and  retiring 
to  opposition  gradually  bnilt  up  a  great  party,  which 
became  known  as  the  conservative  party,  a  name  first 


wuvi        -1^1*00        AH/UA.,        1D/O,        UUL 

liberated,  1678 ;  spent  his  last  days  in  a  cave  near  Sorn  In 

[xliv.  205] 
PEDLET,  ROBERT  (1760-1841).    [See  DEVRRKLL.] 


J    UiO    |SVPWd    Ul     BpCTTUU     nll\l     SUpUOSfXl   PrOPnetlCal      I      Lpcvai-uc     &11V/W11      »O      UIWUMOTVOTMTO      |MMV^f     »     uaLLTC      mow 

as  well  as  his    extraordinary   hardships,  gained  I  uge*'  in  1831,  its  policy  being  to  maintain  intact  the 
influence  among  the  conventicles  of  southern     established  constitution  of  church  and  state ;    on    the 
imprisoned    on   the    Bass    Rock,    1673,    but      resignation  of  Melbourne,  1839,  summoned  to  form  a 

cabinet,  but  was  unable  to  acquiesce  in  the  retention 
of  the  whig  ladies  of  the  bedchamber,  on  which  Mel- 
bourne resumed  office ;  the  question  of  the  household 
being  decided  in  his  favour,  and  the  government  having 
been  defeated,  Peel  formed  a  ministry,  Aug.  1841 ;  seyen 
past  or  future  prime  ministers  and  five  future  viceroys 
of  India  members  of  his  party;  held  no  post  beyond 
that  of  first  lord  of  the  treasury  ;  introduced  (1842)  his 
first  budget,  in  which  he  began  his  task  of  lighten- 
ing the  burden  of  indirect  taxation,  and  make  good 
the  temporary  deficiency  by  the  imposition  of  an  income- 
tax  ;  had  repealed  605  duties  by  1846,  largely  reducing 
1,035  others ;  increased  consumption  by  this  system  of 
lightening  imposts  on  trade ;  ensured  for  English  trade 


O  (/.  650?),  British  saint;  was  of  royal 
birth,  but  declining  a  crown  retired  to  a  monastery  and 
founded  the  ancient  church  of  Bodmin.  [xliv.  206] 

PEEBLES  or  PEBLIS,  DAVID  (rf.  1579),  musician  • 
canon  of  St.  Andrews  before  the  Reformation  :  wrote  the 
music  of  tbo  famous  St.  Andrews  harmonised  psalter 
and  probably  the  words  also.  [xliv.  207] 

PEEOXE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1680-1626).    [See  PIKE.] 
PEEL,   JOHN   (1776-1864),  Cumberland  huntsman.  '  the  first  position  in  the  world,  and  improved  the  credit  of 

maintained  a  pack  of  hounds  at  his  own  expense  at  Cald*  '  "" * **  "*"*  **"•'"-*-  — "' Q0  -1 — 3f  f" 

famous  through  the  song 
— ";ten  imprompta  by  his  friend 

[xliv.  207] 

(1799-1879),     politician     and 
son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  first  baronet 


beck  for  fifty  years. 
John  Woodcock  Graves. 

:  • 


, 
T.];  entered  the  army,  1816;  major-general, 


the  country  so  much  that  the  funds  rose  from  89  almost  to 
par ;  reorganised  the  Bank  of  England,  and  initiated  a 
policy  of  reform  in  Ireland,  which,  however,  he  had  not 
been  able  to  carry  very  far  before  the  downfall  of  his 
ministry  ;  the  great  work  of  his  administration  was  the  re- 
peal of  the  corn  laws  ;  steadily  opposed  the  cry  for  repeal 
till  1845,  although  desirous  of  ameliorating  the  condition 
of  consumers  ;  inclined  to  free  trade  by  his  experiment* 


PEEL 


lo-Jl 


PELAGIUS 


Joh 


relaxation  of  other  duties  ;  led  by  the  failure  of  th« 
.'i  1815,  with  its  threat  of  Imminent  famine,  to 
;i  m.r;iMirt-  'involving  the  ultimate  repeal  of  the 
aws';  failed  to  carry  his  cabinet  with  him,  and 
d,  9  Dec.  1845  ;  resumed  office,  20  Dec.  1845,  Lord 
Ms^ell  having  failed  to  form  a  government,  .-up- 
by  all  bis  former  colleagues  except  Stan! 
wards  Lord  Derby):  introduced  (January  1846)  his  corn 
law  and  customs  bill  into  the  Commons,  in  which  he  pro- 
posed the  total  repeal  of  the  corn  duties,  though  the  ports 
were  not  to  be  completely  opened  till  1849  ;  in  spite  of 
the  strenuous  resistance  of  many  of  his  former  followers 
succeeded  in  getting  the  bill  passed  through  the  Lords  by 
25  June  1846,  but  on  the  same  night  was  defeated  in  the 
Commons  over  the  first  reading  of  his  Irish  bill  by  a  com- 
bination of  whigs  and  protectionists;  resigned  office, 
29  June  1846;  refused  the  Garter  ;  during  the  few  suc- 
ceeding years  of  opposition  organised  no  party,  but  con- 
stituted himself  the  guardian  of  the  policy  of  free  trade 
and  the  mainstay  of  the  whig  government  ;  thrown  from 
his  horse  on  Constitution  Hill,  29  June  1850,  and  died 
from  his  injuries  on  2  July.  In  an  age  of  revolution  he 
alone  had  the  foresight  and  strength  to  form  "a  con- 
servative party,  resting  not  on  force  or  corruption,  but 
on  administrative  capacity  and  the  more  stable  portion 
of  the  public  will.  While  always  decided  in  his  mea- 
sures, when  he  had  resolved  on  a  line  of  action,  no 
statesman  was  more  controlled  by  a  sense  of  public  duty. 
Wellington  said  of  him,  '  I  never  knew  a  man  in  whose 
truth  and  justice  I  had  more  lively  confidence.' 

[xliv.  210] 

FEEL,  SIB  ROBERT,  third  baronet  (1822-1895), 
politician  ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  second  baronet 
[q.  v.];  of  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  entered 
the  diplomatic  service,  1844;  M.P.,  Tarnworth,  1850, 
Huntingdon,  1884,  Blackburn,  1885  ;  became  Irish  secre- 
tary, 1861,  in  Palmerston's  ministry,  but  in  1865,  under 
Russell,  was  succeeded  by  Chicbester  Forteecue;  his 
political  career  marred  by  his  lack  of  dignity  and  his 
inability  to  accept  a  fixed  political  creed  ;  G.O.B.,  1866. 

[xliv.  223] 

PEEL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1824-1858),  captain  in  the 
navy;  son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  second  baronet  [q.  F.]; 
entered  the  navy,  1838  ;  captain,  1849;  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  bravery  at  Sebastopol  during  the  Crimean  war 
and  by  his  services  with  the  naval  brigade  during  the 
Indian  mutiny;  was  severely  wounded  at  the  second 
relief  of  Lucknow,  and  while  still  weak  succumbed  at 
Cawupore  to  an  attack  of  confluent  small-pox. 

[xliv.  224] 

PEEL,  WILLIAM  YATES  (1789-1858),  politician; 
son  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  first  baronet  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1815  ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1816;  tory  MJ*.  for  Boesiney,  1817-18, 
Tamworth,  1818-30,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1830-1 
Cambridge  University,  1831-5,  Tamworth,  1835-7  and 
1847-52  ;  held  office  under  Liverpool,  Wellington,  and  his 
brother,  Sir  Robert  Peel  [q.  v.],  being  under-sec  retary 
for  the  home  department,  1828,  and  twice  a  lord  of  the 
treasury,  1830  and  1834-5.  [xliv.  210] 

PEELE,  GEORGE  (1558?-1597  ?),  dramatist;  son  of 
a  London  citizen  and  salter  ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, London,  and  Broadgates  Hall  (Pembroke  College) 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1579  ;  esteemed  as  a 
poet  at  Oxford;  led  a  dissipated  life,  and  in  1579  ^ 
turned  out  of  his  father's  dwelling,  within  the  precincts 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  by  the  governors  of  the  institution  ; 
married  before  1583,  and  acquired  some  land  in  his  wife's 
right  ;  almost  certainly  a  successful  player  as  well  as  play- 
wright ;  bis  lyrics  popular  in  literary  circles.  His  works 
which  are  very  numerous,  fall  under  three  heads,  plays, 
pageants,  and  •  gratulatory  '  and  miscellaneous  verse 
Among  his  plays  may  be  mentioned  '  The  Arraignment  of 
Paris  '  (presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth  by  the  chapel  children 
e.  1581)  and  •  The  Battle  of  Alcazar  '  (printed,  1594)  :  among 
his  miscellaneous  verse,  '  Polyhymnia,'  1590,  and  '  The 
Honours  of  the  Garter,'  lo»3.  His  dramatic  writings 
show  versatility  of  fancy  and  brilliancy  of  imagery,  but 
betray  a  lack  of  constructive  power.  [xliv.  225] 

PEEND  or  DE  LA  PEEND,  THOMAS  (fl.  1565), 
translator  and  poet;  of  Oxford  University;  a  London 
barrister  ;  translated  4  The  pleasant  Fable  of  Hermaphro- 
ditua  and  Salmacis,'  1565,  from  the  '  Metamorphoses. 

[xliv.  229] 


-8,  RICHARD  (1G86-1739),  author;  too  of 
Peers  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
car  of  Faringdon,  1711-39;  published  'The 
(1717)  and  other 
[xliv.  Ml] 


PEER.  WILLIAM  (•/.  1713Xactor;  became  property 
nan  ut  the  Theatre  Royal  ( 1  miry  Lane),  London  ;  cele- 
bruted  by  Steele  in  the  •  Guardian '  (No.  82).  [xliv.  230] 

PEERIS,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1520),  family  chronicler; 
secretary  to  Sir  Henry  (Algernon)  Percy,  fifth  earl  of 
Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  a  'Metrical  Chronicle' 
of  the  1'ercies  (now  in  the  British  Museum),  [xliv.  180] 

PEERS,  RICHARD  (1646-1690X  translator  and 
author ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford : 
M.A.,  1671 :  translated  the  '  History  and  Antiquities'  of 
Anthony  Wood  [q.  T.]  into  Latin,  1674.  [xliv.  180] 

PEERS, 

Richard 

1708:    vicar    of    Faringdon, 

Character  of   an   Honest  Dissenter 

works. 

PEER80N  or  PLERSON,  ANDREW  (<*.  1694Xdivine  ; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1644-6  ; 
chaplain  to  Archbishop  Parker ;  held  livings  in  Kent ; 
prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1563 ;  took  part  in  preparing 
[or  press  the  '  Bishops'  Bible.'  [xliv.  881] 

PEERSON,  PIERSON.  or  PEARSON.  MARTIN 
(1590  7-1651  ?X  musical  composer :  Mus.  Bac.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1613;  master  of  the  choristers  at  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London ;  published  songs,  airs,  and 
madrigals.  [xliv.  232] 

PEETER8,  GERARD  (Jl.  1682-1592X  author;  of 
Westminster  School;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1687  ;  M.A.,  1590  ;  probably  author  of  two  small 
treatises  on  memory.  [xliv.  238] 

PEETER8  or  PIETERS,  JOHN  (1667-1727),  painter  ; 
born  at  Antwerp;  came  to  England,  1686:  a  skilled 
copyist,  and  caUed  Doctor  Peeters  from  his  success  in  re- 
pairing damaged  pictures.  [xliv.  233] 

PEGGE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1766-1822X  physician  ; 
son  of  Samuel  Pegge  (1733-1800)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1786;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1788 ;  M.A.  and  M.B.,  1789 ;  F.R.S.,  1796  :  knighted,  1799 ; 
regius  professor  of  physic  at  Oxford,  1801-22. 

[xliv.  233] 

PEGGE,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1704-1796X  antiquary : 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1729,  and  held 
various  fellowships  there ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield,  1767- 
1796,  of  Lincoln,  1772-96 ;  created  LL.D.  Oxford,  1791 ; 
published  works  on  English  antiquities.  [xliv.  233] 

PEGGE,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1733-1800X  anti- 
quary, poet,  and  musical  composer ;  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  barrister,  Middle  Temple;  a  groom  of  the 
king's  privy  chamber ;  F.S.A.,  1796  ;  composed  catches, 
glees,  and  popular  songs ;  wrote  elegies  and  prologues, 
and  published  books  on  antiquarian  topics,  [xliv.  236] 

PEILE,  THOMAS  WILLIAMSON  (1806-1882),  author 
and  divine ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1829  ; 
M.A.,  1831 ;  D.D.,  1843  ;  bead-master  of  Kepton,  1841-64  ; 
vicar  of  Luton,  1857-60 ;  vicar  of  St.  Paul,  South  Hamp- 
stead,  1860-73 :  works  include  editions  of  the  '  Agamem- 
non '  of  ^scbylus,  1839,  and  of  the  '  Choephori,'  1840. 

[xliv.  235] 

PEIRCE.  [See  also  PEARCK,  PEARSE,  PIERCE,  and 
PIERS.] 

PEIRCE,  JAMES  (16747-1726X  dissenting  divine; 
independent  minister  at  Cambridge,  1701-6 ;  presbyterian 
minister  at  Newbury,  1706-13  ;  minister  at  Exeter,  1713- 
1719 :  his  theology  originally  SabeUian ;  claimed  by  his 
correspondent  Whiston  as  u  Unitarian,  though  he  rejected 
the  'distinctive  opinion'  of  Anus;  suspected  (1716)  of 
Arianisin,  and,  refusing  to  subscribe  to  any  proposition 
not  in  scripture,  was  ejected  from  his  Exeter  charge,  1719. 
His  published  works  were  very  numerous.  [xliv.  236] 

PEIRSON.  [See  alto  PKARSON,  PEKK.SON,  and  PIER- 
SON.] 

PEIRSON,  FRANCIS  (1757-1781 X  major,  1780; 
stationed  in  Jersey  in  January  1781,  when  St.  Hehers  was 
surprised  by  the  French  under  Baron  de  Rullecour ;  at 
the  head  of  the  regular  troops  and  island  militia  worsted 
the  French  and  regained  the  town,  but  fell  at  the  moment 
of  victory.  C*UT-  **<>] 

PELAGIU8  (Jl.  400-418X  heresUrch  ;  born  in  Britain  ; 
came  to  Rome  early  in  the  fifth  century,  and  became  pro- 
minent as  a  theological  disputant ;  proceeded  to  Palestine, 


PELGRIM 


1022 


PELL 


;  o ;  accused  of  heresy  by  Orosius  on  behalf  of  the 

•an  church,  415,  and  acquitted  by  a  synod  at  Jerusa- 

.  on  an  appeal  to  Rome  was  called  on  by  Innocent  I 

to  abjure,  bat  was  declared  cleared  (417)  by  Pope  Zosimus  : 

Tbeodosius,  tine  emperor,  being  influenced  against  him,  he 

was  finally  condemned  (418),  after  which  his  hi.-tcr.    ,- 

wy  obscure.  He  was  opposed  to  the  Augustiniun  doctrine 

of  predestination  and  of  original  [xliv.  240] 

PELGRIM,  JOYCE  (/.  1104-1514),  stationer  in 
London  ;  conducted  a  business  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 
in  partnership  with  Henry  JacobL  [xliv.  242] 

PELHAM,  Sin  EDMUND  (rf.  1606), chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  Ireland;  brother  of  Sir  William  Pelham 
[q.  T.]  ;  reader.  Gray's  Inn,  1688:  M.P.,  Hastings,  1697  ; 
wrjeant-at-law,  1601:  appointed  chief  baron,  1602; 
knighted,  1604 ;  first  English  judge  to  go  on  circuit  in  the 
north  of  Ireland.  [  xliv.  343] 

PELHAM,  FREDERICK  THOMAS  (1808-1861),  rear- 
admiral  :  son  of  Thomas  Pelham,  second  earl  of  Chi- 
chester [q.  v.];  entered  the  navy,  1823;  rear-admiral, 
IMt  [xliv.  254] 

PELHAM,  GEORGE  (1766-1827),  bishop  successively 
of  Bristol,  Exeter,  and  Lincoln  ;  son  of  Thomas  Pelham, 
first  earl  of  Chichester  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Clare  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1787 ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Bristol,  1803 ;  D.C.L. 
Lambeth ;  translated  to  Exeter,  1807,  to  Lincoln,  1820 ; 
notorious  for  his  greed  of  lucrative  office.  [xliv.  243] 

PELHAM,  HENRY  (1696 ?-1764),  statesman;  son  of 
Thomas  Pelham,  first  baron  Pelham  [q.  v.];  of  West- 
minster School  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford;  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  defeat  of  the  Jacobites  at  Preston; 
entered  parliament  as  M.P.,  Seaford,  1717,  and  consistently 
supported  Walpole  and  Townshend ;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1722- 
1754 ;  nominated  secretary  at  war,  1724 ;  paymaster  of 
the  forces,  1730 ;  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  1743  ;  after  1746  was  with  his  brother, 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  supreme  in  parliament,  though 
nearly  breaking  up  the  party  for  a  time  by  his  quarrel 
(1749)  with  Newcastle.  He  was  a  timid,  peace-loving 
politician,  without  any  commanding  abilities  or  much 
strength  of  character.  He  was,  however,  a  good  man  of 
business,  and  both  an  able  and  an  economical  financier. 
HU  parliamentary  influence  was  chiefly  maintained  by  an 
elaborate  system  of  corruption.  [xliv.  244] 

PELHAM,  HENRY  (1749-1806),  painter ;  son  of  Peter 
Pelbam  [q.  v.] ;  painted  historical  subjects  and  minia- 
tures ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1777  and  1778. 

[xliv  251] 

PELHAM,  HENRY  THOMAS,  third  EARL  OF  CHI- 
PHIWTKR  (1804-1886),  son  of  Thomas  Pelham,  second  earl 
of  Chichester  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity 
CoUege, Cambridge;  major  in  the  army,  1841,  resigning, 
1844 ;  head  of  the  church  estates  committee,  1860-78.  To 
him  were  largely  due  the  reforms  carried  out  in  the  manage- 
ment and  distribution  of  church  revenues.  [xliv.  247] 

PELHAM,  HERBERT  (1600-1673),  colonist ;  joined 
*  Massachusetts  Company,  1629,  and  went  to  Massa- 
chusetts, 1635 :  took  an  active  part  in  the  settlement  of 
Sudbury  :  returned  to  England,  1647.  [xliv.  248] 

RnnPJLH,Allf  J?HILDB  (d'  1429)"  trea8^r  of  England  ; 
ot  a  Sussex  knight ;  an  early  supporter  of  Henry  IV 
111  ^*  •u.°°"8ful  Attempt  on  the  crown,  1399  ;  made  con- 
stable of  Pevensey  1400 ;  keeper  of  the  New  Forest,  and 
steward  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1405  ;  treasurer,  1412, 
but  deprived  of  his  office  on  Henry  Vs  accession. 


.  PELHAM,  JOHN  THOMAS  , 

Norwich ;  son  of  Thomas  Pelham,  second  earl  oiffchT- 
S^  CM  *'] :  °J  W«tmin*ter  School  and  Christ  Church, 
°*f°rd :  M.A.  and  D.D.,  1857  ;  consecrated,  1857  ;  resigned 
fttc,  1893;  a  life-long  friend  of  Henry  Edward  Manning 
IQ"  ^»J»  lO6  card i iiiil.  f  xliv  2501 

~fta2?s^fflan3^ 
sajasS^issiiSfiSiaSf""' 


ȣSF*'    PSrERt(d'   I7"*   ^-otin; 
d  a  number  of  excellent  portraits    in    London 
"      »  «nd  1726    emir 


1726;  emigrated 
resident  in 


to  Boston,  Mju-sa- 

i  "26  ;  fint  artist  resident  in  New  EngtandTwbl 

Ualung  first  «ne«otint  plate  executed  tlie,v.    [Sfv  260] 


PELHAM,  SIB  THOMAS,  fourth  baronet  aud  first 
BAHUN  I'KLHAM  OK  LAUGHTOX  (1650?-171i!).  a  member 
of  t  he  whig  party ;  M.P.,  East  Grinsteul,  lti7tf-9,  Lewes, 
h;7'.i-1702,  Sussex,  1702;  held  various  minor  otli.vs  ; 
(.•ivan-d  baron,  1706.  [xliv.  251] 

PELHAM,  "HOMAS,  first  EARL  OP  CHICHKSTEB  and 
second  BAKUX  I'KLHAM  OF  STANMKK  (1728-1805),  great- 
nephew  of  Sir  Thomas  Pelham,  first  baron  Pelham 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1749,  Sussex,  1754-68 ;  a  follower  of 
his  cousin,  the  Duke  of  Newcastle;  created  Earl  of 
Chichester,  1801.  He  held  several  lucrative  sinecures. 

[xliv.  252] 

PELHAM,  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  Cmnh.Mn: 
(1756-1826),  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Pelham,  first  earl 
of  Chichester  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1775 ;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1780 ;  acted 
with  the  Rockingham  whigs  ;  appointed  surveyor-general 
of  the  ordnance,  1782;  from  1783  remained  in  opposition 
till  1794,  when  he  joined  the  old  whigs,  who  supported  Pitt's 
foreign  policy ;  Irish  secretary,  1795-8 ;  home  secretary 
under  Addiugton,  1801 ;  removed  by  Addinerton  to  the 
chancellorship  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1803 ;  deprived 
of  this  office  by  Pitt,  1804 ;  joint- postmaster-general,  1807- 
1823,  and  sole  holder  of  the  office,  1823-6.  [xliv.  252] 

PELHAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1587),  lord-justice  of 
Ireland ;  half-brother  of  Sir  Nicholas  Pelbam  [q.  v.] ; 
commanded  the  pioneers  at  the  siege  of  Leith,  1560, and 
at  Havre,  1562;  subsequently  lieutenant-general  of  the 
ordnance,  being  occupied  for  several  years  in  strengthen- 
ing the  defences  of  the  kingdom :  knighted  by  Sir  William 
Drury  [q.  v.] ;  chosen  lord-justice,  1579,  and  in  that  year 
and  1580  carried  on  vigorous  warfare  in  Munster ;  ap- 
pointed marshal  of  Leicester's  force  in  the  Netherlands, 
1681,  serving  in  the  Netherlands  till  1587.  [xliv.  255] 

PELHAM-HOLLES,  SIR  THOMAS,  fifth  baronet,  first 
DUKE  OF  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE  and  of  NKWCASTLE- 
UNDKR-LTMK,  EARL  OP  CLARE,  second  BARON  PELHAM 
OF  LAUGHTOX,  and  first  BARON  PELHAM  OP  STAXMKK 
(1693-1768),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Pelham,  first  baron 
Pelbam  [q.  v.]:  of  Westminster  School  and  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge ;  created  LL J>.,  1728 ;  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1748;  assumed  the  name  of  Holies, 
1711,  on  succeeding  to  the  estates  of  his  uncle,  John 
Holies,  duke  of  Newcastle  [q.  v.] ;  created  Earl  of  Clare, 
1714,  Duke  of  Newcastle,  1715  ;  adhered  at  first  to  Towns- 
hend, but  on  the  schism  of  1717  went  over  to  Suuderland 
and  was  made  lord  chamberlain;  became  secretary  of 
state  for  the  southern  department,  1724;  as  Walpole's 
power  declined  began  to  coquet  with  the  opposition,  aud 
increased  Walpole's  difficulties  by  his  high  tone  to  the 
Spanish  court  on  the  occasion  of  the  merchants'  petition ; 
on  Walpole's  resignation  managed  the  negotiations  which 
led  to  the  formation  of  Lord  Wilmington's  administra- 
tion, retaining  the  seals  of  the  southern  department  for 
himself ;  took  advantage  of  the  Jacobite  rebellion  to  force 
Pitt  on  George  II  as  secretary  of  war,  1746 ;  succeeded 
Pelham  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  1754,  but  was  driven 
to  resign,  1766,  by  the  ill-success  of  the  French  war: 
formed  a  coalition  with  Pitt,  1757.  but  in  1762,  having 
acquiesced  in  forcing  Pitt  out  of  office,  found  he  hail 
played  into  Bute's  bands,  and  was  driven  to  resign ;  pur- 
sued into  retirement  by  Bute's  hostility  and  deprivul  .»i 
his  posts ;  lost  his  adherents  in  face  of  this  proscription ; 
was  lord  privy  seal  in  Rockiugham's  administration 
(July  1765  to  August  1766).  Many  stories  are  told  of 
his  ignorance  of  common  things ;  though  a  master  of 
political  corruption,  he  was  not  himself  corrupt,  aud  died 
300,000/.  poorer  for  his  lialf-century  of  official  life. 

[xliv.  257] 

PELL,  JOHN  (1611-1686),  mathematician;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1630  (incorporated  at  Oxford, 
1631);  professor  of  mathematics  (1643)  at  Amsterdam, 
whence  he  removed  (1646)  to  Breda :  returned  to  England 
;  1(562)  and  was  employed  by  Cromwell  as  a  diplomatist  in 
Switzerland,  1664-8 ;  rector  of  Fobbing,  1661-85 ;  vicar 
of  Laindon,  1663-85;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1663:  died  in 
poverty.  His  mathematical  reputation  was  great,  but  he 
accomplished  little,  and  left  nothing  of  moment. 

[xliv.  261] 

PELL,  SIR  WATKIN  OWEN  (1788-1869),  admiral : 
entered  the  navy,  1799 ;  employed  in  the  defence  of  Cadiz, 
1811-13;  knighted,  1837  ;  K.C.H.,  1837;  admiral,  1861. 

[xliv.  l'G3] 


PELL 


PEMBRIDGE 


PELL,  WILLIAM  (K,:n  1608),  nonconformist  divine: 
M.  A.  Magdalene  Collegi  •••;  fellow,  16.V 

from  the  rtvtury  of  0  ••»,  1662;  subsequently 

pastor  at   Boston,    1687-04,   and  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
1694-98.  [xliv.  '.'03] 

PELLATT,  APSLEY  (1791-1863),  glass  manti: 
possessed  a  gloss  warehouse  in  Southwark,  and  took  out 

several     patents     for     glasj.     manufactures  :     published 
'  Curiosities  of  Glass  Making,*  1849.  [xliv.  264] 

PELLEGRINI,    OAltLO    (1839-1889),   caricaturist; 
born  at  Capua;  came  to  England,  1864;  known  by  bis 
«ai  .-ituivs  in  'Vanity  Fuir'  signed  'Ape,'  from   1869 
r.is.  [xliv.  266] 

PELLETT,  THOMAS  (1671  7-1744),  physician  ;  M.B. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1694  ;  M.D.,  1706  ;  Harreian 
orator,  1719;  president  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 1736-9.  [xliv.  266] 

PELLEW,  SIR  EDWARD,  first  baronet  and  first 
VISCOUNT  Ex  MOUTH  (1767-1833),  admiral;  entered  the 
navy,  1770  ;  earned  repeated  promotion  by  his  gallantry, 
and  (1793)  took  the  first  frigate  In  the  French  war: 
under  circumstances  of  great  bravery  saved  the  crew  and 
passengers  of  a  transport  driven  ashore  at  Plymouth 
Sound,  1796,  and  was  created  a  baronet;  while  command- 
ing a  frigate  (1797),  with  a  companion  frigate  destroyed 
the  French  74-gun  ship,  the  Droits  de  rilomiue,  in  an 
action  which  became  famous ;  prevented  a  general  mutiny 
(1799)  while  in  command  of  a  squadron  in  Bautry  Bay 
by  throwing  himself  among  the  mutineers,  seizing  a  ring- 
leader and  securing  him  with  his  own  hands ;  M.P.,  Barn- 
staple,  1802 ;  supported  the  admiralty  in  parliament 
against  hostile  criticism ;  rear-admiral,  1804 ;  commauder- 
In-chief  in  the  East  Indies,  1804,  where  In  1807  he  destroyed 
the  Dutch  fleet ;  vice-admiral,  1808 ;  returned  to  England, 
1809;  nominated  Commander-in-chief  in  the  North  Sea, 
1810;  commauder-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  1811; 
admiral  of  the  blue,  1814:  O.C.B.,  1816;  bombarded 
Algiers  (1816)  on  the  refusal  of  the  dey  to  abolish  Chris- 
tian slavery,  for  which  feat  he  received  honours  from 
most  of  the  states  of  Christendom,  and  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  a  viscount ;  commander-in-chief  at  Plymouth, 
1817-21 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1832. 

[xliv.  266] 

PELLEW,  SIR  FLEETWOOD  BROUGHTON  REY- 
NOLDS (1789-1861),  admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Bdward  Pellew, 
first  viscount  Exmouth  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy,  1799 : 
O.B.,1816;  K.O.H.,1836;  commauder-in-chjef  on  the  East 
India  and  China  station,  1852,  where  in  1863  his  arbitrary 
severity  provoked  a  mutiny,  the  third  which  had  broken 
out  under  his  command ;  summarily  recalled  in  conse- 
quence ;  saw  no  further  service ;  admiral,  1858 ;  died  at 
Marseilles.  [xliv.  270] 

PELLEW,  GEORGE  (1793-1866),  theologian;  son  of 
Sir  Edward  Pellew,  first  viscount  Exmouth  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1818  :  D.D.,  1828  ;  dean  of 
Norwich,  1828-66,  holding  also  other  preferments  ;  wrote 
sermons  and  tracts,  and  published  (1847)  the  life  of  his 
father-in-law,  Henry  Addington,  first  viscount  Sidmouth 
[q.  v.]  [xliv.  271] 

PELLEW,  Sm  ISRAEL  (1758-1832),  admiral ;  brother 
of  Sir  Edward  Pellew,  first  viscount  Exmouth  [q.  v.]; 
entered  the  navy,  1771 ;  captured  the  French  flagship, 
the  Bucentaure,  at  Trafalgar ;  K.C.B.,  1816 ;  admiral, 
1830.  [xliv.  272] 

PELLEW  or  FELLOW,  THOMAS  (ft.  1715-1738X 
captive  in  Barbary ;  was  captured  off  Finisterre  in 
English  merchantman  by  two  Sallee  rovers,  1715 :  was 
converted  to  Islam  and  remained  in  captivity  In  the 
sultan's  service  till  1738,  when  he  escaped  and  returnee 
to  Cornwall,  his  native  county.  In  1739  were  published 
bis  experiences,  which  in  regard  to  detail  are  more  inte 
resting  than  authentic.  [xliv.  273] 

PELLHAM,  EDWARD  (ft.  1630-1631),  sailor;  pub 
llshed(  1631)  a  narrative  of  his  residence  in  Greenland  in 
the  previous  winter  (frequently  reprinted),  [xliv.  274] 

PELLDTG,  EDWARD  (d.  1718),  divine:  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  fellow 
1664 ;  M.A.,  1666  :  D.D.,  1689  ;  prebendary  of  Westmin 
ster,  1683-91 :  rector  of  Petworth,  1691-1718 :  a  stou 
.l.-i.-n.lcr  of  the  Anglican  church  in  his  writings  atrains 
both  Roman  catholics  and  dissenters.  [xliv.  274] 


PELLY.   sin   .M H  flnt   baromt 

the  Hudson's  Bay  Company;  mainly 

.neutal  (1836)  in  sending  out  the  exploring  parties 

.  under  Peter  Warren  Dease  and  Thomas  Simpson 

(1808-1840)  [q.  v.],  did  so  much  for  the  discovery  ofthe 

north-west  passage  and  the  coast-line  of  North  America : 

reated  baronet .  [xliv.  276] 

PELLY.  Sin  LEWIS  (1826-1892),  Indian  official; 
nephew  of  Sir  John  Henry  Pally  [q.  v.] ;  educated  st 
Rngby;  entered  the  Bombay  arm  utenant- 

1887;  assistant  resident  at  Baroda,  1861-3: 
served  in  the  Persian  war,  1867  :  secretary  of  the  legation 
at  Teheran;  went  on  a  special  mission  through  Af- 
ghanistan and  BeluchUtun  in  I860,  riding  from  Persia 
to  India  without  an  escort ;  political  agent  and  consul  at 
1861-2,  and  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  1862-71 ; 


K.C.S.L,  1874;  despatched  as  special  commissioner  to 
Baroda  to  Investigate  the  disordered  condition  of  that 
e,  1874 ;  was  sent  to  Pesha  war  as  envoy  extraordinary, 
1877;  K.C.B.,  1877;  returned  to  England,  1878;  conser- 
vative M.P.  for  North  Hackney,  1886-92.  [xliv.  275] 

FELLY,  SAVILLE  MARRIOTT (1819-1895),  surgeon- 
general;  brother  of  Sir  Lewis  Pelly  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Winchester  College  and  Guy's  Hospital,  London ;  C.B. ; 
w  service  in  India,  retiring  as  inspector-general  of  hos- 
pitals in  the  Bombay  presidency,  1870.  [xliv.  277] 

PEMBER,  ROBERT  (d.  1560),  scholar  ;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1524  ;  was  one  of  the  great 
group  of  scholars  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  In 
llrn<-y  \ ill's  reign  who  raised  that  college  to  the  highest 
place  among  English  centres  of  learning ;  taught  Roger 
Ascham  Greek ;  reader  in  Greek  at  Trinity  College,  Gam- 
bridge,  1546-60.  [xliv.  277] 

PEMBEBTON,  CHARLES  REEOE  (1790-1840), 
actor  and  lecturer ;  seized  by  the  press-gang,  1807 ;  served 
in  the  navy  seven  years ;  acted  in  tragic  parts,  and  in 
later  life  recited  and  lectured,  chiefly  at  mechanics'  insti- 
tutes, [xliv.  278] 

PEMBERTON,  CHRISTOPHER  ROBERT  (1766- 
1822),  physician;  grandson  of  Sir  Francis  Pemberton 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1794 ;  F  JLO .P., 
1796  ;  censor,  1796, 1804,  and  1811,  and  Harveian  orator, 
1806;  published,  1806,  'A  practical  Treatise  on  various 
Diseases  of  the  Abdominal  Viscera.'  [xliv.  279] 

PEMBERTON,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1625-1697),  judge; 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1644:  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1664,  bencher,  1671,  Lent  reader,  1674; 
serjeant-atrlaw,  1675 ;  was  arrested  (1675)  by  the  House 
of  Commons,  in  spite  of  the  protection  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  for  appearing  in  the  case  of  Crisp  r.  Dalmahoy ; 
knighted,  1675;  puisne  judge  on  the  king's  bench,  1679; 
lord  chief-justice,  1681  ;  chief-justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  1683 :  removed  from  the  bench  (September  16»3) 
and  privy  council  (October  1683)  for  want  of  zeal  against 
Lord  Russell ;  by  his  successful  defence  of  the  seven  bishops 
helped  to  bring  about  the  revolution ;  thrown  into  gaol 
(1689)  for  an  attack  on  parliamentary  privilege  in  1682, 
and  lay  there  until  the  prorogation.  [xliv.  279] 

PEMBEBTON,  HENRY  (1694-1771),  physician  and 
writer;  MJ>.  Leyden,  1719;  employed  by  Newton  to 
superintend  the  third  edition  of  the  '  Principia,'  1726  ; 
Gresham  professor  of  physic,  1728;  prepared  the  fifth 
4  London  Pharmacopoeia '  for  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians (published,  1746).  [xliv.  280] 

PEMBERTON  (afterwards  FEMBEBTON-LEIGH ), 
THOMAS,  BARON  KINCSDOWN  (1793-1867),  a  descendant 
of  Sir  Francis  Pemberton  [q.  v.] :  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1816 ;  achieved  great  success  In  equity :  conservative 
M.P.,  Rye,  1831-2,  Ripon,  1836-43;  repeatedly  refused 
honours,  including  the  great  seal ;  created  a  baron,  1868, 
and  strengthened  the  appellate  tribunal  of  the  House  of 
Lords.  [xliv.  281] 

PEMBLE,  WILLIAM  (15927-1623),  puritan  divine: 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1618 ;  an  able  exponent  of 
Calvinism  in  his  numerous  writings,  besides  being  famous 
as  a  preacher. 

PEMBRIDGE,  CHRISTOPHER  (ft.  1370?),  Irish  an- 
nalist; apparently  the  author  of  'Annales  Hiberniw' 
(1162-1370).  The  original  manuscript  Is  in  the  Bodleian, 
and  was  first  printed  at  the  end  of  Onmdeu's  •  Britannia,' 
1607.  [xliv.  283] 


PEMBRIDGE 


10-J4 


PENN 


PEMBRIDGE  or  PEMBRUGGE.  SIR  RICHARD  DK 
.  /  1375).  soldier  ;  fought  at  Sluys,  1340,  at  Poitiers,  1356  ; 
K.0..1SM,  [xliv.  I'M] 

PEMBROKE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  ARNULP, yf.  1090-1110 ; 
GLARE,  RICHARD  DK,  second  EARL  of  the  Clare  line, 
d  1176;  MARSHAL,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  of  the  Marshal 
line,  d.  1819 :  MARSHAL,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL,  d.  1231 ; 
MARSHAL,  RICHARD,  third  EARL,  d.  1234 :  MARSHAL, 
UILBKRT,  fourth  EARL,  d.  1241 :  MARSHAL,  WALTKR,  fifth 
KARL,  d.  1845 ;  MARSHAL,  ANSELM,  sixth  EARL,  d.  1245 ; 
\  VMER  DB  VALENCE,  d.  1324 :  HASTINGS,  LAURENCE,  first 
KARL  of  the  Hastings  line,  1318  7-1348  ;  HASTINGS,  JOHN, 
second  EARL,  1347-1376;  TUDOR,  JASPKR,  14317-1495; 
HERBERT.  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  of  the  Herbert  line 
of  the  first  creation,  d.  1469 ;  HKRBKRT,  WILLIAM,  second 
EARL,  1460-1491;  HERBERT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  of 
the  Herbert  line  of  the  second  creation,  15017-1570: 
HERBERT,  HENRY,  second  EARL,  1534  7-1601 :  HERBERT, 
WILLIAM,  third  EARL,  1680-1630 :  HERBERT,  PHILIP, 
fourth  EARL,  1684-1660;  HERBERT,  PHILIP,  fifth  EARL, 
1619-1669:  HERBERT,  PHILIP,  seventh  EARL,  1653-1683; 
HKRBKRT,  THOMAS,  eighth  EARL,  1656-1733;  HKIIBKRT, 
KY,  ninth  EARL,  1693-1751 ;  HKRBKRT,  HENRY,  tenth 
EARL,  1734-1794 ;  HERBERT,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS,  eleventh 
EARL,  1769-1827 :  HKRBKRT,  GEORGE  ROBERT  CHARLES, 
thirteenth  EARL,  1860-1895.] 

PEMBROKE,  titular  EARL  OP  (d.  1296).  [See  WIL- 
LIAM DE  VALENCE.] 

PEMBROKE,  COUNTESSES  OF.  [See  HERBERT,  MAUY, 
1666  7-1681 ;  CLIFFORD,  ANNE,  1590-1676.] 

PEMBROOKE,  THOMAS  (16627-16907),  painter; 
painted  small  domestic  or  mythological  pictures. 

[xliv.  285] 

PENCE8TER,  PENCHESTER,  or  PENSHURST, 
STEPHEN  DB  (d.  1299),  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports ;  ap- 
pears as  warden  after  1271 ;  was  a  conspicuous  and 
ancoessf  ul  figure  among  the  minor  agents  of  Edward  I's 
policy,  and  superintended  the  laying  out  of  the  site  and 
constructing  the  buildings  of  New  Wiuchelsea,  the  port 
which  Edward  ordered  to  be  constructed  to  replace  Old 
Winchelsea,  which  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea. 

[xliv.  286] 

PENDA  (677  7-665),  king  of  the  Mercians  ;  came  to 
the  throne,  626,  and  raised  the  Mercians  from  a  mere  tribe 
to  a  powerful  people  ;  became  the  champion  of  heathenism 
against  Christianity ;  delegate  of  the  West-Saxons  at 
Oirencester,  628,  and  (633)  defeated  the  Northumbrians 
and  slew  Edwin  [q.  v.]  at  Heathfield ;  reduced  the  East- 
Saxons  to  dependence  and  (642)  slew  Oswald  [q.  v.],  king 
of  the  Northumbrians ;  defeated  and  slain  at  Winwaed 
by  Oswy  [q.  v.],  Oswald's  successor.  [xliv.  287] 

PENDAEVES,  JOHN  (1622-1656),  puritan  contro- 
versialist; B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1642;  ana- 
baptist minister  at  Abingdon  ;  subsequently  a  Fifth- 
monarchy  man;  published  'Arrowes  against  Babylon,' 
(1656),  attacking  the  church  of  Rome,  the  English  church, 
and  the  quakers.  [xliv.  288] 

PENDEE,  SIR  JOHN  (1815-1896X  pioneer  of  sub- 
marine telegraphy;  engaged  as  merchant  in  textile 
fabrics  at  Glasgow  and  Manchester;  director  of  first 
Atlantic  Cable  Company,  1856 ;  joint-founder  of  Anglo- 
American  Company,  1866  ;  chairman  of  Telegraph  Con- 
struction and  Maintenance  Company,  to  which  he  per- 
sonally guaranteed  260,000*. ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Totnes, 
1866-6  (unseated  on  petition ),  and  Wick  boroughs  (liberal), 
1878-88,  and  (liberal  unionist)  1892-6 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888 ; 
G.C.M.G.,  1898.  [Suppl.  iii.  258] 

PENDEEEL,  RICHARD  (d.  1672),  royalist ;  a  Staf- 
fordshire yeoman  ;  primarily  instrumental  with  his  four 
brothers  in  the  escape  of  Charles  II  after  Worcester ;  at 
Uie  Restoration  was  with  them  rewarded  and  pensioned. 

PENDERGRASS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1660  7- ?709).  [See 
PRENDEROAHT.] 

PENDLEBTTEY,  HENRY  (1626-1695),  dissenting 
divine ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  ejected  from 
Holoome,  near  Bury,  1662 ;  one  of  the  most  learned  non- 
conformists of  his  day.  Most  of  his  works  were  published 
posthumously.  [xliv.  290] 

PENDLEBUEY,  JAMES  (<f.  17587),  colonel ;  the  last 
officer  to  bear  the  title  of  master-gunner  of  England,  an 
office  which  he  obtained  in  1709.  [xliv.  291] 


PENDLETON.  FKKDKlMt'K  HENRY  SNOW  (1818- 
1888),  divine  ;  educated  at  Ghent  and  St.  Aldan's  College, 
It.rkenheud ;  English  chaplain  in  several  foreign  towns, 
ami  (1882)  rector  of  St.  Sampson's,  Guernsey;  published 
'  Lettres  Pastorales,'  1851.  [xliv.  291] 

PENDLETON.  HENRY  (d.  1657),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1544: 
D.D.,  1552  ;  a  /.ealous  protestant  under  Edward  VI,  and  a 
zealous  Romanist  under  Mary ;  published  two  homilies, 
1555.  [xliv.  292] 

PENDRAGON,  UTHER.    [See  UTHKR.] 

PENGELLY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1675-1730).  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1700,  bencher, 
1710;  appointed  king's  prime  serjeant,  1719;  knighted, 
1719  ;  judge  in  1726  :  M.P.,  Cockermouth,  1717  and  1722  : 
died  of  gaol  fever  at  Taunton.  [xliv.  292] 

PENGELLY,  WILLIAM  (1812-1894),  geologist;  lec- 
tured on  mathematics  and  geology  in  various  parts  of 
Great  Britain  ;  P.G.S.,  1850 ;  F.R.S.,  1863 ;  the  geology  of 
Devonshire  was  his  principal  study.  [xliv.  294] 

PENINGTON.    [See  also  PKNXINOTOX.] 

PENINGTON,  EDWARD  (1667-1711),  surveyor- 
general  of  Pennsylvania,  1700 ;  son  of  Isaac  Penington 
[q.  v.l  [xliv.  300] 

PENINGTON  or  PENNINGTON,  SIR  ISAAC  (1587  7- 
1660),  lord  mayor  of  London ;  a  fishmonger  by  trade ; 
sheriff  in  1638  ;  a  staunch  puritan  ;  represented  the  city 
of  London  in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments,  and  was 
chosen  lord  mayor  in  1642  and  1643 ;  his  influence  in  the 
city  of  London  invaluable  to  parliament  on  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities  in  raising  loans  and  supplies  for  the  army  ; 
member  of  the  commission  for  the  trial  of  Charles  I,  but 
declined  to  append  his  signature  to  the  death-warrant; 
one  of  the  council  of  state,  1648 ;  knighted,  1649  ;  died  in 
the  Tower  of  London  after  the  Restoration,  [xliv.  295] 

PENINGTON  or  PENNINGTON,  ISAAC  (1616- 
1679),  puritan  and  quaker  ;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Isaac  Pening- 
ton [q.  v.]  ;  joined  the  Friends,  1657,  to  the  indignation 
of  his  father;  imprisoned  (1660)  for  refusing  the  oath  of 
allegiance  ;  suffered  several  subsequent  confinements ; 
published  religious  treatises.  [xliv.  297] 

PENINGTON,  SIR  JOHN  (15687-1646),  admiral; 
second  cousin  of  Sir  Isaac  Peningtou  [q.  v.]  ;  vice-admiral 
under  Ralegh  in  the  voyage  to  the  Orinoco,  1617  ;  served 
against  Algiers,  1621,  under  Sir  Robert  Mansell  [q.  v.] ; 
commanded  (1625)  a  squadron  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
French  king,  and  intended  by  Richelieu  for  service  against 
the  Huguenots  ;  knighted,  1634 ;  in  command  in  the 
Downs  (1639)  when  Troinp  violated  English  neutrality  by 
attacking  the  Spanish  fleet  there  ;  superseded  by  parlia- 
ment, 1642 ;  remained  attached  to  Charles  I,  with  the 
nominal  rank  of  lord  high  admiral,  but  without  any  fleet 
to  command.  [xliv.  300] 

PENINGTON,  JOHN  (1655-1710),  quaker  ;  eldest 
son  of  Isaac  Penington  [q.  v.] ;  engaged  in  controversy 
with  George  Keith  (1639  7-1716)  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  299] 

PENKETH,  THOMAS  (d.  1487),  schoolman  ;  famous 
as  a  theologian  and  philosopher  ;  D.D.  Oxford ;  teacher  of 
theology  at  Padua,  1474 ;  a  pupil  of  Duns  Scotus,  whose 
works  he  edited.  [xliv.  302] 

PENKETHMAN,  JOHN  (fl.  1623-1638),  accountant ; 
published  *  Artachthos,  or  a  new  booke  declaring  the 
Assise  or  Weight  of  Bread '  (1638)  and  other  works. 

[xliv.  302] 

PENLEY,  AARON  EDWIN  (1807-1870),  water-colour- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1835-57  ;  pub- 
lished various  elaborate  treatises  on  his  art,  some  of  them 
illustrated  by  chromolithography.  [xliv.  302] 

PENN,  GRANVILLE  (1761-1844),  author;  son  of 
Thomas  Penn  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  clerk 
in  the  war  department ;  published  a  number  of  competent 
translations  from  the  Greek,  and  many  theological  and 
semi-scientific  works.  [xliv.  303] 

PENN,  JAMES  (1727-1800),  divine;  M.A.  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  1752 ;  grammar  master  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  London,  1753-67  ;  vicar  of  Clavering-cum- 
Langley,  1760-1800  ;  published  chiefly  miscellaneous 
tracts  and  sermons.  [xliv.  304] 


PENN 


1025 


PENNEFATHER 


PENN,  JOHN  O  729-1795),  colonist;  grandson  of 
William  Penn  (1644-1718)  [q.  v.]  :  lieutenant-governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  1763-71,  and  1773-6;  tin-  predominance  of 
his  family  in  the  state  i-nde.i  l>v  the  American  revolution. 

[xliv.  304] 

PENN,  JOHN  (1760-1834),  miscellaneous  writer  ;  son 
of  Thomas  Peun  [q.  v.]  :  created  M.A.  Clare  Hall.  Cam- 
bridge, 1779,  and  LL.l).  1811;  went  to 


tle<l  in  Buckinghamshire,  17H'.t  ;  published  poems, 
plays,  and  pamphlets.  [xliv.  3U6] 

PENN,  JOHN  (1770-1843),  engineer:  improved  the 
oscillating  engine  of  Aaron  Manby  [q.v.]  [xliv.  306] 

PENN,  JOHN  (1805-1878),  engineer  ;  son  of  John 
Penn  (1770-1843)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
firm  of  John  IVun  <k  Sons  at  Greenwich.  [xliv.  305] 

PENN,  KICilAllD  (1736-1811),  colonist;  grandson 
of  William  1'enu  (1644-1718)  [q.  v.]  ;  deputy-governor  of 
lYnnxylvania.  1771-3.  [xliv.  306] 

PENN,  RICHARD  (1784-1863),  humorist;  son  of 
Richard  Penn  (1736-1811)  [q.  v.]  :  entered  the  colonial 
ofBoe  ;  F.R.S.,  1824  ;  published  '  Maxims  and  Hints  for 
an  Angler,'  1833,  and  other  works.  [xliv.  307] 

PENN,  THOMAS  (1702-1775),  colonist  :  son  of  Wil- 
liam Penn  (1644-1718)  [q.  v.]  ;  with  his  brother  succeeded 
his  father  as  joint-  proprietor  of  Pennsylvania,  1718. 

[rliv.  307] 

PENN,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1621-1670),  admiral  and 
general  at  sea  ;  after  some  service  on  the  Irish  coast  was 
engaged  in  the  pursuit  of  Prince  Rupert,  1651-2  ;  served 
under  Blake  in  the  Dutch  war,  and  at  the  battle  oft*  Port- 
land (18  Feb.  1653);  while  in  command  of  the  blue 
squadron  rescued  Blake  and  redeemed  the  fortunes  of  the 
day  :  as  commander  of  the  white  squadron  had  a  very 
important  share  in  the  victories  of  2-3  June  and  of 
29-31  July,  1653;  made  one  of  the  'commissioners  for 
ordering  and  managing  the  affairs  of  the  admiralty  and 
navy,'  December  1653  :  appointed  general  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  fleet  directed  to  act  against  the  Spanish 
West  Indies  in  conjunction  with  General  Robert  Venables 
[q.  v.],  1654  ;  failed  in  an  attack  on  St.  Domingo  in  April 
1655,  but  captured  Jamaica  in  May  ;  on  his  return  to 
England  was  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London,  osten- 
sibly for  returning  home  without  leave  ;  released  after  a 
few  weeks  on  making  an  abject  submission  ;  retired  to  his 
estates  in  Munster,  where  he  remained  in  secret  corre- 
spondence with  the  royalists  until  the  eve  of  the  Restora- 
tion ;  knighted  at  the  Restoration,  and  made  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  navy;  as  Pepys's  superior  officer  came  in 
for  a  good  deal  of  abuse  in  Pepys's  '  Diary  '  ;  accompanied 
the  Duke  of  York  (1666)  to  the  fleet  and  served  with  him 
in  the  campaign  against  the  Dutch,  with  title  of  great 
captain  commander:  probably  drew  up  'The  Duke  of 
York's  Sailing  and  Fighting  Instructions'  (code  of  in- 
structions) ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Lowestoft  (3  June 
1665),  but  incurring  undeserved  censure,  was  not  em- 
ployed again  afloat,  though  he  continued  in  the  navy 
office  till  his  death.  [xliv.  308] 

PENN,  WILLIAM  (1644-1718),  quaker  and  founder 
of  Pennsylvania  :  son  of  Sir  William  Penn  [q.  v.]  :  edu- 
cated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  from  early  boyhood  he 
united  a  taste  for  athletic  sports  with  a  strong  bent 
towards  mystical  pietism  ;  sent  down  from  Oxford  for 
nonconformity,  1661  ;  after  some  time  spent  in  travel  and 
naval  service  was  admitted  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1665  ;  attached  himself  to  the  quakers,  1667  :  committed 
to  the  Tower  of  London,  1668,  for  publishing  his  once 
celebrated  'Sandy  Foundation  Shaken,'  in  which  he  as- 
sailed the  Athanasian  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  Ansel- 
mian  rationale  of  the  atonement,  and  the  Oalvinistic 
theory  of  justification  ;  wrote  in  the  Tower  '  No  Cross  no 
Crown  '  (1669),  an  eloquent  and  learned  dissertation  upon 
the  Christian  duty  of  self-sacrifice  (frequently  reprinted)  ; 
his  release  obtained  by  his  father,  July  1669,  through  the 
intercession  of  the  Duke  of  York  ;  suffered  frequent  per- 
secutions and  imprisonments  and  exerted  himself  to 
lighten  the  hardships  of  the  quakers  ;  turned  his  thoughts 
seriously  to  America  as  a  refuge  from  persecution  for  his 
co-religionists,  and  (1682)  obtained  grants  of  East  New 
Jersey  and  of  Pennsylvania  by  letters  patent,  and  as 
proprietor  and  governor  was  invested  by  the  charter  with 
executive  and  legislative  power  ;  formed  a  '  Free  Society 
of  Traders  of  Pennsylvania,'  1682,  and  framed,  in  concert 
with  Algernon  Sidney,  a  constitution  and  code  of  laws 


for  the  colony,  by  which  all  modes  of  religious  worship 
compatible  with  monotheiHm  and  religious  liberty  were 
to  IK-  tolerated :  nailed  for  A::  mber  1883)  and 

foiichnliii  a  treaty  with  tin-  Lrnni  I^-nupe  Indians;  the 
population  of  his  mlony  increased  by  a  steady  Influx  of 
bunlgnntl  from  Germany,  Holland,  and  Scandinavia,  as 
well  as  from  tin-  British  Isles  ;  returned  to  England,  1684, 
hoping  much  from  the  accession  of  James  II,  whom  he 
iHli.-vfl  to  be  a  sincere  advocate  of  toleration,  his  hopes 
U-iuir  fluttered  by  James  II  from  motives  of  policy  ;  being 
frequently  closeted  for  hours  with  the  king,  was  de- 
nounced as  a  Jesuit  by  some,  and  courted  as  a  royal 
favourite  by  others ;  lias  been  charged  on  insufficient  evi- 
dence by  Lord  Macaulay  with  having  accepted  the  odious 
office  of  extorting  from  the  families  of  the  'Tauntou 
Maids '  the  ransom  assigned  by  James  H's  queen  to  her 
maids  of  honour :  interceded  with  James  II  for  the  fellows 
of  Magdalen,  and  endeavoured  to  procure  the  release  of 
the  seven  bishops  ;  was  nevertheless  summoned  before  the 
council  on  the  Revolution  as  an  adherent  of  the  fugitive 
king,  and  was  held  to  bail ;  remained,  however,  in  London 
in  constant  communication  with  Lord  Sidney  and  other 
friends  at  court  until  he  obtained  (1693)  a  formal  assur- 
ance of  William  Ill's  goodwill  towards  him:  resumed 
the  practice  of  itinerant  preaching,  1693,  and  undertook 
literary  work  ;  returned  to  Pennsylvania  (1699)  with  the 
intention  of  settling  there  for  the  rest  of  his  life ;  came 
to  England  (1701)  to  oppose  a  bill  for  converting  the 
province  into  a  crown  colony ;  he  was  well  received  by 
Queen  Anne,  and  resided  successively  at  Knightsbridge, 
at  Brentford,  and  at  Ruscomb,  where  he  died.  He  was 
buried  at  Jordans,  near  Chalfont  St.  Giles.  His  piety  was 
profound,  and  though  he  bad  little  or  no  interest  in 
humane  learning  for  its  own  sake,  his  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  and  pre-Christian  mystics  was  considerable,  and 
enabled  him  to  give  to  the  doctrine  of  the  •  light  within ' 
a  certain  philosophical  breadth.  His  theological  polemics, 
though  for  the  most  part  occupied  with  questions  of 
ephemeral  importance,  evince  no  small  controversial 
power.  His  works  were  numerous;  a  collective  edition 
appeared  in  1726,  with  a  life  by  Joseph  Besse  [q.  v.] 

[xliv.  311] 

PENN,  WILLIAM  (1776-1845),  author ;  elder  son  of 
Richard  Penn  (1736-1811)  [q.  v.] ;  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  wrote  for  the  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  and 
the  '  Anti-Jacobin.'  [xliv.  306] 

PENNANT,  RICHARD,  BARON  PKNRHTN  (1737?- 
1808),  whig  M.P.  for  Petersfleld,  1761,  Liverpool,  1767, 
1768, 1774,  and  1784 ;  created  baron,  1783 ;  did  much  to 
develop  the  Welsh  slate  trade  in  Carnarvonshire. 

[xliv.  320] 

PENNANT,  THOMAS  (1726-1798),  traveller  and 
naturalist;  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  travelled  on  the 
continent  and  in  Ireland  and  Scotland :  drew  other  tooriste 
to  the  highlands  by  his  'Tour  in  Scotland  '  (1771).  His 
name  stands  high  among  naturalists  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  His '  British  Zoology,'  1766  (new  edit.  1812)  and 
his 'History  of  Quadrupeds,'  1781  (3rd  edit.,  1793),  long 
remained  classical  works.  Gilbert  White  [q.  v.]  published 
his  'Selborne*  in  the  form  of  letters  to  Pennant  and 
Dames  Barrington  [q.  v.]  [xliv.  330] 

PENNECTTIX,  ALEXANDER  (16M-17SSX  Physi- 
cian and  poet :  M.D  :  possessed  an  estate  In  Tweeddale, 
where  he  practised  as  a  physician  ;  published  satires  and 
other  pieces,  often  coarse,  but  full  of  humour ;  his  works 
reprinted  (1762).  [xliv.  323] 

PENNECTTIZ,  ALEXANDER  (rf.  1730),  poet;  pos- 
sibly nephew  of  Alexander  Pennecuik  (1653-1722)  [a.  v.] ; 
author  of  several  meritorious  poems  and  satires :  di«l  in 
want  after  a  life  of  dissipation.  [xliv.  324] 

PENNEFATHER,  CATHERINE  (1818-1893),  hymn- 
writer;  daughter  of  Rear-admiral  James  William  King  ; 
married  William  Pennefather  [q.  v.],  1847;  after  her 
husband's  death  carried  on  his  religious  work  at  Mildmay 
Park,  Islington.  [*»*•  «"3 

PENNEFATHEK,  EDWARD  (1774  7-1847X  Irish 
judge;  brother  of  Richard  Penuefatber  (OTS-1B*) 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Dublin,  1832  :  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1796 : 
bencher  of  King's  Inns,  Dublin,  1S29 ;  solicitor-general 
for  Ireland,  1836  and  1841 ;  chief-justice  of  the  queen** 
bench,  1841,  retiring,  1846. 

PENNEFATHEB.  SIR  JOHN  LYSAGHT  (1800-1873), 
general ;  cousin  of  Richard  Pennefather  ( 1773-1859)[q.  T.J  ; 


PENNEFATHER 


1026 


PEJTRY 


the  army,  1818  :  commanded  a  brigade  at  Alma 
*  division  at  Inkermau,  where  he  bore  the  brunt  of 
j££bt  wttogSeat  credit  ;  G.O.B,  1867.        [xliv.  325] 

PENNEFATHER.  IUC1IARD(1808-1849),  politician  ; 
-on  of    Ricliani  rciinefather  (1773-1859)  [q.  v.]  :    B.A. 
ford,  1828  :  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
for  Ireland,  1845.         [xliv.  327] 


PEWlfEFATHBR.  RICHARD  (1773-1859),  Irish 
jndfft;  B.A.  Dublin,  1794:  called  to  the  Irish  bor,  1795  ; 
aDDoiafeed  chief  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer,  1821  :  wit 
on  the  bench  for  thirty-eight  years.  [xliv.  :',2G] 

PENNEFATHER,  WILLIAM  (1816-187S),  divine; 
son  o(  Richard  Pennefather  (1773-1859)  [q.  v.]  :  B.A. 
Trinity  Cottage,  Dublin,  1840  :  incumbent  of  Christ  Church, 
S3L  1858,  of  St.  Jude's,  Mildmay  Park,  Islington, 
1864  ;  commenced  at  Barnet,  and  continued  at  Mildmay 
Park,  conferences  on  missionary  enterprise,  which  gave 
rise  to  many  permanent  organisations  for  home  and 
foreign  mission  work.  [xliv.  327] 

PEKWETHORNE,  Sm  JAMES  (1801-1871),  archi- 
tect :  employed  by  government  from  1832  to  prepare  plans 
for  improvement*  in  the  metropolis  :  his  designs  thought 
too  extensive  to  be  adopted  in  their  entirety,  but  New 
Oxford  Street  and  Kndell  Street  carried  into  execution 
from  them;  knighted,  1870;  did  much  important  work 
in  connection  with  government  buildings,  [xliv.  328] 

PBNNETHORNE,  JOHN  (1808-1  888X  architect  and 
mathematician  :  brother  of  Sir  James  Pennethorne  [q.v.]  ; 
But  discovered  (18«)  the  incorrectness  of  the  general 
belief  that  the  system  of  design  in  Greek  architecture  was 
absolutely  rectilinear.  [xliv.  329] 


_f,  WILLIAM,  LORD  KiNLorn  (1801-1872), 

Scottish  judge;  educated  at  Glasgow  University;  raised 
to  the  bench,  1858 :  author  of  religious  works  in  prose  and 

[xliv.  330] 


JOHN  FITZGERALD  (1782-1848),  writer  ; 
wrote  comedies,  tragedies,  and  epic  poems  :  published  an 
autobiography,  "The  Tale  of  a  Modern  Genius'  (1827), 
under  the  pseudonym  of  '  Sylvaticus.'  [  xliv.  331  ] 

PENWINGTON.    [See  also  PENINGTON.] 

PENNINGTON,  Sm  ISAAC  (1745-1817),  physician ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1768 ;  M.A.,  1770 ; 
M.D.,  1777;  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1773 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1779 ;  Harveian  orator,  1783 ;  regius 
professor  of  physic,  1793 ;  knighted,  1796.  [xliv.  331] 

PEJfinifGTOH,  JAMES  (1777-1862),  writer  on  cur- 
rency  and  banking ;  engaged  by  the  treasury  to  regulate 
the  West  Indian  currency,  1833  ;  frequently  consulted  by 
government  on  questions  of  currency  and  finance. 

•  [xliv.  332] 

PENNTNGTON,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1470),  soldier;  fought 
In  Scotland  and  for  the  Lancastrians  during  the  civil  war ; 
presented  by  Henry  VI  with  a  cup,  known  as  the '  luck  of 
Muncaster'  (still  preserved  at  Muncaster  Castle). 

[xliv.  332] 

PEITHINGTON,  Sm  JOHN,  first  BARUN  MUNCASTKR 
in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  and  fifth  baronet  (1737-1813), 
dooendant  of  Sir  John  Peutiington  (d.  1470)  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  army,  1766  ;  M.P.,  Milbourne  Port,  1781, 1784, 
and  1790:  follower  of  Lord  North;  M.P.,  Colchester, 
1796,  Westmorland,  1806,  1807,  and  1813,  supporting 
Pitt ;  created  an  Irish  peer,  1783.  [xliv.  332] 

PENNINGTON.    SIR    LOWTHER,    second    BARON 
IKR  anil  sixth  baronet  (1745-1818),  brother  of 
Sir  John    Peuuington,  first  baron   Muncaster  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  the  army,  1764  :  general,  1808.  [xliv.  334] 

PEH1CINGTON,  MONTAGU  (1762-1849),  biographer 
and  editor ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1784 ;  vicar  of 
Northbourne,  1806-49;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Deal,  1814-49;  wrote  'Memoirs'  (1807)  of  hi* 
aunt,  Elizabeth  Carter  Vq.v.],  and  edited  her  letters  and 
the '  Work* '  (1809)  of  Catherine  Talbot  [q.  v.] 

PEKKY,  EDWARD  (1714-1791X  portrait  and  hintori- 
cal  painter :  foundation  member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Art*,  1768,  and  it*  first  professor  of  painting. 

PEWWY  JOHN  (<*.  ISSO  ?X  successively*  blsh^of 
Bangor  and  Carlisle;  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  LL.D. 


Cambridge:   consecrated    bishop    of    Bangor    in    1504; 
tr.n.slatwl  to  Carlisle,  1508.  [xliv.  335] 

PENNY,  JOHN  (1803-1885),  journalist:  edited  the 
4  Sherborne  Journal,'  1828-58.  [xliv.  336] 

PENNY,  NICHOLAS (1790-1858),  brigadier-general: 

!  served  with  tho  utmost  distinction  throughout  the  siege 

!  of  Bhurtpore  (1825),  the  first  Sikh  war  (1846-8),  and  the 

Indian  mutiny;  C.B.,  1846;  second  class  brigadier,  1851  ; 

killed  by  the  mutineers  while  commanding  the  Meerut 

division.  [xliv.  336] 

PENNY,  THOMAS  (d.  1589),  botanist  and  entomo- 
logist ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1559 ;  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1560  (deprived  for  noncon- 
formity, 1577).  [xliv.  337] 

PENNYCTTICK,  JOHN  (d.  1849),  brigadier-general : 
served  in  Java  (1811),  Afghanistan  (1839),  Aden  (1841), 
and  in  the  second  Sikh  war  (1848-9) ;  K.H.,  1837 :  O.B., 
1839 ;  killed  at  Chillianwalla.  [xliv.  338] 

PENNYCTTICK,  JOHN  FARRELL  (1829-1888),  gene- 
ral :  eldest  son  of  John  Pennycuick  [q.  v.] :  served  in  the 
Crimea  (1854-6),  in  the  Indian  mutiny  (1867),  and  in 
China  (1860)  ;  C.B.,  1861 ;  general,  1886.  [xliv.  338] 

PENNYMAN,  JOHN  (1628-1706),  pseudo-quaker : 
fought  for  Charles  I  in  the  civil  war  ;  joined  the  quakers, 
c.  1658 ;  claimed  a  special  portion  of  '  the  inner  light,' 
and  (1670)  was  committed  to  prison  for  burning  quaker 
books  in  the  Royal  Exchange  ;  married  Mary  Boreman,  his 
deceased  wife's  sister,  1671 :  wrote  with  her  several  works, 
including  '  The  Quakers  Rejected,'  1676.  [xliv.  338] 

PENNYMAN,  Sm  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1607- 
1643),  royalist;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  the  Inner 
Temple,  1623  ;  created  baronet,  1628;  bencher,  Gray's  Inn, 
1639 ;  sat  in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments  for  Rich- 
mond, 1640 ;  disabled  from  sitting,  1642 :  fought  at  Edge- 
hill,  1642 ;  appointed  governor  of  Oxford,  1643. 

[xliv.  340] 

PENRHYN,  BARON  (1737  ?-1808).  [See  PENNANT, 
RICHARD.] 

PENROSE,  Sm  CHARLES  VINIOOMBE  (1759-1830), 
vice-admiral;  rear-admiral,  1813;  placed  in  command  of 
a  squadron  co-operating  with  the  army  in  the  Peninsula  ; 
chief  in  command  in  the  Mediterranean,  1814  and  1816  ; 
K.O.B.  and  G.O.M.G.,  1816  ;  vice-admiral,  1821. 

[xliv.  341] 

PENROSE,  ELIZABETH  (1780-1837),  writer  for  the 
young:  daughter  of  Edmund  Oartwright  [q.  v.] ;  married 
John  Penrose  [q.  v.],  1814.  She  wrote  school  histories  of 
England  (1823)  and  France  (1828),  under  the  pseudonym 
of  '  Mrs.  Markham,'  taking  that  name  from  the  village 
where  her  aunts  resided.  [xliv.  342] 

PENROSE,  FRANCIS  (1718-1798),  medical  writer; 
practised  surgery  for  many  years  at  Bicester;  a  volu- 
minous writer  of  pamphlets  upon  scientific  subjects 
cognate  to  medicine.  [xliv.  343] 

PENROSE,  JOHN  (1778-1859),  divine;  of  Exeter  and 
Corpus  Christi  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1802 ;  held  several 
preferments,  including  the  vicarage  of  Langton-by- 
Wragby,  1802-59;  published  theological  and  religious 
works.  [xliv.  843] 

PENROSE,  THOMAS  (1742-1779),  poet;  of  Wadharn 
College,  Oxford ;  rector  of  Beckington-cum-Standerwick, 
1777-9 ;  wrote  mainly  imitations  of  Collins  and  Gray,  but 
in  several  poems  dealt  in  a  natural  vein  with  his  disap- 
pointments in  life.  [xliv.  344] 

PENRTTDDOCK,  JOHN  (1619-1655),  royalist:  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  Gray's  Inn ;  a  Wiltshire 
gentleman,  who  fought  along  with  his  father  and  brother 
for  Charles  I ;  joined  the  abortive  insurrection  of  1655, 
and  was  surprised  and  taken  at  South  Molton  and  be- 
headed at  Exeter.  [xliv.  345] 

PENRY,  JOHN  (1559-1593),  Welsh  puritan;  B.A. 
Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1584;  M.A.  St.  Alban  Hall, 
Oxford,  1686  ;  while  at  the  university  adopted  puritanism 
ii  its  most  extreme  Calvinistic  form  :  was  brought  before 
the  court  of  high  commission  (1687)  for  attacking  the 
Welsh  clergy,  and  sent  to  prison  for  twelve  day  s ;  re- 
solved, in  conjunction  with  John  Udall  [q.  v.],  Job 
Throckmorton  [q.  v.],  and  the  printer,  Robert  Walde- 
grave  [q.  v.],  to  pursue  the  attack  against  the  bishops 


PENSHURST 


1027 


PERCEVAL, 


iiii<lfr  thrp-.-iLlojiyinousBipiuvtiiroof  Martin  M .: 

and  so  became  rhief  author  and  supt'rintoii.li-ia  of  a  soriSS 

of  pamphlets  in  which  the  bishops'  dignity 


lessly  outraged  by  means  of  coarse  sarcasm  and  homely 
wit ;  tied  to  Scotland,  being  suspected  of  having  written 
the  Mar-PMaU-  tra.-t-s  169U  :  returned  to  Lond..n.    15'J2, 
and  was  arrested  and  hanged  on  the  charge  oi 
rebellion  by  his  publications  while  settled  In  Scotland. 

7 xllT.  846] 

PENSHURST,  i:  YRI.NS    [See  SMYTHX,  PKRCY  CLIS- 

TON ;  SVDNI-V,  lirst  HAKON,  1780-1865;  SMYTHH,  GBOROK 

-  i  KI  i'KitifK  I'M.  second  BAROX, 

1818-1857;  SMYTIIK,  l'i:i:<  v  KI.I.KN   I'm  UKRICK  \Viu.i.\\i. 

third  BARON,  1826-1869.] 

PEN8HUR8T,  STKPHEN  UK  (d.  1899).    [See  Pw- 

(.•KSTKI:.] 

PENTLAND,  JOSEPH  BARCLAY  (1797-1878), 
traveller ;  educated  at  Armagh  and  Paris  University ;  in 
company  with  (Sir)  Woodbine  Parish  [q.  v.]  surveyed  a 
large  portion  of  the  Bolivian  Andes,  1826-7,  and  explored 
other  South  American  districts.  [xliv.  350] 

PEKTON,  STEPHEN  (1639-1706),  divine;  of  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1659-78 ;  M.A.,  1667  ;  principal  of  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1676-84 ;  rector  of  Glympton, 
1684-93 ;  rector  of  Worth-by-Ripou,  1693-1706  :  published 
miscellaneous  works.  [xliv.  351] 

PENTREATH,  DOLLY  (1686-1777).  [See  JBFKERY, 
DOROTHY.] 

PEPLOE,  SAMUEL  (1668-1752),  bishop  of  Chester  ; 
M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1693;  a  strong  whig  in 
politics;  according  to  tradition,  won  the  favour  of 
George  I  by  refusing  to  cease  praying  for  him  while 
Preston  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Jacobites,  although 
threatened  with  instant  death  ;  nominated  (1718)  warden 
of  the  collegiate  church  of  Manchester  ;  bishop  of  Chester, 
1726-52.  [xliv.  352] 

PEPPER,  JOHN  HENRY  (1821-1900),  exhibitor  of 
'Pepper's  Ghost':  educated  at  King's  College  School, 
London ;  analytical  chemist  and  lecturer  to  Royal  Poly- 
technic, London,  1848,  and  '  honorary '  director,  c.  1852- 
1872 ;  began  to  exhibit  (1862)  optical  illusion  known  as 
'  Pepper's  Ghost,'  invented  (1858)  by  Henry  Dircks  [q.  Y.]  ; 
published  popular  scientific  works  and  other  writings. 

[Suppl.  iii.  259] 

PEPPERELL,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1696- 
1759),  the  'hero  of  Louisburg ' ;  born  in  New  England  ; 
distinguished  himself  in  1745  as  commander  of  the  colo- 
nial force  which  captured  the  strong  fortress  of  Louisburg 
from  the  French ;  created  baronet,  1746 ;  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1759.  [xliv.  363] 

PEPUSCH,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  (1667-1752),  pro- 
fessor of  music  and  composer ;  born  at  Berlin  ;  came  to 
London,  1688 ;  as  a  composer  was  overshadowed  by 
Handel ;  famous  as  a  teacher  of  the  science  of  harmony, 
many  notable  musicians  being  among  his  pupils  ;  Mus. 
Doc.  Oxford,  1713 :  became  organist  to  the  Charterhouse, 
London,  1737,  where  he  took  up  his  abode,  [xliv.  354] 

PEPWELL,  HENRY  (d.  1540),  printer  and  stationer  ; 
carried  on  business  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  London, 
1618-40.  [xliv.  356] 

PEPYS,  SIR  CHARLES  CHRISTOPHER,  first  BARL 
OF  OoTTKNHAM  and  third  baronet  (1781-1851),  lord  chan- 
cellor ;  nephew  of  Sir  Lucas  Pepys  [q.  v.]  :  of  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  LL.B.,  1803;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1804;  bencher,  1826;  whig  M.P.  for 
Higham  Ferrars,  1831,  for  Malton,  September  1831-6  ;  soli- 
citor-general, 1834;  master  of  the  rolls,  1834-6;  privy 
councillor,  1834  ;  lord-chancellor,  1836-41 ;  created  baron, 
18:16 :  resigned  office,  1841;  on  the  retirement  of  the 
Peel  ministry  in  1846,  reappointed  lord  chancellor  under 
Lord  John  Huesell ;  created  Karl  of  Oottenham,  1860. 

[rttv.  366] 

PEPtfS,  HENRY  (1783-1860), successively  bishop  of 
Sodor  and  Man  and  of  Worcester  ;  brother  of  Sir  Charles 
Christopher  Pepys,  first  earl  of  Cottenham  [q.  v.]  ;  RA. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1804;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1807;  D.D.,1840;  consecrated 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1840  ;  translated  to  Worcester, 
1841.  [xliv.  368] 


PEPY8,  SIR  LUCAS,  first  t..ir..i..-t  t  I7r.'  in*!),  physi- 

cian ;  "i  KU.I,    . 

M.D..  1774:  physician  ex  trn..  ..iv  111.  1777: 

.)!>,"•      Ill      II. 

Kunity,  178*  9  and  1804;  physician  in  ordinary,  1799; 
physician-general  of  the  army,  1794;   president, 
College  of  Physicians,  1804  M.  [xliv.  359] 

PEPT8,  SIR  1UCHARD  (IMS?-  1659),  lord  chief. 
justiceof  Ireland  ;  .-:  Temple  (treasurer,  IMS): 

sat  In  the  Short  parliament  for  Sodbury,  1640  ;  serjeant- 
at-law,  1654;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1644;  appointed 
lord  ohief.justlce  of  Ireland,  1664.  [xliv.  359] 

PEPYS,  SAMUEL  (lGM-1703),dlarlKt;  son  of  John 
Pepys,  a  London  tailor,  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
I-ondon,  and  Trinity  Hall  and  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1660  ;  entered  the  family  of  his  father's  first 
cousin,  Sir  Edward  Montagu  (afterwards  first  Earl  of 
Sandwich)  [q.  v.],  1666  ;  'clerk  of  the  king's  ships  '  and  a 
clerk  of  the  privy  seal,  1660  ;  surveyor-general  of  the  vic- 
tualling office,  1666,  in  which  capacity  he  showed  himself 
an  energetic  official  and  a  zealous  reformer  of  abases; 
committed  to  the  Tower  of  London  on  charge  of  complicity 
with  the  popish  plot,  and  deprived  of  his  offices,  1679,  bat 
released,  1680  ;  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  1686  ;  deprived 
of  the  secretaryship  of  the  admiralty  at  the  revolution, 
after  which  he  lived  in  retirement,  chiefly  at  Clapham. 
Fifty  volumes  of  his  manuscript*  are  in  the  Bodleian 
Library,  Oxford.  His  '  Diary  '  remained  in  cipher  in 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  until  1825.  when  it-  was 
deciphered  by  John  Smith  and  edited  by  Lord  Braybrooke. 
An  enlarged  edition  by  Mynors  Bright  [q.  v.]  appeared  in 
1875-9,  and  the  whole,  except  a  few  passages  which 
cannot  be  printed,  was  published  in  eight  volumes  (1893, 
4c.)  by  Mr.  Henry  B.  Wheatley.  [xliv.  360] 

PEPY8,  WILLIAM  HASLEDINE  (1776-1866),  man 
of  science  ;  descended  from  Sir  Richard  Pepys  [q.  v.]  ;  an 
original  manager  of  the  London  Institution  (was  honorary 
secretary,  1821-4).  He  invented  many  important  devices 
in  chemical  apparatus,  including  the  present  forms  of 
mercury  gasometer  and  water  gasholder.  [xliv.  366] 

PERBTJRN,  JOHN  (Jf.  1316-1343),  admiral;  ap- 
pointed admiral  north  of  the  Thames,  1317  and  1381  ;  M.P. 
for  Yarmouth,  1321  and  1324  ;  probably  fought  at  Sluys, 
1340.  [xliT.  367] 

PERCEVAL,  ALEXANDER  (1787-1858),  sergeant-at- 
arms  of  the  House  of  Lords  :  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
conservative  M.P.  for  Sligo,  1831-41  ;  lord  of  the  treasury, 
1841  ;  sergeant-at-arms,  1841-58.  [xlirr  367] 

PERCEVAL,  ARTHUR  PHILIP  (1799-1863),  divine  ; 
B.A.  Oriel  CoUege,  Oxford,  1880;  B.O.L.,  1884;  fellow  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1821-5  ;  chaplain  to  George  IV, 
William  IV,  and  Victoria  till  his  death  ;  published  slight 
theological  works  and  •  Origiues  Hibernicae,'  1849,  in  which 
he  identified  Ireland  with  the  Patmos  of  Revelation. 

[xliv.  368] 

PERCEVAL,  SIR  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  EOMONT, 
first  VISCOUKT  PKRCKVAL,  first  BARON  PERCEVAL,  and 
fifth  baronet  (1683-1748),  great-grandson  of  Sir  Philip 
Perceval  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  F.R&, 
1702  ;  sat  in  the  Irish  parliament  for  Cork,  1704-18  ; 
created  a  baron,  1716,  viscount,  1723,  and  earl  in  the 
Irish  peerage,  1733  ;  M.P.,  Harwich,  1787-34  ;  aided  James 
Edward  Oglethorpe  [q.  v.]  in  establishing  the  colony  of 
Georgia  (trustees  incorporated  by  royal  charter,  1738)  ; 
his  portrait  painted  by  Kneller.  [xliv.  368] 

PERCEVAL,  SIR  JOHN,  second  EARL  or  BOMOXT, 
first  BARON  LOVBL  AND  HOLLAND,  and  sixth  baronet 
(1711-1770),  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  Perceval,  first  earl  of 
Kgmont  [q.  v.]  ;  sat  in  the  Irish  House  of  Commons  as 
member  for  Dingle  Icouch,  1731-48  ;  M.P.,  Westminster, 
1741  Weobley,  1747,  Bridgwater,  1754  and  1761  ;  joined 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  and  (1748-9),  became  the 
most  prominent  leader  of  opposition  ;  created  TJarou 
Lovel  and  Holland  of  Eumore,  1768;  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1763,  resigning  in  1766  on  account  of  his 
dissatisfaction  with  Chatham  ;  published  political  pam- 
phl.H.  [xliv.  370] 


PERCEVAL,  8m  PHILIP  (1606-1647X  poUtieian  ; 
son  of  Richard  Perceval  [q.  v.]  :  knighted,  16B8  :  lost  an 
extensive  property  in  Ireland  owing  to  the  rebellion  of 
1641  :  opposed  Charles's  Intention  of  granting  the  de- 
mands of  the  insurgents  in  order  to  employ  them  in  Bng- 
und  :  joined  the  parliamentary  party  in  1644,  obtaining  a 

3u2 


PERCEVAL 


1028 


PERCY 


•eat  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  member  for  Newport, 
Cornwall,  where  be  threw  In  his  lot  with  the  moderate  pres- 
byterian*  ;  compelled  to  retire  into  the  country  owing  to 
his  opposition  to  the  independents,  September  1647. 

PERCEVAL,  RICHARD  (1550-1620).  colonist  and 
politician ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  .  re- 
Warded  with  a  pentioD  for  deciphering  (1586)  packets 
contain  ing  the  fl  rat  tare  news  of  the  Spanish  Armada ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Virginian  Company ;  author  of  the  well-known 
SpanUh-KnglUh  dictionary,  •  Bibliotheca  Hispanlca,'  1591. 

[xliv.  374] 

PERCEVAL,  ROBERT  (1756-1839),  physician  aud 
chemist :  descended  from  Sir  Philip  Perceval  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1777;  MJ>.  Edinburgh, 
1780;  Bret  professor  of  chemistry,  Dublin  University, 
1786-1805:  helped  to  found  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
(becoming  secretary) ;  physician-general  to  the  forces  in 
Ireland,  1819 ;  published  a  few  contributions  to  chemistry. 

[xliv.  375] 

PERCEVAL,  SPENCER  (1762-1812),  statesman; 
of  Sir  John  Perceval,  second  earl  of  Egmont 
fa.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.A.,  1781 ;  called  to  the  bar :  joined  the  midland 
circuit ;  obtained  crown  briefs  on  the  trial  of  Thomas 
Paine,  1792,  and  that  of  Home  Tooke,  1794 ;  counsel  to 
the  board  of  admiralty,  1794  ;  king's  counsel,  1796  ;  M.P., 
Northampton,  1796 :  supported  Pitt  In  Parliament ;  soli- 
citor-general under  Addington,  1801 ;  attorney-general, 
1802;  during  Addington 's  administration  defended  the 
ministry  in  the  Commons,  almost  single-handed,  against 
Pitt,  Pox,  and  Windbam  ;  retained  office  on  Pitt's  return 
to  power ;  resigned  on  Pitt's  death,  1806 ;  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  mider  the  Duke  of  Portland,  1807  ;  success- 
ful with  his  budget,  his  scheme  to  convert  the  three-per- 
cent, stock  into  terminable  annuities  being  generally 
approved;  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Portland  as  prime 
minister,  1809,  but  found  great  difficulty  in  forming  a 
minUtry  owing  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  Canning  and 
jh;  the  government  formed  by  him  generally 
as  weak  ;  saved  his  position  after  the  disastrous 
It  of  the  Walcheren  expedition  (1809)  by  forcing  its 
r.  Lord  Chatham,  to  resign  office ;  framed  a  success- 
ful budget,  and,  in  spite  of  strong  opposition  to  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  war,  insisted  that  it  must  go  on ;  though 
much  disliked  by  George,  prince  of  Wales,  was  retained  in 
office  by  him  when  he  became  regent,  1811,  on  finding 
that  be  could  not  displace  him  (Perceval)  without  sacri- 
ficing his  (the  prince's)  personal  friends  ;  made  bank- 
notes legal  tender,  July  1811,  on  the  ground  that  the 
value  of  gold  had  appreciated  owing  to  the  drain  on  it 
for  military  payments :  opposed  In  the  cabinet  by  Lord 
Wellesley,  who  thought  he  was  ruining  the  Peninsular 
army  by  bis  niggardliness :  assassinated,  11  May  1812,  in 
the  lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons  by  one  John  Belling- 
ham,  a  bankrupt,  who  had  a  grievance  against  govern- 
ment, [xliv.  376] 

PERCIVAL,  JOHN  (d.  1516?),  provincial  of  the 
Franciscans  in  England ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1601 ;  provincial, 
«•  1WS.  [xliv.  382] 

PERCIVAL,  JOHN  (fl.  1530-1550),  Carthusian  author; 
studied  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge;  published  'Com- 
pendium Divini  Amoris,'  1530 ;  prior  of  the  Carthusian 
booje  at  Paris,  1650.  [xliv.  382] 

PERCIVAL,  ROBERT  (1765-1826),  traveller  and 
writer ;  captain  in  the  army ;  fought  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  1796-7,  and  published  •  A  n  Account '  Of  that  country 
1804 ;  visited  Ceylon,  1797,  and  published  'An  Account  of 
Qeyton,'  1803.  [xliv.  382] 

PERCIVAL,  THOMAS  (1719-1762),  antiquary;  a 
Lancashire  country  gentleman  ;  contributed  papers  on  the 
antiquities  of  northern  England  to  the  Royal  Society  and 


the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 


[xliv.  3831 


P1ROIVAL,  THOMAS  (1740-1804),  physician  and 
author ;  practised  medicine  in  Manchester,  and  published 
•Medical  BthioV  1803  (new  edit  1849).  His  works  were 
edited  with  a  memoir.  1807.  [xiiv.  388] 

PEROT,  ALAN  (rf.  1660),  master  of  St.  John's  College 
Cambridge :  sou  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  fourth  earl  of  North- 
umberland [q.  v.] ;  chosen  second  master  of  St.  John's  Col- 
toge  Cambridge,  1616,  bat  resigned,  1618;  given  a  house 
M  garden  at  Stepney  by  Heury  VIII,  with  various  pre- 
r  ;t:'r  [xliv.  38l] 


PERCY,  SIR  ALGERNON,  tenth  EARL  OF  NORTHUM- 
BBRLAHD  (1601-1668),  elder  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  ninth 
earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  :  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  K.B.,  1616;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1624,  Chichester, 
1(525  and  1626;  K.U.,  1635;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1636; 
lord  high  admiral,  1638  ;  became  (1639),  on  the  eve  of  the 
Scottish  war,  LiMirral  of  all  the  forces  south  of  the  Trent, 
but  \\a-  di>MitUti«il  with  Charles  I's  policy;  opposed  the 
di.-solutiou  of  the  Short  parliament,  and  in  the  Long  par- 
liament gradually  drew  to  the  side  of  the  opposition; 
accepted  (1642)  a  place  In  the  parliamentary  committee 
of  safety,  and  endeavoured  to  promote  a  reconciliation 
with  Charles  I ;  appointed  (1644)  one  of  the  committee  of 
both  kingdoms ;  became  guardian  of  Charles  I's  two 
youngest  children,  1645 ;  one  of  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  negotiate  with  Charles  I  at  Newport,  1648; 
subsequently  headed  the  opposition  in  the  House  of  Lords 
to  Charles  I's  trial ;  under  the  Commonwealth  and  pro- 
tectorate remained  rigidly  aloof  from  public  affaire  ; 
privy  councillor  after  the  Restoration  ;  called  by  Claren- 
don '  the  proudest  man  alive.'  [xliv.  385] 

PERCY,  SIR  ALGERNON,  fourth  DUKE  OK  NORTH- 
r.MHKiiLA.vn  and  first  BARON  PRUDHOE  (1792-1865), 
second  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Percy,  second  duke  of  Northum- 
j  berland  [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1805  ;  created  baron,  1816  ; 
!  travelled  in  the  East ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1841 ;  suc- 
I  ceeded  his  brother  as  duke,  1847;  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
j  miralty,  1852-3  ;  K.G.,  1853  ;  admiral,  1862  ;  F.R.S.  and 
\  member  of  many  other  learned  societies ;  prompted  by  his 
i  love  of  learning  to  bear  the  expense  of  preparing  and 
I  printing  the  gigantic '  Arabic  Lexicon '  of  Edward  William 
'  Lane  [q.  v.]  (first  volume  published,  1863).  [xliv.  390] 

PERCY,  LADY  ELIZABETH  (1667-1722),  only  sur- 
viving daughter  and  sole  heiress  of  Josceline  Percy, 
eleventh  and  last  earl  of  Northumberland ;  was  married 
(1679)  to  Henry  Cavendish,  earl  of  Ogle ;  married  (1681) 
to  Thomas  Thynne  [q.  v.],  but  before  the  consummation 
of  the  marriage  fled  to  Lady  Temple  at  the  Hague  for  pro- 
tection, after  which  Thynne  was  assassinated  by  a  rival 
suitor ;  married  (1682)  to  Sir  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  duke 
of  Somerset  [q.  v.]  [li.  297] 

PERCY,  GEORGE  (1580-1632),  author  and  colonist ; 
son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  eighth  earl  of  Northumberland 
[q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  the  colonisation  of  Virginia,  1606  ; 
deputy-governor,  1609-10  and  1611.  He  wrote  (c.  1625) 
'  A  true  Relation '  of  affairs  in  the  colony  in  refutation  of 
the  account  by  John  Smith  (1580-1631)  [q.  v.] 

[xliv.  391] 

PERCY,  HENRY,  seventh  BARON  PKRCY  by  tenure 
( 1228  ?-1272),  eldest  son  of  Sir  William  de  Percy,  sixth 
baron  Percy  [q.  v.] ;  fought  for  Henry  III  at  Northamp- 
ton and  at  Lewes.  [xliv.  392] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  first  BARON  PERCY  OF  ALN- 
WICK  by  writ  (1272  ?-1315),  son  of  Henry  Percy,  seventh 
baron  Percy  by  tenure  [q.  v.] ;  took  an  important  part 
in  the  Scottish  wars  of  Edward  I ;  knighted,  1296  :  pre- 
sent at  Bannockburn,  1314.  [xliv.  392] 

PERCY,  HENRY,  second  BARON  PERCY  OF  ALNWICK 
(1299  7-1352),  elder  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  first  baron 
Percy  [q.  v.]  ;  appointed  warden  of  the  Scottish  marches, 
1328  ;  along  with  his  father  made  the  Percies  the  heredi- 
tary guardians  of  the  north ;  largely  helped  to  secure 
the  victory  of  Neville's  Cross,  1346.  [xliv.  393] 

PERCY,  HENRY,  third  BARON  PERCY  OF  ALNWICK 
(1322-1368),  eldest  son  of  Henry  Percy,  second  baron 
Percy  [q.  v.] ;  employed  on  several  occasions  as  warden 
of  the  Scottish  marches.  [xliv.  394] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  called  HOTSPUR  (1364-1403), 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  first  earl  of  Northumber- 
land [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1377  ;  associated  with  his  father 
as  warden  of  the  marches,  1384;  Invested  with  the 
Garter,  1387;  taken  prisoner  (August  1388)  by  the  Scots 
at  Otterburn,  but  free  and  in  command  on  the  borders 
before  July  1389 ;  assisted  (1399)  in  placing  Henry  IV  on 
the  throne,  and  as  a  reward  was  appointed  justiciary  of 
North  Wales ;  with  his  father  and  George  Dunbar,  earl  of 
March,  completely  defeated  the  Scots  at  Humbledon  Hill 
(Homildoun  Hill),  1402  ;  being  already  discontented  with 
Henry  IV,  was  further  annoyed  by  being  forbidden  to  ran- 
som his  brother-in-law,  Sir  Edmund  de  Mortimer  [q.  v.], 
on  which  a  quarrel  ensued  at  the  October  parliament; 
though  an  outward  reconciliation  was  effected,  revolted 


PERCY 


PERCY 


with  his  father,  June  1403,  and  after  Riving  out  for  a 
time  th.it  Richard  II  was  in  hits  camp,  proclaimed  king 
Jvlmnndof  March;  was  supported  by  his  pn-on.  -r,  Douglas 


(captured  at  Humbledou  Hill),  and  by  Owen 

[q.  v.]  ;  defeated  (16  June)  and  slain  by  Henry  IV  at  the 

battle  of  Shrewsbury.  [xliv.  395] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  first  EARL  OF  NORTHUMBKR- 
LVXII  (1 342- 140HX  elder  sou  of  Henry  Percy,  third  baron 
Percy  [q.  v.] ;  K.G.,  1366 ;  took  part  in  the  French  war, 
and  acted  as  warden  of  marches :  In  com- 

mon with  Lancaster  took  up  the  cause  of  Wycliffe,  being 
attacked  in  consequence  by  the  London  populace,  1377  ; 
marshal  of  England,  1377 ;  created  earl,  1377,  thus  be- 
coming earl-marshal :  quarrelled  with  his  ally,  Lan- 
caster, 1381,  being  offended  by  his  making  a  truce  with 
the  Scots,  the  violent  dispute  which  ensued  being  only 
composed  by  Richard  ll's  order  ;  supported  Richard  Il's 
assumption  of  despotic  power,  1397,  but  was  alienated  by 
his  violence,  and  joined  Henry  of  Lancaster  with  a  large 
force  on  his  landing  in  Yorkshire :  made  earl-constable  by 
Henry,  and  given  the  Isle  of  Man  in  fief  ;  revolted  (1403) 
with  his  son,  Sir  Henry  Percy,  called  Hotspur  [q.  v.]; 
differences,  however,  having  arisen  chiefly  in  regard  to 
Scottish  affairs,  submitted  after  Hotspur's  defeat  and 
death  at  Shrewsbury,  and  (1404)  was  pardoned  and 
restored  to  bis  offices,  except  the  constableship,  and  to 
his  possessions,  with  the  exception  of  grants  made  by 
Henry  IV ;  conspired  with  Owen  Glendower  [q.  v.]  and 
Sir  Edmund  de  Mortimer  [q.  v.]  and  was  declared  a 
traitor,  1406  ;  tied  to  Scotland,  his  revolt  being  crushed ; 
again  invaded  England,  1408,  and  was  defeated  and  slain, 
20  Feb.,  on  Bramham  Moor.  [xliv.  39'J] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY, second  EARL  OF  NORTHUMBER- 
LAND  (1394-1456),  only  sou  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  called 
Hotspur  [q.  v.] ;  restored  to  his  dignities  and  estates 
(1416)  by  Henry  V ;  appointed  warden  of  the  east  marches, 
and  on  the  death  of  Henry  V  became  a  member  of  the 
council  of  regency,  1422  ;  his  later  years  disquieted  by  the 
feud  between  the  Percies  and  the  Nevilles ;  fell  at  St. 
Albans  fighting  against  the  Duke  of  York.  [xliv.  406] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  third  EARL  OF  NORTHUMBKR- 
LAND  (1421-1461),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  second  earl 
of  Northumberland  [q.v.];  appointed  warden  of  the  east 
marches,  1439 ;  defeated  and  slew  the  Duke  of  York  at 
Wakefield,  1460 ;  with  Queen  Margaret  defeated  Warwick 
at  St.  Albans,  1461 :  slain  at  Towton.  [xliv.  407] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  fourth  EARL  OF  NORTHUM- 
BKRLAND  (1446-1489),  only  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  third 
earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  ;  confined  in  the  Fleet  by 
Ed  ward  IV  and  afterwards  in  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
restored  to  his '  earldom,  1469,  and  appointed  warden 
of  the  eastern  marches;  received  many  favours  from 
Richard  III,  but  was  not  loyal  to  him,  and,  being  taken 
at  Bos  worth,  at  once  became  an  adherent  of  Henry  VII ; 
killed  near  Thirsk,  in  a  contest  with  the  commons  of 
Yorkshire.  [xliv.  408] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY  (ALGERNON),  fifth  EARL  OF 
NORTHUMBERLAND  (1478-1527),  eldest  sou  of  Sir  Henry 
Percy, fourth  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.v.] ;  K.B.,  1481 ; 
fought  against  the  Cornish  rebels  at  Blackheath,  1497 ; 
appointed  warden-general  of  the  eastern  marches,  1503 ; 
served  in  France  (1513)  with  a  great  retinue ;  member  of 
the  council  of  the  north,  1522.  [xliv.  414] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY  (ALGERNON),  sixth  EARL  OF 
NORTHUMBKRLAND  (1502  ?-1537),son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy, 
fifth  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.];  knighted,  1619; 
warden  of  the  eastern  and  western  marches,  1527 ;  arrested 
Wolsey,  1530 :  K.G.,  1631 :  lord  president  of  the  council  of 
the  north,  1536  ;  unlike  his  mother  and  brothers,  remained 
loyal  during  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  (1537).  [xliv.  416] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  eighth  EARL  OF  NORTHUM 
BKRLAND  (1532  ?-1585),  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Percy, 
seventh  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Morpeth, 
1554  ;  knighted,  1567 ;  took  part  in  the  war  against  the 
Scots  (1559-60)  and  remained  loyal  during  his  brother's 
lion,  1569,  but  in  1571  began  to  intrigue  with  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots;  arrested,  1671;  released,  1573;  com- 
menced fresh  intrigues,  and  (1584)  was  sent  to  the  Tower 
of  London,  when  he  was  found  shot  through  the  heart.  A 
verdict  of  suicide  was  returned.  [xliv.  409] 

PERCY,  SIR  HENRY,  ninth  EARL  OF  NORTHUM- 
BERLAND (1561-1632),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy, 


eighth  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.l;   earned  by  his 
•dentine  experiment-  the  sobriquet  of '  The  Wizard  Earl ' : 


;<j.  v.]  dedicated 


In  the  Low  Countries  under  Leicester.  1585-«,  and 
against  the  Spanish  Armada,  1188;  served  at  Ortend, 
1600;  although  a  protestant,  WM  di»atUfled 
i:im.->  [••  breatmeol  ,,i  the  K.,m.m  oMbottM!  «ft-r  t:.,- 
A  der  plot  was  tried  for  mtoprUiou  of  treaMO  and 
ned  to  imprisonment  for  life ;  was  released,  1611, 
but  took  no  further  part  in  public  affaire.  George  Peele 
to  him  hi*  '  Honour  of  the  Garter,'  1693. 

[xliv.  411] 

PERCY,  tfm  HENRY,  BARON  PKRCY  OF  ALXWICK 
(d.  1669),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  ninth  earl  of  North- 
umberland [q.  v.];  aat  In  the  Snort  parliament  a*  M  r. 
for  Portsmouth,  and  in  the  Long  parliament  an  M.P.  for 
Northumberland;  an  originator  of  the 'first  army  plot' 
(1641),  after  which  be  retired  to  France:  general  of  the 
ordnance  of  the  king's  army,  1648  ;  created  baron,  1641 ; 
fell  in  disgrace  (1644)  through  his  desire  for  peace ;  re- 
signed his  command;  went  to  France  (1648)  and  joined 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  party.  [xliv.  413] 

PERCY,  HENRY  (1786-1895),  lieutenant-colonel: 
brother  of  Hugh  Percy  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton ;  WM 
aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Moore  and  to  Wellington,  and 
brought  home  the  Waterloo  despatches  ;  C.B.,  1816. 

[xliv.  414] 

PERCY,  LORD  HENRY  HUGH  MANVEIIS  (1817- 
1877),  general;  educated  at  Eton:  entered  the  army, 
1836;  served  with  distinction  in  the  Crimea,  1884-5; 
K.O.B.,  1873 ;  general,  1877.  [xliv.  417] 

PERCY,  originally  8MITHSON,  SIR  HUGH,  first 
DUKK  OF  NoRTHt:.MBKiu.AM>  of  the  third  creation,  second 
EARL  OF  NORTHUMBKRLAXD  and  fourth  baronet  (1718- 
1786),  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  F.RJJ.,  1736  ;  married 
(1740)  Elizabeth  Seymour,  heiress  of  the  Percy  property, 
being  granddaughter  of  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  duke  of 
Somerset  [q.  v.],  by  his  first  wife,  Elizabeth,  heiress  of 
Josceline  Percy,  eleventh  earl  of  Northumberland  ;  K.G., 
1756 ;  privy  councillor,  1762 ;  attached  himself  to  Bute 
and  was  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  under  Greuville.  1763-5 ; 
made  duke,  1766  ;  master  of  the  horse  under  Lord  North, 
1778-80  :  as  lord-lieutenant  of  Middlesex  opposed  Wilkes's 
election,  and  in  1768  was  forced  by  the  mob  to  drink  his 
health.  [xliv.  418] 

PERCY,  SIR  HUGH,  second  DUKE  OF  NORTH- 
UMKKRLAND  (1742-1817),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Percy, 
first  duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  served  In  the  Seven 
Years'  war  under  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  and  (1774-7) 
in  the  American  war ;  M.P.,  Westminster,  1763-76  ; 
joined  George,  prince  of  Wales's  circle  of  friends,  c.  1790  ; 
general,  1793.  His  temper  in  politics  was  impracticable, 
and  he  was  in  perpetual  opposition.  [xliv.  420] 

PERCY,  SIR  HUGH,  third  DUKE  OF  NORTHUMBER- 
LAND (1788-1847),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Hugh  Percy,  second 
duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ;  created  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1805  ;  LL.D.,  1809  ;  K.G.,  1819 ;  am- 
bassador extraordinary  In  Paris  at  the  coronation  of 
Cliarles  X,  1826,  bearing  himself  the  whole  cost  of  the 
mission  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1829-30.  [xliv.  422] 

PERCY,  HUGH  (1784-1856),  successively  bishop  of 
Rochester  and  Carlisle ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1806 ;  D.D.,  1825 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1<J64 ;  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Rochester  in  1827,  and  translated  to 
Carlisle  a  few  months  later.  [xliv.  423] 

PERCY,  JAMES  (1619-1690?),  claimant  to  earldom 
of  Northumberland ;  tninkmaker  in  Dublin  ;  made  ills 
first  claim  in  1670,  as  great-great-grandson  of  Sir  Richard 
Percy,  fifth  son  of  Henry  Percy,  eighth  earl  of  Northum- 
berland [q.  v.] ;  prosecuted  his  suit  till  1689,  when  final 
judgment  was  given  against  him  in  the  Lords. 

PERCY,  JOHN  (1569-1641).  [See  FISIIKK.] 
PERCY,  JOHN  (1817-1889),  metallurgist;  MJX 
Edinburgh,  1838  :  elected  physician  to  the  Queen's  Hos- 
pital, Birmingham,  1839 ;  F.K.S.,  1847;  invented  (1848)  a 
method  of  extracting  silver  from  its  ores,  which  has  since 
been  developed,  and  has  suggested  other  Important  metal- 
lurgical processes ;  F.G.S.,  1861.  [xliv.  426] 

PERCY,  JOSCELINB  (1784-1856),  vice-admiral; 
grandson  of  Sir  Hugh  Percy,  first  duke  of  Northumber- 
land [q.v.];  entered  the  navy,  1797;  M.P.,  Beeralrton, 
1806-20;  C.B.,  1831;  became  vice-adnural,  1*51,  after 


.seeing  much  active  service. 


[xliv.  427] 


PERCY 


1030 


PERNE 


PERCY,  PETER  (jf.  I486),  writer  of  a  treatise  on 
the  philosopher's  stone  (  Ashmolean  MSB.)  ;  canon  of  the 
collegia*  church  at  Maidstonc.  [xliv.  498] 

PEECY,  Sin  HALPH  (1425-1464),  soldier;  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Percy,  second  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  ;  killitl 
at  Hedgely  Moor,  fighting  for  the  Lancastrians. 

[xliv.  428] 

PERCY,  REUBEN  (pseudonym).  [See  BYKRLKY, 
THOMA^  d.  18*6.] 

PERCY,  RICHARD  DK,  fifth  BARON  PKRCY(1170?- 
1144),  one  of  the  twenty-five  executors  of  Magna  Oharta  : 
assisted  to  reduce  Yorkshire  for  the  dauphin  Louis  of 
Prance,  1816  ;  submitted  to  Henry  III,  1217.  [xliv.  428] 

PERCY.  8HOLTO  (pseudonym).  [See  ROBERTSON, 
JOSEPH  CLINTON,  1788-1862.] 

PERCY,  SIDNEY  RICHARD  (1821  ?-1886),  land- 
scape-painter and  founder  of  the  'School  of  Barnes'; 
son  of  Edward  Williams  ;  painted  chiefly  English  and 
Welsh  scenery,  especially  views  on  the  Thames  ;  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  and  other  institutions. 

[xliv.  429] 

PERCY,  THOMAS  (1333-1369),  bishop  of  Norwich; 
son  of  Henry  Percy,  second  baron  Percy  [q.  v.]  ;  conse- 
crated, 1356.  [xliv.  395] 

PERCY.  SIK  THOMAS,  EARL  OK  WoROffiTKR  (1344  ?- 
1403),  aon  of  tsir  Henry  Percy,  third  baron  Percy  [q.  v.]; 
nerved  in  France,  1369-73,  and  on  a  mission  to  Flanders 
with  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  1377;  K.G.  before  1376;  took 
part  in  Buckingham's  French  expedition,  1380-1,  and 
(1386)  in  John  of  Gaunt's  Spanish  enterprise  ;  steward  of 
Richard  IPs  household,  1394  ;  created  Earl  of  Worcester 
1897,  but  deserted  Richard  II  for  Henry  IV,  1399  ;  joined 
his  brother  Northumberland's  rebellion,  1403,  and  was 
token  prisoner  at  Shrewsbury  and  beheaded,  [xliv.  429] 

PERCY,  SIR  THOMAS,  seventh  EARL  OP  NORTH- 


1667, his  father  having  been  attainted  ;  rebelled  in  the 
interest  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1569  ;  on  the  failure  of 
the  revolt  took  refuge  in  Scotland,  but  (1572)  was  handed 
over  to  the  English  authorities  and  beheaded. 

PERCY,  THOMAS  (1560-1606),  organiser  of  the  *  Gun- 
powder plot'  ;  great-grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Percy,  fourth 
earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  ;  received  from  James  VI 
in  1602  assurances  which  were  interpreted  as  a  promise 
of  toleration  for  Roman  catholics  on  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne;  being  disappointed  iu  his  hopes,  took 
a  most  active  part  in  the  'Gunpowder  plot,'  and  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Holbeach,  while  resisting  capture. 

[xliv.  436] 

PERCY,  THOMAS  (1768-1808),  editor  of  Percy's 
'  Reliques  '  ;  nephew  of  Thomas  Percy  (1729-1811)  [q.  v  ]  • 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  fellow,  1792  ;  D.C.L.,  1793  ;  edited  the  fourth 
edition  of  the  '  Keltques,'  1794,  iu  which  edition  the  asser- 
tion of  Riteon  that  the  original  manuscripts  were  not 
genuine  is  assailed.  [xliv.  437] 

PERCV,  THOMAS  (1729-1811),  editor  of  the  'Re- 
liques of  Ancient  English  Poetry'  and  bishop  of  Dro- 
more;  M.  A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1753;  D.D.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1770;  published  from  a  folio  manu- 
script containing  copies,  in  an  early  seventeenth-century 
handwriting,  of  ancient  poems  of  various  dates,  the  '  Re- 
hqnes,  1766,  a  book  which  promoted  with  lasting  effect 
the  revival  of  interest  in  older  English  poetry  ;  bishop  of 
Dromore,  1782-1811  ;  published  works  of  antiquarian  in- 
terest, including  '  Northern  Antiquities,'  1770. 

,,n?ERCT'  Sm  WILLIAM  DK,  first  BARW'  pScv 
(  1  030  /-  1096),  belonged  to  a  Norman  family  seated  at 
•era  in  the  present  department  of  La  Mam-he  ;  came  to 
BngUad  (  1067)  and  obtained  many  lordships  in  Yorkshire 
and  Lincolnshire.  v  [xliv.  439] 

PERCY,  8m  WILLIAM  DK,  sixth  BARON  PKRCY 
(1183V-1246),  nephew  of  Richard  de  Percy,  fifth  baron 
iercy  [q.  v.]  ;  opposed  King  John  in  1216,  but  left  the 
burouial  party  before  the  king's  death.  [xliv.  440] 

PERCY,  WILLIAM  (1676-1648),  poet;  sou  of  Sir 
Henry  Percy,  eighth  earl  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.]  :  of 


Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford  ;  published  a  collection  of  '  Son- 
nets,' 1594,  and  left  six  plays  in  manuscript,  now  in  the 
possession  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  [xliv.  441] 

PERCY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1788-1855),  rear-admi- 
ral ;  brother  of  Josceline  Percy  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy, 
1801  ;  M.P.,  Stamford ;  rear-admiral,  1846.  [xliv.  427] 

PEREIRA,  JONATHAN  (1804-1863),  pharmacologist ; 
L.8.A.  and  apothecary  to  the  dispensary  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  London,  1823 ;  F.R.S.,  1838 ;  author  of 
'The  Elements  of  Materia  Medica,'  1839-40;  became 
assistant-physician  at  London  Hospital,  1840;  .M.D. 
Erlangeu,  c.  1840,  and  full  physician,  1861.  [xlv.  1] 

PERFORATUS,  ANDREAS  (1490?-1549).  [See 
BOORDE,  ANDIII:\V.] 

PERIGAL,  ARTHUR,  the  elder  (1784?-1847),  his- 
torical painter ;  began  to  exhibit  in  the  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution,  1810,  and  in  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  1833.  [xlv.  2] 

PERIGAL,  ARTHUR,  the  younger  (1816-1884),  land- 
scape-painter ;  son  of  Arthur  Perigal  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
painted  foreign  scenery,  but  particularly  studied  the  Scot- 
tish highlands ;  Scottish  academician,  1841.  [xlv.  2] 

PERKINS.    [See  also  PARKYNS.] 

PERKINS,  ANttlER  MARCH  (1799  ?-1881),  engineer 
and  inventor ;  born  in  Massachusetts ;  made  improve- 
ments in  wanning  buildings  (1831-51),  in  the  manufacture 
of  iron  (1843),  and  in  railway  axles  and  boxes  (1851). 

[xlv.  3] 

PERKINS  or  PARKINS,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER 
(1547 ?-1622),  diplomatist;  B.A.  Oxford,  1566;  joined 
Jesuits,  1566 ;  denounced  by  Edward  Kelley  [q.  v.]  as  a 
conspirator,  imprisoned,  and  shortly  released,  1589-90 ; 
employed  from  1590,  when  he  became  a  protestant,  us  a 
diplomatic  agent ;  dean  of  Carlisle,  1595 ;  knighted,  1604 ; 
master  of  requests,  1617.  [xlv.  3] 

PERKINS,  HENRY  (1778-1855),  book  collector; 
formed  a  library  at  Springfield,  Surrey,  which  realised 
26,OOOJ.  in  1873.  [xlv.  5] 

PERKINS  or  PARKINS,  JOHN  (d.  1645),  jurist; 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple ;  author  of 
'  Perutilis  Tractatus,'  a  popular  text-book  for  law  students 
(1st  edit.,  Norman- French,  1530,  English  translation, 
1642  ;  5th  edit.  1827).  [xlv.  5] 

PERKINS,  JOSEPH  (fl.  1675-1711),  poet ;  B.A.  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  1679 ;  wrote  many  Latin  elegies,  and 
published  (1707)  'The  Poet's  Faucy'  and  'Poeinatum 
Miscellaneorum  Liber  primus.'  [xlv.  5] 

PERKINS,  LOFTUS  (1834-1891),  engineer  and  in- 
veutor  ;  son  of  Angler  March  Perkins  [q.  v.] ;  M.I.O.E., 
1881 ;  especially  directed  his  attention  to  the  use  of  very 
high  pressure  steam  as  a  motive  power,  and  to  the  produc- 
tion of  cold,  inventing  the  '  arktos '  cold  chamber. 

[xlv.  6] 

PERKINS,  WILLIAM  (1658-1602),  theological 
writer;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1684-92; 
M.A.,  1684  ;  distinguished  for  his  strong  Calvinism  ;  had 
great  reputation  as  a  teacher,  and  as  a  writer  was 
esteemed  hi  the  seventeenth  century  little  inferior  to 
Hooker  or  Calvin;  hi*  works  rendered  into  Dutch, 
Spanish,  Welsh,  and  Irish.  The  most  famous, '  Aruiilla 
Aurea  '  (1590),  reached  fifteen  editions  in  twenty  years. 

[xlv.  6] 

PERLEY,  MOSES  HENRY  (1804-1862),  Canadian 
commercial  pioneer  and  man  of  science ;  made  many 
journeys  of  exploration  on  behalf  of  his  native  state,  New 
Brunswick.  [xlv.  9] 

PERNE,  ANDREW  (1519  ?-1689),  dean  of  Ely;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1540  ;  fellow,  1540 ;  fellow 
of  Queens'  College,  Cambridifc  ;  vice- president  from  1551 ; 
D.D.,  1652  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1553)  ;  vice-chancellor 
of  Cambridge,  1551,  1566,  1559,  1574,  and  1580;  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  eagerness  to  adjust  his  tlu-o- 
logical  opinions  to  his  sovereign's  pleasure ;  made  canon 
of  Windsor  by  Edward  VI,  1552 ;  rewarded  by  Queen 
Mary  with  the  mastership  of  Peterhouse,  1554,  and  the 
deanery  of  Ely,  1557 ;  known  as  *  old  Andrew  Turncoat,' 
4  Andrew  Ambo,'  'Old  Father  Palinode,'  and  Judas,  and  a 
cloak  that  had  been  turned  was  iu  common  parlance  said 
to  have  been  Periled.  [xlv.  10] 


PERNE 


1031 


PERSONS 


PERNE,    ANDKHW  (1596-1654),  puritan:  fellow  of 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1622-7:  not 
Northamptonshire,  1627-54  ;  twice  pn.-iu.-hed  to  the  Long 
parliament.  [xlv.  11] 

FERRERS  or  in:  WINDSOR,  ALICE  (</.  II'KD, 
mistress  of  K<1\\  anl  III;  probably  a  member  of  the  Hert- 
fordshire family  of  I'errcrs,  though  said  by  her  menu.-* 
to  be  of  low  birth  ;  entered  the  service  of  Phllippa  of 
Hainault  [q.  v.]  before  October  1366,  and  became  mistres- 
of  Edward  III  in  the  queen's  lifetime;  accused  of  influ- 
encing the  judges  in  their  determination  of  suits,  and 
under  an  ordinance  of  the  Good  parliament  was  sen- 
tenced to  banishment  and  forfeiture,  1376;  returned  to 
court  on  the  death  of  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  on  win. -h 
her  sentence  was  reversed  by  the  Bad  parliament;  tier 
sentence  confirmed  by  the  first  parliament  of  Ilk-hard  II, 
but  revoked  (1379)  at  the  instance  of  her  husband,  William 
de  Windsor.  [xlv.  12] 

PERRIN,  JEAN  BAPTISTB  (  ft.  1786),  teacher  of 
French ;  born  in  Paris :  migrated  to  Dublin  and  pub- 
lished n  number  of  text-books.  [xlv.  14] 

PERRIN,  LOUIS  (1782-1864),  Irish  judge;  son  of 
Jean  Baptiste  Pen-in  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1801  ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench  iu  Ireland, 
1835  ;  privy  councillor,  1835.  [xlv.  14] 

PERRINCHIEF,  RICHARD  (1623  ?-1678),  royalist 
divine ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1645  :  fellow ; 
author  of  several  controversial  works ;  completed  the 
edition  of  '  BovtAuca '  (1662)  by  William  Fulman  [q.  v.] 

PERRING,  JOHN  SHAB  (1813-1869),  civil  engineer 
and  explorer  :  went  to  Egypt,  1836,  and  afterwards  be- 
came member  of  the  board  of  public  works  there ;  assisted 
Richard  William  Howard  Vyse  [q.  v.]  in  exploring  the 
pyramids.  [xlv.  16] 

PERRONET,  EDWARD  (1721-1792),  hymn-writer : 
son  of  Vincent  Perronet  [q.  v.] ;  joined  John  and  Charles 
Wesley  and  afterwards  (1771)  the  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don :  finally  an  independent  minuter  at  Canterbury ; 
author  of  '  All  hail  the  power  of  Jesu's  Name,'  1780. 

[xlv.  18] 

PERRONET,  VINCENT  (1693-1785),  methodist: 
B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1718:  vicar  of  Shore- 
bam,  1728-85 ;  intimate  with  John  and  Charles  Wesley 
from  1746,  and  consulted  by  them  iu  matters  of  organisa- 
tion ;  styled  '  the  archbishop  of  methodism.'  He  per- 
suaded John  Wesley  to  marry  in  1751,  and  in  1771  sup- 
ported him  against  the  Countess  of  Huntingdon  [see 
HASTINGS,  SJELINA]  and  her  party  at  the  Bristol  confer- 
ence, [xlv.  16] 

PERROT,  GEORGE  (1710-1780),  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  educated  at  Westminster  School :  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1732 ;  bencher,  1767 ;  K.C.,  1769 :  judge, 
1763.  [xlv.  19] 

PERROT,  HENRY  (Jl.  1600-1626).    [See  PARROT.] 

PERROT,  SIR  JAMES  (1571-1637),  politician  :  son  of 
Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  the 
Middle  Temple:  knighted,  1603  ;  M.P.,  Haverfordwest, 
1597-8,  1604,  1614,  and  1628,  Pembrokeshire,  1624  ;  author 
of  various  treatises.  [xlv.  19] 

PERROT,  SIR  JOHN  (1627  ?-1592),  lord-deputy  of 
Ireland :  commonly  reputed  to  be  a  son  of  Henry  VIII 
by  Mary  Berkley  (afterwards  wife  of  Thomas  Perrot) ; 
K.B.  at  the  coronation  of  Edward  VI ;  appointed  presi- 
dent of  Minister  (1570),  where,  until  1572,  he  was  en- 
raged with  the  rebel,  James  Fitzmnuriee  Fitzgerald 
(rf.  1579)  [q.  v.]  ;  forced  Fitemaurioe  to  submit,  and  re- 
turned to  England  without  leave,  1573  ;  after  holding 
several  naval  commands,  was  appointed  lord-deputy  of 
Ireland,  15K4  :  defeated (1584)  a  large  body  of  Hebridean 
Sects  in  Ulster,  and  attempted  to  expel  the  MacDonnells 
from  settlements  on  the  Antrim  coast :  his  government 
efficient  but  indiscreet,  his  blundering  hostility  to  Arch- 
bishop Adam  Loftus  [q.  v.]  being  a  chief  cause  of  his 
downfall ;  returned  in  disgrace,  1588,  and  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  of  London ;  found  guilty  of  high  treason, 
1592  ;  died  in  the  Tower  of  London.  [xlv.  20] 

PERROT.  JOHN(rf.  1671  ?),  quaker  sectary :  possibly 
an  illegitimate  descendant  of  Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.] ; 
imprisoned  at  Rome  for  preaching  against  the  Romish 
church,  1658-61 ;  emigrated  to  the  West  Indies,  1662 ; 
published  tracts.  [xlv.  26] 


PERROT,    ROBERT  (rf.   15*0),  organist;  appointed 
organist  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  c.  1616. 


PERROTT. 


•v!-. .  m 

I  u  KICUARD,  second  baronet  (./.1 796), 
soldier  and  diplomatist;  served  under  Frederick  the 
Great;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1769.  Tbe  scandalous 

•  Life,  Adventures,  and  Amours  of  Sir  R[ichard]  P[errott]  • 
was  probably  due  to  the  malice  of  an  enemy,    [xlv.  99] 

PERRY,  <  HA!; I. KS(  1698-1 780),  traveller  and  medi- 
cal writer ;  published  medical  works,  besides  a  valuable 

•  View  of  the  Levant,'  1743.  [xlv.  »] 

PERRY,  CHARLES  (1807-1891),  first  bishop  of  Mel- 
bourne ;  senior  wrangler.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1828:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1881 :  fellow  ami 
D.D.,  1x37;  tutor,  1837-41:  consecrated  bishop,  1847; 
procured  the  passage  through  the  parliament  of  Victoria 
of  the  Church  Assembly  Act  (1864),  which  provided  for 
lay  representation :  retired,  1876.  [xlv.  J9] 

PERRY,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1766),  engraver  :  best  known 
for  his  engravings  of  medal*  and  coins.  [xlv.  SI] 

PERRY,  GEORGE  (1793-1862X  musician  :  composed 
several  oratorios,  operas,  and  cantatas.  [xlv.  31] 

PERRY,  GEORGE  GRBSLEY  (1820-1897),  church 
historian;  B.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1840 ; 
fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1843 ;  tutor  at 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1847-62 ;  held  college  living  of 
Waddingtou,  1862-97 ;  non-residentiary  canon  and  rural 
dean  of  Longoboby,  1861 ;  proctor  in  convocation,  1867- 
1893 ;  archdeacon  of  Stow,  1894.  His  writings  include, 

•  History  of  Church  of  England,1 1860-4,  •  Life  of  BUhop 
Grosseteste,'  1872,  and  'Life  of   St.  Hugh  of  Avalou, 
Bishop  of   Lincoln,'  1879,  and    contributions  to  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography.'  [Suppl.  lii.  260] 

PERRY  or  PARRY,  HENRY  (15607-1617?),  Welsh 
scholar ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1583 ;  B.D.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1597  ;  canon  of  Baugor,  1613  :  published 
a  Welsh  treatise  on  rhetoric  (1595),  compiled  from  the 
notes  of  William  Salisbury  (1520  7-1600  ?)  [q.  v.] 

[xlv.  32] 

PERRY,  JAMES  (1766-1821),  journalist ;  of  Mari- 
schal  College,  Aberdeen  ;  originally  a  provincial  actor  : 
founded  the  •  European  Magazine,'  1782:  edited  the 
'  Morning  Chronicle ' ;  several  times  prosecuted  for  his 
radical  opinions.  [xlv.  82] 

PERRY,  JOHN  (1670-1732),  civil  engineer  and 
traveller :  engaged  in  constructing  waterways  in  Russia, 
1698-1712.  [xlv.  35] 

PERRY,  SAMPSON  (1747-1823),  publicist  ;  editor  of 
the  '  Argus,'  1789-93 :  repeatedly  convicted  for  political 
libels ;  finally  fled  to  France,  1793 ;  confined  in  Newgate 
(1794-1801)  on  his  return  ;  died  an  insolvent  debtor. 

[xlv.  36] 

PERRY,  STEPHEN  JOSEPH  (1833-1889),  astrono- 
mer and  Jesuit :  observed  several  transits  and  solar  eclipses, 
and  (1880)  set  on  foot  the  regular  delineation  by  projec- 
tion of  the  solar  surface.  [xlv.  36] 

PERRY.Sm THOMAS ERSKINE(1806-1882),  Indian 
judge  :  son  of  James  Perry  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1829  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1834  :  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Bombay,  1840 :  knighted,  1841 ; 
chief-justice,  1847;  retired,  1862;  MJ».,  Devonport, 
1864-9 :  member  of  the  council  of  India,  1869-82 ;  pub- 
lished legal  works  and  books  on  Indian  subjects. 

[xlv.  38] 

PERRYK,  SIR  RICHARD  (1723-1803),  baron  of  the 
exchequer :  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  barrister.  Inner 
Temple,  1747:  was  knighted  and  appointed  judge,  1776: 
retired,  1799.  [xlv.  40] 


PERSALL,  ,iiia»  HAHo.riiT,  JOffS  (1633-170S), 
Jesuit  :  professor  of  theology  at  Liege,  1672-9  :  preacher 
in  ordinary  to  James  II  ;  rector  of  the  college  at  Liege, 
1694  :  missioner  in  the  London  district,  1701-8. 

[xlv.  41] 

PERSE,  STEPHEN  (1548-1615),  founder  of  the  Perse 
grammar  school  at  Cambridge  ;  B.A.  Cains  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1569;  M.D.,  1582  ;  fellow,  1571-1615.  In  1888  the 
Perse  grammar  school,  which  he  founded  by  will,  was  re- 
moved from  Free  School  Lane,  Cambridge,  to  Hills  Road, 
Cambridge.  [xlv.  41] 

PERSONS,  ROBERT  (1546-1610).     [See  PAR8OX8.] 


PERTH 


1032 


PETERS 


PERTH,  EARL*  and  titular  DUKES  OF.  [Sec  DRUM- 
Mo»n,  JAMKS  fourth  KARL  and  first  titular  DI-KK,  1«48- 
1716-  DRUMMOXD,  JAMES,  fifth  EARL  and  second  titular 
Dmnt.  1«7*-1720 :  DRUMMOND.  JAMKS,  sixth  EARL  and 
third  titular  DPKK,  1713-1747:  DRTJMMOND, JOHN, seventh 
KARL  and  fourth  titular  DUKK,  d.  1747.] 

PERTRICH,  PETBR  (d.  1451).    [See  PARTRUHJK.] 
PERUSnrffS,  PBTRUS(1530?-1686?).    [SeeBizAiii, 

PlKTRO.] 

PERT,  EDMOND  SEXTON,  VIBCOUNT  PERT  (1719- 
1806V,  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1745:  member  of  the  Irish 
HOOK  of  Commons  for  Wicklow  (1751-60)  and  Limerick 
fl760-ft5),  filling  the  office  of  speaker,  1771-85 :  created 
Viscount  on  retiring,  1785.  [xlv.  42] 

PERT,  EDMUND  HENRY,  first  EARL  OF  LIMERICK 
and  second  BARON  GI.KNTWORTH  (1758-1845),  nephew  of 
Kdmond  Sexton  Pery,  viscount  Pery  [q.  v.] ;  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  :  politician,  attached  to  the  protestant 
ascendency  party ;  succeeded  his  father  as  Baron  Gleut- 
worth,  1794;  created  Earl  of  Limerick,  1803,  Baron 
Foxford  (United  Kingdom),  1815.  [xlv.  44] 

PERYAM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1534-1604),  judge;  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1551 :  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1662-7 ; 
barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1565;  serjeant-at-law,  1579; 
appointed  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  1581 ;  sat  on 
various  commissions,  including  that  for  the  trial  of  Mary 
Qneen  of  Scots.  [xlv.  44] 

PEEYN,  WILLIAM  (d.  1558),  Dominican;  author 
of  three  devotional  treatises.  [xlv.  45] 

PESHALL  or  PECHELL,  SIR  JOHN,  baronet  (1718- 
1778),  historical  writer :  rector  of  Stoke  Bliss ;  published 
•The  History  of  the  University  of  Oxford  to  the  Death  of 
William  the  Conqueror,'  177*.  [xlv.  45] 

PE8TELL,  THOMAS  (1584 ?-1659 ?),  divine;  M.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1609 ;  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of 
Essex ;  wrote  several  poems  and  sermons.  [xlv.  45] 

PE8TBLL,  THOMAS  (1613-1701),  divine;  son  of 
Thomas  Pestell  (15847-1659  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1636 ;  contributed  verses  to '  Lachrymse 
Musarum '  (1650)  in  memory  of  Henry,  lord  Hastings. 

[xlv.  46] 

PETER  (d.  1085),  bishop  of  Lichfield;  chaplain  to 
William  I ;  consecrated,  1072 ;  removed  the  see  to  Chester, 
1076.  [xlv.  46] 

PETER  OF  BLOW  (Jt.  1160-1204),  archdeacon  of  Bath 
and  author ;  born  at  Blois ;  studied  at  Bologna,  1160 : 
went  to  Sicily,  1167,  and  became  tutor  to  William  II  of 
Sicily:  returned  to  Prance  (1170)  and  taught  at  Paris; 
became  secretary  to  Rotron,  archbishop  of  Rouen,  c.  1171 ; 
became  cancellarius  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
c.  1173:  archdeacon  of  Bath.  c.  1175  (deprived,  c.  1191); 
secretary  to  Queen  Eleanor,  1190;  archdeacon  of  London, 
c.  1192.  His  '  Epistolte '  are  historically  the  most  impor- 
tant of  his  works.  A  definite  edition  baa  yet  to  appear. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  over  twenty  extant '  Opuscula,' 
chiefly  theological  in  character,  of  sixty-five  sermons,  and 
of  several  poems.  His  'Opera  Omnia'  were  edited  by 
Pierre  de  Goussainville  (1667)  and  his  complete  works  by 
John  Allen  Giles  (1848).  [xlv.  46] 

PETER  HIBERXICOT,  r>B  HIBBRXIA,  or  DE  LSERNIA  (fl. 
1224),  jurisconsult;  probably  of  Irish  birth;  became  a 
subject  of  the  Emperor  Frederic  II,  who  sent  him  (1224) 
to  teach  law  In  the  newly  established  university  of  Naples. 

[rlv.  52] 

PETER  DKS  ROCHER  (rf.  1238),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
a  native  of  Poltou  ;  served  under  Richard  1  as  knight  and 
clerk,  and  became  one  of  his  chamberlains ;  continued  in 
King  John's  service  as  a  clerk :  consecrated  bishop  of 
Winchester,  1805 :  stood  by  King  John  in  bis  struggle  with 
Innocent  HI,  and  also  in  his  differences  with  the  barons : 
juirtirtar,  1211 ;  excommunicated  the  dauphin  Louis,  then 
invading  England,  May  1216,  and  fled  from  Winchester 
with  Henry  III,  to  whom  he  was  appointed  guardian  after 
the  coronation,  in  October  1216 ;  involved  in  controversy 
from  1223  with  Hubert  de  Burgh  [q.  v.],  and  In  1227, 
when  Henry  III  renounced  his  guardianship,  joined  the 
erasade  under  the  Emperor  Frederic  II,  employing  him- 
«  as  mediator  between  pope  and  emperor ;  after  IPS 
^orn  obtained  Hubert's  dismissal  from  the  jnsttciarship, 
12M,  filled  all  offices  with  hi*  adherents  and  countrymen 


and  became  involved  in  a  struggle  with  the  national 
pnrty  under  Richard  Marshal,  third  earl  of  Pembroke 
[q.  v.]  ;  lost  his  Influence  on  the  appointment  of  Edmund 
Rich  [q.  v.]  to  the  see  of  Canterbury ;  assisted  Gregory  I X 
to  defeat  the  Romans  (1235)  at  Viterbo ;  died  at  Farnham. 

[xlv.  52] 

PETER  OP  liGrjEBLANCHK  (d.  1268),  bishop  of  Here- 
ford ;  a  Savoyard  of  high  rank  :  accompanied  Eleanor  of 
Provence  [q.  v.]  to  England,  1236 ;  became  bishop  of 
Hereford,  c.  1240 ;  assisted  in  Henry  Ill's  foreign  trans- 
actions and  in  wringing  money  from  English  ecclesiastics ; 
imprisoned  and  spoiled  by  the  barons,  1263;  retired 
to  Savoy,  e.  1264,  where  he  died.  [xlv.  60] 

PETER  OF  SAVOY,  EARL  op  RICHMOND  (d.  1268), 
seventh  son  of  Thomas  I  of  Savoy  ;  received  (1234)  some 
possessions  in  Bugei,  which  he  afterwards  enlarged  by 
warfare ;  came  to  England,  1240,  and  was  created  Earl  of 
Richmond  ;  held  various  offices  in  England  and  Gtiienne ; 
supported  Simon  de  Montfort  and  the  baronial  party, 
1258;  passed  over  to  Henry  III  on  the  breach  between 
Richard  de  Clare  and  Simon ;  became  ninth  Count  of 
Savoy  and  marquis  in  Italy,  1263 ;  died  in  Bugei.  The 
Savoy  Palace  in  London  derived  its  name  from  him. 

[xlv.  56] 

PETER  OP  ICKHAM  (fl.  1290?).    [See  ICKHAM.] 

PETER  MARTYR  (1500-1562).  [See  VKRMIGLI, 
PIKTRO  MARTIRE.] 

PETER  THE  WILD  BOY  (1712-1785),  a  protege  of 
George  I :  found  in  the  woods  near  Hamelin,  near  Han- 
over, in  1725, '  climbing  trees  like  a  squirrel ' ;  was  main- 
tained in  England  from  1726  till  death.  His  story  became 
a  theme  of  satire  for  Swift  and  Arbuthnot,  and  of  philo- 
sophic speculation  for  Monboddo.  [xlv.  65] 

PETER,  DAVID  (1765-1837),  independent  minister; 
president  of  the  college  at  Carmarthen,  1795-1837. 

[xlv.  65] 

PETER,  WILLIAM  (1788-1853),  politician  and  poet ; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1809 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1813  :  an  advocate  of  parliamentary  reform ;  was 
M.P.  for  Bodmin  (1832-4)  and  a  voluminous  author. 

[xlv.  66] 

PETERBOROUGH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MORDAI-NT, 
JOHX,  first  EARL,  d.  1642;  MORDAUNT,  HENRY,  second 
EARL,  1624?-1697;  MORDAUNT,  CHARLES,  third  EARL, 
1658-1735.] 

PETERBOROUGH,  OOUNTKSS  OP  (d.  1755).  [See 
ROBINSON,  ANASTASIA.] 

PETERBOROUGH,  BENEDICT  OP  (d.  1193).  [See 
BENEDICT.] 

PETERBOROUGH,  JOHN  OF  (Jl.  1380).    [See  JOHN.] 

PETERBOROUGH,  WILLIAM  OF  (fl,  1188).  [See 
WILLIAM.] 

PETERXDT,  ALEXANDER  (1780-1846),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  studied  law  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  a 
writer  to  the  signet  and  journalist ;  included  among  his 
friends  Scott,  Jeffrey,  and  Wilson.  [xlv.  67] 

PETERKIN,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1889),  journalist ; 
son  of  Alexander  Peterkin  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  67] 

PETERS,  CHARLES  (1695-1746),  physician:  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1724  :  M.D.  Oxford,  1732  :  physi- 
cian extraordinary  to  George  II,  1733 ;  physician-general 
to  the  army,  1739 ;  censor,  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
1744  ;  published  an  edition  of  the  '  Syphilis  sive  Morbus 
Gallicus,'  of  Frascatorius,  1720.  [xlv.  67] 

PETERS,  CHARLES  (1690-1774),  Hebrew  scholar : 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1713:  engaged  in  contro- 
versy with  Warburton  concerning  the  book  of  Job. 

[xlv.  68] 

PETERS  or  PETER,  HUGH  (1598-1660),  independent 
divine:  son  of  Thomas  Dyckwoode,  alias  Peters:  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  1622 :  lecturer  at  St. 
Sepulchre's,  London,  but  (c.  1629)  proceeded  to  Holland 
and  (1636)  became  minister  at  Salem,  Massachusetts;  took 
a  leading  part  in  ecclesiastical  matters  :  rebuked  the  go- 
vernor, Henry  Vane,  for  intervening  in  church  matters  ; 
took  a  warm  interest  in  the  foundation  of  the  colony  of 
Connecticut,  and  Intervened  between  the  English  settlers 
and  the  Dutch :  returned  to  England  (1641)  and  became 
prominent  in  controversy,  war,  and  politics ;  his  sermons 
were  valuable  in  winning  recruit*  to  the  parliamentary 


PETERS 


1033 


PETKUCCI 


army,  and  bis  relations  of  battles  and  sieges  are  a  semi- 
official supplement  to  the  generals'  reports  ;  influential 
amoiitf  the  independents;  regarded  with  aversion  by  the 
presbyterians;  acted  with  the  nrmy  during  its  quarrel 
with  parliament ;  accompanied  Cromwell  to  Ireland,  1649 : 
present  at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  1660 ;  made  a  chaplain 
to  the  council  of  state,  1650,  and  during  the  protectorate 
acted  a*  a  regular  preacher  at  Whitehall :  endeavoured, 
1652-3,  to  put  an  end  to  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  Imt 
after  the  death  of  the  Protector  took  little  part  in  public 
affairs ;  executed  at  Charing  Cross.  16  Oct.  1660,  as  an 
abettor  of  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  [xlv.  69] 

PETERS,  MARY  (1813-1856),  hyum-wriu  r :  •* 
Bowley;  married  John  McWilliam  Peters,  afterwards 
vicar  of  Langford,  Oxfordshire.  [xlv.  77] 

PETERS,  MATTHEW  WILLIAM  (1742-1814),  por- 
trait and  historical  painter  ;  a  clever  artist  and  pleasant 
colourist:  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1769-86; 
B.O.L.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1788;  held  various  rec- 
tories ;  became  chaplain  to  George,  the  prince  regent. 

PETEES  or  PETER,  THOMAS  (</.  1654X  puritan 
divine;  brother  of  Hugh  Peters  [q.  v.] ;  M JL  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  1625 ;  vicar  of  Mylor  In  Cornwall ;  emi- 
grated to  Connecticut,  1644 ;  returned  to  Mylor,  1647. 

[xlv.  78] 

PETERSDORFF,  CHARLES  ERDMAN  (1800-1886X 
legal  writer ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1833 ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1858  ;  nominated  a  judge  of  the  county  courts,  1868. 

[xlv.  79] 

PETERSON,  PETER  (1847-1899X  Sanskrit  scholar: 
graduated  at  Edinburgh,  1867 ;  studied  Sanskrit  at  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford ;  Boden  Sanskrit  scholar,  1870 :  graduated 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  187S ;  professor  at  Elphinstone 
College,  Bombay,  1873 ;  engaged  (1882)  in  search  for  San- 
skrit manuscripts,  and  discovered  many  of  high  literary 
value  in  Bombay  presidency  ;  published  editions  of  San- 
skrit texts.  [Suppl.  iii.  261] 

PETERSON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1676-1606),  translator  of 
two  treatises  from  the  Italian,  one  being  Giovanni  della 
Casa's  •  Galateo,'  1576  ;  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 

[xlv.  79] 

PETOORMO,  LORD  (14807-1539).  [See  SCOTT, 
THOMAS.] 

PETHER,  ABRAHAM  (1756-1812),  landscape- 
painter  ;  made  a  reputation  by  his  moonlight  subjects ; 
known  among  dealers  as  '  Old '  Pether.  [xlv.  80] 

PETHER,  SEBASTIAN  (1790-1844),  landscape- 
painter  ;  son  of  Abraham  Pether  [q.  v.] ;  known  to 
dealers  as  '  Young '  Pether  ;  painted  chiefly  moonlight 
views  and  nocturnal  conflagrations.  [xlv.  80] 

PETHER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1781),  wax-modeller ;  lived 
at  one  time  with  Abraham  Pether  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  80] 

PETHER.  WILLIAM  (1738  ?  -  1821),  mezzotint- 
engraver  and  miniaturist;  fellow  of  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Artists ;  occasionally  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  [xlv.  81] 

PETHERAM,  JOHN  (d.  1858),  antiquary  and  pub- 
lisher ;  edited  the  Mar-Prelate  tracts,  1843-7 ;  published 
'Historical  Sketch  of  Anglo-Saxon  Literature,'  1840. 

[xlv.  81] 

PETIT,  JOHN  LEWIS  (1736-1780>  physician;  M.A. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1759 ;  M.D.,  1766 ;  elected 
physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1774. 

[xlv.  81] 

PETIT,  JOHN  LOUIS  (1801-186H),  divine  and  artist ; 
descended  from  Lewis  Petit  des  Ktans  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 


[xlv.  81] 

PETIT  DBS  ETANS,  LEWIS  (1665  ?-1720),  brigadier- 
general  and  military  engineer ;  came  to  England  on  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  1685;  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession,  [xlv.  82] 

PETIT,  PETYT,  or  PETYTE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1636- 
1554),  printer  and  publisher ;  issued  books  bearing  his 
name,  1536-64.  [xlv.  84] 

PETIT,  PETYT,  or  PARVT/8,  WILLIAM  (1136- 
1198?).  [See  WILLIAM  op  NKWBURGH.] 


PETIT,  WILLIAM  (./.  1?13),  !.,rd  justice  of  ' 
a  follower  of  Hugh  de  Lacy,  first  lord  of  Heath  [q.  v.]  ; 
served  as  lord  justice,  1191.  [xlv.  86] 

PETIVER,  JAMES  (1641-1718),  botanist  and  ento- 
mologist ;  practised  as  an  apothecary :  made  large  collec- 
tions which  were 
and  published  man 

PETO,  8m  8AMUKL  MORTON,  baronet  (18O9-1889X 
contractor  ami  politician  :  partner  in  the  firm  of  Grissell 
&  Peto  (1830-1847X  which  const ructel  many  Important 
works,  including  Nelson  Column,  1841:  engaged  from 
1840  in  constructing  railways  in  England  and  abroad ; 
liberal  M.P.  for  Norwich,  1847-64,  for  Finsbnry,  1869-68, 
for  Bristol,  1866-8;  created  baronet,  1866  ;  with  Brassey 
constructed  the  Balaclava  rail  way  daring  the  Crimean  war 
without  commission:  retired  from  public  life  after  the- 
failure  of  bis  firm,  Peto  it  Bet*,  1866.  [xlv.  86] 

PETO,  WILLIAM  (d.  1 568 X  cardinal :  provincial  of 

t  in •  <  i  rey  Friars  in  England,  and  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
Henry  VIII's  divorce:  went  abroad,  1533,  remaining  in 
the  Low  Countries  till  Queen  Mary's  accession :  created 
cardinal,  1557,  and  was  offered,  but  refused,  the  office  of 
legate  in  England.  [xlv.  88] 

PETO  WE,  HENRY  (fl.  1 598-1 612X  poetaster:  w«a 
marshal  of  the  artillery  guard  in  London  from  1612; 
author  of  several  unimportant  pieces.  [xlv.  89] 

PETRE,  BENJAMIN  (1672-1758X  Roman  catholic 
prelate;  nephew  of  William  Petre  (1602-1677)  [q.  v.] ; 
consecrated  bishop  of  Prusa  in  parl&ut,  1721.  [xlv.  90] 

PETRE.  ED  WARD  (1631-1699),  confessor  of  James  II: 
joined  Jesuits,  1652 ;  sent  on  the  English  mission,  1671 ; 
committed  to  Newgate,  1679;  summoned  to  court  by 
James  II,  1683,  where  he  allied  himself  with  Richard 
Talbot  and  Henry  Jerinyn  ;  privy  councillor,  1687 :  fled 
to  France  at  the  revolution  ;  rector  of  St.  Omer,  1693- 
1697.  [xlv.  91] 

PETRE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (16057-1572X  secretary  of 
state ;  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  All  .souls 
College,  Oxford,  1523;  D.C.L.,  1633:  clerk  of  chancery; 
knighted  and  appointed  secretary,  1543,  retaining  office 
until  1566.  [xlv.  93] 

PETRE,  WILLIAM  (1602-1677X  translator:  of 
Exeter  and  Wadham  Colleges,  Oxford,  and  the  Inner 
Temple:  great-grandson  of  Sir  William  Petre  [q.  v.]; 
published  at  St.  Omer  an  English  translation  of  Riba- 
deneira's  '  Flos  Sanctorum,'  1669  (2nd  edit.  1730). 

[xlv.  95] 

PETRE,  WILLIAM,  fonrth  BARON  PKTRB  (1622- 
1684),  descendant  of  Sir  William  Petre  [q.  v.]  :  accused  by 
Titus  dates  (1678)  of  complicity  in  the  Popish  plot,  and 
died  in  the  Tower  of  London  after  five  years'  imprison- 
ment, [xlv.  96] 

PETRIE,  ALEXANDER  (15947-1662),  Scottish 
divine :  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1615  :  first  minister  of  the 
Rotterdam  church,  1643-62  :  author  of  '  A  Compendious 
History  of  the  Catholic  Church,  600-1600,'  1662. 

[xlv.  97] 

PETRIE,  GEORGE  (1789-18fiC),  Irish  antiquary: 
painted  Irish  landscapes,  made  sketches  of  Irish  anti- 
quarian remains,  and  wrote  valuable  articles  on  Irish 
antiquities.  [xlv.  98] 

PETRIE,  HENRY  (1768-1842),  antiquary;  appointed 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1819  ;  pro- 
jected a  'corpus  historicum  '  for  early  English  hi-tory, 
one  volume  of  which,  edited  by  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy 
[q.  v.],  appeared  in  1848.  [xlv.  99] 

PETRIE,  MARTIN  (1823-1892),  colonel:  sixth  in 
descent  from  Alexander  Petrie  [q.  v.];  ensign,  1846, 
colonel,  1876  ;  published  military  works.  [xlv.  100] 

PETROCUS  or  PETROCK,  SAINT  (fl.  560  ?X  [See 
PKDROG.] 

PETRONIU8  (rf.  654X  fifth  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's, 
Canterbury  (hallowed,  040) ;  said  to  have  been  a  Roman. 

[xlv.  101] 

PETRTTCC1,  LUDOVIOO  (fl.  1603-1619X  poet  and 
soldier  of  fortune ;  born  at  Siena ;  entered  the  Venetian 
service,  and  afterwards  the  imperial :  came  to  England. 
1610,  and  became  commoner  «>f  St.  Kdmund  Hall,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  of  Balliol  Collecre,  Oxford  :  wrote  in  Latin 
and  Italian.  [xlv.  101] 


PETRUS 


1034 


PEVERELL 


PZTEU8  (./.  606  ?).  first  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's  Abbey, 
Canterbury :  accompanied  St.  Augustine  [q.  v.]  to  England, 
596-7 ;  drowned  at  Ainbleteuse.  [xlv.  1U2] 

PETT,  PETER  (rf.  1589),  master-shipwright ;  master- 
shipwright  at  Deptford  from  some  time  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI  till  his  death.  [xlv.  102] 

PETT,  PBTER  (1610-1670  ?X  commissioner  of  the 
nary :  Bon  of  Phineas  Pett  [q.  v.]  ;  commissioner  at 
Chatham,  1648-67;  was  largely  responsible  for  the 
efficiency  of  the  ships  during  the  Dutch  wars ;  his  super- 
•Mta  doe  to  the  disaster  at  Chatham,  1667.  [xlv.  103] 


r,  SIR  PETEIl  (1630-1699),  lawyer  and  author; 
gnat-grandson  of  Peter  Pett  (rf.  1589)  [q.  v.] ;  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  London,  and  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge : 
B-A. :  migrated  to  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  fellow  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1648  :  B.O.L.,  1680 ;  student  of 
Gray's  Inn  ;  M.P.,  Askeaton  (Irish  parliament),  1661-6; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1664 ;  original  F.R.S.,  1663-75 ; 
knighted  and  appointed  advocate-general  for  Ireland; 
published  several  treatises,  generally  polemic  in  character. 

[xlv.  104] 

PETT,  PHINEAS  (1570-1647),  master-builder  of  the 
navy  and  naval  commissioner ;  elder  son  of  Peter  Pett 
(rf.  1689)  [q.  v.];  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge; 
master-shipwright  at  Deptford,  1605;  was  removed  to 
Woolwich,  1607 ;  appointed  commissioner  of  the  navy, 
1630.  [xlv.  104] 

PETTIE,  GEORGE  (1548-1589),  writer  of  romances  ; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1569  ;  author  of  •  A  Petite 
Pallace  of  Pettie  his  Pleasure,'  1676,  on  the  model  of '  The 
Palace  of  Pleasure '  by  William  Painter  [q.  v.] ;  trans- 
lated Guazzo's  '  Civile  Conversation,'  1681.  [xlv.  106] 

PETTIE,  JOHN  (1839-1893),  painter  ;  pupil  of  Robert 
Scott  Lander  [q.  v.] ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
with  'The  Armourers,'  1860 ;  R^..,  1873.  [xlv.  106] 

PETTIOREW,  THOMAS  JOSEPH  (1791-1865),  sur- 
geon and  antiquary ;  made  secretary  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  London,  1811,  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  1813; 
acted  as  surgeon  to  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Kent ;  F.R.S., 
1827;  surgeon  of  the  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  London, 
from  its  foundation  till  1835  ;  made  researches  into  medi- 
cal history  and  biography,  publishing  several  volumes  on 
the  subject ;  contributed  to  archaeological  journals. 

[xlv.  108] 

PETTINGALL  or  PETTINGAL,  JOHN  (1708-1781), 
antiquary ;  B.  A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1728  ;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1740 ;  D.D. ;  F.S.A.,  1752 ; 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1758  ;  published  antiquarian 
works.  [xlv.  109] 

PETTINGALL,  THOMAS  (1745-1826),  Whitehall 
preacher ;  son  of  John  Pettingall  [q.  v.] ;  tutor  and 
censor  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1774-  9.  [xlv.  109] 

PETTTTT,  HENRY (1848-1893), dramatist:  in  earlier 
life  a  schoolmaster  in  Camden  Town ;  wrote  between  1872 
and  1893  a  great  number  of  melodramas,  musical  farces, 
and  other  plays.  [xlv.  110] 

PETTO,  SAMUEL  (1624?-1711),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge:  appointed,  1648, 
rector  of  Sandcroft,  which  cure  he  relinquished  before  the 
enforcement  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity  ;  published  religious 
vorks.  [xlv.  Ill] 

PETT1T8,  SIR  JOHN  (1613-1690),  deputy-governor  of 
the  royal  mines  ;  knighted,  1641 ;  fought  for  Charles  I,  but 
was  appointed  deputy-governor  of  tlie  royal  mines  by 
Cromwell,  1656:  M.P.,  Dunwich,  1670;  published  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [xlv.  Ill] 

PETTY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1623-1687),  political  econo- 
mist :  studied  on  the  continent  and  became  the  friend  of 
Hobbes :  Oxford  professor  of  anatomy,  1661 ;  executed 
for  the  Commonwealth  the  '  Down  Survey '  in  Ireland,  the 
first  attempt  on  a  Urge  scale  at  carrying  out  a  survey 
jcicntincally,  and  superintended  the  redistribution  of 
lands  in  Ireland  :  acquiesced  in  the  Restoration  :  knighted 
and  made  an  original  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  liii>2  ; 
uubliNhed  economic  treatises,  1662-90,  in  which  he  rejected 
I*  old  '  prohibitory '  system,  and  showed  the  error  of  the 
"•upportem  of  the  'men-untile'  system  in  regarding  tin- 


abundance  of  the  precious  metals  as  the  standard  of 
prosperity ;  analysed  the  sources  of  wealth  as  being  labour 
and  land.  [xlv.  113] 

PETTY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  MARyris  OP  LANS- 
DOWNK  and  second  EARL  OF  SHELBURNK  ( 1737-1 805),  eldest 
son  of  John  Petty,  first  earl  of  Shelburne ;  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  entered  the  army,  1757,  and  served  in  Germany 
under  Lord  Granby  :  took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
1761,  and  refused  office  under  Bute  ;  became  president  of 
the  board  of  trade  under  Grenville,  1763,  but  resigned  in 
September  1763,  and  soon  afterwards  attached  himself 
to  Pitt :  dismissed  from  the  post  of  aide-de-camp  to 
George  III  for  opposing  the  government  in  regard  to 
Wilkes,  1763  ;  attacked  the  policy  of  the  Stamp  Act,  1764  ; 
assisted  Rockingham  in  repealing  the  Stamp  Act,  1766, 
and  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for  the  southern 
department  upon  Pitt's  return  to  power,  1766;  began  a 
policy  of  conciliation  towards  the  American  colonies,  but 
was  denounced  by  his  colleagues  and  hated  by  George  III  : 
found  himself  perpetually  thwarted,  and  resigned  his  post, 
1768;  spent  the  next  fourteen  years  in  strong  opposition, 
especially  to  the  American  policy  of  government ;  became, 
on  Chatham's  death  (1778)  the  leader  of  that  statesman's 
followers  in  opposition  to  Lord  North,  though  he  opposed 
the  recognition  of  American  independence ;  became  home 
secretary  under  Rockingham,  1782;  on  Rockiugham's 
death  became  first  lord  of  the  treasury ;  conceded  in- 
dependence to  the  United  States  and  made  peace  with 
France  and  Spain ;  his  administration  was  overthrown 
by  Fox  and  North,  1783,  after  which  he  did  not  hold 
office  again ;  created  a  marquis,  1784 ;  one  of  the  most 
unpopular  statesmen  of  his  time,  possibly  on  account  of 
his  contempt  for  political  parties ;  was  generally  credited 
with  insincerity,  and  commonly  known  as  'Malagrida,' 
which  occasioned  Goldsmith's  unfortunate  remark  to  him, 
'  Do  you  know  that  I  never  could  conceive  the  reason  why 
they  call  you  Malagrida,  for  Malagrida  was  a  very  good 
sort  of  man.'  He  was  a  munificent  patron  of  the  flue  arts, 
and  his  collection  of  manuscripts  was  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum  in  1807.  [xlv.  119] 

PETTY-FITZMAURICE,  SIR  HENRY,  third  MAR- 
QUIS OF  LANSDOWNE  (1780-1863),  son  of  Sir  William 
Petty,  first  marquis  of  Lansdowne  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster 
School,  Edinburgh  University,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge: M.A.  Cambridge,  1801;  created  LL.D.,  1811: 
M.P.,  Calne,  1803,  Cambridge,  1805  ;  became  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  under  Grenville,  1806,  raising  the  property 
tax  from  six  and  a-half  to  ten  per  cent. ;  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  ministry  (.1807),  became  an  active  leader  of 
opposition  ;  succeeded  his  half-brother  as  third  marquis, 
1809 ;  for  the  next  twenty  years  supported  the  abolition 
of  the  slave  trade  and  other  liberal  measures  :  brought 
about  a  coalition  between  a  section  of  the  whigs  and  the 
followers  of  Canning,  and  entered  the  cabinet  without 
office,  1827;  resigned,  1828;  became  president  of  the 
council  (1830)  under  Lord  Grey,  retaining  office  intermit- 
tently until  1841 ;  again  president  of  the  council  (1846-52) 
under  Lord  John  Russell ;  remained  in  the  cabinet  without 
office,  1852-63 ;  throughout  life  he  was  '  a  very  moderate 
whig.'  [xlv.  127] 

PETTY-FITZMATTRICE,  Sm  HENRY  THOMAS, 
fourth  MARQUIS  OF  LANSDOWNE  (1816-1866),  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Petty- Fitzmaurice,  third  marquis  of  Lansdowne 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.P.,  Calne,  1847-56 ;  junior  lord  of  the  treasury 
under  Russell,  1847-9 :  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs  under  Palmerston,  1856-« :  K.G.,  1864.  [xlv.  131] 

PETTYT,  THOMAS  (1510?-1568?),  military  engi- 
neer; distinguished  himself  in  1548  by  his  successful 
defence  of  Haddington  against  the  Scots  and  French. 

[xlv.  131] 

PETYT,  WILLIAM  (1636-1707),  archivist  and  anti- 
quary; barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1670,  autumn  reader, 
1694,  treasurer,  1701 :  for  many  years  keeper  of  the  records 
in  the  Tower  of  London  ;  drew  up  a  list  of  the  records, 
made  a  collection  of  parliamentary  tracts,  in  above  eighty 
volumes,  and  published  three  historical  and  legal  treatises  ; 
his  manuscripts  in  the  Inner  Temple  library. 

[xlv.  132] 

PEVERELL,  THOMAS  (rf.  1419),  successively  bishop 
of  Ossory,  Llandaff,  and  Worcester  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ; 
became  a  Carmelite :  consecrated  bishop  of  Ossory,  1397  ; 
translated  to  Llandaff,  1398,  to  Worcester,  1407,  where  he 
was  active  against  the  lollards.  [xlv.  133] 


PEVEREKL 


1035 


PEVERELL,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1131-1155),  a   I 
hamshire  buron ;  leader  In  the  battle  of  the  Standard, 
1138  :  supported  Stephen  :  on  Henry  H'B  advance  north- 
wards (1155)  took  refuge  in  u  monastery.         [xlv.  134] 

PEYTO,  WILLIAM  (d.  1658).    [See  I  ; 

PEYTON,  SIR  KDWAHD,  second  baronet  (1888?- 
1657),  parliamentarian  ;  educated  at  Cambridge* :  kni^htol, 
1611 ;  succeeded  as  baronet,  1616;  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire, 
1621-6;  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  of  pain; 
1641-2  and  fought  for  parliament.  lathe  '  Divine  Cata- 
strophe' (1652)  he  showed  sympathies  with  the  Fifth- 
monarchy  men.  [xlv.  134] 

PEYTON,  EDWARD  (d.  1749  X  commodore;  entered 
the  navy,  1707 ;  being  left  by  the  death  of  Curtis  Barnett 
[q.  v.]  in  command  of  the  East  India  squadron,  avoided 
engaging  La  Bourdonnaia,  thinking  his  force  inferior ; 
put  under  arrest  by  his  successor,  Thomas  Griffin  (d.  1771) 
[q.  v.  ],  and  sent  to  England,  where  be  died.  [xlv.  136] 

PEYTON,  SIR  HENRY  (d.  1628?),  adventurer; 
knighted,  1606  ;  commanded  a  Venetian  fleet,  1618. 

[xlv.  136] 

PEYTON,  Sin  JOHN  (1544-1630),  governor  of  Jersey ; 
knighted,  1586  ;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1697- 
1603 ;  governor  of  Jersey,  1603-30.  [xlv.  137] 

PEYTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1679-1635), governor  of  Jersey  : 
only  son  of  Sir  John  Peyton  (1544-1630)  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge :  knighted,  1603 ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Jersey,  1628-30,  and  afterwards  governor, 
1630-5.  [xlv.  138] 

PEYTON,  SIR  JOHN  STRUTT  (1786-1838X  captain 
in  the  navy  ;  great-grandson  of  Edward  Peyton  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  the  navy  in  1797,  and  saw  much  service  ;  K.O.H., 


1836. 


[xlv.  138] 


PEYTON,  THOMAS  (1895-1626),  poet;  probably 
brother  of  Sir  Edward  Peyton  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  published '  The  Glasseof  Time,' 
1620-3,  a  scriptural  poem.  [xlv.  139] 

PFEITFER,  EMILY  JANB  (1827-1890),  poetess ;  t«5e 
Davis ;  married  J.  E.  Pfeiffer,  a  German  merchant,  1853  ; 
published  several  volumes  of  poetry  in  the  style  of  Mrs. 
Browning.  [xlv.  139] 

PHAER  or  PHAYER,  THOMAS  (15 10?- 1560),  lawyer, 
physician,  and  translator  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1559 ;  wrote  two 
legal  handbooks  and  several  popular  medical  treatises,  and 
translated  nine  books  of  Virgil's  '  .ffineid,'  as  well  as  part 
of  the  tenth,  into  English  verse  between  1655  and  1560. 
Thomas  Twyne  [q.  v.]  completed  the  translation  in  1584. 

[xlv.  140] 

PHALERITJ8,  GULLIELMUS  (pseudonym).  [See 
WHITK,  WILLIAM,  1604-1678.] 

PHAYRE,  Siu  ARTHUR  PURVES  (1812-1886),  first 
commissioner  of  British  Burma ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
School ;  entered  the  Bengal  army,  1828 ;  became  commis- 
sioner of  Arakau,  1849,  of  Pegu,  1852 ;  chief  commissioner 
of  British  Burma,  1862-7 ;  G.C.M.G.,  1878 ;  published  a 
'  History  of  Burma,'  1883.  [xlv.  141] 

PHAYRE  or  PHATRE,  ROBERT  (1619  V-1682),  regi- 
cide ;  one  of  the  three  to  whom  the  warrant  for  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I  was  addressed ;  escaped  severe  punishment 
at  the  Restoration  through  having  married  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Thomas  Herbert  (1606-1682)  [q.  v.];  became  a 
Muggletoniau,  1662.  [xlv.  142] 

PHAYRE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1820-1897),  general ;  brother 
of  Sir  Arthur  Purves  Phayre  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury School:  ensign  in  East  India  Company's  service, 
1839:  captain,  1848;  in  Persian  expedition,  185B-7; 
quartermaster-general  to  Bombay  army,  1867-68  ;  major, 
Bombay  staff  corps,  1861 ;  colonel,  1868 ;  in  Abyssinian 
campaign,  1868 ;  O.B.and  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria, 
1868 ;  commandant  of  Siud  frontier  force,  1868-72 ;  real- 
dent  (1873-4)  of  Baroda,  where  his  life  was  attempted  at 
the  instigation  of  the  gaekwar,  Malhar  Rao,  who  was  in 
consequence  deposed,  1875 ;  major-general,  1880 ;  com- 
manded reserve  division  in  second  Afghan  war,  1880; 
K.O.B.  and  lieutenant-general,  1881  ;  commanded  division 
of  Bombay  army,  1881-6 ;  general,  1889  :  G.O.B.,  1894. 

[Suppl.  iii.  262] 

PHELIPS.     [See  also  PHI  LI  ITS,  Pim.irs,  aim 
i.n-s.] 


PHELIPS,  SIR  EDWARD  (1660T-1614X  speaker  of 
the  ii. MM  -of  Common!  and  master  of  the  rolU:  nutumn 
reader,  Middle  Temple,  1596  :  entered  parliament  (1601)  as 
kuifht  ..:   UM  shire  for  Somerset;  king's  sen-  . 
knii/hu-,1,  1GU3  ;  speaker,  1604  ;  became  ma- 
1611.  [xlv.  143] 

PHELIPS,  SIR  ROBERT  (1686  7-16S8X  parliamenta- 
rian ;  H.lwt  son  of  Sir  Edward  Pbelips  [q.  ?.]•  knighted, 
1603  ;  M.I'.,  East  Looe,  1604-11  ;  took  a  prominent  part  In 
opposition,  1621,  attacking  the  Spanish  marriage,  for 
whir!,  h,  was  imprisoned ;  assumed  an  attitude  of  hostility 
to  Buckingham,  1625.  [xlv.  144] 

PHELP8,  JOHN  (/.  1636-1668),  regicide :  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford ;  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  court 
which  sat  to  try  Charles  I ;  was  attainted  on  the  Restora- 
tion, hut  escaped  to  the  continent.  [xlv.  145] 

PHELPS,  SAMUEL  (1804-1878),  actor;  first  appeared 
on  the  stage  in  1826 ;  after  some  years  spent  in  the  pro- 
vinces, appeared  at  the  Haymarket,  London,  as  Shylock, 
1837,  and  afterwards  at  Coveut  Garden,  London,  under 
Macready;  joined  in  opening  Sadler's  Wells,  Islington, 
1844,  where  he  succeeded  in  "  making  Shakespeare  pay '  for 
nearly  twenty  years  :  became  sole  manager  in  the  season, 
1860-1,  but  gave  up  the  enterprise  (1862),  after  he  had  pro- 
duced thirty-four  of  Shakespeaie's  plays ;  afterwards 
acted  chiefly  at  Drury  Lane,  London ;  excelled  in  characters 
of  rugged  strength.  [xlv.  146] 

PHELPS,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1718-1776),  astronomer ;  the 
first  in  England  to  detect  the  great  comet  of  1743. 

[xlv.  160] 

PHELPS,  WILLIAM  (1776-1866),  topographer;  of 
Baliiol  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  St.  Albau  Hall,  1797 ;  issued 
seven  parts  of  an  elaborate  '  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Somersetshire,'  1835-9.  [xlv.  160] 

PHERD,  JOHN  (d.  1228),  erroneous  name  of  JOHN  OF 
FOUNTAINS.  [See  FONTIBUS,  JOHN  DR.] 

PHESANT,  PETER  (1880?-1649),  judge;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1608,  ancient,  1622,  bencher,  1623,  reader, 
1624;  serjeant-at-law,  1640;  voted  a  judge  of  common 
pleas  by  the  House  of  Commons,  1645. 

PHILALETHES,  ALAZONOMASTIX  (pseudonym). 
[See  MORE,  HENRY,  1C14-1687.] 

PHILALETHES,   EIREN-fiUS  (pseudonym).     [See 

ElREN  JSU8,  &.  1622  V] 

PHILALETHES,  EUGENIUS  (pseudonym).  [See 
VAUG  HAN,  THOMAS,  1622-1666.] 

PHILIDOR.  FRANCOIS  ANDRfi  DANICAN  (1726- 
1795  X  chess-player  and  composer;  born  at  Dreiix  ;  son  of 
a  French  musician ;  learned  chess  while  in  attendance  as 
a  musician  at  Versailles  ;  his  fame  European  from  early 
youth;  spent  much  of  his  time  in  Kn^lnml ;  published 
(1748)  his  'Analyse  du  jeu  des  Echecs  ' ;  his  skill  comme- 
morated among  chess-players  by  •  Philidor's  defence '  and 
'  Philidor's  legacy.'  He  was  also  celebrated  as  a  composer, 
introducing  several  new  modes.  [xlv.  161] 

PHILIP.  [See  also  PHILLIP  and  PHYLIP.] 
PHILIP  n  OK  SPAIN  (1627-1598),  king  of  Spain  and 
husband  of  Queen  Mary  of  England  :  son  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V  ;  married  Queen  Mary,  who  chose  him  against 
the  wishes  of  parliament  and  tlie  country,  in  Winchester 
Cathedral,  1554  :  K.O.,  1554  :  became  unpopular;  advised 
Mary  to  pardon  the  Princess  Elizabeth ;  resolved  to  leave 
England,  in  disappointment  that  an  expected  heir  was 
not  born  to  him,  1555  ;  still  continued  to  watch  English 
politics,  but  was  at  variance  with  Queen  Mary,  urging 
her  against  her  will  to  select  a  less  bigoted  man  than  Bishop 
Thirlby  as  chancellor ;  returned  to  England,  1587,  desiring 
to  draw  England  into  his  schemes  upon  the  Low  Countries ; 
left  for  the  Low  Countries,  and  never  saw  Queen  Mary 
again  ;  made  overtures  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  but  finally 
married  (1569)  the  French  king's  daughter,  Isabella  ;  sent 
the  Spanish  Armada  against  England,  1688 ;  died  in  Spain. 

[xxxvi.  343] 

PHILIP  OF  MONTGOMKRY,  called  GRAMMATICUS  (d. 
1099X  crusader ;  son  of  Roger  de  Montgomery,  earl  of 
Shrewsbury  and  Arundel  [q.  v.] :  rebelled  with  Robert  de 
Mowbray  [q.  v.],  1096  :  died  at  Jerusalem,  while  ac- 
companying Robert  of  Normandy  in  the  first  crusade. 

[xlix.  108] 


PHILIP 


1036 


PHILIPS 


PITT  LIP  DK  THAUN  (/.  1120),  Anglo-Norman  writer  ; 
wrote  two  poems  of  great  value  for  the  history  of  Anglo- 
Norman  literature;  perhaps  the  earliest  poet  in  the 
iMffH*  fail  whose  work  has  survived.  [xlv.  153] 

PHILIP  OK  DRAOSK  (/.  1172).    [See  BRAOSE.] 

PHILIP  or  POITIERS  (  •/.  1208  ?),  bishop  of  Durham  ; 
accompanied  Richard  I  on  his  crusade  ;  returned  to  Bug- 
tend  before  Richard  I.  and  (1195)  was  elected  bishop  ; 
mentioned  as  one  of  King  John's  evil  counsellors  in  the 
controversy  with  Pope  Innocent  III.  [xlv.  154] 

PHILIP  DB  VALOONBB  (d.  1215).    [See  VALOOXES.] 
PHILIP  UK  ULKCOT  («/.  1220).    [See  ULKCOT.] 

PHILIP  or  PHILIPPE  DB  RIM  or  DK  RKMI  (1246  ?- 
1S96X  supposed  Anglo-Norman  poet  ;  now  generally  iden- 
tified with  Philippe  de  Beaumanoir  (12467-1296),  the 
French  jurist  and  poet.  [xlv.  154] 

PHILIP,  ALEXANDER  PHILIP  WILSON  (1770  ?- 
1*51?),  physician  and  physiologist;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
17W;  elected  physician  to  the  Worcester  infirmary,  1802  ; 
removed  to  London,  1817;  F.R.C.P.,  1834:  went  to 
Boulogne  (c.  1842)  in  consequence  of  financial  difficulties; 
published  medical  works,  several  of  which  were  trans- 
lated into  various  languages.  [xlv.  155] 

PHILIP,  JOHN  (fl.  1566),  author  ;  produced  (1566) 
three  tracts,  chiefly  in  verse,  describing  the  trial  of  three 
witches  at  Ohelmsford.  [xlv.  156] 

PHTT.TP,  JOHN  (1775-1851),  South  African  mis- 
sionary ;  went  to  South  Africa  (1819)  with  a  deputation 
to  visit  the  stations  of  the  London  Missionary  Society  ; 
remained  in  Cape  Town,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  con- 
stantly endeavoured  to  defend  the  natives  against  the 
treatment  of  the  colonists  ;  his  views  endorsed  by  a  par- 
liamentary committee,  1837,  on  which  Governor  D'Urban 
was  dismissed  ;  his  policy  of  erecting  independent  native 
states  wrecked  by  the  Kaffir  war  of  1846.  [xlv.  156] 

PHTT.TP,  JOHN  BIRNIE  (1824-1875),  sculptor: 
executed  portrait  busts  and  statues  ;  employed  for  eight 
years  on  the  Albert  Memorial  in  Hyde  Park,  London. 

[xlv.  158] 

PHILIP,  ROBERT  (1791-1858),  divine  ;  independent 
•fHHlr  at  Maberley  Chapel,  London,  1826-55  ;  published 
numerous  works.  [xlv.  158] 

PHTLIPHAUGH,  LORD  (1666-1708).  [See  MURRAY, 
SIR  JAMBS.] 

PHTT.TPOT.    [See  also  PHILPOT.] 

PHILIPOT,  PHELIPOT,  or  PHILPOT,  SIR  JOHN 
(d.  138  IX  may  or  of  London;  a  member  of  the  Grocers' 
Company;  M.P.,  London,  1371  and  1381;  headed  the 
opposition  to  John  of  Gaunt  :  appointed  joint-treasurer  for 
the  French  war  (1377)  at  the  request  of  the  Commons  : 
mayor,  1378;  assisted  Richard  II  during  the  peasants' 
revolt,  1381.  [xlv.  1593 

PHILIPOT,  JOHN  (1589?-1645),  Somerset  herald; 
Rouge  Dragon,  1618;  Somerset  herald,  1624;  accompanied 
Charles  I  to  Oxford  after  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  ; 
made  many  county  visitations.  [xlv.  161] 

PHILIPOT,  THOMAS  (d.  1682),  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer  ;  «>n  of  John  Philipot  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  regiit  literis,  1636  (incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1640)  ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

T^TTTT™.  [XlV.  163] 

PHTLIPPA  OP  HAINAULT  (13147-1369),  queen   of 
Edward  III  ;   daughter  of   William  the  Good,  count  of 
*  Halnaulfc:  married  to  her  second  cousin, 


*,  , 

III,  1328,  a  papal  dispensation  being  procured  ; 
X?  byJLrol-^!rt  *°  havc  haran«faed  the  English  troops 
(1M6)  before  the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross;  before  Chris- 
,m*8'_!246'  jolned  Ed**"*  HI  before  Calais,  where  she 
interceded  for  the  six  principal  burgesses  on  the  surrender 
of  the  town  in  August  1847  ;  received  Frolssart  on  his 
arrival  in  England,  1361,  and  made  him  her  clerk  or 
•ecretary  :  died,  and  was  buried  at  Windsor,  [xlv.  164] 

PHnjPPA   OP  LANCASTER  (1359-1415),  queen  of 
John  I  of  Portugal  ;  daughter  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke 
rf  Lancaster  [q.  v.]  ;  married,  1387  ;  became  the  mother 
celebrated  sons,  Edward  I,  Don  Pedro  the  great 
Ferdinand  the  Mint, 
[xlv.  107] 


PHILIPPART,  JOHN  (1784  7-1874),  military  writer  ; 
clerk  in  the  war  office,  and  for  forty-three  years  chan- 
cellor of  the  order  of  tit.  John  of  Jerusalem  ;  industriously 
compiled  many  books  of  reference  relating  to  the  army. 

[xlv.  168] 

PHILIPPS.  [See  also  PHEUPS,  PHILIPS,  and  PHIL- 
UPS.] 

PHILIPPS,  BAKER  (17187-1745),  lieutenant  in  the 
navy  ;  entered  the  navy,  1733  :  shot  for  neglect  of  duty  in 
surrendering  (after  the  death  of  the  captain)  the  Anglesea 
to  a  French  warship  of  superior  force — an  1111  just  sentence, 
since  he  only  assumed  command  when  the  vessel  was 
virtually  lost.  [xlv.  168] 

PHILIPPS,  SIR  ERASMUS,  fifth  baronet  (d.  1743), 
economic  writer;  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn;  M.P.,  Haverfordwest,  1726-43;  succeeded 
to  the  baronetcy,  1736  ;  wrote  four  economic  treatises. 

[xlv.  169] 

PHILIPPS,  FABIAN  (1601-1690),  author;  spent 
much  money  during  the  civil  war  in  publishing  books  in 
support  of  the  royal  cause;  became  at  the  Restoration 
remembrancer  of  the  court  of  the  council  and  marches  of 
Wales.  [xlv.  169] 

PHILIPPS,  JENKTN  THOMAS  (d.  1755),  translator  ; 
became  tutor  to  the  children  of  Prince  George  (George  II) 
before  1726 ;  published  Latin  dissertations  and  transla- 
tions from  the  German.  [xlv.  170] 

PHILIPPS  or  PHILIPPES,  MORGAN  (rf.  1570), 
Roman  catholic  divine  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1538  ;  M.A.,  1542  ;  principal  of  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1546-50;  publicly  disputed  with  Peter  Martyr,  1549; 
retired  to  Louvain  on  the  accession  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
dying  at  Donay.  The  '  Treatise  concerning '  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots'  right  to  the  English  throne,  by  John  Leslie 
(1527-1596)  [q.  v.]  was  republished  in  1571  under  his 
name.  [xlv.  171] 

PHILIPPS,  THOMAS  (1774-1841),  vocalist  and  com- 
poser ;  first  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1796  ; 
made  a  tour  in  America ;  retired  early  from  the  stage ; 
taught  singing  and  composed  ballads.  [xlv.  171]  • 

PHILIPS.  [See  also  PHELIPS,  PHILIPPS,  and  PHIL- 
LIPS.] 

PHILIPS,  AMBROSE  (1675  7-1749),  poet ;  fellow  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1699-1708 ;  M.A.,  1700 ; 
joined  the  Addison  circle,  and  had  his  'Distressed 
Mother '  (1712,  an  adaptation  of  Racine's  '  Andromaque ') 
lauded  in  the  '  Spectator ' ;  M.P.,  Armagh  borough  (Irish 
parliament),  1727 ;  judge  of  the  prerogative  court,  1733. 
His  pastorals  excited  Pope's  jealousy,  and  gave  rise  to 
bitter  attacks  in  Pope's  satires.  He  brought  out  the 
'  Freethinker '  (1718-19),  an  imitation  of  the  'Spectator.' 

[xlv.  172] 

PHILIPS,  CHARLES  (1708-1747),  portrait-painter; 
noted  for  his  small  whole-lengths  and  conversation 
pieces  ;  patronised  by  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales. 

[xlv.  173] 

PHILIPS  or  PHILLIPS,  GEORGE  (1599  7-16%), 
Irish  writer  and  governor  of  Londonderry ;  warned  the 
inhabitants  of  Londonderry  in  1688  to  be  on  their  guard 
against  Antrim's  bighlauders  ;  became  governor,  Decem- 
ber 1688,  but  resigned  shortly  in  favour  of  Robert  Ltindy 
[q.  v.] ;  published  several  political  pamphlets  on  Irish 
matters.  [xlv.  174] 

PHILIPS,  HUMPHREY  (1633-1707),  nonconformist 
minister;  B.A.  Wadhain  College,  Oxford,  1654;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1666;  elected  fellow  of  Magdalen, 
1666,  but  ejected,  1660,  and  imprisoned,  1662;  went  to 
Holland  on  his  release,  returning  afterwards  to  England, 
where  he  was  much  persecuted.  [xlv.  175] 

PHILIPS,  JOHN  (1676-1709),  poet ;  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  author  of  the  'Splendid  Shilling,'  a  mock  heroic 
poem  in  Miltonic  blank  verse,  first  published  in  1701; 
employed  by  Harley  and  St.  John  to  write  verses  on 
'  Blenheim '  as  a  tory  counterpart  to  Addison's  '  Cam- 
paign ' ;  wrote  his  most  important  work, '  Cyder '  (1708),  in 
imitation  of  Virgil's  •  Georgics.'  [xlv.  175] 

PHILIPS,  KATHERINE  (1631-1664),  verse-writer  ; 
daughter  of  John  Fowler,  a  London  merchant ;  married 
(1647)  James  Philips  of  Cardigan  ;  adopted  the  pseudonym 
'Orinda,'  to  which  her  contemporaries  prefixed  the 
epithet  •  MatehlesR ' ;  her  earliest  verses  prefixed  (1651)  to 


PHILIPS 


1037 


PHILLIPS 


the  'Poems  •  of  Henry  Vaughan  (1822-1695)  [q.  v.] ;  her 
translation  of  Corneille's  -Pompee'  acted  in  Dublin  with 
great  success.  Her  collected  verses  appeared,  1667. 

PHILIPS.  MILKS  <>f.  1568-1582),  nmruW;'  'jaUwl 
with  Captain  John  Hawkyns  (1568)  u>  the  Indies,  and 
became  a  prisoner  in  Mexico ;  eventually  escaped  and 
lauded  in  England  in  1682.  Hi-  hiin^-lf  n-hited  hU  story 
to  Hakluyt.  [xh. 

PHILIPS.      XATHAXIKI.     .!  K.  H:«i  K     (1795-1831), 
artist;    exhibited    landscapes   in    Liverpool    H: 
cheater ;  executed  engravings  of  old  hulls  in  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire.  [xlv.  179] 

PHILIPS,  PEREGRINE  (1623-1691),  nonconformist 
preacher ;    studied  at    Oxford ;    puritan    incumbent  of 
several  livings  in  Pembroke,  but  ejected,  166V  ; 
much  persecution.  L  xlv.  179] 

PHILIPS  or  PHILIPPI,  PETER  or  PIBTRO  (fl. 
1580-1621),  musical  composer ;  born  in  England :  organist 
to  the  Archduke  Albert  and  Archduchess  Isabella  in  the 
Netherlands,  1696-1621 ;  published  many  works  at  Ant- 
werp.  [xlv.  180] 

PHILIPS  or  PHILLIPS,  RICHARD  (1661-1751), 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia ;  was  governor  from  1720  to 
1749,  but  after  1730  resided  in  England,  neglecting  his 
duties.  [Xlv.  i»i] 

PHILIPS,  ROBERT  (Jl.  1643-1559  ?),  musician  ;  said 
by  Fox  to  have  been  a  gentleman  of  the  king's  chapel  at 
Windsor  and  •  a  notable  singing  man.'  [xlv.  180] 

PHILIPS,  ROBERT  (d.  1660?),  confessor  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria :  of  Scottish  origin ;  attached  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria  after  the  expulsion  of  her  French  attend- 
ants, 1626 :  commissioned  by  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  to 
request  aid  from  Pope  Urban  VIII  against  the  Long 
parliament,  for  which  he  was  summoned  before  parliament, 
the  matter  being  eventually  allowed  to  drop ;  accompanied 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria  to  the  Hague,  1642.  [xlv.  181] 

PHILIPS,  ROWLAND  (d,  1638?),  warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford;  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford; 
elected  warden  of  Merton  College,  1521:  resigning,  1525; 
DJX,  1522.  [xlv.  182] 

PHILIPS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1734),  dramatist;  son  of 
George  Philips  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  several  tragedies,  produced 
in  London  and  Dublin.  [xlv.  182] 

PHILLIMORE,  GREYILLE  (1821-1884),  divine  and 
author  ;  son  of  Joseph  Philliinore  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
School,  the  Charterhouse,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1844 ;  vicar  of  Down-Ampney,  1861-67 ;  rector  of 
Henley,  1867-83  ;  rector  of  Ewelme,  1883-4 ;  joint-editor  of 
the  '  Parish  Hymn  Book'  (1863),  to  which  he  contributed 
eleven  original  hymns.  [xlv.  182] 

PHILLIMORE,  SIR  JOHN  (1781-1840),  captain  in  the 
navy ;  brother  of  Joseph  Phillimore  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the 
navy,  1795  ;  advanced  to  post  rank,  1807  ;  fought  a  stub- 
born action  with  the  French  frigate  Clorinde,  1814,  and 
(c.  1819)  thrashed  William  James  (d.  1827)  [q.  v.]  for  his 
description  of  the  action  in  his  naval  history  ;  C.B.,  1815  ; 
retired,  1826.  [xlv.  183] 

PHILLIMORE.  JOHN  GEORGE  (1808-1865X  jurist; 
eldest  son  of  Joseph  Phillimore  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  MA.,  1831 ;  a  clerk 
of  the  board  of  control  of  India,  1827-32  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1832 ;  bencher,  1851 ;  Q.C.,  1861  ;  published 
several  works  on  Roman  and  canon  law.  [xlv.  185] 

PHILLIMORE,  JOSEPH  (1775-1855),  civilian;  of 
Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  D.C.L., 
1804 ;  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  Oxford,  1809-55  ; 
M.P.,  St.  Mawes,  1817-26,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1826- 
1830  ;  advocating  catholic  emancipation  ;  filled  several 
important  judicial  posts,  and  edited  two  series  of  cases 
heard  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts.  [xlv.  185] 

PHILLIMORE,  SIR  ROBERT  JOSEPH,  first  baronet 
(1810-1885),  civilian  and  judge  :  son  of  Joseph  Phillimore 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  : 
D.O.L.,  1838;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1841 ;  judge  of  the 
Cinque  ports,  1865;  admiralty  advocate,  1865;  liberal- 
conservative  M.P.,  Tavistock,  1852  -7  ;  Q.O.,  1858 ;  became 
judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty,  1867;  created 
baronet,  1883  ;  a  scholar  both  in  the  classical  and  modern 


languages,  and  a  jurist  of  wide  reading  :  his  most  im- 
porumt  work,  •  Commentaries  on    int.  rn  ..tional   Law,' 

[xlv.  186] 
PHILLIP. 


[See  also  I'HU.I;  •  Mv\ 

PHILLIP,  ARTHUR  (1738-1814),  vice-admiral  and 
first  governor  of  New  Sooth  Wal«  ;  entered  the  navy, 
1765;  reached  post  rmnk,  1781  ;  founded,  January 
a  convict  settlement  on  the  harbour  of  Port  Jackson, 
ul.i.l,  l>,  named  Sydney  after  Thomas  Townshend,  vis- 
count Sydney  [<j.  v.]  ;  carried  the  settlement  through 
many  privations  from  lack  of  food  and  of  free  settlers  ; 
ri-tunml  to  Kngland  (1792)  iu  bad  health  :  rear-admiral, 
1801  ;  vice-admiral,  1810.  [xlv.  188] 

PHILLIP.  JOHN  (1817-1867),  subject  and  portrait 
painter  ;  began  to  execute  likenesses  while  apprenticed  to 
an  Aberdeen  glazier,  and  (1836)  attracted  the  attention 
of  Lord  Panmure,  who  paid  for  his  education  in  London  ; 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1838,  painting 
chiefly  portraits  and  Scottish  subject*  :  the  style  of  his 
painting  changed  by  a  visit  to  Seville,  1861  ;  hi*  later 
work  influenced  by  Velasquez  ;  '  La  Bomba,'  1863,  »  La 
Gloria,'  1864,  and  '  II  Cigarrillo,'  1864,  among  bis  master- 
pieces ;  A.R.A.,  1867,  and  R.A.,  1869.  [xlv.  189] 

PHILLIP,  WILLIAM  (/.  1596-1619X  translator; 
made  several  translations  from  the  Dutch,  chiefly  of 
books  of  travel.  [xlv.  191] 

PHILLIPPS.  [See  also  PHELirfl,  PHiurif,  PHIUI*, 
and  PHILLIPS.] 

PHILLIPPS,  JAMES  ORCHARD  HALLIWELL- 
(1820-1889).  [See  HALUWKLL.] 

PHILLIPPS,  SAMUEL  MARCH,  formerly  SAMUEL 
MARCH  (1780-1862X  legal  writer  ;  of  the  Charterhouse  and 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1805  ;  assumed 
the  surname  Phillipps  in  1796;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1806  ;  permanent  uuder-secretary  for  home  affairs,  1827-48. 
His  '  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Evidence  '  (1814)  was  in  it- 
day  a  standard  text-book.  [xlv.  192] 

PHILLIPPS,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1792-1872), 
antiquary  and  bibliophile  ;  of  Rugby  and  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1820  ;  showed  from  his  earliest  years 
a  passion  for  collecting  books  and  manuscripts  ;  his  col- 
lection rich  in  old  Welsh  poetry  ;  possessed  four  hundred 
or  five  hundred  volumes  of  oriental  manuscripts  ;  created 
baronet,  1821  :  established  (c.  1822)  a  private  printing 
press  at  his  residence.  Middle  Hill,  Broadway,  Worcester- 
shire ;  printed  visitations,  extracts  from  registers,  gene- 
alogies, cartularies,  and  brief  catalogues  of  collections  of 
manuscripts  in  private  and  public  libraries  ;  removed  in 
later  life  to  Thirlestaue  House,  Cheltenham,  [xlv.  192] 

PHILLIPS.  [See  also  PHELIPS,  PHILIPPS,  and 
PHILIPS.] 

PHILLIPS,  ARTHUR  (1605-1695),  musician;  of  New 
College,  Oxford  ;  organist  at  Bristol,  1638,  and  at  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1639  ;  choragus  and  professor  of 
music  at  Oxford,  1639-56  ;  afterwards  served  Queen  Hen- 
rietta Maria  as  organist  in  France.  [xlv.  195] 

PHILLIPS,  CATHERINE  (1727-1794),  Quakeress; 
daughter  of  Henry  Payton  ;  entered  the  ministry,  1748, 
and  thenceforth  went  on  annual  preaching  tours  amongst 
the  Friends  :  married  William  Phillips,  1772  ;  a  volume  of 
'  Memoirs  '  appeared,  1797.  [xlv.  195] 

PHILLIPS,  CHARLES  (/.  1766-1783),  engraver; 
worked  chiefly  in  mezzotint  after  the  old  masters. 

[xlv.  196] 

PHILLIPS,  CHARLES  (1787  ?-1869),  barrister  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1806  : 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  1807  ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar, 
1812  ;  joined  the  Oonnaught  bar  and  speedily  made  a 
reputation  by  his  florid  oratory  ;  called  to  the  English 
bar,  1821,  becoming  shortly  leader  at  the  Old  Bailey  ;  ap- 
pointed commissioner  of  the  insolvent  debtors'  court  of 
London,  1846  ;  published  miscellaneous  works,  including 
•  Napoleon  III  '  (3rd  edit.  1854).  [xlv.  196] 

PHILLIPS,  EDWARD  (1630-1696?),  author;  son  of 
Edward  Phillips  and  his  wife  Ann,  only  sister  of  the  poet 
Milton,  by  whom  he  was  educated  and  with  whom  be 
maintained  affectionate  relations  until  the  poet's  death  ; 
of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ;  became  (1663)  tutor  to  the  son 


PHILLIPS 


1038 


PHILLIPS 


of  John  Evelyn  the  dinrNt,  :m.l  <  lfi«5)  to  Philip  Herbert 
(afterwards  seventh  Karl  of  Pembroke)  [q.  v.] :  sub- 
sequently resumed  his  former  occupation  of  hack-writer  in 
London ;  chiefly  remembered  for  his  4  New  World  of 
Word*,'  1W8,  a  philological  dictionary  of  doubtful 
originality,  little  merit,  and  great  popularity,  awl  by  his 
•  Mysteries  of  Love  and  Eloquence,'  1658.  [xlv.  197] 

PHILLIPS,  EDWARD  (Jt.  1780-1759),  dramatist; 
author  of  comic  musical  pieces  produced  in  London 
theatres,  1790-9.  [xlv.  199] 

PHILLIPS,  GEORGE  (/.  1579-1597),  divine :  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1687 ;  published  sermons. 

[xlv.  199] 

PHILLIPS.  GEORGE  (1593-1644),  nonconformist 
divine  and  colonist :  B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1617 : 
wiled  for  Massachusetts,  1630 ;  pastor  at  Watertown  till 
nil  deatii.  [xlv.  300] 

PHILLIPS,  GEORGE  (1804-1892),  oriental  scholar; 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge; fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1830;  M.A., 
1832;  D.D.,  1869;  held  the  living  of  Sandon  from  1846- 
1887 ;  president  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1867-92 ; 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1861-2 ;  pub- 
1 1  *  hrd,  with  other  works,  a  Syriac  grammar,  1 837,  and  an 
elaborate  'Commentary  on  the  Psalms,'  1846.  [xlv.  200] 

PHILLIPS,  GEORGE  SEARLE  (1815-1889),  miscel- 
writer  ;  said  to  have  graduated  B.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  edited  several  newspapers  in  England 
and  the  United  States;  became  insane  (1873)  and  was 
confined  in  the  Trenton  asylum ;  published  mostly  under 
the  pseudonym  of  •  January  Searle,'  [xlv.  201  ] 

PHILLIPS,  GILES  FIRMAN  (1780-1867),  landscape- 
painter  ;  published  two  treatises  on  his  art.  [xlv.  201] 

PHILLIPS,  HENRY  (ft.  1798-1831),  horticultural 
writer;  was  a  schoolmaster,  residing  in  London  and 
Brighton ;  fellow  of  the  Horticultural  Society ;  F.L.S., 
1826:  published 'History  of  Cultivated  Vegetables '  (last 
edit.  1831),  and  other  works.  [xlv.  201] 

PHILLIPS,  HENRY  (1801-1876),  musician  ;  appeared 
as  a  singing  boy  at  the  Haymarket  and  Drury  Lane, 
London  ;  successfully  sang  the  music  of  Caspar  at  the 
production  of  '  Der  FreischUtz,'  1834,  and  thenceforth  rose 
rapidly  in  public  estimation  as  a  bass  singer ;  retired,  1863. 

[xlv.  202] 

PHILLIPS,  HENRY  WYNDHAM  (1820-1868),  por- 
trait-painter :  son  of  Thomas  Phillips  (1770-1845)  [q.  v.]  ; 
first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1838.  [xlv.  217] 

PHILLIPS,  PHILIPS,  or  PHTT.LYPS,  JOHN  (fl. 
1670-1691),  author;  educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  became  a  puritan  preacher  ;  possibly  never  bene- 
flced.  Five  ediflcatory  treatises  by  him  are  extant,  as 
well  as  four  epitaphs  and  three  longer  poems  commemora- 
tive of  the  Countess  of  Lennox  (1678),  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1687),  and  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  (1691).  [xlv.  202] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  (1655  ?-1633),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man ;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1684 ;  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Cleveland,  1601 ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  1606 ;  introduced  many  reforms,  and  made  a 
Manx  translation  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  1610. 

[xlv.  203] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  (d.  1640),  divine ;  M.A.  and  B.D. 
Cambridge :  ricar  of  Faversham,  1606-40 ;  published  the 
•  Way  to  Heaven,'  1825.  [xlv.  203] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  (1631-1706),  author ;  brother  of 
Edward  Phillips  (1630-1696  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  was  brought  up  by 
his  uncle,  the  poet  Milton  ;  made  a  scathing  attack  upon 
puriunism,  1666,  in  bis  •  Satyr  against  Hypocrites ' ; 
gained  a  living  by  his  labours  as  a  hack-writer  and  trans- 
lator and  a  scurrilous  controversialist ;  employed  by  Dates 
to  write  on  behalf  of  the  reality  of  the  Popish  plot ;  com- 
menced (1690)  the  periodical  'Present  State  of  Europe,' 
which  be  continued  till  his  death.  [xlv.  206] 

PKTT.T.TP8,  JOHN  (/.  1786-1792),  writer  on  inland 
navigation  ;  brought  up  as  a  builder  and  surveyor  ;  pub- 
lished works  containing  schemes  for  the  construction  of 
«*n»to.  [xlv.  207] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  (1800-1874),  geologist ;  intimately 
•fsociatod  in  his  studies  with  hU  uncle,  William  Smith 
(17C9-1839)  [q.  T.]  ;  keeper  of  the  York  Museum,  1826-40  ; 


assistant  secretary  of  the  British  Association,  1832-69; 
F.R.S.,  1834;  professor  of  geology  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1844-53  ;  Wollastou  medallist,  Geological  Society, 
1845,  president,  1859  and  1860;  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean 
.Museum,  1854-70;  hou.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1857,  Cambridge, 
1866  ;  hou.  M.A.  Oxford,  1853,  D.O.L.,  1866 ;  contributed 
over  >a  hundred  papers  to  scientific  literature,  ami  pub- 
lished works  on  geology.  [xlv.  207] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  ARTHUR  (1822-1887),  geologist ; 
professor  of  metallurgy  at  the  college  for  civil  engineers, 
Putney,  1848-50;  practised  in  London  as  a  mining  engi- 
neer and  consulting  expert;  F.R.S.,  1881;  vico-prcsidi  nt 
of  the  Geological  Society :  one  of  the  first  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  study  of  the  microscopic  structure  of  minerals 
and  rocks ;  author  of  numerous  scientific  papers. 

[xlv.  208] 

PHILLIPS,  JOHN  ROLAND  (1844-1887),  lawyer  and 
antiquary :  won  the  prize  offered  at  Cardigan  eisteddfod 
for  the  best  essay  on  the  'History  of  Cilgerran,'  1866; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1870  ;  published  (1874) '  Memoirs 
of  the  Civil  War  in  Wales  and  the  Marches.'  [xlv.  209] 

PHILLIPS,  AIOLESWORTH  (1755-1832),  lieutenant- 
colonel  ;  second  lieutenant,  royal  marines,  1776 ;  accom- 
panied James  Cook  (1728-1779)  [q.  v.]  on  his  last  voyage, 
1776-9;  captain,  1780;  married  (1782)  Susanna  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Charles  Burney  (1726-1814)  [q.  v.]; 
brevet-major,  1794  rjbrevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1798;  re- 
sided at  Boulogne  (1784)  till  after  French  revolution,  and 
on  returning  to  France  (1802)  was  seized  by  Napoleon  and 
detained  in  France  till  1814;  became  acquainted  with 
Charles  Lamb  [q.  v.]  and  his  friends.  [Suppl.  iii.  263] 

PHILLIPS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1767-1840),  author,  book- 
seller, and  publisher ;  in  turn  a  schoolmaster,  a  hosier,  and 
a  stationer,  bookseller,  and  patent-medicine  vendor  in  the 
town  of  Leicester;  founded  the  ' Leicester  Herald,'  1792, 
in  which  he  expressed  his  republican,  opinions ;  came  to 
London,  1795,  and  (1796)  established  the  '  Monthly  Maga- 
zine ' ;  sheriff,  1807 ;  knighted,  1808  ;  friend  of  Priestley 
and  Orator  Hunt,  and  a  patron  of  Bamford  and  other 
radicals  ;  issued  elementary  class-books  and  cheap  manuals 
under  a  variety  of  pseudonyms.  [xlv.  210] 

PHILLIPS,  RICHARD  (1778-1851),  chemist ;  brother 
of  William  Phillips  (1775-1828)  [q.v.];  F.R.S.,  1822;  pre- 
sident of  the  Chemical  Society,  1849-50;  chemist  and 
curator  of  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  Jermyu 
Street,  London,  1839-51  ;  discovered  (1823)  the  true 
nature  of  uranite ;  did  useful  work  in  mineralogical  and 
pharmaceutical  chemistry;  author  of  four  works  and 
some  seventy  papers  on  chemical  subjects.  [xlv.  211] 

PHILLIPS,    SAMUEL    (1814-1854),  journalist;   ap- 
peared on  the  stage  in  his  youth ;  forced  on  his  father's 
|  death  to  write  for  a  living ;  author  of  '  Caleb  Stukely,' 
|  1844 ;  placed  on  the  staff  of  '  The  Times,'  1845,  as  a  writer 
i  of  literary  reviews ;  created  LL.D.  Gbttingen,  1852 ;  ap- 
pointed literary  director   on  the  establishment  of    the 
Crystal  Palaoe  in  1853.  [xlv.  212] 

PHILLIPS,  TERESIA  CONST ANTIA  (1709-1765), 
courtesan ;  commenced  a  life  of  intrigue  at  a  very  early 

j  age ;  according  to  her  own  account  had  an  intrigue  with 
'  Thomas  Grimes '  (afterwards  fourth  Earl  of  Chesterfield), 
1721 ;  married  a  Dutch  merchant  named  Muilman  (1723), 
who  obtained  decree  of  nullity  :  continued  to  assume  the 
name  of  Muilman  ;  mentioned  by  Horace  Walpole  under 
the  name  '  Con  Phillips '  as  being  equally  notorious  with 

,  •  the  czarina,'  and  in  a  similar  manner  in  the  first  chapter 

'  of  Fielding's  'Amelia ' ;  determined,  after  many  experiences 
in  France,  England,  and  the  West  Indies,  to  blackmail  her 
friends  by  publishing  '  An  Apology,'  which  appeared  in 
parts  in  1748  ;  removed  to  Jamaica  (1754),  where  she  died. 

[xlv.  213] 

PHILLIPS,  THOMAS  (1635  ?-1693),  military  en- 
gineer ;  appointed  master-gunner  of  the  Portsmouth, 
1661 ;  a  gunner  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1672,  and  master- 
gunner  at  Sheerness,  1673 ;  became  James  II's  second 

I  engineer,  1685;  dismissed  (1689)  for  refusing  to  join 
Schomberg  in  Ireland,  but  reinstated,  1691 ;  present  at 
the  bombardment  of  St.  Malo  (1693),  where  he  exploded  a 
vessel  filled  with  powder  and  carcases  at  the  foot  of  the 
sea-wall.  [xlv.  214] 

PHILLIPS,  THOMAS  (1708-1774),  biographer  of 
Cardinal  Pole  ;  great-nephew  of  William  Joyner  [q.  v.] ; 


PHILLIPS 


PHIPPS 


brought  upasa  Roman  catholic  :  joined  Jesuits,  1728,  bat 
l.-lt  them,  1733;  after  studying  at  Li.'ge  ami  Kom.-  ro- 
tiirntil  to  England,  acting  as  chaplain  to  several  noljle 
families:  principal  work,  'The  History  of  the  Life  of 
Cardinal  Pole '  (1764),  a  valuable  piece  of  biography  ;  died 

[xlv.  215] 

PHILLIPS.  THOMAS  «/.  1815),  historian  01 
bury;    had  a  place  in  tin-  cn-toin-  :    published   'History 
and  Antiquities  of  Shrewsbury,'  1779,  a  second  ulr 
which  formed  the  first  volume  of  the  •  History  of  Salop ' 
(1837)  by  Charles  Hulbert  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  816] 

PHILLIPS,  THOMAS  (1770-1845),  portrait-painter  ; 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1792 :  R.A.,  1808 : 
painted  many  notable  persons,  including  George,  prince  of 
Wales,  Lord  liyron,  Orabbe,  Scott,  Southey.and  Coleridge ; 
professor  of  painting  in  the  Itoyal  Academy,  1826-82. 

[xlv.  916] 

PHILLIPS,  THOMAS  (1760-1861 X  surgeon  and  beue- 
factor  of  Welsh  education  ;  entered  the  service  of  the  East 
India  Company,  1782,  and  became  finally  a  member  of  tin* 
Calcutta  medical  board,  returning  to  England  with  a  com- 
petent fortune  in  1817  ;  presented  laiye  quantities  of  books 
to  Welsh  town  and  college  libraries,  and  established  six 
scholarships  and  a  Phillips  professorship  of  natural  science 
at  St.  David's,  Lampeter.  [xlv.  217] 

PHTT.T.TFS.  SIR  THOMAS  (1801-1867),  mayor  of 
Newport  and  lawyer  ;  elected  mayor,  18S8,  and  knighted 
for  his  courage  in  repelling  an  attack  by  seven  thousand 
chartists  under  John  Frost  (J.  1877)  [q.  v.] ;  acquired 
coal  mines  in  Monmoutlishire,  and  became  a  large  landed 
proprietor  in  Wales ;  bestowed  large  sums  in  charities, 
particularly  in  assisting  Brecon  College.  [xlv.  818] 

PHILLIPS,  WATTS  (1826-1874),  dramatist  and 
designer  :  became,  according  to  the  story,  George  Cruik- 
shank's  only  pupil :  resided  for  some  years  in  Paris,  where 
he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  French  stage ;  settled  in 
London,  1853-4 ;  brought  out  '  Joseph  Chaviguy '  at  the 
Adelphi,  London,  1857,  and  the  •  Dead  Heart,1 1859,  the 
latter  being  a  great  success  :  gradually  abandoned  cari- 
cature and  illustration  for  the  novel  and  the  drama;  his 
plays  were  numerous  and  Mir<-«-sful ;  his  novels  chiefly 
appeared  in  the  •  Family  Herald.'  [xlv.  218] 

PHILLIPS,  WILLIAM  (1731?-1781X  major-general 
of  the  royal  artillery  ;  commanded  a  company  of  miners 
raised  for  the  defence  of  Minorca,  1756 ;  served  in  Germany 
under  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  commanding  the  artillery 
at  Minden  (1759)  with  great  ability,  and  at  Warburg 
(1760),  and  other  engagements  ;  in  Canada  under  Carleton 
and  Burgoyne,  1776  ;  took  part  (.1777)  in  the  campaign 
which  ended  in  the  capitulation  ot  Saratoga ;  was  ex- 
changed, 1781,  on  which  be  joined  Clinton  at  New  York, 
proceeding  thence  to  Virginia,  where  he  died  in  the  midst 
of  the  campaign.  [xlv.  220] 

PHILLIPS,  WILLIAM  (1775-1828),  mineralogist 
and  geologist ;  grandson  of  Catherine  Phillips  [q.  v.] ; 
a  London  printer  and  bookseller,  devoting  his  leisure  to 
geology  ;  F.G.8.,  1807 ;  F.ILS.,  1827  ;  F.L.S. ;  wrote  with 
William  Daniel  Oonybeare  [q.  v.]  •  Outlines  of  the  Geology 
of  England  and  Wales,'  1822,  and,  among  other  works  ex- 
clusively his  own,  published  the  well-known 'Elementary 
Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of  Mineralogy,'  1816. 

[xlv.  221] 

PHILLPOTTS,  HENRY  (1778-1869),  bishop  of  Exeter; 
B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1795 ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1795-1804;  M.A.,  1798;  became 
chaplain  to  Shute  Barrington  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham, 
1806,  and  prebendary  of  Durham,  1809  ;  began  (e.  1819)  to 
appear  a«  a  writer  upon  public  questions  by  penning  a 
defence  of  the  existing  poor-law  and  of  the  conduct  of  the 
government  in  regard  to  the  Peterloo  massacre;  vehe- 
mently opposed  catholic  emancipation  in  his  controversy 
with  Charles  Butler  (1750-1832)  [q.  v.],  1825  ;  shared  the 
conversion  of  the  tory  ministry,  1829  ;  bishop  of  Exeter, 
1830-69  :  opposed  the  Reform  Bill  in  the  House  of  Lords 
and  came  into  collision  with  Earl  Grey  in  regard  to  the 
Tithes  Bill,  1831 ;  a  strict  disciplinarian  in  his  diocese, 
having  lawsuits  with  several  of  his  clergy,  including 
George  Cornelius  Gorham  [q.  v].  Although  a  high  church- 
man be  had  no  sympathy  with  the  Oxford  movement,  and 
vehemently  attacked  Tract  XC.  [xlv.  222] 

PHILP,  ROBERT  KEMP  (1819-1882X  compiler: 
joined  the  chartist  movement  and  lectured  for  it ;  ousted 


ommittee  by  the  more  violent  section  (1842)  for 
the  moderation  of  bis  opinion*  ;   credited  with  having 
drawn  up  the  monster  petition,  1842;   settled 
New  Street,  Fetter  Lane,  London,  as  a  publisl 
rabHiUtor  of  the  'People'.  Journal,'  1846-8:  published 
•The  Family  Friend  •  (editor.  1841-62)  and  other  cheap 
popular  literature.  Including  •  Enquire  within  upon  Every- 
thing' (18M)  of  which  over  a  million  copies  had  been 
-..Id  by  1888.  [xlv.  225] 

PHILPOT.    [See  also  PHILIPOT.J 

PHILPOT,  JOHN  (1616-1666),  protestant  martyr: 
1.  and  BjC.L,  :  arcb- 


fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  16S4-41 

deacon  of  Winchester  ;  constantly  engaged  in  oontroveny. 

and  after  Mary's  aoocsatoii  wa*  imprisoned  as  a  heretic  • 

MMrtSitSMtJt      ^,r,l,,H,'-  ,v,,rk.-.  ,rv,,,.  -„„„: 

of  them  in  Foxe's  •  Aotes  and  Monument*,'     [xlr.  228] 

PHILPOTT,  HBNRY  (1807-18M  \  bishop  of  Worces- 
ter ;  elected  fellow  of  St.  Catharine'-  Hall,  Cambridge. 
1829  ;  M.A.,  1832  ;  muter  of  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1846-60;  vice-chancellor,  1846,  1866,  and  1867; 
D.D.,  1847  ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1860-90.  His  episcopal 
career  was  uneventful.  [xlv.  217] 

PHIPPS,  Sm  CHARLES  BEAUMONT  (1801-1866), 
court  official:  son  of  Sir  Henry  Phippn,  first  earl  of 
Mulgrave  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  army,  1820  ;  steward  of  the 
viceregal    household    in    Ireland,    1836-9;    lieutenant- 
i-ol  ......  1,  1837;  equerry  to  Queen  Victoria,  1846;  private 

secretary  to  Prince  Albert,  1847  :  appointed  keeper  of  the 
queen's  purse  and  treasurer  to  the  then  Prince  of  Wales, 
1849:  K.O.B.,  1858;  receiver-general  of  the  dnchy  of 
Cornwall,  1862.  [xlv.  2J8] 

PHIPPS,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1836-1897).  architect: 
articled  at  Bath,  where  he  began  to  practise,  1868  ;  recon- 
structed Bath  Theatre,  1862-3  ;  removed  to  London,  and 
became  recognised  authority  on  theatre  construction,  and 
was  engaged  on  construction  or  alteration  of  more  than 
twenty  theatres  in  London,  besides  others  in  many  pro- 
vincial towns  :  F.R.I.B.A.,  1868  ;  F.S.A.  His  principal 
work  was  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  Haymarket,  London, 
(completed,  1897).  [SuppL  iii.  264] 

PHIPPS,  SIR  OONSTANTINE  (1656-1723),  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1684,  bencher, 
1706  :  bis  rise  hindered  by  his  Jacobite  sympathies,  though 
his  practice  among  friends  of  the  house  of  Stuart  was 
considerable  ;  defended  Henry  Sacheverell  [q.  v.],  1710, 
and  gained  such  distinction  that  he  was  knighted  and 
made  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  the  same  year  ;  ex- 
tremely unpopular  with  the  whig  faction  in  Ireland,  and 
on  Queen  Anne's  death  was  removed  from  office  :  defended 
Francis  Atterbury  [q.  v.],  1723.  [xlv.  228] 

PHIPPS,  SIR  CON8TANTINE  HENRY,  first  MAR- 
QUIS UP  NORMANDY  and  second  EARL  OF  MULORAVK 
(1797-1863),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Phipps,  first  earl 
of  Mulgrave  [q.  v.]  :  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1818;  entered  parliament,  1818  (M.P., 
Scarborough),  and  supported  parliamentary  reform  : 
M.P..  Higham  Ferrers,  1822,  Malton,  1826  :  governor  of 
Jamaica,  1832-4  ;  G.C.H.,  1832  ;  became  lord  privy  seal, 
with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  under  Lord  Melbourne,  1834  : 
sent  to  Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  1835  ;  his  friendly 
relations  with  O'Oonnell  bitterly  attacked  at  protestant 
meetings,  but  his  administration  (1835-9)  beneficial  to 
Ireland  ;  created  Marquis  of  Normanby,  1838  :  secretary 
of  war  and  the  colonies,  1839  ;  transferred  to  the  home 
office,  1839,  where  he  remained  till  the  fall  of  the  minis- 
try, 1841  ;  ambassador  at  Paris,  1846-52,  and  minister  at 
Florence,  1854-8,  in  which  posts  be  mingled  too  much 
In  the  politics  of  foreign  states.  In  early  life  he  wrote 
a  number  of  novels  and  tales.  [xlv.  230] 

PHIPPS,  OONSTANTINE  JOHN,  second  BARON 
MULGRAVK  (1744-1792),  entered  the  navy,  1760;  M.P., 
Lincoln,  1768,  when  he  identified  himself  with  the  '  king  s 
friends  '  ;  commanded  the  Kacehorae  in  a  polar  expedition, 
1773,  of  which  he  published  an  account,  and  in  which 
Nelson  took  part  as  midshipman  ;  succeeded  his  father 
as  an  Irish  peer,  1775  ;  M.P.,  Huntingdon,  and  appointed  a 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1777  :  distinguished  himself  in  the 
action  off  Ushant  in  1778,  while  in  command  of  the 
Courageux.  Cxlv.  231] 

PHIPPS,  EDMUND  (1808-1867),  author  ;  mm  of  Sir 
Henry  Phipps,  first  earl  of  Mulgrave  [q.  v.]  ;  TAJL. 


PHIPPS 


1040 


PICKERING- 


Trinity  College.  Oxford,  1831 :  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
SM-  DobuHS  MTeral  financial  pamphlet*,  as  well  as 
•SiSfS  Robert  Plumer  Ward,' 1850.  [xlv.  236] 

PHIPPS,  SIB  OBORQK  AUGUSTUS  CONST  A  N- 
TINK.  noond  MARQUIS  OF  NORMANBY  (1819-1890),  son 
of  Rir'oonstantine  Henrv  Phipps,  first  marquis  of  Nor- 
manby  [Q  v.]  •  entered  the  army,  1838,  but  retired,  1847, 
when  bo  wa«  returned  (M.P.,  Scarborough)  to  parliament 
In  the  liberal  interest:  privy  councillor,  1851 ;  M.P.,  Scar- 
borough  1852  and  1857  :  liberal  whip ;  treasurer  of  the 
iinmSoM.  1853-8 :  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotin, 
IttS-tt:  governor  of  Queensland,  1871-4 ;  governor  of 
Sew  Zealand.  1874-9,  where  he  was  in  constant  collision 
with  Sir  George  Grey;  G.O.M.G.,  1877:  appointed 
governor  of  Victoria,  ^79,  retiring,  1884;  G.O.B.,  1885  ; 
joined  the  liberal  unionist  secession,  1886.  [xlv.  232] 

PHIPPS,  Piu  HBNRY.  first  KARL  OP  MULORAVK, 
first  VISCOUNT  NORMANBY,  and  third  BARON  MULORAVK 
(17*5- 1 831),  brother  of  Oonstautine  John  Phipps,  second 
baron  Mnlgrave  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Eton  ;  entered  the 
armj  1775?  and  attained  the  rank  of  general,  1809 ;  M.P., 
Totnea,  1784,  Scarborough,  1790:  a  supporter  of  Pitt 
and  one  of  his  chief  military  adviser* ;  made  by  Pitt 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  with  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet.  1804.  and  (1806)  secretary  for  foreign  affaire,  a 
post  generally  thought  beyond  his  powers;  resigned, 
with  the  bulk  of  Pitt's  friends,  after  the  death  of  Pitt 
(January  1806)  ;  became  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  the 
Portland  ministry,  1807,  his  tenure  of  office  being  marked 
by  the  seizure  of  the  Danish  fleet,  the  Walcheren  expedi- 
tion, and  the  operations  of  Collingwood  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean; resigned,  1810,  and  became  master  of  the 
ordnance,  keeping  his  seat  in  the  cabinet ;  created  Earl 
rf  Mnlgrave,  1812;  master  of  the  ordnance  till  1818, 
when,  at  hl»  own  suggestion,  he  was  replaced  by  Welling- 
ton :  retired  from  the  cabinet,  1820.  He  was  a  generous 
patron  of  art,  befriending  Jackson,  the  portrait- painter, 
Wilkie,  and  Haydon.  [xlv.  233] 

PHIPPS,  JOSEPH  (1708-1787),  quaker;  undertook  a 
street-preaching  tour  through  the  metropolis,  1753  ;  pub- 
lished controversial  works  in  defence  of  the  Quakers 
against  Samuel  Newton  of  Norwich,  and  others. 

[xlv.  236] 

PHIPPS,  FIR  WILLIAM  (1651-1695),  governor  of 
Massachusetts  :  cousin  of  Sir  Oonstantlne  Phipps  [q.  v.] ; 
began  life  as  a  ship-carpenter,  and  in  time  became  a  mer- 
chant-captain of  Boston ;  raised  ( 1667)  a  Spanish  treasure- 
ship,  sunk    near    the    Bahamas,    and    gained    16,0007. ; 
knighted,  and  appointed  provost-marshal  of  New  Eng-  I 
land,  1687  ;  commanded  a  colonial  expedition,  which  cap-  i 
tared  Port  Royal  from  the  French,  1690,  but  failed  in 
an  attempt  on  Montreal  and  Quebec,  1690 ;   nominated 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  1691 ;  did  little  against  the 
French  and  their  Indian  allies,  and  was  summoned  to 
England  to  answer  for  bis  undignified  conduct,  1694,  but  , 
died  before  proceedings  were  taken.  [xlv.  236] 

PHTSTON  or  PISTON,  WILLIAM  (/.  1571-1609), 
translator  and  author ;  describes  himself  as  '  a  student 
of  London' ;  made  translations  from  the  French,  Latin, 
Italian,  and  Spanish.  [xlv.  237] 

PHIZ  (pseudonym).  [See  BROWNE,  HABLOT  KNIGHT, 
lSlt-1882.] 

PHRE  AS  or  FREE,  JOHN  (d.  1465),  scholar ;  fellow 
of  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1464 ;  went  abroad  after 
leaving  Oxford :  taught  medicine  at  Ferrara,  Florence, 
and  Parma,  and  died  at  Rome.  As  a  scholar  he 
WM  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  philosophy, 
medicine,  and  the  civil  law.  Several  of  his  manuscripts 
are  preserved  among  the  Balliol  and  Bodleian  M3S. 

[xlv.  838] 

PHTLIP.    [See  al*o  PHILIP  and  PHILLIP.] 

PHTLIP,  STON  (1543-1620),  Welsh  poet;  was 
drowned  near  Pwllheli  while  on  a  bardic  tour ;  many  of 
bis  poems  preserved  in  the  Cymrodorion  MSS.  (British 
Museum).  [xlv.  239] 

PHTLIP,  WILLIAM  (1690?-1670),  Welsh  poet; 
wrote  a  Welsh  elegy  in  1649  on  the  death  of  Charles  I ; 
forced  to  go  into  hiding  during  the  Commonwealth. 

PICXEH,  ANDREW  (1788-1835),  Scottlsh^aSr  • 
•on  of  a  Pattler  clothier :  bookseller  in  Liverpool,  and 


proceeded  to  London,  where  he  speedily  became  popular 
as  a  man  of  letters  :  published  miscellaneous  works,  in- 
cluding '  Tales  and  Sketches  of  the  West  Coast  of  Scot- 
land,' 1824,  and  other  stories  of  Scottish  and  Irish  life  and 
manners.  [xlv.  239] 

PICKEN,  ANDREW  (1815-1845),  draughtsman  and 
lithographer ;  sou  of  Andrew  Picken  (1788-1-833)  [q.  v.] ; 
executed  on  stone  a  large  number  of  landscapes,  chiefly 
illustrations  of  books  of  travel,  and  private  commissions. 

[xlv.  240] 

PICKEN,  ANDREW  BELFHAGE  (1802-1849), 
author  ;  son  of  Ebenezer  Pickeu  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  The 
Bedouins  and  other  Poems,'  1828.  [xlv.  241] 

PICKEN,  EBENEZER  (1769-1816),  minor  poet;  son 
of  a  Paisley  weaver ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University  ; 
opened  a  school  at  Falklrk,  1791 :  settled  (1796)  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  lived  in  straitened  circumstances ;  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  poetry.  [xlv.  240] 

PICKEN,  JOANNA  BELFRAGE  (1798-1859),  poetess ; 
daughter  of  Ebenezer  Picken  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  satirical 
verses  for  various  journals  ;  went  to  Canada,  1842,  and 
taught  music  at  Montreal  till  her  death.  [xlv.  240] 

PICKERING,  BASIL  MONTAGU  (1836-1878),  pub- 
lisher and  dealer  in  rare  books :  son  of  William  Picker- 
ing [q.  v.] ;  began  business  (1858)  in  Piccadilly,  London ; 
continued  his  father's  traditions  as  publisher,  [xlv.  246] 

PICKERING,  DANBY  (/.  1737-1769),  legal  writer  ; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1741;  edited  the  original  four 
volumes  of  'Modern  Reports 'with  supplements  (1757), 
and  Sir  Henry  Finch's  'Law,  or  a  Discourse  thereof 
(1759) ;  published  '  The  Statutes  at  Large  to  the  end  of 
the  Eleventh  Parliament  of  Great  Britain,'  24  vols.  1762- 
1769.  [xlv.  241] 

PICKERING,  ELLEN  (d.  1843),  novelist ;  published 
her  first  novel,  1826.  [xlv.  241] 

PICKERING,  GEORGE  (d.  1867),  artist;  exhibited 
water-colours  at  the  Liverpool  Academy  (non-resident 
member,  1827) :  succeeded  George  Ouitt(1779-1854)  [q.  v.] 
as  a  drawing-master  at  Chester ;  drew  landscapes  to 
illustrate  Ormerod's  'History  of  Cheshire'  and  other 
works.  [xlv.  241] 

PICKERING,  SIR  GILBERT,  first  baronet  (1613- 
1668),  parliamentarian;  of  Gray's  Inn,  1629;  M.P., 
Northamptonshire,  in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments 
and  in  those  of  the  Commonwealth ;  active  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  war  in  raising  troops  and  money  in 
Ids  county  :  sided  with  the  army,  1648,  and  was  appointed 
one  of  Charles  I's  judges,  but  attended  only  at  first,  and 
did  not  sign  the  death-warrant ;  member  of  the  councils 
of  state  under  the  Commonwealth  ;  escaped  punishment 
after  the  Restoration,  but  was  declared  incapable  of 
holding  office ;  was  a  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia. 

[xlv.  242] 

PICKERING,  SIR  JAMES  (fl.  1368-1 397),  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  ;  head  of  a  Westmoreland 
family  :  knight  of  the  shire  for  Westmoreland,  1362, 1365, 
1377, 1378, 1379,  and  1382,  for  Yorkshire,  1383, 1384. 1388, 
1390,  and  1397  ;  elected  speaker,  1378.  [xlv.  243] 

PICKERING,  JOHN  (d.  1537X  leader  in  the  Pilgrim- 
age of  Grace ;  B.D.  Cambridge,  1525  ;  prior  of  the  Domini- 
can house  at  Cambridge,  1525  ;  took  part  in  organising  the 
Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  1536  :  executed  at  Tyburn. 

[xlv.  243] 

PICKERING,  JOHN  (d.  1645),  parliamentarian: 
brother  of  Sir  Gilbert  Pickering  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Gray's  Inn, 
1634 ;  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  Earl  of  Manchester's 
army  and  in  the  new  model  army.  [xlv.  242] 

PICKERING,  THOMAS  (d.  1475),  genealogist :  abbot 
of  St.  Hilda's  monastery  at  Whitby,  1462 ;  compiled 
genealogies  of  a  few  Yorkshire  families.  [xlv.  244] 

PICKERING,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1516-1575),  courtier 
and  diplomatist ;  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  appointed  am- 
bassador in  France,  1551,  but  after  Queen  Mary's  accession 
recalled  ;  joined  the  opponents  of  the  Spanish  marriage : 
involved  in  Wyatt's  conspiracy,  but  eventually  pardoned  ; 
one  of  the  lieutenants  of  London,  1569.  [xlv.  244] 

PICKERING,  WILLIAM  (1796-1854),  publisher; 
commenced  business  (1820)  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields;  pub- 
lished the  'Diamond  Classics,'  1821-31;  removed  to 


PICKERSGILL 


1041 


PIERREPONT 


21    Chancery   Lane,   IM2I,  ami   <  1H30)  adopted    t 
mark  of  tin'  Aldine  press  ;  increased  bis  reputation  l>>  his 
Aldine  edition  of  tin*  English  poets  in  fifty-three  rotmMi ; 
hi.-  last  ilay-  troubled  I >y  pecuniary  em barrassments,  doe 
to  the  failure  ot  a  friend  for  whom  be  lind  stood  security. 

[xlv.  245] 

PICKERSGILL.  FREDERICK  RICHARD  (1810- 
1900),  historical  punter:  nephew  ,,f  ||..,,rv  William 
1  Vk, ,  --ill  [q.  v.] :  taught  by  bis  uncle,  William  Frederick 
Withi-rington  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  schools, 
and  exhibiteil  h.-t\v.vn  1M9  and  1876  ;  1LA.,  1847  ;  keeper 
ami  tru,f,  ,,t  Koval  A.-adrmy.  l*7.Vs7.  Hi-  work* 
include  •  The  Burial  of  Harold  at  Waltbam  Abbey,1  which 
gained  prize  at  Westminster  Hall,  1847,  and  wan  purchased 
for  the  houses  of  parliament.  [Suppl.  ill.  26*] 

PICXERSGILL,  HEXRY  HALL  (rf.  1861),  painter  : 
-..u  ..f  H.-nry  William  IMckersgill  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  I 
the  Royal  Academy  from  1834.  [xlv.  247] 

PICKERSGILL,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1782-1875), 
painter  ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Hoyal  Academy,  1806 ; 
subsequently  devoted  himself  to  portrait-painting  ;  R.A., 
1826;  obtained  after  the  death  of  Thomas  Phillips  (1770- 
1845)  [q.  v.]  almost  a  monopoly  of  painting  the  portraits 
of  men  and  women  of  eminence.  [xlv.  246] 

PICKFORD,  EDWARD  (</.  1657).  [See  DANIEL, 
EDWARD.] 

PICKLE  THK  SPY  (pseudonym).  [See  MACDONKLL, 
ALASTAIH  RUADH,  1726  7-1761.] 

PICKWORTH,  HENRY  ( 1678?-!  738  ?),  writer 
against  the  quakers ;  joined  the  quakers  in  Lincolnshire, 
but  soon  after  holding  an  unsuccessful  disputation  with 
Francis  Bugg  [q.  v.],  1701,  renounced  his  beliefs,  and 
began  writing  against  his  former  opinions,  [xlv.  247] 

PICTOH,  Sm  JAMES  ALLAN80N  (1805-1889),  an- 
tiquary  and  architect ;  executed  some  important  buildings 
about  Liverpool,  and  became  an  authority  on  land  arbitra- 
tions ;  entered  the  Liverpool  town  council,  1849 ;  origi- 
nated the  Liverpool  public  library  and  museum,  and  did 
much  other  useful  work;  his  principal  literary  work, 
4  Memorials  of  Liverpool,'  1873  ;  knighted,  1881. 

[xlv.  248] 

PICTON,  Sm  THOMAS  (1768-1815),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  younger  son  of  Thomas  Picton  of  Poyston, 
Pembrokeshire ;  entered  the  12th  foot,  1771  ;  lieutenant, 
1777  ;  captain,  75th  foot,  1778 ;  checked  an  Incipient 
mutiny  by  his  promptitude  on  the  disbandment  of  his 
regiment,  1783  ;  major,  68th  foot,  1795 ;  took  a  distin- 
guished part  in  the  capture  of  St.  Lucia,  1796,  and  was 
nominated  lieutenant-colonel ;  appointed  by  Sir  Ralph 
Abercromby  [q.  v.]  commander  and  military  governor 
after  the  capture  of  Trinidad,  1797  ;  appointed  (1801)  to 
the  civil  government  of  the  island ;  his  rule  popular  with 
the  influential  inhabitants,  but  serious  charges  of  cruelty 
made  against  him  in  consequence  of  his  permitting  the 
use  of  tortures  sanctioned  by  the  Spani.-h  law;  on  the 
appointment  (1802)  by  Addison  of  three  commissioners,  of 
whom  be  was  one,  to  govern  the  island,  indignantly  ten- 
dered his  resignation  ;  tried  on  one  of  the  charges  in  the 
court  of  king's  bench,  but  no  judgment  delivered  against 
him;  became  brigadier-general,  1801;  major-general, 
1808 ;  took  part  (1809)  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Flush- 
ing, and  was  appointed  governor  of  the  town,  but  shortly 
afterwards  was  invalided  home ;  joined  the  army  in  Por- 
tugal, 1810,  and  was  placed  in  command  of  the  third 
division  ;  successfully  checked  Massena's  advance  In  the 
pass  of  San  Antonio,  27  Sept.  1810  :  took  a  chief  part  in 
the  pursuit.  March  1811,  when  Massena  retreated  from 
the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras;  prominent  in  the  battle  of 
Fueutes  d'Onoro  on  6  May  1811 ;  saved  his  division  from 
an  overwhelming  force  by  a  brilliant  retreat  across  six 
miles  of  level  country,  while  harassed  by  artillery  and 
cavalry,  September  1811  :  conducted  the  siege  of  Badajo/., 
March  1812,  led  the  successful  assault  in  person,  and  was 
severely  wounded  ;  nominated  K.B. ;  promoted  lieutenant- 
general,  1813  ;  at  Vittoria  forced  the  passage  of  the  Douro 
and  carried  the  heights  la  the  centre,  his  division  bearing 
the  brunt  of  the  battle ;  thanked  by  the  House  of  Com- 
mons seven  times  for  his  services  in  the  Peninsula,  but  on 
the  conclusion  of  pence  was  excluded  by  the  ministry 
trom  the  list  of  those  honoured:  O.C.B.,  1815;  engaged 
at  Qtiutre  Bras  in  command  of  the  fifth  division  (1815), 


M  wp.md.-d  ;  shot  while  leading  nil  second  brigade 
t<>  the  charge  at  Waterloo.    A  monument  was  erected  to 


him  in  st.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London. 


[xlv.  24*] 


PIDDING.   HKNRY   JAMBS  (1797-1864),  humorous 

:  attained  some  note  as  a  painter  of  humorous  sub- 

jects  from  domestic  life;    frequently  exhibited  at  the 

Society  of  British  Artiste  (men.  ,1  at 

the  Royal  Academy  [xlv.  256] 

PIDDINOTON.  HKNRY  (1797-1858),  meteorotogiflt  : 
a  commander  in  the  mercantile  marine  :  retired  from  the 
sea,  c.  1830,  and  was  appointed  curator  of  the  Museum  of 
Economic  Geology  in  Calcutta  :  accumulated  important 
data  for  determining  the  course  of  storms  at  sea  ;  origi- 
nated the  term  'cyclone  'In  his*  Sailor's  Horn-  Book  for 
the  Law  of  Storms,'  1848.  [xlv.  266] 

PIDGEON,  HKNHY  CLARK  (1807-1880),  painter  in 
water-colours  and  antiquary  ;  practised  in  London,  and 
afterwards  in  Liverpool,  as  a  teacher  of  drawing  :  ex- 
hibited at  the  Liverpool  Academy  ;  returned  to  London  in 
1H61  ;  president  of  the  Sketching  Club;  member  of  the 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colour-,  iKrtl  :  contributed 
drawings  and  papers  to  various  arclm-ologicul  journals. 

[X!T.  257] 

PIERCE.  [See  also  PKAKCK,  PKAKSK,  PKKKH,  I'KIIK  K, 
ami  I'IKHS.] 

PIERCE  or  PEABCE,  EDWARD  (</.  1698X  sculptor 
and  mason  :  practised  in  London.  Among  other  works 
lie  rebuilt  St.  Clement  Danes  in  1680,  and  executed  a 
marble  bust  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  [xlv.  267] 

PIERCE,  ROBERT  (1622-1710),  physician;  of  Win- 
chester and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1650;  M.D.. 
1661  ;  practised  in  Bath,  many  famous  physicians  sending 
their  patients  to  him  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1689  ;  published  '  Bath 
Memoirs,'  1697.  [xlr.  168] 

PIERCE,  SAMUEL  EYLES  (1746-1829),  Calvinist 
divine  :  began  his  ministry  as  a  preacher  in  Lndy  Hunt- 
ingdon's connexion,  1776  ;  became  independent  pastor  at 
Truro,  1783,  and  subsequently  a  popular  London  preacher  ; 
published  theological  works.  [xlv.  259] 

PIERCE  or  PEIRSE,  THOMAS  (1822-1691),  contro- 
versialist ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1643  (ex- 
pelled by  the  parliamentary  visitors,  1648)  ;  M.A.,  1644  : 
became  tutor  to  Robert  Spencer  (afterwards  second  earl 
of  Smiderland)  [q.  T.]  ;  carried  on  a  bitter  attack  on  the 
Calvinists,  whose  tenets  he  had  abandoned  in  1644  ;  re- 
gained his  fellowship  at  the  Restoration,  and  became 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II  ;  president  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  by  Charles  II's  wish,  1661  :  his  tenure  of 
office  stormy  ;  resigned  the  presidency,  1672  ;  became  dean 
of  Salisbury,  1675  ;  quarrelled  vehemently  with  the  bishop, 
Seth  Ward  [q.  v.]  His  learning  and  controversial  ability 
are  undoubted,  but  his  fierce  temper  provoked  his  oppo- 
nents and  his  works  did  more  harm  than  good. 

[xlv.  260] 

PIERREPONT,  Sm  EVELYN,  first  DUKB  OK  KIN«;- 
STON.  first  MARQUIS  OF  DORCHKSTKR  of  the  second 
creation,  and  fifth  EARI.  OF  KINGSTON  (1665V-1726), 
grandson  of  William  Pierrepont  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  East 
Betford,  1689  (Convention  parliajncnt)  and  1690;  suc- 
ceeded bis  brother  William  as  fifth  earl,  1890;  created 
Marquis  of  Dorchester,  1706;  privy  councillor,  1714: 
created  Duke  of  Kingston,  1715  ;  as  a  whig  obtained  the 
favour  of  George  I  :  lord-president  of  the  council,  1719-20  : 
K.G.,  1719  ;  one  of  the  most  prominent  leaders  of  the 
fashionable  world.  [*1*.  *62] 

PIERREPONT,  SIR  EVELYN,  second  DfKK  OK 
KINGSTON  (1711-1773),  graudsou  of  Sir  Kvelyn  Pierre- 
pout,  first  duke  of  Kingston  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ; 
took  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  17:13:  K.«J.,  1741: 
raised  a  regiment  of  hone  to  oppose  the  Jacobites,  1746,  ami 
was  nominated  lieutenant-general,  1759.  [xlv.  268] 

PIERREPONT,  HENRY,  first  MARQITIH  o»  Don- 
CHKOTER,  second  EAKI,  OK  KINGSTON,  and  first  BARON 
PIKRREPONT  (1606-1680),  eldest  son  of  Robert  Pierrepont, 
flr-t  earl  of  Kingston  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge  :  M.P.,  Nottinghamshire,  as  Viscount 
Newark,  1628-9;  summoned  to  the  House  of  Lords  as 
Baron  Pierrepont,  1611  ;  succeeded  hU  father,  1648; 
created  marquis  of  Dorchester,  1645  ;  followed  Charles  I  to 


PIERKEPONT 


1042 


PIGOTT 


Oxford: 


winded  for  his  estate,  1647,  and  studied 
ana  Uwi   F.R.C.P.,  1658;  K.K.S.,  1663;   privy 
OTM^JH-^I  1660-78  ;  according  to  his  biographer  hMMWd 
hit  end  by  taking  his  own  medicines.  [xlv.  264] 

PIERREPONT  or  PIERREPOINT,  ROBERT,  first 
BAKU  «>H  KINGSTON  and  first  VIM  <>I-N  i  NKWAHK  (1684- 
1 641),  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  created  Viscount  Newark, 
16*7,  and  Karl  of  Kingston-upon-Hull,  1628 ;  endeavoured 
to  remain  neutral  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and 
iefueal  to  lend  money  to  Charles  I :  joined  Charles  1, 1643, 
bat  was  taken  prisoner  in  July  and  killed  by  a  chance 
abot  from  a  royalist  battery.  [xlv.  266] 


I,  WILLIAM  (1607  ?-1678),  politician  ; 

HOII  of  Robert  Pierrepout,  first  earl  of  Kingston  [q.  v.] ; 
aat  in  the  Long  parliament  as  M.I'.,  Great  Wenlock,  and 
was  a  leader  of  the  peace  party  during  the  early  stages  of 
the  war :  became  one  of  the  committee  of  both  kingdoms, 
1644,  and  threw  himself  with  vigour  into  the  conduct  of 
botftilitiea;  associated  himself  with  the  moderate  inde- 
peudenta  until  Pride's  Purge,  when  he  withdrew  from 
politics ;  remained  friendly  with  Cromwell  and  his  family, 
and  (February  1660)  was  elected  to  the  new  council  of 
state ;  sat  in  the  Convention  parliament  for  Nottingham- 
shire ;  retired  into  private  life,  1661.  Lxlv.  267] 

PIERS.  [See  also  PKARCB,  PEARSE,  PEERS,  PEIRCB, 
and  PIKIICK.] 

PIEBS,  HENRY  (rf.  1623),  author:  son  of  William 
Piers  (rf.  1608)  [q.  v.] ;  visited  Rome,  became  a  Roman 
catholic,  and  wrote  observations  on  Rome  and  other  con- 
tinental towns,  which  were  published,  1896.  [xlv.  269] 

PIERS,  SIR  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1628-1 691),  choro- 
grapher ;  son  of  Henry  Piers  [q.  v.] ;  created  baronet, 
1660;  wrote  a  description  of  West  Mcath  (printed,  1774). 

[xlv.  269] 

PIERS,  JAMBS  (Jl.  1631-1635),  writer ;  probably  a 
sou  of  Henry  Piers  [q.  v.] ;  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Bordeaux  ;  published  two  Latin  treatises.  [xlv.  269] 

PEERS  or  PEIR8E,  JOHN  (1523  7-1594),  successively 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  Salisbury  and  archbishop  of 
York;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1545  and 
1&49 ;  senior  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1647  ; 
M.A.,  1549 ;  D.D.,  1566  :  master  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1570 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1576 ;  translated  to  Salisbury, 
1577,  to  York,  1589.  [xlv.  269] 

PIERS,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1603),  constable  of  Oarrick- 
ferguit :  came  from  Yorkshire  to  Ireland,  c.  1530,  and 
( 1656),  with  Richard  Bethell,  obtained  a  grant  of  the  cou- 
ftablohip  of  Carrickfergus  Castle,  an  outpost  which 
involved  him  in  frequent  hostilities  with  the  Hebridean 
Soots  and  the  O'Neills  ;  defeated  the  Scots  with  great  loss 
near  Casttereagb,  1669;  suspected  (1573)  of  intriguing 
with  Sir  Brian  MacPbelim,  deprived  of  the  constableship, 
and  imprisoned  for  more  than  a  year ;  subsequently 
occupied  himself  with  unsuccessful  projects  for  settling 
the  northern  part.,  of  Ireland  with  the  assistance  of  the 
native  gentry.  [xlv.  270] 

PIERS,  PIERSE,  or  PIERCE,  WILLIAM  (1680- 
1670),  successively  bishop  of  Peterborough  and  of  Bath 
and  Wells;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1603;  D.D., 
1614  ;  chaplain  to  John  King  (16697-1621)  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  London  ;  became  (1622)  dean  of  Peterborough ;  con- 
secrated bitOiopof  Peterborough.  1630  :  translated  to  Bath 
an-1  Wells.  1832;  a  zealous  adherent  of  Laud :  carried  out 
various  ceremonial  changes  in  his  diocese  with  a  high 
hand,  an<l  discountenanced  Sabbatarianism;  impeached, 
1640,  committed  to  the  Tower  of  Ixmdon,  1641,  and  de- 
prived of  his  bishopric  ;  restored,  1660.  [xlv.  272] 
PIZR80H.  [See  also  PKARSON  and  PEKRSON.] 
PIERSOK,  ABRAHAM  (rf.  1678),  New  England 
divine:  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  went  out  to 
boaton  between  1030  and  1640,  and  (1640)  joined  in 
forming  a  new  settlement  on  Long  Inland  called  South- 
ampton :  removed  to  Branford,  1664,  to  Newark,  1666  ; 
publish^]  a  pamphlet  in  the  Indian  tongue,  with  an 
Engliah  rendering.  [xlv.  274] 
PIERSOH,  originally  PEARSON,  HKNRY  HUGO 
16-1873  >.  iun.-ii-iau :  son  of  Hugli  Nicholas  Pearson 
t(|.  jr.]:  U.A.  Trinity  ColUv.-.  <  •iiinl.ridire,  1830:  elected 
JteW  tvofeuor  of  mivic  at  Edinburgh  University,  1844, 


but  soon  afterwards  retired  to  Germany :  his  greatest 
work, '  Jerusalem,'  performed  at  the  Norwich  festival  of 
1862  ;  dial  at  Leipzig.  The  '  Jerusalem '  gave  rise  to  great 
controversy,  its  composer  beiug  denounced  as  a  follower 
of  Wagner,  though  in  reality  his  music  more  resembled 
that  of  Schumann.  His  unfinished  oratorio,  '  Hezekiah,' 
occasioned  the  same  difference  of  opinion.  [xlv.  274] 

PIERSON,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1839-1881),  major 
(late  Bengal)  engineers ;  went  to  India,  1860,  and  did  im- 
portant engineering  work  in  Sikhim  (1861)  and  in  Persia 
(1863-73)  in  connection  with  the  Indo-European  tele- 
graph ;  appointed  military  secretary  to  Lord  Ripoii,  1880: 
nominated  (March  1881)  commanding  royal  engineer  of 
the  field  force  proceediiiy:  against  the  Mahsnd  Waziris; 
died  of  dysentery  while  011  active  service.  [xlv.  276] 

PIGG,  OLIVER  (J.  1565-1591),  puritan  divine;  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1569  ;  imprisoned  at  Bury 
St.  Edmunds  (1578),  for  dispraising  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer ;  published  two  devotional  treatises  and  a  sermon. 

[xlv.  277] 

PIGOT,  DAVID  RICHARD  (1797-1873),  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1819 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1826 ;  became  solicitor- 
general  for  Ireland,  1839 ;  M.P.,  Clonmel,  1839,  1840,  and 
1841;  attorney-general,  1840-1;  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  Ireland,  1846-73.  [xlv.  277] 

PIGOT,  ELIZABETH  BRIDGET  (1783-1866),  friend 
and  correspondent  of  Lord  Byron  ;  lived  at  Southwell  on 
Burgage  Green,  where  in  1804  Byron  and  his  mother 
settled,  occupying  Burgage  Manor ;  corresponded  regu- 
larly with  Byron  till  1811,  and  during  the  rest  of  her  long 
life  amused  herself  and  her  friends  with  narrating  the 
minute  incidents  of  her  intimacy  with  the  poet. 

[xlv.  278] 

PIGOT,  Sm  GEORGE,  BARON  PIGOT  and  first  baronet 
(1719-1777),  governor  of  Madras ;  arrived  at  Madras,  1737 ; 
became  governor,  1755 ;  conducted  the  defence  of  the  city 
against  Lally  with  skill  and  spirit,  1768-9 ;  resigned  office, 
1763;  created  baronet,  1764,  and  an  Irish  baron,  1766; 
created  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1769 ;  again  nominated  governor 
of  Madras,  1775,  but  soon  found  himself  at  variance  with 
his  council  in  regard  to  the  restoration  of  the  raja  of 
Tanjore,  which  he  had  been  ordered  by  the  directors  to 
carry  out ;  found  that  the  majority  were  determined  to 
overrule  him  in  regard  to  the  details  of  the  restoration,  and 
refused  to  sign  the  instructions  drawn  up  by  the  council 
in  regard  to  the  matter ;  eventually  regained  a  majority  by 
preferring  charges  against  two  of  the  members,  and  thus 
debarring  them  from  voting,  to  which  step  the  council 
replied  by  a  coup  de  main,  and  he  was  arrested  by  their 
order;  died  in  confinement.  In  England  opinion  was 
nearly  equally  divided  among  the  proprietors  of  the  East 
India  Company,  but  before  the  news  of  his  death  was 
known  he  was  declared  restored  to  his  office  and  ordered 
to  give  up  the  government  to  his  successor  within  a  week. 

[xlv.  278] 

PIGOT,  SIR  HENRY  (1750-1840),  general ;  son  of 
Hugh  Pigot  (1721  ?-1792)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  1769  ; 
commanded  at  the  blockade  of  Malta,  1800  ;  general,  1812 ; 
G.C.M.G.,  1837.  [xlv.  281] 

PIGOT,  HUGH  (1721 7-1792),  admiral ;  brother  of  Sir 
George  Pigot,  baron  Pigot  [q.  v.];  entered  the  navy  as 
an  'able  seaman';  lieutenant,  1742;  commander,  1746; 
rear-admiral,  1776 ;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  17b2 ;  admiral 
of  the  blue,  1782 ;  commander-in-chief  in  the  West  Indies 
(1782),  superseding  Rodney.  [xlv.  281] 

PIGOT,  HUGH  (1769-1797),  captain  in  the  navy ;  son 
of  Hugh  Pigot  (1721V-1792)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy, 
1782  ;  nominated  to  command  the  Hermioue,  1797,  when 
his  cruelty  caused  the  crew  to  mutiny,  kill  nearly  ah1  the 
officers,  and  hand  the  ship  over  to  the  Spaniards. 

[xlv.  281] 

PIGOT,  SIR  ROBERT,  second  baronet  (1720-1796), 
lieutenant-general ;  colonel,  1772 ;  fought  at  Lexington 
and  Bunker's  Hill,  1775  ;  succeeded  his  hrother,Sir  George 
Pigot,  baron  Pigot  [q.  v.],  in  his  baronetcy,  1778 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1789.  [xlv.  282] 

PIGOTT,  Sm  AUTHUll  LKAUV  (1752-1819), 
attorney-general ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1777 ; 
bencher,  1 799 ;  matriculated  at  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1778;  commenced  practice  at  Grenada,  where  he 


PIGOTT 


104S 


PILKINGTON 


became  attorney-general ;  K.O.,  1783;  became  attorney- 
general  (1806)  under  the  administration  of  -All  the 
Tal.  uts,'  retiring  with  the  ministry  in  1807 ;  knighted, 
1806  ;  M.P.,  Steyning,  180(5,  Arundel,  1806-19. 

[xlv.  281'] 

PIOOTT,  CHARLES  (d.  1794),  author;  brother  of 
Robert  Pigott  [q.  v.] ;  was,  like  Robert,  an  ardent 
champion  of  the  French  revolution,  and  published  a  reply 
to  Burke  ( 1 79 1 )  and  other  works.  [xlv.  386] 

PIOOTT,  EDWARD  (A  1768-1807X  astronomer:  son 
of  Nathaniel  Pigott  [q.  v.) ;  aided  hU  father1*  geodetic 
operations  in  Flanders,  1772;  introduced  John  Uoodrickc 
[q.  v.]  to  astronomy ;  made  several  important  observa- 
tions and  discoveries.  [xlv.  288] 

PIOOTT,  Sin  FRANCIS  (1608-1537).    [See  BIOOD.] 

PIOOTT,  SIK  GILLBRY  (1818-1875),  baron  of  the 
exchequer;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1839;  serjeant-at- 
law,  l»56;  M.P.,  Reading,  1860-3;  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1863  ;  knighted,  1863.  [xlv.  283] 

PIOOTT,  HARRIET  (1766-1839),  authoress ;  niece  of 
Robert  Pigott  [q.  v.] ;  published  •  Records  of  Real  Life,' 
1839,  and  other  works.  [xlv.  286] 

PIOOTT,  NATHANIEL(d.  1804  X  astronomer ;  chiefly 
remembered  for  his  geodetic  work  for  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment in  1772  with  a  view  to  determining  the  geographi- 
cal position  of  the  chief  towns  in  the  Low  Countries. 

[xlv.  284] 

PIGOTT,  RICHARD  (18287-1889),  Irish  journalist 
and  forger ;  errand-boy  in  the  '  Nation '  office,  and  after- 
wards manager  of  the  'Irishman'  (proprietor,  1866); 
sold  bis  journalistic  property  to  the  laud  league,  1879, 
and  began  to  blackmail  his  political  associates  in  order  to 
support  himself ;  began  to  traffic  with  *  The  Times '  news- 
paper in  information  connecting  the  leading  Irish  home 
rulers  with  murders  and  outrages,  1886 ;  caused  by  the 
serious  nature  of  the  charges  made  in  the  articles  entitled 
'Parnelltem  and  Crime'  the  appointment  of  a  special 
judicial  commission  (1888)  to  investigate  their  truth  ; 
appeared  as  a  witness,  but  broke  down  under  cross- 
examination,  February  1889 ;  tied  to  Madrid,  where  he 
committed  suicide.  [xlv.  284] 

PIOOTT,  ROBERT  (1736-1794),  food  and  dress  re- 
former; a  gentleman  of  Shropshire;  sold  his  otatf, 
1776,  and  retired  to  the  continent,  where  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Voltaire,  Franklin,  and  Brissot ;  con- 
demned the  use  of  bread,  advocated  putting  prisoners 
on  a  vegetable  diet  to  reclaim  them,  and  maintained  the 
superiority  of  caps  over  hats ;  died  at  Toulouse. 

PIKE,  PIK,  or  PYKE,  JOHN  (//.  1322  V),  chronicler : 
master  of  the  schools  at  St.  Martiu-te-Graud.  London  ; 
several  of  his  compilations  in  the  Harleiau  and  Aruudcl 
MSB.  [xlv.  2h7] 

PIKE,  JOHN  BAXTER  (1746-1811),  writer  on  horti- 
culture :  doctor  in  London ;  contributed  letters  to  the 
'Monthly  Magazine'  on  horticulture,  poultry  farming, 
and  kindred  subjects.  [xlv.  -'87] 

PIKE,  JOHN  DEODATUS  GREGORY  (1784-1864), 
baptist;  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church,  Brook  Street, 
Derby,  1810-64 ;  editor  of  '  The  General  Baptist  Reposi- 
tory,' 1822-64 ;  his  religious  tracts  widely  circulated  in 
England  and  America.  [xlv.  287] 

PIKE  or  PEAKE,  RICHARD  ( Jl.  1620-1626),  ad- 
venturer ;  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Algiers  ( 1620)  made 
by  Sir  Robert  Mausell  [q.  v.]  ;  taken  prisoner  (W25)  in 
the  attack  on  Cadiz;  published  (1626)  an  account  of  his 
adventures  on  his  return  to  England.  [xlv.  288] 

PIKE,  RICHARD  (1834-1893),  master-mariner ;  was 
in  command  of  the  Proteus  when  she  was  nipped  in  the 
puck-ice  off  Cape  Subine ;  after  extreme  hardship  reached 
Upernavik  with  his  companions,  where  they  were 
rescued.  [xlv.  289] 

PIKE,  SAMUEL(1717  y-1773),Saudemunian;  became 
an  independent  minister,  and  (1757)  adopted  the  \k-\\>  of 
Robert  Sainlriium  [q.  v.]  :  published  thw>l'--'i«-:il  ami  de- 
votional works.  [xlv.  289] 

PILCH,  FULLER  (1803-1*70),  cricketer;  a  nativr 
of  Norfolk:  tiivt  appeared  at  Lord's  at  the  age  of  seven- 


teen,  and  continued  to  play  till  1854  :  first  bat  of  bis  day 
until  the  appearance  of  George  Parr  [q.  v.]     [xlv.  J90] 

PILCHER,  GEORGE  (1801-1856),  aural  surgeon: 
for  many  years  *n"««l»ng  surgeon  to  the  Surrey  DU- 
MMH]  .  u  :.••:..  m  •  tsOow,  Uajti  «  Osfcfi  .•;  -  .r/,,.n-, 
1843 ;  published  three  treatises  on  aural  surgery. 

PILFOLD,  JuiiN  (1776  V-1884),  captain  to  the  navy ; 
entered  the  navyw  1788;  commanded  the  Ajax  at  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar,  when  a  first  lieutenant,  and  was  In  conse- 
quence advanced  to  post  rank,  1806.  [xlv.  292] 

PILKINOTOW,   SIR    ANDREW   (1767f-18»8),  lieu- 

••'.••••:.        .:.•.:••:•          .••.!>  •      ..-;. 

vice  in  all  parts  of  the  world;  K.C.B.  1888 ;  lieutenant, 
general,  1841.  [xlv.  J9»] 

PILKINOTON,  FRANCIS  (1560  ?-1625  ?),  lutenist  and 
musical  composer  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1696 ;  minor  canon  and  chaunter  of  Chester  Cathedral, 
1623-4.  His  compositions  were  not  marked  by  much 
originality.  [xlv.  JM] 

PILKINOTON,  GILBERT  (Jl.  1850),  reputod  author 
of '  The  Tournament  of  Tottenham,'  a  burlesque  In  vene 
on  'the  parade  and  fopperies  of  chivalry.'  The  eariiwt 
manuscript  of  the  piece  (hi  the  Cambridge  University 
library)  bears  his  signature,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  he  was 
more  than  copyist.  [xlv.  298] 

PILKINGTON,  JAMES  (1520  V-1676),  first  protestaut 
bishop  of  Durham ;  of  Pembroke  Hall  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  elected  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1539 ;  M.A.,  1542 ;  B.D.,  1551 ;  president,  1550  ;  fled 
to  the  continent  ( 1554),  being  a  protestaut,  but  returned  on 
Queen  Elizabeth's  accession ;  was  master  of  St.  John's 
College  (1559-61),  and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1569; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1561-76.  He  assisted  In  the  revision  of 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  (1568-9),  and  in  settling  the 
Thirty-nine  Articles  promulgated  in  1562.  Several  of  his 
writings  survive.  £xlv.  298] 

PILKINGTON,  L^TITIA  (1712-1750),  adventuress; 
daughter  of  Van  Leweu,  a  man-midwife ;  married  Matthew 
Pilkiugton  (Jl.  1729-1733)  [q.  v.],  1729  ;  became  acquainted 
with  Swift,  and  rapidly  gained  his  favour,  her  reml- 
ir.-i-. •:!••.•.-  being  one  of  the  chief  authorities  for  Swift's 
later  years ;  was  subsequently  separated  from  her  husband, 
after  which  she  set  up  a  small  bookshop  in  St.  James's 
Street,  London.  Her  'Memoirs,'  written  by  herself, 
appeared  in  1748.  [xlv.  295] 

PILKINGTON,  LEONARD  (1527  V-1599),  master  Of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  brother  of  James  Pilking- 
ton  [q.  v.l ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1544 ; 
admitted  fellow.  1546,  but  ejected  as  a  protestaut  on 
Mary's  accession  ;  fled  to  Frankfort,  but  on  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's accession  returned  to  Cambridge ;  was  re-elected  a 
senior  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  subsequently 
being  master,  1561-4.  [xlv.  297] 

PILKINGTON,  LIONEL  SCOTT,  adieu  JACK  HAWLKY 
(1828-1875),  sportsman  and  eccentric ;  educated  at  Rugby  ; 
only  sou  of  Redmond  William  Pilkiugton  [q.  v.];  o!e- 
velopcd  a  strong  love  for  stable  life,  and  although  a  man 
of  property  served  Sir  Joseph  Henry  Hawley  [q.  v.]  as  a 
groom,  and  afterwards  adopted  the  surname  of  Hawley 
and  settled  at  Doucaster.  [xlv.  302] 

PILKINGTON,  MARY  (1766-1839),  writer;  n6e 
Hopkins ;  married  (1786)  a  surgeon  named  Pilkwgtou ; 
published  over  fifty  volumes  of  fiction,  poetry,  and  bio- 
graphy, [xlv.  298] 

PILKINGTON,  MATTHEW  (Jl.  1729-1733),  poet;  t 
poor  Irish  parson ;  married  Lwtitia  Pilkingtou  [q.  v.], 
1729 ;  attracted  the  attention  of  Swift  by  his  .-ervility, 
but  afterwards  forfeited  it  by  his  baseness :  obtained  by 
Swift's  influence  the  post  of  chaplain  to  the  lord  mayor  of 
London,  1732.  [xlv.  296] 

PILKINGTON,  MATTHEW  (d.  1765),  author  ;  LL.B. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1728 ;  prebendary  of  Lichfieki, 
1748-65  ;  published  •  A  Rational  Concordance,  or  an  Index 
to  the  Bible,'  1749.  [xlv.  299] 

PILKINGTON,  MATTHEW  (1705-1766),  divine  and 
author  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  1 'aimers' ;  B.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1722  ;  vicar  of  Douabate  and  1'ortrahau  ; 
author  of '  The  Gentleman's  and  Connoisseur's  Dictionary 
of  I'aintfn-,*  publislr-il,  1770. 

•")  X  _' 


PILKINGTON 


1044 


PINNEY 


PILKINOTON.  REDMOND  WILLIAM  (1789-1844), 
architect:  BOO  of  William  Pilkinirtou  [q.  v.]  ;  carried  out 
the  additions  at  the  London  Charterhouse  commeiiced  by 
his  father.  [xlv.  3U2] 

PILKINOTON,  HIOHARD  (1568  V-1631X  protestant 
controversialist  :  probably  a  nephew  of  .lames  Pilkington 
[q.  T.j  :  M.A.  Kniniauiiel  College,  Cambridge,  1593  (ineor- 
POnitad  M.A.  i»xfonl.l5'J«.»>:  IM».'t»-.i.vnV  (•oll.-L'i'.nxfopl. 
1607  ;  rector  of  Hatnbledon,  Buckinghamshire,  1596-1631  : 
wrote  '  Parallela,'  1618,  in  reply  to  Anthony  Champney 
[q.  ».)  [xlv.  299] 

PILKINGTON.  ROBERT  (1765-1834),  major-general 
and  Inspector-general  of  fortifications  :  entered  the  royal 
artillery,  1787  :  transferred  to  the  royal  engineers,  1789  ; 
«ore  pending  royal  engineer  at  Gibraltar,  1818-30;  in- 
spector-general, 1833.  [xlv.  299] 

PILKINGTON,  SIK  THOMAS  (rf.  1691),  lord  mayor 
of  London  :  a  staunch  whig  ;  distinguished  himself  in  the 
city  of  London  by  his  opposition  to  the  Duke  of  York  : 
imprisoned  for  nearly  four  years  (1682-6)  for  tcandalum 
magtuUum  in  consequence  of  rash  speeches  against  the 
duke  :  thrice  lord  mayor,  1689,  1690,  and  1691  ;  M.P.  for 
the  city  of  London,  1689;  knighted  by  William  III,  1689. 

[xlv.  300] 

PILKINOTON,  WILLIAM  (1758-1848X  architect; 
had  a  large  practice  in  London,  and  was  employed  at 
Salisbury  as  surveyor  and  architect  by  the  Earl  of  Radnor. 

[xlv.  302] 

PILLANS,  JAMES  (1778-1864),  Scottish  educational 
reformer  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1801  ;  rector  of  the  Edin- 
burgh High  School,  1810-20  ;  professor  of  '  humanity  and 
UWB  *  at  Edinburgh  University,  1820-63  ;  improved  the 
system  of  education  both  at  the  high  school  and  the 
university;  highly  successful  as  a  disciplinarian  and 
teacher  of  Latin  literature.  [xlv.  302] 

PILLKMENT,  JEAN  (1727-1808),  painter;  born  at 
Lyons  ;  came  to  England  before  1757  :  painted  landscapes, 
marine  pieces,  and  genre  subjects  in  a  theatrical  and 
artificial  style  ;  returned  in  later  life  to  Lyons,  where  he 
died.  [xlv.  305] 

PILON.  FREDERICK  (1750-1788),  actor  and  drama- 
tist ;  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Edinburgh  and  after- 
wards drifted  to  London,  where  from  1778  he  wrote  clever 
ephemeral  plays  for  Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane. 

[xlv  306] 

PM,  BEDFORD  OLAPPERTON  TREVELYAN 
(1816-1886),  admiral:  entered  the  navy,  1842;  served 
under  Sir  Edward  Belcher  [q.  v.]  in  Franklin  search  expe- 
dition, 1852,  and  rescued  Sir  Robert  John  Le  Mesurier 
MrClurc  [q.  v.]  ;  retired  from  active  service,  1861,  and 
(1873)  commenced  to  practise  at  the  bar  in  admiralty 
cases,  being  (1873)  a  barrister  of  Gray's  Inn;  published 
nn'scollaiRiiu-  works.  [xlv.  306] 

PINCHBECK,  CHRISTOPHER  (1670V-1732),  clock- 
maker  :  invented  the  copper  and  zinc  alloy  called  after 
huii.  No  contemporary  mention  of  the  metal  called  after 
him  has  been  discovered.  [xlv.  307] 

PINCHBECK,  CHRISTOPHER  (1710  V-1783),  iuven- 
:  POU  of  Christopher  Pinchbeck  (16"0?-1732)  [q.  v.]. 
Among  his  paUmte  wa«  one  for  snuffers,  which  lone  held 

[xlv.  |07] 

EDWARD    (/.     1732-1738),    clock- 


the  market. 

PINCHBECK, 


.  , 

maker  :  eldest  son  of  Christopher  Pinchbeck  (1670  ?-1732) 
[q.  v  ]  ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  business  in  Fleet  Street, 
^a;  [xlv.  307] 

v  ^?,  °r  PDfK'  ROBERT  O573-1647),  warden  of 
New-  College,  Oxford  ;  of  Winchester  College  and  New 

£B2!t2X  S0r?S,!LA"  1802:  D'D"  1619:  fdlow  of  New 
allege,  Oxford,  1596  ;  became  warden,  1617  ;  a  close  ally  of 

Laud  in  his  measures  for  the  reorganisation  of  the  univer- 
fctUig  to  draw  up  the  new  statutes  ;  took  measures 
for  the  defence  of  Oxford,  1642,  and  was  arrested  and  sent 
x»  London,  but  contrived  to  get  back  to  Oxford,  where  he 

[xlv.  308] 


sent  as  ambassador  to  Turkey,  1611 ;  knighted  in  Kn;_'laud. 
1620;  finally  returned  to  England,  1623;  brought  home 
some  remarkable  jewels,  several  of  which  came  into  pos- 
session of  the  crown.  [xlv.  310] 

PINDAR,  PKTER  (pseudonym).  [See  WOLCOT,  Jonx, 
1738-1819.] 

PINE,  SIR  BENJAMIN  OHILLEY  CAMPBELL 
(1809-1891),  colonial  governor;  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1840 ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1841 ;  acteil  as 
temporary  governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  1848,  displaying 
much  military  capacity,  and  was  governor  of  Natal,  1849- 
1866 ;  knighted,  1856 ;  governor  of  the  Gold  Coast,  1856-9  : 
lieutenant-governor  of  St.  Christopher,  1859-69  ;  govemor- 
iu-chief  of  the  Leeward  islands,  1869-73 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1871 ; 
governor  of  Natal,  1873-5.  [xlv.  312] 

PINE,  JOHN  (1690-1756),  engraver;  practised  in 
London ;  probably  pupil  of  Bernard  Picart,  whom  he 
resembled  in  style.  [xlv.  312] 

PINE,  ROBERT  EDGE  (1730-1788),  painter;  son  of 
John  Pine  [q.  v.] ;  devoted  himself  to  history  and  por- 
trait-painting, and  obtained  much  success ;  painted  nume- 
rous portraits  of  actors  and  actresses  ;  also  (1771)  of 
Brass  Crosby,  Wilkes,  and  Richard  Oliver,  while  they 
were  in  the  Tower  of  London ;  settled  in  Philadelphia,  1783. 

[xlv.  313] 

PINGO,  BENJAMIN  (1749-1794),  herald;  son  of 
Thomas  Pingo  [q.  v.] ;  rougedragon  pursuivant,  1780; 
York  herald,  1786.  [xlv.  315] 

PINGO,  JOHN  (ft.  1768-1786),  medallist;  son  of 
Thomas  Pingo  [q.  v.] ;  appointed  assistant-engraver  to 
the  mint,  c.  1786.  [xlv.  315] 

PINGO,  LEWIS  (1743-1830),  medallist ;  son  of  Thomas 
Pingo  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  assistant-engraver 
at  the  mint,  1776 ;  chief  engraver,  1779-1815.  [xlv.  314] 

PINGO,  THOMAS  (1692-1776),  medallist;  born  in 
Italy  ;  came  to  England,  c.  1742-5  ;  assistant-engraver  at 
the  mint,  1771-6.  [xlv.  314] 

PINK,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1853-1889),  architect : 
designed  a  number  of  houses  and  schools'  and  a  few 
churches,  especially  in  Hampshire ;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1886. 

[xlv.  315] 

PINK,  ROBERT  (1573-1647).    [See  PINCK.] 

PINKE,  WILLIAM  (1599  ?-1629),  author :  probably 
related  to  Robert  Piiick  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1622 ;  elected  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1628 ;  published  a  translation  and  a  popular  devotional 
work.  [xlv.  316] 

PINKERTON,  JOHN  (1758-1826),  Scottish  antiquary 
and  historian;  published  (1783) 'Select  Scottish  Ballads,' 
several  of  which  he  forged,  and  ( 1 784)  an '  Essay  on  Medals,' 
a  valuable  work,  which  introduced  him  to  Horace  Walpole 
and  Gibbon  ;  published,  1786,  his  important  volumes  of 
'Ancient  Scottish  Poems,'  in  the  preface  of  which  he 
detailed  his  former  forgeries ;  published,  1797,  his  '  History 
of  Scotland  from  the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Stuart  to 
that  of  Mary.'  His  powers  of  research  were  greater  than 
his  literary  talent.  [xlv.  316] 

PINKETHMAN,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1725),  actor;  held 
originally  a  low  rank  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  London,  but 
was  established  in  the  favour  of  the  '  Groundlings '  by  a 
tendency  to  overact  and  to  introduce  vulgar  and  im- 
pertinent '  business,'  and  rose  in  time  to  be  a  competent 
performer;  subsequently  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
where  he  bad  many  original  parts,  and  though  after  the 
union  with  the  Hay  market  company  in  1708  he  obtained 
fewer  original  characters,  was  assigned  important  parts  in 
standard  plays ;  a  clown  rather  than  a  comedian,  imitating 
Anthony  Leigh  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  318] 


E  (1768-1835),  physician;  M.D. 
.  17W:  appointed  a  physician  to 

1795,  visiting  the  West  Indies  with  Sir  Ralph 
***!**1111011:  POWM>«1  'Notes  on  the  We*t 
,   1806  ;  physician  of  the  Bloomabury  Dispensary 
lor  thirty  years.  [xlv.  310] 

*'8"1  PAUL  OW57-1650).  diplomatist;   a 
.c.  1683-1602;  consul  at  Aleppo,  1609-11  ; 


PINKNEY,     MILES    (1599-1674). 
THOMAS.] 


[See    CARRE, 


PINNEY,  CHARLES  (1793-1867),  mayor  of  Bristol : 
held  the  office  of  mayor  in  1831  during  the  riots  caused 
by  the  rejection  of  the  Reform  Bill :  thrice  read  the  riot 
act,  and  ran  the  risk  of  losing  his  life,  the  mob  being 
finally  dispersed  only  by  the  military,  who  fired  on  the 
people ;  tried  in  the  king's  bench  for  neglect  of  duty, 
1832,  but  acquitted  by  the  jury.  [xlv.  320] 


PINNOCK 


PITCARNE 


PINNOCK,  WILLIAM  <17*2  1843».  publisher  and 
educational  \\rit.-r;  IH.VIUI  lift-  as  a  Hampshire  school - 
in.i-u-r  :  went  to  London,  1*17,  and  in  '•onmnrlion  with 
SumuH  Maunder  [q.  v.]  cumuli-need  -lu.nl. 
u  .-rries  i.i  manual-  «>l  popular  in.-tru.-tion,  which  nut 
with  extraordinary  success,  aiul  were  collect,^  u.  the 

•  .iiiv.-ni;.-   OyckMMMlft';    .-till   more  enocexstui    In 
abridgment*  of  Goldsmith's  histories  ot    Knvland.  (ireeoa, 
:in<l  Koine,  and  his -fries  of  ••i»iini>  histories;  lost  much 
mone\  by  a  mania  for  speculation,  [xlv.  321] 

PINNOCK,  WILLIAM  HKXRY  (1811-1885).  diune 
:md  author;  .-on  ot  \Villiniu  I'innovk  [q.  v.J:  U..I>. 
Corpu,  i-hri-ti  College.  Cambridge.  1W5  ( incorporated  at 

•  »Monl,    1869);  vicar   o!    I'inn.-r,    lx7l»-M5:    in    l.i- 
years  compiled,  like    his  father,  elementary  text-book*, 
and  was  also  the  author  of  several  works  upon  etvlesia«- 
tieul  laws  and  usages,  [xlv.  322] 

PINTO,  OH  AHLOTTE  (d.  180S).    [Bee  BKKXT.] 

PINTO,  GEORGE  FREDERIC  (1787-1806),  violinist 
and  musical  composer  ;  grandson  of  Thomas  Pinto  [q.  v.] : 
tnivt-llwl  with  Johann  Peter  Salomon  Fq.  v.]  afu-r  IN  HI, 
playing  with  great  success  at  Oxford,  Oambridirf,  Hath, 
and  •onftMUBD.  He  wrote  aouatas  for  pianoforte  solos 
and  with  violin,  as  well  as  a  large  number  of  songs. 

[xlv.  322] 

PINTO,  THOMAS  (1710  V-1773),  violinist:  of  Neapo- 
litan origiu  ;  was  at  an  early  a»fe  a  remarkable  player, 
but  became  careless  and  neglected  to  practise ;  roused  to 
greater  efforts  by  the  arrival  in  England  ( 1 760)  and  success 
of  Giardiui :  recovered  his  position  in  part,  but  was  un- 
successful in  a  theatrical  venture.  [xlv.  322] 

PINWELL,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1842-1875),  water- 
colour  painter;  began  his  professional  career  (1863)  by 
designing  and  drawing  on  wood,  chiefly  for  the  brothers 
Dalziel ;  member  of  the  Water-colour  Society,  1870. 

[xlv.  323] 

PIOZZI,  HESTER  LYNCH  (1741-1821),  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson:  only  child  of  John  Salusbury  of 
Bachycraig,  Flintshire;  was,  after  her  father's  death 
(1762),  married  against  her  inclinations  to  Henry  Thrale, 
the  son  of  a  wealthy  brewer,  1763;  began  an  intimacy 
with  Dr.  Johnson,  which  became  famous  (1764),  Johnson 
being  (1765)  almost  domesticated  at  Thrate's  house  at 
Streatham  Park,  and  accompanying  the  Thralesto  Wales 
in  1774  and  to  France  in  1775;  lost  her  husband,  1781, 
and,  though  the  mother  of  several  daughters,  married 
(1784)  Gabriel  Piozai,  an  Italian  Roman  catholic  musi- 
cian; went  with  her  husband  to  Italy,  this  marriage 
being  naturally  disapproval  by  the  society  of  that  time  ; 
wrote  in  Italy  her  l  Anecdotes  of  the  late  Samuel  John- 
son '  (1786),  a  book  which  gives  a  very  lively  picture  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  though  frequently  coloured  by  personal  feelings ; 
returned  to  England,  1787,  and  was  well  received :  settled 
at^trentham  Park  ;  left  Streatham  (1795)  for  Bachycraig, 
where  she  passed  the  remainder  of  her  days ;  after  her 
husband's  death  (1809),  adopted  his  nephew,  John  Piozzi, 
who  took  her  maiden  name,  Salisbury  ;  published  (1788) 
her  correspondence  with  Dr.  Johnson,  and  other  works. 

[xlv.  323] 

PIPRE  or  PIPER,  FRANCIS  LB  (rf.  1698).  [See 
LKI-II-HK.] 

PIRAN  or  PIRANTJS  (ft.  550),  saint ;  usually  identi- 
flal  with  Saint  Ciaran  (ft.  500-560)  [q.  v.]  The  names 
are  identical— p  in  Britain  being  identical  with  the 
Irish  t.  The  history  of  the  two  saints  is  in  its  main 
features  the  same,  though  the  Irish  lives  of  St  Oiaran  do 
not  record  his  migration  to  Cornwall.  He  holds  a  fore- 
most place  in  Cornish  liagiology,  being  the  patron  saint 
of  Cornwall,  or,  at  least,  of  all  miners.  The  ruins  of  his 
oratory  at  Perrauzabuloe  were  laid  bare  in  1835  by  the 
shifting  of  the  sands.  [xlv.  326] 

PIRIE,  ALEXANDER  (1737-1804),  Scottish  divine; 
appointed  teacher  in  philosophy  In  the  anti-burgher 
divinity  school  at  Abernethy  :  joined  the  burghers,  1763, 
but  (1769)  being  suspended  for  heresy,  joined  the  indepen- 
dents ;  held  exceptionally  liberal  religious  views  for  his 
time  ;  published  theological  works. 

PIRIE,    WILLIAM    ROBINSON    (1804-1885),  pro- 
tenor  of  divinity  and  principal  of  the  university  of  Aber- 
deen :  studied  at  University  and  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen ;  minister  of  Dyce,  l«3U-43  :  professor  of  divinity  at 
•  •ual  College,  Aberdeen,  1843-60  ;  hon.  D.D.  Marischal 


and  King's  College*,  Aberdeen,  1844  ;  professor  of  divinity 
and  .  lam  h  history  at  MarUchal  and  King'*  College*, 

-.'.;    moderator  of   the  church   of  Scotland,  1864; 

pal  of  Aberdeen  University.  1876-W :  published 
theological  works.  [xlv.  SS7] 

PIRRIE,  WILLIAM  (1X07-1881),  surgeon:  M.A. 
Aberdeen,  1825;  M.I).  Minl.urtfh.  1*29:  became  firnt 

.       -llexe,  Aber- 
deen, 1839;  and  on  tin-  ,m...i,  of  MariHchal  ami  King's 
College,  Aberdeen,  i860,  continued  to  teach 
professor  ;  an  intrepid  awl  successful  operator,  and  re- 
cognised in  later  life  a*  the  foremost  surgeon  in  the  north 

Of  Scotland.  [Xlv.  318] 

PISTRUCCI.  BENEDETTO  <  1784-18**),  gem-en- 
graver and  medallist :  born  in  Home ;  noil  of  a  judge  of 
the  high  criminal  court  in  Home ;  commenced  work  in 
Rome,  proceeding  to  Paris  in  181 4,  and  to  London  in  1815: 
modelled  the  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks  [q.  v.],  who 
sent  him  to  the  master  of  the  mint,  for  whom  he  modelled 
the  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  on  the  reverse  of  the  gold 
coinage ;  performed  the  duties  of  chief  engraver  from 
1x17.  ami  (1828)  was  nominated  chief  medallist.  As  a 
gem-engraver  his  reputation  stands  high,  and  be  imparted 
to  the  English  coinage  a  distinction  of  rtyle  that  bad  long 
been  absent.  [xlv.  328] 

PITCAIRN.    [See  also  PITCAIR.VK  and  PITCARXK.] 

PITOAIRN,  DAVID  (1749-1809),  physician  ;  brother 
of  Robert  Pitcairn  (17477-1770?)  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1784;  began  to  practise  in 
London,  1779;  succeeded  bis  uncle,  William  Pitcairn 
[q.  v.]  as  physician  to  St  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  1780; 
F.1U '.I'.,  1785.  [xlv.  331] 

PITCAIRN,  ROBERT  (1520  7-1584),  commcudator  of 
Duufermline  and  Scottish  secretary  of  state;  became 
commendator  of  Dunfermline,  1561 ;  chosen  a  lord  of  the 
articles,  1567,  and  an  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1568 ; 
accompanied  Moray  to  the  conference  at  York  (1568)  in 

I  reference  to  the  charges  against  Queen  Mary ;  succeeded 
William  Maitland  (1528V-1573)  [q.  v.]  as  secretary  of 
I  state,  1570 ;  a  party  to  the  conspiracy  against  Morton, 
j   1578,  and,  after  the  regent's  fall,  was  one  of  the  new 
!  council  of  twelve  chosen   to  govern  in  the    name   of 
James  VI  ;  had  a  chief  share  in  contriving  the  raid  of 
Ruthven,  1582,  and  did  his  utmost  to  hinder  the  couuter- 

I1  revolution  of  1583,  which  deprived  him  of  most  of  his 
influence.  [xlv.  332] 

PITCAIRN,  ROBERT  (1747  7-1770  ?),  midshipman  : 
is   remembered  as  the  first  to  sight  Pitcairn's  island 
I  (named  after  him), on  2  July,  1767,  which  was  afterwards 
the  home  of  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty  ;  lost  at  sea. 

[xlv.  333] 

PITCAIRN,  ROBERT  (1793-1856),  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  published  •  Trials  before  the  High 
Court  in  Scotland '  (3  vols.  1833),  which  attracted  the 
attention  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  [xlv.  334] 

PITCAIRN,  WILLIAM  (1711-1791),  physician; 
M.D.  Rheims ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1749  ;  was  physician  to  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1750-80,  where  a  ward 
is  named  after  him ;  president  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  1775-86.  [xlv.  S»4] 

PITCAIRNE,  ARCHIBALD  (1652-1713),  physician 
and  poet ;  studied  law  at  Edinburgh  and  Paris ;  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  1671  ;  turned  his  attention  to  medicine,  and 
commenced  to  practise  in  Edinburgh,  c.  1681 ;  professor 
of  physic  at  Leydeu,  1692,  resigning  his  chair,  however 
(1693)  and  returning  to  Edinburgh  ;  suspected  of  being  at 
heart  an  atheist,  chiefly  on  account  of  his  mockery  of  the 
puritanical  strictness  of  the  presbyteriaii  church ;  re- 
puted  author  of  two  satirical  work*,  'The  Assembly,  or 
Scotch  Reformation  :  a  Comedy,'  1692,  and  •  Habel,  a 
i  Satirical  Poem,'  1692 ;  wrote  also  a  number  of  Latin 
1  verses,  some  of  which  appear  in  '  Svlei-ta  I'wmata  A. 
Pitcaruii  et  aliormn'  (1727).  He  was  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  physicians  of  his  time.  [xlv.  335] 


PITCARNE,   ALEXANDER  (16227-1696),  Scottish 


:  presbyteriau  divine;  M.A.  St.  Salvator's  College,  St.  An- 

|  drews,  1643  :  regent  of  St  Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews, 

1648-56;  minister  of  Dron.  1666-62:  deprived,  lf.62.  but 

iMTinitted  by  the  bishop  to  discharge  his  duties  :  again 

deprived,  1681,  uud  troops  quartered  on  his  parishi- 


PITMAN 


1040 


PITT 


restored,  1690  ;  appointed  principal  of  St.  Mary's  College, 
St  Andrews,  169S:  published  controversial  works,  the 
belt  known  being  •  Tlie  Spiritual  Sacrifice,'  16C4. 

[xlv.  337] 

PITMAN,  SIR  ISAAC  (1813-1897),  inventor  of  phouo- 
graphy  :  master  of  school  at  Barton-on-Himiber,  Linroln- 
rtiire,  183S,  and  at  Wootton-under-Edge,  GUODOMtanhlre, 
1836-7  ;  dismissed  (1837)  for  joining  the  '  New  Church,' 
founded  by  Emmanuel  Swedenborg  ;  established  and  con- 
ducted (  1  839-43)  school  at  Bath  ;  learned  shorthand  system 
of  Samuel  Taylor  [q.  v.].  and,  with  object  of  popularisim: 
the  art,  published  at  fourpcnce  'Stenographic  Sound- 
Iland,'  1837,  substituting  phonographic  for  the  mainly 
orthographic  methods  adopted  by  former  shorthand 
authors,  a  penny  plate  entitle  1  '  Phonography  '  appearing, 
in  1840,  and  fuller  explanations  of  the  system  being  pub- 
lished in  1840  and  subsequent  years  ;  issued  numerous 
instruction  books  and  standard  works  printed  in  short- 
hand characters;  with  assistance  of  Alexander  John 
Kills  [q.  v.]  advocated  spelling  reform  ;  knighted,  1894. 
His  system,  which  lias  been  adapted  to  several  foreign 
I'iMirtiagtt*,  has  to  a  very  large  extent  superseded  all 
others.  [Suppl.  iii.  266] 

PITMAN,  JOHN  ROGERS  (1782-1861),  divine  and 
author  :  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1815  ;  well 
known  in  London  as  a  preacher,  prolific  writer,  compiler, 
and  editor.  [xlv.  338} 

PITMEDDEH,  LoiU)  (1639?-1719).  [See  SETON,  Sm 
ALKXAXDKR.] 

PITS,  ARTHUR  (1557-1634?),  Roman  catholic  priest  ; 
studied  at  Oxford  and  Douay,  and  returned  to  England 
(1581)  as  one  of  a  company  of  forty-seven  priests  sent 
from  Douay  during  the  year  ;  arrested,  1682,  and  banished, 
1586  :  imprisoned  for  a  time  on  a  charge  of  disaffection 
to  the  French  king,  due  to  his  patriotism  :  made  canon 
when  Pope  Urban  VIII  re-established  the  English  hier- 
archy, 1623.  [xlv.  339] 

PITS  or  PirSEUS,  JOHN  (1560-1616),  Roman  catho- 
lic divine  and  biographer  ;  studied  at  Winchester  Col- 
lege, New  College,  Oxford  (probationer-fellow,  1578),  and 
Rome,  and  passed  most  of  his  life  in  Germany  and  Lor- 
raine ;  principal  work,  '  Relationum  Historioarum  de 
Rebus  Anglicis  Tom.  I.'  (1619),  the  most  valuable  part 
being  that  dealing  with  the  biographies  of  catholic 
writers  after  the  Reformation.  [xlv.  339] 

PITSCOTTIE,    ROBERT   OP   (1500?-1565?).      [See 

Li  XI  WAV.] 

PITSLIGO,  fourth  and  last  BARON  FORBES  OP  (1678- 
1762).  [See  FORBRS,  ALEXANDER.] 

PITT,  ANN  (1720?-1799),  actress;  appeared  as 
Miss  Pitt  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  under  Garrick  in  1748, 
after  some  practice  in  the  country;  first  advertised  as 
Mrs.  Pitt,  3  Oct.  1755  ;  among  her  most  notable  characters 
the  nurse  in  'Romeo  and  Juliet,'  which  she  played  to 
many  famous  Juliets,  and  Mrs.  Croaker  in  the  'Good- 
natured  Man';  continued  on  the  stage  until  the  age  of 
H-venty-two.  [xlv.  34U] 

PITT,  CHRISTOPHER  f.  699-1748),  poet  and  trans- 
lator: of  Winchester  College  and  Wadham  and  New 
(Alleges,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  1721  ;  M.A., 
1«24;  presented  in  1722  to  the  rectory  of  Pimpernel 
wh«.iv  ht-  resided  till  his  death;  had  some  acquaintance 
nth  Pope,  and  published  a  translation  of  Virgil's  '  ^Eneid  ' 
in  1  1  40,  which  has  been  included  in  many  collected  edi- 
tn.li*  of  English  poete.  [xlv.  342] 

M  *PIJT'  i°,Kl)r"n:'  flr8t  BAROS  RlVKns  0722?-1803), 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1739;  D.C.L.,  1746  ;  whig 
M.P.  for  _  Shaftesbury,  1742,  Dorset,  1747-74;  created 
baron,  1,76;  filial  several  diplomatic  posts;  published 
'  Letters  to  a  Young  Nobleman,'  1784,  and  other  works 


-    181<>>   dancer; 

.  v.l  ;  appeared  chiefly  at  Covent  Garden  ; 
the  name  of  Mrs  Davenet,  to  distinguish  her  from 

5TnH&i£5  :  rmother  of  Thomas  John  Dibdin  [q.  v.] 
irles  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  Jfi]  J 


J°HN,  "cond  EARL  op  CHATHAM  (1756- 

v  ?L  Wimam  Pltt-  flrst  "*l  of  Chatham 

Sri'tV  ??£££  the  army,  1778:  firsfc  lorA  of  th 

Srtnriri  ±?*i7oPAVy  °°uncillor'   "89;    K.G.,   1790; 
W  priry  seal,  1794-6;  president  of  the  council,  1796-^ 


1801 ;  master  of  the  ordnance,  1801-C  ;  was  keenly  dis- 
appointed by  the  appointment  of  Wellesley  to  command 
I  in  the  Peninsula,  1808,  and  a?  a  consolation  was  placed  in 
j  command  of  the  Walcheren  expedition,  1809 ;    proved 
himself  quite  unequal  to  the  task  assigned  him,  and  on 
failure  of  the  expedition  blamed  the  naval  commander, 
Sir  Hiohard  John  Strachan  [q.  v.],  for  the  result;    his 
reputation  ruined  by  the  ensuing  inquiry ;  general,  1812 ; 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1820-35.  [xlv.  344] 

PITT,  MOSES  (ft.  1654-1696),  publisher  and  author: 

chiefly  known  for  his  publication  of  '  The  English  Atlas,' 

;i  work  formerly  held  in  great  estimation  (maps  based  on 

Janssen's  atlas).    Of  this  work  four  volumes  and  part  of 

a  fifth  appeared  between  1680  and  1682,  but  it  was  not  a 

,  pecuniary  success,  and  in  1689-91  he  was  imprisoned  for 

!  «tebt  [xlv.  345] 

PITT,    ROBERT   (1653-1713),  physician;    fellow  of 

:  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1674  ;  M.A.,  1675  :  M.D.,  1682  ; 

F.M.S.,  1682 ;  censor,  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1687 and 

1 702  ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 

1698-1707;  published  several  pamphlets  against  the  ex- 

|  cessive  use  of  drugs  and  against  frauds  common  in  medical 

j  practice.  [xlv.  346] 

PITT,  THOMAS  (1653-1726),  East  India  merchant 
and  governor  of  Madras ;  often  called  '  Diamond  Pitt ' ; 
engaged  in  the  East  India  trade  as  an  interloper,  and 
settling  at  Balasore  (1674)  began  a  long  struggle  with  the 
East  India  Company ;  engaged  (1683-7)  in  litigation  in 
England  on  the  question  of  his  trading  without  authori- 
sation from  the  East  India  Company,  but  (1693)  he  started 
on  his  last  interloping  voyage,  and  made  terms  with  the 
company,  1694 ;  president  of  Port  St.  George,  1697-1709, 
building  up  a  great  reputation ;  kept  a  constant  look-out 
for  large  diamonds  during  his  stay  at  Madras,  obtaining 
(1701)  the  great  Pitt  diamond  from  an  Indian  merchant, 
which  he  sold  (1717)  to  the  French  regent  for  135,0007. 
(It  was  in  1791  valued  at  480.000/.,  and  is  still  among  the 
state  jewels  of  Prance).  [xlv.  347] 

PITT,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OP  LONDONDERRY  (1688  ?- 
1729),  son  of  Thomas  Pitt  (1653-1726)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Wilton,  1713-27,  Old  Sarum,  1727-8;  created  Baron 
Londonderry,  1719,  and  Earl  of  Londonderry,  1726 ; 
governor  of  the  Leeward  islands,  1728-9.  [xlv.  349] 

PITT,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  OAMELFORD  (1737- 
1793),  nephew  of  William  Pitt,  first  earl  of  Chatham 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  per  Uterag  regias, 
1769;  whig  M.P.  for  Old  Sarum,  1761-8,  Okehampton, 
1768-74,  and  again  for  Old  Sarum,  1774-84 ;  one  of  the 
strongest  opponents  of  Lord  North's  ministry  and  a 
warm  antagonist  of  the  coalition ;  declined  the  leadership 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  1783 ;  raised  to  the  peerage, 
1784.  From  March  1762  he  lived  at  Twickenham,  where 
his  skill  in  Gothic  architecture  was  recoemised  by  his 
neighbour,  Horace  Walpole.  He  was  a  friend  of  Mrs. 
Delany  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  350] 

PITT,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  OAMELPORD  (1776- 
1804),  only  son  of  Thomas  Pitt,  first  baron  Oamelford 
[q.  v.] :  educated  at  the  Charterhouse;  entered  the  navy, 
1789;  being  put  ashore  for  insubordination  at  Hawaii 
(1794)  had  to  work  his  passage  home,  afterwards  in- 
effectually challenging  his  commander,  George  Vancouver 
[q.  v.],  to  a  duel;  shot  Charles  Peterson,  first  lieutenant 
of  the  Perdrix,  during  a  dispute  concerning  seniority 
(1798),  for  which  he  was  acquitted  by  court-martial  on 
the  ground  that  Peterson  had  refused  to  obey  his  orders, 
and  was  therefore  a  mutineer,  although,  according  to 
naval  law,  Peterson  was  the  senior  officer;  his  name 
struck  off  the  list  of  commanders  at  his  own  request, 
in  consequence  of  an  altercation  with  the  admiralty, 
1798 :  subsequently  lived  in  London,  where  he  achieved 
extraordinary  notoriety  by  disorderly  conduct ;  killed  in 
a  duel  near  Holland  House,  London.  [xlv.  362] 

PITT,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  CHATHAM  (1708- 
1778),  statesman ;  born  in  Westminster :  younger  son  of 
Robert  Pitt  of  Boconnoc  in  Cornwall,  by  his  wife,  Harriet, 
daughter  of  Edward  Villiers  of  Dromana,  co.  Water- 
ford,  and  grandson  of  Thomas  Pitt  (1G53-1726)  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  from  early 
life  suffered  severely  from  gout ;  obtained  a  cornetcy  in 
Lord  Cobham's  horse,  1731,  and  four  years  later  entered 
parliament  for  Old  Sarum  ;  dismissed  from  the  army  for 
his  flrst  speech— on  the  marriage  of  Frederick,  prince  of 


PITT 


1017 


PITT 


u'ain  M.P.  for  nld  -arum,  1741;  distinguished 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  the  system  of  foreign  sub- 
sidies, and  by  his  attacks  on  UK-  Hanoverian  policy  of 
the  ministers ;  was  passed  over  on  Granville's  tllimlttal 
(November  17W).  while  several  of  his  political  associates 
obtained  seats  in  tin-  '  Broad-bottom '  administration; 
admitted  (1746)  to  office  as  joint  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
in  t  OIIMI  juencc  of  Pclham's  bringing  pressure  to  bear  upon 
George  II,  tendering  his  resignation  during  the  Jacobite 
rebellion  ;  promoted  paymaster-general  of  the  forces  (May 
1746),  in  which  post  he  created  a  precedent  by  declining 
any  of  the  emoluments  of  the  office  beyond  the  legal  salary ; 
gained  public  confidence  by  bis  disinterested  conduct,  iu 
spite  of  the  fact  that  be  supported  a  continental  policy  in 
the  interest  of  Hanover,  such  as  he  had  formerly  de- 
nounced ;  failed  to  conciliate  George  II  by  bis  change  of 
sentiment;  being  disappoint.-. I  in  his  hop.-  on  IMham's 
death  (March  1754)  of  succeeding  to  the  leadership  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  joined  Henry  Fox  (afterwards  first 
Baron  Holland)  [q.  v.]  in  ridiculing  the  actual  leader,  Sir 
Thomas  Robinson  (afterwards  first  Baron  Grantham) 
[q.  v.],  and  even  proceeded  to  assail  Newcastle,  the  prime 
minister,  himself ;  dismissed  from  office,  November  1766  : 
bis  accession  to  power  made  a  necessity  by  the  disasters 
of  the  French  war,  which  completed  the  unpopularity 
of  Newcastle's  ministry ;  refused  to  act  with  Newcastle 
or  Fox,  who  had  deserted  him  in  the  previous  year  and 
accepted  a  seat  iu  the  cabinet ;  became  actual  premier  and 
secretary  of  state  for  the  southern  department  (4  Dec. 
1766),  as  well  as  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons,  with 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  ;  found 
that  Newcastle's  corrupt  iudueuce  still  dominated  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  that  he  could  not  carry  on  the 
government  with  the  aid  of  public  opinion  alone  ;  dismissed 
with  Temple  from  office  by  George  II,  April  1757,  but  in 
consequence  of  the  public  discontent  and  the  necessities  of 
the  time  was  recalled  with  him  within  a  few  weeks  ; 
formed  a  coalition  with  Newcastle  ;  planned  the  expeditions 
and  selected  the  commanders  in  the  succession  of  victories 
all  over  the  world  which  early  in  1768  took  the  place  of 
England's  former  reverses,  and  raised  loans  for  war  ex- 
penses with  a  profusion  which  appalled  more  timid 
financiers  ;  made  England  as  much  an  object  of  jealousy 
and  dread  to  Europe  as  Spain  or  France  in  earlier  times  ; 
became  aware  of  the  family  compact,  September  1761,  and 
proposed  to  commence  hostilities  against  Spain  ;  failed  to 
convince  the  cabinet,  and  on  5  Oct.  resigned  office  with 
Temple;  denounced  the  preliminary  treaty  with  France 
and  Spain  in  December  1762,  maintaining  that  the  peace 
was  insecure  and  the  terms  inadequate  ;  refused  (17tt3)  to 
resume  office  unless  the  great  whig  lamilies  were  restored, 
(17CG)  supported  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act;  on 
*^ "*"  '  '  'yl7t;G,forin<rtn  heterogeneous 


aoTmfiiistralion,  composed  of '  patriots  und  courtiers,  king's 
friends  and  republicans ' ;  accepted  an  earldom,  1766,  and 
took  the  sinecure  officejpf  lord  privy  seal ;  'luuilu"  hie 
administration  become  gradOaUy  mart  distinctly  tory  in 
character  as  time  went  on;  mentally  incapacitated  by 
suppressed  gout  from  all  attention  to  business,  1767  ;  re- 
signed office.!  768,  but  (January  177U)  was  sufficiently 
recovereJTronrfaia  mental  disease  to  reappear  in  the  House 
-ef-feonkjinu1  atUok  the  American  policy  of  the  govern- 
ment; allied  himself  from  this  time  forward  definitely 
with  Ro.-kiiiirluim  and  the  whip?;  largely  disabled  by  the 
infirmity  of  his  health  from  attending  the  House  of  Lords, 
1771-4 ;  strenuously  opposed  the  harsh  measures  taken  in 
regard  to  the  American  colonies,  1774-5,  and  (May  1777) 
unsuccessfully  moved  an  address  to  the  crown  lor  the 
stoppage  of  hostilities,  though  he  was  not  willing  to 
recognise  the  independence  of  the  colonies  ;  some  unavail- 
ing efforts  made  to  induce  him  to  join  North's  administra- 
tion in  1778,  when  the  hostility  of  France  and  Spain  was 
manifest ;  fell  backwards  iu  a  tit  while  opposing  the  Duke 
of  Richmond's  motion  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  English 
forces  from  America,  7  April ;  died  at  Hayes  on  1 1  May, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  on  9  June.  As  an 
orator  he  must  be  ranked  with  the  greatest  of  ancient  or 
modern  times ;  as  a  statesman,  and  especially  as  a  war 
minister,  he  possessed  ability  of  a  high  order.  '  II  faut 
avouer,'  said  Frederick  the  Great,  'que  1'Angleterre  a  ete 
longtems  en  travail,  et  qu'elle  a  beaucoup  soufferte  pour 
produire  M.  Pitt  ;  rnais  eufiu  elle  est  accouchee  d'un 
homme.'  [xlv.  354] 

PITT,    WILLIAM    (1759-1806),  statesman;    second 
son  of  William  Pitt,  first  earl  of  Chatham  [q.  v.] ;  born 


at  Hayes;  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall.  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1776;  called  to  the  bar  at  I. in.. -In1-  Inn.  17«o;  M.I'., 

•y,  1781;  joined  Lorn 

that  had  followed  !..  ..utham  ;  resolved  uot  to 

accept  a  minor  office,  and  (1782)  declined  Bockingham's 
offers,  though  giving  the  government  independent  sup- 
port;  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under  8hd- 
burue  on  Kockingham's  death,  JulylTtt ;  refused  the 
treasury  on  Sbdburne  being  overthrown  by  the  coalition  ..i 
North  and  Pox  ( February  1783),  in  spite  of  George  Ill's  im- 

th,-  OtanWl ..!  ths  nin  -m  MM  mod,-  prm.  uUMsj  n. 
his  twenty-fifth  year  (December  1783),  the  announcement 
being  received  with  laughter  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
the  late  ministers  had  a  Urge  majority  :  had  great 
difficulty  iu  forming  an  administration,  and  was  the  only 
member  of  the  Commons  in  his  own  cabinet ;  although 
repeatedly  defeated  in  parliament,  refused  to  dissolve  until 
certain  that  public  feeling  was  strongly  on  his  side.  Fox 
unwittingly  assisting  him  by  his  mirtalren  tactics  in 
endeavouring  to  prevent  a  dissolution ;  obtained  an  over- 
whelming majority  at  the  general  election  of  1784,  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  House  of  Lords,  which  had  oonwsteutly 
supported  him,  and  of  George  111,  who  regarded  bun  as  his 
only  hope  of  salvation  from  men  whom  he  hated  ;  at  once 
turned  his  attention  to  the  finances,  took  measures  for 
funding  and  reducing  the  national  debt,  and  made  great 
abatements  iu  the  customs  duties  ;  instituted  (1786)  the 
sinking  fund  for  paying  oil  the  national  debt,  which, 
although  iu  continuance  atu-r  the  outbreak  of  war  in 
1793  was  economically  in  sound,  undoubtedly  contributed 
to  maintain  public  credit :  his  position  imperilled  (Novem- 
ber 1788)  by  the  king's  insanity,  since,  had  George,  prince 
of  Wales,  become  regent,  he  would  have  been  »H«m««amd  in 
favour  of  Fox  and  his  followers ;  maintained  that  the 
regent  ought  to  be  appointed  by  parliament,  and  was 
engaged  iu  passing  a  bill  limiting  his  authority,  when  the 
necessity  was  removed  by  George  Ill's  recovery ;  formed 
(1788)  an  alliance  with  Holland  and  Prussia,  and  (1791) 
attempted  to  abate  racial  feeling  in  Canada  by  dividing 
the  country  into  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada ;  his  attention  roused  by  the  outbreak  of  the 
French  revolution,  which  involved  him  in  a  conflict  which 
occupied  all  his  later  life :  he  viewed  the  outbreak  of  1789 
as  a  domestic  quarrel,  which  did  uot  concern  him,  but  was 
disturbed  by  the  spread  of  republican  principles  in 
England,  and  by  his  attitude  towards  the  French  demand 
for  the  opening  of  the  Scheldt  caused  war  to  be  dec-hired 
in  February  1793 ;  his  government  strengthened  by  the 
accession  of  many  leading  whigs,  1794,  only  Fox  and  his 
small  party  maintaining  a  stedfast  opposition  ;  issued 
large  loans,  and  suspended  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  (May 
1793),  abandoning  at  the  same  time  his  former  partiality 
for  parliamentary  reform;  formed  between  March  and 
October  a  great  coalition  with  Russia,  Sardinia,  Spain, 
Naples,  Prussia,  Austria,  Portugal,  and  some  German 
princes,  and  granted  subsidies  of  832,000*.  for  the  hire  of 
foreign  troops ;  England  successful  at  sea  under  the  coali- 
tion formed  by  him,  which,  however,  on  the  continent 
met  with  reverses,  so  that  in  a  short  time  Austria  and 
Sardinia  were  the  only  active  allies  left  to  England  ;  made 
a  triple  alliance  with  Russia  and  Austria,  which  was 
equally  fruitless,  Russia  remaining  inactive,  while  Austria 
effected  nothing  of  moment ;  his  dismissal  demanded  by 
the  mob,  October  1796,  which  met  George  I II  going  to  open 
parliament  with  cries  of  '  Bread,' '  Peace,'  and  •  No  Pitt,' 
a  consequence  of  bad  har vents  and  financial  distress ; 
unsuccessfully  laid  proposals  of  peace  before  the  French 
directory,  March  1796,  in  the  year  after  which  (October 
1797)  the  war  on  the  continent  came  to  an  end,  and  Eng- 
land, loaded  with  taxation  and  threatened  with  financial 
panic,  seemed  likely  to  bear  the  whole  brunt  of  the  French 
attack ;  insulted  by  the  mob,  December  1797,  and  guarded 
with  cavalry  ;  anxiously  sought  for  peace,  but  on  the  out- 
break of  the  Irish  rebellion  of  17u8  renewed  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  and  passed  other  coercive 
measures  ;  aided  by  the  victory  of  the  Nile  on  I  Aug.  1798 
in  forming  his  second  great  coalition  against  France, 
which  included  Portugal,  Naples,  Russia,  The  Porte,  and 
Austria ;  by  this  the  French  were  driven  back  to  the 
Rhine,  and  Massena  was  penned  up  in  Genoa,  though 
Napoleon,  returning  from  Egypt,  broke  the  power  of 
Austria  at  Marengo,  and  Moreau  re-esUiblished  the  French 
in  southern  Germany;  made  the  hind  tax  perpetual, 
April  1798,  and  (December  1 798)  introduced  an  income  tax, 
levying  ten  per  cent,  on  income*  of  2<>u7.  and  upwards, 


PITT 


1048 


PLANCHE 


i  lesser  rate  on  incomes  exceeding  607. :  had  the 
Irish  parliament  united  to  that  of  (treat  Britain,  isoo. 
the  passage  of  the  hill  in  Ireland  being  procure.!  by 
•n.  t!n»I>  which  -how  a  lo\\  standard  "f  political  morality  : 
though  largely  res|«on>iblc  for  the  corruption,  wa-  ii'it  the 
inrentor  of  the  sy.-teui  which  had  become  an  evil  t  radii  ion 
in  Ireland  long  before  the  I'.nion  :  desired  to  complete  hi- 
Irish  policy  by  introdueinira  mea.-iuv  of  catholic  cnmnci- 

.it  foiind  himself  unable  to  ovcn-ome  George  Ill's 
opposition  :  found  Ccorge  III  obdurate,  and  resigned 
office,  14  Match  1801,  but  in  view  of  the  foreign  perils 
threatening  the  country  agreed  to  support  Addiugton's 
administration  ;  relaxed  his  attendance  in  parliament  in 
1802,  but  maintained  constant  communication  with  the 
prime  minister,  and  advised  him  both  on  the  budget  in 
April  and  on  tin-  royal  speech  in  June :  approved  the 
treaty  of  Amiens,  but  diMiked  many  of  the  govemmcnt's 
proceedings,  particularly  its  system  of  finance :  after  tlie 
outbreak  of  war  iu  May  1803.  when  the  feebleness  of 
government  became  apparent,  at  first  maintained  an 
attitude  of  neutrality,  but  gradually  enuie  into  opposition  ; 
re-entered  office  on  the  resignation  of  Addington,  May 
1804,  though  without  the  support  of  most  of  his  former 
allies  among  tlie  whig*,  who  seceded  with  (ireuville; 
desired  to  include  Fox  in  his  cabinet:  opposed  in  the 
( .'ominous  by  the  parties  of  Addington,  Windham.and  Fox : 
inaugurated  a  more  vigorous  jx>licy,  and  (April  1805) 
formed  H  third  coalition  with  Russia,  Austria, and  Sweden, 
but  incurred  the  hostility  of  Spain,  which  declared  war 
again-*  Knu'land,  IXnvmber  18tU:  personally  reconciled 
to  Addington,  December  1804 :  increased  the  property 
tax  bv  twenty-five  per  cent.,  February  1805,  raising  a 
loan  of  20,000,000/. ;  his  health,  which  had  been  declining 
for  sometime,  seriouslv  affected  by  the  censure  on  his  old 
friend  Melville  for  conduct  of  the  public  funds  while  first 
lord  of  tlie  admiralty,  and  the  renewed  disaffection  of 
Addington,  now  lord  Sidmouth :  he  was  almost  broken 
down  by  the  news  of  the  capitulation  of  Ulm,  October 
1806  •  his  death  caused  by  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  which 
shattered  the  coalition  he  had  built  up :  he  died  in  January 
1806,  his  last  words  being  '  Oh,  my  country  !  how  I  leave 
my  country  !%;  buried  (22  Feb.)  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Kager  by  nature,  Pitt  trained  himself  to  singular  calmness 
and  self-possession.  His  judgment  on  party  matters  was 
admirable,  and  by  the  destruction  of  the  whig  oligarchy 
lie  prepared  for  later  parliamentary  reform.  He  made 
some  serious  political  mistakes,  and  was  not  his  father's 
equal  a«  a  war  minister.  His  policy  of  opposing  France 
by  means  of  European  coalitions,  while  vigorous  and 
daring,  imposed  on  England  a  heavy  financial  burden, 
and,  ix-rhaps  owing  to  the  petty  views  and  selfish 
character  of  his  continental  allies,  it  could  never  have 
attained  much  success.  His  administration  covered  a 
time  of  great  difficulty  and  peril,  which  forced  him  to 
abandon  most  of  his  early  schemes  of  internal  reform,  but 
tie  preserved  England  from  serious  disaster,  established 
the  reputation  of  her  arms,  and  greatly  increased  her 
colonial  possessions.  [xlv.  367] 

PITT,  WILLIAM  (1749-1823%  writer  on  agriculture ; 
prepared  reports  on  several  English  counties  for  the  board 
of  agriculture,  besides  publishing  economic  and  agricul- 
tural treatises.  [xlv.  386.] 

PITT,  Sin  WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  (1728-1809), 
general ;  brother  of  George  Pitt,  first  baron  Rivers  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  the  army,  1744  :  distinguished  himself  in  several 
actions:  K.B.,  1792:  general,  1793 ;  governor  of  Ports- 
mouth, 1794-1809.  [xlv.  344] 

PITT-RIVERS,  AUGUSTUS  HENRY  LANE  FOX 
(1827-1900),  lieutenant-general,  anthropologist,  and 
arelueolofrist :  ran  of  William  Augustus  Lane  Fox ;  a*. 
Mimed  name  of  Pitt-Rivers  ( 1880)  on  eventually  inheriting 
estates  of  his  great-uncle,  George  Pitt,  second  baron  Rivers 
(1761-1828):  educated  at  Sandhurst:  received  commis- 
sion in  grenadier  guards,  1846;  captain,  1850  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1882:  employed  in  investigations  as  to  use  and 
improvement  of  rifle,  1851-7  :  nerved  in  Crimea ;  collected 
weapons,  and  subsequently  other  articles  illustrating  the 
coarse  of  human  invention ;  the  collection  was  housed  by 
government  at  Bethual  Green,  London,  and  South  Ken- 
nington,  London,  till  1883,  when  it  was  presented  to  Ox- 
ford University  and  placed  in  the  Pitt-Rivers  Museum: 
>«!.  from  1880,  at  Hushmore.  Wiltshire,  and  explored 
antiquities,  accurately  recording  excavations,  and 
ng  models  of  sites  to  be  placed  in  the  museum  of 
Faniham,  Dorset,  which  he  built ;  F.R.S.,  1876 ;  vice- 


prcsident  of  Society  of  Antiquaries;  first  inspector  of 
ancient  tuoniinieiits',  1*8:2 ;  lion.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1HHG  ;  pub- 
lishi-d  scientific  writings  and  accounts  of  excavations. 

[Suppl.  iii.  2(58] 

PITTARROW,  L..KII  <</.  1576).  [See  WISHAKT,  Sn; 
JOHN.] 

PITTENDREICH,  Lmtn  (./.  16H3).  [Pee  BU.K..IK. 
SIR  JAMKS.] 

PITTIS,  THOMAS  (1G3C-1C87),  divine;  of  Trinity 
and  Lincoln  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College. 
1658:  D.D.,  1670;  was  expelled  from  the  university, 
1658:  became  a  royal  chaplain,  <•.  1G70;  rector  of  St. 
BotolphX  Bishopsgate,  London,  1078-87.  [xlv.  386] 

PITTIS,  WILLIAM  (1674-1724),  pamphleteer:  son  of 
Thomas  Pittis  [q.  v.]  :  of  Winchester  and  New  College, 
Oxford ;  fellow,  1692-5  ;  B.A.,  1694  :  member  of  the  Inner 
Temple :  ordered,  in  1706,  to  stand  in  the  pillory  three 
hours  and  to  pay  a  fine  for  writing  '  A  Memorial  of  the 
Church,  of  England,'  not  now  extant,  and  was  taken  into 
custody  (1714)  for  his  '  Reasons  for  a  War  with  France.' 

[xlv.  386] 

PITTMAN,  JOSIAH  (1816-1886),  musician  and 
Author :  organist  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1852-64  :  accompanist 
at  Her  Majesty's  Opera,  London.  1865-8,  and  at  Covent 
Garden,  1868-86 :  edited  many  works  for  Messrs.  Boosey. 

[xlv.  387] 

PITTS,  JOSEPH  (1663-1731?),  traveller:  captured 
by  an  Algerine  pirate  (1678),  and  enslaved  at  Algiers  ;  per- 
formed the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  ;  escaped,  1693 ;  published 
at  Exeter  (1704)  the  first  authentic  account  by  an  English- 
man of  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  [xlv.  387] 

PITTS,  WILLIAM  (1790-1840),  silver-chaser  and 
sculptor ;  gained  a  great  reputation  for  models  and  reliefs 
in  pure  classical  taste ;  was  ambidextrous,  drawing  and 
modelling  equally  well  with  either  hand.  [xlv.  388] 

PIX,  MART  (1666-1720?),  dramatist:  nte  Griffith: 
married  George  Pix,  a  merchant  tailor  of  London,  1684; 
produced  (1696)  the  blank-verse  tragedy,  'Ibrahim,'  at 
Dorset  Garden,  London,  and  published  a  novel  and  farce ; 
devoted  herself  from  this  time  to  dramatic  authorship,  her 
plays  appearing  at  several  London  theatres ;  devoid  of 
learning  and  notorious  for  her  fatness  and  love  of  good 
wine :  left  passable  comedies  and  intolerable  tragedies ; 
travestied  in  '  The  Female  Wits,'  a  dramatic  satire, 

[xlv.  388] 

PLACE,  FRANCIS  (1647-1728),  amateur  artist: 
modelled  his  style  on  his  friend  Wenceslaus  Hollar  [q.  v.] ; 
had  considerable  merit  as  a  painter  of  animals  and  still- 
life,  and  also  drew  portraits  in  crayon  ;  one  of  the  first 
Englishmen  to  practise  the  newly  discovered  art  of  mezzo- 
tint engraving.  [xlv.  390] 

PLACE,  FRANCIS  (1771-1854),  radical  reformer: 
apprenticed  to  a  leather-breeches  maker,  and  (1791)  be- 
came a  journeyman,  but  owing  to  the  decay  of  the  trade 
could  hardly  obtain  work;  studied  when  he  had  oppor- 
tunity, and  became  secretary  to  the  clubs  of  several  trades, 
including  his  own  ;  tailor  in  London,  1799:  supported  Sir 
Francis  Burdett  [q.  v.]  (1807  and  1810)  in  his  political 
campaigns,  and  made  the  acquaintance  of  many  leading 
politicians  and  political  thinkers  ;  carried  on  a  campaign 
(1816-23)  against  the  sinking  fund,  and  (1824)  succeeded 
in  getting  the  laws  against  combinations  of  workmen 
repealed :  eventually  regarded  as  the  source  of  radical 
inspiration ;  his  power  lessened  after  the  passing  of  the 
Reform  Bill.  Seventy-one  volumes  of  his  manuscripts 
and  materials,  largely  autobioeraphical,  are  in  the  British 
Museum.  £xlv.  390] 

PLAMPIN,  ROBERT  (1762-1834),  vice-admiral: 
entered  the  navy,  1776 :  possessed  a  good  knowledge  of 
French  and  Dutch,  which  greatly  assisted  him  in  his  pro- 
fession ;  saw  much  service  during  the  French  war,  espe- 
cially in  European  waters  ;  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland, 
1826-8  ;  promoted  vice-admiral,  1826.  [xlv.  393] 

PLANCHE",  JAMES  ROBINSON  (1796-1880),  somer- 
set herald  and  dramatist :  wrote  l  Amoroso,'  a  burlesque, 
which  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1818  ;  sub- 
sequently wrote  numerous  pieces  for  the  London  theatres  : 
musical  manager  at  Vauxlmll  Gardens,  London,  1826-7; 
manager  of  the  Adelphi,  London,  1830:  connected  with 
the  Olympic,  London,  Covent  Garden,  London,  and  the 
Lyceum,  London,  under  Madame  Vestris  from  1831  to 
1866  ;  continued  to  write  till  1872  ;  antiquary  and  student 


PLANCHE 


1049 


PLAYFAIR 


of  heraldry  an.l  costume;   his 'History  of  British  <:,*.- 
mm.-'  (  l*:»l)  the  result  of  ten  years'  .{ndy.     In  1866  he 

Soim-r-H  h.-ral.l,  ami  he  went  on  varion-  f«T.  r-'u 
mis-ion.-  t<i  in\.-t  i-oiitiiifiital  i>riiuv>  \\itli  tin-  onl'T  of 
the' (tarter.  [xlv.  396] 

PLANCHE\    MATILDA     ANNE    (1K2«-  IHMI  ).     [See 

M.\i  KAUNAS.] 

PLANT,  THOMAS  LIVESLEY  (1819-18«J),  meteoro- 
logist ;  kept  systematic  meteorological  records  at  Itinniiiif- 
ham  for  forty-six  yean  (1837-83),  Derides  uritn 
on  the  subject.  [xlv.  897] 

PLANTA,  JOSEPH  (1744-1817),  librarian:  born  in 
the  Orisons  ;  came  to  London,  1752,  with  his  father,  whom 
he  succeeded  (1773)  as  aseistant-librarian  at  tin-  Hriti-h 
Museum:  promoted  (1776)  keeper  of  mamwcrlpU,  and 
(1799)  principal  librarian.  During  his  term  of  office  he 
granted  many  facilities  to  the  public.  [xlv.  397] 

PLANTA,  JOSEPH  (1787-1847),  diplomatist;  son  of 
Joseph  Planta  (1744-1827)  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Eton  ; 
Ouulngt  private  secretary,  1807-9,  and  afterwards 
M  ,-nt:iry  to  Oastlereagh,  1813-1 J,  during  his  minion  to 
the  allied  sovereigns.  [xlv.  398] 

PLANTAOENET,  FAMILY  OK.  Though  the  surname 
has  become  attached  by  usage  to  the  house  which  occupied 
the  English  throne  from  1164  to  1486,  the  family  did  not 
assmnr  it  until  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It 
was  originally  a  personal  nickname  of  Geoffrey,  count  of 
Anjou,  father  of  Henry  II,  and  Richard,  duke  of  York, 
desiring  to  express  the  superiority  of  his  descent  over  the 
Lancastrian  line,  adopted  Plantagenet  as  a  surname.  It 
first  appeared  in  formal  records  in  1460. 

The  sovereigns  of  the  Angevin  dynasty  appear  in  this 
index  under  their  Christian  names.  Other  members  of  the 
family  are  noticed  under  the  following  headings  ;  ARTHUR, 
VISCOUNT  LISLE  (1480?-1642),  see  PLANTAGENET,  SIR 
ARTHUR  ;  EDMUND,  called  OROUCHBACK  (1246-1296). 
see  LANCASTER  ;  EDMUND,  second  EARL  OF  CORNWALL 
(1260-1300),  see  EDMUND;  EDMUND  OP  WOODSTOCK, 
EARL  OP  KENT  (1301-1330),  see  EDMUND;  EDMUND  DE 
LANG  LEY,  first  DUKE  OP  YORK  (1341 -1402),  see  LANGLKT; 
EDWARD,  'THE  BLACK  PKIXCE'  (1330-1376),  see  ED- 
WARD :  EDWARD,  second  DUKK  OP  YORK  (1373  ?-1415), 

see     'PLANTAGENET,'     EDWARD;      EDWARD,     EARL     OP 

WARWICK  (1476-1499),  see  EDWARD  ;  GKOPPRKY,  arch- 
bishop of  York  (</.  1212),  see  GEOPPRKY;  GKORUE, 
DUKE  OP  OLARENCK  (1449-1478),  see  GEORGE  ;  HENRY  ov 
CORNWALL  (1235-1271),  see  HENRY;  HENRY,  EARL  op 
LANCASTER  (1281  ?-1345),see  HENRY;  HENRY, first  DUKE 
OP  LANCASTER  (1299 ?-1361),  see  HENRY:  HUMI-HUEY, 
DUKK  OP  GLOUCESTER  (1391-1447),  see  HUMPHREY  ;  JOHN- 
OP  ELTHAM,  EARL  OP  CORNWALL  (1316-1336),  see  JOHN  ; 
JOHN  OP  GAUNT,  DUKE  OP  LANCASTER  (1340-1399),  see 
JOHN;  JOHN  op  LANCASTER,  DUKE  OP  BEDPORD  (1389- 
1436),  see  JOHN  ;  LIONEL  OP  ANTWERP,  DUKK  OP 
CLARENCE  (1338-1368),  see  LIONEL;  MARGARET,  COUN- 
TESS OP  SALISBURY  (1473-1641),  see  POLE,  MARGARET  ; 
RICHARD,  EARL  OP  CORNWALL  and  KING  op  THE  ROMANS 
(1209-1272),  see  RICHARD;  RICHARD,  EARL  OP  CAM- 
BRIDGE (d.  1416),  see  RICHARD  ;  RICHARD,  DUKE  op 
YORK  (1411-14(50),  see  RICHAKD  ;  RICHARD,  DUKE  OP 
YORK  (1472-1483),  see  RICHARD  ;  THOMAS,  EARL  op  LAN- 
CASTER (1277  ?-1322),  see  THOMAS  ;  THOMAS  OP  BROTHER- 
TON,  EARL  OP  NORFOLK  (1300-1338),  see  THOMAS  ; 
THOMAS  op  WOODSTOCK,  DUKE  OP  GLOUCESTER  (1355- 
1397),  see  THOMAS  ;  THOMAS,  DUKE  OP  CLARENCE  (1388  ?- 
1421),  see  THOMAS.  [rlv.  398] 

PLANTAGENET,  ARTHUR,  VISCOUNT  LISLE  (1480? 
1542),  natural  son  of  Edward  IV  by  Elizabeth  Lucie ;  an 
esquire  of  Henry  VHI's  bodyguard  ;  married  (1611)  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Edward  Grey,  viscount  Lisle,  obtaining 
a  grant  of  the  title,  1623  ;  became  deputy  of  Calais,  1633, 
and  in  1540  was  arrested  on  suspicion  of  being  implicated 
in  a  plot ;  was  declared  innocent  in  1542,  but  died  in  the 
Tower  of  London  of  excitement.  [xlv.  399] 

•PLANTAGENET,'  EDWARD,  more  correctly  ED- 
WARD OP  NORWICH,  second  DUKE  OP  YORK  (1373?- 
1415),  eldest  son  of  Edmund  de  Langley,  first  duke  of 
York  [q.  v.]  :  K.G.,  1387 ;  created  Earl  of  Rutland,  1390  ; 
became  admiral  of  the  northern  fleet,  1391,  and  sole 
admiral,  1392 ;  created  Earl  of  Cork,  139G  :  took  a  leading 
part  in  Richard  Il's  attack  upon  the  lords  appellant,  1397, 
and  was  rewarded  with  large  grants  of  land,  the  duchy  of 


Albemarle,  and  the  office  of 

Kii-hanl  II  in  l.V.c.t  mii.-li  <|ti<->uoiu'l,  although  perhaps 
without  Mitii,  •!,.,,!  ,  a  tine;  deprived  by  Henry  1'. 
constaMi-.hip,  of  the  dignity  of  duke,  and  of  his  later 
grant*  of  land,  bat  WM  won  afterwards  littiug  in  the 
prlTy  council  ;  the  story  of  hU  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Chrwtmas  1S99  not  tunportad  by  tn. 
evidence:  raoceeded  M  Duke  of  York,  Uo»:  appointed 
lieutenant  of  South  Wale*,  liOJ:  enwed  in  ihe  abortiv* 
attempt  to  carry  off  the  Mortimer*  from  Windsor  and 
WM  arrested,  1406.  but  released  by  the  clou  of  the  year  ; 
commanded  the  right  wing  at  Agincourt,  and  WM  killed 
in  the  battle.  []UT.  401] 

PLANTAOENET,    GEORGE,    Dr«   o»  OLAMWcr 

(1449-1478). 


PLAT  or  PLATT,  SIR  HUGH  (1MS-1611?),  writer 
on  agriculture  and  inventor  :  MO  of  a  London  brewer  : 
amply  provided  for  by  hia  father  ;  RA.  St.  John'*  College, 
Cambridge,  1572;  developed  an  active  interest  in 
mechanical  inventions  and  In  agriculture,  which  he 
treated  scientifically  :  published  (1W4)'  The  Jewell  Hou*- 
of  Art  and  Nature,'  which  contained  description*  of  a 
number  of  inventions  and  of  experiment*  in  agriculture  ; 
knighted,  1606:  author  of  other  ciiriou*  works  on  such 
topii-s  as  household  recipes  for  pre*erviug  fruits,  distil- 
ling, cooking,  and  dyeing  the  hair  :  published  his  chief  work 
on  gardening,  '  Floraes  Paradise,'  1608.  [xlv.  407] 

PLATT,  Sin  THOMAS  JOSHUA  (1790  ?-1862),  baron 
of  the  exchequer  :  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1814:  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  lnlO: 
knighted,  1845  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1845-50. 

[xlv.  4091 

PLATT,  THOMAS  PELL  (1798-1862),  orientalist; 
fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1820;  MJL,  18JS; 
acted  for  some  years  as  librarian  of  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  and  (c.  1825)  collated  for  the  society 
the  ^Ethiopic  texts  of  the  New  Testament  :  aim  prepared 
an  edition  of  the  Syriac  gospels,  1829,  ai»d  an  Amharic 
version  of  the  bible,  1844.  [xlv.  409] 

PLATTE8,  GABRIEL  (/.  1638-1640),  writer  on 
agriculture;  published  his  'Treatise  on  Agriculture,'  1638, 
and  subsequently  other  works  :  said  to  have  died  destitute 
during  the  Commonwealth.  [xlv.  410] 

PLATTS,  JOHN  (1775-1837),  nnitarian  divine  and 
compiler;  Unitarian  minister  at  Boston,  1K05-17,  and 
Doucaster,  1817-37  ;  published,  besides  other  works,  4  A 
new  Universal  Biography  '  (1825,  6  vols.),  arranged  chrono- 
logically, and  extending  to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  and  a  '  New  Self-interpreting  Testament,'  1827. 

[xly.  410] 

FLAW,  JOHN  (1745  ?-1820),  architect:  architect  and 
master-builder  in  Westminster;  published  several  pro- 
fessional works.  [xlv.  411] 

PLAYER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1608-1672),  chamberlain  of 
London  ;  M.  A.  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1633  :  a  member 
of  the  Habenlashers'  Company  ;  was  elected  chamberlain, 
1661  ;  knighted,  1660  ;  became,  as  chamberlain,  official 
collector  of  the  hearth-tax,  1664.  [xlv.  411] 

PLAYER,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1686),  chamberlain  of  Lon- 
don ;  only  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Player  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1660  ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  chamberlain,  1672,  resigning  in 
1683.  He  is  gibhetud  as  Kabshakeh  by  Drydeu  in  '  Absalom 
and  Achitophel.'  [xlv.  411] 

PLAYFAIR,  SIR  HUGH  LYON  (1786-1861),  Indian 
officer  and  provost  of  St.  Andrews  ;  sou  of  James  Playfair 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  University  :  entered  the 
Bengal  artillery,  1804,  and  saw  much  service  in  India, 
retiring,  1834;  provost  of  St.  Andrews,  1842-61  :  revived 
the  Royal  and  Ancient  Golf  Club  :  LL.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1856  ;  knighted,  1856.  [xlv.  412] 

FLA  YF  AIR,  JAMBS  (1738-1819),  principal  of  St 
Andrews  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1779  ;  appointed  principal 
of  the  United  College.  St.  Andrews,  and  minister  of  the 
church  of  St.  Leonard's,  1800  :  for  many  years  historio- 
grapher to  George,  prince  of  Wales.  [xlv.  413] 

PLAYFAIR,  JOHN  (1748-1819),  mathematician  and 
geologist:  graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1765;  minister  of 
Liff  and  Ben  vie,  1773-83,  and  joint-professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Edinburgh,  1786-1806  ;  became  professor  of 
natural  philosophy,  1805  :  F.R.S..  1807  :  published,  besides 
other  works,  •  Elements  of  Geometry,'  1796  (llth  edit. 


PLAYFAIE, 


1050 


PLOUGH 


1M9).  and  '  Illustrations  of  the  Huttoniau  Theory  of  the 
Earth.'  1801,  whi.-ti  latter  helped  to  create  the  modem 
of  geology.  [xlv.  413] 


PLAYFAIR.  Sui  LYON,  first  BAUON  PLAYPAIR  OK 
\  nNUra  -  1  isis-l»98)  :  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Lambert 
Playfair  [q.  v.]:  educated  at  St.  Andrews;  studied 
chemistry  under  Thomas  Graham  [q.  v.]  at  Glasgow  ; 
MrisUnt  to  Graham  at  University  College,  Loudon  :  Ph.D. 
OieMeti  :  honorary  professor  of  chemistry  to  Royal  Insti- 
tution, Manchester,  1843-5  ;  chemist  to  Geological  Survey 
and  professor  in  new  School  of  Mines,  Jermyn  Street, 
London,  184ft  ;  F.R.S.,  1848  ;  president  of  Chemical  Society, 
1867-9;  took  part  in  organising  Great  Exhibition,  1851  ; 
C.Bn  1851  :  secretary  for  science  to  Department  of  Science 
and  Art,  1853,  and  secretary  for  science  and  art,  1855-8  : 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Edinburgh,  1858-69;  liberal 
M.P.  for  universities  of  Edinburgh  and  St.  Andrews, 
1868-85  ;  postmaster-general,  1873  ;  chairman  and  deputy- 
•peaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1880-3:  K.C.B.,  1883: 
liberal  M.P.  for  South  Leeds,  1885-92  :  vice-president  of 
council,  1886  :  raised  to  peerage,  1892  :  lord-in-waiting  to 
Queen  Victoria,  1892  ;  G.C.B.,  1895.  He  made  important 
investigations  on  tlie  nitroprussides,  a  new  class  of  salts 
which  he  discovered.  [Suppl.iii.27U]  ' 

PLAYFAIR.  SIR  ROBERT  LAMBERT  (1828-1899), 
author  and  administrator  ;  grandson  of  James  Playfair 
[q.  v.]  :  brother  of  Sir  Lyou  Playfair,  baron  Playfair 
[q.  v.];  entered  Madras  artillery,  1846;  captain,  1858; 
transferred  to  Madras  staff  corps,  1861;  major,  1866; 
retired  from  army  as  lieutenant-colonel,  1867  ;  assistant 
political  resident  at  Aden,  1854-62  ;  F.R.G.S.,  1860  ;  poli- 
tical agent  at  Zanzibar,  1862,  and  consul,  1863  ;  consul- 
general  for  Algeria,  1867,  for  Algeria  and  Tunis,  1885,  and 
for  Algeria  and  northern  coast  of  Africa,  1889-96; 
K.C.M.G.,  1886.  His  publications  include  bibliographies  of 
Algeria,  1851-87  (1888),  of  Tripoli  and  the  Oyreuaica  (1889), 
and  of  Morocco  (1892),  books  of  travel,  handbooks  for 
travellers,  and  other  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  272] 

PLAYFAIR,  WILLIAM  (1759-1823),  publicist; 
brother  of  John  Playfair  [q.  v.]  ;  apprenticed  to  Andrew 
Meikle  [q.  v.]  ;  took  out  several  patents,  and  opened  a  shop 
in  London  for  their  sale  ;  removed  to  Paris,  not  being  suc- 
cessful, but(c.  1793),  after  taking  part  in  the  French  revo- 
lution, returned  to  London,  where  (1795)  he  began  writing 
•gainst  the  French  revolution  :  became  editor  of  'Galig- 
nani's  Messenger  'in  Paris  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
but  fled  to  London  (1818)  to  avoid  imprisonment  for  libel  ; 
earned  a  precarious  livelihood  in  London  by  pamphlets 
and  translations  ;  wrote  over  forty  works.  [xlv.  414] 

PLAYFAIR.  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1789-1867),  archi- 
tect ;  nephew  of  John  Playfair  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  between  1815  and  1820  he  laid  out  part  of 
the  new  town:  engaged  (1817-24)  in  rebuilding  and  en- 
larging the  university  buildings;  executed  other  im- 
portant works,  including  the  Advocates'  Library  and  the 
National  Gallery  of  Scotland.  His  classical  buildings  are 
predominant  in  any  view  of  Edinburgh,  and  have  gained 
for  it  the  sobriquet  of  the  '  Modern  Athens.'  [xlv.  4J5] 

PLAYFERE,  THOMAS  (1561  9-1609),  divine  ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1583  :  fellow  of  St  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1684  ;  D.D.,  1596  (incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1696);  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1696-1609.  He  was  chaplain  to  James  I.  [xlv.  416] 

PLAYFORD,  HENRY  (1657-1  706  ?),  musical  pub- 
lisher ;  son  of  John  Playford  (1623-1686  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  carried 
on  his  father's  business,  and  published  a  large  number  of 
collections  of  music  :  established  in  1699  a  concert  of 
music,  lu-ld  three  times  a  week  in  a  coffee-house  :  in- 
stituted weekly  clubs  for  the  practice  of  music,  c.  1701. 

PLAYFORD,  JOHN,  the  elder(1623-1686  ?X  musician 
and  publisher  :  became  known  as  a  musical  publisher  in 
London,  c.  1648,  and  from  1662  until  hia  retirement  kept  a 
*bopin  th.  inner  Temple,  near  the  church  door;  almost 
monopolised  the  business  of  music  publishing  in  Entr- 
land  under  the  Commonwealth,  and  for  some  years  of 
Obarks  IPs  reign  ;  famous  for  his  collected  volumes  of 
*«»«•  and  catches.  In  typographical  technique  his  most 
original  improvement  was  the  invention,  in  1668,  of  'the 
Wwty  uote<  fli"  original  compositions  were  few  and 

[xlv.  416] 


PLAYFORD,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1656-1686),  music 
printer :  nephew  of  John  Playford  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  en- 
tered into  partnership,  in  1679,  with  Ann  Godbid  in  the 
printing-house  at  Little  Britain  (also  the  chief  printing- 
house  for  setting  up  mathematical  works),  [xlv.  419] 

PLEASANTS,  THOMAS  (1728-1818),  philanthro- 
pist; a  gentleman  of  affluence  who  made  many  large 
contributions  to  philanthropic  institutions  in  Dublin. 

[xlv.  419] 

PLECHELM,  SAINT  (fl.  700), '  the  apostle  of  Guelder- 
land ' ;  an  Irishman  of  noble  birth  who  received  holy 
orders  and  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome ;  having  been 
consecrated  a  bishop,  went  with  St.  Wiro,  an  Irish  bishop, 
on  a  mission  to  Gaul ;  settled  at  Itureimmd,  whence 
many  missions  were  sent  to  the  provinces  between  the 
Rhine  and  the  Meuse.  He  has  been  doubtfully  identified 
with  Pecthelm  [q.  v.]  [xlv.  420] 

PLEGMUND  (rf.  914),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  a 
Mercian  by  birth ;  lived  as  a  hermit  on  an  island  (Plem- 
stull)  near  Chester ;  called  to  court  by  Alfred,  where  he 
instructed  the  king  and  helped  him  in  his  literary  work  ; 
chosen  archbishop,  890 ;  visited  Rome,  890  and  908. 

[xlv.  4201 

PLESSIS  or  PLESSETIS,  JOHN  DE,  EARL  OF  WAR- 
WICK  (rf.  1263),  of  Norman  origin ;  first  mentioned  in 
1227  :  accompanied  Henry  III  to  Poitou,  1242 ;  married 
Margaret  de  Neubourg,  countess  of  Warwick,  1242,  as- 
suming the  title  in  1245  :  one  of  the  royal  representatives 
on  the  committee  of  twenty-four  at  the  parliament  of 
Oxford,  1258,  one  of  the  royal  electors  of  the  council  of 
fifteen,  and  a  member  of  the  latter  body ;  member  of  the, 
council  selected  to  act  wheu  Henry  III  was  out  of  England, 
1259.  [xlv.  421] 

PLESSIS,  JOSEPH  OCTAVE  (1762-1825),  Roman 
catholic  archbishop  of  Quebec  ;  became  bishop-coadjutor 
of  Quebec,  1801,  bishop,  1806,  and  archbishop,  1818;  a 
powerful  leader  of  the  French  national  party ;  opposed 
(1822)  the  union  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

[xlv.  422] 

PLESYNGTON,  SIR  ROBERT  DK  (d.  1393),  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer;  was  appointed  chief  baron  in 
1380,  but  removed  in  1386  on  account  of  his  adhesion  to 
the  party  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  duke  of  Gloucester 
[q.  v.]  [xlv.  452] 

PLEYDELL-BOUVERIE,  EDWARD  (1818-1889) 
[See  BOUVKRIK] 

PLEYDELL-BOTTVERIE,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL 
RADNOR  (1779-1869).  [See  BOUVKRIE.] 

PLIMER,  ANDREW  (1763-1837), miniature-painter; 
practised  in  London  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy, 
1786-1810  and  1819.  His  miniatures  are  of  the  finest 
quality,  and  much  sought  after  by  collectors,  [xlv.  424] 

PLDKCER,  NATHANIEL  (1751-1822),  miniature- 
painter  ;  brother  of  Andrew  Plimer  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  1787-1815;  his  work  much  inferior 
to  tliat  of  his  brother.  [xlv.  424] 

PLIMSOLL,  SAMUEL  (1824-1898),  'the  Sailors' 
Friend ' ;  honorary  secretary  for  Great  Exhibition,  1851 ; 
established  himself  as  coal  merchant  in  London,  1853  : 
radical  M.P.  for  Derby,  1868-80 :  did  much  to  expedite 
passing  of  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1876,  and  in  1875 
created  a  scene  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  a  violent 
protest  against  the  obstruction  of  the  ship-owning 
members ;  president  of  Sailors' and  Firemen's  Union,  1890  ; 
published  pamphlets  and  contributed  many  articles  to 
periodicals,  chiefly  on  subjects  of  mercantile  shipping. 

[Suppl.  iii.  273] 

PLOT,  ROBERT  (1640-1696),  antiquary  ;  a  gentleman 
of  property  in  Kent ;  author  of  '  The  Natural  History  of 
Oxfordshire,'  1677,  and  '  The  Natural  History  of  Stafford- 
shire,' 1686,  works  of  some  interest,  but  marked  by  great 
credulity  ;  appointed  first '  custos '  of  the  Ashmolean  Mu- 
seum and  professor  of  chemistry  at  Oxford,  1683,  historio- 
grapher royal,  1688,  and  Mowbray  herald  extraordinary, 
1695.  [xlv.  424] 

PLOTT,  JOHN  (1732-1803),  miniature-painter:  a 
pupil  of  Nathaniel  Hone  [q.  v.] ;  practised  miniature- 
painting  with  success,  both  at  London  and  Winchester. 

[xlv.  426] 

PLOUGH,  JOHN  (rf.  1562X  protestaut  controver- 
sialist ;  B.C.L.  Oxford,  1544  ;  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's, 


PLOWDEN 


1051 


PL.UMPTRE 


Bruges  and  Liege  returned  to 
r  of  the  novice*  at  Stony- 


Nottingham,  but  on  Queen  Mary's  accession  fled  to  BUe  ; 
returned  to  England,  1559,  and  tiecame  rector  «•: 
1  1  am,  1560.    HiB  works  are  not  extant.  [xlv.  426] 

PLOWDEN,  CHARLES  (1743-18S1),  . 
hurst  College:  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus,  1769,  and 
aftor  passing  some  years  at 
England  :   appointed  master 

hurst,  1803,  and  declared  rector,  1817  ;  a  writer  of  great 
power  and  a  good  orator.  [xlv.  418J 

PLOWDEN,  EDMUND  (1518-1685),  jurist  : 
at  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple  :  one  <>f  the 
council  of  the  man-he*  of  Wales,  155S  ;  snt  in  parliament 
during  Queen  Mary's  reign  a*  M.P.,  Walliugfonl,  1553, 
Reading,  1554,  Wootton-Bassett,  1555,  but  after  Queen 
Elizabeth's  accession  found  public  life  closed  to  him  on 
account  of  his  being  a  Roman  catholic  :  had  such  great 
fame  as  a  jurist  that  his  name  was  embodied  in  the  proverb 
'  The  case  is  altered,  quoth  1'lowdm  '  ;  regardnl  with  great 
admiration  by  Sir  Edward  Coke  ;  published  several  legal 
compilations.  [xlv.  428] 

PLOWDEN,  FRANCIS  PETER  (1749-18J9),  writer  ; 
lirnther  of  Charles  Plowden  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  and  was  master  of  the  college  at  Bruges,  1771-3  : 
returned  to  a  secular  life  on  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits 
by  papal  bull  in  1773,  being  only  a  novice  :  entered  the 
Middle  Temple  and  practised  as  a  conveyancer  :  called  to 
the  bar,  1796,  on  the  removal  of  catholic  disabilities; 
became  eminent  as  a  legal  and  political  writer,  publish- 
ing several  pamphlets  against  Pitt  ;  fled  to  France,  1813, 
to  avoid  the  consequences  of  a  libel  suit,  and  became  a 
professor  in  the  Scots  College  at  Paris,  where  he  died. 
His  greatest  work  is  '  An  Historical  Review  of  the  State 
of  Ireland,'  1808.  [xlv.  429] 

PLOWDEN,  WALTER  OHIOHBLB  (182O-1880X 
consul  in  Abyssinia  :  joined  Mr.  J.  T.  Bell  (1843)  in  an  ex- 
pedition into  Abyssinia  to  explore  the  sources  of  the  White 
Nile;  appointed  consul,  1848,  remaining  in  the  Interior 
till  18(50,  when  he  died  of  injuries  received  during  a  con- 
flict with  a  rebel  chieftain.  [xlv.  431] 

PLUGENET,  ALAN  DR  (d.  1299),  baron  :  fought  on 
Henry  Ill's  side  in  the  barons'  war,  and  In  1282  served  in 
the  Welsh  war  ;  provoked  the  rising  under  Rhys  ap 
Meredith  in  1287  by  his  oppressive  conduct  as  king's 
steward  in  Wales  ;  summoned  to  parliament  as  a  baron 
from  1  292  to  1  297.  [xlv.  43  1  ] 

PLUGENET,  ALAN  DK  (1277-1319),  baron  ;  served 
in  the  Scottish  wars,  1309-11,  1313-17,  and  1319  ;  sum- 
moned to  parliament  as  a  baron,  1311.  [xlv.  432] 

PLTTKENET,  LEONARD  (1642-1706),  botanist  :  per- 
haps educated  at  Westminster  School  ;  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician in  London,  and  published  many  works  on  botany  at 
his  own  expense  ;  appointed  superintendent  of  the  royal 
gardens  at  Hampton  Court,  with  the  title  of  'Queen's 
Botanist,'  after  1689.  [xlv.  432] 

PLUME,  THOMAS  (1630-1704),  archdeacon  of 
Rochester  ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1649  ; 
B.D.,  per  literas  regiai,  1661  :  D.D.,  1673  :  vicar  of  Green- 
wich, 1658  till  death  ;  subscribed  declaration  under 
Act  of  Uniformity,  1662:  archdeacon  of  Rochester,  1679- 
1704.  He  left  considerable  sums  of  money  for  charitable 
objects,  including  the  erection  of  an  observatory  and 
maintenance  of  a  professor  of  astronomy  and  experi- 
mental philosophy  at  Cambridge  (the  Plumiau  professor- 
ship). [Buppl.  iii.  274] 

PLUMER,  SIR  THOMAS  (1753-1824),  master  of  the 
rolls  ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and  University  College, 
Oxford;  fellow,  1780:  Vineriau  scholar,  1777:  M.A., 
1778;  B.C.L.,  1783:  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1778;  ap- 
pointed a  commissioner  in  bankruptcy,  1781  :  defended 
Sir  Thomas  Rumbold  [q.  v.].  1783,  and  (1787)  was  one  of 
the  three  counsel  returned  to  defend  Warren  Hastings  ; 
successfully  defended  Lord  Melville  on  his  impeachment, 
1806,  and  assisted  Eldon  and  Perceval  in  the  defence  of 
Caroline,  princess  of  Wales  against  the  charges  brought 
against  her,  1806  :  solicitor-general  in  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land's administration,  1807  ;  knighted,  1807  ;  became 
attorney-general,  1812  :  created  first  vice-chancellor  of 
England,  under  the  provisions  of  53  George  III,  1813  ; 
became  master  of  the  rolls,  1818.  [xlv.  432] 

PLUMPTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1153-1  523  \  soldier;  son 
of  Sir  William  Piompton  [q.  v.],  by  Joan  Winteriugliam, 


to  whom  be  had  been  privately  married  (1451),  according 

1467-8  ;  knighted  by  the  Duke  of  Gloucester.  1481 ;  sup? 
j,<>rt., i   i  .:ter  he  had  secured  the  crown: 

though  loyal,  f.-H  ,.,to  the  hands  of  Henry  VITs  i 
Bmpson,  who  raked  up  the  old  clait 

-  William  1'hm.pton  (already  referred  to),  and 
was  thus  reduced  to  poverty,  being  imprisoned  in  the 
Counter  on  limn  V!ir<  accession:  soon  after  r 
and    Ins   «,tat.-    rt-Mornl.       Th.-    •  H  impf.n    Corn-stHiii- 

taeV«sj**j*d  mmtnm*»*3i5  £  w3  m 

Plumpton  down  to  1651.  was  edited  for  the  Oamden  fi 
in  1838-9  by  Thomas  Stapleton  (1806-1849)  [q.  v.] 

PLUMPTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1404-l48&lTsoU*Br: 
a  gentleman  of  Plumpton  in  Yorkshire:  fought  m  t  L.- 
French wars;  was  closely  connected  with  the  Percy 
family,  awl  was  thus  drawn  to  support  the  boose  of  Lan- 
caster ;  fought  at  Towton,  14til  ;  fell  Into  Edward  IV's 
hands,  submitted,  and  received  a  pardon,  1462.  In  1471, 
owing  to  some  fresh  move  in  the  Lancastrian  interest,  be 
received  a  general  pardon,  but  lost  his  offices,  [xlv.  484] 

PLUMPTRE,  ANNA  or  ANNE  (1760-1818),  author; 
daughter  of  Robert  Plumptre  [q.  v.] ;  a  good  linguist ; 
was  one  of  the  first  to  make  German  plays  known  in 
London,  translating  many  of  Kotxeboe's  dramas  in  1798 
and  1799;  intimate  with  Helen  Maria  Williams  [q.  v.]; 
published  (1810)  her  '  Narrative  of  a  Three  Years'  [180J-6] 
Residence  in  France.'  and  (1817)  her  '  Narrative  of  a  Resi- 
dence in  Ireland';  published  novels,  and  several  transla- 
tions of  travels  from  the  French  and  German,  [xlv.  436] 

PLUMPTRE,  ANNABELLA  (ft.  1795-1812),  author  ; 
daughter  of  Robert  Plumptre  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  several  novels 
and  translations  of  German  tales.  [xlv.  436] 

PLUMPTRE,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1818-1887),  bar- 
rister and  writer  on  elocution;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn, 
1844 ;  gradually  withdrew  from  practice  and  devoted 
himself  to  lecturing  on  elocution  ;  an  official  lecturer  at 
Oxford  and  at  King's  College,  London.  [xlv.  436] 

PLUMPIRE,  EDWARD  HAYES  (1881-1891 X  dean 
of  Wells  and  biographer  of  Bishop  Ken;  brother  of 
Charles  John  Plumptre  [q.  v.] ;  was  fellow  of  Brascnose 
College,  Oxford,  1844-7 ;  M.A.,  1847 :  chaplain  at  King's 
College,  London,  1847-68,  professor  of  pastoral  theology, 
1853-63,  and  professor  of  exegesis,  1864-81 ;  member  of 
the  Old  Testament  revision  committee,  1869-74  ;  Grinflcld 
lecturer  at  Oxford  University,  1872-4  :  dean  of  Wells,  1881- 
1891 ;  wrote  largely  on  the  interpretation  of  scriptures  and 
on  theological  topics  ;  published  also  verse  and  (1888)  his 
1  Life  of  Bishop  Ken,'  a  work  of  much  literary  charm. 

[xlv.  437] 

PLUMPTRE,  HENRY  (d.  1746)  president  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1705 ;  M.D.  per  literal  reyiat,  1706  :  fellow.  Queens* 
College,  Cambridge,  1703-7;  F.R.O.P.,  1708  (president, 
1740-5):  worked  on  the  fifth  'Pharmacopoeia  Londi- 
nensis '  (appeared,  1746).  [xlv.  438] 

PLUMPTRE,  JAMES  0770-1832),  dramatist  and 
divine ;  son  of  Robert  Plumptre  [q.  v.] ;  of  Queens'  Col- 
lege and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  1796  ; 
B.D.,  1808 ;  fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1793 ;  heU 
the  living  of  Great  Gransden,  1812-32.  He  wrote  plays, 
and  advocated  the  claims  of  the  stage  as  a  moral  edu- 
cator, and  endeavoured  to  improve  its  tone.  [xlv.  438] 

PLUMPTRE,  JOHN  (1753-1825),  dean  of  Gloucester  ; 
cousin  and  brother-in-law  of  James  Plumptre  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge;  fellow  of  King's 
College,  1775 ;  M.A.,  1780 ;  became  dean  of  Gloucester, 
1808 ;  published '  The  Elegies  of  0.  Pedo  Albinovanus  .  .  . 
with  an  English  version,'  1807,  and  was  probably  the 
author  of  -The  Principles  of  Natural  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion,' 1795.  [xlv.  439] 

PLUMPTRE,  ROBERT  (1723-1788X  president  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge :  grandson  of  Henry  Plumptre 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1748 ;  D.D., 
1761  :  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1746  :  pre- 
bendary of  Norwich,  1756  ;  president  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1760-88;  vice-chancellor,  1760-1  and  1777-8; 
left  some  manuscript  collections  on  UK?  history  of  the 
publishing  pamphlets  and  Latin  verses. 
[xlv.  439] 


PLTJMPTRE 


1052 


POCOCK 


PLUMPTRE,  RUSSELL  (1709-1793),  professor  of 
physio:  son  of  Henry  I'lnmptre  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Queens' 
OoUege,  Cambridge,  1738;  K.K.c.l'..  1739:  appointed 


iprafenorof  physic  at  Cambridge  University,  1741. 

[xlv.  438] 

PLUMRIDGE.  Sin  JAMKS  HANWAY  (17s7  1st,::). 
vice-admiral:  entered  the  navy,  1799;  was  present  at 
Trafalgar,  1806  :  saw  much  service  during  the  French 
war :  K.C.B.,  1866 :  vice-admiral,  1867.  [xlv.  440] 

PLUNKET.  CHRISTOPHER,  second  EAKI.  ..K 
(</.  1649),  took  his  seat  in  the  Irish  parliament, 
1689 :  endeavoured  to  preserve  neutrality  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  rebellion,  1641 ;  was  proclaimed  an  outlaw,  No- 
vember 1641;  joined  the  Ulster  party,  and  was  subse- 
quently appointed  general  of  the  horse  for  Meath ;  taken 
er  at  the  battle  of  Rathmines,  1649  ;  died  in  Dublin 

[xlv.  440] 

PLUNKET,  JOHN  (1664-1738),  Jacobite  agent;  a 
Roman  catholic  layman,  sometimes  known  under  the 
aliiu  of  Rogers  ;  for  over  twenty  years  in  the  employ  of 
leading  Jacobites  as  a  spy  or  diplomatic  agent ;  forged 
letters  from  Prince  Eugene  detailing  whig  plots  against 
the  government,  in  order  to  alarm  public  feeling  :  arrested 
(1793)  for  complicity  in  Layer's  plot  [see  LAYKR,  CHRIS- 
TOPHKR],  and  was  confined  in  the  Tower  of  London  till 
17S8  ;  died  soon  after  his  release.  [xlv.  441] 

PLUNKET,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1641  \  compiler:  known 
only  as  the  author  of  a  contemporary  account  of  affairs 
in  Ireland  in  1641,  which  Carte  frequently  cites  in  his 
.  Life  of  Ormonde.'  [xlv.  442] 

PLUNKET,  OLIVER  (1629-1681),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Armagh  and  titular  primate  of  Ireland; 
went  to  Home  in  1645  and  entered  the  Irish  College ;  filled 
the  chair  of  theology  at  the  Propaganda  College  from 
1667  till  his  nomination  as  archbishop  of  Armagh  in 
1669 ;  secretly  tolerated  by  government  until  the  passing 
of  the  Test  Act,  when  he  went  into  hiding  for  a  time ; 
committed  to  Dublin  Castle,  1678,  at  the  time  of  the  panic 
concerning  the '  Popish  plot ' ;  tried  in  London  for  treason, 
1681,  convicted  on  inadequate  evidence,  and  hanged, 
drawn,  and  quartered.  [xlv.  442] 

PLUNKET,  PATRICK,  ninth  BARON  op  DUNSANY 
(d.  1668),  succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates,  1603 ;  held 
aloof,  though  a  Roman  catholic,  from  the  rebellion  of 
1641,  but  was  driven  into  exile  by  the  English  parliament, 
and  only  restored  in  1662.  [xlv.  445] 

PLUNKET,  THOMAS,  BARON  PLUNKKT  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  (1716-1779),  general  in  the  service 
of  Austria  ;  born  in  Ireland ;  entered  the  Austrian  army 
and  fought  in  Turkey  and  in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  suc- 
cession ;  distinguished  himself  in  Italy,  1746,  and  (1757) 
greatly  contributed  to  the  victory  of  Kollin  :  nominated  a 
baron,  1768  ;  governor  of  Antwerp,  1770-9.  [xlv.  446] 

PLUNKET,  WILLIAM  CONYNGHAM,  first  BARON 
PLUNKKT  ( 1764-1854 X  lord-chancellor  of  Ireland;  son  of 
a  presbyteriau  minister  of  Enniskillen ;  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1787 ;  K.C.,  1797 ;  entered  the  Irish  parliament  as 
MJ».  for  Charlemont,  1798,  and  opposed  the  project  of 
union;  became  solicitor-general,  1803,  and  attorney- 
general,  1805,  and  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1807 
for  two  months  as  M.P.  for  Midhurst :  re-entered  parlia- 
ment(1812)  as  a  follower  of  Lord  Grenville,  having  by  that 
time  a  reputation  and  an  income  unequalled  at  the  Irish 
bar ;  exerted  himself  in  parliament  on  behalf  of  the  Roman 

CJth0liLf1f^1M:»8"0oeeded  Orntfcan  O«20)  as  foremost 
champion  of  catholic  emancipation,  and  created  a  great 
imprewriou   by  his  speeches ;  appointed  Irish  attorney- 
general  by  Lord  Liverpool,  January  1822 ;  his  conduct 
assailed  by  the  extremists   of  either   party ;    held   the 
position  of  master  of  the  rolls  for  a  few  days,  resigning  on 
account  of  the  feeling  of  the  English  bar  against  the  ap- 
pointment of  an  Irish   barrister  to  an  English  iudicial 
post,  1827  ;  was  then  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  Irish 
common  pleas  and  created  Baron  Plunket,  1827 ;  laboured 
nOQSMgiBj  in  the  House  of  Lords  on  behalf  of  the  Catholic 
i  Hill,  which  was  passed  in  1829  ;  appointed  by  Lord 
ey  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1830,  resigning  (1841)  in 
'~!  of  the  desire  of  government  to  replace  him 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  re- 
[xlv.  446]      j 


PLUNKET,  WILLIAM  CONYNGHAM,  fourth  BARON 
Pi.r.NkKT  ( irt'js  I,v.i7),  archbishop  of  Dublin  ;  grandson  of 
William  Conynirham  Pluuket,  first  baron  Plunket  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Cheltenham  College  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A., 
1853  ;  ordained,  1x57;  ixvtor  of  Kilmoylan  and  Cummer, 
1858:  active  member  of  Irish  Church  Missions  Society; 
married  (1863)  Aiyie,  daughter  of  Sir  Benjamin  Lee  Cuin- 
ness  [q.  v.];  treasurer  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  IHtU.  and 
precentor,  1869  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1871 ;  bishop  of 
Meath,  1876-84  ;  recognised  as  leader  of  evangelical  party 
in  Irish  church ;  energetically  resisted  attack  on  Irish 
church  establishment ;  assisted  in  reorganising  Church  of 
Ireland  Training  College  ;  archbishop  of  Dublin,  Glenda- 
lough,  and  Kildare,  1884 ;  dean  of  Christ  Church  Cathe- 
dral, Dublin,  1884-7  ;  actively  assisted  cause  of  protestant 
reformers  in  Spain,  and  conferred  consecration  on  its 
leader,  Senor  Cabrera,  1894 ;  president  and  chairman  of 
Italian  Reform  Association,  1886.  [Suppl.  iii.  275] 

PLUNKETT,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1769-1823).  [See 
GUNNING.] 

PLUNKETT,  JOHN  HUBERT  (1802-1869).  Australian 
statesman  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1824 ;  culled  to 
the  Irish  bar,  1826 ;  accepted  the  post  of  solicitor-general 
of  New  South  Wales,  1831,  to  which  in  1836  was  added 
that  of  attorney-general;  resigned  his  appointment  and 
entered  politics  on  the  establishment  of  responsible 
government  in  1866 ;  joined  the  Martin  ministry  as  leader 
iii  the  upper  chamber,  1863,  and  in  1865  joined  theOowper 
ministry  as  attorney-general.  [xlv.  449] 

PLYMOUTH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  FITZCHARLKS,  CHARLES, 
1657?-1680;  WINDSOR.  THOMAS  WINDSOR,  first  EARL  of 
the  second  creation,  1627  V-1687.] 

POCAHONTAS  or  MATOAKA (1595-1617),  American- 
Indian  princess  ;  daughter  of  Powhattan,  an  Indian  chief 
in  Virginia ;  according  to  the  unreliable  tale  of  Captain 
I  John  Smith  (1580-1631)  [q.  v.],  interposed  on  his  behalf 
i  when  her  father  was  about  to  slay  him ;  became  a  fre- 
|  quent  visitor  at  Jamestown  from  1608,  and  (1612)  was 
1  seized  as  a  hostage  for  the  good  behaviour  of  the  Indian 
tribes  ;  became  a  Christian  and  was  named  Rebecca,  1613 ; 
married  John  Rolfe  [q.  v.],  1613 ;  came  to  England,  1616, 
and  died  at  Gravesend.  [xlix.  167] 

POCKLINGTON,  JOHN  (</.  1642),  divine ;  M.A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Oambridge,  1603;  B.D.,  1610:  fellow  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oambridge,  1612-18:  a  chaplain  of 
Charles  I ;  enjoyed  other  preferments,  of  which  he  was 
deprived  by  the  House  of  Lords  (1641),  on  account  of 
his  high-church  views  ;  his  •  Altare  Christianum '  and 
'Sunday  no  Sabbath'  sentenced  to  be  burnt,  1641. 

[xlv.  450] 

POCKBICH,  POKERIDGE,  or  PUCKERIDGE, 
RICHARD  (1690  ?-1759),  inventor  of  the  musical  glasses  ; 
dissipated  a  large  fortune  in  the  pursuit  of  visionary  pro- 
jects ;  invented  musical  glasses,  from  which  afterwards 
was  developed  the  harmonica  ;  gave  concerts  in  later  life 
in  various  parts  of  England ;  suffocated  iii  a  fire  in  his 
room  at  Harnlin's  coffee-house,  near  the  Royal  Exchange. 

[xlv.  451] 

POCOCK,  SIR  GEORGE  (1706-1792),  admiral ;  entered 
the  navy,  1718;  was  in  chief  command  in  the  Leeward 
islands,  1747-8  :  rear-admiral,  1755  ;  vice-admiral,  1756  : 
commanded  on  the  East  India  station,  1 758-9,  and  fought 
two  indecisive  actions  with  the  French  :  admiral,  17G1 ; 
K.B.,  1761 ;  captured  Havana,  1762  ;  retired,  1766. 

[xlvi.  1] 

POCOCK,  ISAAC  (1782-1835),  painter  and  dramatist ; 
son  of  Nicholas  Pocock  (1741  ?-1821)  [q.  v.]  ;  painted  his- 
torical pictures  and  portraits  from  1800  till  1818,  when  he 
inherited  some  property  and  turned  his  attention  to  the 
drama ;  wrote  musical  farces,  comic  operas,  and  operatic 
dramas,  among  other  achievements  converting  some  of 
the  Waverley  novels  into  plays.  [xlvi.  3] 

POCOCK,  ISAAC  JOHN  INNES (1819-1 886),  barrister: 
only  son  of  Isaac  Pocock  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Morton 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1842;  called  to  the  bar,  1847; 
printed  privately  '  Franklin,  and  other  Poems,'  1872. 

[xlvi.  5] 

POCOCK,  LEWIS  (1808-1882),  art  amateur  ;  took  the 
leading  part  in  founding  the  Art  Union  of  London  in 
1837  ;  published  (1842)  a  work  on  life  assurance,  with  a 
bibliography  of  the  subject.  [xlvi.  5] 


POCOCK 


1053 


POLE 


POCOOK,  NIOHOLAR  (1741  ?-l Ml),  marine  painter  : 
in  early  lite  a  m. 'reliant  captain ;  commenced  painting 
sea  pieces  in  oils,  1780 ;  settled  (1789)  in  London,  where  he 
rose  to  distinction  an  a  painter  of  naval  engagement* ; 
helped  to  found  the  Water-colour  Society,  1804,  and  ex- 
hibited there  and  at  the  Royal  Academy  no  fewi-rthiin 
295  works.  [xlvi.  I] 

POCOCK,  NICHOLAS  (1814-1R97),  historical 
grandson  of  Nicholas  Pocock  (1741  V-1H21)  [q.v.] ;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1837  ;  Michel  fellow,  18HK :  mathe- 
matical |  lecturer :  ordained  priest,  1K65;  published  an 
edition  of  Gilbert  Burnet's  '  History  of  the  Reformation,' 
1864-5,  and  other  writing*  relating  to  the  Reformation, 
besides  mathematical  and  theological  works. 

[Siippl.  tii.  277] 

POCOCK,  ROBERT  (1760-1830),  printer  and  anti- 
quary ;  founded  the  first  circulating  library  and  printing 
office  atGravesend,  1786  ;  published  a  history  of  Graves- 
end,  1797,  aud  other  works.  [xlvi.  6] 

POCOCK,  WILLIAM  PULLER  (1779-1849),  architect ; 
designed  the  hall  of  the  Lcathersellers'  Company  in 
London  (1820-3)  and  other  buildings.  [xlvi  7] 

POCOCK,  WILLIAM  INNBS  (1788-1836),  author; 
son  of  Nicholas  Pocock  (1741 7-1821)  [q.  v.]  ;  a  lieutenant 
in  t  IK-  navy :  published  '  Five  Views  of  the  Island  of  St. 
Helena,'  1815.  [xlvi.  7] 

POCOCKE,  EDWARD  (1604-1691),  orientalist:  of 
Magdalen  Hall  and  Corpus  ChrUti  College,  Oxford  :  M.A., 
1620;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1628; 
studied  oriental  languages  under  Matthias  Pasor  [q.  v.] 
and  William  Bedwell  [q.  v.];  discovered  and  edited  the 
missing  Syriac  version  of  Peter  iL,  John  IL,  iii..  and  Jude, 
and  published  it  at  Leyden,  1630:  chaplain  to  the 
4  Turkey  Merchants '  at  Aleppo,  1630-6,  where  he  collected 
manuscripts  ;  appointed  by  Laud  first  Oxford  professor  of 
Arabic,  1636 ;  appointed  Hebrew  professor  by  the  parlia- 
mentary visitors,  1648,  which  appointment  was  confirmed 
at  the  Restoration.  His  learning  was  the  admiration  of 
Europe.  His  two  most  notable  works  were  an  edition  of 
the  Arabic  text  with  a  Latin  translation  of  Abu-1-Faraj's 
'Historia  compendiosa  Dynastiarum,'  1663,  and  his 
;  Lexicon  Heptaglottou,'  1669.  [xlvi.  7] 

POCOCKE,  EDWARD  (1648-1727),  orientalist ;  son 
of  Edward  Pococke  (1604-1691)  [q.  v.]  ;  student  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  translated  Into  Latin  Ibn  al 
Tnfuil,  1671,  and  began,  in  collaboration  with  his  father, 
to  edit  '  AbdoUatiphi  Historic  JEgypti  Compendium,' 
which  remained  a  fragment.  [  xl vL  1 1  ] 

POCOCKE.  RICHARD  (1704-1765),  traveller;  B.A. 
Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1725:  D.C.L.,  1733; 
visited  Egypt,  1737-8,  ascending  the  Nile  to  Philte,  and 
proceeded  to  Palestine,  Cyprus,  Asia  Minor,  and  Greece, 
1738-40 ;  explored  the  Mer  de  Glace  in  the  valley  of 
Chamounix,  1741 ;  regarded  as  the  pioneer  of  Alpine 
travel ;  published  au  account  of  his  eastern  travels,  1743- 
1745;  bishop  of  Ossory,  1756-65;  translated  as  bishop 
of  Meath,  1765.  His  manuscript  account*;  of  his  tours  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  between  1747  and  1760 
have  been  recently  published  (1888-91).  [xlvi.  12] 

POE,  LEONARD  (d.  1631  V),  physician  :  originally  in 
the  service  of  the  Earl  of  ERSCX  ;  a  royul  physician  in 
ordinary,  1609  ;  attended  Lord-treasurer  Salisbury  on  his 
deathbed,  1612 ;  M.D.  Cambridge  by  mandate,  1615. 

[xlvi.  14] 

POER.    [See  also  POOR  and  POWER.] 

POER,  RANULF  LK  (d.  1182),  sheriff  of  Gloucester- 
shire ;  killed  by  the  Welsh  while  sheriff.  [xlvi.  15] 

POER,  ROBERT  LK  (fl.  1166-1190),  marshal  in  the 
court  of  Henry  II;  seized  for  ransom  by  Raymond  of 
Toulouse  (1188)  while  returning  from  u  pilgrimage  to  the 
shrine  of  St.  James  of  Compostella,  thereby  orruMoning 
the  invasion  of  Toulouse  by  Richard  (afterwards  Richard  I 
of  England).  [xlvi.  15] 

POER,  ROGER  LK  (d.  1186),  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Ireland  ;  took  part  in  the  invasion  of  Ulster,  1177  ;  subse- 
quently settled  in  Ossory,  where  he  was  killed  in  battle. 

[xlvi.  15] 

POER,  WALTER  LK  (fl.  1215-1227),  official ;  sheriff 
of  Devonshire,  1222  :  justice  itinerant,  1226  and  1227. 

[xlvi.  15] 


POG80N,  NORMAN  ROBERT  (18»-1«91>, 
noni.-r :  tx-came  in  1859  assistant-astronomer  at  the  Rad- 
cltffe  «H,M-rviilory.  nxford,  where  he  discovered  four 
minor  ptanete ;  appointed  (1819)  director  of  the  HartweU 
Observatory,  and  (1860)  government  sutrouomer  at 
Madras,  where  he  discovered  fire  minor  planet* 

[xlvi.  IS] 

POINGDZSTRE.  JEAN  (1600-16*1).  writer  on  the 
laws  and  history  of  Jcwey;  fellow  of  Exeter  College. 
oxford,  1686;  chief  work,  •Cmsarea,  or  a  Discourse  of 
tin  i -und  of  Jersey,'  written  hi  1883  and  presented  to 
James  II.  [xlvi.  16] 

POIN8.    [SeePov 

POINTER,  JOHN  (1668-1714),  antiquary ;  M.A.  Mer- 
ton  College,  Oxford,  1694  :  rector  of  Slapton,  1694-17*4 : 
urot,-  SJBSJH  otfeat  worta  .  •<  hnMlSaii  n.,uir.  ..! 
England,'  1714,  and  '  OxonleuaU  Academla,'  1749. 

[xlvi.  17] 

POINTER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1624).    [See  KlDUCT.] 

POITIERS,  PHILIP  QV  (d.  1108  ?).    [Hee  Pmur.] 
POKERLDGE,  RICHARD  (1690  ?-17l«>    [See  POCK • 

RICH.] 

POL  (d.  573).    [See  PAUL.] 

POLACK,  JOEL  SAMUEL  (1807-1882),  trader  and 
author  of  works  on  New  Zealand ;  emigrated  to  New  Zea- 
land, 1831 ;  returned  to  London,  1837,  and  finally  settled 
at  San  Francisco.  [xlvi.  18] 

FOLDING,  JOHN  BEDE  (1794-1877%  first  Roman 
catholic  archbishop  of  Sydney ;  consecrated  bL-hop  of 
Hiero-Ctesarea  and  vicar-apostolic  of  Australia,  1834,  aud 
archbishop  of  Sydney,  1842.  [xlvL  18] 

POLE,  ARTHUR  (1531-1570  ?),  conspirator :  eldest  son 
of  Sir  Geoffrey  Pole  [q.  v.] ;  proposal  himself  to  France 
and  Spain  as  a  claimant  of  the  English  crown,  and  was 
imprisoned  In  the  Tower  of  London  from  1663. 

[xlvi.  19] 

POLE,  SIR  CHARLES  MORICE  (1757-1830),  admiral 
of  the  fleet ;  entered  the  navy,  1772 ;  commanded  at  New- 
foundland, 1800,  and  In  the  Baltic,  1801;  G.C.B.,  1818; 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  1830.  [xlvi.  19] 

POLE,  DAVID  (</.  1568),  bishop  of  Peterborough ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1520  :  D.Can.1^  1628 ; 
consecrated  bishop,  1557,  and  deprived,  1559,  for  refusing 
to  take  the  oath  of  supremacy.  [xlvi.  20] 

POLE,  SIR  EDMUND  UK  LA,  EARL  op  SUKXOLK 
(14727-1513),  son  of  John  dc  la  Pole,  second  duke  of 
Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  created  earl,  1493:  led  a  company  (1496) 
against  the  Cornish  rebels  at  Blackheath :  became  diwou- 
teuted  (1499)  and  fled  to  Flanders,  Henry  VII  being  thereby 
alarmed  ;  persuaded  by  Henry  VII  to  return,  and  received 
again  into  favour :  repaired  to  the  Emperor  Maximilian 
in  the  Tyrol,  hearing  that  he  would  gladly  help  one  of 
Edward  IV's  blood  to  gain  the  English  throne.  1501 :  out- 
lawed and  hi*  friends  imprisoned  ;  seized  by  the  Duke  of 
Gueldres  while  on  his  way  to  Friesland(  1504),  and  delivered 
to  Henry  VII  by  Philip,  king  of  Castile,  1506:  confined 
in  the  Tower  of  London  :  exempted  from  the  general 
pardon  on  Henry  VIU's  accession  ;  executed,  [xlvi.  21] 

POLE,  SIR  GEOFFREY  (1502  ?-1558),  a  victim  of 
Henry  VIII's  tyranny ;  brother  of  Reginald  Pole  [q.  v.]  ; 
knighted,  1529  ;  was  opposed,  like  the  rest  of  his  family, 
to  Henry  VIII's  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon, 
and  visited  Chapuys,  the  Spanish  ambassador,  with  a  view 
to  persuading  Charles  V  to  invade  England ;  resolved  to 
desert  to  the  northern  rebels,  1536,  but  was  prevented 
by  circumstances  and  (1538)  was  *ent  to  the  Tower  of 
London,  Henry  VIII  having  resolved  to  crush  the  whole 
family,  chiefly  on  account  of  the  action  of  R^g^nM 
Pole;  endeavoured  to  commit  suicide,  fearing  the  rack, 
but  was  obliged  to  undergo  seven  separate  examinations ; 
his  brother  Sir  Henry  Pole,  baron  Montague  [q.  v.],  and 
others  coi idem ncd  from  bis  confessions;  received  a 
pardon,  1539 ;  escaped  to  Rome,  1540,  where  he  obtained 
absolution  for  his  brother's  death  ;  returned  to  England 
after  Queen  Mary's  accession.  [xlvi.  28) 

POLE,  SIR  HENRY,  BARON  MOXTAGCK  or 
cirru  (1492?-1538),  brother  of   Reginald  Pole  [q.  v.] ; 
distinguished  himself  in  the  French  campaign  of  1513  ; 
knighted,  1513  ;  took  part  in  Suffolk's  invasion  of  France, 
1523;    was   deeply   grieved   at  the  overthrow   of   the 


POLE 


1054 


POLE 


Sft 


hi 


the  abrogation  of  the  pope's  authority, 
loyal  ;    committed  to  the  Tower  of 
of  the  confessions  of  bib  brother, 


Sir  Geoffrey  Pole  [q.  v.],  1538  ;  found  guilty  of  treason  and 
executed  on  Tower  Hill,  London,  on  9  Dec.  with  the 
Marquis  of  Exeter.  In  1539  he  was  attainted,  [xlvi.  25] 

POLE,  JOHN  DB  LA,  EARL  OF  LINCOLN  (1464  ?-l  187), 
son  of  John  dc  la  Pole,  second  duke  of  Suffolk 


[q  v.1,  by  Elizabeth,  sister  of  Edward  IV ;  created  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  1467 ;  firmly  attached  to  Richard  III,  and 
( 1483)  made  president  of  the  council  of  the  north  ;  became 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1484,  and  was  recognised  as 
heir- presumptive  to  the  throne ;  was  not  molested  by 
Henry  VII  after  Richard  Ill's  death,  though  he  still 
cherished  the  ambition  to  succeed  Richard;  promoted 
Lambert  Slinnel's  plot,  and  was  killed  at  Stoke. 

[xlvi.  26] 

POLE,  JOHN  DE  LA,  second  DUKE  OF  SUFFOLK  (1442- 
1491 X  only  sou  of  William  de  la  Pole,  first  duke  of  Suffolk 
[q.  v.] ;  was  restored  to  the  dukedom  by  Henry  VI,  1455, 
but  notwithstanding  joined  the  Yorkists  and  married 
Bdward  IVs  sister ;  fought  at  the  second  battle  of  St. 
Albans,  1461 ;  steward  of  England  at  the  coronation  of 
Bdward  IV,  1461 :  K.G.,  1472 ;  high  steward  of  Oxford 
University,  1472  ;  received  many  favours  from  Edward  IV, 
bat  on  the  king's  duttth  immediately  supported  Richard  III, 
and  after  Bos  worth  field  (1485)  swore  fealty  to  Henry  VII, 
who  continued  to  trust  him  in  spite  of  his  eldest  son's 
defection  [see  POLK,  JOHN  DE  LA,  EARL  OF  LINCOLN]. 

[xlvi.  27] 

POLE,  MARGARET,  COUNTESS  OF  SALISBURY  (1473- 
1541),  daughter  of  George  Plantageuet,  duke  of  Clarence 
[q.  v.] ;  married,  by  Henry  VII,  to  Sir  Riuhard  Pole  (rf. 
1505),  a  gentleman  of  Buckinghamshire,  probably  c.  1491 ; 
given  the  family  hinds  of  the  earldom  of  Salisbury  in  fee 
by  Henry  VI II,  who  was  desirous  to  atone  for  the 
execution  of  her  brother,  Edward,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.], 
and  (1513)  created  Countess  of  Salisbury ;  governess  to 
the  Princess  Mary  ;  refused,  on  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII 
with  Anne  Bolevn,  to  give  up  the  Princess  Mary's  jewels 
to  the  new  queen,  and  was  discharged  from  her  office ; 
returned  to  court  after  Anne's  fall  in  1536  ;  her  position 
compromised  (1536)  by  her  sou  Reginald  Pole's  book, '  De 
Unitute  Ecclesiastica,'  for  which,  in  spite  of  her  con- 
demnation of  the  work,  Henry  VIII  resolved  to  destroy 
the  whole  family ;  her  sou,  Sir  Henry  Pole,  baron  Mon- 
tague [q.  v.],  executed,  1538 ;  included  in  an  act  of  at- 
tainder, May  1539;  beheaded,  May  1541,  within  the 
precincts  of  the  Tower  of  London  on  the  news  of  Sir  John 
Neville's  rising  in  Yorkshire.  [xlvi.  28] 

POLE,  MICHAEL  DE  LA,  culled  in  English  MICHAEL 
ATTE  POOL,  first  EAUL  OF  SUFFOLK  (1330 'M389),  son  of 
Sir  William  de  la  Pole  («/.  1366)  [q.  v.] ;  chiefly  occupied 
from  1355  onward,  for  many  years,  with  the  war  against 
the  French ;  first  summoned  to  parliament  as  a  baron, 
1366 ;  took  part  under  the  Black  Prince  in  the  famous 
siege  of  Limoges,  1370 :  attached  himself  to  John  of  Gaunt, 
and  in  the  Good  parliament  (1376)  stood  strongly  on  the 
side  of  the  crown:  appointed  admiral  north  of  the 
Thames,  1376 ;  superseded  as  admiral,  December  1377 ; 
became  the  most  trusted  personal  adviser  of  the  young 
king  Richard  II  on  the  retirement  of  John  of  Gaunt  to 
Castile ;  appointed  chancellor  of  England,  1383 ;  unsuc- 
cessfully advocated  a  policy  of  peace  in  his  speech  to 
parliament,  1884  ;  incurred  much  odium  on  account  of  his 
great  wealth  ;  created  Earl  of  Suffolk,  1385 ;  opposition  to 
liim  formally  organised  (1386)  under  Richard  II's  uncle, 
lx>mas,  duke  of  Gloucester :  his  dismissal  demanded  by 
both  Lords  and  Commons,  who  were  apprehensive  of 
large  pecuniary  demands  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war  ; 
dismissed,  in  spite  of  King  Richard  IPs  reluctance,  and 
articles  of  impeachment  drawn  up  against  him,  charging 
him  with  misappropriation  of  funds  and  remis%ness  in 
carrying  on  the  war,  1386 ;  convicted  on  three  charges, 
tad  sentenced  to  the  loss  of  the  lands  and  grants  he  had 
received  contrary  to  his  oath,  and  was  committed  to  prison 
until  he  had  paid  au  adequate  fine  :  released  from  custody 
by  Richard  II  on  the  termination  of  the  Wonderful  par- 
liament, his  fine  remitted,  and  himself  reinstated  as 
Klchard  IPs  adviser;  compelled  (November  1387),  by 
dread  of  the  meeting  of  parliament,  to  flee  the  realm ; 
reached  Paris  after  many  difficulties ;  died  at  Paris.  During 
us  absence  be  wa*  condemned  to  death,  and  his  title  and 
-  >  forfeited.  [xlvi.  29] 


POLE,  MICHAEL  OK  LA,  second  EARL  OF  SUFFOLK 

[  (1361  ?-l  115),  eldest  *on  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  first  earl  ot 

Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  restored  to  his  father's  earldom,  1397,  the 

!  restoration  being  renewed  after  Henry  IVV  accession. 

He  joined  Henry  VV  expedition  to  France  hi  1415,  and 

died  during  the  siege  of  Harfleur.  [xlvi.  33] 

POLE,  MICHAEL  DE  LA,  third  EAUL  OF  SUFFOLK 
(1394-1415),  eldest  son  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  second  carl 
of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ;  served  with  his  father  before  Hartieur ; 
distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery  at  Ayiucourt,  where 
he  was  killed.  [xlvi.  34] 

POLE  or  DE  LA  POLE,  RALPH  (Jt.  1442-1459), 
judge  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1442  ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
1452.  His  name  occurs  in  the  latter  capacity  until  1459. 

[xlvi.  34] 

POLE,  REGINALD  (1500-1558),  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury ;  son  of  Sir  Richard  Pole,  by  his 
wife  Margaret  [see  POLE,  MARGAKKT]  ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  School  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A., 
1515;  received  several  preferments  while  a  youth  and 
still  a  layman ;  sent  by  Henry  VIII  at  his  own  wish  to 
Italy,  1521,  where  he  studied  at  Padua,  and  visited  Rome : 
returned,  1527,  and  was  elected  dean  of  Exeter :  studied 
at  Paris,  1529-30  ;  returned  to  England,  soon  after  which 
Henry  VIII,  desirous  to  obtain  his  approbation  of  his 
divorce,  pressed  him  to  accept  the  archbishopric  of 
York ;  refused  the  offer,  though  genuinely  fond  of 
Henry  VIII ;  disapproved  of  the  royal  supremacy  over  the 
English  church,  and  was  allowed  (Jauuarj'  1632)  to  return 
to  Padua  ;  formulated  at  Henry  VIII's  request  (1536)  his 
views  on  Henry  VIII's  divorce  and  the  divine  institution 
of  the  papal  supremacy  in  his  treatise  '  Pro  Ecclesiastics 
Unitatis  Defeusione,'  severely  criticising  Henry  VIII's 
conduct;  declined  au  invitation  to  return  to  England: 
summoned  to  Rome  in  November  by  Pope  Paul  III  to  act 
on  a  committee  to  draw  up  a  scheme  for  reforming  the 
discipline  of  the  church;  took  deacon's  orders  and  was 
made  a  cardinal,  December  1536  ;  nominated  papal  legate 
to  England,  February  1537,  and  despatched  thither  by 
Pope  Paul  III ;  travelled  through  France,  where  Francis  I 
was  summoned  by  Henry  VIII  to  deliver  him  up  as  a 
rebel;  received  an  intimation  from  Francis  I  that  he 
must  leave  France ;  mode  his  way  to  Cambray,  and  even- 
tually to  Liege,  where  he  was  safe  from  extradition; 
returned  to  Rome,  and  (1538)  heard  of  the  arrest  of  his 
mother  and  eldest  brother  on  charge  of  treason  ;  accepted 
a  mission  from  Pope  Paul  III  to  form  a  league  of 
Christian  princes  against  Henry  VIII,  which,  however, 
failed,  chiefly  on  account  of  the  jealousies  between 
Francis  I  and  Charles  V  ;  returned  to  Rome  in  1540,  when 
Pope  Paul  III  bestowed  on  him  the  legation  of  the  patri- 
mony ;  one  of  the  three  legates  appointed  (1540)  to  open 
the  council  of  Trent ;  vainly  endeavoured,  on  the  death  of 
Henry  VIII  in  1547,  to  reconcile  England  with  the  holy 
see,  through  the  Protector  Somerset  and  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  :  just  missed  election  as  pope,  though  supported 
by  the  Spanish  party,  1549  ;  favoured  by  the  new  pontiff, 
Juliu?  Ill ;  nominated  papal  legate  to  the  queen  on  Mary's 
accession,  but  hindered  from  coming  to  England  by  the 
Emperor  Charles  V'e  reluctance  to  allow  him  to  influence 
Queen  Mary  before  her  marriage  with  his  son  Philip; 
his  attainder  reversed  in  November  1554,  after  the 
marriage,  and  he  himself  permitted  to  return,  Queen 
Mary  praying  him  to  come,  not  as  legate,  but  only  as 
cardinal  and  ambassador  :  entrusted  with  the  care  of  Queen 
Mary  by  her  husband,  Philip,  on  Philip's  leaving  England 
in  October  1555 ;  raised  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal-priest, 
December  1555,  Queen  Mary  designing  him  to  succeed 
Cranuier  as  archbishop;  occupied  with  the  proceedings 
in  a  synod  of  both  convocations  for  the  reform  and 
settlement  of  the  affairs  of  the  English  church  and  its 
reconciliation  with  Rome  ;  consecrated  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  March  1556 :  chancellor  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, 1656;  found  that  he  had  underestimated  the 
difficulties  of  reconciling  the  realm  with  Rome,  the 
question  of  the  restoration  of  church  property  proving 
au  especial  stumbling-block,  as  no  assurances  of  im- 
munity to  the  lay  proprietors  could  allay  their  disquiet : 
his  anxieties  increased  by  the  war  between  Pope  Paul  IV 
and  Philip  II,  and  by  the  violent  personal  animosity  of 
Pope  Paul  IV,  who  cancelled  his  legation  and  stigmatised 
him  privately  as  a  heretic;  died  at  Lamin-th  Palace  on 
17  Nov.  1568,  the  evening  of  the  day  of  Mary's  death ; 
buried  in  St.  Thomas's  Chapel,  Canterbury.  His  'De 
Ooucilio '  was  printed  at  Venice  in  15U2,  his  'De  Unitatc* 


POLE 


1055 


POLLARD 


at  IuKoldU.lt  in  1887.  His  life  WM  animated  by  a  single 
purpose,  the  restoration  of  that  ecclesiastical  system  which 
Henry  VIII  had  shattered.  [xlvi.  3ft] 

POLE,  SIR  RICHARD  PK  I.A  (./.  1  :;.|.s>,  royal  officer  : 
became  collector  of  Edward  Il's  custom*  at  Hull,  1320; 
M.I'.,  Hull,  1322 and  1327;  Edward  II!'-, -I, i.-i  hul 
1338 ;  removed  to  London,  1333  ;  knighted,  1840. 

POLE,  RICHARD  n«  LA  (</.  15*5),  pretender  to  the 
crown,  son  of  John  de  la  Pole,  second  duke  of  Suffolk  [q.v.]  ; 
escaped  abroad  in  1501  with  his  brother,  Sir  Kdnmnd 
de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  attainted,  1504,  and  ex- 
empted (1509)  from  the  general  pardon  at  the  accession  of 
Henry  VIII;  nxxwnlsed  M  king  of  England  by  Loots XII, 
1512  ;  fought  for  France  in  Spain  and  the  Netherlands  ; 
compelled  to  leave  France  on  the  conclusion  of  peace  in 
1514 :  resided  at  Mete  till  1519  ;  made  preparations  to  in- 
vade England,  in  concert  with  the  Scots,  1523 :  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Pavin,  by  the  side  of  Francia  I.  [xlvi.  46] 

POLE,  THOMAS  (1753-1829),  quaker  and  physician  ; 
settled  in  London,  1781  ;  published  his  '  Anatomical  In- 
stmctor,'  1790;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1801;  removal  to 
Bristol,  1802 ;  devoted  much  time  throughout  life  to  minis- 
terial work  in  the  Society  of  Friends,  travelling  through 
England  and  Wales  to  visit  their  meetings.  [xlvi  48] 

POLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  DR  LA,  called  in  English 
WILLIAM  ATTK  POOL  (</.  1386),  baron  of  the  exchequer 
and  merchant ;  younger  brother  of  Sir  Richard  de  la  Pole 
[q.  v.]  ;  was  a  merchant  of  Hull,  who  with  his  brother 
advanced  larsre  sums  to  the  government  during  the  re- 
gency of  Isabella  and  Mortimer;  M.P.,  Hull,  1S32,  1334, 
1336,  and  1338  ;  received  various  offices  from  Edward  III 
in  return  for  loans  of  money  ;  knight-banneret,  1838;  ap- 
pointed baron  of  the  exchequer,  1339  :  fell  into  temporary 
disgrace,  1340,  and  although  eventually  enjoying  royal 
favour,  for  more  than  twenty  yean  does  not  again  appear 
in  &  prominent  position.  [xlvi.  48] 

POLE.  WILLIAM  DK  LA,  fourth  EARL  and  first 
DCKK  OF  SUFFOLK  (1896-1450),  son  of  Michael  de  la  Pole, 
second  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Henry  V's  French 
wars,  and  after  Henry  V's  death  fought  under  the  Duke 
of  Bedford ;  created  Earl  of  Dreux,  e.  14S6,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  in  1428  succeeded  to  the 
command  of  the  English  forces;  forced  to  surrender  at 
Jargeau,  soon  after  Jeanne  d'Arc  had  raised  the  siege  of 
Orleans,  1429;  ransomed  himself  and  (1430)  again  took 
part  in  the  war ;  occupied  himself  with  home  politics 
from  1431 ;  admitted  a  member  of  the  council,  1431,  be- 
coming an  advocate  of  peace ;  inclined,  by  his  marriage 
to  the  widowed  Countess  of  Salisbury,  to  connection  with 
the  Beanfortti ;  came  forward  as  the  chief  opponent  of 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  who  after  Bedford's  death 
(1435)  led  the  war  party  :  desired  that  Henry  VI  should 
marry  Margaret  of  Anjou,  and  defeated  Gloucester's  pro- 
ject to  unite  him  to  a  daughter  of  the  Count  of  Armag- 
nac.  1442 ;  escorted  Margaret  to  England,  November  14 14 ; 
peace  negotiations  continued  under  hi.-  influence  without 
definite  result  through  1446 ;  with  Queen  Margaret  spared 
no  pains  to  effect  the  overthrow  of  Gloucester,  who  was 
arrested  at  the  parliament  summoned  nt  Bury,  February 
1447,  and  died  five  days  later ;  left  without  a  rival  by  the 
death  of  Cardinal  Beaufort  six  weeks  after ;  had  Richard 
of  York  deprived  of  the  command  in  France  and  .-out 
into  banishment  as  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  thereby  in.-nr- 
ring  his  implacable  enmity,  which,  however,  troubled  him 
little,  as  he  had  Henry  VI's  support ;  became  a  duke,  1448, 
thereby  reaching  the  summit  of  his  power ;  had  become, 
unpopular,  in  consequence  of  the  cession  of  the  English 
possessions  in  Anjou  and  Maine,  to  which  he  hud  agreed 
at  the  time  of  the  royal  marriage,  and  was  finally  dis- 
credited by  the  renewed  outbreak  of  war  in  France  and 
the  English  losses,  1449 ;  accused  by  the  Commons  (1450) 
of  having  sold  the  realm  to  the  French,  and  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  of  London  ;  banished  by  Henry  VI  for 
live  years  (March  1450),  a  compromise  by  which  Henry  VI 
hoped  to  save  him  and  satisfy  the  Commons  as  well ; 
intercepted  when  off  Dover  and  beheaded  at  sea,  poesibly 
at  the  institution  of  Richard  of  York.  He  married  Alice, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Chaucer  [q.  v.],  probably  a  grand- 
daughter of  the  poet.  [xlvi.  50] 

POLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1561-1636),  antiquary;  a 
Devonshire  landowner;  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  1578; 


-iney,  1586;  knurhted.  1606;  left  Urge  mann- 
script  ,-,,li«.ti,,,,,  for  the  hutory  und  antiquities  of  Devon- 
shin-,  tin-  greater  part  of  which  perished  during  the  civil 
war ;  i.ut  two  folio  volumes,  entitled  •  The  Description  of 
Deronshirr,'  were  printed  in  179L  [xlvi  f«] 

POLE.  WILLIAM  (1814-1900),  CM 
and  authority  on  whut :  apprenticed  as 
*£»#»*'  ?*  «>bseqaenUj  worked  in  - 


at  Mr- 

\    M.K    1... 


n,  ;.,.-,  <.„..>„!  -.,»,„..  ,.-.,„  -1,  SMtM  Pi  l*m\    M.K    1... 

i*»".  "'"»  b""""S  .....  5"7,  i*>*  Mi  M  pMfcsiBi  i 
engineering  at  rfphinstone  College,  Bombiy,  1844-7: 
assistant  (1852-7)  to  James  Meadow.  Kendd  [q.  T.I.  under 

•bo*  hi  MM  sti*  -—i  .-,  „„„„„„„;„;,;.,!:! 


JJ«y«  :  MslsUnt  to  Sir  John  Fowler  [q.  T.].  18*7;  e»U> 
Wished  himself  as  consulting  engineer  at  Westminster, 

ls/,-,;uH^t>,.,,,  :,,;,!,  ,,,:;  ...|M.:,,::  .,.:,,,,,1,,!;.M,v,r!. 

meat  work  ;  secretary  to  royal  commission  on  London 
water  supply,  1867  ;  processor  of  ciTil  engineering  at 
University  College,  London,  18*9-67  :  FJUi!,  18»l7and 
vi,-e.|.r,-:,iri,t.  i*;:,  ;i,,.i  IMS;  M'.-.n..-.  OztMd,  tiff; 
examiner  for  musical  degree*  in  London  University,  187H- 
1891  ;  vice-president  of  Hoyal  College  of  Organists  ;  pub- 
lished historical  and  technical  works  and  papers  relating 
to  engineering  and  musical  subject^  b»kIe7seTeralsu£ 
cessf  ul  treatises  on  whist  [SappL  iiL  178] 

POLE,  WILLIAM  WBLLESLBY-,  third    EARL   or 

MoKMXGTON  (1763-1845).     [See  WELLWLKY-POLK.] 

POLEHAMPTOW,  HENRY  BTEDMAN  (1824-1817), 
Indian  chaplain  ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College.  Oxford, 
1846;  M.A.,  1849;  accepted  an  East  Indian  chaplaincy, 
1855,  and  took  part  in  the  defence  of  the  residency  at 
Lucknow,  dyinir  of  cholera  during  the  siege.  The  value 
of  bis  services  is  attested  by  Havelock'a  despatches. 

[xlvi  67] 

POLENTUS,  ROBERT  (rf.  1147  ?).    [See  PULLKX.] 

POLHILL.  EDWARD  (1628-1694?),  religious  writer  ; 
barrister,  Uruy's  Inn  :  divided  his  time  between  the 
care  of  his  estates  in  Sussex  and  the  compilation  of  reli- 
gions tracts,  somewhat  Calvinlstic  in  temper,  but  sup- 
porting the  established  church.  [xlvi  67] 

POLIDORI.  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1795-1821),  physician 
and  author  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1815  ;  appointed  physician 
and  secretary  to  Lord  Byron,  1816  ;  returned  to  England. 
the  engagement  being  dissolved  (1817)  parting  on  good 
U-i-ins  with  Byron  :  published  (1819)  "The  Vampire,'  which 
he  attributed  to  Byron,  and  which,  in  spite  of  Byrou'* 
disclaimer,  gained  great  celebrity  on  the  continent  ;  wrote 
other  tales  in  his  own  name  ;  committed  suicide  in  conse- 
quence of  a  gaming  debt.  [xlvi.  68] 

POLXEMMET,    LOUD    (rf.    181  «).       [Sec    BAILLIK, 

WILLIAM.] 

POLLARD,  Sin  HUGH,  second  buronet  <</.  1666), 
royalist  ;  descended  from  Sir  Lewis  Pollard  [q.  v.]  ;  served 
aeainst  the  Scots,  1640  :  M.P.,  Heeralston,  1640  :  im- 
plicated in  the  '  first  army  plot,1  1641  :  mainly  employed 
in  Devon  and  Cornwall  during  the  civil  war  ;  governor 
of  Dartmouth,  1646  ;  taken  prisoner,  1646,  and  afterward.* 
submitted  ;  became  governor  of  Guernsey  and  comptroller 
of  Charles  II  V  household  at  the  Restoration,  [xlvi.  69] 

POLLARD,  SIR  JOHN  <  •/.  1657),  speaker  of  the  Hon.-.- 
of  Commons;  serjeant-at-law,  1647-50:  M.P.,  Oxford- 
shire, 1553  and  1654,  Wiltshire,  1556  ;  knigbUd,  1553  ; 
speaker,  1553-5.  [xlvi.  69] 

POLLARD,  LEONARD  (rf.  1566),  divine  :  fellow  of 
Peterhousc,  Cambridge,  1546;  M.A.,  1547;  D.D.  :  preben- 
dary of  Worcester,  1651,  of  Peterborough,  1653  :  fellow 
of  st.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  Ift.s  i.  [xlvi.  60] 

POLLARD,  SIR  LEWIS  (1465  V-1540X  judge;  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple  (reader,  1602):  king':*  Serjeant, 
1607;  a  justice  of  common  pk-us,  1614-26;  knighted, 
1514.  [xlvi.  60] 


POLLARD,  ROBERT  (1755-1838), 
graver ;  practised  for  a  time  as  a  landscape  and  marine 
painter,  but  (c.  1782)  established  himself  in  Spa  Fields, 
London,  us  an  engraver  and  printecller:  director  of  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Artists,  1789.  [xlvi  61] 

POLLARD.  WILLIAM  (1828-1898),  quaker ;  wrot* 
several  school-books  and  works  on  quaker  tenet* :  secre- 
tary of  the  Manchester  Peace  and  Arbitration  Society, 
1872-91.  [xlvi.  61] 


P  OI/L  ARD-TJRQUHAIIT         1056 


PONSONBY 


POLLARD-URftUHART,  WILLIAM  (1815-1871), 
miscellaneous  writor  ;  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1843:  took  the  additional  name  of 
Urquhart,  1846  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Westineatb,  1852-7,  and 
1869-71  ;  wrote  chiefly  on  currency  and  agriculture. 

[xlvi.  61] 

POLLEXFEN,  SlB  HENRY  (1G32  ?-1691)  ;  judge: 
barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1658  (bencher,  1674);  earned  the 
reputation  as  a  barrister  of  being  the  antagonist  of  court 
and  crown,  but  In  1685  was  crown  prosecutor  against 
Monmouth's  followers  in  the  west :  defended  the  seven 
bishops,  Jane  1688 :  knighted,  1689 ;  became  attorney- 
general,  February  1689;  chief- justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  May  1689.  [xlri.  62] 

FOLLEZRN,  JOHN  </.  1675-1697),  merchant  and 
economic  writer ;  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  trade ; 
published  'A  Discourse  of  Trade'  (1697X  in  which  he 
treated  labour  as  the  sole  source  of  wealth.  [xlvi.  62] 

POLLOCK,  SIR  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1823-1897), 
judge  ;  son  of  ohief-baron  Sir  Jonathan  Frederick  Pollock 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  served  as 
private  secretary  and  marshal  to  his  father ;  called  to  bar 
at  Inner  Temple,  1847 ;  bencher,  1866  ;  Q.O.,  1866 ;  raised 
to  exchequer  bench,  invested  with  coif,  and  knighted, 
1873 :  received  status  of  justice  of  high  court,  1875,  but 
retained  his  old  official  designation,  and  on  death  of  Baron 
Huddleston  ( 1890)  was  left  hist  baron  of  exchequer ;  pub- 
lished legal  works.  [Suppl.  iii.  280] 

POLLOCK,  SIR  DAVID  (1780-1847),  judge ;  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  and  Edinburgh  University ;  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1803  ;  K.C.,  1833 ;  chief-Justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Bombay  in  1846-7 ;  knighted,  1846. 


Wvi.es: 


POLLOCK,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1786-1872), 
field-marshal ;  brother  of  Sir  David  Pollock  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
the  East  India  Company  artillery,  1803  ;  took  part  in  the 
campaign  against  Holkar,  1804-5,  and  served  in  Nipal, 
1814,  and  in  the  first  Burmese  war,  1624-6 ;  major-general, 
1838 :  appointed  (January  1842)  to  command  the  expedi- 
tion for  the  relief  of  Jalalabad,  which  he  reached  after 
heavy  fighting  in  April;  with  Brigadier-general  (Sir) 
William  Nott  [q.  v.],  who  was  at  Kandahar,  was  in- 
structed by  Lord  Ellenborough,  then  governor-general, 
to  make  arrangements  for  withdrawing  from  Afghanis- 
tan ;  being,  however,  convinced  of  the  practicability  of  ad- 
vancing on  Kabul,  remonstrated  strongly,  and  was  allowed 
to  advance  at  his  own  discretion ;  defeated  the  enemy  at 
Jagdalak  and  Tezin,  and  arrived  before  Kabul  in  Septem- 
ber 1842,  and  next  day  was  joined  by  Nott ;  remained  at 
Kabul  till  October,  and  returned  to  India  in  December 
1849 :  created  G.C.B.  and  thanked  for  his  services  by  both 
booses  of  parliament ;  appointed  military  member  of  the 
supreme  council  of  India,  1844:  returned  to  England, 
1846,  and  ( 1854)  became  senior  government  director  of  the 
Kast  India  Company  ;  field-marshal,  1870 ;  created  baronet, 
1872.  [xlvi.  63] 

POLLOCK,  SIR  JONATHAN  FREDERICK,  first 
baronet (1783- 1870),  judge;  brother  of  Sir  David  Pollock 
[q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1807 ;  M.A., 
1809;  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1809  ;  K.C.,  1827  ;  tory 
M.P.  for  Huntingdon  from  1831 ;  knighted,  1834  ;  attorney- 
general  in  Peel's  first  administration,  1834-5,  and  in  his 
second  administration,  1841-4:  chief-baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1844-66 ;  created  baronet,  1866.  [xlvi.  68] 

POLLOCK,  SIR  WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  second 
baronet  (1815-1888),  queen's  remembrancer  and  author; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Jonathan  Frederick  Pollock  [q.  v.] :  M.A 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1840  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1838 ;  queen's  remembrancer,  1874-86 ;  rendered  Dante's 
4  Divine  Comedy '  into  English  blank  verse.  1854  ;  published 
'Personal  Remembrances,1  1887.  [xlvi.  69] 

POLLOK,  ROBERT  (1798-1827),  poet:  seventh  son 
of  a  small  fanner  in  Renfrewshire :  wrote  •  The  Course  of 
Tiine'  (1827),  a  poem  in  ten  books,  the  versification  of 
which  recalls  Cowper  and  Young.  [xlvi.  69] 

POLTON.  L<mi>  (1660  ?  1733).  [See  OALDKIIWOOD, 
bin  WII.I.UM.] 


ii  Vt^  THOMAS  (<*•  1433X  encccssiTely  bishop  of 
onl,  Chichester,  and  WorcesU-r  ;  papal  prothonotary 
•nd  bead  of   the  English   'nation'   at  the  council  of 
1414-18;   consecrated  bishop   of   Hereford,  ' 


1420;  translated  to  Chichester,  1421,  to  Worcester,  1426; 
died  and  was  buried  at  Basle,  having  been  sent  to  the 
council  of  Basle.  [xlvi.  70] 

POLWARTH,  UAKOX  (1641-1724).  [See  HUME,  Sm 
PATRICK,  first  EARL  OF  MARCHMONT.] 

POLWHELE,  RICHARD  (1760-1838),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  held 
several  small  livings  in  Cornwall,  but  was  a  man  of  inde- 
pendent means ;  commenced  publishing  poems  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  and  became  in  turn  poet,  topographer,  theo- 
logian, and  literary  chronicler.  His  topographical  works 
included  unsatisfactory  histories  of  Devon  and  Cornwall, 
but  his  volumes  of  reminiscences  and  anecdotes  were  less 
worthless,  including  much  interesting  biographical  matter. 

POLWHELE  or  POLWHEILE,  THEOPHILUS 
(d.  1689).  puritan  divine ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1651;  held  a  rectory  at  Tiverton  from  1654  till 
1660,  when  he  was  ejected  ;  author  of  devotional  works. 

[xlvi.  73] 

POMFRET,  fourth  EARL  OP  (1770-1833).  [See 
FKRMOR,  THOMAS  WILLIAM.] 

POMFRET,  COUNTESS  OF  (d.  1761).  [See  FERMOR, 
HENRIETTA  LOUISA.] 

POMFRET,  JOHN  (1667-1702),  poet ;  M.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1688  ;  rector  of  Maulden,  1695-1702, 
of  Millbropk,  1702;  chiefly  remembered  by 'The  Choice' 
(1700),  which  procured  his  inclusion  in  Johnson's  'Lives 
of  the  Poets.'  [xlvi.  74] 

POMFRET,  SAMUEL  (1650-1722),  divine ;  minister 
at  Sandwich  for  seven  years,  when  he  was  arrested  for 
nonconformity;  subsequently  became  an  itinerant 
preacher.  [xivi.  75] 

PONCE,  JOHN  (d.  1660  ?),  author ;  professor  of  theo- 
logy at  the  Irish  College  at  Rome ;  died  at  Paris,  after 
publishing  several  works  on  the  theology  of  the  school- 
men, [xlvi.  75] 

POND,  ARTHUR  (1705  ?-1758),  painter  and  engraver : 
a  successful  portrait-painter  in  London  and  a  prolific 
etcher.  [xlvi.  76] 

POND,  EDWARD  (d.  1629),  almanac-maker;  pub- 
lished an  annual  almanac  from  1601,  which  was  continued 
after  his  death  till  1709.  [xlvi.  76] 

POND,  JOHN  (1767-1836),  astronomer  royal;  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  detected  errors  in  the  Green- 
wich observations  when  fifteen ;  settled  at  Westbury  in 
Somerset,  1798,  where  he  erected  an  altazimuth  ;  ap- 
pointed astronomer  royal,  1811 ;  substituted  (1821)  a  mer- 
cury-horizon for  the  plumb-line  and  spirit-level,  and  (1825) 
introduced  the  system  of  observing  the  same  objects 
alternately  by  direct  and  reflected  vision :  published 
(1833)  a  catalogue  of  1,113  stars,  determined  with  un- 
exampled accuracy.  His  reform  of  the  national  observa- 
tory, by  procuring  for  it  a  modern  outfit,  was  of  immense 
importance.  [xlvi.  76] 

PONET  or  POYNET,  JOHN  (15l4?-1566),  succes- 
sively bishop  of  Rochester  and  Winchester ;  became  fel- 
low of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1532;  D.D.,  1547;  a 
strong  divine  of  the  reforming  school ;  became  Oranmer's 
chaplain  before  1547,  receiving  also  other  preferments  ; 
consecrated  bishop  of  Rochester,  1650,  and  in  1551  trans- 
lated to  Winchester  :  deprived  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Mary,  after  which  he  fled  to  the  continent ;  died  at  Stras- 
burg.  He  wrote,  besides  other  works,  an  exposition  of  the 
doctrine  of  tyrannicide  in  a  '  Short  Treatise  of  Politique 
Power,'  1566.  [xlvi.  78] 

PONSONBY,  LADY  EMILY  CHARLOTTE  MARY 
(1817-1877),  daughter  of  John  William  Ponsonby,  fourth 
earl  of  Bessborough  [q.  v.]  ;  published  a  number  of  novels, 
some  anonymously,  between  1848  and  1873.  [xlvi.  79] 

PONSONBY,  SIR  FREDERIC  CAVENDISH  (1783- 
1887),  major-general ;  grandson  of  William  Ponsouby, 
second  earl  of  Bessborough  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army, 
1800,  and  went  with  his  regiment  to  Spain  in  1809,  dis- 
tinguishing himself  as  a  cavalry  officer  at  Talavera  and 
Barosa;  obtained  command  (1811)  of  the  llth  light 
dragoons,  whom  he  led  for  the  rest  of  the  war :  wounded 
at  Waterloo,  1K15:  went  on  half-pay  in  1K20;  inaior- 
Keneral,  1825;  governor  of  Malta,  1826-35;  G.G.M.G., 
1828 ;  K.O.B.  and  K.C.H.,  1831.  [xlvi.  80] 


PONSONBY 


10.07 


POOLE 


PONSONBY,  FREDERICK  QBOROB  BRAI»\/"N. 
MxthKAKi.oKl'.KSSHoKon;ii(lhl5-lH98),sonof  Juim  Wil- 
liam I'onsonby,  fourth  earl  of  Beasborontrh  [q.  v.]:  of 
Harrow  un<l  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  18*7: 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1840 ;  succeeded  his  brother  an 
sixth  nirl,  1880.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  cricketer,  playing 
for  Harrow  and  Cambridge,  an  well  as  In  Gentlemen  r. 
Players,  and  founding  I  Xingari  Olub  in  1845.  [xlvi.  81] 

PONSONBY,  OEORGE  (1755-1817),  lonl  chancellor  of 
Ireland:  son  of  John  Ponsonby  (1718-1789)  [q.  T.J ; 
-tiMi.-d  iit  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  M.P.,  Wicklow, 
1776,  Inistioge,  1783-97,  Oalway  (in  the  last  Irish  parlia- 
ment, dissolved  1800);  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1780; 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  under  the  Duke  of  Portland, 
1782 :  urged  the  claims  of  the  Irish  . 
being  disappointed  in  his  attempts  to  settle  the  question 
and  to  purify  political  life,  seceded  from  parliament; 
returned  to  political  life  and  resisted  the  union  In  the  hut 
Irish  parliament ;  M.I1.,  co.  Wicklow  (United  Kingdom), 
1801,  co.  Cork,  1806-7,  Tavistock,  1808  ;  became  lord  chan- 
cellor of  Ireland  on  the  formation  of  the  Fox-Grcnvilic 
ministry,  1806,  retiring  within  a  year ;  leader  of  the  oppo- 
sition in  the  Commons  from  1808.  [xlvi.  82] 

PONSONBY,  HENRY  («/.  1745).  major-general:  cap- 
tain  of  foot,  1705:  M.P.,  Fethard  (Irish  parliament), 
1715  ;  subsequently  M.I',  for  Clonmeon,  Inistioge,  and 
Newtown  :  fought  at  Dettingen,  1743  ;  major 
1713 :  killed  at  Fontenoy,  while  in  the  front  of  the  famous 
charge  of  the  British  and  Hanoverian  infantry. 

[xlvi.  84] 

PONSONBY.  Sm  HENRY  FREDERICK  (1816-1895), 
major-general :  eldest  son  of  Sir  Frederic  Cavendish  Pon- 
sonby  [q.  v.]  :  served  in  the  Crimea ;  major-general,  1868 ; 
appointal  private  secretary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1870  ;  privy 
councillor,  1880  :  G.O.B.,  1887.  [xlvi.  81] 

PONSONBY,  JOHN  (1713-1789),  speaker  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons:  entered  Irish  parliament  as  M.P., 
Newtown,  1739  ;  appointed  secretary  to  the  revenue  board, 
1742 :  first  commissioner,  1744-71 ;  elected  speaker,  1756  ; 
possessed  very  great  parliamentary  influence,  being  emi- 
nent among  the  'undertaken?,'  a  few  families  who  en- 
grossed the  emoluments  of  the  county;  the  appointment 
of  the  Marquis  of  Townshend  as  resident  viceroy  a  serious 
blow  to  his  influence  :  dismissed  from  the  board  of  revenue 
for  opposition  to  government,  1771,  resigning  the  speaker- 
ship  at  the  close  of  the  session  :  gradually  ceased  to  take 
an  active  part  in  politics  after  1776.  [xlvi.  84] 

PONSONBY,  Sm  JOHN,  VIBCOCXT  PONSONBY  and 
second  BARON  PONSONBY  (17707-1855),  eldest  son  of 
William  Brabazon  Ponsonby,  first  baron  Ponsonby  [q.  v.] ; 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1826-8,  and  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  1828-30 ;  envoy  extraordinary  at  Brussels, 
1830-1 ;  envoy  at  Naples,  1832  ;  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople,  1832-7;  G.C.B.,  1834;  created  Viscount  Pon- 
sonby, 1839  ;  ambassador  at  Vienna,  1846-50.  [xlvi.  86] 

PONSONBY,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  OF 
BRRSBOROUGH  and  VISCOUNT  DUNCANNON  (1781-1847), 
grandson  of  William  Ponsonby.  second  earl  of  Bessborough 
[q.  v.]  :  created  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1802 :  whig 
M.P.  for  Knaresborough,  1806,  Higbam  Ferrers,  1806  and 
1807,  Malton,  1812-26,  Kilkenny,  1826  and  1831,  Notting- 
ham, 1832-4;  called  to  the  House  of  Lords  as  Viscount 
Duncannon,  1834 :  home  secretary  under  Lord  Melbourne, 
1834-5 ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Bessborough,  1844 ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1846-7.  [xlvi.  87] 

PONSONBY,  RICHARD  (1772-1853),  bishop  of  Derry : 
son  of  William  Braba/.on  Ponsonby,  first  baron  Ponsonby 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Dublin,  1816  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Killaloe 
and  Kilfenora,  1828 ;  translated  to  Derry,  1831,  becoming 
also  bishop  of  Raphoe  in  pursuance  of  the  Church  Tempo- 
ralities Act,  1834.  [xlvi.  86] 

PONSONBY.  SARAH  (17457-1831),  recluse  of  Llan- 
gollen :  grand-daughter  of  Henry  Pousonby  [q.  v.] ; 
was  the  companion  of  Lady  Eleanor  Butler  [q.  v.] 
for  fifty  years  in  her  retirement  at  Llaugollen. 

[viii.  49] 

PONSONBY,  WILLIAM  (15467-1604),  publisher : 
apprenticed  (1560-70)  to  William  Norton  [q.  v.]  ;  began 
business  on  his  own  account  (1677)  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard. He  owes  his  fame  to  his  aonnection  with  Spenser 
from  1R90,  no  less  than  ten  volumes  of  Spenser's  work* 
appearing  under  his  auspices.  [xlvi.  87] 


PONSONBY,     WILLIAM, 
iiiMiut  -HI  (1704-1793X  M.P.,  Newtown,  1716,  oo, 
:  M.P.,  Derby.  1741-64,  Haltasb,  1764-6, 
1766-8;  succeeded  to  hi*  father's  title,  1768: 
secretary  to  the  lord- lieutenant,  1789  ;  became  joint  post- 

m:i-t.-rv.-..,-r.i!.  17V...  n-.u'n.n^    in    LTttLOl   UW    !»„-,! 

of  bis  brother-in-law,  the  Duke  of  Devonshire;  reap. 
pointed,  1768  ;  resigned,  1766.  [xlvi  88] 

PONSONBY,  Km  WILLIAM  (1771-1816),  major- 
general  ;  son  of  William  Hrabaiou  PotiMuby.  flrrt  baron 
Ponsonby  [q.  v.] ;  obtained  command  of  the  6th  dragoon 
guards,  1808  ;  served  in  Spain,  1811-14  ;  tod  his  brigade  at 
Vittoria,  1811;  K.O.B.,  1816  ;  led  the  famous  charge  of  the 
Union  brigade  on  d'Rrlon's  »hattered  corps  at  Waterloo, 
and  was  killed  by  French  lancers.  [xlvi  89] 

PONSONBY,   WILLIAM   HRABAZON,  first  BARON 

v    (1744-1806  X  eldest  sou    of    John    Pou'ouby 

[q.  v.] :  M.P.,  Cork,  1764-76,  Bandon  Bridge,  1776-88.  co. 

Kilkenny,  17K3-1806  ;  appointed  '  ' 


it  pa 
tted] 


Pa 


of  Ireland.  1784  :  removed,  1789  ;  ere 
of  Imokilly  in  co.  Cork,  1806  ;  be  wa 
a  steady  adherent  of  Charles  James  Pox  [q.  v.]. 

[xlvi  90] 

PONT,  KYLPONT,  or  KYNPONT,  ROBERT  (16*4- 
1606),  Scottish  reformer:  studied  at  St.  Andrew*,  where 
he  wa<  settled  in  1669  :  appointed  minister  inn  iiisahrii  at 
Dunblane  and  Duukeld,  1562,  and  1568  commissioner  of 
Moray,  Inverness,  and  Banff  ;  became  minister  of  Blrnie, 
1567  ;  appointed  provost  of  Trinity  College,  near  Edin- 
burgh, 1571 ;  nominated  (1671)  a  lord  of  session  by  ipecial 
permission  of  the  assembly  :  translated  (1573)  to  St.  Cuth- 
bert's,  Edinburgh  :  became  minister  at  St.  Andrews,  1681 ; 
compelled  to  take  refuge  in  England  for  protesting  against 
the  validity  of  acts  of  parliament  regarding  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  church,  1684  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1586,  and 
continued  to  take  a  leading  part  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
until  his  death:  published  chronological  and  religious 
works.  [xlri.  91] 

PONT,  TIMOTHY  (1560  7-1614  ? ).  topographer  ;  elder 
son  of  Robert  Pont  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1684 ;  was 
an  accomplished  mathematician,  and  the  first  projector 
of  a  Scottish  atlas.  The  originals  of  his  maps  are  in  the 


[xlri.  94] 
OP   (</.    1181).      [See 


Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh. 

PONT    L'EVEftUE,    ROGER 
;  ROORR,] 

PONTACK,  (1638  7-1720  ?X  tavern-keeper:  son 

!  of    Aniaud  de  Pontac,  president  of  the  parliament  of 

1  Bordeaux  ;  had  some  skill  in  rabbinical  learning ;  opened 

a  tavern  in  Abcburch  Lane,  called  Pon tack's  Head,  which 

became  the  most  fashionable  eating-house  in  London.    It 

is  frequently  noticed  in  contemporary  literature. 

[xlvi.  94] 

PONTON,  MUNOO  (1801-1880),  photographic  in- 
ventor; was  a  writer  to  the  signet;  discovered  (1839) 
tliat  the  action  of  the  sun  renders  bichromate  of  mercury 
insoluble,  the  basis  of  permanent  photography. 

POOLE,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  (1862-1886 ),mi«sionary 
bishop;  M.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1876;  D.D., 
1883 :  went  to  Masnlipatam  as  a  missionary  in  1877  ;  made 
bishop  of  Japan,  1883.  [xlvi.  96] 

POOLE,  EDWARD  STANLEY  (1830-1887),  Arabic 
scholar ;  elder  son  of  Sophia  Poole  [q.  v.] :  among  other 
works,  published  (I860)  a  new  edition  of  the  translation  of 
the  ' Thousand  and  One  Nights '  by  his  uncle,  Edward 
William  Lane  [q.  v.]  [xlvi  104] 

POOLE,  GEORGE  A YLIFFE  (1809-1888),  divine  and 
author  :  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1888 ;  vicar 
of  Welford,  1843-76;  rector  of  Winwick,  1876-88;  was 
a  strong  high  churchman,  and  took  part  in  ecclesiastical 
controversy  ;  but  the  work  of  his  life  was  to  promote  the 
revival  of  Gothic  architecture.  [xlvi  96] 

POOLE,  JACOB  (1774-1827),  antiquary ;  studied  the 
customs  and  language  of  the  dwellers  in  the  barouief  of 
Bargy  ami  Forth  in  Wexford,  who  spoke  an  English  dia- 
lect dating  from  the  English  conquest.  His  collection  of 
words  and  phrase*  was  published  by  William  Barnes,  1867. 

[xlri.  97] 

POOLE,  JOHN  (17887-1872),  dramatist  and  miscel- 
laneous author :  obtained  pronounced  success  as  a  drama- 
I  tist  in  early  life ;  wrote  comedies  and  farces  for  tin-  London 
theatres:  obtained  a  pension  through  Charles  Dickens  in 
later  life.  l*l*i  »7] 

3i 


POOLE 


1058 


POPE 


POOLE  JONAS  (d.  1612),  mariner;  made  a  voyage 
Viixima  In  1607  in  the  employment  of  Sir  Thomas 

visited  Spitsbergen.  [*M-  981 

POOLE,  JOSHUA  (fl.  1632-1646),  writer  of  school- 
boota-M  A    Clare  Hail,  Cambridge;    published  'The  ' 
English  Accidence,'  1646,  and  'The  English  V*™**™'  , 
(posthumous),  1667.  [xlvi.  98] 

POOLE,  MARIA  (1770  7-1833).    [See  DICKONS.] 
POOLE  or  POLE,  MATTHEW  (1624-1679),  biblical  I 
commentator :  M.A.  Emmanuel  College, Cambridge,  1652  ' 
(Incorporated  at  Oxford,  1657);  rector  of  St  Michael-le- 
QuerneVl  649-62,  resigning  on  the  passing  of  the  Unifor- 
mity Act:  engaged  (1666-76)  on  the  work  of  his  life,  his 
'Synopsis 'of  the  critical  labours  of  biblical  commenta- 
tors, which  ran  to  five  folio  volumes  and  had  a  large  sale ; 
died  at  Amsterdam  in  1679.  [xlvi.  99] 

POOLE,  PAUL  FALCONER  (1807-1879),  historical 
painter :  was  almost  entirely  self-taught :  began  to  exhibit 
in  the  Royal  Academy,  1830 ;  attracted  much  notice  by 
his  picture  of  '  Solomon  Eagle  exhorting  the  People  to 
Repentance  during  the  Plague  of  the  Year  1665,'  1843. 

[xlvi.  100] 

POOLE,  REGINALD  STUART  (1832-1895),  archaeolo- 
gist and  orientalist :  younger  son  of  Sophia  Poole  [q.  v.]  ; 
devoted  himself  in  early  life  to  the  study  of  ancient 
Egypt :  admitted  assistant  to  the  British  Museum,  1852  ; 
became  keeper  of  the  coins  and  medals,  1870 ;  initiated 
a  system  of  scientific  catalogues,  editing  and  collating  | 
thirty-five  volumes  ;  lectured  and  wrote  much'on  Egypt- 
ology, [xlvi.  101] 

POOLE,  ROBERT  (1708-1752),  medical  and  theologi- 
cal writer ;  physician  to  the  Middlesex  infirmary,  1745-6, 
to  the  small-pox  hospital,  1746-8;  friend  and  follower 
of  George  Whitfield.  Besides  two  books,  recording  his 
travels,  issued  in  his  own  name,  he  wrote  devotional  and 
medical  works  under  the  pseudonym  '  Theophilus  Philan- 
thropes.* [xlvi.  103] 

POOLE,  SOPHIA  (1804-1891),  author  of  '  The  Eng- 
lishwoman in  Egypt ' ;  sister  of  Edward  William  Lane 
[q.  v.] ;  married  (1829)  Edward  Richard  Poole,  a  well- 
known  bibliophile;  resided  in  Egypt  with  her  brother, 
1842-9 ;  published  '  The  Englishwoman  in  Egypt,'  1844-6. 

[xlvi.  104] 

POOLE,  THOMAS  (1765-1837),  friend  of  Coleridge  ;  a 
tanner  by  trade ;  began  an  intimacy  with  Coleridge 
(r.  1794)  which  continued  throughout  life.  He  assisted 
Coleridge  pecuniarily.  [xlvi.  104] 

POOR  or  PAUPER,  HERBERT  (d.  1217),  bishop  of 
Salisbury:  son  of  Richard  of  Ilchester  (<i.  1188)  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Winchester  ;  appointed  archdeacon  of  Canter- 
bury, 1175;  consecrated  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1194;  con- 
ceived the  design  of  removing  the  see  from  Old  Sarum  to 
a  more  suitable  site  in  the  plain,  a  project  which  was 
afterwards  carried  out  by  his  brother  and  successor, 
Richard  Poor  [q.  v.]  [xlvi.  105] 

POOR,  POORE,  POURE,  or  LE  POOR,  RICHARD 
(d.  1237),  successively  bishop  of  Chichester,  Salisbury,  and 
Durham:  son  of  Richard  of  Ilchester  (d.  1188)  [q.  v.]. 
bishop  of  Winchester:  elected  bishop  of  Chichester,  1214, 
and  translated  to  Salisbury,  1217  :  commenced  ( 1220)  the 
erection  of  the  present  Early-English  cathedral  of  Salis- 
bury, which  was  consecrated  in  1225 ;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1228-37  ;  perhaps  author  of  the  •  Ancren  Riwle.'  Panciroli's 
Identification  of  him  with  Richard  Anglicus  [q.  v.]  the 
jorUt  and  canonist  is  probably  Incorrect.  [xlvL  106] 
POOR,  ROGER  LK  (fl.  1139).  [See  ROGER  PAUPER.] 
POPE,  ALEXANDER  (1688-1744),  poet;  son  of 
Alexander  Pope  (1641  ?-1717),  a  Roman  catholic  linen- 
draper  of  London;  a  precocious  child,  and  called  'the 
little  nightingale '  from  the  beauty  of  his  voice ;  his  health 
rained  and  his  figure  distorted  by  a  severe  illness  at  the 
age  of  twelve,  brought  on  by  '  perpetual  application ' ; 
began  at  an  early  age  to  imitate  his  favourite  authors  • 
became  Intimate  (c.  1704)  with  William  Wycherley  [q  v  ]'  I 
who  introduced  him  to  town  life :  came  into  notice  by  the 
publication  of  the  '  Pastorals,'  in  1709,iuTon8on'8 '  Poetic 
Miscellanies  * ;  publiahed  anonymously  (1711)  the  '  Essay 
on  Criticism,'  which  was  warmly  praised  by  Addison  in 
tbe' Spectator';  became  known  to  the  Addison  circle- 


his  •  Messiah*  published  in  the  ' Spectator,'  14  May  1712  ; 
published  «  Rape  of  the  Lock '  in  Lintot's  '  Miscellanies,' 
1712,  and  separately,  1714;  published  (1713)  'Windsor 
Forest,'  which  appealed  to  the  tories  by  its  references  to 
the  peace  of  Utm-ht,  and  \von  liiui  the  friendship 
of  Swift ;  drifted  apart  from  Addison's  '  little  senate ' 
and  became  a  memlxjr  of  the  'Scriblerus  Club,'  an  in- 
formal association,  which  included  Swift,  Gay,  Arbuth- 
not,  Atterbury,  Oxford, and  others  ;  issued  (1715)  the  first 
volume,  of  his  translation  of  the  'Iliad'  (completed  in 
1720),  which  reflected  with  genuine  rhetorical  vigour  the 
classicism  of  the  time;  bought  (1719)  the  lease  of  a 
house  at  Twickenham,  where  he  lived  for  the  rest 
of  his  life ;  a  close  friend  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu [q.  v.]  and  Martha  Blount  [q.  v.],  1715-22 ;  after 
the  final  publication  of  the  'Iliad'  was  engaged  for  a 
time  on  task  work,  editing  the  poems  of  Parnell 
in  1722,  and  beginning  an  edition  of  Shakespeare  for 
To M son,  which  appeared  in  1825  ;  assisted  in  his 
translation  of  the  '  Odyssey,'  by  William  Broorne  [q.  v.] 
and  Elijah  Fenton  [q.  v.]  ;  issued  his  translation  of  the 
'  Odyssey,'  1725-6,  which  brought  an  addition  of  fortune, 
though  not  much  of  fame;  published  the  'Dunciad' 
(anonymously),  1712,  thereby  making  an  unprecedented 
stir  among  authors;  issued  an  enlarged  edition,  1729, 
though  the  poem  was  not  acknowledged  till  it  appeared 
in  Pope's 'Works'  in  1735;  his  'Duuciad'  attacked  in 
numerous  rejoinders,  which  caused  him  some  mortifica- 
tion ;  led  by  Bolingbroke's  influence  over  him  as  a  friend 
and  philosopher  into  writing  the  'Essay  on  Man'  (1733) 
and  the  four  '  Moral  Essays,'  which  were  the  only  parts 
completed  of  a  series  of  poems  intended  to  embrace  a 
systematic  survey  of  human  nature  ;  published  (1733)  his 
translation  from  Horace  of  the  first  satire  of  the  second 
book,  the  first  of  a  series  of  his  most  felicitous  writings, 
continued  intermittently  until  the  close  of  his  life: 
occupied  himself  in  the  meantime  with  the  publication  of 
his  earlier  correspondence,  which  he  edited  and  amended 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  misrepresent  totally  the  literary 
history  of  the  time,  and  also  employed  a  series  of  dis- 
creditable artifices  to  make  it  appear  that  it  was  pub- 
lished against  his  wish ;  assisted  Edmund  Cur  11  [q.  v.], 
the  publisher,  who  had  printed  his  '  Familiar  Letters  to 
Henry  Cromwell'  in  1726,  to  publish  his  'Literary  Cor- 
respondence '  in  1735,  and  then  endeavoured  to  disavow 
him;  ungenerously  took  advantage  of  Swift's  failing 
powers  in  1741  ha  order  to  saddle  him  with  the  responsi- 
bility for  a  similar  publication  in  1741 ;  lost  his  friend, 
Arbuthnot,  by  death,  1735 ;  deprived  of  the  society  of 
Boliugbroke,  who  retired  to  France,  1735 ;  undertook, 
by  the  advice  of  William  Warburton,  to  complete  the 
'Dunciad'  by  a  fourth  book,  which  appeared  in  1742, 
and  contains  some  of  his  finest  verses ;  his  last  lite- 
rary quarrel  the  result  of  a  reference  in  it  to  Colley 
Gibber  [q.  v.];  buried  in  Twickenham  Church.  His 
writings  accurately  reflect  the  tendencies  of  his  age,  and 
with  reference  to  that  age  he  was  certainly  a  great  poet. 
Satire  and  didactic  poetry  corresponded  to  the  taste  of  such 
an  epoch  ;  and  his  scholarly  sense  of  niceties  of  language 
led  him  to  polish  all  liis  work  with  unwearied  care.  The 
first  collective  edition  of  his  'Works'  appeared  In  1751. 
The  standard  edition  is  that  edited  by  Whitwell  Elwin 
£q.  v.]  and  Mr.  W.  J.  Courthope,  and  published  between 
1871  and  1889.  [xlvi.  109] 

POPE  or  PAIP,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1782),  Scottish 
divine  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1725 ;  minister  of 
Heay  in  Caithness,  1734-82  ;  translated  a  large  part  of  the 
'  Orcades '  of  Torfaeus,  and  was  acquainted  wilh  Alex- 
ander Pope  (1688-1744)  [q.  v.]  [xlvi.  127] 

POPE,  ALEXANDER  (1763-1835),  actor  and  painter ; 
practised  portrait-painting  for  a  time  at  Cork,  but  sub- 
sequently went  on  the  stage,  appearing  at  Coveut  Garden, 
London,  in  1785  ;  made  an  eminently  favourable  impres- 
sion, and  for  many  years  played  the  principal  tragic  parts 
in  the  same  house ;  also  made  occasional  appearances  in 
the  country,  especially  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  a 
favourite ;  exhibited  fifty-nine  miniatures  at  the  Royal 
Academy  between  1787  and  1821.  [xlvi.  127] 

POPE,  CLARA  MARIA  (d.  1838),  painter ;  daughter 
of  Jared  Leigh  [q.  v.] ;  married  at  an  early  age  Francis 
Wheatley  [q.  v.],  and  in  1807  became  the  third  wife  of 
Alexander  Pope  (1763-1835)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  from  1796  ;  in  later  life  enjoyed  a  great 
reputation  for  her  groups  of  flowers.  [xlvi.  130] 


POPE 


1059 


PORSON 


POPE,     ELIZABETH    (17447-1797), 
Younge;  became  the  first  wife  of 

1835)  [q.  v.]  in  1786  ;  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  London 
(1768)  in  the  character  of  Imogen  and  obtained  im- 
mediate recognition  ;  n-movr.i  from  Drury  Lane,  London 
(1778)  to  Covent  ( l;ir<l<-n,  London,  wliere  a  be  remained  for 
the  rest  of  her  stage  ram-r ;  found  Mr-«.  Siddon*  a  for- 
midaMi'  rival  in  tragedy  and  Miss  Farreu  in  comedy,  but 
while  perhaps  surpassed  by  each  in  her  own  province,  had 
a  wiiler  range  than  either.  [xlvi.  180] 

POPE,  JANE  (1742-1818),  actress ;  first  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1756 :  remained  at  Drury  Lane  till 
her  retirement  from  the  stage,  1808 ;  excelled  in  the  role 
of  soubrette;  praised  by  Lamb,  Hazlitt,  and  Leigh  Hunt. 

[xlvi.  132] 

POPE,  MARIA  ANN  (1775-1803),  actress:  nit  Cam- 
pion :  first  appeared  at  the  Crow  Street  Theatre,  Dublin, 
1792,  and  was  rapidly  promoted  to  be  the  heroine  of  the 
Irish  stage;  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  under 
the  name  of  Mrs.  Spenser,  1797  ;  became  the  second  wife 
of  Alexander  Pope  (1763-1836)  [q.  T.]  in  1798 :  aooom- 
panied  her  husband  to  Drury  Lane,  London,  1801,  when 
she  was  taken  ill  on  10  June  1803.  while  playing  Desde- 
mona,  and  died  on  the  18th.  [xlvi.  134] 

POPE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1507  7-1559),  founder  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford;  educated  at  Eton;  held  many  offices 
about  the  court,  and  was  enriched  by  grants  of  monastic 
lands;  knighted,  1637;  withdrew  largely  from  public  life 
during  Edward  VI's  reign,  owing  to  lack  of  sympathy  with 
the  Reformation ;  became  privy  councillor  on  Queen 
Mary's  accession,  1553  ;  retained  Queen  Elizabeth's  favour 
on  her  accession.  On  28  March  1555  he  executed  a  deed 
of  erection  for  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  which  he  endowed 
with  the  site  and  buildings  of  Durham  College,  the  Oxford 
house  of  the  abbey  of  Durham.  [xlvi.  135] 

POPE,  SIR  THOMAS,  second  EARL  OF  DOWNK  (1622- 
1660),  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  succeeded  his  grand- 
father as  earl,  1631 ;  raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  Charles  I, 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  but  compounded,  1646,  and 
took  the  solemn  oath  and  covenant ;  left  England,  c.  1662, 
and  travelled  in  France  and  Italy.  [xlvL  138] 

POPE,  SIR  THOMAS,  third  EARL  OP  DOWNK  (1598- 
1668),  uncle  of  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  second  earl  of  Downe 
[q.  v.] ;  suffered  severely  from  both  sides  during  the  civil 
war ;  imprisoned  by  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  and  arrested  in 
1656  on  suspicion  of  complicity  with  the  «  cavalier '  plot. 

POPE,  WALTER  (d.  1714),  astronomer  :  of  Mattf 
College,  Cambridge,  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  fellow 
of  Wailham  College,  Oxford,  1651 :  M.A.,  1651 ;  became 
professor  of  astronomy  in  Gresham  College,  London,  1660 ; 
M.D.  Oxford,  1661 ;  published  a  •  Life  of  Seth  Ward,'  1697, 
besides  other  works.  [xlvi  138] 

POPE-HENNESSY,  SIR  JOHN  (1834-1891),  colonial 
governor;  M.P.,  King's  County,  1869,  being  the  first 
Roman  catholic  conservative  who  obtained  a  seat; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1861 :  governor  of  Labuan, 
1867-71,  of  the  Gold  Coast,  1872-3,  of  the  Windward 
islands,  1875-6,  of  Hongkong,  1877-82,  and  of  the 
Mauritius,  1883-9;  espoused  the  cause  of  the  French 
Creoles  in  the  Mauritius  and  was  suspended  from  office  in 
1886 ;  returned  for  Kilkenny  as  an  anti-Parnellite  home 
rnler,  1890.  [xlvi.  139] 

POPHAM,  ALEXANDER  (1729-1810),  prison  re- 
former ;  of  Balliol  and  All  Souls  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
1765;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1755  (bencher,  1786); 
M.P.,  Taunton,  1768,  1774-80,  and  1784-96;  was  the 
author  of  the  bill  passed  in  1774  for  the  prevention  of  the 
gaol  distemper.  [xlvi.  141] 

POPHAM.  EDWARD  (16107-1651),  admiral  and 
general  at  sea  ;  son  of  Sir  Francis  Popham  [q.  v.] ;  threw 
In  his  lot  with  parliament  in  the  civil  war  :  M.P.,  Mine- 
head,  1644 ;  commanded  a  force  in  Somerset  and  Dorset : 
appointed  a  commissioner  for  the  immediate  ordering  of 
the  navy,  1648 ;  commanded  in  the  Downs  and  North 
Sea,  1649 ;  joined  Blake  at  Lisbon  in  blockading  Prince 
Rupert,  1650.  [xlvi.  141] 

POPHAM,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1573-1644),  soldier  and 
politician ;  only  son  of  Sir  John  Pophnm  (1531  7-1607) 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple ; 
knighted,  1596 ;  M.P.,  1597-1644,  for  Somerset,  Wiltshire, 


Marliwrougn,  Great  Bedwln,  Ohippenham,  and  Mlnehead, 

. 

s  an  active  interert  in  the  setUementof  Virginia 
and  New  England.  [xlTi.  1U] 

POPHAM,    8m   HOMB    BldOfl    <17«-1MO),    rear- 
admiral  ;  «lu,-utadat  Westminster  School  and  Cambridge  : 


>•,.  in8;obfatMtlmtM«t»«Mife 
and  engaged  in  the  Bart  India  and  China  trad*  17*7,  bat 
WM  ueariy  ruined  by  the  capture  of  hU  vend,  the  Btraseo, 
...  im,  ud  teontanttXii  In  H«tMb«  •  M» 

invention  of  the  charter  of  the  Bart  India  Company,  in 
spite  of  the  fact  that  he  had  obtained  the  •ancttoioTthe 
gov.-rnor-general  in  council;  served  In  Plandcn  (1794) 
Duke  of  York,  who  obtained  hi*  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  pOHt-oaptaln  ;  while  in  KronsUdt  he  received 
marks  of  favour  from  the  Russian  emperor,  179f  ;  com- 
manded an  expedition  against  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope 
in  conjunction  with  a  land  force  under  Sir  Darid  Balrd 
[q.  v.1,  1806  :  on  the  completion  of  this  enterprise  pro- 
ceeded with  William  Carr  Berwford  (afterwards  Viscount 
Berwford)  [q.  v.]  to  Buenos  Ayrea,  where  Beiwford  and 
his  force  were  captured  by  the  Spaniards  ;  superseded, 
January  1807,  and  (March  1807)  reprimanded  by  a  court- 
martial  ;  took  part  in  the  expedition  against  Copenhagen, 
1808;  K.C.B.,  1816:  commander-ln-chlcf  on  the  Jamaica 
station,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  1817-20  ;  retired 
in  broken  health,  1820.  [xlvi.  143] 

POPHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1463  ?),  military 


and  speaker-elect  of  the  House  of  Commons ;  took  pan  la 
Henry  V's  invasion  of  France  in  1416  and  in  the  French 
wars  under  the  Duke  of  Bedford :  elected  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  (M.P.,  Hampshire),  1449,  but  WM  per- 
mitted by  Henry  VI  to  decline  the  office  on  the  ground  of 


infirmity. 


[xlvi.  146] 


POPHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (1531  7-1607),  chief-justice  of 
Uiol 

1572-83  ;  privy  councillor,  1571 ;  solicitor-general,  1179  ; 


tng/l 

eTei 


Middle  Temple  (treasurer,  1580)  ;  M.P.,  Bristol,  1671  and 


elected  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1580 ;  appointed 
attorney-general,  1681 ;  nominated  lord  chief  justice,  1692 ; 
knighted,  1592.  [xlvL  147] 

POPPLE,  WILLIAM  (</.  1708X  author ;  a  London 
merchant;  appointed  secretary  to  the  board  of  trade, 
1696;  published  'A  Rational  Catechism,'  1687. 

[xlvi.  149] 

POPPLE,  WILLIAM  (1701-1764X  dramatist;  grand- 
son of  William  Popple  (d.  1708)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the 
cofferer's  office,  e.  1730 ;  promoted  solicitor  and  clerk  of 
the  report  to  the  commissioners  of  trade  and  planta- 
tions, 1737 ;  governor  of  the  Bermudas  from  1746  till 
shortly  before  his* death ;  author  of  mediocre  plays  and 
pamphlets.  [xlvi.  149] 

PORCHESTER,  third  VISCOUNT  (1800-1849).  [Bee 
HRRRRRT,  HKNRY  JOHN  GBORQK,  third  EARL  OF  CAR- 
NARVON.] 

PORDAGE,  JOHN  (1607-1681),  astrologer  and  mystic ; 
rector  of  Bradfield,  Berkshire ;  ejected  as  '  ignorant  and 
insufficient,'  1665,  but  restored,  1660 ;  described  by  Baxter 
as  chief  of  the  Behmeniste ;  published  a  number  of  works, 
partly  astrological  and  partly  devotional  [xlvi.  160] 

PORDAGE,  SAMUEL  (1683-1691  7),  poet ;  eldest  son 
of  John  Pordage  [q.  v.] ;  of  Merchant  Taylors*  School, 
London,  and  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  published  a  translation  of 


entitled  'Troade*  Englished,'  1660,  and 

quently  several  poems  and  plays,  Including  an  answer  to 
Dryden's  'Absalom  and  Acbitophel,'  entitled  '  Auuria  and 
Hushai,'  1682.  [xlvi.  161] 

PORDEW,  ELEANOR  ANNE  (17977-1886).  [See 
FRANKLIN.] 

PORDEN,  WILLIAM  (1755-1822),  architect »  student 
under  James  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  his  most  important  work 
Eaton  Hall,  Cheshire,  1804-12.  [xlvi.  162] 

PORRETT,  ROBERT  (1783-1868),  chemist;  WM  a 
clerk  in  the  war  office  from  1796  until  1860,  when  he 
retired  on  a  pension:  discovered  sulpho-cyanic  acid 
between  1808  and  1814,  and  ferro-cyanic  acid,  1814 ;  inde- 
pendently discovered  electric  endosmosis,  1816;  FJSJL, 
1840;  F.R.S.,  1848.  [xlvt  IM] 

PORSON,  RICHARD  (1769-1808),  Greek  scholar;  Mb 
of  the  pariah  clerk  at  Bast  Ruston,  near  North  Walsham: 
showed  an  extraordinary  memory  when  a  boy,  and 

3Y2 


POP.T 


1060 


PORTER 


the  attention  "f  T.  Hewett,  the  cnrnte  of  the 
parish"  who  eduoaU-1  him  with  his  own  sons ;  placed 
at  Eton  bv  Mr.  Norris  of  Witton  I'ark,  1771;  a  fund 
started  to  maintain  him  at  Cambridge  by  Sir  George 

laker  [q  v  ]  on  Norris's  death ;  entered  at  Trinity  Col- 
*.  1778-   scholar.  1780:  Craven  scholar,  1781:    first 

kanccllor'i  medallist  and  fellow,  1782 ;  M.A.,  1785 :  be- 
rarne  widely  known  by  his  'Letters  to  Travis'  [see 
TRAVW,  GBOROK],  1788-9  ;  lost  his  fellowship,  which  ex- 
pired, 1792,  owing  to  his  refusal  to  take  orders,  and  failed 
to  obtain  a  lay  fellowship,  for  which  he  applied;  an 
annuity  of  100/.  purchased  for  him  by  his  admirers,  on 
which  be  took  rooms  at  Essex  Court  in  the  Temple :  was 
elected  regiu*  professor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge  University, 
November  1792,  but  continued  to  live  in  London,  absorbed 
in  private  study :  his  society  much  sought  by  literary  men  : 
married  (1796)  Mrs.  Lunan  (d.  1797  ),  the  sister  of  James 
Perry  [q.  v.],  one  of  his  intimate  friends  ;  edited  four  plays 
of  Euripides,  '  Hecuba'  (1797  and  1802),  'Orestes'  (1798), 
'  PhceniswE '  (1799),  and  '  Medea'  (1801),  his  finest  single 
piece  of  criticism  being  the  '  Supplement '  to  the  preface 
in  the  second  edition  of  the  '  Hecuba,'  in  which  he  states 
and  illustrates  certain  rules  of  iambic  and  trochaic  verse ; 
died  in  London,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  His  memory  was  remarkable,  not 
only  for  its  tenacity,  but  also  for  its  readiness.  In  later 
life  he  gave  way  to  intemperance.  His  transcripts  of 
Photius  from  the  Gale  MS.  and  of  the  'Medea'  and 
'  Plxrniasre '  are  marvels  of  calligraphy.  His  literary  re- 
mains were  published  after  his  death,  between  1812  and 
1834.  His 'Correspondence 'appeared  in  1867.  He  defi- 
nitely advanced  Greek  scholarship  in  three  principal  re- 
spect; :  (1)  by  remarks  upon  countless  points  of  Greek 
idiom  and  usage :  (2)  by  adding  to  the  knowledge  of  metre, 
and  especially  of  the  iambic  trimeter ;  (3)  by  emendation 
of  texts.  [xlvi.  154] 

PORT  or  FORZ,  ADAM  DK  (d.  1213  ?),  baron :  ac- 
cused (1172)  of  treason  and  plotting  Henry  IPs  death; 
fled  from  England  on  being  summoned  to  appear  before 
Henry  I  I's  court  and  was  outlawed ;  joined  William  of  Scot- 
land during  the  barons'  rebellion  of  1174,  but  in  1180  made 
his  peace  with  Henry  II  and  received  back  his  paternal 
lands  ;  ward  .MI  of  Southampton  Castle,  1213.  [xlvi.  163] 

PORT,  Sm  JOHN  (1480  ?-1541),  judge :  studied  law 
in  the  Middle  Temple  (governor,  1520) :  attorney  to  the 
earldom  of  Chester  before  1512:  serjeant-at-law,  1622; 
knighted,  1625;  a  judge  of  the  king's  bench,  1525.  He 
was  a  benefactor  to  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  at  the  time 
of  its  foundation.  [xlvi.  165] 

PORT,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1557),  founder  of  Repton 
School;  son  of  Sir  John  Port  (1480  ?-1641)  [q.  v.] ;  first 
scholar  on  his  father's  foundation  at  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford ;  knighted  at  the  coronation  of  Edward  VI :  knight 
of  the  shire  for  Derbyshire,  1553 ;  sheriff  of  Derbyshire, 
1654.  By  his  will  he  left  a  bequest  for  the  foundation  of 
Repton  school.  [xlvL  166] 

PORTAL,  ABRAHAM  (/.  1768-1796),  dramatist; 
wrote  a  number  of  plays  between  1768  and  1796;  pub- 
lished •  Poems,'  1781.  [xlvi.  165] 

PORTAL,  Sm  GERALD  HERBERT  (1858-1894), 
diplomatist;  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  1879;  sta- 
tioned in  Egypt  between  1882  and  1887;  went  on  a 
mission  to  Abyssinia,  1887;  K.O.M.G.,  1892;  visited 
Uganda,  1892.  Accounts  of  his  missions  to  Abyssinia  and 
Uganda  were  written  by  him  and  published  in  1888  and 
1894  respectively.  [xlvi.  166] 

PORTEN,  Sm  STANIER  (d.  1789),  government  offi- 
cial; entered  the  diplomatic  service,  and  was  under- 
secretary to  Lord  Rochford,  1768-82 ;  knighted,  1T72 ; 
appointed  keeper  of  the  state  papers  at  Whitehall,  1774  ; 
uncle  of  Ed  ward  Gibbon  [q.  v.],  the  historian,  [xlvi.  167] 

PORTEOUS.    [See  also  PORTKUS.] 

PORTEOUS,  JOHN  (d.  1736),  captain  of  the  Edin- 
burgh city  guard :  enlisted  in  the  army,  and,  after  serving 
wime  time  in  Holland,  was  employed  in  1716  to  train  the 
Edinburgh  city  guard ;  promoted  to  be  captain  ;  fired  on 
th<-  crowd  and  killed  or  wounded  nearly  thirty  persons 
inM)  to  a  slight  tumult  at  the  execution  of  Andrew 
Wilson,  an  Edinburgh  merchant,  who  had  excited  the 
admiration  of  the  Edinburgh  mob  by  contriving  the 
e*-ape  of  his  accomplice  in  robbing  the  custom  house  • 


was  brought  to  trial,  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  death, 
but  reprieved :  taken  out  of  prison  and  Innged  by  a 
number  of  persons  (7  Sept.  1736),  none  of  whom  were 
captured,  in  spite  of  the  most  rigorous  investigation.  The 
plot  of  Sir  Walter  Scott%  '  Heart  of  Midlothian '  turns 
upon  the  incidents  of  the  Porteous  riot.  [xlvi.  168] 

PORTEOUS,  WILLIAM  (1735-1812), Scottish  divine: 
minister  of  Whitburn,  1759-70,  and  of  the  Wynd  Church, 
Glasgow,  and  the  new  St.  George's  Church,  Glasgow,  1770- 
1812  ;  strongly  orthodox,  writing  against  all  innovations. 

[xlvi.  1C9] 

PORTER,  ANNA  MARIA  (1780-1832),  novelist: 
sister  of  Sir  Robert  Ker  Porter  [q.  v.] ;  devoted  herself  to 
literature,  and  at  thirteen  began  a  series  of  '  Artless 
Tales,' published  in  1795;  published  (1807)  '  The  Hunga- 
rian Brothers,'  a  tale  of  the  French  revolutionary  wur, 
besides  other  novels.  [xlvi.  170] 

PORTER,  Sm  CHARLES  (d.  1696),  Irish  lord  chan- 
cellor ;  was  concerned  as  a  London  apprentice  in  the  riots 
of  1648 :  escaped  to  Holland,  served  as  a  common  soldier, 
and  kept  an  eating-house :  received  among  the  chancery 
clerks  on  returning  to  London,  and  (1660)  called  to  the  bar 
at  the  Middle  Temple ;  taken  into  custody  (June  1675)  in 
the  middle  of  an  argument,  by  order  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  for  breach  of  privilege,  in  common  with  all 
parties  engaged  in  the  Dalmahoy  case  ;  knighted,  1675 : 
made  Irish  lord  chancellor  in  1686  by  James  II,  who  hoped 
he  would  prove  a  useful  tool :  recalled  at  Tyrconnel's 
instance,  January  1687  :  an  active  partisan  of  William  III, 
returning  to  Ireland  as  lord  chancellor  in  1690.  He  was 
frequently  assailed  by  the  extreme  protestants,  but  re- 
tained office  till  his  death.  [xlvi.  1 70] 

PORTER,  CLASSON  EMMETT  (1814-1885),  eccle- 
siastical historian  :  brother  of  John  Scott  Porter  [q.  v.] ; 
minister  of  the  first  presbyterian  church  at  Larne,  co. 
Antrim,  1834-85.  His  contributions  to  Irish  presbyterian 
church  history  were  numerous  and  important. 

[xlvi.  186] 

PORTER,  ENDYMION  (1587-1649),  royalist ;  brought 
up  in  Spain,  and  some  time  page  in  the  household  of 
Olivares ;  after  his  return  obtained  a  place  in  Bucking- 
ham's service,  and  became  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Prince  Charles ;  made  use  of  by  Buckingham  to  conduct 
his  Spanish  correspondence  ;  sent  to  Spain  (October  1622) 
to  prepare  the  way  for  Prince  Charles's  visit ;  accom- 
panied Prince  Charles  and  Buckingham  to  Spain,  1623, 
and  was  again  in  that  country  in  1628  with  proposals  for 
peace ;  rewarded  with  numerous  promotions  and  grants  ; 
wrote  verses  and  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  poets,  includ- 
ing D'Avenant,  Dekker,  Gervase  Warmestry,  and  Edmund 
Bolton  ;  one  of  the  agents  employed  by  Charles  I  in  form- 
ing his  great  collection  of  pictures :  sat  in  the  Long  par- 
liament as  M.P.,  Droitwich,  and  voted  against  Strafford's 
attainder ;  attended  Charles  I  from  London ;  expelled 
from  parliament  and  exempted  from  pardon,  on  account 
of  the  unfounded  belief  that  he  was  a  chief  instrument  in 
a  '  popish  plot '  against  English  liberties,  1643  ;  left  Eng- 
land, 1645,  and  after  enduring  great  poverty  compounded 
in  1649.  [xlvi.  172] 

PORTER,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1702),  Irish  Franciscan; 
passed  most  of  his  life  at  Rome,  where  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Irish  college ;  author  of  five  rare  Latin 
works.  [xlvi.  175] 

PORTER,  GEORGE  (1622?-! 683),  royalist;  eldest 
son  of  Endymion  Porter  [q.  v.] ;  major-general  of  New- 
castle's foot  at  Marston  Moor,  where  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, 1644 ;  was  exchanged  and  subsequently  became 
lieutenant-general  and  commander  of  the  horse  under  his 
brother-in-law,  Goring ;  deserted  Charles  I's  service  and 
went  to  London,  November  1645  :  engaged  in  plots  for 
Charles  I  I's  restoration,  1659,  and  after  Charles  I  I's  return 
became  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  the  queen- 
consort,  [xlvi.  176] 

PORTER,  GEORGE  (Jl.  1684-1697),  conspirator; 
captain  in  Slingsby's  horse,  1688;  was  proclaimed  a 
dangerous  Jacobite,  1692 ;  engaged  in  the  plot  to  assassinate 
William  III,  1696  ;  was  captured,  turned  king's  evidence, 
and  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  conviction  of  the 
other  prisoners.  [xlvi.  176] 

PORTER,  SIR  GEORGE  HORNIDGE,  first  baronet 
(1822-1896),  surgeon;  only  son  of  William  Henry  Porter 
[q.  v.]  :  M.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  elected  surgeon  to 


PORTER 


1061 


PORTLESTER 


the  Mcath  Hospital,  Dublin,  1849 :  president  of  the  College 
Of  Surgeon?  of  Ireland,  18C8-U  :  KTven  a  baronet. -y. 
regius  professor  of  surgery  at  Dublin  UniverMty,  l8'Jl. 

[xlvi.  177] 

PORTER,  GEORGE  RICHARDSON  (1792-1852), 
statistician  ;  failed  in  business  as  a  sugar-broker,  and 
devoted  himself  to  economics  and  statistics ;  the  rtat . 
department  of  the  board  of  trade  established  mainly 
under  his  supervision,  1834  :  became  joint-secretary  to  the 
board,  1841 ;  published  •  The  Progress  of  the  Nation  from 
the  Beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  1886-48,  and 
other  work*.  [xlvL  178] 

PORTER,  HENRY  (/.  1696-1699),  dramatist :  author 
of  five  plays  mentioned  In  Hcnslowe's  'Diary,'  of  which 
the  only  one  extant  is  '  The  Pleasant  Historic  of  the  two 
Angrie  Women  of  Abington  '  ( 15'J9),  which  has  been  fre- 
quently edited,  and  was  praised  by  Charles  Lamb. 

[xlvL  179] 

PORTER,  SIR  JAMES  (1710-1786),  diplomatist;  em- 
ployed at  Vienna,  1741  and  1743;  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, 1746-62  ;  minister  plenipotentiary  at  Brussels, 
1768-6  :  knighted,  1763  ;  published  '  Observations  on  the 
Religion,  Law,  Government  and  Manners  of  the  Turks,' 
1768.  [xlvi.  179] 

PORTER,  JAMBS  (1753-1798),  author  of  'Billy 
Bluff';  presbyteriau  minister  at  Oreyabbey,  oo.  Down, 
1787-98:  joined  the  volunteer  movement,  1778,  and  after 
its  suppression  (1793)  became  a  prominent  opponent  of 
government ;  contributed  (1796)  to  the  '  Northern  Star '  a 
aeries  of  letters,  forming  an  admirable  satire  on  local 
tyranny  in  Ireland,  which  were  at  once  reprinted  with 
the  title  '  Billy  Bluff  and  Squire  Firebrand,'  and  made  his 
name  a  household  word  in  Ulster:  apprehended  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  rebellion  of  1798,  convicted  before  a  court- 
martial  on  the  testimony  of  an  informer,  whom  he  was 
not  even  suffered  to  cross-examine,  and  hanged  at  Grey- 
abbey.  He  was  a  well-known  collector  of  books,  and  his 
scientific  apparatus  was  unrivalled  in  the  north  of  Ireland 
in  his  day.  [xlvL  180] 

PORTER,  JANE  (1776-1860),  novelist:  sister  of  Sir 
Robert  Ker  Porter  [q.  v.];  published  (1803)  her  first 
romance,  'Thaddeus  of  Warsaw,'  which  had  a  rapid 
success,  and  reached  a  ninth  edition  by  1 810 :  published 
(1810)  her  most  notable  novel  'The  Scottish  Chiefs,'  which 
had  an  immense  success  in  Scotland  and,  being  translated 
into  German  and  Russian,  won  European  fame  ;  attempted 
plays  with  less  success,  her  tragedies  of  •  Switzerland,' 
1819,  and  'Owen,  Prince  of  Powys,'  182J,  being  entire 
failures :  settled  in  London  with  her  sister,  Anna  Maria 
Porter  [q.  v.],  1832  ;  suffered  from  pecuniary  difficulties 
In  later  life.  [xlvi.  182] 

PORTER  or  NELSON,  JEROME  (d.  1632),  Benedic- 
tine monk;  an  inmate  of  St.  George's,  Douay;  wrote 
biographies  of  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish  saints  ;  died  at 
Douay.  [xlvL  184] 

PORTER,  JOHN  SCOTT  (1801-1880),  Irish  biblical 
scholar  and  Unitarian  divine  ;  minister  of  the  presbyterian 
congregation  in  Carter  Lane,  London,  1826-31,  and  of  the 
first  presbyterian  church  at  Belfast,  1831-8:  was  ap- 
pointed (1838)  joint-professor  of  theology  to  the  'Asso- 
ciation of  Irish  non-subscribing  presbyterians,'  and  (1851) 
became  in  addition  professor  of  Hebrew ;  published  theo- 
logical works.  [xlvi.  185] 

PORTER,  JOSIAS  LESLIE  (1823-1889),  traveller  and 
promoter  of  Irish  education ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1842  :  studied 
theology  at  Edinburgh,  1842;  presbyterian  minister  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1846-9;  became  missionary  to  the 
Jews  at  Damascus,  1 849,  and  during  the  next  ten  years 
acquired  an  intimate  knowledge  of  Syria  and  Palestine  ; 
professor  of  biblical  criticism  in  the  presbyterian  college, 
Ik-Hast,  1860-78  ;  nominated  by  government  (1878)  one  of 
the  two  assistant-commissioners  of  the  newly  established 
board  of  intermediate  education  for  Ireland ;  president  of 
Queen's  College,  Belfast,  1879-89.  Among  his  works  may 
be  mentioned  '  Five  Years  in  Damascus,'  1856,  and  '  The 
Giant  Cities  of  Bashan,'  1865.  [xlvi.  187] 

PORTER,  MARY  (d.  1765),  actress;  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields,  London,  16'JO :  acted  at  the  new  theatre  (Opera 
House)  in  the  Haymarket,  London,  1705 ;  migrated  to 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1708,  returning  to  the  Haymarket, 
London,  1709 ;  reappeared  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1710  ; 


l.-ft  without  a  rival  on  the  retirement  of  Mrs.  oMticl.L 
1730;  retirul,  1743.  [xlTi 

PORTER,  KniuiHT  (A  1690X  ejected  dirlne;  educated 
at  Cambridge;  became  vicar  of  Pentrich,  Derbyshire, 
1660,  but  was  ejected,  IMS  ;  on  the  passing  of  the  Five 
hews*  unmolested. 


Mile  Act  retired  to 


ies  painting  easel-pictures,  the 
historical  pieces  or  landscapes ; 
iter  to  the  czar  of  Russia,  1804  ; 


A  valuable  collection  of  Derbyshire  nonconformist  bio- 
graphies by  him  was  posthumously  published. 

[xlvi.  190] 

PORTER,  SIR  ROBERT  KER  (1777-1842),  painter 
and  traveller ;  was  admitted  an  academy  student  at  Somer- 
set House,  London,  1790 :  scene-painter  at  the  Lyceum 
Theatre,  London,  1800;  executed  (1800)  the  •  Storming  of 
SeringapatenV  a  sensational  panorama  190  feet  in  length, 
"wequently  producing  a  number  of  other  battle  scenes 
of  the  same  kind,  besides 
majority  of  which  were 

appointed  historical  painter  to  the  czar  of  Russia,  1804 ; 
left  Russia,  1806,  and  travelled  in  Finland,  Sweden,  and 
Germany ;  accompanied  Sir  John  Moore  throughout  the 
Ooruiia  campaign,  and  published  accounts  of  bis  journeys 
in  1809;  married  a  Russian  princess,  1812,  and  (1813), 
returning  to  England,  published  a  graphic  '  Narrative  of 
the  Campaign  in  Russia  during  1812;;  knighted,  1813; 
visited  (1817-20)  Georgia,  Persia,  Armenia,  and  ancient 
Babylonia,  publishing  un  account  of  his  '  Travels '  in  those- 
eoontrlH,  1S21  :  British  consul  in  Venezuela,  18)6-41 ;  died 
at  St.  Petersburg.  [xlvL  190] 

PORTER,  SARAH  (1791-1862),  writer  on  educa- 
tion ;  sister  of  David  Ricardo  [q.  v.] ;  married  George 
Richardson  Porter  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  On  Infant  Schools 
for  the  Upper  and  Middle  Classes,'  1838,  and  similar 
works.  [xlvL  178] 

PORTER,  THOMAS  (1636-1680),  dramatist;  son  of 
Endymion  Porter  [q.  v.]  :  imprisoned  (1665)  for  abducting 
Anne,  daughter  of  Mountjoy  Blouut,  earl  of  Newport 


[q.  v.]  ;  his  tragedy, '  Tlie  Villain '  (acted  1668,  published 

IVp\s. 
[xlvi.  193] 


1663),  thought  deficient  in  fancy  by  the  diarist  Pepj 


PORTER,  WALTER  (1595  ?- 1669),  composer;  ap- 
pointed master  of  the  choristers  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
1639;  composed  chiefly  madrigals  and  hymn-tunes. 

[xlvL  193] 

PORTER,  WHITWORTH  (1827-1892),  major-general, 
royal  engineers ;  entered  the  royal  engineers,  1846  ;  served 
before  Sebastopol,  1865;  commanding  royal  engineer  in 
the  western  district,  1877-81  ;  retired,  1881  ;  works  im-hi«ie 
an  elaborate  'History  of  the  Corps  of  Royal  Engineers,' 
1889.  [xlvi.  194] 

PORTER,  WILLIAM  (1805-1880),  attorney-general 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  brother  of  John  Scott  Porter 
[q.  v.]  ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1831 ;  attorney-general  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1839-65.  [xlvi.  186] 

PORTER,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1790-1861X  surgeon  ; 
president  of  the  Irish  College  of  Surgeon.^,  1838 ;  professor 
of  surgery  in  College  of  Surgeons  school  of  medicine  at 
Dublin.  [xlvi.  177] 

PORTETJS.  BEILBY  (1731-1808),  successively  bishop 
of  Chester  and  London  ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1752;  fellow,  1752;  appointed  (1762)  domestic  chaplain 
to  Thomas  Seeker  [q.  v,],  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 
chaplain  to  George  III,  1769  ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1776-87, 
of  London,  1787-1808 ;  supported  the  rising  evangelical 
party  hi  both  sees,  although  not  Identifying  himself  with 
their  more  decidedly  Culvinistic  doctrines  :  was  an  early 
patron  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  and  joined  th« 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society;  published  several 
doctrinal  treatises,  besides  collected  sermons,  charges,  and 
hortatory  letters.  [xlvi.  196] 

PORTLAND,  DUKKS  OF.     [See  BKXTISCK,  WILLIAM 
HKNHY  CAVENDISH,  third  DUKK,  1738-1809 ;  I?i 
SCOTT,  WILLIAM  JOHN  CAVENDISH,  fifth  DCKK,  1800- 
1879.] 

PORTLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  WESTOX,  SIR  RICHARD, 
first  EARL,  1677-1635;  WKSTOX,  JKKOMK,  second  EARL, 
1605-1663 ;  BKXTINI-K,  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  of  the  second 
creation,  1649-1709.] 

PORTLAND,  titular  EARL  or.  [See  HERBERT,  SIR 
EDWARD,  16487-1698.] 

PORTLESTER,  BARON.  [See  EUSTACE,  ROLAND 
FITZ,  d.  1496.] 


POKTLOCK 


1062 


POTTER 


PORTLOCK,  JOSEPH  ELLISON  (170 1-1861 X  mnjor- 
general,  royal  engineers :  only  son  of  Nathaniel  Portlock 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  royal  engineers,  1813 ;  took  part  in 
the  Canadian  campaign,  1814;  engaged  (1824-43)  in 
the  Irtoh  surrey,  particularly  on  the  geological  and 
productive  economical  sections ;  retired  from  active  ser- 
vice, 1867.  [xlvi.  197] 

PORTLOCK,  NATHANIEL  (1748?-1817),  captain  in 
the  nary ;  entered  the  navy  (1772)  as  an  '  able  seaman,' 
bat  was  placed  on  the  quarterdeck  by  (Sir)  Charles 
Douglas  [q~v.];  sailed  round  the  world  (1786-8)  in 
command  of  the  King  George,  and  published  '  A  Voyage 
round  the  World,'  1789 ;  attained  post  rank,  1799. 

[xlvi.  198] 

PORTMAN,  EDWARD  BERKELEY,  first  VISCOUNT 
PORTMAN  (1799-1888),  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.,  1826 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Dorset,  182S-:J2,  Mary- 
Icbooe,  1832-3;  created  Baron  Portman  of  Orchard  Port- 
man,  1837,  and  Viscount  Portman,  1873.  [xlvi.  199] 

,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1557),  judge ;  made 
1647 ;  knighted  by  Edward  VI ;  made  chief- 
[xlvi.  199] 

PORTMAN,  Sin  WILLIAM,  sixth  baronet  (1641  ?- 
1690),  captor  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth :  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford :  K.B.  at  the  Restoration ;  M.P.,  Taunton, 
1641-79  and  1686-90 ;  was  considered  the  most  influential 
tory  in  the  west  of  England,  after  Sir  Edward  Seymour 
(1633-1708)  [q.  r.]  :  F.R.S.,  1664  :  with  Lord  Lumley 
captured  Monmouth  in  the  New  Forest,  8  July  1685 ; 
joined  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  Exeter,  1688.  [xlvi.  200] 

PORTMORE,  first  EARL  OF  (d.  1730).  [See  COLYKAR, 
SIR  DAVID.] 

PORTSMOUTH,  DUCHESS  OF  (1649-1734).  [See 
KEKOUALLK,  LOUISE  HKXKK  DK.] 

PORTSMOUTH,  first  EARL  OF  (1690-1762).  [See 
WALLOP,  JOHN.] 

PORTU,  MAURITIUS  DK  (d.  1613).  [See  O'FlHELY, 
MADRICB.] 

PORT,  JOHN  (rf.  1673  ?),  master  of  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1617  ;  D.D.,  1557  ;  elected  fellow  of  his  college,  c. 
1634,  and  master,  1657 ;  resigned  mastership  under  pres- 
sure (1570)  on  account  of  infirmity;  friend  of  Matthew 
Parker  [q.  v.]  [xlvi.  200] 

PORY,  JOHN  (1570  P-1635),  traveller  and  geographer : 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1595  (incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1610) ;  MJ».,  Bridgwater,  1605  ;  travelled  in 
France  and  the  Low  Countries,  1607,  in  Turkey,  1613-16 ; 
went  to  America  as  secretary  to  Sir  George  Yeardley[q.  v.], 
1619 ;  settled  in  London,  1624.  [xlvL  201] 

PORY  or  POREY,  ROBERT  (16089-1669),  arch- 
deacon  of  Middlesex ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School. 
London,  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1632 ; 
D.D.  per  tittreu  rrgieu,  1660  (incorporated  at  Oxford, 
1663) ;  collated  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Margaret's,  Fish  Street, 
Ixmdon,  1640;  plundered  and  sequestered  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war ;  rector  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate  Street, 
London,  1660-3  ;  appointed  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1660. 

POST,  JACOB  (1774-1856),  quaker;  published^Ju- 
lar  expositions  of  the  history  and  belief  of  the  Society  of 
'>'••»''-.  [xlvi.  202] 

POSTE,  BEALE  (1793-1871),  divine  and  antiquary: 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  LL.B.,1819; 
curate  successively  of  High  Haitian  and  Milstead  in  Kent; 
bis  works  mainly  concerned  with  early  British  history. 

P08TOATE,  JO  UN  (1820-1881),  initiator  oAhflaws 
affain««t  adulteration  ;  started  life  as  a  grocer's  boy  at 
Scarborough ;  began  practice  in  Birmingham  as  a  surgeon, 
1861 ;  F.R.C.Sn  1864 :  he  began  (1864)  his  lifelong  crusade 
••test  the  adulteration  of  food  substances,  the  result  of 
wnfch  was  that  the  Birmingliam  member,  William  Schole- 

a  [q.  v.],  obtained  a  parliamentary  committee  of  inquiry 
in  1866,  and  a  restraining  bill  was  passed  in  1860 ;  the 
Amendment  Act  Introduced  at  his  instance,  and  passed  to 
render  the  check  more  effective,  1872.  [xlvi.  203] 

POSTLETHWAITE,  THOMAS  (1731-1798),  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cum- 


bridge,  1756  ;  D.D.  (by  royal  mandate),  1789  :  elected  fel- 
low of  his  college,  1755;  master  of  his  college,  1789-98; 
when  master  passed  over  Richard  Porson  [q.  v.],  who  was 
in  1792  a  candidate  for  the  lay  fellowship.  [xlvi.  204] 

POSTLETHWAYT,  JAMES  (rf.  1761),  writer  on 
revenue ;  prpbaoly  a  brother  of  Malachy  Postlethwuyt 
[q.  v.]  ;  published 'The  History  of  the  Public  Revenue  from 
1688  to  1758,'  1769.  [xlvi.  205] 

POSTLETHWAYT.  JOHN  (1660-1713),  chief  master 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1678 ;  high  master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  1697-1713 :  proved 
an  eminent  schoolmaster.  [xlvi.  205] 

POSTLETHWAYT,  MALACHY  (1707  ?-1767),  econo- 
mic writer ;  devoted  twenty  years  to  the  preparation  of 
'The  Universal  Dictionary  of  Trade  and  Commerce,'  1761 
(4th  ed.  1774),  a  translation,  with  large  additions,  from 
the  French  of  J.  Savary  des  Brulons  ;  wrote,  among  other 
topics,  on  the  African  trade.  [xlvi.  205] 

POSTLETHWAYT,  MATTHEW  (1679-1745),  arch- 
deacon of  Norwich  ;  nephew  of  John  Postlethwayt  [q.  v.]  : 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1706  ;  archdeacon  of 
Norwich  and  rector  of  Redenhall,  1742.  [xlvi.  205] 

POTE,  JOSEPH  (1703  ?-1787),  bookseller;  kept  a 
boarding-house  for  Eton  boys,  and  was  well  known  as  an 
editor  and  publisher  in  Eton.  [xlvi.  206] 

POTENGER  or  POTTINGER,  JOHN  (1647-1733), 
master  in  chancery  and  author;  of  Winchester  College 
and  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1668  ;  admitted 
to  the  Inner  Temple,  1675  :  obtained  the  post  of  master 
in  chancery  after  1678,  subsequently  selling  it ;  refused  to 
support  James  IPs  religious  policy ;  author  of  '  A  Pastoral 
Reflection  on  Death,'  1691,  and  many  unpublished  poems. 

[xlvi.  206] 

POTT,  JOSEPH  HOLDEN  (1759-1847),  archdeacon  of 
London  ;  son  of  Percivall  Pott  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1783  ;  was  archdeacon 
of  St.  Albans,  1789-1813,  of  London,  1813-42;  chancellor 
of  Exeter,  1826 ;  wrote  works  in  prose  and  verse. 

[xlvi.  207] 

POTT,  PERCIVALL (1714-1788), surgeon:  was  bound 
an  apprentice  to  Edward  Nourse  [q.  v.],  1729 ;  became 
master  of  anatomy  to  the  newly  formed  Corporation  of 
Surgeons,  1753,  and  master  of  the  corporation,  1765  ;  be- 
came surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
1749 ;  introduced  many  improvements  into  the  art  of 
surgery  during  his  long  tenure  of  office,  rendering  its 
practice  more  humane ;  suffered  a  compound  fracture  of 

I   the  leg  (still  known  as  '  Pott's  fracture '),  1756,  which,  in 

i  spite  of  the  opinion  of  the  surgeons  in  favour  of  amputa- 
tion, he  and  his  friend  and  colleague  Nourse  succeeded 
in  curing  without  it ;  resigned  his  office  of  surgeon,  1787. 
He  was  the  teacher  of  John  Hunter  (1728-1793)  [q.  v.], 
whom  he  excelled  in  practical,  but  to  whom  he  was  much 
inferior  in  scientific,  surgery.  The  spinal  disease  known 
as  '  Pott's  disease '  obtained  its  name  from  his  discussion 
of  it  in  a  medical  work  published  in  1779.  His  works, 
which  are  numerous  and  important,  were  collected,  1775. 

[xlvi.  207] 

POTTER,  BARNABY  (1577-1642),  provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Carlisle  ;  M.A.  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1602 ;  D.D.,  1615  ;  fellow  of  his  college,  1604  : 
provost,  1616-26 ;  liked  by  Charles  I,  in  spite  of  his  puritan 
leanings  ;  chief  almoner  to  Charles  I.  1628  ;  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  1629-42.  [xlvi.  211] 

POTTEK,  CHARLES  (1634-1663),  courtier ;  son  of 
Christopher  Potter  (1591-1646)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 

l  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1647  ;  M.A.,  1651;  joined  the  exiled  court  of  Charles  II, 
and  became  a  Roman  catholic;  made  usher  to  Queen 

!  Henrietta  Maria  at  the  Restoration.  [xlvi.  213] 

POTTER,    CHRISTOPHER  (1591-1646),  provost  of 

Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  nephew  of  Barnaby  Potter  [q.  v.]  ; 

,   M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1613;  D.D.,  1627;  fellow 

of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1615 ;  provost,  1626-46.      He 

j  attached  himself  to  Laud,  and  was  made  chaplain   in 

I  ordinary  to  Charles  I ;  dean  of  Worcester,  1636 ;   vice- 

j  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1640 ;  suffered  much  in 

Charles  I's  cause  during  the  civil  war :   was  nominated 

dean  of  Durham,  1646,  but  died  before  his  installation. 

[xlvi.  212] 

POTTER,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1817),  introducer  into 
France  of  printing  on  porcelain ;  settled  in  Paris  in  1789, 


POTTER 


10T.3 


POTTS 


and  received  credit  for  the  invention  of  nrintinir  on  i*>r- 
celainand  glass,  though  it  had  been  practised  at  Liverpool 
aii'i  Worcester  from  1756-7.  He  reopened  the  Ch.mtilly 
potteries. 

POTTER,  FRANCIS  (1594-1878),  divine  au.l  mecha- 
nician ;  brother  of  Hannibal  Totter  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1616;  BJX,  1616;  rector  of  KUmlngtou, 
1628-78  ;  made  quadrants  with  a  graduated  compass  of 
his  own  invention,  which  he  gave  to  John  Aubrey  [q.  v.]  ; 
P.R.S.,  1663.  [xlvL  214] 

POTTER,  GEORGE  (1832-1893),  trade-unionist;  a 
carpenter  by  trade ;  first  became  prominent  in  the  lock- 
out in  the  building  trades  in  1869 :  headed  the  deputation 
of  London  workmen  who  welcomed  Garibaldi,  1864; 
member  of  the  London  school  board,  1873-83;  contri- 
buted to '  The  Times '  and  the  •  Contemporary  Review.* 

[xlvi.  216] 

POTTEE,  HANNIBAL  (1592-1664),  president  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford, 
1614;  D.D.,  1630;  fellow  of  bis  college,  1613:  president 
in  1643 ;  deprived  of  the  presidentship  by  the  parlia- 
mentary visitors,  1647,  but  restored,  1660.  [xlvi.  815] 

POTTER,  JOHN  (1674  7-1747),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury; matriculated  at  University  College,  Oxford, 
1688 ;  M.A.,  1694  ;  D.D.,  1706  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1694  ;  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Teulson,  1704 ;  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford, 
1707-16;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1715-37;  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 1737-47 ;  edited  Lyoophron,  1697,  and  Clement 
of  Alexandria,  1716,  and  published  '  Archa»logia  Onecn,' 
vol.  L  1697,  voL  ii.  1698.  [xlvi.  216] 

POTTER,  JOHN  (/.  1754-1804), dramatic  and  miscel- 
laneous author ;  resided  chiefly  in  Loudou,wrote  plays  and 
contributed  theatrical  criticism  to  the  'Public Ledger ': 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1784  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1785  ;  practised  medi- 
cine at  Enniscorthy  after  1785,  but  in  1798  returned  to 
London  and  supported  himself  by  literature. 

[xlvi.  217] 

POTTER,  JOHN  PHILLIPS  (1818-1847X  anatomist ; 
studied  at  University  College,  London;  became  bouse 
surgeon  to  Robert  Listen  [q.  v.]  in  University  College, 
Hospital,  London,  e.  1840  ;  assistant-surgeon  to  University 
College  Hospital,  1847  ;  died  of  a  poisoned  wound  received 
while  dissecting.  [xlvi.  318] 

POTTER,  PHILIP  CIPRIANI  HAMBL[B]Y  (1792- 
1871X  musician;  ranked  high  among  contemporary 
pianists  and  (1823)  was  appointed  principal  professor  ol 
the  pianoforte  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music ;  priucipa' 
of  the  academy,  1832-69.  His  published  works  extend  to 
Opus  39,  but  are  now  rarely  beard.  [xlvi.  218] 

POTTER,  RICHARD  (1778-1842),  politician ;  knowi 
as  •  Radical  Dick ' ;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Potter  (1773- 
1845)  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  business 
and  politics  at  Manchester ;  M.P.,  Wigan,  1832, 1835, 1837 

[Suppl.  ill.  281] 

POTTER,  RICHARD  (1799-1886),  scientific  writer 
after  engaging  in  mercantile  life  without  success  wa 
elected  a  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  in  1839 
M.A.,  1841  ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  astro 
norny,  University  College,  London,  1841-3  and  1844-66. 

POTTER,  ROBERT  (1721-1804),  poet  and  politician 
M.A.   Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1788;   master 
Seaming  school,  1761-89;  occupied  his  spare  time 
translating  the  Greek  tragedians;    canon  of  Norwicl 
1788;  best  known  by  his  translation  of  ^echylus  (1777 
and  in  a  less  degree  by  his  translation  of  Sophocles  an 
Euripides ;  attacked  the  administration  of  the  poor 
1785.  [*!*• 

POTTER,  THOMAS  (1718-1759),  wit  and  politician 
son  of  John  Potter  (1674  ?-1747)  [q.  v.] ;    M.A.  Chn 
Church,  Oxford,  1738 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1740 
secretary  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  174H-51  ;  M.I1. 
St.  Germans,  1747-64,  Aylesbury,  1764-7,  Okehainptou, 
1757-9;  attacked  the  Duke  of    Newcastle  in  his   first 
session  in  a  speech,  which  was  rebuked  by  Henry  Pdham 
aud  published  in  the  magazines,  and  (1756)  allied  himself 
with  Pitt;    appointed    paymaster-general    of   the  laud 
forces,   December    1756,   and    (July  1757)    joint    vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland  ;  was  notorious  at  Medmeuham  and 
ail  asboclate  of  Wilkes,  whom  he  Introduced  to  Jewish 


lore.    To  him  DM  bom  attributed  the  infamous 
tang  "ii  ffioon.'  [XM.SJI] 

POTTER,    KIK    THOMAS    (1771-184*),    politician: 
nnl..i.  with  his  brother,  Richard  Potter  (1778-1843) 


as  'PotterV  which 


_  [Suppl.  UL  J811 

POTTER,  THOMAS  BAYLBY  (1817-1898),  poUti- 
n  ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Potter  fa.  r.]  ;  educated  at 

Rugby  ;  entered  his  father's  business  bom*  at 

and  became 


hool  of  liberals ;  •snooted  cause  of  North 
in  civil  war,  1861;    foun.tal  Union  and 


Mines' 


(Manchester),    later 

'   -    ' 


ter    called 


'Examiner   and 


'   -    '     •      ..••:     •   '      "   .          .-.::--         ..:..•    -.-: 


Society,  1861  ;  succeeded  hU  friend,  Richard  Oobden  f  q.  v.], 

M  M.P.  for    Rochdale,   18*1,  aud  held  seat  till  18M  ; 

consistently  supported  free  trade;    established  Oobden 

lub,  1866,  and  acted  as  secretary.         (SappL  ill.  Ml] 

POTTER,  THOMAS  JOSEPH  (183S-1873X  Roman 
atholic   story-writer  and    professor  ;  director   of    All 
Hallows'  College,  Dublin,  and  professor  of  sacred  do- 
uenoe:   his  works  chiefly  passable  religious  poems  or 
nances.  [xlvi.  ttt} 

POTTER,  THOMAS  RO8SELL  (1799-1873),  anti- 
nary  ;  kept  a  school  at  Wymeswold  In  Leicestershire  ; 
nblished  'The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Charnwood 
orest,'  and  other  works.  [xlvi.  191] 

POTTER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1660-1656),  writer  on 
milks  ;  one  of  the  earliest  writers  on  paper  currency  ; 
•ecommeuded  the  issue,  by  means  of  a  laud-bank,  of  bills 
payable  at  sight,  under  a  guarantee  of  land  mortgages. 

[xlvi.  333] 

POTTINOER,  ELD  RED  (1811-1843),  soldier  and 
iplomatlst  ;  nephew  of  Sir  Henry  Pottlnger  [q.  v.]  : 
utered  the  Bombay  artillery,  1827;  subsequently  en- 
tered the  political  department  and  became  assistant  to 
his  uncle  ;  travelled  In  Afghanistan  disguised  as  a  horse- 
dealer,  1837,  and,  on  the  siege  of  Herat  by  the  Russian* 
made  himself  known  and  conducted  a  successful  defence  ; 
0  B.  ;  made  political  officer  In  Kohlstan,  1841,  and  on  the 
revolt  against  Shah  Shnja  succeeded  in  escaping  to 
Kabul,  wl«re  he  succeeded  Sir  William  Hay  Macnaghten 
•q.  v.]  as  resident;  detained  as  a  hostage  when  the 
British  troops  agreed  to  evacnate  the  town,  January 
1842  ;  returned  to  India,  September  1843  ;  died  on  a  visit 
to  Hongkong.  Cxlvl-  ***] 

POTTIKGER,   Sm   HENRY,   first  baronet  (1789- 
1856),  soldier  and  diplomatist;  obtained  a  cadetahip  m 
the    Indian    army,  18O4;    with  a  friend  explored  the 
country  between  Persia  and  India  disguised  as  a  nattje, 
1809-11  •  served  during  the  Mahratto  war,  and  (18J 
was  political  agent  in  Siudh  ;  create!  baronet  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services,  1840;  appointed  envoy  in  China, 
1840:   distinguished  himself  during   the  opium    war  , 
G.C.B.,  1842  ;  made  first  British  governor  of  Hongkong, 
1843;  returned  to  ^^**"*™  £±  ME* 
councillor  :  governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1ft 
returned  to  India  as  governor  of  Madras,  1847  ;  was  an 
unsuccessful  governor,  and  retired,  1864.        [xlvi.  H4] 
POTTINOER,  ISRAEL  (Jl.  1  769-1761  X  dramatist: 
up  a*  a  bookseller  in  Paternoster  Row,  London,  and 
SSA  a  variety  of  periodicals  :  HiitequenUy  suffered 
I  com  a  mental  disorder,  but  supported  himself  in  L  hislnd 
intervals  by  his  pen,  writing  several  plays  ^farcical 

^  POTTINGEB,  JOHN  (1647-1733).    [See  PoTKSOKB.] 


sinking  foundations  by  means  ol 


[fL  W«] 


POTTS 


1064 


POWELL, 


POTTS,  ROBERT  (1805-1886),  mathematician  :  M.A. 
nity  Oolleir*,  Cambridge,  18:>5  :  n  successful  Iprivatc 
;  acquired  a  wide  reputation  as  editor  of  Ku.-li-1's 
IMS.  [xlvi.  228] 


POTTS.  THOMAS  (Jl.  1612X  author  of  the  'Dis- 
roverte  of  Witches' ;  clerk  of  the  circuit  at  the  trial  of 
th«  Lancashire  witches,  1612,  compiling  an  account  of  the 

pnentt«i  [xivi.  228] 

POTTS,  THOMAS  (1778-1842),  compiler;  a  solicitor, 
at  one  time'  connected  with  Skinners'  Hall ;  published 
compilations  on  law,  1803,  agriculture,  1806,  and  topo- 
graphy, 1810.  [xlvi.  228] 

POTTLETT.    [See  afeo  PADLKT.] 

POTTLETT,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  POULKTT  (1586- 
1649),  cavalier :  grandson  of  Sir  Amias  Paulet  (1536?- 
1188)  [q.  v.] ;  of  University  College,  Oxford  ;  student  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  1610 ;  M.P.,  Somerset,  1610  and  1614, 
Lyme  Regis,  1621-2  ;  raised  to  the  peerage,  1627 ;  knighted, 
1636;  regarded  as  a  •  popular'  man  until  the  passing  of 
the  militia  ordinance  in  1642,  when  he  withdrew  from 
parliament  and  assisted  to  put  the  commission  of  array 
into  execution :  was  taken  prisoner  near  Bridgnorth, 
October  1642,  but  regained  his  liberty  and  served  under 
Hopton  ;  again  taken  prisoner  at  Exeter,  1646,  and  was 
afterwards  set  free  on  payment  of  a  fine.  [xlvi.  229] 

POTTLETT,  SIR  JOHN,  second  BARON  POULKTT 
(1615-1666),  eldest  son  of  Sir  John  Poulett,  first  baron 
Ponlett  [q.  v.]  :  knighted,  1635  ;  M.P.,  Somerset,  164U-2; 
M.D.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1643  ;  fought  on  the  royalist 
«ide ;  compounded  at  the  surrender  of  Exeter ;  went  abroad, 
1658,  but  returned,  1660.  [xlvi.  230] 

POTTLETT,  SIR  JOHN,  fourth  BARON  and  first  EARL 
POULKTT  (1663-1743),  grandson  of  Sir  John  Poulett, 
second  baron  Poulett  [q.  v.] ;  threw  in  his  lot  with  the 
tones,  but  was  always  a  lukewarm  politician ;  privy 
councillor,  1702 :  created  Earl  Poulett  1706  ;  F.R.S.,  1706 ; 
nominally  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  Harley  in  reality 
directing  affairs,  1710-11 :  E.G.,  1713;  lost  his  places  on 
the  accession  of  George  I.  [xlvi.  230] 

POTJLSON,  GEORGE  (1783-1858),  topographer  :  pub- 
lished the '  History  and  Antiquities  of  Holderness,'  1840-1, 
and  other  works.  [xlvi.  231] 

POUKCY,  BENJAMIN  THOMAS  (rf.  1799),  draughts- 
man and  engraver:  daring  the  latter  part  of  bis  life 
executed  plates  of  landscape  and  marine  subjects  after 
popular  artists.  [xlvi.  231] 

POTTHD,  JAMES  (1669-1724),  astronomer ;  B.A.  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford,  1694  ;  M.A.  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1694; 
M.B.,  1697;  went  to  Madras  (1699)  as  chaplain  to  the 
merchant*  at  Fort  St.  George,  and  thence  proceeded  to 
the  settlement  on  the  Cambodia,  where  he  lost  everything 
in  an  insurrection  in  1705  ;  afterwards  held  ecclesiastical 
preferments  in  England;  admitted  F.H.S.,  1713:  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  observations  of  the  satellites 
of  Jupiter  and  Saturn.  [xlvi.  232] 

POU1CD8,  JOHN  (1766-1839),  gratuitous  teacher  of 
poor  children;  crippled  for  life  by  an  accident,  1781; 
started  as  n  shoemaker  at  Portsmouth,  1803;  from  1818 
)«  became  famous  an  teacher  and  friend  of  children,  and 
was  proclaimed  by  Dr.  Guthric  to  be  the  originator  of  the 
idea  of  ragged  schools.  [xlvi.  233] 

POVEY,  CHARLES  (16527-1743),  miscellaneous 
writer  and  projector  :  wrote  in  favour  of  the  revolution, 
and  from  1?05  floated  life  and  fire  insurance  scheme?. 

POVEY,  THOMAS  (fl.  1633-1686),  civil  servant;  sat 
in  the  Long  parliament  as  M.P.,  Liskeard,  1647;  M.I'., 
Bossiney,  1659 ;  after  the  Restoration  was  much  favoured 
at  court  :  held  many  offices  and  wan  a  master  of  requests 
from  1662  till  the  accession  of  James  II ;  friend  of  Evelyn 
»nd  Pepyi.  [xlvi.  236] 

POWEL.    [See  POWKI.L  and  POWLE.] 

POWELL,  MRS.  (rf.  1831),  actress  ;  previously  known 
M  MRH.  FAUMKK  and  subsequently  iix  Mas.  linx  \n>  • 
flnt  appeared  at  the  Haymarket  as  Mrs.  Farmer,  e.  1787  : 
married  H789)  a  Liverpool  prompter  named  Powell,  and 
(1814)  another  husband  named  Renaud  ;  was  generally 
cmrt  for  •  heavy  *  parts ;  retired,  1 829.  [  xlvi.  236] 


POWELL,  BADEN  (1796-1860),  Savilian  professor  of 
peornetry;  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1820  ;  F.R.S.,  IH-J-I  : 
Savilian  professor  at  Oxford,  1H27-60;  well  kuowu  for 
his  researches  on  optics  and  radiation,  and  was  active  in 
university  reform ;  engaged  in  theological  controversy 
from  a  latitudinarian  standpoint.  [xlvi.  237] 

POWELL  or  POWEL,  DAVID  (15527-1598),  Welsh 
historian  :  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1573  ;  fellow  of  All 
;  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1573 ;    M.A.,  1576 ;  held  several 
I  Welsh  benefices  ;  published  (1584)  'The  Historic  of  Cam- 
I  bria,'  practically  :\  new  work,  though  founded  on  a  manu- 
script translation    by   Humphrey   Llwyd  [q.  v.l  of  the 
!  'Chronicle  of  the  Princes.'  [xlvi.  238] 

POWELL,  EDWARD  (1478  7-1540),  Roman  catholic 
divine :  M.A.  Oxford ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
I  1496;  D.D.,  1506;  opposed  the  spread  of  Luther's  doc- 
trines in  England  and  pronounced  against  the  royal  di- 
vorce ;  condemned  for  treason  in  refusing  the  oath  of 
succession,  1534,  and  (1540)  was  executed  at  Smithfield, 
being  drawn  on  the  same  hurdle  as  the  protestant  Robert 
Barnes  [q.  v.]  [xlvi.  239] 

POWELL,  FOSTER  (1734-1793),  pedestrian;  clerk  to 
an  attorney  in  the  Temple;  performed  extraordinary 
pedestrian  feats  for  small  wagers;  walked  (1792)  from 
London  to  York  and  back,  four  hundred  miles,  in  5  days 
15 J  hours.  Most  of  his  feats  were  afterwards  eclipsed 
by  Robert  Barclay  Allardice  [q.  v.]  [xlvi.  240] 

POWELL  or  POWEL,  GABRIEL  (1576-1611),  pole- 
mical divine ;  son  of  David  Powell  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1596;  became  domestic  chaplain  to 

I  Richard  Vaughan  (1550  7-1607)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London ; 

j  wrote  vigorously  in  support  of  Anglicanism,  [xlvi.  240] 

POWELL,  GEORGE  (1658  7-1714),  actor  and  drarna- 
j  tist ;  is  first  heard  of  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  London,  1687  ; 
!  retired,  c.  1713  ;  praised  by  Addison  as  a  tragedian  ;  lived  a 
1  profligate  life,  and  was  in  such  constant  dread  of  arrest 
•  as  to  menace  with  his  sword  sheriffs'  officers  when  he  saw 
|  them  in  the  street.  [xlvi.  241] 

POWELL,  SIR  GEORGE  SMYTH  BADEN-  (1847- 
1  1898),  author  and  politician ;  son  of  Baden  Powell  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Marlborough 
College  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1878 ;  entered  Inner 
Temple,  1876 :  private  secretary  to  Sir  George  Ferguson 
Boweii  [q.  v.],  governor  of  Victoria  ;  joint-commissioner  to 
inquire  into  administration  of  West  India  colonies,  1882 ; 
conservative  M.P.  for  Kirkdale  (Manchester),  1885-98 ; 
joint  special  commissioner  to  arrange  details  of  new 
Maltese  constitution,  1887 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888  ;  appointed  to 
investigate  subject  of  Behring  Sea  fisheries,  1891,  and  was 
British  member  of  joint  commission  at  Washington,  1892, 
and  adviser  on  conduct  of  British  case  before  arbitrators 
in  Paris,  1893  ;  published  works  and  articles  on  political 
and  economic  questions.  [Suppl.  iii.  282] 

POWELL  or  POWEL,  GRIFFITH  (1561-1620),  prin- 
cipal of  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1589  ;  D.O.L.,  1599  ;  principal,  1613-20  ;  wrote  on 
Aristotle  and  the  sophists.  [xlvi.  243] 

POWELL,  HUMPHREY  (fl.  1548-1556),  printer; 
was  in  1548  engaged  in  printing  in  Holborn  Conduit,  Lon- 
don, but  in  1561  removed  to  Dublin,  where  he  established 
the  first  printing-press  in  Ireland.  [xlvi.  243] 

POWELL,  Sm  JOHN  (1633-1696),  judge  :  M.A.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1664;  barrister,  Gray's" Inn,  1057  (antient, 
1676);  knighted  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  common 
pleas,  1686 ;  removed  to  the  king's  bench,  1687,  but  dis- 
niisM-d  (July  1688)  for  stating,  on  the  trial  of  the  srvm 
bishops,  that  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence  was  a  nullity ; 
restored  to  the  common  pleas,  May  1689.  [xlvi.  244] 

POWELL,  SIK  JOHN  (1G45-1713),  judge :  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1671  ;  appointed  to  the  exchequer,  1691 ; 
knighted,  1691  ;  transferred  to  the  common  pleas,  1695, 
and  to  the  queen's  bench,  1702.  [xlvi.  244] 

POWELL,  JOHN  (Jl.  1770-1786),  portrait-painter; 
pupil  and  assistant  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  ;  lived  at  Sir 
Joshua's  house,  and  made  reduced  copies  of  many  of  his 
portraits.  [xlvi.  245] 

POWELL,  JOHN  (./f.  1796-1829),  water-colour  painter ; 
largely  engaged  as  a  teacher  of  painting  in  water-colours ; 
executed  landscapes  chiefly  drawn  from  English  scenery. 

£xlvi.  245] 


POWELL 


in.;-, 


POWNALL 


POWELL,  JOHN  JOSEPH  ( 1755  7-1801 ),  legal  writer ; 
practised  as  a  conveyancer,  and  wrote  on  mortgages,  con- 
tracts, nod  other  legal  subjects.  ,:..!'. 

POWELL,    MARTIN  (/.  1709-1729),  puppet  show- 
mail :  established  (171U)  his  puppet-show  in  Coven: 
den,  London,  where  it  became  famous,  and  was  frequently 
alluded  to  in  the '  Tatlcr '  and  •  Spectator.'      [  xlvt.  245] 

POWELL.  \\THAXIEL,  (<1.  1622).  navigator  and 
colonist ;  settled  in  Virginia  in  1607,  when  be  made  ex- 
plorations aud  wrote,  apparently,  'The  Diarie  of  the 
Second  Voyage  in  discovering  the  [Chesapeake]  Bay,' 
1608.  [xlvt.  146] 

POWELL,  RICHARD  (1767-1834),  physician;  of 
Pembroke  and  Merton  Colleges,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1791  ;  M.D., 
1795  ;  physician  to  St  Bartholomew's  HwpitaU  Londou, 
1801-24 :  censor,  H.C.P.,  1798,  1807,  1820,  and  1823  :  Lum- 
leian  lecturer,  1811-22 ;  Harveian  orator,  1808  ;  one  of  the 
revisers  of  the  4 1'barmacopasia  Loudinensis,'  1809.  Hi« 
medical  writings  were  important  [xlvi.  246] 

POWELL,  ROBERT  (/«.  1634-1662),  legal  writer ;  a 
solicitor  in  Gloucestershire  ;  wrote  on  English  legal  anti- 
quities, [xlvi  247] 

POWELL,  THOMAS  (1672?-1635?X  attorney  and 
author :  solicitor-general  in  the  marches  of  Wales,  1613- 
1622 ;  published  various  works  in  poetry  and  prose,  in- 
cluding 'A  Welch  Bayte  to  spare  Prouender'  (1603),  a 
justification  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  treatment  of  papists  and 
puritans,  which  was  suppressed.  [xlvi.  248] 

POWELL,  THOMAS  (1766-1842?),  musician;  taught 
music  in  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  aud  London  ;  a  skilled  artist 
on  several  instrument*.  His  compositions  are  numerous. 
[xlvi.  249] 

POWELL,  VAVASOR  (161 7-1670 X  nonconformist 
divine;  adopted  the  career  of  an  itinerant  evangelist  in 
Wales,  c.  1639,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  went 
to  London :  resumed  his  work  in  the  principality,  1646, 
and  created  a  band  of  missionary  preachers,  becoming 
known  as  the  '  metropolitan  of  the  itinerants ' ;  drew  up  a 
protest  against  Cromwell's  '  usurpation,'  and  by  1654  had 
joined  the  baptist  section  of  independents,  holding  many 
Fifth-monarchy  opinions ;  arrested  at  the  Restoration, 
and  on  his  refusal  to  abstain  from  preaching  imprisoned, 
with  some  slight  intervals,  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  His 
use  of  travelling  preachers  anticipated,  and  probably 
suggested,  George  Fox's  employment  of  the  same  agency. 
He  published  over  twenty  trealam.  [xlvi.  249] 

POWELL,  WILLIAM  (1735-1769),  actor :  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  stage  at  Drury  Lane,  Ixmdon  (1763) 
aa  Garrick's  understudy,  after  being  carefully  coached 
by  Garrick,  who  was  anxious  for  foreign  travel ;  made 
Uarrick  uneasy  by  the  extent  of  his  popularity;  joined 
(1767)  in  the  Covent  Garden  venture ;  the  original  Honey- 
wood  in  the 'Good-natured  Man,'  1768;  his  early  death 
generally  lamented.  [xlvi.  253] 

POWELL,  WILLIAM  SAMUEL  (1717-1775),  divine : 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1740  63 ;  M.A., 
1742;  D.D.,  1757 ;  left  Cambridge,  1761,  aud  took  a  house 
in  London;  master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
17*5-75.  [xlvi  254] 

POWER,  HENRY  (1623-1668),  physician  and  natu- 
ralist :  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1644  :  practised 
for  a  time  as  a  physician  at  Halifax  :  F.R.S.,  1663  ;  pub- 
lished '  Experimental  Philosophy,'  1664,  and  left  a  number 
of  works  in  manuscript.  [xlvi.  256] 

POWER,  JOSEPH  (1798-1868),  librarian  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Clare  College,  Cambridge, 
1823,  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1829.  and  re-elected  at 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1844  ;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1824  :  librarian  of  the  university,  1845-64:  wr.>t<- 
on  mathematical  subjects.  [xlvi.  •.':>•;] 

POWER,  LIONEL  (/.  1 450  ?),  composer  and  writer 
on  musical  theory ;  anthor  of  extant  compositions  and  a 
tract  in  the  British  Museum  entitled  '  Lionel  Power  of 
the  Oordis  of  Musike.'  [xlvi.  257] 

POWER,  SIR  MANLEY  (1773-1826),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  entered  the  army,  1783,  and  saw  much  active 
^rvice  between  1799  and  1802;  took  part  in  the  IVnin- 
sular  war  from  1810,  and  (1813)  was  attached  to  the  Por- 
tuguese army,  commanding  a  brigade  at  Salamanca.  Vit- 
toria,  Nivelle,  and  Orthes  ;  K.O.B.,  1815.  [xlvi.  267] 


POWER,  MARGUERITE,  afterwards  OommM  or 
HLKS.SIVOTOI  <  1789-1849).  [See  BUDWIVOTOX.] 

POWER,  MARGUERITE  A.  (1815  T-1867),  author; 
niece  of  Marguerite,  countess  of  Blewingtou  [q.  T.I  : 
wrote,  besides  other  works,  a  poem  entitled  •Virginia's 
Hand '(I860).  [*M.JM] 

POWER.  HIOHARD,  first  EARL  OF  TYROXE  (1610- 
1690),was  taken  into  Cromwell's '  special  protection,' to 
consequence  of  his  father,  John,  lord  de  to  Power  (4. 
1661X  having  become  insane:  made  governor  of  Water- 
ford,  1661 :  created  Bart  of  Tyrone.  1671;  was  charged 
with  tr.M-i.Mi  on  iiiinuhfttantial  evidence.  1679,  and  failed 
to  gain  his  discharge  till  16H1  ;  became  a  Roman  catholic 
on  the  accession  of  James  II;  privy  councillor,  1686: 
assisted  in  the  defence  of  Cork  against  Marlborough, 
1690,  and  after  the  capitulation  was  committed  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  where  be  died.  [xlvi.  258] 

POWER,  TYRONE  (1797-1841),  Irish  comedian: 
joined  a  company  of  strolling  players  hi  bis  fourteenth 
year ;  obtained  small  engagements  in  the  London  theatres, 
1821 ;  succeeded  Charles  Connor  [q.  v.]  as  tending  Irish 
comedian  at  Drury  Lane,  1826 ;  his  last  appearance  to 
London  at  the  Haymarket  1840;  went  down  to  the 
President  when  returning  from  the  United  States. 

POWERSCOURT,  VISCOUXT  (rf.  1634).    [See  Wixo- 

FIKLD,  SIR  RICHARD.] 

POWIS,  titular  DUKES  OF.  [See  HKRBKRT,  WILLIAM, 
first  DUKE,  1617-1696  ;  HKRBKRT,  WILLIAM, second  DUKK, 
d.  1745.] 

POWIS,  MARQUIHKH  OF.  [See  HKRBKRT,  WILLIAM, 
first  MARQUIX,  1617-1696 ;  HKHBKHT,  WILLIAM,  second 
MARQCIS,  rf.  1746.] 

POWIS,  second  EARL  OF.  [See  HKRBKRT,  EDWARD, 
1785-1818.] 

POWIS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1808-1836),  weal- 
engraver  ;  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  wood-engraven  ot 
his  day.  [xlvi.  261] 

POWLE.    [See  also  POWKLU] 

POWLE,  GEORGE  (/.  1764-1771),  etcher  and  minia- 
ture-painter; pupil  of  Thomas  Worlidgc  [q.  v.],  whose 
mode  of  etching  be  imitated.  [xlvi.  261] 

POWLE,  HENRY  (1630-1692),  master  of  the  rolls 
and  speaker  of  the  Convention  parliament:  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1664 (bencher, 
1669) ;  MP.,  Cireucester,  1671  and  1679,  East  Grinstead, 
1681,  New  Windsor,  1689;  identified  himself  with  the 
opponents  of  the  court  in  Charles  II 's  reign ;  advocated 
a  Dutch  alliance,  1677;  led  the  attack  on  Danby,  1678; 
made  a  member  of  Temple's  new  composite  privy  council, 
but  from  the  commencement  of  1681  took  little  part  in 
politics  until  the  revolution  ;  was  immediately  voted  to 
the  chair  on  the  as-emblageof  the  Convention  parliament, 
and  was  William  Ill's  most  trusted  adviser  while  the  par- 
liament sat ;  made  master  of  the  rolls,  1690,  on  which  be 
retired  from  parliament.  His  historical,  legal,  and  anti- 
quarian knowledge  were  highly  esteemed,  [xlvi.  262] 

POWLETT.    [See  PAULKT  and  POCLKTT.] 

POWLETT.  THOMAS  ORDE-,  first  BARON  BOLTOX 
(1746-1807).  [SeeORDK.] 

POWWALL,  ROBERT (1520-1571),  proteatant  divine; 
fled  from  England  during  Queen  MaryV  reign,  and  wo." 
afterwards  rector  of  Harbledown  (15G2-71);  published 
several  treatises  aud  translations  from  the  French. 

[xlvi.  264] 

POWNALL,  THOMAS  (1722-1805),  known  as  'Go- 
vernor Powuall* ;  politician  and  antiquary  ;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1743  ;  obtained  a  place  in  the  office  of 
the  board  of  trade  aud  plantations,  r.  1744,  aud  (c.  I7H)WM 
nominated  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1757 
governor  of  Massachusetts :  laboured  zealously  to  drive 
the  French  from  North  America :  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion to  the  Penobscot  River,  1759 :  transferred  to  South 
Carolina,  1759,  his  manners  being  nusuited  to  the  gravity 
of  the  New  England  puritans :  quitted  America  and  re- 
signed his  post  1760;  published  (1764)  hi*  famous  work 
(6th  el.  1777)  on  '  The  Administration  of  the  Colonies,'  to 
which  he  projected  the  union  of  all  the  American  posses- 
sion* in  one  dominion,  and  drew  attention  to  the  reluc- 
tance of  colonists  to  be  taxed  without  their  own  consent ; 


POWRIE-OGILVY 


1066 


PRATT 


MP  Tregony,  1767-74,  Minebead,  1774-80;  allied  him- 
teif  at  first  with  the  whigs,  but  supported  Lord  Nortb 
whan  war  broke  out,  insisting  at  the  same  time  that  Eng- 
land's sovereignty  over  tbe  colonies  was  last,  and  urging 
the  government  to  treat  He  was  the  author  of  tweuty- 
subjects,  chiefly  political  and 
[xlvi.  264] 

JOHN    (ft.    1592-1601).     [See 


various 


flve   works   on 
economic. 

"POWREE-OQILVY, 

OOILVY.] 

POWT8,  HORATIO  (1805-1877),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man  •  of  Harrow  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A., 
18*6;  created  D.D.,  1854;  consecrated,  1854;  involved 
himself  in  mucb  litigation  on  behalf  of  the  rights  of  the 
aee.  [xlvi.  268] 

POWYS,  StR  LITTLETON  (1648?-1732),  judge; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1671  ;  appointed  a  judge  on  the 
Chester  circuit,  1689  ;  serjeant  and  knighted,  1692  ;  be- 
came a  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1695  ;  transferred  to  the 
king's  bench,  1700  ;  retired,  1726.  [xlvi.  269] 

POWYS,  SIR  THOMAS  (1649-1719),  judge  :  brother 
of  Sir  Littleton  Powys  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1673;  solicitor-general  and  knighted,  1686;  attorney- 
general,  1687:  conducted  the  prosecution  of  the  seven 
bishops,  1688,  with  much  fairness  ;  became  a  judge  of  the 
queen's  bench,  1713  (removed,  1714).  [xlvi.  269] 

POWYS,  THOMAS  LITTLETON,  fourth  BARON 
LILFORD  (1833-1896),  ornithologist;  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  travelled  abroad  and  made 
valuable  ornithological  collections:  F.Z.S.,  1852;  F.L.S., 
1863  ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  British  Ornithologists' 
Union,  1858,  and  president  from  1867  ;  published  '  Coloured 
Figures  of  Birds  of  British  Islands,'  1885-97  (completed  by 
OsbertSalvin  [q.  v.]),  and  various  ornithological  writings. 

[Suppl.  iii.  284] 

POYER,  JOHN  (d.  1649),  royalist  ;  mayor  of  Pem- 
broke, 1642  :  became  captain  in  the  service  of  parliament  ; 
went  over  to  Charles  I's  party  in  1648,  and  raised  an  armed 
force  ;  executed  nine  months  after  Cromwell's  capture  of 
Pembroke.  [xlvi.  269] 

POYNDER,  JOHN  (1779-1849),  theological  writer: 
for  nearly  forty  years  clerk  and  solicitor  to  the  royal 
hospitals  of  Bridewell  and  Bethlehem,  London  ;  attacked 
th«  Bast  India  Company  for  encouraging  idolatry,  and 
obtained  the  abolition  of  the  suttee  and  of  the  pilgrim  tax. 
His  works  are  numerous.  [xlvi.  270] 

POYNET,  JOHN  (1614  7-1556).    [See  PONET.] 

POYNINO8,  SIR  EDWARD  (1459-1521),  lord-deputy 
of  Ireland  :  grandson  of  Robert  de  Poynings,  fifth  baron 
Poynuigs  [q.  v.]  ;  a  leader  of  the  rising  in  Kent  in  1483  : 
planned  to  second  Buckingham's  insurrection  against 
Richard  III  ;  escaped  abroad  and  landed  with  Henry  VII 
at  Milford  Haven  ;  commanded  an  expedition  sent  to 
assist  Maximilian  in  the  reduction  of  Flanders,  1492  ; 
governor  of  Calais,  1493  ;  sent  to  Ireland  as  deputy  to  the 
governor,  Prince  Henry,  1494  ;  assembled  a  parliament 
(1494)  which  passed  numerous  important  acts  (repealed, 
1782)  restricting  Irish  independence,  the  most  momentous 
of  which  was  that  (afterwards  known  as  Poj'nings'  law) 
providing  that  no  act  of  parliament  should  be  valid  unless 
previously  submitted  to  tbe  English  privy  council,  and 
another  which  enacted  that  all  laws  passed  in  England 
previous  to  1494  should  be  valid  in  Ireland;  compelled 
Perkin  Warbeck.  who  invaded  Ireland,  1495,  to  seek  refuge 
in  Scotland;  succeeded  in  extirpating  Yorkist  cause  in 
Ireland:  was  recalled,  1496,  and  some  time  before 
Henry  VII's  death  became  controller  of  the  household  and 
warden  of  tlie  Cinque  ports,  offices  which  were  continued 
to  him  in  the  next  reign  ;  K.G  ;  negotiated  a  league  of 
partition  against  France,  1513  ;  took  part  in  the  capture 
of  T6rouenue  and  Tournai  ;  took  an  important  part  in 
negotiations  with  the  emperor  Charles  V.  [xlvi.  271] 

POYHINO8  or  PONYNO8,  MICHAEL  DK,  second 
BARON  POVNINOH  (1817-1369),  served  in  Flanders  in 
lM»-4«,in  Scotland  in  1341,  and  in  France  in  1345-6  and 
in  1IM-6  ;  summoned  to  parliament  from  1342. 

POYKDTOB,  ROBERT    me,  fifth  &UMW  POYTONM 
(1WO-1446X  grandson  of  Michael  de  Poynings,  second 
Poynlngi  [q.  v.]  :  ntimmoned  to  parliament,  1404  : 
in  thePwnch  wars  of  Henry  IV  and  Henry  V. 
[xlvi.  274] 


•wed  in  the 


POYNINGS,  THOMAS,  BARON  POYMKOS  (d.  1545), 
I  illegitimate  son  of  Sir  Edward  Poynings  [q.  v.]  :    took 
I  part   in    the   French    expedition    of    1544,  greatly  dis- 
tinguishing himself  at  the  capture  of  Boulogne  ;  created 
baron,  1545.  [xlvi.  275] 

POYNTER,  AMBROSE  (1796-1886),  architect;  set 
up  as  an  architect  in  Westminster,  1821 ;  foundation 
member  of  the  R.I.B.A. ;  designed,  besides  other  build- 
ings, many  government  schools  and  several  London 
churches.  [xlvi.  275] 

POYNTER,  WILLIAM  (1762-1827),  Roman  catholic 
prelate  :  prefect  of  studies  at  the  English  College  at  Douay ; 
D.D.  Douay :  imprisoned  by  the  French  revolutionaries, 
1793  and  1795  ;  sent  to  England  ;  became  president  of  St. 
Edmund's  College,  near  Ware,  1801 ;  coadjutor  bishop  to 
John  Douglass  [q.  v.],  1803 ;  became  vicar-apostolic  of  the 
London  district,  1812.  [xlvi.  276] 

POYNTZ,  SIR  ANTHONY  (1480  ?-1533),  diplomatist ; 
knighted,  1513  ;  went  on  an  embassy  to  Francis  1, 1518; 
was  present  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520. 

[xlvi.  277] 

POYNTZ,  SIR  FRANCIS  (d.  1528),  diplomatist ;  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Charles  V,  1527  ;  died  of  the  plague. 

[xlvi.  277] 

POYNTZ,  JOHN  (ft.  1658-1 683),  captain  in  the  navy  ; 
fought  for  parliament  in  the  civil  war  in  Ireland  and 
England :  subsequently  travelled  in  America  ;  published 
a  proposal  (1683)  for  colonising  Tobago.  [xlvi.  281] 

POYNTZ,  ROBERT  (ft.  1554-1566),  Roman  catholic 
writer  ;  of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
was  elected  perpetual  fellow  of  New  College,  1554  ;  M.A., 
1560 ;  settled  in  Louvain  early  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  ; 
published  (1566)  '  Testimonies  for  the  Real  Presence.' 

[xlvi.  278] 

POYNTZ,  8m  ROBERT  (1589 ?-1665),  royalist;  de- 
scended from  Sir  Anthony  Poyntz  [q.  v.] ;  of  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford:  M.P.,  Gloucestershire,  1626  and  1628-9; 
knighted,  1627 ;  published  '  A  Vindication  of  Monarchy,' 
1661.  [xlvi.  278] 

POYNTZ,  STEPHEN (1665-1750), diplomatist;  fellow 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1711 ;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary to  Sweden,  1724;  governor  to  the  Duke  of  Cum- 
berland ;  privy  councillor,  1735.  [xlvi.  278] 

POYNTZ,  SYDENHAM  (/.  1645-1650),  soldier; 
brother  of  John  Poyntz  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the  Dutch  and 
imperial  armies,  returning  to  England  in  1645 ;  became 
commauder-in-chief  of  the  northern  association  under 
parliament  and  governor  of  York,  and  gained  the  battle 
of  Rowton  Heath,  24  Sept.  1645:  published  (1646)  a 
'  Vindication,'  containing  an  account  of  his  services ;  sup- 
posed by  the  presbyterians  to  be  likely  to  oppose  the  new 
model,  but  in  1 647  was  sent  by  his  soldiers  a  prisoner  to 
Fairfax  ;  fought  for  London  against  the  army,  1647,  and 
on  the  collapse  of  his  cause  fled  to  Holland  ;  accompanied 
Lord  Willoughby  to  the  West  Indies,  1650,  and  finally 
settled  in  Virginia.  [xlvi.  280] 

PRAED,  WINTHROP  MAOKWORTH  (1802-1839), 
poet ;  descended  from  Sir  Humphry  Mackworth  [q.  v.] : 
educated  at  Eton,  where  he  founded  the  'Etonian,'  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1826  ;  fellow,  1827 : 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1829;  conservative  M.P.  for 
St.  Germans,  1830,  Great  Yarmouth,  1834,  Aylesbury, 
1837 ;  appointed  secretary  to  the  board  of  control  under 
Peel,  1834.  The  first  collection  of  his  poems  appeared  at 
New  York  in  1844,  and  an  authorised  edition  by  Derwent 
Coleridge  [q.  v.]  was  published  in  1864.  His  proae  essays 
were  collected  in  a  volume  of  Henry  Morley's  •  Universal 
Library '  in  1887.  [xlvi.  281] 

PRANCE,  MILES  (fl.  1678-1689),  perjurer;  Roman 
catholic  goldsmith  of  Coveiit  Garden,  London ;  arrested 
(1678)  on  suspicion  of  the  murder  of  Sir  Edmund  Berry 
Godfrey  [q.  v.]  and  committed  to  Newgate :  endeavoured 
to  procure  his  release  by  a  fabricated  account  of  Godfrey's 
death,  but  his  falsehood  being  detected  was  sent  back  to 
prison ;  procured  his  liberty  and  the  death  of  three  inno- 
cent men  by  a  new  story  ;  subsequently  gave  evidence  in 
support  of  Gates  and  Bedloe,  was  convicted  of  perjury 
(1686)  and  afterwards  went  abroad.  [xlvi.  283] 

PRATT,  ANNE,  afterwards  MRS.  PKARLKSS  <imir,- 
1893),  botanist ;  married  John  Pearless,  1866 ;  published 


PRATT 


10*37 


PRESCOTT 


popular    but    useful    botanical    work-,  including    'The 

Flowering  Plant*  and  Ferns  of  Great  lintam 

1855).  [xlvi.  284] 

PRATT,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  EARL  CAMUKN  and  flnt 
BARON  CAMI.KN  ( 17U-17HU.  lonl  chun. -.-U.-r  :  MOO  of  Sir 
John  Pratt  [q.  v.l ;  educated  at  Kton  un ,t 
Cambridge;  fellow,  1734;  M.A.,  1740;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1738  ;  failed  at  flnt,  but  eventually  •noceeded  In 
gaining  a  reputation  at  the  bar ;  became  attorney-general 
under  Pitt,  1767,  and  aat  in  parliament  a*  whiff  M.P.  for 
Downton  ;  appointed  chief- justice  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  1761  ;  knighted,  1761 ;  decided  in  the  eaM  of  John 
Wilkea  ( 1763)  that  general  warrant*  were  illegal :  became 
almost  as  great  a  popular  idol  as  W  likes  himself  and  (1766) 
was  created  baron ;  opposed  in  the  House  of  Lord*  the 
taxation  of  the  American  colonies,  and  declared  the  Stamp 
Act  unconstitutional ;  became  lord  chancellor  in  Ghat- 
ham's  administration,  1766;  although  opposed  to  the 
American  policy  of  the  ministry,  retained  the  great  seal 
until  it  wa>  taken  from  him,  January  1770 ;  threw  himself 
into  opposition  until  the  death  of  Chatham,  when  be  lost 
heart  and  (1781)  withdrew  from  public  life;  entered  the 
Rockingham  ministry  as  president  of  the  council,  1782, 
resigning  during  the  negotiations  for  tlie  formation  of  the 
coalition  ministry  In  March  1783 ;  resumed  the  presidency 
of  the  council,  1784,  retaining  it  till  his  death  ;  created  Earl 
Camden,  1786.  [xlvi.  286] 

PRATT,  SIR  OHARLK8  (1768-1838),  lieutenant- 
general ;  entered  the  army,  1794  ;  served  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  1812-14;  K.O.B.,  1830;  lieutenant-general,  1884. 

[xlvi.  288] 

PRATT,  SIR  JOHN  (1657-1726),  judge;  of  Magdalen 
Hall  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford :  fellow  of  Wadhain 
College,  Oxford,  1678;  M.A.,  1679;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1682  :  made  a  judge  of  the  court  of  king's  bench, 
1714 ;  M.P.,  Midhurst,  1711-16 ;  knighted,  1714 ;  became 
lord  chief-justice,  1718.  [xlvi.  288] 

PRATT,  JOHN  (1772-1856),  organist;  became  or- 
ganist at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  to  Cambridge 
University,  1799;  organist  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1813 :  occupied  himself  with  publications  for  the  choirs 
of  college  chapels,  and  published  (1810)  a  'Psalmody,' 
which  was  widely  used.  [xlvi.  289] 

PRATT,  JOHN  BURNETT  (1799-1869),  Scottish 
divine  and  antiquary  ;  M.A.  Aberdeen  (bon.  LL.D.,  1866) ; 
minister  of  the  Scottish  episcopal  church  at  Cruden, 
1826-69 ;  author  of  several  publications  on  local  anti- 
quities and  other  topics.  [xlvi.  290] 

PRATT,  JOHN  HENRY  (rf.  1871).  mathematician: 
sou  of  Josiah  Pratt  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  and  fellow,  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1836 ;  wrote  several  mathematical 
treatises.  [xlvi.  294] 

PRATT,  SIR  JOHN  JEFFREYS,  second  EARL  and 
first  MARQUIH  OP  OAMDKN  (1759-1840),  only  son  of  Sir 
Charles  Pratt,  first  earl  of  Camden  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1779 :  M.P.,  Bath,  1780-94  ;  lonl  of  the 
admiralty  (July  1782  to  April  1783,  and  December  1783  to 
July  1788);  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1789-94;  appointed 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1794  ;  unpopular  with  the  Irish, 
who  saw  in  his  appointment  the  frustration  of  all  reme- 
dial legislature  ;  shared  with  the  English  cabinet  the  re- 
sponsibility'for  the  policy  which  terminated  in  the  rebel- 
lion of  1798;  placed  Ulster  under  martial  law  ( March 
1797),  but  on  the  outbreak  of  the  rebellion  (May  1798) 
maintained  a  merely  defensive  attitude,  and  implored  to 
be  superseded  by  a  military  man,  on  which  Lord  Corn- 
wall is  was  sent ;  secretary  of  war,  1804-5 ;  president  of 
the  council,  1805-6  and  1807-12;  created  Marquis  of 
Camden,  1812.  [xlvi  290] 

PRATT,  JOHN  TIDD(  1797-1870),  registrar  of  friendly 
societies  :  banister,  Inner  Temple,  1824  :  barrister  to  the 
commissioners  for  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt, 
1828-70:  registrar  of  friendly  societies,  1846-70:  pub- 
lished levral  works.  [xlvi.  292] 

PRATT,  J06IAH  (1768-1844),  evangelical  divine: 
B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1792 :  secretary  to  the 
Church  Missionary  Society,  1802-24,  devoting  all  his 
energies  to  the  institution,  and  displaying  great  tact  and 
business  capacity  :  helped  to  form  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  1804  ;  became  vicar  of  St.  Stepl  • 
man  Street,  London,  In  1826  ;  edited  Bishop  Hall's  works, 
1808.  [xlvi.  293] 


PRATT,  SIR  ROGER  (l6XM«84),»rohitect:  of 


dalen  College,  Oxford ; 

a  oonsidenible  part  in  deigning  and  rebuilding  London 

after  the  great  fire  of  1M6;  knighted,  1668.    [Jdvi. SM) 

PRATT  or  PRAT,  SAMUEL  (1669  V-1723),  dean  of 
•ortM  IT. -I  Mated*  lUrateal  I.,-.:..-1.-. .-..-  .1.1-  ,,^^  . 
D.D.  per  literal  reyitu,  1697  ;  published,  among  other 
work*,  treatise  on  the  problem  of  restoring  the  currency, 
1896.  [xlvi.  2M] 

PRATT.  SAMUEL  JACKSON  (1749-1814X  misod- 
laneous  writer,  mainly  under  the  pseudonym  of  OOUKTXKT 
MKIJMOTR  ;  was  onlained  in  the  English  church,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  clerical  profession,  and  appeared  in  1773  on 
the  stage  at  Dublin  under  the  name  of  Courtney  Md- 
rnotb  :  failed  as  an  actor :  adopted  literature  as  a  profes- 
MO...  1 7  7 1  :  traded  in  Bath  for  some  yean  at  a  bookseller ; 
several  of  his  plays  produced  at  Drury 
published  miscellaneous  works  in  prose  and 

[xlvi.  595] 

PRATT,  SIR  THOMAS  SIMEON  (1797-1879),  com- 
mander of  the  forces  in  Australia;  educated  at  St. 
Andrews;  entered  the  army,  1814:  In  command  in 
Australia  (1866-61),  with  tin-  funk  of  major-general ;  con- 
ducted the  war  against  the  Maoris,  1860-1 :  K.C.B.,  18<1 ; 
gfiii-rul,  1873  ;  retired  from  active  service,  1877. 

[xlvi  298] 

PRATTEN,  ROBERT  SIDNEY  (1824-1868),  flautUt : 
made  his  debut  at  Clifton  in  1836 :  went  to  London  in 
1846,  and  attained  the  front  rank  In  his  art.  [xlvi.  298] 

PRENCE,  THOMAS  (1600-1673),  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts: emigrated  to  New  Plymouth,  and  (1634)  was 
elected  governor ;  resigned,  1635 ;  did  good  service  against 
the  Pecquot  Indians,  1637  ;  was  a  second  time  governor, 
1638,  and  for  a  third  time,  1657-73.  [xlvi.  298] 

PRENDERGAST,  JOHN  PATRICK  (1808-1893), 
historian;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1826;  called  to 
the  Irish  bar,  1830.  He  published  '  The  History  of  the 
Cromwellian  Settlement  of  Ireland,'  1863,  and  other 
hwttM  [xlvi.  299) 

PRENDERGAST  or  PENDERGRASS,  SIR  THOMAS, 
first  baronet  (16607-1709),  soldier  and  Jacobite;  gave 
information  to  government  of  the  plot  to  assassinate 
William  III  at  Turnham  Green  in  February  1696,  and 
gave  evidence  against  the  conspirators ;  created  baronet, 
1699 ;  entered  the  army,  and  (1709)  was  promoted 
brigadier-general ;  mortally  wounded  at  Malplaquet. 

[xlvi.  300] 

PRENDERGAST,  THOMAS  (1806-1886),  Inventor  of 
the  '  mastery '  system  of  learning  languages  ;  entered  the 
East  India  Company's  service,  1826,  and  retired,  1869. 
His  system  of  learning  languages,  which  was  in  some 
respects  a  development  of  the  Ollendorfflan,  bad  consider- 
ulile  success.  He  published  several  handbooks  on  it,  which 
went  through  numerous  editions.  [xlvi.  301] 

PRENTICE,  ARCHIBALD  (1792-1857),  journalist; 
helped  to  found  the  '  Manchester  Gazette'  in  1821,  as  the 
organ  of  radical  opinion,  which  was  incorporated  (1828) 
with  the  '  Manchester  Times '  (sole  manager  of  the  new 
paper,  1828) ;  obtained  the  transfer  of  the  centre  of  antl- 
cornlaw  agitation  from  London  to  Manchester,  1836, 
and  (1838)  assisted  in  forming  the  Anti-Corulaw  League  ; 
devoted  his  paper  solely  to  the  Interest*  of  free  trade : 
compelled  to  relinquish  bis  post  in  1847  after  the  esta- 
blishment ( 1845)of  a  rival  radical  journal,  the  '  Manchester 
Examiner,'  which  was  started  in  the  manufacturing 
interest,  and  proved  a  serious  blow  to  the  '  Times.' 

[xlvi.  301] 

PRENTI8,  EDWARD (1797-1864), painter;  portrayed 
scenes  from  domestic  life:  exhibited  (1823-6O)  chiefly  at 
the  Society  of  British  Artiste.  [xlvi.  303] 

PRENTI8,  STEPHEN  (1801-1862),  poet:  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1830;  author  of  numerous 
short  poems  printed  for  private  circulation,  [xlvi  301 

PRESCOTT,  SIH  1IKNHY  (1783-1874X  admiral: 
grandson  of  Richard  Walter  [q.  v.] ;  entered  UK  navy, 
1796  ;  promoted  to  poet  rank  (1810)  for  gallantry  while  in 
command  of  the  boat  attack  at  Amautea ;  governor  of 
Newfoundland,  1834-41 ;  admiral,  1860 :  G.OJk,  1869. 

[xlvi.  803] 

PRESCOTT,  ROBERT  (1726-1816),  general:  served 
I  at  Rochefort,  1757,  at  LouUburg,  1758,  at  Martinique, 
1  1761,  and  in  several  actions  in  the  American  war  of 


PRESTON 


1068 


PRICE 


;  reduced  Martinique  and  was  appointed 
r,  1194  ;  governor  of  Canada,  1796-9^Koueral, 


PRESTON,  first  VISCOUNT  (1648-1695).  [See GRAHAM, 
8m  RICHARD.] 

PRESTON,  SIR  AMYAS  DK  (rf.  1617  ?),  naval  com- 
mander; took  part  in  an  expedition  to  the  Spanish  main, 
1595 ;  knighted,  1596  :  took  part  in  the  Islands  voyage, 
1697  •  keeper  of  stores  and  ordnance  at  the  Tower  of 
London,  160S-17.  [xlvi.  306] 

PRESTON,  GEORGE  (1659?-1748),  governor  of 
Edinburgh  Castle;  was  a  captain  in  the  service  of  the 
ritatet-Geueral  in  1688,  and  accompanied  William  of 
Orange  to  England  ;  colonel  of  the  Cameraman  regiment, 
1706-20 :  ma- le  governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Scotland  on  the  out- 
bnak  of  the  rebellion  of  1716  :  superseded  by  General 
Joshua  Gnest  [q.  v.],  1745,  but  is  said  to  have  prevented 
Guest  from  surrendering  to  the  Jacobites,  [xlvi.  305] 

PRESTON,  GILBERT  DK  (d.  1274).  chief-justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas :  son  of  Walter  de  Preston 

B] ;  justice  itinerant,  1240  ;  appointed  to  the  common 
1242,  retaining  the  post  till  his  death ;  first  to  hold 
tie  of  chief-justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas. 

[xlvi.  306] 

PRESTON.  SIR  JOHN  (ft.  1394-1428%  judge;  was 
recorder  of  London,  1406-15;  a  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1415-28.  [xlvi.  306] 

PRESTON,  Sra  JOHN,  LOUD  Fiam)XBARNa(d.  1616), 
Scottish  judge ;  appointed  an  ordinary  judge  of  the  court 
of  session,  1595  ;  became  president,  1609 ;  one  of  the  new 
Octavians,  1611.  [xlvi.  307] 

PRESTON,  JOHN  (1587-1628),  puritan  divine ;  fellow 
of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1609;  M.A.,  1611;  com- 
menced, on  becoming  dean  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
a  coarse  of  sermons,  which  drew  large  crowds;  his 
appointment  as  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Prince  Charles 
(e.  1620)  due  to  the  influence  of  Buckingham,  who  desired 
to  conciliate  the  puritans  ;  became  preacher  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1622,  and  master  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1622-8 ;  D.D.  by  royal  mandate,  1623 ;  exerted  all  his 
influence  on  behalf  of  the  puritans  after  the  accession  of 
Charles  I,  but  found  his  plans  counteracted  by  Laud,  and 
failed  to  accomplish  anything  considerable,  [xlvi.  308] 

PRESTON,  RICHARD  (1768-1850),  legal  author; 
began  life  as  an  attorney,  but  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the 
Inner  Temple,  1807  (bencher,  1834);  K.C.,  1834;  con- 
servative M.P.,  Ashbarton,  1812-18;  supported  the  corn 
( I  in  it's ;  published  an  admirable '  Treatise  on  Conveyancing ' 
(1806-9)  and  other  works.  [xlvi.  312] 

PRESTON,  SIR  SIMON  (fl.  1538-1570),  provost  of 
Edinburgh;  provost,  1538-43  and  1544-5;  one  of  the 
most  trusted  friends  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  after  her 
arrival  in  Scotland ;  again  made  provost  by  her  orders, 
1566,  becoming  also  a  member  of  the  privy  council :  by 
bis  hostile  attitude  compelled  Moray  to  evacuate  Edin- 
burgh in  September,  1565 ;  abandoned  the  cause  of  Mary 
Qoeen  of  Scot*  after  her  marriage  to  Both  well. 

«  [xlvi.  3121 

PRESTON,  THOMAS  (1537-1598),  master  of  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  and  dramatist;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge  1556;  M.A.,  1561;  LL.D.,  1676;  master  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1584-98;  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  University,  1589-90;  wrote  'A  Lamentable 
Tragedy  mixed  full  of  Mirth  conteyning  the  Life  of  Oam- 
MW,  King  of  Percia'  (1569),  which  illustrates  the  transi- 
tion from  the  morality  play  to  historical  drama.  The 
bombastic  grandiloquence  of  the  piece  became  proverbial. 


ta«i          «  It{lvf ^i1  !S°?2*  cKX JnYeUcstel 
2L      T5  lsh  NeU>wl«""l8,  where  he  took  service  with 
•c  archdukes :  retumed  to  Ireland  and  joined  the  re- 
S^i  »f«:   totally  defeated  by   Ormonde n^r  N!W 
*m,  1843 ;   captured  Duncannon  fort,  1646,  and  Ros- 
Dommoo,  1646 ;  injured  the  Roman  catholic  cause  by  his 
perttatent  quarrels  with  Owen  Roe  O'Neill  [q.  v.]  and 
r  MlchaST^  nUBC<0:  hU  Brmv  WIUI  almost  annihilated 

SiS  wSE^i^i^tS«l£5'  vM2°iS; 


1650 ;  escaped  to  the  continent,   1652 ;  exempted   from 
pardon  in  the  Cromwelliuu  Act  of  Settlement. 

[xlvi.  314] 

PRESTON,  WALTER  DK  (<1.  1230),  sheriff  of  North- 
amptonshire, 1207  and  1208:  also  known  as  Walter  Fitz 
Winemar ;  took  part  with  the  barons  against  King  John. 

[xlvi.  306] 

PRESTON,  WILLIAM  (1753-1807),  poet  and  drama- 
tist ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1773  ;  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1777;  wrote  occasional  poems  for  periodicals  and 
several  tragedies,  of  which  the  most  successful,  'Demo- 
cratic Rage,'  was  produced  at  Dublin  in  1793. 

[xlvi.  318] 

PRESTON,  WILLIAM  (1742-1818),  printer  ami 
writer  on  freemasonry;  became  partner  in  Andrew 
Strahan's  business,  1804,  and  published  '  Illustrations  of 
Masonry,'  1772.  The  first  edition,  which  differs  from  all 
subsequent  issues,  was  reprinted  in  1887.  [xlvi.  319] 

PRESTONGRANGE,  LOUD  (1701  ?-1764).  [See 
GRANT,  WILLIAM.] 

PRESTWICH,  JOHN,  called  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1795), 
antiquary:  chiefly  known  by  his  heraldic  work,  'Prest- 
wich's  Respublica,'  1787.  [xlvi.  319] 

PRESTWICH,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1812-1896),  geologist; 
studied  science  and  chemistry  at  University  College, 
London  ;  entered  his  father's  business  of  wine  merchant 
in  London ;  established  reputation  as  geologist  by  two 
papers  rend  to  Geological  Society  of  London  on  coalfield 
of  Coalbrookdale,  Shropshire ;  published  work  on  water- 
bearing strata  round  London,  1851 ;  on  water  commis- 
sion, 1862  ;  professor  of  geology  at  Oxford,  1874-88 ;  M.A. 
and  member  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1874;  D.C.L., 
1888 :  knighted,  1896 ;  fellow  of  Geological  Society,  1833, 
and  Wollaston  medallist,  1849 ;  F.R.S.,  1863,  and  royal 
medallist,  1865.  As  a  geologist  his  chief  strength  lay  in 
stratigraphy,  and  he  accepted  on  the  whole  the  uniformi- 
tarian  view.  His  writings  include  'Geology,  Chemical, 
Physical,  and  Stratigraphical,'  1886-8, '  The  Tradition  of 
the  Flood,'  1895,  and  numerous  pamphlets,  reports,  and 
contributions  to  scientific  periodicals.  [Suppl.  UL  284] 

PRETYMAN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1750-1827).  [See  TOM- 
LINK.] 

PREVOST,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1767-1816), 
soldier  and  governor-general  of  Canada  ;  nominated 
military  governor  of  St.  Lucia,  1798,  and  civil  governor, 
1801;  appointed  governor-in-chief  in  Dominica,  1802; 
created  baronet,  1805 ;  appointed  lieutenant-governor  in 
Nova  Scotia,  1808 ;  chosen  governor  of  Lower  Canada  and 
governor-general  of  British  North  America,  1811;  inter- 
vened, unfortunately  for  his  reputation,  in  the  military 
operations  during  the  campaigns  of  1812-14 ;  left  Canada 
to  meet  the  charges  against  his  conduct  in  the  field,  but 
died  in  London  before  the  meeting  of  the  court-martial. 

[xlvi.  320] 

PREVOST,  Sill  GEORGE,  second  baronet  (1804-1893), 
tractarian  ;  only  son  of  Sir  George  Prevost  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1827;  a  pupil  and  disciple  of  John 
Keble  [q.  v.] :  became  perpetual  curate  of  Stinchcombe 
(1834-93),  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  1865-81,  and  honorary 
canon  of  Gloucester,  1859-93 ;  translated  Chrysostom's 
houiilies  on  St.  Matthew  for  Pusey's  '  Library*  of  the 
Fathers,' 1843.  [xlvi.  321] 

PREVOST,  LOUIS  AUGUSTIN  (1796-1858),  linguist ; 
born  at  Troyes ;  came  to  England,  1823 ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  upwards  of  forty  languages,  and  was  em- 
ployed (1843-55)  in  cataloguing  the  Chinese  books  at  the 
British  Museum.  [xlvi.  322] 

PRICE.    [See  also  PRYCK.] 

PRICE,  ARTHUR  (d.  1752),  archbishop  of  Oashel; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1700 ;  D.D.,  1724 ;  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Clonfert,  1724,  and  translated  to  Ferns 
and  Leighliu,  1730,  and  to  Meath,  1734:  archbishop  of 
Oashel,  1744-52 ;  abandoned  the  old  cathedral  of  Cashel. 

[xlvi.  322] 

PRICE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1818-1898),  master  of 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
1840;  M.A.,  1843;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
144;  tutor  and  mathematical  lecturer,  1845;  proctor, 
1868 ;  F.R.S.,  1852 ;  F.R.A.8.,  1866  ;  Sedleian  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Oxford,  1853-98 ;  as  secretary  of 
the  Clarendon  Press  (1868-84)  greatly  improved  its  position 
and  organisation ;  master  of  Pembroke  College,  1891-8; 


PRICE 


lOCy 


PRICE 


published  'Treatise  on  Infinitesimal  Calculus'  (4  voU.>, 
1862-60.  [Suppl.  hi.  2M7] 

PRICE,    HnN AMY    (1*07-1888),   eoonomiv 
Worcester  <>ollegf,  Oxford,  1838;  became  mathematical 
master  at  Rugby  in  ISM,  resigning  in   1860  :  Dnimin.m.1 
professor  of  political  economy  at  Oxford,  1868-88 ;  wrote 
(.-tartly  on  currency  and  banking.  [xlvi.  Mi] 

PRICE,  Sin  (,'AKHKRY  (d.  1696).     [>i>   I'IIVK.] 

PRICE,    SIR  CHARLES,  first    baroi 
speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly  of  Jamaica :  born  in 
Jamaica  ;  studied  at  Trinity  College.  Oxford  ;  elected  to 
the  assembly,  1732,  and  cboneu  speaker,  1746,  holding 
office  till  1763  ;  created  baronet,  1768.  {xlvl.  323] 

PRICE,  Sin  CHARLES,  second  baronet  (1732-17KH), 
speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly  in  Jamaica  ;  son  of  Sir 
Charles  Price,  flnt  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford ;  elected  to  the  boose  of  assembly,  1763 ;  speaker  in 
succession  to  his  father,  1763-76.  [xlvi.  824] 

PRICE,  DANIEL  (1881-1631),  divine:  of  St.  Mary 
Hall  and  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1604 :  joined  the 
Middle  Temple,  1609  ;  D.D.,  1613 ;  chaplain  to  James  I ; 
published  sermons.  [xlvi.  824] 

PRICE,  DAVID (1762-1836 X  orientalist;  for  a  time 
at  Jesua  College,  Cambridge ;  enlisted  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service;  became  major,  1804;  retired,  1807; 
devoted  himself  to  oriental  studies,  writing  long,  leisurely 
works  on  Arabian,  Persian,  and  Indian  history,  the  best 
known  being  the  'Chronological  Retrospect  .  .  .  of 
Mahominedau  History,'  1811-21,  which  i*  .-till  for  some 
branches  of  eastern  history  almost  the  only  English  work 
of  reference.  [xlvi.  326] 

PRICE,  DAVID  (1790-1864),  rear-admiral:  entered 
the  navy,  1801  ;  commander-in-chlef  in  the  Pacific,  1863 ; 
committed  suicide  while  about  to  attack  the  Russian  port 
of  Petropaulovski  on  30  Aug.  1864.  [xlvi.  326] 

PRICE,  EDMUND  (1641  ?-1624).    [See  PRYS.] 

PRICE,  ELLEN  (1814-1887).    [Sea  WOOD,  ELLKN.] 

PRICE,  ELLIS  (15067-1699),  Welsh  administrator; 
LI..I5.  St.  Nicholas's  Hostel,  Cambridge,  1533;  D.O.L., 
1634:  became  commissary-general  of  the  diocese  of  St. 
Asaph,  1638 ;  devoted  himself  mainly  to  civil  administra- 
tion, repeatedly  acting  as  sheriff  for  various  counties 
during  the  reigns  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth.  [xlvi.  326] 

PRICE,  FRANCIS  (</.  1753),  architect ;  became  sur- 
veyor to  Salisbury  Cathedral  and  clerk  of  the  works  to 
the  dean  and  chapter,  1734 ;  published  'The  British  Car- 
penter,' 1736  (4th  ed.  1759),  long  the  best  text-book  on 
carpentry.  [xlvi.  327] 

PRICE,  HUGH  (1495  7-1574),  founder  of  Jesu«  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  B.O.L.  Oxford,  1512  ;  I).Cau.L.,  1526 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Rochester,  1541-74;  treasurer  of  St.  David's, 
1571-4.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  was  established  in  1571  oil 
his  petition.  [xlvi.  328] 

PRICE,  JAMES  (1752-1783),  chemist;  son  of  James 
Hipginbotbam ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1777; 
changed  his  name  to  Price,  1781 ;  professed  (1782)  to  be 
able  to  convert  mercury  into  gold  and  silver,  but  in  1783 
failed  to  repeat  his  experiments  and  committed  suicide. 

[xlvi.  328] 

PRICE,  AH  RICE,  or  AI- RHYS,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  16737), 
visitor  of  the  monasteries  ;  acted  with  Sir  Thomas  Learn 
[q.  v.]  as  a  visitor  of  the  greater  monasteries,  1636; 
author  of  three  historical  treatises.  [xlvi.  329] 

PRICE  (Pnir.Krs),  JOHN  (1600-1676?),  scholar: 
student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1617  ;  made  his  mark 
in  1635  by  an  edition  of  the  '  Apologia*  of  Apuleius,  pub- 
lished at  Paris  ;  professor  of  Greek  at  Pisa ;  passed  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  on  the  continent  and  settled  in 
Florence,  1652.  [xlvi.  330] 

PRICE,  JOHN  (16257-1691),  royalist;  of  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge  (fellow) ;  MA.,  1653  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1680) ;  D.D.  per  literat  reyiat,  1661 ; 
attended  Monck  as  chaplain  from  1664  to  1659,  and  was 
his  confidant  in  the  enterprise  of  the  Restoration  ;  his 
loyalty  rewarded  with  several  church  preferments. 

[xlvi.  331] 

PRICE,  JOHN  ((/.  1736),  architect :  executed  several 
buildings  in  London  and  the  neighbourhood,  [xlvi.  332] 

PRICE,  JOHN  (1773-1801),  topographer :  published 
works  on  Leominster  (1796),  Hereford  (1796),  Ludlow 
(1797),  and  Worcester  (1799).  [xlvi.  888] 


PRICE,  j.iHNfl  734  iHlSXBodtey'*  librarian-  M.A. 

fi«»  College,  Oxford.  17«0;   !  B.D.,  1768    jSjSJ  'of  A 

•in,  1767,sub-librari«n.  1761.  acting  librarian    1766 

SSv  aSf?1*  Ubnritn'  17Wt  fluin*  *•  taS-fct  i* 

forty-five  yean.  •#  (xlvL  w  j 

PRICE,  JOSHUA  (Jl.  1716-1717).  glass-painter  • 
bn.tl.rr  .if  William  Price  the  elder  (rf.  1721)  [q.  vA  wit  h 
whom  be  worked  at  Oxford.  '  [Svi.  848] 

LAURENCE    (/.  162*-16M*X    writer    of 

Ten*  on  political  or  social  subject*.  pSviW) 

PRICE,  OWEN  (d.  1671),  schoolmaster  and  author- 
of  Je-us  College,  Oxford  ;  bead-nuttterTM^IaJenConSe 

5  ......  i.  5*§  li;;';  <":-<»i  "  iSiSSn  SE 

quently  taught  in  Devonshire  and  near  Abingdon  •  pub- 
lish*! two  work,  on  orthography.  [f?£  883] 

PRICE  RICHARD  (17J3-1791X  nonconformist 
minister  and  writer  on  morals,  politic,,  and  economics: 
officiated  in  various  dissenting  congregation*  •  nnhllihsrt 
("1766)  bis  best-known  work,  a  'RevleToftbe  Principal 
Question*  in  Morals'  (rofwwll  directed  i 

' 


financial  and  political  questions,  ad  rocatinir  the  reduction 
of  the  national  debt,  1771,  and  attacWng  tbejosttcfand 
policy  of  the  American  war,  1776;  the  intimate  friend  ol 
Franklin  and  (1778)  Invited  by  congress  to  transfer  him- 
self to  America  :  denounced  by  Burke  for  hU  approbation 
of  the  French  revolution.  [xlvi.  334] 


PRICE,  RICHARD  (1790-1833),  philologist  and  anti- 
quary ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1830  ;  practised  as  a 
barrister  tnd  assisted  Henry  Petrie  [q.  v.]  in  hU  edition 
of  the  •  Saxon  Chronicle.'  [xlvi.  337] 

PRICE,  ROBERT  (  1655-1  783),  judge  :  of  8t  John's 
College,  Cambridge  :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1679;  tory 
M.P.  for  Weobley,  1685-7,  1690-1700,  and  1701-2;  made  a 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1702.  [xlvi.  387] 

PRICE,  SAMPSON  (1585-1630),  divine  ;  brother  of 
Daniel  Price  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Hart  Hall  and  Exeter  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.  Hart  Hall,  1608  :  D.D.  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1617  :  became  a  noted  preacher  in  Oxford  and  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  James  I  and  Charles  I.  [xlvi.  324] 

PRICE,  THEODORE  (1670  7-1631  X  prebendary  of 
Westminster;  M.A.  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1691; 
fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  D.D.  New  College, 
Oxford,  1614  ;  held  many  ecclesiastical  preferments 
through  the  favour  of  Williams  and  Laud  ;  denounced  by 
Prynue  as  'an  unpreachiug  epicure  and  ait  Arminiau.' 

[xlvi.  338] 

PRICE  or  PRT8,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1586-1632X  captain 
and  Welsh  poet;  eldest  son  of  Ellis  Price  [q.  v.]  ;  though 
•a  gentleman  of  plentiful  fortune,'  followed  a  seafaring 
life  for  many  years.  His  literary  works  in  prose  and 
verse  are  in  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum. 

[xlvi.  339] 

PRICE,  THOMAS  (1599-1685),  archbishop  of  Cashel  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1626;  M.A.,  1618; 
bishop  of  Kildare,  1660-7,  of  Cashel,  1667-86. 

[xlvi.  840] 

PBICE,  THOMAS  (1787-1848),  Welsh  historian  ; 
best  known  as  'Carnhuanawc,'  became  vicar  of  Llan- 
fihangel  Cwmdu,  1826  ;  commence!  the  great  work  of  bis 
life  (  1H36),  '  Hanes  Cymru,'  a  compilation  of  Welsh  history 
in  Welsh,  and  for  many  years  the  most  trustworthy  his- 
tory of  Wales,  which  appeared  in  fourteen  parts,  and  was 
completed  in  1842.  [xlvi.  840] 

PRICE,  SIR  UVEDALE,  first  baronet  (1747-1829), 
writer  on  '  the  picturesque  '  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  came  into  a  considerable  fortune  on  bis  father's 
death  in  1761  ;  developed  his  views  on  garden  landscape 
in  '  An  Essay  on  the  Picturesque,'  1794,  in  which  be  argued 
in  favour  of  natural  beauty  ;  '  converted  the  age  to  bis 
views,'  according  to  Scott,  who  studied  the  work  ;  created 
baronet,  1828  :  resided  at  Poxley  in  Herefordshire,  and 
laid  out  his  estate  in  accordance  with  his  principles. 

[xlvi.  841] 

PRICE,  WILLIAM  (1697-1646),  divine;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1619  ;  B.D.,  1628  ;  first  reader  in  moral 
philosophy  at  Oxford  on  Thomas  White's  foundation.  1621- 
1629  ;  rector  of  Dolgelly,  1681-46.  [xlvi.  342] 


PRICE 


1070 


PRIESTLEY 


PEICB  WILLIAM  (<J.  1666),  divine:  one  of  the 
divines  •  pastor  of  the  presbyteriau  church 
*t\MM  [xlvi.342] 

PRICK,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (d.  17M),  glass-painter ; 
executed  some  work  at  Oxford,  including  (1700)  the  great 
eaftt  window  of  Merton  OhapeL  [xlvi.  313] 

PRICE,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (</.  1765),  glass- 
P.-UIIUT  '  w>n  <>(  .liwhua  I'rioe  [q.  v.]  :  filled  several  win- 
dow* in  Westminster  Abbey,  at  Winchester  College,  ami 
at  New  College,  Oxford.  [xlvi.  343] 

PRICE,  WILLIAM  (1780-1830),  orientalist :  served  in 
India  as  an  interpreter ;  on  his  return  to  England  de- 
voted himself  to  literary  pursuits;  published  several 
Penian  translations  and  other  works.  [xlvi.  343] 

PRICHARD,  RICHARDS,  or  RHISIART.  EVAN 
(1770-1832),  Welsh  poet ;  usually  called  IKUAN  LLKYX  : 
successively  excise  officer  and  schoolmaster ;  a  versatile 
writer  in  all  forms  of  Welsh  verse.  [xlvi.  344] 

PRICHARD,  JAMBS  OOWLBS  (1786-1848),  physi- 
cian and  ethnologist ;  studied  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
London :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1808 :  possessed  great  knowledge 
of  modern  Greek  and  Spanish ;  began  to  practise  medicine 
at  Bristol,  1810 ;  published  *  Researches  as  to  the  Physical 
History  of  Man,'  the  fruit  of  his  studies  in  ethnology, 
1818,  and  'Treatise  on  Insanity  and  other  Disorders 
affecting  the  Mind,'  1836  (long  the  standard  work  on  this 
branch  of  medicine),  developing  in  it  his  theory  of  '  moral 
insanity '  apart  from  serious  intellectual  derangement ; 
M.D.  by  diploma,  Oxford,  1835;  in  his 'Natural  History 
of  Man,'  1843,  sustained  the  opinion  that  the  races  of 
man  are  varieties  of  one  species ;  made  a  commissioner  of 
lunacy,  1846  ;  F.R.S.  [xlvi.  344] 

PRICHARD,  RHYS  or  RICE  (1579-1644),  Welsh  re- 
ligious poet ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1626 :  became 
vicar  of  Uandiugad,  1602,  prebendary  of  Brecon,  1614, 
and  chancellor  of  St.  David's,  1626.  The  last  edition  of 
his  poems,  none  of  which  were  published  till  after  his 
death,  appeared  in  1867.  [xlvi.  346] 

PRICKE,  ROBERT  (fl.  1669-1698),  engraver ;  kept  a 
shop  at  Oripplegate,  London ;  published  architectural 
works,  mostly  translated  from  the  French,  [xlvi.  347] 

PRICKET,  ROBERT  (Jl.  1603-1646),  poet ;  saw  some 
military  service,  and  afterwards  worked  as  a  verse-writer 
and  pamphleteer ;  took  holy  orders  (c.  1606)  and  obtained 
gome  preferment  in  Ireland,  whence  he  was  driven  by  the 
rebellion  of  1641.  [xlvi.  347] 

PRIDDEN,  JOHN  (1758-1825),  antiquary;  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1781 ;  held  a  number  of  small  ecclesiastical  preferments  at 
various  times;  was  at  once  an  antiquary,  an  amateur 
artist,  an  architect,  and  a  philanthropist;  F.S.A.,  1785. 

[xlvi.  348] 

PRIDE,  THOMAS  (d.  1658),  soldier;  entered  the 
parliamentary  army  as  captain,  and  commanded  Harley's 
regiment  at  Naaeby,  1645 ;  active  on  behalf  of  the  army 
against  parliament,  and  in  1648,  in  order  to  frustrate  the 
intended  agreement  with  Charles  I,  prevented  about 
130  members  from  entering  the  House  of  Commons 
('Pride's  Purge');  a  commissioner  for  the  trial  of 
Charles  I,  signing  the  death-warrant,  1649 ;  commanded 
a  brigade  at  Duubar,  1650  ;  fought  at  Worcester,  1651 ; 
opposed  Cromwell's  appointment  as  king,  but  accepted  a 
seat  in  his  upper  bouse.  [xlvi.  349] 

PRIDEAUX.  SIR  KDMi  INIX  ,/.  1669),  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician :  M.A.  Cambridge  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1625) : 
barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1623,  and  was  returned  as  M.P. 
for  Lyme  Regis  to  the  Long  parliament,  when  he  opposed 
Charles  I;  solicitor-general,  1648-9;  attorney-general, 
1649-49 ;  made  important  reforms  in  the  postal  service, 
with  which  be  was  connected  for  many  years. 

PRIDEAUX,  FREDERICK  (1817-1891),  *  convey- 
ancer; barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1840;  author  of  the 
standard  treatise,  'Precedents  in  Conveyancing,'  1858 
(16th  edit.  1895),  and  other  works.  [xlvi.  351] 

PRIDEAUX,  HUMPHREY  (1648-1724),  orientalist ; 
of    Westminster  School   and   Christ   Church,    Oxford; 
M.A^  1876 ;   D.D.,  1686 ;  became  a  canon  of  Norwich, 
J81,  arodeaoon  of  Suffolk,  1688,  dean  of  Norwich,  1702- 
714.     His   literary  reputation    rents  on    his   'Life  of 
w.. k.  ritten  M  a 


the  deists,  and  worthless  as  a  biography,  and  on  his  '  Old 
and  New  Testament  connected,  in  the  History  of  the 
Jews  and  Neighbouring  Nations '  (1716-18),  a  work  of 
great  value  in  the  author's  day.  [xlvi.  352] 

PRIDEAUX,  JOHN  (1578-1650),  bishop  of  Worces- 
ter ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1601  ;  M.A.,  1603  ; 
D.D.,  1612:  rector  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1612-42; 
regius  professor  of  divinity,  1615-41  ;  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford  University,  1619-21,  1624-G,  and  1641-3 ;  bishop 
of  Worcester,  1641  ;  maintained  himself  in  his  sec  until 
the  end  of  the  war,  when  he  took  refuge  with  his  son-in- 
law,  Henry  Sutton,  rector  of  Bredon  ;  published  logical 
and  theological  works,  the  latter  showing  a  dislike  of 
Arminianism.  [xlvi.  354] 

PRIDEAUX,  JOHN  (1718-1759),  brigadier-general ; 
entered  the  army,  1739 ;  colonel,  55th  foot,  1758  ;  killed  in 
Canada  while  conducting  the  siege  of  Fort  Niagara,  an 
outpost  of  the  French.  [xlvi.  356] 

PRIDEAUX,  MATTHIAS  (1622-1646?),  royalist; 
son  of  John  Prideaux  (1578-1650)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1641  ;  M.A.,  1645 ;  obtained  the 
rank  of  captain  in  Charles  I's  service.  [xlvi  356] 

PRIESTLEY,  JOSEPH  (1733-1804),  theologian  and 
man  of  science  ;  eldest  child  of  Jonas  Priestley,  a  York- 
shire cloth-dresser  ;  adopted  by  his  father's  sister,  Sarah 
Keighley,  a  strong  Oalviuist ;  educated  at  Batley  gram- 
mar school  and  at  Heckmondwike,  and  (1751)  entered 
Daventry  academy  under  Caleb  Ashworth  [q.  v.]  to 
study  for  the  presbyterian  ministry  ;  engaged  (1755)  as 
assistant  and  successor  to  John  Meadows  (1676-1757) 
[q.  v.],  presbyterian  minister  at  Needham  Market ;  after 
a  little  time  rejected  the  atonement,  the  inspiration  of 
the  sacred  text,  and  other  doctrines ;  became  minister 
at  Nantwich,  1758,  and  (1761)  tutor  in  languages  and 
belles-lettres  at  Warrington  academy ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1764;  F.R.S.,  1766;  became  minister  of  Mill  Hill 
Chapel,  Leeds,  1767;  published  'An  Essay  on  Govern- 
ment,' 1768,  containing  the  sentence  to  which  Jeremy 
Beutham  [q.  v.]  considered  himself  indebted  for  the  phrase 
'  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest  number ' ;  libra- 
rian or  literary  companion  of  the  Earl  of  Shelburne, 
1772-80 :  published  his  '  Examination  of  Scottish  Philo- 
sophy,' his  first  effort  in  psychology,  1774:  began  to 
enunciate  (1775)  his  doctrine  of  the  homogeneity  of  man, 
which  brought  on  him  the  imputation  of  atheism ;  elected 
an  associate  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  soon  after 
1772,  member  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St. 
Petersburg,  1780;  elected  junior  minister  of  the  New 
Meeting,  Birmingham,  1780;  published  (1782)  the  best 
known,  though  not  the  best,  of  his  theological  writings, 
his  '  History  of  the  Corruptions  of  Christianity,'  which 
was  burned  by  the  common  hangman  at  Dort  hi  1786 ; 
ultimately  rejected  the  doctrine  of  the  infallibility  of 
Christ,  publishing  his  '  History  of  Early  Opinions  concern- 
ing Jesus  Christ,'  1786 ;  involved  in  a  controversy  with 
Samuel  Horsley  [q.  v.],  which  lasted  till  1790  ;  produced 
(1790)  the  first  instalment  of  his  '  General  History  of  the 
Christian  Church ' ;  intended  (July  1791)  to  be  present  at 
a  dinner  of  the  '  Constitutional  Society 'of  Birmingham 
to  commemorate  the  fall  of  the  Bastille ;  his  house  at 
Fairhill  wrecked,  and  nearly  all  his  books,  papers,  and 
apparatus  destroyed  in  consequence  by  the  crowd,  which 
had  assembled  to  molest  the  guests  ;  received  insufficient 
compensation  ;  resolved  to  settle  in  London,  and  in 
November  1791  was  elected  morning  preacher  at  the 
Gravel  Pit,  Hackney  ;  found  that  his  opinions  rendered 
life  in  England  uncomfortable,  and  emigrated  to  New 
York,  1794  ;  settled  at  Northumberland,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  died ;  adopted  in  America  a  doctrine  of  '  universal 
restitution.'  He  is  most  generally  remembered  as  a  man  of 
science,  and  chiefly  as  a  chemist,  the '  discoverer '  of  oxygen. 
In  his  'History  of  Electricity'  (1767)  he  anticipated  the 
suggestion  that  the  law  of  electric  attraction  is  that  of 
the  inverse  square,  and  explained  the  formation  of  rings 
(since  known  as  Priestley's  rings)  when  a  discharge  takes 
place  on  a  metallic  surface.  He  also  attacked  the  problem 
of  conduction,  studied  gases,  and  by  the  use  of  mercury 
in  the  pneumatic  trough  was  able  to  deal  for  the  first 
time  with  gases  soluble  in  water.  In  1774  he  obtained 
what  he  termed  '  dephlogisticated  air,'  afterwards  named 
oxygen  by  Lavoisier,  a  discovery  which  was  the  germ  of 
the  modern  science  of  chemistry,  but  owing  to  his  blind 
faith  in  the  phlogistic  theory,  its  significance  was  lost  on 
him.  Ouvier  has  styled  hint  u  '  futher  of  modern  chemistry 


PRIESTLEY 


1071 


PRINSEP 


who  never  would  acknowledge  his  daughter. 
ellaneous  Works 


'Theological  and 


Hi* 
were  edited  in 


i  x  volume*  (  1817-88)  by  John  Towil  Kutt  [q.  v.] 
His  scientific  works  and  memoir*  are  numerous,  but  have 
never  been  collected.  [xlvi.  857] 

PRIESTLEY,  TIMOTHY  (1734-1HU),  independent 
minister  :  younger  brother  of  Joneph  Priestley  [q.  v.)  : 
pastor  at  Kipping,  Yorkshire,  1780-8,  at  Hunter**  Oroft, 
Manchester,  1788-84,  at  Dublin,  1784-6,  and  at  Jewin 
Stiwt,  London,  1786-1814  ;  published  reUgiou*  work*. 

[xlvi.  376] 

PRIESTLEY,  sm  \VILLIAMOVBRBND(1829-1900X 
physician  :  great  nephew  of  Joseph  Priestley  [q.  T.]  ; 
edueaU-d  at  King'*  College,  London,  Paria,  And  Edinburgh 
University  :  M.R.C.S.  England,  1862  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1863  ;  lecturer  on  midwifery  at  Middlesex  Hospital,  1858  ; 
F.K.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1858  ;  professor  of  obstetric  medicine, 
King's  College,  London,  and  obstetric  physician  to  Knur's 
College  Hospital,  London,  1882-73;  F.R.O.P.  London, 
1864:  Lumleiau  lecturer,  1887,  and  censor,  1891-2: 
knighted,  1893  :  conservative  M.I',  for  universities  of  Edin- 
burgh and  St.  Andrews,  1896  ;  published  medical  works. 

[SuppL  UL  187] 

PRTESTMAN,  JOHN  (1806-1866),  Quaker;  entered 
buslnes*  a*  a  corn-miller,  but  commenced  a*  a  manufac- 
turer of  worsted  goods  :  was  active  in  philanthropic  enter- 
prise, his  treatment  of  his  mill-hands,  chiefly  women  and 
girls,  being  so  successful  in  derating  them,  that  his  works 
became  known  as  <  Lady  Mills.*  [xlvL  377] 

PRIME,  JOHN  (1550-1596),  divine  :  of  Winchester 
College  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1570-91  ;  M.A., 
1576  ;  D.D.,  1588  ;  rector  of  Adderbury,  1587-96  :  published 
two  treatises  and  some  volumes  of  sermons,  [xlvi.  378] 

PRIMROSE,  SIR  ARCHIBALD,  first  baronet,  LORD 
CARKIN'OTOX  (1616-1679),  Scottish  judge;  eon  of  James 
Primrose  (</.  1641)  [q.  v.]  ;  joined  Montrose  and  (1646) 
was  condemned  for  treason:  after  his  release  joined 
Charles  II  and  was  made  a  baronet  in  1661  during  the 
march  to  Worcester  ;  his  property  sequestrated  after  the 
battle  ;  appointed  at  the  Restoration  lord  clerk  register, 
and  (1661)  lord  of  session,  a  lord  of  exchequer,  and  a 
member  of  the  privy  council  ;  principal  author  of  the 
Isnntanry  Act  ;  removed  (1676)  from  the  office  of  lord 
clerk  register  and  appointed  justice-general,  of  which 
office  he  was  deprived  in  1678.  [xlvi.  378] 

PRIMROSE,  ARCHIBALD,  first  VISCOUNT  ROBB- 
BKKY  and  flrst  EARL  or  ROSEBERY  (1661-1723),  son  of  Sir 
Archibald  Primrose,  lord  Oarrington  [q.  v.]  ;  opposed 
the  policy  of  James  II  ;  M.P.,  Edinburgh  county  (Scottish 
parliament),  1695  ;  created  Viscount  Rosebsry,  1700  ; 
created  an  earl  on  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne  ;  Scottish 
representative  peer,  1707,  1708,  1710,  and  1713  ;  a  commis- 
sioner for  the  union  with  England.  [xlvi.  379] 

PRIMROSE,  SIR  ARCHIBALD  JOHN,  fourth  EARL 
OP  ROSKBKRY  and  sixth  baronet  (1783-1868),  great  grand- 
son of  Archibald  Primrose,  flrst  earl  of  Rosebery  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1804  :  M.P.,  Helston, 
1806-6,  Cashel,  1806-7  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1814;  hon. 
D.O.L.  Cambridge,  1819  ;  created  Baron  Rosebery  (British 
peerage),  1828  ;  privy  councillor,  1831  ;  supported  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1832  ;  F.R.S.  ;  K.T.,  1840.  He  was  grand- 
father of  the  present  and  fifth  Lord  Hosebery.  [xlvi.  379] 

PRIMROSE,  GILBERT  (15807-1641),  divine;  MJL 
St.  Andrews  ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1625  ;  became  a  minister  of 
the  French  reformed  church  at  Bordeaux,  1603:  com- 
pelled to  quit  France  on  the  prohibition  to  ministers  of 
other  nations  to  officiate,  1623:  subsequently  became  a 
minister  of  the  French  church  in  London;  canon  of 
Windsor,  1629.  [xlvi.  380] 

PRIMROSE,  JAMBS  (<*.  1641),  clerk  of  the  privy 
council  of  Scotland  ;  appointed  clerk  for  life,  1699. 

[xlvi.  381] 

PRIMROSE  or  PRIMER08E,  JAMES  (d.  1659),  phy- 
sician ;  son  of  Gilbert  Primrose  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  St.  Jean 
d'Angely;  M.D.  Montpellier,  1617  (incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1628):  settled  in  Hull  ;  published  medical  treatises. 

[xlvi.  181] 

PRINCE,  JOHN  (1643-1723),  author  of  'Worthies 
of  Devon'  :  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1664  ;  M.A. 
Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1676  ;  vicar  of  Berry  Pomeroy, 
1681-1723;  remembered  by  his  'Damnonii  Orientates 
Illustres,'  better  known  as  the  '  Worthies  of  Devon,'  1701 
(2nd  edit.  1810).  [xlvi.  382] 


PRINCE.  JOHN  CRITOHLEY  (1W8-18MX  post: 
practised  reed-making  at  Wigan :  began  to  write  Tens* 
to  1827 ;  published  (1840)  'Hour*  with  the  Moss* '(6th 
edit,  1867)  ;  fell  into  dissipated  habits.  [xlvi.  S8t] 

PRINCE.  JOHN  HBNRY  (/.  1794-1818),  author: 
started  life  an  an  erm 


a  solicitor'*  clerk  awl  a  metbodlst  minister: 
miscellaneous  works.  [xlvl.184] 

PRINO,  MARTIN  (1680-1626?),  ssft-oaptaln :  after 
making  three  expeditions  to  America,  entered  the  service 
of  the  Bast  India  Company,  1608  ;  became  general  of  the 
company's  MUDS,  1619 ;  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  the 
company  for  fraternising  with  the  Dutch,  and  Joined  the 
Virginia  Company  in  1621.  [xlTi.  184] 

PRINOLE,  ANDREW,  LORD  AUEMOOR  < 
Scottish  judge ;  named  Scottish  solicitor-general,  1766 ; 
lord  of  session  as  Lord  Akmoor.  1769.    He  had  an  un- 
rivalled reputation  AS  a  lawyer  and  pleader,    [xlvi.  S8S] 

PRINOLE,  GEORGB(1631-1689X covenanter:  fought 


against  Cromwell  at  Dunbar,  1660  :  made  his  peace  with 
Cromwell,  1655,  and  in  1662  accepted  Charles  IfVpardon  ; 
Implicated  in  the  Rye  House  plot,  1683,  after  which  he 
fled  to  Holland  ;  aider!  in  Argyll t  expedition  and  retained 
to  Scotland  after  the  revolution ;  member  of  the  Con- 
vention parliament  [xlvi.  386] 

PRINOLE,  SIR  JOHN,  baronet  (1707-1782),  phy- 
sician :  nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Pringle  [q.  v.] ;  studied 
medicine  at  Leyden  (M.D.,  1730),  and  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh as  a  physician;  joint-professor  of  pneumatics 
(metaphysics)  and  moral  philosophy  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, 1734-44;  resigned  his  professorship  on  being 
to  the  forces  in  Flanders, 
1748;  F.R.C.P.,  1763;  given 
^1,1774; 


appointed  physician-general 
1744;  settled    in  London.  1 


baronetcy,  1766 ;  became  physician  to  George  III, 
attained  a  position  of  great  influence  in  scientific  ci 


and  (1772)  was  elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society.  His 
great  work  in  life  was  the  reform  of  military  medicine 
and  sanitation.  His  book,  '  Observations  on  the  Diseases 
of  the  Army '  (1752),  attained  a  European  reputation,  and 
has  become  a  military  classic.  [xlvi.  386] 

PRINOLE,  ROBERT  (rf.  1736),  politician ;  brother  of 
Sir  Walter  Pringle  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Leyden ;  took  service 
under  William  of  Orange,  and  was  appointed  under- 
secretary of  state  for  Scotland ;  secretary  at  war,  1718. 

[xlvi  388] 

PRINOLE,  THOMAS  (1789-1834),  Scottish  poet; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  was  permanently 
lamed  by  an  accident  in  infancy :  gained  the  friendship 
of  Scott  by  a  contribution  to  Hogg's  'Poetic  Mirror* 
(1816);  obtained  by  Scott's  influence  a  grant  of  land  in 
South  Africa  for  his  father  and  brothers,  1819 ;  became 
librarian  at  Cape  Town,  but  ruined  his  prospects  by  pub- 
lishing two  violent  political  papers,  which  were  suppressed 
by  the  governor ;  returned  to  London  and  becai 
secretary  to  the  Anti-Slavery  Society  ;  published  •] 
merides,'  1828,  and  'South  African  Sketches,'  1834. 

[xlvi.  389] 

PRINOLE,  WALTER  (1625-1667),  covenanter ;  fought 
against  Cromwell  at  Dunbar ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  the 
oath  of  allegiance,  1664.  [xlvi.  390] 

PRINOLE,  SIR  WALTER,  LORD  Nuwn  ALL  (1664?- 
1736),  Scottish  judge :  great-nephew  of  Walter  Pringle 
[q.  v.];  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Xewhall,  1718:  knighted 
and  made  a  lord  of  justiciary,  1718.  [xlvi.  391] 

PRINSEP,  CHARLES  ROBERT  (1789-1864),  economic 
writer  :  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1814 ;  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1817:  was  advocate-general  of  Bengal: 
created  LL.D.,  1824  ;  author  of  an  '  Essay  on  Money,' 
1818.  [xlvi.  394] 

PRINSEP,  HENRY  THOBY  (1792-1878),  Indian 
civil  servant ;  brother  of  Charles  Robert  Prinsep  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company  in  Bengal, 
1807  ;  published  (1823)  a  '  History  of  Transactions  in 
India  during  the  Administration  of  the  Marquis  of 
Hastings,'  the  best  narrative  of  the  events  of  the  time ; 
appointed  Persian  secretary  to  the  government,  1820; 
became  a  member  of  the  council,  1836,  retiring,  1843; 
nominated  on  the  council  of  India,  1868,  retaining  hfe 
seat  till  1874.  His  writings  on  Indian  subjects  were  Im- 
portant ;  especial  value  attaches  to  his  autobiographical 
sketch  of  his  official  life,  written  in  1866.  [xlri.  392] 


PRINSEP 


1072 


PROCTER 


PRINSEP.  JAMBS  (17W-1840),  architect  and  ori- 
enteaSt^  brother  of  Charles  Robert  I'rinsep  [q.  v.] ; 

M  assistant  assay- master  at  the  Calcutta  mint,  1819, 
«wla»aT-master  1883  :  executed  several  important 
IwThltectural  works  in  India,  besides  completing  the 

1.^:  .MM  .  »n  .utbori*  «  *•*••* 

WQUlvlrs*. 

PRIOR,    SIR    JAMBS   (1790?-1869X    miscellaneous 
entered  the  navy  as  a  surgeon,  and  wrote  ac- 
which  were  published  (1820)  in  the 

"became  deputy-inspector  of  hospitals,  1843 ; 

JwVchief  works  biographies  of  Burke ( 1824) 

airi  Goldsmith  (1887).  [xlvi.  396] 

PRIOR,  MATTHEW  (1664-1721),  poet  and  diplo- 
matist- educated  at  Westminster  School,  under  the 
patronage  of  Lord  Dorset  (king's  scholar,  1681);  ob- 
Uineda  fellowship  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1688, 
having  graduated  B.A.  16H6 ;  appointed  secretary  to  the 
at  the  Hague  ;  was  employal  (1697)  as  secre- 


tary  In  the  negotiations  at  the  treaty  of  Ryswick :  M.P., 
East  GriusteyL.  1701:  joined  the  tories,  1702:  made 
a  commissioner  of  customs,  1711 :  proceeded  to  Pans  to 
negotiate  peace,  1711,  the  subsequent  treaty  of  Utrecht 

(1718)  being  popularly  known  as  'Mart's  peace' :  became 
plenipotentiary  at  Paris,  1712  :  recalled  on  Queen  Anne's 
death,  and  (1716)  imprisoned  :  a  folio  edition  of  his  poems 

(1719)  brought  out  bv  his  admirers  after  his  release  (1717), 
by  which  he  gained  four  tlwusand  guineas :  given  by  Lord 
Harley  4.000/.,  for  the  purchase  of  Down  Hall  in  Essex, 
where  he  resided  till  his  death.    He  is  one  of  the  neatest 
of  English  epigrammatists,  and  in  occasional  pieces  and 

i  has  no  rival  in  English.    Among  his  poems 


may  be  mentioned  '  The  Town  and  Country  Mouse,'  an 
answer  to  Drvden's '  Hind  and  Panther,' '  Alma,  or  the  Pro- 
gram of  the  Mind,' '  The  Secretary,' '  The  Female  Phaeton,' 
•To  a  Child  of  Quality,'  and  'The  Conversation.'  His 
irks  are  of  slight  importance.  [  xlvi.  397] 


PRIOR,  THOMAS(1682  ?-1761),  founder  of  the  Dublin 
Society  and  philanthropist  :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1708  -."devoted  himself  to  the  promotion  of  material  and 
industrial  works  among  the  Irish  protestants  ;  established 
the  Dublin  Society  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  manu- 
factures, art*,  and  sciences,  1731.  [xlvi.  401] 

PRIOR,  THOMAS  ABIEL  (1809-1886),  line-engraver  : 
executed  a  number  of  plates  after  Joseph  Mallonl  William 
Tamer  [q.  v.]  :  resided  at  Calais  in  later  life.  [xlvi.  402] 

PRI80T,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1460),  judge  :  serjeant-at- 
law,  1443  :  made  chief-  justice  of  the  common  bench,  1449  : 
knighted  :  assisted  Sir  Thomas  Littleton  (1402-1481)  [q.  v.] 


in  compiling  his  tenures. 


[xlvi.  402] 


PRITCHARD.  ANDREW  (1804-1882),  microscopist  : 
in  business  as  a  London  optician  till  1852:  early  turned 
his  attention  to  microscopy  and  wrote  extensively  :  his 
•  History  of  Infusoria'  (1841)  long  a  standard  work. 

[xlvL  402] 

PRITCHARD,  CHARLES  (1808-1893),  astronomer  ; 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Christ's  Hospital,  Lon- 
don :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  M.A., 
1883  :  turned  his  attention  to  educational  reform,  on  which 
the  Clapham  grammar  school  was  founded  to  give  him 
an  opportunity,  1834  ;  head-master  of  Clapham  grammar 
school,  1  884-62  :  had  a  small  observatory  at  Clapham,  where 
he  did  some  useful  astronomical  work  ;  Hulsean  lecturer 
at  Cambridge,  1867  :  became  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Oxford,  1870;  a  new  observatory  in  the 
1  Parks,'  where  his  chief  work  was  accomplished,  especially 
in  stellar  photometry,  erected  through  his  initiative": 
invented  the  wedge-photometer  to  obviate  discordances 
in  estimate*  of  the  brightness  of  various  stars,  1881  ;  fel- 
low of  New  College,  Oxford,  1883  :  member  of  the  council 
of  tho  Hoyal  Society,  1885-7  ;  wrote  numerous  astronomi- 
cal pnper*  and  scientific  articles,  and  also  gave  much 
attention  to  the  relations  of  science  and  religion. 

[xlvt  403] 

PRITCHARD,  EDWARD  WILLIAM  (1826-1865), 
poisoner:  practised  as  a  surgeon  at  Glasgow;  M.D. 
Kriangen  ;  poisoned  his  wife  and  mother-in-law  with 
deMi  of  antimony,  1865  :  tried,  found  guilty,  and  executed 
tn  front  of  Glasgow  gaol.  He  published  several  works, 
many  papers  on  medical  subjects.  [xlvi.  406] 


PRITCHARD,  GEORGE  (1796-1883),  missionary  and 
consul  at  Tahiti  :  settled  in  the  Society  islands,  1824, 
which  were  annexed  by  France  in  spite  of  his  protests, 
1843 ;  compelled  to  leave  the  islands,  1844  :  subsequently 
lived  in  retirement  in  England.  [xlvi.  406] 

PRITCHARD,  HANNAH  (1711-1768),  actress;  nte 
Vaughau ;  man  led  a  poor  actor  in  early  life  ;  appeared  at 
Bartholomew  Fair,  London,  and  at  the  Haymarket, 
London,  1733;  played  nt  Drury  Lane,  London,  1734  to 
1740-1,  appearing  in  a  wide  range  of  characters,  chiefly 
comic ;  afterwards  appeared  chiefly  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
and  Covent  Garden,  London  ;  last  appeared,  April  1768. 
She  was  held  the  greatest  Lady  Macbeth  of  her  day,  and 
the  Queen  in  Hamlet.  Estifania,  and  Doll  Common  were 
also  among  her  greatest  parts.  [xlvi.  407] 

PRITCHARD,  HKNHY  BADEN  (1841-1884),  chemist 
and  writer ;  son  of  Andrew  Pritchard  [q.  v.]  ;  conducted 
the  photographic  department  at  the  Royal  Arsenal,  Wool- 
wich ;  published  novels  and  other  works.  [xlvi.  403] 

PRITCHARD,  JOHN  LANGFORD  (1799-1850). 
actor;  first  appeared  at  Bath,  1820,  as  Captain  Absolute; 
joined  Murray's  company  at  Edinburgh,  1823,  and  (1835) 
made  his  first  appearance  in  London  at  Oovent  Garden. 

[xlvi.  409] 

PRITCHARD  or  PRICHARD,  Sm  WILLIAM 
(16329-1705),  lord  mayor  of  London;  a  'merchant 
taylor':  became  sheriff,  1672;  knighted,  1672;  elected 
mayor  as  court  candidate,  1682;  took  active  measures 
against  the  whig  party ;  M.P.  for  the  city  of  London, 
1702.  [xlvi.  410] 

PRITCHETT,  JAMES  PIGOTT  (1789-1868),  archi- 
tect ;  practised  in  York,  where  he  and  his  partner,  Watson, 
had  almost  a  monopoly  of  the  architectural  work  in 
Yorkshire.  [xlvi.  411] 

PRITZLER,  Rm  THEOPHILUS  (d.  1839),  Indian 
commander  ;  entered  the  army,  1793 ;  served  in  Holland, 
1794-5 ;  proceeded  to  India,  c.  1814 ;  took  an  important  part 
in  the  third  Mahratta  war,  1817-18,  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general ;  K.O.B.,  1822.  [xlvi.  411] 

PROBERT,  WILLIAM  (1790-1870),  Unitarian  minis- 
ter: minister  at  Walmsley  for  over  forty-eight  years: 
an  authority  on  Welsh  laws  .ami  customs,  and  an  orien- 
talist of  some  ability.  [xlvi.  412] 

PROBUS  (rf.  948  ?),  biographer  of  St.  Patrick ;  was 
the  author  of  the  first  life  of  the  saint  to  be  printed 
(Basle,  1563).  In  it  he  falsified  the  earlier  part  of  Patrick's 
life.  [xlvi.  413] 

PROBY,  GRANVILLE  LEVESON,  third  EARL  OP 
CARYSPORT  (1781-1868),  admiral :  son  of  Sir  John  Joshua 
Proby,  first  earl  of  Carysfort  [q.  v.] :  entered  the  navy, 
1798 ;  present  at  the  battles  of  the  Nile  and  Trafalgar : 
admiral,  1857.  [xlvi.  413] 

PROBY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BAROX  OARTSPORT  (1720- 
1772),  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1742";  M.P.,  Stam- 
ford, 1747,  Huntingdonshire,  1754-68 :  made  an  Irish 
baron,  1752;  Irish  privy  councillor;  K.B.,  1761:  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  1757  and  1763-5.  [xlvi.  413] 

PROBY,  SIR  JOHN  JOSHUA,  first  EARL  OP  CARTS- 
PORT  and  second  BARON  OARYSPORT  (1751-1828),  only  son 
of  Sir  John  Proby,  first  baron  Carysfort  [q.  v.]  ;  of  West- 
minster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1770 ;  P.R.S.,  1779  ;  appointed  joint-guardian  and  keeper  of 
the  rolls  in  Ireland  and  created  an  Irish  earl,  1789  ;  M.P., 
East  Looe,  1790,  Stamford,  June  1 790-1801;  supported  Pitt ; 
created  an  English  baron,  1801,  and  (February  1806)  ap- 
pointed joint  postmaster-treneral,  a  post  which  he  resigned 
in  the  following  year ;  created  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1810,  and 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1811;  author  of  several  tragedies, 
poems,  and  essays.  [xlvi.  414] 

PROBYN,  SIR  EDMUND  (1678-1742),  judge:  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford:  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1702; 
made  a  Welsh  judge,  1721 :  defended  the  Earl  of  Maccles- 
field,  1726 ;  became  puisne  judge  of  the  king's  bench, 
1726  ;  knighted,  1726  :  lord  chief-baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1740.  [xlvi.  415] 

PROCTER,  ADELAIDE  ANN  (1825-1864),  poetess  : 
eldest  child  of  Bryan  Waller  Procter  [q.  v.] :  contributed 
to  the  'Book  of  Beauty'  in  1843,  and  afterward*  to 
Dickens's  periodicals,  under  the  pseudonym  Mary  Ber- 
wick ' ;  took  great  interest  in  social  questions  affecting 


PROCTER 


1073 


PRYNNE 


«enu  were  collected,  1868,  mi-i.-r  th-  title 
'Legend*  iin.i   i.^rn*'  (luth  edit.  1866).    M  , 
Ir.mn- are  still  in  use.  [xlvi.  416] 

PROCTER,    BRYAN    WALLER   (1787-1874),  poet: 
1  us  a  solicitor  iu  London,  ami  ultimately  obtained 
a  large  connection  as  a  conveyanoer  ;  began  to  contribute 
to  the  'Literary  Gazette,*   1816;    intimate  with  Leigh 
Hunt,  Charles  Iwimb,  :  barrister  and  (1832- 

1861)  a  metropolitan  commissioner  in  lunacy :  produced  a 
successful  tragedy.  •  Mirandola,'  at  Oovent  Garden  Theatre, 
London,  under  the  p*eudon\  in  of  •  Barry  Cornwall'  1881 ; 
songs  published.,  1832  ;  published  hi*  biography  of  Charle* 
Lamb,  his  last  Important  work,  1864.  [xlvi.  416] 

PROCTER,  RICHARD  WRIGHT  (1816-1881  ),antbor; 
u  Manchester  barber  who  published  a  number  of  works  on 
Manchester.  [xlvi.  419] 

PROCTOR,  JOHN  (1581 T-1684),  divine  and  histo- 
rian ;  of  Corpus  Curisti  and  All  Souls  Colleges,  Oxford ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1*40 ;  M.A.,  1644 ; 
presented  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Andrew,  Hoi  born,  Lomlon, 
1678  ;  published  '  The  Historic  of  Wyatas  Rebellion,'  1544, 
and  two  other  works.  [xlvi. 419] 

PROCTOR,  RICHARD  ANTHONY  (1837-1888), 
astronomer :  twenty-third  wrangler,  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge, 1860 :  kept  terms  at  the  Temple,  but  abandoned 
law  for  science ;  devoted  himself,  1863,  to  the  study  of 
astronomy  and  mathematics;  published,  1865,  his  cele- 
brated monograph  on  *  Saturn  and  his  System,'  and,  1866, 
his  '  Handbook  of  the  Star*,'  which  hardly  paid  expenses, 
but  made  his  reputation  ;  successfully  lectured  iu  America 
from  1873 ;  founded  '  Knowledge,'  a  weekly  scientific 
periodical,  1881  (after  1885  a  monthly  periodical) ;  removed 
to  Florida,  1887,  and  died  of  yellow  fever  in  New  York. 

[xlvi.  419] 

PROCTOR,  THOMAS  (fl.  1578-1584),  poet;  son  of 
John  Proctor  [q.  v.] ;  author  or  editor  of  several  works, 
chiefly  iu  verse,  including  *  A  gorgious  Gallery  of  gallant 
Inventions,'  1578.  [xlvi.  421] 

PROCTOR,  THOMAS  (1753-1794 X  historical  painter 
and  sculptor  :  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  from  1780 ; 
discovered  by  West  subsisting  in  Clare  Market,  London, 
in  great  poverty ;  died  of  mental  anguish  and  privation 
before  measures  could  be  taken  for  his  relief,  [xlvi.  421] 

PROUD,  JOSEPH  (1746-1826),  minister  of  the  'Sow 
Church ' :  became  a  general  baptist  minister,  1767,  but 
(1788) accepted  the  opinion-  of  Sweden  bprg  and  (1791)  be- 
came a  *  new  church '  minister  at  Birmingham ;  removed 
to  Manchester,  1793,  returning  to  Birmingham,  1794 ; 
went  to  London,  1797 ;  again  retunied  to  Birmingham, 
1814,  and  retired,  1821 ;  published  theological  works. 

[xlvi.  422] 

PROUT,  FATHER  (pseudonym).  [See  MAIIONY, 
FRANCIS  SYLVBSTER,  1804-1866.] 

PROUT,  JOHN  (1810-1894),  agriculturist;  brought 
up  as  a  farmer  ;  emigrated  to  Ontario,  1832 ;  returned  to 
England,  1842,  and  iu  1861  bought  Blouut's  farm,  Saw- 
bridgeworth,  Hertfordshire,  which  he  cultivated  till  his 
death.  His  scientific  system  of  farming,  based  on  his 
Canadian  experience,  was  of  great  value  to  agriculturists. 

[xlvi.  423] 

PROUT,  JOHN  SKINNER  (1806-1876),  water-colour 
painter ;  nephew  of  Samuel  Prout  [q.  v.] ;  was  a  member 
of  a  little  coterie  of  Bristol  artiste,  and  subsequently 
member  of  the  Institute  of  Painters  iu  Water-colours. 

[xlvi.  424] 

PROUT,  SAMUEL  (1783-1862),  wuter-colour  painter; 
began  to  exhibit  scenes  in  the  south-western  counties  in 
1805,  and  contributed  to '  Beauties  of  Kngland  and  Wales,' 
1803-13 ;  began  iu  1818  the  series  of  paintings  of  conti- 
nental streets  which  made  his  fame  ;  highly  esteemed  by 
Ruskiu.  [xlvi.  424] 

PROUT,  WILLIAM  (1785-1850),  physician  and  che- 
iniM  :  M.I).  Edinburgh,  1811  :  L.  R.C.I'.,  1H12:  one  of  the 
jticnu vi  -  of  physiological  chemistry  :  discovered  fret-  hydro- 
chloric acid  iu  the  stomach,  1823.  The  view  tint  the 
atomic  weight*  of  all  the  elements  arc  multiples  of  the 
atomic  weight  of  hydrogen  is  known  as  '  1 'rout's  I«iw.' 

[xlvi.  426] 

PROVAND,  LORD  (</.  1593).   [See  HAILLIK,  WILLIAM.] 

PROWSE,  WILLIAM  (1752 ?-1826),  rear-admiral: 
entered  the  navy  ae  an  able  seaman,  1771  :  rated  a  mid- 
fhipxnau,  1778;  became  a  commander,  1796,  and  saw 


much  service  In  the  French  war  ;  C.B.,  1811 ; 

n:     -   ;  [xlvi.  417] 

PROWSE,  WILLIAM  JEFFERY  (1836-1870), 
humorist;  developed  a  muarkabl.  jmoron 

verse  before  the  age  of  twenty  ;  contributed  to  various 
periodical*.  Including  'Fun.'  [xlvi  418] 

PRUJBAK,  SIR  FRANCIS  (16M-1666),  physician; 
M.D.  Gains  College,  Cambridge,  l«2f ;  practised  in  Lon- 
don from  16S8 ;  president  R.C.P.,  16W-4 ;  knighted,  1641. 

PRYCE.    [See  also  PRICK,  PRTO,  and  PRYBR.) 

PRYCE,  GEORGE  (1H01-1868),  historian  of  BrUtol ; 
an  accountant  in  BrUtol ;  F-S.A.,  1«67  ;  published  teveral 
historical  works  relating  to  that  city,  including  a  •  Popu- 
lar History  of  Bristol,'  1861.  [xlvi.  419] 


PRYCE,  WILLIAM  (1725  7-1790X  antiquary; 

of  •  \i:!.,-:-.,!o.'  .,  <  nrmiblcnsi*,'  1778,  and  •  Archs-otogia 
Cornu-Britanuica,'  1790.  [xlvi.  499] 

PRYDYDD  Y  BYCHAJT  (i.e.  •The  Uttte  Poet') 
(12UO-127U?),  Welsh  bard :  his  real  name  unknown; 
wrote  a  number  of  compositions,  twenty-one  of  which  are 
printed  in  •  Myvyrian  Archalology.'  [xlvi  429] 

PRYDYDD  Y    MOOH  (Jl.  1160-1220).     [See   LLY- 

WAU<  H  AH  LLYWKLYX.] 

FRYKE,  ABRAHAM  I»K  LA  (1672-1704),  antiquary  ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1694;  F.R.S.,  1702; 
wrote  on  the  antiquities  of  Lincolnshire  and  Yorkshire. 
His  diary  was  published  by  the  Surtees  Society  (vol.  liv.) 

[xlvi.  430] 

PRYME,  GEORGE  (1781-1868),  political  economist; 
sixth  wrangler,  1803 ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, Cambridge, 
1806  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1806  ;  began  to  If-ctiirv  at 
Cambridge  on  political  economy,  1816,  and  (1828)  was 
,  recognised  as  professor  by  the  senate;  whig  M.P.  fen- 
Cambridge,  1832-41  ;  published  several  pamphlets  and 
tr  it-.,.  [xlvi  430] 

PRYNNE,  WILLIAM  (1 600-1669 x  puritan  pam- 
phleteer; educated  at  Bath  grammar  school  an<l  <>nel 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1621;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1628;  studied  law,  theology,  and  ecclesiastical  antiqui- 
ties ;  wrote  against  Arminiunism  from  1627,  and  en- 
deavoured to  reform  the  manners  of  his  age ;  published 
'  Hi-triomaBtix,'  directed  against  stage-plays,  1632;  for 
supposed  aspersion  on  Charles  I  and  his  queen  in  '  Histrio- 
mastix '  was  sentenced  by  Star-chamber,  in  1634,  to  be 
imprisoned  during  life,  to  be  fined  5,000*.,  and  to  lose  both 
bis  ears  iu  the  pillory ;  continual  to  write  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  and  (lt>37)  was  again  fined  5,000*.,  deprived  of 
the  remainder  of  his  ears,  and  branded  on  the  cheeks : 
released  by  Long  parliament,  and  hi*  sentences  declared 
illegal,  November  1640;  defended  parliament  in  the  press 
on  the  outbreak  of  war,  and  pursued  Land  with  great 
animosity  ;  after  Laud's  execution  published  by  order  of 
the  parliament  the  first  part  of  an  account  of  the  trial, 
entitled  -  Canterburies  Doom,'  1646  ;  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  independency,  which  he  detested  as  heartily  as 
episcopacy ;  was  equally  opposed  to  the  ascendency  of  the 
presbyterian  clergy,  his  theory  of  ecclesiastical  policy 
being  thoroughly  erastian  :  assailed  the  army  in  various 
pamphlets  1647,  and  (1648)  attacked  it  in  the  House  of 
Commons  ;  arrested  by  Pride,  November  1648 ;  retired  to 
Swanswick,  January  1649,  and  began  a  paper  war  against 
the  government,  demonstrating  that  he  was  bound  to  pay 
taxes  to  the  Commonwealth  neither  in  conscience,  law, 
nor  prudence,  for  which  government  imprisoned  him  for 
nearly  three  years  without  trial ;  on  his  release  (1658) 
drew  a  parallel  between  Cromwell  and  Richard  III,  and 
(May  1668)  forced  his  way  into  the  House  of  Commons, 
which  could  only  get  rid  of  him  by  adjournment ;  walked 
into  parliament  at  the  head  of  the  members  ;  readmitted 
by  Monck,  1660;  asserted  the  rights  of  Charles  II  with 
such  boldness  as  to  IK-  styled  '  tlic  ('a to  of  the  age'  by  a 
royalist,  and  was  thanked  by  Charles  II  ;  M.P.  for  Bath 
in'thc  Convention  parliament,  1660  :  laboured  zealously  to 
restrict  the  Act  of  Indemnity  and  to  dUlwiMl  the  army; 
opposed  the  thirty-nine  articles,  aud,  in  1661,  was  re- 
primanded by  the  speaker  for  a  speech  against  the 
Corporation  Bill ;  appointed  keeper  of  the  records  iu  the 
Tower  of  London  ;  puhlUhvd  hid  most  valuable  work, 
•Brevia  Parliamenturia  Rediviva,'  1662.  He  published 
'  about  Uo  hundred  books  and  pamphlets,  [xlvi.  4SS] 

3z 


PBYOR 


1074 


PULCHERIUS 


PBTOa,   ALFRED   REGINALD   (1839-1881),  bota- 
College,  oxford,  1802;  projected  a 
E..V  flora  of  his  naUve  county,  Hertfordshire,  which  <x-cu- 
£*1  the  remainder  of  his  life.    His  'Flora  of  Hertford- 
' 


hire'  appeared  in  1887. 


[xlvi.  437] 


PRY8  EDMUND  (1541?-1624),  translator  of  the 
Psalms  Into  Welsh  verse;  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridSr  became  archdeacon  of  Merioneth,  1576,  and 
1  of  St  Asaoh,  1602  ;  bis  translation  of  the  Psalms, 


PRY8E,  8m  CARBBRY,  fourth  baronet  (J.  1695),   I 
mine-owner  ;  formed  a  company  to  work  mines  discovered 
on  hi*  estate  in  Cardiganshire,  which  were  afterwards  ! 
exploited  by  Sir  Humphry  Mack  wort  j  [q. 


PSALMANAZAR, 

Impostor  ;  a  native  of  th 

iknown,  bis  usual  desi 


,  GEORGE  (1679  ?-1763),  literary 
the  south  of  France  ;  bis  real  name 
inown,  s  u  designation  being  fashioned  by  him- 
aelf  from  the  biblical  character,  Shalmaneser  ;  educated 
at  a  Dominican  convent  :  commenced  life  as  a  mendicant, 
•ml  to  insure  alms  styled  himself  a  native  Japanese 
Christian,  but  afterwards  represented  himself  as  still  a 
mutan,  lining  on  raw  flesh,  roots,  and  herbs  ;  invented  an 
elaborate  alphabet  and  grammar  and  a  worship  of  his 
own  ;  enlisted  in  a  regiment  of  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg, 
and  attracted  the  attention  of  William  Innes,  chaplain  to 
the  Scottish  regiment  at  Sluys,  who  became  a  confederate 
in  the  Imposture,  baptized  Psalmanazar  as  a  protestant 
convert,  and  for  security  persuaded  him  to  remove  his 
birthplace  to  the  obscurity  of  Formosa  ;  came  to  London 
at  the  end  of  1  703  and  became  a  centre  of  interest,  present- 
ing Bishop  Oompton  with  the  catechism  in  '  Fonnosan 
(bU  Invented  language),  ami  being  voluble  in  Latin  to 
Archbishop  Tillotson  :  silenced  suspicion  by  never  modi- 
fying a  statement,  and  gained  the  sympathy  of  English 
churchmen  by  abuse  of  the  Jesuits  :  published,  1704, 
•  Descrition  '  of  Formosa,  with  an  introductory  autobi 


, 

Description  '  of  Formosa,  with  an  introductory  autobio- 
graphy :  after  the  withdrawal  of  his  mentor  Innes,  who 
was  rewarded  by  being  appointed  chaplain-general  of  the 
forces  in  Portugal  (c.  1707),  was  unable  to  sustain  the 
imposture  unaided,  and  passed  from  ridicule  to  obscurity, 
although  he  still  found  patrons  ;  renounced  his  past  life 
after  a  serious  illness  in  1728;  became  an  accomplished 
hebraist,  wrote  '  A  General  History  of  Printing.'  and 
contributed  to  the  '  Universal  History  '  ;  was  regarded 
with  veneration  by  Dr.  Johnson,  who  used  to  sit  with  him 
at  an  alehouse  in  Old  Street,  London.  In  1764  appeared  his 
autobiographical  '  Memoirs,'  containing  an  account  of 
the  imposture.  [xlvi.  439] 

PUCCI,  FRANCESCO  (1640-1593?),  theological 
writer;  born  in  Florence,  embraced  reformed  opinions, 
and  came  to  Oxford,  1572  (admitted  M.A.,  1574),  but  wa? 
expelled,  1575;  being  an  extreme  Pelagian,  encountered 
persecution  in  most  countries  in  Europe  ;  met  John  Dec 
[q.  v.]  and  Edward  KHley  [q.  v.]  at  Cracow,  1585,  and 
was  initiated  into  their  trade  of  magic,  but  re-entered  the 
Roman  communion  *hortly  afterwards.  [xlvi.  412] 

PUCKERIDOE.     RICHARD     (16907-1769).       [See 


PUCKERING,  8m  HENRY  (1618-1701).  [See 
NKWTON.] 

PUCKERING,  Sin  JOHN  (1544-1596),  lord  keeper  of 
the  great  seal;  barrictur,  Lincoln's  Inn.  1M>7  (governor, 
1575):  M.P.,  Carmarthen,  1584-tt,  Gatton,  1586-7; 
i-ncakcr  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1581-5  nnd  1586-7  ; 
made  lord  keeper  and  knighted,  1592.  [xlvi.  443] 

PUCKERING,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1592- 
1636),  politician  :  BOU  of  Sir  John  Puckering  :  M.P.,  Tain- 
worth,  1621-8;  created  baronet,  1612;  a  companion  of 
Henry,  prince  of  Wale*.  [xlvi.  444] 

PUCKLE,  JAMES  (1667  ?-l  724),  author  of  '  The  Clnb'  ; 
notary  nubile  :  remembered  as  the  author  of  •  The  Club, 
or  a  Dialogue  between  Father  and  Son,  in  rlno  rerftas,' 
1711  (latest  reprint,  1890),  a  collection  of  character 
•ketches  of  the  class  which  Kurle  brought  to  perfection  in 
his  *  Micro-Cosmographie.'  [xlrii.  1] 

PUD8EY,  HUGH  UK  (1125  V-1195).    [See  PUIHKT.] 


PUGH.  ELLIS  (1656-1721),  Welsh  quaker ;  eraipratt-l 
to  Pennsylvania,  1686,  and  published  '  Annerch  i'r  Cyuiry' 
(1721),  probably  the  first  Welsh  book  printed  in  America. 

[xlvii.  2] 

PUGH,  HERBERT  (/f.  1758-1 788), landscape-painter ; 
exhibited  at  the  Society  of  Artists,  1766-76.  [xlvii.  2] 

PUGH,  PHILIP  (1679-1760),  dissenting  minister ;  for 
many  years  pastor  at  Cilgwyn.  [xlvii.  2] 

PUGH,  ROBERT  (1609-1679),  Roman  catholic  con- 
troversialist ;  educated  at  the  Jesuits'  college  at  St.  Omer 
under  the  name  of  Robert  Phillips  ;  served  in  the  army  of 
Charles  I,  and  engaged  in  frequent  controversy ;  com- 
mitted to  Newgate,  1678,  during  the  '  popish  plot '  panic  ; 
died  in  prison.  [xlvii.  3] 

PUGHE,  WILLIAM  OWEN,  known  in  early  life  as 
WILLIAM  OWKN  (1769-1835),  Welsh  antiquary  and  lexico- 
grapher ;  was  occupied  for  twenty  years  (1783-1803)  in 
preparing  and  publishing  a  Welsh-English  dictionary 
[abridged,  1806;  new  editions,  1832  and  1857),  which  is 
still  the  most  complete  in  existence :  F.S.A.,  1793 ;  given 
the  Oxford  D.O.L.,  1822  :  published  (1801-3)  the  '  Myvy- 
rian  Archaiology  of  Wales  '  (reprinted,  1870) ;  assumed  the 
surname  of  Pughe,  1806;  published  a  Welsh  version  of 
'  Paradise  Lost,'  1819.  [xlvii.  4] 

PUGIN,  AUGUSTUS  CHARLES  (1762-1832),  archi- 
tect, archaeologist,  and  architectural  artist ;  born  in 
France ;  came  to  London,  c.  1798 ;  employed  by  John 
Nash  [q.  v.]  in  making  drawings  of  Gothic  buildings  ;  had 
little  practice,  but  became  famous  as  an  educator  of  young 
architects,  particularly  his  own  son ;  paved  the  way  for 
the  real  revival  of  Gothic  architecture  which  followed  the 
'  Strawberry-Hill '  enthusiasm.  [xlvii.  5] 

PUGIN,  AUGUSTUS  WELBY  NORTHMORE  (1812- 
1852),  architect,  ecclesiologist,  and  writer ;  son  of  Augustus 
Charles  Pugin  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
London,  and  trained  by  his  father  ;  inherited  a  remarkable 
facility  in  draughtsmanship  ;  obtained  a  regular  practice, 
partly  through  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury ; 
published  his 'Gothic  Furniture,'  1835,  and  'Contrasts,' 
1836,  the  latter  an  attack  on  the  'Pagan  '  method  of  archi- 
tecture ;  employed  (1836-43)  by  (Sir)  Charles  Barry  [q.  y.] 
in  providing  the  detail  drawings  for  the  houses  of  parlia- 
ment ;  published  '  True  Principles  of  Pointed  or  Christian 
Architecture,'  1841.  after  which  his  ecclesiastical  practice 
became  very  extensive ;  lost  his  reason  from  exee—  of 
work,  1851,  and,  after  confinement  in  Bedlam,  died  at 
Ramsgate.  His  reputation  lies  chiefly  in  his  chronological 
position  as  a  Gothic  architect.  [xlvii.  6] 

PUGIN,  EDWARD  WELBY  (1834-1875),  architect; 
son  of  Augustus  Welby  Northmore  Pugin  [q.  v.] :  found 
himself  with  the  control  of  a  large  practice  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  owing  to  his  father's  failing  health  ;  practised 
for  fourteen  years,  a  very  large  number  of  works,  chiefly 
Roman  catholic  churches,  being  entrusted  to  him. 

[xlvii.  10] 

PTJISET  or  PUDSEY,  HUGH  r>K  (1125  ?-l  195),  bishop 
of  Durham  and  earl  of  Northumberland  ;  probably  came 
to  England  under  the  protection  of  his  uncle,  Henry  of 
Blois  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Winchester;  became  treasurer  of 
York,  1143,  and  (1153)  was  chosen  bishop  of  Durham  :  ex- 
communicated by  Pope  Alexander  III  for  attending  the 
coronation  of  Henry  IT's  son,  1170;  contrived  on  the 
whole  to  keep  aloof  from  the  quarrel  between  Henry  II 
and  Thomas  Hecket ;  took  a  somewhat  prominent  part  in 
public  affairs  during  the  latter  part  of  Henry  II's  reign, 
and  on  the  accession  of  Richard  I  purchased  theenrldpm  of 
Northumberland :  made  justiHar  as  colleague  of  William 
de  Mandarine,  third  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.],  1189;  his 
jurisdiction  confined  to  north  of  the  Hnmber  after  the 
chief  justiciarship  had  been  bestowed  on  William  of  Long- 
champ  [q.  v.],  1190 ;  arrested  by  Longchamp  and  com- 
pelled to  acknowledge  his  authority  ;  after  Longrhamp's 
deposition  resisted  the  authority  of  Geoffrey  (</.  1212) 
[q.  v.],  ar.-hbishop  of  York,  but  (1 192)  was  compelled  to 
make  bis  submission ;  fell  under  Richard  I's  displeasure, 
1194,  and  was  compelled  to  surrender  his  earldom:  still 
engaged  in  the  endeavour  to  obtain  its  restoration  at  his 
death.  Although  not  himself  a  man  of  learning,  he  was  a 
munificent  patron  of  learning  in  others.  [xlvii.  10] 

PULCHERIUS  (rf.  655).    [See  MOCH  AKMOO  .  ] 


PULESTON 


ION 


PUNSHON 


PULESTON  ur  PULISTON.   HA.VI1.. 
political  writer :  nephew  of  Julm  Puleotou  fq.  v.]  ;  M  A. 
Wadhaui  College,  Uxfonl,  1863 ;  fellow  of  Jesus  Oolkge, 
Oxfonl :  published  a  royaliet  treatise,  '  Monarch!*  Bri- 
tanulcaj  siusularis  ProtecticV  1660.  [xlvii.  Itt] 


PULESTON,  JoHNc/.  1659),  judge;  read.- 
Temple,  1634  ;  appointed  by  parliament  a  judge  of  com- 
mou  pleas,  1649  ;  his  patent  uot  renewed  In  1663. 

PULLAIN,  PULLAYNE,  or  PULLXYJTX,  JOHN 
(1517-1665),  divine  and  poet;  M.A.  New  CoUeg- 
1644;  senior  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1547  ;  I.  I*. 
1663 ;  became  rector  of  8k  Peter's,  Goruuill,  London, 
1663,  but  wan  deprived  on  Queen  Mary'"  accession  :  went 
to  Geneva,  but  regained  his  rectory  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
•OQBMicii.  holding  it  till  1660 ;  arcbdeacou  of  Colchester, 
1669  :  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1661  ;  author 
of  metrical  renderings  of  the  148th  and  149th  psalms. 

[xlvti.  17] 

PULLAN,  RICHARD  POPPLEWELL  (1826-1888), 
architect  and  arolueologlst :  became  an  early  convert  to 
mediiBvalism,  and  was  employed  by  (Sir)  Charles  Thomas 
Newton  and  by  the  Society  of  Dilettanti  in  making  exca- 
vations at  HalicunuuHus.  Cuidii*,  and  other  places,  from 
works  of  William 


1867 ;  completed  all  the   unfinished  works 
Barges  [q.  v.] 

PULLEIN. 


[xlviL  17] 


[See  PUULKX.] 

PULLEN,  JOSIAH  (1631-1714),  vice-principal  of 
Wafrtaton  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1667 ;  vice-principal 
of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1667-1714 ;  long  remembered 
for  his  eccentricities.  [xlvii.  19] 

PULLEN,  ROBERT  (d.  1147V),  philosopher,  theo- 
logian, and  cardinal;  studied  at  Oxford,  and  is  the  second 
master  known  to  have  taught  in  the  schools  there ;  sub- 
sequently taught  at  Paris;  archdeacon  of  Rochester, 
1134  and  1143;  in  his  later  yean  settled  at  Home,  where 
he  was  probably  created  a  cardinal  by  Pope  Ooclestine  II ; 
chancellor  of  the  holy  Roman  church,  1145  and  1146  ;  an 
upholder  of  the  orthodox  conservative  cause  against  the 
Abelardian  influence.  His  '  Sermones  '  are  preserved  in 
manuscript  at  Lambeth.  [xlviL  19] 

PULLEN,  PULLEIN,  or  PULLEYNE,  SAMUEL 
(1598-1667),  archbishop  of  Tuam:  M.A.  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1623;  accompanied  Ormonde  to  Ireland  as 
private  chaplain,  1632,  and  soon  obtained  preferment; 
escaped  to  England  on  the  outbreak  of  rebellion  in  1041  ; 
archbishop  of  Tuam,  1661-7.  [xlvii.  20] 

PULLEN  or  PULLEIN,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1734-1760), 
writer  on  the  silkworm :  probably  a  grandson  of  Tobias 
Pullen  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1738;  in- 
terested himself  in  introducing  the  cultivation  of  silk  into 
the  American  colonies,  and  published  several  treatises  on 
the  subject.  [xlvii.  21] 

PULLEN,  TOBIAS  (1648-1713),  successively  bishop 
of  Cloyue  and  of  Dromore :  probably  a  nephew  of  Samuel 
Pullen  (1598-1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1668  :  fellow,  1671-7  ;  created  bishop  of  Cloyne,  1694,  and 
translated  to  Dromore,  1695  ;  published  one  or  two  ser- 
mons and  pamphlets.  [xlvii.  21] 

PULLEN,  WILLIAM  JOHN  SAMUEL  (1813-1887), 
vice-admiral  :  lieutenant.  1846;  engaged  in  Arctic  ex- 
ploration ;  vice-admiral,  1879.  [xlvii.  22] 

PULLER,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER  (1774-1824),  barrister- 
at-law  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  B.A.,  1796  : 
fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford :  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1800:  bencher,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1822:  became 
chief-justice  of  Bengal,  1823 ;  knighted,  1823.  [xlvii.  22] 

PULLER,  TIMOTHY  (1638  V-1693),  divine:  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1660  (incorporated  at  Oxfonl, 
1661);  D.D.,  1678;  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1657;  student  of  Gray's  Inn,  1658 :  author  of  'The 
Moderation  of  the  Church  of  England,'  1679  (reprinted, 
1843).  [xlvfi.  22] 

PULLING,  ALEXANDER  (1813-1895),  serjeant-at- 
law  and  legal  author:  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  London ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1843 :  one  of 
the  lust  surviving  members  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
Serjeauts-at-Law  ;  published  'The  Order  of  tin-  Coif 
(1884)  and  other  works.  [xlvii.  23] 


PULMAN,  GBOROB  PHILIP  HIGNBY  (181»-l*8u). 
antiquary;  published  'The  Book  of  the  Axe'  (1841)  and 
other  works  on  local  topography  and  antiquiu*. 


PULTENEY,    DAN1KL    <d.    17JI), 


(xlviL  24] 

(•/.     17S1X    politic  ., 

Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  Ml-,  Tn*ony,  March  1721. 
Hedon,  November  17*1,  Proton,  17*3-11:  became  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  under  Walpole,  1721  ;  hated  Walpofe. 
and  was  a  follower  of  Bunderlaod,  Having  married  the 
sister  of  Sunderlaud's  third  wife.  [  x  1  vii.  24  ] 

PULTZnT,  SIR  JAMBS  HURRAY,  seventh  baronet 
(1761  -Manx  (See  MURRAY.] 

PULTENEY  or  POULTNZT,  8m  JOHN  wUrf.  1349). 
mayor  of  London  ;  a  member  of  the  Draper*1  Company  ; 
served  as  mayor,  1331,  1332,  13*4,  and  1S37:  acquired 
great  wealth,  and  frequently  advanced  money  to  Ed- 


ward III.    The  parish  of  St.  La 
uune  to  his  connection  with  It. 


[xlviL  26] 


PULTENEY,  RICHARD  (17SO-1801X  botanist:  was 
from  1760  a  constant  contributor  to  the  'Gentleman'* 
Magaxine,'  chiefly  on  botanical  topics  :  M.D.  Edinburgh. 
1764 :  physician  to  his  kinsman.  Sir  William  Pnlteney, 
earl  of  Bath  [q.  v.],  1764 :  published  botanical  work*. 

[xlviL  981 

PULTENEY,  Sm  WILLIAM,  RARL  or  BATH  (1684- 
1764),  statesman :  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford:  Inherited  a  considerable  pro- 
perty, and  entered  parliament  (M.P.,  Hedon,  170*-34)  as 
a  whig ;  became  secretary  at  war,  1714,  and  was  one  of 
'  the  three  grand  allies,'  the  other  two  being  Stanhope  and 
Walpole;  concurred  with  Walpole  in  resigning  office, 
1717,  but  in  1721,  when  Walpole  became  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  was  mortified  at  not  being  offered  office; 
gradually  became  alienated  from  Walpole,  and  in  1726 
openly  broke  with  him:  joined  Holingbroke  in  a 
journalistic  war  upon  Walpole,  and  became  a  mainstay 
of  'The  Craftsman  '  under  the  signature  'O';  joined  Sir 
William  Wy IK! ham  [q.  v.]  in  forming  a  new  party  of  mal- 
content whigM  called  'the  patriots,'  of  which  the  two 
originators  were  designated  '  the  consuls,'  with  the  object 
of  attacking  the  Hanoverian  policy  of  the  government : 
hoped  much  from  George  II,  whose  friend  he  bad  been 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  but  on  the  death  of  George  I  was 
disappointed  in  his  hope  of  superseding  Walpole,  and 
began  to  intrigue  actively  against  him  ;  his  name  struck 
off  the  list  of  privy  councillors,  1731;  was  an  important 

I  agent  in  the  overthrow  of  Walpole's  scheme  of  excise, 

i  1733 :  M.P.,  Middlesex,  1 734-42  ;  did  not  support  Frederick, 

I  prince  of  Wales,  in  his  extreme  opposition  to  George  II, 

j  considering  bis  proceedings  too  rash  to  be  defensible ; 

I  vigorously  fanned  the  agitation  against  Spain  (1739), 
which  led  to  the  downfall  of  Walpole's  government ;  wan 

I  requested  to  form  a  government,  1742,  but  refused  office, 
merely  stipulating  that  be  should  be  a  member  of  Wil- 
mington's cabinet;  created  Karl  of  Bath.  1742;  disap- 
pointed in  his  hope  of  becoming  firxt  lord  of  the  treasury 
on  the  death  of  Wilmington,  1743;  attempted  to  over- 
throw Pelliam,  1746,  when  at  the  instance  of  George  II  be 

I  agreed  to  form  an  administration  from  which  Pitt  should 
be  excluded  :  failed  to  accomplish  his  task,  and  from  that 

j  time  played  no  part  of  consequence  in  public  affairs ; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He  is  chiefly  to  be  re- 

i  membered  for  his  power  as  an  orator,  which  made  Wal- 
pole say  that  he  feared  Pulteney's  tongue  more  than 
another  man's  sword.  [xlviL  28] 

PULTON  or  POULTON,  ANDREW  (16*4-1710), 
Jesuit;  probably  great-nephew  of  Ferdinando  Pulton 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  Society  of  Jesus,  1674  ;  became  joint- 
master  of  the  new  Jesuit  college  in  the  Savoy,  Strand, 

1  London,  1687 ;  gained  a  wide  reputation  by  his  conference 
with  Tliomas  Tenison  [q.  v.],  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  imprisoned  at  the  revolution.  Mibsequently 
retiring  to  Liege  and  afterwards  to  St.  Germain  ;  aocom- 

.  panied  James  II  to  Ireland,  1690  ;  author  of  controversial 
works.  [xlTiL  j«] 

PULTON,  FERDINANDO  (16M-1818),  legal  author ; 
fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge:  BJU  IfM; 
member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1659,  but  being  a  Roman 
catholic  wax  never  called  to  the  bar ;  the  first  private 
person  to  edit  the  statutes. 

PUNSHON,  WILLIAM  MORLEY  (1H24-1881).  We*- 
leyau  preacher  and  lecturer;  educated  as  a  Umber 

'•\  Z  2 


PUBBEOK 


1076 


PTJ8EY 


;  joined  the  methodist  society  at  Hull,  1838  ;  or- 
dained a  WMtapan  nuui*t*r,  1846;  lived  in  London,  185s- 
1864-  laboured  in  Canada,  1867-72,  and  thereafter  re- 
sumed bis  residence  in  London  ;  published  several  works 
bpn««AvH»  [xlvii.  37] 

PURBECK,  VMCOUXT  (1591  ?-1657).  [See  VILLIEIUS, 
JOHN.] 

PURBECK,  titular  VBCOUXTH.  [See  DANVERS, 
BOBBBT,  1691  7-1674  ;  VitUKRS,  JOHN,  1677  V-1723.] 

PUROELL,  DANIEL  ( 1660  ?-171 7),  musical  composer : 
brother  of  Henry  Purcell  [q.  v.] ;  organist  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1688-96  ;  subsequently  resided  in  London, 
wbenTfrom  1713.  he  was  organist  of  St.  Andrew's,  Hoi- 
born  ;  copied  the  style  of  his  brother,  displaying  no 


PURCELL,  HENRY  (1658?-1695),  composer;  ap- 
pointed a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1664, 
where  in  1678  he  became  a  pupil  of  Pel  ham  Humfrey 
[q.  v.]  ;  began  to  write  music  for  th  •  stage  when  young,  the 
most  important  of  hi*  early  productions  being  the  masque 
in  Shad  well's  'Timonof  Athens';  produced,  1680,  'Dido 
^pH  Bn^»/  in  some  respects  \\ie  most  remarkable  achieve- 
ment :  became  organist  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1680,  and 
(1689)  was  also  nominated  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
London :  buried  beneath  the  organ  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
He  was  a  master  of  technical  ingenuity,  and  gifted  with 
a  high  power  of  expression,  which  finds  its  supreme 
utterance  in  the  death  song  of  Dido  in  his  first  opera. 
He  anticipated  Handel  in  the  use  of  broad  choral  effect, 
while  he  rivalled  him  in  the  melodic  beauty  of  his  airs. 
Only  a  few  of  his  compositions  were  published  during  his 
lifetime.  His 'Sonatas  for  III  Parts'  appeared  in  1683, 
and  in  1696  and  1702  two  books  of  'Collections'  were 
published.  His  sacred  music  was  edited  iu  four  volumes 
by  Vincent  Novello  (1829-33),  and  other  of  his  works 
issued  by  the  Musical  Antiquarian  Society.  In  1878  the 
Purcell  Society  commenced  a  complete  edition  of  his 
works.  [xlvii.  39] 

PUROELL.  JOHN  (16747-1730),  physician:  M.D. 
Montpellier,  1699 :  L.R.O.P.,  1721 :  author  of  •  A  Treatise 
of  Vapours,'  1702,  and  '  A  Treatise  of  the  Cholick,'  1714. 

[xlvii.  44] 

PUROELL,  RIOHAKD  (/.  1760-1766),  engraver; 
worked  for  Sayer,  a  London  print-seller,  who  employed 
him  in  copying  popular  prints  and  in  executing  portraits 
and  caricatures.  [xlvii.  44] 

PURCHAS.  JOHN  (1823-1872),  divine  and  author: 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1847 ;  became  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  James's  College,  Brighton,  1866  ;  prosecuted 
before  the  court  of  arches  and  the  privy  council  for 
ritualistic  practices,  1870;  was  suspended  by  the  privy 
council,  1872,  but  took  no  notice  of  the  order,  and  con- 
tinued his  services  at  St.  James's  Oliapel  until  his  death. 

[xlvii.  44] 

PURCHAS,  SAMUEL  (1675V-1626),  author  of  the 
'  Pilgrimes ' ;  graduate  of  St  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate,  London,  1614-26  ;  chiefly 
known  by  his  work, » Hakluytus  Poethumua,  or  Purchas 
his  Pilgrimes,'  1626,  a  record  of  travel  (never  reprinted): 
published  also  'Purchas  his  Pilgrimage,'  1613,  and 
'  Purchas  his  Pilgrim,'  1619.  [xlvii.  46] 

PURDON,  EDWARD  (1729-1767),  bookseller's  hack  : 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin :  remembered  by  Goldsmith's 
epitaph  on  him  for  the  Wednesday  Club.  [xlvii.  46] 

PURDY,  JOHN  (1773-1843),  hydrographer :  became 
bydrograpber  to  the  London  firm,  Laurie  &  Whittle,  1812 ; 
published  a  number  of  important  works,  most  of  which 
were  edited  and  improved  after  his  death  by  Alexander 
George  Findlay  [q.  T.]  [xlvii.  46] 

PURZPOY,  WILLIAM  (1680?-1669),  regicide:  en- 
tored  parliament  in  1627-8  (M.P.,  Coventry),  and  sat  In 
the  Long  parliament  (M.P.,  Warwick) ;  held  a  command  in 
the  parliamentary  army,  and  (1648)  wai  a  member  of  the 
court  which  tried  Charles  L,  signing  the  death-warrant ; 
commanded  the  forces  in  Warwickshire,  1659,  during 
Booth's  insurrection.  [xlvii.  47] 

PTTRPOY,  ROBERT  (rf.  1667).    [See  WAHTON.] 
PURNELL,   ROBERT  (d.  1666),  baptist  elder  and 
a  chief  founder  of  the  first  baptist  i-hurch 
Cxlvtt.47] 


PURNELL,  THOMAS (1834-1889), author;  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  ;  was  well  known  iu  literary  society  in 
London ;  edited  Lamb's  '  Correspondence  and  Works,* 
1871.  [xlvii.  48] 

PURSOLOVE,  ROBERT,  otherwise  SILVESTKII 
(1600  ?-1679),  bishop  suffragan  of  Hull ;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Ox- 
ford :  was  the  last  prior  of  the  Augustininn  priory,  Guis- 
borough ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Hull,  1538,  and  installed 
archdeacon  of  Nottingham,  1550 ;  deprived  of  his  offices 
for  refusing  the  oath  of  supremacy,  1559.  [xlvii.  48] 

PURTON,  WILLIAM  (1784-1825),  stenographer  ;  in- 
vented a  system  of  shorthand,  long  known  as  Richard- 
sou's  or  OouiiselTs  system.  [xlvii.  49] 

PURVER,  ANTHONY  (1702-1777),  translator  of  the 
bible ;  became  a  quaker  before  the  age  of  thirty ;  his 
'  New  and  Literal  Translation,'  known  as  the  '  Quakers' 
Bible,'  published  by  John  Fothergill  [q.  v.],  1764. 


[xlvii.  49] 
)ttish 


PURVES,  JAMES  (1734-1795),  Scottish  sectary; 
joined  (1765)  the  •  Fellowship  Societies '  founded  by  James 
Fraser  (1639-1699)  [q.  v.] ;  became  pastor  of  a  society  at 
Edinburgh,  1776  ;  published  theological  works  of  a  high 
Arian  character.  [xlvii.  50] 

PURVEY,  JOHN  (1353?-1428?),  reviser  of  the  Wy- 
clifflte  translation  of  the  bible ;  was  intimately  associated 
with  Wycliffe  at  Lutterworth,  where  he  commenced  to 
render  Wycliffe's  verbatim  translation  of  the  Vulgate 
into  vernacular  idiotn,  completing  his  work  at  Bristol,  c. 
1888 ;  imprisoned  for  heresy,  1390 ;  recanted,  1401 ;  im- 
prisoned by  Archbishop  Chicheley,  1421.  [xlvii.  51] 

PUSELEY,  DANIEL  (1814-1882),  author;  published, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  '  Frank  Foster,'  numerous  works, 
including  '  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  Australia,  Tasmania, 
and  New  Zealand,'  1857.  [xlvii.  63] 

PUSEY,  EDWARD  BOUVERIE  (1800-1882),  regius 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  and  canon  of  Christ 
Church ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  M.A.,  1825  ;  elected,  1822,  a  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  brought  into  contact  and  intimacy 
with  his  brother-fellows,  Keble  and  Newman :  on  the 
ad  vice  of  Charles  Lloyd  (1784-1829)  [q.  v.]  studied  oriental 
languages  and  biblical  criticism  at  Gbttiugeu,  Berlin,  and 
Bonn,  1825-7 ;  appointed  regius  professor  of  Hebrew, 
Oxford,  1828 ;  with  his  assistant  lectured  nine  times  a 
week,  and  (1832)  joined  with  his  brother  Philip  and 
Edward  Ellertou  [q.  v.]  in  founding  the  Pusey  and 
Ellerton  scholarships  ;  became  alarmed  by  the  spread  of 
rationalism  in  the  church  of  England,  and  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  could  only  be  checked  by  the  conviction 
in  the  minds  of  her  defenders  of  her  divine  institution : 
began  to  work  with  Newman  and  Keble  on  '  Tracts  for 
the  Times,'  1833,  and  was  mainly  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  their  alteration  from  stirring  appeals  to  solid  doc- 
trinal treatises ;  produced  'Tracts '  on  baptism,  1835,  and 
'  Tracts '  on  the  holy  eucharist,  1836  ;  when  called  upon 
to  make  some  form  of  declaration  which  would  clearly 
show  his  loyalty  to  the  English  church  (1839),  published 
his  '  Letter  to  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,'  in  which  he  distin- 
guished between  Anglican  and  Roman  doctrine,  and  also 
separated  himself  from  '  ultra  protestaut'  interpretations 
of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  ;  identified  himself  with  New- 
man when  the  heads  of  houses  condemned  Newman's  ex- 
planation of  the  articles  in  '  Tract  No.  XC.,'  1841,  and 
from  that  time  became  the  leader  of  the  Oxford  move- 
ment ;  suspended  from  the  office  of  university  preacher 
on  a  charge  of  heresy,  1843;  resumed  his  preaching  in 
1846,  and  reiterated  the  teaching  for  which  he  believed 
he  had  been  condemned ;  commenced  the  establishment 
of  Anglican  sisterhoods,  1845  ;  was  unceasing  in  his 
efforts  to  hinder  secession  to  the  Roman  church  among 
those  who  sympathised  with  his  views ;  on  the  occasion 
of  Archdeacon  Denison's  trial  for  heresy  (1856)  published 
his  learned  *  Doctrine  of  the  Real  Presence  *  in  support  of 
the  high  Anglican  view  ;  engaged  in  later  life  in  conflict 
with  the  latitudinarian  tendency  in  Oxford  and  else- 
where ;  opposed  the  reform  of  the  university  in  1854,  on 
the  ground  that  it  tended  to  substitute  intellectual  for 
moral  and  religious  training,  and  in  1862  charged  Ben- 
jamin Jowett  [q.  v.],  regius  professor  of  Greek,  before  the 
vice-chancellor's  court,  with  teaching  opinions  which  were 
not  in  accordance  with  the  doctrine  of  the  church  of 
'  England ;  desisted  from  his  opposition  to  the  increased 


PUSEY 


1077 


PYM 


OM.lowiu.-nt  of  t !,.-(;  rook  A 

not  to  hear  the  case.  to  bring  abool 

the  union  of  the  English  and  Knuum  .-hiiroae*  from  18*6, 

but  saw  tin-in  annihilated  by  the  decision*  of  the  Vatican 

eoun.-il  in  1H7U;  entertained  further  project*  of  union 

with  the  Wesleyans  and  the  Eastern  ohun-h,  wh 

equally  inuffivtual;  died  at  Ascot  Priory,  Birmingham. 

He  consistently  maintained  that  t: 

church  of  England  were  contained  in  the  writing*  of  the 

Lit:     : n   .:•.!...::  .,••,:•      .'.!,  ••<  •. 

tnry,  and  thai  their  tignifloanoe  had  afterwards  bean  ob- 
scured.  •  Pusev  Home '  at  Oxford,  an  institati 


to  carry  on  his  work,  inherited  hU  library,      [xlviL  U] 

PUSEY,  rniLIP  (1799-1865),  agriculture: 
brother  of  Edward  Douverio  Putey  [q.  r.j ;  of  Kton  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxfonl :  inheritai  the  family  estate,  1888; 
M.P.,  Cuippcnham,  1830,  Oasbel,  1881,  Berkshire,  1836-48 : 
at  first  a  conservative  and  protectionist,  but  after  1847  a 
free-trader :  espoused  the  cause  of  the  agricultural  tenant, 
1847,  and  sjsjiejiTniirrifl  to  procure  him  compensation  for 
unexhausted  improvements  ;  many  of  his  views  embodied 
in  the  Agricultural  Holding*  Bill  (passed,  1875);  took 
n  prominent  part  in  the  formation  of  the  Royal  Agricul- 
i-ty  of  England  (1840),  and  (1851)  was  chairman 
of  the  agricultural  implement  department  of  the  Great 
Exhibition ;  published  articles  and  pamphlet*  on  agri- 
culture, [xlvii.  61] 

PUTTA  (./.  688),  first  bishop  of  Hereford;  conse- 
crated by  Theodore,  bishop  of  Rochester,  669;  was  sub- 
sequently sheltered  by  Sexulf,  bishop  of  the  Mercians 
and  resided  in  the  district  of  the  Heeanas  (afterwards 
Herefordshire),  whence  he  is  reckoned  first  bishop  of 
Hereford.  [xlviL  64] 

PTJTTEKHAM,  GEORGE  (rf.  1590),  author  :  was  the 
son  of  Robert  Putteuham,  a  country  gentleman  ;  author 
of  a  manuscript  prose  'Apologie*  for  Queen  Elizabeth's 
treatment  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  To  him  has  also  been 
assigned  •  The  Arte  of  English  Poesie,'  which  was  more 
probably  by  his  ekler  brother,  Richard  Putteuham  [q.  v.] 

[xlviL  64] 

PUTTENHAM,  RICHARD  (1520?-1601  ?),  repnted 
author  of  'The  Arte  of  English  Poesie';  elder  brother  of 
George  Putteuham  [q.  v.] ;  convicted  of  rape,  1561 ;  was 
pardoned,  but  remained  on  the  continent  till  1570  ;  after- 
wards resided  in  England.  Edmund  Bolton  [q.  v.],  in  his 
4  Hypercritica,'  asserted  that  the  '  Arte  of  Poesie  *  was  the 
work  of  'one  of  the  queen'*  gentlemen  pensioners  nanu-d 
Puttenham,'  and  internal  evidence  tends  to  show  that  the 
work,  which  is  of  an  elaborate  character,  was  by  one  of 
the  sons  of  Robert  Putteuliam.  The  author  was  a  man 
who  had  travelled  extensively,  and  he  also  wrote  a  series 
of  poems,  entitled  '  Partheniadea,'  which  are  still  preserved 
in  the  Cotton.  MSS.  [xlviL  64] 

PYCKOFT,  JAMES  (1813-1895),  author,  younger 
brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Pycroft  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Trinity  Col 
live.  Oxford,  1836 ;  student,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1836  :  well 
known  as  a  cricketer :  member  of  the  Lausdown  Club ; 
wrote  largely,  especially  on  cricket,  and  published  '  Ox- 
ford Memoirs,'  1886.  [xlvii.  67] 

PYCROFT,  Sm  THOMAS  ( 1807-1 892),  Madras  civil 
servant:  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford:  hon.  M.A.,  1829; 
entered  East  India  Company's  service,  1829  :  became 
revenue  secretary  to  government,  i860 ;  K.C.S.I.,  1866 ; 
retired,  1867.  He  was  the  first  appointed  to  the  Indian 
civil  service  by  competitive  examination.  [xlvii.  67] 

PYE,  CHARLES  (1777-1864),  engraver:  pupil  of 
James  Heath  (1757-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  chiefly  employed  on  small 
book  illustrations.  [  xlvii.  7 1  ] 

PYE,    HENRY  JAMES  (1746-1813),    poetaster  and 

C laureate ;  a  descendant  of  Sir  Robert  Pye  [q.  v.] :  of 
_  ialen  College,  Oxford  :  created  M.A.,  1766,  and  D.O.L., 
1772 ;  was  a  country  gentleman  of  Berkshire ;  published 
•Poems  on  various  Subjects,'  1787,  and  translated  the 
•Poetics '  of  Aristotle,  1788  ;  became  poet-laureate,  1790, 
and  wrote  irreproachably  patriotic  and  ludicrously  tame 
official  poetry :  published  •  Alfred,'  an  epic  poem,  1801 ; 
was  the  constant  butt  of  contemporary  ridicule. 

[xlvit.  68] 

PYE,  JOHN  (ft.  1768-1774),  engraver:  pupil  of 
Thomas  Major  [q.  v.]  ;  engraved  in  the  line  manner  some 
admirable  landscape  plates.  [xlviL  70] 


PYE.  JOHN (1781-lS74),lj 
nr  of  Charles  Py«  [q.  v.] 
i  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.];  the  favourite  engraver  of 


J.  M.  W.  Turner,  after  whom  be  engraved  a 
plate*,  in  which  for  the  first  time  the  effect*  of 


honours  from  foreign  countries,  but  was 

with  the  Royal  Academy  on  account  of  the  refusal  of 

t:.,t  b*dj  to  lisjftcBpsjfBji  to!..;;  pfttfjaj  -. 

[xlviL  70] 

PYE,  SIR  ROBERT  (J.  1 701 X  p*rllamentarian  ;M  ' 
of  Sir  Walter  Pye  [q.  T.I :  a  colonel  of  bone  under 
Mi  i  rixtal  ;  M.I'..  Bail  Mm,  mi  sjsj  LfJtj  tuft  l.ttie 
part  In  politic*  after  the  Restoration  ;  joined  William  of 
Orange  on  his  march  to  London,  1688.  [xlviL  71] 

PYE,  THOMAS  (1660-1610),  divine:  of  Balliol  and 
Morton  College*,  Oxfonl :  I>.Dn  1688 ;  chaplain  of  Marlon 
College,  Oxford,  1681-6 ;  canon  of  Colchester.  1686-1*10  ; 
published  miscellaneous  works.  [xlviL  71] 


PYE.   Piu  THOMAS  (1713 7-1786),  admiral;  grand- 

i  of  Sir  Robert  Pye  [q.  v.] :  entered  the  navy,  1717 ; 

promoted  captain,  1744  :  rear-admiral,  1768 ;  vice-admiral, 

1761 ;  knighted,  1773 ;  admiraL  1773.    He  was  a  man  of 

slender  ability,  thrust  into  office  by  the  Batbun t  interest. 

[xlviL  73] 

PYE,   Sm  WALTER  (1671-16361   lawyer:    of   St. 
John's  College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple;  was  a 


favourite  of  Buckingham,  who  procured  hi* 

a*  attorney  of  the  court  of  wards  and  liveries,  1611 ; 

knighted,  1630.  [xlvii.  71] 

PYOO,  OLIVER  (ft.  1566-1591).    [See  PlOO.] 
PYKE,  JOHN  (/.  1322  ?).    [See  Pnut] 

PYLE,  THOMAS  (1674-1756),  divine  and  author : 
M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1699;  a  strong  whig; 
took  part  in  the  Bangorian  controversy  and  gained 
Hoadly's  friendship ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1716,  but 
considered  too  heterodox  for  further  preferment,  bis 
opinions  being  almost  openly  Unitarian.  [xlviL  74] 

PYM,  JOHN  (1584-1643),  parliamentary  statesman: 
eldest  son  of  Alexander  Pym  of  Brymore,  near  Bridgwater, 
Somerset;  educated  at  Broadgatea  Hall  (Pembroke  Col- 
lege), Oxfonl, and  (1602)  entered  as  a  student  at  the  Middle 
Temple  :  M.P..  Calne,  1614,  1611,  and  1624 ;  first  became 
a  leading  speaker  after  the  summer  of  1611 ;  M.P.,  Tavi- 
stock,  1625,  1626,  and  1618;  one  of  the  managers  of 
Buckingham's  impeachment,  May  1626;  supported  the 
Petition  of  Right,  1628,  and  took  part  in  the  final  attack 
on  Buckingham ;  opposed  the  imposition  of  tonnage  and 
poundage,  1629,  but  took  no  part  in  the  disturbance  which 
marked  the  end  of  the  session,  and  was  not  therefore 
among  those  subsequently  imprisoned  by  Charles  I :  M.I'., 
Tavistock,  in  the  Short  parliament,  1640  ;  spoke  at  length 
in  the  Short  parliament  on  the  grievances  of  the  nation, 
and  resisted  the  grant  of  supplies ;  drew  op  a  petition 
after  the  dissolution  and  Charles  I's  ill-success  against  the 
Soots,  requiring  a  parliament  and  demanding  the  trial  of 
the  advisers  of  Charles  I's  late  measures  ;  M.I'.,  TavUtock, 
in  the  Long  parliament,  1640 :  assumed  the  lead  In  the 
attack  on  government,  and  (11  Nov.  1640)  was  empowered 
to  carry  up  an  Immediate  impeachment  of  Stratford; 
moved  the  impeachment  of  Laud,  16  Dec.  1640;  his  in- 
fluence regarded  with  peculiar  apprehension  by  the  royal 
party ;  was  offered  the  post  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
by  Charles  I's  queen,  who  hoped  to  win  him  over  to  the 
royalist  side ;  refused  the  offer :  declared  himself  desirous  of 
reforming  rather  than  abolishing  episcopacy  and  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer,  1641  :  opposed  to  the  abandonment  of 
the  impeachment  of  StratTonl  in  favour  of  an  attainder, 
but  dreading  armed  intervention  decided  Stratford's  fate 
by  revealing  to  parliament  hi-  knowledge  of  a  design  to 
bring  the  army  up  to  Westminster:  supported  the  Root 
and  Branch  Bill,  1641,  abandoning  his  former  preference 
for  a  modified  episcopacy ;  after  the  outbreak  of  tbe  Ulster 
insurrection  took  a  leading  part  in  preparing  tbe  Grand 
Remonstrance,  1641 ;  credited  with  the  intention  of  im- 
peaching Queen  Henrietta  Maria  by  Charles  I,  who 
thereupon  directed  his  impeachment  with  four  others, 
Hampden,  Holies,  Hesllrige,  and  Strode  (the  five  members X 
and  on  4  Jan.  1642  came  to  the  Commons  with  an  armed 
force  to  arrest  them,  only  to  find  that  they  bad  fled:  escorted 
back  to  Westminster  in  triumph  with  the  other  four  mem- 
bers by  the  citizens  of  London,  11  Jan.  1642  ;  member  of 


PYM 


1078 


QUEENSBERRY 


imitteeof  safety,  July  1642;  led  parliament  in  its 
on  the  outbreak  of  war,  of  the  power  of  taxa- 
i   and  (March  1648)  proposed  an  excise,  a  form  of 
'  it  hitherto  unknown  In  England  ;  persuaded  parlia- 
to  Uke  the  covenant  as  the  price  of  the  Scottish 
|0«  1648  •  buried  at  Westminster  Abbey,  whence  his 
body  WM  ejected  after  the  Restoration.  [xlvii.  76] 

PYM,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1778-1865),  admiral ;  brother  of 
Sir  William  Pym  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy,  1788 ;  corn- 
ier, 1804;  lost  a  small  squadron  off  Mauritius  and 
ue  a  prisoner  of  war,  1810,  but  was  acquitted  by 
-martial;  rear-admiral,  1837;    K.O.B.,  1839;    vice- 


admiral,  1X47;  admiral,  1862. 


[xlvii.  83] 


PYM,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1772-1881),  military  surgeon  ; 
of  Edinburgh  University ;  served  as  a  medical  officer  in 
the  West  Indies  between  1794  and  1796,  obtaining  great 
knowledge  of  yellow  fever :  became  inspector-general  of 
army  hospitals,  1816 ;  K.O.H. :  first  to  describe  accu- 
rately the  character  of  yellow  fever  in  his  '  Observations 
upon  Bulam  Fever,'  1816.  [xlvii.  84] 

PYNCEBECK,  WALTER  (ft.  1327-1333),  monk ;  an 
inmate  of  Bury  St.  Edmund?,  where  he  controlled  the 
monastic  vestiary  in  1333.  [xlvii.  85] 

PYNCHON,  WILLIAM  (1690-1662),  colonist  and 
religious  writer  :  probably  educated  at  Cambridge ;  emi- 
grated to  Massachusetts,  1632,  and  (1636)  founded  Spring- 
field; published  in  English  a  work  controverting  the 
Calvinist  view  of  the  atonement,  1650,  and  was  driven  to 
abandon  the  colony  in  consequence  and  return  to  Eng- 

[xlvii.  86] 


PYNK,  JAMES  BAKER  (1800-1870),  landscape- 
painter  ;  exhibited  almost  entirely  with  the  Society  of 
Uritish  Artists  ;  much  inliuencud  by  Turner's  later  style. 

[xlvii.  85] 

PYNE,  VALENTINE  (1603-1677),  master-gunner  of 
England  ;  served  in  the  royal  navy,  in  Charles  I's  army, 
and  under  Prince  Kupert;  master-gunner,  IMG. 

[xlvii.  86] 

PYNE,  WILLIAM  HENRY,  known  as  EI-HUAIM 
HAKDCASTLK  (1769-1843),  painter  and  author;  first  KC- 
hibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1790;  began  in  1803  to 
publish  '  Microcosm,  or  a  Picturesque  Delineation  of  the 
Arts,  Agriculture,  and  Manufactures  of  Great  Britain," 
consisting  of  groups  of  small  figures,  cleverly  drawu  and 
coloured  by  hand,  and  followed  it  up  by  several  similar 
works  ;  abandoned  art  for  literature  in  later  life,  writing 
collections  of  anecdotes  and  reminiscences  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Ephraim  Hardcastle.  [xlvii.  86] 

PYNNAB,  NICHOLAS  (./I.  1604-1624),  surveyor; 
came  to  Ireland  (c.  1600)  as  a  captain  of  foot ;  appointed 
a  surveyor  in  Ulster,  1618;  his  report  printed  in  1757  in 
Harris's  l  Hibernica.'  [xlvii.  87] 

PYNSON ,  RICHARD  (d.  1530),  printer  in  London  : 
a  Norman  by  birth;  succeeded  William  de  Macblinia 
[q.  v.],  c. 1490,  as  the  chief  printer  of  law  books  in  London  ; 
appointed  king's  printer  on  the  accession  of  Henry  VIII  ; 
introduced  Roman  type  into  England,  1509.  [xlvii.  87] 

PYPER,  WILLIAM  (1797-1861),  Scots  professor  of 
humanity ;  of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  professor  of 
humanity,  St.  Andrews,  1844-61 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen. 

[xlvii.  88] 

PYUS,  THOMAS  (1660-1610).    [See  PYK.] 


Q 


aUJELLY,  MALAOHIAS  (d.  1646),  archbishop  of 
Tuam  ;  educated  at  Paris  (D.D.)  ;  consecrated  arch- 
bishop, 1631  ;  raised  a  body  of  fighting  men  on  the  rebel- 
lion, but  in  1645  was  surprised  and  slain  by  Sir  Charles 
Ooote.  [xlvii.  88] 

QUAIN,  SIR  JOHN  RICHARD  (1816-1876),  judge; 
half-brother  of  Jones  Quain  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Gbttingeu  and 
University  College,  London  (fellow,  1843);  LL.B.  Lon- 
don, 1839;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1851;  Q.O.,  1866; 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  queen's  bench,  1871  ;  knighted, 
1872.  [xlvii.  89] 

QUAIN,  JONES  (1796-1865),  anatomist;  M.D. 
Trinity  (Jollege,  Dublin,  1833  ;  began  to  teach  anatomy  in 
London,  1826  ;  professor  of  general  anatomy  at  University 
College,  London,  1831,  resigning,  1836;  his  '  Elements  of 
Descriptive  and  Practical  Anatomy'  (1828)  frequently 
edited  and  translated.  [xlvii.  89] 

QUAIH,  RICHARD  (1800-1887),  surgeon  ;  brother  of 
Jones  Quain  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of  descriptive  anatomy  at 
toe  University  of  London,  1832,  holding  office  till  1860  • 
F.R.S.,  1844;  president  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
1868  ;  published  anatomical  works.  [xlvii.  90] 

QUAD*,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  baronet  (1816-1898), 
pbyaician  ;  M.D.  London,  1842  ;  fellow  of  University  Col- 
lege, London,  1843;  physician  at  Bromptou  Hospital, 
1H55,  and  consulting  physician,  1875;  F.R.C.P.,  1861, 
vice-president,  1889  ;  crown  nominee  on  general  medical 
council,  1863,  and  president,  1891  ;  member  and  (1874) 
chairman  of  pharmacopoeia  committee:  F.R.S.,  1871; 
physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1890  ;  created 
baronet  of  United  Kingdom,  1891  ;  edited  'Dictionary  of 
Medicine,'  1882.  [Suppl>  iu.  288] 

DANIEL  (1648-1724),  clock-maker;  prac- 
aiige  Alley  and  other  part*  of  London  ;  nub- 
»»*»«ullion  as  a  quaker  ;  invented  repeat- 

»«fc  »«ne  clock  for  William  III,  which 


barometers;   master  of  the^Clockmatore"' 

|rf  1/Uo.  fxlvli   911 

:,    BERNARD    (1819-1899),    bookseller; 
an  Saxony :  employerl  by  Henry  George 
.]  in  London  1842-4  and  1846-7  ;  opened  biisi- 
*-nqjr  as  bookseller  near  I^iceater  Square, 


r 

lL?  \D 
rten 


London,  1847  :  removed  to  15  Piccadilly,  1860,  and  re- 
mained there  for  rest  of  his  life ;  attended,  personally  or 
by  deputy,  every  important  book-auction  in  Europe  and 
America ;  published  from  time  to  time  catalogues  of  his 
stock,  the  last  of  which  was  '  General  Catalogue  of  Old 
Books  and  Manuscripts,'  1887-8,  index,  1892,  7  vols. 
Special  catalogues  were  compiled  for  him  by  Mr.  Michael 
Kerney,  his  literary  adviser.  [Suppl.  iii.  289] 

aUARLES,  CHARLES  (d.  1727),  musician;  Mus. 
Bac.  Cambridge,  1678 ;  organist  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  from  1722  at  York  Minster.  [xlvii.  92] 

QUARLES,  FRANCIS  (1592-1644),  poet;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1608;  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn ;  became  cup-bearer  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth  in  1613 
on  her  marriage  to  the  elector  palatine ;  returned  to  London 
before  1620 ;  published,  1620,  his  '  Feast  of  Wormes,'  a 
paraphrase  of  Jonah,  which  was  followed  by  many  similar 
efforts  ;  became  private  secretary  to  Archbishop  Ussher 
before  1629 ;  published  '  Argalus  and  Parthenia,'  a  poetic 
romance,  1629;  retired  before  1633  to  Essex,  where  he 
assured  his  fame  by  publishing  his  '  Emblems '  in  1635, 
the  work  being  quaintly  illustrated  by  William  Marshall 
(ft.  1630-1650)  [q.v.]  ;  appointed  chronologer  to  the  city 
of  London,  1639,  and  from  that  time  mainly  devoted 
himself  to  composing  prose  manuals  of  piety ;  wrote  in 
defence  of  Charles  I,  in  consequence  of  which  his  manu- 
scripts were  destroyed  by  parliamentary  soldiers.  His 
books  were  constantly  reprinted  for  more  than  a  century 
after  his  death.  A  complete  collection  of  his  '  Works ' 
was  edited  by  Grosart  in  1874  for  the  '  Ohertsey  Worthies 
Library.'  [xlvii.  92] 

QUARLES,  JOHN  (1624-1665),  poet;  son  of  Francis 
Quarles  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  :  bore  arms  for 
Charles  I  at  Oxford  and  banished  :  published,  in  Flanders, 
'  Fons  Lachrymarum,'  and,  after  his  return,  other  works  ; 
died  of  the  plague  of  1666.  [xlvii.  96] 

QUEENSBERRY,  DUKES  op.  [See  DOUOLAB,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  DUKK,  1637-1695  :  DOUGLAS,  JAMKS,  second 
DUO,  1662-1711  ;  DOUGLAS,  OHARLKS,  third  DUKK, 
1698-1778 ;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  fourth  DUKK,  1724-1810; 
SroTT,  SIR  HKNRY,  fifth  DUKK,  1746-1812;  SCOTT, 
WALTKR  FRAXCIS,  seventh  DUKE,  1806-1884.] 


ftUEENSBERRY.    DUCHESS    OF    (d.    1777). 
DOUOLAB,  CATHERINE.] 


[See 


QUEENSBERRY 


aUEENSBERRY,  MAIU,J.-;SKM  OK.  [See  DOOOUM, 
WIM.IAM,  first  MARQUIS,  1637-1696;  DoUGLAH,  Siu  Juii.s 
Siiui.ro,  eighth  M  vn^i'in,  1841-1900.] 

QUEENSBERRY,  EARLS  OK.  [Sec  DOUOLA*.  SIR 
Wll.MAM,  tir-l  K\RL,>/.  LMQj  DOOOLAA,  JAM!  : 

HAUL,  '/.  1671;  DOHJLAS,  WIU.UM,  tliinl  Kuu.,  1637- 
1«95.] 

aUEKETT,  KDWIX  JollX  (1808-1847),  micro- 
scopiat  ;  brother  of  William  Bucket  t  [q.  v.]  ;  wan  ap- 
pointed lecturer  on  botany  at  Ix}iulon  Hospital,  1884  ; 


QUIVIL 


F.L.S.,  1836;  genOS  QMAMMft  IMBMd  after  him.  In  his 
house  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society  originated  in  1839. 

[xlvii.  98] 

aUEKETT,  JOHN*  THOMAS  (1815-1861  X  histolo- 
Ki.-t:  brother  of  William  Quekett  [q.  v.]:  appointed 
assistant-conservator  of  the  Huntertun  Museum,  1843  ; 
made  a  valuable  collection  of  microscopic  preparations, 
which  were  purchase!  by  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeon*. 
1846  ;  constitute!  professor  of  histology,  1862,  and  con- 
servator of  the  Hunterian  Museum,  1866;  published 
scientific  works.  [xlvlL  97] 

QUEKETT,  WILLIAM  (1802-1888),  divine:  B.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1825  ;  distinguished  for  his 
social  work  while  a  curate  in  London.  He  was  the  sub- 
ject of  Dickens's  article*,  '  What  a  London  citrate  can  do 
if  he  tries,'  in  'Household  Words'  (16  Nov.  1860),  and 
•  Emigration  '  (ft.  24  Jan.  1882).  [xlvii.  98] 

QUEMERTORD,  NICHOLAS  (16447-1699).  [See 
COMBKRPORD.] 

QUEROUAILLE,  LOUISE  RENBE  DK,  DUCHBBS  OF 
PORTSMOUTH  AXO  AUBIQXY  (1649-1734).  [See  KK- 
•OQALUL] 

QUESNE,    CHARLES    LB   (1811-1856).      [See    LB 

QUESXB.] 

QUESNELor  QUB8UEL,  PETER  (rf.  1299?),  Fran- 
ciscan ;  doctor  of  the  canon  law  ;  warden  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan College  at  Norwich  ;  wrote  '  Directorium  Juris  in 
Foro  Conscientiaa  et  Juridiciali,'  of  which  several  manu- 
scripts are  extant.  [xlvii.  99] 

QUICK,  HENRY  (1792-1857),  the  Cornish  poet; 
wrote  rugged  verse  on  local  and  national  events  of  note. 

[xlvii.  99] 

QUICK,  JOHN  (1636-1706),  nonconformist  divine: 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1657  ;  ordained  presbyter, 
1669;  ejected  from  Brixton  for  nonconformity,  1662,  and 
was  afterwards  several  times  imprisoned  ;  published  re- 
ligious treatises.  [xlvii.  99] 

QUICK,  JOHN  (1748-1831),  actor  :  joined  a  theatrical 
company  in  his  fourteenth  year  ;  went  to  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1767  :  played  at  first  mainly  clowns,  rustics,  and 
comic  servants  ;  the  original  Tony  Lumpkin,  1773  :  essayed 
Richard  III  to  the  laughter  of  the  audience,  1790:  re- 
tire! from  Covent  Garden,  London,  1797,  and  henceforth 
only  appearel  intermittently.  [xlvii.  100] 

QUICK,  ROBERT  HEBERT  (1831-1891),  school- 
master and  educational  writer;  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1864  ;  assistant-master  of  Harrow,  1870-4  ; 
appointed  by  the  university  to  lecture  at  Cambridge  on 
the  history  of  education,  1881  :  published  '  Essays  on 
Educational  Reformers,'  1868.  [xlvii.  103] 

QUILLINAN,  DOROTHY  (1804-1847),  authoress; 
daughter  of  William  Wordsworth  the  poet  :  married  to 
Edward  Quillinau  [q.  v.],  1841  :  published  a  'Journal'  of 
a  visit  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  1847.  [xlvii.  104] 

QUILLINAN,  EDWARD  (1791-1861),  poet:  entered 
a  cavalry  regiment,  and  in  1814  began  seriously  to  pub- 
lish verse  ;  settled  at  Ambleside,  near  Wordsworth,  1H21  ; 
most  successful  in  his  translation  of  five  books  of 
Camoeus's'Lusiad*  (published,  1853,  by  John  Adumsoti 
(1787-1865)  [q.  V.]).  [xlvii.  103] 

QUIN,  EDWARD  (d.  1823),  journalist:  founded,  in 
1803,  'The  Traveller,'  which  was  merged  (1823)  in  the 
'Globe.'  [xlvii.  105] 

QUIN,  EDWARD  (1794-1828),  cartographer  :  son  of 
Edward  Quin  (</.  1823)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  An  Historical 
Atlas'  (1840X  with  a  'Universal  History  from  the 
Creation.'  [xlvii.  105] 

QUIN,  .Sin  EDWIN  RICHARD  WINDHAM  WYND- 
HAM-,  third  EARL  o»  DUXRAVBN  and  MOUXT-EARI,  in 


the  peerage  of  Intend,  ami  fir*t  BAHOX  KKXRY  of  the 
^lom(1812-187l),  B.A.  Trinltj  College,  Dublin, 
a  in  th.;  Commons  In  toe  coiuervaUve  Intercut 
(M.P..  Glamorganshire)  from  1837-61;  succeeded  hit 
father  as  an  Irish  earl,  I860,  and  (1864)  was  created  a 
baron  of  the  United  Kingdom ;  F.R.8..  18S4 :  FJ3JL,  1836 ; 
i  /.•  >;.)..  ir  !...  ni..-1-t,  mrittm  mm  MfcMl  nl  b  rtei .. 

[xlv.i 

QUIN,  FREDERIC  HKRVKY  FO6TKR  (17»B- 
1878X  the  first  liomoopathk-  phyricUn  in  England ;  M.I>. 
Edinburgh.  1820 ;  went  to  Rome,  1820,  at  physician  to  the 
Duchess  of  Devonshire  and  (18)1)  oommfnred  practice  at 
Naples ;  converted  to  homoeopathy,  1816,  and  returned  to 


England  a*  physician  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Cobuiv  : 
began  public  practice  in  London,  IKSJ.and  WM  drauurH 
as  a  <iunck ;  founded  the  BritUh  HonuBopathlo  Society, 
,1  the  London  Houuoopathic  Hoopitol,  i 

[xlvii.  106] 

QUIN,  JAMES  (1621-1659),  vocalUf.  sou  of  Walter 
Quiu  [q.  v.l ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Chriht  Church, 
Oxfonl :  M.A.,  1646 ;  was  ejected  from  Christ  Church, 
Oxfonl,  as  a  loyalist,  but  so  charmed  Cromwell  with  bis 
bass  voice  that  he  restored  him  :  died  innane. 

[xlvll.  112] 

QUIN,  JAMES  (1693-1766),  actor ;  took  to  the  stage 
in  Dublin  and  appeared  at  Dniry  Lane,  London,  In  1714 
or  1715 :  first  came  into  note,  1716,  as  Bajnret  In  '  Tamer- 
lane'; acted  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  where  he 
took  leading  parts  In  tragedy,  1717-32 :  subsequently 
appeared  at  Co  vent  Garden,  London,  and,  1734,  returned  to 
Drury  Lane,  London  ;  reappeared  at  Covent  Garden,  1742, 
and  remained  there  till  1751  ;  rival  of  Garrick  atCoveut 
Garden,  1746  and  1747  ;  lived,  after  his  retirement  (1761) 
in  friendship  with  Garrick.  Wai  pole  admired  him  more 
than  Garrick,  but  Davies  declares  that  he  was  unfitted 
for  vigorous  parts  in  tragedy.  [xlvii.  107] 

QUIN,  MICHAEL  JOSEPH  (1796-1843),  traveller 
and  political  writer :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn ;  travelled 
much  on  the  continent,  and  publishel  a  number  of  books 
of  travel.  [xlvii.  Ill] 

QUIN,  WALTER  (1676  7-1634?),  poet  and  preceptor 
of  Charles  I :  studied  at  Edinburgh  University :  wa*  taken 
into  the  service  of  James  VI  as  tutor  to  bin  sons,  and 
migrated  to  England  in  1603:  published  several  poems 
and  a  life  of  Lord  Bernard  Stuart  (1619).  [xlvll.  Ill] 

QUINCEY,    THOMAS    DB    (1785-1869).      [See   DB 

QUINCEY.] 

QUINCY,  JOHN  (rf.  1722),  medical  writer  :  practised 
medicine  as  an  apothecary  and  physician  in  London  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh  for  his  'Medicina  Static*  Britannica,' 
1712 :  published  a  number  of  medical  treatises. 

[xlvii.  112] 

QUINCY,  ROGER  r»R,  second  EARL  OF  WINCHKMTBR 
(11957-1265),  son  of  Saer  de  Qnincy,  first  earl  of  Win- 
chester [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  the  title,  1235 ;  married  Helen, 
daughter  of  Alan,  lord  of  Galloway  ;  became  constable  of 
Scotland  in  right  of  bis  wife  ;  took  part  in  the  disputes 
between  Henry  III  and  his  barons,  and  on  several 
occasions  acted  on  behalf  of  the  barons.  [xlvii.  116] 

QUINCY,  QUENCY,  or  QUENCI.  SAER,  SAHRR, 
or  SEER  DK,  first  EARL  OF  WIXCHKSTKR  (<l.  1219),  while 
a  comparatively  poor  knight  married  the  daughter  of 
Robert  III,  earl  of  Leicester,  c.  1170,  and  (1204)  suc- 
ceeded In  bis  wife's  right  to  half  the  lauds  of  Robert  IV, 
earl  of  Leicester:  created  Earl  of  Winchester,  1207  :  took 
part  in  the  barons'  struggle  against  King  John,  who  par- 
ticularly disliked  him  during  the  last  few  yearn  of  bis 
reign  on  account  of  his  former  intimacy  with  him :  his 
lands  confiscated  by  Kin*  John,  on  which  he  Invited  Louis, 
the  dauphin  of  France,  to  take  the  crown  ;  taken  prisoner 
at  the  battle  of  Lincoln,  1217 ;  died  a  crusader  at  Acre, 
immediately  after  his  arrival.  [xlvii.  113] 

QUINTON,  JAMES  WALLACE  (1834-1891),  chief 
commissioner  of  Assam ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin/ 
1853 ;  entered  the  Bengal  civil  service,  18*8  ;  served  chiefly 
in  the  North- West  Provinces  and  Oudh  till  1883  :  became 
chief  commissioner  of  Assam,  1889  :  treacberooslj  asaaf- 
slnated  at  Manipur  while  on  a  political  mission. 

[xlvii.  116] 

QUIVIL  or  QUIVEL,  PKTER  r>K  («/.  1291),  bishop  of 
Exeter  ;  consecrated,  1280 :  a  liberal  benefactor  to  Exeter 
Cathedral  and  its  clergy.  His  most  memorable  work  was 
the  reconstruction  of  the  two  transept  towers  of  BUhnp 
Warelwaafs  Norman  church,  [xlvll.  117] 


RABAN 


1080 


RADCLIFFE , 


E 


_«_«,  EDWARD  (d.  1868),  printer  in  Aberdeen  :  a 
native  of  England  :  started  as  a  printer  in  Edinburgh. 
16M,  after  •erring  as  a  *oklier  In  the  Kflthflrtaads  :  settled 
at  Aberdeen,  where,  between  162*  and  1649,  he  i-~u.-i, 
lie  productions,  some  interesting  Scottish 
[xlvii.  118] 


RABY,  third  BARON  (1672-1739).  [See  WKNTWOKTH, 
THOMAS,  third  EAHL  of  STRAFFORD.] 

RACK,  EDMUND  (1736  ?-1787),  misoellaneous  writer  : 
•eitled  at  Bath,  1776  :  established  the  Bath  and  West  of 
England  Agricultural  Society,  1779  :  published  religions, 
agricultural,  and  other  treatises.  [xlvii.  118] 

RACKETT,  THOMAS  (1757-1841).  antiquary  :  M.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  178*)  ;  rector  of  Spetisbury  in 
Dorset  for  more  than  sixty  years.  [xlvii.  1  19] 

RADCLIFFE.    [Bee  also  RATCLIFFK.] 

RADOLIFFE,  ALEXANDEU  (ft.  1669-1696),  verse- 
writer:  admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  1669:  became  n  captain 
in  the  army,  1696  ;  published  three  ribald  poems  between 
1673  and  168S.  [xlvii.  119] 

RADCLIFFE,  ANN  (1764-1823),  novelist:  only 
daughter  of  William  Ward  :  married  William  Radcliffc,  a 
law-student,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three  :  her  first  novel 
published,  1789;  produced  'A  Sicilian  Romance,'  179(1, 
and  "The  Romance  of  the  Forest,'  1791  :  published  'The 
Mysteries  of  Udolpho,*  1794,  and  '  The  Italian,'  a  romance 
of  the  inquisition,  usually  regarded  as  her  best  work, 
1797  :  wrote  nothing  subsequently  :  lived  in  retirement. 
She  was  the  founder  of  a  school  of  romance  in  which 
terror  and  curiosity  are  aroused  by  events  apparently 
supernatural,  but  afterwards  naturally  explained. 

RADCLIFFE  or  RADCLYFFE,  CHARLES^  titular 
EARL  OF  DKR  WENT  WATER  (1693-1746),  Jacobite  ;  brother 
of  Sir  James  Radcliffe,  third  earl  of  Derwentwater  [q.  v.]  ; 
took  part  in  the  rising  of  1716,  and  escaped  from  Newgate 
after  capture  :  assumed  the  title,  1731  :  became  secretary 
to  Prince  Charles  Edward,  and  in  1746  was  captured  off 
Dogger  Bank  ;  condemned  to  death  and  beheaded. 

[xlvii.  127] 

RADCLIFFE,  CHARLES  BLAND  (1822-1889).  phy- 
sician: M.D.  London,  1861;  became  physician  at  West- 
minster Hospital  in  1867:  F.R.C.P.,  1868;  Gulstonian 
lecturer,  1860  :  Oroonian  lecturer,  1873  ;  censor,  1876-6  • 
one  of  the  earliest  investigators  in  this  country  of  the 
electrical  physiology  of  muscle  and  nerve,  [xlvii.  121] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RADCLYFFE,  CHARLES  EDWARD 
(1<74-1HS7),  lieutenant-colonel;  served  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  1809-14  :  fought  at  Waterloo,  1816  ;  brevet  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1816.  [xlvii.  122] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RADCLYFFE,  CHARLOTTE 
MARIA,  COUNTESS  OK  NKWKURGH  (rf.  1766),  grand- 
daughter  of  Sir  James  Livingstone,  first  Earl  of  Newburvh 
[q.  v.]  :  succeeded  her  father  Charles  Livingstone,  second 
earl  of  Newburgh,  as  countess,  mo  jure,  1694  •  married 
ou<'?e!!lively  to  T*10™*8  Clifford  (d.  1718)  and  to  Charles 
Radcliffe,  afterwards  titular  earl  of  Derwentwater  [q  v  ] 
who  after  unsuccessfully  urging  his  suit,  induced  her  to 
marry  him  by  entering  her  room  through  the  chimney, 

[xlvii.  127] 

RADOLDTE,  EGREMONT  (,/.  1678),  rebel  :  son  of  Sir 
Henry  Radcltffe,  second  earl  of  Sussex  [q.  v.]  •  took  part 
in  the  rebellion  of  1669,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of 
London  between  1676  and  1578  ;  went  to  Flanders,  1578,and 
was  beheaded  for  plotting  to  poison  Don  John  of  Austria. 


1  RADCLIFFE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1593-1657),  politician 
B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1612 ;  barrister,  Orav's 
Inn  1818,  bencher,  1632;  M.P.,  1628;  a  friend  of  Went? 
worth,  whose  private  affairs  he  managed,  and  with  whom 
"  •'  l  to.1.relalud«  ^"'"'"f  «t*  months  before  him,  1633  ; 
tworths  chief  adviser  in  all  legal  and  financial 
^ *«  hindered  from  bearing  witness  on  Stratford's 
on  bis  Impeachment,  bat  contrived  to  aid  him  in 
. — ng  hU  defence:  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1643 
I  on  the  surrender  of  that  city  refused  to  take  the  Duke 


I  of  York  out  of  England  without  Charles  I's  order,  thonerh 
'  bidden  to  do  so  by  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  and  handnd 
him  over  to  the  Earl  of  Northumberland :  joined  the  Duke 
;  of  York  and  became  his  adviser,  1649.  [xlvii.  123] 

RADCLIFFE,  SIR  HENRY,  second  EAHL  OK  PT-SSKX 
(1506  ?-1557),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Robert  Radcliffe,  first  earl 
of  Sussex  [q.  v.] ;  K.B.,  1533 :  declared  for  Queen  M:ir\, 
1553,  and  was  made  captain-general  and  a  privy  councillor. 

[xlvii.  136] 

RADCLIFFE,  Sm  HENRY,  fourth  KARL  01 
(1530  ?-1693),  son  of  Sir  Henry  Radcliffe,  second  earl  of 
!  Sussex   [q.  v.] :   M.P.,  Maiden,  1555 :    served  in   Ireland 
;  between  1556  and  1565  ;  M.P.,  Carlingford  (Irish  parlia- 
ment), 1559 :  M.P.,  Hampshire,  1571  ;  succeeded  his  brother 
|  as  earl,  1683  :  K.G.,  1689.  [xlvii.  143] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RADCLYFFE,  SIR  JAMES,  baronet, 
'  third  KARL  OF  DKRWKXTWATKR  (1689-1716),  was  brought 
I  up  at  St.  Germain  as  a  companion  to  James  Edward  :  re- 
turned to  England,  1710,  but  aided  the  rebellion  of  1715, 
and  joined  Thomas  Forster  at  Green-rig  in  October ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Preston,  attainted,  and  beheaded.    On  account 
of   his   youth    and    popular    manner  his  death  excited 
general  compassion.  [xlvii.  126] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RATCLIFFE,  JOHN,  first  BARON 
FIT/WALTER  (1452  ?-l496),  became  a  baron  in  1485  ;  took 
part  in  Perkin  Warbeck's  conspiracy  ;  attainted,  1495, 
and  beheaded  next  year.  [xlvii.  128] 

RADCLIFFE,  JOHN  (1650-1714),  physician:  B.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1669:  fellow  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1669-77 ;  M.A.,  1672 :  he  began  to  prac- 
tise as  a  physician  at  Oxford :  removed  to  London,  where 
he  made  twenty  guineas  a  day,  1684 ;  became  physician  to 
j  the  Princess  Anne,  1686 ;  offended  Anne  by  styling  her 
I  distemper  nothing  but  the  vapours,  and  was  "succeeded  by 
William  Gibbons  [q.  v.],  c.  1695  :  annoyed  many  great 
people  by  his  extraordinary  candour,  and  declined  to  visit 
Queen  Anne  on  her  deathbed ;  made  a  number  of  remark- 
able cures.  The  Radcliffe  Infirmary  and  Observatory, 
Oxford,  were  built,  and  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
enlarged  from  funds  bequeathed  by  him.  [xlvii.  129] 

RADCLIFFE,  JOHN  (1690-1729),  physician:  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1714;  M.D.,  1721;  F.R.C.P., 
1724  ;  physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London. 

[xlvii.  132] 

RADCLIFFE,  JOHN  NETTEN  (1826-1884),  epidemi- 
ologist ;  brother  of  Charles  Bland  Radcliffe  [q.  v.] ;  was 
attached  to  the  headquarters  of  Omar  Pasha  as  surgeon 
during  the  Crimean  war.  He  became  an  expert  on  oriental 
diseases  and  all  questions  pertaining  to  the  public  health  ; 
made  public  health  inspector,  1869.  [xlvii.  132] 

RADCLIFFE,  NICHOLAS  (fl.  1368-1396),  opponent 
of  Wycliffe ;  a  monk  of  St.  Albans ;  doctor  of  theology, 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford;  was  a  prominent  literary 
antagonist  of  Wycliffe,  who  stigmatised  him  and  the  Car- 
melite, Peter  Stokes  [q.  v.],  as  the  black  and  white  dogs. 

RADCLIFFE,  RALPH  (1519?-1559),  schoolmaster 
and  playwright ;  educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
and  (probably)  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1639  :  opened  a  school  at  Hitcbiu  ;  wrote  several 
miracle  plays  for  his  pupils  to  act.  [xlvii.  133] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RATCLIFFE,  SIR  RICHARD  (d. 
1485),  adviser  of  Richard  III :  knighted  by  Edward  IV  at 
Tewkesbury:  executed  Earl  Rivers  and  others  of  the 
queen-dowager's  party  at  Pontefract,  1483 ;  loaded  with 
honours  and"  grants  by  Richard  III ;  K.G.,  1484 ;  killed 
at  Bosworth.  [xlvii.  134] 

RADCLIFFE  or  RATCLIFFE,  SIR  ROBERT,  first 
EARL  OF  SUSSEX,  first  VISCOUNT  FITZWALTKR,  and 
second  BARON  FITZWALTER  (1483-1542),  sou  of  John 
Radcliffe,  first  baron  Fitzwalter  [q.  v.]  ;  obtained  the 
reversal  of  his  father's  attainder  in  1506:  became  a  pro- 
minent courtier  under  Henry  VIII :  K.G.,  1524;  created 
viscount,  1525  ;  privy  councillor,  1526 :  created  earl,  1529  ; 
appointed  great  chamberlain  of  England,  1640. 

[xlvii.  135] 


RADCLIFFE 


1081 


RAGLAN 


RADCLIFFE,  ROBERT,  fifth  KARL  OF  80MBC 
(1569  7-1629),  only  son  of  Sir  11  :.ffe, 

••url  of  Sussex  [q.  v.] ;  knighted  at  Cadiz,  1696  ; 
carl  iiiiirshal  in  1597  itn.l  lf.nl,  :u,.l  sat  in  the  commission 
to  try  Essex  in  1601  ;  a  patron  of  men  of  Irtt 

[xlvii.  144] 

RADCLIFFE,  Si  it  THOMAS,  third  EARL  o»  Suwwx 
(1526 7-1683),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Radcliffe,  necond 
earl  of  Sussex  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Cambridge:  member 
of  Gray's  Inn,  1661  ;  held  a  command  at  Pinkie  Oleuffh, 
1647:  knight  of  the  shire  for  Norfolk,  1663:  rendered 
Queen  Mary  great  service  in  •uppreMiog  Wyatt's  rebel* 
lion  :  assisted  in  the  marriage  negotiations  with  Philip  II, 
and  in  1566  was  appointed  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  :  wan  a 
vigorous  administrator,  carry  ing  hi-*  arms  through  a  large 
part  of  the  country  ;  returned  to  England  on  the  news  of 
Queen  Mary's  death,  but  was  reappointed,  July  1689,  and 
reintroduced  the  spirituul  supremacy  of  the  crown  and 
the  Kngli-h  liturgy  :  involved  (1660-3)  in  a  straggle  with 
Shane  O'Neill  in  Tyrone;  failed  to  giibdae  O'Neill,  and 
early  in  1664  was  permitted  to  resign  his  office,  tearing 
behind  him  a  reputation  for  statesmanship  which  grew 
with  succeeding  years:  employed  to  negotiate  Queen 
Elizabeth's  marriage  with  the  Archduke  Maximilian,  1667, 
and  (1669)  was  created  lord  president  of  the  north  :  dealt 
successfully  with  the  rebellion  of  1669,  stowing  more 
leniency  than  Queen  Elizabeth  approved,  and  (1670) 
pursued  the  rebels  into  Scotland  ;  supported  the  project  of 
a  French  match  for  HUM  IJMlKh  both  in  1671  and  1678, 
and  thus  came  into  conflict  with  Leicester,  [xlvii.  136] 

RADCLIFFB,  WILLIAM  (1760-1841),  improver  of 
cotton  machinery :  began  business  at  Mel  lor  as  a  spinner 
and  weaver,  1789 :  removed  to  Stockport,  1801 :  brought 
out  (1804)  the  'dressing-machine'  invented  by  his 
employe,  Thomas  Johnson :  reaped  little  pecuniary  benefit 
from  this  and  other  sen-ices  rendered  to  the  trade; 
died  in  poverty.  [xlvii.  145] 

RADCLYFFE.  [See  nlso  RADCLIPPK  and  RATCUPFK.] 

RADCLYFFE,  EDWARD  (1809-1863),  engraver: 
son  of  William  Radclyffe  (1788-1866)  [q.  v.]  ;  worked  for 
the  •  Art  Journal,'  aud  engraved  charts  for  the  admiralty. 

[xlvii.  147] 

RADCLYFFE,  WILLIAM  (1813-1846),  portrait 
painter:  son  of  William  Hadclyffe  (1783-1866)  [q.  v.] ; 
practised  in  London  and  Birmingham.  [xlvii.  147] 

RADCLYFFE,  WILLIAM  (1783-1855),  line-engraver : 
practised  in  Birmingham,  where  lie  formed  a  school  of 
engravers  of  great  ability.  [xlvii.  146] 

RADFORD,  JOHN  (1561-1630),  Jesuit :  educated  at 
Douay :  ordained  priest,  1687 ;  missioner  in  England, 
1689-1630.  [xlvii.  147] 

RADFORD,  THOMAS  (1793-1881),  obstetrician; 
studied  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  Hospitals,  London : 
elected  surgeon  to  the  Manchester  and  Salford  Lying-in 
Hospital,  1818:  M.D.  Heidelberg,  1839:  F.R.C.S.,  1852; 
author  of  many  papers  on  midwifery.  [xlvii.  147] 

RADLEY,  WILLIAM  DK  (<i.  1360).    [See  RALEIOH.] 

RADNOR,  EARLS  op.  [See  ROBARTKS,  SIR  JOHX, 
first  EARL,  1606-1688:  BOUVKKIF,  WILLIAM  PLKYDKLL-, 
third  EARL  of  the  second  creation,  1779-1869.] 

RADSTOCK,  BAHOXS.  [See  WALDBGRAVK,  WILUAM, 
first  BARON,  1753-1826:  WALDKGRAVK,  GKORUK  GRAN- 
VILLE,  second  BARON,  1786-1867.] 

RADULPH.    [See  RALPH,  RANDOLPH,  and  RANULP.] 

RAE.    [See  also  RAY.] 

RAE,  ALEXANDER  (1782-1820),  actor  :  appeared  at 
Bath  as  Hamlet,  1806,  and  at  the  Haynmrket,  London,  as 
Octavian,  1806:  first  appeared  at  Drury  Lane.  London, 
1812,  remaining  there  till  1820:  undertook  (1830)  the 
management  of  the  Royalty  Theatre,  London,  which 
speedily  ruined  him.  [xlvii.  148] 

RAE,  SIR  DAVID,  first  baronet,  LORD  ESKOROVK 
(1724  7-1804),  lord-justice  clerk:  studied  law  at  Edin- 
burgh University:  became  a  lord  of  session,  1783,  a  lord 
of  justiciary,  1786,  and  lord-justice  clerk,  1799 ;  one  of 
those  who  tried  Thomas  Fyshe  Palmer  [q.  v.]  and  other 
Scots  charged  with  sedition  :  created  baronet,  1804 ;  was 
a  judge  of  ability,  though  with  many  absurdities  of  de- 

[xlvii.  160] 


teaching  of  clinical  surgery  at  Edinburgh  on  a  firm  and 
broad  platform  bj  bU  lectures  at  the  Royal  Infirmary. 

RAE,  JOHN  (1813-1893),  Arctic  explorer;  qualified 
as  a  surgeon  at  Kdinburyh,  18U  :  a  surgeon  in  U»  em- 
ploy of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  ;  Joined  the  first  land 
expedition  In  searc):  ranklln,  1847,  and  in  1881 

htoMOHH  W  UHMta  mm  k  parta  rhUhoMi  MI  \v,  i 

IN*]  1-ivi:  8M  .  ftlA«*M  •••  mtm  PMMI  fcMMM 
fate  from  the  natives  on  the  west  coast  of  Boothia,  and 
ototaiMd  «!..  mmammt  mnai  <•-.  Mytmi  !"•'•* ;  KB  I* 

1880  :  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh.  [xlvii.  181] 

RAE,  PETER  (1671-1748),  mechanic  and  historian  : 
iy  :i  Hockmaker;  minister  of  Kirkoonuel,  1783- 
1748 ;  published  a   •  History  of  the  Rebellion  of  1716,' 
1718.  [xlvii.  188] 

RAE,  Sin  WILLIAM,  third  baronet  (1769-1843),  lord 
advocate:  son  of  Sir  David  Rae,  lord  Eskgrove  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  at  Edini>.indi  University  :  appointed  lord  advo- 
cate, 1819;  M.I'..  An-truth.T  buryh*.  1H19-26.  Harwich, 
1827,  Buteshire,  1830  and  1833-42,  I'ortarlington,  1881-3; 
intimate  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  [xlvii.  188] 

RAE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1788-1873),  naval  surgeon: 
M.D.  Edinburgh:  L.R.O.P.,  1839:  F.R.C.8^  1848; 
knighted,  1868:  attained  the  rank  of  inspector-general 
of  hospitals  and  fleets.  [xlvii.  186] 

RAEBURN,  Sin  HENRY  (1768-1833),  portrait- 
painter:  sometimes  called  the  •  Scottish  Reynolds':  son 
of  an  Edinburgh  manufacturer ;  began  to  paint  water- 
colour  miniatures  of  his  friends  at  the  age  of  sixteen ; 
married,  1778,  Ann  Leslie,  a  widow  of  fortune,  and,  on  the 
advice  of  Reynolds,  resolved  to  study  his  art  in  Rome; 
returned  to  Edinburgh,  1787,  and  was  for  thirty  years  a 
fashionable  portrait-painter,  during  which  he  painted 
every  contemporary  of  note  except  Burns;  R.A.,  1818; 
knighted,  1822.  His  works  are  to  be  found  chiefly  in  the 
private  houses  of  Scotland,  but  the  two  Edinburgh  gal* 
leries  own  many  fine  examples.  [xlvii.  168] 

RAFFALD,  ELIZABETH  (1733-1781),  cook  and 
author ;  daughter  of  Joshua  Whitaker :  employed  in 
various  families  as  housekeeper:  married  John  Raffald. 
head-gardener  at  Arley,  1763;  compiled  the  first  Man- 
chester directory,  1773.  [xlvii.  169] 

RAFFLES,  THOMAS  (1788-1863),  independent  ruina- 
tor :  was  minister  of  George  Yard  Chapel,  Hammer, 
smith,  1809-11,  and  of  Nvwingtou  Chapel,  Liverpool, 
1811-62  ;  one  of  the  chief  founders  aud  organisers  of  the 
Lancashire  Independent  College.  [xlvii.  160] 

RAFFLES,  SIR  THOMAS  STAMFORD  (1781-1836), 
colonial  governor ;  entered  the  East  India  Company's 
service  and  landed  in  Penang,  1806 :  assisted  in  the  re- 
duction of  Java,  and  was  appointed  lieutenant-KOvernor, 
j  1811  ;  continued  to  hold  office  until  the  restoration  of 
Java  to  the  Dutch  in  1815,  and  introduced  a  new  system 
of  land  tenure  and  ether  changes:  acquired  immense 
I  scientific,  historical,  and  philological  knowledge  in  regard 
'  to  the  East  India  islands,  which  lie  embodied  in  his  '  His- 
tory of  Java*  (1817);  knighted,  1817 ;  from  1818  resided 
chiefly  in  Bencoolen,  of  which  he  had  been  appointed 
governor  by  Lord  Minto ;  persuaded  the  company  to 
acquire  the  island  of  Singapore,  1819 ;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, but  lost  all  his  papers,  besides  his  Immense  zoological 
and  botanical  collections,  owing  to  the  vessel  in  which 
they  were  embarked  catching  fire,  1834  ;  lived  in  retire- 
ment for  the  rest  of  his  life  near  Barnet,  occupying  him- 
self with  the  foundation  of  the  Zoological  Society,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  president  [xlvii.  161] 

RAFTOR,  CATHERINE  (1711-1788).  [See  OUVR, 
CATHKRINK.] 

RAOO,  THOMAS  (1808-1881), divine  and  poet;  son 
of  George  Rag?,  a  prominent  radical :  became  a  book- 
seller's assistant,  1834:  began  to  publish  poetry,  and 
(1839)  turned  newspaper  editor:  ordained,  1888,  and 
(1866)  appointed  perpetual  curate  of  Lawley  ;  published 
poems  and  work.s  dealing  with  the  relation  of  science  to 
theology.  [xlvii.  168] 

RAGLAN,  first  BARON  (1788-1868).  [SeeSOMBM* 
LORD  FITZKOY  JAMB*  HKNRT.] 


RAHERE 


1082 


RALEG-H 


BJMM*  («/.  1141),  founder  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital  London  .  pn-lM-ndury  of  St.  Paul's,  London ; 
Sewn  to  build  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  on  Its  present 
.K  1123,  was  it*  first  master  till  1137,  and  obtained  a 
royml  charter  for  It,  1133.  [xlvii.  167] 

RAIKES,  CHARLES  (1812-1885),  writer  on  India; 
commoner  of  Lahore :  O.S.I.,  1866.  [xlvii.  167] 

RAIKE8  HENRY  (1782-1854),  divine:  brother  of 
TlKmuw  Rates  [q.  v.] :  of  Kton  and  St.  John's  College, 
bridge-  M.A.,  1807:  chancellor  of  the  diocese  of 
nu--wr,l«0-»4:  zealously  promoted  archa?olofpcal  re- 
search in  the  county  ;  published  sermons,  [xlvii.  167] 

KAIXEB,  HENRY  CECIL  (1838-1891),  politician: 
grandson  of  Henry  Haikes  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1860 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1863 :  entered 
parliament  as  a  conservative,  1868-80  (M.P.,  Chester) : 
chairman  of  committee?,  1874-80:  M.P.,  Preston,  1882, 
Cambridge  University,  1888:  postmaster-general,  1886 -91. 

[Xlvil.  16  /  J 

RAIKES.  ROBERT  (1735-1811),  promoter  of  Sunday 
school*  :  a  printer  at  Gloucester :  opened  his  first  school 
in  1780 :  was  not  strictly  the  originator  of  the  idea  of 
teaching  children  on  Sun<lay,  but  spread  the  knowledge 
of  a  plan  for  cheap  schools,  which  was  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  day,  ami  was  really  the  origin  of  the  modern 
system.  C*l™- 1681 

RAIKES,  THOMAS  (1777-1848),  dandy  and  diarist ; 
nephew  of  Robert  Raikes  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  was 
a  London  merchant  and  a  governor  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land :  a  well-known  figure  in  west-end  clubs  and  an  asso- 
ciate of  George  Brummell.  His  diary  was  published  in 
UM  and  1857.  [xlvii.  170] 

RAILTON,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1877),  architect ;  designed 
the  Nelson  memorial  in  Trafalgar  Square,  London,  in  1839. 

[xlvii.  171] 

RAIMBACH,  ABRAHAM  (1776-1843), line-engraver: 
executed,  between  1814  and  1825,  six  large  engravings  of 
the  pictures  of  Sir  David  Wilkie ;  wrote  •  Memoirs  and 
Recollections'  (privately  printed,  1843).  [xlvii.  171] 

RAINBOROW,  RAINBOROWE,  or  RAINS- 
BOROUGH,  THOMAS  (rf.  1648),  soldier ;  son  of  William 
raluborow  [q.  v.]  :  served  in  the  parliamentary  fleet  and 
army  and  (1645)  received  command  of  a  regiment ;  M.P., 
Droitwicb,  1646 ;  sided  with  the  army  in  opposing  dis- 
bandmcnt,  1647  :  led  the  republican  section  among  the 
officers,  and  opposed  further  negotiations  with  Charles  I ; 
proceeded  to  sea  as  vice-admiral,  1648;  occasioned  a 
mutiny  by  his  imperious  demeanour,  and  in  May  1648 
returned  to  the  army :  while  besieging  Pontefract  was 
surprised  by  a  party  of  cavaliers,  and  mortally  wounded 
while  resisting  capture.  [xlvii.  172] 

RAINBOROW,  WILLIAM  (d.  1642),  naval  com- 
mander :  was  a  master  in  the  navy  in  1626  ;  successfully 
commanded  a  punitive  expedition  to  Sallee,  1637. 

[xlvii.  173] 

RAINBOWS,  EDWARD  (1608-1684),  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle; of  Westminster  School,  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  and  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge  :  M.A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1630:  D.D.,  1646:  elected  fellow  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  1633;  master,  1642;  expelled  from 
his  mastership  by  parliament,  1650,  but  restored,  1660 ; 
dean  of  Peterborough,  1661-4  ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1664- 
1684  :  famous  as  a  preacher.  [xlvii.  174] 

RAINE,  JAMES  (1791-1858),  antiquary  and  topo- 
grapher ;  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Surtees,  1812,  and 
liecame  an  enthusiastic  antiquary  and  topographer ; 
librarian  to  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Durham,  1816-58  • 
rector  of  Meldon,  1822-58 ;  M.A.  Lambeth,  1825  ;  became 
literary  executor  to  Surtees,  and  edited  the  fourth  volume 
of  his  'History  of  Durham,'  1840;  published  the  two 
volumes  of  bis  own  '  History  of  North  Durham,'  1880  and 
1K5J;  bon.  D.C.L.  Durham,  1857.  [xlvii.  175] 

RAINE,  MATTHEW  (1760-1811),  schoolmaster  and 
divine  :  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1784  ;  M.A., 
178* :  D.D.,  1799 ;  head-master  of  Charterhouse  School, 
1791-1811;  P.R.S.,  1803;  Parr  and  Person  were  his  in. 
tlmate  friends.  [xlvii.  176] 

RAINES,  FRANCIS  ROBERT  (1805-1878),  anti- 
quary :  perpetual  curate  of  St  James,  Milnrow,  1H32-78 ; 
PAA.,  1K43  ;  helped  to  found  tbe  Chetharo  Society,  1848, 


and  contributed  some  oi'  tin;  most  valuable  of  its  works; 
M.A.  Lambeth,  1845.  [xlvii.  177] 

RAINEY,  GEORGE  (1801-1884),  anatomist;  tantrbt 
anatomy  privately  in  London  between  1827  and  1837  ; 
M.R.O.S.,  1827  ;  became  demonstrator  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  1846,  t.nd  was  one  of  the  ablest  instructors  in 
London  ;  published  scientific  works.  [xlvii.  17H] 

RAINFORTH,  ELIZABETH  (1814-1877),  vocalist; 
first  sung  in  public,  1H36  ;  subsequently  performed  at  St. 
James's  Theatre,  London,  the  English  Opera  House,  Lon- 
don, Covent  Garden,  London,  and  Drury  Lane,  London. 
Her  voice  was  soprano.  [xlvii.  170] 

RAINIER,  PETER  (1741  7-1808),  admiral :  entered 
the  navy,  1756;  attained  post  rank,  1778:  eomtnaixler- 
in-chief  in  the  East  Indies,  1793-1804,  capturing  Trinco- 
malee,  Amboyna,  and  Banda  Neira  ;  admiral,  1805. 

[xlvii.  179] 

RAINOLDS.    [See  also  REYNOLDS.] 

RAINOLDS  or  REYNOLDS,  JOHN  (1549-1607), 
president  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxfoni ;  brother  of 
William  Rainolds  [q.  v.]  ;  was  a  fellow  of  Corpus  Ohristi 
College.  Oxford  (1566-86),  where  he  became  famous  as 
Greek  reader  for  his  lectures  on  Aristotle;  B.A.,  1568; 
dean  of  Lincoln,  1593-8:  president  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxfoni,  1598-1607  :  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Hampton  Court  conference  and  in  the  translation  of  the 
Prophets  for  the  Authorised  Version.  [xlvii.  180] 

RAINOLDS,  WILLIAM  (1544?-1594),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  of  Winchester  School  and  New  College, 
Oxford  :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxfoni,  1560-72  ;  M.A., 
1567;  received  into  the  Roman  church,  1576;  became 
professor  of  divinity  and  Hebrew  at  the  English  College  at 
Rheims,  and  assisted  Gregory  Martin  [q.  v.]  in  preparing 
his  version  of  the  New  Testament;  published  contro- 
versial works.  [xlvii.  182] 

RAINSBOROTTGH.    [See  RAINBOROW.] 

RAINSFORD,  CHARLES  (1728-1809),  general; 
entered  the  army,  1744,  and  saw  much  active  service: 
M.P.,  Maldon,  1773,  Beeralston,  1787,  and  Newport,  1790; 
F.R.S.,  1779;  general,  1795.  He  left  forty  volumes  of 
manuscript  memoranda,  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

[xlvii.  183] 

RAINSFORD,  MARCUS  (fl.  1794-1805),  author; 
held  a  commission  in  the  army,  and  published  accounts  of 
St.  Domingo  and  Hayti,  which  he  had  visited. 

[xlvii.  184] 

RAINSFORD,  Sm  RICHARD  (1605-1680),  judge ;  of 
Exeter  College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1632 
(treasurer,  1660)  ;  M.P.  for  Northampton  in  Convention 
parliament  of  1660  and  Charles  II's  first  parliament; 
knighted,  c.  1661 ;  raised  to  the  exchequer  bench,  1663 ; 
transferred  to  the  king's  bench,  1669;  removed  to  make 
room  for  Scroggs,  1678.  [xlvii.  184] 

RAINTON,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (1569-1646),  lord  mayor 
of  London  ;  member  of  the  Haberdashers'  Company ; 
became  lord  mayor,  1632  ;  president  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  London,  1634-46 ;  imprisoned  by  Star  Chamber 
(1640)  for  refusing  to  furnish  a  list  of  citizens  able  to 
advance  money  to  Charles  I,  but  released  five  days  later. 

[xlvii.  186] 

RAINY,  HARRY  (1792-1876),  physician  ;  studied  at 
Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  :  M.D.  Glasgow,  1833  ;  acquired 
a  large  practice  in  Glasgow ;  professor  of  forensic 
medicine  at  Glasgow  University,  1841-62;  hon.  LL.D. 
Glasgow  University,  1873.  [xlvii.  186] 

RAITHBY,  JOHN  (1766-1826),  lawyer;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  published  anonymously, '  The  Study  and 
Practice  of  the  Law  considered,'  1798.  [xlvii.  186] 

RALEGH,  SIR  CAREW  (1550?-1625?),  naval  com- 
mander ;  brother  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Wiltshire,  1586,Ludgershall,  1589,  and  Downton,1604  and 
1621 ;  knighted,  1601.  [xlvii.  187] 

RALEGH,  CAREW  (1605-1666),  politician  ;  only  sur- 
viving son  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  was  restored  in  blood,  1628  ;  M.P.,  Hanle- 
mere,  1648-53  and  1659  ;  nominated  governor  of  Jersey, 
1660.  [xlvii.  306] 

RALEGH,  Sm  WALTER  (1552  ?-1618),  military  and 
naval  commander  and  author ;  son  of  Walter  Ralegh,  a 
Devonshire  gentleman ;  born  at  Hayes?  Barton  in  South 


RALEGH 


RALPH 


Devon :  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  served 
France  iu  the  Huguenot  army  at  Jarnac  and  MI 
1509 ;  undertook  a  'voyage  of  di*covery '  with  hi*  half- 
brother.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  1578,  and  (June  1680) 
-:ii!."t  to  Ireland  as  capUin  of  a  company;  put  to  death 
the  Spanish  nnd  Italian  garrison  of  the  Fort  del  < >ro  at 
Smcrwick  in  accordance  with  the  lord  deputy's  order, 
1580;  was  sent  to  EngUad  with  despatches,  1681,  and  at 
nnce  ciniirht  Queen  Elizabeth's  fancy;  remained  at  court 
for  several  years,  the  recipient  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
bounties  to  an  extent  which  gave  much  occasion  for 
scandal ;  obtained  numerous  grants,  and  (1584)  was 
knighted ;  obtained  a  patent  to  take  possession  of  on* 
known  lauds  in  America  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  name, 
1684,  and  on  the  return  of  a  preliminary  expedition  the  sea- 
board of  the  continent  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland  wu» 
christened  Virginia  (first  settlement  made  by  Sir  Richard 
Orenville(1541  7-1591)  [q.  v.],  1585, abandoned,  1586  :  after 
several  unsuccessful  expeditions,  in  1603  the  patent  lapsed 
to  the  crown) ;  never  visited  Virginia  himself,  though  the 
traditional  story  that  potatoes  and  tobacco  were  intro- 
duced into  England  in  consequence  of  these  attempt*  at 
colonisation  is  probably  correct :  placed  on  a  commuwiou 
to  draw  up  a  plan  of  defence  against  Invasion  from  Spain, 
1588 ;  found  his  influence  somewhat  lessened  by  a  quarrel 
with  the  new  favourite,  Essex,  1588,  and  (1592)  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  of  London  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
discovered  that  he  had  carried  on  an  intrigue  with  Eliza- 
beth Throgmorton ;  released,  but  subsequently  marrying 
Elizabeth  Throgmorton  was  forbidden  the  court :  settled 
at  Sherborne  and  took  an  active  part  in  parliamentary 
proceedings ;  interested  himself  in  the  Spanish  legend  of 
the  fabulous  wealth  of  Manoa,  and  (1596)  undertook  an 
expedition  in  search  of  the  city ;  failed  to  find  Manoa, 
but  brought  back  specimens  of  goldbearing  quartz  ;  took 
a  brilliant  part  in  the  expedition  against  Cadiz,  1596, 
and  (1597)  equally  distinguished  himself  in  the  Azores ; 
deprived  of  most  of  his  offices  on  the  accession  of  James  I, 
whose  mind  had  been  set  against  him ;  was  sent  to  the 
Tower  of  London  on  the  charge  of  conspiring  against 
James  I,  1603 :  found  guilty,  November  1603 ;  reprieved, 
December  1603 ;  hail  apartments  in  the  upper  storey  of 
the  Bloody  Tower,  where  he  lived  with  his  wife  and  son 
until  1616,  when  his  friends  succeeded  in  persuading 
James  i  to  permit  him  to  undertake  another  expedition 
to  the  Orinoco  in  search  of  gold,  the  expenses  of  the 
adventure  being  defrayed  by  himself  and  his  wife  and  the 
gentlemen  adventurers  who  gathered  round  him  ;  had 
strict  orders  not  to  engage  in  hostilities  with  the  Spaniards : 
his  fleet  scattered  by  foul  winds  and  storms ;  on  arriving 
at  the  Isle  de  Salut  remained  behind  with  the  ships,  being 
too  feeble  from  the  effects  of  fever  to  proceed,  and  placed 
the  expedition  up  the  river  under  the  command  of 
Laurence  Kemys  [q.  v.],  who  failed  after  burning  the 
Spanish  settlement  of  San  Tomus ;  could  not  induce  his 
men  to  make  another  effort,  and  returned  to  England, 
1618 ;  his  punishment  demanded  by  the  Spanish  minister 
on  the  news  of  the  destruction  of  San  Tomas  ;  arrested  at 
Ashburton  and  lodged  in  the  Tower  of  London,  after  an 
attempt  to  escape  to  France  ;  executed  in  Old  Palace  Yard, 
Westminster,  in  pursuance  of  his  former  sentence,  29  Oct. 
1618.  His  remains  were  buried  in  St.  Margaret's,  West- 
minster. Much  of  his  poetry  is  lost.  About  thirty  short 
pieces  survive,  the  principal  of  which  is  a  fragment  called 
'  Cynthia,  the  Lady  of  the  Sea.'  In  prose  he  published 
« A  Report  of  the  Truth  of  the  Fight  about  the  Isles  of 
Azores  '  (1591), '  The  Discovery  of  the  Empyre  of  Guiana ' 
(1596),  and  his  'History  of  the  World'  (1614),  which  he 
carried  down  to  B.C.  130.  He  wrote  many  essays  on 
political  subjects,  some  of  which  were  published  after  his 
death.  [xlvU.  188] 

RALEGH  or  RALEIGH,  WALTER  (1586-1646), 
divine ;  son  of  Sir  Carew  Ralegh  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester 
College  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1608 ;  created 
D.D.,  1636  ;  held  a  number  of  minor  preferments,  and  as 
a  staunch  royalist  suffered  grievously  during  the  civil 
war :  appointed  dean  of  Wells,  1641 ;  made  a  prisoner, 
roughly  treated,  and  mortally  wounded  iu  a  scuffle  at 
Wells.  [xlvil.  206] 

RALEIGH,  ALEXANDER  (1817-1880),  nonconfor- 
mist divine :  congregational  pastor  at  Greenock,  1846- 
1847,  Rotherham,  1860-6,  Glasgow,  1856-8:  Canonbury, 
London,  1858-76,  and  Kensington,  1876-80:  made  D.D. 
Glasgow,  1865.  He  bad  a  wide  reputation  as  a  preacher. 


RALEIGH.  WILLIAM  I,K  (  /.  1250),  succe»ivdj 
bishop  of  Norwich  and  Winchester:  appointed  one  of 
the  justice*  of  the  bench  and  justice*  itinerant.  1228; 
consecrated  bishop  of  Norwich  in  1139,  and  translated 
to  Winchester  in  1244 :  had  been  elected  to  the  see  of 
Winchester  in  1238,  but  his  nomination  being  rejected 
by  Henry  III,  only  obtained  admission  when  supported  by 
an  interdict.  [xlvil.  208] 

RALFE,  JAMBS  (./I.  1820-1829),  writer  on  naval 
history  :  author  of  'The  Naval  Biography  of  Great  Britain' 
(1838)  and  other  works.  [xlvii.  206] 

RALF8,  JOHN  (1807-1890),  botanist ;  practiwd  for  a 
time  an  a  surgeon,  but  in  1837  settled  at  Penzance,  aban- 
doned his  profession,  and  devoted  himself  to  botany  :  pre- 
sident of  the  Penzance  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Society.  1883-4;  published  '  British  Phwnogamoos  Plant* 
and  Ferns,'  1839,  and  '  The  British  Desmlde*,'  1848. 

[xlvii.  209] 

RALPH.    [See  also  RANDULP.] 

RALPH  THK  TIMID,  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (<<.  1067). 
Norman  noble;  came  to  England  (1041)  with  Edward  the 
Confessor,  whose  sister,  Godgif u,  was  his  mother ;  became 
Earl  of  Worcester  in  1042;  supported  Edward  against 
Codwin  in  1051,  receiving  Swegen's  earldom  of  Hereford- 
shire ;  defeated  by  ^Ifgar  [q.  v.]  and  his  Welsh  allies  in 
1056.  .  [xlvii.  210] 

RALPH  OP  \VADKU,  EARL  or  NORFOLK  (Jt.  1070). 
[See  GUADKR,  RALPH.] 

RALPH  op  TOKRNT  (d.  1102),  Norman  baron  ;  here- 
ditary  standard-bearer  of  Normandy  :  fought  at  Hast- 
ings, 1066,  and  was  rewarded  by  large  grants  of  land ; 
supported  William  Rufus  against  bis  brother  Robert. 

[xlvii.  210] 

RALPH  OP  MORTRMKR  (d.  1104  ?).    [See  MORTIMER.] 

RALPH  n'Escuura,  sometimes  called  RALPH  DR 
TmmxK  ('/.  1122),  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  became  a 
monk  of  Seez,  1079,  and  abbot,  1089  ;  tied  to  England  from 
the  violence  of  Robert  of  Belleme,  1100,  and  (1108)  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Rochester :  became  administrator 
of  the  diocese  of  Canterbury  on  Auselm's  death  in  1109, 
and  (1114)  was  chosen  archbishop  ;  refused  to  consecrate 
Thurstan  [q.  v.],  archbishop-elect  of  York,  unless  he  pro- 
fessed obedience  to  Canterbury,  1114  ;  soon  afterwards  pro- 
ceeded to  Rome  to  represent  to  Pope  Pascal  1 1  the  ancient 
privileges  of  the  kingdom,  but  could  not  prevent  the 
eventual  consecration  of  Thurstan  in  1119  by  Pope  Calix- 
tus  at  Rheims  ;  the  controversy  Kill  undecided  at  his 
death,  in  spite  of  Thurstan's  having  obtained  possession 
of  his  see ;  convinced  Henry  I  that  the  matter  concerned 
the  unity  of  the  kingdom,  propounding  the  maxim,  « One 
primate,  one  king.'  [xlvii.  211] 

RALPH,  RADTTLF,  RAKULF,  or  RANDULF  (d. 
1123),  chancellor:  was  chancellor  from  1107-8  till  his 
death  ;  his  administration  was  described  as  unjust  and 
oppressive.  [xlvii.  215] 

RALPH,  called  LUFPA  (</.  1123),  bishop  of  Chlchester : 
consecrated,  1091 ;  supported  Auselm  against  Rufus,  and 
greatly  raised  the  dignity  of  his  see.  [xlvii.  216] 

RALPH  (d.  1144  ?X  bishop  of  Orkney ;  consecrated 
before  1114  by  the*  archbishop  of  York,  but  ignored  by  the 
people  of  the  Islands,  who  regarded  the  primate  of 
Trondhjem  as  their  head :  never  went  Into  residence, 
though  his  cause  was  espoused  by  the  papacy :  friend  of 
Thuretau  [q.  v.]  [xlYii.  216] 

RALPH  GORION  or  GUBIUN  (<f.  1161),  abbot  of 
St.  Albans ;  elected  abbot,  1146 :  remarkable  for  his  love 
of  learning  and  his  large  collection  of  books,  [xlvil.  218] 

RALPH  (</.  1160?),  theological  writer;  was  almoner 
of  Westminster  and  prior  of  Hurley  ;  one  or  two  of  his 
writings  are  extant.  [xlvil.  217] 

RALPH  (</.  1174),  bishop  of  Bethlehem  and  chancellor 
of  the  Latin  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  ;  stated  by  William  ol 
Tyre  to  have  been  an  Englishman;  first  appears  in  a 
charter  of  1146  as  chancellor  under  Baldwin  III;  no- 
minated archbishop  of  Tyre,  1147,  but  his  appointment 
invalidated,  1150,  by  Bugeulus;  elected  bishop  of  U.th- 
lehem,  1166.  [xlvii.  217] 


RALPH 


1084 


RAMSAY 


RALPH  'i  Pi.  \i.n\v-  or  RALPH  OK  DUNSTABLE 
(JL  1 180  ?>,  learned  writer ;  was  probably  a  monk  of  St. 
Albans  and  a  native  of  Duu^tuhlo;  turned  into  verse 
proae  lives  of  St.  Alban  and  St.  Ampbibalus.  [xlvii.  218] 

RALPH  NIGER  (Ji.  1170).    [See  NIOKU.] 
RALPH  DK  DICKTO  (rf.  180S  ?).    [See  DICETO.] 
RALPH  OF  COGOESHALL  (fl.  1207).    [Sec  COGGES- 

UALU] 

RALPH  or  RANDULPH  OK  EVKSHAM  (rf.  1229). 
abbot  of  Evesham  ;  elected  abbot,  1214.  [xlvii.  218] 

RALPH  OF  BRISTOL  (rf.  1232),  bishop  of  Kildare; 
consecrated.  1223 ;  wrote  a  life  of  St.  Laurence  OToole, 
archbishop  of  Dublin.  [xlvii.  218] 

RALPH  OF  MunsroNK  (rf.  1246),  bishop  of  Hereford ; 
taught  in  the  schools  of  Oxford  and  Paris ;  consecrated 
biahop,  1834,  but  resigned,  1239,  in  order  to  euter  the 
Franciscan  order.  [xlvii.  219] 

RALPH  BOOKING  (rf.  1270).    [See  BOCKIXG.] 

RALPH  OF  SHREWSBURY  (rf.  1363),  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1328 ;  consecrated, 
1399 ;  active  in  reforming  abuses. especially  in  the  religious 
houses  of  his  diocese.  [xlvii.  219] 

RALPH.  GEORGE  KEITH  (  fi.  1778-1796),  portrait- 
painter;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1778-96. 

[xlvii.  220] 

RALPH,  JAMES  (1705  ?-1762),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
born  in  Pennsylvania :  accompanied  Franklin  to  England, 
1724 ;  attacked  Pope  in  a  coarse  satire,  1728,  and  in  1744 
and  1746  published  a  '  History  of  England '  (1688-1727)  in 
two  volumes;  became  subsequently  a  journalist,  and 
showed  sufficient  ability  to  induce  the  Pelham  ministry  to 
purchase  his  pen.  The  '  Histoire  du  Prince  Titi '  (1736), 
a  eulogy  of  Prince  Frederick,  lias  been  incorrectly  attri- 
buted to  him.  [xlvii.  221] 

RALSTON,  RALESTON,  or  RATILSTON,  JOHN 
(rf.  1458).  bishop  of  Duukeld :  LL.D.,  1440 ;  appointed 
secretary  to  James  II  of  Scotland,  1444  ;  keeper  of  the 
privy  seal,  1447-9 ;  bishop  of  Dunkeld,  1447-52 ;  became 
high  treasurer,  1449.  [xlvii.  224] 

RALSTON,  WILLIAM  RALSTON  SHEDDEN-  (1828- 
1889),  Russian  scholar ;  son  of  W.  P.  Ralston  Shedden ; 
BJL.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1850 :  called  to  the  bar  : 
assumed  the  additional  name  of  Ralston  (r.  1852),  after  his 
father  hud  unsuccessfully  claimed  the  Ralstou  estates  in 
Ayrshire ;  assistant  in  the  printed  book  department  at  the 
British  Museum  (1853-75),  where  he  acquired  a  know- 
ledge of  Russian  and  edited  several  Russian  translations. 

RAM,  JAMES  (1793-1870),  conveyancer*  and^egal 
author;  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1823;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1823 ;  published  legal  treatises. 

RAM,  ROBERT  (fl.  1643-1655),  divine  :  son  of  Thomas 
Ram  [q.  v.]  ;  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  •  was 
minister  of  Spaldiug  ;  supported  the  cause  of  parliament 
in  his  speeches  and  writings.  [xlvii.  226] 


THOMAS  (1664-1634),  bishop  of  Ferns  and 
Leighhn  ;  educated  at  Eton  :  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge  ;  accompanied  Essex  to  Ireland  as  chaplain 
1599  ;  consecrated  bishop,  1605.  [xlvii.  226] 

RAMADGE,  FRANCIS  HOPKINS  (1793-1867),  medi- 
cal writer;  M.A.and  M.B.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1819 
(incorporated  M.B.  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford  1821);  M  D 
Oxford,  1821  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1822;  censor,  1825;  senior  phyl 
alcian  at  the  Central  Infirmary  and  Dispensary,  London; 


RAMAOE,  CRAUPURD  TAIT  -e- 

laneotM  writer:  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1825;   was  for  fifteen 

?£E  tS°r*ta  t1berfamlly  of  Thoma8  Spring-Rice,  first 
baron    Mouteagle    [q.  v.]  ;    became   rector    of   Wallace 

.£S  f,?1?^'  1842:  Publl8hed  'our  anthologies,  entitled 
Beautiful  Thought*,'  besides  other  writings,  [xlvii.  227] 


JOHANN  HEINRICH(  1763-1840),  his- 
nii,t  Painter:  born  to  Hanover;  came  to 
and  returned  to  Hanover,  1792,  when  he 
appointed  electoral  court  painter.  [xlvii.  228] 

WILLTAM     (/•    1645-1676).      [See 


RAMKINS,  ALKX.VNDER  (1672-1719?),  adhi-ivnt 
of  Jauu*s  1 1  :  studied  at  Aberdeen  University ;  fought  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland  at  the  time  of  the  revolution,  and 
afterwards  served  in  the  French  army.  [xlvii.  228] 

RAMSAY,  Sm  ALEXANDER  (rf.  1342),  of  Dalhousie, 
Scottish  patriot ;  held  a  command  in  the  engagement  of 
Boroughmuir,  1335,  and  relieved  Duubar,  1338 ;  captured 
Roxburgh  Castle  from  the  English,  1342,  but  im-nnv  1  tin- 
enmity  of  William  Douglas  of  Liddesdale,  who  seized  him 
and  left  him  to  perish  of  hunger  in  the  castle  of  the 
Hermitage.  [xlvii.  229] 

RAMSAY,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (rf.  1402),  of  Dalhousie 
Scottish  noble ;  killed  at  Houiildon  Hill.  [xlvii.  230] 

RAMSAY,  Sm  ALEXANDER  (fl.  1424-1451),  Scot- 
tish noble  ;  probably  grandson  of  Sir  Alexander  Ramsay 
(rf.  1402)  [q.  v.]  ;  routed  an  English  force  at  Piperden, 
1435.  [xlvii.  230] 

RAMSAY,  ALLAN  (1686-1758),  Scottish  poet:  an 
Edinburgh  wig-maker  by  trade ;  became  laureate  of  the 
Jacobite  «  Easy  Club,'  1715,  and  (c.  1717)  abandoned  witr- 
making  for  bookselling  ;  published  his  collected  poems, 
1721,  the  •  Tea-table  Miscellany,'  1724-7,  and  (1725)  his 
pastoral  drama, '  The  Gentle  Shepherd,'  which  achieved 
instant  success ;  ceased  to  write  after  1730,  and  in  1755 
retired  from  business ;  edited  a  number  of  ancient  Scottish 
poems,  and  freely  tampered  with  the  text,  [xlvii.  230] 

RAMSAY,  ALLAN  (1713-1784),  painter;  eldest  child 

of  Allan  Ramsay  (1686-1758)  [q.  v.J  ;  studied  in  London 

;  and  on  the  continent ;  found  employment  in  Edinburgh  as 

a  portrait-painter  for  some  years,  but  (c.  1756)  migrated 

;  to  London,  where  Walpole  considered  that   he  excelled 

'  Reynolds  as  a  painter  of  women  ;  became  portrait-painter 

to    George  III,  1767.     He  was  one  of  the  Johnsonian 

group,  and  was  distinguished  for  knowledge  of  the  world 

and  social  charm.  [xlvii.  2:53] 

RAMSAY,  ANDREW  (1574-1659),  Scottish  divine 
and  Latin  poet :  educated  at  St.  Andrews  ;  studied  theo- 
logy in  France  and  became  professor  at  Saumur ;  returned 
to  Scotland,  c.  1606,  and  became  a  minister  in  Edinburgh, 
1614,  professor  of  divinity,  1620,  and  rector  of  the  college, 
posts  which  he  resigned  in  1626  ;  refused  to  read  Laud's 
prayer  book,  and  for  this  was  silenced  by  the  privy  council, 
1637 ;  became  a  leading  covenanter  for  a  time,  but  (1649) 
was  deposed  for  refusing  to  preach  against  the  '  engage- 
ment' ;  restored,  1655  ;  published  sacred  poems  in  Latin. 

[xlvii.  234] 

RAMSAY,  SIR  ANDREW,  first  baronet,  Loiiu  AB- 
BOTSHALL  (1620  ?-1688),  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh ;  eldest 
son  of  Andrew  Ramsay  [q.  v.]  ;  lord  provost,  1654-7  and 
1662-73  ;  knighted,  1655  and  1660  ;  created  baronet,  1669 ; 
named  privy  councillor  and  admitted  lord  of  session, 
1671 ;  became  very  unpopular,  and  was  obliged  to  resign 
his  offices,  1673.  [xlvii.  235] 

RAMSAY,  SIR  ANDREW  OROMBIE  (1814-1891), 
geologist ;  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  geology  from 
an  early  age,  and  (1841)  obtained  employment  on  the  geo- 
logical survey ;  was  appointed  professor  of  geology  at 
University  College,  London,  1847,  but  still  preserved  his 
connection  with  the  survey,  of  which  he  became  senior 
director  for  England  and  Wales,  1862,  and  director-general, 
1871 ;  president  of  the  Geological  Society,  1862-4  ;  F.R.S., 
1862  (royal  medallist,  1880)  :  retired  from  the  geological 
survey  and  was  knighted,  1881  ;  underrated  palaeontology 
and  petrology,  and  devoted  most  of  his  attention  to  dis- 
trict stratigraphy.  [xlvii.  236] 

RAMSAY,  ANDREW  MICHAEL  (1686-1743),  tutor 
to  Prince  Charles  Edward ;  son  of  an  Ayrshire  baker ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University ;  became  a  Roman  catholic 
in  1710  under  the  influence  of  Fern-Ion,  and  in  1724  be- 
came tutor  to  Prince  James  Edward's  two  sons ;  came  to 
England,  1728,  and  was  made  F.R.S.  and  LL.D.  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford ;  author  of  a  number  of  works,  the  most 
notable  being  his  '  Voyages  de  Cyrus '  (1727),  in  imitation 
of  '  Telemaque,'  and  '  Philosophical  Principles  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion  explained  and  unfolded  in  a  Geo- 
metrical Order,'  published,  1749.  [xlvii.  238] 

RAMSAY,  CHARLES  ALOYSIUS  (fl.  1677-1683), 
writer  on  stenography  ;  resided  in  Germany  and  France ; 
became  known  as  the  publisher  of  a  system  of  shorthand 
in  Latin.  [xlvii.  239] 


RAMSAY 


RAMSAY 


RAMSAY,  DAVID  (d.  1642),  courtier;  brother  of 
Sir  James  llamsay  [q.  v.] ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to 
I'riucc  Henry  :  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  Louden,  in 
consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  Lord  Iteuy,  1631. 

[xlvii.  WO] 

RAMSAY,  DAVID  (d.  1663  "f\  clockmaker  to  James  I 
and  Charles  I ;  appointed  cloekmaker  extraordinary  to 
Jnmes  I,  1613,  and  (1618)  chief  clockmaker:  was  also  a 


to  permit  the  mien  of  various  native  state*  to  carry  on 
the  succession  by  the  expedient  of  adopting  an  heir  : 
MUMM  to  imalM  t:,  Stod  Mk  3  ••  ril  -t 


student  of  the  occult  science*  and  an  inventor. 


RAMSAY,  EDWARD  BANNERMAN 
dean  of  K.iintnuvl, ;  it.A.  .-t.  John1*  College/Cambridge. 
1816:  ordained,  1816;  went  to  Edinburgh,  1824;  dean  of 
Edinburgh,  1841-79,  becoming  generally  known  in  Soot- 
laud  as  Dean  Ramsay ;  published  ( 18*8)  his  •  Remlnisomees 
of  Scottish  Life  and  Character,'  by  which  he  to  most 
widely  known.  [xlvii.  241] 

RAMSAY,  FOX  MAULK,  eleventh  BAHL  ov  DAL- 
HMIMK  and  second  liAUux  PAXMUKK  (1801-1874).  [See 
MAULK,  Fox.] 

RAMSAY,  SIR  GEORGE,  ninth  baronet  (1800-1871), 
philosophical  writer;  of  Harrow  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  IMS ;  M.B.,  1896 ;  contributed  volu- 
minously to  philosophical  topics,  but  made  no  addition  of 
importance  to  philosophic  Inquiry.  [xlviL  242] 

RAMSAY,  GEORGE,  twelfth*  EARL  or  D.M.M.X  >IK 
awl  first  BAKUN  RAMSAY  (1806-1880),  entered  the  navy, 
1820  :  C.B.,  1866  ;  Hucceeded  hi*  cousin.  Fox  Maule  Ram- 
say, eleventh  earl  of  Dalhousie  [q.  v.],  1874  ;  created  Baron 
Ramsay  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1876  ;  admiral,  1876. 

[xlvii.  842] 

RAMSAY,  SIK  JAMES  (16897-1638),  soldier  ;  nearly 
related  to  Sir  John  Ramsay,  earl  of  Holderness  [q.  v.]  ; 
accompanied  James  VI  to  England  on  his  accession,  and 
afterwards  fought  under  Gustaviu  Adolphus ;  mortally 
wounded  while  defending  Hanover  against  the  imiterialista. 

[xlvii.  243] 

RAMSAY,  JAMES  (16247-1696),  bishop  of  Ross; 
lanreated  at  Glasgow  University,  1647  ;  ordained  minister 
of  Kirkintilloch,  1668;  was  transferred  to  Liullthgow, 
1685;  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1666-71 ;  bishop  of 
Dunblane,  1673  :  translated  to  Ross,  1684 ;  expelled  from 
office  on  the  abolition  of  episcopacy ;  died  in  great 
poverty.  [xlvii.  244] 

RAMSAY,  JAMES  (1733-1789X  divine  and  phil- 
anthropist ;  studied  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen  ;  served 
as  a  surgeon  In  the  navy  in  earlier  life,  but  afterwards 
took  holy  orders ;  settled  in  the  West  Indies  and  interested 
himself  in  the  negroes ;  came  into  collision  with  the 
planters:  accepted  a  naval  chaplaincy,  1778;  presented 
to  a  living  in  Kent,  1781 ;  endeavoured  to  stimulate 
a  movement  in  England  in  favour  of  the  abolition  of 
slavery ;  bore  the  brunt  of  the  struggle  almost  unaided 
for  some  time,  but  latterly  was  supported  by  Wilberforcc 
and  others.  [xlvii.  246] 

EAMSAY,  JAMES  (1786-1864),  portrait-painter; 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1803  ;  continued 
to  paint  until  1849.  [xlvii.  247] 


oto         i  :v..-.  ...  -.-,.  .1 

,.Pl,T    .,:    !••     B      Hi     Qj     :.:..:..r-.    •       .-    .,:-.-     „? 

ministration  ;  returned  to  England,  IBM,  after  prou*ung 
•jpfMl  t:.,  BNbMM  at  nda  tafftb  loraptta  ^rr.-o., 
5  Ete  ko  •••  nfora  •'•  <v  n  m  mg  .  rwstad  vttk 

on  hU  arrival,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
assailed  on  account  of  his 
policy  of  annexation  and  bis  confidence  In  the  native 


[xlvll.  239]      i  great  honour 
(1793-1872),     mutiny  in  1867  was 


army,  though  such  charges  were  not  supported  by  those 
cognisant  of  the  aotuaL facts  of  the  case.       [xlvii.  247] 

BAM8AY,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1613),  lord  of  Bothwell ; 
was  one  of  the  favourites  of  James  III :  escaped  the  ven- 
geance of  the  nobles  at  Lander  Bridge  In  148*  on  account 
of  his  youth  ;  was  several  times  ambassador  to  the  English 
court,  but  after  the  death  of  James  III  was  forfeited  by 

•llament,  1488,  and  took  refuge  with  Henry  VII ;  n- 
to  Scotland,  1496,  but  continued  to  act  in  the 


parlia 
turned 


English  interest 


[xlvii.  266] 


RAMSAY.  JOHN  (U9«?-1661),  divine:  B.A.  New 
Inn  Hall,  Oxford.  1514  :  B.D.,  1622  ;  «ueeeM>ively  prior  of 
St.  Mary's  College,  Oxford,  and  Merton  Abbey,  Surrey  ; 
adopted  reformation  principles  and  resigned  bis  priory; 


wrote  two  treatises. 


[xlvii.  2*7] 


RAMSAY,  SIR  JOHN,  BARON  or  BART  BARKIS  VIS- 
COUNT HADDIXGTON  and  EARL  or  HOLUKKXKBH  (1580?- 
1626  X  favourite  of  James  VI ;  assisted  James  VI  in  the 
Gowrie  conspiracy  by  killing  the  Earl  of  Gowrie  and  bis 
brother,  1600,  for  which  he  was  created  a  baron ;  accom- 
panied James  VI  to  England,  and  in  1606  was  made  a 
viscount,  and  In  1621  an  earl.  [xlvii.  267] 

RAMSAY,  JOHN  (1802-1879),  poet;  originally  a 
carpet-weaver:  travelled  through  Scotland  for  fifteen 
years  ">ll'"g  his  poems,  which  were  energetic  and  pic- 


turesque. 

BAM8AY,  SIR  JOHN  WILLIAM,  thirteenth  EARL 
or  DALHOUSIK  (1847-1887Xson  of  George  Ramsay,  twelfth 
earl  of  Dalbousie  [q.  v.] :  entered  the  navy,  1861,  but 
retired,  1879,  and  devoted  himself  to  study  and  politics  ; 
i  matriculated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1875 :  liberal  M.P. 
for  Liverpool,  1880;  succeeded  as  earl,  1880  :  K.T.,  1881  : 
became  secretary  for  Scotland,  1886.  [xlvii.  J4S] 

RAMSAY  or  RAMSEY,  LAURENCE  (ft.  1660-1588X 
versifier ;  attacked  the  Roman  catholics  in  verse. 

[xlvii.  259] 

RAMSAY  or  RAMSEY,  ROBERT  (/.  1609-1689X 
musician  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Cambridge,  1616 ;  organist  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge.  Several  of  his  compositions  linve 
been  preserved.  [xlrlL  269] 

RAMSAY,  ROBERT  (1842-1882X  Australian  politi- 
cian ;  took  bis  seat  in  the  legislative  assembly  of  Victoria 
!  as  member  for  East  Bourke,  1870,  and  (1872)  joined  the 
Francis  ministry,  becoming  postmaster-general  in  1874 ; 
1  became  minister  of  public  instruction,  1875;  resigned, 
!  1877,  but    (March  1880)  joined  Service's    ministry,  re- 
signing, June  1880.  [*lTiL  260] 


•     RAMSAY,   SIR  JAMES  ANDREW  BROUN,  tenth 
EARL  and   first   MARQUIS  OK  DALHOUBIK  (1812-1860),  , 
governor-general    of    India;    educated    at    Harrow  and          BAM8AY  or  RAMSEY,  THOMAS  Of.  3    I1-1653X 

—    '  Roman  catholic  agent ;  sou  of  a  Soottbh  physician  ;  M.A. 
1  Glasgow   and    Edinburgh ;    became    a    Roman    catholic 


Glasgow   and    Edinburgh  ; 

abroad,  and  was  sent  to  England  on  a  mission  in  1653,  and 
took  the  name  of  Thomas  Horsley  ;  arrested  soon  after 
his  arrival.  [xlviL280] 


Haddiugtonghire,1837  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  tenth  earl, 
and  entered  the  House  of  Lords  as  second  Baron  Dalhousie, 
1838 ;  became  president  of  the  board  of  trade,  1846,  and 
(1817)  governor-general  of  India ;  during  the  second  Sikh 
war  established  himself  at  Firozpur,  near  the  scene  of  ope- 
rations, and  on  its  conclusion  he  was  created  a  marquis  ; 
declared  the  Pan  jab  a  British  province,  1849,  placing  it 
under  a  board,  of  which  he  made  Sir  Henry  Montgomery 
Lawrence  [q.  v.]  president ;  issued  his  famous  minute,  by 
which  he  determined  the  character  of  Indian  railways, 

1853,  resolving,  in  introducing  the  railway  system  into     ,  ,-£j    7jj£A  niaV^d" Isabel,  countess  of  Fife,  1866,  and 
to  avail  himself  of  private  enterprise,  while  pro-     VTM  Invested  with   the  earldom  :  fought  on  the  French 

trol  bv     .  ,.,cc  fxlvii.2611 


RAMSAY,  THOMAS  KENNEDY  (  1826-  1886  ),  Cana- 
dian judge  and  jurist;  emigrated  from  Scotland  in  1847; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  1862  :  Q.C.,  1867  ;  became  (1878) 
a  puisne  judge  of  the  queen's  bench  in  Canada. 

BAJKAY,    WILLIAM,  of  Colluthic,  BAHL  or  Pin? 


Tiding  a  system  of  direct  but  not  vexatious  control  by 
government;  introduced  the  electric  telegraph  and  took 
measures  for  the  suppression  of  suttee  in  native  states, 
the  suppression  of  dacoity,  the  alteration  of  the  postal 
system,  and  the  removal  of  imposts  which  shackled  trade ; 
undertook  the  second  Burmese  war,  1862,  which  ended  in 
the  annexation  of  Lower  Burma ;  his  policy  of  annexation 
much  criticised,  particularly  with  reference  to  his  refusal 


side  at  Poitiers,  1366. 

RAMSAY,   WILLIAM,  second 
DALHITSIK  and  first  EARL  OK 


[xlvii.  261] 
BARON  RAMSAY  or 

WAUnvbB.. _Ai.HorniK  (rf.  1674X 

succeeded  his  father  as  baron.  1C2-J  :  created  earl.  1688 
colonel  in  the  covenanting  army;  aided  Argyll  agait 
Montn-e ;  supported  ObarL  II  in  1661,  and  was  flnei  by 
Cromwell,  lt»64  C^rli.  *»3 


RAMSAY 


1086 


RANDOLPH 


RAMSAY  or  EAMESEY,  WILLIAM  (J».  1645-lG7u>, 
physician  and  a'troloyer :  son  of  David  Ramsoy  (d.  1653  '() 
[q.  T.]  ;  utii'lu-il  .it  >t.  Andrews,  Edinburgh  ;  M.D.  Mont- 
pcllier,  1662;  phyMHun  iu  ordinary  to  Charles  II;  M.D. 
Cambridge  by  royal  mandate,  1668  ;  published  medical 
and  astrological  works.  [xlvii.  262] 


_  LT,  WILLIAM  (1806-1865),  classical  scholar; 
brother  of  Sir  George  Rauisay  [<i.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1836;  professor  of  humanity,  Glasgow, 
1831-66;  published  'Au  Elementary  Manual  of  Homau 
Antiquities,'  1869,  and  editions  of  Latin  classics. 

[xlvii.  263] 

RAMSAY.  WILLIAM  NORMAN  (1782-1816),  major 
in  the  royal  horse  artillery;  erftcred  the  army,  1798; 
served  in  Egypt  and  Spain  with  the  horse  artillery ;  dis- 
tinw'iiislieii  himself  at  Fueutes  d'Onoro,  1811;  brevet- 
major,  1813  ;  killed  at  Waterloo.  [xlvii.  263] 

RAMSBOTHAM.  FKANOIS  HENRY  (1801-1868), 
medical  writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1822;  F.R.O.P.  London, 
1844 ;  obstetric  physician  at  the  London  Hospital ; 
eminent  as  a  lecturer  and  specialist  in  obstetrics. 

[xlvii.  266] 

RAMStfEN,  JESSE  (1735-1800),  optician  and  me- 
chanician ;  set  up  as  an  engraver  iu  1762,  and  afterwards 
took  out  patents  for  important  improvements  in  astro- 
nomical instruments;  was  renowned  as  an  instrument- 
maker  throughout  Europe,  and  had  an  enormous  business, 
bat  refused  to  raise  his  prices,  and  left  but  a  small 
fortune.  [xlvii.  265] 

RAMSEY.    [See  RAMSAY.] 

RAMSEY,  WILLIAM  OF  (/.  1219).    [See  WILLIAM.] 

RANBY.  JOHN  (1703-1773),  sergeant-surgeon  ;  F.R.S., 
1724;  became  surgeon  in  ordinary  to  the  king's  house- 
hold, 1738,  sergeant-surgeon  to  George  II,  1740,  and  prin- 
cipal sergeant-surgeon,  1743;  induced  government  to 
found  a  corporation  of  surgeons  distinct  from  that  of  the 
barbers,  1746,  and  became  the  first  master;  chief  work 
4  The  Method  of  Treating  Gunshot  Wounds,'  1744.  Field- 
ing introduced  him  into  '  Tom  Jones.'  [xlvii.  267] 

RANBY,  JOHN  (1743-1820),  pamphleteer;  natural 
son  of  John  Ranby  [q.  v.] ;  was  a  tory  pamphleteer  of 
uome  ability.  [xlvii.  268] 

RAND,  ISAAC  (d.  1743),  botanist;  was  appointed, 
1124,  prof td  ui  horli  of  Chelsea  garden;  published  bota- 
nical treatises ;  F.R.S.,  1739.  [xlvii.  268] 

RANDALL,  JOHN  (1570-1622),  puritan  divine;  of 
St  Mary  Hall  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1585 ; 
fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1587 ;  M.A.,  1589  ;  rector 
of  Ht.  Andrew  Hubbard,  London,  1599-1622,  where  he 
made  a  reputation  as  a  preacher.  [xlvii.  269] 

RANDALL,  JOHN  (/.  1764),  schoolmaster  and  agri- 
culturist; M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1727;  car- 
ried on  a  private  school  at  York ;  published  •  The  Semi- 
Virgiliau  Husbandry.'  [xlvii.  269] 

RANDALL,  JOHN  (1715-1799),  organist:  Mus.  Doc. 
Cambridge,  1756;  organist  to  King's  College  Chapel, 
f'auibridge,  1745-99;  professor  of  music  at  Cambridge, 
1756-99.  [xlvii.  270] 

RANDALL,  JOHN  (1756-1802),  shipbuilder;  built 
nary  vessels  at  Rotherhithe  for  the  East  India  Company 
and  for  government;  died  from  the  effects  of  a  fever 
brought  on  by  mortification  at  a  strike  of  his  workmen. 

[xlvii.  270] 

RANDALL,  THOMAS(1605-1635).    [See  RANDOLPH.] 

RANDALL,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1584-1603),  musician; 
was  episUer  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1584 ;  one  or 
two  of  bUs  compositions  survive.  [xlvii.  271] 

RANDOLPH,  BERNARD  (1643-1690?),  writer  on 
Greece;  brother  of  Edward  Randolph  (1640V-1700  ?) 
[q.  v.]  ;  was  long  engaged  in  commerce  in  the  Levant,  and 
wrote  accounts  of  the  Morea  and  the  Greek  Archipelago. 

RANDOLPH,  CHARLES  (1809-1878),  marine2  engi- 
neer :  educated  at  Glasgow  University  ;  started  business 
n  (tlungow,  1834.  His  firm  developed  into  the  Fairfield 
Shipbuilding  Company.  [xlvii.  271] 

RANDOLPH,  EDWARD  (d.  1566),  «oldler;  probably 
brother  of  Thomas  Randolph  (1623-1690)  [q.  v.] ;  em- 


ployed iu  Scotland  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reigii  and  (1563) 
wa.s  made  marshal  of  Havre  ;  became,  lieutenant-general 
of  ordnance  on  his  return  ;  killed  in  battle  at  Knockfergus. 

[xlvii.  271] 

RANDOLPH,  EDWARD  (16407-1700  V),  colonial 
official  :  prepared  a  report  on  Massachusetts  in  1676  for 
the  lords  of  trade  and  plantation  and  (1678)  was  appointed 
collector  and  surveyor  of  customs  for  New  England  ; 
subsequently  held  other  offices  and  was  imprisoned,  ltiH9, 
during  the  rebellion  against  Sir  Edmund  Audros  [q.  v.] 

[xlvii.  272] 

RANDOLPH,  FRANCIS  (1752-1831),  divine;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1775;  M.A.,  1780;  D.D.  Dublin,  1806;  held 
several  minor  preferments;  had  some  reputation  as  a 
theologian,  and  contributed  to  the  Socinian  controversy. 

[xlvii.  273] 

RANDOLPH,  JOHN,  third  EARL  ov  MORAY  (d.  1346), 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Randolph,  first  earl  of  Moray  [q.  v.]  : 
succeeded  his  brother  Thomas,  second  earl  of  Moray,  1832  ; 
completely  defeated*Edward  Baliol  at  Annan,  1332  ;  fought 
at  Halidon  Hill,  1333;  chosen  (c.  1334)  joint  regent  of 
Scotland  ;  completed  the  liberation  of  the  country  by 
compelling  the  Earl  of  Atholl  to  surrender  ;  was  captured 
by  the  English,  1336,  and  remained  iu  captivity  till  1341  ; 
killed  at  the  battle  of 
[xlvii.  273] 


defeated  Baliol  at  Irvine,  1342  ; 
Neville's  Cross. 


RANDOLPH,  JOHN  (1749-1813),  successively  bishop 
of  Oxford,  Bangor,  and  London  ;  son  of  Thomas  Randolph 
(1701-1783)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1774  ;  D.D.  by  diploma,  1783  ;  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1776-83  ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1782-3;  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1782-6, 
and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  1783-99  ;  consecrated 
bishop  of  Oxford,  1799,  translated  to  Bangor,  1807,  and  to 
London,  1809.  [xlvii.  274] 

RANDOLPH,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OP  MORAY 
(d.  1332),  companion  of  Robert  Bruce  and  regent  of  Scot- 
land ;  joined  Bruce  after  the  murder  of  Red  Coinyn  in 
1306,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Methveu,  1306  ;  deserted 
Bruce  in  order  to  save  his  own  life,  and  joined  in  the  hunt 
for  him  in  Oarrick  ;  was  captured  by  Douglas,  1308,  and 
made  his  submission  to  Bruce;  became  the  most  trusted 
friend  and  adviser  of  the  Scottish  king,  and  was  created 
Earl  of  Moray  ;  performed  many  remarkable  feats  of  arms, 
including  the  capture  of  Edinburgh  Castle  by  escalade  in 
1314  ;  commanded  a  division  at  Baunockburn,  1314  ;  took 
j  part  in  Edward  Bruce's  Irish  expedition,  1315  ;  concluded 
I  an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance  with  France,  1326,  and 
j  on  the  death  of  Bruce  in  1329  became  regent. 

[xlvii.  275] 

RANDOLPH,    THOMAS    (1523-1590),    ambassador; 
B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1545  ;  B.O.L.,1548;  principal 
I  of  Broadgates  Hall  (Pembroke  College),  Oxford,  1549-53; 
i  retired  to  France  on  Queen  Mary's  accession,  but  returned, 
;  1559,  and  was  employed  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  various 
diplomatic  missions  iu  Scotland;  recalled  to  England, 
j  1566,  and  appointed  postmaster-general,  but  (1568)  was 
!  sent  on  a  mission  to  Russia  and  obtained  special  privileges 
for  English  merchants  ;  despatched  on  special  missions  to 
France,  1573  and  1576,  and  afterwards  returned  to  Scot- 
j  land  in  order  to  assist  Morton  ;  Morton's  fate  hastened  by 
j  his  intervention  ;   successfully  concluded  a  treaty  with 
!  James  VI,  1586.  [xlvii.  278] 

RANDOLPH,  THOMAS  (1605-1635),  poet  and  drama- 
j  tist  ;  showed  literary  leauings  us  a  child  ;  of  Westminster 

School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
i  College,  Cambridge,  1629;  M.A.,  1632;  made  the  ac- 

quaintance of  Ben  Jonsou  and,  after  becoming  famous 
•  in  Cambridge  as  a  writer  of  English  and  Latin  verse, 
'  went  to  London  in  1632.  His  plays  (including  '  Amyntas,' 

an  adaptation  from  GuarSni  and  Tasso.  and  '  The  Muses' 

Looking-Glasse  ')  and  poems  were  edited  by  Mr.  W.  0. 

Hazlitt,  1875.  [xlvii.  280] 

RANDOLPH,  THOMAS  (1701-1783),  president  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  and  D.D.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1723;  attracted  the  attention  of  the  bishop  of 
Oxford,  John  Potter  (1674-1747)  [q.  v.],  who,  after  he 
became  primate,  bestowed  several  preferments  on  him  ; 
t>ecame  noted  as  an  orthodox  theologian,  and  in  1748  was 
elected  president  of  Corpus  Christi  Collect',  Oxford  ;  vice- 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1756.  "  His  works  were 
numerous.  [xlvii.  282] 


RANDOLPH 


RAPIN 


RANDOLPH,  WILLIAM  (1650-1711).  colon 
brother  of  Thomas  Randolph  (1605-16^5)  [q.  v.] ;  emi- 
grated to  Virpinia  in  1»>74,  whiTc  he  founded  William  and 
Man    College,  and  attempted  to  civilize  the  Indians; 
member  of  council,  Virginia.  [xlvii.  283] 

RANDS,     HENRY     (rf.     1551).      [See    H< 
HKXKY.] 

RANL8,  WILLIAM  BR10HTY  (1823-1882).  'the 
laureate  of  the  nursery  ' :  wrote  under  the  pseudonyms  of 
Henry  Holbeach  and  Matthew  Krowne  :  after  a  struggle 
wit  h  ]>overty  became  a  reporter  in  the  House  of  Commons ; 
wrote  much  prose  and  verse  for  various  periodical 
was  especially  esteemed  for  his  poems  and  fairy  tales  for  ' 


was  especially  esteemed 
ohildivn  ;    conipo-ied   hymns. 
'  Lilliput  Lectures,'  1871. 


made  professor  of  civil  engineering  a 
at  Glasgow,  1856,  and  about  1858  became  president  of  the 
Scottish  Institution  of  Engineers.  [xlvii.  990] 

RANKIN8.  WILLIAM  Of.  1I87-U01),  author;  made 
a  Ticious  attack  on  the  stage  in  1187  in  bis  •  Mirrour  of 
Monster*/  but  afterwards  wrote  plays,  none  of  which  arc 
extant;  author  of  •  Seaven  Batyres '  (1598)  and  probably 
of  •  The  English  Ape '  (1588).  [xlvfl.  19J] 

ALFREDO819-1872).  painter :  exhibited 
[xlvii.  29?] 


ntthr  Hoyal  Academy,  1*1 

RANNULF    FLAMBARD 
BARD.] 


(d.   1128).     [Bee    FLAM- 


RANDULF,  called  LK  MKHCHIX,  EARL  OK  ORKSTKR 
(•/.  1129  ?),  nephew  of  Hugh  'of  Avram-hes,1  earl  of  Ones. 
ter  [q.  v.]  ;  led  the  van  at  Tinchebrai  (  1  106),  and  succeeded 
his  cousin  Richard,  earl  of  Chester,  in  1  120  in  his  earldom. 

[xlvii.  2*4] 

RANDULF,  called  DK  GKRXOXS,  EARL  OK  < 
(<i.  1153),  only  eon  of  Randulf  '  le  Mi-schin,'earlof  Chester 
[q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  father  shortly  before  1130,  and  after 
the  accession  of  King  Stephen  took  an  important  part  in 
English  politic*  ;  seized  (1140)  Lincoln  Caatle,  where  he 


- 

poems  and  fairy  tales  __. 

Hli  best  work   was  his          RANBFORD,  EDWIN  (1805-1876), rocalistand actor; 
[xlvii.  281]         began  to  play  leading  diameters  at  the  Surrey  Theatre 
1831,  and 


il,  and  afterward*  appeared  at  moi>t  of  the  London 
theatres,  retiring,  1838  ;  produced,  from  1845,  a  series  of 
popular  musical  entertainment*,  in  which  be  was  chief 
performer,  and  competed  oongs  aw!  glees,  [xlvii.  293] 

RANSOME,  JAMES  (1782-1849),  agricultural  imple- 
ment maker  ;  elder  »on  of  Robert  Kan  some  [q.  T.]  ;  con- 
tinued his  father's  business,  and  with  his  brother,  Robert, 
gained  many  medals  and  prizes  from  the  Royal  Agricul- 


tural Society.  [xlviL  294] 

RANSOME,  JAMES  ALLEN    (1806-1875),   agricnl- 

WMhnllt  i  by  Stephen,  but  with  the  help  of  his  father-  i  tural  implement  maker;  eldest  son  of  James  ~ 
in-law,    Robert,   earl  of   Gloucester  [q.  v.],  completely     [q.  v.] .  became  a  partner  in  his  father's  ' 


q. 

defeated  Stephen  beneath  the  walls,  1141  ;  came  to  term* 
with  Stephen,  1142,  but  in  1144  again  took  up  arms; 
again  made  peace,  1146,  but  was  treacherously  thrown 
into  prison  and  compelled  to  surrender  his  castles  to 
obtain  his  freedom  ;  persuaded  Henry,  Matilda's  son,  to 
return  to  England,  1149,  but  was  won  over  by  the  exten- 
sive grants  King  Stephen  made  him  ;  won  over  to  the 
side  of  Duke  Henry  by  the  promise  of  even  larger  grants, 
but  died  before  the  end  of  the  year,  poisoned,  it  was  be- 
lieved, by  William  Peverell  [q.  v.]  [xlvii.  286] 


(1843)  published  a  history  of 
tare/ 


The  Implemented  Agriml- 
[xlvii.  294] 


RANELAGH,  third  ViscouxT  and  first  EARL  OF 
(1636  ?-1712>  [See  JOXKS,  RICHARD.] 

RANEW,  NATHANIEL  (1602  7-1678),  ejected  minis- 
ter; M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1624  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1627) ;  became  minister  of  St.  Andrew 
Hubbard,  London,  and  (1647)  was  transferred  by  parlia- 
mentary order  to  Felsted  in  Essex,  where  he  became  a 
prominent  divine ;  ejected,  1662 ;  settled  in  BUlericar ; 
published  '  Solitude  improved  by  Divine  Meditation,'  1670. 

[xlvii.  288] 

RANKEILLOR,  LOUD  (1639-1706).  [See  HOPE, 
ARCHIBALD.] 

RANKER,  ALEXANDER  (1756-1827),  author:  gra- 
duated at  Edinburgh  :  minister  of  Cnmbusnethan,  1781-5, 

and  of  St.  David,  Glasgow,  1785-1827 ;   D.D.  Glasgow,     ^ 

1801;  moderator  of  the  general  assembly,  1811 :  published  j  compiling  for  the  society  a  systematized  account  of  all 
an  inaccurate  '  History  of  France '  (9  vols.  1802-22).  I  WIM  eclipses  down  to  1878 ;  became  editor  of '  Knowledge,' 

[xlvii.  289]          1888    and  pnblished  in  it  important  Investigations  on 

RANKEN,   GEORGE  (1828-1866),  major,  royal  en- 
served  in  Canada,  1850-5,   and    received   the 


RANSOME,  ROBERT  (1753-1830),  agricultural  im- 
plement maker  ;  commenced  business  at  Norwich,  but 
removed  to  Ipswich,  1789  ;  took  oat  several  patent**,  in- 
cluding a  most  important  one  in  1803  for  an  improvnl 
ploughshare.  [xlvii.  293] 

RANSON,  THOMAS  FRAZER  (1784-1828),  line- 
engraver  ;  learned  his  art  at  Newcastle-tipon-Tyne.  Hi* 
plates  include  a  good  portrait  of  George  IV  after  E.  So..tt. 

[xlvii.  295] 

RANT/IF.    [Pee  RALPH  and  RANDULF.] 
RANTTLF  FLAMBARD  (rf.  1128).    [See  FLAMRAUD.] 
RANTTLF  DE  GLAXVILLE   (<f.    1190).      [See   GLAX- 

VILLE.] 

RANTHF  DE  BLUXDEVILL,  KARL  OF  Cn>3TKR  (rf. 
1232).  [See  BLUXDEVILL.] 

RANTILPH  BRITO  or  LE  BRETON  (</.  1246).  [Sec 
BRITO.] 

RANYARD,  ARTHUR  OOWPER  (1845-1894),  astro- 
nomer ;  son  of  Mrs.  Ellen  Henrietta  Ranyard  [q.  v.]  : 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1868;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1871  :  secretary  to  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society,  1874-80  ;  between  1871  and  1879  was  occupied  in 


gineers  ; 

thanks  of  the  legislature  for  saving  the  library  of  the 
Literary  and  Historical  Society,  when  the  parliament 
buildings  at  Quebec  were  destroyed  by  fire  in  1854  ;  volun- 
teered for  the  Crimea,  1855,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  assault  on  the  Redan  (September  1855) ;  accidentally 
killed  at  Sebastopol.  His  journals  in  'Canada  and  the 
Crimea '  were  published  by  bis  brother  (1862). 

[xlvii.  289] 

RANKIN,  THOMAS  (1738-1S10),  methodist  divine: 
after  hearing  Whitefleld  preach  at  Lcith,  resolved  to  be- 
come a  preacher:  became  an  intimate  friend  of  John 
Wesley  and  (1773)  was  sent  to  America  to  reform  method- 
\-m  there ;  incurred  the  dislike  of  the  American  methodists 
on  account  of  his  mission,  and  (1777)  returned  to  England ; 
engaged  in  active  labour  in  England  till  his  retirement 
bllTJS,  [xhli.290] 

RANKINE,  WILLIAM  JOHN  MAOQUORN  (1820- 
1872),  civil  engineer ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University, 
1836-8;  was  a  pupil  of  (Sir)  John  Benjamin  MacNeill 
[q.  v.]  ;  after  his  apprenticeship  returned  to  Edinburgh 
and  made  important  contributions  to  the  science  of  rail- 
way locomotion ;  commenced  (c.  1848)  the  series  of  re- 
searches on  molecular  physics  which  occupied  him  at 
intervals  during  the  rest  of  his  life,  and  which  constitute 
his  chief  claim  to  distinction  in  the  domain  of  pure 


nebulro. 

RANYARD,  ELLEN  HENRIETTA  (1810-1879X 
founder  of  the  female  bible  mission  :  nie  White  :  married 
Benjamin  Ranyard,  1839:  published  'The  Book  and  its 
Storv,'  1852,  and,  from  1856,  edited  'The  Book  and  its 
Mission,'  a  periodical  (renamed  '  The  Mining  Link  Mnpa- 
zine,'  1865).  [\\\i\.  »«] 

RAPER,  HENRY  (1767-1R4SX  admirnl  :  entered  the 
navy,  1780;  was  signal  lieutenant  to  Howe  on  1  June 
1794;  saw  much  service,  mainly  in  the  \\c--t  Indie?,  on 
the  Lisbon  station,  and  in  the  Baltic  ;  admiral,  1R11. 

[xlvit.  29«] 

RAPER,  HENRY  (1799-1859),  writer  on  navigation: 
eldest  son  of  Henry  Rnper  (1767-1846)  [q.  v.) :  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  navy,  and  after  retiring  (1825)  devott-i 
himself  to  nautical  M-M?IICC  :  published  the  •  Practice  01 
Navigation,'  1840.  [\lviL297] 

RAPIN,  PAUL  DK  (1661-1726).  historian:  generally 
styled  RAIMN-THOYRAS:  born  at  Orwtres  ;  took  refuge  In 
England,  1686,  soon  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  ;  afterwards  enlisted  in  Holland,  and  returned  to 
England  with  the  troops  of  William  of  Orange :  fought  in 
Ireland  and(  1693)  became  tutor  to  the  Duke  of  Portland's 
eldest  son  :  subsequently  sojourned  in  variou*  continental 
towns  in  poor  circumstances,  ami  died  at  We?eL  Hi* 
•History  of  England.'  in  French,  appeared  in  1723  and 


RASBOTHAM 


1088 


RAVENSCROFT 


17*5,  and  was  carried  down  to  the  accession  of  William 
and  Mary.  Itvra<  transhit*-!  into  En?lish,and  continual 
by  various  writers,  remaining  tin-  -t.ui.lanl  history  of 
England  until  the  publication  of  Hume's.  [xlvii.  297] 

RASBOTHAM,  DOUSING  (1730-1791),  author; 
•ade  collections  for  the  history  of  Lancashire  which 
were  utilised  by  Edward  Baton  [q.  v.],  and  wrote 
'Oodrus,  a  Tragedy,*  1774.  [xlvii.  300] 

RASHLEIGH.  PHILIP  ( 1729-1811 X  antiquary  ;  of 
New  College,  Oxford:  M.P.,  Towey,  1765-1802;  known 
latterly  as  the  •  father  of  the  House  of  Commons ' ;  F.S. A. 
and  F.R.S.,  1788;  had  great  knowledge  of  Cornish 
mineralogy,  and  made  a  valuable  collection  of  mim-ral-. 

[xlvii.  300] 

RASPE,  RUDOLF  ERIC  (1737-1794),  author  of  the 
original '  Baron  Muncbausen ' ;  born  in  Hanover ;  studied 
at  Gtittingen  and  Leipzig;  became  professor  at  the 
Collegium  Carolinum  in  Cassel,  1767,  and  keeper  of  the 
landgrave  of  Host's  antique  gems  and  medals,  which  he 
purloined,  and  in  1775  fled  to  England  to  escape  punish- 
ment ;  took  to  writing  for  a  livelihood ;  became  store- 
keeper at  a  Cornish  mine,  1782 ;  published  '  Baron  Mun- 
chauaen's  Narrative,'  1785,  the  first  edition  containing 
only  chapters  ii-vi.  of  the  current  modern  version,  the 
other  fifteen  chapters  being  added  later  by  another  hand, 
and  a  parody  of  James  Bruce's  '  Travels  '  being  added  as 
a  sequel,  1793 ;  obtained  money  from  Sir  John  Sinclair  of 
of  Ulbeter  by  pretending  to  discover  gold  and  silver  on  his 
estate,  1791,  an  incident  commemorated  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
in  the '  Antiquary ' ;  while  still  masquerading  as  a  mining 
expert  was  carried  off  by  scarlet  fever  at  Muckross. 

[xlvii.  301] 

RA8TALL,  WILLIAM  DICKINSON  (1756-1822). 
[See  DICKINSON,  WILLIAM.] 

RASTELL,  JOHN  (d.  1536),  printer  and  lawyer ;  en- 
tered Lincoln's  Inn :  had  an  excellent  legal  practice ; 
M.I'.,  Duuheved,  1529-36 ;  commenced  printing  before 
1516,  but  passed  most  of  his  time  in  the  country,  leaving 
his  work  n  i« 'ii  to  attend  to  the  business  ;  embraced  reformed 
opinions,  1530 ;  attacked  the  practice  of  paying  tithes, 
1536,  and  was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  dial. 

[xlvii.  303] 

RASTELL,  JOHN  (1532-1577),  Jesuit;  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1549  :  M.A.,  1555 :  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession  retired  to  Louvaiu ;  entered  the  Jesuit  order, 
1668 ;  published  controversial  works ;  died  at  Ingoldstadt 

[xlvii.  304] 

RASTELL,  WILLIAM  (1508  ?-1565),  judge:  elder 
son  of  John  Rastell  (d.  1536)  [q.  v.] :  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1539;  treasurer,  1555;  became  a  puisne  judge  of  the 
queen's  bench,  1558,  retiring,  1563  ;  edited  •  The  Works  of 
Sir  Thomas  More,'  1557,  and  several  legal  treatises. 

[xlvii.  305] 

RA8TRICK,  JOHN  (1650-1727),  nonconformist 
minister ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1674 ;  be- 
came vicar  of  Kirton,  1674,  but  resigned  his  living,  1687, 
and  began  to  preach  as  a  nonconformist,  settling  at 
King's  Lynn,  1701.  [xlvii.  305] 

RASTRJOK,  JOHN  URPETH  (1780-1866),  civil  en- 
gineer ;  took  an  important  part  in  introducing  railways 
in  England,  and  effected  several  improvements  in  steam 
engines  ;  M.I.C.E.,  1827:  was  one  of  the  judges  appointed 
by  the  directors  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway 
who  in  1829  decided  to  favour  of  George  Stephenson's 
Rocket ;  F.RS.,  1837.  [xlvii.  30ti] 

RASTRICK,  WILLIAM  (d.  1752),  nonconformist 
•livin.-;  son  of  John  Rantrick  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his 
father  at)  preacher  at  King's  Lynn.  [xlvii.  306] 

RATCLIFFE.    [See  also  RADCLIPFE.] 

RATCLIFFE,  HKNRY  ( 1808-1877),  vital  statistician  : 

became  secretary  to  the  order  of  Odd  Fellows,  1848,  and 

umpiled  actuarial  tobies  in  regard  to  mortality  and 

MUM,  which  were  of  great  value  to  friendly  societies  ; 

a  public  valuer  under  the  Friendly  Societies  Act  of  1870. 

RATOLIFFE,  JOHN  (d.  1610).    [See  SICKLKMOR?] 
RATCLIFFB,  JOHN(d.  1776),  book-collector ;  kept 
chandler's  shop  in  Southwark  and  became  an  ardent 
ok-co  lector ;   his  library  sold    by  Christie  after  his 


<te«th,  the  talc  lasting  nltie  day>. 


[xlvii.  307] 


RATCLIFFE  or  RATLIFFE,  THOMAS  (d.  1599), 
divine ;  of  Peterhouse  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
B.A.,  1578;  author  of  the  'Short  Svmme  of  the  whole 
Catechisme,'  1592.  [xlvii.  308] 

RATHBONE,  HANNAH  MARY  (1798-1878), 
authoress  of  the  '  Diary  of  Lady  Willougbby  ' ;  grand- 
daughter of  Richard  Reynolds  (1735-1816)  [q.  v.] :  mar- 
ried her  half-cousin,  Richard,  sou  of  William  Rathbone 
(1757-1809)  [q.  v.],  1817 ;  brought  out  the '  Diary '  in  1844. 
Her  publisher,  Thomas  Longman,  made  it  an  exact 
imitation  of  a  seventeenth-century  volume,  and  the 
'  Diary '  itself  was  an  excellent  imitation  of  a  contempo- 
rary account  of  the  civil  war.  A  second  part,  carrying 
the  narrative  down  to  the  Restoration,  appeared  in  1847. 

RATHBONE,  JOHN  (1750  ?-1807),  artist ;  practised 
in  Manchester,  London,  and  Preston  as  a  landscape 
painter,  both  in  oil  and  water  colour.  [xlvii.  309] 

RATHBONE,  WILLIAM  (1757-1809),  merchant; 
was  educated  as  a  quaker,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in 
philanthropic  enterprise  in  Liverpool ;  disowned  by  the 
Friends,  1805,  for  latitudinarian  opinions,  [xlvii.  309] 

RATHBONE,  WILLIAM  (1787-1868), philanthropist; 
eldest  son  of  William  Rathboue  (1757-1809)  [q.  v.]; 
eminent  in  Liverpool  as  an  educationist  and  philan- 
thropist ;  mayor  of  Liverpool,  1837.  [xlvii.  310] 

RATHBORNE.  WILSON  (1748-1831),  captain  in  the 
navy;  entered  the  navy  as  an  'able  seaman,'  1773:  lieu- 
tenant, 1780;  commander,  1795  ;  O.B.,  1815.  [xlviL  310] 

RATSEY,  GAMALIEL  (d.  1605),  highwayman :  son 
of  a  well-to-do  inhabitant  of  Market  Deeping ;  took  to 
evil  courses  when  a  boy  and  enlisted  for  service  in  Ireland 
in  1600;  took  to  highway  robbery  on  his  return  in.  1603; 
his  exploits  noted  for  daring  and  rough  humour;  hanged 
at  Bedford.  He  is  the  hero  of  several  ballads  and  two 
pamphlets.  [xlvii.  311] 

RATTEE,  JAMES  (1820-1855),  wood-carver;  com- 
menced business  in  Cambridge  in  1842,  where  he  was 
employed  by  the  Oamdeu  Society  ;  his  masterpiece  is  the 
reredos  in  Ely  cathedral.  [xlvii.  312] 

RATTRAY,  SYLVESTER  (fl.  1650-1666),  medical 
writer  ;  practised  in  Glasgow  ;  author  of  two  treatises. 

[xlvii.  312] 

RATTRAY,  THOMAS  (1684-1743),  Scottish  non- 
juring  bishop ;  consecrated,  1727,  nonjuriug  bishop  of 
Brechin,  and  in  the  same  year  assisted  to  draw  up  the 
canons  of  the  Scottish  church  :  was  not  recognised  by  a 
section  of  the  Scottish  uoujuring  bishops,  because  the  Old 
Pretender  had  not  assented  to  his  election,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  some  other  points  of  difference  ;  became  bishop 
of  Dunkeld,  terms  having  been  made  in  1731 ;  chosen 
primus  in  1739,  when  a  new  dissension  arose  which 
remained  unhealed  until  his  death;  his  chief  work 
was  'The  Ancient  Liturgy  of  the  Church  of  Jerusalem,' 
posthumous,  1744.  [xlvii.  312] 

RATTLSTON,  JOHN  (d.  1452).    [See  RALSTON.] 

RATJZZINI,  MATTEO  (1754-1791),  singer  ;  brother 
of  Veuanzio  Rauzzini  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Rome :  came  to 
England  with  his  brother  ;  professor  of  singing  at  Dublin. 

[xlvii.  ill 5] 

RATIZZINI,  VENANZIO  (1747-1810),  tenor  singer; 
musical  composer  and  teacher ;  born  at  Rome ;  first  ap- 
peared in  England,  1774;  devoted  himself  to  teaching, 
1777  ;  several  of  his  operas  were  produced  in  London. 

[xlvii.  314] 

RAVELRIG,  LORD  (1650?-1710).  [Sec  MAITLAND, 
Sin  JOHN,  fifth  EARL  ov  LAUOERDALK.] 

RAVEN,  JOHN  SAMUEL  (1829-1877),  landscape- 
painter  :  frequently  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and 
British  Institution.  [xlvii.  315] 

RAVENET,  SIMON  FRANQOIS  (1721  ?-1774),  en- 
graver: born  in  Paris:  came  to  London,  c.  1750,  and 
founded  an  important  school  of  line-engraving. 

[xlvii.  315] 

RAVENSCROFT,  EDWARD  (  ft.  1671-1697),  drama- 
tist: member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  1671 :  Charles  II  ;iml 
court  pleased  by  his  first  play,  '  Mamamouchi '  (taken 
from  'Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme '),  1671  ;  regarded  by 
Dibdiu  as  a  mere  plagiarist ;  ceased  to  write  in  1697. 

[xlvii.  316] 


BAVENSCROFT 


Kis'.t 


RAWSON 


RAVENSCROFT.    THOMAS  (1592  ?-1635?X    musi- 

cian:   published  •  Pammelia,'  the  earliest  col; 
r<>.:ii'K  catches,  and  canons  printed  in  Kngland,  1609, 
itixl    :.-    a    supplementary    collection,   •  DeuteromeUa  '  ; 
pul)Ii-l.i"l  his  most  famous  work,  'The  Whole  Book  of 
P-alni-V  1G21.  [xlvii.  i»lH] 

RAVENSER,  i:N  II  AUH  i"  c/.  1386Xclerk  In  chancery 
;m<l  an-hdoaron  of  Lincoln  ;  made  kivper  of  the  hanaper, 
i:',ft7,  iiml  arrhdnumn  of  Lincoln,  1368  ;  had  temporary 
charge  of  the  great  seal,  1377  and  1386.  [xlrll.  318] 

RAVEN8WORTH,  second  BAHON  and  first  EARI.  or 
(1707-1878).  [See  LIUDKLL,  Sni  HKNKY  TIH>M  AS,  seventh 
baronet.] 

RAVI8,  RAVTT/S,  or  RAT/E,  CHRISTIAN  (1613- 
1077),  orientalist  and  theologian  ;  born  at  Berlin  :  M.A. 
Wittenberg,  1636;  came  to  England,  1638,  but  (1639) 
proceeded  to  the  Levant  in  search  of  manuscript/'  ;  be- 
i-Hiiitt  n  fellow  of  Magilalen  College,  Oxford,  1648  ;  left 
England  to  become  professor  of  oriental  language*  at 
Up-ala,  1650  :  professor  at  Frank  fort-on-the-Oder,  1672-7. 

RAVI8,  THOMAS  (16607-1609),  successively  bishop 
of  Gloucester  and  London  :  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
1582  ;  D.D.,  1595  ;  vice-chancellor,  1596  and  1597  ;  dean  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxfonl,  1596-1605  ;  consecrated  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  1605,  and  translated  to  London,  1607.  He 
t  assisted  in  translating  the  New  Testament  from  1604. 

[xlvii.  819] 

RAWDON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1780-1858),  Unitarian 
benefactor;  a  mill-owner  at  Underbank  :  founded  the 
llawdon  fund  for  augmenting  the  stipend*  of  Unitarian 
ministers.  [xlvii.  320] 

RAWDON,  SIR  GEORGE,  first  baronet  (1604-1684), 
soldier  ;  in  the  service  of  the  first  and  second  Viscount* 
Conway;  sat  in  the  Irish  parliament  of  1639  as  M.P. 
for  Belfast  :  fought  under  Monck  in  the  Irish  rebellion, 
and  continued  to  serve  in  Ulster  till  1649  :  M.P.,  Carling- 
fonl  (Irish  parliament),  1660;  actively  promoted  the 
Restoration  after  the  Protector's  death  ;  created  baronet, 
1665.  [xlviL  320] 

RAWDON,  MARMADUKE  (1610-1669),  traveller 
and  antiquary  ;  resided  in  the  Canary  islands,  1631-56  ; 
made  extensive  manuscript  collections,  and  left  an  auto- 
biography, edited  for  the  Oamden  Society,  1863. 

[xlvii.  322] 

RAWDON-HASTINGS,  FRANCIS,  first  MARQUIS  OK 
HASTINGS  and  second  EARL  OF  Mom  A  (1754-1826).  [See 
HASTINGS.] 

RAWE8,  HENRY  AUGUSTUS  (1826-1885),  Roman 
catholic  divine  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1862  ; 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  1856  ;  created  DJ).  by  Pius  IX, 
1875  ;  well  known  in  London  as  a  preacher  and  writer. 


[xlvii.  322] 
ist; 


RAWLE,  FRANCIS  (16CO-1727),  colonist;  suffered 
persecution  as  a  quaker,  and  (1686)  emigrated  to  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  filled  a  number  of  important  offices. 

[xlvii.  323] 

RAWLE,  RICHARD  (1812-1889),  divine;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1836  ;  M.A.,  1838  :  bishop  of 
Trinidad,  1872-88.  [xlvii.  323] 

RAWLE,  SAMUEL  (1771-1860X  topographical  en- 
graver and  draughtsman  ;  engraved  for  the  'Gentle- 
man's Magazine  '  and  other  publications,  [xlvii.  324] 

RAWLET,  JOHN  (1642-1686),  divine,  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge  ;  well  known  as  a  preacher  in  the  north 
of  England  ;  published  religious  treatises,  [xlvii.  324] 

RAWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1588?-1667),  the  'learned 
chaplain  '  of  Francis  Bacon  ;  B.A.,  fellow,  and  tutor  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1610  :  became  Bacon's 
chaplain  and  amanuensis,  1618;  D.D.,  1621;  edited 
Bacon's  works  and  wrote  his  life.  [xlviL  324] 

RAWLIN,  RICHARD  (1687-1  757X  independent 
minister  ;  went  to  London,  1730,  and  became  pastor  at 
Fetter  Lane.  [xlvii.  325] 

RAWLINS,  RICHARD  (</.  1536),  bishop  of  St. 
David's  :  elected  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1480, 
and  warden,  1508,  but  deprived,  1521;  D.D.,1496:  con- 
secrated  bishop,  1523.  [xlvii.  325] 


RAWLIN8.   THOMAS  O«»?-1670\  medallist  and 

playwright ;  workeil  under  Nicholas  Briot  [q.  v.]  at  tl* 

.bllshed   (If,;  u-llion;   a  soeoeesfnl 

and  actually  installed  at  the  Restoration,      (xlvil.  IS*) 

RAWLINSON,    CHRISTOPHER  (1677-1733).   an- 
tiquary:  of    Queen's   College,  Ox-  Kdward 

Thwaltes  [q.  v.]  published  Alfred's  Saxon  vrrsioo  of 
Boethius,  1698.  [iivil.  117) 


SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1806-1888), 
Indian  judge :  of  the  Charterhouse  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  183 1 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1811  •! 
knighted,  1817  ;  appointed  chicf-ju«tkc  of  Madras,  1849, 
retiring,  1869.  [xlvil.  117) 

RAWUNSON,  SIR  HENRY  CRESWICKB,  first 
baronet  (1810-1896).  Assyriologirt ;  entered  the  Bast 
India  Company's  military  service,  acquired  a  goal  know- 
ledge  of  Persian  and  the  Indian  vernaculars,  and  (1833-9) 
served  in  Persia :  became  political  agent  at  Kandahar, 
1840;  distinguished  himself  in  the  Afghan  war  of  1841 : 
became  political  agent  in  Turkish  Arabia,  1843,  and  (1844) 
consul  at  Bagdad  ;  deciphered  the  celebrated  cuneiform 
inscription  of  Darius  Hystaspes  at  Bchistan.  1846 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1856 ;  K.C.B.,  1866 ;  M.P.,  Reigate, 
1858-9,  Frome,  1866-8 ;  became  a  member  of  the  India 
council,  1868 :  created  baronet,  1891 ;  president  of  the 
Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1878-81,  and  of  the  Royal  Geogra- 
phical Society,  1871-2  and  1874-6,  contributing  many 
valuable  papers  to  both  societies.  [xlviL  328] 

RAWLINBON,  JOHN  (1576-1631),  principal  of  St. 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford;  of  Merchant  Taylor's  School, 
London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  fellow,  1602  :  D.D., 
1608 :  principal  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1610-31 : 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  James  I ;  published  sermons. 

[xlvii.  311] 

RAWLINSON,  RICHARD  (1690-1756),  topographer 
and  nonjuring  bishop;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Rawlinson 
(1647-1708)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1713  :  F.RA,  1714  ;  was  ordained  a  non- 
juring priest,  1716,  and  devoted  himself  to  antiquarian 
pursuits  and  foreign  travel ;  created  D.C.L.  Oxford  in  his 
absence,  1719;  consecrated  bishop,  1728;  left  his  valuable 
manuscripts  to  the  Bodleian  Library,  among  them  collec- 
tions for  a  continuation  of  Wood's  •  Athens: ' ;  wrote  or 
edited  numerous  topographical  works.  [xlvii.  331] 

RAWLINSON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1810-1898),  civil  engi- 
neer :  entered  employ  of  Jeree  Hartley  [q.  r.]L  1831,  and 
of  Robert  Stephensou  [q.  v.],  1836  ;  chief  engineer  under 
Brldgewater  trust,  1843-7  :  inspector  under  Public  Health 
Act,  1848;  chief  engineering  inspector  to  local  govern- 
ment board,  1848-88  ;  bead  of  sanitary  commission  sent 
by  government  to  seat  of  war  in  Crimea,  1865  ;  knighted, 
1883;  K.C.B.,  1888;  M.I.C.E.,  1848,  and  president,  1894; 
published  technical  works  and  reports.  [Suppl.  iii.  993} 

RAWLINSON,  Sut  THOMAS  (1647-1708),lord mayor 
of  London  ;  knighted,  1686 ;  macter  of  the  Vintners'  Com- 
pany, 1687  and  1696  ;  chosen  lord  mayor,  1705. 

[xlvii.  333] 

RAWLINSON,  THOMAS  (1681-1725),  bibliophile; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  RawlinMm  (1647-1708)  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford :  barrister.  Middle 
Temple,  1705 :  travelled  in  England  and  the  Low 
Countries,  making  collections  of  books,  manuscripts,  and 
pictures ;  hired  London  house  (1716)  for  the  reception  of 
his  library,  from  which  he  supplied  valuable  material  for 
many  scholars,  including  Thomas  Heanw.  His  manu- 
scripts are  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  Addition  satirised 
him  as  '  Tom  Folio '  ( faffer,  No.  158).  [xlvii.  334] 

RAWLINSON,  SIP.  THOMAS  (</.  1769),  lord  msyor 
of  London  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas  Hawlinson  (1«47- 
1708)  tq.  T.]  ;  master  of  the  Grocers'  Company  :  elected 
lord  mayor,  1753 ;  knighted,  1760.  [xlvii.  334] 

RAWLINBON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1640-1696),  serjeant- 
at-law  ;  barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1667 :  practised  as  a  chan- 
cery lawyer :  serjeant-at-law,  1686 :  a  commissioner  of 
the  great  seal,  1689-93 ;  knighted,  1689.  [xlvii.  336] 

RAW80N,  GEORGE  (1807-1889),  hymn-writer: 
practised  as  a  solicitor  at  Leeds ;  wrote  many  hymns 
Including  '  By  Christ  redeemed.'  [xlvii.  316] 

4  A 


RAWSON 


1090 


READE 


RAWSON,  JOHN,  Vi^.-Mi  vi  ('I..-XTARFF  (14707- 
1M7),  joincii  the  knights  of  St.  John,  1497,  and  (1511) 
became  prior  of  Kilmainham  and  Laid  of  the  onlcr  in 
Inland  :  made  treasurer  of  Ireland,  1517  ;  on  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  order  of  the  knight*  of  St.  John  by  Henry  VIII 
wa.  created  viscount,  1541.  [xh-ii.  336] 

RAWSON.  SIR  WILLIAM  (1783-1827),  oculist ;  son 
.  •  Henry  Adams;  M.R.O.S.,  1807;  established  himself  in 
London,  1810,  and  (1814)  was  made  surgeon  and  oculist 
extraordinary  to  George,  the  prince  regent ;  knighted, 
1814 ;  took  hia  wife's  name,  Rawson,  1825 ;  published 
three  treatises  on  the  eye.  [xlvii.  837] 

RAT,  BENJAMIN  (1704-1760),  antiquary;   numis- 
matist ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1730 ;  per- 
petual curate  of  Oowbit  and  Surtieet ;  secretary  of  the 
known  'Gentlemen's  Society '  at  Spalding,  1735,  and 
afterwards  vice-president.  [xlvii.  338] 

BAY,  JAMES (/.  1746-1746), chronicler  of  the' 45 f ; 
was  with  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  army  at  Oulloden ; 
published  •  A  Complete  History  of  the  Rebellion,'  1746. 

[xlvii.  338] 

RAT,  JOHN  (1627-1705),  naturalist ;  spelt  his  name 
Wray  until  1670 ;  at  first  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1649-62;  M.A., 
1651 ;  junior  dean,  1658 ;  commenced  his  botanical  tours, 
1658,  and  with  Francis  Willughby  [q.  v.]  agreed  to  at- 
tempt a  systematic  description  of  the  whole  organic 
world,  himself  undertaking  the  plants,  1662;  published 
(1670)>0atalogus  Plantarum  Angliae,'  which  was  recast 
(1690)  as  '  Synopsis  Methodica  Stirpium  Britaunicarum ' : 
on  the  death  of  Willughby  (1672)  took  up  his  friend's 
unfinished  zoological  labours;  published  (1682)  his  '  Me- 
thodus  Plantarum  Nova,'  in  which  he  first  showed  the 
true  nature  of  buds,  and  employed  the  division  of  Sower- 
ing  plants  into  dicotyledons  and  monocotyledons ;  pro- 
duced (1686)  the  first  volume  of  his  general  •  His  tori  a 
I'l  uitarum,'  which  was  followed  by  a  second  volume  in 
1688,  and  by  a  third  in  1704 ;  devoted  his  attention  to 
insects  from  1690,  and  at  his  death  left  a  completed  clas- 
sification and  a  less  complete  '  history '  of  the  group,  in 
which  he  practically  adopted  the  modern  division  of  in- 
aepts  into  the  Metabola  and  Ametabola.  His  herbarium 
was  placed  in  the  botanical  section  of  the  British  Museum 
in  1862 ;  his  library  was  sold  by  auction  in  1707.  His 
varied  labours  have  justly  caused  him  to  be  regarded  as 
the  father  of  natural  history  in  this  country,  and  as  a 
botanist  he  has  won  the  highest  commendation  from  his 
greatest  successors. . .  [xlvii.  339] 

RAT,  MARTHA  (rf.  1779),  mistress  of  the  Earl  of 
Sa-id  wieh  ;  daughter  of  a  London  stay  maker  ;  possessed 
a  fine  voice,  and  was  a  favourite  pupil  of  Guardini.  She 
became  the  mistress  of  Sandwich  about  the  age  of 
eighteen,  and  influenced  naval  appointments  made  by 
him  ;  was  shot  dead  while  leaving  Coveut  Garden  Theatre 
by  Jamea  Hackman  [q.  v.]  [xxiii.  422] 

RAT,  THOMAS  MATTHEW  (1801-1881),  secretary 
of  the  Loyal  National  Repeal  Association :  a  prottgi  of 
Daniel  O'Connell  [q.  v.] ;  became  secretary  of  the  associa- 
t  .oa  in  1840 ;  possessed  great  powers  of  organisation. 

[xlvii.  345] 

RAYMAN,  JACOB  (ft.  1641-1648),  viol.n-maker ; 
poMibly  a  Tyrolese  by  birth  ;  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
violin-making  in  England.  He  lived  in  South  wark. 

[xlvii.  3 15] 

RAYMOND  LK  GHOS  (d.  1182).  [See  FITZOEIIALD, 
RAYMOND.] 

RAYMOND,  SIR  ROBERT,  first  BARON  RAYMOND 
(1673-1733),  lord  chief  -  j  ustlce :  only  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Raymond  [q.  v.] :  barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1697  ;  solicitor- 
Kewral,  1710-14 ;  knighted,  1710 ;  attorney -general,  1720-i; 
conservative  M.P.  for  Bwhop's  Cattle,  1710-13,  Yarmouth 
(Ule  of  Wluht),  1716-17  (unseated  on  petition),  Ludlow, 
1719-22,  Hasten.  1722-4  ;  appointed  a  puisne  judge  in  the 
king's  bench,  1724;  nominated  lord  chief-justice,  1725; 
created  baron,  1781.  [xlvii.  34S] 

RATMOND,  Siu  THOMAS  (1627-1683),  judge:  bar- 
'  r,  Gray's  Inn,  1660  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1677  ;  became  a 
.  e  on  the  exchequer  bench,  1679 ;  knighted,  1679  • 
transferred  to  the  common  pleas,  1680;  advanced  to  the 
king's  bench.  1680.  [xlvii.  346] 


RAYNALDE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1540-1551),  physidun  : 
trjinsliiti-d  Eurharius  Roesslin's  '  De  Partu  Homing,'  1515. 
He  is  probably  distinct  from  Thomas  Reynold  [q.  v.] 

[xlvii.  347] 

RAYNER,  LIONEL  BENJAMIN  (1788  7-1865),  actor ; 
appeared  at  Dru^y  Lane,  London,  1 822,  after  acting  in  the 
country,  and  (1831)  opened  Rayner's  New  Subscription 
Theatre,  where  the  Strand  Theatre,  London,  now  stands  ; 
retired  from  the  stage  almost  ruined  by  the  venture  ;  a 
good  serio-comic  actor.  [xlvii.  347] 

RAYNER,    SAMUEL    (fl.  1841-1872),    water-colour 
\  painter  ;  painted  interiors  of  abbeys,  churches,  anfl  man- 
sions in  the  style  of  George  Cattermole  [q.  v.] 

[xlvii.  3i9] 

RAYNOLD.  [See  RAINOLDS,  RAYNALDE,  REYNOLD, 
j  and  REYNOLDS.] 

REA,  JOHN  (d.  1681),  nursery  gardener ;  lived  at 
Kinlet  in  Worcestershire  ;  published  '  Flora,  or  a  Complete 
Florilege,'  1666.  [xlvii.  349] 

REACH,  ANGUS  BETHUNE(  1821-1856),  journalist; 

studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  became  parliamentary 
j  reporter  to  the  k  Morning  Chronicle,'  and  wrote  largely  for 

other  periodicals ;  published  novels,  and  (1849)  joined  the 
,  staff  of  'Punch.'  [xlvii.  349] 

READ.     [See  also  READE,  REDE,  REEDE,  and  REID.] 

READ,  CATHERINE  (d.  1778),  portrait- painter ;  for 
1  some  years  a  fashionable  artist  in  London,  exhibiting  por- 
traits of  several  of  the  royal  family.  [xlvii.  350] 

READ,  CHARLES  ANDERSON  (1841-1878),  miscel- 
I  laneous  writer ;  failed  in  business  and  took  to  literature  as 
]  a  profession ;  published  '  The  Cabinet  of  Irish  Literature ' 
(4  vols.  1876-8)  and  other  works.  [xlvii.  360] 

READ,  DAVID  CHARLES  (1790-1851),  painter  and 
,  etcher ;  began  work  as  an  etcher  at  Salisbury,  1826,  and 
produced  numerous  plates,  1826-44 ;  devoted  himself  to 
\  painting  in  oils  after  1846.  [xlvii.  351] 

READ,  JOHN  (fl.  1587-1588),  surgeon;  practised  in 
,  Gloucester,  and  from  1588  in  London  ;  published  a  treatise 
;  on  wounds,  1588.  [xlvii.  351] 

READ,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1787),  sculptor ;  pupil  of  Louis 
Francois  Roubiliac  [q.  v.],  whose  extravagant  style  he 
imitated.  [xlvii.  352] 

READ,  RICHARD  V1745  7-1790  ?),  engraver  in  stipple 
and  mezzotint.  [xlvii.  352] 

READ,  SAMUEL  (1815  7-1883),  water-colour  painter ; 
began  to  exhibit,  1857 ;  his  early  sketches  chiefly  archi- 
tectural ;  tried  landscape-painting  at  a  later  period,  but 
attained  little  success.  [xlvii.  352] 

READ  or  READE,  THOMAS  (1606-1669),  royalist: 
nephew  of  Sir  Francis  Windebank  [q.  v.] :  was  appointed 
Latin  secretary  to  the  crown  for  life,  1620 :  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1626;  D.O.L.,  1638;  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  enlisted  at  Oxford  as  a  royalist ;  went  abroad, 
1648,  and  soon  afterwards  was  ordained  a  Roman  catholic 
priest  at  Douay ;  returned  at  the  Restoration,  and  lived  in 
London.  [xlvii.  353] 

READ,  SIK  WILLIAM  (d.  1715),  empiric :  originally 
a  tailor ;  became  an  itinerant  quack  :  knighted  (1705)  for 
curing  seamen  and  soldiers  of  blindness  gratis ;  became 
oculist  to  Queen  Anne,  c.  1705,  and  acquired  great  wealth. 

[xlvii.  354] 

READ,  WILLIAM  (1795  7-1866),  Irish  verse-writer ; 
published  two  volumes  of  Irish  verse,  1818  and  1821. 

[xlvii.  354] 
READE.    [See  also  READ,  REDE,  REEDE,  and  REID.] 

READE,  CHARLES  (1814-1884),  novelist  and  dra- 
matist; grandson  of  John  Scott  (1747-1819)  [q.  v.]  ; 
elected  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1835,  but 
while  retaining  his  fellowship  and  college  rooms  till  his 
death,  spent  much  of  his  time  in  London  ;  M.A.,  1838; 
Vinerian  fellow.  1842 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1843  ; 
Started  as  an  author  with  dramas,  of  which  the  first 
appeared  at  the  Olympic,  London,  in  1851,  and  the  most 
successful, «  Masks  and  Faces5,'  at  the  Haymarket,  London, 
in  1852 :  turned  his  '  Masks  and  Faces '  into  a  novel  under 
the  title  of  'Peg  Woffington,'  1852,  which  attained 
immense  popularity  ;  brought  out  '  It  is  never  too  late  to 


READE 


mend,'  1X58,  the  first  instance  of  his  employment  of  fiction 
to  expose  social  abuses;  published  his  great  historical 
novel,  •  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth,*  1861,  and  (1868) 
'Hani  Ca,h    ;  ,,ui,l,,l,«l  (1867)  'Griffith  Gaunt,1 
was 

with  I  Mm  Uoucicault  [q.  v.]  wrote  his  novel  'Foul 
1869;  pp-hu.nl  the  autobiographical  'Terrible  Tempt*- 
tion,'  whi.-h  scandalised  the  American  reviewer-. 
ni-vi-r  m  cm-red  from  the  blow  caused  by  the  death  of  his 
irii-iid  Laura  Seymour,  the  actress,  1879;  gave  m.. 
his  time  and  money  toward*  helping  the  poor.    At  his  bast 
lie  was  an  admirable  storyteller,  but  be  had  an  unfortunate 
weakness  for  exaggerated  effects.  [xlviL  864] 

READE,  EDWARD  ANDERDON  (1807-1886),  Anglo- 
Indian  official :  brother  of  Charles  Reade  [q.  T.]  ;  entered 
the  Bast  India  Company's  service,  18X3  ;  senior  civilian  at 
Agra  on  the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny  with  John  Russell 
Oolvin  [q.  T.],  and  after  Ooltrtn's  death  took  temporary 
command ;  earned  the  gratitude  of  the  loyal  after  the 
mutiny  by  interposing  to  shield  them  from  an  Indis- 
criminate spirit  of  vengeance,  and  received  many  tokens 
of  their  affection  ;  retired  1860,  and  was  made  C.B. 

READE,  JOHN  EDMUND  (1800-1870),  poetaster  and 
novelist ;  chiefly  remarkable  for  his  talent  for  plagiarism, 
Byron  serving  as  bis  chief  modeL  In  his  longest  poem, 
'  Italy,'  he  reproduced  the  dying  gladiator.  [xlviL  360] 

READE,  JOSEPH  BANCROFT  (1801-1870),  chemist, 
microscoplst,  and  photographic  discoverer;  of  Trinity 
and  Caius  Colleges,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  18S8 ;  was  succes- 
sively rector  of  Stone  (l«3«-59),  Ellesborough  ( 1889-63), 
and  Bisbopsbourne  (1863-70);  F.RA,  1838;  discovered 
(1839)  a  method  of  separating  heat-rays  from  those  of 
light,  and  effected  improvements  in  photography;  in- 
vented 'Reade's  kettledrum  '(1881),  a  hemispherical  con- 
denser for  the  microscope.  [xlviL  360] 

READE,  ROBERT  (ef.  1415X  successively  bishop  of 
Waterford  and  Lismore,  Carlisle,  and  Chichester;  pro- 
bably appointed  to  Waterford  and  Lismore,  1394 ;  trans- 
lated to  Carlisle,  1396,  and  again  to  Chichester,  1397. 

[xlvii.  361] 

READE,  WILLIAM  WINWOOD(1838-1875), traveller, 
novelist,  and  controversialist ;  nephew  of  Charles  Reade 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  between  1H62  and 
1866  travelled  extensively  in  Western  Africa:  a  special 
correspondent  in  the  Ashanti  war,  1873:  published  novels, 
and  wrote  against  Roman  Catholicism  and  other  forms  of 
religion.  [xlvii.  361] 

READER,  WILLIAM  (Jt.  1680),  portrait-paiuu  r ; 
c-hiefly  known  by  hi*  portrait  of  John  Blow  [q.  v.] 

[xlvii.  362] 

READER,  WILLIAM  (1782-1852),  topographer;  was 
in  early  life  a  printer  at  Coventry,  but  died  in  poverty  in  ' 
London  ;  wrote  on  Coventry  topography,      [xlvii.  363] 

READING,    BURNET    (Jl.    1776-1822),    engraver  ' 
and  draughtsman  ;  practised  in  London,  and  illustrated 
Granger's    'History     of    England'    (1820     and    1822)' 
and  other  works.  [xlviL  363] 

READING,     JOHN    (1688  -  1667),    prebendary    of  i 
Canterbury;    of    Magdalen    Hall   and    St.    Mary    HalL  | 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1610 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  prebendary 
of  Canterbury,  1643  ;  his  livings  sequestered  and  himself 
imprisoned  by  the  parliamentarians,  but  restored  to  his  ! 
prebend  after  the  Restoration  ;  published  doctrinal  works 
nl  CalTiuistic  character.  [xlviL  363] 

READING,  JOHN  (<l.  1692),  musician  and  author 
of  '  Dulce  Domum ' ;  was  organist  of  Winchester 
Cathedral  (1675-81),  of  Winchester  College,  1681-92; 
composed  the  Winchester  College  song,  '  Dulce  Domum.' 

[xlvii.  365] 

READING,  JOHN  (1677-1764),  organist;  became 
organist  at  Lincoln  Cathedral,  1702,  and  ultimately 
master  of  the  choristers  ;  organist  in  London  after 
1707;  published  two  elaborate  books  of  songs  and 
anthems,  and  composed  the  tune,  '  Adeste  Fideles ' 
(well  known  as  '  0  come,  all  ye  faithful ').  [xlviL  366] 

READING,  ROBERT  UK  (<*.  1325),  historian;  a 
monk  of  Westminster  ;  author  of  the  portion  of  the 
'  Floras  Historiarum  '  from  1307  to  1326.  [xlviL  366] 

READING,  WILLIAM  (1674-1744),  library  keeper 
at  Sion  College,  London  Wall,  London  ;  B.A.  University  . 


REDE 


--*«,   Oxford,    1697;    M.A.   St.  Mary    HalL  Oxford, 

'•    '      .     .;•;•      :.:-.          :   ,       -•          r     ........  -        ;  ,,, 

708;  published  an  excellent  Greek  and  L^edlUoaol 
the  early  ecclesiastical  historians,  1710.         [xlvll.  iw) 

READY.     WILLIAM     JAMBS     DURANT    (18*1- 

<    .•    -    ;     ,-.'.,      ,       .,..,,.,;,..    v,  ..  ,    . 

J*L;  *?****  Ohl6fljr  §oanei  o"  "»  «»»  «•*  « 

'  •'-•""'•  [xlrtLIWJ 

REAOH,  FLORBSOB  MACOARTHY  (1662  T-1640?). 
[SeeMAcOARiHY  Rsvui.] 

REAY,  luifixit.    [See  MACKAY,  SIR  DONALD,  flrst 
—   " 9;  MACKAY,  SIR  J 


T,  STEPHEN  (1782-1861),  orientalist;  M.A. 
St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1821:  B.D.  1841  ;  Ttoe-princtaai 
of  6t  Alban  Hall:  sab-librarian  of  tot  Bodleian 
Library,  1828-61  ;  Laudian  professor  of  Arabic,  1840-61. 


REBECCA,  BIAGIO  (1734-1808). 
Italy  ;  painted  portraits  and  historical  subject*  of  little 
m.Tit,  but  was  skilled  in  decorative  painting  ;  A.R.A., 
'•71.  [xlvti.S67] 

RECORDE,  ROBERT  (1510?-155H),  mathematician: 
B.A.  and  perhaps  M.A.  Oxford;  fellow  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford,  1531  ;  taught  mathematics  and  other 
subjects  both  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford  ;  died  in  prison 
in  South  war  k,  probably  in  debt;  be  was  the  flrrt 
writer  in  English  on  arithmetic,  geometry,  and  as- 
tronomy, and  introduced  algebra  into  Jfrgland  ;  pub- 
lishing '  The  Grotmde  of  Artes  '  (1640),  •  The  Pathway  to 
Knowledge,'  on  geometry  (1551),  "The  Castle  of  Know- 
ledge,' on  astronomy  (1551),  "The  Whetstone  of  Witte.' 
on  algebra  (1567),  and  other  works,  some  of  which  are 
lost.  He  discovered  the  method  of  extracting  the 
square  root  of  multinomial  algebraic  expression*,  and 
was  the  first  to  use  the  Kign  =.  [xlvii.  367] 

REDDIE,  JAMES  (1773  -  1852),  legal  author  ; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University  and  Glasgow  College;  a 
Scottish  advocate  and  town  clerk  of  Glasgow,  1804-62. 
He  published  lour  legal  works.  [xlviL  8«9] 

REDDING,  CYRUS  (1786-1870),  journalist;  worked 
as  a  journalist  in  London,  Paris,  and  the  Went  of  Eng- 
land ;  from  1841  devoted  himself  more  exclusively  to 
Ixiokinaking  ;  published  numerous  works,  including  u 
•  History  and  Description  of  Modern  Wines,'  1833. 

[xlvii.  370] 

REDDISH,  SAMUEL  (1736-1785),  actor  ;  made  a 
reputation  in  Dublin  and  appeared  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1767,  where  he  remained  during  ten  seasons  ; 
acted  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1778,  but  lost  bis  reason, 
1  779  ;  died  a  lunatic  at  York  asylum.  [xlviL  37  1] 


[See    also    RBAD,     READE,    R 


REDE. 

HMD.] 

REDE,  LKMAN  THOMAS  |TERTIUS]  (1799-1832X 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  took  to  the  stage  and  taught 
elocution  ;  published  a  '  Memoir  of  George  Canning' 
( 1827)  and  other  works.  [xlviL  373] 

REDE,  SIR  RICHARD  (1811-1679),  master  of  re- 
quests ;  of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1628;  D.C.L.,  164U ; 
knighted,  1546;  became  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland.  1546, 
and  ( 1648)  master  of  requests  in  England.  [  xlvii.  374] 

REDE,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1619),  chief -justice  of  the 
common  pleas  ;  made  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1496  ; 
knighted,  1495 ;  made  chief- justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  1506  ;  he  founded  three  public  lectureships  at 
Cambridge,  the  endowment  being  reorganised  in  1868, 
when  it  was  directed  that  one  lecture  should  be  delivered 
annually  by  a  man  of  eminence  in  science  or  literature. 

[xlviL  873] 

REDE  or  READE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1385),  bishop  of 
Chichester  ;  of  Exeter  and  Merton  Colleges,  Oxford ; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  consecrated  bishop  at 
Avignon,  1368 ;  a  trier  of  petitions  in  various  parliaments, 
1868-80 :  built  the  library  at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and 
bequeathed  It  many  manuscripts :  enjoyed  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  mathematician  and  astrologer.  [xlviL  3741 

1    A   L' 


REDE 


1092 


REED 


REDE,  WILLIAM  LEMAN  (1802-1847),  dramatist; 
was  brother  of  Leman  Thomas  [Tertius]  Rede  [q.  v.], 
the  two  being  known  as  '  the  inseparables  '  ;  wrote 
farces  and  extravaganza*.  [xlvii.  376] 

REDERECH(/.  573-590).    [See  RHYDDERCH  HAEL.] 

REDE8DALE,  EARL  OK  (1805-188C).  [See  MITFORD, 
JOHN  THOMAS  FHKKMAN-.] 

REDE8DALE,  BARONS.  [See  MITPORD,  JOHN  FRKE- 
MAK-,  first  BARON,  1748-1830  ;  MITFORD,  JOHN  THOMAS 
FHKKMAN-,  second  BARON,  1805-1886.] 

REDESDALE,  ROBIN  or  (/.  1469).    [See  ROBIN.] 

REDFERN,  JAMES  FRANK  (1838-1876),  sculptor; 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1859,  and 
executed  manv  works  for  Gothic  church  decoration. 

[xlvii.  376] 

REDFORD.  GEORGE  (1785-1860),  nonconformist 
divine  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1811  ;  lion.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1834  : 
founded  the  '  Congregational  Magazine  '  :  independent 
minister  at  Uxbridge,  1812-26,  and  Worcester,  1826-56. 

[xlvii.  377] 

REDFORD,  Sm  HENRY  (d.  1404?),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  represented  Lincolnshire  in  parlia- 
ment, 1400-1,  1402,  and  1404  ;  privy  councillor,  1401  ; 
elected  speaker,  1402.  [xlvii.  377] 

REDFOED,  JOHN  (/.  1535),  musician,  poet,  and 
dramatist  ;  said  to  have  been  organist  and  almoner  at 
St.  Paul's,  London  ;  composed  instrumental  works  of 
great  importance  in  musical  history,  twenty-three  of 
which  are  in  the  famous  manuscript  written  by  Thomas 
Mulliner  [q.  v.]  Similar  organ  pieces  are  in  the  Additional 
MSS.  at  the  British  Museum.  [xlvii.  378] 

REDGRAVE,  RICHARD  (1804-1888),  subject  and 
landscape  painter  :  brother  of  Samuel  Redgrave  [q.  v.]  ;  a 
fttudcnt  of  the  Royal  Academy  ;  R.A.,  1851  ;  became 
inspector-general  for  art  in  the  government  school  of 
design  in  1857,  i  nd  alsj  surveyor  of  the  crown  pictures. 

[xlvii.  379] 

REDGRAVE,  SAMUEL  (1802  -  1876),  writer  on 
art  ;  successively  private  secretary  to  several  English 
statesmen,  including  Lord  John  Russell  ;  published  his 
valuable  'Dictionary  of  Artists  of  the  English  School,' 
1874,  and  was  also  the  author  of  several  other  useful 
works  on  art.  [xlvii.  380] 

REDHOUBE,  SIR  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1811-1892), 
oriental  scholar  :  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London  ; 
employed  at  Constantinople  under  the  Turkish  govern- 
ment and  afterwards  in  the  Turkish  navy  ;  secretary, 
Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1861-4  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888  ;  leading 
authority  on  the  Osmanli-Turkish  language,  publishing 
several  treatises  and  dictionaries  in  connection  with  it. 

REDINGTOK,  Sm  THOMAS  NICHOLAS'  (1815- 
1862),  Irish  administrator  ;  educated  at  Oscott  College 
and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Dun- 
dalk,  1837-46  ;  appointed  under-secretary  of  state  for 
Ireland,  1846  ;  K.C.B.,  1849.  [xlvii.  381] 

REDMAH,  JOHN  (1499-1551  X  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  Cambridge, 
1630;  D.D.,  1637  ;  became  a  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1530,  Lady  Margaret  professor,  1538-44  and 
1549  ;  first  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1546-51. 

REDMAH,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1426),  speaker  of  2the 
House  of  Commons  ;  M.P.  for  Yorkshire  between  1406 
and  1421  ;  elected  speaker,  1415.  [xlvii.  383] 

REDMAH,  RICHARD  (rf.  1505),  successively  bishop 
e£  If"  A""Ph'  5x^r'  and  E'y  •  Probably  great-grandson 
of  Sir  Richard  Redman  fq.  v.]  ;  perhaps  educated  at 
Cambridge  ;  was  abbot  of  Shap  ;  consecrated  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph,  1471,  translated  to  Exeter,  1496,  and  to  Ely 
1601.  He  restored  the  cathedral  of  St.  Asaph. 


REDMOND,  THOMAS  (17457-1785),  miniature- 
painter  ;  practised  at  Bath  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy and  elsewhere.  [xlvii.  384] 

REDPATH,  PETER  (1821-1894),  Canadian  merchant 
and  philanthropist ;  a  leading  citizen  of  Montreal ;  made 
munificent  donations  to  the  McGill  College  and  Univer- 
sity, including  a  caair  of  natural  philosophy  (1871)  and: 
the  Redpath  Museum  and  Library.  [xlvii.  384] 

REDVERS,  FAMILY  OF,  so  named  from  the  vill  of 
Reviers  in  the  Bessin,  held  lauds  in  Devonshire  and  other 
parte  of  England  after  the  Conquest.  Among  its  members 
were  Baldwin  of  Moeles  (d.  1 100  V)  [q.  v.],  brother  of 
Richard  de  Clare  (d.  1090  ?)  [q.  v.],  and  Baldwin  of  Redvew, 
first  earl  of  Devon  [q.  v.]  The  earldom  became  extinct 
in  1262  and  the  family  in  1293.  [xlvii.  385] 

REDWALD  or  RJEDWALD  (d .  627  ?),  king  of  the 
East- Angles ;  reigned  during  the  supremacy  of  Ethelbert 
(552  ?-616)  [q.  v.],  king  of  Kent,  under  whose  influence 
he  accepted  Christianity  ;  subsequently  worshipped  Christ 
and  his  old  gods  at  the  same  time,  threw  off  the  control 
of  Ethelbert,  and  became  fourth  Bretwalda ;  defeated 
Ethelfrid  [q.  v.]  on  the  bank  of  the  Idle,  617,  and  placed 
Edwin  [q.  v.'J  ou  the  throne  of  Northumbria. 

[xlvii.  386] 

REECE,  RICHARD  (1775-1831),  physician  ;  M.R.O.S., 
1796 :  obtained  a  considerable  practice  in  London,  and. 
published  a  number  of  medical  treatises.  [xlvii.  387] 

REECE,  ROBERT  (1838-1891),  dramatist ;  born  in 
Barbados  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1864  ;  student 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  1860  ;  began  to  write  in  1865,  and 
produced  a  number  of  comic  pieces  and  librettos. 

[xlvii.  387] 

REED.  [See  also  READ,  RKADE,  REDE,  REKDE,  and 
REID.] 


REDMAH,    ROBERT    (d.    1540X         nrsrte 
business  in  London,  c.  1525  ;  known  chiefly  as  printer  of 
law  books.  l\lvi\.  383] 

,    **DMAH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1602),  bishop  of  Norwich  ; 

?Wo°f  Trinlty  College,  Cambrfdge;  M.A.,  1666  ;  D.D. 
e.  1678  ;  consecrated  bishop,  1695  ;  described  by  Chamber- 
lain M  •  one  of  the  wisest  of  his  coat.'  [xlvii.  384] 


,  ALFRED  GERMAN  (1847-1895),  actor;  son 
of  Thomas  German  Reed  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Richard  Corney  Grain  [q.  v.]  on  his  parents* 
retirement,  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  the  '  Entertain- 
ment,' and  directed  thn  dramatic  part  of  the  performances. 

[xlvii.  39C] 

REED,  ANDREW  (1787-1862),  philanthropist  and 
independent  minister ;  pastor  of  the  New  Road  Chapel, 
London,  1811-31,  and  of  Wycliffe  Chapel,  London,  1831- 
1861 ;  commenced  the  formation  of  the  London  Orphan 
Asylum,  1813,  of  the  Infant  Orphan  Asylum,  1827,  of  the 
Reedham  Orphan  Asylum,  1841,  and  of  the  Hospital  for 
Incurables,  1855  ;  author  of  several  well-known  hymns. 

[xlvii.  388] 

REED,  Sm  CHARLES  (1819-1881),  chairman  of  the 
London  school  board  ;  son  of  Andrew  Reed  [q.  v.]  :  was 
the  founder  of  the  type-founding  firm,  Sir  Charles  Reed 
&  Sons,  Limited ;  interested  himself  in  education  from 
early  life,  and  devoted  his  public  life  to  the  affairs  of  the 
London  school  board,  of  which  be  was  chairman,  1870-81 : 
knighted,  1874 ;  M.P.,  St.  Ives,  1880.  He  was  also  an 
antiquary  of  some  note.  [xlvii.  389] 

REED,  CHARLES  EDWARD  BAINES  (1845-1884), 
secretary  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  ;  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Charles  Reed  [q.  v.] ;  of  the  City  of  London 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  B.A.,  1868 ;  one 
of  the  secretaries  of  the  Bible  Society,  1874-84. 

[xlvii.  390] 

REED,  ISAAC  (1742-1807),  editor  of  Shakespeare  ; 
had  a  good  practice  as  a  conveyancer,  but  devoted  him- 
self as  much  as  possible  to  literature  and  archaeology ; 
collected  a  valuable  library  at  Staple  Inn,  and  (1781) 
furnished  Johnson  with  notes  for  his l  Lives  of  the  Poets '; 
published  'Biographia  Dramatica'  [see  BAKER,  DAVID 
KHSKINK],  1782  and  1785,  re-edited  Johnson  and 
Steevens's  edition  of  Shakespeare ;  produced  (1803)  an 
elaborate  edition  of  Shakespeare,  known  as  the  •  first 
variorum '  [see  STKKVENK,  GEORGE].  [xlvii.  391] 

REED,  JOSEPH  (1723-1787),  dramatist ;  by  trade  a 
ropemaker ;  produced  several  plays,  which  were  acted  at 
the  London  theatres  with  indifferent  success,  including  a 
comic  opera  adapted  from  Fielding's  '  Tom  Jones ' ;  as  a 
pungent  controversialist  was  to  the  front  with  an  attack 
on  Smollett,  1759,  and  a  defence  of  Garrick,  1772. 

[xlvii.  392] 

REED,  JOSEPH  CHARLES  (1822-1877),  landscape- 
painter;  exhibited  chiefly  at  the  gallery  of  the  New 
Water-colour  Society.  [xlvii.  393] 


REED 


1003 


REEVE 


REED,  I'KIH-ILLA  (1818-1895),  actress ;  ntt  Hor- 
ton ;  went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  ten  and  acted  at 
Coveut  Garden,  the  Haymarket,  and  other  Ix>i»«ion 
theatres,  in  tragedy:  married  Thomas  German  Reed 
{q.  v.],  1844 :  pOHSeased  a  fine  contralto  voio<- :  win 
«npaK<-<l  in  later  life  iu  the  'German  Reed'*  EnU-rtain- 
mcnt.'  [xlvii.  3'J5] 

REED,  TALBOT  BAINES  (1852-1893),  writerof  boys' 
txx>k«  ;  con  of  Sir  Charles  Iteod  [q.  v.]  ;  published  a  iweful 
•History  of  Old  Einrlish  I^ticr-fouiiilriw,'  1887,  but  U 
better  known  for  hi*  tales  of  school-life  and  oilier  books 
/or  boy*.  [xlviL  890] 

REED,  SIR  THOMAS  (1796-1883),  general :  entered 
the  army,  1813 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Perozeshah, 
1846,  was  In  command  of  the  forces  in  the  Punjab  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny,  1847;  general.  1868; 
C.O.B.,  1875.  [xlYii.  393] 

REED,  THOMAS  GERMAN  (1817-1888),  musician ; 
first  appeared  at  the  Bath  concert*  at  the  age  of  ten ; 
became  musical  director  at  the  Haymarket,  London,  1838, 
and  with  bis  wife,  Priscilla  Heed  [q.  v.],  commenced  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  German  Iteed's  '  Entertainment,'  in  order  to  pro- 
vide dramatic  amusement  for  persons  reluctant  to  visit 
illMltli.,  1855.  The  entertainment*  began  at  St.  Martin's 
Hall,  1865,  and  were  removed  to  14  Regent  Street,  1856, 
and  to  St.  George's  Hall,  1874.  They  were  subsequently 
•carried  on  by  the  son,  Alfred  German  Heed  [q.  v.] 

[xlvii.  394] 

REEDE,  JOHN  DK,  BARON  RBEDK  (1593-1683),  of 
Dutch  parentage  ;  acquired  title  and  landa  of  Ren-woudf, 
1623,  and  was  elected  to  the  States-General  of  Holland ; 
came  to  England  as  joint-ambassador  extraordinary,  in  the 
attempt  to  reconcile  Charles  I  and  the  parliament,  1644, 
on  which  occasion  he  was  crated  a  baron  by  Charles  I ; 
failed  in  consequence  of  the  resentment  felt  by  the 
Commons  at  the  interposition  of  the  ambassadors,  and 
shortly  returned  to  Holland,  where  he  was  afterwards 
president  of  the  States-General.  [xlvii.  396] 

REE8.    [See  also  RUTS  and  RICK.] 

REE8,  ABRAHAM  (1743-1825),  cyclopaedist ;  was 
resident  tutor  at  the  independent  academy  at  Hoxton, 
1762-85  ;  tutor  in  Hebrew  and  mathematics  at  Hackney 
College,  1786-96,  and  pastor  to  the  Old  Jewry  congrega- 
tion, London,  1783-1825;  re-edited  the  'Cyclopaedia'  of 
Ephraim  Chambers  [q.  v.],  1778,  1781-6,  and  1788-91 ; 
engaged  between  1802  and  1830 on  'The  New  Cyclopedia,' 
which  appeared  in  forty-five  volumes.  [xlvii.  397] 

BEES,  DAVID  (1801-1869),  independent  minister  and 
•editor;  minister  at  Capel  Al»,  Llanelly;  edited  the 
'  Diwygiwr '  ('  Reformer '),  a  monthly  political  journal, 
1*35-65.  [xlvii.  398] 

BEES,  GEORGE  (1776-184C),  medical  writer ;  M.D. 
•Glasgow,  1801;  practised  in  London;  L.R.C.P.,  1808; 
medical  superintendent  of  the  Cornwall  lunatic  asylum, 
Bodmin  ;  published  medical  treatises.  [xlvii.  398] 

REE8,  GEORGE  OWEN  (1813-1889),  physician; 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1836  ;  physician  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London, 
1866-79;  Gulstouian  lecturer,  1846,  Croonian  lecturer, 
1856-8,  Harveian  orator,  1869,  and  senior  censor,  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  1863-4  ;  was  constantly  associated 
with  Alfred  Swaine  Taylor  [q.  v.]  in  important  criminal 
investigations ;  one  of  the  flrrt  to  turn  his  attention  to 
the  chemistry  of  the  urine.  [xlviL  399] 


Journal ' ;  subsequently  practi 


J,  HENRY  (1798-1869),  Calvinistic  methodist 
leader ;  superintendent  of  the  Liverpool  churches,  1836- 
1869  ;  as  a  preacher  had  hardly  a  rival  in  the  denomina- 
tion, [xlviL  400] 

REE8,  JOSIAH  (1744-1804),  Welsh  presbyterian 
minister;  minister  of  Gellionen,  1766-1804;  and  made 
important  contributions  to  Welsh  literature,  including 
fie  vi- ra  1 1  iy  m  1 1  - .  [  xl  vii.  400] 

REES.  OWEN  (1770-1837),  publisher:  son  of  Josiah 
Rees  [q.  v.]  ;  was  a  partner  of  Thomas  Norton  Longman 
(q.  v.],  and  an  intimate  friend  of  the  poet  Moore. 

[xlvii.  409] 

REES,  RICE  (1804-1839),  Welsh  historical  scholar, 
fellow  of  Jeeu*  College,  Oxford,  1828  ;  M.A.,  1828 ;  pro- 
fessor at  St.  David's,  Lam  peter ;  published  an  •  Essay  on 
toe  Welsh  Saints,'  1836.  [xlviL  401] 


MES,  THOMAS  (1777- 1864),  um tartan  minister  and 
historical  writer,  hr  .,-n  KM*  [q.  v.];  hon. 

I.I.I).  Glasgow,  1819:  mim-trr  in  sumford  Mreet. 
Ulackfrlars,  London.  1823-31  ;  had  great  knowledge  of  the 
history  of  auti-trinitarian  opinion.  [xlvii.  401J 

REZ8,  THOMAS  (1816-1884),  independent  minister ; 
odd  several  charges  In  Wales,  and  wrote  on  Welsh  non- 
conformist history.  [xlviL  401] 

£128,  WILLIAM  (180J-188J),  Welsh  minister  and 
author;  brother  of  Henry  Ren  [q.  v.] ;  held  ministerial 
office  in  Liverpool  for  thirty-two  years  (1848-76);  exerted 
a  powerful  influence  on  the  politic*,  poetry,  and  literature 
of  Wales;  powesMd  great  literary  versatility,  appearing 
in  prose  as  a  biographer,  novelist,  journalist,  divine,  and 
even  dramatist,  and  writing  lyric,  epic,  and  occasional 

[xlviL  403] 

WILLIAM  JENKINS  (1772-18M),  Welsh 
nntiquary ;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1797 ;  pre- 
bemlarjr  of  Brecon,  1820-66,  and  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Welsh  M88.  Society.  [xlvii.  404] 

REEVE,  CLARA  (1729-1807),  novelist ;  first  attempted 
authorship,  1772,  and  (1777)  produced  her  moat  famous 
work,  'The  Champion  of  Virtue,' entitled  in  the  second 
and  all  subsequent  editions  'The  Old  English  Baron/ 

[xlvii.  404] 

REEVE,  EDMUND  (1686?-1647),  judge;  of  Oafus 
College,  Cambridge :  became  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1607 ; 
reader,  1632 ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1639 ;  adhered  to 
parliament  on  the  outbreak  of  war.  [xlvll.  401] 

REEVE,  EDMUND  (d,  1660),  divine;  was  ejected 
from  his  vicarage  of  Hayes-cum- Norwood  by  the  parlia- 
mentary 'trier*';  wrote  on  behalf  of  the  high  church 
party.  [xlviL  408] 

REEVE,  HENRY  (1780-18141  physician;  helped  to 
found    (1K05)   the   'Edinburgh    Medical    and   Surgical 
practised  at  Norwich. 

[xlvii.  406] 

REEVE,  HENRY  (1813-1895),  man  of  letters;  son 
of  Henry  Reeve  [q.  v.] ;  joined  the  staff  of  the  'Times/ 
1840,  and  guided  ite  foreign  policy  for  fifteen  yean; 
editor  of  the  •  Edinburgh  Review,'  1856-95;  edited  the 
'Greville  Memoirs,'  1865;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1869; 
C.B.,  1871 ;  vice-president,  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1879- 
1882 ;  bod  many  friends  among  men  of  letters  in  all  part* 
of  Europe.  [xlviL  406] 

REEVE,  JOHN  (1608-1658),  sectary;  originally  a 
puritan ;  became  a  unlvenalist ;  presented  himself  and 
his  cousin,  Lodowicke  Muggleton  [q.  v.],  as  the  'two 
witnesses'  of  Revelation,  1652;  formulated  the  'six 
!  foundations'  of  the  Muggletonian  theology,  but  had  a 
distinct  following  known  as  Beevites.  [xlriL  408] 

REEVE,  JOHN  (1799-1838),  actor;  began  at  an 
amateur,  while  still  a  banker's  clerk,  but  in  1819  ap- 
peared at  Drury  Lane,  London,  as  a  mimic,  and  after* 
wards  appeared  successfully  in  comedy  and  farce  at 
several  London  theatre*  :  was  addicted  to  excessive  drink- 
Ing  and  constantly  failed  to  learn  his  parts,  but  was  so 
great  a  favourite  with  the  public  that  managers  were 
compelled  to  engage  him.  [xlviL  409] 

REEVE,  JOSEPH  (1733-1820),  biblical  scholar  and 
Latin  poet;  became  a  Jesuit,  1770;  chaplain  to  Lord 
Clifford,  1767-1820 ;  published,  among  other  works,  a 
•  HUtory  of  the  Bible,'  1780.  [xlrii.  411] 

REEVE,  LOVELL  AUGUSTUS  (1814-1868),  con- 
chologist ;  set  up  a  natural-history  shop  in  King  William 
Street,  Strand,  London  :  F.L.8.,  1846  ;  K.GJ3.,  1863 ;  pub- 
lished many  works,  including  '  Concbologla  Iconic*/ 
1843-78  (completed  by  George  Brettingbam  Sowerby, 
1812-1884  [q.  v.]).  [*ML  411] 

REEVE,  RICHARD  (1642-1693),  Benedictine  monk  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1666;  joined  Roman 
catholic  church,  1667 ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1668;  was  master  of  Magdalen  School,  Oxford,  1670-1; 
went  in  1674  to  Douay,  where  he  became  a  monk ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1688 ;  published  Latin  treatises. 

[xlvii.  411] 

REEVE,  THOMAS  (1594-1672),  royalUt  divine; 
M.A.  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1617 :  D.D.,  1660  ;  Incum- 
bent of  Waltham  Abbey,  Essex ;  published  devotional 
works.  [xlviL  413] 


REEVE 


10'U 


REID 


REEVE,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1737),  judge;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1713,  Ix-m-her,  I72u,  reader,  1722;  K.C., 
1718 ;  became  judge  of  the  common  pit-as,  1733  ;  knighted, 
1781 ;  became  chief-justice  of  the  common  picas  in  1 7;if,. 

[xlvii.  414] 

REEVE,  WILLIAM  (1757-1815),  actor  and  musical 
compOM-T ;  became  an  organist,  but  accepted  the  post  of 
composer  to  Astley's  (1783);  appeared  at  the  Royalty, 
London,  1787 ;  a  successful  composer  of  dramatic  music 
In  later  life.  [xlvii.  414] 


I,  CHARLES  (1816-1866),  architect;  became 
architect  to  the  county  courts  in  England  and  Wales, 
1847,  and  designed  sixty-four  new  courts  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  [xlvii.  415] 

REEVES,  JOHN  (1752  ?- 1829),  king's  printer;  of 
Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  :  B.A.,  1776  ;  fellow  of 
Queen V  College,  Oxford,  1778;  M.A.,  1778;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1779,  bencher,  1824:  a  commissioner  of 
bankruptcy,  1780 :  appointed  king's  printer.  1800 ;  author 
of  a  'History  of  English  Law*  (5  voLs.  1783-1829)  and 
other  works.  [xlvii.  415] 

REEVES,  JOHN  ( 1774-1856 X  naturalist ;  educated  at 
Christ's  Hospital,  London ;  was  an  inspector  of  tea  in 
China  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company  (1812-31), 
and  devoted  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  the  natural  products 
of  the  country,  of  which  he  transmitted  many  specimens 
to  England ;  F.RJS.  and  F.L.S.,  1817.  [xlvii.  416] 

REEVES,  JOHN  SIMS  (1818-1900),  tenor  vocalist; 
assumed  name  of  Sims,  c.  1847 ;  studied  pianoforte  under 
Johann  Baptist  Cramer  [q.  v.],  singing  under  Tom  Cooke 
and  J.  W.  Hobbs  ;  first  appeared  publicly  as  vocalist,  1839, 
at  Newcastle;  sang  at  Grecian  Theatre,  City  Road, 
London,  1842,  and  joined  Macready's  Drury  Lane  Com- 
pany;  studied  under  Bordogni  in  Paris  and  Alberto 
Mazzucato  hi  Milan  ;  appeared  with  success  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1847  ;  made  first  appearances  in  oratorio  at 
Worcester  and  Norwich,  1848,  and  thenceforward  ranked 
as  the  premier  English  tenor ;  professor  of  singing  at  Guild- 
hall School  of  Music  ;  published  '  Life  and  Recollections ' 
1888,  and  •  My  Jubilee,'  1899.  [Suppl.  iii.  293] 

REEVES,  WILLIAM  (1667-1726X  divine;  fellow  of 
King's   College,   Cambridge,   and    M.A.,    1692;    became  . 
chaplain  to  Queen  Anne;  published  the  'Apologies  of  ! 
Justin  Martyr,  Tertullian,  and  Minucius  Felix,'  a  trans-  j 
lation,  1716.  [xlvii.  416] 

REEVES,  WILLIAM  (1815-1892),  Irish  antiquary  ! 
and  bishop  of  Down,  Connor,  and  Drornore ;  Berkeley  j 
medallist,  and  (1837)  M.B.  (B.A.,  1835)  Trinity  College,  ' 
Dublin;  consecrated  bishop,  1886;  published  'Acts  of  I 
Archbishop  Col  ton,'  1850,  and  his  most  famous  work, 
*  The  Life  of  St.  Oolumba,'  1867.  [xlvii.  416] 

REGAN,  MORICE  (fl.  1171),  Irish  interpreter;  was 
In  the  service  of  Diarmaid  MacMurchada  [q.  v.]  as  inter- 
preter and  herald ;  wrote  an  account  of  the  English  in- 
vasion, [xlvti.  418] 

REGENBALD  (fl.  1062-1066),  chancellor  of  Edward 
the  Confessor;  witnessed  several  charters  as  •caucella- 
rius ' ;  appears  in  *  Domesday '  ad  holding  land  in  several 
counties.  txlviL  419] 

REGIMORTER  or  REGEMORTER,  AS3UEHUS 
practised  in  London  ;  M.D.  Ley- 
at  Oxford, 


lecturer,  1645,  and  censor,  1649 ;' 
the  famous  '  Tractatus  de  Racbitide,'  1650. 


REGINALD  (JI.  1125),  reputed  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land ;  was,  according  to  Lelaud,  chancellor  to  Henry  I. 

[xlvii.  423] 

REGINALD  OK  COLDIHOHA.M  or  OF  DURHAM  (ft. 
1162-1173),  hagiologist ;  a  monk  of  Durham;  wrote  the 
life  of  Godric  [q.  v.],  of  St.  Outhbert  [q.  v.],  of  Oswald 
(605  ?-642)  [q.  v.],  and  of  St.  Ebba  [q.  v.]  The  first  two 
have  been  edited  for  the  Surtees  Society.  [xlvii.  421] 

REGINALD,  EARL  OP  CORNWALL  (d.  1175),  natural 
son  of  Henry  I ;  made  Cornwall  a  basis  of  operations 
against  King  Stephen,  and  was  created  earl  by  the  Empress 
Matilda  in  1141 ;  remained  attached  to  Henry  II  until  his 
death.  [xlvii.  422] 

REGINALD    FITZJOCELIN     (1140V-U91).       [See 

FlTZJOOKLIN.] 

REGINALD  (d.  1200),  abbot  of  Walden  ;  became  prior 
in  1164  and  abbot  in  1190,  on  the  elevation  of  the  priory 
into  an  abbey ;  erroneously  reckoned  among  the  chan- 
cellors of  England.  [xlvii.  423] 

REGONDI,  GIULIO  (1822-1872),  guitarist  and  con- 
certina-player ;  born  at  Geneva ;  arrived  in  England, 
1831,  and  afterwards  developed  the  capabilities  of  the 
concertina.  [xlvii.  423] 

REGTTLTJS  or  RTILE  (fl.  8th  cent.?),  saint;  was  the 
legendary  founder  of  the  see  of  St.  Andrews,  and  is  a 
leading  character  in  the  story  of  the  jourueyings  of  the 
relics  of  St.  Andrew.  [xlvii.  424] 

REID.    [See  also  READ,.READE,  REDE,  and  REEDE.] 

REID  or  RHEAD,  ALEXANDER  (1586  ?-J641), 
anatomist  and  surgeon ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University 
(M.A.  after  1600)  ;  afterwards  studied  surgery  in  France  ; 
practised  in  North  Wales,  acquired  fame  as  a  surgeon, 
and  (1632)  was  appointed  lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Barber- 
Surgeons'  Hall;  published  .a  number  of  medical  works, 
but  made  no  original  additions  of  importance  to  the 
theory  of  medicine.  [xlvii.  424] 

REID,  ALEXANDER  (1747-1823),  painter;  had  a 
studio  at  Dumfries  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  is  chiefly  remembered  hi  connection  with  a  miniature 
of  Robert  Burns,  which  he  painted  in  1796.  Its  identity  is 
uncertain,  but  a  miniature  in  the  Scottish  National  Por- 
trait Gallery  is  most  probably  the  authentic  portrait. 

[xlvii.  425] 

REID,  ALEXANDER  (1802-1860),  schoolmaster; 
M.A.  Edinburgh ;  was  proprietor  and  head-master  of  the 
Edinburgh  Institution,  1850-8 ;  published  '  A  Dictionary 
of  English  Language,'  1844  (18th  edit.  1864). 

[xlvii.  426] 

REID,  ANDREW  (d.  1767?),  compiler;  published 
several  works  on  literary  and  scientific  subjects  between 
1728  and  1767.  [xlvii.  426] 

REID,  DAVID  BOSWELL  (1805-1863),  inventor  ;  son 
of  Peter  Reid  [q.  v.l  ;  obtained  medical  diploma  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1830;  taught  chemistry  privately  at  Edinburgh 
(1833-47)  and  published  a  work  on  '  Ventilation,'  1844, 
the  principles  laid  down  in  it  being  adopted  in  the  new 
houses  ot  parliament ;  died  at  Washington,  [xlvii.  427] 

REID,    GEORGE   WILLIAM  (1819-1887),  keeper  of 
the  department  of  prints  and  drawings  in  the  British 
:  Museum ;    appointed  an  attendant    in  the  department, 
i  1842,  assistant,  1865,  and  keeper,  1866  ;  retimi,  18'83.     His 


REGINALD,  called  GOOHRKYSON  (d.  944  V),  king  of 
the  Danes  :  brother  of  Olaf  (d.  941)  [q.  v.] ;  was  ruling 
In  Northurnbria  in  943  conjointly  with  Olaf  (d.  981) 
[q.  r.J,  and  accepted  Christianity.  [xlvii.  419] 

REGINALD  or  RAINALD  (d.  1097),  abbot  of  Abing- 
don  ;  a  chaplain  of  William  of  Normandy,  who  gave  him 
the  abbacy  of  Abingdon  in  1085.  The  convent  was  de- 
prived of  much  of  ite  property  by  William  Rufus. 

[xlvii.  420] 

REGINALD  OP  CANTERBURY  (fl.  1112),  Latin  poet  • 
naUveof  •  Fagia,'  perhaps  Tiffauges,  in  the  north  of  Poitou 
became  a  monk  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury.  His 
gngest  poem  is  the  life  of  St.  Malchus,  a  Syrian  hermit. 
IK  poems  are  among  the  Cotton  MSB.  and  in  the  Bodleian 
Llorw7-  [xlvii.  420] 


BEID,  HUGO  (1809-1872),  educational  writer  ;  son  of 
Peter  Reid  [q.  v.] ;  went  to  the  United  States,  1868 ; 
for  some  years  principal  of  Dalhousie  College,  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia  ;  wrote  a  number  of  school  text-books  on 
scientific  subjects.  [xlvii.  428] 

REID,  JAMES  SEATON  (1798-1851),  church  histo- 
rian ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1816  ;  entered  the  Irish  presbyterian 
ministry  ;  hon.  D.D.  Glasgow,  1833  ;  published  a  '  History 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,'  of  which  the  first 
volume  appeared  in  1833.  [xlvii.  429] 

REID,  JOHN  (1721-1807),  general ;  entered  the  army, 
1745;  became  general  (1798)  after  considerable  active 
service  :  a  proficient  flute  player  and  a  musical  composer. 
He  bequeathed  50,0001.  to  found  a  chair  of  music  at 
Edinburgh  University.  The  bequest  took  effect  in  1839. 

[xlvii.  430] 


REID 


1095 


RELHAN 


REID,  JOHN  (1776-1822),  physician :  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1798;  practiml  in  I»ndun,  ttml  wrote-  on  'In- 
finity '  (1816)  and  l  Hynocuon«lria«ii» '  (  1  - 

(xlvii.  431] 

REID,  JOHN  (1808-1841?),  compil-r  <>i 
Scoto-Celtica ' ;  nephew  of  William  M*Gavin  (q.  T.I,  a 
Glasgow  bookseller.  Hi-  puiili-Jit.il  his  •  Bibliotheca  r  In 
IH:V.\  .ni.l  also  wrote  biographic*  ami  a  book  on  Turkey, 
1840 ;  dial  at  Hongkong,  whither  he  had  gone  to  edit 
an  EngliBh  journal  and  prepare  a  Chinese  dictionary. 

[xlvii.  481] 

REID,  JOHN  (1809-1849),  anatomist:  took  hie 
diploma  at  Edinburgh.  1840 ;  Chandos  profewor  of  an- 
atomy at  St.  An.lr.-vs-.  1*41-9;  published  a  collection  of 
papers  entitled  'Physiological,  Anatomical,  and  Patho- 
logical Researches,'  1848.  [xlvii.  433] 

REID,  MAYNE,  originally  THOMAH  MAYNH  RraD 
(1818-1883),  novelist;  passed  an  adventurous  life  in  the 
United  State*  between  1840  and  1849,  and  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  1847 ;  published 'The  Rifle  Rangers,'  I860, 
and  from  that  time  until  bis  death  continued  to  write 
romances  and  tales  of  adventure,  which  attained  great 
popularity  among  boys.  [xlvii.  432] 

REID,  PETER  (1777-1838),  educational  reformer; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  succeeded  in 
effecting  important  changes  in  the  methods  of  teaching 
at  Edinburgh  University  ;  was  also  known  as  a  medical 
writer.  [xlvii.  427] 

REID,  RICHARD  TUOHILL(rf.  1883),  jurist:  called 
to  the  Irish  bar,  1853 ;  was  Perry  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence in  Elphinstone  College,  Bombay,  for  over  a  quarter 
of  a  century ;  edited  from  1864  the  •  Reports  of  the  High 
Court.'  [xlvii.  433] 


WILLIAM    (1764-1831).    m  nor    poet;    of 
Glasgow  ;  wrote  humorous  verse  in  Scottish  dialect. 

[xlvii.  440] 

REID.    -:'.    WILLIAM    (1791-18M),   major-general 
and  colonial  governor  ;  entered  tb. 

peditlon  against  New  Orleans,  1816,  and  in  the  expedition 
against  Algiers,  1816 ;  while  in  the  West  Indies  (1811-4) 
matariaUj  Moped  UM  e  •  fca  kheorj  oi  hontasm 
puhlUhing  (1838)  'An  Attempt  to  develop  the  Law  of 
Storms';  served  in  the  British  legion  In  Spain,  com- 
a  brigade,  18U-6;  P.R.S.,  16S9;  appointed 
nor  of  the  Bermudas,  when  be  was  to  active 
ti.:.i  t..-  i-  «nr. 


(1889)  governor  of 


),  ROBERT  (rf.  1558),  bishop  of  Orkney;  M.A. 

St.  Andrews,  1515  ;  became  abbot  of  Kinloss,  1526,  and 
frequently  acted  as  secretary  to  James  V  of  Scotland,  who 
employed  him  on  (several  diplomatic  missions  to  England 
and  France;  appointed  bishop  of  Orkney,  1541;  after 
James  V's  death  supported  Cardinal  Beaton  ;  took  part 
in  arranging  (1558)  Mary  Stuart's  marriage  with  the 
Dauphin ;  died  on  the  way  home,  Knox  accuses  him  of 
being  a  miser,  but  without  justice.  [xlvii.  433] 

REID,  ROBERT  (1776-1856),  architect ;  designed  St. 
Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1820.  [xlvii.  435] 

REID,  ROBERT  (1773-1865),  topographer  and  anti- 
quary; educated  at  Glasgow  University;  a  Glasgow 
merchant ;  published  *  Glasgow  Past  and  Present,'  1851-6, 
and  'Glasgow  and  ite  Environs,'  1864,  both  of  which 
works  were  reprinted  in  1884  with  additions. 

[xlviL  435] 

REID,  READ,  or  RHJEDTTS,  THOMAS  (d.  1624), 
Latin  secretary  to  James  I ;  brother  of  Alexander  Reid 
(1586?-1641)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1600;  taught 
humanity  at  Rostock  for  several  years  as  a  '  docent ' ; 
became  Latin  secretary  to  James  I,  1618.  By  his  will  he 
bequeathed  his  library  to  Aberdeen  town  and  college, 
with  an  endowment,  thus  founding  the  first  reference 
library  In  Scotland.  [xlvii.  435] 

REID,  THOMAS  (1710-1796),  philosopher  ;  graduated 
at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1726 :  became  librarian 
of  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1733  ;  minister  of  New 
Machar  in  1737,  and  professor  of  philosophy  at  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen,  in  1751 ;  hon.  D.D.  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  1762;  published  his  'Inquiry  into  the  Human 
Mind,'  1764,  an  answer  to  Hume,  and  was  appointed 
(1764)  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow,  where  he 
remained  till  his  death  ;  published  his  essay  on  the  '  In- 
tellectual Powers,'  1786,  and  that  on  the  '  Active  Power?,' 
1788.  He  is  the  leading  representative  of  the  school  of 
common  sense,  by  which  phrase  he  meant  not  vulgar 
opinion,  but  the  beliefs  common  to  rational  beings  as 
such.  His  most  important  doctrine  was  that  belief  in  an 
external  world  is  intuitive  or  immediate.  [xlvii.  436] 

REID,  THOMAS  (1791-1825),  naval  surgeon ;  laboured 
earnestly  to  improve  the  condition  of  prisoners  in  BatfUod, 
as  well  as  of  transported  convicts ;  published  two  books 
of  travels.  [xlvii.  440] 

,  THOMAS  MAYNE  (1818-1883).    [See  REID, 


in  improving  the  condition  of  the  people  that  be  is  still 
remembered  as  •  the  good  governor  ' :  transferred  to  Bar- 
bados M  governor-in-chief  of  the  Windward  Wano>. 
1846,  bat  resigned,  1848;  K.C.B.,  1851 :  became  governor 
of  Malta,  1851-8 ;  major-general,  1856 ;  author  of  Im- 
portant works  on  military  subject*.  [xlvii.  440] 

REIDFTJRD,  LORD  (164»?-1711).  [See  FOUUH. 
JAUKS.] 

REIDIE,  LORD  (d.  1683).    [See  NKVOT,  SIR  DAVID.] 

REILLY,    or  more    properly    REILY,    HUGH 
1695  ?),  political  writer  ;  master  in  chancery  and  clerk  of 
the  council  in  Ireland  in  Jameu  II's  reign  ;  accompanied 
James  II  into  exile:  published  'Ireland's  Case  briefly 
stated,'  1695  (frequently  reprinted  under  various  titles). 

[xlviii.  1] 

REILLY,  THOMAS  DEVIN  (1824-1854),  Irish  revo- 
lutionary writer ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  joined  the 
staff  of  the  '  Nation,'  1845,  and  attached  himself  to  John 
Mitchel  [q.  v.] :  fled  to  New  York  to  avoid  prosecution, 
1848,  and  afterwards  edited  the  '  Washington  Union.' 

[xlviii.  1] 

REILLY,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  MOYSE8  (1827- 
1886),  major-general ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  Lon- 
don; entered  the  artillery,  1845;  served  in  the  Crimea; 
O.B.,  1865 ;  accompanied  the  French  army  of  the  Loire 
during  the  Franco-Prussian  war;  inspector-general  of 
artillery,  with  rank  of  major-general,  1885.  [xlviii.  2] 

REIME8,  PHILIP  UK  (1246  7-1296).    [See  PHILIP.] 

REHfAOLE,  ALEXANDER  ROBERT  (1799-1877), 
musician ;  son  of  Joseph  Reinagle  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  of 
St.  Peter-in-the-East,  Oxford,  1823-53;  composed  the 
hymn-tune '  St.  Peter.'  [xlviii.  4] 

REINAOLE,  GEORGE  PHILIP  (1802-1835),  marine- 
painter  ;  son  of  Ramsay  Richard  Heinagle  [q.  v.]  ;  first 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1822:  painted  incidents 
of  naval  engagements,  Including  Navarino,  which  be 
witnessed.  [xlviii.  8] 

REINAOLE,  JOSEPH  (1762-1836),  music  composer ; 
principal  'cello  in  the  Salomon  concerts  under  Haydn ; 
composed  for  the  violin,  violoncello,  and  pianoforte. 

[xlviii.  3] 

REINAOLE,  PHILIP  (1749-1833),  animal  and  land- 
scape painter ;  abandoned  portraits  for  animal-painting, 
c.  1785  ;  began  to  exhibit  landscapes,  1787 ;  R.A.,  1813. 

[xlviii.  4] 

REINAOLE,  RAMSAY  RICHARD  (1775-1862X  por- 
trait, landscape,  and  animal  painter;  son  of  Philip 
Reinagle  [q.  v.]  ;  R.A.,  1823 ;  compelled  to  resign  in  con- 
sequence of  an  attempt  to  exhibit  another  artist's  picture 
as  his  own,  1848.  [xlviii.  4] 

REHTBALD  (  ft.  1062-1066).    [See  RKGENBALD.] 

REINHOLD,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (1737-1815), 
bass  singer :  son  of  Thomas  Reinhold  [q.  v.]  ;  originally  a 
chorister  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  London  ;  began,  In  1769,  a 
long  career  as  singer  at  Maryleboue  Gardens,  London. 

[xlviii.  6] 

REINHOLD,  THOMAS  (1690  ?-1751),  singer  •  born  In 
Dresden  :  followed  Handel  to  London,  where  he  created 
principal  parts  in  many  of  Handel's  operas  and  oratorios. 

[xlviii.  5] 

REI8EN,  CHARLES  CHRISTIAN  (1680-1725), 
gem-engraver ;  of  Norwegian  parentage  :  was  examined 
a*  an  expert  at  Atterbury's  trial,  as  to  the  impression  of  a 
seal,  and  had 


had  considerable  note  as  an  engraver. 


MAYNE.] 


rxiviii  6] 

RELHAN,  ANTHONY  (1715-1776),  physician  3-  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1735  :  studied  medicine  at  Ley- 
den  ;  M.D.  Dublin,  1743 ;  practised  at  Brighton ;  pub- 
lished a  history  of  Brighton,  1761.  [xlviii.  6] 


RELHAN 


1006 


BE2STWICK 


RELHAN,  nirHAIlD  (1754-1823),  botanist  and 
.•ditorof  Tu.-it;i>  ;  »>n  of  Authony  Relhan  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A., 
1779  and  follow,  17-tl,  of  King's  College,  Cambridge : 
MLJL<  MA,  17NS:  i'"'1':--!"^  "Flon  I'antubrigii-nsis1 
1786.  and  edited  Tacitus'  'Germaniii'  and  •  Agricola,' 
1009,  and  *  Hbtoria,'  1810;  genus  Relhania  named  after 
him.  [xlviii.  G] 

RELLY,  JAMES  (1722  ?-1778),  universalist ;  one  of 
Whitvneld'i  preachers,  but  (c.  1761)  definitely  adopted 
unimsallsm  ;  published  religions  works.  [xlviu.  7] 

RELPH,  JOSEPH  (1712-1743),  Cumberland  poet: 
perpetual  curate  of  Sebergham :  his  works  published 
(1747)  as  '  A  Miscellany  of  Poems.'  [xlviii.  8] 

REMIOITJS  ((/.  1092),  bishop  of  Lincohi ;  contributed, 
while  almoner  of  Ft-camp,  a  ship  and  twenty  knights  to 
William  the  Conqueror's  force  for  the  invasion  of  England : 
consecrated  bishop  of  Dorchester  (1067),  a  see  which  he 
transferred  to  Lincoln,  in  consequence  of  the  decree  of 
the  council  of  Windsor  (1072).  [xlviii.  8] 

REMPSTON  or  RAMSTON.  SIR  THOMAS  (rf.  1406), 
constable  of  the  Tower  of  London ;  M.P.  Nottinghamshire, 
1381, 1382,  1393,  and  1395;  joined  Henry,  earl  of  Derby, 
In  France,  1399,  and  on  his  accession  to  the  throne  as 
Hi-nry  IV  bad  the  custody  of  Richard  II  as  constable  of  the 
To\vcr  of  London  ;  K.G.,  1400  ;  drowned  in  the  Thames. 

[xlviii.  9] 

REMPSTON  or  RAMPSTON,  Sm  THOMAS  (d. 
1458),  soldier  ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Rempston  (4.  1406) 
[q.  T.l:  M.P.  Nottinghamshire.  1413  and  141(1 ;  took  part 
in  the  French  wars  of  Henry  V  and  Henry  VI :  K.O. 

[xlviii.  10] 

REMSDYKE,  JOHN  (/.  1767-1778).  [See  VAN 
BTMSUYC,  JAN.] 

RENAUD,  MBS.  (</.  1831).    [See  POWELL,  MRS.] 

RZNDEL,  JAMES  MEADOWS  (1790-1866),  en- 
gineer ;  was  employed  as  a  surveyor  under  Telford,  and 
(c.  1822)  set  up  a  business  at  Plymouth ;  member  of  the 
council  of  the  Royal  Society  :  wus  specially  famous  as  a 
constructor  of  harbours,  canals,  nnd  docks.  Among  his 
works  are  the  Torquay  breakwater  (1836),  the  Birken- 
head  docks,  and  Portland  harbour  (1847).  [xlviii.  10] 

RENDER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1790-1801),  grammarian 
ami  translator  ;  a  native  of  Germany ;  studied  at  Giessen ; 
came  to  London,  c.  1790 ;  translated  works  by  Kotzebtie 
and  Goethe,  besides  publishing  several  educational 
manuals.  [xlviii.  12] 

BENDLE,  JOHN  (1758-1815),  divine;  B. A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambrulge,  1781,  and  fellow;  published 
*  The  History  of  Tiberius '  ( 1814),  in  which  he  maintained 
thai  Tiberius  was  a  Christian  convert.  [xlviii.  12] 

RENDLE,  WILLIAM  (1811-1893),  antiquary  ;  prac- 
tised in  Southwark  as  a  physician  for  nearly  fifty  years  ; 
P.R.O.8.,  1K7S:  wrote  several  valuable  treatises  on  the 
history  of  Southwark.  [xlviii.  13] 

RENEHAN,  LAURENCE  (1797-1857),  president  of 
Maynooth  College ;  professor  of  scripture  (1827-34),  vice- 
president  (1834-45),  and  president  (1845-57)  of  Maynooth 
College;  made  a  large  collection  of  Irish  ecclesiastical 
records,  which  he  bequeathed  to  the  college. 

[xlviii.  13] 

RENNELL,  JAMES  (1742-1830),  geographer;  entered 
the  navy,  1768,  and  the  East  India  Company's  service, 
1763;  appointed  surveyor-general  of  Bengal,  J764,  and 
was  employed  on  the  survey  of  the  province— the  first 
prepared— from  1704  to  1777:  published  his  'Bengal 
Atlas'  1779,  and  other  valuable  works  relating  to  the 
geography  of  Western  Asia,  Africa,  and  the  Atlantic. 

BENHELL,  THOMAS  (1 787-1824 XdiviueYonly'son 
of  Thomas  Rennell(1754-18lO)[q.v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1813  :  B.D.,  1822  :  became  vicar 
of  Kensington,  1816  ;  published  miscellaneous  treatises. 

[xlviii.  15] 

RENNELL,  THOMAS  (1754-1840),  dean  of  Winches- 
ter ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.f*r  litercu  regiat,  1779:  D.D.,  1794  ;  master 
of  the  T«  niple,  1797-1827  ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1805-40 ; 
had  a  high  reputation  as  a  scholar  and  divine. 


RENNIE,  GEORGE  (1749-1828), agriculturist:  wrote 
on  agriculture  and  kindred  subjects.  [xlviii.  17] 

RENNIE,  GEORGE  (1802-1860),  sculptor  and  politi- 
cian ;  son  of  George  Rennie  (1749-1828)  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
statues  and  busts  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1828-37  ;  liberal 
M.P.  for  Ipswich,  1841,  retiring,  1847;  governor  of  the 
Falkland  Islands, ;  whose  condition  he  greatly  improved, 
1847-55.  [xlviii.  17] 

RENNIE,  GEORGE  (1791-1866),  civil  engineer  ;  eldest 
son  of  John  Rennie  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
London,  and  Edinburgh  University ;  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  his  brother,  Sir  John  Rennie  [q.  v.],  1821,  and 
Imd  considerable  business  as  a  railway  engineer,  besides 
superintending  the  mechanical  business  of  the  firm. 

[xlviii.  18] 

RENNIE,  JAMES  (1787-1867),  naturalist;  M.A. 
Glasgow,  1815  ;  professor  of  natural  history  at  King's 
College,  London,  1830-4 :  emigrated  to  Australia,  1840 ; 
published  and  edited  works  on  natural  history. 

[xlviii.  18] 

RENNIE,  JOHN  (1761-1821),  civil  engineer;  younger 
brother  of  George  Rennie  (1749-1828)  [q.  v.];  studied 
at  Edinburgh  University  ;  entered  James  Watt's  employ, 
1784  ;  began  business  on  his  own  account,  c.  1791 ;  F.R.S., 
1798 ;  had  a  great  reputation  as  a  constructor  of  canals, 
docks,  harbours,  and  bridges.  Waterloo  bridge  (1810-17), 
London  bridge,  and  Southwark  bridge  (1816-19),  were  de- 
signed by  him,  as  well  as  the  Plymouth  breakwater. 

[xlviu.  19] 

RENNIE,  SIR  JOHN  (1794-1874).  civil  engineer;  eon 
of  John  Rennie  [q.  v.]  :  carried  on  his  father's  business 
after  his  death,  completing  London  bridge  (opened,  1831) 
and  Plymouth  breakwater ;  knighted,  1831 ;  retired, 
c.1862.  [xlylii.20] 

RENNIOEK  or  RHANGER,  MICHAEL  (1530-1609), 
divine:  B.A.  Cambridge ;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1546;  M.A.,  1549  ;  D.D.,  1573  :  distinguished  asa  preacher 
during  Edward  VI's  reign :  retired  to  the  continent  on 
the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  but  returned  on  her  death 
and  became  one  of  Queen.  Elizabeth's  chaplains;  arch- 
deacon of  Winchester,  1575  ;  published  political  treatises. 

[xlviii.  21] 

RENNY,  GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1825-1887), 
major-general,  royal  artillery ;  entered  the  Bengal  horse 
artillery,  1844  ;  behaved  with  extraordinary  gallantry  at 
the  siege  of  Delhi,  1857,  and  received  the  Victoria  Cross ; 
retired  from  active  service,  1878.  [xlviii.  22] 

BENOTTARD,  GEORGE  CECIL  (1780-1867),  scholar  ; 
of  St.  Paul's  School  and  Charterhouse,  London ;  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1804  ;  B.A.,  1802 ;  M.A.  per 
literat  regitu,  1806;  B.D.,  1811;  afterwards  passed  some 
years  as  a  chaplain  in  the  Levant ;  lord  almoner's  professor 
of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  1815-21;  rector  of  Swanscombe, 
1818-07 ;  R.A.S.,  1824.  His  contributions  to  classical 
and  oriental  study  were  numerous  and  important. 

[xlviii.  22] 

RENOUF,  SIR  PETER  LE  PAGE  (1822-1897), 
egyptologlst,  oriental  scholar,  and  theologian;  born  in 
Guernsey;  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  ;  came  in 
contact  with  the  tractarians  and  entered  the  Roman 
church,  1842  :  professor  of  ancient  history  and  afterwards 
of  eastern  languages  at  Roman  catholic  university  of  Ire- 
land, 1855-64;  studied  egyptology,  and  published  in 
4  Atlantis,'  1863,  a  defence  of  the1  science  against  attacks 
of  Sir  George  Cornewall  Lewis  [q.  v.] ;  attacked  doctrine 
of  papal  Infallibility  in  an  essay,  1868,  which  was  placed 
on  the  '  Index ' ;  advocated  foundation  of  Roman  catholic 
college  at  Oxford,  1864 ;  government  inspector  of  schools, 
1866;  keeper  of  Egyptian  and  Assyrian  antiquities  in 
British  Museum,  1885-91 ;  president  (1887)  of  Society  of 
Biblical  Archaeology,  to  whose  publications  he  contri- 
buted ;  knighted,  1896.  [Suppl.  iii.  294] 

BENWICK,  JAMES  (1662-1 688),  Scottish  covenanter ; 
threw  in  his  lot  with  the  Cameronians  in  1681,  after  a 
liberal  education  at  Edinburgh  University  (M.A.,  1681)  ; 
publicly  proclaimed  the  Lanark  declaration,  1682,  and 
proceeded  to  study  at  Groninpeu;  was  ordained  and 
( 1683)  entered  on  his  Scottish  ministry ;  became  famous 
as  a  field  preacher  and  (1685)  refused  to  join  Argyle's  in- 
surrection because  it  was  not  based  on  the  covenant; 
captured  (1688)  and  executed  in  the  Grassmarket  on 
17  Feb.  after  refusing  to  petition  fora  reprieve ;  celebrated 
as  the  last  of  the  martyrs  of  the  covenant,  [xlriii.  23] 


RENWICK 


1097 


REYNOLDS 


RZNWICK,  WILLIAM  (1740  ?-1814),  naval  surgeon 
and  author;  captured  by  John  Paul  Jonc--  [<j.  v.]  in  th.- 
BearbnMgh  in  1779,  and  wrote  n  description  of  tin-  cn- 
tfatfcment  in  ln-roic  verse  ;  published  a  uuui!*-r  ..f  pamph- 
let* and  poem*,  [xlviii.  25 J 

RENZY  or  RENTSI,  SIR  MATTHEW  I»K  (1577- 
1634),  Irish  writer:  a  native  of  Cologne;  waa  an  officer 
of  the  customs  in  In-land.  None  of  his  writing*  (which 
are  said  to  have  Included  au  Irish  grammar  and  dictionary ) 
art-  c-xtant.  [xlvlil.  2G] 

REPINGTON  or  REPYNGDON,  PHILIP  (rf.  1424), 
bishop  of  Lincoln  and  cardinal :  educated  at  Brondgatei 
Hall,  Oxfonl:  was  the  most  prominent  supporter  of 
Wycllffe  at  Oxfonl :  was  excommunicated,  1382,  but  after 
n  few  month*  abjured  his  heresies  and  was  restored: 
made  chaplain  to  Henry  IV,  1400;  consecrated  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  1405;  created  a  cardinal,  1408;  resigned  his 
bishopric,  1419.  [xlTilL  26] 

REPPE8,  WILLIAM  (</.  1550).    [Sec  HUGO.] 

REPTOH,  GEORGE  STANLEY  (d.  1858),  architect ; 
son  of  Humphry  Ilepton  [q.  v.];  assisted  his  father  to 
design  the  Brighton  Pavilion ;  made  a  runaway  match 
with  Lady  Elizabeth  Scott,  eldest  daughter  of  Lord  Eldou, 
1817.  [xlviil.  30] 

REPTON,  HUMPHRY  (1752-1818).  landscape- 
gardener  :  lost  his  fortune  and  became  a  professional  land- 
scape gardener,  being  employed  by  the  chief  noblemen  of 
thedny  ;  published  a  number  of  treatise*,  including  '  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Changes  of  Taste  in  Landscape  Garden- 
ing,' 1806.  [xh-iit.  28] 

REPTON,  JOHN  ADEY  (1775-1860),  architect ; 
assisted  his  father  by  preparing  architectural  designs  as 
adjuncts  to  landscape  gardening  ;  contributed  to '  Archreo- 
logla.'  [xlviil.  29] 

RERESBY,  Sm  JOHN,  baronet  (1634-1689),  author 
of  •  Travels  and  Memoirs';  travelled  on  the  continent 
during  the  Commonwealth,  and  in  1075  entered  parlia- 
ment (M.P.,  Aldborough)  as  a  supporter  of  the  court. 
His  'Memoirs'  appeared  in  1734,  and  his  'Travels  and 
Memoirs '  were  published  together  in  1813.  [xlviii.  30] 

RESBTTRY,  NATHANIEL  (1643-1711),  divine  :  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1672  (incorporated  at 
Oxfonl,  1673  ;  D.D.  Merton  College, Oxford,  1692):  became 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  William  and  Mary,  1691 ;  pub- 
lished theological  treatises.  [xlviii.  32] 

REUTER,  ADAM(./T.  1608-1G26),  author :  a  native  of 
Kottbus  in  Silesia :  resided  many  years  at  Oxford,  having 
become  a  member  of  Exeter  College,  and  wrote  against 
the  papacy.  [xlviii.  32] 

REVAN8,  SAMUEL  (1808-1888),  colonist :  proceeded 
to  New  Zealand,  1840;  published  the  'New  Zealand 
Gazette,'  the  first  newspaper  In  that  colony,  [xlviii.  33] 

REVELEY,  WILLEY  (d.  1799),  architect;  edited 
vol.  iii.  of  Stuart's  'Antiquities  of  Athens,'  1794. 

[xlviii.  33] 

REVELL  or  RTVELL,  Sm  RICHARD  (rf.  1222), 
knight  and  landowner ;  sheriff  of  Devonshire  and  Corn- 
wall  in  Richard  I's  reign.  [xlviil.  34] 

REVETT,  NICHOLAS  (1720-1804),  architect  and 
draughtsman ;  became  acquainted  with  James  Stuart 
(1713-1788)  [q.  v.]  at  Rome,  and  was  associated  with  him 
in  preparing  and  publishing  the  first  volume  of  the 
*  Antiquities  of  Athens'  (1762);  subsequently  prepared 
the  'Antiquities  of  Ionia '(1769-97)  for  the  Society  of 
Dilettanti.  [xlviil.  34] 

REYNARDSON,  SIR  ABRAHAM  (1590-1661),  lord 
mayor  of  London;  became  master  of  the  Merchant 
Taylors'  Company,  1640 :  lord  mayor,  1648-9 :  deposed 
and  heavily  fined  (1C49)  for  manifesting  royalist  sym- 
pathies ;  was  knighted  at  the  Restoration,  but  declined 
the  mayoralty  on  account  of  ill-health.  [xlviii.  35] 

REYNELL,  OAREW  (1636-1690),  economic  writer ; 
a  Hampshire  country  gentleman :  of  Wodham  College, 
Oxfonl ;  student,  Middle  Temple,  1654  ;  author  of  '  The 
True  English  Interest,'  1674,  a  work  accepting  the  mer- 
cantile theory  without  question.  [xlviii.  36] 


REYNELL,  CARKVT  fl698-174fX  wloeeMhrdj  bishop 
of  Down  and  Connor  and  of  Ivrry  ;  : 
Oxfonl,  1711;  M.A.,  171'j  ;  D.D..  1730 :  roiwecrated  btebop 
of  Down  and  Connor,  1739  ;  translated  to  Derrj . 

[xlviii.  371 

REYNELL,  EDWARD  (161S-1663),  divine;  .,' 
College,  Oxfonl.  and  the  Middle  Temple ;  rector 
«)g»fU;    published  several  piece*  in  prose  and  Terse; 
committed  suicide.  [xlviiL  37] 

REYNER,  CLEMFNT  ( 1589-1651 X  abbot  of  Lamb- 
spring  or  Lansperg  in  Germany :  born  in  Yorkshire : 
became  a  Benedictine,  1610.  and  first  abbot  of  Lansperg, 
1643  ;  died  at  Hlhlesheim.  He  edited  '  Anostolato*  Bene- 
dictluorum  In  Anglia,'  the-  history  of  the  Benedictine 
Order  In  England.  [xlrlii.  38] 

REYNER,  1. 1  (WARD  (1600-1668).  ejected  minister; 
M.A.  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1624 :  rector  of  St. 
Peter  at  Arches,  Lincoln,  1627,  ejected,  1062 ;  publi«h-l 
religious  treatises.  [xlvilL.  38] 

REYNER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1615-1619).  translator; 
pobttshM  Latin  versions  of  Roman  catholic  controversial 
treatises.  [xlviil.  38] 

REYNES,  JOHN  (/?.  1527-1644),  stationer  ami  book- 
binder in  London.  [xlviii.  39] 

REYNOLD,  THOMAS(  fl.  1541-1565).  London  printer : 
frequently  confused  with  Thomas  Rayualde  [q.  v.],  whose 
first  book  he  printed.  [xlviL  347] 

REYNOLDS,  Sm  BARRINGTON  (1786-1861 X  ad- 
miral; son  of  Robert  Carthew  Reynolds  (1748?-1811) 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy,  1795 ;  saw  much  active  service  ; 
admiral,  1860 ;  G.C.B.,  1861.  [xlviii.  89] 

REYNOLDS,  CHRISTOPHER  AUGUSTINE  (1834- 
1893),  first  Roman  catholic  archbishop  of  South  Australia  : 
went  to  Australia,  1855,  as  a  Roman  catholic  priest  and 
(1873)  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Adelaide;  nominated 
archbishop  by  Pope  Leo  XIII,  1887.  [xlviiL  40] 

REYNOLDS,  EDWARD  (1599-1676%  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1619;  M.A., 
1624,  r.nci  D.D.,  1648  (also  incorporated  at  Cambridge) ; 
warden  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1660-1 ;  consecrated 
bishop,  1661 :  a  moderate  Anglican ;  published  pennons 
and  short  religious  works.  [xlviiL  40] 

REYNOLDS,  EDWARD  (1629-1698),  archdeacon  of 
Norfolk;  son  of  Edwanl  Reynolds  (1599-1676)  [q.  T.]  : 
of  Merton  and  Magdalen  College*,  Oxford :  BJL,  1649  : 
made  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  by  the 
parliamentary  visitors ;  D.D.,  1C76  ;  archdeacon  of  Norfolk, 
1661-98.  [xlviiL  41] 

REYNOLDS,  FRANCES  (1729-1807),  painter;  sister 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  [q.  v.] ;  a  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
whose  portrait  she  painted.  [xlviiL  67] 

REYNOLDS,  FREDERIC  (1764-1841  \  dramatist :  of 
Westminster  School  and  the  Middle  Temple :  began  writ- 
ing for  the  stage,  1785,  and  composed  nearly  one  hundred 
tragedies  and  comedies,  many  of  which  were  printed. 

[xlviiL  41] 

REYNOLDS,  FREDERIC  MANSEL(</.  I860),  author: 
eldest  son  of  Frederic  Reynolds  [q.  v.] ;  edited  'The 
Keepsake*  and  published  (1833)'  Miserrimus.  a  Tale,' 
founded  on  the  inscription  in  Worcester  Cathedral  on  the 
gravestone  of  Thomas  Morris  (1600-1748)  [q.  v.] 

[xlviii.  42] 

REYNOLDS,  GEORGE  NUGENT  (1770  V-1802),  Irish 
poet ;  a  gentleman  of  Leitrim ;  author  of  •  Kathleen 
O'More  *  ( 1800)  and  other  popular  lyrics.  In  1830  Camp- 
bell's '  Exile  of  Erin '  was  claimed  for  him  by  his  relatives. 

[xlviiL  41] 

REYNOLDS,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  MxcARTHUR 
(1814-1879X  author  and  politician;  became  editor  of  the 
•  London  Journal,'  1846  ;  started  '  Reynolds'.-  Miscellany.' 
1846.  and  '  Reynolds'*  Weekly  Newspaper,'  1850  :  appeared 
as  a  chartist  lender,  1848,  retaining  his  connection  with  the 
movement  till  1866  :  was  an  advocate  of  extreme  measures 
and  a  supporter  of  James  [Bronterrc]  O'Brien  [q.  v.] ; 
wrote  a  number  of  novels  of  a  sensational  character. 

[xlvilL  431 

REYNOLDS,  HENRY  (/!.  1627-1632),  poet  and  critic  : 
friend  of  Dray  ton  and  the  author  of  a  translation  of 
Tasso's  '  Amiuta '  (1628)  and  of  au  essay  on  the  nature  of 
poetry,  1632.  [xlriiL  45] 


REYNOLDS 


1008 


REYNOLDS 


REYNOLDS,  HENRY  KEVHLL  (1745-1811),  phy- 
sician •  of  Lincoln  College,  <  >.\fonl.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
Kridat'  and  Edinburgh:  M.D.  Cambridge,  1773;  wtth-d 

London  1778:  registrar,  1781-3,  Gulstonian  lecturer, 
1776  ami  Harveian  orator,  1776,  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians:  became  physic-ian-in-ordinary  to  George  III, 
is.';,;.  [xlviii.  48] 

REYNOLDS,  HENRY  ROBERT  (1825-1896),  cou- 
im»ational  divine:  grandson  of  Henry  Revell  Reynold 
•  educated  at  Coward  College,  London;  B.A. 
London,  1848;  fellow  of  University  College,  London, 
1848*  ordained  pastor  of  congregational  church  at 
Hatetead,  Basex,  1846  ;  minister  of  East  Parade  Chapel, 
LeedTuUa  ;  president,  1860-94,  of  Cheshunt  College  : 
co-editor  of  '  British  Quarterly  Review,'  1866-74  ;  editor  of 
•Bvangelioal  Magazine,'  1877-82;  published  theological 

[Suppl.  iii.  295] 


REYNOLDS,  JAMES  (1686-1739),  judge;  nephew  of 
Sir  John  Reynolds  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.,  1705,  and  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1712;  M.P.,  Bury  St  Edmunds,  1717;  appointed  puisne 
judge  in  the  king's  bench,  1725,  and  lord  chief-baron  of 
the  exchequer,  1730  ;  retired,  1738.  [xlviii.  45] 

REYNOLDS,  SIR  JAMES  (1684-1747),  judge;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1710  ;  appointed  baron  of  the  court 
of  exchequer,  1740  ;  knighted,  1745.  [xlviii.  46] 

REYNOLDS,  JAMES  (1805-1866),  orientalist;  B.A. 
St.  Catharine's  College,  Cambridge,  1826  ;  perpetual 
curate  of  St.  Mary's  Chapel,  Great  Ilford,  1837  ;  secretary 
to  the  Oriental  Translation  Fund  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society  ;  published  translations  from  the  Persian  and 
Arabic.  [xlviii.  46] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  (1549-1607).    [See  RAINOLDS.] 

REYNOLDS  or  REINOLDS,  JOHN  (1584-1614), 
epigrammatist  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1602  ; 
B.O.L.,  1607  ;  published  '  Epigrammata,'  1611. 

[xlviii.  47] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  (ft.  1621-1650),  author  ;  a  mer- 
chant of  Exeter  ;  published  several  translations  from  the 
French  and  Dutch,  besides  some  original  verse. 

[xlviii.  47] 

REYNOLDS,  SIR  JOHN  (1625-1657),  soldier  ;  pro- 
bably a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple  ;  joined  the  par- 
liamentary army,  and  (1648)  commanded  a  regiment  of 
horse  ;  took  part  in  the  Irish  campaigns  ;  M.P.,  Galway 
and  Mayo,  1654,  Waterford  and  Tipperary,  1656  ;  knighted, 
1655  ;  commanded  the  English  force  which  co-operated 
with  the  French  in  Flanders,  1667  ;  perished  at  sea  when 
returning  to  England.  [xlviii.  47] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  (1667-1727),  dissenting  minister  ; 
of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford;  ordained  to  Oldbury 
Chapel,  1699,  and  afterwards  to  the  presbyterian  congre- 
gation at  Shrewsbury  ;  published  several  religious  trca- 
EJHft  [xlviii.  49] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  (1713  ?-1788),  admiral  ;  entered 
the  navy  as  a  'volunteer  per  order,'  1728;  lieutenant, 
1736  ;  governor  of  Georgia,  1754-9  ;  admiral,  1787. 

_  [xlviii.  50] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  HAMILTON  (1796-1852),  poet  ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  published  two 
volumes  of  verse  in  1814;  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Keate  from  1816  ;  entered  a  solicitor's  office,  1818,  but 
continued  to  write  both  prose  and  verse  ;  clerk  to  the 
county  court  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  ;  best  remembered  for 
his  •  Romance  of  Youth  '  and  some  sonnets,  [xlviii.  50] 

REYNOLDS,  8m  JOHN  RUSSELL,  first  baronet 
(1828-1896),  physician  ;  grandson  of  Henry  Revell  Rey- 
nolds [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  London,  1852  ;  F.R.S.,  1869  ;  became 
physician-iu-ordinary  to  the  queen's  household,  1878; 
president,  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1893-5  ;  created 
baronet,  1895  ;  wrote  on  nervous  diseases  and  edited  the 
•  System  of  Medicine,'  1866-79.  [xlviii.  52] 

REYNOLDS,  JOHN  STUCKEY  (1791-1874),  founder 
of  the  Home  and  Colonial  Training  College  in  Gray's  Inn 
Road,  London  :  was  a  clerk  in  the  treasury  office  ;  erected 
several  infant  cchools  in  various  parts  of  London,  and 
founded  the  training  college  in  1836  to  train  teachers  in 
Pestalozzlan  methods.  [xlviii.  63] 

REYNOLDS,    SIR   JOSHUA    (1723-1792),  portrait- 
'—  ;  born  at  Plympton-Earl's  in  Devonshire  ;  son  of 


the  Rev.  Samuel  Reynold?,  master  of  the  Plympton-Earl's 
grammar  school ;  showed  an  early  talent  for  portraiture, 
and  was  apprenticed  to  Thomas  Hudson  (1701-1779)  [q.  v.] ; 
between  1743  and  1749  painted  portraits  at  London  and 
Plymouth ;  taken  by  Commodore  Keppel  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 1749  ;  spent  three  years  in  study  in  Italy,  and 
returned  to  London,  where  he  soon  put  all  rivals  at  a 
distance,  and  in  1759  had  156  sitters ;  his  art  between  1753 
:iiul  1760  represented  in  the  National  Gallery  by  the  Lonl 
Ligonier  on  horseback  and  the  portraitof  Anne,  countess  of 
Albemarle  ;  made  an  income  of  about  6,000/.  a  year,  which 
he  spent  largely  in  buying  pictures :  was  by  1760  intimately 
acquainted  with  Garrick,  Goldsmith,  and  Johnson  ;  re- 
moved, 1760,  from  Great  Newport  Street  to  Leicester 
Fields,  where  he  lived  till  his  death ;  mainly  identified,  as 
regards  his  profession  of  portrait-painter,  with  the  whig 
party,  to  which  his  early  patrons  had  belonged  ;  founded 
the  Literary  Club,  1764,  to  give,  as  he  said,  Dr.  Johnson 
unlimited  opportunities  of  talking  ;  selected  as  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy  on  its  foundation  in  1768  ;  knighted, 
1769 ;  immediately  took  the  most  active  part  in  organising 
the  Academy  and  its  schools ;  subsequently  devoted  more 
of  his  time  to  pictures  of  the  imagination,  the  number  of 
his  sitters  having  decreased ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1773 ; 
selected  mayor  of  Plymouth,  1773 ;  compelled  to  cease 
painting  by  the  partial  failure  of  his-  eyesight,  1790  ; 
buried  in  the  crypt  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  was  the 
greatest  portrait-painter  that  England  has  produced,  and 
is  ranked  by  Ruskin  as  one  of  the  seven  supreme 
colourists.  His  literary  works  consist  mainly  of  his 
'  Discourses,'  which  probably  received  some  polish  from 
Johnson,  Burke,  Malone,  and  others,  before  they  were 
published,  but  were  essentially  his  own  both  in  style  and 
thought.  [xlviii.  53] 

REYNOLDS,  RICHARD  (d.  1535),  martyr ;  studied 
at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge ;  B.D.,  1513  ;  one  of  the 
foremost  scholars  of  the  day  ;  executed  for  refusing  to 
accept  the  royal  supremacy  over  the  church. 

[xlviii.  67] 

REYNOLDS  or  RAINOLDE,  RICHARD  (d.  1606), 
divine  and  chronicler ;  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1553;  held  several 
ecclesiastical  preferments  in  Essex ;  published  a  work  in 
rhetoric,  1563,  and  another  on  the  Roman  emperors,  1571. 

[xlviii.  68] 

REYNOLDS,  RICHARD  (1674-1743),  successively 
bishop  of  Bangor  and  Lincoln  ;  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1695 ;  LL.D.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
1701  ;  was  bishop  of  Bangor,  1721-3 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1723-43.  [xlviii.  69] 

REYNOLDS,  RICHARD  (1735-1816),  quaker-philau- 
thropist ;  was  the  proprietor  of  large  ironworks  in 
Staffordshire ;  retired  from  business,  1789,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished by  his  munificent  charitable  gifts. 

[xlviii.  69] 

REYNOLDS,  SIR  ROBERT  (ft.  1640-1660),  lawyer ; 
brother  of  Sir  John  Reynolds  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Hindon, 
Long  parliament;  took  the  parliamentary  side  in  the 
civil  war  ;  refused  to  act  as  a  commissioner  on  Charles  I's 
trial ;  became  solicitor-general,  1650 ;  disappeared  from 
public  life  in  1653,  but  returned  on  Cromwell's  death 
and  (1660)  became  attorney-general;  promoted  the  Re- 
storation and  was  knighted  by  Charles  II,  1660. 

[xlviii.  71] 

REYNOLDS,  ROBERT  CARTHEW  (d.  1804),  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy ;  son  of  Robert  Oarthew  Reynolds 
(1748?-1811),  [q.  v.];  died  from  wounds  received  at 
Martinique  after  showing  great  gallantry,  [xlviii.  72] 

REYNOLDS,  ROBERT  OARTHEW  (1748  ?-1811), 
rear-admiral ;  entered  the  navy,  1759  ;  saw  much  service 
during  the  French  wars;  rear-admiral,  1808;  perished  in 
a  storm  on  the  coast  of  Jutland.  [xlviii.  71] 

REYNOLDS,  SAMUEL  HARVEY  (1831-1897),  divine 
and  journalist ;  educated  at  Radley  and  Exeter  College, 
Oxford;  fellow  of  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1856  ;  M.A., 
1857  ;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1858 ;  ordained  priest,  1865  ; 
successively  Latin  lecturer,  tutor,  and  bursar  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford;  held  college  living  of  East  Ham,  1871-93  ; 
leader-writer  on  staff  of  'The  Times,'  1873-96;  edited 
Homer's  'Iliad,'  1870,  and  other  classics,  and  published 
original  essays  on  various  subjects.  [Suppl.  iii.  296] 

REYNOLDS,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM  (1773-1835), 
mezzotint  engraver  and  landscape-painter;  engraved 


REYNOLDS 


1009 


RHYS 


many  fine  works  which  create!  much  enthusiasm 

French   artists;    successfully     employed     etching     to 
strengthen  the  mez/.otint.  [xlviii.  7J] 

REYNOLDS,  SAM  DEL  WILLIAM  (1794-1872),  por- 
trait-painter; son  of  Samuel  William  Reynold*  (1773- 
1835 )  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

REYNOLDS,   THOMAS  (/. 

NOLD.J 

REYNOLDS,   THOMAS  (1667  7-17J7),  presbyterian 


minister;  pastor  to  a  congregation  in  Great  Eastcheap, 
London,  1695-1727  ;  opposed  the  growth  of  ariau  ten- 
deucieu  among  the  English  presbyterians.  [xlviii.  74] 

REYNOLDS,  THOMAS  (1752-1829),  antiquar 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1777;  rector  of  Little  Bowden, 
1776-1829;  his  principal  work,  •  Iter  Britanniarum,'  1799 
(au  edition  of  the  British  portion  of  Antoninus*  •  Itine- 
rary ')•  [xlTiii.  7ft] 

REYNOLDS,  THOMAS  (1771-1836X  uiformer;  be- 
came a  United  Irishman,  1797,  but  turned  informer  in 
1798,  while  financially  embarrassed,  and  betrayed  the 
provincial  committee  to  the  police ;  retired  to  Paris,  1822. 

[xlviii  76] 

REYNOLDS,  WALTER  (d.  1327),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  employed,  like  other  secular-minded  clerks  in 
Edward  I's  rougher  business;  became  a  favourite  of 
Edward  II,  who  made  him  bishop  of  Worcester,  1307,  and 
lord  chancellor,  1310;  became  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
by  a  papal  bull,  in  spite  of  the  previous  election  of  Thomas 
de  Cobham  [q.  v.]  by  the  Canterbury  monks,  1313  ;  sup- 
ported  Edward  II  in  political  disputes,  und  several  times 
attempted  mediation :  succeeded  in  introducing  a  con- 
siderable measure  of  ecclesiastical  reform;  made  his 
peace  with  Queen  Isabella  on  the  overthrow  of  Edward  II ; 
crowned  Edward  III  at  Westiniiwu-r,  and  became  a 
member  of  his  council,  but  had  little  influence  on  affairs. 

REYNOLDS,  WILLIAM  (1544  ?-1594>  [Bee  RAJ- 
NOLDS.] 

REYNOLDS,  WILLIAM  (1625-1698),  dissenting 
minister ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1648  (in- 
corporated at  Oxford,  1649);  became  joint-minister  at 
Nottingham  with  John  Whitlock  [q.  v.],  1651,  both  being 
ejected,  1662,  and  several  times  imprisoned,  but  returning 
to  Nottingham  in  1687.  [xlviii.  80] 

REYNOLDS,  WILLIAM  (1758-1803),  inventor; 
eldest  sou  of  Richard  Reynolds  (1735-1816)  [q.  v.]  ;  was 
associated  with  his  father  in  the  management  of  the 
works  and  collieries  of  Ketley  ;  obtained  a  patent  (1799) 
for  preparing  iron  for  conversion  into  steel  by  the  use  of 
manganese.  [xlviii.  70] 

RHAM,  WILLIAM  LEWIS  (1778-1843X  agricul- 
turist ;  born  at  Utrecht ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1810  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1806 ;  appointed  vicar  of 
Winkfleld,  1808 ;  opened  a  school  of  industry  at  Wink- 
field,  1835 ;  member  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society, 
and  a  great  authority  on  agricultural  methods ;  contri- 
buted to  the  '  Library  of  Useful  Knowledge '  a  manual 
on  *  Flemish  Industry.'  [xlviii.  81] 

RHEAT),  ALEXANDER  (1586  ?-1641).     [Sec  REID.] 


MORGAN  JOHN  (1760-1804),  divine  ;  bap 
tist  minister  at  Peny-garu,  Monmouthshire  ;  was  a  strong 
republican,  and  (1794)  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  where 
be  became  a  noted  preacher.  [xlviii.  82] 

RHESE.    [See  RHYS  and  RICE.] 

RHJND,  ALEXANDER  HENRY  (1833-1863),  anti- 
quary ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  early  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  Scottish  antiquities :  compelled, 
from  1853,  to  travel  in  consequence  of  weak  health  ;  pub- 
lished (1862)  »  Thebes,  it*  Tombs  and  their  Tenants,*  the 
result  of  a  sojourn  in  Egypt,  besides  le*a  important  trea- 
tises, [xlviii.  82] 

RHIWALLON  AP  CYNFYN  (d.  1069),  Welsh  prince : 
eived  North  Wales  in  1163  as  a  tributary  of  Edward 

[xlviii.  83] 


reoeiv 

the  Confessor ;  fell  in  battle. 


RHODES,  EBENEZER  (1762-1830),  topographer ;  a 
master-cutler  ;  published  '  Peak  Scenery,'  1818-24,  which 
remains  a  standard  work  on  Derbyshire.  [xlviii.  83] 


RHODES,  HUGH  (/.  1660-1665),  author  of  the  '  Book 
«f  Nurture  '  (  1550  ?)  ;  published  abo  '  TbeObTld-Byshop  ' 
(1555),  a  fulsome  panegyric  on  ^^  Mary 

RHODES,  JOHN  N.  (18W-184J), 

**~»" 


RHODES,  RICHARD  (d.  1«8),  poet  and  dramatist  ; 
student,  Cbri-t  .ford;  B.A.,  1661  ;  author  of 

•  Flora's  Vagaries  '  (published,  1870X  »  comedy. 

RHODES,   RICHARD   (1766-18J8),   e.  ig£!£r'  I  "lo- 

*  '•'"'•      >  - 


in  the  style  of  James  Heath  (1767-18*4)  [q.  T.] 

RHODES,  WILLIAM  BARNE8(177S-18&SramaLc 
writer;  chief  tell,  r  in  the  Bank  of  England.  182S-6; 
?,Uut!1a(\rof  {•be1|onKt<>PuIa'-  burlesque  •Bomba.tetFurio*) ; 
(1813),  which  had  been  produced  at  the  Haymarkot 
London,  in  1810.  [xlviU.  88] 

RHODRI  MAWII,  i.e.  THE  GREAT  (d.  877),  Welsh 
king ;  son  of  Merfyn  Frych  [q.  v.],  on  whose  death,  in 
844,  he  became  ruler  of  North  Wales ;  chiefly  occupied  In 
withstanding  the  incursions  of  the  Danes  ;  fell  in  battle 
against  the  English.  [xlviii.  86] 

RHODRI  AB  OWAIN  (d.  1195),  Welsh  prinoe  ;  son  of 
Owain  Gwynedd  [q.  v.] ;  drove  bis  elder  brother,  David, 
out  of  Anglesey  in  1175  and  ruled  there  till  1191,  when 
he  was  dispossessed  by  his  nephews.  [xlviii.  86] 

RHTJN  AP  MAELGWN  (ft.  547),  British  king;  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Maelgwn  Gwynedd  [q.  v  ],  as  ruler  of 
North  Wales,  547.  Legend  connected  him  with  King 
Arthur,  and  he  appears  in  the  Triads  as  one  of  the  three 
'  blessed  rulers '  of  Britain.  [xlviit  86] 

RHYDDERCH  HAEL,  i.e.  THE  LIBERAL,  or  HEX,  i.e. 
THE  AGED  (ft.  580),  British  king ;  reigned  in  Alclnd  or 
Dumbarton,  but  Is  almost  unnoticed  In  early  records.  It 
is,  however,  generally  believed  that  he  was  the  victor  in 
the  battle  of  Arderydd,  573.  [xlviii.  86] 

RHYDDERCH,   RODERICK,    or    ROGERS,   JOHN 

(rf.  1735),  printer;  settled  In  Shrewbury,  1708;  printed  a 
number  of  books  connected  with  Wales,  1708-28. 

[xlviii.  87] 

RHYGYFARCH,  wrongly  called  Rbyddmareh,  and  in 
Latin,  Ricemarchus  (1056-1099),  clerk  of  St.  David's  ; 
eldest  son  of  Sulien  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  the  oldest  extant 
life  of  St.  David,  preserved  among  the  Cotton.  MSS.,  and 
printed  in  Rees's  *  Cambro- British  Saints.'  [xlviii.  87] 

RHYS  AB  OWAIN  (d.  1078),  Welsh  prince  :  became 
sole  ruler  of  South  Wales,  1076,  but  was  dispossessed,  1078, 
by  Trahaearn  ap  Caradog.  [xlviii.  88] 


RHYS  A i-  TEWDWR  (d.  1093),  Welsh  king: 
king  of  South  Wales  on  the  death  of  bis  cousin,  Rhys  ab 
Owain  [q.  v.],  in  1078,  but  was  much  harassed  by  the 
princes  of  North  Wales,  whom  he  decisively  defeated  in 
1081 ;  killed  in  battle  against  the  Norman  settlers  in 
Brecknock.  [xlviii.  88] 

RHYS  AP  GRTJFFYDD  (1132  ?- 11 97),  prince  of  South 
Wales :  son  of  Gruffydd  ab  Rhys  (d.  1137)  [q.  v.] ;  became 
sole  ruler  of  the  Welsh  in  Dyfed,  Ceredigion,  and  Y.-tnid 
Tywi,  1155  ;  engaged  In  a  long  struggle  with  Henry  II, 
whom,  however,  he  supported  during  the  rebellion  of 
1173-4;  eventually  acknowledged  Henry  1 1's  supremacy, 
but  on  the  accession  of  Richard  I  resumed  his  indepen- 
dence, [xlviii.  89] 

RHYS  GOCH  AP  RHICERT  (JT.  1300),  WeL.li  poet: 
lived  in  Glamorgan.  His  poems  first  became  known 
through  their  publication  in  the  lolo  MSS.  [xlviiL  91] 

RHYS  GOCH  ERYRI,  i.e.  of  Suowdou  ( 1310  ?-1400  ?), 
Welsh  pout ;  lived  near  Bedd  Gelert.  Seven  of  his  poems 
have  been  printed,  but  a  large  number  remain  un- 
priuted  in  the  Britten  Museum  among  the  Cymrodoriou 
MSS.  [xlviii.  91] 

RHYS  (or  RICE)  AP  THOMAS  (1449-1525),  sup- 
porter of  Henry  VII ;  formed  a  fighting  force  of  several 
thousand  men  in  South  Wales,  with  whom  he  joined  the 
Earl  of  Richmond  (afterwards  Henry  VII)  after  his  land- 
ing in  1485  ;  knighted,  1485 ;  received  numerous  honours 
aud  preferments  from  Henry  VIL  [xlviii.  91] 


RHYS 


1100 


RICH 


RHYS,  IOAN  DAFYDD,  or  JOHN  DAVID  (1534- 
1609)  Welsh  grammarian ;  studied  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  and  to  several  Italian  universities ;  published 
(IMS)  a  Welsh  grammar,  still  extunt.  [xlviu.  92] 

RHYS,  MORGAN  (17107-1779),  Welsh  hymn-writer ; 
a  Onlviufctic  methodUt  preacher  of  the  Cilycwm  circuit ; 
published  a  collection  of  twenty-two  hymns  in  1700,  a 
second  collection  in  1767,  and  a  third  in  1770-1.  . 

[xlviu.  92] 

RHY8BRACH,  JOHN  MICHAEL  (16937-1770). 
[See  RYSBRACK.] 

yTAT.T.,  SIR  PHINEAS  (1775-1850),  general ;  entered 
the  army,  1794 ;  served  in  the  West  Indies  and  Canada  : 
aoDointai  governor  of  Grenada,  1816 ;  knighted,  1833  ; 
general,  18»l.  [xlviii.  93] 

RICARDO.  DAVID  (1772-1823),  economist ;  the  son 
of  a  Dutch  jew,  who  made  a  fortune  on  the  London 
stock  exchange  early  in  life ;  through  the  perusal  of  the 
•  Wealth  of  Nations '  became  interested  in  the  scientific 
treatment  of  economic  questions:  bad  become  a  lead- 
ing authority  upon  the  subject  by  1817,  and,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  wishes  of  his  friends  for  a  more  systematic 
exposition  of  his  theories,  published  his  well-known 
•Principles  of  Political  Economy  and  Taxation,'  1817,  in 
which  he  elaborated  his  theory  of  rent,  exhibited  the 
relation  between  rent,  profit,  and  wages,  and  traced  the 
incidence  of  taxation ;  retired  from  business,  1814,  and 
settled  in  Gloucestershire ;  M.P.,  Portarlington,  1819-23  ; 
though  an  independent  thinker,  generally  supported  the 
radical  party;  won  became  accepted  in  the  house  as 
an  authority  on  financial  matters.  He  was  the  principal 
founder  of  the  classical  school  of  political  economy. 

[xlviii.  93] 

RICARDO,  JOHN  LEWIS  (1812-1862),  free-trader ; 
nephew  of  David  Ricardo  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Stoke-upou- 
Trent,  1841-62 ;  supported  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws 
and  navigation  laws.  [xlviii.  97] 

RICART,  ROBERT  (fl.  1466-1508),  town  clerk  of 
Bristol ;  compiled  the  '  Mayor's  Register,'  a.  record  of  the 
ancient  usages  of  the  city,  which  was  edited  for  the  Cam- 
den  Society  in  1872.  [xlviii.  97] 

RICAUT,  SIR  PAUL  (1628-1700).    [See  RYCAUT.] 

RICCALTOTO,  ROBERT  (1691-1769),  Scottish  divine ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  minister  of  Hope- 
kirk,  1725-69  ;  befriended  and  encouraged  James  Thom- 
son, author  of  the  'Seasons';  published  an  ode  on 
'  Winter,'  in  Savage's  '  Miscellany,'  1726 ;  engaged  in 
the  •  Marrow  controversy.'  [xlviii.  97] 

RICCIO  or  RIZZIO,  DAVID  (15337-1566),  secretary 
to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  son  of  a  musician  at  Pancalieri, 
near  Turin ;  began  life  in  the  service  of  the  archbishop 
of  Turin;  accompanied  the  ambassador  of  the  Duke  of 
Savoy  to  Scotland,  1561,  and  (1564)  became  French  secre- 
tary to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  his  appointment  marking 
a  change  in  her  policy,  which  now  became  inde- 
pendent both  of  the  Guises  and  the  Scottish  lords ;  ar- 
ranged the  marriage  with  Darnley,  and  practically  super- 
seded Maitland  of  Lethington  as  secretary  of  state  ;  with 
his  new  position  of  authority  assumed  a  haughty  de- 
meanour ;  exasperated  the  Scottish  nobles  by  his  assump- 
tion of  superiority,  and  in  particular  annoyed  Darnlev, 
Mary's  husband,  who  found  himself  excluded  from  politi- 
cal power ;  was  suspected  by  Darnley  of  being  the  queen's 
lover ;  was  at  length  seized  in  the  queen's  presence  by  an 
armed  band,  including  Daruley  and  Morton,  ami  de- 
spatched in  an  antechamber.  [xlviii.  98] 

RICE  AP  THOMAS  (1449-1525).    [See  RHYS.] 

RICE,  EDMUND  IGNATIUS  (1762-1844),  founder  of 
the  Roman  catholic  institute  known  as  the  '  Irish  Chris- 
tian  Brothers  ;  was  owner  of  a  provision  merchant's 
oatineai  at  Waterford  ;  began  (c.  1802)  to  educate  the 
children  of  Waterford  gratuitously,  and  with  the  other 
directors  took  religious  vows  and  became  known  as  the 
•Christian  Brothers,'  1808  (the  order  was  sanctioned  by 
•  JJ,  1880):  elected  superior-general,  1822.  The 
icboou  erentaally  spread  over  the  greater  part  of  Ireland  ; 
«  in  1896  numbered  throe  hundred,  with  an  average 
aailj  attendance  of  thirty  thousand  pupils,  [xlviii.  100] 


RICE,  GEORGE  (1721-1779),  politician;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  :  M.P.,  Carmarthenshire,  1754-79  ;  sup- 
ported Lord  North;  treasurer  of  the  king's  chamber, 
1770  ;  privy  councillor,  1770.  [xlviii.  102] 

RICE,  JAMES  (1843-1882),  novelist;  of  Queens' Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  chiefly  known  for  his  literary  partner- 
ship with  (Sir)  Walter  Besant,  which  commenced  in  1872 
with  *  Ready  Money  Mortiboy '  and  continued  till  the  close 
of  his  life :  published,  with  (Sir)  Walter  Bezant,  '  The 
Golden  Butterfly,'  1876,  and  'The  Seamy  Side,'  1881, 
among  other  works ;  published  independently  a  history 
of  the  British  turf,  1879.  [xlviii.  102] 

RICE,  Sm  JOHN  AP  (d.  1573  ?).    [See  PRICE.] 

RICE  or  PRICE,  RICHARD  (/.  1535-1579),  author  ; 
brother  of  Ellis  Price  [q.  v.] ;  abbot  of  Conway,  1536 ; 
published  two  theological  treatises.  [xlviii.  103] 

RICE,  SIR  STEPHEN  (1637-1715),  chief-baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  Ireland ;  appointed  a  baron  by  James  II, 
1686,  and  chief  baron,  1687 ;  took  a  large  share  in  re- 
modelling the  Irish  corporations ;  on  the  overthrow  of 
James  II  escaped  reprisals  under  the  articles  of  Limerick. 

[xlviiL  103] 

RICE,  THOMAS  SPRING,  first  BARON  MONTEAGLE 
(1790-1866).  [See  SPRING-KICK.] 

RICEMARCHTJS  (1056-1099).    [See  RHVGYFAUCH.] 

RICH,  BARNABE  (1540  7-1620  ?),  author  and  soldier  ; 
fought  in  Queen  Mary's  war  with  France  (1557-8)  and  in 
the  Low  Countries,  rising  to  the  rank  of  captain ;  began 
to  write  in  1574,  and  for  nearly  fifty  years  devoted  his 
leisure  to  the  production  of  romances  iu  the  style  of 
Lyly's  '  Euphues,'  pamphlets,  and  reminiscences  ;  found  a 
patron  in  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  [q.  v.],  and  (1584)  held  a 
military  command  in  Ireland ;  his  admirers  in  his  own 
day  numerous,  but  chiefly  drawn  from  the  less  cultivated 
classes.  His  extant  printed  works  are  twenty-four  in 
number,  and  several  others  exist  in  manuscript.  From 
the  second  story  ('Apolonius  and  Silla')  in  'Riche  his 
Farewell  to  Militarie  profession  '  (1581)  Shakespeare  drew 
the  plot  of  •  Twelfth  Night.'  [xlviii.  105] 

RICH,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1714),  theatrical  mana- 
ger ;  originally  an  attorney ;  purchased  a  share  in  the 
management  of  the  Theatre  Royal  (afterwards  Drury 
Lane),  London,  1688  ;  controlled  (1706-7)  the  three  London 
playhouses  (Drury  Lane,  Dorset  Garden,  and  Haymarket), 
but  alienated  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him  by  his 
avarice  and  oppression  of  the  actors ;  Drury  Lane  closed 
in  consequence  of  his  arbitrary  measures  by  the  lord 
chamberlain,  1709,  mitil  the  orders  for  the  redress  of  the 
actor's  grievances  had  been  complied  with  ;  soon  after- 
wards lost  his  hold  on  the  theatre  and  began  to  erect  a 
new  one  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  but  died  before 
its  completion.  [xlviii.  108] 

RICH,  CLAUDIUS  JAMES  (1787-1820),  traveller: 
born  at  Dijon  :  passed  his  childhood  at  Bristol ;  acquire- 1 
a  great  mastery  of  eastern  languages  ;  in  1803  entered 
the  East  India  Company's  service,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled in  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  and  Syria  ;  East  India  Com- 
pany's resident  at  Baghdad  ;  died  of  cholera  at  Shiraz. 
His  oriental  collections  were  purchased  by  the  trustees  of 
the  British  Museum.  [xlviii.  110] 

RICH,  EDMUND  (1170  ?-1240).    [See  EDMUND.] 

RICH,  SIR  HENRY,  first  BARON  KENSINGTON  and 
first  EARL  OP  HOLLAND  (1590-1649),  son  of  Robert  Rich, 
first  earl  of  Warwick,  by  his  wife  Penelope  Rich  [q.  v.] ; 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  knighted,  1610 ;  M.P., 
Leicester,  1610  and  1614;  enabled  by  natural  qualifica- 
tions to  rise  rapidly  as  a  courtier ;  created  Baron  Ken- 
sington, 1623  and  (1624)  made  Earl  of  Holland  and  em- 
ployed to  negotiate  the  marriage  of  Charles  I  and  Henrietta 
Maria;  enjoyed  Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  favour,  and 
intrigued  against  Charles  I's  ministers  ;  became  general 
of  the  horse,  1639,  and  took  an  inglorious  part  in  the 
Scottish  war  ;  joined  the  parliamentary  party,  1642,  but 
(1643)  returned  to  Charles  I's  side;  met  an  ungracious 
reception,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  partially 
reconciled  to  the  parliament ;  took  up  arms  for  Charles  I, 
in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  Commons  to  grant 
pecuniary  compensation  for  his  losses,  1648;  captured  at 
St.  Neots,  July  1648;  beheaded,  in  spite  of  Fairfax's 
intercession.  [xlviii.  Ill] 


RICH 


1101 


RICHARD    I 


RICH,    JEREMIAH   (d.    I860?),  stenognM  > 

eminent  practitioner  of  shorthand ;  pupil  ol  lii.- 
Willittm  Cartwright,  whose  system   ht-  elaborated  in  a 
number  of  treatines,  in  some  of  which   he  claimed   the 
methods  as  his  o\vn  invention.  [xlviit.  114] 

RICH,  JOHN  (1682  7-1761),  pantomtmlst  and  theatri- 
cal manager;  son  of  Christopher  Rich  [q.  v.l;  opened 
the  new  theatre  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Field*,  London,  17  M: 
began  to  develop  the  pantomime,  1716,  in  which  genre  be 
himself  always  played  Harlequin  ;  produced  a  pantomime 
annually,  1717-60 ;  opened  the  houne  at  I'ovent  Garden, 
1732,  where  Garrick  appeared  in  1746.  [xlviil.  116] 

RICH,  MARY,  OOUXTKSS  OF  WARWICK  (1626-1678), 
daughter  of  Richard  Boyle,  flr«t  earl  of  C/ork  [q.  v.]  : 
mirried  (1641)  Charles  Rich,  fourth  earl  of  War 
developed  a  pietistic  temperament,  which  led  to  her  house 
in  Essex  becoming  the  retort  of  puritan  divines ;  some 
devotional  writings  by  her  published,  1686;  her  diaries 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  [xlviil.  118] 

RICH,  Pin  NATHANIEL  (15857-1636),  merchant 
adventurer ;  member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1610 :  M.P.,  Totnes, 
1614,  East  Retford,  1621,  Harwich,  1624-5  and  1626-9, 
Newport  (Isle  of  Wight),  1625  ;  knighted,  1617  ;  took  part 
in  forming  a  company  of  adventurers  for  the  plantation 
of  Providence  and  Henrietta,  1630,  and  (1635)  became 
deputy-governor.  [xlviil.  119] 

RICH,  NATHANIEL  (rf.  1701),  soldier:  entered  the 
life-guards  of  Earl  of  Essex,  1642 ;  became  colonel  of  a 
regiment  of  horse  in  the  '  new  model ' :  M.P.,  Cirenoester, 
1649  ;  was  inclined  to  the  views  of  the  Fifth-monarchy  men 
and  (1655)  was  deprived  of  his  command  and  imprisoned 
for  opposing  Cromwell's  government:  restored  to  his 
command,  1659,  but  cashiered  by  Monck  for  resisting  the 
Restoration,  1660:  was  arrested  during  the  excitement 
caused  by  Yenner's  plot,  1661,  and  remained  in  confine- 
ment till  1665.  [drill.  119] 

RICH,  PENELOPE,  LADY  RICH  (15627-1607),  daugh- 
ter of  Walter  Devereux,  first  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.l ;  when 
a  girl  of  fourteen  won  the  admiration  of  (Sir)  Philip 
Sidney,  whom  her  father  desired  that  she  should  marry  ; 
married  to  Robert  Rich,  third  baron  Rich  (afterwards 
earl  of  Warwick X  1581 ;  in  consequence  of  her  distaste  for 
the  marriage,  encouraged  the  attentions  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  who  celebrated  her  charms  and  his  affection  in 
the  series  of  sonnet*?  afterwards  collected  under  the  title 
*  AEtropbel  and  Stella'  (1591);  became  Lord  Mount  joy's 
mistress  after  Sidney's  death,  and  from  1601  lived  in  open 
adultery,  her  husband  abandoning  her.  according  to  her 
own  statement,  after  the  execution  of  her  brother,  the 
second  Earl  of  Essex ;  divorced  by  Lord  Rich,  1605,  on 
which  she  married  Mount  joy,  now  become  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire. [xlviiL  120] 

RICH,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  BARON  RICH  (1496  7- 
1567),  lord  chancellor;  studied  at  the  Middle  Temple 
(reader,  1529);  returned  to  the  reformation  parliament 
for  Colchester,  1529 :  became  solicitor-general,  1533 : 
knighted,  1533  ;  afterwards  basely  procured  evidence 
against  Fisher  by  visiting  him  in  prison  and  pledging 
Henry  VIITs  word  that  the  conversation  should  be  regardel 
as  confidential ;  perjured  himself  against  Sir  Thomas  More 
at  More's  trial ;  knight  of  the  shire  for  Essex  and  elected 
speaker,  1536 ;  during  1536  and  succeeding  years  occupied 
himself  largely  in  the  suppression  of  monasteries ;  shared 
Cromwell's  unpopularity,  but  deserted  him  in  his  disgrace: 
took  an  active  part  in  persecuting  the  reformers,  and, 
according  to  Anne  Askew's  statement,  racked  her  with 
bis  own  hands ;  created  Baron  Rich  after  the  accession  of 
Edward  VI  :  appointed  lord-chancellor,  1548  ;  conducted 
the  bill  of  attainder  against  Seymour  through  parliament, 
1649,  and  afterwards  joined  Warwick  in  effecting  the 
overthrow  of  Protector  Somerset ;  employed  by  Warwick 
in  proceedings  against  Gardiner  and  Ikmner,  as  well  as  in 
the  measures  against  Mary  ;  resigned  the  great  seal,  1561 ; 
after  signing  the  proclamation  in  favour  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey,  1553,  went  down  to  Essex  and  declared  for  Queen 
Mary,  during  whose  reign  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  severities  against  the  protestants ;  founded  Felstead 
grammar  school,  1564.  [xlviiL  123] 

RICH,  RICHARD  (/.  1609-1610),  author  of  'Newes 
from  Virginia' ;  sailed  for  Virginia  in  1609  with  Captain 
Christopher  Newport  [q.  v.]  ;  published  on  bis  return  to 


England  a  narrative  in  vera  entitle.!   '  Ncwes  from  Vir- 
ginia' (1610),  containing  alto  a:i  account  of  hi*  sblpwrrck 

on  I!:-  I--:-.  M  ,-.      Tbl  VOfl  ;>r»b..'  brfMMSjM  MOM  :n 

Shakespeare's  '  Tempest.'  [xlviiL  126] 

RICH,  ROBERT  (jf.litfft-lSiO),  biographer;  youneer 
bn.th.-r  of  Mmund  (Kiel.)  [q.  v.],  arc b bishop  of  Canter- 
bury, whose  lifelong  companion  be  was;  present  at 
Edmund's  death,  1244) ;  wrote  a  life  of  bis  brother,  w  hid. 
seems  to  be  identical  with  that  preserved  in  Cotton.  MS. 
Faustina  B.  i.  ff.  180-8,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  In- 
Fell  MS.  1,  vol.  iv.  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  It  ban  bent 
printed  in  Wallace's  '  Life  of  St.  Edmund.'  [xlviil.  127] 

RICH,  Sin  ROBERT,  second  BARI.  or  WARWICK 
( 1587-1668),  eldest  son  of  tlie  Unit  earl  of  Warwick  and 
Penelope,  Lady  Ricb  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Emmanuel  Col 
lege,  Cambridge ;  K.B.,  1603  ;  member  of  the  Inner  Temple. 


1604:  M.P.,  Maldon,  1610  and  1614;  succeeded  bis  father 
in  1619,  and  occupied  himself  largely  with  the  colonisation 
of  America  and  with  privateering  ventures,  which  Involved 
him  in  controversy  with  the  great  merchant  companies : 
during  the  early  part  of  Charles  I's  reign  gradually  became 
estranged  from  the  court ;  was  associated  with  the  founda- 
tion of  the  colonies  of  New  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut ;  refused  to  subscribe  to  the  forced  loan  of  1626 
and  to  pay  ship-money,  and  protected  the  puritan  clergy : 
arrested  and  his  papers  searched  on  the  dissolution  of  the 
Short  parliament,  1640 ;  active  in  raising  forces  for  par- 
liament on  the  outbreak  of  civil  war ;  gained  the  fleet,  July 
1642,  and  (1643)  was  appointed  lord  high  admiral ;  nomi- 
nated head  of  a  commission  for  the  government  of  the 
colonies,  1643  ;  associated  in  1644  with  the  foundation  of 
Rhode  Island ;  generally  exerted  his  authority  in  behalf 
of  religious  freedom ;  endeavoured  unsuccessfully  (1648> 
to  regain  the  fleet,  the  greater  part  of  which  bad  revolted 
to  Charles  I,  but  was  able  to  organise  a  new  one ;  after 
the  abolition  of  the  House  of  Lords  was  removed  by  the 
independents  from  the  post  of  lord  high  admiral ;  took  no 
part  in  public  affairs  during  the  Commonwealth,  bat 
received  support  and  encouragement  from  Cromwell.  His 
grandson,  Robert  Ricb,  married  the  Protector's  daughter. 

[xlviiL  128] 

RICH,  ROBERT  (<?.  1679),  qnaker  and  nnlversalist ; 
a  rich  merchant  and  shipowner  of  London;  became  a 
quaker,  1654,  and  (1655)  an  adherent  of  James  Nayler 
[q.  v.],  whom  he  loyally  assisted  during  his  trial  and 
puni?hment ;  renowned  for  his  charity,  which  was  distri- 
buted to  all  creeds  without  distinction.  [xlviil.  133] 

RICH,  SIR  ROBERT,  fourth  baronet (1685-1 768),  field- 
marshal  ;  entered  the  army,  1700,  and  served  under  Marl- 
borough  :  M.P.,  Dunwich,  1715-22,  BeeraUton,  1724,  St. 
Ivee,  1727-41  ;  consistently  supported  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ; 
fought  at  Dettiugen,  1743;  general,  1747;  field-marshal. 
1757.  [xlviiL  134] 

RICH,  SIR  ROBERT,  fifth  baronet  (1714-1785). 
lieutenantrgeneral ;  son  of  Sir  Robert  Rich,  fourth  baronet 
[q.-  v.] :  entered  the  army,  1735 :  severely  wounded  at 
Culloden,  1746;  fought  at  Minorca,  1756;  lieutenant- 
general,  1760;  Involved  in  a  dispute  with  government, 
1768,  which  resulted  in  bis  dismissal  from  the  service. 

[xlviil.  136] 

RICH-JONES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1817-1886).    [See 

JOXKS.] 

RICHARD  I,  called  RICHARD  CCECR-DK-LIOX  (1157- 
1199),  king  of  England :  thirdson  of  Henry  II  and  Eleanor 
of  Poitou ;  born  at  Oxford  8  Pept  1157  :  betrothed  (1160> 
to  Alice,  daughter  of  Louis  VII,  a  source  of  many  future 
troubles ;  acknowledged  Duke  of  Aquitaine,  1170 ;  joined 
his  brothers  in  rebelling  against  tlK-ir  fatlier.  Henry  II. 
1173-4,  but  was  forced  to  submit,  and  afterwards  occupied 
himself  in  reducing  the  local  magnates  of  Aquitaine  : 
completely  established  the  ducal  authority,  but  on  becom- 
ing (1183)  heir  to  the  English  tlirone  on  tl*  death  of  bis 
elder  brother  Henry,  was  called  upon  by  his  father  to  give 
up  Aquitaine  to  his  brother  John;  compromised  tbe 
,  matter  by  a  nominal  surrender  to  Eleanor  in  1186;  sns- 
I  pecting  that  his  father  intended  to  disinherit  him,  allied, 
himself  with  the  French  king,  Philip  Augustus,  against 
his  father,  1188  ;  succeeded  to  the  English  throne,  1189  : 
immediately  began  his  preparations  for  the  third  crusade, 
having  already  (1187)  taken  tbe  eras ;  added  to  his 
inherited  wealth,  which  was  Insufficient,  by  tbe  sale  of 


RICHARD    II 


1102 


RICHARD    III 


crown  domains  and  rights;  joined  Philip  Augusts  at 
Medina,  1190,  when  he  compelled  Taucred,  the  Sicilian 
king,  to  pay  him  forty  thousand  ounces  of  gold ;  arrived  at 
Cyprtw,  1191,  and,  the  pseudo-emperor,  Isaac  Comneuus, 
having  refused  to  recompense  some  pilgrims  he  had 
plundered,  proceeded  to  conquer  the  island  anil  to  a'M  it- 
treasures  to  his  hoard  :  reached  Acre,  June  1191,  which  sur- 
rendered on  12  July  :  advanced  on  Ascalon,  August  1191, 
iiiiving  already  returned  to  France:  defeated 
Saladiu  near  Arsuf,  and  towards  the  end  of  December 
1191  was  at  Beit-Nuba,  onl>  twelve  miles  off  Jerusalem, 
but  judged  it  too  late  in  the  year  to  attempt  the  siege ; 
retired  to  Ascalon,  which  he  fortified ;  again  reached 
Beit-Nuba,  only  again  to  retire,  June  1192,  and  in  July 
relieved  Jaffa  and  defeated  Saladin  under  its  walls; 
accepted,  since  troubles  in  England  rendered  his  return 
imperative,  a  three  years'  truce,  by  which  the  crusaders 
were  allowed  to  visit  Jerusalem  ;  set  sail  for  England  in 
October  of  the  same  year:  while  attempting  to  travel 
through  Germany  in  disguise  was  arrested  near  Vienna 
and  imprisoned  at  Durrensteiu ;  handed  over  by  the  Duke 
of  Austria  to  the  Emperor  Henry  VI,  and  was  compelled 
to  pay  a  ransom  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  marks, 
besides  doing  homage  for  England  ;  set  free,  March  1194, 
hU  arrival  in  England  at  once  frustrating  the  attempt  of 
his  brother  John  to  usurp  bis  authority ;  intended  to 
return  to  the  East,  but  found  himself  unable  to  depart 
owing  to  the  alliance  of  John  and  Philip  Augustus ;  left 
England  for  the  last  time.  May  1194,  landed  in  Normandy, 
and,  after  completely  defeating  Philip,  restored  the  ducal 
authority  in  Aquitaiue;  made  peace  (1196)  with  Philip, 
who,  fearing  attack,  had  again  (1195)  invaded  Normandy  ; 
defeated  Philip  near  Gisors,  1198,  war  having  again 
broken  out ;  mortally  wounded  by  an  arrow  while  besieging 
the  castle  of  Chaluz  in  order  to  seize  a  newly  found 
treasure :  his  body  buried  at  Fontevrault,  and  his  heart 
at  Rouen.  He  married  Berengaria  of  Navarre  [q.  v.] 

[xlviii.  136] 

RICHARD  II  (1367-1400),  •  of  Bordeaux ';  king  of 
England ;  younger  son  of  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales  [q.  v.] ; 
born  at  Bordeaux,  6  Jan.  1367 ;  created  Prince  of 
Wales,  1376 ;  succeeded  Edward  III,  June  1377,  but  the 
actual  control  of  government  was  at  first  seized  by  parlia- 
ment and  afterwards  passed  to  Lancaster ;  met  at 
Smithfleld  the  peasant  insurgents  who,  led  by  Wat  Tyler 
[q.  v.],  hud  risen  in  revolt  (1381)  against  the  attempt  to 
levy  a  tax  of  a  shilling  a  head  on  every  person  over 
fifteen,  and  after  the  death  of  their  leader  succeeded  in 
pacifying  them  ;  granted  them  charters  of  freedom,  but 
when  the  revolt  was  at  an  end  revoked  these  concessions  ; 
proclaimed  a  general  pardon,  December  1381,  after  the 
execution  of  the  leaders ;  married,  January  1382,  Anne, 
sister  of  Weuceslaus,  king  of  Bohemia ;  on  the  attain- 
ment of  bis  majority  found  parliament  (1382)  reluctant 
to  surrender  the  strict  control  which  it  had  exercised 
over  the  crown  during  the  minority ;  appointed  Michael 
de  la  Pole  (1330  ?-1389)  [q.  v.]  chancellor  without  reference 
to  parliament,  1383 ;  showed  signs  of  a  disposition  to 
oppose  Lancaster ;  accepted  Lancaster's  explanation  when 
the  old  charges  of  treason  against  him  were  revived,  1384 ; 
created  his  uncles,  Edmund  and  Thomas,  dukes  of  York 
and  Gloucester,  in  the  hope  of  playing  them  off  against 
Lancaster;  got  rid  of  Lancaster  by  allowing  him  to 
go  on  his  long-delayed  expedition  to  Spain,  by  which, 
however,  the  leadership  of  the  magnates  was  left  to 
Gloucester,  a  more  dangerous  person;  provoked  the 
nobles  by  his  determination  to  rule  through  the  upstart 
Pole,  now  earl  of  Suffolk,  as  chancellor,  and  Robert  de 
Vere,  created  duke  of  Ireland ;  compelled  by  Gloucester 
(1386)  to  agree  to  a  commission  of  eleven  magnates,  with 
extensive  powers  for  the  reform  of  the  household  and 
realm,  but  (August  1387)  obtained  an  opinion  from  the 
judges  that  the  commission  was  unlawful;  his  power 
overthrown  by  the  magnates,  headed  by  Gloucester, 
December  1387 ;  his  adherents  proscribed  and  executed 
by  the  •  merciless '  parliament;  regained  the  ascendency 
(May  1389), dismissed  the  counsellors  imposed  on  him,  and 
replaced  them  by  others  of  his  own  choice:  subsequently 
pursued  a  policy  of  conciliation,  but  lost  popularity  after 
Queen  Anne>  death  (1394)  by  his  marriage  (November 
1396)  with  Isabella,  daughter  of  Charles  VI  of  France; 
the  feeling  against  him  fanned  by  Gloucester ;  resolved 
on  »  coup  rfVvor,  perhaps  fearing  a  repetition  of  the 
proceedings  of  1388;  got  the  three  leaders,  Gloucester, 
Arundel,  and  Warwick,  into  his  power,  July  1397- 
summoned  parliament,  September  1897,  and  had  these 


three  lords  condemned  to  death  as  traitors,  the  upshot 
i  being  that  Arundel  was  beheaded  and  Gloucester  died 

I  in  custody  at  Calais  under  suspicious  circumstances, 
while  Warwick  alone  obtained  pardon ;  at  Shrewsbury 
had  the  acts  of  the  'merciless'  parliament  annulled 
i  and  restitution  ordered  to  the  heirs  of  its  victims ;  was 
again  involved  in  difficulties  by  the  action  of  Henry  of 
Lancaster,  duke  of  Hereford,  in  accusing  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  of  treasonable  designs,  with  reference  to  which  it 
was  arranged  that  they  should  settle  their  quarrel  by 
single  combat ;  forbade  the  combat  on  the  day  appointed 
for  the  battle,  and  sentenced  Hereford  to  ten  years' 
banishment  and  Norfolk  to  perpetual  exile ;  from  this 
time  exercised  the  royal  authority  with  great  arbitrariness, 
exacting  heavy  fines  and  contributions  from  his  subjects  ; 
deprived  the  exiled  Hereford  of  his  succession  on  the 
death  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  in  February  1399 ;  went 
over  to  Ireland,  April  1399,  to  avenge  the  death  of  the 
Earl  of  March;  heard  that  in  his  absence  the  Duke  of 
Hereford  had  landed  in  Yorkshire,  and  hurried  back  to 
Milford  to  meet  him ;  found  himself  unable  to  raise  a 
sufficient  force,  and  after  wandering  about  in  North 
Wales  surrendered  to  Hereford,  August  1399 ;  resigned 
the  crown,  September  1399,  and  was  imprisoned  finally  at 
Pontefract ;  a  rising  in  his  favour  set  on  foot,  January 
1400;  died  at  Pontefract,  probably  by  a  violent  death, 
14  Feb.  1400.  The  belief  that  he  had  escaped  from  captivity, 
and  was  still  alive  in  Scotland,  was  widely  prevalent  even 
so  late  as  1417,  but  has  little  probability.  [xlviii.  145] 

RICHARD  HI  (1452-H85),  king  of  England; 
eleventh  child  of  Richard,  third  duke  of  York  [q.  v.] ; 
born  at  Fotheringay  Castle  on  2  Oct.  1452;  created  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  June  1461 ;  accompanied  Edward  IV  in  his 
flight  to  Holland,  September  1470,  and  (1471)  commanded 
the  vanguard  at  Barnet  and  Tewkesbury ;  reported, 
perhaps  truly,  to  have  butchered  young  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,  after  Tewkesbury,  and  murdered  Henry  VI  in  the 
Tower  of  London  a  fortnight  later;  rewarded  by  Ed- 
ward IV  with  large  grants  of  land,  including  the  posses- 
sions of  the  Earl  of  Oxford ;  quarrelled  with  his  brother 
Clarence  on  his  marriage  to  Anne,  the  younger  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  Clarence,  who  had  married 
the  elder,  desiring  to  retain  the  whole  of  Warwick's 
estates  ;  was  not,  however,  directly  responsible  for  the 
death  of  Clarence  in  1478,  though  there  was  a  suspicion 
that  he  had  helped  indirectly  to  briiig  it  about ;  com* 
uaanded  a  Scottish  expedition  (1482)  which  captured 
Berwick  and  advanced  as  far  as  Edinburgh  ;  left  by 
Edward  IV  (died  9  April  1483)  in  charge  of  his  family 
and  kingdom  during  the  minority  of  his  successor; 
resolved,  in  conjunction  with  Hastings,  to  overthrow  the 
party  of  the  Woodvilles,  the  relatives  of  the  queen- 
mother  ;  seized  Edward  V's  maternal  uncles,  Rivers  and 
Grey,  at  Stony-Stratford,  and  took  Edward  V  under  his 
own  protection  ;  was  recognised  by  the  council  as  pro- 
tector on  his  arrival  in  London,  but  in  the  meantime 
became  an  object  of  apprehension,  after  the  complete  over- 
throw of  the  WoodviUe  party,  to  Hastings  and  some  of 
the  council,  who  consequently  desired  to  get  Edward  V  out 
of  his  power  ;  had  Hastings  and  several  others  seized  in 
the  council  itself  (13  June),  and  Hastings  immediately 
executed,  a  step  which  was  followed  twelve  days  later  by 
the  execution  of  Rivers  and  Grey  ;  employed  Archbishop 
Bourchier  to  persuade  the  queen-mother,  who  was  in 
sanctuary  at  Westminster,  to  deliver  up  the  Duke  of  York, 
and  sent  the  Duke  of  York  to  keep  his  brother  company 
in  the  Tower  of  London  ;  was  offered  the  crown  in  an 
incomplete  parliament,  shortly  after  Dr.  Shaw,  preaching 
at  St  Paul's  Cross,  London,  22  June,  had  declared  Ed- 
ward IV  and  his  children  illegitimate ;  began  his  reign, 
26  June  1483 ;  by  his  usurpation  alienated  many  of  the 
nobility  who  had  supported  him  as  protector ;  even 
Buckingham,  his  chief  adherent,  becoming  disaffected; 
cabals  against  him  set  on  foot  over  all  the  southern 
counties,  public  feeling  being  further  scandalised  by  the 
news  of  the  death  of  the  princes  in  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
a  rebellion  against  him  headed  by  Buckingham,  who, 
however,  was  captured  and  executed  in  November  1483  ; 
defeated  and  slain  at  Bos  worth,  chiefly  through  the 
treachery  of  the  Stanleys,  by  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  to 
whom  had  descended  the  Lancastrian  claim  to  the  throne, 
and  who  bad  invaded  England  in  vindication  of  it ;  buried 
at  Grey  Friars,  London.  His  nickname  Crouchback  had 
its  rise  in  a  real,  though  probably  slight,  bodily  deformity. 

[xlviii.  168] 


RICHARD 


11U.5 


RICHARD 


RICHARD,   EARL  OF   CORNWALL  aii.l   Kiv. 

(laoa  1272),  second  sou  of  Kim;  J«lm  ;  chosen 
leader  of  au  exjieditiou  tilted  out  in  1  •.'.':»  to  win  back  tbe 
Aqnitanian  heritage  of  the  English  kings  ;  succeeded 
in  recovering  Gascony  before  the  close  of  tbe  year,  and 
( I-JL'7 1  h.ivini.'  .-..ii.-lu.lfd  n  truce  with  Louis  IX  returned 
to  England  ;  brought  Into  connection  with  tbe  growing 
baronial  opposition  by  a  violent  quarn-l  with  Henry  III, 
concerning  the  possession  of  a  manor,  tin-  on 
being  strengthened  by  bis  marriage  (1231  >  with 
Isabella,  daughter  of  William  Marshal,  first  earl  of 
Pembroke  [q.  T.]  ;  took  tbe  cross,  1286,  but  hi*  depar- 
ture delayed  by  domestic  troubles  ;  beaded  thr  opposition 
to  the  foreigners  brought  over  to  England  by  Hi-nry  1 1  Ts 
marriage,  and  for  a  short  time  was  a  popular  hero,  but 
in  1239  be  became  reconciled  to  Henry  III :  left  England 
for  Palestine,  June  1840,  and  in  October  1240  landed  at 
Acre  ;  after  fortifying  Ascalon  and  concluding  a  treaty 
with  the  sultan  of  Krak,  returned  to  England,  1149; 
after  the  death  of  Isabella  in  1240  married  Banchia, 
daughter  of  tbe  Count  of  Provence  and  sister  of  tbe 
queens  of  England  and  France,  1843  ;  bound  closely  to 
the  court  by  this  second  marriage,  and  henceforth  was 
the  political  ally  of  his  brother;  by  bis  change  of 
policy  left  room  for  the  rise  of  Simon  de  Montfort ;  was 
appointed  joint-regent  of  England  with  Queen  Eleanor 
during  Henry  Ill's  absence  in  Gascony,  1253,  and,  May  1254, 
»>eeaine  sole  regent;  assisted  Henry  III  in  bis  financial 
difficulties,  and  posed  as  a  neutral  in  the  quarrels  between 
the  barons  and  tbe  foreign  favourites  ;  received  tbe 
offer  of  the  German  crown,  and  early  in  1257  was  elected 
king  of  the  Romans  by  four  of  tbe  seven  elector*,  though 
in  April  the  remaining  three  chose  Alfonso  X  of  Castile  ; 
wiu-i  crowned  at  Aachen,  May  1257,  and  succeeded  in 
establishing  bis  authority  generally  in  tbe  Khin.- 
countries  :  was  not  acknowledged  by  tbe  rest  of  t;«-r- 
inany,  and  when  his  money  came  to  an  end  was  generally 
deserted  ;  returned  to  England  to  raise  fresh  supplies, 
1259;  again  crossed  to  Germany,  1260,  but,  October  1260,  was 
back  in  England,  and  never  again  succeeded  in  establish- 
ing himself  permanently  in  Germany  ;  espoused  bis 
brother's  side  in  the  baroiw'  war,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
at  the  battle  of  Lewes,  1264,  but  after  tbe  battle  of 
Evesham,  1206,  was  unconditionally  released;  despite 
his  bard  treatment  counselled  moderation,  and  (1268)  paid 
his  last  visit  to  Germany  :  his  eldest  son,  Henry,  was 
murdered  by  the  younger  De  Montfort;  attacked  (1271) 
by  paralysis,  of  which  be  eventually  died,  [xlviii.  165] 

RICHARD,  EARL  OF  CAMBRIDGE  (<*.  1415),  second 
sou  of  Edmund  de  Laugley,  first  duke  of  York  [q.  v.] ; 
created  Earl  of  Cambridge,  1414  ;  married  Anne,  daughter 
of  Iloger  (VI)  de  Mortimer  and  through  this  connection 
was  led  to  become  centre  of  a  plot  to  place  his  wife's 
brother,  Edmund,  earl  of  March,  on  the  throne,  a  scheme 
which  was  revealed  by  Mortimer,  who  had  not  been  a 
conspirator,  to  Henry  V,  when  that  king  was  starting  for 
France  in  July  1415  ;  attainted  and  executed  ;  the  attain- 
der was  reversed  in  1461.  [xlviii.  175] 

RICHARD,  third  DUKE  ov  YORK  (1411-1460),  only 
son  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cambridge  [q.  v.] :  was  paternal 
grandson  of  Edmund,  fifth  son  of  Edward  III,  and 
maternal  great- great-grandson  of  Lionel,  Edward  Ill's 
third  son ;  succeeded  his  uncle,  Edward  Plantagenet 
[q.  v.],as  third  duke  of  York,  1415,  and  (1425)  inherited 
the  possessions  of  his  uncle,  Edmund  (IV)  de  Mortimer, 
fifth  earl  of  March  [q.  v.] ;  after  serving  for  a  year  in 
France,  1436-7,  married  (1438)  Cicely,  daughter  of  Kalph 
Neville,  first  earl  of  Westmorland  [q.  v.] :  a  second  time 
(1440)  appointed  Henry  VI's  lieutenant  in  France,  where 
he  remained  till  the  close  of  1445;  appointed  tbe  king's 
lieutenant  in  Ireland,  a  convenient  place  of  banishment, 
1447  ;  being  discontented  with  the  government,  landed  at 
lieaumaris,  August  1450,  and,  in  spite  of  armed  attempts 
to  binder  bim,  forced  his  way  into  Henry  VI's  presence  at 
the  head  of  four  thousand  men,  and  was  promised  by 
Henry  VI  a  place  in  the  new  council  to  be  app» 
for  tbe  next  two  year?  was  involved  in  a  contest  with 
Somerset,  which  terminated  in  March  1452  in  an  ineffec- 
tual attempt  to  have  him  removed  from  the  king's  oonn- 
scls ;  after  a  year's  retirement  was  recalled  to  the 
king's  council  during  Henry's  first  flt  of  imbecility, 
October  1463,  Somerset  being  >ent  to  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
in  spite  of  the  claim-  of  Henry  VI's  queen  wan  elected  pro- 
tector by  the  lords,  March  H!>4  ;  his  protectorate  revoked 
in  consequence  of  the  king's  recovery,  February  1455, 


din  March.  An  immediate  reverml 


of  policy  following,  be  wan  with  his  friend*  driven  from 

tuok  up  arms  in  company  with  Salisbury  an 
Warwick,  and  on  12  May  UM  defeated  the  royal  force, , 


February  1456,  but 
opposed  by  Queen  Margaret  and  the  young  Dak*  of 
Somerset,  in  consequence  of  which  the  old  feode  revived 
late  In  1458;  compelled  to  nek  refuge  in  Watoa,  October 
1459,  and  (November  1419)  was  attainted ;  crowd  to 
Ireland  at  tbe  end  of  1469 ;  returned  to  England  on 
Warwick  and  Salisbury's  victory  at  Northampton,  1460 ; 
went  to  Westminster  and  openly  claimed  the  crown, 
September  1460 ;  obtained  promise  of  •uoccarion  to  the 
crown,  October  1460,  and  made  protector.  November 
1460;  besieged  in  Wakefleki  Castle,  December  146O. 
having  gone  north  to  quell  tbe  ruing  instigated  there 
by  Queen  Margaret ;  attacked  tbe  enemy  and  fell  fight- 
ing, 80  Dec.  His  bead  wae  placed  on  tbe  wall*  of  York. 

[xlviiL  176] 

RICHARD,  DUKE  OK  YORK  (1472-1483),  second  ton 
of  Edward  IV  ;  created  Duke  of  York,  1474  ;  married  to 
Anne,  daughter  of  John  Mowbray,  fourth  duke  of  Nor- 
folk, 1478 ;  given  up,  by  tbe  persuasion  of  Cardinal 
Ikmrebier,  by  his  mother,  who,  on  tbe  overthrow  of  tbe 
Woodville  party  In  1483,  had  sought  sanctuary  with  bim  at 
Westminster,  and  placed  with  bin  brother  in  tbe  Tower  of 
London  ;  murdered  there  with  his  brother  by  Richard  Ill's 
orders  two  mouths  after  his  brother's  deposition  in  June. 

[xlviii.  186] 

RICHARD  FITZSCROB  (ft.  1052-1060X  Norman 
baron;  settled  in  Herefordshire  in  tbe  time  of  Edward 
tbe  Confessor :  was  not  expelled  by  Godwin  in  1062,  but 
died  before  the  time  of  Domesday.  He  is  said  to  have 
erected  Richard's  Castle  in  Herefordshire,  the  first  regular 
castle  in  England.  [xlviiL  18»] 

RICHARD  DE  CAPBLLA  (d.  1127),  bishop  of  Hereford  : 
'custos  sigilli  regis'  in  1119  ;  consecrated  bishop,  1121. 

[xlviiL  186] 
RICHARD  DE  BKLMKIS  (d.  1128).    [See  BILMKIB.] 

RICHARD  (d.  1139),  first  abbot  of  Fountains;  esta- 
blished the  new  community  of  Fountains  in  1182  on  the 
Cistercian  model,  and  was  chosen  abbot.  [xlviiL  186] 

RICHARD  called  FASTOLK  (d.  1143),  second  abbot  of 
Fountains;  an  original  member  of  tbe  convent;  suc- 
ceeded the  first  abbot  Richard  (d.  1139)  [q.  v.] 

[xlviiL  188] 

RICHARD  OK    HKXHAM  (fl.  1138-1154),  chronicler 

and  prior  of  Hexham;  elected  prior,  1141;    wrote  an 

I  account  of  the  early  history  of  Hexham,  known  as  the 

|  'Brevis  Annotatio,'  and  printed  in  Maine's  'Priory  of 

Hexham  '  (Surtees  Soc.) ;  also  complied  '  De  gestis  regis 

Stephani  et  de  bello  Standardh '  (1135-9X. preserved  in 

C.C.C.  Cambr.  MS.  ( 193,  f.  3),  and  translated  by  Stevenson 

in  •  Church  Historians.'  [xlviii.  187] 

RICHARD  DK  BKLMKIS  (d.  1162).    [See  BKLMKIS.] 
RICHARD  (d.  1170),  sixth  abbot  of  Fountains;    a 
native  of  York :  appointed  abbot  by  St  Bernard ;  raised 
his  convent  to  a  high  pitch  of  excellence  by  his  strict 
discipline.  [xlvUi.  188] 

RICHARD  OK  ST.  VICTOR  (d.  1173  7\  theologian:  a 
native  of  Scotland  ;  became  a  canon  in  the  abbey  of  St. 
Victor,  Paris.  His  writings  resemble  those  of  his  master, 
Hugh  of  St.  Victor,  in  their  abuse  of  allegory  and  verbal 
antithesis.  His  philosophy  is  characterised  by  mysticism. 
A  large  number  of  his  works  are  printed  in  Migne's 
'Patrologia*  (vol.  cxcvi.) ;  others  ascribed  to  him  remain 
in  manuscript  [xlviiL  188] 

RICHARD  STHOXUHOW,  second  EARL  OF  PKMBBOKK 
AND  STRIOUL  (d.  1176).  [See  CLARK,  RICHARD  DK.] 

RICHARD  (d.  1177  ?),  bishop  of  St.  Andrews :  elected 
to  tbe  bishopric,  1163;  consecrated,  1165;  succeeded  in 
preventing  the  sacrifice  of  the  independence  of  the  Scot- 
tish church  at  the  treaty  of  Falaise  in  1174,  and  after- 
wards resisted  the  pret»  II-UIIK  of  the  see  of  York  at 
Northampton  in  1170.  The  uulejveiMience  of  the  Scottish 
church  was  assured  hy  Clement  III  in  1188. 

[xlviiL  190] 


RICHARD 


1104 


RICHARDS 


RICHARD  (/.  1180- 1183),  called  the  '  Premonstraten- 
*ian ' '  abbot  of  an  unknown  English  proemonstratensian 
hoitte;  wrote  a  'Life  of  St.  Ursula,'  still  extant,  and 
possibly  some  other  extant  theological  treatihes. 


RICHARD  (d.  1184),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  was 
:.',|H.inU*l  prior  of  St  Martin's,  Dover,  1157;  elected 
•»r,'libi*lK>p  by  the  English  bishops,  1173,  in  spite  of  the 
wiMh  of  tlie  monks  of  the  chapter,  who  desired  Odo 
i,/  18UO)  [q.  T.]  :  consecrated,  1174,  in  spite  of  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  younger  Henry  (Henry  II's  son)  at  Anagni, 
by  Alexander  III:  diligent  in  promoting  the  material 
prosperity  of  his  see,  but  failed  to  satisfy  the  requirements 
of  the  extreme  clerical  party.  [xlviii.  191] 

RICHARD  OK  ILCHESTKR  (rf.  1188),  bishop  of  Win- 
chester; archdeacon  of  Poitiers  (1162-73)  and  a  baron 
of  the  exchequer:  elected  bishop  of  Winchester,  1173, 
i-ontinuing  to  fulfil  hi?  judicial  functions,  and  frequently 
K-rring  Henry  II  in  a  diplomatic  capacity,  [xlviii.  194] 

RICHARD  OF  DEVIZES  (ft.  1189-1192),  chronicler; 
n  monk  of  St.  Swithun's,  Winchester  ;  wrote  a  chronicle 
of  the  deeds  of  Richard  I  from  his  accession  to  October 
1192,  which  was  edited  by  Hewlett  for  the  Rolls  Series  in 
1886.  To  him  is  also  generally  ascribed  'Annales  de 
\Yintouia,'  printed  in  Luard's  '  Annales  Monastic!.' 

[xlviii.  197] 

RICHARD  OF  ELY  (d.  1194  ?),  historian  ;  a  monk  of 
Ely  ;  wrote  an  account  of  Ely,  not  extant,  but  quoted  by 
Thomas  of  Ely.  [xlviii.  198] 

RICHARD  OP  ELY  (d.  1198).  [See  FITZXEALE, 
RICHARD.] 

RICHARD  ANOLICUS  (/.  1196-1226),  lawyer;  an 
Englishman  by  birth;  taught  at  Bologna,  where  in  1226 
lie  was  archdeacon  and  rector  of  the  law  school  ;  author  of 
the  famous  '  Ordo  Judiciarius.'  [xlvi.  108] 

RICHARD  DE  TEMPLO  (Jt.  1190-1229),  reputed  author 
of  the  'Itinerarium  Regis  Ricardi';  may  be  identical 
with  a  chaplain  of  the  templars  and  a  dependant  of  the 
Earl  of  Leicester  of  that  name.  The  '  Itinerarium,'  which 
is  the  chief  authority  for  the  third  crusade,  is,  however, 
probably  a  free  translation  from  a  long  French  poem,  by 
Ambrose,  a  priest-clerk,  who  accompanied  Richard  I  on 
the  third  crusade.  In  this  case  Richard  de.  Templo  was 
only  the  translator,  though  he  appears  to  have  made 
independent  additions.  [xlviii.  198] 

RICHARD  OP  WKTHERSHED  (d.  1231).  [See  GRANT, 
RICHARD.] 

RICHARD  OP  CORNWALL.  (/.  1237),  prebendary  of 
Lincoln  ;  most  be  distinguished  from  the  Franciscan 
Richard  of  Cornwall  (/.  1238-1259)  [q.  v.]  [xlviii.  200] 

RICHARD  DE  Moiuxs  (d.  1243).    [See  MORIXS.] 

RICHARD  OP  WKNDOVER  (rf.  1252),  physician;  phy- 
sician to  Gregory  IX,  and  afterwards  canon  of  St  PaulV, 
Ixmdon  ;  most  probably  identical  with  the  famous  phy- 
sician, Richard  Anglicus,  or  the  Englishman,  the  author 
of  'Practica  sive  Medicaments  Ricardi.'  A  number  of 
Ml  treatise*  are  preserved  in  manuscript,  chiefly  in  the 
libraries  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  [xlviii.  201  ] 

RICHARD  ANGLICUB  (d.  1252).  [See  RICHARD  OF 
WEN  DOVER.] 

RICHARD  DEWYCHE  (11977-1253),  bishop  of  Chi- 
rhester  ;  studied  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  M.A.  and 
chancellor  ;  made  by  Edmund  Rich  chancellor  of  Canter- 
bury ;  elected  bishop  of  Chichester  in  spite  of  the  opposi- 
tion of  Henry  III,  1244  ;  rigidly  maintained  ecclesiastical 
discipline,  and  made  various  regulations  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  ritual  of  his  church  ;  was  canonised  in  1262. 

[xlviii.  202] 

RICHARD  OP  CORNWALL  (ft.  1238-1259),  called  also 
Richard  Rufus,  Rnys,  Rotwo,  or  Rowse  ;  B.D.  Oxford  ;  a 
Franciscan  teacher;  lectured  at  Paris  and  Oxford.  His 
commentary  on  Bonavcnture's  third  book  of  sentences  is 
preserved  in  manuscript  at  Assist  [xlviii.  200] 

RICHARD  DE  GRAVXBEND  (d.  1279).    [See  GRAVES- 


RICHARD   DE  SWINFDCLD  (d.  1317).     [See  Swix- 
nxu>.] 


RICHARD  DE  ABYXDON,  ABENDON,  or  ABIXGDO 
(-/.  1327  ?),  judge ;  appointed  chamberlain  of  North 
Wales,  1284 ;  prebendary  of  Dublin,  1285  ;  appointed  a 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1299 ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield, 
1304.  [xlviii.  204] 

RICHARD  OP.WALLIXGFOKD  (1292  ?-1336),  abbot  of 
St.  Albans ;  according  to  Leland,  fellow  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  B.D.  Oxford ;  elected  abbot,  1327  ;  his  rule 
hampered  by  his  leprosy;  appointed  a  coadjutor,  1333 : 
renowned  for  sanctity,  and  the  most  skilful  man  of 
his  time  in  the  liberal  sciences  and  mechanical  arts. 
Several  of  his  treatises  are  extant  in  manuscript. 

[xlviii.  205] 

RICHARD  DE  BUUY  (1281-1345).    [See  BURY.] 

RICHARD  WETHERBKT  (fl.  1350).  [See  WETHKRSKT.] 
RICHARD  (d.  1360).    [See  FITZRALPH,  RICHARD.] 

RICHARD  OP  MAIDSTONE  (d.  1396).  [See  MAID- 
STONE.] 

RICHARD  OP  CIRENCESTER  (d.  1401  ?).    [See  CIREX- 

CKSTKH.] 

RICHARD,  EDWARD  (1714-1777),  Welsh  poet; 
founded  a  free  grammar  school  at  his  native  village, 
Ystrad  Meurie,  which  became  one  of  the  most  famous  in 
Wales,  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century: 
author  of  some  of  the  best  specimens  of  pastoral  poetry 
in  the  Welsh  language.  A  collection  of  his  writings  ap- 
peared in  1811.  [xlviii.  207] 

RICHARD,  HENRY  (1812-1888),  politician  ;  a  native 
of  Wales ;  congregational  pastor  in  the  Old  Kent  Road, 
London;  1835-50,  when  he  relinquished  the  ministry  : 
often  called  the  apostle  of  peace  from  his  making  the 
advocacy  of  arbitration  as  a  method  for  settling  inter- 
national disputes,  the  chief  work  of  his  life;  became 
secretary  of  the  Peace  Society,  1848,  and  took  part  in  a 
series  of  international  peace  congresses,  which  continued 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
the  Merthyr  boroughs,  1868-88;  carried  a  motion  in  the 
House  of  Commons  in  favour  of  international  arbitra- 
tion, 1873,  and  presided  at  some  of  the  sittings  of  the 
peace  congress  at  Paris.  1878 ;  became  a  member  of  the 
royal  commission  on  education.  1886 ;  author  of  various 
pamphlets.  [xlviii.  208] 

RICHARDS,  ALFRED  BATE  (1820-1876).  dramatist, 
journalist,  and  a  chief  promoter  of  the  volunteer  move- 
ment of  1859 ;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1841 ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1845;  published  poems  and  trage- 
dies, the  first  being  '  Croesus,  King  of  Lydia,'  1845  ;  first 
editor  of  the 4  Daily  Telegraph,'  1855  ;  on  the  commence- 
ment of  the  volunteer  movement  raised  (1859)  the  3nl 
City  of  London  rifle  corps,  of  which  he  remained  colonel 
till  1869.  [xlviii.  210] 

RICHARDS,  DAVID  (1751-1827),  Welsh  poet ;  best 
known  as  'Dafydd  louawr';  for  some  years  a  school 
teacher ;  abandoned  teaching  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  writing  religious  poetry,  1792  :  took  charge  of  the  free 
school  at  Dolgelly,  1800-7,  but  devoted  his  closing  years 
entirely  to  writine:  Welsh  religious  verse.  A  collected 
edition  of  his  poems  appeared  in  1851.  [xlviii.  211] 

RICHARDS,  EVAN  (1770-1832).    [See  PRICHARD.] 

RICHARDS,  GEORGE  (1767-1837),  poet  and  divine ; 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1790-6 ;  M.A.,  1791 ;  D.D.,  1820 ;  vicar  of  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields,  London,  1824-37  ;  published  verse. 

[xlviii.  212] 

RICHARDS,  HENRY  BRINLEY  (1819-1886),  pianist 
and  composer;  gained  a  high  position  as  a  pianist  in 
London,  and  wrote  a  large  number  of  piano  pieces,  part- 
songs,  songs,  and  choruses,  including '  God  bless  the  Prince 
of  Wales '(1862),  the  Wel*h  national  anthem. 

[xlviii.  212] 

RICHARDS,  JACOB  (1660?-1701),  colonel  and  mili- 
tary engineer ;  studied  the  art  of  sieges  in  Hungary  and 
the  Morea,  1685-6 ;  accompanied  Kirke's  expedition  to 
Ireland,  1689;  appointed  chief  engineer  in  Ireland,  1690  ; 
served  under  William  III,  Marlborough,  and  Ginki-11  : 
transferred  to  Flanders,  1692 ;  appointed  third  engineer 
of  the  kingdom,  1698.  His  diaries  are  preserved  in  the 
Stowe  MSS.  at  the  British  Museum.  [xlviii.  213] 


RICHARDS 


1105 


RICHARDSON 


RICHARDS.      .IA.Mi:>        HiUNSLKY      (1846-1892), 
journalist;  siH:nt  several  year-  in    Fr.iu>-<    as  sea 
l)roii}  n  ill-  Limy*  and  tin-  Dm:  iJccozes :  became '  Time*' 
correspondent  at  Vieuua,  1885,  uud  was  tran-:- 
Berlin,  18-J2.  [xlvili.  214] 

RICHARDS,    JOHN     (1669-1709X    major-general ; 

brother  of  .lacoh  Richard*  [q.  v.] ;  served  with  tin- 
Venetians  against  the  Turks,  in  the  Polish  army,  and  In 
the  Portuguese  service  .luring  the  w.ir  of  tlie  Spanish 
succession ;  governor  of  AUcatit,  1707-9 ;  killed  by  an  ex- 
plosion during  the  siege  of  Alicant.  [xlviii.  214] 


RICHARDS,    JOHN    IXH'.O    (d.    1810), 
I  painter   and    scene-painter ;    first    exhibited    with   the 
'Society  of    Artists,    1763:    became   (1768)  one    of    th. 

foundation  members  of  the  Royal  Academy,  where  he 

exhibited  landscapes  and  figure-subject*  for  forty  years  ; 

became  principal  scene-painter  of  Oovent  Garden,  1777  ; 

secretary  to  the  Royal  Academy,  1788.         [xlvili.  215] 

RICHARDS,  MICHAEL  (1673-1721),  brigadier-gene- 
ral ;  master-surveyor  or  surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance ; 
brother  of  Jacob  Richards  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Ireland 
(1691)  and  Flanders  (1693-6),  and  under  Marlborough 
(1704-6);  was  appointed  Uul way's  chief  engineer  in 
Spain,  1707,  and  served  in  many  of  the  great  engagements 
of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession  ;  promoted  brigadier- 
general,  1711 ;  appointed  chief-engineer  of  Great  Britain, 
1711.  [xlvili.  216] 

RICHARDS,  NATHANIEL  (rf.  1652X  dramatist; 
LL.B.  Gains  College,  Cambridge,  1634;  for  some  time 
master  of  St.  Alban's  school,  London;  published  'The 
Celeatiall  Pvblican,'  1630,  and  '  The  Tragedy  of  Messal- 
Una,'  1640.  [xlviii.  217] 

RICHARDS,  SIR  RICHARD  (1752-1823),  judge :  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
1774 ;  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1776  (M.A.,  1777)  ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1780;  appointed  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1814  ;  knighted,  1814 ;  appointed  lord  chief- 
baron,  1817.  [xlviii.  218] 

RICHARDS,  THOMAS  (d.  1564  ?),  translator  ;  B.D. 
Oxford,  1515,  Cambridge,  1517 ;  elected  prior  of  Totnes, 
1528;  is  said  to  have  translated  the  'Cousolatio  Philo- 
sophic '  of  Boethius.  [xlviii.  219] 

RICHARDS,  THOMAS  (17107-1790),  Welsh  lexico- 
grapher; compiled  'Antiqnne  Linguje  Hritanuicoe  The- 
saurus,' 1753,  a  Welsh-English  dictionary  (4th  edit.  1838). 

[xlviii.  219] 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  (1643-1705),  author;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1666 :  fellow,  1666-75 :  rector 
of  Helmdon,  1675-89 ;  published  '  Wallograpby '  (1682),  a 
small  satirical  work  on  Wales,  and  '  The  English  Orator,' 
1680.  [xlviii.  219] 

RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  (1749-1818),  historian  of 
King's  Lynn;  baptist  pastor  at  Lynn,  1778-1818;  pub- 
lished •  The  History  of -Lynn,'  1812,  and  other  work-. 


[xlvili.  219] 


RICHARDS,  WILLIAM  UPTON (1811-1873), divine; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1839  ;  vicar  of  All  Saints', 
Marylebonc,  1849-73  ;  published  religious  treatise*. 


[xlviii.  221] 
ID< 


collection  of  drawings  by  Engli-h  artists,  now  at  South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  published  several  an-) 

[xhriii.  war] 

RICHARDSON,    rilAULOTTB  CAROLINE    (177ft 

i*.i"  -i.  j, » •••    -  bora  "f  pent  pmBta  niiin.ii  Bnftfe  :  taty 

riwl,  in  1*01,  a  ftboemaker  nurut-i  Kirl«rd«m,  who  died  in 

1804,  leaving  hU  •••;  publiabed  (l»oe> 

-.•r:j,t!  .M,  a  volume  of  verse,  which  was  followed  by  other 


RICHARDSON,  Sm  BENJAMIN  WARD  (1828-1896), 
physician:  studied  at  Glasgow,  and  was  licentiate  of 
Faculty  of  Physicians  and  Surgeon*,  1H50,  M.A.  and  M.I). 
St.  Andrews,  1854,  and  hon.  LL.D.,  1877  ;  M.R.C.S.  Lon- 
don, 1K56;  F.R.C.S.,  1866;  F.R.S.,  1867;  physician  to 
Royal  Infirmary  for  Diseases  of  Chest,  City  Koud,  1856, 
and  to  London  Temperance  Hospital,  1892  ;  president  of 
Medical  Society  of  London,  1868  ;  F.S.A.,  1877  ;  knighted, 
1893;  published  scientific  and  miscellaneous  writings; 
originated  .and  edited  'Journal  of  Public  Health  and 
Sanitary  Review '  (1855).  [SuppL  ill.  297] 

RICHARDSON,  CAROLINE  (1777-1863),  poetess: 
wife  of  George  Richardson ;  published  a  volume  of 
'Poems  '  in  1829,  a  novel,  and  several  tales  and  essays. 

[xlviii.  223] 

RICHARDSON,  CHARLES  (1775-1865X  lexico- 
grapher :  kept  a  well-known  school  on  Claphnm  Common 
till  1827  ;  chief  work,  a '  New  English  Dictionary,'  1835-7. 

[xlviii.  221] 

RICHARDSON,  CHARLES  JAMES  ( 1806-1871 X 
architect :  master  of  the  architectural  class  in  the  school 
of  design  at  Somerset  House,  1845-52 ;  formed  a  valuable 


[xlvilL  HI] 

BICHARDBON,  CHRISTOPHER  (161»-16M>  non- 
conformist divine:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
obtained  rectory  of  Kirkh.aton.  1644;  ejected,  IMS;  re- 
moved, in  1687,  to  Liverpool,  where  be  became  the 

founder  of  nonconformity.  [xlviii.  213] 

RICHARDSON,  DAVID  LESTER  (1801-1961),  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  became  a  major  in  the  Bengal 
service  ;  edited  several  newspapers  at  Calcutta,  and  pub- 
lished prose  and  verse.  [xlviii.  iSS] 

RICHARDSON,  EDWARD  (1812-1869).  rculptor ; 
betfan  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1836 ;  refuted 
admission  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  his  restora- 
tion of  the  effigies  of  the  knights  templar*  in  the  Temple 
Church  in  1842 ;  restored  other  ancient  monuments  and 
statues.  [xlviii.  114] 

RICHARDSON,  FRANCES  MARY  (1786-1861).    [See 

CUBRKB.] 

RICHARDSON,  GABRIEL  (J.  1641),  author :  M.A. 
Braseno*e  College,  Oxford,  1608;  B.D.,  1619;  fellow  of 
Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1607-36  ;  rector  of  Heythrop, 
1635-42  ;  published  a  treatise '  Of  the  State  of  Europe,'  1627. 

[xlviiL124] 

RICHARDSON,  GEORGE  <1736?-1817  ?),  architect; 
was  in  full  professional  practice  in  London  towards  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century  ;  in  his  old  age  fell  into 
poverty  and  was  relieved  by  Nollekens  ;  published  works 
on  decorative  art  and  architecture.  [xlviii.  225] 

RICHARDSON,  GEORGE(  1778-1862),  quaker:  began 
preaching  at  twenty,  and  for  forty  years  visited  all  parts 
of  the  British  isles  on  religious  tours ;  published  tracts 
and  pamphlets.  [xlviii.  lift] 

RICHARDSON,  GEORGE  FLEMING  (17967-1848X 
geologist:  employed  at  the  British  Museum  (1838-48)  for 
ten  years ;  F.G.S.,  1839 ;  published  useful  geological  hand- 
books, besides  essays  in  general  literature ;  committed 
suicide.  [xlviii.  126] 

RICHARDSON,  JAMES  ( 1806-1 851 X  African  tra- 
veller; attached  himself  to  the  English  Anti-Slavery 
Society,  and  (1845)  penetrated  through  Algiers  and  Tripoli 
to  Ghadames  and  Ghat ;  proceeded  by  the  same  route  in 
search  of  Lake  Tchad,  1850;  died  of  fever  at  Ungouratona 
within  fifteen  days  of  the  lake.  He  wrote  three  large 
books  of  travels,  two  of  which  were  published  post- 
humously, besides  several  pamphlets.  [xlviii.  216] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (d.  1615),  biblical  scholar; 
B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1681  :  fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1586 ;  D.D.,  1597 :  appointed 
regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  1607  :  muter  of 
Pcterhouse,  Cambridge,  1609-15;  translated  the  portion 
from  the  Chronicles  to  Ecclealastes  inclusive  in  the 
uuthorisvd  version  of  the  bible  ;  master  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1615-25.  [xlviii.  127] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1580-1654),  nil-hop  of 
Ardagh;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  fellow,  1600; 
consecrated  bishop,  1M3  :  fled  to  England  on  the  outbreak 
of  the  rebellion  in  1G41  :  his  commentary  on  the  Old 
Testament  published  posthumously,  1665.  [xlviii.  118] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1647-1725?),  noujurpr : 
fellow  of  Emmanuel  Colle«?e,  Cambridge,  1674-86  ;  ejected 
(1690)  from  the  rectory  of  North  Luffeuham,  to  which  he 
had  been  appointed,  1685  ;  published  an  able  '  Vindication 
of  the  Canon  of  the  New  Testament  against  Toland,' 
1700.  txMU.  Ml] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1664-1747).  Irish  divine; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1688;  appointed  rector  of 
Aunagh,  1693;  author  of  theological  works  in  English 
ami  IrUh.  [xMU.  *»1 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1667-1763X  quaker:  tra- 
velled through  England  preaching,  as  well  as  in  Ireland 
and  America;  his  journal  published,  1757.  [xlviii.  119] 

4B 


RICHARDSON 


llOfi 


RICHARDSON 


RICHARDSON,  .lolIX  ( fl.  1777-1798),  writer  on 
brewing:  pnbli."hi-l  'The  Principles  of  Brewing,1  ITiW, 
I,  im-  th«-  tir<t  writer  to  treat  the  subject  scientifically. 

Lxlviii.X'-".'; 

RICHARDSON.  JOHN(174l-181l  ?), orientalist:  M.A. 
bv  diploma.  WadhJini  College,  Oxford,  1780;  member  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  1781  ;  published.  In-ides  other  works, 
*  'Dictionary  of  Persian,  Arabic,  and  English'  (1777), 
which,  however,  was  little  else  than  an  abridgment  of 
Meninski's  'Oriental  Thesaurus.'  It  was  finally  recon- 
structed  by  Dr.  Steingass,  after  several  revisions,  in  1892.  , 

^xlviii.  229J 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1767  ?-1837),  itinerant  show- 
man :  began  life  in  the  workhouse  at  Great  Marlow,  and 
made  his  first  experiment  as  a  showman  at  Bartholomew 
Fair  in  1796.  Many  actors,  who  afterwards  rose  to  dis- 
tinction, appeared  in  his  show,  including  Edmund  Kean. 
His  favourite  haunts  were  Bartholomew  Fair  and  Green- 
wich, [xlviii.  230] 

RICHARDSON.  Siu.TOHN(1771-1841),judge;  of  Har- 
row  and  University  College,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1795 ;  barrister,  ; 
Lincoln's  Inn,  mw  ;  puisne  judge  of  the  court  of  common  i 
pleas,  1818-S4 ;  knighted,  1819  ;  compelled  by  ill-health  to  ' 
pass  his  later  life  at  Malta.  [xlviii.  231] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (,1797-1863),  journalist;  born 
in  Ontario ;  served  in  the  British  legion  in  Spain ;  became 
•Times'  correspondent  in  Canada,  1858;  afterwards 
removed  to  the  United  States,  and  continued  to  write  for 
the  press  till  his  death.  [xlviii.  232] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1780-1864),  solicitor;  friend 
of  Cockburn,  Jeffrey,  Thomas  Campbell,  and  Sir  Walter 
Scott:  practised  in  Westminster  as  a  parliamentary 
solicitor.  [xlviii.  231] 

RICHARDSON.  Sm  JOHN  (1787-1865),  Arctic  ex- 
plorer and  naturalist :  studied  medicine,  and  (1807)  was 
gazetted  assistant-surgeon  in  the  royal  navy;  M.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1816 ;  appointed  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  Frank- 
lin's polar  expedition,  1819,  which,  after  passing  the 
winter  on  the  Saskatchewan,  succeeded  in  reaching  Fort 
Providence  in  1821:  F.R.S.,  1825:  accompanied  Franklin 
in  his  second  expedition  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie, 
1825:  separated  from  Franklin,  1826,  and  explored  the 
coast  to  the  Coppermine  River  and  the  Great  Slave  Lake ; 
appointed  physician  to  the  Royal  Hospital  at  Haslar, 
1838;  became  inspector  of  hospitals,  1840;  knighted, 
1846 ;  conducted  a  search  expedition  for  Franklin,  1847 ; 
returned,  1849:  C.B.,  1850;  published  his  'Journal,' 
1851 ;  LL.I).  Dublin,  1857 ;  published  works  on  ichthyology 
and  polar  exploration.  [xlviii.  233] 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN  (1817-1886).  Cumberland 
poet ;  originally  a  mason ;  became  a  schoolmaster,  and 
wrote  voluminously  in  the  Cumberland  vernacular ;  had 
a  great  local  reputation.  [xlviii.  235] 

RICHARDSON,  Sm  JOHN  LARKINS  CHEESE 
(1810-1878),  speaker  of  the  legislative  council  of  New 
Zealand  ;  entered  the  Bengal  artillery,  1828 ;  major,  1854  ; 
settled  in  Otago,  New  Zealand,  1856 ;  became  postmaster- 
general  in  the  Weld  ministry,  1864 :  elected  speaker  of 
the  legislative  council,  1868;  knighted,  1874;  died  at 
Dunediu.  [xlviii.  236] 

RICHARDSON,  JONATHAN,  the  elder  (1665-1745), 
portrait-painter  and  author  ;  succeeded  Kneller  and  Dahl 
in  the  patronage  of  the  public  as  a  portrait-painter; 
executed  portraits  of  Pope,  Prior,  Steeie,  and  many  others, 
and  also  obtained  some  distinction  by  his  treatises  on 
painting ;  his  'Theory  of  Painting '  (1715)  for  many  years 
a  standard  work  ;  published  also  poems  and  literary 
criticisms.  [xlviii.  23ti] 

RICHARDSON,  JONATHAN,  the  younger  (1694- 
1771),  portrait-painter  ;  only  son  of  Jonathan  Richardson 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  followed  his  father's  profession,  but  is 
best  known  for  his  association  with  his  father's  literary 
productions.  [xlviii.  238] 

RICHARDSON,  JOSEPH  (1755-1803),  author;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge;  barrister,  Middle  Temple; 
devoted  himself  to  journalism,  becoming  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  whig  journal,  the  '  Morning  Post ' ;  M.P., 
Newport,  Cornwall,  1796-1803  ;  author  of  poems,  dramatic 
pieces,  and  satires.  [xlviii.  238] 

RICHARDSON,  JOSEPH  (1814-1862),  flautist;  be- 
came professor  of  the  flute  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
1837  ;  became  principal  flautist  in  yueeu  Victoria's  band. 

[xlviii.  239] 


RICHARDSON.  MOSES  AARON  (1793-1871),  nnti. 
quary  ;  brother  of  Thomas  Miles  Richardson  [q.  v.] :  pub- 
lished a  number  of  works  on  tl.e  antiquities  of  the 
northern  English  counties;  subsequently  emigrated  to 
Melbourne  (I860),  where  he  died.  [xlviii.  239] 

RICHARDSON.  RICHARD  (1663-1741),  botanist  aiul 
antiquary ;  of  University  College,  Oxford ;  student  at 
dray's  Inn,  1681:  practised  as  a  physician  at  North 
Hierley  ;  engaged  in  botanical  researches,  and  formed  a 
valuable  library  of  botanical  and  historical  works,  which 
n,-is<e<l  to  his  descendant,  Frances  Mary  Richardson 
Currer  [q.  v.]  [xlviii.  240] 

RICHARDSON,  ROBERT  (/.  1530-1543),  divine ;  a 
canon  of  Cambuskenneth  :  converted  to  protestantism, 
and  employed  by  Henry  VIII  in  1543  to  preach  in  Scot- 
land, [xlviii.  242] 

RICHARDSON,  ROBERT  (rf.  1578),  lord  high  trea- 
surer of  Scotland :  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  153:5 ;  was  appointed 
prior  of  St.  Mary's,  Isle  of  Trail,  1559,  and  lord  high  trea- 
surer, 1661 ;  adhered  to  the  party  of  the  lords  after  the 
fall  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  (1571)  vacated  the  office 
of  treasurer.  [xlviii.  241] 

RICHARDSON,  ROBERT  (1732-1781),  divine ;  only 
son  of  William  Richardson  (1698-1775)  [q.  v.] ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln  Cathedral  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
the  king.  [xlviii.  252] 

RICHARDSON,  ROBERT  (1779-1847),  physician  and 
traveller :  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  univer- 
sities;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1807;  travelling  physician  to 
Charles  John  Gardiner,  second  viscount  Mount  joy ;  joined 
Somerset  Lowry  Corry,  second  earl  of  Belmore,  and  a 
party  in  a  tour  through  Europe,  Egypt,  and  Palestine, 
1816  ;  claims  to  have  been  the  first  Christian  traveller 
admitted  to  Solomon's  mosque;  published  'Travels,'  1822. 

[xlviii.  242] 

RICHARDSON,  SAMUEL  (/.  1643-1658),  contro- 
versialist ;  probably  a  soldier  and  army  preacher  in  the 
early  part  of  the  civil  wars  ;  published  a  number  of 
treatises  on  political  and  religious  subjects  characterised 
by  boldness  of  thought.  [xlviii.  242] 

RICHARDSON,  SAMUEL  (1689-1761),  novelist: 
born  in  Derbyshire  ;  was  apprenticed  to  a  stationer,  and 
started  in  business  as  a  printer,  first  in  Fleet  Street, 
London,  and  then  in  Salisbury  Court,  London,  where  he 
lived  for  the  rest  of  his  life ;  published  his  first  novel, 
'  Pamela,'  1740,  which  was  soon  translated  into  French  and 
Dutch;  still  raore  successful  with  'Clarissa  Harlowe* 
(1740),  which  won  him  a  European  fame ;  his  '  Sir  Charles 
Grandison'  (1753),  though  it  never  held  so  high  a  position 
as  'Clarissa,'  received  with  equal  enthusiasm.  His  novels 
represented  the  didacticism  of  his  time,  and  owe  their 
power  mainly  to  their  earnestness,  minute  realism,  and 
sentimentalism.  Among  their  admirers  were  Diderot, 
Rousseau,  and,  later,  Macaulay.  [xlviii.  243] 

RICHARDSON,  SAMUEL  (d.  1805),  stenographer  ;  a 
'  particular  baptist '  pastor  in  Chester  ;  author  of  '  A  New 
System  of  Shorthand '  (1800),  which,  necessitating  the  use 
of  specially  ruled  paper,  never  had  much  vogue. 

[xlviii.  247] 

RICHARDSON,  SIR  THOMAS  (1569-1635),  judge; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1595;  Lent  reader,  1614;  ser- 
jeant-at-law, 1614 ;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in 
1621  (M.P.,  St.  Albans);  knighted,  1621;  became  chief- 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1626;  refused  (1628)  to  allow 
Felton  to  be  racked  to  induce  confession,  a  step  which 
marks  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  criminal  jurisprudence  ; 
became  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1631,  and 
came  into  conflict  with  Laud  for  suppressing  '  wakes '  or 
Sunday  revels.  [xlviii.  247] 

RICHARDSON,  THOMAS  (1771-1853),  quaker  and 
financier;  one  of  the  original  partners  of  the  firm 
Overend,  Gurney  &  Co.  [see  GURNBY,  SAMUKL],  and  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  [xlviii.  248] 

RICHARDSON,  THOMAS  (1816-1867),  industrial 
chemist;  invented  (1840)  a  process  for  purifying ' hard 
lead,  and  (1844;  began  the  manufacture  of  superphos- 
phates at  Blaydon  ;  lecturer  on  chemistry,  Durham  Uni- 
versity, and  M.A.,  1856  ;  F.R.S.,  1866  ;  published  chemi- 
cal treatises 


RICHARDSON 


1107 


RICRAFT 


RICHARDSON,  THOMAS  MILES  (1784-1848), 
hadsoape-painter;  begun  to  r..ntnljtit.;  to  tbc  Royal 
Academy,  1818  ;  member  of  the  New  Water-colour  Society. 

[xlviii.  250] 

RICHARDSON,  VAUGHAN  ( 1670 ?-17*9),  organist 
and  composer ;  or^aniet  of  Winchester  Cathedral,  1693- 
1  7J'.» ;  composed  services,  tsoug*,  aud  anthem*. 

[xlviii.  8601 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM  (1698-1775),  antiquary  : 
nephew  of  John  Hii-hardson  (1847-1 7S6V)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A. 
Knimanii.  !  .-iil.ridge,  1723 :  D.D.,  1785 :  pre- 

iN-ndnry  of  l.iii.-.,ln  raiU-draU  1724-60;  F.S.A.,  1734; 
mast«-rof  Kmmamu-1  Culli-,f,  Cambridge,  1736-75:  Yice- 
«-h;ii!cellor  of  Camt.n.l.',  Cnivenity.  1737  and  1769;  OIKS 
<if  C.-oix'*-  II  and  (it-oru'c  Ill's  chaplains,  1746-»> 
<-.-m..r.  I.IM.-.,]II  Cathedral,  1700-75;  edited  (iodwin's  •  De 
a!il.n>  Anu'liuj  Comaieutarii,'  1743.  [xlviii.  251] 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM  (1743-1814),  professor  of 
Immunity  at  Glasgow  University;  M.A.  Glasgow:  ap- 
pointed professor,  1772;  published  miscellaneous  uork-. 
i  in-hiding  rosaya  on  Shakespeare's  characters  and  'Poeuu 
-nid  1'lays,'  1805.  [xlvliL  252] 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM  (1740-1820),  writer  on 
-n.ln-y  and  agriculture ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
jtellow,  17CG  :  D.D.,  1778  ;  afterwards  rectorof  Moy  ;  pub- 
lished pamphlets  on  geological  and  agricultural  subjects. 

[xlviti.  253] 

RICKEY,  ALEXANDER  GEORGE  (1830-1883),  Irish 
hUtoriiiu:  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1853;  LL.D., 
187:1 ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1855 :  Q.O.,  1871 ;  deputy 
rcifius  professor  of  feudal  ami  English  law  at  Trinity 
4  '<>llcge,  Dublin ;  author  of  '  Lectures  on  the  History  of 
Ireland  •  (18(59-70)  and  other  works.  [xlviii.  253] 

RICHMOND,  DUKES  OF.  [See  FITZROY,  8m  HKNRY, 
first  DL-KK,  1519-1536  :  STUART,  LUDOVICK,  first  DUKK  of 
the  second  creation,  1574-1624  ;  STUAKT,  Sm  JAMES,  first 
DUKK  of  the  third  creation,  1612-1655 :  STUART,  SIR 
CHARLKS,  third  DUKK,  1640-1672  :  LKNXOJC.  BmC&ULUB, 
first  DUKK  of  the  fourth  creation,  1672-17:23;  LKNXOX, 
Sm  CHARUCS,  second  DUKK,  1701-1750;  LENNOX, 
C'HAUI.KS,  third  DUKK,  1735-1806;  LKNNOX,  CHARLKH, 
fourth  DUKK,  1764-1819 ;  LENNOX,  SIR  CHARLES  GORDON-, 
flfth  DUKK,  1791-1860.] 

RICHMOND,  DUCHESSKR  OF.  [See  FITZROY,  MARY, 
d.  1557  ;  STUART,  FRANCES  TKRESA,  1648-1702.] 

RICHMOND,  EARLS  op.  [See  PKTER  OP  SAVOY,  d. 
1268 ;  TUDOR,  EDMUND,  1430  ?-1456.] 

RICHMOND,  COUNTESS  OP  (1443-1509).  [See  BEAU- 
PORT,  MARfJARET.] 

RICHMOND,  ALEXANDER  BAILEY  (./T.  1809-1834), 
reputed  government  spy ;  by  trade  a  weaver ;  when  at 
Pollorkshiiws  led  tin  agitation  for  an  increase  of  wages, 
1812;  entered  into  relations  with  government  after  being 
outlawed  for  his  share  in  the  strike,  ami  in  1817  betrayed 
the  Glasgow  reform  committee,  the  members  of  which  were 
arrested :  invariably  denied  his  actual  guilt,  but  in  a  libel 
notion  in  1H34  against  Tait's  •  Edinburgh  Magazine,' 
brought  by  him  in  consequence  of  his  being  termed  a 
contemptible  informer,  was  nonsuited.  [xlviii.  254] 

RICHMOND,  GEORGE  (1809-1896),  portrait-painter ; 
pon  of  Thomas  Richmond  [q.  v.]  :  was  inspired  in  early 
life  by  William  Blake  [q.  v.] ;  began  toexhibit  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  c.  1825 :  turned  his  attention  to  portrait-paint- 
ing, 1831 ;  achieved  a  world-wide  fame  by  his  portrait  in 
•water-colour  of  William  Wilberforce :  paid  a  two  years' 
visit  to  Italy,  1837,  resuming  his  labours  in  1839,  and  con- 
timiiuir  them  for  over  forty  years  ;  began  to  paint  in  oil 
after  1846;  gnve  up  regular  work,  1881,  but  still  painted 
occasionally  and  occupied  himself  with  sculpture.  Among 
his  sitters  were  Earl  Urauville,  Keble,  Hallam.  Macaulay, 
Faraday.  [xlviii.  255] 

RICHMOND.  LEGH  (1772-1827),  cvanarelical  divine : 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1799  ;  while  a  curate  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  wrote  three  famous  tales  of  village  life, 
of  which  the  earliest  ami  most  popular  was  'The  Dairy- 
man'-: Daughter '  (1809)  ;  became  rector  of  Turvey,  1806 ; 
edited  '  Fathers  of  the  English  Church,'  1807-12. 

[xlviiL  258] 


RICHMOND,     THOMA  :  ,.     mi 

»  pupil  of  his  mother's  cousin,  George 
heart  [q.  v.]  ;  was  employed  by  the  royal  family" 

RICHSON,   (  H  UtLES  (1806-1874), 
mer;   M  A. 
camea  canon  of 


HSON,   (  H  UtLES  (1806-1874),  Uk 

former;   M  A.  K.  OsAhftriMTi  II,  :.  .  .,„...,,  ,  ,,.   ;-;-,  .  •?,.. 
o 


.  . 

ral,  18*4  :  for  thirty 

Mbfe  Mi  -'>   \!,M- 

Chester:    secretary  of   the  Church  Education   Society. 
IBM,  MMBI  si  HtaMM  M  Ibftohi  -T  MUSK!  8 

•be*    M:II.V  ot  bk  ?MM  «.-n-  m,  !..,:.  -i  •.,  i  M  .,r-- 
Education  Act  of  1870.  [xlviiL  SH] 

RICHTBR,   CHHISTIAN    (1«W?-1T3JX   mlniatore- 
painter;  bom  at  Stockholm  :  canon  to  Enjruuxl 
imitated  tins  style  of  his  fellow-countryman  and  patron, 
Michael  Dahl  [q.  v.]  [xlviluJW] 

RICHTZK,  HENRY  JAMES  (1778-1M7X  painter  : 
began  to  exhibit  at  tbc  Royal  Academy,  1788;  painted 
mainly  figures  of  a  domestic  nature  of  scenes  from 
Shakespeare,  'Don  Quixote,'  and  the  like.  [xlrilLMO] 

RICH  WORD,    WILLIAM   (<*.    1687)      [See   BOTH- 

W..UT1L] 

RICZARD8,  SIR  GEORGE  KETTILBY  (1812-1889X 
political  economist  :  of  Westminster  Scliool  and  Eton 
College,  and  Bulliol,  Trinity,  and  Queen's  Colleges,  <  )xford  ; 
M.A.,  1836  ;  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  183G-I3  :  'Barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1837  (U-nclier,  1873):  cnnn^l  to  the 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1861  -8i  ;  Dnun- 
inond  professor  of  political  economy  at  Oxfor-l,  1851-7  ; 
K.C.B.,  1882.  [xlviiL  861] 

RICKARDS,  SAMUEL  (1796-1866),  divine:  fellow  of 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1819-22  ;  M.A.,  1820  ;  rector  of 
Stowlangtoft,  1832-65  ;  published  devotional  work*. 

[xlviiL  2611 

RICKETTS,  SIR  HENRY  (1802-1886).  Indian  civil 
servant  ;  entered  the  Bengal  civil  per  vice,  1821  ;  commis- 
sioner of  Cuttack.  1836-9  ;  commissioner  of  Chittagong, 
1841-8  ;  a  member  of  the  board  of  revenue,  1849-56  ;  and 
a  member  of  the  governor-general's  council,  1858-60  :  re- 
tired in  consequence  of  ill-  health,  1860;  K.C.S.L,  1866. 


[xlviii.  262] 
-14 


RICKHILL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (fl.  1378-1407),  jndge; 
nominated  a  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1889;  sent 
(1397)  to  Calais  to  obtain  the  confession  of  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  which  was  afterwards  read  in  parliament. 

[xlviii.  263] 

RICKINOHALE,  JOHN  (d.  1429),  bishop  of  Chiohe?- 
ter ;  D.D.  Cambridge ;  master  of  Gonville  Hall  (now  Gon- 
ville  and  Gains  College),  Cambridge,  1416-26 :  consecrated 
bbhop,  1426.  [xlviii.  264] 

RICKMAN.  JOHN  (1771-1840),  statistician  :  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1792 ; 
became  secretary  to  Charles  Abbot  (Baron  Colchester) 
[q.  v.]  and  prepared  the  first  census  act  (1800):  became 
second  clerk  assistant  at  the  House  of  Commons,  1814, 
and  (1820)  clerk  assistant;  prepared  annual  abstracts 
of  the  poor-law  returns,  1816-36;  friend  of  Lamb  and 
Sou  they.  He  devised  the  metliods  to  be  employed  in  the 
census,  and  prepared  the  reports  published  in  1801, 1811, 
1821,  and  1831,  besides  making  elaborate  calculations  as 
to  tlie -population  of  preceding  periods.  [xlviiL  J64] 

RICKMAN.  THOMAS  'CLIO*  (1761-1834), bookseller 
ami  reformer :  was  known  as 'Clio 'in  his  youth  for  his 
precocious  poetical  aud  historical  ta-te,  and  wrou-  u.ncli 
under  that  sobriquet :  settled  in  London  us  a  l>ookficUer, 
1783;  was  an  early  friend  of  Paine,  and  K«*  into  trouble 
for  selling  Paine's  works  ;  wrote  a  mmiljcr  of  radical 
works,  besides  contributing  to  the '  Black  Dwarf  and 
other  weekly  journals.  [xlviiL  266] 

RICKMAN,  THOMAS  (1776-1841X  architect:  began 
to  practise  in  Liverpool,  r.  1815:  pnhl  ?ln-d  a  series  of 
lectures  on  English  styles  of  architecture,  1817,  which 
became  well  known,  and  reached  a  seventh  edition  in 
1881:  built  the 'New 'court  of  8t  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 182G ;  publislied  architectural  tn  . 

[xlviiL  J67] 

RICRATT,  JOSIAH  (Jl.  1645-1679).  author;  a  mer- 
chant of  London  and  a  writer  of  much  rv\mt«  among  the 
Presbyterians :  renounced  his  principles  at  the  Restora- 
tion ;'a  Middlesex  magistrate  in  1679.  [xlviiL  268] 


RIDDEKL 


1108 


RIDLEY 


RIDDELL.  HKNHY  SCOTT  (1798-1870),  minor  poet, 
oriinnally  a  Selkirkshire  shepherd :  studied  at  St.  An- 
S"  was  minister  of  Caerlanrig  ( 1X33-41 ),  Teviothead ; 
.-onfiiH-d  in  an  asylum  on  account  of  insanity,  1841-4;  on 
,,,<«•  rvturn'rtl  to  Teviothead  :  author  of  'The  Crook 
an.l  1 -laid,"  Scotland  Yet.' and  other  popoltt  songs:  his 
•Poetical  Works '  brought  out,  1871.  [xlviii.  269] 

RIDDELL.  JAMES  (d.  1674),  Scottish  merchant  nnd 
manufacturer;  an  Edinburgh  merchant;  became  com- 
iMi>.Harv-Keneral  to  the  Scottish  forces,  1645,  and  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Cromwell  and  Mouck.  [xlviii.  269] 

RIDDELL.  JAMES  (1823-1866),  classical  scholar: 
M.A.  ami  ( 1844)  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  senior 
proctor,  1862 ;  prepared  editions  of  the  '  Odyssey '  for  the 
Oxford  series,  and  of  the '  Apology '  of  Plato  for  Benjamin 
Jowvtt  [q.  v.],  the  master  of  BallioL  [xlviii.  270] 

RIDDELL,  JOHN  (1785-1862),  peerage  lawyer;  made 
a  -tn.lyof  Scottish  peerage  law,  and  published  treatises 
on  genealogical  questions.  [xlviii.  271] 

RIDDELL,  ROBERT  (d.  1794X  antiquary  and  patron 
of  Burn*  ;  entered  the  army  and  (1780)  attained  the  rank 
of  captain,  but  passed  much  of  his  life  in  antiquarian 
pursuits  on  his  estate  at  Friars  Carse  ;  F.S.A.  ;  lion. 
LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1794  ;  remembered  chiefly  as  the  friend 
of  Robert  Burns,  Friars  Carse  being  within  a  mile  of 
BurnsV  farm  of  Ellistoun  ;  composed  airs  for  several  of  the 
poet's  songs.  [xlviii.  371] 

RIDDELL,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1652),  royalist:  M.P. 
for  Newcastle  in  the  Short  parliament,  1640 ;  knighted ; 
held  Tynemouth  Castle  against  the  parliamentarians, 
1644-5  ;  died  in  exile  at  Antwerp.  [xlviii.  272] 

RIDDLE,  EDWARD  (1788-1854),  mathematician  and 
astronomer;  mathematical  master  at  the  Royal  Naval 
Hospital,  Greenwich,  1821-51 :  F.R.A.S.  and  member  of 
the  council,  1825-61 ;  published  a  'Treatise  on  Navigation 
and  Nautical  Astronomy,'  1824  (8th  edit.  1864) ;  re-edited 
Hutton's  '  Mathematical  Recreations '  (1840,  1854),  and 
published  some  sixteen  papers  on  astronomical  subjects. 

[xlviii.  273] 

RIDDLE,  JOSEPH  ESMOND  (1804-1859),  scholar 
and  divine ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1831 ;  incum- 
bent of  St.  Philips,  Leckhampton,  1840-59;  joint-editor 
of  a  Latin  dictionary  with  John  T.  White  and  of  an 
4 English- Latin  Dictionary*  with  Thomas  Kerchever  Ar- 
nold [q  v.]  ;  wrote  largely  on  religious  and  miscellaneous 
topics.  [xlviii.  274] 

RIDEL,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1120),  judge;  drowned  in 
the  '  White  Ship '  disaster  of  1120,  when  he  is  referred  to 
by  Henry  of  Huntingdon  as  '  justiciarum  to  tins  Angliae.' 

[xlviii.  274] 

RIDEL,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1189),  bishop  of  Ely;  pro- 
bably great-nephew  of  Geoffrey  Ridel  (<i.  1120)  [q.  v.]  ; 
became  archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1163;  a  prominent 
opponent  of  Thomas  Becket ;  a  baron  of  exchequer,  1165 ; 
excommunicated  by  Becket,  1169,  but  released  before  1173, 
when  he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Ely  :  shared  with  the  bishops 
of  Winchester  and  Norwich  the  office  of  chief  justiciar, 
1179-80.  He  built  the  western  transept  of  Ely  Cathedral, 
of  which  the  southern  half  etill  remains.  [xlviii.  275] 

RIDER,    [See  also  RYDER.] 

RIDER  or  RYDER,  JOHN  ( 1662-1 632),  lexicographer 
and  bluhop  of  Killaloe :  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1583  ; 
rector  of  Winwick,  1597-1615  ;  bishop  of  Killaloe,  1613- 
16S2 ;  published  (1589) '  Bibliotheca  Scholastic*,'  an  elalx>- 
rnte  Eiijrlish-Latin  and  Latin-English  dictionary,  which 
was  recastand  reissued  hi  1C17, 1626, 1633,  and  1640. 

RIDER,  WILLIAM  ( 1723-1 785),  mlscellanJus 'writer ; 
of  St.  Mary  Hall  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.,  1745  ; 
clia plain  and  sur  muster  (1763-83)  at  St.  Paul's  School, 
London  ;  published  several  miscellaneous  compilations. 

RIDEVALL  or  RIDEVAN8,  JOHN  DJTfjl  YsU), 
Franciscan  ;  was  divinity  reader  of  his  order  at  Oxford. 
Works  by  him  are  extant  in  manuscript  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, Worcester,  and  Venice,  [xlviii.  278] 

RIDGE,  JOHN  (1590 7-1637?),  puritan  divine;  B  A. 
Bt  John's  College.  Oxford,  1612;  admitted  vicar  of 
Antrim  (1619),  where  in  1626  he  established  the  Antrim 
•ietiiig.the  model  of  numerous  English  county  assemblies 


of  independent*,  both  during  the  Commonwealth  and  after 
the  Toleration  Act  of  1  «;*'.»:  silenced  by  Henry  Leslie 
f  (i.  v.],  1636,  on  which  he  retired  to  Scotland. 

[xlviii.  279] 

RIDOEWAY,  Rm  THOMAS,  first  baronet,  first  BAROX 
KiixiKWAY,  and  first  EAIM.  OK  LONDONDERRY  (1565?- 
1«31),  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  student,  Inner  Temple, 
1583  ;  high  sheriff  of  Devonshire,  1600  ;  M.P.,  Devonshirer 
1604-6  :  became  treasurer  in  Ireland,  1606,  and  took  an 
important  part  in  preparing  for  the  Ulster  settlement 
bv  surveying  the  escheated  counties  and  other  laboursy 
himself  receiving,  as  an  undertaker,  two  thousand  acres 
in  Tyrone ;  purchased  a  baronetcy,  1611 :  created  Baroa 
Ilidgeway,  1616 ;  nominated  Earl  of  Londonderry,  1623. 

[xlviii.  279] 

RIDGEWAY,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1817),  law  reporter; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1787  ;  LL.D.,  1795  ;  called  to 
the  Irish  bar:  acted  as  crown  counsel  in  several  state 
trials  ;  published  reports  of  proceedings  in  cases  brought 
before  the  Irish  courts.  [xlviii.  281] 

RIDGLEY,  THOMAS  (1667  ?-l  734),  independent 
theologian;  became  assistant  to  Thomas  Gouge (1665? - 
1700)  [q.  v.]  in  Thames  Street,  London,  1695,  and  succeeded 
him,  1700:  elected  divinity  tutor  (1712)  to  the  Fund 
Academy,  Moorfields,  London  :  upheld  orthodox  opinions 
against  prevalent  tendencies  to  Arianism  and  A rminiun- 
iam,  being  himself  a  Sabellian  ;  D.D.  by  diploma,  Aberdeen ; 
published  theological  works.  [xlviii.  282] 

RIDLEY,  GLOCESTER  or  GLOSTER  (1702-1774X 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  of  Winchester  College  and  Trinity 
and  New  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  B.C.L.,  1729  ;  D.D.  by  diploma, 
1767  :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1724-34  ;  prebendary 
of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1766-74  ;  published  sermons,  poems, 
critical  treatises,  and  biographies.  [xlviii.  282] 

RIDLEY,  HUMPHREY  (1653-1708),  physician;  of 
Merton  College,  Oxford  ;  M.D.  Leydcu,  1679  ;  incorporated 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1688  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1692  ;  Gulstonian  lec- 
turer, 1694 ;  published  (1695)  an  important  work  on 
'  The  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,'  which  established  his 
reputation  as  an  anatomist,  and  '  Observationes,'  1703. 

[xlviii.  283] 

RIDLEY,  JAMES  (1736-1765),  author ;  eldest  son  of 
Glocester  Ridley  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  School  and  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1760: 
fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1755-62;  incumbent  of 
Romford,  1762-5;  chiefly  remembered  as  the  author  of 
'Tales  of  the  Genii'  (1764),  which  professed  to  be  a 
translation,  but  were  in  reality  entirely  his  own,  though 
skilfully  modelled  on  the  'Arabian  Nights.'  The  work 
went  through  many  editions  (the  latest  appearing  in 
1861),  and  w'as  translated  into  French  (1766)  and  German. 
(17C5-6).  [xlviii.  284] 

RIDLEY,  LANCELOT  (d.  1576),  divine;  first  cousin 
of  Nicholas  Ridley  [q.v.];  M.A.,  1527,  and  D.D.,  1540-1, 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  was  a  vigorous  protestant  under 
Edward  VI,  and  was  deprived  of  his  rectory  of  Willing- 
ham  under  Queen  Mary;  afterwards  (1560-76)  rector  of 
Stretham  ;  published  three  expositions  on  various  books 
of  the  New  Testament.  [xlviii.  285] 

RIDLEY,  MARK  (1560-1624),  physician;  son  of 
Lancelot  Ridley  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1584;  went  to  Russia  and  became  chief  physician  to  the 
czar,  Boris  Gudonoff :  settled  in  London  on  the  czar's 
death,  1598 ;  censor  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
1607, 1609-13, 1615,  and  1618  ;  published  a  treatise  on  the 
magnet,  1613.  [xlviii.  285] 

RIDLEY,  NICHOLAS  (1500?-1555),  successively 
bishop  of  Rochester  and  London ;  of  an  ancient  border 
family;  elected  a  fellow  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
c.  1524;  M.A.,  1526;  afterwards  studied  at  the  Sorbonne 
and  Louvaiu ;  became  one  of  Cranmer's  chaplains,  1537, 
and  began,  though  gradually,  to  reject  many  Roman 
doctrines :  D.D.  Cambridge,  1640  ;  became  master  of  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1540,  and  king's  chaplain  ;  canoH 
of  Canterbury,  1541 ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1545 ;  nomi- 
nated bishop  of  Rochester,  1547.  and  (1548)  was  one  of 
the  visitors  of  Cambridge  University,  when  he  pronounced 
in  favour  of  reformed  opinions ;  installed  Bonner's  suc- 
cessor in  the  bishopric  of  London,  1550,  where  he  exerted 
himself  to  propagate  reformed  opinions  and  to  improve 
the  condition  of  the  poor  ;  on  Edward's  death  denounced 
Queens  Mary  and  Elizabeth  as  illegitimate  at  St.  Paul* 
Cross,  London,  but  on  perceiving  that  Lady  Jane  Grey's 


RIDLEY 


1109 


RTLEY 


cause  was  lo-t,  MHIU'  i.imself  on  Queen  Mary's  mercy; 
sent  to  tbe  Tower  of  London  (June  1553),  exceptol  (rum 
the  amnesty,  and  deprived  of  Ids  bishopric ;  after  Wyult's 
rebellion  wa>  n-nt  to  Ox for  1  with  1-utiincr  and  ('ranmcr. 
and  declared  :i  In  n  tic  after  n  debate  in  tin-  divinitj   - 
<Aprd  1554);   condemned  on  tin-  capital  <-!::irwc  »f   heresy, 
September  155fi, and  burnt  :ili vi-.Hin.-t.ir, :-5.  M.-j.u 
hardly  anything  in  hi*  lifetime,  hut  several  theological 
treatise*  appeared  posthumously.    In    1«41  the  •  Work* 
of  Nicholas  icidl.-y  '  were  edited  for  the  Parker  Soci 
Henry  Christmas.  [xlviii.  286] 

RIDLEY,  Sin  THOMAS  (16507-1629),  chancellor  of 
Winchester;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1574;  D.D.,  16H3 ;  incorporated  lU'.L.  at  Oxford, 
159K  ;  fellow  of  King'*  College,  Cambridge :  became  head- 
master of  Eton,  1580 ;  became,  before  1599,  a  matter  in 
cliaucery,  chancellor  of  Winchester,  and  Yicar-general  to 
Archbishop  George  Abbot  [q.  T.lj  M.P.,  Wye,  1M6-7, 
Lyiiiiiitrtou,  1601  :  knighted,  1610 ;  published  •  A  View  of 
tbe  Civile  and  Ecclesiastical  LAW,'  1607.  [xlviii.  290] 

RIDLEY,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1816-1881).  religious 
writer  :  Btudeut  of  Christ  Churc-h,  Oxford,  1836-41 :  M.A., 
1840;  rector  of  Hamhledon,  1840-82;  published  theo- 
logical works,  [xlrili.  290] 

RIDOLFI  or  RIDOLFO,  ROBERTO  in  (1531-1612), 
conspirator;  born  at  Florence;  belonged  to  the  great 
Florentine  family  of  Ridolfl  di  Piazza  ;  was  brought  up  as 
a  banker ;  entered  into  mercantile  relations  with  London 
merchants,  ami  after  Queen  Mary's  accession  Fettl.it  in 
London,  where  In  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  Sir  William  Cecil 
and  others  employed  him  in  financial  business  :  intrigued 
with  the  French  and  Spanish  ambassador?  ;  privy  to  the 
Northern  rebellion,  1569,  but  though  arrested  pu  siiKpicion, 
vras  not  proved  guilty :  engaged  (1570)  in  a  fresh  con- 
spiracy, in  which  Norfolk  was  implicated,  to  overthrow 
<Jueen  Elizabeth's  government  with  the  aid  of  a  Spanish 
army ;  his  agent,  Charles  Baillie  [q.  v.],  arrested  at  Dover, 
April  1571,  while  lie  himself  was  absent  at  Brussels,  and 
bis  English  confederates  shortly  afterwards  arrested ; 
retired  to  Italy  and  settled  finally  at  Florence ;  admitted 
to  the  Florentine ^nate,  1600.  [xlviii.  290] 

RIDPATH,  GEORGE  (d.  1726),  wing  journalist: 
studied  at  Edinburgh:  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh  (1681) 
for  burning  Pope  Innocent  XI  in  effigy,  and  Imnisbed  the 
country;  went  to  London  and  adopted  literature  as  a 
profession ;  wrote  under  the  name  of  Will  Laick,  attacked 
the  Scottish  bishops,  and  defended  the  English  presby- 
tcrians  ;  was,  before  the  uuion,  loud  on  Scotland's  com- 
mercial wrongs,  and  for  some  years  conducted  the  '  Flying 
Post  or  Postman,'  a  whig  journal ;  committed  to  Newgate 
for  libelling  government  in  the  '  Observer,'  1712 ;  fled,  after 
conviction,  to  Holland,  whence  he  upheld  the  Hanoverian 
succession ;  returned  to  England  and  received  some  minor 
offices  under  George  I,  but  (c.  1723)  fell  under  suspicion  of 
bigamy,  and  avoided  his  old  friends.  [xlviii.  292] 

RIDPATH  or  REDPATH.  GEORGE  (1717 7-1772), 
historian  of  the  Scottish  bonier  :  minister  of  Stitchell, 
1742-72;  left  in  manuscript  'The  Border  History  of 
England  and  Scotland '  (published,  1776).  [xlviii.  295] 

RIDPATH,  PHILIP  (1721-1788),  Scottish  minister: 
brother  of  George  Rid  path  (17177-1772)  [q.  v.]  ;  edited 
his  brother's  •  Border  History,'  and  (1785)  published  an 
edition  of  Boethius's  '  Consolation  of  Philosophy.' 

[xlviii.  295] 

RIEL,  LOUIS  (1844-1885),  Canadian  insurgent  leader : 
became  secretary  in  1869  of  an  association  to  resist  the 
incorporation  of  tbe  North- West  Territories  in  the  Cana- 
dian Dominion  in  the  half-breed  interest ;  became 
(December  1869)  president  of  a  provisional  government  at 
Port  Garry,  which  was  suppressed  by  the  Hal  Hiver  Ex- 
pedition In  September  1870,  after  which  he  fled  to  the 
United  States ;  became  president  of  a  second  pro\  Uional 
government,  1885,  and  began  active  warfare ;  captured 
and  executed.  [xlviii.  296] 

RILVAULX,  ETUELUED  OF  (1109  7-1166).  [See 
ETHKLHKD.] 

RIGAUD.  JOHN  FRANCIS (1742-1810),  painter  :  born 
at  Turin ;  studied  painting  in  Italy ;  came  to  London, 
1771  ;  R.A.,  1784.  As  an  historical  painter  he  had  little 
merit,  but  ranks  high  as  a  portrait-painter. 

[xlriil.296]   ' 


.    STEPHEN     FKASVis    DUTILH 
1861 },  painter:  only  MO  of  John  Francis  Rigaai  [q.  r.]  : 
engaged  chiefly  In  historical  painting,  and  a«Utod  lu< 

.!i decorative  work.  [xlvhi.  *»7] 

RIOAUD.   |  N   (1816-1859),  Milton 

of  Antigua:  ekleat  son  of  Mrphru  Peter  Illgaud  [<|.  \.]  : 
fellow  of  Kxeter  College,  Oxford,  18*8-41  :  M.A..  IM-J  : 
D.D.,  1854 ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Antigua,  1858 ;  pub- 
!.-!„•. i  raited  irodni,  iad«ttl«d  h  -  BrtbffVObmnn* 
ence  of  Scientific  Men,'  1841.  [xlviii.  19K] 

RIGAUD,  STEPHEN  PETER  (1774-1HJ9).  mmthe- 
MUM]  UttWlMttl  I  IM  m.r;  ;,:.,,.s  ,•!  Kv.ur  .  ./.- 
lege,  Oxford,  1794-1810:  M.A.,  1799;  F.RA,  180ft; 
Savilian  professor  of  geonv  t  ;  Saviliau  pro- 

fessor of  astronomy.  1H27-39 ;  remarkable  as  an  astro- 
nomer for  accurate  knowledge  of  the  literature  ami 
history  of  the  subject.  He  wrote  several  important  works. 


Including  an  '  Historical  Eway  on  the  First  Publl 
of  Newton's  "  iTincipia,"  •  1838 :  edited  others,  and  pub- 
lished a  number  of  important  papers  In  various  scientific 
periodicals.  [xlviii.  298] 

RIGBY.  ALEXANDER  (1594-16MX  pariiamnttaiy 
colonel  and  baron  of  the  exchequer  ;  stodeut  of  Gray'* 
Inn,  1610 ;  sat  in  the  short  parliament  u  M.F.,  Wijmn, 
1640;  nominated  one  of  t  lie  deputy-lieutenants  of  J.:un.i- 
shire,  1642  :  became  a  colonel  in  the  parliamentary  font-s  : 
appo4nt«l  a  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1649,  and  ( 1650  >  a 
commissioner  of  the  high  court  of  justice,  [xlviii.  2W] 

RIOBY,  EDWARD (1747-1821  Xphyslcian  :  published 
a  work  on  uterine  haemorrhage  in  1776,  which  v.  • 
lated  Into  French  and  German  :  visited  France,  1789,  his 
'Letters  from  France'  forming  a  useful  supplement  to 
Arthur  Young's  observations ;  practised  in  Norwich ; 
mayor  of  Norwich,  1805.  [xlviii.  301] 

RIGBY,  EDWARD  (1804-1860),  obstetrician  :  ran  of 

Edward  Higby  (1747-1821  )[q.v.]  ;  M.I).  Edinburgh.  1*25  : 
studied  midwifery  at  Berlin  and  Heidelberg  and  became 
physician  at  the  Lying-in  Ho?piUU  at  Lambeth  ;  F.L>.  ; 
F.It. ( '.I'.,  1 M3  ;  n^'tirdeil  as  the  first  obstetric  physician  iu 
London  after  Sir  Charles  Locock  [q.  v.]  retired  from 
pn-cticc.  [xlvllLSOl] 

RIGBY,  ELIZABETH,  afterwards  LADY  EAMI.XKK 
(l8O9-1893)i  [See  EASTI.AKK.] 

RIGBY,  JOSEPH  (</.  1671),  parliamentarian  ;  brother 
of  Alexander  Rigby  [t|.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  rone  to  be 
lientcnnnt-colonel  in  the  parliamentary  army,  1650  :  pub- 
lished '  The  Drunkard's  Prwpective,'  1656,  directe.1  against 
alcoholic  drink.  [xlviii.  302] 

RIOBY,  RICHARD  (1722-1788X  politician:  entered 
parliament  as  .Ml'.,  Castle  Rising,  1745,  and  attached  him- 
self to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales;  M.P.,  Sudbury.  1^»7. 
Tavlstock,  1754-84  ;  afterwards  transferred  his  allegiance 
to  tbe  Duke  of  Bedford,  whose  secretary  be  became  in 
1758,  when  Bedford  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland  ;  appointed  master  of  the  rolls  for  Ireland.  I:M«. 
vice-treasurer  for  Ireland,  1765,  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces,  1768  ;  took  a  pronrnent  part  in  opposing  Wilkw, 
1769,  and  ( 1 77-  )  objected  to  a  public  funeral  to  Chatham ; 
succeeded  as  paymaster  by  Burke,  1784 ;  died,  leaving 
'  near  hulf  a  million  of  public  money."  [xlviii.  302] 

RIGG  or  RIGOE.  AMBROSE  (16357-1705),  quaker: 
became  a  quaker,  c.  1653.  and,  in  spite  of  continued  per- 
secution, preached  persistently  In  the  southern  countie* 
till  1662,  when  he  was  arrested  and  kept  in  gaol  for  M-V.-U 
years ;  published  religious  works.  [xlviii.  304] 

RIGOE,  ROBERT  (d.  1410).    [See  RTOOK.] 

RIGHTWISE  or  RTTWY8E,  JOHN  (rf.  163 J  7).  gram- 
nmrian  :  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  OMBbrfdMI  B.A.. 
1513 ;  became surmaster  of  St.  Paul's  Schoul.  l>oihlon.  Iftl  7, 
and  high  master,  1522  ;  removed  for  neglect,  1531  ;  ch.cdy 
remembered  as  a  composer  of  plays  and  iuterlodea. 

[xlviii.  305] 

RILEY,  CHARLES  REUBEN  (176J  7-1798).  [8« 
RYLBY.] 

RILEY,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1816-1878),  translator 
and  antiquary :  educated  at  Charterhouse  School,  London, 
and  Trinity  and  Clare  Colleges,  Cambridge :  M.A.  Clare 
College,  1859 ;  incorporated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1870 ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1847,  but  made  a  liring  in 
earlier  life  by  hack-writing ;  edited  several '  Chronicle* 


BILEY 


1110 


RITCHIE 


and  Memorials'  for  the  master  of  tin-  roll?,  and  i 
became  an  additional   inspector  of   the  newly  civatM 
Historical  Manuscript*  Commission.  [xlviii.  30G] 

RILEY  or  RYLEY,  JOHN  (1646-10.91),  portmit- 
nalnter:  pupil  of  Gerard  Soest  [q.  v.] :  painted  portrait* 
SfCharles  II  nn.l  James  II  and  bis  queen:  appointed 
coart-pai uter  to  William  and  Mary.  [xlviii.  307] 

RIMBATTLT,  EDWARD  FRANCIS  (1816-1876), 
musical  author  and  antiquary  :  was  a  founder  of  the 
Musical  Antiquarian  Society,  of  which  he  became  secre- 
tary, and  for  which  hi-  edited  u  number  of  works;  also 
edited  the  Motet  Society'?  publications  from  1841 :  F.8.A., 
1842.  He  was  organist  of  various  London  churches. 

[xlviii.  307] 

BTjnnftfc,  ALFRED  (1820-1893),  nrtist  and  author: 
engaged  in  trade  in  Canada,  1868-70,  subsequently  settling 
in  Chester :  published  a  number  of  illustrated  works  on 
English  topography.  [xlviii.  308] 

RIMMINGTON,  SAMUEL  (1755  ?-1826),  lieutenant- 
general,  royal  artillery  ;  entered  the  army,  1771 ;  fought 
in  the  war  of  American  independence;  colonel,  1808; 
lieutenant-general,  1821.  [xlviii.  308] 

RIM8TON  or  REMINGTON,  WILLIAM  (/.  1372), 
theological  writer ;  doctor  of  theology  at  Oxford ;  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  University,  1372.  [xlviii.  308] 

KING,  JOHN  (1752-1821),  surgeon;  educated  at 
\Vinche-U-r  College  ;  began  to  practise  in  London,  1774  ; 
became  a  friend  of  Edward  Jenner  [q.  v.],  1799,  and  ren- 
dered most  important  services  to  the  cause  of  vaccination  ; 
published  numerous  tracts  on  vaccination,  [xlviii.  309] 

RINGROSE.  BASIL  (d.  1686),  buccaneer  and  author; 
was  with  the  buccaneers  at  Darien  in  1680 ;  he  returned 
t<>  England,  1682;  his  journal  published  as  a  second 
volume  of  the  'History  of  the  Buccaneers,'  1685;  sailed 
(1G84)  for  the  South  Seas  in  the  Cygnet,  whose  captain 
ioiiied  the  buccaneers ;  slain  by  the  Spaniards  in  Mexico. 

[xlviii.  310] 

RING  STEAD,  THOMAS  DE  (d.  1366),  bishop  of 
Bangor ;  doctor  of  theology  at  Cambridge  :  subsequently 
became  a  Dominican,  and  (1357)  was  papally  provided  to 
the  see  of  Bnngor  ;  said  to  be  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
Proverbs  of  Solomon,  of  which  three  copies  are  extant 
at  Oxford.  [xlviii.  310] 

RnrTOUL,  ROBERT  STEPHEN  (1787-1858),  jour- 
nalist ;  set  up  as  a  printer  at  Dundee,  1809  ;  edited  (1811- 
1826)  the  '  Dundee  Advertiser,*  a  paper  which  became  one 
of  the  chief  liberal  journals  in  Scotland  :  went  to  London, 
1826,  and  (1828)  founded  the  'Spectator,'  which  he  sold  in 
1868.  The  '  Spectator '  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  all  questions  of  social  and  political  reform. 

[xlviii.  311] 

RINUCCINI,  GIOVANNI  BATTISTA  (1592-1653), 
archbishop  of  Fermo,  and  papal  nuncio  in  Ireland  ;  born 
in  Rome ;  son  of  a  Florentine  patrician ;  became  arch- 
bishop of  Fermo,  1625 ;  appointed  papal  nuncio  in  Ire- 
laud,  1645 ;  interfered  in  the  negotiations  between  the 
royalists  and  the  Roman  catholic  confederates,  on  his 
arrival  in  Ireland,  by  proposing  conditions  which  it  was 
out  of  the  power  of  Charles  I  to  grant;  consequently 
quarrelled  with  the  Irish  catholic  royalists,  and  as  soon 
as  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  Ormonde  (March  1646)  set 
to  work  to  annul  it,  with  the  support  of  Owen  Roe  O'Neill 
l<  j.  v.],  the  consequence  being  that  Ormonde's  peace  was  re- 
jected by  a  great  part  of  Ireland ;  severely  reprimanded  from 
Rome  for  exceeding  his  instructions  ;  persisted,  and  finally 
drove  Ormonde  to  come  to  terms  with  the  English  parlia- 
ment; rendered  extremely  unpopular  by  the  victories  of 
Inchiquin,  who  had  declared  for  parliament;  warned  by 
the  confederates  (January  1649)  to  'intermeddle  not  in 
any  of  the  affairs  of  this  kingdom ' ;  left  Ireland,  February 
1649,  and  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  received  an  honour- 
able reception ;  died  at  Fermo  of  apoplexy.  Though  his 
political  conduct  in  Ireland  was  unwise,  his  ecclesiastical 
duties  were  well  performed,  and  in  his  distribution  of 
Irish  church  patronage  he  took  great  care  to  make  good 
appointments.  [xlviii.  312] 

RIOLLAY,  FRANCIS  (1748-1797),  physician :  born 
in  Brittany:  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin (B. A.); 
incorporated  at  Oxford,  1777  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1780;  M.D., 
1784;  practised  in  London;  Oulstonian  lecturer,  1787, 
Harrdan  orator,  1787,  and  Crooniau  lecturer,  1788-90. 

[xlviii.  315] 


RI08,  JOSEPH  DE  MENDOZA  Y  (1762-1816).  [MI- 
MKNIX  >/.v.] 

RIOU,  EDWARD  (17587-1801),  captain  in  tin-  nnv\  : 
captain,  1791  ;  led  the  detached-  squadron  against « he  de- 
fences of  Copenhagen,  where  he  was  killed  l>\  ;i  cannon- 
shot.  ,  [xlviii.  315] 

RIPARIIS,  DE.    [See  RKDVERS.] 

RIPLEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1490?),  alchemist;  an  Angu-- 
tiniau  and  a  canon  of  Bridlington ;  was  undoubtedly  the 
most  widely  studied  of  the  late  alchemists :  compiled,. 
1471,  'The  Compound  of  Alchemic,'  and,  1 176,  '  Medulhi 
Alchimiae.'  [xlviii.  310] 

RIPLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1758),  architect;  originally 
a  carpenter ;  owed  his  advancement  in  life  to  Sir  Robert 
Walpole's  patronage;  built  Wolterton  House,  17L't  :;<v 
and  the  Admiralty,  Whitehall,  1724-6.  [xlviii.  317] 

RIPON,  first  EARL  OF  (1782-1859).  [See  ROBIXSON, 
FRKDKKICK  JOHN.] 

RIPPINGILLE,  EDWARD  VILLIERS  (1798?-1H5'»V 
painter  and  writer  on  art ;  began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal 
Academy,  1813 ;  chiefly  painted  pictures  of  English  country 
life:  contributed  to  'Bentley's  Magazine'  and  the  'Art 
Journal.'  [xlviii.  318] 

RIPPON,  JOHN  (1751-1836),  baptist  divine :  pa«ror 
in  Carter  Lane  and  New  Park  Street,  London  (1773-183G) : 
edited  'Baptist  Annual  Register,'  1790-1802;  compiled  a 
well-known  '  Selection  of  Hymns,'  1827.  [xlviii.  318] 

RIPPON,  THOMAS  (1761-1835),  chief  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  England :  brother  of  John  Rippon  [q.  v.] ;  suc- 
ceeded Abraham  Newland  [q.  v.]  as  cashier,  [xlviii.  318] 

RISDON,  TRISTRAM  (1580  V-1640),  topographer : 
author  of  a  « Cborographical  Description  or  Survey  of 
Devon,'  first  printed  by  Edmund  Ctirll  [q.  v.]  in  a  garbled 
edition  in  1714.  An  excellent  edition  appeared  in  1811. 

[xlviii.  310] 

RISHANGER,  WILLIAM  (1250?-1312  V),  monk  of 
St.  Albans  and  chronicler ;  became  a  Benedictine  of  St. 
Albans  Abbey,  1271 ;  author  of  'Narratio  de  Bellis  npud 
Lewes  et  Evesham'  (edited  for  the  Oamden  Society.  1840), 
and  of  a  chronicle  of  '  Gesta  Edwardi  Primi.'  Riley  also- 
assigns  to  him  a  longer  chronicle  of  English  history 
edited  by  him  for  the  Rolls  Series  in  1865.  [xlviii.  319] 

RISHTON,  EDWARD  (1550-1586),  Roman  catholic- 
divine  ;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1572 ;  studied  at 
Douay;  condemned  to  death  for  officiating  in  EiKrl;in<l 
and  banished,  1581 ;  died  of  the  plague  near  Ste.-Mrne- 
hould.  Several  of  his  works  are  extant.  [xlviii.  321] 

RISHTON,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1413).  diplomatist :  edu- 
cated at  New  College,  Oxford  ;  held  several  minor  txvlesi- 
astical  preferments,  and  was  employed  in  negotiation* 
with  the  French,  1403-5  ;  an  English  representative  at  the 
council  of  Pisa.  [xlviii.  321] 

RISING,  JOHN  (1756-1815),  portrait  and  subject 
painter ;  regularly  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  17X5- 
1815.  [xlviii.  322] 

RI8LEY,  THOMAS  (1630-1716),  nonconformist  divin--: 
fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1654-62  ;  M.A.,  1655  ; 
built  a  chapel  at  Culcheth  after  the  passing  of  the  Tolera- 
tion Act  in  1689,  and  ministered  there  till  his  death. 

[xlviii.  322] 

RITCHIE,  ALEXANDER  HANDYSIDE(  1804-1 870). 
sculptor ;  studied  at  Rome  under  Thorwaldsen,  and  from 
1838  practised  successfully  at  Edinburgh,  [xlviii.  323] 

RITCHIE,  JOHN  (1809-1850),  sculptor;  younircr 
brother  of  Alexander  Handyside  Ritchie  [q.  v.] :  worked 
for  a  time  with  his  brother.  His  fine  group, '  The  Dduw,' 
was  suggested  by  a  dream.  [xlviii.  323] 

RITCHIE,  JOHN  (1778-1870),  journalist :  one  of  the 
founders  of  the 'Scotsman '(1817)  ;  became  sole  proprietor 
shortly  after  1831.  [xlviii.  325] 

RITCHIE,  JOSEPH  (1788  ?-1819),  African  traveller  ; 
a  surgeon  by  profession  ;  commissioned  by  government 
to  undertake  the  exploration  of  the  Nigritlan  Soudan  by 
way  of  Tripoli  and  Fezzau,  c.  1818  ;  died  at  Mur/.uk. 

[xlviii.  323] 

RITCHIE,  LEITCH  (1800  7-1865).  novelist :  w^  em- 
ployed as  a  clerk  in  Glasgow,  but  (c.  1820)  adopted  lltera- 


RITCHIE 


1111 


ROBARTES 


turc  as  a  profession ;  published  novels  and  othor  work*. 

Hinlilurini,'  tin-  lutu-r  part  of  his  life  wiit.il  •  ri,:,iiit>.-iV* 
Journal.'  [xlviii.  324J 

RITCHIE.  WILLIAM  (17H1-1H31).  journalist : 
yotmtrrr  brother  of  John  Ritchie  (177*  ln7u)  [q.  v.]  ; 
joined  Charles  Maclaren  [q.  v.]  and  others  in  1817  in 
foundiiiK  the  'Scotsman.'  of  which  be  and  Maclaren  were 

joint  -.-liters  until  bis  .K-.i-.h.  [xlviii.  126] 

RITCHIE,  WILLIAM  (1790-1837),  physiciit ;  pro- 
fessor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Loudou  University,  1881- 
1837.  [xlvlll.  8J6] 

RITCHIE,  SIR  WILLIAM  JOH  ' 

chu-f  •  Justice  of  Canada ;  born  at  Annapolis,  Nora  Scotta  : 
edacated  at  Pictou  College.  Nova  Scotia :  member  for  St. 
John's  in  the  Nova  Scotia  amenably,  1846-61  :  became 
pnisne  judge  of  New  Brunswick,  1865 ;  chief-jnstlce  of 
New  Brunswick,  1866:  puisne  judge  of  the  Dominion 
supreme  court,  1876,  and  chief-justice  of  Canada,  1879; 
knighted,  1881.  [xlriiL  896] 

RITSCHEL,  GEORGE  (1616-1688),  divine;  born  lu 
Bohemia:  came  to  England,  1641  ;  left  England  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  returning,  1644:  rector  of 
Hexham,  1656  7-1688;  published  one  religious  and  one 
metaphysical  work  in  Latin.  [xlviii.  327] 

RITSON.  ISAAC  (1761-1789),  translator:  school- 
master at  Penrith  ;  published  a  translation  of  the  •  Hymn 
to  Venus,'  1788.  [xlviii.  831] 

RITSON,  JONATHAN  (17767-1846),  wood-carver: 
completed  the  work  of  Griuling  Gibbous  at  Arundel  and 
Pctworth.  [xlviii.  331] 

RITSON,  JOSEPH  0752-1803),  antiquary  ;  settled  hi 
London,  1775,  as  a  conveyancing  clerk,  and  (1780)  began 
business  on  his  own  account;  high  bailiff  of  the  liberty 
of  the  Savoy,  1784-1803  :  zealously  studied  English  litera- 
ture and  history;  attacked  Wartou's  ' History  of  English 
Poetry,'  1782,  and  Johnson  and  Steevens's  edition  of 
Shakespeare,  1783:  attacked  also  Steevens's  editorial  suc- 
cessors, Isaac  Reed  and  Malone:  detected  the  Ireland 
forgeries,  1795  :  waa  one  of  the  earliest  collectors  of  local 
verse,  and  (1783)  published  a  •  Select  Collection  of  English 
Songs,*  in  wliich  he  attacked  Percy's  '  Reliques,'  and  in 
subsequent  works  on  the  same  subject  threw  doubt  on  the 
existence  of  the  manuscript  whence  Percy  claimed  to  have 
derived  his  ballads ;  demonstrated  that  many  of  John 
Pinkerton's  '  Select  Scottish  Ballads  *  were  forgeries,  1784 ; 
visited  Paris,  1791,  and  from  that  time  showed  a  close 
sympathy  with  the  French  revolution ;  produced  (1802) 
his  useful  '  Bibliographia  Poetica';  became  insane,  1803, 
shortly  before  his  death.  [xlviti.  327] 

RTTTER,  HENRY (1816-1863), artist:  born  at  Mont- 
real ;  practised  at  DUsseldorf,  chiefly  affecting  sea-piece*. 

[xlviii.  331] 

RITWYSE,  JOHN  (d.  1532  ?).  [See  RIGHTWISE.] 
RIVAROL.  LOUISA  HENRIETTA,  MADAMK  I»K 
(1749?-1821),  translator;  only  child  of  Mather  Flint; 
born  at  Remiremont;  married  the  so-called  Oomte  de 
Rivarol,  the  future  satirist  of  the  revolution,  e,  1780 : 
obtained  a  divorce  (1794)  from  her  husband,  who  had 
deserted  her;  translated  several  English  works  into 
French.  [*l™i-  331] 

RIVAT/LX  or  RIVALLIS,  PETER  I»K  (d,  1258  ?), 
favourite  of  Henry  III:  said  to  have  been  a  son  or 
nephew  of  Peter  des  Roches  (d.  1238)  [q.  v.]  ;  made 
treasurer,  1232,  but  (1234)  deprived  of  his  offices  in  conse- 
quence of  the  opposition  to  the  Poitevin  favourites ;  re- 
stored to  favour,  1286 ;  again  treasurer,  1257. 

[xlviii.  832] 

RIVERS,  EARUIOF.  [See  Woonviu.K,  RICHARD,  first 
EABU  d.  1469 ;  WOODVILLK,  ANTHONY,  second  KAUI, 
1442?-1483;  SAVAGK,  RICHARD,  fourth  EARL  of  the 
second  creation,  1660  ?-1712.] 

RIVERS,  firat  BARON  (1722  ?-1803>  [See  PITT, 
(; i  MK..K.  first  BAHON.] 

RIVERS,  ANTONY,  alias  THOMAS  BLKWTJTT  (ft. 
1601-1606),  Jesuit:  was  secretory  to  Henry  Garnett  [q.  v.] 
In  1692  Shirley's  tragedy,  '  The  Traytor,'  was  reissued, 
with  a  dedication  unwarrantably  attributing  it  to  Rivers, 

[xlviii.  888] 

RIVERS,  AUGUSTUS  HENRY  LANE  POX  PITT- 
(1827-1900).  [See  Pnr-RjVKRS.] 


RIVERS,  THOMAS  (1798-1877X  nurseryman: 
espeoially  noted  for  his  collection  of  roM  at  his  nunerie* 
at  Sawbrldgeworth  and  fur  his  development  of  t!..- ,  >ilture 
of  «nall  fruit  trees.  .3*8] 

RIVZR8.  WILLIAM  (1788-18*6),  lieutenant  in  the 
navy:  i-m.-r-i  DM-  Victory.  17M:  tort  a  leg  at  Trafalgar, 
1806  ;  adjutant  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  182«-M. 

[xlviii.  888] 

RIVERSTON.  titular  BAUD*  or  (•/.  1715>.  [See 
NcoKjrr,  THOMAM.] 

RJVETT  or  REVCTT,  JOHN  (1W4-1674X  braster; 
concealed  and  ( 166U)  handed  over  to  Charles  II  thebrasen 
sUtne  of  Charles  I  (made  by  Hubert  Le  Bueur  [q.  v.]), 
which  the  parliament,  on  Charles  I's  execution,  soU  him 
as  old  metal  and  ordered  to  be  destroyed,  [xxxiii.  129] 

RIVIERE,  HKNHY  PARSONS  (1811-1888).  water- 
colour  painter  :  brother  of  William  Riviere  [q.  v.] ;  began 
to  exhibit  in  1832 ;  went  to  Rome,  1866,  and  remained 
there  till  near  the  end  of  hi*  life,  exhibiting  hi  England 
views  of  Rome  and  the  neighbourhood.  [xlviii.  814] 

RIVIERE,  ROBERT(1808-1882), bookbinder:  brother 
of  William  Riviere  [q.  v.]  ;  commenced  business  in  1829  hi 
hath,  and  r.-mov.-l.  in  1840,  to  London,  where  hi*  excel- 
lent taste  and  workmanship  made  him  fynvms. 

[xlviii.  884] 

RIVIERE,  WILLIAM  (1806-1876X  historical  painter; 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1826. 

[xlviii.  886] 

RIVINOTON.  CHARLES  (1688-1742),  publisher: 
took  over  the  premises  and  trade  of  Richard  CbisweU 
<  1639-1711)  [q.  v.]  in  1711,  and  soon  became  the  leading 
theological  publisher.  [xlviii.  335] 

RIVINOTON,  CHARLES  (1764-1881),  publisher: 
son  of  John  Rivington  (1720-1792)  [q.  v.]  ;  carried  on  bis 
father's  business,  at  first  with  his  brother  Francis  Riving- 
ton [q.  v.],  and  after  his  death  alone.  [xlviiL  337] 

RIVINGTON,  FRANCIS  (1745-1822),  publisher: 
eldest  son  of  John  Rivington  (1720-1792)  [q.  v.]  ;  carried 
on  his  father's  business  with  his  brother  Charles  Riving- 
ton (1764-1831)  [q.  v.]  [xlviiL  887] 

RIVINGTON,  FRANCIS (1805-1886),  publisher:  son 
of  Charles  Rivington  (1764-1831)  [q.  v.];  succeeded  to 
his  father's  business,  1831:  retired,  1869;  published 
•  Tracts  for  the  Times '  and  other  tractarian  writing*. 

[xlviiL  336] 

RIVINGTON,  JAMEfi  (1724-1803),  publisher  :  son  of 
Charles  Rivington  (1688-1742)  [q.  v.] ;  emigrated  to  New 
England  In  176O,  where  he  started  4Rivington's  New 
York  Gazette '  (1777).  [xlviii.  S8«] 

RIVINGTON,  JOHN  (1720-1792),  publisher:  son  of 
Charles  Rivington  (1688-1742)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  to  his 
father's  business,  and  in  1760  became  publisher  to  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  [xlviii.  836] 

RIVINGTON,  JOHN  (1779-1841).  publisher:  eldest 
son  of  Francis  Rivington  (1746-1822)  [q.  v.] ;  admitted 
into  the  firm  in  1810.  [xlviiL  837] 

RIZZIO,  DAVID  (1533  ?-15«6).    [See  RICCIO.] 
ROACH,  JOHN  (ft.  1794-1796),  bookseller  and  com- 
piler :  kept  a  shop  in  Drury  Lane,  London,  where  he  sold 
odd  volumes  and  indelicate  prints.  [xlviiL  887] 

ROACH,  RICHARD  (1662-1730),  divine:  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford  :  M.A.,  1688  ;  B.D.,  1695 :  rector  of  8t  Augustine's, 
Hackney,  1690-1730 :  a  follower  of  Mm.  Jane  Lead  [q.  v.] ; 
published  mystical  treatises.  [xlviii.  888] 

ROACH-SMITH,  CHARLES  (1807-1890).  [See 
SMITH.] 

ROB  BONN  (1714-1778).    [See  MACKAY,  ROBERT.] 
ROB  ROY  (1671-1734).    [See  MACORKOOR,  ROBKBT.] 
ROB    ROT  (pseudonym).    [Sec  MACOREOOR,  JURK, 
1825-1892.] 

ROBARTES  or  ROBERTE8.  FOULK  (1680  7-16MX 
divine  ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1602 :  B.D. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1609;  incorporated  B.D. 
Oxford,  1621 ;  installed  a  prebendary  of  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral, 1616,  but  during  the  civil  wwr.died 


ROBARTE8 


1112 


ROBERT 


ROBARTES,  FRANCIS  (1050  7-1718),  politician  and 
music-inn  :  sou  of  Sir  John  Rolmrtes,  first  ,-arl  of  lladnor 
^q  Y  ]  •  sat  in  parliament  from  1673  till  Ins  death  ; 
known 'as  a  musical  composer  and  a*  a  writer  on  the 
theory  of  sound.  [xlvm.338] 

ROBARTES,  SIR  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  RADNOR, 
second  lURos  KOBARTKS.  and  second  baronet  (1606- 
168»i.  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  succeeded  his  father  as 
second  baron  RobartU  1634 :  voted  with  the  popular 
mrtv  during  tbe  Lou?  parliament ;  he  became  a  colonel  in 
SJexVarmy  »nd  in  1644  held  the  rank  of  field-marshal : 
wa*  a  strong presbytemn,  and  after  Charles  I's  execution 
took  no  further  share  in  public  affairs;  made  at  the  Restora- 
tion lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  an  office  which  he  exchanged 
for  that  of  lord  privy  seal :  closely  associated  with  Claren- 
don's opponents  from  1663:  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of 
Irdaiwi;  1669:  recalled,  1670;  created  Earl  of  Radnor, 
1679 ;  appointed  lord  president  of  the  council,  1679. 

[xlviii.  339] 

ROBBZRDS,  JOHN  OOOCH  (1789-1854),  Unitarian 
minister:  pastor  of  Crow  Street,  Manchester,  1811-54 ; 
published  sermons,  tracts,  and  lectures.  [xlvui.  341] 

ROBE,  JAMES  (1688-1753),  Scottish  presbyterian 
divine  •  studied  at  Glasgow  University  ;  minister  of  Kil- 
syth,  1713-53  :  published  religious  works,  [xlviii.  341] 

EOBE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1765-1820),  colonel,  royal 
artillery;  entered  the  army,  1781;  served  in  Holland, 
1793-4  and  1799,  at  Copenhagen,  1807,  and  in  the 
Spanish  peninsula,  1808-12;  K.C.B.,  1815;  K.H. ; 
regimental  colonel,  1815.  [xlviii.  342] 

ROBE,  WILLIAM  LIVINGSTONE  (1791-1815), 
lieutenant,  royal  artillery  :  eldest  son  of  Sir  William 
Robe  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  the  peninsula,  18-J8-14 :  lieu- 
tenant, 1808 ;  fell  at  Waterloo.  [xlviii.  343] 

ROBERDEAU,  JOHN  PETER  (1754-1815),  drama- 
tist ;  settled  at  Chichester,  1796  :  wrote  many  plays  of 
indifferent  merit,  chiefly  for  the  provincial  theatres. 

[xlviii.  343] 

ROBERT  I  (1274-1329).  [See  BRUCE,  ROBERT  DE, 
VIII.] 

ROBERT  H  (1316-1390),  THK  STEWARD,  king  of 
Scotland  ;  son  of  Walter  I1L  steward  of  Scotland,  by 
Marjory,  daughter  of  Robert  the  Bruce  :  declared  heir 
presumptive,  1318  ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  office  and 
estates,  1326 ;  led  the  second  division  of  the  Scottish 
army  at  Halidon  Hill,  133S;  with  Moray  was  chosen 
regent,  1334;  lost  his  authority  in  consequence  of 
Edward  Ill's  successes,  1335,  but  in  1338  again  became 
regent,  and  in  1341  regained  Edinburgh  from  the  Eng- 
lish ;  vacated  the  regency,  David  II  having  returned 
from  France  ;  resumed  his  authority  as  king,  May  1341  ; 
resumed  the  regency  when  David  II  was  captured  at 
Neville's  Cross,  1346 ;  his  hopes  of  the  crown  impaired  by 
David  II's  recognition  of  Edward  III  as  his  successor,  1863 : 
imprisoned  with  bis  three  sous  by  David  II  as  a  measure  of 
security  ;  released,  1370,  and  peacefully  succeeded  to  the 
throne  on  David  II's  death,  1371 ;  took  no  personal  share  in 
the  war  with  England,  which  was  renewed  in  1378  and 
continued  intermittently  till  his  death;  his  second  son 
Robert,  duke  of  Albany,  named  guardian  of  the  kingdom, 
1389 ;  died  at  Dundonald.  [xlviii.  344] 

ROBERT  m  (13407-1406),  king  of  Scotland: 
originally  known  as  John,  earl  of  Carrick ;  eldest  son  of 
Robert  II  [q.  v.]  ;  changed  his  name  on  succeeding  to  the 
throne  in  1390  ;  created  Earl  of  Atholl,  1367,  and  Earl  of 
Carrick,  1368:  disabled  from  bodily  exertion  by  an 
accident  which  took  place  before  his  father's  death  ;  never 
personally  governed,  all  the  power  of  administration  being 
in  tbe  hands  of  his  younger  brother,  Robert  Stewart, 
first  duke  of  Albany  [q.  v.] ;  his  heir,  the  Duke  of 
Rothesay,  created  lieutenant  of  the  kingdom,  1399,  ar- 
rested by  Albany,  1402,  the  order  being  in  his  father's 
name,  and  perhaps  put  to  death  in  prison,  on  which 
Albany  resumed  the  regency  ;  died  at  Rothesay. 

[xlviii.  347] 

ROBERT,  DUKK  OF  NORMANDY  (1054?  -  1134), 
eldest  son  of  William  I  [q.  v.] ;  received  the  investiture  of 
Maine,  1069,  but  was  unable  to  prevail  on  his  father  to 
Rive  him  actual  possession  of  the  county  :  rebelled, 
1077,  and  (1079)  accidentally  wounded  his  father  at  Ger- 
beroi ;  subsequently  made  his  submission  and  was  re- 
cognised as  heir  of  Normandy,  which  he  inherited  on 


William  I's  death  in  1087 ;  having  emptied  his  treasury, 
sold  the  Cotentin  to  his  brother  Henry,  1088  ;  his  duchy 
of  Normandy  invaded  by  his  brother,  William  II,  1089; 
caine  to  an  agreement  with  William  11,  loal,  and  with 
him  drove  Henry  out  of  the  Cotentin  ;  shared  his  posses- 
sions ;  took  the  cross  and  pledged  his  duchy  to  William  II 
for  five  years  for  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  marks,  1096  : 
set  out  in  October,  and  after  joining  the  other  crusaders 
reached  Constantinople  early  in  the  summer  of  1097 ; 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  at  Dorylaeum,  and  in 
the  march  to  Autioch  led  the  advanced  guard  ;  by  his 
prowess  enabled  the  crusaders  to  defeut  Corbogha 
in  a  great  battle  under  the  walls  of  Antioch,  June  1098  ; 
refused  the  sovereignty  of  Jerusalem,  and  in  the  autumn 
left  Palestine  ;  did  not,  however,  reach  Normandy  till 
September  1100,  and  thus  lost  his  opportunity  of  the 
English  succession  on  the  death  of  William  II,  but  was 
freed  by  that  event  from  the  necessity  of  redeeming  Nor- 
mandy from  pledge  :  urged  by  Ranuulf  Flauibard  [q.  v.], 
invaded  England,  July  1101,  but  made  a  treaty  with 
Henry  I ;  ceded  the  county  of  Evreux  to  Henry  1, 1104 ;  hia 
duchy  of  Normandy  invaded  by  Henry  I,  who  was  in- 
dignant at  his  misgoyermnent  of  it,  1105;  defeated  by 
Henry  I  and  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Tinchebrai, 
1106;  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  confinement  in  Eng- 
land ;  was  probably  well  treated,  the  statement  that  he 
was  blinded  after  being  detected  in  plotting  treason 
being  unsupported  by  adequate  authority,  [xlviii.  349] 

ROBERT,  EARL  OF  GLOUCESTER  (d.  1147),  a  natural 
son  of  Henry  I,  who  bestowed  on  him  the  hand  of  Mabel, 
daughter  of  Robert  Fitzhamon  (rf.  1107)  [q.  v.],  and  the 
whole  of  her  father's  heritage  in  Normandy,  Wales,  and 
England  ;  created  Earl  of  Gloucester,  c.  1122  ;  on  Henry  I'* 
deatli  (1135)  submitted  to  Stephen;  quarrelled  with 
Stephen,  1137,  who  soon  afterwards  confiscated  his  English 
and  Welsh  estates,  and  (1139)  landed  in  England  in  com- 
pany with  Matilda :  captured  Stephen  under  the  walls  of 
Lincoln,  1141,  but  before  the  close  of  the  year  was  himself 
made  prisoner  at  Stockbridge  and  exchanged  for  Stephen  : 
defeated  Stephen  at  Wilton,  1143,  but  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  desperate  efforts  to  hold  his  ground,  in  spite  of  the 
rapid  disintegration  of  the  Angevin  party  ;  died  at  Bristol. 

[xlviii.  356] 

ROBERT  OF  JUMIEGES  (fl.  1037-1052),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  became  abbot  of  Jumieges,  1037  ;  accom- 
panied Edward  the  Confessor  to  England,  1043 ;  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  London,  1044,  and  became  the  head  of 
the  Norman  opposition  to  Godwin;  appointed  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  1051 ;  by  inflaming  Edward's  resentment 
against  Godwin,  succeeded  in  driving  the  earl  into  exile, 
September  1051 :  fled  to  Normandy  on  Godwin's  return  in 
1052 ;  outlawed  by  the  witan  and  deposed ;  went  to  Rome 
and  procured  the  support  of  the  pope,  who  ordered  hia 
reinstatement,  but  in  spite  of  that  could  not  regain  pos- 
session of  his  see ;  died  at  Jumieges.  [xlviii.  358] 

ROBERT  THE  STALLER  (/f.  1066),  otherwise  known 
as  Robert  FitzWimarc  ;  'staller'  in  the  court  of  Edward 
the  Confessor  ;  supported  William  the  Norman,  1066. 

[xlviii.  359] 

ROBERT  D'OILGI,  D'OiLLT,  or  n'OYLY  I  (d.  1090  ?), 
Norman  baron  ;  came  to  England  with  William  I,  and 
obtained  large  grants  of  land  in  the  midland  counties. 
Some  of  his  buildings  at  Oxford  are  still  extant,  including 
the  tower  of  St.  Michael's  Church  and  the  keep  of  Oxford 
Castle.  [xlviii.  359] 

ROBERT  OF  MORTAIN,  COUNT  OP  MORTAIN(d.  1091  ?). 

[See  MORTAIX.] 

ROBERT  LOSINOA  (d.  1095).    [See  LOSINGA.] 

ROBERT  (</.  1103),  crusader  and  martyr :  an  English- 
man of  good  family  :  followed  Edgar  Atheling  to  Palestine 
on  crusade ;  taken  prisoner  at  Ramlah  and,  refusing  to 
deny  Christ,  was  put  to  death.  [xlviii.  3til] 

ROBERT  FITZHAMON  (d.  1107).    [See  FITZHAMON.] 
ROBERT  OF  BKLLKME,  EARL  OF  SHRKWSBURT  (ft. 

1098).    [See  BKLLEMK.] 

ROBERT   DS  BEAUMONT,  COUNT  OF   MKULAN  (</. 

1118).    [See  BEAUMONT.] 

ROBERT  BLOET  (d.  1123).    [See  BLOET.] 

ROBERT  (d.  1139),  first  abbot  of  Newminater  :  entered 

the  Benedictine  abbey  at  Whit  by,  but  afterwards  joined 


ROBERT 


ROBERTS 


Ti  or.lr-r.  :nul    in   1132  owUted  to  foun-l   tin- 
abbey  of  1'oimtuius  ;  became  first  abbot  of  ' 
11:17.  [xlv.u. 

ROBERT  i.'«>ii..:i  II  (/f.  113o  1142),  baron  ;  eWer  wn 
of  Robert  d'Oiigi  r  (.1.  1090?),  was  'oonntabuUwriui  regU 
H.'nriri  i»imi';  assisted  the  KtuproM  Matilda  against 

KinirSti-phiMi.  [xlvtlLMU] 

ROBERT  ini:  K\C;T.I-HMAV,  UDIIKHT  i>R  KRTKXR,  or 
lloiiKKT  DK  HKTIM:S<  ti.  1 141-1 143),  first  translator  of  the 
Koran:  travelled  widely  ami  Kiiniul  Arabic  in  A*ia; 
was  living  in  Spain,  in-ar  tin-  Kbro,  1U1-3,  and  Mltae- 
qnently  became  archdeacon  of  I'ampeluna ;  translated  the 
Koran  into  Latin  for  Peter  the  Venerable,  abbot  of  Cluny, 
between  1141  an«l  11  i:i.  His  translation  was  first  printed 
at  Hash-  in  1513.  Many  other  works  ascribed  to  him. 

[xlviii.  362] 

ROBERT  PUI.LBX  (d.  1147  ?).    [See  PULLEX.] 

ROBERT  UK  BETHUXK  (d.  1148),  bishop  of  Hereford  : 
m  native  of  Bethune  in  Artois  :  entered  the  house  of  the 
AiiKustinian  canons  at  Llanthony.  where  he  became 
prior:  consecrated  bishop  of  Hereford,  1131;  followed 
the  political  guidance  of  Henry  of  Winchester  during  the 
troubles  of  Stephen's  reign ;  died  while  attending  the 
council  of  Rheini<.  [xlTlii.  364] 

ROBERT  OK  'SALE8BY*  (Jt.  11 32-1 148),  chancellor  of 
Sicily :  was  one  of  the  many  Englishmen  who  found  em- 
ployment under  the  Norman  kings  of  Sicily  :  wan  chan- 
cellor as  early  as  1132,  and  attested  charters  of  King 
Roger  at  least  as  late  as  1148.  [xlviiL  366] 

ROBERT  (J.  1159).  bishop  of  St.  Andrews  :  probably 
consecrated  in  1125;  the  prior}'  of  St.  Andrews  founded 
during  his  rule  by  David  I.  [xlviii.  366] 

ROBERT  OP  MELUX  (,l.  1167),  bishop  of  Hereford  ; 
an  Englishman  by  birth;  went  to  France,  r.  112".  and 
taught  philosophy  at  Paris  and  Melun  ;  recalled  to  Eng- 
land by  Thomas  Becket  and  elected  bishop  of  Hereford, 
1163  ;  supported  Henry  n  in  his  controversy  with  Becket, 
though  with  moderation:  enjoyed  great  renown  as  a 
theologian  and  teacher.  In  philosophy  he  was  a  realist, 
but  stopped  short  of  anything  like  heterodoxy.  His  great 
work  was  •  Summa  Theologia?.'  [xlviii.  366] 

ROBERT  OK  SHREWSBURY  (d.  1167),  hagiologist; 
became  abbot  of  Shrewsbury  before  1160,  and  wrote  an 
extant  •  Life  of  St.  Wenefred.'  [xlviii.  368] 

ROBERT.  EARL  op  LEICISTER  (1104-1168).  [See 
BEAUMONT,  ROBERT  r>E.] 

ROBERT  FiTZHAiiDixo  (d.  1170).  [See  FITZHARDIXO.] 

ROBERT  OP  BRIDLIXOTON  or  ROBERT  THE  SCRIBK 

(ft.  1160-1170),  theologian  ;  became  prior  of  Bridlington, 

e.  1160.    He  owed  his  name  of  'Scribe'  to  his  many 

writings,  chiefly  commentaries  on  portions  of  the  bible. 

[xlviii.  368] 

ROBERT  OP  CRICKLADE,  also  called  CAXUTUS  (ft. 
1157-1170),  historical  writer  ;  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  1159  ;  was  also  prior  of  St.  Frideswide ;  wrote 
a  life  of  Thomas  Becket.  [xlviii.  368] 

ROBERT  (d.  1178),  abbot  of  Glastonbury :  wrote 
lives  of  two  of  the  bishops  of  Winchester,  printed  in 
Wharton's  '  Anglia  Sacra,'  [xlviii.  :5G9] 

ROBERT    FITZSTKPUEX    (d.    1183?).      [See    Frrz- 

8TEPHKX.] 

ROBERT  DE  MOXTE  (11107-1186),  chronicler:  born 
at  Torigni-sur-Vire ;  was  abbot  of  Mont  St.  Michel,  1 154  - 
1186 :  continued  the  work  of  William  of  Jumlege*  and 
the  chronicle  of  Sigebert  of  Gemblours.  [xlylil.  369] 

ROBERT  FOLIOT  (d.  1188).    [See  FOLIOT.] 
ROBERT   DE  STUTEVILLK  (d.  1186).    [See  STUTE- 

VIM.K.] 

ROBERT,  EARL  OF  LEICESTER  (d.  1190).  [See  BEAU- 
MONT, ROBKRT  DE.] 

ROBERT  DE  BBAUPEU  (Jt.  1190).    [Se« 

ROBERT  DE  TURXHAM  (d.  1211).    [See  TURXHAM.] 

ROBERT  DK  VIEUXPOXT  or  Viroxr  (d.  1828).    [See 

VIEUXPOXT.] 


ROBERT  (./.  1211?),  saint:  lived  at 
at  a  hermit :  often  confused  with 


rough 


first  abbot  of  NewmUuf;  _«  b*£  !!S  * 

[xlviiL  Ml] 
ROBERT  1:1.  n  (ft.  1186-1240).    [8«  I. 

ROBERT  H  I.'  MVTOX  (<f.  12WX     [See  Lwi 

ROBERT  i>     liiurv..,  TllWlXO,  or  TWKXO  (UQ6  ?- 
1268?).    [Sec  Tn\v> 


ROBERT  \xoucu*  <  rf.  1272),  author:  wrote  »( 
mentary  on  John  de  Sacroboaco'i  tn-atiae  •  De  Kphjprn.* 

[xlviii.  S721 

ROBERT  OK  SWAKKIIAM  (d.  1273  U  hbtorimn  of  the 
abbey  of  IVterbortMigh :  continued  the  hUtory  of  toe 
abbey  coinmencvd  by  Hugh  <  it.  Ilu7  V  1156  ?)  [q.  v.] 

[xivtu.  a;o] 

ROBERT  DK  STICHIL  (d.  1974).    [See  STICIUU] 
ROBERT  TIIOKPK  (ft.  1290).    [See  THOWK.] 

ROBERT  or  GU)OCDtTKit  (  A  12«0-1300X  htotorian  : 
known  only  from  tin-  KiiflUh  metrical  chronicle  of  the 
history  of  England  to  1270,  which  Dear*  hi*  name :  may 
have  been  an  inhabitant  of  Gloucwter.  [xlvUL  170] 

ROBERT  OF  LKICEHTKR  (ft.  1320).    [See  LKICBTKR.] 

ROBERT  THK  ENKLIBHUAX,  alao  called  RoBRrm 
PKRHCRUTATOR  (ft.  1326),  author;  wrote  teveral  extant 
treatise*  on  medicine  and  alchemy.  [xlviii.  171] 

ROBERT  MAVNYXO  or  DE  BRUXXB  (ft.  U88-WW). 
[See  M.%xxvx(5.] 

ROBERT  OP  AvKsnvRY  ( ft.  1356),  historian :  compiled 
a  history  of  the  '  Mlrabilia  Gtesta1  of  Edward  III  down  to 
1356,  printed  in  the  Rolls  Series,  1889.  [xlviii.  S72] 

ROBERT  DE  THORPE,  SIR  (d.  1372).  [See  TUORPK.] 
ROBERT  DR  STRETTOX  (<1.  1385).  [Sea  STRETTOX.] 
ROBERT  WIKKPORD  (d.  1390).  [See  WIKKFORD.] 

ROBERT  OP  WOODSTOCK  (d.  1418).  [See  HKETK, 
ROBERT.] 

ROBERTON,  JAMES,  LORD  BEDLAY  (1590?-166l), 
OuaMlili  judge:  M.A.  Glasgow,  1609;  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  humanity,  Glasgow,  1018;  ap- 
pointed judge  in  the  admiralty  court,  1626  ;  retired  during 
Cromwell's  supremacy  ;  made  an  ordinary  lord  of  session, 
1661.  [xlvUi.  172] 

ROBERTON,  JOHN  (1797-1876),  surgeon  ;  appointed 
surgeon  to  the  Manchester  Lying-in  Hoopital,  1H27  ;  helped 
much  to  extend  the  fame  of  the  Manchester  school  of  ob- 
stetrics. [xlviiL  373] 

ROBERTS,  SIR  ABRAHAM  (1784-1873),  general  ; 
entered  the  army,  1H03  :  served  in  India  and  Afghanistan 
with  distinction  for  over  fifty  yean:  G.C.B.,  1873.  He 
was  the  father  of  Field-Marshal  Karl  Robert*,  K.<i. 

[xlviii.  374] 

ROBERTS,  ARTHUR  (1801-1886),  author:  eldest  w>n 
of  William  Roberts  (1767-1849)  [q.  v.]  ;  published  hi* 
father's  biography.  [xlviii.  397] 

ROBERTS,  BARRfi  CHARLES  (1789-1810),  anti- 
quary ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1808 ;  made  a  fine 
collection  of  English  coins,  now  in  possession  of  the 
trustees  of  the  British  Museum.  [xlviii.  374] 

ROBERTS,  BARTHOLOMEW  (16827-1722),  pirate; 
was  captured  by  pirates  in  1718,  and  joined  their  com- 
pany ;  killed  in  1722  off  Cape  Lopea  white  in  action  with 
a  man-of-war.  [xlviii.  37*] 

ROBERTS,  DAVID  (1757-1819),  lieutenant-colonel ; 
entered  the  army,  1794;  served  In  the  Spanish  peninsula, 
1808-13  ;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1813  ;  author  of  •  The 
Military  Adventures  of  Johnny  Kewcome,'  1816. 

ROBERTS,    DAVID  (1796-1864),  painter :  began  to 
practise  his  art  as  scene-painter 
began  to  exhibit  at  the  11 
extensively,   and   painted 
Europe,  as  well  as  of  Syria  and  the  Holy  Land 

[xlvnl.  8761 

ROBERTS,  EMMA  (1794 ?-1840).  anther;  redded 
for  some  years  in  India  with  her  married  sister,  and  pub- 
lished feveral  works  on  that  country, including  •Scenes 
and  Characteristics  of  Hindoftan,'  18».  [xlrtll.  JTH 


llfVO-lOO*;,    pitimcT  ;    LK-KHII  to 

aainter  to  a  travelling  company  ; 
Royal  Academy,  1826 ;  travelled 
d  landscapes  of  all  parte  of 


ROBERTS 


1114 


ROBERTS 


FKAXCIS  (160^1675),  puritan  ;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1632;  joined  tlu-  preshytrrian 
party  at  the  outbreak  of  tin-  civil  war,  and  was  instituted 
•o  \Yrington:  conformed  at  the  Restoration,  and  was 
l<-ft  undisturbr.1 :  created  D.D.  Dublin,  when  chaplain  to 
i,  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland  ;  Itft  several  theological 

[xlviii.  377] 

GBOROB  (Jl.  1721-1726),  mariner:  re- 
puted Author 'of  "Tlie  Four  Years*  Voyaures  of  (/apt. 
George  Roberts'  (1726 X  which  is  sometimes  assigned  to 
5SS  [xlviii.  378] 

ROBERTS,  GEORGE  (rf.  1860),  antiquary  ;  mayor  of 
Lyme  Regis,  1848-9  and  1854-5 :  published,  besides  other 
works,  the  '  Life,  Progresses,  and  Rebellion  of  James,  Duke 
of  Monmouth,'  1844.  [xlviii.  378] 

ROBERTS,  GEORGE  EDWARD(1831-1865X  geologist ; 
author  of  *  The  Rocks  of  Worcestershire,'  1860,  and  other 
geological  treatises.  [xlviii.  879] 

ROBERTS,  GRIFFITH  (fl.  1567-1585),  Welsh  gram- 
marian ;  M.D.  Siena ;  published  a  Welsh  treatise  on  gram- 
mar at  Milan  in  1567,  which  was  reprinted  in  1857. 


[xlviii.  379] 
(/.  1685-1616), 


ROBERTS   or   ROBARTS,  HENRY 
author ;  author  of  a  number  of  works  of  extreme  rarity, 
mainly  panegyrics  and  romances ;  attached  to  the  court  of 
James  L  [xlviii.  379] 

ROBERTS,  HENRY  (rf.  1876),  architect ;  interested 
himself  in  the  housing  of  the  poor  of  London,  and  also  of 
Belgium  and  Italy.  [xlviii.  380] 

ROBERTS,  Sm  HENRY  GEE  (1800-1860),  major- 
vri'ii.Tal  ;  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1818  ; 
took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Sikh  wars  and  in  the 
Indian  mutiny ;  major-general,  1854  ;  K.O.B.,  1859. 

[xlviii.  380] 

ROBERTS,  JAMES  (A.  1564-1606),  printer;  printed 
editions  of  several  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  including  'The 
Mart-haunt  of  Venyce'  (1600),  'A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dr. -am '  (1600),  and*'  Hamlet '  (1604).  [xlviii.  382] 

ROBERTS,  JAMES  (fl.  1766-1809),  portrait-painter. 

[xlviii.  382] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  (1576-1610),  Benedictine  monk  ; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ;  ordained  priest  at 
Valladolid,  1602 ;  came  to  England  as  a  missioner ;  was 
arrested  in  England  and  executed.  [xlviii.  383] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  (1623  7-1684),  quaker  and  humorist; 
joined  the  parliamentary  army,  and  (1655)  became  a 
quaker ;  suffered  persecution,  but  was  befriended  by 
Nicholson,  bishop  of  Gloucester.  [xlviii.  383] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  (17127-1772),  politician;  was 
private  secretary  to  Henry  Pelham,  and  was  rewarded  for 
his  services  with  a  series  of  sinecures  ;  M.P.,  Harwich, 
1701-72.  [xlviii.  384] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  (1749-1817).    [Seo  Siox  LLEYN.] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  (1767-1834),  Welsh  divine  :  became 
co-pastor  of  Llanbrynmair  independent  church,  1796,  and 
sole  pastor,  1798.  A  theological  work  by  him, '  Dybenion 
Marwolaeth  Crist'  (1814 ),  provoked  a  tedious  controversy. 


[xlviii.  385] 
M 


ROBERTS,  JOHN  (1822-1877),  Welsh  musician; 
better  known  as  IKUAN  GWYLLT:  published  (1859)  his 
tune-book,  *  Llyfr  Tonau,'  which  at  once  became  popular ; 
composed  twenty-one  or  more  tunes,  of  which  some  half- 
dozen  are  still  in  popular  use  ;  contributed  miscellaneous 
articles  to  the '  Traethodydd,'  the  Welsh  quarterly. 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  ( 1804-1884),  Welsh  writer 'on!?  in- 
dependent minister,  better  known  as  '  J.  R,' ;  son  of  John 
Roberta  (1767-1834)  [q.  r.]  ;  held  pastorates  in  Wales  and 
London,  and  edited  '  Y  Cronicl,*  1867-84.  [xlviii.  387] 

ROBERTS,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  (1739-1810), 
politician  ;  son  of  John  Roberta  (1712  V-1772)  [q.  v.]  ;  was 
made  secretary  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  1768,  and  after- 
wards  commissary -general.  [xlviii.  385] 

ROBERTS,  JOSEPH  (1795-1849),  missionary ;  sent  to 
Oylon  by  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society,  1819 ;  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  extracts  from  the  Tamil  work 
•Sakaa  Therm  Saasteram,'  1831.  [xlviii.  387] 

KOBERTS,  LEWES  or  LEWIS  (1596-1640).  merchant 
'-  writer;  a  director  of  the  East  India  Com- 


pany ;  wrote  several  works  on  English  trade  with  foreicrn 
countries,  [xlviii.  388] 

ROBERTS.  MARY  (1788-1864),  author;  educated 
as  a  quaker  :  published  works  on  subjects  connected  with 
natural  history,  including  'Annals  of  My  Village,'  1831. 

[xlviii.  388] 

ROBERTS.  MICHAEL  (1817-1882),  mathematician  : 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1838  ;  fellow,  1843 ;  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  :,t  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1KG2-73  ; 
discovered  many  properties  of  geodesic  lines  and  lines  of 
curvature  on  the  ellipsoid.  [xlviii.  3K9] 

ROBERTS,  PETER  (1760  7-1819),  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  M.A.  Dublin  ;  held  successively  several  living  : 
chief  works,  '  Sketch  of  the  Early  History  of  the  Cymrv,* 
1803,  and  '  Cambrian  Popular  Antiquities,'  1815. 

[xlviii.  389] 

ROBERTS,  RICHARD  (1789-1864),  inventor;  settle.! 
in  Manchester ;  patented  the  self-acting  mule.  1826,  and 
invented  the  radial  arm  for  winding  in,  1832;  subse- 
quently made  several  important  inventions  in  connection 
with  railways  and  steamships.  [xlviii.  390] 

ROBERTS,  RICHARD  (1810-1883),  author;  also 
known  as  GUUFFYDD  RHISIART;  son  of  John  Roberts 
(1767-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  a  good  deal  of  prose  and  verse 
for  '  Y  Cronicl '  and  other  magazines.  [xlviii.  393] 

ROBERTS,  SAMUEL  (1763-1848),  author  and  pamph- 
leteer ;  known  as  the  'Pauper's  Advocate':  a  Sheffield 
silversmith  by  trade  and  author  of  an  immense  number 
of  books  and  pamphlets  on  political  and  social  subjects ; 
friend  of  James  Montgomery  the  poet.  [xlviii.  391] 

ROBERTS,  SAMUEL  (1800-1885),  social  and  political 
reformer :  eldest  son  of  John  Roberts  (1767-1834)  [q.  v.]  ; 
pastor  of  Llanbrynmair,  1834-57 ;  became  a  leader  of 
public  opinion  among  Welsh  nonconformists:  founded 
(1843) '  Y  Cronicl,'  a  cheap  monthly  journal,  which  attained 
great  influence  in  Wales ;  went  to  Tennessee,  1857,  where 
Reestablished  a  Welsh  settlement,  which  was  unsuccessful ; 
returned  to  Wales,  1867.  [xlviii.  391] 

ROBERTS,  THOMAS  (1749  ?-l  794  ?),  artist;  chiefly 
devoted  himself  to  parklike  landscape,  and  imitated  Dutch 
foliage  pencilling :  exhibited,  from  1773,  with  the  Society 
of  Artists  in  the  Strand,  London.  [xlviii.  393] 

ROBERTS,  THOMAS  SAUTELLE  (1760  ?-182G), 
artist ;  brother  of  Thomas  Roberts  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1789-1811. 

[xlviii.  31)3] 

ROBERTS,  Sin  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1605-1662), 
parliamentarian  ;  entered  at  Gray's  Inn,  1622  ;  knighted, 
1624  ;  sided  with  parliament  on  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war :  became  a  menvber  of  the  council  of  state,  1653 ; 
sat  in  Cromwell's  House  of  Peers,  1657  ;  created  baronet, 
1661.  [xlviii.  394] 

ROBERTS,  WILLIAM  (1585-1665),  bishop  of  Bangor : 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  consecrated,  1637; 
suffered  much  during  the  civil  war  through  adhering  to 
Charles  1.  [xlviii.  394] 

ROBERTS,  WILLIAM  (1767-1849),  barrister  and 
author  ;  educated  at-Etou  and  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1791 ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1806  :  edited  the  'British  Review,'  1811- 
1822,  and  had  a  literary  quarrel  with  Byron ;  published 
'  Memoirs  of  Hannah  More,'  1834.  [xlviii.  395] 

ROBERTS,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1830-1899),  physician : 
educated  at  University  College,  London  :  B.A.  London, 
1851 ;  M.B.,  1853  ;  M.D.,  1854 ;  M.R.C.S.  England,  1863 ; 
physician  to  Manchester  Royal  Infirmary,  1855-83  ;  lec- 
turer on  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Royal  [Pine  Street] 
School  of  Medicine,  Manchester ;  lecturer  on  pathology, 
1859,  and  on  principles  and  practice  of  medicine,  1863, 
at  Owens  College :  first  joint-professor  of  medicine  at  the 
Victoria  University,  1873-6  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1865  ;  F.R.S.,  1877  ; 
knighted,  1885  ;  fellow  (1892)  of  London  University,  which 
he  represented  on  the  General  Medical  Council,  1896-9  ; 
published  medical  treatises.  [Suppl.  iii.  298] 

ROBERTS,  WILLIAM  HAYWARD  (d.  1791),  poet 
and  biblical  critic:  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1760 ;  created  D.D.  Cambridge,  1773  ;  became  a  fellow  of 
Eton  College,  1771,  and  provost,  1781 :  principal  work 
'  Judah  Restored '  (1774),  a  poem  in  blank  verse. 

[xlviii.  397] 


ROBERTS 


1115 


KOiUiKTSON 


ROBERTS,  WILLIAM  1'lMWTIXi!  (1H08-1871X  §oli- 
citor  and  traden-union  advocuu- ;  educated  at  Charter- 
house School ;  practised  as  a  solicitor  at  liath,  aud  became 
associated  with  the  leading  chartuu ;  concerned  In  nearly 
all  the  law  affairs  of  the  trades-unions  from  1843. 

ROBERTSON,  LOIIII  (1794-1865).    [See  Roi. 
PATRICK.] 

ROBERTSON,  ABRAHAM  (1751-1826),  astronomer 
ami  mathematician ;  M.A.Christ  Church,  Oxford.  1782; 
F.K.S.,  1795;  Saviliau  professor  o(  geometry,  1797-1810, 
of  astronomy,  1810-26  ;  chief  work  •  Sectiouum  Conic-arum 
Libri  VII,'  1792.  [xlvtil.  898] 

ROBERTSON,  ALEXANDER,  thirteenth  BAROX  or 
STUI-AX  (1670?-1749),  educated  at  St.  Andrew*;  *uc- 
o-.-.l-.l  hU  father  as  baron  of  Struan  and  chief  of  the 
clun  Hoberteon,  1G88;  joined  Dundee  and  was  attainted, 
;iii'l  reaped  to  France:  obtained  a  remission,  1703, 
and  joined  Mar,  1715;  was  taken  at  Sheriffnmir,  but 
I'scaped  to  France ;  obtained  a  remission,  1731,  and  took 
1,0  a,'ti\v  part  in  the  rising  of  1745.  [xlviiL  399] 

ROBERTSON,  ANDREW  (1777-1845),  mlnlature- 
painUT ;  brother  of  Archibald  Robertson  (1765-1835) 
[q.  v.] :  studied  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen ;  started 
practice  as  a  miniature-painter  at  Aberdeen :  came  to 
London,  1801,  aud  became  a  leading  miniature-painter. 

[xlviii.  401] 

ROBERTSON,  ARCHIBALD  (17G5-1835),  miniature- 
painter  :  educated  at  Aberdeen :  came  to  London,  1786, 
:i M.I  thence  removed  to  New  York,  where  he  painted 
Washington  and  other  leading  Americans,  and  became  a 
prominent  citizen.  [xlviii.  401] 

ROBERTSON,  ARCHIE ALD(rf.  1847),  major-general : 
entered  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1800 ;  major- 
general,  1837  ;  elected  n  director,  1840.  [xlviii.  402] 

ROBERTSON,  ARCHIBALD  (1789-1864),  medical 
writer  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1817  ;  settled  at  Northampton, 
1818,  after  serving  as  assistant-surgeon  in  the  navy  :  phy- 
sician to  the  Northampton  infirmary,  1820-53;  F.R.S., 
is:;.;.  [xlviii.  402] 

ROBERTSON,  BARTHOLOMEW  (/.  1617-1620), 
divine;  published  devotional  works.  [xlviii.  403] 

ROBERTSON,  DAVID  (1795-1854),  bookseller:  car- 
rial  on  business  at  the  Trongate,  Glasgow,  from  1823 ; 
gradually  added  publishing  to  his  original  trade. 

ROBERTSON,  DONALD  (Jt.  1636-1660),  tutor  of 
Strnan ;  the  son  of  the  tenth  Baron  of  Struan ;  became 
lu-a.l  of  the  clan  during  the  minority  of  his  nepliew, 
Alexander  ;  joined  Montrose,  1645  ;  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion at  the  Restoration.  [xlvin.  403] 

ROBERTSON,  EBEN  WILLIAM  (1815-1874),  histo- 
rical writer  ;  B.A.  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1837  ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1845  ;  was  high  sheriff  and  deputy- 
lieutenant  of  Leicestershire;  published  (1862)  'Scotland 
and  her  Early  Kings,'  and  •  Historical  Essays,'  1872. 

[xlviii*  404j 

ROBERTSON,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1816-1863), 
divine :  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1844  :  ordained,  1840 ;  became 
incumbent  of  Trinity  Chapel,  Brighton,  1847  :  gradually 
acciirirvd  irro-.it  influence  among  all  ecclesiastical  parties 
throughout  England,  while  belonging  exclusively  to  none  ; 
hi*  -Literary  Remains,'  which  include  'Two  Lectures 
«.n  the  Influence  of  Poetry  on  the  Working  Classes, 
and  a  translation  of  Lessinir's  '  Education  of  the  Human 
K.l<(.,' published,  1876 ;  his  'Life  and  Letters'  published 
by  the  Rev.  Stopford  A.  Brooke,  1865.  [xlviii.  404] 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE  (1748?-1788),  landscape- 
painter  ;  studied  in  London  and  Rome :  exhibited  at  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Artists'  exhibitions.  ^ 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE  ( 1750  V-1832),  topographical 
writer :  published  several  works,  including  a  •  Topogra- 
phical Description  of  Ayrshire,'  1820,  and  'Rural  Recollec- 
tions,'1829.  [xlviii.  407] 

ROBERTSON,  GEORGE  CROOM  (184J-1892X  philo- 
sopher •  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen;  M.A., 

;  :  elected  professor  of  mental  philosophy  and  logic  in 
University  College,  London,  1866 ;  became  editor  of  •  Mind,' 


1876  ;  published  a  monograph  upon  Hobbc*  in  Blackwood'a 

•!•:...-.;  i    <  -..,;.•    -..;:.•.    '    laJbMfei 

were  chiefly  with  the  school  represented  by  the  Mill*  aud 

[xlviii.  408] 


ROBERTSON,  JAMES  (17X>  7-1788), 


[xlviii.  408] 

AMES  (17X>  7-1788),  governor  of  Hew 
York  :  entered  the  army  M  a  private  :  obtained  a  com- 
mission, 1740:  made  governor  of  New  York,  1779;  llen- 
tenant^eneraU  1782.  [xlrUi.409] 

ROBERTSON,     JAMES     (1714-1796),    orient*: 
studied  under  Scbulten*  at  Leyden  and  graduated  there  : 
WM  profetwr  of  Hebrew  at  Edinburgh  Univenlty.  1761- 
LTMi  pohltahtdMlnuBaMl  •  Uag  ...•  11.  t,r,-:.-,-  171-. 

;vM,.  m\ 

ROBERTSON,  JAME8(<*.  18JO),  Benedictine  monk  ; 

entered  the  monastery  of  the  Scottish  BeneuieUne*  at 

Rntlsbou  at  an  early  age,  and  WM  afterward*  a  nrtet 

...way  ;  employed  by  Canning  on  a  Kent  political 

mission  in  Denmark,  1808:  returned  (1816)  to  RatUboo. 

lie  interested  hlmsel/  in  the  education  of  the  deaf 

and  dumb.  [xlviii.  410] 

ROBERTSON.   JAMES  (1788-1868).    [See  WAUCCB, 

JAM!  >    IlullKKTSoX-.] 

ROBERTSON,  JAMES  (1803-1860),  divine;  M.A. 
Abenleen,  1820  ;  became  minister  of  Kllon,  18UX,  and  (184J) 
professor  of  divinity  aud  church  hUtory  in  Edinburgh 
University  ;  moderator  of  the  general  a**embly,  1866. 

[xlviii.410] 

ROBERTSON,  JAMES  BURTON  (1800-1877),  hU- 
torian  :  ti  an-lat,-,l  Schlegel'n  •  Philosophy  of  History,'  1836. 
and  Mohler's  'Symbolism,'  1843  ;  became  profesaor  of  geo- 
graphy and  modern  history  in  the  Roman  catholic  univer- 
sity of  Dublin,  1855.  [xlviii.  411] 

EOBERTSON,  JAMES  CRAIGIE  (1818-188J),  canon 
of  Canterbury;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1838: 
oplained,  1836  :  canon  of  Canterbury,  1869;  published  hi* 
'Church  History'  between  1860  and  1873,  and  issued  a 
n-vi-Ml  edition,  1874-5;  published  also  'Becket:  a  Bio- 
graphy,' 1869,  aud  other  works.  [xlviii.  418] 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN  (1712-1776),  mathematician: 
matlHJmatical  master  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1748- 
1765:  first  master  of  the  Royal  Naval  Academy  at 
Pun  mouth,  1755-66,  aud  clerk  and  librarian  to  the 
Royal  Society,  1768-76.  [xlviiL  413] 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN  (1767-1810),  minor  poet:  a 
native  of  Paisley  ;  wrote  several  lyric*  :  committed 
suicide  near  Portsmouth.  [xlviiL  413] 

ROBERTSON,    Sin  JOHN  (1816-1891),   Australian 
statesman  ;  emigrated  to  New  South  Wales  In  early  chlkl- 
hood,  and  in  1835  became  a  squatter  ;  returned  to  the  New 
South  Wales  legislative  assembly  in  the  liberal  in- 
1856.  subsequently  holding  other  seat*,  and  (1858)  joined 
the  Cowper  ministry:  formed  (1860)  bl<  first  min 
which  went  out  of  office,  18G3;   again  premier,  1860-70. 
lS75-March    1877,    August-December    1877,    and    1888; 
opposed    the   federation  movement,  and  advocated  free 
trade.  t*»^  *"] 

ROBERTSON,  JOHN  PARISH  (1792-1843),  merchant 
and  author  ;  a  Scottish  merchant  ;  devoted  himself  to 
opening  South  America  to  British  trade  ;  published 
several  works  on  Paraguay  and  La  Plata.  [xlvUL  415] 

EOBERTSON,  JOSEPH  (1726-180S),  divine;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxfonl,  1749  ;  became  vicar  of  Horn- 
castle,  177S»:  had  considerable  reputation  as  a  literary 
critic,  writing  in  the  '  Critical  Review  '  and  the  4  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.'  [xlviiL  416] 

ROBERTSON,  JOSEPH  (1810-1866),  Scottish  his- 
torian and  record  scholar  :  studied  at  Marist-hjd  College, 
Atx-rdcen:  intimate  friend  of  John  Hill  Burton  [q.  v.]  ; 
ted  (1839)  to  found  the  Spaldiug  Club  :  appointed 
historical  curator  of  the  records  in  the  Edinburgh  Regia- 
t.r  House,  1853;  edited  •  Concilia  Eccleaias  Soottauue* 
for  the  Banuatyne  Club,  1866.  [xlviiL  416] 

ROBERTSON,    JOSEPH     CLDTTON    (1788-1861X 

joint  compiler  of  the  •  Percy  Anecdote*  '  ;  was  by  trade  a 

t  uifent  in  Fleet  Street,  London:  pnblinbed  with 

Thomas  Byerley  [q.  v.]  '  The  Percy  Anecdote*  '  (  18S1-3)  In 

twenty  volumes.  [xlviii.  417] 

ROBERTSON,  PATRICK,  LORD  ROBKRTSOX  (17»4- 
1885;,  Scottish  judge  ;  called  to  the  Soottteh  bar,  1816  -, 


ROBERTSON 


1116 


ROBINSON 


was  appointed  a  lord  of  session,  1843 ;  lord  rector  of 
v,r  •'  il  CoUeffe  ami  university  of  Aberdeen,  and 
mile  LL.D..1848:  named  by  Scott  -Peter  o'  the  Painch' 
from  the  rotundity  of  bis  figure;  published  indifferent 

,,...,.  [xlviii.  41- j 

ROBERTSON,  ROBERT  (1742-1829),  physician: 
*TV«<il  in  the  navy  as  surgeon's  mate  and  surgeon  (1761- 
1791):  created  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1779  ;  physician  to  Green- 
wich Hospital,  1793;  F.R.S.,  1804;  published  medical 
.,  ,  r..i;.o,,..  [xlvih.418] 

ROBERTSON  or  ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (,/f.  1520- 
156 1),  dean  of  Durham  ;  of  Queen's  and  Magdalen  Colleges, 
Oxford;  M.A.,  1626:  became  master  of  Magilalen  College 
School  1526,  and  treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1540: 
dean  of  Durham,  1557,  deprived,  1559 ;  assisted  in  com- 
piling Lily's  '  Latin  Grammar.'  [xlviii.  418] 

ROBERTSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1799),  dirine:  minister 
of  Daltneny,  1775-99 ;  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1792 :  pub- 
lished a  •  History  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,'  1793,  and  other 
works.  [xlviii.  419] 

ROBERTSON,  THOMAS  CAMPBELL  (1789-1863), 
Indian  civil  servant ;  entered  tin-  Bengal  civil  service, 
18U4;  became  a  member  of  the  supreme  council,  1838, 
and  lieutenant-governor  of  the  North-west  Provinces, 
1*40 ;  retired,  1843.  [xlviii.  419] 

ROBERTSON,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1829-1871). 
actor  and  dramatist;  appeared  at  Wisbecli,  1834,  as 
Rob  Roy's  son :  came  to  London,  1848 ;  produced  his 
first  piece, '  A  Night's  Adventures,'  at  the  Olympic,  1851 ; 
married  Elizabeth  Burton,  1856,  and  acted  with  her  in 
various  parts  of  Ireland  and  England ;  retired  from  the 
stage  an!  wrote  and  translated  plays  for  Lacy,  and 
Inally  produced  '  David  Garrick,'  which  was  well  received 
at  the  Hay  market  in  1864;  subsequently  produced 
4  Society '  ( 1865)  and  •  Ours  •  ( 1866 ),  which  established  bis 
reputation,  and  in  1867  reached  his  high- water  mark  in 
•Cante* :  continued  to  write  plays  in  rapid  succession 
till  his  death.  [xlviii.  420] 

ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1686  ?),  lexicographer  ; 
graduated  at  Edinburgh :  was  appointed  university 
teacher  of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  1680  ;  published  nume- 
rous treatises  on  the  Hebrew  language.  [xlviii.  423] 

ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM  (1705-1783),  theological 
writer;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1724:  distinguished  himself  in 
1725  by  successfully  resisting  the  usurpation  by  the 
principal  ef  the  students'  right  to  elect  the  rector  of 
Glasgow  University  ;  was  ordained  deacon,  1728,  and  sub- 
sequently receival  several  Irish  preferments ;  he  adopted 
heterodox  opinions,  c.  1760,  and  resigned  his  benefices,  1764; 
removed  to  London,  1767 ;  made  D.D.  Glasgow,  1768 ; 
afterwards  removed  to  Wolverhampton,  where  he  finally 
became  a  Unitarian.  He  had  considerable  reputation  as 
a  pamphleteer.  [xlviii.  423] 

ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM  (1721-179:$),  historian: 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  presented  to  the 
parish  of  Gladsmuir,  1743,  and  transferred  to  Lady 
Y  ester's  Chapel  at  Edinburgh,  1756 ;  commenced,  1763, 
his 'History  of  Scotland,' which  was  published  in  1759, 
and  met  with  enormous  success;  appointed  principal 
of  Edinburgh  University,  1762;  elected  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly,  and  made  historiographer  for  Scotland 
1763:  published  hi*  •  History  of  Charles  V,' 1769,  which 
rendered  his  fame  European,  his  '  Introduction,'  an  esti- 
mate of  the  •  dark  ages,'  being  one  of  the  first  successful 
attempts  in  England  at  historical  generalisation  on  the 
basis  of  large  accumulations  of  fact ;  published  a  fasci- 
nating •  History  of  America,' 1777,  in  which  the  part  re- 
lating to  the  English  colonies  was  hindered  from  com- 
pletion by  the  outbreak  of  the  American  war ;  spent  his 
later  year*  in  retirement,  but  retained  his  post  as  prin- 
cipal of  Edinburgh  University  till  1792.  The  best  collec- 
tive edition  of  his  works  was  published  at  Oxford  in 
eight  rolumes,  1825.  [xlviii.  425] 

ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM  (1740-1803),  deputy-keeper 
or  the  records  of  Scotland :  studied  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen  ;_became  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Findlater  and 
;  appointed  deputy-keeper  of  the  records, 
publishing  several  important  manuscripts, 
to  tone '  The  Records  of  the  Parliament  of 
,  of  which  one  volume  appeared  before  his  death, 
[xlviii.  430] 


ROBERTSON.WILLIAM  BRUCE  (1820-1886),divinc ; 
studied  at  Glasgow  and  Halle;  minister  of  the  secession 
church  at  Irvine,  1843-78;  famous  as  a  preacher,  and 
author  of  a  well-known  translation  of  'Dies  Ine.' 

[xlviii.  431] 

ROBERTSON,  Sm  WILLIAM  TINDAL  (1825-1SH9), 
physician  :  matriculated  at  London  University ;  M.D. 
Ka'inburgh,  1853 ;  practised  at  Nottingham,  and  for 
nearly  twenty  years  acted  as  physician  to  the  Nottingham 
general  hospital ;  F.R.C.P.,  1874;  M.P.,  Brighton,  1886; 
knighted,  1888.  .  [xlviii.  432]  ', 

ROBERTSON,  Mns.  WYBROW  (1847-1884).  [See 
LITTON,  MARIE.] 

ROBETHON,  JOHN  (d.  1722),  secretary  to  George  I ; 
a  Huguenot  refugee  ;  came  to  England,  c.  1689,  and  was 
employed  by  William  III ;  on  William's  death  entered  the 
service  of  George  William,  duke  of  Zell,  and  in  1705  that 
of  George  Lewis,  afterwards  George  I,  in  which  latter 
capacity  he  dealt  with  the  correspondence  of  George  with 
the  English  whigs ;  accompanied  George  I  to  England, 
1715,  and  was  used  by  Sunderland  to  alienate  George  I 
from  Walpole ;  his  influence  diminished  on  Walpole's  re- 
turn to  power.  [xlviii.  432] 

ROBIN  HOOD.    [See  HOOD,  ROBIN.] 

ROBIN  OF  REDESDALE  (/.  1469),  rebel  captain  ;  led  a 
rising  in  Yorkshire  against  Edward  IV,  instigated  by 
Warwick  and  Clarence,  1469.  He  was  doubtless  either 
Sir  William  Conyers  (</.  1495)  of  Marske,  or  his  brother, 
Sir  John  Conyers  of  Hornby,  who  afterwards  made  his 
peace  with  Edward  IV  and  was  a  favourite  of  Henry  VII. 

[xlviii.  433] 

ROBIN  DDL*  o  FON  (1744  ?-1785).  [See  HUGHES, 
ROBERT.] 

ROBIN  DDL*  o'R  GLYX  (1769  ?-1835).  [See  DA  VIES, 
ROBERT.] 

ROBIN  AB  GWILYM  DDU  (1767-1850).  [See  WIL- 
LIAMS, ROBERT.] 

ROBINS,  BENJAMIN  (1707-1751),  mathematician 
and  military  engineer  :  became  distinguished  in  early  life 
as  a  mathematician  and  afterwards  as  a  pamphleteer: 
F.R.S.,  1727 ;  Copley  medallist,  1747 ;  published  (1742)  his 
best-known  work, '  New  Principles  of  Gunnery,'  which 
was  translated  into  German  by  Euler ;  went  to  India  as 
engineer-general  to  repair  the  forts  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1749 ;  died  in  Madras.  His  '  Mathematical  Tracts ' 
(2  vols.)  were  published  in  1761  by  James  Wilson. 

[xlviii.  434] 

ROBINS,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1778-1847), auctioneer  ; 
began  to  exercise  his  trade  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  was 
in  much  request  for  fifty  years  through  his  ready  wit  and 
power  of  repartee :  his  most  notable  sale,  that  of  Horace 
Walpole's  collections  at  Strawberry  Hill,  1842. 

[xlviii.  436] 

ROBINS,  JOHN  (1500?-1558),  astrologer:  elected 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1520 :  made  a  canon 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1532  ;  M.A. ;  B.D.,  1531 ;  canon 
of  Windsor,  1543 ;  chaplain  successively  to  Henry  VIII 
and  Queen  Mary  ;  left  several  astrological  tracts  in  manu- 
script, [xlviii.  437] 

ROBINS,  JOHN  (/.  1650-1662),  ranter;  a  small 
farmer,  sold  his  land  and  came  to  London,  where  he 
was  known  as  '  the  ranters'  god,'  and  claimed  power  to 
raise  the  dead ;  thrown  into  Clerkeuwell  prison,  1651 ; 
set  at  liberty  in  1652  on  recantation.  [xlviii.  437] 

ROBINS,  SANDERSON  (1801-1862),  divine:  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1825  :  held  several  benefices  in  the 
south  of  England  ;  a  broad  churchman  ;  published  pam- 
phlets on  education,  advocating  in  his  '  Letter  to  ... 
Lord  John  Russell,'  1851,  state  education  on  the  lines 
subsequently  carried  out  in  the  act  of  1870. 

[xlviii.  438] 

ROBINSON,  ANASTASIA,  afterwards  COUNTESS  OF 
PETERBOROUGH  (d.  1755),  singer ;  studied  under  Dr. 
Croft  and  Sandoni ;  performed  on  operatic  stage,  1714- 
1724;  married  Lord  Peterborough  secretly,  r.  1722,  and 
publicly  at  Bristol,  1735 ;  conducted  a  musical  academy 
at  Parson's  Green.  [xlix.  1] 

ROBINSON,  ANTHONY  (1762-1827),  Unitarian  ; 
pastor  of  baptist  church,  Worship  Street,  London  : 
sugar  refiner  in  London,  1796;  published  historical  and 
other  writings.  .  [xlix.  3] 


ROBINSON 


1117 


ROBINSON 


ROBINSON,  BKN.IAMIX   (1666-1724).    pn 
riMi   minister  at    1  Jmlrrii,  1  i,-v.  Huii^.-rfor.l.  1091,  and 
Little    St.    Helen,    Uii-hopsgute    Street,    London.    17<m; 
le.-tiirtT  ;it   S:ilt«-r-'    Hull,    17u5;    puMiMiMi    irrtl 
doctrine  of  Trinity.  [xlix.  3] 

ROBINSON,   IlRYAX  (1680-1754),  physician;  M.D. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1711  :  prof.^or  «.f"pi,-. 
fellow.  1712,  and  president,  171*.  17V7,  :m,l   l ;;;•«,  ,.f  King 
and  yuccu'*  College  of  pr.i.-tiw-l  m   Untilin  ; 

published  mathematical  and  medical  works.      ; 

ROBINSON,    SIR    BRYAN   (1808-1887X    colonial 
judge:   educated   at   Trinity   College,    DuMm 
to  bar  in  NOT*  Scotia,  18)1  ;  master  of  chancery,  1834 : 
Q.C.  and  member  of  executive  council,  1843  ;  puisne  judge, 
1858-78 ;  knighted,  1877  ;  died  in  England.        [xlix.  5] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1766  -  18MX 
admiralty  lawyer;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1789  :  D.C.L.,  1796 :  eutereil  College  of  Advocate*,  1796  ; 
knighted  and  appointed  king's  advocate,  1809;  tory 
M.I',  for  Cullington,  1818-20;  chancellor  of  diocese  of 
London,  ami  judge  of  consistory  court,  1821  ;  judge  of 
high  court  of  admiralty,  1828 ;  privy  counclllor/lBSS ; 


published  legal  writings. 


[xlix.  5] 


ROBINSON,  CLEMENT  (;f.  1566-1684X  song-writer; 
edited  and  probably  contributed  to  '  A  Boke  of  very  plea- 
saunte  Soncttes,'  1566  (not  extant;  reprinted,  15H4,  with 
title,  •  A  HaiKlefull  of  pleasant  Delltes ').  [xlix.  6] 

ROBINSON,  DANIEL  GEORGE  (1826-1877),  colonel, 
royal  engineers  ;  studied  at  Addiscombe  ;  first  lu •tiu-niint, 
Bengal  engineers,  1847;  appointed  to  Indian  survey, 
1850;  licutenant-ooloncl,  1862 ;  director-general  of  I ndia'n 
telegraphs,  1865  ;  colonel,  1874 ;  died  at  sea.  [xlix.  6] 

ROBINSON,  FREDERICK  JOHX,  VISCOUNT  GOPK- 
RICH,  afterwards  first  EARL  OF  RIPON  (1782-1859), 
son  of  Thomas  Robinson,  second  baron  Grantbam  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Harrow  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1802;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  181)2;  tory  M.  P.  for 
Carlow  borough,  1806,  and  Ripon,  1807:  under-sivrctary  fur 
colonies,  1809;  lord  of  admiralty,  1810:  privy  councillor, 
1812:  joint  paymaster-general  of  forces,  1813-17;  intro- 
duced bill  (which  was  passed)  prohibiting  importation  of 
corn  until  average  price  of  wheat  in  England  should  be 
80«.  per  quarter,  1815  :  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1823-7 ; 
obtained  grant  towards  erection  of  building  at  British 
Museum  to  receive  Royal  Library,  1823;  introduced 
extensive  fiscal  reforms ;  created  Viscount  Goderich, 
1827 ;  secretary  for  war,  commissioner  for  Indian  affairs, 
and  leader  of  House  of  Lords,  1827  :  prime  minister  after 
Canning's  death,  August  1827 ;  resigned,  1828 :  secretary 
for  war  and  colonies,  1830 ;  resigned  and  accepted  post 
of  lord  privy  seal,  1833;  created  Earl  of  Ripon,  1K33  :  re- 
signed office,  1834  ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade,  1841 ; 
president  of  the  board  of  control  for  Indian  affairs, 
1843-6  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1839  ;  F.B^S.,  1828.  [xlix.  7] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  FREDERICK  PHILIPSE  (1763- 
1852),  general ;  born  near  New  York  ;  ensign  in  loyal 
American  regiment  in  war  of  independence,  1777 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 38th  foot,  1780;  major,  127th  foot,  1794;  colonel, 
1810;  commanded  brigade  in  Spain,  1812-14,  and  in 
Canada,  1814-16;  major-general,  1814;  commanded  troops 
in  Windward  and  Leeward  island**,  1816-21;  governor  of 
Tobago :  colonel,  69th  regiment,  1827,  and  of  89th,  1840 ; 
G.C.B.,  1838;  general,  1841.  [xlix.  11] 

ROBINSON.  GEORGE  (1737  -  1801 X  bookseller  ; 
.  worked  before  1764  with  Rivington  the  publisher. 

[xllx.  12] 

ROBINSON,  HASTINGS  (1792-1866),  divine  :  of 
Rugby  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1818; 
D.D.,  1836  ;  fellow  and  assistant-tutor,  1816-27  :  held 
living  of  Great  Warley,  1827 ;  honorary  canon  of  Rochester, 
1862  ;  F.S.A.,  1824  ;  edited  classical  and  other  works. 

[xllx.  13] 

ROBINSON,  HENRY  (1553  7-1616),  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1575  ;  fellow,  1575  ; 
D.D.,  1590 ;  principal  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1576- 
1681 ;  provost  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1581-98  ;  bishop 
of  Carlisle,  1598-1616;  commissioner  for  ecclesiastical 
causes,  1599;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1601;  took  part  la 
Hampton  Court  conference,  1603.  [xlix.  18] 


ROBINSON.  HKXRY  «  16U»?-lt«4  ?X 
c.-»i...nn.-:tl  miter  ;  ..f  M.  .l-.l.nV  «  ..!!,«,-.  (  ,»f,,n|  ;  fr.i- 
man  .,(  Merceni'  Company,  16M  :  comptroller  for 
•ale  of  royal  laud*,  1669 :  published  work*  on  economical 
quotient,  and  in  hU  controversial  writing*  opposed 
William  Pry.  [xlix.  14] 

ROEIN80N.  IIKXRY  CRABB  (17T6-1867X  diarist; 
articled  as  attorney  at  Colchester ;  entered  - 
office  In  London,  1796;  travelled  lu  Germany  and 
Bohemia,  and  met  Ooetbe  and  Schiller,  1800-S ;  studied 
at  Jena  Unlrenity,  180*-*;  •Time*'  correspondent 
at  Alton*  ;  foreign  editor  of  '  Time*  ' ;  special  •  Time* ' 
in  Peninsula,  1808-9 ;  barrister,  Uiddkt 
IMS;  leader  of  the  Norfolk 
be  was  a  founder  of  the  Atbciueum  Club  and  of  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  and  was  acquainted  with  many 
notable  persons  of  bis  day  :  P&A-  1829 ;  his  •  Diary  • 
and  •  Letters '  published  posthumously.  [xllx.  16] 

ROBINSON,  HERCULES  (1789- 1864 X  admiral; 
brother  of  Sir  Bryan  Robinson  [q.  T.]  ;  entered  navr, 
1800  ;  lieutenant,  1807  ;  nerved  In  Baltic  and  Atlantic  : 
post  captain,  1814 ;  commander-in-chief  regnh\ting  fishery 
on  Labrador  coast,  1820  ;  retired,  1846  ;  vice-admiral, 
1866 ;  admiral,  1862.  [xlix.  17] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  HERCULES  GEORGE  ROBERT, 
first  BARON  ROSMKAD  ( 1824-1 897X  colonial  governor: 
son  of  Hercules  Robinson  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Sandhurst ; 
first  lieutenant,  87th  mriment,  1844:  retired,  1846; 
I  president  of  Monteerrat,  West  Indies,  1854 :  lieutenant- 
I  governor  of  St.  Christopher,  1855  ;  governor  of  Hongkonv 
1869-66,  Ceylon,  1865-72,  and  New  South  Wales,  1872-9 ; 
negotiatal  cession  of  Fiji  Islands,  187 1  :  governor  of  New 
Zcalanl,  1879-80;  governor  of  Cape  Colony  and  high 
oommisslonar  of  South  Africa,  1880-9 :  negotiated  term* of 
peace  with  the  Boers,  1881 :  came  to  England  to  assist  in 
settling  revised  convention,  1884  ;  obtained  despatch  of 
Sir  Charles  Warren V  expedition,  which  resulted  in  annexa- 
tion of  Bechuanaland  to  British  dominions,  1886,  con- 
cluded treaty  with  Lobviigula,  largely  due  to  energy  of 
Cecil  Rhodes,  1888  ;  created  baronet,  1891  ;  returned  to 
South  Africa  as  governor,  1895;  negotiated  (1896)  at 
Pretoria  for  release  of  men  who,  without  Robinson's 
sanction  or  knowledge,  had  raided  (1895),  under  Dr.  Jame- 
son, the  frontier  of  the  South  African  republic  :  i 
English  peerage,  18WJ;  retired  from  governorship.  1H&7  ; 
knighted,  1K59  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1876  ;  privy  councillor,  1882. 

[SuppL  Ui.  800] 

ROBINSON,  HUGH  (1584  7-1655),  divine;  of  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1611;  D.D . 
1627  ;  chief  master  of  Winchester  School,  1613-27  ;  canon 
of  Lincoln,  1625 :  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  16S4 :  lost 
canonry  and  archdeaconry  during  civil  war ;  took  cove- 
nant aiul  accepted  from  parliament  living  of  Hint  on; 
published  educational  works.  [xlix.  17] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (</.  1598X  dl vine ;  BJL  and  fellow. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1654 ;  M.A.,  1657 ; 


porated  at  Ox  font,  1663  :  president  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1564-72;  B.D.,  1667;  D.I).  Cambridge,  168S; 
archdeacon  of  Lincoln,  1586  ;  canon  of  Gloucester,  1694. 

[xlix.  18] 

ROBINSON,  J»HN  ( 1576  ?-1625X  pastor  of  the  piV- 
grim  fathers;  probably  studied  at  Cambridge:  held  a 
cure  at  Norwich,  and  is  said  to  have  held  and  been  sus- 
pended from  a  U-iicficc  in  Norfolk ;  emigrated  to  Arnster- 
dain  ami  joined  separatists,  1008  ;  removed,  with  a  section 
of  the  community,  to  Le.Mlen,  and  was  ordained  pastor, 
William  Brewster  [q.  v.]  being  a  ruling  elder,  160»; 
entered  Leyden  L'nivt -rsity,  1U15  :  *krned,  with  Brewster, 
'seven  articles'  pn-rnt^l  to  privy  council  detailing 
scheme  for  emigration  to  America,  1617;  perhaps  wrote 
address  alleged  to  have  been  delivered  on  departure  ol 
pilgrims  in  charge  of  Brewster,  1620;  died  at  Leyden; 
published  controversial  works.  [xlix.  18] 

ROBINSON.  JOHN  (1617-1681),  royalist ;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  entered  Grny's  Inn,  1637;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  royalist  forces.  1643 ;  deprived  of  estates  by 
parliament :  del  to  Isle  of  Man  and  France  :  returned  on 
Restoration  ;  M.P.,  Beaumaris,  1661-79 ;  vice-admiral  ol 
North  Wales,  1666-81.  [xlix.  IS] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1650-1723X  bishop  of  London ; 
M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1684;  fellow  of  Oriel 


ROBINSON 


1118 


ROBINSON 


College,  1675-86:  D.D.  Lambeth,  1696,  and  Oxford,  1710; 
chaplain  (c.  168(1)  to  Kiu'li-h  embassy  at  Swedish  court, 
where  ho  remained  mon:  than  twenty-five  years,  and 
:isr  absence  of  Philip  Warwick,  the  envoy,  filled 
aticcewlvely  posts  of  resident  and  envoy  extraordinary  : 
ht-M  benefice  of  Lastingham,  1607-1709;  accompanied 
Charles  XII  to  Narva,  1700  ;  interpreter  to  Marlborough 
duriMi?  negotiations  with  Sweden,  1707;  returned  to 
England,  and  was  appointed  dean  of  Windsor  and  of 
Wolverhampton  and  registrar  of  knights  of  Garter,  1709  ; 
bNhop  of  Bristol,  1710;  governor  of  London  Charter- 
boose  anil  dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  London  ;  lord  privy  seal, 
1711  ;  appointed  first  English  plenipotentiary  at  peace  con- 
ference at  Utrecht,  1712,  and  was  first  to  sign  treaty,  1713  ; 
bishop  of  London,  1714-23;  privy  councillor,  1714;  pub- 
li-hed  sermons  and  an  '  Account  of  Sneden '  (1695). 

[xlix.  23] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1715-1745),  portrait-painter. 

[xlix.  2G] 

ROBINSON.  JOHN  (1682-1762),  organist  of  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  1727  till  death.  [xlix.  26] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  (1727-1802),  politician;  articled 
to  Richard  Wordsworth,  attorney,  grandfather  of  the 
poet;  practised  as  attorney  in  St.  Lawrence,  Appleby; 
entered  Gray's  Inn,  1759;  tory  M.P.  for  Westmoreland, 
1784-74  ;  secretary  of  treasury,  1770-82 ;  M.P.,  Harwich, 
1774-1802;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1773;  surveyor-general  of 
woods  and  forests,  1787  ;  mentioned  in  'Rolliad,'  '  Proba- 
tionary Odes,'  and  Junius's  letters.  [xlix.  26] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  D.D.  (1774-1840),  divine ;  master 
of  Ravenstonedale  grammar  school,  1795-1818;  held 
livings  in  Westmoreland,  1818-40  ;  published  scholastic 
and  other  works.  [xlix.  28] 

ROBINSON,  Sm  JOHN  BEVERLEY,  first  barouet 
<1791-1863),  chief-justice  of  Upper  Canada;  born  at 
Berthier,  Quebec ;  entered  attorney's  office  ;  volunteer  in 
militia  in  American  war  ;  clerk  of  house  of  assembly  for 
Upper  Canada,  1814 ;  called  to  bar,  c.  1815 ;  solicitor- 
general,  1815  :  attorney-general,  1818  ;  member  of  as- 
sembly ;  speaker  of  legislative  council,  1828-40 ;  chief- 
justice  of  Upper  Canada,  1829 ;  C.B.,  1850 ;  created 
baronet,  1854  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1855.  [xlix.  28] 

ROBINSON,  JOHN  HENRY  (1796-1871),  line- 
ongraver;  practised  as  portrait-engraver  and  book-illus- 
trator; with  eight  other  engravers  petitioned  House  of 
Commons  for  investigation  into  state  of  the  art  of  en- 
graving in  this  country,  1836  ;  A.R.A.,  1856  ;  R.A.,  1867. 

fxlix   291 

ROBINSON,  MRS.  MARTHA  WALKER  (1822-1888), 
married  the  Rev.  John  Robinson,  1861 ;  compiled,  under 
maiden  name  (Freer)  works  on  French  history,  [xlix.  30] 

ROBINSON,  MARY  (1758-1 800),  known  as  'Perdita ' ; 
actress,  author,  and  mistress  of  George,  prince  of  Wales 
(afterwards  George  IV) ;  nte  Darby ;  bora  at  Bristol  and 
educated  there  and  at  Chelsea  (where  she  afterwards  kept 
a  school  with  her  mother)  and  Marylebone ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  Thomas  Hull  [q.  v.]  and  David  Garrick  • 
secretly  married  Thomas  Robinson,  1774  ;  imprisoned  for 
debt  in  King's  Bench  prison  ;  through  Garrick's  influence 
appeared  successfully  as  Juliet  at  Drury  Lane,  London 
1776 ;  played  Lady  Anne  in  '  Richard  III,'  1777,  and  other 
Shakespearean  parts  ;  attracted  (1778)  attention  of  Prince 
of  Wales  and  became  his  mistress ;  deserted  by  prince ; 
received  pension  from  Fox ;  devoted  herself  to  literature ; 
produced  several  poems,  plays,  and  stories,  and  is  said  to 
Lave  taken  part  under  various  signatures  in  the  Delia 
Crusoan  literature.  Her  portrait  was  painted  by  Reynolds, 
Ilomney,  Hoppner,  Gainsborough,  and  others,  [xlix*.  80] 

ROBINSON,  MARY  (/.  1802),  called  'Mary  of 
Buttermere ' ;  a  noted  Cumberland  beauty  :  was  married 
under  false  pretences,  by  the  impostor  John  Hatfield 
[q.  v.],  1802,  and  on  account  of  the  imposition  practised 
upon  her  became  the  subject  of  numerous  verses,  dramas, 
«»<!  tales,  [xxv.  153] 

ROBINSON,  MATTHEW  (1628-1694X  divine  and 
physician;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridire  1652- 
fellow,  1650  ;  held  living  of  BurnSton,  1661-Sf  iicenJd 
a*  physician ;  published  •  Annotations  on  New  Testament,' 
169U-  [xlix.  33] 

•oynrsoir,  NICHOLAS  (<t.  im\  divine;  M.A. 

?,'6?5'  Cambrid^.  1551;   fellow;  D.D.   1666; 
51-8;  dean,  1578;   university  proctor,  1552; 


vice-president,  1561  :  subscribed  Roman  catholic  article?, 
1555  ;  ordained,  1557 ;  archdeacon  of  Merioneth,  1562  ; 
bishop  of  Bangor,  1666-85;  supported  protestant  cause; 
took  considerable  interest  in  Welsh  history  and  made 
translations  from  Welsh.  [xlix.  34] 

ROBINSON,  NICHOLAS  (16977-1775),  physician  : 
native  of  Wales ;  M.D.  Rheims,  1718 ;  practised  in  London  ; 
L.R.C.P.,  1727  ;  published  medical  works.  [xlix.  30] 

ROBINSON,  PETER  FREDERICK  (1776-1858), 
architect ;  F.S.A.,  1826  ;  one  of  first  vice-president*  of 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  1835-9;  published  archi- 
tectural works.  [xlix.  36] 

ROBINSON,  RALPH  (  ft.  1551),  translator  ;  M  A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1544;  fellow,  1542; 
liveryman  of  Goldsmiths'  Company ;  clerk  in  service  of 
Cecil  (afterwards  Lord  Burghley) ;  published  translation 
of  More's  'Utopia,'  1651.  [xlix.  37] 

ROBINSON,  RALPH  (1614-1655),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  St.  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1642 ;  presbyterian 
minister  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  Lombard  Street,  London, 
c.  1642  ;  imprisoned  on  charge  of  complicity  in  conspiracy 
of  Christopher  Love  [q.  v.] ;  pardoned.  [xlix.  37] 

ROBINSON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1574),  servant  in  house- 
hold of  Earl  of  Shrewsbury.  Published  poetical  writings. 

[xlix.  38] 

ROBINSON,  RICHARD  (fl.  1576-1600),  author  and 
compiler;  sometimes  erroneously  identified  with  preced- 
ing ;  freeman  of  Leathersellers'  Company ;  co-operated 
\vith  Thomas  Churchyard  [q.  v.]  in  translating  Meteren's 
'Historiffi  Belgicae'  (1602),  and  published  other  works. 

[xlix.  37] 

ROBINSON,  RICHARD,  first  BAROX  ROKEDY  in 
Irish  peerage  (1709-1794),  divine;  of  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1733 ;  B.D.  and  D.D.,  1748  : 
prebendary  of  York,  1738  ;  chaplain  to  Duke  of  Dorset ; 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1751 ;  bishop  of  Killala,  1752. 
of  Leighlin  and  Ferns,  1769,  aud  Kildare,  1761 ;  dean  of 
Christ  Church,  Dublin,  1761;  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
1765;  vice-chancellor  of  Dublin  University;  created 
Baron  Rokeby  of  Armagh,  1777  ;  first  prelate  of  order  of 
St.  Patrick  ;  a  lord  justice  for  Ireland,  1787  ;  did  much  to 
beautify  the  town  and  cathedral  of  Armagh,  [xlix.  39] 

ROBINSON,  ROBERT  (1735-1790),  baptist  minister 
and  hymn-writer ;  joined  Calvinists,  1755 ;  assistant- 
minister  at  Norwich  Tabernacle,  c.  1758 ;  seceded  and 
formed  independent  church  in  St.  Paul's  parish,  Nor- 
wich ;  pastor  of  Stone  Yard  Baptist  Chapel,  Cambridge, 
1761 ;  published  religious  controversial  and  other  works  ; 
wrote  eleven  hymns  issued  by  Whitefleld,  1757.  [xlix.  40] 

ROBINSON,  ROBERT  (1727?  - 1791),  dissenting 
minister  ;  educated  at  Plaisterers'  Hall,  London  ;  minister 
at  Old  Chapel,  Dukinfield,  1752-6,  and  at  Dob  Lane 
chapel,  near  Manchester,  1755-77  ;  published  several 
discourses.  [xlix.  43] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  ROBERT  SPENOER  (1809-1889), 
admiral ;  entered  navy,  1821 :  commander,  1838 ;  held 
command  in  Channel  fleet,  1850-2,  and  in  Baltic,  1855 : 
controller  of  navy,  1861-71 ;  lord  of  admiralty,  1868-71 ; 
vice-admiral,  1866 ;  civil  K.C.B.,  1868 ;  admiral,  1871. 

[xlix.  43] 

ROBINSON,  SAMUEL  (1794-1884),  Persian  scholar ; 
educated  at  Manchester  New  College  (then  at  York) ;  in 
business  as  cotton  manufacturer  successively  at  Man- 
chester and  Dukinfield;  retired,  1860;  president  of  Man- 
chester New  College,  1867-71 ;  published  translations  from 
the  German  and  Persian.  [xlix.  44] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  SEPTIMUS  (1710-1766),  brother  of 
Richard  Robinson,  baron  Rokeby  [q.  v.] ;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  served  with  French  army,  and  subse- 
quently with  English  in  Flanders ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1754 ;  knighted,  1760.  [xlix.  40] 

ROBINSON,  Sm  TANCRED  (rf.  1748),  physician  and 
naturalist;  M.B.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1679: 
F.R.S.,  1684  ;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1685  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1687,  and 
censor,  1693  and  1717  ;  physician-in-ordinary  to  George  I, 
by  whom  he  was  knighted  ;  contributed  to « Philosophical 
Transactions,'  and  wrote  on  natural  history,  [xlix.  45] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS(/?.  1520-1561).  [See  ROBERT- 
SON.] 


ROBINSON 


lii'.i 


ROBSON 


ROBINSON.   THOMAS  (fl.  1588-1603),  IntenNt   :.nd 
<-oii']H.-tT  :  lx>rn  in  Knirlainl  :  practised  profession  at  court 
of  Ivimiark;   published  u  book  of  mu.-i 
1603.  [xllx.  46] 

ROBINSON.  THOMAS  (jl.  16M),  pamphletn-r  :  pro- 
bably studied  at  Cambridge;  went  to  MM;  entered  English 
nunnery  at  Lisbon  as  secretary  and  maw-priest:  pub- 
li.-lit-l  in  Guidon  an  account  of  the  immoral  practical  of 
the  inmates,  1623.  [xlix.  46] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  ,,/.  in:.),  Author:  rector  of 
Ousby,  1672-1719 ;  published  works  on  natural  history. 

[xlix.  46] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (,/.  1747),  entered  Lincoln'* 
Inn,  1730  ;  published  '  Common  Law  of  Kent,'  I'll. 

[xllx.  47] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS,  lir-t  BARON  GRANTHAM 
(1695-1770X  diplomatist:  of  Westminster  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge:  minor  fellow,  1719:  secretary  to 
Kiiulish  embassy  at  Paris,  1723 ;  M.P.  for  Thirsk,  1727-34 : 
one  of  the  three  English  reprewntativea  at  congress  of 
Soissons,  1728-9 ;  ambassador  at  Vienna,  1730-48  :  repre- 
sented England  in  negotiations  with  Maria  Theresa  and 
Frederick  the  Great,  1740-8 ;  joint-plenipotentiary  of  Eng- 
land in  peace  negotiations  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748;  re- 
turned to  England,  1748 ;  one  of  lords  commissioners  of 
trade :  M  J»M  Christchurcb,  1748-61 :  privy  councillor,  1750 : 
secretary  of  state  for  southern  department  and  leader 
of  House  of  Commons,  1754-5 :  raised  to  peerage,  1761 ; 

[xlix. 


joint  postmaster-general,  1765-0. 


[xlix.  47] 


ROBINSON,  Sin  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1700?- 
1777),  called  'Long  Sir  Thomas,'  colonial  governor; 
brother  of  Richard  Robinson,  boron  Rokeby  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  architecture  in  Greece  and  Italy :  M.P.,  Morpeth, 
1727 ;  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Charles  Howard, 
third  earl  of  Carlisle,  and  widow  of  Nicholas,  lord  Lech- 
mere,  1728 ;  created  baronet,  1731 ;  resided  at  Rokeby 
in  the  North  Riding,  Yorkshire ;  commissioner  of  excise, 
1735-42  ;  governor  of  Barbados,  1742-7  ;  acquired  shares 
in  Ilanelagh  Gardens,  London,  and  became  director  of 
entertainments ;  practically  made  the  Kokeby  of  which 
Scott  wrote,  but  was  compelled  to  dispose  of  it  in  1769. 

[xlix.  49] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  GRAXTHAM 
(1738-1786),  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Robinson,  first  baron 
Grantliara  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A..  1757  ;  M.P.,  Christchurch,  1761 : 
secretary  of  British  embassy  to  intended  congress  at 
Augsburg,  1761 ;  commissioner  of  trade  and  plantations, 
1766,  and  first  commissioner,  1780-2 :  vice-chamberlain  of 
household  and  privy  councillor,  1770  ;  ambassador  at 
Madrid,  1771-9  ;  foreign  secretary,  1782  3.  [xlix.  51] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (1749-1813).  divine:  M.A. 
and  fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1776 ;  vicar  of  St. 
Mary's,  Leicester,  1778  ;  published  religious  works. 

[xlix.  52] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  (1790-1873),  divine ;  educated 
at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  MJL,  1816 ; 
M.A.  Oxford,  1839 ;  D.D.,  1844 :  ordained  priest,  1816 ; 
cliaplain  to  Reginald  Heber  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Calcutta, 
1825;  lord  almoner's  professor  of  Arabic,  Cambridge, 
1837-54 :  master  of  the  Temple,  1845-69  :  rector  of  Ther- 
fleld,  1853-60;  canon  of  Rochester,  1854:  published 
Persian  translation  of  Old  Testament  and  other  works. 

[xlix.  53] 

ROBINSON,  THOMAS  ROMNEY  (1792-1882),  astro- 
nomer ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1810 ;  fellow,  1814  ; 
deputy-professor  of  natural  philosophy.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  in  charge  of  Armagh  Observatory,  1823 :  rec- 
tor of  Carrickmacross,  1824-82  ;  prebendary  of  i?t. 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  1872:  member  of  nautical  almanac 
committee,  1830 ;  invented  cup-anemometer,  completed, 
1846 :  F.R.A.S.,  1830 ;  P.R.S.,  1856,  and  royal  medallist, 
1862:  president,  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1851-6;  D.D., 
LL.D.  (Dublin  and  Cambridge);  D.O.L.  (Oxford):  wrote 
on  astronomical,  physical,  and  other  subjects,  [xlix.  63] 

ROBINSON,  WILLIAM  (./.  1768),  architect  and  sur- 
veyor ;  published  two  technical  architectural  treatises. 

ROBINSON,  WILLIAM:  (17207-1775),  architect: 
clerk  of  works  to  Greenwich  Hospital,  1746;  assisted 
\Val|H)le  in  executing  the  plans  for  Strawberry  Hill, 
1750-75  ;  secretary  to  board  of  works.  [xllx.  55] 


ROBINSON.     WILLIAM     M726T-lf»i3),    friend     of 
Thomas  Gray  the  poet :  educated  at  Westminster  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  17: . 
held  various  livings.  [  xlix.  65] 

ROBINSON,  W I LLI AM  ( 1799- 1839), portrmit-painter ; 
pupil  of  Kir  Tboma*  Lawrence  [q.  v.]  [xllxTw] 

ROBINSON.  WILLIAM  (1777-1848).  topographer 
and  solicitor  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1817;  PJU., 
1819 :  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1822 :  published  &snl  writing* 


! 


[xlix.  §6] 

ROBINSON,  WILLIAM  (./.  Ift7o).  reporter  in  the 
admiralty  court :  son  of  Sir  Christopher  Robinson  [q.  v.] : 
I"  .1.  li.illi..!  College,  Oxford.  1X29;  entered  Cottage  of 
Advocates,  1830 ;  published  reports.  [xlix.  •] 

ROBINSON,  SIR  WILLIAM  CLEAVER  FRANCIS 
(1834-1897).  colonial  governor  ;  brother  of  (Sir)  Hercules 
Robinson,  afterwards  first  baron  Rosmead  [q.  v.]  ;  held 


various  administrative  positions  and  was   governor  of 

I  Island  (whose  political 
he  assisted  to  bring  about),  1870-3,  Western  Australia, 


Prince  Edward  Island  i 


litieal  union  with  Canada 


1874-7, 1880-3,  and  1890-6,  Strait!  Settlements,  1877-80, 
and  Sooth  Australia,  1883-9,  and  acting  governor  of  Vic- 
toria, 1889;  Q.O.M.G.,1887;  published  musical  composi- 
tion-. [SoppL  iii.  SOS] 

ROBINBON-MONTAOTT,  HENRY,  sixth  BARON 
ROKKRY  in  Irish  peerage  (1798-1883),  general;  colonel, 
IMC, ;  commanded  division  in  Crimea;  general,  1869; 
succeeded  to  peerage,  1847 ;  G.C.B.,  1876.  [xlix.  67] 

ROBINSON-MORRIS,  MATTHEW,  second  BAKOV 
ROKEBY  in  Irish  peerage  (1713-18OO),  son  of  Matthew 
Robinson ;  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1734  :  fellow  : 
M.P.  for  Canterbury,  1747  ami  1764;  assumed  name  of 
Morris ;  succeeded  his  cousin,  Ricluml  Robinson  [q.  v.], 
in  title,  1794 ;  published  political  pamphlet*,  [xlix.  66] 

ROBINSON-MORRIS,  MORRIS  id.  1829),  nephew  of 
preceding,  whom  he  succeeded  as  third  Baron  Rokeby ; 
published  a  political  pamphlet.  [xlix.  57] 

ROBI80N,  JOHN  (1739-1805), scientific  writer;  M.A. 
Glasgow,  175G  ;  appointed  by  board  of  longitude  to  make 
trial  voyage  to  Jamaica  in  charge  of  John  Harrison's 
chronometer,  1762:  returned  to  Glasgow  and  became 
acquainted  with  James  Watt;  lecturer  on  chemistry, 
Glasgow,  176G ;  anticipated  Mayer  in  discovery  that  law 
of  force  is  approximately  in  inverse  square,  1769 :  held, 
with  rank  of  colonel,  mathematical  chair  attached  to  sea 
cadet  corps,  St.  Petersburg,  1772 :  professor  of  natural 
philosophy,  Edinburgh,  1773 :  first  general  secretary. 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  1783 ;  published  scientific 
works  and  contributed  to  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica.' 

[xllx.  67] 

ROBISON,  SIR  JOHN  (1778-1843),  inventor;  son  of 
John  Robison  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  entered 
service  of  nizam  of  Hyderabad  as  contractor  for  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  military  service :  left 
India,  1815 :  one  of  the  foun.lers  of  Scottish  Society  of 
Arts,  1821,  secretary,  1822-4,  and  president,  1841-2: 
knighted,  1838 ;  invented  many  ingenious  contrivances, 
and  wrote  extensively  on  scientific  subject*,  [xlix.  68] 

ROBOTHOM,  JOHN  (/.  1654),  divine;  minister  of 
Rnmbold's  Wyke,  e.  1648-51  :  preacher  at  Dover,  16*4 : 
subsequently  minister  of  Upminster,  whence  he  was 
ejected,  1660  ;  published  religions  works.  [xlix.  59] 

ROB8AET,  AMY  (15327-15GO).  [See  DCOLKY, 
A  MY  i-:,  LADY.] 

ROBSON,  CHARLES  (1598-1638X  divine:  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1619  ;  B.D..  1G29',  fellow,  1620-31 ; 
chaplain  at  Aleppo,  1624-:to :  vicar  of  Holme-Cnltram, 
1632-8  ;  published  account  of  journey  to  Aleppo  (162H). 

[xlix.  60] 

ROBSON,  EDWARD  (1763-1813),  author;  nephew  of 
Stephen  Robson  [q.  v.] ;  awwiate  of  Linnean  Society, 
1789 ;  published  botanical  writings.  [xllx.  62] 

ROBSON,  GEORGE  FEXNELL  (1788-1833X  water- 
colour  painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1807 : 
president  of  Oil  and  Water-colour  Society  (now  Royal 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours),  1819-20. 

[xlix.  61] 


ROBSON 


1120 


ROCKSTRO 


ROBSON,  JAMES  (1733-lKoo),  bookseller;  entered 
(f  1749)  shop  of  J.  Brindlev,  New  Bond  Strtvt,  London, 
whom  he  succeeded  1769;  high  sheriff  of  Westminster, 
1797*  member  of  the  Booksellers'  Dining  Club  at  the 
Sbakspeare  Tavern.  [xlix.  61] 

ROBSON,  STEPHEN  (1741-1779),  botanist:  linen 
manufacturer  and  grocer  at  Darlington :  published 
botanical  work*.  [xlix.  t$2] 

ROBSOH,  THOMAS  FREDERICK  (1H227-18G4). 
actor;  his  real  name  THOMAS  Uonsox  HUOWXHIM,  ; 
worked  as  copperplate  engraver  ;  joined  acting  profession 
and  was  engaged  under  House  at  Grecian  Saloon,  London, 
f.  1845;  in  Dublin,  1880- 3,  playing  Bottom  in  1851 ;  joined 
Olympic  company,  London,  1863 ;  showed  remarkable 
power  in  burlesque  and  farce,  and  in  some  serious  parts  ; 
undertook  with  Emden  management  of  Olympic,  1867. 
His  most  successful  parts  were  in  the  '  Yellow  Dwarf  * 
(Blanche,  1864X  Medea  in  Brought  'Medea'  (1856),  and 
Sampson  Barr  in  the  •  Porter's  Knot '  (1858).  [xlix.  63] 

ROBSON,  WILLIAM  (1786-1863),  schoolmaster; 
published  historical  and  other  works  and  translations 
from  Fmu-li.  [xlix.  64] 

ROBY,  JOHN  (1793-1860),  organist:  organist  at  in- 
dependent  chapel,  Rochdale ;  managing  partner  in  bank- 
ing firm  at  Rochdale,  1819 ;  retired,  1847 ;  published 
poetical  and  other  writings,  including  '  Traditions  of 
Lancashire,'  1829  and  1831.  [xlix.  66] 

ROBT,  WILLIAM  (1766-1830),  congregational  di- 
vine :  brother  of  John  Roby  [q.  v.] ;  classical  master  at 
Bretherton  grammar  school,  Lancashire;  minister  in 
Manchester,  1795-1830  ;  published  religious  writings. 


ROCHARD,  SIMON  JACQUES  (1788-1872),  minia- 
ture-painter; born  in  Paris;  patronised  by  Napoleon  I 
and  by  court  at  Brussels ;  came  to  London,  r.  1815  ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1816-45;  retired  (1846)  to 
Brussels,  where  he  died.  [xlix.  66] 

ROCHARD,  FRANCOIS  THEODORE  (d.  1858),  por- 
trait-painter ;  brother  of  Simon  Jacques  Rocbard  [q.  v.] ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1820-55.  [xlix.  66] 

ROCHE,  SIR  BOYLE,  baronet  (1743-1807),  politician  ; 
entered  army;  served  in  American  war;  obtained  office 
in  Irish  revenue  department,  c.  1775  ;  M.P.  (Irish  parlia- 
ment) for  Tralee,  and  subsequently  for  Qowran,  1777-83, 
Porturlington,  1783-90,  Tralee,  1790-7,  and  Old  Leighlin, 
1798  till  the  union;  created  baronet,  1782;  chamberlain 
to  rice-regal  court ;  rendered  government  great  services 
in  connection  with  volunteer  convention  of  1783;  cele- 
brated as  a  perpetrator  of  •  bulls.'  [xlix.  66] 

ROCHE,  DAVID,  VISCOUNT  FKRIIOY  (1573  ?-1635), 
succeeded  to  title,  1600 ;  loyal  during  the  rebellion  of  Hugh 
O'Neill,  second  earl  of  Tyrone  [q.  v.]  ;  rewarded  by  James  I. 

[xlix.  68] 

ROCHE,  EUGENIUS  (1786-1829),  journalist;  born 
in  Paris ;  came  to  London,  c.  1804 ;  engaged  in  several 
unsuccessful  journalistic  enterprises  :  editor  of  the  '  Day,' 
1810,  later  of  'National  Register,'  and  (c.  1813)  of  the 
•  Morning  Post.'  [xlix.  68] 

ROCHE,  JAMES  (1770-1853),  the  'Roecoe  of  Cork'; 
born  at  Oork  ;  wine  merchant  at  Bordeaux ;  left  France, 
1797 ;  established  (1800)  bank  at  Cork,  which  suspended 
payment,  1819  ;  commercial  and  parliamentary  agent  for 
counties  Cork,  Youghal,  and  Limerick,  1819-26;  local 
director  at  Cork  of  National  Bank  of  Ireland,  1832-53 ; 
contributed  to  magazines  under  initials  essays  on  literary 
topics  which  evinced  much  literary  taste.  [xlix.  6U] 

ROCHE,  MAURICE,  VISCOUNT  FERMOY  (1595?- 
1GCO  ?),  rebel  sou  of  David  Roche,  viscount  Fermoy  [q.  v.] ; 
imprisoned  in  Dublin  for  papistical  inclinations,  1624; 
outlawed  for  share  In  rebellion,  1643;  excepted  from 
pardon,  1M8,  his  estates  being  sequestrated,  [xlix.  68] 

ROCHE,  MICHAEL  DK  LA  (Jt.  1710-1731),  French 
protestant  refugee  ;  engaged  in  literary  work  in  London  : 
ronducted  periodical '  Memoirs  of  Literature,'  1710-14  and 
1717 ;  edited  (1717-19)  '  Bibliotheque  Angloise '  (a  periodi- 
cal written  in  French  and  published  at  Amsterdam),  and 
subsequently  other  periodicals.  [xlix.  69] 

ROCHE,  PHILIP  (d.  1798),  Irish  rebel;  Roman 
«tholic, priest  at  Poulpearsay,  co.  Wexford ;  joined  rebels 
before  battle  of  Tubbcmeering,  4  June  1798  ;  elected  com- 


nminlcr  of  rebels  at  Slyeeve-Keelter,  near  New  Ito<s ;  cap- 
tur^l  after  battle  of  Vinegar  Hill,  and  hanged. 

[xlix.  70] 

ROCHE,  MRS.  UEGINA  MARIA  ri764V-l«46), 
novelist :  born  in  Ireland  of  parents  named  Dalton ;  pub- 
lished (1793-1834)  sixteen  novels,  including  'Children  of 
the  Abbey,' 1798.  '  "  [xlix.  71] 

ROCHE.  ROBERT  (1576-1629),  poetaster;  B.A. 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1699;  vicar  of  Hilton,  1617-29; 
published  didactic  doggerel  verse.  [xlix.  71] 

ROCHEAD,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1814-1878),  architect; 
practised  in  Glasgow,  1841-70.  [xlix.  71] 

ROCHES,  PETER  DES  (d.  1238).    [See  PETER.] 

ROCHESTER,  EARLS  OF.  [See  WILMOT,  HKMIY, 
first  EARL,  1612  ?-1658 ;  WILMOT,  JoHN,sec*ond  KAH  i.,  1647- 
1680 ;  HYDE,  LAURENCE,  first  EARL  of  the  Hyde  family. 
1641-1711.] 

ROCHESTER,  COUNTESS  OF  (d.  1725).  [See  HYDE, 
JANE.] 

ROCHESTER,  VISCOUNT  (d.  1645).  [See  CARR, 
ROBERT,  afterwards  EARL  OF  SOMERSET.] 

ROCHESTER,  SIR  ROBERT  (14947-1557),  comp- 
troller of  the  household  to  Queen  Mary;  attached  to 
Princess  Mary's  household,  of  which  he  managed  the 
finances,  1647,  and  was  appointed  comptroller,  1551 ;  im- 
prisoned for  refusing  to  carry  the  council's  orders  to 
Mary  forbidding  mass  in  her  household,  1551-2 ;  K.B.  and 
comptroller  of  the  royal  household  1553 ;  knight  of  the 
shire  for  Essex,  1563-5;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster, 
1654;  on  royal  commission  for  treaty  regarding  Queea 
Mary's  marriage  with  Philip  II  of  Spain.  [xlix.  72] 

ROCHESTER,  SOLOMON  DK  (d.  1294),  judge ;  took 
orders ;  justice  in  eyre  for  Middlesex,  1274,  Worcester- 
shire, 1275,  and  subsequently  for  Essex  and  other  counties  ; 
dismissed  and  fined  for  maladministration  of  justice  and 
corruption,  1289;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral; 
probably  died  by  poison.  [xlix.  73] 

ROCHFORD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  ZUYLESTEIN,  WILLIAM 
HENRY,  first  EARL,  1645-1709;  ZUYLESTEIN,  WILLIAM 
NASSAU  DE,  second  EARL,  1681-1710 ;  ZUYLESTEIN, 
FREDERICK  NASSAU  DE,  third  EARL,  1682-1738 ;  ZUYLE- 
STEIN, WILLIAM  HENRY,  fourth  EARL,  1717-1781.] 

ROCHFORD,  VISCOUNT  (d.  1536).  [See  BOLEYX, 
GEORGE.] 

ROCHFORD,  SIR  JOHN  DE  (./?.  1390-1410),  mediicval 
writer ;  knighted  before  1386  :  accompanied  Henry  IV  to 
Wales,  1405  ;  wrote  'Notabilia  extracta  .  .  .  de  vipinti 
uno  libris  Flavii  Josephi '  (finished,  1406).  [xlix.  74] 

ROCHFOKT,  ROBERT  (1652-1727),  Irish  judge: 
recorder  of  Londonderry,  1680 ;  joint-commissioner  for 
great  seal,  1690 ;  attorney-general  of  Ireland,  M.P.,  co. 
Westmeath,  and  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of  Common::, 
1695 ;  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1707-14  ;  friend  of  Swift. 

[xlix.  74] 

ROCHFORT,  SIMON  (tl.  1224),  first  English  bishop  of 
Meath,  1194;  one  of  judges  in  suit  for  possession  of  body 
of  Hugh  de  Lacy  (d.  1186)  [q.  v.]  [xlix.  75] 

ROCK,  DANIEL  (1799-1871),  ecclesiologist;  educated 
at  St.  Edmund's  College,  near  Ware,  and  at  English  College, 
Rome  ;  ordained  priest,  1824  ;  D.D. ;  engaged  on  'London 
|  mission,'  1825-7  ;  priest  of  Roman  catholic  congregation 
of  Buckland,  1840-54 ;  one  of  first  canons  of  Southwark 
Cathedral,  1852 ;  published  religious  and  archaeological 
works.  [xlix.  75] 

BUCKINGHAM,  second  MARQUIS  OK  (1730-1782). 
[See  WATSON-WENTWORTH,  CHARLES.] 

ROCKINOHAM,  first  BARON  (1584-1653).  [See 
WATSON,  SIR  LEWIS.] 

ROCKRAY,  EDMUND  (d.  1597),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1564  ;  B.D.,  1670  ;  fel- 
low, c.  1560 ;  canon  of  Rochester,  1577 ;  suspended  for 
nonconformity,  1584-8.  [xlix.  76] 

ROCKSTRO,  WILLIAM  SMITH  (1823-1895),  mu- 
sician; pupil  of  Mendelssohn,  Hauptman,  ami  Plaidy; 
studied  at  Leipzig,  1845-6  ;  pianist,  teacher,  and  composer 
in  London  ;  devoted  his  attention  to  musical  archaeology 
and  ecclesiastical  music  ;  teacher  of  counterpoint  oiul 


RODD 


1121 


ROEBUCK 


plain-song  in  Royal  College  of  Music,  1831 :  published 
•General  History  of  Music,'  1886.  Amon*  his  best  com- 
positions la  the  madrigal  '  0  too  cruel  fair '  (1883)  in  tb« 
manner  of  Palestrina.  [xlix.  76] 

RODD,  EDWARD  HEARLE  (1810-1880),  ornitholo- 
gist ;  qualified  us  solicitor,  1832 :  practised  In  partnership, 
1833-78,  at  Penzance ;  published  works  on  ornithology. 

[xlix.  77] 

RODD,  HORATIO  (fl.  1859),  brother  of  Thomas 
Rodd  the  younger  [q.  T.],  with  whom  he  was  In  partner- 
ship ;  subsequently  picture-dealer  and  priuUcller  In  Lon- 
don  ;  published  miscellaneous  writings.  [xlix.  78] 

RODD,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1763-1829),  bookseller; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  School,  London,  and  in  France ; 
opened  bookseller's  shop  in  London,  retiring  1821 ;  pub- 
lished poetical  and  other  writings.  [xlix.  78] 

RODD,  THOMAS,  the  younger (1796-1849),  bookseller: 
son  of  Thomas  Rodd  the  elder  [q.  v.],  whom  1*  assisted ; 
carried  on  the  business  from  1821 ;  published  miscellaneous 
writings.  [xlix.  78] 

RODDAM,  ROBERT  (1719-1808),  admiral :  entered 
navy,  1735 ;  lieutenant,  1741  :  commander.  1746 ;  pout- 
captain,  1747;  serred  successively  in  North  Sea,  at  New 
York,  and  in  the  West  Indies,  where  he  was  captured  by 
French,  1757;  exchanged,  1759;  rear-admiral  of  white, 
1778 ;  commnnder-in-chief  at  Nore ;  admiral  of  the  blue, 
1793  ;  senior  admiral  of  the  red.  [xlix.  79] 

RODEN,  EARLS  OF.  [See  JOCRLTV,  ROBERT,  flrst 
EARL,  1731-1797 ;  JOCKLYJ?.  RORKRT,  third  EARL,  1788- 
1870.] 

RODEN,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1817-1892),  engraver 
and  portrait-painter.  [xlix.  79] 

RODERIC  THK  GREAT(d.  877).    [See  RHODRI  MA  wa.] 
RODERIC  O'CONNOR  (111  6  7-1198).  [See  0'Ooxxon.] 

RODERICK,  RICHARD  (<*.  1756),  critic  and  versifier ; 
M.A.  Queens'  College.- Cambridge,  1736;  F.R.S.,  1750: 
F.S.A.,  1752 ;  coadjutor  of  Thomas  Edwards  (1699-1757) 
(q.  v.]  in  •  Canons  of  Criticism.'  [xlix.  80] 

RODE8,  FRANCIS  (1530  7-1588),  judge :  educated  at 
St  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Oray's  Inn,  1552 ; 
raised  to  degree  of  coif,  1578;  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1*85  ;  took  part  in  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586. 

[xlix.  80] 

RODGER,  ALEXANDER  (1784-1846),  minor  poet; 
aou  of  a  farmer  at  Mid-Calder,  Midlothian  ;  worked  suc- 
cessively as  silversmith  at  Edinburgh  and  handloom 
weaver  at  Glasgow  ;  joined  staff  of  '  Spirit  of  the  Union,' 
a  seditious  weekly  paper  at  Glasgow;  imprisoned  as  sus- 
pected person  ;  on  staff  of  '  Glasgow  Chronicle,'  c.  1832, 
and  subsequently  of  the  '  Reformer's  Gazette ' ;  published 
poetical  writings.  [xlix.  80] 

RODINOTON,  JOHN  (d.  1348),  Franciscan  of  con- 
vent of  Stamford  ;  D.D.  Oxford ;  provincial  minister  of 
order  in  England  ;  left  manuscripts.  [xlix.  81] 

RODNEY,  GEORGE  BRYDGES,  first  BARON  RODNEY 
<  1719-1792),  admiral :  educated  at  Harrow  ;  entered  navy 
as  volunteer  per  order,  1732 ;  captain,  1742 ;  in  Nprth  Sea, 
1744 ;  took  part  in  defeat  of  French  under  L'Etenduere, 
1747 ;  governor  of  Newfoundland,  1748-52 ;  rear-admiral, 
1759 ;  bombarded  and  blockaded  Havre,  1759  and  1760 ; 
«oimnander-in-chief  on  Leeward  Islands  station,  1761 ; 
reduced  Martinique  and  took  possession  of  St.  Lucia, 
Grenada,  and  St.  Vincent,  1762 :  baronet,  1764:  governor 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1765-70;  M.P.,  1751;  M.P., 
Northampton,  1768  ;  held  command  at  Jamaica,  1771-4  ; 
rear-admiral,  1771 ;  being  in  pecuniary  difficulties  owing 
to  his  pay  being  in  arrears,  lived  at  Paris,  1775-8  ;  admiral, 
1778 ;  defeated  Spanish  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  was 
nominated  extra  K.B.,  1780:  proceeded  to  West  Indies 
and  took  command  of  fleet  on  Leeward  Islands  station : 
foii'.'ht  indecisive  battle  off  Martinique  with  French  under 
<jriiichen  ;  seized  St.  Eustatiu*,  1781  ;  resigned  command, 
owing  to  ill-health,  to  Sir  Samuel  (afterwards  Viscount) 
Hood  [q.  v.],  1781 :  rejoined  Hood,  1782  :  defeated  Frvm  h 
under  De  Grasse  off  Dominica,  received  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment, and  was  raised  to  peerage  as  Baron  Rodney  of 
Stoke-Rodney.  Hi?  portrait  was  painted  by  Reynolds  and 
Gainsborough.  [xlix.  81] 


RODNEY.  JoHN  (1765-1847),  chief  secretary  to  go- 
vernment of  Ceylon  :  ton  of  George  Brydffe*  Rodney,  flrst 
baron  Rodney  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy,  Port* 
mouth ;  served  under  hU  father  at  St.  Vincent  and  in 
other  engagement* ;  lieutenant,  commander,  and  captain. 
1780 :  Io*t  his  kv  owing  to  an  accident,  179*.  and  WM 
superseded;  chief  secretary  to  government  of  Ceylon. 
1803-3J.  r xlix.  86] 

RODWKLL,  GEORGE  HERBERT  BUONAPARTE 
(1800-1852).  author  and  musician;  pupil  of  Vincent 
Xovello  [q.  T.]  and  Sir  Henry  Bishop  [q.  T.]  ;  professor 
of  harmony  and  composition  at  Royal  Academy  of  Mosie, 
1828  ;  proprietor  of  Addphi  Theatre,  London.  1825 :  direc- 
tor of  music  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  London,  IBM; 
composed  dramatic  piece*  and  songs,  and  published  work* 
on  music,  and  other  writings.  [xlix.  87] 

RODWE1L,  JOHN  MBDOWS  (1808-1900), orientalist ; 
M.A.  Gonville  and  Caiiw  College,  Cambridge,  1831;  hono- 
rary fellow.  1886:  rectorof  St.  Peter's,  Saffron  Hill,  Lon- 
don, 1836-43 ;  held  rectory  of  St.  Bthelburga'*,  Bishops- 
gate,  London,  1843  till  death,  bat  retired  from  residential 
duty,  e.  1878 ;  translated  the  Koran  Into  English,  1861. 

fSuppL  iiL  303] 

ROE,  GEORGE  HAMILTON  (1796-1873).  physician; 
M.I).  Kdinhurgh.  1821  :  L.R.C.P.  London,  1828  ;  IfJL  and 
M.I).  (1827)  Trinity  College,  Dublin:  incorporated  M.D. 
Oxford,  1828;  F.R.C.P.,  1838 :  physician  to  Westminster 
Hospital,  1825-54;  Harveian  orator,  Royal  College  of 
Surgeon*,  185G,  and  conciliarius,  1864,  1865,  and  1866. 

[xlix.  881 

ROE,  JOHN  SEPTIMUS  (1797-1878),  explorer;  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  Hospital,  London;  midshipman,  1813: 
accompanied  Captain  F.  P.  King  in  expeditions  to  north- 
west coast  of  Australia,  1818  and  1821 ;  served  In  Burmese 
war,  1825-7 ;  surveyor-general  of  Western  Australia,  1828- 
r.  1870 ;  member  of  executive  and  legislative  council  of 
the  colony ;  F.L.S.,  1828.  [xlix.  88] 

ROE,  RICHARD  (</.  1853),  author ;  probably  B.A. 
Dublin,  1789  :  took  holy  orders ;  published  '  New  System 
of  Shorthand,'  poetical  and  other  works.  [xlix-  89] 

ROE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1681  7-1644),  ambassador:  com- 
monerof  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1693;  esquire  of  the 
body  to  Queen  Elizabeth  during  hut  years  of  reign ; 
knighted,  1605 ;  sent  by  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  on  voyage 
of  discovery  in  search  of  gold  to  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  1610-1 1,  and  twice  subsequently ;  served  in 
Netherlands,  1613 ;  M.P.,  Taniworth,  1614 ;  carried  out 
successful  mission  as  lord  ambassador  to  court  of  Je- 
hanglr,  Mogul  emperor  of  Hindustan,  with  object  of 
arranging  commercial  treaty,  1615-18,  and  laid  founda- 
tion of  greatness  of  British  India :  visited  Persia  on  home- 
ward journey  :  as  ambassador  to  Ottoman  Porte,  1621-8, 
secured  privileges  of  English  merchants  and  improved 
relations  between  England  and  Algiers ;  succeeded  in 
attaching  Bethlen  Gabor,  prince  of  Transylvania,  to  the 
protestant  alliance  ;  mediated  successfully  between  kings 
of  Sweden  and  Poland,  1629-30 :  chancellor  of  order  of 
Garter,  1637  ;  ambassador  in  negotiations  with  imperial, 
French,  and  Swedish  plenipotentiaries  for  settlement  of 
terms  of  general  peace,  1638-42 ;  privy  councillor  and 
M.P.  for  Oxford  university,  1640;  ambassador  extra- 
ordinary at  Vienna,  1642-3  :  left  diplomatic  memoirs  and 
correspondence  (part  published X  [xlix.  89] 

ROEBUCK,  JOHN  (1718-1794 X  Inventor;  studied 
chemistry  and  medicine  at  Edinburgh :  M.D.  Leyden, 
1742  ;  established  a  chemical  laboratory  at  Birmingham  ; 
invented  improved  methods  of  refining  precious  metals 
and  several  improvements  in  processes  for  production  of 
chemicals,  including  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid  :  esta- 
blished manufactory  of  sulphuric  acid  at  Preston  pans, 
1749 ;  formed  company  for  manufacture  of  iron  on  river 
Carron,  Stirlingshire,  r.  1760,  the  Carron  manufactory 
subsequently  becoming  famous  for  production  of  ordnance 
(hence  name  canronade),  and  in  1762  patented  a  process  of 
iron  manufacture  Involving  the  use  of  pit  coal ;  lost  large 
sums  of  money  owing  to  lack  of  success  with  coal-mines 
and  salt-works  leased  at  Borrowstounness,  Linlithgow- 
shlre,  where  he  was  afterwards  employed  by  his  creditors 
as  manager ;  member  of  I  loyal  Societies  of  London  and 
Edinburgh ;  friend  and  patron  of  James  Watt. 

[xlix.  93] 

ROEBUCK,  JOHN  ARTHUR  (1801 -1879 X  politician; 
grandson  of  John  Roebuck  [q.  v.];  bom  at  Madras; 

4c 


ROEBUCK 


irj-2 


ROGERS 


1  in  Canada  :  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1831  :  joined 
i  circuit ;  Q.C.  and  bencher  of  his  inn,  1K43  :  airent 
j  England  for  bouse  of  assembly  of  Lower  Canada,  IMS  ; 
M.P..  Bath.  1882-7  and  1841-7;  published  weekly  pamph- 
let* supporting  his  political  views  as  an  'independent  mem- 
ber '  :  member  of  Reform  Club,  18:16-64  ;  M.I '., 
Sheffield,  1849-68  and  1874-9  :  moved,  1865,  for  committee 
j-.iiry  into  conduct  of  Crimean  war,  with  result  that 
Aberdeen's  government  resigned  and  Palmerston,  whosuc- 
cceded  as  premier,  appointed  Sebastopol  committee,  with 
Roebuck  as  chairman:  chairman  of  Administrative  11. •- 
form  Association,  1866 ;  a  supporter  of  Lord  Beaeonslield's 
policy,  1877-9;  privy  councillor,  1878 ;  published  political 
works.  [Mix.  95] 

ROEBUCK,  THOMAS  ( 1781-1 81 9),  orientalist ;  cadet 
in  Ea*t  India  Company's  service,  1801 ;  captain.  1815 ; 
published  works  in  or  relating  to  Hindustani  and  Persian. 

[xlix.  97] 

ROESTRATEN,  PIETER  VAN  (1627-1700),  painter; 
born  at  Haarlem,  Holland  :  worked  successfully  in  Eng- 
land as  painter  of  portraits  and  still  life.  [xlix.  98] 

ROETTIERS,  JAMES  (1663-1698),  medallist ;  son  of 
John  Roettiers  [q.  v.],  whom  he  assisted  at  the  mint ; 
assistant-engraver,  1690-7.  [xlix.  98] 

ROETTIERS,  JAMES  (1698-1772),  medallist :  son  of 
James  Hoettiers  (1663-1698)  [q.  v.] ;  engraver-general  of 
Low  Countries,  1783-73.  [xlix.  98] 

ROETTIERS,  JAMES  (1707-1784),  medallist  and 
goldsmith ;  son  of  Norbert  Roettiers  [q.  v.]  ;  '  engraver  of 
mint*  to  Pretender,  1727.  [xlix.  101] 

ROETTIERS,  ROETTIER,  or  ROTIER,  JOHN 
(1631-1703),  medallist:  perhaps  born  at  Antwerp ;  en- 
graver at  mint,  1661 :  appointed  one  of  chief  engravers, 
1662 :  assisted  at  different  periods  by  Joseph,  James,  and 
Norbert,  his  sons  :  produced  medals  commemorating  Re- 
storation nnd  official  coronation  medals  for  James  II 
and  William  and  Mary ;  removed  from  office  owing  to 
theft  by  labourers  of  dies  for  coins,  1697.  [xlix.  98] 

ROETTIERS,  NORBERT  (1665  ?-1727),  medallist; 
son  of  John  Hoettiers  [q.  v.] :  official  assistant-engraver 
at  mint,  K.9U :  attached  himself  to  Stuarts  at  St.  Ger- 
main, <•.  li;'.i:>:  appointed  engraver  to  mint  by  James 
Kdward,  the  Old  Pretender,  lor  whom  he  made  English 
and  Scottish  coins  inscribed  James  III  und  James  VIII ; 
engraver-general  of  French  mint,  1703.  [xlix.  100] 

ROGER  OK  BRKTECIL,  EARF.  OF  HEREFORD  ( /.  1071- 
1075).  [See  FrrzwiujAX,  RIXJER.] 

ROGER  PK  MONTGOMERY,  EART,  OF  SHREWSBURY  AXO 
AitrxnKT,  (d.  1093?),  son  of  Roger  the  Great,  who  was 
cousin  of  William  the  Conqueror,  Ralph  de  Mortimer  - 
[il.  v.],  nnd  William  FitzOsbern  fa.  v.] ;  trusted  sup- 
porter of  Duke  William  ;  fought  at  Domf ront,  1048  •  con- 
tributed sixty  ships  for  English  invasion,  which  he  accom- 
panied: returned  to  Normandy,  1067,  and  was  left  as 
guardian  of  the  duchy  jointly  with  Matilda;  obtained 
earldom  of  Shrewsbury,  1071 ;  founded  Shrewsbury  Abbey 
1083-7  ;  secretly  supported  Robert  against  William  Riifu«' 
but  fought  with  William  Rufus  at 'Rochester,  Iu88  •  be- 
came monk  at  Shrewsbury ;  built  many  castles  on  the 
\\  elsh  borders  ;  benefactor  to  the  monks.  [xlix.  lol] 

ROGER  TUB  POITKVIX  (/.  1088-1102),  earl  of  Lancn*- 

fcr  ;  MIII  of  Roger  de  Montgomery  [q.v.]  ;  fought  against 

William  Unfa*  at  Rochester,  1088,  but   was  afterwards 

'to  favour  ;  joined  his  brother,  Robert  of  Belleme 

against  Henry  I,  1102;  expelled  from  England. 

ROGER  Bn;on  (</.   1107),  founder  of  the 'house"1  of  I 
"trod  in  England  afU>r  the  Conquest:  endowed  by  1079 
with  the  forfeited  estates  of  Ralph  de  Guader,  earl  of  Nor- 
folk [see  GI-ADKH,  RALPH]  ;  appears  in  Domesday  as  hold- 
in  ir  six  lordships  in  Essex  and  117  in  Suffolk;  received 
from  Henry  I  gift  of  Framlingham,  which  became  nrinci-  I 
pal  stronghold  of  himself  and  descendant*.  [v.  22] 

ROGER  INFAXH  Of.  1124),  chronologer :  wrote,  c.  1124, 
n  inetliod  of  computing  the  calendar.  [xlix.  106] 

ROGER  OF  SALISBURY  (</.  1139),  called  ROOEB  THE 
RKAT;  originally  a  priest  near  Caen  ;  entered  service  of 
Hoary  I  a«  oteward  ;  chancellor,  1101 ;  appointed  bishop  I 
*»l'*buiry.  1102,  but  not  consecrated  till  1107  ;  justiciar ;  \ 
took  Stephen's  side,  1135,  and  contributed  largely  to  his 


••Mtinm-d  as  justiciar,  and  exercised  great  in- 
mienci-  over  government  of  kingdom,  and  consequently 
excited  enmity  of  barons  of  his  party  :  summoned  l.\ 
.-tcphen  to  Oxfonl  and  arrested.  1189;  his  castles  sur- 
rendered and  his  power  curtailed.  He  renewal  and 
adorned  the  cathedral  of  Salisbury  and  built  se\eral 
castles,  iueludii.p  Devizes.  The  administrative  system  of 
secular  government  was  remodelled  under  his  direction. 

[xlix.  in:;' 

ROGER  I'AU'Kii  (Jl.  1139),  chancellor;  son  ot  Rog,.»- 
of  Salisbury  [q.  v.] ;  chancellor  to  King  Stephen  till  li:;x 

ROGER  OF  FORD  (/.  1170),  called  also  Roger  Gostum 
Gustum,  and   Roger  of    Citeaux  ;    Cistercian   monk   of 
Fonl,  Devonshire  ;  wrote  '  Account  of  Revelations  of  St 
Elizabeth  of  Schonau  '  and  other  works.          [xlix.  10G] 

ROGER  OF  HKHKFORD  (fl.  1178),  writer  on  mathe- 
matics and  judicial  astrology;  probably  educated  at  <  'am- 
bridge.  [xlix.  107] 

ROGER  (</.  1179),  divine:  son  of  Robert,  earl  of 
Gloucester  (rf.  1147)  [q.  v.] ;  cousin  of  Henry  II,  who  ap- 
pointed him  bishop  of  Worcester,  1163:  one  ot  bishop- 
charged  to-  convey  to  Pope  Alexander  III  Henry  II.- 
appeal  against  Archbishop  Thomas  Becket ;  denounced 
for  supporting  Thomas,  whom  he  followed  into  exile  ;  con- 
trived to  regain  in  some  measure  Henry  II's  favour,  while- 
continuing  his  friendship  with  Thomas  ;  sent,  after 
inurder  of  Thomas,  to  intercede  in  Henry  IPs  behalf  with 
the  legate,  Archbishop  William  of  Sens,  and  afterwards- 
with  Pope  Alexander  III,  1171 ;  died  at  Tours. 

[xlix.  107] 

ROGER  OF  POXT  I/EVE^CE  (rf.  1181),  archbishop  of 
York;  'Neustrian '  scholar,  brought  up  in  court  of  Theo- 
bald [q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  one  of  King- 
Stephen's  chaplains  ;  sent  by  King  Stephen  on  mission  to- 
Rome,  1152  ;  archbishop  of  York,  1154  :  present  at  conn-' 
cil  of  Tours,  1163;  joinel  Henry  II  in  contest  with 
Thomas  Becket,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  papal  legate 
in  England,  1164;  performed  coronation  ceremony  for 
Henry  II's  son,  1170,  in  spite  of  Becket's  protests  nnd 
express  orders  of  Pope  Alexander  III ;  was  probably  ulti- 
mately responsible  for  murder  of  Becket ;  obtained  de- 
cision in  Lateran  council,  1179,  that  no  profession  of 
obedience  was  due  from  York  to  Canterbury  ;  legate  for 
Scotland,  1180 ;  excommunicated  William  the  Lion  for 
contumacy,  1181 ;  buried  at  York.  [xlix.  109] 

ROGER  OF  HOVEDEX  or  HOWPEN  (rf.  1201  ?).  [See 
HOVEDKX.] 

ROGER  (rf.  1202),  bishop  of  St  Andrews  :  son  of 
Robert  de  Beaumont,  third  carl  of  Leicester  (rf.  1190> 
[q.  v.]  ;  high  chancellor  of  Scotland,  1178-89 :  clectol 
bishop  of  St  Andrews,  1189,  and  consecrated,  1198  :  per- 
haps abbot  of  Melrose.  [xlix.  Ill] 

ROGER  OF  CROYLAND  (<1.  1214  ?),  prior  of  Pro=ton.  c. 
1213 ;  revised  (1213)  a  life  of  Becket  made  by  an  Kveslnu. 
monk.  "[xlix.  112] 

ROGER  DE  WKXDOVKR  (</.  1236).    [Pee  WKXDOVKH.J 

ROGER  DE  WKSHAM  or  WESEHAM  (</.  1257).  [See-' 
WES  HAM.] 

ROGER    DK   THURUILBI    (d.    1260).      [See    Tnuu- 

K1UU.] 

ROGER  DK  LEYBOL'RXE  (</.  1271).    [See  LEYUOUHM-:.! 

ROGER  OF  WAT.TIIAM  (>t.  1336),  clerk  in  service  of 
Antony  Bek  (d.  1310)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham  ;  preben- 
dary of  St  Paul's,  London,  131(5;  keeper  of  Edward  II V 
wardrobe,  1322-3 ;  wrote  philosophical  and  other  works. 

[xlix.  Hi'] 

ROGER  OF  CHKSTE:I  (/.  1339).    [See  CHKSTKU.] 

ROGER  OF  ST.  ALRANS  (/.  1450),  Carmelite  friar  in 
London  :  wrote  genealogical  table  showing  descent  of 
Henry  VI  from  Adam.  [xlix.  IKf] 

ROGERS,  BENJAMIN  (1014-1098),  musician  :  cho- 
rister of  St.  George's  Chapel.  Wind.-or;  organist  of 
Christchurch  Cathedral,  Dublin,  1639-41  ;  driven  away 
by  Iri-^h  rebellion,  1641 ;  lay  clerk  of  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor,  1660;  organist  to  Eton  College,  166:.' :  inform .,- 
tor  choristarum,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1665-85  :  M 11  -. 
Doc.  Oxford,  1669  ;  composed  several  services  and  other 
church  music,  besides  glees  and  songs.  [xlix.  113] 


BOGER8 


1123 


ROGERS 


ROGERS,   THA.tUS   (1711-1784),  art  collator  •  m 
custom   house,   1731  ;  ,-1,-rk  nf  certificate,  1 
175-2  ;   F.U.S.,    1757.      Cull.s-toi    work-i   01    art,  incladinK 
pictures,  prints,  :m,l   illuimnut.-.l  maun,,  ri;. 
Ins  death,  jius-ol  to  Willhini  Cotton  . 
ultimately    bequeathed    to    tti«-     Plymouth    I'n.-  • 
Library;     published    collection    of    ungnn 
drawings,  aud  other  works.  [xlix. 

ROGERS,  CHARLES  (1825-1890),  Scottish  author- 
educated  at  St.  Andrews,  and  was  licensed  by  the 

1  8 


!&'« 

tribution  of  tracts,  the  Grampian  Club,  1868,  for  issue  of 
Scottish  antiquarian  work*,  and  claimed  to 
Royal  Historical  Society  (  IK«;«  >,  of  which  he  was  secretary 
and  historiographer  till  1880  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1881  : 
wrote  and  edited  miscellaneous  work*.  [xllx.  1  15] 

ROGERS,  DANIEL  (1538  7-1591),  diplomatist;  son  of 
John  Rogers  (1600  ?-1555)  [q.  v.]  :  born  nt  Wittenberg  ; 
came  to  England,  154H  :  naturalised,  1652  ;  studied  at 
Wittenberg  aud  Oxfonl  (  B.A.,  1561)  :  secretory  of  fellow- 
ship of  English  merchants  at  Antwerp,  1575  ;  engaged  in 
diplomatic  business  in  Low  (ountrie*,  1676-8;  went  on 
mission  to  Duke  of  Saxony,  1580,  but  wan  arrested  on 
imperial  territory  and  imprisoned  till  c.  1584;  clerk  of 
privy  council,  1587.  [xlbc.  116] 

ROGERS,  DANIEL  (1573-1652),  divine;  M.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1599  :  fellow,  1600-8  ;  strongly  advo- 
cated puritanism:  successively  minister  of  Haversham, 
and  lecturer  at  Wethersfleld  ;  suspended  by  Laud,  16*9  ; 
published  religious  works  from  the  Calvlnlstic  standpoint. 

ROGERS,  SIR  EDWARD  (1498  7-1567  ?),^quire]0f 
body  to  Henry  VIII  :  M.P.,  Somerset,  1553,  1558,  1559, 
and  1503-7  ;  knighted,  1649  ;  abroad  during  Queen  Mary'« 
reign;  vice-chamberlain,  captain  of  guard,  ami  privy 
councillor,  1558  ;  comptroller  of  household,  1560-5. 

ROGERS,  EZKKIEL  (1584?-1661),  divined*  son  3  of 
Richard  Rogers  (16507-1618)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1604  ;  private  chaplain  :  held  living  of 
Rowley  ;  suspended  for  puritauism  ;  emigrated  to  New 
England,  1638  ;  pastor  of  township  of  Rowley,  established 
by  fellow  colonists.  [xlix.  119] 

ROGERS,  FRANCIS  JAMES  NEWMAN  (1791-1851), 
legal  writer  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1815;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1816,  and  Inner 
Temple,  1820  :  K.O.,  1837  :  deputy  judge-ad  vocate-general, 
1842  ;  published  legal  works.  [xlix.  119] 

ROGERS,  FREDERIC,  BAROX  BLACHFORD  (1811- 
1889),  educated  at  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  intimate  with  Fronde  and  John  Henry 
Newman;  Craven  scholar,  1829;  MA.,  1835;  B.O.L., 
1838  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1833  ;  ban-inter, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1831  ;  Vineriau  scholar,  1834,  and  fellow, 
1840;  in  sympathy  with  and  (1845)  contributor  to  the 
tractarian  movement  ;  one  of  founders  of  •  Guardian  ' 
newspaper,  1846  ;  registrar  of  joint-stock  companies,  1844; 
commissioner  of  lauds  and  emigration  ;  permanent  under- 
secretary of  state  for  colonies,  1H60-71  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1883  ; 
privy  councillor,  1871  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1871. 

[xlix.  119] 

ROGERS,  GEORGE  (1618-1697),  physician;  M.A. 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1641  ;  M.B.,  1642  ;  M.D.  Padua, 
where  he  became  English  consul;  incorporated  M.D. 
Oxford,  1648  ;  practised  in  London  from  c.  1U54  :  F.R.O.P., 
1664,  and  president,  1688.  [xllx.  120] 

ROGERS,  HENRY  (1585  7-1658),  divine  :  M.A.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1608;  D.D.,  1637;  prebemlury  of  Here- 
ford, 1616  ;  deprived  by  parliamentarians,  1645  ;  publi>hed 
theological  works.  [xlfx.  121] 

ROGERS.  HENRY  (18067-1877),  'Edinburgh'  re- 
viewer  and  Christian  apologist  ;  apprenticed  as  surgeon  ; 
entered  congregationalist  ministry,  1829  ;  lecturer  on 
rhetoric  and  logic,  Highbury  College,  1832  ;  professor  of 
English  language  and  literature,  University  College, 
London,  1836,  and  of  English,  mathematics,  and  mental 
philosophy,  Spring  Hill  College,  Birmingham,  1839  ;  began 
connection  with  •  Edinburgh  Review,'  1839.  Contributed 


-  >Tbe  Eclipse  of  Faith.'  18M.a  piece  of  clever 
dialectic*,  which  achieved  Urge  popularity,  [xllx.  121] 

ROGERS,  ISAAC  (1764-1819),  watchmaker 
ticed  in  .man  of  Oloekmakers' 

1776  ;  ma-u-r.  1824  ;  member  of  Levant 
MK'n.  lUro  rsf\»kUi  it,  ,. 

ROGERS,  JAMBS  EDWIN  TH«>UnU>  (IBM-jaw). 
t.rai  economist:  of  Kin**"  College,  London,  and 
«i:ii->.  Hall,  oxfort:  MJL,  1*9:  enrate  of  8t 


Company. 
pany  ;  de- 

' 


Oxford :  abandoned  clerical  profession ;  first  Tooke 
hMrd  rtB*Mis»aM!  »MM&H  -•:,•.„•,-.  * 
London.    1869-90;    Drummond   jiiaftsiM 


economy,  Oxford,  18S1-T  ; 


t  Tooke  pro- 
ing's  College, 
of  political 


economy,  orcester  College,  Oxford,  1888  :  reected 
mmoud  professor,  1888  ;  published  works  on  economic. 
economic  history,  Including  •  History  of  Agriculture 
Prices  '  (6  vols.),  1866-87.  [xlix.  113] 


»„.    u.loptoi; 

Clerical  Disabilities  Belief  Act,  of  which  he  was  first  to 

avail  himself,  1870;  engaged  in  political  agitation;  M.P., 

southwark,  1880-5,  Bennondse  v,  1886-  «  :  lecturer  in  poUU- 

cal  economy,  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1888  :  rejected 

Drummoud 

and 

and  Prices  ' 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (16007-15M),  martyr:  B.A.  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1626;  rector  of  Holy  Trinity. 
London,  1532-4  ;  chaplain  to  English  merchant  adven- 
turers at  Antwerp,  1534;  became  intimate  with  Tindal, 
was  converted  to  protestantism,  and  took  charge  of  pro- 
testant  congregation  at  Wittenberg,  c.  1537;  supplied 
with  prefatory  matter  and  marginal  notes  and 
for  publication  Tindal's  version  of  the  bibl,-, 
lished  at  Antwerp,  1637,  known  as  '  Matthew's 
dedication  being  signed  with  pseudonym,  •  Thomas 
thf.v  '  ;  rector  of  St.  Margaret  Moyses,  London,  and  vicar 
of  St.  Sepulchre,  London,  1650  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  1551  :  divinity  lecturer  at  St.  Paul's,  London  ; 
temporarily  suspended  for  declining  to  conform  to  ordi- 
nances respecting  vestments  ;  deprived  of  emolument*  of 
his  benefices  for  preaching  against  popery,  1563  ;  im- 
prisoned in  Newgate,  1664  ;  sentenced  to  death  as  heretic, 
1666  ;  burnt  at  Smithfield,  the  first  victim  of  the  Marian 
persecution.  [xlix.  186] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (16407-1603?),  diplomatist;  son  of 
John  Rogers  (15007-1556)  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Wittenberg; 
came  to  England,  1548  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1567;  fellow;  LL.D.,  1674:  joined  College  of 
Advocates,  1574;  M.P.,  Warebam,  1585,  1586,  and  1689; 
chanc.-ilor  of  Wells  Cathedral,  1596-1603;  employed  on 
several  diplomatic  missions  abroad.  [xlix.  189] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1572  7-1636  X  puritan  divine;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge;  vicar  of  Dedham,  1605-36,  his  lec- 
ture being  suppressed,  on  ground  of  his  nonconformity, 
1629-31.  [xlix.  129] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1627-16657),  Fifth-monarchy  man  : 
son  of  Nehemiah  Rogers  [q.  v.]  ;  joined  advanced  puritans, 
and  was  turned  out  of  doors  by  his  father  ;  servitor  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  received  presbyterian  ordina- 
tion, 1647  ;  minister  of  Purleigh  ;  went  to  London  and 
joined  independents:  lecturer  at  St.  Thomas  Apostle's, 
London  :  sent  by  parliament  to  Dublin  as  preacher,  1660  ; 
returned  to  England.  1652  :  joined  Fifth-monarchy  men  ; 
denounced  as  a  conspirator,  1654,  and  imprisoned  ;  re- 
leased, 1657  ;  sent  to  Tower  of  London  on  charges  of  con. 
spiracy,  1658  :  proceeded  to  Ireland  ;  became  chaplain  in 
Fairfax's  regiment,  and  subsequently  took  refuge  in  Hoi- 
land:  studied  medicine  at  Leydcn  and  Utrecht:  .M.I). 
Utrecht;  returned  to  England,  1662;  admitted  M.I>.  Ox- 
ford, 1664  ;  published  controversial  works,  [xlix.  180] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1610-1680),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1688  ;  vicar  of  Croglin, 
1661  ;  ejected,  1662.  [xlix.  130] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1680-1684),  divine  :  son  of  Nathaniel 
Rogers  [q.  v.],  with  whom  be  emigrated  to  New  England. 
1636:  graduated  in  theology  and  medicine  at  Harvard 
Uuivt  r-ity  ;  president  of  Harvard,  1682.  [xlix.  136] 

ROGERS,  JOHN  (1679-1729),  divine:  M.A.  Corpus 
Christl  College,  Oxfonl,  1700:  took  order*;  fellow,  1706  ; 
D.D.,  1719  ;  vicar  of  Buckland,  1704  ;  rector  of  Wrington  , 
1716;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  George  II.  tlicn  prince  of 
Wales,  1726  ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles  Cripplegate.  London, 
1728;  published  sermons  aud  cou  trove: 

[xllx.  183] 

4c2 


ROGERS 


1124 


ROKEBY 


ROGERS   JOHN  (1740  7-1814),  Irish  seceding  divine  ; 

minUter  at  banana,  oo.  MonaKhan,    1707:  opposed  re- 

kxatiou  of  penal  laws  against  Roman  catholic*,  1782 : 

nrofMSor  of  divinity  for  Irish  burgher  synod.  1796  ;  clerk 

ofsjnod,  1779-1814;  published  religious  ^iting^  ^ 

ROGERS    JOHN  (1778-1856),  divine;  of  Eton  and 
Trinity  Colkxo,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1810;  rector  of  Mawnan, 
1*07-38;  canon-residentiary  of  Exeter,  1820;  supervised  , 
Hebrew  bible,  published  by  Society  for  Promoting  Con- 
version of  Jews,  1813;  published  religious  works.   ^ 

ROGERS,  JOSEPH  (18*1-1889),  medical  practitioner :  | 
brother  of  James  Edwin  Thorold  Rogers  [q.  v.]  ;  medical 
officer  to  Strand   workhouse,   London,   1856-68,  and  of 
Westminster  infirmary,  1872 ;  founder  and  president  of 
Poor  Law  Medical  Officers'  Association.         [xlix.  125] 

ROGERS,  JOSIA8  (1755-1795),  navy  captain  ;  en- 
tered navy,  1771 :  commander,  1780 :  wounded  and  cap- 
tured in  engagement  off  Oape  May,  1782 ;  exchanged ; 
caouin.  1787  flag-captain  to  Sir  John  Jervis  ( afterwards 
Earl  of  St.  Vincent),  1790;  joined  fleet  in  West  Indies, 
1793,  and  died  of  yellow  fever.  [«U.  134] 

ROGERS,  NATHANIEL  (1598-1655),  divine :  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College.  Cambridge,  1621 ;  curate  at  Bockins? ; 
adopted  puritan  views ;  rector  of  Assington  ;  sailed  for 
New  England,  1636 :  pastor  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts, 
1638  ;  member  of  synod.  [xlix.  135] 

ROGERS,  NEHEMIAH  (1593-1660),  divine :  brother 
of  Timothy  Rogers  (1589-1650?)  [q.v.]:  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge: M.A.,  1618:  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ; 
prebendary  of  Ely,  1636 ;  rector  of  St.  Botolph'a,  Bishops- 
gate,  London,  1642 :  sequestered  of  rectory  and  prebend, 
1643 :  pastor  at  St.  Osyth,  near  Colchester ;  held  living 
of  Doddingburet,  near  Brentwood,  c.  1657  :  published 
treatises  on  the  parables.  [xlix.  136] 

ROGERS,  PHILIP  HUTCHINGS  (1786  ?-1853), 
painter;  educated  under  John  Bidlake  [q.  v.],  Plymouth ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1808-51.  [xlix.  137] 

ROGERS,  RICHARD  (1532?-1597),  divine:  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1552  :  B.D.,  1562  :  M.A. 
Oxford,  1660;  archdeacon  of  St.  Asaph,  c.  1559;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1566  ;  suffragan  bishop  of 
Dover,  1568 ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1584-97  :  master  of 
Eastgate  Hospital,  Canterbury,  1595.  [xlix.  137] 

ROGERS,  RICHARD  (1550  7-1618).  puritan  divine  ; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1574 ;  lecturer  at 
Wethersfleld,  c.  1577 :  temporarily  suspended  for  petition- 
ing against  Whltgift's  three  articles,  1583 :  joined  Cart- 
wright's  presbyterian  movement,  signed  Book  of  Disci- 
pline, and  in  consequence  frequently  suffered  persecution ; 
published  religious  works.  [xlix.  138] 

ROGERS,  ROBERT  (1727-1800),  colonel:  born  at 
Dunbarton,  New  Hampshire ;  commanded  '  Rogers's 
Rangers'  in  war  with  French  in  North  America,  1755-60; 
visited  England,  where  he  came  to  attract  George  Ill's 
notice  by  publishing  his  journals  ;  governor  of  Mackinaw, 
Michigan,  1765 ;  after  various  misfortunes  became  colonel 
in  the  British  army  in  America  and  raised  'queen's 
rangers' ;  published  topographical  and  historical  memoirs 
and  other  works  ;  died  in  England.  [xlix.  138] 

ROGERS,  SAMUEL  (1763-1855),  poet ;  entered  bank 
in  which  his  father  was  partner,  in  Comhill,  London ; 
began  contributing  to  '  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1781 ; 
published,  1792,  *  Pleasures  of  Memory,'  which  achieved 
popularity;  on  death  of  his  father,  1793,  he  became 
possessed  of  comfortable  means  and  grew  intimate  with 
most  eminent  men  of  his  day ;  visited  Paris,  where  he 
cultivated  tastes  as  an  art  connoisseur ;  attained  high 
position  among  men  of  letters,  many  of  whom  were  in- 
debted to  his  influence  or  personal  generosity ;  printed 
privately,  1808,  and  published,  1810,  a  fragmentary  epic 
on  'Columbus,'  and  other  poems  in  following  years,  in- 
cluding '  Human  Life '  (1819)  and '  Jacqueline,'  which  was 
printed  in  the  same  volume  with  Byron's  '  Lara '  (1814) : 
was  offered  but  declined  the  laureateship,  1850. 

[xlix.  1S9] 

ROGERS,  THOMAS  (rf.  1616),  protestant  divine: 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1676  :  rector  of  Homings- 
heath,  1681-1616:  opposed  Dr.  Bound  in  Sabbatarian  con- 
troversy ;  chaplain  to  Bancroft,  whom  he  aided  in  literary 


work ;  published  two  works  on  the  English  creed,  and 
other  writings.  [xlix.  142] 

ROGERS,  THOMAS  (1660-1694),  divine  :  of  Trinity 
College  and  H:irt  Hall,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1682:  rector  of 
BlaptoO,  near  Towcester,  1090 ;  published  miscellaneous 
writings.  [xlix.  143] 

ROGERS,  THOMAS  (1760-1832),  divine  ;  H.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1783  ;  head-master,  Wakeneld 
grammar  school,  1795-1814  ;  chaplain  of  West  Riding  house 
of  correction,  1817  ;  published  lectures.  [xlix.  144] 

ROGERS,  TIMOTHY  (1589-16507),  puritan  divine; 
preacher  at  Steeple,  1621 ;  vicar  of  All  Saints',  Sudbury, 
1636 ;  published  writings.  [xlix.  144] 

ROGERS,  TIMOTHY  (1658-1728),  nonconformist 
minister ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University ;  assistant  to 
John  Shower  [q.  v.]  in  London,  1690-1707 ;  published 
sermons  and  other  writings.  [xlix.  144] 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1580-1610),  engraver: 
probably  studied  copper-plate  engraving  in  school  of 
Wierix  family,  Antwerp,  and  is  first  Englishman  who  is 
known  to  have  practised  the  art.  Among  plates  by  him 
are  some  rare  portraits  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  [xlix.  145] 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  (1819-1896),  educational  re- 
former: educated  at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1844;  studied  theoloary  at  Durham;  perpetual 
curate,  1845,  of  St.  Thomas's,  Charterhouse,  London, 
where  he  did  much  to  ameliorate  social  condition  of  his 
parishioners  by  means  of  education ;  member  of  royal 
commission  on  popular  education,  1858  ;  chaplain  in 
ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1857;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  1862 ;  rector  of  St.  Botolph's,  Bishops- 
gate,  London,  1863.  He  founded  numerous  schools,  and 
was  active  in  reconstructing  Alleyn's  charity  at  Dulwich, 
1871.  [xlix.  145] 

ROGERS,  WILLIAM  GIBBS  (1792-1875),  wood- 
carver;  studied  style  of  Griuiing  Gibbons  [q.  v.],  and 
gained  considerable  reputation ;  employed  on  carvings  in 
Kensington  Palace  and  Pavilion,  Brighton,  [xlix.  146] 

ROGERS,  WOODES  (d.  1732),  commander-in-chief  of 
two  private  men-of-war  fitted  out  by  Bristol  merchants 
to  cruise  against  Spaniards  in  South  Sea,  1708:  reached 
Juan  Fernandez,  1709,  and  found  Alexander  Selkirk  [q.  v.]  ; 
proceeded  to  coast  of  Peru,  sacked  Guayaquil,  and  after 
several  engagements  returned  to  England,  1711 ;  published 
journal  of  the  voyage,  1712;  rented  Bahama  islands  from 
lords  proprietors  and  obtained  commission  as  governor, 
1717 :  arrived  at  Nassau,  1718,  and,  after  facing  serious 
opposition  from  pirates,  returned,  1721 ;  appointed  (1728) 
captain-general  and  governor-in-chief  of  Bahama  islands, 
where  he  died.  [xlix.  147] 

ROGER80N,  JOHN  BOLTON  (1809-1859),  poet; 
worked  in  mercantile  firm  and  afterwards  with  solicitor 
in  Manchester  ;  kept  bookshop,  1834-41  ;  contributed  to 
newspapers,  and  subsequently  engaged  in  journalistic  and 
other  enterprises  ;  published  poems.  [xlix.  148] 

ROGET,  PETER  MARK  (1779-1869),  physician  and 
savant ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  (M.D.,  1798)  and 
in  London :  physician  to  infirmary  at  Manchester,  1805  ; 
L.R.C.P.,  1809;  physician  to  Northern  Dispensary,  which 
he  projected,  1810 ;  physician  to  Spanish  embassy,  1820, 
and  to  Milbank  penitentiary,  1823;  commissioned  by 
government  to  inquire  into  water  supply  of  metropolis, 
1827-8  ;  first  Fullerian  professor  of  physiolopy.  Royal 
Institution,  1833-6 :  F.R.S.,  1816,  after  reading  of  paper  on 
a  new  sliding  rule  which  he  contrived ;  secretary  to  Royal 
Society  and  editor  of  the  'Proceedings,'  1827-49; 
F.R.C.P.,  1831,  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1831,  and  censor, 
1834  and  1835:  took  active  part  (1837)  in  establishment 
of  University  of  London ;  published '  Thesaurus  of  English 
Words  and  Phrases,'  1852.  [xlix.  149] 

ROKEBY,  BARONS.  [See  Romxsox,  RICHARD,  first 
BARON,  1709-1794  :  ROBINSOX-MOHUIS,  MATTHKW,  second 
BAIION,  1713-1800;  RoBixsox-MoxTAUU,  HKNRY,  sixth 
BAIION,  1798-1883.] 

ROKEBY,  JOHN  (d.  1573?)  canonist:  D.O.L.  St. 
Nicholas's  Hostel,  Cambridge,  1533  ;  member  of  Doctors' 
Commons,  1537 ;  counsel  for  Henry  VIII  in  his  divorce  ; 
held  prebends  in  York  and  Southwell.  [xlix.  151] 


ROKEBY 


1125 


ROKLOCK 


ROKEBY,  RALPH  (d.  1575  ),  secretary  of  council  of          ROLLE,    HENRY  (1SW7-16M1  iudoc 
•th :  cdiionN.,!  nt  Om>«ii.»ru»ii»  ru«.*ia— ,      w~_      n~,il-  i '•>••!.      .1..  . 


north:  nliicatol  at  yueeu*'  College,  Cambridge; 

ot  Lincoln  8  Inn.  [xlix.  162] 

ROKEBY.  It  A  I.I  -if  (i:,.>7  7-1596).  mauler  of  reque-  . 
UOOatW  :it  C-.^m-r. .;,'»•;  barrister,  Lincoln'*  Inn  •  clii.-f- 
justice  of  Counaught,  1570;  bencher  <.f  I.mo.ln'*  Inn, 
1572  :  master  of  requests,  1676  ;  master  of  SL  Catherine1- 
Hospttal,  Londoii,  1580.  [xlix.  IIS] 

ROKEBY,   Sin  THOMAS  nr  (rf.  13*6),  ju*tiolar  of 
land;    knighted  by  Edward  III,   1327;    commanded 


royal  escort  in  Scotland,  1336 ;  governor  of  St 
1336-42.  and  Edinburgh  Castle,  1338-43;  sheriff  of  York? 
shire,  1337  and  1343 ;  justiciur  of  Ireland,  1349-66,  and 
"*«•  [xlix.  152] 

ROKEBY,  THOMAS  PE  (rf.  14181  soldier:  M.P., 
'iorkshlre,  1406,  and  sheriff,  1408  and  1412:  defeated 
Percy,  carl  of  Northumberland,  ut  Brumliam  Moor,  1408. 

[xlix.  153] 

ROKEBY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1631  ?-1699),  ji.,' 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1650  ;    fellow,  1650-1 ;   bar- 
rister, Gray's  Inn,  1657;  ancient,  1676;  serjeant-at-law 
and  puisne  jndir.-  in  common  pleas,  1689;  knighted,  1689  ; 
removed  to  king's  bench,  1«95.  [xlix.  163] 

ROKEBY,  WILLIAM  (,/.  1521),  archbishop  of 
Dublin;  doctor  of  canon  law,  Oxford;  fellow  of  Kind's 
Hall,  Cambridge :  held  stall  of  St.  Andrew's  at  Bev.  rl,  y. 
1503:  bishop  of  Mcath  and  privy  councillor,  Ireland, 
1507:  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1512-21;  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland,  1812.  [xlix.  164] 

ROKESLEY,  GREGORY  PR(<f.  1291),  goldsmith  and 
wool  merchant:  alderman  of  Dowgate  ward,  London: 
sheriff,  1264  and  1270;  mayor  of  London,  1274-81  and 
1285;  king's  chamberlain,  1276;  master  of  exchange 
throughout  England,  or  chief  director  of  royal  mint, 
127K;  one  of  representatives  of  London  at  parliament 
hel-l  at  Shrewsbury  to  conduct  trial  of  David  of  Wales, 
12K3;  dismissel  for  answering  summons  to  royal  com- 
mission without  robes  of  office,  1285.  [xlix.  156] 

ROKEWODE,  AMBROSE  (15787-1606).  [See  ROOK- 
woon.] 

ROKEWODE,  JOHN  GAGE(17H6-1842),  antiquary; 
educated  at  Jesuit  college,  Stonyhurst :  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1818  ;  F.S.A.,  1818  ;  F.R.S. ;  director  of  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  1829  till  death ;  published  topographical 
works  relating  to  Suffolk.  [xlix.  156] 

ROLFE,  JOHN  (1586-1622),  colonist ;  sailed  from 
England,  1 609,  and,  having  been  wrecked  on  Bermudas, 
reached  Virginia,  Ifilu,  and  there  introduced  regular 
cultivation  of  tobacco,  1612 ;  married,  16i:i,  Pocahontas 
(1595-1617),  the  newly  converted  daughter  of  Powhattan, 
overking  of  Indian  tribes  from  Atlantic  coast  to  '  falls  of 
the  rivers ' ;  came,  IGlti,  to  England  with  his  wife,  who 
died,  1617 ;  returned  to  Virginia,  where  he  died.  Pocu- 
hontas  was  introduced  into  Ben  Jensen's  'Staple  of 
News '(1625).  [xlix.  167] 


College,  Oxford  ;  barrister.  I 
.  1637  and  1638; 


of   Exeter 


1618, 
S 


1665. 
pribB  M 


[xlix.  162] 
(Utt-lfttt^  merchant  and    ooli- 

Tu,rl^nM^l5Llfndon  ^P^^VciJSSiiS 

and  1628,  and  Truro  in  Short  and  Long  parliaments ;  his 


ROLL1,  JOHN 
tici.il  :    brother   of 


compensation  made  to  him,  1644. 


[xlix.  1ft] 


ROLLE.  JoHN,  BARON  ROI.I.R  or  STEVEXBTOXK 
(17SO-1M.  .vonshlre.  1780,1784,  and  1790- 

rtuiinrh  adh.Mv,,t,,f  Pitt  ;  hero  of  tin.-  •  Roll  lad?  ;  received 
title  of  Baron  Itolle  of  Steveustone,  1  796.        [xlix.  163] 

ROLLE,  RICHARD  DK  HAMPOKK  (12907-1149), 
hermit  and  author  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  took  op  abode 
as  hermit  in  a  wood  at  Thornton,  his  native  place  In 
Yorkshire,  subsequently  establishing  himself  snccesataly 


at  Dulton,  near  Rotherham,  and  Hampole,  i 
where  he  dial,  his  grave  being  said  to  L 
lous  healing  powers.  He  translated  portions  of  bible 
into  English,  and  occasionally  wrote  in  the  Northumbrian 
dialect.  His  works  include  two  Latin  ethical  treatises, 
'  DC  Emendatione  Vita?,'  and  •  Du  Incendio  Amorls,' 
translated  by  Richard  Misyn  in  1434  and  1436  respec- 
tively, an  English  poem,  'The  Prickc  of  Conscience' 
(printed  by  Richard  Morris  for  Philological  Society, 
1863),  and  an  English  paraphrase  of  Psalms  and  Canticles 
(Clarendon  press,  1884).  [xlix.  164] 

ROLLE  or  ROLLS,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1657-1678),  divine: 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  held  benefice  of  Duiiton  ; 
ejected,  1G62  ;  doctor  of  physic,  Cambridge,  1676  ;  chap- 
lain in  ordinary  to  Charles  II,  1678 ;  published  religious 
works.  [xlix.  167] 

ROLLESTON,  GEORGE  (1829-1881),  physician; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1853 ;  Sheppard  fellow, 
1861-62:  studied  medicine  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, Louden ;  M.D.,  1857  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1859  ;  physician  to 
British  civil  hospital  at  Smyrna,  1855-7 :  assistant-physi- 
cian, Hospital  for  Sick  Children,  Great  Ormond  Street, 
London,  1857  ;  physician  to  Radcliffe  Infirmary,  Oxford, 
and  Lee's  reader  in  anatomy  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ; 
Linacre  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  1860-81 ; 
sided  with  Huxley  in  dispute  with  Owen  in  reference  to 
Darwinian  theory ;  published  •  Forms  of  Animal  Life.' 
1870;  F.R,S.,  1862;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1872  ;  Harveian  orator,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1873  ; 
published  papers  and  addresses.  [xlix.  167] 


ROLLO,  ANDREW,  fifth  BAROX  H-n.io  (1700-1765 X 
soldier:    distinguished     himself    at     Dettingen,    174»; 
ROLFE,  ROBERT  MONSEY,  BAROX   CRAXWOKTH      lieutenant-colonel,  1756;  served  in  Louisburg  expedition. 


(1790-1868),  lawyer;  of  Winchester  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1815:  fellow  of  Downing  College; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1816  ;  appointed  K.O.  and  called 
within  bar,  1832:  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1832-9; 
Ferjeant-otrlaw,  1839  ;  M.P.,  Penryn  and  Falmouth, 
1832:  solicitor-general,  1834,  in  Melbourne's  first  ad- 
ministration, and  in  18:55,  when  he  was  knighted  ; 
baron  of  exchequer ;  took  seat  on  bench,  1839  ;  comnils- 
bioner  of  great  seal,  1850 ;  vice-chancellor  and  privy 
councillor,  1860 ;  created  Baron  Cranworth  of  Cranwortb, 
Norfolk,  1850 ;  one  of  the  first  lords  justices  on  crea- 
tion of  court  of  appeal  in  chancery,  1851  ;  lord  chancellor, 
1852 ;  presided  over  royal  commission  for  consolidation 
of  statutes,  1864 ;  a  governor  of  the  Charterhouse,  London, 
1855  ;  resigned  office  on  Lori  Derby's  accession  to  power, 
1.858  :  brought  forward  '  Cran worth's!  Act '  for  shortening 
of  conveyances,  1860 :  reappointed  lord  chancellor  on 
Lord  Westbury's  retirement,  1865 ;  resigned,  1866. 

[xlix.  168] 

ROLLAKD,  JOHN  (Jl.  1560),  Scottish  poet :  presbyter 
of  diocese  of  Glasgow ;  notary  at  Dalkeith,  1566 ;  wrote 
•  Court  of  Venus '  (c.  1560)  and  •  The  Seven  Sages '  (1660), 
two  poems,  published  probably  posthumously. 

[xlix.  161] 


and  conquest  of  Canada,  1768-60:  colonel  and  brigadier- 
general  in  America,  1760  :  in  West  Indies,  1761-2. 

[xlix.  169] 

ROLLO,  JOHN  (<*.  1809),  surgeon  ;  studied  medicine 
at  Edinburgh;  surgeon  in  artillery,  1776  :  served  fh 
West  I  in  lies  ;  returned  to  Woolwich  as  surgeon-general. 
e.  1781 ;  M.D. ;  published  surgical  works.  [xlix.  169] 

ROLLO,  sometimes  called  ROLLOCK,  Sin  WILLIAM 
(<f.  1645),  royalist  ;  captain  In  General  King's  lifeguards ; 
major  in  Montrose's  army,  1644  ;  captured  by  Argyll, 
but  released,  it  is  said,  on  promise  to  assassinate  Mon- 
trose,  to  whom,  however,  he  disclosed  the  scheme  ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Philiphaugh  and  executed.  [xlix.  17o] 

ROLLOCK,  HERCULES  (jf.  1577-1619),  school- 
master ;  brother  of  Robert  Rollock  [<|.  v.]  ;  graduated 
at  St.  Andrews  ;  master  of  high  school,  Edinburgh,  1684  ; 
wrote  Latin  verses.  [xlix.  170] 

ROLLOCK,  PETER  (d.  1626?),  Scottish  divine  and 
lawyer  :  passed  advocate  before  1673 ;  titular  bishop  of 
Dunkeld.  1586:  extraordinary  lord  of  council,  1687; 
ordinary  lord  of  session,  1698-1610 ;  accompanied  James  VI 
of  Scotland  to  Enu'lund,  1603,  and  was  naturalised ;  re- 


BOLLOCK 


1126 


ROMILLY 


timed  bishopric.  1G06  :  displaced  from  privy  council  and 
bench  UJM  but  w^  reared  to  sent  in  privy  council, 
1616,  and  renppointed  extraordinary  lord  of  session,  _16 19. 

ROLLOCK  or  ROLLOK,  1UHIEKT  (15557-1599), 
divine  •  brotl»T  of  Hercules  Jlollock  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St. 
Salrator's  CoU<*e,8t.  Andrews :  p.-oiVssur  :  examiner  of 
art*,  and  director  of  faculty  of  arts,  1580  ;  first  principal 
f  newly  founded  college,  afterwards  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity 168J  till  death  :  professor  of  theology,  1587 :  one 
of  three  ministers  chosen  to  remonstrate  with  James  VI 
for  his  'hard  dealing  with  the  kirk,'  1596,  but  subse- 
quently supported  James  VI's  policy :  minister  of  Upper 
Tolbooth  and  of  Magdalen  Church,  afterwards  Un-yf riars, 
Edinburgh,  1598  ;  published  theological  <rri<«JJ| 

ROLPH.  JOHN  (1793-1870),  Canadian  politician; 
bom  at  Thornbury,  Gloucestershire;  studied  medicine  in 
London ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple ;  went  to  Canada,  1820 ; 
called  to  bar,  1821 :  member  of  assembly  for  Middlesex, 
Upoef  Canada.  1825 :  member  of  executive  council, 
18S«;  joined  William  Lyon  Mackenzie  [q.  v.]  in  plot 
against  existing  government,  1837,  and  on  its  failure  tied 
to  Russia :  returned  to  Canada  on  declaration  of 
amnesty,  1843 ;  member  of  assembly  for  Norfolk,  1845  ; 
retired  from  political  life,  1857.  [xlix.  173] 

ROLT.  SIR  JOHN  (1804-1871),  judge  :  born  at  Cal- 
cutta •  apprenticed  as  woollendraper  In  London  ;  clerk 
in  Doctors'  Commons,  1827  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple, 
1837 ;  Q.C.,  1846  ;  M.P.,  Western  Gloucestershire,  1857-67  ; 
appointed  attorney-general  and  knighted,  1866;  lord 
justice  of  appeal  and  privy  councillor,  1867.  [xlix.  173] 

ROLT,  RICHARD  (1725  ?-1770),  author  :  held  post 
in  excise,  but  lost  it  through  joining  Jacobites,  1745; 
went  to  Dublin  and  subsequently  gained  living  in  London 
by  miscellaneous  authorship  :  composed  many  cantatas 
and  other  pieces  for  Vauxhall,  Drury  Lane,  and  other 
London  theatres;  engaged  with  Christopher  Smart  [q.v.] 
to  write  monthly  miscellany,  *  The  Universal  Visitor  ' ; 
published  miscellaneous  works,  including  '  A  Dictionary 
of  Trade  and  Commerce,'  for  which  Dr.  Johnson  wrote 
the  preface,  1756.  [xlix.  174] 

ROMAINB,  WILLIAM  (1714-1795),  divine;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1737 ;  chaplain  to  Sir  Daniel 
Lambert  during  year  of  office  as  lord-mayor  of  London, 
1741  ;  lecturer  in  united  parishes  of  St.  George's,  Botolph 
Lane,  London,  awl  St.  Botolph's,  Billingsgate,  London, 
1748  ;  lecturer  at  St.  Duustan's-lu- the- West,  London, 
1749 :  additional  preacher  at  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  London,  1750  ;  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham 
College,  London :  became  supporter  of  Whitefield,  1755, 
and  consequently  was  compelled  to  resign  lectureship  at 
St.  George's ;  chaplain  to  Lady  Huntingdon ;  held  curacies 
in  London  and  (1766-95)  the  living  of  St.  Anne's,  Black- 
friars  ;  published  religious  treatises  and  pamphlets. 

[xlix.  175] 

ROMATNE,  WILLIAM  OOVETT  (1815  -  1893), 
lawyer ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1859  ;  barris- 
ter, Inner  Temple,  1839 ;  deputy  judge-advocate  of  army 
in  east,  1854 ;  C.B.  and  second  secretary  to  admiralty, 
1857;  judge-advocate-geueral  in  India,  1869-73  ;  member, 
1876,  and,  later,  president  of  Egyptian  Couseil  du  Trcsor ; 
comptroller-general  in  Egypt.  [xlix.  177] 

.  ROMANES,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1848-1894),  man  of 
science  ;  was  born  at  Kingston,  Canada  West,  1848,  but 
came  with  his  parents  to  England  at  an  early  age :  B.A. 
Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1870 :  honorary 
fellow,  1892  ;  Burney  prizeman,  1873  ;  formed  friendship 
with  Darwin  ;  studied  physiology  at  University  College, 
London,  1874-6 ;  engaged  in  researches  on  medusa?  and 
echinoderms ;  F.R.S.,  1879  ;  made  investigations  respect- 
ing mental  faculties  of  animals  in  relation  to  those  of 
man,  1881-1 ;  held  professorship  at  Edinburgh,  1886-90 ; 
Fnllerian  professor  of  physiology  at  Royal  Institution, 
18HH-91 ;  expounded  in  paper  contributed  to  Linnean 
Society,  1886,  theory  of  physiological  isolation,  dealing 
with  the  possible  evolution  of  a  distinct  species  from  an 
'  group  of  an  original  species ;  zoological  secretary 
an  Society  ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford ;  founded 
B  lecture  at  Oxford,  1891 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Aberdeen, 
1881.  HI*  publications  include  '  Candid  Examination  of 
Theism,'  1878,  '  Animal  Intelligence,'  1881,  '  Mental  Evo- 
lution in  Animals,'  1888,  •  Mental  Evolution  in  Man/ 
1888,  and  » Darwin  and  after  Darwin,'  1892.  [xlix.  177] 


ROMANS.  BERNARD  (17207-1784?),  oii.L'ini-cr  : 
born  in  Holland;  educated  in  England;  employed  by 
British  irovernment  as  civil  engineer  in  North  America  ; 
government  botanist  in  East  Florida,  1760-71  :  joined 
provincials  on  outbreak  of  revolution  ;  constructed  forti- 
fications of  Fork  Constitution,  1775 ;  captain  of  Penn- 
sylvania artillery,  1776  ;  captured  by  British,  1779.  and 
subsequently  practised  as  engineer  in  England  :  Disap- 
peared mysteriously  on  voyage  to  New  York.  1784; 
published  works  on  natural  history  of  Florida,  history  of 
Netherlands,  and  other  subjects.  [xlix.  180] 

ROMANUS(/.  624),  bishop  of  Rochester,  621;  pro- 
bably came  to  Britain  us  missionary  with  Augustine. 

[xlix.  181] 

ROMANUS  or  LE  ROMEYN,  JOHN,  the  elder  (rf. 
1255),  ecclesiastic:  canon  of  York  before  l'J18:  arch- 
deacon of  Richmond,  1211  till  c.  1247  ;  treasurer  of  York, 
1247.  [xlix.  181] 

ROMANUS  or  LE  ROMEYN,  JOHN,  the  younger 
(d.  1296),  divine  ;  son  of  John  Uomumi-  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1258  ;  chan- 
cellor of  Lincoln,  1275  :  professor  of  theology  at  Paris  ; 
prebendary  of  York,  1279;  archbishop  of  York,  1285; 
summoned  to  render  military  service  against  Scotland, 
1291 ;  engaged  in  dispute  with  Antony  Bek  I  [q.  v.]  con- 
cerning relations  of  sue  of  Durham  to  that  of  York. 

[xlix.  181] 

ROMER,  KMMA,  afterwards  MRS.  ALMOND  (1814- 
1868),  vocalist :  first  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London, 
1830 ;  at  English  Opera  House  (Lyceum),  London,  and 
later  again  at  Covent  Garden,  where  she  gained  great 
reputation,  1835;  married  George  Almond,  1835;  took 
chief  parts  in  opera  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1837  ;  under- 
took management  of  Surrey  Theatre,  London.  1852. 

[xlix.  183] 

ROMER,  ISABELLA  FRANCES  (d.  1852),  miscel- 
laneous writer.  [xlix.  184] 

ROMER,  JOHN  LAMBERTUS  (1680-1754  ?),  engi- 
neer ;  sou  of  Wolfgang  William  Romer  [q.  v.]  :  served  in 
artillery  train  in  Flanders  and  Spain  ;  ensign,  1708 ; 
lieutenant.  1713;  engineer  at  Sheerness,  1715  ;  engineer  in 
charge  of  northern  district  and  Scotland,  1720 ;  captain, 
1739  ;  director  of  engineers,  1742.  [xlix.  185] 

ROMER,  WOLFGANG  WILLIAM  (1640-1713),  mili- 
tary engineer ;  born  at  the  Hague;  entered  service  of 
Prince  of  Orange,  whom  he  accompanied  to  England, 
having  gained  rank  of  colonel ;  engineer  in  Ireland,  1690- 
1692 ;  took  part  in  campaigns  of  1690  and  1691  ;  chief 
engineer  to  ordnance  train  of  Mediterranean  expedition, 
1693;  reported  on  defences  of  Guernsey,  1694  ;  as  chief 
engineer,  accompanied  Lord  Bellamont  to  New  York, 
1697:  fortified  Boston  harbour,  1701-3;  engaged  in 
fortifying  Portsmouth,  1708.  [xlix.  184] 

ROMILLY,  HUGH  HASTINGS  (1856-1 892),  explorer : 
of  Winchester,  Repton,  and  Christ  Church.  Oxford  ; 
entered  mercantile  firm  in  Liverpool ;  held  government 
appointments  in  Fiji  islands:  deputy -commissioner  for 
Western  Pacific,  1881 ;  acted  as  administrator  of  New 
Guinea,  1885-6  ;  O.M.G.,  1886  ;  deputy-commissioner  and 
consul  of  New  Hebrides  and  Solomon  islands,  1887-90; 
published  topographical  works.  [xlix.  186] 

ROMILLY,  JOHN,  first  BAROX  ROMILLY  (1802-1874), 
lawyer ;  son  of  Sir  Samuel  Romilly  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Trinity 
Collwrc,  Cambridge,  1826;  barrister.  Gray's  Inn.  1827; 
bencher;  liberal  M.P.,  Bridport,  1832-5  and  1846,  and 
Devonport,  1847-52;  Q.C.,  1843;  solicitor-general,  1843: 
attorney-general,  1850 ;  privy  councillor,  1851 :  master  of 
rolls,  1851-73 ;  created  Baron  Romilly  of  Barry,  Gloucr-tcr- 
shire,  1865.  [xlix.  186] 

ROMILLY,  JOSEPH  (1791-1864),  divine;  fellow. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1815  ;  M.A.,  1816  ;  took  holy 
orders  ;  opposed  catholic  emancipation,  1829  :  rcgistrary 
of  the  university,  1832-61 ;  arranged  and  catalogued  all 
university  papers.  [xlix.  187] 

ROMILLY,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1757-1818),  law  reformer; 
embraced  Rousseau's  doctrines  at  an  early  age ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1783,  treasurer,  1803;  made  acquaintance  of 
Dumont,  the  Genevese  preacher  ;  exposed  several  anoma- 
lies of  criminal  law  in  anonymous  '  Observations  on 
"  Thoughts  on  Executive  Justice  "  [by  Martin  Madan],' 
1786:  published,  1790,  translation  of  letters  by  Dumont 
on  events  of  1789;  K.O.,  1800;  chancellor  of  county 


ROMNEY 


11 -J7 


ROPER 


l>ala.t.inc   of   Durham,    Isii.".   ].',;    solicitor-i."  iieral    to    ad- 
ministnitiun  ,,f  •  All  tlu-  Talent-  '  :  knighi.-d.  1 ! 
QueeilborOUgh,  ]sui;-7,  Hi.r-ham.  1H«I7  <nn-eat.-l  ..n   |M-ti- 
tion),  Wan-ham,  1808-12,  Arundcl,1812,ui 
IMIH  ;  effected  great  reform*  in  <•<«!»•  <i[  cmmii.i 

inent:    favoured    tin-  emancipation  of    Kmuan 
and   abolition  of   .-la  very  :    published  4Ob«crvuticiii-   <>M 
O-iminul  i^iwm  Kr.  .i-rworln:  com- 

jnitu.il  suicide  on  death  ut   his  wife.    His  in. .: 
|jeared  iM.rthumously.  [xlix. 


EAUL    OF  (1641-1701).     [See  SIDNEY, 


ROOKE,  Sm  GBORGB  (1650-1709).  admiral ;  nephew 
of  Lawrence  Kooke 

'.tx>rted  revolution  of  1888:  rear-admiral  of  red, 
16»o:  took  part  in  battle  of  Beoch>  H«-*t :  ,  i.x-odmiral 
of  blue,  1693 :  fought  with  dUUnctlon  In  bottle  of  Bar- 

r :  appointed  to  conTojr  outv 


omuUtlug  of  KngU*h  and  Dut 
treated  before  French  fleet  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  losing 


many  merchant 

Si  HI 


ROMNEY, 

iU:\in.] 

ROMNEY.  GEORGE  (1734-1802),  painter: 
son  of  a  builder  and  cabinet-maker  of  Dalton-in-Fi 
^l.prcnr,-,,!.  1755,  to  Edward  Steak  (d.  1760?)  [q.  v.].  a 
jwrtruit-paintcr  then  at  Kendal :  married  Mar. 
1756:  started  independently  a*  portrait-painter  at  Kcndul ; 
•come  to  London, leaving  hU  wife,  from  whom  he  remained 
separated,  1762;  perhaps  gained  prize  from  N 
Arts  for  picture  '  Death  of  General  Wolfe,'  1763  ;  studied 
in  Paris,  1701;  gained  second  premium,  fifty  u'nin. M-, 
from  Society  of  Arts  for  '  Death  of  King  Edmund,1  17r,5  ; 
visited  Italy,  1772  :  made  acquaintance  of  William  Hayley 
[q.  v.],  whose  friend  he  remained  till  death :  copied 
various  works,  Including  Raphael's  » Transfiguration.' 
then  the  altar-piece  of  San  Pietro  in  Montorio ;  settled 
nt  31.'  CavendMi  Square,  London  :  patronised  by  Duke  of 
Richmond,  Geor^iana,  duchess  of  Devonshire,  and  other 
I'a-hionablc  sitters  :  professional  rival  of  Reynold-,  who 
.-Lowed  him  marked  hostility,  between  1783  and  17W  be 
produced  many  ]K>rtraits  and  sketches  of  Emma  Hart, 
Afterwards  Lady  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  and  after  her  marriage 
lie  painted  her  with  her  child  in  the  picture  known  as 
-The Sempstress';  visited  Paris,  1790:  contributed  thr.v 
\\-orks  to  Uoydell's  '  Shakespeare  Gallery,'  1791,  a  project 
wliich  he  warmly  supported.  His  portrait  (17s-.>>  i-  in 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  [xlix.  1'Jl] 

ROMNEY,  JOHN  (1758-1832),  son  of  George  Uomnry 
[q.  v.] :  M.A.  and  fellow,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1785;  H.D.,  1792:  non-resident  rector  of  Southen.  17ss- 
1799  ;  rector  of  Thnrcarton  and  Cockley  Clay,  1H()I  ;  pub- 
lished  memoir  of  his  father,  the  painter,  1830. 

[xlix.  199] 

ROMNEY,  JOHN  (1786-1 863),  engraver. 

[xlix.  200] 

ROMNEY,  PETER  (1743-1777),  paiuter:  brother  of 
Oeorge  Homncy  [q.  v.],  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed  at 
Kendal :  made  various  efforts  to  establish  connection  a* 
portrait-painter,  but  was  unsuccessful  in  consequence  of 
liia  irregular  habits.  [xlix.  200] 

ROMNEY.  SIR  WILLIAM  (</.  1611),  governor  of 
Merchant  Adventurers'  Company ;  incorporator  and  one 
of  first  directors  of  East  India  Company  ;  governor,  1606 : 
alderman  of  London,  1602,  sheriff,  1603  :  knighted,  1603  : 
(actively  promoted  expeditions  to  discover  North-west 
Passage,  1601  and  1610.  [xlix.  200] 

RONALDS,  EDMUND  (1819-1889),  chemist :  n-pl.ew 
of  Sir  Francis  Ronalds  [q.  v.] ;  studied  on  continent: 
1'h.D.  Giessen;  lecturer  in  chemistry  at  St.  Mary's  and 
Middlesex  Hospitals;  professor  of  chemistry.  Queen's 
<  'ollege,  Galway,  1849-50  ;  director  of  TJonnington  chemi- 
val  works,  1850-78 ;  published  writings.  [xlix.  201] 

RONALDS,  Sin  FRANCIS  (1788-1873).  el«-trii-ian 
nnd  meteorologist;  studied  practical  electricity  under 
.lean  Andre  do  Luc;  made  experiments  (1810)  which  re- 
sulted in  invention  of  a  telegraphic  instrument  based  on 
principle  of  synchronously  revolving  discs  ;  published 
an  account  of  the  invention,  1823  :  invented  and  patented 
i  perspective  tracing  instrument,  1825 :  honorary  director 
and  superintendent,  Meteorological  Observatory,  Kew, 
1843-52  :  F.K.S.,  1844 :  devised  system  of  automatic  regis- 
tration for  meteorological  instruments  by  means  of  photo- 
graphy, 1844-5 ;  subsequently  lived  chieHy  on  continent ; 
knighted,  1871 ;  left  valuable  library  of  electrical  works 
•containing  some  manuscripts  by  himself.  [xlix.  201] 

RONAYNE,  JOSEPH  PHILIP (1822-1876),  engineer: 
.  ntcred  office  of  Sir  John  Benjamin  McNeill  [q.  v.],  civil 
* •ntfineer,  of  London  and  Glasgow:  subsequently  engaged 
;n  many  railway  and  hydraulic  enterprises  in  British  islands 
and  in  California  ;  M.LO.E.,  1856 ;  M.P.,  Cork,  1872-6. 

[xlix.  204] 


|40M   of    MM   and    lor!    ..••:.. 

.,»,.«,:.,., 

M.F.,  I 

fleet  in  Sound  to  rapport  Ob 
LTOQ 


Oadix  expedition  of  BngUah  ami  Dntohthlpa,  1703:  failed 


Spanish  fleet  at  Vigo ;  returned  to  KngUnd :  privy 
oillor :  commauiler-in-chief  of  grand  fleet,  1703  ;  captured 
(Jibniltnr:  engaged  French  fleet  in  battle  off  Gibraltar, 
which,  though  indecUlre.  resulted  in  retreat  of  French  : 
returned  to  England,  and  owing  to  party  prejudice  wu 
superseded  in  command.  [xlix.  304] 

ROOKE,  SIR  GILES  (1T4J-1808).  judge;  educated  at 
Harrow  and  St.  John's  College,  OxfordTM.A^  1766;  fel- 
low of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1 766-84 ;  barriiiter,  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  1766;  king's  serjeaut,  1793:  knighted  and 
appointed  to  puisne  judgeship  of  common  pleas,  1781. 

[xlix.  3081 

ROOKE,  JOHN  (1780-1856),  writer  on  political 
economy  and  geology  ;  originally  a  farmer ;  studied  politi- 
cal economy  and  became  zealous  advocate  of  free  trade. 

[xlix.  34)8] 

ROOKE,  LAWRENCE  (1622-1662),  astronomer :  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1648;  M.A., 
1647 :  fellow  commoner,  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  16W) ; 
profes.«or  of  astronomy,  1652-7,  and  of  geometry,  1W7-6*, 
i  ire.-ham  College,  London  :  assisted  in  formation  of  Royal 
Society ;  published  astronomical  works,  and  left  similar 
writin'trs  which  appeared  posthumously.  [xlix.  209] 

ROOKE,  WILLIAM  M1('HAKL(1794-1847X  musician; 
born  at  Dublin,  where  he  worked  with  his  father,  a  trades- 
man :  deputy-leader  at  Dublin  Theatre  Hoyal»18l7  ;  went 
to  London  :  perhaps  director  at  English  opera,  Drury 
Lane,  London.  1821  ;  produced  his  most  successful  opera, 
•  Auiilic,'  at  Oovcnt  Garden,  London,  1837.  [xlix.  310] 

ROOKER.  EDWARD  (1718  7-1774),  engraver  In  Lon- 
don :  became  celebrated  for  architectural  plates :  exhibited, 
1760-8,  at  Incorporated  Society  of  Artist*,  of  which  hu 
was  an  original  member.  [xlix.  210] 

ROOKER,  MICHAEL,  called  MK-HABL  AXGKM> 
UOOKKII  (1743-1801),  engraver  and  painter:  son  of  Ed- 
ward Hooker  [q.  v.],  under  whom  and  Paul  Sandby  [q.  v.] 
he  studied  :  A.K.A.,  1770  ;  contributed  plates  to  Kean-ley's 
Copper-Plate  Magazine '  (1776-7)  and  otljer  publications : 
scene-painter  at  Haymarket  Theatre,  I/ondon :  exhibited 
water-colour  landscapes  at  Itoyal  Academy,  [xlix.  211] 

ROOKWOOD  or  ROKEWODE.  AMBROSE  (l«78?- 
1606),  conspirator:  educated  in  Flanders,  whither  his 
family,  who  were  Roman  catholic-*,  hod  tied  from  persecu- 
tion ;  succeeded  to  his  father's  <  -tati-<  at  Manningneld, 
1600 :  indicted  for  recusancy,  1605  :  joined  Robert  Cate*by 
in  '  gunpowder  plot ' ;  arrested  at  Holbeach,  and  executed 
at  Old  Palace  Yard,  Westminster,  with  Winter,  Key«s, 
and  Fawkes.  [xlix.  211] 

ROOKWOOD,  AMBROSE  (1664-1696),  Jacobite; 
brigadier  under  James  II ;  executed  at  Tyburn. 

[xlix.  81J1 

ROOM,  HEXRY  (1802-1850),  portrait-painter;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  from  1826.  [xlix.  212] 

ROOME,  EDWARD  (d.  1729),  song-writer:  brought 
up  as  lawyer ;  solicitor  to  treasury.  1728 ;  aroused  by  his 
writings  enmity  of  Pope,  who  satirised  htm  in  •  Dunctad ' ; 
wrote  some  songs  in  *  Jovial  Crew '  produced  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1731.  [xlix.  212] 

R008.    [See  Ron.] 
ROOTH,  DAVID  (1573-1650).    [See  ROTHK  or  ROTH.] 

ROPER,  ABEL  (1665-1726),  tory  journalist;  ap- 
prenticed as  publisher  in  London,  and  subsequently 
set  up  business  independently:  said  to  hare  been  first 
printer  of  *  LiUiburlero ' ;  imprisoned  on  charge  of  aiding 


KOPEK, 


ill's 


KOSE 


revolutionary  conspirators  by  his  publication?,  1696; 
•tarted,  1695,  'Post  Boy.'  tory  newspaper,  with  which  he 
was  count-etui  till  c.  1714.  [xlix.  2115] 

ROPER.  MARGARET  (1505-1M4),  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  More  [q.  v.]:  married  William  Roper  [q.  v.], 
e.  1W5 :  according  to  Stnpleton,  privately  purchased  the 
head  of  her  dead  father  a  month  after  it  had  been  ex- 
pand on  London  bridge,  and  preserved  it  in  spices  till 
her  death :  burial  in  Chelsea  church.  An  ancient  leaden 
box  dbcorered  in  the  Roper  vault  at  St.  Dunstan's 
church,  Canterbury,  where  her  husband  was  buried,  was 
opened  in  June  1*21,  and  contained  a  head  which  was 
•sfumed  to  be  More'*.  [xxxviii.  439] 

ROPER,  ROPER  8TOTE  DONNISON  (1771-1823?), 
legal  writer:  barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1799;  his  works  in- 
clude'  Treatise  upon  Law  of  Legacies,'  1799.  [xlix.  214] 

ROPER,  SAMUEL  (rf.  1658),  antiquary;  hided  Dncr- 
dale  in  his  history  of  Warwickshire  ;  probably  served  as 
colonel  in  parliamentary  army.  [xlix.  215] 


WILLIAM  (1496-1578),  biographer  of  Sir 
Thomas  More  [q.  v.] ;  held  jointly  with  his  father,  and 
afterwards  alone,  till  1577,  clerkship  of  pleas  of  court  of 
king's  bench ;  married,  1525,  Margaret  [see  ROPER,  M  AK- 
i.  U;KT],  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  whose  biography 
lie  subsequently  compiled  (published,  Paris,  1626);  M.P., 
Bramber,  1529,  Rochester,  1545  and  1554,  Winchelsea, 
1*53,  Canterbury,  1555  and  1558  ;  summoned  before  privy 
council  for  sympathy  with  Roman  catholics,  1568,  but 
discharged  on  bond  for  his  good  behaviour,  [xlix.  215] 

RORY  or  RURY  OGE  ((/.  1578).  [SeeO'MoRK,  RORY.] 
RORY  O'MORE  (ft.  1C20-1652).  [See  O'MoRE,  ROUY.] 

ROB  or  R008  OP  HAMI.AKK,  BARON  (</.  1543).  [See 
MAXXKRS,  THOMAS,  afterwards  first  EARL  OF  RUTLAND.] 

ROS  or  ROSSE,  JOHN  HE  (d.  1332),  bishop  of 
Carlisle:  prebendary  of  Hereford:  archdeacon  of  Salop 
before  1308  till  1318 ;  papal  chaplain  and  auditor,  c.  1317  ; 
canon  of  Wells  and  Salisbury,  c.  1318 ;  bishop  of  Carlisle, 
1325-32.  [xlix.  216] 

ROS,  JOHN  DE,  BARON  Ros  (</.  1338),  admiral; 
second  son  of  William  de  Ros  [q.  v.]  ;  in  Edward  Il's 
household,  r.  1322  ;  joined  Queen  Isabella,  1326  ;  seneschal 
of  Edward  Ill's  household ;  joint-admiral  of  fleets  in 
Thames  awl  northwards,  1337.  [xlix.  220] 

ROB,  ROBERT  DE  (</.  1227),  surnamcd  FURFAN, 
baron ;  bailiff  and  castellan  of  Bonueville-snr-Touques, 
Lower  Normandy,  1195  :  sent  with  others  by  King  John 
to  arrange  meeting  with  William  the  Lion,  c.  1199;  re- 
ceived grant  of  lauds  in  Northumberland,  including  Wark, 
where  he  built  a  castle,  1200;  assumed  temporarily  the 
monastic  habit,  1212;  joined  barons  against  King  John, 
c.  1215 ;  excommunicated  by  Innocent  IV,  1216 ;  one  of 
last  barons  who  continued  resistance:  submitted  to 
Henry  III ;  witnessed  thinl  issue  of  Great  Charter,  1226  ; 
again  took  monastic  habit,  c.  1227  ;  married  Isabella, 
daughter  of  William  the  Lion.  [xlix.  216] 

ROB,  ROBERT  DE,  BARON  Ros  OP  WARK  (d.  1274), 
son  of  Robert  de  Ros  (d.  1227)  [q.  v.]  ;  justice  itinerant, 
1284:  marshal  of  household  to  Henry  III;  one  of 
guardians  of  Alexander  Ill's  queen,  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Henry  III,  1252 ;  deprived  of  lands  for  cruelty  to  Mar- 
garet, e.  1255 ;  joined  barons  in  civil  war,  c.  1263. 

ROB,  WILLIAM  DE,  second  BAROX  Ros  (d.  1317) 
bom  before  1260;  son  of  Robert  de  Ros,  first  baron  Ros 
of  Helmsley  or  Hamlake  (d.  1285),  nephew  of  Robert  de 
Ron  (d.  1274)  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied  Edward  I  to  Wales, 
1277  ;  one  of  claimants  to  Scottish  crown,  1291,  but  with- 
drew claim  :  served  in  Gascony,  1297 ;  joinudefender  of 
Northumberland  against  Scots,  1307.  [xlix.  219] 

R08A,  CARL  AUGUST  NICHOLAS  (1843-1889), 
musician  ;  born  at  Hamburg,  his  surname  being  Rose  • 
studied  at  Leipzig  and  Paris ;  formed  Carl  Rosa  Opera 
Company  in  London,  1875,  when  he  changed  his  name  to 
Bwa ;  subsequently  played  successfully  at  many  theatres. 

ROB  A,  THOMAS  (1575 1-1618).  [See  Row*  THoS*.] 
TIIK  FAIR  (d.  1176?).    [See  CLIFFORD, 


ROSCARROCK,  NICHOLAS  (1540  ?-1634  ?),  poetical 
writer:  B.A.  (?  Exeter  College),  Oxford,  156S  ;  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1572  ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London  as 
Roman  catholic,  1680-6.  and  in  Fleet,  London,  1594  ;  lived 
nt  Haworth  Castle  from  1607  ;  contributed  verses  to- 
Tottell's  edition  of  John  Bossewell's  '  Workes  of  Armorie  * 
(1572)  and  othei  'publications.  [xlix.  220] 

R08COE,  HENRY  (1800-1836),  biographer :  son  of 
William  Roscoe  [q.  v.] ;  articled  as  solicitor  in  Liverpool, 
1817;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1826;  his  works  include 
life  of  William  Roscoe  (1833).  [xlix.  221] 

ROSCOE,  THOMAS  (1791-1871),  author  and  trans- 
lator ;  eon  of  William  Roscoe  [q.  v.] ;  published  miscel- 
laneous writings,  [xlix.  222] 

ROSCOE,  WILLIAM  (1763-1831),  historian  ;  assisted 
his  father  in  market-gardening ;  articled  as  attorney  at 
Liverpool :  admitted  attorney  of  court  of  king's  bench, 
1774:  retired  from  profession  and  devoted  himself  to 
literary  studies ;  engaged  as  partner  and  manager  m 
banking  business  in  Liverpool,  1799 ;  studied  botany ; 
F.L.S.,  1805 ;  whig  M.P.  for  Liverpool,  1806-7 ;  lost 
money  owing  to  run  on  and  subsequent  suspension  of 
payment  by  his  bank,  1816 :  promoter  and  first  president 
of  Liverpool  Royal  Institution,  1817;  was  declared  bank- 
rupt, 1820,  and  provided  for  by  benevolence  of  friends. 
His  works  include  'Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,'  1795, 
'  Life  and  Pontificate  of  Leo  the  Tenth,'  1805  ;  an  edition 
of  Pope's  works  and  several  volumes  of  verse,  including- 
'  The  Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grasshopper's  Feast,'  1807 
(now  a  children's  classic).  He  formed  collection  of  books 
and  prints,  part  of  which  went,  after  his  pecuniary 
disaster,  to  the  Liverpool  Athenaeum.  [xlix.  222] 

ROSCOE,  WILLIAM  CALDWELL  (1823-1859X  poet 
and  essayist :  son  of  William  Stanley  Roscoe  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  University  College,  London;  graduated, 
London,  1843;  called  to  bar,  1850;  works  include  two 
tragedies.  .  [xlix.  225] 

ROSCOE,  WILLIAM  STANLEY  (1782-1843),  minor 
poet ;  son  of  William  Roscoe  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge ;  partner  in  his  father's  bank. 

[xlix.  225] 

ROSCOMMON,  EARL  OF  (1633  ?-1685).  [See  DILLON, 
WENT  WORTH,  fourth  EARL.] 

ROSE  or  ROSS,  ALEXANDER  (1647  ?-1720).  [See 
Ross.] 

ROSE,  CALEB  BURRELL  (1790-1872),  geologist: 
apprenticed  as  surgeon ;  studied  medicine  at  Guy's  and 
St.  Thomas's  Hospitals,  London;  F.R.C.S.,  1846 ;  published 
writings  on  Norfolk  geology.  [xlix.  226] 

ROSE,  GEORGE  (1744-1818),  statesman  :  educated  at 
Westminster  School ;  entered  navy ;  served  principally  in 
West  Indies  ;  left  navy,  1 762  ;  clerk  in  record  office  of  ex- 
chequer; secretary  to  board  of  taxes,  1777;  secretary  to 
treasury  during  Shelburue's  ministry,  1782-3.  and  during 
Pitt's  ministry,  1784-1801:  M.P.,  Launceston,  1784; 
appointed  for  life  master  of  pleas  in  court  of  exchequer : 
M.P.,  Lymington,  1788,  and  Christchurch,  1790-1818; 
privy  councillor,  1802 :  vice-president  of  board  of  trade 
and  joint-paymaster-general  during  Pitt's  second  adminis- 
tration, 1804-6;  vice-president  of  board  of  trade  and 
treasurer  of  navy,  1807-12  ;  deputy-warden  of  New  Forest, 
1808;  subsequently  again  treasurer  of  navy;  wrote 
chiefly  on  financial  subjects.  [xlix.  226} 

ROSE,  SIR  GEORGE  (1782-1873),  judge:  of  humblte 
parentage ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Peterhouse  and! 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1835;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1809  ;  K.C.  and  bencher  of  his  inn,  1827  ;  reader, 
1834,  and  treasurer,  1835  ;  appointed  judge  of  court  of  re- 
view and  knighted,  1831;  master  in  chancery,  1840-58: 
F.R.S.,  1834 ;  F.G.S. :  first  chairman  of  Law  Life  Insurance 
Society,  1844  ;  published  legal  writings.  [xlix.  230] 

ROSE,  GEORGE  (1817-1882),  dramatist,  novelist,  and 
humorous  entertainer:  clerk  in  custom  house;  entered 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1841  :  M.A.,  1848;  held  curacies 
at  Camberwell  and  Christ  Church,  Hoxton ;  assistant- 
reader  at  Temple;  joined  Roman  catholic  church,  1865- : 
adopted  literary  career  and  produced  several  suecessfuf 
dramatic  pieces ;  contributed,  under  pseudonym  '  Arthur 
8ketchley,'  to  'Routledge's  Annual,'  1866,  and  subse- 


ROSE 


1129 


ROSS 


quently  to  '  Fun,"  monologue*  of  Mrs.  Hro  MI.  which  were 
published  in  book  form  :  afterwards  toured  rouu  I  tin- 
world  as  public  entertainer.  [xlix.  230] 

ROSE,  SIR  GEORGE  HENRY  (1771-1865).  diplo- 
matist:  son  of  George  Rose (1744-1818 )  [q.  v.)  ;  M  \.  -•. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  1795  ;  held  diplomatic  Appoint- 
mi-lit  at  the  Hague,  179?,  and  Berlin,  1798-4:  M.P.. 
Southampton,  17<J4  1813;  deputy  paymaster-general  of 
land  forces,  1806  ;  British  minister  at  Munich,  1813,  and 
Berlin,  1816;  M.P.,  Chri-t.-l.nrch,  1H18  4J  ;  privy  ooun- 
cillor,  1818;  published  religious  pamphleU  and  other 
writing!,  [xlix.  831] 

ROSE,  HENRY  JOHN  (1800- 1871),  theologian:  edu- 
cated at  St.  Peter's  and  St.  John'*  College*,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1884 :  B.D..  1831  :  fellow  of  St.  John's  Ool'ege, 
Cambridge,  1824-38;  B.I).  Oxford,  1861:  minister  of  St. 
Edward's,  Cambridge,  1832-3;  Hulsean  lecturer,  1833; 
rector  of  Houghton  ('onquo<  1837-73 ;  archdeacon  of 
Bedford,  1866-73  :  puhlisht«l  rvlik'ious  works,  and  assisted 
his  brother,  Hugh  Jama  Rose (1796-1838)  [a.  v.].ln  many 
publications  ;  one  of  revisers  of  authorised  Old  Testa- 
ment, [xlix.  232] 

ROSE.  HUGH  HEKRY,  BAROS  8TRATHXAIRN(1801- 
1886),  field-marshal  :  born  and  educated  at  Berlin  :  en- 
Kiirn,  1R20  :  major,  1826 :  lieutenant-colonel,  1839  :  selected, 
1840,  for  special  service  in  Syria,  against  Mehemet  All's 
Egyptian  army :  deputy  adjutant-general  to  Omar  Paslia ; 
colonel  (local  rank)  and  commander  of  British  deUch- 
ments  in  Syria ;  consul-general  for  Syria,  1841 :  secretary 
of  embassy  at  Constantinople  and  brevet-colonel,  1861 ; 
charge  d'affaires  in  place  of  Sir  Stratford  Canning,  1862 : 
appointed,  on  declaration  of  war  against  Russia  by  Eng- 
land and  France,  queen's  commissioner  at  headquarters 
of  French  Commander-in-chief,  with  local  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general ;  served  at  Alma  and  Inkerman  :  major- 
general,  1864 ;  K.C.B.,  1855  ;  commander  of  legion  of 
honour;  volunteered  for  service  in  India,  1857;  took 
RAthgarh  and  Garhakota,  relieved  Sagar,  and  captured 
important  pass  of  Maltun,  1858 ;  defeated  Tantia  Topi ; 
took  Kunch  and  Kalpl:  won  victory  at  Moriir:  retook 
Gwuliar;  resigned  command  to  Napier  and  took  com- 
mand at  Bombay  of  Puna  division  ;  G.O.B.  ami  colonel, 
lieutenant-general  and  commander-in-chief  of  Bombay 
army,  and,  later,  commauder-in-chief  in  India,  with 
local  rank  of  general,  1860;  K.O.S.I.,  1861:  G.O.S.I., 
1866;  returned  to  England,  1864 :  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1865; 
commander  of  forces  in  Ireland,  1866-70 :  created  Baron 
Strathnalrn  of  Strathnairn  and  Jansl,  1866;  president  of 
army  transport  committee ;  general,  1867  :  colonel,  royal 
horse  guards,  1869 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1870;  field-mar- 
shal, 1877.  [xlix.  233] 

ROSE.  HUGH  JAMES  O795-1838),  theologian  :  bro- 
ther of  Henry  John  Rose  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1817 ;  frequently  select  preacher  at  Cambridge 
between  1825  and  18:!4  :  preben<lnry  of  Chichester,  1827- 
1833  ;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  Thomas's,  Southwark,  1838- 
1838;  founded  'British  Magazine  ...  of  Ecclesiastical 
Information,'  1832  :  professor  of  divinity  at  Durham, 
1833-4 :  principal  of  King's  College,  London,  1836 :  left 
England  for  his  health  ;  died  at  Fiesole.  He  engaged  in 
many  literary  undertakings,  including  •  Encyclopedia 
Metropolitana,'  which  he  edited  from  1836.  Row's '  New 
Biographical  Dictionary '  (12  vols.,  1840-8),  prelected  by 
him,  was  edited  by  others  after  his  death.  [xlix.  240] 

ROSE,  HUGH  JAMES  (1840-1878),  military  chap- 
lain ;  son  of  Henry  John  Rose  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Oriel  Col 
lege,  Oxford,  1867  ;  held  several  posts  as  military  chap- 
iain  :  '  Times '  correspondent  in  Spain ;  published  works 
on  Spain.  [xlix.  233] 

ROSE,  JOHN  (?)  AUGUSTUS  or  AUGUSTE  (1757- 
1841),  usher  to  the  French  national  convention  in  1793; 
perhaps  born  in  Scotland ;  said  to  have  served  in  American 
war  ;  usher  to  French  national  assembly,  e.  1790 ;  was 
entrusted  with  duty  of  arresting  two  brothers  Robespierre 
and  their  comrades,  1794,  and  had  to  escape  after  exe- 
cuting his  mission,  but  returned  later  ;  attached  to  French 
chamber  of  peers,  1814.  [xlix.  242] 

ROSE,  SIR  JOHN  (1820-1888),  Canadian  statesman 
born  in  Aberdeenshire ;  educated  at  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen; went  to  Canada,  1836;  called  to  bar  of    Lower 
Canada,  1842;  Q.C.,  1848:  member  for  Montreal,  1867 
solicitor-general  for  Lower  Canada,    1857;    minister  of 


public  works  1868-41  : 
t  London  conference  on  Canadian  federation,  1*67  ;  privy 
:..r  and  first  minister  of  finance  for  Dominion: 
resigned  office  and  settled  in  England,  e.  186* 

:  rivy  councillor,  1886;  receiver-general  for  <l 
of  Lancaster,  188S.  [xlix.  241] 

ROSE.  SAMUEL  (1767-1804),  Mend  of  Oowper:  son 
of  William  ROM  [•?.  v.]  :  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  barrister. 
Lincoln'*  Inn,  1796;  counsel  to  Duke  of  Kent;  aa«lsteJ 
Cowper  after  1787 ;  edited  legal  and  other  works. 

[Xlix.  84J] 

ROSE,  WILLIAM  (1719-1786),  translator:  educated 
at  Mariscbal  College.  Aberdeen  :  conducted  school  at  Ke w, 
in.l,  from  1758,  at  Chi* wick  ;  published  translations  from 
8«Jlast(1767).  [xlix.  Ml] 

ROSE,  WILLIAM  STEWART  (1775-1848),  poet ;  too 

of  George  Rose  (1744-1818)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton; 

M.P.,  Chrlstchurch,  1796,  Chlltero  Hundred*.  1800  :  read- 

.-k  of  House  of  Lords  and  clerk  of  private  com- 

.   1800-24:  formal  friendship  with  Scott,    1803; 

travelled  on  continent,  1814-18.    His  publications  include 

a  rhymed  translation  from  the '  Amadls  '  of  Herbemy  dec 

Essarts  (1803)  and  a  metrical  version  of  Ariotto  (1823-3l>, 

[xlix.  244  J 

R08EBERY,  EARLB  OF.  [See  PRIMROSE,  ARCHIBALD, 
first  EARU  1661-1723;  PIUMKO.HK,  ARCHIBALD  JOHN, 
fourth  EARL,  1783-1868.] 

ROSEINORAVE,  DANIEL  (16557-1727),  musician: 
organist  at  Winchester  Cathedral,  1681-92,  Sal'sbury 
Cathedral,  1692-1700,  and  St.  Patrick's  and  Christchurch 
Cathedrals,  Dublin,  from  1698  ;  wrote  vocal  music. 

[xlix.  246] 

RCBEINGRAVE,  RALPH  ( 1695-1 747X  organUt ;  Mm 
of  Daniel  Roseingrave  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  bis  father  at 
Dublin,  1727.  [xlix.  846] 

ROSEINORAVE,  THOMAS  (1690  ?- 1755  ?),  musi- 
cian ;  brother  of  Ralph  Roseingrave  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
harpsichord  under  Domenico  Scarlatti  in  Italy  ;  organist 
of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  London,  1725-37 :  for 
some  time  a  successful  teacher.  His  compositions  include 
sonatas,  fugues,  and  three  anthems.  [xlix.  246] 

R08EK,  FRIEDRIOH  AUGUST  (1806-1837),  San- 
skrit scholar:  born  in  Hanover;  studied  at  Ldpxiff. 
Berlin,  and  Paris ;  profe-wor  of  oriental  languages  at 
University  College,  London,  1888-30,  of  Sanskrit,  18J6: 
prepared  text  and  Latin  translation  of  the  •  Rigveda ' 
(vol.  i.  published,  1838).  [xlix.  247] 

ROSENBERG,  GEORGE  FREDERIC  (1825-1869), 
painter ;  associate  of  •  Old  Water-colour '  Society.  l«47. 

[xlix.  247) 

ROSENHAGEN,  PHILIP  (1737?-179«).  divine:  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1763;  Platt  fellow,  1761-71;  rector  of 
Mountnessing :  military  chaplain ;  retired  to  continent 
owing  to  gambling  excesses,  r.  1770-80 ;  rector  of  Little 
Easton,  1781 :  archdeacon  of  Colombo,  where  he  died ; 
wrote  in  Wilkes's  cause  and  claimed  authorship  of 
•  Jnnius '  in  hopes  of  getting  pension  to  cease  writing. 

ROSEWELL,  SAMUEL  (1679-17WX  divine  :  son  of 
Thomas  Rosewell  [q.  v.]  :  ordained,  1706:  lecturer  at 
Founders*  Hall,  Lothbury,  London,  1718-19.  [xlix.  249] 

ROSEWELL.  THOMAS  (1630-1698),  nonconformist 
minister ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1651  :  rector 
of  Uoude,  1653.  and  of  Sutton-Mandeville,  1667 ;  ejected, 
1662 ;  chaplain  to  Lady  Hungerford,  1663-71,  and  to  Philip 
Wharton,  fourth  baron  Wharton  [q.  v.],  1674 :  presby- 
terian  minister  at  Rotberhithe,  1674 :  arrested  on  false 
charge  of  treasonable  preaching,  1684  ;  found  guilty  by 
Judge  Jeffreys,  but  discharged  on  bail;  published  pam- 
phlets, [xlix.  *•] 

ROSIEE,  JAMES  (1576-1636),  royager :  sailed  with 
Bartholomew  Gosnofcl  [q.  v.]  to  New  England, MM.  and 
with  George  Weymouth  [q.  v.],  1606.  Published  account 
of  latter  voyage.  [xlix.  861] 

ROSMEAD,  BAROX  (1824-1897).  [See  RoBixuox, 
Sin  HKHCCLKH  GROROK  ROBERT.] 

ROSS,   DUKK   OF   (1476  7-1604).     [See    STEWIBT, 


BOSS 


11HO 


ROSS 


nuo.  I  MM.- OK.  [See  MArnoNAi.n.  I>«>NAI.I>,  ninth 
Vu-i  •/  14901',  MAI  IIMNAI.P,  Ai.KXANM'Ki:,  tnith  KAKI., 

M  v, -I...VAI.I..  JOHN,  eleventh  KAKI.,  </.  149S  V] 
ROSS,    MOTUKR  (1M7-1739).     [See  DAVIES,  CHIUS- 

TIAX.] 

ROSS.   ALKXANDER  (1591-1654),  divine;  educated  , 
at  King'*  Collesre,  Abenieen  :    schoolmaster  at  South-  i 
ampton,  161G :  chaplain,  r.  1622,  to  Charles  I,  who  pro- 
«entcd  him  to  vicarage  of  Carisbrooke :    published,  in 
Latin  and  English,  poetical  and  other  works.    He  is  men- 
tioned in  Hndibras,  pt.  i.  canto  ii.  [xlix.  251] 

ROSS  or  ROSE,  ALEXANDER  (1647  ?-1720),  Scot- 
tish divine  :  M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1667  :  minis- 
ter at  Old  Church,  Perth,  1672-83  :  professor  of  divinity 
at  Glasgow,  1683:  D.D.  and  principal  of  St.  Mary's 
College,  St.  Andrews :  bishop  of  Moray,  1687 :  bishop 
of  Edinburgh,  1688 :  refusal  allegiance  to  William  and 
Mary :  deprived  by  act  abolishing  episcopacy,  1689 ;  pur- 
sued  policy  of  consecrating  bishops  without  jurisdiction, 

ROSS,  ALEXANDER  (1699-1784),  Scottish  poet; 
M.A.  Marischal  College,  Abenieen,  1718;  schoolmaster, 
1732-84,  at  Lochlee,  Angus,  where  he  was  also  session 
clerk,  precentor,  ami  notary  public ;  published  volume  of 
•veree containing 'The  Fortunate  Shepherdess,'  1768,  and  ! 
left  poetical  manuscripts.  [xlix.  254] 

ROSS,   ALEXANDER  (1742-1827X  general ;  ensign, 
1760;  captain,  1775:  served  in  American  war;  aide-de-  ] 
camp,  1780,  to  Cornwallis,  whose  intimate  friend  he  be-  j 
came;  major,  1780  :  served  in  India;  colonel,  1793  ;  sur-  i 
veyor-general  of  ordnance,  1795  ;  general,  1812  ;  governor 
of  Fort  George.  [xlix.  255] 

ROSS,  ALEXANDER  (1783-1856),  fur  trader:  born 
in  Nairnshire  :  emigrated  to  Canada,  1805  :  accompanied 
Pacific  Fur  Company's  expedition  to  Oregon,  1810-12  ; 
joim-d  (1813)  North- West  Company,  to  whom  Astoria 
(founded,  1811)  had  been  made  over  by  Pacific  Company, 
and  received  command  of  Oakinacken  ;  commanded  fort 
of  Nez  Perces,  1818 ;  joined  Hudson  Bay  Company.  1821 : 
.settled  in  Red  River  settlement,  and  subsequently  took 
prominent  part  in  its  organisation  ;  published  topogra- 
phical works.  [xlix.  256] 

ROSS,  ANDREW  (1773-1812),  colonel:  ensign,  1789; 
captain  of  an  independent  company  of  foot,  1792  :  served 
in  Ireland :  major,  1794 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  Hew 
Whitefoord  Dalrymple  [q.v.],  1795-7  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1800;  at  Gibraltar,  1802;  active  in  suppressing  mutiny  ; 
colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  George  III,  1809. 

[xlix.  257] 

ROSS,  ARTHUR  (rf.  1704),  Scottish  divine  :  educated  j 
at  St.  Andrews  ;  minister  of  Kinernie  ;  signed  declaration 
of  synod  of  Abenieen  in  favour  of  establishing  episcopacy, 
1C60;   bishop  of  Argyll,  1675,  and  of  Galloway,  1679;  i 
archbishop  of  Glasgow,  1679,  and  of  St.  Andrews,  1684; 
favoured   toleration  of  Roman  catholics,  1686 ;    refusal 
Allegiance  to  William  III ;  deprived  of  see  by  act  abolish- 
ing episcopacy,  1689  ;  published  sermons.       [xlix.  257] 

ROSS,  DAVID  (1728-1790),  actor:  educated  at  West- 
minster; played  in  Dublin,  1749;  engaged  by  Garrick  at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1751-6,  and  achieved  'considerable 
popularity,  his  parts  including  Buckingham  ('Henry 
VIII '),  Banquo,  and  Edgar  (•  Lear ') :  at  Covent  Garden, 
Ixuidoii,  1757-67,  playing  Othello,  Hamlet,  and  other 
Shakespearean  characters ;  patentee  and  manager  of  a 
theatn-  in  Kdinburgh, 1767  ;  reappeared  at  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1770  ;  last  appeared,  1778.  [xlix.  259] 

ROSS.  GKORGE  (1814-1863),  legal  writer;  grandson 
of  Sir  John  Lockhart  Ross  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  Scottish  bar, 
1835  ;  professor  of  Scots  law,  Edinburgh  University,  1861. 

ROSS,  Sin  HEW  DALRYMPLE  (1779-1868),  field- 
marshal;  cadet  at  Woolwich,  1793  ;  sub-lieutenant,  royal 
artillery,  1796;  captain-lieutenant  and  adjutant  at  Wool- 
wich, 180:;;  captain,  1806;  commanded  'Chestnut'  troop 
in  Peninsula,  1809-14;  brevet-major,  1811;  in  Waterloo 
campaign,  1814-15 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1825 ;  commanded 
royal  artillery  in  northern  district  under  Sir  John  BY  UK 
(afterwards  fxml  Strafford)  [q.  v.],  1828 :  held  delegated 
•wnmand  in  four  northern  counties  of  the  district ;  coloiu-1, 
07 :  depmy  adjutant-general  of  artillery  at  headquarters, 
>-»4 ;  lieutcnant-areneral  of  ordnance,  1854 ;  prepared 


artillery  for  rrinira  :  trenoral,  1854;  on  comma ndor-i n- 
chtef  8  staff  as  adjutant-general  of  artillery,  18S5-8;G.OJB^ 
1855;  field-marshal  and  Ueutenant^gbventOT  of  Chelsea 
Hospital,  1868.  [xlix.  261] 

ROSS,  HORATIO  (1801-1886),  sportsman:  joined 
light  dragoons,  1819  ;  retired  with  rank  of  captain,  1826  ; 
M.l'..  Aberdeen  boroughs,  1881,  and  Montrose,  1832-4; 
captain  of  Scottish  team  in  match  for  Elcho  Shield,  1862, 
and  took  part  in  the  match  five  times  ;  published,  1880, 
introduction  to  Macrae's  'Deerstalking.'  [xlix.  264] 

ROSS.  JAMES  (1835-1871),  chief-justice  of  Manitoba  : 
son  of  Alexander  Koss  (1783-1856)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Toronto  University ;  took  part  in  administration  of 
Manitoba  (Red  River  Settlement) ;  chief -justice,  1870. 

[xlix.  256] 

ROSS,  JAMES  (1837-1892),  physician  ;  M.D.  Aber- 
deen,  1864  ;  practised  at  Newchurch,  Rossendale ;  removed, 
1876,  to  Manchester,  where  he  became  pathologist  to  the 
infirmary,  assistant-physician,  1878,  and  physician,  1888  ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1882 ;  professor  of  medicine,  Owens  College. 
Manchester,  1887;  published  'Treatise  on  Disease*  of 
Nervous  System,'  1881.  [xlix.  265] 

ROSS,  SIR  JAMES  CLARK  (1800-1862),  rear-admiral ; 
entered  navy,  1812  ;  lieutenant,  1822  ;  accompanied  Sir  Wil- 
liam Edward  Parry  [q.  v.]  in  voyages  in  1819-20, 1821-3, 
1824-5,  and  1827;  commander,  1827;  accompanied  Felix 
Booth  expedition,  1829-33,  and  discovered  magnetic  pole, 
1831;  post-captain,  1834 ;  employed  on  magnetic  survey 
of  United  Kingdom,  1838;  commanded  expedition  for 
geographical  discovery  in  Antarctic,  1839-43;  published 
account  of  voyage,  1847  ;  gold  medallist,  geographical 
societies,  London  and  Paris,  1842;  knighted,  1843;  hon. 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1844;  held  command  in  expedition  to 
relieve  Franklin,  1848-9  ;  rear-admiral ;  F.R.S.,  1828. 

[xlix.  265] 

ROSS,  JOHN  (1411  ?-1491).  [See  Rors.] 
ROSS  or  ROSSE,  JOHN  (1719-1792),  bishop  of  Exeter : 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1744;  incorporated 
at  Oxford,  1744;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1756;  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1744-70  ;  preacher  at  the  Rolls, 
and  king's  chaplain,  1757 :  held  benefice  of  Frome,  1760- 
1792  ;  canon  of  Durham,  1769-78  ;  bishopof  Exeter,  1778  ; 
F.R.S.,  1758;  edited  Cicero's  'Letters,'  1749.  [xlix.  266] 

ROSS,  JOHN  (1763-1837),  musician ;  organist  of  S> 
Paul's  Episcopal  Church,  Aberdeen,  1783-1836 ;  composed 
pianoforte  and  vocal  pieces.  [xlix.  267] 

ROSS,  SIK  JOHN  (1777-1856),  Arctic  navigator: 
brother  of  Andrew  Ross  [q.  v.] :  entered  service  of  East 
India  Company,  1794;  lieutenant  in  navy,  1805;  com- 
mander, 1812 ;  in  Baltic  and  North  Sea,  1812-17:  went  in 
search  of  North- West  Passasre,  1818  and  1829-33,  when 
Boothia  peninsula,  Kins?  William  Land,  and  Gulf  of 
Boothia  were  surveyed;  post-captain,  1818 :  K.C.B.,  1834  ; 
published  accounts  of  voyages,  1819  and  1835  ;  gold  medal- 
list, geographical  societies  of  London  and  Paris,  1834; 
consul  at  Stockholm,  1839-46;  went  on  unsuccessful 
private  expedition  in  search  of  Franklin,  1850  ;  rear- 
admiral  ;  published  works  on  nautical  subjects. 

[xlix.  267] 

ROSS,  JOHN  (1800  ?-1865  ?).    [See  Dix.] 

ROSS,  Sm  JOHN  LOCKHART  (1721-1790),  vice- 
admiral  ;  son  of  Sir  James  Lockhart :  entered  navy,  1735 ; 
commander,  1755  :  post-captain,  1756  :  in  Channel,  1756-7 ; 
in  North  Sen,  Channel,  and  Quiberou  Bay,  1758-60: 
assumed  name  of  Ross  on  succeeding  to  Ross  estate  of 
Balnagowan,  1760  ;  M.P.,  Lanark  boroughs,  1761 :  rear- 
admiral,  1779  :  served  in  Channel,  North  Sea,  and  Medi- 
terranean, 1779-82 ;  vice-admiral,  1787.  [xlix.  269] 

ROSS,  JOHN  MERRY  (1833-1883),  Scottish  writer  ; 
LL.D.  Glasgow,  1874;  sub-editor  of  Chambers'**  'Encyclo- 
paedia,' 1859;  a  work  by  him  on  'Scottish  History  and 
Literature'  appeared  posthumously  (1884).  [xlix.  271] 

ROSS,  JOHN  WILSON  (1818-1887),  author ;  born  at 
Belmout,  St.  Vincent ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ; 
secretary  to  vendue-master  of  Berbice,  British  Guiana: 
subsequently  engaged  in  literary  work  in  London  :  pub- 
lished 'Tacitus  and  Bracciolini :  the  Annals  forged  in 
Fifteenth  century,'  1878,  and  other  works  in  prose  ami 
verse.  [xlix. -JD! 

ROSS,  PATRICK  (1740  ?-1804),  practitioner-engineer 
and  ensign  in  corps  of  engineers,  1758 ;  lieutenant,  1760 ; 


ROSS 


1131 


ROTHE 


Kiiiflnecr  extraordinary  ami  captain-liciitt  mint,  1763  ;  Ii«-u- 
ttMiant-coloncl  and  chief  engineer  at  M;idra-.  177(1;  member 
of  L'ovcrnor's  council  ;  chief  emrimvr  in  campaigns  against 
Tan  tore,  1771-5:  reconstruct,-!  .ln.-nc.-s  oi  \  ,,n  i, 
accompanied  Commodore  Johustonu's  abortive  expedition 
a'.Minst  Dutch  settlements  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  17-1  . 
accompaniiil  Major-i  inn-nil  Muart's  army  a>ruliut  Tipu, 
sultan  of  Malsur,  17*3;  colonel  in  company's  service, 
17*:: ;  joined  army  under  Corn \vallis  acting  against  Tipu, 
1791-2';  nt  siege  of  Scringapatam,  1792:  in  England, 
1793-5  ;  brevet  colonel  iu  India,  1794,  and  in  army,  1796 : 
niaior-k'eneral,  1797;  superintended  at  M.dras  engineer- 
ing operations  in  campaigns  of  1798  and  1799:  returnol 
to  England ;  retired,  1803 ;  M.P.,  Tfimiilll  1801-4. 

[xlix.  171] 

ROSS,  UoliKKT  (1766-1814),  soldier:  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  ensign,  1789  ;  captain  and  major, 
1795;  as  major  in  10th  foot  served  in  Holland  under 
Duke  of  York,  1799:  brevet  lleutenant-colond,  IHul  :  .., 
Italy,  1806  ;  greatly  assisted  iu  defeat  of  French  at  Malda ; 
lieutenant-colonel  of  10th,  18O8:  with  Sir  John  Mo..r.  m 
Ooruna  campaign,  1808:  at  Walcheren,  1809;  brevet 
colonel  and  akie-de-camp  to  George  III,  1810;  again  in 
Peninsula,  1811 ;  commanded  expeditionary  force,  in  co- 
operation with  Admiral  Sir  A.  Coehranc,  rent  rgifarH 
coasts  of  United  States.  1814  ;  won  buttle  of  Bludei»t.nnr 
and  took  Washington,  24  Aug.  1814  :  died  from  wound 
received  at  Baltimore.  A  monument  to  him  is  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral ;  the  name  Ross  of  Bladeusburg  was  given  to 
bis  widow  aud  descendants.  [xlix.  174] 

ROSS,  SIR  ROBERT  DALRTMPLE  (1828-1887), 
Australian  statesman  :  Ixirn  at  St.  Vincent ;  educated  in 
England;  clerk  in  commissariat  department  in  Crimea. 
1855 :  senior  commissariat  officer  at  Capo  Coast  Castle, 
1856-9 :  deputy  assistant-commissary-general,  1858 ;  served 
in  China,  1860,  in  South  Australia,  1862,  New  Zealand, 
1864-5  :  returned  to  England,  1869  :  commissary -general 
1870;  retired  to  South  Australia,  1H71  :  member  of  as- 
aembly,  1875,  speaker,  1881 ;  knighted,  1886.  [xlix.  177] 

ROSS,  THOM AS  ( 1575  ?-161 8),  Scottish  divine;  M.A. 
Edinburgh,  1595 ;  minister  at  Gargill,  Perthshire,  1606 : 
went  to  Oxford,  c.  1615,  and  being  in  destitution  and 
perhaps  crazed,  affixed,  1618,  a  libellous  Latin  thesis  on 
door  of  St.  Mary's  church  ;  tried  aud  executed  at  Edin- 
burgh, [xlix.  278] 

ROSS,  THOMAS  (rf.  1675),  translator:  B.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1642 ;  adhered  to  Charles  II  in  exile: 
keeper  of  Charles  IPs  library,  1661 :  M.A.  Oxford,  1663  ; 
secretary  to  Henry  Coventry  (1619-1686)  [q.  v.]  on  em- 
bassy to  Swedish  court,  1663 ;  published  a  translation 
from  Silius  I talicus,  and  other  writings.  [xlix.  278] 

ROSS,  WILLIAM,  twelfth  BAROX  Ross  of  Hawk- 
head  (1656  7-1738),  took  part  in  opposition  to  covenanters, 
c.  1679  :  major  nnder  Graham  of  Claverhousc,  1683 ;  made 
member  of  Scottish  privy  council,  1686,  but  dismissed  by 
James  II ;  supported  claims  of  William  and  Mary  at  the  re- 
volution ;  temporarily  imprisoned  on  charge  of  connection 
with  Montgomery  plot,  1690 ;  apiminted,  after  Queen  Anne's 
,  lord  high  commissioner  to  church  of  Scotland : 


commissioner  for  the  union. 


[xlix.  279] 


ROSS,  WILLIAM  (1762-1790),  Gaelic  poet:  school- 
master at  Gairloch ;  two  volumes  of  his  poems  were  pub- 
lished posthumously.  [xlix.  280] 

ROSS,  Silt  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1794-1860),  minia- 
ture-painter :  studied  at  Royal  Academy,  1808 :  assistant 
to  Andrew  Robertson  [q.  v.],  c.  1814  ;  patronised  by  Eng- 
lish and  other  royal  families :  R.A.,  1842  ;  obtained  extra 
premium  in  Westminster  Hall  competition,  1843.  His 
miniatures  include  portraits  of  Queen  Victoria,  Duchess  of 
Kent,  Prince  Albert,  and  Queen  Adelaide.  [xlix.  280] 

ROSSE,  EARI.H  OK.  [See  PARSONS,  SIR  LAWUKNTK, 
second  EARL,  1768-1841 ;  PARSONS,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL, 
1800-1867.] 

ROSSE,  JOHN  DK  (rf.  1332).    [See  Ros.] 

ROS8ETER,  PHILIP  (15757-1623),  lutenlst:  one  of 
James  I's  musicians,  c.  1604  ;  joint-patentee  of  company 
of 'Children  of  the  Revels  to  the  Queen,'  1610;  published 
books  of  music  and  instruction  for  lute  and  other  instru- 

[xlix.  282] 


M*W:    -,-t..,    .,!    | 

London:    her  tint 

mini  IStti  MlMM  Mi 

nym  'Ellen  Aileyne,'  I860;  pabHsbsd  'Goblin 

(  I,,  r  !--t  MrfObl  •"'-•  '    ' 

Soug  '  (nnmry  rhymes).  1871,  and 


,;,,.  v.     ; 

printed  pi 

mm* 
Market' 

).  !  -  ;...  •  .-::u- 


votional  literature;  for  many  year*  an  Invalid. 

[xllx.SM] 

R088ZTTI,   I'ANTK  GABRIEL  (18J8-18W).  painter 
d  poet  :  ton  of  Gabriele  Rossetti.  who  can*  to  England, 


and  poet ;  sou  of  Gabriele  Rossetti.  who  cam*  t 
ltN,ml  VMfMtaMVd  lt:,l,..n.  KmgVi  oil,.- 
1881;  educated  at  King's  CoU*re,Loadon, 
studied  drawing  nnder  John  8eU  Cotman  [q.  r.] :  adopted 


published  in  1861 

trait,'  •  Retro  me  Sathana*,'  and 

stndieil  painting  under  Ford 


art  as  profewion,  1841  ;  itudted  at  Royal  Academy,  1M46  : 
begun,  1846,  translation*  from  Dante  and  oontemporariM. 
published  in  1861  ;   wrote  'BteaMd  Damoari,'  "The  Por- 
Tbe Oboiee,'  e.  1«47: 
Brawn.  1848  :  met 

linan  Hunt,  und  Millaia.  and  founded  pre- 
Raphaeiite  aclMol  of  painting:  exhibited  'Girlhood  of 
Mary  Virgin,'  1849  ;  lived  at  14  Chatham  Place,  Blackfriar* 
Bridge,  London,  from  1869  ;  gained  patronage  of  Rmkin. 
who  had  defeiid.-d  pre-Raphaelite«  in  "The  Time*'  ;  made 
acquaintance  of  Sir  Edward  liunie-Jones,  Mr.  Swinburne, 
ami  William  Morris  ;  between  1850  and  1860  painted  move 
of  his  best  works,  including  the  illustration*  to  the  •  Vita 
N  no  va  '  ;  married,  1860,  Elizabeth  Eleanor  Sid.lal  i  ./.  1861)  : 
removed  to  Tudor  House,  C'heyne  Walk,  where  be  lived 
with  his  brother  (W.  M.  RossettiX  Mr.  Swinburne,  ami 
Mr.  George  Meredith  :  painted  •  Beata  Beatrix,*  *  Manna 
Yanno,'  and  other  famous  pictures,  chiefly  single  figures  ; 
published  '  Poems,'  1870  :  suffered  from  neuralgia  and  con- 
sequent insomnia,  ami  became  enslaved  to  habit  of  taking 
chloral  ;  his  last  great  picture,  •  Dante's  Dream,'  painted 
1869-71  :  published  '  Ballads  and  Sonnets,'  1881.  His  por- 
trait by  his  own  hand  is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[xlix.  184] 

ROBSETTI,  LUCY  MADOX  (1843  1894),  painter: 
daughter  of  Ford  Madox  Brown,  under  whom  she  studied  ; 
married  W.  M.  lUwactti,  1874.  [xlix.  189] 

ROSSETTI,  MARIA  FRANCESCA  (1827-187GJ. 
author  of  *  A  Shadow  of  Dante,'  1871  ;  sister  of  Dante 
Gabriel  Rossctti  [q.  v.]  ;  published  religious  works  ;  entered 
Anglican  sisterhood  at  All  Saints'  Home,  Margaret  Street, 
London,  1874.  [xlix.  183] 

ROSSI,  JOHN  CHARLES  FELIX  (1761-1839), 
sculptor:  studied,  17x1.  at  Royal  Academy,  where  he 
gained  a  tra\vllinir  studentship  and  went  to  Rome,  1785- 
1788  ;  ILA.,  1802  :  sculptor  to  prince-regent  aud  Wil- 
liam IV  ;  executed  many  monuments  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. [xlix.  290] 

R088LTK,  EARLS  op.  [See  WKDDERBURN,  ALKX- 
AXDKK,  first  HAUL,  1733-1805:  EIUKIXK,  Sm  JAMKS  ST. 
CLAIR,  second  EARL,  1762  1837.] 

R08T,  HEIXHOLD  (1822-1896),  orientalist:  born  at 
Eisenburg,  Saxen-Altenburg  :  Ph  J).  Jena,  1847  ;  oriental 
lecturer  at  St.  Augustine's  Missionary  College,  Canterbury, 
1861-96:  secretary  to  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1863  ;  libra- 
rian at  India  office,  1869;  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1877: 
companion  of  Indian  Empire,  1888;  was  familiar  with 
over  twenty  oriental  languages,  and  published  and  edited 
oriental  work*.  [xlix.  290] 

R08WORME  or  ROBWORM,  JOHN  (A  1630-1660X 
military  engineer  :  bora  in  Germany  :  served  M  military 
engineer  on  continent  aud  iu  Ireland  ;  settled,  1641,  in 
Manchester,  which  town  he  contracted  to  defend  against 
James  Stanley,  lord  Strange  (afterwards  seventh  earl  of 
Derby)  [q.  v.]  ;  withstood  siege  and  secured  Manchester 
for  parliamentarians  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  Album's  foot 
regiment,  1643  ;  directed  siege  of  Liverpool,  taken  1«44; 
engineer-general  of  all  garrisons  and  forte  in  England, 
1661  ;  colonel,  1655  ;  published  account  of  his  services  in 
Manchester,  1649.  [xlix.  191] 

ROTELANDE.  HUE  DK,  or  RT/TLAND,  HUGH  OF 
(fl.  1185),  Anglo-Norman  poet:  connected  with  English 
di.-tnct  on  W.-l-li  border:  wrote  two  Anglo-Norman 
romances  in  verae,  '  Ipomedon  '  and  •  ProtbeBilaua/ 

Txlix.  191] 

ROTHE,  BERNARD  (1695-1768X    [See  RoCTH.] 

ROTHE  or  ROTH,  DAVID  (1171-1650),  Roman 
catholic  divine:  born  at  Kilkenny:  graduated  BJ>.  at 
Douay  ;  returned  to  Ireland,  c.  1609  ;  vicar-general  ot 


BOTHE 


1132 


ROTJBILIAO 


Armagh  :  deputy  to  Peter  Lombard,  primate  of  Ireland  ; 
bishop  of  Osfory,  1618;  vice-primate;  senior  bishop  of 
Ireland  ;  obtained  deanery  of  Kilkenny,  1641 ;  regulated 
catholic  confederacy,  1642  ;  attempted  to  escape  from 
Cromwell  when  marching  on  Kilkenny,  but  \vus  captured 
and  died  soon  after;  published  treatise*,  and  left  un- 
finished manuscript  history  of  diocese  of  Ossory. 

[xlix.  293] 

ROTHE,  MICHAEL (1661-1741).  Jacobite;  lieutenant 
James  11*8  royal  Irish  footguanls,  under  Duke  of  Ormonde, 
1686 ;  continued  allegiance  to  James  II,  and  was  promoted 
captain  at  the  revolution  :  served  in  campaign  of  1689-91, 
and  fought  at  battle  of  Boyne,  1690 ;  joined  French  service, 
1691 :  served  in  Flanders,  1693,  and  Germany,  1694  ;  with 
Moselle  army,  1695 ;  colonel,  1701 ;  served  in  Germany,  1701, 
in  Vosges.  1703,  and  at  Blenheim,  1704  ;  brevet-brigadier, 
1706;  with  Rhine  army,  1706-9  and  1713  ;  at  Malplaquet, 
1709 ;  brevet  major-general,  1710  ;  in  Flanders,  1710-12 ; 
obtained  command  of  his  regiment,  which  became  known 
by  his  name,  1718:  in  Spain,  1719-20  ;  lieutenant-general 
of  armies  of  George  1, 1720  ;  died  at  Paris.  [xlix.  296] 

ROTHE,  ROBERT  (1550-1622),  antiquary ;  cousin  of 
David  Rothe  [q.  v.] :  Dublin  barrister  ;  M.P.,  co.  Kilkenny, 
1685 :  recorder  of  Kilkenny,  1609  ;  bencher  of  King's  Inns, 
Dublin,  and  treasurer,  1620:  left  manuscript  'Register 
of  Pedigree  of  late  Thomas,  Earl  of  Ormond  and  Ossory  ' 
(1616),  and  '  Register  of  Antiquities  of  Kilkenny.1 

f  xlix.  297] 

ROTHERAM.  CALEB  (1694-1752),  minister  of  dis- 
senting congregation  at  Kendal,  1716  :  conducted  dissent- 
ing academy  at  Kundnl,  1733-51 ;  M.A.  and  D.D.  Edin- 
burgh, 1743  ;  published  a  religious  dissertation. 

[xlix.  298] 

ROTHERAM,  EDWARD  (1753  ?-1830),  navy  cap- 
tain ;  brother  of  John  Rotheram  (1750  V-1804)  [q.  v.] ; 
eeaman  in  navy,  1777 :  acting  lieutenant,  1780-3,  in  West 
Indies;  lieutenant,  1783;  in  action  of  1  June  1794;  com- 
mander, 1794;  captain,  1800;  at  Trafalgar,  1805;  in 
Channel,  1806-8  ;  C.B.,  1815 ;  captain  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital, 1828.  [xlix.  298] 

BOTHERAM,  JOHN  (1725-1789),  theologian;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1749;  assistant  at  Codrington 
College,  Barbados ;  returned  to  England,  1767  ;  Percy 
fellow.  University  College,  Oxford,  1760-7;  preacher  at 
Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall ;  published  religious  works. 

ROTHERAM,  JOHN  (1750?-! 804),  natnml'  philo- 
sopher ;  born  at  Newcastle :  studied  under  Linnaeus  and 
Bfrgmann  at  university  of  Upsaln,  Sweden,  where  he 
Kr;u hinted;  assistant-professor  of  chemistry,  Edinburgh, 
1793 :  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  St.  Andrews,  1795- 
1804  ;  published  works  on  natural  philosophy. 

ROTHERHAM.  SIR  JOHN  ( 1630-1696  ?)[,Xjud'ge^°fel. 
low  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1648  ;  M.A.,  1652;  incor- 
porated at  Cambridge,  1653  ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1665  ; 
undent,  1671,  treasurer,  1686;  one  of  counsel  for  defence 
of  Richard  Baxter  [q.  v.],  1685  ;  serjeant-at  law  and  baron 
of  exchequer,  1687 ;  knighted,  1687.  [xlix.  300] 

ROTHERHAM,  THOMAS  (1423-1500),  archbishop  of 
York;  known  as  THOMAS  SOOT;  educated  at  King's 
College,  Cambridge  (perhaps  also  at  Eton  and  Oxford)- 
D.D.  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  1463 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln 
1462,  and  of  Salisbury,  1465  ;  keeper  of  privy  seal  to 
Edward  IV,  1467;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1468-71 ;  provost 
of  college  of  Beverley,  c.  1468-72  ;  ambassador  to  Louis  XI 
of  France,  1468;  joint-ambassador  to  Charles  of  Bur- 
gundy, 1471;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1471-80;  chancellor, 
1474  ;  accompanied  Edward  on  French  expedition  1475  • 
archbishop  of  York,  1480-1500  :  deprived  of  chancellor- 
ship and  temporarily  imprisoned  for  adherence  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  Woodville  on  Edward  IV's  death,  1483  ;  several 
times  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University :  benefactor 


ROTHERY,  WILLIAM  (1775-1864),  lawyer  ;  chief 
!  of  office  of  king's  proctor  in  Doctors'  Commons  ;  ad- 
i  miralty  referee  on  slave  trade  matters.  1821-60. 

[xlix.  30:J] 

ROTHES,  DL-KE  OF  (1630-1681).  [See  LESLIE, 
'  JOHN.]  , 

ROTHES,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LESLIK,  GEORGE,  fourth 
EARL,  rf.  1658 ;  LESLIE,  AXDBBW,  fifth  EARL,  d.  1611 ; 
LESLIE,  JOHN,  sixth  EARL,  1600-1641  ;  LESLIE,  JOHN, 
seventh  EARL  and  first  DUKE,  1630-1681 ;  LESLIE,  JOHN, 
eighth  EARL,  1679-1722  ;  LESLIE,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL, 
1698?-1767.] 


— —  *»    %S*MUWA  tug  v     «j  in  vtrrsivy  ;    UcuCiaCtOr 

f  Oxford,  and  particularly  of  Lincoln  College  •  master  of 
Pembroke  Hall,  Oxford,  1480.  [xlix.  301] 

R<!*HE*Y  -HENRY  CADOG  AN  (1817-1888),  lawyer ; 
«)n  of  William  Rothery  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St  John's  College 
Cambridge,  1845  ;  entered  Doctors'  Commons  ;  from  55 
employed  in  ecclesiastical    and  admiralty  courts  • 
bterof  privy  council  in  ecclesiastical  and  maritime 
»53;   wreck   commhwioner,  1876;  publish 


ROTHES,   MASTER    OF    (d.    1564). 
NORMAN.] 


[See   LESLIE, 


K-KHl  works. 


ROTHESAY,  DUKE  OF  (1378  ?-1402>  [See  STEWART, 
DAVID.] 

ROTHSCHILD,  Sm  ANTHONY  r>E  (1810-1 876 X 
second  son  of  Nathan  Meyer  Rothschild  [q.  v.]  ;  in 
business  under  his  brother  Lionel  Nathan  de  Rothschild 
[q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet,  1847 ;  Austrian  consul-general, 
1858;  presiding  warden  of  great  synagogue,  London, 
1855-75;  first  president  of  newly  instituted  united  syna- 
gogue iii  London,  1870.  [xlix.  309] 

ROTHSCHILD,  FERDINAND  JAMES  DE  (1839- 
1898),  virtuoso  ;  great  grandson  of  Meyer  Amschel  Roth- 
schild ;  born  in  Paris ;  settled  in  England,  1860 ;  resided 
at  Waddesdon,  Buckinghamshire,  where  he  collected 
works  of  art,  left  by  his  will  to  the  British  Museum  ; 
liberal-unionist  M.P.,  Aylesbury  division,  1885-98. 

[Suppl.  iii.  304] 

ROTHSCHILD,  LIONEL  NATHAN  DE  (1808-1879), 
banker  ;  eldest  son  of  Nathan  Meyer  Rothschild  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Gbttingen  ;  succeeded,  1836,  to  chief  manage- 
ment of  Rothschild  banking-house  in  England ;  assumed, 
1838,  dignity  of  Austrian  baron  conferred  on  his  father ; 
negotiated  loans  for  Irish  famine,  1847,  Crimean  ex- 
penses, 1856,  and  Turkey,  1858,  and  engaged  in  many 
other  national  financial  transactions :  elected  whig  M.P. 
for  city  of  London,  1847,  but  not  allowed  to  sit,  owing  to 
refusal  as  a  Jew  of  the  necessary  oath  ;  repeatedly  re- 
elected,  and  finally  allowed  to  sit,  1858  ;  re-elected,  1859, 
1865,  and  1869  ;  interested  himself  in  many  philanthropic 
movements ;  for  some  time  president  of  the  great 
synagogue,  London;  he  is  the  original  of  Sidonia  in 
Disraeli's  •  Coningsby.'  [xlix.  304] 

ROTHSCHILD,  MEYER  AMSCHEL  ni?  (1818- 
1874),  sportsman  and  collector  of  art  treasures:  fourth 
son  of  Nathan  Meyer  Rothschild  [q.  v.]  ;  known  as 
4  Baron  Meyer';  lived  at  Mentmore ;  liberal  M.P.  for 
Hythe,  1869-74.  His  daughter  Hannah  (</.  1890)  married, 
1878,  Archibald  Philip  Primrose,  fifth  and  present  earl  of 
Rosebery.  [xlix.  309] 

ROTHSCHILD,  NATHAN  MEYER  (1777-1836), 
financier  and  merchant ;  born  at  Frankfort-on-Maine, 
where  his  father  conducted  business  as  banker,  money- 
changer, and  dealer  in  curiosities ;  attracted  notice  of 
William  IX,  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cassel  (known  after  1803 
as  Elector  William  I),  who  appointed  him  court  agent, 
1801,  and  supported  him  in  his  career  as  loan  contractor 
to  European  governments  ;  established  a  branch  of  the 
business  in  London  in  1805,  while  his  brothers,  James 
and  Solomon,  settled  respectively  in  Paris  and  Vienna ; 
came  to  England  first  in  1797,  and  was  natnralised, 
1804 ;  opened  business  house  at  New  Court,  St.  Swithin's 
Lane,  London  ;  engaged  by  government  in  payment  of 
:oreign  subsidies ;  acted  as  agent  for  English  government 
n  Peninsular  war  ;  undertook  loans  for  many  European 
countries ;  made  baron  of  Austrian  empire,  1822,  but  never 
assumed  title ;  consul-general  of  Austria  in  England,  1822. 

[xlix.  306] 

ROTHWELL,  EDWARD  (<f.  1731),  dissenting 
minister ;  ordained  minister  of  Poulton-ln-tbe-Fylde, 
1693,  and  subsequently  held  other  charges;  published 
theological  treatises.  [xlix.  309] 

ROTHWELL,  RICHARD  (1800-1868),  painter: 
assistant  to  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  in  London  ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy  from  1830.  [xlix.  310] 

ROTIER.    [See  ROETTIKIUS.] 

ROUBILIAC  or  ROUBILLAC,  LOUIS  FRANCOIS 
(1G95-1762),  sculptor;  born  at  Lyons ;  probably  settled 


ROUCLIFFE 


1133 


ROW 


permanently  in  Eiudand  after  1730;  gained  patronage  of 

Horace  Walpole's  brother  Kdwurd  ;  assistant  to  Cheere 
at  his  stoneyanl  :it  Hyde  I'ark  Corner,  Ixm.lun,  .tn.l 
later  to  Jonathan  Tyers  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  statue  of 
Handel  erected  at  Vauxhall,  London,  17,'is;  opt-m-d  hum- 
nes*  independently,  and  executM  monuments  an<l 
<.l  many  celebrated  persons.  Many  of  bin  work-,  in.-ln.l- 
in.'  the  well-known  NiKhtmiMle  inoinnn.-nt,  are  at  West- 
minster;  his.  full-1-iik'ih  of  Shakespeare,  exec«U-<l  for 
Uarriek,  1758,  is  in  tin:  British  Museum.  [xlix.  310] 

ROUCLIFFE,  Si u  BRIAN  (rf.  1494X  judge:  third 
baron  <>t  exchequer,  1458;  frequently  counsel  to  Sir 
William  I'lumpUm  [q.  v.]  ;  second  baron,  1481. 

[xlix.  312] 

ROUGH.    [Sec  nlao  Row.] 

ROUGH,  JOHN  (rf.  1557),  Scottish  protentant 
minister  :  educated  at  Bt.  Leonard '«  Collide,  St.  Andrews ; 
entered  monastery  at  Stirling,  but  left  It  to  become  chaplain 
to  Regent  Arnui,  1543;  prohibited  from  preaching  :  chap- 
lain to  garrison  at  St.  Andrews;  went  to  Kngland, 
1547,  and  entered  service  of  Lord-protector  Somerset ; 
inimM.T  of  stvivt  society  of  protestuuts  in  London,  1657; 
arrested  and  burned  at  Smithfleld.  [xlix.  313] 

ROUGH,  WILLIAM  (d.  1838),  lawyer  and  poet; 
of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  M.A., 
1799  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1801  ;  serjeant-at-law, 
1808  ;  president  of  court  of  justice  for  united  colony  of 
Demerura  and  Essequibo,  1816-21 ;  puisne  judge  in 
Ceylon,  1830-6;  chief-justice  of  supreme  court,  1836-8; 
knighted,  1837 ;  published  dramatic  and  other  poetical 
works  ;  died  in  Ceylon.  [xlix.  313] 

ROUMARE,  WILLIAM  DK,  EARL  OF  Lixcour  (;f. 
1140),  supported  Henry  I  in  rebellion  of  Hugh  de 
Gouruay,  1118-19  ;  rebelled  against  Henry  I  in  Nor- 
mandy, but  was  reconciled,  1128 ;  one  of  justiciary 
entrusted  with  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  1 137 ;  created  Earl 
of  Lincoln,  1138,  but  was  probably  subsequently  deprived 
of  earldom.  [xlix.  314] 

ROUPELL,  GEORGE  LEITH  (1797-1854),  physi- 
cian ;  educated  at  Greenwich  and  Gonville  and  Cains 
Allege,  Cambridge  ;  M.D.,  1825 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1826 ;  censor, 
1829,  1837,  and  1838  ;  Croonian  lecturer,  1832  and  1833 ; 
physician  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1834 ; 
published  medical  works.  [xlix.  315] 

ROU8,  FRANCIS  (1579-1659),  puritan  ;  B.A.  Broad- 
gates  Hall  (afterwards  Pembroke  College),  Oxford,  1597  ; 
graduated  at  Leyclen,  1599  ;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1601,  but  retired  to  Landrake,  where  be  produced  several 
theological  works  ;  M.P.,  Truro,  1626,  In  Short  and  Long 
parliaments,  1640,  and  also  hi  1654,  Tregony,  1628-9, 
Devonshire,  1653,  and  Cornwall,  1656 ;  took  covenant, 
1643;  provost  of  Eton  College,  1644  ;  member  of  Derby 
house  committee,  1648 ;  joined  independents,  1649  ;  speaker 
of  Little  parliament,  and  member  of  Protector's  council 
of  state,  1653  ;  published  writings.  [xlix.  316] 

ROU8,  HENRY  JOHN  (1795-1877),  admiral  and 
sportsman;  educated  at  Westminster:  entered  navy, 
808;  post-captain,  1823:  retired  from  active  service, 
1835,  and  devoted  himself  to  horseraclng:  steward  of 
Jockey  Club ;  became  public  handicapper,  c.  1855 ;  conser- 
vative M.P.  for  Westminster,  1841 :  lord  of  admiralty,  1846; 
admiral  of  blue,  1863,  and  of  white,  1864.  [xlix.  317] 

ROU8  or  ROSS,  JOHN  (1411 7-1491),  antiquary  of 
Warwick  ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  chaplain,  o.  1445  till 
death,  of  chapel  at  Guy's  Cliffe.  near  Warwick,  built  by 
Richard  Beanchamp,  earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.],  in  1423 ; 
wrote  historical  works,  disfigured  by  party  leanings,  in- 
cluding accounts  of  earls  of  Warwick,  and  '  Historia  Re- 
gum  AugliaV  of  which  manuscripts  are  extant. 

[xlix.  318] 

ROUS,  JOHN  (1584-1644),  diarist:  M.A.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1607:  presented  to  living  of  Stanton- 
Dowuham,  1623  ;  kept,  from  1625-41,  a  diary,  edited  for 
Camden  Society,  1856.  [xlix.  320] 

ROUS,  JOHN  Of.  1656-1695),  quaker ;  born  in 
Barbados ;  went  to  Rhode  island,  America,  1657,  to 
preach  and  proselytise,  and  after  suffering  much  persecu- 
tion came  to  England,  1659 ;  settled  in  London  as  West 
India  merchant ;  joint-author  of  pamphlets,  [xlix.  320] 


•  LA  It  A    MARION  JBS8IB  (18MT-1879), 
:   '  i-owae,   Intpeetor-general   of 

hospital.  ;  married  Wybert  Rotuby,  a  Jeney  actor  and 
manager.  1868;  dm  appeared  in  London,  1869.  at 
Queen's  Tl.i-utrc,  Long  Acre,  where  she  remained  till 
1x71  ;  .Momently  played  at  Prinoett's,  Olympic,  and 
Drury  Lane;  her  characters  include  Rosalind  and 
Cnpt-.i:,.  [xlix.  321] 

ROUSE  or    RU88E,    JOHN  (1574-1652).  librarian  ; 

B.A.    Ualliol   College,    Oxford,   15M;  fellow    of    Oriel 

College,  1600 ;  M.A.,   1604  ;  chief  librarian  of  Bodleian 

i  '-.20 ;  formal  friendship  with  Milton,  who  wrote 

a  mock-heroic  ode  to  him,  1647.  [xlix.  151] 

ROUSSEAU.  JACQUES  (16J6-16W),  painter ;  born 
in  Paris  ;  studied  under  the  Dutch  painter,  Herman  van 
Swanevelt:  member  of  French  Academy;  went  to 
Switzerland  and  Holland,  and,  later,  came  to  England 
on  revocation  of  edict  of  Xante* ;  aaristed  In  decorating 
Montagu  House (afterwurdo  British  Museum);  employed 
by  Willium  1 1 1  at  Hampton  Court.  [xlix.  S»] 

ROUSSEAU,  SAMUEL  (1763-1820),  printer  and 
orientalist :  apprenticed  to  John  Nichols  the  printer ; 
ta.u'ht  himsflf  several  classical,  oriental,  and  modern 
language*;  opened  printing  office  in  London,  where  be 
produced  many  oriental  books.  [xlix.  311] 

ROU8SEEL,  THEODORE  (1614-1689).  [See  RCMBL.] 
ROUTH.  I'.KHNARD  (1695-1768),  Irish  Jesuit :  en- 
tered Society  of  Jesus,  1716;  proteased  of  four  vowa, 
1734 ;  professor  hi  Irish  College,  Poitiers ;  on  editorial 
staff  of '  Journal  de  Trevoux,'  Paris,  1739-43;  confeator 
of  Princess  Cliarlotte  de  Lorraine  at  Mons,  1764;  pub- 
lished poetical  and  critical  works.  [xlix.  823] 

ROUTH,  Mits.  MARTHA  (1743-1817),  quakeress;  »* 
Winter ;  principal  of  Friends'  boarding-school  at  Notting- 
ham ;  'acknowledged  minister,'  1773;  married  Richard 
Houth  of  Manchester,  1776:  made  missionary  tours  in 
British  islands  and  America ;  left  journal  (part  pub- 
I  lished,  1822).  [xlix.  324] 

ROUTH,  MARTIN  JOSEPH  (1755-1854),  divine ; 
fellow,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1775;  M.A.,  1776; 
senior  proctor,  17K4;  D.D.  and  president  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1791  till  death :  instituted  rector  and 
vicar  of  Tilehurst,  and  received  priest's  orders,  1810; 
edited  •  Reliquue  Sacne,'  a  collection  of  writings  of 
ecclesiastical  authors  of  second  and  third  centuries,  and 
other  works.  [xlix.  324] 

ROUTH,  Sm  RANDOLPH  ISHAM  (17857-1858X 
commissary-general  in  the  army ;  educated  at  Eton  ; 
entered  commissariat  department  of  army  ;  saw  much 
foreign  service,  and  was  senior  commissariat  officer  at 
Waterloo,  1815:  knighted,  1841  ;  K.C.B.,  1848  :  published 
work  on  commissariat  service.  [xlix.  326] 

ROUTLEDGE,  GEORGE  (1812-1888),  publisher; 
apprenticed  to  bookseller  at  Carlisle ;  opened  bookseller's 
business  in  London,  1836 ;  started  as  publisher  at  36  Solio 
Square,  1843;  established  branch  in  New  York,  1854; 
retired  from  business,  1887.  His  publications  include  the 
4  Railway  Library,'  ultimately  numbering  1,060  volume*, 
at  one  shilling  each,  '  Routledge's  Universal  Library,' 
edited  by  Henry  Morley,  and  'Shakespeare,'  edited  by 
,  Howard  Stannton,  illustrated  by  Sir  John  Gilbert. 

[xlix.  326] 

ROW.    [See  aUo  ROUGH.] 

ROW,  JOHN  (1525?-1680X  Scottish  reformer:  M.A. 
St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews :  practised  as  advocate 
in  St.  Andrews'  couslstorial  court;  represented  John 
Hamilton,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  at  papal  court, 
1550 :  licentiate  of  laws,  university  of  Rome,  1556  ;  LL.D. 
Padua  ;  returned  to  Scotland  as  pnpal  nuncio  to  exam. ne 
causes  of  spread  of  heretical  opinions,  1558-9  :  convcrtol 
to  protestantism ;  minister  and  vicar  of  Kennowuy.  l&oo; 
minister  of  Middle  Church,  Perth  :  on  commission*  which 
drew  up  first  and  second  *  Books  of  Discipline.' 

[xlix.  327] 

ROW,  JOHN  (1568-1646),  Scottish  ecclesiastical  hin- 
torian;  son  of  John  Row  (15257-1580)  [q.  v.]:  MJL 
Edinburgh.  1590;  ordained  minister  of  Carnpck,  l>un- 
fermliiie.  1592;  prominent  member  of  the  »• 

Erty.     Wrote  and  circulated  in  manuscript  '  Historic  of 
rk  of  Scotland,  1558-1687  '  (printed,  1842). 

[xlix.  329] 


HOW 


1134 


HOWE 


ROW.  JOHN  (1S9H  ?-!•;:.  M  of  John 

Row(lM8-1646)[q.v.];  M.A.  St.  Ixx>nard's  College,  St. 
Andrews.  1617  ;  master  of  irnuimur  srhool,  Kirki-aldy, 
1619  '  rector  of  grammar  school,  Perth,  1M2-  tl  :  minister 
of  St.  Nicholas  Chun-h,  Aberdeen.  1641;  teacher  of 
Hebrew  at  Mariwshal  College,  Aberdeen;  strongly  ad- 
Yocated  subscription  tocovenaut ;  appointed  to  revise  n.-\v 
metrical  version  of  Psalms  90  to  120,  1647 ;  appointed  by 
I'romwell'B  parliament  principal  of  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen 168* :  deposed,  1661 ;  published  Hebrew  grammar 
and  'lexicon,  and  wrote  continuation  (1687-9)  to  his 
father's  history  of  the  kirk.  [xlix.  ,130] 

ROW,  THOMAS  (1786-1864),  baptist  minister:  pub- 
lished hymns  and  religious  writings.  [xlix.  331] 

ROW,  WILLIAM  (1663-1634),  Scottish  presbyterian 
divine :  son  of  John  Row  (1526  ?-1680)  [q.  v.]  ;  graduated 
at  Perth,  1687;  minister  of  Forgandenuy;  protested 
against  restoration  of  episcopacy,  1602-6;  Imprisoned, 
1607-14,  for  opposing  appointment  of  permanent  mode- 
rator. C»»  331J 

ROWAN,  ARCHIBALD  HAMILTON  (1751-1834), 
United  Irishman ;  son  of  Qawlu  Hamilton  ;  adopted 
name  of  Kowan  on  inheriting  property  from  his  grand- 
father, e.  1767 ;  educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ; 
nerved  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  Portugal,  1777 ;  lived  in 
Paris,  1781-4 ;  removed  to  Ireland,  1784 ;  brought  himself 
into  notice,  e.  1788,  by  publication  of  *  Investigation  of 
Sufferings  of  Mary  Seal,'  whose  seduction  by  a  person  of 
hiirh  station  had  been  allowed  to  pass  unpunished ;  ori- 
ginal member  of  Northern  Whig  Club,  Belfast,  1790  ;  joined 
Society  of  United  Irishmen,  1791 ;  arrested  on  unfounded 
charge  of  distributing  a  seditious  pamphlet,  1792 ;  received 
bail,  but  on  being  brought  to  trial  was  found  guilty, 
though  defended  by  Curran,  and  imprisoned  at  Dublin, 
1794 ;  escaped  to  France  and  subsequently  proceeded  to 
America;  obtained  pardon,  and  returned  to  England, 
1803  ;  resided  at  Killyleagh  Castle,  Ireland ;  warmly  sup- 
ported catholic  emancipation.  [xlix.  332] 

ROWAN,  ARTHUR  BLENNERHASSETT  (1800- 
1861), divine;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1827  ;  D.D., 
1854  ;  rector  of  Kilgobbin,  Cloufert,  1854 ;  archdeacon  of 
Ardfert,  1856  ;  published  antiquarian  and  other  works. 

[xlix.  335] 

ROWAN,  SIR  CHARLES  (1782?-1852),  chief  com- 
missioner of  police ;  ensign  in  52nd  foot,  1797 ;  captain, 
18i»3  :  served  in  Sicily,  1806-7,  Sweden,  1808,  and  Penin- 
sular and  Waterloo  campaigns ;  major,  52nd  regiment, 
1H  l;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1812;  first  chief  com- 
missioner of  police,  1829  ;  K.C.B.,  1848.  [xlix.  335] 

ROWAN,  FREDERICA  MACLEAN  (1814-1882), 
author ;  niece  of  Sir  Charles  Rowan  [q.  v.] ;  born  in  West 
Indies  and  lived  successively  In  Copenhagen,  Weimar, 
Paris,  and  London  ;  secretary  to  Sir  Francis  Henry  Gold- 
Bmld  [q.  v.] ;  published  '  History  of  French  Revolution,' 
1844,  and  translations  from  French,  Swedish,  and  German, 
including '  Stundeu  der  Audacht '  (attributed  to  Zschokke)! 

[xlix.  336] 

ROWAN,  QAWIN  WILLIAM  ROWAN  HAMILTON 
(1783-1834),  son  of  Archibald  Hamilton  Rowan  [q.  v.] ; 
vntered  navy,  1801 ;  lieutenant,  1809  :  post-captain,  1812  ; 
on  south  American  station,  c.  1824  ;  retired  owing  to  ill- 
health,  [xlix.  334] 

ROWAN.  SIR  WIL'LIAM  (1789-1879),  field-marshal ; 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Rowan  [q.  v.]  :  ensign  in  52nd  foot, 
1X03;  lieutenant,  1804;  in  Sicily,  180C-7,  Sweden,  1808, 
:ui.l  Peninsula,  France,  and  Waterloo  campaigns ;  lieute- 
nant-colonel, 1819  :  civil  and  military  secretary  in  Canada, 
1823-8,  and  commanded  forces  there,  1849-65 ;  general, 
1862 ;  field-marshal,  1877  ;  O.C.B.,  1856.  [xlix.  336] 

ROWBOTHAM.  THOMAS  CHARLES  LEESON 
(1823-1876),  painter:  born  in  Dublin;  member  of  New 
Society  (now  Royal  Institute)  of  Fainter*  in  Water- 
colours,  1861:  professor  of  drawing  at  Royal  Naval 
School ;  published  volumes  of  views  in  British  'islands. 

„  [xlix.  337] 

ROWE.    [See  also  Row.] 

ROWS,  BEXONI  (1658-1706),  nonconformist  minis- 
ter ;  brother  of  Thomas  Rowe  (1667-1705)  [«.  v.] :  pastor 
in  Fetter  Lane,  London,  1699.  [xlix.  348] 

ROWE,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1674-1737),  author;  nte 
— ;  married  Thomas  Rowe  (1687-1715)  [q.  v.],  1710; 


published,  169G,  poem-  l«y  '  Plr.lomela ' ;  nit:  :i-iastioally 
praisol  by  Klopstoc-k,  Wieland,  and  Dr.  Johnson.  Her 
writings,  the  most  popular  of  which  \\cn-  compositions  in 
epistolary  form,  include  '  Friendship  in  Death'  (1728)  and 
•  I,,  tt.r>  "Moral  and  Entertaining  '  (172l)-o3)  ;  hrr  '  Miscel- 
laneous Works  '  published,  1739.  [xlix.  338] 

ROWE,  GE3RGE  ROBERT  (1792-18S1),  physician; 
M.C.S.  London,  1812;  served  as  surgeon  in  Peninsular 
war ;  M.R.C.P.,  1840 :  practised  at  Chigwell,  and,  later. 
In  London  ;  published  medical  works.  [xlix.  339] 

ROWE,  HARRY  (1726-1800),  showman  :  born  of 
poor  parents;  trumpeter  in  Duke  of  Kingston's  light 
horse ;  fought  at  Culloden,  1746 ;  gained  living  as  puppet 
showman ;  patronised  by  John  Croft  [q.  v.],  who  caused 
to  be  printed,  and  probably  furnished  annotations  for, 
'  Macbeth,  with  notes  by  Harry  Rowe,'  1797;  published 
also  a  musical  farce.  [xlix.  339] 

ROWE,  JOHN  (1626-1677),  nonconformist  divine; 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  164C :  incorporated 
U.A.  Oxford,  and  M.A.,  1648  :  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  1649 ;  preacher  at  Westminster  Abbey, 
1654 ;  deprived  at  Restoration  ;  published  religious  works. 

[xlix.  340] 

ROWE,  JOHN  (1764-1832),  Unitarian  minister  ;  joint- 
pastor,  1787,  and  sole  pastor,  1789,  at  High  Street  Chapel, 
Shrewsbury ;  joint-pastor  at  Lewin's  Mead  Chapel, 
Bristol,  1798  ;  founded  Western  Unitarian  Society. 

[xlix.  341] 

ROWE,  NICHOLAS  (1674- 1718), poet  and  dramatist; 
educated  at  Westminster  School :  barrister,  Middle, 
Temple ;  abandoned  legal  profession  for  that  of  play- 
wright, and  made  the  acquaintance  of  Pope  and  Addi- 
son ;  produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  his 
tragedies, '  The  Ambitious  Stepmother,'  1700, '  Tamerlane,' 
1702,  and  'Fair  Penitent'  (adapted  from  Massiuper's 
'  Fatal  Dowry'),  1703  :  his  '  Ulysses'  was  staged  in  1706, 
his  '  Royal  Convert '  at  the  Haymarket,  London,  in  1707, 
and  'Jane  Shore*  and  'Lady  Jane  Grey  '  in  1714  and 
1715  respectively,  at  Drury  Lane,  London  ;  produced  an 
unsuccessful  comedy, '  The  Biter,'  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London,  1704 :  published,  1709,  an  edition  of  Shakespeare's 
plays,  with  biographical  preface  and  emendations  of  the 
text  of  the  fourth  folio,  which  his  edition  followed  ;  divided 
and  numbered  acts  and  scenes  on  rational  principles,  and 
modernised  grammar,  spelling,  and  punctuation :  under- 
secretary to  Duke  of  Queensberry,  1709-11 ;  poet  laureate, 
1715  ;  land  surveyor  of  customs  of  port  of  London,  1715 ; 
clerk  of  council  of  George,  Prince  of  Wales;  clerk  of 
presentations  to  Thomas  Parker,  first  earl  of  Macclesfleld 
[q.  v.],  1718  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  His  portrait 
was  twice  painted  by  Kneller.  His  poetical  works  in- 
clude a  famous  translation  of  Lucan  (1718).  His  collected 
works  appeared,  1727.  [xlix.  341] 

ROWE  or  ROE,  OWEN  (1593?-lt!Gl),  regicide; 
worked  as  haberdasher  in  London  ;  took  part  in  founda- 
tion of  colonies  of  Massachusetts  and  the  Bermudas ;  cap- 
tain of  green  regiment  of  London  trained  bands,  1642 ; 
colonel,  1646  ;  member  of  court  which  triel  Charles  I,  and 
signed  death-warrant ;  deputy-governor  of  the  Bermudas, 
1655  ;  acted  with  Mouck's  opponents,  1(559 ;  convicted  as 
regicide,  1660 ;  died  in  prison  in  Tower  of  London. 

[xlix.  345] 

ROWE,  RICHARD(1828-1879),  journalist  successively 
in  Edinburgh  (on  'Scotsman')  and  in  London  ;  published 
stories  for  children  under  pseudonyms  Charles  Carndeu 
and  Edward  Howe.  [xlix.  346] 

ROWE,  SAMUEL  (1793-1853),  topographer ;  appren- 
ticed to  bookseller  at  Kiupsbridge;  started  business  at 
Plymouth,  1813;  entered  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  <*. 
1822 ;  M.A.,  1833 ;  took  holy  orders ;  vicar  of  Crediton, 
1886;  chief  work,  'Perambulation  of  ...  Dartmoor* 
(1848).  [\Hx.  346] 

ROWE,  SIR  SAMUEL  (1835-1888),  colonial  governor 
and  surgeon ;  qualified  as  medical  practitioner,  1856  ;  ap- 
pointed on  army  medical  staff,  1862,  and  after  wards  acted 
as  colonial  surgeon  at  Lagos  ;  returned  on  leave,  18 
graduated  in  medicine  and  surgery,  Aberdeen,  1865; 
magistrate  and  clerk  of  council  at  Lagos  180!'  :  st:itY- 
Mir_r«on  in  army,  1870;  surgeon-major,  1S7!'.  : 
Ashanti  war,  1873  :  brigade-surgeon,  187C  :  uovernor  snc- 
tvssively  of  Gambia,  Sierra  Leone,  187C-7,  Wwt  Africa 
settlements,  1877  and  1884,  and  Gold  Coast  and  Lagos, 
1881 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1880 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  188C. 

[xlix.  347] 


HOWE 


1135 


ROWNINO 


ROWE.    TIIoMAS  <  1057-1705,,    ind.-|H-ndent   divin.r     exhibited  at  Royal  Acaitan? 

and  philoM>plii.-;il  t«-a.-hrr  ;  jm.-tnr  Mn-<-t--,\.-iv   «(   indo-  :  M  portrait-painter, 
pendent  church  in  Hollx.rn  •.  I...M.I..H  ; 

lecturer  at  Pinnera*  Hull,  Ixmdon.  1699.          [xl. 


1771 ;  wUled  in  Ixmdon 


ROWE,  T1MMAS  (  lt;x7  171.',,,  author:  non  of 
Benoni  Kowc  (>i.  V/:  htlcUi:  til  lt"We  [q.T.]; 

educated  ;it  Cliartcriioinr  ainl  Lcy-h-n  ;  wr«»t«-  live*  of 
classical  heroes  overlooked  by  Plutarch  ipul.u-hwl  post- 
humously, 1728X  [xlix.  338] 

ROWELL,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  (1804-1892), meteor- 
ologist; originally  followed  trade  of  cabinet-maker ; 
studied  astronomy ;  publiahed  letter*  and  paper*  on 
meteorological  subject* ;  auistant  in  Axhmolean  Muaeum, 
und,  1800,  In  Oxford  Uulrendty  Museum.  [xlix.  348] 

ROWLAND.    [See  also  ROWLANDS.] 

ROWLAND.  I  >  \  N 1 1 ;  I .  <  1 778-1859),  antiquary :  edn- 
rated  at  shrcw.sbury ;  barrister  in  London;  nettled  In 
London,  1846;  F.8.A.;  printed  privately  account  of 

Nevlll  family.  [xlix.  349] 

ROWLAND,  DAVID  (ft.  1569-1586),  author;  edu- 
cated at  8t.  Mary's  Hull,  Oxford ;  travelled  as  private 
tutor,  and  subsequently  taught  Greek  and  Latin :  pub- 
li.-hed  ti-unslation  from  Mendoza's  •  Lazarillo  de  Tormes,' 
1576.  [xlix.  349] 

ROWLAND,  JOHN'  (1606-1660), divine:  M. A.  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1626 :  rector  of  Foot's  Cray,  Kent 
1634;  chaplain  in  Sir  Jacob  Astley's  royalist  regiment; 
probably  took  refuge  in  Netherlands ;  published  at  Ant? 
werp  two  attacks  on  Milton,  1651  and  lGjl>.  [xlix.  349] 

ROWLANDS,  DANIEL(1713-1790),  Welsh  methodlst: 
onlained  deacon,  173:5;  priest,  1735;  with  Howel  Harris 
[q.  v.]  founded  Wel«h  Calvinistic  inethodism  :  deputy- 
uioderator,  1743.  and  subsequently  chairman  of  methodist 
•as-ociation*  for  control  of  societies;  quarrelled  with 
Harris,  1746,  and  finally  separated  from  him,  1751: 
suspended  by  Bi&hop  Squire  from  exercise  of  clerical 
functions,  1763 :  preached  at  'new  church,'  Llongeitho  ; 
published  religious  works  in  Welsh  and  English. 


[xlix.  350] 
Wei 


ROWLANDS.  HKNUY  (1551-1616),  Welsh  divino : 
M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxfonl,  1577:  D.D.,  1605:  pre- 
U-nilary  of  Baugor,  1584-94;  dean,  1593,  and  bishop, 
1698,  of  Bangor.  [xlix.  3513 

ROWLANDS,  HENHY  (1655-1723),  Welsh  divine: 
held  living  of  Llaiiidan,  1C96 ;  published  work  on  nntl- 
ijuitlea  of  Anglesey.  [xlix.  35*1] 

ROWLANDS  alia*  VKBSTWSKS,  RICHARD  (  ft.  16C5- 
1620),  antiquary:  educate.1  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
svt  up  printing  businr.-s  in  Antwerp  and  assumed  hi-- 
grandfather's  name  of  Yeretegen ;  removal,  c.  1587,  to 
Paris,  where  he  published  u  work  against  Queen  Elizabeth's 
treatment  of  Roman  catholics  in  England,  ami  was 
imprisoned.  His  works  include  '  Antiquities  concerning 
UK  KiurlNh  Nation,'  1G05.  [xlix.  3«2] 

ROWLANDS,  SAMUEL  (15707-1630?),  writer  of 
tracts  in  proee  and  vcn-e  between  1598  aivl  1628 ;  hia  works 
all  of  which  are  labliographical  rarities,  iiu-lude  *lhe 
Betraying  of  Christ,'  1598;  'Greenes  Ghost,'  1602,  •  Hrir* 
Broke  Loose,'  1605,  '  Democritua.  or  Doctor  Mcrryman  hb 
Medicines  against  Melancholy  Humor-.'  If>o7,  'Humors 
Looking  Glasse,'  1608,  aivl  •  Martin  Mark-all '  (an  account 
of  the  habits  and  language  of  thieves),  1610,  and  'The 
Melancholic  Knight,'  loir..  [xlix.  353] 

ROWLANDS,  WILLIAM  (1802-1865),  known  as 
GWILYM  LI.KYN.  Welsh  bibliographer;  weaver  in  Carnar- 
vonshire :  joined  We.-leyans,  c.  1820;  acted  as  lay-preacher, 
and  (1831-64)  served  many  chapels  in  Cardiff  circuit: 
settled  at  Oswestry,  1864  :  published  religious  \\ork-.  an«l 
a  bibliographical  record  of  books  printed  in  and  relating 
to  Wales  from  1546  to  1800.  [xlix.  356] 

ROWLAND80N,   MARY  (fl.  1682\  colonist:  daugh- 
ter of  John   White  of  New   England :    married  Joseph 
llowlandson,  first  minister  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts  ; 
Captured  by  Indians.  1675;    published  account  <•: 
tivity.  [xlix.  357] 

ROWLANDSON.  THOMAS  (1756-1827X  artist  and 
caricaturiat ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  and  in  Paris: 


nn.i.t;    developed  tendency  to  caricature,  e.  17*1.  awl 

rapidly  won  iflchnty  ;  ex. 

.'.    plate*    for 
Combe   [q.   v.)    -ii|.|,li,-l  verve*,   rppablblmi 
volume-form  M  'Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax';  second  ami  • 

...  IK2U  and  18J1  ;    produced  Mveral 
•erie*  of  humorou.  platen  [xlix.  157] 

ROWLEY  .    baronet  (1770-1*4*). 

admiral :  son  <>f  Sir  Joshua  How  ley  [q.  v.]:  entered  navy. 

1785:     lieutenant,    1789:    flag-captain  uieft 

•  < 'ad i/.,  I  MO.  In  Adriatic, 

isi  i  :  created  ban..  - 10 :  admiral,  1841  ; 

command-  1'orMinouth.  184J-*.    [xlix.  3*9] 

ROWLEY,  JOHN  (17887-1M4X  major-general: 
educated  at  Royal  Military  Academy,  SVoolwicb:  Mcowl 

heutcn;.m.  n.y«l  artill.-ry.  \1*<\\  transferred  to  engineer*. 
i:-;:  first  lieutenant,  1792;  adjutant  of  engineer*  at 
Woolwich,  1795 -w:  cl.lef  engineer's  alde-de-<«an»p  at boanl 
of  ordnnnce,  1799 ;  deputy-inspector-geuera!  of  fortiflca- 
tions,  1811 ;  major-generaU  1821.  [xlix.  3*9] 

ROWLEY.  Snt  Jo<nr  A,  baronet  (17JO?-1790XTioe- 
admlral ;  son  of  Sir  William  Rowley  [q.  v.] :  lieutenant. 
1747;  captain;  commanded  reinforcement  to  Byron  in 
West  Indies,  1779  ;  renr-admtral  of  blue,  1779 ;  commanded 
Jamaica  station,  1782-3;  created  baronet,  1786;  vice- 
admiral  of  white,  1787.  [xlix.  880] 

ROWLEY,  Sm  JOSIAR,  baronet  (1765-1812),  vice- 
admiral;  grandson  of  Sir  William  Rowley  [q.  v.] :  mld- 
.-.hipinan,  1780  ;  lieutenant,  17X3  :  cnnnijan.ier,  1794  :  post- 
,-aptain,  17-J5;  served  in  Emit  Indies,  1799-1802:  fought 
at  I  inisterre,  1805,  and  Bueww  Ayres  and  Monte  Video: 
took  part  in  capture  of  Itourbon,  1810 ;  created  baronet, 
1813  ;  rear-admiral,  1814  :  K.C.B..  1816 :  vice-admiral,  182ft; 
commander-in-chief  in  Mediterranean,  1833-7:  C..C.M.O., 
<\H.,  1840.  [xlix.  S81] 

ROWLEY,  SAMUEL  (d.  1633  ?),  drnmatbt :  attached, 
before  1698,  to  sen-ice  of  Philip  HenMowe,  theatrical 
manager,  probably  as  reviser  of  manuscript  plays  ;  pro- 
daced Independently  or  in  collaboration  several  plays  on 
biblical  history  and  other  subjects,  none  of  which  I* 
extant, excepting  '  When  yon  see  me  you  know  me,  or  Chro- 
nicle Historic  of  Henric  VIII,'  1605:  with  William  Ovid 
was  paid  4/.  by  Henslowe  for  making  addition  to  Mar- 
lowe's '  Faustus,'  1602 ;  '  The  Noble  Sovldier,'  1034,  has 


lowe's  '  Faustus, 

Urn  attributed  to  him.  [xlix.  86*] 

ROWLEY,  THOMAS  (pseudonym).  [See  (.'IIATTKR- 
TI.N,  THOMAS,  1752-1770.] 

ROWLEY,    WILLIAM    (1685  7-1642  ?\   dramatist: 

actor  in  Queen  Anne's  company  before  1810  :  met  Thoma* 

Mi.ldletou,  1614,   in  collaboration  with   whom  hi*  be*t 

i  work  was  done;   played  tinder  Henslowe's  management 

I  at  the  'Hope';   retlml  from  acting  profi-s-ion,  r.  16*7. 

Hi  wrote,  unareUted,  'A  new  Wonder,'  1632,  '  All'*  lost 

!  hy    Lnst,  1633.   'A  Match   at    Midnight,'   1833,   und   'A 

I  shoemaker  a  Gentleman,'  1638.     He  collaborated  in  'A 

Fair  Quarrel,'   1617,  'The  Changeling.'  performed.  1621. 

and  others  with  Middleton, '  The  Birth  of  Merlin.1  printed. 

i  1662,  perhaps  with  Shakespeare,  'Fortune  by  Land  and 

S<-a.'    printed,     1655,    with    Heywood    "The    Thracian 

Wonder,'  prinu-1.  ItiCl.  with  Webster,  and  other  piece* 

with  Ford,  Malinger,  and  Dekker.  [xlix.  363] 

ROWLEY,  8m  WILLIAM  (16907-1768X  admiral : 
fiiten-1  navy,  1704:  lieutenant,  17o8;  capUin,  1718:  in 
Mediterranean,  1741:  rear-admiral  of  white,  K»3:  nt 
Toulon,  1744 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1744 :  admiral  of  bine, 
1747.  and  of  white,  1748;  rear-admiral  of  (ireat  Britain. 
1747;  lord  of  admiralty,  1751 :  K.B.,  1763;  admiral  of 
fleet  and  oommander-in-chlef,  1782.  [xU*.  366] 

ROWLEY,  WILLIAM  (1742-1806),  surgeon 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London  :  in  army,,  1760-5;  began 
practice  in   London  a«  'man-mid\vif.V  \,f>f> :    M.l>    M. 
Andrews,   1774:    L.U.C.P..    17X4:    M.I:..   17.v<.  St.  Albnn 
Hall,  Oxford :  publishe.1  medical  work*.          [xlix.  S«< 

ROWNINO,  JOHN  (17(>l  7-1771).  diviin- :  M..V.  Mag- 
dalene  Collcve.    Cambridge.    1728;     fellow:     i. 
S&fVlSUS  'System   of   Natural   PI 
178ft,  and  other  work*. 


ROWNTREE 


1136 


BUDGE 


ROWNTREE,  JOSEPH  (1801-1859),  quaker ;  procer 
In  York  ;  member  of  Merchants'  Company  ;  interested 
In  educational  schemes  of  Society  of  Friends ;  mayor  of 
York,  1*5*;  published  pamphlets.  [xlix.  367] 

ROW8E,  RICHARD  (/f.  1238-1259).    [See  RICHARD 

Of  COKXWALU] 

BOW80N.  SDSANNA  (1762-1824),  nt'e  Haswell : 
bora  at  Portsmouth,  but  went  to  America  at  early  age  : 
rvtiini.-.!  to  Knglund,  1778:  married  William  Kowson. 
1788  :  published  novels  which  achieved  considerable  suc- 
cess, «*  most  popular  being  •  Charlotte  Temple'  (1790), 
but  her  husband  becoming  bankrupt,  went  on  the  staire ; 
appeared  at  Edinburgh,  1792-3  ;  toured  in  America,  1793- 
1797 ;  opened  schoaL  1797,  at  Boston,  where  she  diet. 

[xlix.  367] 

ROWTHALL,  THOMAS  (<*.  1523).    [See  RCTHALU] 

ROXBURGH.  DITKKS  OP.  [See  KER,  JOHN,  first 
DCKK,  rf.  1741 :  KKU,  JOHN,  third  DUKK,  1740-1804  ;  KER, 
JAMES  Ixxra-,  fifth  DXTKK,  1738-1823.] 

ROXBURGH,  EARL  OF  (1670?-1650).  [See  KER, 
ROBERT.] 

ROXBURGH,  WILLIAM  (1751-1815),  botanist; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  qualified  as  surgeon, 
and  served  on  one  of  East  India  Company's  ships ;  M.I). 
1776  ;  surgeon  on  Madras  establishment,  1780  :  appointed 
by  the  company  botanist  in  Carnatic  :  superintendent  of 
Calcutta  Botanic  Garden,  1793:  R.A.S.:  F.L.S. ;  fellow 
of  Royal  Society  of  Arts;  published  works  relating  to 
Indian  botany ;  left  botanical  manuscripts,  [xlix.  368] 

ROXBT,  ROrfLRT  (1809?-1866),  actor;  son  of  Wil- 
liam Roxby  Beverley ;  appeared  at  St.  James's  Theatre, 
London,  1839 ;  managed  Theatre  Royal,  Manchester, 
1843  ;  at  Lyceum,  London,  1847-55  :  played  subsequently 
at  Drury  Lane,  London  (of  which  he  was  during  eleven 
years  stage- manager)  and  Princess's,  London,  [xlix.  370] 

BOY,  JOHN  (1700-1752).    [See  STEWART,  JoHN.J 

BOY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1527-31),  friar;  educated  at 
Cambridge;  friar  observant  in  Franciscan  cloister  at 
Greenwich;  acted  as  Tyndale's  amanuensis  at  Cologne 
and  Worms  in  translating  New  Testament,  1525-6 :  pub- 
lished religious  works;  probably  burned  in  Portugal, 
c.  1531.  [xlix.  370] 

ROY,  WILLIAM  (1726-1790).  colonel  in  engineers ; 
assistant  to  Lieutenant-colonel  Watson,  deputy  quarter- 
master-general under  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1746 ;  aided 
Watson  in  making  military  map  of  Scotland ;  commis- 
sioned as  practitioner-engineer,  1755 ;  employed  in  recon- 
naissance of  coasts  of  Kent  and  Sussex  threatened  by 
French  invasion,  1755 :  took  part  in  expedition  against 
Rochefort,1757  ;  sub-engineer,  lieutenant,  and  captain  in 
corps  of  engineers,  1769;  major  and  deputy  quarter- 
master-general of  South  Britain,  1761 ;  surveyor-general 
of  coasts  and  engineer  for  military  surveys  for  Great 
Britain,  1766 :  F.R.S.,  1767 :  F.S.A. ;  major-general,  1781 ; 
director  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  royal  engineers,  nnd 
colonel  in  engineers,  1783 ;  colonel  of  30th  foot,  1786 ; 
Copley  medallist  for  work  in  connection  with  determining 
relative  positions  of  observatories  of  Paris  and  Greenwich, 
1785.  Left  in  manuscript  'Military  Antiquities  of 
Romans  in  Britain  ' ;  published  archaeological  and  scien- 
tific writings.  [xlix.  371] 

ROYDON,  SIR  MARMADUKE  (1583-1646),  merchant 
nnd  royalist;  apprenticed  to  Bordeaux  merchant  in 
I-on.l.-n  and  became  his  factor  in  France;  freeman  of 
Cloth  workers'  Company ;  one  of  first  '  planters '  in  Bar- 
bados ;  fought  for  Charles  I  in  civil  war ;  knighted,  1643  ; 
governor  of  Faringdon,  1645.  [xlix.  373] 

ROYDOK,  MATTHEW  (/.  1580-1622),  poet;  M.A. 
Oxford,  1680 ;  intimate  with  Sidney,  Marlowe,  Spenser 
Lodge,  and  Chapman.  His  most  celebrated  poem  is  his 
4  Elegie,  or  Friends  passion  for  his  Astrophill '  (on  Sidney's 
death),  printed  in  Spenser's  '  Colin  Clout,'  1595,  an<l  in  'all 
later  editions  of  Spenser's  works.  [xlix.  374] 

BOYLE,  JOHN  FORBES  (1799-1858),  surgeon  and 
•MWilhJt ;  educated  at  Military  Academy  at  Addiscombe ; 
•uiveon  in  East  India  Company's  service ;  joined  medical 
•Uff  of  Bengal  army,  1819 ;  superintendent  of  garden  at 
owianmpore,  1898  ;  made  valuable  collection  of  economic 
)UnU;  returned  to  England,  1881 ;  professor  of  materia 
King's  College,  London;  F.R.S.,  1887;  F.L.S., 


1833 ;  fellow  and  secretary  of  Geological  and  Royal  Horti- 
cultural societies  ;  one  of  founders  of  Philosophical  Club, 
1847 ;  work?  include  '  Illustrations  of  Botany  and  Natural 
History  of  Himalayan  Mountains'  (1839).  [xlix.  375] 

ROYSTOlf,  RICHARD  (1599-1686),  bookseller  to 
Charles  I,  Charles  II,  and  James  II;  confined  in  Fleet 
prison  for  printing  books  against  parliament,  1645  ;  pub- 
lished '  Elicit*  Ba<riAi*TJ,'  1648  :  received  from  Charles  II 
monopoly  of  printing  Charles  I's  works,  1660  ;  master  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1673 and  1674.  [xlix.  376] 

RUADHAN  (d.  585?),  Irish  saint;  son  of  Fergus; 
studied  in  St.  Finnian's  school  at  Clonard,  co.  Meath; 
founded  religious  community  of  Lothra,  co.  Tippernry ; 
entered  into  dispute  concerning  a  fugitive,  whom  he  pro- 
tected, with  Diarmait,  king  of  Ireland,  on  whose  residence, 
Tura,  he  laid  the  curse  that  it  should  be  uninhabited  after 
Diarmait's  time.  His  day  is  15  April.  [xlix.  376] 

RUD,  THOMAS  (1668-1733),  divine;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1691  ;  head-master  at  Newcastle 
grammar  school  and  master  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  New- 
castle, 1699-1710;  rector  of  Washington,  1729;  preben- 
dary of  Ripon  collegiate  church,  1728  ;  published  several 
works  and  left  manuscript  catalogue  of  manuscripts 
at  Durham  Cathedral.  [xlix.  377] 

RUDBORNE  or  BODEBURNE,  THOMAS  (rf.  1442), 
bishop  of  St.  David's;  bursar,  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1399-1400  ;  dean  of  Tamworth,  1413  ;  warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1416  ;  chaplain  to  Henry  V  in  Normandy, 
1417  ;  prebendary  of  Sarum,  1419  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford 
University,  1420 ;  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1433.  [xlix.  377] 

BUDBORNE,  THOMAS  (ft.  1460),  monk  of  St. 
Swithun's,  Winchester ;  wrote  historical  works,  including 
'Historia  Major,'  1454,  and  'Annales  Breves  Ecclesia 
Wintoniensis  a  Bruto  ad  Henricum  VI  regem,'  1440. 

[xlix.  378] 

RUDD,  ANTHONY  (1549?-1615),  bishop  of  St. 
David's;  M.A.  nnd  major  fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1570;  D.D.,  1583;  dean  of  Gloucester,  1584-94; 
bishop  of  St.  David's,  1594-1615 ;  summoned  to  Hampton 
Court  conference ;  published  sermons.  [xlix.  378] 

RUDD,  SAYER(rf.  1757),  divine ;  minister  at  Turners' 
Hall,  Philpot  Lane,  London,  1725-33 ;  studied  midwifery 
at  Paris  ;  M.D.  Leyden  ;  practised  in  London  ;  disowned 
by  Calvinistic  baptists  owing  to  alleged  unitarianism, 
1735 ;  conformed  to  established  church,  1738,  and  held 
livings  in  Kent ;  kept  school  at  Deal ;  published  religious 
and  other  works.  £xlix.  379] 

RUDD,  THOMAS  (1584  M656),  captain  and  military 
engineer ;  served  in  Low  Countries :  chief  military  en- 
gineer for  Wales,  1627  ;  superintended  defence  and  har- 
bour works  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  1639-42  :  chief 
engineer  to  royalists  during  civil  war ;  published  mathe- 
matical and  other  works.  [xlix.  380] 

RUDDER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1801),  printer  at  Oirencester ; 
published  topographical  works  relating  to  Gloucestershire. 

[xlix.  380] 

RUDDIMAN,  THOMAS (1674-1757), philologist;  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  M.A.,  1694 ;  employed 
in  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh,  1700;  assistant- 
librarian,  1702;  started  ns  book  auctioneer,  1707;  pre- 
pared for  press  editions  of  several  well-known  books,  in- 
cluding George  Buchanan's  works  (1715) ;  opened  printing 
business,  1715;  acquired,  1729,  'Caledonian  Mercury' 
(which  be  had  printed  since  1724),  the  organ  of  Prince 
Charles  Edward  in  1746;  joint-printer  to  Edinburgh 
University.  1728;  chief  librarian,  1730-62,  to  Advocates' 
Library,  of  which,  with  assistance  of  Walter  Goodall 
(1706?-1766)  [q.  v.],  he  began  to  issue  a  catalogue; 
joined  controversy  with  the  Rev.  George  Logan  [q.  v.]  on 
subject  of  hereditary  succession  to  throne,  1747-50 ;  assisted 
Ames  in  'Typographical  Antiquities,'  1749;  published 
4  Rudiments  of  Latin  Tongue,'  1714.  [xlix.  381] 

BUDGE,  EDWARD  (1763-1846),  botanist  and  anti- 
quary :  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  :  studied  and 
published  work  on  botany  of  Guiana,  1806-7 ;  F.S.A. ; 
member  of  Linnean  Society,  1802;  F.R.S.,  1805;  con- 
ducted excavations  at  Evesham  Abbey.  [xlix.  383] 

BUDGE,   EDWARD  JOHN  (1792-1861),  antiquary ; 
son  of  Edward  Rudge  [q.  y.]  ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Can>  • 
bridge  ;  barrster ;  F.S.A.  [xlix.  384] 


RUDGE 


1137 


RUMSEY 


RUDGE,  THOMAS  ( 1754-1 H25),  <livine;  M.A.  Wor- 
cester College,  Oxfonl,  17.<i;  H.I).,  I7v»;  ar.-h.lcu.iin  «>f 
( iloueester,  1814  ;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Hereford,  Inl7  ; 
published  historical  works  relating  to  Gloucestershire. 

RUDHALL,  ABRAHAM,  the  younger  (1680-1735), 
bell-founder  ;  son  of  Abraham  Rudhall  the  elder  [q.  v.], 
with  whom  he  worked;  the  biuiocM  carried  on  after  hit 
death  by  his  son  and  graudxon.  [xlix.  384] 

RUDHALL,  ABRAHAM,  the  elder  (1667-1786),  bell- 
foini.ler;  cast,  with  bin  son,  bells  for  St.  Bride's,  Fleet 
Stnvt  (1710  and  1718),  St.  Dunstan'a-ln-the-East,  Loii.loii, 
and  St.  Sepulchre's,  London.  [xlix.  881] 

RUDINO,  ROGERS  (1751-1820X  numismatist ;  M.A. 
and  fellow,  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1775;  B.D.,  1782: 
hi-ld  living  of  Maiden,  1793  ;  F.S.A. ;  published  '  AnnaU  of 
Coinage  of  Britain,'  1817-19.  [xlix.  386] 

RUDYERD,  SIR  BENJAMIN  (1572-1688),  politician 
and  poet ;  educated  at  Winchester  College  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxfonl :  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1600  ;  intimate 
friend  of  Ben  Jonson  and  William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pem- 
broke ;  knighted  and  appointed  surveyor  for  life  of  court 
of  wards,  1618  :  M.P.  tor  Portsmouth,  1680,  1624,  1625, 
Old  Sarum,  1626,  Dowuton,  1628,  Wilton,  1640  (twice) ; 
supported  Buckingltam  and  the  government  from  1623, 
but  (c.  1628)  assumed  part  of  mediator  between  Charles  I 
and  parliament,  and  ( 1642)  vigorously  attacked  Charles  I's 
evil  counsellors ;  took  the  two  covenants.  He  interested 
himself  in  colonial  enterprise,  and  was  one  of  incorporators 
of  Providence  Company,  1630.  His  works  were  published 
posthumously.  [xlix.  385] 

RUE.    [See  DE  LA  RUE.] 

RUFF,  WILLIAM  (1801-1856),  educated  for  law; 
sporting  reporter  for  'Bell's  Life,'  1821-53;  published 
annual  '  Guide  to  Turf,'  1842-54.  [xlix.  3S8] 

RUFFHEAD,  OWEN  (1723-1769),  miscellaneous 
writer:  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1747;  started  'Con- 
Test  '  periodical  in  support  of  government,  1757.  He  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  'Statutes  at  Large  from  Magna 
Charta  to  1763,'  1762-5,  'Life  of  Pope'  (digested  from 
Bishop  Warbnrton's  materials  at  his  request),  1769,  and 
other  works.  [xlix.  389] 

RUFUS  (d.  1128).  [See  BELMEIS  or  BEAUMKI&, 
RICHARD  DE.] 

RUFUS,  GEOFFREY  (d.  1140X  chancellor  to  Henry  I, 
<•.  1124  ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1133 ;  supported  Stephen. 

[xlix.  390] 

RUFUS,  RICHARD  (fl.  1238-1259).  [See  RICHARD 
OF  CORNWALL.] 

RUGG  or  REPPE8,  WILLIAM  (d.  1560),  divine; 
D.D.  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1513  ;  prior  of  cell  of  Yar- 
mouth, 1520  ;  sub-prior  of  Norwich,  1526 :  abbot  of  St. 
Benuet's,  Hulme,  1530:  favoured  Henry  VIII's  divorce 
from  Catherine  of  Arrogon ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1536 : 
concerned  in  compilation  of  '  Bishops'  Book ' :  resigned 
bishopric  through  financial  embarrassment*,  1549. 

[xlix.  390] 

RUGGE,  ROBERT  (d.  1410).    [See  RYGGE.] 

RUOOE,  THOMAS(</.1672?),  kept  manuscript  diary 
entitled  '  Mercurius  Politicus  Redivivus,'  1659-72,  now  in 
British  Museum,  [xlix.  391] 

RUGGLE,  GEORGE  (1575-1622),  author  of  'Igno- 
ramus'; M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1597;  fellow 
Of  Clare  Hall,  1698-1620 :  one  of  two  taxors  of  university, 
1604 :  M.A,  Oxford,  1605  ;  wrote  Latin  comedy,  '  Igno- 
ramus,1 ridiculing  pettifogging  lawyers  on  occasion  of  dis- 
pute (1611-12)  as  to  precedence  between  mayor  of  Cam- 
bridge and  vice-chancellor  of  the  university ;  the  play 
twice  performed  before  James  I  in  1615,  and  aroused  con- 
siderable resentment  among  lawyers.  '  Ignoramus  was 
printed  in  1630  ;  English  translations  by  Robert  Codring- 
ton  [q.  v.]  and  Edward  Ravenscroft  [q.  v.]  were  issned  in 
1662  and  1678  respectively.  [xlix.  392] 

RUGOLES,  THOMAS  (1737  7-1813),  writer  on  poor- 
law.  [«"*•  W3] 

RUGLEN,  EARL  OF  (1724-1810).  [See  DOUGLAS. 
WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OP  MARCH  and  fourth  DUKK 

QUEKNSBERRY.] 

RULE,  SAINT  (Jl.  8th  cent?)    [See  REOULCS.] 


RULE,  OILBERT(1629?-1701).i 


educated  at  Glasgow  University  ;  sub-principal.  King'* 
College,  Aberdeen,  1661  ;  perpetual  curate  at  Alnwlck. 
1666  ;  ejected,  1669  ;  M.D.  Leyden,  1666  :  practised  at 
Berwick  ;  preached  at  meeting-house  at  Lintoo  Bridge, 
1679;  imprisoned  on  Bass  Book  tor  lecturing  at  St.  Oiks'* 
Church,  Edinburgh,  1680: 


kingdom  :  colleague  of  Daniel 
1683-7  ; 


discharged  and  banished  from 
niel  Williams  [q.  v.]  at  Dublin, 


became  minister  at  Oreyfrian  Church,  Edin- 
burgh, 1688:  principal  of  Edinburgh  University,  1690: 
pui.u-i.ed  religion*  work*.  .  .  393] 

after 
Tillage 

Newlngton,  Kent,  be  was  ordained 
Wesleyan  preacher,  1896:  resident  missionary  at  Malta, 
1836-7  ;  missionary  In  8t  Vincent,  18*7-31  :  Wesleyan 
pastor  at  Gibraltar,  183*  ;  returned  home,  1842,  and 


RULE,  WILLIAM  H  ARRIS  (1802-1890), divine: 
trying  to  make  living  as  portrait-painter,  and  vi 
schoolmaster  at  Newington,  Kent,  he  was  ordi 


engaged  in  ministerial  duty  in  England,  1841-68;  joint- 
editor  at  Wwleyan  conference  office.  1861-7 ;  minister  to 

W.-Man  MUferi   .it   AM.-r-l..,M*.',7   ff;   I,,I!,!>*!,M|   •  Hi   - 


editor  at  Wwleyan  conference 
Wesleyan  soldiers  at  Akiershot 
lory  of  Inquisition '  (1874)  and  other  works,  [xlix.  894] 

RUMBOLD,  SIR  ARTHUR  CARLOS  HENRY,  fifth 
baronet  (1890-1869),  colonial  administrator  ;  grandson  of 
Sir  George  Berriman  Rombokl  [q.  v.] :  ensign,  1887  :  served 
in  Crimea,  1866 ;  colonel  in  the  imperial  Ottoman  army  ; 
administrator  of  SL  Christopher  and  Aqnilla,  1867. 


[xlix.  396] 
[AN, 


RUMBOLD,  SIR  GEORGE  BERRDCJ 
baronet  (1764-1807),  diplomatist:  born  at  Calcutta:  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Rumbold  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1791 ;  ambassador  to  Hanse  Towns,  and  minister  residen- 
tiary of  Great  Britain  at  Hamburg,  1808;  arrested  by 
order  of  Fouche  on  charge  of  conspiring  against  French  : 
conveyed  to  Paris  and  thence  to  England,  1804 ;  replaced 
at  Hamburg,  1806.  [xlix.  395] 

RUMBOLD,  HENRY(1617-1690), diplomatist:  resided 
chiefly  in  Spain  as  wine-merchant  during  civil  war :  con- 
sul at  Cadiz  and  Puerto  Sta  Maria,  1660-8 ;  returned  to 
England,  1663 ;  held  as  sinecures  consulates  of  Malaga, 
San  Lucar,  and  Seville.  [xlix.  899] 

RUMBOLD,  RICHARD  (16227-1685),  conspirator: 
soldier  in  parliamentary  army,  e.  1641 :  served  at  Dunbar 
ami  Worcester ;  lieutenant  in  Colonel  Packer's  horse,  1669 : 
carried  on  trade  of  maltster  at  Rye  House,  Hertfordshire ; 
indicted  of  high  treason  for  complicity  in  Rye  House  plot, 
1683 :  fled  to  Holland  ;  colonel  of  horxe  regiment  In  Argyll's 
expedition  to  Scotland,  1685 ;  captured  and  executed. 

[xlix.  396] 

RUMBOLD,  Siu  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1736-1791), 
Indian  administrator;  writer  in  East  India  Company's 
service,  1762:  joined  company's  military  service,  and 
served  under  Lawrence  and  dive :  captain,  1757  ;  aide-de- 
camp to  Olive  at  Plassey  ;  chief  of  Patna,  r.  1763 :  member 
of  Bengal  council,  1766-9  :  M.P.,  New  Shoreljam,  1770 : 
governor  of  Madras,  1777  ;  created  baronet,  1779 ;  read- 
justed system  of  payment  of  rents  from  Northern  sircars, 
and  the  nabob  of  Arcot ;  reduced  Pomlicherry  and  Mabe, 
and  occupied  the  Guntur  sircar :  made  preparations  to 
resist  invasion  of  Carnatic  by  Haidar  All,  and  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health,  1780 ;  dismissed  from  service  of 
company  by  court  of  directors,  who  held  him  responsible 
for  invasion  of  Carnatic ;  on  parliamentary  inquiry  being 
instituted  he  was  defended  by  George  Hanlinge  [q.  v.] 
and  acquitted  :  M.P.,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight,  1781,  and 
Weyuiouth,  1784-90.  [xlix.  397] 

RUMBOLD,  WILLIAM  (1613-1667),  cavalier;  brother 
of  Henry  Rumbold  [q.  v.]  ;  attended  Charte  I  until  after 
the  battle  of  Naseby,  when  he  retired  to  Spain  ;  returned, 
1649,  nnd  acted  as  Charles  1 1'«  fl  nandal  agent  and  secretary 
to  secret  royalist  council ;  imprisoned  about  two  years  by 
Cromwell :  engaged  in  Sir  George  Booth's  plot :  surveyor- 
general  of  customs,  1668.  [  xlix.  399] 

RUMFORD,  COUNT  VON  (1763-1814).  [Se*  THOMP- 
SON, SIR  BKNJAMIX.] 

RUMOLD,  in  Irish  ROTHMAKL  (d.  778 ?),  divine; 
consecrated  bishop,  and  laboured  in  Ireland  in  eighth 
century ;  travelled  on  continent,  and  finally  founded  a 
settlement  at  Mechlin.  His  festival  is  given  variously  as 
1  or  3  July.  [«"*•  •*<»] 

RUMSEY,  WALTER  (1584-1660X  Welsh  judge:  of 
Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford  :  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1608 
(ancient,  1622,  bencher,  1631,  Lent  reader,  16)8,  dean  of 

4  D 


BUNCIMAN 


1138 


RUSKIN 


chaod.  1640);  jndge  of  great  sessions  for  counties  of 
Brecknock,  Glamorgan,  and  Radnor,  1631  (removed  by 
parliament,  1647);  nominated  knight  of  ******$?*' 

RUNCUIAN,  ALEXANDER  (1736-1785),  painter; 
stndied  with  his  brother,  John  Runciman  [q.  v.],  in  Italy, 
where  he  met  Henry  Fuseli  [q.  v.]  :  settled  in  Edinburgh  ; 
drawing-master  at  Scottish  academy :  painted  two  cele- 
brated ceilings  at  Peniculk  for  Sir  James  Olerk. 

[xlix.  401 J 

RUNCIMAN,  JAMES  (1853-1891),  journalist;  board 
school  teacher  ;  contributed  to  'Teacher,'  'Schoolmaster,' 
and  'Vanity  Fair';  sub-editor  of  'Vanity  Fair,'  1874,  and 
of  '  London,'  e.  1880 ;  B.Sc.  London,  1876.  Published  mis- 
caUaaeoas  writings,  of  which  the  best  are  descriptions  of 
fisher  life  on  North  Sea.  [xlix.  402] 

RUNCIMAN,  JOHN  (1744-1768),  painter;  brother  of 
Alexander  Runciman  [q.  v.]  [xlix.  402] 

RUNDALL,  MARY  ANN  (d.  1839), educational  writer ; 
kept  ladies'  school  at  Bath.  Published  'Symbolic  Illus- 
trations of  English  History,' 1815.  [xlix.  403] 

RUNDELL,  MRS.  MARIA  ELIZA  (1745-1828),  writer 
on  cookery  ;  nie  Ketelby  ;  married  Thomas  Rundell ;  pub- 
lished '  New  System  of  Domestic  Cookery,'  1808,  and  other 
works.  [xlix.  403] 

RUNDLE,  ELIZABETH  (1828-1896).  [See  CHARLES, 
M  us.  ELIZABETH.] 

RUNDLE,  THOMAS  (1688?-1743),  bishop  of  Derry; 
D.O.L.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1723  ;  member  of  Whiston's 
'  Society  for  Promoting  Primitive  Christianity  '  ;  was 
prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1716 ;  archdeacon  of  Wilts, 
1720 ;  treasurer  of  Saruin,  1721 ;  received  stall  at  Durham, 
1722  ;  master  of  Sherburn  Hospital,  1728 ;  bishop  of  Derry, 
1735-43  ;  published  sermons  ;  his  '  Letters '  appeared  1789. 

[xlix.  403] 

RUNNINGTOK,  CHARLES  (1751-1821),  legal  writer ; 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1778 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1787  ;  chief 
commissioner  in  Insolvency,  1816-19.  [xlix.  405] 

RUPERT,  PRINCE,  COUNT  PALATINE  OF  RHINE  and 
DUKK  OF  BAVARIA,  afterwards  DUKE  OF  CUMBERLAND 
and  EARL  OF   HOLDERNKSS  (1619-1682),  third  son   of 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  Frederick  V,  elector 
palatine:    born  at  Prague;   served  as  volunteer  under 
Prince  of  Orange  in  invasion  of  Brabant,  1635 ;  came  to 
England,  and  was  created  M.A.  Oxford,  1636  ;  at  siege  of 
Breda,  1637 ;    captured  during  invasion  of  Westphalia, 
1.-.38;    released,  1641;    in  England,  1642;    appointed  by 
diaries  I  general  of  the  horse  ;  gained,  at  Worcester,  1642, 
first  victory  of  th«   war  ;    commanded  right  wing  of 
Charles  I's  horse  at  Edgehill,  1G42  ;  took  Cirencester  ;  un- 
successfully attempted  Bristol,  March  1643  ;  took  Birming- 
ham, April  1643  ;    gained  victory  at  Chalgrove    Field, 
June  1643 ;  forced  capitulation  of  Bristol,  July  1643 ;  at 
Newbury,  September  1643 ;  created  Earl  of  Holderness  and 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  January  1644  ;  relieved  Newark, 
March  1644 ;  defeated  parliamentarians  at  Stockport,  May 
1644;  captured  Liverpool,  June  1644;   failed  to  relieve 
York,  and  was  defeated  with  Newcastle  at  Marston  Moor, 
June  1644;  appointed  general,  1644;  suppressed  rising  in 
Wales,  February  1645 ;  relieved  Chester ;  took  Leicester, 
May  1645  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Naseby,  where  royal- 
L*U  were  defeated,  June  1645 :  occupied  Bristol ;  urged 
Charles  I  to  make  peace,  July  1645  ;  surrendered  Bristol  to 
Fairfax  (September),  and  was  deprived  of  commissions 
(October);  in  siege  of  Oxford,  and  on  its  capitulation 
ordered  (January  1646)  to  leave  England :  went  to  St. 
Germain,  July  1646 ;  appointed  mareschal-de-camp,  with 
command  of  English  troop*  in  French  service ;  accom- 
panied Prince  Charles  to  Holland,  1648  ;  commanded  fleet 
sent  to  assist  Ormonde  in  Ireland,  1649 ;  relieved  Stilly 
islet;    blockaded  by  Blake  at  mouth  of  Tagus,   1650; 
escaped  to   Mediterranean,  made   piratical    cruise,  and 
reached  Barbados,  1652  ;    returned  to  France,  1653 ;  in 
Germany,  1654-60;    returned  to  England,  1660;    privy 
councillor,  and  commissioner  for  government  of  Tangier, 
1669 ;  one  of  the  patentees  of  Royal  African  Company, 
1661 ;  admiral  of  while  under  Duke  of  York  at  Solebay, 
1665  ;  shared  command  with  Monck  against  Dutch,  1666  ; 
held  command  at  Woolwich,  1667 ;  constable  of  Windsor 
Oafttle,  1668 :  received  charter  for  Hudson  Bay  Company, 
H.70;  vice-admiral  of  England   on  outbreak  of  second 
Dutch  war,  1672;  general  on  sea  and  land,  and,  later, 
admiral  of  fleet,  1673 ;  fought  unsuccessful  battles  off 


Schoneveldt  and  Texel ;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,'  1673- 
1679.  Buried  in  Henry  VII's  Chapel,  Westminster ;  his 
portrait  painted  by  Lely.  [xlix.  405] 

RUFIBUS,  PETER  DE  (d.  1238).    [See  PETKR  DKS 

KlH'HKS.] 

RUSH,  ANTHONY  (1537-1577),  divine ;  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen College.  Oxford,  1558  ;  master  of  Canterbury  gram- 
mar school,  1561 ;  canon  of  Windsor  and  D.D.  Cambridge, 
1565  ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  canon  of  Canter- 
bury, 1568  ;  dean  of  Chichester,  1570-7.  [xlix.  417] 

RUSH,  JAMES  BLOMFIELD  (rf.  1849),  murderer  ; 
a  tenant  fanner  on  the  estate  of  Isaac  Jenny  (1789-1848), 
[q.  v.],  who  sympathised  with  the  claimants  to  Jenny's 
estate  and  shot  him  and  his  son.  [xlix.  341]  : 

RU  SHOOK,  THOMAS  (.ft.  1388),  bishop ;  provincial 
of  Dominican  order  in  England,  1373-82  ;  temporarily 
deposed,  1378-9 ;  confessor  to  Richard  II,  1379  ;  bishop  of 
Llandaff,  1383,  and  of  Chichester,  1385  ;  supported 
Richard  II;  found  guilty  of  treason,  1388  ;  banished  to  Ire- 
land ;  bishop  of  Kilmore,  c.  1388.  [xlix.  417] 

RUSHOUT,  SIR  JOHN,  fourth  baronet  (1684-1775> 
politician;  M.P.  for  Malmesbury,  1713  and  1715,  and 
Evesham,  1722-68 ;  lord-commissioner  of  treasury,  1742; 
treasurer  of  navy,  1743  ;  privy  councillor,  1744  ;  father  of 
House  of  Commons  when  he  retired  in  1768.  [xlix.  418] 

RUSHTON,  EDWARD  (1550-1586).    [See  RISIITON.] 

RUSHTON,  EDWARD  (1756-1814),  poet ;  apprenticed 
to  firm  of  West  India  shippers  at  Liverpool ;  lost  Ms  sight 
while  serving  as  mate  in  slaving  expedition  to  Guinea 
coast ;  published  poem  condemning  American  war,  1782 ; 
kept  tavern  at  Liverpool ;  edited  '  Liverpool  Herald ' ; 
published  poems  and  political  writings.  His  sight  was 
restored,  1807.  [xlix.  419] 

RUSHTON,  EDWARD  (1796-1851);  son  of  Edward 
Rushton  (1756-1814)  [q.  v.] ;  printer  and  stationer  ;  called 
to  bar ;  stipendiary  magistrate  at  Liverpool,  1839. 

[xlix.  419] 

RUSH  WORTH,  JOHN  (1612  7-1690),  historian  ;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1649;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1647  ;  clerk-assistant  to  House  of  Commons,  1640  ;  secre- 
tary to  general  and  council  of  war  on  organisation  of  new 
model  army ;  accompanied  Fairfax  in  campaigns  of  1645, 
1646,  and  1648 ;  secretary  to  Cromwell,  1650  :  member  of 
committee  for  reformation  of  law,  1652 ;  M.P.,  Berwick, 
1657,  1659,  1660,  1679,  and  1681 ;  secretary  to  council  of 
state,  1660  ;  secretary  to  lord  keeper,  1667  ;  spent  hist  six 
years  of  life  in  king's  bench  prison.  He  wrote  '  Historical 
Collections'  (to  year  1648),  which  was  issued  between 
1659  and  1701  (8  vols.)  [xlix.  419] 

RUSHWORTH,  JOHN  (1669-1736),  surgeon;  prac- 
tised at  Northampton;  discovered  efficacy  of  cinchona 
bark  for  gangrene,  1721 ;  with  Sir  Samuel  Garth  [q.  v.] 
suggested  foundation  of  local  infirmaries  and  dispensaries  ; 
published  surgical  works.  [xlix.  422] 

RUSHWORTH  or  RICHWORTH,  WILLIAM  (* 
1637),  Roman  catholic  divine  ;  born  in  Lincolnshire ; 
educated  at  English  College,  Douay ;  general  prefect,  1618 ; 
joined  catholic  English  mission.  Left  in  manuscript  reli- 
gious writings.  [xlix.  423] 

RUSK3N,  JOHN  (1819-1900),  author,  artist,  and  social 
reformer ;  son  of  John  James  Ruskin  (1785-1864),  who 
entered  partnership  as  wine  merchant  in  London,  1809 ; 
brought  up  on  strict  puritanical  principles  ;  educated  by 
Dr.  Andrews,  father  of  Coventry  Patmore's  first  wife,  and 
under  the  Rev.  Thomas  Dale  (1797-1870)  [q.  v.]  at  Oam- 
berwell ;  studied  at  King's  College,  London  ;  learned  draw- 
ing under  Copley  Fielding  and  J.  D.  Harding ;  entered 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1836  ;  won  Newdigate  prize,  1839 ; 
contributed  verse  to  'Friendship's  Offering,'  and  other 
miscellanies ;  travelled  for  his  health,  1840-1 ;  B.A.,  1842 ; 
M.A.,  1848 ;  his  first  published  writings  were  articles  in 
London's  '  Magazine  of  Natural  History,'  1834  :  made  ac- 
quaintance of  Turner,  1840  ;  paid  first  visit  to  Venice,  1841 ; 
published,  1843,  first  volume  of  '  Modern  Painters,  by  a 
Graduate  of  Oxford '  (his  name  first  appeared  on  title-page 
in  edition  of  1851);  second  volume  published  184C,  the 
authorship  being  by  that  time  an  open  secret ;  the  third 
and  fourth  volumes  appeared  1856,  the  fifth,  1860  ;  mar- 
ried, 1848,  Euphemia  Chalmers  Gray,  daughter  of  George 
Gray,  a  lawyer  of  Perth ;  made  acquaintance  of  Millais, 


RUSSEL 


Utt 


RUSSELL 


1851;  delivered  at  Edinburgh,  1x63,  lectures  on  'Archi- 
tecture and  Painting,'  published,  1H54:  hi*  marriage 
annulleil  on  his  wife',  suit,  which  be  did  not  defend,  18M : 
P'lMi-iml,  1849,  'Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,'  which 
Ini.i  .•.m-.i-r.iM-  intluenoe  in  encouraging  the  Gothic 
revival  of  the  time,  and '  Stones  of  Venice,'  I  voU  1861-3 : 
warmly  detuuled  the  pre-ltaphaeutai  in  letter*  to  The 
Times,'  and  in  pamphlets,  1861 ;  published  annually, 
1855-9,  •  Notes  on  the  Royal  Academy ' :  arrange 
drawings  at  National  Gallery :  took  chance  of  drawing 
classes  at  Working  Men's  College,  Great  Ormond  Street, 
L..II.I..H.  1854-8;  publubed  'Elements  of  Drawing,'  IBM, 

Chrint  Church,  Oxford,  1858 ;  devoted  himself  to  economic 
studies,  and  published  'Unto  thU  Last'  (tome  of  the 
paper*  being  first  contributed  to  'Cornhill  Magazine'), 
1860, '  Munera  Pulveris '  (contributed  in  part  to  '  Fraaer'* 
Magazine  'X  1862,  •  Gold,'  1863,  •  Time  and  Tide,'  1867,  and 
varioiu  letter*  and  pamphlets,  1868,  advocating  a  system 
of  national  education,  the  organisation  of  labour,  H  ud  other 
social  measures;  honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1867; 
between  1855  and  1870  be  delivered  In  all  part*  of  the 
country  lectures,  some  of  which  were  published  in  '  Sessmff 
and  Lilies'  1*»,  'The  Crown  of  Wild  Olive,'  1866,  and 

•  The  Ethics  of  the  Du*V  1866 ;  removed,  1871,  to  Brant- 
wood,  Coniston  Lake,  where  he  remained  till   death; 
established  •  For*  ClavigersV  a  monthly  letter  •  to  the 
workmen  ami  labourers  of  Great  Britain,'  and  founded, 
isn,  the  guild  of  St.  George  on  principles  that  'food 

•  •an  only  be  got  out  of  the  ground  and  happiness  out 
of  honesty,'  and  that  'the  highest  wisdom  and  the  highest 
treasure  need  not  be  costly  or  exclusive';  engaged  in 
several  industrial  experiments,  including  the  revival  of 
the  bond-made  linen  industry  in  Laugdale,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  cloth  industry  at  Laxey,  Isle  of  Man ; 
inspired  and  was  first  president  of  'The  Art  for  Schools 
Association';    first  Slade  professor  of   art  at   Oxford, 
1870-9  ;  again  filled  the  post,  1883-4,  and  published  eight 
volumes  of  lectures ;  founded  a  drawing  school  at  Oxfor-1 
and  endowed    a   drawing-master;    honorary    fellow    of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1871 ;  suffered  at  times 
from  brain  fever  after  1878  :  published  at  intervals  during 
1885-9  'Preterite,'  an  autobiography  which  was  never 
completed :  died  from  influenza,  20  Jan.  1900,  and  was 
buried  at  Coniston.    A,  bibliography  of  his  writings  by 
Thomas  J.  Wise  and  James  P.  Smart  was  issued,  1893. 
Many  of  the  illustrations  to  his  works  were  executed  from 
his  own  drawings.    He  inherited  from  his  father  a  Urge 
fortune,  all  of  which  was  dispersed,  chiefly  in  charitable 
and  philanthropic  object*,  before  his  death. 

[SuppL  ill  306] 

RUSSEL.    [See  also  RUSSELL.] 

RUSSEL,  ALEXANDER (1814-1876),  journalist:  ap- 
prenticed to  printer  in  Edinburgh  ;  contributed,  to  '  Tail's 
Magazine':  edited  'Berwick  Advertiser,'  1839,  'Fife 
Herald '  (Cupar),  1812,  and  a  journal  at  KUmarnock,  c. 
1844;  editor,  c.  1848  till  death,  of  'Scotsman' ;  exerted 
himself  to  further  objects  of  Auti-Cornlaw  League,  part 
of  his  plans  being  opposition  to  all  interference  of 
ministers  of  religion  in  politics.  [xlix.  423] 

RUSSEL,  ANTONY  (1663?-1743),  portrait-painter; 
sou  of  Theodore  Rusael  [q.  v.] ;  friend  of  George  Vertue 
[q.  v.]  [*"*•  4»J 

RUSSEL,  GEORGE  (1728-1767),  poet:  born  In 
Minorca ;  B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1750 :  rector  of 
Schull,  co.  Cork,  1753-67.  Works  published,  1769. 

[xlix.  424] 

RUSSEL,  JOHN  (1740?  -  1817),  Scottish  divine; 
licensed  preacher,  1768  ;  minister  at  Kilmarnock,  1774  ; 
held  second  charge  of  Stirling,  1800-17  ;  catirised  by 
Robert  Burns. 

RUSSEL,  ROUSSEEL,  or  RUSSELL,  THEODORE 
( 1614-1689),  portrait-painter  ;  born  in  London  of  Dutch 
parents  ;  assistant  to  Vandyck,  many  of  who*  portraits 
he  copied.  [xlix.  426] 

RUSSEL,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1702),  baptist  minister  ; 
li.\.  Cambridge  ;  created  M.D.,  1688 :  pa*tor  of  baptist 
...u-regation  at  High  Hau,  West  Smithfleld,  London, 
before  1670 :  probably  practised  as  physician  from  c.  1680 ; 
published  controversial  pamphlet*.  [xlix.  425] 

RUSSELL.    [See  also  RUSSKL.] 

RUSSELL,  ALEXANDER  (1718  ?-17681  physician; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  physician  to  English  factory  at 


Aleppo,  1 740-53;  published  'Natorml  History  of  Aleppo*' 
1756;  K.llA.  1756;  L.R.O.P.  and  M.D.  Glasgow,  1760; 
physician  to  St.  TbotnaV*  Hospital,  1780.  (xlix.4*) 

RUSSELL,  AUTllUU   TOZBR   ( 1806-1874 >.  divine : 

-,      :  .,-•-:.,      i,    ,. 
and  St.  John'-  College,  Cambridge  ;  LL.B.,  1890 ;  after 

...  .   ...  ,.-     :  .  .  ;1  •  .  ••     .  ,  •     •.,:  ,,:  -....-  :-;i  . 

published  hymns  and  other  writing*,  [xlix.  127] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  OIIAIILBS.  third  baronet  (18J4- 
utenant-oolonet :  educated  A  Eton  ;  eosifn, 
1841 ;  captain  In  grenadier*,  IMS  ;  served  in  Crimea  : 
deputy  assistant  quartermaster  gftwal ;  V.C.,  1847; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1858 ;  coo-err. tire  JC.P.  for  Berk- 
shire,  1865-8,  and  Westminster,  1*74-8*.  [xlix.  418] 


RUSSELL,  CM  YULES,  flnt  r 
KILLOWKX  (1832-1900),  lord  chief-justice  of  England; 
nephew  of  Ohartei  William  Russell  [q.  v.] ;  admitted 
solicitor,  1864  ;  practised  in  county  court*  of  Down  and 
Antrim  :  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1869 ;  joined  northern  circuit ;  Q.O.,  187* ; 
independent  liberal  M.P.  for  Dundalk,  1880-6.  Booth 
Hackney,  1885,  18H6,  1892  ;  attorney-general.  1888  and 
1892 ;  vigorously  advocated  home  rule ;  leading  counsel 
for  Parnell  in  Paruell  Communion,  1888-9;  with  Sir  & 
Webster  represented  Great  Britain  in  Bearing  Sea  arbitra- 
tion, 1803,  and  was  made  G.C.M.G. ;  made  lord  of  appeal 
and  raised  to  peerage  for  life,  1804 :  appointed  later  in 
same  year,  on  death  of  Sir  John  Duke  Coleridge,  baron 
Coleridge  [q.  v.],  lord  chief -justice  ;  presided  at  trial  of 
Jameson  raiders,  189tf  ;  one  of  arbitrators  at  Part*,  1899, 
to  determine  boundaries  of  British  Guiana  aud  Venezuela 
under  treaty  of  1897  ;  introduced  secret  commissions  bill 
in  House  of*  Lords,  1900  ;  published  writings  on  legal  and 
educational  questions.  [SuppL  III.  3*7] 

RUSSELL,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1812  -  1880), 
president  of  Maynooth  College :  educated  at  Maynooth 
College  ;  Duuboyue  student,  1832  :  professor  of  humanity, 
1835;  apostolic  vicar  of  Ceylon,  184*;  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history,  Mayuooth,  1845,  aud  president, 
1857:  took  part  in  tractarian  movement;  published  anti- 
quarinn  and  other  writings.  [xlix.  4*8] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  DAVID  (1809  -  1884).  general ; 
cornet,  1828 ;  captain,  1833 ;  brevet  colonel,  1854  ;  served 
in  Indian  mutiny  :  general,  1877  ;  K.C.B.,  1K71. 

[xlix.  429] 

RUSSELL,  EDWARD,  EARL  op  OKROKD  (.1663-1727), 
admiral  :  lieutenant,  1671 ;  captain,  1672  :  joined  service 
of  Prince  of  Orange,  c.  1683 ;  M.P.,  Launceston,  1689, 
Portsmouth,  1690,  Cambridgeshire,  1695:  treasurer  of 
navy,  1689,  and  admiral  of  blue  under  Turn  a*  ton,  whom 
he  succeeded.  1690  :  with  Dutch  defeated  French  off  Cape 
Bartieur,  1692 ;  dismissed  from  command  for  not  com- 
pleting destruction  of  French  fleet,  1693 ;  reinstated,  1693  ; 
first  lord  of  admiralty,  1694-9,  1709-10,  and  1714-17  ; 
served  in  Mediterranean,  1694-6;  created  Baron  of 
Shingey,  Viscount  Barfleur,  and  Earl  of  Orford,  1697 : 
one  of  lords  justices,  1697, 1698,  and  1714  ;  commissioner 
for  union,  1706.  '  [xlix.  4*9] 

RUSSELL,  LOUD  EDWARD  (1806-1887),  admiral; 
son  of  John  Russell,  *ixth  duke  of  Bedford  [q.  v.]  ; 
lieutenant,  18*6  ;  captain,  1833 ;  M.P,  Tavistock,  1841-7  : 
nnvol  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1846-50  :  served  at 
Sevastopol,  1864  ;  C.B.,  1856  ;  admiral,  1867.  [xlix.  431] 

RUSSELL,  LADY  ELIZABETH  (1528-1609).  [See 
HoiiY,  ELIZABETH,  LADY.] 

RUSSELL,  FRANCIS,  second  KARL  OF  BEDFORD 
(1527?-1585),  son  of  John  Russell,  first  earl  of  Bedford 
[q.  v.];  of  King's  Hall,  Cambridge;  K.B.,  1647 
Buckinghamshire,  1547-62;  witnessed  deed  by  which 
Edward  VI  settled  the  crown  on  Lady  Jane  Grey,  1563 ; 
imprisoned,  1553-6 ;  escaped  to  continent ;  returned,  1666 : 
privy  councillor,  1558 ;  took  active  part  in  religious  settle 
iiu-i.t  ;  warden  of  east  marches,  governor  of  Berwick,  and 
K.G.,  1564 ;  commissioner  to  treat  as  to  Mary  Quean  of 
Soots'  marriage,  1664;  lord  president  of  Wales  and 
lieutenantof  Garter,  1576  :  cluef -justice  and  justice  in  eyre 
of  royal  forests  south  of  Trent,  168*.  [xlix.  431] 

RUSSELL,  FRANCIS,  fourth  KARL  OF  BKOFORD 
(1693-1641),  son  of  Sir  William  Russell,  flr*»  baron] Russell 
of  Tbornhaugh  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  U07;  succeeded  his 

4  D  2 


RUSSELL. 


1140 


RUSSELL 


AUOOr.l^Li, 

ford  [q.  v.]:  '< 
borough  ;  conn 


cousin  Edward,  third  earl  of  Bedford,  1627  ;  M.P.,  Lym 
Regis,  1610-11 ;  built  square  of  Covent  Garden,  e.  1631 
beaded  association  which  undertook  draining  of  fens 
prominent  in  opposition  to  Charles  I,  1640  ;  privy  couu 
cillor,  1641  ;  endeavoured  to  mediate  between  Charles 
and  parliament.  [xlix.  433] 

RUSSELL,    FRANCIS,    fifth   DUKE    OK    BEDFORD 
(1765-1802),  son  of  Francis  Russell,  marquis  of  Tav 
took;  succeeded  his  grandfather,  John  Russell,  fourth 
duke  of  Bedford  [q.  v.],  1771 :  of  Westminster  School  an. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  attached  himself  to  the  party 
of  Fox ;  one  of  the  friends  of  George,  prince  of  Wales 
built  Russell  and  Tavistock  Squares,  London,  c.  1800 
member  of  original  board  of  agriculture,  1793  ;  first  pre 
sideut  of  Smithfield  Club,  1798.  [xlix.  435] 

RUSSELL,      FRANCIS     CHARLES      HASTINGS 
ninth   DUKE    OF    BEDFORD    (1819-1891),  son  of   Lord 
George  William  Russell  [q.  v.]  ;  served  In  Scots  f  usilie 
guards,  1836-46  :  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1847-72 :  succeeded 
bis  cousin  William  Russell,  eighth  duke  of  Bedford,  1872 
president  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  1879  ;  K.G.,  1880 
committed  suicide.  [xlix.  437] 

RUSSELL,    LORD  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1790-1846) 
son  of  John  Russell,  sixth  duke  of  Bed 
educated   at  Westminster  and  Woodnes- 
cornet  and  lieutenant,  1806 ;  aide-de-camp  to 
Sir  G.  Ludlow  at  Copenhagen,  1807  ;  served  In  Peninsula, 
1809  and  1810-12;    aide-de-camp  to  Wellington,  1812 
major,  1813;  M.P.,  Bedford;  aide-de-camp  to  Wellington 
while  ambassador  at  Paris,  1817;   major-general,  1841 
held  several  diplomatic  appointments,  and  was  ambassador 
at  Berlin,  1836-41 ;  G.O.B.  (civil),  1838.          [xlix.  437] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  HENRY  (1751-1836),  judge  ;  of  Char- 
terhouse School  and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1775 ;  commissioner  in  bankruptcy,  1775 ;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1783 ;  appointed  puisne  judge  in  supreme 
court  of  judicature,  Bengal,  and  knighted,  1797 ;  chief- 
justice  of  supreme  court,  1807-13 ;  created  baronet,  1812  • 
priry  councillor,  1816.  [xlix.  438] 

RUSSELL,  HENRY  (1812-1900),  vocalist  and  song- 
composer  ;  appeared  at  Surrey  Theatre,  London,  1828 ; 
chorus-matter  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre,  London ;  went 
to  Canada  and  America,  where,  and  from  1841  in  Eng- 
land, he  made  a  great  reputation  by  his  rendering  of 
songs  of  a  domestic  character;  composed  numerous 
Bettings  to  songs,  some  of  which  were  expressly  written 
for  him  by  Dr.  Charles  Mackay  [q.  v.]  His  most  popular 
aong  was  •  Oheer,  boys,  cheer.'  [Suppl.  iii.  332] 

RUSSELL,  JAMES  (1754-1836),  surgeon  ;  F.R.O.S. 
Edinburgh,  1777,  president,  1797 ;  surgeon  to  Royal  In- 
firmary, Edinburgh  ;  first  professor  of  clinical  surgery, 
Edinburgh  University,  1803-34;  original  fellow,  and 
eabseqnently  vice-president,  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh ; 
ndhatll  pictures ;  published  surgical  works,  [xlix.  439] 

RUSSELL,  JAMES  (1786-1851),  surgeon  ;  studied  at 
Guy's  Hospital,  London :  L.R.O.P.,  1808 ;  honorary  surgeon 
to  Birmingham  Dispensary,  1815-25 ;  sanitary  inspector 
it  Birmingham, :  one  of  founders  of  Birmingham  Medical 
Benevolent  Society  ;  wrote  on  scientific  and  medical  sub- 
jocw  \  r  .It,C.SM  1843. 


Tp' :  graduated 
r;, Imier  Temple'  1822  :  reP°rter  in 
.  chancellor  and  master  of  rolls  till  1834; 
X   Vice-chancellor  Knight-Bruce's 
;  i    ,  fc^ou«h  overwork  ;  edited  •  Annual 

;  published  '  Reports.'  [xlix.  441] 

RUSSELL.  JOHN  (fl.  1450),  mediaeval  writer  ;  in  ser- 
vice of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester ;  wrote  « Book  of 

•  •9?  &U*1  Farnlval1'  Boxburgbe  Club,  1867,  and 
B.E.T.S.,  1868).  [xllx  441-j 

RUSSELL,  SIR  JOHN  (ft.  1440-1470),  speaker  of 
House  of  Commons;  M.P.,  1423;  speaker,  1423,^32  and 
1460'  [xlix.  441] 

RUSBELL,    JOHN   (d.   1494),   bishop   of   Lincoln ; 

.SCSttlS"0???1  ^U6*8  and  New  College,  Oxford 
fellow,  1449-62 ;  LL.B.  and  LL.D.,  1459 ;  moderator  In 

1'  146l!  archd««>n  of  BWks?b?liE 
*1!.1474;;83 :  ne*°tiat«*  marriage  betweei 
3&?  Cicely  and  James,  son  of  king  of 
1  l)rebend»ry  «*  St.  Paul'.  Cathedral,  1474  • 
Rochester,  1476-SO,  and  of  Lincoln,  1480-94  : 


chancellor  of  England,  1483 ;  employed  by  Henry  VII  in 
negotiations  with  king  of  Scots  and  with  Brittany,  1486 : 
ohaiu-dlor  of  Oxford  University,  1483-94;  wrote  'Pro- 

Eitio  Clarissimi   Oratoris,  Mayistri  Johannis  Russell* 
intfil  with  Caxton's  type,  probably  at  Bruges),  a  speech 
ivered  on  embassy  to  invest  Charles  the  Bold  with  Garter, 
1470,  and  legal  aiid  religious  treatises.  [xlix.  442] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  first  EARL  op  BEDFORD  (1486  ?- 
1555),  gentleman  of  privy  chamber,  1506  ;  captain  IB  ex- 
pedition to  France,  1513  ;  knighted,  c.  1513  ;  at  tourna- 
ment at  Paris,  1514;  at  Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520: 
accompanied  expedition  of  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of 
Surrey  (afterwards  third  Duke  of  Norfolk)  [q.  v.],  to 
France,  1522 ;  knight-marshal  of  household,  1523 ;  went 
on  secret  mission  to  obtain  alliance  of  Duke  of  Bourbon, 
1523,  and  after  many  adventures  returned,  1525 ;  ambas- 
sador to  Pope  Clement,  1527 ;  bailiff  of  Burley  in  New 
Forest,  1528  ;  took  active  part  in  suppressing  Pilgrimage 
of  Grace,  1636;  comptroller  of  king's  household,  1537  ; 
privy  councillor,  1538  ;  created  Baron  Russell  of  Chenies 
and  elected  K.G.,  1539  ;  high  steward  of  duchy  of  Corn- 
wall :  lord  high-admiral  of  England,  1540-2 ;  high  steward 
of  Oxford  University,  1542  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1542, 1547, 
and  1553  ;  took  part  in  suppression  of  Western  rebellion 
1549;  created  Earl  of  Bedford^  1550  ;  signed  Edward  VI's 
letters  patent  limiting  crown  to  Lady  Jane  Grey,  but 
subsequently  joined  Queen  Mary's  party ;  joint-ambassador 
to  Philip  of  Spain  to  conclude  marriage  treaty,  1554. 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  fourth  DUKE  OP  BEDFORD  (1710- 
1771),  second  son  of  Wriothesley  Russell,  second  duke  of 
Bedford:  succeeded  his  brother,  third  duke  of  Bedford, 
1732;  joined  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole;  privy 
councillor ;  first  lord  of  admiralty  in  Pelham's  administra- 
tion ;  lord  justice  of  Great  Britain,  1745,  1748,  and  1750  ; 
colonel  of  foot  regiment,  which  he  raised  for  George  II, 
1745  ;  secretary  for  southern  department  on  Chesterfield's 
resignation  of  seals,  1748 ;  K.G.,  1749  ;  resigned  seals,  1751 ; 
started,  with  Beckford,  anti-ministerial  paper,  « The 
Protestor,'  edited  by  James  Ralph  [q.  v.],  1753;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  Duke  of  Devonshire's  administra- 
tion, 1755-61 ;  lord  high  constable  at  George  Ill's  corona- 
tion, 1760 ;  accepted  privy  seal,  1760 ;  ambassador  for  treaty 
of  peace  with  France,  1762-3  ;  president  of  council,  1763-7 ; 
supported  Grafton's  government,  but  took  no  office,  1767. 
His  portrait,  painted  by  Gainsborough,  1764,  was  copied 
by  Reynolds.  [xlix.  447] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (1745-1806),  portrait-painter;  ap- 
prenticed to  Francis  Cotes  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  art  in  Lon- 
don, and  produced  many  portraits,  chiefly  in  coloured 
crayons ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1769,  and 
obtained  gold  medal,  1770,  for  figure  of  'Aquarius'; 
R.A.,  1788 ;  executed  portraits  of  George  Ill's  queen  and 
George,  prince  of  Wales,  1789-90,  and  other  members  of 
royal  family,  and  was  styled  painter  to  George  III,  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  Duke  of  York.  His  portraits  include 
'  Mother's  Holiday  '  (Mrs.  Jeans  and  her  sons),  1796, 
Philip  Stanhope,  son  of  Lord  Chesterfield,  Bartolozzi, 
Cowper,  Mrs.  Jordan,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Sheridan,  and  Robert 
Merry  (Delia  Crusca) ;  published  '  Elements  of  Painting 
with  Crayons,'  1772.  [xlix.  452] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  sixth  DUKE  OP  BEDFORD  (1766- 
1839),  grandson  of  John  Russell,  fourth  duke  of  Bedford 
iq.  v.] ;  member  of  Society  of  Friends  of  the  People ;  M.P., 
Tavistock,  1788-1802  ;  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  on  the 
leath  of  his  brother,  Francis  Russell,  fifth  duke  of 
Bedford  [q.  v.],  1802 ;  privy  councillor,  1806,  and  lord- 
ieutenant  of  Ireland,  1806-7  ;  K.G.,  1830  ;  rebuilt  Covent 
jrarden  market,  London,  1830 ;  interested  himself  in 
agriculture,  art,  and  natural  history.  [xlix.  454] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (1787-1863),  divine ;  educated  at 
Charterhouse  School ;  MJL  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1809 ; 
head-master  of  Charterhouse,  London,  1811-32 ;  prebendary 
and,  later,  canon-residentiary  of  Canterbury ;  president  of 
Sion  College,  London,  1845  and  1846 :  rector  of  St.  Botolph's, 
Jishopsgate,  London,  1832-63 ;  published  *  History  of  Sion 
College  '  and  other  works.  [xlix.  454] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN,  VISCOUNT  AMBERLEY  (1842-1876), 
son  of  Lord  John  Russell,  first  earl  Russell  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
larrow,  Edinburgh,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
iberal  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1 866-8.  [xlix.  464] 

RUSSELL,  LORD  JOHN,  first  EARL  RUSSELL  (1792- 
878),  statesman  ;  third  son  of  John  Russell,  sixth  duke  of 
Bedford  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Edinburgh 


RUSSELL 


1141 


RUSSELL 


University  :  travelled  on  continent :  whig  M.P.,  Tavlstock, 
1813;  OMOMd  ^pension  of  Habeas  Corpus  Act.  1M7; 
re-elected  for  Tavistock,  1818  ;  delivered,  181.- 
his  speeches  on  parliamentary  reform,  which  be  stmmouuly 
advocated  till  1832 ;  M.I'.,  Huntingdonshire,  18)0 ;  return.*! 
for  Irish  borough  of  Bandon,  1826-30 :  moral  successfully 
repeal  of  Teat  and  Corporation  Acts,  1828 ;  paymnnttT- 
ireneral  of  forces  (without  teat  In  cabinet)  and  M.I'., 
Tavistock,  1831  ;  moved  uu«nccesafully  Government  Re- 
form Bill  in  House  of  Common*.  l«i  .'member  for  Sooth 
Devon,  1831 ;  member  of  cabinet :  intrikluivl  id-form  Itil! 
second  time,  24  Jane,  and  tliini  tim.-,  : 
was  passed,  1832;  advocated  Irish  church  reform,  1811; 
recognised  at  leader  of  wings  In  House  of  Commons  la 
Melbourne's  administration,  1834;  M.I'.,  Stroud,  home 
secretary  and  leader  of  House  of  Commons  In  Melbourne's 
administration,  181ft ;  diminished  number  of  offences 
liable  to  capital  punishment,  1837 ;  colonial  secretary 
under  Melbourne,  1839  ;  led  opposition  to  Peel's  adminis- 
tration, 1841 ;  supported  repeal  of  com  laws  by  Peel,  184ft ; 
first  lord  of  treasury  and  premier,  1846 :  member  for  city 
of  London,  1847 ;  introduced  measures  for  alleviating  con- 
dition of  Ireland ;  passed  bill  for  removing  Jewish  dis- 
abilities, 1848;  resigned.  1861,  but  returned  to  office; 
demanded  I'aliuenton's  resignation  on  ground  of  exceed- 
ing his  authority  In  recognising  government  formal  by 
Hapojson  after  coup  dWat  of  2  Dec.  18A1 ;  resigned,  1852  ; 
foreign  secretary  in  Aberdeen's  ministry-,  1852,  resigned, 
1853, and  remained  in  cabinet  without  office;  suggested 
and  carried  into  effect  separation  of  war  and  colonial 
departments,  1854 :  president  of  council,  1854 ;  retired, 
1855  ;  refused  office  under  Palmerston  and  became 
plenipotentiary'  at  Vienna  congress,  but  subsequently 
< February)  accepted  secretaryship  of  colonies  ;  resigned, 
July  1855  :  supported  Palmerston  during  Indian  mutiny  ; 
opposed  Disraeli's  Reform  Bill.  1859 ;  again  returned  for 
city  of  London,  1859 ;  foreign  secretary  under  Palmerston  ; 
advocated  '  Italy  for  the  Italians ' ;  accompanied  Queen 
Victoria  on  visit  to  Germany,  1860 ;  created  Earl  Russell 
of  Kingston  Russell  and  Viscount  Amberley  of  Amberley 
and  Ardsalla,  1861 ;  maintained  neutrality  between  belli- 
gerents in  American  civil  war :  K.GM  1862 ;  prime  minister 
on  death  of  Palmerston,  1865 ;  resigned.  1866,  when  his 
official  life  terminated ;  published  •  Memoirs  of  Affairs 
of  Europe,'  1824,  'Essay  on  English  Constitution,'  1821, 
4  Letters  of  Fourth  Duke  of  Bedford,'  1842-6,  and  other 
works  ;  president  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society,  1872-8. 

[xlix.  454] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  (1795-1883),  •  the  sporting  parson ' ; 
educated  at  Plympton,  Tiverton,  and  Exeter  College,  Ox- 
ford; B.A.,  1818;  ordained  priest,  1820;  curate,  1820,  at 
George  Nympton,  and,  1826,  at  Iddesleigh,  where  he  kept 
pack  of  foxhounds  ;  received  perpetual  curacy  of  Swym- 
bridge,  1831 :  rector,  1880  till  death,  of  Black  Torringtou, 
where  he  started  a  pack  of  harriers ;  did  much  to  further 
agricultural  improvement.  [xllx.  464] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  FULLER  (1814-1884),  divine;  son 
of  Thomas  Russell  (1781  ?-18<6)  [q.  v.]  ;  LL.B.  Peterbouse, 
Cambridge,  1839  :  held  perpetual  curacy  of  St.  James, 
Enfield,  1851-4 ;  rector  of  Greenhlthe,  1856 ;  member  of 
council  of  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  published  theological 
and  other  works.  [xllx.  465] 

RUSSELL,  JOHN  SCOTT  (1808-1882),  naval  archi- 
tect ;  graduated  at  Glasgow ;  received  large  gold  medal  of 
Edinburgh  Royal  Society  for  paper  on  laws  governing  re- 
sistance of  water  to  motion  of  floating  bodies,  1837  :  dis- 
covered wave  of  translation  and  developed  wave-line 
system  of  construction  of  ships  ;  manager  of  shipbuilding 
works  at  Groenock;  F.R.S.  and  M.I.C.E.,  1847;  secretary 
of  Society  of  Arts,  1845-50 :  royal  commissioner  for  Great 
Exhibition  (1851);  advocated  Ironclad  man-of-war;  ship- 
builder on  Thames ;  constructed  Great  Eastern  steam- 
ship;  published  works  on  shipbuilding.  [xllx.  465] 

RUSSELL,  JOSEPH  (1760-1846),  writer  on  agricul- 
ture, [xllx.  466] 

RUSSELL,  LUCY,COUNTBS8  op  BEDFORD  (d.  1627), 
patroness  of  poet?;  daughter  of  John  Harinifton,  first 
baron  Harington  of  Exton  [q.  v.] :  married  Edward 
Russell,  third  earl  of  Bedford,  1594 ;  repeatedly  mentioned 
by  the  chief  men  of  letters  of  the  day,  including  Ben  Jon- 
son,  Donne,  Daniel,  Dray  ton,  and  Chapman,  [xllx.  467] 

RUSSELL,  MICH  AKL  (1781-1848),  bishop  of  Glasgow 
and  Galloway  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1806 ;  LL.D.,  1820 ;  ' 


1806  ;  minister  of  8t  James's  Chapel.  Lritb,  1809  :  deaa 
of  diocese  of  Edinburgh,  1*31  :  bUbop  of  Glasgow  and 
Galloway,  1  H37  :  I  >  <  :  .  published  historic*!, 

topographical,  and  other  writings.  [xllx.  467] 

RUSSELL,  OIK)  WILLIAM  LEOPOLD,  first  BABOM 
AniTHiLL(l829-1884>,soii  of  Lord  George  William  Russell 
[q.  v.]  ;  attach*  at 

"•'.     •      :••      . 

V:,,;,,i:   :it 

I...rl  N.I;,.,T.  l-v',7 

of   legation  at   Florence, 


embassy  at  Vienna,  1849  ;  at  foreign 

-••'.   !„.!.;.  .,".V. 


1  -  '.  I  ;   .it 


.-..,-    !-.,r..    .M 


Mrietaal  tnAMenfcan  .it  fo 
special  mlation  to  headquarters 
Versailles,  1870-1  ;  ambassador 


Naples.  1880; 
...-.-.    ;.,;„:   „„ 
German   army  at 

ersailles,  1870-1  ;  ambassador  at  Berlin,  1871  ;  privy 
councillor,  1872;  G.C.B.,  1874;  G.C.M.O.,  1879;  raised  to 
peerage,  1881.  [xllx.  468] 

RUSSELL,  PATRICK  (1629-1692),  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1683  ;  did  much  to  rectors  discipline  of  church 
after  accession  of  James  II,  1685  ;  Imprisoned  on  flight  of 
James  II  ;  died  In  prison.  [xlix.  469] 

RUSSELL,  PATRICK  (1727-1805),  physician  and 
naturalist  :  half-brother  of  Alexander  Russell  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh  ;  physician  to  English  factory  at  Aleppo, 
1753  ;  wttled  in  London,  1772  ;  F.U.S.,  1777  ;  boUnUt  to 
East  India  Company  in  Carnatic,  1785-9;  published 
'Treatise  on  Plague'  (1791)  and  other  writings. 

[xllx.  469] 

RUSSELL,  RACHEL,  LADY  RCSHKLL  (163«-172»X 
second  daughter  of  Thomas  Wriothwley.  fourth  earl  of 
Southampton  [q.  T.]  ;  married  as  her  second  husband 
William  Kussell,  lord  Russell  [q.  v.],  1669;  acted  as  her 
husband's  'writer  'during  his  trial,  and  made  strenuous 
efforts  to  save  his  life:  was  subsequently  intimate  with 
Queen  Mary  and  Princess  Anne;  corresponded  with 
Tillotson  :  her  letters  transcribed  from  the  manuscript  In 
Woburn  Abbey,  first  published,  1773.  [xlix.  480] 

RUSSELL,  RICHARD  (d.  1771X  M.D.  Rheims,  1738  : 
extra  L.R.O.P.  London,  1742;  FJI.S.,  1752;  published 
medical  works.  [xllx.  470] 


RUSSELL,  SAMUEL  THOMAS  (1769  ?- 184ft). 
played  juvenile  parts  under  Charles  Dibdln  [q.  T.],  1781 ; 
appeared  as  Charles  Surface  in  •  School  for  Scandal.'  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1795 ;  took  Richmond  Theatre,  1796 :  at 
Drury  Lane,  1797 ;  stage- manager  at  the  Surrey,  London, 
under  Robert  William  Elliston  [q.  T.].  1812.  and  later  at 
Olympic,  London :  at  Hay  market,  London,  1814-18 ;  stage- 
manager  at  Drury  Lane,  1819-21 :  managed  Brighton 
Theatre;  stage-manager  at  Hayniarket,  1837-8,  and  again 
at  Drury  Lane,  1839 ;  played  Jerry  Sneak  (his  greatest 
part)  to  Dowton's  Major  Sturgeon  at  Her  Majesty's, 
London,  1840.  Among  his  best  characters  were  the  Copper 
Captain  ('Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  Wife'),  Paul  Pry, 
Rover,  and  Young  Rapid.  [xllx.  471] 

RUSSELL,  THEODORE  (1614-1689).    [See  RCJWKL.] 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  (1762-1788),  poet:  of  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  B.  A.,  1784 : 
ordained  priest,  1786  :  died  of  phthisis.  His  'Sonnet*  and 
Miscellaneous  Poems  '  appeared,  1789.  His  sonnets  entitle 
him  to  an  important  place  among  those  who  revived  the 
sonnet  In  England.  [xlix.  472] 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  (1787-1803),  United  Irishman: 
accompanied  52nd  regiment  to  India  as  volunteer,  1782 ; 
i  received  commission ;  held  commission  In  64th  regiment 
I  in  Ireland  :  made  acquaintance  of  Theobald  Wolfe  Tone 
[q.  T.],  1789 ;  sold  commission,  1791 :  engaged  actively  in 
work  of  United  Irish  Society:  librarian  of  Belfast 
library,  1794  :  arrested  with  other  United  Irishmen,  1796, 
and  confined  in  Newgate,  Dublin,  till  1798,  when  he  was 
banished  to  Fort  George,  Scotland  :  liberated,  1802  :  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  met  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.]  and  entered 
Into  bis  plans ;  proceeded  to  Ireland  in  hope  of  raising 
Ulster,  1803 :  arrested,  found  guilty  of  high  treason,  and 
executed  at  Downpatru-k. 

RUSSELL  or  CLOUTT,  THOMAS  (1781  ?-1846>, 
independent  divine:  adopted  name  of  Russell,  e.  18JO; 
published,  under  name  Cloutt,  hymns  and  sermons,  and 
edited  works  of  John  Owen  (1616-1683)  [q.  Y.] 

RUSSELL,  THOMAS  MACNAMARA  (1740P-18J4X 
admiral :  entered  merchant  service,  and  later  (e.  1766) 
navy,  and  served  as  seaman,  midshipman,  and  master's 


RUSSELL. 


1142 


RUTHERFORD 


mate,  and  was  lieutenant,  1776  ;  captain,  1781  :  on  West 
Indian  station,  1789-92  ami  1796-9;  at  reduction  of  St. 
Lucia  MIX  1  Trinidad :  in  l>»\vns,  isus ;  oomnwder4n-eUef 
of  North  Sea  squadron,  1807  ;  took  possession  of  Heligo- 
land, 1807 ;  admiral,  1*12.  [xlix.  475] 

RUSSELL,  sm  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  Rrssi:u.  Of 
TH..UVIIADGH  (1568?-1613),  son  of  Francis  Hussi-ll, 
second  earl  of  Bedfonl  [q.v.];  of  Magdalen  Co; 
fonl :  .-ommanded  company  against  Fiagb  O'Bynu-  [<|.  v.] 
In  Ireland,  l.wi  :  knighted,  1581;  lieutenant-general  of 
cavalry  nuder  Leicester  iu  expedition  to  Hetheriandft, 
•vernor  of  Flushing,  1587-8;  supported  Leicester 
;  »rM  with  the  estates  :  M.A.  Oxford,  1694  :  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland,  1594-7 ;  relieved  Enniskillfn,  which 
was  besieged  by  Sir  Hugh  Maguire  [q.  v.]  and  O'Donnell ; 
engaged,  In  co-operation  with  Sir  John  Norris,  in  extended 
operations  against  Tyrone,  O'Donnell,  the  Burkes,  Fius^h 
MacHogh,  and  Maguire :  captured  Fiagh  O'Byrne,  1597  ; 
n-turni-1  to  England,  1697  ;  commander  of  forces  in  west, 
1699;  raised  to  peerage  by  James  I,  1603.  [xlix.  476] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first  baron3t(d.  1654),  trea- 
surer of  the  navy ;  free  brother  of  East  India  Company, 
1609;  director,  1615;  director  of  company  of  Merchants 
of  London,  1612;  bought  treasurership  of  navy,  1618, 
and  held  office  till  c.  1627 ;  reappointed,  1630 ;  created 
baronet,  1630.  [xlix.  479] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  LORD  RUSSELL  (1639-1683), 
1  the  patriot ' ;  son  of  William  Russell,  fifth  earl  (after- 
wards first  duke)  of  Bedford  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  M.P.  for  Tavistock,  1660-78 ;  married,  1669,  Rachel 
Wriothesley  (1636-1723).  widow  of  Francis,  lord  Yaughan, 
and  second  daughter  of  Thomas  Wriothealey,  fourth  earl 
of  Southampton  [q.  v.] ;  supported  politics  of  country 
part}-,  attacked  Buckingham,  1674,  and  Dauby,  1675; 
succeeded  to  courtesy  title  of  Lord  Russell,  1678 ;  proposed 
address  for  removal  of  Duke  of  York  from  Charles  II's 
presence  and  councils,  1678;  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1679; 
privy  councillor;  attacked  Lauderdale  in  council,  and 
withdrew  from  council,  1680 ;  backed  with  Cavendish  bill 
of  indictment  of  Duke  of  York  as  popish  recusant,  1680; 
seconded  introduction  of  Exclusion  Bill  in  Oxford  parlia- 
ment, 1681 ;  in  communication  with  Prince  of  Orange ; 
sent  to  Tower  of  London  on  charge  of  complicity  iu  Rye 
House  plot,  1683  ;  pleaded  '  not  guilty,'  but  was  convicted 
of  high  treason  and  executed  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London.  His  attainder  was  reversed  on  accession  of 
William  and  Mary,  and  his  father  was  created  duke  in 
1694.  His  portrait  painted  by  Lely.  [xlix.  480] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1634  -  1696  ?),  chemist  in 
ordinary  to  Charles  II ;  published  '  Physical  Treatise,' 
1684,  [xlix.  426] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  first  DUKE  OF  BEDFORD  (1613- 
1700),  son  of  Francis,  fourth  earl  of  Bedford  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  K.B.,  1626  ;  M.P. 
for  Tavistock  in  Long  parliament ;  general  of  horse  in 
parliamentary  army,  1642;  besieged  Sherborue  Castle; 
fought  at  Kdgehill,  1642;  abandoned  parliamentary  cause 
and  was  pardoned  by  Charles  I,  1643 ;  fought  at  New- 
bury,  but  returned  to  parliamentarians,  1643  ;  continued 
work  begun  by  his  father  of  draining  fens,  1649 ;  governor 
of  Plymouth.  1671 ;  joint-commissioner  for  execution  of 
office  of  earl  marshal,  1673 ;  privy  councillor,  1689 ; 
created  Duke  of  Bedford  and  Marquis  of  Tavistock,  1694, 
and  Baron  Rowland  of  Streatham,  1695.  His  portrait 
painted  by  Kneller  and  Vaudyck.  [xlix.  485] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1741-1793),  historian;  ap- 
prenticed to  bookseller  and  printer  at  Edinburgh,  1756  ; 
obtained  patronage  of  Lord  Elibank  ;  adopted  literary 
profession  in  London,  1767;  hon.  LL.D.  St.  Andrews, 
1792  ;  published  '  Hiotory  of  America '  (1779)and  '  History 
of  Modern  Europe'  (1779-84),  and  other  works. 

[xlix.  487] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1777-1813),  musician;  or- 
ganist to  Great  Queen  Street  Chapel,  London,  1793-8,  of 
KU  Anne's,  Linn-house,  London.  1798-1801,  and  of  Found- 
ling Hospital,  London,  1801 :  Mus.  Bac.  Oxford,  1808 ; 
composed  sacral  music,  songs,  and  theatrical  pieces: 
wrote  setting*  for  Smart's  'Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day' 
( 1800)  and  '  Redemption  of  Israel.'  [xlix.  488] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1740-1818),  merchant  and 
reformer ;  engaged  in  export  trade  from  Birmingham  to 
Rawia,  Spain,  and  United  States:  advocated  political 
UMMures  of  reform,  including  repeal  of  Test  and  Corpora- 


'  tion  Acts ;  retired,  c.   1792 ;  travelled  in  America    and 
Europe.  [xlix.  488] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1773-1839),  M.D.  Edin- 

,  burgh  ;  practised  in  Calcutta ;  returned  to  London  before 
1832 ;  created  baronet,  1832.  [xlix.  489] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  (1780-1870),  son  of  John 
Russell  (1745-1806),  exhibited  portraits  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1805-9.  [xlix.  463] 

RUSSELL,  SIR  WILLIAM,  second  baronet  (1822- 
1892),  son  of  Sir  William  Russell  (1773-1839)  [q.  v.]  ; 
cornet,  7th  hussars,  1841  ;  major,  1857 ;  aide-de-camp  to 
Lord  Clarendon,  when  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1850-52  ; 
M.P.,  Dover,  1857-9 ;  served  in  Indian  mutiny ;  C.B., 
1859;  liberal  M.P.  for  Norwich,  1860-74;  lieutenant- 
general,  1881.  [xlix.  489] 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  ARMSTRONG  (1821-1879), 
[  divine  ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  missionary 
at  Ningpo,  China ;  first  missionary  bishop  of  North 
China,  1872 ;  published  work  ou  Chinese  language,  and 
translated  portions  of  scriptures  and  common  prayer  into 
Chinese.  [xlix.  489] 

RUSSELL,   SIR  WILLIAM  OLDNALL  (1785-1833), 
judge ;  sou  of  Samuel  Oldnall  :  adopted  name  Russell, 
i  1816  ;  M.A.  Christchurch,  Oxford,  1807 ;  barrister,  Lin- 
|  coin's  Inn,  1809  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1827 :  knight  and  chief- 
justice  of  Bengal,  1832  ;  published  '  Treatise  on  Crimes,' 
!  1819,  and  other  legal  works.  [xlix.  490] 

RUSSEN,  DAVID  (ft.  1705),  author ;  published,  1703, 
i  '  Iter  Lunare,  or  a  Voyage  to  the  Moon,'  au  account  and 
criticism  of  Cyrauo  de  Bergerac's  •  Seleiiarelua.'    [L  1] 

RUST,  GEORGE  (d.  1670),  bishop  of  Dromore;  M.A. 
St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1650 ;  fellow  of  Christ's 
College,  1649-59 ;  dean  of  Connor,  1661 ;  bishop  of  Dro- 
j  more,  1667-70  ;  published  theological  treatises.        [1.  1] 

RUST,  THOMAS  CYPRIAN  (1808-1895),  divine: 
i  baptist  minister  at  Colchester,  1838;  joined  church  of 

England ;  LL.B.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1856  ;  rector 
j  of  Westerfield,  1875-90 ;  published  works  relating  to 

Hebrew  scriptures  and  other  writings.  [1.  2] 

RUSTAT,   TOBIAS   (16067-1694),    university    bene- 
factor ;  apprenticed  to  barber-surgeon   in  London ;  en- 
1  tered  service  of  William  Feildiiig,  earl  of  Denbigh  [q.  v.], 
,  and  later  that  of  George  Villiers,  second  duke  of  Bucking- 
\  ham ;  servant  of  Prince  of  Wales  (Charles  II)  ;  escaped 
j  to  continent  with  Buckingham,  1648  ;  yeoman  of  robes  to 
\  Charles  II,  1650-85  ;  M.A.  per  literos  regios,  Cambridge, 
1674 ;  his  portrait  painted  by  Lely ;  benefactor  of  Jesus 
and  other  Cambridge  colleges.  [1.  2] 

RUTHALL  or  ROWTHALL,  THOMAS  (d.  1523), 
bishop  of  Durham ;  educated  at  Oxford ;  incorporated 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1600 ;  secretary  to  Henry  VII,  subse- 
quently to  Henry  VIII ;  prebendary  and  dean  of  Lincoln, 
i  1505  ;  privy  councillor  ;  bishop  of 


of  privy  seal,  1516. 


Durham,  1509 ;  keeper 

[1.3] 


RUTHERFORD,  ANDREW,  first  EARL  OF  TEVJOT 
(d.  1664),  educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  entered  French  service 
and  attained  rank  of  lieutenant-general ;  created  Baron 
Rutherford,  1661,  and  Earl  of  Teviot,  1663  ;  governor, 
1663,  of  Tangier,  where  he  was  killed  in  sally  against 
Moors.  [1. 4] 

RUTHERFORD,  DANIEL  (1749-1819),  physician  and 
botanist;  son  of  John  Rutherford  (1695-1779)  [q.v.]; 
M.A.  Edinburgh ;  obtained  M.D.,  1772,  with  dissertation 
establishing  distinction  between  carbonic  acid  gas  and 
nitrogen  ;  professor  of  botany  and  keeper  of  Royal  Botanic 
Garden,  Edinburgh,  1786 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  royal 
infirmary,  1791 ;  F.L.S.,  1796 ;  published  botanical  and 
medical  writings.  [1.  5] 

RUTHERFORD,  JOHN  (d.  1577),  Scottish  divine : 
studied  at  Bordeaux  and  Paris ;  professor  of  humanity  at 
St.  Mary's  College  and,  1560,  principal  of  St.  Salvator's  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews ;  ordained  minister  of  Cults,  1563  ;  pub- 
lished '  De  Arte  Disserendi,'  1577.  [L  6] 

RUTHERFORD,  JOHN  (1695-1779),  physician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh:  apprenticed  as  surgeon:  M.D. 
Rheims,  1719  ;  professor  of  practice  of  medicine,  1726-65, 
at  Edinburgh,  where  he  began  clinical  teaching  of  medi- 
cine. Hia  daughter,  Anne,  married  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
father.  [1. 6] 


RUTHERFORD 


in:; 


RUTLEDGE 


RUTHERFORD,  SAMUEL  (1600-1661), 
divine  ;  graduated  at  r>lini.urgh.  I'i-'l,  and  WM  regent 
of  humanity,  1623-6;  pastor  of  AowoUi,  Galloway,  1617  ; 
pui>li.<ht<d  trvuti*-  against  Armlnlauism,  and  was  sns- 
IM-H.II-.I  for  nonconformity  by  high  oomtnUiiion  at  Edin- 
burgh, i use  ;  ordered  to  reside,  during  Charlea  I's  pleasure, 
at  Abenleen  ;  member  of  Glasgow  assembly,  1638 ;  professor 
of  divinity,  St.  Mary's  College,  8L  Andrews ;  one  of  com- 
mitwionen  of  church  of  Scotland  to  Westminster  As- 
sembly, 1643 ;  principal  of  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews ; 
rector  of  university  of  St.  Andrews,  1641 ;  took  part  In 
opposing  the '  engagement '  and 


ui.liv.v-, 

mil  overturning  government 
joined  those  wbo'oondemned  Che  treaty  with  Charles  II  i 


sinful ;  deprived  of  office*  at  Restoration.  (.1.  7] 

RUTHERFORD,  WILLIAM  (1798  ?-1871),  mathema- 
tician ;  mathematical  master  at  Royal  Military  Academy, 
Woolwich,  1888-64 ;  honorary  secretary,  Royal  Astrono- 
mical Society,  1845  and  1846 ;  published  mathematical 


RUTHVEN.     l'\TH!<-K.     t'..n!      BABOX 

(1M»1  :.w:  ,.,.M.-I  -.„,,.;  Wm  MiBni  MM 
Ruthven  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  8t  Andrews 

lM8;ot 


fa  •  ,,f 


In  enforcing  the  BeformaUon  In 

part  in  capture  of  Perth  from  French  ;  supported 


..f  Nrtk,  i.v.3  ..- 


sion  of  Mary  of  Guise,  queen  dowager,  from  onVw  of 
MM*,  Ifsi  •  ...„,.,.:--;,.„  BM  srsatj  oil  i-r.  ...  L440; 
ufa  .,.;:,-  :,.r  .,:  M,r.  Qown  ol  BooU,  ISM,  but  ..... 

t  „.:   :    tO   MMOTt    pro*  SMI    »!   idVWaftad  It*  I-ar.,-;. 

marriage,  and  took  Mary's  part  In  subsequent  rebel- 
lion of  Moray,  1565 ;  assisted  In  murder  oCBbtlo,  1566, 


[L9] 

RUTHERFORD.  WILLIAM  (1839-1899),  physio- 
logist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1863 ;  studied  on  continent ;  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  at  King's  College,  London,  1869,  and 
at  Edinburgh,  1874-99 ;  Fullerian  professor  of  physiology 
at  Royal  Institution,  London,  1871 ;  his  works  Include 
'  Text  Book  of  Physiology,'  1880.  [Suppl.  III.  333] 

RUTHERFORTH,  THOMAS  (1713-1771),  divine ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1733 ;  reglus  professor  of 
divinity  and  D.D.,  1745;  F.R.S.,  1743;  chaplain  to 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  and,  later,  to  the  princess 
liw»f  m  :  archdeacon  of  Essex,  1763;  published  treatises 
on  natural  science  and  other  subjects.  [1.  10] 

RUTHERFURD.  ANDREW,  LORD  RLTIIKKH  KI> 
(1791-1854X  Scottish  judge;  educated  at  Edinburgh: 

passed  advocate,  1812 ;  solicitor-general  for  Scotland,  1837  ;     chamberlain  to  Charle*,  prince  o(  Wales,  whom  he  aeopnv 
iordadvocate  and  M.P.  for  Leith  Burghs,  1839 ;  resigned  '  panted  to  Jewey  and  France,  1646 ;  with  Charles  II  in 

1  Scotland,  1650.  [L  33] 


Uonofthe 

RUTHVEN.  PATRICK,  EARL  OF  FORTH  AKDBftErr- 
FORD  (1578?- 1651),  captain  of  regiment  of  Scots  in 
Sweden,  1613 ;  colonel,  c.  1618 ;  fought  with  distinction 
at  Dirschau,  and  was  knighted  by  Guttavus  Adolpbus, 
1637  ;  commander  of  Swedish  garrison  of  Ulm,  1633 ;  re- 
ceived earldom  of  Ktrchberg;  major-general,  1633;  at 
capture  of  Landsberg :  lieutenant-general  to  Banter  in 
Thuringta ;  muster-master-general  of  forces  in  Scotland, 
;.,.>;  qravM  Bra  isthwBi  -f  IMriok,  Mtf>:  «•» 
mander  of  Berwick  Cartle;  surrendered  Berwick  to 
covenanters  after  severe  attack,  1640 :  created  Earl  of 
Forth,  1643;  fought  at  Bdgehill,  1643,  and  appointed 
general-in-chief  of  Charles  I's  army;  wounded  In  un- 
successful attempt  to  raise  siege  of  Reading,  164S ;  created 
Earl  of  Brentford,  1644;  declared  traitor  by  Scottish 
parliament,  1644 ;  obtained  surrender  of  Essex's  army  at 
Lostwlthtel,  1644;  superseded  by  Prince  Rupert,  1644; 


Burghs, 

office,  184L,  on  Peel's  accession  to-  power ;  took  active 
part  in  parliamentary  proceedings  relating  to  Scotland ; 


chosen  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1844 ;  supported 
abolition  of  corn  laws,  1845  ;  reappolnted  lord  advocate, 
1846 ;  member  of  commission  on  marriage  laws,  1847 ; 
moved  successfully  for  bill  to  amend  law  of  entail  in  Soot- 
land,  1848 ;  appointed  ordinary  lord  of  session  and  privy 
councillor,  and  took  seat  on  bench  aa  Lord  Rutherford, 
1851.  [L  11] 

RUTHVEN,  ALEXANDER  (1680  ?-1600),  master  of 
Ruthven  ;  third  son  of  William  Ruthven,  fourth  baron 
Ruthven  and  first  earl  of  Oowrie  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Perth  and  Edinburgh  University;  became  gentleman  of 
bedchamber  to  James  VI,  and  was  a  favourite  of  his 
queen ;  said  to  have  been  engaged,  1600,  in  plot  to  capture 
James  VI,  whom  he  decoyed  to  the  house  of  his  brother 
John  Ruthven,  third  earl  of  Gowrie  [q.  v.],  near  Perth  ; 
killed  there  by  Sir  John  Ramsay.  The  account  Is  given 
by  King  James  himself,  and  there  are  several  theories 
as  to  it*  truth.  [L  13] 

RUTHVEN,  EDWARD  SOUTHWELL  (1772-1836), 
Irish  politician;  son  of  Edward  Trotter:  assumed  name 
of  Ruthven,  1800 ;  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ; 
whig  M.P.,  Downpatrick,  1806-7,  1830,  and  1831,  and 
Dublin.  1832  ;  supported  Reform  Bill,  1831  ;  again  returned 
for  Dublin,  1835,  but  unseated  on  petition.  [1.  15] 

RUTHVEN,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OF  GowR«(1578?- 


1600),  son  of  William  Ruthven,  fourth  baron  Ruthven  and  i 
first  earl  of  Gowrie  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  brother  in  earl-     ' 


RUTHVEN,  WILLIAM,  second  BARON  RLTHVBN 
(d.  1553),  grandson  of  first  Lord  Ruthven  ;  custodian  and 
constable  of  king's  hospital,  near  Speygate,  Perth,  1538 ; 
extraordinary  lord  of  session,  1633;  privy  councillor, 
1543 ;  chosen  one  of  guardians  of  Mary  Qoeen  of  Scott, 
1543  ;  keeper  of  privy  seal,  1546.  [I.  34] 

RUTHVEN,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON  Runmc*  and 
first  EARL  OF  GOWRIR  (15417-1584),  second  son  of 
Patrick  Ruthven,  third  baron  Ruthveu  [q.  v.] ;  joined 
conspiracy  against  Rizzio,  1666,  and  subsequently  accom- 
panied his  father  to  England ;  denounced  as  rebel,  1566, 
but  portioned:  appointed  with  Lord  Lindsay  to  have 
charge  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots  during  her  imprisonment 
ut  Lochleven;  assisted  In  obtaining  her  dfmlmion  of 
government  to  her  son,  1667 ;  took  part  In  several  en- 
gagements against  her  supporters  ;  lord  high  treasurer  for 
life,  1571 ;  commissioner  for  pacification  of  Perth,  1673 ; 
one  of  Morton's  representatives  at  convention  at  Stirling, 
1578 ;  lord  of  the  articles  under  Morton ;  extraordinary 
lord  of  session,  1578;  created  Earl  of  Gowrie,  1581  ; 
entered  conspiracy  known  as  •  Raid  of  Buthven,'  by  which 
James  VI  was  induced  to  go  to  Cowrie's  seat  at  Ruthven, 
and  was  practically  placed  under  custody  of  the  con- 
spirators, 1682;  member  of  new  privy  council,  1»8J: 
pardoned  for  share  in  Ruthven  raid  :  joined  with  Angus, 
Mar,  and  others  plot  to  capture  Stirling  Castle,  15 


arrested,   convicted  of  high 


dom,  1588  ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1593  :  provost  of 
supported  extreme  protestant  party  ;  studied  at 
and  was  elected  rector  of  the  university  ;  attended  con- 
vention  of  estates  and  headed  opposition  to  James  VI,  who 
proposed  to  maintain  by  taxation  an  army  to  ensure  his 
succession  to  English  throne :  said  to  have  been  in  com- 
munication with  Sir  Robert  Logan  [q.  v.]  respecting  plot 
to  convey  James  VI  to  Logan's  stronghold  of  Past  Castle; 
was  at  his  house  at  Perth  in  1600  when  his  brother 
Alexander  Ruthven  [q.  v.]  arrived  with  James  VI,  and 
after  his  brother's  alleged  assault  on  James  VI  was  killed 
by  James  VI's  attendants  while  attempting  to  avenge  his 
brother's  death.  It  is  doubtful  whether  Gowrie  and  his 
brother  wished  to  make  away  with  James  VI,  or  obtain 
from  him  a  settlement  of  his  debts,  or  whether  James  VI,  i 
who  owed  Gowrie  large  sums  of  money.  Invented  the  story  . 
to  hide  a  plot,  on  bis  own  part,  of  agntsHnattrm.  The 
family  estates  were  forfeited,  and  the  name  and  honours 
decreed  by  parliament  to  be  extinct.  [L  15] 


beheaded  at 


first 


RUTLAND.  DUKM  OF.    [See  MANNER*,  JOHN, 
DUKR,   1688-1711;   MANNERS,  CHARLKH,  fourth 
1754-1787  :  MANNER*,  CHARLRB  CECIL  JOHN,  sixth  Dtnut, 
1815-1888.] 

RUTLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MAXNZRS,  THOMAH,  first 
EARL,  d.  1543  ;  MANNERS,  HKNRT,  second  BAAL,*.  1563  : 
*,  EDWARD,  third  EARL,  1649-1687;  MANNERS, 
ROGER,  fifth  EARL,  1576-1613  ;  MANNER*,  i 
EARL,  1678-1633;  MANNERS,  JOHN,  eighth  EARL,  1604- 
1679.] 

RUTLAND,  HUGH  OF  (/.  1185X    [See  ROTKUASOB, 

Hl-K  I'll.1 

RUTLEDOB,  JAMES  or  JOHN  JAMBS  (1743-1794), 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  born  probably  at  Dunkirk  :  served 
in  Berwick's  Franco-Irish  cavalry  regiment,  and  subse- 
quently lived  by  his  pen  ;  prominent  »tP»ris  during;  re- 
volution ;  a  leading  member  of  Cordeliers1  Club  till  1791  : 
published  works  in  French. 


BUTT 


1144 


RYDER 


KUTT,  JOHN  TO  WILL  (1760-1841),  politician  :  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  entered  his  father's 
basinets  Of  wholesale  merchant  in  drugs  in  London  ; 
ioined  Society  for  Constitutional  Information,  1780  : 
active  member  of  'Society  of  Friends  of  the  People'; 
aided  in  founding,  and  contributed  regularly  to,  '  Monthly 
ReDoaitory.'  acting  occasionally  as  editor;  published 
JSSESus  works.  [1.  M] 

RUTTER,  JOHN  (1796-1851),  quaker:  settled  as 
bookseller  and  printer  at  Shaftesbury,  c.  1818  ;  gave  up 
I  and  studied  law,  c.  1830  ;  published  topographical 


BUTTER,  JOSEPH  (/.  1635X  poet;  tutor  to  two 
sons  of  Edward  Sackville,  fourth  earl  of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ; 
published  'The  Shepheard's  Holy  Day  '(1635)  and  other 
poetical  works.  [L  31] 

RUTTY,  JOHN(1698-1775),  physician  ;  M.D.Leyden, 
1723;  practised  in  Dublin,  1724-75;  quaker:  kept  'a 
spiritual  diary  and  soliloquies,'  1753-74  ;  published  works 
on  medical  subjects,  a  'History  of  the  Quakers  in  Ireland, 
1653-1751'  (1751),  and  a  'Natural  History  of  County  of 
Dublin  '(1772).  [1-31] 

RTTTTT.  WILLIAM  (1687-1730),  physician:  M.D. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1719;  F.R.O.P.,  1720; 
osteology  lecturer  at  Barber-Surgeons'  Hall,  1721,  viscera 
lecturer,  1724,  and  muscular  lecturer,  1728  ;  Gulstonian 
lecturer,  1722  ;  F.R.S.,  1720.  [1.  32] 

RUVIGNY,  second  MARQUIS  DE  (1648-1720).  [See 
M  ASSUK  DK  RUVIGXY,  HENRI  DE.] 

RYALL,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1811-1867),  engraver  : 
pupil  of  Samuel  William  Reynolds  (1773-1835)  [q.  v.]  ; 
engraved  plates  for  Lodge's  '  Portraits,'  and  other  works  ; 
appointed  honorary  engraver  to  Queen  Victoria  for 
engraving  Leslie's  'Christening  of  Princess  Royal'  :  exe- 
cuted plates  after  Laudseer,  and  occasionally  exhibited 
paintings  in  oils.  [1.  32] 

RYAN,  DANIEL  FREDERICK  (1762  ?-l  798),  Irish 
loyalist;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  army 
surgeon  in  103rd  regiment,  under  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby 
[q.  v.];  editor  of  'Dublin  Journal,'  1784;  captain  of  St. 
Sepulchre's  yeomanry  corps;  died  from  wounds  received 
while  assisting  Henry  Charles  Sirr  [q.  v.]  and  Swan  in 
arresting  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald  [q.  v.]  [1.  33] 

RYAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1819),  divine:  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1773:  LL.B.,  1779:  D.D.,  1789;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1790-1819  ;  published 
theological  works.  [1.  34] 

RYAN,  SIR  EDWARD  (1793-1875),  judge  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1814;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1817;  appointed  puisne  judge  of  supreme  court  of 
Calcutta  and  knighted,  1826  ;  chief-justice  of  presidency 
of  Bengal,  1833  ;  returned  to  England,  1843  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1843  ;  civil  service  commissioner,  1855  ;  first  com- 
missioner, 1862;  F.G.S.,  1846;  F.R.S.,  1860;  published 
legal  works.  [1.  34] 

RYAN,  LACY  (16947-1760),  actor;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  London  ;  entered  solicitor's  office  ;  adopted 
theatrical  profession  ;  played  various  Shakespearean 
characters  in  London  at  Drury  Lane,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
and  Coveut  Garden,  including  Hamlet,  lago,  and  Edgar 
(in  '  King  Lear  ')  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  [1.  35] 

RYAN,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1800),  medical  writer;  M.D- 
Edinburgh,  1784;  F.R.O.S.  Ireland  ;  practised  at  Kilkenny, 
and  later  at  Edinburgh  ;  probably  M.R.C.S.  London  ;  pub- 
lished medical  works.  [1.  37] 

RYAN,  MICHAEL  (1800-1841),  physician  and  author; 
M.R.0.8.and  M.R.C.P.  London  ;  physician  to  Metropolitan 
Free  Hospital  :  edited  •  London  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,'  1832-8  ;  published  medical  and  surgical  works. 

RYAN,  MICHAEL  DESMOND  (1816-1868),  journalist; 
son  of  Michael  Ryau(^f.  1800)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  mediciiieat 
Edinburgh  ;  aub-editor  of  '  Musical  World,'  1846-68  ;  con- 
nected, as  musical  critic,  with  several  journals  ;  published 
MOfi  and  other  writings.  [1.  37  ] 

RYAN,  RICHARD  (1796-1849),  bookseller  :  published 
Plays,  songs,  and  other  writings,  including  •  Blograpbia 
Hibernica,1  1819-21.  [L  37] 

„  *TAH.  VINCKNT  WILLIAM  (1816-1888),  divine: 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1848;  D.D,,  1853;  principal 


of  Church  of  England  Metropolitan  Training  Institution, 
Highbury,  1850;  bishop  of  Mauritius,  1854;  returned 
lioim1,  1K67  :  archdeacon  of  Craven,  1875  ;  went  on  special 
mission  to  Mauritius,  1872  :  published  religious  and  other 
writings.  [I.  38] 

RYCAUT  or  RIOATTT,  SIR  PAUL  (1628-1700), 
traveller  and  author  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1650  ;  secretary  in  Turkish  embassy  of  Heneage  Finch, 
second  earl  of  Winchilsea  [q.  v.],  1661  ;  consul  of  Levant 
Company  at  Smyrna,  1667  ;  published  '  Present  State 
of  Ottoman  Empire,'  1668,  and  'History  of  Turkish 
Empire,  1623-77,'  1C79  ;  knighted  and  sworn  privy  coun- 
cillor and  judge  of  admiralty  in  Ireland,  1685  ;  ap- 
pointed resident  in  Hamburg  and  the  Hanse  Towns,  1G89  : 
recalled,  1700  ;  F.R.S.,  1666  ;  translated  from  the  Spanish  ; 
his  portrait  painted  by  Lely.  [1.  38] 

RYDER.    [See  also  RIOKU.] 

RYDER,  SIR  ALFRED  PHILLIPPS  (1820-1888),  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet  ;  entered  navy,  1833  ;  lieutenant,  1841  ; 
captain,  1848;  in  Channel,  1853-7;  in  Russian  war; 
controller  of  coastguard,  1863-6  :  vice-admiral,  1872; 
commander-in-chief  in  China,  1874-7  ;  admiral,  1877  ; 
commander-iu  -chief  at  Portsmouth,  1879-82  ;  K.C.B., 
1884  ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1885.  [1.  40] 

RYDER,  SIR  DUDLEY  (1691-1756),  judge  ;  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leydeu  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1725;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1726,  bencher,  1733,  trea- 
surer, 1734,  and  master  of  library,  1735  ;  M.P.,  St.  Germans, 
1733,  and  Tiverton,  1734  ;  solicitor-general,  1733  ;  attorney- 
general,  1737  ;  knighted,  1740;  prosecuted  for  crown  cap- 
tured rebels  of  1746  ;  lord  chief-  justice  of  king's  bench, 
1754  ;  privy  councillor.  He  was  created  Baron  Ryder  of 
Harrowby,  but  died  before  ceremony  of  kissing  hands. 

[1.  40] 

RYDER,  DUDLEY,  first  EARL  OF  HARROWBY  and 
VISCOUNT  SANDON,  and  second  BARON  HARROWBY 
(1762-1847),  son  of  Nathaniel  Ryder,  first  baron  Harrowby 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1782  ;  M.P., 
Tiverton,  1784;  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1789; 
privy  councillor,  1790;  paymaster  of  forces  and  vice- 
president  of  board  of  trade,  1791  ;  treasurer  of  navy,  1800-1; 
succeeded  his  father,  1803  ;  foreign  secretary  under  Pitt, 
1804,  but  resigned  owing  to  ill-health  ;  chancellor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  with  seat  in  cabinet,  1805  ;  went  on 
peace  mission  to  Berlin,  Vienna,  and  St.  Petersburg,  1805  ; 
president  of  board  of  control,  1809;  created  Earl  of 
Harrowby  and  Viscount  Sandon,  1809  ;  president  of 
council,  1812-27  ;  chairman  of  lords'  committee  on  cur- 
rency, 1819  ;  retired  from  office  on  death  of  Canning  ; 
supported  parliamentary  reform;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1814; 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1833.  [L  42] 

RYDER,  DUDLEY,  second  EARL  OP  HARROWBY 
(1798-1882),  son  of  Dudley  Ryder,  first  earl  of  Harrowby 

v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1832;  D.C.L.,  1848; 
.P.,  Tivertou,  1819,  1820,  1826,  and  1830  :  lord  of  ad- 
miralty, 1827-8  ;  secretary  to  India  board,  1830-1  ;  M.P., 
Liverpool,  1831,  1832,  1835,  1837,  and  1841-7  ;  supported 
Reform  Bill  ;  commissioner  for  inquiry  into  army  punish- 
ments, 1835  ;  followed  Peel  in  adoption  of  free-trade  prin- 
ciples, 1845  ;  ecclesiastical  commissioner,  1847  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  1847;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster  and  privy 
councillor,  1855  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1855-7  ;  resigned  from 
ill-health,  1867  :  admitted  to  order  of  Garter,  1869  :  first 
standing  committee  of  cabinet  established  at  his  instance  ; 
moved  rejection  of  Gladstone's  Irish  Church  Bill,  1869  : 
chairman  of  Maynooth  commission  ;  member  of  the  first 
Oxford  University  and  other  commissions  ;  F.R.S.,  1853. 

[1.  44] 

RYDER,  DUDLEY  FRANCIS  STUART,  third  EARL 
OF  HAHROWBY  (1831-1900),  second  son  of  Dudley  Ryder, 
second  earl  of  Harrowby  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1878  ;  M.P.  for  Lichfield,  as 
supporter  of  Palrnerston,  1856-9,  and  for  Liverpool,  1868- 
1882  ;  succeeded  to  peerage,  1882  ;  member  of  first  London 
school  board;  privy  councillor,  1874:  vice-president  of 
committee  of  council  on  education,  1874  ;  president  of 
board  of  trade,  1878-80;  lord  privy  seal,  1885-6.  He 
was  largely  responsible  for  Education  Act,  1876. 

[Suppl.  iii.  334] 

RYDER,  HENRY  (1777-1836),  successively  bishop  of 
Gloucester  and  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry  ;  son  of  Nathaniel 
Ryder,  first  baron  Harrowby  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1798  ;  D.D.,  1813  ;  rector  of  Lutterworth,  1801,  and 


[q 
M. 


RYDER 


1145 


RYI.EY 


vicar  of  Olaybrook,  180*  :  canon  of  Windsor,  1808;  'lec- 
turer  of  St.  George's1:  d.-an  o(  Well..  1*12;  bishop  of 
QlMOarter,  1815  :  established  Gloucester  Diocesan  Society, 
1816:  translated  to  nee  of  Uohfleld,  1814;  organised 
Church  Building  Association  In  hU  diocese;  published 
religious  writings.  .  »:,; 

RYDER,  JOHN  (1697  7-1778X  archbishop  of  Tuam : 
M.A.Queims' (Allege,  Cambridge,  1719 ;  D.D.,  1741 ;  vloar  of 
Nuneaton,  1721;  bfehop  of  Killaloe,  1742:  translated  to 
see  of  Down  and  Connor,  1743 ;  archbishop  of  Tuain,  aud 
bishop  of  Ardagh,  1752.  [I.  47] 

RYDER,  JOHN  (1814-1886),  actor;  appeared  with 
Mac-ready  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  M  Duke  Frederick 
<•  As  you  like  it  'X 1842 ;  accompanied  Maoready  to  America, 
1843  and  1848 ;  played  Claudia,  to  Maenad/'*  Hamlet  at 
PrinoMs'i  Theatre,  London,  1846,  and  — --  • 


parte  at  various  theatres.    Hubert  (in  '  King  John ')  was 
one  of  hia  beet  characten.  [1.  47] 

RYDER,  NATHANIEL,  first  BAROX  HARIIOWBV 
0735-1803).  son  of  Sir  Dudley  Ryder  [q.  T.]  ;  M.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1756 :  M.P.,  Tlverton,  1766-76  ;  created 
Baron  Harrowby,  1776.  [L  49] 

RYDER,  RICHARD  (1766-1832),  home  secretary:  son 
of  Nathaniel  Ryder,  first  baron  Harrowby  [q.  T.]  :  of 
Harrow  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  17*7  ; 
ban-inter,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1791,  bencher,  1812,  and  treasurer, 
1819  :  M.P.,  Tiverton.  1796-1830  :  second  justice  of  great 
sessions  for  Carmarthenshire,  Cardiganshire,  and  Pem- 
brokeshire, 1804 :  lord  commL&ioner  of  treasury,  privy 
oouncillor,  and  judge  advocate-general,  1807  ;  home  secre- 
tary, 1809-12.  [L  48] 

RYDER,  THOMAS  (1736-1790),  actor:  trained  as 
printer ;  appeared  at  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  under 
Thomas  Sheridan  (1719-1788)  [q.  v.],  as  Captain  I'luim- 
(Farqnhar's  '  Recruiting  Officer '),  1757  ;  toured  in  Ireland, 
c.  1765-70,  and  subsequently  opened  at  Smock  Alley 
Theatre,  which  he  managed,  1772-82,  with  decreasing 
••OMB ;  appeared,  1787,  as  Falstaff  ('  Henry  IV  ')at  Ooveut 
Garden ;  excelled  in  low  comedy  ;  published  two  plays. 

[1.  4»] 


RYDER,  THOMAS  (1746-1810),  engraver;  pupil  of 
James  Basire  (1730-1802)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Royal 
Academy ;  best  known  by  works  in  stipple.  [1.  50] 

RYDER  or  RITHER.  SIR  WILLIAM  (1544  7-1611), 
lord  mayor  of  London ;  apprenticed  as  haberdasher ; 
introduced  into  England  stockings  knitted  of  woollen 
yarn  :  member  of  Haberdashers'  Company ;  alderman  and 
(1591)  sheriff  of  London  :  lord  mayor,  1600  :  knighted  for 
loyalty  to  Queen  Elizabeth  during  Essex's  rebellion,  1601 :  | 
'  collector-general '  of  James  I's  '  customs  inwards,'  1603 : 
appointed  collector  for  life  of  toll,  tonnage,  and  poundage 
ia  London,  1606 ;  president  of  Bridewell  and  Bethlehem 
hospitals,  1600-5.  [1.  50] 

RYE,  EDWARD  CALDWELL  (1832-1885),  entomo- 
logist ;  educated  at  King's  College  School,  London ;  edited 
'  Zoological  Record,'  and  was  co-editor  of  '  Entomologist's 
Monthly  Magazine';  librarian  of  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  [1. 62] 

RYER80N,  EGERTON  (1803-1882),  divine ;  born  in 
Canada ;  worked  on  his  father's  farm ;  joined  methodtet 
church,  1821 :  assistant-teacher  in  London  district 
grammar  school,  Ontario;  admitted  methodist  minister 
on  Niagara  circuit,  e.  1824  ;  edited  '  Christian  Guardian,' 
1829 ;  delegate  to  Wesleyan  conference  in  England,  1833  : 
one  of  originators  of  Victoria  College,  Coburg,  Ontario 
(first  president,  1841):  superintendent  of  schools  in  Upper 
Canada,  1844-76 ;  severed  his  connection  with  Wesleyan 
methodists,  1854:  LL.D.  Middletown  University,  1842; 
D.D.  Victoria  College,  1866  ;  wrote  historical,  autobio- 
graphical, and  other  works.  [L  62] 

RYERSON,  WILLIAM  (1791-1882),  soldier  ami 
Irvingite  minister ;  brother  of  Egerton  Ryerson  [q.  v.] ; 
born  near  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick ;  took  part  in  war 
of  1812-14,  as  lieutenant  in  the  18th  Norfolk  regiment  of 
Canadian  militia;  entered  methodist  ministry,  1819; 
delegate  to  conference  in  England,  1831 :  converted  to  tin- 
views  of  Edward  Irving  ;  returned  to  Canada  and  esta- 
blished the  catholic  apostolic  church  there,  acting  as  its 
head  till  1872.  [1.  63] 

RYGOE,  RIOOE,  or  RUOOE,  ROBERT  (c/.  1410), 
divine ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1362-72,  and 


Wycliffltas,  bat  was  anally  compelled  to  i 

RYLAHD,  HERMAN  WIT8IU8  07eO-l8»X*£na- 
dtan  statesman:  son  of  John  Colktt  Rrtand  [q.  v.]; 
•salstont  deputy  paymaster-general  under  Wgoyne  •*! 
Cornwallis  in  America,  1781-1;  civil  sectary  to 
governors-in  chief  of  British  North  America,  1793-181  J  ; 
exerted  great  influence  on  administration  of  affair*  in 
Lower  Canada.  [L  64] 

RYLAJTO,  JOHN  (1717  7-1798),  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson  : 
West  India  merchant  on  Tower  Hill,  London  ;  member 
of  the  London  King's  Head,  Ivy  Lane  (1749-63),  and 
BSMX  Head  olnbs. 


Uter  o  Msrtoo  Coaeffe,  Oxford,  and  was  bu«ar.  1374-6  : 
D.D.  e.  1380  :  chancellor  of  the  university,  1181-8  and  I  Ml  ; 
chancellor  of  Exeter  Cathedral,  and  vtc*r*«Mral  far 


RYLAHD,  JOHN  (1763-1816X  baptist  minister:  son 
of  John  Collett  Ryland  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  ministry.  1771  : 
awUted  his  father  at  Northampton  till  1786,  when  he 
received  sole  charge  of  congregation  :  minister  of  Broad- 
mead  chapel  and  president  of  baptist  college.  Bristol, 
1793-1826;  secretary,  1816-25,  of  Baptist  ilbwionary 
Society,  of  which  be  was  a  founder;  published  religious 
writings,  including  hymns.  [L  66] 

RYLAHD,  JOHN  COLLETT  (1723-17WX  divine: 
baptist  pastor  at  Warwick,  where  he  kept  a  school,  1760  : 
minister  and  schoolmaster  at  Northampton,  1759-86  : 
removed  school  to  Knfleki,  1780;  published  educational, 
religious,  and  other  works.  [L  M] 

RYLAKD,  JONATHAN  EDWARDS  (1798-1866),  man 
of  letters;  son  of  John  K  viand  (1753-1x26)  [q.  v.1  ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University  :  mathematical  and  classical 
tutor  at  Mill  Hill  College,  and,  later,  teacher  at  Bradford 
College  ;  published  translations  and  other  writings. 

RYLAHD,  WILLIAM  WYNNE  (1732-1788),  en- 
graver ;  apprentice  1  to  Simon  Francois  Ravenet  [q.  v.]  ; 
studied  in  France  and  Italy  :  engraver  to  George  III  : 
member  of  Society  of  Art*,  1765  ;  exhibited  portrait*  at 
Royal  Academy  :  opened  print-shops  in  ComhilU  London. 
and,  later,  in  Strand,  London;  hanged  for  forging  ami 
tittering  bills  of  exchange.  He  executed  plates  in  the 
'  chalk  '  or  dotted  manner.  [L  68] 

RYLAHDS,  JOHN  (1801-1888),  merchant;  esta- 
blished with  his  brothers  and  (1819)  with  hi*  father,  as 
weaver  of  cotton  goods  at  St.  Helens  and  afterwards  at 
Wigan  ;  became  sole  proprietor,  1847  :  converted  business 
into  limited  company,  1873  ;  spent  large  sums  in  printing 
religions  works  for  free  distribution  in  England,  France, 
and  Italy.  The  John  Rylands  Library  (opened  1900) 
erected  as  a  memorial  at  Manchester  by  his  widow. 

[L89] 

RYLAHD8,  PETER  (1820-1887),  politician:  engaged 
in  manufacture  of  sailcloth  at  Warrington:  member  of 
Anti-Cornlaw  League:  M.I'.,  Warrington,  1868-74,  and 
Burnley,  1876-87  ;  published  writings  on  religious  topics. 

RYLE,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1816-1900),  bishop  of 
Liverpool  :  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  BJL, 
1838;  M.A.,  1871;  DJ).,  1880;  took  holy  orders,  1841-2; 
rector  of  St.  Thomas,  Winchester,  1843,  and  of  Helming- 
ham,  Suffolk,  1844  ;  vicar  of  Stradbroke,  1861  :  honorary 
canon  of  Norwich,  1872  :  dean  of  Salisbury,  1880  ;  first 
bishop  of  Liverpool,  1880-1900.  He  belonged  to  the 
Evangelical  school  ;  published  religious  writings. 

[SuppL  iii.  334] 

RYLEY.    [See  also  RILKY.] 

RYLEY  or  RILEY,  CHARLES  REUBEN  (1752?- 
1798).  painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  [I.  60] 

RYLEY,  JOHN  (1747-1815),  mathematician:  em- 
ployed as  husbandman  and  cloth  manufacturer  in  York- 
shire ;  studied  mathematics  and  became  master  at  Drigb- 
lington  grammar  school,  1774  :  opened  a  school  at 
Pudsey,  1776  ;  master  at  Beeston.  1776  ;  bead-master  of 
Blnecoat  school,  Leeds,  1789-1816  :  published  mathema- 
tical writings.  [1.  61] 

RYLEY,  SIR  PHILIP  (<*.  1733),  surveyor  of  royal 
woods  and  forests  ;  son  of  William  Ryley  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  ;  serjeant-at-arms,  attending  lord  treasurer  of 


RYLEY 


1146 


SABBAN 


England  before  1703  and  after  1706 :  agent  of  exchequer  : 
commissioner  of  excise,  1698 ;  surveyor  of  royal  woods  and 
forests ;  knighted,  1788.  [1.  64] 

RYLEY,  SAMUEL  WILLIAM  (1769-1837),  actor  aud 
author;  son  of  Samuel  Romney,  a  grocer  in  London; 
apprenticed  to  woollen  manufacturer  in  Yorkshire  ;  joined 
<>n  -hariug  terms  theatrical  company  at  Newcastle,  1783  ; 
met  with  misfortune  and  became  <trolliii£  actor:  sub- 
sequently played  Sir  Peter  Teazle  at  Drury  Lime,  London, 
1809;  assumed  name  Ryley,  e.  1797  :  annual  benefits  held 
for  him  at  Liverpool  towards  the  end  of  lu's  life ;  wrote 
plays,  songs,  and  memoirs.  [1.  61] 

RYLEY,  WILLIAM,  the  elder  (d.  1667),  herald  and 
archivist:  studied  at  Middle  Temple  :  clerk  of  records  in 
Tower,  r.  1690:  Bluemautle  pursuivant  of  arms,  1633; 
Lancaster  herald,  1641 ;  supported  parliamentarians,  but 
was  more  than  once  suspected  of  treachery;  keeper  of 
records,  1644:  Norroy  king-of-arms,  1646;  Clarenceux 
kinir-of-arms,  1659:  proclaimed  Charles  II,  1660,  but  was 
reduced  to  rank  of  Lancaster  herald  on  Restoration  : 
buried  in  east  cloister,  Westminster  Abbey  ;  associated 
with  his  son  William  Ryley  the  younger  [q.  v.]  in 
publication  of  '  Placita  Parliamentaria.  Or  pleadings  in 
Parliament,'  1661.  [1.  63] 

RYLEY,  WILLIAM,  the  younger  (d.  1675),  archivist ; 
•on  of  WJBiam  Ryley  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  186* ;  employed  under  his  father  in  record  office.  ! 

[1.  64] 

RYKER,  JAMES  (./I.  1775-1822),  surgeon;  studied 
medicine  and  anatomy  at  Edinburgh  ;  surgeon's  mate  in  j 
navy,   1770;    surgeon,  1775;    served  in  Mediterranean,  ! 
West  Indies,  and  North  America;    left  navy,  c.   1782;  ' 
F.R.O.S.  London,  1815 :  published  medical  works.  [L  65] 

RYMER,  THOMAS  (1641-1713),  author  and  archa*>-  • 
legist :  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1673;  published  'Tragedies  of  the 
Last  Age  cousider'd,' 1678,  and  A  Short  View  of  Tragedy,'  : 
containing  an  attack  on  'Othello,' 1692;  historiographer  i 
to  William  III,  1692  :  appointed  by  government,  1693,  to 
edit  a  collection  of  public  conventions  of  Great  Britain 
with  other  powers,  the  work  appearing  as '  Foedera,'  20  vols.  j 
1704-35,  vols.  xvi-xx.  being  edited  by  Robert  Sanderson,  i 
the  latest  document  included  dated  1654 ;  new  editions  j 
brought  out,  1737-45  (at  the  Hague)  and  1816-30  (in-  : 
complete,  undertaken  by  Record  Commission).    He  also 
published  poems  and  a  play  in  rhymed  verse  entitled  ; 
•Edgar,  or  the  English  Monarch.'  [1.  65] 

RY8BRACK,  JOHN  MICHAEL  (JOANNES  MICHIBL)  ; 
(1693?-1770),  sculptor;  born  on  continent;  studied  in  I 


Antwerp;  came  to  England,  1720.    Many  of  his  works 
are  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [i.  68] 

RYTHER,  AUGUSTINE  (fl.  1576-1690),  engraver; 
associated  with  Christopher  Saxton  [q.  v.]  in  engravinp 
maps  of  English  counties,  published,  1676-9,  and  with 
Jodocus  Hondius ,  [q.  v.]  and  others  in  charts  for  '  The 
Mariner's  Mirrour,'  1588;  translated  from  Ubaldini  and 
engraved  plates  for  '  Discourse  concerning  Spani<lii> 
Fleet,'  1688.  J  69] 

RYTHER,  JOHN  (16347-1681),  nonconformist 
divine ;  educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge ; 
vicar  of  Frodingham,  whence  he  was  ejected  :  vicar  of 
Ferriby ;  ejected,  1662  ;  published  religious  works. 

RYTHER,  JOHN  (d.  1704),  nonconformist  divine  • 
son  of  John  Ryther  (1634  ?-1681)  [q.  v.]  ;  chaplain  on  mer- 
chant ships  trading  to  Indies ;  minister  at  Nottingham, 
1689 ;  left  manuscript  journals.  [1.  70] 

RYVES,  BRUNO  (1596-1677),  divine:  B.A.  New 
College,  Oxford,  1616 ;  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  1619 ; 
D.D.,  1639  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1634 ;  vicar  of  Stauwell ; 
deprived  by  parliament,  1642  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I, 
c.  1640;  appointed  dean  of  Ghichester,  1646;  installed 
dean,  1660,  and  made  master  of  Ohichester  Hospital; 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II;  dean  of  Windsor, 
1660 ;  scribe  of  order  of  Garter,  1661 :  rector  of  Haseley, 
and  Acton;  published  'Mercurius  Rusticus,'  royalist 
periodical  (nineteen  numbers  from  August  1642). 

RYVES,  ELIZABETH  (1750-1797),  author; 'wrote 
plays  (never  acted),  one  novel,  and  several  volumes  of 
poems.  [i.  71] 

RYVES,  GEORGE  FREDERICK  (1758-1826),  rear- 
admiral  ;  educated  at  Harrow ;  entered  navy,  1774  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1779;  commander,  1795;  captain,  1798  ;  on  coast 
of  Egypt,  1801 ;  in  Mediterranean  under  Nelson,  1803-4 ; 
in  Baltic,  1810  ;  rear-admiral,  1825.  [1.  72] 

RYVES,  MRS.  LAVINIA  JANETTA  HORTON  DK 
SERRES  (1797-1871).  [See  SERRES.] 

RYVES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1583  ?-1652),  civilian;  of 
Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford;  fellow,  1598; 
D.O.L.,  1610 ;  advocate  of  Doctors'  Commons,  1611 ;  judge 
of  faculties  in  prerogative  court  of  Ireland,  1617  ;  resigned 
office ;  retunied  to  England  ;  practised  in  admiralty  court ; 
king's  advocate,  1623  ;  master  of  requests  extraordinary, 
1626  ;  judge  of  the  admiralty  of  Dover,  1636,  and  subse- 
quently of  Cinque  ports ;  fought  for  Charles  I ;  knighted, 
1644 ;  published  writings  on  law  and  naval  history. 

£1.72] 


S 


8ABERET  or  SABA  (rf.  616  ?).    [See  SEBEKT.] 


SABIE,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1587-1596),  poetaster ;  school-  I 
wter  at  Lichfleld  in  1587  ;  published  three  volumes  of  '• 
verse,  'The  Fisher- man's  Tale'  (2  parts)  and  '  Pan's  Pipe '  i 
(1696)  and  '  Adam's  Complaint '  (1596).  [1.  74] 

8ABINE,  SIB  EDWARD  (1788-1883),  general ;  second 
lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1803;  second  captain,  1813;  ! 
served  in  Niagara  frontier    campaign,    1814;    returned  : 
home,  1816 ;  F.R.8.,  1818 ;  astronomer  to  Arctic  expedi- 
tions in  search  of  north-west  passage  under  John  Ross 
( 1 777-1886)  [q.  v.],  1818,  and  William  Edward  Parry  [q.  v  ] 
1819-20;  Copley  medallist,   Royal  Society,  1821;   made  ' 
voyages  to  conduct  experiments  in  magnetic  inclination, 
1821  and  1823;  joint-commissioner  with  Sir  John  Herschel  '. 
to  act  with  French  commission  in  determining  difference 
of  longitude  between  Paris  and  Greenwich,  1826;  first  ' 
captain,  1827 ;  one  of  secretaries  of  Royal  Society,  1829  ; 
appointedoneof  tbreescientificadvtBcrsof  admiralty,  1828- 
assisted  in  magnetic  survey  of  British  islands,  1834-6; 
brevet-major,  1837 ;    member  of  committee  to  consider 
establishment  ot  magnetic  stations  throughout  British  i 
empire,  1836-9,  and  subsequently  superintendent  of  the  i 
system  of  observations  and  editor   of  'Observations'-  i 

£"???  °f  Briti8b  A8»<**rton.  1889-59  (except  ' 
t);  began  contributing  to    Philosophical  Trans-  ! 
a  survey  of  distribution  of  magnetism  over  the  ' 


globe,  1840:  foreign  secretary  to  Royal  Society,  1845, 
treasurer,  1850,  and  president,  1861-71;  colonel,  1851; 
major-general,  1856  ;  repeated  magnetic  survey  of  British 
isles,  1861 ;  lieutenant-general,  1865 ;  civil  K.C.B.,  1869 ; 
general,  1870  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford  and  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1855  ; 
member  of  Linnean,  Royal  Astronomical,  and  other 
learned  societies.  [L  74] 

SABINE,  JOSEPH  (1662  ?-1739),  general ;  appointed 
captain  in  Ingoldsby's  foot,  1689  ;  brevet-colonel  in  Her- 
bert's regiment,  1703 ;  served  in  Low  Countries  and  in 
war  of  Spanish  succession  ;  M.P.,  Berwick-on-Tweed, 
1727  ;  general,  1730,  and  governor  of  Gibraltar,  where  he 
died.  [L  78] 

SABINE,  JOSEPH  (1770-1837),  writer  on  horticul- 
ture; brother  of  Sir  Edward  Sabine  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  as 
barrister  till  1808:  inspector-general  of  assessed  taxes, 
1808-35  ;  F.R.S.,  1779  ;  original  F.L.S.,  1798  ;  honorary 
secretary  of  Horticultural  Society,  1810-30,  contributing 
extensively  to  its  '  Transactions ' ;  subsequently  treasurer 
and  vice-president  of  Zoological  Society.  [1.  79] 

8ABRAN,  LEWIS  (1652-1732),  Jesuit ;  born  at  Paris  ; 
educated  at  English  Jesuit  college,  St.  Omer  ;  professed  of 
four  vows,  1688 ;  royal  chaplain  at  St.  James's  Palace, 
London,  1685  ;  escaped  to  France  at  revolution ;  principal 
of  episcopal  seminary  at  Liege,  1699-1708 ;  provincial  of 


SACHEVERELL 


1117 


SADINGTON 


English  province,  17U8;  n-ctor  of  college  at  St.  Omar, 
1712 ;  spiritual  father  at  English  College,  Rome,  171* ; 
puhlishul  theological  works.  [L  79] 

SACHEVERELL,  HENRY  (16747-1784),  politic*! 
preacher:  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxfonl  ;  M.A.,  1696; 
fellow,  17K1-13;  pro-proctor.  17u3:  1).D.,  17 


1709  ;  incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1714  : 

and   pamphlet*  high  church  ami  tory  cause; 


advocated  in 


chaplain  of  St.  Saviour1*,   Southwark,  1706  ;  preached 

,  favouring 
tion  and  occasional 


,  , 

sermons  at  Derby  and  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  1  709, 
non-resistance,  and 


conformity  (both  sermons  printed.  1709,  and  declared  by 
House  of  Commons  to  be  seditious  libel*)  ;  impeached  (his 
counsel  including  Simon  Haroourt  (1661  V  1727)  [q.  v.]); 
found  guilty  and  suspended  from  preaching  for  three 
years,  much  popular  feeling  being  excited  in  his  favour  : 
presented  to  living  of  Selattyn,  1710,  and  to  living  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  London,  1718;  died  from  effect- 
of  accident.  [I.  80] 

8ACHEVEBELL,  WILLIAM  (  1688-1691),  politician  : 
entered  Uray's  Inn,  1667;  M.P.,  Derbyshire,  16.0  and 
1679;  opposed  court  policy  ;  moved  successfully  thut 
popish  recusants  be  deprived  of  military  office,  1678; 
on  committee  to  prepare  Test  Bill,  1678;  urged  neces- 
sity of  return  to  policy  of  triple  alliance,  1677  ;  took 
prominent  part  in  parliamentary  investigation  of  Oates's 
pretended  popish  plot,  and  for  some  time  presided  over 
committee  of  secrecy  ;  supported  motion  for  removal  of 
James,  duke  of  York,  from  royal  presence  and  counsels, 
and  supported  Exclusion  Bill,  1679;  served  on  com- 
mittee which  drew  up  articles  of  Danby's  impeach- 
ment, 1678;  member  for  Heytesbury  in  Convention 
parliament;  lord  of  admiralty  in  William  Ill's  first 
administration  till  December  1689;  M.I'.,  Nottingham- 
shire, 1691.  [1.  83] 

SACKVILLE,  CHARLES,  sixth  EARL  or  DORSET 
and  first  EARL  OF  MIDDLESEX  (1638-1706),  poet;  son 
of  Richard  Sackville,  fifth  earl  of  Dorset,  and  Frances, 
daughter  of  Lionel  Cranfleld,  first  earl  of  Middlesex  ; 
M.I'..  East  Griuetead,  1660  ;  led  life  of  dissipation  with 
Sir  Charles  Sedley  [q.  v.]  and  others  ;  volunteered  in 
fleet  fitted  out  against  Dutch,  1G«5,  and  took  part  hi 
battle  of  3  June  ;  created  Baron  Cranfleld  and  Karl  of 
Middlesex,  1675  ;  withdrew  from  court  during  James  Il's 
reign  ;  lord  chamberlain  of  household,  1689-97  :  received 
Garter,  1691  ;  thrice  acted  as  regent  during  William  Ill's 
absence.  His  poems  appeared  with  Sedley's  in  1701,  his 
best  being  the  song  '  To  all  you  ladies  now  ou  laud,'  1666. 
Drydeu  dedicated  several  poem*  to  him.  [L  86] 

SACKVILLE,  CHARLES,  second  DUKK  OK  DORHKT 
(1711-1769),  son  of  Lionel  Craufield  Sackville,  first  duke 
of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1730  ;  intimate  friend  of  Frederick,  prince 
of  Wales;  M.P.,  East  Grinstead,  1734-41  aud  1761-5, 
Sussex,  1742-7,  and  Old  Saruin,  1747-64  ;  high  steward 
of  honour  of  Otford,  1741  ;  lord  of  treasury,  1743-7  ; 
master  of  horse  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  1747  ; 
councillor,  1766. 

SACKVILLE,  SIR  EDWARD,  fourth  EARL  OP  DOR- 
SET (1591-1652),  M>U  of  Robert  Sackville,  second  carl  of 
Dors-el  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  his  brother  Richard  (1690- 
1624),  1024  ;  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  per- 
haps at  Cambridge  ;  M.P.,  Sussex,  1614  and  1621-2,  being 
one  of  leaders  of  popular  party  ;  K.B.,  1616  ;  held  subor- 
dinate command  at  battle  of  Prague,  1620  ;  ambassador 
to  Louis  XIII,  1621  ;  governor  of  Bermuda  Islands  Com- 
pany, 1623  ;  commissioner  for  planting  Virginia,  1631 
and  I-,  3  1  ;  K.G.,  1625  :  privy  councillor,  1626  :  lord  cham- 
berlain to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  1628:  lord  commis- 
sioner of  admiralty,  1628;  assisted  in  draining  partt)  of 
Lincolnshire,  1631  ;  commissioner  of  regency,  1640  and 
1641  ;  supported  Charles  I  hi  civil  war  ;  prudent  at  Edge- 
hill,  1642;  commissioner  of  Charles  I's  treasury,  1643; 
lord  chamberlain  of  household,  1644-6;  keeper  of  privy 
seal  and  president  of  council,  1644.  [1.  89] 

SACKVILLE,  GEORGE,  first  VISCOUNT  SACKVILLK 
(1716-1785).  [SoeGKRMAix.] 

SACKVILLE,  JOHN  FREDERICK,  third  DUKK  OF 

.  1746-17U9),  grandson  of  Lionel  (.'ran  field  Sack- 
ville, first  duke  of   Dorset  [q.  v.]  ;   educated   • 
minster  ;  M.P.,  Kent,  1768  ;  succeeded  his  uncle  Charles 


Sackville,  second  duke  of  Dorset 


SACKVILLE,  LIONEL  CRAHF1BLD,  first  Dun  or 
DOMBT(  1688- 1766),  son  of  Charles  Sackrille,  - 
of  Dorset  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  soootsded 
to  earldom,  1706 ;  constable  of  Dover  Ctttto  and  lord 
warden  of  Cinque  port*.  1708-18.  1714-17,  17M;  envoy 
extraordinary  to  notify  George  I  of  Queen  Anne's  death, 
17U:  groom  of  stole,  first  lord  of  bedchamber, 
,  and  K.G.,  1714; 


lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1780-7  and  175O  ft ;  lord  presi- 
dent  of  council,  174» ;  muter  of  nom.l76*-7 :  coostfortad 
constable  of  Dover  Cmstle  and  lord  warden  of  Cinque 


7  ;  privy 

[1.  88] 


port*  for  life,  1767 ;  D.O.L.  Oxford.  17*> ;  frequently  acted 
as  one  of  lords  Justices  of  Great  Britain.  His  portrait 
was  painted  by  Kneller. 

SAGKYILLE,  SIR  RICHARD  (4.  1M«X  flmt 
of  Anne  Boleyn;  educated  at  Cambridge;  bar 
Gray's  Inn ;  Lent  reader.  15J9  ;  M.P.,  A  rondel, 
treasurer  of  army  ;  chancellor  of  court  of  augmentations, 
1648;  knighted,  1649;  privy  oouncdlor.  1»64  ;  M.P, 
Portsmouth,  1664,  Kent,  165«,  and  Sussex,  16*8-6; 
received  charge  of  Margaret,  countess  of  Lennox,  1661.  It 
was  owing  to  his  encouragement  that  Roger  Ascham 
[q.  v.]  wrote  his '  Scbolemaster.'  [1.  96] 

SACKVILLE,  RICHARD,  fifth  EARL  or  Doiuurr 
(1622-1677),  son  of  Sir  Edward  Sackville,  fourth  earl  of 
Dorset;  M.P.,  Bast  Grinstead,  1640-3;  Imprisoned  by 
parliament,  1642  ;  lord  sewer  at  coronation  ofOnarles  it 
1661;  member  of  Inner  Temple,  1661;  F.R&,  1666; 
contributed  to  '  Jonsonus  Vlrbius '  ( 1638).  [L  91  ] 

SACKVILLE,  ROBERT,  second  EARL  or  DORSET 
(1661-1609),  son  of  Thomas  Sackville,  first  earl  of  Dorset 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  by  Roger  Ascham  jq.  v.]  ;  MJL  Hrnrt 
Hall,  Oxford,  1579 ;  entered  Inner  Temple,  1680 ;  M.Pn 
Sussex,  1686,  1593,  1698,  1601,  and  1604-8,  and  Lewes, 
1688;  engaged  in  trading  ventures;  endowed  SackviUe 
College  for  the  poor,  East  Grinstead.  [L  96] 

SACKVILLE,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  or  DoRftKT  and 
BARON  BUCKUUIIST  (1636-1608),  son  of  Sir  Richard  Sack- 
ville [q.  v.]  ;  perhaps  educated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple ; 
planned,  began,  and  wrote  'Induction '  for  *  Myrrovre  for 
Magistrates '  (1559-63),  completed  by  William  Baldwin 
I  [q.  v.]  and  George  Ferrers  [q.  v.] ;  collaborated  (he  pro- 
bably wrote  only  last  two  act«)  with  Thomas  Norton 
(1632-1584)  [q.  v.]  in  'Tragedy  of  Gorboduc,'  the  first 
English  tragedy  in  blank  verse,  acted  in  Inner  Temple 
hall,  1661 ;  grand  master  of  order  of  freemasons,  1661-7 ; 
M.I'.,  Westmoreland,  1568,  East  Grinstead,  1669,  Ayles- 
bury,  1563 ;  knighted  and  raised  to  peerage,  1667  ;  MJL 
Cambridge,  1571 ;  privy  councillor ;  commissioner  at 
state  trials  ;  announced  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scot*  sentence 
of  death,  1686 ;  sent  ( 1687)  to  survey  position  of  affairs  in 
Low  Countries  after  Leicester's  return  (1686) ;  commis- 
sioner for  ecclesiastical  causes,  1688 ;  K.O.,  1689  :  ambas- 
sador to  Low  Countries,  1589 ;  one  of  commissioners  who 
signed  treaty  with  France,  1691 ;  renewed  treaty  with 
united  provinces,  1598 ;  lord  treasurer,  1699  till  death : 
lord  high  steward,  presiding  at  Essex's  trial,  1601 :  created 
Earl  of  Dorset,  1604  ;  commissioner  for  peace  with  Spain, 
1604  ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1691  ;  incorporated 
M.A.  Oxford,  1692.  His  poetical  world  were  collected, 
1869.  [L  96] 

SACROB0800,  OHRLSTOPHBR  (1662-1816).  [See 
HOLY  WOOD.] 

SACRO  BOSCO,  JOHANNES  DB  (/.  1180).  [See 
HOLYWOOD  or  HALIFAX,  JOHN.] 

SADDINGTON.  JoHN  ( 1 684 7-1679X  early  Mnggle- 
tonian  ;  wrote  religious  works,  printed  posthumously. 

[L100] 

SADDLER.  JOHN  (1813-1892),  line-engraver;  pupil 
of  George  Oooke  ( 1781-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Society 
of  British  Artiste  and  Royal  Academy  between  1868  and 
1883.  [L  101] 

SADINGTON,  SIR  ROBERT  OR  (d.  e.  1160  X  judge  ; 
appears  as  advocate  between  1399  and  1S36 ;  J.I'., 
Leicestershire  and  Kntland,  1*32;  chief  baron  of  ex- 
chequer,  1884,  and  abo  treasurer.  1*40 ;  ffhanooHor.  184*. 
1346 ;  reappouited  chief  baron,  1346.  [L  101] 


SADLEIR 


1143 


ST.  ALBANS 


8ADLEIR  FRANC  (1774-1881),  scholar  ;  M.A.  and 
irllow,  Trinity  College.  Dublin,  1805:  B.D.  and  D.D., 
1«13  •  Donndan  lecturer,  1816,  1817,  and  1823  :  Knismus 
-riiith  professor  of  mathematics,  1824-36;  regius  pro- 
fessor el  Greek,  1833-8 ;  provost  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1837-51 ;  published  sermons. 

SADLEIR.  JOHN  (1814-1856),  Irish  politician  and 
•windier  ;  educated  at  Clongowes  College  ;  solicitor  in 
Dublin;  a  director  of  Tipperary  joint-stock  teak; 
chairman  of  London  and  County  Joint-Stock  Bank,  1848  ; 
MJP.,  Cwlow,  1847,  and  Sligo,  1853 ;  junior  lord  of  trea- 
sury, 1863;  committed  suicide  on  the  failure  of  the 
Tipperary  bank  (then  managed  by  his  brother  James), 
which  bis  fraudulent  practices  had  helped  to  bring  about. 
Mr  Merdle  In  Dickens's  'Little  Dorrit'  is  drawn  from 
him.  [1.  N*2] 

SADLER.  ANTHONY  (  ft.  1640),  clergyman ;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1624  ;  M.D.,  1633  ;  perhaps  rector 
of  West  Thurrock,  1628.  [1. 104] 

SADLER,  ANTHONY  (  ft.  1630-1680),  divine  :  B.A. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1632  :  presented  to  living  of 
Mitcham,  c.  1660:  accused  of  disorderly  practices: 
appointed  to  Berwick  St.  James ;  threatened  with  suspen- 
sion for  debauchery,  1681 ;  published  works  of  a  political 
character.  [1. 103] 

SADLER.  JOHN  (</.  1595  ?),  divine ;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  1540:  original  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  1546 :  rector  of  Sudborough,  1568 ;  pub- 
lished translation  from  Flavlus  Vegetius  Renatus. 

LI.  104] 

SADLER.  JOHN  (1615-1674),  master  of  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge :  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1638 :  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  master  in  ordinary  in 
court  of  chancery  1644 ;  master  of  requests  ;  town-clerk 
of  London,  1649;  master  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1660-60;  M.P.,  Cambridge,  1653,  and  Great 
Yarmouth,  1658:  first  commissioner  under  great  seal, 
1659 :  lost  all  offices  after  Restoration ;  published  histo- 
rical and  other  works.  [1. 104] 

SADLER,  MICHAEL  FERREBEE  (1819-1895), 
theologian  ;  son  of  Michael  Thomas  Sadler  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1847  ;  prebendary  of  Wells ; 
rector  of  Honiton,  1864-95  ;  published  theological  works. 

[1. 105] 

SADLER,  MICHAEL  THOMAS  (1780-1835),  social 
reformer ;  while  still  young  assisted  methodist  move- 
ment ;  engaged  in  business  as  importer  of  Irish  linens  at 
Leeds,  1800 ;  took,  as  tory,  enthusiastic  interest  in  poli- 
tics :  opposed  catholic  emancipation,  1813 :  published 
•Ireland:  its  Kvils  and  their  Remedies,'  1828;  Issued, 
1S30, '  Law  of  Population,'  expounding  theory  that '  pro- 
lincuess  of  human  beings  .  .  .  varies  inversely  as  their 
number,'  which  was  attacked  by  Macaulay  in  'Edin- 
burgh Review • :  tory  M.P.,  Newark,  1829  and  1830,  and 
Aldborongh,  Yorkshire,  1831-2;  moved  unsuccessfully 
for  establishment  of  poor-law  for  Ireland,  and  moved 
resolution  for  bettering  condition  of  agricultural  poor  In 
England,  1831  :  chosen  parliamentary  leader  of  the  cause 
of  radical  working  men ;  introduced  bill  for  regulating 
labour  of  young  people  In  mills  and  factories,  1831,  and 
subsequently  acted  as  chairman  of  committee  to  which  it 
wa«  referred ;  F.R.S.,  1832 ;  published  pamphlets  and 
speeches.  [1. 105] 

SADLER,  SADLEIR,  or  6ADLEYER,  Sm  RALPH 
11507-1587),  diplomatist:  in  service  of  Thomas  Crom- 
well, after  wards  earl  of  Essex :  gentleman  of  Henry  VIU's 
privy  chamber,  c.  1536 ;  sent  to  Scotland  to  advise  King 
James  to  adopt  an  ecclesiastical  policy  antagonistic  to 
Rome :  one  of  Henry  VIII's  principal  secretaries  of  state, 
r.  1537;  knighted,  1542;  sent  to  reside  in  Edinburgh  on 
<leath  of  James  V  with  view  of  preventing  revival  of 
influence  of  Cardinal  Beaton  ;  treasurer  of  navy  in  Earl  of 
Hertford's  raid  on  Scotland ;  one  of  council  of  twelve  to 
jurist  executors  in  government  of  kingdom  and  guardian- 
ship of  Edward  VI,  1547;  accompanied  Hertford  to 
Scotland  as  high  treasurer  of  army  ;  knight-banneret  after 
battle  of  Pinkie,  1647 ;  became  agent  of  Cecil,  1558 :  had 
principal  share  in  arranging  treaty  of  peace  and  alliance 
between  England  and  Scotland,  1560 :  chancellor  of  duchy 
of  Lancaster,  1568  ;  one  of  commissioners  to  treat  with 
Scottish  commissioners  concerning  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
lt*8 :  psjjrimisji  fsumaj  In  Sussex's  expedition  to  quell 


rebellion  on  behalf  of  Dnke  of  Norfolk  and  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  ;  guardian  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1580-1  :  envoy 
to  Jauiw  VI,  1587.  [1. 109] 

SADLER,  THOMAS,  in  religion  VINCENT  FAULTS 
(1604-1681),  Benedictine;  entered  order  of  St.  Benedict 
and  made  profession  at  Dleulouard,  1622;  cathedral 
prior  of  Chester  and  defiuitor  of  the  province,  1661 ;  pub- 
lished religious  works.  [1.  112] 

SADLER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1670-1700),  painter;  son  of 
John  Sadler  (1615-1674)  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Lely;  drew 
portrait  of  John  Bunyan,  1685.  [1.  105] 

SADLER,  THOMAS  (1822-1891),  divine ;  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  at  Bonn ;  Ph.D. 
Erlangen,  1844;  Unitarian  minister  at  Rosslyn  Hill 
Chapel,  Hampstead,  1846-91 :  published  religious  works  ; 
edited  Crabb  Robinson's  '  Diaries,'  1869.  [1.  112] 

SADLER,  WINDHAM  WILLIAM  (1796  -  1824), 
aeronaut  ;  educated  as  engineer  ;  gave  up  service  of  first 
Liverpool  Gas  Company  to  become  professional  aeronaut ; 
crossed  St.  George's  Channel  from  Dublin  to  Holyhead, 
1817  ;  died  of  injuries  from  balloon  accident.  [1. 112] 

SADLINGTON,  MARK  (d.  1647);  divine;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1581  ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1584;  lecturer,  1588  ;  master 
of  St.  Olave's  grammar  school,  Southwark,  1591-4 ; 
vicar  of  Sunbury,  1603-47;  some  historical  writings 
have  been  attributed  to  him.  [1.113] 

SAEBBI  (d.  695  ?).    [See  SEBBI.] 
SJELRJED  (d.  746).    [See  SELRED.] 

SJEWTJLF  (fl.  1102),  traveller  and  pilgrim  to 
Syria ;  left  manuscript  account  of  journey  from  Monopoll 
to  Palestine  and  back  to  Dardanelles.  [1. 113] 

SAFFERY,  MRS.  MARIA  GRACE  (1772  - 1858), 
poet  ;  nte  Andrews  ;  married,  1799,  John  Saffery,  baptist 
minister  at  Salisbury,  where  she  conducted  a  girls* 
school ;  published  sacred  and  other  poems.  [1. 114] 

SAFFOLD,  THOMAS  (d.  1691),  empiric  ;  licensed  by 
bishop  of  London  to  practise  as  a  physician,  1674 ;  prac- 
tised in  London  ;  died  under  his  own  treatment. 

[1. 114] 

SAFRED  (d.  1204).    [See  SEFFRID.] 

SAGE.  JOHN  (1652  -  1711),  Scottish  nonjuring 
divine  ;  M.A.  St.  Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1669  : 
minister  of  east  quarter  in  Glasgow,  1685  j  clerk  of 
presbytery  and  synod  ;  driven  from  Glasgow  to  Edin- 
burgh by  Cameronian  outbreak;  banished  from  Edin- 
burgh for  officiating  as  nonjuror,  1693  :  privately  conse- 
crated at  Edinburgh  as  bishop  without  diocese  or 
jurisdiction,  1705 ;  published  works  relating  to  religious 
questions.  [1-  H5] 

SAHAM,  WILLIAM  DE  (d.  1304  ?),  judge  of  king's 
bench  under  Edward  I  till  1289 ;  constantly  employed  in 
judicial  itinera.  [1-  U6] 

SAINBEL  or  SAINT  BEL,  CHARLES  VIAL  DK 
(1753-1793),  veterinary  surgeon  ;  born  at  Lyons  ;  studied 
under  Claude  Bourgelat ;  assistant-surgeon  and  public 
demonstrator  at  veterinary  college  at  Lyons,  1773 :  dis- 
tinguished himself  during  epizootic  among  horses  in 
France,  1774;  assistant-professor,  Royal  Veterinary  College, 
Paris  ;  veterinary  surgeon  and  physician  at  Lyons;  equerry 
to  Louis  XVI  and  chief  of  manege  at  academy  at  Lyons  ; 
came  to  England,  1788 ;  Veterinary  College  of  London 
instituted  with  Sainbel  as  professor,  1791 ;  wrote  works  on 
veterinary  surgery  (some  published  posthumously). 

[1.  116] 

SAINSBURY,  WILLIAM  NOEL  (1825  -  1895), 
historical  writer  :  assistant-keeper  of  records,  1887-91 ; 
published  historical  works  and  calendars  of  state  papers. 

ST.  ALBANS,  DUKE  OP  (1670-1726).  [See'  BEAU- 
CLKRK,  CHARLKS.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  DUCHESS  OF  (1777  ?-1837).  [See 
MELLON,  HAKRIOT.] 

ST.  ALBAMS,  EARL  OF  (d.  1684).  [See  JKRMYN, 
HEKRY.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  VISCOUNT  (1561-1626).  [See  BACON, 
FUAXCIH.] 


ST.   ALBANS 


1149 


SAINT-JOHN 


ST.  ALBANS,  ALKXANDKIl  OF  (1157-1217X  [See 
NKCKAM.] 

ST.  ALBANS,  ROGER  OF  (Jt.  1460).    [See  ROOW.] 
ST.   ALBANS,  WILLIAM  OF  (jt.  1178X    [See  WlL- 

LI  A.M.] 

ST.  AMAND,  ALMARIO  DK  (It.  1240),  crusader  ; 
godfather  to  future  Edward  I,  12*9;  went  on  crusade! 
1240.  p.  Ut] 

ST.  AMAND.  ALMARIC  DB,  third  BAROX  DK  ST. 
AMAND  (13147-1382),  descendant  of  Almaric  de  St. 
Amand  (Jt.  1240)  [q.  T.I :  served  in  Scotland,  1U8  and 
1366,  ami  In  France,  1342,  1346  and  1346,  1368  and 
1368 ;  justiciar  of  Ireland,  1367-9.  [1.  118] 

ST.  AMAHD,  JAMBS  (1687-1764),  antiquary:  edu- 
cated probably  at  Westminster  and  at  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford :  left  to  Bodleian  Library  collection  of  books, 
coins,  print*,  and  manuscript*.  Including  notes  used 
by  Warton  in  his  Theocritus,  1770.  [L  118] 

ST.  AWDRE",  NATHANAEL  (1680-1776X  anatomist; 

born  in  Switzerland  ;  came  early  to  England ;  local  sur- 
geon to  Westminster  Hospital ;  anatomist  to  George  I's 
tlOHSjsiiold,  1723 ;  lost  court  favour  owing  to  belief  in 
fraud  practised  by  Mary  Toft  or  Tofts  [q.  v.]  and  mar- 
riage (1730)  with  Lady  Elizabeth  Oapel,  wife  of  Samuel 
Molyneux  [q.  v.],  Immediately  on  her  husband's  death, 
which  he  was  erroneously  suspected  of  having  hastened. 
His  portrait  appears  In  Hogarth's  engraving, '  CuniculariL' 
1786.  [1.  H9] 

ST.  AVBYV,  CATHERINE  (d.  1836X  amateur 
artist ;  sister  of  Sir  John  St.  Aubyn  (1768-1839)  [q.  v.] ; 
her  etchings  were  privately  printed.  [L  120] 

ST.  AUBYN,  SIR  JOHN,  third  baronet  (1696-1744), 
politician ;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford.  1721 ;  M.P., 
Cornwall,  1722-44  :  joined  opposition  to  Walpole  ;  friend 
of  Dr.  William  Borlase  [q.  v.]  and  Pope.  [1.  120] 

ST.  AUBYN,  SIR  JOHN,  fifth  baronet  (1768-1839), 
educated  at  Westminster  ;  sheriff  of  Cornwall,  1781  :  M.P., 
Truro,  1784,  Penryn,  1784-90,  and  Helston,  1807-12: 
K.L.S.:  K.S.A.,  1783:  F.R.S.,  1797:  collected  fossils  and 
minerals ;  hi*  portrait  painted  by  Reynolds.  [L  121] 

SAINT-CARILEF  or  SAINT-CALAIS,  WILLIAM 
OF  (d.  1096).  [See  CARILBF.] 

ST.  GLAIR,    [See  SINCLAIR.] 

SAINTE-MERE-EOLISE  (d.  1224).    [See  WILLIAM.] 

SAINT-EVREMOND,  CHARLES  DB  MARGUBTEL 
DB  SAINT  DENIS  DE  (16137-1703X  soldier  and  poet; 
born  perhaps  at  Salnt-Denis-le-Gnast,  Normandy  ; 
studied  at  Jesuit  College  de  Clermont,  Paris,  Caen 
University  and  College  d'Harcourt,  Paris ;  ensign  in 
French  army  ;  captain,  1637 ;  adopted  views  of  Gassendi; 
lieutenant  in  Due  D'Enghien's  guards,  1642 ;  fought  at 
Rocroi  (1643),  Friedburg  (1644),  and  Nordllngen  (1648)  ; 
served  in  Flanders,  1646,  and  In  Catalonia,  1647; 
cashiered,  1648 ;  '  marechal  de  camp  '  in  French  king's 
armies  during  civil  war,  1652 ;  served  In  Spanish  war  in 
Flanders,  1664-9  ;  accompanied  embassy  to  England  to  con- 
gratulate Charles  II  on  accession,  1661 ;  had  accompanied 
Maznrin,  1669,  to  conclude  peace  of  Pyrenees,  and  wrote 
an  attack  on  Maznrin  and  his  policy,  which  being  dis- 
covered on  Mazarin's  death  (1661),  compelled  him  to 
leave  France  ;  came  to  England,  where  be  was  Intimate 
with  Grammont  and  other  courtiers ;  in  Low  Countries, 
1664-70 ;  again  In  England,  1670-1703  ;  attached  himself 
to  service  of  Duchess  of  Maznrin,  1676 ;  buried  In  West- 
minster Abbey.  He  wrote  occasional  poems,  some 
plays,  and  various  essays,  dialogues,  dissertations,  and 
reflections :  a  pirated  selection  in  English  appeared  1700, 
and  an  authentic  edition,  1706.  [L  122] 

ST.  FAITH'S,  BENEDICT  OF  </.  1400X  Carmelite  of 
St.  Faith's,  near  Norwich.  [L  126] 

ST.  FAITH'S,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1369),  theological 
writer  :  educated  at  Carmelite  house  of  St.  Faith's,  near 
Norwich  ;  studied  at  Oxford  ;  governor  of  Carmelites  of 
Burham  Norton  ;  wrote  theological  works,  a  work  on 
Aristotle's '  De  Coeloet  Mundo,'  a  concordance  to  Thomas 
Aquinas  and  a  •  Tabula  Juris.'  [L  124] 

ST.  FAITH'S,  PETER  OF  (d.  1462),  prior  of  Carme- 
lite house  of  St.  Faith's,  near  Norwich ;  master  in  theology, 
Cambridge  ;  doctor  of  Sorbonne,  Paris  ;  wrote  theological 
works.  Ll.  12ft] 


ST.  FAITH'S,  ROBERT  OF  (A  1386X  thmltjlM  t 
Carmelite  of  St.  Faith'.,  near  Norwich  ;  papalaun  u.  U. 
Spain  and  England:  died  in  Spain.  ::. 

ST.    FAITH'S   WILLIAM  OF  (<*. 
Carmelite  of  St.  Faith's,  near  Norwich ;  D.D.  < 

SAHCT-OEOROE,  SIR  HENRY,  the  ekler  (1MMM4X 
Garter  king-of-arm*  :  son  of  Sir  Richard  BainUkorfl? 
[q.  v.1 :  Richmond  herald.  1616;  knighted  by  Gostavn. 

A,!,,!!,!..,..    |  ,;•.•;;    N<,r,,,.    fc!I1,  ,,f  :irm..    ,,.,.,.    M  ,,     ,M 
ford,    1643 ;   Garter   king-of-arms,   1644 ;    left   heraldic 
manuscripts.  ;;   ;. 

SAINT-GEORGE,  Siu  HKXRY.  the 
1716X  Garter  king-of-arms ;  son  of  8tr  H* 
the  elder ;  Garter  kujg-ofH 


( l 


•arms,  1708.  [L  1ft] 

ST.  OEOEOE,  SIR  JOHN  (1812-1891),  general ;  fin.* 
lieutenant,  royal  artillery.  1829 ;  lieutenant-colonel.  18*4  : 
Instructor  In  practical  artillery,  Woolwich.  1844-* :  com- 
manded siege-train  in  Crimea,  186* ;  O.B..  IBM ;  com- 
manded artillery  in  Malta :  colonel,  1867 :  director  of 
ordnance,  1863-8;  major-general,  1866;  British 
at  St.  Petersburg  conference,  1868  ;  general,  1877  : 
1889 ;  colonel-commandant,  RJL,  1872.  [L  12f  ] 

SAINT  GEORGE,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1636) 
Norroy  king-of-arms,  1603 :  knighted,  1616  ; 
kiug-of-arms,  1623 ;  commissioned  with  Sir  John  Borough. 
Norroy  king-of-arms,  to  institute  visitations  in  any  part 
of  England,  several  of  which  were  printed ;  left  genealogi- 
cal manuscripts.  [L  126] 

SAINT-GEORGE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1616-1703X  Garter 
king-of-arms  ;  ton  of  Sir  Henry  Saint-George  the  eldnr ; 
Garter  king-of-arms,  1686.  [L  126] 

SAINT-GERMAN,  CHRISTOPHER  (14607-1610). 
legal  writer  and  controversialist :  educated  at  Oxford, 
perhaps  at  Exeter  College :  barrister,  Inner  Temple :  put.- 
lishal  religious  controversial  treatises  and  'Doctor  and 
Student,'  a  legal  handbook.  In  Latin,  1623.  Translations 
in  English  appeared,  1630  and  1631.  [L  127] 

ST.  GERMANS,  third  EARL  OF  (1798-1877X  [Sec 
ELIOT,  EDWARD  GKANVILLB.] 

ST.  GILES,  JOHN  OF  (Jt.  1230).    [See  JOHK.] 

ST.  HELENS,  BARON  (1763-1839X  [See  Frrz  HKR- 
BBRT,  ALLEYNK.] 

ST.  JOHN,  BAYLE  (1822-1869),  author;  son  of 
James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  with  view  to 
artistic  profession ;  assisted  his  father  In  •  History  of 
Customs  of  Greece* ;  travelled  in  Egypt,  1846  and  1861 : 
lived  in  Paris,  1848-61;  contributed  to  'Chambers's 
Journal '  and  '  Household  Words ' ;  correspondent  at  Paris 
of  'Daily  Telegraph.'  His  publications  Include  works  of 
travel  and  fiction  and  various  treatises.  [L  128] 

ST.  JOHN,  CHARLES  GEORGE  WILLIAM  (1809- 
1866),  sportsman  and  naturalist ;  clerk  in  treasury,  1828, 
but  soon  retired  on  private  means  and  devoted  himself  to 
sport,  chiefly  in  Scotland  ;  published  '  Short  Sketches  of 
Wild  Sports  and  Natural  History  of  Highlands,'  1846,  and 
other  works.  [L  128] 

SAINT- JO HH,  HENRY,  first  Vwroojrr  BOI.IM.- 
BROKK  ( 1678-1761 X  statesman :  son  of  Sir  Henry  St.  John 
and  Lady  Mary,  second  daughter  of  Robert  Rich,  second 
earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Eton  and.  perhaps. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.  for  family  borough  of 
Wootton-Bassett,  1701  ;  supported  Harley  nn«l  tory  party  : 
appointed  to  prepare  and  bring  In  bill  for  security  of 
protestant  succession,  1701 :  received  doctor's  degree, 
Oxford,  1702 ;  secretary  at  war,  1704-8 ;  secretary  of  state, 
1710:  member  for  Berkshire,  1710:  responsible  for  ex- 
pedition to  Canada,  1710 ;  created  Viscount  BoUn+rhroki- 
and  Baron  St.  John  of  Lydiard  Tregoze,  1712;  wool  to 
Paris  to  make  final  arrangements  for  pence,  1712  :  again 
took  charge  of  peace  negotiations,  treaty  of  Utrecht  being- 
signed,  1713;  privately  negotiated  with  Pretender:  dis- 
missed from  office  on  accession  of  George  I ;  founded 
4  Brothers  Club,'  to  direct  patronage  of  literature  and  rival 
1  Whig  Kit-Oat  Club,'  1711 ;  a  motion  for  his  impeachment 
carried,  bill  of  attainder  passed,  and  bis  name  erased 
from  roll  of  peers,  1714;  fled  to  France;  secretary  of 
i  the  Pretender,  who  gave  him  patent  for  an 


state  to  James 

earldom;  drew  up  the  Old 


security  for  church  of  England,  to* 


ST.  JOHN 


1150 


ST.   LAWRENCE 


bring  eventually  removed  from  the  document 
iiv  the  OH  Pretender's  priests,  1715:  dismissed  from  the 
Tetender's service,  1716 ;  omipii-d  h.m-rlf  with  philo- 
tonbioal  studies  in  France ;  pardoned,  1723  :  returned  to 
ixMi-lon   and  joined  Walpole's   party  :  enabled,  by  act 
naaaed  1728,  to  Inherit  and  acquire  real  estate,  though  still 
excluded  from  House  of  Lords:  became  estrange.  1  from 
\Valpole  owing  to  his  opposition  to  this  act;  settled  at 
Dawley,   near  Uxbridge,  and  became  object  of  Pope's 
rererernxj :  attacked  the  Walpoles  and  the  government  s 
foreign  policy  in  papers  Contributed  to  'Craftsman,'  and  j 
tn  other  writings  from  1726:  wrote,  e.  1730,  philosophical  | 
fragment*  partly  versified  by  Pope  in  'Essay  on  Man';  i 
contributed  to  'Craftsman'    'Dissertation    on  Parties,    i 
1733 :  gave  up  the  contest  with  Walpole,  1735,  and  retired  j 
to  Ohanteloup  in  Touratne  ,  wrote  essays  upon  history  in  | 
form  of  letters  to  friends,  and  upon  political  subjects  \ 
(including  'Patriot  King,'  1738),  but  after  1739  ceased  to  j 
influence  politics.    He  left  his  works,  published  and  un-  | 
published,  to  David  Mallet  [q.    v.]      A  'Collection    of  j 
Political  Tracts '  by  him  appeared,  1748,  and  Mallet  pub-  , 
fhjurf  the  collected  works,  5  vols.  1754.     His  greatest 
powers  lay  hi  the  art  of  oratory ;  his  policy  was  a  kind  of 
democratic  toryism,  anticipating  Disraeli's  attacks  upon 
the  *  Venetian  aristocracy.'  [1- 129] 

ST.  JOHN,  HORACE  STEBBING  ROSOOE  (1832- 
1888),  journalist :  son  of  James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.  v.]  ; 
for  many  years  political  leader-writer  on  •  Daily  Tele- 
graph*:  became  bankrupt,  1862 ;  published  historical  and 
other  works.  [1. 144] 

ST.  JOHN,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  (1801-1875),  author 
and  traveller  :  assistant-editor  under  James  Silk  Bucking- 
ham [q.  v.]  of '  Oriental  Herald,'  1824 ;  with  David  Lester 
Richardson  [q.  v.]  started  '  Weekly  Review,'  1827  ;  resided 
on  continent  and  subsequently  travelled,  mostly  on  foot, 
in  Bgypt  and  Nubia ;  political  leader-writer  to  '  Daily 
Telegraph.'  His  works  include  accounts  of  his  travels  and 
a '  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,'  1868.  [1.  145] 

SAINT-JOHN,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1302),  governor  of  Por- 
cliester  Castle ;  extensive  landowner ;  took  part  hi  Ed- 
ward Ps  invasions  of  Wales,  1277  aud  1282  ;  attended 
Kd ward  I  in  Aquitaine,  1286-9 :  on  mission  to  Nicholas  IV 
respecting  crusade,  1291 ;  Edward  I's  lieutenant  in  Gascony, 
1293;  returned  (1294)  on  Philip  the  Fair  gaining  posses- 
sion of  Gascon  strongholds;  seneschal  and  chief  coun- 
cilor to  Edward's  son  John  of  Brittany  when  lieutenant 
in  Aquitaiue,  1294;  made  (1295)  extensive  conquests  in 
Garonne  valley  which,  excepting  Bayonne,  were  soon  won 
Imck  by  Philip's  brother,  Charles  of  Valois ;  defeated  and 
captured  by  French  near  Bellegarde,  1297 :  released  after 
treaty  of  L'Aumdne,  1299 ;  warden  of  Galloway,  Dum- 
fries, aud  adjacent  marches,  1301.  [1.  145] 

ST.  JOHN,  JOHN  (1746-1793),  author;  nephew  of 
first  Viscount  Bolingbroke ;  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford:  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1770;  M.P.,  Newport, 
J  Isle  of  Wight,  1773-4  and  1780-4,  and  Eye,  1774-80  :  sur- 
veyor-general of  land  revenues  of  crown,  1775-84 ;  pub- 
lished '  Mary  Queen  of  Scote,'  a  tragedy  produced  at  Drury 
I-aue,  London,  by  Mrs.  Siddons  and  Kemble,  1789,  and 
other  works.  [I.  148] 

ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER,  first  VISCOUNT  GRANDISON  and 
BARON  TRKOOZ  (1559-1630),  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1578;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1580 ;  killed  George  Beet  [q.  v.]  in  duel  and  fled  to  con- 
tinent, 1584 ;  promoted  captain ;  commanded  Essex's 
horse  at  siege  of  Rouen,  1591 ;  returned  to  England,  1592  ; 
M.P.  Oirencester,  1593;  fought  at  battle  of  Nieuport, 
1600.  accompanied  Mount  joy  to  Ireland,  1601  {  knighted, 
1001  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1604-7  ;  master  of  ordnance  in 
Ireland,  1606-14;  Irish  privy  councillor,  1606;  cominis- 
•ioner  for  plantation  of  UUter,  1608;  M.P.,  Rosoommon 
<  Irish  parliament),  1613  ;  lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  1616-22 ; 
English  privy  councillor,  1622 ;  created  Viscount  Grandi- 
-oii  of  Limerick  in  Irish  peerage,  1623 ;  lord  high  trea- 
Mirer  of  Ireland,  1626  ;  made  Baron  Tregoz  of  High  worth 
in  English  peerage,  1626  ;  on  council  of  war,  1624. 

8T.  JOHN,  OLIVER  (1603-1642),  son  of  Oliver  St. 
John,  fourth  baron  St.  John  of  Bletoho  and  first  earl  of 
Uolingbroke  [q.  v.]  ;  MJ>,  Bedfordshire,  1624,  1625, 1626, 
and  1629 ;  K.B.,  1626 ;  known  by  courtesy  title  of  Lord 
SU  John ;  raised  regiment  for  parliament  on  outbreak  of 
wjr ;  held  Hereford,  1643 ;  died  from  wounds  recuived  at 
•-'  ML  [L  151] 


ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER,  fourth  BARON  ST.  JOHN  <>K 
P.I.KTSIIO  mid  first  EARL  OP  BOLINOBUOKK  (1580  V-1646). 
M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1601  and  1604  ;  K.B.,  1610  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  1618 ;  created  Eurl  of  Bolingbroke,  1624  ; 
joined  parliamentarians,  1642 ;  named  by  parliament  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Bedfordshire,  took  covenant,  and  was  lay 
member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643;  one  of  commis- 
sioners for  custody  of  great  seal,  1643.  [1.  150] 

ST.  JOHN,  OLIVER  (15987-1673),  chief-justice  ;  edu- 
cated at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1626 ;  connected  with  company  for  plantation  of 
Providence  island;  counsel  for  Lord  Saye  and  John 
Hampden  in  their  resistance  to  payment  of  ship-money, 
1637  ;  M.P.,  Totnes,  in  Short  and  Long  parliaments,  1640; 
opened  attack  on  ship-money,  1640 ;  solicitor-general, 
1641-3  ;  promoted  bill  for  Stratford's  attainder  ;  drew  up 
Root  and  Branch  and  Militia  Bills ;  enabled  by  ordinance 
to  perform  duties  of  the  attorney-general,  who  had  joined 
Charles  I,  1644  ;  took  solemn  league  and  covenant ;  one  of 
commissioners  to  treat  for  peace  at  Uxbridge,  1645  ;  sided 
with  army  against  parliament,  1647 ;  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas,  1648  ;  refused  to  act  as  commissioner  for 
trial  of  Charles  I;  with  Walter  Strickland  selected  by 
parliament  to  negotiate  alliance  (the  negotiations  failed) 
between  United  Provinces  and  England,  1651 ;  chancellor 
of  Cambridge  University  1651 ;  commissioner  of  treasury, 
1654  ;  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  judicial  duties ; 
member  of  council  of  state,  1659  and  1660;  published 
his  'Case*  to  counteract  rumours  as  to  his  share  in 
Charles  I's  execution  and  his  relations  with  the  Cromwells, 
and  escaped  punishment  other  than  perpetual  incapacita- 
tion  from  office,  1660 ;  left  England,  1662.  He  was 
related  to  Cromwell  by  marriage.  [1. 151] 

ST.  JOHN,  SIR  OLIVER  BEAUOHAMP COVENTRY 
(1837-1891),  lieuteuaut-colonel ;  educated  at  East  India 
Company's  College,  Addiscombe;  first  lieutenant,  Bengal 
engineers,  1858 ;  went  to  India,  1859 ;  took  charge  of  fifth 
telegraph  division  (in  Persia)  in  Lieutenant-colonel 
Stewart's  expedition  to  establish  telegraphic  communica- 
tion from  India  to  Bosphorus,  1863-7 ;  director  of  field 
telegraph  and  army  signalling  department  of  Abyssinian 
field  force,  1867;  captain,  1869;  principal  of  Mayo  Col^ 
lege,  Ajmir,  1875 ;  major,  1876 ;  chief  political  officer 
attached  to  Kandahar  field  force,  1878 ;  C.S.I.,  1879  ;  poli- 
tical agent  for  Southern  Afghanistan,  1880 ;  fought  at 
the  Halmand  and  Maiwand,  and  was  at  Kandahar  during 
investment;  officiating  agent  to  governor-general  for 
Baluchistan,  1881;  K.O.S.I.,  1882;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1886 ;  resident  and  chief  commissioner  at  Maisur  and 
Kurg,  1889;  published  works  on  natural  history  and  other 
subjects  ;  died  at  Quetta.  [1.  157] 

ST.  JOHN,  PERCY  BOLINGBROKE  (1821-1889), 
journalist ;  son  of  James  Augustus  St.  John  [q.  v.],  whom 
he  accompanied  on  his  travels ;  edited  '  Mirror  of  Litera- 
ture,' 1846,  and  '  London  Herald,'  1861  ;  works  include 
translations  of  Gustavo  Aimard's  Indian  tales.  [1.  158] 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER,  twentieth  or 
more  properly  eighth  BARON  HOWTH  (d.  1589),  called 
'  Blind  Earl ' ;  sat  in  first  Irish  parliament  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's reign  ;  rendered  assistance  against  Shane  O'Neill ; 
knighted  at  Drogheda,  1569;  joined  agitation  of  Pale 
against  cess  and  was  imprisoned,  1578,  but  released  with 
reprimand  ;  opposed  Sir  John  Perrot  [q.  v.J  in  attempt  to 
induce  parliament  to  consent  to  composition  for  cess, 
1586  ;  perhaps  contributed  to  '  Book  of  Howth.' 

[1.  159] 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER,  twenty- 
second  or  tenth  BARON  HOWTH  ( 1568  ?-1619),  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  St.  Lawrence,  twenty-first  baron  Hpwth  [q.  v.] ; 
served  under  Essex  in  Leinster.  1599,  and  under  Lord- 
deputy  Mountjoy,  1600-5,  against  O'Neill,  O'Donnell,  and 
Tyrone ;  in  service  of  Archduke,  1606-7 ;  imprisoned  on 
charge  of  complicity  in  conspiracy  against  Irish  govern- 
ment, but  released,  1608 ;  charged  (1609)  with  man- 
slaughter of  a  servant  of  Sir  Roger  Jones,  who  had 
offended  him,  and  forbidden  to  leave  Ireland ;  pardoned, 
1611 ;  aat  in  parliament,  1612.  [I.  160] 

ST.  LAWRENCE,  NICHOLAS,  sixteenth  or  fourth 
BARON  HOWTH  (d.  1526),  son  of  Robert  St.  Lawrence, 
fifteen  baron  Howth  [q.  v.] ;  Lancastrian ;  attended  Dub- 
lin parliaments,  1490  and  1493;  served  with  Lord  Kildarc 
in  repelling  invasion  of  Pale,  1504;  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland,  1509-13.  [L  162] 


ST.   LAWRENCE 


„,, 


BALE 


ST.  LAWRENCE.  SIH  NICHOLAS,  twenty-flrst  or 
ninth  MAHOX  HowTH(l&50  7-1607),  sou  of  Sir  Christopher 
:-t.  I.ir.vrence,  twentieth  baron  Howth  (</.  1»89)  [q.  v.] ; 
knkhted,  1588;  served  with  Sir  \\Mliam  RusseU,  first 
Kns^ll  (1558  V-1613)  [q.  v.]  against  Fiagh  « • 
1695.  [L  1" 

ST.     LAWRENCE,     ROBERT,     fifteenth    n 
HAK..N  HUWTU  (d.  1483),  grandson  of   Christopher  St. 
Lawrence,  thirteenth  lord  Howth,  created  peer  by  writ, 
c.  1429  ;  succeeded  his  father,  e.  1463  :  chancellor  of  green 
wax  of  exchequer,  1467 ;  lord  chancellor  . 

[1.  168] 

ST.  LEOER,  SIR  ANTHONY  (14967-1669).  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland ;  studied  at  Cambridge  and  Gray's  Inn ; 
agent  of  Thomas  Cromwell  in  suppressing  abbeys  ;  mem- 
ber of  jury  of  Kent  which  found  against  Anne  Boteyn, 
1636:  gentleman  of  Henry  V Ill's  privy  chamber,  1638; 
knighted.  1639 ;  escorted  Anne  of  Oleves  to  England,  1619  ; 
lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  1640;  subdued  the  Kavanaghs, 
O'Mores.  O'Conors,  O'Tooles,  Desmond,  MacQUlapatrick  of 
Ossory,  Mac  William  of  Counanght,  O'Donnell,  and  finally 
O'Neill ;  passed  act  giving  Henry  VIII  and  heirs  title  of 
King  of  Ireland,  1641;  E.G.:  confirmed  as  deputy  by 
Edward  VI,  1647;  returned  to  England,  1648,  bat  was 
reconstituted  lord-deputy,  1660;  recalled  for  alleged 
papistical  practices,  1561 ;  acquitted  by  privy  council, 
1552,  and  reappoiuted,  1563  ;  recalled  on  being  charged  by 
Sir  William  FiUwilliam  (1526-1699)  [q.  v.]  with  falsify- 
ing accounts,  1656  :  died  while  proceedings  were  in  pro- 
Li.  163] 

ST.  LEOER,  FRANCIS  BARRY  BOYLE  (1799- 
1829),  novelist ;  educated  at  Rugby:  in  Indian  civil  MT- 
vice,  1816-21 ;  edited  •  Album,'  from  1822 ;  published 
poems  and  novels.  [L  167] 

ST.  LEOER,  SIR  WARHAM  (1525  ?-1597),M>ldier;  son 
of  Sir  Anthony  St.  Leger  [q.  v.] :  probably  served  In 
Somerset's  invasion  of  Scotland,  1647  ;  prisoner  in  Scot- 
land till  1650 :  Irish  privy  councillor ;  knighted,  1565  ; 
appointed  president  of  Munster,  1666,  Queen  Elizabeth 
refusing  to  confirm  appointment ;  in  England,  1569-79  : 
provost-marshal  of  Munster,  1579-89  ;  assistant  to  court 
of  high  commission  in  Ireland,  1683.  [1.  167] 

ST.  LEOER,  SIR  WARHAM  (d.  1600),  soldier: 
nephew  of  Sir  Warham  St.  Leger  (15267-1597)  [q.  v.]: 
served  in  Ireland  from  e.  1674 :  Irish  privy  councillor,  c. 
1589  ;  knighted  and  made  governor  of  Letx,  1697 ;  killed  in 
combat  with  Hugh  Maguire  [q.  v.]  [1. 168] 

ST.  LEOER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (rf.  1642),  president  of 
Munster  ;  son  of  Sir  Warham  St.  Leger  (d.  1600)  (.q.  v.] ; 
served  in  army  in  Holland,  c.  1608-16 :  knighted,  1618 ; 
commanded  company  of  foot  in  Ireland,  1624  :  lord  pre- 
sident of  Minister,  1627-42  :  privy  councillor,  1627  ;  free- 
man of  Cork,  1628 ;  M.P.,  co.  Cork,  1634  and  1689  ;  took 
part  in  organising  army  raised  by  Wentworth  for  inva- 
sion of  Groat  Britain,  1640-1 :  engaged  till  death  in  cam- 
paigns against  rebels  in  great  Irish  rebellion.  [1.  168] 

SAINT  LEOER  or  SALINGER.  WILLIAM  (1600- 
1665),  Jesuit ;  born  at  Kilkenny :  entered  Society  of  Jesus 
at  Tournai,  1621  ;  professed  of  four  vows,  1635 :  rector 
of  Kilkenny  College,  1650 ;  published  life  of  Archbishop 
Walsh,  1665.  [L  171] 

ST.  LEONARDS,  BAROX  (1781-1876).  [See  SCGDKX, 
EDWARD  BI*RTKNSHAW.] 

ST.  LIFARD,  GILBERT  OF  (rf.  1306).  [See  OIL- 
BERT.] 

ST.  LIZ,  SIMON  DE,  EARL  OF  NORTHAMTTOX  (d. 
1109).  [SeeSKXua.] 

ST.  LO,  EDWARD  (16827-1729).  rear-admiral;  en- 
tered navy,  1696 ;  captain,  1703 ;  served  iu  West  Indies, 
North  Sea,  Channel,  and  Baltic  ;  at  blockade  of  Porto 
Bello,  1727-8 ;  rear-admiral,  1729.  [L  171] 

ST.  LO,  GEORGE  (d.  1718),  naval  commander :  lieu- 
tenant, 1678 :  captain,  1682 ;  wounded  and  captured  by 
French  at  Brest,  1690;  commissioner  of  prises,  1692; 
extra  commissioner  of  navy,  1693 ;  resident  commissioner 
at  Plymouth,  1696,  and  Chatham,  1703 ;  commander-in- 
chief  in  Medway  and  at  Nore,  1712-14.  [L  171] 

ST.  MAUR.    [See  SEYMOUR.] 

ST.  KOLTNB,  LORD  OF  (rf.  1664).  [See  KAVANAOH, 
CAHIR  MAC*  ART.] 


BAnrroN,   PROSIM.K    I-MII.IIM-K 

(1811-1890),  violinist;    born  at   Toulouse;  professor  of 
violin  at  Toulouse  conservatoire,  1840-6,  and  . 
Academy  of  Music,  London,  1846-90.  [L  179] 

8AINTON  DOLBY,  OHAHLOT 
1886),  contralto  singer ;  wife  of  Prosper  Philips 
rine  Salnton  [q.  v.] :  married,  1860:  rtodVd  u 
Academy  of  Music :  flnt  sang  at  Letpaiff,  1M : 
Mendebaohn,  who  wrote  subsequently  contralto  mode  in 
'Elijah*  to  suit  her  voice: 
London, 1872 :  ; 


8T.  PAUL,  JOHN 
Dublin ;  clerk  in  chancery  before  1S18 ; 


:      ,  :...••  :  m    H  :.'<  ifc  •   <•• 

-18;  joint™  - 
INBJ  -..:.  UM  ;  pnbentfuq  oj  01  ,  tM*er,  III 


d 


plays. 


of  rolls,  1S37 ;  imprisoned  for  malven»tlon,  1140;  arcb- 
deacon  of  Cornwall  and  prebendary  of  York,  1346 ;  arch- 
of  Dublin,  U49-K2 :  rhan.-Hior  of  Ireland,  1360-4 
privy  councillor,  1368.  [L  173] 

ST.  QUINTIN,  SIR  WILLIAM,  second  baronet 
(16607-1723),  politician;  M.P.  for  Klngstoo-upon-Hnll, 
1605-1723  ;  joint  vice  treasurer,  receiver-general,  and  pay- 
master of  Ireland,  1720-3.  [L  174] 

ST.  VICTOR,  RICHARD  OF  (<f.  1171?).  [See 
RICHARD.] 

ST.  VINCENT,  EARL  OF  (1736-1829).    [See  JBRVW, 

JuHX.] 

8AKT.R,  EDWARD  (1831-1883),  actor;  educated  as 
architect ;  joined  Edinburgh  theatrical  company,  1867 ; 
managed  Edinburgh  Royal  Theatre,  1862-6,  and  Alex- 
andra, Liverpool,  1867-83 ;  produced  many  Shakespearean 

[L  171] 

HORATIO  (Jt.  I860),  actor;  brother  of 
Edward  Saker  [q.  v.] ;  played  low  comely  parts  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1860-2,  and  subsequently  at  Princess's,  London. 

[L  176] 

SALA,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  HENRY  (18*8-1896), 
journalist ;  educated  In  Paris :  studied  drawing  in  Loo* 
don  ;  worked  successively  as  clerk,  scene-painter  at  Prin- 
cess's and  Lyceum  theatres,  London,  and  as  book  illus- 
trator;  editor  of  'Chat,'  1848;  wrote  regularly  for 

•  Household  Words,'  1861-6 ;  sent  by  Dickens  to  Russia 
at  close  of  Crimean  war  to  write  descriptive  articles  for 

•  Household  Words,'  1866 ;  contributed  to  '  All  the  Year 
Hound '  from  1858 ;    formed   friendship   with   Edmund 
Yates  [q.  v.] ;    contributed   (1869)   •  Twice  Round    the 
Clock '  to  Vizetelly's  '  Welcome  Guest,'  which  for  a  short 
time  he  edited;  contributed  'Echoes  of  the  Week*  to 

•  Illustrated  London  News,'  1860-86,  and  contributed  to 
'  Sunday  Times '  and  several  provincial  papers,  1886-94 ; 
founded  (1860)  and  edited  'Temple  Bar,'  1860-6;  joined 
staff  of  'Daily  Telegraph,'  1867,  and  subsequently  excited 
ridicule  by  bis  'turgid'  style:  special  correspondent  of 
'Telegraph'  in  American  civil  war,  1863,  and  afterwards 
in  various  countries.    Published  novels  and  other  works ; 
much  of  his  journalistic  writing  reappeared  in  book  form. 

[L1T1] 

SALABERRY,  CHARLES  MICHEL  DR  (1778- 
1829),  Canadian  soldier  :  lieutenant :  served  eleven  years 
in  West  Indies  under  Robert  Prescott  [q.  v.] ;  major  and 
aide-de-camp  to  Major-general  Rottenberg  in  Canada, 
1811;  lieutenant-colonel,  1812;  defeated  Americans  at 
Chateauguay,  1812 ;  C.B. :  member  of  legislative  chamber, 
1818.  [L  178] 

SALCOT,  JOHN  (d.  1567).  [See  CAPON,  JOHX.] 
BALE,  FLORENTIA,  LADY  (17907-1863X  •*• 
Wynch ;  married  Sir  Robert  Henry  Sate  [q.  v.],  1809; 
was  in  Kabul,  1842 :  snared  the  horrors  of  the  British 
retreat,  and  was  taken  captive,  but  with  her  party  war 
rescued  by  Sir  Richmond  Shakespeare:  died  at  Gape 
Town.  Her  'Journal'  was  published  in  1843,  [L  188] 

SALE,  GEORGE  ( 1697  7-1736X  orientalist :  entered 
Inner  Temple,  1720 :  practised  as  solicitor :  one  of  cor- 
rectors of  Arabic  New  Testament  issued  by  8.P.C.K., 
1726;  published  (1734)  translation  of  the  Koran,  which 
remains  the  beat  version  in  any  language ;  contributed 
oriental  biographies  to  'General  Dictionary,'  1734,  and 
assisted  in  'Universal  History  ' ;  one  of  the  founders  of 
Society  for  Encouragement  of  Learning.  Hi*  oriental 
manuscripts  are  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

SALE.  GEORGE  CHARLES  (1796-1869),  organist : 
eon  of  John  Bate  [q.  v.]  [L  181] 


SALE 


1152 


SAL.KEL.D 


_  JOHN  (1758-1827),  vocalist  and  composer; 
chorister  of  Windsor  and  Eton,  1767-75,  and  lay  vicar, 
1777-98  r  gentleman  of  Chupt-1  lloy.il,  London,  17SH; 
vicar-cboral  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1795,  and  almoner  and 
master  of  choristers,  1800-12 ;  lay  vicar  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  1796-1800 ;  published  glees.  [1. 181] 

BALE.  JOHN  BERNARD  (1779-1856),  organist ;  son 
of  John  Sale  [q.  v.]  :  lay  vicar  of  Westminster,  1800  and 
18M;  organist  of  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  1809,  and 
at  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1838;  teacher  of  singing  to 
Princess  (afterwards  Queen)  Victoria,  1826.  [1. 181] 

SALE,  SIR  ROBERT  HENRY  (1782-1845X  colonel ; 
ensign,  1795;  lieutenant,  1797;  served  against  Tipu 
Sultan,  1798-9,  Dhondia  Wagh,  1799-1800,  and  Paichi 
Raja,  1800-1 ;  captain,  1806 ;  served  against  the  dewan 
of  Travancore,  1809:  in  expedition  against  Mauri- 
tins,  1810;  major,  1813:  commanded  regiment  in  Bur- 
mese war,  1824;  fought  at  Kamandin  and  Kamarut; 
commanded  column  in  advance  from  Rangoon,  1824; 
reduced  province  of  Baasein,  1826;  lieutenant-colonel, 
182*:  distinguished  himself  in  operations  at  Prome,  1825- 
1826;  O.B.,  1826;  brevet-colonel,  1838;  commanded 
advanced  brigade  in  first  Afghan  campaign,  1838-40; 
entered  Kandahar,  April  1839;  arrived  at  Kabul,  July 
1839,  and  commanded  storming  column;  K.O.B.,  1839; 
second  in  command  under  Sir  Willoughby  Cotton 
in  Afghanistan,  1839 :  gained  victories  atOharikar,  Jalgah, 
Babu-Kush-Ghar,  and  in  Kohistan  valley,  1840 ;  on  rising 
of  hillmen,  1841,  advanced  to  clear  passes  to  Jalalabad  ; 
occupied  Khurd  Kabul  and  Tezin,  and  after  engagements 
at  Pari-dara  and  Kotal-i-Jagdalak  reached  Gandamak, 
30  Oct.  1841,  and  (though  ordered,  10  Nov.,  to  return  to 
Kabul). Jalalabad,  12  Nov.;  defended  Jalalabad  until  7  April 
IMS,  when  he  defeated  Akbar  Khan,  who  fled  towards 
Kabul;  Q.C.B. ;  defeated  enemy  at  Jagdalak  pass,  8  Sept., 
and  encamped  at  Kabul,  15  Sept.;  returned  to  India, 
October;  thanked  by  parliament  and  promoted  colonel, 
1843:  quartermaster-general  in  East  Indies,  1844;  served 
in  Sikh  war:  died  from  effects  of  wounds  received  at 
battle  of  Mudki.  [1. 181 J 

8ALE-BABXER,  LUC Y  ELIZABETH  DRDMMOND 
DA  VIES  (1841-1 892),  author;  married  John  Sale-Barker, 
her  second  husband,  1865 ;  published  books  for  the  young. 

[1.  189] 

8ALE8BTJRY.    [See  SALISBURY.] 

•SALESBY,1  ROBERT  OF  (fl.  1132-1148).  [See 
ROBERT.] 

8ALOADO,  JAMES  (ft.  1680),  Spanish  refugee  ;  con- 
verted from  Romanism  to  protestantism ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, c.  1677;  studied  at  Oxford;  published  religious 
works.  [L  189] 

SALISBURY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  LONOKSI-KK,  WILUAM 
PK,  first  EARL  of  the  Longespee  family,  d.  1226; 
LONGKSPKB,  WILLIAM  UK,  second  EARL,  12127-1250; 
MONTACUTK,  WILLIAM  DB,  first  EARL  of  the  Montacute 
family,  1301-1344;  MONTACUTE,  WILLIAM  HE,  second 
EARL,  1328-1397;  MONTACUTK,  JOHN  DE,  third  EARL, 
13607-1400;  MONTACUTE,  THOMAS  DE,  fourth  EARL, 
13H8-1428;  NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  first  EARL  of  the  Neville 
family,  1400-1460;  NEVILLE,  RICHARD,  second  EARL, 
1428-1471:  OKCIL,  ROBERT,  first  EARL  of  the  Cecil 
family,  1563  7-1612 ;  CECIL,  JAMES,  third  EARL,  d.  1683; 
CECIL,  JAMES,  fourth  EARL,  d.  1693.] 

SALISBURY,  COUNTEBH  OF  (1473-1541).  [See  POLE, 
MARGARET.] 

SALISBURY,  ENOCH  ROBERT  GIBBON  (1819- 
1890X  barrister  ;  called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1852  :  went 
North  Wales  circuit :  M.P.  for  Chester,  1867 ;  collected 
and  published  works  on  books  relating  to  Wales.  [1. 190] 

SALISBURY  or  SALISBURY,  HENRY  (1561- 
16377),  Welsh  grammarian:  M.A.  St.  Alban  Hall, 
Oxford,  1588 :  physician  at  Denbigh ;  published  Welsh 
grammar,  1593,  and  left  unfinished  manuscript  of  Welsh- 
Latin  dictionary.  [1. 190] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  DK  (d.  1180).    [See  JOHN.] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (15007-1573),  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1523:  B.D.,  1534;  Bene- 
dictine of  Bury  8t.  Edmunds :  graduated  in  laws,  Oxford, 
1MO ;  prior  of  St.  Faith's,  Horsham ;  abbot  of  St.  Mary's, 
Titchfleld;  suffragan  bishop  of  Tbetford,  1536:  arcb- 
of  Anglesey,  1537  ;  lost  prefermente,  1564,  bat 


was  subsequently  restored:  chancellor  of  Lincoln,  1554; 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  1571-3.  [1. 191] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (1575-1625),  Welsh  Jesuit  : 
joined  Jesuits,  1605;  prof essed  father,  1618;  missioncr  in 
North  Wales ;  founded  and  became  superior  of  college 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  1622  ;  published  translations  into 
Welsh.  [L  192] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (fl.  1627),  member  of  English 
College  at  Rome  ;  published  a  Latin  poem.  [1. 192] 

SALISBURY,  JOHN  (fl.  1695),  first  printer  nml 
editor  of  '  Flying  Post,'  1695 ;  probably  grandson  of 
Thomas  Salisbury  (1567  ?-1620  ?)  [q.  v.]  [1.  195] 

SALISBURY,  RICHARD  ANTHONY  (1761-1829), 
botanist:  son  of  Richard  Markham,  cloth-merchant  of 
Leeds  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University ;  assumed  name 
Salisbury  under  conditions  of  a  bequest,  1785  ;  wrote  on 
botanical  subjects,  appropriating  much  of  other  men's 
work ;  honorary  secretary,  Horticultural  Society,  London . 
1809-10.  Left  incomplete  materials  for  '  Genera  Planta- 
rum,'  published  by  John  Edward  Gray,  1866.  [1.  192] 

SALISBURY,  ROGER  OF  (d.  1139).    [See  ROGEH.] 

SALISBURY  or  SALESBURY,  THOMAS  (1565  ?- 
1586),  conspirator ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1573;  in  service 
of  Earl  of  Leicester :  joined  secret  society  for  protecting 
Jesuit  missionaries  in  England,  c.  1580 ;  arrested  for  com- 
plicity in  Babington's  conspiracy,  1686  ;  admitted  under- 
taking to  stir  up  sedition  in  favour  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  but  denied  intention  of  murdering  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ;  executed.  [1. 194] 

SALISBURY  or  SALBERYE,  THOMAS  (15677- 
1620  ?),  printer  and  Welsh  poet ;  apprenticed,  1581 ;  free- 
man of  Stationers'  Company,  1688 ;  printed  Psalms  in 
Welsh  metres,  1603,  and  other  works  of  protestnnt 
character.  [1. 195] 

SALISBURY,  SALESBURY,  or  8ALUSBURY,  SIR 
THOMAS,  second  baronet  (d.  1643),  poet;  educated  at 
Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  entered  Inner  Temple,  1631 ;  suc- 
ceeded to  baronetcy,  1631 ;  M.P.,  Denbighshire,  1640-3 ; 
fought  for  Charles  I  in  civil  war ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1642 ; 
published  '  History  of  Joseph,'  a  poem,  1636.  [1. 195] 

SALISBURY  or  SALESBURY,  WILLIAM  (15207- 
1600  7),  lexicographer ;  born  in  Denbighshire  ;  educated 
at  Oxford;  studied  law  at  Thavies  Inn  and  Lincoln's 
Inn :  converted  to  protestantism  before  1550  ;  edited  and 
published,  c.  1546,  collection  of  Welsh  proverbs  compiled 
byGruffydd  Hiraethog  [q.  v.],  probably  earliest  extant 
book  printed  in  Welsh ;  issued  '  Dictionary  in  Englyshe 
and  Welshe,'  1547 :  probably  translated  '  Latenye  [Litany] 
in  Welshe,'  printed  by  Walley,  1563 :  entrusted  by  bishops 
of  Welsh  sees  and  of  Hereford  with  translation  of  bible 
into  Welsh,  1563 ;  translated  New  Testament,  with 
assistance  of  Thomas  Huett,  precentor  of  St.  David's,  and 
Bishop  Richard  Davies  (d.  1581)  [q.  v.]  (printed,  1567,  by 
Henry  Deuhnm);  assisted  Davies  in  translating  various 
works  into  English  ;  devoted  himself  after  c.  1676  to  scien- 
tific and  antiquarian  pursuits ;  published  a  Welsh  book  on 
rhetoric,  1595,  and  left  several  manuscripts.  [1.  196] 

SALISBURY  or  SALESBURY,  WILLIAM  (15807- 
1659  ?),  royalist ;  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  knight  of  shire 
for  Merioneth,  1620-2 ;  raised  Welsh  foot  regiment  for 
Charles  I,  and  received  commission  of  colonel,  1642; 
governor  of  Denbigh  Castle,  1643 ;  surrendered  to  General 
Mytton  after  long  siege,  1646;  fined  and  pardoned  by 
parliament,  1648.  [1.200] 

SALISBURY.  WILLIAM  (d.  1823),  botanist :  nursery- 
man at  Brompton,  and  (1799)  at  Cadogan  Place,  Sloane 
Street,  London,  where  he  held  botanical  classes;  pub- 
lished botanical  works.  [1.  201] 

8ALKELD,  JOHN  (1676-1660),  Roman  catholic 
renegade  ;  perhaps  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ; 
studied  under  Jesuits  at  Coimbra  and  Cordova;  joined 
English  mission  ;  converted  to  protestantism  ;  received 
living  of  Wellington,  1613  ;  rector  of  Church  Taunton, 
1636;  deprived  as  royalist,  1646;  published  religious 
works.  [1.201] 

SALKELD,  WILLIAM  (1671-1715),  legal  writer: 
educated  at  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1698  ;  chief-justice  of  sessions  for  counties  of 
Carmarthen,  Cardigan,  and  Pembroke,  1713  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1715  ;  published  legal  writings.  [1.  202] 


BALL 


1153 


SALTONSTALL, 


BALL.  ANDREW  (1612-1888),  Irish  je»uit:  boni  at 
<:a-h.-l  :  .-lucated  at  St.  Omer ;  rector  of  Irian  ColleM, 
Salamanca,  lti62-8;  profesaed  of  four  row,  r.  l •,.',; 
vincial  snp-rior  of  Irish  jeaulU.  e.  1662  :  announced  coo- 
version  to  church  of  England,  1674  :  D.D.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  published  ri-llgious  apology  for  him- 

self,  107B  :  D.D.  Oxford,  1876  :  prebendary  of 
Dublin.  1«76;  chancellor  of  Cashd.  1676:  <k>mestk>  chap- 
lain to  Charles  II :  lived  at  Oxford,  1676-80,  and  at  1 • 
1680-2;    left  unfinished  an  edition  of  William  Bedell'* 
[q.  v.]  translation  of  Old  Testament  into  Irish ;  publtehed 
religious  and  philosophical  writing*.  :   .''  •-.• 

SALMON.  KLIZA(  1787-1849),  vocalist ;  »4»  Munday  : 
first  tppearad  in  oratorio  at  Coven t  i  Jiirdrn.  inuS  :  married 
James  .Salmon,  1806:  sang  at  Thnv  Choirs  Festivals, 
1812-24  ;  lost  her  voice,  1826 ;  died  in  poverty.  [L  204] 

SALMON,  JOHN  (</.  1825).  bUhon  of  Norwich  .  prior 
of  Kly  U-fore  1291  :  bishop  of  Norwich,  1299-1326:   nego- 
tiated Kdwnnl  H's  marriage,  1307:  went  on  mis- 
Pope  Clement  IV  to  obtain  absolution  for  IHers  Gavestou, 
1309;  elected  ordainer,  1310:  chancellor,  131'.' 

SALMON,  JOHN  DREW  (1802?-1850),  manager  of 
Wenham  I<uke  Ice  Company:  F.L.S..  IKS2:  pui.li-,,-! 
and  left  in  ir.auuscript  writings  on  ornithology  and 
botany.  -|  .•_•„,.• 

SALMON,  NATHANAEL  (1676-1712).  historian  and 
antiquary:  POII  of  Thomas  Salmon  (l'-IH-1706)  [q.  v.]  ; 
LL.B.  ('orpin  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1695;  ordained : 
curate  at  Weatinill :  resigned  charge,  e.  1714,  and  prac- 
tised medicine  ;  published  antiquarian  and  historical 
works.  [l.  206] 

SALMON,  ROBERT  (1768-1821),  inventor:  clerk  of 
works  under  Henry  Holland  (1746  ?-1808)  [q.  v.]  ;  archi- 
tect and  mechanist  to  Francis  Uussell,  fifth  duke  of  Bed- 
ford [q.  v.],  at  Wobuni  Abbey,  1794-1821 ;  invented  first 
haymaking  machine,  1814  ;  silver  inednilLst,  Society  of 
Arts.  [1. 206] 

SALMON,  THOMAS(1648-1706),divine  :  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Ox fon  1,  1670;  studied  music :  published  'Essay 
to  the  Advancement  of  Mu.-ick,'  advocating  octave  system 
proposed  by  William  Bathe  [q.  v.],  1672;  hekl  various 
livings  ;  published  also  hUtorieal  treatise*.  [1. 207] 

SALMON,  THOMAS  (10.79-1767),  historical  and  geo- 
graphical writer;  son  of  Thomas  Salmon  (1648-1706) 
[q.  v.] :  travelled  many  years  abroad ;  accompanied  Anson 
on  voyage  round  the  world,  1739-40 :  published  historical 
and  geographical  works,  including  '  Modem  History,  or 
Present  State  of  all  Nation*,'  1739.  [1.  208] 

SALMON.  WILLIAM  (1644-1713),  empiric  ;  travelled 
in  various  countries  us  mountebank,  and  subsequent  h 
practised  medicine  in  London  ;  published  works  on 
medicine,  astrology,  drawing,  surgery,  and  other  subject*, 
though  he  \vas  perhaps  only  the  amanuensis  of  another 
person.  [L  209] 

SALMON,  WILLIAM  (  ft.  1746),  carpenter  awl  bulkier 
at  Colchester  :  published  works  on  building.  [I.  210] 

SALOMON,  JOHANN  PETER  (1746-1815),  mn-ician  ; 
born  at  Bonn  :  court  musician  to  elector  of  Bonn,  r.  1757  ; 
toured  ;i<  violinist,  1765  ;  concertmeister  to  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia  :  led  orchestra  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1781 : 
gave  concerts  with  Mozart  and  Haydn  at  Hanover  Square 
rooms,  London,  1791-2  :  took  part  in  establishing  Phil- 
harmonic Society,  1813 ;  composed  operas.  [L  210] 

SALOMONS,  Sm  DAVID,  first  baronet  (1797-1873), 
lord  mayor  of  London  :  outraged  in  commerce  in  Londo'.i  ; 
a  founder  of  London  and  West minster  Bank,  1832  ;  li\rr\- 
inan  of  Coojjen*'  Company  :  elected  alderman  for  Aldgatc 
ward,  183ft,  and  for  Portsoken  ward,  1M».  but  being  Jew 
•was  not  admitted  :  elected  and  adrnitt^l  alderman  of  Cord- 
-wainer  -ward,  1847  :  member  of  Middle  Temple,  1849  ; 
liberal  M.P.  for  Greenwich.  1861  ;  fined  for  voting  without 
having  been  sworn  in  statutory  way  :  again  member  for 
<ireen\vich,  1859-73;  lord  mayor,  1*55 ;  created  baronet, 
1869  ;  publi.-hed  works  on  finance  and  other  subjects. 

[1.211] 

SALT.  II KNRY  (1780-1827),  traveller :  »«ent  by  govern- 
mait  on  mission  to  king  of  Abyssinia,  1H09-11  :  British 
«onsul-vnirr:;l  in  K*ypt,  1H15-27;  discovered  the  famous 
Abu  Simbel  inscription*,  is  17  ;  collected  Egyptian  antiqui- 
ties, some  of  which  he  bold  to  the  trustees  of  the  British 


Museum  and  others  to  the  French  forernment :  FJIA; 

. 
and  other  works.  [L  212] 

SALT,  8AMUBL(«f.  1792X  poUUdan:  entered  Middle 

Illlllf      1741      mul    !..•*•»  <n__.*l_    1V.4C  .    __ll_l    . 


,  . 

Tanple,  1741,  and  Inner  Temple,  1T«  :  called  to  bar.  17M; 
bencoer  at  Inner  Temple,  17M,  raa 

:•-.   M  -'.  ;.      -,r  ,.;;.-   *   ,,  . 


1787; 


wa.  hU  clerk  for  nearly  forty  jrwra. 
SALT,  s  in  TITDS(180a-  1876), 


SALT.  WILLIAM  (180»-18«JX  BUffonUhlre  anti. 
quarj'  :  partner  In  firm  of  Stcventon  Salt  *  BOM,  banker* 
of  Lombard  Street,  London  :  PAA.  ;  member  of  Royal 
Society  of  Literature  ;  made  archwological  eoUaotion* 

r<!  tefte  BteC    .-..:•   :  .:  bcMd  (>:.,:,,:  •:.  .,,.,,^, 
and  located  at  Staffonl.  [L  sit] 

8ALTER.  JAMES  (/.  1666),  author  of  'Caliope-* 
Cabinet  opened,'  1666.  [L  21«] 

8ALTZR.  JAMBS  (1660-1718?),  divine  :  educated  at 
MmMulen  College,  Oxford  ;  h.-ld  living*  in  Cornwall  and 
vk  grammar  and  a  sacred  poem. 


SALTER,    JAMES    (ft.  1723),   proprietor  of 
Saltero's  Coffee- house,' Chelsea,  where  he  made  a  huge  col- 
lection of  curiosities  (sold  by  auction,  1799).         [L  216] 

SALTER.  JAMES  (</.  1767),  clergyman  :  son  of  James 
Salter (1660-1718  ?)[q.v.];  B.A.  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford; 
vicar  of  St.  Mary  Church,  1718-67.  [1.  216] 

SALTER,  .10HN  WILLIAM  ( 1820- 1869 X  geologist: 
apprenticed  to  James  de  Carle  Sowerby  [q.  v.],  1836 ;  en- 
LM-_'(-.I  in  illustrating  works  on  natural  history ;  assisted 
Adam  Sedgwick  [q.  v.],  1842-6 ;  assistant  to  Edward  Forbes 
[q.  v.]  in  geological  survey,  1846 ;  F.G.S.,  1846 ;  pahe- 
ontologist  to  the  survey.  1864-63 ;  wrote  extensively  ou 
pala-ontology  and  geology.  [L  217] 

SALTER,  SAMUEL  (</.  1756  ?),  divine ;  D.D.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1728;  prvbendary  of  Norwich, 
1728 ;  archdeacon  of  Norfolk,  1734  ;  member  of  Dr.  John- 
sou's  circle  of  friends.  [L  217] 

SALTER.  SAMTFLf,/.  1778X  master  of  the  London 
Charterhouse :  son  of  Samuel  Salter  (rf.  1766?)  [q.  T.]  ; 
of  Charterhouse  .School,  London,  and  Corpus  Christi  Col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1737  ;  frllow.  1736-8  :  prebendary 
of  Gloucester,  1738,  of  Norwich,  1744  ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1761 ; 
preacher  at  Charterhouse  from  1754,  and  ma  ter,  1761-78 ; 
published  religious  and  other  writings.  [L  217J 

SALTER,  THOMAS  (ft.  1580),  author  of  «A  Mirrhor 
mete  for  all  Mothers,'  1579,  and  other  works  of  puritan 
tendency.  [L  218] 

SALTER,  THOMAS  FREDERICK  (ft.  1814-1826X 
author;  published  "The  Angler's  Guide,'  for  fishing  in 
London  district,  1814.  [L  219] 

SALTER,  WILLIAM  (1804-1876X  painter:  resided 
in  Italy.  1827-33  ;  finished  picture, '  The  Waterloo  Banquet 
at  Apsley  House,'  1841 ;  member  of  Society  of  British 
Artists,  1846,  and,  later,  vice-president.  [L  21»] 

8ALTHOUSE.  THOMAS  (1630-1C91X  quaker;  con- 
verted to  quokerism  by  George  Fox  at  Swarthmoor,  1662 ; 
frv<iucntly  fined  and  imprisoned  for  preaching ;  published 
religious  works.  [L  219] 

8ALTMAR8H,  JOHN  (</.  1647),  mystical  writer; 
M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge  :  advocated  episco- 
pacy, but  subsequently  adopted  Calvtnirtic  views  ;  joined 
controversy,  1643-4,  with  Thomas  Fuller  (1608- 1661) 
[q.  T.]  ;  rector  of  Brasted,  1646 ;  army  chaplain  under 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  (afterwards  third  Baron  Fall  fax) 
[q.  v.],  1646 ;  published  controversial  and  other  religious 
writings.  [1. 220] 

8ALTONSTALL,  CHARLES  (ft.    1..I2X   writer  on 
U   fq.  T.];   sea- 


navigation  :    brother  of  Wye  Saltoostall 
captain  ;  published  •  Navigator,'  1641. 


[L  1»] 


SALTONSTALL, 


1154 


SAMUDA 


8ALTON8TALL,  SIR  RICHARD  (1521  ?-1601),  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  master  of  Skinners'  Company,  1589, 
169S,  1598,  and  1699;  M.P.,  city  of  London,  1586:  r-lu-riir, 
1688;  lord  mayor,  1597-8;  knighted,  1598;  governor  of 
Merchant  Adventurers'  Company  ;  interested  in  East 
India  Company. 

8ALTON8TALL,  RICHARD  (1686-1658),  colonist; 
nephew  of  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall  (1521  ?-160l)  [q.  v.]; 
justice  of  West  Riding,  Yorkshire :  knighted,  1618  ;  member 
and  assistant,  Massachusetts  Bay  Company,  1629;  in 
Massachusetts,  1630-1.  [1.  223] 

SALTONSTALL.  WYB  (fl.  1630-1640),  translator  ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Saltoustall  (1521  ?-1601)  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and,  perhaps,  at 
Gray's  Inn ;  published  or  left  in  manuscript  verse  trans- 
lations from  Ovid  and  other  works.  [1.  224] 

8ALTOUN,  sixteenth  BARON  (1786-1863).  [See 
PHASER,  AI.KXAXDER  GEORGE.] 

8ALTREY,  HENRY  OF  (ft.  1160).    [See  HENRY.] 

8ALTWOOD,  ROBERT  (fl.  1540),  monk  of  St.  Augus- 
tine's, Canterbury  ;  wrote  '  Comparyson  betwene  iii  j 
byrdes,'  a  poem  in  seven-line  stanzas,  printed  c.  1550. 

[1.  225] 

SALISBURY.    [See  SALISBURY.] 

SALVEYN,  SIR  GERARD  (d.  1320),  judge:  employed 
on  miss'on  to  France,  1303;  justice  of  trailbaston  in 
Yorkshire,  1304 ;  knight  of  shire  for  Yorkshire,  1304  and 
1807,  and  sheriff,  1311-14;  escheator  north  of  Trent,  c. 
1807-9 ;  imprisoned  for  oppression,  1314-15 ;  supported 
Thomas  of  Lancaster,  1318,  but  was  pardoned.  [L  225] 

SALVIN,  ANTHONY  (1799-1881),  architect;  pupil 
ef  John  Nash  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  in  London ;  executed 
restorations  at  Tower  of  London,  Windsor,  and  other 
castles  and  country  seats;  F.R.I.B.A.,  1836,  vice-president, 
1839,  and  gold  medallist,  1863 ;  F.S.A.,  1824-81 ;  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy,  1823-36.  [L  225] 

SALVIN,  OSBERT  (1835-1898),  naturalist;  son  of 
Anthony  Salvin  [q.  v.];  of  Westminster  School  and 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1860 ;  honorary  fellow, 
1897 ;  travelled  in  Central  America  and  other  parts  of  the 
world  collecting  natural-history  specimens ;  Strickland 
curator  of  ornithology  at  Cambridge,  1874-82;  F.Z.S., 
1860 :  F.L.S.,  1864  ;  F.R.S.,  1873 ;  edited,  conjointly  with 
Mr.  F.  D.  Godman,  'Biologia  Centrali-Americana,'  and 
published  scientific  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  335] 

SALWEY,  HUMPHREY  (15757-1652),  parliamen- 
tarian ;  educated  at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  and  Inner 
Temple ;  took  side  of  parliament  in  civil  war ;  appointed 
but  refused  to  serve  as  judge  at  Charles  I's  trial,  1649. 

[1.  226] 

SALWEY,  RICHARD  (1615-1685),  parliamentarian  ; 
grocer  in  London :  M  J*.,  A  ppleby,  1645  ;  member  of  com- 
.  missions  on  Irish  matters,  1616  and  1650  ;  English  am- 
'bassador  at  Constantinople,  1654 ;  member  of  committee 
of  safety  and  of  council  of  state,  May  1659  ;  commissioner 
for  navy,  1659  ;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in 
Farnley  Wood  plot,  1663-4.  [L  226] 

SAMBLE,  RICHARD  (1644-1680),  quaker  minister 
and  travelling  preacher ;  published  religious  works. 

[1.  228] 

BAMEL80N,  ADOLPH  (1817-1888),  ophthalmic  sur- 
(reon  ;  born  at  Berlin  ;  M.D.  Berlin,  1840 ;  practised  at 
Zehdenick,  Brandenburg,  and  subsequently  took  up  dis- 
eases of  eye  at  Berlin  ;  compelled,  through  political 
opinions,  to  leave  country,  and  began  practice  at  Man- 
chester, 1867 ;  published  surgical  and  other  writings. 

[1.  2281 

8AMME8,  AYLETT  (1636  ?-1679  ?),  antiquary  ;  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  c.  1659  ;  incorporated  at  Ox- 
ford, 1677 ;  entered  Inner  Temple,  1657  ;  published  '  Bri- 
tannia Antiqua  Illustrata,'  1676.  [L  229] 

SAMPSON.    [See  also  SAMSON.] 

.  SAMPSON,  HENRY  (1629  ?-1700),  nonconformist 
minister  and  physician  ;  son  of  William  Sampson  (1590  ?- 
1636?)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1660  ;  M.A.,  1653  ;  rector  of  Framlingham,  1650  : 
deprived,  1660 :  M.D.  Leyden,  1668 ;  practised  in  London  ; 
honorary  P.R.O.P.,  1680  ;  published  archaeological  and 
religious  works.  [1.  229] 


SAMPSON,  HENRY  (1841-1891),  journalist ;  entered 
printing  office,  e.  1853  ;  engaged  in  sporting  journalism  ; 
editor  of  'Fun,'  1874-8;  as  part  proprietor  and  editor, 
with  pseudonym  '  Pendragou,'  started  •  Referee,'  1877. 

[1  230] 

SAMPSON,  RICHARD  (d.  1554),  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfield  ;  of  Clement  Hostel  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge ;  D.C.L.,  1513 ;  chaplain  to  Wolsey  ;  advocate,  1515 ; 
dean  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster,  and  of  Chapel  Royali 
London,  and  Henry  VIII's  chaplain,  1516 ;  archdeacon  of 
Cornwall,  1517;  prebendary  of  Nexvbold,  1519;  resident 
ambassador  to  Spain,  1522-5  ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1523-36  ; 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1526-34,  of  Lincoln.  1527  ; 
archdeacon  of  Suffolk,  1529 ;  supported  Henry  VIII's 
divorce  ;  prebendary  and  dean  of  Lichfield,  1533  ;  treasurer 
of  Salisbury,  1634;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1536-43,  of 
Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1543-54  ;  lord-president  of  Wales ; 
published  theological  treatises.  [1.  230] 

SAMPSON,  THOMAS  (1517  ?-1589),  puritan  divine  ; 
of  Pembroke  Hah1,  Cambridge;  entered  Inner  Temple, 
1547 ;  converted  to  protestantism  ;  rector  of  All  Hallows, 
Bread  Street,  London,  1551 ;  dean  of  Ohichester,  1552 ; 
fled  to  continent,  1556,  and  returned  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession  ;  canon  of  Durham,  1560  ;  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1561,  deprived  and  placed  temporarily  in  confine- 
ment, 1565 ;  prebendary  and  penitentiary  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  1570 ;  master  of  Wigston's  hospital,  Leicester, 
1567-89  ;  published  religious  works  ;  concerned  in  transla- 
tion of  Geneva  Bible,  published,  1560.  [1.  232] 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1590  ?-1636  ?),  dramatist ;  of 
humble  birth;  joined  (1612)  with  Gervase  Markham  in 
writing  tragedy  on  story  of  Herod  (published,  1622) ;  sub- 
sequently produced  independently  'The  Vow  Breaker,' 
printed  1636,  and,  perhaps,  '  The  Widow's  Prize,'  licensed 
for  publication,  1653.  [L  233] 

SAMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1764-1836),  United  Irishman 
and  jurist;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  called  to  Irish  bar ;  wrote  against  Irish 
government  in  '  Northern  Star '  at  Belfast ;  joined  United 
Irishmen :  took  lead  in  movement  for  arming  against 
French,  1797  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Press,'  the  Dublin  organ 
of  United  Irishmen ;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  holding 
French  commission,  1798  ;  arrested  on  suspicion  of  writing 
pamphlet  by  Edward  Oooke  (1755-1820)  [q.  v.]  against 
union,  1799;  banished  to  France,  and  subsequently  to 
America ;  practised  at  American  bar ;  published '  Memoirs  ' 
and  legal  and  other  writings ;  died  at  New  York. 

[L  234] 

SAMS,  JOSEPH  (1784-1860),  orientalist ;  successively 
schoolmaster  and  bookseller  at  Darlington ;  travelled  in 
Europe  and  the  East  in  search  of  antiquities,  which  he 
collected  and  catalogued.  [L  236] 

SAMSON  (fl.  550),  British  saint ;  educated  at  monas- 
tic school  at  Uantwit  Major;  ordained  By  Dubricins 
JDyfrig)  [q.  v.] ;  abbot  of  a  monastery,  possibly  on  Oaldy 
island ;  established  community  on  banks  of  Severn ; 
abbot  01  monastery  of  Germanus  ;  consecrated  bishop ; 
built  monastery  of  Dol  in  Brittany,  where  he  died. 

[1.237] 

SAMSON  (d.  1112),  bishop  of  Worcester ;  born  at 
Douvres,  near  Caen  ;  brother  of  Thomas  of  Bayeux  (d.  1100) 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Liege  and  Angers  ;  clerk  in  William  I's 
chapel ;  canon  and  treasurer  of  church  of  Bayeux,  1082  ; 
consecrated  bishop  of  Worcester  and  admitted  to  priest's 
orders,  1096 ;  buried  in  Worcester  Cathedral.  £L  238] 

SAMSON  (1135-1211),  abbot  of  St.  Edmund's;  born 
at  Tottington ;  M.A.  Paris ;  made  monastic  profession, 
1166;  mitred  abbot  of  St.  Edmund's,  1182;  appointed 
by  Pope  Lucius  III  judge  delegate  in  ecclesiastical  causes, 
1182  ;  exempted,  with  his  successors,  from  metropolitan 
jurisdiction,  1188  ;  fought  at  siege  of  Windsor,  1193 ; 
visited  Richard  I,  when  captive,  in  Germany;  justice 
errant ;  one  of  papal  commissioners  for  settling  quarrel 
between  Archbishop  Hubert  and  Canterbury  monks,  1200  ; 
wrote  theological  treatises.  His  rule  was  successful, 
morally  and  financially,  and  he  added  extensively  to  the 
abbey  buildings.  The  abbot  Samson  of  Carlyle's  'Past 
and  Present'  is  rather  a  rhetorical  construction  than  a 
historical  personage.  [1.  238] 

SAMUDA,  JOSEPH  D'AGUILAR  (1813-1886),  engi- 
neer: entered  partnership,  1832,  with  his  brother  Jarob 
<•/.  1844);  engaged  chiefiy  in  building  marine  engines, 
1832-42,  and  in  laying  down  railway  lines  on  atmospheric 


SAMUEL 


1155 


SANDERS 


principle,  1843-8;  b 


of  iron 


for  war  and  merchant  naviea,  1843:  original  treaenrer 
find  member  of  council  of  In 

iwjii;  M.I.C.K.,  1863;  liberal  M.P  for  TavUtock,  1866- 
18B8,  and  for  Tower  Hamlet*,  1868-80;  wrote  on  engi- 
ne-ring subject*.  [L  340] 

SAMUEL,  EDWARD  (1674- 174* X  Welsh  divine;  of 
Oriel  College,  i»\f..ni:  l..-ld  •uooeMlvely  rec 
Merionetliihire  aud  Denbighshire;  translated 
books  Into  Welsh ;  published  Webb  works  In  vene  and 
prose.  [I.  341] 

SAMUEL,  GEORGE  (d.  1833?),  landMape-palnter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1786-1813.  [1.  341] 

SAMUEL,  RICHARD  (Jl.  1770-1786),  portrait- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1773-9.  [L  242] 

SAMUEL,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1651-1569X  divine;  in 
service  of  Duke  of  Somerset;  published  religious  and 
poetical  works.  [L  343] 

SAMWAYS  or  SAMWAIES,  PETER  (1616-1693X 
royalist  divine;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1641;  D.D.,  1660;  vicar  of  Choi- 
hunt  :  expelled  by  parliamentarians ;  obtained  preferment 
at  Rertoration:  prebendary  of  York,  1668;  published 
religions  works.  [1.  343] 

SAMWELL,  DAVID(rf.  1799),  surgeon ;  accompanied 
Captain  Cook  on  third  voyage  of  discovery,  as  surgeon's 
first  mate ;  subsequently  lived  In  London.  [1.  343] 

BANCHO,  IGNATIUS  (-1739-1780),  negro  writer;  born 
at  sea ;  brought  to  England  at  early  age ;  butler  to  second 
Duchess  of  Montagu,  1749-51,  and  subsequently  served 
George  Montagu,  fourth  duke  of  Manchester  [q.  v.] ; 
formed  acquaintance  with  Sterne,  1766 ;  grocer  in  Charles 
Street,  Westminster,  1773,  where  he  spent  latest  years  in 
writing  letters  in  Sterne's  manner.  His  '  Letters '  were 
published,  1783.  [1.  243] 

BANCROFT,  WILLIAM  (1617-1693X  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1641 ; 
D.D.,  1662 ;  fellow  and  tutor,  1642 ;  bursar,  1644  ;  published 
attack  on  Calvinism,  1658 ;  studied  at  Padua ;  returned 
home,  1660  ;  chaplain  to  Bishop  Oosin :  employed  in  Savoy 
conference;  Charles  II's  chaplain,  1661;  prebendary  of 
Durham,  1662;  master  (1662-4)  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  founded  new  chapel ;  dean  of  York, 
and,  later,  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1664 ;  greatly  assisted  In 
work  connected  with  rebuild'ng  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1666 ; 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1668-70 :  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 1678;  crowned  James  II,  1685 ;  refused  to  serve  iu 
high  commission  court  established  by  James  II ;  refused 
to  read  James  II's  declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience, and 
signed,  with  six  bishops',  petition  to  James  II,  1688 ;  im- 
prisoned in  Tower  of  London  ;  tried  on  charge  of  seditious 
libel  and  acquitted  :  signed  declaration  calling  on  William 
of  Orange  to  assist  In  procuring  peace  and  a  '  free  parlia- 
ment,' 1688,  but  was  in  favour  of  appointing  him  merely 
etutot  regni,  not  king ;  suspended,  1689,  and  deprived,  1690 ; 
published  treatises  aud  prepared  for  the  press  Laud's 
'Memorials.'  [L  344] 

SANCTOFIDENSIS,  JOHANNES  (d.  1359>  [See  ST. 
FAITH'S,  JOHN  OF.] 

SANCTO  FRANCISCO,  ANGELUS  A  (1601-1678X 
[See  ANQELUS.] 

SANCTO  FRANCISCO,  BERNARD  A  (1628-1709). 
[See  EYSTON,  BERNARD.] 

SANCTO  GERMANO,  JOHANNES  DR  (Jl.  1170). 
[See  JOHN.] 

SANDALE,  JOHN  DB(d.  1 31 9),  bishop  of  Winchester ; 
one  of  Edward  I's  clerks,  1294 ;  controller  of  receipt*  in  Gas- 
cony,  1297  ;  treasurer,  1299,  and  subsequently  chancellor, 
St.  Patrick's,  Dublin  ;  chamberlain  of  Scotland,  c.  1303- 
1307  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1307-8 ;  lieutenant  for 
treasurer,  1308-10;  treasurer,  1310-11,  1312,  and  1818; 
held  various  prebends ;  archdeacon  of  Richmond,  1309 ; 
chancellor,  1314-18;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1316-19. 

[1.  250] 

BANDARS,  THOMAS  OOLLETT  ( 1825-1894),  editor 
of  Justinian;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1848;  fellow 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1849 ;  M.A.,  1851  ;  called  to  bar, 
1851 ;  edited  Justinian's  '  Institutes,'  1863.  [L  361] 


8ANDBY.  PAUL  (17X6-1809),  i 
and  engraver;  htU  appointment  la 
department  at  Tower  o/  London,  174 


David  W. 
survey  till  1761; 
lesqued  many  of  Hogarth*  works;  exhibited  at  Sooirty  of 
Artista,  1760-a,  and  WM  director,  1766 ;  chief  drawing- 
Barter,  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich,  17*8-07: 
original  R.  A..  1768,  and  exhibited  between  17U  and  UN* : 
Introduced  into  England  •aquatint'  process  of  engrav- 
Ing;  Diooeerc<  topographical  art  ta  England.  [1.3*1] 

SANDBY,  THOMAS  (1731-17MX  draughtaman  and 
architect;  kept  with  his  brother,  Paul  Sandby  [q.  v.L 
an  academy  at  Nottingham:  private  secretary  and 
draughtsman  to  William  Augustus,  duke  of  ~ 
1743,  ami  accompanied  him  in  ~ 


1743-8;  deputy-ranger  of  Windsor  Great  Park,  1744-M; 
formed  Virginia  Water,  and  made  alterations  in  Windsor 


Park  :  original  RJL,  1768  ;  first 


of  architecture 


to  Academy,  1770  :  built  Freemasons'  Hall,  Queen  Street, 
Lincoln'.  Inn  Fields,  London,  1776:  joint  architect  with 
James  Adam  [q.  v.]  of  his  majesty's  work.,  1777; 
master-carpenter  of  his  majesty's  works  In  England,  1780, 

BANDSMAN,  ROBERT  (1718-1771X  Scottish  MO- 
tary ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  came  under  Influence  of 
John  Glas  [o.  v.],  whose  views  he  adopted  ;  linen  manu- 
facturer at  Perth,  1736-44 ;  elder  In  Olasslte  community, 
1744 ;  exercised  ministry  successively  in  Perth,  Dundee, 
Edinburgh,  and  London  (1760);  went  to  New  England, 
1764,  and  founded  church  at  Portsmouth,  new  Hamp- 
shire, 1766 :  published  letters  and  other  writings. 

8ANDEMAN,  Sm  ROBERT  GROVES  (1836-1893), 
major;  educated  at  St.  Andrews:  appointed  to  33rd 
Bengal  Infantry,  1856 ;  served  with  Probyn's  bone  in 
mutiny ;  magistrate  of  Dera  Ghasi  Khan,  1866 :  con- 
ducted negotiations  which  led  to  treaty  with  kRan  of 
Khalat,  1876 ;  C.S.I.,  1877 ;  agent  to  governor-general  In 
Itahichistan,  1877-92  ;  major ;  K.CJB.L,  1879 ;  aided  Sir 
Frederick  (afterwards  Lori)  Roberts  iu  transport  service 
to  Quetta  and  Kandahar,  1880.  [L  366] 

SANDERS.    [See  also  SAUXDKRS,] 

SANDERS,  alia*  BAIXKH,  FRANCIS  (1648-1710), 
Jesuit ;  bom  in  Worcestershire  ;  studied  at  St.  Omer,  and 
English  College,  Rome :  joined  Jesuit*,  1674  :  professed  of 

II  at  81  O 


four  vows,  1684 :  confessor  to  exiled  J 
main ;  published  religious  works. 


.it    H     'JT- 
[L367] 


SANDERS,  FRANCIS  WILLIAMS  (1769-1831),  con- 
veyancer; banister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  18o3;  practised  as 
conveyancer  ;  published  legal  writings.  [L  368] 

SANDERS,  GEORGE  (1774-1846),  portrait-painter  : 
apprenticed  as  coach-painter  at  Edinburgh  ;  from  1807 
worked  as  miniaturist  in  London  and  subsequently  as 
portrait-painter.  [L  368] 

SANDERS  or  8AUNDER8,  JOHN  (1760-18M), 
painter;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  ;  exhibited  portrait* 
and  other  pictures  from  1771  ;  practised  successively  at 
Norwich  and  Bath.  [L  168] 

SANDERS  or  SANDER,  NICHOLAS  (1530?-  1581). 
controversialist  and  historian  ;  fellow,  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1548;  B.C.L.,  1651;  lectured  on  canon  law;  D.D. 
Rome  ;  ordained  priest  ;  In  attendance  successively  on 
cardinal  legate  Stanislaus  Hoslua,  and  Commendone  ;  at 
Louvaln,  1666-73  ;  regius  professor  of  theology,  Louvaln  ; 
joined  controversy  provoked  by  Bishop  Jewel's  challenge; 
published  bis  great  work,  'De  VWblli  Moiiarchia 


sia-,1  1671  ;  in  Madrid  working  for  dethronement  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  favour  of  Roman  catholic  sovereign,  1673  ; 
sent  as  papal  nuncio  to  Ireland  to  excite  rebellion,  1679  ; 
secured  adherence  of  Desmond  ;  after  many  times  narrowly 
escaping  capture  died  of  dysentery  :  left  historical  and 
other  manuscript*,  printed  posthumously.  [I.  269] 


SANDERS,  ROBERT  ( 1 727-1 783 X  compiler  : 
hack-writer   in   London,   e.    1760;  complied   'Newgate 
Calendar,'  1764,  •  Complete  BnglUb  Traveller,  or  Survey 
of  England  and  Wataa/1771,  and  other  work*,     fj.  363] 

SANDERS,  WILLIAM  (1799-1876),  geologist  ;  corn 
merchant  at  Bristol;  FX3A,  1839:  F.RJ3.,  1864:  made 
careful  wrvey  of  geology  of  Bristol  district.  [L  3«I) 


SANDERS 


1156 


SANDWICH 


WILLIAM     RUTHERFORD      (1828- 
188nTDhv*icia'n:  educated  at  High  School,  Kdinbmvh, 
and    at    Montpellier :   B.-e*.-L.,  1844;  M.D.   Edinburgh, 
•  «tudied  medicine  in  Paris  and  Heidelberg  :  patho- 
t  to  Royal  Infirmary,   Bdlnburgh :  conservator  of 
am  of  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  1853 ; 
veirian  to  Royal  Infirmary,  1861 ;  professor  of  patho- 
Etanrh    1869-81  ;  afflicted  with  right  hemiplegia 
aphasia,  1880;  published  medical  writings. 

SANDERSON,  JAMES  (1769 ?-1841  ?),  musician; 
led  orchestra  at  Alley's  Theatre,  London,  1788  ;  com- 
noeer  and  musical  director  at  Royal  Circus,  London,  1793 ; 
pabiished  musical  compositions ;  composed  the  accepted 
tune  of  *  Oomin*  thro'  the  Rye.'  [1.  264  J 

SANDERSON,  JOHN  (rf.  1602),  Roman  catholic 
divine  •  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1561;  logic 
wader,  1562;  expelled  from  university  for  suspicious 
doctrine;  went  to  Douay  ;  ordained  priest  ;D.D.  Douay: 
divinity  professor  in  English  College,  Rheims,  1580 ; 
produced  religious  and  other  writings.  [1. 264] 

SANDERSON,  ROBERT  (1587-1663),  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln ;  B.A.  and  fellow,  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1606  ; 
M.A.,  1608;  D.D.,  1636  ;  reader  in  logic,  1608 ;  prebendary 
of  Southwell,  1619,  and  of  Lincoln,  1629;  rector  of 
Boothby  Pagnell,  1619  (sequestered,  1643) ;  regius  professor 
of  divinity  at  Oxford,  1642  :  ejected  by  parliamentary 
visitors,  1648,  but  reinstated,  1660;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1660-3  ;  moderator  at  conference  with  presbyterians  at 
the  Savoy,  London,  1661;  published  philosophical  and 
religious  works  ;  author  of  the  second  preface, « It  hath 
been  the  wisdom,'  &c.,  to  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

[1.  265] 

SANDERSON,  ROBERT  (1660-1741),  historian  ; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  clerk  in 
Rolls  Chapel,  London  ;  contributed  largely  to  compilation 
of  Rymer's  •  Foedera,'  and  published  vols.  xvi-xx.  (1715- 
1735)  after  Rymer's  death  ;  one  of  founders  of  revived 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  1717  ;  usher  of  high  court  of  chan- 
cery, 1726  ;  left  manuscript  history  of  reign  of  Henry  V. 

[1.  266] 

SANDERSON,  THOMAS  (1759-1829),  poet  ;  school- 
master at  Greystoke,  near  Penrith,  1778:  lived  in  se- 
clusion at  Sebergham ;  schoolmaster  successively  at 
Blackball  and  Beaumont ;  published  '  Original  Poems,' 
1800,  and  other  works.  His  '  Life  and  Remains  '  ap- 
peared, 1829.  [1. 267] 

SANDERSON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1586?-1676),  his- 
torian ;  secretary  to  Henry  Rich,  earl  of  Holland  [q.  v.], 
when  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  :  took  side  of 
royalists  ;  gentleman  of  privy  chamber  to  Charles  II ; 
knighted  ;  his  works  include  a  history  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  and  her  son  James,  1656,  and  a  history  of  Charles  I, 
1658,  which  involved  him  hi  a  controversy  with  Peter 
Heylyn  [q.  v.]  [1.  268] 

8ANDFORD.    [See  also  SANFORD.] 

SANDFORD,  DANIEL  (1766-1830),  bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh :  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1791 :  D.D.,  1802  : 
opened  episcopal  chapel  in  Edinburgh,  1792;  bishop  of 
Edinburgh,  1806-30;  published  religious  writings. 

[1.  268] 

SANDFORD,  SIR  DANIEL  KBYTE  (1798-1838), 
professor  of  Greek  at  Edinburgh  :  son  of  Daniel  Sand- 
ford  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1825 ;  D.O.L., 
1833 :  professor  of  Greek,  Glasgow  University,  1821  ; 
knighted,  1830  :  M.P.,  Paisley,  1834-5  ;  author  of  trans- 
lations from  the  Greek  and  educational  Greek  works  ; 
joint-editor  of  '  Popular  Encyclopedia.'  [1. 269] 

SANDFORD,  FRANCIS  (1630-1694),  herald;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  rougedragon  pursuivant, 
College  of  Arms,  1661 ;  Lancaster  herald,  1676-89  ;  con- 
fined for  debt  In  Newgate  prison,  London,  where  he  died ; 
chief  work,  'Genealogical  History  of  Kings  of  England,' 
1677.  [L  270] 

BANDFORD,  FRANCIS  RICHARD  JOHN,  first 
BARON  SANDFORD  (1824-1893),  son  of  Sir  Daniel  Keyte 
Sandford  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1858 ;  in 
education  office,  1848-68  and  1870-84  ;  assistant  under- 
secretary in  colonial  office,  1868-70;  knighted,  1862; 
K.O.&,  1879;  privy  councillor,  1885;  created  Baron 
Sandford,  1WL  [1.  271] 


SANDFORD,  FOLK  PK  (rf.  1271),  also  called  FULK 
DK  BASSKT,  archbishop  of  Dublin  :  nephew  of  Sir  Philip 
Mussi-t  [q.  v.]  ;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1244;  preben- 
.lnry,  treasurer,  and  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's,  London  ; 
app'ointed,  1256,  archbishop  of  Dublin  by  Pope  Alex- 
ander IV,  who  quashed  election  of  Ralph  de  Norwich 
[q.  v.]  approved  by  Henry  III ;  accepted  by  Henry  III  ; 
temporarily  deputy- justice  of  Ireland,  1265  ;  buried  in  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin.  [1.  271] 

SANDFORD,  Sin  HERBERT  BRUCE  (1826-1892), 
colonel  ;  son  of  Sir  Daniel  Keyte  Sandford  [«f.  v.]  ;  served 
in  Bombay  artillery  in  Indian  mutiny  ;  colonel,  1 865 ; 
K.C.M.G.,  1877.  [1.  270] 

SANDFORD  or  SANFORD,  JAMES  (/.  1567), 
author ;  perhaps  tutor  to  William  Herbert,  third  earl  of 
Pembroke  [q.  v.] ;  published  translations,  including  tales 
from  Plutarch,  and  a  version  from  a  French  translation 
of  Epictetus.  [1.  272] 

SANDFORD,  SAUNFORD,  or  SAMPFORD,  JOHN  DE 
(d.  1294),  archbishop  of  Dublin  ;  perhaps  brother  of  Fulk 
de  Snndford  [q.  v.] :  escheator  of  Ireland,  1271  and  1272  ; 
justice  in  eyre  in  Ulster,  1281;  prebendary  of  Dublin; 
treasurer  of  Ferns,  c.  1269 ;  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin, 
1275 ;  chosen  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1284 :  confirmed  in 
appointment  by  Pope  Honorius  IV,  1285;  temporarily 
keeper  of  Ireland,  1288-90  on  sudden  death  of  Viceroy 
Stephen  de  Fulburue ;  one  of  ambassadors  to  negotiate 
alliance  with  Adolph  of  Nassau,  1294.  [1.  273] 

SANDFORD  or  SANFORD,  JOHN  (1565  ?-1629), 
poet  and  grammarian ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford, 
1595;  corrector  to  press  at  Oxford,  1592;  chaplain  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1593-1616 ;  domestic  chaplain 
to  Archbishop  Abbot,  c.  1614 :  held  rectories  in  Kent ; 
published  Latin  verse,  and  grammars  of  French,  Latin, 
Italian,  and  Spanish.  [1.  275] 

SANDFORD,  JOHN  (1801-1873),  divine;  son  of 
Daniel  Sandford  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Glasgow  University  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1841 ;  B.D.,  1845  ;  honorary 
canon  of  Worcester,  1844 ;  archdeacon  of  Coventry,  1851  ; 
examining  chaplain  to  Bishop  of  Worcester,  1853-60; 
Bampton  lecturer  at  Oxford,  1861  ;  active  member  of 
lower  house  of  convocation ;  published  religious  works. 

[1.275] 

SANDFORD,  SAMUEL  (/.  1661-1699),  actor  ;  joined 
D'Avenant's  company  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London ; 
original  Worm  in  Oowley's  '  Cutter  of  Coleman  Street,' 
1661 ;  migrated  with  the  company  under  Lady  D'Avenant 
to  Dorset  Garden,  London,  c.  1671  ;  at  Theatre  Royal, 
London,  1682;  under  Betterton  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London,  1695  ;  acted  in  plays  by  Dryden,  Sedley,  and 
Otway ;  most  popular  in  '  disagreeable  characters.' 

[L276] 

SANDHURST,  BAROX  (1819-1876).  [See  MANSFIELD, 
SIR  WILLIAM  ROSE.] 

SANDILANDS,  JAMES,  first  BARON  TORPHICHKN 
(d.  1579),  preceptor  of  Torphichen  and  head  of  knights 
hospitallers  of  Scotland,  and  M.P.,  1543 :  privy  councillor, 
1546 ;  signed  act  approving  of  '  Book  of  Discipline,'  1561 ; 
resigned  possessions  of  order  of  St.  John  for  temporal 
lordship  of  Torphichen,  1563.  [1.  278] 

SANDILANDS,  JAMES,  seventh  BARON  TORPHICHEX 
(d.  1753),  served  as  lieutenant-colonel,  7th  dragoons  under 
Marlborough,  and  against  rebels  of  1715.  [1.  279] 

8ANDSBURY  or  SANSBURY,  JOHN  (1576-1610), 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1601 ;  B.D.,  1608 ;  vicar  of  St.  Giles's, 
Oxford,  1607  ;  published  Latin  verse.  [L  279] 

SANDWICH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  MONTAGU,  EDWARD, 
first  EARL,  1625-1672;  MONTAGU,  JOHN,  fourth  EARL, 
1718-1792.] 

SANDWICH,  HENRY  DE(d.  1273),  bishop  of  London ; 
probably  brother  of  Ralph  de  Sandwich  [q.  v.] ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London  ;  bishop  of  London,  1262 ; 
sympathised  with  baronial  party,  but  frequently  acted  as 
mediator  during  barons'  war  ;  suspended  by  papal  legate, 
Ottobon,  1266,  for  refusing  to  publish  papal  sentence  of 
excommunication  against  Simon  de  Montfort  and  his 
abettors ;  restored,  1272.  [1.  279] 

SANDWICH,  RALPH  DE  (d.  1308  ?),  judge  ;  probably 
brother  of  Henry  de  Sandwich  [q.  v.]  ;  knight ;  keeper  of 


SANDWITH 


1157 


SARA  VIA 


royal  wardrobe : 

d«  Moutfort  with  great  seal,  1266: 

ru."tlt!.  H'77 :  constable  of  Tower  of  London,  1286-8,  and 

12»o  till  .Ninth,  und  warden  of  the  city  of  London,  1286- 

im,  11*7-8,  and  1290-5;  on  commission  of  judges  that 

condemned  William  Wallace  [q.T.],  1106.  . :.  :- •. 

SANDWITH,  Hi  -2-1881),  army  physi- 

cian; qualified  by  LoiMlon  University  and  College  of 
Burgeon**;  house  surgeon  to  Hull  Infirmary,  1847: 
travelled  in  Mesopotamia;  correspondent  of  •  The  Times,' 

1863  ;  staff  surgeon  in  Beatson's  corps  of  Bashi-Baxouks, 

1864  ;  inspector-general  of  hospitals  and  head  of  medical 
staff  under  Colonel  (afterward*  Sir  William  Penwiok) 
Williams  [q.  v.]  in  Armenia,  1866 :  at  defence  of  Kan. :  in 
London,  1856;  published  narrative  of  adventures,  1866; 
C.B.:  D.C.L.  Oxford:  colonial  secretary  in  Mauritius, 
1857-9;  la  Servia,  1872-7,  where  be  advocated  cause  of 
Servian  refugees ;  published  works  of  i 


SANDYS,  CHARLES  (1786-1869).  antiquary:  ad- 
nutted  solicitor,  1808;  practised  at  Canterbury  till  1867  ; 
F.8.  A.,  1846  ;  published  and  left  in  manuscript  antiquarian 
works. 


SANDYS,  EDWIN  (1610  7-1188),  archbishop  of  York  ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  1641;  D.D.,  1649: 
proctor,  1542:  master  of  Catharine  Halt  Cambridge,  1649 
(deprived,  1553)  :  canon  of  Peterborough,  1649  ;  prebendary 
of  Carlisle,  1562  ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1653:  supported  Lady  Jane  Grey's  cause  :  Imprisoned  in 
Tower  of  London  and  Manbalsea  ;  was  released  and  made 
escape  to  continent  :  returned  to  England,  1669  ;  bishop 
of  Worcester,  1559-70  :  signed  the  articles  of  1662  ;  one  of 
tOMMlitrr  of  '  Bishops'  Bible,'  1566  ;  bishop  of  London, 
1670-6  :  joined  ecclesiastical  commission,  1571  ;  took  part 
in  translating  bible  of  1572:  archbishop  of  York,  1576-88  ; 
published  sermons  and  other  works.  [1.  283] 

SANDYS,  8m  EDWIN  (1561-1629),  statesman  :  son 
of  Edwin  Sandys  [q.  T.]  ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
London,  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  15H3  : 
B.C.L.,1589  ;  fellow,  1580  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1582-1602  ; 
entered  Middle  Temple,  1689:  M.P.,  Andover,  1586,  and 
Plymptou,  1589  and  1593  ;  travelled  abroad  with  Cianin.-r, 
1593  :  wrote  '  Europae  Speculum,'  1599  (piratically  pub- 
lished as  •  Relation  of  State  of  Religion,'  1605)  ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1599  ;  knighted,  1603  ;  M.P.,  Stock- 
bridge,  1604,  assuming  leadiug  position  in  House  of 
Commons;  on  committee  to  consider  'great  contract,' 
1610;  on  committee  to  consider  imposition?,  1613,  when 
he  enunciated  principle  that  there  were  certain  reciprocal 
conditions  of  the  constitution  which  neither  kinu  uor 
people  might  violate  with  impunity;  dismissal  i>y 
council;  free  brother  of  East  India  Company,  1618; 
served  on  company's  committee,  1619-23  and  1626-9  : 
member  of  Somers  Islands  Company,  1616  ;  member  of 
council  for  Virginia,  1607;  joint-manager  of  Virginia 
Company,  1617,  and  treasurer,  1619-20;  organised  govern- 
ment of  the  colony,  1619,  and  inaugurated  an  era  of 
prosperity;  being  suspected  of  designing  to  cstnblUh 
republican  and  puritan  state  in  America,  he  was  accused 
of  malversation  of  funds  and  transmission  of  false  news, 
and  temporarily  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London,  1621, 
Virginia  Company's  charter  being  annulled  and  govern- 
ment of  colony  assumed  by  crown,  1624  ;  M.P.,  Sandwich, 
1621,  Kent,  1624,  and  IVnfyn,  1626  and  1626.  [1.  286] 

SANDYS,  GEORGE  (1578-1644),  poet;  son  of  Edwin 
Sandys  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  :  wont 
abroad,  IttlO,  and  travelled  in  Italy,  Turkey,  Kirypt,  and 
Palestine:  published  'Relation  of  a  Journey,'  1616:  trea- 
surer of  Virginia  Company,  1621  ;  accompanied  Sir  Francis 
Wyatt  to  Virginia,  1621,  and  was  nominated  member  of 
council  when  crown  assumed  government,  1624  ;  reap* 
polnted,  1626  and  1628  ;  gentleman  of  privy  chamber  to 
Charles  I  ;  published  a  translation  of  Ovid's  •  Metamor- 
phoses,' 1621-6,  'Paraphrase  upon  the  Psalmea'  in  Terse, 
1636  (music  by  Henry  Lawes  [q.  v.]  being  added  in  an 
edition  in  1638),  'Christ's  Passion,  a  Tragedy,'  a  trans- 
lation in  heroic  verse  from  Latin  of  Grotius,  1640,  and 
•Paraphrase  of  Song  of  Solomon,'  in  verse,  1641:  agent 
in  London  to  Virginia  Company,  1638;  petitioned  un- 
successfully for  re-establishment  of  company's  old  privi- 
leges of  government,  1642.  -  '  ; 

SANDYS,  SAMUEL,  first  BARON  SANDYS  or  OM- 
BKHSLKY  (1696  V-1770),  educated  at  New  College,  Oxford  ; 


M.P.,  Worcester.  1718-41:   several 


MM  lor.lftfi 


,1741: 
1742-1: mi 


1741: 


,,!  MM  '•„.,,:  :„  |  .  r,     ,:!Ml.,,rl  (MMlvfJBl 

created  Baron  Sandy*,  1741 :  treasurer  of  the  -T-»-I- 
1747-66 :  sneaker  of  House  of  Lords,  1766 ;  warden  and 
chief  justice  in  eyre  of  king's  (George  II  and  George  III) 
tons*  mst  .  <>•  TMS,  aU  IS  \m  K  .  trtt  :«.M  «.f 
trade  and  plantations,  1761-1.  [L  261] 

SANDYS.  WILLIAM,  BAROK  BAXDYR  or '  THE  VYXK  ' 
(<f.  1640),  knight  of  the  body  to  Heary  VIII.  1606 :  con- 

Cloth  of  Gold:  created  Baron  Sandys  of 'The  Vyne.' 1623: 
took  part  with  Fox  in  founding  Guild  of  Holy  Ghost  at 
Basingntoke,  1624;  lord  chamberlain  and  captain  of 

[1.296] 


SANDYS.  WILLIAM  (1792-1874),  antiquary:  edu- 
cated at  Westminster;  solicitor  in  London,  1814-71: 
U  Li  collabonited  with  Forster  in  •History  of  the 
Violin,'  1864,  and  published  antiquarian  works 
chiefly  to  music  and  songs. 

8ANFORD.    [See  also  SANUVORU.] 

BANFORD,  JOHN  LANGTON  (1824-1877),  historical 
writer :  educated  at  University  College,  London ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1866;  jotnt-eilitor  of  'Inquirer,' 
1862-6 ;  published  historical  writings.  [I.  296] 

8ANFORD or  BANDFORD,  JOSEPH(rf.  1774), scholar 
and  book-collector;  M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford.  1716; 
B.D.,  1726;  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  1716  till 
death  :  rector  of  Duloe,  1722,  and  aim  of  Hunt-pill.  1739- 
1774.  [L  296] 

8ANGAR,  GARRIKL  (</.  1678X  ejected  minister: 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1632  :  rector  of  Steeple 
Ashton,  1660 ;  ejected,  1662  ;  published  religious  works. 

[L  J971 

BANGER,  JOHN  (1816-1889),  circus  proprietor: 
liegan  with  his  brother  George  conjuring  exhibition  at 
liirinintrham.  1846;  started  a  circiw  entertainment  at 
L.M.II:  l.»«-d  Agricultural  Hall,  Iitlingtun.  and  (1871) 
Amphitheatre,  London:  sutttequtiiUy  dissolved 
partnership,  each  brother  continuing  independently. 

[1.  297] 

8ANG8TER,  SAMUEL  (1804  ?-1872),  Une-engraver ; 
|  pupil  of  William  Finden  [q.  v.]  [L  298] 

BANLEGER.    [See  SAINT  LEUKR.] 

SANQTJHAR,  sixth  BARON  (•/.  1612).  [See  CRICRTOK, 

KoIlKKT.] 

8ANSETUN,  BENEDICT  OF  (<*.  1226),  bishop  of 
Rochester ;  precentor  of  St.  Paul'*,  London,  1201 :  bead 
justice  for  four  home  counties,  1212  ;  consecrated  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1215.  [1.  298] 

SAN8UM,  ROBERT  (d.  16C5),  rear-admiral ;  com- 
manded vessel  attending  on  army  in  Scotland,  1662 : 
in  North  Sea  from  1666 ;  rear-admiral  of  white,  1664 ; 
killed  in  battle  off  Lowestoft.  [L  298] 

SANTLOW,  HESTER  (/.  1720-1778),  actms :  mar- 
ried Barton  Booth  [q.T.],  1719;  originally  a  dancer  who 
had  lived  under  protection  of  Duke  of  Marlborougb. 

[v.  375] 

8ANTRY,  BARON  (1C03-1672).    [See  BARRY,  JAMB*] 

8AFHIR,  ADOLPH  (1831-1891 Y,  theologian:  born  at 
l'i>tli  :  converted  to  Christianity  by  Jewish  mission  of 
church  of  Scotland,  1843  :  studied  for  ministry  at  Edin- 
burgh, Berlin,  Glasgow  (M.A.,  1864),  and  Aberdeen: 
licensed  and  appointed  missionary  to  Jews,  1864  :  at 
Huinbunj,  1H64-6:  boo.  D.D.  Edinburgh.  1878;  at  Bel- 
trravc  presbyteriau  church,  1880-8 ;  published  n»liirioa« 
works.  [U  299 J 

SAPIENS,  BERNARD  (Jt.  865).    [See  BERNARD.] 

8ARAVIA,  HADRIAN  1  (1631-1611X  divine:  born 
at  Hesdin  in  Artois ;  took  part  in  drawing  op  Walloon 
confession  of  fuith ;  removed  to  Channel  islands,  1660: 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leyden.  1682,  and  castor  of 
French  reformed  church ;  rector  of  Tattenhlll.  1688  ;  held 
Tarious  prebends ;  one  of  translators  of  new  Terskm  of 
scriptures,  1607 ;  rector  of  Great  Chart,  1610-11 ;  poMisbed 
religions  treatises.  [1.  299] 


SARGANT 


1158 


SAUNDERS 


BAROANT,  WILLIAM  LUCAS  (1809-1889),  educa- 
tion*! reformer  an<l  political  economist:  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  entered  his  father's  business 
of  maker  of  military  arms  at  Birmingham;  published 
work*  on  education  and  political  economy.  [1.  301] 

SARGENT,  JOHN  (1780-1833),  divine  ;  of  Eton  and 
Klm^s  Collejre,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1807;  held  various 
r«S!orUTpubusbed  biographical  writings.  [1.  301] 

SARGENT.  JOHN  GRANT  (1813-1883),  quaker; 
maA,  Acquaintance  of  the  American  quaker  John  Wilbur 
(1774-1866X  and  founded  the  Fritchley  Friends,  1870 ; 
published  religious  works.  [1-  302] 

SAROKNT,  JOHN  NEPTUNE  (1826-1893),  lieu- 
tenant-general :  lieutenant  In  95th  foot,  1846  ;  served  in 
Hongkong,  1847-50:  captain,  1853;  In  Turkey,  1854; 
fought  at  Alma,  Inkermann,  and  Redan,  1855 ;  brevet- 
maior,  1855 ;  on  committee  of  three  officers  to  examine 
equipment  of  armies  in  Crimea,  1855 ;  second  lieutenant- 
ooloneL  first  battalion,  1859 ;  British  commandant  at  Taku 
forts,  1860 ;  C.B.,  1862 ;  colonel,  1864 ;  appointed  to 
brigade  depot  at  Milford  Haven,  1873,  and  at  Oxford,  1874 ; 
major-general,  1877  ;  commander  of  troops  in  China 
and  Straits  Settlements,  1882  ;  lieutenant-general,  1884  ; 
colonel,  first  battalion  Inuiskilling  FosUiers,  1891. 

SARIS,  JOHN  (d.  1646),  merchant  and  sea-captain : 
one  of  factors  for  East  India  Company  at  Bantam,  1605-9  ; 
again  at  Bantam,  1611,  when  he  sailed  to  Japan,  1612, 
and  obtained  emperor's  commission  authorising  the  com- 
pany's agents  to  reside  and  trade  in  Japan  ;  returned  to 
England,  1614.  [1-  304] 

8ARJEAUNT,  JOHN  (1622-1707).  [See  SERGEANT.] 
SARHENTO,  JACOB  DK  CASTRO  (1692-1762),  phy- 
sician ;  born  In  Portugal ;  M.D.  Ooimbra,  1717  ;  came  to 
gngianH  as  rabbi  of  Jews  of  Portugal  resident  in  London ; 
LJLO.P.,  1785;  M.D.,  Aberdeen,  1739;  F.R.S.,  1730; 
published  medical  works.  [1.  305] 

8ABSJTELD,  PATRICK,  titular  EARL  OF  LUCAX 
(rf.  1693),  born  at  Lucan  ;  educated  at  a  French  military 
college ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  Dover's  horse,  1686 ; 
colonel,  1686  ;  received  from  James  II  command  of  Irish 
troops  in  England :  followed  the  king  to  France  and  ac- 
companied him  to  Ireland,  1689 ;  privy  councillor  and 
colonel  of  horse,  1689  ;  brigadier  ;  took  Sligo  and  assisted 
In  defence  of  Galway  and  In  securing  of  Cop naught ; 
major-general ;  fought  at  Boy  ne,  1690 :  assisted  in  defence 
of  Limerick  ;  governor  of  Qalway  and  Oonnaught ;  received 
patent  as  Earl  of  Lucan,  1691 ;  commanded  reserve  at 
Aughrim,  12  July  1691.  and  after  treaty  of  Limerick, 
84  Sept.,  sailed  to  France,  joining  French  service  with  many 
of  his  troop*  ;  received  from  the  exiled  James  second  troop 
of  lifeguards ;  commanded  Irish  soldiers  intended  for 
Invasion  of  England,  1692 ;  marechal-de-camp  ;  fought  at 
Steenkirk,  1692 ;  mortally  wounded  at  Landen.  [1.  305] 

8ARTORJS,  MRS.  ADELAIDE  (1814  7-1879).  [See 
KKMBLK,  ADELAIDE.] 

8ARTORITJS,  FRANCIS  (1734-1804),  painter ;  son 
and  pupil  of  John  Sartorius  (1700?-1780  ?)  [q.  v.]; 
painted  sporting  subjects  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy. 

[1.  810] 

SARTORIUS,  SIR  GEORGE  ROSE  (1790-1885), 
admiral  of  the  fleet ;  entered  navy,  1801 ;  lieutenant, 
1808;  captain,  1814;  In  Bay  of  Biscay,  1814-15,  when 
Napoleon  I  surrendered ;  engaged  by  Dom  Pedro  to  com- 
mand Portuguese  regency  fleet  against  Dom  Miguel, 
1831-1 ;  knighted,  1841  :  admiral,  1861 ;  K.O.B.,  1865 ; 
vice-admiral  of  United  Kingdom,  1869  ;  admiral  of  fleet, 
1869  ;  G.C.B.,  1880.  [1.  308] 

SARTORIUS,  JOHN  (17007-1780  ?),  animal-painter  ; 
exhibited  chiefly  at  Free  Society  of  Artists.  [L  309] 

SARTORIUS,  JOHN  F.  (1775  ?-1831  ?),  painter  of 
sporting  subjects ;  son  of  John  N.  Sartorius  [q.  v.] ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1802-27.  [l.  310] 

SARTORIUS,  JOHN  N.  (1755  ?-1828  ?),  painter  of 
sporting  subjects  ;  sou  of  Francis  Sartorius  [q.  v.l ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1781-18*4.  [1.  310] 


HENRY  (1788-1844),  painter:  exhibited   at 
*•»?  from  1807 :  travelled  In  Italy,  1815-17, 
published  account  of  journey,  1818;  opened  drawing 


school  at  Charlotte  Street,  Bloomsbury,  London,  whicb 
he  conducted  till  1842.  [1.  310] 

SASS  or  BASSE,  RICHARD  (1774-1849),  landscape- 
painter  ;  half-brother  of  Henry  Sass  [q.  v.]  :  exhibit-ol  ;it 
Royal  Academy,  1791-1813  ;  teacher  in  drawing  to  Prin- 
cess Charlotte.  •  [1. 311] 

BASSOON,  Sin  ALBERT  ABDULLAH  DAVID,  first 
baronet  (1818-1896),  merchant ;  born  at  Bagdad,  whence 
his  father,  David  Sassoon  (1792-1864),  who  was  a  mer- 
chant there,  removed  to  Bushire,  and  later  to  Bombay  ; 
educated  in  India  ;  bead  of  firm  at  Bombay,  1864  ;  con- 
structed Sassoou  dock  at  Colaba,  Bombay,  1872-5  ;  O.S.I., 
1867 :  member  of  Bombay  legislative  council,  1868-72  ; 
K.B.,  1872  ;  settled  in  England :  created  baronet,  1890 ; 
spent  large  sums  in  philanthropic  works  in  India  and 
England.  [1.311] 

SATCHWELL,  BENJAMIN  (1732-1809),  founder  of 
the  Leamington  Spa  Charity  ;  shoemaker  at  Leamington 
Priors  ;  discovered  saline  springs,  1784,  and  was  chiefly 
instrumental  in  promoting  prosperity  of  the  modern 
town  of  Leamington  ;  instituted,  1806,  Leamington  Spa 
Charity.  [1.  312] 

SAUL,  ARTHUR  (d.  1585),  divine  ;  M.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1549 ;  fellow,  c.  1546-1553 :  expelled  by 
Bishop  Gardiner,  1553  ;  at  Strasburg  during  Queen  Mary's 
reign  ;  canon  of  Salisbury,  1559,  and  of  Gloucester,  1565. 

[1.  313] 

SAUL,  ARTHUR  (fl.  1614),  writer  on  chess  ;  probably 
son  of  Arthur  Saul  (d.  1585)  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  treatise 
on  use  of  arquebus ;  published  book  on  chess,  1614. 

[1.  313] 

SAULL,  WILLIAM  DEVONSHIRE  (1784-1855), 
geologist ;  F.G.S.,  1831 ;  F.S.A.,  1841 ;  F.R.A.S. ;  pub- 
lished writings  relating  to  geology.  [1.  313] 

SAULT,  RICHARD  (d.  1702),  mathematician  and 
editor ;  kept  a  mathematical  school  near  Royal  Ex- 
change, London,  1694 ;  joint-editor  with  Dunton,  the 
publisher,  of  '  Athenian  Gazette,'  1691 ;  removed,  c.  1700, 
to  Cambridge,  where  he  died;  published  mathematical 
and  other  works.  [L  313] 

SAUMAREZ,  JAMES,  BAHON  DE  SAUMAREZ  (1757- 
1836),  admiral ;  born  at  St.  Peter  Port  ;  lieutenant,  1776  ; 
in  Victory,  the  Channel  flagship,  1778-81 ;  in  action  at 
Dogger  Bank,  1781 :  in  West  Indies,  1782 ;  made  im- 
portant capture  of  French  ship  off  Cherbourg,  and  was 
knighted,  1793 ;  employed  in  blockade  of  Brest,  1795-6; 
at  battle  of  St.  Vincent,  1797,  and  Nile,  1798  ;  made  rear- 
admiral  and  baronet,  1801 ;  with  Brest  fleet,  1801 ;  mad« 
unsuccessful  attack  on  French  off  Algeciras,  but  soon 
after  defeated  French  and  Spanish,  and  was  made  K.B., 
1801;  commanded  Guernsey  station,  1803-7;  vice-admiral 
and  second  in  command  of  fleet  off  Brest,  1807 ;  com- 
manded squadron  in  Baltic,  1808-13;  admiral,  1814; 
rear-admiral  of  United  Kingdom,  1819,  and  vice-admiral, 
1821 ;  cominander-in-chief  at  Plymouth,  1824-7  ;  raised 
to  peerage,  1831 ;  general  of  marines,  1832.  [1.  314] 

8AUMAREZ,  PHILIP  (1710-1747),  navy  captain: 
entered  navy,  1726 ;  lieutenant,  1737 ;  captain,  1743 : 
captured  French  ship  in  Soundings,  1746  ;  with  Anson  at 
Cape  Finisterre,  1747,  and  later  with  Hawke  in  action 
of  14  Oct.,  when  he  was  killed.  [1.  317] 

SAUMAHEZ,  RICHARD  (1764-1835),  surgeon: 
brother  of  James,  baron  de  Saumarez  [q.  v.]  :  studied 
medicine  at  London  Hospital ;  surgeon  at  Magdalen 
Hospital,  Streatham,  1788-1805  ;  practised  in  London  till 
1818  ;  published  physiological  and  other  works. 

SAUMAREZ,  THOMAS  (d.  1766),  navy  captain; 
brother  of  Philip  Saumarez  [q.  v.] ;  captain,  1748;  cap- 
tured French  ship  Belliqueux  in  Bristol  channel,  1758,  and 
commanded  her  in  West  Indies,  1761.  [1.  318] 

BAUMAREZ,  SIR  THOMAS  (1760-1845),  general; 
brother  of  James,  baron  de  Saumarez  [q.  v.] ;  served  In 
North  America  during  revolutionary  war ;  president 
and  commauder-in-chief  of  New  Brunswick,  1813 ; 
general,  1838.  [1.  317] 

8AUNDERS,  SIR  CHARLES  (1713  ?-1775),  ad- 
miral ;  entered  navy,  1727 ;  lieutenant,  1734 :  with 
George  (afterwards  Baron)  Anson  [q.  v.]  1739 ;  commander 
and  captain,  1741 ;  on  home  station,  1745  ;  assisted  in 
defeat  by  Hawke  of  French  under  M.  de  l'Eteudu6re, 


SAUNDERS 


ii.v.* 


SAVAGE 


14  Oct.  1747  :  M.I'.,  Plymouth,  1780,  Heydon,  17*4-76  ; 
commodore  and  coiumuuder-ln-ohief  on  Newfoun 
station,  1752;  comptroller  of  navy,  17M;  commander- 
in  <  hief  of  rtoet  for  tbe  St.  Lawrence,  1769;  returnel  U> 
•  •..I  after  surrender  of  Quebec ;  commander- in-chief 
in  Moditerranean,  1760;  K.H.,  1761:  lord  of  admiralty, 
17G5,  and  first  lord,  1766 ;  admiral.  [U  119] 

SAUNDERS,  Bin  EDMUND  (d.  1683),  judge;  born 
of  poor  parent* ;  gained  living  by  imvular  nnployment 
in  Clement's  Inn  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1664 ;  began, 
1666,  his  '  Reports '  ID  king's  bench,  which,  extending  to 
1678,  were  first  published,  1686 :  appeared  as  counsel  for 
Strufford,  1680,  and  against  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
1681 ;  bencher  of  Middle  Temple,  168) :  lord  chief-justice 
of  king's  bench,  1683  ;  made  serjeant-at-law  and  knighted, 
1683.  [1.  Ml] 

SAUNDERS,  SIR  EDWARD  (d.  1576),  judge;  edu- 
cated  at  Cambridge :  entered  Middle  Temple :  Lent  reader, 
1533;  autumn  reader,  1619 :  king's  serjeaut,  1M7  ;  re- 
corder of  Coventry;  M.P.,  Coventry,  1M1,  Lontwithirl. 
1547,  and  Saltash,  1663  ;  justice  of  common  plea*.  1653  : 
jurtice  of  common  pleas  in  county  palatine  of  Lancaster, 
1M4 ;  knighted,  1565 ;  chlef-jnstlce  of  queen's  bench, 
1556 ;  degraded  to  position  of  chief-baron  of  exchequer, 
1669.  [L322] 

8AUNDERS,  ERASMUS  (1670-17*4),  divine :  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1696  ;  D.D.,  1712 ;  prebeiulary  of 
St.  David's,  1709 ;  published  religious  works.  [L  3X3] 

SAUNDERS,  Sin  GEORGE  (1671  ?-1734>  rear-adml- 
ral ;  served  some  years  in  merchant  service ;  entered 
navy,  1689;  lieutenant,  1694;  commander  and  captain, 
1702;  on  Irish  station,  1702-10;  In  Channel,  1710-15: 
in  Baltic,  1717,  and  Mediterranean,  1718-20,  under  Byng: 
knighted,  1720  ;  commissioner  of  victualling  office,  1721- 
1727;  extra  commi*sioner  of  navy,  1727-9:  comptroller 
of  treasurer's  account,  1729-34;  M.?.,  Queenborough, 
1728;  rear-admiral,  1732.  [1.324] 

SAUNDERS,  GEORGE  (1762-1839),  architect :  sur- 
veyor for  Middlesex;  iMgiiMl  extensions  of  British 
Museum,  1804  ;  F.S.A.,  1808  ;  F.R.S. ;  published  papers 
on  architectural  subjects.  [1.  S24J 

SAUNDERS,  HENRY  (1728-1785),  schoolmaster: 
B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1750 ;  curate  of  Walnesbury 
and  (c.  1756)  of  Shenstone ;  usher  at  King  Edward's  School, 
Birmingham ;  master  of  Halesowen  school,  1771,  and 
curate  of  Oldbury ;  wrote  history  of  Shenstone,  published, 
1794.  [1. 326] 

SAUNDERS,  JOHN  (1810-1895),  author ;  edited  Wil- 
liam Hewitt's  '  Living  Political  Reformers ' ;  formed  con- 
nection with  Charles  Knight  (1791-1873)  [q.  v.],  for 
whom  be  wrote  much  of  '  Old  England '  and  '  London  ' : 
contributed  to  '  Penny  Magazine '  articles  on  Chaucer, 
which  formed  basis  of  introduction  to '  Canterbury  Tales,' 
1846 ;  founded  '  People's  Journal,'  1846 ;  his  blank-verse 
tragedy,  'Love's  Martyrdom,'  produced  by  Buckstone, 
at  Haymarket,  London,  1855 ;  published  poems  and  several 
novels.  [1-  525] 

SAUNDERS,  JOHN  CUNNINGHAM  (1773-1810), 
ophthalmic  surgeon  ;  apprenticed  as  eurgeon,  1790-5 ; 
studied  at  St.  Thomas's  and  Guy's  hospitals,  London  ; 
demonstrator  in  anatomy  at  St.  Thomas's,  1797,  holding 
the  poet,  with  a  short  interval,  till  death  ;  took  prominent 
part  in  founding  Royal  London  Ophthalmic  Hospital; 
published  works  on  the  eye  and  ear. 

8AUNDERS,  KATHERINE  (afterwards  MRS. 
Cooi'KRH  1841-1894),  novelist:  daughter  of  John  Sann- 
ders  [q.  v.]  ;  married  the  Rev.  Richard  Cooper,  1876  :  pub- 
lished works  of  fiction,  1873  93.  [1.  326] 

SAUNDERS,  LAURENCE  (d.  1555),  martyr  ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1654: 
B.D. ;  prebendary  of  York,  1552  ;  rector  of  All  Hallows, 
Bread  Street,  London,  1553;  apprehended  by  Bonner, 
1554,  condemned  for  heresy,  and  burned  at  Coventry. 

[L327] 

SAUNDERS,  MARGARET  (/.  1702-1744),  actress ; 
played  Klareit  in  Gibber's  'Love's  Last  Shift'  »t  Hay- 
market,  London,  and  was  tbe  original  Wish  well  in  Gibber's 
•Double  Gallant,'  1707;  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1708-9, 
again  at  Haymarkn,  London,  1709-10,  and  from  1711-21 
at  Drury  Lone  :  after  retirement  (1721)  was  a  frtendand 
confidential  attendant  of  Mrs.  OldfleW.  11  3:', ; 


astrologer;  practised  astrology  m 
~    {moTlslMd  astrological  and 


C.  1647; 


BA 
dan 


AUNDERS.   RICHARD  HCCK- (17IO-17H6).  phyti- 
;  studied  at  St.  Tbomas's  Hospital,  London ;  ear. 

geon  in  Lord  BanpUTs  regiment,  17O-8;  M.D.  Mariscbal 

..,,.•,.   LbSJ  :•••     i:.-      -  H 

,.  to  hi  LTN   h  psrrad    • 


. t  ••>     U  »     *•»,*'.      Mail  ••iniasj 

to  MM  regiment,  mo ; 
ioa.  1766-62;  settled  In 


London :  F.R.C.P.,  1784 :  physician  to  Middlesex  Hospital. 
1766-8,  and  to  St.  Thomas's,  London,  1768-77.     [1.  329] 

BAUNDERS.  Ti«>MA8  WILLIAM  (1814-18MX 
police  magistrate:  barrister. Middle  Temple, Ite7 1  metro- 
politan police  magistrate  at  Thames  polios-court,  London. 
1878-90  ;  published.  Independently  or  In  coilaboraUon, 
numerous  legal  works  and  compilations .  [1. 129] 

8AUNDER8,  WILLIAM  (1743-1817),  physician; 
M.li.  Hdlnbiinrli.  17«6  ;  practised  in  London :  physician  to 
Guy's  Hospital,  London,  1770-1802;  F.R.C.P.,  1790,  and 
censor,  1791,  1798,  1806,  and  1811:  Gulstonlan  lecturer, 
1792:  Harvdan  orator,  1796;  F.K-B.,  1791:  physician  to 
George,  prince  regent,  1807;  first  president  of  Royal 
,  1806  :  pnbllahed  medical 

n.no] 


V.    I,M:  :,::i  «   :.  ,    .:/      .-..'. 


BAUNDERS,  WILLIAM  (18)3-18961  joumalUt  and 
politician :  opened  quarries  near  Box  tunnel,  c.  1844 ; 
started  '  Plymouth  Western  Morning  News,'  1860.  and 
'Eastern  Momlng  News'  (Hull),  1804:  started  (1861) 
Central  Press  news-agency,  which  became  Central  News 
Agency,  1870:  liberal  M.P.  for  East  Hull,  188f,  and  Wai- 
worth,  1892 ;  published  political  writings.  [L  III] 

SAUNDERS,  WILLIAM  WILSON  (1809-1879X  ento- 
mologist; educated  at  East  India  Company's  academy. 


Addiscombe ;  obtained  commission  In  engineers  ;  in  India, 
1830-1 ;  resigned  commission  and  became  underwriter  at 
Lloyd's;  F.L.8.,  1833,  and  treasurer,  1861-73;  president 
of  Entomological  Society,  1841-2  and  1866-7:  F.RA, 
1868;  F.Z.8.,  1861;  president.  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  ;  published  writings  on  entomology  and  botany. 

•;.  :;3i; 

8AUNDER80N,  MRS.  (d.  1711),  actress:  member  of 
the  Lincoln's  Inn  company :  married  Thomas  Betterton 
[q.  v.]  the  actor ;  pensioned  after  her  husband's  death  by 
Queen  Anne;  her  Lady  Macbeth  much  admired  by  Colley 
Cibber  [q.  v.]  [lv.  436] 

SAUNDERSON  or  SANDERSON,  NICHOLAS 
(1682-1739),  mathematician  :  lost  his  eyes  through  small- 
pox in  infancy:  mathematical  teacher  at  Cambridge, 
1707;  made  M.A.  by  special  patent  from  Queen  Anne, 
1711,  and  was  elected  professor  of  mathematics:  LL.D.. 
1728;  F.RA,  1719;  member  of  Spltolflelds  Mathematical 
Society  (Jf.  1717-1845).  His  'Algebra'  (1740)  and  other 
mathematical  writings  printed  posthumously.  [1.  331} 

8AUNFORD.    [See  SAKDFORD.] 

SAURIN,  WILLIAM  (1767  7-1839),  politician ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1777;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn; 
called  to  Irish  bar,  1780;  opposed  the  onion,  1796; 
M.P.,  BlesHngton,  1799,  continuing  bis  opposition  to  tbe 
union:  attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1807-22:  promoted 
an  anti-catholic  agitation,  and  was  accordingly  removed 
by  Welkeley,  1822 :  returned  practice  at  Chancery  bar, 
1822 ;  active  promoter  of  formation  of  Brunswick  Club, 
1828;  retired  from  practice,  1831. 

SAUTRE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1401).    [See  SAWTBKT.] 

SAVAGE,  SIR  ARNOLD  (d.  1376),  politician :  served 
in  France,  1346  ;  warden  of  coasts  of  Lent,  1356  ;  mayor 
of  Bordeaux,  1359-63.  [L  335] 

SAVAGE,  SIR  ARNOLD  (<*.  1410),  speaker  of  tbe 
House  of  Commons ;  son  of  Sir  Arnold  Savage  (<f.  1376) 
[q.  v.] ;  served  with  John  of  Gaunt  in  Spain,  13*  :  con- 
stable of  Queenborough,  1392-6:  knight  of  shire  for 
Kent,  1390 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1401  and 
1404 :  formulated  petitions  that  redress  of  grirvaneei 
should  precede  supply ;  member  of  council  of  Henry, 
prince oTwalee:  again  represented  Kent,  1401 ;  member 
of  great  council,  1404-6.  [L  336] 

8AVAOE,  HENRY  (1604 7-1672),  divine:  M.A.  Bal- 
liol  CollegeToxford.  1«0 ;  fellow,  1618;  BJX,  1617; 


SAVAGE 


1160 


SAVILE 


Balliol,  1651-72:  D.D.,  1651  :  chaplain  in  ordi- 
nary to  Charles  II,  1660;  canon  of  cioiu-ot.-r.  1C65: 
oblished  theolojrtcal  works  and  an  historical  volume  re- 
lating to  BalliolOollege  (1668).  [L  336] 

SAVAGE,  JAMES  (1767-1845),  antiquary;  in  lm-i- 
neai  with  his  brother,  William  Savage  (1770-1843)  [q.  v.], 
as  printer  and  bookseller  at  Howden,  1790;  went  to 
London,  1803 ;  assistant-librarian  to  London  Institution, 
1806 ;  subsequently  edited  •  Dorset  County  Chronicle ' : 
Dublinhed  antiquarian  works  relating  to  Somerset,  Dorset, 
and  Yorkshire.  d-  337] 

SAVAGE,  JAMES  (1779-1852),  architect;  studiel 
at  Royal  Academy:  exhibited  between  1799  and  1832; 
designed  Ormond  Bridge  (1805)  and  Richmond  Bridge 
(1808)  over  Llffey,  Dublin  ;  architect  to  Society  of  Middle 
Temple,  1830:  F.R.I.B.A. :  published  'Observations  on 
Styles  in  Architecture,'  1836.  [1.  888] 

SAVAGE,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1492),  politician  and  soldier ; 
brother  of  Thomas  Savage  (d.  1507)  [q.  v.] :  K.B.,  1465 : 
mayor  of  Chester,  1484  and  1485 ;  fought  for  Henry  of 
Richmond  at  Bosworth,  and  on  Richmond's  accession  as 
Henry  VII  received  large  grants  of  land  ;  K.G.,  1488  ; killed 
at  siege  of  Boulogne.  [1.  338] 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (d.  1586),  Roman  catholic  con- 
spirator ;  served  with  Duke  of  Parma  in  Low  Countries  ; 
joined  conspiracy  of  John  Ballard  [q.  v.]  and  Babington 
for  murder  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  release  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  1586  ;  one  of  six  nominated  to  assassinate  Queen 
Elixabeth  ;  arrested  and  hanged.  [1.  339] 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (fl.  1690-1700),  engraver  and  print- 
seller  in  London ;  executed  portraits  of  several  eminent 
persons  of  his  day,  including  •  the  Antipapists.'  [1.  339] 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (1673-1 747), divine;  of  Westminster 
School  and  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1698  ; 
BJ).  and  D.D.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1707  :  held  livings 
of  Bigrave,  1701-8,  and  Clothall,  1708-47  ;  published 
historical  and  other  works,  besides  translations  from 
French,  Spanish,  and  Latin.  [1.  340] 

SAVAGE,  JOHN  (1828-1888),  Irish  poet;  studied  at 
art  schools  of  Royal  Dublin  Society  :  joined  revolutionary 
clubs  in  Dublin :  proprietor  of  '  Irish  Tribune ' ;  took  part 
in  rising  in  south  :  fled  to  New  York,  1848 ;  literary  editor 
of  » Irish  Citizen,'  New  York,  1854 ;  editor,  1857,  and,  later, 
proprietor  of  4The  States,1  Washington;  Fenian  agent  in 
Paris,  1868 ;  published  poetical  and  historical  works. 

SAVAGE,  SIR  JOHN  BOSC AWEN  (1760-1843).'  major- 
general  ;  ensign,  1762;  lieutenant  of  marines,  1777;  cap- 
tain, 1793 :  in  actions  off  L'Oricnt,  St.  Vincent,  and  at 
Nile ;  at  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  marines, 
1816 ;  K.C.H.,  1833 ;  K.C.B.,  1839  ;  major-general,  1837. 

[1.  341] 

SAVAGE,  MARMION  W.  (1803-1872),  novelist ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1824 ;  held  position  under  Irish 
government  in  Dublin ;  editor  of  '  Examiner,'  London ; 
published  novels.  .  [1. 342] 

SAVAGE,  RICHARD,  fourth  EARL  RIVKRS  (1660  ?- 
1713),  general;  MJ>.,  Wigan,  1681;  lieutenant  in  fourth 
troop  of  horse-guards,  1686 ;  joined  William  of  Orange  on 
his  landing :  member  for  Liverpool  In  Convention  parlia- 
ment;  fought  in  attack  on  Cork,  1690;  accompanied 
William  III  to  Flanders,  1691  and  1692 ;  received  com- 
mand of  third  troop  of  horse-guards,  1692  ;  major-general, 
1693;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1694;  lieutenant-general  in 
Flanders,  1702;  commanded  force  which  was  intended  to 
proceed  to  France,  but  which  subsequently  proceeded  to 
Lisbon,  1706-7 ;  returned  home,  1708 :  general  of  horse, 
1708 ;  constable  of  Tower  of  London,  1709  ;  plenipo- 
tentiary to  elector  of  Hanover,  1710  ;  master  of  ordnance 
and  colonel  of  blues,  1711 ;  intimate  with  Swift  and  with 
Barley's  circle1;  member  of  the  Saturday  Club.  [1.  342] 

SAVAGE,  RICHARD  (d.  1743),  poet ;  probably  of 
humble  birth,  but  claimed  to  be  illegitimate  son  of  Richard 
Savage,  fourth  earl  Rivers  [q.  v.],  by  Anne,  daughter  of 
Sr  Richard  Mason,  and  wife  of  Charles  Gerard,  second 
earl  of  Macclwfldd  [q.  v.],  who  treated  him  with 
marked  hostility;  turned  to  literature  for  livdihood; 
gained  friendship  of  Wilks  the  comedian,  and  of  Kteele, 
by  his  comedy,  'Love  in  a  Veil,'  acted  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1718 :  played,  at  Drnry  Lane,  London,  title-role  in 
his  tragedy,  •Sir  Thomas  Orerbury,1  1723:  the  story  of 
Us  birth  published  by  Aaron  Hill  in  the  •  Plain  Dealer,' 


1724  ;  condemned  to  death  for  killiiiG:  a  gentleman  in  a 
tavern,  1727,  but  pardoned,  1728;  published  works  iir 
verse  (including  '  The  Bastard,'  1728)  and  prose  relating 
to  story  of  his  birth,  but  agreed  to  abstain  from  further 
attacks  on  receipt  of  pension  from  Lord  Tyrconnel,  Mrs. 
Brett's  nephew;  published,  1729,  ' The  Wanderer,'  which 
he  considered  his  masterpiece ;  applied,  unsuccessfully,  for 
post  of  poet  laureate,  1730,  but  obtained  pension  from 
Queen  Caroline  on  condition  of  celebrating  her  birthday 
annually  with  an  ode,  and  assumed  title  of  '  volunteer 
laureate';  made  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Johnson,  c.  1737; 
subsequently  lived  in  great  poverty,  and  died  at  Bristol. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  published,  1776. 

[1.  346] 

SAVAGE,  Sm  ROLAND  (d.  1519),  lord  of  Lecale,  co. 
Down ;  seneschal  of  Ulster,  1482 ;  deprived  of  estates  as 
rebel,  c.  1515.  [1.  348] 

SAVAGE,  SAMUEL  MORTON  (1721-1791),  divine: 
appointed  by  trustees  of  William  Coward  (d.  1738)  [q.  v.] 
assistant-tutor  in  natural  science  and  classics  at  Fund 
Academy,  London,  1744 ;  pastor  (1757-87)  to  independent 
congregation  at  Duke's  Place,  St.  Mary  Axe,  London  ;  hdil 
divinity  chair  at  the  academy  (then  removed  to  Hoxton 
Square),  London,  1762-85  ;  published  sermons.  [1.  349] 

SAVAGE,  THOMAS  (d.  1507),  archbishop  of  York ; 
brother  of  Sir  John  Savage  (d.  1492)  [q.  v.] ;  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge ;  chaplain  to  Henry  VII,  1485  :  concluded  treaty  of 
Medina  del  Campo,  1488  ;  represented  England  at  Boulogne 
conference,  1490 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1492-6,  and  Lon- 
don, 1496-1501 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1501-7.  [1.  350] 

SAVAGE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1620),  colonist :  went  to 
Virginia  with  Captain  Christopher  Newport,  1608  :  Indian 
interpreter  to  Virginia  Company.  [1. 350] 

SAVAGE,  THOMAS  (1608-1682),  major :  apprenticed 
to  Merchant  Taylors,  London,  1621 ;  went  with  Sir  Harry 
Vane  to  Massachusetts,  1635  ;  freeman  of  Boston,  1636  ; 
founded,  with  William  Coddington  Lq.  v.],  settlement  of 
Rhode  island,  1638 ;  captain  of  artillery  company,  Boston. 
1651 ;  represented  Boston  at  general  court,  1654  :  several 
times  speaker  of  assembly  ;  commanded  state  forces  against 
Philip,  chief  of  the  Narragansets,  1675.  [I.  350] 

SAVAGE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1736),  divine:  M.A.  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  1693;  D.D.,  1717;  master  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1719-36  ;  vice-chancellor 
of  Cambridge,  1724  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Aune's,  Blackfriar.*, 
London,  1720.  [1.  340] 

SAVAGE,  WILLIAM  (1770-1843),  printer  and  book- 
seller ;  in  business  at  Howdeii,  1790-7  ;  brother  of  James 
Savage  (1767-1845)  [q.  v.] ;  printer  to  Royal  Institution, 
London,  c.  1799:  began  business  as  printer  in  London, 
1803;  published  'Dictionary  of  Art  of  Printing,'  1840-1. 

[1.  351] 

SAVARIC  (d.  1205),    divine :    treasurer   of  Sarnm, 
1180 ;  with  Richard  I  on  crusade ;  elected  bishop  of  Bath  in 
his  absence,  and  consecrated  at  Rome,  1192;  engaged  in 
negotiations  with  the  emperor  Henry  VI  for  Richard  I's 
release,  1193,   and   present  at  conclusion  of   treaty  at 
Worms  ;  appointed  by  the  emperor  Henry  VI  chancellor 
of  Burgundy,    1194:  obtained  from  Pope  (/destine  III 
privilege  declaring  Qlastonbury  united  to  Bath,  with  equal 
rights  as  cathedral  church,  1195  ;  on  appeal  of  monks  of 
!  Glastonbury  procured  second  privilege  from  Pope  Celes- 
tine  III,  1196,  and  obtained  possession  of  abbey  of  Glaston- 
I  bury,  1197,  but  was  deprived  by  Richard  1, 1198  ;  obtained 
I  King  John's  consent  again  to  take  possession,  1199,  the 
union  of  the  churches  being  confirmed  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent III,  1200  ;  granted  charter  to  city  of  Wells,  1201. 

[1. 351] 

8AVEKY,  THOMAS (1650 9-171 5),  military  engineer: 
patented  invention  for  rowing  vessels  by  means  of  paddle- 
wheels,  1696,  and  machine  for  raising  water,  embodying 
I  practical  application  of  steam-power,  1698  ;  captain  of  e»- 
'  gineers,  1702  ;  surveyor  to  waterworks  at  Hampton  Court, 
i  1714  ;  published  accounts  of  his  inventions.          [1.  354] 

SAVILE,  BOURCHIER  WREY  (1817-1888),  divine; 

of  Westminster  and  Emmanuel  College, Cambridge:  M.A., 

1842;  rector  of  Dunchideook-with-Shillingford  St.  George, 

i  1872-88  ;  discredited  the  belief  in  the  Jewish  origin  of  the 

English  people,  1880  ;  published  theological  works. 

SAVILE,  SIR  GEORGE,  MARQUIS  OF  HAi.iK.\x(1633- 
1695),  son  of  Sir  William  Savile  of  Thornhill  (d.  1644), 
royalist  governor  successively  of  Sheffield  and  York,  and 


SAVILE 


1161 


SAVOY 


Anne,  daughter  of  Thomas  Coventry,  first  baron  Coventry 
[q.  v.],  who  subsequently  remarried  Sir  Thorn**  Chlcbeley 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.I'.  for  Pontefract  in  Convention,  1660  ;  captain 
of  Prinoe  Rupert's  bam,  1667  ;  created  Baron  SavUe  of 
Eland  and  Viscount  Halifax,  1668;  oommiarionar  of 
trade,  1669;  privy  councillor,  1671;  MO*  OB  mlarion  to 
Louis  XIV,  1672  :  opposed  Tert  Aote  ;  created  Hart  of 
Halifax,  1679:  opposed  bill  for  exclusion  of  Jaroei  from 
succession,  1679  ;  opposed  also  execution  of  Stafford,  1679; 
in  BBaWinlialiiin  with  William  of  Orange;  elevated  to 
rank  of  marquis,  1683  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1682-4  ;  circulate! 
in  manuscript  hi*  pamphlet,  'Character  of  a  Trimmer' 
(printed,  with  title  inscribed  'By  the  Honourable  Sir 
W[illiam]  Coventry],'  1688).  in  which  he  urged  Charles  II 
to  free  himself  from  the  influence  of  bis  brother  in  * 
of  obtaining  succession  of  Monmouth,  president  of 
1685  ;  opposed  repeal  of  Tot  and  Habeas  Corpus  AcU  ; 
was  dismissed  from  council,  1686;  framed  petition  to 
Jamai  i!  taMattfif  HDniMDfa*  at  tnt  j.,:.  .:>,  ..t.  :.n.i 
Ofcabe*]  ,.f  BOOM  onthoHoi  Cm  aatoa,  Utt;  Ml  to 
James  II,  with  Oodolphln  and  Nottingham,  to  try  and 
arrange  compromise  with  William  of  Orange  ;  presided 
over  council  of  lords  which  provided  for  safety  of  London  : 
chairman  of  meeting  of  peers  who  requested  William  of 
Orange  to  undertake  provisional  government  and  summon 
Convention  ;  chosen  regular  speaker  of  peers  on  meeting 
of  Convention,  1689;  requested  Prinoe  and  Princess  of 
Orange  to  accept  crown  ;  lord  privy  seal,  1689-90  :  struck 
off  council  a*  persistent  absentee,  1692.  His  pamphlet* 
were  collected,  1700.  [1.  M6] 

SAVILE,  Sm  GEORGE,  eighth  baronet  (1726-1784), 
politician;  served  as  captain  against  rebels,  1745;  M.A. 
and  LL.D.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1749  ;  M.P.,  York- 
shire,  1759-83;  successfully  introduced  Nullum  Tempo* 
Bill,  1768  ;  made  several  unsuccessful  effort*  from  1771  to 
bring  in  a  bill  to  secure  rights  of  elector*  ;  supported,  in  a 
remarkable  speech,  clerical  petition  for  relief  from  sub- 
scription to  Thirty-nine  Articles,  1772:  supported  resist- 
ance of  the  American  colonies.  1775  :  successfully  brought 
in  bill  for  relief  of  Roman  catholics  from  certain  obsolete 
penalties  and  disabilities,  1778,  and  in  consequence  was 
subjected  to  attacks  of  Gordon  rioters,  1780  ;  presented 
petition  for  economical  reforms,  1779  :  unsuccessfully  in- 
troduced bill  to  secure  protestant  religion  from  popish 
encroachments  :  moved,  unsuccessfully,  for  select  com- 
mittee of  inquiry  on  occasion  of  North's  loan  ;  resigned 
seat  from  lll-henfth,  1783  ;  F.R.8.  ;  vice-president  of  Society 
of  Arts.  Some  of  his  letters  on  political  subjects  were 
printed  posthumously.  [L  364] 

8AVILB,  Sm  HENRY  (1549-1622),  scholar  ;  matricu- 
lated at  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1561  ;  fellow  of  Merton 
College,  1565  :  M.A.,  1570;  lectured  in  mathematics:  for 
brief  period  resident  for  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Low  Countries  ; 
tutor  In  Greek  to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  warden  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1585-1623;  translated  'Historic*  of 
Tacitus,'  1591  ;  secretary  of  Latin  tongue  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth: held  in  eomnumdam  deanery  of  Carlisle,  1595: 
provost  of  Eton  (retaining  wardenship  of  Merton  College), 
1596  :  knighted,  1604  ;  one  of  scholars  commissioned  to 
prepare  authorised  translation  of  bible  ;  published  edition 
of  St.  Chrysostmn,  1610-13,  printed  by  the  king's  printer; 
published  edition  of  Xenophon's  •  Cyropmdia,'  1613: 
assisted  Bodley  in  founding  his  library  ;  founded  Savile 
professorships  of  geometry  and  astronomy  at  Oxford  ; 
left  manuscript*,  now  In  Bodleian  Library.  [L  367] 

SAVILE,  8m  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1579-1632),  son 
of  Sir  John  Savile  (  1545-1607)  [q.  v.]  :  studied  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  and  Middle  Temple;  knighted,  1603; 
created  baronet,  1611;  M.P.,  Aldborougb,  1604-11  and 
1614  ;  vice-president  of  council  of  north  before  1627. 

[L  372] 

SAVILE,  HENRY  (1642-1687),  diplomatist:  gentle- 
tnan  of  bedchamber  to  Duke  of  York,  1665  :  took  part  In 
fights  with  Dutch  off  North  Foreland,  1666,  and  in 
Burlington  Bay  (of  which  he  wrote  an  account),  1672: 
envoy  extraordinary  to  Louis  XIV  :  groom  of  chamber  to 
Charles  II  :  M  J?.,  Newark,  1677  ;  envoy  In  Paris,  1679-82  : 
rice-chamberlain,  1680  ;  commissioner  of  admiralty,  1682- 
1684  ;  re-appointed  vice-chamberlain  by  James  II,  holding 
office  till  1687.  His  correspondence  was  published,  1858. 


SAVILE,  JEREMIAH  (/.  1651).  musician:  taught 
music  in  London  during  Commonwealth  ;  composed  part- 
song  '  The  Waits,'  first  published,  1667.  [L  371] 


SAVILE,  8m  JOHN  (1644-1607),  fudge:  brother  of 

ZXS&SS&^®£5££5S. 

is;  &ajr»s&zJBrs£ 
^SAawSSS^^ 

SAVILE,  JOHN,  flrrt  BAROXSAVIUC  or  POXTOTUCT 
( 1666-1630 X  politician  ;  M.P.,  Lincolnshire,  I486  :  sheriff 
of  Lincolnshire,  1400;  knight  of  shire  for  York.  1697. 
1614,  1624,  and  1424;  e*tt<*  rtf  mlerum  of  West  RMln* 
of  Yorkshire :  ejected  from  office.  1616.  but  ^appointed. 
1626  :  privy  councillor. ;  comptroller  of  hoasehota,1427- 
1410 ;  created  Baron  SavUe,  1427.  tTl72] 

SAVILE,  JOHN,  first  BAROX  SAYIUC  or  RtrrroRu 
(1818-1896), diplomatist:  clerk  in  librarian's  department 
at  foreign  office,  1841 :  attache  at  Berlin,  184TT trans- 
ferred to  St.  Petersburg,  1849 ;  secretary  of  legation  at 
Washington,  1864  ;  at  Madrid,  1868;  • 
at  Constantinople,  and  later  at  St. 
envoy  to  king  of  Saxony,  1864 :  transferred  to 
r.  1869 :  British  minister  in  Rome  and  j 
1883;  retired  from  service,  1888,  and  wai  raised  to 
peerage  ;  G.C.B.,  1885  ;  collected  pictures  and  antfqnltie*. 

[1.  373] 

SAVILE,  THOMAS  (,/.  1593),  antiquary ;  brother  of 
Sir  Henry  Savile  ( 1549-1622)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  1586  :  fellow,  1580 ;  proctor,  1692 :  wrote  letter* 
on  British  antiquities,  printed  posthumously.  [L  370] 

SAVILE.  THOMAS,  first  Vwcorvr  BAViue  or 
CAHTLKBAR  In  Irish  peerage,  second  BAROK  SATIUC  or 
POXTKPRACT,  and  first  EARL  or  SCMKX  in  KnglUh 
peerage  (15907-16587),  son  of  John  SavUe,  first  baron 
Savlle  of  Pontefract  [q.  v.1;  member  of  Inner  Tempi*. 
1610;  knighted,  1617;  M.P..  Yorkshire,  1624;  joint- 
steward  and  warden  of  forest  of  Gnaltres  and  gentleman 
of  privy  chamber  to  Charles  1, 1626  ;  elected  member  for 
York,  1628,  but  unseated  on  petition ;  created  Viscount 
Savile,  162H ;  promised  assistance  to  Scott Uh  invading 
army,  and  sent  letter  signed  by  himself  and  with  forged 
signatures  of  Bedford,  Essex.  Brooke,  Warwick,  Scrape, 
and  .Vaudeville  (forgery  condoned  on  plea  that  be  acted 
on  patriotic  grounds):  privy  councillor,  1611  ;  lord  presi- 
dent of  council  of  north  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Yorkshire ; 
commissioner  of  regency,  1641 ;  treasurer  of  household, 
1641 :  prevented  presentation  of  anti-royalist  petition  by 
people  of  Yorkshire,  1642,  and  was  declared  Incapable  of 
sitting  in  parliament :  vindicated  his  conduct  to  parlia- 
ment, and  was  promised  protection:  Imprisoned  in 
Newark  Castle  by  royalist  general,  Newcastle :  defended 
himself  to  diaries  I  and  was  pardoned,  1643 :  created  Earl 
of  Sussex,  1644  ;  was  Impeached  of  treason  to  Charles  I. 
1646,  and  succeeded  in  joining  parUamcntariansT  took 
covenant,  1646 ;  died  In  retirement.  [L  374] 

SAVILE,  WILLIAM,  second  MARQCI*  or  HALIFAX 
(1665-1 700),  son  of  George  Savile,  first  marquis  of  Halifax 
[q.  v.],  by  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Hmry  Spencer,  first  «irl 
of  Snnderland  :  M'.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1681 ;  M.P., 
Newark,  1689-96.  [L  342] 

8AVIOLO,  VINCENTIO  (ft.  1595X  writer  on  fencing : 
born  at  Padua ;  entered  service  of  Earl  of  Essex  :  pub- 
lished,  1596,  'Practise,'  a  work  on  fencing  with  which 
Shakespeare  was  familiar.  [L  377] 

BAVONA,  LAURENCE  WILLIAM  OF  (.*.  I486). 
Franciscan  of  London :  D.D.  Cambridge ;  published 
•  Margarita  EloquentUe,'  1480.  [L  377] 

BAVOBT,  SIR  WILLIAM  8COVBLL,  first  baronet 
(1826-1895),  surgeon  ;  studied  at  Bt  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  London:  M.R.C.&.  1847;  M.B.  London,  1848; 
lecturer  on  general  anatomy  and  surgery,  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's, 1869  ;  surgeon,  1867-91 :  governor  of  the  hospital 
1891 :  lecturer  on  surgery,  1869-89 ;  P.R.C.S.,  1862,  member 
of  council,  1877,  and  president,  1885-9;  Hunterian  pro- 
fessor of  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology,  1849-41 ; 
Bradsbaw  lecturer,  1884  ;  opposed  Lister's  antiseptic 
method  of  surgery,  1879 :  surgeon  extraordinary  to  Quern 
Victoria,  1887;  created  baronet,  1890;  FJL&,  1848; 
published  surgical  work*.  [L  178] 

8AVOT,  BONIFACE  or  (*  1270X    [See  BosirAC*.] 

8AVOT,  PETER  or,  EARL  or  RICHMOND  (<*.  1M8). 


SAWBBIDGE 


1162 


SCALES 


BAWBRIDOB,  JOHN  (1732?-1796),  lord  mayor  of 
London-    M.I'..    Hytlu-.   17<J« :    helped  to  form  society 
known  a*  Supporters  of  Bill  of  Rights  ;  sheriff  of  London   | 
and  alderman  of  ward  of  Laugbourn,  1768 ;  lord  mayor   , 
if  Lon£>Tl775;   M.P.,  London,  1774,  1780,   1784,  and 
'.-u  [1.379] 

SAWBET  SOLOMON  (1765-1825),  surgeon  :  member 
of  Corporation  of  Surgeons,  1796;  demonstrator  to 
AndrcwlCanhaU  M.D.  ( 1742-181 3X  under  whom  he  had 
studied ;  published  surgical  works.  (.1.  380] 

BAWTREY  or  8AWTRE,  JAMES  (ft.  1541),  pro- 
tertant  writer;  published  'Defence  of  Marriage  of 
Prelate*,1 1541.  [I-  380] 

BAWTREY,  WILLIAM  (d.  1401),  lollard;  charged 
with  heresies  before  Bishop  Henry  le  Despenser  [q.  v.], 
1S99  •  probably  implicated  in  rising  of  Earls  of  Kent  and 
Huntingdon,  1400;  attached  to  St.  Osyth'g,  London, 
1401 ;  condemned  by  Archbishop  Thomas  Arundel  [q.  v.] 
on  various  charges  of  heresy,  and  burnt  at  Smithfleld, 
being  first  victim  of  statute  'De  Hseretico  Comburendo.' 

SAWYER.  EDMUND  (d.  1759),  master  of  chancery  ; 
member  of  Inner  Temple  and  (1718)  of  Lincoln's  Inn; 
master  in  Chancery,  1738;  compiled  'Memorials'  col- 
lected from  papers  of  Sir  R.  Win  wood,  1725.  [1.  381] 

SAWYER,  HERBERT  (1731?-1798),  admiral;  en- 
tered navy,  1747;  lieutenant,  1756;  captain,  1759;  served 
on  coast  of  Prance;  in  West  Indies,  1778-9;  at  relief  of 
Gibraltar,  1781:  commodore  and  commander-in-chief  at 
Halifax ;  admiral,  1795.  [1.  381] 

SAWYER,  SIH  ROBERT  (1633-1692),  lawyer; 
4  chamber  fellow '  with  Samuel  Pepys  at  Magdalene  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  first  Craven  scholar,  1649 ;  Dennis 
fellow,  1654;  M.A.  and  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1655 ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  and  treasurer,  1683-8  ;  M.P.,  Chip- 
ping Wycombe,  1673 ;  knighted,  1677 ;  speaker,  April- 
May,  1678  ;  assisted  in  drafting  Exclusion  Bill ;  attorney- 
general,  1681 ;  represented  crown  on  second  occasion  on 
which  the  case  against  city  of  London  charter  was 
argued,  1682;  conducted  Rye  House  plot  prosecutions, 
1683-4:  appeared  against  Algernon  Sidney,  1683,  and 
against  Titus  Gates,  1685;  obtained  conviction  of  Sir 
Thomas  Armstrong  [q.  v.],  1684 ;  senior  counsel  for  the 
seven  bishops,  1688  :  member  for  Cambridge  University 
in  Convention  parliament,  1689  ;  attacked  for  his  conduct 
in  case  of  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong  and  expelled  from 
house,  1690,  but  was  again  returned  for  Cambridge  later 
in  year.  [L  381] 

BAXBY,  HENRY  LINCKMYER  (1836-1873),  phy- 
sician :  studied  at  Edinburgh  :  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1862 ; 
practised  at  Unst,  1863-71 ;  published  writings  on  orni- 
thology, [l.  384] 

SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA,  DUKE  OP  (1844-1900).  [See 
ALFRED  ERNEST  ALBERT.] 

SAXON,  JAMES  (d.  1817 ?),  portrait-painter;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  between  1795  and  1817  ;  prac- 
tised in  St.  Petersburg  after  1810;  painted  portrait  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  1805.  [I.  384] 

8AXOVY,  DUCHESS  OP  (1156-1189).    [See  MATILDA.] 

SAITOH,  SIR  CHARLES  (1732-1808),  navy  captain  : 
entered  navy,  1745 ;  lieutenant ;  in  East  Indies,  c.  1753- 
1760;  captain,  1762  ;  in  West  Indies,  1780  ;  in  action  off 
Chesapeake,  1781 ;  in  Jamaica,  1782-3 ;  commissioner  of 
navy  at  Portsmouth,  1789;  created  baronet,  1794. 

BAXTON,  CHRISTOPHER  (fl.  1670-1596),  topo- 
graphical  draughtsman;  educated  at  Cambridge;  sur- 
veyed and  drew  maps  of  every  county  in  England  and 
Wales,  published,  1579.  [U  385] 

8AXTJLF    or     SEXUTJLFT7S    (d.    691?),    Mercian 

divine  ;  probably  builder  and  first  abbot  of  monastery  of 

Medethamrtede  (Peterborough):    bishop   of    Mercia,  c. 

671  till  679.  when  Mercian  diocese  was  divided  into  five 

xeafli,  of  which  he  perhaps  took  mid-Anglia.   [1.  385] 

BAY,  FREDERICK  RICHARD  (ft.  1826-1858),  por- 
ter:  80tl  of  wim»m  Say  (1768-1834)  [q.  vT ]  ; 
at  Royal  Academy,  ISJfr^.  [1  389] 


SAY,  GEOFFREY  DR,  BARON  DE  SAY  (1305  ?-1359\ 
-..•diid  baron  by  writ;  served  against  Scots,  1327;  at. 
tended  tournament  at  Duns  table,  1333 ;  captain  and 
uiliniml  of  the  fleet  from  Thames  westward,  1336  ;  in 
Flanders,  1338 ;  constable  of  Rochester  Castle,  1366. 

[1.  386] 

SAY,  SIR  jbHN  (d.  1478),  politician ;  M.P.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1447  and  1449 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons, 
1449  ;  Indicted  of  treason  after  Cade's  rebellion,  1450,  but 
acquitted;  M.P.,  Herefordshire,  1463,  1455,  1463,  and 
1467 ;  speaker,  1463-5  and  1467-8  ;  K.B.,  1465.  [1.  387] 

SAY,  SAMUEL  (1676-1743),  dissenting  minister; 
co-pastor  with  Samuel  Baxter  at  Ipswich,  1726 ;  pastor 
of  congregation  at  Long  Ditch  (Princes  Street),  West- 
minster, 1734-43  ;  poetical  and  other  writings  by  him 
were  published  posthumously.  [L  388] 

SAY,  WILLIAM  (1604-1665?),  regicide;  B.A.  UnU 
versity  College,  Oxford,  1623;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1631 ;  bencher,  1654 ;  supported  parliamentarians ;  M.P. 
for  Camelford  in  Long  parliament,  1647  ;  signed  Charles  I's 
death-warrant ;  member  of  committee  of  safety,  1659 ; 
was  exempted  from  act  of  indemnity,  1660,  and  fled  to 
continent.  [L  389] 

SAY,  WILLIAM  (1768-1834),  mezzotint  engraver: 
pupil  of  James  Ward  (1769-1859)  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  some 
engravings  for  Turner's  '  Liber  Studiorum ' ;  engraver  to 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  1807.  [L  389] 

SAYE  and  SELE,  fir-t  VISCOUNT  (1582-1662).  [See 
FIENXES,  WILLIAM.] 

SAYE  or  SAY  and  SELE,  BARON  (d.  1450).  [See 
FIENNES,  JAMES.] 

SAYER,  AUGUSTIN  (1790-1861),  physician  ;  B.A., 
1811,  and  M.A.,  1813  (university  unknown) ;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1815;  F.R.C.P.,  1843;  president,  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society,  1840 ;  physician  to  Duke  of  Kent ; 
physician  to  Lock  Hospital  and  Asylum  ;  published  works 
relating  to  sanitary  reform.  [1.  390] 

SAYER  or  SEARE,  ROBERT,  in  religion  GREGORY 
(1560-1602),  Benedictine;  B.A.  Peterhonse,  Cambridge, 
1581 ;  studied  at  college  of  Douay  (then  temporarily  at 
Rheims)  and  at  English  College,  Rome  ;  Benedictine 
monk,  1588,  at  Monte  Cassino,  where  he  became  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  ;  at  monastery  of  St.  George,  Venice, 
1595-1602  ;  published  theological  works.  [L  390] 

BAYERS,  FRANK  (1763-1817),  poet ;  studied  surgery 
under  John  Hunter  in  London  and  medicine  and  science 
at  Edinburgh  ;  M.D.  Hardervyck ;  abandoned  medicine 
for  literature ;  lived  at  Norwich ;  works  include  '  Dra- 
matic Sketches  of  Northern  Mythology,'  1790.  [1.  391] 

BAYERS  or  SAYER,  JAMES  (1748-1823),  carica- 
turist :  articled  as  attorney  at  Yarmouth ;  worked  from 
c.  1780  as  political  caricaturist  in  London,  supporting 
Pitt  against  Fox  ;  appointed  marshal  of  court  of  exche- 
quer when  Pitt  succeeded  to  office.  [1.  392] 

BAYERS,  TOM  (1826-1865),  pugilist ;  bricklayer  at; 
Brighton,  and  (1848)  in  London  ;  began  pugilistic  career, 
1849,  when  he  beat  Crouch  at  Greenhithe  ;  beaten  by  Nat 
Langham,  1853 ;  won  champion's  belt,  1857 ;  his  last 
fight  was  with  the  American  John  0.  Heenan  (the 
Benicia  Boy),  at  Farnborough,  1860,  the  result  being 
declared  a  draw.  [1.  392] 

SAYLE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1671),  colonist :  councillor  in 
the  Bermudas,  1630;  governor,  1641-2  and  1643;  reap- 
pointed  with  two  colleagues,  1644 ;  again  governor,  1658- 
1662 ;  governor  of  Charlestown,  the  nucleus  of  South 
Carolina,  1670.  [1. 393] 

SAYWELL,  WILLIAM  (1643-1701),  divine:  fellow, 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1666 :  M.A.,  1667 ;  incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1669 ;  D.D. ;  prebendary  of  Ely  and 
master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1679-1701 :  chancellor 
of  diocese  of  Chichester,  1672-1701 ;  archdeacon  of  Ely, 
1681-1701;  published  Latin  verse  and  controversial 
treatises.  [1. 394] 

SCALBY,  SCALLEBY,  or  SCHALB Y.  JOHN  DE  (d. 
1333X  registrar  and  canon  of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  [1. 394] 

SCALES,  BARON  (1442  ?-1483).  [See  WOODVILLE  or 
WYDBVILLE,  ANTHONY,  second  EARL  RIVERS.] 


SCALES 


1163 


8CHARPE 


SCALES,  THOMAS  UK,  MTeuth  BAHOX  BCALM 
(13'jwv  M.;o>.  -erved  under  John  of  Lancaster  dukTof 
Bedford  [q.  v.],  In  French  war.,  1421 :  K^TuS' ;  captain 
<>f  M  J  un,  ,1,  ivuvrou;  sent  to  Brittany^  Bedford 
to  aid  John  V  against  Alenvon,  U31  :  seueicbal  ofNoE 
maudy,  c.  1434;  took  part  in  captw  rfM^x  andE 
defeat  of  Richemont  before  \ 

u*ain<t  Jack  Oade  and  oomnwndBdln  flIht?nLo3« 
Bridge    1450  ;  took  side  of  I^cTSian. ^!edff£ 
fence  of  Tower  of  London,  1460,  aud  waa  murdered  white 
going  to  seek  sanctuary  at  Westminster.  . ..  IN  ; 

BCAKBLER,  EDMUND  (15W-1594X  btsboj, 
wicb  ;  educated  at  Peterhouse,  Queens',  and  JesuscoUrgesl 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1542 ;  D.D.,  1564;  UioorDoratedatS? 
ford,  1684  ;  chaplain  to  Archbb-hop  Parker,  1558 :  pre- 
^U»ary  ^1 Yort  and  Canou  of  Wwtminster,  1580 ;  bbbop 
of  Peterborough,  1561-84,  and  of  Norwich,  1584-94^ 
assisted  in  translation  of  '  Bishops'  Bible '  •  nubllsbed 
religious  writings.  '  ^  3tf6j 

SCANDRETT,  8CANDRET.  or  8CAHDERET 
STKi'HKN(  1631  9-1706),  puritan  divine:  M.A.  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  1659  ;  incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1659 
and  became  '  conduct '  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  • 
expelled  from  office,  1660  ;  received  presbyterian  ordina- 
tion ;  published  theological  writings.  [1.  896] 

SCARBOROUGH,  EARL  OF  (d.  1781).  [See  LUMLKY, 
RICHARD.] 

SCARBUROH,  SIR  CHARLES  ( 1616-1894),  physician  • 
of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Caiiu  College, Cambridge- 
M.A.  aud  fellow,  1640 ;  ejected  during  great  rebellion  • 
M.D.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1646 ;  Incorporated  M.D* 
Cambridge,  1660;  F.K.C.P.  London,  1650;  censor,  1656 
1664,  and  1665  ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1656  ;  anatomical  reader 
to  Barber  Surgeons'  Company,  1649;  original  F.RjJ  • 
physician  to  Charles  II,  1660,  aud  subsequently  to 
James  II,  Queen  Mary,  and  Prince  George  of  Denmark  ; 
knighted,  1669  ;  published  a  work  on  dissection,  and  left 
mathematical  manuscripts.  [1.  397] 

SCARDEBURQ,  ROBERT  DE  (yf.  1S41),  chief- justice 
of  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  1331-4 ;  judge  of  king's  bench 
in  England,  1334-9  aud  1341-4,  and  of  common 
1339-41.  [1.  898] 

SCARGILL,  WILLIAM  PITT  (1787-1836),  divine ; 
minister  of  Churchgate  Street  Chapel,  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 
1812-32 ;  joined  established  church,  1832,  and  made  pre- 
carious living  as  author ;  published  tales  and  other  writ- 
ings. [L  398] 

SCARISBRICK,  EDWARD  (1639-1709).  [See 
NEVILLE,  EDWARD.] 

8CARLE,  JOHN  DE  (</.  1403?),  divine;  clerk  in 
chancery,  1378  and  1397  ;  prebendary  of  Aberguylly,  1379 ; 
keeper  of  rolls,  1394-7 ;  chancellor,  1399-1401 ;  archdeacon 
of  Lincoln,  1401.  [1.  399] 

SCARLETT,  JAMBS,  first  BARON  ABINOKR  (1769- 
1844),  born  in  Jamaica ;  entered  Inner  Temple,  1785 ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1789 ;  barrUter,  Inner 
Temple,  1791;  K.C.  and  bencher,  1816;  M.A.,  1794; 
whig  M.P.  for  Peterborough,  1819, 1880-2,  and  1883-80 ;  on 
committee  to  inquire  into  laws  relating  to  capital  punish- 
ment in  felonies ;  knighted  and  appointed  attorney- 
general  in  Canning's  ministry,  1827-8,  and  in  Welling- 
ton's, 1829-30 ;  successfully  brought  in  bill  for  improving 
administration  of  justice,  1830;  M.P.,  Malton,  1830; 
opposed  Reform  Bill,  1831 ;  tory  M.P.  for  Cockermouth, 
1831,  and  for  Norwich,  1832  ;  privy  councillor,  serjeant- 
at-law,  and  chief  baron  of  exchequer,  1834  ;  created  Baron 
Abinger  of  Abinger  in  Surrey  and  of  city  of  Norwich  and 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1835.  Several  of  his  speeches  were  pub- 
lished. [L  399] 

SCARLETT,    SIR     JAMES     YORKR    (1799-187 IX 
general;   son   of  James  Scarlett,   first  baron  Abinger 
1.  v] ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 


[Q.  v] : 
1818; 


18;  major,  5th  dragoon  guards,  1830;  conservative 
M.P.  for  Guildford,  1836-41 ;  commanded  bis  regiment, 
1840-54 ;  appointed  to  command  of  heavy  brigade 
in  Turkey,  1854  ;  went  to  SebastopoL.  September  1854 ; 
led  charge  of  heavy  brigade  at  Balaclava,  85  Oct.  1854 ; 
major-general ;  K.C.B.,  1855  ;  proceeded  to  England, 
1855,  but  was  appointed  to  command  entire  British 
cavalry  in  Crimea  and  returned ;  at  conclusion  of  war 


commanded  cavalry  la  AUenbot  district 

tSSSSKLtfSEtt&lS*:' 

SCARLETT  KL  (17M-180JX 

ifcMM  ,:  M.r,  :.„...  i  riant  lobool 

gtfjaattsF  -*• 

I-  •:.,n1.-l.!.|..l:.  -.',.!.  |fM 
RL1 

•tEtOOMd  Tn,nt> 

stantinople,  18S5,  and  at  Paris,  18S8 ;  C.B.  and  secretary 
of  legation  at  Florence,  1854 ;  envoy  extraordinary  at  Hio 
Janeiro,  1855  ;  minister  at  Ftorenoe;i8*8-«0 ;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary  at  Athena,  Ittt,  and  in  Mexico,  18*4-7. 

SCARLETT,  ROBERT  (1499?- 1594 X  known' al^old 
Scarlett ' ;  sexton  at  Peterborough  Cathedral  before 
1535  till  1594 :  a  portrait  of  him  is  Si  thVcathedraL 

8CARTH.  ALICE  MARY  ELIZABETH  ( 1 848-1 88*  X 
author ;  daughter  of  Harry  Mengden  Brarth  [q.  v.] 

BCARTH,  HARRY  MBNGDEN  (1814-18*)),  antl- 
qnary ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1841 :  incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1848 :  held  livings  in  Somerset ;  DW 
bendary  of  Wells,  1848 ;  rural  dean  of  PorUahead,  c.  1880 ; 
published  antiquarian  writings.  [L  40t] 

8CATCHERD,  NORRISSON  CAVENDISH  (1780- 
1853 X  antiquary:  barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1806;  F.8.A., 
1851 ;  published  antiquarian  writings.  [I.  408] 

8CATTEROOOD,  ANTONY  (1611-1687),  divine  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1631 ;  chaplain  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1637-40;  rector  of  Winwick,  1641- 
1687  ;  canon  of  Lincoln,  1641  :  chaplain  and  librarian 
to  bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  166S  :  prebendary 
of  Lichfield,  1664-88 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1669 :  published  bibli- 
cal criticism,  and  added  many  references  to  a  folio  bible 
printed  at  Cambridge,  1678.  [L  406] 

SCATTEROOOD,  SAMUEL  (1646-1696X  divine;  son 
of  Antony  Scattergood  [q.  v.];  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1665;  M.A.  and  fellow,  and  inoorpo 
Oxford, 
Ware. 
1688, 
posthumously.  [L  407] 

8CHALB Y,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1333).    [See  SCALBT.] 

8CHALCH,  ANDREW  ( 1692- 1776 X  master-founder; 
born  at  8chaffhaiu»en ;  employe!  in  cannon  foundry  at 
Douay ;  came  to  England  ;  master-founder  of  the  Warren 
(afterwards  the  Araaial),  Woolwich,  1716-76.  [I.  407] 


BOHAVCK,  JOHN  ( 1740-1823 X  admiral: 
navy  as  seaman,  1758;  lieutenant,  1776;  in  charge  of 
naval  establishment  at  St.  John,  Canada ;  attached  to 
Burgoyue's  army,  1777  :  captain,  1783;  successfully  sub- 
mitted to  admiralty  scheme  for  boat  with  sliding  keel : 
superintendent  of  coast  defence;  vice-admiral,  1810; 
admiral,  18S1.  [L  «<*] 

SCHARF.  GEORGE  ( 1788-1860 X  draughtsman  and 
lithographer ;  born  at  Mainburg,  Bavaria ;  studied  at 
Munich  ;  joined  English  army,  1814,  and  was  at  Waterloo ; 
went  to  London.  1816,  and  practised  as  lithographer  and 
painter  :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1817. 

SCHARF,  SIR  GEORGE  (1880-1895X  writer  on  art  ; 
son  of  George  Scharf  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  University  Col- 
lege School,  London  :  studied  at  Royal  Academy  :  accom- 
panied Sir  Charles  Fellows  to  Asia  Minor,  1840 ;  draughts- 
man  to  government  expedition  to  Asia  Minor,  c.  1843 : 
devoted  himself  to  illustration  of  boob*,  including  Dr. 
Smith's  classical  dictionaries:  assisted  Charles  Kean  in 
and  costumes  in  his  Shakespearean  revivals,  1851- 


1857  ;  art  lecturer  at  Queen's  College,  Harley  Street,  Lou- 
don ;  art  secretary  to  Manchester  exhibition,  18f  7 ;  first 


secretary  of  National  Portrait  Gallery,  1857 ;  received  title 
of  director,  1«8» ;  F.S.A.,  1852 ;  C.&,  1885 :  retired  and 
was  made  K.C.B.,  1895  ;  wrote  extensively  on  subject  of 
portraiture. 

BCHARPB,  GEORGE  (d.  16J8X  pbyaloian :  bora  la 
Scotland;    studied  medicine    at  MontpeUkr,  « 


SCHAUB 


1104 


SCHOMBERG 


graduated,  1607,  and  was  professor  of  medicine,  1619 :  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  faculty,  1632;  professor  of  nittiione  :it 
Bologna,  1634  ;  published  medical  writings.  [1.  411] 

SCHAUB,  SIR  LUKE(d.  1758), diplomatist;  in  charge 
of  English  embassy  at  Vienna,  1715  ;  attached  to  Knulish 
minion  at  Copenhagen,  1716 ;  private  secretary  to  James, 
afterwards  first  earl  Stanhope,  1717  ;  English  agent  at 
Madrid,  1718:  knighted,  1720;  English  ambassador  at 
Paris,  1731-4 ;  intimate  with  George  II.  [1.  412] 

8CHAW,  WILLIAM  (1560-1602),  architect;  'master 
of  works  *  in  household  of  James  VI,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  Denmark,  1589-90;  did  much  to  develop  free- 
masonry In  Scotland  ;  executed  repairs  at  many  Scottish 
55?  tL41S] 

BCHAW,  WILLIAM  (17147-1757),  physician:  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1735, and  Cambridge,  1753  ;  F.R.C.P.  London, 
1754 :  published  medical  writings.  [1.  414] 

SCHEEMAXERS,  PETER  (1691-1770),  sculptor: 
born  at  Antwerp;  with  Laurent  Delvaux  [q.  v.]  worked 
for  Francis  Bird  [q.  v.]  in  London ;  in  Home,  1728-35 ; 
practised  in  London  from  1735-69.  Many  of  his  works 
are  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [1.  414] 

BCHEEMAKERS,  THOMAS  (1740-1808),  sculptor  ; 
son  of  Peter  Scheemakers  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  between  1765  and  1804.  [1. 414] 

SCHETKY,  JOHN  ALEXANDER  (1785-1824), 
amateur  painter  in  water-colours ;  served  in  Portugal  as 
assistant-surgeon  in  3rd  dragoon  guard? ;  surgeon  on 
Portuguese  staff,  1812 :  member  of  Associated  Painters 
in  Water-colours  :  deputy-inspector  of  hospitals  on  west 
coast  of  Africa,  1823.  [1  414] 

8CHETKY.  JOHN  CHRISTIAN  (1778-1874),  marine 
painter ;  brother  of  John  Alexander  Schetky  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  high  school,  Edinburgh  ;  studied  drawing 
under  Alexander  Naamyth  [q.  v.]:  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy  between  1805  and  1872 ;  junior  professor  of  civil 
drawing  at  Royal  Military  College,  Great  Marlow,  1808- 
1811 ;  professor  of  drawing  in  Royal  Naval  College,  Ports- 
mouth,  1811-36,  and  at  military  college,  Addiscombe, 
1836-55  ;  marine  painter  in  ordinary  to  George  IV  and 
William  IV  and,  from  1844,  to  Queen  Victoria.  [1.  415] 

SCHEUTZER,  JOHN  GASPAR  (1702-1729),  physi- 
cian; born  in  Switzerland;  graduate!  at  Zurich,  1722; 
came  to  England  ;  F.R.S.,  1724;  L.R.C.P.,  1725;  created 
M.D.  Cambridge,  1728;  published  work  on  smallpox. 
[L416] 

8CHEVXZ  or  BCHTVES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1497),  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews ;  studied  at  Louvain ;  master  of 
hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Brechin ;  archdeacon  of  St.  An- 
drews, 1459 ;  '  coadjutor  of  St.  Andrew?,'  1477 ;  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  1478 ;  frequently  employed  on  political 
missions :  joined  conspiracy  of  nobles  against  James  III, 
and  retained  power  under  new  king.  [1.  416] 

BCHIAVOmSTTI,  LUIGI  (1765-1810),  line-engraver ; 
born  at  Bassano,  Italy;  came  to  England,  1790;  was 
assisted  by  Bartolozri,  and  subsequently  practised  inde- 
pendently. [I.  417] 

8CHIAVOWRTTI,  NICCOL6  (1771-1813),  engraver ; 
brother  of  Luigi  Scbiavonetti  [q.  v.],  whom  he  assisted. 

SCHIMMELPENNINCK,  MRS.  MARY  'ANNE 
( 1778-1856X  author ;  daughter  of  Samuel  Galton  and  his 
wife  Lucy  Barclay  (d.  1817)  ;  married  Lambert  Scbim- 
melpenninck  of  Bristol,  1806  ;  published  miscellaneous 
works,  including  (1822)  a  sketch  of  the  modern  history  of 
the  Moravians,  which  sect  she  had  joined,  1818. 

SCHIPTON,  JOHN  OF  (d.  1267).    [See  JOHN.]' 
SCHMIDT,  BERNARD  (1630  7-1708).    [See  SMITH.] 

BCHMITZ,  LEONHARD  (1807-1890),  scholar:  born 
at  Eupen,  near  Aix-la-Chapelle :  studied  at  Bonn  ;  Ph.D., 
1841  :  awisted  in  founding  (c.  1843)  •  Classical  Museum' 
quarterly,  which  he  conducted  till  1849;  published 
translation  of  Niebuhr's  •  Lectures  on  History  of  Rome,' 
1844;  rector  of  high  school,  Edinburgh,  1845-66:  tutor 
«lw«ird,  prinoe  of  Wale8»  1869«  and  Duke  of 
1862-3  ;  principal  of  London  International 
worth,  1866-74 ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen,  1849,  and 
MUiburgh,  1886 ;  translated  learned  works  from  English 
into  German  and  from  German  into  English.  [1.  418] 


SCHNEBBELIE,  JACOB  (1760-1792),  topographical 
dr!iu-_'ht<in:ui  :  confectioner  successively  at  Canterbury 
mill  Hammersmith  :  became  drawing-master;  draughts- 
man to  Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  produced  many  topogra- 
phical drawings.  [1. 420] 

SCHNEBBZLIE,  ROBERT  BREMMEL  (d.  1849  ?), 
topographical  artist ;  sou  of  Jacob  Schuebbelie ;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1803-21.  [1.  420] 

SCHOLEFIELD,  JAMES  (1789  -  1853),  classical 
scholar  ;  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1815-27 ;  M.A.,  1816  ;  perpetual  curate 
of  St.  Michael's,  Cambridge,  1823  ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1825-53  ;  published  collected  works  of  Peter  Paul 
Dobree  [q.  v.],  1831-5;  canon  of  Ely,  1849;  published 
religious  and  classical  works,  including  an  edition  of 
Person's  '  Four  Tragedies  of  Euripides,'  1 826 ;  com- 
memorated by  the  Scholefield  theological  prize  founded 
at  Cambridge,  1856.  [1.  420] 

SCHOLEFIELD,  JOSHUA  (1744-1844),  banker  and 
merchant  at  Birmingham ;  radical  M.P.  for  Birmingham, 
1832,  1835, 1837,  and  1841.  [1. 421] 

SCHOLEFIELD,  WILLIAM  (1809-1867),  politician; 
son  of  Joshua  Scholefield  [q.  v.]  ;  first  mayor  of  Birming- 
ham, 1838;  radical  M.P.  for  Birmingham,  1847,  1852, 
and  1857-67.  [1.421] 

SCHOLES,  JAMES  CHRISTOPHER  (1852-1890), 
antiquary ;  author  of  a  '  History  of  Boltou,'  issued  1892. 

[1.422] 

SCHOMBERG,  Sm  ALEXANDER  (1720  -  1804), 
navy  captain ;  son  of  Meyer  Low  Schomberg  [q.  v.]  ; 

I  entered  navy,  1743  ;  captain,  1757  ;  served  at  Louisbourg, 
and  (1759)  at  capture  of  Quebec;  took  part  in  reduction 
of    Belle-isle.    1761;    served   off    Brest    and  in    Bay   of 
!  Biscay,  1761-3:  commander  of  Dorset  yacht  attached  to 
i  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1771-1804;  knighted,  1777. 

[1.422] 

SCHOMBERG,  ALEXANDER  OROWCHER  (1756^ 
1792),  author ;  son  of  Raphael  Schomberg  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Winchester  College  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1781;  probationer  fellow,  1782;  senior  dean  ol 
arts,  1791 ;  published  poetical  writings  and  treatises  on 
jurisprudence.  [L  423] 

SCHOMBERG,  ALEXANDER  WILMOT  (1774-1850), 
admiral  ;  son  of  Sir  Alexander  Schomberg  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant,  1793  ;  captain,  1801  ;  rear-admiral,  1830  ; 
admiral,  1849 ;  published  work  on  shipbuilding. 

[1.423] 

SCHOMBERG.  CHARLES,  second  DUKE  OF  SCHOM- 
BERG (1645-1693),  son  of  Frederick  Herman,  first  duke  of 
Schomberg  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  served  as  lieutenants 
colonel  in  Roussillon,  1674;  served  under  Crequi  in  war 
against  Holland ;  joined  service  of  elector  of  Brandenburg, 
and  was  major-general  of  infantry  and  governor  of  Magde- 
burg ;  attended  his  father  in  England,  1688;  succeeded 
his  father  (by  limitation),  1690 ;  lieutenant-general  in 
Savoy,  1691 ;  conducted  expedition  into  Dauphine,  1692  ; 
died  of  wounds  received  at  Marsaglia.  [1.  431] 

SCHOMBERG,  SIR  CHARLES  MARSH  (1779-1835), 
commodore  ;  lieutenant,  1795 ;  flag-lieutenant  to  George 
Keith  Elphinstone,  viscount  Keith  [q.  v.],  in  Egyptian  cam- 
paign, 1800-1 ;  commander,  1802  ;  captain,  1803 ;  at  Malta, 
I  1803-7  ;  senior  officer  at  Mauritius,  1810-13 ;  C.B.,  1815, 
in  Mediterranean,  1820-4 ;  commodore  and  commander- 
i  in-chief  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1828-32  ;  nominated  K.C.H. 
and  knighted,  1832  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Dominica. 

[1.  424] 

SCHOMBERG     or     SCHONBERG.      FREDERICK 

HERMAN,  DUKE  OF   SCHOMBF.RO  ( 1615-1690),  born  at 

Heidelberg;   his   mother,  Anne,    daughter   of    Edward 

Button,  ninth  lord  Dudley  ;  studied  at  Sedan,  Paris,  and 

Ley  den ;  volunteer  in  army  of  Frederick  Henry,  prince  of 

Orange,    1633;   served  with  Swedish  army  in  Germany 

under    Bern  hard  of  Weimar,    1634  ;   under  Rantzau  in 

[  Franche-Comte,  1636,  and  in  Holstein  and  East  Friesland, 

i  1637  ;  lieutenant  in  service  of  Frederick  Henry,  1639  ;  at 

!  capture  of  Gennep,  1641 :  served  under  Prince  de  Tarente 

!  in  Holland,  1645  ;  first  gentleman  of  chamber  to  William  II 

of  Orange ;  captain  in  Scottish  guards  in  French  army, 

with  rank  of  marechal-de-camp,  1652-4  ;  raised  infantry 

i  regiment  in  Germany,  and  was  lieutenant-general,  1655 ; 

governor  of  St.  Guislain,  1655  ;  surrendered  to  Spaniards, 

1657  ;  captured  and  became  governor  of  Bourbourg,  1C57; 


SCHOMBERQ 


lit;-, 


SCHWARTZ 


at  battle  of  the  Dunes,  1658 ; 
1658  ;    mari-chal-de-camp    iu 


1  'ort  it- 


general  of  forces  in  province  of  Alemtejo.  1660 :  hi  Eng- 
land, io.;n,  and  created  by  Charles  II  baron  of  Tetford; 
MTTSdagains*  Don  John,  1660-8; defeated  Don  John  at 
Alm.-i\:ilor  K-trernus,  1663,  and  received  chief  command 
and  titl-  of  count  of  Mertola ;  defeated  Don  John  at 

luros,  and  later  Prince  of  Parma  and  Marquis  of 
Caraceua  on  the  Cebora,  166* ;  went  to  RocheUe  after  peace 
!,,T.vr.  „  Spain  and  Portugal,  1668,  mod  resided  at  Ooubert 
in  France,  1668-71 ;  came  to  England,  1673,  and  entered  ser- 
vices as  commander  under  Prince  Rupert ;  returned  to  Cou- 
bert,  1673,  and  commanded  army  between  Sambre  and 
Meuse:  received  rank  of  due :  com  mander-in-chief  of  forest 

lion,  1674-6  ;  defeated  by  Spanish  at  Otret ;  took 
Bellegarde,  1675 :  marshal,  1675 ;  appointed  to  army  in 
Flanders  under  Duke  of  Orleans,  1676,  and  commanded 
attack  on  Condc  ;  at  capture  of  Valenciennes  and  Cam- 
bray,  1677  ;  commanded  army  on  Meuse,  1677-8  ;  occupied 
duchy  of  Cleves,  1679 ;  commanded  under  Louis  XIV  in 
Flanders  on  renewal  of  war  with  Spain,  1684,  and  took 
part  in  capture  of  Luxembourg:  allowed  to  retire  to 
Portugal  after  revocation  of  edict  of  Nantes,  168ft ;  en- 
tered service  of  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and  became 
general-in  chief  of  armies,  1687 ;  accompanied  William  of 
Orange  to  England,  1688 ;  received  order  of  Garter,  and 
was  made  master-general  of  ordnance ;  created  Baron 
of  Teyes,  Earl  of  Brentford,  Marquis  of  Harwich,  and 
Duke  of  Schomberg,  1689 ;  commander-ln-chief  of  forces 
in  Ireland ;  conducted  campaign  in  Ireland,  1689-90,  and 
was  killed  at  battle  of  Boyne ;  buried  in  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  Dublin.  [1.  424] 

SCHOMBERG,  ISAAC  (1714-1780),  physician;  son  of 
Meyer  Low  Schomberg  [q.  v.] ;  born  at  Schweinberg  ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London  :  prac- 
tised medicine  in  London ;  studied  medicine  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  graduated  M.D.,  1749 :  sum- 
moned by  president  and  censors  of  College  of  Physician*, 
1747,  to  present  himself  for  examination  as  licentiate,  but 
declined,  on  which  his  practice  was  interdicted  till  1765, 
when  he  was  admitted  licentiate ;  fellow,  1771 :  censor, 
1773  and  1778 ;  attended  Garrick  in  his  last  illness, 

[I.  432] 

SCHOMBERG,  ISAAC  (1753-1813),  navy  captain; 
entered  navy,  1770 ;  lieutenant,  1777 ;  first  lieutenant 
under  Prince  William  [see  WILUAM  IV]  in  West  Indies, 
1786 ;  superseded,  1787  ;  under  Coruwallis  in  East  Indies, 
1789-90  ;  captain,  1790  ;  ut  battle  of  1  June  1794  ;  com- 
missioner and  deputy-comptroller  of  navy, 1808-13;  pub- 
lished •  Naval  Chronology,'  1802.  [L  433] 

SCHOMBERG,  MEINHARD,  DUKK  OF  LKIXSTKR  and 
third  DUKE  OF  SCHOMBERG  (1641-1719),  sou  of  Frederick 
Herman,  duke  of  Schomberg  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant-colonel 
with  his  father  in  Portugal,  1660-8  ;  naturalised  French 
subject,  1668 ;  brigadier  and  marechal-de-camp  in  wars 
against  Holland  ;  served  against  Turks  in  Hungary,  1686  ; 
general  of  cavalry  and  colonel  of  dragoons  in  service 
of  Elector  Frederick  William ;  came  to  England,  1689 ; 
fought  as  general  of  horse  at  the  Boyne  and  Limerick, 
1690 ;  created  Baron  of  Tarragh,  Earl  of  Bangor,  and 
Duke  of  Leiuster,  1692 :  lieutenant-general  of  British 
forces  ;  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  Schomberg  [q.  v.] 
as  Duke  of  Schomberg,  1693 ;  privy  councillor,  1695 ;  K.G., 
1703;  commander  of  English  auxiliary  forces  In  war  of 
Spanish  succession,  1703-4 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

SCHOMBERG,  MEYER  LOW(1690-1761X physician; 
born  at  Fetzburg,  Germany  ;  M.D.  Glessen,  1710;  came 
to  England,  c.  1720  ;  L.R.C.P.  London,  1722 ;  F.RA,  1726  ; 
practised  in  London.  [*•  ***] 

SCHOMBERG,  RAPHAEL  or  RALPH  (1714-1792), 
physician  and  miscellaneous  writer ;  son  of  Meyer  Low 
Schomberg  [q.  v] ;  born  at  Schweinberg;  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London:  studied  medicine 
•broad;  M.D.  Aberdeen;  practised  successively  at  \ ar- 
mouth,  Bath,  and  Reading ;  F.S.A.,  1762 ;  published  mis- 
cellaneous writings.  LL  »38J 

SCHOMBURGK,  RICHARD  (1811-1*»OX  botanist; 
brother  of  Sir  Robert  Hermann  Schombnrgk  [q.  v.]  ;  born 
nt  Freiburg  :  educated  at  Berlin  and  Potstlaui :  botanist 
to  DritUh  Guiana  boundary  expedition,  1H40-1;  director 
of  botanic  gardens,  Adelaide,  1&66-90.  IL  438] 


i  "  1    '  .         *.* '  ' '.  '  f  1 1  M  l '  l  i  *         '   '  • !  1 . 

making  booadartasof  Bri 
Ins* 


HERMANN  (1804- 

i  iCtansMa  . 

>.,„:-.  :-.,:  . 

Sal 


San  Domingo,  1848,  and  at  Bangkok,  18*7-44  :  PbJ>. 
Kbniffsbenr:  M.D.Jeo.;  published  ascriptions  of  British 
a3*3Wfa»Ssm  0.4J7] 

8CHON  AU .  A  XI A  S  DK  (<f.  1S98X  bishop  of  8t  As»pb  : 
;  oi  .>:.  an  .  .  Kctbsriaafc  .  pritt  ..f  Dttstofan  i.,,.-, 
at  Rbnddlan ;  bif  hop  of  8t  Asaph,  1M8 ;  said  to  hare 
been  confessor  to  Edward  I  and  to  have  accompanied  him 
on  crusade;  arrested  and  detained  by  Edward  I  fo  England, 
r.  1283,  purbap*  for  failure  to  excommunicate  Welsh  dis- 

CL4I8] 


'.  .:••  ..-r-  ..I  pM  . 


SCHORLEMMER.  CARL  (1834-18MX  chemist :  born 
Darmstadt;   studied   chemistry  at    Heidelberg  and 


1861 ;  lecturer,  1873 ;  professor  of 
1874 ;  established  hypothesis  that  nor 
single,  not  a  double,  series :  FJL&,  1871 ;  'honorary  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  1888 ;  began  publication,  with  Hosooe,  of  'Sys- 
tematic Treatise  on  Chemistry*  (in  English  and  German, 
first  vol.  1877):  published  other  chemical  works  and 
translations  in  German  and  BnglUb,  and  left  unfinished 
a  German  manuscript  history  ofcbemistry.  [L  4»] 

8CHREIBBR,  LADY  CHARLOTTE  ELIZABETH 
( 1812-1895),  Welsh  Kbolar :  daughter  of  Albemarte  Bertie. 
ninth  earl  of  Limlney :  married;  1833,  Sir  Jwlah  John 
(Juest (1788-1862)  [q.  v.],  whose  Ironwork*  at  Dowlais  she 
;  married,  186ft,  Charles  Schrdbrr. 


1884);  collected  oh!  china,  fans,  and  playing- 
cards,  and  presented  many  specimens  to  the  Sooth  Ken- 
sington andBritUh  museums  :  published  old  Welsh 
manuscripts  with  translations,  and  works  relating  to  her 

.  ••  ' '' ' . 


SCHROEDER,  HENRY  (1774-1853),  topographer  and 
engraver:  practised  under  name  William  Butterworth : 
published  topographical  and  other  works,  and  was  one 
of  compilers  of  '  Pigott's  General  Director}-.'  [L  441] 

BCHULENBURO,  COUXTHW  BHRBNGARD  MELU- 
8INA  vox  UKR,DucHKK8  OF  KKSDAL(  1667-1743X  born  at 
Emden,  Saxony  ;  maid  of  honour  to  Duchess  (from  1692. 
Electreas)  Sophia  at  Hanover  ;  gained  favour  of  Sophia'.* 
son,  Prince  George  (afterwards  George  IX  and  wai 
one  of  his  mistresses  from  1698 ;  came  to  England,  t. 
1714 ;  created  Baroness  of  Dundalk,  Countess  and  Mar- 
cuiouess  of  Dungaunou,  and  Duchess  of  Munster  hi  Irish 
peerage,  1716,  and  Baroness  of  Glastonbory,  Countess  of 
Fevenham  and  Duchess  of  Kendal,  1719 ;  created  by 
Charles  VI  princess  of  the  empire  under  title  of  Prince^ 
of  Ebentein,  17M:  exercised  considerable  influence  In 
politics:  accompanied  George  I  to  Germany.  1727,  and 
after  his  death  lived  iu  retirement  at  Keudal  House,  Isle- 
worth.  [L44I] 

8CBTWANTZLDER,  CHARLES  HENRY  (177I-18I7X 
painter;  trained  as  painter  of  clock-faces,  tea-trays, and 
snuff-boxes,  at  Leeds ;  subsequently  practised  as  land- 
scape-painter and  animal-painter;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1809-1826.  [1.  44S] 

SCHWARTZ  or  8WARTZ,  CHRISTIAN  FRIED- 
RICH  (1726-1798),  Indian  minionary ;  born  at  Sonnen- 
burg,  Prussia ;  educated  at  university  of  Halle,  where  he 


j  In  new  edition  of  Tamil  bible  ;  ordained 
at  Copenhagen,  1749 ;  went  with  Schults  and  others  to 
Danish  mission  at  Tranquebar,  1750 :  received  charge  of 
district  south  of  the  Caveri ;  at  Trichinopoly,  1761 :  chap- 


lain to  Major  Preston's  troops,  1764,  at  siege  of  Madura, 
where  Christ's  Church  was  dedkmtert.  17M  ;  chaplain  to 
troops  at  Trichinopoly,  1768-78;  took  up  residence  at 


Tanjore,  1778 ;  went  on  secret  mission  to  Hyder  AM : 
instituted  system  of  government  schools;  appointed 
government  interpreter ;  died  at  Tanjore.  [I  443] 

SCHWARTZ,  MARTIN  (4  1487X  captain  of  German 
mercenaries  mit  by  Margaret,  dowager  docbess  of  Bur- 
gundy, to  aid  Lambert  Slmnei,  1487;  killed  In  battle  at 

MOK-".  i.. 


SCHWEICKHARDT 


1166 


SCOTT 


8CHWEICKHARDT.  H KIN  HI (II  WlLHlLM(ir4«- 
1 797  K  landscape-painter  ;  born  in  Brandenburg:  came  to 
f.  1786 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1788-96. 

[1.  446] 

8CLATER,  HOWARD  (1628-1699  ?),  divine;  educate.! 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  M. A.,  1648 ;  refused  covenant  and  was  ejected 
from  St.  John's  by  parliamentary  visitors,  1648 ;  perpe- 
tual curate  of  St.  Mary's,  Putney,  1663  ;  turned  Roman 
catholic  on  accession  of  James  II,  but  again  joined  church 
of  England,  1688 :  published  works  vindicating  his  changes 
of  opinion.  [1.  446] 

8CLATER,  WILLIAM  (1575-1626),  divine;  of  Eton 
and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1596  ;  M.A.,  1599  ; 
rector  of  Pitminster,  1604-19 ;  received  living  of  Limpsham, 
1619,  but  returned  to  Pitminster,  where  he  died  ;  published 
religious  works.  [1.  447] 

SCLATER,  WILLIAM  (1609-1661),  divine:  son  of 
William  Sclater  (1675-1626)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow,  1629-33  ;  M.A. ;  priest, 
c.  1630 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter  and  rector  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Exeter,  1641 ;  driven  from  livings,  1644 ;  D.D.,  1651 ;  con- 
formed and  was  rector  of  St.  Peter-le-Poer,  Brood  Street, 
London,  1660-61 ;  published  religious  works.  [1.  448] 

SCLATER,  WILLIAM  (1638-1717?),  nonjuring 
divine;  son  of  William  Sclater  (1609-1661)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford ;  vicar  of  Bramford  Speke,  1663  ;  refused  oath 
of  allegiance  after  revolution  and  was  ejected ;  published 
controversial  writings.  [1.  448] 

8CLATER-BOOTH,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  BASING 
(1826-1894),  of  Winchester  College  and  Balliol  College, 
Oxford ;  B.A.,  1847 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1851 ;  con- 
servative M.P.  for  North  Hampshire,  1857;  financial 
secretary  to  treasury,  1868  ;  president  of  local  government 
board,  1874-80 ;  chairman  of  grand  committees  in  house, 
1880;  raised  to  peerage,  1887;  privy  councillor;  LL.D. ; 
F.RJ3.  [1. 449] 

8COBELL,  HENRY  (d.  1660),  clerk  of  the  parliament : 
appointed  for  life,  1648  ;  joint-licenser  of  newspapers  and 
political  pamphlets,  1649 ;  assistantrsecretary  to  council  of 
state,  1663  ;  published  works  on  parliamentary  procedure. 

ri    44QT 

8COFKN,  WILLIAM  (1655  ?-1732),  nonconformist 
minister  at  Sleaford  ;  published  religious  and  other  works. 

SCOGA1T  or  BCOGGIN,  HENRY  (1361  M407)T*POet; 
disciple  of  Chaucer ;  tutor  to  four  sons  of  Henry  IV  ; 
succeeded  his  brother  John  as  lord  of  Haviles,  1391  ;  some 
of  hie  poems  have  been  accepted  as  Chaucer's.  [li.  1] 

BCOGAlf,  JOHN  (Jt.  1480),  fool  at  court  of  Edward 
IV  ;  perhaps  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  fool  at  Ed- 
ward IV'i  court,  whence  he  was  temporarily  banished  to 
France.  It  is  not  improbable  that  his  biography,  which 
in  supplied  in  his  '  Jeste,1  said  to  have  been  compiled  by 
Andrew  Boorde  [q.  v.],  is  apocryphal  and  that  Scogan  is 
a  fictitious  hero.  [if.  2] 

SCOLES,  JOSEPH  JOHN  (1798-1863),  architect; 
studied  abroad  with  Joseph  Bonomi  the  younger  [q.  v.]  ; 
practised  in  London ;  P.R.I.B.A.,  1885 ;  published  topo- 
graphical and  archaeological  works.  [li.  3] 

SCOLOKER,  ANTHONY  O*.  1548),  printer  and 
translator;  established  printing  press  in  London,  1547, 
and  at  Ipswich,  1648  ;  translated  works  into  English 
from  German,  Dutch,  and  French.  [li.  4] 

SCOLOKER,  ANTHONY  (/.  1604),  author  of 
'Daiphantus,  or  the  Passions  of  Loue,'  which  contains 
references  to  Shakespeare.  1604.  [U.  4] 

8CORBURGH,  SIR  ROBERT  DK  (d.  1340),  baron  of 
the  exchequer ;  baron  of  exchequer  and  knight,  1332  ; 
chief  baron  of  exchequer  at  Dublin,  1334 ;  justice  of 
king's  bench  In  Dublin,  1387.  J  [li.  8] 

8CORE8BY,  WILLIAM  (1760-1829),  arctic  navi- 
gator; apprenticed  on  vessel  trading  to  Baltic,  1780- 
employed  in  Greenland  whale  fishery,  1785-90;  captain, 

0:  retired,  1823.  In  1806  he  reached  the  latitude  of 
U°  80'  longitude,  long  the  highest  reached  by  any  ship.  I 

7,0J,LLIAM  0789-1867),  son  of  WUHam 
(1760-1829)  [q.  v.] ;    served  under  his  father 


between  1800  and  1806 ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
volunteered  for  service  with  fleet  at  Copenhagen,  1807  ; 
served  as  captain  in  Greenland  fishery,  made  several 
scientific  observations,  and  occupied  himself  with  arctic 
problems  ;  F.K.S.  Edinburgh,  1819  ;  entered  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  1823  ;  F.R.S.,  1824;  chaplain  of  mariners' 
church,  Liverpool,  1827 ;  incumbent  of  Bedford  Chapel, 
Exeter,  1832;  B.D.,  1834  ;  D.D.,  1839  ;  vicar  of  Bradford, 
1839-47  ;  made  a  voyage  to  Australia  to  carry  out  mag- 
netic observations,  1856;  published  scientific  works  relat- 
ing chiefly  to  the  Arctic  seas.  [li.  6] 

SCORESBY-JACKSON,  ROBERT  EDMUND  (1835- 
1867).  [See  JACKSON.] 

8CORY,  JOHN  (d.  1585),  bishop  successively  of 
Rochester,  Chichester,  and  Hereford  ;  Dominican  friar  at 
Cambridge,  c.  1530 ;  B.D.,  1539  ;  chaplain  to  Craumer, 
1541 ;  examining  chaplain  to  Ridley,  c.  1550 ;  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1551  ;  translated  to  Chichester,  1552  ;  deprived 
on  Queen  Mary's  accession,  but  recanted  and  officiated 
in  London  diocese ;  retired  to  Emden,  Friesland ;  re- 
turned, 1558  ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1559-85 ;  published 
religious  works.  [u. «] 

SCOT.    [See  also  SCOTT.] 

SCOT,  DAVID  (1770  ?-1834),  divine;  educated  at 
Edinburgh;  licensed  preacher,  1795  ;  M.D.,  1812  ;  studied 
oriental  languages  ;  held  living  of  Corstorphine,  1814-33 ; 
professor  of  Hebrew,  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews, 
1833  ;  published  miscellaneous  works.  [li.  9] 

SCOTLAND,  HENRY  OF  (1114?-1152).  [See 
HENRY.] 

SCOTSTARVET,  Sm  JOHN  OF  (1585-1670).  [See 
SCOTT,  SIR  JOHN.] 

SCOTT.    [See  also  SCOT.] 

SCOTT,  ALEXANDER  (15257-1584?),  poet;  pro- 
bably lived  in  or  near  Edinburgh  ;  wrote  short  poems 
preserved  only  in  Bannatyne  manuscript,  compiled,  1568. 

•  [li.  10] 

SCOTT,  ALEXANDER  JOHN  (1768-1840),  naval 
chaplain  ;  of  Charterhouse  School  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1791 ;  chaplain  with  Captain  Sir  John 
Collins,  1793,  and  of  Sir  Hyde  Parker's  flagship,  1795 ; 
accompanied  Parker  to  West  Indies,  and  held  living  in 
Jamaica;  joined  Parker  at  Copenhagen  and  was  secre- 
tary to  conference  on  shore;  accompanied  Nelson  to 
Mediterranean  (1803)  as  private  secretary  and  interpreter, 
and  was  chaplain  of  the  Victory ;  attended  Nelson  at  his 
death  ;  D.D.  Cambridge ;  presented  to  crown  living  of 
Catterick,  and  appointed  chaplain  to  George,  prince 
regent,  1816.  [li.  10] 

SCOTT,  ALEXANDER  JOHN  (1805-1866),  divine; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1827 ;  assistant  in  London  to  Edward 
Irving  [q.  v.],  1828 ;  received  invitation  to  pastorate  of 
Scottish  church  at  Woolwich,  1830,  but  refused  subscrip- 
tion to  Westminster  confession  of  faith  and  was  deprived 
of  license,  1831 ;  minister  of  congregation  at  Woolwich 
till  1846 ;  professor  of  English  language  and  literature, 
University  College,  London,  1848  ;  first  principal  of  the 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  1851-7 ;  took  part  in  start- 
ing Manchester  Working  Men's  College.  [li.  12] 

SCOTT,  ANDREW  (1757-1839),  Scottish  poet ;  son  of 
a  labourer ;  enlisted  and  served  in  American  war  of  in- 
dependence, and  was  subsequently  a  farm  labourer  at 
Bowden ;  published  several  volumes  of  poems,  [li.  13] 

SCOTT,  BENJAMIN  (1788-1830),  divine  ;  youngest 
son  of  Thomas  Scott  (1747-1821)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Queens' 
College,  Cambridge,  1813  ;  vicar  of  Bidford  and  of  Priors 
Salford,  1828  ;  wrote  sermons,  published,  1831.  [li.  75] 

SCOTT,  BENJAMIN  (1814-1892),  chamberlain  of 
London  ;  junior  clerk  In  office  of  chamberlain  of  London  ; 
chief  clerk,  1841 ;  chamberlain  of  London,  1853  and  1858 
till  shortly  before  death,  his  financial  knowledge  being  of 
great  value  to  the  corporation  ;  social  reformer  and  author 
of  miscellaneous  works.  [li.  14] 

SCOTT,  CAROLINE  LUCY,  LADY  SCOTT  (1784- 
1857),  novelist;  daughter  of  Archibald,  first  baron 
Douglas  (1748-1827) ;  married  Admiral  Sir  George  Scott. 
1810;  published  novels  and  other  works.  [H.  14] 


SCOTT 


BCOTT 


SCOTT  or   SCOT,  CUTHBERT  (rf.   1664X  biahop  of 
Chester;    fellow,    Christ's    College,    Cambridge,    1637; 
M.A.,  1538,  D.D.,  1547;  prebendary  of  York;  master  of  .  _.  «  **«_ 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,    1663-6;    D.D.  Oxford,  and  I  Bocclencb.1761 ; 


prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1664  ; 
of  Cambridge,  1564  and  1566:  bishop  of  Chester,  1666; 
opposed  ecclesiastical  changes  under  Queen  Elizabeth,  was 
fined   and    imprisoned    in    Fleet,    1669-63;    retired   to 
Louvain,  where  he  died.  [li.  15] 

SCOTT,    DAXIKL   (1694-1769X   theological  writer: 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  at  > 
for  ministry  at  Gloucester  and  Leyden ;  LL.D.  Leyden, 
1719;    joined  Mennonite  communion  at  Utrecht:   pro- 
bably exercised  ministry  at  Colchester  and  in  London ; 
publishes!  theological  works  and  an  appendix 
nus's  •  Thesaurus.' 

SCOTT,  DAVID  (1806-1849),  painter ;  son  of  Robert 
Scott  (1777-1841)  [q.  v.] ;  worked  as  an  engraver,  but  took 
to  painting,  and  was  one  of  founders  of  Edinburgh  Life 
Academy  Association,  1827;  exhibited  at  Scottish  Academy 
from  1828,  and  at  Royal  Academy,  1840  and  1846 ;  In 
Italy,  1832.  Among  his  best  works  are  illustrations  to  the 
4  Ancient  Mariner '  and  Professor  Nicbol's  4  Architecture 
of  the  Heavens.'  [li.  16] 

SCOTT,  ELIZABETH  (1708  ?-1776X  sister  of  Thomas 
Scott  (1705-1775)  [q.  v.] ;  wrote,  before  1750,  many  hymns, 
which  subsequently  were  published  in  various  collections. 

[li.  73] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  GEORGE  (d.  1686),  author ;  son 
of  Sir  John  Scott  or  Soot  [q.  v.]  ;  published,  1688,  •  Model 
of  Government  of  East  New  Jersey,  America,'  for  which 
he  received  a  grant  of  land  from  the  proprietors  of  East 
New  Jersey  ;  died  on  outward  voyage.  [li.  18] 

SCOTT,  Sm  GEORGE  GILBERT  (1811 -1878X  archi- 
tect; grandson  of  Thomas  Scott  (1747-1821)  tq.  v.]  ;  in 
office  of  Henry  Roberto,  a  pupil  of  Sir  Robert  Smirke 
[q.  v.],  1832-4 ;  practised  independently  and  in  partner- 
ship with  W.  B.  Moffat,  1834-45,  and  erected  many  build- 
ings of  the  workhouse  class ;  won  open  competition  for 
church  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Hamburg,  1844;  appointed 
restoring  architect  to  Ely  Cathedral,  1847,  and  subse- 
quently to  cathedrals  of  Hereford,  Lich  field,  Salisbury, 
and  Ripon,  and  executed  restorations  at  many  other 
cathedrals ;  architect  to  dean  and  chapter  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  1849  ;  R.A.,  1861 ;  appointed  architect  for  India 
office,  1858,  and  was  compelled  to  abandon  his  original 
Gothic  design  for  one  in  the  Italian  manner  ;  subsequently 
commissioned  to  complete  the  block  of  buildings  by  the 
erection  of  the  home  and  colonial  offices :  carried  out 
Albert  Memorial,  18«4  ;  designed  St.  Pancras  station  and 
hotel,  London,  1865,  and  at  about  the  same  time  build- 
ings of  Glasgow  University  ;  president  of  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects,  1873  6 :  professor  of  architecture 
at  Royal  Academy  from  1868;  knighted,  1872;  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  His  excessive  energy  in  restora- 
tion and  renovation  led  to  the  establishment,  in  the  hut 
year  of  bis  life,  of  the  Society  for  Protection  of  Ancient 
Buildings.  He  published  works  and  pamphlet*  on  archi- 
tectural subjects.  CM-  1®3 

SCOTT,  GEORGE  LEWIS  (1708-1780X  mathema- 
tician ;  barrister.  Middle  Temple ;  F.S.A.,  1736 :  F.R^., 
1737  ;  sub-preceptor  to  Prince  George  (afterwards  George 
IIIX  1760;  commissioner  of  excise,  1768-80;  pupil  of 
De  Moivre  and  a  celebrated  mathematician.  [li.  23] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  GREGORY  (d.  1676),  divine :  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1667;  pre- 
bendary of  Carlisle,  1664  ;  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  1669,  and 
vicar-general,  1570.  [••»] 

SCOTT,  HARRIET  ANNE,  LADY  SCOTT(1819-1894X 
itie  Shank;  married  Sir  James  Sibbald  David  Scott 
[q.  v.],  1844  ;  published  novels. 

SCOTT,  HELENUS  (1760-1821),  physician  ;  on  medi- 
cal staff  of  East  India  Company  at  Bombay,  and  subse- 
quently at  Bath;  M.D.  In  practice,  Aberdeen,  1797; 
L.R.C.P.,  1816 ;  wrote  paper  on  use  of  nitromuriatic 
acid  in  medicine.  ["•  **] 

SCOTT,  HENRY,  first  EARL  or  DELORAINB  (1676- 
1730),  son  of  James  Scott,  duke  of  Monmouth  [q.  v.] ; 
created  Earl  of  DeUnaine,  1706 ;  chosen  one  of  Scottish 
representative  peers,  1715, 1722,  and  1727  ;  received Border 
of  Bath,  1725,  and  was  gentleman  of  bedchamber  to 
Ut-orge  t, 


SCOTT,  HENRY, third  DfTKROr  BocciJCCCI  and  fifth 

DVB  WO  MM  •  ••  •  .:«•    :-:-.        •     -  I  -,• 

.  .-      •  :  .  -,  •  ..:'-.'      ...  .•  .-.-  .-        :-.,.  - 

Buccleucb,  1761 ;  educated  at  Eton ;  trav«0td  abroad  with 


mith  [a. v.],  author  of  the  •  Wealth  of  Nations,' 

•     •    ;.-.-      :,..,...:,       .     -  •      .;-...      ....     . 

.:.  •    ..    ,      r.i      y    •-,  .  ..      .•    :•   ..-  .... 


l>r     LdMI    -M..V.      • 

as  tutor -.first! 

1783:  K.TM17b.  .-..«.,..„. 

fourth  duke  of  Qimudxirj  [q.  v.].  a.  fifth  duk*.  lilO: 

Us*  ••:  m  ITaCrMI  2* 

800TT,  HENRY  YOUNG  DARRACOTT  (18H-1883X 

Academy,  Woolwich  ;    first  lieutenant,  royal  engineers, 
.          18U;  tenter  iMtrootor  In  odd  works  at  Woolwich,  18*1 ; 
i  London;  j  first  captain  and  Instructor  IB  surveying  at  BrompUm, 

[U.  16]      |  tenant-colonel,  1863 :  constructed  Albert  Hall,  Kensington, 
1866:  C.B.,1871;  retired  M honorary  major-general,!  871 : 

r.i:.-..  tin  i  : |  fan  •••'••.<••  tottefeml  •*!• 

bltion  commissioner* ;  wrote  on  engineering  subject*. 


PL*] 

1872 X  divine;   M.A.  Aberdeen: 

•-.•  iMfc  ibtr,  \m\  !•!•  n, 


HEW  (1791 

preferred  to  charge  of  West 

Andrews ;  published  '  Fasti  KcclesUe  Scotican*,'  18M-71. 

lH.t7] 

SCOTT,  SIR  JAMES  ( /f.  1 679-1 606 X politician :  grand- 
son of  Sir  William  Scott  or  Scot.  lord  Balwearle  (d.  1632 ) 
[q  v.] ;  knightal,  1690 ;  assisted  Botbwell  In  attempt  to 
seize  James  VI  of  Scotland  at  Falkland  Palace,  1692 : 
imprisoned  at  Edinburgh  for  complicity  with  Botbwell, 
Angus,  Enroll,  and  Hnntly,  in  plot  against  James  VI,  1694  . 
fined,  but  obtained  remission.  [li.  27] 

SCOTT,  JAMES  (known  as  FITZKOY  and  as  OnornX 
DUKKO*  MONMOUTH  AM'  Hi  >  .  i.KfcH  (1649-1686X  natural 
sou  of  Charles  II.  by  Lucy.daogbter  of  Richard  Walters  of 
Haverfordwest :  born  at  the  Hague :  entrusted  on  his 
mother's  death  to  the  care  of  Lord  Croft*.  M  whose 
kinsman  he  passed :  instructed  in  protestant  religion ;  ac- 
knowledged by  Charles  II  as  bis  son,  1663,  and  made 
Baron  Tyndaie,  Earl  of  Doncaster,  Duke  of  Monmouth. 
awl  K.G. :  married  Anne  Scott,  countess  of  Bocckach,  and 
took  surname  of  Scott,  1663 ;  captain  of  Charles  IT* 
lifeguard  of  hone,  1668;  privy  councillor,  1670;  captain- 
general  of  Charles  II's  force*,  1670:  served  against 
Dutch,  1672  and  1673 :  chancellor  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity. 1674 ;  served  against  the  French  at  Ostend  and  MODS, 
1678:  identified  himself  with  protestant  movement  In 
England ;  quelled  insurrection  which  ensued  In  Scotland 
on  murder  of  Archbishop  Sharp,  1679 :  deprived  of  com- 
mission as  general.  In  consequence  of  reaction  in  favour  of 
Duke  of  York,  and  banished,  1679  ;  retired  to  Holland,  but 
returned  immediately  and  was  deprived  of  all  offices  ;  de- 
prived of  chancellorship  of  Cambridge,  1682 ;  made  pro- 
of England,  and  was  arrested  at 


gress  through 

Taunton,  but  released  on  ball :  joi 


d  BmveU,  Bc 


at 
and 


, .  . 

Sidney  in  plot  to  murder  Charles  II  and  Duke  of  York  : 
in  conjunction  with  Essex,  Howard,  Russell,  Hampden, 
and  Sidney  arranged  for  risings  in  England  and  Scotland : 
was  promised  pardon,  having  revealed  to  Charles  II  all  be 
knew  of  the  conspiracy  after  ito  discovery,  but  was 
banished  from  the  court  ;  retired  to  Zealand,  1684  ;  treated 
with  marked  r 
dismissed  him 


Argyll  and  Ferguson 
Lyme  Regis,  11  June  1688,  and 
captain-general  of  protestant  forces  of  the 
4  legitimate  and  legal '  right  to  the  crown :  was  proclaimed 
king  at  Taunton,  20  June :  defeated  by  Fever»ham  and 
Churchill  at  Sedgemoor.  6  Jnly :  escaped,  but  was  cap- 
tured; executed  in  the  Tower  of  London,  16  July.  Por- 
trait* of  him  by  Lely  and  W.  Wisaing  are  In  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 

SCOTT.  JAMES  H73S-1814),  political  writer:  of  84. 
Catharine  Hall  ami  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:   MJL, 


1760  ;  D.D.,  1776  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 

1768;  lecturer  at  St.  John's,  Leeds.  1768-69: 


College.  Cambridge, 

419 : 
political    and 


Edmonton,   1760-1  ;    published 
writings  In  verse  and  prose. 

SCOTT,  SIR  JAMES  (1790?-187t),  admiral; 
navy,  1803  :  lieutenant,  1809  :  flag-capUin  to  Sir  George 
Cockburn  (1772-1863)  [q.v.]  in  West  Indie*.  18t4-«,  and 
to  Rear-admiral  ROM  in  Pacific,  1837-40  ;  on  China  sUtion. 
1840-1  ;  K.O.B.,  1882  ;  admiral,  1866. 

SCOTT,  JAMES  ROBERT  HOPE-  (1811-1873).     19* 

HOPE-SCOTT.l 


sooTr 


11G8 


SCOTT 


•"  8COTT.  Sin  JAMES  SIBBALD  DAVID,  second  ba- 
ronet ( 1X14-1885),  antiquary:  B.A.  Oiri<t  ('Jinr.-h.  Ox- 
ford, 1835:  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1851:  F.S.A.:  pub- 
'The  BritUh  Army:  its  Origin,  Progress,  and 
LMB-M,  [li.38] 


SCOTT,  SIR  JOHN  («/.  1485X  of  Scot's  Hall:  son  of 
Sir  William  Soott  (rf.  1350)  [q.  v.]  ;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1460  ; 
knijrht  awl  comptroller  of  Edward  IV's  household,  1461: 
engaged  in  diplomatic  missions;  M.P.,  Kent,  1467: 


lieatenant  of  Dover  Oastle,  warden  of  Cinque  ports,  and 
marshal  of  Calais,  1470.  [U.  106] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  JOHN  (.ft.  1530),  printer  in  Lon- 
apprenticed  to  Wynkyn  de  Worde  ;  printed 
1621  and  1537.  '  [li.38] 


SCOTT,  SIR  JOHN  (14847-1533),  son  of  Sir  William 
Scott  (  146JM524)  [q.  v.]  :  knighted  for  distinguished  ser- 
vice in  Low  Countries,  1511  ;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1527. 

[11.  106] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  JOHN  (.4.  1552-1571),  printer  in  Edin- 
burgh and  St.  Andrews  ;  his  first  dated  book  published 
in  1552,  bis  last  in  1571.  [li.  39] 

SCOTT,  SIR  JOHN  (1570-1616),  son  of  Sir  Thomas 
Soott  (1635-1594)  [<!•*.]:  served  in  Low  Countries,  and 
was  knighted,  1588:  M.P.,  Kent,  1604-11.  Maidstone, 
1614  :  member  of  council  of  Virginia,  1607  ;  councillor 
of  Virginia  Company  of  London,  1609.  [li.  107] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  SIR  JOHN  (1585-1670),  Scottish 
lawyer  :  succeeded  to  family  office  of  director  of  chancery, 
1606!  educated  at  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews; 
banister,  1606  ;  knighted  and  made  privy  councillor,  1617; 
ordinary  lord  of  session,  1632  ;  accepted  covenant  ;  served 
on  war  committee  during  war  with  England,  1648  and  1649; 
lost  offices  of  judge  and  director  of  chancery  during  Com- 
monwealth, and  retired  to  Scotstarvet,  where  he  attracted 
round  him  as  a  liberal  patron  the  learned  Scotsmen  of 
the  time.  He  established  a  professorship  of  Latin  at  St. 
Andrews.  His  first  wife  (of  three)  was  Anne,  sister  of 
William  Drummond  [q.  v.]  of  Hawthorndeu.  [li.  39] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1639-1695),  divine;  B.D.  and  D.D. 
New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1685  ;  held  rectories  in  London  ; 
canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1685-95  ;  published  religious 
works.  [li.  41] 

SOOTT,  JOHN  (fl.  1654-1696),  adventurer:  arrested 
by  Dutch  for  treasonable  practice  with  English  on  Long 
island.  New  Netherlands,  1654  ;  president  of  provisional 
government  formed  by  English  settlers  on  Long  island, 
1663  ;  joined  Titus  Gates  in  accusing  Pepys  and  Sir  Anthony 
Deane  of  betraying  admiralty  secrets  to  French,  1677. 

[li.  41] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1730-1783),  qnaker  poet  ;  contributed 
to  'Gentleman's  Magazine'  from  1753;  acquaintance  of 
Dr.  Johnson  ;  works  include  •  Poetical  Works  '  (1782)  and 
4  Critical  Essays  '  (posthumously,  1785).  [li.  42] 

SCOTT,  JOHN,  EAKL  ov  CLONMKLL  (1739-1798),  Irish 
judge;  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  at  Middle 
Temple  ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1765  :  M.P.,  Mullingar,  17G9  ; 
K.C.,  1770;  solicitor-general,  1774;  attorney-general  and 
privy  councillor,  1777  ;  dismissed  from  office  for  denying 
right  of  Great  Britain  to  bind  Ireland  by  acts  of  parlia- 
ment, 1782  ;  chief-justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1784  ; 
created  Viscount  Cloumell,  1789,  and  earl,  1793  ;  won  con- 
siderable unpopularity  by  tyrannical  treatment  of  the 
defendant  John  Magee  (<i.  1809)  [q.  v.],  1789.  [li.  43] 

SOOTT,  afterwards  SCOTT-WABING,  JOHN  (1747- 
1819),  agent  of  Warren  Hastings  ;  brother  of  Jonathan 
Scott  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  service  of  East  India  Company,  c. 
1766,  and  became  major  in  Bengal  division  of  forces  ;  com- 
manded battalion  of  sepoys  at  Chanar,  1780  ;  sent  (1781) 
a«  political  agent  to  England  by  Warren  Hastings,  whose 
affairs  he  conducted  with  great  industry  and  small  judg- 
ment, and  whose  impeachment  was  probably  due  to  his  iu- 
judicioufl  zeal  in  his  behalf;  M.P.,  West  Looe.  1784-90, 
Stockbridge,  1790  ;  assumed  name  of  Waring,  1798  ;  pub- 
lished political  writings.  [li.  46] 

SOOTT,  JOHN  (1783-1821X  journalist;  educated  at 
Marischal  College.  Aberdeen  :  employed  in  war  office,  Lon- 
don :  editor,  1813-f.  1816,  of  'Drakard's  Newspaper,'  after- 
wards (1814)  "The  Champion  ':  travelled  on  continent,  and 
published  TOiooMS  nteting  to  his  tours  ;  first  editor  (  1820-1  ) 
of  '  London  Magazine,'  to  which  Lamb  and  other  illustrious 
writers  contributed  ;  died  from  wounds  received  in  a  duel 


with  Jonathan  Christie,  a  friend  of  Lockhart.  whom  Scott 
had  attacked  in  the  magazine.  [U.  47] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1774-1827),  engraver;  studied  draw- 
ing and  engraving,  and  was  employed  by  Robert  Pollard 
[q.  v.] :  executed  portraits  of  racehorses  for  '  Sporting 
Magazine.'  .  [li.  48] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1777-1834),  divine;  son  of  Thomas 
Scott  (1747-1821)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1803 ;  held  successively  several  preferments  in 
Yorkshire  ;  published  a  '  Life '  of  his  father.  [li.  76] 

SCOTT,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  EM>ON  (1751-1838), 
fellow,  University  College,  Oxford,  1767  :  M.A.,  1773 ; 
hich  steward  of  the  university  and  D.C.L.,  1801 ;  barrister, 
.Middle  Temple,  1776,  bencher,  1783,  and  treasurer,  1797; 
pupil  of  Matthew  Duane  [q.  v.]  ;  K.O.,  1783 ;  M.P., 
Weobley,  1783-96,  Boroughbridge,  1796;  chancellor  of 
county  palatine  of  Durham,  1787 ;  knighted  and  appointed 
solicitor-general,  1788 ;  defended  government  scheme  for 
providing  for  regency  by  means  of  a  bill  passed  by  ficti- 
tious commission  under  great  seal ;  attorney-general, 
1793  ;  serjeant-at-law,  privy  councillor,  member  of  board 
of  trade,  and  lord  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1799 ; 
created  Baron  Eldon  of  Eldou,  1799  ;  lord  chancellor, 
1801 ;  surrendered  seals  after  Pitt's  death,  1806  ;  acted  aa 
adviser  of  Caroline,  princess  of  Wales,  1806 ;  resumed  great 
seal  in  Portland  administration,  1807 ;  pursued  vigorous 
policy  for  subjugation  of  Napoleon  I ;  transferred  his 
counsels  from  Princess  Caroline  to  her  husband,  Prince  of 
Wales,  afterwards  George  IV ;  received  titles  of  Viscount 
Encombe  and  Earl  of  Eldon,  1821 ;  succeeded  on  woolsack 
by  Lord  Lyndhurst,  1827 ;  actively  opposed  parliamentary 
Reform  Bill.  His  decrees  were  seldom  appealed  from  and 
hardly  ever  reversed.  He  was  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  a  governor 
of  the  Charterhouse,  London,  and  a  trustee  of  the  British 
Museum.  [li.  49] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1798-1846),  surgeon:  educated  at 
Charterhouse,  London  :  apprenticed  to  Sir  William  Blizard 
[q.  v.]  :  L.S.A.,  1819 ;  M.R.O.S.,  1820  ;  surgeon  to  Ophthal- 
mic Hospital,  Moorfields,  1826  :  surgeon  to  London 
Hospital,  1831-45  ;  introduced  passive  treatment  of 
diseased  joints ;  published  surgical  works.  [li.  56] 

SCOTT,  JOHN  (1794-1871),  horse-trainer:  rode  as 
light-weight  jockey  for  several  owners ;  trainer  to  Mr. 
Houldsworth  of  Rockhill,  1815,  and  to  Hon.  E.  Petre  at 
Mansfield,  c.  1822  ;  purchased  training  stables  at  White- 
wall  House,  Malton,  1825,  and  resided  there  till  death. 

[li.  57] 

SCOTT,  JONATHAN  (1754-1829),  orientalist ;  brother 
of  John  Scott,  afterwards  Scott- Waring  [q.  v.] ;  served 
in  29th  native  infantry  in  Carnatic  and  was  captain, 
1778;  Persian  secretary  to  Warren  Hastings;  returned 
to  England,  c.  1785;  published  translations  of  several 
oriental  works,  and  translated  and  revised  Galland's 
French  version  of  the  'Arabian  Nights,'  1811:  professor 
of  oriental  languages  at  Royal  Military  College,  1802-5, 
and  at  East  India  College,  Haileybury ;  honorary  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1805.  [li.  58] 

SCOTT,  JOSEPH  NICOLL  (1703  ?-1769),  dissenting 
minister ;  assisted  his  father  in  dissenting  ministry  at 
Hitchin,  c.  1725-38;  adopted  Arian  views  and  became 
lecturer  at  French  church,  St.  Mary-the-Less :  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  M.D.,  1744 ;  practised  in  Norwich ; 
published  theological  writings.  [li.  69] 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  MICHAEL  (1175  ?-1234  ?),  scholar  ; 
of  Scottish  birth ;  studied  at  Oxford  and  on  continent, 
writing  an  '  Abbreviatio  Avicennae '  at  Toledo ;  attached 
to  court  of  Emperor  Frederick  II,  to  whom  he  was  pro- 
bably official  astrologer,  and  at  whose  request  many  of 
his  works  were  written  ;  possibly  held  benefices  in  Italy  : 
sent  by  Frederick,  c.  1230,  on  mission  to  universities  of 
Europe  to  communicate  to  them  versions  of  Aristotle 
made  by  Michael  and  others  ;  probably  died  in  Italy. 
Several  legends  of  liis  demon  horse  and  demon  ship  have 
given  a  theme  for  literary  treatment  to  many  great 
writers  from  Dante  ('  Inferno,'  c.  xx.)  to  Sir  Walter  Scott 
('  Lay  of  Last  Minstrel ').  His  works,  which  have  been 
printed,  include :  '  Liber  Physiognomies,*  1477 ;  a  transla- 
tion of  Aristotle's  'De  Animalibus,'  published  perhaps 
separately,  1493,  and  with  Aristotle's  works  at  Venice, 
1496;  and  'Qutestio  Curiosa  de  Natura  Soils  et  Luna?,' 
printed  in  '  Theatrum  Chemicum,'  vol.  v.,  Strasburg,  1622. 
Works  on  astronomy  and  alchemy,  besides  various  transla- 
tions, still  remain  in  manuscript.  [li.  59] 


SCOTT 


.  Co  IT 


SCOTT,  M1CHABL(  1789-1835 X  author;  educated  at 
Glasgow ;  went  to  Jamaica,  1806,  and  entered. 
Kingstown,  bu*ine«  involving  ir^juent  jourw 
and  road,  which  supplied  him  with  materials 
Cringle's   Lo^,'   published    in    •  Hlackwood's 
1829-33  (priuuxf  anonymously  in  book  form  at  Parts. 

1836).  :,.. 

SCOTT  or  SCOT.  PATRICK  </.  1620X  author ;  In 
service  of  James  1, 1618 ;  probably  occasionally  tutor  to 
Prince  Charles:  published  "The  Tillage  of  Light,'  an 
1623,  and  moral  writings.  fll.  «) 


practical  treatise  on  bop  col- 


SCOTT  or  SOOT,  REGINALD  or  REYNOLD  (15387- 

1699),  author  ;  educated  at  Hart  Hall,  oxford:   M.P., 

New  Ilomney,  1588-9:  published  'Perfect  Platform  of  a 

Hopgarden.'  1574  (the  first  pract 

urc  in  Eng 


,-aias 

icture  of  the  wi 
CM. 
,  articled  at  engraver  at 

IWBSSS; 


turc  in  England X  and  •  The  Disoouerie  of  Witchcraft,' 

UM,i  srarf  «!.  •:.  WM  mA*m  vttk  to  aim  d  ,,r,..,.:- 

ing  persecution  of  poor,  aged,  and 

were  popularly  believed  to  be  witches. 

from  the  Utter  work  hint,  for  his  picture  of 

in  Macbeth.  [II.  61] 

SCOTT,  ROBERT  (1777-1841 X  articled  as  engraver  at 
Edinburgh,  where  be  subsequently 
dently ;  executed  plates  for  several  pi 
the 'Scote  Magazine.'  '  [U.  66] 

SCOTT, 

Church,  Oxford,  1833 
and  tutor,  1835 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1845-66 ;  master 
of  Balliol  College,  1854-70 :  Dean  Ireland's  professor  of 
exegesis,  1861-70 :  dean  of  Rochester,  1870-87  ;  collaborated 
with  Dr.  H.  0.  Lidddl  In  the  Greek-English  lexicon  pub- 
lished 1843.  [li.  65] 

SCOTT,     ROBERT    BI88ET    (1774-1841X    military 
writer ;    lieutenant   in    Tower    Hamlets    militia,   1807 : 
started  weekly  paper, '  The  Military  Register,'  1814  ; 
Miguel  i:    - 


ROBERT  (1811-1887X  divine:    B.A.  Christ 
brd,  1833  :  fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxfonl, 


••Ml  <>?  0m  9mt rt  -  •;•  •  •  I  fti  • 

,,:   ,ut..  ....  !,       r,-t   .::.-.     M,  .:     :   .:.    E  .-.    t!.   -   -..  .. 


BOOTT  or  SOOT,  THOMAS  <«\  1MO\  regkide:  edo- 
ed  at  Westminster  flcbool  and  aft  Cambridge:  M.P., 


eated  at 


Mill-  | 


against  Dom  Miguel  in  Portugal,  1830  :  published 

'  [II.  66] 

SCOTT,  ROBERT  EDEN  (1770-181 IX  philosopher  : 
M.  A.  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1785 ;  co- 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and,  later,  professor  of 
Greek,  mathematics,  and  moral  philosophy,  Aberdeen ; 
published  philosophical  works.  [li.  66] 

SCOTT,  SAMUEL  (17107-1772),  marine  painter ;  con- 
tributed, with  William  Hogarth  [q.  v.].  illustrations  to 
•  Five  Days'  PMSjjllnsdlnii  '  in  Isle  of  Sheppey,  written 
(1732)  by  Ebenezer  Forrest  [q.  v.]  and  published,  1782. 

[li.  66] 

SCOTT,  SAMUEL  (1719-1788X  brother  of  John  Scott 
(1730-1783)  [q.  v.] ;  quaker  minister  at  Hertford.  His 
diary  was  published,  1809.  [li.  42] 


i.  i.-.  ,-,..  ..  :  '  -.,.-.  ••..-.••  .-.:;. 
M.PVlor  Wvcombe  lnl»rotoeto?s  first  parliament,  tad 
was  excluded  from  boose  for  refusing  to  acknowledge  Pre- 
lector ;  M.P.,  Aylcsbury,  1666,and  was  again  excluded  UH 
1658;  M.P.,  Wycombi  (In  Richard  Cromwell's  parlia- 
ment) ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1659 ;  received  charge 
of  Intelligence  department,  1660,  and,  later,  was  secretary 
of  state;  supported  Monok  ;  fled  to  Flanders,  bat  sur- 
t.  .  barls  i:  n  .:-..•  •»  Bn  •  :  few  fM  '• 
and  executed.  [U.  70] 

THOMAS  (1705-1775X  divine:  brother  of 
Joseph  Nicoll  Scott  (q.v.]:  colleague  to  Bamoe!  Baxter  at 
St.  Nicholas  Street  Chapel,  Ipswich,  1734,  and  sole  pastor. 
1740  till  1761.  when  he  received  a  colleague  :  minister  at 
Hapton,  1774 ;  published  hymns  and*  other  poetical 
writings.  [1  72) 

SCOTT,  THOMAS  (1747-18211  divine;  apprenticed 
as  surgeon  and  apothecary  at  Alford,  but  wn«  dismissed 
for  misconduct ;  employed  as  a  grazier  :  studied  private/  ; 
joint-chaplain  at  Lock  Hospital,  London,  1785,  and  sole 
chaplain.  1W2 ;  produced,  1788-92,  In  weekly  parta.  a 
commentary  on  the  bible,  the  publication  of  which  involved 
him  In  pecuniary  difficulties  until  1813 ;  rector  of  Aston 
Snudford,  1H01-21  :  published  religions  writings,  five 
volumes  of  •  Theological  Works  *  appearing,  1805-8. 

[li.  73) 

SCOTT.  TH«  >M  A-  n780-1835X divine  :  son  of  Thomas 


religious  writings. 


1833;   published 
[11.76] 


daughter  of 
Matthew   Robinson:  sister   of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Montagu 


SCOTT,    SARAH    (</.    1795X  novelist: 


[q.  v.) :  married,  e.  1751,  George  Lewis  Scott  [q.  v.]from 
whom  she  separated,  living  with  Lady  Barbara  Montagu, 
sister  of  George  Montagu  Dunk,  second  earl  of  Halifax 
[q.  v.]  :  published  novels  and  historical  works,  including 
•  Life  of  Theodore  Agrippa  d'Anbigne*  (1772).  [li.  67] 

SCOTT     or    SCOT,    THOMAS     (1423-1600).      [See 

ROTHERHAM.) 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  THOMAS,  LORD  PKTOORMO  (1480  ?- 
1539X  judge;  son  of  Sir  William  Scott,  Lord  Balwearie 
[q.  v.]  ;  appointed  ordinary  judge,  1632  :  justice  clerk,  1636. 

SCOTT,  8m  THOMAS  (1635-1594X  grandsou'of  Sir 
John  Scott  (14847-1633)  [q.  v.]:  knighted,  1571:  high 
sheriff  of  Kent,  1576,  and  knight  of  shire  in  parliaments 
of  1671  and  1588;  chief  of  Kentish  force  to 
Spanish  Armada.  [li 

SCOTT  or  SCOT,  THOMAS  (/.  1606X  poet;  perhaps 
identical  with  Thomas  Scott  (15807-1626)  [q.  v.):  pub- 
lished '  Four  Paradoxes,'  1602,  and  •  Philomythie  or  Philo- 
mytholoKie,'  1610,  a  satire,  of  which  a  -Second  Part' 
appeared  in  1616. 

SCOTT,  THOMAS  (15807-1626),  political  writer; 
B.D.  and  chaplain  to  James  I  in  1616  :  incorporated  B.D. 
Peterbonse,  Cambridge,  1620;  rector  of  St.  Saviour's, 
Norwich:  published,  1620,  'Vox  Popnll,'a  tract  directed 
against  the  Spanish  marriage,  containing  a  fictitious 


SCOTT,  THOMAS  (1746-1842X  general :  ensign,  1761 : 
lieutenant,  1765:  captain,  1777:  In  Netherlands  under 
Sir  lUilph  Abercromby,  1 793 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1794; 
took  part  in  campaign  against  Tipu  Sultan,  1799  ;  brevet 
colonel,  1801  ;  deputy  inspector-general  of  recraitlnK  ser- 
vice in  North  Britain,  1803;  lieutenant-general.  1813; 
general,  1830.  [U.  76) 

SCOTT,  THOMAS  (1806-1878X  freethinker  :  educated 
in  France  as  Roman  catholic -.page  at  court  of  Charles  X: 
issued,  between  1862  and  1877,  many  tracts  and  works 
by  various  hands  advocating  free  thought.  [li.  76) 

SCOTT.  SIR  WALTER  ( 1490  7-1 552X  Scottish  chief- 
tain ;  succeeded  bis  father.  Sir  Walter  Scott  of  Boccleocb, 
1504 ;  knighted,  1613 :  fought  at  Flodden,  1613 ;  joined 
party  of  John  Stewart,  duke  of  Albany  [q.  v.l,  1611.  and 
maintained  opposition  to  Queen  Margaret  and  her  govern- 
ment ;  defeated  by  Angus  near  Mdrote,  1626 :  took  refosjf 


in  France,  162«-8 ;  joined  party  opposing  marriage  of 
Infant  Queen  Mary  of  Scotland  to  an  English  prince.  1542 ; 
fought  at  Ancrum,  1546,  and  Pinkie,  1647:  killed  by 


of  Ker  of  Cessford,  with  whom  he  had 
CU.76] 

SCOTT,  WALTER,  first  BAROX  SCOTTOF  Bt 
(1566-161 IX  ton  of  sir  Walter  Scott  of  Buocleucb  («*. 
1574) ;  summoned  before  privy  council  with  other  border 
chiefs  to  answer  for  good  rote  on  borders.  1587  :  knighted, 
1690;  keeper  of  Uddesdale,  1691;  gave  oath  to  concur 
in  pumutof  Bothwell,  but  his  Oddity  being  doubted  was 
banished,  1691;  returned,  1692;  member  of 


livered  William  Armstrong  of  Kinmont  O>.  1696) [q.  *•) 
from  Carlisle  Castle,  ^96:  tried! bv  joint  **%*•£ 
Scottish  commission  and  sent  abroad,  1697  ;  commanded 
regiment  of  borderers  under  Maur 
MSjMl  iBMlMil  in  Mtatadftj 
Scott  of  Bnodeuch,  1606. 

SCOTT,  WALTER  (1650  7-1629  ?X  of  Harden,  free- 
booter ;  assisted  Francta  Stewart,  fifth  earl  of  Bothwdl 
fq.  v.1  In  his  plundering  exploit* :  joined  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
nrst  Baron  Scottof  Booc4eoch[q.v.),ln  reset*  rfWHUam 
Armstrong  of  Kinmont  (/.  1696)  [q.  v.].  1596.  [U.  79] 


SCOTT 


1170 


SCOTT 


SCOTT  WALTER,  EARL  OK  TARRAS  (1644-1693), 
erandson  of  Walter  Scott  (1560  7-1629  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  married 
Ladv  Mary  8cott,  countfss  of  Huccleuch,  1669,  and  re- 
ceived dignity  for  life  of  Earl  of  Tarras,  1660 :  condemned 
for  complicity  in  plots  for  exclusion  of  Duke  of  York  from 
throne,  1686,  but  was  pardoned. 

BCOTT,     WALTER,    of     Satchells    (16147-1694?),  i 
MDfcain  and  irenealogist ;  served  under  Walter  Scott,  first  • 
eSoT Buocleuch,  inHolland,  1629 ;  author  of  metrical  bis-  j 
tory  of  family  of  Scot,  1688,  which  he  dictated,  being 
Ignorant  of  writing.  [!>•  8°] 

BCOTT,  SIR  WALTER  (1771-1832),  novelist  and  poet ; 
born  in  College  Wynd,  Edinburgh  ;  son  of  Walter  Scott 
(1T29-17WX  a  writer  of  the  signet ;  educated  at  the  high  . 
school  and  university,  Edinburgh,  and  was  apprenticed  to  i 
hi*  father,  1786,  as  writer  to  the  signet ;  called  to  bar, 
1792-  formed  close  friendship  with  William  Erskine  ' 
(afterwards  Lord  Kinneder)  [q.  v.]  ;  made  numerous 
excursions,  collecting  ballads  and  exploring  the  country  ; 
began  study  of  German,  1792 ;  became  quartermaster  of  a 
body  of  volunteer  cavalry  raised  in  1797 ;  met  Charlotte 
Mary  Carpenter,  whom  he  married,  1797;  settled  in 
Edinburgh:  published  a  translation  of  Burger's  '  Lenore' 
and  other  ballads,  which  met  with  some  success,  1799  ; 
appointed  sheriff-depute  of  Selkirkshire,  1799 ;  published 
•Border  Minstrelsy,'  3  vols.,  1802-3,  and  'Lay  of  Last 
Minstrel,'  1806 ;  took  up  residence  at  Ashestiel  on  the 
Tweed,  near  Selkirk,  1804 ;  obtained  one  of  clerkships  of 
quarter  session,  1806;  became  secretly  a  partner  in 
Ballantyne's  printing  business,  1805,  and  arranged  that 
bis  books  should  be  printed  by  Ballantyue  :  secretary  to 
parliamentary  commission  on  Scottish  jurisprudence, 
1807  ;  published  '  Marmion,'  1808,  and  edition  of  Dryden 
with '  Life,'  1808  ;  assisted  in  scheme  for  starting '  Quarterly 
Review,"  1808-9 ;  supplied  half  capital  for  new  publishing 
firm  of  John  Ballautyne  &  Co.,  1809  ;  published  '  Lady  of 
the  Lake,'  1810;  purchased  Abbotsford  on  the  Tweed, 
1812 ;  published  '  Rokeby,'  1812,  and  '  Triermain,'  1813  ; 
on  dissolution  of  Ballantyne's  publishing  firm  (1813),  made 
John  Ballantyne  his  agent  for  managing  the  printing 
business,  which  involved  him  in  considerable  financial 
difficulties ;  issued  edition  of  Swift,  19  vols.,  1814 ;  pub- 
lished'Lord  of  the  Isles,'  1815, and  'Harold  the  Daunt- 
less' (his  last  poem  of  any  length),  1817;  published 
anonymously  the  novels  '  Waverley,'  1814,  'Guy  Manner- 
ing,'  1815,  •  The  Antiquary,'  1815,  'The  Black  Dwarf'  and 
'Old  Mortality '  (together  as  the  first  series  of  'Tales  of 
my  Landlord'),  1816,  'Rob  Roy,'  1817,  'Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian,' 1818  (second  series  of  '  Tales  of  my  Landlord '), 
•Bride  of  Lammermoor'  and  'Legend  of  Montrose' 
( third  series  of '  Tales  of  my  Landlord '),  1819, '  Ivanhoe,' 
1820,  really  1819,  'Monastery,'  1820,  'AbboV  1820, 
•Kenilworth,'  1821,  'Pirate,'  1821,  'Fortunes  of  Nigel,' 

1822,  'Peveril  of  the  Peak,'  1823,  'Quentin  Durward,' 

1823,  'St.  Ronan's    Well,'   1823,    'Red  Gauntlet,'  1824, 
•  Tales  of  the  Crusaders,' '  The  Betrothed,'  and '  The  Talis- 
man,' 1826, '  Woodstock,'  1826, '  Chronicles  of  the  Canon- 
gate:     Two    Drovers;    Highland    Widow;     Surgeon's 
Daughter,'  1827,  'Tales  of  a  Grandfather'  (first  series, 
1828,  second  series,  1829,  third  series,  1830,  fourth  series, 
1830),  'Chronicles   of    the   Canongate    (second  series),  I 
St.  Valentine's  Day,  or  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,'  1828, '  Anne 
of  Geterstein,'  1829,  •  Tales  of  my  Landlord  (fourth  series),  ; 
Count  Robert  of  Paris,'  '  Castle  Dangerous,'  1832  ;  created 
baronet,  1820 ;  president  of  Royal  Society  of  Scotland,  I 
1820 ;  member  of  Roxburghe  Club,  1823  ;  founded  Banna- 
tyne  Olub,  1823  ;  ruined  (1826)  by  the  stoppage  of  pay- 
ment by  Hurst,  Robinson  &  Co.,  which  involved  the  fall 
of  Constable  and  Ballantyne  (Scott's  publisher),  whom  he 
had  again  taken  into  partnership  in  1822,  the  catastrophe 
being  probably  In  a  Urge  measure  due  to  his  extrava- 
gance ;  thenceforth  worked  heroically  to  meet  his  creditors 
till  his  death,  when  the  balance  of  debt  was  paid  off  with 
rams  realised  on  the  security  of  copyrights.    He  attacked, 
1826,  the  proposal  of  government  to  suppress  circulation 
of  small  bank-notes,  In  '  Thoughts  on  proposed  change  of 
Currency,'  three  letters  by  '  Malachi   Malagrowther '  to 

' Edinburgh  Weekly  Journal';  published  ' Life  of  Napo- 
leon,' 1827;  published  collected  edition  of  'Waverley 
Novels,'  with  notes,  1829-33;  died  at  Abbotsford  after 
suffering  from  apoplexy  and  paralysis,  and  having 
travelled  on  the  continent  for  his  health.  A  monument 
to  him  was  inaugurated  in  Edinburgh,  1846.  His  life  by 
John  Gibson  Lockhart  [q.  v.],  husband  of  Scott's  daughter, 


Charlotte  Sophia,  was  published  in  1837.  He  is  now 
lineally  represented  by  the  family  of  his  granddaughter, 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Mary  Monica  Maxwell  Scott.  [li.  80] 

SCOTT,  WALTER  FRANCIS,  fifth  DUKK  OP  Buc- 
cucucn  and  seventh  DUKK  OF  QUKKNSBKRRY  (1806-1884), 
grandson  of  Henry  Scott,  third  duke  of  Buccleuch  [q.  v.], 
succeeded  to  titie,  1819;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1827;  lord  privy  seal,  1842-6;  lord  president  of 
council,  1846 ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1834 ;  built  the  pier 
and  breakwater  at  Granton,  1835-42 ;  lion.  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1842,  and  Edinburgh,  1874 ;  chancellor  of  Glas- 
gow University,  1877.  [li.  26] 

SCOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1350),  judge  ;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1336  ;  knight  and  justice  of  common  pleas,  1337 ; 
probably  built  Scot's  Hall  at  Orlestone.  [li.  105] 

SCOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1459-1524),  of  Brabourne ; 
K.B.,  privy  councillor,  and  comptroller  of  Henry  VII's 
household,  1489;  lieutenant  of  Dover  Castle,  warden  of 
Cinque  ports,  and  marshal  of  Calais,  1491 ;  sheriff  of  Kent, 
1491, 1501,  and  1516.  [li.  106] 

SCOTT  or  SOOT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  BALWEARIK 
(d.  1532),  Scottish  judge:  accompanied  James  IV  on 
expedition  into  England,  1513 ;  chosen  commissioner  to 
parliament  and  appointed  one  of  lords  of  articles  for  the 
barons.  1524 ;  styled  justice,  1524 ;  nominated  first  justice 
on  temporal  side  on  institution  of  college  of  justice,  1532. 

[li.  107] 

SCOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM,  LORD  OLERKINGTON  (d.  1656), 
lord  of  session  ;  knighted,  1641 ;  clerk  of  session ;  ordinary 
lord  of  session,  1649 ;  M.P.,  Haddingtonshire,  1645. 

[li.  108] 

SCOTT,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1674  7-1725),  of  Thirlestane ; 
member  of  Faculty  of  Advocates,  1702 ;  contributed  to 
Dr.  Archibald  Pitcairne's  'Selecta  Poemata,'  published, 
1726.  [li.  108] 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM,  BARON  STOWHLL  (1745-1836), 
maritime  and  international  lawyer;  scholar  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1761;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  1765 ;  M.A.,  1767 ;  B.C.L.,  1772 ; 
Camden  reader  in  ancient  history,  1773-85 ;  intimate  with 
Dr.  Johnson ;  D.C.L.  and  member  of  Faculty  of  Advocates 
at  Doctors'  Commons,  1779;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1780 ;  advocate-general  for  office  of  lord  high  admiral, 
1782 ;  appointed  registrar  of  court  of  faculties,  1783 ; 
judge  of  consistory  court  of  London,  1788-1820 ;  knighted, 
1788;  George  Ill's  advocate-general,  1788;  vicar-general 
for  province  of  Canterbury,  1788  ;  commissary  of  city  and 
diocese  of  Canterbury ;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  London ; 
master  of  faculties,  1790 ;  bencher  of  his  inn,  1794,  and 
treasurer,  1807 ;  privy  councillor,  1798 ;  judge  of  high 
court  of  admiralty,  1798-1828  ;  M.P.,  Downton,  1784,  but 
unseated  on  petition  ;  regained  and  held  seat,  1790 ;  M.P., 
Oxford  University,  1801-21,  in  the  main  opposing  re- 
form ;  created  Baron  Stowell  of  Stowell  Park,  1821.  On 
many  maritime  points  his  judgments  are  still  the  only 
law.  [H.  108] 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  (1797-1848),  jockey  ;  brother  of 
John  Scott  (1794-1871)  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  was  from 
1825  in  partnership  at  the  Whitewall  training  stables; 
obtained  between  1825  and  1847  many  successes  as 
jockey  ;  bred  Sir  Tatton  Sykes,  his  own  horse,  1843. 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  (1813-1872),  divine:  of  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  London,  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1839  :  vicar  of  St.  Olave's,  Jewry,  London,  with  St. 
Martin  Pomeroy,  London,  1860 ;  active  member  of  high 
church  party ;  co-editor,  and  for  some  time  sole  editor,  of 
'  Christian  Remembrancer,'  1841-68 ;  one  of  founders  of, 
and  constant  contributor  to, '  Saturday  Review ' ;  president 
of  Sion  College,  1858 ;  edited  Laurence's  '  Lay  Baptism 
invalid,'  1841,  and  published  religious  writings,  [li.  112] 

SCOTT,  WILLIAM  BELL  (1811-1890),  poet  and 
painter;  son  of  Robert  Scott (1777-1841)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
drawing  at  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh,  and  in 
London:  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1842-69;  master 
in  government  schools  of  design,  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
1843-64  ;  artist  employed  in  decoration  and  examiner  in 
art  schools,  South  Kensington,  1864-85  ;  published  five 
volumes  of  verse,  the  best  of  which  is  of  a  mystical  and 
metaphysical  character,  and  works  relating  to  art ;  he 
edited  a  series  of  English  poets.  [li.  113] 


SCOTTOW 


1171 


SCKUPE 


SCOTTOW,  JOSHUA  (1618-1693),  colonist;  wait  to 

•  i.«ttt«,  r.  1634  ;  member  of  '  old  church,'  at  Boston, 
1039;  a  shipowner  and  merchant;  published  pamphlets 
on  colonial  affairs.  [li.  114] 

8COTU8,  DUNS  (1J6*  ?  - 1808  ?).  [See  Dims, 
JMASNKH  SCOTCH.] 

8COTTJ8  or  ERIOENA,  JOHN  (Jl.  8*X>X  philosopher : 
of  Irish  origin :  employed  as  teacher  at  court  of  Km.- 
Charles  the  Bald,  afterwards  emperor,  e,  847;  produced; 
851,  at  instance  of  Hincmar,  archbishop  of  Rbeims, 


•De  PoBdestinatione1;  probably  engaged  in  controversy 
touching  the  Holy  Communion  which  agitated  the 
Prankish  domain,  e.  840-W;  made,  probably  before  819, 
of  Charles  the  Bald,  translations  of  the  book* 
lerarobia,'  'de  Ecclesiastica  lerarchia,'  'de 
lnibus,'  «de  MytUoa  Theologia,'  and  'Epis- 
ascribed  to  Dtonytius  the  Araopagito :  per- 


i domain,  e.  844 

by  command  of  Charles  the  Bald,  translations  of  the  book* 
•!>.•  (Ms* 
Divinis  Nominibus," 
tolas,'  falsely  ascribed 

haps  identical  with  one  John  'who  went  to  England  with 
Grimbald  on  a  request  from  Alfred  for 
Gaul,  and  was  established  at  Malmesbury.  All  his  known 
works,  which  include  a  series  of  commentaries  on  Diony- 
slus  the  Areopagite,  and  translations,  were  collected  by 
H.  J.  Floss  in  Mlgne's  'Patrologia  Latina,'  cxxii.  (1858); 
two  other  works  claiming  his  authorship  have  since  come 
to  light  The  leading  principle  of  his  philosophy  is  that 
of  the  unity  of  nature,  proceeding  from  (1)  God,  the  first 
and  only  real  being ;  through  (*)  the  creative  ideas  to 
(8)  the  sensible  universe,  which  ultimately  is  resolved  into 
(4)  its  first  Cause.  [li.  11*] 

SCOTTJS,  MAOARIUS  (d.  1153).    [See  MACARITO.] 
8COTU8,  MARIANUS(  10*8-108*?).  [See  MARIAXUS.] 

SCOUGAL,  HENRY  (1650-1678),  Scottish  divine ;  son 
of  Patrick  Scougal  [q.  v.]  ;  MJL  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
1668;  professor;  precentor  in  cathedral  of  Aberdeen, 
1672-3 ;  professor  of  divinity  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
1673-8 ;  chief  work,  with  preface  by  Gilbert  Burnet, k  Life 
of  God  in  the  Soul  of  Man  '  (anonymous,  1677),  which  has 
become  a  religious  nlasjjft  [IL  1*0] 

SCOUGAL  or  8COUGALL.  JOHN  (16457-1730?), 
portrait-painter;  lived  at  Advocates'  Close,  Edinburgh, 
where  he  fitted  up  a  picture  gallery.  [IL  1*1] 

SCOUGAL  or  SCOUGALL,  PATRICK  (1607  7-168*), 
bishop  of  Aberdeen :  graduated  at  Edinburgh.  1684  ;  pre- 
sented to  parish  of  Leuchars,  1644;  assisted  Charles  II  in 
Scotland,  1650;  received  living  of  Salton,  1658:  bishop 
of  Aberdeen,  1664-82 ;  maintained  firm  opposition  to  Test 
Act,  1681.  [li.  121] 

SCOULER,  JOHN  (1804-1871),  naturalist:  M.D. 
Glasgow,  1827  ;  LL.D.,  1850 ;  made  voyage  under  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  as  surgeon  and  naturalist,  to  Columbia 
river,  1824-5;  practised  medicine  at  Glasgow:  professor 
of  geology  in  Andersonian  University,  1829,  and  of  mine- 
ralogy, and  subsequently  geology,  zoology,  and  botany,  to 
Royal  Dublin  Society,  1834 ;  P.L.8.,  18*9 ;  published  papers 
on  natural  history,  and  was  joint-founder  of  'Glasgow 
Medical  Journal.'  [IL  1*8] 

SCOVELL,  SIR  GEORGE  (1774-1861),  general ;  cornet 
and  adjutant,  1798;  went  with  57th  foot  to  Peninsula, 
1808,  and  served  in  quartermaster-general'*  department 
throughout  the  war ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1818 ;  com- 
manded staff  corps  of  cavalry,  1813,  and  in  Waterloo 
campaign,  when  be  was  assistant  quartermaster-general ; 
colonel,  1825 ;  general,  1854  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  mili- 
tary college,  Sandhurst,  1829-37,  and  governor,  1837-56 ; 
O.O.B.,  1860.  [li.  123] 

SCRATCHLEY,  SIR  PETEU  HENRY  (1835-1885), 
major-general ;  born  in  Paris  ;  studied  at  Royal  Military 
Academy,  Woolwich  ;  lieutenant,  royal  engineers.  1854 ; 
In  Crimea,  1855-6 :  adjutant  of  royal  engineers  at  Cawn- 
pore,  1857;  accompanied  Brigadier-general  Walpole  to 
Itawa,  Manipuri,  and  Fathgarh,  1857-8;  at  siege  of 
Lucknow,  1858  ;  adjutant  of  engineers  under  Sir  Hope 
Grant,  and  commander  of  engineers  under  Wetherall  in 
Oudh  campaigns,  1858-9 ;  superintended  defence  works  at 
Melbourne,  1860-3.  and  was  colonial  engineer  and  military 
storekeeper;  returned  to  England,  1863;  asaUtant-in- 
tpector  of  works  for  manufacturing  departments  of  army, 
1864,  and  subsequently  inspector  of  works ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1*77;  accompanied  Sir  William  Jervois  to 
Australia  to  advise  on  defences  of  Australian  colonies, 


Ties-president  of  commission  to  report  on  military 
•  of  New  Sooth  Wales,  1881 :  major-general,  188*  ; 

••'    ••<  :  ••    '      •:,:.:    ;--       :    .-•.    „  :.   •  •,,.-          -':.. 

east  New  Guinea,  188? ;  K.C.M.O.,  188f. 


[IL  1*8] 

8CRIBA  or  TllK  SCRIBE.  ROBERT  (Jt.  1160-1170*. 
[See  ROBKKT  or  BRIDLMOTOW.] 

8CRIMOEOUR.     .-:u     JAMES    ( 1510  7-161*).      [Set 
ScmnioBotm.] 

8CRIMOEE,    HENRY    (1504-157*).      [See 


—*,-*,,  EDWARD  (1775-1841 
Robert  Thew  [q.  v.] ; 


various  publication*,  IndodingBrtUsh  Gallery  o 
traits,'  180t-lT.  [U.  1*5] 

SCBIVENER,  FREDERICK  HENRY  AMBROSE 
(1813-1891 X  divine:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

;•<;<;  hn&pMtard  lUmott  nbooUMi  wi  w  Mrtf 

St.  Gerrans,  Cornwall,  18«* :  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1874  ; 
vicar  of  Hendon,  1876;  LL.D.  St.  Andrews,  187*;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1876 ;  assisted  in  revised  version  of  New  Testa- 
ment, 1870-8*;  published  works  relating  to  text  of  New 
Testament  [U.  m] 

SCRIVENER.  MATTHEW  (/».  1660),  divine:  of 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ;  vicar  of  Haslingfldd :  pnb- 
fctaAnlctoM  -.M.rk-.  [U.i*6) 


8CROOOB,  SIR  WILLIAM  (16*3 7-1683),  lawyer; 
M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1643 ;  barrister.  Gray's 
Inn,  1658 ;  knighted  after  Restoration :  elected  bencher  of 
Gray's  Inn.  1649 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1669 ;  justiceof  common 
pleas,  1676 :  lord  chief-justice  of  England,  1678 ;  presided 
at  trials  of  several  victims  of  Titus  Oates's  plot,  andthough 
be  displayed  brutal  zeal  for  the  protestant  cause  on  many 
occasions,  be  was  fruitlessly  charged  by  Oates  and  Bedlce 
before  the  privy  council  with  depreciating  their  evidence 
and  setting  at  liberty  '  persons  accused  upon  oath  before 
him  of  high  treason ' ;  subsequently  impeached  before 
the  House  of  Commons  and  removed  from  office,  1681. 

[11.  1*7] 

80&OOOB,  SIR  WILLIAM  (165*  7-1895  X  lawyer ;  son  of 
Sir  William  Scroggs  (1623  7-1683)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1673 :  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1676,  bencher. 
1681,  and  treasurer,  1687-8 ;  appointed  K.C.  and  knighted, 
1681.  [li.  131] 

SCROOP,  LAURENCE  (1577-1643).   [See  AXDKRTOS.] 

SCROPE  or  8CROOPE,  ADRIAN  (1601-1660),  regi- 
cide ;  of  Hart  Hall,  Oxford :  entered  Middle  Temple,  1619  ; 
major  in  Colonel  Richard  Oraves's  regiment  of  horse, 
1646,  and  succeeded  to  command,  1647 ;  at  siege  of  Col- 
chester, 1648  ;  defeated  and  captured  Earl  of  Holland  at 
St.  Neots  ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant;  governor  of 
Bristol,  1649-55 :  member  of  council  for  government  of 
Scotland,  1655 ;  surrendered  on  Charles  II's  proclamation, 
1660,  and  though  House  of  Commons  voted  that  be  should 
have  benefit  of  act  of  Indemnity,  was  excepu-d  from 
pardon  by  the  Lords  ;  executed  at  Charing  Cross,  London. 

[li.  18*] 

SCROPE  or  SCROOPE.SiR  ADRIAN  (./.  1667),  sol- 
dier :  sometimes  confused  with  his  distant  kinsman  Adrian 
Scrope  (1601-1660)  [q.  v.] ;' served  in  Charles  1's  army 
during  civil  war  ;  K.B.,  1660.  [li.  133] 

SCROPE  or  SCROOP,  SIR  CARR,  first  baronet  ( 1649- 

1680),  uou  of  Sir  Adrian  Scrope  (d.  1667)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 

,  Wadhuui    College,  Oxford,  1667 :  created  baronet,  1667 ; 

went  to  London,  became  one  of  companions  of  Charles  II, 

and  was  well  known  as  a  versifier  and  man  of  fash. on. 

[li.  138] 

SCROPE,  SIR  GEOFFREY  LR  (d.  1340).  judge; 
brother  of  Sir  Henry  le  Scrope  (d.  1886)  [q.  v.]  ;  king's 
serjeant,  1316;  accompanied  Edward  H  in  campaign 
against  barons.  13*1-2:  judge  of  common  plea*,  18*1: 
chief- justice  of  king's  bench,  13*4:  removed  from  office 
after  Edward  I  I's  deposition,  but  pardoned  and  reinstated. 
13*8 :  resigned  office,  1338 ;  Edward  Ill's  secretary,  1889 ; 
at  siege  of  Tournay,  1840 ;  died  at  Ghent.  [ li.  184] 

SCROPE,  GEORGE  JULIUS  POULBTT  (1 797-18761 
|  geologist  and  political  economist :  brother  of  Charles  Ed- 
'  ward  Poulett  Thomson,  baron  Sydenliam  [q.  v.] :  of  Harrow, 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
'  bridge ;  B.A.,  1821 :  travelled  in  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Germany, 
i  and  studied  volcanic  district* ;  married  daughter  v 
i  liam  Borope  (1772-185*)  [q.  v.]  and  assumed  her  name, 

4  F  "2 


SCROPE 


1172 


SCUDAMORE 


1821:  joint-secretary  of  Geological  Society,  1825:  pub- 
lUbed  Important  geological  works  ;  M.l'..Mrou<l,  1S33-68; 
published  Tolumes  and  pamphlets  a.lvix-ating  free  trade 
and  various  social  reforms,  especially  that  of  the  poor 
law ;  Wollaston  medallist,  Geological  Society,  18G7. 

[li.  135] 

SCROPE,  SIR  HENRY  LE  (rf.  1336),  judge  :  brother  of 
Sir  Geoffrey  le  Scrope  [q.  v.]  ;  was  an  advocate  in  1307 ; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1308;  attached  himself  to  Ed- 
ward II :  chief-justice  of  king's  bench,  1317-23 ;  justice 
of  forests  north  of  Trent,  c.  1323  ;  second  justice  of 
common  pleas,  1327  ;  chief-baron  of  exchequer,  1330-6. 

SCROPE,  HENRY  LK,  first  BARON  SCROPK  OF 
MASHAM  (1315-1391),  son  of  Sir  Geoffrey  le  Scrope 
[q.  v.] :  fought  at  Halidon  Hill,  1333,  and  Sluys,  1340  ; 
served  with  Edward  III  in  Brittany,  1342,  in  Flanders, 
1345,  in  Picardy,  1355,  and  at  Paris,  1360:  at  siege  of 
Calais,  1347;  warden  of  Calais  and  Guisnes,  1361-70; 
joint- warden  of  west  march  towards  Scotland,  1370; 
steward  of  household,  1371.  [li.  138] 

SCROPE,  HENRY  LE,  third  BARON  SCROPE  OP 
MASHAM  (1376?-1415),  grandson  of  Henry  le  Scrope, 
first  baron  Scrope  of  Masham  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his 
father,  1406 ;  went  on  mission  to  France  with  Henry 
Beaufort,  1409;  treasurer  and  K.G.,  1410;  superseded  on 
Henry  V's  accession,  but  entrusted  with  several  delicate 
foreign  negotiations  ;  executed,  and  his  estates  forfeited  for 
complicity  in  plot  discovered  at  Southampton  to  dethrone 
Henry  V.  [It  139] 

SCROPE,  HENRY  LE,  ninth  BARON  SCROPK  OF 
BOLTOK  (1 634-1 592 X  marshal  of  army  sent  by  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  assist  Scottish  protestants  at  Leith,  1560 ; 
governor  of  Carlisle  and  warden  of  west  marches,  1562-92  : 
took  charge  of  Mary  Stuart  at  Bolton,  1568  ;  suppressed 
rising  of  Earls  of  Northumberland  and  Westmoreland  in 
favour  of  Mary  Stuart,  1569 ;  member  of  council  of  north, 
1574 ;  K.G.,  1584.  [li.  140] 

SCROPE,  JOHN  LE,  fifth  BARON  SCROPE  OF  BOLTOX 
(1435-1498),  supported  Yorkists  ;  fought  with  Warwick 
at  Northampton,  received  Garter  from  Edward  IV;  went 
on  mission  with  Earl  Rivers  to  Rome,  1474  ;  constable  of 
Exeter  Castle ;  governor  of  the  fleet ;  assisted  in  raising 
siege  of  Norham  Castle,  1497.  [li.  141] 

SCROPE,  JOHN  (1662  ?-1752),  judge  :  entered  ser- 
vice of  Duke  of  Monmouth  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1692 ;  baron  of  the  court  of  exchequer  in  Scotland,  1708- 
1724;  commissioner  of  great  seal,  1710:  M.P.,  Ripon, 
1722,  Bristol,  1727,  Lyme  Regis,  1734-52;  secretary  to 
treasury,  1724-52;  recorder  of  Bristol;  a  staunch  sup- 
porter of  Walpole.  [1L  141] 

SCROPE,  RICHARD  LE,  first  BARON  SCROPE  OF 
BOLTON  (1327  ?-1403),  lawyer  :  son  of  Sir  Henry  le  Scrope 
(</.  1886)  [q.v.] ;  knighted  at  Neville's  Cross  ;  served  with 
John  of  Gaunt  at  Najara,  1367,  and  in  many  subsequent  ex- 
peditions till  1385 ;  treasurer,  1371-5  :  joint-warden  of  west 
marches  against  Scotland,  1375 :  steward  of  household  to 
Richard  II;  chancellor,  1378-80  and  1381-2;  sided  with 
Richard  II's  opponents  in  crisis  of  1386-9,  but  was  par- 
doned by  him,  1397.  [11. 142] 

SCROPE,  RICHARD  LE  (1350  ?-1405),  archbishop 
of  York;  son  of  Henry  le  Scrope,  first  baron  Sorope  of 
Masham  [q.  v.] ;  probably  graduated  in  law  at  Cambridge ; 
LLD.,  1386 ;  presented  to  rectory  of  Ainderby  Steeple,  near 
Northallerton,  1367;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University, 
1378;  dean  of  Chlchester,  c.  1383;  elected  bishop  of 
<:hichester,  1385,  but  Thomas  Rushook  [q.  v.]  substi- 
tuted for  him  by  Richard  II ;  notary  of  the  curia  and 
bishop  of  Coventry  and  Lichfleld,  1386  ;  archbishop  of 
York,  1398  ;  supported  revolution  of  1399 :  resisted  spolia- 
tion of  the  church  proposed  by  'unlearned  parliament,* 
1404,  and  took  up  arms  at  York  in  concert  with  North- 
umberland and  Bardolf,  who  raised  standard  of  rebellion 
»>eyond  the  Tyne;  induced  by  treachery  to  surrender  to 
Westmoreland  at  Shipton  Moor  ;  condemned  and  executed 
Bt  York  ;  popularly  known  in  the  north  as  Saint  Richard 
Scrope.  [1L 144] 

SCROPE,  THOMAS  (d.  1491),  divine  ;  also  called 
BRADLEY  from  his  birthplace  ;  Carmelite  at  Norwich : 
became  anchorite  before  1426 ;  sent  as  papal  legate  to 
Rhodes ;  consecrated  at  Rome  by  Nicholas  V  bishop  of 
Ireland,  1450;  vicar-general  of  bishop  of 


Norwich,  1450,  and  was  suffragan  till  1477  ;  held  livings 
in  Norfolk  ;  wrote  religious  and  historical  works. 

SCROPE,  WILLIAM  LK,  EARL  OF  wlt/rsluuK 
(1361  ?-1399),  son  of  Richard  le  Scrope,  first  baron  Scrope 
of  Bolton  [q.  v.]  ;  served  with  John  of  Gaunt  at  Harfleurr 
1369,  in  Guienie,  1373  and  1378,  and  with  Charles,  duke 
of  Durazzo,  at  Venice,  1379  ;  seneschal  of  Gascony  1383- 
1392  ;  captain  of  Cherbourg,  1386-9,  and  of  Brest,  1389; 
vice-chamberlain  of  Richard  II's  household,  1393  ;  bought 
Isle  of  Man,  1393 ;  K.G.  and  constable  of  Beaumui  i-= 
and  of  Dublin  Castle,  1394 ;  chamberlain  of  household 
and  of  Ireland,  1395  ;  assisted  Richard  II,  1397,  against 
his  antagonists  of  1388,  and  received  earldom  of 
Wiltshire;  ambassador  to  Scotland  and  captain  of 
Calais  Castle,  1398;  treasurer  of  England,  1398  ;  left  by 
Richard  II  to  assist  regent  (Duke  of  York)  during  his 
absence  in  Ireland,  1399 ;  arrested  by  Henry  IV  at 
Bristol  and  executed.  [U.  148] 

SCROPE,  WILLIAM  (1772-1852),  artist  and  sports- 
man ;  exhibited  views  at  Royal  Academy  and  British 
Institution  ;  F.L.S. ;  published  works  on  deerstalking; 
and  salmon-fishing.  [u.  150] 

SCRYMGEOUR  or  SCRIMGER,  HENRY  (1506- 
1572),  professor  of  civil  law  at  Geneva ;  studied  philo- 
sophy at  St.  Andrews,  proceeded  to  university  of  Tuns. 
and  subsequently  read  civil  law  at  Bruges ;  secretary  to 
Bernard  Bocnetel,  bishop  of  Rennes ;  abandoned  Roman 
Catholicism  for  protestantism  ;  professor  of  philosophy, 
and  (1565)  of  civil  law  at  Geneva  ;  member  of  council  of 
forty,  1570  :  companion  of  Calvin,  Beza,  George  Buchanan, 
and  other  leading  reformers :  left  in  manuscript  valuable 
notes  on  works  of  several  classical  authors.  [li.  150} 

SCRYMGEOUR,  SIR  JAMES  (1550  ?-1612),  of  Dud- 
hope,  constable  of  Dundee;  succeeded  to  hereditary 
offices  of  standard-bearer  and  constable  of  Dundee,  1576  ; 
favourite  of  James  VI  ;  banished  from  three  kingdoms  for 
joining  with  the  Gowrie  party,  1582,  but  fled  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1586  was  again  James  VI's  favourite;  provost 
of  Dundee,  1588 ;  M.P.,  Dundee,  1600  and  1605,  Forfar- 
shire,  1605  and  1607.  [li.  151] 

SCRYMGEOUR.  JAMES,  second  VISCOUNT  DUDHOPE. 
(d.  1644),  royalist ;  son  of  John  Scrymgeour,  first  viscount 
Dudhope  [q.  v.]  ;  killed  at  Marston  Moor.  [11. 152] 

SCRYMGEOUR,  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  DunnopE 
(d.  1643),  M.P.,  Forfarshire,  1612,  1617,  and  1621, 
Argyllshire,  1628-33  ;  created  Viscount  Dndhope,  1641. 

[li.  152] 

SCRYMGEOUR,  JOHN,  third  VISCOUNT  DUDHOPE 
and  first  EARL  OF  DUNDEE  (d.  1668),  royalist  leader  : 
son  of  James  Scrymgeour,  second  viscount  Dudhope  [q.  v.] ; 
served  at  Preston  and  Worcester,  1651,  and  in  north  with 
Middleton,  16£4  ;  made  privy  councillor  and  created  Earl 
of  Dundee,  1660.  [li.  152J 

SCUDAMORE,  SIR  CHARLES (1779-1849),  physician ; 
studied  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals,  London  : 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1814;  admitted  L.R.O.P.,  1814  ;  pra. 
in  London ;  physician  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Gotlia. 
1820 ;  attended  Duke  of  Northumberland  at  Dublin  when 
lord-lieutenant,  1829,  and  was  knighted  ;  published  medical 
works.  [li.  152] 

SCUDAMORE,  FRANK  IVES  (1823-1884X  post- 
office  reformer  and  writer;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
London  ;  entered  postoffice,  1841  ;  chief  examiner  of  unite.! 
departments  of  receiver-general  and  accouutant-genrnil, 
1852 ;  receiver  and  accountant-general,  1856 ;  instru- 
mental in  elaborating  scheme  for  government  savings 
bank,  founded  1861;  chief  agent  for  government  in 
negotiations  for  acquiring  telegraphs,  1865-70  ;  assistant- 
secretary,  1863,  and  subsequently  second  secretary  of 
post  office ;  C.B.,  1871 ;  resigned,  1876 ;  engaged  by 
Ottoman  government  to  organise  Turkish  international 
post  office.  [H.  153] 

SCUDAMORE,  JOHN,  first  VISCOUNT  SCUT>\M<>KK 
(1601-1671),  son  of  Sir  James  Scudamore, whose 'warlike 
deeds '  are  celebrated  in  the  '  Fae'rie  Queene '  (book  iv.) ; 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1642 ;  captain  of  horso  in 
Herefordshire;  created  baronet,  1620:  M.P.,  Herofonl- 
shire,  1620  and  1624,  Hereford,  1626  and  1628  :  mem! 
council  of  the  marches,  1623 ;  created  Baron  Dromoro  ainl 
Viscount  Scudamore  of  Sligo,  1628 ;  ambassador  at  Paris, 


SCUDAMORE 


117; 


BEBRIGHT 


K35-C :  joint-ambassador,  1888-9:  high  steward  of  Here- 

funl  city  and  riithwlrul,   1C3'J:  Mirrendeml  to  Waller  nt 

ll.nfonl,    1.113;  kept  ID  confinement  till   1847;  devoted 

.«  to  study  and  to  relieving impoverished  divines. 

8CUDAMORE,    \VII.I.I  0(1811-1881), 

divine ;  fellow  of  St.  John'*  College.  Cambridge,  1837 ; 
\I.  A .,  IH38  ;  rector  of  Ditobtngbam.  1839-81  ;  hi*  opinion* 
•monad  in  some   degree   by  the  Oxford  movement; 
imi.li-ln-1    devotional    work*.   Including   •8tej.- 
Altar,'  1846,  and  •  Incense  for  the  Altar/  1874.    [IL  1*7] 

SCUDDER,  HBNKY  (d.  16*9 ?X  divine;  of  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge:  presented  to  living  of  Coiling- 
bourne-Ducis,  1633 ;  member  of  committee  for  scriptures, 
1648 ;  published  religious  works, including*  TheChrUtian's 
Daily  Walke  In  Holy  Securitie  and  Peace'  (6tb  edit 
1635J.  [h.  1WJ 

SCULLY,  DBS YS(  1773- 1830),  Irish  political  writer; 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  called  to  IrUh  bar,  1798 ;  one 
of  the  leading  catholic  agitator-;  published  political 
writings.  [If.  159] 

SCULLY,  VINCENT  (1810-1871),  Irish  political 
writer:  wnof  Deny*  Scully  [q.  v.];  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  called  to  Irish 
bar,  IMS;  Q.C.,  1840;  M.I'.,  Cork,  1852-7  and  1859-65; 
published  political  pamphlets.  [li.  159] 

8EAFIELD,  EARL*  or.  [gee  OOILVY.  JAMB*,  first 
EARL,  1664-1730;  OOILVY,  JAMBS,  third  EAKL,  1714V- 
1770.] 

8EAFORD,  BAROXS.  [S^  ELLIS,  CHARLKS  ROHR, 
first  BARON,  1771-1845:  KLUS,  CUARLES  AUGUSTUS, 
second  BARON,  1799-1868.] 

SEAFORTH,  EARUH  OP.  [See  MACKKXZIK,  KKNKKTH, 
fourth  KARL,</.  1701;  MACKKNZIK,  WILLIAM,  fifth  EARL, 
d.  1740.] 

SEAFORTH  and  MACKENZIE,  BARON  (1754-1814). 
[See  HUMBKRSTON,  FRANCIS  MACKKXZIK.] 

8EAOAR,  JOHN  (</.  1656).  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall, 
Oxford,  1690;  received  living  of  Broadcast,  1631. 

[li.  197] 

SEAGER.  CHARLES  (1808-1878).  orientalist;  M.A. 
Worcester  College,  Oxford,  1839;  pupil  of  Dr.  Pusey, 
under  whom  he  lectured  in  Hebrew;  took  orders  in 
<*tabli*bed  church  :  tracturian  ;  seceded  to  Rome,  1843  : 
first  professor  of  Hebrew  and  comparative  philology  at 
catholic  university  college,  Kensington ;  member  of 
council  of  Society  of  Biblical  Archeology  :  works  include 
a  translation  of  Professor  Simonia's  'Smaller  Hebrew  and 
Chaldee  Lexicon,'  1832.  [li.  169] 

SEAGER,  EDWARD  (1812-18*3),  lieutenant-general : 
cornet,  1841 ;  major,  1858  ;  in  Crimea,  1K54-5  ;  in  Central 
India,  1858-9  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1864  ;  quartermaster- 
geueral  in  Dublin  district,  1870;  inspector  of  yeomanry 
cavalry  at  York,  1873-8 ;  lieutenant-general,  1881 :  C.B., 
1877.  [li.  160] 

SEAGER,  FRANCIS  (fl.  1549-1563X  [SeeSsOAR.] 
8EAGRAVE,  ROBERT  (1693-1780?),  divine:  M.A. 
Clare  Hall.  Cambridge,  1718:  joined  Oxford  methodist 
movement :  preacher  at  Loriraer*'  Hall,  Cripplegate, 
London.  1739 ;  published  work*  in  defence  of  WhitcfleUL 
besides  hymns  and  other  religious  writings.  [li.  161] 

SEALLY,  JOHN  (1747  7-1795),  miscellaneous  writer  : 
perhaps  identical  with  '  John  Scaly ' :  B.A.  Hertford  Col- 
lege,  Oxford,  1764;  established  school  In  Brklgwatrr 
Square,  Westminster,  1767;  vicar  of  Kast  Moon  with 
Froxfield  and  Steep,  Hampshire,  1790;  P.R.8.,  1791; 
M..V. ;  LL.D. ;  published  mwcellaneous  writings. 

[IL  161] 

SEAMAN,  LAZARUS  (d.  1675),  puritan  divine: 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1631 :  rector  of  All- 
hallows,  Bread  Street,  London,  1642-62;  member  of 
Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  1643 :  master  of  Peter- 
bouse- Cambridge,  1644-80:  signed  'Vindication'  by 
Cornelius  Burgee  [q.  v.],  protesting  againrt  Charles  I's 
trial,  1649  :  D.D.,  1649  ;  vice-chancellor.  1653,  and  visitor, 
ItiM,  of  his  university ;  published  religioiw  writings. 

[li.  162] 

SEAMAN,  WILLIAM  (1606-1680).  orientalist:  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1626;  rector  of  Uptou-Scudamore, 


1628  80:  entered  service  of  Sir  Peter  Wyrhe  (d.  1443) 

. 

lationof  New  Testament  into  Turkish.  168ft,  a 
Turkish  grammar.  1670,  and  other  works.          [IL  163] 

(jr.     1711)       [See    MACCUAWT, 


JAMKM.] 

SEARCHFIELD,  ROWLAND  (l»8i  ?  1622X  bishop  of 
Bristol:  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  8t  John's 
College, Oxford;  M.A..  iv>'.:  !>.!)..  1808:  ricarof  Chart- 
bury,  1408 ;  bishop  of  Bristol,  1619  22.  [IL  184] 

BEARLE,  THOMAS  (1777-184IX  rear-admiral;  en- 
tared  navy.  1789;  commander.  17*9:  served  on  north 
coast  of  France,  1804-8:  in  Mediterranean,  18U8-9  and 
1811-12;  C.b\.  1815:  in  Channel.  1818-21;  captain  of 
Victory  guardshlp  at  Portemouth,  1834-9  rear-admiral, 
IMA  [1LM4] 

BEATON.    [See  also  SKTOX.] 

BEATON,  BAIION  (1778-1863).    [See  CoLBORJnt,  8m 

JOHN.] 

8EATON.  KDWARDCATOR(181ft-18HO),  physician; 
M.II.  E<iinburgh,  1837;  surgeon  to  North  Aylesford 
Union,  Rochester;  began  practice  in  London,  1841 ;  took 
part  in  founding  Wwtern  Medical  Society  :  original  mem. 
ber  of  Kpidemlological  Society,  for  a  committee  of  which 
he  drew  up  report  on  small-pox  and  vaccination,  presented 
to  parliament,  and  resulting  in  Compulsory  Vaccination 
Art,  1S53 ;  inspector  under  general  board  of  health,  1858 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1872:  medical  officer  to  local  government 
board,  1876 :  published  '  Handbook  of  Vaccination •  ( 1868) 
and  other  works.  [li.  166] 

BEATON,  JOHN  THOMAS  <Jl.  1761-1808X  portrait- 
painter ;  member  of  Incorporated  Society  of  Artiste. 

[1L188] 

BEATON.  THOMAS  (1684-1741X divine;  fellow  and 
M.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1708  ;  vicar  of  Ravenstone, 
1721-41;  founded,  by  legacy,  Seatonian  prize  for  sacred 
poetry  at  Cambridge ;  published  hymns  and  other  religious 
writm^.  [li.  188] 

BEATON,  SIR  THOMAS  ( 1 808-1 876X  major-general: 
cadet  in  East  India  Company's  service,  1822 ;  ensign  in 
native  infantry  of  Bengal  army,  1823 ;  captain.  1834 ; 
joined  regiment  at  Kabul,  1H39 :  took  part  in  defence  of 
Jalalabad.  1841-2:  C.B.  awl  major  (local  rankX  1842; 
regimental  major,  1852  ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  army,  1814  ; 
bis  regiment  in  mutiny,  1887  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1st 
European  fusiliers,  1857 :  held  Fatehgarh  and  defeated 
ou.Hi  mutineers  at  Buubagong,  1H&H  ;  K.C.U^  1858;  re- 
tired as  major-general,  185U ;  published  'From  Cadet  to 
Colonel,'  an  autobiography,  1866.  [IL  167] 

SEAWARD,  JOHN  (1786-1858X  civil  engineer :  began 
life  as  surveyor  and  architect :  superintended  construction 
of  Gordon's,  Dowson's,  ami  other  Than**  docks ;  mad* 
drawings  for  new  London  bridge.  1823  :  established  Canal 
Ironworks,  Uillwall,  1824;  M.l.C.R,  1826  ;  Invented  tubu- 
lar boilers  used  in  the  navy.  [11. 188] 

SEAWARD,  SAMUEL  (1800-1842X  engineer :  brother 
of  John  Seaward  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  worked  from 
r.  1826,  ami  brought  out  direct  acting  naval  engines, 
1836;  F.RS. ;  with  his  brother  invented  and  improved 
many  engineering  contrivance*.  .  [It.  168] 

SEAXBURGH  (d.  678).    [See  SBXBURUHA.] 

SEBBI,  SAEBBI,  or  8EBBA  (d.  695?).  became  king 
of  East-Saxon*,  c.  665.  reigning  conjointly  with  his 
nephew,  Sigheri  [q.  v.],  under  overiordship  of  king  of 
Mercia  :  resigned  crown  awl  took  monastic  habit,  e.  698, 
dying  soon  afterwards  ;  buried  In  St.  Paul's  Church, 
London.  [IL  189] 

8EBERT.    [See  also  SIOKBKRT.] 

8EBERT.  SABERET,  or  SABA  (d.  616?).  first 
Christian  king  of  East-Saxons;  received  Mdlitns  [q.  v.] 
as  teacher  and  bishop ;  perhaps  buried  in  Westminster 
A!.b.y.  [11.189] 

BEBRIOHT,  SIR  JOHN  8  A  UN  DRRS,  seventh  baronet 
(1767-1846X  politician  and  agriculturist .  served  in  army 
on  staff  of  Lord  Amherrt:  M.P..  Herefordshire.  1807  till 
rnd  of  first  reformed  parliament :  practically  an  advanced 
whig,  though  disclaiming  connection  with  any  party  ; 
seconded  Rnweirn  motion  for  leave  to  bring  In  first  Re- 
form Bill,  1831 ;  published  works  on  animals,  [IL  170) 


S.&CKKR 


1174 


SEEBOHM 


ER  THO 
educated 


MAS  (1693-  1768X  archbishop  of  Can- 
with  view  to  dissenting  ministry  imdi-r 
i  (1680?-1719)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  medicine  in 
London  and  Paris,  1716-80;  M.D.  Leyden,  1721;  gra- 
duated at  Exeter  College,  Oxford;  prebendary  of  Dur- 
ham, 1727 ;  chaplain  to  George  II,  1732 :  D.C.L.,  1733  ; 
bishop  of  Bristol,  1734,  and  of  Oxford,  1737  ;  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  1760;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1758; 
deprecated  the  progress  of  methodism,  but  did  not  per- 
secute its  adherents ;  published  sermons,  charges,  and  other 
works,  including  '  Lectures  on  the  Church  Catechism ' 
(posthamoasly,  1769).  [li.  170] 

BECKER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1681  ?),  divine :  preached  at 
Tewkesbury  and  afterwards  at  All  Hallows,  London  Wall ; 
published  sermons.  [li.  173] 

SECKFORDor  8ACKFORD,  THOMAS  (1615  7-1588), 
lawyer;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1540;  Lent  render,  1556; 
surveyor  of  court  of  wards  and  liveries ;  steward  of  court 
of  Manhalsea:  on  commission  for  causes  ecclesiastical, 
1670;  M.P.,  Ipswich,  1572.  [li.  173] 

8ECTJRI8,  JOHN  (Jt.  1566),  medical  writer;  born  in 
England :  studied  in  Paris  and  afterwards  at  Oxford ; 
probably  licensed  to  practise  physic  by  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, where  he  lived  ;  published  medical  and  other  works. 

[li.  174] 

SECTTB.IS  or  HATCHETT,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1545), 
doctor  at  Salisbury  ;  left  medical  manuscripts,  [li.  174] 

BEDDING,  EDMUND  (1836-1868),  architect  and 
musician ;  architect  successively  in  Bristol,  London,  and 
Penzance;  published  carols  and  other  musical  composi- 
tions. [1L  175] 

BEDDING,  JOHN  DANDO  (1838-1891),  architect; 
brother  of  Edmund  Sedding  [q.  v.];  entered  office  of 
George  Edmund  Street  [q.  v.],  1858  ;  endeavoured  to  form 
a  school  of  carvers  and  modellers  from  nature ;  F.R.I.B.A., 
1874;  diocesan  architect  for  Bath  and  Wells;  works  by 
him  published  posthumously.  [li.  175] 

8EDDON,  FELIX  JOHN  VAUGHAN  (1798-1865), 
orientalist;  registrar  of  Rangpur,  Bengal,  1820;  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages,  King's  College,  London, 
1833 ;  preceptor  to  nawab  Nizam ;  assisted  in  translating 
bible  into  some  Indian  language.  [li.  176] 

BEDDON,  JOHN  (1644-1700),  master  of  Sir  John 
Johnson's  writing  school,  Priest's  Court,  Foster  Lane, 
Oheapside,  London  ;  published  calligraphic  works. 

[li.  176] 

SEDDOH,  JOHN  (1719-1769),  Unitarian  divine ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  University ;  assistant  to  Joseph  Mot- 
tershead  [q.  v.]  at  Cross  Street,  Manchester  ;  religious 
writings  by  him  published  posthumously.  [li.  176] 

8EDDON,  JOHN  (1725-1770),  dissenting  minister; 
educated  at  Glasgow  University;  minister  of  Cairo 
Street  Chapel,  Warrington  ;  secretary  and  librarian  of 
Warrington  academy,  the  scheme  for  promotion  of  which 
be  had  actively  assisted,  1767  ;  rector  aiid  professor  of 
beUtt  letlret,  1767 ;  entered  into  controversy  with  John 
Taylor  (1694-1761)  [q.  v.]  respecting  forms  of  prayer ; 
editor  and  joint-author  of  '  A  Form  of  Prayer  and  a  New 
Collection  of  Psalms,'  1763.  [li.  177] 

8EDDON,  THOMAS  (1753-1796),  divine;  of  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford ;  curate  of  chapelry  of  Stretford,  near  Man- 
chester, 1777-96 ;  incumbent  of  Lydgate,  Saddleworth, 
1789 ;  published  sermons  and  other  works.  [It  178] 

BEDDON,  THOMAS  (1821-1856),  landscape-painter; 
studied  ornamental  art  in  Paris;  furniture  designer  in 
London ;  took  part  in  establishing  school  of  drawing  and 
modelling,  Oamden  Town,  London,  1850 ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  from  1862.  [li.  178] 

BEDGWICK,  ADAM  (1786-1873),  geologist;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1808 ;  fellow,  1810 ;  Wood- 
wardian  professor  of  geology  at  Cambridge,  1818;  presi- 
dent of  Geological  Society,  1831  ;  Wollaston  medallist, 
1861 ;  F.RA,  1830,  and  Copley  medallist,  1863  ;  president 
of  British  Association,  1833,  and  of  geological  section, 
1837, 1845, 1863,  and  1860  ;  honorary  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1860  • 
honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1866  ;  member  of  royal  com- 
mission of  inquiry  into  condition  of  Cambridge  University, 
2 :  made  secretary  to  Prince  Albert  when  elected 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1847  ;  prebendary  of 


Norwich,  1834;  published  in  scientific  magazines  papers 
dealing  with  geological  and  other  subjects  ;  did  much  to 
augment  the  geological  collection  of  his  university. 

SEDGWICK,  AMY  (afterwards  MRS.  PARKK.S,  MRS. 
PEMBEHTON,  and  MRS.  GOOSTRY)  (1830-1897),  actress ; 
appeared  at  Hayinarket,  London,  1857,  and  was  original 
Hester  Grazebrook  in  Taylor's  'Unequal  Match'; 
managed  Hay  market,  1866 ;  appeared  last  in  London  at 
Hayinarket,  1877;  subsequently  instructed  pupils  and 
gave  dramatic  recitals.  [Suppl.  iii.  336] 

SEDGWICK,  DANIEL  (1814-1879),  hymnologist; 
shoemaker  in  London ;  started  as  dealer  in  second-hand 
books,  1837 ;  published  repriute  of  hymn-writers  of 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  and  catalogues  of 
rare  religious  poetry;  recognised  as  foremost  living 
hymnologist.  [li.  182] 

SEDGWICK,  JAMES  (1775-1851),  author;  of  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1801 ; 
commissioner  of  excise  at  Edinburgh,  1809,  and  chairman 
of  excise  board,  1811 ;  examiner  of  droits  of  admiralty 
accounts,  1815;  chairman  of  board  of  stamps,  1817-26; 
published  works  on  legal  and  political  subjects,  [li.  182] 

SEDGWICK,  JOHN  (1601  ?-1643),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1625;  B.D.,  1638  (incor- 
porated at  Cambridge,  1638):  rector  of  St.  Alphege, 
London,  1641 ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Stamford's  regiment. 

[li.  184] 

SEDGWICK,  OBADIAH  (1600  ?-1658),  puritan 
divine;  brother  of  John  Sedgwick  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1623 ;  B.D.,  1630  ;  chaplain  to  Sir 
Horace  Vere,  baron  Vere  of  Tilbury  [q.  v.],  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Low  Countries;  chaplain  to  regiment  of 
foot  raised  by  Denzil  Holies  [q.  v.],  1642  ;  member  of 
Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ;  rector  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn,  London,  1645-6,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent 
Garden,  London,  1646-56  ;  published  religious  works. 

[li.  183] 

SEDGWICK,  ROBERT  (d.  1656),  governor  of 
Jamaica  ;  brother  of  William  Sedgwick  [q.  v.];  perhaps 
went  to  New  England,  1635 ;  freeman  of  Massachusetts, 
1637 ;  captain  of  Charlestown  trained  band ;  one  of 
founders  of  'Military  Company  of  Massachusetts,'  1638 ; 
major-general  of  Massachusetts  forces,  1652 ;  served 
against  French  in  Acadia,  which  he  added  to  British 
dominions,  1654 ;  one  of  civil  commissioners  for  govern- 
ment of  Jamaica,  1655.  [Suppl.  iii.  337] 

SEDGWICK,  THOMAS  (/.  1550-1565),  Roman 
catholic  divine;  fellow  successively  of  Peterhouse  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  D.D. ;  rector  of  Erwarton, 
1552;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge, 
1554-6  ;  incorporated  D.D.  Oxford,  1554 ;  regius  professor 
of  divinity,  1557 ;  vicar  of  Gainsford  and  rector  of  Stan- 
hope, I55a  fli.  184] 

SEDGWICK,  WILLIAM  (1610?-1669?),  puritan 
divine  and  mystic ;  M.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
1681;  incorporated  M.A.  Cambridge,  1635;  chaplain  to 
foot  regiment  raised  by  Sir  William  Constable  [q.  v.], 
1642;  chief  preacher  in  Ely,  1644-60;  conformed  and 
was  rector  of  Mattishall  Burgh,  1663  ;  published  religious 
works.  [li.  185] 

SEDLEY,  CATHARINE,  COUNTESS  OF  DORCHESTER. 
(1667-1717),  only  child  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley  [q.  v.]; 
mistress  of  Duke  of  York  (afterwards  James  II),  by  whom 
she  had  several  children :  created  Baroness  of  Darlington 
and  Countess  of  Dorchester,  1686;  married  Sir  David 
Colyear,  second  baronet,  1696  ;  celebrated  as  a  wit. 

[li.  185] 

SEDLEY,  SIR  CHARLES  (1639  ?-1701),  wit  and  dra- 
matic author;  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  entered 
parliament  after  the  Restoration  as  one  of  members 
(barons)  for  New  Romney :  achieved  notoriety  as  A 
fashionable  profligate;  wrote  two  tragedies  and  three 
comedies,  besides  prose  pieces  and  poems  (collected  in  'A 
New  Miscellany"  and  in  a  'Collection  of  Poems,'  1701). 

[li.187] 

SEDULIUS  (d.  828),  biblical  commentator  ;  probably 
of  Irish  birth  ;  son  of  Feradach,  abbot  of  Kildare ;  wrote 
Latin  commentaries  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles  and  Gospel  of 
St  Matthew.  [li.  188] 

8EEBOHM,  HENRY  (1832-1895),  quaker  ornitho- 
logist ;  settled  as  manufacturer  of  steel  at  Sheffield; 
travelled  abroad  for  purposes  of  ornithological  study; 


SEED 


1175 


BEGUIER 


British  Ornithologists'    Union    and    Zooloftoal 

Society,    1873;    F.H.OA,  1878,  and   secretary/lWoT 
F.L,S.,  1879 ;  published  ornithological  works.    [U.  189] 

SEED,  JEREMIAH  (1700 -174 7), divine;  M.A. Queen's 
College,  Oxfonl,  1726;  fellow,  1782;  rector  of  Knight's 
Enham,  1741-7 ;  published  religious  writings,  [li.  189] 

SEELET,  SIR  JOHN  ROBERT  <1834-189s>  historian 
and  essayist ;  son  of  Robert  Benton  Bssssy  jq.  v.) ;  of 
City  of  London  School  and  Christ's  Cou^  cVmbridge : 
B.A.,  1867:  obtained  senior  chancellor's  medal:  fellow 
and  classical  lecturer ;  chief  classical  assistant  at  City  of 
London  School,  1869;  professor  of  Latin  at  University 
OsUBfs,  London,  1863;  published,  1866,  •Boos  Homo.'  a 
work  which  attracted  Immediate  attention  and  provoked 
•  storm  of  controversy :  professor  of  modern  history  at 
Cambridge,  1869-91 :  fellow  of  Gonvffle  and  Oaius  College, 
Cambridge,  1881;  K.O.M.G.,  1894;  died  of  oaneerTln 

I.  -  kSOfcOSJ  }«•  u,io;,t.,i.  IBOBfk  Bfl  .1.1  U*   (..riKulHt,-.   th«- 

view  that  'history  is  past  politic*,  and  politic*  present 
history.'  His  publieatious  Include  "The  Life  and  Times 
of  Stein,'  1878,  'The  Expansion  of  England,'  'The 
Growth  of  British  Policy,'  IBM/and  •  Lectures  on  Pontt- 
"  1896.  [U.  190) 

.  LEONARD  BBNTON  (1831-1893),  author ; 
son  of  Robert  Benton  Seeley  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  City  of 
London  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  fellow, 
1864;  M.A.,  1866;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1866;  pub- 
Ushed  'Horace  Walpole  and  his  Works,'  1884,  and  other 
volumes.  [li.  193] 

8EELEY,  ROBERT  BBNTON  (1798-1886),  publisher 
and  author ;  served  with  his  father,  Leonard  Benton 
Seeley,  in  bookselling  and  publishing  business  in  Fleet 
Street,  London,  and,  with  partners,  controlled  publishing 
branch,  1816-67 ;  connected  with  many  religious  and  phil- 
anthropic movements.  His  publications  were  mainly  con- 
fined to  books  expounding  evangelical  opinions.  His 
original  works  include  •  Essays  on  the  Church,'  1834,  and 
'  The  Greatest  of  the  Plan  Uge  net*,  Edward  I,'  1860. 


[It.  193] 

ENOCH  (1694-1744),  nor- 
f ,  Germany ;  practised  in 


trait-painter ;  born  at  Danzig, 

London.  "    [U.  194] 

SEEM  ANN,  BERTHOLD  CARL  (1816-1 871 X  botanist 
and  traveller ;  born  at  Hanover :  graduated  atGtittingen ; 
studied  botany  at  Kcw,  1844-6 :  naturalist  to  H.M.8. 
Herald  in  voyage*  on  west  coast  of  America  and  in  the 
Arctic  seas,  1 847-61 ;  published  '  Narrative  of  the  Voyage,1 
1888,  and  was  made  Ph.D.  Gbttingen ;  joint-editor  of 
German  journal  of  botany,  'Bonplandia,'  1863-61 ;  com- 
missioned with  Colonel  Smythc,  R.A.,  to  report  on  Fiji 
islands,  1860 ;  began  publication  of  '  Journal  of  Botany,' 
1868 ;  subsequently  travelled  to  Venezuela  and  Nicaragua ; 
P.LA,  1862:  vice-president,  Anthropological  Society: 
F.R.G.S. ;  published  numerous  scientific  treatises  ;  died 
at  JavalL  [li.  194] 

8EFFRID,  SEFRID,  SEINFRID,  or  BAFRED  H 
(d.  1204),  bishop  of  Chichester ;  successively  archdeacon, 
dean  (1178),  and  bishop  (1180)  of  Chichester;  restored  a 
large  part  of  his  cathedral  church  after  the  fire  of  1187; 
sided  with  monks  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury,  in 
quarrel  with  Archbishop  Baldwin.  [li.  19S] 

8EGAR  or  SEAQEB,  FRANCIS  (Jt.  1649-1663), 
translator  and  poet;  probably  freeman  of  Stationers' 
Company,  1667.  His  works  include  'Oertayne  Psalmes 
. . .  drawen  into  Engllshe  metre,'  1663,  and  a  poem  on 
Richard  Plantagenet  in  the  'Myrrour  for  Magistrates,' 
1663.  [li.  196] 

BEOAR,  SIMON  (Jt.  1666-1712),  author  of '  Honores 
Anglican! ' ;  great-grandson  of  Sir  William  Segar  [q.  v.] ; 
member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1666:  library  keeper,  1674; 
published  •  Honores  Anglican!,*  1711.  [U.  198] 

8EGAB,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1633),  herald  ;  Portcullis 
pursuivant,  1688 ;  Somerset  herald,  1689 ;  Norroy  king- 
of-arms,  1693 ;  appointed,  1603,  Garter  king-of-arms  in 
succession  to  Sir  WUiam  Dethlck  [q.  v.],  who  was,  how- 
ever,  reinstated ;  returned  to  the  office,  1607:  knighted, 
1616  ;  works  include '  Baronaginm  Genealogicum  :  or  the 
Pedigrees  of  the  English  Peers  *  (published,  1764-84) 

[U.  197] 

SEGRAVE,  GILBERT  DE  (d.  1164),  judge:  son  of 
Stephen  de  Segrave  (d.  1241)  [q.  v.] ;  justice  of  ' 


south  of  Trent,  IMS: 
1264 ;  was  captured  by 


8EORAT1,  GILBERT  DE  (d.  1313 

< 


nted  Henry  III  to  Oftseony, 
of  Pons  and  died  la  prison. 

rVSL 


iVE,  gm  HUGH  (d.  1 
of  essUs  of  Brurtwick  and 


T).  I 
.  of 

till  death,  £ILI9f  ) 


v,  D«  (1»6T-13J»X  bs^in;   son  of 

Nicholas  de  Segrave,  first  baron  Segrave  [q.  v.)  ; 
against  UyweTyn  of  Wales,  IfTTabd  1181  ; 
employed  in  Scottish  wan  from  1191  ;  attac    _  _ 
to  Roger  Bigod,  fifth  earl  of  Norfolk  [q.  v.T,  1J97  : 
barons'  letter  to  Pone  Boniface  Vlft,  1301  ;  waNssi  of 


Scotland,  1301-6;  at  siege  of  Stirling,  1304;  appointed 
justice  and  captain  in  Scotland  south  of  ForthontiS 
departure  of  Edward  I  :  escorted  Wallace  to  London.  130f  ; 


bead  of  commission  for  Wallace's  trial ;  justice  of  I 
beyond  Trent,  e.  1307-10;  warden  of  Scotland.  1309; 
joined  barons  against  Gavetton,  1310;  keeper  of  forests 
this  side  of  Trent,  1311 ;  fought  at  Bannockbnrn,  1314 ; 
member  of  continual  council,  1818;  joint-capUin  of 
troops  going  to  Gaseony  under  Edmund  of  Woodstock, 
earl  of  Kent  [q.  v.],  1314 ;  died  in  AqniUine.  [li.  100] 

BEOBAVE,  NICHOLAS  DE,  first  BABON  _ 
(1138  T-1196X  *ou  of  Gilbert  de  Segrave  (d.  1164)  [q.  v.] ; 
attached  himself  to  Simon  de  Montfort,  1168 ;  shared  ia 
excommunication  brought  against  rebel  party,  1143; 
defended  Northampton  against  Henry  III,  and,  on  tU 
capture,  escaped  to  London ;  at  Lewes,  1164.  and  J 
1266,  when  he  was  captured  and  suffered 
escaped  to  isle  of  Ely  and  was  exoommonioi 
qnently  submitted  to  Prince  Edward,  on  which  bis  lands 
were  restored ;  took  part  in  Welsh  campaigns,  1177  and 
1181 ;  one  of  the  judges  of  unit  as  to  Scottish  succession. 

[1L101] 

JOKAVE.   NICHOLAS  DE.    LORD    or  f 
13WX 

I'verock,  1300;  took 


in  Scottish 


campaigns  of 
don  for  proce 


1303 


BEGRAVE,  NICHOLAS  DE,  LORD  OF  STOWB  (sL 
of  Nicholas  de  Segrave,  first  baron  Segrave 
[q.  v.) ;  fought  at  Falkirk,  1198,  and  at  siege  of  Car- 
laverock,  1300;  took  part 

and  1304 ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London  f or  proceeding 
to  France  in  midst  of  Scottish  campaign  ;  pardoned  and 
restored  to  favour ;  adhered  to  Edward  II  and 
Piers  Gaveston :  governor  of  Northampton  and  marshal 
of  England,  1809;  engaged  in  Scotland,  1310;  attached 
himself  to  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster  (1177  7-1311) [q.  v.], 
c,  1816,  and  served  under  him  against  Scot*.  1318. 

SEORAVE  or  8EDGRA1 
took  orders,  but 

of  Tower  of  London,  1203  ;  prominent  as  a  judge  a 
tice  itinerant,  from  1117 ;  custodian  of  Sanvey  Castle, 
Leicestershire,  1220 ;  one  of  justiciaries  on  Henry  Ill's  de- 
parture for  Brittany,  1130;  chief  justlciar,  1181;  sop- 
ported  system  of  administration  by  foreigners;  deprived 
of  office  on  reconciliation  of  Henry  III  with  lords,  1184; 


to  favour,  1286 ;    justice  of  Chester ; 
Augustinian  abbey  of  St.  Mary  des  Pros.  [U.  lot] 

BEOBAVE,  STEPHEN  DB  (d.  1883),  archbishop  of 
Armagh ;  studied  at  Cambridge ;  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1808-6;  doctor  of  canon  law  ;  clerk  IB 
royal  household  ;  rector  of  Btowe,  1300-18  ;  dean  of  Glas- 
gow and  canon  of  Dunkeld,  e.  1309;  canon  of  Lincoln. 
f.  1318,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  c.  1319 ;  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  1313.  IB.  106] 

8XOUABDE,  JOHN  (/.  1414),  rhetorician  and  poet ; 
master  of  grammar  school,  Norwich ;  left  poetics/ and 
other  manuscripts.  [1L  SOT] 

BEGT7HJL,  JOHN  (1788-1886),  artist :  partner  with 
his  brother  as  picture-restorer ;  studied  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, iii-iw-: 


SEGUTER 


1176 


WILLIAM  (1771-1843),  artist :  brother  of 
John  Seguier  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Georire  Morlaud  [q.  v.] : 
practised  a*  topographical  ami  portrait  painter;  art 
expert :  conservator  of  royal  picture  galleries  under 
George  IV,  William  IV,  and  Queen  Victoria :  first  keeper  of 
National  Gallery  ;  superintendent  of  British  Institution. 

[li.  207] 

SEGUIN.  ANN  OHILDE  (1814-1888),  ringer:  wife 
of  Arthur  Edward  Shelden  Seguin  [q.  v.] ;  married 
c  1831 :  subprofessor  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music  ;  sub- 
sequently taught  music  in  New  York.  [li.  209] 

BEGUIN.  ARTHUR  EDWARD  SHELDEN  (1809- 
1852),  bass  singer  ;  educated  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music : 
cngaired  at  various  London  theatres  till  1838;  went 
(1838)  to  America,  where  he  founded  'Seguin  Troup' 
operatic  company.  [li.  208] 

SETRIOL  (ft.  530),  Welsh  saint ;  founded  monastery 
of  Penmon,  Anglesey:  cousin  of  Maelgwn  Gwynedd 
[q.T.].  A  le?end  about  him  and  his  friend  St.  Cybi  [q.  v.] 
was  embodied,  though  not  quite  correctly,  by  Matthew 
Arnold  in  a  sonnet.  [li.  209] 

SELBORNE,  EARL  OF  (1812-1895).  [See  PALMER, 
ROUXDKLL.] 

CHARLES  (1802P-1863),  actor  and  dra- 
iiu-mber  of  company  at  Strand  Theatre,  London, 
18W;  with  Macready  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1841-2, 
subsequently  playing  principally  character  parts  at  various 
London  theatres ;  his  last  appearance  at  Drury  Lane, 
1863 ;  wro'e  many  plays  of  the  lightest  description ; 
published '  Maximum*  and  Speciments  of  William  Mug- 
gins,' 1841.  [li.  209] 

8ELBY,  PRIDE AUX  JOHN  (1788-1867),  naturalist ; 
of  University  College,  Oxford  :  high  sheriff  for  Northum- 
berland. 1.S23;  published  'Illustrations  of  British  Orni- 
tholoey,'  1*25-34;  founded  with  Sir  William  Jardine 
[q.  T.]  and  Dr.  G.  Johnston,  '  Magazine  of  Zoology  and 
Botany,' 1837,  and  was  joint-editor;  F.L.S. :  honorary 
M.A.  Durham,  1839  ;  published  '  British  Forest  Trees,'  1842. 
On  his  death  some  of  his  natural-history  collections  were 
presented  to  Cambridge  University.  [1L  210] 

SELBY.  WALFORD  DAKIN  (1845-1889),  antiquary; 
junior  clerjc  in  Record  Office,  1867,  and  ultimately  super- 
intendent of  the  search-room ;  joint-founder,  1883,  and 
director-in-chief  and  honorary  treasurer,  1883-9,  of  Pipe 
Roll  Society ;  published  antiquarian  writings  and  com- 
pilations, [li.  an] 

8ELDEN,  JOHN  (1584-1654),  jurist;  educated  at 
Chichester  under  Hugh  Barker  [q.  v.]  and  at  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford;  entered  Clifford  Inn,  1G02,  and  Inner  Temple, 
1604;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1612:  bencher,  1633; 
steward  to  Henry  Grey,  ninth  earl  of  Kent  [q.  v.]  ;  pub- 
lished, 1617,  'History  of  Tythes,'  many  passages  in  which, 
and  in  the  preface,  gave  offence  to  the  clergy ;  his  '  His- 
tory of  Tythes '  suppressed  by  public  authority ;  took 
active  part  in  preparation  of  the  protestation  of  the 
Commons,  1621,  and  was  temporarily  placed  in  private 
custody  :  returned  to  parliament  as  burgess  for  Lancaster 
16*3  ;  M.P.,  Great  Bedwin,  1626 :  took  prominent  part 
(1628)  in  impeachment  of  Buckingham;  counsel  for  Sir 
Kdmund  Hampden,  who  had  been  committal  to  prison 
for  refusing  to  lend  money  to  Charles  I  on  his  sole  de- 
^S&JSf.  <li8Puted  legality  of  detention  on  warrant 
which  did  not  specify  the  offences,  1627 ;  M.P.,  Ludgers- 
hall,  16!  8;  chairman  of  committee  to  consider  precedents 
as  to  imprisonment  without  cause  assigned  •  supported 
( 16f»)  petition  of  printers  and  booksellers  against  Laud's 
interference  with  their  trade,  and  took  active  part  in 
discussion  on  tonnage  and  poundage;  imprisoned  in  con- 

OT*?06,?'.^™1"311011   '"  the  hotl8e:   "berated,  1631; 
M.P.  for  Oxford  University  in  Long  parliament :  opposed 
crown  on  question  of  ship-money :  on  committees  to  draw 
up   articles   of    impeachment   of    Laud,    1641,   and    to 
examine  Charles  I's  violation  of  privileges  of  parliament 
2;  sat  in  Assembly  of  Divine*  at  Westminster,  1643-' 
oei  veil  office  of  clerk  and  keeper  of  records  of  the  Tower  of 
London,  1643 ;  member  of  committee  to  manage  the  admi- 
Uty,  1645 ;  member  of  committee  to  hear  appeals  from 
parliamentary  visitors  to  Oxford  University,  1647  ;  after 
took  no  further  part  in  public  affairs  and  abstained 
» i  expressing  any  opinion.    He  won  fame  as  an  orien- 
U«t by  his  treatise  'De  Diis  Syris,'  1617,  and  subse- 
quently made  a  valuable  collection  of  oriental  manuscripts 


most  of  which  pa-sed  at  his  death  into  the  Bodleian 
Library.  His  work  in  this  direction  consisted  chiefly  in 
the  exposition  of  rabbinical  law.  His  '  Table  Talk,'  con- 
taining reports  of  his  utterances  from  time  to  time  during 

1  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life,  composed  by  his  secre- 
tary, Richard  Mjlward  [q.  v.],  appeared  in  1689.  His 
works  include  '  Titles  of  Honour,"  1614,  an  edition  of 
Eadmer  [q.  v.],  1623,  'Marmora  Arundelliana,'  1624,  '  De 
Sucoessionibus,'  1631,  'Mare  Clausum,'  1635.  '  De  Jure 

;  Natural!,'  1640,  'Judicature  in  Parliament,'  1640,  'Privi- 
leges of  Barona?e,'  1642,  ' Fleta,'  1647,  and  'On  the 
Nativity  of  Christ,'  1661.  His  works  were  collected  by 
Dr.  David  Wilkins,  1726.  [li.  212] 

SELKIRK,  fifth  EARL  OF  (U71-1820).  [See  DOUGLAS, 
THOMAS.] 

SELKIRK,    ALEXANDER  (1676-1721),  prototype  of 
'Robinson  Crusoe' :  eon  of  John  Selcraig,  shoemaker,  of 
Largo  ;  ran  away  to  sea,  1695,  and  returned "iaome,  1701  ; 
joined  privateering  expedition  of  Captain  William  Dam- 
pier  [q.  v.]  to  South  Seas,  1703;  sailing  master  on  Cinque 
;  ports  under  Thomas  Stradling,  with  whom  he  quarrelled, 
1704  ;   put  ashore  on  uninhabited  island  of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez ;  rescued,  1709,  by  Captain  Woodes  Rogers  [q.  v.] 
|  in  a  new  expedition  of  Dampier,  who  obtained  for  him 
!  command  of  the  Increase  ;  sailing  master  of  a  new  prize, 
i  1710;    arrived  in  England,  1711;  retired  to  Largo,  and, 
later,  lived  in  London:  subsequently  resumed  his  life  as 
sailor.  Defoe,  who  published  'Robinson  Crusoe,'  1719,  pro- 
;  bably  did  not  know  Selkirk  personally.  [li.  224] 

SELLAR,  ALEXANDER  CRAIG  (1835-1890),  bar- 
rister ;  son  of  Patrick  Sellar  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1865  :  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1862  ;  legal  secre- 
tary to  the  lord-advocate,  1870-4 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Had- 
dington  Burghs,  1882-5,  and  for  Partick  division  of 
Lanarkshire,  1885  ;  liberal  whip,  1885-8.  [li.  226] 

SELLAR,  PATRICK  (1780-1851),  factor  to  George 
Granville  Leveson-Gower,  first  duke  of  Sutherland  [q.  v.] 
till  1818.  [li.225] 

SELLAR,  WILLIAM  YOUNG  (1825-1890),  professor 
of  Latin  in  Edinburgh  University  ;  son  of  Patrick  Sellar 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1850;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1848:  assistant- 
professor  of  Latin  at  Glasgow,  1851-3,  and  of  Greek  at 
St.  Andrews,  1853-9:  professor  of  Greek  at  St.  Andrews, 
1859-63,  and  of  Latin  at  Edinburgh,  1863-90;  published 
works  on  classical  authors.  [li.  226] 

SELLER,  ABEDNEGO(1646  ?-1705),  nonjuring  divine: 
educated  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ;  vicar  of  Charles 
at  Plymouth,  1686;  deprived,  1690;  published  religious 
works.  [H.  226] 

SELLER,  JOHN  (ft.  1700),  hydrographer  to  Charles  II ; 
published  maps,  also  '  The  English  Pilot '  and  '  The  Sea 
Atlas,'  1671.  [H.  227] 

SELLON,  BAKER  JOHN  (1762-1835),  lawyer;  of 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford;  B.O.L.,  1785;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1792; 
police  magistrate  at  Union  Hall,  1814,  and  at  Hatton 
Garden,  London,  1819-34  ;  published  legal  works. 

BELLOW,  PRISCILLA  LYDIA  (1821-1876),  founder 
of  Society  of  Sisters  of  Mercy  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Devon- 
port,  branches  of  which  were  afterwards  established  in 
many  centres  of  population  ;  her  enterprise  was  attacked 
or  defended  in  numerous  pamphlets.  Dr.  Pusey  took  a 
warm  interest  in  her  scheme.  [li.  228] 

SELLYKO,  RICHARD  (ft.  1450),  author  of  a  poem, 
'  Evidens  to  Beware  and  Gode  Oounsayle '  (Harl.  MS.  7333, 
f.  36a).  pi.  229] 

SELRED  or  SJELBJED  (d.  746),  king  of  East-Saxons-, 
succeeded,  c.  709,  Offa  (/.  709)  [q.  v.]  [li.  229] 

SELVACH  (d.  729),  king  of  Scottish  Dalriada  :  pro- 
bably son  of  Fearchair  Fada  (the  Long)  [q.  v.] ;  king  of 
Scottish  Dalriada  before  697 ;  defeated  Britons  at  Min- 
verce,  717 :  slew  his  brother  Aiubhealach  in  battle  at 
Finglcn,  719  ;  defeated  by  Duncan  MacBecc  in  sea-fight  at 
Ardannisby,  719  ;  became  priest,  723 ;  defeated  by  Eochadh, 
and  lost  sovereignty,  727.  [li.  229] 

SELWTK,  SIR  CHARLES  JASPER  (1813-1869). 
lawyer:  son  of  William  Selwyn  (1775-1855)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  ;  M.A.,  1839 ; 


SELWYN 


1177 


8ENHOUSE 


LL.I)..   1862;  barrister,  Lincoln'* 
1856  :  g.O.,  1866  :   M.P., 
appointed    solicitor-general 
justice  of  appeal  and  pri 


incon*  n 
Cambridge  U 
ral  and  knig 
y  councillor,  1 


Inn,  1840: 
University,  1869-68  : 
hted,    1* 
868.        [U.  ISO] 


8ELWYN,  QBORQK  AUGUSTUS  (17  19-  1791  X  wit 
an.l  politician  :  o(  Eton  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford:  rusticated, 
1746  :  clerk  of  the  irotu  and  surveyor  of  meltings  of  the 
mint  (sinecures)  ;  M.P.  for  family  borough  of  LadgersbalL 
1747,  and  for  Gloucester,  17M-80:  received  sinecure  of 
registrar  of  court  of  chancery  In  Barbados,  paymaster  of 
the  works  (till  1782),  and  »urveyor-general  of  work»(178S); 
elected  to  White'*,  1744,  and  wa»  member  of  the  Jockey 
Club  In  1767.  [U.  Ml] 

8ELWYK,  OBOROB  AUGUSTUS  (1809-1878),  bishop 
of  Lichfleld;  son  of  William  Selwyn  (1776-1866)  [q.  v.J  : 
of  Eton  and  St.  John1!  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1834; 
fellow  and  D.D.  per  litfnu  rrgiat,  1841  :  curate  at  Windsor  ; 
bishop  of  New  Zealand,  1841  :  greatly  Influenced  the  de- 
velopment of  the  colonial  church  ;  attended  first  Pan- 
Anglican  synod  In  England,  1867:  biahop  of  LichfieUl, 

m  ;  pod  ilMd  Nranoi  sod  rite  nOdooi  mrittan. 
Selwyn  College,  Cambridge,  was  erected  by  public  sub- 
n  in  his  memory,  and  Incorporated,  1881.  [IL  831] 


BEMPILL.  ROBERT  (169*?-16«6? 
son  of  Sir  James  SempiU  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity :  wrote,  e.  1640,  •  Life  and  Death  of  Babble  Himson.' 
Included  In  Watson's  *  Choice  OoiUcUon,'  1706  9.  [U.M8] 

BEMPILL    or     BEMPLE,     WILLIAM     (1644-1631X 
soldier  of  fortune;  attached  as  a  boy  to  court  of  Mary 


Queen  of  Soou  ;  Joined  BnniUfb  regiment 
William  Stewart,  la  service  of  Prince  of  Orange 


,  ««.- 

manded  company,  1681,  In  garrison  of  Urn,  wbkb  be 
betrayed    to    Duke    of    Parma;   employed   la   pottttaal 
mUaions  by  Philip  II  of  Spain  ;  arraW  and  imprisoned 
Kdlnborgb,  1688  ;  escaped  to  Low  Oooatries  ;  lived  at 
nish  court  as  •gentleman  of  the  nooth'  to  King 
' 


In 

•BBS*   i 
!•:,... ,,  [II  . 


Md  •  o  raial 


1613. 


[ILMt] 


[See  also  SEMPILL.] 


8XKPLB.  DAVID  (1808-1878),  antiquary; 
as  conveyancer  In  Paisley;  F.S.A.,  Scotland ; 
works  dealing  mainly  with  local  history.  (IL  HO] 


6ELWYH,  JOHN  RICHARDSON  (1844-1898X  bUliop 
of  Melanesia  :  sou  of  George  Augusta.  Selwyn  (1809-1878) 
[q.  T.I;  born  at  Walmate,  New  Zealand;  of  Eton  and 
Trinity  CoUef*  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1870  :  vicar  of  St. 
George's,  Wolrerhampton  :  joined  Melaneslan  mission,  and 
reached  Norfolk  island.  1873  :  bishop  of  Melanesia,  1877  ; 
returned  to  England  owing  to  Ill-health,  1890  ;  master  of 
Selwyn  College,  Cambridge,  e.  1890  till  death:  published 
•  Pastoral  Work  in  the  Colonies,'  1897.  [SuppL  ill.  338] 

8ELWYK,  WILLIAM  (1775-1865),  lawyer;  of  Eton 
and  St.  John's  and  Trinity  Colleges,  Cambridge:  M.A., 
1800;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1807:  treasurer,  1840; 
recorder  of  Portsmouth,  1819-29  ;  K.C.,  1827  :  published 
legal  writings.  [U.  138] 

SELWYIT,  WILLIAM  (1806-1875).  divine:  son  of 
William  Selwyn  (1775-1865)  [q.  v.]  :  of  Eton  and  St.  John  s 
College,  Cambridge  :  fellow,  1819  ;  M.  A.,  1831  :  D.D.,  1864  ; 
held  various  livings  from  1831  :  canon  residentiary  of 
Ely,  1853-75:  Lady  Margaret  professor,  1855  ;  member  of 
cathedrals  commission,  1852  ;  published  religious  works. 
_  '  [H.  233] 

8EMPTJLL.    [See  also  SKMPLK.] 

8EHPILL,  FRANCIS  (1616  ?-1882),  Scottish  ballad- 
writer  ;  probably  educated  for  the  law  :  sheriff-depute  of 
Renfrewshire,  1677;  widely  known  as  a  poet  and  wit; 
wrote  occasional  pieces  on  social  and  political  subject*. 

SEMPILL,  HEW,  eleventh  LORD  SKMPII.L  (d.  1746), 
colonel;  ensign,  1719;  served  In  Spain  and  Flanders; 
major,  26th  (Oameronians).  1718  ;  colonel  of  Black  Watch, 
1741  :  nerved  In  Flanders,  1743  :  colonel  of  25th  foot,  1745  ; 
acted  a»  brigadier-general  at  Cullodeu,  1746.  [U.  235] 

SEMPILL  or  BEMPLE,  HUGH,  Hcoo  SEMPii.lCft 
(1596-1654),  mathematician  :  born  at  Craigevar,  Soot- 
land;  aggregated  to  Society  of  Jesus  at  Toledo,  1616; 
rector  of  Scottish  College,  Madrid  ;  published  matins- 
matical  works.  [H.  136] 

SEMPILL,  Sm  JAMBS  (1566-1616),  of  Beltrees:  edu- 
cated with  young  King  James  VI  and  at  St.  Andrews: 
agent  to  James  YI  In  London,  1599  :  knighted.  1600  :  went 
on  embassy  to  France,  1601;  published  controversial 
works  ;  assisted  James  VI  in  preparing  for  press  his  »  Baslll- 
conDoron,'1699.  [11.135] 

fffarPTT.T.  or  BEMPLE,  ROBERT,  third  LORD 
SKMPILL  (d.  1572),  governor  and  constable  of  castle  of 
Douglas,  1533;  succeeded  hb  father,  1548:  supported 
queen-regent,  Mary  of  Guise,  against  lords  of  congrega- 
tion :  signed  band  in  support  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and 
Darnley,  1561,  but  after  murder  of  Damley  joined  opposi- 
tion to  Mary  ;  fought  at  Carberry  Hill,  1567  :  ioint-lieu- 
tenant  of  the  western  parts,  1568  ;  prisoner  of  toe  Hamil- 
ton*, 1570.  [IL  *37] 

SEMPILL,  ROBERT  (1530  7-1696),  Scottish  ballad- 
writer  ;  spent  early  life  in  Paris  ;  fled  at  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  1672  ;  probably  with  Morton's  army  during 
siege  of  Edinburgh.  In  his  ballads  be  appears  as  a  ftanuch 
supporter  of  the  reformers. 


»LB.  GEORGE  (1700T-1781T),  Irish  arcbltect : 
designed  and  erected  tteeple  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 
Dublin,  1749,  and  Eseex  Bridge  across  the  Liffey.  1761-4. 

8EMPLE  (alia*  SKMPLK-LWJC),  JAMBS  OBOROB 
(  ft.  1799),  adventurer :  born  at  Irvine :  served  In  America 
and  was  prisoner,  1776-7;  spent  some  time  on  continent, 
perhaps  In  service  of  Frederick  the  Great  and  Prim* 
rotemkin ;  was  convicted  of  fraud  In  England  and  re- 
paired to  Paris;  transported  from  England  for  fraud, 
1795,  and  after  returning  was  confined  in  Tothill  Fields 
prison,  London.  [II.  Ml] 

BEMPLE,  ROBERT  (1766-1816).  traveller  and  gover- 
nor under  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company :  born  of  British 
parent*  at  Boston ;  became  associated  with  London  firms : 
chief  agent  of  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  factories 
territories,  1815;  published  accounts  of  his  joorn 


killed  In  quarrel  with  caravan  of  North- West  Company. 
8EMPBJNOHAM ,  GILBERT  or  (1083  T-1189X    [Set 

GlLBKRT.] 

8ENAK  (488  7-644  ?X  taint :  descended  from  Conaire  I. 
king  of  Ireland  :  studied  for  religious  life  under  Casstdan ; 
perhaps  visited  Home  and  Tours ;  settled  on  Great  island. 
Cork  Harbour:  bi-hop  of  Iniscathaigh,  at  mouth  of 
shannon.  His  day  in  the  calendar  Is  8  March. 

[II.  141] 

8ENATU8,  called  BRAVOXICS  (<*.  1»7X  divine :  suc- 
cessively precentor,  librarian,  and,  till  1196,  prior  of 
Worcester  ;  wrote  concordance  of  the  gospels. 

Ill*  34*] 

SENCHAH  (/.  649X  Irish  bard ;  became  chief  bard 
of  Connaught  during  reign  of  Guaire  (649-62) ;  hie  only 
exUnt  work,  beginning  'Roflch  fergus  flchit  catha  co 
<  uinnigi '  In  the  •  Book  of  Leinster.'  [!»• 143] 

SEHEX,  JOHN  (d.  1740),  cartographer  and  «ngraver  : 
Iwokseller  In  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  Street,  London,  1719  : 
;  F.RA,  1728.  [tt.144] 

8EHOHAM,  WILLIAM  (/.  1160X  Austin  friar ;  Mat 
from  Home  to  teach  in  England  :  wrote  religions  worta. 

[11.  *44J 

8ENHOU8B,   SIR    HUMPHREY   FLEMING  (1JJ 
1841Xuavy  captain  :  entered  navy.  1797  :  lieutenant,  1801 ; 
!  served  under  Sir  Israel  1'ellew  [q.  v.]  in  M^litmanean, 
Westlixlles.  and  at  Trafalgar.  1804-6:  held  a  conunaad 
on  Spanish  main  and  InLeeward  Wands,  l«*-«:   ** 
Martinique,  1809  :  pout  captain,  1814:  lay  «?<»£»  *>&* 
Henry  Hotbam  [q.  v.],  1815  an.1   1831-4:  K.C.H,  18 
kniifhte.1.  1«34 :  served  In  China,   1839-41  ;   nominated 
C.B.  after  death. 


SENHOU8E,  RICHARD  (d.  1616X  bishop  ofCarth 
M.A.  St.  John's  College.  Cambridge.  1698 1  0»oorporat»i 
00)*    D.D^  1611;   fellow.    1598;   dean  of 
[tt.SU] 


8XHHOU8B  or  SET!*,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1W»X £••«» 
of  Dornam:  entered  Benedictine  onJer:  <d»cattd  at 
Oxford;  •ubdeaconof8kM.ry'sAbbv,YorM468rllpl: 
abbot,  1486 ;  bishop  of  CarlMe,  1494,  and  of  Dorbain, 

1502  [»•  ***] 


SENIOB 


1178 


SETON 


NASSAU  WILLIAM  (1790-1864),  econo- 
^.ToTEtonand  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  MA.,  1815  ; 
Drobationary  fellow,  1812;  Vinerian  scholar,  1813;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1819 ;  member  of  political  economy 
clnb  18*3;  professor  of  political  economy  at  Oxford, 
18SV-90  and  1847-52  ;  he  was  appointed  member  of  poor- 
law  commission,  1833,  and  wrote  its  report,  1834  ;  master 
in  chancery,  1836-68;  contributed  important  political 
articles  to '  Edinburgh  Review  *  after  1840 ;  Cossa  places 
him  first  among  English  economists  between  Ricardo  and 
J  8.  Mill  His  publications  include  'An  Outline  of 
Science  of  Political  Economy,'  1836,  and  '  Biographical 
Sketches;  1863.  [«•  245] 

or  ST.  LIZ,  SIMON  DB,  EARL  OF  NORTH- 

AND  HUNTINGDON  (d.  1109),  fought  with  Rufus 
In  Normandy,  1098  ;  went  on  crusade  after  1100.  Bnilt 
Northampton  Castle  and  founded  priory  of  St.  Andrew, 
Northampton.  [li-  248] 

BXHUB,  SIMON  n  DB,  EARL  OF  NORTHAMPTON 
(d.  1163X  son  of  Simon  de  Senlis  or  St.  Liz,  earl  of 
Northampton  and  Huntingdon  [q.v.] ;  fought  for  Stephen 
at  Lincoln,  1141,  and  subsequently  remained  faithful  to 
Matilda ;  received  earldom  of  Huntingdon,  1152. 

SEPPING8,  SIR  ROBERT  (1767-1840),  navai  archi- 
tect: apprenticed  as  working  shipwright  in  Plymouth 
dockyard,  1782,  and  became  master  shipwright  assistant ; 
Invented  machinery  called  'Seppings  blocks '  for  suspend- 
ing vessels  in  dock,  1800  ;  Copley  medallist,  1803  ;  master 
shipwright  at  Chatham,  1804  ;  invented  system  of  diagon- 
ally bracing  and  trussing  frame  timbers  of  ships ;  surveyor 
of  navy,  1813-32 ;  F.RJ3.,  1814  ;  knighted,  1819 ;  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1836.  His  improved  methods  of  shipbuilding  are 
now  universally  adopted.  [li.  249] 

BEQTJAED,  CHARLES  EDWARD  BROWN-  (1817- 
18»4X  [See  BRowx-SiquARD.] 

8ERE8,  WILLIAM  (d.  1579  ?),  printer ;  in  partner- 
ship with  John  Day  (1522-1584)  [q.  v.]  till  c.  1550,  and  with 
Anthony  Scoloker  (ft.  1548)  [q.  v.] ;  received  patent  to  be 
sole  printer  of  primers  (i.e.  forms  of  private  prayer)  and 
psalters,  1554 ;  imprisoned  and  deprived  of  patent  during 
Queen  Mary's  reign,  but  released  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
restored  it;  member  of  old  Stationers'  Company  and  master 
of  new  company,  1570, 1571,  and  1575-6-7.  [li.  251] 

BEEOEAJTT.    [See  also  SARGENT.] 

SERGEANT,  JOHN  (1622-1707),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1643;  secretary  to  Thomas  Morton,  bishop  of  Durham; 
comer  ted  to  Roman  catholic  church  ;  ordained  priest  at 
'  College,  Lisbon ;  joined  English  mission,  1652 ; 
Literary  Life '  of  himself,  1700,  and  many 
controversial  works,  which  elicited  replies  from  Hammond, 
Bramhall,  Oasaubon,  Stillingneet,  Tilloteon,  Gataker,  and 
others.  [li.  251] 

SERGISON,  CHARLES  (1654-1732),  commissioner  of 
navy ;  dockyard  clerk,  1671 ;  clerk  to  clerk  of  the  acts, 
167* ;  clerk  of  the  acts,  1689-1719 ;  collected  manuscripts 
relating  to  nary.  [It  254] 

BERLE,  AMBROSE  (1742-1812),  Oalvinistic  writer ; 
entered  navy,  and  was  captain,  1795 ;  under-secretary  for 
colonies,  1772;  clerk  of  reports,  1776;  accompanied 
British  army  In  America,  1776-8  ;  commissioner  of  trans- 
port senrioe  and  prisoners  of  war,  1795,  1803,  and  1809 ; 
published  Oalvinistic  writings.  [U.  254] 

Jf.  960  ?X    Benedictine  of  8t 
wrote '  Monacborum  Libidines.1 


ne's, 


Augusti 
i.'     [li.  255] 

OF  BAYECX  (1036 7-1104),  monkish  writer: 
perhaps  monk  of  Mount  St.  Michael  and  chaplain  to 
William  (afterwards  the  Conqueror);  received  abbey 
MGlcocester,  1073;  perhaps  wrote  'Super  Oratione 
Dominica.'  "  [1L  S66] 

BEELO  (d.  1147),  fourth  dean  of  Salisbury ;  first  abbot 
of  Olrencester,  1117.  [1L  255] 

BEELO,  called  GRAKMATICU8  ( 1109-1 207  ?),  monkish 
writer;  became  monk  of  Fountains  Abbey,  1138;  at 
monastery  of  Kirkstall,  near  Leeds,  1147  till  death ;  wrote 
peettcal  and  other  works.  [li.  254] 

*    I?**0*'      WILLIAM     (16J9P-1679X     physician; 
practised    at   Bristol    daring  plague,    1666    till    1669; 


attended  George  Monck,  duke  of  Albemarle  [q.  v.],  for 
dropsy,  and  claimed  to  have  cured  him,  1669;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1670 ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II ; 
published  medical  writings.  [li.  255] 

8ERRE8,  DOMINIC  (1722-1793),  marine-painter; 
born  at  Audi,  Giscony ;  served  as  sailor  and  as  master  of 
trading  vessel  to  the  Havannah ;  was  captured  by  British 
frigate  and  brought  to  England,  c.  1758  ;  original  member 
of  Royal  Academy,  1768,  and  librarian,  1792  ;  marine- 
painter  to  George  III.  [li.  256] 

BEEEES,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1759-1825),  marine- 
painter  ;  son  of  Dominic  Serres  [q.  v.]  ;  drawing-master 
at  Chelsea ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1780  ; 
marine-painter  to  George  III,  1793  ;  marine  draughtsman 
to  admiralty,  1793;  married,  1791,  Olivia  Wilmot,  by 
whose  intrigues  and  extravagance  he  was  ruined ;  died 
in  rules  of  King's  Bench.  [li.  256] 

SEREES,  LAVINIA  JANETTA  HORTON  DE  (1797- 
1871),  daughter  of  Mrs.  Olivia  Serres  [q.  v.]  ;  married 
Anthony  Ry ves,  a  portrait-painter,  1822,  and  was  divorced, 
1841 ;  called  herself  Princess  Lavinia  of  Cumberland  and 
Duchess  of  Lancaster,  and  published  writings  relating  to 
her  claim  to  the  title.  [1L  258] 

SEBRJES,  MRS.  OLIVIA  (1772-1834),  painter  and 
writer ;  daughter  of  a  house-painter  of  Warwick  named 
Wilmot ;  married  John  Thomas  Serres  [q.  v.],  1791,  and 
was  separated  from  him,  1804  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1794-1808 ;  landscape-painter  to  George,  prince  of 
Wales,  1806 ;  claimed  to  be  natural  daughter  of  Henry 
Frederick,  duke  of  Cumberland  and  Strathearn  [q.  v.], 
brother  of  George  III,  1817  ;  asserted  herself  to  be  legiti- 
mate daughter  of  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and  assumed  title 
of  Princess  Olive  of  Cumberland,  1820  ;  arrested  for  debt, 
1821 ;  published  poetical  and  other  writings ;  died  within 
rules  of  King's  Bench.  [li.  257] 

SERVICE,  JAMES  (1823-1899),  politician  and  pioneer 
colonist  of  Melbourne ;  born  in  Ayrshire ;  emigrated  to 
Melbourne  and  founded  commercial  firm  of  John  Service 
&  Co.,  1853 ;  member  for  Melbourne  in  legislative  as- 
sembly, 1857 ;  minister  for  lands,  1859-60 ;  passed  Torrens 
act  for  facilitating  transfer  of  real  property,  1860  ;  member 
for  Maldon  and  treasurer,  1874  ;  member  for  Castlemaine, 
1883  ;  premier  of  Victoria,  1883-5  ;  brought  about  Sydney 
conference,  1882;  carried  bill  for  creation  of  federal 
council  of  Australasia,  1884 ;  member  of  legislative  council 
for  Melbourne  province.  [Suppl.  iii.  339] 

8EBVICE,  JOHN  (1833-1884),  Scottish  divine ;  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow  University ;  edited  '  Dumbarton 
Herald,'  1857  ;  minister  at  St.  John's  presbyterian  church, 
at  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania,  1866-70,  and  at  Inch,  near 
Stranraer,  Scotland,  c.  1871  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1877  ;  minis- 
ter at  Hyndland,  Glasgow,  1878-84 ;  published  religious 
and  other  writings.  [li.  259] 

SETGHEL,  SARAH  (1803-1894),  water-colour  painter; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1831 ;  member  of  New 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1841.  [li.  259] 

8ETOJT,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (ft.  1311-1340),  keeper  of 
Berwick  (appointed,  1327) ;  surrendered  Berwick  to  Eng- 
lish after  long  siege,  1333.  [li.  260] 

8ETON,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF  HUNTLY 
(d.  1470),  received  baronies  of  Gordon,  and  assumed  style 
of  Lord  Gordon  and  Huntly,  1408  ;  accompanied  Mar- 
garet of  Scotland  to  France  on  marriage  with  dauphin 
Louis,  1436 ;  created  Earl  of  Huntly,  1449  ;  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  kingdom,  1452 ;  defeated  Crawford  near 
Brechin;  held  command  at  siege  of  Roxburgh  Castle, 
1460.  [li.  260] 

SETON,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1542),  Scottish  friar  and 
reformer;  educated  at  St.  Andrews;  opposed  action  of 
the  bishops,  c.  1535,  and  was  compelled  to  retire  to  Eng- 
land ;  recanted,  1541 ;  chaplain  to  Charles  Brandon,  duke 
of  Suffolk.  [li.  261] 

SETON,  SIR  ALEXANDER,  first  EARL  OF  DUNFKRM- 
LIKE  (1555  ?-1622),  son  of  George  Seton,  fifth  baron  Seton 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Jesuit  college,  Rome  ;  received  priory 
of  Pluscardine,  1665 ;  perhaps  took  holy  orders  :  studied 
law  in  France ;  passed  advocate  in  Scotland  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1585 ;  lord  president  of  court  of  session,  1593  :  chief 
of  the  Octavians,  1596  ;  became  nominally  a  protestant,  but 
sympathised  with  Roman  catholics;  lord  of  parliament, 


8ETON 


1179 


8EWARD 


privy  councillor,  and  guardian  of  Jama  VI'i  NO  Oharies 

(afterward*  Charles  IX  1698  :  vioe-chaucdk>r  and  com- 

r    for    union   with  England,  1604;    ^•yih.i*. 

Kiik'li'l.  privy  council,  1009  ;  custodian  of  palace  and  park 

of  Hoh  rood,  and  one  of  new 

commiaaioncr  at  parliament  of  Edinburgh,  1611 


D.D^1644:  chapUinto  Bishop  Pia 

MC,  fe  -•,,;,,.?    Vte  •,  -N  r    ,-    J15* 


SETON,  ALEXANDER,   tilth   EARL  OF 
(1588-1661).    [See  MOJCTUOMKRIK.] 

BETON,  ALEXANDER,  VlflCOUirrKM««ro»  (1681?- 
1691),  M>Q  of  George  Seton,  third  earl  of  Wlnton  (q.  r.]  : 
educated  lu  Prance  ;  declined  to  subscribe  covenant,  and 
was  excommunicated,  1644  ;  In  attendance  on  Prince 
Charles  in  France:  created  Visooont  Kingston  after 
Charles  ITs  coronation  at  Scone,  1661.  [li.  M4] 

SETON,  8m  ALEXANDER,  LORD  PrrXBDDBX 
rUMI  ITmjodte;  atetttad  aivgiaMtd  Bwttt*  bs^ 
1661  ;  knighted,  1664  ;  ordinary  lord  of  Marion,  1677  ; 
M.Pn  Abenleenshlre;  lord  of  justiciary,  168S;  created 
baronet  of  NOT*  Scotia,  1684;  opposed  James  II  on 
q  .«•  Uon  ,,:  Ntasjsj]  ,.:  :.  -t  .m  1  ;-  |sj|  fa  r,  .i!:'l  MM  r.-m.-v.-l 
from  office,  1686.  [U.  8*4] 

SETON,  ALEXANDER  (1814-1858),  lieutenant- 
colonel;  second  lieutenant,  list  fusiliers,  IMS;  captain, 
1848  ;  exchanged  into  75th  ;  assistant  deputy  quarter- 
master-general 10  Ireland,  1849-60;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1811  ;  perished  In  wreck  during  voyage  to  Oape  of  Good 
^ 


[U.JM] 

SETON,  CHARLES,  second  EARL  or  DUXFERMLIXK 
(d.  167SX  «>n  of  Sir  Alexander  Seton,  first  earl  of  Dunferm- 
line  [q.  v.] ;  one  of  leaden  of  Scottish  covenanting  army 
which  opposed  Charles  I,  16*9;  frequently  sent  on  mis- 
sions to  Charles  I;  privy  councillor  in  England,  1640; 
Charles  I's  commissioner  to  general  assembly  of  kirk  of 
Scotland,  1648 ;  appointed  to  treat  with  Charles  I  after 
his  surrender  at  Newcastle,  1646 ;  supported '  engagement,' 
1648 ;  retired  to  Prance  ;  accompanied  Oharies  II  in  Scot- 
land :  privy  councillor,  1«60;  extraordinary  lord  of  session 
and  lord  of  the  articles,  1667 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1671. 

[11.  865J 

SETON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1878  7-1306) :  in  ser- 
vice of  Edward  I  of  England,  1SOS-6  ;  married  Lady 
Christina  Bruce,  sister  of  Robert  Bruce  [q.  v.],  and  sup- 
ported Brace's  claims  to  Scottish  crown;  captured  by 
English  at  London,  and  hanged  as  traitor.  [li.  866] 

SETON,  GEORGE,  first  BARON  SRTON  (d.  1478), 
friend  of  Robert  Bruce  [q.  v.] ;  accompanied  Lord- 
chancellor  Crichton  on  embassy  to  France  and  Burgundy, 
1448 ;  created  peer  of  parliament,  1448 ;  ambassador  to 
England,  1473  and  1473.  [li.  867] 

SETON,  GEORGE,  fourth  BAROM  S*TOK  (<*.  1649), 
great-grandson  of  George  Seton,  first  baron  Seton  [q.  v.] ; 
studied  at  St.  Andrews  and  in  Paris :  member  of  parlia- 
mentary committee  pro  judieOna,  1686  ;  extraordinary 
lord  of  session,  1683  ;  entrusted  (1643)  with  the  custody 
of  Cardinal  Beaton,  whom  be  permitted  to  return  to 
St.  Andrews ;  took  field  against  Hertford,  1544.  [U.  867] 

SETON,  GEORGE,  fifth  BARON  Srros  (1630?-1685X 
son  of  George  Seton,  fourth  baron  Seton  [q.  v.] ;  lord  pro- 
vost of  Edinburgh,  1567  and  1669 :  on  triumph  of  protes- 
tant  party  went  to  Paris,  1660,  but  returned,  and  was 
master  of  Queen  Mary's  household,  1561 ;  devoted  sop- 
porter  of  Queen  Mary  after  marriage  with  Darnley  and 
Bothwell,  assisting  her  in  escape  from  Loch  Leven,  1568 ; 
captured  at  Langside  ;  sent  with  the  Lady  Northumber- 
land on  embassy  to  Duke  of  Alva,  e.  1671,  and  obtained 
money  from  Flanders,  1578 ;  made  peace  with  Morton's 
government  after  fall  of  Edinburgh  ;  opposed 
ment  of  Morton  in  power,  1678  ;  Intercepted  Qi 
beth's  ambassador,  Bowes,  and  was  denounced  as  rebel, 
1678 ;  signed  bond  to  serve  James  VI  of  Scotland,  1679 
sat  on  assize  for  Morton's  trial,  1581.  [li.  868] 

SETON,  GEORGE,  third  EARL  or  Wurrow  (1584- 
1660X  sooceded  to  <    ' 
ment 'for  Charles  I's 

SETON,  GEORGE,  fifth  EARL  or  Vfimon  (d.  1749X 


succeeded  to  earldom,  1704 ;  joined  rising  of  1716 ; 
prisoner  at  Preston  ;  sentenced  to  death,  but  escaped ;  died 
»t  Rome.  [ST870] 

SETON,  JOHN  (14987-1567X  Roman  catholic  divine 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 


Piabsr  : 


toGar- 


orU,  1544 ;   persecuted  for  his  ntigtoo :  died  at 
His  philosophical  treatise,  •  Dialeettoa,'  appear**,  1678. 


J   >HN,    [MB   HAKS-  <  J. 

V*.n  of  -,.,-rv,-   .-,-ton.    fl!tl,    i*r.m 
of  stable  to  James  VI  of  flnofhlM 
privy  councillor,  1487;   extraordinary  lord  of 
488.  [11. 878] 

BETON  or  BITONE.  THOMAS  n*  (/.  1344-1347% 
chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench  ;  king's  serjeant,  1344  ; 
odga,  probably  in  king's  bench. «,  UM ;  JodMof  OOBBOB 
r  ohief.jojtsot  ofktag's  bench 
11L873) 
of  Pit. 


sh  parlia- 
[It 8*6] 


>le«,  1344;  temporarily 

RIR    WILLIAM, 
(d.   1744X  son   of   Sir 
Pltmedden  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Aberdeen,  In 
ment,  1708-6 ;  commissioner  for  union. 

SETTLE,  ELKANAH  (1648-1784X  city  post;  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford:  produced  'Cambwes,  King  of 
Persia :  a  Tragedy,'  which  was  acted  at  UncohVslnn, 
1666.  and  was  first  of  a  series  of  bombastic  dramas  which 
endangered  at  court  Dryden's 
Dryden,  in  consequence,  venter 
part  of  •  Absalom  and  Acbitopbd,'  1688 :  pnbUabed  •  Absa- 
lom Senior,  or  Achitopbel  Transpros'd,rl688.  and  'Re- 
fleotkms  on  several  of  W  Dryden's  Plays,'  1687;  wrote 
against  Roman  catholics:  recanted,  1681,  and  published 
A  Narrative  of  the  Popish  Plot,'  exposing  Oates*s  per- 
juries ;  appointed  city  poet,  1691 ;  found  employment  soon 
after  the  revolution  as  writer  of  drolls  for  Bartholomew 
Fair  ;  died  in  the  Charterhouse.  [II.  Tit] 

SETTLE,  THOMAS  (it.  1675 -1593X  divine;  of  Queens' 
liege,  Cambridge :  minister  at  Boxted :  Impi 
tebonse  for  nonconformity,  1486-98  and 
Brownista,  1498.  [11.  874] 

SIR  WILLIAM  (1178  7-143*  TX  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  apprenticed  as  Ironmonger  in  London : 
joint-master  of  Grocers'  Company,  1406 ;  warden  of  Loo- 
don  Bridge,  1404;  sheriff,  1418; 


imprisoned  in 
1693:  joined 


alderman   of 

ward,  1414  ;  lord  mayor  of  London,  1418 ;  MJ>.,  London, 
1417?  [U.  876] 

SEVER,  HENRY  (d.  1471Xdivine ;  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford  ;  senior  proctor,  1487  ;  D.D. ;  chaplain  and  almoner 
to  Henry  VI:  Ant  provost  of  Eton  College,  144O-3; 
chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1448 ;  prebendary,  1444, 
and  chancellor,  1449,  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London ; 
warden  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1446.  [U.  876] 

SEVER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1604). 

SEVERN,  ANN  MARY  (183J-1866X 

SEVERN,  JOSEPH  (1793-1879X  painter;  apprenticed 
a»  engraver:  studied  at  Royal  Academy  schools;  joined 
Keats  circle,  c.  1816 ;  gold  medallist,  Royal  Academy. 
1818;  accompanied  Keita  to  Italy,  1880,  and  attended 
him  at  bis  death,  1881  ;  obtained  travelling  pension  from 
Royal  Academy,  1881;  practised  at  Rome;  married 
Elisabeth,  daughter  of  Archibald  Montgomerie,  : 
Montgomerie,  1888 ;  in  England,  1841-60 ;  British  e 
at  Rome,  1860-78 ;  died  at  Home.  [n.  8771 

SEW  ALL  Dt  BOVILL  (d.  1 847  X  archbishop  of  York: 
prebendary  of  York,e.  1137,  dean,  1840,  archbishop,  UM 
(elected,  1844) ;  suspended  and  excommunicated  for  dis- 
puting Pope  Alexander  ITs  right  to  appoint  to  vacant 
deanery,  1847.  [IL  87t] 

ALL,  SAMUEL  (164J-1730X  colonist  and  judge: 

._.jd  to   Newbury,   Massachusetts   in   childhood; 

M.A.  Harvard,  1674 ;  member  of  court  of  assbunu  for 
Massachusetts,  1684;  chief-justice,  1718-88.  His  diary, 
1674-1789,  has  been  published.  [U.  STB] 

BZWARD,  ANNAfl 747- 1809  V,  anthoma,  known  as  the 
•  Swan  of  Lich  field ' ;  daughter  of  Thomas  Seward  [q.  T.I : 
lived  at  Lichfleid,  1744-1809;  first  met,  e.  1776,  Bos  well, 
whom  she  afterwards  supplied  with  particulars  concern- 
ing Johnson ;  subsequently  made  acquaintance  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Ptoni  fq.  v.].  and  frequently  met  Dr.  Darwin, 
Thomas  Day,  Richard  Loveil  Bdgeworth,  Dr.  Parr. 
Howard,  the  prison  reformer,  andDr.  Johnson ;  visited 
by  Scott  at  Ltchfleld,  1807 ;  bequeathed  to  Scott  her  lite- 
rary works  and  remains,  and  to  Archibald  Constable,  the 


SEWAKD 


1180 


SEYMOUR 


Edinburgh  publisher,  her  li-tti-rs  ;  IHT  postli'.ni: 
positions  edited  and  poetical  works  puiilisliol  by  Scott, 
with  ft  memoir.  1810.    Six  volumes  of  letters  appeared 
in  181  1.    Her  earliest  poem*  appeare  1  in  the  '  Batheastou 
Iflfodlanj,'  edited  by  Anna,  lady  Miller  [q.  v.] 

[li.  280] 

BE  WARD.  THOMAS  (1708-1790),  divine  :  educated  at 
Westminster  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
MJL,  17»4:  prebendary  of  Licbfleld;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  17M  ;  resided  at  Licbfield,  where  be  frequently 
entertained  Dr.  Johnson  ;  published  religious  and  poetical 
writings  :  edited,  with  Sympson,  the  •  Works  '  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  1750.  [li.  282] 

SEWAKD.  WILLIAM  (1747-1799),  man  of  letters  ; 
of  Harrow,  Charterhouse,  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford: 
travelled  on  continent;  acquired  love  of  literature  and 
the  fine  art*  ;  made  acquaintance  of  the  Thrales  and 
Dr.  Johnson,  with  whom  he  became  intimate  ;  member  of 
Eumelean  Club  and  Johnson's  Essex  Club  ;  F.R.S.  and 
FAA-,1779:  contributed  to  newspapers  and  magazines. 
and  published  'Anecdotes  of  some  Distinguished  Persons,' 
179«-7,and'Biograpbla,'1799.  [li.  282] 

8EWARD.  WILLIAM  WENMAN  (fl.  1800),  writer 
on  Irish  politics  and  topography.  [li.  283] 

8EWEL,  WILLIAM  (1654-1720),  quaker  historian  ; 
born  of  English  parents  at  Amsterdam  ;  apprenticed  as 
wearer  :  journalist  in  Amsterdam.  His  publications  in- 
clude '  History  of  the  Rise,  Increase,  and  Progress  of  the 
Christian  People  called  Quakers'  (in  Dutch,  1717,  and  in 
English,  1722X  and  a  •  Dictionary  of  English-Dutch,'  1691. 
_  [li.  283] 

8EWELL,  ANNA  (1820-1878),  author;  daughter  of 
Mary  Sewell  [q.  v.]  :  published  'Black  Beauty,'  the 
•autobiography  '  of  a  horse,  1877.  [li.  288] 

SEWELL,  GEORGE  (d.  1726X  controversialist  and 
hack  writer  ;  of  Eton  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge  :  B.A., 
1709;  studied  medicine  at  Leyden  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1725  ;  practised  medicine  in  London  and  later  in  Hamp- 
stead,  but  subsequently  became  a  bookseller's  hack,  pub- 
poems,  translations,  and  political  an! 
pamphlets;  wrote  at  first  in  tory  interest,  but 
afterwards  attached  himself  to  cause  of  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole.  His  works  include  4  Tragedy  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,' 
1719  (produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1719)  and  4  Poems 
on  Several  Occasions,'  1719.  [li.  285] 

SEWELL,  HENRY  (1807-1879),  first  premier  of  New 
Zealand  ;  brother  of  Richard  Clarke  Sewell  [q.  v.]  ; 
solicitor;  secretary  and  deputy-chairman  of  Canterbury 
Association  for  Colonisation  of  New  Zealand,  1850  ;  sent 
to  Mew  Zealand  to  wind  up  affairs  of  the  association, 
18M;  began  practice  as  solicitor  at  Lyttleton,  1853; 
tr  for  Christchurch  of  House  of  Representatives 
1  ;  first  premier,  1856  ;  colonial  treasurer  and  com- 
missionerof  customs,  1856-9  ;  attorney-general,  1861-2; 
member  of  legislative  council  for  Wellington,  1861  ;  minis- 
ter of  justice,  1864-6  and  1869-72  ;  returned  to  England, 
1W«.  [1L286] 

SEWELL,  JONATHAN  (17«6-1839),  chief-justice  of 
Lower  Canada;  born  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  edu- 
cated at  Bristol  grammar  school  ;  called  to  bar  of  Lower 
Canada,  1789;  solicitor-general,  1793;  attorney-general 
and  advocate-general,  1795  ;  member  of  House  of  As- 
sembly, e.  1795  ;  chief-justice  of  Quebec,  speaker  of  legis- 
lative council,  and  president  of  executive  council,  1808  ; 
IMMtDeed  into  procedure  of  court*  rules  of  practice  which 
roused  strong  opposition;  honorary  LL.D.  Harvard; 
published  miscellaneous  writings.  [li.  286] 

MABY  (17J*-1884X  author;  daughter  of 
right,  a  quaker  ;  governess  at  school  in  Essex  ; 

:*55!fJ8ewellf  1819;  >olned  church  of  England, 
;  interested  in  philanthropic  movements  ;  published 


irenes  and  stories  with  object  of  inculcating  moral  virtues  ; 
*     KMM  collected  as  'Stories  in  Verse,' 


and  Ballads.'  1886. 


1881,  and  as 
[li.  287] 

RICHARD    CLARKE  (1803-1864),  legal 
^Chester  «»A  Magdalen  College,  Oxford; 
n"r          :AWtoWf  1837-M:  ienlor  dean  °*  *rte,  1838; 
O.U,  1840;    prelector  of   natural  philosophy,  1843; 
tarrUter  Middle  Temple,  1830;  practised  in  Australian 

SS^>UW  T1**  :  reader  ln  Uw  to  Melbourne  Univer- 
sltj,  1857  ;  published  legal  works.  [U.  288] 


SEWELL,  Put  THOMAS  (//.  1784),  master  of  the 
rolls  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1734  ;  K.U.  and  bencher 
of  bis  inn,  1754;  practised  in  chancery  courts;  M.P., 
Harwich,  1758-61,  Winchelsea,  1761-8;  master  of  rolls, 
1764-84  ;  knight  and  privy  councillor,  1764.  [li.  288] 

SEWELL,  WILLIAM  (1780-1853),  veterinarian  ;  ob- 
tained diploma,  1799;  assistant  to  Edward  Colemau 
(l"64?-1839),  second  principal  of  Veterinary  College, 
London ;  made  supposed  discovery  of  channel  pervading 
the  '  medulla  spinalis,'  1803 ;  rediscovered  neurotomy, 
1818 ;  president  of  Veterinary  Medical  Society,  1835-6  ; 
principal  of  Veterinary  College,  1839  ;  president  of  Royal 
College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons,  1852.  [Suppl.  iii.  340] 

SEWELL,  WILLIAM  (1804-1874),  divine;  brother 
of  Richard  Clarke  Sewell  [q.  v.];  of  Winchester  and 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  postmaster,  1822- 
1827;  M.A.,  1829;  D.D.,  1857;  Pctrean  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  1827  ;  tutor  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1831-53  ; 
sub-reotor  and  divinity  reader,  1835 :  dean,  1839 ;  White's 
professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1836-41 ;  left  tractarianism, 
seeing  its  Romanising  tendencies;  assisted  in  founding 
St.  Columba's  College,  Rathfarnham,  near  Dublin,  1842, 
and  St.  Peter's  College,  Radley,  near  Oxford,  1847 ;  lived 
at  Deutz  to  avoid  his  creditors,  1862-70 ;  published  mis- 
cellaneous works.  [li.  290] 

SEXBURQA,  SEAXBURG,  or  SEXBURH  (d.  673), 
wife  of  Ccnwalh  [q.  v.],  king  of  West-Saxons,  whom  she 
succeeded  on  his  death.  [li.  291] 

SEXBURGA,   SAINT  (d.  699?),  queen  of   Kent  and 

second  abbess  of  Ely ;  daughter  of  Anna  (d.  654),  king  of 

East- Angles;  married,  c.  640,  Earconbert,  king  of  Kent; 

founded  monastery  for  nuns  in  Isle  of  Sheppey,  and  became 

!  abbess;  second  abbess  of  Ely,  c.  679-c.  699.    Her  day  is 

|  6  July.  [li.  291] 

SEXBY,  EDWARD  (d.  1658),  author  of  '  Killing  no 
Murder ' :  entered  Cromwell's  regiment  of  horse,  c.  1643  ; 
took  leading  part  in  movement  against  disbanding  army, 
1647 ;  captain,  and  governor  of  Portland,  1649 ;  raised 
foot  regiment,  1650,  and  became  colonel;  took  part  in 
siege  of  Tantallon  Castle,  1651 ;  deprived  of  commission, 
1651  ;  on  political  mission  in  France,  1652-3 ;  took  part  in 
schemes  for  joint  rising  of  royalists  and  levellers,  1665: 
negotiated  in  Flanders  with  Count  Fuensaldanha,  governor 
of  Spanish  Netherlands,  and  Don  John  of  Austria,  for 
invasion  of  England  and  assassination  of  Cromwell,  1656  : 
came  to  England,  1657,  and  was  arrested;  published 
'Killing  no  Murder,'  an  apology  for  tyrannicide,  1657; 
died  in  Tower  of  London.  [li.  292] 

8EXRED  or  8EXRJED  (d.  626),  king  of  the  East- 
Saxons  :  son  of  Sebert  (d.  616  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  succeedel  his 
father  as  king  of  East-Saxons,  616,  and  reigned  conjointly 
with  two  brothers  ;  opposed  introduction  of  Christianity ; 
killed  in  fight  with  West-Saxons.  [li.  293] 

8EXTEN,  RICHARD  (d.  1668).  [See  ARGENTINE, 
RICHARD.] 

SEYER,  SAMUEL  (1767-1831),  divine;  M.A.  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1780:  master  of  Royal  Fort  school, 
1790 ;  rector  of  Filton,  1824 ;  published  works  relating 
to  history  of  Bristol.  [li.  294] 

SEYFFARTH,  MRS.  LOUISA  (1798-1843).  [See 
SHARPK.] 

SEYMOUR,  MRS.  (fl.  1717-1723),  actress :  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1717-18,  and  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London,  from  1718:  played  various  Shakespearean  cha- 
racters; married,  1723,  the  actor  Anthony  Boheme  (d. 
e.  1730).  Among  her  best  characters  were  the  Queen  ('  Don 
Carlos ')  and  Belvidera.  [li.  294] 

SEYMOUR,  AARON  CROSSLEY  HOB  ART  (1789- 
1870),  hymn-writer  ;  brother  of  Michael  Hobart  Seymour 
[q.  v.]  ;  member  of  religious  group  formed  by  Selina  Has- 
tings, countess  of  Huntingdon  [q.  v.],  whose  biography 
he  published,  1839.  His  '  Vital  Christianity '  (1810)  con- 
tains his  hymns  and  other  religious  writings,  [li.  295] 

SEYMOUR,  ALGERNON,  seventh  DUKK  OF  SOMKRSKT 
(1684-1750),  son  of  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  duke  of 
Somerset  [q.  v.] ;  joined  army  under  Marlborough  at 
Brussels,  1708 ;  colonel,  1740 ;  general  of  horse  and  gover- 
nor of  Minorca,  1737-42.  [li.  299] 

SEYMOUR,  LADY  CATHERINE,  OOUNTKSS  OF  HERT- 
FORD (1538?-1568),  daughter  of  Henry  Grey,  duke  of 
Suffolk  [q.  v.],  and  sister  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  [see  DUDLEY, 


SEYMOUR 


1181 


SEYMOUR 


LADY  JANE];  married,  1553,  Henry  Herbert,  afterwards 
M--..II  l  curl  of  Pembroke  [q.  T.]:  divorced  after  Lady 
••'*  execution  ;  secretly  married  Edward  Seymour, 
earl  of  Hertford  [q.  v.J,  156U,  and  wai  consequently  im- 
prisoned in  Tower  of  London,  1661,  under  act  of  153.,. 
which  made  it  treason  for  person  of  royal  blood  to  marry 
without  sovereign's  content:  her  second  marriage  de- 
clared invalid  by  a  commission  wiUi  Parker  at  its  bend, 
1662 ;  died,  still  a  prisoner,  at  Oockfleld  UalL  [It  196] 

SEYMOUR,  CHARLES,  sixth  DOKB  OF  BOMBUVr 
(1662-1748X  son  of  Charles  Seymour,  second  baron  Sey- 
mour of  Trowbrldge  (rf.  169ft);  succeeded  bis  brother 
PMCSI  M  data  <.<  ~..-n,r-,..  Ufa;  sdasBtad  it  TrMlg 
College,  Cambridge ;  married  Eliiabeth  Percy,  daughter 
and b<  n-,,,1  iHsj^eJsjMHihttclfc  •  arid  BkriEan 
berland,  and  Countess  of  Ogle,  168S:  genUeman  of  bed- 
chamber,  1683  ;  K.G~  1684  ;  colonel  of  Queen's  dragoons 
(aowM  taMBft  \m\  i"-t  otteej  brirttasJnttotatro. 
duce  at  St.  James's  the  papal  nuncio  d'Adda,  1687 ;  took 
up  arms  for  Prince  of  Orange,  1688 ;  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1689,  and  was  Incorporated  D.C.L. 
Oxford,  1703  ;  speaker  of  Lords.  1690 :  Joint-regent,  1701 ; 
master  of  horse,  1708 ;  commissioner  for  union  with  Soot- 
land,  1706 :  enjoyed  with  his  wife  the  confidence  of  Queen 
Anne:  supported  Marlborougb,  1708;  lost  bis  place  in 
council,  1711 :  reinstated  as  master  of  bone  by  George  I, 
but  was  dismissed,  1716,  and  lived  thenceforth  in  retire- 
ment on  his  estates  ;  member  of  the  Kit-Oat  Club. 

[li.  297] 

SEYMOUR,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  or  HERITOR!)  and 
DUKE  or  SOXKRSKT  (15067-1552),  the  Protector;  son  of 
Sir  John  Seymour  (1476  7-1636  X  and  brother  of  Jane  Sey- 
mour, third  wife  of  Henry  VIII :  perhaps  educated  suc- 
cessively at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  accompanied  Duke 
of  Suffolk  to  Calais,  1623, and  was  knighted:  esquire  of 
Henry  YIll's  household,  1624 ;  master  of  horse  to  Duke 
of  Richmond,  152ft;  accompanied  Wolsey  on  embassy 
to  French  king,  1627 ;  esquire  of  body  to  Henry  VIII, 
1630:  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  Boulogne  to  meet 
Francis  I,  1532;  gentleman  of  privy  chamber,  1636; 
created  Viscount  Beaucbamp  of  Hacbe,  Somerset,  1536  ; 
governor  and  captain  of  Jersey  and  chancellor  of  North 
Waled,  1636:  privy  councillor,  1537;  created  Earl  of 
Hertford,  1537 ;  sent  to  provide  for  defences  of  Calais 
and  Gnisnes,  1639 ;  met  Anne  of  Cleves  at  Calais  and 
returned  with  her  to  London,  1639 ;  K.O.,  1641 ;  warden 
of  Scottish  marches,  1542  ;  lord  high  admiral,  1542 ;  lord 
great  chamberlain,  1543  :  lieutenant-general  in  the  north, 
1644;  took  nisuilMsl  Castle  and  pillaged  Edinburgh, 
1544 ;  lieutenant  of  kingdom  during  Henry  V  Ill's  absence 
in  France,  1644,  bat  later  was  with  Henry  VIII  at  capture 
of  Boulogne  ;  sent  with  Gardiner  to  treat  with  Emperor 
Charles  at  Brussels,  1544 ;  took  command  at  Boulogne, 
1545,  and  defeated  French  under  Marshal  De  Biez ;  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  north,  1645 ;  lieutenant  and  captain- 
general  of  Boulogne  and  the  Boulonnois,  1646 :  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  army  in  France,  1546 ;  took  active  part  in 
Surrey's  trial,  1547  ;  arranged  with  Paget  to  conceal  fact 
of  Heury  VIII's  death  (28  Jan.  1547),  and  having  brought 
Edward  VI  to  London,  had  the  death  announced :  given 
title  of  Protector,  31  Jan. ;  appointed  high  steward  of 
England  for  Edward  VI's  coronation,  treasurer  of  ex- 
chequer, and  earl  marshal ;  created  Duke  of  Somerset, 
16  Feb. ;  obtained  patent  as  governor  and  Protector, 
with  power  to  act  with  or  without  advice  of  the 
council,  12  March,  1547  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, 1547;  introduced  radical  religious  reforms,  an 
act  of  uniformity  being  passed,  1549 ;  sought  to  win  over 
the  Scots,  but  in  consequence  of  their  resistance,  which 
was  encouraged  by  France,  mode  expedition  to  Scotland 
and  iron  decisive  victory  at  Musselburgh,  1547 ;  he  lost 
much  of  his  popularity  owing  to  attainder  of  bis  brother, 
Thomas  Seymour,  baron  Seymour  of  Snddey  [q.  v.],  1649, 
and  his  religious  innovations  and  other  measures,  which 
produced  rebellions  in  various  parts  of  the  country; 
an  indictment  of  his  rule  drawn  up  by  Warwick,  on  which 
be  was  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London,  and  in  January  1660 
deposed  from  protectorate :  set  at  liberty  and  pardoned, 
February  1660;  readmitted  to  privy  council  (April)  and 
made  genUeman  of  king's  chamber  ( May ) ;  lord-lieutenant 
of  Buckinghamshire  and  Berkshire,  1551 ;  arrested,  Octo- 
ber 1661,  on  charge  of  conspiring  with  Anindel  Paget  and 
Sir  Thomas  Palmer  (d.  1553)  [q.  v.]  (who  revealed  the 
plot)  to  raise  the  country  and  murder  Warwick :  con- 
demned for  felony  and  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  though 


SEYMOUR.  IimVAKD.  IUROX  BRACriiAMf  (1WI- 
1613X  son  of  Edward  Seymour,  eari  of  Hertford  (  U39  T- 
1621)  [q.  T.]:  educated  at  Magdalen  College.  Oxford: 
Implicated  with  Bur  John  Smith  (A  1600?)  [q.  T.]  in- 
treasonable  proceedings  in  Essex.  1*96.  Manyunsorcsssfol 
attempts  were  made  to  establish  his  legitimacy,  and  bad  it 
....-.•.  .-•  ,  .....  i  ..  :..  •  -,,  .-  ..  .,:,.-!.. 
Catherine  Seymour  [q.  v.].  heir  to  the  throne  on  Qaee» 
Elisabeth's  death.  [IL311] 

SEYMOUR,  EDWARD,  EARL  or  HERTroiiD(lftS9?- 
1621X  son  of  Edward  Seymonr,  earl  of  Hertford  and  duke 
of  Somerset  [q.  T.].  by  second  wife ;  educated  with  Prinoa 
Edward  and  knighted  at  his  coronation.  Ift47 :  became 
dejure  Duke  of  Somerset,  lilt,  but  bis  title  and  estates 
forfeited  in  the  same  year  through  the  malic*  of  bis 
father's  enemies  ;  created  Baron  Beaocbamp  and  Earl  of 
lh  rtfnnl,  1669:  secretly  married  Lady  Catherine  Grey 
[see  SKYMOCR,  CATHKRIXB],  Ift60,  and  was  Imprisoned  la 
Tower  of  London  on  marriage  becoming  known,  1M1  ; 
In  custody  till  1671 ;  created  M.A.  Cambridge,  1571 ; 
member  of  Gray's  Inn,  1672  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Somerset 
and  Wiltshire,  1602  and  1608  ;  ambassador  extraordinary 
at  Brussels,  1606 ;  high  steward  of  revenues  to  Queen  Anne, 
1612-19.  [U.  310] 

SEYMOUR,  Snt  EDWARD,  fourth  baronet  (1633- 
1708X  speaker  of  tlw  Houseof  Commons ;  M. P.,  Gloucester. 
1661 ;  brought  in  impeachment  of  Earl  of  Clarendon. 
1667  :  treasurer  of  navy  ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons, 
and  privy  councillor,  1673 ;  M.P.,  Devonshire.  1679,  and 
avuin  elected  speaker,  but  rejected  by  Charles  II ;  co- 
operated with  Halifax  and  opposed  Exclusion  Bill ;  M.P.. 
Exeter,  1685,  maintaining  opposition  to  catholic  party 


lord  of  treasury,  1692  ;  member  of  cabinet,  1692-4;  M.P., 
Totnes,  1694,  and  again  for  Exeter.  1698 ;  comptroller  of 
Queen  Anne's  household,  and  ranger  of  Windsor  Forest, 
1702 ;  dismissed  from  council,  1704.  [li.  312] 

SEYMOUR,  EDWARD  ADOLPHUS,  eleventh  DUKB 
or  SOMKKRKT  (1775-1865),  of  Eton  and  Chrikt  Church, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1794  ;  honorary  D.C.L.,  1810 ;  succeeded 
to  dukedom,  1793  ;  F.R£.,  1797 ;  F.S.A.,  1816 ;  F.L.8^ 
1820,  UIK!  president,  1834-7  ;  president  of  Royal  Institu- 
tion and,  1801-38,  of  Royal  Literary  Fund ;  K.O.,  1837  ; 
published  mathematical  treatises. 

SEYMOUR,  EDWARD  ADOLPHUS  SEYMOUR. 
twelfth  DUKE  or  SOMKRBET  (1804-1886),  son  of  Edward 
Adolphus  Seymour,  eleventh  duke  of  Somerset  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  married  JaneGeorgiana. 
granddaughter  of  Richard  lirinsley  Sheridan  [q.  v.] : 
M.P.,  Okehampton,  1830,  Totnes,  1834-66 ;  lord  of  trea- 
sury, 183» ;  secretary  to  board  of  control,  1839 :  under- 
secretary for  home  department,  1841 ;  anti-protectionUt : 
first  commissioner  of  works,  with  seat  in  cabinet, 
succeeded  to  dukedom,  18ftft :  first  lord  of  admiralty. 
1869-66 ;  K.O.,  186S ;  created  Earl  St.  Maur  of  Berry 
Pomeroy,  1863.  [H.316] 

8EYMOUE,  EDWARD  JAMES  (1796-1866), 
sician  :  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1819 ;  MJ 
studied  medicine  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and 
P.R.O.P.,  1823,  Golstonian  lecturer,  1829,  ce 
Croonian  lecturer.  1831,  and  consiliarins,  1836 : 
to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  1828-47 ;  physician  to 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Sussex  ;  metropolitan  commissioner 
in  lunacy,  1831-9;  F.RA,1841 ;  published  medical  works. 

SEYMOUR,  FRANCIS,  first  BAROX  SKTMOUR  or 
TROWBRIDOK  (1890  7-1664),  son  of  Edward  Seymour,  Ion* 
Beauchamp  [q.  v.l ;  knighted,  1613 :  M.P.  for  Wiltshire, 
So^nTfcjfi,  and  SI? sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1616 ;  M.P. 
for  both  Wiltshire  and  Marlborougb,  1628;  supported 

Wiltshire  hi 


Went  worth's  Habeas  Corpus  Bill ; 


for 


Short  parliament.  1640,  and  In  Long  parliament ;  created 
i  Seymour  of  Trowbridge,  1641 ;  Joined  Charles  I  at 


SEYMOUR 


1182 


SEYMOUR 


York.  IMS  ;  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1645,  and 
was  reappointed  at  Restoration  :  at  Oxford  when  it  sur- 
rendered, 1646.  and  admitted  to  composition.  His  house 
at  Marlborough  was  oaed  as  an  iim  till  1842,  when  it 
Marlborough  College.  [li.  317] 


SEYMOUR,  FRANCIS  (INGRAM),  second  MARQUIS 
OF  HERTFORD  (1743-1823),  son  of  Francis  Seymour-Ooa- 
way,  first  marquis  of  Hertford  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and 
Christ  Church.Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1788  ;  M.P.,  Lisburne (Irish 


i  of  Commons),  1761-8 ;  privy  councillor  for  Irelaud, 

17«  ;  chief  secretary  to  the  lord-lieutenant,  1765-6  ;  con- 
stable of  Dublin  Castle,  1766  ;  member  for  Lostwithiel  in 
English  House  of  Commons,  1768-8,  and  for  Oxford,  1768- 
1794:  lord  of  treasury,  1774-80;  cofferer  of  household, 
1780 ;  privy  councillor  for  Great  Britain,  1780 ;  opposed 
repeal  of  American  tea  duty,  1774 ;  advocated  political 
union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  with  independence  of 
Irish  parliament ;  took  title  of  Earl  of  Yarmouth,  1793  ; 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Berlin  and  Vienna,  1793-4  ; 
succeeded  as  Marquis  of  Hertford,  1794  ;  master  of  horse, 
1804-6;  K.G.,  1807  ;  lord-chamberlain  of  household,  1812- 
1821 ;  vice-admiral  of  Suffolk,  1822.  [li.  318] 

SEYMOUR,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1813-1890),  general :  en- 
sign, 1834  ;  lieutenant,  1837 ;  accompanied  Prince  Albert 
of  Saxe-Coburg  during  travels  in  Italy,  1839,  and  was 
groom  in  waiting  to  him  after  marriage  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria, 1840,,and  to  queen,  1861 ;  captain,  1840 ;  obtained 
company  in  Soots  fusiliers,  1850 ;  served  in  Crimea,  1854  ; 
C.B.,  1867 ;  major-general,  1864 ;  created  baronet,  1869  ; 
troops  in  Malta,  1873-4;  K.C.B.,  1876; 
1877.  [li.  319] 


SEYMOUR,  FREDERICK  BBAUCHAMP  PAGET, 
first  BARON  ALCESTBR  (1821-1895),  admiral;  educated 
at  Eton  ;  entered  navy,  1834  ;  commander,  1847  ;  took 
Meteor  floating  battery  to  Crimea  and  back  to  Ports- 
mouth, 1856-6  ;»  commanded  naval  brigade  in  New  Zea- 
land during  Maori  war,  1860-1 ;  O.B.,  1861 ;  rear-admiral, 
1870;  lord  of  admiralty,  1872-4  and  1883-5;  commanded 
Channel  fleet,  1874-7 ;  vice-admiral,  1876  ;  cominander-in- 
cbief  in  Mediterranean,  1880-3 ;  G.C.B.,  1881 ;  commanded 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  1882,  and  was  raised  to 
peerage.  [li.  320] 

SEYMOUB,  SIR  GEORGE  FRANCIS  (1787-1870), 
admiral ;  son  of  Lord  Hugh  Seymour  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
navy,  1797 ;  lieutenant,  1804 ;  served  in  West  Indies,  and 
was  wounded  at  St.  Domingo,  1806 ;  captain,  1806 ;  with 
Lord  Gambler's  fleet  off  Basque  roads,  1809;  in  West 
Indies,  1813-14;  C.B.,  1815  ;  serjeant-at-arms  to  House  of 
Lords,  1818-41 ;  naval  aide-de-camp  to  William  IV,  1830  ; 
master  of  robes,  1830-7 ;  K.O.H.,  1831 ;  G.O.H.,  1834 ; 
rear-admiral,  1841 ;  lord  of  admiralty,  1841-4 ;  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  Pacific,  1844-8 ;  vice-admiral,  1850 ; 
admiral,  1867  ;  G.C.B.,  1860  ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1866. 

SEYMOUR,  GEORGE  HAMILTON  (1797-1880), 
diplomatist;  of  Eton  and  Mertou  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1833 ;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Gastlereagh,  1822 ;  minis- 
ter resident  at  Florence,  1830 ;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Belgian  court,  1836,  Lisbon,  1846,  St.  Petersburg,  1851-4, 
and  Austria,  1856  ;  privy  councillor,  1855 ;  G.C.H.,  1836  ; 
G.O.B.,  1847.  [U.  321] 

SEYMOUB,  HENRY  (1612-1686),  page  of  honour  to 
Charles  I ;  attached  to  Charles  II  during  civil  war,  and 
employed  as  his  agent  in  England  from  1661;  prisoner  in 
England,  1654-7  ;  M.P.,  East  Looe,  1660-81 ;  groom  of 
bedchamber,  comptroller  of  customs,  and  clerk  of  the 
hanaper.  [U.  322] 

SEYMOUR,  HENRY  (1729-1806),  politician;  groom 
of  bedchamber  ;  M.P.,  Totues,  1763,  Huntingdon,  1768-74, 
and  Evesham,  1774-80;  married,  1776,  and  settled  at 
Prunay,  near  Versailles,  1778 ;  became  lover  of  Madame 
Du  Barry,  from  whom  he  received  many  letters,  and  was 
separated  from  his  wife;  in  England,  1792-1806. 

SEYMOUR,  LORD  HENRY  (1805-1859),  one  ofthe 
founders  of  the  Jockey  Club  at  Paris,  1833  ;  son  of  Francis 
Charles  Seymour,  third  marquis  of  Hertford;  born  in  Paris 
and  lived  there  throughout  hia  life.  [1L  323] 

SEYMOUR,  LORD  HUGH  (1759-1801),  vice-admiral ; 
•on  of  Francis  Seymour-Oonway,  first  marquis  of  Hert- 
ford [q.  v.] ;  entered  navy,  1770  ;  captain,  1779 ;  at  relief 


of  Gibraltar,  1782  ;  became  intimate  with  George,  prince  of 
Wales ;  lord  of  admiralty,  1795-8  ;  vice-admiral,  1799  ; 
commander-in-chief  in  Jamaica,  1799-1801.  [li.  323] 

SEYMOUR,  JAMES  (1702-1762),  painter  of  hunting 
subjects  and  portraits  of  racehorses.  [li.  324] 

SEYMOUR,  JANE  (1509  ?-1537).  [See  JANK.] 
SEYMOUR,  SIR  MICHAEL,  first baronet(1768-1834), 
admiral;  entered  navy,  1780;  lieutenant,  1790;  com- 
mander, 1795  ;  in  Channel,  1796-1800  ;  captain,  1800  ; 
attached  to  Channel  fleet,  1806 ;  captured  after  stubborn 
fight  the  French  frigate  Thetis,  off  Isle  Groix,  1808,  and 
French  frigate  Niemen,  off  Ushant,  1809 :  created  baronet, 
1809;  in  Channel,  1812-14;  K.O.B.,  1815;  appointed  to 
royal  yacht,  Prince  Regent,  1819,  and  to  George  IV's  yacht, 
Royal  George,  1825  ;  commissioner  at  Portsmouth,  1829- 
1832 ;  rear-admiral  and  commander-in-chief  in  South 
America,  1832-4.  [li.  324] 

SEYMOUR,  SIR  MICHAEL  (1802-1887),  admiral ;  son 
of  Sir  Michael  Seymour,  first  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
navy,  1813  ;  studied  at  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth  ; 
lieutenant,  1822 ;  captain,  1826 ;  on  South  American  station, 
1827-9  and  1833-5  ;  wrecked  on  coast  of  Chili,  1835  ;  flag- 
captain  to  Sir  Francis  William  Austen  [q.  v.]  on  North 
American  and  West  Indies  station,  1845-8 ;  super- 
intendent of  Sheerness  dockyard,  1850,  and  at  Devon  port, 
1851 ;  captain  of  fleet  in  Baltic,  1854 ;  rear-admiral,  1854  ; 
commander  of  China  station,  1856 ;  captured  Canton, 
1857  ;  forced  passage  of  Pei-ho,  1858  ;  G.O.B.,  1859  ;  M.P. 
for  Devonport,  1869-63 ;  admiral,  1864 ;  commander-in- 
chief  at  Portsmouth,  1866  ;  vice-admiral  of  United  King- 
dom, 1875.  [1L  326] 

SEYMOUR,  MICHAEL  HOB  ART  (1800-1874), 
divine  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  admitted  ad 
eundem,  Oxford,  1836,  and  comitatis  causa,  1865  ;  ordained 
priest,  1824 ;  secretary  to  Irish  Protestant  Association  : 
held  lectureships  in  London,  1834-44;  wrote  against 
Roman  catholics.  [li.  327] 

SEYMOUR,  ROBERT,  pseudonymous  editor  of  Stow's 
'  Survey  of  London.'  [See  MOTTLEY,  JOHN,  1692-1760.] 

SEYMOUR,  ROBERT  (1800  ?-1836),  book  illustrator  ; 
apprenticed  as  pattern-drawer;  practised  as  artist  and, 
subsequently,  as  book  illustrator ;  began  copper  engraving. 
1827,  and,  later,  worked  chiefly  for  reproduction  by  litho- 
graphy :  from  1831-6  he  executed  woodcuts  for  '  Figaro 
in  London' ;  executed  illustrations  for  Hervey's  'Book  of 
Christmas,'  1836;  produced  the  plates  for  the  first  part 
(1836)  of  'Pickwick  Papers,"  Dickens  being  employed 
originally  to  write  for  the  illustrations ;  committed  suicide. 
His  lithographed  works  include  'Humorous  Sketches,' 
1833-6.  [li.  328] 

SEYMOUR,  THOMAS,  BARON  SEYMOUR  OP  SUDELEY 
( 1 508  ?-1549),  brother  of  Edward  Seymour,  first  duke  of 
Somerset  [q.  v.] ;  in  service  of  Sir  Francis  Bryan  [q.  v.], 
1530 ;  knighted,  1537  ;  accompanied  Sir  Anthony  Browne 
(d.  1548)  [q.  v.]  on  embassy  to  French  court,  1538 ;  on 
mission  to  Ferdinand,  king  of  Hungary,  1540-2  ;  joint- 
ambassador  to  regent  of  Netherlands,  1543 :  marshal  of 
English  army  in  Netherlands  under  Sir  John  Wallop 
[q.  v.],  1543  ;  appointed  master  of  ordnance  for  life,  1644  : 
served  in  France,  1544 ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1544,  serving 
against  French,  1644-5 ;  commissioner  to  arrange  terms 
with  France,  1546  ;  privy  councillor,  1547  ;  created  Baron 
Seymour,  K.G.,  and  lord  high  admiral,  1547  ;  secretly  mar- 
ried the  queen-dowager,  Catherine  Parr,  1547  ;  endeavoured 
to  turn  Edward  VI  against  the  Protector  and  formed  pro- 
ject for  marrying  Edward  VI  to  Lady  Jane  Grey  :  lieu- 
tenant-general of  the  south  during  the  Protector's  invasion 
I  of  Scotland,  1547  ;  engaged  in  privateering  enterprises  ; 
pressed  his  suit  for  hand  of  Princess  Elizabeth,  Catherine 
Parr  having  died  5  Sept.  1548,  and  was  arrested  and  im- 
pri:oned  in  Tower,  1649 ;  found  guilty  of  treason  and 
executed.  [li.  330] 

SEYMOUR,  WILLIAM,  first  MARQUIS  and  second 
EARL  OF  HERTFORD  and  second  DUKK  OF  SOMERSET  (1588- 
1660),  son  of  Edward  Seymour,  earl  of  Hertford  (1539  V- 
1621)  [q.  v.]  ;  privately  married  to  Arabella  Stuart  [see 
ARABELLA],  1610,  and  was  confined  in  Tower  of  London  ; 
escaped,  and  on  Arabella's  death  went  to  Paris  :  made  his 
peace  with  James  VI  and  returned  to  England,  1016 ;  K.B., 
1616 ;  married  again ;  took  courtesy  title  of  Lord  Beau- 
champ,  1618,  and  was  called  to  House  of  Lords  as  Baron 
Beauchump,  1621 ;  succeeded  his  grandfather  as  Earl  01 


SEYMOUR 


1183 


S  H  AKE9PE  ARE 


Hertford,  1621 ;  privy  councillor.  1640 ;  created  Marquis  of 
Hertford,  1840  :  governor  to  Charles,  prince  of  W»lw. 
1641;  commiRsioner  of  array  for  western  counties,  IMS ; 
took  Hereford,  1642  ;  reduced  Cirencester  (  February ) ;  de 
feated  Sir  William  Waller  [q.  v.]  at  Lansdown  (5  July 
and  took  Bristol  (96  ' 


1897   till   death;   privy   councillor  tad   knlsjbt, 

.,,.'   .-.:,.::.   •  SSJSJ       :   ."•   *     •      UW    •     *:    1   .-:- 


1897; 


5  July) 
ta  obttssj  «f  Oxford, 


feated  Sir  William  Waller  [q.  T.]  at  Lansdown 

(96  JulyX  IMS ; 

1645,  and  on  its  surrender  (1646) 
estates  on  the  terms  of  the  articles;  attended  Charles  I 
during  confinement;  received  Garter  and  barony  of  Sey- 
mour and  dukedom  of  Somerset.  1660.  [11.  333] 

SEYMOUR,  WILLIAM  DIGBY  (1899  -  189*) 
lawyer;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1844;  LL.D. 
1879 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1846 ;  M.P.,  Sonderiand, 
18*9 ;  recorder  of  NewcasUe,  18*4  ;  engaged  in  eonv 
merdal  transactions,  became  financially  Involved,  and 
was  censured  by  benchers  of  Middle  Temple,  18*9  ;  M.P., 
Southampton,  18*9 ;  Q.O.  in  county  palatine  of  Lancas- 
ter, 1860,  and  for  England,  1861 :  judge  of  county  court 
circuit  No.  1, 1889-9* ;  published  political  and  other  works, 

[1L33*] 

SEYMOUR  CON  WAY,  FRANCIS,  first  MARQUIS  or 
HERTFORD  (1719-1794).  [See  CON  WAT.] 

8EYMOTJR-CONWAY,  FRANCIS  CHARLES,  third 
MARQUIS  or  HERTFORD  (1777-1849),  son  of  Francis  (In- 
gram) Seymour,  second  marquis  of  Hertford  [q.  v.]  :  B.A. 
k  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1796 ;  M.P.,  Oxford,  Lisbnrne,  and 
Oamelford,  1819-99;  K.G.,  1899:  vice-chamberlain  to 
George,  prince  regent ;  original  of  Marqul*  of  Steyne  In 
•Vanity  Fair.'  [U.  319] 

SHAA,    [See  SHAW.] 

SHACKLETON,  ABRAHAM  (1697-1771).  school- 
master ;  successively  teacher  In  school  at  Sktpton  and 
private  tutor  at  Dockett's  Grove,  co.  Carlo w,  Ireland : 
opened  boarding-school  at  Ballytore,  co.  Kildare,  1796,  and 
was  head-master  till  17*6 ;  Edmund  Burke  was  one  of  his 
pupils.  [li.  336] 

SHACKLETON.  JOHN  (<*.  1767),  portrait-painter: 
court  painter,  1749:  painted  portraits  of  George  II, 
Queen  Caroline,  and  other  members  of  royal  family,  from 
1730.  [1L  337] 

8HACKLETOV,  RICHARD  (1798-1799X  son  of 
Abraham  Shackleton  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  his  father's 
school  with  Burke,  whose  lifelong  friend  be  became,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  bead-master  of  school  at 
Ballytore,  1756-79.  Letters  from  Burke  to  him  are  printed 
in  '  Leadbeater  Papers.'  [U.  336] 

SHACKLOCK,  RICHARD  (/.  Wi).  Roman 
catholic  divine  :  M.A.  and  feUow.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 


BH  AD  WELL.     I.  \WBBTfOK    (1T1  IstTT)     fensrsl 
son  of  Sir  Lancelot  Shtdwel!  [q.  v.] ;  edncttsjd  tTSS 

Sfi^  'asslstSttt1"  0t^P^jjJlM*tht0rt»i»i 
ySS^JA  '    ';'  :.«"'•' 

BHADWELL,  THOMAS  (1643?- 1699k  dramatist  tad 
poet ;  educated  at  Oaius  Oollege,  Oaaibr&a,  tai  eassnd 
Middle  Temple ;  produced  **t+  'Sullen  Lovers.'  based  on 
Mollere's  •  Les  Facheax.'  tt  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 
1668;  produced  dramatic  pieces,  laotadlaj 

*  Bnrhantert  Island  '(from  Bbak«W>eart\'  Ti 

•  Tlmon  of  Athens,'  1178,  the 'Squire  of 

from  1681,  theVwVpost*  rBpsttedlyttti 
In  satires,  among  which  were  Drydssrs  'Medal 
•MaoFlecknoe,'  and  Sbtdwetl's  'the  Medal  of 
Bayes,'  1689,  and  a  translation  of  the  •  Tenth  Satire  of 
Juvenal,'  1687 :  superseded  Dryden  ts  post-ltureate  aad 
historiographer  royal  at  the  revolution.  [U.  340] 

8HATTESBURY,  BARLH  or.  [SeeOoormm,  Axmoirr 
AHHLBT,  first  EARL,  1631-1683;  OOOPKK,  Airniovr 
ASHLKT,  third  BARL,  1671-1713 :  COOPER,  AXTHOVY 
AHHLKT,  seventh  EARL,  1801-1881.] 


JOHN  CAMPBBLL(1819-188*X  profeeeor 
of  poetry  at  Oxford  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  Univerrity 
and  Btlliol  College,  Oxford  :  won  Newdigate  priw,  184S : 
as»li.tant-mast«r  tt  Rugby,  1846  ;  twteUnt-DrofeMor  of 
Greek  atGlttgow,18*6,andof  Latin  at  St.  Andrew*,  18*7  ; 
profetsor  of  Latin  at  St.  Andrews,  1861-79  ;  principal  of 
United  College,  St.  Andrews,  1868 :  professor  of  poetry  tt 
Oxford,  1877-87  ;  LL.D.  Bdinburgh,  1884.  Hi.  works  in- 
clude '  KUmahoe,  and  other  Poems,'  1864 ;  •  Stodie*  in 
Poetry  and  Philosophy,1  1868,  •  Culture  tad  Religion.' 
1870,  •  Barns '  ('  BnglSh  Men  of  Letters '  seriesX  1879,  tad 
•  Aspect*  of  Poetry,'  1881.  [1L  341] 

JEREMY   (Jl.    16*1),    Mtrononer: 
made  second  observation  of  transit  of  Mercury  at  Stint  ; 


16*1 ;  published  asti 
IKE8PFAR 


ilcaland 
JOHN     (1774-18*8), 


orientalist 


divine  :  M.A.  and  fellow.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
15*9 :  published  translation  of  Cardinal  Hosios's 


De  Heresibus,'  and  other  writings. 


[li.  337] 


studied  Arabic  under  Richardson  and  James  Golios  In 
London  :  oriental  professor  at  Royal  Military  College. 
Mariow.  1806  :  professor  of  Hindnstanl  at  East  Indlt 
Company's  college,  Addiscombe,  1809-99;  published  Hin- 
dustani dictionary  and  grammar.  [li.  34ft] 

8HAKE8PEAR,  SIR  RICHMOND  CAMPBELL 
(1819-1861),  soldier  and  administrator  ;  cousin  of  Wil- 
liam " 


SHADRACH,  AZARIAH  (1774-1844),  Welsh  evangeli- 
cal writer ;  entered  Independent  ministry  and  preached, 
1798,  in  North  Wales,  where  he  subsequently  held  various 
charges  ;  published  Welsh  works.  [li.  337] 

SHADWELL,  CHARLES (fl.  1710-1790),  dramatist: 
son  of  Thomas  Shadwell  [q.  v.] ;  his  plays  published, 
1790.  [U.  343] 

SHADWELL,  SIR  CHARLES  FREDERICK  ALEX- 
ANDER (1814-1886),  rear-admiral  ;  son  of  Sir  Lancelot 
Bbadwell  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Royal  Naval  College, 
Portsmouth  ;  entered  navy.  1899 ;  commander,  1846 ; 
served  in  Burmah  war,  1859  ;  captain  and  C.B.,  18*3  : 
on  China  station,  1856-60 :  at  capture  of  Canton,  18*7 
and  in  attack  on  Taku  forts,  1859 ;  P.R.&,  1861 :  rear- 
admiral,  1869;  Commander-in-chief  In  China,  1871-*: 
K.C.B.,  1873 ;  president  of  Royal  Naval  College,  Green- 
wich, 1878-81 ;  published  writings  on  naval  astronomy. 

SHADWELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1671-1747),  physician ; 
son  of  Thomas  Shadwell  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford,  1693  :  MJX,  1700 ;  F.R.S.,  1701  ;  physician  ex- 
traordinary to  Queen  Anne,  1709,  and  physician  in 
ordinary,  1713,  continuing  In  the  post  under  George  1 
and  George  H ;  F.R.OP.,  1719  ;  knighted,  171*.  [li.  S3*] 

SHADWELL,  SIR  LANCELOT  (1779-18*0),  lawyer  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,  1801:  M.A.,  1803;  honorary  LL.D,  1849; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1803,  bencher,  1899, 
treasurer.  1833 ;  practised  in  court  of  chancery ;  K.O, 
1891 ;  M.P.,  Ripon,  1896  ;  last  vice-chancellor  of 


Makepeace  Thackeray  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cbarter- 
> ;  studied  at  East  India  Company's  college,  Addis- 
second  lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1898;  poli- 
tical assistant  to  Major  Elliott  D'Arcy  Todd  (q.  v.]  in 
.  mission  to  Herat,  1839;  sent  to  khan  of  Khlvttone- 
|  gotiate  for  surrender  of  Russian  prisoners,  1840,  and 
conducted  prisoners  to  Russia  :  knighted,  1841 :  military 
secretary  to  Sir  George  Pollock  [q.  T.]  tt  Peshawar  and 
in  march  to  Kabul,  1849 ;  deputy-commissioner  of  Sagar, 
1843:  served  at  Maharajpur,  1843;  in  political  charge 
of  Gwallor,  1844-8  and  1849-A1 :  captain,  1846 ; 
with  distinction  at  ObiUianwalla  and  Gujerat,  In 
Sikh  war,  1849 ;  political  agent  at  Jodpor,  18*1 ;  i 
of  Baruda,  18*7,  and  political  commissioner  of  district. 
1868,  with  command  of  northern  division  of  Bombay 
army  and  rank  of  brigadier-general :  lieutenant-colonel, 
18*8  ;  agent  to  governor-general  tor  central  India,  1MA9 ; 
C.B.,  clv&  division,  I860.  [U.  S4«] 

SHAKESPEARE.  wTLJ  FAM  fllM-rfHj  in*  ,-  -• 

and  lury,  daughter  of  Robert  Arden,  a  well-to-do  farmer 
tcote,   was   born   at  Strttford-on-Avon,  99  or 


93  April  1*64.    His  father  was  a  trader  In 
pro-iuce  at  Stratford,  chamberltin 
W-odltor  of 


Oi«- 


1664 X  auditor  of  the  borough  accounts,  tuennan  \\ 
and  bailiff  (1*68), but  was erentoaDy  tovolTed  l"**^ 

wr^!i^srissir,..1?!!.p£<^ 

!:,,!,>,     ««jt«r:Btndled  the  Latin  languswe  and  litert- 


SHAKESPEARE 


1184 


SHAKESPEARE 


six  months  of  the  marriage.  Shakespeare  was  probably  in  the  sense  of  'getter'  or  'procurer'):  the  theory  that 
forced  into  marrying  by  his  wife's  friends,  who  were  ,  Mr.  W.  H.  was  Shakespeare's  patron,  and  that  the  initials 
anxious  to  protect  ht-r  "reputation.  Leaving  Stratford,  are  those  of  William  Herbert,  third  earl  of  Pembroke 
1585,  to  avoid  prosecution  for  poaching  at  Charlecote,  the 
property  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy  (afterwards  caricatured  us 
Justice  Shallow),  he  spent  some  time,  perhaps  as  a  school- 
master, in  a  neighbouring  village,  and  arrived  in  London 
in  1(86.  He  soon  engaged  in  some  subordinate  capacity 
at  one  of  the  two  theatres  (The  Theatre  or  The  Curtain ) 
then  existing  in  London,  and  before  long  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Eari  of  Leicester's  company  of  actors,  a  com- 
pany which  passed  under  the  patronage  successively  of 
Ferdinando  Stanley,  lord  Strange,  afterwards  Earl  of 
Derby  (in  1588X  Henry  Oarey,  first  lord  Hunsdon,  lord 
chamberlain  (in  1594 X  his  son,  George  Oarey,  second  lord 
Hunsdon,  and  lord  chamberlain  (in  1597) ;  it  became  the 
king's  company  of  players  in  1603.  He  acted  with  this 
company  at  the  Rose  (opened  1592),  The  Curtain,  the 
Globe  (opened.  1599),  and  after  c.  1610  the  Blackfriars 
Theatre ;  possibly  made  tours  through  the  English  country 
towns :  appeared  in  many  of  his  own  plays,  and  took 

part  in  the  original  performances  of  Jonson's  'Every  printed,— in  1598  and  1600  respectively.  He  probably  wrote 
Man  in  his  Humour'  (1598)  and  'Sejanus'  (1603).  As  a  i  'The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor'  by  command  of  Queen 
dramatist  he  gained  his  earliest  experience  by  revising  or  Elizabeth  (printed  in  an  imperfect  form  in  1602,  the  first 
rewriting  plays  purchased  by  the  manager  of  his  theatre,  complete  version  being  that  of  the  1623  folio),  the  plot 
'  Love's  Labour's  Lost,'  the  first  of  his  dramatic  produc-  J  of  the  play  being  probably  suggested  by  an  Italian 
tions,  written  c.  1591,  revised  probably  for  a  performance  i  novel.  His  '  Henry  V  was  performed  early  in  1599  (an 
at  court,  1597,  was  published,  1598.  There  were  produced 
about  the  same  time  '  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona ' 


[q.  v.],  is  inadmissible.  Shakespeare  probably  wrote  '  A 
.Midsummer  Night's  Dream'  (printed,  1600)  at  the  end  of 
1595,  and  produced  about  the  same  time  '  All's  well  that 
ends  well,'  the  plot  of  which  was  drawn  from  Painter's 
'Palace  of  Pleasure'  (No.  xxxviii.)  (first  printed  in  the 
folio  of  1623).  His  play,  'The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,' 
c.  1596  (also  first  printed  in  the  folio),  mainly  a  revision  of 
an  old  play,  owed  something  to  the  '  Supposes '  of  George 
Gascoigne  [q.  v.].  Shakespeare  returned  to  Stratford, 
e.  1596,  and  there  relieved  his  family  from  financial  embar- 
rassments, which  had  steadily  increased  since  his  depar- 
ture. He  purchased  New  Place,  the  largest  house  in  tin- 
town,  1597,  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  settled  per- 
manently there  till  1611,  by  which  year  he  had  by  further 
purchases  built  up  an  estate  at  Stratford.  He  wrote, 
c.  1597,  '  Henry  IV,'  parts  i.  and  ii.,  from  Holinehed's 
'  Chronicles,'  and  from  a  popular  piece,  '  The  Famous  Vic- 
tories of  Henry  V ' ;  both  parts  of  '  Henry  IV '  were 


(the  story  of  which  is  the  same  as  that  of  '  The  Shepardess 
Felismena '  in  George  de  Montemayor's  pastoral  romance 
'Diana') and  the  'Comedy  of  Errors'  (perhaps  founded 


imperfect  draft  printed,  1600,  the  perfected  play  supplied 
in  the  first  folio).  In  1599  he  also  produced  his  three  most 
perfect  essays  in  comedy—'  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,' 
'As  you  like  it,'  and  '  Twelfth  Night '(the  first  of  these 
published  in  1600,  the  remaining  two  not  printed  until 


on  a  play,  '  The  Historic  of  Error,'  acted,  1576),  both  of     they  appeared  in  the  folio) ;  the  story  of  Hero  and  Olaudio 


which  were  first  printed  in  the  folio  of  1623.  His  first  tra- 
gedy, 'Romeo  and  Juliet*  (based  on  an  Italian  romance 
frequently  translated  into  English),  written  in  1591,  was 
first  printed  anonymously  and  surreptitiously  in  qnarto, 
1597  (authentic  second  quarto,  1599).  The  three  parts  of 
his  'Henry  VI*  were  acted  in  1592;  the  first  part  was 
first  published  in  1623,  the  second  part  anonymously  in 
1594  as  '  The  first  part  of  the  contention  betwixt  the  two 
famous  houses  of  Yorke  and  Lancaster,'  and  the  third 


in  'Much  Ado'  was  drawn  from  an  Italian  source;  'As 
you  like  it '  was  a  dramatic  adaptation  of  Lodge's  romance 
'Rosalynde,  Euphues  Golden  Legacie'  (1590),  an(j  the 
story  of  '  Twelfth  Night '  was  taken  from  the  'Historic  of 
Apolonius  and  Silla '  in  '  Riche  his  Farewell  to  Militarie 
Profession'  (1581),  an  English  rendering  of  a  tale  in  Cin- 
thio's  '  Hecatommithi.'  Meanwhile  his  name  was  applied 
by  unprincipled  publishers  to  SUch  writings  of  obscure 
men  as  'The  Tragedie  of  Locrine,'  1595,  'The  Puri- 


part,  in  1595,  as  'The  True  Tragedie  of  Richard,  Duke  of  j  taine,  or  the  Widdow  of  Watling-streete,'  1607  'The  Trne 
Yorke,  and  the  death  of  good  King  Henry  the  Sixt,'  but  !  Chronicle  Historic  of  Thomas,  Lord  Cromwell,5 1613, '  The 


both  the  second  and  third  parts  underwent  revision  by 
himself  before  they  were  included  in  the  1623  folio.  The 
original  draf  t  of  the  three  parts  of  his  '  Henry  VI '  was 
possibly  by  Greene  and  Peele,  Shakespeare  joining  Mar- 
lowe in  a  revision  which  resulted  in  'The  Contention' 
and  the '  Trne  Tragedie,'  and  being  again  aided  by  Mar- 
lowe in  the  final  revision.  After  '  Henry  VI,'  Shakespeare 
composed  'Richard  III'  and  'Richard  II,'  both  of  which 


Life  of  Oldcastle,'  1600,  "The  London  Prodigall,'  1C05, 
'The  Yorkshire  Tragedy,'  1608,  and  an  old  play  on  the 
subject  of  King  John,  1611.  Only  two  sonnets  and  three 
poems  from  '  Love's  Labour's  Lost '  appeared  in  'The 
Passionate  Pilgrim,  by  W.  Shakespeare,'  1699,  the  bulk  of 
the  volume  being  by  Richard  Barn  field  and  others.  Shake- 
speare's name  was  also  appended  to  '  a  poetical  essaie  on 
the  Turtle  and  the  Phoanix,'  which  was  published  in 


were  published  anonymously  in  1697 ;  his  'Titua  Andro-     Robert  Chester's  'Love's  Martyr,' a  collection  of  poems 


nicus,'  much  of  which  was  perhaps  written  by  Kyd,  acted 
in  1594,  was  afterwards  published  in  quarto  (first  extant 
edition,  1600);  his  comedy  'The  Merchant  of  Venice' 
(probably  acted  in  1594,  printed,  1600)  was  based  on 
material  in  Giovanni  Fiorentino's  collection  of  Italian 
novels  'II  Pecorone'  and  the  'Gesta  Romanorum,'  besides 
earlier  plays.  In  1594  he  adapted  '  King  John '  (printed, 
1623)  from  'The  Troublesome  Raigne  of  King  John' 
(1591).  He  is  also  credited  on  somewhat  slender  grounds 
with  portions  of  '  Arden  of  Feversham'  (1692)  aud 
'Edward  III '(1596). 

Meanwhile   Shakespeare   published   the   love    poems 
llfS^i*!!*!1  and  :.Lucrece'  respectively  in  1593 


by  Marston,  Chapman,  Jonson,  and  others,  1601. 

Shakespeare's  'Julius  Caesar,' taken  from  North's  trans- 
lation of  'Plutarch's  Lives,'  was  produced  in  1601  (first 
printed,  third  version,  in  the  1623  folio),  and '  Hamlet,'  the 
story  of  which  was  accessible  in  Belleforest's  '  Histoires 
Tragiques,'  was  played  in  the  following  year.  He  wrote 
'  Troilus  and  Oressida '  (the  story  of  which  was  based 
upon  Chaucer's  '  Troilus  and  Oresseide')  probably  in  1603 
(two  quarto  editions,  1609) ;  his  '  Othello '  and  '  Measure 
for  Measure,'  the  stories  of  which  were  drawn  from 
Cinthio,  were  acted  in  1604  (neither  printed  in  Shake- 
speare's lifetime);  the  plot  of  his  'Macbeth'  (finished, 
1606)  was  drawn  from  Holinshed's  '  Chronicle  of  Scottish 


and  1694,  each  with  a  dedication  to  Henry  Wriothesley,  History,'  and  was  doubtless  designed  as  a  tribute  to  the 
earl  of  Southampton,  with  whom,  in  the  latter  year,  he  nationality  of  the  king,  James  I ;  his  '  King  Lear,'  also 
was  doubtless  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship.  Summoned 
with  the  most  famous  actors  of  the  day  to  perform  at 
court,  Christmas  1594,  he  was  thenceforth  shown  special 
favour  by  Queen  Blliabeth.  His  'Sonnets,'  which  were 
?^ H.L609'  were  Probably  written  between  1591  and 
I ;  their  intensity  of  feeling  has  led  readers  to  assume 
that  they  have  an  autobiographical  significance.  Most  of 
them  trace  the  course  of  the  writer's  affection  for  a  young 
patron  of  rank  and  beauty,  and  may  be  addressed  to 
e's  only  known  patron,  Southampton  ;  but  the 


mainly  founded  on  Holinshed,  was  produced  1606  (two- 
slightly  differing  versions  printed  in  1608,  and  a  third 
included  in  the  folio  of  1623).  'Timonof  Athens 'and 
'  Pericles '  quickly  followed  (the  latter  was  first  printed 
in  a  mangled  form  in  1608,  and  was  included  in  Shake- 
speare's collected  works  for  the  first  time,  1G64) ;  both 
were  written  in  collaboration  with  another  dramatist, 
perhaps  George  Wilkins  [q.  v.]  ;  possibly  in '  Timou '  some 
additional  assistance  was  given  by  William  Rowley.  Shake- 
speare derived  the  story  of  '  Timon '  partly  from  Painter's 


.    , r — , speare  derived  the  story  of  '  Timon '  partly 

is  probably  for  the  most  part  of  dramatic  temper,  i  '  Palace  of  Pleasure  '  and  partly  from  Plutarch's  '  Mart- 
ina is  a  masterly  imaginative  rendering  of  that  spirit  of  Antony,' and  that  of  'Pericles'  from  the  'Apollonius  of 
3h  poets  of  the  day  habitually  paid  their  i  Tyre'  in  John  Gower's  'Confessio  Amantis.'     In  both 
tie  publisher  Thomas  Thorpe  issued  the  '  Son-  '  '  Antony  and  Cleopatra '  and  '  Coriolanus,'  Shakespeare 
09  with  a  dedication  to 'Mr.  W.  H.,  the  onlie  i  closely  followed  North's  « Plutarch  ':  they  were  probably 
these  ensuing  sonnets'  (who  was  doubtless  written  in  1608  (first  printed  in  1623).    In ' Oymbeline ' 
nd  of  Thorpe,  through  whwe  good  offices  the  (acted  in  1610  or  1611)  Shakespeare  combined  a  fragment 
wrtpt  had  reached  bis  hands, '  begetter'  being  used  of  British  history  freely  adapted  from  Holiushed  with  the 


SHALDERS 


11H.", 


SHARP 


atory  of  G  i  nevra  i  n  Boccaccio's  • : 
Wint.-rV-  Tato'l  ;,:  .  ,-i  u,  1611)0 
<losto.'  15«.s  (afterwards  r-11-1  • 

:  .y. '  The  TempesV 
in  all  likelihood  " 


- 


with  the  manager 


bis 


unfinished 


[q.  v.]  and  otheri  completed.    These  toduded  'Them^ 
tory  of  Cardenio,  by  Fletcher  and  8hakesp«are ' 

h«    I':'-.',,,.   !„',;:.   ,.,t    M|    ,.,,..!::, .„;,,;.,, 

probably  identical  with  the  lost  play  'Cardan 
was  acted  in  1813X  'The  Two  NoWe  Kinsn 
'Henry  VIII.1  Tbe  'Two  Noble  Ktasmen* 
Chaucer's  '  Knight's  Tale  of  Palamon  and  Ardte. 
was  printed  in  1634.  'Henry  VIII'  perhaps  oon™ 
some  work  from  the  pen  of  MaMlnger.as  well  as  Fletcher  • 
U  ¥?  £2^  le18' and  lnclodeti  '»>  the  folio  of  18M. 
/i/.?,  l,k°"peBf*  "P*"1  tbe  ""^lading  year*  of  his  life 
(1611-16)  mninly  at  Stratford,  but  paid  frequent  visits  to 
London  till  1614,  and  continued  blsrdaUons  with  actors 
and  poets  till  the  end.  He  purchased  a  boose  In  Black- 
friars,  1613;  took  a  prominent  part  In  social  and  civic 
affair*  at  Stratford,  having  become  a  jolntowner  of  tbe 
^Ui?,?fu01d  strmttord-  weloombe,  and  BUbopton,  and 
"  !««.  baling  indemnified  himself  against  personal  loss, 
joined  In  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  enclose  theStratford 
common  fields.  He  drafted  his  will,  January  1616,  and 


.•• 

after  entertaining  Ben  Jonson  and  DraytonTt  New  Place; 
and  was  buried  on  25  April  (O.S.)  in  Stratford  Church, 
where  before  1G23  a  monument,  with  a  bu«t  by  a  London 
sculptor,  Gerard  Johnson,  was  erected.  His  wife  died  in 
*S?l^Ild  Efixabeth  (*  187°X  daughter  of  Susannah,  his 
eldest  daughter,  and  of  John  Hall  [q.  v.].  wj.  his  last  sur- 
viving descendant.  Her  second  husband  was  John  Barnard. 
who  was  knighted  in  1661.  By  Lady  Barnard's  will  New 
Place  was  sold  in  1675. 

Two  portraits  of  Shakespeare  may  be  regarded  as  fully 
authenticated,  the  bust  in  Stratford  Church,  and  the 
frontispiece  to  the  folio  of  1623,  engraved  by  Martin 
Droeshout  [q.  v.]  Tbe  •  Droeshout  '  or  •  Flower  '  portrait, 
now  at  Stratford,  has  been  claimed  as  the  original  picture, 
***"*  252E*1*  was  made  :  the  •  Ely  House  •  portrait, 
also  at  Stratford,  Is  probably  of  early  date,  and  other 
portraits,  less  fully  authenticated,  exist.  Tbe  Garrick 
Club  possesses  a  hn*tb*Bim1  to  be  of  seventeenth  -century 
workmanship.  A  mask,  said  to  have  been  taken  from 
Shakespeare's  face  after  death,  Is  In  private  hands  at 
Darmstadt.  A  monument  desipned  by  William  Kent(1684- 
1748)  [q.  v.],  with  a  statue  by  1'eter  Schcemakers  [q.  v.], 
was  erected  in  Poets'  Corner,  Westminster  Abbey,  In  1741. 
The  birthplace  at  Stratford  was  acquired  by  the  public 
and  converted  into  a  museum  in  1846  The  site  of  New 
Place  and  Anne  Hnthnwoy's  cottage  were  similarly  pur- 
chased in  1861  and  1892  respectively.  A  memorial  at 
Stratford,  consisting  of  a  theatre,  picture  gallery,  and 
library,  was  opened  in  1879. 

Shakespeare's  plays  were  first  collected  in  1623,  when 
a  folio  edition  was  published  containing  all  the  plays  ex- 
cepting •  Pericles.'  A  second  folio  edition  appeared  In 
1632,  a  third  in  1663,  with  a  reissue,  including  •  Pericles  ' 
and  six  spurious  play-,  in  1664,  and  a  fourth,  with  the 
same  additions,  in  1685.  Collected  editions  of  the  works 
have  since  been  edited  by  Nicholas  Rowe  (1709-10), 
Alexander  Pope  (1785X  Lewes  Theobald  (1733),  Sir 
Thomas  Hanmer  (1744),  Bishop  Warburton  (1747),  Dr. 
Johnson  (1766),  Edward  Capcll  (1768),  Edmund  ifalone 
(1790X  Johnson  and  Steevens,  'Variorum'  (1773),  Wil- 
liam Harness  (18S5X  Samnel  Wdler  Singer  (1816),  Thomas 
Campbell  (1838),  Charles  Knight  (1838-43X  Bryan  Waller 
Procter  (1839-43),  John  Payne  Collier  (1841-4),  Samuel 
Phelps  (1851-4),  J.  O.  Halllwrll  (1863-61),  Nikolaus 
Delius  (Blberfeld,  1864-61),  Alexander  Dyce  (1867), 
Richard  Grant  White(Boston,  1867-66),  Howard  Staunton 
(1858-60),  W.  G.  Clark,  J.  Glover,  an.i  l>r.  Aldis  Wright 
('Cambridge,'  1863-9),  and  Rev.  H.  N.  Hudson  (Harvard, 
1881).  tU.848] 

8HALOERS,  GEORGE  (18257-1871),  landscape- 
painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1848. 

SHAKE,  JOHN  (1740-18*3).    [See  ScHAXCKO  ** 


advisers,  ISIS:  judge  o<  king's  oeocb,  1  Ml,  bat 

^"!    «  .....  MM    [i.u-.    U.C.      ..•.,!.!.:.„,     o: 

returned  to  *""nn>Mi    nlsns    1246  • 
of  kinfs  bench,  1160-7. 


SKARIVOTOV  or  SHXEUTOTOV.  SIR  WILLIAM 
(1496?-166IX  Tlce-twasnrer  of  the  mint  at  Bristol;  In 
service  of  Sir  Francis  Bryan  [q.  T.]  ;  page  of  king,  robes  ; 
vice-treasurer  of  mint  at  Bristol,  1M6  ;  K.B..  1647  :  per- 
petrated  extensive  frauds  at  mint  and  sought  protection 
of  Thomas  Seymour,  baron  Seymour  of  Snddey  fq.  v.J,  in 
whose  plots  be  assisted  :  arrested  and  attainted,  but  re- 
ceived pardon  ;  sheriff  of  WUtahire,  1662.  [11.  399) 

8HARMAN-CRAWPOBJ),  WILLIAM  (1781-1M1X 
[See  CUAWPORO.] 

SHARP.    [See  also  SHARTK.] 

SHARP,  ABRAHAM  (1661-1745X  matbemaUdan  : 
apprenticed  to  merchant,  but  abandoned  business  and 
studied  mathematics:  employed  by  John  Flamsteed 
[q.  v.]  in  Greenwich  observatory,  1676-90  ;  taught  mathe- 
matics In  London  from  1690  ;  celebrated  for  skill  in 
graduating  instruments;  published  'Geometry  Im- 
proved,' 1717.  [11.400] 

SHARP,  Sm  CUTHBERT  (1781-1849),  antiquary  ; 
educated  under  Dr.  Burney  at  Greenwich  :  served  as 
valry  officer  in  Ireland  during  rebellion,  t.  1799  ;  visited 
Paris,  1803,  and  was  for  some  years  detained  as  prisoner 
of  wur  ;  collector  of  customs  successively  at  Bunderland 
and  Newcantle-on-Tyne  ;  published  antiquarian  works, 
ncluding  '  History  of  Hartlepool  '  (1816).  [U.  401  ] 

SHARP,  GRANVILLE  (1735-1813),  philanthropist: 
*on  of  Thomas  Sharp  (1693-1758)  [q.  v.]  ;  apprenticed  as 

inendraper  in  London;  studied  Greek  and  Hebrew; 
member  of  Fishmongers'  Company,  1767,  entered  ordnance 

iepartment,  1768,  and  was  clerk  in  ordinary,  1764-76  ; 
became  involved  in  the  straggle  for  liberation  of  slaves  in 


England,  and  engaged  in  various  actions  at  law  which  re- 
in the  formulation  of  the  principle  •  that  as 
soon  as  any  slave  rats  foot  upon  English  territory  he  be- 


free'  ;  advocated  cause  of  American  "*k*ik«,  and 
oined  crusade  against  the  press-gang  ;  prominent  In 
ouuditig  a  society  for  abolition  of  shivery,  1787,  British 
>nd  Foreign  Bible  Society,  1804,  and  Society  for  Conver- 
ion  of  Jews,  1808.  His  works  include  many  pamphlets 
u  the  movements  In  which  he  was  interested,  beside* 
rduiuiiH,  historical,  and  other  treatises.  [li.  401] 

SHARP,  ISAAC  (1806-1897X  missionary  ;  educated  at 
Friends'  school    in  Essex;    began    to    preach,    1811. 
was  '  recorded  '  minister,  1841,  and  subsequently  preached 
u  many  parts  of  the  world,  [SuppL  liL  34  1] 

SHARP,  JACK  (rf.  1431  X  lollard  rebel:  weaver  at 
Abingdon  ;  when  bailiff  (1431)  beaded  a  movement  of 
ollards  of  the  southern  midlands  ;  arrested  and  executed 
t  Ablngdou  or  Oxford.  [li.  404] 

SHARP,  JAMES  (  1613-1679  X  archbishop  of  St.  AB- 


M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1617  ;  professor  of 
>hilosophy,  St.  Andrew*  University  ;  presented  to  church 
f  Crail,  1649  ;  adhered,  on  the  division  of  the  kirk,  to  the 
reeolutloners  in  opposition  to  the  protesters,  and  came  to 
be  regarded  as  bead  of  the  party;  seised  by  Cromwell's 
orces,  1661,  and  imprisoned  In  Tower  of  London  tin  1661  ; 
T1ri«»oj  M  rtiffV  in  hu  «4»KfnM*  for  the  ITatuiaHoii  lilt  ft«HI 
was  sent  to  Charles  U  at  Breda,  1660  ;  for  some  time  acted 
ostensibly  as  the  representative  of  the  retolutiooers  and 

4e 


SHARP 


1186 


SHARPE 


nretbytcrianism,  but  really  in  the  interest  of  episcopacy  ; 
Charles  IPs  chaplain  in  Scotland ;  professor  of  divinity,  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1661 ;  was  consecrated  nn-li- 
bUbop  of  St  Andrews,  1661,  and  immediately  put  in  force 
severe  measures  for  the  annihilation  of  covenanting  prin- 
ciples :  murdered  by  covenanters  on  Magus  Muir ;  portrait 
painted  by  Lely.  [H.  404] 

SHARP,  JOHN  (1572  ?-1648  ?),  Scottish  divine ;  M.A. 
Bt  Andrews,  1592  ;  minister  of  Kilmany,  Fife,  1601 ;  he 
was  clerk  to  assembly  which  met  at  Aberdeen  in  opposi- 
tion to  commands  of  James  VI,  1605,  and  was  banished, 
1606 ;  professor  of  theology  in  college  of  Die,  in  Dauphine, 
France,  1608-30:  professor  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh, 
1630  till  death :  published  theological  works.  [li.  407] 

SHARP,  JOHN  (1646-1714X  archbishop  of  York  ;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1663 ;  M.A.,  1667 ;  incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1669 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Sir 
Heneage  Pinch  [q.  v.],  1667-76 ;  prebendary  of  Norwich 
and  Incumbent  of  St  Bartholomew's,  Exchange,  London, 
1675;  rector  of  St  Giles-in-the- Fields,  London,  1675; 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1679  ;  dean  of  Norwich,  1681 ;  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  James  II,  1686  ;  suspended  for  preaching 
sermons  held  to  reflect  on  James  II,  1686-7  ;  refused  to 
read  declaration  of  indulgence,  1688  ;  dean  of  Canterbury 
and  commis;«ioner  for  reform  of  liturgy  and  the  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  1889 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1691  ;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1702;  commissioner  for  Scottish  union;  published 
sermons,  and  left  in  manuscript '  Observations  on  Coinage 
of  England,' and  an  account  of  the  archbishopric  of  York. 
A  collected  edition  of  his  works  appeared,  1754. 

[It.  408] 

SHARP  or  SHARPE,  LEONEL  (1559-1631),  divine; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A., 
1684 ;  D.D.,  1603 ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Essex  at  Tilbury 
camp,  1588,  accompanying  him  to  Cadiz,  1589,  and  Portu- 
gal, 1596 ;  royal  chaplain,  e.  1601 ;  archdeacon  of  Berk- 
shire and  rector  of  North  Moreton,  1605  ;  chaplain  to 
Henry,  prince  of  Wales ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London, 
l-.ll  "15,  on  suspicion  of  endeavouring  to  stir  up  strife 
between  English  and  Scottish  factions  at  court ;  D.D. 
Oxford,  1618 ;  published  religious  writings.  [li.  411] 

SHARP,  MICHAEL  WILLIAM  (d.  1840),  painter  ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1801 ;  his  works  chiefly 
portraits  and  domestic  scenes.  [li.  412] 

SHARP,  PATRICK  (d.  1615),  Scottish  theologian ; 
master  of  Glasgow  grammar  school,  1574;  principal  of 
Glasgow  University,  1585;  appointed  with  others  by 
general  assembly  to  organise  church  in  opposition  to 
government  1596  ;  supported  James  I  at  Hampton  Court 
in  debate  on  questions  at  issue  with  kirk,  1606 ;  constant 
moderator  to  Glasgow  presbytery  in  absence  of  bishop, 
1606 ;  took  part  in  Falkland  conference,  1609  ;  appointed 
to  Scottish  court  of  high  commission,  1610.  [li.  412] 

SHARP,  RICHARD(1759-1835),  known  as  •  Conversa- 
tion Sharp ' ;  born  in  Newfoundland  ;  partner  in  com- 
mercial firms  in  London  ;  whig  M.P.  for  Castle  Rising, 
1*06-12,  Portarlington,  Ireland,  1816  and  1818-19,  and 
Ilchester,  1826-7;  took  a  keen  interest  in  politics  ami 
literature,  and  his  friends  at  various  periods  numbered  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  day ;  an  original  member  of  the 
society  for  reform  of  parliament  known  as  '  Friends  of 
the  People,'  1791,  and  of  the  Literary  Society,  1806 ; 
P.S.A.,  1787 ;  F.RA,  1806  ;  published  «  Letters  and  Essays 
in  Prose  and  Verse,'  1831.  [li.  413] 

SHARP,  SAMUEL  (17007-1778),  surgeon;  appren- 
ticed to  William  Oheselden  [q.  v.],  1724;  studied  in 
France;  freeman  of  Barber-Surgeons'  Company,  1731; 
obtained  diploma,  1732;  surgeon  to  Guy's  Hospital, 
London,  1733-67 :  P.RA  and  member  of  Paris  Royal 
Society,  1749  ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1765,  and  issued  '  Letters 
from  Italy,'  1766 ;  published  surgical  treatises  which  form 
the  link  connecting  the  old  methods  of  surgery  as  repre- 
sented by  Oheselden  with  the  new  as  represented  by 
William  Hunter.  [li.  414] 

SHARP,  SAMUEL  (1814-1882),  geologist;  assisted 
In  conducting  •  Stamford  Mercury  '  newspaper  ;  F.S.A. ; 
P.G.S.,  1862 ;  published  •  Rudiments  of  Geology,'  1876, 
and  writings  on  local  antiquities  of  Stamford. 

SHARP,  THOMAS  (1693-1758),  divine;  son  of* John 
Sharp  (1646-1714)  [q.  v.];  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1716 ;  fellow  ;  D.D. ;  prebendary  of  Southwark 


and  (1719)  of  York;  rector  of  Rothbury  ami  archdeacon 
of  Northumberland,  1723;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1732; 
official  to  dean  and  chapter  of  Durham,  1755;  published 
i  theological  and  biographical  works.  [li.  416] 

SHARP,  THOMAS  (1770-1841),  antiquary  ;  hatter  at 
Coventry,  1784-1804*  studied  local  antiquities  and  made 
extensive  topographical  and  other  antiquarian  collections. 
His  works  include  '  A  Dissertation  on  the  Pageant-*,  or 
Dramatic  Mysteries,  anciently  performed  at  Coventry,' 
1825,  and  '  Ancient  Mysteries  and  Moralities,'  edited  from 
Digby  MSS.,  1835.  [li.  416] 

SHARP,  WILLIAM  (1749-1824),  engraver;  appren- 
ticed to  Barak  Longmate  [q.  v.] ;  carried  on  business 
successively  in  Bartholomew  Lane,  London,  Vauxhall, 
London,  and  Chiswick  ;  executed  plates  after  Guido.West, 
Trumbull,  and  Reynolds ;  friend  of  Thomas  Paine  and 
Home  Tooke,  and  member  of  Society  for  Constitutional 
Information.  [li.  417] 

SHARP,  WILLIAM  (1805-1896),  surgeon  and  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  articled  as  surgeon, 
1821 ;  studied  in  London  ;  L.S.A.,  1826 ;  M.R.O.S.,  1827; 
practised  till  1843  at  Bradford,  where  he  was  surgeon  to 
the  infirmary,  1829;  F.R.S.,  1840 ;  '  reader  in  natural 
philosophy,1  1849-50,  at  Rugby  school,  where  hia  energy 
had  led  to  establishment  of  science  'teaching ;  adopted 
methods  of  homoaopathists,  and  engaged  extensively  in 
medical  investigations ;  received  degree  of  M JX  from 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1856 ;  published  medical 
works.  [li.  418] 

SHARPE.    [See  also  SHARP.] 

SHARPE,  BARTHOLOMEW  (fl.  1679-1682),  buc- 
caneer; perhaps  one  of  party  of  English  and  French 
buccaneers  who  sacked  Porto  Bello,  1679;  cruised  with 
English  party  in  Bay  of  Panama  and  on  coast  of  Peru ; 
headed  company  in  island  of  Quibo,  1680,  and  on  expedi- 
tion to  Juan  Fef  nandez,  where  he  was  temporarily  deposed 
from  command ;  cruised  in  West  Indies,  1681 ;  returned 
to  England,  1682 ;  arrested  and  tried  for  piracy,  but  ac- 
quitted, [li.  419] 

SHARPE,  CHARLES  KIRKPATRIOK  (1781  ?-1851), 
antiquary  and  artist ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1806  ; 
resided  at  Edinburgh,  living  mainly  as  a  literary  recluse  ; 
made  acquaintance  of  Scott,  1802,  and  became  his  life- 
long friend ;  made  extensive  antiquarian  collections.  His 
works  include  au  edition  of  Kirkton's  '  Secret  and  True 
History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,'  1817,  and  •  Portraits 
of  au  Amateur '  (a  volume  of  etchings),  1833.  [li.  420] 

SHARPE,  CHARLOTTE  (d.  1849),  portrait-painter 
exhibited  from  1817  ;  sister  of  Louisa  Sharpe  [q.  v.] 

[li.  425] 

SHARPE,  DANIEL  (1806-1856),  geologist ;  brother 
of  Samuel  Sharpe  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  was  partner  in 
Portuguese  mercantile  business  ;  resided  in  Portugal,  1835- 
1838 ;  wrote  important  papers  on  geology  of  Portugal 
and  various  districts  in  Great  Britain  and  on  the  con- 
tinent ;  F.R.S.,  1850 ;  F.L.S. ;  F.Z.S. ;  treasurer  of  Geo- 
logical Society,  1853,  and  president,  1856.  [li.  421] 

SHARPE,  EDMUND  (1809-1877),  architect;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1836 ;  studied  architecture 
in  France  and  Germany ;  pupil  of  John  Rickman  [q.  v.] ; 
practised  at  Lancaster,  1836-51 ;  abandoned  architecture 
for  engineering,  and  engaged  in  rail  way  construction,  1851 ; 
F.R.I.B.A.,  1848 :  published  architectural  works,  [li.  422] 

8HARFE,  ELIZA  (1796-1874),  artist ;  sister  of  Louisa 
Sharpe  [q.  v.]  ;  member,  1829-72,  of  '  Old '  Water-colour 
Society.  [H.  425] 

SHARPE,  GREGORY  (1713-1771),  divine ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  LL.D., 
1747 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1751 ;  took  orders  in  Eng- 
lish church ;  vicar  of  All  Saints',  Birling,  1743-56  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Salisbury,  1757-71 ;  chaplain  to  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales,  and  to  George  III ;  master  of  Temple, 
1763-71 ;  F.R.S.,  1754  ;  published  theological  and  classical 
writing!.  [li.  423] 

SHARPE,  JAMES  (1577  ?-1630),  Roman  catholic 
divine ;  born  in  Yorkshire ;  ordained  priest  at  St  Alban's 
College,  Valladolid,  1604  ;  entered  Society  of  Jesus,  Hw. 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Louvain ;  professed  of  four  vow«, 
1622 ;  worked  on  English  mission  ;  published  aud  I 
manuscript  religious  writings.  [li.  424. 


SHARPS 


SHAW 


SHARPE,    LEWIS  (Jl.  1640),  author  of  the  'Nook 
••r,'  a  comedy,  1640.  [li.  414] 

SHARPE,  LOUISA,  afterwards  MRS.  BKYFTARTH 
(1798-1843X  water-colour  painter ;  exhibited  miniature 
portrait*  at  Royal  Academy,  1817-19  :  member  of  •Old* 
Water-colour  Society,  1819  ;  married  Professor  WoVdemar 
Seyffarth  of  Dresden,  1884.  [li.  414] 

SHARPE.  MARY  ANNE  (<J.  1867 X  artist;  slater  of 
Louisa  Sharpe  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  portraits  and  ilotnsstio 
subjects  at  Royal  Academy  and  Society  of  British  Artiste, 

SHARPE,  ROGER  </.  1610X  author;  pabliabsd, 
1610,  •  More  Fooles  yet,*  a  collection  of  epigrams.  [IL  4S4] 

SHARPE,  SAMUEL  (1799-1881X 
brother  of  Daniel  Sharpe  [q.  v.] ;  entered 
flamnsi  and  Henry  Rogers  (his  uncles), 
1821-61) ;  P.G.8.,  e.  1817  ;  published  works  on 
history  and  hieroglyphics :  began  a  revision  of  i 
version  of  New  Testament,  1840,  and  was  one  of  scholars 
representing  Unitarians  in  connection  with  arrangements 
for  revised  version  of  1870 ;  wrote  a  Hebrew  history  and 
grammar:  president  of  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian 
Association,  1869-70,  and  of  Manchester  College  (now  at 
oxford X  1876-8;  liberal  benefactor  of  University  College, 

PL  3] 


SHARPEIOH,  ALEXANDER  (^.  1607-1618X  mer- 
chant and  sea-captain;  factor  of  Levant  Company  at 
Constantinople:  captain  in  service  of  East  India  Oom- 
and  general  of  fourth  voyage  to  Bast  Indies,  1608; 
Agra,  1609  ;  agent  for  company  at  Bantam,  1613. 

[li.  427] 

SHARPEY,  WILLIAM  (1802-1880X  physiologist; 
studied  medicine  and  surgery  at  Edinburgh,  London,  and 
Paris;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1823;  practised  at  Arbroath, 
1824-6 ;  joint-lecturer  on  systematic  anatomy  at  Edin- 
burgh from  1832  ;  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology, 
University  College,  London,  1836-74 ;  F.RJB.,  1839,  mem- 
ber of  council,  1844,  and  secretary,  1853-72 ;  member  of 
general  medical  council,  1861-76 ;  bon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1859 ;  examiner  in  anatomy,  London  University  from  1840 : 
published  physiological  writing*.  [li.  427] 

SHARPHAK,  EDWARD  Of.  1607),  author ;  member 
Middle    Temple,    1694;   published    two    plays,    'The 

[li.  429] 


Fleire '  and  'Cupid's  Whirligig,'  1607. 


SHARPLES  or  8HARPLE8S,  JAMES  (1750  7-181  IX 
portrait-painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1779-85  ; 
went  to  America,  c.  1796.  A  portrait  by  him  of  George 
Washington  is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[li.  429) 

SHARPLES,  JAMES  (1825-  1893),  painter  ;  worked  as 
an  ironfonnder  at  Bury  :  studied  drawing,  and  paintal 
portraits  and  other  pictures. 

SHARPLES,  ROLINDA  (d.  1838X  artist  ;  daughter 

y  memb 
[IL  430] 


of  James  Sharpies  (1750  T-1811)  [q.  v.]  ;  honorary  member 

[I 


SHAW,   CUTHBEKT  (1789-1771X  port ;    sou    of  a 

...  •        :      :,         •  .  •..     .       .         -     .-  ..,.,!!. 

''.'      '      '       -,'    .':     '.;.-'    '!".'    •        !     .I-.'   I.."-  ;.-•-      '.'.'     t. 

SHAW.  DUNCAN  ( 1715-17MX  Scottish  divine :  M.A. 

King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1747 ;  licensed  preacher.  1761 : 

minister  at  Raff ord,  176*-88,  and  at  Aberdeen,  178*-M : 

D J>.  MarUohal  College,  Aberdeen,  1774  ;  published  re. 

009     il      .:-•-  [l».4*4) 

W  or  SKAA.  SIR  EDMUND  <*.  1487  ?),  lord 
of  London ;  **^^tt^  BIKJ  mmtrr  of  Goldsmith** 


Company  ;  sheriff  of  London,  1474 ; 


ward,  1486  ;  lord  mayor,  1481 ;  intimate  with  Edward 


[11.  484) 


8H AW, SIR  FREDERICK, s«oood  baronet (17W1876), 
Irish  politician ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Brarn- 
nose  College,  Oxford;  B.A.  Oxford,  1819:  recorder  of 
Duodalk,  1816.  and  of  Dublin,  1818-76;  tory  HP.  for 
Dublin,  1880  and  1881,  and  for  Dublin  University,  18*1- 

xled  his  elder 


1848:   Irish  privy  councillor,  1884;  sncoseded 


bcoteb  bswaswfeoR 


.:    IN] 


of  Society  of  British  Artists. 

SHARROCK,  ROBERT  (1630-1684X  divine;  educated 
at  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow, 
1649;  D.O.L.,  1661;  prebendary  of  Winchester,  1666; 
held  livings  in  Hampshire;  archdeacon  of  Winchester, 
1684  ;  published  botanical,  philosophical,  and  other  works. 

SHAW,  ALEXANDER  (1804-1890X  •urgeon;  brother 
of  Sir  Charles  Shaw  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1821;  studied 
at  Middlesex  Hospital,  London,  and  was  surgeon,  1842- 
1872,  and  consulting  surgeon,  1872  ;  LJ3.A.,  1827  ;  F.R.CA, 
1843  ;  held  various  offices  in  Royal  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical  Society  ;  published  works  chiefly  relating  to  dis- 
coveries of  Sir  Charles  Bell  [q.  v.],  his  brother-in-law. 

SHAW,  SIR  CHARLES  (1795-  1871  X  brigadier-gene- 
ral ;  brother  of  Alexander  Shaw  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  St. 
Andruw*  and  Edinburgh  :  ensign,  1818;  in  Waterloo 
campaign,  1813-16  ;  on  half-pay,  1818  ;  captain  and  com- 
mander of  Leitb  volunteer  sharpshooters  ;  engaged  in 
wine-business  at  Leith  ;  captain  of  light  Infantry  marines 
in  liberating  army  of  Portugal,  1881  ;  major,  1832; 
colonel,  1833  ;  came  to  England,  1836,  but  returned  to 
serve  against  Carlisle  In  Spain  :  took  San  Sebastian,  1836  ; 
brigadier-general;  redgned  and  returned  home,  1818; 
chief  commissioner  of  police  at  Manchester,  18I9-4J; 
died  at  Homburg-von-der-Hohe.  [U.  432] 


SHAW,  GEORGE  (1761-1813X  naturalist;  M.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1771;  ordained  deacon,  1774,  but 
abandoned  church  as  profession;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  and  Oxford  ;  M.H.  and  M.D.  Oxford,  1787 ; 
botanical  lecturer  at  Oxford ;  joint-founder  and  vice-pre- 
sident of  Linnean  Society,  1788;  F.R.8.,  1789;  assistant- 
keeper,  1791,  and  keeper,  1807  till  death,  of  natural-buttery 
section  of  British  Museum;  published  works  relating  to 
natural  history.  [IL  4*6] 

SHAW,  HENRY  (1800-1878),  antiquary  and  draughts- 
man ;  assisted  John  Britton  (1771-1887)  [q.  v.]  in  •Cathe- 
dral Antiquities  of  England ' ;  works  include  •  Details  of 
Gothic  Architecture,'  1828,  •  Handbook  of  Art  of  Illumina- 
tion,' 1866 ;  F.8.A.,  1888 ;  largely  employed  in  illuminating 
publications  and  addresses.  [IL  4*6] 

SHAW,  SIR  JAMBS  (1764-184*),  chamberlain  of 
London:  born  in  Scotland ;  member  of  London  firm  of 
commercial  bouse  of  George  and  Samuel  Douglass; 
alderman  of  Portaoken  ward,  1798 ;  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  1808;  lord  mayor  of  London,  180*;  Indepen- 
dent tory  M.P.,  city  of  London,  1808-18 ;  created  baronet, 
1809  ;  chamberlain  of  London,  1831-43.  [U.  4*7] 

SHAW,  JOHN  (1659-1626X divine;  B.A.  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1584  ;  vicar  of  Woking,  1688 ;  deprived  for 
nonconformity,  1696  ;  published  poetical  writing*. 

SHAW  or  8HAWE,  JOHN  (1608-1872X  puritan 
divine;  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  M.A., 
1630  •  chaplain  to  Philip  Herbert,  earl  of  Montgomery 
and  fourth  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.] ;  vicar  of  Itotherbam. 
1639 :  accompanied  Pembroke  to  Berwick ;  chaplain  to 
Henry  Rich,  earl  of  Holland  [q.  v.],  1641  ;  fled  from 
Rotherham  after  outbreak  of  civil  war,  1648 ;  rector  of 
Lvmm,  1643 ;  scribe  to  assembly  of  ministers  at  York, 
1644 ;  rector  of  Scrayingham ;  lecturer  at  Hull,  where  be 
was  master  of  the  Charter  House,  1681 ;  chaplain  of  par- 
liamentary commissioners  to  Charles  I  at  Newcastle,  164« ; 
royal  chaplain,  1660;  inhibited  from  P^hing  »lhj« 
church  at  HnlL  1661,  but  retained  mastership  till  1661, 
when  he  resigned  ;  published  religious  ***>«*•  ^ 

SHAW,  JOHN  (W14-1689X  divine;  B.A.  Brasenose 
College.  Oxford,  1631 ;  vicar  of  A  In  ham,  c.  1686 ;  rector 
cTwhalton,  1646,  and  subsequently  of  Bolton  in  Crav-  • 
lecturer  at  Newcastle,  1661 ;  published  religious  writi^ 

SHAW,  JOHN  (1789-1818X  corporal,  2nd  life  guards 
enlisted  as  private,  1807,  and  attracted  notice  by  to  skUl 
a*  a  boxer  and  swordsman  :  entered  prlw '  ring,  181t,  and 
won  a  fight  at  Coombe- Warren ;  defeated  Edward  Painter 
[q.  v.],  1816;  accompanied  his  regiment  at  Waterloo, 
where  be  died  after  displaying  extraordinary  feats  of 
Talour.  [SuppL  UL  Mij 

brother  of  Sir 


SHAW,  JOHN  (1792-1817X  ._ 
Charles  Shaw  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  (Sir )  Charles  Bell  fa.  v.L 
who  became  his  brother-in-law  ;  lecturer  at  Great  \S  ind- 
miUS^etscbool,  London  ;  surgeon  to  Middlesex  Hospital, 
London,  1816 ;  publiabed  works  on  anatomy  •nd*oJ5J7' 

4e2 


SHAW 


1188 


SHAXTON 


SHAW,  JOHN  (1776-1832),  architect;  article!  to 
George  Gwilt  the  elder  [q.  v.] :  began  practice,  1798; 
FLA;  P.RJS. ;  F.S.A. ;  F.R.I.B.A. ;  architect  to  Christ's 
Hospital,  London. 

SHAW,  JOHN  (1803-1870),  architect;  son  of  John 
Shaw  (1776-1838)  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  as  architect  to 
Christ's  Hospital,  London;  built  Wellington  College, 
Sandhurst,  1855-9.  ["•  "1] 

SHAW,  JOSEPH  (1671-1733),  legal  writer  ;  educated 
at  Trinitv  College,  Oxford:  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1695  ;  published  legal  writings  and  letters  to  his  patron, 
Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  third  earl  of  Shaftesbury  [q.  v.] 

[li.  441] 

SHAW,  LAOHLAN  (1692-1777),  Scottish  divine; 
M.A.  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1711;  studied  theology  fit 
Edinburgh :  held  collegiate  charge  at  Elgin,  1734-74 ; 
published  antiquarian  and  historical  works,  including 

•  History  of  Moray,'  1775.  [li.  441] 

SHAW,  MARY  (1814-1876),  contralto  singer :  daugh- 
ter of  John  Postans  :  studied  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music 
and  umliT  Sir  George  Smart ;  first  appeared  in  public,  1834, 
and  subsequently  took  part  regularly  in  many  important 
concert*  in  England  and  on  continent  till  c.  1843 ;  mar- 
ried, 1835.  Alfred  Shaw,  who  became  insane,  c.  1843. 

[li.  441] 

SHAW,  PATRICK  (1796-1872),  lawyer ;  brother  of 
Sir  Charles  Shaw  [q.  v.] ;  called  to  Scottish  bar,  1819  ; 
sheriff  of  chancery,  1848-69  ;  published  reports  and  other 
legal  writings.  [li.  442] 

SHAW,  PETER  (1694-1763),  physician:  practised 
successively  in  Scarborough  and  London  ;  M.D. ;  F.R.C.P., 
1764 ;  physician  extraordinary  to  George  II,  and  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1752  ;  physician  in  ordinary  to  George  II,  1754, 
an  1  to  George  III,  1760 ;  published  original  medical  works, 
besides  editions  of  the  works  of  Bacon  and  Boyle,  and 
several  translations  and  adaptations.  [li.  442] 

SHAW  or  SHAA,  RALPH  or  JOHN  (d.  1484),  pre- 
bendary of  London,  1477 ;  brother  of  Sir  Edmund  Shaw 
[q.  T.]  ;  supported  Richard  III.  [li.  435] 

SHAW,  ROBERT  BARKLEY  (1839-1879),  traveller  ; 
educated  at  Marlborough  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  settled  as  tea-planter  at  Kangra  in  the  Hima- 
layas, 1859:  first  Englishman  to  reach  Yarkund,  1868, 
and  Kashgar,  1869  ;  published  account  of  travels,  1871 ; 
accompanied  Sir  Douglas  Forsyth  on  official  mission  to 
Yarknud,  1870 ;  received  patron's  gold  medal  from  Itoyal 
Geographical  Society,  1872 ;  British  joint-commissioner 
in  Ladak;  resident  at  Mandalay,  1878-9;  died  at  Mau- 
ilalay  ;  his  works  include  treatises  on  oriental  languages 

SHAW,  SAMUEL  (1635-1696),  nonconformist  di- 
vine ;  B.A.  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1650 ;  rector  of 
Lang  Whatton,  1658 ;  removed  from  living,  1661 ;  master 
of  grammar  school  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouche,  1668-96  ;  pub- 
lished religious  works,  comedies,  and  other  writings. 

[li  4441 

SHAW,  STEBBING  (1762-1802),  topographer;  of 
Repton  and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow,  1786 : 
M.A.,  1787 ;  B.D.,  1796 :  tutor  to  (Sir)  Francis  Burdctt 
[q.  v.]  ;  travelled  with  Sir  Bgerton  Brydges  in  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  and  printed  results  of  observa- 
tions in  the  'Topographer,'  1789-91,  edited  by  Brydges 
and  himself ;  rector  of  Hartshorn,  1799 ;  F.S.A.,  1795 ; 
published  » History  and  Antiquities  of  Staffordshire,' 
1798-1801.  pi.  445] 

vr  8HAW«  THOMAS  (1694-1751),  African  traveller  ; 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1720  ;  chaplain  to  English 
rectory  at  Algiers,  1720 ;  returned  to  England,  1733 ; 
elected,  in  his  absence,  fellow  of  Queen's  College,  1727 ; 
D.D.,  1734 ;  vicar  of  GodshilU  1734 ;  F.R.S.,  1734 ;  prin- 
cipal of  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1740;  regius  professor 
of  Greek,  1741 ;  vicar  of  Bramley,  1742-51 ;  published 

•  Travels,  or  Observations  relating  to  Barbary  and  the 
Levant,'  1738.  [li.  44$] 

SHAW,  THOMAS  BUDGE  (1813-1862),  author; 
educated  under  Samuel  Butler  (1774-1839)  [q.  v.]  at 
Shrewsbury,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  B.A., 
1836 ;  M.A.,  1851 ;  settled  at  8t  Petersburg,  1841 ;  jW 
wwr  of  English  literature  at  Imperial  Alexander  Lyceum, 
St.  Petersburg,  1842  ;  lector  of  English  literature  at  St! 


Petersburg  University,  c.  1851 ;  tutor  and  professor  of 
English  to  grand  dukes  of  Russia,  1H53-62 ;  chief  work, 
•Outlines  of  English  Literature,'  1818.  [li.  447] 

SHAW,  WILLIAM  (1550-1602).     [See  SCHAW.] 

SHAW,  WILLIAM  (1749-1831),  Gaelic  scholar;  M.A. 
King's  College,  Glasgow,  1772  ;  private  tutor  in  London  ; 
became  member  of  Dr.  Johnson's  literary  circle  ;  entered 
ministry  of  church  of  Scotland  and  was  presented  to 
parish  of  Ardelach,  1779  ;  resigned  charge,  1780 ;  travelled 
in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  published  '  Galic  and  Eng- 
lish Dictionary,'  1780;  published  writings  denying  the 
authenticity  of  Macpherson's  '  Ossian  ' ;  published  '  Me- 
moirs of  ...  Dr.  Johnson,'  1785 ;  joined  English  church 
and  was  rector  of  Chelvey,  1795 ;  B.D.  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1800.  [li.  448] 

SHAW,  WILLIAM  (1797-1853),  agriculturist ;  edu- 
cated at  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1833 ;  helped  to  found  Royal  Agricultural 
Society,  1838  (first  secretary,  1838-9,  member  of  council, 
1839) ;  started  and  conducted,  with  Cuthbert  William 
Johnson  [q.  v.],  the  '  Farmers'  Almanack  and  Calendar,' 
1838 ;  published,  1849,  with  Henry  Corbet,  digest  of  evi- 
dence given  before  committee  of  House  of  Commons, 
presided  over  by  Philip  Pusey  [q.  v.],  1848  ;  died  in 
pecuniary  embarrassment  in  Australia.  [li.  448] 

SHAW,  WILLIAM  (1823-1895),  Irish  politician; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  studied  for  con- 
gregational ministry  at  Highbury,  London  ;  minister  of 
independent  church  in  Cork,  1846-50 ;  adopted  mercantile 
career,  1850  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Bandon,  1868-74,  and  for  co. 
Cork,  1874-85 ;  supported  home  rule  and  was  chairman 
of  Irish  party,  1879-80 ;  member  of  Bessborough  com- 
mission, 1880 ;  seceded  from  Irish  party,  1881,  but  gave 
general  support  to  William  Ewart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  ; 
declared  bankrupt,  1886.  [IL  449] 

SHAW-KENNEDY,  SIR  JAMES  (1788-18G5).  [See 
KENNEDY.] 

SHAW-LEFEVUE,  CHARLES,  VISCOUNT  EVKRSLEY 
(1794-1888),  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1819; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1819;  M.P.,  Downton,  1830, 
for  Hampshire,  1831,  and  for  northern  division  of 
Hampshire,  1832-57 ;  chairman  of  select  committee  on 
procedure,  1838 ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons.  1839-57, 
setting  himself  to  reform  procedure;  created  Viscount 
Eversley,  1857  ;  ecclesiastical  commissioner,  1869  ;  G.C.B., 
1885.  [li.  450] 

SHAW-LEFEVEE,  SIR  JOHN  GEORGE  (1797-1879), 
public  official;  brother  of  Sir  James  Shaw-Kennedy 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  senior 
wrangler,  1818;  fellow,  1819;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1825 ;  bencher,  1860 ;  practised  as  conveyancer ;  ap- 
pointed to  settle  divisions  of  counties  for  purposes  of 
Reform  Act,  1832  ;  under-secretary  to  Edward  Smith 
Stanley  (afterwards  thirteenth  earl  of  Derby)  [q.  v.]  at 
colonial  office,  1833  ;  on  commission  which  founded  colony 
of  Australia,  1834 ;  commissioner  for  carrying  into  effect 
new  Poor-law  Amendment  Act,  1834 ;  vice-chancellor  of 
London  University,  1842-62 ;  joint-assistant  secretary  to 
board  of  trade,  1841 ;  on  ecclesiastical  commission,  1847 ; 
deputy-clerk  of  the  parliaments,  1848,  and  clerk,  1855- 
1875  ;  served  on  inquiry  into  Indian  civil  service,  1851 ; 
civil  service  commissioner,  1855;  F.R.S.,  1820:  K.C.B., 
1857  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1858.  [li.  451] 

SHAWE.    [See  SHAW.] 

SHAXTON,  NICHOLAS  (I486  ?-1566),  divine  ;  B.A. 
Cambridge,  1508  ;  fellow  of  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1510;  president  of  Physick's  Hostel,  which  was 
attached  to  Gonville  Hall  1512-13 ;  university  preacher, 
1620 ;  B.D.,  1521 ;  member  of  committee  of  divines  who 
discussed  question  of  Henry  VIII's  marriage  with  Cathe- 
rine of  Arragon  ;  favoured  Henry  VIII's  views ;  treasurer 
of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1633  ;  almoner  to  Anne  Boleyn ; 
canon  of  Westminster,  1534 ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1535, 
when  he  acknowledged  Henry  VIII  as  supreme  head  of 
church  ;  resigned  bishopric  on  passing  of  the  six  articles, 
1539,  and  was  committed  to  custody  of  bishop  Clerk ; 
pardoned,  1540,  but  prohibited  from  preaching;  held 
parochial  charge  at  Hudleigh,  whence  he  was  summoned 
and  arraigned  for  heresy,  1546;  was  condemned  to  be 
burned,  but  recanted ;  master  of  St.  Giles's  Hospital, 
Norwich,  1546-7 ;  suffragan  to  Thomas  Thirlby  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Ely,  during  Queen  Mary's  reign.  [ii.  452] 


SHEA 


11  K'J 


SHEA,  i. AVID  (1777-1886X translator;  educated  at 

Dublin  i 

Malta ;  awistanUprofessor  In  oriental  department  of  Ernst 

1...:    .   •     -    •  .  !!.:.:.....; 

"»"••• •,.:  Oriental  II..M  Mam  i '.».! !  i> 

tions  from  oriental  works. 

8HEAFFE,  8m  ROGER  HALE  (1763-1851 X general: 
»«rn   in    I ;„-;,„,,   America:   ensign,    1778;    lieutanant- 


ANNE  (1789-1876).   founder   of 

•    |,           .,'        .•<".•          ,     v. 
— -----    [q.  T.]        [UL  10) 


LAKKB,  JOHN  (1787-1868),  art  _ 
presented  to  the  nation  bis  coUeoUon  of  work*  by  Bi 

[UL 


artist*,  1857 


colonel,49th  foot,  1798; 


I] 
(1794-18MX    ast> 


1799,  Baltic.     Trinity  OoUef.,  Q 


•»-**^  wwvu    awi*,     AffWi     •»«-»  »l»*     III       IlullifttfU,      I 

1801,  and  Canada,  1808-11  and  1812-13;  major-general,     M.A.,  1819; 
1811  ;  commanded  British  at  reoaptttre  of  Queenstown! 


_.«M_     HEGBABD 
brother  of  John  Hhespshanki  [q.  T.]:  fellow  of 
a,  Wl7  (tenth  wrangler,  181C); 


1W»:  P.RA.1880; 


i  i 


adviser  of  Bdwanl  TroogbtOB 


1812;  defended  York  (now  Toronto),  1818;  baronet  of  [q.  ».]  In  sooth  eqoatoreal  ease :  carried  on  eontro 
Great  Britain,  1818;  colonel,  86th  foot,  1829:  general,  with  Charles  Babbage  [q.  v.]  and  others:  OMB 
1838.  [U.  455]  commissions  on  weight,  and,  measures,,  ISM  and 


[U.4W) 

6HEAHE8,  HENRY  (1753-1798X  United  Irishman: 
brother  of  John  Sheares  [q.  v.]  ;  eduoatal  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  :  held  commission  in  list  regiment,  bot 
ffMhrnsll;  called  to  bar,  1789;  visited  Prance  with  bis 
brother,  by  whom  be  was  governed  in  political  actions  ; 
>  prison. 


hi*  reoonstrooted  standard  of  length 
tarmined  longitude  of  Antwerp  and 

method  of  dri^Kgan'eqnatoreal  by : 


executed  before  Newgate 


[It  «7] 


Antwerp  and  Brussels, 
Md    LfcvpML    ><»  . 
uatoreal  by  clockwork,    [lii.  9] 
BS,  8m  HENRY  <<f.  1710),  military  engineer 
of  Pepys;  employed  at  Tangier,   liS-84: 
nst  Monmouth,  168* :  knighted  and  named 


SHEARE8,    JoUN   (1766-1798)    United  Irishman: 
brother  of  Henry  Shearcs  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  Ooltefrt, 
Dublin,  1787;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1788;  visited  France 
and   became   Imbued    with   political    principles  of    the 
revolution :  barrister  in  Dublin :  joined  United  irl 
contributed  to  anti-government  newspaper,  the 
•Itfsstail  with  his  brother  for  complicity  in  i 
found  guilty  of  high  treason  and  executed. 

SHEARMAN  or  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  (1767-1861), 
physician:  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1807;  physician  to  Charing 
Cross  Hospital,  London  ;  president  of  Medical  Society  of 
London,  1824 ;  published  medical  works.  [UL  1] 


tWM  -f  LTM  ; 
111.  465] 


SHEBBEARE 


JOHN  (1709-1788),  political 
on  In  Exeter  and  Bristol ;  Im 


served  against  Monmouth, 

surveyor  of  ordnance  by  James  II :  twic*  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  of  Jacobltism  under  William  III ;  trustee  of 
Irish  grants,  1700;  published  •Essay  on  Certainty  and 
Causes  of  the  Earth's  Motion  •  (1698)  and  other  works. 

[UL  10] 

SHEFFIELD,  first  EARL  or  (1735-18J1).    [See  HOL- 
u«.Yn.  JOHN  BAKER.] 

SHEFFIELD,   EDMUND,  first   BAROX 
(1521-1549  X   author   of    lost   sonnets ;  grandson  of 
Robert  Sheffield  [q.  v.]  ;  crested  a  peer,  1547  ;  his 
in  Kct's  rebellion  commemorated  in  epitaph  by  Barnabe 
Oooge[q.v.]  [1U.  16] 

SHEFFIELD,  Sin  EDMUND,  first  EAIII.  op  Mcu- 
writer  •  '  ORAVB  (1564  ?-1646),  grandson  of  Edmund  Sheffield,  first 

*          i r*\._^i    i  a    r_     __  i   . ^i_  i    _  .   .1      _  i    r> fTtLrs'tirfll 

knighted 

and  gran  to  1  manor  of  Mulgrave  for  services  against 
Spanish  armada;  K.G.,  1593:  governor  of  Brill,  1599; 
pre*ident  of  the  north  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Yorkshire, 
1C03-19 ;  member  of  councils  of  Virginia  and  New  Eng- 
land companies ;  created  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  1626 :  joined 
opposition.  [UL  11] 

SHEFFIELD,  EDMUND,  second  EARL  or  MULORAVB 


practised  as  a  surgeon  In  Exeter  and  Bristol :  Imprisoned     baron  Sheffield  [q.  v  ]  ;  succeeded  as  third  Baron 
for  reflections  on  legislature  in  novel  •  Marriage,'  1764:     1568 ;  served  under  Leicester  In  the  Netherlands ; 
fined.  Imprisoned,  and  pilloried  for  political  Uoel  in  •  Sixth     ' 
Letter  to  the  People  of  B"gl«M».V  1768;  after  release, 
having  attacked  Wilkes  and  advocated  peace  with  Prance, 
received  pension  from  GreuvUle,  1762 ;  defended  American 
policy  of  George  III  against  Burke  and  Price;  his  name 
coupled  by  whigs  with  that  of  Johnson  as  pensioner; 
attacked  Smollett  and  Scotch  critics ;  published  as  •  His- 
tory of  the  Sumatrans,'  1763,  a  satire  on  whig  policy  and 
panegyric  of  George  III ;  author  of  a  work  on  Jersey, 
1771,  and  medical  treatises.  [UL  1] 

SHEDDEN-RAL3TON,  WILLIAM  RALSTON  (1828- 
1889X    [See  RALSTON.] 


GEORGE  DARELL  (1843-1894X  recorder  of 
Hythe  ;  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1860  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1867  ;  recorder  of  Hytbe,  1883.  [UL  7] 

8HEE,  SIR  MARTIN  ARCHER  (1769-1860),  portrait- 
painter  and  president  of  the  Royal  Academy ;  educated 
In  Dublin  ;  H.A.,  1800  :  a  founder  of  British  Institution, 
1807;  president  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1830-60;  de- 
fended Academy  from  attacks  in  press  and  parliament : 
introduced  written  discourses  to  students ;  published 
poems,  two  novels,  and  a  play.  [1U.  4] 

SHEE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1804-1868),  judge;  called 
from  Lincoln's  Inn,  1828  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1840 ;  queen'* 
serjeant,  1857;  as  M.P.,  Kilkenny  county,  1852-7,  took 
charge  of  Sharmaii  Crawford's  Tenants'  Right  Bill,  and 
Napier's  Tenants'  Improvement  Compensation  BUI ;  de- 
fended William  Palmer  <  1824-1856)  [q.  v.]  and  appeared  for 
plaintiff  in  RoupeU  case :  justice  of  queen's  bench,  1868-8 ; 
kniirhted,  1864  ;  first  Roman  catholic  judge  since  the 
revolution  ;  his  '  Papers,  Letters,  and  Speeches '  privately 
printed,'  1862-3.  [UL  6] 

SHEEHAN,  JOHN  (1812-1882X  journalist  and 
author  :  member  of  the  Comet  Club,  Dublin  :  Imprisoned 
for  libel  as  sub-editor  of  the  '  Comet,'  1888 ;  represented 
the  '  Constitutional '  in  Paris  and  Madrid,  1886-7 ;  pro- 
prietor and  editor  of  the  •  Independent.1  1852 ;  contributed 
to  '  Bentiey  Ballads' ;  the  original  of  Thackeray's  Captain 
Shandon.  [UL  7] 

8HJEEHY,  NICHOLAS  (1728-176C),  Irish  priest;  exe- 
cuted on  charge  of  complicity  in  murder  of  the  informer 
Bridge.  [lii.  8] 


(1611?-1658Xvioe-admiral  of  Yorkshire  and  member  of 
Cromwell's  council ;  grandson  of  Sir  Edmund  Sheffield, 
first  earl  of  Musgrave  [q.  v.]  [UL  IS] 

SHEFFIELD,  GEORGE  (1839-1892),  landscape- 
painter  ;  member  of  Manchester  Academy ;  celebrated  for 
drawings  in  sepia  and  black  and  white.  [UL  IS] 

SHEFFIELD,  JOHN  (if.  1648-1647),  divine;  MJL 
Peterbouse,  Cambridge;  rector  of  St.  Swithiu,  London, 
1643-60.  [UL  16] 

SHEFFIELD,  J»HN,  third  EARL  ov  MuujRATK, 
afterwards  first  DUKK  «>K  BoomraBAM  AM>  NUKMAXBT 
(1648-1721),  patron  <>f  Drv.len  and  frieixl  of  Pope;  son  of 
Edmund  Sheffield,  second  earl  of  Mulgrave  [q.  T.]: 
served  against  the  Dutch  under  Charles  11  ; 
expedition  for  relief  of  Tangier,  1680;  b 
court  for  courting  Princess  Anne,  168S ;  privy 
and  lord  chamberlain,  1685  ;  member  of  high  c 
court,  1686  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  East  Riding,  lt>87  ;  sub- 
mitted to  William  III,  but  joined  opposition  ;  received 
pension  and  was  created  Marquis  of  Normanby,  1694,  bat 
was  dismissed  from  privy  council,  1696 ;  restored  by  Anne 
and  appointed  lord  privy  seal,  17o2 :  created  duke  of 
Normanby,  1708 ;  compelled  to  resUju  hi-  appointmentj 
1705  ;  commissioner  for  Scottish  union,  1706  ;  corresponded 
with  Electress  Sophia  and  advocated  her  invitation  to 
England;  lord  president  of  the  council,  1710-14;  a  lord 
justice,  1714 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He  pub- 
lished  •  Essay  on  Poetry  '  and  (probably)  *  Essay  on  Satire,* 
•  Aooountofthe  Revofution,'  and  poetical  workMncloding 
a  recast  of  'Julius  Csssar'  into  two  playt.  The  fourth 
edition  of  his  collected  works  was  published  In  17M. 

SHEFFIELD,  JOHN  (16*4?-17J6X  nonconformist 
divine  and  friend  of  Locke;  presbytarian  pastor  in  St. 
Thomas  Street,  Sootbwark,  1697.  [UL  II] 

8m    ROBERT  (rf.   1518), 


House  of  Commons :  knighted  after  battle  of  Stok*.  1487  ; 
recorder  of  London ;  speaker,  1510  and  1512.      [UL  16] 


SHEIL 


1190 


SHELLEY 


SIR  JUSTIN  (1803-1871),  general  and  diplo- 
wador  In  Persia,  1844-64:  major-general, 
1859  ;  served  In  Bengal  army  in  India  and  Persia  ;  secre- 
tary to  British  legation  at  Teheran,  1836-44 ;  K.O.B., 
18W.  [Hi.  16] 

SHEIL,  RICHARD  LALOR  (1791-1851),  politician 
and  dramatist ;  brother  of  Sir  Justin  Sheil ;  educated  at 
Stonyhuret  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  B.A.,  1811 ;  his 
play  '  Adelaide,  or  the  Emigrants,'  produced  at  Dublin, 
1814;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1814;  his  'Apostate' 
played  at  Oovent  Garden,  1817,  '  Bellamira,'  1818,  and 
'Bradne,'  1819;  collaborated  with  Bauim  in  'Damon 
and  Pythias';  protested  against  O'Connell's  refusal 
of  concessions  to  protestant  supporters  of  catholic  eman- 
cipation, but  afterwards  joined  him  in  agitation ;  his 
indictment  for  libel  not  proceeded  with  by  Canning, 
1897 ;  urged  opposition  to  government  candidate  in 
Clare,  1888 ;  addressed  hostile  protestant  meeting  on 
Penenden  Heath ;  admitted  to  inner  bar,  1830;  returned 
for  Lord  Anglesey's  borough  of  Milborne  Port,  1830  ;  sat 
for  Louth  county,  1831-2 ;  elected  as  repealer  for  Tippe- 
rary  county,  1833 ;  acquitted  by  parliamentary  committee 
on  charge  of  political  double  dealing  ;  spoke  effectively  on 
foreign  questions ;  opposed  Irish  Municipal  Corporation 
Bill,  1836,  but  helped  to  bring  about  Licbfield  House  com- 
pact and  accepted  office,  1837 ;  vice-president  of  board 
of  trade,  1838-41 ;  sat  for  Duugarvan  from  1841 ;  counsel 
for  John  O'Connell  [q.  v.],  1843  ;  master  of  the  mint, 
1846-50 ;  died  soon  after  appointment  as  minister  at 
Florence.  His  *  Sketches  Legal  and  Political '  (originally 
contributed  to  'New  Monthly')  were  published  posthu- 
mously, [lii.  17] 

8HEILDS  or  SHIELDS,  ALEXANDBR(1660?-1700), 
covenanter ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1675 ;  when  preacher  to 
Scottish  presbyterians  in  London  arrested  for  refusing 
oath  of  allegiance,  1685 ;  made  modified  submission  in 
Scotland,  but  subsequently  retracted  ;  escaped  disguised 
from  Basa  Rock,  1686;  joined  James  Renwick  [q.  v.] ; 
preached  at  field  meetings;  took  part  in  renewing  of 
covenant  at  Borland  Hill,  1689  ;  received  into  fellowship 
after  submission  to  general  assembly,  1690;  appointed 
chaplain  to  Oameronian  regiment,  1691,  to  second  charge 
at  St.  Andrews,  1697  ;  went  to  Darien  settlement,  1699; 
died  of  fever  in  Jamaica  ;  published  '  A  Hind  let  Loose ' 
(1687,  printed  in  Holland),  vindicating  historically  Ren- 
wick's  position,  'Life  and  Death  of  James  Renwick' 
(posthumous),  and  other  covenanting  treatises,  [lii.  21] 

8HEILS,  ROBERT  (d.  1750).    [See  SHIELS.] 

8HELBURNE,  second  EARL  OF  (1737-1805).  [See 
PKTTV,  WILLIAM,  first  MARQUIS  OP  LANSDOWNE.] 

SHELDON,  EDWARD  (1599-1687).  translator  from 
the  French.  [lii.  23] 

SHELDON,    GILBERT  (1598-1877),   archbishop    of 
Canterbury ;   M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1620  ;   B.A. 
1617 ;  Incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1619  ;  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,   1622;    D.D.,   1634;    chaplain    to 
lord  keeper  Coventry  ;  vicar  of  Hackney,  1633 ;  rector  of 
Newlngton,  1639;  warden  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford 
W-48,  restored  to  the    wardenship,   1669;   Mend   of 
Hyde  and  Falkland ;  took  part  in  negotiations  at  Ux- 
bridge,  1644,  and  attended  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  .New- 
market, and  In  Isle  of  Wight ;  imprisoned  at  Oxford,  1648 ; 
became  bishop  of   London,  dean  of    the  chapel  royal, 
London,  and  master  of  the  Savoy,  London,  1660,  the  Savoy 
conference  being  held  at  his  lodgings :  virtually  primate 
during. Juxon's old  age;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1663- 
1677 ;  prominent  adviser  of  Charles  II;    severe  against 
itere    bat  frequently  protected  them  ;  remained  at 
;  during  the  plague ;  active  and  liberal  promoter 
f^^iS1!1*  °vf  8t  P*"1'8  Cathedral,  London  ;  greatly 
rated  in  church  beyond  the  seas;  as  chancellor  of 
Ulord  built  the  Sheldonian  Theatre  (1669)  at  his  own 
expense,  and  encouraged  Anthony  a  Wood.         [lii.  24] 

8HELDOH,    JOHN    (1752-1808),   anatomist;    after 
Kturing  under   William   Hunter  (1718-1783)  [q.  v.]  at 
Grmt  Windmill  Street,  London,  carried  on  private  ana- 
tomical school  in  Great  Queen  Street,  London,  1777-88; 
?7fu!"°0r  °f  anatomv  to  R°yal  Academy,  1782;  F.R.8., 
* :  surgeon  to  Westminster  Hospital,  1786,  to  Devon  and 
'^J**,  HofPit*lt  M?  :  made  voyage  to  Greenland  to  test 
iHhod  of  catching  whales ;  reputed  first  Englishman  to 
-make  balloon  ascent ;  published  •  History  of  the  Absorbent 


System,'   1784,  '  Essay  on  Fracture  of  the  Patella '  Ac 

(1789),  [lii.  26]   " 

SHELDON,  NATHANIEL  (1705-1780).  [See  ELLIOT.] 

SHELDON,     RALPH    (1623-1684),    antiquary    and 

patron  of  learning  :^iephew  of  Edward  Sheldon  [q.  v.]  ; 

left  in  manuscript '  Catalogue  of  Nobility  of  England  since 

Norman  Conquest.'  [Uj.  23] 

SHELDON,  RICHARD  (d.  1642?),  divine;  im- 
prisoned as  Jesuit,  1610  ;  became  royal  chaplain,  and 
published  anti-catholic  works.  [lii.  27] 

SHELDRAKE,  TIMOTHY  (fl.  1759),  author  of 
i  'Botanicum  Mediciuale' (1759)  and  meteorological  trea- 
i  tises  ;  M.D.  [hi.  27] 

SHELFORD.  LEONARD  (1795-1864),  legal  writer; 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1827 ;  works  include  '  Real 
Property  Statutes,'  1834,  'Law  of  Railways,1  1845,  and 
'  Law  of  Joint  Stock  Companies,'  1863.  [lii.  28] 

SHELLEY,  GEORGE  (1666  ?-1736  ?),  writing-master 
at  Christ's  Hospital,  London  (1714-36),  and  author  of 
calligraphical  works.  [Ul.  28] 

SHELLEY,  MARY  WOLLSTONEORAFT  (1797- 
1851),  second  wife  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  [q.  v.] ; 
daughter  of  William  Godwin  the  elder  [q.  v.]  and  Mary 
Wollstonecraft  Godwin  [q.  v.];  brought  up  by  her  step- 
mother with  the  Clairmonts ;  went  to  the  continent 
with  Shelley,  July  1814,and  married  him,  December  1816  ; 
saw  much  of  Byron,  Trelawuy,  and  the  Leigh  Hunts ; 
left  Genoa  for  England,  1823;  contributed  to  annuals 
and  Lardner's  'Cabinet  Cyclopsedia ' ;  travelled  on  the 
continent,  1840-3;  settled  annuity  on  Hunt;  published 
'  Frankenstein,' 1818,  'The  Last  Man,'  1826,  the  autobio- 
graphical 'Lodore'  (1835),  and  other  works;  edited 
Shelley's  works,  1839-40.  [lii.  29] 

SHELLEY,  PERCY  BYSSHE  (1792-1822),  poet ;  born 
at  Field  Place,  Warnham ;  educated  at  Sion  House, 
Brentford,  and  Eton,  where  he  was  unhappy,  but  consoled 
himself  with  scientific  researches ;  while  at  school  pub- 
lished his  romance  '  Zastrozzi ' ;  issued  '  St.  Irvyne,  or 
the  Rosicrucian,'  and  'Original  Poetry  by  Victor  and 
Cazire,1  1810  ;  while  at  University  College,  Oxford,  com- 
posed with  Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg  [q.  v.]  '  Posthumous 
Fragments  of  Margaret  Nicholson ' :  sent  down  after 
circulation  of  'Necessity  of  Atheism,'  1811  ;  in  London 
made  acquaintance  of  Harriet  Westbrpok;  married  her 
at  Edinburgh,  1811;  whilst  at  Keswick  was  received 
by  Southey,  and  opened  correspondence  with  Godwin ; 
addressed  meetings  and  wrote  pamphlets  in  Ireland,  1812 ; 
from  Lynmouth  addressed  remonstrance  to  Lord  Ellen- 
borough  for  condemning  publisher  of  Paine's  '  Age 
of  Reason ' ;  suffered  supposed  attempt  at  assassination 
at  Tanyrallt,  North  Wales,  1813 ;  his  '  Queen  Mab '  pri- 
vately printed  the  same  year,  unknown  till  piratically 
published,  1821 ;  his  '  Refutation  of  Deism '  issued  anony- 
mously, 1815  ;  left  England  with  Mary  Godwin ;  re- 
turned within  six  weeks  ;  received  income  from  his  father 
and  made  settlement  on  Harriet  Shelley  ;  his '  Alastor,' 
written  while  living  near  Windsor,  published,  1816  ;  fled 
to  continent  to  avoid  Godwin's  demands  for  money; 
travelled  with  Byron  in  Switzerland,  and  composed  '  Mont 
Blanc ' ;  refused  custody  of  elder  children  by  decision 
of  Eldon ;  while  living  at  Great  Marlow  gave  money  to 
Leigh  Hunt  and  made  acquaintance  of  Peacock  and 
Keats  ;  issued  political  pamphlets  and  published  '  Revolt 
of  Islam,'  1818 ;  left  England  for  Italy ;  translated  Plato's 
'Symposium'  and  finished  'Rosalind  and  Helen*  at 
Lucca  ;  visited  Byron  at  Venice ;  went  to  Naples  and 
Rome;  published  'The  Oenci'  at  Leghorn,  1819,  and 
'  Prometheus  Unbound '  at  London,  1820 ;  produced  '  Ode 
to  the  West  Wind'  while  at  Florence,  1819;  removed  to 
Pisa  at  end  of  1819;  produced  there  many  of  his  best 
lyrics ;  his  '  Epipsychidion  '  and  '  Adonais'  (1821)  inspired 
by  Emilia  Viviani  and  death  of  Keats  ;  visited  Byron  at 
Ravenna ;  produced  '  Hellas '  and  translation  from  Goethe 
and  Calderon,  1822;  removed  to  Lerici;  visited  the  Hunts 
at  Pisa;  sailed  from  Leghorn  for  Spezzia  with  Edward 
Elliker  Williams  [q.  v.]  and  was  lost  in  a  storm:  his 
body,  when  recovered,  cremated  in  presence  of  Byron, 
Trelawny,  and  Hunt,  and  the  ashes  buried  in  protestant 
cemetery,  Rome.  His  '  Posthumous  Poems '  (including 
4  Julian  and  Maddalo,'  '  The  Witch  of  Atlas,'  and  '  Epistle 
to  Maria  Gisborne')  were  printed,  1824,  but  immediately 
withdrawn  and  followed  by  many  pirated  editions,  no 


SHELLEY 


Lift] 


SHKI'HKKD 


perfect  collection  being  iMoed  till  that  of  Mrs.  Shellay. 
'Relics  of  SheUey '  were  edited  by  Dr.  Garnett,  1862,  and 
a  virtually  complete  collection  of  Shelley's  writing*,  by 
Mr.  Bnxton  Forman,  1876-80.  Only  two  genuine  port  nut, 
are  extant ;  there  are  monuments  at  Christcburcb.  Hamp- 
,!iin-.  .:.,  i': ttg  «  ,,:.,..-....  .,:..M.  [UL31] 

SHELLEY,     SIR     RICHARD    (1613  7-1689  ?X    hut 
-run  l  prior  of  Knight  •>  In  Kngland:  son  of 

Sir  William  8heUey[q.v.]  :  claimed  to  be  the  first  ~ 

„;      ,,...,        .... 


man  to  visit  Constantinople  since  its  capture 

sent  on   many   dij 

Bdwani  VI,  and  Mi 

pension  from  Philip  'II  of  Spain  and  employed  by  him 

till  his  appointment  as  grand  prior,  1668 ;  lived  at  Venice 


from  1569,  rendering  some  service-  to  the  Bngliah  govern- 

LEY,  SAMUEL ( 1760- 
exhibited   at    Royal    Academy,    1774-1804;    afterward* 


ment.  [UL  40] 

SHELLEY,  SAM UBL(1760-1808X miniature-painter; 


..•..-.  .•-..., 


[111.41] 


SHELLEY  or  DE  COUCHES,  WILLIAM  (d.  1188?). 
[See  WILUAM.] 

SHELLEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (U80T-1649T1  judge; 
jndge  of  sheriff's  court,  1(17  ;  recorder  of  London,  1820  ; 
judge  of  VP"pm  pleas,  1627  ;  twice  sununoued  to  parlia- 
ment :  employed  in  many  Important  state  trials  :  his 
brother  the  Shelley  of  •  Shelley's  case.'  [HL  41] 


by  Percy  when 

•BeUqoei  of  Bn«uah  Poetry';  hU  wrii 
collectively  by  Dodaley.  17*4-9;  hi.  • 
praised  by  Dr.  Johnsoo  and  Gokbmlth,  and  bU  ekfftai  by 


.  HBNRY  OHAWNBR(1828-184«),sciU 
tor;  son  of  Henry  Cnawn*rSbenUm(180t-l8»«)(q.  v.l 


SHELTOH,  JOHN  (d.  1848),  colonel;  served  in  the 
Peninsula  and  in  Walcheren  with  9th  foot,  losing  his 
right  arm  at  San  Sebastian  ;  with  44th  in  tint  Burmese 
war  ;  commanded  regiment  In  India,  1827-40  ;  com- 
manded brigade  tn  Afghanistan,  1841  ;  Joined  William 
George  Keith  Blphinstone  [q.  v.]  at  Oabul  after  murder  of 
Sir  Alexander  Barnes  [q.  v.]  ;  defeated  by  Afghans  in  a 
sortie:  did  good  service  in  retreat  to  Jellalabad  ;  hostage 
in  enemy's  bands  after  evacuation,  1842  :  honourably  ac- 
quitted by  court-martial,  1843  ;  died  from  effects  of  hone 
accident.  [Hi.  42] 

SHELTON,  SHELDON,  or  SHILTON,  Sin  RIC  II  A  1  :  1  1 
(d.  1647),  solicitor-general  :  employed  by  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham;   solicitor-general,  1626-34;    M.P.,   Bridtf  north, 
1626  and  1628  ;  treasurer  of  Inner  Temple,  1628  ;  e. 
astical  commissioner,  1633.  [Ui.  43] 

SHELTOH,  THOMAS  (fl.  1612-1620),  first  translator 
of  Don  Quixote'  into  English:  employed  by  Theophilus 
Howard,  second  earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.]  ;  his  version  of 
part  i.  (based  on  reprint  by  Roger  Velpius,  1607)  issued. 
1612  ;  translation  of  part  ii.  issued  with  2nd  edition  of 
part  i.,  1620,  probably  also  his  work  :  his  translation  re- 
printed in  •  Tudor  Translations,'  1896.  [Ui.  44] 

SHELTON,  THOMAS  (1601-1660  ?),  stenographer: 
published  •  Tachygraphy,'  1638,  and  'Zeiglographia*  (a 
new  system),  1649;  the  Psalm*  in  his  system  of  short- 
hand issued,  1660.  [lii.  46] 

8HELVOCKE,  GEORGE  (fl.  1890-1728),  privateer; 
served  some  time  in  the  navy  ;  given  by  London  mer- 
chants command  of  privateer  Speedwell  under  orders  of 
Clipperton  in  the  Success,  1719;  designedly  separated 
from  his  consort  for  two  years  and  conducted  independent 
cruise  ;  under  ambiguous  colours  extorted  ransom  from 
Portuguese  ship  on  coast  of  Brazil:  caused  a  black 
albatross  to  be  shot  in  rounding  Cape  Horn,  the  incident 
being  suggested  by  Wordsworth  to  Coleridge,  1797  ; 
sacked  Payta  :  wrecked  on  Juan  Fernandez  :  built  new 
ship  and  captured  the  Jesu  Maria  :  after  short  reunion 
with  the  Success  left  her  in  Jesu  Maria  :  captured  the 
Santa  Familia  and  La  Concepcion,  1721;  sailed  in 
former  for  China  ;  sold  her  there  and  divided  the  trea- 
sure ;  acquitted  on  technical  grounds  when  charged  with 
piracy,  but  fled  the  country  ;  published,  172«,  account 
of  his  voyage,  mentioning  gold  of  California  and  guano 
of  Peru  :  his  account  partially  discredited  by  that  of 
Betagh,  1728.  [UL  46] 

8HENSTONE,  WILLIAM  (1714-1763),  poet;  con- 
temporary of  Dr.  Johnson  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford  : 
studied  poetry  there  with  Richard  Graves  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  and  Richard  Jago  [q,v.],  and  privately  printed 
some  occasional  verse;  published  anonymously  "The 
ment  of  Hercules,'  1741.  and  "The  Schoolmistress,* 
1742;  bis  •  Pastoral  Ballad  '  (1766)  and  other  poems  (1768) 
issued  by  Dodsley  ;  d«voted  much  care  to  laying  out  the 


!  A  WNBR  (1809-1866  X  Unt- 

•:.•...:.•..  ...         ;.-:.:     ,    ..  '          . 

..'  '      .   M   .:.  .'  .    -..  •(',  ..•     i,     i.,  .      1 

J.  R.  Dictate's  'Lal-our  of  Love.'  [UL  80] 

8HEHTOH,  WILLIAM  KBRNOT  (18*6-1877),  sculp- 
tor; brother  of  Henry  Chawner  Bhenton  (18J8-1846) 
[q.*.J  [UL60] 

8HEPARD.     [See    also    SHKTHKARD,     SBKPHKRD. 

SHWM'ARD.] 

8HEPARD,  THOMAS  (1604- 1649X  poriUn  divine: 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1627 ;  Interdicted 
from  preaching  in  dioceses  of  London  and  York  ;  setUed 
in  New  England,  1638,  becoming  pastor  of  Newo-u, 
afterwards  Cambridge,  Massachusetts :  a  H 
of  Harvard  College :  hi*  •Sincere  Convert'  (1641)  and 
•  Sound  Bdeever'(  1848)  translated  Ii.io  American-Indian : 
published  'The  clear  Sun-shine  of  the  Gwpel  breaking 
forth  upon  the  Indians/  ibl*  (reprinted.  1834  and  1866); 
bis  work,  'My  B  rth  and  Life,' first  printed,  1K82;  col- 
lective edition  issued,  1883  (Boston).  [UL  80] 

8HEPARD,  THOMAS  (1638-1677),  pastor  of  Charles- 
town,  1669  ;  son  of  Thomas  Shepard  (1604-1649)  f  q.  v.] 

8HEPE8HEVED,  WILLIAM  DE  (/.  1320  ?X  Cl* 
tercian  and  chronicler.  [UL  61] 

SHEPHEARD,  GEORGE  (1770  T-1842X  water-colour 
painter  and  engraver.  [lii.  82] 

SHEPHEARD,  GEORGE  WALWYN  (1804-1862X 
water-colour  painter ;  son  of  George  Shepheard  [q.  v.] 

[lii.  62] 

SHEPHERD,  ANTONY  (1721-1796),  Plumian  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Cambridge;  fellow  of  Christ's 
College.  Cambridge,  1747-83;  M.A.,  1747;  D.D.,  1T66; 
ITimiaii  profevor.  1760:  F.R.S.,  1763 ;  master  of  mechanic* 
to  «a«rgi-  III,  176«;  canon  of  Windsor,  1777;  friend  of 
Captain  Cook.  [UL  82] 

SHEPHERD,  GEORGE  (/.  1800-1830X  water-colour 
painter  ;  in  much  repute  as  topographical  artist,  [lii.82] 

SHEPHERD,  GEORGE  SIDNEY  (d.  1888X  water- 
colour  painter  :  son  of  George  Shepherd  [q.  v.]  [UL  83] 

8HEIHERD,  JOHN  (fi.  1664),  musical  composer; 
organist  and  choirmaster  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
un.l  fellow,  1649-61:  Mus.  Doc.  Oxotu,  1884:  probably 
afterwards  attached  to  Chapel  Royal,  London  ;  composed 
four  masses  (unpublished)  and  many  anthems:  credited 
with  •  O  Lord,  the  Maker  of  all  tilings,'  iu  Durham  seven- 
teenth-century choir-books  ;  classed  by  Morley  among 
famous  English  masters.  [Ui.  81] 

SHEPHERD,  JOHN  ( 1759-1808 X  author  of 
and  Practical  Elucidation  of  Book  of  Common  Prayer  * 
(1797-8);  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1787;  curate  of 
Paddington,  1788-99.  [UL  84] 

SHEPHERD.  l.rKF.(/f.  1848X  satirical  poet;  twice 
imprisoned  for  his  'John  Bon  and  the  Matt  Person,'  1848 
(reprinted  1807  and  1862).  [UL  84] 

SHEPHERD,  RICHARD  (1782?-1809X  divine  and 
author:  M.A.  Corpus  Christl  College,  Oxford,  1787;  D.D., 
1788 :  chaplain  to  Thomas  Tburlow  [q.  v.] ;  archdeacon 
of  Bedford,  1783  ;  Bampton  lecturer.  1788 :  rector  of 
Wetberdeuand  Helmingham,  1792-1808  ;  publbbed  poem*, 
theological  treati*e»,  and  devotional  works.  [Ui.  88] 


SHEPHERD,  RICHARD  HERN K(  1842- 1896X  t 
grapher  :  edited  various  English  classic*,  including  Lamb's 
'  Poetry  for  Children  ' :  printed  Coleridge's '  Oeorio,'  1873, 
and  unauthorised  issues  of  early  poems  byTennywn,  1878, 
Mrs.  Browning.  1878,  and  Thackeray,  1887 ;  published 
also  •Waltoniaua'  (1878X  and  bibliographies  of  Raskin 
(1879X  Dickens  (1880X  Thackeray  (1881X  Carlyle  (1881X 
Mr.  Swinburne  (1887X  and  Teuny»on(1896X  [UL  88] 


SHEPHERD, 
barrister.   Inner   Temple,  1781; 


SAMUEL  (1760-1840),   lawyer  : 
king'i 


SHEPHERD 


1192 


SHERIDAN 


1,  1813  ;  knighted,  1814  :  attorney-general, 
1817  :  lord  chief-baron  of  the  Scottish  exchequer,  1819-30 ; 
privy  councillor,  1819 :  his  career  hindered  by  deafness ; 
friend  of  Scott  and  Lyndhurst.  [Hi.  50] 

SHEPHERD,  THOMAS  HOSMER  (/.  1825-1840), 
nainter  of  buildings  and  streets  in  London  and  other 
cities.  Li"'-  *:] 

SHEPHERD,  WILLIAM  (1768-1847),  Unitarian 
er  of  Gateacre,  Liverpool  ;  radical  and  author : 

of  William  Roscoe  [q.  v.]  :  took  charge  of  Gilbert 

Wakefleld's  children  when  he  was  in  prison,  and  adopted 
daughter  of  Jeremiah  Joyce  [q.  v.]  ;  published  '  Life  of 
Poggio  Braociolini'  (1802)  and  other  works  ;  collaborated 
with  Joyce  and  Lant  Carpenter  in  '  Systematic  Education  • 
(1815).  [!"•  57] 

8HEPPARD,  ELIZABETH  SARA  (1830  -  1862), 
nov.-list;  published  'Charles  Auchester  (1853),  in  which 
Mendelssohn  appears  as  Seraphael,  'Counterparts,  or  the 
Gross  of  Love '  (1 864  X  and  other  works ;  a  protegee  of 
Disraeli.  [Ut  58] 

8HEPPARD,  SIR  FLEET  WOOD  (1634-1698),  courtier 
and  poet ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1657 ;  protege  of 
Charles  Sackville,  earl  of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ;  steward  of  Nell 
Owyn  and  tutor  to  her  son,  Charles  Beauclerk  [q.  v.] ; 
first  patron  of  Prior ;  knighted  by  William  IILand  named 
usher  of  the  black  rod,  1694 ;  published  'The  Calendar 
Reformed '  ( 1687),  and  other  fugitive  pieces.  [lii.  58] 

SHEPPARD,  JOHN  (1702-1724),  criminal  ('Jack 
Sheppard ') ;  son  of  a  carpenter  ;  brought  up  in  Bishops- 
gate  workhouse ;  arrested  as  runaway  apprentice,  1723 ; 
incited  to  theft  by  •  Edgeworth  Bess'  and  Poll  Maggott ; 
effected  escapes  from  St.  Giles's  Roundhouse  and  New 
Prison ;  offended  Jonathan  Wild  [q.  v.],  who  secured  his 
capture ;  condemned  to  death  at  Old  Bailey,  but  escaped 
from  condemned  hold  ;  again  arrested  near  Finchley 
Common :  subsequently  escaped  up  the  chimney  of  the 
•  Castle,'  Newgate ;  finally  taken  when  in  liquor,  and 
banged  at  Tyburn  before  huge  concourse;  subject  of 
many  eighteenth-century  plays  and  ballads,  and  of  novel 
by  Ainsworth.  [lit  60] 

SHEPPARD,  JOHN  (1785-1879),  author  of  •  Thoughts 
preparative  or  persuasive  to  Private  Devotion '  (1823)  and 
other  works.  [Hi.  62] 

SHEPPARD  or  SHEPHERD,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1587), 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1553  ;  M.A., 
1568 ;  vice-master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1564-8  ; 
master  of  St.  John's  College,  1569-74;  archdeacon  of 
Northampton,  1571.  [lii.  62] 

SHEPPARD,  ROBERT  (/.  1730-1740),  engraver. 

[Hi.  62] 

SHEPPARD,  SAMUEL  O*.  1646),  amanuensis  of  Ben 
Jonson  and  royalist  writer.  [Hi.  63] 

SHEPPARD,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1650-1660),  portrait- 
painter  ;  proteg6  of  Thomas  Killigrew  the  elder  [q.  v.] 

[lii.  63] 

SHEPPARD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1675?),  legal  writer; 
serjeant-at-law,  1656  ;  clerk  of  the  upper  bench  and  puisne 
judge  of  the  County  Palatine  during  Commonwealth  ; 
published  numerous  legal  treatises,  including  « Grand 
Abridgement  of  Common  and  Statute  Law,'  1675,  'The 
Precedent  of  Precedents,'  1655,  '  Law  of  Common  As- 
surances,' 1650.  [lii.  63] 

8HEPPEY,  JOHN  PE  (d.  1360),  bishop  of  Rochester ; 
DJ).  Oxford;  prior  of  Itochester,  1333-53;  envoy  to 
Spain,  1346 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1363-60 ;  treasurer  of 
England,  1356-8 ;  a  famous  preacher.  [UL  64] 

8HEPREVE  or  SHEPERY,  JOHN  (1509?-1542), 
hebraist ;  M.A.  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1533  ; 
Greek  reader  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford ;  Hebrew 
professor  at  Oxford,  c.  1638 ;  author  of  '  Summa  et 
Synopsis  Novi  Testament!  *  in  verse  (published,  1560),  &c. ; 
eulogised  by  Leland.  [Hi.  64] 

8HEPREVE  or  SHEPERY,  WILLIAM  (1540-1698), 
Roman  catholic  divine  and  writer  (Scepreus);  nephew 
of  John  Shcpreve  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  16CO  ;  retired  to  Home  in  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
(D.D.  Rome)  and  died  there.  [lii.  65] 

BHEPBTONE,  SIR  THEOPHILUS  (1817-1893),  South 
African  statesman ;  Kaffir  interpreter  at  Capetown, 


1835;  British  resident  among  Finco  and  other  tribes, 
1839  ;  agent  for  natives  in  Natal,  1845,  secretary  for  native 
affairs,  I860;  arranged  succession  of  Cetewayo,  1872; 
conferred  with  colonial  secretary  in  England,  1874  and 
1876,  and  created  K.C.M.G. ;  annexed  Transvaal,  1877, 
and  administered  it  till  1879  ;  administrator  of  Zululand, 
1884.  [lii.  65] 

SHERARD,  JAMES  (1666-1738),  botanist  and 
apothecary;  received  hon.  M.D.  f  rom  Oxford  (1731)  and 
fellowship  of  College  of  Physicians  (1732)  after  carrying 
out  (1728)  his  brother's  scheme  of  an  Oxford  botanical 
endowment ;  his  garden  at  Elthatu  noted  for  rare  plants. 

[lii.  66] 

SHERARD,  WILLIAM  (1659-1728),  botanist; 
brother  of  James  Sherard  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Merchant  Taylors* 
School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  (D.C.L.,  1683); 
studied  at  Paris  under  Touruefort  and  at  Leyden  with 
Paul  Hermann:  made  botanical  excursion  to  Geneva, 
Rome,  and  Naples ;  while  consul  for  Turkish  company  at 
Smyrna  (1702-16)  made  botanical  and  antiquarian  jour- 
neys in  Asia  Minor:  F.R.S.,  1718;  brought  John  James 
Dillenius  [q.  v.]  to  England ;  founded  chair  of  botany  at 
Oxford;  published  catalogue  of  plants  introduced  at  Pari* 
byTournefort,and  Introduction  to  Hermann's  '  Paradisus 
Batavus'  (1689)  ;  assisted  Ray  and  other  botanists;  plant 
named  after  him  in  Linnean  classification.  [lii.  67] 

SHERATON,  THOMAS  (1751-1806),  furniture  maker 
and  designer;  published  'Cabinet-maker  and  Uphol- 
sterer's Drawing  Book,'  1791  (3rd  edit.  1802),  and  'Cabinet 
Dictionary,'  1803,  also  devotional  works ;  advocated  severe 
style,  and  adhered  to  it  except  in  his  later  designs. 

[lii.  68] 

SHERBORNE  or  SHIRBTTRN,  ROBERT  (1440?- 
1636),  bishop  of  Chichester ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1474;  master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital,  Winchester ; 
archdeacon  of  Buckinghamshire,  Huntingdonshire,  and 
Taunton,  1496  ;  envoy  to  the  papal  court,,  1496,  1502,  and 
1504,  and  to  Scotland,  1503  ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
1499;  forged  papal  bull  appointing  himself  to  see  of  St. 
David's,  1505  :  bishop  of  Chichester,  1508-36  ;  acquiesced 
reluctantly  in  Reformation ;  founded  prebends  at 
Chichester  and  grammar  school  at  Rolleston.  [lii.  69] 

SHERBROOKE,  VISCOUNT  (1811-1892).  [See  LOWE, 
ROBERT.] 

SHERBROOKE,  SIR  JOHN  CO  APE  (1764-1830), 
general ;  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  33rd  foot  served  in 
the  Netherlands,  1794,  and  the  Mysore  war,  1799,  com- 
manding right  column  at  storming  of  Serinpapatam :  held 
commands  in  Sicily,  1805-8 ;  Wellesley's  second  in  com- 
mand in  Peninsular  campaign  'of  1809  ;  K.B.  after  Tala- 
vera ;  returned  to  England  in  bad  health  :  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia  during  second  American  war ; 
governor-general  of  Canada,  1816-18  ;  G.C.B.,  1815. 

[lii.  70] 

SHERBTJRNE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1618-1702),  clerk  of 
the  ordnance  and  translator  ;  royalist  commissary-general 
of  artillery  at  Edgehill,  1642;  friend  of  Shirley  and 
Thomas  Stanley  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  with  Sir  John  Coventry, 
1654-9  ;  chief  author  of '  Rules  and  Orders '  long  in  use  in 
ordnance  office ;  knighted,  1682 ;  published  '  Poems  and 
Translations,'  1G51,  renderings  in  verse  of  Seneca's  trage- 
dies(1701),  and  the '  Sphere '  of  Manilius  (1675).  [lii.  72] 


MOYLE  (1789-1869),  author  of  books  of 
travel ;  served  with  34th  in  the  Peninsula  till  captured  at 
pass  of  Maya,  1813  :  returned  from  India  by  overland 
route  and  issued  '  Scenes  and  Impressions  in  Egypt  and 
Italy,'  1824;  published  also  'Sketches  of  India,'  1821, 
'  Recollections  of  the  Peninsula,'  1823, '  Story  of  a  Life  * 
(1826),  novels,  and  a  life  of  Wellington  (in  Lardner). 

SHERFIELD,  HENRY  (d.  1634),  puritan  ;  a  governor 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  from  1622 ;  M.P.,  Southampton,  1614-24, 
Salisbury,  1624-9 :  attacked  Buckingham  and  Richard 
Neile  [q.  v.]  ;  fined  by  Star-chamber  for  destroying  painted 
church  window  at  Winterbourne  Earls.  [lii.  74] 

SHERIDAN,  MRS.  CAROLINE  HENRIETTA  (1779- 
1851),  novelist ;  daughter  of  Colonel  Callander,  afterwards 
Sir  James  Campbell  (1745-1832)  [q.v.]  ;  married  Thomas, 
son  of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan,  1806,  and  became  mother 
of  •  the  three  beauties ' ;  on  her  husband's  death  resided 
at  Hampton  Court;  published  'Carwell,  or  Crime  and 
Sorrow '  (1830),  and  two  other  novels.  [Hi.  74] 


SHERIDAN 


1193 


BHBRLOOK 


SHERIDAN,     CHARLES    FRANC'IH     (1760-1806), 
author   an<l    politician;    brother   of    llichard 
Sheridan  [q.  T.]  ;  Irish  secretary-at-war,  1189-9 ;  member 
°Llri8h  Parlian*nt.  Belturbet.  1778,  Katbconna 

MM;    NC    :.ol   ;,.:.-;,,„.    ;,.r    ;. ,!:.   ,     ;     .,,.!     ,    !,-  ;,.••..;.    • 

•History  of  late  Revolution  In  Sweden'  (1778)  and  poll- 
Ucal  pamphto*  [1,1.  75] 

SHERIDAN,   MM.  KLIZABK:  ..1-1792), 

vocalist :  first  wife  of  Richard  Brinaley  Sheridan  fq.  T.]  : 
mWm  Liuley  celebrated  for  her  tinging  in  oratorio*  and 
for  her  beauty  and  virtue :  cat  to  Reynolds  for  8t.  Owilia 
and  the  Virgin ;  misted  her  husband  In  management  of 
Drury  Lane,  London  ;  canvassed  for  Fox,  179u 
consumption.  [1U.  76] 

SHERIDAN,  Mw.  FRANCES  (1724-1766),  author : 
married  Thomas  Sheridan  (1719-1788)  [q.  T.].  1747 :  pub- 
lished'  Memoirs  of  Miss  Sidney  Btdolph?  1761. 1767,  aud 
•History  of  Nourjahad'  (posthumous,  1767) ;  her  comedy 
'  The  Discovery  *  produced  successfully  by  Oarrick  at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1703  :  died  at  Btoi*.  [HL  77] 

SHERIDAN,  HELEN  8ELINA,  afterwards  O 
OF  DumBOi  and  COUNTKKB  or  QIFFORD  ( 1807-1867 ). 
rang- writer ;  eldest  of  '  the  three  beauties,'  daughters  of 
Tom  Sheridan  [q.  T.]  ;  married  Commander  Blackwood, 
1825,  and  became  mother  of  first  Marquis  of  Dufferin : 
admired  by  Benjamin  Unadi  [q.  v.] :  married,  on  his 
doth  bad,  George  Bay,  earl  of  Gifford,  1862 :  her  comedy 
•Finesse'  played  by  Buckstone  and  Wigan  at  Haymarket, 
London,  1863  ;  some  of  her  songs  published,  1894. 

tilt.  77] 

SHERIDAN,  RICHARD  BRINSLEY  (1751-1816), 
dramatist  and  parliamentary  orator ;  son  of  Thomas 
Sheridan  (1719-1788)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Harrow,  1762-8  ; 
collaborated  with  Nathaniel  Brasney  Halued  [q.  v.]  in  an 
edition  of  Aristaenetus.  1771 ;  contributed  verse*  to  •  Bath 
Chronicle':  escorted  Miss  Linlcy  from  Bath  to  France, 
1772,  and  fought  two  duels  with  Major  Matbews,  her 
persecutor;  married  her,  1773;  his  comely  '  The  Rival?,' 
produced  at  Coven t  Garden,  London,  January  1775,  at 
first  a  failure  ;  his  '  St.  Patrick's  Day  '  and  •  The  Duenna ' 
played  the  same  year,  the  latter  running  serenty-tive 
nights  :  acquired  Garrick's  share  in  Drury  Lane,  London, 
and  became  manager,  1776 ;  produced  '  The  Rivals '  there, 
1777,  also  •  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  '  and  'The  School  for 
Scandal' (8  May):  his  famous  farce  "The  Critic'  first 
given,  1779,  and  •  Pizarro,'  1799 ;  his  new  theatre  opened, 
1794,  but  destroyed  by  fire,  1809,  motion  being  made  to 
adjourn  House  of  Commons  in  respect  for  his  loss  ;  elected 
to  the  Literary  tJlub,  1777  ;  returned  for  Stafford  as  sup- 
porter of  Fox,  1780 :  declined  gift  of  money  offered  by 
American  congress  for  speeches  against  the  war  ;  under- 
secretary for  foreign  affairs  in  Rockingham  ministry, 
1782 ;  secretary  to  the  treasury  hi  coalition  ministry, 
1783 ;  confidential  adviser  to  George,  prince  of  Wales ; 
made  great  speech  of  nearly  six  hours  in  moving  adoption 
of  the*  Oude  charge  against  Warrar  Hastings,  1787,  and 
in  replying  td  defence  on  that  charge",  1794  ;  his  speech  n< 
manager  of  impeachment  (June  1788)  the  topic  of  the 
day;  spoke  twelve  times  for  reform  of  Scottish  royal 
burghs,  1787-94 ;  replied1  to  Moniington's  speech  against 
French  republic,  1794 ;  thanked1  by  Dundas  for  patriotic 
speech,  1797 ;  opposed  Irish  union,  1799 ;  upheld  liberty 
of  press  in  spite  of  constant  calumnies  ;  treasurer  of  the 
navy  in  ministry  of  '  all  the  Talent*,'  1806-7 ;  M.P.,  West- 
minster, 1806-7,  Ilchester,  1807-12:  arrested  for  debt, 
1813 ;  suffered  from  brain  disease  in  last  years ;  receiver 
of  the  duchy  of  Cornwall  in  his  last  years,  but  had  no 
pension  ;  did  not  die  '  a  neglected  pauper ' :  received  a 
grand  public  funeral.  There  are  several  portrait*  of  him 
by  Reynolds.  [UL  78] 

SHERIDAN,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (/.  1661-1688), 
Jacobite  and  author  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1667  (B.A.  1664)  ;  F.R.S.,  1679;  imprisoned  in  connection 
with  'Popish  plot,'  1680;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland, 
1687 :  private  secretaiy  to  James  II  in  exile;  his  'Dis- 
course on  Rise  and  Power  of  Parliament* '  (1677)  re- 
printed as  '  Revelations  in  Irish  History,'  1870.  [lit.  86] 

SHERIDAN,  THOMAS  (1687-1738),  Dublin  school- 
master and  friend  of  Swift  ;  nephew  of  William  Sheridan 
[q.  v.]:  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1714;  D.D.,  1726: 
constant  companion  of  Swift  when  in  Ireland,  but 
finally  alienated  him  by  convicting  him  of  avarice  ; 
published  translations  of  Persius,  Juvenal,  and  the 
•  Philoctetes.'  [W.  86] 


t  *  '    t,,  :':    t 


THOMAS,    tb 
Otefc   .  LwMfti  .-.. 


(/.    1641-1688)    [q.  v.] ; 
Edward  to  Scotland,  174ft, 


<rf.    174«> 


on  elocution,  and   author; 
1687-1738) 


,  THOMAS  (1719-1788).  act* 
sou   of   Thomas 


:   -    :,.       .    •.,:..- 
•  |    \   H 


_ 

(1687-1738)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Wottmlmter  School  and  Trtnlt 
College,  Dublin  ;  played  Richard  HI  at  Dublin,  1741 
•eveml  years  manager  of  Theatre  Royal.  Dublin 


years    manager    of    Theatre    Royal. 

,       .  .    .    ...  .••.-......- 


;.... 


at  Oovent  Garden,  London.  1754-6,  and  Drury  Lane.  Lon- 
don, 1763;   lectured  in    English  town*;    procured   Dr. 
Johnson  and  himself  pensions ;  gave  r 
with  Hendmon  ;  published  •General 

i •:..-;.-!,  LftM«W  .:>••.     .  tta  •  < 


..;  u  a 

English  Language ''(1780).  works 
aud  an  edition  of  Swift's  works,  1784. 

SHERIDAN.    TOM    (1775-1817),    colonial 
at  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  sou  of  Richard  Brinaley  Sberl- 
dan[q.  T.]  [ULtt] 

SHERIDAN,     WILLIAM    (1636-V1IX     biabop    of 
Kilmore :    brotlier  of  Thomas  Sheridan  (/.  1661  -W88> 
'.],  secretary  to  Jamc*  II :  dmu  of  Down.  1669 ;  D.D. 

.  1682;  bUhop  of  Kilmore,  1688-93; 
to  Ormonde ;  a  nonjuror.  ( 

SHERIFF,  LAURENCE  (</.  1567),  founder  of  Rugby 
school ;  a  native  of  Rugby ;  became  a  London  grocer 
(second  warden  of  Grocers'  Company,  1666)  :  connected 
with  houKhuld  of  Princess  Klltabrth,  and 
arms  by  her  when  queen  ;  left  bequests  and  < 
of  a  school  at  Rugby,  which  was  founded 
after  his  death.  [lii.  89] 

8HERINGHAM.  ROBERT  (1602-1678),  limruUt  : 
fellow  of  Cains  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.  1626  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1G2«) ;  ejected  from  fellowship  for 
royal wm,  1644,  but  restored,  1660;  taught  Hebrew  aud 
Arabic  in  Holland  ;  published  Latin  translation  of  'Jotna. 
Codex  Talmudicus  '  with  commentary.  1648,  ami  •  De 
j  Anglorum  Gentis  Origine  Disceptatio,'  1670.  [lii.  89] 

SHERINGTON  <.r  SHERRINOTON,  SIR  WILLIAM 
I  (1495V-1553).     [See  SUAIUXOTOX.] 

SHERLEY.    [Sec  also  SHIKLKY.] 

SHERLEY  or    SHIRLEY,    THOMAS   (1638-167R), 

physician  :  prandson  of  Sir  Thoma*  Shirley  (1564-16SO  V) 

;.|.  \.]\  ]:,;,-. -..in  in  onlinary  to  Charles  II;  imprisoned 

bv  Common*  for  appealing  to  House*  of  Lord*  against  a 

',  member  whom  they  Lad  declared  exempt  from  lawsuit* 

1  during  session,  1C75.  [UL  90] 

SHERLOCK,  MARTIN  (./.  1797),  traveller ;  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  chaplain  to  Frederick  Augustus 
HYrv.-y,  fourth  earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.]  and  bishop  of  Derry: 
travelled  extensively  in  central  Europe  and  Italy;  aaw 
Frederick  the  Great  at  Potedam,  1779,  and  Voltaire  at 
Ferney  ;  vicar  of  Oasttocomer  and  Kllglasa.  17H2 : 
archdeacon  of  Killala,  1788;  published  'Lettres  d'un 
Voyagenr  Auglois,'  1779,  'Nouvellt*  Lettres.'  1780, 
'  Letter*  on  several  Subject*,'  1781,  and  'ConsigUo  ad  nn 
1  Giovanc  Poeta,'  1279.  [lii.  90] 

SHERLOCK,  PAUL  (1596-164«).  superior  of  Irish 
College,  Salamanca  :  author  of  three  books  of  com- 
mentaries on  the  Song  of  Solomon  (1634,  1637.  1640), 
and  other  works.  [Ul.91] 

SHERLOCK,  RICHARD  (1612-1689),  divine  :  uncle 
of  bishop  Thomas  Wilson  ( 1663-1756)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1633  ;  captured  by  Fairfax  at  Nautwich, 
1644  ;  chaplain  to  royalist  governor  of  Oxford  ;  after- 
wards to  Sir  R.  Biudtoes  at  Berwick  and  the  eighth  Earl 
of  Derby  at  Lathom  ;  employed  by  Derby  in  Isle  of  Man : 
rector  of  Winwick,  1660-89  ;  published  •  Mercurins  Cnrto- 
tianus :  the  Practical  Christian.'  1673,  a  treatise  against 
quakerism,  1664,  aud  other  work*. 

SHERLOCK,  THOMAS  (1678-1761),  biabop  of  Lon- 
don ;  son  of  William  Sherlock  (1641  ?-1707)  [q.  v.]  ;  at 
Eton  with  Walpole,  Townsbend,  and  Pelbam  ;  fellow  e* 
St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1686;  M^.  1701.  and 
of  St.  Catharine's  Hall,  Cambridge,  1714-19;  as 


master  of  the  Temple,  1704-63,  obtained  reputation  as  a 
preacher  ;  when  vice-chancellor  at  Cambridge  arranged 
Dnivmity  archive,  and  defended  right,  of   university 
linst  Bentley ;  dean  of  Chicbe^er,  1716  ;  took  part  in 


SHERLOCK 


1194 


SHIPLEY 


Bangorian  controversy,  ami  Ml  into  disgrace;  bishop  of 
Banoor,  17S8-S4,  of  Salisbury,  1734-48,  of  London,  1748- 
1761 ;  declined  see  of  York,  1743,  and  the  primacy,  1747  ; 
supported  Wai  pole  in  House  of  Lords ;  as  bishop  of  Lon- 
don issued  popular  pastorals  and  cultivated  good  relations 
with  dissenters  ;  left  library  to  Cambridge  University  ; 
published  '  Tryal  of  the  Witnesses  of  the  Resurrection  of 
Jems,'  1729,  a  treatise  on  prophecy  against  deists,  1725, 
and  other  controversial  works.  [lii.  93] 

SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM  (1641  ?-1707),  dean  of  St. 
Paul's  :  of  Eton  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1663  ; 
rector  of  St.  George's,  Botolph  Lane,  London,  1669  ;  lec- 
turer at  St.  Dunstan's-in-the-West;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  1681 ;  master  of  the  Temple,  1685-1704 : 
upheld  duty  of  passive  obedience,  but  refused  to  read 
declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience,  1687 ;  opposed  suc- 
oess-on  of  William  and  Mary,  but  took  the  oaths,  1690  ; 
dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1691-1707  ;  his  '  Practical  Dis- 
course concerning  Death  '  (1689)  translated  into  French 
and  Welsh  ;  issued  numerous  controversial  treatises,  in- 
cluding 'The  Knowledge  of  Jesus  Christ,'  1674  (against 
John  Owen  (16J 6-1683)  [q.  v.]),  'Case  of  Resistance,' 
1684, '  Preservative  against  Popery,'  1688, '  Vindication  of 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,'  1690,  and  'Present  State  of  the 
Socinian  Controversy,'  1698.  [lii.  95] 

SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1759-1806),  portrait- 
painter  and  engraver  ;  director  of  Incorporated  Society 
of  Artists,  1774.  [lii.  97] 

SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM  P.  (fl.  1800-1820),  water- 
colour  painter  and  etcher.  [lii.  97] 

SHERMAN,  EDWARD  (1776  -  1866),  coach-pro- 
prietor and  carrier.  [UL  97] 

SHERMAN,  JAMES  (1796-1862),  dissenting  divine: 
minister  of  Lady  Huntingdon's  chapel,  Bristol,  Castle 
Street,  Reading  (1821-36),  Surrey  Chapel,  Blackfriars, 
London  (1836-54),  and  Blackheath  ;  powerful  preacher 
and  popular  author  of  devotional  treatises.  [lii.  97] 

SHERMAN,  JOHN  (d.  1671),  historian  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge  ;  educated  at  Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge: '  president*  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1662-71 ; 
D.D.  by  royal  mandate,  1665:  archdeacon,  of  Salisbury, 
1670-1;  his  Latin  history  of  the  college  printed  by 
HaUiweU,  1840.  [lii.  98] 

SHERRING,  MATTHEW  ATMORE  (1826-1880), 
missionary  at  Benares  and  Mir/apore  ;  LL.D.  University 
College,  London,  1819;  M.A.  London,  1850;  published 
•  Indian  Church  during  Great  Rebellion,'  1859,  '  Hindoo 
Tribes  and  Castes,'  1872-81,  'History  of  Protestant 
Missions  in  India,'  1875,  and  other  works.  [lii.  98] 

SKERRY,  JOHN  (d.  1551),  archdeacon  of  Lewes, 
1641.  [UL  99] 

SHERRY  or  SHIRRYE,  RICHARD  (fl.  1550), 
author  ;  headmaster  of  Magdalen  College  School,  Oxford 
1634-40;  chief  work,  'A  Treatise  of  the  Figures  of 
Grammer  and  Rhetorike,'  1555.  [lii.  99] 

8HERWEN,  JOHN  (1749  -  1826),  physician  and 
archaeologist  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1798  ;  practised  at  Enfleld 
and  Bath  ;  published  part  of  a  work  maintaining  the 
genuineness  of  the  '  Rowley  '  poems  (1809)  and  medical 
treatises.  [lii.  99] 

SHERWIN,  CHARLES  (fl.  1780),  engraver  :  brother 
and  assistant  of  John  Keyse  Sherwin  [q.  v.]  [1U.  100] 

SHERWIN,  JOHN  KEYSE  (1751  ?-1790),  engraver 
and  draughtsman  ;  studied  under  Bartolozzi  and  at  the 
Academy  ;  exhibited  chalk  drawings,  1774-84  ;  published 
original  plates,  including  '  The  Finding  of  Moses,'  1789, 
and  portraits  of  Mrs.  Siddons  and  Mrs.  Hartley,  1782 ; 
also  engraving*  after  Reynolds  ('  The  Fortune  Teller,'  &c.), 
Goido,  and  other  masters ;  engraver  to  George  III,  1786. 

SHERWIN,  RALPH  (1550-1581),  Jesuit  ;  of '  Exeter 
College,  Oxford  (M.A.  1574),  and  the  English  College, 
Rome ;  twice  racked  in  the  Tower  of  London  and  exe- 
cuted at  Tyburn  with  Edmund  Campion  [q.  v.] 


i,  RALPH  (1799-1830),   actor  ;    playe    at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1823-6.  [lii.  101] 


'  .  WILLIAM     (1607  -  1687  ?),    divine  : 
niiter  of  WaUington,   1645-60  ;  author  of  theological 

[lii.  102] 


SHERWIN.  WILLIAM  (fl.  1670-1710),  line-en- 
graver and  one  of  the  earliest  workers  in  mezzotint  •  ?ou 
of  Willi:uu  Shi-rwiu  (1607-1687  ?)  [q.  v.]  [lii.  102] 

SHERWOOD.    [See  also  SHIR  WOOD.] 

SHERWOOD, ,  MRS.  MARY  MARTHA  (1775-1851), 
authoress  ;  daughter  of  George  Butt  [q.  v.]  ;  at  school 
with  Mary  Russell  Mitford  [q.  v.]  and  Letitia  Elizabeth 
Landon  [q.  v.]  ;  her  '  Susan  Gray*  (1802)  very  successful ; 
married  Captain  Henry  Sherwood,  1803 ;  while  in  India 
devoted  much  attention  to  soldiers'  orphans,  and  wrote 
'  Little  Henry  and  his  Bearer,'  the  '  Indian  Pilgrim,' 
and  other  works  ;  published  numerous  stories  and 
tracts,  including  '  History  of  the  Fairchild  Family ' 
(pts.  i.  1818,  ii.  1842,  iii.  1847).  [lii.  lu2] 

SHERWOOD,  ROBERT  (fl.  1632),  lexicographer; 
B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1626  ;  wrote, 
1622,  a  French-English  dictionary  to  be  appended  to  the 
new  edition  of  the  English-French  dictionary  of  Randle 
Cotgrave  [q.  v.]  '  [Hi.  1Q4] 

SHERWOOD,  WILLIAM  (d.  1482),  bishop  of  Meath  ; 
bishop,  1460-82 ;  deputy-viceroy,  1475-7  ;  chancellor  of 
Ireland,  1476-81.  [Hi.  104] 

SHEWEN,  WILLIAM  (1631  ?-1695),  quaker  ;  pub- 
lished 'The  True  Christian's  Faith  and  Experience' 
(1675),  and  other  works.  [lii.  104] 

SHIELD,  WILLIAM  (1748-1829),  musical  composer  ; 
principal  viola  for  eighteen  years  at  the  Italian  opera, 
London,  and  composer  at  Co  vent  Garden,  London,  1778- 
1797  ;  a  founder  of  the  Glee  Club,  1793 ;  master  of  musi- 
cians in  ordinary,  1817  ;  composed  'The  Wolf,'  "The  Are- 
thusa,'  and  other  songs,  besides  music  to  thirty  dramatic 
pieces ;  published  treatises  on  musical  theory,  and  collec- 
tions of  ballads,  glees,  string  music,  <fec.  [lii.  104] 

SHIELDS,  ALEXANDER  (1660?-1700).  [See 
SHKILDS.] 

SHIELS,  SHIELLS,  or  SHIELDS,  ROBERT  (d. 
1753),  compiler :  employed  as  amanuensis  on  Dr.  John- 
son's '  Dictionary ' ;  a  chief  contributor  to  the  '  Lives  of 
the  Poets  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  the  time  of 
Dean  Swift,'  1753;  published '  Musidorus,'  1748,  and  other 
poems.  [lii.  105] 

SHILLETO,  ARTHUR  RICHARD  (1848-1894), 
scholar  ;  sou  of  Richard  Shilleto  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1875;  master  of 
Ulverstpn  school,  1879-82 ;  published  translations  of 
Pausauias,  Plutarch's  '  Morals,'  and  Josephus  ;  annotated 
Burton's  '  Anatomy  of  Melancholy.'  [lii.  106] 

SHILLETO,  RICHARD  (1809-1876),  classical  scholar  ; 
of  Shrewsbury  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (second 
classic,  1831);  M.A.,  1835;  thirty  years  leading  Cam- 
bridge coach ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1867 : 
edited  Demosthenes's  'De  Falsa  Legatione'  (1844),  and 
Thucydidea,  bk.  i.  and  part  of  ii. ;  published  '  Thucydides 
or  Grote,'  1851;  contributed  to  'Notes  and  Queries' 
under  the  anagram  Charles  Thiriold  ;  composed  skits  in 
Latin,  Greek,  and  English.  [lii.  106] 

SHILLIBEER,  GEORGE  (1797-1866),  pioneer  of 
omnibuses  in  London;  built  omnibuses  in  Paris,  1825; 
introduced  omnibuses  from  Paris  into  London,  1829 ; 
ruined  by  railway  competition  ;  patented  funeral  coach. 

[lii.  107] 

SHILLING,  ANDREW  (d.  1C21),  commander  in  East 
India  Company ;  one  of  chief  masters  of  the  navy,  1603 ; 
took  part  in  expedition  to  India,  1617,  and  conveyed  home 
Sir  Thomas  Roe  [q.  v.];  mortally  wounded  in  victory  of 
his  squadron  over  Portuguese  on  Persian  coast. 

[lii.  107] 

SHILLITOE,  THOMAS  (1754-1836),  quaker;  having 
realised  a  competence  as  shoemaker,  turned  itinerant 
preacher ;  visited  chief  countries  of  Europe  and  had 
interviews  with  several  sovereigns;  in  America,  1826-9; 
president  of  British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society, 
1833  ;  his  'Journal'  printed,  1839.  [lii.  108] 

SHIPLEY,  SIR  CHARLES  (1765-1815),  general; 
ensign,  1771 ;  suspended  from  the  army  for  a  year  for 
employing  private  negroes  on  government  works  in 
Antigua,  1792 ;  captured  by  French  off  Barbados,  1793  ; 
commanding  royal  engineer  under  Abercromby  in  Trini- 
dad and  Porto  Rico,  1797  ;  took  part  in  capture  of  various 


SHIPLEY 


UM 


West  Indian  Islands,  1799,  of  St.  Lucia,   1803.  and  of  1716 :  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  tor  words 

Surinam,  1804 ;  accompanied  expedition  against  Danish  on  George  I,  1718;  moved  reduction  of  civil  list,  1717 ; 

West  Indies,  1807  :  knighted,  1808 :  took  leading  part  In  opposed  excise  scheme,  1733.  hot  refused  to  concur  IB 

capture  of  Martinique,  1809,  and  Guadeloupe,  1810.  and  motion  for  removal  of  Walpole,  1741.  [UL  117] 

recapture  of  lattor,  1816;  died  goren^  of  Grenada,  1813-  ,       on™*,  U(nm,  twpoM  pwpb^.;  M  ««. 

I  u       ^  Uoned  in  tract  of  1641  (i 

SHIPLEY,  CONWAY  (178S-1808),  captain  in  the  propbesylng  death  of  ' 

navy:  *m  of  William  Daviei  Shipley  fq.v.];  killed  in  Sir  Iractbelng 
Charles  Cotton's  [q.  v.]  Tagus  expedition. 

SHIPLEY,  GEORGIANA  (rf.  18OC).  artUt:  cousin  of 
ami  tna  Otmndkfc,  toot*  -  ri   DOTOB  tin 

^f^KStyvSSS^Ssa^i  K£!»c!»ssti^ftitt 


11  (probably  compikd  In  York)  a* 
Cardinal  Wokwy  and  others,  the 

killed  in  Sir  iract  being  widely  circulated  andduch  imitated  (r» 
[UL  114]  printed.  1869);  a  so-called  account  of  her,  'Ufa  and 
.  coma  0(  Death  of  Mother  Shlpton,'  brought  out  bv  Richard  Head 

&te?  5KWJB» 

T±S±L  U;    pr^diotioMof-team^ng^airfteleW^n^toH^S 


female  ill  nlisini  of  Greek  at  Bologna :  returned  to  Eng- 
laud  with  her  husband  and  devoted  herself  to  painting ; 
died  at  Lausanne.  [xxlv.  174] 

SHIPLEY,  JONATHAN  (1714-1788),  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  and  friend  of  Franklin  ;  of  St.  John's  College  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1718;  rector  of  Sllcbester 
and  Sherborne  St.  John,  1743 ;  chaplain^reneral  in  Fonte- 
noy  campaign,  1748;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  oxford, 
1748 ;  dean  of  Winchester  and  rector  of  Chilbolton,  1760 ; 
bishop  of  LJandaff,  1769;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1769-88; 
vigorous  opponent  of  American  policy  of  George  1 1 1  un.i 


•Life  'of  her  by  Charles  HlwUey 


Philosophical  Society  at  York,  the  other,  'Old  Mother 
Shiton's  tomb'  at  W  Hilton  Somerset.  IU.  119 


repeal  of  laws  against  protestant  dissenter* 
and  of  parliamentary  reform  ;  intimate  with  Burke  and 
Reynold*.  [UL  HO] 

SHIPLEY,  WILLIAM  (1714-1803),  originator  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  ;  brother  of  Jonathan  Shipley  [q.  v.]  : 
established  'Shipley's  Academy,'  Strand,  London;  regis- 
trar of  Society  of  Arts  till  1760  ;  founded  Kentish  Society 
for  Promotion  of  Useful  Knowledge  ;  his  portrait  painted 
by  Cosway  (a  former  pupil). 

SHIPLEY,  WILLIAM  DA  VIES  (1745-1826),  dean  of 
St.  Asaph  ;  son  of  Jonathan  Shipley  [q.  v.];  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  Winchester  College,  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1771;  vicar  of  Wrexham  and 
Llanarmon  yn  lal  and  chancellor  of  St.  Asaph  ;  dean  of 
St.  Asaph,  1774-1826  ;  his  prosecution  for  seditious  libel, 
1783-5,  in  connection  with  Sir  William  Jones's  •  Prin- 
ciples of  Government  '  led  to  establishment  of  rights  of 
juries  in  libel  actions  ;  father-in-law  of  Reginald  Heber 
[q.  v.]  and  of  Dr.  Pelham  Warren  [q.  v.]  [lit  113] 

SHIPMAN,  THOMAS  (1632-1680),  author  of  'Caro- 
lina, or  Loyal  Poems  '  (1683)  :  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  friend  of  Abraham  Cowley  [q.  T.]  and  Thomas 
Flatman  [q.  v.]  [lii.114] 

8HIPP,  JOHN  (1784-1834),  soldier  and  author  ;  en- 
listed in  22nd  foot,  1797:  received  nnmaJsllnii  in  66th 
for  bravery  in  Mahratta  campaign,  1804-6  ;  sold  out  to 
pay  debts,  1808  ;  enlisted  in  24th  dragoons  and  again  wou 
his  commission  ;  sentenced  to  dismissal  for  reflections 
on  superior  officers,  1823,  but  received  pension  from  East 
India  Company  on  selling  out,  1828;  died  master  of 
Liverpool  workhouse  ;  published  Memoirs  of  his  military 
career  (1829  ;  last  ed.  1890),  '  Flogging  and  iU  Substitutes  ' 
(1831),  and  other  works.  LUL  "*] 

SHIPPARD,  ALEXANDER  (1771-1841X  rear- 
admiral  ;  cut  out  vessels  off  the  Tcxel,  1797  ;  landed 
Georges  Oadondal,  1803,  and  Pichegru,  1804;  received 
promotion  and  sword  of  honour  for  gallant  action  off 


Shipton's  tomb,'  at  W  Hilton,  Somerset.  [IU.  119] 

8HJPT05,    JOHN  (1680-1748X  »urgeon  ;  consulted 
in  case  of  Queen  Caroline  (1717).  [UL  ISO] 

8HIPTOH,  WILLIAM  (M.  1669),  author  of  'Dia:  a 
poem,'  1689.  [UL  IfO] 

SHIRBURH,    ROBERT   (1440T-1634).    [See   8JU9> 
BORXK.] 

SHIRLEY  or  8HERLEY.  SIR  ANTHONY  (If4§- 
1638?),  adventurer;  B.A.  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  1581; 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1881  :  served  in  Nether- 
lands, 1686,  and  under  Essex  in  Normandy,  1891  :  im- 
prisoned for  accepting  knighthood  from  Henry  of  Navarre, 
QM;  DOBsjaflfcd  oped  Boa  sainM  Pod  mam  •  Mi 
went  of  San  Thome,  1696  :  took  Santiago  (Cape  Verde 
iakndsX  landed  In  Dominica  and  Margarita  (Venezuela). 
explored  Jamaica,  and  returned  home  by  Newfoundland  ; 
accompanied  Essex's  •  Island  Voyage,'  1697  ;  left  Venice, 
1699,  with  Instructions  from  Ewex  to  proceed  to  Persia 
on  political  and  commercial  mission  :  received  from  Shah 
Abbas  the  rank  of  mirza  and  grants  of  religions  and  trade 
privileges;  returned  to  Europe  as  his  envoy;  badly 
received  by  the  tear  Boris,  but  entertained  by  Emperor 
Rudolph  II  and  the  Pope  Clement  VIII:  disavowed  by 
English  government  and  imprisoned  Jqr  V 
iui.KTt<.uk  mission  to  Morocco 
and  was  created  count  of  the 
expedition  for  king  of  Spain  against  Turkish  . 
in  the  Levant,  1609,  but  received  pension  ;  Uved  in  poverty 

tive  of  his  travel* 


neat  viii;  uuavowea  oy 

toned  by  Venetians,  16O3  : 

for  Rudolph  1L  1606-6, 

empire;  led  unsuccessful 


at  Madrid  till  his  death;  published  narrat 
in  Persia,  1«  13. 


[111.  Ill] 


SHIRLEY,  EVELYN  PHILIP  (1812-188J),  archs-o- 
loglst ;  of  Eton  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.. 
1837;  M.P.,  Mouagban,  1841-7,  South  Warwickshire, 
1863-66;  the  Mr.  Anienne  of  •  Lothair ' :  trustee  of 
National  Portrait  Gallery  and  Rugby  School  :  bon.  LL.D. 
Dublin,  1H81  ;  author  of  •  Stemmata  Shlrldana,'  1841,  and 
"The  Sherley  Brothers,'  1848  :  pubuabed'The  Noble  and 
Gentle  Men  of  England'  (1889),  'History  of  County  of 
Monaghan '  (1879X  and  other  works.  [UL  114] 

SHIRLEY,  HENRY  (rf.  1627  ),  author  of 'The  Martyr'd 
8ouldier'(1638);  Mm  of  Sir  Thomas  Shirley  (1664-16*0  ») 
[q.VO:  his  murder  referred  to  in  Prynne's  — ' 


SHIRLEY,    SIR     HORATIO    (1806-1879),   general: 


promotion  and  sword  of  honour  for  gallant  action  off     eoaaAn  ot  Kvclyn  Philip  Shirley  [q.  v.] :  entered  the  army, 

Boulogne,  1804  ;  attained  p<wt  rank,  1806  ;  roar-admiral,     ^  .  comniaudHl  88th  foot  in  Crimea  ;  C^  188«, 

1838  ;  died  in  Malta.  [UL  116]         J^J '.  j^JSJJiSTT.  ["L  l»3 

SHIPPARD,  WILLIAM  (1764-1886),  captain  In  the  \  8HIRLIY  JAMES  (1596-1666),  dramatic  poet;  edu- 
navy  ;  brotheV  of  Alexander  Shippard  [q.  v.] :  present  at  ^^  lt  Hero't^t  Taylors'  School,  London ;  migrated 
battles  of  St,  Vincent,  1797,  and  Copenhagen,  180L 

[UL  116] 

SHIPPElf ,  ROBERT  (1675-1746X  principal  of  Brase- 
nose CoUege,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  Merton  CoUege,  Oxfonl,  1696  ; 
fellow  of  Brasenose  College ;  M.A^  1699 ;  Orwham  pro- 


, 

at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London; 
from  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  graduated  at  8t 


(^tharine's,  Cambridge,  c.  1618 ;  printed  poem 

(•  NarciaW'),  1618 ;  ma^er  of  St.  ^ban.  g«mma. ^jcbooU 

16M-8,  but  soon  became  R^fn^"^1^^  "K. 


ie^orof'music,"l705-10;  principal  of  Brasenoee,  1710^8;     K.'^^b^Quln^^nS^^ 
vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1718-M :  rector  of     mtai  '^   Masslnger?  Ford,  and   other  dramatists  and 


WhitechapeL  1716. 

SHIPPER,   WILLIAM 
Jacobite 


(1673-1743),  parliamentary 
brother  of  Robert  Shippen  [q.  v.]  :  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  BJL, 
1694:  M.P.,  Bramber,  1707-13,  Newton,  1714-43;  pub- 
lished satires  on  whigs,  1708  :  commissioner  to  Investigate 
Charges  against  Marlborougb,  1711  :  opposed  offerof 
reward  fo?  apprehension  of  James  Edward,  the  Old  Pre- 
,  1714,  impeachment  of  Harley,  and  Septennial  BUI, 


poets:  attacked  Prynne  In  'A  Bird  in  a  Cage  (hcensedas 
•The  Beauties  'X  1«S3  :  supplied  text  of  Inns  of  Court 
m^uTTriumph  of  PeJe,'  16J4;  Prodac*dUwhUelii 
Ireland  (1636-40),  four  plays,  of  which  •  The  Rojai 

•*>» 


Master*  was  acted   before  the 


SHIRLEY 


119C 


SHORE 


wrote  commendatory  prefaces  to  imprinted  plays  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher ;  published  educational  treatises  ;  died 
from  miseries  caused  by  Great  Fire.  His  chief  plays  were 
•The  Traitor'  (1631 ;  printed,  1635)  and 'The  Cardinal' 
(licensed,  1641,  printed,  1653),  tragedies ;  'Hyde  Park' 
1kw»ad.  1632,  printed,  1637),  'The  Gamester'  (licensed, 
imaoted  1634,  adapted  by  Garrick  and  others),  ' The 
Coronation'  (licensed  1635,  printed  1640  —  sometimes 
ascribed  to  Fletcher),  'The  Lady  of  Pleasure'  (1G35), 
•The  Sisters'  (licensed,  1642,  printed,  1653),  comedies; 
and  'The  Contention  of  Ajax  and  Ulysses '  (1659),  dra- 
matic entertainment  (containing  the  famous  dirge, '  The 
glories  of  our  mortal  state,'  which  is  said  to  have  terrified 
Oliver  Cromwell).  He  was  disparaged  by  Dryden  ('  Mac- 
Flecknoe'X  but  his  reputation  was  revived  by  Richard 
Farmer  [q  v.]  and  Charles  Lamb;  works  edited  by 
Alexander  Dyce,  1833.  [1»- 126] 

SHIRLEY.  JOHN  (13667-1456),  transcriber  of 
Chaacerand  Lydgate;  epitaph  in  St.  Bartholomew-the- 
Less,  London,  preserved  by  Stow.  [lii.  133] 

SHIRLEY,  JOHN  (/.  1678),  medical  writer. 

[lii.  134] 

SHIRLEY,  JOHN  (1648-1679),  author  of  'Life  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh ' ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1671. 

[lii.  134] 

SHIRLEY,  JOHN  {fi.  1680-1 702),  author  of '  Triumph 
of  Wit'  (1688)  and  other  works;  perhaps  son  of  James 
Shirley  [q.  v.]  [lii.  134] 

SHIRLEY,  LAURENCE,  fourth  EARL  FERRERS 
(1720-1760), murderer;  hanged  at  Tyburn  after  trial  by 
peers;  bis  wife  (afterwards  Lady  Frederick  Campbell) 
accidentally  burned  to  death,  1807.  [lii.  134] 

SHIRLEY  or  SHERLEY,  ROBERT,  called  SIR 
ROBERT  or  COUNT  SHIRLEY  (1581  ?-1628),  envoy  in  ser- 
vice of  shah  of  Persia ;  accompanied  his  brother,  Sir 
Anthony  Shirley  [q.  v.],  to  Persia,  but  remained  behind 
when  he  left ;  married  a  noble  Circassian ;  left  Persia  to 
negotiate  alliance  against  Turkey  with  European  princes, 
1608 ;  entertained  by  Sigismund  III  of  Poland  and  created 
count  palatine  by  Emperor  Rudolph  II ;  well  received  by 
Pope  Paul  V ;  after  visiting  Spain  came  to  England,  1611, 
but  was  opposed  by  Levant  merchants ;  stayed  a  year 
with  Emperor  Jehangir  at  Surat  on  return  journey; 
after  narrowly  escaping  being  poisoned,  left  Persia  on 
•MDd  mission,  1615  ;  stayed  in  Spain,  1617-22 :  visited 
Gregory  XV  at  Rome:  received  by  James  I,  1624,  and 
assigned  a  residence,  but  was  dismissed  on  arrival  of 
another  envoy,  1627 ;  died  in  disgrace  soon  after  return 
to  Persia ;  his  portrait  painted  by  Vandyck.  [lii.  136] 

SHIRLEY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1629-1656),  royalist ;  fellow- 
commoner  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  suc- 
ceeded as  fourth  baronet  of  Eatington,  1646  ;  several  times 
imprisoned  for  royalist  plots,  and  dial  in  the  Tower  of 
London  ;  left  money  for  distressed  royalists,  [lii.  137] 

SHIRLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1542-1612),  of  Wiston: 
M.P.,  Sussex  and  Steyning ;  knighted,  1573  ;  sheriff  of 
Hussex  and  Surrey,  1578 ;  as  treasnrer-at-war  to  English 
army  in  the  Netherlands  involved  himself  in  debts  to  the 
crown;  freedom  from  arrest  claimed  for  him  under 
privilege  of  parliament,  1604;  said  to  have  suggested 
creation  of  baronets.  [lii.  138] 

SHIRLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (15C4-1630  ?),  adventurer ; 
FOB  of  Sir  Thomas  Shirley  (1542-1612)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford ;  serval  in  the  Netherlands  and  in  Ireland  ; 
knighted,  1589  ;  imprisonol  by  Queen  Elizabeth  for  secret 
marriage,  1591 ;  M.P.,  Hastings,  1601,  and  Steyning;  cap- 
tured by  Turks  while  privateering  in  the  Levant,  1603 ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London  for  interference  with 
Levant  Company,  1607  ;  sold  Wiston.  [lii.  138] 

SHIRLEY,  SIR  THOMAS  (1769-1800),  general ;  son  of 
Wmtam  Shirley  (1694-1771)  [q.  v.] ;  governor  of  Leeward 
islands,  1781 ;  created  baronet,  1786.  [lii.  143] 

SHIRLEY,  WALTER  (1725-1786),  hymn-writer; 
brother  of  Laurence  Shirley,  fourth  earl  Ferrers  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1746 ;  rector  of  Loughrea,  Gal- 
way :  active  methodist  preacher  and  sometime  chaplain 
to  Countess  of  Huntingdon  (his  cousin) ;  took  part  with 
Calvlnists  against  Wesley ;  author  of  well-known  hymns. 

SHIRLEY,     WALTER     AUGUSTUS     (1797-IW\ 

i*hop  of  Sodor  and  Man  ;  grandson  of  Walter  Shirley 

[q.  T.];  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1818;  chaplain  at 


Rome,  1826-7 ;  incumbent  of  Shirley,  Wiston,  and  Brails- 
ford  ;  archdeacon  of  Derby,  1840  ;  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Muu,  1847  ;  a  moderate  evangelical.  [lii.  140] 

SHIRLEY,  WALTER  WADDINGTON  (1828-1866), 
resins  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at  Oxford  ;  son 
of  Walter  AugustiA  Shirley  [q.  v.] ;  educated  under  Arnold 
at  Rugby  ;  fellow  and  tutor  of  Wadhani  College,  Oxford, 
1852;  regius  professor,  1863-6:  edited  '  Fasciculi  Xixa- 
niorum,'  1858,  and  'Letters  illustrative  of  Reign  of 
Henry  III,'  1862 ;  took  up  independent  theological  posi- 
tion, [lii.  141] 

SHIRLEY,  WASHINGTON,  fifth  EARL  FKRKKH.S 
(1722-1778),  vice-admiral ;  elected  F.R.S.,  1761,  for  obser- 
vations on  transit  of  Venus.  [lii.  135] 

SHIRLEY,  WILLIAM  (1694-1771),  colonial  governor ; 
emigrated  to  Boston,  1731;  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
1741-56,  of  the  Bahamas,  1759-70;  directed  capture  of 
Louisburg,  1745 ;  instigated  expulsion  of  French  from 
Canada,  and  held  command  in  North  America  after 
Braddock's  death ;  published  vindication  of  his  military 
conduct,  1758  ;  died  at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts. 

[lii.  142] 

SHIRLEY,  WILLIAM  {fi.  1739-1780),  dramatist  and 
Portugal  merchant;  his  'Edward  the  Black  Prince* 
played  by  Garrick  and  Barry  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
|  1750:  produced  also  other  tragedies  and  burlesques; 
attacked  Garrick  in  '  Brief  Remarks  on  original  and  pre- 
sent state  of  the  Drama,'  1758.  [lii.  143] 

SHIRREFF,  EMILY  ANNE  ELIZA  (1814-1897), 
pioneer  of  women's  education;  collaborated  with  her 
sister  (afterwards  Mrs.  Maria  Grey)  in  'Letters  from 
Spain  and  Barbary,'  and  other  works  ;  published  '  Intel- 
lectual Education  and  its  influence  on  Character  and 
Happiness  of  Women,'  1858 ;  mistress  of  Girton  College, 
1870 ;  co-founder  of  National  Union  for  improving  Educa- 
tion of  Women,'  1871 ;  assisted  in  foundation  of  Froebel 
Society,  1875 ;  published  works  on  Kindergarten  system, 
Froebel,  etc.  [lii.  144] 

SHIRREFF,  JOHN  (1759-1818),  agricultural  writer; 
published  surveys  of  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  and 
of  Orkney  and  Shetland :  won  premium  from  board  of 
agriculture  for  his  '  Best  Mode  of  cropping  old  Pasture 
Grounds,'  1801.  [lii.  145] 

SHIRREFS,  ANDREW  (1762-1807?),  Scottish  poet; 
I   M.A.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1783 ;  edited  '  Cale- 
donian Magazine ' ;  went  to  London,  1798  ;  his  '  Jamie 
and  Bess '  (pastoral  comedy)  acted  at  Aberdeen,  1787,  and 
Edinburgh,  1796 ;  published  dialect  poems,  1790. 

[lii.  145] 
SHIRRYE,  RICHARD  (/.  1550).    [See  SHERRY.] 

SHIR  WOOD.    [See  also  SHERWOOD.] 

SHIRWOOD,  JOHN  (rf.  1494),  bishop  of  Durham ; 
M.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1460;  brought  Greek 
authors  from  Italy ;  Edward  IV's  advocate  at  Rome ; 
chancellor  of  Exeter,  1460 ;  archdeacon  of  Richmond, 
1465  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1471 ;  partisan  of  Richard  III ; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1485-94;  went  from  Burgundy  to 
Rome,  where  he  died;  his  Greek  library  discovered  by 
Bishop  Tunstell;  author  of  'Liber  de  Ludo  Arithmo- 
machia'(1482).  [lii.  146] 

SHIRWOOD,  ROBERT  (fl.  1520),  hebraist  and 
Greek  scholar ;  studied  at  Oxford ;  published  exegetical 
work  on  Ecclesiastes  (1523).  [lii.  146] 

SHIRWOOD,  WILLIAM  {fi.  1260),  schoolman; 
treasurer  of  Lincoln ;  eulogised  by  Roger  Bacon. 

[lii.  146] 

8HOBERL,  FREDERIC  (1775-1853),  author ;  edited 
'  New  Monthly  Magazine,'  Ackermaun's  '  Repository  of 
Arts'  (1809-28),  and  other  publications;  published  his- 
tories of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  '  Narrative  of  Events  in 
and  near  Leipzig,  1813-14,'  and  other  works,  and  transla- 
tions of  French  and  German  authors.  [lii.  147] 

SHORE,  JANE  {d.  1527  ?),  mistress  of  Edward  IV ; 
daughter  of  a  Cheapside  mercer  and  wife  of  Lombard 
Street  goldsmith;  exercised  great  influence  over  Ed- 
ward IV  by  her  beauty  and  wit ;  afterwards  mistress  of 
Thomas  Grey,  first  marquis  of  Dorset  [q.  v.] ;  accused  by 
Richard  III  of  sorcery,  imprisoned  and  made  to  do  penance, 
1483 ;  died  in  poverty  ;  two  portraits  of  her  at  Eton, 
which  she  is  said  to  have  saved  from  destruction. 

[lii.  147] 


SHORE 


LOT 


SHREWSBURY 


SHOBE,  JOHN,  first  BARON   TKIOMMOITTH  (1751- 
.•rnor-seneral  of  India ;  went  to  India  as  writer, 
ni-mner  of  revenue  council  at  Calcutta,  1776-80. 


and  afterwards  of  the  committee  of  revenue ;  returned  to 
i-ln-laiHl  with  Warren  Hastings  [q.  T.],  1786;  M  mtmNr 
"f,  ",I'ryrrie  council  of  Bengal,  1787-9,  drew  up  minute 

OaeSSK  ""    nd*Ii  "y^* 


which  forms 

initiated  several  of  Cornwall's  reforms;  gave  evidence 
tejwour  of  Hastings,  1797;  created  baronet,  1791  j 
governor-geueral  of  India,  1791-8;  pursued  pa-sire  policy, 
but  settled  Oude  succession ;  created  an  Irishpeer7l798. 
After  returning  to  England  bo  became  P.O.  and  member 
of  the  board  of  control,  and  thrice  gave  evidence  before 
House  of  Commons  on  Indian  affairs :  Identified  himself 
with  the  Clupbam  sect,  and  was  first  president  of  Britlih 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society:  published  •Memoirs  of  Sir 
William  Jones  •  ( 1 804 X  and  other  worts.  [UL  149] 

SHORE,  LOUISA  CATHERINE  (1824-1896X  poet: 
!"""••>  daughter  of  Thomas  Shore  [q.  v.] ;  collaborated 
with  her  sitter  Arabella  In 'War  Lvncs  •  (1866),  •  Elegies 
and  Memorials '  ( 1 8901  •MJntfcsj  volumes ;  published  also 
4  Hannibal,  a  Poem '( 1861 X  fliL  1611 


[UL  161] 

SHORE,  MARGARET  EMILY  (1819-1839X  author; 
sister  of  Louisa  Catherine  Shore  [q.  v.]  [UL  161  ] 

SHORE,  THOMAS  (1793-1863X  author  of  'The 
Churchman  and  the  Freethinker'  (1863);  nephew  of 
John  Shore,  first  baron  Teigumouth  ;  taught  Earl  Canning 
and  the  second  Earl  Granville.  [UL  151] 

8HOREDITCH  or  8HORDYCH,  Sin  JOHN  UK  (<*. 
1345  X  diplomatist;  chief  clerk  of  the  common  bench 
under  Edward  II  ;  second  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1116  ; 
employed  In  negotiations  with  France  by  Edward  II  and 
Edward  III,  with  Austria,  1315,  and  the  Pope  Clement  VI, 
1343 ;  murdered  by  his  servants.  [UL  162] 

SHORT,  AUGUSTUS  (1802-1883X  first  bishop  of 
Adelaide ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford 
(censor,  1833)  ;  M.A.,  1826  ;  Incumbent  of  Itavensthorpe, 
1835  ;  Hampton  lecturer,  1846  ;  bishop  of  Adelaide,  1847- 

1881.  [Ul.  162] 

SHORT,  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1799-1867X  author 
of  military  treatises  ;  brother  of  Augustus  Short  [q.  v.] 

SHORT,  JAMES  ( 1 710-1 768X  optician:  graduate!  at 
Edinburgh  ;  mathematical  tutor  to  duke  of  Cumberland  ; 
F.R.8.,  1737  :  the  first  to  give  to  specula  a  true  parabolic 
figure  ;  made  Gregorian  for  king  of  Spain,  1762 ;  observed 
transits  of  Mercury,  1753,  and  Venus,  1761,  and  deduced 
authoritative  solar  parallax ;  determined  difference  of 
longitude  between  Greenwich  and  Paris.  [hi.  163] 

SHORT,  THOMAS  (1636-1686X  physician:  B.A.  St. 
John's  CoUege,  Cambridge,  1653  ;  creitwl  M.D.  by  royal 
mandate,  1668 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1675  ;  joined  Roman  catholic*, 
but  was  saved  from  the  consequences  of  an  order  of  the 
House  of  Lords  for  the  ejection  of  Roman  catholic*  by  the 
fact  that  by  design  no  quorum  was  present  at  the  meeting 
held  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  order.  [UL  154] 

SHORT,  THOMAS  (1G907-1772X  medical  writer: 
practised  at  Sheffield:  published •  General  Chronological 
History  of  the  Air,'  1749,  'New  Observations  on  the  BiUs 
<>f  Mortality,'  1750,  •  Treuti*«  on  Cold  Mineral  Waters,' 
1766,  and  other  works.  [UL  164] 

SHORT,  THOMAS  VOWLER  (1790-1872X  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph ;  educated  at  Westminster ;  censor  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1816-29  ;  M.A.,  1815  :  D.D.,  1837  ;  friend 
of  Keble  and  Pusey  ;  rector  of  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury, 
1834 ;  deputy-clerk  of  the  closet,  1837 ;  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  1841-6,  of  St.  Asaph,  1846-70;  published 
•Sketch  of  History  of  Church  of  England,'  1832. 

[1U.  166] 

8HORTALL,  SEBASTIAN  (J.  lG3t>X  titular  abbot  of 
Bective  and  Latin  poet.  [UL  166] 

SHOETLAND,  EDWARD  (1812-1893X  writer  on  New 
Zealand,  son  of  Thomas  George  Sbortlaud  [q.  v.] ;  M^. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1839 ;  protector  of  abori- 
gines in  New  Zealand,  1842;  published  •  Southern  District* 
of  New  Zealand,'  1861,  *  Maori  Religion  and  Mythology.' 

1882.  [UL  166] 
SHORTLAND,  JOHN  (1769-1810).  captain   in   the 

navy;    wrecked  on  Norfolk  island  with  John   Hunter 
(1738-1831)  [q.  v.];  transport  agent  for  E/yptlan  expe- 


•!.-.  *.• 
L166] 


'.'  • 
>yage  of 

.  :n.'  i  :  -    . 


TLAJTD,  THOMAS  GEORGE  (im-wTxoa 
tain  In  the  navy  :  promotal  for  cutting  oat  the  Avw 

'  •<  T  ..,  •  q  .,:  .  m  ,.  rm  ::,.-.  •  »;  •  .  :  •»!  r  fSi 
Louis  [q.  T.]  In  Dardanelles.  l^T^ommanikd  Valia 
Ui  Walcberen  expedition,  1809  ;  died  resident  commisalon 
of  Jamaica.  [UL  1*7] 

SHORTLAJTD,  WILLOUGHBY  (1804-1869X  colonial 


:  son  of  Thomas  George  Shortland  [q.  v.]; 
colonial  secretary  In  Mew  Zealand,  1840-1,  and  acting 

C5  .....  .  IMI  »i  i-r.-.i.-..'  oi  v  ..-.  iii]  pMBii  9 

Tobago,  18*4-6.  '[Ui.  U7J 

8HORTOH,  ROBERT  («/.  163AX  archdeacon  of  Bath  ; 
r,  ,::,..,-..  Mtakn,  lift    IBM  ri  PMbnta 


Hall,  Cambridge,  160»  ;  BJX,  1MM  ;  hon.  D.D.  Oxford, 
162*  :  dean  of  the  chapel  to  Wolsey  ;  first  marts*  ofBC 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1611-16:  master  of  Pembroke 
Halt,  Cambridge,  1618-44  :  almoner  to  Queen  Catherine  of 
Arragon,  whom  be  supported  In  convocation:  master  of 
her  college  at  Stoke-by-Olare,  1629  ;  archdeacon  of  Bath, 
1636  :  benefactor  to  Cambridge  colleges.  [UL  168] 


SHOVELJ,,  SIB  CLOWDISLEY  (1660-1707X  ad 
of  the  fleet:  probably  with  Sir  John  Narbroogh  [q.  v.] 
.in  South  Sea  voyage  and  at  Solebay :  commanded  boat* 
at  burning  of  ships  in  Tripoli  harbour,  1676 :  cruised  in 
Mediterranean  against  Darbary  pirate*.  1677-86:  com- 
manded Edgar  at  Bantry  Bay  and  was  knighted,  1689; 
rear-admiral  in  command  of  squadron  In  Irish  sea,  1690; 
co-operated  in  capture  of  Duncannon  CasUe ;  broke 
French  line  at  buttle  of  Borflcnr,  1692;  joint-admiral  of 
the  fleet  after  RusseU's  supersession;  second  in  c 
in  expedition  against  Oamaret  Bay,  St.  Malo,  ai 
kirk,  1695  :  commanded  Channel  fleet,  1696-7, 1699,  1701, 
1703;  M.P.  for  Rochester,  1698-1707;  comptroller  of 
victualling,  16'J9-17O4;  took  part  with  Rooke  in  capture 
of  Gibraltar  and  action  off  Malaga,  1704;  admiral  and 
cotnnuu>dcr-in-chicf  of  the  fleet,  170* ;  co-operated  with 
Peterborough  at  Barcelona,  1706,  and  with  Duke  of  Savoy 
at  Toulon,  1707,  destroying  French  Mediterranean  fleet; 
perished  in  wreck  on  Bishop  and  Clerk  rooks,  SciUy 
islands ;  his  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey  and  por- 
traits In  National  Portrait  Gallery  and  at  Greenwich. 


,  .....i  Dm- 


[UL  159] 
(1618-1 


8HOWER,  Sin  BARTHOLOMEW  (1668-17o'lX 
lawyer;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1680  (treasurer,  1699); 
prominent  as  pamphleteer  for  court  party,  1681;  deputy- 
recorder  of  London,  1686;  knighted,  1687;  recorder. 
1688  (February-November):  counsel  for  crown  against 
seven  bishops ;  defended  Sir  John  Fenwick  [q.  v.].  1696, and 
other  Jacobites:  acted  for  'Old'  Bast  India  Company. 
1698;  published  squib  against  Dean  Sherlock,  1696:  the 

VfU7f>Mtii4  nt  Cnrtli'd  •  Hianonurv  • 


VageUius  of  Garth's  '  Dispensary. 


[Iii.  16  1  ] 


SHOWER,  JOHN  (1667-1715X nonconformist  divine; 
brother  of  Sir  Bartholomew  Shower  [q.  T.]  :  assistant  to 
Vincent  Alsop  [q.  v.],  1679-81;  resident  In  Holland. 
1684-6,  and  lecturer  at  English  presbyterian  church, 
Rotterdam,  1687-91 :  pastor  at  Curriers'  Hall,  London 
Wall,  Jewin  Street,  London,  and  Old  Jewry,  London,  1691- 
1716 ;  published  devotional  works.  [111.  162] 

SHRAPNEL,  HENRY  (1761-1842X  Inventor  of  the 
Shrapnel  shell :  served  with  royal  artillery  in  Flanders 
and  was  wounded  at  Dunkirk,  1791;  first  assistant- 
Inspector,  1804 ;  retired  from  active  service  as  major- 
general,  1828 ;  lieutenant-general,  1837  :  his  shell  recom- 
mended for  adoption,  1803,  and  successfully  uned  at 
Surinam,  1804  :  highly  commended  by  Wellington  in  the 
Peninsula,  by  Sir  G.  Wood  at  Waterloo,  and  by  sub- 
sequent commander*  in  the  field ;  the  inventor  inade- 
quately pensioned,  1814,  and  promised  baronetcy  by 
William  IV,  1837  ;  other  improvements  in  artillery  due  to 
him.  [UL  161] 

SHREWSBURY,  DcKB  or  ( 1660-17 18X  [See  TALBOT, 

ClIARLKH.] 


SHREWSBURY 


1198 


SIBBALD 


SHREWSBURY,  EARLS  OF.  [See  ROGKR  DK  MONT- 
GOHKRY  d.  1093  ?  ;  HUGH  OF  MONTOOMKRY,  d.  1098  ; 
BELLXMK,  ROBERT  OF,  ft.  1098;  TALHOT.  JOHN,  tir.t 
EARL,  1S88  7-1463  ;  TALBOT,.JOHN,  secoml  K  uu.,  Ml:; 
1460  •  TALBOT,  GfrxwGK,  fourth  EARL,  1468-1538  ;  TALBOT, 
.  fifth  EARL,  1500-1560;  TALBOT,  GEORGE,  sixth 
KARI,  1528  7-1590:  TALBOT,  QILBKRT,  seventh  EARL, 
1W3-161C.] 

SHREWSBURY,   COUNTESS    OF  (1518-1608).    [See 

Kl.l/.AHKTH.] 

SHREWSBURY,  RALPH  OF  (d.  1363).  [See 
RALI-H.] 

SHREWSBURY,  ROBERT  OF  (d.  1167).  [See 
ROBERT.] 

8HRUB80LE.  WILLIAM  (1729-1797),  author  of 
•  Christian  Memoirs  '  (1776)  ;  preached  at  Sheerness,  1763- 
1793.  [lii.  165] 

SHRUBSOLE,  WILLIAM  (1760-1806),  organist  at 
Spa  Fields  Chapel,  London  ;  friend  of  Edward  Perronet 
[q.  T.],and  composer  of  the  tune'  Miles  Lane.'  [lii.  166] 

8HBUBSOLE,  WILLIAM  (1759-1829),  secretary  to 
London  Missionary  Society  and  hymn-writer;  sou  of 
William  Shrubsole  (1729-1797)  [q.  v.]  [lii.  165] 

8HUCKARD,  WILLIAM  EDWARD  (1802-1868), 
entomologist  ;  nephew  of  William  Bernard  Cooke  [q.  v.]  ; 
librarian  to  Royal  Society,  1835-43  ;  edited  '  Lloyd's 
List,'  1844-61  ;  published  '  Elements  of  British  Entomo- 
logy,' 1839,  'British  Coleoptera,'  1840,  'British  Bees,' 
1866  ;  edited  and  translated  German  works,  [lii.  166] 

8HUCXBURGH,  SIR  RICHARD  (1596-1656), 
royalist  ;  B.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1615  ;  M.P.  for 
Warwickshire  in  Long  parliament;  knighted  at  Edge- 
hill,  1642  ;  defended  Shuckburgh  against  parliament  ; 
imprisoned  in  Kenilworth  Castle.  [lii.  166] 

BHUCXBURGH-EVEIYN,  SIR  GEORGE  AUGUS- 
TUS WILLIAM,  sixth  baronet  (1751-1804),  mathema- 
tician ;  descendant  of  Sir  Richard  Shuckburgh  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Rugby  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  1772  ;  M.P., 
Warwickshire,  1780-1804;  F.H.S.,  1774;  F.S.A.,  1777; 
assumed  additional  name,  1793  :  published  '  Observations 
made  in  Savoy  to  ascertain  Height  of  Mountains  by  the 
Barometer,'  1777  ;  made  investigations  concerning 
measures  of  length,  capacity,  and  weight.  [lii.  167] 

8HUCKFORJ),  SAMUEL  (d.  1754),  author  of  '  Sacred 
nnd  Profane  History  of  the  World'  (1728);  M.A.  Oaius 
College,  Cambridge,  1720  ;  Lambeth  D.D.  ;  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  1738.  [lii.  168] 

SHULDHAM,  MOLYNEUX,  BARON  (1717?-1798), 
admiral  ;  present  at  attack  on  Carthageua,  1741  ;  captured 
by  French  off  Martinique,  1756  ;  took  part  in  reduction  of 
Guadeloupe,  1769  ;  commander  on  Newfoundland  station, 
1772-5,  on  coast  of  North  America,  1775-6;  created  an 
Irish  peer,  1776  ;  admiral  of  the  white,  1793.  [lii.  168] 

8HUTE  or  SHUTTE,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1626), 
author  of  'Testimonie  of  a  True  Faith'  (1577);  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1568  ;  B.D.,  1580  ;  vicar  of 
Giggleswick,  1676-1626.  [Ui.  169] 

SHUTS,  JOHN  (ft.  1550-1570),  architect,  limner,  and 
author  of  '  The  First  and  Chief  Grouudes  of  Architec- 
ture '(1663).  [lii.  170] 

8HUTE,  JOHN  (ft.  1562-1573),  translator  of  Italian 
and  French  works.  [lii.  170] 

SHUTE  (afterwards  SHUTE-BARBHf  GTON),  JOHN, 
fir-t  VISCOUNT  BARRINOTON  (1678-1734).  [See  BAR- 

RINGTON.] 

SHUTE,  JOSIA8  or  JOSIAH  (1688-1643),  archdeacon 
of  Colchester  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1609  ; 
rector  of  St.  Mary  Wooluoth,  Lombard  Street,  London, 
SL*  Cnri8toP°er  Shut*  [q.  v.]  ;  chaplain  to 
Company,  1632  ;  archdeacon  of  Colchester, 
-  _  [lii.  170] 

i    8H«YJFE'  ROBERT  (<*-  1&90),  judge  ;  barrister,  Gray's 
nil,  1552;  recorder  of  Cambridge,  1558,  and  M.P.,  1672; 

arer,?LG™y'8  Inn'  1676;  8econd  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer,  1679  ;  judge  of  queen'g  bench,  1586-90. 

[lii.  171] 


Bart 


SHUTE,  ROBERT  (d.  1621),  recorder  ;  son  of  Robert 
I  Shute  (rf.  1590)  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk  of  common  pleas,  1616  ;  re- 
|  corder  of  London,  1621.  [lii.  171] 

SHUTE,  SAMUEL  (1662-1742),  governor  of  Massa- 
I  chusetts  ;  son-in-law  of  Joseph  Caryl  [q.  v.]  and  pupil  of 
Charles  Morton  (1027-1698)  [q.  v.] ;  served  under  Marl- 
borough,  attaining  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel ;  governor  of 
IfSJBachusetts,  1716-27  ;  left  America,  1723,  having  had 
constant  differences  with  colonial  assembly.  [Hi.  171] 

SHTJTE-BARRINGTON,  WILLIAM  WILDMAN, 
second  VISCOUNT  (1717-1793).  [See  BARRINGTON.] 

SHUTER,  EDWARD  (1728  ?-1776),  comedian;  of 
low  extraction  ;  played  Cibber's  'Schoolboy'  at  Covent 
Garden  and  Drury  Lane,  London,  1745 ;  acted  in  London 
under  Garrick  at  Covent  Garden,  1746,  Foote  at  Hay- 
market,  and  Garrick  and  Lacy  at  Drury  Lane,  1747; 
original  Sir  Gregory  Gazette  in  Foote's  '  Knights,'  1749  ; 
took  minor  comic  parts  at  Drury  Lane,  1749-53,  distin- 
guishing himself  as  Master  Stephen  ('  Every  Man  in  his 
Humour ')  and  Scrub  ('  Beaux'  Stratagem ') ;  his  parts  at 
Covent  Garden  included  Falstaff,  Mercutio,  Bayes,  Sir 
John  Brute, Polonius  ;  the  original  Croaker  ('  Goodnatured 
Man1),  1768,  Hardcastle,  1773,  Sir  Anthony  Absolute, 
1775  ;  a  follower  of  Whitefield,  but  a  wit,  drunkard,  and 
gambler.  [lii.  172] 

SHUTTLEWOOD,  JOHN  (1632-1689),  conductor  of 
nonconformist  academy  at  Sulby ;  minister  of  Ravenstone 
and  Hugglescote,  1654-62 ;  preached  at  conventicles,  and 
was  frequently  fined  and  imprisoned  for  nonconformity. 

[lii.  174] 

SHUTTLEWORTH,  SIR  JAMES  PHILLIPS  KAY- 
(1804-1877).  [See  KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH.] 

SHUTTLEWORTH,  OBADIAH  (1675-1734),  organist 
of  the  Temple  and  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill,  London,  1724- 
1734,  and  violinist.  [Ui.  175] 

SHUTTLEWORTH,  PHILIP  NICHOLAS  (1782- 
1842),  bishop  of  Chichester ;  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1811;  D.D.,  1822;  warden 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  1822-40,  and  bishop  of  Chichester, 
1840-2;  wrote  against  the  tractarians,  and  published 
'Paraphrastic  Translation  of  Apostolic  Epistles'  (1829). 

[lii.  175] 

SHUTTLEWORTH,  ROBERT  JAMES  (1810-1874), 
botanist  and  conchologist ;  educated  at  Geneva;  also 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  lived  in  Switzerland  from 
1834,  but  died  at  Hyeres;  assisted  scientific  travellers  ; 
intimate  with  Meissuer  and  Jean  de  Charpentier;  pub- 
lished '  Nouvelles  Observations  sur  la  Matiere  coloriante 
de  la  neige  rouge,'  1840,  '  Notitise  Malacologies,'  1856 
(part  ii.  German,  1878) ;  honorary  Ph.D.  of  Basle ;  his 
collection  of  shells  at  Berne,  and  herbarium  in  British 
Museum.  [lii.  176] 

SIBBALD,  JAMES  (1590  ?-1650  ?X  Scottish  royalist 
divine;  B.D.  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1630;  D.D. 
Marischal  College  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1637; 
admitted  to  first  charge  in  St.  Nicholas'  Church,  1626  ; 
one  of  the  six  harmonising  divines  (1637)  who  questioned 
lawfulness  of  the  covenant,  1638;  joined  Charles  I  at 
Berwick,  1639,  but  soon  returned  ;  silenced  and  deposed 
for  refusing  to  take  the  covenant  and  for  Arminianisin, 
1640 ;  went  to  Ireland,  and  died  of  the  plague  at  Dublin. 

[lii.  177] 

SIBBALD,  JAilES  (1745-1803),  Edinburgh  book- 
seller and  author  of  '  Chronicle  of  Scottish  Poetry ' 
(1802);  carried  on  Urge  circulating  library;  conducted 
•  Edinburgh  Magazine,'  1785-92,  and  befriended  Burns ; 
lived  in  Soho,  London,  1794-7  ;  published  '  The  Vocal 
Magazine,'  1797,  and  '  Record  of  the  Public  Ministry  of 
Jesus  Christ,'  1798.  [UL  178] 

SIBBALD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1641-1722),  president  of 
Edinburgh  Royal  College  of  Physicians ;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1661 ;  M.D.  Angers,  1662,  studying  also  in  Paris  ami 
London  ;  with  Dr.  Andrew  Balfour  instituted  Botanical 
Garden  at  Edinburgh,  1667  ;  physician  to  Charles  II  un-l 
geographer  of  Scotland,  1682;  president  of  Edinburgh 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1684  ;  first  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  University,  1685 ;  temporarily  con- 
verted to  Romanism  and  obliged  to  leave  Edinburgh  for 
London ;  published  '  History,  Ancient  and  Modern, 
Sheritfdoms  of  Fife  and  Kinross,'  1710, '  Scotia  Illustrate,' 
1684,  and  many  geographical  and  antiquarian  works  ;  his 
'Remains'  (with  autobiography)  printed,  1837.  ' 

[lii.  179] 


8IBBALD 


11 '.".i 


BTDIX  >NS 


8IBBALD. 

rose  ;  M. A.  Aberdeen,  1639 :  accompanied  btsanrat  journey 
to  Scotland,  1644 ;  deserted  during  highland  campaign, 
bat  Boon  rejoined ;  fled  to  Holland  lifter 

i  and  beheaded  at  Edinburgh  after  his  return. 

[lit-- 


puritan  divine ;  *cboiar*nd  fellow  of 


RICHARD  ( 1*77-1638), 

p*»*  a  *mu  iAt  v  t  u*;  ,    ^HJfcjsjsaj    «i*u     •>««%>  W    Of    Ot.   alODD  0  OOlMBtU 

Cambridge;  M.A..  1601 ;  deprived  of  taxatonbip  and 
reship  at  Holy  Trinity,  Cambridge,  by  high  corn- 
on,  1616 ;  preacher  at  Gray's  Inn,  1617-38 :  master 
Catharine1*  HalU  Cambridge,  1616-38  ;  twice  offered 


ofS 


Cambridge,  16W 
Collage,  Dublin 


provostehlp  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :    published  many 

,   •..-•    .   M         ,,.',     .     M-     .!.,   .-        I      •          ....'        .,.:;,  ... 

and  '  The  Bruised  Reede  and  Smoaking  Flax,'  163O;  out- 
lad  datt  ..!,-  .--  .M.  MB)  Miff,  mt  33  I  («4  DC 
Grosart).  [la.  181] 

8IBERCH,  JOHN  (/.  1511-16KX  first  Cambridge 
printer;  came  probably  from  Cologne  and  was  known  to 
Erasmus;  Bullock's  'Oratto'  toWobwy  (1691)  his  flnt 
:  :  «  [UL 184] 

8IBLBY.  GEORGE  (1814-1891 X  dvil  engineer;  edu- 
cated *t  University  College,  London  ;  employed  in  India, 
1861-76;  chief  engineer  of  N.W.  Provinces,  1869,  of  the 
Bast  India  railway,  1868;  designed  brick  arch  bridges 

scholarships  atOalcutta.  [Hi.  184] 

SIBLEY,  SEPTIMUS  (1831-1893X  physician  and 
author  of  '  History  of  Cholera  Epidemic  in  1854 ' :  brother 
of  George  Sibley  [q.  v.]  [lit  188] 

8IBLY,  BBBNBZBR  (d.  1800X  astrologer  and  medical 
writer.  [11L  188] 

SIBLY,  MANOAH  (1757-1840  X  Swedenborgian : 
brother  of  Ebenexer  Sibly;  principal  of  chancery  office. 
Bank  of  England,  1818-40 ;  published  '  Defence  of  the  New 
Church  '  (1H16)  and  translations  of  works  by  Placidns  de 
Titis.  [UL  186] 

8IBORNE  or  SIBORH.  WILLIAM  (1797-1849X 
author  of  •  History  of  the  War  in  France  and  Belgium  in 
1815 '  (1844) :  served  with  9th  foot  in  army  of  occupation 
in  France,  1818-17;  assistant  military  secretary  to  suc- 
cessive commanders  of  the  forces  in  Ireland,  1816-43: 
secretary  of  military  asylum,  Chelsea,  1844-9  :  published 
topographical  treatises:  constructed  model  of  field  of 
Waterloo,  1830-8  (at  United  Service  Institution):  his 
•  Waterloo  Letters '  edited  by  his  son,  1891.  [lii.  188] 

SIBSON,  FRANCIS  (1814-1876X  physician ;  friend 
and  pupil  of  Thomas  Hodgkiu  [q.  v.]  at  Guy's  ;  surgeon 
to  Nottingham  General  Hospital  1838-48,  and  intimate  of 
Charles  Waterton  [q.  v.] :  M.D.  of  London,  1848 ;  P.R.C.P., 
1853  ;  F.R.S.,  1849  ;  first  physician  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
London ;  Gulstonian,  Orconian,  and  Lumleian  lecturer ; 
active  member  of  senate  of  London  University  :  died  at 
Geneva ;  published  important  paper  on  changes  of  the 
internal  organs,  1844,  elaborated  in  'Medical  Anatomy' 
(1868-69);  'Collected  Works'  edited  by  Dr.  William 
Miller  Ord,  1881.  [UL  186] 

SIBSON,  THOMAS  (1817-1844X  artist  and  friend  of 
William  Bell  Scott  [q.  v.] ;  brother  of  Francis  Sibson 
tq.T.]:  died  at  Malta.  [UL  187] 

SIBTHORP,  CHARLES  DK  LABT  WALDO  (1783- 
1856),  politician  and  colonel  of  Sooth  Lincoln  militia ; 
nephew  of  John  Sibthorp  [q.  v.]  ;  served  with  4th  dragoon 
guards  in  the  Peninsula  ;  represented  Lincoln,  1896-88 
(except  1833-4);  opposed  catholic  emancipation,  parlia- 
mentary reform,  and  free  trade;  originated  Ohandos 
clause  in  Reform  Bill :  obtained  reduction  of  grant  to 
Prince  Albert ;  an  able  but  eccentric  speaker,  [lii.  188] 

SIBTHORP,  SIB  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1681X  justice  of 
king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1607-32,  and  controversialist. 

SIBTHORP,  JOHN  (1788-179CX  botanist:  M.A.  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford,  1780 :  as  Radolifl*  travelling  fellow 
of  University  OoUege,  Oxford,  studied  at  Edinburgh  and 
MontpeUier;  succeeded  his  father  (Humphrey)  as  She- 
rardian  professor  of  botany,  Oxford,  but  returned  to  the 
continent ;  examined  illustrated  codex  of  Diosoorides  at 
Vienna  :  with  Ferdinand  Bauer  visited  Crate,  the  Jfeamn 
isles,  Athens,  Smyrna,  and  Oonstantluople,  1786 ;  studied 
fauna  and  flora  of  Cyprus,  and  returned  to  Greece,  1787  ; 


SteTroad  aad  stayed  in  the  loniaa  iaknd 

Oft  :;  at  N. ...;-.:  •      PJU     :.-• 

..     :.    r,   .      .-         •'  -  .  •     -    .• 


;:..  | 


Flow  Onao»  Prodromus'  edited  by  Dr.  Jam**  Bdward 
Smith  [q.  v.]  and  Dr.  Jobs  Lindley. 


8IBTHOEP.  RICHARD  WALDO  (179S-1S79 


O  Lf»  1   XIV  A.  I 

.      .     .      .    ,       .  .       .. 


....    .    •      ',-  •     :     .:  , 


.of  BC  JamesX 
cfaorcb  by  Cardinal 


M.   A, .-,.••• 

f  .!,.-...,.-.  >.-.; 


priest'*  order*,  but  reverted.  1841; 


Nottingham; 


devotkmal  art  apblogettoal  work*.  [ElW] 

8OTHORP  or  8TBTHORPE,  ROBERT  (d. 


royalist  divine  ;  fellow  of   Trinity  College,   Cambridge. 
1618;  M.A.,  1619  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1619);  D.D. 
Cambridge,  r.  1626  ;  Ticar  of  St. 
1619-»;  asserted  doctrine  of  na 

sermon,  16J7  :  Included  in  pardon  granted  to  Roger  Mao- 
to  Char 


waring  [q.  T.]  and 


CharU»  I  ;  rector  of 


Burton  Latimer.  1619;  as  commissary  of  Peterborough 
seakras  reprewor  of  puritaiiiam  :  Joined  Charles  I  at  Ox- 
ford, 1643 ;  his  living*  sequestrated,  1647.  bat  restored  at 
Restoration :  confused  by  Anthony  a  Wood  with  Robert 
;  [UL191) 

8IGKLEMORE  or  RATCLI7FE,  JOHN  (d.  1610X 
governor  of  Virginia  ;  one  of  the  founder*  of  Jamestown : 
made  governor  of  Virginia  after  deposition  of  Bdward 
Maria  Wtnirfidd  [q.  v.],  1607  ;  quarrelled  with  John  Smith 
(1880  ?-1681)[q.  v.] ;  returned  to  England,  1608,  but  went 
back  next  year  and  arrested  Smith ;  murdered  by  Indian*. 

[UL  199] 

8IDDALL  or  BYDDALL,  HENRY  (d.  167SX  divine: 
B.A.  Cardinal  College  (Christ  Church*.  Oxford,  1532: 
B.Can.L..  1636  :  D.D..  1881 ;  ejected  from  Cardinal  OoUege, 


Henry  VIII.  1632,  but  MibnequenUy 
by  him  ;  canon  of  Chrkt  Church,  Oxford,  1847  ;  a 
protaitant  under  Bdward  VI,  Romanist  under  Mary  I. 

ui  nl  Arurlicau  u*a  n  in  Queen  HizabetL'*  reign  :  witneawd 
Cranmer'i  fifth  recantation.  [lii.  194] 

8IDDON8,  Miw.  HARRIET  (1783-1844),  actrew  : 
•laughter  of  Charles  Murray  [q.  T.]  and  wife  of  Henry 
Suldons  [q.  v.i  ;  appeared  at  Covent  Garden,  London. 
1791  WplajfiM  i££«8bakafMar«aii  parti  tt  Dm 
Lane,  London,  1806-9.  playing  Juliet  with  BUUton  ;  after- 
warda  aaiisted  her  hoftband  at  Edinburgh.  [lii.  194] 

ton  of  Sarah 
church  : 

played  at  Covent  Garden,   London.   1801-6,  and  Drory 
Un-.  Loaxk^UOl  I;  •  Maaafard  M  •*••!  Xtarfg* 
from  Sir  Walter  Scott 
[lii.  194] 


8IDDOH8.  HKNHY  (1774-181IX  actor:  ton  of 
Siddons  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cbarterhooac  for  the  c 
played  at  Covent  Garden,  London.  1801-6,  and 


1809-16,  reodred 

[q.  v.],  and  produced  creditable  play*. 


8IDDOH8.  MM.  SARAH  (1768-1831),  »<*«»•  :  daugh- 
ter of  Roger  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ;  acted  when  very  young  in 
company  with  William  Siddont  :  married  him,  1  773,  after 
attempt*  by  her  parent*  at  separation  ;  while  playing  with 
her  buaband  at  Cbeltenbam!attracted  attenUoS'a.  Belvi- 
dera,  1774  ;  engaged  by  Garrick  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1776-6,  opening  with  Portia  and  ending  with  Lady  Anne 
(•  Richard  III  'X  but  failed  decidedly  :  gained  brilliant 
•uccea*  at  Manchester  under  Tate  Wilkinaon,  1776-7,  in 
Buphraria  ('Grecian  Daughter'),  and  other  character*: 
appeared,  1777-81.  at  Bath  and  Brtrtol  under  Palmer,  in 
great  variety  of  part*,  including  mo*t  of  thoac  which 
became  celebrated  :  re-eBgaged  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1783  ;  triumphed  completely  a*  laabeUa  (GarrieTB  ver- 
sion of  •  Paul  Marriage  'X  Euphraaia.  Bdvidera,  and  Zara 
('  Mourning  Bride  ')  ;  vicited  Liverpool,  Dublin,  and  Cork  ; 
played  flnt  Shakespearean  character*  (UabeUa  and  Coo- 

'  .   1  r  «•  ; 


1789-91 


stance)  In  London,  1783 ;  appeared  at  Bdiaba 

first  gave  Lady  Macbeth  in  London.  1788,  and 

(•Coriolanns '),  1788;  retired  temporarily.  1789- 

the  Queen  in  •  Richard  II,'  1791.  in  •  Hamlet,' 

Haller  (-The  Stranger 'X  1798.  Elvira  CPtsarro'X  1799, 

the  hut  being  the  only  capital  part  among  those  she 

•created':  played   Hermlone  in  •  Winter's  Tale,'  1801-1; 


well  performanoe  in  Lady  Macbeth:    she  sub«quently 
made  incidental  appearance*  for  her  children  and  th* 


SIDENHAM 


1200 


SIDNEY 


Theatrical  Fund :  Rave  private  reading  at  Windsor  Castle 

o  meet*  In  Upper  Baker  Street,  London;   inn.-h 

InnoySd  inUirt  yean  by  her  sister,  Mrs.  Curtis  ('  An,,  of 

Swansea ') :  buried  in  Paddington  churcbyaRl :  her  shitu.- 

to/Chantrey  In  Westminster  Abbey.  She  won  praise  f  rom 

OnrSophef  North.  Hazlitt,  Byron,  Haydon,  Enkmc,  an- 

LeShHunt,  and  converted  Horace  Walpole,  but  inspire  1 

more  admiration  than  affection.    A  picture  of  her  by 

Remolds  as  the  •  Tragic  Muse '  is  at  Duhvich.    She  exe- 

dbusts  of  herself  and  brother  John  Philip  Kemblc 

£q.  v.]  PB. 195] 

8IDENHAM,  CUTHBERT  (1622-1654).    [See  SYDEN- 

HAM.] 

8IDOWICK,  HENRY  (1838-1900),  philosopher:  ertu- 
rated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  thirty- 
third  wrangler,  senior  classic,  and  first  chancellor's 
medallist,  1889:  fellow  and  assistant- tutor  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1869:  lecturer  in  moral  philosophy, 
1869-  advocated  abolition  of  religious  tests:  resigned 
fellowship,  1869,  on  conscientious  grounds ;  appointed  to 

*  orwlectorship  on  moral  and   political  philosophy     at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1875 ;  Knightsbridge  profes- 
sor, 1883-1900:  honorary  fellow  of  his  college,  1881,  and 
again  ordinary  fellow,  1885  ;  subscribed  to,  and  energeti- 
cally supported,  scheme  for  providing  a  system  of  lec- 
tures for  girls  at  Cambridge,  which  was  carried  out  by 
opening  of  Newnham  Hall,  1876  ;  married,  1876,  Eleanor 
Mildred,  sister  of  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour  (Mrs.  Sidg- 
wlck  became  vice-president  of  North  Hall  (added  to  Newn- 
ham, 1880)  and  president  of  Newnham  on  death  of  Anne 
Jemima  Clough  [q.  v.],  1892) ;  Sidgwick  successfully  advo- 
fated  admission  of  women  to  university  and  examina- 
tions 1881  •  member  of  general  board  of  studies  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  1882-99 ;  on  council  of  senate,  1890-8  : 
president  of  Society  for  Psychical  Research,  1882-5  and 
1888-M.    He  published  'Ethics  of  Conformity  and  Sub- 
scription,' 1871, '  Methods  of  Ethics,'  1874,  'Principles  of 
Political  Economy,'  1883,'  Scope  and  Method  of  Economic 
Science,'  1885, '  Outlines  of  History  of  Ethics,'  1886,  and 

*  Elements  of  Politics,'  1891.     As  a  philosopher  he  was 
irreatir  influenced  by  the  teaching  of  John  Stuart  Mill 
£q.  T.]  [Suppl.  iii.  342] 

SIDLEY.    [See  also  SEDLET.] 

SEDLEY,  SAMUEL  (1829-1896),  portrait  and  subject 
painter.  [Iii.  202] 

SIDMOUTH,  VISCOUNT  (1757-1844).  [See  ADDING- 
TOX,  HENRY.] 

SIDNEY  or  SYDNEY,  ALGERNON  (1622-1683), 
republican  ;  accompanied  his  father,  Robert  Sidney,  second 
earl  of  Leicester  [q.  T.],  to  Denmark  and  Paris ;  served 
under  his  brother,  Lord  Lisle,  against  the  Irish  rebels, 
1642 ;  took  up  arms  against  Charles  I,  and  was  wounded 
at  Marston  Moor,  1644 ;  governor  of  Colchester,  1645 ; 
M.P.,  Cardiff,  1646 ;  lieutenant  general  of  horse  in  Ireland, 
1647  ;  appointed  governor  of  Dublin,  but  immediately 
superseded ;  governor  of  Dover,  1648-50  ;  nominated  com- 
missioner for  trial  of  Charles  I,  but  opposed  constitution 
and  proceedings  of  high  court  as  invalid,  as  well  as  the 
subsequent  '  engagement '  approving  them ;  member  of 
•council  of  state,  1653 ;  held  aloof  from  the  protectorate 
after  dissolution  of  the  Rump  ;  again  member  of  council 
of  state,  1659  ;  chief  of  four  commissioners  who  mediated 
between  Sweden  and  Denmark  at  Elsinore,  1659-60. 
Refusing  to  give  pledges  to  Charles  II,  he  remained 
abroad ;  at  Rome,  1660-3  :  his  attempt*  to  obtain  foreign 
military  employment  frustrated  by  English  influence :  his 
life  attempted  at  Augsburg:  went  to  Holland,  1665: 
Afterwards  lived  in  France ;  negotiated  with  Louis  XIV, 
with  the  view  of  raising  a  revolt  in  England,  1666; 
•came  to  England  on  private  business,  1677,  and  remained : 
unable  to  obtain  a  seat  in  parliament,  but  exercised  much 
inflnenoe  ;  vindicated  himself  in  interview  with  Charles  II 
from  charge  of  complicity  in  nonconformist  plot;  inti- 
mate with  republicans,  but  quarrelled  with  Shaftesbury  : 
received  money  from  French  ambassador  and  co-operated 
with  him  on  foreign  questions,  but  ridiculed  his  preten- 
•MM  to  direct  opposition  :  said  to  have  drafted  answer  to 
(••mil's  reasons  for  dissolving  Oxford  parliament ;  dis- 
cussed question  of  insurrection  with  whig  leaders,  January 
l»3 ;  sent  to  Tower  of  I/ondon  after  discovery  of  Rye 
House  plot  (June) ;  tried  before  Jeffreys  on  three  overt 
vuargw  of  treason  (November):  defended  himself  ably, 
but  convicted :  drew  np  petitions  setting  forth  illegality 
of  bis  trial  and  for  commutation  of  sentence ;  executed  on 


Tower  Hill  (December) :  his  body  buried  at  Penshurst ; 
his  vindication  allowed  to  be  published  by  government ; 
his  'Discourses  concerning  Government'  (answer  to 
Filmer)  first  printed,  1698,  an  edition  containing  letters 
and  report  of  trial  being  issued,  1763,  further  revised  and 
added  to,  1773.  [Iii.  202] 

SIDNEY,  LADY  DOROTHY,  afterwards  COUNTESS  op 
SUXDERLAND  (1617-1684),  '  Sacharissa.'  [Sec  SPKNCKR.] 

SIDNEY,  SIR  HENRY  (1529-1586),  thrice  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland  anil  president  of  Wales ;  son  of  Sir 
William  Sidney  [q.  v.]  ;  one  of  the  four  gentlemen  of  the 
privy  chamber  of  Edward  VI ;  knighted,  1550 ;  under- 
took mission  to  France,  1552 ;  accompanied  Bedford  to 
Spain,  1554 :  went  to  Ireland  as  vice-treasurer,  1556  ; 
took  part  in  Sussex's  expedition  into  Ulster,  and  acted  as 
lord  justice  during  his  absences,  1558  ;  president  of  Wales, 
1559-86  :  sent  on  missions  to  France  and  Scotland,  1562  ; 
K.G.,  1564  :  appointed  lord  deputy  of  Ireland,  1565  ;  dur- 
ing his  first  period  of  government  restored  Calvagh 
O'Donnell  [q.  v.],  garrisoned  Derry,  and  crushed  Shane 
O'Neill  [q.  v.] ;  decided  in  favour  of  Ormonde  and  de- 
posed Desmond,  replacing  him  in  the  government  of 
Munster  by  his  brother,  and  rebuilt  Dublin  Castle ;  his 
Munster  policy  reversed  after  his  return ;  regained  favour 
by  the  help  of  Sir  William  Cecil  [q.  v.],  and  returned  to 
Ireland,  1568  ;  reduced  the  rebellious  Butlers,  1569,  carried 
an  act  for  the  erection  of  schools  under  English  masters, 
1570,  encouraged  settlers  from  the  Low  Countries  at 
Swords,  and  '  shired  '  county  Longford,  but  resigned  from 
vexation  at  insufficient  support  from  Queen  Elizabeth, 
1571 ;  spent  four  years  at  court  and  in  Wales ;  a  third 
time  lord-deputy,  1575  ;  pacified  Ulster,  made  a  tour  of 
inspection  in  Munster,  annexed  Thomond  as  Count}'  Clare 
to  Counaught,  and  divided  that  province  into  four  shires  ; 
crushed  the  revolt  of  Clanricarde's  sons  In  Gahvay  and  the 
opposition  of  the  gentry  of  the  Pale  to  the  cess ;  defeated 
Rory  Oge  O'More  [q.  v.]  ;  settled  dispute  between  Desmond 
and  Drury ;  recalled,  1578,  owing  to  discontent  at  his  ex- 
penditure ;  visited  Lord  Grey  de  Wilton  (now  deputy)  at 
Wilton,  1580 ;  again  talked  of  for  Ireland,  1582  ;  died  pre- 
maturely old  at  Ludlow  ;  buried  at  Penshurst.  [Iii.  210] 

SIDNEY  or  SYDNEY,  HENRY,  EARL  OF  ROMNEY 
(1641-1704),  partisan  of  William  of  Orange;  brother-of 
Algernon  Sidney  [q.  v.] ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber 
to  James,  duke  of  York,  and  master  of  horse  to  the 
duchess,  1665:  envoy  to  France,  1672;  master  of  the 
robes,  1677;  M.P.  for  Bramber,  1679;  as  envoy  to  the 
Hague,  1679-81,  gained  confidence  of  William  of  Orange ; 
general  of  British  regiments  in  Dutch  service,  1681-5: 
took  secret  invitation  to  William,  and  through  intrigue 
with  his  wife  communicated  with  Sunderland,  1688; 
accompanied  William  to  England  and  Ireland ;  privy 
councillor  and  Viscount  Sydney,  1689;  secretary  of  state, 
1690-1 :  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1692 ;  master-general 
of  ordnance,  1693 ;  created  an  earl.  1694 ;  a  lord  justice, 
1697  ;  groom  of  the  stole,  1700-2 ;  the  handsomest  man  of 
his  time ;  his  portrait  painted  by  Lely.  [Iii.  217] 

SIDNEY,  MARY,  OOCNTESS  ov  PEMBROKE  (1555?- 
1621).  [See  HERBERT,  MAUY.] 

SIDNEY,  SIR  PHILIP  (1554-1586),  soldier,  statesman, 
and  poet;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney  [q.  v.];  educated  at 
Shrewsbury  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  intimate  with 
Sir  Fulke  Greville  (afterwards  Lord  Brooke)  [q.  v.]  and 
Camden,  and  favoured  by  Sir  William  Cecil  (Burghley) ; 
well  received  at  French  court,  1572,  but  left  it  for  Lor- 
raine and  Germany  after  the  St.  Bartholomew's  mas- 
sacre; at  Frankfort  came  under  influence  of  Languet, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Vienna,  1573;  visited  Venice 
(meeting  Tintoretto  and  Paolo  Veronese),  Genoa,  and 
Padua,  1573-4;  accompanied  Languet  to  Poland,  and 
again  resided  in  Austria,  1575  ;  took  part  in  festivities  at 
Kenilworth,  1576 :  became  acquainted  with  Walter  Devn- 
reux,  first  earl  of  Essex  Lq.  v.].  and  his  daughter  Penelope 
(•  Stella ') ;  travelled  with  his  father  in  Ireland,  1576 ;  en- 
trusted with  diplomatic  missions  to  the  elector  palatmi 
and  the  Emperor  Rudolf  II,  1577 ;  made  a  great  impres- 
sion on  William  (the Silent)  of  Orange :  presented  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  a  masterly  defence  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney's  Irish 
policy  ;  attended  her  at  Audley  End,  and  was  eulosrised  i: 
Harvey's  'Gratulationes,'  1578  ;  saw  much  of  Spenser 
Leicester  House,  and  received  dedication  of  his  'Shep- 
herd's Calendar ' ;  became  member  of  the  Areopagus,  15. 
(a  club  formed  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  naturalising  tb 


SIDNEY 


1901 


SIGERED 


and  other  poems, 
tury.  afforded  bin 


classical  metres  In  English  v. 

verses :  incurred  disfavour  of  Qoscn  HUMbciUi  by  refusing 
to  apologise  to  the  Earl  <  I  Oxfn 
treatise  condemning  proponed  marriage  with  Anjou,  l*«u  ; 
M.I',  for  Kent,  16*1,  in  which  year  he  took  part  In 
tournament  .it  Whitehall :  knighted  and  named  master  of 
the  bone,  1583 :  married  Frances,  daughter  of  Waiting- 
ham,  but  continued  to  address  sonnets  to  '  Stella ' :  had 
frequent  discussions  with  <• 

house ;  joint  master  of  ordnance,  1585 ;  showed  strong 
interest  in  the  colonisation  of  America,  and  received  dedl- 
>f  Ilakluyfs  •  Voyages ' :  undertook  abortive  mis- 
sion to  France,  11*4 ;  advocated  In  parliament  legislation 
against  Jesuits,  and  urged  on  Queen  Elisabeth  aggressive 
policy  towards  Spain :  made  secret  attempt  to  join  Drake's 
expedition,  1»8I :  recalled  to  court,  but  made  governor  of 

I-!  .-:.  SJ     •pfJftW  N,  !:•::•  .•!.:.-.    .-,  :*.!.., ,_•:. .1.:.  :„ rin..r- 

vigorous  measure* :  with  Prince  Maurice  surprised  Axel, 

ned  as  volunteer  attack  on  SpanUh  convoy  for 

relief  of  Zutphen :  wounded  in  thigh,  and  died  at  Arnhem 

uft,-r  twenty-six  days:  bis  public  funeral  In  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  London,  delayed  by  financial  difficulties ;  among 
the  two  hundred  poetic  memorials  evoked  by  bis  death 
are  Spenser's  •Astropbel'  (including  contributions  bv 
OonftM  "f  PtBMatoaad  K  istjhX  :i  MWM!  s •:•  .J.um-  vi, 
an  eicgy  by  Breton,  and  eclogue  by  Draytou.  Numerous 
portrait*  and  miniatures  are  at  Penshurst  and  elsewhere. 
None  of  his  works  appeared  in  hU  lifetime.  The '  Arcadia,' 
written  for  the  amusement  of  the  Countess  of  Pembroke 
(hi*  sister),  a  medley  of  prose  romance  and  pastoral 
eclogues,  was  first  published,  l»9u  :  the  3rd  edition  (1598) 
contained  •  ApologTe  for  Poetrie,'  •  Astropbel  and  Stella,' 
ms.  It  enjoyed  undisputed  vogue  for  a  cen- 
hints  to  Shakespeare  and  Spenser,  was  much 
imitated,  continued,  and  epitomised,  supplied  plots  to 
several  plays,  and  was  translated  Into  French  (1G24)  and 
German  (1629),  but  adversely  criticised  by  Walpnlc  and 
Haxlitt.  •  Astropheland  Stella '  (sonnets  in  Shakespearean 
form)  appeared  (at  first  uiiauthoriam).  1591,  with  re- 
visions and  additions,  in  '  Arcadia,'  15V8  ;  reprinted  in 
Arber's  'English  Garner,'  and  edited  by  A.  W.  Pollard, 
1891.  The  'Apologia  for  Poetrie'  (answer  to  Gossan's 
•Schoole  of  Abuse')  was  first  printel,  1595:  edited  by 
Lord  Thurlow  (1810),  Professor  Arber  (1868),  and  E.  8. 
Shiickburgh  (1891).  Sidney's  version  of  the  Psalms  was 
published  in  18S3,  and  in  Ruskln's  'Bibliotbecn  Pas- 
torum'(1877);  bis  collective  poetical  works  were  edited 
by  Dr.  Grosart,  1871.  I  "i.  -'"*] 

SIDNEY,  PHILIP,  third  E  \RLOP  LKICKSTEU  (1619- 
1698),  parliamentarian:  brother  of  Algernon  Sidney 
[q.  v.] :  styled  Lord  Lisle,  1626-77 :  commanded  cuiras- 
siers in  second  Scottish  war:  M.P.  for  Yannonth 
(I.  of  W.)  in  Short  and  Lone  parliaments :  as  lieutenant- 
general  of  horse  in  Ireland  supported  parliamentary 
commissioners  against  Ormonde,  1642-3:  lord-lieutenant, 
1646-7;  declined  to  act  as  commissioner  for  trial  of 
Charles  I,  but  was  member  of  several  of  the  republican 
councils  of  state,  and  of  the  two  protectorate  councils ; 
pardoned  at  Restoration.  [Hi.  234] 

SIDNEY,  ROBERT,  VISCOUNT  LISLB  and  first  EARL 
OK  LKI.-KSTKR  of  a  new  creation  (1563-1626),  soldier; 
second  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1585  and  1592,  Kent.  1597:  accompanied  his 
brother.  Sir  Philip  [q.  v.],  to  Flushing,  and  was  with  him 
at  Kntphen  and  Arnhem :  sent  on  mission  to  Scotland, 
1588 :  returned  to  Netherlands  a*  governor  of  Flushing 
and  commander  of  a  troop  of  horse  :  wounded  at  siege  of 
Steenwyck,  1598 ;  undertook  special  mission  to  Henri  IV. 
1593:  distinguished  at  battle  of  Turnbout,  1598:  chief 
channel  of  communication  between  the  court  and  Essex 
daring  the  disturbances  due  to  Essex's  rebellion  of  1601 : 
created  Baron  Sidney  by  Jam-  I.  1603,  Viscount  Lisle, 
1605.  and  Earl  of  Leicester,  161S;  member  of  Virginia, 
East  India,  and  N.-W.  Passage  companies :  created  K.G. 
after  arranging  for  surrender  of  Flushing.  1616 :  ecclesi- 
astical commissioner,  1620 :  member  of  council  of  war, 
1621:  wrote  words  for  DowlandV  songs:  bis  life  at 
Pensbnrat  described  In  poem  by  Ben  Jonson.  [111.  236] 

SIDNEY,  ROBERT,  second  Evni.  or  Ln 
(1595-1677).  father  of  Algernon  Sidney  ami  of 
arissa':  son  of  Robert  Sidney,  viscount  Lisle  and  first 
earl  of  Leicester  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  K.B., 
1610 ;  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn,  1618 :  styled  Lord  Lisle, 
1618-26 ;  served  in  Netherlands,  1614-16  ;  sat  in  parliament 
successively  for  Wilton,  Kent,  and  MonmouUuhire ; 


married  Dorothy  Percy,  1616  :  employed  on 

M,Utein,16J2,  > 

nted  lord-lieutenant  ol  Ireland,  ; 
the  office :  with  Charles  I  at  Oxf 
distrusted  on  account  of  hie  moderation  or 
retired  to  Pensburst,  where  he  entertained  the 
,,,„,,;„      : 


lAMUBLflCll  MIX  H 

~  -  *****  * 


.  f  •  r.,.  v  -  • 


•Sidney's  Bnttgrant's 
sriooer  lor  t«M"4t*«^L,  1 
secretary  of  Afriooltnral  Hall  organieed  first  horse  show. 
1864 ;  published  works  on  railways  and  agricultural  sub- 
ject*. ^  [IU.JW) 

SIDNEY,  Sim  WILLIAM  (UK1T--.M4),  soldier:  ac- 
companied Thomas,  lord  Darcy  [q.  v.]  to  Spain,  Ull ; 
capuin  of  the  •  Great  Bark '  at  Brest  and  commander  of 
English  right  at  Flodden,  Ull:  onderUMk  nueeion  to 
France.  1515 :  attended  Henry  VIII  at  Field  of  doth  of 
Gold :  accompanied  Suffolk's  French  expedition,  l»» : 
tutor  and  steward  to  Prince  Edward,  163s ;  granted  Itne- 
burst,  1562.  [HL  110) 

8IZMZN8,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1821-1883).  metallnrgtot 
and  electrician  :  born  at  Lenthe,  Hanover,  and  educated 
at  Magdeburg  and  Gottingen :  told  an  electrical  in- 
vention in  l.iik-luud,  1841:  introduced  •  cbronomotnc 
governor'  and  'anastatic  printing.'  1844:  patented  re- 
generative steam  engine  and  condenser.  1847  ;  first  great 
success,  water-meter  of  1851 :  regenerative  furnace  of 
brothers  Siemens  applied  to  melting  and  reheating  of  sted. 
1857,  and  afterward*  to  glass-making  and  other  industrial 
processes :  works  carried  on  at  Landore,  1869-88.  fflemnie 
was  naturalised,  1859;  specially  elected  to  Institute  of 
Civil  Engineers,  I860 ;  PJUBL,  1862 :  won  medals  at  Lon- 
don, 1862,  Paris,  1867  :  bemme  London  agent  of  electrical 
firm  of  Siemens  ft  Haltke ;  establobed  works  at  Charltoo. 
1866:  laid  Atlantic  cable  and  defined  cable-ship  Fara- 
day, 1874  :  announced  principle  o(  the  dynamo  elBMtftsV 
neouMy  with  Hr  diaries  Wbeatetone  [q.  v.]  and  Crom- 
well Fleet™*!  Varley  [q.  v.].  IMiT :  invented  electric 
furnace,  1879,  bathometer,  and  electric 


appttedeteotriepovH  toi-ortr.i-h  tafhrax  1881 1  ti-.k  .-•:•- 
113  pateuU ;  president  of  British  Association,  1*M  ;  of 
Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers  (twice).  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers, 1872,  Iron  and  St.il  Institute,  1877;  bon.  D.C.L. 
of  Oxford  and  LL.D.  of  Dublin  and  Glasgow;  received 
Howard  prize,  1881,  Bessemer  medal,  1875,  and  many 
foreign  orders  :  knighted,  1883 ;  manor  al  window  erected 
to  him  in  Westminster  Abopy  and  electrical  laboratory  at 
King's  College  ;  collected  works  edited  by  E.  F.  Bamber, 
1889.  [lit  MO] 

8IFVIEX.  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1794-1865).  stipple- 
engraver  and  pcnlptor  :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  18JJ- 
1H44  :  F.R.S.,  1840  :  executed  bust*  of  Albert,  prince  con- 
sort, and  king  of  Prussia,  and  statue  of  Jenner  in  Gloucester 
CothedraL  [11L  «44) 

8IGEBERT  or  8EBEKT  (rf.  «1«  ?).    [Bee  Smworr.] 

SIGEBERTor  8EBERT.  'the  Little' (/.  616).  king 
of  the  East-Saxons  ;  ton  of  Sebert  or  Sabtret  (A  616  ?) 
[q.  v.]  I"'-  244] 

SIOEBERT  (J.  637?).  king  of  the  East-Angle*;  be- 
came king,  e.  G31  ;  l*ptised  when  exile  in  Gaul;  aided 
Saint  Felix  [q.  v.]  and  Saint  Fnrsa  [q.  v.]  to  Christianise 
his  kingdom  and  establish  boys'  school :  resigned  cromn 
and  received  tonsure,  but  beaded  Ewt-Anghans  against 
Penda  [q.  v.],  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  stain.  ^ 

or  SEBERT.  •  the  Good  '  (/.  651),  kingof 
„  -^-™  ;  succeeded  Slgebert  the  Little ;  baptised 
under  influence  of  (>swy  [q.  v.]  at  At- Wall :  slain  by 
kinsmen  after  rebuke  by  St  Oedd  [q.  v.].  posslbfc  Dscaoee 
be  bore  It  patiently.  [»"•  >»J 

8IGEBERT  (d.  756  ?),  king  of  the  Wert  Faxone ;  soc- 
ceede.1  Cuthml  (q.  v.] ;  deposed,  but  allowed  to  retain 
Hampshire  :  slain  at  Privets-flood  after  putting  to  death 
Cumbrantheealdorman.  "•] 

8IOEKED  or  8IOEBJBD  (/.  762X  king  of  Kent 

[Hi.  »4»J 

SIGEBXDor  6I<HMD</.  7MX  Wng  of  the  Tto*> 
Saxons.  [!«•  •*«] 

4  H 


SIGERIO 


1202 


SIMNEL 


SIGERIC  or  8IRIC  (d.  994X  archbishop  of 
bory ;  aliixit  of  St.  Au-ustiurV.  usu;  bishop  of 
bury,  IW5  ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  9'.»u~4,  iroing  to 
Rome  for  archiepisoopal  pull  :  said  to  have  ejected  secular 
monks  from  Chrtet  Church,  Canterbury.  [Hi.  246] 

8IOFRID  or  SIGFRITH  (d.  689),  joint-abbot  of  St. 
Peter's,  Wearmouth,  688-9.  [Hi.  246] 

8IOHARD  (  rt.  695),  king  of  the  East-Saxons  and 
under-king  of  Kent.  [lii.  247] 

8IOHERI  or  BIGHERE  (fl.  665),  king  of  the  East- 
Saxons  ;  pon  of  Sigebcrt  the  Little  [q.  v.] ;  reigned  con- 
jointly with  his  uncle  Sebbi  [q.  v.]  and  his  cousin 
Sighard  [q.  r.] ;  husband  of  St.  Osyth  [q.  v.]  [Hi.  247] 

BIGILLO.  NICHOLAS  DE  (fl.  1170),  judge ;  perhaps 
identical  with  Nicholas  '  capellanus  regis,'  sheriff  of  Essex 
and  Hertfordshire  (1164-9).  dean  of  Tilbury  (1169),  and 
archdeacon  of  Coventry  (1179).  [lii.  248] 

SIHTRIC,  SIOTRYGGR,  or  SEDROC  (d.  871), « the 
Old':  heatheu  earl  at  battle  of  Ashdown,  871,  where  he 
fell  with  Sihtric,  rtigtryggr,  or  Sidroc  '  the  Young '  [q.  v.] 

[lii.  248] 

SIHTRIC,  8IGTRYGGR,or  SIDROC  Of.  871),  'the 
Young ' ;  heathen  earl  at  Ashdown,  871,  where  he  fell. 

[lii.  248] 

SIGHTRIC  or  8IGTRYGGR  (d.  927),  king  of  the 
Black  Gall  and  White  Gall ;  brought  fleet  to  Dublin,  888 ; 
won  battle  near  Wexford,  916,  and  plundered  Leinster; 
defeated  king  Niall  (870  ?-919)  [q.  v.],  919 ;  ruled  •  Danes  • 
and  Northumbrians,  925-7  ;  married  JEthelstan's  sister. 

[lii.  248] 

SIHTRIC  or  SIGTRYGGR  (fl.  962),  Northman,  sur- 
ii.iin.il  Cam.  [Hi.  249] 

SIHTRIC  or  SIGTRYGGR  (d.  1042),  king  of  Dublin; 
son  of  Olaf  Sitricson  [q.  v.] ;  surnamed  Silki-skegg ;  de- 
feated by  Brian  [q.  v.],  1000,  whose  daughter  he  married  ; 
plundered  Kelts,  1019 ;  defeated  on  land  by  Leinstermeu, 
1020,  and  at  sea  by  king  Niall  (d.  1062)  [q.  v.]  of  Ulster, 
1022;  made  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  1028:  won  victory  at 
Boyne  month,  1032  ;  passed  over  sea,  1035  ;  patron  of 
poet  Gunnlaug  Snakestongue ;  traditional  founder  of 
Christ  Church,  Dublin.  [Hi.  249] 

SIXES,  SIR  CHARLES  WILLIAM  (1818-1889),  pro- 
jector of  post-office  savings  banks  (scheme  first  broached 
in  an  anonymous  letter  to  the  '  Leeds  Mercury,'  1850) ; 
knighted,  1881.  [lii.  249] 

SILLERY,  CHARLES  DOYNE  (1807-1837),  poet; 
published  '  Vallery,  or  the  Citadel  of  the  Lake,'  1829,  and 
three  other  volumes  of  verse.  [lii.  250] 

BILLETT,  JAMES  (1764-1840),  painter:  exhibited 
at  Academy,  1796-1837 :  president  of  Norwich  Society  of 
Artists,  1815 ;  published  '  Grammar  of  Flower  Painting,' 
1826.  [Hi.  250] 

SILVER,  GEORGE  (/.  1599),  author  of  •  Paradoxes 
of  Defence,'  maintaining  superiority  of  short  sword  over 
Italian  rapier.  [Hi.  250] 

SILVESTER.    [See  also  SYLVKSTER.] 

SILVESTER  DK  BVERDOX  (d.  1254).     [See  EVKR- 

DOS.] 

SILVESTER,  Sin  PHILIP  CARTERET,  second 
baronet  (1777-1828),  captain  in  the  navy;  son  of  Philip 
Oarteret  [q.  v.] ;  assumed  name  of  Silvester,  1822; 
captured  Dutch  vessel  with  military  stores,  1805  ;  distin- 
guUhed  as  TOlnnteer  in  Walcheren  expedition,  1809; 
captured  detachments  of  Boulogne  flotilla  in  sight  of 
Napoleon,  1811 ;  C.B.,  1815  ;  succeeded  maternal  uncle  in 
baronetcy.  [lii.  251] 

SILVESTER,   ROBERT  (15007-1579).    [See  PURS- 

OLOVB.] 

SILVESTER,  TIPPING  (1700-1768),  divine ;  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1724;  fellow;  vicar  of  Shab- 
bington,  1717-68 ;  published  •  Poems  and  Translations  ' 
(1733),  and  unimportant  theological  treatises. 

[Ill  2521 

8IMCOCK8,  MAKKEIW,  or  GROSVKNOR,  JOHN  (1609- 
1695),  jeauit ;  died  at  the  court  of  St.  Germain. 

SMCOB,  HENBY  ADDINGTON  (1800-1868),  theo- 
;  son  of  John  Graves  Simcoe  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Wndham 


,  Oxford.  1825  ;  curate,  afterwards  vicar,  of  Eglos- 
kerry  ;  author  and  printer  of  theological  works. 

[Hi.  252] 

SIMCOE,  JOHN  GRAVES  (1752-180G),  first  governor 
of  Upper  Canada  ;  of  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  : 
commanded  queen's  rangers  in  American  war ;  first 
governor  of  Upper  Canada,  1792-4  :  governor  of  S:m 
Domingo,  1794-7 ;  named  commander-in-chief  in  Indin, 
1806,  but  died  before  assuming  office.  [Hi.  253] 

SIME,  JAMES  (1843-1895),  author  and  journalist; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1867 ;  studied  in  Germany ;  published 
'History  of  Germany,'  1874,  and  lives  of  Lessing  (1877), 
Schiller  (1882),  and  Goethe  (1888),  with  other  works. 

[lii.  2.53] 

SIMEON  or  SYMEON  OH  DURHAM  (/.  1130),  pre- 
centor of  Durham  and  compiler  of  'Historia  EcclesiiB 
Duuelmensis '  (first  printed,  1732)  and  'Historiii  Re-rum 
Anglorum  et  Dacorum';  his  complete  works  edited  bv 
Thomas  Arnold  (Rolls  Series,  1882,  1885).  [Hi.  254] 

SIMEON  STOCK,  S.VINT  (11C5  V-1265),  general  of 
Carmelite  friars;  bachelor  in  theology,  Oxford;  virar- 
general  in  the  west,  1215 ;  general  of  the  order,  1245 : 
obtained  revision  of  Carmelite  rule,  1248 ;  propagator  of 
the  *  scapular ' ;  died  at  Bordeaux.  [Hi.  255] 

SIMEON  OF  WARWICK  (d.  1296),  abbot  of  St.  Mary's, 
York,  1258,  and  Benedictine  historian.  [Hi.  255] 

SIMEON,  CHARLES  (1759-1836),  divine ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1782  (B.A.,  1783),  vice-provost,  1790-2;  .is  in- 
cumbent of  Holy  Trinity,  Cambridge,  1783-1836,  became 
influential  evangelical  leader;  one  of  the  founders  of 
Church  Missionary  Society ;  founded  trust  for  acquiring 
church  patronage;  his  'Horae  Homileticje '  collected, 
1819-20  ;  complete  works  issued,  1840.  [lii.  255] 

SIMEON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1756-1824), 
master  in  chancery ;  brother  of  Charles  Simoon  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Merton  College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1779 ;  recorder  of  Reading,  1779-1807  ;  master  in  chan- 
cery, 1795-1824 ;  M.P.,  Reading,  1797-1802  and  1806-18; 
head  of  commission  to  administer  estates  of  George  III ; 
created  a  baronet,  1815.  [liC257] 

SIMEON  or  SIMONS,  JOSEPH,  verb  EMM  \xrKr. 
LOBB  (1594-1671),  provincial  of  English  Jesuits  (1(567- 
1671)  and  dramatist;  reconciled  James,  duke  of  York,  to 
the  Roman  catholic  church,  1669 ;  his  tragedies  acted  in 
Italy  and  Spain.  [lii.  257] 

SIMEONIS,  SYMON  (fl.  1322),  Irish  Franciscan  and 
traveller  in  Egypt  nnd  Palestine  ;  his  '  Itineraria '  printed 
at  Cambridge,  1778.  [lii.  258] 

SIMMONS,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1804-1850),  Irish 
poet ;  author  of l  Napoleon's  Last  Look.'  [lii.  258] 

SIMMONS,  SAMUEL  (17777-1819),  nctor:  appeared 
at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1785  :  played  there  (1796-1819) 
secondary  parts,  including  Mordecai  (' Love  a  la  Mode'), 
Matthew  Fainwou'd  ('  Raising  the.  Wind '),  Alibi  ('  Sleep 
Walker '),  and  Moses  in  '  School  for  Scandal.'  [lii.  258]  ' 

SIMMONS,  SAMUEL  FOART  (1750-1813),  physi- 
cian; M.D.  Leyden,  1776;  P.R.S.,  1779:  physician  to  St. 
Luke's  Hospital,  London,  1781-1811 :  attended  George  III 
when  insane,  1803  and  18*11 ;  edited  '  London  Medical 
Journal';  published  medical  works  and  'Life  and 
Writings  of  William  Hunter '  (1783).  [lii.  259] 

SIMMONS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1811-1882),  mezzo- 
tint engraver;  engraved  plates  after  Faed,  Landseer, 
Holman  Hunt,  Millais,  and  other  artists.  [lii.  260] 

SIMMS,  FREDERIC  WALTER  (1803-1865),  engi- 
neer ;  received  Telford  medal,  1842  :  reported  on  railways 
for  India,  1845-50  :  published  works  on  engineering,  in- 
cluding 'Practical  Tunnelling'  (1844).  [lii.  261] 

SIMMS,  WILLIAM  (1793-1860),  mathematical-in- 
strument maker;  brother  of  Frederic  Walter  Simms 
[q.  v.];  partner  of  Edward  Troughtou  [q.  v.] :  F.K.s., 
1852.  [Hi.  261] 

SIMNEL,  LAMBERT  (fl.  1487-1526),  personator  of 
Edward,  earl  of  Warwick  (1475-1499)  [q.  v.] ;  born,  r. 
1475,  of  humble  parentage  ;  educated  by  Kichanl  Simon,  a 
prieit;  taken  by  him  to  Ireland  and  declared  to  be 


SIMON 


SIMPSON 


»'lan  -nc-e'd  son.  U8«  ;   rwxw.lsed  by  Maivaret  of  Bur- 

gundy:   cro.sn.M  :it    Dnl.liu    :i<    Bdwurd    VI.    . 
fcatol  ami  c-aj.tim-i  Irent,  bot  jmnloned. 

SIMON   I.K  HKXUX,  KAMI.  OF  NORTH  AMI  •'. 


SIMON    DU    FRKKXE,   FuAxixnm,    or    A*u    (it. 

lraldiu 


poet:  canon  of  Hen-ford,  tt:  -  U 

<'aHi»ireusw[,i.  v.]  [III.  Ml] 

8IMOK  OK  TOI-KSAY  (/.  1184-1200).  [See  TOUR.KAT.) 
SIMON  UK  WKI.U*  (rf.  1W7),  bishop  of  Chicbester  ; 
archdeacon   of   Well*,   1199,  •  archlepUoopi    vioecanoel- 
larlua  '  ;  bishop  of  Chkbwter.  1204-7  ;  died  in  France. 

[111.  MS] 

SIMON  or  v  KARL  OF  Ljucumut  (Uu»7- 

1265).    [seeMormm-r.] 

SIMON  DK  WAUTOX  (</.  1206).    [See  WAOTO*.] 

SIMON  OK  FAVKKJUIAM  (/.  1SO&X  philosophical 
.writer;  prebendary  of  Hereford;  chancellor  of  Oxford; 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  1308.  [lil.  263] 

SIMON  TUNSTB>(</.  1369).    [See  TUXSTRD.] 
SIMON  8UDBURY  (</.  1381).    [See  SUDBURY.] 

SIMON  THE  AxmoRiTK  (  *.  1612-1529X  author  of 
'The  Fruyte  of  Redeim-yon'  (Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1614); 
11  ved  in  AllhaUows,  London  Wall,  London.  [111.  264] 

SIMON  THE  LITTLE  (15307-1606).    [See  SIMWXT.] 

SIMON,  ABRAHAM  (1622  7-1692?),  medaUift: 
brother  of  Thomas  Simon  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  by  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden:  came  to  England*'  f.  1642;  cast 
model*  of  eminent  oontemnonuta,  including  (Charles  II 
and  He  i  try  Cromwell;  wax  portrait  of  himself  in  British 
Miweum.  [UL  264] 

SIMON,  JOHN  (1675V-1751),  engraver;  Huguenot 
refugee.  [UL  266] 

SIMON,  SIB  JOHN  (1818-1897X  aerjeajitrat-law  ; 
LL.13.  of  London,  1841  :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1842 
<  second  Jewish  barrister  admitted):  defended  Simmi  Ber- 
nanl,  1858;  serfaantHit-law,  1864;  liberal  M.P.  for  Dews- 
bury,  1868-88  ;  knighted,  1886  :  a  founder  of  Angto-Jewish 
Association.  [UL  2M] 

SIMON.  THOMAS  (1623  7-1665),  medallist  and  seal- 
engraver  ;  joint  chief  graver  to  the  royal  mint,  1645  ;  sole 
chief  graver,  1649-60  ;  engraved  dies  for  Cromwell's  pro- 
jected coinage*  of  1656  and  1658,  hi*  portrait  for  the 
Daubar  medal,  and  the  great  seal*  of  1648,  1611,  and  1661  : 
died  of  the  plague.  [UL  265] 

SIMONS,  JOSEPH  (1594-1671).    [Sec  SIXKOX.] 
SIMPSON.    [See  aim  SIXMOS.] 

SIMPSON  or  SYMPSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1605  7- 
1669),  violtet  and  writer  on  music  ;  served  as  royalist  in 
Oreat  Rebellion  ;  publUued  'The  Division  Violist'  (16591 
•  Principles  of  Practical  Mnsick  '  (1666%  and  other  works. 

[1U.  267] 

SIMPSON,  DAVID  (1745-1799),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1772  ;  deprived  of  curacy  at 
Maoclesfield  for  metbodUtkal  preaching  :  incumbent  of 
Christ  Church,  Macclesfield.  1779-99;  published  'Plea 
for  Religion  and  the  Sacred  Writings,'  1797,  'Apology  for 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,*  1798,  and  other  works. 

SIMPSON  or  BIMSON.  EDWARD  (1578-1651),  author 
of  'Chronicou  Historiatn  Cutbolicam  complectens'  (1652)  ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  1601-28;  M.A*, 
1603  ;  D.D.,  1618  ;  rector  of  Battling,  1618,  and  Plnckley. 

[1U.269] 

SIMPSON,  ELSPBTH  (1738-1791).    [See  BUCHAX.} 

SIMPSON,  Sm  GEORUK  (1792-1860),  administrator 
of  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  territory:  traversed  North 
American  continent,  1828:  organised  north-weatern  expe- 
dition of  1837  :  knighted,  1841  ;  made  •  overland  •  journey 
round  the  world,  1841-2,  awl  published  an  account,  1847  : 
tutted  arctic  ezpetttjons;  fab  on  tarn  i;:v,-r  :m,i  a 
cape  named  after  him.  [UL  969] 

SIMPSON,  J  AMES  (  1781  -18M),  advocate,  author  and 
friend  of  Scott  :  published  •  Visit  to  Flanders  and  the 
Field  of  Waterloo/  181ft,  'Paris  after  Waterloo,'  1853,  and 
works  on  education.  [lii.  270] 


Quatre  Bras  ;  ~*-»—  ~i-*  ttth  foot  • 

.''';-'  •;''"•'  ''•'  >'»'•.  :':.',•',.•    SfSSr 
-••  :.•  •  i!     .:••  :       .;•.:•     ,.!          '    .••••'.. 

1855. 

SIMPSON,  SM  JAMES  YOU  SO. 
1870),  physician  ;  son  of  «  baker;  M. 

',:••:•       ,.-    .,r     :..!•.••     .     .-'   •        :.':.. 

form,  1847:  awarded  Monthyon  prl 
1  MO  -.  IW;  .-:•  tM  •  bin  Ml  »i. 

JK  I    „.,;.•    tepOHMri    ....  T.:,.-.,:. 
•••rr    -•  .,:.-  ejpajs^d  -"••'••  •'  M 


irrtK-nU  ;  wrv«d 


to  his  memory  :  bust  erected  to  him  In 
MMlBToMttctollMMlnMftOH 

his  'An»asthe«ia.'  1871,'  Clinical  La 
Woman,'  1872,  and 


•    mi 


[b,l«2; 

:       •» 

.  P..     ,!••- 

•  Etad, 

,.    ...    ,.., 

ran  ,,-i 


lons'(18§»-«): 

*187I,  issued 
[UL2T2] 

SIMPSON,  MRS.  JANE  CROSS  (1811-18M),  hymn- 
of  Henry  Olassford  Bell  [q.  v.] ;  married 
J.  Bell  Simpson,  1837 ;  her  best  hymns  in  •  Lyra  Britan- 
nica'  (1867X  Martineau's  hymns,  and  'Scottish  Evan- 
geUcal  Hymnal,'  1878;  published  also  poems  and  tales, 
often  under  pseudonym  •  Gertrude.'  [UL  171] 

SIMPSON,  JOHN  (1746-1812),  author  of 'Essays  on 
the  Language  of  Scripture,'  1806 :  educated  at  Warrington 
Academy  and  Glasgow  university:  sometime  Unitarian 
minister d  n^h  r..v,-m.-:it  Otepi,  tfottfatftem. 

[UL274] 

SIMPSON,  JOHN  (1782-1847),  portrait-painter. 

[UL  274} 

SIMPSON,  JOHN  PALGRAVB  (1807-18*7),  drama- 
tist and  novelist :  M.A.  Corpus  Christ!  College, Cambridge 
1832 ;  described  his  continental  experience*  in  'Letters 
from  the  Danube.'  1847.  and  •  Pictures  from  Revolutionary 
Paris,'  1849 ;  published  four  novels  and  numerous  plays, 
including  'A  Scrap  of  Paper  '(produced,  1»61X  and  •  Lady 
Dadlock's  Secret '  (produced,  1864).  [UL  274] 

SIMPSON.  NATHANIEL  (1599-1642),  author  of 
•  Arithmetic*:  Compendium,'  1622;  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lage, Oxford  (M.A.,  16S8>  [UL  275] 

SIMPSON,  RICHARD  (1820-1876),  Roman  catholic 
writer  and  Shakespearean  scholar ;  B.A.  Oriel  College, 
oxford,  1843 ;  vicar  of  Mitcham,  1844-5 :  edited  the 
'Rambler'  and  (1862-4)  'Home  and  Foreign  Review'; 
A  illiam  Kwart  Gladstone  [q.  v.]  with  '  Vatican- 
Urn  ' :  published  '  Life  of  Edmund  Campion,'  1867 
auction  to  Philosophy  of  Shakespeare's  Sonnet*,'  1868, 
•The  School  of  Shakespeare,'  1872,  'Sonnets  of  Shake- 
speare Selected,'  1878.  [UL  276] 

SIMPSON.  ROBERT  (1795-1887),  united  presbyterian 
minUter  of  Sanquhar;  published  works  on  the  cove- 
nanters and  '  History  of  Sanqnhar,'  1853.  [UL  276] 

SIMPSON,  8IDRACH  (16007-1655),  Independent 
minister  ;  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge :  joined  inde- 
pendent church  at  Rotterdam,  1638 ;  afterwards  pastor  of 
a  rival  church :  resumed  lectureship  at  St.  Margaret's, 
Fish  Street,  London,  1641 ;  member  of  Westminster  As- 
sembly and  one  of  the  five  authors  of  the  '  ApologetioaJI 
Narration '  (1643) :  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge 
and  rector  of  St.  Mary  Abcburch,  Loudon,  165O :  rector  St 
Bartholomew,  Exchange,  London  1658 ;  one  of  the  *  triers,* 
1654  :  imprisoned  for  preaching  against  CromweU :  pub- 
lished controversial  treatises.  [UL  277] 

SIMPSON,  THOMAS  (Jt.  1620),  court  musician  to 
Count  of  Schaumburg:  published  collection*  of  music  at 
Frankfort,  1611,  and  Hamburg  (posthumous),  162L 

[UL  278] 

SIMPSON,  THOMAS  (1710-1761),  mathematician ; 
•the  oracle  of  Nnneaton,  Bosworth,  and  toe  environs': 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Royal  Academy,  Woolwich, 
1741:  F.BA,  1744:  edited  'Ladies'  Diary,'  17M-«0: 
published  'New  Treatise  on  Fluxions,'  1737.  revised  M 
•Doctrine  and  Application  of  Fluxions,'  1750,  and  other 


SIMPSON,  THOMAS  (1808-1840),  arctic  explorer: 
nephew  of  Sir  George  Simpson  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  King's  Col- 
JSeT Aberdeen,  1829  ;  second  in  command  of  the  Hudson* 
Bay  Company's  expedition  under  Peter  Warren  Dcase, 

*4  H  « 


SIMPSON 


1204 


SINCLAIR 


which  explored  the  north-wi^ti-rn  i-o.ist  of  North  AmrrV.i. 
1836-9;  killttl  by  gunshot  wound  :  his  •  Narrative  of  Dis- 
coveries on  North  Coast  of  America'  published,  1*13. 

[Hi.  279] 

SIMPSON  or  SYMPSON.  WILLIAM  (16277-1671), 
qaftker  :  appeared  in  sackcloth  in  various  towns  an.l 
practiced  otl»er  acts  of  religious  fanaticism  ;  accompanied 
John  Burueycat  [q.  v.]  to  Barbados  and  died  there. 

[Hi.  280] 

SIMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1823-1899),  artist  and  war 
correspondent :  entered  architect's  office  iu  Glasgow, 
1835  :  apprenticed  aa  lithographer  ;  employed  by  Day 
i  Son.  lithographers,  in  London,  1851  :  accompanied 
British  nruiy  in  Crimea  for  purpose  of  making  drawings 
for  '  Illustrations  of  the  War  in  the  East,'  published  by 
Coliiuirhi  <fc  Son,  1855-6 :  commissioned  by  Day  &  Son  to 
make  sketches  in  India,  1858 ;  joined  staff  of  '  Illustrated 
London  News,'  1866,  and  subsequently  acted  a<5  war- 
artist  in  Abyssinia,  1868,  Franco-Prussian  war,  1870,  and 
Afghanistan,  1878-9,  and  made  numerous  journeys  as 
artist  and  correspondent :  associate  of  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours,  1874,  and  full  member,  1879; 
original  member,  1883,  of  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil 
i  now  Society  of  Oil  Painters) ;  P.R.Q.S. :  hon. 
A.H.I.B.A.;  member  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society  ;  founded 
with  Samuel  Birch  (1813-1885)  [q.  v.]  Society  of  Biblical 
Archaolotry  ;  published  works  illustrated  by  himself. 

[Suppl.  iii.  345] 

SIMS,  JAMES  (1741-1820),  president  of  Medical 
Society  of  London :  M.D.  Leyden,  1764  :  published 
•  Observations  on  Epidemic  Disorders,'  1773,  and  other 
medical  works  of  wide  circulation.  [Hi.  281  ] 

SIMS,  JOHN  (1749-1831),  botanist  and  physician ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1774 ;  physician  to  Princess  Charlotte  ; 
F.R.S.  and  an  original  F.L.S. ;  edited  Curtis's  '  Botanical 
.Magazine;  1801-28;  joint-editor  of  'Annals  of  Botany,' 
1805-6.  [Hi.  281] 

SIM  SON.     [See  also  S  i  MP SON  .  ] 

SIMSON,  ALEXANDER  (1570  ?- 1639),  divine: 
lanreated  at  Glasgow  University,  1590:  son  of  Andrew 
Simson  (d.  1590?)  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  of  Merton,  1597- 
1632  ;  imprisoned  for  sermon  at  Edinburgh,  1621. 

[Iii.  28-2~\ 

SIMSON,  ANDREW  (d.  1500?),  Scottish  divine; 
studied  at  St.  Andrews  ;  author  of  •  Rudimenta  Gnun- 
matices  ' ;  master  of  Perth  grammar  school,  1550-W 
minister  and  grammar-school  master  of  Dun  bar,  1564; 
minister  of  Dulkeith,  1582 ;  devised  formula  of  modified 
subscription  to  Act  of  Uniformity.  [Hi.  282] 

SIMSON,  ANDREW  (1638-1712),  author  of  'Large 
De  cription  of  Galloway'  (printed,  1823);  M.A.  Edin- 
burgh, 1661 ;  episcopalian  minister  at  Kirkinner,  and  after- 
wards of  Douglas ;  anally  printer  and  author  in  Edin- 
burgh. [Hi.  283] 

SIMSON,  ARCHIBALD  (1564  ?  -  1628),  Scottish 
divine  ;  brother  of  Alexander  Simson  [q.  v.]:  M.A.  St. 
Andrews,  1585 ;  succeeded  his  father  aa  minister  of  Dal- 
keith  ;  adhered  to  general  assembly  against  James  I, 
1605  ;  as  secretary  of  the  meeting  which  drew  up  protest 
of  1617  deprived  and  imprisoned,  but  restored  on  sub- 
mifsion:  author  of  theological  works  and  'Life  of 
Patrick  Simson.'  [Iii.  283] 

BIMSON,  JOHN  (1668  ?-1740),  Scottish  theologian  ; 
M.A.  Edinburgh,  1692;  minister  of  Troqueer,  1705-8; 
professor  of  divinity  at  Glasgow,  1708-29;  censured  by 
general  assembly  for  unorthodoxy,  1717 ;  attacked  for 
heterodox  teaching  on  the  incarnation,  1726,  and  despite 
explanations  and  withdrawals  suspended  from  all 
ecclesiastical  functions,  1729;  his  'Case'  printed,  1715, 
and  '  Continuations,'  1727-9.  [Hi.  284] 

SIMSON,  PATRICK  (1556-1618),  divine;  son  of 
Andrew  Sinuon  (rf.  1590  ?)  [q.  v.] ;  graduated  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews,  1674 ;  minister  of  Spott, 
""• Oramond,  1630,  and  Stirling,  1690-1618 ;  opposed 
Urodnction  of  episcopacy,  and  drew  up  protest  of 
1606,  but  had  much  influence  with  James  VI,  and  was 
generally  respected :  Greek  and  Hebrew  scholar  ;  author 

istory  of  the  Church,'  published,  1624.        [Iii.  286] 
SIMSON,     ROBERT    (1687-1 768),    mathematician  ; 
-  of  John  Simson   [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1711  ; 
TO!  mathematics,  1712-61  ;  published  'Elements 


of  Euclid.'  1756,  'Seotiouum  Coiiirarutn  Libri  Y,'  1735,  a 
restoration  of  the  '  Loci  Plani '  of  ApoUouius,  174'.),  and 
other  works,  some  of  them  posthumous.  [Hi.  287] 

SIMSON,  THOMAS  (1696-1764),  first  prof^sor  of 
medicine  at  St.  Andrews  (1722-64);  brother  of  Hubert 
Simsou  [q.  v.] ;  prtolished  medical  works.  [Hi.  288] 

SIMSON,  WILLIAM  (</.  1620  ?),  Scottish  divine  : 
son  of  Andrew  Simson  (d.  1590  ?)  [q.  v.]  ;  minister  of 
Dumbarton,  1601 ;  author  of  treatise  on  Hebrew  accents, 
1617.  [Hi.  283] 

SIMSON,  WILLJAM  (1800-1847),  historical  and 
landscape  painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  (from 
1830),  British  Institution,  and  Scottish  Academy. 

[Iii.  288] 

SIMWNT  FYCHAN,  i.e.  SIMON  THE  LITTLK  (1530?- 
1606),  Welsh  bard :  of  Tybrith  ;  '  pencerdd '  at  Caerwys, 
1568  ;  probable  author  of  '  Pum  Llyfr  Cerddwriaeth.' 

[Iii.  289] 

SINCLAIR,  ANDREW  (d.  18G1),  botanist  and 
surgeon  ;  collected  plants  in  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  1837-8,  and  afterwards  in  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  :  colonial  secretary  in  New  Zealand,  1844-56  ; 
drowned  in  crossing  the  Ilungituta  river,  New  Zealand, 

[hi.  289] 

SINCLAIR,  CATHERINE  (1 800-1864 X  novelist  : 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Sinclair  by  his  second  wife  ;  pub- 
lished '  Holiday  House  '  and  other  children's  books. 
'  Scotland  and  the  Scotch  '  (1840),  and  many  novels. 


[Hi.  290] 
CAITHNI 


SINCLAIR,  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL  OF  CAITHNESS 
(d.  1682),  peer  of  parliament.  1542  :  imprisoned  and 
filled  for  neglecting  to  attend  the  regent's  courts,  1655 ; 
joined  invitation  of  catholic  nobles  to  Mary  Stuart  ;  op- 
posed ratification  of '  Confession  of  Faith,'  1560 ;  hereditary 
jnsticiar  in  Caithness,  156G ;  implicated  in  Darnley's 
murder,  but  presided  at  trial  of  Both  well  ;  signed  letter 
of  rebel  lords  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  1570  ;  accused  of  in- 
stigating crimes  in  the  north.  [Hi.  290] 

SINCLAIR,  GEORGE,  fifth  EARL  OP  CAITHNESS* 
(1566  7-1643),  succeeded  his  grandfather  ;  engaged  in  feud 
with  Sutherland ;  committed  outrage  on  servants  of  Earl 
of  Orkney  ;  put  down  rebellion  of  Orkney's  son,  and 
received  a  pension,  1616  :  obliged  to  resign  it  and  sheriff- 
dom  of  Caithness  to  obtain  pardon  for  outrages  on  Lord 
Forbes  ;  driven  to  Shetland  by  commission  of  fire  and 
sword,  1623,  but  soon  allowed  to  return  and  meet  his 
creditors.  [Hi.  292] 

SINCLAIR  or  SINCLAR,  GEORGE  (d.  1696).  author 
of  'Satans  Invisible  World  discovered'  (1685);  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Glasgow,  1654-Gt» ;  obliged  to 
resign  for  non-compliance  with  episcopacy,  but  reap- 
pointfl  after  the  revolution  ;  professor  of  mathematics, 
1601-0  ;  associated  with  the  inventor  in  using  the  diving- 
bell,  K5A5 :  one  of  the  first  to  utilise  the  barometer 
('baroscope')  in  Scotland:  his  '  Hydrostaticks  '  (1672) 
attacked  by  James  Gregory  (1638-1675)  [q.  v.]  of  St. 
Andrews :  superintended  laying  of  Edinburgh  water- 
pipes,  1673-4 ;  published  works  on  mathematics,  natural 
philosophy,  and  astronomy.  [Hi-  293] 

SINCLAIR,  GEORGE  (1786-1834),  author  of  '  Hor- 
tus  Gnmiineus  Woburneiisis '  (1816),  describing  experi- 
ments with  grasses  made  when  gardener  ,to  the  Dnke  of 
Bedford,  under  the  superintendence  of  Sir  Humphry 
Davy  [q.  v.] ;  edited  botanical  works.  [Iii.  294] 

SINCLAIR,  Sm  GEORGE  (1790-1868),  politician 
and  author ;  brother  of  Catherine  Sinclair  [q.  v.]  ; 
friend  of  Byron  at  Harrow  :  printed  (1826)  '  Narrative  * 
of  interview  with  Napoleon  I  at  Giittingen  ;  as  M.P. 
for  Caithness  (1811-41)  advocated  catholic  emancipation 
and  emancipation  of  slaves  :  joined  party  of  Stanley  and 
Graham,  and  succeeded  Sir  John  Sinclair  [q.  v.]  in 
baronetcy,  1835;  chairman  of  Sir  Francis  Burdett's 
election  committee,  1837  :  joined  free  church  of  Scotland : 
published  works  on  Scottish  church  question,  a  pamphlet 
on  the  fall  of  Charles  X,  and  other  writings.  [Hi.  295] 

SINCLAIR,  SIR  HENRY  (<l.  1330?),  warrior;  son  of 
Sir  William  Sinclair  (ft.  1266-1303)  [q.  v.]  ;  capture.l  by 
Edward  I  at  Dunbar,  1296 ;  exchanged,  1299:  sheriff  of 
Lanark,  1305 ;  fought  for  Bruce  ut  Baunockburn ;  re- 
ceived pension,  1328.  [Hi.  308} 


SINCLAIR 


SINGER 


SINCLAIR.  Sin  IIF.NKV.  !  KorOftKXRT 

1400  V),  .-on  of  Mr  \\dlmtii  .•.-.n.-l.iir  ( •/.  133O)  [q.  v.]  ; 
Mom  awarded  to  bitn  by  Hacon  VI  of  Norway,  1379; 
«-oi,.,,,,.n-d  Fiiroe  i-ini  (FruuandaX  1391 ;  wrested  Shot' 
land  from  Mali**!  Sperra ;  made  voyage  across  Atlantic 
with  Antonio  Zeno  an  :  :.i.  296] 

SINCLAIR,   III.XKY,  second  EARL  or  OEKXKT  (rf. 
1418),  admiral  of  Scotland;  captured  at  Bonn 
1401' ;  taken  with  James  I  on  voyage  to  France,  14O6. 

[lit  2961 

SINCLAIR,  HENRY  (1508-1M»X  prwfcfcir 
court  of  session  and  bishop  of  ROM  ;  brother  of  <  >liv.-r 
Sinclair  [q.  v.];  studied  at  St.  Leonard's  College,  St. 
Andrews;  lord  of  session,  1*87  ;  abbot  ..f  kilwmning,  1141; 
negotiator  of  treaty  with  Flanders,  1648;  dean  of  Glasgow, 
1650;  in  Prance,  1550-4;  commissioner  for  treaties  of 


Carlisle,  16*6,  ami  UpsettUngton,  1M9;  lord  president  of 
the  court  of  session,  1MB:  bishop  of  ROM;  member  of 
Mary  Stuart's  privy  council,  1561 ;  denounced  by  Knox, 
but  maintained  neutral  religious  attitude :  wrote  . 
to  Boece'h  '  HUtorv  of  Scotland ' ;  died  at  Paris. 

[III.  297] 

SINCLAIR,  JAMES  (</.  1762X  general;  brother  of 
John  .Sinclair  (1683-17*0)  [q.  v.] ;  colonel  of  royal  ScoU 
regiment,  1737  ;  lieutenant-general  couiniaudiug  forces  in 
Flanders,  1745;  OOBBHUMM  abortive  v\t 

1740;  M.I'.,  Dysurt,  17*2,  1727,  ami  17 1 7. 
Sutherland.  1736  and  1741,  ai*l  Fife  county,  1754  and 
17C1 ;  ambassador  at  Vienna  and  Turin  ;  general,  1761 ; 
died  governor  of  Cork.  [Ui.  288] 

SINCLAIR,  JAMBS,  fourteenth  EARL  OP  CAITHNESS 
(1821-1881 X  inventor  of  a  steam  carriage,  gravitating 
compaiH,  and  tape-loom ;  a  lord  in  waiting,  1856-8  and 
1859-66;  representative  peer,  1058-66;  created  British 
peer  (liaron  Barrogill),  1866:  published  'Lectures  on 
Popular  and  Scientific  Subject*,'  1877.  [lii.  2V8] 

SINCLAIR,  JOHN  <-/.  15C6),  bishop  of  Brechin ; 
brother  of  Henry  Sinclair  (1508-1566)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of 
Roas ;  lord  of  session,  1640;  dean  of  Kestalrig  :  married 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  to  Daruley,  1565  ;  bUhop  of  Brechin, 
1566-6 ;  denounced  by  Knox ;  probable  author  of  Sin- 
clair's •  Practical.1  [Ui.  299] 

SINCLAIR,  JOHN,  seventh  BARON  SINCLAIR  (1610- 
1676),  covenanter  ;  mcmlxT  of  general  assembly  of  1638, 
and  of  committee  of  estate*.  1641,  1643,  1646  :  joint-.! 
Charles  II,  l«6o;  captured  at  Worcester  and  imprisoned 
till  Restoration  ;  privy  councillor  of  Scotland,  1661. 

[lii.  2991 

SINCLAIR,  JOHN  (16H3-1750),  master  of  .- 
Jacobite ;  while  serving  with  Marlborough  hi  Flanders 
sentenced  to  death  fur  shooting  Captain  Shaw,  1708 ;  fled 
Co  Prussia  till  pardoned,  1712;  captured  Hanoverian 
stores  at  liurntisland,  but  not  distinguished  at  Sheriff- 
muir,  1715  ;  pardoned,  1726  ;  his  '  Memoirs  of  the  Rebel- 
lion '  printed,  1858.  [lii.  800] 

SINCLAIR,  Sin  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1764-183*), 
president  of  the  board  of  agriculture;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  and  Oxford  universities  (Trinity  College); 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1782;  M.P.,  Caithness,  1780, 
Loetwithiel,  1784-1811;  created  baronet,  1786;  formed 
'armed  neutrality'  party:  president  of  the  board  of 
agriculture,  1793-8  and  1806-13 ;  carried  Enclosure  Bill 
in  Commons,  1796;  suggested  issue  of  exchequer  bills; 
wrote  pamphlets  against  Pitt  ministry,  17w8;  privy 
councillor,  1810 ;  took  part  in  the  currency  controversy ; 
commissioner  of  excise,  1811.  As  an  agriculturist  be 
initiated  sheep-shearings,  introduced  improved  methods  of 
tillage,  and  new  breeds  of  live  stock  in  northern  Scotland, 
and  obtained  establishment  of  the  board  of  agriculture, 
1793.  He  carried  out  a  *  Statistical  Account  of  Scotland' 
(1791-9,),  and  a  system  of  county  reports  for  Great 
Britain ;  superintended  publication  of  Macpherson's 
Cusianic  transcript*  (1807),  and  published  'History  of 
the  PubUc  Revenue'  (1784),  and  treatises  on  northern 
agriculture,  [liL  301] 

SINCLAIR,  JOHN  (1791-1867),  tenor  singer;  ap- 
peared in  opera  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1810-17; 
»tii.li.-i  .it  r.iris,  Milan,  and  Naples,  and  sang  in  Italy, 
1822-3,  creating  the  part  of  Idreuu  in  'Semiramkle'  ;  re- 
appeared at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1823,  and  afterwards 
at  the  Adelphi,  Drury  Lane,  London,  and  in  America ; 


FIXCLAIP  '7  l»75Xdlvine:  Of 

Univers.ty:    M.A.     Pembroke    GoUsjR, 
secretary  of  the  National  Society,  1M9.  vicar  of 

....  and    archdeacon   of    Middlesex,   1S44:    pub- 
Untied  'Life  and  Times  of  Sir  John  Sinclair '  (lK37xbls 

SINCLAIR.  ..LI  VKH(/.1637-1560X  Scottish  frneral 
Solway  MOM  ;  favourite  of  James  V ;  opposed  pro- 
and  English  Influence:  captursd  at  Bofwaj  Mos*. 

IMS!    r. •!,-..-,.. i    ,.„   r******SS5mOH  M.lur"::..:     .- 
English  interest*.  [111.  3<*] 

SINCLAIR,  SIR  ROBERT.  BAROX  BTKTBt»ox(l«40  T- 
17131.  .-.-„:  t  ->.  bj«p|  on,  oi  il|7ir»«MML  KM..:.  Hi 
of  faculty.  1670 ;  lord  of  sssalna  and  sheriff  of  Haddington. 
1689 ;  privy  councillor  and  baron  of  exchequer,  1«U,  but 
never  took  his  scat,  and  resigned,  IMS.  [lii.  *i7] 

SINCLAIR,  SIR  WILLIAM,  or  WILLIAM  D*  SAINT 
CLAIR  (/T.  1266-1303),  Scottish  baron  ;  of  Roslin  ;  fuarduui 
of  Alexander,  prince  of  Scotland :  one  of  the  envoys  U. 
negotiate  French  marriage  for  him ;  sheriff  of  Dumfries 
uud  ju>ticu.r  of  GaUoway  ;  partisan  of  Baliol;  Ukeu  by 
English  at  Duubar,  1294 ;  escaped  from  01 
1303. 

SINCLAIR  or  SAINT  GLAIR,  8m  WILLIAM  (</. 
1S30X  of  Koslin;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sinclair  (<*.  1390V) 
[q.  v.];  accompanied  Sir  Jame*  Douglas  (128«?-133o; 
[q.  T.]  to  take  the  heart  of  Bruce  to  Pak»tinc ;  Mam 
with  him  by  Saracens  in  Andalusia.  [111.  308] 

SINCLAIR,  WILLIAM  (</.  1S37X  bUltop  of  Dutikeld  : 
con  of  Sir  Willium  Sinclair  fjf.  12CO-13u2;  [q.  v.] ;  bi>hop 
of  Dunkeld,  1312 ;  known  as  the  'king's  bishop,'  after  lit. 
repulse  of  English  at  Donibristie,  1317  ;  crownel  Kdwanl 
Baliol,  1332.  [Ui.  308] 

SINCLAIR,  SIR  WILLIAM,  thinl  i:\lif.  <  > 
and  first  EARL  OF  CAITHNK**  (1404  T-1480X  chancellor  of 
Scotland  ;  H>H  of  litnry  Sinclair,  i«cond  earl  of  Orkney 
[q.  v.] ;  hostage  for  James  I,  14'Jl;  acknowledged  Nor- 
wegian jurisdiction  on  inv-  rtitnrv  with  tuildom,  1434  ;  m» 
high  admiral  of  Scotland  conveyed  Princem  Margaret  to 
Fntnce,  1436;  cummontil  to  Norway,  1446;  then-  pn. 
bably  received  diploma  setting  forth  pedigree;  begau 
foundation  of  Hoslin,  1446  ;  as«i»ted  in  repelling  Kiu-lu-li 
.  1448:  created  Lord  Sinclair,  1440,  aud  Earl  of 
Caithni-s.'.  1465 ;  clumcellor  of  Scotland,  1454-6  ;  active 
against  the  DouglnscH ;  one  of  the  regents  and  nn»ba»- 
Hudor  to  England,  1461;  resigned  Orkney  to  Scottish 
crown,  1471,  receiving  lauds  in  Fife  and  a  pension  in  ex- 
change ;  envoy  to  England,  1472-3.  [Ui.  3O9J 

SINCLAIR,  WILLIAM  (1804-1878X  divine ;  broth,  r 
of  John  Sinclair  (1797-1876)  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  Madnu 
cavalry  ;  afterwards  graduated  at  Oxford  (M.A.  St.  Mary 
Hall,  1837X  and  was  president  of  the  Union  ;  incumbent 
of  St.  George's,  Leeds,  1837-67 ;  rector  of  Pulborough, 
1867-78 ;  published  '  The  Dying  Soldier,'  1838,  an 
Mutinies,' 1867.  [UL310] 

BINDERCOMBE  or  8INDZRCOMX,  MILES(rf.  1667). 
conspirator  ;  when  quartermaster  in  regiment  of  (Sir)  John 
Reynolds (d.  1657)  [q.  v.]  joined  mutiny  of  levellers,  1649 :  a 
chief  agent  in  Robert  Ov.  rton  •  plot  against  Monck.  1655  ; 
oeutenced  to  death  for  attempt  Ui  aswssiuate  Cromwell, 
but  committed  suicide  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

SINGER,  ELIZABETH  (1674-1737).  [bee  RUWK, 
MR*.  ELIZABETH.] 

SINGER,  GEORGE  JOHN  (178«-1817),  electrician; 
invented  gold-leaf  electron,. ur;  published  'Elements  of 
Electricity  and  Electro-chemistry,'  1814.  [lii.  311] 

8INOKH,  JOHN  <  ./f.  15V4-1602X  actor  and  dramatist ; 
reputed  author  of  •  Quips  upon  Question*,'  16OO  (rej.ruited, 
1876).  lui>  •»*] 

8INGKB,  JOSEPH  HENDERSON  (178*-18««X  bishop 
of  MeathTfeilow  of  Trinity  CoUege,  Dublin.  18lo  (M^. 
1811,  ami  D.D.,  1826);  regius  professor  of  **>ȣ>  l**>: 
archdeacon  of  Raphoe,  1861 ;  bishop  of  Meath,  1862^ 

BIHGER.  SAMUEL  WELLEIl  (178S-18MX  author: 
brother  of  George  John  Singer  [q.  v.] ;  *Hnedbnc  book- 
«Uerin  8t.  James's  Street :  f  neixi  of  FrancU  Douce  [q.v.] : 
issued  'The  Book  printed  at  Oxford  in  MCI 

wickIpre»inr«piintt  of  ni 


SINGLETON 


120G 


SKELTON 


?;  compiled  '  Researches  into  History  of  Playing 
Cards.1  181«  ;  pntit»*l  Speiu-e's  '  Anecdote*/  IM'U  ;  edited 
.,  omMOndenceoi  Henry  Hyde,  Karl  of  Clarendon,' 18S8; 
published  also  au  edition  of  Shakespeare.  182G  ;  attacked 
genuineness  of  Collier's  corrections,  1S.S3,  and  Ma<lden's 
•Glossary  of  Havelock  the  Dane,'  1829 ;  librarian  to  Royal 
•.on,1827-36.  [lii.  313] 

SINGLETON,  HENRY  (1766-1839),  painter;  ex- 
hibited many  years  at  the  Royal  Academy  ;  painted  group 
of  academicians,  1793  :  bis  portrait  of  Lord  Howe  in 
National  Portrait  Gallery;  executed  also  portraits  of 
Boawell  and  Lord  Nelson.  [lii.  314] 

SINGLETON,  ROBERT  or  JOHN  (d.  1544),  Roman 
catholic  divine ;  educated  at  Oxford  ;  executed  at  Tyburn 
(or  treason.  [lii*  315] 

SINGLETON,  ROBERT  CORBET  (1810-1881),  joint- 
editor  of  •  Anglican  Hymn-Book,'  1871 ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1833:  warden  of  St.  Columba's  College, 
Ratbfarnbam,  1843:  of  Radley,  1847-51:  translated 
Virgil,  1856;  composed  and  translated  hymns,  [lii.  315] 

SINGLETON,  THOMAS  (1783-1842),  archdeacon  of 
Northumberland :  of  Eton  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford  :  M.A.,  1826  :  archdeacon  of  Northumberland  and 
rector  of  Howick,  1826  :  letters  on  ecclesiastical  commis- 
sion addressed  to  him  by  Sydney  Smith  [q.  v.]  [lii.  315] 

SINNICH.  JOHN  (d.  1666),  theologian;  professor  of 
theology  at  Lou  vain,  1648-66 ;  founder  of  bursaries  for 
Irish  students.  [lii.  316] 

SION  or  JOHN,  LLYWELYN  (1520  ?-1616).  [See 
LLYWELYX  OF  LUANGEWYDU.] 

SION  TRERKDYX  (ft.  16S1).  [See  EDWARDS,  JOHN.] 
SION  T  POTIAC  (1700  ?-1776).  [See  EDWARDS,  JOHN.] 

SION  LI.KYX,  or  JOHN  ROBERTS  (1749-1817),  Welsh 
jxwt ;  of  Pwllheli.  [lii.  316] 

SION  GLANYGORS  (1767-1821).    [See  JONES,  JOHN.] 

BIRR,  HENRY  CHARLES  (1764-1841),  chief  of 
Dut.liu  police  ('  town-major')  :  served  in  the  army,  1778- 
1790,  town-major  of  Dublin,  1796-1826;  arrested  Peter 
rinnerty  [q.  v.],  1797  ;  wounded  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald, 
1798;  mulcted  in  damages  for  false  imprisonment,  1802; 
arrested  Robert  Emmet  [q.  v.],  1803.  [lii.  317] 

SIRR,  HENRY  CHARLES  (1807-1872J,  author  of 
'China  and  the  Chinese'  (1849)  and  'Ceylon  and  the 
Cingalese'  (1850);  second  son  of  Henry  Charles  Sirr 
(17M-1841)  [q.  v.]  [lii.  317] 

SIRR,  JOSEPH  D'ARCY  (1794-1868),  author  of 
lives  of  Archbishops  Trench  (1845)  and  Ussher;  brother 
of  Henry  Charles  Sirr  (1807-1872)  [q.  v.]  [lii.  317] 

SITRIC.    [See  SIHTKIC.] 

SIWARD  (d.  1048X  coadjutor  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  succeeded  .Sthelwine  [q.  v.]  as  abbot  of  Abingdon  ; 
bishop  of  Upsala  as  coadjutor  to  Eadsige  [q.  v.],  1042-8. 

SIWARD,  EARL  OF  NORTHUMBERLAND  (d.  1056), 
called  the  STRONG  (Digera) :  probably  came  to  England 
with  Canute  and  received  earldom  of  Deira  on  division  of 
Northumbria;  ravaged  Worcestershire  for  Hardecanute 
[q.  v.],  1041  ;  became  earl  of  all  Northumbria  after  slaying 
his  wife's  uncle;  held  also  earldom  of  Huntingdon ;  up- 
held Edward  the  Confebsor  [q.  v.]  against  Godwin,  1051 ; 
invaded  Scotland,  defeated  Macbeth  [q.  v.],  and  established 


of  Londonderry  county,  ICtJG ;  commissioner  of  revenue. 
1673 ;  assisted  citizens  of  Derry  and  Enniskilk-m-rs,  ami 
was  proscribed  by  Tyreomiel,  1689  ;  active  ii>In=u  parli 
nient,  1C92. 


Malcolm  III  as  king  of  Cumbria,  1064. 


[lii.  318] 


SIWARD  (d.  1075),  bishop  of  Rochester ;  abbot  of 
Cbertaey ;  bishop,  1058-76.  [lii.  319] 

8KAE,  DAVID  (1814-1873),  phyuician-snperintendent 
of  Royal  Edinburgh  Asylum,  Morningside,  1846-73  ;  hon. 
M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1842 ;  Morrisonian  lecturer  on  insanity, 
1873 ;  made  new  classification  of  the  insane,  [lii.  320] 

SKEFFINOTON,  CLOTWOHTHY,  seventh  VISCOUNT 
and  second  EARL  OF  MARKKRKKNK  (1742-1805),  of  Corpus 
£kri*l  College,  Cambridge  ;  imprisoned  for  debt  at  Fort 
1  Eveqoe  and  La  Force,  1770-89.  [Hi.  320] 

SKEFFDfQTON,    SIR     JOHN,     second    VISCOUNT 
MAMSRKKNK  (d.  1695),  supporter  of  William  of  Orange; 
as  fifth  baronet,  1G47  ;  M.P.,  co.  Antrim,  1661 ; 
I  viscount  on  death  of  his  father-in-law,  1665  ;  custoe 


SKEFFINGTON,  JOHN  SKEFFINGTON  FOSTER, 
tenth  Visrui-xT  'MASSERKEXK  (1812-1863),  minor  poet; 
of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  K.P.,  1851. 

[lii    321] 

SKEFFINGTON,  SIR  LUMLEY  ST.  GEORGE  (1771- 
1850),  fop  and  playwright ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet 
of  Skeftington  Hall,  Leicestershire;  admitted  into  Carltoii 
House  circle  ;  invented  Skeffington  brown ;  caricatured, 
by  Gillray,  and  satirised  by  Byron  and  Moore  ;  produced 
at  Coveut  Garden,  London, '  The  Word  of  Honour,'  1802, 
at  Drury  Lane,  London, 'The  High  Road  to  Marriage,' 
1803,  and  '  The  Sleeping  Beauty,'  1805  ;  lived  many  years 
within  rules  of  King's  Bench.  [lii.  322] 

SKEFFINGTON,  SIR  WILLIAM,  called '  The  Gunner" 
(d.  1535),  lord-deputy  of  Ireland  ;  sheriff  of  Warwickshire 
and  Leicestershire,  1509;  master  of  the  ordnance:  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland,  1529-32  and  1534-5,  being  recalled  from 
Ireland  by  influence  of  Kildare,  1532,  but  again  appointed 
after  his  fall,  1534 ;  put  down  rebellion  of  Lord  Thomas 
Fitzgerald  of  Offaly,  capturing  Maynooth  with  heavy 
artillery  :  stormed  Dungarvau ;  his  son  the  inventor  of 
'Skeffiugtou's  daughter.'  [Hi.  323] 

SKELATER,    JOHN    FORBES-   (1733-1808).     [See 

FORBKS.] 

SKELTON,  BEVIL  (/.  1661-1692),  diplomatist  ; 
groom  of  the  bedchamber  and  lieutenant-colonel,  1672  ; 
envoy  at  Vienna  and  Venice ;  as  envoy  in  Holland  warned 
Jacies  II  of  William  of  Orange's  designs,  and  attempted 
to  prevent  the  sailing  of  Argyll's  and  Monmouth's  ex- 
peditions :  at  Versailles  supported  French  attempt  to- 
hinder  William's  invasion  ;  imprisoned  on  recall,  but  soon 
appointee!  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London  ;  employed  by 
James  II  in  exile,  and  became  Romanist.  [lii.  325] 

SKELTON,  JOHN  (1460  ?-1529),  poet;  native  of  Nor- 
folk ;  educated  both  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge  (M.A.. 
1484) ;  created  '  poet-laureate '  by  both  universities,  and 
perhaps  by  the  crown;  composed  poem  on  death  of 
Edward  IV,  1483,  and  elegies  on  Henry  Percy,  fourth  earl 
of  Northumberland,  1489,  and  Henry  VII,  1609 ;  trans- 
lated 'Pelerinage  de  la  Vie  Humaiue'  for  Countess  of 
Richmond ;  tutor  to  Prince  Henry  (Henry  VIII),  and 
enjoyed  court  favour  despite  his  outspokenness ;  was 
admitted  to  orders,  1498,  and  became  parson  of  Diss; 
wrote  poems  against  Christopher  Garneys  or  Garnyssbe 
[q.  v.]  by  order  of  Henry  VIII ;  patronised  by  the  Countess 
of  Surrey  (mother  of  the  poet)  and  Wolsey ;  attacked 
Wolsey  in  '  Colyn  Cloute,'  '  Speake  Parrot,'  and  other- 
poems,  and  is  said  to  have  been  imprisoned  by  him  ;  died 
in  sanctuary  at  Westminster.  Of  his  works, '  The  Bowgi- 
of  Court*  was  printed  by  Wynkynde  Worde, '  Garlande  of 
Laurell'  (enumerating  his  productions)  by  Rycbanh- 
Fankes  (1523), '  Phylyp  Sparowe '  (praised  by  Coleridge)  by 
Rychard  Kele,  and  others, '  Colyn  Cloute '  (which  gave  sug- 
gestions to  Spenser)  by  Thomas  Godfrey,  Kele,  and  others. 
He  probably  invented  his  favourite  metre.  His  '  Balade  of 
the  Scotyshe  Kynge '  (on  Fiodden)  is  one  of  the  earliest 
extant  ballads.  Imperfect  collected  editions  appeared,  1520» 
1660, 1570 ;  first  complete  edition,  1568 ;  works  edited  by 
Dyce,  1843.  Anecdotes  of  him  appeared  hi  the  popular 
'  Merie  Tales '  (1666)  and  similar  collections.  [lii.  327] 

SKELTON,  SIR  JOHN  (1831-1897),  author  who 
adopted  pseudonym  '  Shirley ' ;  studied  at  Edinburgh 
University;  admitted  advocate,  1854  ;  secretary  to  Scottish 
board  of  supervision  (public  health),  1868,  chairman,  1892 ; 
vice-president  of  Scottish  local  government  board,  1894-7; 
hon.  LL.D.  of  Edinburgh,  1878 :  K.C.B.,  1897 ;  friend  of 
James  Anthony  Froude,  Dante  Rossetti,  and  Sir  Noel 
Paton  ;  contributed  to  '  Fraser '  and  '  Blackwood ' ;  work- 
include  '  Maitland  of  Lethington  and  the  Scotland  of  Mary 
Stuart,'  1887-8,  and  other  work?  defending  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  '  Benjamin  Disraeli,'  1868,  official  works  on  public 
health,  'Essays  of  Shirley,'  1882,  and  'Table  Talk  of 
Shirley,'  1895-6  [lii.  332] 

SKELTON,  JOSEPH  (/.  1820-1860),  topographical 
and  antiquarian  engraver;  brother  of  William  Skeltoi: 
[q.  v.]  [lii.  335] 

SKELTON,  PHILIP  (1707-1787),  Irish  divine  an.l 
author;  scholar  of  Trinity  Collude,  Dublin,  1726; 


SKELTON 


1738 ;  curate  to  Dr.  Samuel  Madden  [q.  v. 
at  Monagban :  came  to  London  to 


1-J07 


SKINNER 


M  •  •.,..,.-,.-  Lf«;  knoaa  «H  <•:  :• 
Lough  Derg.   176O-&,  of  iWcnub,  !?•»-««,  of 

176C,  ,1 


earn  on 

Fintona,  1766,~"dev.. 

issued  ironlca 

•  Proposal  for  the  Revival  of  Christianity/ 1716  I  P 

. 

Subjects,'  1754:  gave  profits  of  Ml*  of  collected 
(1770)  to  Magdalen  charity.  [la.  318] 

SKELTON,   WILLIAM  (1763-1848X   line^ngniTW  ; 
best  known  by  plates  after  Beecbey.  [1U.  115] 


i.ICIA  MARY  FRANCB8  (18S1-18W), 
novelist ;  daughter  of  James  Bkeno  [q.  T.]  ;  born  at  At* 
in  Provence ;  organised  band  of  nurse*  under  Sir  Henry 
rth  A  eland  [q.  y.]  during  outbreak  of  cholera  at 

atio: 


oxford,  1864. 


-, :-. 


BMMfa     ••: 

[q.  v.%  a  volume  of 

[SuppL  11L  S47] 


SKZNE,  GILBERT  (1533  7-1590).    [See  SKETXX,] 

8XENE,  Sir.  JAMBS  (d.  1633).  president  of  the  oonrt 
of  session ;  son  of  Sir  John  Skenc  [q.  T.]  ;  lord  of  tendon, 
1812 ;  president,  1626-33 ;  created  Nora  Scotia  baronet, 
1680.  [liL  837] 

BKENE.  JAMBS  (1775-1X64),  friend  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott ;  admitted  to  Scottish  bar,  1707  :  served  with  Kdin- 
hurgh  light  horse :  studied  In  Germany ;  member  of 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh:  secretary  to  board  of 
trustees  and  manufactures;  lived  in  Greece,  1838-44: 

v.-.-      .   •   -      .       ,.---.  ,,:   .         ..:    '         .--.     ',       ..         ;     : 

to  in  Waverley  Novel*,1  1829 ;  edited  Spalding's  •  History 
of  the  Troubles,'  18*8;  his  manuscript  memorandn  utilised 
by  Lockhart.  [111.  335] 

SKENE,  SIR  JOHN,  LORD  CCIIKIKHILL  (1543  ?-l617), 
clerk-register  and  lord  of  session :  regent  in  St.  Mary's 
College,  St.  Andrews,  1564-5 :  visited  Scandinavia  and 
Paris:  advocate,  1575:  granted  pension  by  Morton  for 
preparing  digest  of  laws ;  accompanied  James  VI  to  Den- 
murk;  HS  joint  king's  advocate  zealous  in  witch  prosecu- 
tion :  ambassador  to  Holland,  1591 :  lord  clerk-register 
and  lord  of  session,  with  title  of  I/>rd  CurrlehiU,  1594- 
1611:  prepared  revision  of  Scottish  laws,  1597 :  one  of  the 
» k-tuvimis,  1596-7  ;  his  work  on  the  laws  of  Scotland 
previous  to  James  I  ('  Rcgiaiu  MajesUitein  ')  printed  at 
public  expense,  1609.  [lit.  336] 


I.  JOHN  (<*.  1844),  reputed  compiler  of  •  An- 
cient Scottish  Melodies'  (printed,  1838):  brother  of  Sir 
James  Skene  [q.  v.]  [111.  338] 

8KEHE,  WILLIAM  FORBES  (1800-1892).  author  of 
'(title  Scotland' (1876-80  X  second  son  of  James  Skene 
[q.  v.] :  clerk  of  the  bills  in  court  of  session :  historio- 
grapher of  Scotland,  1881 ;  D.C.L.  of  Oxford,  1879 ;  pub- 
lished 'The  Highlanders  of  Scotland,'  1837,  "The  Four 
Book*  of  Wales,'  1868:  contributed  important 
introduction  to  'Collection  of  Gaelic  Poetry'  (1862): 
edited  'Chronicles  of  the  Picts  and  Soots'  (1867)  and 
Kordun  (1871) ;  effected  union  of  St.  Vincent's  church 
witli  episcopal  church  of  Scotland.  [lii.  338] 

SKERNING  or  8KERVTNGZ,  ROGER  DE  (</.  1278), 
bishop  of  Norwich:  prior  of  Benedictines,  1257:  bishop 
of  Norwich,  1266-78  :  laid  Norwich  under  interdict  after 
burning  of  the  cathedral,  1272.  [111.  340] 

8KETCHLEY,  ARTHUR  (1817-1882)  (pseudonym). 
[See  ROSE,  GEOKCK.] 

SKEVINGTON.    [See  also  SKKFFIXOTOX.] 

SKEVINGTON  or  PACE,  THOMAS  (d.  15S8),  bishop 
of  Bangor ;  abbot  of  Beaulien :  abbot  of  Wavertey :  bishop 
of  Bungor,  1509-33  ;  built  tower  and  nave  of  his  cathedral. 

[11LS40] 

SKEWES,  JOHN  (d.  1544).    [See  SKCIPH.] 

8KZY,  FREDERIC  CARPENTER  (1798-1872),  sur- 
geon :  pupil  of  Abernetby :  tautrht  surgery  in  AWersgmte 
Street  school  of  medicine,  London  :  assistant^nrgeoa,  18S7, 
lecturer  on  anatomy,  1848-65,  and  surgeon,  1854-64,  at  8t 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  Loixlon  :  F.R.S..  1817:  professor 
of  human  anatomy  to  College  of  Surgeons,  1R52,  president, 
1863  :  pro-ideal  of*  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  18M ; 


(Ml.  for  *-rvi.-r«  »«  chairman  of 

••"-*.*••&* 

JBg'WW'SBSft*-- 


dnc  .t  King's  CoUef..  Aberdeen.  1«M  ;  iv 

1548  (reprinted,  l^tteearilestBootaTwdioal  irark! 


BKIWEB. 
SKINNER. 


JAMBS 


commander    of 


thePlndarees,and(ia2»)atU» 

•   • 
government :  buUt  fit,  James's  Church,  Ddhi.  in  ful 


mentof  .vow-.dkd  . 

SXUrNER.   JAMES  (iHlf 
hymn-writer,  and  friend  of  Pnsey ; 


JAMES  (181A-1801X  th»4nglsi| 
«Tof3S, 


...... 

curate  of  St.  Barnabas,  Pimlico,  London,  1M1-5  ; 
E.C.U.,  I860;  incumbent  of  NewbuxL  1841-77: 


..., 

•Daily  Service  Hym,ml.'  1H64,          op..  ol 
Ascetical  Tlieology,'  pwUiumously,  1882,  and  other  worka.' 


8KIKHBR,  JOHN  (1731-1807),  •on«.WTiteeo. 
palian  minister  of  Longnide,  Aberdeenshire,  1742  :  impri- 
soned for  preaching,  1753  :  corresponded  with  Barm,  who 
secured  his  best  song*  for  Johnson's  •  Musical  Museum  •  : 
wrote  •Tullochgorum,'  •  Ewie  \vi'  the  Orookit  Horn,*  and 
other  favourites  :  published  ab<o  •  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Scotland  '(1788);  his  '  Songs  and  Poem*  •  edited  by  H.  G. 
Beld.  1859.  [lii.3411 

8KINWER,  JOHN  (1744-1816X  bishop  of  Aberdeen: 
son  of  John  Skinner  (1721-1807)  [q.  v.]:  rtudied  at 
Mariscbal  College,  Aberdeen;  epim-oDalian  minister  in 
Aberdeenshire  ;  coadjutor  to  Bishop  Kilgonr,  1782  :  bishop 
of  Aberdeen,  1786-1816  (primus,  17H8):  obtained  removal 
of  penal  restrictions  on  Scottish  episcopal  church  (1792) 
and  effected  onion  with  it  of  Scottish  Anglican  congrega- 
tions (1804):  published  theological  treatises  antPTbeo- 
logical  Works/  with  life  of  his  father.  [UL  144] 

SKINNER,  JOHN  (1772-1839),  antiquary:  M  \ 
Trinity  College,  Oxford.  1797  ;  im-mnbrnt  of  Camerton. 
1800-19;  bequeathed  to  British  Museum  ninety-eight 
manuscript  volumes  of  travel*  and  rcnearehes  with  water- 
colour  drawings  ;  committed  suicide.  [lii.  S46] 

SKINNER,  JOHN  (1769-1841  >,  dean  of  Dnnkeld  : 
stu.lk-  1  at  Marischal  College.  .M-r.l.^-n  ;  publtebed  •  Annab 
of  Scottish  Episcopacy,  178H-1816*  (1818);  son  of  John 
Skinner  (1744-1816)  [q.  v.)  [lii.  »46] 

8K1HJIKR,  JOHN  EDWIN  HILARY  (183»-18»4X 
ppecial  correspondent  of  'Daily  News';  LL.D.  I/oodcm. 
1861  :  barrister.  Lincoln'*  Inn,  1*61  :  reported  for  the 
•Dnity  News'  Danish  war,  A  urtro-Pnwrtan  campaign,  and 
Franco-German  war  j  advocated  independence  of  Canvfe 
and  cenrion  of  Crete  to  Greece  ;  a>xi«tan»-conimUsioner  m 
Cyprus,  1881  :  died  in  Algeria.  [UL  846] 

SKINNER,  MATTHKW(l689-174»),serieant^t>Uw: 
.  i.  .Noii  of  Robert  Skiiuior  [<|.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster 
School  and  Christ  Churcb,  Oxford  :  called  from  Lincoln's 
Inn.  1716:  recorder  of  Oxford,  1721.  and  M.P..  1734-8: 
chief-  justice  of  Chester,  1718-49;  appeami  for  crown 
ai-mn«t  rebels,  1746:  published  his  father's  (Robert 
Skinner's)  •  Reports,'  1738.  [1IL  347] 

SKINNER,  ROBERT  (1491-1670  V,*oc«*siv«|fbisot» 
of  Bristol,  Oxford,  and  Worcester  :  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
m.  ic.13;  M.A..  Uiii  :  I>.1>.  by  diploma.  1CM; 
rector  of  Pitaford  and  chaplain  in  ordinary.  163H.  of  Laon- 
ton.  ir.31  :  bishop  of  Bristol,  1636-41.  «•(  Oxford.  1641-«3. 
an.l  *>f  Worcester,  1663-70  ;  committed  to  the  Tower  of 
Ixmdou  for  protest,  1641  :  sequestered  during  Common- 
wi-.ilth.  but  licensed  to  preach,  ami  conferred  orders, 

_  [Ui.847] 

SKINNER.  STEPHEN  0631-1667),  Lincoln  physician 
and  author  •>'.  con  Ungus»  Anglicana?' 

(printed,  1671):  M.A.  n.n*t  rhiin-h,  Oxford,  1646;  MJ>. 
of  Heidelberg,  1654;  lived  much  on  Uie  continent, 


SKINNER 


1208 


SLADEN 


or  SKYNNER,  THOMAS  (16297-1679),  j 
phv«ii-ian  and  historical  writer;  oc  St.  John's 
Oolleffe,  Cambria c.-:  M.P.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
167?-  continued  I'.aus1.-  •  Kleiu-lii  Motuum  Nuperorum' 
fnart  ill  1676)  nnd  compiled  'Life  of  General  Monk' 
(printed,  1723).  [hi-  348] 

SKINNER,  T1DMAS  (18007-1843),  soldier  nnd 
author-  commanded  31st  foot  in  Afghanistan,  is  I.1  ::, 
and  wat  made  C.B.  and  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1842  ; 
•Hibliihed  •  Excursion.-  in  India'  (181)2)  and  'Adventures 
during  a  Journey  Overland  to  India '  (1836).  [lii.  319] 

SKINNER,  THOMAS  (1804-1877),  engineer ;  grand- 
sou  of  William  Skinner  (1700-1780)  [q.  v.]  ;  commissioner 
of  oublic  works  and  nudi tor-general  in  Ceylon  :  his  '  Fifty 
YeVrt  in  Oeylon '  published,  1891.  [IIL  349] 

SKINNER.  WILLIAM  (1700-1780),  chief  engineer 
of  Great  Britain :  employed  at  Gibraltar,  1724-46,  includ- 
ing first  siege  (1727),  ami  became  chief  engineer,  1741; 
as  chief  engineer  of  North  Britain  constructed  Fort 
George  or  Arderseer  (completed,  1759) ;  reported  on  Irish 
fortifications,  1756;  chief  engineer  of  Great  Britain, 
1757-80:  criticised  adversely  Tyrawley's  works  at  Gib- 
raltar, 1758,  and  made  subsequent  reports  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1770;  his  drawing  in  British  Museum  and  at 
Chatham.  [lii-  35°] 

SKINNER.  WILLIAM  (1778-1857X  b'shop  of  Aber- 
deen •  son  of  John  Skinner  (1744-1816)  [q.  v.] ;  of  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen,  and  Wadhain  College,  Oxford :  M.A. 
and  D  D.  Oxford,  1819 ;  assisted  his  father  at  Aberdeen ; 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1816-57 ;  elected  primus,  1841 ;  ex- 
communicated Sir  William  Duubar  for  not  following 
Scottish  ritual,  1843.  [Hi.  351] 

SKIP,  JOHN  (rf.  1552),  bishop  of  Hereford :  of  Gon- 
ville  Hall,  Cambridge  (scholar,  1513,  fellow,  1516,  M.A., 
1518,  D.D.,  1535,  master,  1536-40) ;  president  of  Physick 
Hostel,  1519-21 ;  chaplain  and  almoner  of  Quean  Anne 
Boieyn;  canon  of  Westminster,  1535;  archdeacon  of 
Suffolk,  1536,  of  Dorset,  1539 ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1539- 
1552  ;  protested  against  first  prayer  book  of  Edward  VI. 

8KIPPE  or  8KIPP,  JOHN  (1742  7-179G  7)  amateur 
artist ;  of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  [lii.  353] 

8KIPPON,  PHILIP  (</.  1660),  soldier:  served  under 
Sir  Horace  Vere  in  the  Palatinate  and  Netherlands,  being 
wounded  at  Breda,  1625  and  1637  ;  admitted  to  artillery 
company,  1639;  named  commander  of  city  trained 
bands  and  of  parliamentary  guard,  1642 ;  served  under 
Essex  as  'sergeant-major-general'  at  sie^e  of  Reading, 
relief  of  Gloucester,  in  Cornwall,  and  at  first  and  second 
battles  of  Newbury,  1642-4;  as  sergeant-m:ijor-general 
under  Fairfax  severely  wounded  at  Naseby :  directed 
siege  of  Oxford,  1645 ;  escorted  convoy  to  Scots.  1646 ; 
appointed  marshal-general  of  expedition  to  Ireland,  1647 ; 
as  M.P.  for  Barnsteple  presented  letter  of '  agitators '  to 
parliament;  attempted  to  mediate  between  army  and 
parliament ;  commander  of  London  militia,  1648  ;  member 
of  first,  second,  third,  and  fifth  republican  councils  of 
state  and  of  both  Oromwellian  councils  ;  major-general  of 
London  district;  M.P.,  Lyme,  1654  and  1656  ;  member  of 
Cromwell's  House  of  Lords,  1657  ;  reappointed  to  London 
command  by  restored  parliament;  published  three  de- 
votional works  for  soldiers.  [lii.  353] 

SKIP  WITH,  SIH  WILLIAM  DE  (/.  1380),  judge: 
said  to  have  been  first  reader  at  Gray's  Inn  :  king's  ser- 
jeant,  1354 :  judge  of  common  pleas,  1359 ;  chief-baron, 
1MS-4  :  removed  for  misconduct,  but  appointed  chief- 
justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1370,  and  restored  to 
English  jndgeshlp,  1376  ;  frequently  employed  as  trier  of 
parliamentary  petitions  and  other  judicial  work  under 
Richard  II ;  supported  lords  appellant  [lii.  356] 

8KIRLAW,  WALTER  (d.  1406),  bishop  successively 
of  Lichfield,  Bath,  nnd  Durliam :  graduated  M.A.  and 
LL.D.  at  Oxford;  archdeacon  of  East  Riding  of  York- 
shire ;  canon  of  Beverley  ;  dean  of  St.  Martin's-le-Grand, 
London:  went  on  diplomatic  mission  to  Italy,  1381-3; 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1384 ;  provided  to  see  of  Lichfield 
ISM,  but  translated  to  Bath  and  Wells  before  enthrone- 
ment; biahopof  Durham,  1388-1406  :  employed  in  negotia- 
tion* with  Prance,  Flanders, and  Scotland  under  Richard  II: 
chief  plenipotentiary  of  Henry  IV  in  France  ;  built  chapel 
at  Swine,  tower  and  chapter-house  at  Howden,  bridges 


over  Tecs  and  Wear;  contributed  largely  to  works  at 
Durham  and  York ;  endowed  fellowships  at  University 
College,  Oxford.  [Hi.  357] 

SKIRVINO,  ADAM  (1719-1803),  Jacob:te  song- 
writer, [lii.  358] 

8KIRVING,  ARCHIBALD  (1749-1819),  Scottish 
portrait-painter :  son  of  Adam  Skirving  [q.  v.] ;  best 
known  by  crayon  of  Burns,  [lii.  35U] 

SKOGAN,  JOHN  (/.  1480).    [See  SCOGAX.] 

SKOT.    [See  SCOTT.] 

SKRINE,  HENRY  (1756-1803),  author  of  'Three 
Tours  in  North  of  England  and  in  Scotland'  (1795)  ami 
other  books  of  travel.  [lii.  359] 

SKUISH  or  SKEWES,  JOHN  (d.  1544),  author  of 
'Brevyatof  a  Cronacle  made  by  Mathewe  Paris '  (MS. »; 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  employed  by  Wolsey  ;  owned  property 
iu  Cornwall.  [lii.  359] 

SKYNNER,  Pm  JOHN  (1724  ?-1805),  chief-baron  of 
the  exchequer  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  B.C.L.,  1751 :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1748  ;  K.C. 
and  attorney-general  of  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1771;  M.P., 
Woodstock.  1771-7 ;  second  judge  on  Chester  circuit, 
1772;  recorder  of  Oxford,  1776;  chief -baron,  1777-86; 
privy  councillor,  1787.  [lii.  SOU] 

SKYNNEK,  LANCELOT(17G6  7-1799),  captain  in  the 
navy  ;  commanded  the  Beauliea  at  reduction  of  St.  Lucia, 
1796  ;  lost  in  Lutine  while  convoying  treasure  from  Yar- 
mouth to  the  Texel.  [lii.  361] 

SLACK,  HENRY  JAMES  (1818-189C),  author  nnd 
journalist ;  proprietor  and  editor  of  '  Atlas,'  1852 ;  edited 
4  Intellectual  Observer '  and  '  Student1  from  1862 ;  presi- 
dent of  Sunday  League;  secretary  and  president  (1878)  of 
Microscopical  Society  ;  published  '  Marvels  of  Pond  Life,' 
1861,  and  '  Ministry  of  the  Beautiful,'  1850:  joint-editor 
of  '  Memorial  edition '  of  works  of  William  Johnson  Fox 
[q.  V.]  [lii.  361] 

BLADE,  SIR  ADOLPHUS  (1804-1877),  vice-admiral 
and  traveller :  son  of  Sir  John  Slade  [q.  v.] ;  present  at 
Navarino,  1827 :  head  of  Turkish  navy  as  Mushaver  Pasha. 
1839-66;  K.C.B.,  1858;  vice-admiral,  1873;  published 
'  Records  of  Travel  in  Turkey,  Greece,  &c.,'  1833,  'Turkey, 
Greece,  and  Malta,'  1837,  'Travels  in  Germany  and 
Russia,'  1840,  and  '  Turkey  and  the  Crimean  War,'  1867. 

[lii.  362] 

SLADE,  FELIX  (1790-1868),  founder  of  professor- 
ships of  fine  art  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  London  :  be- 
queathed to  British  Museum  valuable  collections  of  glass, 
engravings,  and  other  articles  of  vertu.  [lii.  362] 

SLADE,  JAMES  (1783-18GO),  divine  nnd  nuthor : 
fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  (ninth  wrangler, 
1804) ;  examining  chaplain  to  George  Henry  Law  [q.  v.] : 
king's  preacher  for  county  of  Lancaster ;  prebendary  of 
Chester,  1816 :  vicar  of  Bolton-le-Moors,  1817-56 ;  advo- 
cate of  church  reform :  published  '  Annotations  on  the 
Epistles ,'  1816,  and  devotional  and  educational  works. 

[lii.  363] 

SLADE,  Sm  JOHN,  first  baronet(1762-1859), general : 
commanded  hussar  brigade  under  Sir  John  Moore,  1808, 
nnd  brigade  of  dragoons  in  Peninsula,  1809-13  ;  ber.ten  by 
Lallemand  at  Llera,  1812  ;  created  baronet,  1831 :  general, 
1837.  [lii.  364] 

SLADE,  MATTHEW  (1569-16287),  divine  and  friend 
of  Casaubpn ;  B.A.  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1589 ;  elder 
of  Brownist  Church  at  Amsterdam,  and  rector  of  the 
Academy  ;  published  work  against  Conrad  Vorstins  1612- 
1614.  [lii.  365] 

SLADE,  MATTHEW  (1628-1689),  author  of  'Dis- 
sertatio  epistolica  de  Generatione  Animalium  contra 
Harveium'  (1666);  grandson  of  Matthew  Slade  (1569- 


1628  7)  [q.v.] 


[lii.  365] 


SLADE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1380),  philosopher :  monk  of 
Buckfastleigh.  [lii.  365] 

SLADEN,  SIR  CHARLES  (1816-1884),  Australian 
statesman;  of  Ripple  Park.  Kent;  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury School  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge:  B.A.,  1837  : 
LL.D.,  1867 ;  settled  at  Geelong,  Victoria,  1842  :  treasurer 
and  member  of  legislative  council,  1854 :  member  of  House 
of  Assembly  and  treasurer  in  first  ministry  of  responsible 


8LADEN 


SMALL 


government,  1857;  led  conservative  party  in  legislative 

onme.l,    1804-8:    pn-mii-r    in    in 
<ir;ih:iiii  Kerry's  administration,  1876  -^ 

8LADEN,  SIR  EDWARD  BOfiC  (18S7-1890),  Indian 
officer:  serv.il  in  second  liurmene  war,  1862-8,  and 
operations  against  Yun-za-lln  rebels,  18*6-7: 

•usiliem  in  mutiny;  M  agent  to  chief 
Hioner  at  Maudalay,  saved  Europeans  in  -Ut.irlwn.-.- 
of  1866,  and  negotiated  commercial  treaty,  1867  :  under- 
took  poetical  mission  to  China*  frontier,  1868 ;  com- 
missioner of  Arakan,  1876-86  ;  knighted,  1886. 

8LANE.  PHILIP  or  (d.  1326),  biabop  of  Cork; 
bishop,  1321 ;  author  of  abridgment  of  '  Topographla 
Hibernitt.'  [11L  867) 

SLANEY,  ROBERT  AGLIOXBY  (1792-1862),  ad- 
vocate of  rural  and  economic  reform :  studied  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  IHI 
Shrewsbury.  1826-85,  1837-41.  and  1847-62;  chairman  of 
committee*  on  education  (1838)  and  health  of  town  poor 
(1840);  commissioner  on  health  of  towns,  1848-6;  high 
j-heritT  of  Shropshire,  1864  ;  died  from  effects  of  accident 
at  International  Exhibitiou.  [lii.  867] 

BLANKING,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1606-1643),  royalist; 
knighted,  1632;  served  in  first  Scottish  war:  M.I',  for 
I'lympton  in  Short  parliament  and  Penrhyn  in  Long 
Parliament ;  voted  against  Straff ord's  attainder  ;  dis- 
dagOhtad  as  general  of  ordnance  in  army  of  Sir  Ralph 
Hoptou  [q.  v.]  ;  mortally  wounded  at  storming  of  Bristol 

BLARE  or  BLEAR,  FREDERICK  (164Tr-!5f), 

p!:>  -i.-ian  and  chemist  ;  showed  experiments  on  sper- 
matozoa before  Royal  Society,  1679,  and  was  electerl 
fellow,  I'-.H,I;  M.D.  Oxford,  1680;  member  of  council  of 
Itoyal  Society  and  of  College  of  Physicians  ;  showed  ex- 
periments on  phosphorus;  published  •Experiments  .  .  . 
upon  oriental  and  Kezonr-Stones,'  1715,  disproving 
miraculous  virtues  of  animal  calculi,  and  'Account  of 
the  Pyrmout  Waters,'  1717;  defended  inoculation 

[lii.  869] 

SLATE,  RICHARD (1787-1867),  Independent  minister 
at  Stand  and  Preston  ;  published  "Select  Nonconfor- 
mist".' KrmaiiH'  (1814),  'Brief  History  of  Lancashire 
Congregational  Union '(1840).  [hi.  370] 

SLATER.    [See  also  SCI.ATKR.] 

SLATER.  SAMUEL  (</.  1704),  nonconformist ;  M.A. 

Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1668 ;  ejected  from  Suffolk 

bgmfloef,    1662  ;    succeeded  srcphcn    Cliarnock    [q.    v.] 

as  minister  in  Crosby  Square,  London,  1680;   published 

.1679.  [Hi.  370] 

SLATTERY,  MICHAEL  (1785-1857),  Roman  catholic 
archbishop  of  Oashel  :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin  : 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Carlow  College,  1809-16: 
president  of  Maynooth,  1833;  archbishop  of  Cube!,  1834- 
1857  ;  opposed  Peel's  educational  proposals  of  1845. 

[lii.  371] 

8LATYER  or  SLATER,  WILLIAM  (1587-16471 
divine  :  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
1611:  D.D.,  1623;  treasurer  of  St.  David's  Cathedral, 
1616  ;  rector  of  Romney  aud  otterden  ;  reprimanded  by 
high  commission  in  connection  with » Psalmes  or  Songs  of 
ttion.'  1630:  published  also  elegies  on  Anne  of  Denmark, 
and  •  History  of  Great  Britain  in  Latin  and  English 
Verse,'  1621,  and  the  Psalms  with  tuuea,  1643.  [lii.  371] 

SLAUGHTER,  EDWARD  (1665-1729X  hebralst : 
rector  of  Elfish  (Jesuit)  College,  Liege ;  published  Hebrew 
grammar,  1699.  [lit  372] 

SLAUGHTER,  STEPHEN  (d.  1765).  portrait-painter 
and  keeper  of  the  royal  collection  of  pictures,  [lit  872] 

8LEATH,  JOHN  (1767-1847),  high  master  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London:  of  Htigby,  and  Lincoln  and 
SVadlmm  colleges,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1798;  D.Dn  1814; 
assistant-master  at  Rugby,  1787  :  high  master  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  London,  1814-37:  F.S.A.,  1815;  F.R&,  1820; 
chaplain  in  ordinary,  1826 ;  sub-dean  of  Chapel  Royal, 
London,  1833.  [HI.  872] 

8LEEMAN,  SIR  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1788-1866X 
Indian  official  and  major-general  :  served  in  Nepal  war, 
1814-16:  superintended  suppiwoon  of  Thuggi  and 
dnroity,  1836-41  :  political  resident  in  Gwalior,  1843-9  : 
resident  at  Luckuow,  1849-54;  died  on  homeward 


voyage;   published   •Ramble*  and  Recollection,  of  an 
ffleial,*    1844,   a  vocabulary  of  Thog  laiHrua«e 
and  other  works.  [lit.  871] 

SLEIGH,      WILLIAM     CAMPBELL     ( 1818-1887 X 
iwjrant-at-law  ;   of  St.   Mary    Hall.    Oxford ;   barrtatrr. 


lUlAi  -I,!:,,.:..  LMtj  Ml 
[q.  T.]  In  civil  action,  1871 : 

at  Mrlbourne  bar,  1877-86. 


brief  fur  Arthur  Orton 


8LEZER.  .I..HN  (</.  1714V  designer  of  «Tbei 
Bootte'  (16M;ed.  IT.  .J,.-,,  ,-.„,.  :-n  ,.  mm  so  So 
tTMl  If, ,;,,,,.t.  !•-••;  patm  -I  t  v  .  biotas  n  .,„. 


-...-:      i 


of  York ;  entrusted  with 

-Hand  for  guns  and  gunners,  1680;  captain  of 
Artillery  Company,  1690 ;  tax  levied  for  continuation  of 
hi*  '  Tbeatrum.'  [lit.  874] 

8LIN08BY,  OUILPORD  (1610-1643X  secretary  to 
Strafford  and  vice-admiral  of  Munster  ;  mortally 

...K:,,i.-i.,t  ii.:.-U)r..-.i.-h:  bnlhsvoftti  MS*  . 
[q.*0 

8LING8BY.  SIR  HENRY  (1602-1648X  royaliat : 
created  Nova  Scotia  baronet,  1688 ;  served  under  Lord 
Holland  against  Scots,  1689 ;  M  M.P.  for  Knaresborough 
voted  against  Stratford's  attainder,  but  supported  oro- 
posal  to  deprive  bishops  of  peerage;  served  under  New- 
castle, 1643-4 :  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  and  accom- 
panied him  after  Naseby  ;  at  surrender  of  Newark.  164C; 
refused  oaths  to  Commonwealth;  executed  on  Tower 
Hill  for  tampering  with  officers  of  Hull  garrison  while 
imprisoned  there;  his  'Diary'  (1638-48)  published  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (abbreviated),  1806 :  edited  with  addi- 
tions by  Rev.  D.  Parsons,  1886.  [lii.  876] 

BLTNOSBY,  MARY,  L\nr  SLIXGBBY  (rf.  1694), 
actress  ;  appeared  as  Mrs.  Lee  at  Dorset  Garden.  Ixmdou, 
1672-81,  playing  Queen  Margaret  in  Crowne's  adaptation 
of  H.-nry  VI,  and  leading  part*  in  contemporary  pieces  ; 


married  (probably)  Sir  Charles  Slingsby,  second 
(nephew  of  Sir  Robert):  as  Lady  Sliugsby  at  Theatre 
lloyal  and  Dorset  Garden,  1682-6.  [lii.  277] 

SLINGSBY,  SIR  ROBERT  (1611-1661). 
of  the  navy :  cousin  of  Sir  Henry  Slingsby  [q.  v.' 
manded  squadron  in  Channel,  1640-2;  imprisoned  a* 
royalist,  lti-12 :  uiMlcrtook  uVssion  to  Paris  and  Amster- 
dam, 1644;  created  a  baronet  at  Restoration:  comptroller 
of  the  navy,  1660-1 ;  his  •  Discourse  upon  the  Post  ami 
Present  State  of  His  Majesty's  Navy '  printed,  1801  and 
1896.  [lii.  878] 

BLOAKE,  SIR  HANS,  first  baronet  (1660-1763). 
physician;  studied  at  I'aris  and  Moutpdlier:  M.D. 
Orange,  1688;  F.R.S..  1686:  lived  in  bouse  of  Thomas 
Sydeuham  [q.  v.]:  physician  to  governor  of  Jamaica, 
1687-9 :  as  secretary  of  Royal  Society.  1698-1712.  revived 
'  Transactions';  president,  1727-41:  foreign  rocmUr  of 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Madrid : 
president  of  Royal  College  of  Physician-.  1719-86 :  attended 
Queen  Anne ;  created  baronet,  1716 :  first  physician  to 
Geoive  II,  1727,  to  Christ's  Hospital,  1694-1780:  pur- 
chased manor  of  Chelsea,  1712,  and  founded  Botanic  Gar- 
den, 1721 ;  published  catalogue  (Latin)  of  Jamaica  plant* 
(1696),  and  'Voyage  to  Islands  of  Madera,  Barbadoas, 
NievcH,  St.  Christopher's  and  Jamaica'  (1707.  1726): 
monument  to  him  in  Chelsea  churchyard  :  his  collertiotM 
purchased  by  the  nation  and  placed  hi  Montague  House, 
1754  (afterward*  the  British  Museum V  [lii.  379] 

8LOPBR.  EDWARD  HUGH  LINDSAY  (1826-1887X 
pianoforte  teacher  and  composer.  [lit.  380] 


8MALBROK*.   RICHARD  (1672-1749X 
ce*sively  of  St.  Davids  and  of  LichfleM  and  Coventry; 
demy  and  fellow  (1698)  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford: 
M.A.,  1696  ;  DJ)n  1708  ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Tenlson 
and  rector  of  HadlciRh,  17W:  canon  of  Hen-ford,  1710; 
last  treasurer  of   IJandaff,  171):  m-tor  of  \\ithingtou, 
1716;   bbhop  of  fit.  Davids.   1726  31.  of    Ucbfldd  and 
Coventry      1731-49;    published    contromaial 
against  William  Whlaton  [q.  T.]  and  Thomas 
[q.  v.] 

8MALL.  JOHN  (17I6-1796X  mator.gen.ral  «»JU«- 
tenant-govcrnor  of  Guernsey  ;  /«rved  umlcr  Amberst  in 
C-nada,  1767-9:  raised  btghlanders  In  Ko*»i  BcoUa,177§  ; 
commanded  battalion  of  engineers  against  American*, 
177f-«  ;  lieutcnanfcgovwnor  of  Quenuey,  17f«  :  major- 


177f-«  ;  lieutcnanfcgovwnor  of  Quenuey, 
general,  1794. 


[U1.88J) 


SMALL, 


1210 


SMELT 


SMALL,  JOHN  (IH-.'H -iHSrt),  librarian  of  Edinburgh 
rnivcr-itv  and  ivlinlmri:h  Colieve  of  Physicians  :  .M.A. 
Fxliiibiiivh.  1H47:  hon.  LL.D..  KHH«i ;  president  of  Library 
Association,  188V:  edited  'English  Metrical  Homilies,1 
IMi.  work*  of  Gavin  Douglas,  is? I,  sir  David  Lyndesuy's 
•  Monarchic,'  1865-6,  Duubar's  Poems,  1884-92,  Laing's 
'Remains  of  Early  Scottish  Poetry,'  1KK4-92:  also  pub- 
lished biographical  nnd  historical  works.  [Hi.  3HJ] 

SMALLE.  PETER  (ft.  1596-1615),  author  of  '  Mans 
Hay  or  a  Moneths  mimle '  (1615):  B.C.L.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1602 ;  rector  of  Piunock,  1604.  [lii.  382] 

SMALL  WOOD,  CHARLES  (1812-1872),  professor  of 
meteorology  at  Montreal ;  professor,  1858-72.  [lii.  383] 

8MALRIDGE.  GEORGE  (1663-1719),  bishop  of  Bristol 
and  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  educated  at  Lichficld, 
and  afterwards  at  Westminster  School,  at  expense  of 
Elias  Ashmole[q.  v.]  :  as  tutor  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
issued  •  Auctio  Davisiana,'  1689:  M.A.,  1689;  D.D.,  1701: 
prebendary  of  Lichfleld,  1693  ;  one  of  the  writers  against 
Bentley's  'Dissertation  on  the  Phalaris  Letters,'  his  share 
being  an  attempt  to  prove  that  the  dissertation  was  not 
written  by  Bentley,  1 698 ;  deputy  to  -regins  professor  of 
divinity  at  Oxford,  1700-7 ;  chaplain  to  Queen  Anne,  1710 ; 
ranon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  1711 ;  dean  of  Carlisle, 
1711-13  :  dean  of  Christ  Church,  1713;  bishop  of  Bristol, 
1714-19 :  refused  to  sign  declaration  against  James  Edward, 
the  Old  Pretender,  and  was  dismissed  from  lord  almoner- 
ship  •  the '  Favonius '  of  the  '  Tatler ' ;  his  sermons  praised 
by  Dr.  Johnson.  [lii.  383] 

SMALWOODE,  JOHN  (</.  1520).  [See  WIXCHCOMBE.] 

SMART,  BENJAMIN  HUMPHREY  (1786?-1872), 
writer  on  elocution  and  metaphysics.  [lii.  385] 

SMART,  CHRISTOPHER  (1722-1771),  poet;  edu- 
cated at  Durham  school  and  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1742  ; 
fellow  of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1745 ;  won  the 
i^catonan  prize,  1750-3  and  1755;  contributed  to  'The 
Student ' ;  introduced  by  Burney  to  John  Newbery  [q.  v.], 
for  whom  he  conducted  '  The  Midwife,  or  Old  Woman's 
Magazine,'  1751-3, and  other  periodicals;  his  'Poems  on 
Several  Occasions,'  including  'The  Hop  Garden,'  issued 
by  Newbery,  1752;  published  the  'Hilliad'  against  'Sir' 
John  Hill  (17167-1775)  [q.  v.],  1753;  prose  version  of 
Horace,  1756 ;  co-editor  of  the '  Universal  Visiter,'  1756-9  ; 
benefit  performance  given  for  him  by  Garrick,  1759 :  twice 
immured  in  a  madhouse ;  his  '  Song  to  David '  first 
issued,  1763 ;  visited  by  Dr.  Johnson ;  produced  libretto 
'  Hannah,'  1764,  metrical  versions  of  Phaedrus  and  of  the 
Psalms,  1764  ;  lived  in  last  years  and  died  within  rules  of 
King's  Bench:  collected  poems  (omitting  'Song  of 
David '),  issued,  1791.  [lii.  386] 

SMART,  Sm  GEORGE  THOMAS  (1776-1867),  musi- 
cian and  orchestral  conductor;  chorister  in  Chapel 
Royal,  London;  sang  at  first  Handel  commemoration, 
Westminster  (1784),  and  conducted  the  last  (1834): 
knighted  in  Dublin,  1811 ;  original  member  of  Phil- 
liarraonic  Society  ;  produced  in  England  Beethoven's 
'Mount  of  Olives,'  1814,  Mendelssohn's  'St.  Paul,'  1836; 
joint-organist  of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1822 ;  as  musical 
director  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  produced  Weber's 
4  Oberon ' ;  conducted  music  at  funeral  of  George  IV  and 
coronations  of  William  IV  and  Queen  Victoria ;  composed 
church  music  and  glees ;  edited  Gibbons's  first  set  of  mad- 
rigals and  Handel's  Dettingeu  '  Te  Deum.'  [lii.  389] 

SMAET,  HENRY  (1778-1823),  violinist;  brother  of 
Sir  George  Thomas  Smart  [q.  v.]  [lii.  390] 

SMART,  HENRY  HAWLEY  (1833-1893),  novelist  • 
served  in  1st  regiment  foot  in  Crimea  and  Indian  mutiny  • 
with  17tb  in  Canada,  1888-64  ;  published  (1869-93) 
numerous  novels  excelling  in  racing,  hunting,  and  military 
incidents.  [Hi.  391] 

SMART,  HENRY  THOMAS  (1813-1879),  organist 
and  composer ;  son  of  Henry  Smart  [q.  v.] ;  designed 
many  organs;  composed  organ  music,  anthems,  part- 
songs,  a  cantata ;  granted  civil  list  pension,  [lii.  390] 

SMART,  JOHN  (174l-1811),mimatnre.painter ;  friend 
of  Cosway ;  exhibited  with  Society  of  Artists,  1762-83 
(Tioe-pnsident,  1783) :  practised  in  India,  1781-97 ;  after- 


SMAHT.  1'KTKIl  (1569-1052?),  puritan  divine:  of 
Westminster  School  and  Jlroadijates  Hall,  Oxford:  M.A.. 
15!>5  ;  umster  of  Durham  school.  1598 ;  chaplain  to  Bishop 
William  Jumcs(1642-1617)[q.v.]  ;  master  of  St.  Edmund's 
Hospital,  Gateshead  ;  prebendary  of  Durham  :  deprived, 
lined,  and  imprisoned  four  years  for  sermon (1628) against 
ritual  in  the  catlnMral ;  restored  by  Long  parliament ;  took 
the  covenant,  1643 ;  gave  evidence  at  Laud's  trial ;  ob- 
tained sequestered  livings ;  published  puritan  tracts. 

SMEATON.  JOHN  (1724-1792),  civil  engineer  f  ^  a 
boy  made  models  of  fire  engines  and  lathes :  educated  at 
Leeds  grammar  school ;    elected  F.R.S.,  1753  :   awarded 
gold  medal  for  '  Experimental  Enquiry  concerning  the 
'  Natural  Powers  of  Wind  and  \Vater  to  Turn  Mills,'  17,V.» ; 
I  studied  canal  and  harbour  systems  of  Holland,  1754  :  con- 
structed third  Eddystone  lighthouse,  175G-9  ;  built  arched 
i  bridges  at  Perth,  Banff ,  and  Coldstream ;  made  Fort  hand 
!  Clyde  canal :  founded  Smeatonian  Club,  1771 ;  published 
;  account  of  Eddystone  Lighthouse,  1792.  [Hi.  393] 

SMEDLEY,  EDWARD  (1788-1836).  author  :  of  West- 

i  minster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :   M.A., 

.'  1812  ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  Colleee,  Cambridge,  1812  ; 

Seatoninn  prizeman,  1813, 1814. 1827, 1828  ;  preacher  at  St. 

James's,  Tottenham  Court  Road :  prebendary  of  Lincoln. 

1829;  edited  '  Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana ' ;    published 

4 Religio  Clerici,'  1821,  'Sketches  from  Venetian  History,' 

1831-2,  'History  of  Reformed  Religion  in  France.'  1832-4, 

'  History  of  France,'  1836,  and  prize  poems.    His  poems 

collected,  1837.  [lii.  395] 

SMEDLEY,  FRANCIS  EDWARD  (1818-1864),  novel- 
ist; cripple  from  childhood  ;  his  *  Frank  Fairlegh '  (1850) 
originally  contributed  anonymously  to  Sharpe's  '  London 
Magazine':  published  also ' Lewis  Arundel'(1852)  from 
same  magazine,  which  he  edited  for  two  years  :  edited 
three  numbers  of  '  George  Cruikshauk's  Magazine' :  pub- 
lished '  Harry  Coverdale's  Courtship,'  and  with  Edmund 
Yates  '  Mirth  and  Metre,'  1855.  [lii.  396] 

SMEDLEY,  JONATHAN  (/.  1689-1729),  dean  of 
Clogher;  M.A.  Trinity  College, '  Dublin,  1698:  dean  of 
Killala,  1718-24,  of  Clogher,  1724-7;  published  whig 
pamphlets  and  verses :  wrote  pasquinades  against  Swift 
and  Pope,  to  which  they  replied  ;  left  Ireland  for  Madras, 
1729.  [lii.  397] 


exhibited  at  Royal  Academy. 


[lii.  391] 


ALFRED  (1818-1877).  surgeon  and  metal- 
lurgist ;  of  St.  Paul's  School  and  King's  College,  London  ; 
appointed  surgeon  to  Bank  of  England,  1841,  to  Alderssrate 
Street  Dispensary,  London,  1842,  and  to  Central  London 
Ophthalmic  Institution :  awarded  Isis  medal  of  Society  of 
Arts  for  his  battery;  F.R.S.,  1841;  initiated  educational 
lectures  of  London  Institution ;  invented  '  gum  nnd 
chalk'  splints;  published  'Elements  of  Electro- Metal- 
lurgy,' 1840,  'Elements  of  Electro-Biology,'  1841),  •  My 
Garden ;  its  Plan  and  Culture '  1872,  and  medical  works. 

[lii.  398] 

SMEETON,  GEORGE  (/.  1800-1828),  printer  and 
compiler :  issued  '  Reprints  of  Rare  and  Curious  Tracts 
relating  to  English  History,'  1820, '  Biographica  Curiosa,' 
1822,  '  Doings  in  London,'  "1828.  [lii.  399] 

SMELLIE,  WILLIAM  (1697-1763),  man-mid  wife; 
friend  of  Dr.  William  Cullen  [q.  v.]  and  of  Smollett :  came 
to  London  from  Lanark,  1 739,  am)  acquired  large  practice ; 
taught  midwifery  and  published  obstetrical  treatises; 
hon.  M.D.  Glasgow,  1745.  [lii.  399] 

SMELLTE,  WILLIAM  (1740-1795),  Edinburgh  printer, 
naturalist,  and  antiquary;  printed  and  contributed  to 
first  edition  of  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  1771;  secre- 
tary of  Newtonian  Club,  1778,  and  of  Scottish  Antiquaries* 
Society,  1793  (original  member  and  keeper  of  natural 
history  museum);  noticed  in  Burus's  'Crooballan  Fen- 
cibles';  published  an  account  of  Scottish  Antiquarian 
Society  (1782-4),  'The  Philosophy  of  Natural  History* 
(1790-9),  posthumous  lives  of  Lord  Kames,  Hume,  Adam 
Smith,  and  J.  Gregory,  M.D.,  and  an  edition  of  Buff  on. 

[lii.  400] 

SMELT,  LEONARD  (17197-1800),  captain  in  royal 
engineers  and  sub-governor  to  George,  prince  of  Wales  and 
Prince  Frederick :  saw  service  as  engineer  at  Dettingen, 
Fontenoy,  and  in  Scotland  :  reported  on  defences  of  New- 
foundland, 1751 ;  bad  charge  of  northern  military  district 
of  England,  1757  ;  deputy-governor  to  royal  princes.  1771- 
1781 ;  deputy-ranger  of  Richmond  Park  ;  favourite  of 
George  1 1 1  and  of  literary  society.  [Hi.  40 1  ] 


SMETHAM 


TJll 


SMITH 


SMETHAM,  .1  A  M  KS  ( 1  KIM  IHHH  >.  painter  and  essayist; 
befriended  b3  Kassetti,  Raskin,  and  others,  bat 
ful  ao  painter :  |ir««i  .  ni. I  drawing* 

tivrof  liisovMir '.(  ,  .  ..rks~ 

iu.-i!i...r   oi    !..  ..,,,i.|,  ami   study  o(  Blake),  iMued  18M; 
his  '  Ix-tten '  appeared  1H91.  [liL  4U3] 

SMETHURST.  JolIN  ( 1 793-1 869), anlUrlan  minister 
of  Mon.-ton  Hampstead  ;  undertook  mission  to  Ulster, 
1821.  [111.  ; 

SMETON,  THOMASM636-1683X  principal  of  Glasgow 
Univi Tsity  :  educated  at  Perth  and  St.  Sal  vu  tor's  College, 
St.  Andrews ;  friend  of  Andrew  Mclrllle  at  Paris:  riaited 
Borne  and  Geneva:  In  Paris  on  St,  Bartholomew's  Day, 
1672 ;  minister  of  Paisley  Abbey  and  dean  of  faculty  at 
Glasgow,  1677:  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1679  and 
1583:  principal  of  <;iu**ow  University,  1680-3:  published 
reply  to  tin-  work  of  Archibald  Hamilton  (A  15U3)  [q.  v.], 
•De  Coufiuioue  apud  Sootou '  with  life  of  Knox. 

8MIBERT  or  8MYBERT,  JOHN  (1684-1761X  por- 
trait-painter:  worked  in  Italy,  1717-20:  accompanied 
Bishop  (then  dean)  Berkeley  to  America,  1718,  and  painted 
a  group  of  the  expedition ;  settled  at  Boston,  U.3.A.,  and 
painted  many  portrait*  there.  [Ui.  4o6] 

8MIBERT,  THoMAS  (1810-1864X  author;  edited 
and  contributed  to  'Chambers'*  Journal,'  1837-42;  his 
'Oonde's  Wife'  acted  at  Edinburgh,  1842;  published 
» Clans  of  the  Highlands '  (I860),  and  lyrical  poems  ( 1851). 

[Hi.  405] 

8MIBKE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1796-1875),  lawyer  and 
antiquary :  third  son  of  Robert  Smirke  [q.  v.]  ;  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Middle  Temple ;  M.A. 
1820:  reconierof  Southampton,  1846-66;  attorney-general 
to  Albert  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  1862 ;  vice-warden  of 
the  stannaries  of  Cornwall  and  Devon,  1863-70  ;  knighted, 
1870:  president  of  Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall,  1861-3 
and  1865-7 ;  edited  law  reports  and  wrote  on  history  of 
tin  mines  and  procedure  in  stannaries  court.  [Hi.  406] 

8MIBKE,  RICHARD  (1778-1815),  antiquarian 
draughtsman  ;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Smirke  [q.  v.] 

8MIRXE,  ROBERT  (1752-1845),  painter:  exhibited 
with  Society  of  Artists  and  at  the  Academy,  178C-1813; 
BJL,  1793:  painted  for  Boydell's  'Shakespeare  Gallery' 
and  Bowyer's  •  History  of  England,'  and  designed  many 
illustrations.  [lil.  4O6] 

SKULKS,  Sm  ROBERT  (1781-1867X  architect ;  second 
son  of  Robert  Smirke  [q.  v.] :  studied  in  Italy,  Greece, 
and  Sicily,  and  published  •Specimens  of  Continental 
Architecture,"  1806 ;  pained  first  prize  for  •  navy  memo- 
rial,' 1817;  designed  British  Museum  and  post-office  (St. 
Martin's-le-Grand,  London);  rebuilt  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1809;  erected  library  und  dining  hall.  Inner 
Temple  ;  restored  York  minster  ;  R.A.,  1811 ;  treasurer, 
1820-50 ;  knighted,  1832. 

SMIRKE,  SYDNEY  (1798-1877),  architect:  brother 
of  Sir  Robert  Smirke  [q.  v.] :  completed  restoration  of 
Temple  Church,  London,  1X41;  built  British  Museum 
reading-room,  1854-7:  twice  restored  Savoy  Chapel, 
London :  completed  Burlington  House  exhibition  gall*"". 
London,  1870 ;  R.A.,  1859 ;  professor  of  architecture,  1861-6, 
treasurer,  1871 ;  founded  Architect*'  Benevolent  Society, 
1852 :  published  architectural  works,  [lit  408] 

SMITH,    [See  also  SMYTH  ami  SMTTOE.] 

SMITH.  AARON  (d.  1697  ?X' solicitor  to  the  treasury: 
a  whig  plotter  at  the  time  of  the  Popith  plot ;  arrested  at 
the  time  of  the  Rye  House  plot,  uud  not  released  till 
March  1688 :  appointed  solicitor  to  treasury  and  public 
prosecutor,  1689 ;  detected  a  more  or  less  Imaginary  con- 
spiracy in  Lancashire,  1G94  ;  dismissed  for  malversation, 
1696.  Hill. 1] 

SMITH,  AARON  (fl.  1828),  seaman;  charged  with 
piracy  in  the  West  In  i  '  his  piratical  acts 

shown  to  have  been  committed  upon  compulsion :  pub- 
lished (1824)  a  'Narrative'  of  his  sufferings,  and  sub- 
Hequently  brought  a  charge  of  libel  against  a  man  who 
styled  him  a  pirate,  obtaining  10/.  damages.  [MIL  2] 

SMITH,    ADAM    (1723-1790).   political   economist; 


;.:,  :-.  DDl  '.    '.     t«   I.*'    60    iBSSt**?,    •"    OS,    ;  ::   • 

DM        ,:!!-..       ,!      »,    '.'.  :•  '•  .     '-     :.'.•    :      •      • 

!.-,.  (n  .  .•  .  I*  HI  t  :  !  .--•  .  •  i  i.  :>..„• 
ate  with  Bane ;  published  bU  •  Theory  of  the  Moral 
nenu.'  1769  ;  his  lectures  the  means  of  his  attaining 

..••       .•,,:.-..,        ,•     •    .  •  ;..    ,     ,!!<.,  H     :.,-. 

Turgot,  and  others  in  Paris,  and  Votuira  at  O«MV»  ; 

ratamati  to  London,  1764,  and  ssttfad.  1747.  in  KirkcaJd» 


on  a  pension  from  the  Duke  of  Boodeooh : 
from  the  •  physiocrats '  the  perception  that  a  ' 


Qdtl    .  t!:,..r,     ,;..,.  ,;,.  •  ,1,  .:-...„,.!       bOV,MM»   ,,n.^. 

and  differenov  of  wage*,  and  pnbtkhsd  (1766)  his  mat 

• 
study  of  political  economy  M  a  separate  sdsacsj ;  hs>  book 


being  studied,  among  others,  by  Pitt;  edited  the  auto- 
bfanaptq  3  M  MM,  ••.-.  \  m  i  tool  >'  tt  :..-<  Bto  -. 
;;;T:  sjagM  kofd  Ml*  ri  Oftsjl  DUvOTlty.  i;-;: 
member  of  Dr.  Johnson's  Club.  [UlL  I] 

SMITH.  ALBERT  RICHARD(181t-18«X 

Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
M  iddlran  Hospital,  began  writing  for  •  Punch.* 
and  (1842)  sent  'The  Adventures  of  Mr.  Lolbury'  to 
Bentiey's;  brought  out  'Christopher  Tadpole,'  IMx; 
wrote  a  number  of  extravaganzas,  and  was  well  known  for 
his  entertainments  at  the  Egyptian  Hall-tin  • « iverland 
Mail,' '  Mont  Blanc,'  1862,  and  •  China.'  [liii.  10] 

SMITH,  ALEXANDER  (Jl.  1714-1726X  biographer  of 
highwaymen ;  called  Captain  Smith :  wrote  "  Lives  of 
Higbwaymcit,'  1714,  lives  of  celebrated  beauties,  1716, 
and  lives  of '  Buyliffs,'  Jonathan  Wild,  and  other*. 

;;.;;.  :. ; 

SMITH.  ALEXANDER  (1684-1766X  Roman  cathoUr 
prelate :  consecrated  bishop  of  Moslnopoli*  in  part »«* 
infldrlium,  1735:  socoeeded  to  the  vicariate  of  the  low- 
land district  of  Scotland,  1746.  [liii.  It] 


of  logic  at  Glasgow,  and  next  year  transferred  to  chair  of 


SMITH,  ALKXANDEB  (17607-1829).    [Sec 

JOHX.] 

SMITH.  AI.KXANI)ER(18SO-1867).  Scottish  poet:  a. 
tace  pattern  designer  in  Glasgow  ;  patr<>  tillan 

ai:d  George  Il«ir>'  1  A-W  r, :  published  in  1863  •  Life  Drama  • 
and  other  poems  which  made  a  sensation  :  satirised  by 
Aytoun  in  '  Firuiilian  '  •  ptibliithed  sonnets  on  the  Crimean 
war  with  his  friend  Dobcll,  1866,  and  •  DreamUiorp  * 
(essays),  1863.  [WL  13] 

SMITH,  SIR  ANDREW  (1797-1872X  ili rector-general, 
army  medical  department ;  wrveil  at  the  Cape  and  in 
Natal,  1821-37:  wrot.-  on  r(».logy  of  South  Africa: 
director-general  of  the  onuy  aiwl  ordnance  medical  de- 
partments, 1853-8:  hlutiiM  for  lu-  administration  of 
medical  department  in  the  Crimea  ;  K.C.1L,  1869. 

[UU  16] 

SMITH,  ANKER  (1759-1819).  engraver:  became  a 
famous  engraver  of  small  plate*  in  line ;  A.H.A.,  1797. 

[Hit  15] 

SMITH,  AQUILLA  (1806-1890),  Irish  antiquary; 
studied  at  Trinity  Collejre,  Dublin  ;  M.D.  A«wri»  oeuua. 
Dublin,  183'.);  king's  professor  of  materta  medlca  and 
pharmacy  in  the  school  of  physic,  Dublin,  1864-81 :  col- 
lector of  coins ;  wrote  on  archaeological,  numismatic,  and 
medical  subject*.  I""-  "1 

SMITH,  ARCHIBALD  (181S-1872V  mathematician : 
of  GhMgow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  senior 
wrangler,  1836:  M.A..  1839:  barrister,  Lincoln's  Ian, 
1841 ;  F.R.S..  1866 :  rewarde.1  by  government,  187» ; 
wrote  on  the  deviation  of  the  compass.  [lilt  16] 

SMITH,  ARTHUR  W.  W.  (1825-18C1X  «terUiJMr: 
managed  entertainment*  for  his  brother  AUwrt  Richard 
Smith  [q.  v.],  and  also  for  Charles  Dickens  [q.  v^ 

SMITH.  AUGUSTUS  JOHN  (1804-1872),  loseeof  the 
UDto    '  Obnrch,  Oxford,    l*»  .  obtained 
i.  uirfer  tlw  crown,  1834,  ^  ulnetv-nlna 
:  largely  rebuilt  and  reorganised  Industrial 
J>.,  Truro,  1867-66. 
SMITH,     BARBARA    LEIGH    (1837-1W1).      [Se» 

BODICHOS.] 

SMITH.  BK N.i  \M IN  ./-  18MX  engraver:  **"*£* 
in  the  ttipple  manner  of  his  master  BartolonL  [liii.  18] 


SMITH 


1212 


SMITH 


[.BENJAMIN  (1783-18GO),  politician;  son  of 
William  Smith  (1756-1835)  [q.  v.]  ;  supported  corn  law 
repeal  as  M.P.  for  Norwich,  1838  and  liS-11-7  [liii.  150] 

SMITH  (formerly  SCHMIDT),   15KRNARD  (1G30  ?- 

-i,  ralliil  Father  Smith;  organ-builder;  came  from 
Halle  in  Charles  II's  time;  bailt  organ  for  Westminster 
Abbey  and  for,  ^heldonian  Theatreat  Oxford  and  Durh-un 
Cathedral ;  built  also  orpin  for  St.  Paul's,  London,  1097, 
and  for  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  [liii.  1 8] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  (1715  ?-17C2),  Irish  county  his- 
torian; wrote  histories  of  Down  (1744),  Waterfonl 
(1746X  Cork  (1760),  and  Kerry  (175C),  which  were  praised 
by  Miwaulay.  [liii.  20] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  (1713-1777),  writer  on  the  corn 
trade ;  earned  praise  of  Adam  Smith  by  lib  treatise  on 
the  import  and  export  laws.  [liii.  20] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  (1749P-1824),  painter;  native  of 
the  Orkneys;  painted  in  India,  1783:  published  a 'Trip 
to  Bengal '  (musical  entertainment),  1802.  [liii.  21  ] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  (1786-1856),  singer  ;  chorister  of 
Chapel  Royal,  London,  179G ;  became  organist  nt  the 
Welbeck  Chapel  and  (1816)  at  Liverpool ;  wrote  songs  and 
operettas.  [liii.  21] 

SMITH,  SIR  CHARLES  FELIX  (1786-1858),  lieu- 
teuaut-generul ;  served  as  engineer  in  Spain,  with  dis- 
tinction at  Gibraltar,  December  1811 ;  served  at  Vittoria 
and  in  Wellington's  army  of  occupation,  1815-18;  in 
West  Indies,  1823-37 ;  as  commanding  engineer  at 
Gibraltar,  1838-42,  gaining  K.C.B.  for  gallantry  at  St. 
Jean  d'Acrc  ;  lieutenant-general,  1851,  and  colonel-com- 
mandant, royal  engineers,  185C.  [liii.  21] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  HAMILTON  (1776-1859),  soldier 
and  writer  on  natural  history  ;  of  Flemish  origin  ;  served 
in  English  arrnj-,  1797-1820;  wrote  military  part  of 
Coxc's '  Marlborough,'  and  many  military  and  natural- 
history  book*.  [liii.  24] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  HARRIOT  (1792-1864),  archi- 
tect; becnme  an  authority  on  building-stone  and  orna- 
mental stone-carving,  and  published  '  Lithotomy,'  1842. 

[liii.  25] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1803-1838),  engraver: 
executed  plates  for  Stothard  and  John  Gough  Nichols 
[q.  V.],  1829 ;  F.S.A.,  1837.  [liii.  26] 

SMITH,  CHARLES  ROACH  (1807-1890),  antiquary  ; 
a  great  collector  of,  and  authority  on,  Roman  and  British 
antiquities:  sold  a  collection  in  1856  to  British  Musenm 
for  2,000/. ;  wrote  largely  for  '  Archaeologia  '  and  '  Numis- 
matic Chronicle'  and  edited  'Antiquarian  Notes'  for 

•  Gentleman's  Magazine,*  besides  helping  to  found  British 
Archieological  Association  in  1843,  and  publishing  useful 

•  Collectanea.'  [Hii.  26] 

SMITH,  CHARLOTTE  (1749-1806>,  poetess  and 
novelist;  daughter  of  Nicholas  Turner ;  married  Richard 
Smith,  a  merchant,  1765,  who  became  bankrupt ;  pro- 
duced some  successful  novels,  'Enuneline,'  1788,  'Celes- 
tino,'  1792,  '  Desmond,'  1792,  •  The  Old  Manor  House,' 
1793,  and  '  Conversations  introducing  Poetry,'  1804. 

[liii.  27] 

SMITH,  OOLVIN  (1795-1875),  portrait-painter; 
studied  at  London  and  Rome  :  settled  at  Edinburgh,  1826  ; 
painted  Scott,  Jeffrey,  and  Macintosh,  and  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Scottish  Academy.  [liii.  29] 

SMITH,  EDMUND  (1672-1710),  poet ;  son  of  Edmund 
Neale ;  adopted  name  of  Smith  from  his  guardian  ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1696- 
expelled  from  Christ  Church  for  lampooning  Dr.  Aldrich, 
1705;  adapted  'Phredra  and  Hippolitus'  from  Racine 
1707  ;  wrote  elegy  on  John  Philip?,  1708.  [liii.  30] 

SMITH  or  SMYTH,  EDWARD  (1666-1 720),  bishop  of 
Down  and  Connor;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1684;  D.D ,  1696 
and  later  vice-chancellor  of  Dublin  University ;  chaplain' 
to  William  III ;  consecrated  bishop,  1699.  [liii.  31] 

SMITH,    EDWARD    (18187-1874),    physician    and 

medical  writer  ;  M.D.  London,  1843  ;  LL.B,  1848 ;  F.R.C  s" , 

»l :  -tudied  physiological  chemistry  :  made  F.R.S.,  1860  ; 

cturer,  Charing  CTOM  Hospital,  London,  1853 :  published 

medloa  work*,  [liii.  31] 

SMITH,  ELIZABETH  (1-76-1806),  oriental  scholar; 
born  near  Durham ;  learned  Hebrew  and  Syriac,  1796-9 ; 


her  '  Vocabulary,  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and  Persian,'  printed, 
is  I  l.  [liii.  32] 

SMITH,   ERASMUS  (1611-1691),  educational   bene- 
factor: Turkey  merchant;  army  contractor,  1650;  ob- 
!  tiiincd  large  grants  of  land  in  Tippeniry,  1662 ;  founded 
grammar  schools  find  lectureships  in  Ireland,    [liii.  33] 

SMITH,  FRANCIS  (ft.  1770),  painter;  born  in  Italy  : 
exhibited  oriental  views  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1770-3. 

[liii.  34] 

SMITH,  Sm  FRANCIS  PETTIT  (1808-1874),  iiiven- 
i  tor  of  screw-propeller  for  steamships ;  constructed  a 
;  model  quite  independently  of  other  experimenters  in  1836  : 
by  hia  experiments  on  the  Archimedes  steamer  in  183(.» 
!  led  the  admiralty  to  construct  the  Rattler  in  1841-3  with 
!  Smith's  four-bladed  screw ;  knighted,  1871.  [liii.  34] 

SMITH,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (d.  1835),  sculptor  ; 
son  of  Anker  Smith  [q.  v.] ;  modelled  some  fine  groups, 
1818-28.  [liii.  16] 

SMITH,  GABRIEL  (d.  1783),  engraver ;  engraved 
after  Watteau,  Boucher,  and  French  school,  1765-80. 

[liii.  36] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1693-1756),  nonjuring  divine  ;  of 
Durham ;  sou  of  John  Smith  (1659-1715)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  Inner  Temple ;  was  a 
student  of  early  English  history  and  antiquities ;  com- 
pleted his  father's  '  Bede,'  1722,  and  edited  other  learned 
works;  consecrated  uonjuring  bishop,  1728.  [liii.  36] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1713-1776),  landscape-painter: 
studied  under  his  brother  William  (1707-1764)  [q.  v.] ;  ex- 
hibited landscapes,  1760-70  ;  patronised  by  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, [liii.  37] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1797  ?-1850),  captain  in  navy; 
invented  a  new  method  of  sighting  guus,  and  wrote  pro- 
fessionally, [liii.  38] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1800-1868),  historian  and  theo- 
logian :  a  Cornwall  notability  and  keen  antiquary ;  R.A.S. 
and  F.S.A. ;  issued  numerous  religious  and  archaeological 
volumes,  including  '  The  Cassitcrides,'  1863.  [liii.  38] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1815-1871),  bishop  of  Victoria; 
M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1843  ;  missionary  to  China ; 
consecrated  bishop  of  Victoria  in  Hongkong,  1847 ;  wrote 
on  consular  cities  of  China  and  on  Japan.  [liii.  39] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1840-1876),  Assyriologist ;  devoted 
his  leisure  as  a  bank-note  engraver  to  studying  Assyrian 
inscriptions  at  British  Museum  ;  encouraged  by  Rawlin- 
son  and  Birch ;  deciphered  the  Chaldaean  account  of  the 
deluge  from  Layard's  tablets,  1872 ;  made  three  great 
excavating  expeditions  to  the  site  of  Nineveh  at  the 
expense  of  the  'Daily  Telegraph'  and  British  Museum 
authorities,  whose  collection  he  vastly  enriched :  dial  near 
Aleppo,  leaving  valuable  Assyriological  works,  [liii.  39] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1831-1895),  philanthropist ;  started 
life  as  a  brickmaker ;  educated  himself ;  strenuously  ad- 
vocated the  cause  of  women  and  children  employed  in 
brickworks,  on  canal  boats,  and  in  caravans  ;  his  agita- 
tion highly  successful ;  wrote  several  books,  and  in  1885 
received  a  grant  from  royal  bounty.  [liii.  41] 

SMITH,  GEORGE  (1824-1 901),  publisher,  and  founder 
and  proprietor  of  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography ' ; 
joined  in  1838  the  firm  of  Smith  &  Elder,  publishers  and 
East  India  agents,  of  65  Cornhill,  London,  which  his 
father  had  founded  in  partnership  with  Alexander  Elder 
in  1816,  soon  after  coming  in  youth  to  London  from  his 
native  town  of  Elgin.  In  1843  Smith  took  charge  of  some 
of  the  fl  rm's  publishing  operations,  and  on  his  father's  death 
in  1846  became  sole  head  of  the  firm.  Under  his  control 
the  business  quickly  grew  in  both  the  India  agency  and 
publishing  directions.  The  chief  authors  whose  work-  Ik- 
published  in  his  early  career  were  John  Ruskin,  Charlotte 
Bronte,  whose  'Jane  Eyre'  he  issued  in  1848.  and  W.  M. 
Thackeraj',  whose  'Esmond'  he  brought  out  in  1851. 
In  1853  he  took  a  partner,  H.  S.  King,  and,  after  weather- 
ing the  storm  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  started  in  1869  *  The 
Oornhill  Magazine,'  with  Thackeray  as  editor,  and  nume- 
rous leading  authors  and  artists  as  contributors.  In  1865 
Smith  founded  the  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette,'  a  London  evening 
newspaper  of  independent  character  and  literary  quality, 
which  remained  his  property  till  1880.  In  186H  In- 
dissolved  partnership  with  King,  leaving  him  to  carry  on 
the  India  agency  branch  of  the  old  firm's  business,  and 


SMITH 


>u  extended  In  many  ways, 

publication  of  medical  book    His 

OHMed  Robert  Browning.  Matthew  Arnold,  (Sir) 
Stephen,  mid  Miss  Tlinckera 
were  intimate  prr-omil  f  n.nd*.     Mennwhlfc  to 
with  great  snooess  in  many  meroantUe  venture 

the  purchase,  ss  ith  tWO  OtOCrt,  in  1873,  of  tto 

-1— ' '-I  1882  togaVe  proof  of  his  , 


SMITH 


Le^^"co»yjd7  -•I7*X  **** 


Stephen  and  Mr 
100U),  with  three 

portrait  was  pail. 

posthumously  by  tto 


I,-      :  •          .     ,  ,       ,;--.'. 

tary  volumes  (1901).    Smith's 

-.0.  F.  Watte,  RJL,  1876.  and 
John  Collier,  1901.   A  tablet  to 


B  »^1«»GBpROBCHARLES(1782-1863),'boat«wain 
Smith  ;  pressed  into  navy  ;  served  at  Copenhagen,  1801 : 
left  navy,  1803 :  became  a  baptist  pastor  and  devoted  him- 
self to  open-air  preaching  to  sailors  and  watermen: 
founded  tto  first  sailors-  home,  in  1828,  In  Wellclo-e 
Square.  London,  performing  other  missionary  work  both 
as  a  preacher  and  a  pamphleteer.  [1IIL  42] 

SMITH,  GERARD  EDWARD  (1804-1881),  botanist 
and  divine ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  London,  and 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  BJL,  1829 ;  prWedacata- 
logue  of  rare  phanerogamous  plant*,  1829 ;  wrote  on  the 
flora  of  Derbyshire,  and  was  the  flrat  to  recognise  several 
British  plants.  [liii.  43] 

SMITH,  8rn  HARRY  GEORGE  WAKELYN,  first 
baronet  (1788-1860X  victor  of  Aliwal;  served  in  South 
America,  1807,  at  Corona,  Fuentes  d'Onoro,  Ctudad 
Rodrigo,  and  Badajos,  also  in  battles  of  1812-14,  and  at 
Bladeiusburg  and  Waterloo :  took  a  leading  part  in  subduing 
the  Kaffirs,  1836 ;  went  out  to  India  as  adjutant-general 
under  (.iough,  1842 ;  served  in  G  waller  and  Sikh  campaigns, 
leading  the  charge  against  the  Sikhs  at  Aliwal,  28  Jan. 
1846,  and  commanding  first  division  of  infantry  at 
Sobruou,  1846 ;  made  baronet  and  major-general,  and  in 
1847  governor  of  the  Cape;  routed  (1848)  at  Boom  Plaatx 
the  Boers  under  Pretorius,  who  resented  extension  of 
British  territory,  many  of  them  subsequently  eroding  tto 
Vaal  and  founding  the  Transvaal  state  ;  resisted  the  hind- 
ing  of  convicts  at  the  Cape,  1840 ;  put  down  another 
Kaffir  rebellion,  1850;  his  connection  with  South  Africa, 
whence  he  returned  in  1852,  commemorated  by  the  names 
of  the  towns  of  Harrismith,  Lady&mith,  Whittlesey  his 
native  town,  and  Aliwal.  [HiL  43] 

SMITH,  HENRY  (1550P-1591).  puritan  divine;  of 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ; 
B.A.  Oxford,  1579;  became  a  great  preacher  at  St. 
Clement  Danes,  where  he  was  lecturer  from  1 W7  ;  known 
as  •  silver-tongued  Smith ' ;  dedicated  his  collected  cannons 
to  Ixml  Burghley,  who  defended  him  when  attacked  by 
the  bishop  of  London  for  his  puritan  inclinations. 

[liii.  48] 

SMITH,  HENRY  ( 1620-1 G68  ?),  regicide;  B.A.  St. 
Mnry  Hall,  Oxford,  1640 ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1640  ; 
.M.I'.,  Leicestershire,  1640;  signed  Charles  I's  death- 
warrant,  1640;  attainted,  1600,  but  respited;  probably 
died  in  prison.  [liii.  49] 

SMITH,    HENRY    JOHN    STEPHEN    (182C-1883X 
son  of  a  Dublin   barrister ;    went   to 


Rugby  and  won  the  Balliol  scholarship  (classical),  1844 ; 
fellow  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1849;  M.A.,1865;  mathe- 
matical tutor  at  Balliol,  though  equally  brilliant  in 
classics;  elected  Saviliau  professor  of  geometry,  1860: 
F.R.S.  and  F.1LA.8.,  1861 ;  the  greatest  disciple  of  Gauss  ; 
elucidated  the  theory  of  number*,  his  mathematical  papers 
being  collected  in  1804.  [liii.  60] 

SMITH,  HORATIO  (' Horace ')( 1770  1819),  poet  and 
author;  brother  of  James  Smith  (1775-18:W)  [q.  v.] : 
gained  an  introduction  to  the  literary  \\orld  through 
Richard  Cumberland  the  dramatist,  aud  fume  In  1812  as 
joint  author  with  his  brother  James  of  'Rejected  Ad- 
drcsees,'  his  best  parodies  being  those  of  Byron  and  Scott ; 
Hubsequently  wrote  novels,  including  '  Brauiblctye  House,' 
1826  (imitation  of  Sir  Walter  Scott) :  published  many 
other  works  :  the  *  Tin  Trumpet '  (a  medley),  1836  :  aided 
Campbell  on  the 'Mew  Monthly';  hi*  •  1'oUicul  Work*' 
collected,  1846.  [liii.  M] 


writer:  M.D. 


and  other  tru 

SMITH.   JAMES 


SMITH,  JAMEB(164*-1711),R, _ 

DJX  Douay,  1680;    elected  president  of  Dooav  Oolkev 
1682 ;  was  one  of  fcir  catholic  VkTr«aposiil£lS7bfc 
of  •Oalliopoli*;  1688,  and  inu^^Tf^a  SlnSS 

in  1700.  ,: 


elder  brother  of  HoratioSmith  [q?v.] ;  SUCOMII 

as  solicitor  to  board  of  ordnance.  1813 ;  produced 

brother  -Be;*ctod  Addresses,'  1812,  and  -Horace  in  Loo- 
don,'  1815 ;  also  wrote  clever  nonsense  for  Charles  Mattow*. 

SMITH,  JAMES  (1789-18501  agricultural  ^nei  : 
invented  a  reaping-machine,  1811 ;  devtod  a  tjitem  of 
deep  ploughing  and  thorough  draining  for  his  farm  at 
Deanston  :  wrote  upon  the  •subsoil  plough.'  1831. 


SMITH,  JAMBS,  •  Smith  of  Jordanhill ' 
geologist  and  man  of  letters;  merchant  by 
studied  glacial  questions ;  wrote  on  the  •  New 
1862,  and  on  the  •  Voyage  and  Shipwreck  of  St.  Paul/ 1848  ; 
an  authority  on  ancient  shipbuilding  and  navigation. 

[liii    591 

SMITH,  JAMES  (1805-1872).  merchant;  wrote 
largely,  1803-70,  upon  the  •Quadrature  of  the  Circle,' a 
problem  which  he  imagined  be  had  solved.  [liii.  6u] 


SMITH.  Siu  JAMBS  EDWARD(1759-1828).l 
studied  at  Edinburgh,  and  in  1784  purchased 
collections;  founded  LUmuin  Society,  1788;  knighted, 
1814 ;  produced  numerous  botanical  works  of  high  value, 
including  •  English  Botany'  (illustrated  by  bowerbyj. 
1790-1814,  in  36  vols.,  and  •  Introduction  to  Botany  '  .mi 
•  English  Flora,'  1824-8.  [liii.  61] 

SMITH,  JAMES  ELJMALET,  'Hiepherd  Smith' 
(1801-1867X  divine  and  eMyist:  studied  atGlasfow  Uni- 
\i>r?\i\  :  influenced  t.y  John  Wroe,  tlie  SouthcottJaa  pro- 
phet, and  by  Robert  Owen,  for  whom  he  lectured ;  started 
(1834)  his  own  organ,  •  The  Shepherd  •;  became  euayist 
to  the  new  'Family  HeraU,'  1843;  published  'Divine 
Drama  of  History  and  Civilisation,'  1854.  [liii.  64] 

SMITH.  JAMBS  HICKS  (1822-1881),  banirter-aU 
law;  wrnot  Jeremiah  Smith (I771-I8*4)[q.  v.] ;  compiled 
'  Reminiscenced '  and  antiquities  of  Manchester,  [liii.  to] 

SMITH  or  SMYTH.  Sin  JEREMIAH  («/.  167IX  ad- 
miral ;  adhered  to  Cruiuwcll,  1G63 ;  fought  in  Dutch  war, 
1665,  against  Trouip.  [liii.  6ft] 

SMITH,    JEREMIAH   (d.  1723),  divine;    wrote  oa 

'  Trinity  '  duntig  Sailers'  Hall  debates,  1719.      [liiL  6ft] 


SMITH.  JKKKMIAU  (1771-1854X  master  of  Man- 
Chester  grammar  school ;  M.A.  Hertford  College,  Oxford, 
1797;  D.D.,  1811.  [UiL65] 

SMITH,  JEREMIAH  FINCH  (1815-1895X  pre- 
bcudary  of  Lichtleld  :  son  of  Jeremiah  Smith  ( 1771-18*4) 
[q.  v.] ;  edited  '  Manrhmter  School  Register,'  1874. 


[liii.  66] 
IH41  ;.<.':  x 

•sn   sj   i>i. 


SMITH  or  8MYTHE,  SIR  J"HN  d 
diplomatist  and  military  writer;  fl 
ward  VI,  through  his  mother ;  entered  Queen  Bliiabeth's 
service,  1674;  knighted,  1576;  criticised  Leicester's  foro» 
ut  Tilbury,  aud  wrote  commending  me  of  archery;  was 
slighted  by  Queen  BUabetb:  reported  to  Uuryhky  for 
treasonable  talk,  and  confined,  159«-8.  [ffi.lt] 


SMITH 


1214 


SMITH 


SMITH  or  SMYTH.  JOHN  (</.  1612),  the  Se-baptist; 
,,t  t'hrisi-s  I'ollivi',  Oiinbridirn.  an.l  ( 157'J)  M.A.  ; 
„,„„  tracts  in  dcicMrr  ,.f  luptist  principles,  mid  was 
known  among  Kniflish  at  Amsterdam  as  be-bapti-t  <  s.  If- 
baptiscr):  his  religious  views  uud  tracts  incoherent,  nn.l 
diitra*  toi  tliii-  68] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1563-1616),  divine:  M.A.  St  John's 
OoUore.  Oxford,  1685 ;  B.D.,  1591 :  fellow  of  bis  college ; 
lecturer  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1592 ;  wrote  cpntrover- 

[1m.  70] 


SMITH   JOHN  (1580-1631),  soldier  and  colonist ;  of 
Willoughby  ;  travelled  in  South-eastern  Europe,  1601-5: 
set  oat  with  Virginia  colonists  in  December  1606  :  said 
to  have  been  rescued  when  taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians 
by  the  Indian  princess  Pocahontas  [see  ROLPK,  JOHN]    • 
1607  ;  became  bead  of  colony,  1608,  and  explored  coasts  of  j 
Chesapeake:  visited  New  England,  1614  :  later  produced  ; 
maps  an<l  pamphlets  in  London  on  behalf  of  American 
colonisation ;  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's,  London. 

SMITH  or  SMYTH,  JOHN  (1507-1640),  genealogist;  ! 
steward  of  Berkeley  family  at  Netley:    wrote  valuable  ; 
lives  of  the  first  twenty-one  lords  of  Berkeley,  first  edited, 
1881.  Dili-  73] 

SMITH,  SIR  JOHN  (1618-1644),  royalist;  fought  in  j 
the   Netherlands  ;  joined    royalist  party  in   civil    war ; 
knighted  on  the  field  at  Edgehill  for  saving  the  royal 
standard ;  killed  at  Cheritou.  [hii.  73] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1618-1652),  Cambridge  Platomist; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1644 ;  lectured  at 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  his  select  discourses  pub- 
lished, 1660.  [liii.  74] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (/.  1633-1670),  writer  on  trade:  pri- 
vately  sent  to  visit  the  Shetlands  and  report  on  their 
industries,  1633 ;  wrote  on  British  fisheries,  husbandry 
and  trade.  [liii.  75] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1630-1679),  physician;  M.A.  Erase 
nose  College,  Oxford,  1653  ;  M.D.,  1652 ;  F.R.O.P. ;  pub- 
lished in  1 366  a  curious  book  on  old  age.  [liii.  75] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (>f.  1673-1680),  'philomath';  wrote  on  ; 
clocks,  1675,  oil-painting,  1676,  the  weather-glass,  1688,  | 
and  hydropathy  ('The  Curiosities  of  Common  Water,'  ', 
1722).  [liii.  75] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1659-1715),  divine :  grandson  of 
Matthew  Smith  (1689-1640)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge;  M.A^  1681;  D.D.,  1696:  became 
treasurer  of  Durham,  but  spent  much  time  at  Cambridge 
studying  for  an  edition  of  Bede  (completed  by  his  son, 
George  Smith  (1693-1766)  [q.  v.],  in  1722).  [liii.  76] 

SMITH  or  SMYTH,  JOHN  (1662-1717),  dramatist; 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1686 ;  usher  at  Magdalen 
College  school,  1689-1717  ;  published  a  comedy  (1691)  and 
burlesques.  [liii.  76] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1665-1723),  politician:  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple ;  sat  in  parlia- 
ment from  1678 ;  M.P.,  Ludgershall,  1678-9,  1680-1,  and 
1688-9,  Beeralston,  1691-5,  Andover,  1695-1713,  East 
Looe,  1716-23 ;  as  a  stout  whig,  acting  as  whip  for  the 
party ;  elected  speaker,  1705,  for  three  years ;  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  1708-10  ;  friend  of  Godolphin. 

[liii.  77] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1657-1726),  judge :  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  barrister.  Gray's  Inn,  1684 ;  became  a  baron 
of  exchequer,  1702,  and  lord  chief-baron  of  exchequer, 
1708.  [liii.  77] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (16527-1742),  mezzotint  engraver; 
engraver  after  Kneller,  Lely,  Dahl,  and  many  classical 
painters ;  sold  prints  in  Covent  Garden,  London. 

[liii.  78] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (fl.  1747),  author  of  'Chronicon- 
Rusticum-Commerciale' ;  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1725:  settled  in  Lincolnshire;  published  'Chronicon 
Ruhticum-Commerciale,  or  Memoirs  of  Wool,'  a  standard 
vrork,  1747.  [liii.  78] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1717-1764),  painter;  brother  of 
George  Smith  (1713-1776)  [q.  v.];  executed  landscapes, 
MsWiimn  on  name  canvas  with  his  brother.  [liii.  37] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1747-1807),  antiquary  and  Gaelic 
-ohoUr;  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1787;  published  'Gaelic 
Antiquities,'  1780,  •  Life  of  St.  Columba*  (translated  from 
Cummin  and  Adamnan),  1798,  and  other  works. 

[liii.  79] 


SMITH,  JOHN  (1790-1824),  missionary  ;  went  out  to 
evangelise  negroes  of  Demerara  in  1817,  and  was  arrested 
for  refusing  to  take  up  arms  against  insurgent  slaves,  and 
died  in  prison.  [liii.  79] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1749-1831),  water-colour  painter ; 
known  as  '  Warwick  Smith  ' ;  patronised  by  the  Eurl  of 
Warwick  ;  joined  Water-colour  Society,  18U5  ;  executed 
views  in  Italy  and  the  Lakes.  [Hii.  80] 

SMITH,  SIR  JOHN  (1754-1837),  general:  served 
under  Sir  William  Howe  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in 
America,  1777-81 ;  captured  at  Yorktown,  1781,  but  soon 
released:  commanded  artillery  at  St.  Vincent  and  Trini- 
dad, 1797,  and  under  Duke  of  York  in  Dutch  expedition, 
1799;  G.C.H.,  1831;  became  colonel  of  horse  artillery, 
1833  ;  general,  1837.  [liii.  80] 

SMITH,  JOHN  (1797-1861),  musician ;  became  vicar- 
choral  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1819,  and  wrote  cathedral 
music.  [liii.  81] 

SMITH,  JOHN  ABEL  (1801-1871),  banker  and  poli- 
tician; M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1827  ;  M.P., 
Midhurst,  1830,  Chichester,  1831-59,  and  1863-8  ;  took  an 
active  part  in  first  Reform  Bill.  [liii.  82] 

SMITH,  JOHN  CHALONER  (1827-1896),  author  of 
'British  Mezzotinto  Portraits';  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1849 ;  engineer  of  Irish  railways,  1857-94 ;  pro- 
duced a  notable  catalogue  of  mezzotints  with  biographical 
notes,  in  four  parts,  1878-84.  [liii.  82] 

SMITH,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  (1712-1795),  musi- 
cian :  bom  at  Anspach :  a  pupil  of  Handel,  for  whom  he 
acted  as  amanuensis  ;  appointed  first  organist  of  Found- 
ling Hospital,  1750 ;  carried  on  Handel's  oratorios  until 
1774;  presented  Handel's  scores  and  harpsichord  to 
George  HI.  [liii.  82] 

SMITH,  JOHN  GORDON  (1792-1833),  professor  of 
medical  jurisprudence;  graduated  in  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1810;  wrote  on  forensic  medicine,  and  lectured  on 
it  as  professor  at  London  University,  but  had  no  pupils  ; 
resigned  and  died  in  a  debtor's  prison.  [liii.  83] 

SMITH,  SIR  JOHN  MARK  FREDERICK  (1790- 
1874),  general ;  served  under  Sir  John  Stewart  in  South 
Italy,  1809:  commanding  royal  engineer  of  London 
district,  1830 :  knighted,  1831 ;  inspector-general  of.  rail- 
ways, 1840;  M.P.,  Chatham,  1857-68;  colonel  command- 
ant, royal  engineers,  1860;  general,  1863;  translated 
Marmout's  '  Present  State  of  the  Turkish  Empire,'  1839. 

[liii.  84] 

SMITH,  JOHN  ORRIN  (1799-1843),  wood-engraver  : 
became  a  very  delicate  wood-engraver ;  illustrated  Cur- 
mer's  'Paul  et  Virginie,'  1835,  Wordsworth's  'Greece,' 
1840,  and  other  works.  [liii.  85] 

SMITH,  JOHN  PRINCE  (1774  ?-1822),  law  reporter  ; 
barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1801 ;  edited  the  '  Law  Journal '  and 
king's  bench  reports,  1807.  [liii.  85] 

SMITH,  JOHN  PRINCE  (1809-1874),  political  econo- 
mist ;  advocated  free  trade  principles  hi  Germany  as  a 
journalist ;  wrote  several  German  works,  and  translated 
Hager's  '  Political  Economy,'  1844.  [liii.  86] 

SMITH,  JOHN  PYE  (1774-1851),  nonconformist 
divine :  son  of  a  Sheffield  bookseller ;  theological  tutor  at 
Homerton  College,  1806-51;  published  'Scripture  Testi- 
mony to  the  Messiah,'  1818-21,  and  'Relation  between  the 
Holy  Scriptures  and  some  parts  of  Geological  Science,' 
1839.  [liii.  86] 

SMITH,  JOHN  RAPHAEL  (1752-1812),  portrait- 
painter  and  engraver;  began  life  as  a  linendraper  at 
Derby ;  made  famous  by  his  engravings  after  Reynolds, 
Romney,  Gainsborough,  and  others :  turned  from  minia- 
ture painting  and  engraving  to  crayon  portrait  drawing. 

[liii.  87] 

SMITH,  JOHN  RUSSELL  (1810-1894),  bookseller; 
sold  topographical  and  philological  books  in  Old  Compton 
Street,  Sobo,  London ;  began  publishing  in  Soho  Square, 
London,  1842,  retiring,  1884,  when  his  '  Library  of  Old 
Authors'  (a  series  of  reprints)  was  sold  to  William  Reeves 
for  l,000f.  [liii.  883 

SMITH,  JOHN  SIDNEY  (1804-1871),  legal  writer  ; 
M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1850;  barrister.  Middle 
Temple,  1845;  published  a  useful '  Treatise  on  the  Prac- 
tico  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,'  1834-5.  [liii.  88] 


SMITH 


1210 


SMITH 


SMITH.  JO]  UD  (1760-1836X  composer 

aii'l  nri-'.-.i!  antiquary  ;  became  orvumxtol  Cnu| 
Lon.loii,    !*»:>;    jiubli-h.M     hi*  *Mu«ica 

[liiLSt] 


SMITH,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1786-1811),  topographical 
draiiKhtfltnanandaoti 

-  :  compiles!  antiquities  of  London.  1791-1800  : 
kwper   of   print,   and  drawings   at 
i«:  published  'NoUekenaaiidhta  Times/  18J8, 


London. 

appoint.-.! 

M.i..--.iii.i8i« 

and  -Hook  fur  ultalny  Day,'  pwthumwft,  1841. 

SMITH,  JoIIN  THOMAS  (1 


lAft(UM    LMft>   .'"I -I.   P>>al 

r:nt.-i,.i  DCMbMrM    M^lni-. 

mi    r- irvins.il     tir    M.i'lr.i- 

:H.M:   *M  MAI  mtol  Mfaf 


change,  a 
[ML  9u] 


; 
and 


1839:    built  a  lighthouse 

mint  ;   lieutenanUoolom-1. 

at  r.ili-utte,  1866,  greatly  Improving 

honorary  colonel,  1864 ;  wrote  on  currency 

prof     oudSyXi 

SMITH.  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1809-1846 X  legal  writer: 
of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  OoUege,  Dublin ; 
special  pleader  at  Inner  Temple :  published  'Compendium 
Law,'  1884,  and  •  Leading  Cases '(Kali  ed. 
1896  X  and  other  works,  showing  great  legal  acumen  and 
learning.  [liii.  92] 

SMITH,    JOSEPH  (1670-1756X  provost   of   Queen's 

•xford:   B.A.   Queen's   Colk*e,   Oxford,  1694; 

diploma,  1697:  fellow,  1698;  made  chaplain  to 

Caroline,  princess  of   Wales,  1715  :  -provost  of  Queen's 

College,  Oxford,  1730-56 ;  obtained  several  donations  and 

legacies  for  the  college :  wrote  works  against  deists  and 

nonjurors.  [llli.  92] 

SMITH,  JOSEPH  (1682-1770X  British  consul  at 
Venice :  known  as  a  collector  of  objects  of  vertu :  pre- 
pared, 1729,  an  exact  reproduction  of  the  1627  edition  of 
Boccaccio's  '  Decameroue ' ;  British  consul  at  Venice, 
1740-60 :  his  books  and  art  treasures  sold  to  George  in, 
1765.  Most  of  hi*  books  are  now  In  the  King's  Library  at 
the  British  Museum.  [liii.  93] 

SMITH,  JOSEPH  (17337-1790X  soldier:  served  as 
ensign  under  Cllve  in  Carnatic,  1752  ;  captain,  1764  ;  ac- 
companied expedition  under  Lieutenant-colonel  Heron  to 
Madura,  1755:  temporarily  commanded  garrison  at 
Tri.-hinopoll,  1757 ;  assisted  In  reduction  of  Karikal,  1760 : 
major,  1760;  colonel,  1766:  commanded  forces  intended 
to  co-operate  with  Nizam  AH  against  Haidar  All,  1776, 
nn<!  when  Haidar  joined  the  Nizam  worsted  the  combined 
armies  and  concluded  treaty  with  the  Nizam,  1768; 
major-general :  took  Tanjore,  1773.  [Suppl.  III.  848] 

SMITH,  JOSHUA  TOULMIN  (1816-1869X  publicist 
and  constitutional  lawyer :  articled  to  a  Birmingham 
solicitor ;  lectured  in  America  :  returned  to  England,  1814  : 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1849;  devoted  much  time  to 
sanitary  and  municipal  reform,  writing  on  •  Local  Self 
Government '  and  on  '  The  Parish ' ;  established  the  •  Par- 
liamentary Remembrancer,*  1857 ;  wrote  on 
Gilds '  and  in  defence  of  the  Hungarian  movement  and  on 
geological  and  antiquarian  subjects. 

SMITH,     JOSIAH    WILLIAM    (1816-1887X    legal 
writer  :  LL.B.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1841 :  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1841 :    bencher,  1861 :  Q.C.,  1861 ;  issued 
•  Manual  of  Equity,"  1845,  of 'Real  and  Personal  Property 
1855,  and  of  •  Common  Law,'  1884  [liii.  95] 

SMITH,  SIR  LIONEL,  baronet  (1778-1842),  Uenten- 
ant-geueral:  served  in  West  Indies  and  was  made 
governor  of  Windward  and  Leeward  islands,  1888,  bat 
wa?  unpopular  as  a  favourer  of  slaves ;  created  baronet, 
1837 ;  governor  of  Mauritius,  1840-2 ;  G.OB^  184  L 

[:•.!.  '.>r,j 

SMITH,  MATTHEW  (1589-1640).  royalist :  barrister 
Inner  Temple  ;  member  of  the  council  of  the  north,  1639 
left  in  manuscript  two  dramatic  pieces  and  annotations 
on  Littleton's  '  Tenures.'  [HiL  76) 

SMITH,  MATTHEW  (fl.  16MX  Informer :  trafficked 
in  Jacobite  secrets  and  charged  Shrewsbury  and  Vernon 
with  i-oinplidty  and  Jacobite  designs  of  1696:  wrote 
tracts  and  extorted  blackmail,  but  was  effectually 
silenced  In  1700.  [lill.  97] 

SMITH,  MICHAEL  WILLIAM  ( 1809-1891 X  general 
served  as  colonel  of  dragoons  during  Indian  mutiny 
mainlv  in  pursuit  of  Tantia  Topi :  O.R,  1869 :  general, 
1877:  wrote  on  » Cavalry  Outpost  Drill '  and  -Skirmish 
iiig,'  1867.  [UIL  98] 


SMITH.    MILES  (</.  1654).  bishop  of  Qloocwter:  of 

67«:  D.D.,  1694;  became  a  distinguished  oriental 
scholar  and  on*  of  translators  of  authorised  version  :  con- 
•hop.  1«I9:  was  oppossd  to  ceremonies  and 
vred  (i louoastor  Cathedral  to  fall  into  decay,  bat  was 

.-.-::•..:.!!         •        .     .:.     i.        .  ':..-- 


UUt,  1646 :  produced  a 

[lUL9f] 

SMITH,  SIR  MONTAGU  EDWARD  (1808-1891  \ 
judge:  barrister.  Gray's  Ian.  188ft:  beneher.  MldUk- 
Temple.  1868 :  M.I'.,  Truro.  1819 :  mad*  a  iuotfot  of  com. 
o  pleas  by  Lord  Westbory,  186ft ;  knighted.  186*. 

SMITH  (iUILLBMARD    LU&BLLIN 

1893),  general :  lieutenant,  royal  engineers,  186ft : 
ncted  defences  at  Portland,  Portemouth,  Malu : 
wrote  notes  on  building  construction  (187ft-9);  retiml 
with  the  honorary  rank  of  major-general,  1887. 


SMITH.  PHILIP  (1817-1886X  writer  on 
tory  :  brother  of  Sir  William  Hmith  [q,  T.]  :  BJL  London. 
1840 :  master  of  Mill  Hill  school :  pabUshed  'Student'*  * 
histories,  1862-78.  [liii.  100] 

SMITH,  PLBA8ANCE,  L*ny  (1778-1877X  centen- 
arian :  of  Lowestoft :  married,  1796,  Sir  James  Edward 
Smith  [q.  T.]  :  was  painted  by  Opie  :  published  a  memoir 
of  her  husband.  1882:  retolnel  her  faculties  until  tl.,- 
last,  numbering  among  her  friends  Sarah  Amain,  WbewelL 
uid  St.in-..-y.  :u>.l  r.-a-.v:u.'  ftmfl*Mjl  fr-.m  QflMB  vTcftOI  t, 
1878.  [UU.  100] 


RICHARD  (1600-1668X  Roman  catholic 
divine  :  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford.  1627 :  M.A., 
1680 :  D.D.,  1686 :  retracted  his  views  under  Edward  VI. 
but  was  restored  as  regins  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford 
by  Queen  Mary :  combated  Cranmer  in  argument :  fled 
to  Donay.  1669 ;  became  chancellor  of  university  there. 
1662 ;  wrote  many  controversial  works.  [UiL  101] 

SMITH,  RICHARD  (1666-1666X  bishop  of  Chalocdon: 
studied  under  Bellarmlne  at  Rome ;  chosen  vicar-apostoUe 
for  England  and  Scotland.  1626 :  resided  at  Turvey  and 
at  the  French  embassy,  where  his  sermons  drew  larg«* 
congregations.  In  spite  of  a  proclamation  for  his  arrest ; 
being  suspended  by  Pope  Urban  VIII  for  bis  arbitrary 
treatment  of  the  regular*,  found  refuge  at  the  English 
Austin  nunnery  in  Paris,  and  died  there ;  wrote  contro- 
versial works  In  English  and  In  Latin.  [UIL  102] 


or  SMYTH,  RICHARD  (1690-1875X  book- 
collector  ;  formed  a  valuable  library  In  Little  MoorflekU. 
London,  catalogued  and  sold  in  1682  for  1.4I4/. :  best 
known  as  the  compiler  of  the  •  Obituary  of  Kit-nan  1  Smyth 
(1G27-74X*  extant  in  Sloane  MS.  886  British  Mu*rum, 
printed,  1849.  [liii.  108] 

SMITH,  RICHARD  BAIRD  (1818-1861X  chief  engi- 
neer at  the  siege  of  Delhi :  fought  at  Aliwal  and  Sobraon. 
1846,  and  at  Chilianwala  (1849X  and  Gujrat,  during  second 
Sikh  war :  during  furlough  wrote  an  elaborate  report  on 
•Italian  Irrigation,'  1862:  appointed  superintendent  of 
canals  in  North- West  Province*,  1864:  proceeded  from 
RurkL  which  he  had  successfully  defended,  to  Delhi  in 
June  1867,  and  forced  on  the  bombardment  and  a*«aalt 
in  September  in  spite  of  a  painful  wound  and  reluctance 
of  Sir  Archdale  Wilson  [q.  v.]  to  take  responsibility : 
promoted  colonel,  1869,  and  miut  niAsu-r  at  Calcutta: 
made  a  survey  of  the  great  famine  of  1861 ;  left  several 
works  on  Irrigation.  [hU  104] 

SMITH,  RICHARD  JOHN  (lT86-1886X«ctor:  taown 
as  O  Smith  ;  seen  as  a  boy  as  Ariel  at  Bath :  after  adven- 
tures as  a  sailor  on  the  Gaboon  river,  and  as  a  straffing 
player  in  the  provinces,  was  engaged  by  Elllston  at  the 
Surrey,  London,  1810:  played  'Obi'  in  melodrama  awl 
•  The  Bottle  Imp  *  at  the  Lyceum,  London :  was  eminent 
to$-s*to,«r5em*,mo  i  troop«rs,  md  InSim]  par* 
mostly  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  or  the  Adelpbl,  London  : 
formed  large  dramatic  collections  now  in  British  Mosmm. 

SMITH,  ROBERT  (Jl.  16W-1719X  schoolmaster  :  edu- 
cated at  Marischal  College.  Aberdeen :  became  scbool- 

[UU.108] 


SMITH 


1216 


SMITH 


SMITH,  ROBERT  (1689-1768).  mathematician  and 
founder  of  Smith's  prize-  :it  Cambridge;  M.A.  Trinity 
College.  Cambridge,  1715;  LL.D.,  1723;  D.D.  per  Uterus 
rvyuu,  1739;  became  senior  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  Pluniian  professor  of  astronomy,  and  master  of 
Trmity  College,  Cambridge,  1742;  left  large  sums  for 
university  and  college  purposes,  besides  pictures  and  sculp- 
tures ;  wrote  on  '  Optics,'  1738,  and  'Harmonics.'  1749. 

[lilt.  109] 

SMITH,  ROBERT,  first  BARON  CARRINOTON  (1752- 
1838).  ran  of  a  banker :  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1779-97  ; 
attached  himself  to  Pitt  and  was  rewarded  by  a  peerage, 
;;...,  [Mil.  Ill] 

SMITH,  ROBERT  ANGUS (1817-1 884),  chemist  ;  wa* 
educateil  at  his  native  Glasgow  and  under  Liebig  in 
Germany:  Ph.D.  Giessen,  1841;  settled  as  consulting 
i-hrinist  in  Manchester,  1844 ;  studied  organic  impurities 
of  the  air :  became  inspector  of  alkali  works,  1863  :  wrote 
on  •  Disinfectants,'  1869, 4  Air  and  Rain,'  1872  ;  did  valu- 
able work  as  pioneer  '  chemist  of  sanitary  science.' 

SMITH,  ROBERT  ARCHIBALD  (1780- 1829),  musical 
composer:  became  musical  conductor  at  Paisley,  and  in 
1823  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  also  gave  lessons ;  wrote 
sacred  musio  and  melodies  for  songs  by  Tannahill  and 
others.  [liii.114] 

SMITH.  ROBERT  HENRY  SODEN  (1822-1890), 
keeper  of  the  art  library.  South  Kensington ;  obtained 
his  keepen-hip  in  1868  and  organised  library,  compiling 
Mjveral  catalogues.  [l»i.  U&] 

SMITH,  SIR  ROBERT  MURDOCH  (1835-1900),  major- 
general,  archiBologist,  and  diplomatist ;  educated  at  Glas- 
irnw :  obtained  commission  in  royal  engineers,  1855 ; 
i-ommandcd  party  of  sappers  which  accompanied  archaeo- 
logical expedition  under  (Sir)  Charles  Thomas  Newton 
[<|.  v.l  to  Asia  Minor,  and  discovered  real  site  of  mausoleum 
ntHalk-arnassus,  1856-9 :  explored  cities  of  the  Cyreuaica 
in  North  Africa,  1860-1 ;  employed  on  Persian  section  of 
line  of  telegraph  from  England  to  India,  1868 ;  director  of 
Persian  telegraph  at  Teheran,  1865-86 ;  director  of  Science 
and  Art  Museum,  Edinburgh,  1885 ;  director-in-chief  of 
Indo-European  telegraph  department,  1887;  retired  from 
army  as  major-general,  1887  ;  went  on  special  mission  to 
Persia  to  adjust  differences  arising  from  occupation  of 
Jashk  by  British-Indian  troops,  1887;  K.C.M.G.,  1888; 
published  archaeological  and  other  writings. 

[Stippl.  iii.  349] 

SMITH,  ROBERT  PAYNE  (1819-1895).  [See  PAYNE 
SMITH.] 

SMITH,  ROBERT  PERCY,  BOBUS  SMITH  (1770-1846), 
advocate-general  of  Bengal ;  elder  brother  of  Sydney 
Smith  [q.  v.];  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1797  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn ;  appointed  advocate- 
general,  1803:  returned  home  rich  in  1810;  M.P.,  Grant- 
ham.  1812,  Lincoln,  1820-6 ;  renowned  for  his  wit  and  his 
Latin  verses.  [liii.  116] 

SMITH  (afterwards  VERNON),  ROBERT  VERNON 
BARON  LYVEDKN  (1800-1873),  son  of  Robert  Percy  Smith 

iq.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
:.A.,'1S22:  student.  Inner  Temple,  1822;  M.P.,  Tralee, 
IK2-J  and  1830,  Northampton,  1831-59 :  junior  lord  of 
treasury  under  Melbourne ;  president  of  board  of  control 
under  Palmuntou,  1865-8  ;  raised  to  peerage,  1859. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL  (1587-1620),  writer  on  logic;  M.A. 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1612;  M.B.,  1620;  wrote  a 
manual  of  his  subject,  Oxford,  1613.  [liii.  117] 

SMITH,  SAMUEL  (1584-1662?),  ejected  divine;  of 
Rt.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford;  perpetual  curate  of  Cound  and 
Orewage,  1648 ;  ejected  at  the  Restoration;  wrote  sermons 
and  edifying  tracts  in  numbers,  1618-58.  [liii.  117] 

SMITH,  SIR  SIDNEY  (1764-1840).  [See  SMITH,  SIR 
WILLIAM  SIDNEY.] 

SMITH,  STEPHEN  (1623-1678),  quaker  and  foreign 
merchant;  travelled  with  George  Fox  and  wrote  pious 
•'•'••••  [liii.  118] 

SMITH,  STEPHEN  OATTER80N  (1806-1872),  por- 
rait-painter ;  settled  at  Dublin;  was  very  successful  at 
or  traits,  first  in  black  chalk,  afterwards  after  Lawrence's 
""inner;  president  of  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  1859- 


1864. 


[liii.  118] 


SMITH.  SYDNEY  (1771-1845),  canon  of  St.  Paul's  ; 
educated  at  Winchester  Cuik-.ro  and  Now  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow  of  New  College.  Oxford,  1791 ;  took  orders,  1791  ; 
l>ecame  tutor  to  Michael  Hicks  Beach,  residing  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  intimate  with  Jeffrey,  Brougham,  and 
Homer ;  projected,  and  with  the  first  two  of  these  started 
the  'Edinburgh  .Review,'  1802;  proceeded  to  London, 
though  his  resources  were  slender,  1803  ;  lectured  on  moral 
philosophy  at  Royal  Institution  to  large  audiences,  1801-6, 
and  shone  among  whigs  at  Holland  House;  published  the 
'  Plymlev  Letters'  in  defence  of  catholic  emancipation, 
1807  ;  settled  at  his  living  of  Fosbrooke,  near  York,  1808  ; 
was  given  a  prebend  at  Bristol,  1828,  and  made  a  canon- 
residentiary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1831  ;  followed  Paley  iu 
theology ;  a  reformer,  but  opposed  the  ballot ;  published 
sermons  and  other  writings,  taking  a  purely  secular  view  of 
the  religious  establishment ;  known,  liked,  and  honoured, 
for  his  manliness,  honesty,  and  exuberant  drollery  and  wit. 

[liii.  119] 

SMITH,  THEOPH1LUS  AHIJAH  (1809-1879), 
philanthropist ;  sou  of  George  Charles  Smith  [q.  v.]  ; 
aided  his  father  at  Sailors'  Society  and  became  secretary 
of  the  Protestant  Association.  [liii.  43] 

SMITH,  THEYRE  TO WNSEND  (1798-1852), divine: 
originally  a  presbyterian ;  studied  at  Glasgow  University 
and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1830 :  became 
Hulscan  lecturer,  1839,  and  vicar  of  \Vymondham,  1848 ; 
published  lectures  and  sermons.  [liii.  123] 

SMITH,  SIR THOMAS(1513-1577),statesman, scholar* 
and  author ;  became  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1530  ;  M.A.,  1533 ;  public  orator  at.Oambridge,  1538 ;  went 
to  Paris  and  Padua  (D.C.L.  Padua),  and  endeavoured  to 
reform  Greek  pronunciation  at  Cambridge :  became  regius 
professor  of  civil  law  and  vice-chancellor,  1544  ;  appointed 
secretary  of  state,  1548 ;  knighted,  1548;  went  on  several 
missions  abroad;  lived  in  retirement  during  Queen  Mary's 
reign,  and  resigned  his  post  as  provost  of  Eton  ;  sent 
ambassador  to  France  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  1562,  returning- 
to  England,  1566;  readmitted  to  privy  council,  1571,  ami 
reappointed  secretary  of  state,  1572.  Six  years  after  his 
death  was  published  (in  English)  his  important  work  ou 
the  Tudor  constitution, '  De  Itepublica  Anglorum.' 

[liii.  124] 

SMITH,  SIR  THOMAS  (1556  ?-1609),  master  of  re- 
quests; M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1578;  became  Latin 
secretary,  and  wt;s  knighted  in  1603.  [liii.  127] 

SMITH  or  8MYTHE,  SIR  THOMAS  (1558  7-1625),, 
merchant;  son  of  a  Loud  on  haberdasher;  acquired  wealth 
by  trade ;  elected  first  governor  of  East  India  Company, 
October  1600 :  acquitted  of  the  charge  of  complicity  in 
Essex's  rebellion;  knighted,  1603;  re-elected  governor, 
1603,  and  made  trear-irer  of  Virginia  Company,  1620; 
amassed  a  fortune  and  endowed  a  free  school  and  charities 
atTonbridge.  [liii.  128] 

SMITH,  THOMAS  (/f.  1600-1627),  soldier  ;  published 
'  The  Art  of  Gunnery,'  1600  (with  additions,  1627). 

[liii.  129] 

SMITH,  THOMAS  (1615-1702),  bishop  of  Carlisle: 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1639  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II : 
became  dean,  1672,  and,  1684,  bishop  of  Carlisle:  endowed 
Carli«le  grammar  school.  [liii.  13u] 

SMITH,  THOMAS  (<1.  1708),  captain  in  the  navy  and 
renegude;  did  good  service  by  gaining  intelligence  of 
French  fleet  off  Brest,  1693 ;  obtained  a  small  command, 
but  was  neglected  and  eventually  dismissed  for  irregu- 
larities in  1703;  joined  a  French  privateer,  1707,  captured 
the  English  ship  Nightingale,  and  in  her  was  taken  and 
subsequently  executed.  [liii.  130] 

SMITH,  THOMAS  (1638-1710),  nonjuring  divine  and 
scholar ;  became  a  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1667 ;  M.A.,  1663 ;  D.D.,  1683 :  went  for  three  years  to- 
Constantinople  as  chaplain,  1668 ;  was  ejected  from  Mag- 
dalen as  nn  anti-papist  in  1688,  but  refused  to  subscribe 
oaths  to  William  and  Mary;  became  librarian  of  the 
Cottonian  Library;  wrote  learned  works  on  the  Turks, 
1672,  on  the  Seven  Churches  and  on  the  Greek  church  r 
left  valuable  books  and  manuscripts  to  his  friend  Thomas 
Hcanic  [q.  v.]  [liii.  131] 

SMITH,  THOMAS  (rf.  1762),  admiral ;  obtained  popu- 
larity by  compelling  a  French  corvette  to  salute  British 
flag  near  Plymouth,  1728 ;  became  commander-in-cliief  iir 
the  Downs,  1755,  and  next  year  presided  at  court-martini 
of  Admiral  Byng  [q.  v.]  ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1757. 

[liii.  133] 


SMITH 


till 


SMITH 


SMITH,  THOMAS  (</.   1767),  known  as  ȤB 

Derby';  landscape-painter :  paint. 
Derbyshire,  Cumberland,  and  Yorkshire.          .: 

SMITH,  Til*  >MAS  AS8HETON  (1776-1858X  •ports- 
man  ;  of  Kton  ami  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  M.IVAndover, 
iwi-si,  OarnarTOWblre,  1832-41;  a  great  cricketer: 
hagaa*  mart*  of  Goon  trasfe  liM  Lt,<x  .  BaopaUn 
pa.-k  ut  Penton,  1826,  and  afterward*  at  Ted  worth; 
greatly  improved  bin  Carnarvonshire  estate*,  and  Intro- 


SjMd  •onto  •  ta  |  MM 


[Uii.  1»4J 


SMITH,  THOMAS  BARRY  CDSACK-  (179S-1MI), 
judge:  ton  of  Sir  William  Cntac  Smith  [q.   f, 
Trta  •.  Oolkn,  DubBo,  1811;  twouM   tttoni  .  iMBrf 
for  Ireland,  1842 ;  prosecuted  0*0000011 :  M.P.  for  Klpoa  ; 


•of  the  rolls.  [liii.  146] 

SMITH.  THOMAS  SOUTH  WOOD  (1788-1861X  sani- 
tary reformer ;  became  Unitarian  minister  at  Edinburgh 
and  at  the  same  time  studied  medicine,  graduating  M.D., 
i-;.  :  helped  ko  had  '  ON  Wwertnrtat  Berl  •;  1SH 
The  Useful  Knowledge  Soete^and  •  Th«*J|j^'9i^ 

wrote  valuable  works  on  epldamlcs  and  sanitary  im- 
provements; Bentham  left  his  body  by  will  to  Smith  for 
Jim  [lion  hi  183S.  [Uii.  135] 

SMITH,  WALTER  (/.  152»X  author  of  an  account 
(verse)  of  a  roguish  adventuress,  "The  Widow  Bdyth, 
Tweloe  Merry  Ge*tys,'  1525.  [liii.  137] 

SMITH.  WENTWORTH  (/.  1601-1623X  dramatist ; 
wrote.  In  partnership  with  others,  numerous  plays  for  the 
Admiral's  Company  at  the  Rose  Theatre,  London  :  also 
wrote  'The  Hector  of  Germanic'  (published,  1615)  and 
one  or  two  other  plays  printed  as  by  W.  Smith.  [Uii.  137  ] 

SMITH  or  SMTTH,  WILLIAM  (1460  ?-1514),  bishop 
of  Lincoln  and  co-founder  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ; 
educated  in  a  noble  family :  became  a  member  of  Henry 


VH'a  council.  1486 ;  bishop  of  Coventry  and  Ltchfleld, 
1493 ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University.  1495 ;  translated 
to  Lincoln,  1496 ;  became  lord  president  of  Wales,  1501 ; 
with  Richard  Button  in  1518  founded  Brasenose  College, 
Oxford,  the  first  statutes  of  which  he  drew  up.  He  had 
made  other  charitable  bequests,  but  is  said  to  have  peopled 
Lincoln  Cathedral  with  William  Smiths,  probably  hU 
kinsmen.  [liii.  138] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (/.  1596),  poet:  a  disciple  of 
Spenser:  published  (1596)  a  collection  of  sonnet*  called 
'Ohloris.'  One  of  these,  a  description  of  the  world,  hod 
appeared  In  "The  Pbanlx-nest,1  1595,  signed  *W.  S., 
gentleman.'  [liii.  141] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1550?-1618),  herald:  educated 
at  Oxford  University:  created  Rouge  Dragon,  1597; 
wrote  on  the  county  palatine  of  Chester,  1585  (work 
printed,  1656),  besides  many  genealogical  works. 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1660),  author;  wrote,  In  de- 
fence of  the  Quakers, 4  The  Wisdom  of  the  Earthly  Wise 
confounded,1 1679.  [UU.  143] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1673),  qnoker ;  joined quokere, 
1658 ;  frequently  Imprisoned,  many  times  In  Nottingham 
gaol,  where  he  wrote  voluminous  tracts.  [liii.  143] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (<t.  1696),  actor:  joined  the  Duke 
of  York's  company  under  Sir  William  D'Avenant ;  created 
many  part*  In  plays  by  Dryden,  Etherege,  Otway,  and 
Lee;  played  successively  at  Dorset  Garden,  London, 
Theatre  Royal,  London,  and  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London  :  quitted  the  stage,  1685-95,  owing  to  a  cabal  of 
Mohawks  against  him  ;  was  persuaded  by  Bcttcrton  and 
Conjrrcve  to  reappear,  and  was  cordially  welcomed  as 
Scandal  in  •  Love  for  Love.'  [HU.  144] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1726),  surveyor  to  Royal 
African  Company  ;  issued  a  survey  of  Guinea,  1726. 

[lilt.  146] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1651  7-1735X  antiquary  :  fellow 
of  University  College,  Oxford,  1675  ;  M.A^  1675 :  published 
•  Annals '  of  his  college,  1728.  [liii.  1«J 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1707-1764),  pointer  ;  brother  of 
George  Smith  (1713-1776)  [q.  v.]  of  Chichcster:  prac- 
tised portraiture  In  Londou  and  Gloucester.  [Uii.  37] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1711-1787X  translator  from  the 
Greek;  M.A.  New  College,  Oxford,  1737;  D.D.,  17W; 


feHMH     l.-.-.nf    •"..•••    r.   MB]    ;,i'l  -'.-1 

i.    :._•   :.       .    1    .  .     .    :      .......   V     ,..;,....;.         . 


WILLIAM  (17SOr-181»X  * 

-    .  •:.     .,,:!•     .     ...,     -• 

OeVeferUbm  vhsMi  hi   ••    ••••••  M 

PS***   -'  ' if  M  -  ••••••'• •    oast  Ipnojej 

Barry  ;  after  playing  there  twenty-one  yean  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane.  London,  under  Garrick  as  Btohar 

,...,;..;    .•..,..     ...     ...:.;.,;., 

notoriety  by  marrying  the  steer  of  a 
[UU.  147] 


1774, 

„,  [«; 


SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1756-1834 X  politician  :  son  of  a 
crobant;  M.I'..  Rudbury.  17*4-90.  CaueUbrd, 

irx.  >.:.!•.  :r-..  ir...  ISM,  la  .  •".  If,  -.  LSOr,  ISIS,  >:-. 
18JO,  and  1826-30:  became  a  follower  of  Fox,  a  defender 

:!:-.--•  ...--.  --..;..        ;   .'..r  : 

opposed  the  war  with  Prance:  attacked  Souther  ns  a 
reneemde :  friend  of  Samnel  Rogers,  WUbarfbrca.  Sir  James 
Stephen,  Opie,  and  Cotman.  [1UL  149] 


WILLIAM  (1T6A-18W),  _ 
giaear  ;  obtained  as  a  oanal  surveyor  a  great  Insight  Into 
stratigraphy,  an.1  projected  a  grmt  map  of  Biwllsh 
became  known  as  an  authority  on  drainage  and  Irr 
an  extensive  practice  as  an 


pnblistol,  1816,  obuining  by  It  wide  fame  as  a  geologist : 
gave  lectures  from  1824-8,  when  he  became  land-steward 
of  the  Haokness  estate ;  obtained  the  Wollastoo  medal. 
1831.  and  a  pension  from  the  government;  his  fossils 
bought  by  the  Bhti*h  Museum  ;  the  real  founder  of  strati- 
graphical  geology.  [lllL  141] 

SMITH,  WIL UAM  (1808-1876).  printselkr:  sold  the 
Sheepshanks  (Dutch  an<l  Flem'->h  portions)  and  other 
collections  of  engravings  to  ItritUh  Museam,and  took  part 
In  managing  the  Art  Union  of  Londou  atvl  In  establishing 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery  ;  F.S.A.,  1852.  [lliL  1§3] 

SMITH,  Sm  WILLIAM  0813-1893),  lexicographer; 
educated  at  University  College,  London,  and  Gray's  Inn  ; 
contributed  to  'Penny  Cyclopedia':  edited  classical 
texts,  and  wrote  a  lar  re  portion  of  Smith's  '  Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities '(1842) ;  brought  oat  sub- 
sequently dictionaries  of  Greek  and  Roman  biography,  ot 
the  bible,  of  Ctiristian  antiquities  and  Christian  bio- 
graphy :  became  adviser  to  John  Murray,  Initiating  the 
'  Principle '  series  and  the  *  Student's  manuals' :  knighted, 
1892 ;  annotated  Gibbon  ;  editor  of  the  '  Quarterly  Re- 
view.' 1367-93.  [UU.  IM] 


SMITH,  WILLIAM  (1816-1896X  actuary  and 
lator  of  Fichte;  was  apprenticed  to  a  bookseller,  but 
became  in  1847  manager  of  the  Law  Life  Assurance  Asso- 
ciation ;  win  known  in  Edinburgh  as  a  strong  liberal  ; 
mode  a  mark  in  letters  by  translating  the  works  of  Fichte 
for  John  Chapman's  •  Catholic  Series.'  [liii.  154] 

SMITH,    SIR    WILLIAM   OUSAC.   second    baronet 
(1766-1836),  Irish  judge  ;  of  Eton  and  Chrixt  Chu 
ford  ;  B.A.,  1788  ;  a  friend  of  Hiirke  :  was  made  i  . 
entered   parliament  (Donegal).    1795  :    rolici  tor-general, 
1800;  baron  of  exchequer.  1HU1  ;  unsuccessfully  attacked 
for  showing  political  bias  by  o'Connell  :  wrote  verm 
and  pamphlets  iu  defence  of  union. 

SMITH.  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1808-1872),  philosopher 
and  poet  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  ;  knew  M  . 
Mill;  wrote  largely  for  'Hlackwood';  is  known  by  two 
philosophical  dialogues,  'Thorndale*  and  *  Gravcnhiirrt, 
1857  and  1861,  and  by  the  memoir  prviixcd  to  •  Gravea- 
hurst  '  In  1875  by  Smith's  widow.  [liii.  156] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1825-1891  X«t*te«man  : 
entered  his  father's  news  agency  business  in  Strand.  l*il 
(junior  partner,  1846):  developed  profits  enormously  by 
pecuring  railway  bookstall  monopoly,  and  developing  a 
circulating  library  :  M.P.  for  Westminster  from  186*; 
member  of  first  Londou  school  board,  1- 
Disraeli's  cabinet  as  first  lord  of  admiralty,  1877  : 
first  lord  of  treasury  and  leader  of  the  House  <>: 
un  I«T  I/mi  Salisbury  as  premier  In  1886.  His  widow  WM 
created  Viscountess  Hambleden,  1891.  [liii.  157] 

SMITH.  WILLIAM  ROBERTSON  (  1846-1  894  X  theo- 
logian and  Semitic  scholar  :  educated  at  Aberdfv 
burgh  (New  College),  and  Bonn:   was  also  much  Uv 


by  RitMhlfltfl  MtafH    bMm(lS70)praAi  -'r 

of  Old  Twtament  exegesis  at  the  Free  Church  College, 

4  I 


SMITH 


1218 


SMYTH 


AbenlcctMin.l  :\  member  of  the  Old   Te>tament  revision 
commiu  'uissed  from  his  Aberdeen  chair  in 

:  character  of  his  biblical  articles  in 
.taiiniea'(l»th  «*!•),  of  which  work 
be  became  co-editor  with  Spencer  Bayiies.  in  issl  ;  pro- 
•  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge  from  1883.         [liii.  160] 


SMITH.  Siu  WILLIAM  SIDNEY,  known  as  Sm 
SMI  i  it  (1764-1840X  admiral ;  entered  navy,  1777: 
fought  at  St.  Vincent,  1780,  at  Dominica,  1782 ;  studied 
French  at  Caen,  1785-7  ;  pent  home  with  despatches  after 
evacuation  of  Toulon,  1793;  captured  off  Havre  in  179G 
•while  conducting  a  cutting-out  expedition  from  the  Dia- 
mond frigate  and  imprisoned  two  years  in  the  Temple, 
Paris  ;  upon  his  escape,  1798,  was  put  in  command  of  the 
Tigre  in  Levant :  undertook  defence  of  Saint  Jean  d'Acre, 
May  1799,  and  finally  after  heroic  efforts  repulsed  the 
French :  served  subsequently  mainly  in  Mediterranean 
and  Lisbon;  theatrical  and  fond  of  self-laudation,  but 
brave  and  energetic :  admiral,  1821  ;  G.O.6.,  1838 :  died 
at  Paris  and  was  buried  in  the  Pere  Lachaise.  [liii.  162] 

SMITH,  WILLIAM  TYLER  (1816-1873),  obstetri- 
cian ;  M.B.  London,  1840  :  M.D.,  1848 ;  became  physician 
at  St.  Mary's  Hospital ;  wrote  for  '  Lancet,'  and  expanded 
his  papers  into  '  Manual  of  Obstetrics,'  1858 ;  helped  to 
found  Obstetrical  Society  of  London,  and  tried  to  pro- 
mote Seaford  into  a  popular  watering-place,  [liii.  167] 

SMITH,  WILLOUGHBY  (1828-1891),  telegraphic 
engineer;  entered  Gutta  Percha  Company^  service  and 
had  charge  of  cable-laying  and  electrical  department,  in- 
troducing many  improvements  ;  assisted  in  laying  Dover 
and  Calais  cables,  1849-51 ;  wrote  on.  the  'Progress  of 
Submarine  Telegraphy,' 1891.  [liiL  168] 

SMITH-NEIL!,  JAMES  GEORGE  (1810-1857).  [See 
NEILL.] 

SMFTHSON.  HARRIET  CONSTANCE  (afterwards 
MADAME  BEKLIOZ)  (1800-1854),  actress :  born  at  Eniiis  ; 
first  seen  at  the  Crow  Street  Theatre,  Dublin,  in  1815, 
when  she  played  Lady  Teazle  :  was  engaged  by  Elliston 
at  Birmingham, and  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  on 
20  Jan.  1818  as  Letitia  Hardy  ;  seen  to  great  advantage  in 
the  provinces  in  such  parts  as  Desdemona ;  played  at  Bou- 
logne and  Calais,  1824,  and  in  1828  accompanied  Macready 
to  Paris ;  reappeared  there  at  the  Theitre  Italien-  and 
<*leou  in  1832,  playing  Jane  Shore,  Juliet,  and  Ophelia, 
and  created  a  furore  of  some  months'  duration  at  Paris, 
where  her  Irish  accent  was  unperceived.  Hector  Berlioz, 
the  composer,  became  enamoured  of  'la  belle  Smidson,' 
and  in  October  1833  married  her  at  the  British  embassy, 
Paris.  She  was  separated  from  her  husband  in  1840,  but 
•was  supported  by  him  until  her  death.  [liii.  168] 

SMITHSON,  SIR  HUGH,  afterwards  PRRCY,  first 
DI'KK  OF  NORTHUMBERLAND,  of  the  third  creation  (1715- 
1786).  [See  PRINT.] 

SMITHSON,  JAMES,  known  in  early  life  as  JAMES 
LEWIS  or  Louw  MACIE  (1765-1829),  founder  of  Smith- 
sonian Institution  at  Washington ;  illegitimate  son  of 
Hugh  Smithson  Percy,  duke  of  Northumberland  [q.  v.] ; 
t>orn  in  France  but  matriculated  from  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  as  James  Louis  Macie  in  1782;  was  already  dis- 
tinguished as  a  student  of  mineralogy  and  chemistry  by 
1786  ;  F.R.S.,  1786  ;  contributed  valuable  analyses  to  the 
4  Philosophical  Transactions'  (1802-17),  and  eighteen 
articles  to  Thomson's  '  Annals  of  Philosophy'  (1819-25); 
spent  much  time  abroad  in  Berlin,  Rome,  Florence, 
Geneva,  and,  latterly,  Paris,  among  his  correspondents 
being  Davy,  Gilbert,  Banks,  Thomson,  Black,  Arago,  Biot, 
and  Klaproth ;  died  and  was  buried  at  Genoa.  His  poli- 
tics appear  to  have  been  republican,  and  by  his  will  he 
l«ft  over  100.000/.  to  the  United  States  of  America  to 
found  at  Washington,  as  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  an 
establishment  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge. 
The  institution  was  inaugurated  in  1846,  and  the  hand- 
some buildings  now  comprise  a  national  museum  (mainly 
soological  and  ethnological)  and  an  astrophysical  observa- 
tory. His  own  scientific  papers  nearly  all  perished  in  a 
fire  at  the  institution  in  1865.  [liii.  171] 

BMITZ,  CASPAR  (rf.  1707?),  painter;  of  Flemish 
origin ;  exhibited  fruit  and  flower  pieces,  also  small  por- 
trait*, and  penitent  Magdalenes,  mainly  in  London  and 
Dublin.  [Hit.  173] 


SMOLLETT,  Sm  JAMES  (1648-1731),  provost  of 
Dumbarton;  an  active  supporter  of  the  revolution: 
knighted ty  William  111,  luy.s.  and  made  judge  of  com- 
missary court,  Edinburgh  :  commissioner  of  the  union,. 
1707 ;  M.I'.,  Dumbarton  ;  settled  at  Bonuill.  [liii.  174] 

SMOLLETT,  TOBIAS  r.KOKiiK  (1721-1771),  novelist  ; 
grandson  of  Sir  James  Smollett  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Dal- 
quluirn,  Cardross  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  University  :  pro- 
ceeded to  London  with  a  play  to  make  his  fortune,  1 7.T.) : 
sailed  as  surgeon  on  the  Cumberland  in  Ogle's  West  Indii», 
squadron,  1741-3;  settled  as  surgeon  in  Downing  Street  ; 
published  'Roderick  Random,'  a  novel  of  eccentric  and 
picaresque  order,  inspired  by 'Gil  Bias,'  1748;  published 
'Peregrine  Pickle,'  1751,  'Ferdinand  Count  Fathom,' 
1753,  'Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,'  1762,  and  'Humphrey 
Clinker,'  1771 ;  settled  at  Chelsea,  1753,  and  undertook 
vast  labours  as  a  compiler,  founding  '  The  Critical  He- 
view,'  1756,  and  bringing  out  a  large  'History  of  Eng- 
land' in  1757;  imprisoned  for  libel,  1759;  edited  ti»- 
unsuccessful  '  Briton,'  1762  ;  went  abroad,  1763,  and  pub- 
lished ably  written  '  Travels,'  1766,  and  a  coarse  and  ruth- 
less satire  on  public  affairs  in  England  from  1754  to  1769> 
entitled  'Ad  ventures  of  an  Atom,'  1769  ;  revisited  Scotland 
and  Bath  in  1766;  left  England,  1769,  and  died  at  M«mt. 
Nero,  near  Leghorn,  on  17  Sept.  1771.  As  a  novelist  he- 
had  a  vigorous  originality  and  power  of  characterisation 
which  often  degenerated  into  caricature ;  few  imaginative; 
writers  have  had  more  numerous  imitators,  [liii.  174] 

SMYTH.    [See  also  SMITH  and  SMYTHK.] 

SMYTH,  CHARLES  PIAZZI  (1819-1900),  astro- 
nomer ;  son  of  William  Henry  Smyth  [q.  v/|  ;  born 
at  Naples ;  assistant  in  Iloyal  Observatory,  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  1835 ;  astronomer-royal  for  Scotland,  1845- 
1888;  made  experiments  at  Teneriffe  on  telescopic  vision, 
1856 ;  elected  F.R.S.,  1857,  but  resigned,  1874,  on  tho 
society  denying  him  the  reading  of  a  paper  on  his  interpre- 
tation of  the  design  of  the 'Great  Pyramid';  member  of 
Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1846 ;  hou.  LL.D.  Edinburgh  : 
published  '  Our  Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid,'  1864,. 
'  Teneriffe,  an  Astronomical  Experiment,'  1858,  and  nume- 
rous other  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  350] 

SMYTH,  EDWARD  (1749-1812),  sculptor;  son  of  a 
Meath  stonecutter;  worked  under  Simon  Vierpyl  and 
Henry  Darley,  and  was  employed  by  James  Gandon  to- 
execute  sculpture  for  the  Dublin  custom  house  (1700-70). 
for  the  Irish  parliament  house,  the  town  courts,  the  castle 
chapel,  O'Connell  Bridge,  and  other  buildings. 


[liii.  184] 
1-1821  ),medi- 


SMYTH,  JAMES  CARMICHAEL  (1741- 
cal  writer;  born  in  Fifeshire;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1764: 
travelled  abroad ;  appointed  physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1768  ;  voted  5,OOOJ.  by  parliament  (1802)  for  expe- 
riments with  nitrous  acid  gas  for  prevention  of  contagion 
in  cases  of  fever ;  wrote  several  treatises  on  this  subject, 
1780  and  1805,  establishing  his  claim  to  priority  as  a  dis- 
coverer ;  added  his  mother's  name  Smyth  to  his  own  sur- 
name Carmichael;  was  one  of  George  Ill's  physicians: 
F.R.S.,  1779.  [liii.  184] 

SMYTH,  Sm  JAMES  CARMICHAEL,  first  baronet 
(1779-1838),  governor  of  British  Guiana;  eldest  son  of 
James  Carmichael  Smyth  [q.  v.];  entered  the  royal  artillery 
from  Woolwich,  1794:  tranfif erred  to  royal  engineers, 
1795 ;  after  service  against  the  Dutch  in  South  Africa 
(1790)  was  promoted  and  (1805)  joined  Sir  David  Uaird's. 
expedition  to  the  Cape  of  Goal  Hope  as  commanding- 
royal  engineer ;  was  absent  from  the  battle  of  Blaauw-* 
ber-r,  but  greatly  assisted  Baird  after  the  surrender  of 
Capetown,  and  repaired  the  defences  of  Table  Bay:  was 
with  Sir  John  Moore  at  Coruna  ;  served  in  the  expedition 
to  Holland,  1814;  responsible  for  the  assault  of  lieruen- 
op-Zoom  on  8  March  ;  subsequently  strengthened  Ant  werp. 
and  other  fortresses  against  the  French  ;  served  on  Wel- 
lington's staff  at  Quatre  Bras  and  Waterloo,  entered  Pari? 
with  him,  and  commanded  royal  engineers  at  Cambray 
until  December  1816 ;  created  baronet,  1821  :  made 
governor  of  the  Bahamas,  1829,  and  of  British  duiana. 
1833,  where  he  carried  through  with  firmness  the  emanci- 
pation of  slaves ;  died  at  George  Town,  Demerara. 

[liii.  185] 

SMYTH,  JOHN  ( 1 77.1  ?-l  834  ?),  sculptor;  son  of 
Edward  Smyth  [q.  v.] ;  executed  statues  for  public  build- 
ings in  Dublin.  [liii.  184] 


SMYTH 


BMYTHE 


SMYTH,  SIU.MHN  ROWLAND  «./.  i*73),  li.-utenant- 

jrfiu-ral ;    educ;it«-d  at  Trinity   Coll.v*',    Dublin;    n.t.-n-l 
If.th  liUKvrs,   IM-JI  ;  Nrrv.il  .11  Canada  :ui<l  in  tti. 
(1843)  and   Siithrj  (1846)  campaign* ;    budly  -\. 
Aliwiil  Iwidiiik'  a  <-h;irge  with  ma  regiment  ag.> 
Sikh  cavalry;  .-..luii.-l  of  Ctu  dragoon  guards,  1868;  lieu- 
teuaut-gcnural,  1870.  [Hli.  187] 

SMYTH,  JOHN  TALFOUHD  <lM9?-1851Xa  **«- 
iiL'ht.  lint  nuiahed  engraver;  worked  njion  plates  tor 
th<-  •  Art  .Journal '  after  Wilkie,  Mulrcady,  uud  other*  at 
Edinburgh.  [Uii.  187] 

SMYTH,  SIR  LEICESTER  (1829-1891 X  general ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  ;  entered  the  rifle  brigade,  1845  ;  served  in 
the  Kaffir  war,  lighting  at  Berea,  1862:  wa»  aide-de-camp 
to  Lord  Raglan,  fought  at  Alma  atid  Inkerman.  and 
brought  home  despatches  on  the  (all  of  SebMtopol; 
assistant  military  secretary  in  UM  Ionian  island*,  18M- 
i-;i  •.  oomnanbd  at  th.-V.i;..,  1880  I;  MM  tt  i>^h 
commissioner  for  South  Africa.  1883-3;  K.C.M.G.,  1884; 
general,  1888 ;  K.OA,  1886 ;  appointed  governor  of  Gib- 
raltar. Llni.  188] 

SMYTH,  PATRICK  JAMBS  (18J6-1886X  IrUh  poli- 
tician :  joined  the  Repeal  Association,  1844,  siding  with 
the  •  Young  Ireland '  party :  after  the  failure  of  the  insur- 
rection of  1848  escaped  to  America  disguised  u  a  drover : 
wrote  for  Irish  journals  In  America;  visited  Tasmania 
and  planned  the  escape  of  John  Mltchel  [q.  v.] :  returned 
to  Ireland,  1856,  and  for  a  short  time  owned  "The  Irish- 
man': M.P.,  Westmeath,  1871-8U,  Tippernry,  1880-8; 


a  founder  of  the    Royal  Geographical  Society   (  1890),  a 

-    of    the   Society   of     \nt  <i  i.iri.*,    cxmtril 
IIUIII.T..I-    j,:i].-r-    t<>   I.-,-  .-    also 

on  'TlH-   Cy.-l.-  of  <Vl.->t: 
galn«M  i!.-    \*u  ....... 

raneair  i  I  -  '  .  ,  rlM?).  ai»» 

translating  treatise*  by  Arago.  [liii.  191] 

SMYTHS. 

BMYTHE, 


17;..!.  . 


[See  also  SMITH  and  SMYTH.] 

DAVID.    LORD    METHVKX     (1746-180$),' 

raised  to  Scott  bench  as  Lord  Methven, 

..:    ••>•.:.:.,•>.   17'»     !«n|. 

[lill.  1W] 


8HTTHE,    EMILY    AXN'K.  Vi- 
ID  ,./.  18M7X  daughter  of  Hlr  Francis  Beaof 
[•l.  v.]:  married  Percy  Ellen  Frederick 


daughter  of  Kir  Francis  Beaofor 

i,,.,rr:..l     I',:.-.     I..:,,,     MsJtfM     W.K.ain 

Chth  vlaooont  Ktrangfonl  of   Ireland  [q.  v.), 
descendant  of  the  Beaufort*  of  the  erosads* 

VM  1+fW  l.y    tl.,.  ,..itr..,r,->.  o:    .I.rt,>.,:.-m  t!.,-.,r.j,-r  Of  tfal 

Holy  Sepulchre :  organised  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  the 
Bulgarian  peasants,  187« ;  went  to  the  seat  of  war  in 
Turkey,  1877,  in  order  to  superintend  a  hospital  she  bad 
established  for  Turkish  soldiers:  died  at  IBB.  Sbepnb- 
llshed  'Egyptian  Sepulchres  ami  Syrian  Shrine*/  186L 
and  a  work  on  the  eastern  snores  of  the  Adriatic. 


: 


8MYTHE,  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS 
ri-:i:<  V  SYDNEY,  seventh  VUCOUXT  STRASOFURD  and 
second  BAK«.X  I'IS.-HI-RHT  (1818-1857X  born  at  Stock- 
holm, where  his  father  was  minister :  went  to  Eton  and 


lost  popularity  in  Ireland  through  his  hostility  to  Parnell 
uud  the  Land  League.  [U1L  188] 

SMYTH,  RICHARD  (1826-1878),  Irish  politician: 
studied  at  Bonn  and  Glasgow  (M.A.,  1850):  became  (1870) 
Dill  professor  of  theology,  Magee  College,  Londonderry, 
and  moderator  of  the  presbyterian  church :  supported 
Gladstone's  Irish  policy  as  M.P.  for  Londonderry,  1874-8. 

SMYTH,  ROBERT  BROUGH  (18:iO-1889),  mining 
surveyor;  worked  In  Derwent  ironwork?,  migrated  to 
Victoria,  1852,  and  became  secretary  and  inspector  of 
mines  (1870)  and  director  of  geological  fnrvey  ;  went 
subsequently  to  India  and  helped  to  promote  a  disastrous 
boom  in  gold-mines  there:  wrote  Ituudbooks  for  pro- 
spectors and  handbooks  to  gold-fields,  and  a  work  on 
aborigines  of  Victoria,  1878.  [ML  1 89] 

SMYTH,  SIR  WARIXGTOX  WILKINSON  (1817- 
1890),  mineralogist:  born  nt  Naples:  son  of  William 
HiMirv  Smyth  [q.  v.] :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1844 :  studied  geology  In  Germany  on  Wort*  foundation, 
and  was  appointed  mining  geologist  to  the  geological 
survey,  1844;  appointed  (1851)  lecturer  on  mining  in 
the  school  of  mines,  and  Inspector  of  crown  mineral?, 
1857;  appointed  mineral  surveyor  to  tho  duchy  of  Corn- 
wall, of  which  he  liad  an  unrivnlle.1  geological  know- 
ledge, 1852  ;  knighted,  1887  ;  wrote,  besides  a  treatise  on 
coal-mining  (1866),  a  pleasant  record  of  'A  Year  with 
the  Turks'  (1854),  describing  his  own  travels  of  ten  years 
back.  [UN- 19°1 

SMYTH,  WILLIAM  (1765-1849),  professor  of  modem 
history  at  Cambriilir*; :  sou  of  a  Liverpool  banker ;  eighth 
wrangler,  Petcrhouse,  Cambridge,  1787 :  M.A.,  1790 ;  his 
father's  bank  having  failed,  went  as  tutor  to  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan's  elder  son  Thomas,  and  had  frequent 
skirmishes  with  the  great  wit  while  attempting  to  obtain 
arrears  of  salary ;  was  tutor  of  Peterhouse,  1806 ;  made 
regius  professor  of  modern  history,  1807.  His  lectures  on 
modern  history  (2  vols.  1840)  were  revised  by  Professor 
Adam  Sedgwlck;  his  lectures  on  tin-  Fn-noh  revolution 
were  published,  1840.  He  was  very  popular  in  society, 
talked  well,  gave  concerts,  and  wrote  verses,  publishing 
•  English  Lyrics '  in  1797.  [liii.  1»1] 

SMYTH,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1788-1865),  admiral 
and  scientific  writer;  served  in  Kast  India  Company's 
ship  Cornwallis,  1804 ;  was  transferred  in  it  to  the  navy. 
1805;  saw  active  service  in  the  East:  after  service  off 
Spain  made  commander,  1815.  and  appointed  to  rorvey 
coasts  of  Sicily  and  adjacent  shores  of  Italy  and  Africa, 
his  results  appearing  In  a  'Memoir  of  the  Resources,  In- 
habitants, and  Hydrography  of  Sicily  and  its  Islands  •  and 
'A  Sketch  of  Sardinia,'  1828  -.promoted  post-captain  and 
retired  from  active  service.  Devoting  himself  to  tin-  life 
of  a  savant,  he  became  vice-president  of  the  Royal  .Society, 


St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  be  wrote  promising 
verse;  M.A.  jure  natalium,  1840;  M.P.,  Canterbury, 
1841 ;  became  one  of  Disraeli's  Young  England  party,  and 

{  was  the  type  of  the  heroin  •Coningsby,*  1844;  became 
foreign  tinder-secretary  In  Peel's  second  ministry,  fol- 
lo-A.-d  Peel  in  1846,  broke  with  Difracli's  party,  and  •com- 
mitted political  suicide '  by  bis  abstention  from  debate ; 
fought  with  Colonel  Frederick  Komllly  the  hut  dud  In 
England,  1852  :  from  1847  wrote  much  and  brilliantly  in 

I  the  press  (especially  'Morning  Chronicle')  and  in  the 
reviews.  [liti.  193] 

8MYTHE,  JAMES  MOORE  (1702-1734),  playwright ; 

i  third  son  of  Arthur  Moore  [q.  v.]:  a  well-known  fop  of 

'  the  Queen  Anne  period :  wrote  for  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 

London,  a  dull  comedy,1  The  Hival  Modes'  (January  1727), 

which  brought  him  400/.  (for  hU  creditors)  and  the  lasting 

resentment  of  Pope  (see  'Dunciad'  and  second  •  Moral 

Essay').  [1111.195] 

BMYTHE,  PERCY  CLINTON  SYDNEY,  hixth  Vi>- 

.  ..i  NTSTRANUVORD  and  first  BAROX  PHVMUBST (ITtO- 

1855).  diplomatist;  entered  the  service  fromTrum> 

I  lege,  Dublin  (B.A^  1800),  and  became  secretary  of  legation 

i  at  Lisbon,  1802;  published '  Poems  from  the  Portuguese 

I  of   Camoens,'  a  smooth  version  (often  reissued),  1U03; 

while  at  Lisbon  counselled  prince  regent  of  Portugal  to 

sail  for  Brazil  (November  1807),  and  later,  at  Canning's 

desire,  drew  up  a  report,  which  was  much  contested,  of 

Portuguese  situation  ;  became  ambawador  at  Stockholm, 

I  1817,  at  Constantinople,  1820  ;  and  at  St.  Petersburg  fora 

few  months  only,  1824:    friend  of  Moore,  Croker,  and 

I  Rogers :    devoted  his  leisure  Utterly  to  literature,  and 

I  edited  '  Household  Expenses  of  Princes*  Elisabeth '  for 

Camden  Society.  [""-  !»•] 

8MYTHE,  PERCY  ELLEN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM, 
eighth  VIHCODNT  STRANOIORD  and  third  BARON  Pwau 
in-iisT  (1826-1889X  phllotogUt;  youngest  son  of  Perry 
Clinton  Sydney  Smythe,  sixth  viscount  Strangford  [q. .  T.]  ? 
went  from  Merton  College,  Oxford,  as  stodent  attach*  at 
Constantinople,  and  became  oriental  •ecretanr  there,  857- 
1868:  mastered  Fenian,  Gret-k,  Turkish,  Arabic,  Hindu- 
stani, and  other  extern  tongm* :  wrote  brill, 
topici  of  the  near  East,  mainly  for 'Pall  Mall  Gazette,' 
and  contributed  chapters  to  'Eastern  Shores  of  the 
Adriatic '(1863X  written  by  his  wife,  Emily  Anne,  vta- 
countess  Strangford  [q.  v.]  f  Uii.  197] 

SMYTHE,    PlR   SIDNKY    -TAFFORD  (1705-1778fc 
judge:  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
from  Inner  Temple,  1724;   became  K.aaud  a 
and  M.P.  for  East  Grinrtead,  1747 ; 
chief  baron,  1772 ;  resigned,  1777. 

BMTTHZ,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1816-1887X  general  I 
entered  Woolwich  from  Antrim,  1880;  obtained  coming 
rion  In  royal  artillery,  1881;  served  in  Kaffir  war,  183&, 
St.  Helena,  Nova  Scotia,  and  on  royal  comnMon  upon; 


SMYTHIES 


1220 


SOLLY 


Military  education  abroad,  1856;  went  to  Fiji  to  report 
OMNtcenion  to  Kiurhm.l,  1*39;  made  meteorological  ob- 
servations, and  ««iilH-rvi.M'«i  l>is  wife  Sarah  .Maria  Smythe's 
•Ten  Months  in  Fiji  Islands'  (1864);  after  four  years  in 
India  Kitted  in  Ireland  ;  colonel,  R.A.,  1880,  retired  general, 
1881 ;  left  S,OOW.  to  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  [liii.  1»9] 

SMYTHIES.  CHARLES  ALAN  (1844-1894),  bishop  of 
Zniizitwr :  born  In  London  ;  educated  at  Felsted,  Trinity 
Oolleoe.  Cambridge  (B.A.,  1866),  and  Cuddeedon  ;  became 
vicarof  Roath,  near  Cardiff,  1880  ;  sailed  for  Zanzibar  as 
Mcond  bishop  of  universities  mission  in  Central  Africa,  in 
succession  to  Bishop  Edward  Steere,  1884 ;  worked  with  the 
jrreateat  energy  at  organising  the  mission  and  training 
native  teachers,  travelling  thousands  of  miles  on  foot; 
raised  11,000*  in  England  for  a  suffragan  bishop  for 
Nyasa  district,  1890;  succumbed  to  malarial  fever,  May 
1894,  and  was  buried  at  sea  between  Zanzibar  and  Aden. 

[liii.  201] 

SNAGOE,  THOMAS  (1536-1592),  speaker  of  House  of 
Commons ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1554 :  at  Gray's  Inn, 
IMS,  'double  reader,'  1574;  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1571; 
attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1577-80  ;  serjeant-at-law  and 
treasurer  of  his  inn,  1580,  being  at  the  time  M.P.  for  Bed- 
ford; was  chosen  speaker,  holding  the  office  for  two 
session*,  1588.  [liii.  202] 

8NAPE,  ANDREW  (1675-1742),  provost  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1697;  D.D.,  1705;  master  of  Eton, 
1711 ;  gave  offence  at  court  by  his  attacks  on  Benjamin 
Hoadly  (1676-1761)  [q.  v.],and  was  removed  from  the  list 
of  royal  chaplains;  chosen  provost  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  1719.  [liii.  203] 

SHAPE,  EDMUND  (ft.  1576-1608),  puritan :  went  to 
Jersey  and  framed  a  Calvinistic  discipline  for  Huguenot 
ministers  there;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1584; 
summoned  with  Oartwright  before  high  commission  for 
attempting  to  introduce  presby  terian  usages  into  England, 
and  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  while,  1590.  [liii.  203] 

SNATT,  WILLIAM  (1645-1721),  nonjuring  divine; 
graduated  from  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  (B. A,  1664); 
vicar  of  Seaford,  loll) ;  associated  with  Jeremy  Collier  in 
giving  absolution  to  Parkyns  and  Friend,  conspirators 
against  William  III  in  1696  ;  found  guilty  of  serious  mis- 
demeanour, but  treated  leniently.  [liii.  204] 


HANNAH (1723-1 792), female  soldier;  stated 
in  a  chap-book  history  of  her  adventures,  issued  in  1750, 
to  have  enlisted  in  1745,  to  have  served  in  the  fleet,  and 
to  have  received  a  pension  for  wounds  received  at  Pon- 
dicherry.  The  facts  were  much  embellished,  but  there 
was  probably  a  kernel  of  truth  as  in  the  cases  of  Phoebe 
Hessel,  Christian  Da  vies,  and  Mary  Anne  Talbot.  Hannah, 
who  was  thrice  married,  died  in  Bedlam.  [liii.  205] 

SHELL,  JOHN  (1629-1679),  founder  of  Snell  exhibi- 
tions at  Balliol  College,  Oxford ;  studied  at  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity; fought  on  the  royalist  side  at  Worcester; 
secretary  to  Monmouth;  left  estates  in  trust  for  the 
further  education  of  Glasgow  scholars  at  Oxford.  In 
1G93  chanoery  decided  that  Suell  exhibitions  should  go  to 
Balliol  College.  riiii.  206] 

8NELLINO,  THOMAS  (1712-1773),  numismatist; 
nokl  book  and  coins,  on  which  he  wrote  several  treatises 
published,  1757-76,  at  163  Fleet  Street,  London ;  chief 
works,  three  'Views,'  respectively  of  silver,  gold,  and 
copper  coins  of  England,  1762,  1763,  1766.  [liii.  207] 

8HETZLER,  JOHN  or  JOHANN  (1710?-1774?), 
organ-builder ;  native  of  Passau ;  settled  in  England  and 
built  fine  organs  at  Lynn  (1754),  Halifax  (1766),  and  St. 
'Martin's,  Leicester  (1774).  [liii.  207] 

SHOW,  JOHN  (1813-1858),  anaesthetist;  M.D.  London, 
1844  ;  discovered  that  cholera  was  communicated  by  con- 
taminated water,  and  introduced  scientific  use  of  ether 
(firrt  adopted  in  America)  into  English  surgery  practice, 
4846-7;  published  'Chloroform  and  other  Anesthetics,' 
1868.  [liii.  207] 

SHOW,  WILLIAM  PARKER  (1817-1895),  mariner, 
explorer,  and  writer  ;  born  at  Poole;  after  a  wild  life  in 
the  Australian  bush  and  in  West  Africa  became  a  literary 
amanuensis  in  London,  transcribing  for  Macaulay  the 
flrrt  two  volumes  of  the  '  History  • ;  served  on  a  Franklin 
vessel,  1850,  and  subsequently  on  a  missionary 


ship  off  Patagonia;    wrote  for  New    York  booksellers 
I  between  1858  and  1864 ;  wrote  also  on  Arctic  subjects  ami 
on  (1857)  'Tierradel  Fuego.'  [liii.  208] 

SHOWDEH,  JOHN  (1558-1626).    [See  CECIL.] 
SOAMES,    HENRY   (1785-1860),   ecclesiastical    his- 
!  torian;   son  of  a  shoemaker;    passed    from    St.   IV/il's 
School,  London,  to  Wadlmm College,  Oxford  (M.A.,  IHlu) ; 
became  Bamptoii  lecturer  and  chancellor  of  St.   Paul's, 
London,  1842;  edited  Mosheim,  1841  (4th  ed.  by  Stulihs, 
1863),  and  wrote  '  History  of  Reformation,'  1826-8, '  A  n^lo- 
Saxoii  Church,'  1835,  and  '  Elizabethan  Religious  History,' 
1839.  [liii.  2U'J] 

SOANE,  GEORGE  (1790-1860),  miscellaneous  author  ; 
son  of  Sir  John  Soane  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge,  1811 ;  writer  of  numerous  novels,  plays,  and 
translations.  [liii.  211] 

SOANE,  Siu  JOHN  (1753-1837),  founder  of  Soane 
Museum ;  son  of  a  mason  named  Swan  ;  taken  into  George 
Dance's  office  ;  gained  Royal  Academy  silver  medal  for 
nn  architectural  drawing,  and  went  to  Rome  in  1777  as 
travelling  student;  after  a  wealthy  marriage  became,  in 
1788,  architect  of  the  Bank  of  England,  rebuilding  the 
whole  structure  and  gaining  a  great  reputation  for  the 
work;  R.A.,  1802  ;  succeeded  Dance  as  professor  of  archi- 
tecture at  the  Academy,  1806,  and  began  to  collect  the 
museum  of  paintings  (including  Hogarth's  'Rake's  Pro- 
gress' and  'Election'),  sculpture, drawings, and  gems  in 
a  house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  which  in  1833  he  presented 
with  its  contents  to  the  nation;  knighted,  1831.  In 
philanthropic  endeavour  Soane  was  munificent,  but  he  is 
said  to  have  declined  a  baronetcy  in  order  to  spite  his  son 
George  Soane  [q.  v.]  [liii.  211] 

SOEST,  GERARD  (d.  1681),  portrait-painter ;  native 
of  Soest,  near  Utrecht;  came  to  London  in  1656  and 
obtained  many  commissions;  painted  Colonel  Blood  and 
Bishop  Cartwright,  and  might  have  rivalled  Lely  but  for 
his  uncouth  demeanour.  [h'ii.  211] 

SOLANDER,  DANIEL  CHARLES  (1736-1782), 
botanist :  native  of  Norrland,  in  Sweden ;  noticed  by 
Linnaeus  at  Upsala,  and  recommended  by  him  to 
naturalists  in  England,  where  he  arrived  in  1760; 
familiarised  English  botanists  with  Linnean  system,  and 
was  made  assistant-librarian  to  catalogue  natural- 
history  collections  at  British  Museum,  employing  a  deputy 
there  from  1768,  when  he  accompanied  (Sir)  Joseph  Banks 
on  Cook's  voyage  in  Endeavour ;  went  with  Banks  to 
Iceland,  1772,  and  became  his  secretary  and  librarian  in 
Soho  Square,  London,  until  in  1773  he  was  made  keeper 
of  printed  books  at  the  British  Museum.  [liii.  212] 

SOLANTJS,  MOSES  or  MOISE  DU  SOUL  (d.  1735  ?), 
Greek  scholar;  a  refugee  from  Saumur;  came  from 
Amsterdam  to  England ;  was  encouraged  by  Bentley  ; 
projected  an  elaborate  'Lucian'  and  published  a  fine 
edition  of  Plutarch's  '  Lives  '  (5  vols.  London,  1729). 

[liii.  213] 

SpLE,  WILLIAM  (1741-1802),  botanist;  educated 
at  King's  School,  Ely ;  went  as  surgeon  to  Bath  to  be 
near  his  relative,  Christopher  Anstey  [q.  v.]  the  poet ; 
studied  grasses,  and  issued  (1798)  his  chief  botanical 
work,  'Meuthae  Britnnnicoe.'  [liii.  213] 

SOLLY,  EDWARD  (1819-1886),  chemist  and  anti- 
quary ;  studied  chemistry  at  Berlin ;  lectured  at  Royal 
Institution,  1841;  published  'Rural  Chemistry,'  1843; 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Addiscombe,  1845-9;  had  a 
large  antiquarian  library ;  wrote  much  in  '  Notes  and 
Queries'  and  edited  ' Titles  of  Honour '  (1879)  for  Index 
Society.  [liii.  214] 

SOLLY,  SAMUEL  (1805-1871),  surgeon;  son  of  Isaac 
Solly,  a  Baltic  merchant;  apprenticed  to  Benjamin 
Travers  [q.  v.]  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  and 
became  surgeon  and  lecturer  there  (1853).  He  was  F.R.S; 
(1836)  and  president  of  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgieal 
Society,  1867-8.  A  good  clinical  teacher  and  operator, 
he  wrote  'Surgical  Experiences,'  1865,  and  prof,  -s OM;II 
treatises.  [liii.  214] 

SOLLY,  THOMAS  (1816-1875),  philosophical  writer  ; 
after  studying  at  Caiut*  College,  Cambridge,  ami  Inner 
Temple  (barrister,  1841),  became  lecturer  on  English 
language  and  literature  at  Berlin  University,  1843;  pub- 
lished a  '  Syllabus  of  Logic,'  1839,  'A  Coronal  of  English 
Verse,'  1864,  and  other  works,  and  contributed  to  Coon's 
'  Shakespeare  in  Germany.'  [liii.  215] 


SOMERSET 


80LME    or    80LEMAN,   THOMAS  (d.  1541X    [*«e 

BQMSMQBT.] 

80LME,  THOMAS  (ft.  1MO-W63).    [See  SOMK,] 

80LM8,     HEINRICH    MAA8TKK  !i 
BOUB-BRADKVBU  <  1636-1691X  general  in  the  Dutch  «r- 

Vice;  .-ntered  Dutch  army,  e.  167U,  ro*e  to  be  general, 
1680,  sailed  with  Prince  of  Orange,  October  1688,  and  led 
Dutch  guards  into  Westminster ;  be  was  distinguished 
at  the  Iioyne,  but  much  cemmrul  for  not  supporting 
English  briga-le  under  Mackay  at  Steinkirk ;  died  from  a 
cannon-shot  woand  at  Neenvindeu.  [liii.  211] 

80LOMOH,  ABRAHAM(18M-1862X  painter:  learned 
bis  art  in  SaaCs  school,  Bloomsbury,  London  ;  exhibited 
game  ami  costume  canvases  regularly  nt  Hoyal  Academy, 
1841-62.  He  waa  a  good  colourUt,  and  sltowed  .marked 
advance  in  some  of  hi*  luU-r  pictures,  especially  *  Waiting 
for  the  Verdict,'  1857.  [lilt.  216] 

SOLUS,  SAINT  (./.  700  V),  on  English  monk  wbowttled 
in  Suab.a  under  Charles  the  Great.  [Hit.  217] 

SOME,  ROBERT  (1542-1609),  master  of  IVterhotwc, 
Cambridge;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  IMS; 
M.A.,  1505 ;  D.D..  I.-.HU  ;  appointed  marter  of  Peterbonse, 
Cambridge,  1589,  and  wa*  vice-chancellor    four  time*; 
steered  a  middle  courm?  between  hi^h  Aiiu'licun-i  un.l  puri- 
tans ;  wrote  a  '  Treatise  of  tin-  -  <  1682),  and  ', 
trir.l  to  interpose  us  moderator  m  Mar-1'relate  controversy  i 
(1688).  [liii.  217] 

SOME  or  80LME,  THOMAS  (fl.  15IO-1563X  pro- 
testant  divine;  an  unwilling  monk,  took  up  advanced 
protestant  views  ;  an  active  preacher  under  Edward  VI ; 
tied  abroad  on  Mary's  accession  ;  bis  treatise,  the  'Lord's 
Flail,'  burned  by  Bouner,  1546.  [liii.  218] 

80MER,  HENRY  (.ft.  1407-1413),  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer;  friend  of  Ilocclevc  and  possibly  of  Chaucer; 
made  baron  of  exchequer,  1407,  chancellor,  1413. 

[liii.  218] 

SOMER,  SEMUR,  80MERARIU8,  JOHN  (Jl.  138uX 
Minorite  astronomer ;  of  Oxford  ;  wrote  a  calendar,  dated 
1380,  with  astronomical  tables.  [liii.  218] 

SOMER,  PAUL  VAX  (1576-1621 ).    [See  VAX  SOMKR.] 

SOMERCOTE.  SWINERCOTE,  or  SOMERTON, 
I.AWKKNCK  (  ft.  1254  X  canonist;  canon  of  Chicbester, 
1247  ;  wrote  on "•  Canonical  Election  of  Bishops,'  1254. 

[liii.  219] 

SOMERCOTE  or  UMMARCOTE.  ROBERT  (d.  12-11), 
cardinal ;  of  English  birth  ;  favoured  by  Langton,  entered 
papal  curia  ami  was  made  cardinal  by  On-gory  IX,  1238. 

[liii.  219] 
SOMERLED,   LORD  OF  THE  IMIJM  (d.  1164).    [Sec 

SUMKRLKD.] 

80MER8.  EDMUND  SIOISMUND  (1759  7-1824  X 
physician :  studied  at  Dublin  and  Eiliuburgh ;  M.I). 
1-xl-nl.iii-L'h,  1783;  hcrved  in  Jamaica  and  in  Peninsula 
under  Wellington.  [liii.  219] 

SOMERS  or  SUMMERS,  Sin  GEORGE  (1554-1610), 
discoverer  of  Bermudas  ;  served  on  buccaneering  voy 
under  Sir  Amyas  de  Preston  [q.  v.] :  took  part  in 
Voyage,  1597 ;  knighted,  1003  ;  commanded  a  fleet  convey- 
ing settlers  for  Virginia,  as  one  of  founders  of  South 
Virginia  Company,  1609 ;  wrecked  on  Bermudas  or  Sum- 
mer islands ;  took  possession  of  islands  for  king  of  Eng- 
land in  July,  1609  ;  died  there ;  his  shipwreck  and  sojourn 
in  Bermudas  commemorated  by  Silvef  ter  Jottrdain  [q.  v.], 
whence  Shakespeare  derived  some  details  of '  The  Tempest.' 

[Hii.  220] 

SOMERS  or  SOMMERS,  JOHN,  BARON  SOMERS 
(1C61-1716).  lord  chancellor  of  England  ;  sou  of  John 
Somerf,  a  Worcestershire  attorney  :  educated  at  Wor- 
cester Cathedral  school  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford; 
called  to  the  bar  from  Middle  Temple,  1676:  counsel  for 
seven  bishops,  June  1688;  M.P.,  Worcester,  1689;  as- 
serted virtual  abdication  of  James  II,  aud  presided  over 
the  drafting  of  the  Declaration  of  Rights :  ninde  rolicitor- 
general  and  knighted,  1689;  became  lord-keeper,  1693, 
member  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club  and  friend  ninl  patron  of 
Addison,  Congrcve,  Steele,  Vcrtue,  Tindal,  Rymer,  and, 
lor  a  time,  Swift,  who  dedicated  to  him  the  'Tale  of  a 
Tub,'  1704  ;  with  Montagu,  Locke,  and  Newton  planned 
ia  1695  the  reform  of  the  currency  ;  lord  high  chancellor 
of  England,  1697  ;  created  Baron  Somers  of  Evesham, 


1697 ;    po»  seraed  great  influence,  aecood  only  to  that  of 
Sunderlu  .» u  one  of  the  council 

LEO  III,  irturn  in  1696  shared  his  unpopularity 
as  the  abettor  of  a  policy  ncceaiU.. 
army,  and  after  repeat*]  attacks  by  the  country  party 
be  had  to  surrender  tbe  great  ami,  IftO;  a  demand  ralesd 
in  1700  for  bU  Impeachment  on  account  of  bis  share  te 
the  secret  partition  treatie*  of  16VH  »:  was  acquitted. 
ami  would  have  been  restored  to  power  but  for  William 
Ill's  death,  upon  which  he  Joined  the  whig  party,  exer- 
t  influence,  eseciall  in  aw 


Influence,   especially   in  settling  term*  of 
iiiiton    with   Scotland.    1707  ;    suoni    president  of   the 
i  708 ;  fell  with  the  junto  in  the  autumn  of  1710. 
was  a  great  lawyer,  bat  his  Influence  and  capacity 


as  a  statesman  have  perhaps  been  unduly  magnified  by 
Macaulay  and  other'.  His  four  political  tract*  of  1«81 
are  models  of  lucid  presentation.  [liii.  221] 

SOMERS,  ROBERT  (1812-1891).  journalist;  edited 
•Scottish  Herald.'  1844, and  after  iu  amalgamation  with 
the  •  Witness '  managed  that  paper  un.hr  Hugh 
[q.  v.];  from  1*49  to  1859  aliu-d  -North  British  Daily 
Mall'  ;  wrote  for  ' Encyclopaedia  Britannic*.'  [lili.  219] 


RICHARD  (d.  1531 X    [See  DA 


ItlritAHU.] 

SOMERSET,  DUKES  OF.  [See  BI:AI  H  UT.  JOHN,  first 
DI-KK,  1403-1444;  BKAI-KHUT,  KHMIM>,  second  DUKK, 
</.  1455 ;  BKAUVORT,  HKNKY,  thinl  IM-KK,  1436-14A4 ; 
SEYMOUR,  EDWARD,  first  DUKE  of  the  .s>ymour  family, 
1506 7-1552;  SKYUOUR,  WILLIAM,  second  DUKK,  15HH- 
1660;  SBYMOIMC.  CII.-.RLKR,  sixth  DUKK,  1662-1748; 
SKTMOUR,  AUJKUNON,  seventh  DUKK,  1684-1750; 
SKTMOUR,  ED\VAKI>  ADOI.IMII  s,  eleventh  DUKK,  177*- 
1855;  SKYMciuit,  KuwAitn  Ai).n.riit>,  twelfth  DUKE, 
1804-1886.] 

SOMERSET,  EARLR  or.  [Bee  MOHUX,  WIUJAM  DK, 
./f.  1141 :  fiKAVFOKT,  JOHN,  first  EARL,  1373  7-1410 ;  CARH, 
ROBERT,  d.  1645.] 

SOMERSET,  CHARLES,  TAUT.  OK  WORCKMTKB 
(14607-1526),  bastard  con  of  Henry  Beaufort,  third 
duke  of  Somerset :  fought  at  Bos  worth,  and  waft  em- 
ployed by  Henrv  VII  on  important  embus* ies,  1490-1504; 
.-hainU -rluin  a«  Lord  Herbert  of  Raglan,  1M>5  :  negotiated 
with  Louis  XII.  Maximilian,  and  Charles  V,  1515-18; 
created  Earl  of  Worcester,  1514.  [liii.  210] 

SOMERSET.  KDWARD,  fourth  EARL  OK  WORCKS- 
TKR  ( 1563-16X8 X  great-grandson  of  Charles  Somerset, 
earl  of  Worcester  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  E**ex  as  Qneen 
Elizabeth's  master  of  the  borre,  1601 ;  examined  conspira- 
tors of  1605  :  became  lonl  privy  seal,  1610,  and  was  great 
chamberlain  at  Charles  1's  coronation.  [liii.  231] 

SOMERSET,  EDWAKD.  sixth  EARL  and  second- 
MAHons  OP  Woiu-KtrrKK  and  titular  EARL  ov  GLAMOR. 
OAN  (1601-1C67),  as  Lord  Herbert  served  for  Charles  I  in 
South  Wales  and  garrisoned  Raglnu  Castle  ;  defeated  by 
Waller  at  Highnam,  March  1643  :  created  Karl  of  Glamor- 
gan, 1644,  and  selected  by  Charles  I  to  distribute  honours 
aud  raise  troops  in  Ireland ;  poesihly  exceeded  bie  oom- 
uiitKion  (which  Charles  I  eventually  dUnvowed,  1646)  by 
throwing  himself  into  the  arm*  of  Rinuccinl  and  the 
ultramontane  party  in  Ireland ;  bis  appointment  aa 
lord-lieutenant  requested  of  Charles  I  by  the  papal 
nuncio,  but  the  Anglo-Irish  preferred  Ormonde;  uent  to 
Paris,  1648 ;  compelled  by  his  narrow  means  to  return 
to  England,  1652 ;  impri*on«l  for  two  years,  but  released 
In  October  1664.  and  later  given  a  pension  of  W.  a  weak : 
recovered  the  bulk  of  his  estates  at  the  Restoration,  and 
gave  his  time  to  mechanical  experiments  :  published 
(1663)  hi*  'Century  of  Inventions,1  written  in  1654,  in 
which  he  suggested  a  calculating  machine  (No.  K4  )and  an 
hydraulic  machine  (No.  68)  'for  driving  up  water  by 
fire.'  This  wa*  a  very  ingenious  adumbration  of  a  steam 
pumping-engim-,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  any  practical 
attempt  by  Worcester  to  give  effect  to  such  an  idea. 

[liii.  2M] 

SOMERSET.     I.<.RT>   EDWARD   (I776-184J>      [Bee 

SOMKRBBT,   LOUD  KoBKRT  EDWARD   HKXRY.] 

SOMERSET,     LORD    FITZROY    JAMES    1 
first  BAROX  RAOLAN  (1 788-18*5 X  youngest  ron  of  fifth 
I  Duke  of  Beaufort ;   served   at  Koiica  aixi    Vinxaro   aa 


SOMERSET 


1222 


SONMANS 


WeUwley's  aide-de-camp  :  fought  at  Busaco,  Fuentes 
-ro  and  Badajo*  :  wounded  when  close  to  Wellington 
at  Waterloo:  secretary  at  Horse  Guard?,  1827-52, 
when  he  succeeded  Wellington  as  commander  of  the 
forces  And  was  made  Baron  Raglan  ;  selected  to  com- 
mand British  truopa  for  Crimea,  1854  ;  accepted  position 
at  Sebastopol  ;  won  battle  of  Alma,  20  Sept.  1854  ; 
blamed  Lucan  for  blunder  and  loss  of  light  brigade  at 
Balaclava,  36  Oct.  1854;  showed  judgment  and  almost 
rm«h  bra  very  at  Inkermanon  5  Nov.,  and  was  thanked  by 
Queen  Victoria  :  made  the  scapegoat  of  mismanagement 
during  the  terrible  winter  of  1854-5  ;  suffered  intensely 
owing  to  the  failure  of  the  mistimed  attack  ou  the 
MalakhofT  and  Redan,  18  June  1855,  and  died  ten  days  I 
later  '  the  victim  of  England's  unreadiness  for  war.' 

[liii.  237] 

SOMERSET,  LORD  GRANVILLB  CHARLES 
HENRY  (1792-1848),  chancellor  of  duchy  of  Lun-  ' 
caster  :  second  son  of  Henry  Charles  Somerset,  sixth  Duke 
of  Beaufort:  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1817:  M.P., 
Monmouthshire,  1888-48  :  supported  Liverpool  and  sub- 
sequently Peel  :  chancellor  of  duchy,  1841-6.  [liii.  245] 

SOMERSET,    HENRY,    first    DUKK  OF    BEAUFORT 
(1629-1700),  son  of  Edward  Somerset,  second  Marquis  of 
Worcester  ;  renounced  Catholicism  and  was  friendly  with 
Cromwell,  on  whose  death,  however,  he  demanded  a  full 
and  free  parliament  ;  sat  in  Convention,  November  1659  ; 
favoured  Restoration;  succeeded  as   third    marquis  of 
Worcester  in  1667  :  president  of  council  of  Wales,  1672  ;    j 
K.G.,  1672  ;  opposed  exclusion,  and  was  made  Duke  of    | 
Beaufort,  1688  ;  opposed  both  Monmouth  and  Prince  of 
Orange,  but  was  reconciled  to  William  III  ;  maintained    i 
great  state  in  retirement  at  Badminton.  [liii.  242] 

SOMERSET,  HENRY,  second  DUKE  OF  BEAUFOKT  I 

<1684-1714),  grandson  of  Henry  Somerset,  first  duke  of  j 

Beaufort  :  pillar  of  the  tory  party,  and  a  member  of  j 
Swift's  •  Brothers  '  Club  ;  K.G.,  17  12.                 [liii.  244] 

SOMERSET,  HENRY,  seventh  DUKE  op  BEAUFORT 
(1792-1853),  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in 
the  Peninsula,  1812-14  ;  M.P.,  Monmouth,  1813-32  ; 
M.P.,  West  Gloucestershire,  1835  ;  K.G.,  1842.  A  typical 
tory  and  sportsman,  he  tigured  in  the  '  Badminton  Hunt* 
and  in  Nimrod's  sporting  sketches.  [liii.  244] 

SOMERSET  or  SOMER8ETH,  JOHN  <-/.  1455?), 
physician  to  Henry  VI  ;  studied  at  Paris  :  M.D.  ; 
attended  Henry  VI  constantly  as  doctor  and  astrologer  ; 
chancellor  of  exchequer,  1441-6,  and  executor  of  Hum- 
phrey of  Gloucester.  [liii.  245] 

SOMERSET,  POULETT  GEORGE  HENRY  (1822- 
1875),  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Itaglan  ;  nearly  killed  at 
Inkerman  ;  subsequently  M.P.  for  Middlesex,  [liii.  242] 

SOMERSET,  LORD  ROBERT  EDWARD  HENRY 
(1776-1842),  general;  known  as  Lord  Edward  Somerset  ; 
served  in  Holland  and  throughout  Peninsular  campaign, 
1909-14  :  led  cavalry  brigade  under  Uxbridge  at  Waterloo, 
was  thanked  by  parliament,  and  appointed  to  command 
first  brigade  of  cavalry  in  the  army  of  occupation  in 
France  ;  general,  1841.  [liii.  246] 

SOMERSET,  WILLIAM,  third  EARL  OF  WORCESTER 
(1526-1589),  served  at  coronations  of  Edward  VI  and 
Queens  Mary  and  Elizabeth  ;  took  part  in  trials  of  Pro- 
tector Somerset,  Norfolk,  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  went 
to  Paris  on  an  embassy,  1573  ;  raised  laud  force  against 
Armada,  1588.  [liii.  247] 

80MERVHJJS,  ALEXANDER  (1811-1885),  social 
reformer  ;  son  of  a  Lothian  carpenter  ;  after  serving  in 
army  wrote  ou  economic  subject*,  especially  corn-law 
reform  ;  collected  facts  for  Cobden  ;  wrote  for  '  Manchester 
Examiner  '  and  other  journals  ;  published  '  Autobiography 
«>f  u  Working  Man,*  1848,  and  other  books.  [liii.  248] 

SOMERVILLE,  ALEXANDER  NEIL  (1813-1889), 
Soot*  divine  ;  a  pioneer  of  Scote  free  church,  1844  ; 
journeyed  on  minions  in  India,  1874,  Spain,  Africa,  and 
elMwhere,  making  many  converts.  [liii.  249] 

SOMERVILLE,  ANDREW  (1808-1834),  painter; 
KB.  A.  ;  exhibited  at  Edinburgh,  1830-4.  [liii.  249] 


,\  ,    HUGH,  fifth   BAROW  SOMKRVILLE 

(14»?-154»),  joined    James    V    at   Stirling   in    1628; 
prisoner  at  Sol  way  Moss,  1543;    took  a  pension 


from  Henry  VIII,  and  joined  •  English  party  •  among 
Scots.  [UiL  250] 

SOMERVILLE.  JAMES,  sixth  BARON  SOMERVILI.E 
(d.  1569),  son  of  Hugh  Somerville,  fifth  baron  Somerville 
[q.  v.]  ;  employ*]  by  Mary  of  Guise  in  negotiating  with 
Cbatelheranlt  ;  fought  at  Langside,  1568.  [liii.  251] 

SOMERVILLE,  JAMES  (1632-1600),  family  his- 
torian ;  fought  in  covenanting  army  under  General 
Leslie,  and  was  at  rout  of  Duubar,  September  1650  ; 
joined  Scots  royalists,  but  took  little  further  part  in 
affairs  ;  his  '  Memorie  of  the  Somervilles'  (1«79)  edited 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  1816.  [liii.  251] 

SOMERVILLE  or  SOMERVILE,  JOHN  (1560-1583), 
traitor  ;  of  Roman  catholic  faith ;  formed  design  to  shoot 
Queen  Elizabeth,  was  sentenced  to  death,  December  1583, 
and  found  strangled  in  the  Tower  of  London,  [liii.  252] 

SOMERVILLE,  JOHN  SOUTHEY,  fifteenth  BAHOX 
SOMERVILLE  (1765-1819),  succeeded  his  uncle  to  title 
and  estates,  1796 ;  representative  Scots  peer  ;  ousted 
Sinclair  from  presidency  of  board  of  agriculture,  1798 : 
aided  George  III  in  introducing  merino  sheep  :  invented 
a  plough ;  published  agricultural  works.  [liii.  253] 

SOMERVILLE,  MARY  (1780  -  1872),  scientific 
writer  ;  daughter  of  Sir  William  George  Fairfax  [q.  v.]  ; 
read  Newton's  *  Principia '  in  Latin  ;  married,  as  a  second: 
husband,  in  1812,  William  Somerville  (1771-1860)  [q.  v.], 
and  moved  in  a  brilliant  intellectual  circle;  wrote  on 
spectrum  and  on  Laplace :  her  best  work, '  The  Connec- 
tion of  the  Physical  Sciences,'  1834,  which  illustrates  in  its 
able  summary  the  width  of  her  scientific  acquirements. 

[liii.  254] 

SOMERVILLE,  THOMAS  (1741-1830),  historian; 
after  education  at  Edinburgh,  visited  London  in  1769,  and 
associated  with  Hume,  Robertson,  Franklin,  and  other 
eminent  men ;  appointed  minister  at  Jedbnrgh,  1772  ; 
wrote  useful  histories  of  Restoration  and  fall  of  Stuarts, 
1792,  and  of  Queen  Anne,  1798,  and  an  interesting  auto- 
biography, first  published,  1861.  [liii.  255] 

SOMERVILLE,  WILLIAM  (1G75-1742),  poet ;  of  an 
ancient  Gloucestershire  family  ;  educated  at  Winchester 
College  and  New  College,  Oxford :  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford ;  student  at  the  Middle  Temple,  1696  ;  led  a  country 
and  sporting  life,  devoting  leisure  to  letters  ;  his  poem  of 
four  books  in  blank  verse, '  The  Chase,'  published  first  in 
1735  ;  his  hawking  poem, '  Field  Sports,'  a  kind  of  sup- 
plement, published,  1742.  [liii.  256] 

SOMERVILLE,  WILLIAM  (1771-1860),  physician: 
eldest  son  of  Thomas  Somerville  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  at  Cape^ 
town,  1795;  travelled  among  Kaffirs,  the  journey  being- 
described  in  an  appendix  to  Barrow's  'Cochin  China,* 
1806  ;  hospital  inspector  in  Canada  ;  married  in  1812 
Mary  Somerville  [q.  v.] ;  F.R.S.,  1817 ;  became  physician 
to  Chelsea  Hospital,  London,  1819.  [liii.  258] 

SOMERVILLE,  SIR  WILLIAM  MEREDYTH,  BAROX 
ATHLUMNEY  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,  and  BAROX  MKKK- 
DYTH  in  the  peerage  of  the  United  Kingdom  (1802-1873), 
represented  Drogheda  in  liberal  interest,  1837-52 ;  became 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1847-52 ;  raised  to  peerage, 
1863;  supported  William  Ewart  Gladstone's  laud  bill, 
1870,  and  Irish  church  bill.  [liii.  258] 

SOMMERS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1560),  Henry  VIII's  fool : 
amused  Henry  VIII  by  his  jokes  on  Wolsey ;  was  painted 
with  Henry  VIII,  and  was  not  without  influence  at 
court ;  left  court  in  1547.  Nash  and  other  writers  intro- 
duced him  as  a  chorus,  or  one  of  the  dramatis  pertona; 
into  their  plays.  [liii.  259] 

SOMNER,  WILLIAM  (1598-1669),  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar ;  registrary  of  Canterbury  diocese  for  a  while 
under  Laud  ;  a  zealous  antiquary  and  loyalist ;  wrote  on 
Canterbury  and  Kent,  but  is  best  known  for  his  version 
of  'Anglo-Saxon  Laws,1  1568,  and  his  '  Dietionarimu 
Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum,'  1659.  [liii.  260] 

SONDES,  SIR  GEORGE,  EARL  OF  FKVKRSHAM  (1600- 
1677),  royalist ;  K.B.,  1626  ;  suffered  in  estate  and  was  in 
prison,  1645-50,  but  suffered  more  in  mind  by  fratricidal 
act  of  his  younger  son,  Freeman,  who  was  hanged  for 
killing  his  brother  George,  1665  ;  for  his  unwavering 
loyalty  was  made  an  earl  in  1676,  but  died  without  issue. 

[liii.  261] 

SONMANS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1708).    [See  SUNM  \\.] 


800NE 


80UTHEY 


SOONE  or  ZOONE.  WILLIAM  (  rf.  1*40-1*7*X  pro- 
V.  •--,„-  oi  iaW  at  Lou  vain  and  cartographer  :  poblUhed 
«i:ips  at  Cologne,  baaed  mainly  on  orteliu*,  1*72. 

SOOWTHERN,  JOHN  (/.  1584). 

SOPWITH.  THOMAS  (1803-1879 X  mining  engineer: 
-ni'linlstratigmphicalgaoloiT.and  directed  attention  of 
Knti*h  Association  and  Royal  Society  to  bearing  of  rail- 
way cuttings  upon  subject ;  F.R.Sn  184* ;  wrote  valuable 
ical  works.  [IUL  261] 

80ROCOLD.    THOMAS   (1561-1617),   divine:    M.A. 
Brawaaose  College,  Oxford,  1585  :  nvtor  of  st,  Mildred's, 
Poultry,  London,  1690-1617  ;  pubi. 
Saints,'  1608.  ;     .  ...i{ 

SOTHEBY.  CHARLES  (d.  IW4\  rear-admiral :  son 
of  William  Sotheby  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
I7'.'.s,  and  m  the  operation!  in  Egypt,  1801,  and 
against  the  Turk.-,  1M07.  [H|j.  268] 

SOTHEBY,  SAMIKL  (1771  1842),  auctioneer  and 
antiquary  :  nephew  of  John  Sotheby,  who  founded  Covent 
<iarden  Kale-room,  London,  for  books  and  print*.  1744; 
anoved  business  to  Strand,  1817  ;  United  many  important 
catalogues.  [IUL  2«4] 

SOTHEBY,  SAMUEL  LEIGH  (1806-1 861 ), auctioneer 
and  antiquary :  sou  of  Samuel  Sotheby  (q.  v.] ;  took  his 
accountant  Wilkinson  into  partnership  as  salesman,  1843, 
and  devoted  himself  to  cataloguing ;  wrote  on  early  print- 
ing and  'Block  Books,'  1858,  and  Milton's  autograph,  1861. 

[UIL26*] 

SOTHEBY.  WILLIAM  <  1757-1833),  author;  rerved 
ill  dragoons,  1774-80 :  studied  classics  zealously  :  mixed 
rate  literary  circles  :  prominent  in  Dilettante 
Mouiety  from  1792:  iwoed  'Poems,'  1790:  made  a  highly 
eulogised  version  of  Virgil's  '(it-orgies'  (1800),  also  ori- 
ginal verses  which  fell  fiat :  produced  unacted  tragedies: 
devoted  himself  latterly  to  a  verse  translation  of  Homer, 
183ii-4:  maintained  affectionate  terms  with  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  and  wrote  of  bis  death.  [liii.  265] 

SOTHEL,  SETH  (rf.  1897).  colonial  governor:  after 
adventures  among  Algerine  pirates  was  (1683-91) governor 
of  the  Carolines.  [liii.  268] 

SOTHERJEY,  SIMON  (Jl.  1398).    [See  SOUTIIUKY.] 

SOTHERN,  KDWARD  ASKEW  (1826-1881),  actor; 
son  of  a  Liverpool  merchant :  played  Claude  Melnotte  at 
St.  HeUers,  1849 ;  played  subsequently  in  provinces  and 
America  with  slender  encouragement:  first  appeared  in 
New  York  as  Lord  Dundreary,  a  brainless  peer,  in  '  Our 
American  Cousin,'  1858,  not  a  striking  part  until  worked 
up  by  Sothern :  introduced  the  part  at  the  Hay  market, 
London,  1861,  and  carried  tlte  part,  though  nearly  a  failure 
at  first,  through  496  nights,  the  caricature,  which  grvw 
into  a  series  of  monologues,  eventually  becoming  the  tali; 
of  London  ;  his  next  best  part,  David  (iarrick,  1864;  re- 
visited America,  1875-8 ;  celebrated  as  a  wag  and  practical 
joker :  ambitious  of  shining  an  a  tragedian,  though  his  real 
vein  was  eccentric  comedy.  [liii.  268] 

SOTHERN,  LYTTON  EDWARD  (1856-1887),  actor; 
son  of  Edward  Askew  Sothern  [q.  v.]  ;  acted  in  London, 
Philadelphia,  and  Australia.  [liiL  271  ] 

80THERON-E8TCOURT,  THOMAS  HENRY 
BUTTON  (1801-1876).  [See  KBTVOUIT.] 

80THERTON.    JOHN    (1562-1631  ?X    judge;    of    a 
Suffolk  family:  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1588  ;  bar- 
Te 


ristcr.  loner  Temple,  1597  ;  bencher,  1610 ;  cursitor  baron 
of  exchequer,  1610.  [liiL  271] 

SOULEMONT,  SOLEMAN.  or  80LME,  THOMAS  (rf. 
1541 ),  French  secretary  of  Henry  VIII :  native  of  Jerw-y, 
entered  Henry  VIII's  and  then  Cromwell's  service :  clerk  of 
parliaments,  1540 :  a '  learned  antiquary.'  [liii.  271] 

SOULIS,  Sm  JOHN  DK  (d.  1818).  Scots  soldier :  sop- 
IK.rt.-d  claim  of  Balliol,  by  whom  he  was  appointed 
<•<) -guardian  of  Scots  realm  with  John  Comyn ;  negotiated 
with  France  and  papacy  ;  banished,  1304.  [Hit.  272] 

SOUTH,  SIR  JAMBS  (1785-1867),  astronomer:  ob- 
served in  London  with  Sir  John  Frederick  William  Herscbel 
[q.  v.]  and  in  Paris  with  Laplace,  1835:  president  in 
1829.  as  one  of  founders  of  Astronomical  Society: 
knighted,  1830:  failed  with  a  great  telescope  he  projected 
at  Campden  Hill ;  published  pamphlet*.  *72] 


SOUTH.  JOffl  n»2X  «»rgeon:  hatf- 

_.j»ther  of  Sir  James  Sooth    [q.   v.] :    lectured   at  St. 

i      '•••       '•••:••  ...',....,      .   ..    .  .'i  .-.  --..,     .<      .     ,< 
Ms  subject,  and  wrote  •  Memorial*  of  the  Craflof  Hargerr  • 

[lliL274f 
SOUTH,   ROBERT  (16*4-1716).  divine;   student  of 

urch,  Oxford,  16*1^;    fcjjiaj  ?£!* 
abroad ;  public  orator.  Oxford,  16«0-7  ;  net.- 

i-o./:::;^.1::-;^;::'^::;;;;:;;'':,:.:,-.-;;, 

TTithetsm:  was  off«rfd.bot  declined,  see  of  RodMfarta 

often  very  humorous  In  the  pulpit;   his  sermon*  fre- 
quently reissued  and  collected.  [liH.  275] 

SOUTHAMPTON,  Dtnuc  or  (1«62-17JO>    [Bat  FIT*. 

It«>Y,  '  '"  i  tit  i-v  1 


•PTOF,  BARLB  or.     [St»  Fi 
WII.UAM.  ./.  11  ,,jrrt  Thorna*,  flr- 

isoft-isfto:  WRi.n-ntti.KT,  HK»»T.  second  BARK  itu- 
1581;  WI:I.,TIO:M.M.  HKMIT,  third  EARL,  1573-1624; 
Wnononir,  TIIOM  A*,  fourth  EARL,  1607-1667.] 

SOUTHAMPTON,  BAKO.N  (1737-1797).  [Bee  FITZHUT.. 
CHARLKH.] 

80UTHOOTE,  JOHN  (1511-U85).  Jn,lge:  serjeant-at- 
law.  1559:  raised  to  queen's  bench,  1563;  sat  as  aMe»e* 
at  trial  of  Norfolk,  1572.  [HiL  277] 

80UTHCOTT.  JOANNA  (17SO-1814X  fanatic:  a 
Devonshire  farmer's  daughter:  in  domestic  service  for- 
many  years  ;  began  in  1792  to  write  doggerel  propbecie*. 
and  broke  with  her  methndint  connections :  begun  to 
uttnirt  notice  and  make  convert*  in  IHU|,  when  *)ie  set' 
forth  her  claims  in  a  pamphlet:  int«-rpn-t4-l 
dreams  und  in  1802  declared  that  she  was  about  to  l>hiik' 
into  the  world  a  spiritual  man,  Shlloh ;  died  of  t.miit 
disease :  a  «lf-convince«l  impostor.  [IHi.  277] 

SOUTHERN,  HKNRY(1799-1843X  founder  of 'Itotro- 

spective  Review  ' ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1822 : 
foundcil  the  '  Hotrospective  Review,'  1820.  and  elited  it 
till  182rt :  joined  diplomatic  service,  and  died  minlrter  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  [IUL  279] 

SOUTHERN  or  SOOWTHERN.  JOHN  (/.  1*84). 
IMM'ta-u-r :  published  in  1584  a  now  very  rare  volume  of 
.-omowhat  clumsy  sonnet*,  based  on  those  of  Ronmrd.  and 
addreiwed  to  his  Mlstresee  Diana.  [liiL  280] 

SOUTHERNS,  THOMAS  (1660-1746).  dramatist; 
born  at  Oxmantown  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin :  M.A.,  1696 :  entered  Middle  Temple,  1678,  and 
four  years  later  produced  '  The  Loyal  Brother,'  manifest- 
ing writer's  strong  tory  sympathies  ;  after  1688,  liavlng  to 
fall  back  on  drama  for  a  livelihood,  attaclial  himself  to 
Dryden,  and  produced  '  The  Fatal  Marriage,'  1094%  and 
4  Oroonoko,'  1696.  Though  bin  later  plays  wen  inferior. 
the  two  plays  mentioned  held  the  stage  nearly  a  hundred 
years.  [liii.  280] 

80UTHE8K,  EAKL  or  (1575-1658).  [See  CARXKOIK, 
Sin  DAVID.] 

80UTHEY,  MR*.  CAROLINE  ANNE  (1786-18*4), 
poetess ;  daughter  of  Captain  diaries  Bowles ;  began  to 
write  in  1816  :  encouraged  by  Robert  Soutbey  to  publish 
•  The  Widow's  Tale,'  1822,  and  similar  metrical  narrative* : 
corresponded  regularly  with  Southey,  and  married  him  in 
1839,  his  health  being  then  greatly  on  tlie  wane. 

[liii.  282] 

SOUTHEY,  HENRY  HERBERT  (1783-1865),  physi- 
cian :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1806  :  younger  brother  of  Robert 
Southev  [q.  v.] ;  F.R.C.P.,  1823 :  became  physician  to 
V.  1823.  anil  to  Queen  Adelaide:  F.KS,  182*; 
commissioner  in  lunacy,  1836:  Harveian  oral- 
published  'Observations  on  Pulmonary  Consumption,* 
1814.  [liii.  283]  ' 

SOUTHEY,  ROBERT  (1774-1843X  poet  and  man  of 
letters :  expelled  from  Westminster  School  for  a  precooieu» 
protest  against  dogging;  proceeded  in  1792  to  Balliol 
College,  Ox  ford,  where  he  punned  his  private  stadia  with- 
out interference,  and  began  'Joan  of  Arc.'  an  epic ;  visited 
there  by  Coleridge ;  converted  by  him  to  unltarianismand 
pantisocracy :  married  Edith  Pricker  (d.  1837)  and  visited 
Spain.  1795,  Portugal,  1800 ;  there  finished  •  Thalaba '  and 
planned  •  BMon  ..f  Port  ..•.;'.  ;  tUhted  ' 
1801, '  Mudoc,'  180ft;  'Curse  of  Kenama,'  his 


SOUTHGATE 


1224 


SPARKE 


published,  1810:  settled  at  Keswick  and  set  to  work  com- 
piling and  translating  from  Spanish  :  bflOUkia  1808  thirty 
rear*'  work  as  a  regular  contributor  to  the  '  Quarterly '  at 
iOO/.  an  article  :  his  admirable  short  '  Life  of  NeNon  '  ex- 
panded from  an  article,  1813 ;  accepted  in  1813  the 
foareateship,  which  ha»l  been  offered  to  Scott :  his  '  Vision 
of  Judgment'  (parodied  by  Byron),  published,  1821  ;  his 

•  Life  of  Wesley,'  18*),  his  well-filled  commonplace-book?, 
•Omniana'  nnd  'The  Doctor,'  1812  and  1837,  and  his 
stamlard  'Life'  and  edition  of  Oowper,  1833-7  :  remained 

ly  with   Wordsworth,  and  in    1839    contracted  a 
1  marriage  with  Caroline  Bowles;  enjoyed  from 
18U  a  pension  of  SOW.,  granted  by  Peel.  [liii.  284] 

SOUTHGATE,  HENRY  (1818-1888),  anthologist;  a 
London  print-auctioneer;  compiled  useful  treasuries  of 
quotation,  notably '  Manv  Thoughts  of  Many  Mind*,'  1867, 
and '  Noble  Thoughts  iu  Noble  Language,'  1871.  [liii.  290] 

SOUTHGATE,  RICHARD  (1720-1795),  numismatist: 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1749;  a  London 
curate,  then  rector  of  Warsop,  and  assistant-librarian, 
British  Museum,  from  1781 ;  formed  a  great  collection  of 
ancient  coins  and  medals  <  •  Museum  Southgntianurn ')  and 
aided  Piukertou  in  his  '  Essay  on  Medals,'  1784. 

[liii.  291] 

BOUTHREY  or  SOTHEREY,  SIMON  (fl.  1397-1401), 
Benedictine  monk:  D.D.  Oxford;  prior  of  St.  Albans, 
1397-*.  1401 ;  wrote  treatises  against  Wycliffltes. 

[liii.  291] 

SOUTH-SAXONS,  kings  of.  [See  JBLLA  .d.  514?; 
OSMUND,./*.  768.] 

SOUTHWELL,  EDWARD  (1671-1730),  statesman; 
ron  of  Sir  Robert  South  well  ( 1635-1702)  [q.v.]  ;  of  Merton 
College.  Oxford  :  clerk  to  the  council,  1699:  vice-admiral 
of  Munstcr,  1699 ;  secretary  of  state  for  Ireland,  1702 ; 
joint-commissioner  of  the  privy  seal,  1701  and  1716 ;  M.P., 
Rye,  1707-11,  Tregony,  1711  and  1713,  Preston,  later  in 
1713:  M.P.,  Kinsale  (Irish  parliament),  till  1730  ;  clerk  to 
the  crown  nnd  prothonotary  of  the  king's  bench,  1715; 
secretary  of  state,  1720.  [liii.  302] 

SOUTHWELL,  »ere  B.vrox,  NATHANAEL  (1598- 
1676),  Jesuit ;  on  mission  in  England,  1622-8 :  returned  to 
Knirlish  College,  Home :  complete  1  '  Bibliotheca  Scrip- 
torum  Societatis  Jesu,'  1676.  [liii.  292] 

SOUTHWELL,  Sm  RICHARD  (1504-1564),  courtier 
nnd  official ;  of  a  Suffolk  house ;  a  tool  of  the  court  and 
Cromwell  against  monasteries,  1535-0;  knighted,  1542; 
was  a  privy  councillor  under  Edward  VI ;  master  of 
ordnance,  1554-60.  [liii.  292] 

SOUTHWELL,  SIR  ROBERT  (</.  1559),  master  of  the 
rolls:  younger  brother  of  Sir  Richard  Southwell  [q  .v.]  ; 
knighted.  1537  ;  profited  greatly  by  suppression  of  monas- 
teries, and  was  made  master  of  rolls,  1642.  [liii.  293] 

SOUTHWELL,  ROBERT  (1561  ?-1595),  Jesuit  and 
poet ;  educated  at  Douay  and  Rome ;  took  Roman  orders 
and  came  on  English  mission,  1586,  with  Henry  Garnett 
[q.  v.] ;  became  in  1689  domestic  chaplain  to  Countess  of 
Arundel ;  wrote  religious  tracts ;  captured  when  going  to 
celebrate  mass  in  1592 ;  subsequently  tortured  and  executed. 
He  left  'St.  Peter's  Complaint,  with  other  poems,'  1595, 

•  MaeouiaV  1595,  and  '  A  Foure-fould  Meditation,'  contain- 
ing devotional  poetry  of  a  very  high  order,  notably  the 
'  Burning  Babe,'  admired  by  Ben  Jonson.  [liii.  294] 

SOUTHWELL,  ROBERT  (1607-1677),  vice-admiral  of 
Minuter :  collector  of  the  port  of  Kinsale,  1631-54 ;  sove- 
reign of  Kinsale,  1657 ;  vice-admiral  of  Munster,  1670. 

[liii.  3001 

SOUTHWELL,  8iu  ROBERT  (1635-1702),  diploma- 
tist; son  of  Robert  Southwell  (1607-1677)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. 
Queen'*  College,  Oxford,  1655;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn 
1654  ;  knighted,  16C5 :  succeeded  to  his  father's  office  in 
MtmnU-r,  1677  :  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1677  ;  English  envoy 
in  Portugal,  1665-8,  and  after  other  diplomatic  work  be- 
•MM  principal  secretary  of  state  for  Ireland,  1690  ;  P.R.S., 
O-6-  [lilt.  299] 

SOUTHWELL,  wrri  BACON,  THOMAS  (1592-1637), 
Jesuit;  educated  at  Rome:  theological  professor  at  Liege, 
1627-35 ;  wrote  some  controversial  tracts  in  Latin. 
.-„  [liii.  303] 

SpyTHWZLL,  THOMAS,  first  BAIION  SOUTH  WKI.I, 
IW7-172U),  rose  to  importance  in  Ireland  uuder  William 


III  ;  fo-fered  linen  industry  and  protestant  immigration  ; 
ennobled  in  1717.  [liii.  303] 

SOUTHWELL,  WILLIAM  (1669-1719),  colonel  of 
6th  foot;  brother  of  Thomas  Southwell,  first  baron 
Southwell  [q.  v.]  ;  fought  in  Plunder*  and  Spain  with 
much  gallantry,  1394-1708.  especially  at  Itarcclona,  1705  : 
colonel,  1706  :  M.P.,  Baltimore  (Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons), 1715-19.  [liii.  304] 

SOWERBY,  GEORGE  BRETTTNUHAM.  the  elder 
(1788-1854),  conchologist  and  artist ;  F.L.S.,  1811  ;  as- 
sisted his  father  and  elder  brother,  and  issued  indepen- 
dently catalogues  of  shells  and  molluscs.  [liii.  304] 

SOWERBY,  GEORGE  BRETTINGHAM,  the  younger 
(1812-1884),  conchologist  and  artist;  eldest 'son  of 
George  Brettinghain  Sowerby  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  F.L.S., 
1844  :  produced  '  Concholotrical  Illustrations,'  1841,  and  a 
number  of  handbooks  on  shells.  [liii.  305] 

SOWERBY,  HENRY  (1825-1891),  mining  expert; 
brother  of  George  Brettingham  Sowerby  the  younger 
[q.  v.]  ;  assistant-librarian  to  the  Linnean  Society,  1843- 
1852 ;  wrote  on  '  Popular  Mineralogy,'  1850 :  went  to 
Australia,  1854.  [liii.  305] 

SOWERBY,  JAMES  (1757-1822),  naturalist  and 
artist :  abandoned  study  of  flower-painting  for  that  of 
botany :  his  great  work  on  '  English  Botany '  issued. 
1790-1814:  published  also  'English  Fungi,'  1797-1815, 
and  compilations  on  mineralogy,  conchology,  and  the  like. 

[liii.  305] 

SOWERBY,  JAMES  DE  CARLE  (1787-1871),  natu- 
ralist and  artist ;  eldest  son  of  James  Sowerby  [q.  v.] ; 
F.L.S.,  1823:  secretary  of  Royal  Botanic  Society  and 
Gardens,  1838  ;  executed  botanical  and  also  mineralogical 
and  conchological  plates,  and  aided  his  father  and  brother 
in  many  compilations.  [liii.  307] 

SOWERBY,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1825-1870),  botanical 
draughtsman  ;  illustrated  botanical  works,  and  brought 
out  an  '  Illustrated  Key  '  to  British  wildflowers,  1865. 

[Hi.  308] 

SOYER.  ALEXIS  BENOIT  (1809-1858),  cook  ;  the 
'Mirobolant*  of  Thackeray's  '  Pendennis ':  left  Paris  in 
1830.  served  Duke  of  Cambridge,  and  became  chef  at  Re- 
form Club,  1837 ;  proceeded  in  1855  to  Scutari,  reorgan- 
ised victualling  of  the  hospitals,  and  introduced  a  cook- 
ing wagon  ;  wrote  several  cookery  books,  including  a 
'  History  of  Food  in  all  Ages,'  1853.  [liii.  308] 

SOYER,  ELIZABETH  EMMA  (1813-1842).  painter  ; 
wife  of  Alexis  Benoit  Soyer  [q.  v.]  :  a  pupil  of  F.  Simon- 
eau :  excelled  in  depicting  street  arab?,  exhibiting  with 
success,  1823-42.  [liii.  309] 

8P ALBINO,  JOHN  (ft.  1650),  Scottish  historian  ;  of 
Aberdeen;  wrote  the  valuable  annalistic  '  History  of  the 
Troubles  and  Memorable  Transactions  in  Scotland,'  1<>24- 
1645  (first  published,  1792);  the  'Spalding  Club'  named 
after  him.  [liii.  310] 

SPALDING,  SAMUEL  (1807-1843),  writer  on  moral 
philosophy  ;  M.A.  London,  1840 :  wrote  an  essay  (based 
on  Mackintosh)  on  'The  Philosophy  of  Christian  Morals,* 
issued,  1843.  [liii.  310] 

SPALDING,  WILLIAM  (1809-1859),  author  ;  M.A. 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1827 ;  published  n  valuable 
book  on  'Italy,' 1841,  also  a 'History  of  English  Litera- 
ture,' 1853,  and  contributed  to  'Edinburgh  Review,* 
especially  on  Shakespearean  subjects.  [liii.  310] 

SPARK.  THOMAS  (1655-1692),  classical  scholar; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1679;  D.D.,  1691;  chaplain- 
to  Judge  Jeffreys  ;  dedicated  an  edition  of  Zosimus  to 
Busby,  1679  ;  annotated  Lactantius,  1684.  [liii.  311] 

SPARKE,  EDWARD  (d.  1692),  divine ;  M.A.  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1633 ;  B.D.,  1640  (incorporated  at  Ox- 
ford, 1653) ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  His  devotional  work, 
'Scintillula  Altaris,'  1G52,  reached  many  editions. 

[liii.  311] 

SPARKE  or  SPARKES,  JOSEPH  (1683-1740),  anti- 
quary ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1704  ;  edited, 
in  two  folio  volumes,  *  Hiutoriae  Anglicance  Scriptores 
varii,'  1723.  [liii.  312] 

SPARKE,  THOMAS  (1648-1616),  divine:  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1569;  M.A.,  1574;  D.D.. 
1581;  a  conforming  puritan  of  note  and  prebendary 


SPAKKE 


1338 


SPKXCK 


of  Lincoln  and  rector  of  BlctchJey,  attended  Hampton 
Court  conf<  r.  IK  c.  i.;u3  ;  was  influence!  by  James  I  and 
wrote  a  •  Brotherly  Persuasion  to  Unity  aud  t 
1  !,<  17  ;  wrote  other  controversial  treatises,         [liii.  SIS] 

SPARKE.  WILLIAM  (1587-1641),  chaplain  t. 
im.'ham:  f-llow  of  Magdalen  Collet;.,  Oxford; 
1009  ;  B.D.,  [1UI.  113] 

SPARROW,  ANTIIoNY  (1618-1684),  royali**  divine: 
fellow  of  Queens*  College,  Cambridge,  1631;  became 
bishop  of  Exeter,  1667,  of  Norwich.  1676  ;  wrote  a  valuable 
•lutionale  upon  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,'  1M7  (re- 
edited  by  Newman,  1839).  [liil.  31S] 

SPARROW,  JOHN  (1615-1665  ?X  mystic;  of  the 
Inner  Temple;  a  student  of  Jacob  Borhmo.  issued  'pro- 
pheticall  passages'  and  a  mystiosJ  commentary  on  Genesis, 

SPEARMAN,  ROBERT  (1708-1761),  eccentric  theo- 
logian: pupil  of  John  HntchluMMi  (1674-1737)  [q.  v.] : 
published  '  An  Enquiry  after  Philosophy  and  Theology,* 
1756.  [liii.  314] 

SPEARS,  ROBERT  (1825-1809),  Unitarian  preacher 
and  journalist;  master  of  new  connexion  methodUU* 
school  at  Scotawood-on-Tyne.  1846;  joined  Unitarians 
1849  ;  minister  at  Sunderlaud,  1852-8  ;  originated  '  Chris, 
tian  Freeman.'  nuvptzine,  1866;  established  'Christian 
Life'  weekly  paper,  1876:  founded  Unitarian  chapel  at 
Highgate,  London,  1886.  co-secretary,  1867,  and  general 
secretary,  1869-76,  of  British  and  Foreign  Unitarian 
Association  ;  published  biographical  and  theological  work*. 

[Suppl.lii.351J 

SPEDDINO,  JAMES  (1808-1881),  editor  of  Bacon's 
'  Works ' ;  educated  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge :  junior  optime,  1831  ;  held  a  temjio- 
rary  poet  in  colonial  office,  but  In  1841  devoted  himself  to 
study  of  Bacon  ;  contributed  to  the '  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine'  (August  1850)  a  discussion  on  Shakespeare  and 
Fletcher's  respective  shares  in  'Henry  VIII'  (reprintol 
by  the  New  Shakespere  Society X 1874  :  published  Bacon's 
4  Life  and  Letters,'  7  vols.  1861-74,  as  a  supplement  to 
Bacon's 'Works 'in  7  vols.,  1857-9  (the  'Life'  abridged, 
1878);  remained  through  life  the  close  friend  of  the 
Tennysons,  Sir  Henry  Taylor,  anil  Edward  FitzGerald. 
Several  essays  by  him  were  published  after  his  death, 
which  was  due  to  an  accident.  [liii.  315] 

SPEECHLY,  WILLIAM  (ft.  177C-1820),  agricul- 
turist: gardener  to  William  Henry  Cavendish  Ben- 
tinck,  third  duke  of  Portland  [q.  v.] ;  published  a  manual 
of  '  Rural  Economy,'  1820,  and  essays.  [liil.  316] 

SPEED,  ADOLPHUS  (ft.  1652),  agricultural  writer; 
commenced  his  'Adam  out  of  Kdtn,'  1626  (published, 
1659)  ;  wrote  also  a  '  Cornucopia,'  1C62  ;  lifelong  ally  of 
Samuel  Hartlib.  [lilt.  317] 

SPEED,  JOHN  (15527-1629),  historan  and  carto- 
grapher  :  brought  up  as  a  tailor  by  his  father  :  settlc-1  in 
Moortields,  London,  and  obtained  a  post  in  cufetom-house, 
1598 :  made  various  maps  of  English  counties',  and  wan  en- 
couraged by  Camden,  Cotton,  and  others,  whose '  Society 
of  Antiquaries'  he  joinel,  to  write  his  carefully  digested 
•  History  of  Great  Britaine,'  1611  :  wrote  also  '  A  Cloudc 
of  Witnesses ' confirming  'God's  Holie  Won!,'  1616. 

SPEED,  JOHN  (1595-1640),  scholar:  son  of  John 
Speed  (1552  7-1629)  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1620  ;  M.D.,  1G28 ;  wrote  tracts  and  '  Stonehenge,' 
a  pastoral,  1635.  [HH.  319] 

SPEED,  JOHN  (1628-1711X  author:  son  of  John 
Speed  (1595-1640)  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1647  :  M.A..  1660:  M.D.,  1666  :  wrote 'Batt  upon 
Batt,'  a  poem,  and  formed  manuscript  collections  re- 
lating to  Southampton,  of  which  he  was  mayor  in  1681 
and  1694.  [1«».  319] 

SPEED,  SAMUEL  (</.  1681),  stationer  and  bookseller 
of  Fleet  Street,  London  ;  wrote  in  doggerel  •  Pragmenta 
Oarceris,'  1874,  and  '  Prte  on  Piet  ic.'  [liii.  320] 

SPEED,  SAMUEL  (1631-1682),  divine :  eldest  son  of 
John  Speed  (1595-1640)  [q.  v.] :  of  Westminster  Mod 
Rn«l  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  student :  M.A.,  1660 :  wm 
presented  to  vicarage  of  Godalmin*  nfter  Restoration, 
with  other  benefices;  published  (167  .  «-f  th.- 

'Roma.-  Autiquse  Descriptto'  of  Valerius  Maximo*. 


8PEOHT.  THOMAS  (ft.  16M).  editor  of  dancer  and 
schoolmaster:  M.A.  IVterhous*.  C«iubridgr.  U7S;  poe- 
siblr  bead.master  of  Ely  Cathedral  sehooTu7>  ;  edit«t. 

IV.-      '  :     •      '..:,..    ••:...-     -,.-.-.:.      i      •:     !  ..         , 

Poet,  Geffrey  Chaucer.*    A  new  edition  was  called  for  in 

:••-.:.      •       .:,  •.-..,..•!!...-..::.••  •       •..•:.: 

of  a  former  Chaucer  editor*!  sou,  Krai* 

•  •    -.•  . 
8PEK1,    GBOROB    <<f.    !«»),   royalist;    su 


heavily  during  civil  war  :  M.P.,  Somerset,  I67»  ;  joined 
Green  Ribbon  Club,  awl  was  ponbhed  by  floe  for  abettin* 
Monmouth  supporter*  in  168C.  [liii.  SSt] 

8PEKE.  HniHM61*-i7MtX»oUtleal  agitator:  son 
of  George  Spake  [q.  T.];  of  St.  John's  College.  Oxford, 
and  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  refected  on  the  Duke  of  York  in  a 
pamphlet  on  the  murder  of  Hs**x,168S;  vent  to  prison  by 
Jeffreys  for  three  years  on  a  charge  of  sedition,  1681; 


on  the  news  of  the  Prince  of  Orange's  landing  in  1«M8 
II.  but  betrayed  him  to  the 
;  in  a  •  Secret  History  of  the  Revolution* 


offered  hi*  services  to  James 
Mn«oJ 


which  set  the  mob  upon  the  catholic* ;  failed  miserably 
In  his  attempts  to  extort  bribes  for  there  'services.* 

[liii  SW] 

8PEKE.  JOHN  MANNING  (18*7-18*4),  African  «- 
pli.r.-r  and  discoverer  of  the  source  of  the  Nile  ;  served  ia> 
Punjab  under  the  fimt  Viscount  Cough,  but  left  India. 
1854,  to  explore  Somaliland  under  (Sir)  Hirhard  Barton; 
set  out  in  1S5G  under  R;irton  to  iim-st^u-  Lake  Nyasaa. 
and  discovered  Lukes  Tanganyika  and  Victoria  Nyanxa, 
the  hitter  Independently  of  Burton :  his  theory  that  V. 
Nyauza  was  the '  source  reservoir '  of  the  Nile  subsequently 
confirmed  by  himself  and  Grant  in  the  summer  of  1862 ;  hi* 
•  Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Nile.'  published,  1863 ;  nee 
information  to  (Sir)  Samuel  White  Baker  [q.  T.]  which 
enabled  him  to  discover  the  third  lake,  Albert  Nyanxa ;  was. 
with  Grant,  the  first  European  to  crow  equatorial  Africa. 

[Mi.  3*4] 

8PELXAH,  CLEMENT  (1598-1679),  cursltor  baron 
of  exchequer ;  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge :  barrister, 
Gray's.  Inn,  1024  :  wrote  in  support  of  lib  father,  Sir 
Henry  Spelman's  [q.  T.]  views  of  sacrilege ;  bencher  of 
Gray**  Inn,  1660 ;  cursitor  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1663-78. 


ron  o  te  exc! 

[liii.  Stt] 
.  EDWAHD  (<l.  1767Xauth 


8PELMAK  or  YALLOP. 

and  translator  :  published  well-known  versions  of  Xeno- 
phon'd  'Anabasis,'  1742,  and  of  fragments  of  Polybiofl, 
1743,  and  Dionysius  H  alien  rnassu*,  175H.  [MIL  318] 

BPELMAN,  SIK  HENRY  (1564  7-1641),  historian  and 
antiquary  :  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.A., 
1683),  and  Lincoln's  Inn:  M.I'.,  Cartle  Rising,  1597: 
commissioner  on  unsettled  Irish  land*.  1617:  settled  in 
London  for  study,  1612,  and  (1613)  printed  his'De  non 
teiiH-randis  Ecclesiis,'  material  for  his  much  more  elabo- 
rate work,  the  '  History  of  Sacrileire *  (published,  1688); 
his  'glossary  'of  obsolete  Latin  and  old  English 
puhlii-hwl,  'J  vols.,  1626,  1664; 
compilations  on  '  Councils  of  the  Church,'  the  ' ' 
by  Knight  Service' :  founded  a  xhort-lived  Anglo-Saxon 
readership  at  Cambridge,  1636.  [liii.  328] 

8PELMAH,  Sin  JOHN  (1495  7-1644X  judge  of  king** 
bench  ;  reader  of  Gray's  Inn,  1514  and  1519  ;  a  discreet 
counter ;  appointed  a  judge  of  king's  bench,  1633,  and 
special  commissioner  at  trials  of  More,  Fisher,  and  Anne 
Bol.-yn.  [Hli.  333] 

BPELMAN.  SIR  JOHN  (1694-1643),  royalist  and 
author;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Spelman  [q.  v.] :  educated  at 
Cambridge,  Gray's  Inn.  and  i'aris,  and  in  Italy;  gained 
Charles  I's  favour  early  in  civil  war :  knighted,  1641 : 
brought  out  some  learned  pamphlet*,  and  compiled  a  '  Life 
of  King  Alfred  *  (published,  1678^  [liii.  333] 

8PENCE,  BENJAMIN  EDWARD  (18SS-18M), *cnlp- 
tor;  studied  mid.  r  R.  J.  Wyatt  aud  John  Gibson;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy  five  times,  1849-66. 

BPEHCZ,  ELIZABETH  ISABELLA  (1768-18MX 
author;  wrote  novels  aud  home-travel  sketches,  1799- 
1823.  tUii.  334] 

8PENOE,  OBORGB  (1787-1850),  jurist ;  M.A.  Gla*- 
gow.  180S  ;  M.I',  kucoeaelvely  for  Reading  and  Ripon. 
1826-32 ;  a  pioneer  of  chancery  reform :  improved  legal 
education :  published  a  standard  work  on  chancery  juris- 


•  ISi-tion.  1-40   J. 


PR,  sa:.; 


SPENCE 


1226 


SPENCER 


SPENCE.  JAMKS  (1x12-1882),  surgeon:  studied  at 
Edinburgh :  Uiiiu'ht  anatomy  and  surgery  there,  1834- 
1889:  appointed  professor  of  surgery,  1664:  a  great 
operating  Mirgeon  of  the  older  school.  [liii.  335] 

SPENCE.  JOSEPH  (1699-1768),  anecdotist  and  friend 
Of  Pope  :  of  Winchester  School  and  Magdalen  Hull  and 
New  College,  Oxford  :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1720:  M.A.,  1727;  succeeded  Thomas  Warton  (1688?- 
1746)  [q.  v.]  as  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1728;  ac- 
companied young  men  of  rank  on  foreign  tours,  and  in 
1742  was  given  as  a  sinecure  the  regius  professorship  of 
modern  history  at  Oxford;  published  'Polymetis'  (a 
treatise  on  classical  mythology),  1747 ;  took  notes  of  the  j 
conversation  of  Pope  and  his  circle.  His  admirable  lite-  i 
rary  anecdotes  were  used  by  Dr.  Johnson  and  others,  but 
not  published  until  1820,  when  two  editions  appeared 
simultaneously,  the  best  by  Samuel  Weller  Singer  [q.  v.] 

SPENCE,  THOMAS  (1760-1814),  bookseller  and 
author  of  the  Spencean  scheme  of  land  nationalisation  ; 
submitted  his  plan  of  corporate  land  tenure,  upon  semi- 
socialist  io  principles,  to  a  local  philosophical  society  in 
1776  ;  expelled  from  the  society  for  hawking  his  pam- 
phlets ;  was  consistently  persecuted  for  his  views  and 
his  pamphlets  on  the  rights  of  man,  the  millennium,  the 
natural  state  of  man,  phonetic  spelling,  and  other 
schemes.  His  views  found  many  supporters,  but  were 
directly  challenged  by  Malthas.  [liii.  338] 

SPENCE,  WILLIAM  (1783-1860),  entomologist;  col- 
laborated with  William  Kirby  [q.  v.]  in  the  celebrated 
*  Introduction  to  Entomology,'  1815-26;  wrote  also  some     itu-, 
economic  treatises  ;  president,  1847,  of  the  Entomological  I  1801-6 
Society,  which  he  had  helped  to  found  in  1833. 

[liii.  340] 

SPENCER.    [See  also  DESPENSER  and  SPENSER.] 

SPENCER,  AUBREY  GEORGE  (1795-1872),  first 
bishop  of  Newfoundland  ;  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford : 
after  work  in  the  Bermudas  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Newfoundland,  1839  :  laid  first  stone  of  the  cathedral  of 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland ;  translated  to  Jamaica,  1843. 

[liii.  340] 

SPENCER,  SIR  AUGUSTUS  ALMERIC  (1807-1893), 
general ;  grandson  of  George  Spencer,  fourth  duke  of 
Marlborough  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  44th  regiment  at  Alma 
and  Inkerman ;  wounded  during  the  siege  of  Sebastopol, 
June  1866;  C.B. ;  obtained  the  Crimea  medal;  com- 
manded in  1860  a  division  of  Madras  army  as  major- 
general;  commander-in-chief  of  Bombay  army,  1869; 
general,  1878.  [liii.  341] 

SPENCER,  SIR  BRENT  (1760-1828),  general ;  served 
with  distinction  in  the  West  Indies,  1779-82,  1790-4,  and 
again  as  brigadier-general  in  1797  against  Toussaint 
rOuverture ;  commanded  40th  regiment  in  the  Duke  of 
York's  expedition  to  the  Helder,  1799;  commanded  at 
Aboukir  Bay  and  Alexandria  under  Moore  and  Aber- 
cromby,  1801;  returned  to  England  and  became  an 
enuerry  of  George  III ;  served  at  Copenhagen  and  Cadiz, 
and  was  second  in  command  to  Wellesley  at  Rolica  and 
Vimiera;  K.B.,  1809;  returned  to  Peninsula,  1810,  and 
commanded  a  division  at  Busaco  and  at  Fuentcs  d'Onoro ; 
superseded  by  Graham,  1811;  general,  1825.  His  pessi- 
mistic letters  home  had  shaken  Wellington's  faith  in  his 

[liii.  341] 

'BUCK'  (1743-1803).    [See  WOODHAM, 


SPENCER, 
MRS.] 


SPENCER,  CHARLES,  third  EARI.  OP  SUNDERLAND 
(1674-1722),  statesman  and  bibliophile;  second  son  of 
Robert  Spencer,  second  earl  of  Sunderland  [q.  v.]  ;  early 
contracted  a  taste  for  rare  books,  and  began  to  develop 

brary  at  Althorp;  entered  parliament  for  Tiverton 
in  1696  as  a  zealous  whig,  affecting  the  airs  of  a  re- 
publican ;  married  Anne  Churchill,  1700,  thus  gaining  the 
support  of  Marlborougb,  whose  approximation  to  the 
VKnodox  whig  party  the  alliance  served  to  further ;  went 
out  :,,  an  envoy  extraordinary  to  Vienna,  1705:  through 

father-in-law's  influence  was  named  secretary  of  state 
for  the  southern  department,  appointing  Addison  as  his 
1706  ;  especially  hated  by  Harley  and  the 
who  persuaded  Queen  Anne  to  dismi-s 


0*1       *     -j  % —  J   v**%*^Aw*t«*p  oc^viuu 

of  the  tories  who  came  into  power  in  the  autumn  of  1710 ; 


during  last  years  of  Queen  Anne  was  in  constant  com- 
munication with  Hanover;  his  zeal  very  displeasiny  to 
the  heads  of  the  whig  party  ;  on  gnecn  Anne's  death  was 
excluded  from  the  lords  justices  and  sent  to  Ireland  as 
viceroy ;  became  lord  privy  seal,  1716,  but  had  no  real 
influence;  fomented  opposition  to  Townshend  and  Walpolc 
with  considerable  success,  ousting  them  from  office  in  171 7, 
and  himself  becoming  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  March 
1718  ;  on  account  of  the  threatening  attitude  of  Walpole 
and  the  general  feeling  that  he  was  largely  responsible  for 
the  South  Sea  fiasco,  was  forced  to  resign  early  in  1721  in 
favour  of  his  rival ;  still  retained  influence  with  George  I, 
though  this  did  not  prevent  his  coquetting  with  the  tories. 
As  a  politician  lie  was  singularly  unattractive,  cross- 
grained,  and  tactless,  but  in  the  main  honest  and  x.ealmi:-, 
for  liberty.  [liii.  343] 

SPENCER,  CHARLES,  third  DUKEOF  MARLBOROUOH 
and  fifth  EARL  OP  SUNDERLAND  (1706-1758),  third  son  of 
Charles  Spencer,  third  earl  of  Sunderland  [q.  v.]  ;  grand- 
son of  the  great  Duke  of  Marlborough  ;  succeeded  in  turn 
to  both  titles,  1729  and  1733  ;  opposed  the  court  down  to 
1738  in  order  to  curry  favour  with  the  old  duchess  ;  ac- 
cepted a  colonelcy  of  the  38th  foot  and  a  place  in  the  bed- 
chamber, 1738;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Dettingcn,  1713. 
and  the  abortive  expedition  against  St.  Malo  in  1758 : 
despatched  with  an  English  contingent  to  join  Prince 
Ferdinand  in  Westphalia,  1758 ;  died  suddenly  at  Minister. 

[liii.  340] 

SPENCER,  LORD  CHARLES  (1740-1820),  politician: 
sat  for  Oxfordshire  as  moderate  whig,  1761-84  and  1796- 
1801  ;  admiralty  lord,  1779  ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
1782 ;  postmaster-general,  1801-6 ;  master  of  the  mint. 

[liii.  352] 

SPENCER,  DOROTHY,  COUNTESS  OP  SUNDERLANO 
(1617-1684),  Waller's  '  Sacharissa ' :  courted  at  Penshurst 
from  c.  1634  till  1638  by  Waller,  whose  attachment  seems 

!  to  have  been  mainly  literary ;  married,  1639,  Henry,  lord 
Spencer  (created  Earl  of  Sunderland  shortly  before  his 
death  from  a  wound  received  at  Newbury,  1643) ;  retired 
to  Althorp  after  her  husband's  death,  and  assisted  many 
distressed  clergy  and  royalists  :  married  (Sir)  .Robert; 

j  Smythe,  1652 ;  spent  much  time  at  Halifax's  seat  of  Kuf- 
ford,  and  often  met  her  old  admirer  Waller,  whose  atten- 
tions have  made  her  name  and  beauty  famous. 

[liii.  352] 

SPENCER,  GEORGE,  fourth  DUKE  OP  MARLBOROUOH 
(1739-1817),  son  of  Charles  Spencer,  third  duke  of  Marl- 
borough  [q.  v.] ;  captain  of  the  20th  foot,  1756 ;  left  the 
army,  1758  ;  obtained  office  in  the  Grenville  ministry  as 
lord  privy  seal,  1763-5 :  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1763  :  K.G., 
1768 ;  took  little  part  in  political  affairs  after  his  early 
years.  [liii.  354] 

SPENCER,  GEORGE,  fifth  DUKE  OF  MARLBOiiorcu 
(1766-1840),  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  M.A., 
1786  ;  D.O.L.,  1792  ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  1790-6,  Tregony, 
1802-4 ;  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  1804-6 ;  spent  enormous 
sums  on  his  gardens  and  library  of  early  printed  books 
at  White  Knights,  near  Reading,  giving  2,260/.  for 
Valderfen's  edition  of  the  'Decameron'  at  the  Duke  of 
Roxburghe's  sale,  1812.  [liii.  354] 

SPENCER,  GEORGE  JOHN,  second  EARL  SPENCER 
(1768-1834),  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1778  :  M.P., 
Northampton,  1780,  Surrey,  1782;  succeeded  his  father, 
John  Spencer,  first  earl  Spencer,  in  the  upper  house  in 
1783  ;  deserted  the  extreme  whig  faction  as  a  follower  of 
Burke ;  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  by  Pitt,  1794 : 
improved  the  naval  administration,  and  helped  to  achieve 
great  victories,  such  as  St.  Vincent  and  Camperdown,  by 
his  organising  skill :  the  mutinies  of  Spithead  and  the  Nore 
putdown  under  his  rule:  singled  out  Nelson  and  sent  him 
to  win  the  battle  of  the  Nile:  K.G..  1799:  resigned  office 
with  Pitt,  1801 :  home  secretary,  1806-7  :  while  in  retire- 
ment helped  to  form  the  Roxburghe  Club,  1812,  and  re- 
habilitated the  Althorp  Library,  as  described  by  Thomas 
Frognall  Dibdin  [q.  v.]  in  his  '  Bibliotheca  Spenceriana.' 
The  collection  went  in  1892  to  form  the  nucleus  of  the 
Rylands  Library  at  Manchester.  [liii.  355] 

SPENCER,  GEORGE  TREVOR  (1799-1866),  bislrop 
of  Madras;  B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1822:  con- 
secrated, 1837  ;  created  D.D.,  1847  ;  remained  in  India  for 
twelve  years,  publishing  journals  of  his  southern  visita- 


i 


i-riVi    ui    i  ^          l«"uuuea  vueen  Anne  to  aismiss     twelve  years,  publishing  journals  of  his  southern  visit* 
> :  hi«  mpeachment  desired  by  theextreme  section     tioiis  ;  appointed  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1  stio. 


[liii.  356] 


SPENCER 


12-27 


8PENCEK 


SPENCER,  r, Kit  V  l.miniahlH  Minis*; 

copying  a  portrait  of  one  of  the  fumily  in  win. -!i 

he  was  servant ;  produced  artistio  miniature*  in  ivory  and 

..•iui.,,-1.  [UU.  367] 

SPENCER,    H  <  /.  HOC).    [See  DnPXXBKR, 

HKNKY  LK.] 

SPENCER,  HENKY.  flm  KVRL  or  SOXDKRLAND 
C16*  U  «>  ••-..-.  .  M.\.  IfagdaienOollege.OxJocd.lIM; 
fouirht  for  Charles  I  and  was  killed  bj  Falkland's  side  at 
Mewbnry,  SO  8*p4  LMIi  Burled  •  [fM  Ml 
Sidney  [see  SPKXCKR,  DUKOTUY],  and  had  issn 
aeoond  earl  of  Sunderiand  (  [lliL  168] 

SPENCER,  Lrntii  HKNIlY  .U HIS  (1770-1796X  second 
son  of  George  Spencer,  fourth  duke  of  Marlborongh 
(q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Bton  and  Oxford ;  showed  great 
promise  as  envoy  at  the  Hague,  Stockholm,  and  Berlin, 
1790-8.  "*  [UlL  366] 

SPENCER,  SIK  JOHN  (,/.  1610),  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don ;  a  Levant  merchant :  vNitol  l»y  y .uvn  Klimbeth  at 
Canoubury,  London,  1681  ;  kept  hU  mayoralty,  1694-6,  at 
Crosby  Place,  London ;  knighted,  1696 ;  a  nofcwl  hunu-r 
down  of  papists.  [liii.  367] 

SPENCER,  JOHN  (1669-1614).    [See  SPKX8KR.} 

SPENCER.  JoHX  (1601-1671),  controversialist:  en- 
tered Society  of  Jesus,  1626 ;  professor  at  Liege  and  mis- 
sioner  at  Antwerp ;  became  superior  of  Worcester  district, 
1668;  wrote  several  controversial  works  against  John 
Lenthall,  bishops  Uunuiug,  Pearson,  and  others. 

[liii  368] 

SPENCER,  JOHN  (1630-1693),  master  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge;  became  fellow  there,  e.  1666  ; 
master  of  the  college,  1667-93  :  M.A.,  1662  :  D.D.,  1666; 
was  an  erudite  hebraist,  and  in  his  'DisserUtio  de  Urim 
etThnmmim,'  1669,  and  'De  Legibus  Hebneorum,'  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  science  of  comparative  religion, 
tracing  the  connection  between  the  rites  of  the  Hebrew 
religion  and  those  practised  by  kindred  Semitic  races. 

[liii.  369] 

SPENCER.  JOHX  CHARLES,  VwoousT  ALTHORP 
and  third  EARL  SPEM-KR  ( 1782-1 845),  eldest  sou  of  George 
John  Spenoer,  second  earl  Spenoer  [q.  v.] ;  left  in  child- 
hood to  the  care  of  servants :  went  to  Harrow,  1790 : 
became  devotedly  attached  to  field-sport*  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1802  ;  his  jlebt?  and  clumsy  manners  a 
source  of  embarrassment  to  his  parents,  who  tried  In  vain 
to  interest  him  in  foreign  art  and  manners  ;  became  M.P.  for 
Okehampton,  1804,  and  supported  Pitt :  M.P.,  St.  Albans, 
1806,  Northamptonshire,  18O6-34  ;  rarely  spoke  in  parlia- 
ment, devoting  himself  to  the  Pytebley  hunt,  prize  fights, 
and  races :  drawn  into  active  politics  by  Ins  admiration 
for  Fox  ;  joined  the  advanced  whig  party,  voting  with  ! 
Whitbread,  Mackintosh,  Kouiilly,  and  Brougham  ;  from  ' 
1816  to  1820  studied  economic  history  and  working-class 
grievance?,  supporting  Huskixson  and  even  Joseph  Hume ; 
became  in  1830  leader  of  the  whig  opposition  in  the  Com- 
mons, and  on  Wellington's  resignation  in  December  dnn- 
cellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  in  the  lower  house 
un.i.T  Karl  Grey;  behaved  with  signal  Industry  and' 
honesty  of  purpose  ;  returned  to  office  with  an  increased 
whig  majority,  1831,  and  showed  his  real  for  the  Reform 
Bill  by  the  vigour  with  which  he  rallied  his  followers  on 
its  rejection  by  the  lords  in  October ;  resigned  again  in 
May  1832,  but  had  to  return  to  office  in  a  few  days,  and 
«iw  the  Reform  Bill  paw  the  lords  on  4  June  1832:  de- 
|.r.~--l  by  the  intrigue*  of  O'Connell,  1833-4 :  lost  influence 
at  tin-  time  of  the  rise  of  Peel;  he  retained  office  reluc- 
tantly till  his  succession  to  the  earldom,  1834;  withdrew 
with  satisfaction  to  country  pursuits,  emerging  only  in 
1841  to  pronounce  in  favour  of  the  repeal  of  the  corn 
laws.  Almost  devoid  of  political  ambition,  he  stepped  at 
one  stroke  to  the  leadership  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  won  absolute  trust  from  friends  and  opponents  alike 
li.y  his  truthfulness  and  integrity.  Macaulay  raid  of 
liitn  that  he  had  'the  temper  of  Lord  North  with  the 
principles  of  Romilly.*  [liii.  360] 


'       • 

only  son   of   Henry  naenrer.  first  earl  of 
by  his  wife.  Dorothy  ('Bacbarisaft')  [see 
SPKXCKR,  DOROTHY]:  born  at  Paris;  succeeds 
title,  1643;   studied  In  Southern  Europe  and  «• 

,;., .  V:    ,,;.;,.  .....  :  . . .  .  ; .  .. 

court  to  Charles  II's  mtotreseaa,  obtained  political  em- 
i  to  Madrid  aad 


ptoMfl  p 

••uriy  in  1679,  upon  payment  of  «jouo/., 
son  as  secretary  of  state  for  the  nor 

.l.:t.:..M!...  n.x-  sJ|b|SJB 

--  -»  -  --  •  ---  a    ---  T.    t__^ 


northern  department; 


ry  1681  X 


with  t 

on  which  be  recanted,  made  abject  snhmlealnii  to . 
duke  of  York,  and  regained  his  place  la  1663.  striving 
especially  to  oust  Halifax  and  Rochester  from  favour: 
as  a  strenuous  supporter  of  the  royal  prerogative,  no  Iras 
than  as  a  subtle  contriver  of  expedtetaVoommended  hte> 
self  to  James  U  on  his  nceession  in  1686,  and  showed  Ma 
skill  by  the  way  in  which  be  avoided  being  oomprwiilaU 
by  Moumouth ;  bis  unscrupulous  Intrigues  against  hia 
chief  rival  with  Jamea  II,  Rochester,  consummated  by  his 
throwing  in  his  lot  with  the  victorious  catholic  party, 
and  by  his  gaining  the  complete  confidence  of  James  IPs 
queen  ;  supported  the  repeal  of  the  Test  Act,  the  recall 
*<i  t!:.-  three  British  regiments  from  Holland,  and  the 
committal  of  the  seven  bishops ;  renounced  protexUntbm. 
1687,  but  was  disturbed  by  the  internal  fends  of  the  catholic 
party,  and  was  all  the  time  maid  m?  overtures  to  the  Prince 
of  Orange :  was  sceptical  of  the  success  of  an  invasion,  bat 
flattered  himself  that  be  might  act  as  mediator  between 


rapacious,  and  moat  unscrupulous  of 
[Wage;  [liiL368] 


SPENCER,  ROBERT,  first  BAROX  SPBXCRR  OF 
WOKMLHOHTON  (<f.  1627),  the  descendant  of  a  knightly 
family  which  had  derived  great  wealth  from  sheep.brecd. 
ing;  reputed  the  richest  man  in  England:  created  baron 
by  James  1, 1603 :  active  as  an  opponent  of  Bacon  at  the 
latter's  trial ;  an  adherent  of  Southampton,  and  a  rab- 
aoriber  to  the  Virginia  Company.  [liii.  367] 


king  and  parliament :  advised  remedial  measures 
too  late;  fled  in' female  disguise  to  Rotterdam  early  in 
November  1688;  reverted  to  protestantism,  and  from 
Rotterdam  sent  William  of  Orange  (William  III)  numerous 
explanations  and  suggestions,  which  convinced  William 
that  his  skill  as  a  wirepuller  was  Indispensable :  advised 
William  III  to  confide  in  a  united  whig  ministry  in  pre- 
ference to  a  composite  body  of  whigs  and  toriee,  and  by 
his  own  diplomatic  skill  made  the  scheme  a  success ;  en- 
deavoured to  obtain  ostensible  position  and  power,  and 
(1697)  was  made  lord  chamberlain  and  one  of  the  lord* 
justices  :  his  appointment  strongly  resented,  even  the  whig 
junto,  though  they  owed  him  much,  shrinking  from  his 
defence:  hastily  resigned  office,  but  retained  his  great 
wealth  and  mtu-h  of  his  influence  until  his  death.  He  ha» 
generally  been  considered,  and  probably  with  justice,  as 
the  craftiest,  matt 
all  the  politicians  of 

SPENCER,  SIR  ROBERT  CAVENDISH  (1791-1830V 
captain  in  the  navy;  served  against  New  Orkau*  in  1H13, 
and  Commanded  the  Naiad  against  Algiers,  1824  :  em- 
ployed on  the  coast  of  Greece  during  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence; K.C.H.  and  knighted,  1828;  reputed  a  pattern 
commander  ;  died  off  Alexandria.  [liii.  377] 

SPENCER,  THOMAS  (1791-1811Xindependeutdivine: 
trained  at  the  Hoxton  College  (entering  the  pulpit  at  seven- 
teen) ;  obtained  great  repute  as  a  preacher  in  London,  at 

Brighton,  awl,  in  M 1,  at  Liverpool ;  his  •  Sermon* '  printed 
posthumously,  1829.  [liii.  378] 

SPENCER,  THOMAS  (1796-1W3).  writer  nn  social 
subjects ;  ninth  wrangler,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1820;  came  under  Charles  Simeon's  influence  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1816-20:  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1823 :  became  a  zealous  Mdal  reformer  in  his  curacy  of 
Hinton  Charterhouse,  1826-47  ;  a  keen  opponent  of  slavery, 
the  corn  laws,  intemperance,  and  pauperism ;  published 
pamphlets. 

SPENCER,  WILLIAM  GROROB  (179O-18C6).  ma- 
thematician; elder  brother  of  Thomas  Spencer  (17*6- 
1863)  [q.  v.] :  tuuirht  private  pupils  in  mathematJcs  with 
much  originality  and  success:  published  'Intentional 
Geometry,'  I860,  a  work  of  which  the  soundness  of  both 
principle  and  method  is  widely  recognised:  rove' 
system  of  lucid  shorthand.  Both  works  have  been 
by  his  son,  Mr.  Herbert  Spenoer. 


[UiL  379] 


SPENCER,    WILLIAM    ROBERT  (1T69-18S4).    post 
and  wit :  educated  at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church . 
mixed  freely  in  the  society  of  Sheridan,  Fox,  Sydney  Smith, 
and  Homer;  translated  from  the  German  of  Burger;  .t- 

tr.i.-toi  Pjajsji  ;.-.  |*«att|  vir,<-,  ;,nd  r>.ri.^.|,uvr  : North 


SPENDER 


1228 


SPINCKES 


hy  his  ballads  :  died  after  a  life  of  extravagance  in  poverty 
and  obscurity  at  Paris.  O»-  ««»] 

SPENDER,  LILY,  known  as  MKS.  JOHN  KKXT 
-•i-KM'Kii  (1835-1896),  novelist;  net  Headland  ;  wrote  for 
•  Ixiiiilnn  Quarterly  '  and  other  reviews,  and  produced  over 
,  novels,  1869-95.  [!'»•  ^8<>J 

•Pin.  SIH  .TAMES  (./*.  1598-1630),  Scots  adventurer 
nnd  diplomatist ;  attempted,  unsuccessfully,  to  settle  the 
island  of  Lcwii«,  1598 ;  altered  service  of  Charles  IX  of 
Sweden;  knighted ;  envoy  from  James  I  to  Gustavus 
Adolphn«.  lf-12  :  served  a-  int.-nm'diary  between  Gustavus 
and  England,  1623-7  and  1629-30.  [lili.  381] 

SPEN8,  SIR  JOHN  (1520  ?-1573), of  Condie;  queen's 
advocate :  educated  at  St.  Salvator's  College,  St.  Andrews  ; 
was  made  a  judge  in  1560,  holding  at  the  same  time  the 
office  of  queen's  advocate  :  showed  sympathy  with  Knox, 
bat  adhered  to-  Mary  Stuart's  party,  and  prosecuted 
officially  both  the  murderer  of  Wccio  and  that  of  Damley  ; 
'—1  iu  office  until  his  death.  [liii.  382] 


SPENS,  THOMAS  DE  (14157-1480),  bishop  of  Aber- 
deen ;  went  on  embassies  to  Henry  VI  of  England,  1446, 
ami  to  Charles  VII  of  France,  1449 ;  became  bishop  of 
Aberdeen,  1449  ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1458  ;  went  on 
to  Edward  IV  and  to  Charles  the  Bold ;  gave 
information  to  Edward  IV  of  a  conspiracy  against  him 
formed  at  Bruges ;  was  captured  by  English  war-ships  as 
he  was  escorting  the  Duke  of  Albany  to  Scotland,  1464,  but 
•.veil  treated  by  Edward  IV  and  feent  back  to  Scotland : 
helped  to  secure  the  meeting  between  Edward  IV  and 
Louis  XI  at  Pecquigiiy,  and  to  maintain  the  peace  between 
James  III  and  Edward  IV  ;  again  keeper  of  the  Scots  privy 
seal,  1468-71 ;  treated  at  Alnwick  for  a  permanent  peace 
with  the  English,  1471,  the  treaty  being  eventually  signed 
iu  1473;  negotiated  the  betrothal  of  Prince  James  [IV] 
with  Cecilia,  youngest  daughter  of  Edward  IV,  1474; 
rebuilt  the  bishop's  palace,  and  was  a  munificent  benefactor 
of  St  Machar's  Cathedral,  Aberdeen.  [liii.  382] 

SPENSER.    [See  DESPEXSKR  and  SPEXCKR.] 

SPENSER,  EDMUND  (1552  V-1599),  poet:  elder  son 
of  John  Spenser,  described  as  a  '  gentleman  '  and  a  journey- 
man in  the  art  of  clotlimakiug ;  born  probably,  <•.  1552, 
iu  East  Smithfleld,  London,  whither  his  father  had 
migrated  from  the  Burnley  district  of  Lancashire;  his 
hereditary  connection  with  this  district  confirmed  by  the 
dialect  employed  in  the  '  Shephcard's  Calendar '  and  other 
early  pieces ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors*  School ; 
matriculated  sizar  from  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  May, 
1569;  at  Cambridge;  studied  Latin,  Greek,  French,  and 
Italian  assiduously,  making  influential  friends;  M.A., 
1576  ;  while  still  at  Cambridge,  contributed  fourteen 
sonnet  '  Visions '  from  I)u  Bellay  to  an  edifying  'Theatre 
for  Worldlings,'  1568  ;  obtained  in  1578.  through  his  col- 
lege friend,  Gabriel  Harvey,  a  place  in  Leicester's  house- 
hold ;  became,  through  Leicester,  acquainted  with  Sir 
Philip  Sidney ;  with  Sidney,  Dyer,  and  Drant  formed  a 
literary  club  styled  the  Areopagus  ;  while  under  Leicester's 
roof  and  in  love  with  a  fair  'Rosalind'  (probably  a 
yeoman's  daughterX  made  experiments,  at  the  instance 
of  Harvey  and  Edward  Kirke,  in  classical  measures ;  pub- 
lished (with  archaic  glossary  suggested  partly  by  Kirkc) 
the ' Shcpheard's  Calendar'  (twelve  eclogues),  1579,  and 
began  the*  Faerie  Queene';  his  ' Shep  hoard's  Calendar' 
enthusiastically  received;  was  appointed  secretary  to 
Arthur  Grey,  fourteenth  lord  Grey  de  Wilton  [q.  v.], 
then  going  to  Ireland  as  lord  deputy,  1580 ;  was  well 
rewarded  for  his  work  in  Ireland,  which  remained  his 
home  until  within  a  month  of  his  death  ;  left  the  neigh- 
iKmrhood  of  Dublin  for  Kilcolman  Castle  upon  an  estate 
lie  had  acquired  near  Cork,  1688  ;  occupied  himself  with 
l:t-rary  work,  writing  his  elegy  on  '  Antrophel  '(Sidney) 
in  1586,  and  preparing  for  the  press  his  '  Faerie  Queene,' 
three  book?  of  which  were  entrusted  to  the  printer  on  the 
poet's  visit  to  London,  November  1689;  reluctantly  re- 
turned to  Kilcolman,  1591,  and  penned  'Colin  Clouts  come 
home  again*  (printed,  1695):  by  the  reputation  of  the 
•Faerie  Queene'  led  the  publisher  Ponsonby  to  collect 
I»U  minor  verse  ami  jutxnilli,  in  part  rewritten,  as  '  Com- 
plaints, containing  Kimdric  small  poems  of  the  worlds 
vanltie,'  1590;  married  (1694)  Elizabeth  Boyle,  whom  he 
bad  wooul  in  his  •  Amon-tti,'  and  celebrated  the  marriage 
in  hU  splendid '  Epithalamion  '  (the  two  printed  together. 
lo»5);  published  the  second  instalment  of  three  books  of 


the 'Faerie  Queene'  and  '  Foure  Hymnc.-,'  l'>96,  being  in 
London  for  the  purpose  at  Essex  House,  where  he  wrote 
his  '  Prothalamion,'  and  also  his  well-informed,  though 
one-sided,  prose  '  View  of  the  Present  State  of  Ireland ' ; 
returned  to  Kilcolman,  depressed  both  in  mind  and  health, 
1697  ;  his  castle  of  Kilcolman  burned,  October  1698,  in  a 
sudden  insurrection  of  the  natives,  i-hieliy  <  >'NVills,  under 
the  '  sntran  '  Earl  of  Desmond,  on  which,  with  his  wife  and 
four  children,  he  was  compelled  to  flee  for  refuge  to  Cork  ; 
sent  over  to  England  early  in  December  1598  with  a 
despatch  from  the  president  of  Munster  to  the  govern- 
ment in  London  :  died  in  distress,  if  not  actual  poverty, 
at  a  lodging  in  King  Street,  Westminster,  a  month  later ; 
buried  near  his  favourite  Chaucer  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Four  portraits  of  him  are  extant.  His  main  achievement, 
the  moral  and  allegorical,  but  pre-eminently  pictorial, 
4  Faerie  Queene,'  was  the  only  great  poem  that  had  been 
written  in  England  since  Chaucer  died.  As  a  scholar 
ranking  near  Milton  and  Gray,  as  a  metrist  and  inventor 
of  the  Spenserian  stanza,  and  as  '  the  poet's  poet,'  his  high 
position  and  influence  iu  our  poetic  literature  cannot  be 
overestimated.  [liii.  384] 

SPENSER,  JOHN  (1559-1614),  president  of  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1581  ;  elected  president,  1607,  having  been  pre- 
viously fellow  and  Greek  reader  at  the  college  ;  took  part 
in  the  authorised  version  of  1611,  being  upon  the  New 
Testament  committee;  \vas  at  great  pains  in  bringing 
out  in  complete  form  the  work  of  his  friend  Richard 
Hooker  [q.  v.],  160k  [liii.  398] 

SPERLING,  JOHN  (1793-1877),  lieutenant,  royal 
engineers ;  served  in  Holland  under  Sir  James  Cannichael 
Smyth  [q.  v.],  1813-14 ;  prepared  defence  against  Napo- 
leon's invasion  of  1815,  was  at  Waterloo,  and  Paris,  1816  ; 
retired  from  service  in  1824,  and  wrote  a  diary  of  his 
active  service,  published,  1872.  [liii.  399] 

SPICER,  HENRY  (1743?-1804),  miniature  portrait- 
painter  ;  exhibited,  1765-1804 ;  painter  in  enamel  to  George, 
prince  of  Wales.  [liii.  400] 

SPIERS,  ALEXANDER  (1807-1869),  lexicographer: 
doctor  of  philosophy,  Leipzig  :  English  teacher  at  Paris  ; 
produced,  after  fourteen  years'  work,  his '  General  English 
and  French  Dictionary  '  1846,  which  won  him  a  cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  [liii.  401] 

SPIGTTRNEL,  HENRY  (1263?-1328),  judge;  was. 
summoned  to  parliaments  of  Edward  I  and  Edward  II, 
and  made  a  justice  of  oyer  and  terminer,  1300 ;  sent  on  a 
mission  to  papal  court,  1311 ;  interpreted  the  ordinances, 
1312 ;  retired,  1327.  [liii.  401] 

SPILLAN,  DANIEL  (d.  1854),  scholar  and  medical 
writer ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  M.A.  and 
M.B.,  1826 ;  unsuccessful  in  practice ;  wrote  manuals  of 
therapeutics,  clinics,  chemistry  and  medicine,  and  trans- 
lated from  Sophocles,  Tacitus,  and  Livy ;  died  in  St. 
Pancras  workhouse,  London.  [liii.  402] 

SPILLER,  JAMES  (1C92-1730),  comedian ;  w>n  of 
'  the'  Gloucester  carrier  ;  learned  painting,  but  drifted  as 
a  player  to  Drury  Lane,  London  ;  played  with  Pinkethmau 
at  Greenwich,  1710,  and  three  years  later  settled  under 
John  Rich  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  London,  playing  such 
parts  as  lachimo,  Pistol,  Pandarus,  Dr.  Caiua,  Marplot, 
Sir  Politick  Wouldbe,  and  Brainworm;  frequently  con- 
fined in  the  Marsh  alsea  for  debt,  an  inn  near  Clare  Market, 
London,  which  he  frequented  becoming  noted  a,s  the 
'  Spiller's  Head.*  [liii.  4u2] 

SPILSBURY,  JOHN  (1730  ?-1795  ?),  engraver  ;  draw- 
ing-master at  Harrow  ;  executed  heads,  and  fifty  engrav- 
ings from  gems,  1785.  [1UL  404] 

8PILSBURY,  JONATHAN  (fl.  1760-1790),  engraver; 
practised  mainly  in  mezzo- portraits,  but  engraved  some 
subject-pieces  after  Rembrandt,  Rubens,  and  Murillo. 

[liii.  404] 

SPILSBURY,  MARIA  (rf.  1820 ?X  rural  painter; 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Spilsbury  [q.  v.];  exhibited 
domestic  and  rural  pieces,  1792-1813,  and  a  few  etchings. 

[liii.  404] 

SPINCKES,  NATHANIEL  (1653-1727),  non  juror ; 
Rustat  scholar  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford:  M.A.,  1677; 
became  chaplain  to  first  Duke  of  Lauderdale,  1681,  and  n 
close  friend  of  his  fellow-chaplain,  George  Hickes  [q.  v.]  ; 
deprived  of  preferments,  1690,  upon  declining  to  take  oath 


8PITTLEHOUSE 


SPRIGG 


of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary;  became  ft 
among  UOM  jurors,  and  was  consecrated  a  bishop 
them  by  Hi.rk.s.  1 713  :  iri,-nd  of  thepious  Robert  Nehwo ; 
published  sermons  an  :  [lill.  406) 

SPITTLEHOU8E,    JOHN  (4.  1653),   pamphleteer; 
fought  against  Charles  I  from  1644  ;  renium.<l  u: 
of  Worcester  with  the  Roundhead  army, of  which  be  wrote 
several  vindications.  [lill.  406] 

SPODE,  JOSIAH  (1764-1827X  potter ;  of  Stoke-upon- 
Trent ;  improved  the  old  willow  pattern,  jasper,  cream, 
and  black  ware;  opened  a  large  London  warehouse; 
commenced  making  porcelain  with  improved  (bone)  paste 
in  1800 ;  made  potter  to  George  1 1 1. 1806;  the  most  loocess- 
ful  china  manufacturer  of  his  time.  [liii.  406] 

8POFPORTH,  REGINALD  (1770-1827X  glee  com- 
poser: composed  about  seventy  lively  glees  for  'Noble- 
man's Oatch  Club '  and  other  clubs,  besides  stage  music ; 
i  rood  pfcatet  [lilt.  407] 

SPOONER,  CHARLES  (d.  1767).  mezzotint  en- 
graver; a  skilful  copyist;  engraved  many  good  portraits 
in  Dublin,  1749-66,  awl  afterwards  In  London.  [Uii.  407] 

SPOONER,  CHARLES  (1806-1871),  veterinary  sur- 
geon :  passed  the  Royal  Veterinary  College,' 18)9,  and  was 
appointed  veterinary  surgeon  to  the  Zoological 
was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  Hoyal 
Veterinary  College,  183'.',  and  principal  and  chief  professor, 
1853,  and  by  1858  was  president  of  the  incorporated 
Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Sun."--  [Uii.  407] 

SPOONER,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1809?-1886X 
veterinary  surgeon  ;  son  of  a  Blandford  innkeeper : 
practised  at  Southampton  ;  studied  chemical  manures ; 
was  a  great  judge  of  horses,  and  wrote  two  treatises  on 
veterinary  matters,  but  was  chiefly  known  for  his  standard 
work  on  '  Sheep,'  1844.  [liii.  408] 

SPORLEY  or  8PORTE,  RICHARD  (4.1490?),  his- 
torian; monk  of  Westminster,  e.  1430  ;  wrote  ft  ooOeetiM  of 
annals,  1043-1483.  [liii.  409] 

SPOTTISWOOD  or  8POTSWOOD,  ALEXANDER 
(1676-1740),  colonial  governor;  fought  at  Blenheim  in 
Bath's  regiment;  made  governor  of  Virginia,  1710:  a 
successful  administrator,  but  superseded  in  1722,  though 
he  remained  in  colony ;  major-general,  1740.  [liii.  409] 

SPOTTISWOOD,  JAMES  (1567-1645X  bishop  of 
Clogher ;  graduated  at  Glasgow  University,  1583 ;  accom- 
panied James  VI  to  Denmark,  1589 ;  persuaded  by  Whit- 
gift  to  take  orders  in  Anglican  church,  awl  (1621)  was 
mode  bishop  of  Clogher ;  fled  to  England,  1641 :  died  and 
was  buried  at  Westminster.  [Uii.  410] 

8POTTISWOOD,  8POTISWOOD,  or  8POT8WOOD, 
JOHN  (1510-1586),  Scots  reformer :  studied  at  Glasgow 
(M.A.,  1536),  but  proceeded  to  London  and  was  admitted 
to  orders  by  Cranmcr,  c.  1640 :  became  intimate  with 
Knox  ;  sat  on  committee  for  •  First  Book  of  Discipline' ; 
was  ecclesiastical  superintendent  of  Lothian,  and  officiated 
nt  coronation  of  James  VI.  [liii.  411] 

SPOTTISWOOD,  8POTTI8WOODE,  SPOTI8WOOD, 
or  8POT8WOOD,  JOHN  (15C5-1C37),  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews  and  Scot*  historian  :  studied  at  Glasgow 
under  James  and  Andrew  MelviUe,  1680-1 ;  M.A.,  1681 ; 
accompanied  Duke  of  Lennox  to  France  awl  James  I  to 
London,  1603 :  made  by  James  I  archbishop  of  Glasgow  in 
place  of  Beaton,  and  a  member  of  the  Scots  privy  council, 
since  he  found  him  a  thorough  era- tian  ami  a  pliant  in- 
strument in  subjugating  the  kirk  ;  became  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  1616 :  secured  the  passing  of  the  Five  Articles 
of  Perth  In  1618,  and  retained  the  favour  of  Charles  1  :  tried, 
however,  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  the  liturgy  in 
1637,  and  to  modify  the  policy  of  Charles  1 :  hail  to  take 
refuge  at  Newcastle,  and  was  deposed  by  the  assembly ; 
proceeded  to  London,  and  died  there;  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  fUii-412] 

SPOTTISWOOD,  8POTTISWOODE,  or  SPOTIS- 
WOOD,  JOHN  (1666-1728),  Scots  advocate  and  legal 
author;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University;  became  pro- 
fessor of  law  there,  1703;  edited  his  grawlfather.  sir 
Robert  Spottlswood's,  'Practicks  of  the  Laws  of  Scot- 
land,' 1706,  and  other  legal  works. 

SPOTTISWOOD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1596-1646X  Scottish 
judge :  studied  at  Glasgow  (M.A.,  1613),  at  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  in  France;  promoted  to  Scot*  bench,  16M; 


president  of  the  court  of  session.  1633;   aasailed  by 

,,,-.,.   ..-.,.;..  -  ..•:-.-         .,.•••..  ,„.-'! 


Charles  in  Scotland;  taken  prisoner  with  Montrose  at 

!••  .:  ;         ..-..•,.•:.     ..     :,-:       i!        :      .    • 

Law  of  Scotland  '  published  by  his  grandson,  John  PpottU- 
[q.  v.),  1706.  41*] 


BPOTTI8WOODE.     ARTHUR    COLE    (1809-1874  X 
major-general  ;  served  with  distinction  at  Bhartpur  and 

M  i-  *•  Mai  Brttaa  ;  oota*,  UN:  ""  ••-'    "  * 


8POTTI8WOODE.  WILLIAM  (1826-1883).  mathe- 
maticlan  awl  physicist:  eon  of  a  partner  la  Kyre  * 
SpoUiswoode's ;  obtained  a  nrholanhip  at  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  and  a  university  mathematical  scholarship :  B.A., 
1846 ;  worked  on  curves  and  surfaces  and  the  poUriia- 
tion  of  light,  and  was  a  successful  lecturer  and  writer  on 
polarisation  and  electrical  discharge;  president  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  1878-03.  [lill.  418] 

SPRAOOE,  SIB  EDWARD  (</.  1673),  admiral :  born 
in  Ireland  ;  knighted,  1666 ;  took  part  in  the  great  battle 
of  June  1666  tinder  Prince  Rupert,  and  commanded  at 
Bbeerneas  in  1667,  when  the  Dutch  forced  the  Medway ; 
destroyed  the  Algerine  fleet  In  Bugia  Bay,  1671,  and  took 
a  brilliant  part  in  battle  of  Solebay.  1672  :  admiral  of  the 
blue,  1672:  served  in  thrm  action*  during  1073,  in  the 
third  of  which,  against  Cornells  Trump,  on  11  Aug.,  he 
was  drowned.  [liii.  41  M] 

SPRAT,  THOMAS  (1635-1713),  bishop  of  Rochester 
and  dean  of  Westminster ;  otudied  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford ;  M.AM  1657 ;  D.I).,  1669  (incorporated  at  Cam- 
bridge, 1671) ;  one  of  the  scientific  circle  from  which 
sprang  the  Royal  Society ;  his  poem  on  the  death  of 
Cromwell  publisho!,  with  others,  by  Dryden  and  Waller, 
1669 ;  published  a  stinging  reply  to  Sorblere's  remarks  on 
England,  1664,  and  a  history  of  the  Royal  Society,  of 
which  he  was  (1663)  one  of  the  first  fellows,  1667  ;  pub- 
lished (1668)  an  account  of  Oowley,  for  whose  monument 
be  wrote  the  inscription :  supposed  to  have  taken  some 
part  in  Buckingham's  *  Rehearsal ' ;  noted  as  a  preacher, 
and  in  1680  made  canon  of  Windsor ;  promoted  dean  of 
Westminster,  1683,  bishop  of  Roclxwter,  1684 ;  giveu  by 
James  II  a  seat  on  the  new  ecclesiastical  commission, 
1686:  read  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence  to  empty 
benches  In  Westminster  Abbey,  1688;  subsequently 
assisted  &t  tlie  coronation  of  William  and  Mary;  drew 
up  an  admirable  narrative  of  Robert  Young's  plot,  of 
which  he  was  a  victim,  being  arrested,  169J ;  directed 
Wren's  repairs  at  Westminster  Abbey,  and  gave  facilities 
for  Dryden's  burial:  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey: 
celebrated  in  literature  for  the  excellent  prose  style  of  hU 
sermons.  [lliL  419] 

8PRATT,  JAMES  (1771-1853),  naval  commander: 
fought  with  great  bravery  at  Trafalgar,  1808 ;  was  forced 
to  Invalid  by  wounds,  and  was  given  command  of  a  prison 
ship  at  Plymouth,  1815;  retired,  1817,  baring  during  hU 
service  saved  nine  men  from  drowning.  [UiL  4)4] 

8PRATT,  THOMAS  ABEL  BRIM  AGE  a8ll-1888X 
vice-admiral,  hydrographcr,  and  author :  eldest  son  of 
James  Spratt  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  vessels  doing  sun  • 
work  in  the  Mediterranean  :  laid  down  positions  for  t hi|*» 
during  Crimean  war:    promoted    captain,    1856:    • 
1855  :  F.RJS.,  1866  ;  retired,  1870  :  published  log-books  of 
bis  Mediterranean  surveys,  1847-66.  [UiL  424] 

SPRENGER,  ALOYS  (1813-1893), orientalist:  native 
of  Tyrol;  studied  at  Vienna  awl  Paris;  naturalise  1  in 
England,  1838:  appointed  principal  of  Mohaminedar. 
college,  Delhi,  1848 ;  while  at  Delhi,  Lucknow,  and  Cal- 
cutta translated  important  Hindustani.  Arabic,  and 
Persian  texts,  including  the  Miulifctan  '  of  Saadi.  1861,  and 
began  an  elaborate  'Life  of  Mohammad';  left  Iixlui, 
1867,  and  settled  at  Heidelberg.  [Uii.  426] 

8PRIOO,  JOSHUA  (1618-1684),  divine:  of  New  Inn 
Hall.  Oxford :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1639 ;  a  retain. 
Thomas  Fairfax ;  made  fellow  and  bursar  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford,  by  the  parliamentarians,  1649;  opposed 
the  execution  of  Charles  I,  and  retired  from  Oxford  at 
the  Restoration;  published  a  judicious  compilation 
called  'Anglla  Redlrira,'  1647,  upon  the  successes  oi 
Fairfax's  army.  tlUL  436] 

BPRIOO,  WILLIAM  (/.  1657),  pamphleteer ;  brother 
Of  Joshua  Sprlgg  [q.  r.] ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 


SPRING 


1230 


STAFFORD 


Oxford,  from  1652  till  the  Restoration;  M.A.,  1655; 
published  philosophical  essays  ami  'A  modest.  I'l.-a  for  an 
Equal  Commonwealth,'  1667.  [liii.  427] 

SPRING,  TOM  (1795-1851).    [S<v  \\INTKK.  THO.M  \s.] 

SPRING-RICE,  TH«)MA>.  tir,t  KARON  M«>vn:  \«;u; 
OF  BRANDON  in  Kerry  (  1790-1866  ),  B.A.  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1811  :  represented  Limerick  in  the  \vhiir 
interest  from  1820  ;  suggested  Irish  reforms  to  Canning 
government  ;  secretary  to  treasury  in  Grey's  administra- 
tion, 1830-4;  chancellor  of  exchequer  in  Melbourne's 
moond  administration,  1835-9;  introduced  the  penny- 
postage  scheme,  1839,  but  having  lost  popularity,  especially 
with  the  radicals,  was  not  adopted  for  the  speakership,  us 
lie  bad  hoped  ;  retired  and  was  made  a  peer,  1839. 

[liii.  427] 

SPRINT,  JOHN  (d.  1590),  treasurer  of  Salisbury 
Cntbedral;  of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford;  D.D. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1574;  dean  of  Bristol,  1571; 
treasurer  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1584.  [liii.  429] 

SPRINT,   JOHN  (d.  1623),  theologian:  student  of 

t  Ch.irch,  Oxford,  1592:  M.A.,  1699;  appointed  vicar 

of  Thornbiiry,  1610,  awl  after  conforming  reluctantly 

to    the  Anglican    ritual  published  several  treatises  in 

defence  of  it,  1607-13.  [liii.  429] 

8PROTT,  GEORGE  (rf.  1608),  conspirator;  con- 
victed of  having  forged  three  letters  purporting  to  be 
.from  Robert  Logan  to  John  Ruthven,  third  earl  of 
(Jowrie  [q.  v.],  concerning  the  murder  of  James  VI: 
found  guilty  of  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  and  exe- 
cuted. [liii.  430] 

SPROTT  or  SPOTT,  THOMAS  (ft.  1270  ?X  his- 
torian and  monk  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury  ;  wrote 
a  history  of  that  foundation,  a  fragment  of  which  is  now 
among  the  Cottouian  MSS.,  British  Museum. 

[liii.  430] 

SPRUCE,  RICHARD  (1817-1893),  botanist  and 
traveller  ;  began  working  upon  mosses  when  a  master 
at  St.  Peter's  School,  York  ;  went  to  the  Pyrenees,  and 
(1849)  to  South  America  with  Hooker  and  Bentham; 
ured  many  new  plants  in  the  Amazon  region, 
where  he  met  Wallace  ;  collected  cinchona  plants  for 
India,  and  returned  home  in  1864,  much  enfeebled  in 
health,  to  work  out  his  results,  in  aid  of  which,  having 
had  severe  losses,  he  received  a  small  government  grant. 

[liii.  431] 

SPRY,  HENRY  HARPUR  (1804-1842),  writer  on 
India  ;  surgeon  on  Bengal  staff  ;  F.R.S.,  1841  ;  pub- 
lished •  Modern  India,1  1837.  [Hit  432] 

SPRY,  Sm  RICHARD  (1715-1775),  rear-admiral  ; 
captured  by  the  Spaniards  while  in  command  of  the  Comet 
bomb,  1744  ;  served  under  Boscawen  at  Pondicherry  ; 
at  Louisbourg,  1758  ;  commanded  (1772)  a  squadron 
in  the  Channel  ;  knighted,  1773.  [liii.  432] 

8PUBGEON,  CHARLES  HADDON  (1834-1892), 
preacher:  born  at  Kelvedon,  Essex;  became  usher  in  a 
whool  at  Newmarket,  1849;  left  independents  and  became 
a  zealous  baptist  in  1850  ;  became  pastor  of  the  baptist 
congregation  at  Waterbcach,  1852  ;  came  to  London,  1854, 
aixl  became  so  popular  a  preacher  that  Exeter  Hall  could 
pot  hold  his  hearers  ;  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  to 
hold  6,000  persons,  having  been  opened  in  1861,  he 
ministered  there  till  his  death  ;  was  a  convinced  Calvinist, 
adhering  staunchly  to  that  system  of  theology,  though 
bis  resentment  at  what  he  called  the  down-grade  develop- 
ment of  modern  biblical  criticism  led  to  his  withdrawing 
from  the  Baptist  Union  in  18«7  ;  his  pulpit,  as  well  as  his 
private  utterances,  marked  by  a  rich  vein  of  humour-  ' 
hi*  sermons,  which  were  far  famed,  were  published  at  the  I 
rate  of  one  a  week;  author  of  'John  Ploughman's 
Tiilks,'  1869,  'John  Ploughman's  Pictures,'  1880  and  other 
works;  edited  the  'Treasury  of  David,'  1870-85. 


;  fellow   of    Catharine    Hull,    C.imhrid«.re  ;    put   into    the- 

mastership   of    Catharine   Hall   by    the   puritans,   1645; 

[  objected    to    the  execution    of  Charlc-s    T,    hut    lost    his^ 

I  mastership  at  the  Restoration  :  one  of  the   five  divines 

who  wrote,  in  1041,  as  '  Smeetymnuus.'  [liii.  435] 

SPYNIE,  BAHOXS.  [See  LINDSAY,  ALRXANDI:I;, 
j  first  BAUOX,  d.  1607;  LINDSAY,  ALKXAXDKK,  second 
1  HAKOX,  <l.  1646;  LINDSAY,  GKOUGE,  third  BAHOX,  </. 
!  1671.] 

SftUIRE,  EDWARD  (</.  1598),  alleged    conspirator  : 

]  employed   in   Queen  Elizabeth's  stables;    became   inixtif 

I  up  with  the  Jesuits,  and  was  charged  with  an  attempt 

i  to  assassinate  Queen  Elizabeth  by  poisoning  her  saddle, 

and  executed  on  slight  grounds.  [liii.  436] 


BPUKGnr,  JOHN  <1797-lt»ex  mrt 
proceeded  from  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  to  Edinburgh 
but  returned  and  became  M.D.,  Im.-:,  :  I  .!;.(.  P.,  1826; 
censor,  1829  ;  Harveian  orator,  1861  ;  published  medical 
lectures,  1853-60  ;  physician  to  the  Foundling  Hospital, 
London,  1835-66;  projected  an  edition  of  Swedcnborg's 
philosophical  works.  [liii.  435] 

BPURSTOWZ,    WILLIAM   (1606  ?-  1666),   puritan 
*lTine;  M.A.    Emmanuel    College,    Cambridge,    1630; 


JOHN  (1780-1812),  brevet  lieutenant- 
colouel,  royal  engineers  ;  served  under  Abercromby  in 
Holland  and  Egypt  ;  travelled  through  Syria  and 
Greece  ;  was  employed  on  lines  of  Torres  Yedras  IKio, 
and  in  bridging  the  Guadiana  ;  suffered  in  health  after 
Hadaioz,  and  died  at  Truxillo.  [liii.  437] 


SAMUEL  (1713  -  1766),  bishop  of  St. 
Davids  :  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  17155  ; 
M.A.,  1737  ;  curried  favour  with  Newcastle  and  Chester- 
field, obtained  a  deanery  at  Bristol,  1760,  and  the  see  of 
St.  Davids,  1761;  published  historical  essays,  and 
fostered  Anglo-Saxon  studies  in  Cambridge,  [liii.  439] 

SQUIRE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1677),  controversialist; 
B.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1650  ;  M.A.,  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford,  1653  :  chaplain  of  All  Souls  College  and 
fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford  ;  wrote  two  tracts 
on  the  '  Unreasonableness  '  of  Romanists  shortly  before  his 
death.  [liii.  440] 

STACK,  EDWARD  (d.  1833),  general  :  of  Irish 
birth  ;  entered  French  army,  but  quitted  it  for  Irish 
brigade  ;  narrowly  escaped  being  shot  as  a  spy  by  Napo- 
leon I  ;  general  in  the  British  army,  1830.  [liii.  441] 

STACK,  RICHARD  (d.  1812),  autiior  :  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1779;  fellow,  1779;  D.D.,  1786;  vice- 
president  of  Royal  Irish  Academy,  contributing  to  '  Trans- 
actions '  and  writing  lectures.  [liii.  441] 

STACKHOUSE,  JOHN  (1742-1819),  botanist  :  fellow 
of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1761-4  :  studied  seaweeds  and 
was  an  early  F.L.S.  ;  published  the  '  Nereis  Britannica  * 
(on  sea-wracks),  1795,  and  other  standard  botanical 
memoirs.  [liii.  441] 

STACKHOUSE,  THOMAS  (1677-1752),  theologian; 
of  Durham  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  was  a 
poor  curate  at  Sheppcrton,  at  Amsterdam,  and  at  Finchley  ; 
obtained  vicarage  of  Benham  Valence,  1733  :  latterly 
worked  for  booksellers  at  Chelsea  ;  produced  a  '  History  of 
the  Bible,'  1737,  and  many  short  histories  and  abridgments. 

[liii.  442] 

STACKHOUSE,  THOMAS  (»L  1781),  writer  ;  younger 
son  of  Thomas  Stackhouse(  1677  1752)  [q.  v.]:  compiled 
several  school-books,  1762-81.  [liii.  443] 

STACKHOUSE,  THOMAS  (1756-1836),  antiquary 
and  theologian  ;  nephew  of  Thomas  stackhouse  (d.  1784) 
[q.  v.]  ;  wrote  on  the  'Ancient  Barrows,'  1806,  and  'Re- 
mains of  Ancient  Pagan  Britain,'  1833  ;  wrote  also  school- 
books  and  obituaries  of  quaker?,  having  joined  that  de- 
nomination. [liii.  443] 

STAFFORD,  MARQUIS  OK  (1721-1803).  [See  LEVE- 
SOX-GOWER,  GRANVILLK.] 

STAFFORD,  VISCOUNT  (1614-1680).  [See  HOWAUD, 
WILLIAM.] 

STAFFORD,  ANTHONY  (1587-1645?).  devotional 
writer  :  of  Oriel  College  and  Inner  Temple  ;  created 
M.A.,  1623  :  published  '  The  Female  Glory  '  (a  panegyric 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin),  1636.  [liii.  444] 

STAFFORD,  EDMUND  DK  (1344-1419),  bishop  of 
Exeter  ;  dean  of  York,  1385  ;  keeper  of  the  privy  seal. 
1389  ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Exeter,  1395  ;  lord  chancellor 
from  1396  till  the  abdication  of  Richard  II  in  1399  ; 
assented  to  the  deposition  of  Richard  II;  again  lord 
chancellor,  1403;  was  regarded  a-  the  second  founder  of 
Stapelilou  Hall,  Oxford,  the  name  of  which  was  changed 
to  Exeter  College  in  his  day.  [liii.  -M.r.J 


STAFFORD 


8TANBRIDGE 


STAFFORD  »,  third    Dfxi 

HAM  <1  J7H-1.VJ1 ,,  ,.•„!,-;    ,,,ii  ,,f  ii.  i.  Moond 

•  Ink'-  of    lttirk:ntdiam   'ij.    v.1  ;    .-\\orn    privv    <• 
1S<I9;   attrf-ti'J.il  ,-onrt    • 

llrnry  VIII.    iM'n;  .-<.ii.|. uni.-l   and  executed.  Charges  of 

•  li-;..\.i:ty  to  H.-i.ry  V11I  having  been  trumped  upagaitut 
him  in  1621.  [HiL44«] 

STAFFORD,  -:u  KliW  \RD(1SA3  ?-16U6), diplomatist: 
rarrii-.l  on  ii.--otiatii.ns  i,,r  a  tni.oii  between  Qu«^ 

beth  and  li.-iii-  :i7a:  kuigh'. 

ai,.l..i-  Midor  at  Paria,  1683-90.  [liii.  447] 

STAFFORD,  HKNRY,  seoond  DUKE  ... 
(1454  7-1483),  grandson  of  Humphrey  Stafford,  flnit 
duke  [q.  v.] ;  pronounced  sentence  ax  high  steward  on 
Clarence,  1478 :  joined  Richard  of  aioocener  (afterward* 
Hichanl  III),  H8S,  and  acted  as  groat  chamberlain  at  hit 
coronation;  raised  a  force  against  Richard  III  ti.m 
months  later ;  his  army  rendered  useless  by  the  flood*  of 
the  river  Wye  and  Severn,  and  himself  captnred  and 
executed  at  Salisbury.  [liii.  448] 

STAFFORD,  HKNKY,  iir«t  15 AK..\  STAFFORD  (1601- 
1663).  conrtier;  K.B..  1532;  M.P,  Stafford,  1M7 ;  sap- 
iccessively   Henry    VIII,   Protector   Somenet, 
Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Elizabeth.  [liii.  450] 

STAFFORD,  HUGH  DK,  xecond  EARL  o»  STAFFORD 
(1342?- 1386),  second  son  of  Ralph  de  Stafford,  first  earl 
of  Stafford  [q.  T.]  ;  went  with  John  of  Gaunt  to  France, 
1373  :  K.G.,  1376  :  officiated  at  coronation  of  Richard  II, 

I:;:;.  :m«l  was  member  of  his  council ;  having  lost  his  eldest 
son  bv  trencher}',  wcut  ou  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  and 
died  at  Rhodes.  [liii.  468] 

STAFFORD,  HUMPHREY,  first  DUKK  OF  Bn  KIN.;- 
JIAM  (1402-1460).  accompanied  Henry  VI  abroad,  1430 : 
captain  of  Calais,  1442;  created  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
1444.  and  warden  of  Cinque  ports,  1450;  opposed  the 
Duke  of  York :  subsequently  tried  to  reconcile  Queen 
Margaret  with  the  Yorki«ts,  but  wa<  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Xortlm:  ->n.  [HiL  451] 

STAFFORD.  HUMPHREY.  EARL  nv  DKVOS  (1439- 
1469).  fought  for  and  was  knighted  by  Edward  IV  at 
Towton,  1461 ;  won  numerous  honours,  was  mode  a  privy 
councillor,  ami  Earl  of  Devon,  1469  ;  wilt  to  oppose  Robin 
of  Redeedale,  1469,  but  quarrelled  with  William  Herbert, 
first  earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.],  and  retired  with  all  hi* 
troops,  on  which  Edward  IV  ordered  his  execution. 

[liii.  463] 

STAFFORD,  JOHN  (./.  1452),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury; D.O.L.  of  Oxford  bt-fore  1413;  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Salisbury,  1419,  ami  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
1421 ;  joined  party  of  Henry  Beaufort;  consecrated  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  1425  :  first  to  have  the  title  of  •  lord 
chancellor,'  1432 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  144.1-52, 

[liii.  454] 

STAFFORD,  JOHN  (172S-1800),  independent  divine: 
a  wool-comber  by  trade ;  be<*nme  minister  of  New  Broad 
Street  chapel,  London,  1758;  published  Calvini-tlc- 
treatises.  [liii.  455] 

STAFFORD,  RALPH  PK,  first  EARL  OF  STAFFORD 
(1299-1372),  served  Edward  III  in  Flanders,  1338-40; 
led  reinforcements  to  Hritanny,  1342;  taken  prisoner  r.t 
Vannes  and  exchanged ;  seneschal  of  Aquitaine,  1345 : 
fought  at  Crery  an<l  at  siege  of  Calais;  defeatnl  Fn-m-h 
near  Agen,  1352;  fought  in  Scotland  and  (1356)  at 
Poitiers:  assisted  at  treaty  of  Bretigny,  1360:  dial  at 
Tonbridge.  [liii.  466] 

STAFFORD,  SIR  RICHARD,  styled  'of  Clifton' 
( ft.  1 337-1 389),  seneschal  of  Gascony :  brother  of  Ralph 
de  Stafford,  first  earl  of  Stafford  [q.  v. ]  [liii.  457] 

STAFFORD,  UK 'HARD  (1663-1703X  Jacobite 
pamphleteer:  of  Mntrdal.-n  Hall,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle 
Temple:  distributed  rabid  Jacobite  tracts;  showed  signs 
of  lunacy,  and  was  sent  to  Bedlam,  1691.  [liii.  459] 

STAFFORD,  RICHARD  ANTHONY  (1801-18M), 
surgeon :  attracted  notice  of  Abernethy  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  London  ;  studied  in  Paris ;  wrote  on 
spine  and  urethra.  [llli.  459] 

STAFFORD,  THOMAS  (1681  7-1657),  rebel :  travelled 
hi  Italy  and  Poland  ;  opposed  Queen  Mary's  Spanish  mar- 
riage, and,  claiming  royal  descent  on  both  sides,  sailed 
from  Dieppe,  by  connivance  of  Henri  II,  with  two  ships, 


and  made  a  landing  at  Scarborough,  April  1657,  but  WM 

:  [IUL4**] 

.  M  <••• 


STAFFORD.  -IK  THOMAS (/.  16811  reputed 

«l  by  Cblol:. 

1611 ;  Inherit*.  1  >.  earl  of 

Totne*  [-,  rrom  them   compil* 

history  of  the  IrUh  wan  (' Pacata  Htbmila  '>,  163S. 

STAFFORD,  WILLIAM  ( 1564-1 61 J),  aOeged  latttnr 

•  '     <          ;.,...(  .       /.,        ,.-      .-t,  M,-,  :.,r.   . 

plainU ' ;  of  Winchester  OoUeye  an<i 
I.  How  of  New  CoUejre,  Oxfnni.  1573  :  implicated  otwcorHr 
in  .,  plot  of  1586.  The  bonk  nttnt.utal  to  Mm.  upon  sod*] 
ard  VI.  was  probably  in  raUity  by 
|  John  Hales  (rf.  1471)  [q.  r.]  [Illl.  4«] 

STAFFORD,  WILLIAM  (1MS-1684X  pan;phk-U»r ; 
created  M.A.  ChrUt  Church,  Oxford,  1618;  wrote  on  war 
from  parliamentarian  standpoint,  1644-«.  [UiL  4*1] 

8TAOO,  JOHN  (1 770-1 8MX 


eyesight  In  his  youth ;  described  Cumberland  peasantry 

!.   •      ;-•  •       >--i.  .    .        ••    .      .••.'.'      ••• 

f  IliL  4691 

STAOGINS,  NICHOLAS  (1660 ?-1700),  musician: 
master  of  his  majesty's  music,  1676 ;  Mns.Doc.  Cambridge, 
1682 ;  composed  birthday  music  and  songs,  [llli.  464] 

STAINER,  SIK  RICHARD  (rf.  1669).  [See  STATXKR.] 

8TAIKE8,  Silt  THOMAS  (1776-1830),  captain  in  the 
navy :  served  In  the  Victory'  under  Hood,  1796,  and  under 
Jervis,  1796;  captnred  by  Spaniards,  1798;  served  on 
Foudroyant  under  Nelson,  and  afterwards  at  siege  of 
Toulon :  promoted  captain,  1806 :  bad  great  success  in 
South  of  Spain  and  Naple*  ;  knighted,  1809,  and  appointed 
to  Britain  frigate;  accidentally  struck  on  Pitcairn'n 
island,  1813,  and  sent  account  of  lie  colony  to  England. 

[lilt  464] 

8TAINTON.  HFNRY  TIBBAT8  (18J2-1892),  ento- 
mologist :  began  studying  smaller  *epidoptera,  184O ;  pnb- 
li-hMl  numerous  books  on  British  insect*,  especially  the 
:inr(,l<r :  founded  magazines ;  president  of  the  Entomo- 
logical Society,  18*1-2 ;  secretary  of  Bay  Society,  1861-72 ; 
F.R.S.,  1867.  [Illl.  466] 

STAIR,  EAUI.S  OF.  [s<v  DAI.HVMI-I.K,  Sut  J..H.V. 
tir-t  KAKI,  164H-17U"  :  DAUIYMI-I.K.  J«»ux,  t<ecoinl  KAKI., 
1673-1747:  DALRYMPLB,  JOHN,  fifth  BAKU  17SO-178S; 
DALRYMIM.K.  JOHN,  sixth  EAHU  1749-1821 ;  PALHYMIM.K. 
Sin  JOHN  HAMII.T«I.\  MACUILI^ eighth  EARL,  1771-1863.] 

STAIR,  first  Visrou.vr(  1619-1696).  [See  DALKVMJ-LK, 

Siii  .TAMKS.] 

STAIRS,  WILLIAM  GRANT  (1863-1892),  captain 
and  traveller;  bom  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia;  gazetteil 
lieutenant,  royal  engineer?,  1HS5  :  sailed  on  Emtn  relii-f 
expeilition,  1K86;  jounu-ytil  with  St.nili-y  through  central 
forest  of  Africa,  and  explored  the  Mountain  of  the  Moon. 
1888 ;  took  command  of  Belgian  expedition  to  sooth  of 
Congo  Free  state,  1891  ;  died  on  way  back  from  Katanga. 


BTALEY  or  STAYLEY,  WILLIAM  (</.  1C7H),  victim 
of  the  popish  plot:   a  catholic  goldsmith  and  banker: 
i  charged  with  treason  by  the  informer  ("a  retain*  :  triiil  by 
( •liit-f-justice  Scroggs,  and  hanged  at  Tyburn,  [liii.  468] 

STALHAM,  JOHN  (</.  1681 X  puritan  divine :  said  to 
1  liave  been  educated  at  Oxford  ;  vicnr  of  Terluiir,  1638 : 
:  a  strong  puritan  and  congregationultst  ;  wrote  much 
I  against  quaker*  ;  ejected,  1662.  [Mil.  469] 

STAMFORD.  EAKLB  OF.  [See  GHKY,  HKXKY,  first 
1599?-1673;  (.HEY,  THOMAS,  second  EAUL,  1654- 
i  1720.] 

STAMFORD,  sin  WILLIAM  (1509-1658X  [See 
i  STANFORD.] 

STAMPE,    WILLIAM    (1611-1653?),  divine:    M.A. 
Pembroke  C<.llege.  Oxfonl,  1633  (incorporated  at  Cam- 
l.ridLv.  If.M):   D.I>.,   l';»3;   fellow  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  vicar  of  Stepney,  1641  :   sequestered  by 
i  minster  Assembly  as  a  loyalist:   chaplain  to  Elizabeth, 
'  queen  of  Bohemia ;  died  at  the  Hague.  (llli.  469] 

STANBRLDGE.    JoHN   (1463-1510).    grammarian: 
fellow  of  New  College  -:.  and  M.A.;  became 

rector  of  Wiuwick  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1609; 


STANBURY 


1232 


STANHOPE 


wrote  'Vocabula,'  '  Vulgaria,'    '  Aividmtia,'  nntl    other 
glossaries  and  grammars  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  \Vorde. 

[liii.  470] 

STANBURY,  STANBERY,  or  STANBBIDGE, 
JOHN  (rf.  1474),  bishop  of  Hereford;  D.D.Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  confessor  to  Henry  VI,  and  first  provost  of 
Eton ;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1453-74.  [liii.  471] 

BTANDISH,  ARTHUR  (.ft.  1611),  writer  on  agri- 
culture :  published  the  'Commons'  Complaint,'  Kill, 
advocating  systematic  planting.  [liii.  471] 

STANDISH,  FRANK  HALL  (1799-1840),  connoisseur 
and  author  ;  wrote  on  Voltaire,  on  northern  capitals  of 
Europe,  and  on  Seville,  where  he  lived  ;  bequeathed  his 
fine  collection  of  pictures  and  manuscript?  to  King  Louis- 
Philippe  of  France.  [liii.  472] 

STANDISH,  HENRY  (<i.  1535),  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  : 
D.D. :  preached  at  Henry  VIII's  court :  maintained  that 
the  clergy  were  liable  to  punishment  in  secular  courts,  but 
by  Henry  VIII's  favour  escaped  punishment  by  convoca- 
tion ;  opposed  Colet  and  Erasmus,  ami  was  very  hostile  to 
heresy;  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  1518-35;  consecrated 
Oranmer,  1533.  [liii.  472] 

STANDISH,  JOHN  (15077-1570),  archdeacon  of 
Colchester;  of  Brasenose  and  Corpus  Christi  colleges, 
Oxford;  M.A.,1531;  D.D.,  1541:  chaplain  to  Edward  VI ; 
conformed  subsequently  both  under  Queen  Mary  and  Queen 
Elizabeth ;  wrote  several  tracts.  [liii.  473] 

STANDISH,  MYLES  (1584-1656),  colonist ;  of  Lan- 
cashire: a  descendant  of  the  Dnxbury  branch  of  the 
family ;  served  under  the  Veres  in  the  Netherlands  before 
1603 ;  embarked  on  Mayflower  from  Leyden,  1620,  and 
settled  at  New  Plymouth  :  chosen  military  captain  of  the 
colony,  1621;  awed  the  Indians  by  his  rapid  and  well- 
concerted  measures,  and  ensured  the  success  of  the 
Plymouth  colony ;  died  at  Duxbury,  New  England ;  his 
estate  still  in  the  possession  of  descendants  on  the  north 
side  of  the  bay.  His  daring  exploits  against  the  Indians 
are  celebrated  in  poems  by  Longfellow  and  Lowell. 

[liii.  474] 

STANFIELD,  OLARKSON  (1793-1867),  marine  and 
landscape  painter  ;  son  of  James  Field  Stanfield  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  the  merchant  service,  1808,  and  was  pressed  into 
the  navy,  1812,  but  left  the  sea,  1818 ;  became  scene- 
painter  finally  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  and  painted  a 
drop-scene  for  Dickens ;  R.A.,  1835  ;  painted  « The  Battle 
of  Trafalgar,'  1836  :  settled  at  Hampstead,  1847  ;  styled  the 
English  Vandevelde ;  famous  for  his  cloud-forms. 

[liii.  476] 

STANFIELD,  GEORGE  CLARKSON  (1828-1878), 
painter;  son  of  Clarksou  Stanfield  [q.v.]  ;  exhibited,  1844- 
1876.  [HiL  478] 

STANFIELD,  JAMES  FIELD  (rf.  1824),  actor  and 
author;  wrote  'Observations  on  a  Guinea  Voyage,'  1788, 
and  'The  Guinea  Voyage,'  1785),  against  the  slave  traffic, 
of  which  he  had  had  some  experience  :  had  the  direction 
of  a  theatrical  company  in  the  north  of  England. 

[liii.  478] 

STANFORD,  CHARLES(1823-1886),  divine;  minister 
at  Devizes :  became  president  of  the  London  Baptist  As- 
sociation, 1882  ;  published  Philip  Doddridge,  D.D.,'  1880, 
and  other  memorial  lives.  [liii.  478] 

STANFORD.  STAMFORD,  or  STAT7NFORD,  SIR 
WILLIAM  (1509-1658),  judge ;  of  Oxford  and  (i  ray's  Inn: 
barrister,  1536;  M.P.,  Stafford,  1541,  1545-7;  Newcastle- 
nnder-Lyme,  1547-62 ;  appointed  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1655  ;  knighted,  1555  ;  chief  work,  '  Les  Pices  del  Coron,' 
I860.  [liii.  479] 

STANDEE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1759-1831),  physician; 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  abroad  :  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1783; 
Gresham  professor  of  medicine,  1790  ;  became  physician 
to  Foundling  Hospital,  London,  1792  ;  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested admission  to  the  fellowship  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  ;  published  medical  tracts.  [liii.  479] 

STANHOPE,  LADY,  and  COUNTKSS  OF  CICKSTERFIELD 
<d.  1667).  [See  KIHKUOVKN  or  KKKCKHOVKX,  CVTHK- 

1UNB.] 

STANHOPE,    CHARLES  (1673-1760),  of  Elvaston, 

brother  of    William  Stanhope,  first  earl  of  Harrington 

tq.  T.]:  M.P.,  Milborne  Port,  1717-22,  Aldborough,  1722- 

784,  aud  Harwich,  1734-41 ;  under-secretary  for  southern 

department,    1714-17;    as    secretary   to    the    treasury 


(1720-1),  charged  with  illegitimate  dealing  in  South  Sea 
stock,  but  acquitted ;  treasurer  of  the  chamber,  1722. 

[liv.  40] 

STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  third  EARL  STANHOI-K 
(1763-1816),  politician  and  man  of  science  ;  grandson  of 
James  Stanhope,  first  earl  Stanhope  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton  and  Geneva ;  styled  Lord  Mahon  till  succession  to 
peerage,  1786  ;  F.R.S.,  1772  ;  married  Lady  Hester,  sister  of 
the  second  William  Pitt,  1774  ;  constructed  two  calculating 
machines,  c.  1777  ;  harangued  Gordon  rioters,  1780  ;  elected 
for  Chipping  Wycombe  by  Shelburne's  influence,  1780; 
advocated  cessation  of  American  war  and  parliamentary 
reform,  1781 ;  opposed  coalition  of  Fox  and  North ; 
attacked  Pitt's  proposals  for  sinking  fund,  1786  ;  became 
permanently  estranged  from  Pitt  on  French  revolution 
question ;  chairman  of 'Revolution  Society,'  1788 ;  patented 
steam- vessels,  1790  and  1807  (approved  by  admiralty, 
1795-6);  letters  by  him  against  false  assignats  and  on 
treatment  of  negroes  printed  at  Paris,  1791-2  ;  published 
answer  to  Burke's  speech  on  the  revolution,  1790  ;  moved 
to  acknowledge  French  republic,  1794  ;  introduced  motions 
against  interferences  in  French  affairs,  1794  and  1795 : 
on  defeat  withdrew  from  parliament  till  1800 ;  frequently 
caricatured  by  (Ullray,  1791-1808  :  his  London  hou.se  fired 
by  rioters,  1794;  'Moral  Epistle'  addressed  to  him  by 
Landor,  1795;  issued  pamphlet  against  Irish  union, 
1799 ;  proposed  peace  with  Napoleon,  1800;  his  process  of 
stereotyping  acquired  by  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  1805, 
also  his  iron  hand-press  and  logotypes  ;  carried  Gold  Coin 
and  Banknote  Bill,  1811,  also  motions  for  committees  to 
revise  statutes  and  unify  weights  and  measures,  1816  :  dis- 
inherited all  his  children  ;  invented  a  microscopic  lens  and 
projected  a  canal  from  Holsworthy  to  Bristol  Channel  ; 
published  '  Principles  of  Science  of  Tuning  Instruments 
with  Fixed  Tones,'  1806,  and  '  Principles  of  Electricity,' 
1779.  [liv.  1] 

STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  third  EARL  OP  HAI:HINV.- 
TON*  (1753-1829),  general :  M.P.,  Thetford,  1774-6,  West- 
minster, 1776-9  ;  ensign,  1769  ;  served  in  America,  1770  : 
aide-de-camp  to  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga,  news  of  which  he 
carried  home,  1777  ;  captain,  3rd  foot-guards,  1778  ;  suc- 
ceeded to  peerage,  1779  ;  raised  and  commanded  regiment 
in  Jamaica,  1780-1 ;  colonel  of  1st  life-guards  and  gold 
stick,  1792 ;  privy  councillor,  1798 ;  commander-in-chief 
in  Ireland,  1805-12  ;  governor  of  Windsor,  1812;  special 
envoy  to  Vienna,  1805,  Berlin,  1806;  bearer  of  great 
standard  at  coronation  of  George  IV ;  introduced  new 
sword,  1792.  [liv.  5] 

STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  fourth  EARL  OP  HARRING- 
TON (1780-1851),  styled  Lord  Petersham  till  1829; 
colonel,  1814 ;  a  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1812  and  1820- 
1829  ;  designed  Petersham  overcoat  and  Petersham  snuff- 
mixture,  [liv.  6] 

STANHOPE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1546  ?-1608),  chan- 
cellor of  the  diocese  of  London  ;  son  of  Sir  Michael  Stan- 
hope [q.  v.]  ;  scholar  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (M.A.,  1566,  LL.D.,  1575) ;  incorporated  M.A.  at 
Oxford,  1566 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1572-91 ;  advocate  at 
Doctors'  Commons,  1576;  master  in  chancery,  Ifi77; 
vicar-general  of  Canterbury,  c.  1583 ;  M.P.,  Marlborough, 
1584-5  and  1586-7  ;  member  of  ecclesiastical  commission, 
1587  ;  chancellor  of  London  diocese,  1591-1608 ;  served  on 
Whitgift's  London  commission,  1594,  piracy  inquiry,  1601, 
and  Ralegh's  trial,  1603 ;  knighted,  1603 ;  benefactor  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Hull,  and  other  places ; 
began"'  Lodge  Book '  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

[liv.  7] 

STANHOPE,  EDWARD  (1840-1893),  statesman: 
second  son  of  Philip  Henry  Stanhope,  fifth  earl  Stanhope 
[q.  v.] ;  of  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  fellow  of 
All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1863  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1865;  M.P.,  Mid-Lincolnshire,  1874,  Horucastle  division, 
1885 ;  as  parliamentary  secretary  to  board  of  trade 
largely  responsible  for  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  l«7t>: 
under-secretary  for  India,  1878-80 ;  vice-president  of 
committee  of  council  on  education  with  seat  in  cabinet, 
1885;  president  of  board  of  trade,  1885;  as  colonial 
secretary,  1886,  issued  invitations  for  colonial  confcn-nce 
of  1888;  as  secretary  for  war  (1887-92)  completed  Card- 
well  system,  reorganised  manufacturing  departments, 
established  army  service  corps,  passed  Imperial  Defence 
Act  (1888),  revised  conditions  of  promotion  and  retire- 
ment of  officers  (1889),  adopted  magazine  rifle,  and  ap- 
pointed committee  to  inquire  into  terms  of  service  (1891). 

[liv.  8] 


STANHOPE 


STANHOPE 


STAHHOPE.  CKOHIM:  (1660-1728),  dean  of  Canter- 
bury; elt-i-t.-d  from  Kton  to  King1*  College,  Cam 
M.A.,  l»;x5:   I). p..  ir.'.i?;  i-liupluiu  to  William  and  Mary: 
Boyle  lecturer.  1701  ;  vicnr  of  Deptior.l 
Queen  Anne,  1702  ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1 : 
lecturer  at  St.  Lawrence  .!.  ..  1704-8;  pro- 

locutor of  lower  bouse  of  convocation,  1713,  and  twice 
afterwards  ;  broke  up  meeting.  1718,  to  prevent  reading  of 
'  protestation '  in  favour  of  Houdly :  lost  royal 
chaplaincy,  probably  in  consequence  of  hi*  action  ;  famous 
preacher;  published  translations.  Including  '  Eplctetut,' 
694,  Charrou's  '  Books  o  '  1 007.  Marcus  Aureltun, 


1697,  and  the '  I  mitatio  ChrUtt '  ( •  The  Christian's  Pattern,' 

1698,  ed.  Henry  Morley.  1886) ;  bis  •  Paraphrase  and  Com- 
znent  on  the  Epistles  and  Gospels'  (1706,  1706,  a 

a  favourite  eighteenth-century  book.  [tir.  10] 

STANHOPE,  LADY  HESTER  LUOY  (1776-1K39), 
eccentric :  eldest  daughter  of  Charles  Stanhope  (after- 
wards) third  earl  Stanhope  [q.  v.]  :  housekeeper  and 
trusted  eontldnnt  of  her  uncle,  William  Pitt,  18O3-6  :  re- 
tired to  Wale*  after  death  of  fuvonrite  brother  and  Sir  John 
Moore  atCorunn,  180*  ;  finally  left  England  for  the  Levant, 
1810  ;  made  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  ;  crossed  the  desert, 
and  camped  with  Bedouins  amid  ruins  of  Palmyra,  1813  : 
settled  on  Mount  Lebanon,  IM  1.  luiildiiig  walled  group  of 
bouses;  intrigued  against  British  consuls  ami  iu<-iu*l 
Druses  against  Ibrahim  Pasha:  protected  European* 
after  Navarino,  1827  ;  adopted  Eastern  habit*,  and  prac- 
tised judicial  astrology  ;  visited  at  Djouni  by  Lamartine, 
•gingfaina  and  others  ;  her  conversations  recorded  by  the 
>u  Charles  Lewi?  Meryou  [q.  v.] :  heavily  involved 
in  debt ;  after  appropriation  of  pension  to  creditors  wrote 
letters  to  Palmerstou  and  Queen  Victoriu ;  died  deserted 
and  plundered.  (Uv.  12] 

STANHOPE,  JAMES,  first  EARL  STAXHOPK  (1673- 
1721),  grandson  of  Philip  Stanhope,  first  carl  of  Chester- 
field [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  : 
volunteer  in  Flanders,  1694-5;  received  commission  in 
1st  footgnards  :  colonel,  1702 ;  M.P.,  Newport,  1701,  Cocker- 
mouth,  1702-13  ;  Spanish  Becretary  to  Ormonde  nt  ( ':ul:/. 
1702;  served  under  Marllx>rongh,  1703,  and  in  Portugal, 
1703-4,  and  became  brigadier ;  gave  valuable  assistance  to 
Peterborough  at  Barcelona,  1705 ;  British  minister  In 
Spain,  1700 ;  urged  -on  Archduke  Charles  aggressive 
measures ;  unjustly  blamed  by  Peterborough  for  the  reverse 
at  Almanza,  1707  ;  appointed  commander  of  British  forces 
in  Spain,  1708;  took  Port  Mahon.  1708  ;  received  overtures 
from  Orleans ;  as  manager  of  Sacbeverell's  impeach- 
ment made  able  speech,  1710;  won  cavalry  action  at 
Almenara  and  victory  for  allies  at  Saragossa,  1710; 
surprised  by  VendOme  and  obliged  to  capitulate  at 
Brihuega ;  detained  prisoner  nearly  two  years ;  declined 
Bolingbroke's  offer  to  present  him  to  Louis  XIV ;  a 
leader  of  whig  opposition  ;  M.P.,  Wendover,  1713,  Newport, 
1715 ;  took  leading  part  in  securing  Hanoverian  succession  : 
secretary  of  state  for  southern  department  and  privy 
councillor,  1714  ;  carried  impeachment  of  Ormonde  ;  had 
chief  direction  of  measures  for  suppression  of  Jacobite 
rising,  1715 ;  active  in  passing  of  Septennial  Act,  but 
especially  in  foreign  affairs ;  while  with  George  I  at 
Hanover  arranged  with  Dubois  alliance  with  France  and 
the  Dutch,  1716 ;  unjustly  charged  with  treachery  to 
colleagues  by  Townshend  and  Wai  pole ;  head  of  the 
treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1717  ;  returned 
to  secretaryship,  1718;  created  Viscount  Stanhope  of 
Mabon,  1717,  Earl  Stanhope,  1718:  negotiated  quadruple 
alliance  against  Spain,  and  compelled  her  to  accede  to  it, 
1719 :  saved  Sweden  from  coalition  against  her  by  de- 
spatching fleet  to  the  Baltic,  1719 ;  obtained  repeal  of 
Schism  Act  and  assisted  Suuderland  in  pressing  on  Peerage 
Bill  (rejected  in  Commons),  1718-19 ;  died  after  vehement 
speech  on  South  Sea  question ;  monument  to  him  by 
Kysbrack  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [Hv.  14] 

STANHOPE,  JOHN,  first  BAROX  STAN  HOP*  or 
HARRIXOTOX  (1545?-1621),  third  sou  of  Sir  Michael 
Stanhope  [q.  v.] ;  member  of  council  of  the  north : 
treasurer  of  the  chamber,  1596-1616;  knighted,  1698; 
M.P.,  Preston.  1597,  Northamptonshire,  1601,  Newtown, 
1604  ;  a  commissioner  for  union,  1603,  and  a  peer,  1605  : 
member  of  council  of  Virginia  Company,  1609 ;  signed 
warrant  for  torture  of  Edmoud  Peacham  [q.  v.],  1615. 

[Hv.  191 

STANHOPE,  LEICESTER          FITZGERALD 

CHARLES.fifth  EARL  ov  HARKlxurox  (1784-1862),  third 
sou  of  Charles  Stanhope,  third  earl  of  Harrington  [q.  v.] ; 


•  i.-i    :-.- 
of  a  republic 


recalled 


gave  information  to  Moore  ;  received  Greek  ordrr  of  the 
Redeemer,  1818  :  published  'Greece  in  18S8and  18S 
contribute,!  to  W~  Parry1.  •  Last  Day*  of  Lord 
(Paris  edition)  :  succeeded  to  earldom,  1861. 


entered  army.  1799;  deputy  quartermaster  mimrsl  in 
India,  1817;  C.B.  for  services  In  Mahratta  war.  1818: 
MlOMl,  ;-.,;  .  M  iM  W  M  :••-:••>  ft!  v  •••*  • 
Hastings ;  went  to  Greece  as  agent  of  En 
1828;  met  Byron  in  Cefaloola  and  I 
Mlssolonghl,  where  be  established  a  Greek  newspaper. 

Or«* 
government,  1824;  brought  bome°  Byron's 

r,  1888 :  published*  Greece  in  18S8and  1824,'  II 

"&??£] 

STANHOPE,  SIR  MICHAEL  (</.  IMS),  partisan  of 
Protector  Somerset:  received  from  Henry  VIII  grants 
of  monastic  property  in  Nottinghamshire:  lieutenant  of 
Kingston-upon-H ull,  IMS ;  M.Pn  Nottinghamshire.  1544-7: 
employed  in  connection  with  Scottish  wars;  knighted 
•nan*  flapa*  -'  9auau*(hnt  m  n  ra  itefovmsx 
ship  of  Edward  VI,  e.  1547 ;  keeper  of  Windsor  park  and 
governor  of  Hull,  1&I7  ;  sent  to  Tower  of  London  on 
Somerset'*  fall,  1549  :  reappointod  at  Hull,  1550:  beheaded 
for  conspiring  against  Northumberland.  [Uv.  SI] 

STANHOPE,  PHILIP,  first  EARL  ov  OHMTERFIKLD 
(15S4-1666),  royalUt ;  created  Baron  Stanhope  of  Shd- 
ford,  1616,  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  1628;  raised  regiment  of 
dragoons  for  Charles  I,  1642:  obliged  to  surrender  at 
Lichfleki.  [Uv.  SS] 

STANHOPE.  PHILIP,  second  EARL  OF  CHBTKR- 
KIKI.II  (1638-1713),  grandson  of  Philip  Stanhope,  first 
carl  of  Chesterfield  [q.  v.] ;  said  to  have  declined  Crom- 
well's offer  of  military  command  and  bis  daughter's  band  : 
sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  for  duelling. 


again  on  suspicion  of  plotting  with  royalist*,  1659 ;  killed 
a  man  in  a  duel,  but  was  pardoned  by  Charles  II.  1660 : 
chamberlain  to  Catherine  of  Bragansa,  166S-5  ;  colonel  of 
foot  regiment,  1667-8,  of  Holland  regiment.  1682-4  ;  privy 
councillor,  1681 ;  refused  to  act  as  regent  for  James  II 
afu-r  the  revolution,  but  declined  office  from  William  III ; 
refused  to  abjure  the  Pretender  at  coronation  of  Anne  ; 
friend  of  Charles  Cotton  and  patron  of  Dryden  :  his 
letters  and  autobiographical  fragment  printed,  1885. 

[liv.  28] 

STANHOPE,  PHILIP,  fifth  EARL  OF  CHSBTKRHELD 
(1755-1815),  cousin  and  godson  of  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope, 
fourth  earl  of  Chesterfield  [q.  v.],  who  directed  bis  educa- 
tion ;  pupil  of  Dr.  William  Dodd  [q.  v.],  who  was  banged 
for  forging  his  name  to  a  bond ;  enjoyed  favour  of 
George  III ;  privy  councillor,  1784,  and  (nominal)  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  1784-7 ;  master  of  the  mint,  1789-90, 
joint  postmaster-general,  1790,  master  of  the  horse,  1798- 
1804 :  K.G.,  1806  ;  replaced  old  mansion  of  Bretby  by 
modern  residence.  [Uv.  86] 

STANHOPE,  PHILIP  DORMER,  fourth  EARL  OF 
rii»TKKKiKi.i>  (1694-1773),  statesman,  wit,  and  letter - 
wriu-r  :  grandson  of  Philip  Stanlwpe,  second  earl  of 
Chesterfield  [q.  v.] ;  studied  for  a  year  at  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge  ;  by  influence  of  kinsman,  James  (afterwards 
Earl)  Stanhope  [q.  v.],  named  gentleman  of  bedchamber  to 
Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards  George  II),  and  was  elected 
as  whig  M.P.  for  St.  Germans,  1715,  though  a  minor : 
formed  Intimacy  with  Pope:  cultivated  acquaintance 
oi  Hi  nrU-tta  Howard,  mistress  of  Prince  George,  aad 
incurred  enmity  of  his  wife  Caroline  ;  M.P.,  Lostwithid, 
1722-5 ;  captain  of  gentlemen-pensioners,  1728-5 ;  rejected 
Wulpole'g  offer  of  the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  quarrelled 
witli  him,  1725;  succeeded  to  peerage,  17» ;  privy 
councillor,  1727:  accepted  the  Hague  embassy,  1728; 
formed  intimacy  with  Mile,  du  Boucbct,  mother  (1732) 
of  his  natural  son;  negotiated  marriage  of  Prince  of 
Orange  with  Anne,  princess  royal  of  England;  ~LG. 
and  lord  steward.  1780;  temporarily  reconciled  with 
Walpolc  :  signed  treaty  with  Spain  and  Holland  guaran- 
teeing Pragmatic  Sanction,  1731 ;  retired  from  embassy, 
1732 ;  dismissal  from  lord  stewardship  for  opposition 
to  Excise  Bill,  1733 ;  attacked  ministry  In '  Fog's  Journal,' 

von4d:er3^toSr^Co^a.slo?  wtlsingham),  daughter 
of  the  Ducl>ess  of  Kendal,  1788 ;  threatened  lawsuit  against 
the  crown  to  recover  legacy  bequeathed  by  George  I  to  bis 
wife's  mother,  and  received  20.0UO/.  to  stay  proceedings ; 

^&^%^&Z£ZSJj& 


STANHOPE 


1234 


STANLEY 


frequented  society  of  men  of  letters  in  Paris  ;  contributed 
to  fall  of  Walpole,  but  continued  in  opposition  ;  denounced 
in  parliament  proposal  to  hire  Hanoverian  troops,  fin<l 
attacked  new  ministers  in  the  press  in  letters  signed 
'  Geffery  Broadbottom,'  1743  ;  acknowledged  leader  of 
opposition  in  House  of  Lords  ;  received  legacy  from 
Dowager  duchess  of  Marlborough  in  reward  for  political 
conduct,  1744,  but  entered  Pelham  ministry  on  retire- 
ment of  Garteret.  1744  ;  as  envoy  to  the  Hague  induced 
Holland  to  take  part  in  Austrian  succession  war,  1745  ; 
as  viceroy  in  Ireland.  1746-6,  kept  the  country  quiet  by 
his  tolerant  policy,  and  encouraged  national  industries ; 
as  secretary  for  the  northern  department,  1746-8, 
thwarted  in  his  pacific  policy  by  his  colleague  Newcastle ; 
declined  dukedom  :  '  Apology  for  a  late  Resignation,' 
1748,  inspired  or  partially  written  by  him  :  introduced  bill 
for  reform  of  the  calendar,  1751  ;  in  last  speech  denounced 
subsidy  treaties  with  Prussia  and  Hesse-Cassel,  1755  ;  on 
invitation  of  the  court  overcame  Newcastle's  objections 
to  take  office  with  Pitt,  1767  ;  built  (1749)  Chesterfield 
House,  South  Audley  Street,  London,  and  formed  picture 
galleries  there  and  at  Blackheath  ;  wrote  much  in  the 
'  World,'  and  corresponded  with  Voltaire  and  other  French 
friends ;  elected  to  Academic  des  Inscriptions,  1755 ; 
patronised  men  of  letters  ;  the  prospectus  of  Dr.  Johnson's 
'  Dictionary  '  addressed  to  him,  1747 ;  eulogised  Johnson's 
'  Dictionary  '  in  the  '  World,'  1764 :  bore  no  malice  for 
Dr.  Johnson's  letter  (1756),  rebuking  him  for  neglect,  and 
disclaimed  responsibility  for  alleged  refusal  to  receive 
him ;  maintained  from  1737  an  almost  daily  correspon- 
dence with  his  natural  son,  procuring  his  entrance  into  , 
parliament  and  diplomatic  employment  as  envoy  to  the 
diet  (1763)  and  minister  at  Hamburg  (1756-64)  and  Dres- 
den (1764-8);  addressed  similar  letters  (236  extant)  to  his 
godson  and  heir-presumptive,  1761-70 ;  his  posthumous 
reputation  injured  by  hostility  of  leading  contemporaries ; 
caricatured  as  Sir  John  Chester  in  '  Barnaby  Rudge ' ; 
his  political  insight  proved  by  prophecy  (1753)  of  French 
revolution:  his  immorality  much  exaggerated,  and  his 
worldliuess  tempered  by  real  affection  ;  political  tracts 
and  contributions  to  periodicals  ('  Common  Sense,'  1737-9, 
'  The  World,'  1753-6)  only  publications  authorised  in  his 
lifetime :  his  '  Letters '  to  his  natural  son  published  by 
widow  (Mrs.  Eugenia  Stanhope)  of  the  latter,  1774, '  Sup- 
plement,' 1787,  French  version,  1775,  German,  1774-6; 
'  Miscellaneous  Works '  (including '  Memoirs  of  his  Life ') 
prepared  by  Maty,  and  supplementary  letters,  with  'Cha- 
racters of  Eminent  Personages,'  1777 ;  '  Miscellaneous 
Works '  collected,  1779  ;  bis  '  Letters '  relative  to  the  educa- 
tion of  his  godson  published,  1817.  Collective  editions  of 
letters  and  literary  works  edited  by  Lord  Mabon,  1845-53, 
and  John  Bradshaw,  1892 ;  extracts  from  other  unpub- 
lished letters  in  Ernst's  '  Life  of  Chesterfield  '  (1893). 

[liv.  24] 

STANHOPE,  PHILIP  HENRY,  fifth  EARL  STAN- 
HOPE (1805-1875),  historian ;  grandson  of  Charles  Stan- 
hope, third  earl  Stanhope  [q.  v.] ;  styled  Viscount  Mahou, 
1816-66 ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1827,  hon.  D.O.L., 
1834 ;  conservative  M.P.,  Wootton  Bassett,  1830-2,  Hert- 
ford, 1835-52 ;  under-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1834-5  ; 
president,  Society  of  Arts,  1846-75  ;  procured  passing  of 
bill  amending  copyright  law,  1842 ;  secretary  to  board  of 
control  (India),  1845-6 ;  supported  corn  law  repeal,  1846  ; 
one  of  Peel's  literary  executors ;  examiner  at  Oxford,  1855, 
and  founder  of  prize  for  historical  essay ;  obtained  parlia- 
mentary grant  for  formation  of  National  Portrait  Gallery, 
and  became  chairman  of  trustees,  1857  (opened  at  Great 
George  Street,  Westminster,  1859,  since  thrice  removed) ; 
lord  rector,  Aberdeen,  1858 ;  effected  removal  of  three  state 
services  from  prayer-book,  1859;  created  LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1864;  Historical  Manuscripts  Commission  largely 
doe  to  him,  1869 ;  proposed  parliamentary  grant  for  exca- 
vation of  Troy ;  foreign  associate  of  Institut  de  France, 
1872 ;  chairman  of  copyright  commission,  1875 ;  his  '  His- 
tory of  the  War  of  Succession  in  Spain,  1702-14,'  1832, 
baaed  largely  on  papers  of  first  Earl  Stanhope  ;  published 
'  History  of  England  from  Peace  of  Utrecht  to  Peace  of 
Versailles,  1713-83,'  1838-63,  'Life  of  the  Right  Hon. 
William  Pitt,  with  Extracts  from  his  unpublished  Corre- 
spondence,' etc.,  1861-2  (last  ed.,  1879),  •  History  of  Eng- 
land, comprising  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne  until  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht,'  1870,  and  other  works,  including  '  Life  of 
BeUsarius,'  1829,  •  Spain  under  Charles  II,'  1840,  •  Essai  sur 
la  Vie  du  Grand  Conde,'  1842  (in  English,  1845), '  Memoirs 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel,'  1856-7,  collections  of  essays,  and  '  Notes 
of  Conversations  with  Wellington,'  1888 ;  edited  •  Letters 


of  Philip  Dormer,  Earl  of  Chesterfield '  (1845, 1853), '  Secret 
Correspondence  connected  with  Mr.  Pitt's  return  to  office 
in  1804 '  (1852),  and  other  works.  [liv.  37] 

STANHOPE,  WILLIAM,  first  EAHI.  OK  HARRINGTON 
(16907-1756),  diplomatist  and  statesman;  served  in 
Spain :  colonel  of  dragoons  and  M.P.  for  Derby,  1715 ; 
special  envoy  at  Madrid,  1717-18,  at  Turin,  1718;  as 
volunteer  with  French  army  concerted  attack  on  Spanish 
ships  at  St.  Andero ;  British  ambassador  in  Spain,  1719- 
171'r;  obtained  from  Ripperda  revelation  of  articles  of 
secret  treaty  of  Vienna,  1726 ;  engaged  in  fruitless  nego- 
tiations for  cession  of  Gibraltar ;  his  correspondence  with 
Marquis  de  la  Paz  published,  1726-7 ;  vice-chamberlain 
and  privy  councillor,  1727 ;  plenipotentiary  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  and  Soissons,  1728-30  ;  procured  treaty  of  Seville 
(England,  France,  and  Spain),  1729 ;  created  Baron  Har- 
rington, 1730  ;  secretary  of  state  for  northern  department, 
May  1730-41 ;  supported  George  II's  Hanoverian  policy 
against  the  Walpoles ;  propounded  plan  for  ultimatum  to 
France,  but  was  obliged  to  carry  out  peace  policy  of  Wal- 
pole in  preliminaries  of  1735  ;  negotiated  treaty  for  neu- 
trality of  Hanover  without  knowledge  of  Walpole,  1741  ; 
president  of  the  council,  1741  ;  created  Earl  of  Harring- 
ton, 1742;  a  lord  justice,  1743;  succeeded  Carteret  as 
secretary  of  state,  1744 ;  resigned,  1746,  after  George  IPs 
vain  attempt  to  detach  him  from  the  Pelhams  ;  returned 
with  Pelhams,  but  exchanged  (October)  seals  for  lord- 
lieutenancy  of  Ireland;  his  vice-royalty  (1746-51)  marked 
by  beginning  of  Irish  parliamentary  opposition. 

[liv.  40] 

STANHOPE,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OP  HARRING- 
TON (1719-1779),  known  as  'Peter  Shambles';  son  of 
William  Stanhope,  first  earl  of  Harrington  [q.  v.] ;  dis- 
tinguished at  Fontenoy ;  general,  1770 ;  M.P.  (Viscount 
Petersham),  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1747-56 ;  his  wife  a  beauty 
and  friend  of  Horace  Walpole.  [liv.  44] 

STANIHTTBST,  RICHARD  (1547-1618).   [SeeSTANY- 

HURST.] 

STANLEY,  MRS.  (1796  ?-1861).    [See  FLEMING.] 
STANLEY,  ARTHUR  PENRHYN  (1815-1881),  dean 
of    Westminster;  son    of    Edward  Stanley    (1779-1849) 
[q.  v.]  ;  at  Rugby  under  Arnold  ;  scholar  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  Ireland  scholar  and  Newdegate  prizeman, 
1837;  as  fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford,  gained 
prizes  for  Latin,  English,  and  Ellerton  essays,  1839, 1840  ; 
helped  to  promote  petition  for  relief  of  clergy  from  sub- 
scription   to  damnatory  clauses  of  Athanasian  creed; 
published '  Life  of  Dr.  Arnold,'  1844  ;  opposed  degradation 
of  William  George  Ward  [q.  v.]  and  agitation  against  Dr. 
Hampden  ;  resigned  fellowship,  1850  ;  secretary  of  Oxford 
j  University  commission,  1850-2 ;  canon  of  Canterbury, 
!  1851 ;  travelled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine,  1852-3;  published 
|  '  Memorials  of  Canterbury,'  1854, '  Commentary  on  Epistles 
;  to  the  Corinthians,'  1855, '  Sinai  and  Palestine,'  1856  ;  Ox- 
ford professor  of  ecclesiastical  history,  1856  (installed 
j  canon  of  Christ  Church,  1858);  examining  chaplain  to 
,  (Archbishop)  Tait  ;  published  'Lectures  on  History  of 
the  Eastern  Church,'  1861,  'Lectures  on  History  of  the 
Jewish  Church,'  1863, 1865, 1876  ;  supported  Jowett's  right 
to  salary  as  Greek  professor  and  cause  of  Bishop  Oolenso ; 
defended  'Essays  and  Reviews'  in  'Edinburgh  Review,' 
!  1861 ;  accompanied  Albert  Edward,  prince  of  Wales  on 
eastern  tour,  1862 ;  dean  of  Westminster,  1864-81  ;  his 
views  embodied  in  '  Essays,  chiefly  on  Questions  of  Church 
and  State,  from  1 850  to  1870,'  1870 :  endeavoured  to  attract 
men  of  all  shafles  of  religious  opinion  to  the  abbey ;  issued 
'  Memorials  of    Westminster  Abbey,'   1868  ;    conducted 
Anglican  ceremony  at  marriage  of  Duke  of  Edinburgh  and 
i  Grand  Duchess  Marie  at  St.  Petersburg,  1874.     [liv.  44] 

STANLEY,    CHARLOTTE,    OOONTESS    OF    DERBY 
(1599-1664),  daughter  of  Claude  de  la  Tremoille,  due  de 
Thouars  ;  married  to  James  Stanley,  lord  Strange,  after- 
wards seventh  Earl  of  Derby  [q.  v.],  1626  ;  held  Lathom 
House  against  parliamentarians,  February  to  May,  1644  ; 
afterwards  retired  to  Isle  of  Man  ;  alleged  to  have  perse- 
I  cuted  William  Christian   [q.  v.]  for  surrendering   the 
|  island,  1651.  [U*.  48] 

STANLEY,    EDWARD,   first   BARON    MONTEAQLK 

(1460  ?-1523),  fifth  son  of  Thomas  Stanley,  first  earl  of 

Derby  [q.  v.] ;  sheriff  of  Lancashire,  1485  ;  distinguished 

himself  at  Flodden,  1513,  and  in  French  war ;  K.G.,  1614 ; 

'  created  Baron  Monteagle,  1514  ;  at  Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold, 

i  1520  ;  commenced  religious  foundation  at  Hornby. 


STANLEY 


STANLEY 


STANLEY,     EDWARD,    third     Kuir.     «v    DERBY 
(1608-157-.!):  tl,  Pope  Clement  vn   i,,r 

H.-siry  Vlir*dm.r..v. 

Mitaentin 

suppressing  northern  rebellion*,  1636  and  1ft  t 
1M7  :  privy    c-ouu-illor,    1661,    imder  spwlal  conditions ; 
assessor  at  trial  of  Somerset,  1661 ;  lord-lieutenant  of 
re,  1562  ;  regular  member  ot  privy  council,  1653 ; 
gpeci.il  commissioner  for  trial  of  lady  JaneOrey  ;  helped 
to  try  protestnnto;  retained  M  privy  com 
ElmiU  th  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cheshire  and  Lancashire, 


1569  ;  gave  warning  of  Insurrection  of  1669,  but  regarded 

with  .suspicion  by  government.  [liv.  60] 

STANLEY,  EDWARD  (1779-1849),  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich ;  uncle  of  Kdward  John  Stanley,  second  baron 
Stanley  of  A!  l.-rl.-v  [q.  v.] ;  sixteenth  wrangler  from  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1«02  ;  incumbent  of  Alderley, 
1805-37;  keenly  interested  in  education:  published 
•Familiar  History  of  Bird*,'  1836;  lectured  on  geology; 
advocated  church  reform,  1831 ;  Chairman  of  board  of 
guardians,  1834;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1K37-49;  enforced 
Plurality  and  Non-residence  Act;  appointed  rural  deans;' 
instituted  annual  confirmations ;  supported  whig  mea- 
sures in  House  of  Lords :  advocate  of  admission  of  nou- 
conformiste  to  National  schools,  of  ragged  schools,  and  of 
temperance.  [liv.  62] 

STANLEY,  EDWARD  (1793-1862),  surgeon :  trained 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London  ;  M.R.C.8.,  1814  ; 
Jacksouian  prizeman,  1816 ;  lecturer  on  anatomy,  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's, 1826-48,  surgeon,  1838-61 ;  F.R&,  1830  ;  life 
member  of  council.  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  1832,  pro- 
fessor of  human  anatomy  and  physiology,  1835,  Huuteriau 
orator,  1839,  president,  1848,  1867  ;  surgeon  extraordinary 
to  Queen  Victoria,  1868 ;  president  of  Royal  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Society  ;  published  important  treatises  on 
diseases  of  the  bones,  1849.  [liv.  63] 

STANLEY,  EP WARD  GEORGE  GEOFFREY 
fourteenth  EARL  OK  DKKUY  (1799-1869),  statesman  ;  son 
of  Edward  Smith  Stanley,  thirteenth  earl  of  Derby  [q.  v.1 ; 
of  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  (hon.  D.C.L.,  1862)  ; 
won  chancellor's  Latin  verse  prize,  1819:  whig  M.P., 
Stockbridge,  1820-6,  Preston,  1826-30,  Windsor,  1831-2, 
North  Lancashire,  1832-44  :  under-secretary  for  the 
colonies  under  Ctmning  and  Goderich  ;  as  Irish  secretary 
(1830-3)  under  Earl  Grey  attacked  by  O'Obnnell,  whom 
he  challenged:  prosecuted  O'Oounell  for  breach  of 
Association  Act,  1831  ;  moderate  supporter  of  parlia- 
mentary reform,  pressing  for  concessions  within  the 
cabinet ;  after  defeat  of  ministers  on  Lyndhurst's  amend- 
ment (May  1832)  supported  full  reform  scheme:  intro- 
duced Reform  Bill  for  Ireland,  1832:  instituted  Irish 
board  of  works  ;  introduced  Irish  Education  Act,  1831 : 
passed  measures  making  tithe  composition  in  Ireland 
compulsory,  1832;  carried  Peace  Preservation  Act  and 
Irish  Church  Temporalities  Act,  1833,  though  opposed  by 
Althorp  in  the  cabinet ;  as  colonial  secretary  carried  act 
for  abolition  of  slavery,  1833 :  resigned,  1834,  being  op- 
posed to  appropriation  of  Irish  church  revenues  for 
secular  purposes;  his  independent  party  named  by 
O'Connell  the  'Derby  Dilly';  joined  conservative  op- 
position, 1836;  compelled  whig  government  to  modify 
Irish  disendowment  proposals;  colonial  secretary  undi-r 
Peel,  1841-4 ;  called  up  to  House  of  Lords  as  Lord  Stanley 
of  Bickerstaffe,  1844 ;  resigned  on  Peel's  declaration  in 
favour  of  immediate  free  trade  ;  declined  to  form  protec- 
tionist ministry,  1846,  but  reluctantly  accepted  leader- 
ship of  anti-freetraders:  made  brilliant  speeches  in  parlia- 
ment on  foreign  affairs,  1848-51;  attempted  to  form 
conservative  ministry.  1851 ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1861 : 
formed  protectionist  ministry  (February  1852),  but  fallal 
to  secure  majority  at  general  election  (July),  and  resigned 
(December)  after  defeat  on  the  budget:  on  Aberdeen's 
defeat  (1855)  again  tried  to  form  ministry  ;  attacked 
foreign  policy  of  Palmerstou  ministry,  1866-8 :  during  bis 
second  premiership (18M-9)  settled  the  Orsiui  dispute  with 
France,  the  Cagllari  question  with  Naples,  and  difficulties 
with  America  concerning  the  right  of  search :  introduced 
bill  for  equalisation  of  town  and  country  franchise,  but 
was  beaten  on  clause  disfranchising  forty-shilling  free- 
holders :  dissolved  parliament ;  resigned  on  carrying  of 
Hartiugton's  vote  of  want  of  confidence ;  created  extra 
Jt.G. :  came  to  understanding  with  Palmenton :  prevented 
Kii'-rlSsh  intervention  in  German-Danish  war,  1864  ;  during 
third  administration  (1866-8)  concerted  with  Disraeli 


parliamentary  Reform  Bill  of  1867;  resigned,  February 
1868 :  call*!  •  the  Rupert  of  debate'  by  Lord  Lyttoo  In 


II 
the  'New  Tlmon- 


cotton  famine  largely  doe  to  him  ;  devoted  to 
scholarship  and  sport:  chancellor  of  Oxford  University 


arsip  and 

-:.:•      .•  ...„         ; 

1870  ;  published 
of  the  '  Iliad  ' 


-•        •  :,..,..-!.-  '  .'.         in. 

,  Including  a  version 


(issued  privately,  1869,  published^  1864). 
STANLEY,  BDWARD  HBNRY,  fifteenth  BAM.  or 

!'         -.-.     •       .-.     .       ...-,.;:;.,:. 

George  Geoffrey  Smith  Stanley,  fourteenth  earl  of  Derby 
Fq.  v.];  of  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  184H,  hon.  LL.D.,  186f  (D.O.L.  Oxford,  1863): 


the 


LL.D., 
Apostles'; 


travelled    in    North  America 


•ad  -'••-•  !:>;:.-.  1848,  Jams  i  ,,  !  i,  »oVx  LtM  M, 
Bengal,  1862 flLP.,  King's  Lynn,  184849;  under- 
secretary for  foreign  affairs,  1862  :  declined  Palmerston's 
offer  of  colonial  secretaryship,  18M ;  joined  opposition 
to  Crimean  war;  member  of  commission  on  army  pur- 
chase; colonial  secretary,  and  (after  passing  of  India 
bill)  Indian  secretary  in  second  Derby  niinlktry  (1868-9) ; 
in  cabinet  supported  disfranchising  clauses  of  Reform 
Hill,  member  of  Cambridge  University 
president  Indian  army  and  patent  laws  < 
offered  crown  of  Greece,  1863 ;  made  able  speech 
ing  Grosvenor's  amendment  to  Reform  BUI  of  1866  ;  sug- 
gested as  head  of  a  ministry,  1866;  foreign  secretary 
under  Derby  and  Disraeli,  1866-8;  mediated  between 
France  and  Prussia,  postponing  war  by  his  'collective 
guarantee '  of  Luxemburg,  1867 ;  declined  interference  In 
Crete  and  Italy ;  in  Alabama  case  admitted  principle  of 
arbitration ;  supported  Reform  BUI :  led  opposition  to 
Irish  disestablishment  half-heartedly,  1869;  succeeded  as 
earl,  1869 ;  as  foreign  secretary  (1874-8)  In  Disraeli's  second 
ministry  accepted  with  hesitation  purchase  of  Sues  Canal 
shares  and  Austrian  proposals  for  reforms  in  Turkey,  de- 
manded punishment  of  jwrpetrators  of  Bulgarian  atro- 
cities, and  initiated  Constantinople  conference  on  Turkish 
reform  (1876):  resigned  on  Disraeli's  ordering  of  British 
fleet  to  the  Dardanelles,  1878  (January) ;  resumed  office 
on  countermanding  of  order,  but  again  resigned  on  calling 
out  of  the  reserves  (March) :  opposed  acquisition  of  Cyprus 
and  first  Afghan  war,  1879  ;  left  conservatives,  1880 ;  at 
colonial  secretary  under  Gladstone,  1882  ( December)- 18W, 
resisted  further  annexation  of  tropical  colonies,  concluded 
•  •(invention  of  1884  with  the  Boers,  and  discouraged  Aus- 
tralian federation  ;  K.G.,  1884  :  joined  liberal  unionist*. and 
led  them  in  House  of  Lords,  1886-91  ;  preaided  over  labour 
commission,  1892  ;  chancellor  of  London  University,  1891  - 
1893;  lord  rector  of  Glasgow  University,  1868-71,  Edin- 
burgh University,  1876-80.  [liv.  61] 

STANLEY,  EDWARD  JOHN,  second  BARON  STANLEY 
OF  ALDKRLRY  and  first  HAHON  EDDISBURY  OF  Wot- 
NI.NHTOX  (1802-1869),  statesman;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1826 ;  whig  M.P.,  Hiudon,  1831,  North  Cheshire, 
1832-41  and  1847-8  ;  nuder-secretary  for  colonies,  18S8-4 
home  department,  1834,  foreign  department,  1846-W ; 
paymaster-general,  1841  and  1860 :  privy  councillor  and 
liberal  whip ;  created  Baron  Eddihlmry,  1H4M ;  succeeded 
to  Stanley  barony,  1 850  ;  president  of  board  of  trade,  1 856-3. 

[liv.  G4] 

STANLEY.  EDWARD  FMITH,  thirteenth  EARL  OF 
DKRBY  (1776-1861):  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1795  ;  whig  M.P..  Preston.  1796-1812.  Lancashire,  1812-3S; 
summoned  as  Baron  Stanley  of  Bickerataffe,  1832;  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1834 ;  K.G.,  1839  :  president  of  Linnean 
Society,  1828-33  ;  prudent  of  Zoological  J^ociety  ;  formed 
private  menagerie  at  KM.  •>  Crane'  named 

after  him  :  his  museum  given  to  Liverpool        [liv.  66] 

STANLEY,  FERDINANDO,  fifth  EARL  OF  DERBY 
(1659  ?-1694X  son  of  Henry  Stanley,  fourth  earl  of  Derby 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St  John's  College,  Oxford,  1689 :  at  mayor 
of  Liverpool  raised  troop  of  horse,  1688;  summoned  as 
Baron  Strange,  1589 ;  succeeded  to  earldom  and  sove- 
reignty of  Man,  1593;  panegyrised  by  Spenser,  as 
'  Amyntas,'  Nash,  and  Chapman.  [Hv.  671 

STANLEY,  HANS  (1720T-1780),  politician;  M.P.. 
St  Albans,  1743-7,  Southampton,  1764-80;  a  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  1757-66;  employed  by  Pitt  as  charge  d'affaires 
to  conduct  negotiations  at  Paris,  1761;  failed ;  priry 
councillor,  1762 ;  governor  of  Isle  of  Wight,  1764  ;  cofferer 
of  the  household,  1766-74,  and  from  1776 ;  Sloane  trustee ; 
left  works  in  manuscript:  Ultimate  with  Hdvetins;  com- 
mitted suicide  at  Althorp.  [Hv.  68] 

4x2 


STANLEY 


123G 


STANDARD 


STANLEY.   HENRIETTA  MARIA.  LADY  STAM.KY 
OF  AU>KUI.KY  (1807-1895),  married  Edward  John  Stanley, 
baron  Stanley  of  Alderley  [q.  v.],  1826 ;  rendered 
[  service  to  whig  party  ;  friend  of  Carlyle,  Frederick 
Maurice,  and  Jowett ;  promoter  of  women's  edu- 

[liv.  65] 

STANLEY.  HENRY,  fourth  KAKL  OF  DERBY  (1531- 
1698),  «>n  °f  Edward  Stanley,  third  earl  of  Derby  [q.  v.]  ; 
styled  Lord  Strange  till  succession,  1572;  hostage  in 
Prance,  1550 ;  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to 
Edward  VI,  1647,  to  Philip  of  Spain,  1554  ;  alleged  himself 
to  have  been  employed  by  Somerset  to  exercise  in- 
fluence and  watch  over  Edward  VI ;  married,  1555,  Mar- 
garet Clifford,  granddaughter  of  Mary  Tudor,  sister  of 
Henry  VIII;  summoned  as  Baron  Strange,  1559;  com- 
missioner for  ecclesiastical  causes ;  member  of  council  of 
tin-  north :  K.G.,  1574  ;  privy  councillor,  1585  ;  commis- 
sioner at  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586,  to  treat  with 
Spain,  1588 ;  lord  high  steward,  1589.  [liv.  70] 

STANLEY,  JAMES  (1465  ?-1516),  bishop  of  Ely  ;  son 
of  Thomas  Stanley,  first  earl  of  Derby  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
( >xford,  D.Can.L.,  1506  ;  warden  of  collegiate  church  of 
Manchester,  1485  ;  dean  of  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  London, 
I486:  archdeacon  of  Richmond,  1500;  prebendary  of 
Salisbury,  1505 ;  bishop  of  Ely  by  papal  bull,  1506-15 ; 
took  part  in  foundation  of  St.  John's  and  Christ's  colleges, 
Cambridge  ;  compiled  statutes  for  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  denounced  by  protestants  for  loose  morals. 

[liv.  70] 

STANLEY,  JAMES,  seventh  EARL  OP  DERBY  (1607- 
1651),  'the  Martyr  Earl';  M.P.  (Lord  Strange),  Liver- 
pool, 1625 ;  K.B.,  1626 :  summoned  as  Baron  Strange, 
1628 :  lord-lieutenant  of  North  Wales  ;  encouraged  minor 
authors  and  actors  ;  attended  Charles  I  at  York,  1639-40  ; 
said  to  have  mustered  sixty  thousand  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  royalists  ;  attempted  to  recover  Manchester  for 
Charles  I,  1642 ;  seized  magazines ;  impeached  and  out- 
lawed by  parliament ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1642 ;  twice 
defeated  near  Warrington ;  took  Preston,  1643  ;  repulsed 
Breretou  at  Warrington,  but  was  defeated  at  Whalley, 
1643 ;  with  Rupert  in  the  north,  1644,  leading  the  assault 
at  Bolton ;  after  Marston  Moor,  1644,  withdrew  to  Man, 
rejecting  terms,  for  six  years ;  landed  in  Lancashire,  1651, 
and  saw  Charles  II,  but  failed  to  gain  over  presbyterians  ; 
routed  at  Wigan  by  Robert  Lilburne  [q.  v.] ;  after 
Worcester  (3  Sept.  1661)  conducted  Charles  II  to  Boscobel ; 
captured,  condemned  as  traitor  by  court-martial,  and 
executed  ;  his  '  Discourse  concerning  Government  of  Isle 
«f  Man'  printed  in  Peck's  •  Desiderata  Curiosa,'  1732. 

[liv.  71] 

STANLEY,  SIR  JOHN  (1350  ?-1414),  founder  of  house 
of  Stanley ;  acquired  Knowsley  and  Lathom  by  marriage 
with  Isabel  Latham,  c.  1385  ;  deputy  for  De  Vere  in  Ire- 
land, 1386,  lieutenant,  1389-91 ;  held  posts  on  Welsh  and 
Scottish  borders;  regranted  Irish  office  by  Henry  IV, 
1399  ;  superseded,  1401  ;  steward  of  Prince  Henry's  house- 
hold from  1403;  K.G.,  1405;  granted  the  Isle  of  Man, 
1406 ;  died  Henry  V'a  lieutenant  in  Ireland.  [liv.  76] 

STANLEY,  JOHN  (1714-1786),  musician;  acci- 
dentally blinded  in  childhood ;  organist  of  All  Hallows, 
Bread  Street,  London,  at  eleven  ;  organist  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Holborn,  London,  1726-86,  and  Inner  Temple, 
1734-86  ;  Mus.Bac.  Oxford,  1730  ;  played  organ  concertos 
•  at  Vaaxhall ;  led  subscription  concerts  with  violin  ;  in- 
vented apparatus  for  teaching  music  to  the  blind;  his 
oratorio  4  Jephthah '  performed,  1757;  carried  on  Co  vent 
Garden  Lent  oratorios  with  John  Christopher  Smith 
lq.  T.],  1780-74,  and  afterwards  with  Thomas  Linley  the 
elder  [q.  v.]  ;  composed  '  Zirnri,'  1760, '  Arcadia '  (dramatic 
pastoral),  1762,  •  Fall  of  Egypt,'  1774  ;  led  George  Ill's  band, 
1788;  set  Warton'a  birthday  ode,  1786;  published  twelve 
cantatas,  organ  voluntaries,  and  concertos.  [liv.  74] 

STANLEY,  MONTAGUE  (1809-1844),  actor  and 
landscape-painter ;  played  at  York  under  name  of  Manby, 
1824,  at  Edinburgh  In  his  own  name,  1826-38,  visitine 
Dublin,  1830,  London,  1882-3;  left  the  stage,  1838; 
A.R&A.,  1839.  [liv.  753 

STANLEY,  THOMAS  (1406  ?-1459),  first  BARON 
STANLEY  ;  son  of  Sir  John  Stanley  [q.  v.] ;  lieutenant- 
Kovernor  of  Ireland,  1431-7:  M.P.,  Lancashire,  1446-55; 
comptroller  of  the  household,  c.  1447 ;  lord  cliamberlain 
*nd  privy  councillor,  c.  1466 ;  K.Q. ;  created  peer,  1466. 

[liv.  76] 


STANLEY,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OK  DKRBY  (1435  ?- 
1604),  succeeded  his  father,  Thomas  Stanley,  as  second 
Baron  Stanley,  1459;  married  Eleanor  Neville  before 
1J60;  with  Henry  VI  at  Northampton  (146U),  hut  made 
chief-justice  of  Chester  and  Flint  by  Edward  IV,  1461  ; 
again  Lancastrian  on  restoration  of  Henry  VI,  1470  ; 
privy  councillor  and  lord  steward  after  Warwick's  defeat, 
1471 ;  held  commands  in  France,  1475,  and  Scotland,  1482  ; 
married,  c.  1482,  Margaret  Beaufort,  countess  of  Richmond ; 
imprisoned  for  support  of  Edward  V,  1483,  but  continued 
in  offices  by  Ricliard  III,  and  named  K.G.  and  constable 
of  England ;  took  up  neutral  position  at  Bosworth  (1485), 
but  crowned  the  victor  ;  created  by  Henry  VII  Earl  of 
Derby,  1485,  and  continued  in  all  his  offices.  [liv.  75] 

STANLEY,  THOMAS  (d.  1570),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man ;  second  son  of  Edward  Stanley,  first  baron  Mont- 
eagle  [q.  v.]  ;  appointed  bishop,  1530,  deprived,  1545,  re- 
stored, 1556  ;  his  metrical  chronicle  of  Stanleys  of  Latbom 
in  Halli well's  «  Palatine  Anthology '  (1850).  [liv.  50] 

STANLEY,  THOMAS  (1625-1678),  classical  scholar  ; 
descendant  of  Edward  Stanley,  third  earl  of  Derby  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1641 ;  travelled ;  finan- 
cially assisted  Sir  Edward  Sherburne  [q.  v.],  John  Hall 
(1627-1656)  [q.  v.],  and  James  Shirley  [q.  v.] ;  intimate 
with  William  Hammond  [q.  v.],  and  with  Lovelace  (his 
cousin) ;  published  poems  and  translations,  1647-51,  in- 
cluding versions  of  Tasso,  Petrarch,  and  Lope  de  Vega, 
and  of  Greek  and  late  Latin  poets  ;  his  Latin  and  Greek 
translations  edited  by  Brydges,  1814-15;  his  version  of 
Anacreon  reprinted,  1893;  published  also  'History  of 
Philosophy '  (4  vols.),  1655,  1656,  1660,  1662  (mainly  bio- 
graphical), long  a  standard  work  ;  his  edition  of  2Eschylus 
(1663)republished,  1745,  revised  by  Richard  Porson  [q.  v.] 
1795  and  1806,  and  by  Samuel  Butler  (1774-1839)  [q.  v.], 
1809-16,  criticised  by  Charles  James  Blomfield  [q.  v.]  ; 
his  manuscript  notes  on  classical  authors  in  Cambridge 
University  Library  ;  at  the  time  of  the  Bentley-Boyle  con- 
troversy Bentley  was  accused  of  using  without  acknow- 
ledgment his  comments  on  Callimachus.  [liv.  78] 

STANLEY,  VENETIA  (1600-1633).  [See  DIGBY, 
VEXETIA,  LADY.] 

STANLEY,  Sin  WILLIAM  (d.  1495),  lord  chamber- 
lain to  Henry  VII ;  brother  of  Thomas  Stanley,  first  earl 
of  Derby  [q.  v.] ;  made  chamberlain  of  Chester  by 
Edward  IV,  1461 ;  rewarded  further  after  Hex  ham  and 
Towton ;  made  justiciar  of  North  Wales  and  granted 
estates  in  Derbyshire  by  Richard  III ;  was  denounced  as 
traitor  by  his  nephew,  Lord  Strange,  and  outlawed: 
joined  Richmond  at  end  of  battle  of  Bosworth,  deciding 
the  day  by  bringing  three  thousand  men  into  action  : 
K.G.  and  lord  chamberlain,  1485  ;  beheaded  as  accomplice 
of  Warbeck.  [ny.  81] 

STANLEY,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1548-1630),  adventurer  ; 
of  Hooton ;  volunteer  under  Alva,  1567-70  ;  served  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  Ireland,  1570-85 ;  knighted,  1579  ;  took  part  in 
hunting  down  of  Desmond  and  Fitzgerald  of  Imokelly  and 
reduction  of  Munster,  1583 ;  sheriff  of  Cork  and  tempo- 
rary governor  of  Munster,  1584 ;  wounded  hi  expedition 
against  Ulstermen,  1584-5 ;  raised  men  in  Ireland  for 
service  in  Netherlands,  but  meditated  treachery,  1585-6  : 
distinguished  at  Zutphen,  1586  ;  English  governor  of 
Deventer,  betraying  it  to  Spanish,  1587;  pensioned  by 
Spain ;  advised  invasion  of  England  from  Ireland ;  re- 
turned to  Netherlands  to  act  with  Armada,  1588  ;  with 
Spanish  hi  France,  1596-7,  in  Netherlands,  1598-1603 ; 
negotiated  with  English  government  for  pardon ;  Spanish 
governor  of  Mechlin  ;  died  at  Ghent.  [liv.  82] 

STANLEY,  WILLIAM  (1647-1731),  dean  of  St. 
Asaph ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1666 ;  fellow 
of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  1669;  master, 
1693-8;  M.A.,  1670;  created  D.D.  1694;  chaplain  to 
Princess  of  Orange,  1685 ;  clerk  of  the  closet  and  canon 
of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1689 ;  archdeacon  of  London,  1692 ; 
dean  of  St  Asaph,  1706-31 ;  the  Stentor  of  the  *  Tatler ' ; 
defrayed  cost  of  act  relieving  relicts  of  Welsh  clergy  from 
mortuary  fees:  works  include  '  Faith  and  Practice  of  a. 
Church  of  England-Man,'  1688.  [liv.  84] 

STANNARD,  ALFRED  (1806-1889),  landscape- 
painter  ;  brother  of  Joseph  Stannard  [q.  v.]  [liv.  85] 

STANNARD,  JOSEPH  (1797-1830),  painter;  ex- 
hibited with  Norwich  Society,  1811-16,  at  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution,  1820-9.  [liv.  85] 


STANNUS 


TJ37 


8TAPLETON 


8TANNUB,  Sin  KI'HHAIM  GERHISH  (17*4-1850), 
nmjnr-ip-ncral;  tnxign,  Bombay  nriny.  IKoti;  promoted 
major  for  service*  iu  Pimluri  war,  1818;  private secretary 
to  Mountst  imrt  KlphiiiHtom-  Heuteijant-c<>lonel,»th  native 
infantry,  1M22  ;  (  MJ..  is?;j:  HrM  British  resident  in  I'.-r- 
>ian  (iulf,  1823-6:  lieu  tenant-governor  of  But  India 
College,  Addiscombe,  1834-50;  knighted,  1887;  major- 
general,  1838.  [liv.  86] 

STAN8FELD,  SIR  JAMBS  (1820-1898X  politician ; 
edneatedat  University  College,  London  ;  B.A.,  1H  t 
1844;  barrier,  Mkklle  Temple,  1849;  Intimate  with 
Maulni;  liberal  M.I',  for  Halifax,  1859-95;  advocated 
cause  of  Italian  unity;  junior  lord  of  admiralty,  1868; 
charged  with  being  In  correspondence  with  conspirators 
against  Napoleon  HI,  and  though  hit  explanation  was 
nvaniul  by  1'almenton  as  satisfactory  realgned  office, 
1864  ;  under-secretary  of  state  for  India,  IBM ;  third  lord 
of  treasury,  1868 ;  privy  councillor,  1869  ;  financial  secre- 
tory to  treasury,  1869  ;  president  of  poor  law  board.  lh7l  : 
president  of  local  government  board,  1871-4 ;  G.< 

[Bappl.  ill.  362] 

8TANWLX,  JOHN  (1690  7-176G).  lu-uu-nant-general; 
entered  army,  1706:  lieutenantroolonel,  1746;  M 
lisle,  1746,  Appleby,  1761 ;  governor  of  Carlisle,  1762  ;  of 
Isle  of  Wight,  1763;  colonel-commandant  of  royal 
Americans  (king's  royal  rifle  oorpsX  1766;  in  Pemii-yl- 
vunia,  1767-60;  built  Fort  Stanwlx,  1768;  lieut.  naut- 
general,  1761  ;  lost  in  Irish  Channel.  [l,v.  86] 

8TANWIX,  RICHARD  (1608-1656),  illviw  :  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1632;  fdlow;  B.D.,  1G39;  in- 
corporated  at  Cambridge,  1640  ;  chaplain  to  lord  keepers 
Coventry  and  Finch;  published  a  devotional  work,  1652. 

[liv.  87] 

8TANYAN,  ABRAHAM  (1669?-1732),  diplomatist: 
student,  Middle  Temple,  1690;  while  envoy  (1705-9)  to 
Swiss  cantons  co-operated  with  Dutch  envoy  in  obtaining 
for  king  of  Prussia  succtvsiun  to  Neufcbatel :  undertook 
secret  mission  to  Piedmont,  1710;  negotiated  with  em- 
peror Charles  Viand  Duke  of  Savoy,  1712  ;  M.I'.,  Bucking- 
ham, 1716  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  empeior  Charles  VI, 
1716-17 ;  ambassador  extraordinary  at  Constantinople, 
1719-20;  clerk  in  privy  seal  office:  member  of  Kit-Cat 
Club,  but  friend  of  Pope ;  published  '  Account  of  Switzer- 
land,' 1714.  [liv.  87] 

STANYAN,  TEMPLE  (</.  1762),  author  of  'Grecian 
History,'  1739  (translated  by  Diderot,  1743);  brother  of 
Abraham  Stauyan  [q.  v.] :  of  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  under-secretary  of  state,  1716-19 ; 
clerk  to  privy  council,  1719.  [liv.  88] 

BTANYHURST,  JAMES  («f.  1873X  speaker  of  tlic 
Irish  House  of  Commons ;  speaker,  1567,  1660,  1568 ;  re- 
corder of  Dublin  :  secured  passing  of  statute  of  uni- 
formity, 1500;  proposed  system  of  national  education, 
1570;  friend  of  Edmuud  Campion  [q.  v.]  ami  Sir  Henry 
Sidney  [q.  v.]  [liv.  89] 

STANYHURST,  RICHARD  (1547-1618),  translator 
of  Virgil :  son  of  James  Stauyhurst  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Univer- 
sity College,  Oxford,  1568 ;  student  at  FuruivaH's  Inn  and 
Lincoln's  Inn;  published  Latin  commentaries  on  Por- 
phyry, 1670;  contributed  'Description  of  Ireland'  and 
•History  of  Ireland'  to  Holinshed's  'Chronicles,'  1677: 
became  a  Romanist  abroad,  c.  1680  ;  his  grotesque  trans- 
lation into  English  heroics  of  the  first  four  books  of  the 
'.dSneidV  with  some  original  poems  and  epitaphs,  printed 
at  Leyden,  1582  (reprinted  by  Arber,  1880),  and  London, 
1583  ;  praised  as  a  disciple  by  Gabriel  Harvey  [q.  v.],  but 
ridiculed  by  Nash  and  Bishop  Hall ;  issued  at  Antwerp 
•  De  rebus  in  Hibernia  gestis,'  1684,  and  a  Latin  life  of 
St.  Patrick,  1587  :  plotted  with  Roman  catholic  exiles  in 
Flanders  ;  advised  Spanish  court,  1590-5  ;  named  chaplain 
to  governor  of  the  Netherlands,  c.  1602 :  wrote  devotional 
works;  corresponded  with  Archbishop  Ussher  (lib 
nephew)  and  replied  (1615)  to  his  attack  on  the  pope; 
died  at  Brussels.  [Uv.  88] 

SPANYHTTRST,  WILLIAM  (1602-1663).  jesnlt  and 
religious  writer  ;  ton  of  Richard  Stauyhurst  [q.  T.] 

[liv.  91] 

8TAPELDON,  WALTER  DE  (1261-1336X  bishop  of 
Exeter ;  professor  of  canon  law,  Oxford  ;  chaplain  to  Pope 
Clement  V  ;  precentor  of  Exeter ;  bishop  of  Exeter.  1307- 
1326 ;  accumulated  material,  awl  contributed  largely  to  re- 
building of  cathedral  ;  undertook  missions  U>  France,  1306, 


1313,sndlS19:  Joined  lords  ordalners,  1310;  with  bis  bro- 
..  led  Btapeidon  UaU  (afterwards  Bxeter  CoU«Mk 
uxford,  1314  :  appointed  to  hold  parliament  In  KdwardllC 
«nce,  1314;  lord  high  treasurer.  13M ;  tried  to  mediate 
between  Edward  II  and  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  1321 ; 
forced  to  flee  from  Gascony  as  a  favourite  of  Bdward  11, 
UN;  rod  '•••'  '  •  -  '  •'•'•  ••  •••  •  '••••'•  *1M  •"' 


[Uv.  M] 
(1490'MMOtX 


STAPLES  «,r  STAPLE.  EDWARD 
t,  uop  -:  Itafthj  ••!.•  M  ti  '••:•  ri  tad 
M.A  ,  1614,  D.D.,  1626  :  canon  of  Cardinal  Coilegc  (Chris* 
ChurchX  Oxford,  1525  ;  chaplain  to 
of  8U  Hartbolomew's  Hospital,  11*8  ;  bUbop  of  Heath  by 
provision,  1630  ;  compelled  to  flee  to  England  by  Kitdar/s 
1634  ;  with  George  Browne  (c/.  1556)  [q.  v.) 
Queen  Mary 


•I  Irish  reformation;  deprived  by 
on  account  of  bis  marriage 


[Uv.  tt] 


STAPLETON,  AUGUSTUS  GRAKYILLB  (1800- 

1880X  author  of  '  Political  Life  of  George  Canning.  182J- 

II,  and  'George  Canning  and  his  Time,'  18H; 

B.A.  St.  John's    Coilegc,  Cambridge,  18SS;  Canning1* 

i  I  .-...'.       •     :  •  '   .  •  .          •     •   •  ••:  .•:  '     :       .     .-., 

tributed  political  n-niiiiiMi-iMM  to  ' Macnullan's  Maga- 
zine ' ;  published  political  pamphlets.  [Uv.  M] 

STAPLETON,  BRIAN  UK  (1W1  T-1394Xof  WighUl. 
knight;  brother  of  Miles  de  Stapleton  (d.  1364)  [q.  v.]; 
rent  to  help  the  Black  Prince  in  Aquitalne,  1369:  icrved 
imd.T  William  de  Montacute,  woond  earl  of  Salisbury 
rq.  v.] ;  captain  and  warden  of  Calais,  1380,  of  Gtrisnes 
Ca*tle,  1381-3;  K.G.,  138J :  gave  evidence  in  - 
Grosveuor  case ;  hero  of  several  legends.  [U1 

STAPLETON,  GREGORY  (1748-1802).  Roman 
catholic  prelate;  procurator  of  EnglUh  College,  Douay, 
1773-85  ;  president  of  English  College,  St.  Omer,  1787  ; 
imprisoned  by  revolutionist*  at  Dourlens :  president  of 
•  luuind's  College,  Hertfordshire,  1795-1800;  bishop 
of  Hierociesami  and  vicar-apostolic  of  Midlands,  1800-2  ; 
died  at  St.  Omer.  [Uv.  M] 

STAPLETON,  MILES  OK  (</.  1314), baron:  connected 
by  marriage  with  elder  line  of  Bruce* ;  served  Edwanl  I  in 
Scotland  and  Gascon y  ;  director  ot  hoti-ehold  of  Edward, 
prince  of  Wales ;  steward  of  Edwanl  IPs  household. 
1307-8 :  adherent  of  Thomas  of  Lancaster ;  thrice  sum- 
moned to  parliament,  1313:  his  chapel  of  St.  Nicholas  in 
North  Moretou  Church  still  standing ;  shun  at  Bannock- 
burn,  [liv.  9«] 

STAPLETON,  MILES  M:  (./.  13G4),  of  Bedalc  and  Ing- 
ham  :  grandson  of  Miles  de  Stapkton  (./.  l:U4)  [q.  v.] : 
In  early  life  called  'of  Cothennone ' :  distinguished  in 
French  wars  ;  an  original  K.G. :  envoy  of  Edward  III  to 
Pli'lip  of  Navarre,  135H;  negotiated  at  BreUguy.  1360: 
rewarded  with  annuity,  1361 :  supported  John  de  Mout- 
foit  in  Brittany;  died  probably  of  wounds  received  at 
An  ray  ;  parts  of  his  church  at  Injfham  existing. 

[Hv.  91} 

STAPLETON.  Sin  MILES,  first  baronet  (If. 
nephew  of  Sir  Robert  Stapleton  [q.  v.]  ;  created  baronet, 
•   16t»2;  charged  with  complicity  iu  plot  of  Sir  Thomas 
'  Gascoigne  [q.  v.],  1680 ;  acquitted,  1681.          [liv.  101] 

STAPLETON  or  8TAPILTON,  Siu  PHILIP  (16O3- 
1647),  parliamentarian  ;  fellow-commoner.  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1017;  knighted,  163O;  M.P.,  Uorough- 
M  Ix.iig  purl. am.  nt:  with  Hampden  attended 
Charles  1  in  Scotland,  1G41  ;  parliameuUry  commissioner 
in  Yorkshire,  1642 :  commander  of  Essex's  boilyguurd  and 
colonel  of  horse,  1642  ;  did  good  service  at  Bdgehill,  1642, 
Chalgrove  Field,  1643,  and  first  battle  of  Newbury.  1641 ; 
sviit  by  Essex  to  represent  state  of  western  army  to  nar- 
liument,  1643 ;  member  of  committee  of  safety,  1642,  of 
committee  of  both  kingdoms.  1644  ;  opposed  self-denying 
onlinauoe  and  planned  accusation  of  Cromwell:  Im- 
peached with  the  eleven  members  by  the  army,  1647; 
escaped  to  Calais,  and  died  there.  [  It  v.  «t] 

STAPLETON  or  8TAPYLTON,  SIR  ROB! 
1669X  dramatist  and  translator ;  Benedictine  of  Donay, 
1626;  became  protestant;  knighted,  1642;  accompanied 
Charles  I  to  Oxford  after  Edgehill ;  created  D.C 
gentleman  usher  to  privy  chamber,  1660 :  pubhrlicd  four 
plays  (three  acted),  some  verse*,  and  translations.  In- 
cluding •  Pliny's  Pauegyricke,'  1644,  and  MOMTO*,  1645. 

[liv.  100] 


STAPLETON 


1238 


STAVELEY 


STAPLETON,  THEOBALD  (fl.  1636),  Irish  priest ; 
author  of  'Catcrhismus  sou  Doc-trina  Christ iuna  l.utiim- 
HilK.Tnu-11  <.l«i3u»  Brussels),  first  Irish  book  in  Itoinuu 


type. 


[liv.  1U1] 


STAPLETON  THOMAS  (1535-1598),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist ;  of  Winchester  College  and  New  College, 
Oxford  fellow,  1553);  B.A.,  1556  ;  prebendary  of  Chicl,- 
ter  1558  deprived  for  Romanism,  1563  ;  D.D.  and  public 
professor  of  divinity,  Douay,  1671 ;  canon  of  St.  Amatus, 
Douay;  professor  of  holy  scripture  and  canon  of  Louvain, 
1590 ;  dean  of  Hilvereubeeck  ;  named  prothonotarj- apos- 
tolic '  1587,  but  never  went  to  Rome.  His  works  (collected, 
1620)  include  controversial  treatises  against  Jewel  and 
other  protestants,  a  translation  of  Bede's  •  History  of  the 
Church  of  England,'  1565,  '  Trea  Thomas '  (St.  Thomas, 
Becket  and  More),  1588,  and  a  metrical  autobiography  in 
Latin.  tliv-  1011 

STAPLETON,  THOMAS  (1805-1849),  antiquary; 
vice-president  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1846;  F.R.S.;  pub- 
lished, '  Magni  Rotuli  Scaccarii  NonnanniaB  sub  Regibus 
\uglise,'  1841-4  ;  edited  works  for  Oamdeu  Society. 

[liv.  104] 

8TAPLEY,  ANTHONY  (1590-1655),  regicide  ;  M.P., 
New  Shoreham,  1624-5,  Lewes,  1628,  Sussex,  1640, 1653-4 ; 
colonel  and  governor  of  Ohichester,  1642-5  ;  signed  death- 
warrant  of  Charles  I ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1649- 
1653;  vice-admiral  of  Sussex,  1650;  member  of  interim 
council  and  of  supreme  assembly,  1653.  [liv.  104] 

STAPLEY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1628-1701), 
second  son  of  Anthony  Stapley  [q.  v.]  :  M.P.,  Sussex, 
1654,  1656,  Lewes,  1661;  plotted  with  John  Hewit  or 
Hewett(  1614-1658)  [q.  v.]  and  others  to  restore  Charles  II, 
165r-8 ;  created  baronet,  1660.  [liv.  105] 

STARK,  ADAM  (1784-1867),  antiquary;  published 
histories  of  Gainsborough  (1817),  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln 
( 1852),  and  printing  ( 1855).  [liv.  106] 

STARK,  JAMES  (1794-1859),  landscape-painter; 
elected  to  Norwich  Society  of  Artists,  1812;  exhibited  in 
London,  1814-18,  and  after  1830;  student  at  Royal 
Academy,  1817 ;  awarded  premium  by  British  Institution, 
1818;  bis  'Scenery  of  Rivers  of  Norfolk'  completed, 
1834 ;  his  works  exhibited  at  Norwich,  1887.  [liv.  106] 

STARK,  WILLIAM  (1740-1770),  physician;  studied 
at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh;  under  John  Hunter  (1728- 
1793)  [q.  v.]  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London;  M.D. 
Leyden,  1766 :  made  experiments  on  diet,  dying  from 
effects ;  his  '  Works '  edited,  1788.  [liv.  107] 

8TARKE,  MARIANA  (1762  ?-1838),  pioneer  of  guide- 
books ('Travels  in  Europe,'  &c.);  published  also  plays 
and  other  works ;  died  at  Milan.  [liv.  107] 

8TARKEY,  GEOFFREY  (/.  1440).  [See  GEOFFREY 
THE  GRAMMARIAN.] 

STARKEY,  GEORGE  (d.  1665),  empiric  ;  born  in  the 
Bermudas ;  M.A.  Harvard,  1646 ;  claimed  medical  degree ; 
practised  in  English  settlements  in  America,  and  met  the 
mysterious  '  Kirenaeus  Philalethes '  [q.  v.] ;  proceeded  to 
England  between  1646  and  1650;  sold  quack  medicines, 
1650-66;  published  medical  tracts,  a  royalist  pamphlet, 
*  Liquor  Alcbahest,'  1676,  and  prefaces  to  '  The  Marrow 
of  Alchemy  by  Eirenseus  Philoponus  Philalethes,'  1654  ; 
often  confused  with  last  named  [see  EIRKN.KUS  PHILA- 
LKTHE8] ;  died  after  dissecting  plague  patient,  [liv.  107] 

STARKEY,  SIR  HUMPHREY  (d.  1486),  chief-baron 
of  the  exchequer  ;  of  the  Inner  Temple  ;  counsel  for  John 
Paston  [q.  v.],  1464,  1466;  serjeant-at-law,  1478;  chief- 
baron,  1483-6 ;  knighted :  judge  of  common  pleas  under 
Richard  III  and  Henry  VII.  [liv.  108] 

STARKEY,  RALPH  (d.  1628),  transcriber  and  col- 
lector of  state  papers  and  manuscripts ;  confidential 
papers  of  William  Davison  (1541  ?-1608)  [q.  v.]  seized  by 
government  in  his  house,  1619  ;  his  papers  now  in  the 
Harleian  collection,  British  Museum.  [liv.  109] 

STARKEY,  THOMAS  (1499  7-1538),  author  of  •  Ex- 
hortation to  Christian  Unity'  (or  'Treatise  against 
Papal  Supremacy ')  and  '  Dialogue  between  Pole  and 
Lupaet'  (ed.  J.  M.  Cowper,  1871);  M.A.  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1621,  fellow,  1522-4 :  incumbent  of  Great 
Mongeham,  1530;  LL.D.  while  with  Reginald  Pole  in 
Italy ;  chaplain  to  Henry  VIII  and  Countess  of  Salisbury, 


1534  ;  suggested  (1633)  reference  to  a  general  council  of 
the  divorce  question  :  master  of  college  of  Corpus  (Jhristi, 
London,  1536  ;  his  letters  edited  by  S.  J.  Herrtage,  1878. 

[liv.  109] 

STARKIE,  THOMAS  (1782-1849),  legal  writer  ;  senior 
wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman,  1803  ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  1806  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1810  ; 
K.C.  at  Lancaster  ;  Q.O.  ;  member  of  commission  on 
amendment  of  the  law  ;  Downing  professor  of  law,  Cam- 
bridge, 1823-49  ;  judge  of  Clerkenwell  county  court,  1847-9; 
wrote  on  the  'law  of  evidence,'  1824.  [liv.  110] 

STARLEY,  JAMES  (1831-1881),  machinist  ;  brought 
out  'European'  sewing  machine,  1857;  patented  'Ariel' 
and  other  improved  bicycles;   brought  out  'Coventry 
tricycle,  1876;  his  masterpiece  the  'Salvo'  quadricycle. 

[liv.  Ill] 

STATHAM,  NICHOLAS  (A  1467),  author  of  '  Epitome 
Annalium  Librorum  temp.  Henrici  Sexti'  (Pyusou 
[1495  ?])  ;  reader,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1471.  [liv.  112] 

STATTNFORD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1509-1558).  [See 
STANFORD.] 

STATTNION,  EDMUND 
Corpus  Ohristt  College,  Oxford 
College,  Oxford,  1615,  fellow,  1617  ;  M.A.,  1623,  D.D.,  1634  ; 
incumbent  of  Bushey,  and  of  Kingston-oii-Tbames  ;  mem 
ber  of  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  and  preacher 
in  the  abbey,  1643  ;  president  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1648  ;  ejected,  1660  ;  preached  in  conventicles, 
1662-71  ;  Saltere'  Hall  built  for  him  ;  published  puritan 
tracts.  [liv.  112] 

STATTNTON,  FRANCIS  FRENCH  (1779  ?-1825), 
lieutenant-colonel;  ensign,  Bombay  army,  1798;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1823  ;  served  in  Mysore  war,  and  (1801) 
Egypt  ;  repulsed  peshwa's  army  at  Korigaum,  1817  ; 
C.B.  ;  died  at  sea.  [liv.  113] 

STATTNTON,  Sm  GEORGE  LEONARD  (1737-1801), 
diplomatist;  M.D.  Montpellier,  1758;  friend  of  Dr.  John- 
son, 1759-62,  and  of  Burke  later  ;  practised  in  West  Indies, 
1762-70  ;  in  Grenada,  1772-9  ;  sometime  attorney-general  ; 
active  in  defence  of  Grenada,  1779  ;  while  secretary  to 
Lord  Macartney  at  Madras  undertook  mission  to  Warren 
Hastings,  1782,  and  negotiated  treaty  with  Tippu  Sultan, 
1784;  pensioned  by  East  India  Company  and  created 
Irish  baronet,  1785  ;  F.R.S.,  1787  ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1790  ;  secretary  to  Macartney's  embassy  to  China,  1792; 
published  an  account,  1797  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 


(1600-1671),    president    of 
;  scholar  of  Corpus  Ohristi 


[liv.  113] 
(1781-1859), 


STATTNTON,  SIR  GEORGE  THOMAS 
writer  on  China  ;  son  of  Sir  George  Leonard  Stauuton 
[q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Macartney's  Chinese  embassy,  1792  ; 
at  Canton,  1798  to  1817  ;  interpreter,  1808  ;  chief  of  factory, 
1816-17  ;  introduced  vaccination  into  China,  1805  ;  mem- 
ber of  abortive  embassy  to  Pekin,  1816  ;  M.P.,St.  Michael's, 
1818-26,  Heytesbury,  1830-1,  Portsmouth,  1838-52;  co- 
founder  of  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  1823  ;  F.R.S.,  1803: 
hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1818  ;  works  include  '  Fundamental 
Laws,'  1810  (first  Chinese  book  Englished),  and  bio- 
graphical memoirs.  [liv.  114] 

STATTNTON,    HERVBY   DE  (ef.  1327),   judge  ;   held 

j  livings  in  Norfolk  ;  went  to  Rome,  1300  ;  justice  itinerant 

I  in  Cornwall,  1302,  Durham,  1303;  judge  of  common  pleas, 

|   1306  ;   chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1316-23  and  1324-6  ; 

I  chief-justice  of  king's    bench.  1323-4,  of  common  pleas, 

1326-7;     adherent    of    Edward  II;    his    foundation    of 

Michael  House,  Cambridge,  absorbed  hi  Trinity  College. 

[liv.  116] 

STATTNTON,  HOWARD  (1810-1874),  chess-player 
and  editor  of  Shakespeare  ;  reputed  son  of  fifth  Earl  of 
Carlisle  ;  defeated  chess  champion  of  Europe  (St.  Amant), 
1843,  Horwitz  and  Harrwitz,  1846  ;  beaten  in  interna- 
tional tournament,  1851,  and  by  Baron  von  Heydebraud, 
1852;  edited  'Chess-Player's  Chronicle,'  1840-54;  pub- 
lished '  Chess-  Player's  Handbook,"  1847;  his  'Chess: 
Theory  and  Practice,'  edited  by  R.  B.  Wormald,  1876; 
issued  his  edition  of  Shakespeare,  1857-60  (reissue!,  18G4)  ; 
'  Great  Schools  of  England,'  1865  ;  wrote  articles  on  '  Un- 
suspected Corruptions  of  Shakespeare's  Text  '  for  '  Athe- 
namrn,'  1872-4.  [liv.  116] 

STAVELEY,  SIR  CHARLES  WILLIAM  DUNBAR 
(1817-1896),  general  ;  son  of  William  Staveley  (1784-1854) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Scottish  military  academy  ;  entered 


STAVELEY 


STEELiE 


army,  1H3S  ;  aide-de-camp  to  governor  of  Mauritius.  1840- 
1843,  to  governor-general    British  North  Arncrir  t 

Military  secretary,  Hoii'.'k  aide-de- 

camp to  Duke  of  Cambridge  at  Alma  and  Balaclava, 
1854 ;  O.B.  for  services  with  Byre's  brigade,  1  - 
brigade  in  Peking  expedition,  1880 :  defeated  Taeplng* 
and  recommended  Gordon  for  command  of  Chinese  force*. 
1862 ;  major-general,  1867 ;  led  first divUion  in  Abyt»lnlan 
campaign,  1867-8;  Commander-in-chief  at  Bombay,  1874- 
1878  ;  general,  1877  ;  G.C.U  [liv.  117] 

STAVELEY,  THOMAS  (1626-1684),  author  of  'Tbo 
Romish  Horseleech,'  1674,  and  posthumous  historical 
works ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1664 ;  steward  of  Lei- 
cester court  of  record*,  1672  ;  his  Leicester  collections 
printed  by  Nichols,  [liv.  118] 

STAVELEY,  WILLIAM  (1784-1854),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  pervert  with  Caithness  legion,  1798-1804  :  entered 
staff  corps,  1804 ;  on  quartermaster-general'*  staff 
throughout  Peninsular  war ;  guided  stormer*  at  Ciudad 
Rodrigo  :  on  headquarters  staff  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  sent 
to  communicate  with  Blucher;  brevet  lieutenant-colonel 
and  O.B.,  1816  :  wounded  at  Paris  while  directing  carry- 
ing out  of  convention :  acting  governor  of  Mauritius, 
1842;  major-general,  1846:  held  command  at  Homr- 
kong,  1847-50,  Bombay,  1851-2  ;  commauJer-iu- chief  at 
Madras,  1853-4.  [liy.  119] 

8TAWELL  or  BTOWELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1599-1662), 
royalist:  gentleman-commoner,  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 
1616:  M.P.,  Somerset,  1625,  in  Long  parliament,  and 
1661-2:  K.B.,  1625;  sheriff  of  Somerset,  1628;  raised 
five  regiments  for  Charles  I ;  governor  of  Tauuton  :  M.A. 
and  M.D.  Oxford,  1643  :  advocated  association  of  western 
counties  under  Prince  Charles,  1645  :  captured  at  Exeter, 
1646;  imprisoned,  1646-60,  and  fined;  bis  son  created 
Baron  Stawell,  1683.  [liv.  120] 

8TAWELL,  SIR  WILLIAM  FOSTER  (1815-1889), 
first  chief-justice  of  Victoria:  B.A.Dublin.  1837,  LL.D., 
1874  ;  Irish  barrister,  1839 ;  admitted  to  Melbourne  bar, 
1842;  advocated  separation  of  Port  Phillip  from  New 
South  Wales ;  first  attorney-general  of  Victoria,  1851-5, 
drafting  early  laws  and  preparing  Coustitut  on  Act,  1864- 
1855 ;  member  for  Melbourne  and  attorney-general,  1855- 
1857;  chief-justice,  1857-86;  knighted,  1858:  lieutenant- 
governor,  1887-9 ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888 ;  died  at  Naples. 

[liv.  121] 

STAYLEY,  GEORGE  (1727-1779  ?),  actor  and  play- 
wright ;  played  in  Dublin,  1752-66,  and  at  the  Oanongate 
Music  Hall,  Edinburgh,  1766 :  a  riot  caused  by  bis  not 
being  re-engaged  at  Edinburgh,  1767;  published  'Life 
and  Opinions  of  an  Ac-tor,'  1762.  [liv.  121] 

STAYLEY,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1678).    [See  STALKY.] 

STAYNER,  SIR  RICHARD  (</.  1662),  admiral ;  com- 
manded the  Foresight  in  actions  o.T  Portland  (February), 
and  the  Gabbard  (June),  and  in  battle  of  29-31  July,  1653 ; 
captured  great  part  of  Spanish  West  Indian  treasure  fleet 
off  Cadiz,  1656 ;  knighte.l  for  services  in  Blake's  destruc- 
tion of  Spanish  ships  at  Santa  Cruz,  1667  :  rear-admiral 
of  the  fleet  which  brought  Charles  II  to  England,  1660  ; 
again  knighted;  died 'at  Lisbon,  vice-admiral  of  Medi- 
terranean fleet  [liv.  122] 

STEARNE.    [See  STERN  and  STKRNE.] 

STEBBING.  HENRY  (1687-1763),  divine;  M.A.  St. 
Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1712,  D.D.,  1730,  fellow,  1710- 
1713 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1738 ;  preacher  at  Gray's 
Inn,  1731 :  chaplain  to  George  II,  1732 :  chancellor  of 
Sarum,  1739;  rector  of  Redenhall,  1748-63;  attacked 
Warburton's '  Divine  Legation  ' ;  wrote  against  Benjamin 
Hoadly  and  George  Whitefield  [q.  v.]  [liv.  123] 

STEBBING,  HENRY  (1716-1787),  son  of  Henry 
Stebbing  (1687-1763)  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  St.  Catharine  Hall, 
Cambridge;  preacher  at  Cray's  Inn,  1760-87. 

[liv.  124] 

STEBBING,  HENRY  (1799-1883),  divine  and  author ; 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1827 ;  D.D..   1839 ; 
incorporated  at  Oxford,  1857  :  F.H.S..  1845  ;  acting  editor 
of  the  'Athenaeum'  almost  from  its  beginning,  1828; 
chaplain  to  University  College  Hospital,  1834-7 
of  St.  Mary  Somerset,  London,  1857.  with  p;ir <-h.-  a  Id.-l  to 
it,  1866  and  1879  :  published  a  continuation  to  1837  of  Hume 
and  Smollett's '  History,' '  Lives  of  the  Italian  poi •: 
reissued,  1832,  I860),  and  other  works.  [liv.  124] 


8TEDMAN.  <  HAHI.Ks  ,i7M  1811),aothor  of  'HU- 
tory  of  toe  Origin,  Progmi.  and  T*rminatk» 
American 

a  and  Mary  College,  Virginia  TeoouniMary  wtth 
Sir  William  Howe's  troops  daring  American  war:  twice 
wounded  and  twice  captured ;  received  pott  in  English 
stamp  office,  1W.  [llr.!*] 

8TEDMAH.  JOHN   ANDREW  (1778-18J1).  general 
to  the  Dutch  army  ;  served  against 
English,  17W  and  18W;  general  ol 
army  at  Dresden  and  Bautzen,  1813:  commanded  Dutch 
reserves  at  Waterloo.  [liv.  1M] 

8TEDKA1C,  JOHN  OABRIBL  (1744-1797),  soldier 
and  author;  born  In  Holland  :  served  In  9coU  brigade  In 
Dutch  army,  1760-72  and  1777-85 ;  volunteer  In  expedi- 
tion against  revolted  negroe*  lu  Surinam,  1772-7;  major 
in  Hriti-h  army  (Soots  brigade).  1793,  lieutenant-colonel, 
1796  :  published  narrative  of  the  Surinam  expedition  (with 
platen  by  Bartolozzl  and  Blake),  1796  (2nd  ed.,  1806). 

[liv.  126] 

8TEDMAH,  ROWLAND  (1630  ?-167IXnoneonf< 
divine;  scholar  of   Balliol  Oollw.  mfonl.   1649: 
1656;  rector  of  Hanwell,   1657,  of  Woklngbam,  1680; 
ejected,  1662 ;  published  devotional  work*.       [liv.  It8] 

STEEL,  SIR  SOUDAMORB  WINDS  (1789-186*). 
lieutenant-general :  lieutenant,  Madras  army,  1806 :  (erred 
in  Mahratta  war,  1817-18,  and  first  Burmese  war,  18ft ; 
military  secretary  at  Madras.  1832-45 ;  planned  and 
execute  1  reduction  of  Coorg,  1834  ;  C.U.,  1838  ;  commanded 
Madras  division  in  second  Burmese  war,  1852-3:  K.O.B., 
1853  :  lieutenant-general,  1861.  [liv.  128] 

8TEELE,  ANNE  ( 1717-1778), hymn-writer :  published 
as  Theodosia  '  Poems  on  Subject*  chiefly  devotional,' 
1760  (reissued,  178)));  complete  works  issued  by  Daniel 
Sedgwlck  [q.  v.],  1863.  [liv.  128] 

8TEELE.  CH  IUSTOPHER(/f.  1756),  portrait-painter ; 
known  as  'Count  Steelc' ;  friend  of  Romney.  [liv.  129] 

8TEELE.  JOSHUA  (1700-1791),  author  of  <Bsaay 
towards  establishini;  tl..-  M--!«>lv  an  1  Measure  of  Speech.. . 
by  certain  Symbols'  1775  (-Piwodia  Rationalis,'  1779): 
member  of  Society  of  Arts,  1766 ;  lived  on  estates  in 
Barbados  from  1780;  vstahlMiol  Bridgetown  Society  of 
Arts,  1781  ;  made  his  negroes  copyholders,  1789. 

[liv.  129] 

STEELE  or  STEEL,  RICHARD  (1629-1692),  noncon- 
formist divine :  sizar,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1642:  incorporated  M.A.  at  Oxford,  1656;  rector  of 


Haumer,  1650-62  ;  ordainer  of  Philip  Henry  [q.  v.],  1667, 

•V  [q.  V.], 

author  of  'The  Tradesman's  Calling,7  1684  ('Religious 


and  Matthew  Henry  [q.  v.],  1687;  rest 


ienry 
gned  1. 

•      ?  .     _   . 


living,  1662  ; 


Tradesman ' ). 


[liv.  129] 


STEELE.  SIR  RICHARD  (1672-1729).  author  and 
politician :  born  at  Dublin  a  few  weeks  before  Addison, 
his  schoolfellow  at  Charterhouse,  London  :  postmaster. 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1691-4  :  cadet  in  life-guards, 
1694  ;  dedicated  mourning  verses  on  Queen  Mary  to  John, 
baron  Cutte  [q.  v.]  ;  became  his  secretary,  1696-7 :  received 
commission  :  published  •  The  Christian  Hero,'  1701 :  his 
comedy,  '  The  Funeral,'  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1701  (published  same  year),  noticed  by  William  III:  captain 
of  foot,  1702;  hi*  'Lying  Lover'  given  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1703 (published,  1704), and'  The  Tender  Husband,' 
partly  by  Addison,  1703  (printed):  gentleman  waiter  to 
Prince  George  of  Denmark,  1706:  named  gazetteer  by 
ll.iri.-v.  1707  ;  married  cecretly  Miss  Mary  Scurlock  (second 
wife),  1707  ;  bis  letters  to  her  presented  to  British  Mumim, 
1787  ;  began  the  'Taller,'  April  1709  ;  carried  it  on  with 
help  of  Addison  till  January  1711,  writing  himself  M 
'Isaac  Bickerstaff '  188  numbers  out  of  271  ;  commis- 
sioner of  stamp*,  1710 ;  lost  gazetu-ersbip  for  satirising 
Harley.  1710;  with  Addisou  carried  on  the  •  Spectator? 
1711-12,  writing  236  papers  and  sketching  the  Spectator 
Club  (No.  2);  carried  on  the  'Guardian'  as  non-political 
till  attacked  by  the  tory  •  Ex  am' nor,'  1713  ;  reigned  office 
and  penwion  and  was  elected  M  P.  for  Ptockbridirt,  1713  ; 
attacked  government  on  demolition  of  Dunkirk  question : 
i  the  whig  •  Englishman,'  October  171 3- February 
1714 :  issued  '  The  Crisis '  in  favour  of  Hanoverian  succes- 
sion, January  1714,  answered  br  Swift's  'Public  Spirit  of 
the  Whigs' :  expelled  House  of  Commons  for  seditious  libel 
(March);  published  'Poetical  Miscellanies,'  1714,  and 


STEELE 


1240 


STEPHEN 


further  political  pamphlets:  on  accession  of  George  I 
named  J  P.,  deputy-lieutenant  for  Middlesex,  surveyor  of 
Hampton  Court  stables,  and  supervisor  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  London  ;  issued  '  The  Ladies'  Library '  and  '  Mr. 
Steele's  Apology,'  1714:  M.P.,  Horouphbridtre,  1715,  \\Yn- 
dorer,  1722 ;  knighted,  1715  ;  established  the  *  Censoriutn ' 
in  ViHiers  Street,  London,  1715 :  commissioner  for  Scottish 
forfeited  estates,  1716 ;  his  denunciation  in  the  '  Plebeian ' 
(1718)  of  Sunderland's  Peerage  Bill  answered  by  Addison 
in  the  'Old  Whig,'  causing  quarrel  and  withdrawal  of 
Drury  Lane  patent,  1720  (restored,  1721) ;  issued  '  The 
Theatre  *  and  pamphlets  against  South  Sea  mania,  1720  ; 
published  second  edition  of  Addison's  'Drummer,'  with 
reply  to  Tickell's  charges,  1721:  his  last  comedy,  'The 
Conscious  Lovers,'  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1722. 

[Hv.  130] 

STEELE,  THOMAS  (1788-1848),  O'Connell's  'head 
pacificator ' :  B.A.  Dublin,  1810 ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1820  ; 
raised  money  for  and  joined  rising  against  Ferdinand  VII 
of  Spain,  1823-4;  though  protestaut,  O'OomieU's  chief 
supporter  in  Clare  election,  1828;  at  second  election 
fought  duel  with  William  Smith  O'Brien  [q.  v.]  ;  tried 
with  O'Connell,  1843 ;  supported  him  against  Young  Ire- 
landers  ;  attempted  suicide  after  his  death ;  wrote  on 
Shannon  navigation, and  published  (1824)  'Notes  of  the 
War  in  Spain.'  [liv.  137] 

STEELE,  Sm  THOMAS  MONTAGUE  (1820-1890), 
general;  ensign,  1838;  aide-de-camp  to  governor  of 
Madras,  1842-8;  military  secretary  in  Crimea,  1854-5; 
brevet  colonel  and  C.B.,1854  ;  general,  1877  ;  commander- 
in-chief  in  Ireland,  1880-5;  G.C.B.,  1887.  [liv.  138] 

STEELE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1680),  lord  chancellor  of  Ire- 
land ;  of  Cains  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn, 
1637 ;  commissioner  for  martial  law,  1644 ;  recorder  of 
London,  1649;  M.P.,  London,  1654;  disabled  by  illness 
from  taking  part  in  trial  of  Charles  I ;  prosecuted 
royalists,  1649  ;  member  of  committee  to  reform  the  law, 
1652  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1654  ;  chief-baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1655 ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1656 ;  proclaimed 
Richard,  but  quarrelled  with  Henry  Cromwell ;  commis- 
sioner to  govern  Ireland  for  Long  parliament,  1659  ;  went 
to  Holland,  1660,  but  returned  unmolested,  [liv.  138] 

8TEELL,  GOURLAY  (1819-1894),  animal-painter  ; 
studied  under  Sir  William  Allan  [q.  v.]  and  Robert  Scott 
Lander  [q.  v.]  ;  first  exhibited  at  Scottish  Academy,  1832 ; 
RJ3.A.,  1859  ;  animal- painter  to  Queen  Victoria  for  Scot- 
land, 1872 ;  curator  of  Scottish  National  Gallery,  1882. 

[liv.  139] 

STEELL,  Sm  JOHN  (1804-1891),  sculptor ;  brother 
of  Gourlay  Steell  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Trustees'  Academy, 
Edinburgh,  and  in  Rome ;  modelled  '  Alexander  taming 
Bucephalus,'  1833  ;  executed  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  for 
Royal  Institution,  of  Scott,  Wellington,  and  others  at 
Edinburgh,  Lord  Dalhousie  (Calcutta),  Burns  ( New  York) ; 
knighted  on  inauguration  of  Scottish  memorial  to  Prince 
Albert,  1876 ;  modelled  numerous  busts ;  R.S.A.,  1829 ; 
sculptor  to  Queen  Victoria  for  Scotland,  1838  ;  introduced 
artistic  bronze  casting  into  Scotland.  [liv.  140] 

STEERE,  EDWARD  (1828-1882),  missionary  bishop; 
B.A.  London,  1847,  LL.D.,  1850 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1850;  rector  of  Little  Steeping,  1859-73;  accompanied 
Bishop  William  George  Tozer  to  the  Shire,  East  Africa, 
1862  ;  had  temporary  cliarge  of  Zanzibar  mission,  1866-8  ; 
addressed  church  congress  on  slave  trade,  1871 ;  bishop  of 
Outral  Africa,  1874-82  ;  penetrated  into  Nyassa  district, 
75-6,  and  founded  Masai  station  :  preached  in  England, 
1877;  D.D.  Oxford,  1877;  opened  Zanzibar  Cathedral 
1879 ;  visited  England,  1882  ;  published  books  on  English 
brotherhoods  (1856),  persecutions  of  the  church  (1859), 
the  Central  African  mission,  and  East  African  dialects 
'  Handbook  of  Swahili '  (1870),  and  '  Swahili  Tales '  (1871) ; 
died  at  Zanzibar.  [liv.  141] 

8TEEVENS.    [See  also  STBPHKN'S  and  STEVKXS.] 

STEEVENS,  CHARLES  (1705-1761),  rear-admiral; 
lieutenant,  1729  ;  commanded  flreship  at  attack  on  Car- 
thagena,  1741 ;  assisted  in  capture  of  Magnanime,  1748; 
took  remforoemente  to  East  Indies,  1767  ;  second  in  com- 
mand under  Pocock  in  actions  in  April  and  August,  1758. 
and  10  Sept.  1759 ;  wounded  and  promoted  rear-admiral  • 
co-operated  withCoote  in  capture  of  Pondicherry,  1761. 

[liv.  143] 


STEEVENS,  GEORGE  (1736-1800),  commentator  on 
Shakespeare :  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge : 
issued  reprints  of  twenty  quarto  editions  of  Shakespeare's 
plays,  1766  ;  at  Dr.  Johnson's  suggestion  published  another 
fully  annotated  edition,  1773,  reissued,  1778 ;  attacked  by 
Joseph  Ritson  [q.  v.]  and  others ;  contributed  to  Reed's 
'  Biographia  Dnnmtiea '  (1782);  assisted  Dr.  Johnson  in 
'  Lives  of  the  Poets ' ;  contributed  anecdotes  to  Hawkins's 
edition  of  Dr.  Johnson's  works,  1787  ;  member  of  '  The 
Club,'  1774,  and  Essex  Head  Club,  1783  ;  F.S.A.  and  F.R.S.. 
1767;  constantly  quarrelled  with  literary  associates; 
attacked  the  Rowley  poems  and  the  supporters  of  their 
genuineness ;  satirise!  literary  crazes;  forged  letter  of 
George  Peele  describing  meeting  with  Shakespeare:  issued 
his  edition  of  Shakespeare  (without  poems)  to  displace 
Maloue's,  1793;  called  by  Giffonl  'the  Puck  of  Com- 
mentators ' ;  assailed  the  Irelands,  writing  inscription 
for  Gillray's  caricature,  1795-7  ;  joint-editor  with  Bishop 
Percy  of  Surrey's  poems,  1795  ;  left  Hogarth  prints  to 
William  Windhain,  and  Shakespeares  to  Earl  Spencer  and 
Isaac  Reed  [q.  v.]  ;  his  unpublished  notes  embodied  by 
Reed  in  new  Shakespeare,  1803  ('  first  variorum ') :  his 
librarys  old,  1800  ;  his  second  folio  Shakespeare  bought  for 
George  III,  now  in  British  Museum.  [liv.  144] 

STEEVENS,  GEORGE  WARRINGTON  (1869-1900), 
journalist ;  educated  at  City  of  London  school ;  B.A.  Ox- 
ford and  London,  1892 ;  fellow  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford,  1893  ;  edited  '  Cambridge  Observer,'  1893  ;  on  staff 
of  '  Pall  Mall  Gazette,'  1893-5  ;  joined  staff  of  '  Daily  Mail,' 
1896 ;  special  correspondent  successively  in  United  States, 
Greece,  Germany,  Egypt  and  Soudan,  India,  Rennes  (for 
trial  of  Captain  Alfred  Dreyfus),  and  South  Africa  ;  died 
of  enteric  fever  at  Ladysmith  during  the  siege.  His  pub- 
lications include  '  Monologues  of  the  Dead,'  1895,  and 
several  volumes  of  articles  reprinted  from  the  'Daily 
Mail.'  [Suppl.  iii.  354] 

STEEVENS,  RICHARD  (1653-1710),  chief  founder 
of  Steevens's  hospital,  Dublin  ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1675,  M.D.T 
1687  ;  took  deacon's  orders ;  president,  Irish  College  of 
Physicians,  1710.  [liv.  148J 

STENHOTJSE,  JOHN  (1809-1880),  chemist:  studied 
chemistry  at  Glasgow  and  Giessen  ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen, 
1850;  chemical  lecturer  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
London,  1851-7;  assayer  to  the  mint,  1865-70;  F.R.S., 
1848  ;  a  founder  of  Chemical  Society  ;  invented  charcoal 
air-filters  and  respirators :  took  out  many  patents ;  dis- 
covered betorciuol ;  published  chemical  papers. 

[liv.  149] 

STENHOTJSE.  WILLIAM  (1773  ?-l 827),  Scottish 
antiquary  ;  edited  Johnson's '  Musical  Museum '  (reprinted, 
1839).  [liv.  149] 

STENNETT,  JOSEPH  (1663-1713),  seventh-day 
baptist ;  Sunday  lecturer,  Paul's  Alley,  Barbican,  London  ; 
eight  of  his  hymns  still  in  use ;  works  collected,  1732,  but 
some  not  included.  [liv.  150] 

STENNETT,  JOSEPH  (1692-1758),  baptist  minister  ; 
son  of  Joseph  Stennett  (1663-1713)  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D. 

[liv.  150] 

STENNETT,  SAMUEL  (1728-1795),  baptist  minister  : 
minister  at  Little  Wild  Street,  London,  1758-95 ;  son  of 
Joseph  Stennett  (1692-1758)  [q.  v.] ;  D.D.  Aberdeen,  1763  ; 
works  collected,  1824.  [liv.  150] 

STEPHANOFF,  FRANCIS  PHILIP  (1790?-1860), 
historical  and  genre  painter :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy 
and  British  Institution,  1807-45,  with  '  Old'  Water-colour 
Society,  1815-20;  gained  prize  at  Westminster  Hall  com- 
petition, 1843.  [liv.  150) 

STEPHANOFF,  JAMES  (1788  ?-1874),  vatercolour- 
painter;  brother  of  Francis  Philip  Stephanotf  [q.  v.]; 
associate  'Old'  Water-colour  Society,  1819;  historical 
painter  in  water-colours  to  William  IV,  1830;  a  founder 
of  Sketching  Society.  [liv.  151] 

STEPHEN  (1097?-1154),  king  of  England;  son  of 
Stephen  Henry,  count  of  Blois,  and  Adela  [q.  v.].  daughter 
of  William  I ;  brought  up  by  Henry  I ;  knighted  and 
granted  lands  in  England  and  county  of  Mortain : 
acquired  Alencon,  1118;  constantly  with  Henry  I  after 
death  of  his  sou  William :  swore  first  of  lay  barons  to 
acknowledge  Empress  Matilda  [q.  v.]  as  heir  to  England 
and  Normandy,  1126,  also  her  son,  1133  ;  claimed  Knplish 
crown,  1135  ;  chosen  king  by  London  ;  crowned  at  West- 
minster, 1135;  issued  charter ;  acknowledged  in  Nor- 
mandy ;  recognised  by  Pope  Innocent  II,  despite  Matilda's 


STEPHEN 


1*41 


STEPHENS 


appeal,  1136;  bought  off  David  I  of  Scotland:  inmed 
w-cond  .-li.irt.-r,  1136,  promising  to  surrender  lands 
arr<.r.--t.-i  by  H.-nry  I  ;  crushed  barons  at  Norwich,  Bam  p- 
ton,  and  Kx.-t.-r  ;  made  truce  with  Geoffrey  of  An  jou,  1137  ; 
drove  back  Scots,  1138;  alienated  barons  by  favouring 
foreigners  and  extravagance:  took  Shrewsbury,  11S8; 
took  Leeds  Cn-tl<-  <  Kmt )  and  made  treaty  with  Scotland, 
but  failed  it-fort-  Ludlow.  1139  ;  arrested  Bishop  Roger  of 
'  *  iry  [q.  v.]  and  his  son  and  nephew ;  crashed  revolt 


of  Isle  of  Ely  and  took  BangayOuUe,  1140 ;  defeated  and 
captured,  after  gallant  fight  at  Lincoln  by  Robert  ear)  of 
Gloucester  [q.  v.],  1141  ;  imprisoned  at  Bristol  and  de- 
posed by  church  council,  but  soon  released  in  exchange 
for  Gloucester,  and  again  crowned,  1141 ;  first  English 
king  who  allowed  tournaments;  took  Oxford  and 
blockaded  Matilda  In  the  castle.  11 42;  routed  n.-. 
1143 ;  failed  elsewhere,  bat  was  successful  against  Glou- 
cester in  the  west  1144  ;  defeated  barons  in  Norfolk  and 
Essex,  1146 ;  regained  Bedford,  built  Crowmarsh,  and 
compelled  Randulf  of  Chester  to  surrender  Lincoln,  1146 : 
reduced  earls  of  Chester  and  Pembroke,  1149;  failed  before 
Worcester  Castle,  1160-1 ;  at  fend  with  the  papacy.  1147- 
1161,  causing  interdict  1148 :  failed  to  obtain  papal  sanc- 
tion for  coronation  of  his  son  Eustace,  1162  :  made  trace 
with  Henry  of  Aujou  at  Crowmarsh :  concluded  treaty  of 
Wallingford,  11 53,  obtaining  crown  for  life,  but  giving  op 
succession;  lost  his  only  surviving  son,  1164;  burial  in 
Feversham  Abbey  (his  foundation).  [liv.  151] 

STEPHEN,  usually  known  as  STKPHKX  or  WHITBY 
(d.  1112),  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  York  ;  prior  of  Whiti-y  : 
removed  house  to  Lastingham,  finally  to  York  ;  visited  by 
William  II :  his  account  of  the  foundation  in  Dngdale's 
'  Mouasticou.'  [Uv.  156] 

STEPHEN,  SAINT  (</.  1 134).    [See  HARDING.] 

STEPHEN  UK  Torus  or  DK  MARZAI  (J.  1193), 
seneschal  of  An  jou  ;  royal  chamberlain ;  when  seneschal 
of  Anjou  fired  LeMaus  to  defend  it  from  the  French  king, 
Philip  Augustus ;  imprisoned  by  Richard  I  on  his  acces- 
sion, but  subsequently  continued  in  authority ;  his  death 
foretold  by  a  wizard.  He  has  been  wrongly  identified  with 
Stephen  de  Turuhain  [q.  v.]  [IviL  370] 

STEPHEN  DE  TURNHAM  («/.  1215).    [See  TURN  HAM.] 
STEPHEN  DE  LKXINTOX  (ft.  1260).    [See  LKXIXTON.] 

STEPHEN  OF  EXETKR  {ft.  1265X  supposed  author  of 
'A unalesDomus  Montis  Feruandi'  (Armagh  MS.) 

[liv.  157] 

STEPHEN  DE  GRAVESKXD  (d.  1338).     [See  GRAVBS- 

END.] 

STEPHEN  LANGTON  (</.  1228).    [See  LAXGTOX.] 

STEPHEN.  SIR  ALFRED  (1802-1894),  chief- justice  of 
New  South  Wales ;  nephew  of  James  Stephen  (1758-1832) 
[q.  v.];  born  in  St  Christopher's:  barrister,  Lincoln'* 
Inn,  1823;  as  solicitor-general  (1825-32)  and  attorney - 
Frencral  (1833-7)  organised  courts  and  passed  numerous 
statutes  in  Van  Diemen's.  Land  i  chief -justice,  New  South 
Wales,  1844-73 ;  lieutenant-governor,  1876-91  ;  president 
of  first  legislative  council,  1856-7;  knighted,  1846  :  C.B., 
1*'._>:  i;.c '.M.d.,  1884;  privy  councillor,  1893;  president 
of  colonial  commission  for  revising  statute  law,  1870 ; 
obtained  consolidation  of  criminal  law,  1883 ;  carriol 
divorce  law,  1890;  died  at  Sydney:  his  'Jottings  from 
Memory'  privately  printed,  1889.  [liv.  157] 

STEPHEN,  EDWARD  (1822-1888).  Welsh  musician 
('Tanymarian');  Independent  minister:  self-taught 
musician ;  composed  '  Ystorm  Tiberias,'  first  Welsh  ora- 
torio, 1851-2  .(revised  score,  1887);  edited  Welsh  inde- 
pendent hymnals,  1860, 1868, 1879.  [liv.  168] 

STEPHEN,  SIR  GEORGE  (1794-1879),  lawyer  and 
author  :  fourth  son  of  James  Stephen  (1768-1832)  [q.  v.]  : 
solicitor;  formed  plan  for 'Agency  Committee*  of  Anti- 
Slavery  Society;  solicitor  under  act  for  relieving  im- 
prisoned pauper  debtors  ;  knighted,  1837  ;  barrister,  Gray's 
Inn,  1849 ;  emigrated  to  Melbourne,  1866 ;  published 
•  A.I  ventures  of  a  Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Hone,*  by 
Caveat  Emptor,  1836,  'Adventures  of  an  Attorney  in 
Search  of  Practice,'  1839,  'Anti-Slavery  Recollections,' 
1864,  and  other  works  ;  died  at  Melbourne.  [liv.  169] 

STEPHEN,  HENRY  JOHN  (1787-1864X  legal  writer ; 
brother  of  Sir  George  Stephen  [q.  v.] ;  of  St  John's 


College,  Cambridge;  barrister,  1815  :  srrjeant-at  law  and 
common  law  commissioner.  1 828;  raid  to  have  declined 
judiMiip  from  onwilllnfMM  to  pronounce  capital  sen- 
tences; bankruptcy  commissioner.  184S-M:  r-*>"«»— ' 

«:-a-      "    '•:.   ;•:    -...;.,      ••    ;  .       ,     .-.!.•"     :  .    ,.{    : 

Criminal  Law,'  1854,  and  •  New  CominenUrk*  on  the 
Laws  of  England,'  1841-6  (10th  edit.  188*X  [liv.  160] 

STEPHEN,  JAMES  (1768-18M).  master  In  chancery  ; 
barrister,  1781:  practised  in  St  CbrUtopberX  17»-fc. 

• 

••  -nation  on  slave-trade  to  Uw  abolltkmJn  v.  .n*r- 
..-law  and  active  supporter  of  Wilber- 
foroe;  iMiird  'War  in  Dimful"*'  against  evasiom  of 
British  nvulatious  by  neotral  traders,  1801 ;  M.I',  Tralee, 
1808-12,  East  Griiwtead,  1811-16  ;  resigned  seat  on  rrfotal 
of  government  to  support  regtstrmtkm  of  slaves ;  master 
in  chancery,  1811-31 ;  adherent  of  'Clapbam  Beef :  obief 
work,  'Slavery  in  the  British  West  India  Colonies  de- 
lineated '  (vol.  i.  1824,  vol.  ii.  1830).  [Uv.  161] 


SIR  JAMES  (1789-1869),  colonial 
secretary:   son  of  Jame*  Stephen  (1768-18SS)  [q.  v.l : 
LL.I1.  Trinity  Hall,  Cmmbri.K 

Inn,  lull :  permanent  counsel  to  colonial  office  and  board 
01    trad-.  r-sfcretary   for  colonies,  1816-17: 

>  ovtr-secretary  Stephen*  from  his  influence: 
prepared  bill  abolishing  slave-trade,  1833;  much  con- 
cerned in  establishment  of  responsible  government  in 
Canada  :  K.C.B.  and  privy  councillor  on  resigning  onder- 
s««Tftnry»blp,  1847 :  professor  of  modern  history.  Cam- 
M9-59,at  Ka.-t  India  College,  Haileybury.  1866-7  ; 
published  •  Essays  in  Ecclorfastical  biography/ 1849,  and 
'  Lectures  on  the  History  of  France,'  185J.  [liv.  161] 

STEPHEN,  SIR  JAMES  FIT/JAMES,  first  baronet 
t).  ju.lj/e:  son  of  Sir  James  Stephen  [q.  v.] ; 
<.i  Kt.in.  Kii./v-  O.lhve,  Loixlon,  awl  Tnnity  CoUege, 
C.iinl.ri.l.-i-:  13.A.,  1861;  a  fru-i.d  of  sir  H-i.r'y  Sumner 
Maine  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1864  ;  began  to 
write  for  '  Saturday  Review,'  1866 :  secretary  to  education 
commission,  1S58-01  ;  counsel  for  Rowland  Williams 
[({.  v.]  in '  ES.-UVS  an.l  Reviews '  case,  1861 :  intimate  with 
Froude  ami  Carlyk- ;  contributed  to  '  Fraser '  and  too 
'Conihill,'  1860-3;  chief  writer  on  'Pall  Mall  Gazette,' 
18C5-9;  acted  for  Jamaica  committee  against  Governor 
Eyre,  1867  ;  Q.C.,  IfCW  :  legal  member  of  council  in  India, 
1869-72,  being  chiefly  responsible  for  Evidence  A 
ujembcrof  Metaphxhiral  Society :  occupied  in  attempted 
codification  of  fisftttn  law,  1873-4  and  1876-8 :  profeswMr 
of  common  law  at  Inns  of  Court  1875  ;  member  of  legal 
commissions,  1876-8 ;  defended  Lytton's  Indian  policy, 
1877-8;  judge  of  high  court  1879-91;  chairman  of  ord- 
nance commission,  1886 ;  created  baronet  on  retirement 
from  bench,  1891 :  K.C.S.I.,  1877 :  hon.  D.C.L. 
1878;  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1884;  chin  work-.  'General 
View  of  theCriminal  Luw  of  England  *  (18C3.  !».•<'>,  •  H;>- 
tory  of  the  Criminal  Law,'  1883,  and  '£tory  of  Nuncomar 
and  Sir  Elijah  Impey,'  1886.  [liv.  164] 

STEPHEN,  JAMES  KENNKTII  (1869-1892), antlior 
of  -Lapsus  Calami,'  and  other  verse*  (collected,  1896): 
son  of  feir  James  Fitzjames  Stephen  [q.  v.]  :  of  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge;  \Vh,-v«-:i  M-holar,  1881; 
fellow,  1886;  president  of  Cainhri.lt: <•  Union,  1H8J,  and  an 
'apostle';  tutor  to  Duke  of  Clarence,  1881;  issued  'The 
I'ctk-ctor;  1888.  [llr.  167] 

STEPHENS.    [See  also  8TKBVKX8  and  STKVKXS.] 

STEPHENS,  ALEX ANDER (1757-1821), biographical 
writer ;  educatol  at  Aberdeen ;  lived  in  Jamaica ;  bar- 
rl.-U-r.  Middle  Temple:  con<h:ctcil  'The  Templar'; 
edited  early  volume*  of '  Annual  Biography  and  Obitnary ': 
chief  work, '  Memoirs  of  John  Hurne  Tooke,'  18IJ. 

[liv.  168] 

STEPHENS,    CATHERINE.    <  RMKX 

(1794-1882X  vocali*t  and  actress;  snng  onder  direction  of 
lir.'ualdn  Lanza  [q.  v.].  1H07-U:  appeared  successfully  at 
ml.-n.  Ixnulon,  in  '  Artaxerxi*,'  1813,  remaining 
there  till  1H22 :  pr.nripal  soprano  at  concert  of  ancient 
music,  1814;  played  Ophelia  and  Desdetnona.  1814. 
Imogen,  1816 :  created  Susanna  in  '  Marriage  of  Figaro.' 
1819.  and  various  parts  in  adaptations  of  Scott,  1816-20  : 
with  Elllston  at  finny  Iwtne,  London,  1823-7 ;  again  at 
Covent  Oanlen,  London,  1828;  unsurpassed  for  her  ren- 
dering of  ballads  :  coupled  by  Haxlitt  with  Kean  as  dra- 
matic artist,  and  highly  praised  by  Leigh  Hunt :  retired. 
1836  :  married  fifth  Earl  of  BNTX  1818.  [llr.  168] 


STEPHENS 


1242 


STEPHENSON 


STEPHENS.      I'll  MILKS     EDWARD     (1821-1892), 
riii.'  Stephens  [q.  v.]  :  organist 

at  London  cluin-lies :  treasurer  of  Phiharmonic  Society, 
1880.  His  compositions  include  a  symphony  in  G  minor 
(Philharmonic,  l«Jl).  [Hv.  170] 

STEPHENS.  EDWARD  (d.  1706).  pamphleteer; 
practise-1  at  i-om:uonlaw  bar,  but  afterwards  took  orders  ; 
callel  •MODS' for  theological  learning;  son-in- 

law  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale  [q.  v.]  and  editor  of  his  'Con- 
templations' (1676);  published  political  tracts,  1689-90; 
attacked  Romanists,  qtuikers,  anderastians  ;  his 'Liturgy 
of  the  Ancient* '  (1696)  reprinted,  1848.  [liv.  170] 

STEPHENS,  EDWARD  BOWRING  (1815-1882), 
sculptor:  student,  Royal  Academy,  1836;  exhibited 
there,  1838-9  and  1842-82,  receiving  gold  medal  for 
'Battle  of  Centaurs  and  LapithaB,'  1843;  in  Rome,  1839- 
1841 :  A.R.A.,  1864 ;  had  two  groups  at  exhibition  of 
18SL  [Uv.  171] 

STEPHENS,  GEORGE  (1800-1851),  dramatist ;  his 
tragedy  '  Martinuzzi '  played  by  Pbelps  at  English  Opera 
House,  London,  1841;  published  tragedies,  romances,  and 
•  Dramas  for  the  Stage,'  1846.  [liv.  172] 

STEPHENS,  GEORGE  (1813-1895),  runic  archaeo- 
logist; of  University  College,  London;  at  Stockholm, 
1834-51 ;  issued  text-books  and  translations  for  Swedish 
students;  assisted  in  foundation  of  Society  for  Publica- 
tion of  Ancient  Swedish  Texts,  1843  ;  translate!  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  poem '  The  Phoenix,'  1844 ;  catalogued  English  and 
French  manuscripts  in  royal  library,  1847  ;  lector  in  Eng- 
lish at  Copenhagen  University,  1851,  in  Anglo-Saxon,  1852, 
professor  of  English  and  Anglo-Saxon,  1855-93;  Ph.D. 
Up*ala,  1877:  knight  of  Scandinavian  orders;  F.S.A. ; 
furnished  quotations  for  '  New  English  Dictionary ' ; 
chief  work,  'The  Old  Northern  Runic  Monuments  of 
Scandinavia  and  England  now  first  collected  and  de- 
ciphered '  (vols.  i.  1866,  ii.  1868,  iii.  1884 :  abridged,  1884), 
valuable  for  materials,  but  severely  criticised  for  defective 
philology.  [liv.  173] 

STEPHENS,  HENRY  (1795-1874),  author  of  'The 
Book  of  the  Farm,'  1842-4  (often  reprinted) ;  of  Edin- 
burgh University  ;  studied  agriculture  in  Berwickshire, 
1816-18,  and  on  the  continent,  1818-19 ;  introduced  im- 
provements on  farm  at  Balmadies,  Forfarshire,  1820-30  ; 
at  Bonnington,  near  Edinburgh,  produced  agricultural 
works  alone  and  in  collaboration;  edited  agricultural 
periodicals.  [liv.  174] 

STEPHENS,  JAMES  FRANCIS  (1792-1852),  entomo- 
logist ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London  ;  in  admi- 
ralty, 1807-45;  wrote  on  birds  in  Shaw's  'General  Zoo- 
logy,' 1815-25 ;  assisted  in  arranging  insects  at  British 
Muaeum  from  1818,  publishing  'Catalogue  of  British 
Lepidoptera,'  1850-2  ;  F.L.S.,  1815,  F.Z.S.,  1826 ;  chief 
work,  '  Illustrations  of  British  Entomology,'  1827-37 
(suppl.  1846).  [liv.  175] 

STEPHENS,  JANE  (1813?-1896),  actress;  gained 
first  success  at  Olympic,  London,  as  Mrs.  Willoughby  in 
'Ticket  of  Leave,'  1863:  Nurse  in  'Romeo  and  Juliet,' 
1867  ;  subsequently  played  old  women's  parts  ;  last  appear- 
ance at  the  Shaftesbury,  London,  1889.  [liv.  176] 

STEPHENS,  JEREMIAH  (1591-1665),  coadjutor  of 
Sir  Henry  Spelman  [q.  v.]  in  first  volume  of  his 'Con- 
cilia '  (1639) ;  M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1615  ;  B.D., 
1628 :  chaplain  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford ;  rector  of 
Quiuton,  1622,  Wootton,  1626 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1639,  of  Sarum,  1660;  depri veil,  1644  ;  reinstated,  1 660 : 
edited  St.  Gregory  4de  Cura  Pastorali,'  1629,  and  works  by 
Cyprian  and  Spelman.  [Hv.  176] 

STEPHENS,  JOHN  (fl.  1616),  author  of  'Satyrical 
Easayes,  Characters,  and  others,'  1615  (partly  reprinted 
by  Halliwell-Phillipps,  1857) ;  of  Lincoln's  Inii. 

STEPHENS,  JOSEPH  RAYNER  (1805 -1879),  agita- 
tor;   brother  of   George  Stephens  (1813-1895)  [q.  v]- 
methodist  missioner  at  Stockholm,  1826-9;  chaplain  to 
British  ambassador  and  friend  of  Montalembert ;   Wes- 
teyau  minister  in  England,  1829-34  :    joined    chartists, 
88 ;  arrested  for  attending  unlawful  meeting  at  Hyde 
»8 ;  sentenced  to  find  sureties  for  five  years,  1839  ; 
preached  and  conducted  papers  at  Ashton-uuder-Lyne, 
1840-41,  at  Stalybridge,  1852-75.  [liv.  178] 


STEPHENS.  NATHANIEL  (1606  ?-1678),  noncon- 
formist divine;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1628  :  took 
\  the  covenant,  1642 ;  rector  of  Fenny  Drayton,  1659-62 ; 
held  discussions  with  George  Fox  (1624-1691)  [q.  v.], 
Oerard  Winstanley  [>].  v.],  and  anabaptists  ;  published 
work  on  the  Apocalypse,  1656,  and  controversial  tracts. 

STEPHENS,  SIK  PHILIP,  first  baronet  (1725-1809), 
secretary  of  the  admiralty.  1763-95  ;  secretary  to  George 
Anson,  baron  Anson  [q.  v.]  ;  F.R.S.,  1771  ;  M.P.,  Sand- 
wich, 1768-1806;  created  baronet,  1795;  granted  special 
pension,  1806.  [liv.  179] 

STEPHENS,    ROBERT  (1665-1732),  historiographer 

royal;    barrister,  Middle    Temple,   1689;    F.S.A.,  1717; 

chief  solicitor  of   the  customs ;    historiographer  royal, 

1726-32 ;    collected    and    published,    with    introduction, 

j  letters  of  Francis  Bacon  in  reign  of  James  I,  1702 ;  his 

|  'Letters  and  Remains  of  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,'  1734, 

\  edited  by  his  widow  ;  his  catalogue  of  letters  and  papers 

,  connected  with  Bacon  in  British  Museum.        [liv.  180] 

STEPHENS  or  STEVENS,  THOMAS  (1549  ?-1619), 
Jesuit  missionary  and  author ;  educated  at  Winchester ; 
entered  Society  of  Jesus  at  St.  Andrew's  College,  Home : 
went  as  missionary  to  East  Indies,  1579,  and  laboured  at 
Portuguese  settlement  at  Goa  till  death ;  spiritual  coad- 
jutor, 1588 ;  published  works  on  the  Cauarese  language  and 
>  other  writings.  [Suppl.  iii.  355] 

STEPHENS,  THOMAS  (1821-1875),  Welsh  scholar; 
I  chemist  at  Merthyr  Tydfil ;  high  constable,  1858 ;  won 
-  prizes  at  eisteddfodau,  1840-58;  his  prize  essay  of  1848 
;  (Abergavenny)  published  as  'The  Literature  of  the 
j  Kymry,'  1849  (German  translation,  1861);  disproved 
I  Welsh  claim  to  discovery  of  America,  1858,  the  essay 
'Madoc'  being  published,  1893;  established  medieval 
;  origin  of  the  Triads  ;  his  work  on  '  The  Gododiu  of 
I  Aneurin  Gwawdrydd '  edited  for  Cymmrodorion  Society, 
1  1888.  [liv.  180] 

STEPHENS,  WILLIAM  (1647  ?-1718),  whig  divine ; 
M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1671  (incorporated  at 
Cambridge),  B.D.,  1678 ;  rector  of  Sutton,  and  archdeacon, 
1690 ;  preached  strong  whig  sermon  before  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1700  (reprinted,  1752)  ;  wrongly  sentenced  for  libel, 
1706  ;  published  '  Account  of  the  Growth  of  Deism  in 
England,'  1696.  [liv.  181] 

STEPHENS,  WILLIAM  (1671-1753),  president  of 
Georgia :  of  Winchester  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1688;  M.P.,  Newport  (Isle  of  Wight),  1702-22; 
colonel  of  militia  ;  met  James  Edward  Oglethorpe  [q.  v.] 
in  South  Carolina,  1736 ;  settled  in  Georgia,  1737  ;  presi- 
dent of  Georgia,  1743-50;  published  'Journal  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings in  Georgia,  beginning  October  20,  1737,'  1742 
(rare).  [liv.  182] 

STEPHENSON,  GEORGE  (1781-1848),  inventor  and 
founder  of  railways  :  son  of  a  fireman  at  Wylaui,  near 
Newcastle ;  employed  in  father's  colliery  ;  engine-man  at 
Williugton  Ballast  Hill,  1802  ;  removed  to  Killiugworth, 
1804,  and  Montrose,  1807 :  returned  to  Killingworth,  1808, 
becoming  engine- wright  to  the  colliery,  1812;  designed 
safety  lamps,  1816,  simultaneously  with  Sir  Humphry  Davy 
[q.  v.] ;  presented  with  testimonial  and  l.OOO/.,  1818 ;  his 
first  locomotive  tried  successfully,  1814  ;  his  engine  with 
steam  blast  patented,  1815  ;  railroad  laid  down  under  his 
direction  for  Hetton  colliery,  1819-23  ;  engineer  of  Stockton 
and  Darlington  railway  (opened  1825)  ;  made  survey  for 
proposed  Manchester  and  Liverpool  line,  1824  (opened, 
1830) ;  appointed  engineer,  1826 ;  won  prize  for  engine  with 
1  The  Rocket,'  having  tubular  boiler,  1829 ;  chief  engineer 
to  line  connecting  Birmingham  with  Manchester  and 
Liverpool,  begun,  1833,  lines  between  northern  towns,  1836, 
Derby- Leeds  railway,  1837;  increased  speed  to  twenty- 
nine  miles  an  hour  by  application  of  Gurney's  steam-jet ; 
vice-president,  mechanical  science  section,  British  Asso- 
ciation, 1888 ;  tried  to  check  railway  mania  of  1844  ; 
overcame  supporters  of  atmospheric  railways,  1845;  first 
president,  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  1847; 
visited  Belgium  and  Spain ;  knighted  by  Leopold  1, 1835  ; 
refused  British  honours;  memorial  hall  opened  at  Ches-' 
terfield,  where  he  died,  1879.  [liv.  183] 

STEPHENSON,  HENRY  PALFREY  (1826-1 890),  gas 
engineer :  student  at  engineering  college,  Putney  ;  founded 
Putney  Club ;  M.I.O.E.,  1864.  [liv.  187] 


STEPHENSON 


STKKNK 


STEPHENSON,  JAMES  ( 1808- 1886), engraver ;  prac- 
tised  in  Manchester,  l*M-r.  t-nwrav.iu'  MI-IMIHTS'  card 
for  Anti-Cornlaw  League  and  portrait*  of  Lancashire 
'  <  Uhrities;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1856. 

STEPHENSON,  ROBERT  (1803-1859),  ^civil^en- 
gineer ;  son  of  George  Stepheneon  fq.  v.l ;  appr. 

Edinburgh  University,  1822;  employed  in  Newcastle  loco- 
motive factory.  1823;  superintended  mines  In  Columbia, 
1824-7  ;  took  important  part  in  constructing  •  The  Rocket ' 
and  devising  Improvement*,  1827-33 ;  constructed  London 
and  Birmingham  line,  1833-8:  built  high-level  bridge, 
Newcastle,  and  Victoria  bridge,  Berwick,  Menu 
girder  bridge  (opened,  1850),  Victoria  bridge,  Montreal 
(1859);  awarded  gold  medal  at  French  ••  • 
conservative  M.P.,  Wbltby,  1847-69 -.president,  InMltn- 
tion  of  Civil  Engineers,  18*6-7 ;  F.ltk,  1849 ;  D.O.L. 
Oxford,  1857 ;  received  Belgian  and  Norwegian  orders ; 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [liv.  188] 

8TEPHENSOH,  SAMUEL  MARTIN  (1742-1833), 
Irish  presbyterian  divine  and  physician ;  ordained  minister 


1776  :  physician  in  Belfast,  1785  ;  fever  specialist  and  „ 
founder  of  dispensary,  1792,  and  fever  hospital,  1797  :  bis 
name  replaced  ou  ministerial  roll  by  Ulster  synod,  1818  : 
published  theological  and  Irish  topographical  works. 

STEPHENSON,  THOMAS  (1552-1824),  JeSuIt  Juried 
for  high  treason  and  Imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London, 
1684-5  ;  novice  at  BrUnn,  1585,  spiritual  coadjutor,  1597  ; 
Hebrew  and  Greek  professor  at  Prague  and  OlmUtz; 
secretary  to  Robert  Parsons  (1546-1610)  [q.v.]  at  Home; 
iurain  English  mi^iouer,  1605-20;  published  religious 


work*  ,  died  at  Watteu, 


[liv. 


STEPNEY,  CATHERINE,  LADT(<|.  1845),  novelist ; 
nte  I'ollok;  married  Sir  Thomas  Stepney,  baronet.  1K13; 
her  first  book  published,  1806,  last,  1841.  [liv.  190] 

STEPNEY,  GEORGE  (1663-1707X  diplomatist  and 
poet ;  friend  at  Westminster  of  Charles  Montagu  (after- 
wards Earl  of  Halifax)  fa.  v.] ;  major  fellow.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1687 ;  M.A.,  1689 ;  envoy  to  Branden- 
burg, 1692, 169S,  to  the  emperor,  1693,  Saxony,  1696,  to 
German  princes  and  Frankfort  congress,  1696-7 ;  com- 
missioner of  trade,  1697-1707  ;  envoy  to  Vienna,  1702-6, 
to  the  Hague,  1 706 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He 
contributed  to  Dryden's  •  Miscellany  Poems '  and  transla- 
tion of  Juvenal  •  a  political  tract  by  him  (1701)  La  Somers 
collection.  [UT.  190] 

STERLING.    [See  also  STIRLING.] 

STERLING,  Sm  ANTHONY  CONINGHAM  (1805- 
1871),  author  of  'Story  of  the  Highland  Brigade  in  the 
Crimea '  (published,  1895,  founded  ou  '  Letters  ...  by  a 
Staff  Officer,'  1857)  ;  brother  of  John  Sterling  [q.  v.] ; 
ensign,  1826 ;  brigade-major  and  assistimt-adjutaut- 
general  to  highland  division  in  Crimea,  1864-6  ;  colonel, 
1857;  military  secretary  to  Colin  Campbell  in  India, 
1858-9:  accused  by  him  of  suppressing  Colonel  Puken- 
ham's  name  in  recommendations  for  K.O.B. ;  K.C.B.,  1800. 

[liv.  192] 

STERLING,  EDWARD  (1773-1847),  journalist;  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  Irish  bar  ;  volunteer  during 
Irish  rebellion,  1798  .  Usual  pamphlet '  Military  Reform,' 
1811  ;  correspondent  of  '  The  Times,'  1811-15,  member  of 
staff,  1815-40.  [liv  193] 

STERLING,  JAMES  (  It.  1718-1755X  playwright ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1783;  bis  'Parricide' 
(1736)  acted  at  Goodman's  Fields,  London,  1736;  pub- 
lished '  Poetical  Works,'  1734 ;  migrated  to  Maryland, 
c.  1740,  as  preacher.  [liv.  192] 

STERLING,  JOHN  (1806-1844),  author;  son  of 
Edward  Sterling  [q.  v.]  :  of  Trinity  College,  then  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  1824-7;  an  '  apostle '  and  speaker 
at  the  union  ;  through  his  tutor,  Julius  Charles  Hare 
[q.  v.],  came  to  know  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth  :  friend 
of  Frederick  Denison  Maurice  [q.  v.]  and  Richard  Cbenevix 
Trench  [q.  v.]  ;  with  Maurice  conducted  the  '  Athenaxun,' 
July  to  December  1828:  meditated  accompanying  volun- 
teer expedition  against  Ferdinand  VII  of  Spain,  bat  stayed 
behind  to  marry,  1830  ;  manager  of  sugar  estate  in  St. 


Vincent,  1831-2: 

curate  of  J.  C.  Hare  at  Hu 

wood's  Magaxlne,'  18J7-8,  and  ' 
Review  * ;  Sterling 

:-,     I,-:,.    tM     '. 

18S9;    reviewed 
September  1842 ; 
Charles  Hare  [q.  v.],  1848 
biography,  1861. 


.  HENRY    AARON  (1820-1886),   missionary 
to  Jews  ;  born  in  Hem-Cutd,  and  educated  at  Frank^ 
-i   Hebrew  college  of  London  Jews'  Society, 
-.onary  to  Jews  and  Moslem*  in  Aaia  Minor  and 
Persia,  1844-63  ;  ordained  deacon  (at  Jerusalem).  1844, 
priest  (in  London  X  1849;  mUaionary  at  OoneUntinople, 
1853-  6;  after  other  missionary  Journey*  went  to  Abyssinia, 
1869 ;  imprisoned  and  tortured  by  Kin*  Theodore,  1861-7  : 


liberated,  1868 ;  D.D.Canterbury;  1881 ;  work* include  two 
books  on  Abyssinia  (1862  and  1868).  [liv.  195] 

STERNE  or  8TEARNE,  JOHN  (1624- 1669 X  founder 
of  Irish  College  of  Physician* :  related  to  (Archbishop) 
James  Os»ber  [q.  v.] ;  scholar.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1641,  fellow,  1643  ;  studied  medicine  at  SidneySuseex  Col- 
lege,  Cambridge,   1643-9,  and  at  Oxford  ;  first  Hebrew 
lecturer  at  Dublin  University,  1656;  M.D.,  16»> 
professor  of  law  and  senior  fellow,  16<0 ;  professor  of  medi- 
cine, 1662 ;  physician  in  Dublin ;  Trinity  Hall 
constituted  as  College  of  Physicians,  with  him  as  president, 
1680,  and  incorporated,  1667 ;  his  works  chiefly  theological. 

STERNE  or  8TEARNE,  JOHN  (1  MO- 174 6), '  bUbop 
of  Clogher  ;  «m  of  John  Sterne  or  Stearue  (1624-1669) 
fa.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1681.  1>  : 
dean  of  St.  Patrick'*,  Dublin.  1702-12;  intimate  with 
Swift,  who  obtained  for  him  we  of  Drotnore,  1713  :  trau*- 
lated  to  Clogher,  1717 ;  vice-chancellor,  Dublin  University, 
1721  :  gave  money  to  erect  printing-house,  1726;  founded 
exhibitions  HI  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  bequeathed  aUo 
books  and  valuable  manuscript*  ;  his  'Tractates  de  VisiU- 
tione  Inflrmorum'  (1697)  translated  as  'The  Curate's 
Manual,' 1M".  [liv.  196] 

STERNE,  LAURENCE  (1713-1768),  humorist  and 
sentimentalist  ;  great-grandson  of  Richard  Sterne  [q.  v.]  ; 
born  at  Clonmel ;  the  sou  of  a  subaltern  in  the  army ;  after 
some  years'  wandering  spent  eight  years  at  school  in 
Halifax  ;  left  penniless ;  sent  to  Cambridge  by  a  cousin 
(Richard)  :  sizar,  Jesus  College,  1733,  exhibitioner,  1734  : 
matriculated,  1736  ;  intimate  with  John  Hall-Stevenson 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.,  1740  ;  curate  of  Buckden  ;  became  vicar 
of  Sutton-iu-tbe-Forest,  1738,  and  prebendary  of  York, 
1741,  also  obtaining  a  sinecure  office ;  married  Miss  Lam- 
ley,  1741 ;  first  used  epithet '  sentimental '  in  letter,  1740 ; 
obtained,  by  wife's  influence,  Stillingtou,  parish  adjoining 
Sut  ton,  1743,  being  also  chaplain  to  fourth  Earl  of  Aboyue ; 
1  in  local  private  enclosure  act*,  1766,  1766; 
dabbled  In  painting  and  music ;  joined  in  orgies  of  '  De- 
mouiacks '  at  Hall-Mcven-on  •  house :  showed  affection  for 
hU  only  child;  troubled  by  his  mother's  demands  for 
money :  said  to  have  let  her  die  of  nturvation  ;  published, 
1750,  assize  sermon,  inserted  in  'Tristram  Shandy'; 
satirised  Yorkshire  lawyer  as  '  Trim  '  in  sketch  first  pub- 
lished, 1769,  as'  A  Political  Romance  addressed  to Esq. 

of  York '  (rareX  afterwards  reprinted  as  •  History  of  a 
Warm  Watch  Coat' ;  unfaithful  to  his  wife,  who  became 
insane,  1768  ;  began  'Tristram  Shandy,'  1769  ;  carried  on 
flirtation  with  Mademoiselle  Fourmantelle;  vols.  i.  and  ii. 
of  his  '  Tristram  Shandy  '  orbited  at  York  by  publisher  of 
sermons,  1760 ;  taken  by  Croft  to  London,  where  he  was 
well  received  in  society  :  second  edition  of  bis  '  Tristram ' 
and  S-MIUHK  of  Mr.  Yorick '  issued  by  Dodsley,  1760,  the 
latter  being  commended  by  Gray  ;  his  '  Tristram  Shandy  * 
unpopular  in  Yorkshire  on  account  of  its  recognisable 
portraits  of  local  characters,  such  as  Dr.  John  Burton 
(1710-1771)  [q.  v.]('S]op');  d« -mm need  by  Dr. , 
Richardson,  Horace  Walpole,  Uoldnmith,  and  o 
moral  and  literary  grounds :  ineffectual  attempt*  made  by 
Warburton  to  restrain  his  obscenity :  many  pamphlet* 
issued  against  him,  1760-1 ;  received  perpetual  curacy  of 
Cox  wold,  1760 ;  called  bouse  at  Cbxwold  (which  now  baa 
tablet)  Shandy  Hall ;  visited  London  to  superintend  pub- 
lication of  vols.  lit  and  Iv.  of  '  Trirtram,'  1761 :  preached  at 
Foundling  Hospital,  London  ;  vols.  v.  ami  vi.  of  •  Tristram ' 
dedicated  to  Lord  Spencer,  lasoed  for  him  by  Becket, 


STERNE 


1244 


STEVENS 


December  1761 ;  went  abroad  for  his  health,  January  1762  ; 
well  received  in  I'ars  >.-iloiis ;  entertained  by  Fox  at  St. 
(.iermain  ;  joined  by  wife  and  daughter  ;  lived  at  Toulouse, 
and,  till  February  1764,  in  the  south  of  France  ;  left  wife 
and  daughter  behind  at  Montauban,  by  their  wish ;  spent 
April-May  1764  in  Paris,  seeing  much  of  Wilkes  and 
preaching  at  English  ambassador's  chapel ;  published 
books  vii.  and  viii.  of  '  Tristram,'  1765 :  painted  by  Gains- 
borough at  Bath,  1765;  began  seven  months'  tour  de- 
scribed in  '  Sentimental  Journey,' October  1765;  went  by 
Paris,  Lyons,  and  Savoy  to  Italy ;  well  received  at  Rome, 
where  he  met  Smollett  ('Smelfungus');  in  Naples,  Feb- 
ruary 1766  ;  in  Yorkshire  again,  June  1766  ;  issued  book  ix. 
of  'Tristram  Shandy,'  with  dedication  to  Chatham,  con- 
taining sentence  supposed  to  have  suggested  Burns's 
lines  about  the  'guinea  stamp,'  1767;  also  published 
vols.  iii.  and  iv.  6f 'Sermons,'  Voltaire  being  among  the 
subscribers :  during  visit  to  London,  December  1766  to 
May  1767,  met,  at  house  of  Sir  William  James  [q.  v.], 
Mrs.  Eliza  Draper  [q.  v.] ;  kept  journal  addressed  to  her 
('The  Bnimine's  Journal';  manuscript  in  British  Mn- 
seumX  April  to  August  1767,  after  her  departure  for 
India ;  after  two  months'  visit  from  wife  and  daughter 
at  Cox  wold,  arranged  permanent  separation :  parted 
reluctantly  with  daughter;  his  'Sentimental  Journey' 
issued,  1768  :  died  of  pleurisy  in  Old  Bond  Street  lodgings, 
London  ;  buried  in  St.  George's  cemetery,  Bays  water  Road, 
London  ;  body  said  to  have  been  '  resurrected '  ami  sold 
to  Charleg  Gollignon  [q.  v.],  the  skeleton  being  long  pre- 
served at  Cambridge;  inscription  on  stone  at  St.  George's 
erected  by  'two  brother  masons'  inaccurate  ;  left  no  will, 
and  died  insolvent;  wife  and  daughter  relieved  through 
subscriptions  collected  by  Hall-Stevenson  and  Mrs.  Draper, 
and  by  publication  (1769)  of  three  more  volumes  of 
sermons;  publication  of  his  letters  to  Mr.?.  Draper 
threatened  by  widow  In  default  of  blackmail ;  his  letters 
published  by  his  daughter  (Madame  Medalle),  1775  ;  pub- 
lication of  '  Letters  of  Yorick  to  Eliza '  ( 1766-7)  authorised 
by  Mrs.  Draper,  1775.  The » Letters  from  Eliza  to  Yorick,' 
1775,  and  'Letters  supposed  to  have  been  written  by 
Yorick  and  Eliza,'  1779,  are  forgeries. 

Among  fraudulent  imitations  of  his  writings  were  John 
Carr's  third  volume  of  'Tristram  Shandy,'  1760,  J.  Hall- 
Stevenson's  continuation  of  the  'Sentimental  Journey,' 
17G9,  and  Richard  Griffith's '  Posthumous  Works  of  a  late 
celebrated  Genius,'  1770(included  in  first  collected  edition). 
His  works  contain  many  literary  thefts,  and  the  general 
scheme  of  'Tristram'  closely  resembles  that  of  John 
Dunstan's  'A  Voyage  round  the  World  ...  the  rare 
adventures  of  Don  Kainophilus'  (1720?).  But  his  style 
is  original,  and  his  characters  are  of  the  first  class.  First 
collective  edition  of  'Tristram  Shandy'  published,  1767, 
last,  1779;  'Sermons  of  Mr.  Yorick,'  first  reissued  col- 
lectively, 1775,  last,  1787;  'Sentimental  Journey'  reissued 
with  plates,  1792;  first  collective  edition  of  complete 
works  (without  letters)  published,  1779  (Dublin):  best 
early  edition  (with  letters  and  Hogarth's  plates)  published, 
1780;  Dr.  J.  P.  Browne's  (containing  much  newly  re- 
covered correspondence),  1873.  'The  'Sentimental  Jour- 
ney '  has  been  often  translated.  [iiv.  199] 

STERNE,  RICHARD  (1596?-1683),  archbishop  of 
York ;  scholar,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1614,  M.A., 
SXJHfc^!?  (°*ford,  1627);  fellow,  Beiiet  (Corpus 
Chnsti)  College,  1620;  master  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1634  (deprived,  1644);  chaplain  to  Laud,  c.  1633  ; 
rector  of  Yelverton  and  Harleton,  1634-44;  D.D.,  1635- 
arrested  for  royalism  at  Cambridge  and  imprisoned  1642- 
1645 ;  allowed  to  attend  Laud  in  Tower  of  London,'  1645  ; 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1660-4;  said  to  have  been  a  reviser 
of  prayer-book,  1662;  archbishop  of  York,  1664-83; 
founded  scholarships  at  Jesus  and  Corpus  Christi  Colleges 
Cuii.Sri.lire  ;  assisted  Brian  Walton  [q.  v.]  with  Polyglott! 
and  published  'Summa  Logics,'  1«85  :  '  Whole  Duty  of 
dan,  ascribed  to  him  among  others,  probably  by  Richard 
Allestree  [q.  v.]  [liv>  22i] 

STERNHOLD,  THOMAS  (c/.  1549),  joint  versifier  of 
tl .-  RntaM  with  John  Hopkins  (d.  1570)  fa.  v.] ;  accord- 
ing to  Wood,  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  groom  of  the 
robeg  to  Henry  VIII,  1638,  receiving  legacy  from  him! 
probably  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1645-7;  nineteen  psalms  by 
Lium-lf  only  (in  metre  of  'Chevy  Chase')  contained  in 

st   Miition    of    Psalms   (undated,   dedicated    to    Ed- 
a   VI);  geven  added  in  second  edition  (1549),  and 
three  in  edition  of  1561 ;  forty  in  complete  collections. 

[Iiv.  223] 


8TEREY,  NATHANIEL  (d.  1698),  dean  of  Booking 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1649  ;  B.A.  Cambridge. 
1G4K  :  15.D.  Oxford,  1675 ;  dean  of  Bocking,  1674-98. 

STERRY,  PETER  (d.  1672),  CromweM's^chaphiin  ; 
brother  of  Nathaniel  Sterry  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  1636;  M.A.,  1637;  member  of  West- 
minster Assembly;  Cambridge  platonist ;  preacher  to 
council  of  state,  1649 ;  after  Restoration  held  conventicle  • 
satirised  in  '  Htidibras  ';  chief  work,  '  Discourse  of  the 
Freedom  of  the  Will '  (posthumous),  1675.  [Iiv.  224] 

STEUART.  [See  also  STEWARD,  STEWART,  and 
STUART.] 

STEUART,  6m  HENRY  SETON,  first  baronet (1759- 
1836),  of  Allanton  ;  agriculturist;  claimed  for  his  family 
ancestry  of  the  Stewarts  of  Lennox,  Durnley,  and  Castle- 
milk,  1799 ;  served  in  the  army,  1778-87  ;  advocated  canal 
from  Lancashire  coalfields  to  Edinburgh,  1801-  edited 
Sallust,  1806;  LL.D.  (Edinburgh)  and  F.R.S.E.:  his 
system  of  transplantation  adopted  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
at  Abbotsford  ;  his  '  Planter's  Guide,'  1828  (reissued,  1848) 
reviewed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  'Christopher  North'* 
created  baronet,  1814.  [iiv.  225] 

STEUART  or  STEWART,  SIR  JAMES  (1635-1715), 
lord-ad vooate ;  barrister,  1661 ;  outlawed  as  contriver  of 
Argyll's  rebellion,  1685  ;  pardoned  by  William  of  Orange; 
as  lord-advocate  of  Scotland,  1692-1709,  introduced  legal 
reforms.  £iiv.  227] 

STEUART,  SIR  JAMES,  the  elder  (afterwards 
DKXHAM)  (1712-1780).  [See  DENHAM.] 

STEUART  (formerly  DENHAM),  SIR  JAMES  the 
younger  (1744-1839).  [See  DENHAM.] 

STEUART-SETON,     REGINALD      MACDONALD 

(1778-1838),  sheriff  of  Stirlingshire  and  friend  of  Scott  • 
originally  Macdonald  of  Staffa ,  son-in-law  of  Sir  Henry 
Seton  Stctiart  [q.  v.]  [iiv.  227] 

STEVENS,  ALFRED  (1818-1875),  artist ;  son  of  a 
house-painter  ;  enabled  to  study  art  in  Italy,  1833-42,  by 
private  liberality;  employed  by  Thorwaldsen  at  Rome 
1841-2;  teacher  in  school  of  design,  London,  1846-7- 
employed  by  Hoole  &  Co.  of  Sheffield  ;  gained  first  prize 
for  designs  in  metal- work  at  exhibition  of  1851  ;  executed 
Wellington  monument  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (unfinished)- 
designed  vases  and  lions  at  British  Museum.  [Iiv.  227] 

STEVENS,  FRANCIS  (1781-1823),  landscape-painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1804-5,  1819,  and  1822; 
member  of  Water-colour  Society,  1809.  [Hv.  229] 

STEVENS,  GEORGE  ALEXANDER  (1710-1784), 
author  of  '  A  Lecture  upon  Heads  ' ;  wrote  '  The  History 
of  Tom  Fool'  (1760),  and  various  other  pieces:  his 
lectures  first  given  in  the  Haymarket,  London,  1764,  and 
afterwards  in  the  country  and  in  America  ;  his  '  Lecture 
on  Heads  '  published  spuriously,  1770 ;  sold  to  Charles  Lee 
Lewes  [q.  v.],  1774  (first  authentic  edition,  1785);  pub- 
lished 'Songs,  Comic  and  SatyrLcal'  (cuts  by  Bewick), 
1772;  sole  dramatic  success,  'The  Trip  to  Portsmouth* 
(acted,  1773).  [llv.  2291 

STEVENS  or  STEPHENS,  JOHN  (d.  1726),  trans- 
lator and  antiquary ;  said  to  have  served  in  James  II's 
army  iii  Ireland ;  described  in  his  books  as  'Captain  '; 
translated  Bteda's  'Ecclesiastical  History,1  and  Portu- 
guese, Spanish  (including  Quevedo's  'Pablo  de  Segovia 'X 
and  French  works;  published  also  translation  and 
abridgment  of  Dugdale's  '  Monasticou,'  1718  (continua- 
tion, 1722).  [liv.  231] 

STEVENS,  RICHARD  JOHN  SAMUEL  (1757-1837), 
musician  ;  friend  of  Samuel  Birch  (1757-1841)  [q.  v.]  ; 
organist  at  Temple  Church,  London,  1786,  at  Charter- 
house, London,  1796-1837 ;  Gresham  professor  of  music, 
1801-37 ;  edited  collection  of  sacred  music,  1802 ;  composed 
glees,  sonatas,  and  songs.  [Hv.  232] 

STEVENS,  WILLIAM  (1732-1807),  biographer  and 
editor  of  William  Jones  of  Nayland  [q.  v.],  1801;  pub- 
lished posthumous  sermons  of  his  cousin,  bishop  George 
Home  [q.  v.];  his  'Essay'  (1799)  against  relaxation 
of  subscription  to  Thirty-nine  Articles  thrice  reissued ; 
joined  William  Jones  in  founding  'Society  for  the  Re- 
formation of  Principles';  'Nobody's  Friends'  (club) 
founded  in  his  honour,  c.  1800,  originating  from  pseudo- 
nym used  by  him  in  pamphlet ;  treasurer,  Queen  Anne's 

tliv  233] 


STEVENS 


1-Jl.-, 


STEVENSON 


STEVENS,     WILLIAM      UMJSHAW     (1760-1800). 

I><*-t  :  .i.-ruy  of  Magdalen  College, '  > 
17-jj  I;  M.A.,  i77:«.  D.H.,  i; 

177H   IHOO:  rhaplain  to  ,    v.l:  in- 

ciiiiiiM-ntof  <ec  km-ton  and  Kiugsuury,  17TO;  published 

IKH-III..     177.'..    1  '    . 

•tM'M  M  C.S.  [liv.  283] 

STEVENSON.    [See  also  ST«PHKX*..V] 
STEVENSON,    LOUD  (16407-1718).    [Sees; 

8lR  HOBKRT.] 

STEVENSON,    ALAN    (1807-1865),   clrll 
sou  of  llobert  Stevenson  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  aud  Fellowei 
man.    Edinburgh     University.     1828;    M.I.C.E..     1830: 
F.R.S.M..  1838;  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1840;  engl 


tt.sh  lighthouse 


.      ... 


,  m  n  •  • , 

from  1848:  derigned 


ti-n  lighthouses,  including  Skerryvore  lighthouse  tower 
(finished,  1843X  Introducing  prismatic  rings;  bis  'Ac- 
count of  the  Skerryvore  Lighthouse'  (1848)  expanded 
hi  to  '  Rudimentary  Treatise'  on  lighthouses,  1850. 

[Uv.  284] 

STEVENSON,  DAVID  (1815-1886),  civil  engtneeer : 
POM  of  Robert  Stevenson  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Edinburgh  ; 
managing  partner  of  Stevensou  engineering  firm;  re- 
ported on  and  executed  worki  for  Improvement  of 
:..,,-  tenortbsn  fcsjhuri  iod  Scotland:  kLLOA,  1844. 
member  of  the  council,  1877-83;  vice-president.  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  1873-7 ;  engineer  to  northern  light- 
house board,  1853:  constructed  numerous-  beacons  and 
lighthouses:  devised 'aseismatic  arrangement*  for  tho- 
rn Japan ;  introduced  use  of  paraffin  in  lighthouses,  1870 ; 
president.  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts.  186'J :  works 
include' Application  of  Marine  Surveying  and  Hydrometry 
to  Practice  of  Civil  Engineering,'  1842,  ami  -I. if.'  o': 
Robert  Stevenson,'  1878.  [liv.  235] 

STEVENSON,  GEORGE  (1799-1856),  Australian 
journalist  and  agriculturist ;  in  Canada,  Central  America, 
and  West  Indies,  1820-30 :  edited  the  'Globe'  (London), 
1835-6 ;  private  secretary  to  first  governor  of  South 
Australia  and  first  clerk  of  legislative  council,  1836-8; 
established  'Sonth  Australian  Gazette,'  1836;  conducted 
'South  Australian  Register,'  1840-2,  'South  Australian 
Gazette,'  1845-51 ;  made  agricultural  experiments,  aud 
established  vineyards;  in  Victoria  diggings,  1851-3; 
assisted  Lord  Dulling  in  book  on  France,  1834 ;  died 
coroner  of  Adelaide.  [Uv.  236] 

STEVENSON,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1818-1888X  hymno- 
logist  and  author:  head-master  of  Lambeth  Green 
parochial  school,  London,  1848-56;  edited  'Wesleyan 
Times,'  1861-7,  and  'Union  Review,'  1882;  published 
'Methodist  Hymn  Book  and  its  Associations,'  1869  (en- 
larged, 1883),  and  religious  biographies.  [liv.  237] 

STEVENSON,  JOHN  (1778-1846  ?X  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon; studied  at  St.  Thomas's  and  Guy's  hospitals, 
London  ;  M.R.O.S.,  1807 :  founded  Hoyal  Infirmary  for 
Cataract,  Little  Portland  Street,  London,  1830  ;  oculist  aud 
aurist  to  William  IV  and  Leopold  I,  king  of  the  Belgians ; 
published  medical  works.  [liv.  237] 

STEVENSON,  SIR  JOHN  ANDREW  (1760?-18S3X 
musical  composer ;  chorister  anil  afterwards  vicar-choral 
at  St.  Patrick's  and  Christ  Church.  Dublin ;  created 
Mus.Doc.  Dublin,  1791 ;  knighted,  1803  :  best  known  by 
symphonies  and  accompaniments  to  Moore's  Irish 
melodies.  [liv.  238] 

STEVENSON.  JOHN  HALL-,  originally  JOHX  HALL 
(1718-1785),  friend  of  Laurence  Sterne  [q.  v.] :  met  Sterne 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  assumed  wife's  surname, 
c.  1738;  inherited  Skelton  Castle  ('Crazy  Castle 'X  York- 
shire, from  maternal  aunt ;  formal  'club  of  demoniacks' 
and  entertained  Sterne  there;  acquainted  with  Wilkes 
and  Horace  Walpole,  and  claimed  friendship  of  Rouraeau  ; 
the  Eugenius  of  Sterne's  works;  imitated  'Tristram 
Shandy '  and  wrote  continuation  of '  Sentimental  Journey,' 
1769;  published  pamphlets  in  verse;  his  chi 
'Crazy  Tales,'  1762,  reprinted  privately,  1894;  works 
collected,  1796.  [liv.  238] 

STEVENSON,  JOSEPH  (1806-1895),  historian  and 
archivist ;  educated  at  Durham  School  and  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity; entered  manuscript  department,  British  Museum, 
1831 ;  sub-commissioner  of  public  records,  1834-9 ;  librarian 


!•.:        ::. 
•.         ,.-.:        •'     !..      •  .-.,:, 

gestor  of  Rolls  series,  18M; 


1841:  hon.   MJL   Our- 

ISM  ••:.    -,.-• 


priest,  1872 :  professed  of  three  TOWS  as  Jesuit,  188ft ;  re- 
ceived civil  list  pensloi    


1872;  examined  for  i 

and  transcribed  "from  Vatican  archive*  ;  boo 
Andrews,  188«;  edited  works  for  Rolls  sWies,  various ar- 

',;  .'  :."';  •".  ,    •'••  ,"  '  '     •'  '  '  :•••;••••'     •  • 

1l.-viL);  published  books  en  Wydlf  (iSJj 
JX  Md  otbw  historical  woVks, 

MATTHEW  Of.  16f4-16e*X  ^nlnor 
poet;  works  Include  "The  Twelve  Monetbs,'  1661,  and 
•  Floras  Britannicus,'  1662.  [Uv.  241] 

STEVENSON,  ROBERT  (1 772-1 850X civil  engineer: 
studied  at  Andemmian  Institute.  Glasgow,  ami 
burgh :  engineer  to  Scottish  lighthouse  board  ;  lMl|ll«1 

ostructed  twenty  lighthouse*,  inventing  Intermit. 

,,i  Saab  Hi  ;..-•  •-  i  befai  Bsfl  Boat  Low  I  .••.•- 

L809    .t:i ,.-...,,    .:,    ::..;.,   U     ,.,-:.   ,,.......     ..•:..    ,.i 


!,,:-•. 

with  specially  invented  implements ;  his  bust  placed  in 
it;  designed  many  bridges,  including  Hutchison  bridge ; 
suggested  modern  rails;  invented  bydropbore;  designed 
eastern  road  approaches  to  Edinburgh:  M.I.C.&.  Itt8; 
F.R.S.K. :  wrote  'Account  of  the  Bell  Rook  Lighthouse/ 
1824,  technical  articles,  and  scientific  papers.  [Uv.  24J] 

STEVENSON,  ROBERT  ALAN  MOWBRAY  (1847- 
1900),  painter  and  art  critic  ;  son  of  Alan  Stevenson  [q.  v.l ; 
cousin  of  Robert  Louis  Sterencon  [q.  v.l;  M.A.  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1882 ;  studied  art  in  Edin- 
burgh. Antwerp,  aud  Paris :  professor  of  fine  arts  at  Uni- 
versity College,  Liverpool,  1880-93 :  art  critic  to  the  '  Pall 
Mall  Gazette,'  1893  till  death.  His  publications  include 
• )',  t.r  Paul  Rubens,'  1898,  'The  Art  of  VehwqueK,'  1895, 
and  '  Velasquez,'  1899.  [SnppL  lit  3*6] 


STEVENSON,  ROBERT  LOUIS  (1840-1894X  sntbor 
and  traveller;  son  of  Thomas  Stevenson  [q.  v.l ;  born  in 
Edinburgh;  entered  student  at  Edinburgh  University, 
1867  :  pupil  of  Fleming  Jenkin  [q.  v.]  ;  silver  medallist, 
Edinburgh  Society  of  Arts,  for  paper  on  lighthouse  im- 
provements, 1871 ;  abandoned  engineering  for  law ;  was 
admitted  advocate,  1875,  but  never  practised :  composed 
essay  on  'Pentland  Rising  of  1666*  in  sixteenth  year 
(printed,  1866);  contributed  to  'Edinburgh  University 
Magazine,'  1871,  to  '  Portfolio,'  1873 ;  went  on  canoe  tour 
in  France  and  Belgium,  1876  (described  in  the '  Inland 
Voyage,' 1878) :  in  Paris  and  Cevennes  country,  1878;  con- 
tributed to  -Conihlli;  'Temple  Bar,'  and  'London,'  1876- 

1878  ;  travelled  to  California  by  emigrant  ship  and  train, 

1879  ;  though  very  ill  wrote  stories  and  essays  ;  married 
Mrs.  Osbourne,  1880 :  returned  home  with  her,  1880,  after 
stay  at   Oallstoga  (described   in  'Silverado  Squatters,' 
1883)  ;    unsuccessful  candidate  for  Edinburgh  chair  of 
history  and  constitutional  law,  1881 ;  lived  in  Scotland, 
but  wintered  in  Switzerland  and  France,  1880-3 :  settled 
at  Bournemouth,   1884;   collaborated  witii   Mr.   \\ .    K. 
Henley  in  '  Beau  Austin,' '  Robert  Macaire,'  and  '  Admiral 
Guinea'  (plays);  established  position  as   author  with 
'Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,'  1886,  and 
'Kidnapped,'  1886;  went  to  America,  1887;  set  out  on 
South  Sea  voyage,  June  1888 ;  stayed  at  Honolulu,  visiting 
leper  settlement  at  Molokai,  1889;  fint  lived  in  Samoa. 
1889-90,  where  be  bought  'Vaillma'  property:  settled 
there,  November  1890 :  wrote  vindication  of  Father  Damieu 
at  Sydney,  1890 ;  in  Samoa  temporarily  recovered  health  : 
corresponded  with  men  of  letters  in  England :  obtained 
removal  of  white  officials  from  Samoa,  and  wrote  'A 
Footnote  to  History,'  1893:  died  suddenly  from  ruptnre 
of  a  blood-vessel  of  tins  brain,  and  was  buried  in  spot 
selected  by  himself  on  Mount  Vaea.    His  works  include 
' Travels  with  a  Donkey  in  the  Cevennes,'  1879.  •  Virginibu* 
PueriSQue.'  1881.  'Treasure  Island,'  and   'New  Arabian 
Nlghta? ^882, '  Prince  Otto'  and  'ChUd'sOarden  of  Verse*.' 
1886,  'Undei^oods'  and  'Memories  and  PortnuU,'  1887. 
the^Marterof  Ballantime.'  1889,  'Across  the  Plains,'  189*. 
'Csrtriona,'  1893.  -The  Wrecker,'  1892,  and  'Th*  Ebb- 
Tide,'  with  Lloyd  Osbourne,  1894,  and  the  posthumous 
'  Vailima  Letters.'  1895. '  Weir  of  Hermiston* 


'Vailima  Letters,'  1895.  'Weir  of  Hermiston  (fragment 
nil  best  work),  1897,  and  'St.  Ives*  (unfinished),  1897. 
The  SMM  ftttebWifc  rfWo.  ,.-,;  I,  LW^  ...-> 
omtAlns  renrints  from  periodicals,  and  an  nnprinted 


contains  repriuto  from   periodicals, 
fragment  of  family  history. 


STEVENSON 


1246 


STEWART 


)N,  SETH  WILLIAM  (1781-1853),  anti- 
quary ;  son  of  William  Stevenson  (1741-1821)  [q.  v.] ; 
proprietor  and  editor  of  '  Norfolk  Chronicle ' ;  mayor  of 
-;•_':  K.S.A..  1827;  his  « Dictionary  of  Roman 
Coins'  (completed  by  Frederic  William  Madden)  pub- 
lished, 1889.  [liv.  254] 

STEVENSON,  THOMAS  (1818-1887),  engineer  and 
meteorologist ;  son  of  Robert  Stevenson  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh  ;  joint-engineer  to  board  of  northern  light- 
houses, 1853-85 ;  continued  experiments  of  Alan  Steven- 
son [Q.  T.]  in  lighthouse  illumination  ;  invented  and  per- 
fected 'azirautbal  condensing  system';  president,  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  1885;  president,  Royal  Scottish 
Society  of  Arts,  1859-60 ;  M.I.O.E.,  1864 ;  honorary  secre- 
tary, Scottish  Meteorological  Society,  1871 ;  designed 
( 1864)  Stevenson  screen  for  thermometers,  and  made  other 
original  contributions  to  meteorology ;  wrote  on  light- 
house illumination  and  harbour  construction,  [liv.  255] 

STEVENSON,  WILLIAM  (1719?-1783),  physician; 
M.D.  Edinburgh ;  served  in  army ;  practised  at  Coleraine, 
Wells  (Somerset),  Bath,  uud  Newark ;  Jacobite ;  opposed 
bleedings  and  prevalent  use  of  drugs ;  published  medical 

[liv.  256] 


STEVENSON,  WILLIAM  (1741-1821),  proprietor  of 
'Norfolk  Chronicle'  and  publisher;  edited  Campbell's 
'  Lives  of  British  Admirals.'  [liv.  254] 

STEVENSON,  WILLIAM  (1772-1829),  keeper  of 
treasury  records ;  nonconformist  minister,  classical  tutor, 
Manchester  Academy ;  farmer ;  editor  of  '  Scots  Maga- 
zine,' c.  1797;  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  treasury, 
1806-29 ;  published  agricultural  and  other  works,  com- 
piled '  Annual  Register,'  and  contributed  to  '  Edinburgh 
Review '  and  other  periodicals.  [liv.  256] 

STEVENSON,  W.  B.  (fl.  1803-1825),  author  of 
'  A  Historical  and  Descriptive  Narrative  of  twenty  years' 
residence  in  South  America'  (1825);  imprisoned  by 
Spanish  at  Concepcion,  Callao,  and  Lima ;  joined  revolu- 
tionists at  Quito;  governor  of  the  Esmeraldas,  1810; 
secretary  to  Lord  Oochraue,  1818.  [liv.  257] 

STEVENSON,  WILLIAM  FLEMING  (1832-1886), 
Irish  presbyterian  divine ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1851 ;  hon. 
D.D.  Edinburgh,  1881;  studied  also  in  Germany;  town 
missionary  in  Belfast,  1857  ;  minister  of  Rathgar,  Dublin, 
1860-86;  convener  of  Irish  General  Assembly's  foreign 
missions,  1873;  made  missionary  tour  round  the  world, 
1877  ;  professor  of  evangelistic  theology,  New  College, 
Edinburgh,  1879-80 ;  moderator  of  general  assembly,  1881 ; 
chaplain  to  viceroy  of  Ireland,  1886  ;  published  '  Praying 
and  Working,'  1862.  [liv.  258] 

STEWARD.  [See  also  STEUART,  STEWART,  and 
STCART.] 

STEWARD  or  STEWART,  RICHARD  (1593  ?-1651),  j 
dean  designate  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  and  Westminster :  ' 
of  Westminster  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1615,  ! 
D.C.L.,  1624 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1613 ; 
canon  of  Salisbury  ;  clerk  of  the  closet  to  Charles  1, 1633  ; 
dean  of  Chichester,  1635  ;  provost  of  Eton,  1639-43  ;  dean 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1643  ;  dean  designate  of  St.  Paul's,  j 
London,  1641,  of  Westminster,  1645  ;  deprived  by  parlia- 
ment ;  defended  episcopacy  at  Uxbridge  conference^  1645  ; 
ecclesiastical  adviser  to  Charles  II ;  published  theological 
works ;  died  in  Paris.  [liv  258] 


STEWARD,      ROBERT     THE     (1316-1390). 
ROBERT  IL] 


[See 


STEWARD,  8TYWARD,  or  WELLS,  ROBERT 
(d.  1557),  first  dean  of  Ely  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1520 ;  prior 
of  Ely,  1522;  maintained  validity  of  Henry  VIII's  mar- 
riage with  Catherine  of  Arragon,  1529,  but  afterwards 
carried  out  royal  policy;  surrendered  Ely  monastery, 
1559,  receiving  pensions;  dean  of  Ely,  1541-57;  con- 
tinued '  Historia  Eliensis '  from  1486  to  1554.  [liv.  260] 

STEWARD,  SIR  SIMEON  (d.  1629  ?),  poet ;  related  to  , 
Robert  Steward  [q.  v.];    of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge; 
knighted,   1603;    M.P.,   Shaftesbury,    1614,    Aldeburgh, 
1627;  his 'Fairy  King'  (1635)  reprinted,  1656,  and  later  I 
by  Bliss,  1813,  and  Mr.  A.  E.  Wait*,  1888  ('  Elfin  Music '). 

STEWARD,  THOMAS  (16697-1753),  preLbyterian 
divine;  minister  at  Debenham,  1689-1706,  Cook  Street, 
Dublin.  1706-24,  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1724-53 ;  hon.  D.D. 


Aberdeen,   1733 ;    correspondent  of   Francis  Hutcheson 
(1694-1746)  [q.  v.]  and  Philip  Doddridge  [q.  v.] 

[liv.  261] 

STEWARDSON,  THOMAS  (1781-1859),  portrnit- 
painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1804-29 ;  among 
his  sitters  Canning,  Lord  Liverpool,  and  Grote, 

[liv.  2621 

STEWART.  [See  also  STEUART,  STEWARD,  and 
STUART.] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER,  EARL  OP  BUCHAX  and 
LOUD  OK  HAI>I-:\«ICH  (1343  ?-1405  ?),  'the  Wolf  of  Bade- 
noch' ;  son  of  Robert  II  of  Scotland  by  Elizabeth  Mure  : 
granted  Badenoch,  1371 ;  king's  lieutenant  north  of 
j  Forth,  1372;  became  Earl  of  Buchan  and  acquired  !;.«>- 
by  marriage,  c.  1382 ;  censured  for  deserting  wife  by 
bishops  of  Moray  and  Ross,  1389  ;  in  revenge  burnt  Fonv- 
and  Elgin,  1390  ;  his  tomb  in  church  of  Dunkeld. 

[liv.  262] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER.  EARL  OF  MAR  (1375  ?- 
1435),  natural  son  of  Alexander  Stewart,  the  '  Wolf  of 
Badenoch '  [q.  v.] ;  having  previously  instigated  the 
murder  of  her  husband,  besieged  at  Kildrummy  Isabel 
(d.  1408),  countess  of  Mar,  and  heiress  of  the  Douglas 
estates,  1404 ;  compelled  her  to  make  him  his  heir  and  to 
marry  him ;  ambassador  to  England,  1406-7 ;  helped  to 
restore  John  of  Burgundy  at  Liege,  1408  ;  defeated  Lord 
of  the  Isles  at  Harlaw,  1411 ;  conservator  of  truce  with 
England  and  warden  of  the  marches,  1424;  though  ad- 
herent of  Albany  not  disgraced  by  James  I.  [liv.  263] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER,  DUKE  OF  ALBANY  and 
EARL  OF  MARCH  (1454  ?-1485),  second  son  of  James  II  of 
Scotland  [q.  v.] ;  earl  of  March  and  lord  of  Auuandale, 
1455  :  duke  of  Albany  before  1458  ;  captured  by  English 
ship  on  way  to  Guelderland,  but  released,  1454;  high 
admiral  of  Scotland  and  warden  of  the  marches;  lieu- 
tenant of  Scotland,  1472  ;  fortified  Dunbar  against  royal 
forces  and  was  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh,  1479 ;  escaped 
to  Paris;  well  received  by  Louis  XI;  married  (second 
wife)  Anne  de  la  Tour  d'Auvergne,  1480 ;  concluded  with 
Edward  IV  treaty  of  Fotheringay,  1482,  agreeing  to  rule 
Scotland  as  his  vassal ;  returned  to  Scotland  with  English 
army,  but  agreed  to  be  faithful  to  James  III  if  restored  to 
his  estates,  1482 ;  made  truce  with  English,  surrendering 
Berwick;  created  earl  of  Mar  and  Gairloch,  and  recon- 
ciled to  James  III ;  attempted  to  seize  James  Ill's  person, 
1482 ;  made  new  treaty  with  Edward  IV,  1483,  agreeing 
to  help  in  conquest  of  France ;  after  death  of  Edward  IV 
indicted  and  outlawed,  1483 ;  fled  to  England ;  with 
Douglas  made  raid  on  Lochmaben  ;  accidentally  killed  in 
France.  [liv.  264] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER  (H93  ?- 1513),  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews ;  natural  son  of  James  IV ;  appointed 
archbishop  in  boyhood;  visited  the  Netherlands  and 
France,  c.  1506  ;  studied  under  Erasmus  at  Padua,  1508  ; 
praised  in  Erasmus's  'Adagia';  lord  chancellor  of  Scot- 
land, c,  1510 ;  co-founder  of  college  of  St.  Leonard's,  St. 
Andrews,  1512 ;  killed  at  Floddeu.  .  [liv.  267] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER,  fifth  EARL  OF  MORAY 
(d.  1701),  Scottish  statesman;  justice- general,  1674;  a 
lord  of  the  treasury,  1678 ;  extraordinary  lord  of  session. 
1680;  secretary  of  state,  1680-8;  active  in  repressing 
covenanters ;  high  commissioner  to  Scottish  parliament, 
1686  ;  K.T.,  1687  ;  deprived  at  revolution.  [liv.  268] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER,  fifth  LORD  BLANTYRE 
(d.  1704),  raised  regiment  for  William  III,  and  received 
pension;  seceder  from  convention,  1702;  took  seat  in 
Scottish  parliament,  1703.  [liv.  268] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER  (d.  1795),  of  Inverua- 
hyle,  Jacobite;  'out'  with  Stewarts  of  Appiu,  1716  and 
1745 ;  distinguished  at  Prestonpans,  1745  ;  wounded  at 
Culloden,  1746;  pardoned  under  act  of  indemnity;  intro- 
duced Sir  Walter  Scott  to  the  highlands,  1787.  [Hv.  269] 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER  PATRICK  (1813-1883), 
physician;  M.D.Glasgow,  1838;  physician,  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1855-66 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1855 ;  active  member  of 
British  Medical  Association;  his  paper  differentiating 
typhus  from  typhoid  fever  (Parisian  Medical  Society, 
1840)  reprinted,  1884.  [liv.  269] 

STEWART,  ANDREW,  first  BARON  AVANDALK  or 
AVONDALE  (d.  1488),  chancellor  of  Scotland  ;  grandson  of 
Murdac  Stewart,  second  dukeof  Alb.any  [q.  v.] ;  knighted, 
and  probably  educated  in  England ;  member  of  general 


STEWART 


1247 


STEWART 


council  at  Stirling,  1440;    in  household  of   Jama  II; 
.'.aucellor  of  Scotland, 
Orkney  and  Sbetl.i; 

Dciiinark :    !>. -'.•_•,•.!    Allunv's   castle  at  Dunbar,    1479 ; 
deserted  James  III  at   Lander.   1  >S2 ;    lu-lped  to   effect 

-:' ;  Hmbawador 
to  France,  1484.  [HT.  170] 

STEWART,    ANDREW,  second  BARON  O<  HILTRRK 
(./f.  1548-1598),  a  lord  of  the  congregation,  ISM 
bond  for  expulsion  of  French  from  Scotland,  and  sub- 
Bcribed  book  of  discipline.   1560:  act-ompanial 
Holyrood,  isr.3  :  joined  Moray's  rising  against  Darnley'i 
marriage,    1568,   and    the   conspiracy   againat 
wounded  by  Henries  at  Langside,  1668;  n. 
ton's  privy  council,  1578 ;  attempted  mediation  between 
Huntly  and  Moray  (second  earlX  1692;    ufti-r   Hmitly1* 
treachery  tried  to  attack  him  in  the  highland*,  i.ut  liild 
to  retire  to  England,  1594;  panloned  by  James  VI,  1595, 
on   agreeing  to  abandon  Bothwell ;    lieutenant  on  the 

.  15V)H.  [liT.  >71] 

STEWART,  ANDREW  (rf .  1671 X  Irish  divine ;  minister 
of  Donaghadee,  c.  1615 ;  grouted  government  salary,  1664  ; 
helped  to  draw  up  •  Act  of  fiangor,'  1664  ;  ejected,  1661 ; 
imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in  Blood's  plot, 
1663;  part  of  his  'Short  Account'  of  the  Irish  church 
printed  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Killeu,  1866.  [liv.  373] 

STEWART,  ANTHONY  (1773-1846),  miniature- 
painter  ;  executed  earliest  miniatures  of  Queen  Victoria ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  [liv.  273] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  LADY  ARABELLA  (1575- 
1615).  [See  ARABELLA.] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  ARCHIBALD  .IAMF.S 
EDWARD  (1748-1827).  [See  DOUGLAS,  AHOIIBAU) 
JAMBS  EDWARD,  first  BARON  DOUGLAS  ox  DOUGLAS.] 

STEWART,  BALFOUR  (1828-1887),  physicist  and 
meteorologist:  assistant  to  Professor  Forbes  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1856;  director  of  Kew  Observatory,  1859-71; 
F.R^S.,  1862:  secretary  to  government  meteorological 
committee,  1867-9;  professor  of  natural  philosophy, 
Owens  College,  Manchester,  1870-87;  a  founder  of  Society 
for  Psychical  Research  (president,  1885-7) ;  president  of 
Physical  Society  and  of  Manchester  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical society,  1887 ;  Rumford  medallist,  1868,  for  re- 
searches on  radiant  heat,  which  helped  to  lay  foundation 
of  spectrum  analysis  :  demonstrated  applicability  of  law 
of  radiation  to  polarised  rays  of  light,  1860 ;  suggested 
variations  in  a  primary  electric  current  in  the  sun  as 
cause  of  aurorte,  magnetic  storms,  and  earth  currents 
1860;  investigated  sun-spots:  made  calculations  as  to 


fellow  of  AU  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1796:    D.D..  1816; 

[llv.177] 

STEWART  (afterwards   YAH1),  CHAKLl. 
LIAM,  third  MARQOH  or 

•     -    •    T  ..:;:...--.      ,,-       •  :  .      ...-. 

.        -....'.    ..    .'      .  -i.l.r.    1     .-....-.  I.    r  i   V,.r. 

«taff  In  Netherlands,  1794-5 ;  with  Aurtrmus  on  Rhine 

..':••;.-..;••,  .,.'.'...          ..:..; 

lieutenant-colonel,  5th  dragoon*,   1797,    Iftth  l 

'.»»  :  nnder-seorcurj  In   Irelan-l 

M.I'..  Thomi^u.wn.  17HH  1HU»  :  M.I',  co.  Deny,  1800-14; 
commanded 


with  sequel,  1878.    Other  works  include  text-books  on 
physics  and  work  on  sun-spots  (with  Warren  de  la  Rue  ' 
[q.  v.]  and  Benjamin  Loewy),  1865-8.  [liv.  273] 

STEWART,  BERNARD  or  BERADLT,  third  SKIO- 
NEUR  D'AuBiONY  (1447  ?-1508).  [See  STUART.] 

STEWART,  LORD  BERNARD,  titular  EARL  OF 
LICHFIELD  (1623  7-1645).  [See  STUART.] 

STEWART,  CHARLES,  sixth  DUKK  OF  LBNNOX 
and  third  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND  (1640-1672).  [See 
STUART.] 

STEWART,  CHARLES  (1775  -  1812),  lieutenant- 
colonel ;  lieutenant,  71st  Highlanders,  1791;  wounded 
at  Seringapatam,  1792  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  50th  foot,  1805 : 
commanded  first  battalion  in  Walcberen,  1809,  and  in  the 
Peninsula,  1811-12  ;  died  at  Corla.  [liv.  276] 

STEWART,  CHARLES  (1764-1837),  orientalist; 
served  In  Bengal  army,  1781-1808;  assistant-professor 
of  Persian,  Fort  William  College,  Calcutta,  1800-6; 
mnf^ii i  of  Arabic,  Persian,  and  Hindustani  at  Hailey- 
bury,  1807-27 ;  edited  and  trauslated  oriental  works. 

[liv.  276] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  CHARLES  EDWARD 
(1720-1788),  the  Young  Pretender.  [See  CHARLES  BD- 
WARD  Louis  PHILIP  CASIMIR.] 

STEWART,  CHARLES  JAMES  (1775-1837),  bishop 
of  Quebec;  brother  of  Sir  William  Stewart  (1774-1827) 
[q  v.]  ;  B.A.  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  1795 ; 


under-secretory  for  war,  1807-9  ; 
brigade  under  Sir  John  Moore,  1806  ;  adjutant-general  to 
Wellington,  1809-12;  major-general,  1 
at  Talavera  and  Poentes  d'Onoro;  groom  of  the  bed- 
chamber, 1812;  K.B.,  1813;  British  minister  to  Prussia, 
1813  ;  signed  treaty  with  Prussia  and  Rtuaia  at  Dresden  ; 
severely  wounded  at  Kulm.  1813 :  Induced  BenudoUe  to 
take  active  part  fur  allies ;  created  privy  councillor,  and 
Baron  Stewart,  1814  ;  ambassador  at  Vienna  during 
congress,  1814  :  envoy  at  Troppau,  1820,  Laybach,  1821, 
Verona,  1822 ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1890-7-  succeeded 
Castlereagh  as  marquis,  1822  ;  took  surname  of  Vane 
on  second  marriage,  1819  ;  appointed  to  St.  Petersburg 
embassy,  1835,  but  withdrew  owing  to  parliamentary 
'opposition;  travelled  in  eastern  and  southern  Europe; 
fought  duel  with  GrattunV  son,  1839;  general,  1887; 
1852  ;  pall-bearer  at  Wellington's  funeral  :  pub- 
lished narrative*  of  Peninsular  campaigns,  1828,  of  cam- 
paigns of  1813-14.  1830,  travels,  and  'Memoir  and  Cor- 
respondence of  Viscount  Castlereagh,'  1848-63. 

[liv.  278] 

STEWART,  DAVID.  DUKR  OF  ROTHKSAY  (137X7- 
1402),  son  of  Robert  III  of  Scotland ;  Earl  of  Carrick 
on  father's  accession ;  pacified  northern  Scotland,  e. 
1396;  lieutenant  of  the  kingdom  and  Duke  of  Rotheaay, 
1399:  married  Elizabeth  Douglas,  1399;  defeated  March 
and  bis  English  allies  at  OockburnspHth :  seised  by  Albany 
(his  uncle)  and  Imprisoned  at  Falkland,  1402:  *. 
have  been  starved  to  death.  [liv.  281  ] 

STEWART,  DAVID  (1772-1829),  major-general :  of 
Garth  ;  joined  42nd  hu'hlaiiden,  1787  ;  fought  In  Flanders, 
1794,  West  Indies,  1795-7;  captured  on  way  to  Minorca, 
1798:  severely  wounded  at  Alexandria,  1801  ;  wounded 
at  Maida,  1806 ;  lieutenant-colonel.  West  India  rangers, 
1808 ;  at  capture  of  Guadeloupe,  1810 ;  C.B.,  1815  :  major- 
general,  1825  ;  published  'Sketches  ...  of  the  Highlanders 
of  Scotland ;  with  Details  of  the  Military  Service  of  High- 
land Regiments,'  1822  ;  died  governor  of  St.  Lucia. 

[liv.  182] 

STEWART,  SIR  DONALD  MARTIN,  first  baronet 
(1824-1900),  field-marshal ;  entered  Bast  India  Company's 
service  as  ensign,  9th  Bengal  native  Infantry,  1840  : 
major  (Bengal  staff  corps),  1866 :  general,  1881 ;  field- 
marshal,  1894 ;  served  with  distinction  In  Indian  mutiny, 
1857-8  ;  brigadier-general  in  Abyssinian  expedition,  1867- 
1868;  C.B..  1868;  reorganised  convict  settlement  in 
Andaman  Islands,  1869 ;  commander  of  Lahore  division, 
1876  ;  commanded  Quetta  army  in  Afghan  war,  1878-80; 
K.C.B.,  1879;  made  celebrated  march  to  Kabul,  1880: 
G.O.B.  and  created  baronet,  1880:  commander-in-cblef 
In  India,  1880-6 :  member  of  council  of  India,  1886,  till 
death  ;  G.C.S.I.,  1885 ;  governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1895. 

fSuppl.  HI.  367] 

STEWART,  DUGALD  (1753-1828;,  philosopher: 
son  of  Matthew  Stewart  (1717-1785)  [q.  v.]  :  educated 
at  Edinburgh  High  School,  and  at  Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow universities  :  friend  of  Thomas  Heid  (1710-1796) 
fq.  v.]  and  (Sir)  Archibald  Alison  ;  associated  with  bis 
ather  in  Edinburgh  mathematical  professorship,  1775 ; 


lectured  for  Adam  Ferguson  [q.  v.],  1778-9 :  Edinburgh 
professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1785 ;  gave  up  lectur 
1809,  but  retained  chair  till  after  death  (1820)  of 
coadjutor,  Thomas  Brown  (1778-1820)  [q.  ?.]  ;  met  ft 
at  latrine,  1786;  visited  France  in  summers  of  1788  and 
1789 ;  gave  offence  by  sympathy  with  revolution  :  sup- 
ported Sir  John  Leslie (1 766-1832 )[q.  vl,  1806;  received 
sinecure  from  wblgs.  1806 ;  accompanied  Lords  Lender- 
dale  and  Henry  Petty  to  Paris,  18O6 ;  monument  erected 
to  him  upon  Calton  Hill.  Edinburgh ;  Palmerston,  RusteU, 
ud  Luudoww  (Locd  Bsnrj  ;••••,  .  umoog  hit  .  ipib.*»d 
Scott  among  friends ;  while  approximating  to  empirical 


STEWART 


1243 


STEWART 


school  disavowal  it*  developments  and  retained  '  inttti- 
tioni*m  ' :  uii.il.K-  to  study  Kant.  His  works,  collected  by 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  1854-60  (11  vols.),  include  '  Klr- 
rii-nt-  of  tin-  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind '  (vols.  i., 
1792,  ii.,  1814,  Hi.,  1827), '  Outlines  of  Moral  Philosophy,' 
1793  'Lectures  on  Political  Economy'  (delivered,  1801) ), 
and  •  Account  of  Life  and  Writings  of  Thomas  Reid,'  1802. 

[liv.  282] 

STEWART,  ESME",  sixth  SKH;M:I  i'.  D'AUBIGXY  and 
fin*  IH-KK  OK  LKXXOX  (1542  ?-1583).  [See  STUAUT.] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  FRANCIS,  fifth  EARL  OP 
BOTH  WELL  (d.  1624).  [See  HEPBUKX.] 

STEWART,  FRANCES  TERESA,  DUCHESS  OP  RICH- 
MOND AND  LENNOX  (1647-1702).  [See  STUART.] 

STEWART,  HELEN  D'ARCY  CRANSTOUN  (1765- 
1838).  [See  CUANSTOUX,  HKLKX  D'Aut  Y.] 

STEWART,  HENRY,  first  BARON  METHVEN  ( 1495  ?- 
1551  ?)  :  supported  Margaret,  Queen-dowager  of  Scotland, 
in  proclaiming  James  V,  1624 ;  became  James  V's  trea- 
surer and  chancellor,  and  Queen  Margaret's  favourite; 
married  her  after  her  divorce  from  Angus,  1528;  im- 
prisoned by  Angus ;  created  Baron  Methven  and  master 
of  the  artillery  by  James  V,  1528.  [liv.  286] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  HENRY,  LORD  DARNLEY 
(1545-1567),  son  of  Matthew  Stewart,  fourth  or  twelfth 
earl  of  Lennox  [q.  v.]  and  Lady  Margaret  Douglas  [q.  v.]  ; 
skilful  penman  and  lutenist  and  expert  at  physical  exer- 
cises, but  mentally  and  morally  weak  ;  sent  by  his  mother 
to  France  with  a  view  to  marriage  with  Mary  Stuart, 
1560;  with  his  mother  confined  in  London  by  Qneeu 
Elizabeth,  1561,  but  released  and  received  into  favour, 
1563;  allowed  to  go  to  Scotland  at  Mary  Stuart's  re- 
quest, 1565  ;  created  Duke  of  Albany  and  married  to  Mary 
Stuart,  1565,  the  marriage  being  without  real  affection 
on  either  side ;  opposed  by  Moray ;  was  refused  the  crown 
matrimonial  and  ousted  from  political  influence  by  David 
Riccio  [q.  v.] ;  his  jealousy  of  Riccio  used  by  the  nobles 
to  make  him  join  their  conspiracy,  1566 ;  promised  to 
establish  protestantism  in  return  for  crown,  matrimonial 
and  right  of  succession ;  after  death  of  Riccio  betrayed 
nobles  to  Mary  Stuart  and  helped  her  to  escape  to  Dun- 
bar,  1566  ;  temporary  reconciliation  with  Mary  Stuart  dis- 
solved by  discovery  of  boa  plot:  refused  to  attend  baptism 
of  James  VI :  only  prevented  by  illness  from  leaving 
Scotland ;  induced  by  Mary  Stuart  to  leave  Glasgow  for 
Edinburgh ;  murdered  at  Kirk  o'  Field.  [liv.  287] 

STEWART,  HENRY,  DUKE  OP  GLOUCESTER  (1639- 
1660).  [See  HENRY.] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  HENRY  BENEDICT 
MARIA  CLEMENT  (1725-1807),  styled  by  Jacobites 
Henry  IX.  [See  HENRY.] 

STEWART,  SIR  HERBERT  (1843-1885),  major- 
general;  ensign  1863;  aide-de-camp  to  commander  of 
Allahabad  division,  1868-70;  deputy-assistant  quarter- 
master-general,  Bengal,  1872-3,  for  conduct  in  cholera 
outbreak,  1870 ;  entered  staff  college  and  Inner  Temple, 
1877;  brigade-major  of  cavalry  during  Zulu  war,  1879; 
military  secretary  to  Wolseley  and  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1880 ;  as  chief  staff  officer  to  Sir  George  Pomeroy 
Oolley  [q.  v.]  captured  at  Majuba,  1881 ;  assistant  adju- 
tant-general of  cavalry  in  Egypt,  1882 ;  secured  Cairo 
after  Tel-el-Kebir ;  C.B.,  brevet-colonel,  and  aide-de- 
camp to  Queen  Victoria ;  K.C.B.  for  services  in  Suakim 
campaign,  1884;  assistant  adjutant  and  quartermaster- 
KciK-ral,  south-eastern  district,  1884 ;  in  Lord  Wolseley's 
(Jonlon  relief  expedition,  1884-5,  commanded  desert 
column  to  proceed  to  Metemmeh;  repelled  Arab  attack  at 
Abu  Klea,  but  three  days  later  was  mortally  wounded : 
promoted  major-general  before  death ;  monuments  at  St. 
Paul's,  London,  and  Winchester.  [liv.  291] 

STEWART,  SIR  HOUSTON  (1791-1875),  admiral  of 
the  fleet ;  entered  navy,  1805  ;  in  Walcheren  expedition, 
1809;  Keith's  signal-lieutenant  in  the  Channel,  1812-13 : 
flag-captain  on  Jamaica  station,  1817-18  ;  at  reduction  of 
Acre,  1840;  C.B.,  1840:  controller- general  of  the  coast- 
guard, 1846-50 ;  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1850-2  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1851 ;  commanded  at  reduction  of  Kinburn, 
Black  Sea,  1855  ;  commander-in-chief  on  North  American 
aUUou,  1856-60,  at  Devonport,  18GO-3;  G.C.B.,  1865; 
admiral  of  the  fleet,  187*.  [liv.  293] 


STEWART,  JAMES  (d.  1309),  high  steward  of  Scot- 
land, 1283-1309;  a  guardian  of  Scotland  under  Queen 
Margaret,  1286  ;  partisan  of  Bruce :  made  treaty  with 
France,  1295,  but  cann-  to  terms  with  Edward  1,  l'J97: 
*ent  to  negotiate  with  Wallace  before  battle  of  Stirling, 
1297;  joined  him  afterwards;  envoy  to  France,  1302; 
again  submitted  fc>  English,  1305,  but  recognised  Brace, 
1309.  [liv.  2U4] 

STEWART,  JAMES,  DUKE  OP  Ross  (1476  ?-1504), 
son  of  James  III  of  Scotland :  created  duke,  1488 ; 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1498:  seen  by  Ariosto  at 
Rome  and  eulogised  in  '  Orlando  Furioso ' ;  chancellor  of 
Scotland,  1502.  [liv.  295] 

STEWART,  JAMES,  EARL  OP  MORAY  (1499  ?-1544), 
natural  son  of  James  IV :  granted  earldom  of  Moray, 
1501 ;  accused  (1517)  Lord  Home  of  slaying  James  IV 
after  Flodden ;  a  guardian  of  James  V  and  lieutenant- 
general  of  French  forces  in  Scotland,  1523  ;  suppressed 
insurrection  of  the  isles,  1531 ;  warden  of  east  and  middle 
marches,  1532-6  ;  commissioner  for  marriage  of  James  V 
and  Marie  de  Bourbon,  1535-6  ;  specially  hostile  to  Eng- 
land ;  partisan  of  Beaton ;  member  of  council  of  state, 
1543 ;  served  against  Hertford,  1544.  [liv.  295] 

STEWART,  LORD  JAMES,  EARL  OP  MAR,  and 
afterwards  of  MORAY  (1531 V  -  1570),  natural  eon  of 
James  V  ;  half-brother  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  granted 
Tantallon,  1536,  priory  of  St.  Andrews,  1538;  studied  at 
St.  Andrews,  1541-4;  accompanied  Mary  Stuart  to 
France,  1548  ;  repelled  English  raid  on  Fife,  1549  ;  visited 
France,  1550,  1552 ;  legitimated,  1551 ;  attended  Kuox's 
teaching  at  laird  of  Dun's,  1555;  signed  invitation  to  him 
to  return,  1557  :  fell  ill  after  witnessing  marriage  of  Mary 
Stuart  to  dauphin,  1557 ;  at  first  supported  regency  of 
Mary  of  Guise ;  on  discovery  of  her  bad  faith  headed  lords 
of  the  congregation,  1559 ;  with  Argyll  drove  French 
from  Perth  and  attacked  Scone ;  disavowed  designs  on  the 
crown ;  procured  suspension  of  the  regent  and  negotiated 
with  Queen  Elizabeth  for  help  against  the  French ;  con- 
cluded treaty  at  Berwick  providing  for  expulsion  of 
French,  but  safeguarding  of  Mary  Stuart's  sovereign 
rights,  1560;  reoccnpied  Edinburgh  by  English  help,  and 
concluded  treaty  confirming  that  of  Berwick,  1560 ;  de- 
puted, 1561,  by  Scottish  estates  to  sound  Mary  Stuart 
after  death  of  Francis  II,  1560;  strongly  dissuaded  her 
from  attempting  to  Romanise  Scotland  ;  won  confidence 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  by  disclosing  his  conduct,  but  depre- 
cated English  attempts  to  prevent  or  intercept  Mary 
Stuart's  return  to  Scotland ;  opposed  proposal  to  debar 
Mary  Stuart  in  Scotland  from  the  mass  ;  privy  councillor, 
1561 ;  privately  granted  earldom  of  Moray,  but  assumed 
title  Earl  of  Mar,  1562  ;  virtually  home  secretary  ;  by  ex- 
pedition against  Liddesdale  prevented  Bothwell's  estab- 
lishment in  southern  Scotland ;  formally  created  Earl  of 
Moray  after  personal  expedition  of  Mary  Stuart  against 
Huutly  (holder  of  title),  1562 ;  on  Queen  Elizabeth's  re- 
fusal to  recognise  Mary  as  her  successor,  supported  pro- 
jected Spanish  alliance  of  Mary,  1563  ;  opposed  the  Darn- 
ley  match  ;  thenceforth  estranged  from  Mary ;  attempted 
capture  of  Mary  and  Darnley  before  marriage,  1565; 
backed  by  Knox  and  Lennox's  enemies,  but  not  by  bulk 
of  protestauts ;  deceived  by  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  publicly 
disavowed  and  insulted  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  but  granted 
asylum  in  England  and  privately  received,  1565 :  after 
failure  to  procure  Riccio's  intercession  joined  plot  against 
him ;  supported  charge  of  infidelity  against  Mary  and 
promised  to  acknowledge  Daruley ;  returned  after  Riccio's 
assassination,  1566  ;  affected  to  .favour  Both  well's  preten- 
sions and  was  nominally  reconciled  to  Mary  ;  tacitly  sanc- 
tioned murder  of  Darnley,  though  probably  not  cognisant 
of  Bothwell's  plan ;  left  Scotland  for  France  immediately 
afterwards,  1567  ;  returned  on  Mary  Stuart's  abdication 
at  Lochleven :  accepted  the  regency  at  her  personal 
request,  1567,  making  great  show  of  reluctance ;  promoted 
declaration  of  her  privity  to  the  Darnley  murder ;  secured 
punishment  of  subordinates,  but  took  no  steps  against 
principal  in  the  crime ;  took  rapid  measures  to  defeat 
Mary  after  escape  from  Locbleven :  secured  his  position 
as  regent  by  formal  sanction  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  though 
pretending  approval  of  the  Norfolk  marriage  scheme; 
voted  against  divorce  from  Bothwell,  but  after  discovery 
of  Norfolk's  intrigues  excused  his  apparent  approval  of 
them  and  made  revelations  ;  caused  Maitlaud  of  Lethlng- 
ton  to  be  accused  of  Darnley's  murder,  and  imprisoned, 
1569;  captured  and  imprisoned  Northumberland;  pro- 


STEWABT 


1249 


8TEWART 


pos«l  to  Queen  Elizabeth  imprisonment  of  Mary  Stuart  ,  or  Johanna  [< 

in  .-.-otliin.l,  15C9;  assassinated  at  Linlithgow  by  James     ' 
Hamilton  (.//.  ir,G6-1880)[q.v.]oC  BothweUhaugh ;  buned 
:it    ' .  i  iil.-X  Edinburgh ;  called  '  the  good  regent.' 

riiv.  »7] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  JAMKS.  *voi,d  KMU.  -F 
MOUAY  (-/.  i.iai-),  'the  bonny  earl';  assumed  title  In 
ru-i.t  of  his  wife,  daughter  of  the  regent  Moray,  1680 : 
commissioner  under  acts  against  Spanish  Armada,  1688, 
and  the  Jesuits,  1690;  assisted  laird  of  Grant  against 
Huntly,  1690  :  induced  to  come  south  on  promise  of  par- 
don ;  warrant  granted  to  Huntly  against  him  by  James 


[q.  v.],  queen-dowager  of  Bcouand,  by  the 
black  knight  of  Lome  :  created  Karl  of  Atboll,  r.  1467  : 

••-.:...          .:•        .       ••-.    •  ,   •  •       •    '.<   • 

,:;.,:        .    .  ,-         •.....:,  •-.-,.    .  ,    .,  ...  ,,( 

-.•:,,:•.   148S;   on    ri  Jam.     UTi  (ODera!  ,  1488;   .... 
pffaoosd  !..  &m  •  iv.«  .-  ifftsj  smidS  hvook 

[Uv.  SU] 

STEWART.    JOHN,   third   (or  eleventh)  RAUL  or 
Lxxxox  (d.  1826),  succeeded,  lilt ;  Joined  Arran's  party 
and  ariaed  Dumbarton,  1618  ;  helped  to  blockade  Htirtlng. 
1616 :  at  first  opponent,  afterwards  partisan  of  Albany  ; 
AMm'spwtT  and  "--•  - -— -  « ^-=L 


VI,  who  was  said  to  be  jealoui  of  his  favonr  with  hl« 
queen  :  .-lain  by  Huntly's  men  at  DonlbrisUe,  his  motlier'* 
house  having  been  burned ;  his  corpse  long  nnburied ; 
popular  Indignation  expressed  In  traditional  ballad. 

[llv.  307] 

STEWART,  JAMBS,  of  Bothwrilmuir,  EARL  or 
AURAN  (d.  1896),  second  son  of  Andrew  Stewart,  second 
baron  Ochlltree  [q.  v.] ;  served  states  of  Holland  against 
Spanish  ;  gentleman  of  king's  chamber,  1880 ;  on  Lennox's 


: 

cold  Wool   by  Kir 
lv.  SU] 


behalf  accused  Morton  of  Darnley's  murder,  1880 ;  privy 
councillor,  1681 ;  recognised  as  bead  of  the  Hamilton* 
and  granted  earldom  of  Arran,  being  cousin  of  James 
Hamilton,  third  earl  [q.  v.],  now  insane ;  forbidden  the 
court  for  Insolence  to  Lennox,  but  temporarily  reconciled 
with  him;  caused  raid  of  Ruthven  (1881)  by  'intrusion  ' 
of  Robert  Montpomerie  (</.  1609)  [q.  v.]  into  Glasgow 
bishopric ;  after  James  VI's  escape  from  protestant  lords 
obtained  great  influence  over  him,  1883  ;  given  custody  of 
Stirling  and  Edinburgh  castles  and  made  chancellor, 
1684  :  entered  into  relations  with  England :  procured  for- 
feitures of  enemies'  lands  and  onler  for  kirk  to  acknow- 
ledge royal  supremacy  ;  provost  of  Edinburgh ;  his  influ- 
ence with  Queen  Elizabeth  undermined  by  Patrick,  master 
(afterwards  sixth  baron)  Gray  [q.  v.],  1688 :  imprisoned, 
outlawed,  and  (1686)  banished;  returned  as  Captain 
James  Stewart  ;  failed  to  regain  Influence  ;  murdemi  by 
nephew  of  Morton.  [llv.  308] 

STEWART,  JAMES,  fourth  DUKK  OF  Lnnrox  and 
first  DUKK  OF  RICHMOND  (1612-1686).  [See  STUART.] 

STEWART,  JAMES  (1791-1863),  line-engraver; 
articled  with  Burnet  to  Robert  Scott  (1777-1841)  [q.  v.] ; 

(6  ;  emigrated 


vi-ninw  of  Ju 

defeated  near  Linlithgow;  flatn  in 
|  James  Hamilton  (d.  1840)  [q.  v.]  of  Flnnart,  [Hi 

STEWART,  JOHN,  Drat  or  ALBANY  (14*1-1636). 
regent  of  Scotland ;  son  of  Alexander  Stewart,  duke  of 
Albany  [q.  v.]  ;  brought  up  in  France  :  invited  to  Sootr 
land  as  regent  and  heir  after  Flodden,  1613,  but  re- 
mained in  France  till  1816  as  Scottish  ambassador ;  tutor 
mid  governor  of  James  V  and  kingdom,  lilt ;  reduced 
1 1  time  Castle  and  detached  Arran  from  the  league  again** 
him,  1616  ;  bis  dismissal  from  regency  demanded  by 
lli-nry  VIII,  1616:  caused  Hume  to  be  executed  and 
I  seized  his  estates ;  declared  heir  to  the  kingdom  and  of 
his  father,  1616 ;  went  to  France,  1617,  taking  hi 


and  leaving  French  garrisons  ;  negotiated  treaty  of 
with  France  against  England,  1617 ;  procured  from  Leo  X 
confirmation  of  Scottish  privileges,  1618;  detained  la 
France  by  secret  agreement  with  England ;  his  return 
much  desired  :  during  stay  in  Scotland,  1621-2,  reconciled 
with  Margaret,  the  queen-dowager,  whom  be  helped  to 
obtain  divorce  from  Angus  ;  charged  with  undue  intimacy 
with  her  and  designs  against  James  V  ;  formally  accused 
by  English  herald,  war  with  England  following,  18M ; 
invaded  England  with  large  army,  which,  however,  re- 
f  ii-«l  to  fight  outside  Scotland ;  after  extending  truce 
returned  to  France,  1622:  came  to  Scotland  with  French 
troops  and  money,  1623 ;  lost  prestige  by  fruitless  attack 
on  Work  and  retreat,  1823  ;  bis  regency  annulled  on  pro- 
clamation of  James  V,  1824  :  held  command  for  Francis  I 
of  France  in  Italian  campaign,  1828 :  obtained  divorce 
,  ,  of  Queen  Margaret  from  Angus,  1627 ;  as  French  envoy 

original  member  of  Scottish  Academy,  1826  ;  emigrated  ,  atltome  negotiated  marriage  of  Henry,  duke  of  Orkmns 

to  Cape  Colony,  1833  ;  died  there.  [liv.  31  (Henri  IIX  with  Catherine  de'  Medici,  1833;  also  con- 

8TEWART  or  STUART,  JAMES    FRANCIS  ED-  j  rerned  in  institution  of  courtof  session  and «£owme« 

WARD   (1688-1766),   the   Old    Pretender.    [See  JAMBS  |  from  Scottish  sees,  and  in  negotiations  f or  Fi 

FRANCIS  EDWAKD  STUART.]  |  rm«e  of  James  V. 

STEWART,  JOHN,  third  EARL  or  ATHOLL  (d.  1642), 


Ross,  1416 ;  led  force  to  France  to  serve  against  English,  j  ingham ;  natural  son  of 

1419 ;  after  victory  of  Beauge,  1421,  created  constable  of 

France  ;  took  Norman  fortresses  ;  with  his  father-in-law, 

the  fourth  Earl  of  Douglas,  brought  reinforcements  from 

Scotland,  1424  ;  defeated  and  slain  at  Verueuil :  buried  at 

Tour*  [Uv.Sll] 


-1863),  prior  of 
V:   legitimated,  1682: 

reckoned  by  Knox  among  protestants,  but  chiefly  notable 
as  courtier  ;  favoured  by  Mary  Queen  of  Scot*,  [liv.  3»] 


(13667-1429X  of    Darnley, 
[See  BID  ART.] 


STEWART,  SIR  JOHN 
first  SEIGNKUR  OF  AUBIUNY. 

STEWART,  JOHN,  EARL  OF  MAR  (1487?-1479?X 
youngest  son  of  James  1 1  of  Scotland :  arrested  at  Instance 
of  Oochrane,  James  Ill's  favourite;  said  to  have  been 
bled  to  death  in  Craigmillar  Castle.  [llv.  312] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  SIR  JOHN,  LORD  DARNLKY 
and  first  (ninth  ?)  EARL  OF  LENNOX  of  the  Stewart 
line  (d.  1496) ;  grandson  of  Sir  John  Stuart  of  Darnley, 
wigneur  d'Aubigny  [q.  v.]  :  claimed  half  of  Lennox  earl- 
dom, 1460 :  created  lord  ot  parliament  as  Lord  Darnley, 
c.  1461 :  governor  of  Rothesay,  1468 :  granted  sasin  of 
principal  messuage  and  half  lands  of  Lennox,  but 
guaranteed  life-rent  to  Baron  Avondale,  1473 ;  assumed 
title  of  earl :  instrument  in  his  favour  revoked  at  instance 
of  another  claimant,  1476:  joined  conspiracy  of  1482 
against  James  III ;  made  keeper  of  Dumbarton  Castle, 
1488,  and  allowed  to  sit  in  parliament  as  Lennox  under 
usurpation ;  headed  rising  in  favour  of  James  IV ;  sur- 
prised and  defeated  at  Tallymoss,  1488 ;  submitted  ;  ulti- 
mately obtained  possession  of  Lennox  earldom. 

STEWART,  SIR  JOHN,  of  Balveny,  first  EAHL  OF 
ATIIOLL  of  a  new  Stewart  line  (1UO?-1512),  son  of  Jane 


STEWART,  JOHN,  fourth  EAHL  OF  ATHOI.L  (./. 
1578),  son  of  John  Stewart,  third  earl  of  Atholl  [q.T.]: 
supported  Mary,  queen-dowager;  voted  against 


Mary  Stuart's  firet  council,  1861 :  associated  with  Malt- 
land  ;  favoured  as  catholic ;  won  confidence  of  Lennox  : 
leader  of  Roman  catholic  nobles  after  Huntly's  fall :  with 
Ricdo  was  Mary's  chief  counsellor  after  Darnley  mar- 
riage ;  helped  to  suppress  Moray's  rising ;  granted  Tan- 
talum Castle ;  not  connected  with  Riccio's  or  Darnley's 
murder  ;  procured  Maitland's  return  to  court  ;  one  of  the 
leaders  against  Mary  Stuart  at  Carberry  Hill :  declared  to 
have  been  witness  of  opening  of  casket  letters :  member  of 
council  of  regency  during  Moray's  absence;  secretly 
favoured  Mary's  restoration  after  her  escape  from  Loeb- 
leven ;  joined  league  against  James  VI's  party  after  the 
regent  Moray's  assassination :  neM  convention  at  Atboll 
to  support  Mary,  1870 ;  proceeded  agalnrt  as  catholic  by 
the  kirk,  but  declared  wish  for  conversion,  1874:  x*ned 
Argyll  against  Morton  and  became  chancdior,  1878: ,  re- 
conciledwith  Morton  by  English  mediation,  1878 ;dled 
suddenly  under  suspicion  of  poison.  [Hv.  313] 

STEWART,  sm  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  TRAQDAW 
(d.  1689),  lord  high  treasurer  of  Scotland;  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1621 ;  created  Baron  Stewart  of  Traqnalr,  16S8, 
Earl  of  Traquair,  1633;  treasurer  depute  and  extra- 
ordinary lord  of  session,  1630 ;  said  to  have  given  casting 

4  L 


STEWART 


1250 


STEWART 


rot*  against  Balmerino  at  his  trial,  but  afterwards  ob- 
tained his  pardon,  1634:  treasurer  of  Scotland,  1636-41 : 
assisted  Charles  I  to  introduce  the  liturgy,  but  advised 
cautious  policy  and  moderation  towards  its  opponents  : 
conveyed  arms  and  ammunition  to  Dulkeith,  but  had  to 
surrender  to  covenanters,  1639 ;  joined  Charles  I  at  York : 
king's  commissioner  to  Edinburgh  assembly,  1639 ;  as- 
sented to  abolition  of  episcopacy  and  signature  of  the 
covenant ;  distrusted  by  both  parties ;  dismissed  and  con- 
demned to  death,  1641 ;  sentence  remitted  at  Charles  I's 
instance;  heavily  fined,  1644;  perhaps  betrayed  Mont- 
row's  plans  to  Leslie,  1645 :  readmitted  to  parliament, 
1648-  raised  cavalry  for  the  'engagement';  taken  at 
Preston,  1648;  prisoner  in  England  till  1654.  [liv.  326] 

STEWART,  JOHN,  called  JOHN  ROY  (1700-1762), 
Jacobite ;  lieutenant  in  Scots  greys  ;  resigned  commission  ; 
Jacobite  agent;  fought  in  French  army  at  Fonteuoy, 
1745  ;  commanded  'Edinburgh  regiment,'  1745-6  :  favour- 
ite with  Prince  Charles  Edward;  escaped  with  him  to 
France ;  died  there.  He  was  a  noted  Gaelic  poet. 

[liv.  328] 

STEWART,  JOHN  (1749-1822), '  Walking  Stewart ' ; 
refractory  at  Harrow  and  Charterhouse  School ;  went  to 
Iinlia,  1763  ;  resigned  East  India  writership,  1765  ;  general 
under  Hyder  All ;  escaped  wounded :  prime  minister  of 
nabob  of  Arcot ;  travelled  in  Persia,  Ethiopia,  and  Abys- 
sinia ;  came  to  Europe  through  Arabian  desert,  walking 
through  France  and  Spain  towards  England,  1783  ;  walked 
from  Calais  to  Vienna,  1784 ;  in  North  America,  1791 ; 
met  Wordsworth,  1792,  De  Quincey,  1798-9 ;  announced 
lectures  in  London,  1803 ;  his  money  claims  on  Arcot 
settled  by  East  India  Company,  c.  1813 ;  published 
discursive  philosophical  work?,  including  '  Travels  to  dis- 
cover the  Source  of  Moral  Motion,'  c.  1789.  [liv.  328] 

STEWART  or  STTJART,  LOUISA,  COUNTESS  OF 
ALBANY  (1753-1824),  wife  of  the  Young  Pretender.  [See 
ALBANY.] 

STEWART,  LUDOVIOK,  second  DUKE  OP  LENNOX 
and  DUKE  OF  RICHMOND  (1574-1624).  [See  STUART.] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  MARIA  CLEMENTINA 
(1702-1735),  wife  of  the  Old  Pretender ;  daughter  of  Prince 
James  Sobieski,  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  Poland  ;  married 
James  Francis  Edward  Stuart,  the  Old  Pretender  [q.  v.], 
1719  ;  left  her  husband  and  retired  to  a  nunnery,  1724. 

[xxix.  202] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  MARY  (1542-1587),  queen 
of  Soots.  [See  MARY.] 

STEWART,  MATTHEW,  second  (or  tenth)  EARL  OF 
LKNNOX  (d.  1513),  succeeded  to  Lennox  and  had  sheriff- 
dotn  of  Dumbarton ;  slain  at  Flodden,  commanding  Scots 
right  wing.  [liv.  314] 

STEWART,  MATTHEW,  fourth  (twelfth)  EARL  OF 
Li:v\ox  ( 1516-1571),  regent  of  Scotland ;  keeper  of  Dum- 
barton Castle,  1531 ;  commanded  Scots  men-at-arms  in 
Provence,  1536 :  naturalised  in  France,  1537 ;  induced  by 
French  party  to  return  to  Scotland,  1543 ;  put  forward  as 
rival  to  Arran  as  next  heir  after  the  Princess  Mary  ; 
seized  Mary  of  Guise,  the  queen  dowager  and  Princess 
Mary  at  Edinburgh,  1543 ;  brought  them  to  Stirling ; 
disappointed  of  marriage  with  Mary  of  Guise;  opened 
negotiations  with  Henry  VIII  for  hand  of  Lady  Mar- 
garet Douglas  [q.  v.]  ;  joined  English  party,  but  came  to 
temporary  agreement  with  Arran,  1544  ;  went  to  London 
and  signed  treaty  agreeing  to  surrender  Dumbarton  and 
Bute  and  support  English  overlordship  in  exchange  for 
hand  of  Lady  Margaret  and  the  governorship  of  Scot* 
Uind,  1544;  received  English  estates;  naturalised  and 
married;  as  English  lieutenant  for  southern  Scotland 
made  attempt  against  west  coast,  1544-5 ;  assisted  Hert- 
ford's invasion,  1545;  outlawed  in  Scotland,  1545 ;  im- 
prisoned by  Queen  Elizabeth  for  design  to  return  to  Scot- 
laud,  1562,  his  object  being  to  promote  marriage  of  his 
son  (Daruley)  with  Mary  Queen  of  Scots ;  allowed  to  go, 
1564 ;  restored  to  title  and  lands,  1564 ;  lieutenant  over 
western  Scotland,  1565  ;  privy  to  plot  against  Riccio ; 
warned  Mary  of  Darnley's  wish  to  leave  Scotland ;  formally 
accused  Bothwell,  1567 ;  prevented  from  appearing  against 
him :  provisional  regent  after  Mary's  surrender ;  accused 
Mary  at  Westminster  conference,  1568;  lieutenant-general 
«nd  regent  of  Scotland,  1570 ;  fought  against  Huntly  and 
(be  Hamlltons :  held  parliament  at  Edinburgh ;  surprised 
at  Stirling  by  Kirkcaldy  of  Grange ;  rescued  by  Mar,  but 
•tabbed  by  Captain  Oalder.  [liv.  331] 


STEWART,  MATTHEW  (1717-1785),  geometrician; 
studied  at  Glasgow  and  at  Edinburgh  under  Colin  Mac- 
laurin  [q.  v.] ;  gained  reputation  by  his  '  General 
Theorems,'  1746 ;  minister  of  Roseneath,  1745-7 ;  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh  University,  1747-85, 
the  duties  being  performed  by  his  sou.  Dugnld  Stewart 
[q.  v.],  after  1772;  F.R.S.,  1764;  chief  work,  'Tracts, 
Physical  and  Mathematical,'  1761,  applying  geometrical 
demonstration  to  astronomy.  [liv.  336] 

STEWART,  MURDAC  or  MURDOCH,  second  DUKE 
!  OF  ALBANY  (d.  1425),  govemor  of  Scotland ;  known  as 
!  Earl  of  Fife  till  death  of  father,  Robert  Stewart,  first 
I  duke  of  Albany  [q.  V.],  1420  ;  justiciary  north  of  Forth, 

1392 ;  captured  at  Homildon,  1402 ;  prisoner  in  England 
1  till  exchanged  for  Sir  Henry  Percy,  second  enrl  of  North- 
i  uinberland  [q.  v.],  1415  ;  suspected  of  delaying  James  I's 

liberation  ;  incompetent  and  corrupt  governor,  1420-4 ; 
j  arrested  and  executed.  £liv.  337] 

STEWART,  PATRICK,  second  EARL  OF  ORKNEY  (d. 
1614),  son  of  Robert  Stewart,  first  earl  of  Orkney  [q.  v.] ; 
I  granted  charter  of  earldom  of  Orkney  and  lordship  of 
Zetland,  1600 ;  exercised  almost  independent  sovereignty ; 
charged  with  tyranny  and  cruelty ;  tried  and  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  and  loss  of  justiciarship,  1611  ;  released, 
but  again  imprisoned ;  refused  all  terms ;  executed  for 
instigating  rebellion  of  his  son.  [liv.  337] 

STEWART,  PATRICK  (1832-1866),  major,  royal 
(17th  Bengal)  engineers;  lieutenant,  Bengal  engineers, 
1854  ;  brevet  major,  1858  ;  attached  to  headquarters  staff 
during  relief  of  Lucknow,  1867,  and  at  siege  and  cap- 
ture, 1858 ;  accompanied  Lord  Canning  to  Allahabad,  1858 ; 
served  on  commission  to  inquire  into  cause  of  the  great 
mortality  from  cholera,  1861-2;  director-general  of 
government  Indo-European  telegraph  at  Bombay,  1863 ; 
laid  cable  from  Gwadar  to  Fao ;  C.B.,  1864. 

[Suppl.  iii,  358] 

STEWART,  ROBERT,  first  DUKE  OF  ALBANY  (1340 1- 
1420),  regent  of  Scotland ;  third  son  of  Robert  Stewart, 
earl  of  Strathearn  (afterwards  Robert  II)  [q.  v.]  ;  hostage 
in  England,  1360;  Baron  of  Menteith  on  marriage,  1361; 
Earl  of  Fife  and  Menteith,  1371  ;  hereditary  governor  of 
Stirling,  1373  ;  placed  in  line  of  succession ;  chamberlain 
of  Scotland,  1382-1407  ;  took  part  in  raids  into  Northum- 
berland and  Cumberland,  1385-6  ;  led  invasion  of  1388 ; 
provisional  guardian  of  Scotland,  1389-99  ;  created  Duke 
of  Albany,  1398 ;  member  of  Rothesay's  council,  1399 ; 
reinstated  as  governor  after  Rothesay's  arrest  and  death, 
1402 ;  his  forces  defeated  by  English,  1402 ;  supposed  to 
have  acted  with  Hotspur,  1403;  regent  of  Scotland  on 
capture  of  Prince  James  and  death  of  Robert  III  [q.  v.], 
1406  ;  his  supposed  connivance  at  imprisonment  of  James  I 
in  England  not  substantiated  ;  crushed  rebellion  of  Donald 
Macdonald,  second  lord  of  the  Isles  [q.  v.],  who  claimed 
Albany's  earldom  of  Ross,  1411 ;  caused  erection  of  Inver- 
ness Castle ;  demanded  release  of  James  1, 1416  ;  protected 
Thomas  Warde,  the  pretended  Richard  II  of  England ; 
made  '  foul  raid '  against  Roxburgh,  1417 ;  granted 
charter,  1420 ;  buried  at  Dunfermline.  [liv.  339] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  ROBERT,  SBIOKBUR 
D'AUBIONY  (1470?-1543),  brother  of  Matthew  Stewart, 
second  or  tenth  earl  of  Lennox  [q.  v.] ;  served  with  Scots 
under  Seigneur  d' A ubigny ;  as  marshal  of  France  defeated 
Colonna  at  Villa  Franca,  1615  ;  fought  at  Marignano ; 
captured  at  Pavia.  [liv.  314] 

STEWART,  LORD  ROBERT,  afterwards  EARL  OF 
ORKNEY  (d.  1592),  natural  son  of  James  V  :  abbot  of  Holy- 
rood,  1539  ;  privy  councillor,  1652 ;  acted  with  lords  of 
congregation ;  prominent  during  French  attack  on  Edin- 
burgh, 1559;  pensioned  by  his  half-sister,  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots,  1666 ;  reported  to  have  warned  Darnley  of  the 
plot  against  him  ;  exchanged  temporalities  of  Holyrood 
for  those  of  Orkney,  1669 ;  a  chief  conspirator  against 
Morton,  1580 ;  created  Earl  of  Orkney,  1581.  [liv.  842] 

STEWART,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  1670  ?),  Irish  royalist ; 
accompanied  James  VI  to  England,  1603  ;  In  Swedish 
service,  1611-17;  granted  Irish  estates,  1617;  raised 
troops  in  Scotland  for  Sigismund  III  of  Poland,  1623 ;  at 
battle  of  Leipzig  and  taking  of  Wurzburg,  1629 ;  enlisted 
Irish  troops  for  Sweden,  1637 ;  governor  of  Culmore 
Castle,  1638,  of  Londonderry,  1643-4  ;  M.P.,  Londonderry, 
1639;  received  royal  commission  against  Irish  rebels, 
1641 ;  defeated  Sir  Phelim  O'Neill  [q.  v.]  at  Glenmaquin, 


STEWART 


1251 


STEWART 


1642;  surprised  Owen  Roe  O'Neill   [q.  v.],  U543  ;  reluc- 
tantly took  the  covenant  ; 

refitted  to  obey  parliamentary  governor  of  m  rry  ;  secured 
and  M-nt  to  London,  1648 ;  escaped  and  joined Olanricarde 
in  Ireland,  1649 ;  after  royalist  def«  .r 
(•appointed  to  Derry  and  Culmore  at  Restoration. 

[liv   3431 

STEWART,   ROBERT,  first  MAK^I  i>  .,*  : 
IIKRKY  ( 173'.*  -ihii  j :  Irish  M.P.,  oo.  Down,  1769-83  ;  pro- 
mint  nt  delegate  to  second  Duuganuon  convention,  1783 : 
Irish  privy  councillor ;   created  (Irish)  Baron  London- 


STEWART.  RODERT,  second  MARQUIS  OF  LOXDOV- 
DEHRY,  better  known  as  Vweoi'XT  OASTLKIUUOH  (1769- 
1822),  statesman :  son  of  Robert  Stewart,  flrst  marquis 
of  Londonderry  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1788,  and  abroad :  M.P.,  oo.  Down  (Irish  par- 
UamentX  1790;  M.P.,  Tregony,  1704-6,  Oxford,  1796-7; 
supported  enfranchisement  of  Irish  Roman  catholics  ;  at 
flrst  voted  with  opposition  ;  as  keeper  of  Irish  privy  seal, 
1797-8,  was  acting  chief  seoretary  to  Ttceroy  ;  forestalled 
United  Irish  rebellion  by  arresting  leaden  :  procured 
English  troops  to  replace  Irish  militia ;  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland,  1799-1801,  being  specially  selected  by  Pitt ;  im- 
pressed on  ministry  necessity  for  immediate  union  ;  solely 
responsible  for  its  passing  through  Irish  parliament,  1800. 
though  reluctantly  employing  corruption  ;  threatened 
resignation  on  refusal  of  ministry  to  recommend  all 
peerages  promised;  pressed  for  introduction  of  Irish 
Catholic  Emancipation  Bill ;  resigned  on  George  Ill's 
refusal,  1801 :  after  union  represented  ob.  Down,  1800-6 
and  1812-20,  Boroughbridge,  181)6,  Plyrnptou-Earl,  1806- 
1812,  Oxford,  1821-2 ;  had  unofficial  charge  of  Adding- 
ton's  Irish  measures,  1801 ;  prepared  plans  for  Irish  tithe 
commutation,  and  recommended  state  payment  of  Roman 
catholic  priests ;  at  Pitt's  request  became  president  of 
(East  India)  board  of  control  under  Addington,  1802  ; 
supported  Lord  Welle* ley  against  court  of  directors  and 
the  cabinet,  and  conducted  negotiations  with  Persia; 
appointed  by  Pitt  to  war  and  colonial  office  in  addition 
to  board  of  control,  1805 ;  responsible  for  abortive  Elbe 
expedition,  1805;  attacked  Grenville's  foreign  policy, 
1806  ;  again  war  secretary,  1807  ;  made  treaty  with 
Prussia,  secured  Danish  fleet,  saved  Swedish  and  Portu- 
guese fleets  from  Napoleon  I,  1807  ;  prepared  expedition 
to  Portugal,  1808,  vainly  endeavouring  to  secure  chief 
command  for  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley;  seut  Wellesley  to 
Portugal,  1809,  and  supported  him  throughout ;  increased 
army ;  his  Walcheren  expedition  delayed  and  ruined  by 
dissension  between  commanders  and  fever,  1809;  his 
supersession  agreed  upon  in  cabinet  under  influence  of 
Canning ;  declined  presidency  of  council ;  fought  duel 
with  Canning,  wounding  him,  1809;  resigned:  supported 
ministerial  policy  whilst  out  of  office,  1809-12;  member 
of  bullion  committee;  supported  continued  suspension  of 
cash  payments,  1811 ;  refused  peerage  ;  foreign  secretary, 
1812-22 ;  led  House  of  Commons  after  Perceval's  death  : 
rejected  Napoleon  I's  overtures  and  increased  troops  in 
Peninsula,  1812;  brought  about  peace  between  Russia 
and  Turkey,  Sweden  and  Russia,  and  concluded  treaties 
with  Russia  and  Sweden,  1812;  increased  foreign  sub- 
sidies, 1813 ;  by  his  exertions  as  British  plenipotentiary 
on  the  continent  procured  treaty  of  Cbaumont,  1814; 
arranged  with  Austria  at  Dijon  affairs  of  Italy ;  signed 
preliminaries  of  peace  at  Parts  with  reservations,  after 
Napoleon's  abdication,  1814  ;  opposed  to  Elba  settlement ; 
K.G.  :  senior  British  plenipotentiary  at  congress  of 
Vienna,  1814-15 ;  in  consequence  of  determined  oj>po<l- 
tion  on  I'oli-h  question  by  Russia  and  Prussia,  concluded 
offensive  and  defensive  treaty  with  Prance  and  Austria, 
1815  :  peace  having  meanwhile  been  made  with  America, 
effected  a  compromise,  a  paper  constitution  being  granted 
Poland,  Luxemburg  given  to  Netherlands  and  Genoa  to 
Piedmont,  and  abolition  of  slave  trade  after  term  of 

promised  by  France  and  Spain :  on  Napoleon's 
escape  increased  foreign  subsidies  and  refused  separate 
peart- :  after  Waterloo  restrained  allies  from  retaliations 
on  France;  selected  St.  Helena  and  settled  terms  of 

oil's  confinement ;  restored  Java  to  the  Dutch ; 

il  in  Commons  on  income  tax,  1816;  in  cabinet 
opposed  resumption  of  cash  payments,  1819 ;  with  Sid- 
mouth  held  responsible  for  the  Six  Acts,  1819 :  measures 
against  Queen  Caroline  imputed  to  him,  1820;  made 
treaties  with  Spain  (1817)  and  Belgium  (1818)  for  aboil- 


tton  of  slave  trade:  a 

1818 ,  cun-olidated  eetttanent  of  181ft  by  further  trea't  e.  : 

KBMM  Itoi  ,-.  -  ..:  Staton*  i-.i . 




ommtoed  nidd*  at  coontry 

seat ;  buried  in  WeMmineter  Abbey.  [h v.  M6] 

STEWART,    Siu  ROBERT  PRESCOTT  (18S6-1894) 
musician  ;  organUt  of  Cbrbt  Church  an<l 
Dublin,  1844;  ricar-cboral  and  ornnM 
1862 :   profeMor  of  music,  Dublin  University.  1861 :   Mus. 

Societies:  knighted,  1872;  composed  glee*,  church  mu  lc, 
and  other  works.  [Ur.  368] 

STEWART,  SIR  THOMAS  GRAINGER  (1817-1900), 
physician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1868 ;  president  while  still 

ojttrgnduAti  •>:  Boj  ,:  ktedioal  -,..-,••.  .  n ,  v,  Berlin, 

Prague,  and  Vienna  :  F.R-S.K.,  1866  ;  profeMorof  practice 
of  physic  at  Bdlnborgb  University,  1876;  physician  In 
ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria  in  Scotland,  1882 ;  knighted, 
1894  ;  represented  Edinburgh  University  at  Berlin  comma* 
on  tuberculosis:  president,  Edinburgh  College  of  Phy. 
slclans,  1889-91.  His  works  include  emays  in  pare  litera- 
ture and  '  A  Practical  Treatise  on  Bright'*  Disease  of  the 
Kidneys,'  1869.  [SuppL  Ui.  360] 

STEWART,  WALTER  (d.  1177),  steward  of  Mal- 
colm IV  of  Scotland :  Robert  II  wait  sixth  in  descent 
from  him.  The  surname  of  the  royal  bouse  of  Stuart 
probably  dates  from  the  reign  of  Malcolm  IV,  and  the 
person  of  Walter,  since  in  the  prior  reign  of  David  I  be 
had  been  witness  to  two  charters  without  the  designation 
of  Steward.  [xlvlil.  344] 

STEWART,  WALTER  (1293-1326),  high  steward  of 
Scotland ;  sou  of  Jauies  Stewart  (d.  1309)  [q.  v.]  ;  shared 
command  of  left  wing  at  Banuockburn,  1314;  married 
Marjory  Bruce,  1315  ;  flrst  governor  of  Scotland,  1316  : 
defended  Berwick:  engaged  iu  attempted  surprise  of 
Edward  II  at  By  land  Abbey,  1322.  [liv.  296] 

STEWART,  WALTER,  EARL  OF  ATHOLL  (d.  1437), 
second  sou  of  Robert  II,  by  second  wife ;  lord  of  Brechin 
by  marriage,  1378  ;  keeper  of  Edinburgh  Castle  ;  Earl  of 
Caithness,  1402-30  :  forwarded  return  of  James  I,  1424  ; 
granted  earldom  of  Strathearn,  1427 ;  joined  plot  for 
assassination  of  James  I  that  his  own  grandson  might 
succeed ;  tortured  and  executed.  [liv.  368] 

STEWART  or  STUART,  WALTER,  flrst  LORD 
BLANTYRE  (d.  1617),  lord  treasurer  of  Scotland  :  educated 
with  James  VI  under  Buchanan ;  prior  of  Blantyre ; 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1682-96 ;  extraordinary  lord  of 
session,  1593;  an  'octavian,'  1596:  treasurer,  1696-9; 
imprisoned  and  compelled  to  resign  by  James  VI,  1699  : 
commissioner  for  union  with  England,  1604  ;  created 
Baron  Blantyre,  1606 ;  assessor  at  trials  of  George  Sprott 
[q.  v.],  1608,  and  Balmerino,  1609.  [liv.  369] 

STEWART,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1402),  of  Jedwortb  ; 
sheriff  of  Teviotdale ;  not  idem  mil  with  Stewart  of 
Castlemilk  ;  progenitor  of  earls  of  Galloway :  auditor  of 
customs,  1890 :  '  borow  '  of  Douglas  for  middle  ma  robes, 
1398 ;  taken  at  Homildou  Hill ;  executed  by  Hotspur  as 
traitor  to  England.  [liv.  360] 

STEWART,  WILLIAM  (1479-1646),  bishop  of  Aber- 
deen ;  dean  of  Glasgow,  1527  ;  lord  treasurer  of  Scotland, 
1630-7 ;  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  1582-46  ;  ambassador  to 
England  and  France,  1634  ;  built  King's  College  Library, 
Aberdeen.  [liv.  360] 

STEWART,  WILLIAM  (1481  ?  -  1660  ?),  Scots 
chronicler  and  verse-writer  ;  first  licentiate,  St.  Andrews, 
1601  ;  pensioned  by  James  V  ;  poems  ascribed  to  him 
in  Bannatyne  and  Maitland  collections;  his  metrical 
version  of  Hector  Boece  [q.  v.],  containing  notable  addi- 
tions, printed  by  William  Barclay  Turnbull  [q.  v.].  1868. 

STEWART,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1688),  of  Moukton; 
third  son  of  Andrew  Stewart,  second  lord  Ocbiltne 
[q.  T.]  ;  routed  and  wounded  when  com  mantling  Arran's 
men  after  raid  of  Huthveu,  1682  ;  envoy  to  France,  1687  ; 
accused  master  of  Gray,  who  was  convicted ;  captured 
John  Maxwell,  lord  Maxwell  (1663-1693)  [q.  T.],  and 
Lochmaben  Castle,  1688;  killed  in  brawl  at  Edinburgh 
by  Francis  Stewart,  fifth  earl  of  Bothwell  [q.  T.] 

[llT.  861] 


STEWART 


1252 


STIRLING 


STEWART,  SIR  WILLIAM  ( ft.  1575-1603),  of  Hous- 
ton :  favourite  of  James  VI ;  colonel  in  Dutch  s 
1580  :  married  Flemish  \vitV  ;  captain  of  James  Vl's 
guard,  1582  ;  joint-ambassador  to  England,  1583  ; 
James  Vl's  chief  instrument  in  freeing  himself  from 
Hut  liven  raiders,  1583  ;  shared  influence  over  him  with 
Arran  ;  granted  Pittenweem  priory,  1583  ;  frustrated  at- 
tempts of  insurgents  on  Stirling,  1584  ;  induced  James  VI, 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Mary  Stuart  to  help  him  in  recover- 
ing wife's  dowry  ;  overthrown  by  coup  d'etat,  1585 : 
digmi«*ri  ;  James  Vl's  secret  agent  in  Denmark  and 
France,  1586  ;  convoyed  James  VI  and  his  queen  from 
Denmark,  1589 :  again  privy  councillor ;  envoy  to  Germany, 
1690 ;  sent  to  Netherlands  to  negotiate  evangelic  alliance, 
1593  ;  knighted  and  granted  Houston,  1593  ;  '  gentleman 
adventurer  '  in  Lewis,  1598.  [liv.  362] 

STEWART.  Sm  WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUNT  MOUNT- 
JOT  (1653-1692),  soldier  ;  succeeded  as  second  baronet, 
1662 ;  commissioner  of  claims  under  (Irish)  acts  of 
settlement  and  explanation,  1675;  custos  of  Donegal, 
1G78  ;  created  Viscount  Mount  joy,  1683 ;  master-general 
of  ordnance  for  life,  1684 ;  volunteer  at  capture  of  Buda, 
1686 ;  brigadier  in  Ireland,  1687 ;  sent  by  Tyrconnel  to 
Londonderry,  1688  ;  promised  pardon  for  Ulstermeu  and 
protestaut  garrison :  deceived  by  Tyrconnel  and  induced 
to  go  to  Paris,  1689  ;  imprisoned  there ;  attainted  and 
deprived :  exchanged  for  Richard  Hamilton  [q.  v.],  1692  ; 
killed  in  William  Ill's  army  at  Steenkirk.  [liv.  364] 

STEWART,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1774-1827),  lieutenaut- 
•  general ;  brother  of  Charles  James  Stewart  [q.  v.] :  en- 
tered army,  1786  ;  on  staff  of  Quiberon  expedition,  1795  ; 
commanded  67th  foot  in  San  Domingo,  1795-8  ;  volunteer 
with  Austro- Russian  army  at  Zurich,  1799;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  'riflemen'  (afterwards  95th),  1800;  wounded 
at  Ferrol,  1800  ;  commanded  marines  at  Copenhagen, 
1801,  writing  account  of  the  battle;  intimate  with  Nel- 
son ;  published  scheme  of  reform  for  British  army,  1805  ; 
commanded  brigade  in  Sicily,  1806 ;  failed  to  take  Rosetta, 
1807 ;  led  light  brigade  in  Walcheren  expedition,  1809  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1813;  K.B.  for  services  at  Vittoria, 
1813  ;  wounded  in  Dona  Maria  pass  ;  present  at  later 
actions,  being  prominent  at  Aire  ;  G.C.B.,  1815;  M.P., 
Saltash,  1795,  Wigtonshire,  1796-1816 ;  thanked  personally 
by  speaker,  1814.  [liv.  36G] 

STEWART-MACKENZIE,  MARIA  ELIZABETH 
FREDERIOA,  LADY  HOOD  (1783-1862),  friend  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott ;  accompanied  Sir  Samuel  Hood  (1762- 
1814)  [q.  v.],  her  first  husband,  to  East  Indies  ;  succeeded 
to  headship  of  clan  Mackenzie,  1815;  married  James 
Alexander  Stewart  of  Glasserton,  1817.  [liv.  368] 

STICHIL,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1274),  bishop  of  Durham  ; 
monk  of  Durham ;  prior  of  Finchale ;  bishop  of  Durham, 
1260-74 ;  attended  council  of  Lyons  ;  resigned  see ;  founded 
hospital  at  Greatham ;  died  at  L'Arbresle  ;  buried  at 
Saviguy.  [liv.  368] 

STIGAND  (d.  1072),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ; 
chaplain  to  Canute  and  Harold  Barefoot ;  chief  counsellor 
of  Emma  [q.  v.]  ;  appointed  to  see  of  Elmham,  1038 ; 
consecrated,  1043 ;  deprived  but  reinstated,  1044  ;  bishop 
of  Winchester,  1047  ;  employed  in  negotiations  between 
Edward  the  Confessor  and  Earl  Godwin  [q.  v.],  1061-2 ; 
oncanonically  appointed  archbishop,  1052;  excommuni- 
cated by  five  popes;  received  pall  from  Benedict  X 
(afterwards  declared  uncanonicalX  1068  ;  probably  did 
not  crown  Harold  ;  joined  in  electing  Edgar  Atheling 
[q.  v.]  after  Hastings ;  submitted  and  helped  to  crown 
William  L,  1066 ;  condemned  by  papal  legates  for  usurpa- 
tion, receiving  pall  from  schismatic,  and  plurality,  1070  ; 
deprived  of  Canterbury  and  Winchester ;  imprisoned ; 
buried  in  the  cathedral  abbey  of  St.  Swithin,  Winchester. 

Fliv  3691 

STILL,  JOHN  (1643  ?-1608),  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells ; 
M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1565,  D.D.,  1576 ;  fellow; 
c.  1562 ;  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge,  1570- 
1573 ;  rector  of  Hadleigh,  1571 ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Parker,  1672 ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1573 ;  master  of  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1674-7,  of  Trinity,  1677-1608  • 
twice  vice-chancellor;  archdeacon  of  Sudbury,  1677- 
chosen  Cambridge  delegate  to  diet  at  Schmalkald,  1578 ; 
Wllpcntor  of  Canterbury  convocation,  1589 ;  bishop  of 
Brtto  and  Wells,  1593-1608;  benefactor  to  Bubwith's 
Hospital,  Wells,  and  Trinity  Collate,  Cambridge ;  author- 
Ihip  of  'Gammer  Gorton's  Needle'  (second  English 


comedy :  played  at  Christ's  College  ;  published,  1575)  attri- 
buted to  him  on  inconclusive  evidence  by  Isaac  Reed  [q.  v.] 

[liv.  370] 
STILLINGFLEET,  BENJAMIN  (1702-1771),  botanist 

,  and  author  ;  grandson  of  Edward  Stillingfleet  (1635-1699) 

1  [q.  v.];  scholar  and  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1723 ;  tutor  to  Ashe-Windhani's  son  William ;  explored 

|  Mer  de  Glace,  Chamounix,  1741 ;  received  pension  from 
Windham,  having  charge  later  of  his  son ;  obtained  a 

:  sinecure  through  his  influence  with  Lord  Barringtou; 
attended  assemblies  of  Mrs.  Agmondesham  Vesey  at  Bath, 

|  c.  1748,  originating  term  'blue-stocking'  by  his  dress  ; 

;  became  acquainted  with  Linnean  system,  1750-6  ;  wrote 
librettos  for  oratorios ;  '  Paradise  Lost '  (1760)  set  by  John 

1  Christopher  Smith  [q.  v.],  performed  at  Covent  Garden,. 
London,  1760 ;  first  proposed  English  names  for  grasses  ; 
genus  of  euphorbiaceous  plants  named  after  him ;  chief 
works, '  Miscellaneous  Tracts  relating  to  Natural  History, 
Husbandry,  and  Physick,'  1759,  containing  preface  which 

j  introduced  Linnean  principles  into  England,  and  '  Obser- 

|  vatious  on  Grasses.'  [liv.  373] 

STILLINGFLEET,  EDWARD  (1635-1699),  bishop  of 
Worcester ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1653 ; 
M.A.,  1656 ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1677  ;  D.D.,  1668 : 
preacher  at  Rolls  Chapel  and  reader  at  the  Temple ;  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1667  ;  canon  of  Canter- 
bury, 1669 ;  popular  London  preacher  ;  chaplain  to 
Charles  II ;  friend  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale  [q.  v.] ;  arch- 
deacon of  London,  1677  ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1678 ; 
prolocutor  of  lower  house  ;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1689-99 ; 
member  of  commission  to  revise  prayer-book  and  con- 
sider 'comprehension' ;  frequent  speaker  in  parliament ; 
adviser  of  Teuison  when  primate ;  had  controversy  with 
Locke  on  the  Trinity,  1696-7 :  reformed  procedure  of 
consistory  court ;  his  manuscripts  bought  by  Harley, 
books  by  Narcissus  Marsh  [q.  v.]  His  works  (edited  by 
Bentley,  1710)  include  '  The  Irenicuin,'  1659  (suggesting- 
compromise  with  presbyterians),  '  Origines  Sacrae,'  1662, 
also  a  treatise  on  jurisdiction  of  bishops  in  capital  cases, 
and  '  Origines  Britaunicae,'  1685.  [liv.  375] 

STILLINGFLEET,  EDWARD  (1660  ?-1708),  Gresham. 
professor  of  physic;  son  of  Edward  Stillingfleet  (1635- 
1699)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1686, 
M.D.,  1692 ;  F.R.S.  and  Gresham  professor  of  physic,  1698  ; 
held  various  rectories.  [liv.  373] 

8TILLINGTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1491),  bishop  of  Bath, 
and  Wells  and  lord  chancellor ;  doctor  of  civil  and  canon 
law,  Oxford ;  principal,  Deep  Hall,  Oxford,  1442  ;  canon 
of  Wells,  1445 ;  prebendary  of  York  and  Southwell ;  dean 
of  St.  Martin's,  London,  1458-85;  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  1466-91  ;  Yorkist  keeper  of  privy  seal,  1460 ;  lord 
chancellor,  1467-75,  with  short  intervals ;  imprisoned  by 
Edward  IV,  probably  for  hostility  to  the  Woodvilles ; 
supported  Richard  III;  imprisoned,  but  pardoned  by 
Henry  VII ;  again  imprisoned  for  share  in  Simnel's  rebel- 
lion ;  founded  college  at  Nether  Acaster.  [liv.  378] 

STIRLING.    [See  also  STERLING.] 

STIRLING,  EARL  OF  (1567  ?-1640).  [See  ALEXANDER,. 
SIR  WILLIAM.] 

STIRLING,  CHARLES  (1760-1833),  vice-admiral 
son  of  Sir  Walter  Stirling  [q.  v.]  ;  captain,  1783,  for  cap- 
ture of  American  privateer  Congress,  1781 ;  resident  com- 
missioner, Jamaica,  1803-4;  rear-admiral,  1804;  with 
Rochefort  squadron  took  part  in  action  off  Cape  Finisterre, 
|  1805;  naval  commander  of  South  American  expedition, 
1806 ;  commauder-in-chief  at  the  Cape,  1807,  in  Jamaica,. 
1811-13 ;  vice-admiral,  1810  ;  removal  and  placed  on  half- 
pay  for  corruption,  1814.  [liv.  384] 

STIRLING,  JAMES  (1692-1770),  mathematician 
('  the  Venetian ')  ;  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Oxford  Uni- 
versities ;  expelled  from  Oxford  for  corresponding  with 
Jacobites,  1715  ;  studied  ten  years  at  Venice;  discovered 
secret  of  Venetian  glass-making;  came  to  London,  c. 
1725  ;  F.R.S.,  1726 ;  friend  of  Newton ;  manager  to  Scots 
Mining  Company,  Leadhills,  1735 ;  made  first  survey  of 
the  Clyde;  chief  work,  'Methodus  Differentialis,  sive 
Tractatus  de  Summatione  et  Interpolatione  Scrierum 
Inflnitarum,'  1730  (translated,  1749).  [liv.  379] 

STIRLING,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (17407-1805), 
lord  provost  of  Edinburgh;  secretary  to  governor  of 


STIBLING 


1253 


STODDART 


Jamaica;    town  councillor,  Edinburgh.  1771,  ti «, 

1773-4,  provost,  1790,  I7ui.  :m.|  I7y«  :    created  baronet 
for  services  in  reform  riots,  1792.  [liv.  38U] 

STIRLING,  sm  JAMES  (1791-18C5X  admiral  and 
first  governor  of  Western  Australia :  nephew  <,: 
Ktirlmir  [q.  v.],  under  whom  be  served  at  Finlsterre,  1806, 
in  South  America,  1807,  and  West  Indies,  1811-13  ;  formed 
MUement  in  Rattle*  Bay,  Torres  Strait,  1816 ;  governor 
of  \V,->tern  Australia,  1829-30;  rear-admiral,  1861 :  com- 
Bonder  in  China  and  Bart  Indies,  1864-6  ;  admiral,  IMS ; 
Itnight  of  the  Redeemer.  [liv.  380] 

STIRLING,  Mas.  MARY  ANN  (FANNY),  afterwards 
LADY  GRKUORT  (1816-1896X  actress:  ***  Kehl;  first 
appeared  aa  Fanny  Clifton  at  the  Coburg,  London ;  played 
leading  parts  at  the  Pavilion,  London,  1832  ;  married 
Edwani  Stirling  or  Lambert;  appeared  as  Mr*.  Stirling 
at  the  Adelphi,  London,  under  Mr*.  Nisbett:  made  hit  as 
'  lly  Snow ;  with  Macready  at  Drory  Lane, 


1843  ;  Cordelia  to  Macready'*  Lear  (Princess's,  London). 
1845:  her  greatest  part  Peg  Wofflngton  In  'Masks  and 
Faces '  at  Haymarkec,  London,  1852 :  played  Lady  Boun- 
tiful ('  Beaux'  Stratagem ')  and  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  1879, 
Mrs.  Malaprop,  1880:  Nurse  in  'Romeo  and  Juliet'  at 
Lyceum,  Lon.lon.  1882  and  1884 ;  her  last  part,  Martha, 
in  Wills'*  'Faust,'  1886  :  partially  retired  after  1870  ;  re- 
cited and  taught  elocution  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music  ; 
married  Sir  Charles  Button  Gregory,  1894.  [liv.  581] 

STIRLING,  ROBERT  (1790-1878),  Inventor  of  heated 
Air  engine  and  constructor  of  scientific  instruments; 
minister  of  Galston,  1824-78 ;  hon.  D.D.  St.  Andrew*. 
1840.  [Hv.  383] 

STIRLING,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1 733-1 808X 
general ;  served  in  Scots  brigade  of  Holland,  1747-57 ; 
captain,  42nd  Highlanders,  1757;  at  conquest  of  Canada 
and  Martinique,  1759,  the  Havaiinnh,  1762 :  commanded 
42ud  foot  during  American  war,  1776-80 ;  general,  1801 ; 
created  baronet ;  succeeded  also  to  Ardoch  baronetcy. 

STIRLING,  SIR  WALTER(1718-1786),  captain  in  the 
navy ;  lieutenant,  1746 ;  captain,  1759 ;  knighted  after 
Hood's  capture  of  St.  Eustatius,  1780;  commodore  at  the 
Nore,  1782.  [liv.  384] 

STIRLING-MAXWELL,  SIR  WILLIAM,  ninth 
baronet  (1818-1878),  historical  writer  and  virtuoso:  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1839,  M.A.,  1843;  visited 
Spain  and  the  Levant ;  contributed  to  '  Eraser's  Maga- 
zine' and  the  'Examiner';  succeeded  to  Keir  estates, 
1847 ;  M.P.,  Perthshire,  1852-68  and  1874-8  ;  member 
of  universities  commission,  1869,  of  Historical  Manu- 
scripts Commission  (1872-8),  and  of  Scottish  education 
board ;  original  member  of  Philobiblon  Society,  1854 ; 
rector  of  St.  Andrews  University,  1862,  Edinburgh,  1872  ; 
succeeded  to  Maxwell  baronetcy,  assuming  additional 
name,  1866 :  chancellor  of  Glasgow,  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
and  K.T.,  1876 ;  member  of  London  University  senate, 
1874-8;  trustee  of  British  Museum  and  National '(Jallory  ; 
breeder  of  shorthorns  and  Clydesdale  hones;  ardent 
bibliographer  and  collector  of  works  of  art ;  pioneer  of 
Spanish  art;  died  at  Venice.  His  'Works'  (collected, 
1891)  include  'Annals  of  the  Artists  of  Spain,'  1848 
('Velazquez*  issued  separately,  1855),  "The  Cloister  Life 
of  Charles  V,'  1862  (enlarged,  1891),  and  monographs  on 
the  bibliography  of  proverbs.  [liv.  384] 

STISTED,  SIR  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1817-1876),  lieu- 
tenant-general :  ensign,  1835  ;  served  in  Afghanistan  and 
Baluchistan;  lieutenant-colonel,  78th  foot,  1860;  com- 
manded brigade  in  Persian  war,  1866-7  ;  led  Havelock's 
advance  guard  at  relief  of  Lucknow,  1857  ;  C.B.,  1868 ; 
commanded  second  brigade  at  Bareilly,  1858 :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  93rd,  1859  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Ontario,  1867  ; 
K.<  '.B.,  1871.  [liv.  387] 

STOCK,  JOSEPH  (1740-1813),  Irish  bishop:  scholar, 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1759,  B.A.,  1761,  fellow,  1763; 
Lead-master  of  Portera  Royal  School,  1795;  bishop  of 
Killala,  1798-1810,  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  1810-13: 
captured  by  General  Humbert,  1798;  works  include  ac- 
count of  French  invasion  of  Mayo,  1799,  life  of  George 
Berkeley  (1685-1753)  [q.  y.],  1776,  and  translations  of 
Isaiah  and  Job.  [liv.  388] 

STOCK,  RICHARD  (15697-1626),  puritan  divine; 
scholar,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1587  :  M.A.,  1694 ; 
incorporated  at  Oxford ;  rector  of  Standlake,  169«,  of 


STOCK,  ST.  SIMBON  (1166  ?-1266).    [See  SIHJCOX.] 

8TOCKDALE.  JOHN  (1749 T-18I4X  publisher;  porter 
to  John  Almon  [q.  r.] :  after  bis  retirement  **  np  bod- 
neat;    issued  Dr.  Johnson's  •  Work*,'  1787  (editing  two 
volume.),  and  •  Debates  in  Parliament,'  1784-90 :  pro*- 
•••••••  i  EorUW  ta  MBMol  •  sUfe  i, ..•.,.•,•-  •;:-•.,-.,  5  •  i 

ObMM  ftftjnri  vramn  BMttafsV  ifltj  bstaM  to 
Krskine  and  acquitted ;  had  to  pay  damages  to  Joseph 
Nightingale  [q.  r.],  1809.  [u>.  1811 

8TOCKDALE,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1770-1847), 
and  compiler:  son  of  John  Stockdale  [q.  v.f;'__ 
verdicts  in  action  for  libel  against  Messn.  Hanrd  (par- 
•MMBtafj  noUhtaft  wfl«3  it*  vto  cttMl  p  , 
lege,  and  obtained  It  by  act  of  1840.  [liv.  890] 

STOCKDALE,  PERCIVAL  (1736-1811),  author; 
studied  at  Aberdeen,  1764 ;  sailed  in  Byng^  expedition  for 
relief  of  Minorca,  1766;  went  to  London,  e.l760\and  mixed 
in  literary  society;  conducted  'Critical  Review'  and 
'  Universal  Magazine ' ;  chaplain  of  Resolution  gnardshlp. 
1773-6  ;  defended  Pope's  writings  against  Walton's  essay, 
1778;  rector  of  Hinxworth,  1780,  of  Lesbnry  and  Low 
Honghton,  1783;  M.A.  Lambeth,  1784;  his  numerous 
works  include  "The  Poet,'  1773,  an  edition  with  biography 
of  Thomson's  'Seasons'  (1793),  translations,  criticism, 
and  '  Memoirs,'  1809.  [liv.  390] 

8TOCKER,  THOMAS  (fl.  1669-1592),  translator  of 
Calvin's  works  and  books  by  French  authors. 

[liv.  392] 

STOCKS,  ARTHUR  (1846-1889),  painter;  third  son 
of  Lumb  Stocks  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1807-89 ;  member  of  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
colours,  [liv.  393] 

STOCKS.  LUMB  (1812-1892),  line-engraver;  articled 
to  Charles  Rolls  ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1832 ; 
executed  plates  for  annuals  and  Finden's  'Gallery  of 
British  Art ' ;  associate  engraver,  Royal  Academy,  1861 ; 
K.A.,  1871.  [liv.  892] 

STOCKTON,  OWEN  (1630-1680),  puritan  divine: 
B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1649;  senior  fellow 
Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1662-8 ;  received  presbyterian 
ordination,  1655;  town  lecturer  at  Colchester,  1667-61; 
preached  afterwards  at  Colchester,  Ipswich,  and  Had- 
leigb ;  presented  in  ecclesiastical  court  as  conventicle 
holder,  1669 ;  benefactor  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and 
Harvard  ;  published  devotional  works.  [liv.  393] 

STOCKWOOD,  JOHN  (</.  1610),  schoolmaster  and 
divine;  B.A.  Heidelberg,  1667  (Incorporated,  Oxford, 
1575);  M.A.  Oxford,  1575,  Cambridge,  1679;  minister  of 
Battle,  1571  ;  head-master  of  Tonbridge  school,  1578,  vicar, 
1586-1610 ;  celebrated  preacher ;  protected  by  Sir  Robert 
Sidney ;  published  school  manuals  and  translations  of 
devotional  works.  [liv.  394] 

STOCQUELER,  JOACHIM  HAYWARD  (1800-1888), 
compiler ;  edited  papers  and  published  '  Fifteen  Months' 
Pilgrimage  through  Khuzistan  and  Persia  '  (1832),  'Me- 
morials of  Afghanistan*  (1843).  and  other  works  while 
in  India,  1821-41 ;  lectured  in  London  on  Indian  subjects 
and  Crimean  war,  1841-66 ;  correspondent  in  American 
war  :  his  '  Autobiography '  suppressed  in  India,  c.  1873  : 
published  military  compilations  and  historical  nwnwln 
(as  J.  H.  Siddons).  [liv.  396] 

STODDART,  CHARLES  (1806-1842),  soldier  and 
diplomatist :  entered  staff  corps,  1823 :  captain  on  half- 
pay,  1834  ;  secretary  to  United  Service  Institution,  1833- 
1836  ;  military  secretary  to  British  envoy  in  Persia,  1836: 
in  Persian  camp  during  siege  of  Herat,  1837-8 :  presented 
ultimatum  to  Mahomed  Shah  which  stopped  war.  1838  ; 
envoy  to  Bokhara  to  negotiate  release  of  Russian  prisoners 
and  treaty  with  Nasrulla  Khan,  1838  ;  imprisoned  during 
oome  months  ;  released  temporarily,  1839  and  1841 :  com- 
municated to  Palmerston  ameer's  wifh  for  English 
alliance,  1841:  again  imprisoned,  and  with  Arthur 
Conolly  [q.  v.]  beheaded,  1842.  [liv.  396] 

STODDART,  SIR  JOHN  (1773-18561  journalist  and 
judge  in  Malta ;  brother-in-law  of  Hazlitt :  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1794,  D.C.L.,  1801  :  king's  and  admiralty 
advocate,  Malta,  1803-7,  chief- justice,  1836-40 ;  knighted, 
1826;  contributor  to  'Times,'  1812-16;  conducted  'New 


STODDART 


1254 


STONE 


Times,'  1817-26  :  called  '  Dr.  Slop  ' ;  publishal  '  Remarks 
on  the  Local  Scenery  and  Manners  of  Scotland,'  1801, 
legal  pamphlets  and  translations.  [liv.  397] 


surgeon  to  British  military  forces  in  Natal,  1900  ;  pub- 
lic ml  a  life  of  his  father  in  '  Masters  of  Medicine '  series, 
;  1898 ;  died  of  pleurisy  at  Pietermaritzburg. 

[Suppl.  iii.  363] 

STOKESLEY,  JOHN  (14759-1539),  bishop  of  Ix>n- 
don :  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  c.  1496,  vice- 
president,  1505 ;  principal  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
1498  ;  chaplain  and  almoner  to  Henry  VIII,  1609  ;  dean 
!  of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1524;  envoy  to  France,  1529; 
tried  to  win  over  Italian  universities  to  Henry  VIIl's 
divorce  from  Catherine,  1530 ;  part-author  of  book  in 
favour  of  the  divorce,  1631  ;  bishop  of  London,  1530-9; 

pastor,  Trowbridge,  1724-8  ;  published  theological  works,     concurred  in  anti-papal  measures  ;  joined  Outhbert  Tun- 
with  posthumous  •  Poems  and  Letters.'  [liv.  399]      j  stan  [q.  v.]  in  remonstrance  with  Pole,  1637  :  condemned 

John  Frith  [q.  v.]  and  other  protestants  ;  opposed  trans- 
lation of  bible  into  English ;  resisted  Cranmer's  visita- 
tion ;  incurred  Cromwell's  hostility ;  accused  of  infring- 
ing statutes  by  excusing  bull  of  Martin  V,  1538;  pro- 
duced royal  pardon.  [liv.  403] 


STODDART,  THOMAS  TOD  (1810-1880),  angler  and 
author  ;  published4  The  Death- wake,'  1831,'  Angler's  Com- 
panion to  the  Rivers  and  Lakes  of  Scotland,'  1M7.  ami 
'Songs  of  the  Seasons,'  1873  (with  autobiography,  1881). 

[liv.  398] 

8TOGDON,  HUBERT  (1692-1728),  nonconformist 
divine ;  presbyterian  minister  near  Exeter,  1715,  at 
Wookey,  1718-24  :  rebaptised  by  immersion  ;  paedobaptist 


STOKES,  DAVID  (16919-1669),  divine;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  and 
fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1618  ;  fellow  of  Eton, 
1624 ;  canon  of  Windsor  and  precentor  of  Chichester, 
1628 ;  D.D.,  1630  :  deprived  as  royalist  of  all  benefices ; 
incorporated  at  Oxford,  1645 ;  reinstated,  1660  ;  published 
theological  works.  [liv.  399] 

STOKES,  GEORGE  THOMAS  (1843-1898),  Irish  eccle- 
siastical historian;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1864, 
M.A.,  1871,  D.D.,  1886;  ordained,  1866 ;  vicar  of  All  Saints, 
Newtown  Park,  co.  Dublin,  1868-98;  prebendary  and 
canon  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  1893  ;  deputy- 
professor  and  (1883)  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at 
Dublin  ;  librarian  of  St.  Patrick's  Library,  Dublin,  1887 : 
chief  works, '  Ireland  and  the  Celtic  Church,'  1886, '  Ireland 
and  the  Anglo- Norman  Church,'  1888,  'Commentary  on 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles '  (for  the  '  Expositor's  Bible '), 
1891.  [Suppl.  iii.  361] 

STOKES,  HENRY  SEWELL  (1808-1895),  Cornish 
poet:  schoolfellow  of  Dickens  at  Chatham;  established 
'Cornish  Guardian,'  1833;  mayor  of  Truro,  1856,  town 
clerk,  1859 ;  clerk  of  the  peace  for  Cornwall,  1865-95  ; 
entertained  Tennyson,  1848 ;  published  verse,  [liv.  399] 

STOKES,  JOHN  LORT  (1812-1 885),  admiral ;  entered 
navy,  1826 ;  commanded  the  Beagle  during  survey  of 
Timor  and  New  Zealand,  1841-3 ;  surveyed  New  Zealand, 
1847-51  ;  admiral,  1877  ;  published  (1846)  account  of 
Beagle  explorations,  1 837-43.  [liv.  400] 

STOKES,  MARGARET  M'NAIR  (1832-1900),  Irish 
archaeologist ;  daughter  of  William  Stokes  [q.  v.] ;  pub- 
lished, 1861,  an  illuminated  edition  of  Sir  Samuel  Fer- 
guson's poem, '  The  Cromlech  on  Howth,'  and  was  sub- 
sequently engaged  on  numerous  publications  relating  to 
Irish  archaeology ;  edited  and  contributed  drawings  to  the 
Earl  of  Dunraven's  '  Notes  on  Irish  Architecture,'  1875-7  ; 
her  work, '  The  High  Crosses  of  Ireland '  (partly  published, 
1898),  remained  unfinished  at  her  death.  She  was  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  and  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Ireland. 

[Suppl.  iii.  362] 

STOKES,  PETER  (d.  1399),  Carmelite  of  Hitchin ; 
D.D.  of  Oxford;  Archbishop  Courtenay's  agent  in  pro- 
ceedings against  Wycliffltes  at  Oxford,  1382 ;  wrote  work 
defending  William  Ockham  [q.  v.]  [liv.  401] 

STOKES,  WHITLEY  (1763-1845),  regius  professor 
of  medicine,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1830-43;  fellow, 
1787,  M.D.,  1793,  senior  fellow,  1805,  natural-history 
lecturer,  1816  ;  suspended  for  nationalist  opinions,  1798- 
1800.  [Hv.  401] 

STOKES,  WILLIAM  (1804-1878),  physician ;  son  of 
Whitley  Stokes  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1825,  Dublin, 
1839  ;  physician  to  Meath  Hospital ;  with  Robert  James 
Graves  [q.  v.]  reformed  chemical  teaching;  edited 
'Dublin  Journal  of  Medical  Science';  founded  Patho- 
logical Society,  1838  ;  regins  professor  of  medicine  from 
1845 ;  physician  to  Queen  Victoria  in  Ireland,  1861  • 
F.ILS.,  1861  ;  president,  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1874 ; 
awarded  Prussian  order  Pour  le  Merite,  1876  ;  works  in- 
clude treatises  on  diseases  of  the  chest  (1837)  and  of  the 
heart  (1864).  [liv.  401] 

STOKES,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1839-1900),  surgeon  :  son 
of  William  Stokes  (1804-1878)  [q.  v.];  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1869,  M.B.,  M.D.,  and  M.Ch.,  1863  • 
L.R.0.8.  Ireland,  1862,  and  F.R.C.S.,  1874 ;  studied  at 
Paris,  Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Prague  ;  practised  in  Dublin  ; 
professor  of  surgery  at  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Ire- 
land, 1872,  president,  1886-7  ;  knighted,  1886  ;  surgeon  in 
ordinary  to  Queen  Victoria  in  Ireland,  1892;  consulting 


STONE,  ALFRED  (1840-1878),  musician  ;  organist 
at  Clifton  and  Bristol  churches ;  conducted  Bristol 
Orpheus  Society,  1876-8;  organised  and  trained  choir 
which  won  prize  at  first  Crystal  Palace  music  meeting, 
1872  ;  organised  first  Bristol  musical  festival,  1873  ;  joint- 
\  editor  of  '  Bristol  Tune  Book,'  1863 ;  advocated  tonic 
sol-fa.  [liv.  405] 

STONE,  ANDREW  (1703-1773),  under-secretary  of 
state;  M.A.  Oxford,  1728;  as  private  secretary  and  under- 
1  secretary  of  state  (1734)  exercised  much  influence  over 
Newcastle  and  Henry  Pelham  (1695  9-1754)  [q.  v.] ;  M.P., 
Hastings,  1741-61 ;  joint-secretary  to  lords  justices,  1744 ; 
commissioner  of  trade,  1749-61 ;  accused  of  toasting  the 
Pretender,  but  retained  confidence  of  the  court;  treasurer 
to  Queen  Charlotte,  1761 ;  one  of  the  '  king's  friends ' ;  left 
important  political  correspondence.  [liv.  405] 

STONE,  BENJAMIN  (fl.  1630-1642),  sword-maker- 
established  on  Hounslow  Heath,  c.  1630,  earliest  known 
English  sword-factory.  [liv.  407] 

STONE,  EDMUND  (d.  1768),  mathematician;  son  of 
a  gardener ;  self-educated  ;  F.R.S.,  1725  ;  died  in  poverty ; 
chief  works, '  New  Mathematical  Dictionary,'  1725,  and 
'  The  Method  of  Fluxions,  both  direct  and  inverse '  (the 
former  translated,  latter  original),  1730.  [liv.  407] 

STONE,  EDWARD  JAMES  (1831-1897),  astronomer; 
fifth  wrangler,  1859  ;  fellow,  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1850-72,  hon.  fellow,  1875  ;  chief  assistant,  Greenwich 
Observatory,  1860-70 ;  detected  '  variation  of  latitude ' ; 
gold  medallist,  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  1869 :  astro- 
nomer-royal at  the  Cape,  1870-9  ;  received  Lalande  prize, 
1881,  for  his  Cape  catalogue  of  12,441  stars  (completed, 
1894);  observed  total  solar  eclipse  of  16  April  1874,  and 
transit  of  Venus,  8  Dec.  1874  ;  Radcliffe  observer,  Oxford, 
1879-97 ;  organised  transit  of  Venus  expeditions,  1882 ; 
F.R.S.  ;  P.R.A.S,  1882-4  ;  D.Sc.  Padua,  1892;  madespeo- 
troscopic  observations  of  solar  eclipse  at  Novaya  Zemlya, 
1896.  .  [liv.  408] 

STONE,  FRANCIS  (1738  9-1813),  Unitarian  :  captain 

of  Charterhouse,  London  ;  M.A.  University  College,  Ox- 

j  ford,  1766  ;  became  Arian  while  curate  to  Henry  Taylor 

I  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of  Cold  Norton,  Essex,  1765-1808 ;  pub- 

I  lished  pamphlet,  '  Tyro-Theologus,'  1768;    chairman  of 

petitioning  clergy ;  deprived,  1808,  for  sermon  at  Dan- 

;  bury,  1806,  advocating  Unitarian  views;  supported  by 

Unitarians,  but  died  a  debtor ;  published  economical  and 

political  pamphlets.  [liv.  409] 

STONE,  FRANK  (1800-1859), painter ;  self-educated: 
associated  exhibitor,  Water-colour  Society,  1833,  member, 
1842-6  ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1837,  winning 
rapid  popularity  ;  A.R.A.,  1851 ;  intimate  with  Dickens. 

[liv.  410] 

STONE,   GEORGE  (17089-1764),  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh ;  brother  of  Andrew  Stone  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.,  1732,  D.D., 
!  1740 ;    bishop  of    Ferns  and  Leighlin,  1740-3,  Kildare, 
!   1743-5,  Derry,  1745-7;    dean  of  Christ  Church,  Dublin, 
'  1743-5 ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1747-64 ;  Irish  privy  coun- 
i  cillor  and  n  lord  justice,  1747  ;  rival  of  Boyle;  supported 
claim  of  crown  to  surplus  revenues,  1749-53;  excluded 
|  from  regency,  1756  :  restored,  1758,  but  thenceforth  shared 
power  with  Shannon  (Boyle)  and  Pousonby  ;  the  '  Car- 
dinal Lapidario '  of  '  Baratamnu.1  [liv.  110]    • 


STONE 


l-J.Vi 


STORKS 


STONE,    (HLHERT    («/.     1417?),    nmiiwviil    l.-tfr- 
writer;   prebendary   of    \\Vlls    13«4,    H.-rt-ford 
Paul's,  London,  1412-17  ;  some  of  bis  letter*  in  I  :•  • 
James  collections,  Oxford.  [liT.  412] 

STONE,  HKNHY  (d.  1663),  painter  ('Old  Stone'): 
eldest  son  of  Nicholas  Stone  the  elder  [q.  r.] ;  successful 

copyist  of  Vundy.-k.  [liv.  414] 

STONE,  JEROME  (1727-1756),  self-taught  linguist 
and  poet;  head-master  of  Dtmkeld  grammar  school; 
contributor  to  '  Scote  Magazine.*  [liT.  413] 

STONE,  JOHN  (d.  1667),  mason  and  iUtuary: 
younseKt  sou  of  Nicholas  Stone  the  elder  [q.  v.]  :  royalist; 
last  survivor  of  family.  [liv.  415] 

STONE,  JOHN  HDRFORD  (1763-1818),  political 
refugee ;  intimate  with  Price,  Priestley,  and  Madame  de 
Genlis ;  prominent  member  of  Society  of  Friends  of  the 
Revolution :  led  English  celebrations  in  Paris  of  French 
victories  In  Belgium,  1792 :  imprisoned  then,  1793  and 
1794 ;  lived  with  Helen  Maria  Williams  [q.  v.] ;  engaged 
in  conspiracy  against  England,  1795 ;  printer  In  Paris  ; 
naturalised,  1817  ;  published  French  Unitarian  pamphlet 
as  •  Photinns,'  1800.  [liv.  418] 

STONE,  NICHOLAS,  the  elder  (1R86-1647),  mason, 
statuary,  and  architect ;  worked  in  Amsterdam  under 
Pieter  de  Keyser ;  employed  by  James  I :  carried  out 
designs  of  Inigo  Jones  ;  designed  and  executed  porch  of 
St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  and  gates  of  Botanic  Garden,  Oxford  : 
master- mason  and  architect  at  Windsor,  1626 ;  best 
known  for  his  tombs,  including  those  of  Bodley  at  Oxford 
and  Donne  at  St.  Paul's,  London  ;  published  '  Enchiridion 
of  Fortification,1 1645.  [lir.  414] 

STONE,  NICHOLAS,  the  younger  (d.  1647X  mason 
and  statuary  ;  son  of  Nicholas  Stone  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
worked  under  Bernini  in  Italy.  [liv.  415] 

STONE,  SAMUEL  (1602-1663),  puritan  divine :  M.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1627 ;  accompanied 
Thomas  Hooker  [q.  v.]  as  teacher  to  New  England,  1633, 
settling  at  Newtown  (Cambridge);  removed  to  Hurt  ford, 
1636 ;  published  '  A  Congregational  Church,  a  Catholike 
Visible  Church,'  1652 ;  died  at  Hartford.  [liv.  415] 

STONE,  WILLIAM  (1603  ?-1661  ?),  proprietary 
governor  of  Maryland,  1648-54  ;  condemned  to  death  by 
parliamentary  commissioners,  1654,  but  pardoned  ;  reap- 
pointed  councillor,  1659.  [liv.  415] 

8TONEHEN6E  (editor  of  the  '  Field ').  [See  WALSH, 
JOHN  HENRY,  1810-1888.] 

STONEHEWEE  or  8TONHEWER,  RICHARD 
(1728  ?-1809),  friend  of  Gray ;  scholar,  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1747  ;  eighth  wrangler,  1750  :  fellow  of  Peter- 
house,  1751  ;  tutor  of  Augustus  Henry,  third  duke  of 
Grafton  [q.  v.] ;  afterwards  private  secretary ;  under- 
secretary, northern  department,  1765,  southern,  1766 ; 
permanent  auditor  of  excise ;  obtained  for  Gray  Cam- 
bridge professorship ;  inherited  from  Mason  Gray's  library, 
holograph  poems,  and  correspondence.  [liv.  416] 

STONTORD,  JOHN  DE  (1290?-1372?).    [See  STOW- 

FORD.] 

STONHOT7SE,  SIR  JAMES,  eleventh  baronet  (1716- 
1795),  physician  and  divine  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1739,  M.D.,  1746 ;  studied  medicine  at  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  London,  and  French  universities ;  practised  at 
Northampton,  1743-63,  founding  the  county  infirmary ; 
under  influence  of  Philip  Doddridge  [q.  v.]  took  holy 
orders,  1749.  but  continued  medical  practice;  attended 
James  Hervey  (1714-1758)  [q.  v.]  in  last  illness;  rector  of 
Little  Cheverell,  1764,  with  Great  Cheverell,  1779  ;  lived  in 
Bristol,  preaching  there  and  at  Bath  ;  Hannah  More's 
'  Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain ' ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy, 
1792 ;  published  •  Every  Man's  Assistant  and  the  Sick  Man's 
Friend,'  1788,  and  popular  devotional  tracts,  [liv.  417] 

8TONOR,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1354),  judge;  summoned  to 
parliament  as  serjeant,  1313  ;  justice  of  common  pleas, 
1320 ;  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer,  1329  :  chief- justice  of 
common  pleas,  1829-31,  1334-40,  1842-54 ;  imprisoned, 
1340.  [lir.  418] 

8TOPES,  LEONARD (1540  ?-1687  ?),  seminary  priest; 
original  scholar,  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1556,  after- 
wards fellow ;  ejected,  1559 ;  imprisoned  at  Wisbech  on 
return  from  continent ;  exiled.  [liv.  419] 


8TOPE8.  UK-HARD  (/.  1621-1644).  (ant  abbot  d 
Meaux  or  Melsa,  Yorkshire ;  B.D.  St.  Bernard's  Colle*. 
Oxford,  1621.  [Uv.  419] 

8TOPFORD,  JAMBS  (d.  1769),  Irish  bishop ;  friend 
of  Swift:  scholar,  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1718,  fellow. 
1717-27,  M.A,  1718;  vicar  of  Finghw,  1727;  provost  of 
Tuam,  1730;  archdeacon,  of  KUlatoe.  1786;  dean  of  Kll- 
maoduagh,  1748  ;  bishop  of  Oloyne,  1768-9.  [liv.  419] 

8TOPFORD.  JOSHUA  (1636-1875),  divine;  found*. 
tion  clerk,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1666 ;  M.A.  and 
B.D.,  1670 ;  morning  lecturer.  Old  Church,  MiiiiiboeaM. 
1660:  encouraged  Booth's  rising,  1669: 
York,  1660;  vicar  of  Klrkby  Stephen 


Saints',  York,  1668;  vicar,  St.  Martin's,  York,  1667 ;  his 
•  Pagano-Paplsmus '  (1675)  re-edited,  1844.        [liv.  430] 

8TOPFORD,  SIR  ROBERT  (1768-1847),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1780;  present  at  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1781, 
action  of  12  April,  1782,  at  West  Indie*,  and  action  of 
1  June  1794  :  commanded  Phaeton  in  retreat  of  Admiral 
William  Cornwallis  [q.  v.],  1796 ;  with  Nelson  in  chase 
to  West  Indies,  1806  ;  received  fold  medal  for  conduct  in 
battle  of  San  Domingo,  1806 ;  In  Rio  and  Copenhagen 
expeditions,  1806-7  ;  rear-admiral,  1808 ;  blockaded  Roohe- 
fort  and  destroyed  French  chips,  1808 ;  commander  at  the 
Cape,  1810 ;  took  naval  command  of  Java  expedition, 
1811 ;  admiral,  1825  ;  G.C.B.,  1831 ;  O.C.M.G.,  1887  ;  com- 
mander at  Portsmouth,  1827-30,  of  Mediterranean  fleet, 
1837-41 :  conducted  operations  against  Mebemet  Ali,  1840  ; 
governor  of  Greenwich,  1841-7.*  [liv.  4)0] 

STORAGE,  ANNA  (or  ANN)  SELINA  (1766-1817), 
vocalist  and  actress;  pupil  of  Rauzzini  and  Racchini ; 
gained  first  great  success  at  Florence,  1780 :  sang  at  La 
Scala,  Milan,  1782  ;  original  Susanna  in  '  Nozze  di  Figaro,' 
Vienna,  1784;  married  John  Abraham  Fisher  [q. v.]; 
separated  from  him ;  appeared  in  comic  operas  in  Leo- 
don,  1787:  original  Margaretta  ('No  Song  no  Sapper 'X 
1790,  Barbara  ('Iron  Chest'),  1796:  sang  at  Handel 
festival,  1791 ;  first  played  Rosina,  1796  ;  formed  connec- 
tion with  John  Braham  [q.  v.] ;  sang  with  him  in  Paris, 
1797,  Italy,  Vienna,  and  Hamburg,  1798-1801,  and  after- 
wards  at  Co  vent  Garden,  London,  and  Drury  Lane,  Lon- 
don ;  retired,  1808.  [liv.  421] 

STORAGE,  STEPHEN  (1763-1796),  musical  composer; 
brother  of  Anna  Storacc  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Naples ;  met 
Mozart  at  Vienna ;  engaged  by  Lintey  as  composer  to 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1787  :  gained  great  success  with  his 
operas,  'The  Haunted  Tower,'  1789,  'The  Pirate,'  1792, 
and  '  The  Iron  Chest,'  1796 ;  also  composed  string  quartet 
in  which  Haydn  and  Mozart  played,  and  good  ballads. 

[liv.  423] 

STORER,  ANTHONY  MORRIS  (1746-1799),  col- 
lector ;  friend  of  fifth  Earl  of  Carlisle  at  Eton  and  Cam- 
bridge ;  accompanied  him  to  America,  1778-9 ;  com- 
missioner of  trade,  1781 ;  M.P.,  Carlisle,  1774-80,  Morpeth, 
1780-4 ;  intimate  with  Lord  North  ;  sent  by  Fox  to  Paris 
as  secretary  of  legation,  1783,  afterwards  plenipotentiary  ; 
conspicuous  in  society  ;  assisted  Edward  Harwood  (1729- 
1794)  [q.  v.]  in '  Views  of  the  Classics ' ;  purchased  Purley, 
1793 :  P.S.A.,  1777  ;  member  of  Dilettanti  Society,  1790; 
left  library  and  prints  to  Eton.  [liv.  428] 

STORER,  HENRY  SARG  ANT  (1795-1837),  draoghto- 
man  and  engraver ;  exhibited  drawings  at  Royal  Academy, 
1814-36;  collaborated  with  his  father,  James  Sargant 
Storer  [q.  v.]  in  'Cathedrals  of  Great  Britain,'  1814-19, 
'  The  Portfolio,'  1823-4,  and  similar  works ;  engraved  in- 
dependently. [liT.  424] 

STORER,  JAMBS  SARGANT  (1771-1853),  draughU- 
man  and  engraver;  collaborated  with  John  Greig  in 
•Antiquarian  and  Topographical  Cabinet,'  1807-11,  and 
other  works,  and  from  1814  with  bis  son.  [liv.  424] 

STORER,  THOMAS  ( 1571-1604 X  author  of  '  Life  and 
Death  of  Thomas  Wolsey,  cardinall '  (poem),  1599  (x 
1826) ;   student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1587 ; 
1604.  [liT.  426] 

STORKS,  SIR  HENRY  KNIGHT  (1811-1874),  lieo- 
tenaut-general ;  ensign,  1828  ;  assistant  adjutant-general 
in  Kaffir  war,  1846-7 ;  assistant  military  secretary,  Mau- 
ritius, 1849-54  ;  had  charge  of  British  establishments  in 
Turkey  during  Crimean  war :  K.O.B.,  1867 :  high  com- 
missioner of  Ionian  island*.  1869-68;  G.OM.G.,  1M»; 
major-general,  1862;  G.C.B,  1864;  governor  of  Malta, 
1864-6  ;  special  commissioner  and  governor  of  Jamaica 


STORMONT 


1256 


STOW 


lo^-J ;  privy  councillor,  1866  ;  controllcr-in-chicf  of  war 
office,  1887-70 :  surveyor-general  of  ordnance,  1870-4 : 
Ueatenant-eencral,  1871  :  M.P.,  Ripon,  1871-4  ;  assisted 
OttrdweU  iu  abolition  of  purchase.  [liv.  425] 

STORMONT,  first  VISCOUNT  (</.  1631).  [See  MURHAY, 
DAVID.] 

STORY,  EDWARD  (<*.  1503),  bishop  successively  of 
Carlisle  (1468)  and  Chichester  (1477) ;  fellow  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  c.  1444:  master  of  Michael  house,  1450; 
chaplain  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (Woodville);  twice  chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge :  procured  annexation  to  Ohichester 
school  of  canonry  and  prebend,  1498,  and  erected  cross. 

[liv.  426] 

STORY,  GEORGE  WARTER  (d.  1721),  author  of  '  An 
Impartial  Hirtory  of  the  War  in  Ireland,'  1691,  with 
•Continuation,'  liJ93 :  accompanied  (as  regimental  chap- 
lain) Schomberg  to  Ireland :  present  at  the  Boyne,  1690, 
and  siesre  of  Limerick,  1691 ;  dean  of  Connor,  1694,  of 
Limerick,  1705.  [liv.  427] 

STORY,  JOHN  (1510  ?-1571),  Roman  catholic  martyr  ; 
B.O.L.  Hincksey  Hall,  Oxford,  1531,  civil  law  lecturer, 
1835,  D.C.L.,  1538;  first  regius  professor,  1544 ;  advocate,  , 
Doctors'  Commons,  1639  :  M.P.,  Hindon,  1547  ;  recanted,  ! 
bat  opposed  Act  of  Uniformity ;  imprisoned,  1548-9,  by  j 
House  of  Commons  ;  retired  to  Louvain ;  excepted  from 
pardon,  1552  ;  chancellor  of  London  and  Oxford  and  dean 
of  arches,  1553  ;  active  persecutor  of  protestants;  queen's 
proctor  for  Oranmer's  trial,  1555  ;  M.P.,  East  Grinstead, 
Bramber,  Ludgershall,  Downton,  1553-9  ;  opposed  admis- 
sion of  papal  licenses,  1555 ;  took  oath  renouncing  foreign 
jurisdiction,  1558 ;  imprisoned,  1560  ;  escaped  from  Mar- 
shalsea  to  Flanders  by  help  of  Spanish  ambassador,  1563  ; 
said  to  have  instigated  establishment  of  Inquisition  at 
Antwerp,  1565 ;  pensioned  by  Philip  II ;  kidnapped  for 
English  government,  1570 :  convicted  of  treason  and 
executed  at  Tyburn ;  beatified,  1886.  [liv.  427] 

STORY,  ROBERT  (1790-1859),  minister  of  Rose- 
ueath,  1818-59 ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  tutor  to  James 
Andrew  Broun  Ramsay,  earl  of  Dalhousie  [q.  v.] ;  exposed 
hia  parishioner,  Mary  Campbell,  who  claimed  'gift  of 
tongues,'  1830 ;  published  '  Peace  in  Believing,'  1829 ; 
part-author  of  'The  Institute '  (satirical  poem),  1811. 

[liv.  430] 

STORY,  ROBERT  (1795-1860),  Northumbrian  poet ; 
son  of  a  peasant  at  Wark ;  schoolmaster  at  Gargrave  ; 
received  post  in  audit  office  for  support  of  conservatism, 
1843 ;  '  Poetical  Works '  issued  by  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land, 1857  (selection  edited,  1861).  [lir.  430] 

STORY,  THOMAS  (1670  ?-1742),  quaker  :  brother  of 
Qcovge  Warter  Story  [q.  v.] ;  assisted  by  William  Penn 
[q.  v.]  and  appointed  registrar  of  Society  of  Friends,  1695  ; 
accompanied  Penn  to  Ireland,  1698  ;  preceded  him  to  Penn- 
sylvania ;  recorder  of  Philadelphia,  1701 ;  treasurer  of 
Pennsylvania  Land  Company ;  visited  West  Indies ;  re- 
turned to  London,  1714;  preached  in  Oxford,  Holland 
(1715),  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Bath ;  his  'Journal' (1747) 
twice  abridged,  and  reprinted,  1846.  [liv.  431] 

8TOTHARD,  MRS.  ANNA  ELIZA  (1790-1883).  [See 
BRAT.] 

8TOTHARO,  CHARLES  ALFRED  (1786-1821),  anti- 
quarian draughtsman  ;  son  of  Thomas  Stothard  [q.  v.]  ; 
student.  Royal  Academy,  1807 :  prepared  ten  parts  (first 
issued,  1811)  of  '  Monumental  Effigies  of  Great  Britain ' ; 
as  historical  draughtsman  to  Society  of  Antiquaries  made 
drawings  of  Bayeux  tapestry,  writing  important  essay  on 
its  date,  1806  (drawings  in  '  Vetusta  Monumenta,'  1821, 
1823) ;  F.S.A.,  1818 ;  killed  by  fall  from  ladder  at  Beer- 
ferris.  [liv.  432] 

STOTHARD,  THOMAS  (1755-1834),  painter  and 
book-illustrator;  student,  Royal  Academy,  1777;  first 
exhibited  at  Society  of  Artists,  1777,  at  Academy,  1778  ; 
began  book  illustrations,  1779  ;  R.A.,  1794,  librarian,  181°  • 
designed  Wellington's  shield,  1814 ;  decorated  Burchlcy 
House  and  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh  ;  intimate  vitii 
Flaxman,  Beckford  of  Fonthill,  and  Samuel  Rogers; 
among  his  pictures  'Dryads  finding  Narclssii?,'  the  'Can- 
terbury Pilgrims  setting  forth  from  the  Tabard  Inn,' 
and  'The  Vintage';  executed  masterly  illustrations  of 
ttaldlng,  Richardson,  Sterne,  '  Robinson  Crusoe,'  Milton, 
'Rape  of  the  Lock;  Shakespeare,  Spenser,  and  Rogers; 


hi.-  -rallisto'   nnd  '  Zephyrus  and   Flora'    engraved   by 
Blake ;  his  Milton  designs  by  Bartolozzi.  [liv.  433] 

8TOTHERD,  RICHARD  HUGH  (1828-1895),  director- 
general  of  the  ordnance  survey  ;  entered  royal  engineers, 
1847  ;  fir;>t  captain,  1860 ;  brigade-major  in  North  Ame- 
rica, 1861-5 :  organised  first  field  telegraph  :  <-;m-«il 
adoption  of  Morse  signalling  system ;  reported  on  mili- 
tary operations  in  France,  1871;  president  of  war  oHirc 
torpedo  committee,  1873-6;  appointed  to  Irish  ordnance 
survey,  1881 ;  director-general  of  United  Kingdom  survey, 
1883-6 :  C.B.  for  preparing  maps  under  Redistribution 
Act,  1884 ;  retired  as  hon.  major-general,  1886 ;  pub- 
lished first  English  book  on  submarine  mining  (2nd 
edit.  1873).  [liv.  437] 

STOUGHTON,  ISRAEL  (d.  1645  ?),  founder  of  Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts,  1630  ;  commanded  Massachusetts 
army  against  Pequot  Indians,  1G37  ;  assitant,  1637-43; 
died  in  England  lieutenant-colonel  in  parliamentary 
army.  [liv.  438] 

STOUGHTON,  JOHN  (1807-1897),  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian; educated  at  Norwich  and  Highbury  College; 
congregational  co-pastor,  Windsor,  1833-43,  Hornton 
Street,  Kensington,  1843-74  ;  compiled  appendix  on  non- 
conformist moles  of  communicating  to  fourth  report  of 
ritual  commission,  1870  :  professor  of  historical  theology, 
New  College,  St.  John's  Wood,  London,  1872-84 ;  ar- 
ranged conference  with  churchmen,  1876 ;  lectured  in 
Westminster  Abbey  on  missions,  1877  ;  pall- bearer  at  Dean 
Stanley's  funeral,  1881 :  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1868 ; 
elected  to  Athenaeum  Club,  1874 ;  chief  works,  '  Church 
and  State  Two  Hundred  Years  Ago,'  1862,  'Ecclesiastical 
History  of  England,'  1867-70,  with  sequels,  1878,  1884, 
popular  works  on  foreign  reformers,  'Introduction  to 
Historical  Theology,'  1880,  and  autobiographical  memoirs. 

[liv.  439] 

STOUGHTON,  WILLIAM  (1630?-1701),  governor  of 
Massachusetts ;  son  of  Israel  Stoughton  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
Harvard;  incorporated,  New  College,  Oxford,  1652, 
fellow  and  M.A.,  1653 ;  ejected,  1662 :  returned  to  Ame- 
rica ;  assistant,  Massachusetts,  1671-86 ;  federal  commis- 
sioner, 1673-7  and  1680-6 ;  lieutenant-governor,  1692- 
1701 ;  presided  at  trial  of  Salem  witches,  1692 :  founded 
hall  at  Harvard.  [liv.  438] 

STOVIN,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1783-1865),  general; 
ensign,  1800 ;  with  Moore  at  Oorufia ;  aide-de-camp  to 
Alexander  Mackenzie  Fraser  [q.  v.]  in  Walcheren  expedi- 
tion, 1809 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Picton,  afterwards  assistant 
adjutant-general  to  his  division  in  Peninsula,  1811-14; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  1813;  deputy  adjutant-general 
in  America,  being  wounded  at  New  Orleans,  1815 :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 92nd  foot,  1819-21, 90th,  1821-9  ;  K.C.M.G., 
1829;  major-general,  1841;  groom-in-waitiug,  1837-60; 
general,  1859 ;  G.C.B.,  1860.  [liv.  440] 

STOW,  DAVID  (1793  -  1864),  educational  writer 
and  founder  of  the  Glasgow  Normal  School;  educated 
at  Paisley  grammar  school ;  employed  in  business  at 
Glasgow,  1811 ;  was  influenced  by  the  ideas,  among 
others,  of  Samuel  Wilderspin  [q.  v.],  and  founded,  1824, 
his  first  training  school  at  Drygate ;  advocated  strict 
moral  and  physical  education  ;  the  mixing  of  both  sexes 
in  large  classes,  and  banished  corporal  punishment  and 
prizes  ;  aided  by  government  ;  established,  on  disruption 
of  Scottish  church,  Free  Church  Normal  College ;  pub- 
lished, among  other  work?, '  Physical  and  Moral  Training,' 
1832.  [lv.  1] 

STOW,  JAMES  (/.  1790-1820),  engraver.      [lv.  2] 

STOW,  JOHN  (1526  ?-1605),  chronicler  and  anti- 
quary ;  followed  at  first  the  trade  of  a  tailor  :  admitted 
freeman  of  Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  1547  ;  occupied 
himself  from  1560  in  collecting  and  transcribing  manu- 
scripts, and  in  producing  original  historical  works ; 
joined  Society  of  Antiquaries  founded  by  Archbishop 
Parker,  and  maintained  good  relations  with  him  through- 
out ;  attacked,  but  unsuccessfully,  by  a  rival  chronicler, 
Richard  Grafton  [q.  v.]  ;  suspected  of  partiality  for  the 
old  faith  ;  was  charged,  1568, 1569,  and  1570,  with  being 
in  possession  of  popish  and  dangerous  writings ;  was 
examined  before  the  ecclesiastical  commission,  but 
escaped  without  punishment  ;  spent  all  his  fortune  on 
his  literary  pursuits,  and  existed  for  some  time  upon 
charitable  contributions:  letters  patent,  1604,  granted 
to  him  authorising  collection  of  '  kind  gratuities '  His 


8TOWE 


1857 


STRANGE 


effigy,  erc.-tc.l  by  his  wife,  -till  .-Ki.-ts  in   rhnr 
Andrew  Uiulur.-liaft,  Leadenhalt  Stn-t.  I/mi.loi. 
the  most  accurate  and  busineaslike  of  the  hintoriaus  of 
liU  <•«  ntury.    His  chief  productions  are  •  Tin-  \\ 
Geffrey    Chaucer,'    l.liil   (hi*    further   not.*   on  ri,.m  IT 
being  subsequently  printed  by  Thomas  gpeght  [q.  v.],  169s, 
'Summarie  of    Englysho  Chronicle*,*  1665   (an 
historical    work),     Matthew    of    V 
HUtoriarnm,'  1567,  Matthew  Park's  T 
Thomas  Walsingham's  'Chronicle,'  1574,  'The  Cl. !<•:.,. •!.•« 
of  England,'  1680  (In  subsequent  editions  styli-l   '  Hi. 
Anualea  of  Eugland  '),  the  second  oliti.m  <>f  I! 
'Chronicle,'    1585-7,  and  lastly  'A   surv.-y   ..f    L«.i,d..n.' 
1598   and   1603    (republiBlu-l  Mnttlry   fa.  v.], 

1754 ;  a  modernised  edition  published  by  Henry  Morley 
[q.  v.],  1876).  [lv.  3] 

STOWE.    WILLIAM  HENRY    (1825-1855),  scholar 
and  journalist  ;  B.A.   Wadham  College,    Oxfor 
fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,    1852  :  entered  at  Liu- 
coln'f  Inn  :  on  the  staff  of  •  The  Times,*  1852 ;  correspon- 
dent in  the  Crimea,  1U55  ;  died  of  fever  at  Balaclava. 

[lv.  C] 

STOWEL,  JOHN  (<f.  1799),  Manx  poet  and  satirist. 


[Iv.G] 
',   MI: 


STOWELL,    BAROX  (1745-1836).      [See  SCOTT, 

Wl  I.I.I  A.M.] 

STOWELL,  HUGH  (1799-1885),  divine  :  cousin  of 
William  Hendry  Stowell  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall, 
Oxford,  1826  :  Incumbent  of  Christ  Church,  Salfonl,  ls;;i  ; 
an  effective  preacher  and  leader  of  the  evangelical  party  ; 
published  religious  works.  [lv.  7] 

STOWELL,  SIR  JOHN  (1599-1662).    [SeeSTAWKLU] 

STOWELL,  WILLIAM  HENDRY  (1800-1858),  dis- 
senting divine  ;  cousin  of  Hugh  Stowell  [q.  v.]  ;  educated 
at  Blackburn  Academy;  hon.  D.D.  Glasgow,  1849  ; 
president  of  Cheshunt  College,  1850  ;  pioneer  of  missions  to 
working  men  ;  published  theological  and  historical  works. 

[lv.  7] 

STOWFORD  or  STONFORD,  JOHN  (1290  ?-1372  ?), 
judge ;  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  1342-72 ; 
acted  as  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  1345.  [lv.  8] 

STRACHAN,  ARCHIBALD  (d.  1652),  colonel ;  served 
under  Cromwell  at  Preston,  1648 ;  after  the  execution  of 
Charles  I  he  signed  the  covenant  at  Edinburgh,  1649,  and 
in  spite  of  Alexander  Leslie,  first  earl  of  Leven  [q.  v.], 
was  given  a  command ;  defeated  Moutrose  in  Carbisdalc, 
1650;  present  at  the  battle  of  Musselburgh  and  Dun  bar, 
1660;  refused  to  serve  under  Leslie,  and  corresponded 
with  Cromwell,  whom  he  subsequently  joined  again. 

[lv.  8] 

STRACHAN,  Sm  JOHN,  third  baronet  (d.  1777), 
captain  in  the  navy  ;  captured  the  French  privateer 
Tclemaqne  off  Alicante,  1757  ;  subsequently  served  under 
Sir  Edward  (Lord)  Hawke  [q.  v.]  [lv.  9] 

STRACHAN,  JOHN  (1778-1867),  first  bishop  of 
Toronto:  M.A.  Aberdeen,  1797;  became  a  schoolmaster 
and  went  to  Canada  ;  became  bishop  of  Toronto,  1839 ; 
founded  Toronto  University.  [lv.  10] 

STRACHAN,  SIR  RICHARD  JOHN,  fourth  baronet 
(1760-1828),  admiral  ;  nephew  of  Sir  John  Strachan 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  the  navy,  1772 ;  present  at  various  naval 
actions,  1772-1802 ;  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1777 ;  cap- 
tured the  French  frigate  Resolue,  1791,  ami  four  French 
battleships  which  had  escaped  from  Trafalgar  in  1805  ; 
K.B.,  1806  :  made  naval  commander  of  the  ill-fated 
Walcheren  expedition,  1809  ;  admiral,  1821.  [lv.  10] 

STRACHE7,  8w  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1736-1810); 
politician  :  grandson  of  John  Strachey  [q.  v.],  private 
secretary  to  Lord  Clivc  in  India,  1764:  M.P.,  Pontefract, 
1768,  Bishop's  Castle,  1774-8  and  1780-1802,  East  Grin- 
stead,  1802-7  ;  joint  undcr-socretary  of  state  for  home 
department,  1782  ;  master  of  George  Ill's  household, 
1794  ;  created  baronet,  1801  ;  F.S.A.  [Suppl.  iii.  3G4] 

STRACHEY,  JOHN  (1G71-1743),  geologist ;  F.R.S., 
1719  ;  said  to  have  first  suggested  theory  of  stratification 
in  his  work,  '  observations  on  different  Strata  of  Earths 
and  Minerals,'  1727.  [SuppL  iii.  364] 

STRACHEY,  WILLIAM  (/!.  1609-1618),  colonist 
and  writer  on  Virginia  ;  sailed  for  Virginia  on  the  Sea 
Venture.  1609.  with  Sir  Thomas  Gatea  [q.  T.]  and  Sir 


[q.  T.]  ;  wrecked  on  the  Bermuda*.  1609. 
Town,  Virginia.  1610:  wrote   'The 


George  PC 

....1    NMM   .:....- 

II wtorUt  of  Travaile  into  Virginia,'  1612  (printed.  1849). 

STRADLINO,  Silt  EDWARD  (1629-1609),  scholar 
and  patron  of  1  t.-r.iture  ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  StradUnir 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Oxford  :  M.P.,  Steyning,  1664,  and 
Arundel,  1567-  1576  ;  wrote  account  of  'The 

Winning  .nlship   of   Glamorgan,*    1672,  in- 

corporatod  by  David  Powell  [q.  v.]  in  hU  edition  of  Hum- 
phrey Uwyd's  '  Historic  of  Cambria.'  [|r.  13] 

STRADLINO.  Sin  EDWARD,  second  baronet  (1601- 
1644),  rm  son  of  Sir  John  Stradling  [q.  T.]  ; 

of  Braseuoae  College,  oxford;  M.P.,  Glamorganshire, 
1640 ;  engaged  in  buniueas  undertakings  ;  In  the  civil  war 
lending  royalist  in  Glamorganshire;  Uken  prisoner  at 
Edgehilt,  1642.  [lr.  1»] 

STRADLINO,  GEORGE  (1G21 -1688),  royalist :  eighth 
ran  of  Sir  John  Stmdling  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  1647  :  D.D.,  1661  ;  served  on  royalist  tide  during 
civil  war  ;  dean  of  Chichester,  1672-88.  [lr.  16] 

STRADLING,  Sm  HENRY  (jf.  1642X  royalist  cap- 
tain ;  fourth  son  of  Sir  John  Stradling  [q.  v.] ;  captain 
of  the  Tenth  Whelp  under  John  Penlngton  [q.  T.]  ; 
knighted,  c.  1642  ;  joined  Charles  I  from  Carlisle  after  sur- 
render, 1645  ;  taken  prisoner  at  Rowton  Heath ;  took  part 
in  royalist  revolts  In  South  Wales,  1647  and  1648. 

STRADLINO,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (166»il6S7), 
scholar  and  poet ;  adopted  by  his  great-uncle,  Sir  Edward 
Stradling  (1529-1609)  [q.  v.]:  of  Brasenoee  College  and 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1684:  knighted,  1608; 
created  baronet,  1611  ;  M.P.,  St.  Germans,  1626,  Old 
Sarum,  1625,  Glamorganshire,  1626  ;  enjoyed  a  great 
reputation  for  learning ;  published,  among  other  work*, 

•  Divine  Poems,'  1625.  [lv.  161 

STRADLINO,  SIR  THOMAS  (1498  7-1571),  knight; 
eldest  son  of  Sir  Edward  Stradling  :  sheriff  of  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1547-8  ;  M.P.,  East  Grinstead,  1553,  Arundel,  1664  ; 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1661,  on  suspicion 
of  popish  practices.  [lv.  16] 

STRAFFORD,  EARLS  OF.  [See  WEXTWORTH,  THOMAS. 
first  EARL,  1693-1641 :  WENTWORTH,  THOMAS,  third 
EARL,  1672-1739  ;  BYXO,  SIR  JOHN,  1772-1860.] 

8TRAHAN,  GEORGE  (1744-1824),  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson  ;  second  son  of  William  Strahau  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
University  College,  Oxford,  1771 ;  D.D.,  1807 :  vicar  of  St. 
Mary's,  Islington,  1773 :  prebendary  of  Rochester,  180ft  : 
rector  of  Kingsdown,  1820  :  attended  Dr.  Johnson  on  his 
deathbed;  afterwards  published  Dr.  Johnson's  ' Prayer, 
and  Meditations,'  1785.  [lv.  18] 

STRAHAN,  WILLIAM  (1716-1785),  printer  and  pub- 
lisher ;  left  Scotland  and  became  partner  with  Millar  in 
London,  with  whom  he  produced  Johnson's  *  Dictionary,' 
and  subsequently  with  Thomas  Cadcll  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
publisher  to  Thomas  Somerville,  Hume,  Adam  Smith, 
Johnson,  Gibbon,  Robertson,  Blackstone.  and  others  ; 
maintained  friendly  relations  with  his  client*  ;  M.P., 
Malmcsbury,  1774,  Woottou-Bassett,  1780-4.  [lv.  17] 

STRANO,  JOHN  (1584-1664),  principal  of  Glasgow 
University;  educated  at  Kilmarnock  and  St.  Andrews 
University ;  M.A.,  1600  :  inducted  to  the  parish  of  Errol 
on  the  recommendation  of  Alexander  Henderson  (IMS  ?- 
1646)  [q.  T.],  1614  :  member  of  the  general  assembly  held 
at  Perth  and  the  only  D.D.  who  voted  against  the  five 
articles  ;  principal  of  Glasgow  University.  16S6 ;  main- 
tallied  a  middle  course  during  the  subsequent  dissensions; 
accused  later  of  heresy,  and  resigned  his  office  in  1680 ; 
published  theological  works. 

STRANO,  JOHN  (1795-1863),  author  of 'Glasgow  and 
Its  Clubs':  a  wine-merchant;  his  literary  and  artistic 
tastes  developed  by  travels  in  France  and  Italy  ;  effected 
mrny  improvements  in  Glasgow,  his  native  city:  author 
of  'Germany  in  1831,'  1X36,  the  article  'Glasgow*  in  the 

•  Encyclopedia  Britaunlca'  (8th  edit.),  and  '  Glasgow  and 
its  Club*,'  1855.  [I*.  JO] 

STRANGE.    [See  also  L'EHTRAXUR.] 
STRANGE.    ALEXANDER  (1818-1876).  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  man  of  science;  fifth  son  of  Sir 


STRANGE 


1258 


STRATTON 


Andrew  Lumisden  Strange  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Harrow  ; 
joined  Madras  light  cavalry,  1834;  did  much  work  on  the 
trigonometrical  survey  of  India ;  major,  1859 ;  made 
Inspector  (1862)  of  scientific  instruments  for  use  in  India 
on  hid  return  to  England,  1861 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1861 ; 
K.K.UA  and  F.R.A.S.,  1861 ;  F.R.S.,  1864.  [Iv.  20] 

STRANGE,  SIR  JOHN  (1696-1754),  master  of  the 
rolls ;  a  pupil  of  the  attorney  Salkeld  ;  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1718;  as  counsel  defended  Lord  Macclesfield, 
1725 ;  solicitor-general  in  Wai  pole's  administration,  1737 ; 
elected  recorder  of  London,  1739,  and  knighted,  1740 ; 
M.P.,  Totnes,1742;  master  of  the  rolls,  1750;  author  of 
'  Reports '  published  1755.  [Iv.  21] 

STRANGE,  JOHN  (1732-1799),  diplomatist  and 
author;  second  son  of  Sir  John  Strange  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1755;  edited  his  father's  'Re- 
ports,' 1765  ;  F.R.S.  and  F.S.A.,  1766;  British  resident  at 
Venice,  1773 ;  writer  of  geological  and  archaeological 
papers.  [Iv.  23] 

STRANGE,  RICHARD  (161 1-1682X  Jesuit;  author  of 
•  The  Life  of  S.  Thomas  Oantilvpe.'  [Iv.  24] 

STRANGE,  SIR  ROBERT  (1721-1792),  engraver; 
apprenticed  to  Richard  Cooper  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  fought 
on  the  Stuart  side  at  Prestonpans,  Falkirk,  and  Culloden  ; 
studied  engraving  in  Paris  under  Le  Bas,  1749,  and  re- 
turned to  London,  1750,  with  a  first-rate  reputation; 
long  deprived  by  his  Jacobitism  of  court  favour;  left 
England  for  Italy,  1760 ;  returned,  1766 ;  excluded,  as  an 
engraver,  on  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Academy,  1768, 
though  his  rival,  Bartolozzi,  was  elected ;  left  England 
again,  1775,  for  Paris;  introduced  to  George  III  by 
Benjamin  West  [q.  v.],  president  of  the  Academy,  and 
engraved  Vandyck's  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  Charles  I  on 
his  horse,  1784,  and  West's  'Apotheosis  of  the  Royal 
Children,'  1786 ;  knighted,  1787.  He  stands  in  the  first 
European  rank  as  a  pure  historical  line-engraver,  con- 
demning Bartolozzi's  ' stippling*  and  'dotting.'  His  en- 
gravings from  Vandyck,  Titian,  Raffaelle,  together  with 
the  portraite  of  the  royal  children,  were  bis  chief  works. 

[Iv.  24] 

STRANGE,  ROGER  LE  (rf.  1311),  judge  ;  a  descendant 
of  Guy  Le  Strange,  and  perhaps  of  Hoel  II,  duke  of  Brit- 
tany (1066-1084) ;  justice  of  the  forest  on  this  side  of 
Trent,  1283;  filled  various  important  judicial,  military, 
and  administrative  posts  in  reign  of  Edward  I.  [Iv.  27] 

STRANGE,  SIR  THOMAS  ANDREW  LUMISDEN 
(1756-184 IX  Indian  jurist;  second  son  of  Sir  Robert 
Strange  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1782  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1785;  chief-justice  of  Nova  Scotia,  1789;  knighted, 
1798;  recorder  of  Madras,  1798,  where  he  displayed  great 
firmness  and  ability,  reforming  administration  of  justice 
and  suppressing  a  mutiny  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1818  ;  author 
of  •  Elements  of  Hindu  Law,'  1825.  [Iv.  27] 

STRANGE,  THOMAS  LUMISDEN  (1808-1884), 
judge  and  writer;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Andrew 
Lumisden  Strange  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Westminster 
School;  judge  of  the  high  court  of  judicature,  Madras, 
1862 ;  author  of  a  '  Manual  of  Hindoo  Law,'  1856,  and  of 
controversial  religious  works.  [Iv.  28] 

STRANGEWAYS,  SIR  JAMES  (d.  1516),  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons  ;  M.P.,  Yorkshire,  1449  and  1460 ; 
a  Yorkist  and  speaker  of  Edward  IV's  first  parliament, 
1461 ;  later  supported  the  Tudor  cause.  [Iv.  29] 

STRANGFORD,  VISCOUNTS.  [See  SMYTHS,  PERCY 
OUMTOM  SYDICBY,  sixth  VISCOUNT,  1780-1865 ;  SMYTHK 
GKOROB  AUGUSTUS  FRKDKRICK  PERCY  SYDNEY,  seventh 
VIHCOUNT,  1818-1857 ;  SMYTHK,  PKRCY  ELLEN  FREDERICK 
WILLIAM,  eighth  VIBCOUNT,  1826-1869.] 

STRATFORD.  «** LECHMERK,  EDMUND  (d.  1640  ?), 
Roman  catholic  divine ;  D.D.  Rheims,  1633 ;  author  of 
controversial  religious  works.  [iv.  29] 

STRATFORD,  EDWARD,  second  EARL  OF  ALD- 
BOROUOH  (d.  1801),  eldest  son  of  flrat  earl ;  M.P.,  Taun- 
ton,  1774 (unseated,  1775);  M.P.,  Baltinglass  (Irish  parlia- 
ment); voted  for  the  union,  1800  :  called  the  'Irish  Stan- 
hope for  hia  ability  and  eccentricity.  [iv.  30] 

STRATFORD,  JOHN  DR  (d.  1348),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury;  brother  of  Robert  de  Stratford  [q.  v.]  and 
kin«nan  of  Ralph  de  Stratford  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  London  • 


born  at  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  educated  at  Merton  College, 
Oxford  ;  doctor  of  civil  and  canon  law  before  1311  ;  parson 
of  Stratford-on-Avon  ;  archdeacon  of  Lincoln,  1319  ;  dean 
of  the  court  of  arches  and  bishop  of  Winchester,  1323, 
this  last  appointment  being  obtained  against  King 
Edward  II's  wishes,  and  the  temporalities  of  the  see  with- 
held till  1324;  restored  to  favour  soon  afterwards;  com- 
missioner to  treat  with  France,  1324  and  1325 ;  advised 
Edward  II  to  allow  Queen  Isabella's  visit  to  France; 
desired  to  effect  a  reconciliation,  but  finally  acquiesced  in 
the  election  of  Edward  III,  January  1327 ;  drew  up  the 
six  articles  containing  the  reasons  for  deposition  of  Ed- 
ward II,  and  obtained  from  Edward  II  his  abdication, 
1327;  appointed  chancellor,  1330,  and  for  the  next  ten 
years  was  Edward  Ill's  principal  adviser;  accompanied 
Edward  III  abroad,  both  disguised,  1331 ;  sent  on  various 
important  missions  to  France ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
1333  ;  after  being  three  times  chancellor,  1330,  1335,  and 
April  1340,  resigned  the  seal  finally,  June  1340  ;  incurred 
Edward  Ill's  displeasure  and  took  sanctuary  at  Canter- 
bury, 1340  ;  summoned  by  Edward  III  to  attend  at  court, 
on  which  he  appealed  to  the  judgment  of  his  peers ;  on 
being  refused  admittance  to  the  painted  chamber  by 
Edward  Ill's  chamberlain  forced  his  way  in  ;  formally 
reconciled  to  Edward  III,  after  a  committee  of  lords  had 
reported  that  peers  could  not  be  tried  outside  parliament, 
1341.  Of  his  writings  the  most  interesting  appear  to  be 
his  letters,  of  which  some  are  printed  in  the '  Litterae  Can- 
tuarieuses,'  vol.  ii.  [iv.  30] 

STRATFORD,  NICHOLAS  (1633-1707),  bishop  of 
Chester;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1656;  fellow, 
1657;  D.D.,  1673;  warden  of  the  parish  church,  Man- 
chester, 1667;  dean  of  St.  Asaph,  1674-89;  was  fiercely 
attacked  on  account  of  his  tolerance  of  dissenters,  and 
withdrew  to  London,  1684 ;  made  bishop  of  Chester  at  the 
revolution,  1689.  [Iv.  33] 

STRATFORD,  RALPH  DE  (d.  1354),  bishop  of 
London  ;  probably  son  of  Robert  de  Stratford  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Chichester;  M.A.  and  B.O.L.  Oxford;  bishop  of 
London,  1340-54;  supported  John  de  Stratford  [q.  v.]  in 
assertion  of  his  rights,  1341.  [Iv.  34] 

STRATFORD,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1362),  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester and  chancellor;  younger  brother  of  John  de 
Stratford  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Oxford :  held  several 
ecclesiastical  appointments;  was  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
1331,  1334,  and  chancellor,  1337  and  1340;  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  1331-4;  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Oxford,  1335  ;  appointed  bishop  of  Chichester,  1337. 


[Iv.  34] 
(1791-1853), 


STRATFORD,    WILLIAM    SAMUEL 
lieutenant,  royal  navy,  and  astronomer ;  lieutenant,  1815  ; 
first  secretary  to  the  Astronomical  Society,  1820 ;  F.R.S., 
1832 ;  author  of  astronomical  works.  [Iv.  35] 

STRATFORD  DK  REDCLIFFE,  first  VISCOUNT 
(1786-1880).  [See  CANNING,  STRATFORD.] 

STRATHALLAN,  VISCOUNTS  OP.  [See  DRUMMOND, 
WILLIAM,  first  VISCOUNT,  1617  ?-1688 ;  DRUMMOND, 
WILLIAM,  fourth  VISCOUNT,  1690-1746.] 

8TRATHEARN,  DUKE  OP  (1745-1790).  [See  HKNRY 
FREDERICK,  DUKE  OP  CUMBERLAND  and  STRATHKARN.] 

STRATHEAKN,  MALISE,  sixth  EARL  OP  (fi.  1281- 
1315),  and  son  of  fifth  earl ;  one  of  the  guarantors  of  the 
marriage  treaty  of  Margaret  of  Scotland  with  Eric  of 
Norway,  1281,  and  a  supporter  of  Baliol ;  invaded  Eng- 
land, but  took  oath  of  fidelity  to  Edward  I,  1296  ;  joined 
Bruce;  subsequently  captured  and  imprisoned  by  the 
English ;  set  free,  1309.  [Iv.  35] 

STRATHEARN,  MALISE,  seventh  EARL  OP  (ft. 
1320-1345),  commanded  the  third  division  of  the  Scots 
army  at  Halidon  Hill,  1333.  [Iv.  37] 

8TRATHMORE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  LYON,  PATRICK, 
first  EARL,  1642-1695  ;  LYON,  JOHN,  ninth  EARL,  1737- 

1776.] 

STRATHJLORE,  COUNTESS  OF  (1749-1800).  [See 
BOWES,  MARY  EI.VANOR.] 

BTRATHNAIRN,  BAKU*  ^1801-1885).  [See  ROSE, 
HUGH  HENRY.] 

STRATTON,  ADAM  DE  (/.  1266-1290),  clerk  and 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer ;  clerk  of  the  works  at  the 


STRATTON 


1909 


WI'KODE 


palace  of  Wentmi  iwter,  1262;  was  promoted  to  be  cbam- 
berlain  <>f  the  excbeqaer,  and  atnaMsed  great  riches;  was 
OOtnietedof  fraud*  and  one  of  the  chief  delinquent*  in 
the  state  trials,  1290;  WM  diagram*,  1890,  but  mutiuuM 
to  be  confidentially  employed  by  the  crown.  [!T.  37] 


STRATTON,  .JnHX  I'ltOUDFOOT  (1880-18MX  »r- 
geon;     M.D.   Aberdeen,    1866;    officiating    n- 
Mewar,  March  1881,  In  the  western  states  of  Rajputana, 
July  1881,  and  in  Jeypur,  1882  ;  retired  us  brigade-mirgeou, 
:--".,  [1T.W] 

8TRAUBENZEE,  SIR  CHARLES  THOMAS  VAN 
(1812-1892).  [See  YAM  STRAUBKXZKK.] 

STRAUSS,  GUSTAVB  LOUIS  MAURICE  (1807?- 
1887),  miscellaneous  writer  :  born  at  TroJs  RiTieres,  Lower 
Canada  ;  educated  at  Magdeburg  ;  doctor  of  philosophy, 
Berlin  ;  wai  baniabed  both  from  Germany  and  Prance 
for  complicity  in  revolutionary  plots,  and  subsequently 
lived  in  London  :  published  •  The  Old  Ledger,  a  Novel,' 
is.  .'.,  tlicrritu-Hm  of  which  in  the  •  Atbensram  '  led  to  two 
libel  actions  against  that  journal,  in  the  first  of  which  a 
compromise  was  made,  while  In  the  second  a  verdict  was 
L'lvni  in  favour  of  the  defendants.  Other  works  include 
•  Moslem  and  Prank,'  OH.^  [Iv.  89] 

8TREAT,  WILLIAM  (1600?-1666),  divine;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1624  ;  rector  of  South  Pool  ;  pub- 
lished a  work  on  seeming  contradictious  in  the  bible, 
1664.  [Iv.  40] 

STREATER  or  STREETER,  JOHN  (ft.  1660-1670), 
soldier  and  pamphleteer;  quartermaster-general  in  the 
army  of  the  Commonwealth  in  Ireland,  1660-3  :  opposed 
Cromwell's  summary  treatment  of  parliament  and  was 
imprisoned  in  consequence,  1663;  subsequently  took  the 
side  of  Monck  against  Lambert;  published  political 
pamphlets.  [Iv.  40] 

STREATER,  ROBERT  (1624-1680),  painter  ;  excelled 
in  architectural  and  decorative  painting  ;  extolled  by 
Pepys  and  Evelyn  ;  made  ser  jeant-puiuter  by  Charles  II 
at  the  Restoration  ;  painted  the  roof  of  the  Sheldonian 
Theatre  at  Oxford.  [Iv.  41] 

STREATFEILD,  THOMAS  (1777-1848),  topographer, 
genealogist,  and  artist:  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1799  : 
curate  of  Tatefleld  ;  F.S.A.,  1812  ;  collected  a  large  amount 
of  material,  genealogical  and  biographical,  for  a  history 
of  Kent,  now  in  the  British  Museum  (first  printed  in 
•Hasted's  History  of  Kent,  edited  by  Henry  H.  Drake,' 
1886).  [Iv.  41] 

STREET,  GEORGE  BDMUND(1824-1881),  architect  : 
of  the  same  family  as  Sir  Thomas  Street  [q.  v.]  ;  originally 
followed  his  father's  profession  of  solicitor  ;  assistant  of 
Sir  George  Gilbert  Scott  [q.  v.]  :  bis  first  independent 
work  the  designing  of  Biscovey  church  ;  appointed  hono- 
rary diocesan  architect  by  Samuel  Wllberforce  [q.  v.]  ; 
carried  out  many  important  works  in  Oxfordshire  ; 
travelled  in  Germany.  Prance,  and  Spain  ;  designed  the 
Crimean  Memorial  Church  at  Constantinople  (begun, 
1864),  and  the  new  nave  of  Bristol  Cathedral  ;  R.A., 
1871  :  professor  of  architecture,  Royal  Academy,  1881  ; 
chosen  architect  of  the  new  Law  Court*,  1868,  in  the 
carrying  out  of  which  he  was  much  hampered  by  inju- 
dicious economy  ;  among  much  restoration  work  carried 
out  restorations  at  York  Minster,  1871,  and  at  cathedrals 
of  Salisbury  and  Carlisle,  rehabilitating  fratry  of  Carlisle 
Cathedral,  c.  1871  ;  excelled  in  the  building  of  parish 
churches  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey  ;  author  of  the 
article  on  Gothic  architecture  in  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica  '  (9th  edit.),  and  of  other  works.  [Iv.  42] 

STREET,  SIR  THOMAS  (1626-1696),  judge  ;  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1663,  bencher, 
1669  ;  M.P.  for  Worcester.  1669-81  ;  judge  of  the  ex- 
chequer bench  and  knighted,  1681  ;  removed  to  common 
pleas,  1684  ;  decided  against  the  king's  dispensing  power 
in  Godden  v.  Hales.  [Iv.  46] 

STREETER,  JOHN  (  ft.  1660-1670).   [See  STRKATEH.] 

8TRETES,  8TREETE8,  or  8TREATE.  GUILLIM 
or  WILLIAM  (Jl.  1646-1566),  portrait-painter;  de- 
scribed aa  a  Dutchman  ;  paid  by  Edward  VI  a  salary  of 
62/.  10«.  Among  bis  pictures  may  be  mentioned  especially 
that  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey  fq.  v.],  now  at 
Arundel  Castle;  and  several  of  Edward  VI,  inaccurately 
ascribed  to  Holbein,  are  supposed  to  be  his.  [Iv.  46] 


r  DI  (<f.  1SMX  bishop  of  Coventry 

-,,  •>,-  ;.:.  K   ft  •  i     •  -;,.;,. 
•.  •  M  •'••  •  -"'  n  M  o  BJ  '•'  m 


8TRETTON,  ROBERT  DI  (<f.  1X8*) 
and   Lichfleld ;   chaplain  to  the  Pkf 
1369-86.    His  consecration  WM  refused  on 
Illiteracy,  but  finally  at  the  instance  of  Edward  III  r..j-- 

[Iv.  47] 

STRICKLAND,  AGNES  (1796-1874),  historian  ;  edu- 
MM  -.-.  Ml  iMMri  MMMMWl  *&£+*  I  ".  MM  | 
granted  a  dvil  list  pension  of  low.  in  i- 


prose  work*  wero  •  l 
Children,'  18U,  and 


st  pension 
•  li&torioal 


Tales  of  Ulnstrioos 


'Tales  and  Stories  from 


successful  work,  but  in  which  her  sister 
Elisabeth  collaborated,  and  •  Letters  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Soots,'  1843,  •  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Scotland  and  Issflssli 
Princesses,'  1860-9  (of  which  Elizabeth  again  wrote  por- 
tions):  and  a  novel,  •  How  will  it  end  ?' 1866.  [lv.48] 

STRICKLAND.  HUGH  EDWIN  (1811-1863),  natu- 
ralist ;  grandson  of  Edmund  Cartwright  [q.  v.],  inventor 
of  the  power-loom ;  educated  by  Thomas  Arnold  ( 1796- 
1842)  [q.  v.l,  and  early  gave  proof  of  i 
entered  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1829,  and 
land's  lectures  on  geology;  M.A.,  1836; 
William  John  Hamilton  [q.  v.]  in  a 
through  Asia  Minor,  and  traversed  Gi 


Italy,  and  Switzerland,  1836 ;  visited  the  north  of  Scot-' 
land,  1837 ;  drew  op  (1841)  rules  for  zoological  nomen- 
clature, ultimately  with  some  modifications  accepted  as 
authoritative;  while  examining  a  railway  cutting  at 
Clarborough  was  killed  by  a  train.  Among  several  impor- 
tant scientific  writings  were  '  Ornithological  Synonyms,* 
1866,  and  •  The  Dodo,'  1848.  [Iv.  60] 

STRICKLAND,  JANE  MARGARET  (1800- 1888  X 
author ;  sister  of  Agnes  Strickland  [q.  v.l ;  author  of 
•  Rome,'  1864,  and  biographer  of  Agnes  Strickland,  1887. 

[Iv.  60] 

STRICKLAND,  8m  ROGER  (1640-1717),  admiral : 
commanded  the  Santa  Maria  in  the  four  days'  fight 
(1-4  June  1666) ;  recaptured  the  Henry  from  the  Dutch 
in  the  battle  of  Solebay,  1672  ;  knighted,  1673  ;  admiral  of 
the  blue,  1687  ;  appointed  by  James  II  commands-  of  the 
fleet  in  the  Narrow  Seas ;  excited  a  mutiny  by  causing 
mass  to  be  publicly  said  on  board,  and  was  superseded, 
1688 :  followed  the  fortunes  of  James  II  at  the  revolution, 
and  died  at  St.  Germain.  [Iv.  6J] 

STRICKLAND,  SAMUEL  (1809-1867),  author: 
brother  of  Agnes  Strickland  [q.  v.]  ;  emigrated  to  Canada: 
author  of  '  Twenty-seven  Years  in  Canada,*  1863.  [Iv.  60] 

STRICKLAND,  THOMAS  JOHN  PRANCIS,  known 
as  ABBK  STRICKLAND  (1679  V-1740),  bishop  of  Namur  and 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  ;  fourth  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Strick- 
land of  Sizergh  ;  brought  up  in  Prance ;  graduated  at 
Douay,  1712  ;  endeavoured  to  effect  reconciliation  between 
the  English  catholics  and  the  government,  but  unsuccess- 
fully ;  made  bishop  of  Namur,  1727  :  resided  at  Rome  as 
agent  of  the  English  government,  and  was  employed  by 
the  emperor  Charles  VI  in  England  in  connection  with  a 
vain  attempt  to  create  war  with  Prance.  [Iv.  63] 

STRICKLAND,  WALTER  (Jl.  1642-1667).  politician: 
agent  of  the  Long  parliament  to  the  United  Provinces, 
with  one  interruption,  1642-60:  M.P.,  Minebead,  1646. 
East  Riding,  1664,  Newcastle,  1666 ;  accompanied  Oliver 
St.  John  (16987-1673)  [q.  v.]  to  Holland  to  negotiate 
alliance,  1661  ;  summoned  to  Cromwell'*  House  of  Lords, 
1667 ;  member  of  several  councils  under  the  Common- 
wealth. [1T.64] 

STRICKLAND,  WILLIAM  («/.  1419),  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle ;  provided  to  the  bishopric  by  Pope  lietxsdict  XIII, 
1400,  an  appointment  which  Henry  IV  refused  to  recog- 
nise till  he  hsd  been  elected  by  the  chapter  and  confirmed 
by  himself;  commissioner  for  negotiating  peace  with 
Scotland,  1401.  [Iv.  66] 

STRICKLAND,  8m  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  H696?- 
1 673 ),  politician  ;  elder  brother  of  Walter  Strickland  [q.  v.] : 
knighted,  1630 :  created  baronet,  1641 ;  vigorously  sup- 
ported the  parliamentary  cause  as  M.P.,  Hedon  (Long 
parliament),  and  Yorkshire,  1664, 1866,  and  1669.  [Iv.  66] 

STRIGUL  or  8TRIOUIL,  EARL  OK  (<*.  1176).  [See 
OLARK,  RICHARD  UK.] 

STRODE,    SIR    GEORGE  ( 1683-1663 X   author  and 

royalist ;  went  to  London  and  entered  trade  :  wounded  at 

i  EdgehiU,  1642 ;  lived  abroad  after  the  defeat  of  Charles  I : 


STRODE 


12GO 


STUART 


returned  to  London  at  the  Restoration  :  translated  work 
of  Oristofero  iLi  Foiuecu,  •  A  Discourse  of  Holy  Love,' 
1652.  [lv.  56] 

STRODE,  RALPH  (/.  1350-1400),  schoolman  :  said 
by  Dempster  to  have  been  a  Scot,  but  was  more  probably 
born  in  the  west  of  England :  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  where  John  Wycliffe  was  his  colleague  ;  opposed 
Wycliffc  and  evoked  a  reply  from  him :  dedicatee,  with 

>:  Chaucer's  *  Troylus  and  Cryseyde ' ;  mentioned 
a*  '  nobilis  poetn '  in  the  '  Vetus  Catalogus '  of  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  His  chief  reputation  was  acquired  as  a 
scholastic  philosopher  and  logician.  Fragments  of  his 
teaching  are  preserved  in  his '  CoiiBequentiae '  and  'Obli- 

'  (printed,  1477  and  1507).  [lv.  57] 


STRODE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1642-1688),  author  of  mathe- 
matical works  ;  of  University  College,  Oxford,  [lv.  59] 

STRODE,  WILLIAM  (1599?-1645),  politician;  B.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1617,  and  student  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  1614;  M.P.,  Beeralstou,  1624,  1625,  1626,  an«l 
1628  :  opposed  the  action  of  the  speaker  in  refusing  to 
put  Eliot's  resolutions  to  the  vote,  1629  ;  proceeded  against 
in  the  Star-chamber  ;  imprisoned  till  1640  ;  after  1640 
one  of  the  fiercest  of  Charles  I's  enemies  :  when  one  of 
the  managers  on  Stratford's  impeachment  sought  to  de- 
prive him  of  counsel  ;  one  of  the  five  members  impeached 
toy  Charles  I,  1642  ;  opposed  all  attempts  at  reconciliation 
with  Charles  I,  and  showed  himself  very  active  against 
Laud;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  but  disinterred, 
1661.  [lv.  59] 

STRODE,  WILLIAM  (1602-1645),  poet  and  drama- 
tist ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1624;  B.D.,  1631;  wrote4  The  Floating  Island,'  a 
tragi-comedy  acted  before  Charles  I  and  his  queen  at 
Oxford,  with  music  by  Lawes,  1636  ;  canon  of  Christ 
Ohurch,  Oxford,  1638  ;  author  of  poems  included  in 
various  collections  and  of  some  unprinted.  [lv.  61] 

STRONG,  WILLIAM  (d.  1654),  independent  divine  ; 
B.A.  and  fellow  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1631  ; 
member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly.  1645,  and  preacher 
to  the  parliament  ;  published  theological  works. 

STRONGBOW,  RICHARD,  second  EARL  OP'  PEM- 
BROKE and  STRIGUL  (d.  1176).  [See  CLARE,  RICHARD 
DE.] 

STROTHER,  EDWARD  (d.  1737),  medical  writer  ; 
M.D.  Utrecht,  1720  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1721.  [lv.  62] 

8TRTJTHERS,  JOHN  (1776-1853),  Scottish  poet  ;  at 
first  cowherd  and  shoemaker  ;  abandoned  his  trade  for 
LifcM5?y,  W°rk>  1819:  mtroduced  by  Joanna  Baillie  to 
Sir  Walter  Scott  ;  librarian  of  Stirling's  public  library, 
Glasgow,  1833-48;  author  of  'Anticipation,'  1803,  'The 
Poor  Man's  Sabbath,'  1804,  •  Dychmout,'  1836,  and  other 


poems,  as  well  as  pamphlets. 


.  63] 


SlR  JOHN   (1823-1899),  anatomist; 
;^  P.B.CA  Bdluburgh  : 


STRUTT,  JOSEPH  (1749-1802),  author,  artist,  anti- 
quary, and  engraver;  apprenticed  to  William  Wynne 
Ryland  [q.  v.]  ;  author  of  many  works  valuable  for  their 
research  and  engravings,  including  'Chronicle  of  Eng- 
land,' 1777-8,  'Biographical  Dictionary  of  Engravers,' 
1785-6, '  Dresses  and  Habits  of  the  English  People,'  1796-9, 
and  'Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the  People  of  England,' 
1801.  An  unfinished  novel  of  Strutt's,  completed  by 
Scott,  suggested  to  the  latter  the  publication  of  his  own 
'  Waverley."  [ly.  65] 

STRUTT,  JOSEPH  (1775-1833),  author  of  'Commen- 
taries' on  the  scriptures;  eldest  sou  of  Joseph  Strutt 
(1749-1802)  [q.  v.]  [lv.  6G] 

BTRUTT,  JOSEPH  (1765-1844),  mayor  of  Derby ; 
third  son  of  Jedediah  Strutt  [q.  v.]  ;  mayor,  1835  ;  gave 
an  'arboretum  '  to  Derby.  [lv.  65] 

STRUTT,  WILLIAM  (1756-1830),  inventor;  eldest 
son  of  Jedediah  Strutt  [q.  v.]  ;  invented  the  Belper  stove, 
1806.  Liv.65] 

STRUTT,  WILLIAM  GOODDAY  (1762-1848),  gover- 
nor of  Quebec  ;  served  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1782  ; 
brigadier-general  at  St.  Vincent ;  major-general,  1798; 
governor  of  Quebec,  1800-48.  [lv.  67] 

STRUTT,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1777-1850),  minia- 
ture-painter ;  son  of  Joseph  Strutt  (1749-1802)  [q.  v.] 


[lv.  67] 
hist 


STRYPE,  JOHN  (1643-1737),  ecclesiastical  historian 
and  biographer  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Jesus 
College  and  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1669 
(incorporated  at  Oxford,  1671) ;  held  among  other  church 
preferments  the  sinecure  rectory  of  West  Tarring  ;  formed 
a  magnificent  collection  of  original  documents,  mostly 
of  the  Tudor  period,  some  acquired  by  questionable 
means  (now  in  the  Harleian  and  Lansdowne  MSS.).  His 
publications  include  lives  of  Cranmer  (1694),  Sir  John 
Oheke  (1705),  Grindal  (1710),  Matthew  Parker  (1711),  and 
Whitgift  (1718) ;  his  works  published  by  the  Clarendon 
Press  in  nineteen  volumes ;  many  of  his  letters  in  Cam- 
bridge University  Library.  [lv.  67] 

STRZELECKI,  SIR  PAUL  EDMUND  PE  (1796- 
1873),  Australian  explorer,  known  as  COUNT  STRZELKCKI  ; 
belonged  to  a  noble  Polish  family  ;  educated  partly  at  the 
High  School,  Edinburgh  ;  undertook  the  scientific  explo- 
ration of  the  interior  of  Australia,  1839 ;  discovered  gold 
in  Wellington  district,  which,  however,  was  kept  a  secret 
for  twelve  years ;  author  of  '  Physical  Description  of  New 
South  Wales,' &c.,  1845  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1869.  [lv.  69] 

STUART.  [See  also  STEUART,  STEWARD,  and 
STEWART.] 

STUART,  SIR  ALEXANDER  (1825-1886),  premier  of 
New  South  Wales  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  :  went  to  New 
South  Wales,  1851 ;  champion  of  the  denominational 
system  in  primary  education:  defeated  the  Parkes- 
Robinson  ministry,  1882 ;  premier,  1883  ;  passed  his  land 
laws,  1884.  [lv.  70] 

STUART,  ANDREW  (d.  1801),  lawyer;  tutor  to  the 


. ,          and  later  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Aberdeen,  1863- 

ii^ri?™  S2SL°L^^  of^h  ^p^i ! 


rn /j^ramural  school,  1847;    assistant  j  children  of  the  sixth  Duke  of  Hamilton;  conducted  the 

case  against  the  claimant  in  the  Douglas  lawsuit,  in  which 
the  Duke  of  Hamilton  disputed  the  identity  of  Archibald 
James  Edward  Douglas,  first  baron  Douglas  [q.  v.] ; 
fought  a  duel  with  Thurlow,  the  opposing  counsel ;  at- 
tacked Lord  Mansfield  for  his  decision  in  '  Letters  to 
Lord  Mansfield,'  1773 ;  M.P.,  Lanarkshire,  1774-84,  Wey- 
mouth  and  Melcombe  Regis,  1790-1801 ;  appointed  to  the 

!,  BERNARD  or  B^RAULT, 
AUBIONY  (1447  ?-1508),  commanded 
h  assisted  Richmond  at   Bosworth, 
1485;  as  lieutenant-general  of  the  French  army  gained 


>7;  knighted,  1898;  published  anatomical  writings. 

8TEUTT    EDWARD,   first   BARON  SB£EK 
wn  of  William  Strutt  [q. 
"——-6,1826; 
M.P., 

<  I  as  a  philosophical  radicaKJntimate 
....  Mills,  and  Macaulay  ;  chancellor  of 
the  due       >f  Lancaster  in  Lord  Aberdeen's  government, 


1852-4;  Jreated  Baron  Belpei •    1856'  F K.S     1860  •  nn*.'  l  victory  of  Seminara  over  the  king  of  Naples,  1495,  but 
•Uent  of  UnlversitvCollMTP  T!r>n,inn'i«7i.  l.,*?.;:l:'4Jr-_  !  was  defeated  at    the  same   place,    1503;    employed  by 

issions  to  Scotland,  where  he 

[lv.  72] 

STUART,  LORD  BERNARD,  titular  EARL  OF  LICH- 
FIKLD  (1623  P-1646),  sixth  son  of  Esm6  Stuart,  third 
duke  of  Lennox  ;  fought  for  Charles  I  at  Edgehill,  1642, 


ISK^^SS^^^^^^^^     Charles  VIII 
«e  trade,  law  reform,  and  education  riv  f&~\        Caries  Vill 

Liv.  o«j      |  die(L 

JACOB  GEORGB  (Jl.  1820-1850X  painter 
[lv.  64] 

_.    JEDEDIAH   (1726-1797),  cotton-spinner     •  — o — -"- **~  *  »•  *~B»""M  »«•»-, 

wiiSSn'S.01  the  "tocWng-frame ;  in  conjunction  with    °«>predy  Bridge,  and  Naseby  ;  killed  at  Chester  ;  extolled 

and  1769 ;  i  by  Clarendon.  [lv.  73] 


•fcn  ; 
£q.  r.] 


it  , 

partnership  with  Sir  Richard  Arkwrteht 
LIT.  64j 


STUART,  CHARLES,  sixth  DUKK  OF  LENNOX,  third 
DUKK  OF  RICHMOND,  and  tenth  SEIGNEUR  or  AUBIGNT 


STUART 


1961 


STUART- 


(1640-1672),  grandson  of  Esme  Stuart,  third  duk«-  of 
Lennox;  en-ate.  1  Karl  of  Lii-hflrld.  !<;».'•  :  livnl  prin.-i- 
polly  in  France;  returned  to  England  with  Charles  II; 
succeeded  his  cousin  a-  hmon.l  and  Lennox, 

1660;  K.G.,  1661  ;  Imprisoned  in  the  To 
1665  ;  married '  La  Belle  Stuart '  [see  STUART  or  .- 
FRANCK*  TKRKSA].  [lv.  7J] 

STUART,     SIR    CHARLES    (1763-1801).   general; 
fourth  son  of  John  Stuart,  third  earl  of   Bute  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.,    Bossiney,   1780;    captured    Minorca    fr 
Spaniards,  1798 ;  lieutenant-general,  1798 ;  K.B.,  1799. 

[lv.  74] 

STUART,  SIR  CHARLES,  BAROM  STUART  m 
BAY  (1779-1845),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Charles  Stuart (1763- 
1801)  [q.  v.],  general ;  O.O.B.  and  privy  councillor,  1812 ; 
minister  at  the  Hague,  1816-16,  ambassador  to  Paris, 
1816-30,  and  St.  Petersburg,  1841  -6 ;  created  Baron  Stuart 
de  Rothesay,  1828.  [lv.  76] 

STUART,  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1799?-18801 
brother  of  John  Sobieskl  Stolberg  Stuart  [q.  v.] :  with 
his  brother  claimed  to  be  descended  from  Prince  Charles 
Kdward  Stuart,  the  young  Chevalier ;  with  his  brother 
fought  for  Napoleon  I  at  Dresden,  Leipzig,  and  Water- 
loo ;  his  real  name  Allan,  which  In  1829  was  changed  to 
Stuart  Allan,  and  in  1841  to  Allan  Stuart  :  his  pretension 
and  his  brother's,  for  which  there  was  no  foundation, 
based  on  the  supposed  birth  of  a  son  to  the  Countess  of 
Albany,  1778,  who  bad  been  banded  over  to  a  •  Commodore 
O'Haleran';  succeeded,  however,  in  enlisting  the  sym- 
pathies of  many  leading  persons  in  Scotland;  author, 
with  his  brother,  of  several  works,  including  •  Bridal  of 
Caolchairn,  and  other  Poems,'  1823, '  Costume  of  the  Clans,' 
1843,  'Tales  of  the  Century,'  1847,  '  Lays  of  the  Deer 
Forest,'  1848,  and  'Poems,'  by  Charles  Edward  Stuart, 
1869.  [lv.  104] 

STUART,  DANIEL  (1766-1846),  journalist ;  assisted 
his  brother-in-law.  Sir  James  Mackintosh  [q.  v.],  as  secre- 
tary to  Society  of  the  Friends  of  the  People ;  published 
'Peace  and  Reform  against  War  and  Commotion,'  1794; 
purchased  the  '  Morning  Post,"  1795,  awl  converted  It  Into 
organ  of  moderate  toryism,  and  had  as  contributors 
Mackintosh,  Coleridge,  Southey,  Lamb,  Wordsworth; 
purchased  the  'Courier,'  1796,  his  success  in  both  ven- 
tures being  very  great  [lv.  76] 

STUART,  LORD  DUDLEY  COUTT8  (1803-1864), 
advocate  of  the  independence  of  Poland ;  eighth  son  of 
first  Marquis  of  Bute;  M.A.  Christ  College,  Cambridge, 
1823 ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Arnndel,  1830,  1831,  1833,  and 
1835,  Marylebone,  1847-64  ;  obtained  parliamentary  and 
charitable  relief  for  the  Polish  victims;  died  at  Stock- 
holm, whither  he  had  gone  in  the  hope  of  persuading  the 
king  of  Sweden  to  join  western  Europe  in  taking  measures 
for  the  reconstruction  of  Poland.  [lv.  76] 

STUART,  ESME,  sixth  SKIONKUROP  AUBIGNY  and 
first  DUKE  or  LKNNOX  (1542  ?-1583),  grandson  of  John 
Stewart,  third  or  eleventh  Earl  of  Lennox  [q.  v.] :  sent  to 
Scotland  as  agent  of  the  Guises  to  overthrow  Morton  and 
restore  Roman  Catholicism,  1579 ;  pretended  to  be  a  convert 
to  protestantism,  and  obtained  the  support  of  the  kirk, 
which  led  to  Morton's  execution,  1581 :  created  Duke  of 
Lennox,  1581 ;  proposed  to  lead  a  Spanish  army  to  invade 
England,  1682;  suspicion  of  his  fidelity  excited  by  his 
quarrel  with  Arran  and  rumours  of  the  plot ;  obliged  on 
James  VPs  seizure  by  the  protestant  nobles  to  leave  Scot- 
land :  had  an  Interview  with  Queen  Elizabeth,  1583,  and 
left  for  Paris,  where  he  died.  [Iv.  77] 

STUART  or  STEWART,  FRANCES  TERESA, 
DUCHESS  or  RICHMOND  and  LKNNOX  (1647-1702),  'La 
Belle  Stuart,'  granddaughter  of  Walter  Stewart  or  Stuart, 
first  Lord  Blantyre  [q.  v.];  educated  in  France  and 
imbued  with  French  tastes :  remarkable  for  her  beauty : 
maid  of  honour  to  Queen  Catherine  of  Braganza ;  mistress 
of  Charles  II ;  bad  many  lovers  and  aspirant* ;  eloped  from 
Whitehall  with  the  third  Duke  of  Richmond,  1667,  in 
consequence  of  which  Charles  II,  suspecting  it  to  be  the 
work  of  Clarendon,  determined  to  disgrace  the  chancellor ; 
returned  to  court  after  her  marriage.  Sue  was  probably 
the  original  of  the  figure  of  Britannia  on  the  copper 
coinage.  [!*•  80] 

STUART,  GILBERT  (1742-1786),  historian  and  re- 
viewer ;  educated  at  Edinburgh :  published  •  Historical 


Dissertation  on  the  Antiquity  of  the  English  Oomttto- 
Monthly  Review.'  1 768-71 ; 

bfOOfW  OH  '!•  "I    i  H  •;•         V  -.   .     •       ...vl   !•••••      177.-. 

.,.•:.    !,,.,..:         •      ..•/•    ,...    •-•••.:  •  .     ••       I.-I 

••-..:•.  :•,;.•  nil  .,'  a  MM  i  ..•   .  -     •  pj|  -.  •  .1 

V  .    •.     ,-!      •;...!      ....,.'    .;,-  .       .  I!      •„   ;,    r,! 

Scotland,'  1789,  composed  in  the  Johnsonian  or  '  U 
!•••  principal  writers  in  the  • 


Review,'  I78S  :  attacked  Robertson  with  great  .— -,, 
imagining  himself  to  have  been  Injured  by  the  historian. 

STUART,  GILBERT  (1766-1898),  portrait-painter: 
born  in  Xarragonsett,  Rhode  Island.  U.8.A.:  came  to 
England  and  worked  with  Benjamin  West,  1771,  returning, 
1791 ;  the  painter  of  Washington.  [lv.  84] 

8TUART,  HENRY,  LORD  DARXUEY  (1646-1 667 X 
[See  STEWART.] 

STUART.  HKNRY,  DUKE  or  OLOCOBTER  (1639- 
1660).  [Sec  HENRY.] 

STUART,  HENRY  WINDSOR  VILLIER8  (1817- 
1896 X  of  Dromana;  politician;  was  ordained,  I860,  but 
surrendered  his  orders,  1873,  and  was  returned  to  parlia- 
ment as  M.P.  for  Waterford,  1873-4  and  1880-4;  accom- 
plished valuable  work  In  Egypt,  1888 ;  his  reports  pub- 
lished in  a  blue-book  ;  wrote  largely  on  Egypt,  [lv.  86] 

STUART,  JAMES,  fourth  DUKE  or  LEXXOX  and  first 
DUKR  or  RICHMOND  (1612-1665 X  son  of  Esme,  third 
of  Lennox  :  studied  at  Cambridge ;  a  staunch 
of  Charles  I,  but  more  from  loyalty  than  devotion  to  his 
policy ;  granted  Charles  I  large  sums  in  the  civil  war ; 
created  Duke  of  Richmond,  1641.  [lv.  86] 

STUART,  JAMBS  (1713-1788),  painter  and  architect : 
known  as  'Athenian  Stuart';  originally  employed  in 
painting  fans  for  Lewis  Goopy  [q.  v.] ;  visited  Rome, 
1741,  and  Greece,  1751,  with  Nicholas  Revett  [q.  v.],  the 
result  of  their  expedition  to  Greece  being  published  in  •  The 
Antiquities  of  Athens,'  1762,  which  led  to  the  introduction 
of  Greek  architecture  in  London,  Lord  Anson's  bouse  in 
St.  James's  Square,  built  by  Stuart,  being  perhaps  the  first 
of  that  style ;  F.RJB.  and  FJ3.  A. :  architect  and  authority 
on  HarnilABl  art ;  member  of  the  Dilettanti  Society. 

[1V.8S1 

STUART,  JAMES  (rf.  1793),  major-general :  brother 
of  Andrew  Stuart  [q.  v.] ;  saw  much  active  service  from 
1758  to  1775,  in  which  latter  year  he  entered  the  employ- 
ment of  East  India  Company  In  Madras ;  major-general, 
17H1  ;  while  attacking  Cuddalore,  owing  to  rivalry  of  the 
civil  powers,  was  seized  by  the  Madras  government  and 
sent  home  to  England.  [lv.  88] 

STUART,  JAMES  (1741-1815X  general ;  nerved  in  the 
American  war  of  independence;  in  campaigns  under  Sir 
Eyre  Coote,  Sir  William  Medows,  and  Cornwallis ;  com- 
manded expedition  against  Ceylon,  which  he  secured,  1796  ; 
took  Seringapatam,  1798  ;  general,  1812.  [lv.  89] 

STUART,  JAMES  (1764-1842),  historian  of  Armagh  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1789  :  called  to  the  Irish 
bar;  author  of  'Historical  Memoirs  of  Armagh,'  1819; 
editor  of  newspapers  and  poet.  [lv.  89] 

STUART,  JAMES  (1776-1849),  writer  to  the  signet : 
studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  a  keen  whig  politician, 
and  attacked  violently  by  the  ' Beacon  '  and  by  the  'Glas- 
gow Sentinel,'  1821 :  killed  In  a  duel  the  writer  of  one  of 
these  articles,  Sir  Alexander  Boswell,  1822,  and  after  a 
trial,  which  excited  much  Interest,  was  acquitted ;  after  a 
visit  to  America,  1828,  published  '  Three  Years  In  North 
America,'  1833,  displaying  a  strong  bias  in  favour  of  the 
Americans ;  inspector  of  factories,  1836.  [lv.  90] 

STUART,  SIK  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1780-18M* 
chief-justice  of  Canada  ;  solicitor-general  of  Lower 
Canada,  1801,  but  resigned  and  joined  the  opposition  in 
the  Hou^e  of  Assembly,  1809,  and  procured  impeachment 
of  the  chief-justices  Sewdl  and  Monk  :  active  In  procuring 
the  union  of  the  two  provinces ;  appointed  attorney- 
general  for  Lower  Canada,  1825 :  impeached,  1831 :  created 
baroni-t,  1841 ;  chief-justice  of  Canada,  1841.  [lv.  91] 

STUART  or  STEWART,  SIR  JOHN,  of  Darnley, 
SKKiNKfR  OK  AUBIONY  (1366  7-1429),  as  one  of  the  com- 
manders of  the  Scottish  force  helped  to  defeat  the  English 
at  Beauge,  14S1 ;  granted  the  sdgneury  of  Aubigny,  MM. 


STUART 


1202 


STUART-WORTLEY 


STUART,  JOHN  (1700  7-1779),  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs  ;  went  to  America  with  lu-nrral  .i.um-  K. 
Oglethorpe,  1733,  and  was  in  Fort  l.oiid.uin  during  the 
French  war,  when  it  was  besieged  by  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians ;  made  terms  with  Ooouostota,  who,  however, 
treacherously  massacred  the  garrison  ;  general  agent  and 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  for  the  southern  depart- 
ment, 1763 :  took  part  with  the  royalists  in  the  war  of 
i ;  died  in  England.  [Iv.  98] 


STUART,  JOHN,  third  EARL  OP  BUTE  (1713-1792), 
succeeded  his  father  as  earl,  1723 ;  educated  at  Eton  ; 
married  Mary,  only  daughter  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu  [q.  v.],  thereby  acquiring  eventually  the  Wortley 
estates ;  elected  a  representative  peer  of  Scotland,  1737 ; 
took  no  part,  however,  in  politics  during  his  earlier  years, 
bat  amused  himself  in  Bute  with  agriculture,  botany,  and 
architecture;  introduced  by  an  accident,  1747,  to  Fre- 
derick, prince  of  Wales,  at  whose  court  his  influence  scon 
became  paramount;  assisted  the  Princess  of  Wales  in 
imbuing  Prince  George  (George  III)  with  Boliugbroke's 
principles  of  absolute  monarchy ;  great  scandal  caused  by 
bis  intimate  relations  with  the  princess ;  on  accession  of 
George  III  became  practically  prime  minister;  made 
secretary  of  state,  1761 ;  got  rid  of  Pitt,  his  policy  being  to 
make  peace,  but  notwithstanding  was  obliged  to  declare 
war  with  Spain,  1762  ;  succeeded  Newcastle  as  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  whose  retirement  he  effected  by  proposing 
withdrawal  of  the  Prussian  subsidy,  1762;  K.G.,  1762; 
made  secret  overtures  for  peace,  and  induced  Henry  Fox 
[q.  v.]  to  accept  leadership  of  the  House  of  Commons,  with 
whose  aid  and  by  bribery  he  carried  addresses  approving 
the  terms  of  the  preliminary  treaty  of  Foutainebleau ;  lost 
popularity  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  1763,  being  even  sus- 
pected (probably  without  foundation)  of  accepting  bribes 
from  France;  his  unpopularity  increased  by  the  cider 
tar,  1763;  resigned,  1763;  retained,  with  George  Gren- 
ville  as  prime  minister,  George  Ill's  confidence,  and  in- 
trigued against  that  minister,  but  unsuccessfully ;  finally 
retired  from  George  Ill's  business,  May  1765  ;  voted  against 
the  Stamp  Act,  1766,  and  subsequently  travelled  abroad 
incognito.  His  ability  for  intrigue  did  not  make  up  for  his 
lack  of  administrative  talent  and  of  parliamentary  expe- 
rience. He  was  a  patron  of  literature,  giving  Dr.  Johnson 
a  pension  of  300/.  a  year,  and  a  student  of  botany,  privately 
printing  'Botanical  Tables.'  [Iv.  92] 

STUART,  SIR  JOHN  (1759-1815),  lieutenant-general ; 
sou  of  John  Stuart  (17uO?-1779)[q.  v.]  ;  count  of  Maida; 
born  in  Georgia,  North  America ;  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster School ;  took  part  in  the  war  against  the  American 
colonists,  and  was  present  at  surrender  at  Yorktown,  1781 ; 
served  in  the  unsuccessful  campaign  against  the  French, 
1783-6;  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Minorca,  1799-  at 
the  battle  of  Alexandria  (1801)  ensured  the  victory  by  his 
action  at  a  critical  moment;  gained  decisive  victory  over 
the  French  general  Reyuier  in  Calabria,  1806,  and  received 
pension  of  1,000/.  per  annum ;  made  K.B.  and  Count  of 
Maida;  took  Ischia  and  Procida  and  captured  Murat's 
gunboate,  1809,  after  which  he  retired  to  Messina ;  repulsed 
attack  of  the  enemy  with  great  loss  near  Messina  1810  • 


STUART,  JOHN  (1743-1821),  Gaelic  scholar  and 
minister;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1795;  completed  (1767)  trans- 
ition of  the  Old  Testament  into  Gaelic,  already  begun  by 

[Iv.  101] 

STUART,  JOHN  (1813-1877),  Scottish  genealogist 
and  advocate ;  educated  at  Aberdeen  University ;  as  secre- 
tary of  the  'Spalding  Club,'  1839-70,  produced,  among 
other  valuable  works,  'The  Sculptured  Stones  of  Scot- 
land, 1856  •  The  Book  of  Deer,'  1869,  and  •  A  Lost  Chapter 
in  the  History  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,'  1874.  [Iv.  102] 

STUART,  JOHN  FERDINAND  SMYTH  (1745-1814), 
American  loyalist ;  adopted  the  name  of  Stuart,  1793  ; 
itudied  medicine  at  Edinburgh;  emigrated  to  America' 
but  on  rebellion  breaking  out  served  as  a  loyalist  a*aiu«t 
the  colonists;  returned  to  England  at  the  cl«*  of  the 
wa;r.:  OT**  at  capture  of  St.  Lucia ;  author  of  •  A  Tour 
in  the  United  States,'  1784,  and  other  works  [Iv.  102] 

STUART,  JOHN  McDOUALL  (1815-1866),  explorer  ; 
nducted  several  expeditions  into  the  interior  of  Aus- 

sssi  s&Ksnns&fiiS 


[q.  v.]  had  anticipated  him ;  returned  to  England,  1864. 
Stuart's  Creek  was  named  after  him.  [Iv.  103] 

STUART,  JOHN  PATRICK  CRICHTON-,  third 
MARQUIS  OF  BUTE  (1847-1900),  sou  of  John  Stuart,  second 
marquis  of  Bute  (rf.  1848),  and  great-great-grandson  of 
John  Stuart,  third  earl  of  Bute  [q.  v.] ;  of  Harrow  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  abandoned  presbyteriau  church 
for  that  of  Rome,  1868,  an  incident  which  probably 
suggested  the  plot  of  Disraeli's  novel  'Lothair'  (1870) ; 
inherited  large  estates  in  Scotland  and  in  neighbourhood 
of  Cardiff;  mayor  of  Cardiff,  1890  ;  president  of  University 
College,  Cardiff ;  active  member  of  Scottish  universities 
commission,  1889  ;  rector  of  St.  Andrews,  1892-8  ;  provost 
of  Rothesay,  1896-9  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  county  of  Bute, 
1892  ;  K.T.,  1875.  His  works  include  an  English  transla- 
tion of  the  '  Breviary,'  1879,  with  numerous  historic-ill  and 
critical  notes,  several  translations  of  the  orders  of  service 
for  the  greater  church  festivals, '  The  Language  of  the 
Natives  of  Teneriffe,'  1891,  and  '  The  Arms  of  the  Royal 
and  Parliamentary  Burghs,'  1897,  with  Mr.  J.  R.  N.  Mac- 
phail  and  Mr.  H.  W.  Lonsdale.  He  was  a  munificent 
benefactor  of  St.  Andrews  and  Glasgow  universities. 

STUART,  JOHN  SOBIESKI  STOLBEKGU(1795  ?- 
1872),  brother  of  Charles  Edward  Stuart  [q.  v.] 

[Iv.  104] 

STUART,  LUDOVICK,  second  DUKE  OF  LENNOX  and 
DUKE  OF  RICHMOND  (1574-1624),  eldest  sou  of  Esm6 
Stuart,  first  duke  of  Lennox  [q.  v.],  and  next  in  succession 
to  the  Scottish  throne ;  president  of  the  council  during  the 
absence  of  James  VI,  1588  ;  lord  high  admiral,  1591 ;  after 
James  VI's  accession  to  the  English  throne,  1603,  made 
privy  councillor  and  steward  of  the  household;  created 
Duke  of  Richmond,  1623  ;  buried  in  Henry  VII's  chapel  at 
Westminster.  [Iv.  107] 

STUART  (STEWART),  MARY  (1542-1587),  queen  of 
Scots.  [See  MARY.] 

STUART,  PETER  (/.  1788-1805),  proprietor  of  '  The 
Oracle'  and  'The  Star';  brother  of  Daniel  Stuart 
[q.  v.]  [iv.  76] 

STUART,  ROBERT,  SEIGNEUR  OF  AUBIONY  (1470?- 
1543).  [See  STEWART,  ROBERT.] 

STUART,  ROBERT  (1812-1848),  author  of  '  Caledonia 
Romana,'  1846,  a  treatise  on  the  influence  of  the  Romans 
in  Scotland,  and  of  poetical  works.  [Iv.  109] 

STUART,  WILLIAM  (1755-1822),  archbishop  of 
Armagh ;  son  of  John  Stuart,  third  earl  of  Bute  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Winchester  College  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow  and  (1774)  M.A.  ;  D.D.,  1789  ;  bishop  of  St.  Davids, 
1793-1800  ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1800-22.  [Iv.  109] 

STUART-WORTLEY,  LADY  EMMELINE  CHAR- 
LOTTE ELIZABETH  (1806-1855),  poetess  and  authoress  ; 
daughter  of  fifth  Duke  of  Rutland;  wrote  accounts  of 
her  travels ;  was  the  author  of  many  poetical  works ; 
edited  the  '  Keepsake,'  1837  and  1840 ;  died  at  Beyrout. 

[Iv.  109] 

STUART-WORTLEY,  JAMES  ARCHIBALD  (1805- 
1881),  youngest  son  of  James  Archibald  Stuart- Wortley - 
Mackenzie,  first  baron  Wharncliffe  [q.  v.];  barrister 
Inner  Temple,  1831;  Q.C.,  1841;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1826 ;  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  solicitor- 
general  under  Lord  Palnierston,  1856-7.  [Iv.  113] 

STUART-WORTLEY,  JOHN, second  BARON  WHAKN- 
CLIFFK  (1801-1865),  eldest  son  of  James  Archibald  Stuart- 
Wortley- Mackenzie,  first  baron  Wharucliffe  [q.  v.] ;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1822 ;  M.P.,  Bosdiney,  1823-32, 
West  Riding,  1841-6 ;  secretary  to  the  board  of  control, 
1830 ;  published  pamphlets  and  an  economic  work. 

[Iv.  113] 

STUART  -  WORTLEY  -  MACKENZIE,  JAMES 

ARCHIBALD,  first  BARON*  WHARNCLIFFE  (1776-1845), 
statesman ;  grandson  of  John  Stuart,  third  earl  of  Bute 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Charterhouse ;  served  in  the  army, 
1790-1801;  tory  M.P.  for  Bossiney,  1797-1818,  and  for 
Yorkshire  subsequently ;  mover  of  the  resolution  which 
caused  the  resignation  of  the  Perceval  government,  1812  ; 
advocated  economy,  freedom  of  wool  from  duties,  and 
spoke  against  further  agricultural  protection,  ami  for 
amendment  of  the  corn  laws ;  in  foreign  policy  was  a 
follower  of  Canning  and  supported  catholic  emancipation 
and  amendment  of  game  laws ;  created  Burou  Wharncliffe, 


STUBB8 


Utt 


STURGEON 


1826  ;  opposed  reform,  but,  considering  resistance  hope- 
teas,  endeavoured  to  effect  a  compromise,  and,  when  that 
failed,  advised   his  frit-lulu  to  -upport  the  second  ren  ! 
lord  privy  seal  In  Peel's  ministry,  1x34,  and  president  of 
the  .-ouii. -ii,  inn,  but  opposed  Peel  on  the  corn  law*. 

[Iv.  110] 

STUBBS,  GEORGE  (1724-1806),  animal-painter  and 
anatomist ;  son  of  a  currier :  studied  anatomy  at  York 
un.i.-r  Charles  Atkinson;  visited  Italy,  1764,  and  came  to 
London,  1766,  with  a  considerable  reputation  ;  published 

Anatomy  of  the  Hone,'  1766,  an 

the  structure  of  the  horse :  executed  portraits  of  horses 
for  Lord  Grosvenor,  Duke  of  UK-linim 
for  the  "Turf  Review,'  besides  Imaginative  or  'heroic' 
pictures  and  rustic  subjects;  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy ;  began  executing  pictures  in  enamel,  1771 : 
many  of  his  works  engraved  by  himself.  He  was  pro- 
bably the  first  painter  who  mastered  the  anatomy  of  the 
horse.  [Iv.  113] 

STUBBS,  GEORGE  TOWNELEY  (1766-1815),  en- 
graver ;  son  of  George  Stubbs  [q.  v.]  [Iv.  116] 

STUBBS,  BTUBBES.  or  STUBBE,  HKN 
younger  (1632-1676X  physician  and  author  :  son  of  Henry 
Stubbs  or  Stubbe  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  Introduced  by  Busby  to  Sir  Henry  Vane  the 
younger  [q.  v.],  who  became  his  patron :  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  highly  esteemed  for  his 
learning,  1666  :  served  in  the  parliamentary  army,  1663-6 ; 
expelled  from  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  for  writing  against 
the  clergy  and  universities,  1669;  practised  physio  at 
Stratfonl-on-Avon ;  imprisoned  for  writing  a  pamphlet 
denouncing  James,  duke  of  York's  marriage  with  Mary 
of  Modena ;  described  by  Wood  as  •  the  most  noted  Latinist 
and  Grecian  of  his  age  ...  a  singular  mathematician  ' ; 
intimately  acquainted  with  Hobbes ;  works  Include  •  The 
Commonwealth  of  Oceana  put  In  a  Ballance  and  found 
too  light'  (an  account  of  Sparta),  1660,  and*  An  Epistolary 
Discourse  concerning  Phlebotomy,'  1071.  [Iv.  116] 

STUBBS,  STUBBES,  or  STUBBE,  HENRY,  the 
elder  (1606  ?-1678X  ejected  minister ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall, 
Oxford,  1630;  ejected  from  living  of  Dursley,  1662; 
published  theological  works.  [Iv.  117] 

STUBBS  or  STUBBE,  JOHN  (1643  9-1591),  puritan 
zealot:  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1561;  published 
'The  Disooverie  of  a  gaping  gulf,'  1579,  condemning 
the  proponed  marriage  between  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
Henry,  duke  of  Anjou,  though  writing  of  the  qneen  in 
terms  of  loyalty  and  affection,  for  which  he  and  his  pub- 
lisher Page  had  their  right  hands  struck  off  :  remained 
loyal ;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1859.  He  wrote  for  Burghley 
'  Defence  of  the  English  Catholics.'  [Iv.  118] 

STUBBS  or  STUBBES,  PHILIP  (ft.  1583-1591), 
puritan  pamphleteer ;  said  to  have  been  kinsman  of  John 

Oxford  :  author  of  '  The  Anatomic  of  Abuses,'  1583,  which 
went  quickly  through  several  editions,  in  which  he  showed 
himself  the  exponent  of  extreme  puritanic  views,  and 
which  drew  a  rejoinder  from  Xashe  in  the  4  Anatomic  of 
Absurditie';  published  'A  Christal  Glasse  for  Christian 
Women,'  1591,  and  puritanical  ballads  and  other  works. 

STUBBS,  PHILIP  (1665-1738),  archdeacon  of  St. 
Albaus ;  M.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1689,  and  fellow, 
1691 :  B.D.,  1722 ;  rector  of  Woolwich  and  afterwards 
of  St.  Alphege,  London  Wall,  where  his  reading  of  the 
service  was  highly  eulogised  by  Steele  in  the  •  Spectator  ; 
archdeacon  of  St.  Albans,  1715 ;  one  of  the  earliest  pro- 
moters of  the  S.P.G. ;  published  sermons.  [Iv.  120] 

STUBBS,  THOMAS  (/.  1373),  chronicler :  perhaps 
ilentical  with  one  Thomas  de  Stonbbes  ordaiued  at 
Durham,  1344  :  D.D. :  author  of  the  latter  portion  of  the 
•  Chronicle  of  the  Archbishops  of  York '  (published,  1886), 
the  only  work  of  his  now  extant.  [Iv.  121] 

8TUCLEY  or  8TUKELY,  8m  LEWIS  (rf.  1620), 
vice-admiral  of  Devonshire ;  appointed  keeper  of  Ralegh, 
on  his  return  from  the  Orinoco,  in  which  capacity  his 
supposed  unfair  conduct  made  him  Intensely  unpopular : 
charged  with  clipping  coin,  1619,  but  pardoned :  fled  to 
Lundy,  where  be  is  said  to  have  died  insane.  [1  v.  122] 

8TUOLEY  or  8TUKELT,  THOMAS  (162»?-1»78X 
adventurer ;  said  to  ha  ve  been  a  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII ; 


entered  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  and  on  bis 
atmt  •eapsd  to  i  now;  Mi  to  i  •-•  u  :  In  Saw]  :i  ••: 
Prance,  1562,  for  information  required  for  bis  projected 


•••••-.    :     .  --....  .-.•.'...  •     .-.       ...:- 

blmsefi  betrayed  to  tt*  Prea  •    MM  ud  BfTMMd  5 

UM  I-...MT  ,,•  London  ;  Moaoid  J  roa4,«*nd  •••  Hntei 
i  tb  Mpara  Obarta  v  ,.  ,  •  .   fata   of  - 3 

,-»!  •  • . .;...  ,..,.;    -     .,...,-..»!    -•< 

„.,      ,       :  -..  ;.-.  i'..:      „    :    r...'  •-    .  '    ,          ;- 

of  all  nations  alike  for  two  yean,  till  at  length  the 

r.  ::...,. -!r,:,.       .•:••..      !...-.       i.     ;.,          •        ..         •  -.     ! 

to  arrest  him,  when  be  was  pardoned  :   proeesded  to 

tr«M4»«oom*MM  b*4 ...  tatl  -  Mb  •  am  Mb 

In  that  country  dlsoounteoanced  by  Elizabeth,  who  mis- 


with  Philip  1 1,  and  accepted  from  him  a  L 
escaped  to  Spain,  1670,  where  he  concocted  plot*  against 
England,  also  visiting  Paris  and  the  papal  court  :  joined  an 
expedition  against  Morocco  in  the  interests  of  toe  king  of 
l'..i-t  |pI,Ml  VII  U  M  ftl  v,  >,v::.  .,:  \i  ..  .,r 

[iv.  m] 

STUDLEY,  JOHN  (164»?-1WO?X  translator:  of 
Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge: 
fellow ;  M.A..  1570  :  his  translation  of  Seneca'*  tragedies, 
though  be  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  remarkable  for 
unnecessary  additions  and  tedious  paraphrases ;  translated 
Bale's  •  Act*  Pontiflcum  Romanoram,'  1674.  [Iv.  116] 

8TUKELEY.    [See  also  STUCUCT.] 
STUKELEY.     WILLIAM     (1687-176&X   antiquary; 
M.B.  Rennet  (Corpus  Christ!)  College,  Cambridge,  1708; 


17  JO; 
excur- 
sions with  Roger  Gale  [q.  v.]  and  others ;  incumbent  of 
All  Saints',  Stamford,  1789-47  :  rector  of  St,  (Jeorge-tbe- 
Martyr,  London,  from  1747 ;  author  of  medical  and  of 
antiquarian  work*  ;  published,  among  other  writing*, 
•Itmerarium  Curiosum,'  1734,  and  '  Stonehenge,'  1740, 
being  specially  interested  in  Druidism.  which  he  considered 
the  '  aboriginal  patriarchal  religion ' ;  friend  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  ami  of  Warburton  :  published,  1767,  as  a  genuine 
work  of  Ricliard  of  Clrenoester,  Charles  Bertram's  forgery 
4  De  Situ  Britannia;. '  To  him  was  primarily  due  the  error 
of  supposing  one  Oriuna  to  have  been  the  wife  of  Ourausius 
[q.  v.],  he  having  read  Oriuna  for  Fortuna  on  a  coin. 

[Iv.  127] 

STUMP.    SAMUEL  JOHN    (</.   1863),   painter  and 
miniaturist ;  painted  portrait*  of  stage  celebrities. 


[Iv.  129] 
theological  writer 


STURCH,  WILLI AM  (1763  7-1838),  t 
and  Ironmonger;  author  of '  Apdeutberus'(1799X 
and  pamphlets.  [Iv.  129] 

STUROE,  JOSEPH  (1793-1859),  quaker  and  philan- 
thropist ;  a  zealous  abolitionist ;  went  to  the  We*  Indies 

I  return  published '  The  West  Indies  In  1837 ' ;  a  high  tribute 
paid  to  him  by  Brougham  ;  assisted  the  freed  negroes  in 
various  ways ;  joined  the  chartists :  advocate  of  Inter- 
national arbitration :  visited  many  foreign  countries  to 
disseminate  his  views  and  attend  peace  congresses ;  one  of 
the  deputation  from  the  Society  of  Friends  to  protest  to 
the  tear  against  the  Crimean  war.  [Iv.  130] 

STURGEON,  HENRY  (1781?-1814X 
colonel ;  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of 
Rodrigo,  at  Salamanca,  and  elsewhere  ; 
1812 ;  designed  the  great  bridge  over  the  Adour,  1814 : 
killed  soon  afterwards  ;  mentioned  in  Wellington's  de- 
ipatebm  [lv.131] 

STURGEON.  WILLIAM  (1783-1860X  electrician: 
was  apprenticed  to  his  father's  trade  of  shoemaker,  but 
enlisted,  1802,  and  remained  In  the  army  till  1820: 
studied  science  :  opened  a  shoemaker's  shop  at  Woolwich 
and  contributed  scientific  papers  to  various  publications: 
appointed  lecturer  in  science  at  Bast  India  College. 


Addisoombe,  1824 ;  presented  to  the  Society  of  Arts  im- 
proved apparatus  for  electro-magnetic  experiment*,  which 
Included  his  soft-Iron  electro-magnet,  toe  parent  of  Uy 
dynamo,  of  which  he  was  the  original  discoverer.  182J, 
also  tl»  inventor  of  the  magneto^lectrioal  machine ; 
described  process  of  amalgamating  the  sine  plate  of  a 
battery  with  a  film  of  mercury  in  '  Experimental  Re- 
searches,' 1880 ;  inventor  of  the  electro-magnetic  rotary 
engineTl832 ;  established  •  The  Annals  of  Electricity; 


STURGE8 


1204 


SUGDEN 


the  tint  electrical  journal  in  England,  1836 :  produced 
hU  I'Uvtro-umtniftio  coil  machine,  1837  ;  superiutfiident 
of  the  Victoria  (ialk-ry  of  Practical  Science  at  Mam-hc.-- 
t«-r  :  itinerant  lecturer  from  1843  ;  granted  a  pension  by 
Loid  John  Huston,  1849.  His  various  writings  were 
collected  by  himself  into  one  volume,  '  Scientific  Re- 
searches,* shortly  before  his  death  [Iv.  131] 

STURGES,  OOTAVIUS  (1833  -  1895),  physician  ; 
M.D.  Bmmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1867;  F.R.C.P., 
1870  ;  author  of  '  The  Natural  History  ...  of  Pneumonia,' 
1876,  and  other  works.  [Iv.  135] 

8TURGION,  JOHN  (fi.  1657),  pamphleteer  and 
anabaptist ;  imprisoned  by  Cromwell,  1657.  [Iv.  135] 

8TURT,  CHARLES  (1795-1869),  Australian  explorer ; 
educated  at  Harrow  :  entered  the  army,  1813 ;  saw  active 
service  at  the  end  of  the  Peninsular  campaign  ;  entered 
Paris  with  his  regiment,  1815 ;  took  an  active  part  in 
Ireland  during  the  '  Whiteboy  '  riots  ;  appointed  military 
secretary  to  Sir  Ralph  Darling  [q.  v.],  governor  of  New 
South  Wales,  1827:  led  several  hazardous  expeditions 
Into  the  interior  of  Australia,  the  largest  river  system 
of  Australia  being  surveyed,  and  South  Australia  with 
it«  extensive  water  communications  being  opened  up  ; 
assistant-commissioner  of  lands  in  South  Australia,  1839  ; 
founder's  gold  medallist,  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
1847 ;  colonial  secretary,  1849;  returned  to  England,  1853  ; 
published  '  Journals,'  1833,  and  '  Narrative  of  an  Expe- 
dition into  Central  Australia,'  1819.  [Iv.  136] 

STURT,    JOHN   (1658-1730),    engraver:    associated 
with  John  Ayres  [q.  v.]  ;  produced  his  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  with  minute  lettering,  1717  :  illustrated  numerous  I 
religious  works,  and  was  inventor  of  '  medleys.' 

[Iv.  138] 

8TUTEVILLE,  ROBERT  DB  (d.  1186),  baron  and 
josticiar  ;  justice  itinerant,  1170-1 ;  sheriff  of  Yorkshire, 
1170-6  ;  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  capture  of  William 
the  Lyon  (1143-1214)  [q.  v.],  1174.  [Iv.  139] 

8TUTEVILLE,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1203),  justice; 
son  of  Robert  de  Stuteville  [q.  v.]  ;  justice  itinerant  and 
sheriff  ;  took  part  in  the  struggle  between  Richard  I  and 
Earl  John.  [Iv.  139] 

STYLE,  WILLIAM  (1603-1679),  legal  author  ;  of 
Queen's  and  Brasenose  colleges,  Oxford  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1628 ;  compiled  '  Regestum  Practicale,' 
1657,  and  other  works.  [Iv.  140] 

8TYLEMAN,  HENRY  L'ESTRANGE  (1815-1862). 
[See  LE  STRANGE.] 

SUCKLING,  ALFRED  INIGO  (1796-1856),  author 
of  4  History  and  Antiquities  of  Suffolk,'  1846-8,  and  other 
works  ;  LL.B.  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1824. 

SUCKLING,  SIR  JOHN  (1609-1642),  poet 7*  so!?  of 
Sir  John  Suckling,  secretary  of  state,  1622,  and  descen- 
dant of  an  old  Norfolk  family;  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  and  in- 
herited large  estates  on  the  death  of  his  father,  1627; 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy  ;  knighted  on  his  return, 
1630;  said  to  have  joined  Hamilton's  force  and  to  have  taken 
part  in  the  defeat  of  Tilly  before  Leipzig,  1631  :  returned, 
1632 ;  threw  himself  into  all  the  gaieties  of  the  court  • 
wrote  '  The  Session  of  the  Poets,'  1637,  and  his  first 
play  ' Aglanra,'  1637,  in  producing  which  he  spent  large 
4ums  on  the  costumes  and  scenery  ;  accompanied  Charles  I  I 
to  Scotland  with  a  contingent,  1639,  and  was  ridiculed  for 
the  gorgeous  clothes  with  which  he  bedecked  his  soldiers ; 
published  '  The  Discontented  Colonel,'  1640,  a  play  in  which 
he  reflected  on  the  disloyalty  of  the  Scots  ;  advised  Charles  I 
in  a  letter  of  counsel  to  '  doe  something  extraordinary ' ; 
set  on  foot  the  'first  army  plot,'  which,  however,  was 
betrayed  by  George,  afterwards  Lord  Goring  [q.  v  1  and 
escaped  abroad  ;  is  said  by  Aubrey  to  have  committed 
suicide  at  Pans.  His  chief  works  are  included  in  '  Frag- 
menta  Aurea,'  1646,  and  consist  of  poems,  plays,  letters,  and 
tracts.  His  plays  are  chiefly  valuable  for  their  few  good 
Kn<t  .£  Avenant  8Peak8  of  bi8  "Parkling  wit,  describing 
htm  further  as  the  greatest  gallant  and  gamester  of  his 
day.  He  invented  the  game  of  cribbage.  [lv.  140] 

BUCKLING,  MAURICE  (1725 -1778),  uncle  of  Nelson  • 
oinptroller  of  the  navy,  1775-8  ;  fought  a  spirited  action 
•gainst  the  French,  1767.  [lv  143] 


8UDBURY,  SIMON  OF  (d.  1381),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  ;  doctor  of  laws,  Paris  ;  entered  the  service 
of  Pope  Innocent  VI,  and  was  made  bishop  of  London, 
1361  ;  said  to  have  told  a  party  of  Canterbury  pilgrims 
that  plenary  indulgence  was  of  no  avail,  an  utterance 
which  stirred  up  auger  among  the  people  ;  bl.imed  for 
abuses  in  his  diocese  by  Edward  III,  1371 ;  sent  as  am- 
bassador abroad  on  several  occasions  ;  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  1375  ;  tried  Wycliffe  at  Lambeth,  1378 ;  made 
chancellor,  1380;  imprisoned  John  Bull  (d.  1381)  [q.  v.]r 
1381,  who  was,  however,  released  by  the  rioters  on  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion  ;  urged  Richard  II  to  subdue  them, 
and  was  especially  hateful  to  the  mob  ;  seized  by  the 
rioters  and  beheaded  on  the  departure  of  Richard  II  from 
the  Tower.  He  began  the  rebuilding  of  the  nave  of 
Canterbury  Cathedral.  [lv.  146] 

SUDBURY,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1382),  theologian,  Bene- 
dictine monk,  and  author.  [lv.  149] 

SUEFRED  (fl.  695),  king  of  the  East-Saxons. 

[lv.  149] 

SUETT,  RICHARD  (1755-1805),  actor ;  began  life 
as  a  choir-boy  at  Westminster  Abbey  :  sang  at  the 
Rauelagh  Gardens,  London,  1769,  and  elsewhere  :  acted 
innumerable  parts  at  Drury  Lane,  Loivlon,  where  he  first 
appeared,  1780,  and  at  the  Hay  market  Op«ra  House, 
London,  during  the  rebuilding  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
1791-2  ;  his  parts  mainly  those  of  Shakespearean  clowns  ; 
much  praised  by  Lamb  and  Kemble.  [lv.  149] 

SUFFELD  or  SUTHFELD,  WALTER  (d.  1257X 
also  called  WALTER  OALTHOHP  ;  bishop  of  Norwich, 
1244-5  ;  the  ' '  Norwich  taxation,'  the  basis  of  later 
clerical  assessments,  made  under  his  direction,  1253 :  built 
the  lady-chapel  of  the  cathedral.  [lv.  151] 

SUFFIELD,  third  BARON  (1781-1835).  [See  HAR- 
BORD,  EDWARD.] 

SUFFIELD,  ROBERT  RODOLPH  (1821-1891),  suc- 
cessively Dominican  friar  and  Unitarian  minister  ;  Domi- 
nican, 1860;  published  'The  Crown  of  Jesus,'  1862:  be- 
came a  Unitarian  minister,  1870.  [lv.  162] 

SUFFOLK,  DUKES  OP.  [See  Pou:,  WILLIAM  DE  LA, 
first  DUKE,  1396-1460  ;  POLE,  JOHN  DK  LA,  second  DUKK, 
1442-1491 ;  BRANDON,  CHARLES,  first  DUKK  of  the  Bran- 
don line,  d.  1545  ;  BRANDON,  HENRY,  second  DUKK,  1535- 
1551 ;  BRANDON,  CHARLES,  third  DUKK,  1637  y-1551 ; 
GREY,  HENRY,  d.  1554.] 

SUFFOLK,  DUCHESS  OP  (1520-1580).  [See  BEKTIE, 
CATHARINE.] 

SUFFOLK,  EARLS  OP.  [See  UFFORD,  ROBERT  DE, 
first  EARL,  1298-1369;  POLE,  MICHAEL  DE  LA,  first 
EARL  of  the  Pole  family,  1330?-1389  :  UKFORD,  WILLIAM 
DE,  second  EARL,  1339  ?-1382  ;  POLE,  MICHAEL  DE  LA, 
second  EARL,  1361?-1415;  POLE,  MICHAEL  HE  LA, 
third  EARL,  1394-1415 ;  POLE,  SIR  EDMUND  DE  LA, 
1472?-1513;  HOWARD,  THOMAS,  first  EARL  of  the 
Howard  family,  1561-1626;  HOWARD,  THKOPHILUS, 
second  EARL,  1684-1640;  HOWARD  JAMES,  third  EARL, 
1619-1688.] 

SUFFOLK,  COUNTESS  OF  (1681-1767).  [See  HOWARD, 
HENRIETTA.] 

SUGDEN,  EDWARD  BURTENSHAW,  BARON  ST. 
LEONARDS  (1781-1875),  lord  chancellor  :  called  to  the 
bar  from  Lincoln's  Inn  after  two  years  of  conveyancing, 
1807 ;  K.C.,  1822 :  tory  M.P.  for  Weymouth  and  Melcombe 
Regis,  1828-30,  St.  Mawes,  1831-2/Ripon,  1837  :  solicitor- 
general,  1829-30;  disapproved  strongly  of  Brougham 
being  made  chancellor :  drew  attention  to  his  levity  in 
court ;  accused  him  of  jobbery,  but  made  friends  with 
him,  1832;  Irish  chancellor,  1834-5  and  1841-6:  lord 
chancellor  and  created  Baron  St.  Leonards,  1852  :  lord 
chancellor  for  less  than  a  year  owing  to  the  fall  of  the 
government,  though  he  continued  to  take  active  legal 
part  in  the  privy  council  and  House  of  Lord-  :  almost 
infallible  as  an  oracle  of  law;  published  'Practical 
Treatise  of  the  Law  of  Vendors  and  Purchasers,'  1805, 
'  Practical  Treatise  of  Powers,'  1808,  and  lenrned  edition  of 
Gilbert's  '  Law  of  Uses  and  Trusts,'  1808,  which  early  made 
his  reputation,  also  many  other  legal  papers.  As  a  law  re- 
former he  passed  some  excellent  bills  thronsrh  parliament, 
mostly  connected  with  wills  and  trusts.  [lv.  152] 


SUIDBERT 


126.5 


SUMNER 


SUIDBERT  (,/.  713).  apostle  of  Uie  Priilani :  sent  by 
Egbert  to  work  in  northern  Europe;  consecrated  by  8U 
Wilfrid  ill  England,  G-J3.  [!T.  155] 

8ULCARD   or   8ULGABD  (yf.  1<>75X  chronographer 
and  monk  of  WertmlMtari  wrote  a  history  of  t 
tery.  [lr.  1553 

8ULIEN,    STJLOElf.    or    8ULOENUS    du 
bishop  of  St.   Davids,  107S-8,  and  agti; 
centre  of  much  literary  act :  [1».  155] 

8ULIVAN,  Sin  BARTHOLOMEW  JAMES  (1810- 
inirol  and  hydrograpber ;  son  of  Thomas  Ball 
SBltvun  [q.  T.]  ;  lieutenant  on  the  Beagle,  1831-6,  during 
her  celebrated  voyage:  carried  oat  the  survey  of  ttie 
Falkland  islands ;  returned  borne,  1846,  and  paid  speoiul 
attention  to  the  formation  of  a  naval  rcserv 
1969  ;  admiral,  1877.  [lv.  156] 

SULTVAN,  THOMAS  BALL  (1780-1887),  vice- 
admiral ;  saw  mnch  active  service,  including  tlw  capture 
of  Curacoa,  I8u7,  ami  the  destruction  of  the  America 
Hotilbi  in  the  Patuxeut,  1814 :  was  chief  agent  of  trans- 
ports during  the  Peninsular  war,  1809 ;  advanced  to  post 
rank,  1814 ;  O.B.,  181*.  [lv.  157] 

SULLIVAN.    [See  also  O'SuLUVAX.] 

SULLIVAN,  ALEXANDER  MARTIN*  (1830-1881), 
Irish  politician:  joined  the  revolutionary  party  of  tlic 
Young  Irelnnders :  editor  of  the  nationalist  paper,  •  Nation,' 
IMK,,  which  advocated  constitutional  airitation  ;  opponent 
niaiw,  by  whom  lie  was  marked  out  for  mnintlnn 
tiou ;  imprisoned  for  article  in  the  '  Weekly  News'  on  the 
*  Manchester  Martyrs,'  1.SG8  :  one  of  the  inaugurates  of  the 
liotne  rule  party  under  Hrett,  1870;  afterwards  supported 
the  more  active  leadership  of  Parnell,  1*77 :  M.I'.  f,,r 
several  Irish  constituencies  ;  called  to  the  Irish  bur,  1876, 
ana  to  the  English  bar,  1877 ;  author  of  'The 
leeland,'  and  other  works.  [lv.  157] 

SULLIVAN,  Sm  ARTHUR  SEYMOUR  (1812-1900), 
composer:  son  of  Thomas  Sullivan  (d.  I860),  who  was 
bandmaster  at  Royal  Military  College.  Sandhurst,  1S45-56, 
and  professor,  1857-66,  at  Royal  Military  School  of  Music, 
Kneller  Hall :  admitted  one  of  children  of  Chapel  Koyal, 
St.  James's,  London,  1854:  won  Mendelssohn  scholarship, 
1856;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1857,  and  at 
Conservatorium,  Leipzig,  1858-61:  organist  and  choir- 
master of  St.  Michael's  Church,  Chester  Square.  London, 
1861-72 :  achieved  considerable  reputation  by  performance 
at  Crystal  Palace,  1862,  of  his  music  to  Shakespeare's 
••Tempest,'  first  performed  at  Leipzig,  I860;  organist  at 
Royal  Italian  Opera,  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London: 
conductor  of  Civil  Service  Musical  Society,  1866-9  : 
professor  of  composition  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
and  of  '  pianoforte  and  ballad-singing  *  at  Crystal  Palace 
School  of  Art,  1866:  composed,  1866,  comic  opera,  'Cox 
and  Box,'  adapted  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Burnand  from  farce 
by  John  Maddison  Morton  [q.  v.],  and  produced  at  the 
Adelphi,  1867 :  composed  •  Tbespis,  or  the  Gods  grown 
old,'  libretto  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert,  at  Gaiety  Theatre, 
London,  1871,  the  first  of  a  series  of  comic  operas 
produced  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  Gilbert,  the  most 
popular  of  which  were  'Trial  by  Jury,'  1875,  '  H.M.S. 
Pinafore,'  1878,  and  '  The  Mikado,'  1885 ;  wrote  •  Mar- 
mion '  for  Philharmonic  Society.  1867  ;  organist  and 
choirmaster  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Crauley  Gardens.  Ken- 
sington, London,  1867-72 ;  composed  oratorio,  "The  Prodi- 
gal Son.'  for  Worcester  musical  festival,  1869,  '  Overture 
di  Ballo'  for  Birmingham  festival,  1870,  cantata,  'On 
Shore  and  Sea,'  for  opening  of  International  Exhibition, 
1871,  'Te  Deum'  to  celebrate  recovery  of  King  Ed- 
ward VII,  then  prince  of  Wales,  1871;  oratorio,  'Light 
of  the  World,'  for  Birmingham  festival,  1873 :  conductor 
of  Royal  Aquarium  orchestra,  1874-6,  Leeds  musical  fes- 
tival (triennial),  1880-98,  and  Philharmonic  Society.  Lon- 
don, 1885-7  :  first  principal  of  National  Training  School 
of  Music,  South  Kensington,  London,  1876-81 ;  produced 
getting  to  Longfellow's  'Golden  Legend  'at  Leeds  festival, 
1886,  and  serious  opera, '  Ivauhoe,'  at  Royal  English  Opera 
House,  London,  1891 ;  F.R.A.M. ;  burial  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  [Suppl.  UL  369] 

SULLIVAN,  BARRY  (1821-1891),  actor;  of  Irish 
parentage ;  began  life  as  a  draper's  assistant,  bat  by  1837 
hud  appeared  as  a  professional  actor,  his  first  part  being 
that  of  Young  Meadows  In  Bickerstaftt  '  Love  in  aVillage,' 
at  Cork ;  acted  in  several  parts  of  Ireland ;  appeared  at 


and  in  England,  at  Liverpool.  1847. 
B0Mrl*  :-  .     i     IBM    h 
Australia,  1861 ;  undertook  si 


at  the 


18M.  In  America.  18M.  in 

..:-,.  •  ,,.-.    MM  r   :•-    n 

London.  1866,  and  became  manairer  of  thetfolooni  Theatre: 
acted  at  the  opening  of  the  Memorial  Theatre  at  .- 
1879.  M  Bcneilck  :  far  more  popular  in  In  land  and  In  the 
north  of  England  than  in  London.  [lv.  119] 

SULLIVAN.  Hut  EDWARD,  first  baronet  (18»-  188ft  1 
.nid:  B.A.  Trinity  Colle«e.  Doblin, 


Matddeati  A  ••.  ;  , 


M  :  . 

Cork,  IMS  :  performed  Terr  valuable  services  in  tbt  coo- 
duct  of  th*  Irish  Chin 


LM^eade  m  \  r«CU»NH  laW, 
was  the  mainstay  of  the  English 


U  I  •.. 
t:  created 
[lv.  161] 


SULLIVAN,    FRANCIS   8TOUGHTON  (1719-1776), 
jeoult  ;  of  Trinity  Colics  Dublin  :  author  of  'An 
cat  Treatise  on  the  Feudal  Law,'  1771.  [lv.  16t] 

SULLIVAN,  LUKB  (d.  1771),  engraver  and  minia- 
turist ;  assistant  to  Hogarth.  [lv.  161] 

SULLIVAN,  OWEN  (1700M784X  Irish  Jacobite 
poet  and  potato-digger.  [lv.  161] 

SULLIVAN,  8m  RICHARD  JOSEPH,  first  baronet 
(1751-1806),  miscellaneous  writer:  K-S.A.  ami  F.R-S, 
178ft:  M.P.,  N.-w  Uoinney.  1787-96,  Feafonl,  from  18U1  : 
created  baronet,  1804:  author  of  'An  Analysts  of  the 
Political  History-  of  In<lia,'  1779,  'Tlioufrht*  on  the  Early 
Ages  of  the  Irish  Nation  .  .  .  and  on  .  .  .  the  Ancient  Beta- 
hli-hmcnt  of  the  Milesiau  Fumilie*  in  that  Kingdom,' 
1789,  awl  other  works.  [lv.  163] 

SULLIVAN,  ROBERT  (  1800-1K8),  educational  writer 
and  inspector  of  schools  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1832  ;  LL.D.,  1850  ;  author  of  several  educational  works. 


Irish  itinerant 


SULLIVAN.  TIMOTHY  (1710 7-1800),  Ir 
poet ;  composed  panegyrics,  satires,  and  religious  poems. 

[lv.  164] 

SULLIVAN,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  (17ft6-lK3t»X 
author  of  poems  and  forces:  son  of  FrancU  Stouirhtou 
Sullivan  [.j.  v.] ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  [lv.  161] 

SITLMO,  THOMAS  (ft.  1540-1S53X    [See  SOMK.] 

8UMBEL,  MARY  ( jf.  1781-1812X  [See  WEUX,  Miis. 
MARV.] 

SUMERLED  or  80XEBXED,  LORD  op  THK  ISI.KM 
(d.   1164),  obtained  possession  of  nearly  all  Argyll  by 
defeating  the  Norse  pirates;  seized  Man,  1158  :    • 
to  hold  his  possessions  as  a  vassal  of  Malcolm  IV,  was  de- 
feated and  slain  near  Renfrew,  1164.  [lv.  164] 

SUMMERS,  CHARLES  (1827-1878),  sculptor:  went 
to  Australia  as  a  gold-difwr,  1853:  designed  several 
monumeuU  and  statues  in  Melbourne.  [lv.  16ft] 

SUMMERS,  SIR  GEORGE  (1554-1610).  [See  SoKBBfl.] 

BUHNER,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1790-1874),  bishop 
of  Winchester :  brother  of  John  Binl  Sumner  fa.  v.], 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1817 :  through  the  Conyng- 
hams,  to  whose  sons  he  had  been  tutor,  was  introduced 
to  George  IV,  1820:  crrated  a  very  favourable  impres- 
sion. <;<*<>rge  IV's  subsequent  offer  to  him  of  a  Windsor 
canonry  nearly  leading  to  the  retirement  of  Lord  Liver- 
poors  administration,  1821 ;  finally  obtained  several  ap- 


pointments at  court,  to  which  other  prelenneut*  wen 
added  soon  afterwards  ;  made  bishop  of  Llandaff  and  dean 
it's.  Ixnidon,  1826,  and  bishop  of  Winchester. 
1827 :  voted  for  the  Catholic  Relief  Bill,  1819,  and  thereby 
forfeited  George  I  Vs  favour  ;  proved  a  zealous  and  capable 
administrator  of  his  diocese,  urging  especially  the  neces- 
sity for  new  churches  and  for  schools  for  the  poor 


De  Doctrina  Christiana,'  l*t» ; 
[lv.  16»] 


and  translate.!  Milton's 
author  ot  several  sera 

SUMNER.  JOHN 
Canterbury:  educated 
bridge:  elected  fellow 
Hulsean  prizeman,  1801 . 
18JO:  published  several  theological  works,  181»-19,  re- 
flecting evangelical  views  ;  made  by  Fed  bishop  of  Chester, 
18J8,  and  by  Lord  John  Rusxell  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 1848 ;  voted  for  catholic  relief  and  for  the  Reform 

An 


SUMNEB 


1266 


SUTTON 


Bill  :  repudiated  the  Bampton  Lectures  of  Hampdeu,  but 
did  not  refuse  to  consecrate  him;  supported  the  institu- 
tion of  Gorham  in  tin-  baptismal  controversy:  opposed 
the  removal  of  Jewish  disabilities.  [lv.  168] 

8UMNER.  ROBERT  CAREY  (1729-1771),  master  of 
Harrow  ;  of  Eton  and  Kind's  College,  Cambridge  ;  fellow, 
1760  -MA,  1755  ;  D.D.,  1768  ;  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson 
and  master  of  Dr.  Parr  and  Sir  William  Jones  ;  published 
•Concio  adClerum,'  1768.  [lv.  170] 

SUNDERLAND,  EARLS  OP.  [See  SPEXCKR,  HENRY, 
first  Euu.  1G20-1643;  SI-KNCER,  ROBERT,  second  EARL, 
1640-1702  ;  SI-KXCKH,  CHARLES,  third  EARL,  1674-1722.] 

SUNDERXIN,  BAUOX  (1738-1816).  [See  MALONE, 
RICHARD.] 

8UNDON,  CHARLOTTE  CLAYTON,  LADY  (d.  1742). 
[See  CLAYTON,  CHARLOTTE,  LADY  SUNDON.] 

SUNMAN  or  80NMANS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1708),  por- 
trait-painter ;  followed  Sir  Peter  Lely  into  England  ; 
painter  of  the  imaginary  portraits  of  founders  in  the 
Bodleian.  [lv.171]. 

SURENNE,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1814-1878),  organist 
and  professor  of  music  ;  compiler  of  'The  Dance  Music  of 
Scotland,'  1841,  and  other  works.  [lv.  172] 

SURE,  THOMAS  SKINNER  (1770-1847),  novelist; 
clerk  in  the  Bank  of  England.  [lv.  172] 

SURREY,  DUKE  OF  (1374-1400).  [See  HOLLAKD, 
THOMAS.] 

SURREY,  EARLS  op.  [See  WAREXXE,  WILLIAM  DE, 
first  EARL,  rf.  1088;  WARENNE,  WILLIAM  DE,  second 
EARL,  d.  1138  ;  WARENNE,  WILLIAM  DE,  third  EARL,  d. 
1148:  WARENNE,  HAMELIN  DK,  first  EARL  OF  SURREY 
and  WAREXNE,  d.  1202  ;  WARENNB,  WILLIAM  DE,  second 
KARL  OF  SURREY  and  WARENNE,  d.  1240;  WARENNE, 
JOHN  DK,  third  EARL  OF  SURREY  and  WARENNE,  1231  ?- 
1304  ;  WARENNE,  JOHN  DE,  fourth  EARL  OF  SURREY  and 
WARENNE,  1286-1347:  PnZALAK,  RICHARD  IIL,  EARL  OF 
AIU-NDEL  and  SURREY,  1346-1397  ;  FITZALAN,  THOMAS, 
KARL  OF  ARUXDEL  and  SURREY,  1381-1415  ;  HOWARD, 
THOMAS,  EARL  OF  SURREY  and  second  DUKE  OF  NOR- 
FOLK, 1443-1524:  HOWARD.  HENRY,  EARL  OF  SURREY 
by  courtesy,  1517  ?-1547  ;  HOWARD,  THOMAS,  EARL  OF 
SURREY  and  third  DUKE  OF  NORFOLK,  1473-1554.] 

SURTEES,  ROBERT  (1779-1834),  antiquary  and  topo- 
grapher ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1803  ;  spent  his  life 
in  examining  remains  of  antiquity  in  the  county  for  his 
work,  'The  History  of  Durham'  (published,  1816-40). 
Scott  included  a  spurious  ballad  by  him,  '  The  Death  of 
Featherstonehaugh,'  in  his  'Ministrelsy  of  the  Scottish 
Border.'  The  Surtees  Society  was  founded  in  his  name, 
1834.  [lv.  173] 

SURTEES,  ROBERT  SMITH  (1803-1864),  sporting 
novelist  ;  started  '  New  Sporting  Magazine,'  1831,  in  which 
he  published  the  sketches  of  Mr.  John  Jorrocks,  the  sport- 
ing grocer,  published  later  as  '  Jorrocks's  Jaunts,'  1838  ; 
J.P.  and  high  sheriff  for  Durham,  1856  ;  among  his  other 
works  'Handley  Cross,'  1845,  'Ask  Mamma,'  1858,  and 
'Mr.  Facey  Romford's  Hounds,'  published  1866;  wrote 
also  '  The  Horseman's  Manual,'  1831.  [lv.  174] 

SUSSEX,  DUKE  OF  (1773-1843).     [See  AUGUSTUS 


SUSSEX,  EARLS  OF.  [See  RADCLIFPE,  ROBERT,  first 
EARL,  1483-1642;  RADCLIFFE,  HENRY,  second  EARL, 
1606?-1557;  RADCLIFFE,  THOMAS,  third  EARL,  1526?- 
1583;  RADCLIFFE,  HENRY,  fourth  EARL,  1530?-1593; 
RADCLIFFE,  ROBERT,  fifth  EARL,  1569  ?-1629  ;  SAVILE, 
THOMAS,  1690  7-1668  ?] 

SUTCLIFFE,  MATTHEW  (1550  ?-1629),  dean  of 
Exeter  ;  major  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1574  ; 
M  .  A.,  1674  ;  LL.D.,  1681  ;  dean  of  Exeter,  1688  ;  esta- 
blished a  college  in  Chelsea,  1609,  '  where  learned  divines 
should  study  and  unite  in  maintenance  of  all  controversies 
against  the  papists  '  (FULLER)  :  scheme  strongly  sup- 
ported by  James  I,  but  a  complete  failure  ;  assisted  John 
Smith  (1880-1631)  [q.  v.],  und  was  member  of  the  council 
for  New  England,  1620;  fell  into  disgrace  at  court,  1621, 
on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  Spanish  marriage; 
published  a  large  number  of  controversial  works  directed 
ugalnst  the  Roman  catholics.  [lv.  175] 


SUTCLIFFE,  THOMAS  (17907-1849).  adventurer; 
entered  the  navy,  and  during  the  blockade  of  Corf u  was 

taken  prisoner,  but  escaped,  1806;  severely  wounded  at 
Waterloo ;  fought  for  the  Columbians  airaint-t  t he- 
Spaniards,  1817;  filled  various  military  and  administra- 
tive positions  in  the  republic  of  Chili ;  published  works, 
mainly  on  Chili  and  Peru.  [lv.  177] 

SUTHERLAND,  DUKES  OF.  [See  LEVI-:SO\-GO\VKUV 
GEORGE  GRANVILI.K,  first  DUKE,  1758-183.3;  LKVKSOX- 
GOWKR,  GEORGE  GRANVILLE  WILLIAM  SUTHKRIAMV 
third  DUKE,  1828-1892.] 

SUTHERLAND,  DUPHKSS  OF  (1806-1868).  [See- 
LEVKSOX-GOWKR,  HARRIET  KU/AKKTH  GKORCIANA.] 

SUTHERLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  GORDON,  .Tony,, 
tenth  or  eleventh  EARL,  1526?-1567:  GORDON,  ALKX- 
ANDER,  eleventh  or  twelfth  EARL,  1552-1591 :  GORDON,, 
JOHN,  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  EARL,  1609-1 063 :  GOR- 
DON, JOHN,  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  EARL,  1660  V-1733.] 

SUTHERLAND,  JOHN  (1808-1891),  promoter  of 
sanitary  science ;  educated  at  the  high  school,  Edinburgh  : 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1831  :  inspector  under  the  first  lx>anl 
of  health,  1848  ;  despatched  by  Palmerston  to  investi'-ratr- 
the  sanitary  condition  of  the  troops  in  the  Criim-;1.  :  rarricti. 
out  great  sanitary  reforms  in  the  army.  [lv.  178] 

SUTHERLAND.  ROBERT,  sixth  EARL  OF  (rf.  1442),. 
present  at  the  battle  of  Homildou,  1402;  hostage  for 
James  I  in  England,  1427.  [lv.  179] 

SUTHERLAND,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OF  (d, 
1325),  took  part  on  the  side  of  Bruce  at  Baunockbiirn, 
1314.  [lv.  179] 

SUTHERLAND,  WILLIAM,  fourth  EARL  OF  (A. 
1370),  hostage  in  England  for  David  II,  1353.  [lv.  179] 

SUTHERLAND,  WILLIAM,  fifth  EARL  OF  (<*„ 
1398  ?),  according  to  Froissart,  present  at  the  battle  of 
Berwick,  1384.  [lv.  179] 

SUTHFIELD,  WALTER  DE  (d.  1257).  [See  SUFI-ELD.] 
SUTTON.    [See  also  MANNERS-BUTTON.] 

BUTTON,  SIR  CHARLES  (1775-1828),  colonel; 
served  with  Sir  John  Moore,  and  later  distinguished  him- 
self as  colonel  of  a  Portuguese  regiment  in  Peninsular- 
campaign  ;  K.C.B.,  1815.  [lv.  179] 

SUTTON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1565 ?-1629),  divine:  of 
Hart  Hall  and  Lincoln  ColleKe,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1589 ;  D.D.,  1608  :  canon  of  Westminster,. 
1605,  and  of  Lincoln,  1618 ;  author  of  devotional  works. 

[lv.  180] 

SUTTON,  JOHN  BK,  sixth  BARON  DUDLEY  (1401  V- 
1187).  [See  DUDLEY,  JOHN.] 

SUTTON,  OLIVER  (d.  1299),  bishop  of  Lincoln; 
related  to  the  Lexington  family:  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1280- 
1299;  involved  himself  in  disputes  with  the  university  of 
Oxford ;  joined  Archbishop  Winchelsey  in  resisting  Ed- 
ward I's  taxation,  1296.  [lv.  180] 

SUTTON,  SIR  RICHARD  (<?.  1624),  co-fonndcr  of 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  with  William  Smith  (1460?- 
1514)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Lincoln;  member  of  the  Inner 
Temple;  appears  to  have  early  amassed  wealth:  in  tliu- 
privy  council,  1498  :  endowed  his  foundation  with  several 
properties,  1519  ;  knighted  before  1524 ;  the  first  lay 
founder  of  a  college.  [lv.  181] 

SUTTON,  SIR  RICHARD,  second  baronet  (1798-1855), 
sportsman;  he  was  one  of  the  most  wealthy  men  in  tin- 
country,  and  devoted  himself  to  sport;  master  of  the 
Burton  hunt  in  Lincolnshire,  1822 ;  led  the  Quorn  hunt, 
1848-55  ;  bore  the  sole  cost  of  the  Quorn  hunt  for  somcr 
years.  [lv.  1*2] 

SUTTON,  ROBERT,  first  BARON  LEXINGTON-  (15 <)4- 
1668),  M.P.,  Nottinghamshire,  1626  and  16-H':  MT\.I» 
throughout  the  war  on  Charles  I's  side  in  the  garrison  at 
Newark  till  its  surrender,  1646:  his  property  sequestered ; 
obtained  some  compensation  at  the  Restoration,  [lv.  183] 

BUTTON,  ROBERT,  second  BARON  LKXI\«;I»N 
(1661-1723),  son  of  Robert  Sutton,  first  baron  Lexington 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  the  army,  but  appears  to  have  resigned 
his  commission  ns  a  protest  against  the  illegal  conduct  of 
James  II,  1686 ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber  to  William  III ; 
sent  on  various  missions  abroad ;  one  of  the  plcnipo* 


BUTTON 


1207 


SWEYN 


tenti.irit:.*  chosen  to  conclude  the  peace  of  Ryswi- 

conducted  i»i".,'otiati..n-  in  Spain  at  tin-  tr- 
1712,  for   which  In:  was  severely  cvusurwl   by 
committee.  [lv.  : 

BUTTON,  Till. MAS  d.s.l:'  1..11),  founder  of  tl»e 
O&arterboose,  London:  is  said  to  have  been  educated  at 
Eton:  stu'i.-nt  of  Lincoln's  Inn;  perhaps  related  to  the 
Dudley,  tilitt.i  Stitton  i.nnily,  .-arls  of  Warwick  ami 
-i  in  the  army  at  Herwick  and  elsewhere; 
surveyor  of  the  ordnance  in  the  northern  parts,  1570; 
<i->t'i  nM  I.M-I-  of  laml  rich  in  coal  in  Durham,  and  made 
an  enormous  fortune,  which  was  furtlu-r  increased  by  his 
marriage  with  Elizabeth.  WM  •  idley :  settled  in 

London,  1580  :  gave  liberally  to  public  and  charitable  »ob- 
scription-:  pun -haw  I  the  Charterhouse,  1611,  where  he 
i-stai.i--ii^i  u  hospital  of  eighty  inmate*  and  a  school  of 
forty  b«ys,  for  which  he  had  already  conveyed  his  estates 
In  Essex  :  buried  in  the  chapel  there,  1614.  He  was  esti- 
mated the  richest  commoner  in  England,  his  estate*  being 
reckoned  at  5.00W.  a  year  and  his  personalty  at  60,4  litf. 

BUTTON,  THOMA8(1585-1623),dlvinc;  M.A.  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1609 ;  D.D.,1620:  fellow,  1611;  founded 
and  endowed  a  free  school  at  Bampton,  Westmoreland, 
ltii'3  :  i-ubi-.-h-d  some  celebrated  sermon*.  [lv.  187] 

BUTTON,  THOMAS  (17677-1835),  medical  writer; 
M.D.  Leyden,  1787  :  L.H.C.P.,  1790  ;  first  modem  Kinrlish 
physician  to  advocate  bleeding:  established  the  true 
character  of  delirium  tremen*  in  'Tracts,'  1813.  [lv.  188] 

SWADLIN,  THOMAS  (1600-1670X  royalist  divine : 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1619  ;  created  D.D.,  1646  : 
as  curate  of  St.  Botolph,  Aldgate,  London,  obtained 
celebrity  as  a  preacher ;  imprisoned  by  the  parliamentary 
party,  1642,  and  his  living  sequestered  ;  reinstated  at  the  ; 
Restoration,  when  he  obtained  other  preferments ;  D.D. ; 
author  of  religious  and  royalist  works.  [lv.  188] 

SWAFFHAM,  ROBERT ov (</.  1278?).  [SeeRoBKRT.] 

SWAIN.  CHARLES  ( 1801-1874),  poet ;  began  life  as 
clerk  in  a  dye-house,  and  subsequently  carried  on  the 
business  of  an  engraver:  published  several  volumes  of 
inn-try,  including  '  The  Mind  and  other  Poems,'  1882.  His 
songs,  which  include  '  I  cannot  mind  my  wheel,  mother/ 
and  'Somebody's  waiting  for  somebody,'  were  many  of 
them  set  to  music  and  became  very  popular.  [lv.  189] 

SWAIN,  JOSEPH  (1761-1796),  hymn-writer  and 
preacher ;  author  of  several  volumes  of  hymns,  including 
•  Wnl worth  Hymns,'  17'J2.  [lv.  190] 

8WAINE,  FRANCIS  (</.  1782),  marine-painter  and 
one  of  the  earliest  English  artiste  whose  tea- views  possess 
any  merit.  [lv.  190] 

SWAHfE,  JOHN  (1775-1860),  draughtsman  and  en- 
graver ;  but  known  by  his  facsimile  copies  of  old  prints.  ; 

[1/180] 

SWAINE,  JOHN  BARAK  (1815  7-1838),  etcher  and 
artist ;  son  of  John  Swaine  [q.  v.]  [lv.  190] 

8WAINSON,  CHARLES  ANTHONY  (1820-1887), 
theologian ;  sixth  wrangler.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1841 :  follow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1841 ;  held 
several  clerical  posts  and  became  prebendary  of  Chichester, 
1856:  Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  1864,  and  Lady 
Margaret's  reader,  1879;  master  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1881 ;  vice-chancellor,  1885  :  author  of  theological 
works,  including  'The  Greek  Liturgies,'  1884,  chiefly 
dealing  with  the  creeds  ;  follower  of  Hooker,  [lv.  191] 

8WAIN80N,  WILLIAM  (1789-1855),  naturalist:  ob- 
tained a  post  in  the  commissariat  and  went  to  Malta, 
1807,  and  Sicily,  making  large  collections  which  he 
brought  to  England,  1815:  made  another  collection  of 
birds  in  Brazil,  1H16:  published  works,  including  k  Zoologi- 
cal Illustration-,'  1820-3;  eleven  volumes  in  Lardner's 
Tab. net  < 'yclopa-dia,' and  three  volumes  In  Sir  William 
Jardinc's  'Naturalist's  Library.'  He  adopted  a  quinary 
system  based  on  the  circular  system  of  William  Sharp 
Macleay  [q.  v.] ;  emigrated  to  New  Zealand,  1837,  an 
ttiere.  [lv.  192] 

BWAINSON,  WILLIAM  (1809-1883),  first  attorney- 
general  of  New  Zealand ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1838 ; 
attorney-general,  1841,  and  first  speaker  of  the  legislative 


New  Zealand :  opposed  the  war  with  the 


IMS;    -    nembSl   Ot    -  r  9ett  M 
.-w  Zealand. 

SWALE.    Silt 


[!T.  19S] 


ItlCIIAKD  (1545  7-1608),  civilian: 
fellow  of  Jems  College,  Qambrkige,  1171  :  M.A.,  1»72  ; 
fcUow  of  Caiu*  College,  Cambridge.  U7«  :  alvui-  . 

,,:-:•         ,  :     ;,,;.       .,        .-     :.-   ..:•....-.          .;   •       -,---l 

president,  IMS  ;  made  master  in  chanot  r 

[opj    I    M,M..M.  1-7  .    Ml'.    BlffaMi    tome,    IMIi   j.r,- 

bendary  of  York,  15H9  ;  knighted,  1603.  [lv.  194] 

SWAN.  J<>-  i  i  "74).  anatomUt  ;  nirgeon  to 


the  Lincoln  County   Hospital. 

mj    pi  .  U  •-.  txii  J  |  ma      :  ••  tl  •  •  -  ....  •  <X  eweemv, 

excelling  especially  a*  a  disMotionbt ;  P.R.O.&,  1841; 

C-  A  Demonstration  of  the  Nerves  of  the  Human 
y ,'  1 830,  and  other  medical  work*.  1 96] 

SWAN,  WILLIAM  (1818-1894),  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  at  St.  Andrews :  ban.  LL.D  Edinburgh,  IMS, 
81  Andrews,  1886 ;  professor,  1869-80 ;  author  of  various 
scientific  papers.  [lv.  106] 

8WANBOROUGH,   MR*.    ARTHUR     (UMOV-MM). 

KTON,  EUSANOIC] 

8WANLEY,  ItlCHARD  (./.  1650),  naval 
performed  valuable  naval  services  for  the  |«rl 
duoed  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1642,  and  prevented  the  Irian 
reinforcements  from  lauding  in  Wales.  [iv.  1M) 

SWANSEA,  BARON  (1821-1894).  [See  VIVIAN.  SIB 
HKXIIY 


SWANWICK.  ANNA  (1813-1899X  authoress;  bora 
•it  Liverpool :  studied  German  and  Greek  at  Berlin  ;  man- 
lier of  councils  of  Queen's  and  Bedford  colleges,  London, 
and  was  president  of  Queen's  College;  assisted  in  founding 
Girtou  College,  Cambridge ;  bou.  LL.D.  Aberdeen.  Her 
publications  include  translations  from  German  and  Greek 
dramatists :  her  version  of  Goethe's  '  Faust,'  1850-78,  in 
blank  verse,  is  one  of  the  best  in  existence. 

[Sappl.  lit  374] 

SWEET,  ROBERT  (1783-1835),  uortu-ulturirt  ;  began 
life  as  a  gardener  at  Ham  Green,  near  Bristol ;  K.L.S., 
1812;  occupied  himself  latterly  in  the  production  of 
botanical  and  gardening  works ;  genus  ,Swv-/w  named 
after  him.  [lv.  197] 

SWEETMAN.  JOHN  (1752-1826),  United  Irishman 
and  Dublin  brewer  :  identified  himself  with  the  movement 
for  removing  catholic  disabilities ;  member  of  the  revo- 
lutionary organisation  of  United  Irishmen  at  Leinster,and 
arrested,  1798  ;  exiled,  1802-20.  [lv.  197] 

SWEETMAN,  Ml  LO(d.  1380),  archbishop  of  Armagh  ; 
consecrated,  1360 ;  became  involved  in  tin-  di-pnte  con- 
cerning the  primacy  with  the  archbishop  of  Dublin  ;•  pre- 
sent at  the  parliament  which  passed  the  statute  of 
Kilkenny,  1367 ;  successfully  resisted  the  writs 
Irish  representatives  to  go  to  the  parliament  at  V 
ster,  1374.  [lv.  198] 

SWEREFORD,  ALEX  ANDBRDK(1 176  ?-1246X  baron 
of  the  exchequer  and  reputed  compiler  of  the  •  Red  Book 
of  the  Exchequer';  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  Ixntdon,  and 
treasurer,  1232  ;  sent  on  several  important  minions  by 
Henry  III  to  Wales  and  abroad  ;  appointed  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1234  ;  famous  also  as  the  collector  of  historical 
precedents  and  state  papers. 

8WETE  or  TRIPE,  JOHN  ( 1762  V-1821),  antiquary  : 
M.A.  University  College,  Oxfonl,  1777:  prvt*-udary  of 
Exeter,  1781 ;  contributed  to  work* published  or  edit.-d  by 
Pol  whole.  [IV.  »H>] 


SWETNA1*  JOSEPH  (ft,  1617),  calle.1  th,- 
hater:  author  of  •  The  Araignment  of  lewd.  idle,  froward 
and   (inconstant  Women,'  1615,  which  provoked  several 

[Iv.  800] 


SWETNAM,      SWEETNAM,      or 
J<  i.-KPH  (1577-1622),  Jesuit  and  religious  autlw. 

[lv.  SOI] 

8WEYM  or  SVEIN  (d.  1014X  king  of  En«law?   u*l 

Denmark  :  son  of  Harold  Blaatand,  king  of  DeMaark; 

baptised  according  to  the  conditions  of  peace  dictated  tar 

eror  Otho  96ft  :  aear*  tohaveoast  aside  Chrtah 


the  Emperor  Otho,  96ft  :  appear*  tohaveoast 
tianity  and  made  war  against  his  father,  whowa*  killed 
in  a  battle  with  him,  986,  on  which  he  became  king;  soon, 
however,  driven  from  Denmark  by  Kric  the  Victoriooa, 


SWEYN 


1268 


SWINERCOTE 


IHJ  became  a  sea-rover,  invading  England  with  Oluf,  994, 
when  an  uiiMicceajful  assault  on  London  was  made;  re- 

for  some  time  ravaging  the  country,  but  after 
further  a  h -futures  was  restored  to  his  kingdom,  c.  1000: 
invaded  Knuland,  KX»:i,  in  consequence  of  tin-  mn-si.-rv  ol 
the  Danes  on  St.  Brice'8  day,  l(Mi2,  in  which  his  sister 
Gunhikl  and  her  family  are  said  to  have  perished  :  stormed 
Exeter  and  ravaged  Wiltshire  ;  burnt  and  plundered  Nor- 
wich, 1004:  again  arrival,  with  Canute,  his  son,  in  the 
H  umber,  1013,  ravaged  the  land,  and  made  a  complete  con- 

t  lie  country:  accepted  as  'full  king,'  1013:  died 
soon  afterward*,  according  to  the  legend,  pierced  by  the 
spear  of  St.  Edmund,  whom  he  liad  derided.  [Iv.  201] 

8WEYN  or  8WEGEN  (</.  1052X  eldest  son  of  Earl 
Godwin  fa.  v.] :  earl  of  Oxfordshire,  Berkshire,  Glouces- 
tershire, Herefordshire,  and  Somerset ;  took  the  side  of  his 
father  in  his  quarrel  with  Edward  the  Confessor;  was 
outlawed  several  times  and  made  a  pilgrimage  barefoot  to 
Jerusalem  for  the  murder  of  his  cousin  Beoru,  1052. 

[Iv.  203] 

SWIFT,  DEANE  (1707-1783),  author;  cousin  of 
Jonathan  Swift  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1736 ; 
published  'An  Essay  upon  the  Life,  Writings,  and 
Character  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Swift,'  1755.  [Iv.  228] 

SWIFT,  JONATHAN  (16C7-1745),  dean  of  St. 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  and  satirist ;  cousin  of  Dryden  and  son 
of  Jonathan  Swift  by  Abigail  (Erick)  of  Leicester ;  born 
at  Dublin  after  his  father's  death :  grandson  of  Thomas 
Swift,  the  well-known  royalist  vicar  of  Goodrich,  who  was 
descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family,  a  member  of  which, 
'  Cavaliero  '  Swifte,  was  created  Baron  Oarlingford,  1627 ; 
educated  at  Kilkenny  grammar  school,  where  Congreve 
was  a  schoolfellow,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1682  ; 
neglected  his  studies,  showed  an  impatience  of  restraint, 
was  publicly  censured  for  offences  against  discipline,  and 
only  obtained  his  degree  by  the  '  special  grace ' :  attri- 
buted his  recklessness  himself  to  the  neglect  of  his  family, 
for  whom  he  felt  little  regard ;  joined  his  mother  at 
Leicester  on  the  troubles  which  followed  the  expulsion  of 
James  II;  admitted  into  the  household  of  Sir  William 
Temple,  who  had  known  his  uncle  Godwin,  c.  1692, 
where  he  acted  as  his  secretary ;  introduced  to  William 
III  and  sent  by  Temple  to  him,  to  convince  him  of  the 
necessity  for  triennial  parliaments,  1693  ;  wrote  pindarics, 
one  being  printed  in  the  '  Athenian  Mercury,'  1692,  which, 
according  to  Dr.  Johnson,  provoked  Dryden's  remark, 
'  Cousin  Swift,  you  will  never  be  a  poet ' ;"  chafed  at  his 
position  of  dependence,  and  was  indignant  at  Temple's 
delay  in  procuring  him  preferment ;  left  Temple's  service, 
returned  to  Ireland,  was  ordained,  1694,  and  was  given 
the  small  prebend  of  Kilroot;  returned  to  Temple  at 
Moor  Park,  1696  ;  read  deeply,  mostly  classics  and  history, 
and  edited  Temple's  correspondence ;  wrote  (1697)  '  The 
Battle  of  the  Books,'  which  was  published  in  1704, 
together  with '  The  Tale  of  a  Tub,'  his  famous  and  powerful 
satire  of  theological  shams  and  pedantry ;  met  '  Stella,' 
Esther  Johnson  [q.  v.],  who  was  an  inmate  of  Temple's 
family  at  the  time  ;  went  again  to  Ireland  on  the  death 
of  Temple,  1699  ;  given  a  prebend  in  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin, 
and  Laracor,  with  other  livings ;  made  frequent  visits  to 
Dublin  and  London  ;  D.D.  Dublin,  1701 ;  wrote  his  'Dis- 
course on  the  Dissensions  in  Athens  and  Rome'  with 
reference  to  the  impeachment  of  the  whig  lords,  1701 ;  in 
his  visit  to  London,  1705  and  1707,  became  acquainted 
with  Addison,  Steele,  Congreve,  and  Halifax  ;  entrusted 
(1707)  with  a  mission  to  obtain  the  grant  of  Queen  Anne's 
bounty  for  Ireland :  wrote  some  pamphlets  on  religious 
or  church  subjects ;  published  '  Letter  on  the  Sacramental 
Test,'  1708,  an  attack  on  the  Irish  presbyterians,  which, 
though  anonymous,  injured  him  with  the  whigs-  in 
disgust  at  the  whig  alliance  with  dissent,  ultimately  went 
over  to  the  tories  on  his  next  visit  to  England  1710- 
attacked  the  whig  ministers  in  pamphlets,  in  the 
'  Kxaminer,'  November  1710  to  June  1711,  and  wrote  the 
•Conduct  of  the  Allies,'  1711 ;  became  dean  of  St.  Patrick's, 
1713;  had  already  commenced  the  'Journal  to  Stella' 
had  become  intimate  with  the  tory  ministers,  and  had 
used  hi*  influence  in  helping  young  and  impoverished 
authors,  Including  Tope  and  Steele :  returned  to  England, 
713,  to  reconcile  Bolingbroke  and  Harley,  but  in  vain  • 
wrote  more  pamphlets,  notably  'The  Public  Spirit  of  the 
>V  higi  considered,'  1714,  in  reply  to  Steele's  '  Crisis,'  but  at 
length  gave  up  all  for  lost  and  retired  to  the  country ;  left 
for  Ireland,  1715,  after  the  fall  of  the  ministry  and  the 
death  of  Queen  Anne ;  his  marriage  to  Stella,  un  incident 


which  still  remains  unproven,  and  also  his  final  rupture 
with  '  Vanessa '  (Miss  Yanhomrigh.  whose  acquaintance 
he  had  made  in  London),  suppo-ed  to  have  taken  place 
about  this  time ;  his  rupture  with  Vanessa  the  cause  of 
her  death,  before  which  she  entrusted  to  her  executors 
his  poem  'Cadenus  and  Vanessa,'  which  relates  the  story 
of  their  love  iffair;  though  always  contemptuous  of  the 
Irish,  was  led,  by  his  personal  antipathies  to  the  whigs, 
to  acquire  a  sense  of  their  unfair  dealings  with  belaud; 
successfully  prevented  the  introduction  of  '  Wood's  Half- 
pence '  into  Ireland  by  his  famous  '  Drapier  Letters,'  1724  ; 
came  to  England,  17 26,  visited  Pope  and  Gay,  and  dined 
with  Walpole,  for  whose  behoof  he  afterwards  wrote  a  letter 
complaining  of  the  treatment  of  Ireland,  which  had,  how- 
ever, no  effect  on  the  minister ;  broke  with  Walpole  in  con- 
sequence ;  was  introduced  to  Queen  Caroline,  but  gained 
nothing  by  it;  published  -Gulliver's  Travels,'  1726  ;  made 
his  last  visit  to  England,  1727,  when  the  death  of  George  I 
created  fora  moment  hopes  of  dislodging  Walpole  ;  wrote 
some  of  his  most  famous  tracts  and  some  of  his  most 
characteristic  poems  during  these  last  years  in  Ireland ; 
kept  up  his  correspondence  with  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Gay, 
and  Arbuthuot,  and  though  remaining  aloof  from  Dublin 
society,  maintained  good  relations  with  Lord  Carteret, 
the  lord-lieutenant ;  attracted  to  himself  a  small  circle  of 
friends,  and  was  adored  by  the  people ;  set  up  a  monument 
to  Schomberg  hi  the  cathedral  at  his  own  expense,  spent 
a  third  of  his  income  on  charities,  and  saved  up  another 
third  to  found  a  charitable  institution  at  his  death,  St. 
Patrick's  Hospital  (opened,  1757)  ;  symptoms  of  the  illness 
from  which  he  appears  to  have  suffered  all  his  life  very 
marked,  c.  1738;  buried  by  the  side  of  Stella,  in  St.  Patrick's, 
Dublin,  his  own  famous  inscription,  '  ubi  steva  indignatio 
ulterius  cor  lacerare  nequit,'  being  inscribed  on  his  tomb. 
Dr.  Johnson,  Macaulay,  and  Thackeray,  among  many 
other  writers,  were  alienated  by  his  ferocity,  which  was, 
however,  the  result  of  noble  qualities  soured  by  hard 
experience.  His  indignation  at  oppression  and  unfair- 
ness was  genuine.  His  political  writings  are  founded  on 
common  sense  pure  and  simple,  and  he  had  no  party  bias. 
His  works,  with  the  exception  of  the  letter  upon  the  cor- 
rection of  the  language,  1712,  were  all  anonymous,  and 
for  only  one,  '  Gulliver's  Travels,'  did  he  receive  any  pay- 
ment (200J.).  A  large  number  of  publications  appear  to 
have  been  attributed  to  him  by  different  editors  without 
sufficient  authority.  [Iv.  204] 

SWIFT,  ROBERT  (1534  ?-1599),  chancellor  of  Dur- 
ham ;  of  the  same  family  as  Jonathan  Swift  [q.  v.]  ; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1553  ;  fellow;  chan- 
cellor of  Durham,  1661.  [Iv.  227] 

SWIFT,  THEOPHILUS  (1746-1815),  Irish  writer; 
son  of  Deane  Swift  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1767  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1774  ;  sentenced  to  twelve 
mouths'  imprisonment  for  libelling  the  fellows  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1794.  [Iv.  228] 

SWINBURNE,  HENRY  (1560  ?-l 623),  ecclesiastical 
lawyer ;  matriculated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford  ;  B.C.L. 
Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford  ;  author  of '  A  Briefe  Treatise  of 
Testaments  and  last  Willes,'  1590,  and  'A  Treatise 
of  Spousals,'  published,  1686  (the  first  works  written  in 
England  on  their  respective  subjects).  [Iv.  228] 

SWINBURNE,  HENRY  (1743-1803),  traveller ;  son  of 
Sir  John  Swinburne  of  Capheaton ;  educated  in  France  ; 
visited  Italy  ;  visited  Spain  with  his  wife,  1774-6 ;  the 
two  Sicilies,  Vienna,  Frankfort,  and  Brussels,  1777-9, 
Italy  and  Vienna,  1780  ;  with  his  wife  formed  acquaint- 
ances with  the  chief  literati,  and  received  many  com- 
pliments from  the  different  Roman  catholic  sovereigns ; 
again  in  Paris,  1786-8  ;  his  eldest  son  made  by  Marie- 
Antoinette  one  of  her  pages;  sent  on  a  mission  to  Paris 
by  the  government  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners,  17%  ; 
went  out  as  veudue-master  to  Trinidad,  1801,  where  he 
died.  He  was  author  of  'Travels  through  Spain,' 1779, 
'  Travels  in  the  Two  Sicilies,'  1783  and  1785.  His  letters, 
under  the  title  of  'The  Courts  of  Europe,'  badly  edited, 
were  published,  1841.  [Iv.  229] 

SWINDEN,  HENRY  (1716-1772),  antiquary;  author 
of  the  '  History  ...  of  Great  Yarmouth,'  1772.  [Iv.  231] 

SWINDEN,  TOBIAS  (d.  1719),  divine ;  M.A.  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1682  ;  published  '  An  Enquiry  into 
the  Nature  and  Place  of  Hell,'  1714.  [Iv.  231] 

SWINERCOTE,  LAWRENCE  (ft.  1254).  [See  SOMER- 

com] 


SWINESHEAD 


1209 


SYDENHAM 


SWINESHEAD,  KK'HAKI)  t  rf.  13Vu.  imithemati- 
cian  ;  fellow  of  M.-rt-ni  Cull. 

at  swiiienbead  in  Linroln.hire ;  author  of  mathematical 
un.1  philosophical  work*.  [hr.  Ml] 

8WINEY,  UEOBGB  (17867-1844),  found*. 
Sv.-iuey  prize  and  lectureship  :  Ml),  l,i.nhurgb,  1816, 

SWINEY.  OEORGR  (1786-1868X  general:  ooosin  of 
George  Swiuey  ( 1786  ?-1844)  [q.  v.]  [lv.  S32] 

8WINEY,  OWEN  MAC  (d.  17M).  [See  SWIXXY.] 
8WINFEN,  JOHN  (1G12-1694).  [See  8wYxr«X.] 
SWINFEN,  SAMUEL  (1679-1784).  [See  8w  * 

swiNFiELD  or  SWYNFIELD.  RICHARD  t>*  (d. 

1317),  bishop  of  Hereford ;  entered  the  service  of  Thomas 
iii-  c.u.teltipe,  chancellor  aud  partUnn  of  the  baronial 
part)-,  and  was  given  by  him  several  preferment*  ;  accom- 
panied him  to  Normandy  wben  exiled,  and  again  in  hit 
journey  to  Italy.  1282;  bUhop  of  Hereford,  1S8J-1317; 
resisted  the  extortions  of  Edward  I.  He  was  a  bountiful 
patron  of  scholar*,  and  a  portion  of  the  cathedral  was 
probably  built  by  him.  [lv.  232] 

SWDfFORD.  CATHERINE,  DucHfiW  or  LAXCA8TKR 
(13SU  V-1403).  [See  SWYXVuRD.] 

SWINNERTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1564),  protcstant 
divine;  M.A.  Cambridge,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
John  RoU'rts,  1619  :  author  of  'A  mustrc  of  scismatyke 
Bywhoppes  of  Home,'  1634.  [lv.  234] 

BWItfNOCK,  GEOROB  (1687-167SX  nonconformist 
divine:  B.A.  Jesus  College.  Cambridge,  1648:  fellow  of 
Itnlliol  College,  Oxford.  1649;  M.A.  1650:  held  various 
incumuuicieo :  published  religious  works.  [Iv.  ass j 


r,  OWES  MAC  (d.  1764),  playwright.  He 
of  the  Queen's  Theatre,  Haytnarket,  Lon- 
don, 1706,  1710,  aiul  1711  ;  after  some  successes  became 
bankrupt  and  took  refuge  abroad,  returning  1736. 

[lv.  236] 
SWINSHED,   RICHARD  (fl.  1360).     [See  SWIXKS- 


862  ;  one  of  the  chief  counsellor*  of  this  king  in  eockri- 

Ml  H|   atflttON       Bh   !..ly  |  H   Mr  ,:.  r.v  !,;-  „.»„  «.-•,. 

•Mfc  HM  Mil  -  VBBoS  I  •  •**•  •  5lse  M  s*t»d 
inside  the  cathedral,  971,  when 


SWINTON,  ALEXANDER,  LORD  MKUHIXUTUN 
(IGl'o?-  1700),  Scottish  judge:  fought  for  Charles  II  and 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Worcester;  advocate,  1671  ;  relin- 
quished his  profession  rather  than  take  the  test,  1681  : 
restored,  1686  :  made  judge,  1688  ;  joined  the  supp.  .HITS 
of  William  111  in  Scotland  at  the  Revolution,  [lv.  i'3t,] 

SWINTON.  ARCHIBALD  CAMPBELL  (1812-1890), 
author  and  politician  :  elder  brother  of  James  Ruuniu 
riwinton  [q.  v.]  ;  professor  of  civil  law  at  Edinburgh, 
1862-72.  [lv.  237] 

SWINTON,  JAMES  RANNIE  (isie-isss),  portrait- 

painter  ;  worked  at  the  studio  of  Sir  John  Wut*on  -Gordon 
[q.  v.]  ;  at  the  schools  of  the  Academy,  and  visited  Italy 
ami  t-puin  ;  painted  the  fashionable  beauties  of  the  day. 

[lv.  236] 

SWINTON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1402),  Scottish  soldier; 
killed  at  Homildou  Hill.  [lv.  237] 

SWINTON,  JOHN  (1621  7-1679),  Scottish  politician  ; 
elder  brother  of  Alexander  Swiuton  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.  for  the 
Mersc,  1649;  joined  Cromwell  after  Dunbar,  and  was 
excommunicated  by  the  Scottish  kirk  aud  his  estates  for- 
feited, 1661  ;  under  Cromwell's  administration  of  Scot- 
land was  appointed  commissioner,  member  of  the  council 
of  state,  and  M.P.  :  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  at  the 
Restoration  ;  turned  quaker,  1667  ;  publislied  quaker 
pamphlets.  [lv.  887] 

SWINTON,  JOHN  (1703-1777),  historian  and  anti- 
quary ;  F.RA,  1728;  fellow  of  Wadhaui  College,  Oxford, 
i7i"/<M.A.,  1726);  B.D.,  1769;  published  dissertations 
and  other  works,  including  '  luscriptiones  Citieae,'  17M. 

SWINTON,  JOHN,  LORD  SWIXTOX  (A  '  1799X 
Scottish  judge  and  legal  writer  ;  sat  on  the  bench,  1782- 
1799  ;  a  lord  of  justiciary,  1788-99.  [lv.  239] 

SWINY,  OWEN  MAC  (d.  1764).    [See  SWIXXT.] 
8WITHTJN.  SAINT  (d.  862),  bishop  of  Winchester; 
probably  a  secular  clerk  ;  an  adviser  in  state  mailers  of 
Egbert  [q.  v.],  and  educator  of  his  son,  Elhelwulf  [q.  v.], 
who  on  his  accession  appointed  him  bishop  of  Winchester, 


[lv.  SM] 


shrine  was  destroyed  by  Henry  vr^L* 

BWTTZEH,  STEPHEN  (16X27-174SX 
writer,  was  well  educated,  and  became  , 
George  London  and  Henry  Wise  (q.  v.]; 
became  seedsman  in  Westminster  HaU ;  edited  i 
a*riodfe*L'TlM  Practical  H 
which  he  warmly  repelkd  attacks  on  Vlrgirs  agrtci.liurr 
as  represented  in  the  'Georgia  ';  author  of  several  books 
on  gardening.  [lv.  Ml] 

SWYNFEN  or  8WUFEM.  JOHN  (l«IS-16MXpoll. 
ti.-iu,,  ;  M.1-.  for  Stafford  in  the  Long  parliament,  1*40, 
on  the  side  of  the  parliament :  excluded  by  Pride's  Purge, 
1648 ;  restored  by  Monck  ;  prominent  at  the  Restoration 
as  an  opponent  of  the  court  party.  [lv.  MS] 

8WYNFEN  or  8WINFEH,  SAMUEL  (1679-1734), 
physician;  grandson  of  John  Swyiifen  [q.  v.]:  M.A. 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1708;  M.D.,  1712;  godfather 
t.i  Hr.  Johnson,  [lv.  MS] 

8WYNFORD,  CATHF.uINK,  Di  •  M»soyLAXCA8TER 
(1360  7-1403),  mistress  nnd  thinl  wife  of  John  of  (Jaunt 
[q.  v.] ;  mother  of  the  Beaufort*  and  ancestress  of  Henry 
VII ;  daughter  of  Sir  Payne  Roelt,  who  came  to  England 
with  Queen  Phllinpa,  her  first  husband  being  Sir  Hugh 
Su  ynford,  who  belonged  to  the  retinue  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
and  who  died,  1872 :  became  John  of  (taunt's  mistreat 
and  liadclmnre  of  his  children  ;  married  to  John  of  daunt 
on  the  death  of  his  second  wife,  1396.  Their  Issue  were 
legitimised  by  parliament,  1897,  but  in  1407  the  words 
•  cxceptu  dignltate  regali '  were  interpolated,  [lv.  243] 


8WYNFORD.  SIR  TH'iM.vs  <  13GH  ?-l433X  only  legt- 
timate  rhilil  of  Catherine  Swyuford  [q.  v.]  by  her  flr«t 
husband  ;  supporter  of  Henry  IV's  claims,  and  supposed 
murderer  of  Hiclmnl  II.  [lv.  M4] 

SYBTHORPE,  ROBERT  (d.  1662X   [See  SIBTIIORP.] 
8YDDALL,  HENRY  (d.  1672).    [See  SIDDALU] 

SYDENHAM,  BAROX  (1799-1841).  [See  TuoMftOX, 
CIIARI.KH  EDWARD  POULOTT.] 

SYDENHAM  or  81DENHAM,  CUTHBERT  (162J- 
1664X  theologian  and  presbyterlan  divine  :  lecturer  at  St. 
John's  aud  St.  Nicholas's  churches,  Neweu.-tle ;  autlwr  of 
religious  and  puritanical  works.  [lv.  244] 

SYDENHAM.  FLOYER  (1710-1787X  translator  of 
Pluto ;  M.A.  Wodliam  College,  Oxford,  1734 ;  fellow,  1734  ; 
b;trri-ter.  Lincoln's  Inn,  1735  ;  publisljed,  besides  bis  trans- 
lation (1769-80X  '  An  Essay  on  the  Divine  Names  accord- 
ing to  the  Plutonic  Philosophy,'  1784.  [lv.  MA] 

SYDENHAM,  HUMPHREY  (1691-1660 ?X  royalist 
divine;  B.A.  Exeter  College,  oxford,  1611;  fellow  and 
M.A.  Wadhuui  Cullew,  Oxford,  1613;  prebendary  of 
Wells,  1642;  received  other  preferments,  from  all  of 
which  be  was  ejected  by  the  parliamentary  commissioners ; 
published  sermons.  [lv.  24ft] 

SYDENHAM,  JOHN  (1807-1846),  antiquary  and 
editor ;  author  of  '  The  History  of  the  Town  aud  County 
of  Poole,'  1839.  [lv.  Mt] 

BYDENHAM,  THOMAS  (16M-1689X  physician : 
entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1642 ;  together  with  his 
brothers  took  part  in  the  civil  war  on  th«-  side  of  the  par- 
liament, 1642-6  ;  returned  to  Oxford,  1646,  und  was  ad- 
vised by  Thomas  Coxe  [q.  v.]  to  apply  himself  to  medicine ; 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1648;  created  M.B. 
by  command  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke,  1648;  M.A.  later: 
received  a  new  commission  as  captain  of  cavalry,  1661, 
and  took  part  in  much  sharp  fighting :  stud.ed  medicine 
at  Montpellier.  ir.V.i :  I..U.C.P..  If.fi3:  gradually  made  his 
way  in  the  profession  and  became  one  of  the  i 
of  the  English  physicians,  his  reput 


great  on  the  oonfcncnt;  autii«>r<>(  -.\.-r.ii  Latin  n 
works.  His  chief  contributions  to  medicine  were  his  ob- 
servations on  epidemic  diseases,  his  nr>t  clear  discrimina- 
tion of  certain  diseases,  his  cooling  method  of  treating  the 
smallpox,  and  his  introduction  of  the  use  of  bark  in 
agues  ;  these  ami  his  method  of  studying  diseases  made  an 
epoch  in  medical  science.  [lv.  Mf] 


SYDENHAM 


1270 


SYMONDS 


SYDENHAM,  WILLIAM  (1615-1661),  CromweUian 
soldier  ;  eldest  brother  of  Thomas  Sydenliuin  [q.  v.] ;  fought 
tor  tlu-  parliament  ami  defeated  the  royalists  in  various 
skirmishes  in  Dorset;  member  of  the  various  parlia- 
ments of  tlie  Commonwealth  ;  avowal  conservative 
principles,  and  defended  'the  liberties  of  Englishmen': 
made  by  Cromwell  councillor  and  commissioner  of  the 
treasury,  1654:  took  the  side  of  the  army  against  the 
parliament;  after  the  death  of  the  Protector  was  expelled 
from  the  Long  parliament,  1660  :  perpetually  incapaci- 
tated from  holding  office  by  act  of  indemnity.  [Iv.  253] 

SYDNEY.    [See  also  SIDNEY.] 

SYDNEY,  first  VISCOUNT  (1733-1800).  [See  Towxs- 
ii K^ n,  THOMAS.] 

8YDSERFF,  THOMAS  (1581-1663),  bishop  of  Gallo- 
way: M.A.  Edinburgh,  1602;  took  an  active  part  in  the 
introduction  of  the  English  prayer-book,  1633 :  made 
bishop  of  Galloway  by  Laud,  1635  ;  attacked  by  the  mob 
and  deposed,  1638;  appointed  bishop  of  Orkney  at  the 
Restoration.  [Iv.  255] 

SYKES,  ARTHUR  ASHLEY  (1684  ?-1756),  latitu- 
dinarian  divine ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London, 
and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.,1708;  D.D., 
1726 :  held  numerous  church  preferments ;  a  voluminous 
controversial  writer  of  the  school  of  Hoadly.  [Iv.  256] 

SYKES.  GODFREY  (1825-1866),  decorative  artist; 
decorated  the  new  buildings  of  the  South  Kensington 
Museum.  [Iv.  256] 

SYKES,  SIR  MARK  MASTERMAN,  third  baronet 
(1771-1823),  book-collector ;  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford ; 
M.P.,  York,  1807-20 ;  his  library  especially  rich  in  first 
editions  of  the  classics,  specimens  of  fifteenth-century 
printing,  and  Elizabethan  poetry,  besides  manuscripts. 

[Iv.  256] 

SYKES,  SIR  TATTON,  fourth  baronet  (1772-1863), 
patron  of  the  turf ;  younger  brother  of  Sir  Mark  Master- 
man  Sykes  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Westminster  School  and 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford ;  an  expert  boxer  and  renowned 
breeder  of  sheep  and  horses,  owner  of  racehorses,  rider 
and  master  of  foxhounds  for  more  than  forty  years. 

Flv.  257] 

SYKES,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1790-1872),  naturalist 
and  soldier ;  entered  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1803,  and  saw  a  good  deal  of  active  service;  being 
appointed  statistical  reporter  to  the  Bombay  government, 
1824,  drew  up  valuable  reports ;  chairman  of  the  board  of 
directors,  1856  ;  liberal  M.P.,  Aberdeen,  1857-72 ;  F.R.S., 
1834,  and  author.  [Iv.  258] 

SYLVESTER.    [See  also  SFLVESTEH.] 

SYLVESTER,  JAMES  JOSEPH  (1814-1897),  mathe- 
matician ;  was  educated  at  a  Jewish  school  in  London, 
at  the  Royal  Institution,  Liverpool,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge ;  second  wrangler,  1837 ;  graduated  B.A. 
Cambridge  (after  the  passing  of  the  Tests  Act),  1872 ; 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  University  College, 
London,  1837-41;  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  university 
of  Virginia,  1841-5,  and  at  Woolwich,  1855-70 ;  president 
of  the  London  Mathematical  Society,  1866 ;  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  John  Hopkins  University  at  Balti- 
more, 1877-83 ;  Saviliau  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford, 
1883-97;  shared  with  Cayley  the  work  of  founding  in- 
variant algebra,  and  enriched  the  science  of  number  with 
a  body  of  doctrine  on  partitions.  His  writings  are  at 
present  scattered  through  numerous  journals.  [Iv.  268] 

SYLVESTER,  JOSUAH  (1563-1618),  poet ;  translator 
of  Du  Bartas ;  educated  at  the  school  of  Hadrian  a  Sara  via 
[q.  v.]  at  Southampton,  where  he  acquired  a  sound  know- 
ledge of  French,  and  subsequently  entered  a  trading  firm  ; 
is  supposed  to  have  been  for  some  time  steward  to  the 
Essex  family;  made  groom  of  his  chamber  by  Prince 
Henry,  c.  1606 ;  became  secretary  to  the  merchant  adven- 
turers, 1613,  and  had  to  reside  at  Middelburg.  Meanwhile 
he  had  accomplished  a  considerable  amount  of  literary 
work,  chiefly  translations  of  the  scriptural  epics  of  the 
Gascon  Huguenot,  Guillaume  de  Saluste,  seigneur  du 
Bartas,  in  the  rhymed  decasyllabic  couplet.  He  had  a  full 
sympathy  with  his  original,  and  his  work  was  much 
admired  by  contemporaries,  and  doubtless  influenced 
Milton  indirectly, but  after  the  Restoration  was  considered 
pedantic,  and  ceased  to  be  read.  The  translation  of  Du 
Bartas'B  'Canticle'  appeared,  1590,  of  '  La  Semaiue,'  1592, 


and  the  first  collective  edition,  1606 ;  author  of  several 
other  works,  mainly  religious,  but  including  accounts  of 
Henry  of  Navarre  and  St.  Louis.  [Iv.  2GO] 

SYLVESTER,  MATTHEW  (1636?-1708),  noncon- 
formist divine:  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  vicar 
of  Great  Gonurby,  1659,  which  he  resigned  in  consequence 
of  the  Uniformity  Act,  1662 ;  Baxter  his  assistant  as 
pastor  of  Rutland  1  fouse :  published '  Reliquiae  Baxteriaiuv,' 
lnuily  edited  and  very  faulty,  1696;  author  of  sermons 
and  prefaces.  [iv.  264] 

SYME,  EBENEZER  (1826-1860),  colonial  journalist ; 
emigrated  to  Victoria,  1852,  and  bought  the  '  Melbourne 
Age,'  which,  as  leading  liberal  organ,  had  a  marked  in- 
fluence on  colonial  politics.  [Iv.  265] 

SYME,  JAMES  (1799-1870), surgeon ;  educated  at  the 
high  school  and  university,  Edinburgh ;  after  tilling 
many  surgical  posts  and  studying  in  Paris  and  Germany, 
started  a  private  surgical  hospital,  1829,  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  inaugurated  his  system  of  clinical  instruction ; 
appointed  crown  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  Edin- 
burgh University,  1833 :  recognised  as  the  greatest  living 
authority  in  surgery ;  author  of  several  surgical  works ; 
his  plan  of  leaving  wounds  open  till  all  oozing  of  blood 
had  ceased,  adopted  by,  and  often  attributed  to,  List  on. 

[Iv.  26U] 

SYME,  JOHN  (1755-1831),  friend  of  Burus ;  lawyer, 
ensign,  distributor  of  stamps,  1791 ;  one  of  Burns's  exe- 
cutors, [iv.  267] 

SYME,  JOHN  (1795-1861),  portrait-painter ;  nephew 
of  Patrick  Syme  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of  Sir  Henry  Raeburn 
[q.  v.]  [Iv.  267] 

SYME,  PATRICK  (1774-1845),  flower-painter  and 
author.  [Iv.  268] 

SYMEON.     [See  SIMEON.] 

SYMES,  MICHAEL  (1753  ?-1809),  soldier  and  diplo- 
matist ;  sent  on  missions  to  Burmah,  of  which  he  wrote 
an  account ;  served  with  Sir  John  Moore,  1808. 

[Iv.  268] 

SYMINGTON,  ANDREW  (1785-1 853),  Scottish  divine : 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1803 ;  professor  of  theology  in  the  reformed 
presbyterian  church,  1820 ;  published  theological  works. 

[Iv.  268] 

SYMINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1763-1831),  engineer; 
took  out  a  patent  for  an  improved  form  of  steam-engine, 
1787,  and  devised  the  first  steam-boat  for  practical  use, 
the  Charlotte  Dundas,  1802 ;  his  plans  not  supported : 
lost  by  death  his  patron  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater  ;  died  in 
poverty  in  London.  [Iv.  -269] 

SYMINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1795  -  1862),  divine : 
younger  brother  of  Andrew  Symington  [q.  v.]  ;  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1808  ;  a  successful  preacher  and  author  : 
succeeded  his  brother  as  professor  of  theology  in  the  re- 
formed presbyterian  church,  1853.  [Iv.  270] 

SYMMONS,  CHARLE.S  (1749-1826),  man  of  letters : 
educated  at  Westminster  School  and  Glasgow  and  Cam- 
bridge universities ;  a  staunch  whig  ;  aroused  some 
hostility  by  a  whig  sermon  at  Cambridge,  1793 ;  rector  of 
Narberth  and  Lampeter  ;  author  of  poetical  works,  a  life 
of  Milton,  1806,  and  of  Shakespeare,  1826,  and  '  The 
JEneis  of  Virgil  translated,'  1817.  [Iv.  270] 

SYMMONS,  JOHN  (1781-1842),  son  of  Charles 
Symmons  [q.  v.]  :  translator  of  the  'Agamemnon  '  of 
Jfechyliu,  1824;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1806  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1807. 

[Iv.  271] 

SYMON  SIMEONIS  (fl.  1322).    [See  SIMEONIS.] 

SYMONDS,  JOHN  (1729-1807),  professor  of  modern 
history  at  Cambridge  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1762  ;  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1753  ;  M.A., 
1754  ;  professor,  1771 ;  wrote  works  urging  the  revision  of 
the  New  Testament.  [Iv.  271] 

SYMONDS,  JOHN  ADDINGTON  (1807-1871),  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  Magdalen  College  school  and  at 
Edinburgh  ;  held  several  posts  on  the  staff  of  the  Bristol 
Hospital  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1857  ;  author  of  several  volumes  ot 
essays  and  lectures,  and  of  papers  contributed  to  medical 
periodicals.  !  [Iv.  272] 


SYMONDS 


1271 


SYRACUSE 


SYMONDS,      JOHN       ADDINGTON      (1840-189SX 
author  ;    son  of  John  Addition   Symond- 
[q.  v.] :  educated  at  Harrow  and  Jlalhol  Collw.  ' ' 
where  he  pained  a  first  clan  in  claries,  the  Newdlgate 
prize,  a  fellowship  at  Magdalen,  1862,  and  tlte  English 
•essay    prize,    s-bject    "The    Renaissance,'    1863:     WM 
oblii/t-d  to  reside  abroad   on  nccount  of   his  heulth,  and 
liimllv  srttli-d  at  Davos  l'l:it/. ;    droni/hr  out  •  Hi-nory  of 
tin-  [tolian  I:>-M:I  *'•,  a  series  of  picturesque 

sketches   r.ithiT  than  a   continuous  work,  and  bin  prose 
translation  of  the* Antpbtagnphy  of  Benvenuto  (•.•Him,' 
18S7  ;  published  book*  of  pix-ms,  includ 
187H,  and'Animi  Figura,'  1**-.     An:  prone 

works  were  'Sketches  in  Italy  and  dnvi-r,' 
Auction  to  the  Study  of  Dante,'  1872,  and '  Walt  Whit- 
man,' 1S9X    He  excelled  aa  a  translator,  his  translation 
of  the  sonnets  of  Michael  Angelo  and  Campanellu,  1878, 
) ..  in-  especially  famous.  [lv.  272] 

SYMONDS,  RICHARD  (1609-1680  ?),  Welsh  part- 
tan  :  R.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1627  :  taught  at  Shrews- 
bury,  10:55,  where  Baxter  was  his  pupil :  fled  to  London  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and  prenched  in  the  city  ; 
returned  to  Wales  as '  approver  of  preachers,'  1650. 

[lv.  275] 

SYMONDS,  RICHARD  (1617-1692?),  royalist  and 
antiquary  ;  imprisoned  as  a  delinquent  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  civil  war ;  escaped,  joined  the  royalist  army, 
and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  the  next  two  yean,  in- 
chiding  the  engagements  at  Dewsbury  and  Naseby  :  be 
petitioned  to  be  allowed  to  compound  for  his  delinquency, 
1640,  and  travelled  abroad  :  compiled  several  note-books, 
including  four  published  by  the  Camden  Society,  as  the 
*  Diary  of  the  Marches  of  the  Royal  Army,'  1859.  Other 
works  of  his  contain  anecdotes  of  Cromwell,  memoranda 
of  his  travels  abroad,  and  genealogical  and  arclm-olo^ical 
•collection*.  [lv.  276] 

SYMOITDS,  Sm  THOMAS  MATTHEW  CHARLES 
<1K13-  iH'j }),  admiral  of  the  fleet  ;  son  of  Sir  William 
tjymonds  [q.  v.]  ;  tactician  anil  naval  reformer  :  «t-rviil 
in  the  Crimea  ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1879  ;  G.C.&,  1880. 

[lv.  277] 

SYMONDS,  WILLIAM  (1556-1G16?).  divine;  MA. 
Mau'dalen  College,  1681.  and  became  master  of  Magdalen 
school,  1553  :  created  D.D.  1613  :  held  many  church  pre- 
ferments, and  at  one  time  resided  in  Virginia  ;  pnblinliod 
theological  works.  [lv.  278] 

SYMONDS,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1782-1856),  rear-ad- 
miral :  present  at  Lord  Bridport's  action,  1795,  and  saw 
a  good  deal  of  service  :  as  surveyor  of  the  navy.  1832-47, 
introduced  some  important  changes  in  ship  construction, 
notably  the  elliptical  sterns :  C.B.,  1848 ;  rear-admiral, 
1854.  [lv.  278] 

SYMONDS,  WILLIAM  SAMUEL  (1818  -  1887), 
geologist  and  author :  educated  at  Cheltenham  and 
riirist's  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1842  ;  rector  of  Pen- 
<lock,  1845  ;  published  scientific  articles  in  various  periodi- 
cals, two  novels,  which  went  through  several  editions, 
and  other  works.  [lv.  279] 

SYMONS,  BENJAMIN  PARSONS  (1785  -  1878), 
warden  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  and  leader  of  the 
evangelical  party  ;  M.A.,  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1810  ; 
fellow,  1812 ;  D.D.,  1831  :  warden,  1831-71  :  vice-chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  University,  1844-8.  [lv.  280] 

SYMONS,  GEORGE  JAMES  (1838-1900),  meteoro- 
logist :  studied  at  school  of  mines,  Jermyn  Street,  Lon- 
don :  member  of  Royal  Meteorological  Society,  c.  1855, 
secretary,  1878-9  and  1882-99,  and  president,  1880  and 
J900;  meteorological  reporter  to  registrar-general,  1867 
till  death  ;  issued,  from  1860,  thirty-nine  animal  volumes 


of  statistics  of  rainfall  observations;  P.RJB.,  1878; 
began,  1863,  issue  of  a  monthly  rain  circular,  which  de- 
veloped, 1806.  into  •  Monthly  Meteorological  Magazine,' 
still  in  oourae  of  publication ;  published  sereral  work!  on 
meteorological  subject*.  ;.L  ilL  374] 

SYMONS,  JKLIXGER  COOKSOX  (1809-1860),  mis- 
oellaneouii  writ 

bridge,  1832;  appointed  commlwlooer  to  carry  oat 
several  Inquiries  by  the  government:  barrister.  Middle 
Temple,  1843  :  editor  of  the  '  Law  Magazine*  and  In- 
spector of  schools,  1848 ;  published  mlsceUaneooj  work*. 

r>.«o] 

SYMONS.  SIR  WILLIAM  PP.XX  (1841-1899), 
major-general  :  ensign,  1861 ;  captain.  1878;  nerved  In 
Kaffraria,  1878,  and  in  Zulu  war.  1879  :  major.  1881 : 


served  on  staff  in  expedition  to  Burma,  188*  ;< 

l:iirm:i   .f.himn   in    ('liin-Liwhal   expnlition,  1889:  C.B., 

!«<*)  :  Lriifiwlier-ip-ii-nil  in  command  of  di-:  • 

1H«»5:  K.r.R,  1H9R:  commander  of  troop*  in  Natal,  May 

1899  ;  temporary  lieutenant-general  of  fourth  division  of 

South  Africa  fluid  f»r  :*W:  major-general; 

died  of  wound!  received  at  storming  of  Talana  hill,  near 

Dundee.  [Suppl.  lit  374] 

SYMPSON,    CHRISTOPHER    (160i?-1669).      [Bee 

SIMPSON.] 

SYMPSON,    WILLIAM   (1G27  7-1G71).     [See  SIMI-. 
sox.] 

8YMSON  or    8YMPSON,    PATRICK    (1 556-1818). 


8YNDERCOMB,    MILK*  (./.    1C57).     [See  Swnra- 

i  COM  DR.] 

8YNOE,  CHARLES  (1789-1854),  lieutenant-colonel : 
I  nerved  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  and  distinguished 
'  himself  at  Salamanca  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1821. 

[lv.  281] 

SYNGE,  EDWARD  (</.  1678),  Irish  bishop  : 
of  George  Pynge  [q.  v.] ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
:  bishop  of  Limerick,  1661 ;   translated  to  Cork,  < 
!  and  Ross,  1663.  [lv.  282] 

SYNGE,  EDWARD  (1659  -  1741),  archbishop  of 
Tuam  ;  sou  of  Edward  Synge  (rf.  1678)  [q.  v.]  :  educate! 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1677 ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  :  vicar  of  Christ  Church,  Cork  ;  appointol 
I  bishop  of  Raphoe,  1714,  and  archbishop  of  Tuam,  17 If. : 
resigned  a  fourth  part  of  his  tithes  for  the  improvement 
of  livings  in  his  diocese;  became  privy  councillor,  1716, 
and  one  of  the  keepers  of  the  great  seal  in  1717-18 : 
opposed  the  Toleration  Bill,  1719;  published  reliirioiu 
tracts  and  sermons.  [lv.  281] 

8YNOE,  GEORGE  (1594-1653),  bishop  of  Cloync : 
brother  of  Edward  Synge  (</.  1678)  [q.  v.] ;  bUhop  of 
Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross ;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford. 
1616  ;  consecrated  bishop,  1G38-53  :  was  nominated  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Tuam,  1647,  but  failed  to  obtain  posses- 
sion on  account  of  the  war.  [lv.  281] 

SYNGE.  WILLIAM  WEBB  POLLETT  (18S6-1891). 
diplomatist  and  author  ;  attached  to  the  British  legation 
at  Washington,  1853 ;  appointed  secretary  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Gore  Ouseley's  mission  to  Central  America,  1856 : 
coMimi--ioiier  for  the  Sandwich  islands,  1861  ;  commis- 
sary judge  in  Cuba,  1865;  contribute!  to  'Punch,'  the 
'  Standard,'  and  the  '  Saturday  Review,"  and  wa*  the 
author  of  some  other  works.  [lv.  881] 

SYNTAX,  DOCTOR.  [See  COMBK,  WILUA*,  1741- 
1823.] 

SYRACUSE  (STRACUSAXCB),  RICHARD  OP  (rf. 
1195).  [See  PALMER.] 


TAAFFE 


1272 


TALBOT 


T 


TAAFFE,  DEN  IS  (1743  7-1813),  Irish  political  writer  ; 
l.rou-ht  up  a  Roman  catholic  priest,  but  became  a  pro- 
fr-stant,  niul  SHb-^nu-ntly  a  catholic  again  ;  Joined  the 
United  Irishmen  ami  fought  during  the  rabdBbn  in  Wi-x- 
tonl:  Hiief  work,  a  4  History  of  Ireland,'  1809-11:  pub- 
lishr 1  also  pamphlets.  [lv.  284] 

TAAFFE,  FRANCIS,  fourth  VISCOUNT  T.\ A VVK  and 
third  EARI.  OF  CARUXGFORU  (1639-1704).  Austrian  fleld- 
marshal :  second  son  of  Theobald  Taaffe,  second  viscount 
Taaffe  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  service  of  Charles,  duke  of 
Lorraine,  and  saw  much  active  service  on  the  continent, 
-  to  relieve  Vienna,  1683 :  found  favour  with 
William  III,  who  received  him,  1699,  and  on  Leopold, 
dnke  of  Lorraine's  reinstatement  in  his  dominions,  1697, 
was  made  governor  of  Nancy.  [lv.  284] 

TAAFFE,  JOHN  (fl.  1685-1708),  informer;  alias 
THOMAS  O'MCLLEN  and  "FATHER  VINCENT;  after  the  re- 
volution turned  protestant,  and  was  employed  by  the 
government  in  collecting  evidence  against  the  Jacobites. 

[lv.  285] 

TAAFFE,  NICHOLAS,  sixth  VISCOUNT  TAAFFE 
(1677-1769),  lieutenant-general  in  the  Austrian  army; 
served  in  the  war  of  the  Polish  succession,  1734-5,  and 
against  the  Turks,  1737-9,  and  was  present,  at  the  age  of 
eighty,  at  the  battle  of  Kolin,  1757 ;  ancestor  of  the  late 
president  of  the  Austrian  ministry.  [lv.  286] 

TAAFFE,  THEOBALD,  second  VISCOUNT  TAAFFE 
and  first  EARL  OF  CABLING  FORD  (d.  1677), grandson  of  Sir 
William  Taaffe  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  the  forces  of  the 
catholic  confederation  in  Connaught,  1644,  and  Munster, 
1647  ;  defeated  by  Lord  Inchiquiu,  1647  ;  employed  in 
negotiations  between  Queen  Henrietta  Maria  and  the 
Duke  of  Lorraine:  created  Earl  of  Carlingford  at  the 
Restoration,  [lv.  287] 

TAAFFE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1627).  sheriff  of  Sligo  ; 
sheriff,  1588;  distinguished  himself  on  the  landing  of  the 
Spaniards  at  Kinsale,  1601,  and  in  expeditious  against  the 
Irish  ;  knighted,  1605.  [lv.  288] 

TABLET,  BARONS  DE.  [See  LEICESTER,  SIR  JOHN 
FI.KMINU,  1762-1827 ;  WARREN,  JOHN  BYRNE  LEICESTER, 
1835-1895.] 

TABOR  or  TALBOR,  SIR  ROBERT  (1642  ?-1681), 
physician  ;  perfected  the  cure  of  ague  by  quinine ;  cured 
Charles  II  and  the  dauphin;  published  '  IIvperoAo-yia,' 
1672;  knighted,  1678.  [lv.  288] 

TACHE",  ALEXANDRE  ANTONIN  (1823-1894), 
Roman  catholic  archbishop :  educated  at  Quebec  and 
Montreal :  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians  on  the 
great  lakes,  and  showed  much  energy  in  founding  missions  ; 
the  most  influential  person  in  the  North- West  Territories ; 
published  works  on  Canada.  [lv.  289] 

TACHE",  SIR  ETIENNE  PASCAL  (1795-1866),  pre- 
mier of  Canada;  uncle  of  Alexandre  Antonin  Tache 
[q.  v.]  ;  a  physician  ;  speaker  of  the  legislative  assembly 
and  premier,  1856  ;  knighted,  1858.  [lv.  21)0] 

TACHE",  JEAN  CHARLES  (1820-1893),  physician 
and  author ;  elder  brother  of  Alexandra  Antonin  Tache 
['1.  v.]  [lv.  289] 

TAGART,  EDWARD  (1804-1858),  Unitarian  divine  ; 
minister  of  Little  Portland  Street  Chapel,  London,  1833  ; 
F.L.S.,  F.Q.S^and  F.S.A. ;  visited  the  Unitarians  in  Tran- 
sylvania, 1H58;  published  'Locke's  Writings  and  Philo- 
sophy,' 1855,  denying  Hume's  scepticism  to  have  been  its 
outcome.  [lv.  290] 

TAOLIONI,  MARIE  (1809-1884),  the  •  most  prominent 
dantenw  of  the  century';  made  her  debut  in  Vienna, 
1*22,  appearing  in  Paris,  1827,  and  in  London,  1829,  her 
great  parts  there  being  in  •  La  Sylphide,'  in '  La  Qitana,'  in 
the  '  Pas  de  Quatre,'  1845,  and  in  '  Pas  dea  Deesses,'  1846 ; 
died  in  straitened  circumstances  at  Marseilles. 

[lv.  291] 

TAILOR.    [See  also  TAYLER  and  TAYLOR.] 

TAILOR,  ROBERT  (fl.  1614),  dramatist:  author  of 
•The  Hog  hath  lont  his  Pearle,'  1614,  a  play  valuable  as  a 
storehouse  of  dramatic  allusions  ;  a  work  entitled  '  Saered 
Hymn-,'  1615,  also  attributed  to  him.  [lv.  2'J2] 


;        TAIRCELL  (d.  696).    [See  DAIRCELU] 

TAIT,  ARCHIBALD  CAMPBELL  (1811-1882),  arch- 
|  bishop  of  Canterbury ;  born  at  Edinburgh,  his  family 
j  being  originally  Aberdeenshire  yeomen  ;  brought  up  a-i  a 
I  presbyterian  and  educated  at  Edinburgh  High  School. 
Glasgow  University,  and  BalTol  College,  Oxford,  where  he 
was  scholar;  took  a  first-class  in  classics,  1833;  fellow, 
1834,  and  one  of  the  most  influential  tutors  in  the  univer- 
sity ;  took  charge  of  the  parish  of  Baldou,  1836  :  visited 
Germany,  1839  ;  his  conduct  during  the  Oxford  move- 
ment characterised  by  broadness  of  view  and  tolerance. : 
one  of  those  who  condemned  '  Tract  XC.,'  isil,aud  signal 
the  counter-memorial  in  favour  of  Dr.  Renn  Dick^on 
Hampden  [q.  v.],  1847  ;  succeeded  Arnold  as  head-master 
of  Rugby,  1842 ;  appointed  dean  of  Carlisle,  1849 ;  made- 
bishop  of  London,  1856;  showed  great  firmness  and  at 
the  same  time  broad-mindedness  in  his  treatment  of  the- 
church  controversies  of  the  day  connected  with  ritualism 
and  the  freedom  of  opinion  of  the  clergy,  especially  in 
the  'Essays  and  Reviews'  case,  1860,  and  in  the  Coli-nso 
case,  1862 ;  withdrew  the  licence  of  Poole,  curate  of  St. 
Barnabas,  Pimlico,  on  account  of  his  practice  of  confes- 
sion, 1858;  showed  himself  a  vigorous  evangeliser,  and. 
preached  in  omnibus  yards,  Covent  Garden  market,  Lon/- 
don,  and  elsewhere ;  began  the  building  of  new  churches  ; 
founded  the  Diocesan  Home  Mission,  1857,  and  the  Bishop 
of  London's  Fund,  1866  ;  supported  the  Divorce  Bill,  1857,. 
with  modifications  to  suit  the  conscientious  views  of  the- 
clergy,  aud  also  the  relaxation  in  the  forms  of  subscrip- 
tion demanded  from  the  clergy,  1865  ;  obtained  the  open- 
ing of  Westminster  Abbey  for  the  evening  services,  and 
worked  hard  during  the  cholera  epidemic,  1866:  became- 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1869 :  at  first  opposed  the  Irish. 
Church  Bill,  but  subsequently  recognised  the  inevitable,, 
the  eventual  settlement  being  largely  owing  to  his  patience 
and  goal  sense  ;  showed  sympathy  with  the  Old  Catholic 
j  movement  abroad,  declared  against  the  use  of  the  Atha- 
nasian  Creed  in  the  public  services,  and  was  instrumental 
I  in  passing  the  Public  Worship  Regulation  Act,  1874, 
though  the  final  bill  was  not  the  measure  which  he  had 
intended  or  desired ;  supported  the  Burial  Act,  1880.  No- 
archbishop  probably  since  the  Reformation  had  so  much 
weight  in  parliament  or  in  the  country  generally. 

[lv.  292] 

TAIT,  JAMES  HALDANE  (1771-1845),  rear-admiral ; 
saw  much  active  service;  commanded  the  Jane  in  the- 
North  Sea,  1799,  and  captured  fifty-six  French  and  Dutch, 
vessels;  rear-admiral,  1841.  [lv.  299] 

TAIT,  ROBERT  LAWSON  (1845-1899),  surgeon: 
L.R.C.P.  and  L.R.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1866 ;  began  practice  in 
Birmingham,  1870 ;  F.R.C.S.  Edinburgh,  1870,  and  Eng- 
land, 1871 ;  surgeon  to  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  Women,. 
1871-93  ;  gained  Hastings  gold  medal  of  British  Medical 
Association,  1 873 ;  performed  operations  for  removal  of 
an  ovary  for  suppurative  disease  and  extirpation  of  the- 
uterine  appendages  to  arrest  growth  of  a  bleeding  myoma, 
1872 ;  one  of  founders  of  British  Gynaecological  Society  ; 
professor  of  gynaecology  at  Queen's  College,  Birmingham,. 
1887  ;  professor  of  anatomy  at  Royal  Society  of  Artist* 
and  Birmingham  School  of  Design ;  published  k  Diseases 
of  Women,'  1877,  and  other  works.  [SuppL  iii.  377] 

TAIT,  WILLIAM  (1793-1864),  publisher  of  'Tait's 
Edinburgh  Magazine,'  1832-64,  a  literary  and  radical 
magazine,  to  which  Mill,  Cobdeii,  and  Bright  contributed. 


[lv.  300] 
inthor :  niece 


TALBOT,  CATHERINE  (1721-1770), 
of  Charles  Talbot  [q.  v.],  lord  chancellor:  with  her 
mother  lived  with  Thomas  Seeker  [q.  v.],  archbishop  of 
Canterbury;  educated  by  Seeker :  became  well-known  in 
society.  Among  her  works  published  after  her  death  nre 
'  Reflections  on  the  Seven  Days  of  the  Week,'  1770, '  Essay*,' 
1772,  and  her  '  Letters,'  1809.  [lv.  300] 

TALBOT,  CHARLES,  twelfth  EARL  and  only  DUKK 
OP  SHREWSBURY  (1660-1718),  son  of  the  eleventh  earl; 
became  a  protestant,  1679,  probably  owing  to  the  infliK-m-.- 
of  Tillotson ;  was  given  places  and  employments  by 
Charles  II  and  James  II,  but  nevertheless  was  oue  of  tlnv 
foremost  in  bringing  about  the  revolution:  took  11,000*. 
to  Holland  for  thesupportof  Williainlll,  1688, and  landed 


TAJLBOT 


1273 


TALBOT 


with  him  in  England ;  made  sccn-tary  of  state,  1689,  bat 
resigned,  1690,  on  the  refusal  of  the  tory  parliament  to 
pass  the  Abjuration  Bill ;  resumed  office  after  much  hwi- 
tatiou,  1G94,  his  inconsistent  conduct  being,  it  i.- 
restilt  of  communications  with  James  II  ;  became  K.G., 
Duke  of  .^.r.-\\..hury,audhnidoftheadniinUtra:. 
and  during  William  Ill's  absence,  1696  and  1696,  was  one 
of  the  Ionia  justices,  and  carried  on  a  regular  oorre>pon- 
deuce  with  William  III;  charges  -  :  .1.  J  u-o- 

bite  intrigues  brought  against  him,  1606  ;  with 
public Rffa  i-.andiiiiiillyrei'U'iinl,  i;«Mi,tl,oiurh  v,  . 
readily  accepted  his  explanations ;  left  Kngland 
to  Koine,  whence  he  wrote  his  celebrated  letter  to  Soiners, 
Hud  I  a  son,  I  would  sooner  bind  him  a  cob!.: 
courtier,  and  a  tiangman  than  a  statesman*  ;  refusal  all 
invitations  to  serve  the  sUte  till  1710,  wl«n  he  was  instru- 
ni.  nt. il  in  i.nniriiiir  uixnit  the  full  of  the  whirrs  nnd  be- 
ciiinc  lord  chamberlain ;  appointed  ambassador  to  France, 

-ins  to  hare  disapproval  of  the  Utrecht 
tions  ami  was  recalled  ;  made  lonMieutenant  of  lrrl.i:nl 
1713  :  at  the  great  crisis  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  1714, 
acted  a  courageous  part  ius  treasurer  ami  lord  justice,  it 
Ix  inir  rhietty  owing  to  his  conduct  that  the  Hanoverian 

•  •n  was  assured  ;  became  lord  chamberlain  t  >  tin- 
new  king,  but  was  not  in.-linli-l  in  tin-  c.-ilm..  • 


country  place*,  166»-«4 ;  much  trusted  by  Queen  Bilsa- 

[Iv.  314] 

TALBOT.  i : : : 

1346),  took  (art  in  i,i.v  >M  :  n   into  Scotland. 

1293 :  took  up  arms  utrainut  the  Deapunari  and  was  cap- 
tured ut  IJoroutfhbndife,  1322  ;  justice  of  Sooth  Watas. 

TALBOT.  ..ii.i.v.iiT,  seventh  EARL  or  SUUKWSBURY 
),  Mooud  ran  of  George  Talbot,  sixth  earl  of 
Stirewsbury  [q.  v.l ;  married  Mary  CavendUh,  daughter  of 
•Bess  of  Hardwick'  [see  TALBOT,  BUZABKTH!,  who  had 
married  hi*  father :   jo:i.«i   In  •  lu.**   of    Bai 
Intrigues  against  his  father  ;  on  his  father's  death  <IUAT- 
relled  with  various   memben   of   the   family   and    hi* 
arrwtod  by  order  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  l»9ft.  Imt 
sent  to  Invest  Henri  IV  with  the  Garter,  1*96.  [lv.  117] 

TALBOT.  JAMBS,  first  BAROX  TALBOT  r»K  MALA- 


!t:i>K  in  tli 


M.A. 


.iigdom,  18»6(180ft- 
t,  third  baron  In  the  Iri*h  peer- 
ollegc,  Cambridge,  18*);  lord-in- 


wuitin-',  1"<,3  <  \rcluvolugical  Society,  1881- 

1HH3,  ami  Koyul  Ir.-h  Academy  ;  F.HJS.  and  FAA.,  1818. 

TALBOT,  JOHN,  flrxt  EARL  or  SHREWSBURY (1M8  ?- 
t  man  of  great  personal  attractions,  and  was  ;  1453),  second  Konof  Kichard  Talbot,  fourth  Baron  Talbot : 


called  by  Swift '  the  favourite  of  the  nation.'     [lv.  301  ] 

TALBOT,   CHARLES,  BAROX  TALBOT  OK  HK 
(1685-1737),  lord  chancellor;  eldest  son  of  William  Talbot 
[q.  T.],  bishop  of  Durham  ;  of  Eton  aud  Oriel  College, 
fonl :  H. A.,  1704  ;  fellow  of  All  Soul*  College,  Oxfonl, 
1704:  admitted  at  the  Inner  Temple,  1707,  aud  at  Lin- 
coin's  Inn,  1719  :   M.P.,  Tregouy,  1720,  Durham,  1722-7  | 
aud   1727-34:    LL.R   Lambeth,    1714:    solicitor-general, 
1726,  and  lord-chancellor,  1733  ;  created  D.C.L.,  1735. 

[lv.  307] 

TALBOT,  SIR  CHARLES  CHETWYND,  second  EMU. 
TALBOT  OF  HEXSOL  (1777-1849),  eldest  son  of  the  first 
Earl  Talbot;  created  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxfonl,  1797; 
lonl-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1817-22  ;  K.C.,  1821  :  sup- 
ported the  extinction  of  the  duties  on  corn,  and  made 
K.G.,  1844.  [lv.  808] 

TALBOT,  EDWARD  (1655-1595).    [See  KKI.LKY.] 


summoned  to  parliament  in  ri»;htof  his  wife  as  Lord  PttT- 
nivall  or  Lonl  Tulbot  of  Hallaui*u  re,  14O9-21  ;  deputy- 
constable  of  Montgomery  Castle ;  assisted  in  capture  »f 
Harlecb  Castle,  1»0«:  imprisoned  by  Hi-ury  V  on  sus- 
picion of  lollunl  tendencies,  1413,  but 
made  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1414  ;  present  at  the  I  __. 


TALBOT,  ELIZABETH,  COUXTKW  OP 
(1518-1  608  X  known  as  '  Bess  of  Hardwick'  :  daughter  and 
co-heiress  of  John  Hardwick  of  Hardwick,  Derbyshire  ; 
married  successively  Robert  Barlow  of  Barlow,  near  Drou- 
tield,  Sir  William  Cu'vt-n.iisli.  1  M<»,  who  purchased  the  estate 
of  Ohateworth.  Sir  William  St.  Loe,  and  George  Talbot, 
sixth  earl  of  Shrewsbury  [q.  v.]  :  inherited  their  whole 
estates  from  nil  her  four  husbands,  her  income  being 
estimated  at  GO.OOO/.  a  year;  Mary  Queen  of  Scot-  en- 
trusted to  the  care  of  her  and  her  husband,  the  sixth 
earl,  J5G9,  at  Tutbury  ;  married  her  daughter  to  Charles 
Stuart,  and  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time  in  the  Tower 
of  Ixnidou  in  consequence  (Arabella  Stuart  being  the  issue 
of  this,  marriage).  She  built,  U--i.lt*  Chat-worth  (not  the 
present  building),  Hardwick  Hull,  and  many  other  houses. 

TALBOT,  FRANCIS,  fifth  EARL  OK  SHHKWSWKY 
(  1  500-1  560  X  second  POU  of  George  Talbot,  fourth  earl  of 
Shrewsbury  [q.  v.]  :  accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  Calais, 
1522,  nnd  assl-ted  his  f 


1424 ;  accompanied  Bedford  to  France. 
1427,  and  after  much  fighting  was  made  governor  of 
Anjon  and  Maine  aud  of  Falaisc ;  present  at  the  riegu 
of  Orleans,  1429 ;  taken  prisoner  at  battle  near  Pr.tay. 
remaining  captive  till  1431  ;  performed  many  brilliant 
services  in  France,  including  the  recouquest  of  the  pay* 
lie  Canx,  the  capture  of  Ivry,  aud  the  capture  of  Har- 
11. -ur  :  made  constable  of  France  and  Earl  of  Salop,  I4tt : 
M-nt  a-ain  to  poveni  Ireland,  1455,  and  created  Karl  of 
Waterford ;  sent  to  assist  Somerset  in  Normandy,  1448 : 
on  the  capitulation  of  Rouen  remained  as  a  hostage  for 
the  surrender  of  Harflcur ;  finally  despatched  on  an  expe- 
dition  to  Aquitaine :  took  Bordeaux  and  the  whole  Bor- 
delalu,  but  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Castillou.  He  owed 
his  reputation  mainly  to  his  dash  and  daring,  [lv.  819] 

TALBOT.  JOHN,  second  EARL  op  SHREWSBURY 
(1413  ?-1460),  son  of  John  Talbot,  first  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury [q.  v.]  :  serval  in  Fraucc,  1434  and  1442  ;  chnmvllor 
of  Irelnn.l/144i> :  treasurer  of  England,  1456  :  chief  butler. 
1468 :  killed  lighting  ou  Henry  VI's  side  at  Northampton. 

[lv.  323] 

TALBOT,  SIR  JOHN  (17697-1861),  admiral;  entered 
the  navy  on  the  Koreas  with  Nelson  as  captain,  178% ; 
saw  much  sirvu-e;  i-apiund  the  Ville  de  Milan  and  b*r 
prize,  the  Cleopatra,  18u5,  and  as  captain  of  the  Victorious 
took  the  French  74-puii  ship  Kivoli  after  a  severe  engage- 
ment, 1*12  ;  a«lmiral,  1841  ;  G.C.B.,  184*.  [lv.  «4] 

TALBOT,    MARY    ANNE  (1778-1808X  the 
Amazon ' :  nerved  as  a  drummer-boy  in  Flauder*,  17JB. 


ather  in  suppressing  the  Pilgrimage      A  mo™..    

of  Grace,  153(3-7:  made  president  of  the  council  of  the  |  and  _as  pa  bin -boy  ,u  «£  ^^.M!?  SjEXtattterf 


Ul     ViTHCt*,      1U»>U  — «    ,     miUiL      UAUDMSWUV    vs.     **i^    WMMWI*     *  . 

north  ;  took  part  in  the  proceedings agaiwt  Seymour  and  i  Brunswick,  when  she  was  ****** 
Somerset:    acquiesced    in    Northumberland's    rule,    but     1  June  1791 :  after  subsequent  ad vc 
welcomed  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary.  [lv.  311] 

TALBOT,  GEORGE,  fourth  EARL  OK  SimirwsnruY 
and  EARL  OK  WATKRFORD  (1468-1638),  son  of  John  Tal- 
bot, third  earl  of  Shrewsbury  ;  K.G.,  1488 ;  appointed  to 
several  offices  of  state  by  Henry  VIII:  ambassador  to 
Eope  Julius  II,  1511,  aud  to  Ferdinand  of  Arregon,  1512, 
to  conclude  alliance  against  France  ;  commanded  division 
in  France,  1513:  present  at  the  Fic-ld  of  tin-  Cloth  of  Gold, 
15->i>:  suppressed  the  northern  relitlliou,  1536:  received 
grunts  of  monastery  lands  [lv.  31! 

TALBOT,  GEO1UJK,  sixth  EARL  OP  SHIU 
(15287-1590),  elder  son  of  Fraud*  Talbot,  fifth  earl  of 
Shrewsbury  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  Somerset'*  invasion  of 
Scotland:  married  'Bess  of  Hardwick1  [*ee  TALBOT, 
KI.I/.M.KTM],  1568,  uud  was  chosen  by  Quwu  Kl./.al.eth 
keeper  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scot*,  who  remained  his  ward 
at  Tutbury,  Chatsworth,  Sheffield  Cuotle,  and  other  of  his 


l»v.  S2 


vant  and  received 

embalial    by  her   — ,—»— .   - 

•  Wonderful  ilusttiim.'  second  volume,  1804.        [lv.  S26] 

TALBOT,  MONTAGUE  (1774-1831X  »ctor  and 
manager  of  Bclfiust,  Ncwry,  an.l  Londoodcrn  theatre*. 
1809-21 ;  acted  first  in  Ireland,  where  ho  Iwd  tome  suc- 
cess, then  in  Wales,  London,  and  I.iNtr^.l,  ouderthe 
name  of  Montotfue:  acted  at  Drury  Lan«. 
his  own  name,  1799  aud  mni,  nnd  nNo  in  Dul.hn,  wher« 
he  became  a  great  favourite,  un«l  irrmtly  ptvfcrred  ta 
Charles  Mathcws,  who  was  rvviviil  with  <  r  i-  of  •  Talbot.' 
HU  acting  is  not  gem-rally  r  ..rably.  and  he 

failed  to  mnlntnin  hi-  i>o-iti<.ii  on  the  London  statfc.  His 
Ix^t  chanu-t-rs  were  Lothario,  Edgar  in  Lear,  and  old 
men  such  a  \\  [lv.  B8] 

TALBOT.  rilTKH  (1680-1680).  titular  archbishop  of 
Dublin  uu.l  je.  u.t :  ^-condsonof  Sir  Will-am  Tull)Ot[q.f.]; 


TAKBOT 


1274 


TALLIS 


in  various  plots  to  gain  assistance  for  Charles  II, 
.linir  about  between   Ireland  and   the  continent,  hut 
apparently  tru>tol  by  no  party  :  cann-  t.o  Kngland  at  the 
.-.it ion:  <•< macerated  archbisliop  of  Dublin  at  Ghent, 
1669;  eniraged  in  :i  dispute  about  precedency  with   the. 
primate,  Oliver  Plunket    [q.  v.]:    nvnvrl  a  ix'iision  of 
5<XW.  from  Charles  II,  and  lived  at  Poole  Hall  in  Cheshire 
unmolested  :  was  arrested  for  supposed  complicity  in  the 
iKipi-Oi  plot,  lt'>7*.  and  died  in  Newgate  prison,  Dublin. 

[Iv.  327] 

TALBOT.  UK 'HARD  DK,  second  BAUON  TALBOT 
(1302?-1356),  eldest  son  of  Gilbert  de  Talbot,  first  baron 
Talbot  [q.  v.] ;  like  his  father,  sided  with  the  Lancastrian 
uobles  against  Edward  II,  and  was  captured  with  him  at 
Boroughbridge,  1322:  joined  Edwanl  III  and  Isabella  on 
their  landing  in  England.  Io26  ;  supported  Baliol  in  Scot- 
land, 13:{2.  but  on  Baliol  being  driven  out  was  taken 
prisoner ;  present  at  the  siege  of  Touruay,  1340,  and  at 
that  of  Morlaix,  1342 :  served  apparently  in  the  Crecy 
campaign  and  at  Calais,  1346.  [Iv.  329] 

TALBOT,  RICHARD  (d.  1449),  archbishop  of  Dublin 
and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  ;  younger  brother  of  John 
Talbot,  first  earl  of  Shrewsbury  [q.  v.] ;  archbishop,  1417  ; 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  1423 ;  acted  frequently  as  deputy 
during  absence  of  the  viceroys  in  Ireland ;  summoned  to 
England  charged  with  abetting  rebellion,  1429;  opposed 
the  government  of  the  Earl  of  Ormonde,  and  both  ordered 
to  appear  in  England  to  answer  for  their  conduct,  1442 
and  1443.  [Iv.  330] 

TALBOT,  RICHARD,  EAKL  and  titular  DUKE  OF 
TYKVOXXEL  (1630-1691),  youngest  son  of  Sir  William 
Talbot  [q.  v.] ;  taken  prisoner  at  the  rout  of  Preston's 
army,  1047;  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Drogheda,  but 
escaped  abroad ;  returning  to  England,  was  arrested  by 
Cromwell  on  suspicion  of  plotting  his  murder,  1 655,  but 
al--o  accused  by  Clarendon  of  being  in  the  Protector's  pay ; 
gentleman  of  the  Duke  of  York's  bedchamber  at  the  Re- 
storation :  imprisoned  for  challenging  Ormonde,  1661 ; 
fought  in  the  naval  action  at  Lowestoft,  1665 ;  engaged 
in  various  love  affairs  ;  as  spokesman  of  the  Irish  Roman 
catholics  opposed  Ormonde  in  Ireland,  and  was  again 
imprisoned,  1670 ;  arrested  for  supposed  complicity  in 
the  'popish  plot,'  1678;  given  command  of  the  army  in 
Ireland,  Ormonde  being  recalled,  and  on  accession  of 
James  II  made  Earl  of  Tyrconnel,  with  chief  power  in 
Ireland,  and  with  the  object  of  repealing  Act  of  Settle- 
ment, bringing  back  Roman  catholic  domination,  and 
making  James  II  independent  in  England  by  means  of  an 
Irish  army;  protestant  forces  disbanded  and  oath  of 
supremacy  dispensed  with ;  made  vicero3%  1687 ;  des- 
patched three  thousand  men  to  King  James's  assistance 
in  England;  met  James  II  at  Kinsale;  instigator  of  all 
James  II's  violent  proceedings,  including  the  attainder  of 
2,455  protestant  landowners ;  made  duke ;  commanded  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  1690  ;  advised  James's  retreat  to 
France,  and  was  left  with  full  powers  in  Ireland  ;  accused 
of  treachery  by  the  Irish  party  ;  left  for  France  after  the 
raising  of  the  siege  of  Limerick,  where  he  gained  the  full 
confidence  of  James  and  Louis  XIV ;  returned  with  money 
and  arms  as  lord-lieutenant,  1691,  and  commander-in- 
chief;  died  of  apoplexy  shortly  after  the  battle  of 
Aughrim.  [Iv.  331] 

TALBOT,  ROBERT  (1505  ?-1558),  antiquary ;  scholar 
at  Winchester  College ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1521  ;  M.A.,  1529 ;  got  Into  trouble  as  a  reformer ;  friend 
of  Lclaud  and  praised  by  Camden  and  Lambarde;  bis 
only  published  work, '  Annotationes  in  earn  partem  Anto- 
iiini  itinerarii  qua?  ad  Britanniam  pertinet.'  [Iv.  336] 

TALBOT,  THOMAS  (fl.  1580),  antiquary  ;  clerk  of 
the  records  in  the  Tower  of  London  before  1580;  com- 
piler of  many  unpublished  collections  in  the  Harleian, 
<'ottonian,  and  Lanadowne  MSS.  [iv.  337] 

TALBOT,  THOMAS  (1771-1853),  colonist;  younger 
brother  of  Sir  John  Talbot  (1769?- 1861)  [q.  v.]  •  ensign 
17*3 ;  attached  to  the  staff  of  John  Graves  Simcoe  [q.  v.]  ; 
/ouiidcd  twenty-eight  townships  on  the  north  of  Lake 
Er*e.  [Iv.  337] 

TALBOT,  Sin  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (d.  1633), 
Irish  politician ;  •  legal  oracle  of  the  catholic  party  in  the 
House  of  Commons';  one  of  the  deputies  sent  to 
Jamei  I  on  their  behalf :  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  1013  ;  created  baronet  and  given  grant*  of  land, 
MM-  [Iv.  338] 


TALBOT,  WILLIAM  (1659  ?-1730),  bishop  of  Dur- 
hnm;  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1GHO;  dean  of  Wor- 
cester, ItiOl  ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  Ki99;  supported  the  con- 
demnation of  Saehi-verell,  171U  ;  bishop  of  Durham,  1721  ; 
author  of  sermons.  [Iv.  C.j'j] 

TALBOT,  WILLIAM  HENRY  FOX  (1800-1877) 
pioneer  of  photography;  educated  at  Harrow;  scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  Person  prizeman,  1820  ; 
twelfth  wrangler  and  second  chancellor's  medallist,  1821 ; 
M.A.,  1825;  invented  ' photogenic  drawing,'  1839,  which', 
improved  by  the  'talbotype'  method,  subsequently 
patented  by  him,  was  the  foundation  of  the  photography 
of  the  present  day  ;  discovered  method  of  taking  instanta- 
neous photographs,  1851,  and  of  photographic  enirravintr, 
1852 ;  author  of  mathematical  works,  of  '  The  Pencil  of 
Nature,'  the  first  book  illustrated  without  aid  from  the 
artist,  1844-6,  and  of  other  books  ;  F.H.A.S.,  1822 ;  F.R.S., 
1831 ;  M.P.,  Chippenham,  1833-4.  [Iv.  339] 

TALBOYS,  DAVID  ALPHONSO  (1790  ?-1840),  book- 
seller at  Oxford;  translator  of  Heeren's  'Researches,' 
1882.  [iv.  341] 

TALBOYS,  GILBERT,  LORD  TALBOYS  (d.  1530), 
keeper  of  Harbottle  Castle,  1509 ;  served  in  French  war, 
1513  ;  became  insane,  1517.  [iv.  342] 

TALBOYS  or  TAILBOYS,  Sin  WILLIAM,  styled 
EAUL  OF  KYME  (d.  1464),  fined  3,OOW.  for  assaulting  Suf- 
folk, 1449  ;  adherent  of  the  Lancastrian  cause :  fought  at 
St.  Albans,  1461,  Hede:eley  Moor,  1464,  and  Hexham, 
1464  ;  captured  soon  after  the  battle  of  Hexham  and  be- 
headed. [iv.  341] 

TALFOTJRD,  FRANCIS  (1828-18C2),  dramatist: 
eldest  sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Noon  Talfourd  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1852 ;  writer  of  popular  burlesques. 

[Iv.  342] 

TALFOURD,  8m  THOMAS  NOON  (1795-1854),  judge 
and  author  ;  educated  at  Mill  Hill  dissenting  school,  and 
at  Reading  under  Richard  Valpy  [q.  v.] ;  read  law  with 
Joseph  Chitty  the  elder  [q.  v.] ;  published  'Poems  on 
various  Subjects,'  1811 ;  contributed  to  the  'Pamphleteer,' 
the  '  New  Monthly  Magazine,'  and  the  '  Retrospective 
Review,'  especially  articles  of  dramatic  criticism,  and 
made  acquaintance  of  Lamb,  Wordsworth,  and  Coleridge  ; 
joined  the  Oxford  circuit  and  became  '  Times  '  reporter  ; 
made  Serjeant,  1833,  and  justice  ot  the  common  pleas, 
1849;  M.P.,  Reading,  1835,  1837,  and  1841;  introduced 
the  Custody  of  Infants  Bill  and  Copyright  Bill ;  best 
known  for  his  tragedy  '  Ion,'  1835,  a  drama  conceived  in 
the  Greek  spirit.  Amongst  his  other  publications  may  be 
noticed  his  'Letters'  (1837)  and  'Memorials'  (1848)  of 
Lamb,  and  his  articles  on  Lord  Eldon  and  Lord  Stowell 
in  the  'Quarterly  Review,'  December  1844.  [Iv.  343] 

TALHAIARN  ( 1810-18G9).    [See  JONES,  JOHN.] 

TALIESIN  (ft.  550),  British  bard ;  perhaps  a  mythic 
personage;  first  mentioned  in  the  'Saxon  Genealogies' 
appended  to  the  '  Historia  Britonura,'  c.  690.  A  mass  of 
poetry,  probably  of  later  date,  has  been  ascribed  to  him, 
and  legends  told  concerning  him,  printed  as  'Hanes 
Taliesin '  in  the  '  Cambrian  Quarterly  Magazine '  for  1833. 
The  village  of  Taliesiu  in  Cardiganshire  has  sprung  up 
near  the  supposed  site  of  his  grave.  The  'Book  of 
Taliesiu,'  fourteenth  century,  is  a  collection  of  poems  by 
different  authors  and  of  different  dates.  [Iv.  346] 

TALLENTS,  FRANCIS  (1619-1708),  ejected  divine ; 
fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge:  received  pres- 
byterian  ordination,  1648  ;  curate  of  St.  Mary's,  Shrews- 
bury, 1653;  ejected,  1662;  after  Monmouth's  rebellion 
confined  in  Chester  Castle,  1685 ;  presented  purse  of  gold 
to  James  II  in  recognition  of  the  indulgence,  1686  ;  author 
of  sermons  and  controversial  religious  works.  [Iv.  347] 

TALLIS,  THOMAS(1510?-1585),  musician ;  organist 
at  Waltham  Abbey,  1540:  granted  half  the  lease  of  the 
manor  of  Minster  in  Thanet  by  Queen  Mary,  1557  ;  with 
William  Byrd  [q.  v.]  was  given,  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  a 
monopoly  of  music-printing  for  twenty-one  years,  1576  : 
buried  in  Greenwich  parish  church,  since  pulled  down. 
During  life  some  five  of  his  anthems  were  published  in 
Day's  'Certayne  Notes,'  1560,  and  he  composed  eiirht 
tunes  for  Archbishop  Parker's  'Psalter,'  1567,  and  a 
ninth,  intended  for  '  Veni  Creator  Spiritix.'  <  >thers  were 
published  in  Barnard's  '  Selected  Church  Mustek,'  1641, 


TALMAN 


I'JT'i 


TARVER 


Lowe's  'Short    ninvrion-i    for    < 'nUn-lrai    Set 
Uryee's  T;,t!M:lnil   Mn-i.-.1  17'."  an-l   l ;•.:».  an.l    in 
collection-,  hut  innny  o!  lii>  \\or  :-i ur.ix-ript. 

He  excelled  in  !..  ii  composition*;  be  was  one 

of  thr  lirst  to  . 

He  represent*  tho  iv.i.-tion  from  the  excessive  complica- 
tions usual  m  his  day,  his  litany  in  'one  o(  the  fluent 
pieces  of  ancient  church  nm-ic  extant,'  ami  tln>  responses 
auil  some  of  hi*  liymn-'.mic-.  iii'-lii'hiik.'  ' 
my  God,  this  Night,1  an-  in  general  use,  while  hU  wven- 
voiced  '  Miserere '  la  a  '  masterpiece  of  speculative  art ' 

(RlTTER).  [IV.  548] 

TAIMAH,  JOHN  (<l.  1726),  amateur 
William  Talman  [q.  v.] ;  first  director  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  1718.  [lv.  351] 

TALMAN,  WILLIAM  ( /f.   1670-1700).  ud 
< 'liat<,vorth   and  other   IIOUM.*,  and  of  tlie  altt-r.itmns  to 
Hampton  Court  Palace.  [Ir.  351] 

TAXMASH,  THOMAS  (1G51  ?-1694).  [See  TOLLE- 
MACHlk.] 

TALSARN  (1796-1857).    [Sec  Joxra,  Jons.] 

TANCRED,  <;HKl.-T<>i'HKK  (1689-1754),  benefactor 
and  horeedealer :  published  'Essay  for  a  general  Regula- 
tion  of  the  Law,'  1727,  in  which  he  elaborated  re- 
forms a  century  in  advance  of  hU  age :  left  his  property 
to  found  twelve  Tancred  studentship*  at  Cambridge  and 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  twelve  jiersons 
in  a  hospital  [lv.  352] 

TANDY,  JAMES  NAPPER  ( 1740-1803),  United  Irish- 
man ;  born  in  Dublin ;  began  life  as  a  small  tradesman : 
attacked  municipal  corruption  and  became  very  popular 
in  the  city ;  declared  warmly  for  the  American  colonies, 
1775 ;  became  an  enthusiastic  volunteer,  and  continued  in 
violent  opposition  to  the  government  of  Ireland;  ii»tru- 
mental  in  returning  C  rattan  for  Dublin,  1790  ;  a  leader  of 
the  protestant  section  and  upholder  of  the  French  revo- 
lution :  arrested  for  challenging  the  attorney-general,  1792; 
liberated  on  prorogation  of  parliament,  and  instituted  un- 
successful proceedings  against  the  Earl  of  Westmorland, 
the  lord-lieutenant,  for  false  imprisonment :  on  rejection 
of  the  catholic  petition  commenced  further  agitation  ; 
raised  two  battalions  in  Dublin,  but  the  movement  failing 
through  the  energy  of  the  government,  fled  to  America; 
visited  Paris,  1798,  and  was  given  command  by  the  1M  rec- 
tory of  the  Anacreou  corvette,  with  a  body  of  soldiers, 
with  whom  he  landed  in  Donegal ;  issued  an  absurd  pro- 
clamation, and  took  to  drinking  habits;  escaped  to 
Bergen,  and  travelling  to  Hamburg  was  there  arrested : 
taken  to  Ireland  and  convicted,  but  not  executed,  since 
doubts  arose  as  to  the  legality  of  his  arrest ;  finally 
liberated  through  representations  made  by  Bonaparte  at  I 
the  treaty  of  Amiens:  reached  Bordeaux,  1802;  well 
known  as  the  hero  of  4  The  Wearing  of  the  Green.' 

[lv.  353] 

TANFIELD,  Sltt  LAWRENCE  (d.  1625),  judge:  M.P. 
for  Woodstock,  15K4,  Oxfordshire,  1604  ;  admitted  to  the 
Inner  Temple,  1569 :  knighted  and  made  judge,  1606 ; 
chief-baron  of  the  exchequer,  1625 ;  well  reputed  of  by  his 
contemporaries,  but  in  some  quarters  accused  of  corrup- 
tion, fraud,  and  oppression. 

TANKERVILLE,  EARLS  OF.  [See  GREY,  JOHN,  d. 
1421 ;  GRKY,  FORDK,  d.  1701.] 

TANNAHILL,  ROBERT  (1774-1810),  Scottish  song- 
writer ;  educated  in  Paisley ;  brought  up  a*  a  silk- weaver  ; 
visited  by  James  Hogg  (1770-1835)  [q.  v.],  1810  ;  drowned 
himself  at  Paisley.  His  poems  were  published,  1807,  the 
most  complete  edition  lx>ing  that  of  David  Semple  [q.  v.], 
1873.  Among  his  songs  which  entitle  him  to  rank  with  the 
greatest  of  Scottish  pong-writers  are  '  Braes  o*  GlenifTer  * 
ami  'Jessie  the  Flower  o%  Dunblane.1  [lv.  357] 

TANNER,  JOHN  SIGISMOND  (d.  1776),  medallist 
and  engraver  at  the  royal  mint.  [lv.  368] 

TANNER.  THOMAS  (16HO-1682),  historian:  B.A. 
IVmbroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1650  :  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1651 :  M.A.  Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  1663 ;  ejected, 
1660;  author  of  'The  Entrance  of  Mazzariui,'  1657,  and 
other  work-.  [lv.  35 

TANNER,  THOMAS  (1674-1735),  bUbopof  St.  Asaph 
and  antiquary:  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford; 
.M.A.,  16V>6;  D.D.,  1710:  fellow  of  All  Soul*  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1696  ;  chancellor  of  Norwich  dicoese,  1701 :  canon  of 


Kly,  i;i3..,f  ' 

:.ll  authors  noun- 

iMBtl     •  '.':;r\.   .   !..     .  ||sjg    r.  Ill  ('-!   tt  ••  !    .•    •    •    ,,  :•'  ... 

rity;  supplied  the  addition  to  th  -in 

|.        i.:,      .    !  •  ....  ,-•    ,-:.•.      •::-.!, tin..      ;    .'        ,,          •  ,,„. 

oo  the  county  presented  by  hit   ton  to  the  Bail 

Library  ;  OIL 

in'.',   with  fome  modification*,  bis  continuation  of  his 

•  Athens?  Oxonienses,'  1721.  [lv.  Ut] 

TANNER.    TH..MAS   HAWKES  (I  ,,bj. 

sician :  M.D.  St.  Andrews,   1847 ;  member  of  the  Royal 

(  rihMd    )'!.>M.     M,   NMl    /•.;:•  .-.;,..-     •   Hi  .....     .   •   If 

.  .ner ;  published  medical  work*.  [lv.  3b2] 

TAJTNOOK,  JAMES  (1784-18«3X  shoemaker ;  house- 
painter  and  subsequently  portrait-painter.        [Ir.  361] 
TANS  TJR,  WILLIAM  (16M  7-178SX pnlmodUt. 

TANSWKLL,  JOHN  (1800-1864).  arcluMlogist ; 
author  of  'The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Lambeth/ 
1868.  [lv.  363] 

TANY,  THOMAS  (ft.  1649-1655),  fanatic  and  gold- 
smith:  claimed  to  be  'a  Jew  of  the  tribe  of  Reuben,' 
1649;  proclaimed  the  rebuilding  of  the  Temple.  1680, 
and  himself  as  'high  priest,'  Earl  of  Essex,  heir  to  the 
throne,  and  king  of  France:  imprisoned  in  Newgate  for 
blasphemy,  1661 :  awaulted  men  at  the  pariiament-hoose, 
1654,  and  finally  disappeared;  author  of  pantheistic 
tracts,  illiterate,  but  with  occasional  beautie*.  [lv.  363] 

TANYMARIAN   (1822-1885).     [Sec   STKIMI. 

WARD.] 

TAPP,  JOHN  (Jl.  1596-1615),  writer  on  navigation  : 
author  of  '  The  Arte  of  Navigation,'  translated  f roui  the 
Spanish  by  Richard  Eden  [q.  v.]  and  now  'correctfi 
by  J.  T.;  1596.  [lv.  3«4] 

TARA,  VISCOCXT  (1585-1665).  [See  PRESTOX, 
THOMAS.] 

TARBAT,  VISCOUNT  (1630-1714).  [See  MACKEXZIK, 
GEORCIK.] 

TARLETON,  SIR  BANASTRE,  baronet  (1754-1833), 
general:  educated  at  Liverpool  and  Oxford:  became, 
rnriiet  in  (ieorge  I II's  dragoon  guards,  1775,  and  accom- 
panied rornwallis  to  America;  took  part  in  the  attack 
under  Clinton  on  Charleston,  and  in  the  capture  (.f  N.-u- 
York  and  other  places,  also  in  the  seizure  of  General  Lee 
and  in  the  operations  of  January  1777  under  Cornwallis : 
present  (1777)  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine  and  capture 
of  Genuantown  and  Philadelphia  :  took  part  in  Clinton'* 
march  to  New  York :  distinguished  himself  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Charleston,  1780 :  defeated  Burford  at  Waxhaws 
and  gained  honourable  mention  in  despatches  at  Corn- 
wall's victory  (1780)  at  Camden,  and  elsewhere;  de- 
feated Sumpter  at  Blackstock  Hill,  but  suffered  a  revewe 
at  Cowpens ;  defeated  Lafayette  and  Wayne  near  James- 
town, 1781,  held  Gloucester,  and  on  capitulation  of  that 
Place  with  Yorktown,  returned  to  England,  1782  ;  M.P., 
Liverpool  1790-1806  and  1807-12;  held  several  honx- 
military  appointment*  :  published  'History  of  the  Oam- 
$gSs  of  1780  and  1781,'  1781;  general,  18U:  created 
baronet,  1815  ;  G.C.B.,  1820.  [lv.  364] 

TARLTON,  iUCHARD  (d.  1588X«ctor:  of  humble 
origin  and  irain  rte.-t  education;  introduced  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  through  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  whose  servant 
his  '  haoDV  unhappy  answers '  had  attracted ;  instituted 
one  of  QPu^n  Sbeth's  twelve  player*  1683 :  attai.^1 
an  immense  popularity  by  his  comic  acting,  imprortai- 
tions  of  doggerel  verse—'  Tnrletonirin*  '—and  jigs ;  led  a 
dissipate«llife  and  died  in  poverty:  probaWv  to  be  fclen- 
SrecTwSh  Spenser's 'Pleasant  Willy'  and  Bhataveare'H 
Yorick :  reputed  author  of  semml  songs,  which 
however,  probably  wrongly  ascribed  to  htm.  Many  toU- 
tious  anecdotes  connected  with  htm  were  published, 
notably  '  Tarlton's  JesU,'  159J  ?-1611  T,  in  *»«  P'Jjj 

TARRA8,  EARL  or  (l«44-16M>  [See  'scurr. 
WAUKK.] 

TARRINO,  JOHN (1806-1878),  architect ; '  theOUbert 
Scott  of  the  dissenters.' 

TARVZR,  EDWARD  JOHN  (1841-1891),  archlteot : 
000  of  John  Claries  Tanrer  [q.  r.]  [lv.  3i  2] 


TARVER 


1276 


TATTERSALL, 


TARVER,  JOHN  CHARLES  (1790-1851),  educa- 
tional writer;  born ut Dieppe,  and  to-other  \\ith  his  parent-; 
thrown  into  prison  on  tin-  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Eng- 
land. 17i)3  ;  educated  in  France;  published  '  Itoyal  i'lirnseo- 
l<>_'u\il  Kiu'l.sh-French  and  French-English  Dictionary,' 
IMS;  tutor  to  Prince  George,  duke  of  i.'amhri.li.'e,  lsis: 
French  master  at  Eton,  1826;  author  also  of  'L'lnferno, 
cu  franeais,'  1824,  and  other  French  educational  works. 

[Iv.  371] 

TASCHEREAU,  ELZEAR  ALEXANDRE  (1820- 
1898 X  Canadian  cardinal;  educated  at  the  Quebec  semi- 
nary; ministered  to  Irish  emigrant*  stricken  with 
typhus  on  Urosse  island,  1847  ;  superior  of  the  Quebec 
seminary  ami  rector  of  Laval  University,  1842  :  arch- 
f  Quebec.  1871-98 ;  first  Canadian  cardinal,  1886. 

[Iv.  372] 

TASKER,  WILLIAM  (1740-1800),  poet  and  anti- 
quary :  B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1762 ;  rector  of 
Iddesleieh;  'a  well-known  physiognomist'  and  Greek 
scholar  :  his  interview  with  Dr.  Johnson,  1779,  one  of  the 
most  life-like  passages  in  Boswell ;  author  of  Ode  to  the 
Warlike  Genius  of  Great  Britain,' ._  1778,  'An  Ode  to 
Curiosity '  (2nd  edit.  1779),  translations,  and  other  works. 

[Iv.  373] 

TASSIE,  JAMES  (1735-1799),  modeller  ;  began  life 
as  a  stonemason ;  invented,  together  with  Quin,  the 
'  white  enamel  composition  '  used  for  his  medallion  por- 
traits and  reproduction  of  gems;  produced  a  large 
number  of  reproductions  of  gems  enumerated  by  Rudolf 
Eric  Raspe  [q.  v.]  in  his '  Descriptive  Catalogue,'  1791. 

[Iv.  374] 

TASSIE,  WILLIAM  (1777-1860),  modeller;  nephew 
of  James  Tassie  [q.  v.],  to  whose  business  he  succeeded, 
the  collection  of  impressions  amounting  finally  to  twenty 
thousand  specimens ;  his  portrait  medallions  inferior  to 
Lis  uncle's.  [Iv.  375] 

TASWELL-LANGMEAD,  THOMAS  PITT  (1840- 
1882).  [See  LANGMEAD.] 

TATE,  ALEXANDER  NORMAN  (1837-1892),  analy- 
tical chemist ;  devoted  himself  especially  to  the  study  of 
American  petroleum,  and  wrote  'Petroleum  and  its 
Products,'  1863 ;  practised  in  Liverpool  and  elsewhere ; 
specialist  in  the  analysis  of  oils  and  fats;  founded  the 
Liverpool  operatives'  science  classes,  1871.  [Iv.  375] 

TATE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1811-1841),  sculptor. 

[Iv.  376] 

TATE,  FRANCIS  (1560-1616),  antiquary ;  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1587; 
original  member  and  secretary  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries; M.P.,  Northampton,  1601,  Shrewsbury,  1604-11 ; 
justice  itinerant  in  Wales :  J.P.,  Glamorganshire,  Breck- 
nockshire, and  Radnorshire ;  his  antiquarian  collections 
afterwards  used  by  Camden  and  others.  [Iv.  376] 

TATE,  GEORGE  (1746-1821),  admiral  in  the  Russian 
navy  ;  said  to  have  distinguished  himself  in  engagements 
against  the  Turks  and  Swedes ;  wounded  at  the  capture  of 
Ismail,  179U.  [Iv.  377] 

TATE,  GEORGE  (1805-1871),  topographer  and  natu- 
ralist ;  brother  of  Thomas  Tate  [q.  v.] ;  began  life  as  a 
linendraper ;  postmaster,  1848  :  active  in  all  public  move- 
ments in  the  town;  published  'History  of  Alnwick,' 
1865-9,  besides  works  on  archaeology  and  natural  history. 

TATE,  Siu  HENRY,  first  baronet  (1819-1899).'  public 
benefactor  :  altered  firm  of  sugar  refiners  at  Liverpool ; 
patented  invention  for  cutting  up  sugar-loaves,  1872; 
came  to  London,  1880,  and  rapidly  made  large  fortune 
from  '  Tate's  c-.ibe  sugar  ' ;  formed  at  Park  Hill,  Slreut- 
ham,  a  valuable  collection  of  works  by  contemporary 
masters,  which  he  offered  to  the  nation  on  condition  that 
the  government  should  find  a  site  for  a  gallery  which 
he  would  huild ;  the  building  erected  on  ground  occupiul 
i'\  Millhaiik  Prison  (demolished,  1893),  and  opened,  1897, 
us  National  Gallery  of  British  Art  (known  as  the  '  Tate 
Gallery ') ;  created  baronet,  1898.  [Suppl.  iii.  378] 

TATE,  JAME9(1771-1843), schoolmaster  and  author ; 
educated  at  Richmond  School  and  at  Sidney  Sussex  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  M.A.,  1707;  fellow,  1795;  master  of 
Richmond  grammar  school,  1796-1833;  an  admirable 
classical  scholar  and  successful  schoolmaster ;  chief  work, 
•Hor»tiusReBtltutus,'1832.  [Iv.  378] 


TATE,  NAHUM  (1652-1715),  poetaster  and  drama- 
tist;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1672;  published  a 
volume  of  poems,  1677,  and  brought  out  several  plays, 
his  alteration  of  'King  I/ear,'  in  which  Cordelia  survives 
and  marries  Edgar,  holding  the  stage  till  about  1840; 
wrote,  with  D^yden's  assistance,  the  second  i>:irt  of 
'Absalom  and  Achitophel,'  1682  ;  appointed  poet  latm-:it<-, 
1692,  and  historiographer-royal,  1702 ;  published,  with 
Nicholas  Brady  [q.  v.],  the  well-known  '  New  Version  ««" 
the  Psalms '  in  metre,  1696  ;  the  Christmas  hymn, '  While 
shepherds  watched,'  attributed  to  him;  wrote  mainly 
as  editor  or  translator  :  his  chief  original  poem  being 
'Panacea — a  Poem  on  Tea,'  1700.  In  the  'Dunciad'  his 
work  is  labelled  as  '  Tate's  poor  page.'  [Iv.  379] 

TATE,  THOMAS  (1807-1888),  mathematician  :  brother 
of  George  Tate  (1805-1871)  [q.  v.];  mathematical  and 
scientific  master  at  Battersea,  1840-9,  and  Knellur  col- 
leges, 1849-56;  F.R.A.S.,  1851;  inventor  of  the  'Tate' 
double-piston  air-pump ;  published  mathematical  works 
and  a  '  Philosophy  of  Education,'  1854.  [Iv.  380] 

TATE,  WILLIAM  (1750  ?-1806),  portrait-painter. 

[Iv.  381] 

TATE,  ZOUCH  (1606-1650), parliamentarian;  nephew 
of  Francis  Tate  [q.  v.]  ;  cf  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  mover 
of  the  self-denying  ordinance,  1644.  [Iv.  377] 

TATHAM,  CHARLES  HEATHOOTE  (1772-1842), 
architect;  worked  under  Henry  Holland  (1746?-1806) 
[q.  v.],  and  designed  the  decorations  for  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  London  ;  visited  Italy,  1794 ;  published  '  Ancient 
Ornamental  Architecture  at  Rome  and  in  Italy,1 1 799,  and 
collected  a  fine  assemblage  of  antique  fragments,  now  in 
Sir  John  Soane's  collection  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, and  carried  out  architectural  and  decorative  work 
in  various  houses  in  the  severe  classical  style ;  fell  into 
pecuniary  difficulties,  1834  ;  made  warden  of  Holy  Trinity 
Hospital,  Greenwich.  [Iv.  :581] 

TATHAM.  EDWARD  (1749-1834),  controversialist; 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1776  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1781,  appointed  rector,  1792-1834;  D.D., 
1787 ;  preached  a  famous  sermon,  c.  1802,  on  the  disputed 
verse  in  St.  John's  first  epistle  (v.  7);  opposed  the  new 
examinations  ;  published  '  The  Chart  and  Scale  of  Truth 
by  which  to  find  the  Cause  of  Error '  (his  Bampton  lec- 
tures, 1790),  a  famous  series  of  discourses  embodying  a 
new  system  of  logic,  much  praised  by  Burke,  and  other 
political  and  miscellaneous  works  and  pamphlets. 

[Iv.  382] 

TATTAM,  HENRY  (1789-1868),  Coptic  scholar:  in- 
cumbent of  Stanford  Rivers,  1849 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1845:  D.D.  Gottingen,  and  doctor  of 
philosophy,  Leyden  ;  archdeacon  of  Bedford,  1845  ;  F.R.S., 
1835 ;  works  include  '  A  Compendious  Grammar  of  the 
Egyptian  Language,'  1830,  '  The  Ancient  Coptic  Version 
of  the  Book  of  Job,'  1846.  [Iv.  386] 

TATHAM,  JOHN  (/.  1632-1664),  dramatist  and  city 
poet;  writer  of  the  city  pageants,  1657-64,  and  author  of 
several  plays — 'Love  crowns  the  End,'  1640,  'The  Dis- 
tracted State,'  1651,  aimed  against  sectaries  and  the 
Scots, '  The  Scots  Figparies,'  1652,  and  '  The  Rump,'  1660, 
which  had  considerable  influence  in  preparing  the  po- 
litical transition  of  several  pageants,  and  of  at  least  two 
volumes  of  verse,  '  Fancies  Theater,'  1640.  and  '  Ostell*,' 
1650.  [Iv.  384] 

TATHAM,  WILLIAM  (1752-1819),  soldier  and  engi- 
neer; went  to  America,  1769,  and  became  a  clerk  in  a 
merchant's  office ;  took  part  in  the  revolutionary  war; 
fought  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  1781,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  various  official  capacities ;  author  of  several 
works  ;  committed  suicide.  [Iv.  385] 

TATTERSALL,  GEORGE  (1817-1849),  '  Wildrake.' 
artist ;  grandson  of  Richard  Tattersall  [q.  v.]  ;  published 
'The  Lakes  of  England,'  1836,  with  beautiful  outline 
drawings  :  '  Sporting  Architecture,'  1841 ;  '  Cracks  of  the 
Day,'  1841,  and  with  Henry  Alkcn  [q.  v.]  illustrated 
NimrodV.  '  Hunting  Reminiscences,'  1843,  the  engravings 
in  the  two  latter  works  being  greatly  prized.  He  alto  con- 
tributed illustrations  of  great  merit  to  other  works. 

[Iv.  388] 

TATTER8ALL,  RICHARD  (1724-1795),  founder  of 
'  Tattersall's ' ;  second  son  of  Edmund  Tattersall  of  Ridge 
and  Hurstwood ;  became  stud-groom  to  Evelyn  1'icrre- 
pont,  second  Duke  of  Kingston  [q.  v.]  ;  set  up  as  a  horse- 


TATTERSALL 


1277 


TAYLOR 


auctioneer  at  Hyde  1'ark  rOrm-r.  1766,  wln-rv  hi*  honesty 
ami  »m<inf*slike  pm-ision  hrutiirht  Inn.  tl»e  highest 
patronage .  fitt.-l  up  hi<  'MiWriptii.!!  runni '  and  enter- 
tatned  tin-  Prince  <>t  \v»i,  .ria  Fox, 

Wtadbam,  tad  others  at  hi*  seat,  llitflinjer  Hall,  n.itr 
K'y-  [lv.  887] 

TATTERSALL,  WILLIAM  I,K  (HAIR  (1752-1889), 
editor  of  psalmodu- :  .•.hn-at.-.l  nt  .'.  -  . 

n.ri>t  Chnn-li.  Oxford:  M.A.,  1777;  rvctOT  of  West- 
iHMirii-:  published  '  \  ,r  Paraphrase  of  the 

1 "«'«"-  "1  to  the  Purposes*  Devo- 

tiou,'  1789,  and  tbe  •  Improved  Psalmody,'  1794. 

TATWIN,  TATUINI,  orTADWINUS  (d.  ^lif^S*- 
bishop  of  Canterbury.  731  :  a  Mercian  and  priwt  of  • 
monastery  culled  Briudtm  or  Bredou,  in  WoruesU . 
bore  a  high  character  for  religion,  prudence,  aud  Moral 
Uannuf.  Forty  enigmas  written  in  Latin  hexameters 
an-  Attributed  to  him,  and  other  poems.  [lv.  889] 

TATTBMAN.  MATTHKW(rf.lG90?), city  poet:  author 
of  •  An  Heroic  Poem  to  his  Koyal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
York,'  1688,  'Loyal  Poems  and  Satyr*,'  1685,  and  various 
piece*  celebrating  the  inauguration  of  the  lord  mayors. 

TAUBMAN,  NATHANAEL  (d.  17*0  ?X  coaxial? at 
Leghorn  aud  author;  sou  of  Matthew  Taabmau  [q.  T.I 

"    '1 


TAUNTON,  first  BAHOX  (1798-1 
niKKK,  HKXHY.] 


[Iv.  390^ 
'X    [See  LAIIOU- 


TAUNTON,  JOHN  (1769-1821),  surgeon;  became  a  , 
pupil  of  Henry  dine  [q.  v.]  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital, 
Loudon;   demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Ouy's  Hospital,  ; 
London,  and  suiyoon  to  the  city  dispensary,  l«0l  ;  founded 
tbe  City  of  London  Truss  Society,  1807.  [Iv.  39U] 

TATTNTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  ELIAS  (1778-1835),  jus-  I 
ticeof  the  king's  bench,  1K30:  educated  at  Westminster  ! 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  chancellor's  prizeman  for 
the  English  essay,  1793 ;  M.A.,  179G  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1799 ;  published  legal  works.  [Iv.  391] 

TAUTPH(EUS,   BARONBM  vox,  originally  JKMIMA 
MONTGOMERY  (1807-1893),  novelist  of  foreign  manners;  I 
author  of  •  The  Initials,'  1850,  and  other  novels  of  merit.      I 

TAVERNER,  JOHN  (Jl.  1530),  musician  ;  presumably 
identical  with  the  '  Taverner  of  Boston,'  who  was  made  by 
Wotaey  master  of  tbe  choristers  at  Cardinal  College  (Christ 
Church),  e.  1525 ;  composed  masses,  motets,  and  rang*, 
Jv.it,  us  far  as  is  known,  no  instrumental  music,  almost  ' 
nil  remainiug  in  manuscript ;  lost  of  the  pre- Reformation 
composers.  [lv.  392] 

TAVERNER.  JOHN  (1581-1638),  professor  of  music 
at  Oreaham  (Allege;  grandson  of  Richard  Taverner 
[q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1606  (incor- 
porated at  Oxford,  1606) ;  professor,  1610-38.  [lv.  395] 

TAVERNER.  RICHARD  (1505  V-1575),  religious  re-  ! 
former  and  author:  often  confused  with  John  Taveruer 
(fl.  1530)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cardinal's  College,  Oxford, 
and  at  Cambridge ;  M.A. :  patronised  by  Wotaey,  and,  on 
his  fall,  by  Cromwell,  for  whom  he  wrote  works  supporting 
the  Reformation,  including  hU  English  version  of  the 
bible,  1539,  which  was  a  revised  edition  of  Matthew's,  and 
a  commentary  on  the  epistles  ami  gospels,  1540 ;  clerk  of 
the  privy  seal,  1536,  which  he  retained  till  the  accession 
of  Queen  Mary ;  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London,  1541,  on 
the  faU  of  Cromwell,  but  released,  and  was  granted  l>y 
Henry  VIII  various  estates:  M.P.,  Liverpool,  1645; 
licensed  to  preach,  1562 :  under  Queen  Elizabeth  J.P.  and 
high  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire :  author  of  several  religious  ' 
works  and  translations  from  Erasmus.  [lv.  893] 

TAVERNER,  ROGER  (d.  1588),  economic  writer: 
brother  of  Richard  Taverner  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  wrote  ou  the  scarcity  of  provisions ;  became 
surveyor-general  of  woods,  c.  1640;  M.P.,  Launcestou, 
1554.  [lv.  3»4] 

TAVERNER,  WILLIAM  (-/.  1731),  dramatist:  pro- 
curator-general of  the  court  of  arches  at  Canterbury: 
author  of  "The  Artful  Husband '  (produced,  1717),  and  of 
other  plays  of  little  uii-rit.  [lv.  896] 

TAVERNER.  WILLIAM  (1703-1772),  procurator- 
general  uud  artist;  son  of  \Villiuin  Taverner  (d.  1731) 
£q.  v.]  £lv.  396] 


TAXBTERorTAYSTS*. 

:»n  I    ti-r- 

portion  from  towards  Uw  mk 
tury  it  by  far  tbe  most  valm 
Simon  de  Montfort. 


>ntrr 

••••  i. 


•  : 

[Iv.  SM] 


TAYLER.    [See  also  TAILOR  and  TAYLOR.] 
TAYLER,      (HAKLB8     BENJAMIN      (1797-1876), 

PMMM  M  L,  Mrilg  •  ..;:..-..  Om  •  :.-. 
•Mi  M.  M  .    .  •  :.;-t,,,  ;,., ..  ,..   .-  „. 
for  the  young.  [Iv.JW] 


TAYLER,      Fill.! 


TAYLER.     JOHN    JAMES    (1797-18W).    dnltarian 
divine;  educated  at   Manchester   College,    York  ;   IJ.A. 

cbesterT'vlsited  ^^^in^tei^^^S^  Jed£ 
siastical  htetory  at  Manchester  New  College.  1840,  pro. 
ferf  Of  V"**^  1862«  ***  principal,  1868:  publiabed 
religious  and  other  works.  [fT.  399] 

TAYLER,    JOSEPH  NEEDHAM  (1786-18C4).  rear- 
admiral ;  enterel  the  navy  on  the  Royal  Geoive,  1796.  ami  V 
witnessal  the  mutiny  at  Spithead,  1797  :  wounded  at  the 
siege  of  St.  Sebastian  ;  C.B.,  1816 ;  rear-admiral.  1846. 


TAYLER,  WILLIAM  (1808-1893X  Indian 
youiik'er  brother  of  Frederick  Tayler  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
tin-  Charterhouse,  London;  appointed  assistant-commis- 
sioner of  Cuttack,  1830;  during  the  mutiny  be  < 


grave  mistakes ;  suspended,  1869  ;  published  works  deal* 
ing  with  his  case  and  ou  India.  [lv.  400] 

TAYLOR.    [See  also  TAILOR  and  TATLKR.] 

TAYLOR,  ABRAHAM  (/.  1737-1740),  independent 
tutor  ;  minister  at  Deptford,  17*8  ;  preacher  and  divinity 
tutor  ;  D.D. ;  published  religious  and!  controversial  works. 


TAYLOR,  ALFRED  SWAINE 
jurist ;  student  of  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals,  Lon- 
don :  travelled  and  studied  abroad  ;  professor  of  medical 
jurisprudence  at  Guy's  Hospital,  1831-77,  and  lecturer  on 
rl.rmi-try,  1&E2-70;  authority  as  a  witness  in  poisoning 
trials  ;  invented  valuable  improvements  in  Talbot's  photo- 
graphic processes,  including  tin-  u.*e  of  byposulphate  of 
lime  as  a  '  fixer ' ;  editor  of  the  •  London  Medical  Gazette.' 
1HH-51;  F.U.C.P.,  1853 :  F.H.S.,  ISIS ;  published,  among 
other  books, '  A  Manual  of  Medical  Juri-prudencc,'  1844, 
•  The  Principles  aud  Practice  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,' 
1865,  ami '  Poisons  in  Relation  to  Medical  Jurisprudence 
and  Medicine,'  1848,  standard  works  throughout  tbe 
world.  [IT.  40J] 

TAYLOR,  Mn*.  ANN,  originally  Axx  MARTIN  (1757- 
1830),  authoress ;  married  Isaac  Taylor  (1769-1829)  [q.  v.] 

TAYLOR,   ANN  (1782-1866).     [See  0tLOKT,  Miw. 

ANN.] 

TAYLOR,  BROOK  (1685-1731),  mathematician: 
LL.D.  St.  John's  College,  Csonbridgi-.  1714  :  ivnvsponded 
with  John  Keill  [q.  v.]  and  sent  a  solution  of  the  pn.l.Km 
involved  in  Kepler's  second  law  of  planetary  motion  to 
John  Mat-bin,  1712;  FJU*.,  1712,  and  first  secretary, 
1714  ;  puhlislu-1  solution  of  the  problem  of  tlte  centre  of 
o,oillation,  1714(obtaim>l  in  17«iM  :  published  hi- 
dua  Incrementorum  Directa  ct  Invers*,*  1716  (the  flr»t 
treatise  dealing  with  the  calculus  of  finite  difference*! 
containing  •  Taylor's  Theorem,'  and  other  original  solu- 
tions and  formulas;  'Linear  Penpective,'  171 
Principles  of  Linear  Perspective,'  1719,  and  other  works. 

TAYLOR.    SIR    BROOK    (1776-1846),   ambaV«*dor; 
brother  of  Sir  Herbert  Taylor  [q.  v.] ;  G.C.Hn  18*2. 

TAYLOR,    CHARLES  (1756-1W8),  Mdufe/aod  en- 
graver; son  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1780-1807)  [q.  T.]  ;  articled 


TAYLOR 


1278 


TAYLOR 


to  bis  father  and  studied  under  Bartolo/.zi :  editor  of  re- 

timiarv  i)I   tin-  Hilil'  '  :   published  '  J'ir- 

turaquc  Beauties  of  Shakespeare,'  17s:>,  and  other  works. 

[Iv.  405] 

TAYLOR,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1686),  quaker  school- 
muter:  brother  of  Thomas  Taylor  (1618-1682)  [q.  v;] ; 
B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1G36 ;  became  puritan 
minister :  converted  by  George  Fox,  1652  ;  started  a 
school  at  Walthain  Abbey,  1670;  followed  William  Peun 
to  Pennsylvania,  1682  ;  published  religious  works. 

[Iv.  467] 

TAYLOR,  DAN  (1738-1816),  founder  of  the  new  con- 
nexion of  general  baptists ;  son  of  a  miner  in  Yorkshire ; 
joined  the  Wesleyans,  1759,  but  withdrew,  1762  ;  baptised 
in  the  river  Idle,  1763,  and  ordained  baptist  pastor  at 
Wad-worth  ;  did  not  leave  the  old  '  general  assembly '  till 
1803,  though  the  formation  of  a  '  new  connexion '  wan 
resolved  upon  under  his  auspices  at  Lincoln  on  the  spread 
of  auti-trinitarian  views  in  the  general  assembly,  1769; 
author  of  religious  works.  [Iv.  405] 

TAYLOR,  EDGAR  (1793-1839),  solicitor,  legal  writer, 
tr.ui>liitor,and  biographer :  dissenter  :  grandson  of  John 
Taylor (1694-1 761)  [q.  v.];  author  of  'German  Popular 
Stories-,'  translated  from  the  Grimms,  1824-6, '  The  New 
Testament  .  .  .  revised'  (posthumous),  1840,  and  other 
works.  [Iv.  407] 

TAYLOR,  EDWARD  (1784-1863),  Gresham  professor 
of  music  :  son  of  John  Taylor  (1750-1826)  [q.  v.]  ;  iron- 
monger at  Norwich ;  promoter  of  the  first  triennial  Nor- 
wich musical  festival,  1824,  and  vocalist ;  friend  of  Spohr, 
whose  works  he  translated  and  introduced  at  Norwich ; 
Gresham  professor,  1837-63 :  author  of  songs,  words  of 
songs,  adaptations,  and  other  works.  [Iv.  407] 

TAYLOR,  EMILY  (1795-1872),  authoress ;  sister  of 
Edgar  Taylor  [q.  v.]  [Iv.  407] 

TAYLOR,  GEORGE  LEDWELL  (1788-1873),  archi- 
tect ;  travelled  abroad  and  discovered  the  famous  Theban 
hon  at  Chaeronea,  1818;  surveyor  of  buildings  to  the 
naval  department,  1824 ;  laid  out  Westbourne  Terrace, 
London,  and  neighbouring  squares,  1843-8 ;  wrote  '  The 
Stones  of  Etruria  and  Marbles  of  Antient  Rome,'  1859, 
and  other  works.  [Iv.  408] 

TAYLOR,  HARRIETTE  DEBORAH  (1807-1874). 
[See  LACY.] 

TAYLOR,  HELEN  (1818-1885),  writer  of  religious 
works  for  children  ;  granddaughter  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1759- 
1829)  [q.v.]  [lv.417] 

TAYLOR,  HENRY  (1711-1785),  theological  writer; 
e  hu-ated  at  Hackney  and  at  Queens'  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,  1733:  M.A.,  1735:  rector  of  Wheatfield  and  other 
livings  ;  espoused  the  Apolliuarian  heresy  in  '  The  Apology 
of  Ben  Mordecai,'  1771-7.  [Iv.  409] 

TAYLOR,  Sm  HENRY  (1800-1886),  author  of  'Philip 
van  Artevelde';  held  a  small  official  appointment  in 
London,  1817-20 :  returned  home,  1820,  and  wrote  poetry 
and  articles  on  Moore  and  Lord  John  Russell  accepted  by 
the  'Quarterly  Review';  wrote  also  for  the  'London 
Magazine ' ;  given  an  appointment  in  the  colonial  office 
1824;  became  acquainted  with  Southey,  Wordsworth, 
Mill,  and  Sir  James  Stephen  [q.  v.]  ;  finished  his  tragedy, 
'  Isaac  Comnenus,'  1828,  a  failure;  published  '  Philip  van 
Artevclde,'  1834,  which  was  a  great  success  (though  fail- 
ing on  the  stage  in  1847),  and  '  The  Statesman,'  nn  ironi- 
cal exposition  of  the  arts  of  succeeding,  1830  ;  supported 
the  policy  of  '  melioration '  and  not  abolition  of  the  slave 
laws,  advised  the  suppression  of  the  West  Indian  assem- 
lies,  and  approved  of  Governor  Eyre's  action,  1865 
I  hihp  van  Artevelde '  (modelled  upon  the  Elizabethan 
Jrama)  has  great  interest  as  a  psychological  study. 


TAYLOR,    8m    HERBERT  (1775-1839),    iieutenant- 
irt-neral  ;  a  good  linguist ;   employed    by   Lord  Grenville 
is  his  secretary  and    in  the  foreign  office ;  saw  active 
wrvice  m  tlie  Duke  of  York's  campaign  in  the  Nether- 
lands, and  made  lieutenant  in  the  2nd  dragoon  guards  • 
served   on  foreign  missions ;  secretary  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  1794,  to  George  III,  1806,  to  Queen  Charlotte  and 
k  "HSS  IV  :  commissioner  by  the  regency   act   of 
IIVe,  II/8f,e8t?te;  ^"^^Hreneral,  1825;  adjutant- 
TV.      T>for08B<  1828:  dcf«»de<l  George  III  and 
<i~ir~  ™ '"  *  Remarks,'  &c.,  1888;  G.CJJ.,  1834. 

^,      [Iv.  413] 


TAYLOR,  ISAAC  <17:;u  lsu7).  engraver;  made  his 
way  to  London,  c.  1752  ;  e\i.-uu-d  phiU-s  for  tlie 
'  tienth •man's  Magazine,'  and  concentrated  his  attention 
OH  book  illustration,  including  those  for  Owen's  '  Dic- 
tionary,'  Chainbers's  >  Cy.-jopa-dia.'  and  Riehard>on'.-> 
4  Sir  Charles  Grandison,'  1778  ;  excelled  al?o  as  a  portrait- 
painter  ;  fellow  and  secretary  of  the  Society  of  Artists. 

TAYLOR,  ISAAC  (1759-1829),  engraver  and  writer 
for  the  young  ;  sou  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1730-1807)  [q.  v.]  ; 
brought  up  in  the  studio  of  his  father  ;  engraved  plates 
for  Boydell's  bible  and  'Shakespeare'  ;  published  'Speci- 
mens of  Gothic  Ornaments  seleotal  from  the  Parish 
Church  of  Lavenham,'  1796,  and  produced  other  succe>-fnl 
engravings  ;  nonconformist  pastor  of  Ongar,  where  he 
published  a  series  of  children's  manuals.  [Iv.  415] 

TAYLOR,  ISAAC  (1787-1865),  artist,  author,  and 
inventor;  son  of  Isaac  Taylor  of  Ongar  (1759-1829) 
[q.  v.] ;  began  life  as  an  engraver  ;  his  work  much 
admired  by  Rossetti  and  Gilchrist ;  early  turned  his  at- 
tention to  literature,  and  wrote  a  large  number  of  works, 
including  'The  Elements  of  Thought,'  1823,  'The 
Natural  History  of  Enthusiasm,'  1830,  by  which  he  is 
best  known,  'Fanaticism,'  1833.  'Spiritual  Despotism.' 
1835,  '  Ancient  Christianity  and  the  Doctrines  of  the 
Oxford  Tracts,'  1839-40,  and  '  The  Restoration  of  Belief,' 
1855 ;  regarded  by  some  as  the  greatest  lay  theologian 
since  Coleridge:  his  attention  especially  drawn  to  the 
problems  presented  by  the  corruptions  of  the  Christian 
church  ;  perfected  an  ingenious  machine  for  engraving- 
upon  copper.  [iv.  417] 

TAYLOR,  JAMES  (1745-1797),  china-painter  and 
magazine-illustrator  ;  brother  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1730-1807) 
[q.  v.]  [iv.  415] 

TAYLOR,  JAMES  (1753-1825),  engineer  :  educated 
at  Edinburgh  University ;  became  tutor  to  the  sons  of 
Patrick  Miller  [q.  v.],  and  suggested  to  him  the  employ- 
ment of  William  Symington's  steam-engine  in  his  boats. 

[lv.419] 

TAYLOR,  JAMES  (1788-1863),  bimetallist  and 
author ;  brother  of  John  Taylor  (1781-1864)  [q.  v.] 

[Iv.  447] 

TAYLOR,  JAMES  (1813-1892),  divine  and  M.A.  St. 
Andrews.  1843  ;  minister  at  St.  Andrews  and  Glasgow  ; 
secretary  to  the  Scottish  board  of  education,  1872,  advo- 
cate of  popularly  elected  educational  authorities,  clear 
and  accurate  historian  :  author  of  '  The  Pictorial  History 
of  Scotland,'  1852-9,  and  other  works.  [Iv.  420] 

TAYLOR,  JANE  (1783-1824),  writer  for  the  young; 
daughter  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1759-1829)  [q.  v.]  ;  together 
with  her  sister  Ann  published  '  Original  Poems  for 
Infant  Minds,'  1804,  which  attained  an  immense  popu- 
larity, and  '  Rhymes  for  the  Nursery,'  1806,  which  in- 
cluded her  poem '  Twinkle,  twinkle,  little  Star ' ;  published, 
with  her  sister, '  Hymns  for  Infant  Minds,'  1810,  and  other 
works :  published,  among  other  books,  '  Display,  a  Tale 
for  Young  People,'  1815,  and  '  Contributions  of  Q.Q.,* 
1824  ;  admired  by  Browning  and  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

[Iv.  420] 

TAYLOR,  JEFFERYS  (1792-1853),  writer  for  chil- 
dren :  youngest  son  of  Isaac  Taylor  (1759-1829)  [q.  v.]  ; 
invented  a  ruling-machine  for  engravers  ;  author  of 
humorous  and  fanciful  children's  books.  [Iv.  422] 

TAYLOR,  JEREMY  (1C13-16C7),  bishop  of  Down 
and  Connor,  and  administrator  of  Dromore  ;  descendant 
of  Rowland  Taylor  [q.  v.],  the  martyr  ;  Perse  scholar 
at  Gouville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1628  :  fellow, 
1633 ;  M.A.,  1634  ;  attracted  Laud's  attention  by  his 
preaching  in  London  ;  sent  by  Laud  to  Oxford  :  made  fel- 
low of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1635  ;  M.A.  University 
College,  Oxford,  1635  ;  chaplain  to  Laud  and  to  Charles  I : 
of  high  repute  as  a  casuistical  preacher ;  rector  of 
Uppingham,  1638  ;  preached  his  *  gunpowder  treason  * 
sermon  in  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  10^8.  upholding  the  penal 
legislation  of  Queen  Elizabeth  :  made  rector  of  Over- 
stone,  1643 ;  taken  prisoner  in  the  royalist  defeat  before 
Cardigan  Castle,  1645  ;  retired  to  Golden  Grove,  Carmar- 
thenshire, where  some  of  his  best  work,  including  the 
'  Liberty  of  Prophesying,'  1646,  the  '  Holy  Living,'  1650, 
and  the  '  Holy  Dying,'  16&1,  was  composed  ;  n  reived  from 
Charles  I,  shortly  before  his  execution,  his  watch  and 
some  jewels  ;  preached  in  London  occasionally  ;  prisoner 
at  Chep^tow,  1655  ; accepted  lecture-bipat  Portuiore,  near 


TAYLOR 


1270 


TAYLOR 


Lisburn,    1658 ;    dedicated    his    •  linear    I> 

166U,   to  Charles  II  ;    made    bi.-hop  i  . 

('minor,   v. :  .   .olv.-l   111   d.-puti-   with 

dependent  .  '«!  al-o  '.id::.  •  :    Dro- 

more  ilux-c-i .   where    he   built   the   present  Cathedra!  (  ron- 

.;•-!.   li'.f.l  )  ;  dedi.Mt.-d    to    (inn.. 

'Confirmation,'    1CC3  :    published    his  •  Dissuasive    froui 
1'optT'..'    I'.'.l;   ple.idul    lor    an    English  bishopric. 

Liberty  of  Prophesying  '   is  a  practical  rather  than 
theoretical  treatise  on  tolerance,  while  the  *  Holy  1. 
and   'Holy   Dying,'   with  the    'Worthy  Communicant,' 
)'•'.",  may  be  said  to  offer  'a  complete  summary  of  the 

,  and  specimen  of  the  devotions,  of  a  Christian  ' 
df  ;:i  1:1.  His  literary  genius  is  bast  teen  in  his  sermons. 
He  was  also  a  writer  of  verse  described  at  *  Eloquence, 
not  Poetry.'  Among  his  other  works  may  be  mentioned 

•  A  Discourse  of  Auxiliary  Beuuty,'  1660,  and  'A  Dis- 
course of  Friendship,'  1667.  [Iv.  422] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (</.  1534 X  master  of  the  rolls  ; 
of  humble  origin  ;  doctor  of  civil  and  canon  law  of  some 
foreign  university  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1520, 
Oxford,  1522):  prebendary  of  Lichfleld.  1609,  and  of  West- 
minuter,  1518;  sent  on  various  mission!  abroad:  accom- 
panied Heury  VIII  in  his  campaign  in  France,  1518,  and 
to  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  1620;  ambassador  to 
France,  1526  and  1531 ;  muster  of  the  rolls,  1527. 

[Iv.  429] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1503  7-1554X  bishop  of  Lincoln  : 
probably  a  rel-uiv.  of  John  Taylor  (rf.  1534)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1627;  fellow,  e.  1624: 
master  of  St.  John'*  College,  Cambridge,  1638,  which 
post  he  was  obliged  to  resign  owing  to  dissension",  1647  ; 

•  l.-ni  of  Lincoln,  1544-52  ;  was  imprisoned  for  reformed 
opinions,  1646,  but  soon  retracted  :   under  Edward   VI 
supported  the  marriage  of  priests,  and  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  appointed  to  draw  up  the  first  Prayer- 
book,  1548 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1652 ;  deprived,  1554. 

[lv.430] 
TAYLOR,  JOHN  (</.  1555).    [See  CAKDMAKEH.] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1580-1653X  the  'water-poet'; 
born  of  humble  parentage  at  Gloucester ;  sent  to  Glouces- 
ter grammar  school,  but  being  '  mired '  in  bis  Latin 
accidence,  was  apprenticed  to  a  London  waterman ; 
pressed  Into  the  navy,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  of 
Cadiz,  1596  ;  retiring,  became  a  Thames  waterman  and 
collector  of  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower's  perquisite  of 
wine  ;  discharged  before  1622  ;  increased  his  diminishing 
earnings  by  rhyming,  and  had  a  great  talent  for  expressing 
himself  in  rollicking  prose  and  verse  ;  ridiculed  In  his 
'  Sculler,'  1612,  Thomas  Coryate  [q.  v.],  who  appealed  to 
'  superiour  powers '  to  defend  him ;  obtained  the  patron- 
age of  Ben  Jonson  and  other  men  of  genius,  and  diverted 
both  court  and  city  ;  arranged  the  water  pageant  at  the 
marriage  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  1613,  and  composed  the 
triumphs  at  the  pageant*  of  the  lord  mayors  ;  visited  the 
continent,  1616  ;  went  on  foot  from  London  to  Braemar, 
1618  ;  started  from  London  to  Qneenborough  in  a  brown- 
paper  boat  and  narrowly  escaped  drowning ;  visited  the 
queen  of  Bohemia  at  Prague,  1620,  and  accomplished 
other  journeys,  each  one  resulting  in  a  booklet  with 
an  odd  title  ;  on  the  outbreak  of  plague  retired  to 
Oxford,  1625,  and  was  lodged  in  Oriel  College  :  again 
visited  Oxford,  1642:  at  surrender  of  Oxford,  1645;  re- 
turned to  London  and  took  the  Crown  public-house  (now 
the  Ship)  In  Hanover  Court,  Long  Acre  :  published  a 
collective  edition  of  his  works,  '  All  the  Workes  of  lohn 
Taylor,  the  Water  Poet,'  1630  (with  other  pieces  were 
reprinted  by  the  Spenser  Society,  1868-9).  As  literature 
his  books  do  not  rank  high,  but  they  are  of  great  value  to 
the  historian  and  antiquary.  [1  v.  431  ] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (16007-1665),  diplomatist:  student 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  1619  ;  employed  at  foreign  embas- 
sies: sent  to  Vienna  to  accomplish  the  restitution  of 
the  Palatinate  to  the  elector,  exceeded  his  in-tnu-tion-. 
and  was  recalled  and  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London  ; 
subsequently  agent  for  Charles  II  at  foreign  court*. 


to 


the  Roman  Hebrew-  Concordance  adapted 

nrrtseriowattemplto 

j  ture  Account  of  1  v  .  [jv.  43*] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  <  17..I  17flCXcla*«ic:.! 

'liege,   Cambridge, 
fd  low.  1729  ;  patronlwd  by  Carter*  ; 

'  •  '         ' 


TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1703  1772),  itinerant  ocoUvt  :  cotn- 
inonly  known  a*  the  '  Obevaner1  :  -' 
HiM.Miil.  London:  practiMd  at  Norwich  and  Inmmjul 
Kngland,  Praiuw.and  H»ii:in.i  :  M.D.  Boate,  17U. 

LI**  Md  .  atogn*  :.,:»    ,  ----------  ,  ,..,,..  i  .   i  ,; 

operator,  but  advertised  like  a  charlatan  :  waa  the  subject 
otmany  satires  ;  author  of  treatiaa  on  the  eye  and  a 
bombastic  autobiography.  [IT.  44!  ] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1724-1787X  ocuHst:  son  of  John 
-2)  [q.  v.]  :  published  a  scorriloo.  •  Life  * 

of  his  father,  1761.  [|T>  44$] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  11711-17**.).  friend  of  Dr.  Jounaou  : 
educated  with  Dr.  Johnson  at  Lu-iitieid  grammar  *cbool  ; 
of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  rector  of  Market  Boswortu. 
1740:  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  1787;  prvbai- 
<l*ry  of  \\  :  746  :  often  visited  by  Dr.  Johnnoit 

at  his  residence  at  Ashbourue  :  supplied  information  to 
Hi  w  well  for  the  •  Life  ';  author  of  sermons  believed  to  bo 
largely  Johnson's  composition.  [iv.  442] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (l746?-180GXland*»Pe-painter. 

[Iv  4461 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (rf.  1808),  writer  on  India:  officer  lu 
the  Bombay  army.  [1T.  443] 

TAYLOR.     JOHN    (1743-1818),    baptist    n, 
younger  brother  of  Dan  Taylor  [q.  v.]  [Iv.  406] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (,/.  1  821  X  translator  from  the  San- 
skrit ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1804,  [Iv.  444] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (  1750-1826  X  hymn-  writer  and 
founder  of  the  literary  family  of  the  Taylom  of  Norwich  : 
grandson  of  John  Taylor  (1694-1761)  [q.  v.]  ;  prominent 
member  of  the  Octagon  chapel.  Norwich  :  author  of  rang*. 
including  "The  Trumpet  of  Liberty,'  1791,  vom 
hymns.  [iv.  441] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1757-1832),  miscellaneous  writer:  sou 
of  John  Taylor  (1724-1787)  [q.  v.]  ;  oculist  toliiw.'.-  Ill: 
dramatic  critic  of  the  '  Morning  Post,'  and  later  editor  : 
proprietor  of  the  '  True  Briton,'  and  of  the  '  Sun  '  ;  anthor 
of  'Monsieur  Tonson'  (a  dramatic  poem,  rehearsed  itt 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1821),  and  other  works.  [Iv.  146] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1739-1838X  portrait-painter. 

[Iv.  446] 

TAYLOR,  Km  JOHN  (1771-1H43V  lieutenont-srvneral  : 
commanded  a  battalion  of  the  Connunght  rangers  ;  in  the 
Peninsular  war;  severely  wounded  at  Orthes;  K.C.B., 
1834  ;  lieutenant-general,  1837.  [Iv.  446] 

TAYLOR.  JOHN  (1779-1863X  mining  engineer:  sou 
of  John  Taylor  (1760-1826)  [q.  v.]  [Iv.  467] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1781-1864),  publisher  ;  proprietor 
of  the  '  London  Magazine'  and  editor  (1821-4);  anthor  of 
'The  Identity  of  Junins  .  .  .  cstaoli-hut.'  1816,  which  flnt 
publicly  identified  Junius  with  Sir  Philip  Frauds  [q.  v.], 
and  of  books  on  the  currency.  [Iv.  446] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1829-189:5),  autlior  :  elected  libra- 
rian of  the  Hristol  Library  Skx-iety,  lH«:t  ;  writer  on  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Bristol  and  the  v 


founder  of 


[Iv.  438] 
divin 


TAYLOR,  JOHN  (1694-1761 X  dissenting  divine  and 
hebraist;  ordained  by  dissenting  minister - 
Norwich,  1733  ;  founded  the  Octagon  chapel  there,  1754  ; 
D.D.  Glasgow :  divinity  tutor  in  Warrington  academy, 
1757;  author  of  several  important  works,  including  *  The 
Scripture  Doctrine  of  Original  Sin,'  1740  (against  Cal- 
vlnistlc  viewsX  and  »A  Paraphrase  .  .  .  oil  the  BpfeUe  to 


TAYLOR,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1791  ' 
the  'Manchester  Guardian':  educated  at  his  father'* 
classical  school  at  Manchester ;  became  iNUtner  in  a  cotton 
manufactory ;  one  of  the  founder*  of  the  Junior  Lite- 
rary and  Philosophical  Society:  contributed  powerful 
liberal  articled  to  the  '  Mancluater  Gazette ' :  in  . 
libel  of  John  Greenwood,  1819,  but  cnlling  evidence  of 
truth  acquitted  by  the  jury :  signal  the  '  Declaration  and 
Protest '  on  the  occasion  of  the  '  Petcrloo  Mass* 
and  published  'Notes  and  Explanation*  .  .  .  relative  to 
the  Internal  State  of  the  Country,'  1819 ;  founded  the 
'  Manchester  Guardian;  1821.  [Iv.  448] 


TAYLOR 


1280 


TAYLOR 


TAYLOR.  JOHN  ELT.oR  (\«Z7-  ISO:.),  popular  science 
•writer  ;  editor  of  the  '  Norwich    1'eoplcV   Journal'   ami 
scientific  lecturer ;  author  of  '  Half-hours  at  the  - 
187*,  and  other  popular  scientific  works  ;  editor  of  •  Hanl- 
a-c  Gossip,' 1872--J3.  [Iv.  450] 

TAYLOR,  JOHN*  SYDNEY  (1795-1811),  journalist : 
ll.A.  Trinity  College,  Dnbliii,  1814:  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1824;  contributor  to  the' Morning  Chronicle'; 
editor  of  the  •  Morning  Herald ' ;  author  of  works  on 
punishment  of  crime.  [Iv.  450] 

TAYLOR,  JOSEPH  (1586  ?-1653  ?),  nctor  ;  acted  at 
the  Globe  aiid  Blackfriars  theatres,  London  ;  one  of  the 
kind's  players  ;  one  of  the  twenty-si  x  •  principal  actors  in 
nil  these  plays*  mentional  in  the  list  prefixed  to  the  folio 
'Shakespeare 'of  1623,  two  of  his  parts  being  Hamlet 
and  Othello;  acted  in  Jonson's  and  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  plays.  [Iv.  451] 

TAYLOR,  MEADOWS  [PHILIP  MEADOWS  TAYLOR] 
(18J8-1876),  Indian  officer  and  novelist;  gre.it  grandson 
of  John  Taylor  (1694-1761)  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  house  of 
a  Bombay  merchant,  and  subsequently  the  ni/.aiu's  service 
in  a  military,  and  then  civil,  capacity  ;  '  Times '  corre- 
spondent, 1840-53;  carried  out  pacification  of  the  state  of 
Shorapore,  1841,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  mutiny  kept 
the  district  of  Booldana  in  North  Berar  quiet:  author  of 
4  Confessions  of  a  Thug,'  1839,  a  very  successful  book,  and 
of  five  other  brilliant  novels  delineating  epochs  of  Indian 
history,  also  of '  Story  of  My  Life '  (edited  by  his  daughter, 
1877).  [lv.452] 

TAYLOR,  MICHAEL  ANGELO  (1757-1831),  poll- 
tician ;  son  of  Sir  Robert  Taylor  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Corpus 
Ohristi  College,  Oxford,  1778;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  1781 ;  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1774; 
M.P.,  Poole,  1781-90,  Heytesbury,  1790-1,  Aldborough, 
1796-1800,  Durham,  1800-2,  Rye,  1806-7,  Ilchester,  18U7-12, 
Poole,  1812-18,  Durham,  1818-31,  Sudbury,  1832-4; 
called  Father  of  the  House  ;  began  as  a  tory  and  supporter 
of  Pitt,  but  gradually  became  whig,  voting  for  dismissal 
of  the  tory  ministers,  1797;  one  of  the  managers  at  im- 
peachment of  Warren  Hastings;  drew  attention  to 
chancery  delays  and  defective  condition  of  the  London 
streets,  the  Metropolitan  Paving  Act,  1817,  being  still 
called  by  his  name ;  privy  councillor,  1831.  [Iv.  453] 

TAYLOR,  MICHAEL  WAISTELL  (1824-1892),  anti- 
quary and  physician  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1843  ;  discovered 
the  contamination  of  milk  by  scarlet  fever ;  made  several 
local  archaeological  discoveries  ;  published  *  Old  Manorial 
Halls  of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,'  1892.  [Iv.  455] 

TAYLOR,  PETER  or  PATRICK  (1756-1788),  decora- 
tive artist ;  painted  one  of  the  few  authentic  portraits  of 
Burns.  [1T.  455] 

TAYLOR,  PETER  ALFRED  (1819-1891),  radical 
politician ;  silk  mercer :  friend  of  Mazzini  and  chairman 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  of  Italy  ;  M.P.,  Leicester,  1862- 
1884 :  represented  the  Manchester  school.  [Iv.  455] 

TAYLOR,  PHILIP  (1786-1870),  civil  engineer  ;  son  of 
John  Taylor  (1750-1826)  [q.  v.]  ;  began  life  as  a  surgeon 
and  chemist ;  invented  wooden  pill-boxes  ;  took  out  a 
patent  for  lighting  buildings  by  oil-gas,  1824,  and  for 
other  inventions ;  founded  engineering  and  other  works 
in  France.  [Iv.  456] 

TAYLOR,  POLICARPUS  (d.  1780),  rear-admiral: 
took  part  in  the  engagement  oft*  Havana,  1748;  rear- 
admiral  '  in  the  fleet,'  1762.  [Iv.  457] 

TAYLOR,  REYNELL  GEORGE  (1822-1886),  general 
f  the  Indian  army ;  the  '  Bayard  of  the  Punjab ' ;  fought 
in  the  Gwalior  campaign  and  first  Sikh  war,  when  he  was 
wounded,  1845  ;  worked  at  Lahore  and  in  the  Punjab 
under  the  Lawrences,  1847  ;  ruler  of  Peshawar :  captured 
the  fort  of  Lukkee  in  the  second  Sikh  war,  1849;  given 
the  Star  of  India,  1866  ;  general,  1880.  [Iv.  457] 

TAYLOR,  RICHARD  (1781-1858),  printer  and  natu- 
2Sfii!°!L2!  John  Taylor  (17«>-1826)  [q.  v.];  partner 
rith  hta  father  in  a  printing  business  in  London ;  fellow 
of  various  scientific  societies  and  F.S.A. ;  editor  of  scien- 
tific publications.  [Iv.  458] 

TAYLOR,  RICHARD  COWLING  (1789-1851),  anti- 
quary ;  engaged  on  the  ordnance  survey  aud  in  reporting 


on  mining  properties  at  home  and  in  America  ;  published 
archsvological  and  geological  work.-.  [Iv.  45'.i] 

TAYLOR,  ROBERT  (1710-17C2),  physician  :  M.D. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1737  ;  obtained  a  large  prac- 
tice in  London;  F.R.C.P.,  17411 ;  JIarvcian  orator,  1755; 
P.R.S.,  1752,  and  physician  to  George  II ;  published  medi- 
cal works.  [Iv.  459] 

TAYLOR,  Sin  ROBERT  (1714-1788),  architect: 
among  other  productions  sculptured  the  monuments  to 
Cornwall  and  Guest  at  Westminster  Abbey,  1743-6  ;  built 
many  country  houses,  Stone  Building.-.  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1756,  and  additions  to  the  Bank  of  England  and  other 
London  edifices  ;  knighted  when  sheriff  of  London,  1782- 
1783 ;  left  the  bulk  of  his  property  for  the  teaching  of 
modern  languages  at  Oxford.  [Iv.  460] 

TAYLOR,  ROBERT  (1784-1844),  delstical  writer: 
M.R.C.S.,  1807  ;  Liter  studied  for  the  church  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1813 ;  curate  of  Midhurst  and 
Eastbourne,  1813;  became  a  sceptic,  1818,  and  resigned, 
but  recanted  ;  failing  to  get  preferment  again,  lectured 
publicly  in  London,  attacking  the  church  :  sentenced  to  a 
year's  imprisonment  for  blasphemy,  1828 ;  became  ac- 
quainted with  Richard  Carlile  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  get 
out  on  a  lecturing  tour  ;  convicted  again  of  blasphemy, 
1831,  and  Imprisoned  for  two  years  ;  married  an  elderly 
lady  of  property,  1833,  and  escaped  to  France  to  avoid 
an  action  for  breach  of  promise  to  another  lady ;  became 
a  surgeon  ;  ignorant  of  philology  ;  published  writings  on 
Christianity,  expounding  it  as  a  scheme  of  solar  myths. 

[Iv.  461] 

TAYLOR,  ROWLAND  (rf.  1555),  martyr;  converted 
to  protestantism  by  Williuin  Turner  (d.  1568)  [q.  v.]  ; 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1534 ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Cranmer, 
1540 ;  incumbent  of  Hudleigh,  1544 ;  arrested  and  examined 
before  Gardiner,  1554,  aud  burnt  on  Aldharn  Common,  near 
Hadleigh,  1555  ;  represented  by  Foxe  as  the  beau-ideal  of  a 
parish  priest  and  a  man  of  ability  and  learning.  [Iv.  463] 

TAYLOR,  SAMUEL  (ft.  1786-1816),  stenographer ; 
published  '  An  Essay  intended  to  establish  ...  an  uni- 
versal System  of  Stenography,'  1786,  Pitman's  system  being 
on  adaptation  of  it.  [Iv.  464] 

TAYLOR,  SILAS  (1624-1678).    [See  DOMVILLK.] 

TAYLOR,  SIMON  (d.  1772),  botanical  painter  ;  painted 
Lord  Bute's  rare  plants.  [Iv.  4(i5] 

TAYLOR,  SUSANNAH  (J  755-1823),  well-known  for 
her  literary  predilections  ;  nie  Cook ;  married  John  Taylor 
(1750-1826)  [q.  v.],  in  1777.  [Iv.  444] 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  (1576-1633),  puritan  divine; 
B.D.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1628;  D.D.  Oxford, 
1630 ;  preached  before  Queen  Elizabeth  at  St.  Paul's  Cross, 
London;  called  'a  brazen  wall  against  popery,' but  de- 
nounced Bancroft's  severe  treatment  of  the  puritans; 
minister  of  St.  Mary  Aldermanbury,  London,  1625  ;  pub- 
lished religious  works.  [Iv.  465] 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  (1618-1682),  quaker ;  educated 
at  Oxford  ;  incumbent  of  a  living  in  Westmoreland  ;  fol- 
lowed George  Fox,  and  imprisoned  for  many  years ;  author 
of  religious  addresses.  [Iv.  466] 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  (1738-1816),  Wesleyan  minister : 
joined  the  metbpdists,  1748;  itinerant  minister,  1761- 
1816,  relating  his  experiences  in  his  'Autobiography'; 
president  of  the  conference,  1796  and  1809;  writer  of 
religious  books.  [Iv.  467] 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  (1758-1835),  Platpnist:  received 
an  irregular  education ;  obtained  a  clerkship  in  Lubbock's 
bank  :  devoted  himself  to  the  translation  and  exposition 
of  Plato,  Aristotle,  and  the  Neo-Platonists  and  Pytha- 
goreans ;  defective  in  critical  scholarship,  never  doubting 
the  historic  personality  of  Orpheus  and  the  authenticity 
of  the  '  Hymns ';  esteemed  the  mystical  neo-Pythagorean 
mathematics  the  true  science  ;  visited  Oxford,  1802,  when 
he  was  heartily  welcomed;  author  of  translations  of 
the  Orphic  Hymns,  Plato,  Aristotle,  Proclus,  Porphyry, 
Apuleius,  Pausanias,  and  other  ancient  writers:  pub- 
lished also  dissertations  and  miscellanies,  including  an 
attack  on  the  mathematician  Wallis's  arithmetic  of  in- 
finites. [lv.468] 

TAYLOR,  THOMAS  (d.  1848),  botanist :  B.A. Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1807  ;  M.D. ;  published  '  Muscologia  Bri- 
tauuica,'  1818,  with  Sir  William  Jackson  Hooker  [q.  v  ] ; 
contributed  to  the  '  Flora  Antarctica.'  [Iv.  470] 


TAYLOR 


138] 


TEL /NOG 


TAYLOR.  THOMAS  EDWARD  (1811-1888),  poll- 
ticitin ;  captain  in  the  guards  and  colonel  of  militia ; 
M.P.  in  Dublin,  1841-83;  conservative  \Oup:  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1868  and  1874.  [lv.  47 1  ] 

TAYLOR.     THOMAS     OLANVILLE     (1804-1848), 
astronomer  ;  entered  the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich, 
1820 :    director  of  Madras  Observatory,  1810 :    I 
1844  ;  published  the  •  Madras  General  OaUlogue '  of  stars, 
1844.  [lv.471] 

TAYLOR,  TOM  (1 81 7-1880X  dramatist  and  editor  of 
« Punch';  distinguished  himself  at  Glasgow  Univentty 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge:  fellow,  184 J:  M.A^ 
184S;  professor  of  English  literature  at  London  Unl- 
Tersity,  1846:  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1846;  secretary 
to  the  board  of  health,  1864:  wrote  for  the  • 
Chronicle,'  'Daily  New*/  •  Punch,'  •Time*,*  and 
•  Graphic ' :  editor  of  '  Punch,*  1874-80 :  author  of  nnme- 
roua  works,  Including  biography  of  Haydon,  18ft, 
'Leicester  Square,'  1874,  and  successful  plays, 
•To  Parents  and  Guardians,1  184ft,  and  'Our  American 
Cousin,*  1868,  and  three  historical  dramas.  [lv.  471] 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  (<*.  1423X  heretic:  MA.  Oxford 
and  priest ;  burnt  at  Smith  field,  [lv.  474] 

TAYLOR.  WILLIAM  (1766-1836),  man  of  letter! : 
travelled  abroad,  and  was  introduced  to  Goethe :  became 
an  enthusiast  for  Gorman  literature  and  the  French 
revolution :  attended  the  debate*  in  the  national  assembly 
at  Paris,  1790:  translated  BlirgerV  'Lenore'  into  English 
ballad  metre,  1790,  Lessing's  'Nathan 'and  Goethe's 
'Iphigenia';  wrote  numerous  articles  In  the  'Monthly 
Review,'  'Critical  Review,'  'Athenaeum,'  and  other 

Codicals ;  abounding  in  new  ideas,  and  extending  the 
lish  literary  outlook  ;  became  intimate  with  Southey, 
1798:  contributed  to  the  '  Annual  Anthology,'  1799-1800: 
published  'Tales  of  Yore,'  1810;  'English  Synonyms 
Described,'  1813,  and  his  magnum  oput,  the  •  Historic 
Survey  of  German  Poetry,'  1888-30.  [lv.  474] 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  BENJAMIN  8ARSFIELD 
(1781-1850),  painter  of  landscapes  and  military  subjects  : 
elder  brother  of  John  Sydney  Taylor  [q.  v.]  [lv.  477] 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  COOKE  (1800-1849),  miscel- 
laneous writer ;  B. A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1826 ;  edited 
several  of  Piuuock's  catechisms ;  settled  in  London,  1829 : 
contributed  to  the  '  Athenienm,'  and  produced  a  vast 
number  of  books,  mostly  historical  and  educational,  and 
translations:  LL.D.  Dublin,  ls:!5;  ardent  advocate  for 
national  education  and  free  trade ;  lending  and  original 
member  of  the  British  Association  ;  statistical  writer  for 
the  Irish  government,  1847 :  contributor  to  th<>  •  Evening 
Post '  in  support  of  the  executive,  and  writer  of  party 
pamphlets,  [lv.  478] 

TAYLOR,  WITTEWRONOE  (1719  7-1760),  captain  in 
the  navy  :  took  part  in  the  action  off  Havana,  1748,  and 
the  blockade  of  Brest,  1758-S»,  with  Sir  Edward  (after- 
wards Lord)  Hawke  [q.  v.] ;  shipwrecked  off  Bolt  Head 
in  the  Ramillies.  [lv.  479] 

TAYLOR,  ZACHARY  (1663-1705),  the  'Lancashire 
Levitc':  MA.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1678:  rector  of 
Croxton,  1606;  published  'Submission  and  Obedience  to 
the  present  Government,'  1690,  and  other  tract*  expo-ing 
the  foibles  of  dissenters.  [lv.  480] 

TEACH  or  THATCH,  EDWARD  (d.  1718),  pirate ; 
known  as  Blackboard;  said  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Bristol  and  employed  as  a  privateer  in  the  West  Indies  in 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession  :  after  tin-  i»-a<v  plun- 
dered all  impartially  :  became  a  terror  in  the  West  Indies 
and  off  Carolina  and  Virginia :  was  wrecked  in  Topsail 
Inlet,  North  Carolina,  and  surrendered  at  Bathtown; 
his  conduct  connived  at  by  Governor  Eden,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  continued  hi*  acts  <>f  piracy,  but  was  finally 
killed ;  though  brutal  and  treacherous,  became  the  ideal 
pirate  of  romance.  [Ivi.  1] 

TEDDEMAH.  SIR  THOM  AS(./.  1668  ?),  vice-admiral ; 
rear-admiral  in  the  action  off  Lowestoft,  1666  ;  knighted, 
1666 :  present  at  the  attack  on  Bergen  and  capture  of 
Dutch  ships,  1666 ;  vice-admiral  in  the  fight,  1-4  June 
1666 ;  vice-admiral  of  the  white,  1666.  [Ivi.  J] 

TEEUNO,  BARTHOLOMEW  (1774-1798),  United 
Irishman ;  visited  France  to  bring  about  invasion  of  Ire- 
land, 1796  ;  served  under  the  name  of  Biron  with  Hoche; 


landed  with  the  French  army  at  KUlala,  179§;  was  eap- 
turol  ami  executed.  [Ivi.  S] 

TEELWO,  CHARLES  H  V MILTON (1778-18*0),  Irish 
.o..ri,.,i,.t :  brother  of  BarMrtomew  TeeUnf  [q.  v.],  and 

. 
Rebellion  of  1798,'  1898  ;  »l  t»l  various  journals. 

TEBSDALE.  SIR  (II  >  IIKR  CHARLjfe  (18tt- 

1893 ),  major-general,  R.K. .  a 

i  mm*  [q.  v.]  when  British  onmmtsskmsr  with  ths 
Turkish  army  in  war  with  Him 


TEOO,  THOMAS  (177*-184*X  b 
adventures  went  to  London, 


uii'i  i.r.lluJnt'scnrices  in  defennof  tfars,  18*4-6,  and  at 
battle  of  Kan,  when  he  was  wounded :  became  pru 
of  war  at  the  capitulation  to  t  he  Ruasians  ;  liberated;  i 
C.B.,  and  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  18M : 
1867  ;  equerry  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  (now  Edward  VII), 
LMsXaaa1  tU»4s-t  i  ;.  lo  .-  M  v..-t,,r..i.  ifTTj  s»»ta* 
general,  1887  ;  K.C.M.O.,  1887.  [Ivi.  I] 

TEOAI  ( 1806-1864)i    [See  H uo HEX,  HUGH.] 

after  some 

796 ;  opened  a  shop  at 
1806,  and  made  a  great  reputation  by  hi* 
cheap  reprints  and  abridgments:  sold  fifty  thousand 
copies  of 'The  Whole  Life  of  Nelson  '  after  Trafalgar,  and 
realised  huge  sums  by  Hone's  •  Everyday  Book  and  Table 
Book,'  1824 ;  published  handbooks  and  other  works. 

[Ivi.  6] 

TEGO,  WILLIAM  (1816-1895),  publisher  and  book- 
seller .  son  of  Thomas  Tegg  [q.  v.] ;  publisher  of  school 
and  juvenile  books,  of  reprints  of  standard  works  and 
books  for  export ;  author  of  various  compilations. 

[lTi.7] 

TEGID(  1792-1862).    [See  Joxtti,  JOHN.] 

TEIGNMOTJTH,  first  BARON  (1761-1834).  [See  SHORE, 
JOHN.] 

TELLO  (Jt.  550),  British  saint;  born  near  Tenby  of 
noble  parentage ;  said  with  Paulinus  and  David  (</.  601  ?) 
[q.  v.]  to  have  been  consecrated  bishop  at  Jerusalem ; 
became  bishop  of  Llandaff  on  his  return  and  chief  of  the 
churclies  of  •  dextralis  Britannia,'  other  accounts  m«Hng 
him  successor  to  David.  [Ivi.  7] 

TELFAUt,  CHARLES  (1777  7-1833),  naturalist: 
practised  as  a  surgeon  in  Mauritius :  established  the 
botanical  gardens  at  Mauritius  and  Reunion ;  died  at  Port 
Louis.  [Ivi.  8] 

TELFER.  JAMES  (1800-1862),  minor  poet :  shepherd 
and  country  schoolmaster ;  published  '  Border  Ballads  and 
Miscellaneous  Poems,'  1824,  and  prose  writings. 

TELPORD,  THOMAS  (1757-1834), 
a  Dumfriesshire  nhepherd  ;  worked  as  i 
early  interested  In  literature;  published  poetry  in  Ituddi- 
man's  •  Edinburgh  Magazine,'  1779,  and  'Eskdalc,'  1784, 
which  was  probed  by  Southey ;  worked  at  Edinburgh  as 
a  mason,  1780  ;  went  to  London,  1782  ;  became  surveyor 
of  public  works  for  Shropshire ;  engineer  of  the  EUesmere 
canal.  1793,  in  which  capacity  he  built  the  remarkable 
aqueducts  over  the  Ceiriog  valley  at  Chirk,  1796-1801,  and 
Dee,  1796-1806  ;  Inspected  the  harbours  of  Scotland,  and 
drew  up  exhaustive  reports ;  constructed  the  Caledonian 
canal,  the  most  conspicuous  of  his  achievements,  but  not 
the  most  useful,  ami  which  proved  a  financial  failure,  and 
i.jM-n.il  up  the  northern  counties  of  Scotland  by  990  mils* 
of  now  roods  and  120  new  bridges,  advancing  country  '  at 
least  a  century ' ;  carried  out  improvements  of  Scottish 
harbours,  including  those  of  Wick,  Aberdeen,  Peterhead, 
Banff,  Leith,  and  Dundee  ;  constructed  canal*  and  roads 
in  England,  and  the  Gotha  canal  between  the  Baltic  and 
North  Sea,  1808-10;  first  president  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  tin-  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers,  1818;  erected  the 
Menai  Bridge  (begun,  1819)  on  the  suspension  principle 
(scarcely  tried  before  in  England):  built  bridges  at 
Tewkesbury,  1826,  Gloucester,  1828,  and  Glasgow  and  on 
the  Clyde,  1833,  opened  1836 ;  drew  up  plans  for  im- 
provement of  Dover  harbour,  1834;  borkdin  Westmln. 
ster  Abbey.  Throughout  he  was  animated  by  great  public 


TELYW  00  (.1840-1865).    [See  BVAJSJ,  THOMAS.] 

4  N 


TEMPEST 


1282 


TEMPLE 


TEMPEST,  I'IKKCE  (1653-1717),  printseller  ;  brother 
of  sir  John  T.-mp."t.  tir>t   baronet;  best  known  by  his 
the  City  of  London,'  1711.  [IvL  14] 

TEMPLE.  KAHL  (1711-1779).  [See  OIIKXVILLK, 
RICHAKII  TKMPLK.] 

TEMPLE  DOROTHY  (1627-1695),  wife  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam  Temple  (1628-1699)  [q.  v.]  ;  .laiiirhtcr  of  Sir  Peter 
0*00.9  (1584-1653)  [q.  v.l ;  married  Sir  William  Temple^ 
1655  •  helped  her  husband  in  many  of  his  schemes,  and 
t  friend  of  Queen  Mary  II ;  her  letters  to  Temple, 
IhfcJ  SS&S  MaSay,  published,  1888.  [Ivi.  50] 

TEMPLE  HENRY,  first  VISCOUNT  PALMERS-TON* 
(1673 7-1757),'  son  of  Sir  John  Temple  (1632-1704)  [q.  v.]; 
oint-chief-remembraucer  of  the  Irish  court  of  exchequer, 
1680-  created  Viscount  Palmerston  of  Pnlmerston,  co. 
Dublin.  1723  •  M.P.,  East  Grlnstead,  1727-34,  Bosslney, 
1734-41,  and  Weobly,  1741-7;  supporter  of  Walpole;  ioi- 
nroved  houses  at  East  Sheen  and  Broadlands  ;  quarrelled 
with  Swift,  1726.  rivL15] 

TEMPLE,  HENRY,  second  VISCOUNT  PALMERSTON 
^1739-1802),  grandson  of  Henry  Temple,  first  viscount 
rq  v]-  M P.,  East  Looe,  1762-8,  Southampton,  1768-74, 
HasthW  1774-80,  and  1780-4,  Boroughbridere,  1784-90, 
Newport  (Isle  of  Wight),  1790-6,  and  Winchester,  1796- 
1802;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1766,  and  of  the  treasury, 
1777  ;  was  fond  of  travel  and  social  life,  the  assemblies  at 
Hanover  Square,  London,  being  famous ;  acquainted  with 
Gibbon,  Wilkie,  and  Reynolds;  member  of  'The  Club,' 
1784 :  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1773 :  writer  of  verses  and  of  the 
'  Diary  in  France  during  July  and  August,  1791 '  (pub- 
lished, 1885).  [Ivi.  15] 

TEMPLE,  HENRY  JOHN,  third  VISCOUNT  PALMER- 
STOX  (1784-1865),  statesman  ;  elder  son  of  Henry  Temple, 
second  viscount  Palmerston  [q.  v.] :  born  at  Broadlands,  I 
near  Romsey,  Hampshire;  educated  at  Harrow,  Edin- 
burgh, and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.  jure 
natalium,  Cambridge,  1806 :  succeeded  to  the  peerage, 
1802;  tory  M.P.  for  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  1807;  lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  the  Portland  ministry,  when  he  made 
his  first  speech  (vindicating  diplomatic  secrecy),  1808; 
refused  seat  in  the  cabinet  offered  by  Perceval,  but  ac- 
cepted secretaryship-at-war,  1809 ;  retained  secretaryship 
through  successive  administrations  till  1828,  showing 
energy  in  carrying  out  reforms  and  maintaining  his 
rights :  wounded  by  a  would-be  assassin,  1818 ;  elected 
M.P.  for  Cambridge  University,  1811-31,  when  he  was 
rejected  through  his  support  of  parliamentary  reform ; 
for  Bletchingley,  1831,  South  Hampshire,  1832,  and 
Tiverton,  1835-65  ;  offered  by  Canning  chancellorship  of 
the  exchequer,  but  excluded  from  that  office  by  George  IV, 
1827  ;  remained,  however,  a  Canningite  all  his  life  ;  con- 
tinued in  Goderich's  and  in  Wellington's  ministries,  but 
left  with  the  Cannlngites,  1828 ;  made  his  first  great  speech 
on  foreign  affairs,  attacking  the  government's  policy 
towards  Portugal  and  Greece,  1829,  and  supported  catholic 
emancipation ;  became  foreign  secretary  in  Lord  Grey's 
administration,  1830,  which  office,  except  during  Peel's 
administration  for  four  months,  he  held  during  eleven 
years ;  effected  the  independence  of  Belgium  in  spite  of 
great  difficulties,  and  prevented  acceptance  of  the  Belgian 
throne  by  the  Due  de  Nemours,  1830-1  ;  obtained  the 
Volo  to  Arta  frontier  for  Greece,  1832 ;  G.C.B.,  1832 ; 
supported  Isabella  In  Spain  and  Donna  Maria  in  Portugal 
against  the  pretenders,  Don  Carlos  and  Doni  Miguel,  by 
his  quadruple  alliance,  1834,  and  sent  troops  to  Spain  ; 
supported  Turkey,  in  whose  regeneration  he  believed, 
against  the  encroachments  of  Russia,  but  failed  to  pre- 
vent the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelesi  between  Russia  and 
Turkey,  1833,  and  was  obliged  by  French  patronage  of 
Mohammed  All  to  make  a  treaty  with  Russia,  Austria, 
and  Prussia  to  defend  Turkish  territory  against  the  Egyp- 
tians, 1840 ;  opposed  by  the  cabinet  and  court,  threatened 
hit)  resignation ;  baffled  Mohammed  All  and  concluded 
a  convention  closing  the  Bosphorus  and  Dardanelles  to 
ships  of  all  nations,  1841 :  declared  war  against  China, 
annexed  Hongkong,  and  obtained  opening  of  five  ports, 
184O-1 ;  effected  slave  trade  convention,  1841 ;  showed 
great  prescience  and  firmness  throughout,  and  raised  Eng- 
lish prestige  abroad  ;  '  had  created  Belgium,  saved  Portu- 
gal and  Spain  from  absolutism,  rescued  Turkey  from 
Russia,  and  the  highway  to  India  from  France,'  and  had 
maintained  peace;  attacked  in  opposition,  1841-6,  the 
'Imbecility'  and ' sacrifices '  of  the  government;  became 
foreign  secretary  again  iu  Lord  John  Russell's  administra- 


tion, 1846  :  preserved  Swiss  independence  from  Austrian 
unl  French  interference;  refused  further  support  of  Enfr- 
aii'l  to  the  Orleanist  dynasty,  owing  to  the  Spanish 
narriuges,  1846;  sent  a  fleet  to  re-establish  the  queen  of 
Portugal,  1846;  maintained  attitude  of  neutrality  through 
•he  revolution  period,  desiring  the  establishment  of  :i 
stable  government  in  France  and  Italian  independence ; 
;hrough  a  dictatorial  letter  to  Spain  caused  the  English 
minister's  dismissal  from  Madrid,  1848  ;  allowed  Wool- 
wich to  furnish  arms  to  the  Sicilian  insurgents  ;  procured 
better  terms  for  Sardinia  by  his  intercession,  1849;  ex- 
pressed England's  'disgust'  at  Austrian  severities,  and 
supported  Turkey,  at  the  risk  of  war,  in  her  ref  usal  to  give 
up  to  Russia  and  Austria  Polish  and  Hungarian  refugees, 
L849 ;  compelled  Greece  to  accept  his  terms  in  the  Pacifico 
affair  and  blockaded  the  Piraeus,  1850,  on  which  occasion 
ic  made  his  famous  '  civis  Romanus '  speech,  and  defeated. 
;he  foreign  and  English  conspiracies  to  overthrow  him  ; 
)rought  upon  himself  by  his  independent  action  as  foreign 
minister  Queen  Victoria's  memorandum  of  12  Aug.  185u, 
ind  having  expressed  his  approval  of  Napoleon's  coup 
fttat,  1851,  was  dismissed  by  Lord  John  Russell ;  the 
government  itself  defeated  on  an  amendment  moved  by 
iim  shortly  afterwards ;  refused  to  join,  but  supported 
Jord  Derby's  government ;  on  its  fall  became  home  secre- 
,ary  in  Lord  Aberdeen's  ministry,  1852 ;  resigned  on  the 
question  of  reform,  but  returned  to  office,  1853 ;  advo- 
cated in  vain  vigorous  action  in  resisting  Russia ;  on  the 
outbreak  of  war  proposed  the  Crimean  campaign ;  the 
conduct  of  the  war  refused  him  by  Aberdeen,  on  which 
Russell  resigned,  and  the  ministry  fell,  1855 :  became 
>rime  minister  at  a  time  of  immense  difficulty  and  danger : 
»mpelled  by  France  and  Austria  to  agree  to  the  treaty  of 
Paris  (1856),  by  which,  however,  the  integrity  of  Turkey 
tvas  guaranteed;  K.G.,  1856;  opposed  French  projects 
!or  partition  of  Turkish  territories  in  Africa;  opposed 
:he  construction  of  the  Suez  Canal;  defeated  on  the 
3hina  war  question,  but  returned  to  power  again  with 
increased  majority  at  general  election,  1857  ;  underrated 
at  first  seriousness  of  Indian  mutiny,  but  took  prompt 
measures  for  relief  of  English  garrisons  ;  was  defeated  on 
the  Conspiracy  to  Murder  Bill,  1858,  and  resigned,  but 
again  became  prime  minister,  1859 ;  supported  advance  of 
[taly  towards  independence;  strengthened  the  national 
defences;  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1861  ;  lord  rector 
of  Glasgow  University,  1863 ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1862, 
and  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1864;  maintained  neutrality 
during  the  American  civil  war,  but  on  seizure  of  pas- 
sengers on  a  British  steamer  sent  guards  to  Canada,  while 
the  escape  of  the  Alabama  from  Birkenhead  was  caused 
by  the  hesitation  of  the  law  officers ;  attempted  in  vain  to 
protect  the  Poles,  1863,  and  Denmark  from  Austria  and 
Prussia  ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  [Ivi.  16] 

TEMPLE,  JAMES  (fl.  1640-1668),  regicide ;  served  in 
the  parliamentary  army ;  commissioner  for  the  sequestra- 
tion of  delinquents'  estates,  1643 ;  M.P.  for  Bramber  in 
the  Long  parliament,  1645  ;  governor  of  Tilbury  fort, 
1649;  one  of  Charles  I's  judges,  signing  the  death- 
warrant,  1649 ;  was  excepted  from  the  act  of  oblivion, 
1660;  arrested  and  tried,  but  adducing  evidence  of  ser- 
vices to  the  royalists  escaped  execution.  [Ivi.  33] 

TEMPLE,  SIR  JOHN  (1600-1677),  master  of  the  rolls, 
in  Ireland  ;  son  of  Sir  William  Temple  (1555-1627)  [q.  v.]  : 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  entered  the  personal 
service  of  Charles  I :  knighted,  1628  ;  master  of  the  rolls 
in  Ireland,  1640,  suspended,  1643,  reappointed,  1655,  and 
confirmed  at  the  Restoration ;  assisted  the  government  ou, 
outbreak  of  the  rebellion,  1641,  but  took  the  parliamentary 
side  in  civil  war,  and  was  imprisoned  and  suspended,  1643  : 
M.P.  for  co.  Meath,  1642,  1646;  published  his  'Irish 
Rebellion,'  inflaming  popular  indignation  against  the 
Irish,  1646  :  joint-administrator  of  the  great  seal  of  Ire- 
land, 1647,  but  voting  for  compromise  with  Charles  I  was 
excluded  from  the  house ;  served  on  various  commissions ; 
received  grants  of  laud ;  made  privy  councillor  at  the 
Restoration.  [Ivi.  34] 

TEMPLE,  SIR  JOHN  (1632-1704),  speaker  of  the 
Irish  parliament ;  son  of  Sir  John  Temple  (1600-1677) 
[q.  v.]  :  solicitor-general  of  Ireland,  1660:  knighted,  1661 ; 
M.P.,  Carlow,  and  speaker  of  the  Irish  parliament,  1661 ; 
attorney-general,  1690.  [Ivi.  35] 

TEMPLE,  SIR  PETER,  second  baronet  of  Stowe  < isna  - 
1653),  parliamentarian ;  M.11.,  Buckingham;  knighted, 
1641. 


TEMPLE 


Tlf.NLSON 


TEMPLE,  1'KTKK  (1800-1663),  regldde  :  of  Temple 
Jlall :  iii.-inix  r  <>i  the  county  association  for  defence, 
164-.' :  < -iiptam  of  lior.ne ;  aooosed  of  cowardice  at  Leicester, 
1646.  Hii'iiM  Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649;  excepted 
from  tl,.-  n  -t  of  oblivion  at  the  Restoration,  an<i  impri- 
-.<on.<l  in  the  Tower  of  London  till  hi*  death,  his  estate 
Ming  confiscated,  [lvi.»6] 

TEMPLE,  sm  RICHARD,  third  baronet  (1634-1697X 
politician  ;  son  of  Sir  Peter  Temple,  second  baronet  of 
•!  >'..  Warwickshire,  1654,  Buckingham,  1659  and 
..•\«vpt  in  the  parliament  of   1679);  a  seeret 
royalist ;  K.H.,  1661 :  senior  commissioner  of  customs, 
1C71 ;  prominent  member  of  the  country  party:  sealoot 
those  accused  in  the  Popish  plot,  and  for  the 
VM  lu-ion  lull ;  dismissed  by  James  II :  later  supporter 
of  William  111  in  the  Commons ;  author  of  works  on  taxa- 
tion and  the  coinage,  [Ivi.  17] 

TEMPLE,  SIK  RICHARD,  V0OOUXT  OoBRAM  and 
fourth  baronet  of  Stowe  (16697-1749),  general;  eldest 
aon  of  Sir  Richard  Temple  (1634-1697)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  1697:  M.P.,  Buckinghamshire,  1704  and  1706, 
Buckingham,  1708  and  1710 ;  served  as  colonel  in  Mart- 
borough'*  campaigns,  especially  distinguishing  himself 
at  Lille,  1708  ;  made  baron,  1714,  and  Viscount  Cobham, 


i'elhams ;  created  field-marshal  and  appointed  colonel  of 
bone  guards,  1743 ;  resigned  his  commission  ae  a  protest 
against  the  Hanoverian  policy ;  rebuilt  Stowe  and  laid 
out  the  famous  gardens ;  patron  of  literati  and  celebrated 
by  Pope  and  Oougreve ;  member  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club. 

[Ivi.  88] 

TEMPLE,  Sm  THOMAS  (1614-1674),  governor  of 
Acadia ;  grandson  of  Sir  lUchard  Temple,  first  baronet  of 
Stowe  ;  appointed  governor  of  Acadia  by  Oliver  Cromwell ; 
misted  French  claims  in  Acadia  till  its  cession  ( 1667)  to 
the  French ;  created  baronet  of  Nova  Scotia,  1663. 

TEMPLE,  SIB  WILLIAM  (1665-1627),  fourth  provost 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  belonged  to  the  Stowe  family ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  fellow, 
1578:  M.A.  1581  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1681);  cham- 
pion of  the  Rainist  system  of  logic:  published  several 
tracts  attacking  the  followers  of  Aristotle,  and  an  anno- 
tated edition  of  Ramus's '  Dialectics,'  1584  (dedicated  to 
lilip  Sidney):  became  master  of  Lincoln  grammar 
school  and    Sir    Philip  Sidney's    secretary,    1685;    with 
y  at  his  death  in  1586  ;  became  secretary  to  the  Earl 
of  Essex :  M.P.,  Tamworth.  1597  ;  his  fortunes  prejudiced 
:. -sex's  fall :  made  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1609,  where  he  carried  out  many  useful  reforms  ;  master 
in  chancery  at  Dublin,  1610 ;  MJ>.  in  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment for  Dublin  University,  1613 ;  knighted,  1622. 

[Ivi.  40] 

TEMPLE,  Sin  WILLIAM  (162R-1 699), statesman  and 
author;  son  of  Sir  John  Temple  (1600-1677)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Emmanuel    College,  Cambridge;    travelled  abroad  and 
|  studied  foreign  languages ;  met  Dorothy  Osborne  [q.  v.], 
whom  in  1655  he  married  ;  resided  in  Ireland  and  became 
Irish  M.P. ;  settled  at  Sheen,  1663  :  sent  on  a  mission  to 
the  prince-bishop  of  Monster,  1665,  which  proved  entirely 
unsuccessful:  subsequently  made  envoy  at  Brussels  and 
baronet,   1666 :    visited  the   Hague,  cultivated  relations 
with    John    de    Witt,   and   effected  the  triple  alliance 
between  Kuiriunr].  Holland, and  Sweden,  aiming  at  the  pro- 
tection of  Spain  ri-*m  French  ambition,  1668;  appointed 
ambassador  at  the  K<gne,  but  his  useful  political  plans 
}y  frustrated  by  Charles  II's  secret  understanding 
with  Louis  XIV:  ordered  to  n-turn  privately  to  England, 
1670:   being  received  coldly  withdrew  to  Sheen:  wrote 
hi-  *  Essay  upon  the  Present  State  ...  of  Ireland,'  1668, 
..-inning  the   Mate  gettleL^mt,'   bat  recommending 
otic  severity:  published  'Bssay  upon  the  Original 
and  Nature  of  Government,'  1671  (anticipating  FUmer's 
patriarchal  theory),  'Observations  upon  ...  the  Nether- 
I  lands,'  1672,  and  bis  majestic  '  Letter  to  the  Countess  of 
I  Easex ' ;  went  again  to  the  Hague,  1674,  where  be  brought 
uNmt  marriage  between  William  of  Orange  and  Mary: 
offered  secretaryship  of  state,  1677  ;  too*  part  in  the  con- 
re   at    Nimeguen,  bat  disapprove^  of   the  treaty, 
w:n  offered  secretaryship  again,  and  again  refused 
it ;  privy  council  revived  under  his  sponsorship,  1679, 


but  inner  committee 
arbitrary  government 

.V.         V   '   .  .','••   '  '•  ,:   Pr  ..        .... 

chased  Moor  Park :  took  no  part  in  the  revelation,  bat 
MMented  himself  at  Windsor  after  James  ll's 


flight ;  refused  the  secretaryship ;  received  Swift  in  his 

l,o  :   .-  .      ••'  i:.      .M      • ••'.        -    :-   .:,      ....'...•         < 

*  Memoirs  • ;  vUited  freqoentiy  and  consulted  by  WU- 
poblkbed  his  two  volumes  of  sbeaye  <•  MUoel- 
lanea'X  1680  and  1693.  ineloding  that  on  'Ancient  and 
Modern  Learning.'  a  literary  and  not  a  critical  eawy: 
oncritlcally  considered  the  'Bpiettes  of  Phalaris'  to  be 

•niM,  ud  tat*  M  Md  MI  •** 


genuine,  and  began,  bat  did  not  pabtlsh,  a  reply  to 
Bentley:  published  'An  Introdoction  to  the  History  of 
England,'  1696,  and  •  Poems  by  Sir  W.  T/  (privately 
printed):  burled  in  Westminster  Abbey.  As  author  his 

mm  BsUta  •!•-. .;>•;'"•"•<  bl  r,:M,M.,nt,  -,.::.  „..•,' 
finish,  y"d  fmanHpatioo  from  |***g  parentheses  •!"* 
•merflaooj  qoatettam,  n  -  mcM  t§  .r.  DOW.  IN  m  me, 
chiefly  valuable  for  the  picture  they  afford  of  the  cul- 
tured gentleman  of  the  period.  [lvL  43] 

TEMPLE,  WILLIAM  JOHNSTONS  or  JOHNSON 
(1789-1796), essayist:  friend  of  Gray  and  Boswell:  edu- 
cated with  Boswell  at  Edinburgh  University :  scholar  of 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  17*9  ;  law  student  with  Boswell 
in  London,  1762 :  returned  to  Cambridge :  LL.B.  Cam- 
bridge, 1766;  became  acquainted  with  Gray  and  with 
Dr.  Johnson,  1766;  rector  of  Mamhead :  wrote  a  charac- 
ter of  Gray,  subsequently  incorporated  by  Dr. 
in  '  Lives  of  the  Port* ' ;  vicar  of  Gluvias,  1776 ;  publUtad 
•  An  Essay  on  the  Clergy,'  1774,  and  other  works.  He 
was  grandfather  of  Dr.  Frederick  Temple,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  [Ivi.  51] 

TEMPLEMAN,  PETER  (1711-1769),  physician: 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  School,  Trinity  Colege, 
Cambridge,  and  Luyden ;  M.D.  Leyden.  1737:  keeper  of 
reading  room  at  British  Museum,  1758;  corresponding 
member  of  foreign  societies  and  author.  [Ivi.  53] 

TEMPLETON,  JOHN  (1766-18S5V,  Irish  naturalist ; 
associate  of  the  Linnean  Society  ;  added  ROM  hflxrnica 
and  Orobanctu  rubra  to  the  list  of  Irish  flora ;  contri- 
buted important  articles  to  Smith's  •  English  Botany,' 
« Flora  Britannica,'  and  works  on  every  branch  of  natural 
history,  his  collection  of  mosses  and  lichens  being  very 
extensive.  [Ivi.  54] 

TEMPLETON.  JOHN  (1802-1R86),  tenor  vocalist: 
took  the  part  of  Don  Ottavio  in  'Don  Giovanni':  Rang 
with  Molibrun,  1833-6.  [IvL  55] 

TEMPLO,     RICHARD    DB    (/.  1190-1339).       [See 

RlCHAIU).] 

TENCH,  WATKIN  (1759 7-1833),  »oldier  and  author; 
served  in  America  as  lieutenant  of  marines  and  was  taken 
prisoner,  1778;  accompanied  Arthur  Phillip  [q.  v.]  to 
Au>tralia,  1787,  and  published  'A  Narrative  of  the  Expe- 
dition to  Botany  Bay,'  1789,  and  •  A  Complete  Account  of 
.  .  .  Port  Jackson,'  1793 :  taken  prisoner  on  board  the 
Alexandra  by  the  French,  1794;  published  •  Letter* 
written  in  France,'  1796;  major-general,  1811.  [Ivi.  M] 

TEWISOH,  EDWARD  (167S-17W),  bishop  of  Oisory: 
cousin  of  Thomas  Tenison  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
School;  B.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1694: 
LL.B.  Lambeth,  1697 :  D.D.  Lambeth,  1731 :  prebendary 
of  Canterbury,  1709 :  bishop  of  Ossory,  1731-5 ;  edited 


two  books  of  Columella,  1732,  and  publish 


[Ivi. 


kinsman  of  Thomas  Tenison  [<; 

Mskflt, 

Dublin, 

tenant;    appointal    bUhop   of    Killala, 

England  at  the  revolution ;    bishop  of   Clogber,  1C91 ; 

transited  to  Meath,  1697.  [Ivi.  M] 

TENISON,  THOMAS(163«-1715),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury: edncated  at  Norwich  free  school:  scholar ^of 
Oorpos  Onristi  College,  Cambridge,  1643:  fellow,  1659: 
MJL  1660  (Incorporated  at  Oxford.  1664):  DJX,  1680: 
as  vicar  of  St.  AiKlrw-the^iwt,  Cambridge,  gatoed  credit 
by  his  ministrations  during  the  plague:  published  'The 
Creed  of  Mr.  Hoboes  examlned7ie70,  and  In  1678, 
Bd-ADUcoum  of  IdoUtry':  after  other 

4vi 


TENNANT 


1284 


TERRIEN 


church  preferment*,  became  rector  of  St.  Martin-in-the- 
flelds,  London,  1680  :  published  'An  Argument  for  Union,' 
1683:  ministered  to  Monmouth  before  execution,  1G85  ; 
won  fame  by  his  controversy  with  the  Jesuits  and  pub- 
lished several  pamphlets:  attacked  Louis  XIV;  ioin.tl 
the  seven  bishops  in  their  celebrated  declaration,  1688; 
active  in  philanthropic  works ;  established  a  school  and 
the  first  public  library  in  Londou  in  his  parish,  1695 ; 
preached  the  funeral  sermon  on  Ni-11  Gwynne  :  made  arch- 
deacon of  London  by  William  III,  1689  ;  prominent  for 
his  '  moderation  towards  dissenters ' ;  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1691-4 ;  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1694 ;  revived  juris- 
diction of  the  archbishop's  court  and  deprived  bishop 
Thomas  Watson  (1637-1717)  [q.  v.]  of  his  see  for  simony ; 
voted  for  attainder  of  Sir  John  Fen  wick,  1696  ;  lost  favour 
in  Queen  Anne's  reign  ;  urged  the  electress  Sophia  to  come 
to  England ;  took  active  measures  to  secure  accession  of 
George  I :  one  of  the  founders  of  the  S.P.G.  [Ivi.  67] 

TENNANT,  CHARLES  (1768-1838),  manufacturing 
chemist :  studied  bleaching  processes  at  Wellmeadow ; 
took  out  patent  for  a  bleaching  liquor,  proved,  however, 
in  Tennant  v.  Slater  to  have  been  employed  before  ;  esta- 
blished chemical  works  at  St.  Rollox,  near  Glasgow,  1800. 

[IvL  60] 

TENNANT,  SIR  JAMES  (1789-1854),  brigadier- 
general  ;  educated  at  Marlow  military  school :  took  part 
in  capture  of  Cape  Town,  1806,  and  in  that  of  Kalinjar, 
1812 ;  in  successful  operations  on  the  Ramgarh  ridge, 
1814-15  ;  employed  in  thePindariaud  Maratha  war,  1817- 
1819 ;  present  at  the  taking  of  Bhartpur,  1825 ;  member 
of  special  committee  of  artillery  officers,  1836,  and  as  such 
performed  valuable  services ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1837 ; 
commanded  fort  artillery  in  the  Gwalior  campaign,  1843 ; 
commandant  of  artillery  at  Cawnpore,  1844 ;  commanded 
artillery  at  battle  of  Chilian  wal:i  and  Gujerat :  mentioned 
in  despatches,  received  thanks  of  parliament  and  made 
C.B.,  1849  ;  K.O.B.,  1852  ;  died  at  Mian  Mir.  [Ivi.  61] 

TENNANT,  JAMES  (1808-1881),  mineralogist:  pur- 
chased mineral  business  in  London  ;  teacher  of  geological 
mineralogy  and  of  geology  at  King's  College  and  Wool- 
wich: superintended  the  recutting  of  the  Koh-i-uor : 
F.G.S.,  1838;  published  works  dealing  with  gems  and 
fossils.  [Ivi.  62] 

TENNANT,  SMITHSON  (1761-1815),  chemist  ;  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  Christ's  College,  and  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  M.D.  Cambridge,  1 796 ;  F.R.S.,  1785; 
Copley  medallist,  Roynl  Society,  1804;  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Cambridge,  1813  ;  supplied  the  analytical 
proof  of  the  composition  of  fixed  air,  proved  the  diamond 
to  consist  of  carbon,  and  in  1804  discovered  osmium  and 
indium.  [Ivi.  63] 

TENNANT,  WILLIAM  (1784-1848),  linguist  and 
poet;  studied  at  St.  Andrews  University  ;  learned  Hebrew, 
Arabic,  Syriac,  and  Persian :  parish  schoolmaster ;  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  and  oriental  languages,  St.  Mary's  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews,  1834-48 ;  among  other  works  published 
poems,  'The  Anster  Concert,'  1811,  and  'Auster  Fair,' 
1812,  the  latter  immediately  making  him  famous ;  author 
also  of  historical  and  biblical  dramas,  and  of  a  '  Syriac 
and  Chaldee  Grammar,'  1840.  [Ivi.  64] 

TENNENT,  HAMILTON  TOVEY-  (1782-1866X  [See 
TOVKV-TKXNKNT.] 

TENNENT,  SIR  JAMES  EMERSON,  first  baronet 
(1804-1869),  traveller,  politician,  and  author;  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ;  visited  Greece  and  other 
countries,  1824  ;  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1831 ; 
M.P.,  Belfast,  1832 ;  supporter  of  Earl  Grey  till  1834,  and 
later  of  Peel ;  promoter  of  the  Copyright  of  Designs  Bill ; 
secretary  to  the  India  board,  1841-3 ;  knighted,  1845 ; 
filled  various  official  posts  at  home  and  at  Ceylon  ;  hon. 
LL.D.,  1861 ;  created  baronet,  1867  ;  F.R.S.,18«2;  author 
of  several  works,  including  •  Ceylon,'  1859.  [Ivi.  65] 

TENNYSON,  ALFRED,  first  BARON  TENNYSON 
(1809-1892),  poet :  fourth  son  of  George  Tennyson,  rector 
of  Somersby  ;  born  at  Somersby  ;  educated  chiefly  by  his 
father ;  published  with  his  brother  Charles  '  Poems  by 
two  Brothers,'  1827;  matriculated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1828;  became  acquainted,  among  others, 
with  Arthur  Hallam ;  studied  seriously  and  won  chan- 
cellor's medal  for  English  verse  with  '  Timbuctoo,'  1829 ; 
published  'Poems,  chiefly  Lyrical,'  1830;  travelled  with 
Hallam  in  the  Pyrenees  and  on  the  Rhine,  1832;  pub- 


lished (1832)  'Poems.'  including  some  of  his  noblest 
pieces  (unfavourably  reviewed) ;  wrote  (1833)  sections  ofi 
'In  Mi-moriam'  and  'The  Two  Voices,'  both  being  the 
expression  of  his  i/rief  for  Hallam,  who  had  died  in  1833  ; 
became  engaged  to  Emily  Sellwood,  though  not  married 
till  1860:  resided  siuvi-ssively  with  his  family  after  leav- 
ing Somersby,  1837,  in  Eppiug  Forest,  and  at  Tunbridge 
Wells  and  Boxley ;  introduced  to  Gladstone,  1837;  pub- 
lished 'Poems,'  1842,  which  went  through  many  editions 
and  was  attacked  by  Lord  Lytton  ;  lost  money  in  Allen's 
•  wood-carving  by  machinery,'  and  given  by  Peel  pen- 
sion of  200J. ;  published  the  '  Princess,'  1847,  and  '  In 
Memoriam,'  1860,  the  latter  being  welcomed  with  greater 
appreciation  by  the  public  than  by  the  critics  and  theo- 
logians of  the  time  :  poet  laureate  on  the  death  of  Words- 
worth, 1850;  travelled  in  Italy  with  his  wife,  1851;  re- 
sided at  Twickenham  ;  wrote  the  '  Ode '  on  the  death  of 
Wellington  and  the  '  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade,1 1854  ; 
took  up  his  residence  at  Farringford,  Isle  of  Wight,  1853 ; 
published  '  Maud,'  1865,  the  poem  being  universally  dig- 
liked  at  the  time;  published  'Idylls  of  the  King'  in  1859, 
from  which  date  his  fame  and  popularity  continued  till 
his  death,  his  treatment  of  the  Arthurian  legends  at  once 
taking  hold  of  the  popular  imagination;  travelled  in 
England  and  abroad,  1860-2 ;  published  '  Enoch  Arden,' 
1864,  the  volume  including  '  The  Northern  Farmer :  Old 
Style,'  one  of  his  most  popular  pieces;  published  the 
'Holy  Grail'  and  other  poems,  1869;  began  building 
Aldworth,  his  second  residence,  near  Haslemere,  1868; 
published  ' Gareth  and  Lynette,'  1872,  'Queen  Mary,'  1875, 
and  'Harold,'  1876,  literary  dramas ;  'The  Falcon'  and 
'The  Cup,'  1884;  reprinted  'The  Lover's  Tale,'  1879; 
visited  Venice,  Bavaria,  and  Tyrol,  1880;  published 
'Ballads  and  Poems,'  1880;  produced  'The  Promise  of 
May,'  1882,  and '  Becket,'  1884  ;  made  a  peer,  1884 ;  pub- 
lished 'Tiresias  and  other  Poems,'  1886,  'Locksley  Hall, 
sixty  years  after,'  1886;  wrote  'Vastness,'  1887;  pro- 
duced '  Demeter  and  other  Poems,'  1889,  including  '  Merlin 
and  the  Gleam'  and  'Crossing  the  Bar':  brought  out 
'Robin  Hood,'  1891,  and  'Lines  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke 
of  Clarence,'  1892 ;  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  A  '  life* 
of  him  was  published  by  his  son,  1897.  [Ivi.  66] 

TENNYSON,  CHARLES  (1808-1879).  [See  TURNER, 
CHARLES  TENNYSON.] 

TENNYSON,  FREDERICK  (1807-1898),  poet ;  elder 
brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton ; 
distinguished  himself  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
B.A.,  1832  ;  contributed  to  the  '  Poems  by  Two  Brothers,' 
and  published  '  Days  and  Hours,'  1854,  '  The  Isles  of 
Greece,'  1890,  and  other  volumes  of  verse.  [Ivi.  75] 

TENTERDEN,  titular  EARL  OP  (<l.  1696>  [See 
HALES,  SIR  EDWARD.] 

TENTERDEN,  BARONS.  [See  ABBOTT,  CHARLES, 
first  BARON,  1762-1832  ;  ABBOTT,  CHARLES  STUART 
AUBREY,  third  BARON,  1834-1882.] 

TEONGE,  HENRY  (1621-1690),  chaplain  in  the  navy 
and  diarist,  his  '  Diary  of  Henry  Teonge,  1675-1679,'  being 
published,  1825.  [Ivi.  76] 

TERHL,  ANTHONY  (1621-1676).  [See  BONVILLE, 
ANTHONY.] 

TERNAN  or  TERRENAN  (</.  431  ?),  archbishop  of 
the  Rets  ;  '  a  disciple  of  the  blessed  Palladius '  [q.  v.]  ;  died 
and  was  buried  at  Bauchory  on  the  Dee ;  also  identified 
with  Torannan,  abbot  of  Baugor.  [Ivi.  77] 

TERNAN,  FRANCES  ELEANOH  (1803  ?-1873> 
[See  JARMAN.] 

TERNE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1620-1673),  physician; 
M.D.  Leyden  (incorporated  first  at  Cambridge  and  thea 
at  Oxford);  F.R.C.P.,  1655  ;  lecturer  and  author :  F.H.s. 

[Ivi.  77] 

TERRICK,  RICHAPJ  (1710-1777),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough  and  of  London  ;  M.A.,  1733 ;  D.D.,  1747,  Clara 
College,  Cambridge ;  fellow.  1731 ;  preacher  at  the  Rolls 
Chapel,  1736-67 ;  chaplain  to  the  speaker  and  canon  of 
Windsor  and  St.  Paul's  :  chaplain  to  George  II  :  vicar  of 
Twickenham,  1749  :  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1757  ;  attach- 
ing himself  to  Bute  became  bishop  of  London  and  privy- 
councillor,  1764  :  prosecuted  mass-houses,  1766.  [Ivi.  78] 

TERRIEN  'JE  LA  COUPERIE,  ALBERT  ETIENNB 
JEAN  BAPTI.STE  (rf.  1894),  orientalist;  born  in  Nor- 


TERRISS 


THACKWELL 


rnundy;  descendant  of  th-  r,,rni«h  Terrien  family: 
studieil  oriental  lanenav.'^  at  Hongkong ;  published  'Du 
Langatrc,' Ih'j?  :  demonstrated  affinity  between  Chinese 
•chnrart.-rs  and  early  Akkadian  hieroglyphics  :  R.A.S., 
1879  ;  professor  of  comparative  philosophy  at  University 
College,  London.  IHHI ;  publi-h.it  '  Th*-  Oldest  Book  of  the 
Chinese,'  1892,  and  several  other  works,  mostly  dealing 
uith  Chinese,  [IvL  79} 

TERRISS,  WILLIAM  (1847-1897),  actor ;  hi*  true 
name  WII.UAM  CHARMS  JAMBH  LKWIX  ;  educated  at 
•Christ's  Hn-pital.  Ixmdou :  joined  the  merchant  service, 
but  ran  away  ;  after  other  adventures  appeared  first  as 
«ctor  ut  Prince  of  Wales'*  Theatre,  Birmingham,  1887 : 
play iil  numerous  parts.  Including  many  original  ones.  In 
variou>  London  theatres,  Including  that  of  Squire  Thorn- 
hill  in  WilU's' Olivia,'  1878,  at  the  Court  Theatre,  Cha- 
teau-Heimud  in  the  'Corsican  Brothers 'at  the  Lyceum, 
1880,  and  Shakespearean  characters ;  accompanied  Irving 
to  America,  1883,  ami  Miss  Mill  ward,  1889 ;  assassinated 
while  entering  the  Adelphl  Theatre,  London.  [Ivl.  80] 

TERROT,  CHARLES  (1758-1839),  general,  royal  artil- 
lery ;  as  lieutenant  took  part  in  repulse  of  the  Americans 
at  Three  Rivers,  Canada,  1776.  and  in  capture  of  Ticon- 
deroga,  1777:  employed  on  Canadian  defences,  1780-4; 
took  part  in  the  campaign  against  the  French  In  Madras, 
1792-3,  and  in  the  Duke  of  York's  campaign  in  the 
Netherlands,  1798 ;  thanked  for  his  services  at  Walcheren, 
1809 ;  major-general,  1811 ;  general,  1837.  [Ivl.  81] 

TERROT,  CHARLES  HUGHES  (1790-1872),  t.N.op 
of  Edinburgh :  descendant  of  French  exiled  protestunta ; 
B.A.  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1812 ; 
Seatonian  prizeman,  1X16  :  pastor  of  St.  Peter's,  Edin- 
burgh, 1817;  bishop,  1841-62;  published  sermons  and 
charges.  [1  vi.  83] 

TERRY,  DANIEL  (17807-1829),  actor  and  play- 
wright ;  played  flret  at  Bath  Heartwell  in  the  '  Prize,'  and 
subsequently  joined  the  companies  of  the  elder  Mac-ready 
and  Stephen  Kemble  [q.  v.] :  acted  also  in  Liverpool  and 
Edinburgh  ;  appeared  first  in  London  at  the  Haymarket, 
1812  :  played  there  and  at  Covent  Garden  numerous  parts, 
Including  Shakespeare  and  Sheridan  characters,  and  many 
original  roles,  his  acting  of  Frederick  William  of  Prussia 
In  Abbott's  '  Youthful  Days  of  Frederick  the  Great,'  1817, 
raising  his  reputation  to  it*  highest  point ;  played  subse- 
quently at  Drury  Lane ;  Uvame,  with  Frederick  Henry 
Yates  [q.  v.],  manager  of  the  Adelphi,  1825,  but  lost  his 
powers  through  financial  worry  ;  intimate  with  Sir 
Walter  Scott  [q.  v.],  whose  manner  and  speech  be  imi- 
tated, and  with  whom  he  corresponded,  ad  vising  him  ou 
many  literary  questions  and  on  the  building  of  Abbots- 
ford  ;  his  actiiig  highly  esteemed  by  Scott :  expressed 
well  the  workings  of  |x>werful  or  agonised  minds,  and  in 
comedy  excelled  in  old  men.  [IvL  83] 

TERRY,  EDWARD  (1590-1660),  writer  of  travels : 
If. A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1614:  went  to  India  as 
chaplain  in  the  Kast  India  Company's  fleet,  1616,  and  in 
a  mission  to  Mandoa,  1617 :  published  'A  Voyage  to  Bast 
India,'  1655,  and  other  works,  [Ivi.  86] 

TERRY  or  TIRREYE,  JOHN  (1555 ?-1625), divine: 
of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  :  fellow  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1576;  M.A.,  1582;  anti-Roman 
catholic  writer.  [Ivi.  8<  ] 

TESDALE.  TEASDALE.  or  TI8DALE,  THOMAS 
<1547-1G10),  'co-founder  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford'; 
•maltster.  The  feoffees  under  his  will  acquiesced  in  the 
project  of  a  new  college,  and  the  existing  foundation  of 
Broadgates  Hall  '  was  erected  by  the  name  of  Pembroke 
sOollege.'  1624.  [Ivt.  87] 

TESIM01TD,  aUa»  GRKKNWAT,  OSWALD  (1W3- 
1636),  Jesuit:  aliat  PHILIP  BEAUMONT:  educated  at  Rome 
«nd  Joined  Jesuits,  1684 ;  came  to  England  and  was  charged 
with  complicity  in  the  '  Gunpowder  plot ' ;  was  arrested, 
but  escaped  abroad  and  died  at  Naples :  his  '»ntoblo- 
graphv'  printed  in  Morris's  'Troubles  of  our  Catholic 
Forefathers.'  [Ivt  87] 

.     TEVIOT,   EARL  OF  (d.  1664).    [See  RUTHERFORD, 
ANDRKW.] 

TEVIOT,    VISCOCXT   (1652  7-1711).      [Sec   LIVING- 

STQXE,  Sitt  TlIOMAS.] 


TEWKESBURY,  JuIIN  (<*.  1869).      [Bee  Ttrmtxn, 

THACKERAY.    FRANCIS  '(lTtl-1841),   author   of 
A  History  of  Willlan. 
other  worb  ;  curate ;  M.A.  Pa 

1817  ;  uncle  of  William  Itakep 


nHVBLL  (CTI 


THACKERAY,     FREDERICK 

^vfflLn^rgssrc&'&s 

as  lieutenant,  R.K..  at  Gibraltar  and  in  the  Bast  Indies, 
.u.i  tl  theea*  o»d  -  :  MM  IfM,  adfwsdbb,  i»:it    . 

.  .       ..::.:-..  :••...,•.-.:...• 

sj  meosHfdl  sttstfl  •  •  Sfc  ••'  •*•».  1909 \ 
Jring  of 


mentioned  In  despatches  for  services  in  taking  of  S 

;,r..!i...!,-.  i  „,  ,  .  .r.:  -I-  .  t«.  -k 


Sent* 

M.iun.  loir.n,  -I,.,-  1-.:  :u.  I  ; 

sjMfe  th-  tuqESS&m  uag    >. 

present  at  battle  of  Cartalla,  and  at  investment  of  Tarra- 

gona, 1813;  coloneU  R.B^  18J»  ;  C.B..1M1;  general,  18*4. 

[Ivt.  88] 

THACKERAY,  GEORGE  (1777-18W),  provost  of 
King's  College,  Cambrklge;  brother  of  Frederick  Kennell 
Thackeray  [q.  v.]  :  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
:.  llow  of  King's  College,  1800:  M.A..  180t  :  D.D. 
by  royal  mandate,  1814:  provost  of  King's  College,  1814- 
18&0  ;  book-collector  and  chaplain  to  George  III  and  hi. 

[lTi.90] 


THACKERAY,  WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  (1811- 
1863),  novelist:  bom  at  Calcutta:  only  child  of  Rich- 
mond Tlnckeray,  collector  in  India:  descended  from  a 
Yorkshire  yeoman  family :  wait  to  England,  1817  ;  edu- 
cated at  Chiswick.  at  the  Charterhouse,  London,  18il-8, 
under  John  Russell  (1787-1863)  [q.  v.],  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1829-30,  where  be  studied  little,  but 
\vrot<>  numerous  verses  ;  travelled  abroad  and  visited 
Goethe  at  Weimar  :  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  1831,  hot 
soon  abandoned  the  legal  profession  :  purchased  •  The 
National  Standard  awl  Journal  of  LiU-rature,  Science. 
Music,  Theatrical*,  and  the  Fine  Arts,'  1833,  which  wan 
unsuccessful ;  had  meanwhile  spent  his  fortune  and  wttled 
at  Paris  to  study  drawing ;  engaged  in  various  literary 
experiment* :  published  •  Flore  et  Zx-phyr '  (satirical 
drawing* X  1836<  anu>  became  Paris  correspondent  of  the 
•  Constitutional,'  which  failed :  married  Isabella  Sbawe, 


1836 ;  returned  to  England,  1837  :  wrote  for  'The 
for  •  Fraser's  Magazine,'  to  which  he  contributed  the 
'  V(  llowplush  Correspondence,'  and  for  other  journals ; 
separated  from  his  wife  on  account  of  her  insanity  : 
published  the  '  Paris  Sketch-book,'  1840,  •  Comic  Tales 
ami  Sketches,'  1841,  the  'History  of  Samuel Titmarsh  and 
the  Great  Hoggarty  Diamond/  1841,  the  •  Irish  Sketch- 
book,' 1H43  (the  result  of  a  tour  in  Ireland  In  1842). 
'Conihill  to  Cairo,'  1846,  and  the  '  Luck  of  Barry  Lyndon.' 
IKK,,  none  of  these, however, being  cuccessful :  contributed 
to  '  Punch,'  1842-64,  both  with  peu  and  pencil,  and  gained 
celebrity  by  the  'Snob  Papers,'  which  flnt  appeared  in 
•  Punch ' :  published  a  '  Christmas- book '  yearly,  1846-40 : 
published  •  Vanity  Fair,'  1847-8,  which  completely  estab- 
lished bis  reputation:  ami  •  Pendenuia,'  1848-5O.  the 
latter  embodying  experience  of  his  early  life,  though  ttte 
cliarncters  in  it  cannot  be  identified  with  their  originals  ; 
elected  to  the  Athenu-um  Club,  1851  :  lectured  on  tite 
'EnBlLsh  Humoristo,'  1851:  published  'Ktmond,'  186S : 
lectured  in  America,  18&2-3  ;  wrote  *Tbe  Newcomrt/ 
1853;  visited  8wlts«rland  and  Rome:  produced  'The 
ROM  and  the  Ring,'  1854  :  lectured  ou  •  The  Four  Georges 
in  America,  1855,  and  afterwards  in  England,  1856 ;  con- 
tested Oxford  city  unsu<xv>sfully  as  a  liberal,  1857  :  pub- 
lished 'The  Virginian.,'  1867-9:  quarrelled  with  Edmund 
Yates  [q.  v.]  on  account  of  thelatter's  personalities,  which 
tod  to  withdrawal  of  Yates  from  the  Garrick  Club,  and 
also  to  a  coolness  with  Dickens ;  reconciled  with  Dickens 
shortly  before  his  death,  although  the  two  great  novelist* 
never  felt  much  mutual  attraction:  became  editor  of 
the  'CornhlUY  1860-2,  to  which  he  contributed  •  Lovel  the 
Widower,'  1860, '  The  Advcutun*  <>f  Philip,'  1861-2. '  Denis 
DuvaV  and  the  'Roundabout  Paper*,'  which  had  great 
success,  though  his  tenderheart«lnew  and  unbusinesslike 
hablto  prevented  his  being  a  good  editor.  The  flrst  collec- 
tive edition  of  bis  works  appeared  in  22  vobv,  18*7-'' 

THACKWELL,  8m  JOSEPH  (1 781-1 859X  lieutenant- 
general :  served  with  15th  light  dragoons  in  retreat  to 
Corufl*;  prwent  at  battles  of  Vittoria,  the  Pyreosia, 


THACKWELL 


1286 


THEODORE 


Orthes,  and  Toulouse  :  recommended  for  a  brevet  majo- 
rity :  lost  bis  left  arm  at  Waterloo  ;  coummmled  his 
moment,  1820-32;  present  at  capture  of  Gha/.ni  ;  com- 
manded cavalry  in  the  Uwalior  campaign,  1843,  being 
m«-iiti»inil  in  despatches  after  battle  of  Maharajpur, 
1844  and  at  Sobraon  in  first  Sikh  war,  1846  ;  commanded 
cavalry  at  Chilianwala ;  received  thanks  of  parliament 
and  made  Q.C.B.,  1849  ;  lieutenant-general,  1864. 

[Ivi.  106] 

THACKWELL,  OSBERT  DABITOT  (1837-1868), 
lieutenant :  son  of  Sir  Joseph  Thackwell  [q.  v.] ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1856  ;  killed  at  Lacknow.  [Ivi.  11)7] 

THANE,  JOHN  (1748-1818),  printeeller  and  en- 
eraver  :  editor  of  '  British  Autography,'  &c.,  1793. 

Llvi.  107] 

THANET,  ninth  EARL  OP  (1767-1826).  [See  TUFTOX, 
SACKVILLK.] 

THATTHT,  PHILIP  DE  (jr.  1120).    [See  PHILIP.] 

THAYRE.  THOMAS  (fl.  1603-1626),  medical 
writer  ;  published  a  '  Treatise  of  the  Pestilence,'  1603. 

[Ivi.  107] 

THEAK8TON,  JOSEPH  (1772  -  1842),  sculptor  ; 
carved  draperies  and  accessories  of  Chautrey's  statues ; 
ablest  ornamental  carver  of  his  time.  [Ivi.  108] 

THEED,  WILLIAM  (1764-1817),  painter  of  classical 
subjects  ;  designer  for  Messrs.  Wedgwood  and  others  ; 
R.A.,1813.  [Ivi.  108] 

THEED,  WILLIAM  (1804-1891),  sculptor ;  son  of 
William  Theed  (1764-1817)  [q.  v.]  :  studied  at  the  Royal 
Academy  and  in  Italy  under  Thorvaldsen  and  others ; 
executed  many  well-known  statues,  busts,  and  groups, 
including  '  Africa '  for  the  Albert  Memorial.  [Ivi.  108] 

THEINBED  (/.  1371),  musical  theorist;  Benedic- 
tine monk:  wrote  '  De  legitimis  ordinibus  Pentacor- 
dorum  et  Tetracordorum,'  1371.  [Ivi.  109] 

THELLUSSON,  PETER  (1737-1797),  merchant  ;  of 
Huguenot  family  ;  born  in  Paris  ;  came  to  London  and 
was  naturalised,  1762 ;  famous  for  his  eccentric  will, 
which  left  a  large  fortune  to  accumulate  for  several 
generations ;  his  will  held  valid  by  Lord  Longhborouerh, 
1799,  but  act  passed,  1800,  prohibiting  such  accumula- 
tions for  the  future.  [Ivi.  109] 

THELWALL,  ALGERNON  SYDNEY  (1795-1863), 
son  of  John  Thelwall  [q.  v.] ;  clergyman  ;  M.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1826  ;  published  religious  works. 

[Ivi.  113] 

THELWALL,  SIR  EUBULE  (1562-1630),  principal 
and  benefactor  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford:  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1577  :  M.A.  Oxford,  1580 ;  barrister, 
Gray's  Inn,  1595,  treasurer,  1625 ;  master  in  chancery, 
1617;  knighted,  1619;  principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford, 
1621-30  ;  M.P.,  Denbighshire,  1624-5,  1626,  and  1628-9. 

[Ivi.  110] 

THELWALL,  JOHN  (1764-1834),  reformer  and 
lecturer  on  elocution  ;  began  life  in  his  father's  business 
as  mercer,  then  became  tailor  and  attorney's  clerk  ;  gave 
up  his  legal  work  through  scruples  ;  maintained  himself 
by  his  pen ;  published  '  Poems  upon  various  Subjects,' 
1787;  editor  of  the  'Biographical  and  Imperial  Maga- 
zine'; carried  away  by  French  revolutionary  doctrines; 
made  an  eloquent  speech  at  Ooachmakers'  Hall,  1790  ; 
supported  Home  Tooke  [q.  v.]  at  Westminster,  and 
joined  the  Society  of  the  Friends  of  the  People  ;  obtained 
great  notoriety  by  his  sallies  ;  arrested,  1794,  and  sent  to 
the  Tower  of  London  with  Home  Tooke,  but  acquitted : 
pnblished  'Poems  written  in  the  Tower  and  Newgate,' 
1795 :  left  London,  but  denounced  the  government  in 

•  Lectures  upon  Roman  History ' ;  abandoned  politics  and 
became  lecturer  on  elocution  ;  established  institution  in 
London  for  the  cure  of  defects  in  speech,  1809  ;  published 

*  Treatment  of  Cases  of  Defective  Utterance,'  1814  ;  advo- 
cated reform  in  his  journal, '  The  Champion,*  1818,  which 
proved  a  failure  ;  published  works  dealing  with  elocution 
and  political  questions.  [Ivi.  110] 

THEOBALD  or  TEDB ALDUS  <  -/.  1161),  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  ;  came  of  a  Norman  knightly  family 
nettled  near  Thierceville ;  monk  of  Bee;  abbot,  1137; 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1138;  after  some  hesitation 
joined  the  Empress  Maud  against  King  Stephen,  but 
returned  to  hi*  allegiance  to  Stephen  on  the  king's 
release,  11 11,  and  crowned  him  at  Canterbury;  attached 
to  his  household  rising  men  of  legal  and  political  talent, 


including  Thomas  (Becket)  [q.  v.] ;  Introduced  study  of 
civil  law  into  England,  and  brought  over  Yacarius  of 
Mantua  [q.  v.],  the  famous  jurist:  involved  in  disputes 
with  Henry,  bishop  of  Winchester,  who  as  legate  till 
the  death  of  Pope  Innocent  II,  1143,  caused  division  of 
authority  :  engaged  in  disputes  with  St.  Augustine's  and 
Christ  Church  convent,  Canterbury  :  went  to  Koine,  1143, 
and  being  supported  by  Bernard  of  Clairvaux  obtained 
satisfaction  from  the  new  pope,  Eugenins  III,  an, I  was 
made  legate  by  1150;  was  refused  by  Stephen  permission 
to  attend  the  pope's  council  at  Kheims,  1148,  but 
managed  to  cross  the  Channel  secretly  in  a  boat  ;  on  his- 
return  was  exiled  and  his  revenues  seized ;  forced  to 
go  back  to  France;  published  an  interdict  of  the  pope, 
which  was  little  observed;  returned  to  England,  became 
reconciled  to  King  Stephen,  and  received  submission  of 
the  monks  at  St.  Augustine's  ;  refused  to  crown  Stephen V 
son,  Eustace,  king,  1152,  and  was  imprisoned,  but  c.-rapul 
to  Flanders  ;  recalled  by  Stephen  under  threat  of  an 
interdict ;  brought  about  reconciliation  between  Stephen 
and  Henry,  duke  of  Normandy,  1153,  and  on  death  of 
Stephen  maintained  order  in  the  kingdom  till  Henry's- 
arrival,  1154;  recommended  Archdeacon  Thomas  Bucket 
to  Henry  II  as  chancellor  to  secure  continuity  in  his- 
ecclesiastical  policy,  his  hopes,  however,  being  disap- 
pointed ;  wished  him  to  be  his  successor  ;  buried  in  Can- 
terbury Cathedral.  During  his  primacy  be  successfully 
resisted  the  efforts  of  the  monasteries  to  rid  themselves 
of  episcopal  control.  He  supported  Stephen  as  the  king 
recognised  by  the  pope,  but  opposed  him  whenever  he  re- 
sisted the  will  of  the  church,  the  church  becoming  under 
him  more  powerful  and  more  dependent  on  the  pope,  lie 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  founder  of  canonical  juris- 
prudence in  England.  [Ivi.  113] 

THEOBALD,  LEWIS  (1688-1744),  editor  of  Shake- 
speare ;  became  an  attorney,  but  soon  abandoned  the  law 
for  literature  :  pnblished  an  ode  on  the  union,  1707,  and 
translations  of  Plato,  ^Eschylus,  Sophocles,  Aristophanes, 
and  Homer,  poems,  essays,  biographies,  and  dramatic- 
works ;  accused  of  scandalous  plagiarism  in  respect  of 
his  'Perfidious  Brother,'  1715;  published  'Shakespeare- 
restored,  or  a  Specimen  of  the  many  Errors  as  well  com- 
mitted as  unamended  by  Mr.  Pope  in  his  late  Edition 
of  this  Poet,'  1726,  exposing  Pope's  incapacity  as  « 
critic  ;  made  the  hero  of  the '  Dunciad,'  and  ridiculed  in  the. 
'  Miscellanies,'  1727-8,  at  the  same  time  that  his  best 
corrections  were  incorporated  in  Pope's  second  edition  of 
Shakespeare;  defended  himself  in  '  The  Author, '  1729 ; 
produced  the  '  Double  Falsehood,'  a  tragedy,  1727,  as  a 
work  of  Shakespeare's,  though  probably  from  his  own 
pen;  edited  the  posthumous  works  of  Wycherley,  and 
contributed  notes  to  Cook's  «  Hesiod,'  1728  ;  failed  in  his 
candidature  for  the  poet  laureateship,  1730  :  contributed 
valuable  emendations  on  ^Eschylus,  Athena>us,  andi 
other  Greek  writers,  to  '  Miscellaneous  Observations  oi> 
Authors,  Ancient  and  Modern,'  by  Zachary  Pearce  [q.  v.], 
1731  ;  published  an  edition  of  Shakespeare,  1734,  which 
raised  him  to  the  front  rank  of  Shakespearean  commen- 
tators ;  pursued  by  poverty  :  wrote  various  tragedies 
and  operas,  and  was  engaged  on  an  edition  of  Beaiunout> 
and  Fletcher  at  the  time  of  his  death.  [Ivi.  118] 

THEODORE  (602  ?-690),  archbishop  of  Canterbury : 
native  of  Tarsus  in  Oilicia;  studied  at  Athens;  well 
versed  in  literature,  and  Greek  and  Latin,  and  called  the/ 
'  philosopher ' :  while  a  monk  at  Rome  was  consecrated 
by  Pope  Vitalian  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  668  ;  arrived 
at  Canterbury,  669  ;  made  a  tour  throughout  the  island  ; 
imposed  the  Roman  order  and  was  the  first  archbishop  to> 
whom  the  whole  English  church  agreed  in  submitting : 
together  with  Hadrian,  now  made  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's, 
founded  a  school  of  learning  at  Canterbury ;  held  a  synod 
at  Hertford,  673,  which  was  the  first  time  that  the 
English  church  acted  as  one  body ;  subdivided  many  of 
the  dioceses,  before  conterminous  with  the  kingdoms,  and 
created  many  new  bishoprics ;  separated  the  diocese  of 
Wilfrid  (the  country  north  of  the  Humber)  into  four 
(afterwards  five)  dioceses,  and  appointed  bishops  to  them, 
Wilfrid  being  left  the  see  of  York,  on  which  Wilfrid, 
having  appealed  to  Rome,  was  authorised  by  Pope 
Agatho  to  expel  the  new  bishops  and  appoint  his  own : 
made  peace  between  Egfrid  of  Northumbria  and  Ethel  red 
of  Mercia,  679;  divided  Mercia  into  five  dioceses  :  held  u 
synod  at  Hatfield,  680,  to  declare  orthodoxy  of  the  Eng- 
lish church  ;  reconciled  to  Wilfrid,  686 ;  a  great  organiser, 
the  effects  of  his  work  existing  to  the  present  day ;  gave 


THEODORE 


1-JS7 


THISTLEWOOD 


the  church  unity  and  order,  his  autocrat!.-  -pint,  how- 
i-vrr,  li-:iilinir  him  into  inifiiir  tniitim-nt  of  Wilfrid;  never 
regarded  t>v  tin-  mcinks  n»u  paint ;  -olmlar,  an<l  author,  nt 
least  in  p;irt.  of   tin-  •  IViiit.-nutl,' of  consider^ 
.-!.i-:i<-;d  tiud  liistoru-iil  interact.  [Ivi. 

THEODORE  ETIENNE,  U.umv  i>i:  Nr.riiorr  (rf. 
1756),  adventurer  und  king  of  Corsica:  married  on  Irinh 
lady  i'.nn.M  rvir-ri.-ld,  a  member  of  the  suite  of  Queen 
Kli/.:it..'th  Farnen  of  Spain  ;  absconded  from  Spain,  1720 ; 
vi-it.-l  KiiL'hmd  aud  Holland,  subsequently  residing  at 
Floreiir,-  ;,,  the  imperial  service,  ontU  be  went  to  Corsica : 
v.i-  priN -Liimcd  king  of  Corsica,  1730,  bat  lout  his  throne ; 
f:iil.'i  t<>  regain  it  by  English  aid  and  came  to  England  an 
exile ;  was  imprisoned  for  debt  In  the  Fleet,  but  obtained 
his  discharge  under  the  Insolvent  Act.  [xz.  232] 

THERRY,  JOHN  JOSEPH  (1791-1864),  patriarch  of 
the  Koman  <Mtlu>li<-  church  in  New  Sooth  Warn ;  born  at 
Cork  ;  one  of  the  priests  sent  out  by  the  English  govern- 
ment to  New  South  Wales,  1819:  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  of  St.  Joseph's  chapel  (now  part  of  Sydney  Roman 
catholic  cathedral),  1829.  [Ivi.  126] 

THERRY,  SIH  ROGER  (1800-1874),  judge  in  New 
South  Wales ;  called  to  the  Irish  bar,  1824,  to  the  English 
bar,  1827 ;  went  to  New  South  Wales,  1829 :  attacked  on 
account  of  hU  Roman  catholic  leanings ;  attorney-general, 
1841 :  puisne  judge  of  the  supreme  court  and  primary 
judge  in  equity,  New  South  Wales,  1846 ;  wrote  '  Remini- 
scences,' 1863,  and  edited  George  Canning's  speech**. 

THESIGER,  ALFRED  HENRY  (1838-1880X  lord 
justice  of  appeal:  son  of  Frederick  The*iger,  first  baron 
Ohelmsford  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1862 : 
barrier,  Inner  Temple,  1862:  Q.0, 1873 ;  lord  justice  of 
appeal  ami  privy  councillor,  1877-80.  [IvL  127] 

THESIGER,  SIR  FREDERICK  (d.  1805),  naval 
officer;  uncle  of  Frederick  Tbesiger,  first  Baron  Chelms- 
ford  [q.  v.] :  aide-de-camp  to  Rodney,  1782 :  served  in 
the  Russian  navy  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
Iictweeu  Russia  and  Sweden ;  left  on  death  of  the  Einpraa 
Catherine,  1797 :  aide-de-camp  to  Nelson  at  the  battle  of 
Copenhagen,  and  took  flag  of  truce  to  the  crown  prince 
through  the  enemy's  fire,  his  knowledge  of  the  Baltic 
proving  of  great  value  in  subsequent  operations;  pro- 
moted post-captain  and  knighted.  [Ivi.  127] 

THESIGER,  FREDERICK,  first  BAROX  CHBLMSFORD 
(1794-1878),  lord  chancellor:  entered  the  navy  and  present 
at  seizure  of  Danish  fleet  at  Copenhagen,  1807  ;  joined  his 
father,  collector  of  customs  at  St.  Vincent,  1811 :  returned 
to  England  and  was  called  to  the  bar  from  Gray's  Inn, 
1818 :  leader  in  the  home  circuit :  K.O.,  1834 ;  conserva- 
tive M.P.  successively  for  Woodstock,  1840,  Abingdon,  1844, 
and  Stamford,  1852:  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  1842;  F.B-S., 
1845;  solicitor-general,  1844;  attorney-general,  1845  till 
the  fall  of  Peel's  administration,  1846,  and  again  in  Lord 
Derby's,  1852;  made  Baron  Cbelmsford  and  lord  chan- 
cellor, 1858-9  and  1866-8.  [Ivi.  128] 


r,  ROBERT  (1758-1802),  engraver ;  son  of  an 
innkeeper;  executed  many  excellent  engravings,  Includ- 
ing plates  for  John  Boydell's  [q.  v.]  Shakespeare. 

[Ivi.  129] 

THEYER,  JOHN  (1597-1673),  antiquary:  educated 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  :  created  M.A.,  1643  ;  prac- 
tised law  in  London  ;  served  to  Charles  I's  army :  pre- 
sented to  Charles  I  his  *  Aerio  Mastix,'  1643 ;  a  portion  of 
his  collection  of  manuscripts  is  now  in  the  British  M  u-eum. 

[Ivi.  130] 

THICKNESSE,  formerly  FORD,  ANN  (1737-1824), 
authoress  and  musician  ;  a  favourite  in  society  on  account 
of  her  beauty  and  talent,  her  Sunday  concerts  being 
famous:  sang,  *  accompanying  herself  on  the  musical 
glasses,'  in  public,  in  spite  of  her  father's  violent  measures 
to  prevent  her:  married  Philip  Thicknesse  [q.  v.],  1762, 
after  whose  death  she  was  arrested  in  France,  1792 ;  pub- 
lished '  Instructions  for  playing  on  the  Musical  Glasses,' 
1761,  and  '  The  School  for  Fashion,'  a  novel,  1800. 

[Ivi.  130] 

THICKNESSE,  GEORGE (1714-1790),  schoolmaster; 
hroth<r  of  Philip  Thioknesse  [q.  v.] :  chaplain  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London,  1737,  and  high  master,  1748-69. 

[Ivi.  181] 

THICKNESSE.  PHILIP  (1719-1792),  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Landguard  Fort ;  began  life  as  apothecary, 
but  went  out  to  Georgia  with  Oglethorpe,  1786 ;  served  as 


lieutenant  in  Jamaica  again*  runaway  negroes ;  became 
captain  of  marines,  1741 ;  porchaeed  flaatenant-forernor- 
shlp  of  Landgoard  Fort,  1766 ;  Imprisoned  and  fined  for 
l.u-ii.n*  Colonel  Francis  Vernon,  ITU :  patronised  Oates- 
borough;  wrote  tetters  in  the  'Crisis'  signed  'Jonlns,1 
ieuoonoingadeoMonagai>  .- House  of 

among  other  works,  of  'Juntos    Discovered,'  17W.  in 
vbiehhrtsi  m&*m  •   i  H,,,,.,  T. .,;.,.    -:vl.  isr 

,    CHARLES    PHILIP    HIPPOLYTUB, 
BAROS  i.K  (1793-1864).  colonUt :  a  French  refugee:  of 
-i  Queen*  Q  Bsf^dBUte; 
to  form  an  empire  In  New  Zea- 
dl«l  at  Auckland.    [IvL  134] 

THIMELBY,  RICHARD  (1614-1680).    [See  ASH HY.] 

THIRLBY,  STY  AN  (16867-17II),  critic  and  theolo- 
gian: of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  BJL,  1704;  fdlow. 
1712:  published  'The  University  of  Cambridge  Vindi- 
cated,' 1710  (against  Bentloy).  and  several  books  on  divi- 
nity, including  his  splendid  edition  of  •  Justin!  Philosopfal 
et  Martyrift  Apologia?  du«,  et  Dialogos  com  Tryphone 
Judax),'  1722, '  railed  ajraln.t  classical  stodlw  and  BenUey ' 
contributed  notes  to  Theobald's  'Shakespeare.' 

THIRLBY  or  THIRLEBY,  THOMAS  (1»06?-1»70). 
only  bishop  of  Westminster  and  successively  bishop  of 
Norwich  and  Ely ;  educated  at  Trinity  HalL  Cambridge : 
fellow  :  doctor  of  civil  law,  1628;  doctor  of  canon  law, 
1630 ;  patronised  by  Cranmer  and  commended  by  him  to 
Henry  VIII ;  archdeacon  of  Ely  and  member  of  convoca- 
tion which  recognised  Henry  VIII's  ecclesiastical  supre- 
macy, 1534  ;  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London  ;  member 
of  the  council  of  the  north,  1536 ;  ambassador  to  Fran- 
cis I,  1538:  as  prolocutor  of  Canterbury  convocation 
signed  decree  annulling  Henry  VIII's  marriage  with 
Anne  of  Cleves,  1540;  commissioner  to  deliberate  on  re- 
ligious doctrines;  made  bishop  of  Westminster,  1640: 
privy  councillor :  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V 
in  Spain,  1542  and  1646 ;  declared  hi  parliament  bis  ob- 
jections to  the  abolishment  of  the  'elevation*  and  'the 
adoration,'  1549,  and  voted  against  Act  of  Uniformity: 
bishop  of  Norwich.  1550 ;  served  on  various  commissions 
and  embassies  :  at  heart  a  Roman  catholic  ;  translated  by 
Queen  Mary  from  Norwich  to  Ely.  15*4;  presided  at  the 
trial  of  Bishop  Hooper  and  others ;  ambassador  to  the 
pope,  1555 ;  assisted  at  the  degradation  of  Cranmer,  16*6 : 
commissioner  to  treat  for  the  restoration  of  Calais,  1668; 
refused  to  take  oath  of  supremacy  to  Queen  Elisabeth, 
and  deposed,  1559,  and  continuing  to  preach  against  the 
Reformation  was  imprisoned,  1860.  [Ivi  Itt] 

THIRLE8TAWE.  BAROX  MAITLAND  OF  (1646?- 
1595).  [See  MAITLAXP,  8m  JOHN.] 

THTRLWALL,  CONNOP  (1797-1876),  historian  and 
bishop  of  St.  David's :  son  of  Thomas  Thirl  wall  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse,  London,  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  greatly  distingni* bed  hh"**** ; 
Bell  and  Craven  scholar.  1815;  fellow  and  H.A.,  1818; 
travelled  abroad :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1826  ;  pub- 
lished his  work  on  Hchleiermachcr'*  'Critical  Essay  on 
the  Gospel  of  St  Luke,'  1*25 ;  returned  to  Cambridge; 
took  orders,  1827:  became  tutor  and  lecturer;  published 
with  Hare,  translation  of  the  first  volume  of  Niebuhr's 
•  Rome,'  1888,  and  essays ;  wrote  •  Letter  on  the  Admis- 
sion of  Dissenters  to  Academical  Degrees,'  1834,  deprecat- 
ing Inclusion  of  religions  teaching  in  the  instruction  at 
Cambridge,  and  was  oblifred  to  resign 
mi-lit* :  given  living  of  Kir  by  Underdaks  by ! 
completed  his  •  History  of  Greece,'  1836-44  ; 
of  St.  David's  by  Melbourne,  1840 :  showed  great  energy, 
learning  to  preach  in  Welsh,  visiting  every  part  of  his 
large  diocese, and  building  numerous  churches ;  supported 
abolition  of  Jewish  disabilities,  1848,  and  disestablishment 
of  the  Irish  church,  1869  :  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey 
in  the  same  grave  with  Grote.  [Ivi.  138] 

THIRLWALL,  THOMAS  (rf.  1827),  rector  of  Bower's 
Gifford,  and  author.  [Ivi.  1S8] 

THIRNHrO,  WILLIAM  (d.  1413),  chief- justice  of  the 
common  pleas  ;  chief-justice,  1396-1413  :  the  proceedings 
of  1388  relating  to  the  judges  reversed  owing  to  his 
opinion,  1398 ;  obtained  from  Richard  II  his  abdication. 

rivi.  141] 

THISTLEWOOD.  ARTHUR  (1770-18fOX  Cato Street 
conspirator ;  said  to  have  been  iUegiUmate  eon  of  William 


THOM 


THOMAS 


Thistlewood,  a  Lincolnshire  farmer:  developed  revolu- 
tionary sympnthii-s  t>y  readini:  I'nine's  works  and  by  visits 
to  America  and  I  'arU  :  CIHILMI  in  the  militia,  1798  :  after 
death  of  his  wife  drifted  to  London  from  Lincoln  ami 
joined  the  Spenoean  Society;  organised  mutiny  at  Spa 
Fields,  1816,  to  inaugurate  a  revolution  which  proved  a 
failure:  arrested,  but  acquittal,  1817;  bnpriMned  fur 
•ending  a  challenge  to  Lord  Sidmouth,  1818;  on  liis  re- 
lease, 1819,  became  one  of  a  secret  directory  of  thirteen 
pledirul  to  violent  measures  ;  planned  assassination  of  the 
cabinet  ministers  when  dining  at  Lord  Harrowby's  house 
in  Orosvenor  Square,  London,  1820,  Edwards,  however, 
one  of  the  conspirators,  reporting  everything  to  the 
government,  and  most  of  the  party  being  apprehended  in 
a  loft  in  Oato  Street,  London  ;  escaped  after  killing  a 
policeman,  but  captured  the  day  after  ;  was  convicted  of 
high  treason  and  hanged,  [Ivi.  142] 

THOM,  ALEXANDER  (1801-1879),  founder  of 
'Thorn's  Almanac  '  ;  son  of  Walter  Thom  [q.  v.]  ;  founded 
'Thorn's  Almanac,'  1844,  and  published  'A  Collection  of 
Tracts  and  Treatises  '  concerning  Ireland,  1860. 


[Ivi.  145] 
.  [Ivi. 


THOM,  JAMESC/.  181  5),  subject-painter.  [Ivi.  146] 
THOM,  JAMES  (1802-1850),  sculptor;  self-taught 
artist  ;  began  life  as  an  apprentice  to  builders  ;  sculptured 
figures  of  Tain  o'  Shanter  and  Souter  Johnnie,  which  were 
secured  for  the  Burns  monument,  Ayr  ;  attracted  great 
notice  in  London,  and  executed  other  groups  ;  went  to 
America,  executed  replicas,  a  statue  of  Burns,  and  orna- 
mental work  ;  died  at  New  York.  [Ivi.  145] 

THOM,  JOHN  HAMILTON  (1808-1894),  Unitarian 
divine  ;  became  a  Unitarian  after  reading  works  of  Cban- 
ninsr;  minister  at  Renshaw  Street  Chapel,  Liverpool, 
1831-54  and  1857-66:  editor  of  the  'Christian  Teacher,' 
1838  ;  contributed  to  the  Liverpool  Unitarian  controversy, 
1839;  author  of  'Life  of  Blanco  White,'  1845,  and  of 
several  important  works,  including  *  Laws  of  Life  after 
the  Mind  of  Christ,'  1883  and  1886.  [Ivi.  146] 

THOM,  JOHN  NICHOLS  (1799-1838).    [See  TOM.] 

THOM,  WALTER  (1770-1824),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
editor  of  the  '  Dublin  Journal.'  [Ivi.  145] 

THOM,  WILLIAM  (17989-1848),  Scottish  poet;  a 
weaver:  contributed  'The  Blind  Boy's  Pranks,'  part  i., 
to  the  '  Aberdeen  Herald,'  1841,  which  attracted  much 
notice;  published  'Rhymes  and  Recollections,'  1844; 
settled  in  London,  where  he  found  supporters  and 
admirers  ;  died  in  poverty  at  Dundee.  [Ivi.  147] 

THOMAS,  EAUL  OP  LANCASTER,  LEICESTER,  DERBY, 
LINCOLN,  and  SALISBURY  (1277  ?-1322),  eldest  son  of 
Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster  [see  LANCASTER],  brother  of 
Edward  I;  at  Edward  It's  accession  made  steward  of 
England:  became  the  enemy  of  Gaveston,  who  defeated 
him  in  arms  ;  attended  the  parliament  of  1310,  and 
obliged  Edward  II  to  consent  to  the  appointment  of  the 
twenty-eight  'ordainers,'  of  whom  he  was  one,  and  to  the 
supersession  of  his  authority;  banished  Gaveston,  who, 
however,  returned,  1312;  brought  about  the  death  of 
Gaveston  after  his  surrender  to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke  at 
Scarborough  under  guarantee  of  safe  conduct  ;  was  par- 
doned by  Edward  II,  but  refused  to  be  reconciled  with 
Hugh  le  Despenser,  1313,  or  to  accompany  Edward  II  to 
Scotland  :  after  Baunockburn  obtained  complete  control 
of  Edward  II  :  engaged  in  a  private  war  with  the  Earl  of 
Warenne;  accompanied  Edward  II  to  the  siege  of  Ber- 
wick, 1318,  but  soon  quitted  him,  and  was  accused  of 
having  taken  bribes  from  the  enemy  ;  obliged  Edward  II 
to  consent  to  banishment  of  the  Despensern,  1321,  but 
after  the  capture  of  Leeds  Castle  showed  hesitation  in 
assisting  his  friends  in  the  south,  1322,  and  meeting  the 
royal  forces  ;  taken  at  Boroughbridge  and  beheaded. 
Though  afterwards  made  into  a  saint  and  martyr  through 
popular  idealisation  and  Edward  H's  misgovernment,  he 
showed  no  patriotism  or  prudence.  [Ivi.  148] 

THOMAS  OF  BROTHERTOX,  EARL  OP  NORFOLK,  and 
MARSHAL  OK  ENGLAND  (1300-1338),  eldest  child  of  Ed- 
ward I  by  his  second  wife,  Margaret,  sister  of  Philip 
the  Fair;  created  Earl  of  Norfolk,  1312,  and  marshal  of 
England,  1316  ;  acted  as  warden  of  England  during  Ed- 
ward I  IV  absence  in  Scotland.  1819  ;  adhered  t  u  Edward  II 
in  the  struggle  against  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  1321,  but 
was  one  of  the  first  to  join  Queen  Isabella  on  her  land- 
ing, 1326  ;  received  grants  of  estates  of  the  Despensers 


and  others,  and  married  his  son  to  Mortimer's  daughter ; 
becoming  discontented  joined  the  conference  of  the  mag- 
nates in  St.  Paul's,  London,  1329,  and  welcomed  Ed- 
ward Ill's  attainment  of  power.  [Ivi.  152] 

THOMAS  OF  WOODSTOCK,  EARL  OP  BUCKINGHAM  and 
DUKK  OF  GLOUCESTER  (1355-1397),  seventh  and  youngest 
son  of  Edward  III  and  Philippa  of  Hainault ;  styled  Karl 
of  Essex  In  right  of  his  wife  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Bohiin, 
earl  of  Hereford  ;  constable  of  England,  1376 ;  Earl  of 
Buckingham  and  knighted,  1377 ;  averted  landing  of 
Frencli  and  Spaniards  at  Dover,  1380,  and  captured  eight 
Spanish  ships  off  Brest ;  led  expedition  to  the  assistance 
of  the  Duke  of  Brittany,  which  came  to  nothing,  since 
the  duke  made  peace  with  Charles  VI ;  mortified  by  John 
of  Gaunt's  conduct  towards  him,  Richard  It's  attempts 
at  arbitrary  government  drawing  them  to-rether  later ; 
dispersed  insurgents  in  Essex,  1381 ;  associated  with 
Gaunt  in  expeditions  and  negotiations ;  supported  him 
when  accused  of  treason  ;  created  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
1385;  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  opposition  to 
Richard  II ;  one  of  the  judges  who  condemned  Suffolk, 
1386 ;  threatened  Richard  II  with  the  fate  of  Edward  II ; 
with  other  lords  routed  De  Vere  at  Radcotbridge,  1388  ; 
chiefly  responsible  for  the  vindictiveuess  of  the  Merciless 
parliament ;  held  the  reins  of  power  till  1389,  when 
Richard  II  resumed  the  government ;  obtained  money 
and  lauds  for  himself,  and  chief-justiceship  of  Chester ; 
arrested  by  Richard  II  after  further  provocation  at 
Pleshey,  1397 ;  was  taken  to  Calais  and  announced  as 
dead  in  September,  but  interviewed  by  Sir  William  Rick- 
hill  [q.  v.],  8  Sept.,  when  he  handed  to  him  a  written 
confession, ;  announced  again  as  dead,  24  Sept.,  probably 
murdered,  Halle  and  Serle  being  executed  for  the  deed 
subsequently  by  Henry  IV.  He  composed,  c.  1390, '  L'Or- 
donnance  d'Angleterre  pour  le  Camp  a  I'outrauce,  ou 
gaige  de  bataille.'  [Ivi.  153] 

THOMAS,  DUKR  OF  CLARENCE  (1388?-1421),  second 
son  of  Henry  IV  by  Mary  de  Bohun ;  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, 1401 ;  commanded  the  fleet  which  burnt  vessels  at 
Sluys  and  ravaged  the  coast  of  Normandy,  1405 ;  captain 
of  Guinea,  1407 ;  arrested  Earl  of  Kildare  in  Ireland  and 
made  raid  into  Leinster,  1408;  returned  to  England, 
quarrelled  with  the  Beauforts,  and  on  their  fall,  1412, 
supplanted  Henry,  prince  of  Wales  in  the  government ; 
made  Duke  of  Clarence,  1412;  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion to  France ;  served  at  the  siege  of  Harfleur,  1415 : 
received  the  Emperor  Sigismund  at  Dartford,  1416  ;  took 
part  in  the  great  expedition,  1417,  which  ended  in 
Henry  V's  triumphal  entry  into  Paris,  1420 ;  appointed 
lieutenant  of  France  at  Henry  V's  departure,  1421,  and, 
impatient  to  win  a  victory  like  Agincourt,  attacked  the 
French  with  his  cavalry  only  at  Beaug6  and  was  defeated 
and  slain ;  buried  at  Canterbury.  [Ivi.  158] 

THOMAS  OF  BAYEUX  (d.  1100),  archbishop  of  York: 
a  native  of  Bayeux  ;  son  of  Osbert,  a  priest,  and  brother 
of  Samson  (d.  1112)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Worcester :  edu- 
cated by  Odo  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Bayeux :  studied  in 
France,  Germany,  and  Spain  ;  accompanied  Odo  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  made  one  of  the  Conqueror's  chaplains ; 
appointed  archbishop  of  York,  1070 ;  refused  profession 
of  obedience  to  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  but 
was  obliged  by  William  I  to  yield,  and  the  question  being 
decided  by  a  council  of  bishops  at  Windsor,  1072,  in 
favour  of  Canterbury,  was  blamed  by  Pope  Alexander  II, 
according  to  a  York  historian,  for  yielding  :  failed  also 
in  claim  to  estates  held  by  the  bishop  of  Worcester :  pre- 
sent at  council  of  London,  1076,  when  place  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  York  was  decided  to  be  on  the  right  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury;  claimed  Lincoln  for  his  province, 
1092  ;  at  the  consecration  of  Ansclm  successfully  objected 
to  Canterbury  being  styled  '  the  metropolitan  church  of 
\  all  Britain,'  1093;  noted  for  his  learning  and  skill  in 
I  music ;  engaged  in  disputes  without  personal  bitterness  ; 
!  rebuilt  or  restored  his  cathedral :  introduced  the  system 
which  became  general  in  secular  chapters,  and  carried 
out  many  reforms ;  wrote  the  epitaph  in  elegiac  verse 
placed  on  the  tomb  of  the  Conqueror.  [Ivi.  160] 

THOMAS  (d.  1114),  archbishop  of  York;  son  of 
Samson  (d.  1112)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Worcester;  brought 
up  by  his  uncle,  Thomas  of  Bayeux  [q.  v.] ;  provost  of 
Beverley,  1092 ;  one  of  William  Il's  chaplains ;  made  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1108,  when  the  dispute  commenced  with 
Anselm  concerning  the  profession  of  obedience :  made 
profession  after  Auselm's  death  by  command  of  Henry  1, 


THOMAS 


1289 


THOMAS 


but  not  in  consequence  of  any  legal  decision.  1 109,  ami 

.  ins  pull  from  the  legate  L'lr 
-MiuM.-r.  [Ivi.  163] 

THOMAS,    known   as   THOMAS  1  BBCKBT  (ill-: 
117"i.  ar.-hbi-.hop  of  Canterbury;  son  of  Gilbert  Becket, 
of  a  Norman  fatuity  of  knUhU ;   portreeve  of  London  : 
educated  at  Merton  Prior}*,  London,  and  Purls; 
1  notary  ' :    entered   tlie  service  of  Arrlibi 


[q.  v.]:  accompanied  Theobald  to  llome,  1143;  driven 
u\v:i>  i.y  the  jeuloiwy  of  Roger  of  Pont  1'Eveqnc  [q.  r.]  : 
stii'li.-l  .Mimn  law  at  Bologna  and  Auxerre  ;  accompanied 
Theobald  to  the  council  of  Uhehitf,  1148;  pre\ 
voronatu.n  of  Kinir  Stephen'*  ion  Eustace,  1152:  arch- 
deacon of  Canterbury,  1154:  chancellor.  1156,  In  which 
capacity  be  co-operated  with  Henry  II  In  his  policy,  an 
extraordinary  intimacy  growing  up  between  them  :  ambas- 
sador to  France  to  propose  marriage  between  H 
eldest  §on  and  Loata  VIPs  daughter,  when  hit  magnl- 
flcence  made  a  great  Impression  ;  supported  Henry  IT* 
expedition  against  Toulouse,  1159,  when  the  church  was 
disproportionately 
cr,-at  military 
of  Canterbury, 

a  council  at  Woodstock  successfully  opposed  Henry  II  on 
a  point  of  taxation  (the  first  case  of  sooh  opposition  in 
English  history  X  1163  ;  endeavoured  to  reclaim  alienated 


ans  ououse,  ,  wen  e  curc  was 
ately  taxed,  and  in  which  be  performed 
y  services  ;  became  unwUliugly  archbishop 
,  1  162,  and  refused  to  remain  chancellor  ;  at 


property  of  his  see,  even  from  ti»  crown;  prohibited 
marriage  of  Henry  IV A  brother,  William  of  Anjou,  to  the 
Countess  of  Warenne:  opposed  royal  jurisdiction  over 
crimiuous  clerks  :  on  Henry  II's  calling  upon  the  bishops 
at  Westminster  to  confirm  'his  grandfather's  customs,' 
refused :  afterwards  on  a  supposed  order  from  Pope  Alex- 
aixl.r  III,  submitted  at  Clarendon,  1164,  but  refused  to 
seal  the  Constitutions  of  Clarendon,  then  drawn  up; 
summoned  to  Northampton  to  account  for  various  sums 
of  money,  on  which  occasion  he  appeared  at  the  council, 
holding  his  cross,  appealed  to  Pope  Alexander  III,  and 
being  refused  a  safe-conduct,  fled  secretly  to  Louis  VII 
of  France ;  obtained  condemnation  of  the  constitutions 
from  Pope  Alexander  III:  resided  at  PontUny  Abbey 
and  at  Sens,  while  Henry  confiscated  the  property  of  his 
.see  and  banished  his  friends,  to  which  he  replied  with 
threat*?  of  excommunication,  1166,  a  personal  interview 
at  Montmirail  subsequently  failing  to  effect  a  recon- 
ciliation, and  the  quarrel  being  embittered  by  the  coro- 
nation of  the  young  Prince  Henry  by  Ho^r  of  York  and 
other  bishops,  in  spite  of  Pope  Alexander  Ill's  and  the 
primate's  prohibition,  1170;  suspended  Archbishop  Roger 
and  all  the  bishops  who  had  taken  part  In  the  ceremony  ; 
returned,  however,  to  England,  Henry  II  having  promised 
amends  for  this  violation  of  his  rights,  but  was  met  by  a 
demand  for  the  absolution  of  all  the  suspended  bishops, 
•which  he  refused:  set  out  for  Winchester,  but  was 
ordered  to  return  to  Canterbury  ;  excommunicated  those 
in  possession  of  his  estates;  was  murdered  by  Hugh  de 
Morville  (d.  1204)  [q.  v.],  William  de  Tracy  [q.  v.] 
Beginakl  Fitzurse  [q.  v.],  Richard  le  Breton,  and  others 
In  Canterbury  Cathedral,  29  Dec.,  his  shrine  becoming  the 
most  famous  hi  Christendom  and  Henry  II  doing  public 
penance  at  his  tomb,  1174  :  many  hospitals  and  churches 
named  In  his  honour.  The  shrine  was  broken  up,  1538,  and 
St.  Thomas  was  ordered  to  be  styled  •  Bishop  Becket,'  and 
all  images  of  him  to  be  destroyed.  [Ivi.  165] 

THOMAS,  known  as  THOMAS  BROWN  (/.  1170), 
officer  of  the  exchequer ;  served  under  the  Norman  kings  of 
Sicily,  and  later  in  the  English  exchequer.  [Ivi.  173] 

THOMAS,  called  of  BEVKRLKY  (/.  1174X  hagio- 
grapber;  wrote  'life'  of  St.  Margaret  of  Jerusalem,  his 
sister.  [Iri.  173] 

THOMAS  OF  ELY  (/T.  1175),  hlstoran  and  monk  of 
Ely  ;  author  of  a  history  of  Ely  and  other  works. 

THOMAS  (fl.  1200?)  romance-writer;  produced 
versions  of  the  romances  of  •  King  Horn '  and  '  Tristan ' 
in  French;  generally  Identified  with  "Thomas  von 
Britanic.'  [Iri.  174] 

THOMAS  DE  MARLEBKRGK  (</.  1336).    [See  MARLB- 

BERGK.] 

THOMAS  WALLENSIS  or  or  WALES  (d.  1265).  [See 
WALLBXSIB  or  GUALENSIS.] 

THOMAS  DE  HIBERXIA  (d.  1270X    [See  HIBBBKIA.] 
THOMAS  DE  WYKES  (/.  1258-1293X    [See  WYKJB.] 


THOMAS        I  D      I     ••!•  THOMAS  :•••>   !:,:YW:  :: 

(/.  123U  V-1297  ?X     [8M  BfttKUX.i 

THOMAS     or    OORBBIMB  (d.    1304).      [Set   CoH- 

BUllM.H.] 

THOMAS  TICK  BxauiUMAX  (d.  1110).    [See  JORZ  or 

I'll. 


THOMAS  HiBimxicm  or  DE  HIBEHMA  (/.  130«- 
1S16X  known  also  as  PALMEKAM**  or  PALMKRHTOX. 
theological  writer;  wrote  'Tabula  origiiuUium  sins 
Manipulus  Florum,1  1SU6,  and  other  works.  [IrL  174] 

THOMAS  UK  LA  MORK  (  *.  1327-1351).    [See  MOWL] 
THOMAS  or  HATVIBLD  (d.  1381  X    [Bet  HATFULD.] 

THOMAS  ny  AUHBORXB  (/.  1382),  theological  con- 
troverslalist  :  master  in  theology,  Oxford.  [IvL  171] 

THOMAS  AHHBBURXB  (/».  1384  X  poet:  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christl  College,  Oxford,  and  Carmelite  of  North- 
ampton :  wrote  an  Knglbh  theological  poem,  formerly  lu 
the  Cottoulau  MSS.,  which  has  been  burnt.  [Ivi.  171] 

THOMAS  DE  NKWEXHAM  (/.  1193).     [See  XEWEX- 

HAM.] 

THOMAS  ..:•  NI:WMARKET  (.*.  1410  ?X  arithme- 
tician ;  M.A.  Cambridge  ;  wrote  a  'Comment  urn  In  Com- 
ptitum  Ecclesiasticum  Dionysi  '  (Exigui),and  other  work*. 

[IvL  176] 

THOMAS    NKTTER   or   WALDKX    (d.  1430).      [See 

M  ;  in:.; 

THOMAS  THE  BASTARD  (</.  1471).  [See  FAUCONBERC, 
THOMAS.] 


THOMAS  AH  IZUAN  AI-  RHYS  (</.  1617  ;  ). 
bard  and  farmer  ;  writer  of  ballads.  [Ivi.  176] 

THOMAS  OK  ST.  OUKGOUY  (1564-1644).    [See  HILL, 
THOMAS.] 


THOMAS,  ARTHUR  GORING  (1850-18W), 
composer ;  studied  at  Paris  and  at  the  Royal  Academy  : 
composed  '  The  Light  of  the  Harem,'  '  Estneralda,'  and 
other  operas,  besides  cantatas,  songs,  and  other  muclc. 

[Ivi.  176] 

THOMAS,  DAVID  (1760?-1822).  known  as  'Dafydd 
Ddu  Eryri,'  Wdsh  poet  and  vc IMW! master ;  published 
poems  on  'The  Life  of  Man.'  17H9.  •  Liln-rty.'  179U,  ami 
•Truth,'  17!>1  ;  ptiblishe.1  Torph  y  Gaiuc '  (collection  of 
Welsh  poems,  w>mc  original),  I8lo.  [IvL  176] 

THOMAS,  DAVID  (1813-1894),  divine:  minister  of 
the  congregational  church  at  ('lit* ham.  and  (1H44-77)  of 
the  Independent  church  at  8 toe k well :  published  "The 
Augustine  Hymn-book,'  18G6,  containing  original  hymna 
of  his  own,  'The  Homilirt'  (commenced  in  1852X  awl 
other  works,  chiefly  religious:  originated  the  university 
of  SVale-i  at  Aberj'stwyth,  1872 ;  started  'The  Dial '  news- 
paper, 1860,  and  the  'Cambrian  Daily  Leader,'  1861. 

[iTi.  177] 

THOMAS,  EDWARD  (181S-1886X  Indian  antiquary  : 
son  of  Honoratus  Leigh  Thomas  [q.  v.]  ;  went  to  India 
as  '  writer '  in  service  of  East  India  Company,  18SJ : 
Indian  judge  ;  published  •  Chronicles  of  the  Pathaii 
Kings  of  Delhi/  1847,  Prinsep's '  Essays  on  I  ndian  An- 
tiquities,' '  Useful  Tables,'  1858,  and  other  noteworthy 
works  in  which  be  broke  new  ground.  [Ivi.  178] 

THOMAS,  KLI/AI'.KTH  (1C77-1731X  poetaster; 
known  as  'Corinna,'  a  name  given  to  her  by  Dryden, 
with  whom  she  correspomled ;  sold  letters  of  Pope  to 
Curll  for  publication.  1726:  probably  subsisted  by 
blackmailing  ;  concocted  a  fictitious  account  of  Dryden's 
death,  1727;  died  in  poverty;  author  of  •Poems  on 
several  Occasions,'  1722,  •  Codrus,  or  the  Dunclad  DU- 
sected,'  1729,  and  other  work*.  [Ivi.  178] 

THOMAS,  ERNEST  CHESTER  (1  80-1892X  biblio- 
grapher ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1875 ;  barrister. 
Gray's  Inn,  1881 :  edited  the  '  lliilobiMon  of  Richard  de 
Bury,'  1888;  translated  Lange's  'Gescbtchte  des  Ma. 
terialismus,'  1880-1.  [l^L  179] 

THOMAS,  FRANCIS  SHEPPAKD  (1794  ?-18§7X 
archivist :  secretary  at  the  Public  Record  Office :  author 
of  •  Handbook  to  Public  Records,'  1863,  and  otl*r  works. 

[Iri.  180] 


THOMAS 


1290 


THOMAS 


THOMAS,  FREDERICK  JENNINGS  (1786-1855), 
rear-admiral  ;  present  iu  action  of  22  July  18U5,  uml 
present  at  Trafalgar  on  the  Spartiate  ;  defended  Cadiz 
against  the  French,  1809-11 ;  rear-admiral,  1846. 

[Ivi.  180] 

THOMAS.  OEORQB  (1756  7-1802),  adventurer  in 
Tudia  and  Irishman  :  sailor  in  the  navy,  but  deserting 
became  commander  of  the  begum  of  Sirdhana's  army, 
1787,  and  of  Appa  Rao's  forces  ;  governor  of  Meerut, 
1793  ;  asserted  his  independence,  and  became  master  of 
extensive  Sikh  territories,  1797-9,  but  was  driven  out  with 
French  assistance,  1802 ;  famous  for  his  military  genius 
and  recklessness.  [Ivi.  181] 

THOMAS.  GEORGE  HOUSMAN  (1824  -  1868), 
painter  ;  illustrated  a  New  York  paper,  1846,  and  contri- 
buted to  the  'Illustrated  London  News'  from  Rome, 
1849 ;  painted  pictures  for  Queen  Victoria.  [Ivi.  182] 

THOMAS,  HONORATUS  LEIGH  (1769-1846),  sur- 
geon ;  worked  under  John  Hunter  :  surgeon  in  the  army 
and  navy ;  fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  on  its 
fouiHlation,  1843  ;  F.R.S.  1806  ;  Hunterian  orator,  1827  ; 
published  medical  works.  [Ivi.  182] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1691-1766),  successively  bishop 
of  Lincoln  and  Salisbury  :  son  of  a  drayman  ;  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  and  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1717,  and  D.D.,  1728  (incorporated  at  Oxford,  1728): 
favourite  of  George  II  on  account  of  his  knowledge  of 
German  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1744,  and  of  Salisbury,  1761-6. 

[Ivi.  183] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1696-1781),  successively  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  Salisbury,  and  Winchester,  1761 ;  educated 
at  Charterhouse,  London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1719 ;  D.D.,  1731 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford, 
1720;  chaplain  to  George  II,  1742;  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough, 1747-57,  of  Salisbury,  1757-61,  of  Winchester, 
1761-81 ;  preceptor  to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  1752. 

[Ivi.  183] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1712-1793).  bishop  of  Rochester  ; 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  D.C.L.,  1742 ;  rector  of 
Bletchingley,  1738  :  chaplain  to  Georee  II  and  George 
III ;  dean  of  Westminster  and  of  the  order  of  the  Bath, 
1768 ;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1774-93 ;  author  of  sermons. 

[Ivi.  184] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1813-1862),  sculptor  and  archi- 
tectural draughtsman  ;  employed  by  Sir  Charles  Barry 
[q.  v.]  on  the  decorations  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament ; 
executed  also  several  groups,  figures,  and  vases. 

[Ivi.  184] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1795-1871),  musical  composer; 
Welsh  song-writer  and  schoolmaster ;  published  '  Y  Canie- 
dydd  Cymreig,'  the  'Cambrian  Minstrel,'  1845, and  poems. 

[Ivi.  185] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  (1821-1892),  independent  minister  ; 
brother  of  Owen  Thomas  [q.  v.]  ;  pastor  of  the  Taber- 
nacle, Liverpool,  1854  ;  journalist,  lecturer,  and  political 
speaker  ;  visited  the  United  States,  1865  and  1876 ; 
published  miscellaneous  works.  [IvL  186] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  EVAN  (1809-1873),  sculptor. 

[Ivi.  186] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  FRYER  (1797-1877),  secretary  to 
the  Madras  government ;  chief  secretary  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Madras,  1845  ;  member  of  the  governor's  council, 
1850 ;  writer  of  very  able  minutes  ;  authority  on  native 
education  ;  supporter  of  the  missionaries.  [Ivi.  186] 

THOMAS,  JOHN  WESLEY  (1798-1872),  translator 
of  Dante;  Wesleyan  minister;  published  translation  of 
the  '  Inferno,'  1859,  '  Purgatorio,'  1862,  and  '  Paradise,' 
1866.  [Ivi.1 187] 

THOMAS,  JOSHUA  (d.  1759?),  clergyman;  vicar  of 
K«  rry,  1758 ;  translated  into  Welsh  Scott's  '  Christian 
Life,'  1752.  [Ivi.  188] 

THOMAS,  JOSHUA  (1719-1797),  Welsh  writer ;  pub- 
Jiflied  an  important  history  of  the  baptists  in  Wales, 
1778.  [Ivi.  187] 

THOMAS,  LEWIS  (ft.  1587-1619),  preacher  ;  B.A. 
Bruacnoee  College,  Oxford,  1587  ;  author  of  two  volumes 
of  sermons.  [Ivi.  188] 

THOMAS,  MATTHEW  EVAN  (1788  ?-1830X  archi- 
tect. [Ivi.  188] 

THOMAS,  Sm  NOAH  (1780-1792),  physician  :  M.A., 
174G,  and  M.D.,  1753,  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 


F.R.S.,  1757:  F.R.C.P.,  1757:  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1759; 
censor,  1761,  I'M,  1767,  and  1781:  physician  in  ordinary 
to  George  III,  1775  ;  knighted,  1775.  [Ivi.  188] 

THOMAS.  OWEN  (1812-1891),  Calvinistio  rnethodist 
minister :  pastor  at  Newtown,  Montgomeryshire,  at 
Jewin  Crescent,  London,  and  Liverpool,  and  moderator 
of  the  general  assembly  :  celebrated  preacher  and  author 
of  several  works.  [Ivi.  189] 

THOMAS,  RICHARD  (1777-1857),  admiral  ;  entered 
the  navy,  1790  ;  was  present  at  the  reduction  of  Tobago, 
Martinique,  and  St.  Lucia,  1792,  and  commanded  a  boat 
in  the  attack  on  Fort  Royal  ;  present  at  the  battle  of 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  cominander-iu-chief  in  the 
Pacific,  1841-4  ;  admiral,  1854.  [Ivi.  189] 

THOMAS,  SAMUEL  (1627-1693),  nonjuror  :  son  of 
William  Thomns  (1593-1667)  [q.  v.],  rector  of  Ubley; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1651,  but  deprived, 
1660 ;  M.A.,  1651  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1653) :  pre- 
bendary of  Wells,  1681,  but  refusing  to  take  oaths  at 
accession  of  William  and  Mary  was  deprived,  1691  ; 
author  of  controversial  religious  writings.  [Ivi.  190] 

THOMAS,  SIDNEY  GILOHRIST  (1850-1885),  metal- 
lurgist and  inventor  ;  educated  at  Dulwich  College ; 
became  schoolmaster  and  was  clerk  at  police-courts  ; 
studied  metallurgy,  and  experimented :  discovered  method 
for  eliminating  phosphorus  from  pig-iron  in  the  Bessemer 
converter,  1875,  enabling  phosphoric  ores  to  be  used : 
secured  a  large  fortune  by  his  patents  ;  paid  a  triumphal 
visit  to  America,  1881  ;  travelled  abroad  in  search  of 
health ;  died  at  Paris.  [Ivi.  190] 

THOMAS,  THOMAS  (1553-1588),  printer  and  lexico- 
grapher ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow,  1574 ;  M.A.,  1579  ;  first  printer  to  Cambridge 
University,  1582 ;  issued  Ramus's  '  Dialectics '  by  (Sir) 
William  Temple  [q.  v.],  1684;  his  press  seized  by  the 
Stationers'  Company,  but  his  rights  upheld  by  Lord 
Burghley,  chancellor  ;  author  of  a  Latin  dictionary,  1587 
(14th  ed.  1644).  [Ivi.  192] 

THOMAS,  VAUGHAN  (1775-1858),  antiquary; 
fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1800'; 
B.D.,  1809  ;  vicar  of  Stoneleigh  and  other  livings  ;  author 
of  '  The  Italian  Biography  of  Sir  Robert  Dudley,  Knight,' 
1861,  and  of  other  works.  [Ivi.  193] 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  (d.  1554),  Italian  scholar  and 
clerk  of  the  council  to  Edward  VI ;  a  Welshman  and  pro- 
bably educated  at  Oxford  ;  lived  abroad,  chiefly  in  Italy; 
wrote  there  a  defence  of  Henry  VIII,  1552  ;  wrote  '  Prin- 
cipal Rvles  of  the  Jtalian  Grammer,  with  a  Dictionarie ' 
(printed,  1550),  the  first  published  in  England  ;  returned 
to  England,  1549:  published  'The  Historic  of  Italic,* 
1549;  published  'Of  the  Vanitee  of  this  World,'  1549; 
made  clerk  of  the  privy  council,  1550 :  given  a  prebend 
in  St.  Paul's,  London,  and  other  rewards  ;  member  of  the 
embassy  sent  to  France,  1551  ;  became  political  instructor 
to  Edward  VI  and  drew  up  discourses  for  his  use ;  dedi- 
cated to  him  his  translation  of  Barbaro's  voyages  to  the 
east,  1551 ;  lost  all  his  preferments  at  accession  of  Queen 
Mary  ;  took  active  part  in  Wyatt's  conspiracy,  1553-4 : 
arrested ;  attempted  suicide  ;  racked  and  accused  of 
conspiring  Mary's  death,  and  executed.  [Ivi.  193] 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  (1593-1667),  ejected  minister  ; 
M.A.  Braseuose  College,  Oxford,  1615  ;  rector  of  Ubley, 
1616  ;  an  earnest  puritan  ;  refused  to  read  '  The  Book  of 
Sports,'  1633 ;  was  suspended,  but  restored  ;  took  the 
•  covenant,'  1 643  ;  carried  on  a  controversy  with  Thomas 
Speed,  and  wrote '  Rayliug  Rebuked '  and  other  pamph- 
lets :  declined  to  conform  to  Act  of  Uniformity,  and  was 
ejected,  1662 ;  author  of  several  works,  mostly  theologicaL 

[Ivi.  196] 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  (1613-1689),  bishop  of  St. 
David's  and  Worcester  successively  ;  educated  at  Car- 
marthen grammar  school  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  ; 
fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1635  ;  vicar  of 
Laugharne :  ejected,  1644,  restored,  1660 ;  created  D.D. 
Oxford,  1660 :  rector  of  Lampeter  Velfrey,  and  chaplain 
to  the  Duke  of  York,  1601,  whom  he  attended  in  his  en- 
gagements with  the  Dutch :  dean  of  Worcester,  1665 ; 
rector  of  Hampton  Lovett,  1670 ;  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1677,  where  he  identified  himself  thoroughly  as  a  WrNli- 
man  with  the  interests  of  his  dio»vsf :  bishop  of  Wor- 
|  cester,  1683 ;  known  for  his  hospitality  and  charities ; 


THOMAS 


1291 


THOMPSON 


•1  James  IT;  roftiwl  to  distribute  among  his 
Henry  f 

•ith  of  allegiance  to  Will. urn  111. 
in  consequence,  iG.s'J  ;  author  ot  ti.iinj>::iet«  and 

[Ivi.  197] 

THOMAS.  WILLIAM  (1670-l738),iuitlquary:  grand- 
son of  William  Thomas  (161S-1689)  [q.  T.],  bishop  of 
....:-.•,-•.-.  ado  .r.-i. .t  vK  !.-'••  -.:..-,:  .0,1  Ml  ^ 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1695 ;  D.D.,  1729 :  rector  of 

"Ian,  Worcester,  1723;   edited  DuiMa! 
quitiett  of  Warwickshire,*  1730 ;   uuthor 
works.  [Ivi.  190] 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  (Jl.  178o-17»t),  arch 

[Ivi.  199] 

THOMAS,  WILLIAM  <  I-i.u  VN)  (1832-187* 
poet  and  methodiat  minister  of  Mynyiblblwyn  ;  published 
'  Barddouiaeth  [poetry]  giui  lalwyn,*  i.v,».  'Uaniadau 
[Songs  of]  Islwyu,'  1867,  and  other  volume*  of  verse 
and  sermons;  acknowledged  as  the  finest  Welsh  poet 
of  the  century.  [Ivu  200] 


THOMPSON,  smUKXJAMP 
(176S-1HU),    born   ut    North    \S . 

'-'. :  <•'>!•...  ;.  r  ml  ft  •  M  "V  '•.  ..  i  urn  •  il 
Uanrlgomt  for  InfniwaniiMSi  in  the  cause  of 


tiflc 


,„    ... 


THOMAS,  WILLIAM  LUSON  (1880-1900), 
of  the  'Graphic  •  and  •  Dally  Graphic  •  ;  brother  of  George 
Housinan  Thomas  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  worked  as  wood- 
engraver  in  Paris;  assistant  to  William  James  Liuton 
[q.  v.]  ;  opened  independently  an  engraving  establishment  : 
associate,  1864,  ami  full  member,  1876,  of  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water-colours;  worked  as  engraver  for 
'Illustrated  London  News';  founded  the  'Graphic' 
weekly-newspaper,  1869  :  had  much  to  do  with  introduc- 
tion of  photographic  method  of  reproduction  :  founded 
•  Daily  Graphic,'  the  first  daily  illustrated  paper,  1890. 

[SnppL  iii.  379] 

THOMABON,  8m  BDWARD  (1769-1849),  manufac- 
turer and  inventor  ;  took  out  numerous  patent*  ;  com- 
pleted series  of  sixty  medals  on  bible  subjects,  1880,  pre- 
sented to  the  European  sovereigns  ;  knighted,  1832. 

[Ivi.  200] 

THOMASON,  GEORGE  (</.  1666X  collector  of  Com- 
monwealth and  civil  war  publications,  and  bookseller  : 
published  a  trade  catalogue,  1647  ;  a  collector  of  oriental 
works  bought  from  him  for  Cambridge,  1648  ;  implicated 
in  the  royalist  plot,  1661  ;  collected  nearly  23,000  articles 
and  transcripts  of  nearly  one  hundred  manuscripts,  1641- 
1662,  arranged  chronologically  in  1983  volumes  (pre- 
sented by  George  HI  to  the  British  Museum,  1762). 

[Ivi.  201] 

THOMASON,  JAMES  (1804  -  1863),  lieutenant- 
governor  ;  registrar  and  judge  in  the  Bengal  civil  service  ; 
secretary  to  government,  1830  :  magistrate  and  collector 
of  Azamgarh,  1832  :  held  other  official  posts  :  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  North-  Western  Provinces,  1843-63  ;  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Madras  on  the  day  of  his  death. 

[Ivi.  202] 

THOMABSON,  THOMAS  (1808-1876),  manufacturer 
and  political  economist  :  cotton-spinner  ;  chief  promoter 
of  antl-cornlaw  agitation,  which  he  aided  greatly  by  sub-  ; 
*criptions.  [Ivi.  203] 

THOMUNSON  cr  TOMLIN80N,  MATTHEW  (1G17- 
1G81X  soldier;  colonel  of  horse  in  the  new  model  army;  , 
one  of  the  officers  presenting  the  remonstrance  to  parlia- 
ment, 1647  ;  took  charge  of  Charles  1,  1648,  till  execution,  : 
but  refused  to  be  his  judge  :  followed  Cromwell  to  Scot-  | 
laud,  1660  ;  member  of  the  council  of  state  on  expulsion  . 
of  the  Long  parliament  ;  employed  in  Ireland  ;  knighted, 
but  suspected  of  disaffection  by  Henry  Cromwell,  1G67  ; 
impeached  by  the  parliamentary  party,  1660;   escaped 

[Ivi.  204] 


of 

pnottl  a]   MI  M     :. 

N.t!.,..\m.  r,,  :.!, 

at  Harvanl    Uni 


lioyal  Institution,  London,  17W;  published  essays;  di 
at  AuteuiL  [Ivi.  SOft] 


died 


THOMPSON,  BENJAMIN  (17767-1816),  dramathit: 
translated  Kotzeboe's  dramas ;  author  of  two  original 
plays  and  other  work;'.  [Ivi.  Ju8] 

THOMPSON,  CHARLES,  baronet  (1740  7-1799).  vice- 
admiral  ;  entered  the  navy,  1766 :  commanded  the  Aldde 
in  the  action  off  the  Chesapeake,  1781,  and  in  that  of 
12  April,  17K2;  took  part  in  the  capture  of  Martinique 
and  Guadeloupe,  1793  ;  vice-admiral,  1796  ;  <*w»naiMtad 
the  Britannia  ami  second  in  command  at  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  made  a  baronet,  bat  having  eenenmt 
the  execution  of  mutineers  was  removed  by  Lord  St. 
Vincent,  1797.  [Ivi.  1U9J 

THOMPSON,     CHARLES    (1791-1843), 
brother  of  John  Thompson  (1786-1866)  [q.  v.] 

[Ivi  117] 

THOMPSON,  CHARLES  THURSTOX  (1816-1868), 
engraver  and  photographer;  son  of  John  Thompson 
(1786-1866)  [q.  v.]  [Ivi.  217] 

THOMPSON,  EDWARD  (17387-1786),  commodore 
and  author ;  educated  at  Harrow  ;  entered  the  navy  after 
some  sea-service,  1766,  and  took  part  in  blockade  of  lirvt 
and  battle  of  Quiberon  Bay,  1769;  wrote  the  •  Mentri- 
ciad  '(1766  ?),  and  other  •  Meretricious  Miscellanies,'  plan, 
and  •  A  Sailor's  Letters,'  1767:  promoted  captain,  1772; 
took  part  in  the  relief  of  Gibraltar  by  Rodney ;  employed 
in  settling  Demeraraand  Essequibo,  1781 ;  court-martialled 
for  loss  of  Guiana  colonies,  1782,  but  honourably  acquitted : 
edited  Andrew  MarveU's  works;  wrote  poems  and  sea- 
songs.  [Ivi.  9093 

THOMPSON,  GEORGE  (1804-1878),  anti-slavery 
advocate ;  delivered  lectures ;  went  to  America  and 
organised  the  movement  there,  1834;  denounced  by  Presi- 
dent Jackson  and  was  obliged  to  escape  to  England,  1835  ; 
supported  parliamentary  reform  and  Auti-Cornlaw 
League ;  an  admirable  speaker.  [Ivi.  1 1 1  ] 

THOMPSON,  GILBERT  (1728-1803X  physician  in  the 
city;  quaker;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1768;  published  three 
works.  [M.  211] 

THOMPSON,  SIB  HARRY  STEPHEN  Ml 
first  baronet  (1809-18741  agriculturist ;  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  matheuiatical  bonoun : 
studied  entomology  under  Charles  Darwin  and  agriculture 
abroad  and  in  different  parts  of  England:  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society.  18S8;  carried 
out  important  though  incomplete  experiment* ;  discovered 


punishment  at  the  Restoration 

THOMLINSON,  ROBERT  (1668-1748),  benefactor  of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne ;  of  Queen's  College  and  St.  Edmund 
Hall,  Oxford;  M.A..  1692  (incorporated  at  Cambridge, 
171-J):  D.D.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1719;  vice- 
principal,  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1692:  rector  of  ^  ^K"oFcov«S  told"  jmrti :  »'  saccesefnl  chairman, 
Whiokham,  1712,  and  prebendary  of  St  Paul's^ London,  |  ^li^^SSm  Railway  Company ;  liberal  .M.I',  lor 

Whitby,  1869-6*:  deputy-lieateuant  of  Yorkshire: 
created  baronet,  1874:  contributed  papers  on  agru-nltun.1 
topics  to  •  Tatt's  Magasine,'  HMO,  and  to  'Journal  of  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society.'  PH  *"] 

THOMPSON,  HENRY  (1797-1878),  miscellaneous 
writer;  M.A.  St,  John's  College,  Cambridge  1»»:  ^car 
of  Chard,  1853 ;  author  of  religions  works,  editions  of  the 
Latin  classics,  and  other  books.  [Ivi.  SIS] 

THOMPSON.    HENRY    LANGHORNK   (18J9-18IT.6X 


,         , 

1719;  founded  public  library  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and 
other  institutions.  llvi.  *W) 

THOMOND.  third  MARQUIS  OK  (1769-1866X  [See 
O'BRiKX,  JAMES.] 

THOMOND,  EAKLB  OF.  [See  O'Biuitx,  MURROUGU, 
first  earl,  d.  1661:  O'JWIKX,  O»X<IK,  thinl  curl.  1534V- 
1681  ;  O'BuiKN,  DtiNouiai,  fourth  earl,  d.  1624  ;  O'BRIKX, 
BARNABAS,  sixth  earl,  d.  1667.] 

THOMPSON.     [See  also  THOMSON,  Toxrooff,  and 

TOMSON.] 


soldier;  educated  at  Eton;  lieutenant,  Bengal  native 


THOMPSON 


1292 


THOMPSON 


infantry  :  fought  and  w:n  wounded  in  second  Burmese 
war  1852-3  ;  distinguished  hirn>df  ut  Kars,  1855  :  honorary 
C.B^.1856.  [lvi.213] 

THOMPSON,  JACOB  (1806-1879),  landscape-painter  ; 

was  apprenticed  to  a  house-painter,  but  became  student 

at  the  lloyal  Academy,  1829  :  exhibited  pictures  of  high- 

intrrwenaa,  portraits,  and  classical  and  scriptural 


THOMPSON,  JAMES  (1817-1877),  journalist  and 
local  historian  ;  contributed  to  his  father's  paper,  '  The 
Leicester  Chronicle  '  :  published  '  A  History  of  Leicester, 
from  the  timeof  the  Romans  to  the  end  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century,'  1849,  '  A  History  of  Leicester  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  1871,  '  An  Essay  on  English  Municipal  History,' 
1867,  and  other  works  ;  F.R.H.S.  [Ivi.  214] 

THOMPSON,  THOMSON,  or  TOMSON,  JOHN  (fl. 
1382),  Carmelite:  B.D.  Oxford;  member  of  the  council 
which  pronounced  judgment  on  Wycliffe's  doctrines, 
1382  ;  his  works  not  known  to  be  extant.  [Ivi.  215] 

THOMPSON,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BARON  HAVKKSMAM 
{1647-1710),  nephew  of  George  Thomson  (/.  1643-1668) 
£q.  v.]  ;  made  baronet,  1673  :  M.P.,  Qatton,  1685-96  ;  one 
of  the  earliest  supporters  of  William  III  ;  created  Baron 
Haversham,  1696  :  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1699,  but  re- 
signed, 1701,  and  joined  the  tories.  [Ivi.  215] 

THOMPSON,  JOHN  (1776-1864),  admiral;  entered 
the  navy,  1787;  present  in  the  action  off  Toulon,  1795  ; 
wrecked  in  the  Tagus,  1796,  when  he  was  thanked  for  his 
services  in  saving  life  ;  distinguished  himself  in  several 
expeditions  ;  admiral,  1860.  [Ivi.  216] 

THOMPSON,  JOHN  (1785-1866),  wood-engraver; 
executed  numerous  book  illustrations,  the  design  for  Mul- 
ready's  envelope,  1852,  and  Britannia,  still  on  Bank  of 
England  notes,  1839;  his  work  much  appreciated  abroad, 
and  his  cuts  in  Fairfax's  'Tasso'  and  Puckle's  'Club' 
especially  famous.  [Ivi.  217] 

THOMPSON,  SIR  JOHN  SPARROW  DAVID  (1844- 
1894),  premier  of  Canada  :  born  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  ; 
began  life  as  a  lawyer  and  reporter  in  the  assembly  there  ; 
Q.O.,  1879  ;  premier  of  Nova  Scotia,  1881,  and  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Nova  Scotia,  1882  ;  became  minister  of 
justice  for  Canada,  1885  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1888  ;  premier  of 
Canada,  1892;  arbitrator  on  the  Behring  Sea  fisheries 
question  at  Paris,  1893  :  died  suddenly  at  Windsor  after 
being  sworn  privy  councillor.  [Ivi.  217] 

THOMPSON,  JOHN  VAUGHAN  (1779-1847),  zoolo- 
gist ;  present  (as  assistant  surgeon)  at  taking  of  Deme- 
rara  and  Berbice,  1803  ;  published  zoological  discoveries, 
and  on  return  to  England,  1809,  was  made  F.L.S.,  1810; 
investigated  extinct  birds  during  visit  to  Madagascar  and 
Mauritius,  1812-16  ;  district  medical  inspector  at  Cork, 
1816,  where  he  made  his  important  discoveries  on  the 
feather-star,  polyzoa,  barrac'.es,  and  Crustacea;  went  to 
Sydney  as  officer  of  health  in  charge  of  convict  medical 
ilepartment,  1835  ;  died  at  Sydney.  [Ivi.  218] 

THOMPSON,  Sm  MATTHEW  WILLIAM,  baronet 
(1820-1891),  railway  director  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cain- 
bridge,  1846;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1847;  became 
manager  of  his  uncle's  brewery  at  Bradford,  1857,  and 
mayor,  1862  ;  chairman  of  the  Midland  Railway  Company, 
1865,  and  of  the  Forth  Bridge  Company;  baronet,  1890; 
M.P.,  Bradford,  1867.  [Ivi.  220] 

THOMPSON,  PISHEY  (1784-1862),  historian  of 
Boston  :  published  '  The  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Boston,'  1856.  [Ivi.  220] 

THOMPSON,  SAMUEL  (1766-1837),  founder  of  the 
'  Freethinking  Christians  '  ;  began  life  as  a  watchmaker 
and  wine  merchant  ;  turned  seriously  to  religion  and 
became  a  preacher  ;  seceded  with  other*  from  the  uni- 
versalists,  1798,  and  founded  the  sect  named  '  The  Church 
of  God*  or  •  Freethinking  Christians,'  1799;  protested 
against  religious  marriage  ;  conducted  services  at  meeting 
nooses  in  Jewin  Orescent,  Ix>ndon,  and  High  Holborn, 
London,  and,  after  another  schism  at  Clerkenwell  expelled, 
1834,  but  elected  elder  of  another  'church  of  God'; 
author  of  religious  books  and  articles.  [Ivi.  221] 

THOMPSON,  THEOPHILUS  (1807-1860),  physician  ; 
•tod-el  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  and 
Edinburgh  (M.D.,  1830),  and  at  Paris;  physician  to 


ICarlbozoagb  Street  Consumption  Hospital,  London,  1847; 
introduced  cod-liver  oil  and  other  useful  medicines; 
F.R.S.,  1846  ;  published  medical  works.  [Ivi.  222] 

THOMPSON,  THOMAS  (1708?-1773),  missionary 
aii' I  apologist  for  the  African  slave  trade;  M.A.  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge,  1735;  fellow,  1738;  vicar  of  Elehain, 
1761;  published  'The  African  Trade  for  Negro  Slaves 
consistent  with  .  .  .  Humanity,'  1772.  [Ivi.  222] 

THOMPSON,  THOMAS  (1817-1878).  [See  THOMSON.] 

THOMPSON,  SIR  THOMAS  BOULDEN,  first  baronet 
(1766  ?-1828),  vice-admiral :  nephew  of  Edward  Thompson 
[q.  v.] ;  served  under  Nelson  at  Teneriffe,  1797  ;  was 
wounded  at  Santa  Cruz ;  as  captain  of  the  Leander  had 
great  share  in  the  victory  of  the  Nile,  but  returning 
home  was  captured  by  the  French;  complimented  at 
court-martial  on  his  gallant  defence;  lost  a  leg  at  the 
battle  of  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  created  baronet,  1806;  M.P., 
Rochester,  1807-18;  vice-admiral,  1814;  G.C.B.,  1822. 

[Ivi.  223] 

THOMPSON,  THOMAS  PERRONET  (1783-1869), 
general  and  politician :  B.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
as  seventli  wrangler;  entered  the  navy  as  midship- 
man, 1803 ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1804 ; 
entered  the  army,  1806 ;  captured  by  the  Spaniards  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  1807 ;  governor  of  Sierra  Leone,  1808;  took 
part  in  the  Peninsular  war,  and  subsequently  in  several 
Indian  expeditions,  in  one  of  which,  at  Soor,  he  was  de- 
feated by  Arabs,  1820;  on  return  home,  1822,  pub- 
lished several  articles,  mostly  on  economic  and  political 
subjects,  including  the  popular  'Catechism  on  the  Corn 
Laws,' 1827;  F.R.S.,  1828;  published  'Geometry  without 
Axioms,'  1830  editor  of  the  '  Westminster  Review,'  1829 ; 
M.P.  for  Hull  as  a  philosophic  radical,'  1835-7,  Brad- 
ford, 1847-52  and  1857-9  ;  produced  numerous  articles  on 
free  trade ;  published  •  Exercises,  Political  and  others,' 
1842,  'Catechism  on  the  Currency,'  1848,  and  other 
works.  [Ivi.  224] 

THOMPSON  or  THOMSON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1678- 
1739),  judge;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1698;  M.P., 
Orford,  1708-10,  Ipswich,  1713  (unseated,  1714),  and  1715- 
1729  ;  recorder  of  London  and  knighted,  1715  ;  solicitor- 
general,  1717,  but  dismissed,  1720;  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, 1729.  [Ivi.  226] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1712  ?-1766?),  poet;  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1739 ;  fellow  rector  of  Hampton 
Poyle;  author  of  'Sickness,'  1745,  and  other  poems; 
imitated  Spenser.  [Ivi.  227] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1730?-1800),  portrait- 
painter  and  author.  [Ivi.  227] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1785  ?-1833),  political 
economist ;  born  in  co.  Cork,  where  he  became  an  exten- 
sive landowner  ;  made  acquaintance  of  Bentham,  and 
supported  Robert  Owen's  system  of  co-operation ;  pub- 
lished '  Inquiry  into  Principles  of  Distribution  of  Wealth,' 
1824,  expounding  principles  of  scientific  socialism  on 
theory  of  the  injustice  of  unearned  income  and  private 
property ;  published  also  an  '  Appeal '  for  sexual  equality 
and  other  writings ;  bequeathed  his  property  to  trustees 
for  promulgating  principles  of  Robert  Owen,  but  his  will 
was  disputed  by  his  heirs-at-law,  who  ultimately  obtained 
judgment  in  their  favour.  [Suppl.  iii.  380] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1805-1852),  naturalist; 
began  life  as  a  linendraper :  travelled  abroad  and  pub- 
lished valuable  papers;  author  of  the  'Natural  History 
of  Ireland,'  published,  1849-56.  [Ivi.  227] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  (1811-1889),  pugilist; 
known  as  '  Bendigo ' ;  defeated  Benjamin  Caunt  [q.  v.], 
1835,  Leechmnn,  Langan,  Looney,  Deaf  Burke,  and  Tom 
Paddock,  1850 ;  was  beaten  by  Caunt,  1838,  and  again 
defeated  him,  1845 ;  the  Australian  city  Bendigo  said  to 
be  called  after  him  ;  became  a  dissenting  minister. 

[Ivi.  228] 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM  HEPWORTH  (1810-1886), 
master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  educated  at  Trinity, 
where  his  tutor  was  G'eorge  Peacock  (1791-1858)  [q.  v.] ; 
B.A.,  1832,  with  high  classical  and  mathematical  honours  ; 
obtained  second  chancellor's  medal  for  classics ;  fellow, 
1834,  and  tutor,  1844 ;  M.A.,  1835 ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1853-66 ;  canon  of  Ely,  1853,  his  lectures  and 
scholarship  being  highly  appreciated  ;  published  splendid 


THOM3 


THOMSON 


editions,  with  learned  not.-*  and  masterly  introductions, 
of  I'lato's  •  Ptiwdnu/  1868,  and  'Gorgia-s'  1X71.  an  im- 
portant dissertation  on  the  'Sophist,'  1867.  and  several 
nt  JUT  works  ;  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1866- 

UM  :  vi.x-.-lHin.vllor,  1867-*.  .  218] 

THOM8.  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1808-1885X  antiquary: 
clerk  iu  the  secretary'*  office  at  Cbebea  HotpiUl  :  hvlnal 
by  Francis  Douce  [q.  v.],  published  'Early  Proa* 
Romance*/  18*7-8,  and  'Lays  and  Legends'  (2 


18*  ;  aitiaj  ••!•>..•  OdffaiaV  I8tl]  r..~.\  .  latti  man- 
tary  of  the  Camden  Society,  1888-71;  published  "The 
Book  of  the  Court,1  1888,  and  other  antiquarian  work*, 
and  an  edition  of  •  Ileyuanl  the  Fox,'  1844  ;  appointed 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Lords,  1849  :  published 
Gurton'a  Famous  Historic.,1  1B46,  and  •  Gammer  Gorton's 
PleaaantStories/  1846  ;  started  •  Notes  and  Queries,'  1849  : 
appointed  deputy-librarian  of  the  House  of  Lord*,  1863, 
and  published  many  other  works  of  interest.  [IvL  HO] 

THOMSON.  [See  also  THOMPflox,  Toursox,  and 
TOUSON.] 

THOMSON,  ALEXANDER  (1768-1803),  poet:  author 
of  •  w  h-st/  1791,  and  other  poems.  [Ivi.  232] 

THOMSON,  ALEXANDER  (1817-1875),  architect: 
known  as  '  Greek  Thomson  '  :  partner  with  John  Balrd  of 
Glasgow,  where  he  designed  numerous  buildings  in  the 
Greek  style.  [Ivi.  2S2] 

THOMSON,  ALLEN  (1809-1884),  biologist:  ton  of 
John  Thomson  (1765-1846)  [q.  T.]  ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Paris  :  visited  the  schools  and  museum*  of 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Italy  .  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1830; 
lectured  on  physiology  and  on  microscopic  anatomy  : 
professor  of  physiology  at  Edinburgh,  1842-8.  ami  'of 
anatomy  at  Glasgow,  1848-77  ;  F.K&,  1848  :  president  of 
the  British  Association,  1876;  hon.  LL.I).  Edinburgh. 
1871,  Glasgow,  1877  ;  hon,  D.C.L.  Oxford.  1H32  ;  the  first 
of  the  great  biologists  of  the  century  ;  anatomist  rather 
than  physiologist.  [Ivi.  233] 

THOMSON,  ANDREW  MITCHELL  (1779-1831), 
Scottish  diviue  :  of  Edinburgh  University  ;  minister  of 
St.  George's,  Edinburgh,  1814  ;  leader  of  the  evangelical 
party  in  the  Scottish  church  and  reformer  :  attacked  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  for  binding  up  the 
Apocrypha  with  the  Bible,  1827;  published  religious 
works.  [Iri.  234] 

THOMSON,  ANTHONY  TODD  (1778-1849),  phy- 
sician ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1799:  practised  in  London, 
1800  :  a  founder  of  the  Chelsea  Dispensary,  1812,  and  one 
of  the  editors  of  •  The  Medical  Repository  '  ;  appointed 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  at  London 
University,  1828,  and  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence, 
1832:  F.R.C.P.,  1842;  carried  out  valuable  and  original 
researches  into  the  composition  of  alkaloid*  and  iodides, 
and  extended  botanical  knowledge  :  author  of  'The  Con- 
spectus Pharmacopoeise,'  1810,  and  other  medical  works. 


[Ivi.  235] 
I  LETT,  I 


THOMSON,  CHARLES  EDWARD  POULETT.lUKoN 
BYDKXIIAX  (1799-1841),  governor-general  of  Canada: 
brother  of  George  Julius  Poulett  Scrope  [q.  v.] ;  after 
spending  some  years  abroad  in  his  father's  commercial 
business,  became  M.P.  for  Dover,  1826 :  M.P.,  Manchester, 
I y  from  1832 ;  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade, 
1830,  president,  1834 ;  carried  out  many  reforms  and 
measures;  made  governor-general  of  Canada,  1839,  when 
he  accomplished  union  of  the  different  provinces ;  created 
Baron  Sydenham,  1840.  [Ivt  286] 

THOMSON,  SIR  CHARLES  WYVILLE  (1830-1882), 
naturalist  ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  filled 
many  professional  appointment*,  including  tliat  of  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  at  Edinburgh  from  1870: 
organised  sounding  expedition-  to  tin-  north  of  Scotland, 

1868,  and    Mediterranean,  1870,  and    another   through 
various  parte  of  the  world,  1872-6,  and  published  ac- 
count* of  these  expeditions  in  '  The  Depths  of  the  Sea,' 
1873,  and  'The  Voyage  of  the  Challenger,'  1877 

1869,  and  recipient  of  many  academical  and  foreign  dis- 
tinctions ;  knighted,  1876.  [IrL  237] 

THOMSON,  DAVID  (d.  1815),  musician  ;  brother  of 
George  Thomson  (1757-18*1).  [IvL  *«] 

THOMSON,  DAVID  (1817-1880),  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  at  Aberdeen,  1845 ;  was  educated  abroad,  at 


R  EDWARD  DBAS  <1800-187»)» 
and  politician;  mad.  clerk  of  the 
Wale*,  18)7;  colonial  mieUir  and 


THOMSON,    SIR 

\   :--,  |te    B«    U 

council.  New  Sooth  Wato*,lW7; 

leader  of  the  house  •oowed~great 
with  several 


IMSON.  OBORGE( /1. 1643-1668), parliatnentarian; 

with  Kir  William  Waller  [q.  v.]w  his  western 
campaign,  1644  ;  M.Pn  Southwark.  1645-53  and  1659-6O, 
and  coQimlssionsr  of  onstoms.  1652,  and  later  of  army  and 
navy ;  dismissed,  1653  :  becan*  Fifth-monarchy  man  ; 
Intrigued  against  the  Rottoratiou.  [Ivi  24O] 

THOMSON,  GBOROE(/.  1648-1679),  medical  writer; 
served  under  Prince  Maurice  in  the  civil  war :  M.D.  Leyden, 


1648;    published   '  Loimologia/   1665    (on  the 
•Galeuo-pale,'   1665,  'AUMTUKTIC/    1670   (against 
lettlngX  »nd  other  works,  which  excited  violent  < 
..  [UL240] 

THOMSON,  GEORGE  (1782  7-1888),  tutor  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  household,  c.  18 11-20,  and  supposed  original 
of  '  Dominie  Sampson ' :  an  expert  fencer  and  bold  rider, 
notwithstanding  the  loss  of  a  leg,  but  very  eccentric; 
became  tutor  to  sons  of  Mrs.  Dennlstoun  of  Cdgrain,  1820. 

[Ivi.  2411 

THOMSON,  GEORGE  (1 757-1851 X  collector  of  SoottMl 
nri-i.- :  .-lerk  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  Encourage- 
ment of  Scottish  Manufactures :  published  collections  of 
Scottish,  Welsh,  aixl  Irish  airs,  for  which  Haydn, 
Beethoven,  and  others  provided  accompaniment*,  and 
Burus,  Scott,  Byron,  and  other  poet*  new  words. 

[Iri.  242] 

THOMSON,  GEORGE  (1799-1888X  lieotenant-colonel. 
Bengal  engineers:  joined  Bengal  sappers,  1818:  assisted 
in  capture  of  Arakan,  1825,  and  was  mentioned  in 
despatches ;  appointed  executive  engineer.  1825 :  chief 
engineer  of  the  army  in  vailing  Afghanistan.  1888 ;  bridged 
the  Indus  at  Rohri  in  eleven  days ;  rendered  valuable 
services  in  march  to  Candalmr  and  Kabul  under  Sir  John 
Keane  [q.  v.] ;  successfully  stormed  Gbarni,  1889 ;  re- 
ceived thanks  of  the  government  and  made  brevet-major 
and  C.B.,  1839 ;  retired  from  the  service,  1841,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute ;  lieuteuantrcolooel,  1854.  [Ivi.  242] 

THOMSON,  HENRY  (1773-1843X  painter:  R.A, 
1802 :  painted  mythological  and  domestic  subject*  and 
portrait*,  and  designed  illustrations  for  Sharpe's '  Poets  * 


1825. 
244] 


and  other  works  ;  keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy 
resigning  from  illncs*  after  two  years.  [Ivi. 

THOMSON,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (BYERLEY)(1822- 
1867),  jurist  ;  son  of  Anthony  Todd  Thomson  fq.  v.]  :  of 
University  College,  London,  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge 
(B.A.,1848)  ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple.  1M9  ;  puUne  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Colombo;  published  'Institutes 
of  the  Laws  of  Ceylon,'  1»66,  and  other  works,  f>*.  ***) 

THOMSON,  J  AM  KS(  1700-1  748),  poet:  bornatEdnnm: 
son  of  a  Scottish  minister  :  educated  at  Sontbdean  parts* 
pobool,  Jedburgh,  and  Kdinburgh  University:  stodiwl  tl^ 
Knglish  poets  and  wrote  vcr>e  in  the  •  Edinburgh  Miscel- 
lany,' 1720;  went  to  London.  1725,  and  became  tutor  to 
Thomas  Hamilton  (afterwards  seventh  Barl  of  Haddingi 
ton)  at  Barnet  :  introduced  to  Arbnthnot,  Gay,  Pope,  and 
others  ;  published*  Winter,'  1726,  'Summer,'  1727,'  Spring/ 
1728,  'Autumn,'  1730  (the  last  first  appearing  iu  'The 
Seasons,'  1730),  and  minor  poems  :  produced  '  Sopbonisba  * 
at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1780:  became  tutor  to  Chartc* 
Richard  Talbot  and  travelled  abroad  :  given  by  Talbot  * 
father,  the  chancellor,  secretaryship  of  briefs,  1788,  which, 
however,  he  lost.  1737  :  residel  at  Richmond  :  publUbrf 
•Liberty,'  1784-6,  and  'Agamemnon,'  a  play,  1788; 
through  Lyttelton  obtained  pension  from  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales,  1788  :  wrote  '  Rule  Britannia,'  appearing 
first  in  '  The  Masque  of  Alfred,'  1740  :  spent  several  year* 
in  revising  'The  Seasons';  made  surveyor-general  of 
the  Leeward  Wands  by  Lyttelton,  1744;  produced 
•Tancred  and  Sigismunda,'  1752,  patronised  by  Pitt 
and  Lyttdton,  and  in  which  Oarrlck  played  Tancred  ; 
proda<5rt'TheOMtl«ofludoknce:  an  allegorical 


THOMSON 


1294 


THOMSON 


1748  •  buried  in  Richmond  Church  ;  his  '  Coriolanus  '  pro-  !  Keith  Johnston  the  younger  [q.  v.]  to  Central  Africa, 
daOBd   1749  "»>d  his  '  Works  *  by  Lyttcltou,  1750,  in  which     1K78-8U,  becoming  leader  <>n  iU-atli  of  .Johnston,  1879  ;  led 


many alterations*  were  made  in"  the  text.  '  The  Seasons 
tirst  challenged  the  artificiality  of  English  poetry,  and 
inaugurated  a  new  era  by  their  sentiment  for  nature. 
The  poems  were  translated  into  many  tepgUWW,  an. I 
made  a  great  impression  in  France.  [Ivi.  246] 

THOMSON,  JAMES  (1786-1849X  mathematician; 
M  A.  Glasgow,  1812 ;  appointed  professor  of  mathematics 
at  the  Academical  Institution,  Belfast,  1815  :  hon.  LL.D. 
Glasgow,  18» :  professor  of  mathematics,  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity, 1832-49 ;  author  of  mathematical  school-books. 

THOMSON,  JAMES  (1788-1850),  engraver;  engraved 
maimy  portraits.  [Ivi.  255] 

THOMSON,  JAMES  (1768-1855),  co-editor  of  the 
« Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  third  edition,  with  George 
Gle.g  [q.  v.] ;  hon.  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1842  ;  wrote  several 
articles,  including  those  on  '  Scripture,"  Septuagint,'  and 
*  Superstition,'  in  the  *  Encyclopaedia  Britauuica ' ;  minis- 
ter of  Eccles,  1805-47.  [Ivi.  255] 


expedition  for  opening  up  of  route  between  the  east  coast 
and  northern  shore  of  Victoria  Nyanza,  1882-3,  tra- 
versing country  of  the  dreaded  Masai,  visiting  the  lake, 
and  reaching  Rabai;  presented  with  gold  medal  of 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  1885  ;  led  expedition  for  the 
National  African  Company  to  Sekoto,  and  made  valuable 
treaties,  1885  ;  explored  the  Atlas  mountains  in  Morocco, 
1888 ;  led  another  expedition  for  the  South  African  ( '<> 
pany,  1890-1,  his  explorations  beginning  at  Qii'.limaiie 
and  ending  at  Kwa  Chepo,  in  which  his  health  was  per- 
manently injured  ;  made  most  extensive  additions  to  the 
geological  map  of  Africa  and  valuable  contributions  to 
zoology  and  botany  ;  author  of  To  the  Central  Air. can 
Lakes  and  Back,'  1881,  'Through  Masai  Land,'  1885, 
'  Travels  in  the  Atlas  and  Southern  Morocco,"  1889,  and 
other  works,  besides  numerous  contributions  to  periodicals. 

[Ivi.  2«2] 

THOMSON,  KATHARINE  (1797-1862),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  nie  Byerley ;  married  Anthony  Todd  Thomson 
[q.  v.],  1820  ;  published  works  of  anecdotal  biography  and 
historical  novels.  [Ivi.  265] 


THOMSON,  JAMES  (1834-1882),  poet  and  pessimist ;  |        THOMSON,  RICHARD  (<f.  1613),  biblical  scholar  and 
became  army  schoolmaster  and  made  friends  with  Charles  I  divine  ;  called  'Dutch  Thomson':    M.A.,  1691  (fellow, 


Bradlaugh  [q.v.] ;  discharged  for  breach  of  discipline,  1862  ; 
wrote  for  the  'National  Reformer,'  and  took  active  part 
in  propaganda  of  free  thought ;  lived  a  sad  and  isolated  life 
ill  London,  aggravated  by  poverty,  dipsomania,  and  de- 
pression ;  chief  works, '  The  City  of  Dreadful  Night'  (con- 
tributed to  the '  National  Reformer,'  1874,  first  published, 
1880),  and  '  Vane's  Story,  Weddah  and  Om-el-Bonain,  and 
other  Poems,'  1881.  [Ivi.  256] 

THOMSON,  JAMES  (1800-1883),  architect ;  designed 
Cumberland  Terrace  and  Place,  Regent's  Park,  and  other 
buildings  in  London  and  the  provinces.  [Ivi.  257] 

THOMSON,  JAMES  (1822-1892),  professor  of  en- 
gineering ;  son  of  James  Thomson  (1786-1849)  [q.  v.]  and 
brother  of  Lord  Kelvin  ;  professor  of  civil  engineering  in 
Queen's  College,  Belfast,  1857-73,  and  at  Glasgow,  1873- 
1889  ;  invented  the  '  Vortex  Water-wheel,'  1850,  and  other 
appliances;  contributed  numerous  scientific  papers  to 
th-a  '  Proceedings '  of  the  Royal  Society  and  other  publica- 
tions ;  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1870,  and  Dublin,  1878 ;  i  authority  on  sanitation  ;  F.R.S.,  1854 ;  F.R.C.P.,  18G4 ; 
F.R.S.,  1877.  [Ivi.  2571  author  of  works  relating  to  medical  and  other  science. 

[Ivi  268' 


1587),  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  incorporated  at  Oxford, 
1596  ;  one  of  the  translators  of  the  Old  Testament ;  pub- 
lished religious  and  controversial  works.  [Ivi.  266] 

THOMSON,  RICHARD  (1794-1865),  antiquary; 
seed-merchant ;  joint-librarian  of  the  London  Institution, 
1834,  the  catalogue  being  largely  his  work :  arranged 
antiquities  found  in  the  Royal  Exchange  excavations ; 
published  'Account  of  Processions  and  Ceremonies  ob- 
served in  the  Coronation  of  the  Kings  and  Queens  of  Eng- 
land,' 1820,  and  other  works.  [Ivi.  267] 

THOMSON,  ROBERT  DUNDAS  (1810-1864),  medical 
officer  of  health  and  author:  son  of  James  Thomson 
(1768-1855)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Giessen  under 
Liebig :  M.D.  Glasgow,  1831 ;  turned  his  attention  to  in- 
vestigation of  constituents  of  food;  assisted  his  uncle, 
Thomas  Thomson  (1773-1852)  [q.  v.]  at  Glasgow  :  chemi- 
cal lecturer,  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  1852 :  medical 
of  health  for  Maryleboue,  London,  1856,  and 


THOMSON,  JAMES  BRUCE  (1810-1873),  pioneer  of 
criminology;  educated  at  Glasgow  University;  surgeon  i 
to  Perth  prison,  1858;  published  papers  in  the  'Journal  ; 
of  Mental  Science ' ;  first  medical  writer  to  investigate  re- 
lations of  crime  to  disease.  [Ivi.  258] 

THOMSON,  JOHN  (1778-1840),  landscape-painter; 
succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of  Dailly,  1799,  and  was 
given  living  of  Duddiugston,  1805 ;  became  the  greatest 
Scottish  landscape-painter  of  the  time.  [Ivi.  259] 


THOMSON,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1822-1873),  en- 
gineer ;  was  sent  to  America  to  be  a  merchant,  but 
returning  took  np  engineering ;  encouraged  by  Faraday 
and  employed  by  Robert  Stephenson  ;  took  out  a  patent 
for  iudiarubber  tyres,  1845,  and  one  for  a 'fountain  pen,' 
1849,  and  others  connected  with  motive  power:  devised 
new  machinery  for  manufacturing  sugar  in  Java,  1852  ; 
the  first  portable  steam-crane,  hydraulic  docks,  1860,  and 
his  traction  engine,  1867.  [Ivi.  268] 

THOMSON,   THOMAS  (1768-1852),  jurist  and  legal 


THOMSON,  JOHN  (1805-1841),  musical  writer:  son 

""l^J?^**  EdiuburSh' 1839-41 : 'composer  of  operas  I  Wat^St^ closest  wSsTcSferiStadthrU articles^ 

Livi.  ^buj  [  tne  t  Edinburgh  Review '  and  occasionally  acted  as  editor ; 
deputy  clerk- register  of  Scotland,  1806 ;  removed,  1839, 
on  account  of  his  carelessness  in  expenditure  ;  succeeded 
Scott  as  president  of  the  Bannatyne  Club,  1832  ;  rendered 


and  other  works. 


THOMSON,  JOHN  (1765-1846),  physician  and  sur- 
geon ;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh  ;  became  house 
surgeon  at  the  Royal  Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  1791 ;  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Society,  1791 ;  professor  of  surgery  at 
the  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  1805 ;  and  of  military 
surgery  at  Edinburgh  University,  1806  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
1808 ;  lectured  on  various  subjects ;  visited  European 
medical  schools;  professor  of  general  pathology,  Edin- 
burgh, 1832-41 ;  reputed  the  most  learned  physician  in 
Scotland ;  author  of  '  The  Elements  of  Chemistry  and 
Natural  History,'  1798,  and  some  medical  works. 

THOMSON,  JOHN  COCKBURN  (1834-1860),  Sanskrit 
scholar  ;  brother  of  Henry  William  Thomson  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Trinity  College  and  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  :  B.A.  St. 
Mary  Hall,  1867  ;  published  u  translation  of  '  The  Bhaga- 
vad-Gita,'  1866,  and  other  works.  [Ivi.  245] 

THOMSON,  JOSEPH  (1868-1894),  African  explorer; 
showed  early  great  interest  in  and  talent  for  geology,  and 
<-ontntjutcd  papers  on  formations  in  his  father's  quarry  ut 


the  public  records  accessible,  and  published  several  works 
with  that  object,  involving  immense  labour.     [Ivi.  269] 

THOMSON,  THOMAS  (1773-1852),  chemist ;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1799  ;  contributed  articles  to  the  '  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica,'  and  published  his  •  System  of  Chemis- 
try,' 1802 ;  opened  chemical  laboratory  for  instruction, 
said  to  be  first  in  England;  invented  Allan's  'Saccharo- 
meter '  ;  F.R.S.,  1811 ;  visited  Sweden,  1812,  and  published 
account  of  his  travels ;  lecturer  in  chemistry,  1817,  and 
regius  professor  at  Glasgow  University ;  supported  Dai- 
ton's  atomic  theory  ;  published  '  An  Attempt  to  establish 
the  First  Principles  of  Chemistry  by  Experiment,'  1825, 
and  other  scientific  works.  [Ivi.  271] 

THOMSON,  THOMAS  (1817-1878),  naturalist :  son 
of  Thomas  Thomson  (1773-1852)  [q.  v.]  ;  showed  early 
remarkable  scientific  ability;  M.D.  Glasgow,  l.s:;y; 
appointed  curator  of  the  Asiatic  Society's  museum  at 


GaUdawbridge ;  medallist  for  geology  and  natural  history     Calcutta,  1840,   but  sent  to  Afghanistan  *  and  was  taken 
at  idinburgh,  1877 ;  geologist  to  expedition  of  Alexander     prisoner  at  Ghuzuee,  1842,  escaping  however  by  bribing 


THOMSON 


THORNE 


his  captor  ;  served  through  the  Sutlej  campaign  :  held 
several    botanical   appointment*    at   Calcutta:     I 
1855  ;  published  'Flora  Indlca,'  1855,  and  other  work*. 

... 

THOMSON,  THOM\<  NU'IKK  (1798-1869X  hl»- 
toriim  .tn.l  biographer  :  of  Glasgow  University  :  minister 
to  the  Scottish  church  at  Mu- 

1831  :  returned  to  England,  1835 :  contributed  to  the 
•  Pictorial  History  oflngland,'  1838,  and  other  works : 
edited Chambers's  'Biographical  Dictionary  of  Eminent 
Scotsmen,'  publishul,  \*w  n.  [IvL  173] 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM  (1746-1817),  mleneHaiMBPl 
•  r  :  wai  educated  at  St.  Andrews  and  Kdinburgb 
Universities;  became  librarian  to  the  eighth  Earl  of 
Kiimoull  [q.  v.),  and  minister,  bat  wu  obliged  by  the 
complaints  of  his  parishioners  to  resign  ;  infctTcrt  in  Lon- 
don, i:;-,  .u,i  ,IM  Mok  man  Ma*  ..n 


1778,  and  didmach  literary 
t.  [111174] 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM  (1805-1851),  phjrician ;  ton 
of  John  Thomson  (1765-1846)  [q.  v.],  «nd  half-brother  of 
Allen  Thomson   [q.  v.]  :   M.D.  Marischal  College,  Aber- 
:  filled  MTeral  port*  M  physician  and  lecturer 
and  Glasgow  ;  published  medical  works. 

[M.176] 

THOMSON.  WILLIAM  (1819-1890),  archbishop  of 
York;  educated  at  Shrewsbury;  scholar  and  fellow 
(1840)  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1844 :  published 
•  Outlines  of  the  Laws  of  Thought,'  1841,  which  brought  him 
early  reputation  ;  wan  ordained,  but  returned  to  Queen's 
College  as  tutor  :  Hampton  lecturer,  1853 :  a  zealous 
supporter  of  university  reform ;  provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford.  1855:  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  18&8: 
chaplain  to  Queen  Victoria,  1889 :  severed  himself  from 
the  writers  of  'Essays  and  Reviews,'  and  replied  by 
4  Aids  to  Faith,'  1881 ;  contributed  •  Introduction  to  the 
Synoptical  Gospels  *  to  the  *  Speaker's  Commentary  ' : 
Appointed  bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol,  1861,  and 
archbishop  of  York,  1861 ;  showed  a  keen  interest  in 
social,  economic,  and  political  questions ;  gained  especially 
the  confidence  of  working  men,  and  greatly  strengthened 
position  of  the  northern  church  ;  in  the  reeonstltution  of  the 
ecclesiastical  court  of  appeal  supported  the  judicial  rights 
of  the  bishops  :  introduced  Dilapidations  Act,  1871 :  joined 
Archbishop  Tait  in  bill  for  regulation  of  public  worship, 
1874 :  conducted  his  own  case  in  the  matter  of  Tristram's 
election,  1887,  and  successfully  challenged  the  court's 
jurisdiction ;  proceeded  against  Voysey  for  heresy,  1869, 
but  always  supported  toleration.  [Ivi.  176] 

THORBTTRN.  GRANT  (1773-1863),  original  of 
Gait's  '  Lawrie  Todd,'  and  author  ;  nail-innker  at  Dal- 
keith  ;  emigrated  to  New  York,  1794,  where,  after  several 
vicissitudes,  be  became  a  successful  seed-merchant :  pub- 
lished •  Forty  Years'  Residence  in  America  ;  or  the  Doctrine 
of  a  particular  Providence  exemplified  in  the  Life  of 
Grant  Thorburu,'  1834,  and  other  works.  [Ivi.  179] 

THORBTTRN,  ROBERT  (1818-1886),  miniature- 
painter  ;  patronised  by  fashionable  society :  painted 
miniatures  of  Queen  Victoria ;  A.R.A.,  1848.  [Ivi  180] 

MORESBY,  JOHN  (rf.  1373),  archbishop  of  York 
and  chancellor:  entered  the  service  of  William  de 
Melton  [q.  v.]  ;  sent  on  several  missions  to  Rome :  became 
notary  in  chancery  and  king's  clerk  ;  obtained  numerous 
ecclesiastical  preferments :  appointed  master  of  the  rolls, 
1341 ;  temporary  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1843;  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal,  1345 :  commissioner  to  treat  with 
France,  1346 ;  attended  Edward  III  at  Calais,  and  made 
bishop  of  St  David's,  1347,  and  of  Worcester,  1349: 
chancellor,  1349-66:  appointed  archbishop  of  York, 
1361  ;  guardian  of  the  kingdom,  1365  ;  commissioner  to 
treat  with  the  Scott,  1367  ;  settled  dispute  between  Can- 
terbury and  York,  the  arrangement  being  that  each 
primate  should  be  allowed  to  bear  lus  cross  erect  in  the 
other's  province :  built  the  lady-chapel  in  the  minster 
and  commenced  the  choir.  [Ivi.  180] 

THORE8BY,  RALPH  (1658-1715),  antiquary  and 
topographer:  belonged  to  the  same  family  M  John 
Thoresby  [q.  v.],  the  archbishop :  educated  at  Leeds,  and 
brought  up  to  trade,  but  turned  his  attention  to  anti- 
quarian research :  indicted  umler  the  Conventicle  Act, 
1683 ;  F.R.S.,  1697  :  imprisoned  for  d.-bt,  1698  ;  conformed 
to  the  church  of  England,  1699 ;  published  the  'Dncatus 
Leodiensis,'  1715,  and  •  Vicaria  Leodiensis,'  1724  ;  collected 


of  rarities';  the  I 
quary  to  pnbliah  Important  work,  hi* 
not  scholarly  nor  accurate,  being  a  i 

•MLioa 


THORIE  or  THORIU8.  JOHN  <*.  IMt-lMtX  trans- 
latortron  the  Spaa  b:BJI  «  :••-•'  ban  b,<MM.IM  : 
nototfi  •>•:>..<•  •!*•«  Mm*  ***m*i**m'  (im) 

of  hi.  friend  Gabrid  Harvey  [q.v.]  [M.  »«J 

THORITT8.  RAPHAEL  (4.  1615).  physician  :  studied 

1  and  Lcyden  (  MJ>.)  ;  practised  in    London: 

wrote  •  Hymnus  Tabaci,'  1610,  •  Hyems,'  1616.  and  other 

[lvL184] 


THORN.  SIR    NATHANIEL   (d.    1857% 

IIMHI  .  tool  j..i.-t   VIA  ti:,-  Mh  ta 


1-1  I  :    K.I!  .   I-.:-.';    MtaM     .,f    t 
1854  ;  K.C.B.,  1857. 

[1VLJ85] 
THORN,  WILLIAM  (A  1397).    [SeeTuosun.] 

THORN,  8m  WILLIAM  (1781-1843).  soldier  and 
military  historian  :  joined  the  19th  light  dragoons,  17M: 
served  in  the  Maratba  war,  1803-6,  especially  disttngotab- 
ing  himself  at  battle  of  Laswari,  where  be  wa*  wounded; 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  Mauritius,  lulu,  and  in  con- 
quest of  Java,  1811  ;  thanked  In  orders  for  his  services: 
promoted  brevet-major  and  deputy  quarter-master 
general  of  the  forces  in  Java  :  took  part  hi  the  capture  of 
Palembang,  1811  ;  wrote  two  books  of  military  memoirs. 

[IvL  186] 

THORNBOROUGH,  JOHN  (1851-1641),  bishop  of 
Worcester  :  M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1676,  BJk, 
1682  ;  chaplain  to  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Queen 
received  many  preferments  :  dean  of  York,  1689  ; 
of  Limerick,  1593-1603,  of  Bristol,  1603-17,  of  Wo.v»m. 
1617-41  :  showed  himself  xealous  against  recusant*  and 
In  raising  forced  loans  ;  author  of  writings  supporting 
the  union  with  Scotland  and  of  other  works.  [Ivi.  186] 

THORNBROUOH,  8m  EDWARD  (1764-1814),  ad- 
miral :  went  to  sea  with  his  father,  1761  :  wounded  on 
tho  North  American  station,  1775  :  wrecked  while  com- 
manding the  Blonde,  near  Seal  island,  1781:  joined  the 
Latoua,  1791,  and  was  publicly  oommn*1«*1  for  detaining 


French  squadron,  1793 ;  assisted  the  Belleropbon  in  the 
battle,  1  June  1794  ;  took  part  In  ' 


. 

DIKI,  HERBERT  (1898-1671),  Anglican 
A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  16SO,  major 
:  studied  theology,  oriental 1  language .and 


cpoditic 

1796,  awl  in  capture  of  French  squadron  off  Tory  Maul. 
1798;  held  various  commands:  admiral.  1813: 
1816 ;   vice-admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1833 :   had 
few  rivals  as  a  practical  seaman.  [M.  187] 

THORNBTJRY,  GEORGE  WALTFR  (1818-1876). 
miscellaneous  writer ;  contributed  articles  to  Farley's 
'  Bristol  Journal,'  and  published  poems  at  the  age  of  teven- 
teen  :  joined  staff  of  the '  Atbewrum,'  and  was  aaaodated 
with  Dickens  in  ' Household  Words '  and  'All  the  Year 
Round';  contributed  article*  on  art  and  miscellaneous 
paper*  to  the  magazines ;  wrote '  Life  of  J.  M.  W.  Turner.' 
under  Ruskiu's  observation,  1861,  novel*,  and  other  work*. 

[Ivi.  189] 

THORNDIKE, 
divine;    M.A. 

fellow,  1610 ;  studied  theology. 

rabbinical  literature ;  made  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1636  : 
Hebrew  lecturer  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1640. 
and  senior  bursar;  published  'Of  the  Government  of 
Churches '  and  'Of  Religion*  A**emblk<  1641 ;  deprived 
of  his  living  during  the  civil  war  and  of  his  work  at 
Cambridge :  contributed  the  Syriac  portion  to  Walton's 
Tolyglott'  and  wrote  his  'Epilogue,'  1659.  advocating 
return  to  the  primitive  catholic  church,  and  other  treatise*: 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  1661 ;  took  part  In  the  Savoy 
conference,  1661,  and  In  the  revision  of  the  prayer-book. 

[Ivi.  190] 

THORNE,    JAMES    (1796-1871),     Bible   C 
preached  through  various  part*  of  Devonshire 
with  remarkable  success  ;  noted  for  his  earnest  el 
and  ready  wit ;  editor  of  the '  Bible  Chriatian  Magaxlnc,' 
UN  ,,  [IvLlM] 

THORITE.  JAMBS  (1815-1881  \  antiquary;  contri- 
buted article,  on  antiquarian  and  topographical  subject* 
to  various  periodical*,  including  •  Rambles  by  River*  *  in 
"The  Land  we  live  In':  published  'Handbook  to  the 
Environs  of  London,'  1876.  [Iri.  1M] 


THORNE 


1296 


THORNYCROFT 


THORNE,  JOHN  (d.  1573),  musical  composer  and 
poet;  probably  connected  with  York  Minster, where  he  is 
burial :  skilled  also  in  logic.  [Ivi.  293] 

THORNE,  SIR  RICHARD  THORNE-  (1841-1899), 
physician:  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
Lrndon:  M.K.r.S.,  1S63:  L.H.C.P.,  1««5;  M.B.  London, 
1866  ;  physician  to  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  City 
Road,  London,  1868 :  inspector  in  medical  department  of 
privy  council,  1871 ;  principal  medical  officer  to  local 
government  board,  1892;  F.R.C.P.,  1876;  his  Milroy  lee- 
tores  on  diphtheria  published,  1891 :  permanent  lecturer 
on  public  health  at  St.  Bartholomew's,  London,  1891 ; 
F.R.S.,  1890;  crown  nominee  ou  general  medical  council, 
1895 ;  K.C.B.,  1897.  [Suppl.  iii.  382] 

THORNE,  ROBERT  (</.  1527),  merchant  and  geogra- 
phical writer ;  perhaps  a  commissioner  for  the  office  of 
admiral  of  England  in  Bristol,  1510 ;  carried  on  business 
at  Seville ;  wrote  to  Henry  VIII,  1527,  exhorting  him  to 
take  in  hand  expeditions  to  the  Indies  by  the  north-east, 
and  sending  a  map ;  fourteen  hundred  ducats  contributed 
by  his  firm  to  Sebastian  Cabot's  voyage,  1526.  [Ivi.  294] 

THORNE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1397),  historian  ;  monk  of 
St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury;  visited  Rome,  1387,  and 
wrote  detailed  account  of  the  corruption  there ;  wrote  a 
history  of  monks  of  St.  Augustine's  (printed  by  Twysden 
in  '  Decem  Scriptores,'  1652).  [Ivi.  295] 

THORNE,  WILLIAM  (1568  ?-1630),  orientalist  and 
Hebrew  scholar;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1587; 
M.A.,  1593 ;  D.D.,  1602  ;  regius  professor  of  Hebrew,  1598- 
1604  ;  appointed  dean  of  Chichester,  1601.  [Ivi.  295] 

THORNHILL,  Sm  JAMES  (1675-1734),  painter; 
studied  under  Thomas  Highmore  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  abroad ; 
employel  by  Queen  Anne  on  important  works  at  Hampton 
Court,  Greenwich,  and  Windsor;  designed  paintings  for 
the  dome  of  St.  Paul's,  London ;  decorated  Greenwich 
Hospital  and  many  country  houses;  copied  Raphael's 
cartoons  at  Hampton  Court;  painted  portraits  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  Stccle,  Bentley,  and  others  ;  founded 
an  unsuccessful  academy ;  became  sergeant-painter  to 
George  I,  and  was  knighted,  1720  ;  repurchased  the  old 
family  seat  at  Thoruhill,  in  Dorset;  M.P.,  Melcombe 
Regis,  1722-34.  [Ivi.  296] 

THORNHILL,  WILLIAM  (ft.  1737-1756),  surgeon; 
nephew  of  Sir  James  Thornhill  [q.  v.] ;  surgeon  to  the 
Bristol  Infirmary,  1737-55 ;  one  of  the  earliest  English 
surgeons  to  practise  suprapnbic  lithotomy.  [Ivi.  297] 

THORNTON,  BONNELL  (1724-1768),  miscellaneous 
writer  and  wit;  scholar  of  Westminster  and  contem- 
porary of  William  Cowper;  M.A.,  1760,  and  M.B.,  1754, 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  contributed  to  periodicals ;  one 
of  the  « Nonsense  Club,'  which  opened  the  '  Exhibition  by 
the  Society  of.  Sign-painters '  in  ridicule  of  the  Society  of 
Arts,  1754;  published,  with  Colman, 'The  Connoisseur,' 
1754;  became,  with  Colman,  proprietor  of  'St.  James's 
Chronicle ' ;  published  a  burlesque  '  Ode  on  St.  Ctecilia's 
Day,'  1763,  and  'Battle  of  the  Wigs  :  an  additional  Canto 
to  Dr.  Garth's  .  .  .  Dispensary,'  1767  :  his  translation  of  a 
few  of  the  comedies  of  Plautus  much  praised  by  Sou  they  ; 
diverted  Dr.  Johnson  by  his  witty  sallies.  [Ivi.  297] 

THORNTON,  Siu  ED  WARD  (1766-1852),  diplomatist; 
brother  of  Thomas  Thornton  (d.  1814)  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Christ's  Hospital,  London ;  third  wrangler,  1789,  and 
M.A.  and  fellow,  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  1798; 
filled  various  diplomatic  posts;  negotiated  treaties  of 
alliance  with  Sweden  and  Russia,  1811 ;  minister  of 
Portugal,  1817 ;  O.C.B.,  1822.  [Ivi.  299] 

THORNTON,  EDWARD  (1799-1875),  author  of  a 
•History  of  the  British  Empire  in  India,'  1841-5,  and 
other  works  on  India  ;  in  the  East  India  House,  1814-57, 
and  head  of  the  maritime  department  from  1847. 

[Ivi.  300] 

THORNTON,  EDWARD  PARRY  (1811-1893),  Indian 
civilian ;  grandson  of  Samuel  Thornton  [q.  v.]  ;  commis- 
sioner at  Rawul  Pindi,  1849;  distinguished  himself  by 
arresting  Nadir  Khan,  1852,  on  which  occasion  he  was 
wounded,  and  in  the  mutiny  by  suppressing  revolt  of  the 
Haearah  tribes,  1857;  judicial  commissioner  for  the 
Punjaub  and  C.B.,  1860  ;  published  a  work  on  the  Thugs, 

THORNTON,  GILBERT  DK  (rf.  1296),  judge;  king's 
advocate;  sent  to  Ireland  on  Edward  I's  service,  1284 ; 


chief  -justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1290  ;  summoned  to 
parliament,  1295  ;  compiled  compendium  of  Henry  de 
Bracton's  work.  [Ivi.  3UO] 

THORNTON,  HENRY  (1760-1815),  philanthropist 
and  economist ;  son  of  John  Thornton  (1720-1790)  [q.  v.]  ; 
banker;  M.P.,  Southwurk,  17K2-1815;  independent  poli- 
tician ;  voted  for  reform  and  catholic  emancipation  ;  n  high 
authority  on  finance;  supported  Pitt's  measures  ;  member 
of  the  bullion  committee,  1811 ;  governor  of  the  Bank  of 
England;  published'  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Effect* 
of  the  Paper  Credit  of  Great  Britain,'  1SU2 ;  influential 
member  of  the  '  Clapham  Sect ' ;  connected  with  Wilbcr- 
force,  who  resided  with  him  ;  organised  the  Sierra  Leone 
colony;  first  treasurer  of  the  Society  for  Missions  (after- 
wards the  Church  Missionary  Society)  and  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society;  spent  immense  sums  on 
charity ;  author  of  family  prayers  and  some  other  works. 

[Ivi.  301] 

THORNTON,  JOHN  (1720-1790),  supporter  of  the 
first  generation  of  'Evangelicals';  spent  large  sums  in 
circulating  bibles  and  purchasing  advowsons;  assisted 
John  Newton  and  Cowper.  [Ivi.  301] 

THORNTON,  JOHN  (1783-1861),  commissioner  of 
inland  revenue  and  author ;  son  of  Samuel  Thornton  [q.  v.] 

[Ivi.  307] 

THORNTON,  ROBERT  (fl.  1440),  transcriber  of  the 
'  Thornton  Romances.'  [Ivi.  303] 

THORNTON,  ROBERT  JOHN  (1768  ?-1837),  bota- 
nical and  medical  writer;  son  of  Bonnell  Thornton 
[q.  v.]  :  M.B.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1793 ;  studied 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  London ;  travelled  abroad  and  began  to 
practise  in  London,  1797  ;  wrote  '  New  Illustration  of  the 
Sexual  System  of  Linnaeus,'  a  great  work,  1797-1807,  and 
other  botanical  works,  including  '  The  British  Flora,'  1812, 
for  which  he  organised  an  unsuccessful  lottery,  and 
numerous  medical  and  other  works.  [Ivi.  304] 

THORNTON,  SAMUEL  (1755-1838),  director  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  1780-1833;  son  of  John  Thornton 

E-1790)  [q.  v.],  and    brother   of   Henry   Thornton 
.]:  tory  M.P.   for   Kingston-upon-Hull,   1784-1806, 
y,  1807-12  and  1813-18  ;  spoke  on  commercial  ques- 
tions, and  defended  interests  of  the  Bank  of  England ; 
governor  of  Greenwich  and  president  of  Guy's  Hospital, 
London.  [Ivi.  oUG] 

THORNTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1814),  writer  on  Turkey  ; 
brother  of  Sir  Edward  Thornton  [q.  v.]  :  was  engaged  in 
trade  and  visited  Constantinople ;  published  '  The  Present 
State  of  Turkey,'  1807.  [Ivi.  307] 

THORNTON,  THOMAS  (1757-1823),  sportsman  ;  re- 
vived falconry  and  made  a  sporting  tour  in  the  highlands, 
1786,  publishing  an  account,  1804 :  visited  France  and 
saw  Napoleon,  1802 ;  published  '  A  Sporting  Tour  in. 
France,'  1806 ;  died  at  Paris.  [Ivi.  307] 

THORNTON,  THOMAS  (1786-1866),  journalist ;  em- 
ployed in  the  custom-house ;  published  works  concerning 
East  Indian  trade ;  joined  staff  of  '  The  Times,'  1825  ; 
wrote  '  Notes  of  Oases  in  the  Ecclesiastical  and  Maritime. 
Courts,'  1850,  reports  of  parliamentary  debates,  and  other 
works.  [Ivi.  308] 

THORNTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1779  ?-1840),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  joined  the  89th  foot,  1796  :  aide-de-camp 
to  Sir  James  Henry  Craig  [q.  v.]  at  Naples  and  Messina, 
1805-6;  went  to  Canada  as  his  military  secretary,  1807: 
commanded  the  85th  at  siege  of  St.  Sebastian  and  subse- 
quent operations,  and  was  promoted  brevet-colonel ;  com- 
manded a  brigade  and  defeated  the  Americans  at  Bladens- 
burg,  but  being  severely  wounded  became  prisoner  of 
war,  1814;  distinguished  himself  and  was  wounded  in 
attack  on  New  Orleans ;  K.O.B.,  1836 ;  lieutenant-general, 
1838  ;  colonel  of  the  86th,  1839;  committed  suicide. 

[Ivi.  309] 

THORNTON,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  (1813-1880), 
author;  son  of  Thomas  Thornton  (d.  1814)  [q.  v.]  ;  secre- 
tary for  public  works  to  the  India  office,  1858;  O.R, 
1873 ;  able  adherent  and  intimate  friend  of  Mill ;  author 
of  'Over-population  and  its  Remedy,'  1845  (advocating 
subdivision  of  laud  and  deprecating  state  interference), 
'  A  Plea  for  Peasant  Proprietors,'  1848, '  On  Labour,'  1869, 
and  other  works.  [Ivi.  310} 

THORNYCROFT,  MARY  (1814-1895),  sculptor; 
daughter  of  John  Francis  [q.v.],  sculptor ;  married  Thomas 
Thornycroft  [q.  r.],  1840.-  [Ivi.  311] 


THORNYCROFT 


THROCKMORTON 


THORNYCROFT,  TH"M\S  (1815-1885),  - 
•todled  under  .iiihn  l  :  ;M«I)  [q.  v.] :  executed 

tp  of  Commerce  on  the  AH  . 
•taton.  [lvL  ,12] 

THOROLD.  ANTHONY  WILSON (1814-1895X  bishop 
rfWtachestsr;  M.A..  1850,  |..i- 

umbeut   successively   of  St. 
•ids,    Curton    Chapel,  and    St.    Pancnu, 
London  ;   bi«hop  of  Rochester,  1874-90,  of   Winchester, 
1890-5  :  author  of  devotional  works.  [Ivl.  811] 

THOROLD,  THOMAS  (1600-1664.)    [See  CARWKLL.] 
THOROTON.   UOMKHT  (1623-1678),  antique 
at  the  Restoration  :  enforced  stringently  the  conventicle 
laws  ;  published  •  Antiquities  of  Nottinghamshire,'  1677. 

THOROTON,  THOMAS  (1718-1784).  politician  :  poli- 
tical agent  of  the  Duke  of  Ittitl.u  Iioroogh- 
1757,  Newark,    1761;  corresponded    with  John 
Manners,  marquis  of  Qranby  [q.  v.]  ;  secretary  to  the 
board  of  ordnance,  1763.                                   [Ivi.  814] 

THORP,  CHARLES  (1788-1862),  first  warden  of 
Durham  University ;  son  of  Robert  Thorp  [q.  v.],  arch- 
deacon of  Durham ;  M.A.,  1806,  and  DJX,  1885,  University 
College,  Oxford;  fellow,  1808;  rector  of  Ryton;  sup- 
porter  of  savings  banks :  archdeacon  of  Durham,  1831 ; 
first  appointed  warden  of  Durham  University,  1833. 

THORP,  ROBERT  (1736-1812X  archdeacon  of  Dur- 
ham ;  senior  wrangler,  IVtcrbouse,  Cambridge,  1758 ;  MJL, 
1761  ;  author  of  '  Excerpto  qtuedam  e  Newtoni  Principiis,' 
1 765,  and  other  works.  [Iri  314] 

THORPE,  BENJAMIN  (1782-1870),  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar;  studied  at  Copenhagen  under  Rank,  and  pub- 
li-hc.l  lUsk's  '  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar 'in  English  1880* 
edited  and  translated  •  Ctedmon's  Metrical  Paraphrase  of 
...  the  Scriptures,'  1832 ;  published  '  Ancient  Laws  and 
Institutes  of  England,'  1840;  an  edition  of  'Florence  of 
Worcester,'  1848-9, '  Anglo-Saxon  Poems  of  Beowulf,'  1855. 
'The  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle'  for  the  Rolls  Series,  1861, 
'  Diploinatarium  Anglicum  ^Evi  Saxonlci,'  1885,  and  other 
works ;  granted  a  pension  of  160*.,  1835,  raised  later  to 
200/.  [Ivl.  315] 

THORPE,  FRANCIS  (1595-1665),  judge;  B.A.  St 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1613:  barrister,  1621,  and 
bencher  of  Gray's  Inn,  1632 ;  recorder  of  Beverley,  1623,  of 
Hull,  1639  ;  made  public  speech  at  reception  of  Charles  I 
there,  1639  ;  witness  at  Strafford's  trial,  1641 ;  colonel  in 
the  parliamentary  army  and  '  recruiter '  to  the  Long  par- 
liament :  judge  for  the  northern  circuit,  1649 ;  delivered  a 
'charge  '  at  York  justifying  Charles  I's  execution  :  judge 
for  the  western  circuit,  1652 :  M.P.,  Beverley,  1654-5,  and 
the  West  Riding,  1656-8 ;  refused  to  try  the  northern  in- 
surgents, 1655;  was  excluded  from  parliament,  1656; 
pardoned  at  the  Restoration.  [Ivi.  316] 

THORPE  or  THORP,  JOHN  DE,  BARON  THORFK  (d. 
1324),  judge ;  summoned  among  the  magnates  to  join  ex- 
pedition to  Gascony,  1293  :  knight  of  the  shire  for  Norfolk, 
1305;  attended  Edward  I  I's  first  parliament;  received 
special  summons  as  baron,  1309;  justice  itinerant  and 
sheriff  of  Norfolk.  [Ivi.  318] 

THORPE,  JOHN  (  fl.  1570-1610X  architect  and  sur- 
veyor ;  built  probably,  or  had  a  share  in  building,  Kirby 
Hall,  Nortliamptonshire,  Longford  Castle,  Wiltshire,  and 
Holland  House,  Kensington  (first  design),  Rushton  Hall, 
Northamptonshire,  and  Audley  End,  Essex  ;  others 
ascribed  to  him  without  sufficient  authority :  left  a  '  folio 
of  plans,'  mostly  drawings  from  finished  buildings  ; 
wrongly  confused  with  John  of  Padua  [see  PADUA, 
JOHN  OF.]  [Ivi.  318] 

THORPE.  JOHN  (1682-1750),  antiquary ;  M.A.,  1704  : 
M.D.,  1710,  University  College,  Oxford;  P.RJS.,  1705; 
assisted  Sir  Hans  Sloane  [q.  v.]  in  '  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions ' ;  practised  at  Rochester  and  i-tudied  antiquities 
:md  history  of  Kent ;  his  collectious, '  Registruin  Roffcnse,' 
published  by  his  son,  1769.  [Ivi.  380] 

THORPE,  JOHN  (1715-1792),  antiquary  :  son  of  John 
Thorpe  (1682-1760)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1738  ;  published  •  Custumale  Roffense,'  1788. 

[Ivi.  321] 

THORPE,  ROBERT  DE  (fl.  1290),  judge :  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  1289.  [Ivi.  3211 


THORPE    ,.r   THORP.    ROBERT  DE  <1»4?-J380). 
ueraut;  son  of  John  do  Thorpe,  baron  Thorpe 
W-  v-l  [Ivl.  31*] 


1871. 

THORPE,  THOMAS  (d.  1461] 


eg** .«,-;  u^Prtssr'!mto«nasa  s 

tbemobatHsringay.  ;        ,. 

THORPE,  THOMAS  (l*70?-168»rX  PobUsber  of 
Shakespeare's  'Sonnets';  stationer's  assistant;  there 
then  no  author's  copyright,  procured  and  pub- 
arlowe's  translation  of  toe  •  First  Book  of  Luoan/ 
1600,  several  plays  by  Chapman  and  Ben  Jouson,  and 
•Shakespeare's  Bonnets,'  1C09,  obtained  for  him  probably 
by  W[lliiam]  H[all] ;  brought  out  also  other  wortaTlb- 


clii.ling  the  writings  of  John  Healey  [q.  v.],  prefaced  by 
him  with  obsequious  and  fantastic  •dilueen  to  Healey's 
patrons.  [Ivimi 

THORPE  or  THORP,  SIR  WILLIAM  DB  (Jt.  184«- 
1352),  chief-justice  of  tlie  king's  bench,  1846:  nenttnccd 
to  imprisonment  and  forfeiture  for  bribery,  1850 ;  second 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  1352.  [IvL  324] 

THORPE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1407  ?\  Wycllflte:  educated 
at  Oxford :  tried  for  heresy  by  Thomas  A  rondel  [q.  v.] ; 
said  to  liave  been  burnt  at  Saltwood  ;  author  of  '  The 
Examination  of  William  Thorpe '  and  •  A  Short  Testament 
to  his  Faith.'  [Ivi.  32»] 

THRALE,  MBS.  (1741-1821).    [See  PIUJBI,  HEHTCR 

LYNCH.] 

THRELKELD,  CALEIJ  (1676-1728),  botanist;  MJk. 
Glasgow,  1698 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1713;  lived  at  Dublin; 
published  '  Synopsis  SUrpium  Hiberuieannn,'  : 

THRJHO,  EDWARD  (1821-1 887X  schoolmaster : 
educated  at  Ilmiuster,  Eton,  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge :  Person  prizeman,  1844.  and  fellow ;  appointed 
head-master  of  Uppingham,  1853  ;  advanced  the  school  to 
u  foremost  position ;  wrote  several  books  on  English 
grammar,  to  which  he  attached  great  importance,  making 
it  serve  as  a  basis  for  what  be  called  •  sentence  anatomy/ 
and  wrote  on  education,  including  "The  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Teaching,'  1883,  and '  Miscellaneous  Addresses,'  1*87, 
characterised  by  a  deep  sense  of  the  moral  purport*  in 
education  :  founder  of  the  Headmasters'  Conference,  1889; 
established  the  first  public  school  mission  to  the  London 
poor ;  author  of  sermons,  poems,  and  other  works. 

[Ivl.  325] 

THROCKMORTON.  FRANCIS  (1651-1684),  con- 
spirator ;  nephew  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throckmorton  [q.  v.]  ; 
matriculate!  at  Hart  Hull,  ( 'xfonl,  1572 ;  student  of  the 
Inner  Temple:  a  zealous  catholic;  engaged  in  plots 
abroad  ag:iin»t  tlit-  Kiurlish  government;  arrested  in 
England  while  organising  communications  between  Mary 
Queen  of  Scot*  and  Mendoza  and  Thomas  Morgan  (1548- 
1606  ?)  [q.  v.]  in  1'nris.  incriminating  documents  beinfr 
found  at  his  house,  1583:  confessed  under  torture  to 
furthering  Guise's  designs  upon  England;  executed  at 
Tyburn.  [Ivi.  327] 

THROCKMORTON,  JOB  (1548-1601),  puritan  con- 
troversialist; first  cousin  of  Francis  Throckmorton 
[q.  v.];  B.A.  Oxford:  M.I1..  Eo*t  Ht-tfonl,  1672-83. 
Warwick,  1586-7 :  assisted  John  Penry  fq.  T.]  In  his 
gn  against  the  bishops,  1588,  part  of  the  Mar-pre- 
being  secretly  printed  at  his  bouse ;  Indicted 
for  association  with  rehgious  malcontent*,  1590,  but  ac- 
quitted ;  defended  himself  from  the  charge  of  complicity, 
and  published  'Defence  of  Throckmorton,'  1594. 

[Ivi.  3S9] 

THROCKMORTON  or  THROOMORTON,  Sm  JOHN 
(«/.  1445),  uuder-trauurer  of  England ;  ancestor  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Throckmorton  [q.  v.] ;  knight  of  toe  shire  for 

40 


THROCKMORTON 


1298 


THURMOND 


Worcestershire,  1414.  1420,  1422,  and  1432  ;  J  P. :  served 
•  I  of  Warwick  in  various  rapacities :  chamberlain 
of  the  exchequer  and  undcr-treasurer  of  England,  1440. 

THROCKMORTON,  MICHAKL  (d.  1558),  secretary 
of  (''irdinal  Pole  at  Koine  ;  uncle  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throck- 
niorton  [q.  v.]  [Ivi.  331] 

THROCKMORTON,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (1515-1571), 
diplomatist :  joined  household  of  Catherine  Parr,  his  rela- 
tive, 1543 :  became  a  sturdy  protestant ;  M.P.,  Maiden, 
1546,  sitting  i"  the  House  of  Commons  almost  con-  | 
tinuously  till  1567  ;  much  liked  by  Edward  VI ;  accoui-  ! 
iwuiied  Somerset  to  Scotland,  1547  ;  knighted  :  appointed  j 
knight  of  the  privy  chamber;  present  at  the  siege  of 
Boulogne,  1549-60 ;  signed  document  giving  the  crown  to 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  1553,  but  appears  to  have  performed 
useful  services  for  the  Princess  Mary  ou  Edward  VI's 
death ;  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  on  charge  of  com- 
plicity in  Wyatt's  rebellion,  1554,  but  acquitted ;  on  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Elizabeth  was  appointed  chief  butler, 
chamberlain  of  the  exchequer,  and  ambassador  to  France, 
1660,  to  protest  against  the  assumption  of  the  arms  of 
England ;  entered  there  into  friendly  relations  with  Mary 
Stuart ;  reconciled  Elizabeth  to  Mary  Stuart's  settlement 
in  Scotland;  urged  Elizabeth  to  ally  herself  'vith  the 
foreign  protestauts ;  remonstrated  with  her  on  proposed 
marriage  with  Leicester,  1560  ;  captured  by  the  catholics 
at  the  battle  of  Dreux,  1562 ;  negotiated  the  treaty  of 
Troves,  1564 ;  sent  to  Scotland  to  prevent  Mary  Stuart's 
marriage  with  Darnley,  1565  ;  created  M.A.  Oxford, 
1666 ;  was  sent  again  to  Mary  Stuart,  now  imprisoned  in 
Lochleven  Castle,  1567,  but  only  gained  Elizabeth's  re- 
proaches :  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  sympathy  with  the 
rebellion  of  the  northern  catholics,  1669.  [Ivi.  330] 

THEOGMOETON.    [See  TUROCKMORTON.] 

THROSBY,  JOHN  (1740-1803),  antiquary;  parish 
clerk  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester  ;  chief  works, '  The  Memoirs 
of  the  Town  and  County  of  Leicester,'  1777,  and  '  The 
History  ...  of  Leicester,1 1791.  [Ivi.  334] 

THETJPP,  DOROTHEA  ANN  (1779-1847).  author; 
half-sister  of  Frederick  Thrupp  [q.  v.]  [Ivi.  336] 

THETTPP,  FREDERICK  (1812-1895),  sculptor; 
studied  at  Bass's  and  the  Royal  Academy,  and  visited 
Italy ;  executed  a  large  number  of  sculptures,  including 
•The  Prodigal  Returned,'  1832  (his  first  exhibit  at  the 
Academy),  '  Mother  and  Children,'  1837,  '  Arethusa,' 
1843,  and  '  Boys  with  a  Basket  of  Fruit,'  1844 ;  the  statue 
of  Sir  Thomas  Boxton,  1846,  and  of  "\V°rdsworth  in  West- 
minster Abbey  by  him:  carved  subjects  from  the  'Pil- 
grim's Progress '  and  George  Herbert's  poems  ;  engraved 
also  designs  for  illustrations  to  '  Paradise  Lost '  and  other 
works.  [Ivi.  335] 

THEUPP,  JOHN  (1817-1870),  historical  writer; 
nephew  of  Frederick  Thrupp  [q.  v.];  published  'His- 
torical Law-Tracts,'  1843,  and  the  '  Anglo-Saxon  Home,' 
1862.  [Ivi.  336] 

THEUPP,  JOSEPH  FRANCIS  (1827-1867),  divine; 
nephew  of  Frederick  Thrupp  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1862;  fellow;  contributed  to  the 
'Speaker's  Commentary*  and  to  Smith's  'Dictionary  of 
the  Bible.'  [Ivi.  337] 

THTIECYTEL  (d.  975),  abbot  of  Crowlaud  ;  kinsman 
probably  of  Archbishop  Oswald  of  York  and  friend  of  St. 
Dunetan  ;  restored  and  endowed  the  abbey,  and  obtained 
charter  from  King  Edgar,  still  extant.  [Ivi.  337] 

THURKILBI,  ROGER  DK  (rf .  1260),  judge  ;  itinerant 
justice  in  various  parts  of  England ;  sat  also  at  West- 
minster ;  described  in  '  Flores  Historiarum '  as  second 
to  none;  his  decisions  among  the  few  mentioned  in 
thirteenth-century  treatises.  [Ivi.  337] 

THURKLLL,  THORKILL,  or  TURGE8IU8  (rf.  845), 
Danish  king  of  North  Ireland;  perhaps  identical  with 
Kagnar  Lodbrok,  the  half-mythical  king  of  Denmark  and 
Norway ;  conquered  the  north  of  Ireland  and  Dublin, 
832;  taken  prisoner  by  Malachy  [see  MAELSECHLAIXN  I], 
and  drowned.  [Ivi.  339] 

THURKILL  or  THORKILL,  THE  EARL  (fl.  1012- 
1023),  Danish  invader ;  commanded  Danish  fleet,  1009, 
and  led  raids  in  southern  and  eastern  counties  of  Eng- 
land ;  present  at  murder  of  ^Elfheah  [q.  v.],  1012 ;  en- 


tered Ethelred'a  service,  became  probably  a  Christian, 
and  fought  against  S\ve3'n  ;  supported  Cnut  and  took 
part  in  battle  of  Assnndun,  1015;  made  Earl  of  East- 
Anglia,  1017  ;  banished  by  Cnut,  1021,  but  made  his 
viivroy  in  Denmark,  1023.  [Ivi.  340] 

THURLAND,  Sin  EDWARD  (1606-1683),  judsre ; 
barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1634  ;  member  for  Reigate  in  the 
Short,  Convention,  and  Restoration  parliaments :  nvor.K-r 
of  Reigate  and  Guildford,  1661 ;  solicitor  to  James,  duke 
of  York,  and  knighted,  1665;  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
1673 ;  friend  of  Evelyn  and  Jeremy  Taylor.  [Ivi.  340] 

THURLOE,  JOHN  (1616-1668),  secretary  of  state; 
studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn  and  entered  the  service  of 
Oliver  St.  John  (1598V-1673)  [q.  v.]  ;  filled  several  i>osts, 
and  was  made  secretary  to  the  council  of  state,  1652 ; 
took  important  part  in  raising  Cromwell  to  the  Protec- 
torate ;  M.P.,  Ely,  1654  and  1656,  Cambridge  University, 
1659 ;  given  charge  of  intelligence  and  postal  depart- 
ments, and  made  member  of  the  council ;  acted  with 
great  vigilance  and  success ;  spokesman  of  the  govern- 
ment in  parliament ;  one  of  those  with  whom  Cromwell 
was  wont  to 'lay  aside  his  greatness,'  but  had  little  in- 
fluence on  his  policy ;  desired  Cromwell  to  accept  the 
crown ;  was  opposed  to  the  military  faction ;  governor  of 
the  Charterhouse,  1657  chancellor  of  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity, 1658 ;  supported  government  of  Richard  Cromwell : 
accused  of  arbitrary  government  by  the  republican  and 
royal  opposition ;  relieved  of  his  functions  ou  restoration 
of  Long  parliament,  1659,  but  reappointed  secretary  of 
state  on  readmission  of  secluded  members,  16tiO ;  accused 
of  high  treason  at  the  Restoration,  but  liberated.  His 
vast  correspondence  is  the  chief  authority  for  the  history 
of  the  Protectorate ;  seven  volumes  were  published  in 
1742.  [Ivi.  341] 

THUELOW,  EDWARD, first  BARONTHURLOW(1731- 
1806),  lord  chancellor;  educated  at  Seckars  school, 
Seaming,  and  King's  school,  Canterbury ;  Perse  scholar 
at  Gonville  College  and  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  but 
removed  for  misconduct ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1754, 
treasurer,  1770  ;  distinguished  himself  by  his  discomfiture 
of  Fletcher  Norton  [q.  v.]  in  Robinson  v.  Lord  Winchilsea, 
1758 ;  argued  for  the  defendant  in  Tonson  v.  Collins  [see 
TON80N,  JACOB],  1761  ;  K.C.,  1762 ;  M.P.,  Tamworth, 
1765,  and  recorder,  1769 ;  retained  for  the  appellants  to 
the  lords  in  Douglas  v.  Hamilton,  when  the  decision  of 
the  court  of  session  was  reversed,  1769,  and  fought  a  duel 
with  the  Duke  of  Hamilton's  agent,  Andrew  Stuart 
[q.  v.]  ;  appointed  solicitor-general,  1770,  and  attorney- 
general,  1771;  overthrew  Lord  Mansfield's  doctrine  of 
perpetual  copyright  in  Donaldsons  ».  Becket,  1774,  but 
opposed  legislative  settlement;  established  his  fame  as 
constitutionalist ;  inflexibly  maintained  right  of  England 
to  exert  her  full  might  in  dispute  with  American  colonies ; 
made  chancellor  and  Baron  Thurlow,  1778 ;  established  his 
ascendency  over  the  peers ;  refused  to  listen  to  Lord  Shel- 
burne's  representations  on  the  misgovernmeut  of  Ireland, 
1779 ;  acted  as  king's  chancellor ;  remained  in  power  during 
the  Rockinghaiu  and  Shelburne  ministries,  1782-3,  but 
was  obliged  to  resign  by  Fox,  1783 ;  resumed  office  under 
Pitt ;  presided  at  Warren  Hastings's  trial,  1788  ;  intrigued 
with  George,  prince  of  Wales,  against  Pitt  and  was 
obliged  to  resign,  1792  ;  courted  George,  prince  of  Wales, 
and  defended  the  interests  of  the  slave-trader.  His  poli- 
tical principles  were  merely  a  high  view  of  royal  preroga- 
tive and  an  aversion  to  change.  [Ivi.  344] 

THUELOW,  afterwards  HOVELL-THUELOW,  ED- 
WARD, second  BARON  THURLOW  (1781-1829),  minor 
poet ;  son  of  Thomas  Thurlow  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Durham ; 
M.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1801;  clerk  of  the 
hanaper ;  author  of  '  Poems,'  1813,  and  other  volumes 
of  verse,  including  'Angelica*  (an  attempt  to  continue 
Shakespeare's  '  Tempest '),  1822.  [Ivi.  349] 

THUELOW,  THOMAS  (1737-1791),  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  brother  of  Edward  Thurlow,  first  Baron  Thurlow 
[q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1759 ;  M.A., 
1761;  D.D.,  1772;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1782-7; 
bishop  of  Durham,  1787-91.  [Ivi.  350] 

THTTEMOND,  MRS.  (fl.  1716-1737),  actress  ;  nie 
Lewis  ;  married  John  Thurmond  the  younger,  dancer  in 
Dublin ;  played  the  original  Cosmelia  in  the  '  Doting 
Lovers,'  1715,  and  other  parts,  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London ;  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1718-32 ;  played  Desde- 
inona,  Lady  Macduff,  Lady  Wronghead  in  the  'Provoked 


THURNAM 


1999 


THYNNE 


Husband'  n>id   numerous  other   part*,  tome    < 

acted.  L7SS,  at  Goodman's  Fields,  London,  A luiini  in  th- 

'ItairBiBg    Jinde,'  and  again,  1734-7,  at  Drury   Lane. 

London,  Mareia  in  'Cato,'  Qiuvu  in  'Henry   VI If  un.l 

HichaPl  III."  L,,ey  Lockit  in  tbe  'Beggar's  Op.  r 

in  the  '  Mourulug  Bride,'  and  Queen  in  I ':     I 

Friar.'  .jsoj 

THURNAM.  JoHNdHlu  1*73  i.rr:miolo«ist:  qoaker; 
F.K.C.r..  IK.VJ:    .M.D.  AU-nl.vn.  1846;    DWUoaJ 
tendcnt  ut  asylum,  Devize*  :  piihli-luil  *  i  >ii-<-r\ . 
on  the  stati-tic-i  of  ii!-.init\,'   IM:I.    ai 
cipal  Forms  of  Ancieut  British  and  tiaul 
and  other  work*.  [Ivi.  SSI] 

THURSBY,  JOHN  UK  (</.  1373).    [See  TuonESBT.] 

THTIR8TAN  or  TUR8TIW  (./.  1140),  archbishop 
of  York;  native  of  Buyeux  ;  pri-lN-n.lar. 
Loiuloii  :  clerk  and  favourite  of  William  ItufiH ;  secretary 
of  Henry  I  :  elect, -.1  archbishop  of  York,  1114,  t>iit  his 
consecration  withheld  t.y  lUlph.  arclioUhop  of  Canter- 
bury, on  account  of  hU  refusal  to  profeM  obedience  :  sup- 
ported by  successive  popes  and  Louis  VI  in  opposition  to 
:  vi-ited  Louis  VI,  1118;  visited  Pope  Calixtus 
•••.  1119,  and,  contrary  to  bis  promise,  was  cou- 
aecrated  by  him,  aud  bull  issued  freeing  church  of  York 
from  the  profession  ;  was  forbidden  l>>  Henry  I  to  return 
to  England  :  rendered  useful  senrioes  in  negotiations  be- 
tween England  and  France,  and  was  reinvested  with 
archbishopric  by  Ilcnry  I,  1120:  returned  to  England, 
1121 :  refused  to  acknowledge  tbe  new  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  William  of  Corbeil  (d.  1186)  [q.  v.],  as  pri- 
mate of  all  England,  1123,  both  arch  billions  visiting 
Rome,  1123  and  1128,  when,  though  the  dispute  was  not 
settled,  a  legatine  commiraion  was  granted  to  Archbishop 
William :  failal  in  obliging  John,  bishop  of  Glasgow,  to 
acknowledge  the  authority  of  York ;  forbidden  to  bear 
his  cross  erect  or  to  place  the  crown  on  the  king's  haul 
at  Westminster,  1126  :  consecrated  Robert  (</.  1159)  [q.  v.] 
as  bishop  of  St  Andrews  without  any  profession  of  obe- 
dience, 1128 ;  gave  hind  for  founding  of  Fountain*  Abbey, 
1132 ;  on  David  of  Scotland  preparing  to  invade  Eng- 
land, 1137,  persuaded  him  to  accept  truce;  on  the  inva- 
sion, 1138,  animated  the  lords  to  resist  the  enemy,  and 
gathered  forces  at  York  which  beat  the  Scots  at  the 
battle  of  the  Standard ;  exhorted  by  St  Bernard  not  to 
resign  his  see ;  entered  the  Cluuiac  order,  and  died  at 
Pontefract  priory.  He  was  largely  concerned  in  the 
growth  of  inonasticism  in  the  north ;  three  tracts  are 
attributed  to  him.  [Ivi.  352] 

THTJRSTON,  JOHN  (1774-1822),  draughtsman: 
worked  under  Janus  Heath  (1757-1834)  [q.  v.] ;  designer 
of  highly  successful  book  illustrations,  including  those  to 
Thomson's '  Seasons,"  1805,  and  Shakespeare's  works,  1814. 

[Ivi.  357] 

THTTRSTON,  SIR  JOHN  BATES  (1836-1897),  colonial 
governor;  after  several  adventures,  including  shipwreck 
nt  Samoa,  became  consul  for  Fiji,  1869 :  obtained  remark- 
able influence,  and  was  made  colonial  secretary  of  tbe  new 
colony,  1874  ;  lieutenant-governor,  1886 :  governor  of  the 
Western  Pacific,  1887;  K.O.M.G.,  1887;  F.L.S.  and 
F.K.G.S.  [Ivi.  357] 

THURTELL,  JOHN  (1794-1824),  murderer ;  son  of  the 
mayor  of  Norwich :  failed  as  a  bombasin  manufacturer 
and  took  to  prize-fighting  and  gambling ;  lost  money, 
amongst  others,  to  William  Weare,  whom  he  murdered  on 
the  St.  Albaus  road,  1823 ;  was  convicted,  his  accomplice* 
turning  king's  evidence,  in  spite  of  a  powerful  speech  in 
his  own  defence,  and  hanged.  [Ivi.  358] 

THURVAY,  SIMON  (/.  1184-1200).  [See  Tor  UN  AY, 
SIMON-  OF.] 

THWAITES,  EDWARD  (1667-1711 X  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar  ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1697 :  ordained  and 
elected  fellow  and  •  Anglo-Saxon  preceptor,'  16'JK ;  edited 
•DionysU  Orbis  Descriptio,'  1C'J7;  published  •  Hepta- 
teuchus,'  'Liber  Job  et  BvangeUum  Nicodemi  Ando- 
Saxonicc,'  1698,  'Notte  la  Anglo-Saxon  tun  nummos,'  17un, 
and  other  works ;  appointed  regius  professor  of  Greek, 
1708,  and  Whyte's  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1708; 
received  grant  of  money  from  Queen  Anne.  [Ivi.  860] 

THWAITES,  GEORGE  HENHY  KENORICK  (1811- 
1882),  botanist  and  entomologist:  studied  cryptogam  and 
made  important  observations  on  diatoms;  ootttriboted 
to  tli"  Miardeners*  Chronicle ';  made  superintendent  of 
botanical  gardens,  Peradeniya,  Ceylon,  1849,  where  he  did 


••  taMi  i •>.  •  • 


pUed  botany  to 

.    •    '    .].•  .    .in 

fltLMI] 

.-.. 


SSI? 

THWAYT.    WILLIAM    or   (rf.  1154). 
HMMK1.  WILLIAM.] 

THWEHO,  MvitMM.fKK.  flr*  BAROX  THWWCO 
(d.  ISM),  grandson  of  Robert  de  Thwcng  [q.  r.];  pro- 
BslMBl  El  OM  BOOH  fM1  WMOMJ  ...  pAhOMol  H 
baron.  1807.  [IrL  *»] 

THWENO,  THWIHO,  or  TWKTO,  ROBBUT  UK 
(12057-1J68?),  opponent  of  Henry  Ill's  fordgu  ecclesi- 
astics, one  of  whom  had  been  intruded  Into  his  living  of 
Kirkleutham :  organised  riots,  1232  :  justified  htscondnet 


befora  Henry  HI  and 


on  a  Tiait  to 


Gregory  IX,  ISM;    joiiMd  lUchard  of  Cornwall'* 


THYER,  ROBERT  (17W-1781),  Cbetham  librarian. 
1732.  and  editor  of  Butler'*  •  Hcniains,'  1759;  prauwd  by 
Dr.  Johnmii  ;  B.A.  BraseuoM  College,  Oxford.  1780. 

THYNNE,  FRANCIS  (1545  ?-1008),  or  '  Botciile,' 
aster  herald  ;  son  of  William  Thyiiue  [q.  v.l  ;  member 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  15C1  ;  admitted  attonivy  ;  imprisoned 
for  debt,  1573-6  ;  euiployol  with  others  in  revising  and 
continuing  Holitislud's  '  Chronicle  '  ;  critidawl  Spe«hf« 
•Chaucer'  in  letter  entitled  '  Animadversion*,1  16W  ; 

j  assisted  him  in  a  second  edition;  created  Lancaster 
herald,  16O2  ;  left  numerous  works  in  manuscript,  some 

;  of  which  have  been  printed,  including  •  The  Perfect  Am- 
baatadovr.'  [IvL  8«8] 

THYNNE,  Sin  JOHN  (d.  1580),  builder  of  Longleat  ; 
introduced  at  court  by  hi*  uncle  William  Thynne  [q.  T.]  ; 
i  became  steward  to  Somerset  ;  accompanied  him  in  his 
Scottish  expedition,  1547;  wounded  at  Pinkie,  1547; 
knighted  aud  allowed  to  quarter  the  Scota  lion  on  hi* 
arms,  1547;  imprisoned  on  the  fall  of  Somerset,  1551-2  ; 
continued  a  zealous  protestaut  through  Mary's  reign  ;  con- 
trailer  of  Princess  Elizabeth's  household  ;  M.P.,  Wiltshire, 
1569,  Great  Bcdwiii,  1562-3,  and  Heytesbury,  1673,  and 
J.P.  ;  built  Longleat  House,  probably  from  his  own  plans, 
1567-79;  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth.  1575.  [Ivi.  365] 

THYWHE,  JOHN   ALEXANDER,  fourth  MAUQUW 
j  ov  BATH  (1831-1896),  great-grand<on  of  Thomas  Thynne, 
first  marquis  of  Bath  [q.  v.l  ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford;   lord-lieutenant  of  Wiltshire,  1889;  ambassador 


at  Lisbon,  1858,  and  at  Vienna,  1867. 


[M.  Iff] 


THYNNE,  THOMAS,  or  LOXOLKAT  (1648-16WX 
'  Tom  of  Ten  Thousand ' ;  of  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  succeeded  to  Lougleat  on  death  of  his  uncle,  Sir 
James  Thyune,  1670 :  M  J»,  Wiltshire,  1670-82 :  attached 
himself  first  to  James,  duke  of  York,  but  afterwards  to 
Monmouth  ;  the  Issue-liar  of  '  Absalom  aud  Achitophcl ' : 
presented  petition  to  Charles  II  for  the  puuifhnu-nt  of 
impish  plotters,  1680 ;  one  of  the  grand  jury  of  Middlesex 
who  ignored  bill  against  Shaftesbury,  1681  ;  removed 
from  command  of  Wiltshire  militia  for  his  hostility- to 
the  court,  1681 ;  married  Elizabeth,  heiress  of  the  Percy 
estates  [see  PEROT,  LADY  ELIZABETH],  1681,  and  WM 
murdered  by  Konigsmark,  one  of  her  suitors.  [Ivi.  367] 

THYNHE,  Pm  THOMAS,  flrrt  VISCOITXT  WHY- 
MOI.-TH  (1640-1714),  matriculated  from  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1657;  envoy  to  Sweden.  1666;  M.P.,  Oxford 
University,  1 G74 -8,  f  am  worth,  1678-82 :  second  baronet 
on  dcntli  of  his  father.  Sir  Henry  Thynne,  1681 ;  owner 
of  Longleat  on  murder  of  his  cousin  Thomas  Thynne 
(1648-lti«2)  [q.  v.],  and  created  Baron  Thynne  aud  Vis- 
count Wcy mouth,  1688;  one  of  tbe  four  lords  dispatched 
to  invite  William  of  Orange  to  England,  1688:  voted  for 
a  regency;  opposed  William  Ill's  government:  privy 
councillor  in  Queen  Anne's  reign :  nutot  rotnlonu*  of 
Wiltshire.  [Ivi.  868] 

THYNNE,  THOMAS,  third  VIM  < TNT  WKYMOUTH 
and  first  MAiiytis  «>K  BATH  (1734-1796),  statesman: 
travelled  on  the  continent  and  fell  into  dissipated  courses ; 
joined  the  Bedford  party  and  was  made  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, 1766,  never  going  there,  however;  secretary  for 
northern  department  in  Graf  ton's  ministry,  1768:  neg- 
lected duties  of  his  office,  but  made  powerful  speeches  in 
parliament ;  gained  George  Ill's  favour  by  bis  vigour  in 
suppressing  the  Wilkes  rioU ;  transferred  to  tbe  southern 
department,  on  Shdboroe's  resignation;  suddenly  left 

4  o  li 


THYNNE 


1300 


TIKLEY 


office  when  war  became  imminent  with  Spain,  concerning 
dispute  as  to  the  Falkland  islands,  1770  :  was  reappointed, 
1775,  and  represented  government  in  the  Lords  ;  showed 
hesitation  and  want  of  foresight  in  foreign  affair?; 
declared  motion  for  withdrawing  troops  from  America 
an  infringement  of  the  prerogative  ;  was  propo?ed  for  the 
treasury  by  the  king  and  made  K.O.,  1778 ;  took  northern 
department  in  addition  to  his  own  office,  1779,  and 
resignal  both  the  same  year ;  received  no  office  from  Pitt, 
mi.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1769;  master  of  Trinity 
House,  1770  ;  governor  of  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1778 ; 
created  Marquis  of  Bath,  1789.  [Ivi.  369] 

THYNNE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1546),  editor  of  Chaucer's 
i ;  'a/feu  Botevile' ;  clerk  of  the  kitchen  and  of  the 
cloth  to  Henry  VIII,  and  recipient  of  numerous 
grants  and  appointments ;  enthusiastic  student  of 
Chaucer  and  first  editor  of  his  works,  1532,  with  dedication 
to  Henry  VIII,  written  by  Sir  Brian  Tuke  [q.  v.] 

[Ivi.  373] 
TIBETOT.    [See  TIPTOFT.] 

TICHBORNE,  CHIDIOCK  (1558  ?-1586),  conspirator ; 
an  ardent  papist:  joined  the  Babingtou  conspirators, 
1586,  in  plot  to  assassinate  Queen  Elizabeth ;  being  ar- 
rested, pleaded  guilty,  and  was  executed.  [Ivi.  374] 

TICHBORNE.  SIR  HENRY  (1581  ?-1667),  governor 
of  Drogheda ;  captain  of  a  regiment  of  foot  in  Ireland ; 
made  governor  of  Lifford ;  knighted,  1623 ;  appointed 
commissioner  of  plantations  in  Londonderry,  receiving 
himself  large  grants,  1623 ;  on  outbreak  of  rebellion,  1641, 
was  made  governor  of  Drogheda  and  defended  the  town 
heroically  against  the  insurgents  for  four  mouths  ;  on  its 
relief  by  Ormonde  captured  with  him  Dundalk  by  storm, 
1642  ;  sworn  lord-justice,  1642 ;  returned  to  England  and 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  parliament,  bearing  back 
instructions  to  Ormonde  for  a  peace  with  the  catholics, 
1645 ;  being  liberated  on  exchange  became  again  governor 
of  Drogheda;  fought  gallantly  at  Dungan  Hill,  1647; 
obtained  grant  of  Beaulieu,  co.  Louth.  [Ivi.  375] 

TICHBORNE,  Sm  HENRY,  BAROX  FERRARI)  (1663- 
1731),  grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Tichborne  (1581?-1667) 
[q.  v.] ;  created  Baron  Ferrard  of  Beaulieu,  1715. 

[Ivi.  376] 

TICHBORNE,  ROBERT  (d.  1682),  regicide ;  a  linen- 
draper  and  captain  in  the  London  trained  bands,  1643  ; 
lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London,  1647 ;  extreme  repub- 
lican and  independent ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant ;   j 
commissioner  to  settle  government  of  Scotland,  1651 ;   . 
sat  for  London  in  the  Little  parliament  and  in  Orom-   i 
well's  House  of  Lords ;  knighted,  1655,  and  made  lord   I 
mayor  of  London,  1656;    one  of  the  'conservators  of 
liberty '  set  up  by  the  army,  1659  ;  sentenced  to  death  at 
the  Restoration,  and  imprisoned  for  life ;  author  of  re- 
ligious works.  [Ivi.  377] 

TICKELL,  MRS.  MARY  (1756  ?-1787).  [See  LINI.EY, 
MARY.] 

TICKELL,  RICHARD  (1751-1793),  pamphleteer  and 
dramatist;  grandson  of  Thomas Tickell  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple:  obtained  a  pension  by  writing  for  the 
government,  and  commissioner-ship  in  the  stamp  office, 
1781 ;  produced'  The  Camp '  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1778, 
'  Anticipation  '  ;  a  satirical  forecast  of  parliamentary 
proceedings,  1778,  and  other  works;  connected  through 
his  wife  with  Sheridan,  he  transferred  his  pen  to  Fox's 
party ;  elected  member  of  Brooks's  Club,  1785 ;  killed 
himself  by  jumping  from  a  window.  [Ivi.  378] 

TICKELL,  THOMAS  (1686-1740),  poet;  M.A. Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1709 ;  fellow,  1710 ;  published  '  Oxford,' 
a  poem,  1707  ;  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  1711 ;  pro- 
duced a  poem  much  praised  by  Pope  and  Addison  '  On 
the  Prospect  of  Peace,'  1712 ;  contributed  verse  to  the 
'Guardian,'  'Spectator,'  and  other  publications;  em- 
ployed by  Addison  when  secretary  to  the  lord-lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  1714  ;  published  translation  of  the  first  book 
of  the '  Iliad '  at  the  same  time  as  Pope,  which  occasioned 
the  quarrel  between  Pope  and  Addison,  1716;  made  under- 
secretary by  Addison,  now  secretary  of  state,  1717 ;  edited 
Addtaon'8  •  Works,'  publishing  in  the  first  volume  his 
celebrated  elegy  on  the  death  of  Addison,  1721;  pub- 
Itabed  •  Kensington  Gardens,'  1722  ;  made  secretary  to  the 
Iord»ja«ttoe8  in  Ireland,  1724,  when  friendly  intercourse 
passed  between  him  and  Swift.  [ivi.  380] 


TIDCOMB  or  TIDCOMBE,  JOHN  (1G42-1713),  lieu- 
tenant-treneral ;  servitor  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1661  ; 
commanded  an  Irish  regiment  and  served  in  Portugal ; 
'  lieutenant-general,  1708  ;  member  of  the  'Kit-Cat  Club.' 

[Ivi.  382] 

TIDD,  WILLIAM  (1760-1847).  lepal  writer :  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1813  ;  author  of  'Practice  of  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench,'  1790  and  17»4,  and  other  legal  works. 

[Ivi.  382] 

TIDEY,  ALFRED  (1808-1892),  miniature-painter; 
executed  miniatures  for  Queen  Victoria  ;  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy.  [ivi.  383] 

TIDEY,  HENRY  (1814-1872),  water-colour  painter  ; 
brother  of  Alfred  Tidey  [q.  v.]  ;  painter  of  portraits  and 
later  of  historical  and  poetical  subjects  ;  member  of  the 
Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours.  [Ivi.  383] 

TIDFERTH  or  TIDFRITH  (</.  823  ?),  ninth  bishop  of 
Dunwich  ;  succeeded,  c.  798 ;  made  profession  of  obedi- 
ence to  Ethelheard,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  attended 
council  at  Olovesho,  803.  [Ivi.  383] 

TIDY,  CHARLES  MEYMOTT  (1843-1892),  sanitary 
chemist ;  M.B.  Aberdeen,  I860 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at 
the  London  Hospital,  1876 ;  reader  of  medical  jurispru- 
dence to  the  Inns  of  Court  ;  public  analyst  and  deputy 
medical  officer  of  health  for  London :  invented  new 
method  of  analysing  water,  1879,  and  published  numerous 
works  on  sanitary  and  chemical  science  and  legal  medi- 
cine. [Ivi.  384] 

TE3RNAN  or  TIGHEARNAN,  O'ROURKE  (d. 
1172).  [See  O'RouRKE.] 

TIERNEY,  GEORGE  (1761-1830),  statesman  ;  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  LL.B., 
1784  ;  barrister ;  M.P.,  Colchester,  1788,  South wark,  1 796  ; 
opposed  Pitt ;  continued  his  attendance  in  the  house  on 
withdrawal  of  Fox  and  his  party,  1798,  and  deeply  offended 
them ;  fought  duel  with  Pitt,  who  had  accused  him  of 
obstruction ;  attacked  Pitt's  finance,  but  became  treasurer 
of  the  navy  in  Addington's  ministry,  1802  ;  made  president 
of  the  board  of  control,  1806 ;  returned  to  opposition  on 
retirement  of  Grenville,  and  led  the  party,  1817-21 ;  joined 
Canning  as  master  of  the  mint,  and  quitted  office  finally 
with  Goderich,  1828.  [Ivi.  385] 

TIERNEY,  MARK  ALOYSIUS  (1795-1862),  Roman 
catholic  historian ;  ordained  priest,  1818 ;  became  chap- 
lain to  twelfth  Duke  of  Norfolk,  1824;  F.S.A.,  1833; 
F.R.S.,  1841;  opposed  Cardinal  Wiseman  and  papal 
domination  ;  edited  Dodd's '  Church  History  of  England,* 
1839-43.  [Ivi.  386] 

TIERNEY,  SIR  MATTHEW  JOHN,  first  baronet 
(1776-1845),  physician  ;  supporter  of  vaccination ;  M.D. 
Glasgow,  1802 ;  practised  at  Brighton  ;  appointed  phy- 
sician to  George  IV  and  William  IV  ;  created  baronet, 
1818.  [Ivi.  387] 

TIFFIN,  WILLIAM  (1695?-1759),  stenographer; 
B.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1716 :  chaplain  of  Wig- 
ston's  Hospital,  Leicester  ;  author  of '  A  New  Help  and 
Improvement  of  the  Art  of  Swift- Writing,'  1751. 

[Ivi.  388] 

TIGHE,  MRS.  MARY  (1772-1810),  poet ;  nie  Blach- 
ford ;  married  her  cousin,  Henry  Tighe,  1793 ;  published 
'Psyche,' 1805.  [Ivi.  388] 

TIGHEARNACH  (d.  1088).     [See  O'BRAEIN.] 

TILBURY,  GERVASE  OF  (fl.  1211).   [See  GERVASE.] 

TELLEMANS,  PETER  (1684-1734),  painter  and 
draughtsman  ;  painted  country  seate  and  sporting  sub- 
jects, and  made  drawings  for  Bridge's  '  History  of  North- 
amptonshire.' [Ivi.  389] 

TLLLESLEY,  RICHARD  (1582-1621),  archdeacon  of 
Rochester ;  M.A.,  1607,  and  D.D.,  1617,  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford :  archdeacon  of  Rochester,  1614,  prebendary,  1615  ; 
published  'Animadversions  upon  Mr.  Selden's  "  History 
of  Tithes," '  1619.  [Ivi.  389] 

TELLEY,  SIR  SAMUEL  LEONARD  (1818-1896), 
Canadian  statesman  ;  born  at  Gagetown,  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  became  leader  of  the  liberals  in  the  New  Bruns- 
wick legislature  and  carried  the  union,  1866  :  C.B.,  1867  ; 
held  office  in  the  Macdonald  ministries,  1868-73  and  1878- 
1885 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick,  1873-8  and 
1885-93  ;  as  minister  of  finance  formulated  the  '  national 
policy ' ;  K.C.M.G.,  1879.  [Ivi.  390] 


TLLLINGHAST 


1.-...1 


TIPTOFT 


TUXINOHAST.  JOHN  (1604-1655X  Fifth-monarchy 
man :  B.A.  Cuius  College,  Cambridge,  1655 ;  rector  of 
stn;ir,it;37,  hut  became  an  independent;  held  the  rectory 
ofTnim-h.  Norfolk:  remonstrated  with  Cromwell,  1655  ; 
published  religious  works.  [Ivi.  391] 

TILLOCH,  ALEXANDER  (1759-18S5XinTentor(1784) 
of  BU-rvotypiuK :  son  of  John  Tulloch  ;  changed  his  name 
to  Tilhx-h  ufu-r  17M7;  .-litur  of  the  'Star?  1789-1821; 
Mfeabttabfld  the  •  Philosophical  Magazine,'  1797 ;  joined  the 
flandemanlani  and  wrote  on  scriptural  prophecy. 

TILLOTSOK,  JOHN  (1630-1694),  archbiabopof  Can- 
terbury :  born  at  Old  Hatiirh  End,  Halifax :  4ffmTftf>"% 
of  th.-  Tiistons  of  Cheshire  and  son  of  a  prosperoos  and 
•  ii-r, ,t,,,.,'  .loth-worker;  B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge, 
En  .  1651 ;  MJL,  1654 ;  D.D.,  1666 ;  became  chap- 
lain to  Sir  Edmond  Prideaux  [q.  T.]  and  tutor  to  hi*  son, 
1656  or  1657  ;  deprived  of  his  fellowship,  1661 ;  ordained 


Bt  !..•.- 

Jewry,  London  ;  his  pulpit  ceasing  to  be  a  puritan  strong- 
hold, and  his  innovation  in  style,  introducing  clearness 
greater  brevity,  and  addresses  to  reason  and  feeling,  being 
Nqrwstran;  ms*M  ••Tin  WMoa  ol  Mng  ME 

L'in-.is1  lM',4.  a-un-i    :itl,.-i-ii,.  and    put.!  .-l.Mi    ).:-  •  K;;l,-ol 

Faith,'  1666,  against  the  Roman  catholics ;  chaplain  to 
Charles  II;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1670,  and  canon  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  1675 :  drafted  a  bill  with  Baxter  for 
comprehending  the  nonconformists:  created  much  stir 
by  his  sermon  ut  Whitehall  denying  ri^ht  to  make  prose- 
lytes from  '  the  establixh'd  religion,'  1680 ;  made  dean  of 
St.  Paul's,  London,  and  exercised  archiepisoopal  jurisdic- 
tion on  suspension  of  Bancroft,  1689;  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1691 :  published  four  lectures  on 
the  Socinian  controversy,  delivered  in  1679-no,  as  answer 
to  doubts  of  his  orthodoxy  :  buried  in  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry,  London.  He  was  perhaps  the  only  primate  who 
took  first  rank  in  his  day  as  a  preacher.  [Ivi.  399] 

TILLY,  WILLIAM,  ov  SELLING  (</.  1494).  [See 
CELLING,  WILLIAM.] 

TLLNEY,  CHARLES  H561-158GX  cousin  of  Edmund 
Tilneyfq.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  Babiugton's  conspiracy  and 

TILNEY,  EDMUND  (</.  1610),  master  of  the  revels  in 
the  royal  household,  1579-c.  1609;  controlled  the  court 
entertainment  and  licensed  plays  for  the  public  :  wrote 

•  A  Briefe  and  Pleasant  Discourse  of  Duties  in  Manage,' 
1568.  [Ivi.  399] 

TILNEY,  JOHN  (  Jl.  1430),  Carmelite  friar ;  doctor  of 
theology  at  Cambridge ;  wrote  several  treatises. 

[Ivi.  399] 

TUSLEY,  JOHN  (1614-1684),  puritan  div  : 
Edinburgh,  1637 ;  present  at  the  taking  of  Preston,  1643  ; 
made  vicar  of  Deane,  Lancashire,  1643 ;  one  of  the  ordain- 
ing ministers:  petitioned  parliament  to  set  up  presby- 
tcrianism  in  Lancashire,  and  was  one  of  the  principal  and 
most  intolerant  members ;  ejected,  1662,  and  silenced  for 
nonconformity,  1678.  [Ivi.  400] 

TIL80N,  HENRY  (1659-1696X  portrait-painter; 
studied  under  Lely  ;  committed  suicide.  [Ivi.  400] 

TILT,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1815-1893).  physician :  M.D. 
Paris,  1839  ;  original  fellow  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  and 
president,  1874-5  ;  published  works  on  discuses  of  women. 

[Ivi.  401] 

TIMBERLAKE,  HKNKV  (</.  1626),  traveller:  visited 
Jerusalem,  1602;  member  of  the  Company  of  Merchant 
Adventurers,  formed  1612;  wrote  a  'True  and 
Discour.se  of  the  Trauailea  of  two  KuplUh  Pilgrim 

[Ivi.  401] 

TMBERLAKE,  HENUY  (/.  1765),  born  in  Virginia: 
engaged  in  subduing  the  Cherokee  Indian*  :  t>roiikrlit  three 
chiefs  to  England  to  see  Ueorge  111,  1762 ;  publUlied 

•  Memoirs,'  1765.  [Ivi.  401] 

TMBRELL,  HENRY  (1806-1849X  sculptor:  gold 
medallist  and  travelling  student  of  the  Royal  Academy ; 
executed  groups  and  busts.  [Ivi.  408] 

TIMBRELL,  JAMES  C.  (1810-1850).  painter :  brother 
of  Henry  Timbrell  [q.  T.]  [Ivi.  40*] 


TIME  ?  '- 1.  author :  apprenticed  to  ft 

printer  and  druggist  at  Dorking ;  .^ 
Literature,'  1*27-38,  and  of  other  periodicals,  and  sub- 

IvM;    j,  .:  ! .-   ,    i  .,:,-    ...-...•    <,.ri...  [Ivt  40J] 


,  ; 


.  CHARLES  H.  ( 1794-184*  ?X  writer  on 

-ioi    ta    tbl    HU    I*  ;    .«..;.,I,M    at 
*  a  printer:  published  'Songs  of  the 

I'r.--.-  i<;.:.  •  i  i,    |-,.,...,-.    \!,,.  ..:;   ;,..-.  .,,,1  •  v    M» 
tlonary  of  Printers  and  Printing,'  Ittt.  [Ivi.  4Ot] 

TINDAL,MATTHBW(iaJT-17MXdei»t;  B.A.,  167«. 
•ad  u.r.i,  km*  OoOiM  Oxford,  ;-.-•-  U0*v  .,t  MI 
Bod  < -..:i.-.-..  OiflBid,  i'.:-.  i  ttMd  QftlMk  in  m 
James  IPs  reign :  advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons ;  gaw 
optadoa  thai  H«aoaU  »••  Mrf 


i!.  ;-.-;; 

the  Christian  Church  asaerted,'  1708,  which  exdte  many 
rs-:---.  .IM.I  ITM  bond  vU  tla«bi  raMff  MIMB,  IHft  by 
order  of  the  House  of  Commona  :  attacked  Walpole  for  re- 
signing, 1717  ;  published  •  Christianity  as  Old  as  the  Crea- 
tion,' 1730,  ex  pounding  rationalistic  opinions:  author  of 
several  other  works  or  pamphlet*.  [Ivi.  40J] 

TINDAL.  NICHOLAS  (1687-1774),  historical  writer  : 
nephew  of  Matthew  Tmdal  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  K  x  etc  r  College. 
Oxford,  1718;  rector  of  Hatford,  1716;  vicar  of  Great 
Walt  ham,  1721  :  was  appointed  master  of  the  Royal  Free 
School  at  ChcluiKfonl,  1731,  and  chaplain  to  Greenwich 
Hospital,  1738  ;  published  a  translation  and  continuation 
of  Rapin's  '  History  of  England.'  1725-45,  and  an  abridg- 
ment of  Spence's  •  Polymetis,'  1764,  and  some  other  works. 

••VK    iMi- 

TINDAL,  Sm  NICHOLAS  OONYNGHAM  (1776- 
1846X  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas  ;  great-grandson 
of  Nicholas  Tindal  [q.  v.]  ;  MA.  I  r  n  ty  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1802  ;  fellow,  1801  ;  chancellor's  gold  medallist  ; 
hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1814  ;  suocewfolly  claimed  in  Ash- 
ford  t.  Thoniton  rUjrht  of  wager  of  battle  for  bis  client  ; 
counsel  for  Queen  Caroline  ;  M.P.  Wigtown  Burghs,  1824, 
Harwich,  1826:  solicitor-general  and  knighted,  1826; 
chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1829.  [Ivi.  406] 

TDTDAL,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1536).    [See  TTXDALK.] 

TINDAL,  WILLIAM  (1756-1804),  antiquary  ;  grand- 
son of  Nicholas  Tiudal  [q.  v.]  ;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
oxford,  1778;  M.A.,  1778;  chaplain  of  the  Tower  of 
London  ;  published  a  history  of  Kvesham,  1794,  and  other 
works  ;  committed  suicide.  [Ivi.  407] 

TnmOUTH,  JOHN  ni:  (/.  1366),  historian  ;  vicar  of 
Tynemouth  and  Benedictine  monk  at  St.  Albans  :  autltor 
of  '  Historia  Aurea  a  Creatlone  ad  Tempus  Edwardi  III,' 
and  other  works.  [Ivi.  408] 

TIIWEY,  JOHN  (d.  1761X  engraver.         [Ivi.  408] 
TIFPEK,  JOHN  (d.    1713X  almanac-maker  ;  com- 
menced the  •  Lndies*  Diary  '  (almanac  and  serial  collection 
oi  inath.-iniitinil  papersX  1704.  editing  it  himself  till  1713; 
founded  •  Grait  Britain's  Diarj-,'  1710.  [Ivi.  408] 

TIPPDfO,  WILLIAM  (1698-1649X  author;  RA. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1617  ;  jolueil  the  pwliament  and 
took  the  covenant  ;  took  living  of  Bliabbington  :  pob- 
lUhed  '  A  Discourse  of  Eternity,'  1633,  and  other  works. 

[Ivi.  408] 

TIPTOFT  or   TIBETOT,  JOHN,   BAK<.X    TIPTOIT 
(1375  V-1443):  desoeuded  from  Itobert  de  Tiptoft  [q.  v.]  ; 
began  life  in  service  of  Earl  of  Derby  :  was  rewarded  by 
Huntingdonshire,  14O3-4,  1404,  and 


various  grants  :  M.P. 
1405-«  :  elected  speaker 


1406,  his  tenure  of  office  being 


-  ,         , 

marked  by  important  advances  hi  the  power  of  the  Com- 
mons and  by  persecution  of  the  loliards  ;  held  many  ap- 
pointments at  court  and  abroad  ;  received  forfeited  lands 
.  Gkudower;  treasurer  of  England,  14O8;  made 
seneschal  of  Aqultaine  by  Henry  V,  1416  ;  negotiated 
alliances  with  foreign  prince*  ;  appointed  treasurer  of 
Normandy,  1417;  negotiated  the  peace,  1419;  member  of 
the  privy  council  during  Henry  VI's  minority;  §om- 
moned  te  .parliament  at  Baron  Tiptoft,  1426  ;  steward  of 
the  hoa«ebold,  US8-W;  commanded  troops  in  France. 
14S9  and  1436.  [IrL  409] 

TIPTOFT  or  TIBETOT,  JOHN,  KAHL  or  WoRCEtTW 
(1427  ?-1470X  son  of  John,  baron  Tiptoft  [q.  v.T  :  edu- 
cated at  Balliol  College,  Oxford  ;  created  Karl  of  Worces- 
ter, 1449:  a  Yorkist:  appointed  treasurer  of  the  tx- 
cheqner,  1452  ;  joint-commissioner  to  keep  guard  bj  tea, 


TIPTOFT 


1302 


TODD 


1454  ;  deputy  of  Ireland,  1457 ;  chief-justice  of  North 
Wales,  1  till,  on  Edward  IV's  accession ;  held  various 
high  offices ;  fallal  to  proven t  escape  of  Queen  Margaret, 
1463;  as  deputy  of  Ireland  executed,  the  Earl  of  Desmond 
and  two  ot  hi<  infant  sons  Mti7,  and,  as  constable  of  ; 
England,  KM- 7  and  1470,  was  guilty  of  great  cruelties, 
including  the  execution  of  John,  i-arl  of  Oxfonl,  ltd:.', 
Sir  Ralph  Grey,  ami  Lancastrians.  1464,  and  twenty  of 
Clarence's  party,  taken  at  sea,  who  were  hauled  and 
impaled,  1470  ;  called '  the  butcher  of  England ' :  on  flight 
of  Edward  IV  wns  taken  and  executed.  He  was  eulogised 
by  Caxtou  and  famous  for  his  scholarship,  having  studied 
Latin  at  Padua,  heard  John  Argyropoulos  lecture  on 
Greek  at  Florence,  and  translated  Cicero's  '  De  Amicitia ' 
and  '  The  Declaration  of  Nobleness,'  by  Buouacoorso. 

[Ivi.  411] 

TIPTOFT,  ROBERT  DK,  sometimes  styled  BAHON 
TIBETOT  or  TIITOFT  (</.  12U8),  governor  of  various  castles : 
accompanied  Edward  I  to  the  Holy  Laud;  suppressed 
revolt  of  Rhys  ab  Merednc,  1287-8 ;  served  in  France  and 
In  Scotland.  [Ivi.  414] 

TIRECHAN  (fl,  7th  cent.),  bishop  and  saint ;  wrote 
4  Collections  '  relating  to  St.  Patrick.  [Ivi.  414] 

TIREL  or  TYRRELL,  WALTER  (fl.  1100),  reputed 
slayer  of  William  Rufus  :  son  and  successor  of  Walter 
Tirel,  lord  of  I'oix  in  Picardy  ;  was  generally  believed  to 
have  shot  the  arrow  that  killed  William  Rufus,  but 
denied  having  done  so.  [Ivi.  414] 

TIRWHrr,  Sin  ROBERT  (rf.  1428).  [See  TYKWIUTT.] 

TISDAL.  PHILIP  (1703-1777),  Irish  politician  :  B.A. 
Dublin,  1722  ;  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  1728 :  called 
to  the  Irish  bar,  1733;  M.A.Dublin  University,  1739-76 
Armagh,  1776  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  registrar  of  the 
court  of  chancery,  1742  ;  judge  of  the  prerogative  court, 
1745  ;  solicitor-general,  1751 ;  attorney-general,  1760 ; 
principal  secretary  of  state  and  manager  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  1763  ;  died  in  Belgium.  [Ivi.  415] 

TISDAL  or  TISDALL,  WILLIAM  (1669-1735),  con- 
troversialist and  acquaintance  of  Swift  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1696 ;  D.D.,  1707  ;  lost  Swift's  friendship 
by  his  courtship  of  '  Stella,'  1704 ;  vicar  of  Belfast,  1712  ; 
wrote  against  the  dissenters.  [Ivi.  416] 

TISDALE,  TYSDALL,  or  TYSDALE.  JOHN  (/. 
1550-1563),  printer  and  stationer;  original  member  of 
the  Company  of  Stationers.  [Ivi.  4 16  ] 

TITCOMB,  JONATHAN  HOLT  (1819-1887),  bishop 
of  Rangoon  ;  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A., 
1845  ;  D.D.  honoris  causa,  1877  ;  perpetual  curate  of  St. 
Andrew-the-Less,  Cambridge,  1845-59  ;  vicar  of  St. 
Stephen's,  South  Lambeth,  1861,  and  lectured  in  London  ; 
rural  dean  of  Clapham  and  honorary  canon  of  Winches- 
ter ;  first  bishop  of  Rangoon,  1877-82 ;  bishop  for 
Northern  and  Central  Europe,  1884-6  ;  published  '  Per- 
sonal Recollections  of  Burma,'  1880,  and  religious  works. 

TITE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1798-1873),  architect; 
assisted  David  Lalng  (1774-1856)  [q.  v.]  ;  built  the  Royal 
Exchange,  London,  1844,  numerous  railway  stations,  and 
London  edifices  :  president  of  the  Architectural  Society  ; 
M.P.,  Bath,  1855-73  ;  opposed  Scott's  Gothic  government 
offices ;  largely  concerned  in  construction  of  the  Thames 
embankment;  knighted,  1869;  C.B.,  1870;  F.RS,  1835- 
F.S.A.,  1839.  [Ivi.  418] 

TITIE1C3  (correctly  TIETJENS),  TERESA  CARO- 
LINE JOHANNA  (1831-1877),  operatic  singer;  of 
Hungarian  birth ;  a  soprano  of  great  sweetness  and 
power,  her  best  parts  including  Lucrezia,  Semiramide, 
and  Lenora ;  singer  of  sacred  music.  [Ivi.  419] 

TITLEY,  WALTER  (1700-1768),  envoy  extraordi- 
nary at  Copenhagen  :  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  M.  A.,  1726  ;  wrote  Latin  verses  and '  imitated ' 
Horace.  [lvi.  410] 

TITUS,  SILIUS  (1623?-1704),  politician  ;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxfonl,  and  the  Middle  Temple  ;  took  part  in  the  I 
siege  of  Donnimrton  Castle  on  the  parliament  side,  1644;  ' 
one  of  Charles  I's  household,  Isle  of  Wight,  1617  ;  became  ' 
royalist  and  devised  plans  for  Charles  I's  escape :  entered  ' 
rvice  of  Charles  II  ;  but  after  the  battle  of  Worcester 
I  to  Cromwdl  for   leave  to  return  to  England  • 
correspondent  of  Clarendon;  intermediary  between  the 


royalists  and  levellers,  and  intimate  with  Kdward  Sexby 
[q.  v.]  ;  made  keeper  of  Deal  Castle  at  the-  Restoration  : 
lavaine  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  House  of  Common? 
during  the  excitement  of  the  popish  plot  and  Kxtuusiou 
Bill  ;  very  zealous  against  Lord  Stafford  ;  a  humorous 
and  vigorous  sjM-aki-r  :  saw  through  James  IPs  favuir  to> 
the  dissenters^  but  became  privy  councillor,  1(588;  tran-- 
ferred  his  allegiance  to  William  111  ;  M.i'.,  Ludlow,  Iti'.m  .".. 

[Ivi.  420] 

TOBIAS  (d.  726),  ninth  bishop  of  Rochester  ;  conse- 
crated, c.  096;  pupil  of  Theodore  and  Hadrian. 

[Ivi.  422] 

TOBIN,  GKOHGK  (1768-1838),  rear-admiral ;  brother 
of  John  Tobin  [q.  v.]  ;  was  present  at  tin:  action  in  \\f-t 
Indies,  12  April  1782;  captured  the  Cyaiie,  1805;  co- 
operated with  the  army  in  France  and  Spain,  18K5-14  ; 
C.B.,  1816  ;  rear-admiral,  1837.  [Ivi.  422] 

TOBIN,  JOHN  (1770-1801),  dramatist;  brother  of 
George  Tobin  [q.  v.],  solicitor  ;  author  of  the  *  Honey 
Moon,'  1805,  the  '  Curfew,'  1807,  the  •  School  for  Authors,' 
1808,  and  other  plays,  all  posthumous.  [Ivi.  422] 

TOCLTVE,  RICHARD  (<l.  1188).    [See  RICHARD  OF 

ILCHESTER.] 

TOD,  JAMES  (1782-1835),  colonel  and  Indian  diplo- 
matist ;  obtained  East  Indian  cadetsbip  and  went  to> 
Bengal,  1799  ;  lieutenant,  Bengal  infantry,  1800  ;  surveyed 
and  collected  topographical  information ;  organised  in- 
telligence department  at  Rowtah  during  operations 
against  the  Pindharis,  1817 ;  appointed  political  agent  in. 
western  Rajput  states,  1818;  resigned,  1822;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1826;  published  'Annals  and  Antiquities  oi 
Rajasthan.'  1829-32,  and  -  Travels  in  Western  India,'  post- 
humous, 1839.  [Ivi.  424] 

TODD.  ALPHEUS  (1821-1884),  librarian  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Canada  ;  published  '  The  Practice  and  Privileges 
of  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament,'  1840,  and  '  On  Parlia- 
mentary Government  in  England,'  1867-9,  and  other 
works  ;  librarian  of  the  parliament  of  the  Dominion, 
1867-84  ;  minister  of  the  '  Catholic  Apostolic  Church.' 

[Ivi.  425] 

TODD,  ELLIOTT  D'ARCY  (1808-1845),  British 
resident  at  Herat:  lieutenant  in  the  Bengal  artillery, 
1823  ;  took  part  in  second  siege  of  Bhartpur,  1825  ;  studied 
Persian  and  became  instructor  in  artillery  to  the  Persian 
army,  1834 ;  military  secretary  to  Sir  Henry  Lindesay 
Bethona  [q.  v.]  at  Tabriz,  1836;  accompanied  John 
McNeill  [q.v.]  to  Herat,  1838,  and  took  despatches  thence 
to  Simla  by  Kandahar  and  Peshawar ;  military  secretary 
to  Sir  William  Hay  Macnaghten  [q.  v.j  when  envoy  to  the 
amir  of  Afghanistan,  and  made  treaty  with  Shah  Kamran 
at  Herat ;  political  agent  at  Herat,  1841,  when,  having 
proofs  of  Kaniran's  bad  faith,  he  withdrew  to  Candahar  ; 
angrily  dismissed  by  Lord  Auckland,  the  povernor- 
general ;  rejoined  his  regiment ;  promoted  captain  and 
killed  at  Firozshah.  [Ivi.  426] 

TODD,  HENRY  JOHN  (1763-1845),  all  tor  of  Milton 
and  author ;  chorister  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxfonl ;  tutor 
and  lecturer  at  Hertford  College,  Oxfonl ;  M.A.,  1786  ; 
held  various  livings ;  librarian  at  Lambeth  Palace,  and 
royal  chaplain  :  rector  of  Settrington,  1820,'  prebendary 
of  York,  1830,  and  archdeacon,  1832  ;  published  the 
'Poetical  Works  of  Milton,'  1801,  and  edition  of  Spenser, 
1805,  and  of  'Johnson's  Dictionary,'  1818,  and  numerous 
original  works,  including  a  life  oi  Cranmer,  1831. 

[Ivi.  428] 

TODD,  HUGH  ( 1658  ?-1728),  author  ;  B.  A.  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1677;  fellow  of  University  College,  1678;  M.A., 
1C7'.»,  and  D.D.,  16U2  ;  prebendary  of  Carlisle,  1686  ;  rector 
of  Arthuret  and  vicar  of  Penrith  St.  Andrew  ;  quarrelled 
with  his  bishop,  William  Nicolson  [q.  v.],  and  was  ex- 
communicated, but  continued  to  officiate  ;  published 
poems  and  miscellaneous  works,  including  translations 
from  Plutarch  and  Nepos.  [Ivi.  430] 

TODD,  JAMES  HENTHORN  (1805-18G9).  Irish 
scholar  and  regius  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Dublin : 
brother  of  Robert  Bentley  Todd  [q.v.]  ;  B.  A.  Dublin,!  825  : 
fellow,  1831,aud  tutor;  D.D.,  1840  ;  contributed  to  various 
publications;  Donncllan  lecturer,  1838-0;  published  his 
lectures  as  'Discourses  on  the  Prophecies,'  1840;  trea- 
surer, 1837,  and  precentor,  1864,  pf  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin  ; 
regius  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Dublin,  18l'.i,  and  librarian, 
1852 ;  classified  the  manuscripts,  added  many  books,  and 
compiled  a  catalogue;  founded  the  Ar.-h.-i  <>U>._ri<-al  Society, 
1840,  acted  as  secretary  and  contributed  to  its  nublica- 


TODD 


1:10:1 


TOMES 


tions:  published 'St.  Patrick,  Apostle  of  Ireland.'  i-.-.i 
and  other  important  works  ;  consulted  by  statesmen  and 
theologians.  [Ivi.  430] 

TODD,  ROBERT  BKNTLEY  (1809-1860),  physldan  ; 
brother  of  Jaim-s  Hrnthoni  Told  [<|.  v. 
College,  Dublin,  1829;  lii-tim-d  m 
D.M.  Oxfonl,  1H36:    profesjor  of  physiology  >r 
College,  London,  1x3*;  5.1;    G  :s3tf.  .m-l  Lmn- 

li-ian  l--tuivr.  1K49:  F.1LS.,  1838;  examiner  for  London 
University,   1K89-4O ;    instrumental   in   !• 
OoOofN   Hospital,   London,  1840.  and  81.  Join. 
Institution  for  nur>«-  >44 :  establlsbsd  large 

private  practice;  revolutionise!  treatment  of  fevers: 
i-outributed  mnuy  works  to  medical  science,  including 
'  The  Cyclonssdia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology,'  which  ho 

•aitad,  MP  m,  [ivi.  432] 

TODHUNTER,  ISAAC  (1820-1884 X  mathematician; 
attended  evening  classes  at  University  College;  M.A. 
London  :  scholar  and  gold  medallist:  senior  wrangler  and 
Smith1-  primnan.  Cambridge,  1848,  and  fellow  of  St 
i  College,  Cambridge,  1849 ;  published  mathematical 


..... 

treatise*,  mostly  elementary ;   K.kS.,  1862 ;  an  aocom- 
plialiod  linguist.  [Ivi.  434] 

TOFT  or  TOFT8,  MARY  (1701  7-1763). 'the  rabbit- 
breeder  • ;  said  to  have  given  birth  to  rabbits  (the  fraud 
occasioning  a  torrent  of  pamphlet*  and  squibs);  confessed 
afterwards  to  the  imposture.  [Ivi.  43fi  ] 

TOFTE,  ROBEIIT  <•/.  1620),  poet  and  translator: 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy:  published  'Laura,'  1597, 
and '  Alba,'  1508,  reference  being  made  in  the  latter  to 
4  Love's  Labour's  Lost,'  also*  The  Fruit*  of  Jealouxi. -.'  1  •,!.'.  : 
translated  from  the  Italian,  including  Ariosto's  'Tales 
and  Satires,'  and  from  the  Fn.-n.-i..  [Ivi.  436] 

TOFTS,  KATHERINE,  aftenvards  SMITH  (1680?- 
1758  ?),  vocalist ;  sang  at  Drury  Lane  concerts  ;  rival  of 
Francesoa  Margherita  de  1'Rpine  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in 
•AnrinoeV  1706,  'Camilla,'  'Love's  Triumph,'  and  other 
operas ;  a  soprano  greatly  extolled  by  contemporaries  : 
after  her  retirement  from  the  stage,  1709,  said  to  have  lost 
her  reason.  [Ivi.  437] 

TOFTB,  MARY  (1701  ?-1763).    [See  Torr.] 

TOLAND,  JOHN  ( 1670-1 722),  debt;  studied  at  the 
college,  Glasgow,  at  Leyden,  ami  Oxfonl:  M.A.  Klin- 
burgh,  1690:  published  'Christianity  not  Mysterious,* 
1696,  the  first  act  of  warfare  between  the  deist*  ami  the 
orthodox ;  returned  to  Ireland,  1697 ;  coupled  with  Locke 
as  a  Socinian,  and  denounced  from  the  pulpit,  hi*  book 
ordered  to  be  burnt  by  the  House  of  Common*,  and  him- 
self arrested:  retreated  to  England:  edited  Milton's 
prose  works,  1698,  and  other  authors  :  wrote  pamphlet* 
defending  the  Act  of  Succession,  and  formed  one  of  the 
to  the  Electress  Sophia,  1701 :  on  his  return  wrote 
•  Vindicius  Liberius,'  and  recanted  hi*  former  opinions  ; 
assisted  by  Shafteshury ;  visited  the  courts  of  Hanover 
and  Berlin  and  published  an  account,  1706  :  was  admitted 
to  Sophie  Charlotte's  philosophical  conversations,  and 
wrote  letters  to  her  ('Serena'):  wrote  pamphlets  in 
defence  of  Harley  and  Marlborough ;  travelled  abroad 
again:  resided  in  Holland;  returned  to  England,  1710, 
ami  wrote  pamphlets  against  Sacheverell  and  Jaeobitism, 
and  the  '  Art  of  Restoring,'  1714,  accusing  Oxford  of  in- 
tending to  play  the  rule  of  Monek  :  returned  to  specula- 
tions in  '  Nazarenus,'  1718,  *  Tetradymus,'  1720,  and 
'  rantheistioon,'  1720  ;  author  of  several  other  works. 

[Ivi.  438] 

TOLER,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  NORRURY  (1746-1831), 
chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  Ireland :  M.A.  Dub- 
lin. 1766  :  called  to  tin;  Iri.-h  bar,  1770:  M.P.,  Tralee,  1776, 
Philipstown,  1783,  (lorey,  1790 :  K.C.,  1781;  opposed  Flood's 
bill  for  reform,  1783;  solicitor-general,  1789:  opposed 
(i  rattan's  motion  reprobating  sale  of  places  and  peerage*, 
1790 ;  gave  consistent  support  to  Earl  of  Westmoreland, 
1790-3,  and  Lord  Camdeu,  his  indifference  to  propriety 
and  broad  humour  giving  him  success  over  his  opponent*  : 
moved  rejection  of  catholic  relief  bill,  1795 ;  attorney- 
general,  1798;  showed  cruelty  in  prosecution  of  the 
rebels ;  mnde  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas  and  Uaron 
Norbury,  1800  ;  showed  gross  partiality,  buffoonery,  and 
scanty  legal  knowledge  on  the  bench  ;  famous  for  his  bout 
molt:  had  great  influence  in  the  government  as  a  sup- 
porter of  protestant  ascendency ;  retired  and  was  created 
£rl,1827.  [Ivi.  442] 


WILLIAM     (17787-1H17V, 
r  .n.1   Mul.ratta  eamml, 


at  Assaye 


of  revenue  in  Oylou,  1811;  traMhfort  Now  TosUunsnt 

[Ivi.  4li 

TOLLEMACHE.       TALMA8H,       or      TALMACH. 
THOMAfl  (18*1  7-1694).    lieateuant-ccneral : 
Flanders  and  Tangier  in  CoidsUsam  guards 


.-,..,,:.,:  ,,i    (M  :-•-.   :•-••.  '  ••   m  |Md  m  i 
JMM  m  pcUtkoJdoilfno!  Mr*odanli  fa  H,.! 
landod  rtUi  HID  imd    M*  ..•  T,,.-.I;,  .  ao*M*oraof 
,  •  PortnooUi  nd  ••••  MloCl  sMstaM  |  mC  :--. 

M  !-.  ICatBM    ',•;..  UM.4  >.  ,  ;-  :.-  ..«,.  i'..'!      -r.-.!  BSjdM 


nandsd  HM 

failure  perhaps    be*ng 
munications  from 
Plymouth. 


was  woondsd.  and  died  at 

[1*1.444] 


TOLLER,  ?mSAMUEL(</.1821X*d*Ofla40*cnef»l* 
Madras ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  advocate- general  at 
Madras,  1812;  knighted  ;  pubUsbed  legal  works:  diod  in 
dla.  [l*i  447] 

TOLLET,  ELIZABETH  (1694-1754),  poetess. 


TOLLET,  GEORGE  (1726-1779).  Ph, 


nephew  of  Elizabeth  Toilet  [q.  *.] :  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1745:  contributed  notes  to  Johnson  and  Steevens's 
edition  of  Shakespeare.  [Ivi.  448] 

TOM  or  THOM,  JOHN  NICHOLS  (1799-1838),  im- 
postor and  madman :  son  of  an  innkeeper  and  farmer : 
clerk  and  subsequently  bop-dealer  at  Truro ;  joined 
Spencean  Society ;  was  regarded  by  his  family  as  insane 
and  disappeared  :  reappeared  at  Canterbury,  styling  him- 
M  if  sir  William  Percy  Honeywood  Courtonay,  sari  of 
I  won.  kn  ik'h  t  of  Malta,  anil  king  of  Jerusalem ;  nominated 
M.I',  for  (':.nt4  rbury,  1832  ;  convicted  of  perjury.  1833, hot 
placed  in  an  asylum :  on  release  lived  at  farmhouse 
between  Canterbury  and  Favenham:  declared  himself 
the  Messiah,  showed  stigmata  and  attracted  disciples: 
.-hot  a  constable  while  serving  warrant  upon  him  for 
enticing  away  a  fanner's  labourers,  and  a  lieutenant  sent 
to  apprehend  him  with  soldiers  :  killed  with  eight  rioters 
in  Blean  Waul.  [Ml.  1] 

TOMBZ8.  J<>HN  (16037-1676),  baptist  divine;  M.A 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1624  ;  lecturer  at  St.  Martin 
Carfax,  1624-30  ;  vicar  of  Leominster,  where  bis  preach- 
ing was  very  popular  ;  held  several  other  livings ;  being 
a  presbyterian  declined  to  baptise  infants ;  appealed  to 
the  Westminster  Assembly  on  this  subject  and  published 
tracts  ;  master  of  the  Temple,  1646-7 ;  had  interview  with 
Cromwell,  1646 :  organised  baptist  church  :  engaged  in 
public  debate  with  Baxter.  1860,  and  others;  author  of 
tracts  against  ptedobaptists,  qnakert,  and  papists. 

[IviL  J] 

TOMBS,  SIR  HENRY  (1824-1874),  major-general: 
lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1841 :  mentioned  to  despatches 
for  (iwalior  campaign,  1H44;  distinguished  himself  in 
both  Sikh  wars,  being  present  at  battles  of  Mndki.  1845. 
Firozshah,  1845,  Aliwal,  1848,  Ramnagar,  1848,  Chllian- 
wala,  1849,  nnd  Gnxerat,  1849 :  recommended  for  brevet 
majority:  during  the  mutiny  distinguished  himself  In 
defeat  of  the  rebels  at  Ghaxi  and  Badli-ke-ferai,  and 
throughout  siege  of  Delhi ;  made  V.C.  and  C.B. ;  com- 
manded his  troop  at  Liu-know.  1868.  ami  in  subsequent 
operations  in  Rohilkband :  promoted  I  >n- vet-colonel  and 
eulogised  by  Lord  Panmure,  1868;  brigadier-grneral  com- 
manding artillery  at  Gwalior,  1883 :  commanded  force 
which  recaptured  Dewangiri,  1884 ;  K.C.B.,  1888 :  eonv 
mauded  Allahabad  division,  1871.  [Ivii.  4] 

TOMES.  SIR  JOHN  (1816-1895),  dental  surgeon ;  in- 
vented dental  forceps  and  studied  histology  of  bone  and 

U.rth  :     drlivrnil     ElaM  •*     M:ddl,,.-x     H.-pital    whirl. 

marked  new  era  in  dentistry  ;  administered  ether  for 
dental  operations,  1847  :  contributed  Important  papers  to 
•Philosophical  Transactions;  1849-68:  Induced  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  to  grant  licence  in  dental  surgery . 
1858 :  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Odontotogical 
Society.  1868,  and  Dental  Hospital,  1868 ; 
of  Dentbtt  Act,  1878;  F.R.C.S.,  1881; 
published  works  on  dentistry. 


TOMKINS 


1304 


TONE 


TOMKINS,  CHAKLKS  (it.  1779),  topographical  nnd 
antiquariun  draughtsman  and  a<matiut  engraver:  brother 
of  IVltro  William  Tomkius  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  9] 

TOMKINS,  GILKS(rf.  1668?),  musician:  brother  of 
John  Tomk.ns  (1586-1638)  [q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded 
as  organist  at  King's  College,  Cambridge  ;  choirmaster 
at  Salisbury  Cathedral ;  household  musician  to  Charles  I, 
MM  [Ivii.  11] 

TOMKINS,  JOHN  (1586-1638),  musician:  brother  of 
Thomas  Tomkins  (d.  1656)  [q.  v.] ;  organist  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  160fi :  Mus.Ha.-.  Cambridge,  1608; 
organist  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  r.  1619  ;  epistler  and  gos- 
peller. Chapel  Royal,  London ;  composed  anthems ;  the 
Thomalin  of  three  of  Phineas  Fletcher's  eclogues. 

[Ivii.  10] 

TOMKINS,  JOHN  (16637-1706),  quaker  annalist: 
published  '  Piety  Promoted,  in  a  Collection  of  Dying  Say- 
ings of  ...  Quakers,'  1701,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  7] 

TOMKINS,  MARTIN  (d.  1765?),  Arian  divine: 
studied  at  Utrecht  and  Leyden  ;  dissenting  minister  at 
Stoke  Newington,  1707,  but  resigned,  1718,  on  account  of 
Arian  sympathies  :  chief  work, '  A  Sober  Appeal  to  a  Turk 
or  an  Indian  concerning  the  plain  Sense  of  Scripture  re- 
lating to  the  Trinity,'  1723.  [Ivii.  8] 

TOMKINS,  NATHAN AEL  (d.  1681),  prebendary  of 
Worcester,  1629 ;  son  of  Thomas  Tomkins  (d.  1656) 
[q.  T.]  :  B.D.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1629.  [Ivii.  10] 

TOMKINS,  PELTRO  WILLIAM  (1759-1840),  en- 
graver and  draughtsman :  pupil  of  Francesco  liartolo/;:! 
[q.  v.]  ;  produced  many  fine  plates  and  illustrations  for 
Sharpe's  •  British  Poets '  and  other  works ;  projected  '  The 
British  Gallery  of  Art '  and  '  The  Gallery  of  the  Marquess 
of  Stafford'  (both  appearing,  1818);  drawing-master  in 
George  Ill's  reign  to  the  princesses.  [Ivii.  81 

TOMKINS,  THOMAS  (fi.  1604-1615).    [See  TOMKIS.] 

TOMKINS,  THOMAS  (d.  1656),  musician  :  brother  of 
John  Tomkins  (1586-1638)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  under  William 
Byrd  [q.  v.]  :  Mus.Bac.  Oxon.,  1607 ;  organist  of  Wor- 
cester Cathedral  and  (1621)  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London  ; 
composed  '  Songs '  and  (published,  1668)  '  Musica  Deo 
Sacra,'  besides  pieces  remaining  in  manuscript.  [Ivii.  9] 

TOMKINS,  THOMAS  (1637 ?-1675),  divine;  son  of 
John  Tomkins  (1586-1638)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1658 ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1657  : 
D.D.  Cambridge,  1673;  published  'The  Rebel's  Plea,' 
16CO,  criticising  Baxter's  constitutional  theories,  and  other 
works :  rector  of  St.  Mary  Aldermary,  London,  1665  : 
chaplain  to  Gilbert  Sheldon  [q.  v.]  and  assistant  licenser 
of  books  ;  rector  of  Great  Chart,  1667,  of  Lambeth,  1669  ; 
chancellor  and  prebendary  of  Exeter.  [Ivii.  11] 

TOMKINS,  THOMAS  (1743-1816),  calligrapher  ;  kept 
a  writing-school  in  Foster  Lane,  London ;  produced  orna- 
mental titles  to  books  and  other  work,  attaining  the 
highest  eminence  in  his  art ;  published  '  The  Beauties  of 
Writing,'  1777,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  12] 

TOMKINSON,  THOMAS  (1631-1710?),  Muggle- 
tonlan;  tenant-farmer;  visited  Lodowicke  Muggleton 
[q.  T.],  1662 ;  fined  and  excommunicated  for  recusancy, 
1674 ;  ablest  of  the  Muggletonian  writers  ;  published  ' The 
Muggletonians  Principles  Prevailing,'  1695,  and  other 
work*.  [lvil.  13] 

TOMKIS  or  TOMKYS,  THOMAS  (./?.  1604-1615), 
dramatist;  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1604; 
M.A.,  1604;  wrote  •  Albumazar '  (comedy),  1615,  on  visit 
of  Jamen  I  to  Cambridge,  for  the  revival  of  which  Dryden 
composed  a  prologue,  1668  :  author  probably  also  of 
•  Lingua '  (comedy),  1607  ;  both  his  comedies  founded  on 
Italian  models.  [Ivii.  18] 

TOMLINE,  SIR  GEORGE  PRETYMAN  (1750-1827), 
tutor  of  the  younger  Pitt  and  bishop  of  Winchester  •  be- 
longed to  an  old  Suffolk  family ;  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge; senior  wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  1772; 
fellow  and  tutor,  1773;  M.A.,1776;  university  moderator, 
1781 ;  Pitt's  tutor,  1774,  and  his  private  secretary,  1783-7 
and  given  a  Westminster  prebend  and  other  preferment; 
PJL8r1785;  assisted  Pitt  in  finance;  became  bishop  of 
Lincoln  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1787;  exercise  1 

lesiaRtical  patronaze  and  gave  political  advice;  pub- 
lished 'Element*  of  Christian  Theology,'  1818 ;  oppo*ei 
to  Pitt's  relationship  with  Addington ;  suggested  Pitt's 


iriurantee  to  George  III  concerning  catholic  emancipa- 
tion :  arranged  payment  of  Pitt's  debts;  took  name  <•! 
Tomline  on  large  estate  being  left  to  him,  1803;  wfca 
ivfu.-fd  archbishopric  by  George  III,  1804;  attended  Pit c 
on  his  deathbed  and  left  literary  executor  ;  published  '  A 
Hesitation  of  Calvinism,'  1811  ;  bishop  of  Winchester, 
1820-7  ;  published  his  memoir  of  Pitt,  1793  ;  established 
claim  to  Nova  Scotia  baronetcy,  1823.  [IviL  14] 

TOMLINS,  ELIZABETH  SOPHIA  (1763-182*), 
authoress  ;  sister  of  Sir  Thomas  Edlyne  Tomlins  [q.  v.] 

TOMLINS,  FREDERICK  GUEST  (1804-1867),  jour- 
nalist and  publisher ;  contributed  to  '  Weekly  Times.' 
'  Morning  Advertiser,'  and  other  journals  ;  founder  of  the 
Shakespeare  Society,  1840  ;  wrote  mainly  on  the  drama. 

[Ivii.  17] 

TOMLINS,  SIR  THOMAS  EDLYNE  (1762-1841), 
legal  writer  ;  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple,  1783  ;  editor  of  'St.  James's  Chronicle' ;  counsel 
to  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  and  (parliamentary)  to  Irish 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  1801 :  knighted,  1814  ;  assist- 
ant-counsel to  treasury,  1818;  chief  work,  'A  Familiar 
Explanation  of  the  Law  of  Wills  and  Codicils,'  1785. 

[Ivii.  17] 

TOMLINS,    THOMAS  EDLYNE    (1804-187L 
writer ;  nephew  of  Sir  Thomas  Edlyne  Tomlins  [q.  v.] 

[Ivii.  18] 

TOMLINSON,  CHARLES  (1808-1897),  scientific 
writer;  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  kept  a  day-school 
with  his  brother  at  Salisbury ;  attended  science  lectures 
at  University  College,  London:  contributed  papers  to 
magazines  :  published  '  The  Student's  Manual  of  Natural 
Philosophy,'  1838;  lecturer  on  experimental  science, 
King's  College  School,  London;  made  important  dis- 
coveries concerning  surface  tension  of  liquids :  F.O.S., 
1867 ;  F.R.S.,  1872  ;  Dante  lecturer,  University  College, 
London,  1878-80 ;  author  of  miscellaneous  works. 

[Ivii.  18] 

TOMLINSON,  MATTHEW  (1617-1681).    [See  THOii- 

j   LINSON.] 

TOMLINSON,  NICHOLAS  (1765-1847),  vice-admiral : 
j  severely  injured  in  explosion  on  the  Duke  of  Athol,  1783  : 
present  at  fifth  action  between  Suffren  and  Sir  Edward 
Hughes  [q.  v.];  performed  'dashing  exploits'  on  Frencli 
coast,  1794 ;  captured  the  Revanche  and  other  vessels ; 
fitted  out  a  privateer,  1797  ;  vice-admiral,  1841.  [Ivii.  19] 

TOMLINSON,  RICHARD  (1827-1871).  [See  MONT- 
GOMERY, WALTER.] 

TOMOS  GLYN  COTHI  (1766-1833).  [See  EVANS, 
THOMAS.] 

TOMPION,  THOMAS  (1639-1713),  'father  of  Eng- 
lish watchmaking ' ;  freeman  of  the  ClockmakerR*  Com- 
pany, 1671 ;  made  clocks  for  Royal  Observatory,  1676 ; 
under  direction  of  Robert  Hooke  [q.  v.]  made  one  of  the 
first  English  watches  with  balance  spring,  1675 :  patented 
the  cylinder  escapement  with  Houghton  and  Barlow,  1695: 
made  barometers  and  sundials  for  William  III,  and  clock 
in  Pump-room,  Bath,  1709,  still  in  working  order;  'left 
English  watches  and  clocks  the  finest  in  the  world.' 

[Ivii.  20] 

TOMPSON,  RICHARD  (d.  1693  ?),  printseller. 

[Ivii.  21] 

TOMS,  PETER  (d.  1777),  painter  and  herald:  painted 
drapery  for  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  others ;  Portcullis 
pursuivant,  1746  ;  original  R.A.,  1768.  [Ivii.  22] 

TOMSON,  LAURENCE  (1539-1608),  politician,  author, 
and  transcriber ;  demy  and  fellow  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1664  ;  accompanied  Sir  Thomas  Hoby 
[q.  v.]  to  France,  1566  ;  M.P.,  Weymouth  and  Melcombe 
Regis,  1575-87,  Downton,  1588-9;  travelled  extensively 
and  knew  many  languages ;  employed  by  Walsingham ; 
author  of  theological  and  commercial  works.  [Ivii.  22] 

TOMSON,  RICHARD  (/.  1588),  mariner;  traded  in 
the  Mediterranean ;  sailed  to  Algiers  to  ransom  those 
captured  in  his  &hip  Jesus,  1583  ;  corresponded  with 
Walsingham  and  Robert  Cecil;  fought  against  the 
Armada,  1588.  [Ivii.  22] 

TONE,  THEOBALD  WOLFE  (1763-1798),  United 
Irishman  :  son  of  Peter  Tone,  Dublin  coachmaker :  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1781:  nearly  expelled:  eloped 
with  Matilda  Witherington  and  neglected  his  studies  ; 
B.A.,  1785  :  entered  Middle  Temple  as  student,  1787,  and 
was  joined  by  a  younger  brother;  forwarded  to  Pitt 


TONE 


1 :;...-, 


TOOKE 


scheme  for  a  military  colony  in  tin-   South  Si  . 

which  was  l.-ft  umiot'icr.1 ;  MlM  t<>  Iri-h  l-iir.  1789;  toou 

turned  his  attention  to  poir.  ;  •  \  Review  of 

the  Conduct  of  Administration,' 1790,  in. 
arniiiniiiix'  the  u'ovrruuiL'nt  ;uj'l  ;i.--ert 
jM'iidi-iu-e;  became  au  unlrnr 

Argument  on  behalf  of  the  catholic.:  of  In-hm.l,'  17ul. 
to  promote  union  of  dissenters  with  cal 
government;  joined  Belfast  volunteer*:  fmuidul  \\iih 
Russell  and  Tandy  club  of  United  Irishmen  In  ] 
became  assistant-secretary  to  the  Catholic  Committee, 
1702  ;  took  active  part  in  agitation  and  in  great  catholic 
convention  in  Tu.lor.-1  Hull:  accompanied  delegation  to 
present  petition  to  George  III ;  suspension  of 
contrary  to  his  hopes,  1793 ;  was  voted  1.600/.  and  gold 
medal;  compromised  himself  with  William  Jackson 
(1737  ?-1705)  [q.  v.],  the  French  spy,  1794,  and  was  allowed 
by  government  to  sail  for  America,  1796  ;  went  to  runs 
1706,  to  promote  French  expedition  against  Ireland ; 
made  chef-de-brigade  and  adjutant-general  by  Hoche ; 
took  part  in  Hoche's  expedition,  which  never  effected  a 
landing,  and  in  another  nn.i.-r  Dutch  mispices,  which 
never  started,  1797 ;  finally  accompanied  small  expedition 
under  Hardy  in  the  Hoche,  which  .-truck  to  Borlase  off 
Lough  Swilly  ;  was  tried  by  court-martial,  condemned  to 
death,  and  being  refused  a  soldier's  execution  committed 
suicide ;  wrote  '  Journals.'  [IvlL  23] 

TONE,  WILLIAM  THEOBALD  WOLFE  (1791- 
1828),  soldier;  son  of  Theobald  Wolfe  Tone  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated by  the  French  republic  ;  entered  the  French  army 
ami  fought  in  Germany,  1813  ;  author,  and  editor  of  his 
father's  writings.  [IviL  29] 

TONG,  WILLIAM  (1662-1727),  presbyterian  divine: 
minister  at  Chester,  Knutsford,  Coventry,  and  at  Saltern' 
Hall  Court,  Cannon  Street,  London :  maintained  ortho- 
doxy on  the  Trinity  in  conferences,  1718-19 ;  successful 
preacher;  Williams  and  Barnes  trustee,  and  distributor 
of  the  regium  donum  ;  published  '  A  Defence  of  Mathew 
Henry,  with  a  History  of  Nonconformity,'  1693,  and  other 
works.  [Ivli.  29] 

TONGE  or  TONGUE.  ISRAEL  or  EZEREL  [EznKKL] 
(1621-1680).  divine  und  ally  of  Titus  Gates ;  B.A.  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford,  1G43  ;  left  Oxford  to  avoid  bear- 
ing arms  for  Charles  I ;  returned  and  was  made  fellow, 
1648 ;  rector  of  Pluckley,  1649 ;  D.D.,  1656 ;  fellow  of 
Durham  College,  1666-9;  chaplain  at  Dunkirk,  1660-1; 
after  other  moves  and  changes  became  rector  of  St. 
Michael's,  Wood  Street,  London,  St.  Mary  Stayulng,  Lou- 
don,  and  Aston,  Herefordshire  ;  made  acquaintance  with 
Titus  Gates,  1676,  and  became  his  willing  dupe :  worked 
up  Oates's  inventions  into  narrative  of  the  '  Popish  plot,' 
1678:  communicated  with  Danby  and  had  interviews 
with  Charles  II ;  prevailed  on  sir  Edmund  Berry  God- 
frey [q.  v.]  to  take  down  Oates's  depositions,  and  inaugu- 
rated the  reign  of  terror :  withdrew,  however,  from  asso- 
ciation with  Oates,  but  gave  evidence  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  1679 :  wrote  numerous  diatribes  against  the 
'  Jesuits.  [Ivii.  30] 

TONKIN,  THOMAS  (1678-1742),  Cornish  historian; 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn ;  lived  on 
his  Cornish  estates ;  collected  topographical  and  genea- 
logical information,  and  projected  a  history  of  Cornwall. 

[Ivii.  83] 

TONNA,  CHARLOTTE  ELIZABETH  (1790-1846), 
miscellaneous  writer :  nte  Browne :  married  Captain 
Phelan,  and  secondly,  Lewis  Hippolytiw  Joseph  Tonua 
£q.  v.]  ;  edited  protestant  magazines  :  wrote  anti-catholic 
tracts  and  Orange  song*,  including  'The  Maiden  City' 
and  '  No  Surrender,'  and  many  other  works.  [Ivii.  34] 

TONNA,  LEWIS  HIPPOLYTUS  .T<  tSKPH  (1812- 
1867),  author ;  naval  schoolmaster,  and  later  secretary 
to  Royal  United  Service  Institution ;  published  ultra- 
protestant  works.  [Ivii.  36] 

TONNEYS.  TONEYS.  orTONEY,  JOHN  (rf.1510?), 
grammarian  :  D.D.  Cambridge,  1502 :  provincial  of  Austin- 
friars  ;  wrote  '  Rudimeuta  Grummatice*,'  and  other  works. 

[Ivii.  35] 

TON80N,  JACOB  (1656  7-1736X  publisher :  set  up 
business  at  the  Judge's  Head,  Chancery  Lane,  London, 
1677  ;  purchased  copyright  of  '  Paradise  Lost '  ;  was 
much  associated  with  Dryden  ;  published  many  of  his 
plays  and  other  pieces,  the  '  Miscellany,'  hi*  translation 
of  VirgU,  1697,  and  'The  Fables,'  1699  ;  moved  to  Gray's 


. 

Holland,  1703,  and  published 
<>f  Italy,'  170*;  publis 
' 


his 

published  Dryiien's 

1707,  verses  by  Pop.  In  sixth  'Mkeeai. 
'  1709  ;  moved  to  Uw 


joint-publisher  with   Buckley  of  Uie 
1711;  published  Addison's  'Oato,'  ITU; 

•I.  LI..        ,.-.:•...;••.        ;•:.•••  .•         • 

*o:,.    .......-•-...••,        ;.r  .-    •      • 

Tickell's  •Iliad,'  1711  ; 
stock  and  Law's  Mississippi 
to  public  offices,  1710;  -!T" 


.  .  . 

•,        ;.r  .-    •      • 
made  large  fortone  by  Sooth  Sea 


•:..    ..-,; 


s.-v.r;,!    <vl,l,r.itol   •Aork-,    BMtad  M    H 
Lovers '  and  Pope's  •  Shakespeare,'  17M. 

TON80N,  JACOB  (d.  17r,7),  publisher :  _ 
of  Jacob  Tonsoo  (1666  ?-1736)  [q.  v.]  ;  paid  Warburton 
6001.  for  editing  Shakespeare,  1747;  eulogised  by  Dr. 
Johnson.  [Ivll/SS] 

TON80N.  RICHARD  ('/.1 775),  M.P.,  Wallingfonl, 
1747,  New  Windsor,  1768;  brother  of  Jacob  Tonson  (d. 
1767)  [q.  v.]  [IrlL  181 

TONSTALL,   CUTHBBRT  (1474-1M9X    [See  TUX- 

STALL.] 

TOOKE.    [See  also  TOKK.] 

TOOKE,  ANDREW  (1673-1782),  master  of  the  Lon- 
don Charterhouse  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse :  scholar  of 
Hare  Hall,  Cambridge;  M.A.,  1697:  u>ber  at  Charter- 
house, 1695;  Gresham  professor  of  geometry,  1704-29: 
F.1LS.,  1701;  master,  1728-:::.';  published  mainly  trans- 
lations. [IviL  39] 

TOOKE,  GEORGE  (1693-1675),  soldier  and  writer: 
took  part  in  unsuccessful  expedition  under  Sir  Kdward 
Cecil,  viscount  Wimbledon  [q.  v.]  against  Cadiz,  1628.and 
wrote  an  account, '  The  History  of  Cales  Parsion,'  1662 
(in  prose  and  verse);  resided  on  bis  estate  of  Popes, 
Hertfordshire ;  intimate  with  Selden  and  Hales  ;  author 
also  of  '  The  Legend  of  Britamart,'  1C46,  and  other  works. 

[Ivii.  »] 

TOOKE,  JOHN  HORNE  (1736-1812),  politician  and 
philologist ;  son  of  a  poulterer  named  Home  :  !o«t  sight 
of  one  eye  fighting  with  a  schoolfellow  ;  senior  optlme 
and  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1758;  entered 
Inner  Temple ;  incumbent  of  chapel  of  ease,  Brentford. 
1760,  but  being  unsuited  to  clerical  duties  travelled  abroad 
as  tutor  to  son  of  John  Elwes  [q.  v.] ;  returning,  wrote 
•  The  Petition  of  an  Englishman,'  violently  defending 
Wilkes,  1765:  travelled  abroad  sgain  as  tutor;  aban- 
doned clerical  dress;  made  acquaintance  with  Wilke* 
and  Sterne  and  visited  Voltaire ;  supported  Wilkes  at  the 
Middlesex  election,  1768;  accused  George  Onslow  (17J1- 
1792)  [q.  v.]  of  selling  an  office  and  was  fined  4<A>/.  by 
Lord  Mansfield  (verdict  set  aside  on  appeal);  organised 
'  Society  for  supporting  the  Bill  of  Right* ' :  supposed 
author  or  part  author  of  addresses  to  George  III,  1770; 
quarrelled  with  Wilkes,  and  seceding  formed  the  Con- 
stitutional Society,  1771  ;  resigned  his  living,  177S ;  was 
summoned  before  the  House  of  Commons  on  account  of 
violent  attack  on  the  speaker,  Norton,  but  escaped  punish- 
ment, 1774  :  fined  ami  impriMuied  for  publishing  resolu- 
tion to  raise  a  subscription  for  American  colonist*, 
1778;  refused  admission  to  the  bar:  Inherited  oome  for- 
tune from  his  father  and  livel  in  London,  giving  famous 
suppers  and  engaging  i"  Hiticul  discussions  :  added 
name  of  his  friend,  William  Tooke.  to  his  own,  1782  :  pub- 
lished "Ew«a  wTtpo^Ta,  or  the  Diversions  of  Pnrley.' 
1786  and  1798,  which  established  his  reputation  as  a 
philologist  ;  joined  'Society  for  Constitutional  Informa- 
tion,' 1780 :  supported  reform  and  Pitt  against 
1788'  published  'Two  Pair  of  Portrait*,'  contrasting  the 
Pitts' and  the  Foxes;  contested  Westminster  against  Pox, 
1790  ;  tried  for  high  treason,  1794,  but  acquitted  ;  hostile 
to  the  whig  aristocracy :  contested  Westminster  again 
unsuccessfully,  1796;  returned  for  OKI  Sarum,  1801,  but 
act  was  passed  declaring  clenryim-n  Ineligible  for  scaUin 
House  ofCommons:  receive  much  soci.-ty  at  his  boose 
at  Wimbledon,  Including  Thurlmv.  Erskiue,  Bentbam, 
Coleridge,  Paine,  Godwin,  and  others :  the  shrewdest  of 
the  Wilkes  agitators,  and  an  old-fashioned  radical,  who 
appealed  to  Magna  Charta,  but  ridiculed  the  'rights  of 
man"  His  philology,  with  reference  to  which  subject  he 
emphasised  the  necessity  •  '  =  «>t hie  and  Anglo- 

Saxon,  was  intended  to  subserve  a  nominalism  oybc 


TOOKE 


1306 


TORRENS 


TOOKE,  THOMAS  (1774-1868),  economist ;  son  of 
William  Took.-  ri74»-lK20)  [q.  T.]  ;  follower  of  Ricardo, 
Hornrr.  nrvl  Hii»ki*raii.  and  supporter  of  report  of  bullion 
.-,..  IHIO:  [.  il  1 .-I.M  •  Tl.wii'hH  aii.l  I*-t:iiN  on 
the  Hiidi  an.l  Low  Price*  of  the  last  Thirty  Years,'  1823, 
and  oilier  pamphlet*  combating  Tiew  that  fall  of  prices 
WM  r»olt  of  return  to-  cash  payment*  ;  published  the 
•Htotory  of  Prices,'  1838-57  ;  opposed  tbe  '  c... 
theory*  and  tl*  act  of  1844  ;  published  •  Enqiury  into  tin: 
Currency  Principle,'  1844  :  free-trader  and  nartrfoniidt-r 
of  the  Political  RoonomyCiuh,  1821  ;  F.U.S.,  l«2l  : 
•poudant  de  1'Instltut  de  France,  [Ivii.  47] 

TOOKE.  WILLIAM  <17H  1820),  historian  of  Russia: 
chaplain  of  the  Enid  tab  church  at  Cronstadt,  1771,  and  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1774 ;  published,  among  other  works, 
•A  History  of  Rumia  from  Rurik  to  ...  Catherine  II,' 
1800  and  other  books  on  Russia :  edited  the  '  New  and 
General  Biographical  Dictionary,'  1798.  [Mi.  49] 

TOOKE,  WILLIAM  (1777-1863),  president  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  ;  son  of  William  Tooke( 1744-1 820) [q.  V.]  : 
solicitor ;  took  prominent  part  in  formation  of  St. 
Katharine's  Docks,  1825,  and  in  foundation  of  the  London 
University.  1823,  and  Royal  Society  of  Literature :  F.R.S., 
Win  :  president  of  the  Society  of  Arte,  1862  ;  M.P.,  Truro, 
1832-7  ;  compiled  a  work  on  tbe  '  Monarchy  of  France,' 
1846.  [lvii.50] 

TOOKER  or  TUCKER,  WILLIAM  (1668?-1621), 
divine ;  educated  at  Winchester  College :  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1577;  M.A.,  1583;  D.D.,  1694;  arch- 
deacon of  Barnstaple;  chaplain  to  Queen  Eli/abeth : 
rector  of  Kilkhampton,  West  Dean,  and  Clovelly  ;  dean  of 
Llchfleld,  1605;  publisher!  'Charisma  sive  Doimm  Sana- 
tionis,'  1587,  vindicating  royal  power  of  curing  king's  evil, 
and  other  works.  [Ivii.  51] 

TOOTEL,  HUGH  (1672-1743).  [See  DODD,  CHARLKS.] 

TOPCLIFFE,  RICHARD  (1532-1604),  persecntor  of 
Roman  catholic*:  M.P.  for  Beverley,  1572,  and  Old 
Sarum.1586:  hunted  out  popish  recusants  and  Jesuits: 
•  topclifflzare,'  u«ed  in  court  language  for  hunting  a 
recusant,  derived  from  bis  name :  racked  prisoners  in  his 
own  bouse:  cruelly  treated  Robert  Southwell  (1561  ?-1595) 
[q.  v.],  and  was  imprisoned:  Included  in  commission 
against  the  Jesuits,  1593;  Imprisoned  again,  1594-5: 
engaged  In  torturing  gipsies  and  others,  1596-71  :  obtained 
the  Fltzberoerts'  bouse  at  Pacjley.  [Ivii.  52] 

TOPHAM,  EDWARD  (1761-1820),  journalist  and 
play-writer ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  travelled  abroad  and  in  Scotland:  published 
'Letters  from  Edinburgh,'  1778;  entered  life-guards; 
wrote  tory  '  Address  to  Edmund  Burke  on  Affairs  In 
America,'  1777;  associated  with  Borne  Tooke,  Wilkes, 
and  Sheridan ;  wrote  several  popular  epilogues ;  pro- 
duced 'Deaf  Indeed,'  1780,  'The  Pool,'  17H6,  and  other 
plays:  started  ' The  World,' dally  paper,  1787,  to  which 
he  contributed  '  The  Schools '  and  '  Life  of  the  late  John 
Elwes ' :  tried  for  libelling  the  third  Earl  of  Cowper,  but 
eventually  acquitted,  1791 ;  satirised  by  Gillray  and  other 
caricaturist*.  [Ivii.  53] 

TOPHAM,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  (1808-1877),  water- 
colour  painter;  began  life  as  an  engraver:  exhibited 
water-colour*  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1832,  and  elsewhere, 
chiefly  scenes  of  Irish  and  Welsh  peasant  life ;  one  of 
Dickens'*  'splendid  stroller*,'  1850:  painted  Spanish 
subjects  after  a  visit  to  Spain,  1854-9,  and  Italian  scenes, 
1864  ;  died  at  Cordova.  [Ivii.  55] 

TOPHAM,  JOHN  (1746-1803),  antiquary;  of  Lin- 
coiuv  inn  :  deputy- keeper  of  state  papers,  1781,  and  corn- 
mUnioner  in  bankruptcy,  1783  ;  bencher  of  Cray's  Inn, 
1787 ;  treasurer  of  Society  of  Antiquaries,  1787 :  librarian 
to  archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  edited  '  Rotuli  Parlia- 
uientorum'  (1278-1503),  1767-77,  Fortescue's  and  Glan- 
ville's  works, and  published  various  papers.  [Ivii.  56] 

TOPHAM,  THOMAS  ( 1710  7-1,749), '  tbe  strong  man ' : 
son  of  a  carpenter ;  innkeeper ;  performed  various  feateof 
strength  in  London.  Ireland,  and  the  provinces  ;  stabbed 
his  wife  and  killed  himself.  [Ivll.  56] 

TOPLADY,  AUGUSTUS  MONTAGUE  (1740-1778), 
divine;  educated  at  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Dublin:  B.A.,  17o<i ;  in<-iiTirt>c'nt  of  Broad  Hembury,  1768; 
pobltahed  •  Rock  of  Ages '  in  the  » Gospel  Mngazine,'  1775  ; 
*  "The  Historic  Proof  of  tbe  Doctrinal  Calvinism 


i  of  the  Church  of  England,'  1774,  and  'The  Scheme  of 
Christian  and  Philosophical  Necessity  asserted,'  1775,  and 
engaged  in  violent  controversy  with  Wesley.  [Ivii.  57] 

TOPLEY,  WILLIAM  (1841-1894),  geologist:  assisted 
I  in  survey  of  the  Weald,  1M2,  and  prepared  memoir,  1875  ; 
contributed  various  papers  to  'Quarterly  Journal  of  the 
Geological  Society';  surveyed  formations  in  north  of 
Kni/land  and  Sussex  ;  worked  at  the  survey  office,  London, 
from  1880;  secretary  of  various  societies ;  F.H.S.,  IHHH. 

[Ivii.  59] 

TOP8ELL,  EDWARD  (<i.  1638  ?),  divine  and  author; 
,  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  rector  of  East  Hoathly, 
1596 ;  perpetual  curate  of  St.  Botolph,  Alders-gate,  Lon- 
don, 1604;    held  several  other  preferment*:    published 
1  "The  Historic  of  Foure-footed  Beastes,'  1607,  and  'The 
Historic  of  Serpents,'  1608,  and  religious  works. 

[Ivii.  59] 

TORKINGTON,  Sm  RICHARD  (/.  1518),  EnirlMi 
priest  and  pilgrim:  rector  of  Mnlberton,  1511  ;  travelled 
to  the  Holy  Land  and  back  through  Italy,  1517-8,  and 
wrote  an  account,  published,  1883.  [Ivii.  60] 

TORPHICHEN,  BAKOXS.  [See  SAXDILANDS,  JAMES, 
first  BAHON,</.  1579 ;  SAXDILAXIJS,  JAMES, seventh  BAKON, 
rf.1753.] 

TORPORLEY,  NATHANIEL  (1564-1632),  mathe- 
matician ;  B.A.  Christ  Chnrch,  Oxford,  1584  ;  M.A. 
Bragenone  College,  Oxford,  1591  ;  rector  of  Salwarpe 
and  of  Liddington  ;  patronised  by  ninth  Earl  of  North- 
umberland :  secretary  to  Francois  Viete  of  Foutenay, 
mathematician  ;  published  '  Diclides  Coelometricae,'  1602. 

[Ivii.  61] 

TORR,  WILLIAM  (1808-1874),  agriculturist ;  farmed 
at  Riby,  North  Lincolnshire  :  raised  famous  breeds  of 
Leicester  sheep,  thorough-bred  ponies,  and  shorthorn 
cattle :  elected  to  council  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society, 
1857 ;  judge  of  live-stock  in  England  and  abroad. 

[Ivii.  61] 

TORRE,  JAMES  (1649-1699),  antiquary  and  genea- 
logist ;  belonged  to  old  Lincolnshire  family  :  B.A.  Mag- 
dalene College,  Cambridge,  1669;  studied  at  tbe  Inner 
Temple :  published  '  Antiquities  Ecclesiastical  of  tbe 
City  of  York,'  1691,  and  compiled  '  English  Nobility  and 
Gentry.'  [Ivii.  62] 

TORRENS,  Sin  ARTHUR  WELLESLEY  (1809- 
1855),  major-general  :  son  of  Sir  Henry  Torrena  [q.  v.] ; 
page  of  honour  to  Prince  Regent ;  lieutenant,  grenadier 
guards,  1825  ;  fought  against  rebels  in  Canada,  1838  ;  com- 
manded 23rd  royal  Welsh  fusiliers  in  Barbados:  commanded 
infantry  brigade  at  Alma  and  Balaclava  ;  distinguished 
himself  and  was  wounded  at  Inkerman,  1854  :  received 
thanks  of  parliament  ;  promoted  major-general  and 
K.C.B.,  1854  ;  died  at  Paris.  [Ivii.  63] 

TORREJTS,  SIR  HENRY  (1779-1828),  major-general : 
entered  the  army,  1793  ;  took  part  with  63rd  foot  in  ex- 
pedition under  Abercromby  against  St.  Lucia  and  St. 
Vincent,  1796,  and  in  campaigns  in  Portugal,  1798,  and 
Netherlands,  1799,  being  wounded  at  Egmont-op-Zee : 
commanded  Surrey  rangers  in  Nova  Scotia,  1800-1, 
and  68th  foot  during  Maratha  war ;  took  part  in 
disastrous  attack  on  Buenos  Ayres,  1807  :  accompanied 
Wellesley  as  military  secretary  to  Portugal,  1808,  ami 
was  present  at  battles  of  Roli^a  and  Vimeiro  ;  received 
Portugnese  decorations  ;  military  secretary  to  commau- 
der-in-chlef,  1809  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Prince  Regent,  1812  : 
major-general,  1814:  K.C.B.,  1815:  adjutant-general  of 
the  forces,  1820 ;  revised  Infantry  regulations.  [Ivii.  65] 

TORREHB,  HENRY  WHITELOCK  (1806-1852), 
Indian  civil  servant :  von  of  Sir  Henry  Torrens  [q.  v.]  ; 
educated  at  Charterhouse  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
B.A.,  1828;  clerk  In  foreign  office;  obtained  writership 
in  Indian  civil  service;  assistant  to  collector  of  Meernt, 
1829 ;  secretary  to  board  of  customs  at  Calcutta,  1840 ; 
acreut  to  governor-general  of  Murshidabad,  1847 :  pub- 
lished one  volume  of  an  excellent  translation  of  the 
'Arabian  Nights,'  1838,  and  other  work*. 

[Suppl.  ill.  383] 

TORRENS,  ROBERT  (1780-1864),  political  econo- 
mist :  cousin  of  Sir  Henry  Torrens  [q.  v.] ;  as  captain 
in  royal  marines  defended  Isle  of  Anholt  against  the 
Dutch,  1*11;  colonel  of  Spanish  legion  in  Peninsular 
war  :  colonel,  1837  ;  published  *  An  Essay  on  the  External 
Corn  Trade,'  1815,  and  'An  Essay  on  the  Reduction  of 
Wealth,'  1821 ;  one  of  the  first  economists  to  attribute 


TORRENS 


TOULMIN 


production  of  wealth  to  land,  labour,  and  cnpital  :  In- 
fluenced  Vixl  and   Kicardo; 
advocated  colonisation  of  South  Au-tr.,ii...  und  ; 
book  on  the  subject,  1H36 ;  editor  of  tbe  •  Traveller '  and 
••ilobu':  K.i  [lviL66] 

TORREH8.    -in     Kol'.KUT    HICHA! 
«on  of   Kobert  Torren*  fq.  T.]:  first  premier  of  South 
Australia  ;   of   Trinity  College,  Dublin  :    emigrated   to 
South  Australia,  lH4u;   premier  and  colonial  treeearer, 
1857:    author  of  •  Torrent  Act'  to  nuU-tliuu 
public  registration  for    the  old   conveyancing   system, 
IMS;    r.-r  :••..•!    t<>   Kiigland  :    M.P..  Cambridge,   1868; 
. :  wrote  pamphlets  dttillug  with  Torrau 
[Ml.  68] 

TORRENS.    WILLIAM    TORRBNS    McCCI.T.  v,n 
-.» »).  politician  and  author:  B.  A..  1832,  an  i  I.I..1-. 


194).  politlf 
Dublin.  1843:  ca 
184*: 


lied  to  Irish  bar.   1836,  and 
on   lri»h 


TOTIHGTOH      or    TOTTIJIOTOK. 
(1135-1211). 


TOTNE8,    EARL    or    (1555-1629).     [Bes    Oa*cw. 

TOTO.  ANTH 

of  Florence,  aod  popd  of  Obtriendajo  ;  brooyhti 
Und  by    Ptetro  Torrigtaao  [q.  v.] ;   executed  work  tor 
Henry   VIII;    naturalised,    143*;     appointed    >tT)e«ni- 

IM1.74J 

M),  pabtiaher  :  carried  on 


(  /.  1518-1MS),  painter;  nativr 

•:•.•:..•...  -.      •-...-•  If  i.   | 


,1441. 

TOTTEL.  Ill' 

liness  at  The  Hand  and 

:•!!    SJfSJ   ||  ;,,..,.»-:.,:   ,,: 

of  UK  hUUonoV  Com] 
msatii  167H  and  1584  :  | 
alto  MoreV  Dialogue  of  CV 

.,:   IT -.,,-.-   I',:;.  -  m  - 


.    :v.r.  ...,loi:.r 


.'.!    •        .    ' 


•;  ,.'•.    .  •  ••: .. 
[Ml.  74] 

>:  joined  Anti-Cornlaw  Leagiie, and  published  TOTTENHAM.  CHARLEft  (1684-17*81  Irish  poJIti- 

Tbe  IndurtriaT  History  of  Free  Nation..'  184^T  M.P..  d. ^f^M^o, •  >££  Roes  : ;  V«k I  Sty  mUe.  Cine 

Dundalk,  1847-62,  Yarmouth,  1857,  Pinsbury,   1864-84 ;  night  to  parliament,  and  gave  casting  vote  against  hand- 

independent  liberal ;   supported  legislation  for  ameliora-  lng  ^er  Irish  surplus  to  England,  1711  ;  sheriff  of  oo. 

tlon  of  condition  of  tt>c  poor:  published  •Memoirs of  Wexford,  1737.  [Ivii. 74] 

r«rrno"7'-'HWOT' *  "-""M1-    ****.<*»*,«»*».»*»,..-*> 

TOREJOIANO,  PIETRO    (1472-1522),  sculptor   and     rj0^ chapUuTto CfcUieruY 
draughtsman  ;  born  at   Florence;  one  of  tlie  artists  pro-     VJ7ft 'J'_j  ixciOlieii  by  parliament    from 
tocted  by  Lorenzo  de'  Medici :  broke  Michelangelo's  nose  '       -  - 

hi  a  quarrel  and  was  banished :  became  soldier  in  papal 
army  and  fought  at  Garigliano,  1503;  returned  to 
Florence  aod  became  one  of  the  best  sculptors  there; 
came  to  England  and  executed  Henry  VI IV  tomb  in  West- 
minster Abbey  and  that  of  tbe  CountoH  of  Richmond, 
also  the  altar  at  t»»e  head  of  Henry  VII's  tomb,  dest royal 
in  1641 ;  later  settled  at  Seville  and  executed  work*  there, 
including  a  Madonna  and  Child  for  the  Duke  d' Areas, 
and  which,  disappointed  with  the  payment  received,  he 
dashed  to  pieces ;  was  sentenced  to  death  for  sacrilege 


to 


title  ;  published  •  Historical  Collections,'  1674. 


[Ivii.  76] 


and  imprisoned  ;  said  to  hare  starred  himself  to  death  in 
prison  :  Henvenuto  Cellini  refusal  to  accompany  him  to 
England  because  of  his  Injury  to  Michelangelo. 


TOUCHET.  JAMES,  seventh  HARMS  Arnurr  (1465  ?- 
1497),  descended  from  Adam  de  Aodley,  temp.  Henry  I : 
-  as    baron.    1491; 


K.U.,   1475; 


Henry  VII  in  French    expelition,  14W;  led   rebellion, 
1497  ;  defeated  at  BUi«  khtsuh,  captun 


TOUCHET,    JAMrl«,   DAIIOJC    AuniJtv 


capuired,  and  behraded. 

[IviL  76] 


i  AVKx(16l7?-1684X 
bin 


. 
[Iv 

[S 


ii.  69] 
See  HK 


TORBINOTON,    EAHL   ov   (1647-1716). 

BERT,  AKTHUIU] 

TORR1HOTON,  VISCOUXT  (1663-1  73J).  [See  BTXG, 
QBOHUB.] 

TORRY,  PATRICK  (1783  -  1852).  bUbop  of  St. 
Andrews,  Dunkeld,  and  Dunblane;  onlalned  prkxt  of 
Scottish  epUcopnl  church,  1783  :  assistant,  1789.  and  sole 
partor,  1791-1837,  of  congregation  at  Peterhcad  ;  bishop 
of  Dunkeld,  180H  till  death  :  recelTed  style  of  bishop  of 
united  diocese*  of  St.  Andrews,  Dunkeld,  an.1  Dunblane. 
1844  ;  pablinhed,  1850,  •  Prayer-book.'  which  claimed  to  be 
embodiment  of  usages  of  tbe  episcopal  church  of  .Scotland, 
and  occasioned  much  opposition,  led  by  Charles  Words- 
worth  [q.  v.]  :  hi*  •  Prayer-book  '  was  ceusured  by 
Scottish  episcopal  synod  and  suppressed. 

[S.ippl.  iii.  384] 

TOR8HELL  or  TOR8HEL.  SAMUEL  (1604-16*0), 
puritan  divine  ;  rector  of  Bnnbnry,  C"beiihire  :  tutor  to 
Charles  I's  two  younger  children  ;  preacher  at  Cripple- 
gate  ;  author  of  reiigioun  works.  [Irii.  7  1  ] 

T08TIO,  TOBTZ,  or  T08TIHU8  (d.  1066),  earl  of 
tl»e  Northumbrian*  ;  «wi  of  Karl  Galwin  [q.  T.],  wbone 
banishment  he  shared  in  Flanders,  1051  :  married  Judith, 
daughter  of  Count  Baldwin  IV  of  Flanders;  returned  to 
England,  1052  :  made  Earl  of  Northumbria.  Northamp- 
ton-hirfi,  and  Huntinploiiihirc  by  K 
njle-l  with  ^verity:  sent  Malcolm  III  of  Scotland  help 
against  Macbeth  :  benefactor  to  church  at  Durham  ; 
went  to  Rome,  1061,  and  pleaded  cause  of  Aklred  [q.  T.]  : 
joined  Humid  in  invading  Wales,  1061  ;  treach.  : 
murdered  two  thegra  and  Gospatric,  a  noble,  1064: 
•-1  an  outlaw  by  the  tbegus,  Morcar  [q.  v.] 
M  earl  inctead,  1065,  and  his  deposition 


eldest  son  of  second  earl  ;  instrument*!  in  bringing 
father  to  justice  for  unnatural  offence*,  1631;  created 
llaron  Audley  of  Hely,  1633,  forfeit*!  by  his  father  fot 
felony  ;  travelled  to  Home  ;  joined  Charles  I  at  Berwick. 
1639  ;  offered  hi*  service*  to  government  on  outbreak  of 

.  Irish  rebellion,  1641.  but  his  offer  declined,  be  bring  a 
Honum  catholic  ;  hesitated  to  join  Ormonde  at  battle  of 
Kilnub,  1642,  aod  was  imprisoned  on  charge  of  high 
If)  -  MBJ  ;  SjSjSSlBjfl  BjSjl  >.  Bjsj  urn,,  of  .-on:.-.J.-r:it.-  <:<.f..>  .  -. 
and  performed  brilliant  and  useful  services  ;  promoted 
cessation  in  Ireland  ;  present  at  siege  and  rendition  of 
Duucannon,  1645,  but  failed  to  take  Yoognal ;  joined 
Ormonde  on  refusal  of  O'Neill  and  nuncio  to  accept  peace 
nude  with  tbe  confederates,  1646,  and  advised  makuik' 
terms  with  parliament  rather  than  tbe  council ;  fought 
under  Prince  Rupert  at  Landrecies  ;  attended  Charles  I'» 
queen  and  the  prince  of  Wales  at  8U  Germain  :  retained 
M  ith  Ormonde,  to  Ireland,  1648 ;  appointed  general  of  the 
horse  to  reduce  fortress  holding  out  for  O'Neill,  1649 : 
shared  Ormonde's  defeat  at  lUtbmlnes,  1619;  threw  flf 
teen  hundred  men  Into  Wexfonl  and  forced  Ireton  to  raise 
siege  of  Duncannon  ;  appointed  oommamler  of  LslnstSf 

'  forces ;  cnpum^l  Athy,  1650,  but  failed  to  relieve  Teero- 
glmn  ;  on  departure  of  <  )rmonde 
chief  of  Mt 


being  chosen 


ster  and  Clare,  but  failed  to  oreveut  orogm* 
of  Cromwell's  forces  or  capitulation  of  Limerick,  1651  ; 
left  for  France ;  served  under  Condc  at  fight  In  Faubourg 
su-Aiitolne:  taken  prisoner  by  Torrnoe  at  Comerry : 
linilllMllilnl  su  Irish  regimen 

part  in  various  sieges,  and  (1658)  in  battle  of  the  Danes : 
returned  to  England  at  Restoration:  served  in  several 
naval  actions  against  tbe  Dutch.  1665-7,  ami  landed  two 
thousand  four  hundred  recruit*  at  osteud ;  pressot  at 
battle  of  Soicf,  1674:  commanded  Spanish  foot,  1676: 
Krrval  at  Maastricht  and  Charirrol,  and  was  present  at 
battle  before  Mon*.  1678 ;  poblwhed  •  Memoirs,'  1680. 

[Ivii.  1 7] 
TOULMUf.  CAMILLA   DUPOUR,  aflrrwards  MK«. 


XT.WTUX  CIM^I^M.  (1K12-1894).  mUceUaneoas   writer: 

co^flVmed"b7  Edwird,  who,  it  is  ..Id.  waspewuiled  by  contribute.1  to  DeriodtoO. :  publl.brt  ^^^^ 

Harold  ;  was  forced  to  go  into  exile,  and  retired  to  Plan-  •  Landmarks  of  a  Llterar}'  Lite.  > «».  •'^  «**™*±. 
ders;  on  death  of  Edward,  1066,  ravaged  Isle  of  \\ 
the  east  coast,  and  Lindesey,  but  being  driven  off  retired 


, 
to  Malcolm  in  Scotland  ;   joined  Harold  Hardrada  and 


accompanied    invaders 
Edwin  and  Morcar  ; 
by  Harold  and  killed. 


to    York,    where    ther   defeated 
vanquished  at  Stamford  Bridge 


TOUIJmr.  JOSHUA  <1740  l*lS).dls»eiiUns; 


biographer:  presbyterian  ministsr  of  Colyton,  1 
Tannton.   17tt5  :    excited  bostiUty  b    hi*  Soci 


awl  Tunton,  1764;    excited  hostility 


J61. 


views  and  liberal 


founder  of  the  Western 


[Ivll.  71]      '  Unitarian  Society,  1792;  minister  of  tbe  New  Meeting 


TOULMIN    SMITH 


1308 


TOWETLEY 


JJirmiiu'ham,  1803;   author  of  iiimnT,m>   works,  includ- 
•  :r.s  ...  of  Faust  us  Sivinus,'  1777,  '  Life  ...  of 
John  Diddle'  [q.  v.],  1789,  and  edition  of  N nil's  -  History 
r.-riuius.1  1793-7.  [Ivii.  82] 

TOULMIN    SMITH,    JOSHUA   (1816-1869).      [See 

SMITH.] 

TOUN80N.    [See  TOWNSON.] 

TOUP,  JONATHAN  (or  JOANNES)  (1713-1 785),  phU- 
ologer  and  classical  editor ;  educated  at  Exeter  College, 
•r.l ;  M.A.,  1756  ;  curate  successively  of  Philleigh, 
1736,  and  of  Iluryan,  1738  ;  rector  of  St.  Martin's-by-Looe, 
1760-85;  published  '  Kmendationes  in  Suidain.'  17(50-6, 
followed  by  an  "Epistola  Critica'  to  Warburton,  1767,  ami 
•Cune  uovissimsB  ...  in  Suidnui,'  1775;  contributed 
notes  to  \Varton 's  '  Theocritus,'  1770,  and  published  fur- 
ther emendations  in  '  Cnrae  Posteriores,'  1772  ;  produced 
a  famous  edition  of  'Longinus,'  containing  numerous 
rmr-.nlations,  1778;  contributed  notes  to  Sammet's 
'Kpistolro*  of  Machines,  1771,  and  Shaw's  '  Apolloniin 
Khoditu,'  1779,  and  other  works ;  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Warburton  and  Hurd  ;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1774,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Merryn,  1776.  [Ivii.  83] 

TOURAINE,  DUKES  OP.  [See  DOUOLAS,  ARCHIBALD, 
first  DUKE,  1369  ?-1424 ;  DOUGLAS,  ARCHIBALD,  second 
DUKE,  1391?-1439;  DOUGLAS,  WILLIAM,  third  DUKB. 
II23V-14W.] 

TOURNAY,  SIMON  OF  (/.  1180-1200),  schoolman: 
supposed  to  have  been  native  of  Cornwall;  established 
himself  at  Paris  by  1180,  and  was  regent  of  arts ;  follower 
of  Aristotle,  and  hence  accused  of  heresy  ;  three  volumes 
of  his  lectures  extant  at  Oxford  in  the  Balliol  and  Merton 
MSS.  [Ivii.  86] 

TOURNEUR,  TURNOUR,  or  TURNER,  CYRIL 
(1575  ?-1626).  dramatist ;  published  '  The  Revenger's 
Tragsedie,'  1607,  a  work  of  great  tragic  intensity;  author 
of  'The  Atheists  Trogedie,'  1611,  and  other  plays  and 
works,  including  panegyric  of  Sir  Francis  Vere ;  was  em- 
ployed in  the  Netherlands,  and  served  as  Sir  Edward 
Cecil's  secretary  in  the  unsuccessful  Cadi/,  expedition, 
1625 :  was  disembarked  among  the  sick  in  Ireland,  and 
died  there.  His  «  Plays  and  Poems '  were  edited  by  John 
Churton  Collins,  1878.  [Ivii.  87] 

TOURS,  BERTHOLD  (1838-1897),  musician  and 
musical  editor  ;  organist ;  chief  editor  of  Novello,  Ewer 
&  Co.,  and  composer  of  services  and  songs.  [Ivii.  89] 

TOURS,  STEPHEN  DE  (d.  1193).    [See  STEPHEN.] 

TOVEY,  DE  BLOSSIERS  (1692-1745),  author  of 
•Anglia  Judaica';  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1712; 
fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  M.A.,  1715  ;  barris- 
ter, Inner  Temple,  1717  ;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1721  ;  vicar  of 
Embleton  ;  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  1732-45; 
published  •  Anglia  Judaica,'  1738.  [Ivii.  89] 

TOVEY-TENNENT,  HAMILTON  (1782-1866), 
soldier;  lieutenant,  Bombay  service,  1798  ;  fought  against 
the  Mahrattos ;  wounded  at  Blmrtpore,  1805  ;  secretary 
to  Mouutstuart  Elphinstoue  ;  governor  of  Bombay ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1824.  [Ivii.  90] 

TOWERS,  JOHN  (d.  1649),  bishop  of  Peterborough : 
fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1608  ;  M.A.,  1606  ; 
D.D.  per  li/ereu  reyias,  Oxford,  1624;  held  numerous 
preferment* ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1630 ;  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  1G34 ;  bishop  of  Peterborough,  1639  ;  sup- 
porter of  the  royal  prerogative  ;  follower  of  Laud  ;  signed 
the  bishops'  protest,  1641,  and  was  imprisoned  by  the 
parliament.  [IviL  '90] 

TOWERS,  JOHN  (1747  7-1804),  independent  preacher  ; 
brother  of  Joseph  Towers  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  against  Martin 
Madan  [q.  T.]  [lvii.  92] 

TOWERS,  JOSEPH  (1737-1799),  biographer;  edited 
the  *  British  Biography,'  1766-72  ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh 
1779:  joint-editor  of  'Biographia  Britannica,'  1778-93- 
<liMenting  minister  at  Highgate  nnd  elsewhere,  and 
published  a  history  of  Frederick  III  of  Prussia,  1788. 

TOWERS,  JOSEPH  LOMAS  (1767  ?-4831),  Unitarian 


minister  and  author;  son  of  Joseph  Towers  [q.  v.] 

[Ivii. 


H] 


TOWERS,  WILLIAM  (1617?-1666),  divine:  son  of 
John  Towere  (d.  1649)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Clirist  Church,  ox- 
ford, 1641 ;  B.D.,  1646 ;  prebendary  of  Peterborough, 
1641.  [Ivii.  91] 

TOWERSON,  GABRIEL  (d.  1623),  captain  and  :•  Brent 
for  East  India  Company  ;  made  several  voyages  to  India, 
and  commanded  the  Hector  ;  visited  Batavia  and  Aui- 
boyna,  1622  ;  tortured  and  killed  with  others  by  the  Dutch 
at  Amboyna.  [Ivii.  1J2] 

TOWERSON,  GABRIEL  (1635  ?-1697X  divine  and 
theological  writer;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  lr,:.7: 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1660 ;  rector  of  Wel- 
wyn  and  St.  Andrew  Undershaft ;  D.D.  Lambeth,  1678 ; 
author  of  theological  works  and  verses.  [Ivii.  93] 

TOWERSON,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1555-1577),  merchant 
and  navigator  ;  made  three  voyages  to  the  Guinea  coast, 
1555, 1556,  and  1557.  [Ivii.  93] 

TOWOOpD,  MATTHEW  (ft.  1710-1746),  minister; 
cousin  of  Michaijah  Towgood  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  95] 

TOWOOOD,  MICHAIJAH  (1700-1792),  dissenting 
minister ;  pastor  successively  at  Moreton  Hampsttsui, 
Crediton,  and  Exeter ;  of  highlArian  principles  ;  pnblUhe.1 
the  *  Dissenting  Gentleman's  Letters,'  1746-8,  and  other 
works.  [Ivii.  94] 

TOWGOOD,  RICHARD  (1595  ?-1683),deanof  Bristol  ; 
M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1618  ;  B.D.,  1633 ;  master  of 
the  grammar  school,  College  Green,  Bristol ;  vicm-  of  All 
Saints,  1619,  and  St.  Nicholas,  Bristol,  1626  ;  chaplain  to 
Charles  I ;  sequestered,  1645  ;  imprisoned  and  sentenced 
to  death ;  later  rector  of  Tortworth,  and  at  Restoration 
returned  to  St.  Nicholas  ;  prebendary  of  Bristol,  1 660,  aud 
dean,  1067  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  II  aud  vicar  of  Weare. 

[Ivii.  95] 

TOWNE,  CHARLES  (d.  1850  ?),  artist ;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  and  Liverpool  Academy ;  painted  land- 
scapes and  animals.  [Ivii.  95] 

TOWNE,  FRANCIS  (1740-1816),  landscape-painter. 

[Ivii.  96] 

TOWNE,  JOHN  (1711?-! 791),  controversialist;  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1736;  vicar  of  Thorpe-Ernald, 
1740 ;  archdeacon  of  Stowe,  1785 :  prebendary  of  Lincoln  : 
rector  of  Little  Paunton  ;  author  of  controversial  works. 

[Ivii.  96] 

TOWNE,  JOSEPH  (1808-1879),  modeller;  gained 
Society  of  Arts'  gold  medal  for  models  of  the  brain  in 
wax,  1827  ;  constructed  over  a  thousand  models  of  ana- 
tomical preparations  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and  lec- 
tured there  on  organs  of  the  senses  ;  sculptured  also  busts 
and  statues.  [Ivii.  96] 

TOWNELEY  or  TOWNLEY,  CHARLES  (1737-1805), 
collector  of  classical  antiquities  ;  succeeded  to  his  father's 
estate  of  Townley,  1742 ;  educated  at  Douay  College : 
visited  Italy  and  made  collections  mostly  of  marbles  ami 
terra-cotta  reliefs,  which  he  placed  at  7  Park  Street, 
Westminster  ;  collection  purchased  after  his  death  by  the 
British  Museum.  [Ivii.  97] 

TOWNELEY,  CHRISTOPHER  (1604-1674),  anti- 
quary ;  called  '  The  Transcriber ' ;  attorney  :  transcribed 
public  records  for  projected  history  of  Lancashire. 

[Ivii.  98] 

TOWNELEY,  FRANCIS  (1709-1746),  Jacobite ;  en- 
tered service  of  French  king  and  dlstlngulBued  hinr-ulf 
at  siege  of  Phillipsburg ;  made  colonel  by  Louis  XV  to 
raise  forces  in  England  for  Prince  Charles  Edward  : 
joined  Prince  Charles  Edward  at  Manchester,  1745,  and 
accompanied  him  to  Derby  and  back  to  Carlisle  ;  captured 
there  on  surrender  of  town  to  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and 
executed.  [Ivii.  99] 

TOWNELEY,  JOHN  (1697-1782),  translator  of 
'Hudibras'  into  French;  brother  of  Francis  Town  <  l,  \- 
[q.  v.]  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1715;  distinguished  him-Hf 
at  siege  of  Phillipsburg  ;  assisted  Prince  Charles  Edward 
in  Scotland,  1745  ;  returned  to  Paris  ;  translated  '  Hudi- 
bras '  into  French  verse,  1757.  [Ivii.  100] 

TOWNLEY,  Sin  CHARLES  (1713-1774),  Garter  king- 
of-arms ;  York  herald  in  College  of  Arms,  1735  ;  knighN-d 
at  George  Ill's  coronation,  1761 ;  Garter  principal  king-oi- 
arm^  1773.  [Ivii.  101] 


TOWNLEY 


IBM 


TOWNSHEND 


TOWNLEY.  .I.VMIN  (1714-1778X  author  of  'High 
Lit.-  IH-IOA  si.i  r  of  Sir  Charles  Townley 

[q.  v.] ;  of  Mt-n-hant  Taylors'  School  au.l 
].-.',•,  i  ixford;  M.A.  17::*  ;  tl.ml  un<l<Tina«ter  at  Merchant 
Taylors',  Uui-lnn,  17  IH  53;  grammar- master  at 

master  at  Merchant  Taylors',  1760  ; 
n-vivwl  .lr:.in;itic  performances  at  Merchant  Taylors': 
produced  '  Hu'h  Life  below  Stairs '  at  Drury  LAM,  Lon- 
don, 1769,  and  other  faroee:  held  living  of  St  BeaetV, 
Grtcechurch  Street,  London,  Hendon.  and  other  prefer- 
i u»'t i '  -  [IviL  lUl  j 

TOWNLEY,  JAMBS  (1774-1833X  Wesleyan  divine; 
minister,  1796  ;  D.D.  Princeton,  1832 :  secretary  of  Wes- 
'.  jin  ICMflMerBooMg  !  pceeflenl  *  W(  taymn  Confer- 
cnee,  1829 ;  published  religious  works.  [Ivil.  102] 

TOWNSEND.    [See  also  TOWXMHKND.] 

TOWNSEND,     AUHELIAN    (fl.   1601-1643X    poet; 

to    Robert  Cecil:    friend  of    Ben   Jonson  and 

Herbert ;  accom]Minicd  Herbert  on  a  tour  abroad,  160H  ; 

enjoyed  high  literary  reputation  at  court  of  Charles  I ; 

became  composer  of  court  masques,  1631,  and   wrote 

•  Albion'*  Triumph '  and  •  Tempe  Restored.'  1«32 ;  granted 

from  arrest  for  debt,  164S;  lyrics  by  him  in 
[Ivil.  103] 

TOWNSEND.  GEORQE  (1788-1857X  author;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1816 ;  curate  successively  of 
Littleport,  Hackney,  anil  Farnborongh ;  professor  at 
Sandhurst,  1816;  published  '(Edlpus  Romauus,'  in 
reply  to  Dmmmond's  'CEdipus  Judaicus,'  1811,  'The 
CM  Testament  arranged  in  Historical  and  Chrono- 
logical order,' 1821.  and  'The  New  Testament  arranged 
in  Historical  and  Chronological  order,'  1826  ;  prebendary 
of  Durham,  1825-67;  held  livings  in  Durham  diocese; 
went  to  Rome  to  convert  Pope  Pius  IX,  1860. 

[Ivii.  104] 

TOWNSEND,  GEORGE  HENRY  (d.  1869X  com-  j 
piler ;  nephew  of  George  Townsend  [q.  v.] ;  author  of 

•  Russell's  History  of  Modern  Europe  epitomised,'  1867, 
and  other  works  ;  edited  •  Men  of  the  Tune,'  1868 ;  com- 
mitted suicide.  [Ivii.  108] 

TOWNSEND,  ISAAC(rf.  1766X  admiral ;  commanded  ! 
various  ships  and  in  the  Shrewsbury  took  part  in  the 
reduction  of  Cartagena,  1741 ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1747 ; 
as  governor  of    Greenwich  Hospital    liad    custody    of 
Admiral  John  Byng  [q.  v.]  ;  senior  admiral,  1762. 

[Ivii.  106] 

TOWNSEND,  JOHN  (1757-1826),  founder  of  the 
London  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum ;  independent  minister 
nt  Kingston  and  Berutoudsey :  founded  at  Bermondscy 
deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  1792 ;  assisted  In  establishing  the 
Londou  Missionary  Society,  1794;  published  religious 
work.-.  [Ivii.  106] 

TOWNSEND,  JOSEPH  (l739-181f.X  geologist:  M.A. 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1766,  and  fellow ;  studied  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh ;  travelled ;  became  chaplain  to  Duke 
of  Atholl  and  rector  of  Pewsey ;  author  of  'The  Phy- 
sician's Vade  Mecum,'  1781, 'The  Character  of  Moses 
established,'  1812-15,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  106] 

TOWNSEND  or  TOWNESEND,  RICHARD  (1618?- 
1692),  parliamentary  colonel ;  assisted  in  defence  of  Lyme 
Regis,  1644,  and  in  siege  of  Pendennls  Castle,  1646;  took 
part  hi  Inchiquin's  victory  over  Toaffe,  near  Mallow, 
Ireland,  1647 :  deserted  parliamentary  cause  with  Inchl- 
quin,  but  returned ;  went  bock  to  Ireland  and  engaged  in 
plote  to  get  possession  of  Youghal  for  Cromwell,  1649 ; 
M.P.,  Baltimore  (Irish  parliamentX  1661 :  high  sheriff  of 
Cork,  1671 ;  organised  protestaut  defence  there,  1686; 
besieged  and  compelled  to  surrender  to  the  Irish  in  his 
mansion  at  Castletownshend,  1690.  [Ivil.  107] 

TOWNSEND,  RICHARD  (1821-1884X  mathemati- 
cian :  M  JL  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1862 :  fellow,  1845, 
tutor,  1847  ;  PJLS.,  1866  :  appointed  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  at  Dublin,  1870;  published '  Chapters  on  tin- 
Modem  Geometry  of  the  I'oint,  Line,  and  Circle,'  between 
1863  and  1865.  [Ivii.  108] 

TOWNSEND,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1803-1860X 
historical  and  legal  writer ;  M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
issr  :  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1828:  recorder  of  Maccles- 
fleld,  1833 :  Q.Cn  1860 :  works  include  •  The  History  ...  of 
the  House  of  Commons,'  1843-4.  [Ivii.  108] 

TOWNSHEND.    [See  also  TOWSSEND.] 


abroad:  though  brought  up  a  tury  seceded  to  UM  whig 
junto:    supported  religious   liberty    against    Occasional 

-         :   -:.   •.!:•:       ,    i       •-,!     .'.        •        '       .'.      '     .:,.          .-   - 

' 


privy  councillor,  1707  ;   plenipotentiary  to  Keih 

17.-.,.     .-...,:  v.-i        •       !•.,!.•,•••, 


vt-ntions  guaranteeing  the  empire,  1710;  recalled,  1711.  on 

.  :.:.•••         •       .     .    :    •        .       .-  . .    ; 

in  negotiating  harrier  treaty ;  voted 
rj.lfftl    :.  •  ;. 


of  union:  waa made  secretary  fori 
on  acoeselon  of  George  I ;  procured  payneeter. 
generalship  for  Walpole:  married  Walpole's  sister.  1713  : 
concerned  in  proceedings  against  negotiators  of  Treaty  of 
Utrecht,  and  showed  promptitude  and  severity  in 
tion  of  1716;  approved  of  Septennial  Act;  co- 
with  btanbope  in  making  definite i  barrier  treaty.  1716. 
and  alliance  with  the  emperor,  1716,  but  was  arrived  of 
OMmrtbM  i :»,!:.,  ;.„,,. :.,.:,,!  fcrf^tofftoMi 
prince  of  Wales  on  the  throne :  lost  power  by  not 
l-umm:.'  i  i-i-ive  I  to  Hanover,  1716,  and  by  not 


Ireland,  1717,  but  again  dismissed  on  not  giving  _ 
mi-lit  full  support :  made  president  of  council  in  Stanhope* 
administration,  1720.  and  on  his  death  again  secretary 
for  northern  department,  1721 ;  his  integrity  untouched 
by  the  South  Sea  disclosures,  and  his  patience  and  acumen 
shown  in  investigation  of  Layer  and  Atterbury  plots : 
supported  prerogative:  obtained  Bolingbroln's  partial 
restitution ;  thwarted  Oarteret's  schemes  by  allying  him- 
self with  the  Duchew  of  Kendal,  1723;  K.G.,  1724; 
became  dissatisfied  with  Austria  and  the  quadruple 
alliance,  and  effected  treaty  of  Hanover  with  France  and 
Russia,  1726:  forced  emperor  to  separate  from  Spain, 
1727 :  misted  by  spurious  version  of  Austro-Spanish  treaty, 
made  subsidiary  treaty  with  Duke  of  Brunswick- Wol- 
fenbuttel ;  brought  over  the  Hanoverian  League  to  the  side 
of  Spain,  and  agreed  to  treaty  of  Seville,  1729,  which 
iwvul  the  way  for  alliance  between  Spain  and  France  and 
jeopardised  peace  of  Europe  :  on  king  of  Prussia  declaring 
for  the  emperor,  desired  war,  but  was  successfully  op- 
posed by  Walpole  and  Queen  Caroline:  resigned,  1730; 
devoted  himself  at  Halnham  to  agriculture.  [Ivii.  109] 

TOWNSHEND,  CHARLES,  third  Vwcotnrr  Tomo> 
MENU  ( 1700-1764),  eon  of  Charles, second  viscount  Towns- 
hcnd  [q.  v.]  ;  lord  of  the  bedchamber:  lord-lieutenant  of 
Norfolk,  1730-8;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  172J-J. 


^ 
chancellor 


TOWN8HEKD,  CHARLES  (1724-1767X  chancellor' of 
the  exchequer;  second  son  of  Charles,  third  viscount 
Townshend  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  with  Wilke*  and  Dowdes- 
wi-11  at  Ix-yden ;  M.P.  for  Yarmouth,  1747-61 ;  ejected  for 
Harwich,  1761 :  opposed  Hardwicke's Marriage  Bill,  17tt: 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  1764:  resigned,  176*.  and  attacked 
Newcastle  for  employing  German  mercenaries;  privj 
councillor,  1767  ;  secretary-at-war,  1761 :  resigned,  1761, 
but  became  president  of  board  of  trade,  1768 ; i"*™?** 
join  Grenville's  administration  and  went  into  opposition: 
made  a  great  speech  against  legality  of  general  *»rran»V 
and  wrote  pamphlet,  1764;  became  paymaster  on i  dis- 
miacal  of  Fo£l765, and  retained  office  through  Rocking- 
ham's  administration;  chancellor  of  Chequer  in  Ob*. 
ham's  ministry,  1766 ;  opposed  Chatham's  India  poUcv, 
and  '  pledged  himself  to  find  a  revenue  In  America,/ 17 
made  his  famous  *  champagne  speech,  1  <  67 :  suspendi 
legislative  functions  of  New  York  assembly.  1767;  ertft- 
blished  commissioners  of  custom,  in  America  and  port 
duties,  but  did  not  live  to  sec  resulta.  His  eloquence wa» 

5  -"••  -,'  <••;•• ;  jj*"  ;'• "'::',:":•.  ':--'..":l!  ntk 

of  principle.  tlTU- 1173 

TOWNSHEND,   CHARLES,  first  BARON    BAYMXO 
(1728-1810),  son  of  William  Townshend  [q.     ' 
and  CUre  Hall,  Cambridge :  M.A.,  1749 :  MJ 
1761-84  :  lord  of  the  admiralty,  176» :  held  -_, 
and  created  Baron  Bayning  of  FtwJey,  1797.    [Ivil.  120] 

ssssRsssffl^aaa 


the  Eton  Society  commonly  called  •  Pop, 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1816. 


[q.  v.]  ;  f 
op,' 1811; 




TOWNSHEND 


1310 


TOYNBEE 


TOWNSHZND,  rHATXCKY  HARK  <17!»s 
poet:  M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Camhri.lL'e,  1M.M;  ehanrelloi  V 
iiKilallist  for  poeni '  Jerusalem,'  l«17  :  took  holy  orders ; 
published  '  Poems,'  is:.1!,  and  otlier  works.  [Ivii.  liM] 

TOWNSHEND.  GEORGE  (1715-1760),  admiral ;  son  of 
Charles  Townslu-n.l.  Hvond  visi-oiuit  Townnhend  [q.  v.]  ; 
•*-rved  in  an<l  romnmnded  various  ships:  present  at 
j.otion  off  Toulon,  17»4  ;  commanded  squadron  in  co- 
operation with  insurgent  Corsicnus ;  drew  off  on  teeing 
supposed  French  ships,  and  his  conduct  (1747)  severely  re- 
primanded :  admiral,  1765.  [Ivii.  121] 

TOWNSHEND,  GEORGE,  fourth  VISCOUNT  and  first 
MAi:grts  TOWNSHKNM  (1724-1807),  son  of  Charles  Towns- 
hfiid,  thinl  viscount  Townshend  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  John's 
<^ollege,  Cambridge,  1749;  cnptiiin,  7th  dragoons;  joined 
Duke  of  Cumberland's  army  abroad ;  fought  at  Culloden, 
1746,  and  Lanfeld,  1747;  was  appointed  aide-de-camp; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1st  foot  guards,  1748,  but  retired  owing 
to  difference  with  Duke  of  Cumberland,  1750 ;  supposed  to 
liave  inspired  pamphlet  severely  criticising  the  duke's 
military  capacity ;  brought  in  Militia  Bill,  1757;  created 
enemies  by  his  caricatures  ;  on  retirement  of  Cumberland 
made  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to  George  II ;  brigadier- 
xeneral  under  Wolfe  in  Quebec  expedition,  1759 ;  com- 
manded left  whig  on  heights  of  Abraham,  and  on  Wolfe's 
death  took  chief  command,  13  Sept.  1759:  accused  of 
ingratitude  towards  Wolfe,  and  his  conduct  severely 
Criticised  in  'A  Letter  to  an  Hon.  Brigadier-General,' 
1760 :  privy  councillor,  1761 ;  lieutenant-general  of  the 
ordnance,  1 763 :  became  fourth  Viscount  Townsheud, 
1764,  and  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1767;  resided  there 
mid  endeavoured  to  break  down  the  government  by 
•  undertakers ' ;  promised  restriction  of  pension  list,  habeas 
forpus,  and  other  boons,  but  met  with  great  opposition, 
1768 ;  granted  new  peerages,  places,  and  pensions ;  ob- 
tained prorogation  of  parliament,  1769  ;  obtained  majority 
by  flagrant  corruption  and  lowered  his  office;  took  to 
<li»3ipated  habits;  recalled,  1772;  reappointed  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance ;  created  marquis,  1786 ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Norfolk,  1792;  field-marshal,  1796. 

[Ivii.  123] 

TOWNSHEND,  GEORGE,  second  MARQUIS  TOWNS- 
MENU,  EARL  op  LKICESTKR,  and  BARON  DK  FERRARS  of 
Chartley  (1755-1811),  son  of  George  Townshend,  first 
marquis  Townshend  [q.  v.];  captain  of  dragoons,  1773; 
created  Earl  of  Leicester,  1784  ;  master  of  the  mint,  1790- 
1791:  joint  postmaster-general,  1794-9 ;  lord  steward  of 
the  household,  1799-1802  ;  president  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  1784 ;  F.R.S. ;  British  Museum  trustee. 

[Ivii.  126] 

TOWNSHEND,  GEORGE  FERRARS,  third  MAR- 
QI-IS  TOWNSHKND  (1778-1855),  sou  of  George  Townshend, 
second  marquis  Townshend  [q.  v.] ;  disinherited. 

TOWN3HEND,  HAYWARD  (/.  1601),  author  of 
'  Historical  Collections '  (relating  to  the  last  four  parlia- 
ments of  Queen  Elizabeth),  published,  1680;  B.A.  St. 
Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1595 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1601 ; 
M.P.,  Bishop's  Castle,  1597  and  1601.  [Ivii.  127] 

TOWNSHEND,  SIR  HORATIO,  first  VISCOUNT 
T'.wxsHKNi)(l«:ji)?-1687),  son  of  Sir  Roger  Towusheud 
first  baronet :  created  M.A.  Cambridge,  1645  ;  M.P.,  Nor- 
folk, 1659 ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1659 ;  active  in 
procuring  restoration  of  Charles  II :  one  of  the  deputies 
sent  to  the  Hague,  1660  ;  created  Baron  Townshend, 
1661 ;  signed  address  for  dissolution  of  parliament,  1675  • 
created  viscount,  1682,  [Ivii.  128] 

TOWNSHEND,  HORATIO  (1750-1837),  Irish  writer; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1776  ;  incumbent  of  Ross- 
oarbery,  co.  Cork ;  published  •  Statistical  Survey  of  the 
<^>unty  of  Cork,'  1810,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  128] 

TOWNSHEND,  SIR  JOHN  (1564-1603),  soldier :  son 
of  Sir  Roger  Townsheud  (1643  ?-1590)  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  130] 

TOWNSHEND,  JOHN  (1789-1845),  colonel ;  as  cap- 
tain of  14th  light  dragoons  served  throughout  Peninsular 
war;  brevet-major,  1819:  served  in  America  and  India  ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria  and  colonel,  1841 :  HUC- 
oeeded  to  Oastle  Towushend  entities,  1827.  [Ivii.  129] 

TOWNSHEND,  SIR  ROGER  (d.  1493),  judge  and 
winder  of  the  Towashend  family ;  governor  of  Lincoln's 

SV'  M,6.Vo14,63'  1465'  and  1466:    M-p"  Bramber,  1467, 
Oalne,  1472 ;  legal  adviser  to  the  Fusions,  from  whom  he 


bought  land  :  king's  Serjeant,  1483  ;  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  r.  1484  ;  knighted,  1486  ;  served  on  various 
(••munitions.  [Ivii.  12i»] 

TOWNSHEND,  SIR  ROGER  (1543  ?-1590),  courtier, 
of  Kast   Hainham  ;   of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  held 
I  court    offices    under   Queen    Elizabeth ;    served    against 
Armada  and  was  knighted  at  sea.  [Ivii.  130] 

TOWNSHEND,  ROGER  (1708-1760),  cavalry  officer : 
;  son  of  Charles  Townshend,  second  viscount  Townshend 
j  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1737-8-47,  Eye,  1747-8; 
I  aide-de-camp  to  George  II  at  Dettiugeu,  1743. 

TOWNSHEND,  THOMAS  (1701-1780),  teller  of  the 
exchequer  ;  son  of  Charles  Townshcnd,  second  viscount 
Townshend  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
1727;  M.P.,  Winohelsea,  1722-7,  Cambridge  University, 
1727-74 ;  teller  of  the  exchequer,  1727-80.  [Ivii.  116] 

TOWNSHEND,  THOMAS,  first  VISCOUNT  SYDNKY 
(1733-1800),  statesman  ;  son  of  Thomas  Townshend  (1701- 
1780)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1753  ;  M.P. 
for  Whitchurch,  Hampshire,  1754-83  :  clerk  of  the  board 
of  green  cloth,  1760;  dismissed,  1762;  spoke  against 
American  mutiny  bill,  1765  ;  lord  of  the  treasury  under 
Rockingham :  joint-paymaster  of  the  forces  iu  Pitt- 
Graf  ton  ministry,  1767,  but  resigned,  1768  ;  remained  in 
opposition  and  attacked  North  and  the  '  king's  friends ' ; 
war  secretary  in  Rockiugham's  administration,  1782 ; 
home  secretary  in  Shelbnrue's  ;  created  Baron  Sydney. 
1783  ;  home  secretary  again  under  Pitt,  1783  ;  Sydney  hi 
Australia  named  after  him ;  disagreed  with  Pitt's  India 
bill  and  slave  regulation  bill ;  resigned,  1789,  and  was 
created  viscount,  with  2,500/.  a  year.  [Ivii.  131] 

TOWNSHEND,  WILLIAM  (17027-1738),  son  of 
Charles  Townshend,  second  viscount  Towushend  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1723-38.  [Ivii.  116] 

TOWN30N,  TOUNSON,  or  TOULSON,  ROBERT 
(1575-1621),  bishop  of  Salisbury:  M.A.  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1595,  fellow,  1597 ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1613  ;  held 
livings  of  Welliiigborough  nnd  Old ;  royal  chaplain  and 
dean  of  Westminster,  1617;  attended  Ralegh  to  the 
|  scaffold  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1620-1.  [Ivii.  133] 

TOWNSON,  ROBERT  (/.  1796-1798),  traveller  and 
mineralogist ;  M.D.  Gottinsren,  1795;  chief  work  'The 
Philosophy  of  Mineralogy,'  1798.  [Ivii.  133] 

TOWNSON,  THOMAS  (1715-1792),  divine;  matricu- 
lated from  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1733  ;  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford,  1737,  M.A.,  1739,  D.D.,  1779;  held 
living  of  Blithefield,  and  other  preferments  ;  archdeacon 
of  Richmond,  1781 ;  published  theological  works. 

[Ivii.  133] 

TOWRY,  GEORGE  HENRY  (1767-1809),  captain  in 
the  navy  ;  served  in  various  ships  ;  captured  theMinerve, 
1795  ;  commanded  Diadem  at  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797. 

[Ivii.  134] 

TOWSON,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1804-1881),  scientific 
writer ;  watchmaker ;  invented  means  of  photographing 
on  glass  and  sensitive  photographic  papers ;  discovered 
the  quickest  route  across  the  Atlantic  to  be  by  sailing  the 
great  circle  :  appointed  scientific  examiner  of  masters  at 
Liverpool,  1850,  and  examiner  in  compasses ;  published 
'Practical  Information  on  the  Deviation  of  the  Com- 
pass,' and  other  works.  [Ivii.  135] 

TOY,  HUMPHREY  (1540  ?-1577),  printer:  son  of 
Robert  Toy  [q.  v.]  :  warden  of  the  Stationers'  Company, 
1671-3 ;  printed  '  Graftou's  Chronicle,'  1569,  and  other 
works.  [Ivii.  136] 

TOY,  JOHN  (1611-1663),  author:  M.A.  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  1634 ;  head-master  of  King's  school, 
Worcester,  c.  1643-63 ;  vicnr  of  Stoke  Prior,  1641-63  : 
published  'Worcesters  Elegie  and  Eulogie,'  1638,  and 
'  Quisquiliae  Poetica?,'  1662.  [Ivii.  1 36] 

TOY,  ROBERT  (d.  1556),  printer  ;  benefactor  of  the 
Stationers'  Company.  [Ivii.  136] 

TOYNBEE,  ARNOLD  (1852-1883),  social  philosopher 
and  economist ;  son  of  Joseph  Toyubee  [q.  v.] :  originally 
of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  B.A.  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1878,  and  tutor;  disciple  of  Thomas  Hill  Green 
[q.  v.]  ;  studied  economics ;  gave  lectures  on  industrial 
problems  to  working-men  audiences  in  London  and  else- 
where (published  in  'Industrial  Revolution'),  1884; 


TOYNBEE 


i:m  TRAPP 


intimate  witii  .Jn.v.-t:.  (;r.-.-ii.  an-l  N. -trl.-!.i|> : 
si.ciaii-it.<.pi><.s.si  Henry  Qeorfs'stlMorlti  :  hi*- 1 

li.-voliitii.ii'   published,    1*M.     ToynlN-e    H:i!l    in    Wl.it,- 

chapel,  London,  was  established  In  hi*  memory. 


;  .  . 
u 


TOYNBZE.    .insKPlI    (1816-1866),    aura 
assisted  Sir  Ku-hard  own  ni 
F.  !;.>..  IM-J:  r.  !;.(•.>.,  IM:;-.  s-.iri.'.-on  t«,  St.  JameVs  and 


Bt  George1!  Dispensary,  I^M.I-.I.  ;  i  mil  •  in  .....  n  tad 
turer  at  St.  Mary'*  Hospital,  London,  IMS  :  placed  aoral 
surgery  on  firm  bads:  chief  work,  *  The  Disease*  of  the 
Kar,'\  [ML  118] 

TOZER,  A\I;'>N  (1788-1884X  captain  In  the  nary: 
entered  navy,  1HU1  ;  wouuded  at  capture  of  French  f  riwaU- 
]ii.l.,n,  1805:  served  at  reduction  of  JI 
Indies,  in  NValcheren  expedition,  and  In  Mediterranean  ; 
severely  wounded  at  ft  t  tuck  on  Casals,  1813  ;  post  -captain, 
1830.  [Ivil.  189] 

TOZER.  Hr.NKY<  1602-1650),  puritan  royalist;  M.A. 
Exeter  College,  Oxfunl,  1626;  B.D..  1636  :  bursar  and  mh- 
rector  ;  imprisoned  ami  expelleil  from  his  lectureship,  1648  : 
lecturer  at  Carfax,  Oxford  ;  vicar  of  Yaruton  :  publish! 
religions  works.  [Ivii.  140] 

TRACY,  11ICHARD  (rf.  1569),  protestant  reformer: 
son  of  William  Tracy  id,  1530)  [q.  r.]:  B.A.  Oxford, 
1515:  M.P.,  Wootton  Bassett,  1529:  wrote  prot«tant 
treatise*  ;  employed  in  vi-itinir  monasteries  in  Gloucester- 
shire: J.P.,  Gloucestershire,  1537:  lost  favour  at  Crom- 
well's  fall  and  his  books  ordered  to  be  burnt,  1546  :  pnb- 
li-lR-1  work  on  the  sacrament*,  1548  ;  imprisoned,  1651-2  : 
pnwecuted  in  Mary's  reign  ;  high  sheriff  for  Gloucester- 
shire, 1560-1.  [Ivii.  140] 

TRACY,  ROBERT  (1655-1735),  judge:  younger  con 
of  Rol>ert  Trncy,  second  Viscount  Tracy  ;  Irish  judi:e. 
1699  ;  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  England,  1700  :  removed 
to  common  pleas,  1702  ;  tried  Jacobites  at  Carlisle,  1716. 

[Ivii.  142] 

TRACY.  WILLIAM  us  (rf.  1173),  murderer  of 
Thomas  (  1  Socket)  [q.  v.]  ;  had  been  Tlioiuns's  '  man  '  when 
chancellor  ;  assisted  in  his  murder  at  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral, 117u;  surrendered  himself  to  Pope  Alexander  III: 
set  out  for  the  holy  hind,  but  dial  at  Coeenza,  Sicily, 
from  a  horrible  disease.  He  granted  the  manor  of  Doc- 
combe  to  the  chapter  of  Canterbury  in  expiation  of  his 
crime.  [Ivii.  142] 

TRACY,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1530),  justice  of  the  peace 
'n  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII  and  Henry  VIII  :  adopted 
Luther's  views  pud  exj.'ressed  his  belief  in  the  doctrine  of 
justification  by  faith  In  a  will  which  was  pronounced 
heretical  by  convocation  (1532),  and  became  a  sort  of 
sacred  text  to  the  reformers.  [Ivii.  140] 

TRADESCANT,  JOHN  (ft.  1637  ?),  traveller,  natural- 
ist, and  gardener  ;  employed  by  Robert  Cecil,  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, Lord  Wotton,  ami  Duke  of  Buckingham  :  author 
(almost  certainly)  of  '  A  voiag  of  ambasad,'  1618,  describ- 
ing voyage  under  Sir  Dudley  Digges  [q.  v.j  to  ArrhaniM, 
and  containing  the  earliest  account  extant  of  Russian 
plants  ;  joined  expedition  of  Sir  Samuel  Argall  [q.  v.] 
against  Algerine  pirates,  1620,  and  brought  back,  among 
other  things,  the  •  Algier  apricot  '  :  appears  to  have 
entered  Charles  I's  service:  established  at  South  Lam- 
beth his  physic  garden,  the  first  in  England.  [Ivii.  143] 

TRADESCAirr.  JOHN  (  1608-1  662),  traveller  and 
gardener:  son  of  John  Tradescant  (rf.  1637?)  [q.  v.]  : 
gathered  '  flowers,  plants,  shells,  etc.,'  in  Virginia  for 
collection  at  Lambeth,  1637  ;  succeeded  his  father  as  gar- 
dener to  Charles  I  and  his  queen:  ptiblislied  'Museum 


TRAHERON  .« iMBW  (U101 

tentant  writer:  brouv!  !.«nl  Tn».-> 

friar  minorite:  B.A.  Cambridge,  1M1:  rdlnquUhed  hi* 
U».it :  m,vell«M  abroad  and  joined  Bulllngw  at  Zoricb, 
1537  •.  entered  Crom well's  service,  1M»,  and  escaped  from 
court  at  his  fall ;  Joined  Calvin  at  Geneva.  IMC.  and 
adopted  Calvinism  ;  M.P..  1M8;  strove  aasaoMSSfoUy  for 
unambiguous  •  reformation  of  the  Lord's  Sopi- 

Kdward  VI's  library,  1MB,  and  tutor  to  Date  of  Suffolk, 

1550 :  -.,  •  KplgrammaU  Vsria,'  1M1 

of  (,-hichc.tcr,  though  not  in  orders,  1562 : 

and  made  canon  of  Windsor:  went  abroad  on 

accession ;  lectured  at  Frankfort  and  Wcsd.  and  nab- 

lished  controversial  and  other  writings,  llvli.  148] 

TRAIL,  ROBERT  (1641-1716),  nresbyterian  divine: 
distinguished  blnttdf  at  Edinburgh  University :  exccpted 
from  act  of  indemnity  as  b  •  I'mtUml  rebel.'  1C67  ;  Joined 
his  fattier  and  other  exiles  in  Holland  :  minuter  at  Cran- 
brook,  1670;  subsequently  minister  in  button  :  published 
4  A  Vindication  of  the  Protestant  I '  from  the 

tin  just  charge  of  Antlnomianism,'  1692,  and  sermons. 

[IvU.  1M] 

TRAIL,  WALTER  (rf.  1401),  blsltop  of  St.  Andrews  : 
graduated  with  distinction  at  Tarts :  doctor  of  civil  and 
cnnon  law ;  held  church  appointments  In  Scotland ; 
referendarius  at  papal  court;  bishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
1385-1401 :  crowned  Robert  III,  1390,  and  exercised 
great  influence  in  Scotland  ;  ambassador  to  France,  1391. 

[Ivii.  151] 

TRAILL.  HKNHY  DUFF  (1842-1900),  author  and 
journalist ;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford  :  B.A.,1865;  RC.I*,  18C8  :  D.C.U  1873  : 
barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1869 :  on  staff  of  -Pall  Mall 
Gazette,'  1873-80,  and  'St.  James's  Gazette/  1880-1 ; 
contributed  to  'Saturday  Review ' ;  chief  political  leader- 
writer  on  'Daily  Telegraph,'  1882-97:  editor  of  the 
•observer,'  1889-91  :  first  editor  of  'Literature,'  1897  till 
death  ;  works  include  '  Life  of  sir  John  Franklin,*  1896, 
'XtimU-r  Twenty,'  1M92,  'The  New  Fiction,'  1897  (eol- 
Iti-tions  of  essays),  and  'The  New  Lucian '  (a  series  of 
:Dead') 


'  Dialogues  of  the  1 


'..  MM, 


[Suppl.  ilL  8M] 


TRAILL,  TIIoMAS  STEWART  (1781-1862),  pro- 
fessor of  medical  jurisprudence  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1H02  : 
appointed  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence,  Edinburgh 
University,  1832  ;  editor  of  eighth  edition  of  '  Enryclo- 
piidia  Britannica';  published  scientific  and  medical 
works.  flviL  161] 

TRACT,  JOSEPH  (1779- 1852 X  Scottish  antiquary  and 
correspondent  of  Sir  Walter  Scott :  labourer's  son  ;  served 
in  militia,  1799-1802:  obtained  through  his  colonel  port 
as  excise  officer:  published  'Poetical  Reveries,'  1806,  and 
'Strains  of  the  Mountain  Muse,'  1814,  which  attracted 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  attention :  corresponded  with,  and  col- 
lected valuable  materials  for,  Scott ;  supplied  also  infor- 
mation for  Lockhart's  '  Life  of  Burns '  and  Chalmers's 
'  Caledonia ' :  published  '  Account  of  the  Isle  of  Man,' 
1845,  and  '  The  Buchanites,'  1846.  [Ivil.  151] 

TRANT.  '  Sin '  NICHOLAS  (1769-1839).  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Portuguese  army :  served  with  the  84th 
foot  and  Irish  brigade;  took  part  In  expeditions  to 
Minorca  (1798)  nnd  Egypt :  military  agent  in  Portugal, 
180S  ;  nccompanii-1  Welk-sli-y  with  Portuguese  corps  and 
present  at  Rolica  and  Vimeiro :  commanded  Portuguese 
torn-  and  joined  advance  to  the  Douro ;  made  governor  of 
Oporto:  captain  in  staff  corps,  1809:  gained  sue  PUSH 
over  Massona  during  retreat  to  Torres  Yt-dras,  including 


Tradescantianum,'  1656;  bestowed  collection,  which  be-  capture  of  five  thousand  prisoner-  1H10 :  knight^om- 
camc  famous,  on  Ellas  Ashrnole  [q.  v.],  1659,  who  pre-  I  mander  of  the  Tower  and  Sword,  1811 ;  brevet-major, 
sented  it  to  the  university  of  Oxford,  1683.  Among  the  i  1816.  LlrfL  1« 

trees  and  shrubs  introduced  by  him  and  his  father  were 
the  lilac,  acacia,  and  occidental  plane.  [Ivii.  145] 

TRAHAEARN  AH  CAR ADOG(d.  1081),  Welsh  prince;  ; 
ruler  of  greater  part  of  North  Wales;  vanquished  by 
Gruffydd  al.  ('yuan  nnd  Rhys  ab  Tewdwr,  and  slain  at 
Mynydd  Cam,  South  Cardiganshire.  [Ivii.  147] 

TRAHERNE,   JOHN   MONTGOMERY  (1788-1860),  | 
antiquary:  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1813;  took  orders. 
1ML1 :  F.K.S.,  1823:  F.8.A.,  1838;  chancellor  of  Llandaff. 


TRAPP,  JOHN  (1601-1669X  divine:  MA.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1624;  head-master  of  Stratford-opon- 
Avon  school,  1622;  vicar  of  Weston-on-Avon.  1636;  sided 
with  the  parliament,  and  rector  of  Welford,  1646-60 ;  pub- 
lished commentaries  on  the  bible,  characterised  by  quaint 
humour  and  profound  scholarship,  and  other  works:  a 
distinguished  preacher.  [IvU.  164] 

TRAPP,  JOSEPH  (1G79-1 747V,  port  and  pamphleteer 


grandson  of  John  Trapp  [q.  v.]  :  fellow  of 


Ool- 


1844;    authority    on   Glamorganshire    genealogies   and  I  lege,  Oxfonl,  <-.  17o3  :  M.A.,  1702  .(incorporated  at 
:inha-ology,    edite.1    -The     stradling   Correspondence,'      bridge,  1714):  contributed  poems  to  Oxford  collections: 
18 10,  and  published  other  works.  [Ivil.  148]      '  published   translations   and  'Abramate,'  a  play,  1704; 


TRAQUAIR 


1312 


TRELAWNY 


first  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxfonl,  17U8-18  ;  published  his 
lectures  M  'PnetoottOMi  1'ivtiea-,'  1711,  1715,  and  173(1; 
Sachevt-n  11  at  his  trial,  17»>l),  and  \vn 


church  tory  tracts  ;  chaplain  to  Sir  t'oiistantine  Phipps 
Irish  lord-chancellor,  1711,nndto  BolblgbBOke,  1712  ;  wrote 
•Pause,  a  Poem,'  1713;  held  several  London  Uvtinv-hips 
aud  living:  published  sermons,  1739  ;  eii'-ra^ed  in  contro- 
•vith  dissenters  and  wrote  against  Unman  catholic^: 
DD.  Oxford,  1728;  president  of  Siou  College;  published 
translation  of  the  '.Bueis'  in  blank  verse,  1718-35,  and 
other  works.  [Ivii.  155] 

TRAdUAIR,  first  EARL  OP  (<*.  1659).  [See  STKWAKT, 
siu  JOHN.] 

TRAVERS,  BENJAMIN  (1783-1858),  surgeon  ; 
studied  under  Sir  Astley  Paston  Cooper  [q.  v.]  ;  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and  sur- 
geon to  East  India  Company,  1809  ;  surgeon  to  London 
Eye  Infirmary,  1810 ;  F.ILS.,  1813 :  surgeon  to  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  London,  1816,  and  lecturer ;  Hunterian  orator, 
1838 ;  P.IUSn  1847  and  l856  '•  surgeon  to  Queen  Victoria  ; 
raised  science  of  eye-surgery ;  published  medical  works. 

TRAVERS,  Sm  EATON  STANNARD  (1782-1858), 
rear-admiral;  served  oft  Holland,  in  West  Indies,  on 
Spanish  Main,  off  French  coast,  and  Mediterranean  ;  took 
part  in  Walcheren  expedition;  said  to  have  engaged  over 
a  hundred  times  with  the  enemy  ;  repeatedly  recom- 
mended and  thanked  for  good  conduct;  K.H.,  1834;  rear- 
admiral,  1855.  [Ivii.  159] 

TRAVERS,  JAMES  (1820-1884),  general;  lieutenant, 
Bengal  infantry:  served  in  Afghan  war,  1841-2,  and 
mentioned  in  despatches  for  services  at  battles  of  Sikan- 
darabad,  Babawalli,  and  also  at  Sobraon,  1846;  brevet- 
major,  1846;  commanded  forces  at  Indur  in  mutiny,  1857, 
charged  guns  of  mutineers,  defended  residency,  and  ob- 
tained V.O;  commanded  Mirat  division,  1869 ;  C.B.,1873; 
general,  1877 ;  published  '  The  Evacuation  of  Indore,'  1876. 

[Ivii.  160] 

TRAVERS,  JOHN  (d.  1620),  brother  of  Walter 
Travers  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of  Farringdon ;  B.A.  and  fellow, 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1569.  [Ivii.  164] 

TRAVERS,  JOHN  (1703  9-1758),  musician ;  organist 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1737-58 ;  composed  chiefly 
church  music.  [Ivii.  161] 

TRAVERS,  REBECCA  (1609-1688),  quakeress ;  nee 
Booth ;  married  William  Travers,  tobacconist ;  friend  of 
James  Nayler  [q.  v.]  ;  heckled  incumbent  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist's,  London  ;  fearless  and  powerful  preacher , 
visited  prisons  and  the  sick ;  published  religious  works. 

[Ivii.  161] 

TRAVERS,  WALTER  (1548  ?-1635),  puritan  divine  ; 
a  senior  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1569  ;  M.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1569;  visited  Geneva,  and 
formed  friendship  with  Beza :  published  '  Ecclesiastic® 
Discipline  .  .  .  explicatio,'  1574  (translated  by  Thomas 
Oartwright  (1535-1603)  [q.  v.]) ;  D.D.  Oxford,  1576,  but 
declined  to  subscribe :  ordained  by  Cartwright  and  others 
at  Antwerp;  subsequently  chaplain  to  Burghley  and 
tutor  to  Robert  Cecil ;  lecturer  at  the  Temple,  1581,  and 
during  Hooker's  mastership,  confuting  in  the  afternoon 
what  Hooker  preached  in  the  morning;  provost  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1595-8.  [Ivii.  162] 

TRAVIS,  GEORGE  (1741-1797),  archdeacon  of 
Chester:  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1768 ; 
chancellor's  medallist,  1765 ;  vicar  of  Eastham,  1766 ; 
rector  of  Handley,  1787 :  prebendary  of  Chester,  1783, 
archdeacon,  1786 :  his  *  Letters  to  Edward  Gibbon '  in 
defence  of  the  genuineness  of  1  John  v.  7, 1784,  answered 
by  Person  in  '  the  moat  acute  and  accurate  piece  of  criti- 
cism which  has  appeared  since  the  days  of  Bentley' 

(GIBBON).  [Ivii.  164] 

TREBT,  Sm  GEORGE  (1644  ?-1700),  iudge :  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1671  :  bencher,  1681 ;  M.P.,  Plympton, 
16 1 7  till  the  end  of  Charles  IPs  reign  ;  chairman  of  com- 
mittee for  investigating  '  Popish  plot ' ;  succeeded  Jeffreys 
••recorder  of  London,  1680 ;  knighted,  1681  :  defended 
Sir  Patience  Ward  [q.  v.]  and  Sandys  in  East  India  case, 
•nd  corporation  rights  in  quo  uarranto  proceedings ;  dis- 
missed in  consequence,  1683 :  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
•even  bishops,  1688 :  was  restored  to  recordership  1688, 
and  beaded  procession  of  city  magnates  to  meet  William 


of  Orange  ;  solicitor-general,  1689  ;  attorney-general,  1689  ; 
piloted  Bill  of  Rights  through  House  ol"  Commons  ;  chief- 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1692.  [Ivii.  165] 

TREDENHAM,  JOHN  (1668  -  1710),  politician  ; 
-tin lent  of  the  Inner  Temple  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ; 
.M.I'.,  St.  Mawer,  1C1HI-17U5  and  1707-10  ;  refused  to  sign 
voluntary  association  of  loyalty  to  William  III,  1696  ;  ar- 
rested on  suspicion  ;  incurred  odium  through  associat- 
ing with  Poussiu,  the  French  agent,  1701.  [Ivii.  1G6] 

TREDGOLD,  THOMAS  (1788-1829),  engineer ;  car- 
penter and  architect's  clerk;  self-educated:  publir-hed 
'  Elementary  Principles  of  Carpentry,'  1820,  the  first 
serious  attempt  in  England  to  determine  data  of  resist- 
ance, and  other  works,  including  '  The  Steam  Engine,' 
1827.  [Ivii.  167] 

TREDWAY,  LETICE  MARY  (1593-1677),  English 
abbess  in  Paris ;  took  the  veil  at  Augustiniau  convent, 
Douay,  1615  ;  founded,  with  Thomas  Carre  [q.  v.],  convent 
for  English  girls  at  Paris,  1634.  [Ivii.  168] 

TREE,  ANN  MARIA  (1801-1862).    [See  BRADSHAW.] 
TREE,  ELLEN  (1805-1880).  [See  KEAN,  MRS.  ELLEN.] 

TREGELLAS,  WALTER  HAWKEN  (1831-1894), 
miscellaneous  writer ;  draughtsman  in  the  war  office ; 
published  '  Cornish  Worthies,'  1884,  and  other  works ; 
contributed  to  periodicals,  also  articles  on  Cornishmen  to 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.'  [Ivii.  169] 

TREGELLES,  EDWIN  OCTAVIUS  (1806-1886),  civil 
engineer  and  quaker  minister ;  engineer  of  Southampton 
and  Salisbury  railway,  1835  ;  preached  and  visited  West 
Indies,  Northern  Europe,  and  the  Hebrides.  [Ivii.  169] 

TREGELLES,    SAMUEL   PRIDEAUX   (1813-1875), 

biblical  scholar;   nephew  of  Edwin  Octavius  Tregelles 

[q.  v.] ;  employed  at  ironworks,  Neath  Abbey ;  studied 

Greek,  Hebrew,  Ohaldee,  and  Welsh ;   took  pupils  at  Fal- 

inoutb,  1835 ;  successively  quaker,  Plymouth  brother,  and 

presbyterian ;  superintended^  publication  of  concordances 

in  London,  1837  ;  published    'The  Book  of  Revelation, 

I  edited  from  ancient  authorities,'  1844  ;  deciphered  and 

i  collected  numerous  manuscripts  at  home  and  abroad  for 

his  new  Greek  text  of  the  New  Testament;  published 

j  '  Account  of  the  Printed  Text,'  1854,  and  the  text,  1857- 

'  1872  :  LL.D.  St.  Andrews ;  received  pension  of  2007.  from 

j  civil  list.  [Ivii.  170] 

TREGIAN,  FRANCIS  (1548-1608),  Roman  catholic 

exile;    attended   Elizabeth's  court  to  assist  persecuted 

catholics;    imprisoned  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  his 

i  property    confiscated    for    harbouring  Cuthbert  Mayne 

I  [Q.  v.],  popish  priest,  1577  ;  retired  to  Spain.  [Ivii.  171] 

TREGONWELL,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1565),  civilian; 
;  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1522;  principal  of  Vine  Hall,  Oxford; 
:  commissary-general  in  court  of  admiralty,  1535 ;  agent  of 
i  Henry  VIII  in  various  capacities,  especially  in  dissolution 

of  the  monasteries  ;  master  in  chancery,  1539 :  chancellor 
i  of  Wells  Cathedral,  1541-3 ;  commissioner  of  the  great 
!  seal,  1550:  knighted,  1553,  and  favoured  by  Queen  Mary  ; 

M.P.,  Scarborough,  1553.  [Ivii.  172] 

TREGOZ,  B.VROX  (1559-1630).  [See  ST.  JOHXr 
i  OLIVER.] 

TREGURY  or  TKEVOR,  MICHAEL  (rf.  1471),  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin:  M.A.  and  D.D.  Oxford:  fellow  of 
j  Exeter  College,  Oxfonl,  1422-7  ;  first  rector  of  Caen  Uni- 
versity, 1440 :  chaplain  to  Henry  VI  and  his  queen  :  dean 
of  St.  Michael's,  Penkridge,  1445 ;  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
1449-71.  [Ivii.  173] 

TRELAWNY,  CHARLES  (1654-1731),  major-gene- 
ral: brother  of  Sir  Jonathan  Trelawny  [q.  v.] ;  served 
with  Monmouth  in  Holland,  1673,  and  with  Tureune  on 
the  Rhine,  1674 ;  deserted  to  William  of  Orange,  1688  ; 
fought  at  battle  of  the  Boyne,  1690  ;  governor  of  Dublin  ; 
took  part  in  siege  of  Cork  and  was  promoted  major-pcne- 
ral,  1690;  resigned  his  regiment,  1692;  governor  <>f  Ply- 
mouth, 1696.  [Ivii.  174] 

TRELAWNY,   EDWARD  (1699-1754),   governor  of 

I  Jamaica  :  son  of  Sir  Jonathan  Trelawny  [q.  v.]  ;  of  \V.  -t- 

miuster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;   M.P.  for 

West  Looe,  1724-3:5,  East  and  West  Looe,  1734-5 :  governor 

I  of  Jamaica,  1738-52  :  settled  the  Maroons  and  proved  very 

|  efficient  administrator :  took  part  in  expedition  against 

Cartagena,  1742,  against  San  Domingo,  1748.   [Ivii.  174] 


TRELAWNY 


1313 


TRENCH 


TRELAWNY,  EDWARD  JOHN  (17M-1881).  author 
.111.1  a- 1  venturer ;  entered  nary,  1805  ;  de*rtud»t  Bonify 
Tiuul.  his  way  to  Eastern  Archipelago;  returned  to 
:;:,•!  visitc-l  Switzerland:  met  Shelley  and  Byron 
HI  Italy,  ls-.'i;  present  at  Leghorn  when  Shelley  and 
Williams  were  drowned;  prepared  Shelley's  tomb  at 
Rome ;  took  part  in  Greek  struggle  for  independence. 
1S-J3.  and  married,  as  his  second  wife,  Tersitza,  slater  of 
the  insurgent  chief  Odysseus;  wrote  letters  on  B> 
«l,Mth  ai,.l  :.ill  ,,f  IBm3Ba&  :  |.uMi-!,M  hm  aftjMfad  '  A.I 
rentures  of  a  younger  Son/  1831 ;  vtaited  America ;  swam 
across  the  river  at  Niagara  between  the  rapid  and  the 
falls  an.l  p.Tf.irnu.1  other  exploits:  idolbwi  by  London 
society  ;  published  •  Records  of  Shelley,  Byron,  and  the 
Author,'  1868  ;  lived  to  be  the  distinguished  survivor  of 
tin-  Kyronic  age;  brilliant  but  inaccurate  con  Term 
tionalist;  aat  for  the  old  seaman  in  Uillois's  •  North- 
Went  Passage' ;  buried  by  Shelley's  side  at  Rome :  din-  . 
tinguisbed  as  an  author  for  his  graphic  and  living  I 
descriptions,  but  also  for  a  tendency  to  romance. 

[ITU.  17ft] 

TRELAWNY,  8m  JOHN*  (fl.  1422X  knight ;  claimed 
descent  from  family  .settled  at  Trelawne,  Cornwall,  before 
the  Conquest ;  M.P.  for  Cornwall ;  fought  at  Agincourt, 
1415.  [Ivii.  178] 

TRELAWNY,  SIR  JONATHAN,  third  baronet  (t«60-  I 
17S1X  bUbop  successively  of  Bristol,  Kxeter,  and  Win- 
cheater :  son  of  second  baronet  ami  descended  from  Sir 
John  Trelawny  [q.  T.]  ;  of  Westminster  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1675 ;  given  living*  of  St.  Ive 
and  Southill :  one  of  the  builders  of  Wren's  Tom  tower 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxfoni,  1681-3;  showed  great  activity  on 
Monmouth's  lauding,  and  signed  militia  commissions ; 
bishop  of  Bristol,  1685-9 ;  showed  intense  loyalty  to  the 
crown,  but  refused  to  sign  address  in  favour  of  decla- 
of  indulgence,  1687;  assisted  French  protesUnt 
en  ;  attended  James  II  with  the  bishops'  petition, 
and  was  imprisoned  with  them  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
tried  for  seditious  liber  and  acquitted :  enthusiastically 
supported  by  the  Cornishmen :  took  oaths  to  William 
and  Mary  ;  bishop  of  Kxeter,  1689-1707  ;  established  his 
right  as  visitor  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford  ;  took  the  side 
of  Anne  and  the  Churchill*  against  William  III,  1691 ; 
(supported  Atterbury  in  revival  of  convocation ;  bishop 
of  Winchester,  1707-21.  [IvlL  179] 

TRELAWWY.  SIR  WILLIAM,  sixth  baronet  (d.  1772), 
cousin  of  Edward  Trelawny  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  West  Looe, 
1756-67  ;  died  at  Spanish  Town.  [Ivii.  175] 

TREMAMONDO.  [See  AX<;KU>,  DouKXico.] 
TREMAYNE,  EDMUND  (rf.  1582).  clerk  of  the  privy 
council ;.  entered  service  of  Kdwurd  Courtrnay,  earl  of 
DeTonshlre,  1553 ;  employe*!  by  Cecil  in  Ireland  to  send 
information,  1569 ;  clerk  of  the  privy  council,  1571 :  pub- 
lished 'Causes  why  Ireland  is  not  Reformed,'  1571,  and 
•  Matters  wherewith  the  Queen  of  Scota  may  be  Charged," 
1578 ;  M.P.,  Plymouth,  1572 ;  succeeded  to  family  estate 
of  Collacombc,  1572.  [IvU.  184] 

TREMAYNE  or  TREMAINE,  SIR  JOHN  (rf.  1694),  ; 
lawyer  ;  counsel  for  the  crown  and  in  several  important 
cases;    appointed  king's  serjeant  and  knighted,  1689:  • 
M.P.,  Tregony,  1690;    his  'Placita  Corona'  published,  | 
1723.  [Ivii.  186] 

TREMAYNE,  RICHARD  (d.  1584X  younger  brother 
of  Edmund  Tremayne  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  and  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1563  :  fled  to  Germany  at  Mary's  acces- 
sion, 1653  ;  made  archdeucon  of  Chichester  by  Elizabeth, 
1659 ;  treasurer  of  Exeter  Cathedral.  [Ivii.  186] 

TREMELLITI8,  JOHN  IMMANUEL  (1510-1580),  he-  | 
hrai^t  :  <<-n  of  a  .lew  of  Ferrara  ;  studied  at  Padua  :  con- 
verted by  Cardinal  Pole  :  afterwards  became  pmtestant:  I 
fled  successively  from  Lucca  nnd  Strasburg ;  resided  with  I 
Cranmer  at  Lambeth,  1647;  made  'king's  reader  of 
Hebrew'  at  Cambridge,  1549;  prebendary  of  Carlisle, 
1562 ;  on  accession  of  Mary  left  England :  tutor  to  chil- 
dren of  Duke  of  Deux-Ponts,  1665,  imprisoned  by  him 
for  Calvinism :  professor  of  Old  Testament  studies  at 
Heidelberg,  1561 ;  visited  England,  1566 ;  expelled  from 
Heidelberg,  1576,  by  the  new  Lutheran  elector ;  taught 
Hebrew  at  Sedan  College,  and  died  there ;  published 
translation  of  the  bible  from  Hebrew  and  Syriac  into 
Latin,  1569-79,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  186] 


nn;n    SBYMOUB 


College, 
Temple, 

served  on  various  eo 
MOIST  oi  •took,  IMO> 

IKI-J;  o  BL,  i-;!;  Mrti 


re  [q.v.]; 
IMS  ;  bar- 


I fteMMdMBhor;  M*    A,::.r 

fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1814-M ;   v 

••uer   TempU.   1834:    revising    barriiter.    1837; 
M  sad  wrote  report 
poor-law  i 

A  Manual  of  the  Prln- 
[IviLlBT] 


marine* ; 

ui.i   I'.r.M. 


MM!    «t  i  ••-•••  "• 
1 806,  and  at  captor*  of  Martinique  and  i 
loupe,  1794-6  ;  K.H.,  1831  [IvU.  187] 


FUVNCW     OHBNBVIX     (1806-U86X 

divine  and  author:  son  of  IfeMna  Trench  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  I860;  rector  of  Isllp ;  published 
mUjoellaneoa*  works.  [IviL  188] 

TRENCH.    FREDERICK    CHENEY IX   (1887-1894). 
major-general ;  son  of  Richard  Cbenevix  Trench  [q.  v.] : 


served  ut  siege  of  Delhi  and  Lucknow,  and  with 
hone  ;  C.M.G.,  1887 ;  published  military  work*. 


[Ivii.  194] 
(1776-1869). 


TRENCH.  SIR  PRBDBRIOK  WILLIAM 
general ;  1st  foot  guards;  served  in  Sicily,  1807,  and  in 
Wulcheren  expedition,  1809:  assistant,  1811,  and  depot  v 
quartermaster-general.  1818;  aide-de-camp  to  George  IV, 
1626 ;  conservative  M.P.,  St.  Michael,  1807-11.  Dundalk. 
1812-18,  Cambridge,  1819-32,  Scarborough,  1886-47: 
planned  Thames  Embankment;  K.C.H.,  1831;  general, 
1864.  [Ivii.  189] 

TRENCH,  MKLESINA  (1768-1817X  author:  **• 
Chenevix  :  married,  first.  Colonel  Richard  St.  Georgr. 
1786,  who  died  1788;  travelled  in  Germany  1797  and 
1800 ;  met  Nelson  and  Lady  Hamilton  :  married  Richard 
Trench,  1808;  petitioned  Napoleon  for  her  husband's 
release,  1806;  wrote  'Remains'  (journal  and  corre- 
spondence) and  poems.  [IvlL  189] 

TRENCH,  POWER  uc  POBR  (1770-1839),  arch- 
bishop  of  Tuam  ;  brother  of  Richard  le  Peer  Trench, 
second  earl  of  Clancarty  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Dublin,  1791 : 
held  benefice*  of  Creagh  and  Rawdenstown  ;  captain  of 
yeomanry,  1798 ;  successively  bishop  of  Waterford,  1801- 
1810,  Elphin,  1810-19,  and  archbishop  of  Tuam,  1819-89 : 
promoted  the  •  second  reformation '  in  Ireland  ;  president 
of  the  Irish  Society.  [Ivii.  191] 

TRENCH,  RICHARD  CHENEVIX  (1807-1886X  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin ;  son  of  Meleaina  Trench  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Harrow  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  MJL,  1833  : 
studied  Spanish  literature,  and  became  acquainted  with 
Maurice,  Tennyson,  and  others ;  travelled  abroad  and  took 
part  in  expedition  of  Torrijos  to  Spain,  1830 :  special 
preacher  at  Cambridge,  1843 ;  Hulsean  lecturer,  1846  and 
1846 :  rector  of  Itchenstoke,  1844 :  professor  of  divinity  at 
King's  College,  London,  1846-68;  dean  of  Westminster, 
1856,  where  he  instituted  evening  nave  services:  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin,  1868 ;  opposed  Irish  church  disestab- 
lishment :  and,  after  passing  of  the  act,  kept  Irish  church 
united ;  author  of  works  dealing  with  history  and  litera- 
ture, poetry,  divinity,  and  philology,  including  '  The  Study 
of  Words  'in  1851,  'Notes  on  the  Parables  of  our  Lord,' 
1841,  and  'Notes  on  the  Miracles  of  our  Lord,'  1846 :  dis- 
plays great  excellence  in  his  sonnets  and  lyrics ;  as  philo- 
logist popularised  scientific  study  of  language :  suggested 
OxfordBnglish  dictionary.  [IvlL  191] 

TRENCH,  RICHARD  LE  POER,  second  EARL  OF 
CLANCAKTY  and  first  VISCOUXT  OLANCARTT  (1767-1837X 
diplomatist ;  son  of  first  earl ;  Irish  barrister :  M 
ton  Ldmavady,  1796,  and  co.  Galway,  1798  till  the  union  ; 
first  opposed,  but  afterwards  hupported,  the  union; 
M.Pn  co.  Galway  (British  parliamentX  as  supporter  of 
Pitt;  representative  peer,  1808;  president  of  board  of 
trade,  1813  ;  joint  postmaster-general,  1814 :  ambassador 
to  William  of  the  ^Netherlands,  1813:  plenipotentiary  «t 
congrew  of  Vienna,  1814 ;  sent  to  adjust  dispute*  between 
Bavaria  and  Baden,  1815 ;  ambassador  again  to  the  Nether- 
lands,  1816-M :  created  Baron  Trench,  1816,  and  Viscount 
Clanoarty  in  the  peerage  of  United  Kingdom,  18M: 
Marquis  of  Hunsdon  in  Netherlands,  1818;  opposed 


catholic  emancipation,  1819. 


[Ivii.  194] 


TEEHCH.  WILLIAM  STKOART  (1808-1872X  Irish 
land  agent  and  author  :  nephew  of  first  Lord  Ashtown  ; 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin:  Royml  Agricultural 


TRENCHARD 


1314 


TREVOR 


Society's  gold  medallist :  agent  to  the  Shirley  and  other 
i«Ute«:  published  '  Realities  of  Irish  Life,1  IMtl.s,  '  Icrnr,1 

[Ivii.  196] 


1871, 


MB, 


TRENCHARD,  Sm  JOHN  (1C40-1695),  secretary  of 
,1-liol   at    New    College,    Oxford,    :md    Middle 
M.I1..  Tauuton,   1679,   1681,  Dorchester,  1688, 
Thetfonl,    in  tin-    Convention    parliament,    1'oole,   1690; 
1  Oates's  designs  ;  took  prominent  part  in  exclu- 
sion debates  and  shared  in  plots  ;  arrested,  but  ac.mitt i  d  : 
on  Moutnonth's  landing,  1686,  escaped  to  the  continent ; 
pardoned  by  James  II,  1087  :  remonstrated  with  .fames  II, 
1688:  knighted,  1680;  serjeant  to  William  and  -Mary  and 
chief-justice  of  Chester,  1689;    secretary  for  northern 
ilepartment,  1692.  [Ivii.  196] 

TRENCHARD,  JOHN  (1662-1723),  political  writer  ; 
1  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  called  to  the 
l>ur  ;  commissioner  of  forfeited  estates  in  Ireland  ;  wrote 
pamphlets  a&riinst  'standing  armies'  and  '  superstition,' 
ami.  with  Thomas  Gordon  (d.  1750)  [q.  v.],  "The  Inde- 
IHindeut  Whig '  and '  Gate's  Letters.'  [Ivii.  198] 

TRENGROTTSE,  HENRY  (1772-1854),  inventor  of 
the  '  Rocket '  life-saving  apparatus,  1808  (adopted,  1818). 

[Ivii.  199] 

TRESHAM,  FRANCIS  (1 567  ?-1605).  betrayer  of  the 
'Gunpowder  plot';  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Tresham  f  1543  ?- 
1605)  [q.  v.] ;  took  part  in  Essex's  rebellion,  1601,  and 
was  imprisoned;  implicated  in  mission  to  the  king  of 
Spain ;  obtained  copy  of  Blackwell's  book  on  equivoca- 
tion ;  was  initiated  into  Gunpowder  plot,  but  revealed  it 
to  bis  relative  Lord  Moutcagle ;  was  arrested  and  con- 
fessed knowledge,  but  died  before  trial.  [Ivii.  200] 

TRESHAM,  HENRY  (1749  ?-1814),  historical  painter ; 
exhibited  at  Dublin  ;  accompanied  John  Campbell  Cawdor 
to  Italy  and  studied  there;  exhibited  at  iloyal  Academy, 
1789-1806  ;  RJL,  1799  ;  collector  of  pictures  and  decora- 
tive objects;  published  verse.  •  [Ivii.  202] 

TRESHAM,  Sin  THOMAS  (<7.  1471),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons ;  son  of  William  Tresham  (d.  1450) 
[q.  v.];  brought  up  in  Henry  VI's  household;  M.P., 
Buckinghamshire,  1447,  Huntingdonshire,  1449,  North- 
ampfeomhire,  14M I  controller  of  the  household;  fought 
with  Lancastrians  at  St.  Albans,  1455  ;  speaker  of  the 
parliament  at  Coventry,  1459 ;  knighted  by  Henry  VI's 
«>n  after  battle  of  St.  Albans,  1461 ;  taken  prisoner  at 
Towton  and  attainted,  but  pardoned ;  imprisoned,  but 
released  at  restoration  of  Henry  VI,  1470;  proclaimed 
traitor  on  Edward  IV's  return,  1471;  fought  at  Tewkes- 
bury ;  promised  pardon,  but  beheaded.  [Ivii.  203] 

TRESHAM,  Silt  THOMAS  (d.  1559),  grand  prior  of 
order  of  St.  John  in  England  ;  grandson  of  Sir  Thomas 
Tresham  (rf.  1471)  [q.  v.]:  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire, 
1524-6  and  1639-40;  knighted  before  1530;  M.P.,  North- 
amptonshire, 1542;  proclaimed  Queen  Mary  at  North- 
ampton, 1553 ;  grand  prior,  1557  ;  sat  in  House  of  Lords. 

[Ivii.  204] 

TRESHAM,  Sm  THOMAS  (1543  ?-1605),  popish 
recusant ;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Tresham  (d.  1559)  [q.  v.]  ; 
knighted,  1577;  imprisoned  seven  years  for  harbouring 
Campion,  1581.  [Ivii.  204] 

TRESHAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1450),  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons;  lawyer;  M.P.,  Northamptonshire, 
1423-50;  speaker,  1439,  1442,  1447,  and  1449;  Yorkist; 
active  in  Suffolk's  impeachment ;  murdered  by  Lan- 
castrians, [ivii.  205] 

TRESHAM,  WILLIAM  (d.  1569),  divine  ;  M.A.,  1520, 
•Mid  D.I).,  1532,  Oxford,  and  registrar,  1524-9;  canon  of 
Christ  Ohnrch,  Oxford,  1532 ;  vice-chancellor,  1532-47, 
1556,and  1558 ;  held  livings  of  Towcester  and  Bugbrooke  • 
disputed  with  Peter  Martyr  concerning  eucharist.  1549  ; 
imprisoned  for  catholic  opinions,  1551 ;  favoured  by 
Queen  Mary  and  given  preferment ;  disputed  with  Cran- 
mer,  Latimer,  and  Ridley,  1554-5 ;  refuser!  oath  of 
supremacy  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  was  deprived  of  all 
preferments  except  Towcester.  [Ivii.  206] 

TRESILIAN,  Sm  ROBERT  (d.  1388),  chief- justice  of 
the  king's  bench;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
c  1344 ;  Cornwall,  1368 ;  J.P.,  1377,  and  steward  of  Corn- 
wall ;  king's  serjeant  and  justice  of  the  king's  bench  at 
i>K  of  Richard  II's  reign;  chief- justice,  1381; 
tried  John  Ball  (d.  1381)  [q.  v.l  and  his  followers  : 
roused  to  encrsach  on  lord  mayor's  jurisdiction  in  i-asu 


of  John  de  Northampton  [q.  v.],  1384  :  one  of  Richard's 
advisers  in  tkvlariii'.;  commission  of  1386  unlawful,  1387  ; 
hanged  at  Tyburn  for  treason.  [Ivii.  20G] 

TREVELYAN,  Sm  CHARLES  EDWARD  (1807- 
1 886 X governor  of  Madras;  -writer  in  Bengal  civil  service. 
1826  ;  ;i--iMaut  to  Sir  (  harl.s  Metcalfe,  commissioner  at 
Delhi,  1827  ;  deputy-secretary  to  government  at  Calcutta, 
1831;  married  Hannah  Moore,  Macaulay's  sister,  1834  ; 
wrote  '  On  the  Education  of  the  People  of  India,'  1838 ; 
nit-secretary  to  the  treasury,  London,  1840-59; 
administered  Irish  relief  works,  1845-7;  K.C.B.,  1848; 
introduced  new  system  of  admission  into  civil  service, 
1853;  became  governor  of  Madras,  1859;  recalled  for 
publicly  opposing  financial  policy  of  Calcutta,  I860;  re- 
turned to  India  as  finance  minister,  1862,  and  carried  out 
great  reforms :  published  *  The  Application  of  the  Roman 
Alphabet  to  all  the  Oriental  Languages,'  1834,  and  other 
works.  [Ivii.  208] 

TREVELYAN,  RALEIGH  (1781-1865),  miscellaneous 
writer ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1807 ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1810;  succeeded  to  Netherwittou 
estates,  1818 ;  author  of  poems  and  other  works. 

[Ivii.  209] 

TREVELYAN,  Sm  WALTER  CALVERLEY,  sixth 

baronet  (1797-1879),  naturalist;  M.A.  University  College, 

i  Oxford,  1822 ;  studied  science  at  Edinburgh ;  published 

!  scientific  articles  and  edited  the  '  Trevelyan  Papers,'  with 

:  Sir  Charles  Edward  Trevelyan  [q.  v.] ;  F.G.S.  [Ivii.  210] 

TREVENEN,  JAMES  (1760-1790),  lieutenant,  R.N., 

and    captain    in    Russian    navy ;    served  with     James 

Cook  (1728-1799)   [q.  v.]  on  the  Resolution,  1776,  and 

i  James  King  (1750-1784)  [q.  v.]  on  the  Discovery,  1779 ; 

:  took  part  (on  the  Resistance)  in  capture  of  the  Coquette, 

I  1783;  entered  Russian  service,  1787,  and  served  against 

i  Sweden ;  fatally  wounded  in  action  at  Viborg  Bay,  1790. 

[Ivii.  210] 

TREVERIS,  PETER  (/.  1527),  printer,  mostly  of 
grammatical  tracts,  also  of  '  Polychronicon,'  1527. 

[Ivii.  212] 

TREVET,  Sm  THOMAS  (d.  1283),  justice  itinerant 
for  Dorset  and  the  neighbouring  counties,  1268-71 ;  tried 
the  rioters  who  burnt  Norwich  Cathedral,  1272. 

[Ivii.  234] 

TREVISA,  JOHN  PE  (1326-1412),  author;  fellow  of 
i  Exeter  (1362-9)  and  of  Queen's  (1369-79)  colleges,  Oxford : 
,  expelled,  1379  ;  chaplain  and  vicar  of  Berkeley ;  translated 
i  for  fourth  Baron  Berkeley  Higden's  '  Polychrbnicon,' 
I  1387,  and  other  Latin  works.  [Ivii.  212] 

TREVTTHICK,  RICHARD  (1771-1833),  •  father  of  the 
locomotive  engine ' ;  famous  for  quickness  at  figures  and 
herculean  strength ;  engineer  at  Ding  Doug  Mine,  near 
Penzance,  1797,    introduced  several  improvements,  in- 
'  eluding  double-acting  water-pressure  engine,  1800,  thus 
|  perfecting  the  vacuum  engine ;  after  preliminary  experi- 
|  ments  completed  first  steam  carriage  to  carry  passengers, 
at  Redruth,  1801 ;  devised  improved  locomotive,  the  first 
tried  on  a  railway,  at  Pen-y-darran,  1804,  and  another  for 
a  steam  circus,  1808 ;  erected  the  first  '  Cornish  engine,' 
1812,  and  started  application  of  steam  to  agricultural  pro- 
cesses ;  despatched  nine  engines  to  Peru  mines,  1814;,  which 
proved  very  successful ;    went    to    Peru,  1816 ;    made 
I  and  lost  many  fortunes  till  war  of  independence,  when 
machinery  was  wrecked ;  prospected  in  Costa  Rica,  1826- 
1827 ;  met    Robert  Stephenson  [q.  v.]  at   Carthagena ; 
arrived  penniless  at  Falmouth,  and  his  petition  to  govern- 
ment was  disregarded ;  visited  Holland,  1829 ;  projected 
other  schemes,  including  improvements  in  propulsion  of 
:  steamboats ;  was  buried  at  expense  of  workmen  at  Hall's 
factory  in  Dartford  churchyard ;  as  inventor,  *  one  of  the 
greatest  that  ever  lived.'  [Ivii.  213] 

TREVOR,  ARTHUR  HILL-,  third  VISCOUNT  DUN- 
CAN xo.v  of  the  second  creation  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland 
(1798-1862),  son  of  second  viscount ;  M.A.Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1825  ;  M.P.,  New  Romney,  1830,  Durham,  1831, 
1835;  vigorous  opponent  of  parliamentary  municipal 
reform ;  supported  property  qualification  of  member--, 
revival  of  convocation,  national  education  connected  with 
the  church,  and  control  of  beer-shops ;  elected  repre- 
sentative peer,  1856  ;  opposed  in  the  Lord.-?  Divorce  and 
Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bills  :  published  political  pamphlets 
and  a  history  of  William  III,  1835-6.  [Ivii.  217] 

TREVOR,  GEORGE  (1809-1888),  divine:  clerk  at  tin- 
India  House,  1825;  attended  political  meetings  with 


TREVOR 


]  ,1-, 


TRIVET 


Benjamin  iri-nj-l:-.  M.  A.  Mag.  Men  Hall.  '  >vf..nl,  1847; 

chapluin  n»    M-.-lra-i.   !*:;•  lor    York; 

•  •anon  of   York  and  cluipluin  oi   Shi-m-  •'.  . 

iiM-nt:il    in    r  ••:    }  "i-k  ;  h.  '.1  living  of 

iliirtoii  l':.|>.  a.an.l   I..I.T  . 

pul.lish.-d  -TheCal 

ind  several  other  world  :  well  known  w  author  ami 
orator;  D.I).  l».uh  [IviL  118] 

TREVOR  <>r  TREVAUP 

St.  Asuph::  ..i«6:  bishop, 

l::'.M:  wii'.-mplnvMl  hy.nut  d.-.-rtnl,  Ki.-himl  II,  and  wa* 
of  Cheater,  Flint,  and  North  Wale* 
imin.-iiafiy  by  Henry  IV:   supported  unlimited  royal 
prerogative;  was  sent  to  Spain  and  accompanied  army 
MI»I:    font'ht   at  Min-A-tmry.    1HO. 


joined  (llendower,  1404  ;  H..1  to  Scotland,  Iv 
BeqoeaUy  went  ou  mission  to  France.  [Ivii.  2)0] 

TREVOR.  Sin  JOHN  »iciv,  u-,7-.'),  -   -ntaryof  ntnte: 
son  of  Sir  Jol.n  Trevor  «/.  1678)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  Kill,1. 
.»,  AniM'l.-l   in   ConvntUvi  (..irlianu-r 
<;niit   Hcdwin  in   Ix»ng  parliament  o:    t!:.-  Id-to: 
member  of  trade  committee,  ltt6<J,  and  conin. 
forests  1657;  admitted  to  Monck's  council,  1660:  took 
part  at  Puri>  in  negotiations  with  L«.u-  XIV.  Holland, 
.in.l   Spain,  1UG8:   knighted  and  appointed  Becretary  of 
1M8.  [Ivii.  221] 

TREVOR,  sn:  JOHN  (,/.  1673),  parliament!, 
Trevalyn,  Denbighshire  :  knighted,  161'.'  .  M.I'.,  l>nibigh- 
shiro,  1620,  Flintshire,  lOlM  ami  1625,  aii.l  (Jreat  Bed  win, 
1638,  and  Orampound  in  the  Long  parliament  ;  member 
of  council  of  state,  1661,  and  of  various  committees; 
favoured  Restoration.  [Ivii.  221] 

TREVOR,  siit  .1.  .UN  (  1C37-1717),  judge  and  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Con  in  ions;  barrUu-r,  1661,  treasurer, 
1674,  and  reader,  1H75,  of  the  Iniu-r  Temple;  knighted, 
1671;  M.I'..  Ga*Ue  Uism,-.  |.;7a,  lkvm;--t«ni,  1678-9  and 
1679-81,  Denbighshire,  1081,  Denbigh,  16H5,  Beeralston, 
1C89,  Yarmouth  (Idle  of  Wight),  1689-90  ;  chairman  of 
various  committees  and  courted  protestant  interest: 
speaker,  1685  and  1690-5  ;  master  of  the  rolls,  1685,  and 
proved  successful  judge:  remained  faithful  to  James  II 
:tn«l  wan  displaced,  1688,  but  reinstated,  1693  ;  deprived  of 
speakership  for  taking  bribe*,  1695  :  constable  of  Flint 
Castle,  1705  ;  custos  rotulorum  of  Flint.  [Ivii.  222] 

TREVOR,  JOHN  HAMl'DKN-,  third  VIM-«TXT 
HAMPDEN  (1749-1824),  diplomatic  ;  son  of  Robert  Hamp- 
den-Trevor,  first  viscount  Hampden  and  fourth  Baron 
Trevor  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1773  ;  minis- 
ter  at  Munich,  1780,  Turin,  1783-98.  [IviL  223] 


1603;  reader.  16)0:  knighted,  1619:  ctcheoner  judge. 
1625 ;  delivered  judgment  for  government  *g*W  Hamp- 
den  in  ship-money  ca*t,  1618:  i»«p^^>i  1641,  and  no«d 

•  .  .         : 


TREVOR.  THOMAS,  BAROS  TRKTOft  of  Brotnbam 

.1-    •   :;:    ..    •.!.-       ,.:,'•:     .-     ..       I -.  ...r  ,:•.:•:-  ,'- 
[q.  v.]  ;  barrbter.  Inner  Temple,  1680:  •olicltor-gencral. 

.•  •-      •:  -     ' :•  •-•  -.   :      •  -.   if   :      •••••••  ••> 

general,  1695:   oppoml  Sir  John   Penwick'i  attainder. 

,-   ".  :        ,:         :  ,,    ••!      r.          ••.••    .      ;,-.,-.  I/"!  :     0  ,  •  - 

•loner  to  arrange  union  with  Scotland,  1706:  created 
Baron  Trevor,  171 J ;  removed  at  auxMJon  of  CkofM  I ; 
lord  privy  Mai,  17)6-30  ;  prarident  of  the  eooncit.  17JO. 

TBICHKUO,    IAGO    (1779-1844).      [8w    HU.JMK*. 


TRIGGE,  .',47  7-1606),  divine  and  . 

r;  M.A.  Unlvenity  College,  Oxford,  1»7)  : 
rector  of  Welbourn;  wrote  treaUsei  condemning  the 
commercial  n>.  'ime,  enckxare  of  common*. 

and  conversion  of  arable  land  into  pasture*.    [IviL  8*0] 

TRIMEN.  I'KNItY  (IH43-1R96),  botanist:  M.B. 
I.OL.I.,,,,  1865:  bucamc  aMisUnt  in  botanical  department 
at  British  Museum,  1861  ;  publUbed  with  Dyer  the  •  Flora 
of  Middlesex,'  1K69;  eilitor  of  the  'Journal  of  Botany.' 
1871  ;  published  with  Bentley  »  Medicinal  Plants.'  187ft- 
1K«0  ;  director  of  botanical  gardens  at  IVradeniya,  Ceylon. 
1H79  :  F.R.8^  lw*8  ;  published  •  A  Handbook  to  the  Flora 
of  Ceylon,'  1893.  [IvH.  **>] 

TRIMLESTON,    third    BAR..X    (1470-1588).      [8e« 


TREVOR,  MA11CUS,  flr<t 
of  the  first  creation  and  BAICOX  Tm:von  of  Rose  Trevor 
in  peerage  of  Ireland  (1618-1670);  'commander*  in  co. 
Down,  1641  :  came  to  England,  1C41.  and  fought  at 
Marston  Moor,  1644  :  served  in  Cornwall  under  Hopton, 
1645-6  ;  fought  for  the  parliament  against  Irish  rebels, 
1647,  but  joined  Ormonde,  1649,  and  helped  to  defend 
Drogheda:  wounded  ut  fight  near  Wcxford;  changed 
iicain,  1050;  nmdo  rancor  at  Ulster,  166O,  and 
created  Baron  Trevor  and  Viscount  Dungannon,  1682. 

[IviL  224] 

TREVOR,  MICHAEL  (</.  1471).       [See  TR»:UIY.] 

TREVOR.    RICHARD   (1707-1771),    bishop    of    St. 
David's  and  of  Durham  :  son  of  Thomas,  baron  Trevor 
of   Bromham   [q.  v.]  ;    D.C.L.  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
1731;  fellow  of  All   Souls  (Vill,-.-.   "Monl,  1727: 
of  St.  Dnvid'B,  1744,  and  of  Durham,  175:1.       [Ivii.  ^'5j 

TREVOR,    ROBERT  HAMPDEN-,   first    V 
HAMPDKX  and  fourth  BAHON  TIIKVOII  (1706-17K3),  sou 
of  Tliomas  Trevor,  first  baron  Trevor  of  Bromham  h-  v.]  : 
B^..  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1735;  fellow  of  All  Sonls 
College,  Oxford,  1725  :  secretary  to  legation,  1734,  and 
minister   at    the    Hague,    1739-46;   corresponde-l 
Horatio    Walpole:    made    commissioner  of  revenue   in 
Ireland.  1750  ;  F.R.S.,  1764  ;  author  of  Latin  poems. 

[Ivii.  226] 

TREVOR,  SIR  8ACKVILL  (Jl.  1604),  naval  com. 
mander  ;  brotlier  of  Sir  Thomas  Trevor  [q.  v.]  ;  capt'wed 
four  Spanish  vessels  off  const  of  Spain,  1602:  knighted, 
W04.  • 


TRIMMER,  JOSHUA  (1795-1857%  geologist;  grand- 

son of  Mrs.  Sarah  Trimmer  [q.  v.]  ;  employed  on  geolo- 

vey  ;  wrote  '  Practical  Geology  and  Mineralogy,' 

1841,  and  several  papers;  made  important  advance*  in 

classification  of  superficial  deposit*.  [IviL  231  ] 

TRIMMER.  Mas.  SARAH  (1741-1810X  author: 
daughter  of  John  Joshua  Kirby  [q.  v.]  ;  made  favourable 
impression  on  Dr.  Johnson  :  married  James  Trimmer  of 
Brentford,  171,2:  publishal  'Easy  Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  Nature,'  1782,  and  '  Sacred  History,'  17**- 
1784  ;  started  Sunday  schools  at  Brentford.  1786  ;  hud 
interview  with  Queen  Charlotte,  1788;  publb-hol  'The 
(Economy  of  Charity,'  178<J,  and  other  work*,  including 
the  •  Story  of  the  Robins  '  and  •  Fabulous  . 

[Ivii.  331] 

TRIMNELL.  CHARLES  (16307-17WX  rector  of 
Abbot*  Ripton. 


TREVOR,  Sm  THOMAS  (1586-16W),  jndge 
of  Sir  Sackvill  Trevor  [c.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Inner  Tempk, 


TBIMKELL,  CHARLES  (1663-17MX  *acc«*«ively 
bishop  of  Norwich  and  Winchester:  M.A.  New  College. 
Oxford.  1688  (incorporated,  Cambridge,  169ft):  1-. 

..  prWi,-h.-r  at  Roll*  Cbapd,  1688 :  chaplain  to 
Earl  of  Kunderland;  prebendary  of  Norwich,  1691 :  held 
Bucoesulvely  various  livings:  archdeaono  of  Norfolk*. 
1698;  wrote  pamphlet*  upholding  right*  of  crown  a* 
against  convocation,  1701-2 ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1708- 
clerk  of  the  cloaet  to  George  I :  bishop  of  Winchester, 
1721-3.  [Ml-  2353 

TRIPE,  JOHN  (1762  ?-1821>    [See  SWKTK,  JOHN.] 

TRTPP.   HENKV  (-/.  1«D),  author  and  trauMator: 
M.A.    Pembroke   Hall.  Cambridge,  1571  ;    rector  01 
Faith's,  London ;  author  of  •  Bn.  i 

Six  Reasons,'  1581,  and  tn»niltttioiM  from  the 
Latin. 

TRIVET  or  TREVET.    NICHOLAS  (12ft8?-lI»X 
historian:  *on  of  Sir  Tliomn*  Trevet  [q.J r.] :  tMght 
Oxfonl;     work«    in.-lu.le    tlieologtcal   and     Pb"jlO|io*l 
..ml  •  xnuale*  sex  Regum  Angli*»   ("{•^•J'A 
la^t  edited.  1845. 

TRIVET,  Pin  THOMAS  (rf. 


at  Bourbourg ;  convicted  on  hi*  rrtum 
of  having  Uken  bribe*  from  the  French  to  *ttrrender,  and 
wa.  impri*oned;  supported  Biohard  II  and  wa.  impri- 
soned  at  Dover,  1388,  pvii.  236) 


TROKELOWE 


1316 


TROUBRIDGE 


TROKELOWE.  THROKLOW.  or  THORLOW,  JOHN 
DK(A  1330),  chronicler  ami  monk  of  St.  Albans:  wn-tf 
•Annales*  of  reign  of  Edward  II  (edited  by  Thomas 
Hearue,  1729).  a  work  once  attributed  to  Rishauger. 

[Ivii.  237] 

TROLLOPE,  Sin  ANDREW  (d.  1461),  soldier :  served 
in  the  French  wars,  1449-50 ;  sergeant-porter  at  Calais  : 
oonoerued  in  conspiracy  of  Alencon,  1454  :  returned  to 
England  with  Warwick,  1459,  but  became  Lancastrian ; 
commanded  at  Wakefleld,  1460,  and  St.  Albans,  1461 ; 
knighted  ;  killed  at  Towton.  [Ivii.  238] 

TROLLOPE,  ANTHONY  (1815-1882),  novelist  and 
poet-office  official:  son  of  Thomas  Anthony  Trollope 
[q.  v.]  :  was  educated  as  a  town-boy  at  Harrow  ;  obtained 
clerkship  in  post-office,  1834 :  post-office  surveyor  in 
Ireland,  1841 :  published  his  first  novel, 'The  Macdermots 
of  Ballycloran,'  1847,  and  other  failures  :  became  inspector 
of  postal  deliveries  in  south-west  rural  districts  of  Ireland, 
and  obtained  thus  immense  stock  of  information ;  gained 
success  with  'The  Warden,'  1855,  followed,  among  others, 
by  'Barchester  Towers,'  1857,  "The  Three  Clerks,'  1858, 
'Prnmley  Parsonage,'  1861,  '  Orley  Farm,'  1862,  'The 
Small  House  nt  Allington,'  1864,  '  Can  you  forgive  her '( ' 
1864,  and  'The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset,'  1867;  des- 
patched on  missions  abroad  to  Egypt,  1868,  and  West 
Indies,  and  also  visited  America,  18G2,  Australia,  and 
New  Zealand,  1871-2,  South  Africa,  1878 :  published  'The 
West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  Main,'  1859,  'North 
America,'  1862,  and  other  works ;  given  charge  of  eastern 
postal  district  in  England,  1859,  but  being  disappointed 
of  promotion  retired,  1866 :  claimed  invention  of  pillar- 
box  :  published  series  of  political  novels,  starting  with 
'  Phineas  Finn,'  1869,  also '  He  knew  he  was  Right,'  1869, 
'The  way  we  live  now,'  1875,  'Nina  Balatka,'  1867, 
and  '  Linda  Tresael,'  1868,  in  Blackwood;  besides  a  large 
number  of  other  works,  including  his  autobiography, 
1875-6.  [Ivii.  238] 

TROLLOPE,  ARTHUR  WILLIAM  (1768-1827),  head- 
master of  Christ's  Hospital,  London  ;  educated  there  and 
at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished 
himself;  M.A.,  1794  :  D.D.,  1815  :  head-master  of  Christ's 
Hospital,  1799-1826 ;  held  several  livings.  [Ivii.  242] 

TROLLOPE,  EDWARD  (1817-1898),  bishop  of  Not- 
tingham and  antiquary;  M.A.  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford, 
1859 ;  rector  of  Lcasingham ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1860;  archdeacon  of  Stow,  1867;  bishop  suffragan  of 
Nottingham,  and  D.D.,  1877  ;  instrumental  in  establishing 
see  of  Southwell,  1884 :  supervised  church  restorations  ; 
wrote  antiquarian  books,  including  a  '  Manual  of  Sepul- 
chral Memorials,'  1858.  [Ivii.  243] 

TROLLOPE,  FRANCES  (1780-1863),  novelist;  formerly 
Milton  ;  married  Thomas  Anthony  Trollope  [q.  v.],  1809  ; 
after  visiting  America,  1827-30,  wrote '  Domestic  Manners 
of  the  Americans,'  1832,  and  also  produced  books  on 
Belgium,  Paris,  and  Vienna ;  published,  among  many 
other  novels,  'The  Vicar  of  Wrexhill,1  1837,  and  'The 
Widow  Barnaby,1  1838 ;  highly  incensed  Americans  by 
her  description  of  American  society  ;  settled  at  Florence, 
1856  ;  died  at  Florence.  [Ivii.  243] 

TROLLOPE,  GEORGE  BARNE  (d.  1850),  rear-ad- 
miral; O.B.,  1815;  half-brother  of  Sir  Henry  Trollope 
[q.  T.]  ;  rear-admiral,  1849.  [Ivii.  248] 

TROLLOPE,  SIR  HENRY  (1756-1839),  admiral; 
entered  navy,  1771 ;  served  in  North  America ;  said  to 
have  assisted  in  battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's  Hill ; 
supported  attempt  of  army  to  join  Burgoyne,  1777 ;  com- 
manded the  Kite,  1778-81,  in  the  Downs ;  captured  prizes 
and  defended  merchant  ships  ;  captured  the  Hebe,  1782  ; 
as  captain  of  the  Glatton  drove  into  port  squadron  off 
Helvoetaluys,  and  ensured  safety  of  merchantmen,  1796 ; 
performed  valuable  services  in  the  mutiny,  1797 :  took 
part  in  battle  of  Camperdown  and  was  knighted,  1797 ;  was 
refused  pension,  1805 ;  admiral,  1812  ;  G.C.B.,  1831  ;  com- 
mitted suicide.  [Ivii.  246] 

TROLLOPE,  THEODOSIA  (1825-1865),  author:  nt.t 
Garrow  ;  wrote  on  '  Social  Aspects  of  the  Italian  Revolu- 
tion' in  the  'Athenaeum,'  and  contributed  to  other 
periodicals :  married  Thomas  Adolphus  Trollope  [q.  v.], 
1848 ;  created  a  salon  at  Florence.  [Ivii.  248] 

TROLLOPE,  THOMAS  ADOLPHUS  (1810-1892), 
author ;  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Anthony  Trollope  [q.  v.] ; 


accompanied  his  fat!, or  to  America,  1H28;  B.A.  Magdalen 
Hull,  <  txford,  1835  :  embarked  on  literary  profession  under 
his  mother's  auspice-;  :  contributed  to  Dickens's  ' House- 
hold Words ':  settled  at  Klore.nce,  1843,  where  his  house 
became  the  meeting-place  for  many  English  and  foreign 
authors ;  supported  Italian  revolutionary  movement : 
published  a  large  number  of  works,  including  books  on 
Tuscan  subjects,  reminiscences,  and  several  novels  ;  piveu 
order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  by  Victor  Emmanuel, 
1862  ;  correspondent  of  'Daily  News  '  at  Florence  and  of 
•Standard,'  1873,  at  Rome  ;  returned  to  England,  1890. 

[Ivii.  249] 

TROLLOPE,  THOMAS  ANTHONY  (1774-1835),  bar- 
rister ;  cousin  of  Sir  Henry  Trollope  [q.  v.] ;  Winchester 
scholar;  B.C.L.  New  College,  Oxford,  1801;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1801 :  ruined  himself  by  scheme  for  selling 
fancy  goods  at  Cincinnati.  [Ivii.  244] 

TROLLOPE,  WILLIAM  (1798-1863),  author;  son  of 
Arthur  William  Trollope  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Pembroke  College, 
Cambridge,  1824  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Mary's,  Green  Ponds, 
Tasmania ;  published  exegetical  works  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment. [Ivii.  242] 

TROSSE,GEORGE(1631-1713),nonoonformistdivine: 
educated  for  trade  in  France  and  Portugal :  took  to  dissi- 
pated habits ;  was  placed  with  a  physician  at  Glastonbury, 
and  finally  went  to  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  1658; 
became  dissenting  minister  at  Exeter;  was  imprisoned 
for  conventicle  preaching,  1685  ;  published  religious  works 
and  autobiography.  [Ivii.  250] 

TROTTER,  CATHARINE  (1679-1749).  [See  COCK- 
BURN.] 

TROTTER,  COUTTS  (1837-1887),  vice-master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  nephew  of  Henry  Dundas 
Trotter  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1862  ; 
fellow,  1861 ;  studied  in  Germany ;  lecturer  in  physical 
science,  1869-84  ;  vice-master,  1885 ;  performed  valuable 
services  in  carrying  out  statutes  of  1882.  [Ivii.  252] 

TROTTER,  HENRY  DUNDAS  (1802-1859),  rear- 
admiral  ;  served  in  East  and  West  Indies ;  commanded 
Curlew  on  West  African  coast  and  captured  pirates, 
1833  ;  commanded  expedition  to  the  Niger,  1841,  to  make 
treaties  ;  commodore  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  outbreak 
of  Crimean  war ;  rear-admiral,  1857.  [Ivii.  262] 

TROTTER,  JOHN  (1757-1833),  army  contractor; 
uncle  of  Henry  Duudas  Trotter  [q.  v.]  ;  established  Soho 
Bazaar,  1815.  [Ivii.  253] 

TROTTER,  JOHN  BERNARD  (1775-1818),  author ; 
brother  of  Edward  Southwell  Ruthven  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1795 ;  student  at  the  Temple ; 
secretary  to  Fox  ;  Irish  barrister,  1802  ;  published  poli- 
tical tracts  and  other  works  ;  died  in  great  destitution. 

[Ivii.  254] 

TROTTER,  THOMAS  (1760-1832),  physician  to  the 
fleet  and  author ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1788 ;  surgeon's  mate 
in  Channel  Fleet,  1779,  and  at  battle  of  the  Doggerbank, 
1781  ;  promoted  surgeon,  1782 ;  served  on  a  slaver ;  as 
physician  to  Channel  fleet  (1794-5)  was  present  at  battle 
of  1  June,  1794  ;  published  medical  works  and  verses. 

[Ivii.  254] 

TROTTBRIDGE,  SIR  EDWARD  THOMAS  (d.  1852), 
rear-admiral:  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Troubridge  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  navy,  1797;  present  at  battle  of  Copenhagen, 
1801 ;  served  on  the  Victory,  1803  ;  assisted  in  destroying 
•  Dutch  ships.  1806  ;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1835 ;  O.B., 
1838  ;  rear-admiral,  1841.  [Ivii.  256] 

TRODBRIDGE,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1758  ?- 
1807),  rear-admiral :  entered  navy,  1773 :  served  in  East 
Indies  and  on  various  ships ;  present  at  battles  off  Sadras 
and  Trinconmlee,  1782,  and  Hughes's  actions,  1782-3; 
captured  on  the  Castor,  1794 ;  present  at  action  off  the 
Hyeres,  1795,  on  theOulloden,  and  at  battle  of  St.  Vincent. 
17'97,  where  he  led  the  line  and  was  warmly  praised  for 
his  gallant  conduct ;  failed  in  attack  on  Santa  Crux,  and 
at  battle  of  the  Nile  struck  on  a  shoal ;  received,  however, 
gold  medal :  assisted  Nelson  at  Naples  and  Malta ;  created 
baronet,  1799  ;  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1801  ;  rear-admiral, 
1804 ;  lost  iu  the  Blenheim  proceeding  from  Madras  to 
1  the  Cape.  [Ivii.  256] 

TROUBRIDGE,  SIR  THOMAS  ST.  VINCENT 
HOPE  COCHRANE  (1815-1867),  colonel;  eon  of  Sir 
Kdward  Thomas  Troubridge  [q.  v.]  ;  served  at  Gibraltar 


TROUGHTON 


1317 


TUCKER 


and  the  West  Indie*,  and  In  Canada  and  the  Crimea; 
fought  at  Alma,  1864,  und  lout  right  leg  and  left  foot  at 

Iiikenu.m  :  Cl'..  ;  u  I.  .h>-camp  to  Queen  Victoria ;  brevet- 
colonel  ;  received  Legion  of  Honour ;  deputy  adjutunt- 
geuerul,  1857.  [Ivii.  25H] 

TROUGHTOW,  EDWARD  (1753-1838),  scientific 
instrument  makrr  ;  i..uml  tiis  tirf)tli.-r  in  London  as  me- 
chanician, and  later  carried  on  business  by  himself; 
original  member  R.A.S.  and  F.R5.,  1810;  Invented  new 
mode  of  graduating  arcs  of  circle*,  1778 :  contrived  mnral 
circles  and  erected  them  at  Greenwich,  isiv.  and  other 
places,  and  also  telescopes ;  made  the  '  beam-compass '  and 
•hydrostatic  balance';  contributed  to  the  •Hdinhuivh 
Cyclopaedia.'  [Ivii.  369] 

TROUOHTON,  JolIX  (1637  ?-1681),  nonconformist 
divine ;  became  blind  from  email-pox  :  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  and  B.A.,  1659;  nouooufonuixt  minister 
and  religious  author.  [Ivii.  200] 

TROUGHTON,   WILLIAM   (1614  7-1877  ?),  noncon- 
formist divine ;  of  Queen'*  College,  Oxford :  chaplain  to  • 
Robert  Hammond   [q.  v.],  1647 ;  obtained  preferment ; 
independent  preacher  ;  published  religious  works. 

[Ivii.  260] 

TROT,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1739-1833),  Roman  catholic  1 
archbishop  of  Dublin :  joined  Dominican  order  at  Rome,  j 
1756;  rector  of  St.  Clements  at  Rome  :  bishop  of  t'wuory,  ' 
1776  :  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1784  ;  condenmol  \\hiu-boys ; 
instrumental  in  founding  Maynooth  College.  [Ivii.  261] 

TRUBBEVUJJE  or  TRUBLEVILLE,  HENRY  DK 
(rf.  1239).  [See  TURBKH  VILLK.] 

TRUBNER,  NICHOLAS  (NiKOLAUR)  (1817-1884), 
publisher ;  born  at  Heidelberg ;  became  clerk  at  Long- 
man's; entered  into  partnership  with  Delf,  and  after- 
wards with  David  Nutt ;  developed  American  trade  and 
visited  United  States ;  competent  orientalist  and  critic  ; 
published,  among  other  works,  •  Bibliographical  Guide  to 
American  Literature,'  1866,  'TrUbner'*  American  and  | 
Oriental  Record,' '  Trtibner's  Oriental  Series,'  and  •  British 
and  Foreign  Philosophical  Library.'  [Ivii.  262] 

TRUB8HAW,    JAMES  (1777-1853X   engineer:    em- 
ployed at  Buckingham   Palace    and  elsewhere;   gained 
local  reputation  at  Stone  ;  constructed  Urosvenor  Bridge 
(single-arched)  at   Chester,  1833,  declared    by  Thomas  ' 
Telford  [q.  v.]  impracticable,  aud  Exeter  Bridge,  Derby,     j 

llvii.  263] 

TRUMAN,  JOSEPH  (1631-1671),  ejected  minister  and 
metaphysician;  M.A.  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1654; 
rector  of  Cromwell,  near  Nottingham :  ejected,  1662 ; 
frequently  indicted  for  nonconformity ;  published  •  The 
Great  Propitiation,'  1669,  dealing  with  the  doctrine  of 
justification  by  faitlumd  contending  for  the  all-sufficiency  j 
of  the  Mosaic  law;  published  also  'A  Discourse  of 
Natural  and  Moral  Impotency,'  1671.  [Ivii.  263] 

TRUMBULL,  CHARLES  (1646-1724),  chaplain  to 
Bancroft;  brother  of  Sir  William  Trumbull  [q.  T.I ;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxfonl,  1667 ;  D.C.L.  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford,  1677.  [IviL  2G7] 

TRUMBULL,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1635),  diplomatist; 
resident  in  the  Netherlands,  1609-26  ;  recalled  on  rupture 
with  Spain  ;  M.l\,  Downton,  1626  :  clerk  of  privy  council, 
1626  ;  granted  Eiwthampetead  Pork,  1G28,  ami  appointed 
muster-master-gcneral.  [Ivii.  264] 

TRUMBULL,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1639-1716),  secretary 
of  state  :  grandson  of  William  Trumbull  [q.  v.]  ;  entered 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1665  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1657  ;  D.C.L.,  1667 ;  studentat  Middle  Temple, 
1667  ;  practised  in  ecclesiastical  and  admiralty  courts ; 
chancellor  of  Rochester  diocese  and  clerk  of  the  signet, 
1682  :  with  Pepys  accompanied  Lord  Dartmouth  as  judge- 
advocate  to  Tangier,  16*3 ;  knighted,  1684 ;  envoy  to 
France,  1686;  assisted  English  protestants  there  and 
was  recalled;  M.P.,  Ea*t  Looe,  1686-7;  ambassador  to 
Turkey,  1686-91 ;  governor  of  Hudson's  Bay  and  Turkey 
companies ;  lord  of  the  treasury,  1694  ;  secretary  of  state, 
privy  councillor,  and  secretary  to  lords  justices,  1695 ; 
M.P.,  Oxford  University,  1696-8:  was  acquainted  with 
Dryden  and  Pope,  and  is  eulogised  in  their  works. 

[Ivii.  266] 

TRURO,  BARON  (1782-1855).     [See  WILDK,  THOMAS.] 

TRUSLER,    JOHN    (1736-1830),    eccentric   divine, 

literary  compiler,  and  medical  empiric ;  B.A.  Emmauut-1 


College,  Cambridge,  1717:  translated  Italian  borlrtta. : 

:.•:  :     •   ..:   il        :.   i    .      .      '..;     .   •          t,,  •     .     !'.,;.T;,    Ct  •  |  R 
•d    Dst|    M  MS*  p       3  B    Ml  •    .•       "•    ..•;.:     ".i 
r  .-..'.•••  •.  i-        .  ,-•••••,]  •  •   • 

soiling    business;    works  include  •  Hogarth  Mmaltort; 
••  Habitable  World,'  1788-97,  an.1  part  L  of  an 

autobiography.  [IviL  268] 

TRU88ELL.  .»•  -UN  (/.  1686-1641),  historical  writer : 

.  .  .  History  of  England,'  1616,  and  the  'Touchstone  of 
Tradition,'  1642;  contributed  to  •  Annalia  DnbraMbV 
1686.  [iTiLStt] 

TRU8SELL,  THOMAS  (fl.  1610-1626 X  of  BUtaMj; 
soldier  and  author ;  brother  of  John  TniMell  [q.  v.] 

[Ivii.  269] 

TRU88ELL  or  TRUMXL,  WILLIAM  (BAHOW  T»o«- 
SKI.I.)  (fl.  1327X  adherent  of  Thomas  of  Lancaster:  fought 
at  Boroogbbridge,  1822,  and  fled  to  France  on  fannaitort 
fall:  returned  with  Isabella,  1826:  tried  and  smt«e«rt 
elder  Despenser  to  be  hanged :  as  procurator  of  parlia- 
ment renounced  allegiance  to  Edward  II  at  Berkeley,  1 817 ; 
hiMlforatimecommiiwionof  oyerandtermlner;  wassent 
on  various  foreign  minions  to  Rome,  Spain  and  Portugal, 
France  and  Flanders  ;  granted  lordship  of  Bergaes,  1881. 

[Ml.  270] 

TRYE,  CHARLES  BRANDON  (1767-1811),  nirgeon : 
studied  under  John  Hunter  (1728-1798)  [q.  v.];  boose 
Furgeon  to  Westminster  Hospital  ami 
Sheldon  [q.  v.]  ;  subsequentiy  surgeon  to 
infirmary;  established  lying-in  charity  at  Gloucester; 
P.RJJ.,  1807  ;  published  medical  works.  [Ivii.  271] 

TRYOH,  SIR  GEORGE  (1832-1893X  vtoe-admiral  : 
entered  the  navy,  1848;  served  in  the  Crimea,  in  royal 
yacht,  1868 ;  commander  of  the  Warrior,  Channel  fleet, 
1861,  first  British  sea-going  ironclad  ;  director  of  trans- 
ports in  Annesley  Bay  for  Abyssinian  expedition,  1867 : 
private  secretary  to  Mr.  Goschen,  1871 ;  commanded  the 
llaleigh,  1874-7;  on  committee  for  revision  of  signal- 
book,  1877;  commanded  Monarch  in  Mediterranean, 
1S7K,  and  performed  valuable  services  off  coartof  Tunis, 
1881 ;  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  1882-4  ;  rear-admiral. 
1884  ;  commanded  on  Australian  xtution  and  formulated 
colonial  defence  ;  K.C.B.,  1887  ;  superintendent  of  reserves, 
1888,  and  commanded  fleet  in  summer  munwovres ;  vice- 
admiral.  1889;  commanded  on  Mediterranean  station, 
1891 :  was  lost  in  the  Victoria  in  col  isiou  with  the  Cam- 
perdown,  caused  by  his  error,  off  Tnpoli.  [Ivii.  272] 

TRYON,  THOMAS  (1634-1703),  •  Pythagorean ';  as 
a  boy  was  employed  in  spinning  and  shepherding ;  trudged 
to  London  and  apprenticed  himself  to  a  batter;  read 
works  of  Behmen  and  became  a  Pythagorean,  refusing  to 
eat  all  meat  and  fish ;  visited  Barbados  and  traded  in 
•  beavers ' :  wrote  several  works  of  mystical  philosophy 
and  dietetics,  including  'Health**  Grand  Preservative,' 
1682;  forms  a  link  between  the  Ut-htnenists  and  early 
quaken.  [Ivii.  274] 

TRYOH,  WILLIAM  (1726-1788),  governor  of  New 
York ;  of  same  family  as  Sir  George  Tryon  [q.  v.]  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1st  foot  guards;  became  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  1766,  of  New  York,  1771  ;  on  outbreak  of 
rebellion  rvmained  on  board  ship ;  re-entered  New  York 
with  Howe,  1776 :  commanded  Surrey  regiment,  made 
successful  expedition  into  Connecticut,  and  hwned  letter* 
of  marque ;  lieutenant-general,  1782.  [Ivii.  276] 

TUATHAL  (d,  644X  king  of  Ireland :  called  Mael- 
gorhb,  Rougbcrown :  succeeded  bis  cousin  Muircheartach 
Mor  [q.  v.],  583 ;  defeated  the  Cianachta.  [Ivii.  277] 

TUCHET.    [See  TOCOHET.] 

TUCKER,  ABRAHAM  (1705-1774X  philosopher; 
gentleman  commoner  of  Mertou  College,  Oxford,  1711, 
where  be  studied  philosophy,  mathematics,  French  and 
Italian,  and  music;  bought  Betchworth  Castle,  near 
Dorking,  1737,  and  studied  agriculture;  wrote  "The 
Light  of  Nature  Pursued,'  published,  1768-78,  and  other 
works  of  discursive  philosophising,  eulogised  by  Paky. 

[IviL  277] 

TUCKER,  BENJAMIN  (1762-1829X  secretary  of  the 
admiralty  ;  at  first  purser  in  the  navy ;  secretary  to  Lord 
St.  Vincent,  and  assisted  him  in  bis  attack  on  prevalent 
abuses ;  surveyor-general  of  the  duchy  of  Com  wall,  1808. 

[IviL  27»] 


TUCKER 


i:as 


TTJKE 


TUCKER,  ('HAUL"  III:  MARIA  (1821-1893),  known 

|   I^uly   <>t   KuL'hiiul) ;  writer  for  children  ; 

of    ll.nn,    M.  (ieorgf   Tucker   [q.   v.]  ;    wroU> 

.icsoi  itlli-L'oricul  form;  went  to  India  as  /enana 

missionary,  1875  ;  died  at  Aiaritsar.  [Ivii.  279] 

TUCKEE.  HKNIIV  ST.  (iEORGE  (1771-1851), Indian 
financier;  obtained  writership  in  East  India  Company's 
MTVIIV.  17'.'1.1.  at  Call-nit. : :  captain  of  c:i\alry  corp- : 
military  secretary  to  Lord  Welksley.  1799;  accountant- 
general,  1801-4,  and  again  in  1805,  when  be  incurred 
unpopularity  by  advocating  retrenchments ;  underwent 
imprir-ontneut  for  attempted  rape,  1806;  filled  various 
poste,  and  became  secretary  in  colonial  and  financial  de- 
partment. IM2;  left  India,"  1816  ;  elected  director  of  East 
India  Company,  1826,  chairman,  1831  and  1847  ;  published 
two  tragedies  and  works  on  Indian  nuance.  [Ivii.  280] 

TUCKER,  JOSIAH  (1712-1799),  economist  and  divine ; 
1LA.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1739  ;  D.D.,  1755  ;  minor 
canon  of  Bristol  and  domestic  chaplain  to  Bishop  Butler  ; 
appointed  prebendary  of  Bristol,  1756,  and  dean  of  Glou- 
cester, 1758;  wrote  tract  against  'going  to  war  for  the 
sake  of  trade,'  1763,  which  originated  correspondence  with 
and  a  translation  by  Turgot ;  defended  clerical  subscrip- 
tion to  the  thirty-nine  articles ;  maintained  desirability  of 
separation  from  the  colonies,  and  addressed  k  Cui  Bono  ?  ' 
arguing  the  war  with  America  a  mistake  for  all  con- 
cerned to  Necker,  1781 ;  anticipated  some  of  Adam  Smith's 
arguments  against  monopolies;  author  of  economic, 
political,  and  religious  work.-.  [Ivii.  282] 

TUCKER,  THOMAS  TUDOR  (1775-1852),  rear- 
admiral  ;  brother  of  Henry  St.  George  Tucker  [q.  v.]  ; 
entered  navy,  1793,  and  assisted  at  reduction  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  battle  of  St.  Domingo,  1806,  reduction  of 
Guadeloupe,  1810,  and  capture  of  American  frigate  Essex 
near  Valparaiso,  when  he  was  severely  wounded,  1814  ; 
O.B.,  1840  ;  rear-admiral,  1846.  [Ivii.  284] 

TUCKER,  WILLIAM  (1658  ?-1621).    [See  TooKER.] 

TUCKER,  WILLIAM  (1589  7-1640  ?),  colonist; 
appears  to  have  sailed  for  Virginia,  1610,  in  the  Mary  and 
James  ;  leading  colonist  at  Kiccowtan.  [Ivii.  2.H5] 

TUCKEY,  JAMES  KINGSTON  (177G-1816),  com- 
mander R.N.  and  explorer  ;  entered  navy,  1793 ;  served  at 
reduction  of  Trincomalee,  1795,  and  of  Amboyna,  where  he 
was  wounded  ;  shared  in  capture  of  the  Forte,  1799 ;  went 
out  on  the  Calcutta,  1802,  to  establish  colony  at  Port 
Phillip,  and  published  account,  1804  ;  captured  by  the 
French  on  return  home  and  detained  prisoner  till  1814  ; 
commander,  1814 ;  wrote  '  Maritime  Geography  and 
Statistics,'  1815  :  commanded  expedition  to  the  Congo, 
1816,  and  died  of  exhaustion  ;  left  a  *  Narrative.' 

[Ivii.  285] 

TUCKNEY,  ANTHONY  (1599-1670),  puritan  divine  ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1620,  fellow  and 
tutor ;  D.D.,  1649 ;  town  preacher,  1629,  and  vicar, 
1633,  of  Boston  ;  prepared  doctrinal  formularies  in  the 
Westminster  Assembly,  1643  ;  received  rectory  of  St. 
Michael-le-Querne,  Cheapside,  London;  master  of  Em- 
manuel College,  Cambridge,  1645-53  ;  vice-chancellor,  1648 
nnd  1653  :  corresponded  with  Whichcote  on  his  rational- 
istic tendencies,  1651 ;  master  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1653-61  ;  a  'trier,'  1654:  regius  professor  of 
divinity,  1656;  removed,  1661;  arrested  for  noncon- 
formist preaching,  1666 ;  published  sermons.  [IviL  286] 

TUDOR,  EDMUND,  EARL  OF  RICHMOND  (EDMUND 
OF  HIDHAM)  (1430  ?-!456),  eldest  son  of  Owen  Tudor 
fq.  v.] :  knighted  by  Henry  VI,  1449 ;  created  Earl  of 
Richmond,  1453,  and  declared  legitimate ;  great  forester  of 
If  ruydon  Forest,  1453,  and  privy  councillor.  [Ivii.  288] 

TUDOR,  JASPER,  EARL  OF  PKMBROKK  and  DUKK 
OF  liKimmn  (JAsi'Kii  OK  HATKIKLD)  (1431  ?-1495), 
second  son  of  Owen  Tudor  [q.  v.]  ;  knighted,  1449 ; 
created  Earl  of  Pembroke,  1453 :  fought  on  Henry  VPs 
aide  at  battle  of  St.  Albans,  1465  ;  employed  in  Wales 
1467 ;  K.G.,  1459 :  took  Denbigh,  1460  ;  *  defeated  by 
Edward  IV  at  Mortimer's  Cross,  1461  ;  took  part  in 
invasion  of  the  north,  1462 ;  retired  to  Scotland  and  was 
attainted ;  landed  in  North  Wales,  1468,  but  was  finally 
defeated:  lauded  with  Warwick,  1470:  tied  with  his 
nephew  Henry  (afterwards  Henry  VII)  after  battle  of 
Tewkesbury  to  Wales,  thence  to  Brittany  and  to  Paris, 
1488  ;  accompanied  Henry  to  Milford  Haven  and  to  BOB- 
wortn,  I486 ;  created  Duke  of  Bedford,  1485 ;  held  various 


high  offices;  earl-marshal,  1492;  active  in  suppressing 
Lovel  and  Stafford,  and  Simuel  insurrections  ;  com- 
maKder  in  France,  1492.  [Ivii.  288] 

TUDOR,  MARGARET  (14  13-1509).  [See  BK.vn  -OUT, 
MAROARKT.] 

TUDOR,  MARGARET  (1489-1541).  [Sec  MAI:<.  AI:;.T.  : 

TUDOR,  OWEN  (d.  1461),  grandfather  of  Henry  VII  : 

belonged  to  old  Welsh  family  ;  became  clerk  of  the  ward- 

robe to  Catherine  of  Valois  [q.  v.],  widow  of  Henry  V,  to 

whom  lie  was  perhaps  legally  married:  was  twice  con- 

tined  in  Newgate  and  escaped;  pleaded  his  cause  before 

!  the  council,  1437;  given  annuity  by  Henry  VI  :  captured 

i  at  battle  of  Mortimer's  Cross,  1461,  and  beheaded. 

[Ivii.  290] 

TUDWAY,  THOMAS  (d.  1726),  musician  ;  choir-boy 

in  Chapel  Royal,  London,  after  Restoration,  and  tenor  in 

choir  of  St.  George's,  Windsor,  1664  ;   organist  of  King's 

College,  Cambridge,  1670,  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 

and  University  Church  ;  professor  of  music  at  Cambridge, 

1705  ;  MUS.DOC.,  1706  ;  composer  and  organist  to  Queen 

Anne;  degraded    from  degrees    and   appointments    for 

punning  on  the  Duke  of  Somerset's  restricted  bestowal 

i  of  patronage  among  the  members  of  the  university,  1706, 

but  reinstated  on  public  retractation,  1707  ;  compiled  for 

'  Lord    Oxford  collection    of  church  music  ;    composed 

i  church  music,  son<*s,  and  catches.  [Ivii.  291] 

TUER,    ANDREW    WHITE  (1838-1900),  publisher 

.  nnd  writer  on  Bnrtolozzi  ;  entered  partnership  with  Mr. 

1  Field  (d.  1891)  as  stationer  and  printer  in  London,  1862  ; 

!  founded,  1877,  and  edited  'Paper  and  Printing  Trades 
Journal  '  :  began.  1877,  publishing  busines.3,  which  was 

i  turned  into  a  limited  company  as  the  Leadenhall  I're-s. 

\  1892  ;  collected  works  of  art  of  all  kinds  ;  F.S.A.,  1890  ; 
published  'Bartolom  and  his  Works,'  1882,  'London 
Cries,'  1883,  and  works  relating  to  literature  and  children's 
books  of  George  1  1  1's  reign.  [Suppl.  iii.  387] 

TUFNELL,  HENRY  (1805-1854),  politician;  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1829  ;  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1  827  ;  private  secretary  to  Sir  Robert  JohnWilmot-Horton, 
and  afterwards  to  Lord  Miuto  ;  treasury  lord,  1840  ;  whi<_r 
M.P.,  Devonport,  1810-54  ;  secretary  to  the  treasury,  184G. 


[Ivii.  293] 
-1 


TUFNELL,  THOMAS  JOLLIFFE  (1819-1885),  sur- 
geon; assistant-s  urgeou  to  44th  regiment  at  Calcutta, 
1841,  and  later  to  3rd  dragoon  guards  in  Ireland  ;  F.R.C.S. 
of  Ireland,  1845,  and  president,  1874-5  :  surgeon  to  Dublin 
military  prison  and  several  hospitals  ;  regius  professor  of 
military  surgery,  Dublin,  1851-60  ;  accompanied  Scottish 
regiment  to  Crimea,  1854  ;  published  surgical  works. 

[Ivii.  293] 

TUFTON,  SACKVILLE,  ninth  EARL  OP  THANET 
(1767-1825),  nephew  of  John  Frederick  Sackville,  third 
Duke  of  Dorset  [q.  v.]  ;  travelled  abroad  ;  created  riot 
in  court  at  trial  of  Arthur  O'Connor  [q.  v.]  at  Maidstone, 
1798,  and  was  imprisoned  and  fined.  [Ivii.  294] 

TUKE,  SIR  BRIAN  (d.  1545),  secretary  to  HenryVIH  : 
king's  bailiff  of  Sandwich,  1508  ;  clerk  of  the  signet,  1509  : 
clerk  of  the  council  at  Calais,  1510  ;  J.P.  for  Kent,  1512  ; 
knight  of  the  king's  body.  1516  :  '  governor  of  the  king's 
ports,'  1717  :  secretary  to  Wolsey,  and  later  French  secre- 
tary to  Henry  VIII,  1522;  treasurer  of  the  household, 
1528  ;  patron  of  learning  ;  celebrated  by  Leland  and  often 
painted  by  Holbein.  [Ivii.  295] 

TUKE,  DANIEL  HACK  (1827-1895),  physician  :  son 
of  Samuel  Tuke  [q.  v.]  :  after  some  hesitation  applied 
himself  to  study  of  mental  disease  ;  distinguished  himself 
at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London;  M.D.  Heidel- 
berg, 1853  ;  wrote  essay  '  On  the  Progressive  Changes  in 
the  Moral  Management  of  the  Insane,'  1854,  which  gained 
a  prirx;,  and,  with  Bucknill,  '  A  Manual  of  Psychological 
Medicine,'  1858  :  visited  foreign  asylums  ;  became  con- 
sulting physician  in  London,  1876,  examiner,  and  lecturer  ; 
LL.D.  Glasgow,  1883  :  published  other  medical  works. 

[Ivii.  296] 

TUKE,  HENRY  (1755-1814),  quaker  writer  ;  son  of 
William  Tuke  [q.  v.]  ;    engaged  in  business  at   York  ; 
!  quaker  minister  ;  chief  work,  'The  Principles  of  Religion 
!  as  professed  by  ...  the  Quakers,'  1806.          [Ivii.  297] 

TUKE,    JAM11S   HACK  (1819-1896),   philanthropist 

and  quaker  ;  son  of  Samuel  Tuke[q.  v.]  :  employed  in  hi.-< 

father's  business  at  York,  1836,  but  became  partner  in  a 

,  bank,  1852,  removing  to  Hitchin,  Hertfordshire  ;  studied 


TTJKE 


ISM 


T  ( T  PFB I  i 


social  questions,  wrote  papers  on  Munition,  and  devoted  J  t>  .  '  nuer't  Magazine,*  1870 :  dean  of  UM 


to  pabHc  objects;  virited  America,  1845 an 

ili-iriin.-.-d   i-iom-y  in    I'.ins  after   the  siege,  l 

in    i.viand.    I -;.;-'?:    - 

! 

t..  Am.-rica,  assisted  by  the  government :  n«<> 

bilN  for 

<-h  he  wax  an  active  member ; 
elected  member  of  Atheneom  and  Ksfor 

Office,'   IHHC,:    pttbhahed  Mreral  pamphlets  an 

,,  r£ 


u  llectaal  Itrvi  val  of  Hcotla  • 


i-   ;.n:      •  '   •       ,  !      .  .       ;i 


TUKE,  Sm  SAM r  KI.,  tir<t  baronet  (rf.  1674),  royalist 
and  playwright:   admitt.il,  i;my'.«  Inn,   If,.!'.; 
royal  army,  commanded  at  Lincoln,  and  fought  at  Mar- 
ston  Moor,  1644 ;  serv-d  under  <;«>r  v«t,l«45; 

defended  Colchester,  1648;  resided  almwl   during  Pro- 

•  ike   of   QlouooBter : 

atholie ;  at  Restoration  was  sent  on  missions 
to  French  court ;  created  baronet,  1664  :  original  K.ILS. ; 
his  tragi-coinedy.  '  Tlic  Adventures  of  Five  Hoars,'  16f>3, 
much  lauded  by  Pep>  -.  [Ml.  H»] 

TUKE,    SAMl KL  (1784-1857).   philanthropic    and 


,  ..  .•,..!,-..  ,  .  •  ....  ,-..  .,;••-:  .....„•  .:  i 
Thought  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.'  1884  5 :  i 
minded  theologian,  but  champion  of  orthodox? :  founder 

-    ,,M      .........      .•••.•          •       .       •:-.•.      .' 

.,,,-.      ,,l    ,      r    :,,    !'     ,  '      •    ,nl          •••• 


•.••....      ,.•....•...-.....•      •  ,..•-..-. 

>t«i  to  •  Encyclopedia  Briuuuk* '  (Dtii 

TULLT  or  TTTLLIE,  GEOR  iK  (1CU  ?••!«»).  "coutro- 

.'..".,,,,  .     .  .    T.  ...; 

fellow.  Queen'*  Coltoge,  Oxford,  1679 :  M. A.,  1671 

[hil.  310] 

TULLT.    TIDMAS  (16JO-1676X   divine;    fellow   of 
Queen's  OoUegf.  i-' :    appointed 

;  r  D  ••!•,:    ..:    .- • .    1    :•  .  .     .     :  •'  .     .    <         ...!••-'•  T    i  . 

KkfioB,  MM]  im  .:  .  tap  .  •.  MM    D  i>.  WO;   ••• .  • 
of  KIIHIII.  1673;  strict  Calvintst;  published controversial 

work*.  [Irlu  310] 

TUH8TALL  or   TOH6TALL,    CUTKBERT 
1569),  master  of  the  roll*   and   bishop  soocoMivdy   of 
London  and  Durham :  studied  at  Oxford  And  Cambridge ; 


____  _____________                                  i  Cambridge; 

qoaker:  ,i,U-t  M»I  of   ll.nry  Tutas  [q.  T.]  :  entered  hi*  IJL'BT  Padua  ;  "became  learned  bi  Oreek,  Hebrew,  mattw. 

UUKS  at  York  ;  collected  evidence  on  Insanity  raatici«,  and  civil  law  :  extolled  by  Knumiiu:  frfend  of 

nixl  wrote  papers,  including  '  Description  of  the  Retreat,'  j  ^orv  and  leaden  of  the  rm*^»"««  :  rector  of  Harrow. 

1813,  founded  by  hb  father  and  grandfather,  oonsUtnting  ,,,,-the-Hill,  1511  ;  prebendary  of   Lincoln,  1*14  :  aroh- 

carliestaccountorhumuiietruiitiiicutufinsaiii  ^interested  I  deacon  of  Cljwter.  1515:  ambassador  to  Prince  of  OMtile 

himself  In  education,  various  good  works  and  public  ob-  ,  nt  Brussels,  1515-16  ;  master  of  the  roll*,  1616  ;  prebeudary 

of  York,  1510;  svnt  unibasaador  to  Charles  V,  151»  and 


, 
jects;  published  works  ou  promin. 


TUKE,   THOMAS  (,/.  1G67),   royalist  divine;  M.A. 

Christ's  Oul'a'/v,  C  imbridge,  1603 :  minister  at  St.  GlleaV 
iu-t .he-Field-;.  London,  1616 :  vicar  of  St.  Olave's,  Jewry, 


l^ndon.  lf.1-"J-.'V> :  kevner  «»f  tin-  privy  xiil,  1523  ; 

.,,an<i  pnthibit4.il  Ty n. hill's  '  New  Twta- 


. , .        nu-nt' :  .   NVolsey  to  Kniiiw.  1 5i'7,  and  nego- 

Loudon,  1617;  sequestered  auil  iuiprisoued  1643:   pub-      tiated  treaty  of  t'ambray  ;  bishop  of  Durham,  15:i" 


lishcd  religious  works.  [Ivii.  302] 

TUKE,  WILLIAM  (1732-1*22).  founder  of  the  York 
Retreat,  erected,  1796.  for  humane  treatment  of  insane, 
first  establishment  of  tin-  kind  in  England  :  tea  and  coffee 
merchant  in  York,  aixi  quaker.  [Ivil.  303] 

TULK,  CHARLES  AUGUSTUS  (1786-1R40). 
borgian  ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge: assisted  in  founding  'wx-iety'  V»r  puhlishin-,' 
Swedenborg's  works,  1810,  and  was  conntx-t»^l  with  the 
4  Hawkstone  Meeting ' :  studie.1  physiosil  seiem«  and  social 
questions;  m:vcri-"trate :  M.P..  Sudhnry.  1S20-6,  Poole, 
1835-7 ;  author  of  Swedenborglan  worlu.  [Mi.  303] 

TULL,    JETHRO  (1674-1741),   agricultural    writer, 
matriculated,  St.  John's  College,  Oxford  :  »urri.-t  • 
Inn,  1699,  bencher,  1724  :  farna-l  ut  Howbm-y.  iu-ar  Wai 


ecclesiastical  revolution  remained  faithful  to  Roman 
i.>gma,  but  obeyed  pawlvely  civil  power:  presi- 
dent of  council  of  the  north,  1637 ;  envoy  to  Scotland 
:md  Fnmoe:  took  part  (1541)  in  drawing  up 'Institution 
of  a  Christian  Man,'  passing  of  Six  Articles  Act,  1539, 
and  publication  of  the  '(freat  Bible':  executor  to 
il.-nry  VIITs  will,  Ifti7:  vote-l  against  Uniformity 
Act,  1549,  but  rarrinl  out  it-  DTOVMOIH  when  tow:  ac- 
ciwdof  iiu-itiiik'  n-lK-llion.  155o.  ami  confined  to  hU  boose 
in  Lon.lon  and  wroU- '  !>«•  Veritat.-  Corporis  et  Sungulnis 
.  .  in  Kii.-liari-tia1:  d.-priv«l.  155H;  was  restored  on 
Queen  MaryV  hurvemion,  but  refrained  from  persecntlon 
oi  the  protentants :  refuswl  oath  of  supremacy  and  again 
deprive  I  Klizabeth,  1559;  author  of  works, 

mostly  rt-ligioua.  [IviL  310] 

ne  and 


uiu,  ioaj,  uui    uci,  »••  TUJIBTAiai,  JA3lb»  (i^w»-iiOi'(,uivinoanaci»»K»t 

lingford,  where  he  invented  his  drill,  c.  1701  :  removed  to  <(.,l0,ttr  .  M  A  St-  J())in.g  College,  Catnbri.lge,  1731 :  fellow 

'Proeperoiui'  farm,  near  Hungerford,  Burluhire. .-.  !."'.•:  ,IM(I  Ultor  .  DD     in,  ..tor,  174l-«:  obtained 

travellel  abroad,  1711-14  :  intnKlueedsysu-m  of  pnlv-ns-  ^.^  iixin^  inrhiiling  M 


in?  ground :  published   'The    Horse- hoing    Husbandry 
i  other  agricultural  treatises  ;  was  much  attacked 
and  accu-Hxl  of  plagiarism.    Voltaire  followed  hi*  method 
at  Fen  [Ivil.  304] 

TULLIBARDINE,   MABQITK    OF    (d.   174- 
MUIKAY,  WH.UAM.] 

TULLOCH.  Sm  ALEXANDER  MURRAY  <18<>.".- 
1864),  major-general ;  educated  for  the  law  at  Edinburgh  : 
joined  45th  regiment  in  Burmah,  1826 :  exposed  scandals 
connected  with  the  soldiers'  food,  health,  pay  in  bad 
coinage,  ami  pension  fraud*  :  colonel.  1864 :  investigated 
with  Sir  John  McNeill  [<i.  v.]  commissariat  in  Crimea. 
1854,  when  report  severely  blamed  general  officers  for 
improper  distribution,  and  aroused  controversy  between 
Tulloch  nnd  Kinglake :  published  "The  Crimean  Com- 
mission and  the  Chelsea  Board,'  1857:  K.r 

.1869.  [Ivii.  306] 

TULLOCH.  JOHN  (1828-1886),  principal  of  St.  An- 
drews ;  distinguished  himself  at  St.  Andrew*  University: 
assistant  -minister  at  Dundee,  1844-5 ;  travelled  abroad  : 
contributed  to  periodicals,  1848-53  ;  appointed  principal 
and  professor  of  theology  at 

Andrews,  1H54:  delivered  lecture*  at  Edinburgh  on  refor- 
mation leader* ,  1869,  and  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Queen 
Victoria  :  chief  clerk,  1875.  of  general  assembly,  and 
rator,  1S7H  ;  vwited  America,  1874,  and  lectured :  °pp««ed 
church  disestablishment:  conducted  services  to  West- 
•  iMjy,  1878;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  18<»,  and  Bdiu- 


Ings,  Including  V 
chaplain  to  Arc  irerttuucanoo 

of  St.  l)u  >  .ar  of  Koch  i 

controversv    with    Middlcton,    IJH- 
o'l  letters  to  Brutus:   j.:.: 
works.  [I'ii-  316] 

TUH3TALL,  M  ARM  A  Dl'KK(  1743-1790),  naturalist; 
of  Wvcliffe  Hall,  Yorkshire:  educated  at  Douny ;  pub- 
llshed'OrnlthologlaBritaunica,'  1771;  1 

[Ivii.  316] 

TUNSTALL  or  HELMZS,  TH« '  '.  Uoman 

catholic  martyr:   .stinlial  at  lAmuy  ;  miasioner  in  KIIK- 
land  ;  executed  at  Norwich. 

TUH8TED,  SIMON  (d.  1869),  Minorite  friar  and 
miscellaneous  writer:  joined  On-y friars  at  Norwich; 
disttnguished  for  learning  and  piety:  d.^tor  of  theology, 
master  of  Minorites  at  Oxford,  1351,  and  miii.- 
vincial,  1360:  author  of  couimenUiry  on  ArUtoUe's 
•  Meteora,'  a«lditioiis  to  Hichanl  of  \Valluu 

perhaps  of  valuable  trcatiae  '  Quutuor   1'rincipaUa, 
eg,.'  {\vil.  317] 


TUPPEE,  MAUTIN  FARQUHAR  (1K10-18TO). 
author  of  •  1'roverDial  PhiliMopby ' :  bdongwt  to  ok} 
Huirtienot  family:  M.A.  Christ  Church,  oxford,  18J4. 
and  barrister.  Lincoln's  Inn.  1835: 
Philosophy,'  poem,  1838.  which  had  a  world-wide  success 
(bis  name,  however,  in  due  time  becoming  a  synonym  for 
the  commouplaceX  and  numerous  other  works,  including 


TUBBE 


1320 


TURNER 


hi?  naive  '  Ant  ibiography,'   1886;    nrped   necessity    for 
fefonoe;    ingenious    inventor;    F.K.S.,    1845; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1847.  [Ivii.  318] 

TURBE,  NVILLIAM  DE  (1095?-1174).  [See  WIL- 
LIAM.] 

TTTEBERVILLE.  DAUBENEY  (1612-1696),  physi- 
cian: M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1640;  M.D.,  1660; 
royalist  soldier ;  eye  specialist.  [Ivii.  320] 

TURBERVILLE  or  TURBERVILE,  EDWARD 
(1648  ?-1681),  informer ;  Roman  catholic  ;  entered  house- 
hold of  Lady  Molyueux  :  served  in  French  army,  and 
studied  at  Douay ;  pretended,  at  Lord  Stafford's  trial,  that 
he  had  been  importuned  by  him  to  kill  Charles  II.  but 
later  gave  evidence  against  Stephen  College  and  Shaftes- 
bury,  1681.  [Ivii.  320] 

TURBERVILLE  or  TURBERVILE,  GEORGE 
(1540 7-1610 ?X  poet;  great-nephew  of  James  Turberville 
[q.  v.]  ;  scholar  of  Winchester  and  (1561)  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford ;  admired  at  the  Inns  of  Court  for  excel- 
lence in  poetry  ;  secretary  to  Thomas  Randolph,  ambas- 
sador to  Russia,  1568 ;  published  '  Epitaphs,  Epigrams, 
Songs,  and  Sonets,'  1567  ; '  Poems  describing  .  .  .  Russia,' 
1568, '  The  Booke  of  Faulconrie,'  1576  ;  •  Tragical  Tales,' 
1687  (from  the  Italian);  translated  Ovid's  'Heroycall 
Epistles,'  1567,  •  Mantuan,'  1567,  and  «  Mancinus,'  1568 ; 
commended  by  Harington  and  Pnttenham  ;  familiarised 
employment  of  Italian  models ;  pioneer  in  use  of  blank 
verse.  [Ivii.  321] 

TURBERVILLE,  TRUBBEVELLE,  or  TRUBLE- 
VILLE,  HENRY  I>K  (d.  1239),  seneschal  of  Gascony  ; 
famous  soldier ;  adhered  to  King  John :  took  part 
in  victory  over  French  fleet  in  Dover  Straits,  1217; 
seneschal  of  Gascony,  1226-31  and  1234-8  (with  short 
break,  1237) :  distinguished  himself  in  Welsh  war,  1233, 
and  took  Carmarthen ;  sent  to  aid  the  Emperor  Frede- 
rick H  against  the  Lombards,  1238.  [Ivii.  323] 

TURBERVILLE,  HENRY  (d.  1678),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist :  private  chaplain ;  published  'An  Abridg- 
ment of  Christian  Doctrine,'  1649,  and  'A  Manual  of 
Controversies,'  1654.  [Ivii.  324] 

TURBERVILLE  or  TURBERVYLE,  JAMES  (d, 
1570?),  bishop  of  Exeter  ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,1520;  graduated  D.D.  abroad  (incorporated,  1532) : 
bishop  of  Exeter,  1555 ;  refused  oath  of  supremacy  and 
deprived,  1559.  [Ivii.  325] 

TURBINE,    RALPH   DE  (d.   1122).      [See  RALPH 

D'ESCURES.] 

TURFORD,  HUGH  (d.  1713),  quaker  writer  :  school- 
master at  Bristol ;  published  '  Grounds  of  a  Holy  Life,' 
17u2.  [Ivii.  325] 

TURGEON,  PIERRE  FLAVIEN  (1787-1867),  Roman 
catholic  archbishop  of  Quebec ;  director  of  Quebec  semi- 
nary, 1821 ;  coadjutor,  1834  ;  archbishop.  1850  ;  supported 
English  policy  ;  organised  province  and  founded  Laval 
University,  1852.  [Ivii.  326] 

TURGES    or  TURGESIUS    (d.   815).    [See  THUR- 

nuu] 

TUROOT(d.  11 15),  bishop  of  St.  Andrews;  belonged 
to  Brood  Saxon  family  ;  was  imprisoned  at  Norman  Con- 
quest, but  escaped  and  was  welcomed  by  king  of  Norway ; 
shipwrecked  on  English  coast ;  studied  under  Aldwin  at 
Jarrow  ;  became  monk  and  subsequently  prior  of  Durham, 
1087,  and  arclxleacon  ;  assisted  in  founding  new  cathedral, 
1093,  and  in  translation  there  of  remains  of  St.  Cuthbert, 
1104;  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  1109;  probably  author  of 
'  Life  of  St.  Margaret,  Queen  of  Scotland,'  and  her  spiritual 
adviser.  [Ivii.  326] 

TURLE,  HENRY  FREDERIC  (1835-1883),  editor 
of  •  Notes  and  Queries ' :  son  of  James  Turle  [q.  v.]  ;  sub 
fluently  assistant  to  William  John  Thorns  [q.  v.],  editor 
of  'Notes  and  Queries,'  1870  ;  editor,  1878.  [Ivii.  327] 

TURLE,  JAMES  (1808-1882),  organist  and  composer : 
chorister  at  Wells,  1810-13;  organist  successively  of 
Christ  Church,  Surrey,  and  St.  James's.  Bermondsey :  first 
connected  with  Westminster  Abbey,  1817:  organist, 
1831-82 ;  composer  mostly  of  church  music,  [Ivii.  328] 

TURMEAU,  JOHN  (1777-1846),  miniature-painter ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1794-1836.  [Ivii.  329] 


TURMEAU,  JOHN  CASPAR  (1809-1834),  architect ; 
son  of  John  Turineau  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  329] 

TURNBULL,  GEORGE  (1582  ?-1633),  Scots  Jesuit; 
professor  and  controversial  writer.  [Ivii.  o29] 

TURNBULL,  JO  JIN  (./f.  1800-1813),  traveller;  made 
voyage  to  Pacific  islands  and  published  '  A  Voyu"c  round 
the  World,'  1804.  [Ivii.  32»] 

TURNBULL,  WILLIAM  (d.  1454).  bishop  of  Gl;i-:<>v.-. 
1447  ;  founder  of  Glasgow  University,  1451.  [Ivii.  330] 

TURNBULL,  WILLIAM  (1729?-1796),  physician; 
published  medical  works.  [Ivii.  330] 

TURNBULL,  WILLIAM  BARCLAY  DAVID 
DONALD  (1811-1863),  architect  and  antiquary  ;  admitted 
advocate,  1832 ;  founded  Abbotsford  book- printing  club, 
and  edited  several  works  for  the  society  at  Edinburgh ; 
became  Roman  catholic,  1843:  barrister,  Lincoln's  I  in;. 
1856;  edited  for  Rolls  Series  'The  Buik  of  tho  Cronicles 
of  Scotland  ...  by  William  Stewart,'  1858;  assistant 
under  record  commission,  1859,  compiling  calendars  of 
state  papers ;  obliged  to  give  up  employment  owing  t« 
suspicious  aroused  by  his  religion,  1861  ;  edited  large 
number  of  old  authors,  translated  from  the  French,  and 
published  genealogical  works.  [Ivii.  330] 

TURNER,  MRS.  ANNE  (157G-161 5), murderess;  wife 
of  George  Turner  [q.  v.] ;  intimate  with,  and  perhaps 
daughter  of  the  astrologer,  Simon  Forman  [q.  v.] ;  abetted 
Countess  of  Essex  in  poisoning  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  ( 1581- 
1613)  [q.  v.],  1613  ;  was  hanged  at  Tyburn.  [Ivii.  337] 

TURNER,  CHARLES  (1774-1857),  engraver;  en- 
graved plates  for  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner's  l  Liber 
Studiorum';  engraver  to  George  III,  1812;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1810-57.  [Ivii.  331] 

TURNER,  CHARLES  TENNYSON  (1808-1879),  poet ; 
elder  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson,  first  Baron  Tennyson 
[q.  v.],  with  whom  he  published  'Poems  by  Two 
Brothers,'  1827  :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1832  : 
vicar  of  Grasby ;  changed  his  name  to  Turner  on  suc- 
ceeding to  a  great-uncle's  property,  1830:  published 
sonnets,  1830,  1864, 1868,  and  1873..  [IvLi.  332] 

TURNER,  CYRIL  (1575  ?-1626).     [See  TOURNKUR.] 

TURNER,  DANIEL  (1667-1741),  physician  ;  member 
of  the  Barber-Surgeons'  Company  ;  L.R.C.P.,  1711 ;  pub- 
ihhed  medical  works.  [Ivii.  332] 

TURNER,  DANIEL  (1710-1798),  hymn-writer: 
schoolmaster  at  Hemel  Hempstead,  and  baptist  minister 
successively  at  Reading  and  Abiugdon  ;  published  hymns 
sermons,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  333] 

TURNER,  DAWSON  (1775-1858),  botanist  and  anti- 
quary ;  entered  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge  ;  joined  the 
Yarmouth  bank,  1796 ;  published  '  The  Botanist's  Guid<* 
through  England  and  Wales,'  1805, '  Natural  History  of 
Fuci,'  1808-19,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  334] 

TURNER,  DAWSON  WILLIAM  (lSl.r)-1885),  phil- 
anthropist and  educational  writer ;  son  of  Dawson  Turner 
[q.  v.]  ;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1840 ; 
D.C.L.,  1862.  [Ivii.  335] 

TURNBR,  EDWARD  (1798-1837),  chemist:  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1819:  studied  chemistry  anil  mineralogy 
abroad:  professor  of  chemistry,  University  College. 
London,  1828-37  :  F.R.S.,  c.  1831 :  published  'Elements  of 
Chemistry,'  1827.  [Ivii.  335] 

TURNER,  FRANCIS  (1638  7-1700),  bishop  of  Ely :  sou 
of  Thomas  Turner  (1591-1672)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  of  Win- 
chester: probationary  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1655  ;  M.A.,  1663  ;  D.D.,  1669  ;  master  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridfire,  1670-9 :  vice-chancellor,  1678 ;  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1683,  of  Ely,  1684  ;  joined  in  the  bishops'  peti- 
tion, 1688,  but  refused  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and 
Marj",  and  was  deprived,  1690:  corresponded  with  the 
exiled  James  II  and  was  frequently  arrested.  [Ivii.  336] 

TURNER,  GEORGE  (d.  1610),  physician ;  M.A.  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1676  ;  M.D.  abroad  :  F.R.C.P., 
1588, censor,  1591, 1592,1697,  1606,  and  1607,  and  treasurer,  ' 
1609-10.  [Ivii.  337] 

TURNER,  SIR  GEORGE  JAMES  (1798-1867),  lord 
justice  of  appeal  in  chancery  :  brother  of  William  Turner 
(1792-1867)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.,  1822,  and  fellow,  Pembroke 


TURNER 


l.TJl 


TURNER 


College,  Cambridge;  ban-liter,  Lincoln's  Inn.  1-. 
1840  ;  M.I'.,  Coventry,  1847-61  ;  carried4  Turn,  r 
simplify  cLann-ry    proceedings ;    vice-chancellor,    j.rm 
councillor,  and  knighted,  1861 ;  member  of  commiwion 
for  reform  of  chancery  practice,  1861 ;  lord  justice  of 
appeal  in  chancery,  1863  ;  non.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1H53. 

TUHNER,  JAMES  (d.  1604),  parliamentary  colonel ; 
executed  for  burglary.  [Ml.  840] 

TURNER,  8m  JAMBS  (1616-1686  ?),  soldier  mad 
author:  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1631  :  enlisted  In  service  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus  under  Sir  Jamet  Lumnden  [q.  v.], 
and  §erred  in  Germany,  1088-4 ;  joined  Scottish  army  in 
Kiifrland  and  Ireland  and  Scotland  :  took  part  in  invasion 
of  England,  1046  ;  adjntantrgeneral,  1047  ;  joined  Hamil- 
ton's expedition  into  England,  1648  ;  returned  to  Scotland, 

!«150,  :ui.i:«-.-.,mi,:.i.-,.lC!.;,r:,-    II    t..!..kitl, • -,f   A  ,„•-•,  ~t,-r. 

1061 ;  joined  Charles  II  In  Paris ;  employed  on  royalist 
•MOM;  kafcttrtri  tatanttoa;  MMMndrtnvoMfa 

south-west  Scotland  to  crush  opposition  of  covenanters, 
1«66 ;  oaptored  by  the  rebels ;  escaped,  but  was  deprived 
of  his  commission?,  1668 ;  granted  pension  by  James  II ; 
published  •  Pallas  Armata'  (military  essays),  1683,  and 
memoirs ;  probably  original  of  Dugaki  Dalgetty. 

[Ivii.  8881 

TURNER.  .MS Kl Ml  MALLORD(or  MALLAD)  \\  II.- 
LIAM  (1776-1851),  landscape-painter;  son  of  a  London 


sold  <lra wings  at  a  very  early  age;  entered 
Academy  schools,  1789,  and  was  admitted  to  Reynolds'* 
rtudio:  exhibited  first  drawing,  view  of  Lambeth  Palace 
at  Royal  Academy,  1790:  contributed  drawings  to 
Walker's  •  Copper- plate  Magazine '  and  Harrison's '  Pocket 
Magazine,'  and  made  sketching  tours;  paid  visits  to 
Thomas  Monro  (1759-1833)  [q.  v.],  called  by  Ruskin 
Turner's  true  master :  executed  drawings  in  neutral  tint ; 
made  tour  in  the  north,  which  resulted  in  great  develop- 
jnent,  and  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1798,'  Morn- 
ing on  the  Coniston  Fells,  Cumberland,'  and  other 
pictures:  exhibited  Welsh  subjects  and  his  first  naval 
battle-piece,  'The  Battle  of  the  Nile,'  1799:  entered  hU 

•  first  style,'  1800-20,  in  which  he  Imitated  various  old 
masters,  his  work  including  Alpine  scenes,  1803,  after  a 
tour  abroad,  'Shipwreck,'    1805,    'Sun    rising    through 
Vapour,'  1807,  •  Grossing  the  Brook,' '  Dido  building  Car- 
thage,'  1815,   also  '  Liber   Studiorum,'  1807-19  ;    It. A., 
1808;    profwsor  of   perspective,  1808;   visited    Devon- 
shire, the  north,  Scotland,  the  continent,  and  Italy :  from 
1830  to  1835  ceased  to  imitate,  and  aimed  at  ideal  compo- 
sitions ;  executed  drawings  for  '  Riven  of  England '  and 

•  Harbours  of  England,'  1824 ;  painted  the  '  Bay  of  Baitr.' 
1888,  'Dido  directing    the  Equipment  of    the    Fleet,' 
1888,  and  'Ulysses  deriding  Polyphemus,'  sometimes  re- 
garded as  his  masterpiece,  1829;   executed  illustration* 
for  Rogers's '  Italy,'  1830,  and  several  other  publications  ; 
visited  south  of  France,  Italy,  Rome,  1828,  and  Venice, 
c.  1832 ;  painted  ceries  of  splendid  pictures  of  Venice, 
and  the  famous  '  Fighting  Tcmeraire,'  1839  :  entered  bU 
'  third  period,'  1836-45 ;    travelled  in  France  and  Italy, 
1836 ;  exhibited  'The  Slave  Ship,'  1840 :  some  of  his  later 
works  severely  criticised  and  ridiculed  :    his  reputation 
greatly  increased  by  publication  of    Raskin's  'Modern 
Painter?,'  1843  :  daring  next  five  years  produced  charac- 
teristic and  inimitable  works,  including  pictures  from 
sketches  in  Switzerland,  such  as  'The  Splngen,'  Vene- 
tian subjects,  such  as  *  The  Approach  to  Venice,'  1843, 
together  with  'Snowstorm,'  1848,  and  '  Rain,  Steam,  and 
Speed,'  1844,  and  attempts  to  represent  rague  thought* 
in  colour  language,  such  as  '  War— the  Exile  * :  completed 
his    'third'  period,  1845,  his   later  pictures  including 
'Whalers,'  a  new  class  of  subject;  burled  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  [Ivii.  841] 

TURNER,  MATTHEW  (d.  1788?),  chemist  and  free- 
thinker :  furnished  chemical  appliances  to  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood ;  published  an  answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's  '  Letters  to 
a  Philosophical  Unbeliever,' 1782.  [Ivii.  860] 

TURNER,  PETER  (1542-1614),  physician;  son  of 
William  Turner  (d.  1568)  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Cambridge:  M.D. 
Heidelberg,  1571  (incorporated  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ) : 
physician  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London  :  M.P. 
for  Bridport;  puritan.  [Ivii.  861] 

TURNER,  PETER  (1686-1652),  mathematician:  son 
of  Peter  Turner  (1542-1614)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1606  :  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1007, 
M.A.,  1612 ;  Gresham  professor  of  geometry,  1620-81 ; 


.   1811 

!•     n    ..MO,;     ...      M,.         ,...., 


TURNER.  HIOHARD  (d.  1566  ?  >.  protasUnt  divine  : 
M  \.  lfc*dfttaC  BMLfetM,  :••-..•  I  ••  rt  :••--'  1-  i-. 
1662;  curate  to  IUlphMorior[q.v.]:  chaplain  to  Cranmer; 
obtained  various  nnfernsnU;  In II  Inf.  fin  IIIIB  JIMMJ 
met  vttt  Mi  LitE  A  •.  IMS;  pMtartMj  <••  •  Z  .- 

and  vicar  of  Dart  ford  ;   Oed  to  Ba«lc  at  gu«ro   Mary  • 
accession  ;  restored,  1669.  [Ini.  861] 

TURNER,  RICHARD  O76M7W).  author;  son  of 
Richard  Tomer  (1784  f-1791)  [q.  v.] ;  writer  of  standard 
school  text-book*.  [Ivii.  868] 

TURNER,HIOHARD(1724  T-1791).  dlvln*  and  author: 
vicar  of  Blmley  Castle  and  rector  of  LitUeComberton,  1764: 
hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1786 ;  wrote  •locational  works. 

TURNER,  ROBERT  (rf .  1599),  Roman  catholic  divine: 
professor  at  Douay.  Rome,  Kictutadt,  and  logolstadt: 
rector  of  Ingolstadt  University  and  D.D.:  canon  of 
Breslan  and  Latin  secretary  to  Archduke  Ferdinand ; 
author  of  Latin  sermons.  [Ivii.  868] 

TURNER,    ROBERT  (.*.  1040-1664),  astrologer  mat 
botanist ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1'. ' 
Usbed    '  Mi«po«o<7MO«.'    1664,   '  Bor.KoAoyiV    1664,  with 
other  astrological  works  and  translations.       [Ivii.  364] 

TURNER,  SAMUEL  (d.  1047?),  royalist:  son  of 
Peter  Turner  (154J-1C14)  [q.  v]:  M.A.  St.  AUwn  Hall, 
Oxford,  1604  :  M.D.  Padua  ;  M.P.,  Sbaftesbury.  1626,  and 
in  the  Long  parliament ;  nleo  in  Charles  I'*  Oxford  parlia- 
ment ;  attacked  Buckingham  in  House  of  Commons,  1686; 
voted  against  Stratford's  attainder,  1641  ;  defeated  parlia- 
mentarians at  Henley,  1043.  [Ivii.  864] 

TURNER,  SAMUEL  (17497-1802).  Asiatic  traveller : 
captain,  Eiut  India  service :    led  expedition  to  Thibet. 
17H3-4,  and  wrote  an  account,  1800;  present  at  siege  of 
;  Seringapatam,  1794 ;   P.RJS.,  1801.  [Ivii.  8(4] 

TURNER,  SAMUEL  (1706-1810),  Irish  informer: 
B.A.,  17H1,  and  LL.D.  Dublin.  1787:  barrister  and  1'nited 
Irishman :  tied  abroad,  1797,  but  returned,  1803  ;  enjoyed 
friendship  of  O'Connell,  but  had  betrayed  the  cause. 

[IvlL  366] 

TURNER.  SHARON (1768-1847), historian  ;  attorney: 
studied  Icelandic  and  Anglo-Saxon  literature,  and  pub- 
lished his  chief  work,  'History  of  England  from  the 
earliest  period  to  the  Norman  Conquest.'  1799-1806,  a 
complete  revelation  ;  F.S.A. ;  received  civil  list  pension. 

[Ivii.  866] 

TURNER.    SYDXKY  (1814-1879X  dean  of   Ripon  : 
son  of  Sharon  Turner  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1880,  and  of  Reformatory  School  at  !;•• 
inspector  of  reformatories  ;  dean  of  Ripon,  1876-0. 

[Ivii.  867] 

TURNER.  THOMAS  (1591-1672X  dean  of  Canter- 
bury :  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1018 ;  fellow : 
created  D.D..  1633 ;  received  numerous  preferments : 
chaplain  successively  to  Laud  and  Charles  I :  dean  of 
lUxsbester,  1642,  of  Canterbury.  1644  ;  utti-nd.*l  Charles  1 
devotedly;  subsequently  was  deprived  and  imprisoned; 
reinstated  at  Restoration.  [Ivii.  867] 

TURNER.  THOMAS  (1645-1714),  president  of  Corpn* 
Christl  College,  Oxford:  son  of  Thomas  Turner  (1691- 
1672)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  and  fellow  of  Corpus :  M.A..  1669  : 
D.D..  1688 :  archdeacon  of  Essex  and  canon  of  St.  Paul's, 
London:  president  of  Oorpu*  Christi  Collie,  Oxford, 
1688-1714;  erected  the  fellows'  buildings,  1715. 

TURNER.  THOMAS  (1749-1809).  potter;  son  of 
Richard  Turner  (1724V  179l)[q.  v.] ;  excellent  chemist 
and  designer;  succeeded  to  'The  Salopian  China  Ware- 
house' pottery  works;  introduced  ' w.Uow  pattern.' 

[Ivii.  369] 

TURNER.  THOMAS  (1798-1873),  surgeon:  studied 
at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  hospitals,  London,  and  at 
Paris  ;  house-surgeon  at  Manchester  Infirmary.  1817-80: 

A      *    t    -      _T*._  t_tl_«_t **- * * •^WM^M!*    **i    ••i«ltT 


instrumental  in 


of  medi- 


cine and  surgery ;  surgeon  to  Deaf  and  Dumb  Inatten- 
tion, 1886,  and  to  Royal  Infirmary,  Manchestar,  1MO ; 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Manchester  Royal  Institution, 
1848;  FJLCJJnlWJ:  published  malks*  worta. 


TURNER 


1322 


TUSSER 


TURNER,  THOMAS  III'DSON  (1815-18.VJ).  Mftfci- 
qoary:  held  post  at  nvord  otliec  in  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don: edited  '  Manners  1.11  1  Household  Kx|X'ii>e  of  Kn.'- 
!:iml  in  the  Thiru-enth  ;in<l  Fifteenth  Centuries,'  1SU, 
uud  published  other  works.  [IvLi.  361] 

TURNER,  Sin  Ti)MKYXS  HILOROVE  (1766?- 
1843),  general ;  ensign,  1782  ;  served  in  Holland,  1793-4  ; 
"Ion.-!,  serving  in  Egyptian  campaign,  1801; 
foogbt  at  Abonkir  Hay  and  Alexandria  ;  brought  to 
England  the  Roeettu  stone ;  received  foreign  decorations  ; 
assistant  and  quartermaster-general,  1803 ;  brigadier- 
general  to  staff  in  South  America,  1807  ;  colonel  of  19th 
foot,  1811 ;  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  knighted,  and  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey,  1814-16,  of  Bermuda.  1825- 
1831 :  general,  1830  :  G.C.H.  and  groom  of  the  bedchamber; 
published  archaeological  works.  [Ivii.  361] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  (<f.  1568),  dean'  of  Wells  ; 
physician  and  botanist ;  M.A.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1533;  fellow  and  (1538)  senior  treasurer;  in- 
timate with  Ridley  and  Latiiner  :  published  at  Cam- 
bridge several  works,  including  '  Libellus  de  re  Herbaria,' 
1538;  left  Cambridge.  1540;  travelled  abroad,  studied 
botany,  and  became  intimate  with  Gesner  and  others ; 
returned  to  England  at  accession  of  Edward  VI;  be- 
came chaplain  and  physician  to  Duke  of  Somerset;  M.P. 
and  prebendary  of  York  ;  dean  of  Wells,  155U  ;  deprived, 
1553 ;  lived  abroad  during  Mary's  reign  ;  reinstated, 
1560  ;  opposed  nil  ceremonial  :  suspended  for  noncon- 
formity, 1564 ;  wrote  botanical  works,  including  his 
'Herbal,'  which  marks  start  of  scientific  botany  in 
England ;  his  religious  controversial  works  forbidden  to 
be  read  in  England  in  English  ;  said  to  have  introduced 
lucern  into  England.  [Ivii.  363] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  (1653-1701),  divine:  M.A. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1675  ;  incumbent  of  Walbcrton 
and  Binstead;  chief  work,  'Compleat  History  of  the 
most  Remarkable  Providences  ...  in  this  Present  Age,' 
1697  [Ivii.  366] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  (1651  -  1740).  musician ; 
chorister  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  Chapel  Royal, 
London,  one  of  the  authors  of  the  '  Club  Anthem ' ; 
sair,'  in  choirs  of  Lincoln  Cathedral,  St.  Paul's,  London, 
and  Westminster ;  gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Lon- 
don, 1669  ;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge,  1696  ;  composed  secular 
and  sacred  music,  including  various  anthems. 

[Ivii.  366] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  primns  (1714-1794).  dissenting 
divine  ;  minister  at  Wakefield  and  elsewhere  ;  contributed 
to  Priestley's  'Theological  Repository'  and  'Harmony 
of  the  Evangelists.'  [Ivii.  367] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM,  tcrtitu  (1788-1853),  dissent- 
ing minister  ;  son  of  William  Turner  (1761-1H59)  [q.  v.]  ; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1806;  mathematical  and  philosophical 
tutor,  Manchester  College ;  chief  work,  '  Lives  of  Emi- 
nent Unitarians,'  1840-3.  [Ivii.  368] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM,  seoundus  (1761-1859),  dis- 
senting divine ;  son  of  William  Turner  (1714-1794)  [q.  v.] ; 
minister  at  Newcastle ;  published  several  works. 

[Ivii.  367] 

TUJtruut,  WILLIAM  (1789  -  1862),  'Turner  of 
Oxford';  artist ;  taught  at  Oxford  ;  painted  pictures  of 
Bnfttd)  scenery.  [Ivii.  368] 

TURNER,  WILLIAM  (1792-1867),  diplomatist  and 
author  ;  brother  of  Sir  George  James  Turner  [q.  v.]  • 
entered  foreign  office  ;  attached  to  embassy  at  Constanti- 
nople ;  published  '  Journals  of  a  Tour  hi  the  Levant,' 
1820  ;  envoy  to  Columbia,  1829-38.  [Ivii.  308] 

TURNERELLI,  EDWARD  TRACY  (1813-1896), 
artist  ;  Mm  of  Peter  Turnerelli  [q.  v.]  ;  sketched  Russian 
monuments  for  the  czar,  1836-54  :  projector  of  '  people's 
tribute  *  to  Lord  Beaconsfield,  1878 ;  published  miscel- 
laneous works.  [Ivii.  370] 

TURNERELLI,  PETER  (1774-1839),  sculptor: 
grandson  of  Italian  refugee:  gained  medal  at  Royal 
Academy  :  instructor  to  princesses,  1797-1801  :  executed 
buate,  including  those  of  Wellington,  Blucher,  George  III, 
oroniH!.  priiu-esw  Charlotte,  and  Prince  Leopold,  and 
memorials,  including  that  of  Burns  at  Dumfries ;  repre- 
sented sitters  in  ordinary  costume.  [Ivii.  369] 

TURNHAM,  ROBKHT  DK  (d.  1211),  baron  ;  brother 
f  Stephen  de  Turnham  [q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  third  cru- 


•^idf  :  instii-iar  of  Cyprus.  II'.M  :  commanded  Riehard  I's 
tonvs  in  Anjou,  1197;  John's  seneschal  in  Foitou  and 

•  ny,  1201-5.  [lvii.  370] 

TURNHAM,  STEPHEN"  DK  (d.  1215),  justice  ; 
brother  of  Robert  de  Turnham  [q.  v.] ;  went  on  third 
.•rr.side  :  escorted  Berengaria  to  Rome,  1193;  justice 
itinerant  in  Richard  I's  and  John's  reigns.  [Ivii.  870] 

TURNOR,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER  (1607-1675),  judge  ; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1633 :  barrister 
Middle  Temple,  1633;  bencher,  1651;  joint  receiver- 
general  of  South  Wales,  1639-62  ;  baron  of  exchequer 
and  knighted  at  Restoration  ;  served  on  several  impor- 
tant commissions.  [Ivii.  ;i71] 

TURNOR,  EDMUND  (1755  7-1829),  antiquary  ;  de- 
scended from  Sir  Edmund  Turner,  brother  of  Sir 
Christopher  Turnor  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College.  Cam- 
bridge, 1781  ;  F.S.A.,  1778  ;  F.R.S.,  1786 ;  M.P.,  Mid- 
hurst,  1802-6  ;  published  'Chronological  Tables  ...  of  the 
County  of  Lincoln,'  1779.  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  372] 

TURNOR,  SIR  EDWARD  (1617  -  1676),  judge : 
entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1632 ;  barrister.  Middle 
Temple,  1640  ;  treasurer,  1662  ;  M.P.,  Essex  ;  K.G.,  1660  ; 
knighted,  1660;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
1661 ;  solicitor-general  ;  lord  chief-baron  of  exchequer, 
1670.  [Ivii.  373] 

*  TURNOR,  Sm  EDWARD  (1643-1721),  gentleman 
of  the  privy  chamber  ;  M.P.,  Oxford  ;  son  of  Sir  Edward 
Turnor  (1617-1676)  [q.  v.]  [Ivii.  373] 

TURNOUR,  CYRIL  (1575  ?-1626).    [SeeTouRKKim.] 

TURNOUR,  GEORGE  (1799-1843),  orientalist  ;  en- 
tered Ceylon  civil  service,  1818  ;  identified  King  Piyadassi 
with  As6ka  ;  edited  the  '  Mahavamsa,'  1836.  [Ivii.  374] 

TUROLD  (  H.  1075-1100),  romance- writer  ;  supposed 
author  of  the  '  Chanson  de  Roland.'  [Ivii.  374] 

TURPIN,  RICHARD  (1706-1739),  robber;  son  of 
an  innkeeper  at  Hempstead,  Essex ;  joined  pan?  of 
robbers  ;  entered  into  partnership  with  the  highwayman 
Tom  King  on  the  Cambridge  road,  1735,  whom  he  shot 
by  accident  ;  escaped  to  Yorkshire ;  arrested  for  horse- 
stealing  and  hanged  at  York,  the  romances  connected 
with  his  name  being  legendary.  [Ivii.  375] 

TURftUET  DE  MAYERNE,  Sm  THEODORE  (1673- 
1655).  [See  MAYKUXK.] 

TURSTIN  (d.  1140).    [See  THURSTAN.] 

TURSWELL,  THOMAS  (1548-1585),  canon  of  St. 
Paul's,  London  ;  M.A.  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1574  : 
canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1580  ;  possible  author  of 
'A  View  of  certain  Wondcrfull  Effects  of  late  Dayes,' 
1578.  [Ivii.  376] 

TURTON,  JOHN  (1735-1806),  physician  :  M.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1759  :  M.D.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1767  ;  obtained  Radcliffe  travelling  fellowship, 
1761;  F.R.S.,  1763:  F.R.C.P.,  1768;  physician  to 
George  III  and  royal  family.  [ivii.  376] 

TURTON,  THOMAS  (1780-1864),  bishop  of  Ely  : 
senior  wrangler,  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge,  1805 : 
fellow,  1806 ;  tutor,  1807 ;  M.A.,  1808 :  B.D.,  1816 ;  Lu- 
easian  professor  of  mathematics,  1822 ;  regius  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  1827 ;  dean  of  Peterborough,  1830, 
of  Westminster,  1845  ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1845 ;  vigorous 
controversial  writer ;  composed  church  music. 

[Ivii.  377] 

TURTON,  WILLIAM  (1762-1835),  conchologist  ; 
M.A.  and  M.B.  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1791 :  practised 
at  Swansea  ;  F.L.S.,  1809  ;  chief  work,  '  A  Ooneholo.rical 
Dictionary  of  the  British  Islands,'  1819.  [Ivii.  377] 

TUS8AUD,  MARIE,  MADAME  TCSRAUD  (1760-1850), 
founder  of  the  wax-work  exhibition  ;  nix  Gresholtz  ;  born 
at  Berne;  assisted  her  uncle  Curtius  in  his  '  Cabinet  de 
Cire '  in  the  Palais  Royal,  Paris  ;  taught  Madame  Elisa- 
beth ;  modelled  heads  of  victims  of  the  Terror  ;  married 
Tussaurt  ;  separated  from  him,  1800,  and,  migrating  to 
England,  transferred  museum  to  Lyceum,  Strand,  Lon- 
don, 1 802,  later  to  Blackheath,  and  finally  settled  at  Baker 
Street,  London.  [IviL  378] 

TUSSER.  THOMAS  (1524?  -  1580),  agricultural 
writer  and  poet:  chorister  at  St.  Paul's,  London:  w< -n» 
to  Eton,  King's  College,  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ; 


TUTCHIN 


TWYFORD 


iuin.-i  the  court  as  musician   to  William    PagH,  flret 
bnnm  1'aget  [q.  v.]  ;  fanned  at  Cattiwade,  Sutlolk,  awl 

intr.>!-i  .....  i   C  .!:iuv  ..f  b-.rley  :    dml   pri-. 

put.lish.,1  'Hiiiidreth  Good  Point**  of  Hmban- 
>7   «amplifl,.l    ,|.    «1  1573),  TOM  of 

quaint     .-,(    ;..,  m.,i  expression,  nuuiy  proverbs    being 
traceable  buck  to  this  work.  [Ivii.  379] 

TUTCHIN.  .V-1707),  whig  pamphleteer  ; 

i  'Poem*.'  16*5;  took  part  in  Monmouth's 
n-iH-lli.in.  less,  aud  was  sentenced  to  seven  yean*  Im- 
prisonment by  Jeffrey*,  who  was  bribed  alter  ward*  to 

n,l  (Minion  :  clerk  in  victualling  office.  r.  169J, 
•Missed:   published  'The  Foreigners:   a   Poem.' 

Coking  William  III  and  tbe  Dutch,  awl  provok- 
ing Defoe's  •  Tbe  True-born  Englishman  '  ;  was  arrested  : 
established  •  The  Observator,'  1708,  whig  organ,  and  at- 
tacked the  tories  :  published  'A  Dialogue  between  a  Dis- 
senter and  the  -  (  >h«-rvator."  '  17 
was  proeecoted  by  attorney-general,  1703  ;  tried  snbse- 

•  ri.'titly  for  attack  on  naval  administration,  but  escaped 
on  technical  grounds  :  an  ally  of  Defoe,  though  frequently 
quarrelling  with  him.  [Jvii.  Ml  ] 

TTTTHILL,  Put  GEORGE  LBMAN  (1772-183G),  j>hy- 
sician;  M.A.,  I8oi».  and  .M.D..  1810,  Ouiu*  College,  dam- 
bridge  :  kept  prisoner  in  France  for  several  yean  ;  PJL&, 
1810:  F.K.C.P..  IM7  :  liuuumian  lecturer,  1H18;  censor, 
1819  and  1830;  knighted,  18)0  ;  phy-ic-iau  to  Westminster 
aud  other  hospitals  ;  active  promoter  of  •  Pharmacopoeia 
Loudiniensis,'  1824.  [Ivii.  884] 

TUTTIETT,  LAWItEXCE  (IS25-1X97),  hymn-writer: 
canou  of  St.  Ninian'i*  Cathedral,  Perth.  1877  :  piiMished 

•  Uymns  for  Churchmen.1  1  [Ivii.  184] 

TWEDDZLL.  .TuJlX  (1769-1799),  classical  scholar; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1793,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  :  fellow,  1792  ;  published  '  Prolnsioues 

-' 


TWINING,    i  iloMAS  (1776-1W1), 

.     .!    •-  ..:•    ,  •          ...II..-:.. 
(1 749-18*4)  [q.T.] 


I  HOMAS 
Uchnical  education  ;  son  of 


1792;    travelled    abroad,    1795,  and   diol    at 
Athens.    His  valuable  journals  and  pictures  disappeared. 


TWUmro,  WILUAM  (1790-1835X  army 

!     i:..     -.;    :,.  .         • 

and  present  at  Waterloo :  « 
hospital ;  author  of  •  Clinical 
of  Bengal,'  1832.  aud  other  » r 

TWINING.    WILLIAM  (1813-18481  I 

n<\  Ualliol  College,  oxford;   son  ol 
Richanl  Twining  H771-1857)  [q.  V]  [Ivtt.  Bj 

T WI8DEN .     [  s«-  T w  YWDKX.] 

TWISLETON  I)  TURNER  BOYD  (180»- 

1H74).  IN.!  .  v  of   lUilliol  ColUv.  Oxford.  1830- 

1SJH  ;  M.A.,  1834  :  barrister.  Inner  Temple.  ISM  ;  served 
on  numerous  commission*,  1HJ»  7o ;  nubU*hed,  •Tin- 
Tongue  not  Essential  to  Speech,'  1873.  [Iril.  390] 

TWISS.  FRANCIS  (1760-18J7X  compiler;  brother  of 
Richard  Twins  [q.  v.]  :  married  Fanny  Ketnbte,  sister  of 

v- .    1.1..:,-    .••:-.     ;.:•..;  ... 

published  Index  to  Sliakespeare,  1806.  f>".  »*>] 

TWISS,  HORACE  (1787-1849),  wit  and  politician; 
«>n  of  Francis  Twiss  [q.  v.] :  bar 
1811, treasurer,  1x38:  contributed  *|i:;»>-  to  Uw  papers* 
K.C.,  1827 ;  M.P..  Wootton  lJa.«ett,  1810-80.  Newport 
•Vight ),  lH.To-1 :  iudv'c-advocate  of  the  fleet,  18»: 
umi.T-^ri-etary  of  war  and  colonies.  1828-30  ;  vehemently 
opposed  reform  .  wrote  for  '  The  Times' :  vice-chancellor 
.-•  .lu.-hy  of  Uuicu-ter,  1844  ;  published  a  life  of  Lord 
EMon.  1844. 


TWEDDELL,  RALPH  HART  (1843-1895),  engineer 
an<l  inventor  of  hydraulic  riveter:  patented  portable 
hydraulic  apparatus,  1865,  and  stationary  hydraulic 
riveting  machine,  1866;  designed  portable  riveting 
machine,  1871.  [Ivii.  585] 

TWEEDDALE,  MARQUIABS  nv.  [See  HAY.  .i«.ii\. 
second  KAKL  and  first  MARQUIS,  1626-1697  :  UAY,  JOHN, 
second  MARQUIS,  1645-1713;  HAT,  JOHN,  fourth  MAR- 
yns,  ./.  1762:  HAY,  GEOBOK,  eighth  M.\Kgns,  17H7- 
1876  ;  and  HAY,  AuTHCit,  ninth  MAII^I  is,  1824-1878.] 

TWEEDIE,  ALEXAXDER  (1794-1884 X  physician : 
M.I).  Edinburgh,  1815 :  house-surgeon  to  Edinburgh  Royal 
Infirmary  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1838 ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1858-9 : 
physician  to  London  Fever  Hospital,  1824  ;  F.itS.,  1838 ; 
published  medical  works.  [Ivii.  386] 

TWEEDIE,  WILLIAM  MBNZIBS  (1826-1878).  por- 
trait-painter ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy.  [Ivii.  387] 

TWELLS,  LEONARD  (rf.  1742),  divine:  B.A.  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1704;  M.A.  Oxford,  by  diploma, 
1733  :  created  D.D.  Oxford,  1740 ;  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's.  London ;  published  controversial  and  religions 
work.-.  [Ivii.  387] 

TWENG,  ROBERT  DK  (1205  ?-1268?).  [See 
THWKXO.] 

TWINE.    [See  TWYXB.] 

TWINING,  ELIZABETH  (1805-1889),  philanthropist 
and  botanist:  daughter  of  Richard  Twining  (1772-1857) 
[q.  v.]  [Ivii.  388] 

TWINING,  RICHARD  (1749-1824).  director 
India  Company  and  tea-merchant :   wrote  journal*  and 
letters.  [Ml.  387] 

TWINING,  RICHARD  (1772-1867),  tea-merchant; 
F.B.S. :  sou  of  Richard  Twining  (1749-1824)  [q.  v.] 

[Ivii.  388] 

TWINING.  THOMAS  (1735-1804),  translator  of 
Aristotle's  4  Poetics ' ;  half-brother  of  Richard  Twining 
(1749-1824)  [q.  v.] ;  scholar  and  fellow,  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1763 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary's, 
Colchester,  1788-1804;  published  translation  of  the 
•Poetics,'  1789  ;  left  interesting  correspondence  ;  — Mt^tft 
and  linguist.  [Ivii.  S89] 


TWISS,  RICHARD  (1747-1811), 
writer;  brother  of  Francis  Twia*  [q.  v.] :  pabuVhed 
» Travels  through  Portugal  and  Si«In,'  1775,  and  other 
works  ;  P.ILS.,  1774.  [Ivii.  3«] 

TWISS,  Piu  TItAVERS  (1809-1897X  civilian:  MJU 

1832.  and  D.C.L..  1841,  University  Colleir,-. 

and  tutor  and  public  examiner :  barrister,  Lincoln'*  Inn. 

1840,  bencher,   1858:    I  "run  ..r  of  political 

economy.  1842-7  ;  professor  of  Inl- 

College,  London,  1862-5;    reglus  profwsor  of  civil  law. 

Oxford.    1855-7(1;    Q.C.,    1858;    chancellor   of    London 

diocv-e.  IW.8 :  admiralty  a-lvocate-general,  1863 :  knighted, 
,  1867 :  took  important  part  in  congress  at  Berlin,  1884-  5  : 
|  chief  work.  '  The  Law  of  Nations  considered  a« 

pendent  Political  Communities,' 1861-3.  [IvlL  393] 

TWISS.    WILLIAM   (1745-1827).   general,   colooel- 
•  commandant,  royal  engineers  ;  employed  at  Gibraltar  and 
Portsmouth  :  aide-de-camp  to  William  Phillips  [q.  T.I, 
taking  part  in   •>:  .uust    th«-    Fruiu-U, 

mpertntended  con.-t  ruction  of  tia-t  for  Lake  Champlain 
ubich  dcfeatol  French :   as  commanding  engineer  took 
part  in  capture  of  Ticon-li-ro-.'-.i.  1777;  taken  prisoner  at 
|   Saratoga,  but  exchanged  :  employed  in  various  parU  of 
Canada  and  at  Portsmouth  ami  ebewlwre :  commanding 
engineer   of  southern   district,  and  of   Duke  of    i 
army  in  Holland.  1799;  colonel-<-onmtan.utnt.  K.E^  1809. 
beoteaant-ffeoanl,  1812:   outhor  of  several  uivful  mil.- 
I  tary  invention-  [IviL  39C] 

TWI88E.  WILLIAM  (15787-1646),  puritan  divine : 
nephew  of  Thomas  Bilson  [(l.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Xew  Collev 
fonl.  1604  ;  D.D..  1614  :  probationer  fellow.  1596 ;  chaplain 
to  Klizabeth.  queen  of  Bohemia,  at  Heidelberg.  1613,  but 
recalled  and  made  rector  of  Newington  Lonfueville :  ricar 
.Miry.  1620;  protested  against  the  •DecUrmtion  of 
Sports ' :  prolocutor  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643,  but 
opposed  alienation  of  church  property  ;  published  contro- 

:. .  ,«l 


TWM    8HON    CATTI   (  1530-1630  ?X 
THOUA&] 


[8« 


TWYFORD.   .i.-I.VH   (1640-1729).  potter: 

..'.n   Philip   Elerx  [.,.  v.]  and   learnt   h.- 

set  up  manufactory  of  stone  wares  at  Sbelton. 


TWYFORD.  SIR  NICHOLAS  (d 


London:  warden  of  Goldsmiths'  Company  :  gokismi 
Edward  III,  1360 ;  sheriff,  1378 :  belonged  to  John  of 


nrii.3M] 

.  Ml tal  mam  > 

mpany  :  snUsmith 


TWYNE 


1324 


TYNDALE 


O*ant'8  party :  rival  of  Sir  Nicholas  Brcmbre  [q.  v.]  ; 
preeent  with  Sir  William  \Yalworth  [q.  v.]  nt  Wat  Tyler's 
death,  13.sl,  and  was  knighted  ;  lord  mayor,  1388. 

TWYNE,  BUI  AN  (15797-1644),  Oxford  antiiiimry  : 
-•on  of  Thomas  Twyne  [q.  v.] ;  fellow,  Corpus  ChrNti 
College,  Oxford,  1605;  M.A.,  1603;  B.D.,  1610;  vicar  of 
Rye,  1614  ;  published  •  Antiquitatis  Academies  Oxoniensis 
Apologia,'  1608,  and  'Account  of  the  Mustering*  of  the 
University  of  Oxford'  (printed,  1733);  made  valuable 
colliTtions  on  early  history  and  antiquities  of  Oxford ; 
one  of  the  editors  of  Laud's  university  statutes. 

[Ivii.  401] 

TWYHE,  JOHN  (15017-1581),  schoolmaster  and 
author :  B.O.L.  Oxford,  1625  ;  master  of  grammar  school, 
Canterbury  ;  M.P.,  Canterbury,  1653  and  1554 ;  mayor, 
1554 ;  often  in  trouble  with  the  authorities  ;  wrote  '  De 
Rebus  Albionicis'  (published,  1590),  'Communia  Loca,' 
and  other  works.  [Ivii.  402] 

TWYNE,  LAWRENCE  (/.  1576),  translator;  son  of 
John  Twyne  [q.  v.] ;  B.C.L.  All  Souls  College,  Oxford, 
1564 ;  fellow ;  published  '  Patterne  of  Painefull  Aduen- 
tares,'  1576.  [Ivii.  403] 

TWYNE,  THOMAS  (1543-1613),  physician  ;  son  of 
John  Twyne  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford,  1564;  M.A.,  1568;  M.D.  Oxford,  1593;  M.D. 
Cambridge ;  practised  at  Lewes ;  author  of  several  works, 
including  the  completion  (Bks.  xi.,  xii.,  and  xiii.)of  Thomas 
Phaer's  translation  of  the  '  ^Eneid.'  [Ivii.  403] 

TWYSDEN,  JOHN  (1607-1688),  physician:  brother 
of  Sir  Roger  Twynden  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  University 
College,  Oxford ;  barrister.  Inner  Temple,  1634 :  M.D. 
Angers,  1646;  F.R.O.P.,  1664;  chief  work,  'Medicina 
veternm  Vindicata,'  1666.  [Ivii.  404] 

TWYSDEN,  Sm  ROGER,  second  baronet  (1597-1672), 
historical  antiquary  ;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Twysden 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge:  occupied  himself  in  improving  his 
property  at  Roydon  Hall,  and  in  study ;  refused  to  pay 
chip-money;  M.P.  for  Kent  in  Short  parliament,  but 
alienated  from  parliament  by  cause  of  subsequent  proceed- 
ings ;  signed  petition  from  Kent,  1642,  and  was  summoned 
before  the  House  as  delinquent ;  released  on  bail,  but  im- 
prisoned again  on  publication  of  the  '  Instructions,'  1642  ; 
being  discovered  endeavouring  to  escape  abroad,  was  im- 
prisoned and  his  estates  sequestrated,  1643 ;  returned  to 
Kent,  1650,  and  engaged  in  literary  pursuits  ;  at  Restora- 
tion became  deputy -lieutenant,  but  remained  unreconciled 
to  the  court  and  government :  published  '  The  Commoners 
Liberty,'  1648,  'Historian  Anglicana?  Scriptores  Decem,' 
1652,  a  work  which  entitles  him  to  rank  among  the 
pioneers  in  English  mediaeval  history,  and  '  An  Historical 
Vindication  of  the  Church  of  England,'  1657 ;  left  an  un- 
finished treatise  and  manuscripts.  [Ivii.  404] 

TWYSDEN  or  TWISDEN,  Sm  THOMAS  (1602- 
1683),  judge;  brother  of  Sir  Roger  Twysden  [q.  v.];  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1626;  bencher,  1646;  though  staunch  royalist  became 
serjeant-at-law  under  Commonwealth,  and  defended  Cony, 
1655,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned :  confirmed  in  status 
at  Restoration,  made  judge  in  king's  bench,  and  knighted ; 
created  baronet,  1666 ;  son  of  the  judge  of  the  regicides. 

[Ivii.  409] 

TYE,  CHRISTOPHER  (1497?-1572),  musician; 
chorister  at  King's  College,  Cambridge :  master  of  the 
choir  boys  at  Ely,  1543 ;  Mus.Doc.  Cambridge.  1545  ; 
obtained  living  of  Doddington,  Newton-cum-Oapeila,  and 
Wilbrahara  Parva  ;  published '  Actesof  the  Apostles,'  1653, 
with  mu.-uc,  excellent  compositions  as  part-songs,  some 
of  which,  with  alterations,  have  become  well-known  hymn- 
tunes,  such  as  'Winchester,'  sung  to  'While  shepherds 
waU-bed ' ;  composer  of  anthems  and  other  music,  mostly 
"acred.  [Ivii.  4i0] 

TYERKAN,  DANIEL  (1773-1828).  missionary:  con- 
gregational minister  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  and  else- 
where ;  visited  southern  stations  of  London  Missionary 
Society,  and  died  at  Antananarivo ;  author  of  religious 
works  and  journals.  [Iviu  4 13] 

TYERS,  JONATHAN  (d.  1767),  proprietor  of  Vaux- 
hall  Gardens  ;  opened  them,  1732  ;  instituted  concerts  and 
enjoyed  patronage  of  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
fashionable  Bociety.  [Ivii.  414] 


TYERS,    THOMAS    (1726-1787),    author;    son    of 
Jonathan   Tyers   [q.   v.]  ;    M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
;  1745;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1757  ;  joint-manager  with 
!  his   brother  of  Vauxhall  Gardens,  17(>7;  favourite  with 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  di-scribed  in  the  •  Idler  '  as  •  Tom  Rest- 
less';  published  'Political  Conferences,'  1780,  and  bio- 
I  graphical  essays.  [Ivii.  414] 

TYLDEN,  Sm  JOHN  MAXWELL  (1787-1866),  lieu- 
i  tenant-colonel :  brother  of  William  Burton  Tylden  [q.  v.]; 
i  served  in  Monte  Video,  1807,  and  Java  expeditions,  1811  ; 
;  in  Peninsular  war,  1813,  and  in  America,  1814  :  knighted, 
|  1812;  J.P.andD.L.  [Ivii.  4 15] 

TYLDEN,  RICHARD  (1819-1855),  captain,  R.E. ;  son 
!  of  William  Burton  Tylden  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  district 
at   the    Cape  and    defeated   Kaffirs;    promoted  brevet- 
colonel  ;  fought  at  Alma  and  was  present  at  his  father's 
,  death,  1854;   distinguished  himself  at  Sebastopol:   pro- 
,  moted    brevet    lieutenant-colonel :    was    twice   severely 
wounded ;  made  aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  colonel, 
and  C.B.,  1855  ;  died  at  Malta.  [Ivii.  417] 

TYLDEN,  THOMAS  (1624-1688).  [See  GODDKX, 
THOMAS.] 

TYLDEN,  WILLIAM  BURTON  (1790-1854),  colonel, 
R.E. ;  brigadier-general ;  brother  of  Sir  John  Maxwell 
Tylden  [q.  v.] ;  as  lieutenant,  R.E.,  employed  at  Gibraltar, 
Malta,  and  Messina,  1808-12 ;  was  commanding  R.E.  at 
capture  of  Santa  Maria,  1814,  and  of  Genoa  ;  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  promoted  brevet-major;  served  in 
Netherlands  and  Prance,  1815,  and  elsewhere;  took 
part  in  battle  of  the  Alma,  1854  ;  died  of  cholera. 

[Ivii.  416] 

TYLDESLEY,  Sm  THOMAS  (1596-1C51),  royalist 
general :  of  Morleys  Hall,  Astley ;  served  in  German 
wars ;  commanded  regiments  raised  by  himself  at  Edge- 
hill,  1642  :  stormed  Burton-upon-Trent ;  made  knight 
and  brigadier  ;  governor  of  Lichfleld,  1645 ;  surrendered 
at  Appleby,  1648;  landed  with  Derby  in  Lancashire: 
defeated  and  slain  at  Wigan  Lane.  [Ivii.  417] 

TYLER,  SIR  CHARLES  (1760-1835),  admiral ;  entered 
navy,  1771 ;  served  on  various  stations ;  served  under 
Nelson,  1795-1802  ;  severely  wounded  at  Trafalgar,  1805, 
and  granted  pension ;  received  surrender  of  Russian 
fleet  at  Lisbon,  1808 ;  commander-in-chief  at  the  Cape, 
1812-15  ;  admiral,  1826  ;  G.C.B.,  1833.  [Ivii.  418] 

TYLER,  SIR  GEORGE  (1792-1862),  vice-admiral ;  son 
of  Sir  Charles  Tyler  [q.  v.]  :  lieutenant-governor  of  St. 
Vincent,  1833-40 ;  vice-admiral,  1857.  [Ivii.  419] 

TYLER,  JAMES  ENDELL  (1789-1851),  divine; 
fellow,  1812,  and  tutor,  1818-26,  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1813 ;  incumbent  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  Lon- 
don, 1826 ;  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1845  ;  published 
religious  works.  [Ivii.  419] 

TYLER,  TEGHELER,  or  HELIER,  WALTER  or 
WAT  (d.  1381),  rebel ;  to  be  distinguished  from  John 
Tyler  who  killed  collector  of  poll-tax  ;  leader  in  the  re- 
bellion. 13  and  14  June  1381 ;  presented  demands  to 
Richard  II  at  Smithfield  on  15th,  and  was  killed  by  Lord- 
mayor  Walworth  and  (according  to  Froissart)  Ralph 
Standish.  [Ivii.  420] 

TYLER,  WILLIAM  (d.  1801),  sculptor  and  architect ; 
director  of  Society  of  Artists  ;  original  R.A.,  1768. 

TYLOR,  ALFRED  (1824-1884),  geologist ;  Quaker 
r.nd  brassfounder  ;  published  '  On  Changes  of  Sea  Level,' 
1853,  and  other  works.  [Ivii.  422] 

TYMME,  THOMAS  (d.  1620),  translator  and  author  r 
rector  of  St.  Antholin,  Budge  Row,  London,  and  of  Has- 
keton ;  translated  De  la  Ramee's  history  of  French  civil 
wars,  1674,  and  published  translations  and  'A  Piluer 
WatchbelT  (19th  edit.  1659),  a  popular  book  of  devotion. 

[Ivii.  422] 

TYMMS.  SAMUEL  (1808-1871),  antiquary:  book- 
seller at  Lowestoft ;  studied  antiquities,  especially  those 
at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ;  F.S.A.,  1883,  and  local  secretary ; 
chief  work,  'Bury  Wills  and  Inventories,'  1860. 

[Ivii.  423] 

TYNDALE,  WILLIAM  (d.  1536),  translator  of  tin- 
bible  :  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1616 ;  subsequently 
studied  at  Cambridge :  before  1622  preached  in  Gloucester- 
shire and  introduced  the  new  learning :  involved  in  dis- 
putes with  the  clergy  ;  translated  Erasmus's '  Enchiridion 


TYNDALL 


l. >_'.-, 


Militis  Christiani ' ;  was  summoned  before  William  of 
Molvern  and  rebuked  for  his  iirn.-.T.liniM  :  determined  to 
trunsbito  New  Testament  into  vi-rn;i.-iiUr :  n-mov.-.i  t.. 
1,.11-lon,  1523  ;  left  for  Hamburg  to  accomplish  his  traiw- 
lation.  ism.  ,m,l  v.Mtoi  Luther  at  Wittenberg; ;££ 
menced  printing  at  Cologne,  1626,  but  was  stopped  by 
injunction  from  Cologne  senate;  completed  work  at 
Worms  in  different  form,  and  introduced  copies  into 
England,  which  were  denounced,  contrary  to  Wolsev's 
advice  by  the  bishops,  1526,  and  copies  destroyed;  was 
himself  ordered  to  be  seized  at  Worms  by  Wotor : 
escaped  to  protection  of  Philip  the  Magnanimous,  land- 
grave of  Hesse,  at  Marburg :  became  /wingllan  •  Dub- 
lished'  Parable  of  the  Wicked  Mammon,'  Undenounced 
by  More),  and  •  The  Obediece  of  a  Christen  man,'  1628, 
laying  down  supreme  authority  of  scripture  in  the  church 
and  of  king  in  state:  approved  by  Henry  VII ; 
to  Hamburg,  and  subsequently  to  Antwerp ;  wrote  •  The 
Praotyseof  prelates'  1530, denouncing  Roman  hierarchy, 


dialoge,'  1531  ;  his  surrender  demanded  by  Henry  VIII 
from  the  emperor,  1531,  which  being  refused,  instructions 
were  Issued  for  kidnapping  him :  left  Antwerp,  but  re- 
turned, 1533,  and  occupied  himself  in  revising  transla- 
tion of  the  Bible  :  betrayed  by  Henry  Phillips  to  Imperial 
officers,  \\  ho  arrested  him  for  heresy ;  imprisoned  at 
Vilvorde,  1535,  and  strangled  and  burned  at  tlie  stake 
there,  in  spite  of  Cromwell's  Intercession.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  Reformation  leaden ;  his 
original  writings  show  sound  scholarship,  but  his  trans- 
lation of  the  bible— consisting  of  New  Testament,  1525, 
Pentateucli,  e.  1530,  and  Jonah,  1531— the  accuracy  of 
which  has  been  endorsed  by  translators  of  authorised 
version,  is  his  surest  title  to  fame.  [Ivli.  424] 

TYNDALL,  JOHN  (1820-1893),  natural  philosopher  : 
born  at  Leighlin  Bridge,  co.  Carlow ;  employed  on  surveys 
and  as  railway  engineer;  teacher  of  mathematics  and 
surveying  at  Queenwood  College,  Hampshire,  with  Frank- 
land  :  studied  with  him  at  Marburg  under  Bunscn,  1848- 
1850 :  Ph.D.  Marburg,  1850  ;  published,  with  Knoblauch, 
investigation  •  On  the  Magneto-optic  Properties  of  Crys- 
tals,' 1850 ;  went  to  Berlin  and  published  other  papers  on 
same  subject,  afterwards  collected  in  •  Diamagnetism,' 
1870 ;  returned  to  Queenwood,  1851 ;  F.H.S.,  1852 ;  formed 
friendship  with  Huxley ;  lectured  at  Royal  Institution  and 
became  professor  of  natural  philosophy  there,  1853,  and 
colleague  of  Faraday,  whom  he  succeeded  as  superin- 
tendent, 1867-87;  made  Important  Investigations  in 
Penrhyn  slate-quarries,  and  subsequently  in  the  Alps,  with 
Huxley,  upsetting  the  plastic  theory ;  embodied  their  in- 
vestigations in '  The  Glaciers  of  the  Alps,'  1860  ;  made  first 
ascent  of  the  Weisshorn,  1861 ;  conducted  his  important 
researches  on  '  Radiant  Heat  in  its  relation  to  Oases  and 
Vapours,'  1859-71  ;  removed  all  vagueness  regarding  the 
once  widely  received  doctrines  of  spontaneous  generation, 
his  memoirs  being  collected  In  •  Contributions  to  Molecular 
Physics,'  1872,  and  '  Floating  Matter  of  the  Air,'  1881  ; 
Rumford  medallist,  1869;  M.D.  Tubingen;  succeeded 
Faraday  as  scientific  adviser  to  Trinity  House  and  Board 
of  Trade,  1866,  and  undertook  investigations  embodied  in 
'On  Sound,'  1867,  and  others  on  light:  resigned,  1883; 
gave  lectures  in  America,  1872-3,  and  published  their  sub- 
stance in  '  Light,'  1873,  also  *  Heat  considered  as  a  Mode  of 
Motion,'  1863,  and  other  works.  As  writer  Tyndall  did 
much  in  popularising  science,  his  works  being  translated 
into  most  European  and  some  Eastern  languages  and 
widely  read  throughout  the  world.  [IviL  431] 

TYRAWIEY,  BARONS.  [See  O'HARA,  SIR  CHARLKP, 
first  BARON,  1640  7-1724  ;  O'HARA,  JAMKH,  second  BARON, 
1690-1773.] 

TYRCONNEL,  EARL  and  titular  DUKK  OF.  [See 
TALBOT,  RICHARD,  1630-1691.] 

TYRIE,  JAMES  (1543-1597),  Jesuit  theologian; 
studied  at  St  Andrews  University  :  was  carried  abroad 
by  Edmund  Hay  [q.  v.] ;  became  Jesuit  at  Rome,  15C3  ; 
professor  and  subsequently  rector  of  Clermont  College ; 
wrote  a  '  Refutation '  in  answer  to  John  Knox,  1573,  and 
disputed  publicly  with  Andrew  Melville  at  Paris,  1574; 
concerned  in  affair  of  the  Spanish  Blanks,  1598. 

[Ivii.  436] 

TYRONE,  EARLS  OP.  [See  O'NKILL,  Cox  BACACH, 
first  EAUL,  1484?-1569?;  O'NEILL,  HUGH,  16407-1616, 


and  O'NKILL,  SHAKK,  second  KABLR.  1630  T-1667 :  POWBE. 
KI.-H  M«I,.  first  KARL  of  the  Power  family,  1*10-1690.] 

TYRRELL,  A  NTH(»XY(  1552-1610  ?X  renegade  priest 
d  ipy  :  descendant  of  Sir  John  TynA  ToTrJI  :^otti 

•VkSk^l   •     j.u | •  .         *  \    ^*        »«J  •»««•* 


'••'•     '•   I   •.'..:;.          . 

ing '  at  Denham.  1686  •  oom 

'         J.       .,       .:    'I",':    .-..       : 


conspirator,  and  other  plotters ;  became  spy,  and  .fur 
ewaping  abroad  again  and  showing  nuX  vmcUlattcW . 


prouounced  recantation  at  St.  Paul's'Orces  and 
livings  of  Southmlnster  and  Dengir;  fell 


company,  tried  to  escape 
on,'  1« 


[lTU.417] 

TYRRELL,  FREDERICK  (179S-1M1X  nrgton :  sur- 
geon at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  1822,  and  lecturer 
on  anatomy ;  assistanWorgeon  to  London  Bye  Infirmary. 

imiTak^&iMtttv+i&'iX^SZnS 

Byes,' 1840.  [ML4M] 

TYRRELL  or  TYRELL.  8m  JAMES  (d.  1602X  sup- 
posed murderer  of  the  princes  in  the  Tower  of  London : 
grandson  of  Sir  John  Tyrrell  [q.  v.];  strong  Yorkist; 
knighted  after  buttle  of  Tewkesbnry,  1471  ;  M.P.,1 
wall,  1477;  fought  under  Richard  HI  in  Sooth 

was  made  knight-banneret,  1482  :  master  of  the 

Richard  III ;  according  to  'Historic  of  Kyng  Rrcbaide 
the  Thirde,'  Instrumental  In  murder  of  the  princes :  be- 
came steward  of  duchy  of  Cornwall  and  chamberlain  of 
exchequer;  given  posts  in  Wales  by  H 
general  pardons :  lieutenant  of  castle  of 
was  concerned  in  Suffolk's  flight,  1601,  and 
having  confessed  to  murder  of  the  princes.  [IviL  440] 

TYRRELL,  JAMES  (1642-1718X  historical  writer: 
M.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1663;  barrister.  Inner 
Temple,  1666 ;  J.P.  and  deputy-lieutenant  for  Rucking- 

.  bamshire,  but  deprived  by  James  II  for  refusing  to  sap- 
port  'declaration  of  indulgence,'  1687;  intimate  friend 
of  Locke :  chief  work, '  Patriarcha  non  Monarch*,'  1681, 
advocating  limited  monarchy,  in  reply  to  Fumer's 

i  '  Patriarcha.'  [IviL  441] 

TYRRELL,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1437X  speaker  of  the  Home 
of  Commons  :  M.P.  for  Essex,  1411  and  1411 ;  present  at 
Agincourt,  1415 ;  sheriff,  1423  ;  speaker.  1427,  1431,  1437  ; 
treasurer  to  Henry  VL  [Ivii.  442] 

TYRRELL,  SIR  THOMAS  (1594-1672X  judge; 
belonged  to  family  of  Sir  John  Tyrrell  [q.  v.] ;  barrister. 
Inner  Temple,  1621,  bencher,  1669;  deputy-lieutenant  for 
Buckinghamshire,  1642 ;  nerved  under  Bedford  and  Bseex. 
and  fought  at  Lostwithlel,  1644 :  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1669- 
1660 :  joint-commissioner  of  great  seal  and  serjeant-at- 
law  ;  at  Restoration  knighted  and  justice  of  common 
pleas  ;  served  on  various  commissions.  [Ivii.  443] 

TYRRELL,  WALTER  (yl.  1100).    [SeeTnutt.] 
TXRWU1TT,  JOHN  ( 1601-1671 X    [See  SPBXCKR.] 

TYRWHTTT,  RICHARD  ST.  JOHN  (1827-1895X 
writer  on  art  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1862 :  student 
and  tutor;  vicar  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Oxford,  1868-72 ; 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  elsewhere;  author  of 
'  A  Handbook  of  Pictorial  Art,'  1866,  and  other  works. 
[IviL  444] 

TYRWHITT  or  TIRWHIT,  SIR  ROBERT  (rf.  1428X 
judge  :  advocate  in  Richard  II's  reign  ;  member  of  council 
of  duchy  of  Lancaster :  serjeant  on  Henry  IV's  acces- 
sion, 1399 ;  judge  of  king's  bench  and  knighted,  1406. 

[IviL  446] 

TYRWHTTT,  ROBERT  (1735-1817X  Unitarian; 
brother  of  Thomas  Tyrwhitt  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of  Jesus 
College,  Cambridge,  1769:  resigned,  1779:  a  founder  of 
London  '  Unitarian  Society,'  1791,  but  withdrew  ;  contri- 
buted to  '  Commentaries  and  Essays.'  [IviL  445] 

TKKWHJLTT.  THOMAS  (1730-1786).  classical  com- 
mentator ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford  : 
fellow  of  Merton,  1766 ;  M.A.  1766 :  published  works 
while  undergraduate :  barrister.  Middle  Temple,  1766 : 
deputy-secretary  at  war,  1756 ;  clerk  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  1762-8 :  edited  •  Proceedings  ...  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  1620-1,'  1766,  and  Blsinge's  'Mann.r  of 
holding  Parliaments,'  1768:  credited  with 
of '  almas t  every  European  tongue,'  and  master  of  1 
and  classical  literature  ;  published  an~>««fl"«i* ' 


TYSDALE 


132C 


UFFORD 


.  upon  .  .  .  Shakespeare,'  1766,  '  Canterbury 
Tales  of  Chaucer,'  1775,  'Poems  supposed  to  have  been 
written  ...  by  Thnmas  Rowley'  (chief  work  exposing 
the  Ko\vley  forgeries),  1777  and  177K,  and  editions  :ind 
.1  authors,  including  •  AristoU-lN  d»- 
Poetica  Liber,  Gnece  et  Latlne,'  posthumous,  1794,  and 
'De  Lapiditnis,'  17sl,  lx>ldly  assigning  the  latter  work 
(  Yi0t«a),  to  the  era  of  Constantino  ;  F.H.S.,  1771,  and 
trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  1784.  [Ivii.  446] 

TYSDALE,  JOHN  (fl.  1550-1563).    [See  TISOALK.] 
TYSILIO  (yf.  600),  British  saint;    founded  Meifod  | 
Church,  Montgomeryshire;    reputed    by    tradition,  but  | 
without  foundation,  poet  and  historian.  [Ivii.  448] 

TYSON,    EDWARD    (1650-1708),    physician:    M.A.  I 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1673 :  M.D.  Cambridge  ;  F.R.G.P., 
1683 ;  censor,  1694 ;  physician  to  Bridewell  and  Betule- 
hem  hospitals  ;  lectured  on  anatomy  to  Barber  Surgeons  ;  I 
published  first  in  England    monographs  on  particular  , 
animals :  declared  the  pigmies,  cynocephali,  satyrs,  and 
sphinges  of  the  ancients  to  have  been  merely  apes  in 

•  <  )rang  Outang,'  1699.  [Ivii.  448] 

TYSON,     MICHAEL    (1740-1780),     antiquary    and  j 
artist;    fellow  of  Corpus    Christ!   College,   Cambridge,  j 
1767 ;  bursar,  1774  ;  M.A.,  1767 ;  made  tour  in  north  and  i 
Scotland  with  Richard  Gough  [q.  v.],  1766  ;  contributed  to 
Mason's  life  of  Gray ;  FJ3.A.  and  F.R.S. ;  rector  of  Lam- 
bourne,  1778;    Whitehall  preacher,  1776;  executed  en- 
gravings, etchings,  and  miniatures,  and  contributed  to 

•  Philosophical  Transactions '  and  other  publications. 

[Ivii.  449] 

TYSON,   RICHARD  (1680-1750),  physician;  son  of  j 
Edward  Tyson  [q.  v.] ;  M.D.  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge, 
1716  :  president,  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  1746-50 ; 
Harveian  orator,  1725.  [Ivii.  450] 

TYSON,  RICHARD  (1730-1784),  physician ;  great- 
nephew  of  Edward  Tyson  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1753:  M.D.,  1760;  censor,  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  17C3, 1768,  1773,  and  1776.  [Ivii.  450] 

TYTLEE,  ALEXANDER  FRASER,  LORD  WOOD- 
HOUSELEK  (1747-1813),  historian  ;  son  of  William  T3'tler 
[q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  Scottish  bar- 
rister, 1770 ;  published  '  The  Decisions  of  the  Court  of 


Session,'  1778  ;  became  professor  of  universal  history  :it 
Edinburgh  University,  and  published  '  Elements  of 
General  History,'  1801,  and  other  historical  works; 
judge-advocate  of  Scotland.  1790;  published  'Essay  on 
the  Principles  of  Translation,'  1791,  'Memoirs  ...  of 
.  .  .  Lord  Kames,*  1807,  and  numerous  miscellaneous 
works;  judge  of  session  as  Lord  Woodhous;  l.v.  IHI-J  : 
lord  of  justiciary,  1811.  [Ivii.  450] 

TYTLER,  HENRY  WILLIAM  (1752-1808),  physician 
and  translator ;  brother  of  James  Tytler  [q.  v.];  trans- 
lated Callimachus,  1793.  [Ivii.  452] 

TYTLER,  JAMES  (17477-1805),  'Balloon  Tytler,' 
miscellaneous  writer ;  unsuccessful  surgeon  and  apothe- 
cary at  Edinburgh  and  Leith ;  printed  several  works  in 
debtors'  refuge  at  Holyrood  with  press  constructed  by 
himself;  edited  and  wrote  large  portions  of  second  unit 
third  editions  of  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica ' ;  first  in 
Great  Britain  to  'navigate  the  air,'  1784;  published 
'The  Observer,'  weekly  paper,  1786,  and  verses  and  his- 
torical works  ;  published  '  A  Pamphlet  on  the  Excise ' 
and  '  The  Historical  Register,'  1792,  and  fled  to  America 
to  escape  arrest,  where  he  died.  [Ivii.  452] 

TYTLER,  PATRICK  FRASER  (1791-1849),  Scottish 
historian  ;  sou  of  Alexander  Fraser  Tytler,  lord  Wood, 
houselee  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  :  wrot? 
'  Essay  on  the  History  of  the  Moors  during  their  Govern, 
ment  in  Spain ' ;  became  Scottish  barrister,  1813 ;  visited 
Paris  ;  made  acquaintance  with  Archibald  Alison  [q.  v.], 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  others  ;  king's  counsel  in  exchequer, 
1816;  published  'The  Life  of  the  Admirable  Crichton,' 
1819  ;  took  part  with  Scott  in  forming  Bannatyne  Club. 
1822  ;  published  '  History  of  Scotland,"  1828-43, '  England 
under  the  Reign  of  Edward  VI  'and  Mary,'  1839,  and 
several  other  works,  including  '  Scotland,'  in  seventh  edi- 
tion of  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  1839.  [Ivii.  453] 

TYTLEE,  WILLIAM  (1711-1792),  Scottish  historian ; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  writer  to  the  signet ; 
joined  the  Select  Society  ;  apologist  of  the  Scottish  queen 
in  'The  Inquiry  .  .  .  into  the  Evidence  against  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,'  1759 ;  published  '  The  Poetical  Remains 
of  James  I,'  1783 ;  discovered  James  I's  '  Kingis  Quair.' 

[Ivii.  455] 


U 


UBALDINI,  PETRUCCIO  (1524  9-1600  ?),  illuminator 
and  scholar ;  native  of  Tuscany ;  came  to  England,  1545 ; 
employed  by  Henry  VIII  in  Italy :  employed  by  Edward 
VI  ;  accompanied  the  English  forces  into  Scotland,  1649; 
wrote  a  description  of  England,  1551 ;  resided  in  Venice, 
f.  1552-62  ;  resided  in  England,  c.  1562-86 ;  published,  1681, 
'  Vita  dl  Carlo  Magno,'  the  first  Italian  book  printed  in 
England ;  went  to  the  Low  Countries,  1586  ;  wrote  narra- 
tive of  the  Spanish  Armada,  1588:  published  lives  of 
illustrious  English  and  Scottish  ladies,  1591 ;  published 
accounts  of  Rome,  Naples,  and  Tuscany,  1594  and  1597  ; 
published  '  Rime,'  1596  ;  works  illuminated  by  him  in 
British  Museum  Library.  [Iviii.  1] 

UCHTRED.    [See  UHTRED.] 

UCHTRYD  (the  Welsh  form  of  UHTIIED)  (d.  1148), 
bishop;  a  Welshman  ;  archdeacon  of  Llandaff,  c.  1126  ; 
elected  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1134,  and  consecrated,  1140; 
traditional  uncle  of  Geoffrey  of  Mouniouth  tq.  v.] 

[Iviii.  3] 

TJDALL.    [See  also  UVKDALK.] 

UDALL,  BPHRAIM  (d.  1647),  royalist  divine  ;  son  of 
John  Udall  [q.  v.] ;  M.A,  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
1614 ;  incumbent  of  Twldington,  1G15 :  rector  of  St 
Augustine's,  Watling  Street,  London,  1634;  a  puritan, 
bat  ejected  by  parliament  for  defending  episcopacy,  1643  ; 
published  theological  tracts.  [Iviii.  3] 

UDALL  or  UVEDALE,  JOHN  (1560  7-1692),  puritan  ; 
entered  Cambridge  University,  1678 ;  MJL  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1684 ;  friend  and  fellow-student  of 
John  Penry  [q.  T.]  ;  Incumbent  of  Kingston-on-Thames 
before  1584;  published  sermons,  1584-6;  prosecuted  for 


|  hostility  to  episcopacy,  1586  ;  conferred  with  Penry,  1587 ; 
published  anonymously,  through  Robert  Waldegrave's 
[q.  v.]  press, '  The  State  of  the  Church,'  and  'A  Demon- 
stration '  against  the  bishops,  1588 :  deprived  of  his 
benefice,  July  1588;  preacher  at  Newcastle-ou-Tyne, 
December  1588 ;  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in 

i  Penry's  Mar -Prelate  tracts,  January  1590 ;  sentenced  to 

I  death,  1591 ;  pardoned,  June  1592,  but  died  soon  after. 

|  His  commentary  on  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah  and 
Hebrew  grammar  and  dictionary  appeared  posthumously, 
1593.  [Iviii.  4] 

UDALL  or  UVEDALE,  NICHOLAS  (1505-1556), 
dramatist  and  scholar  ;  a  native  of  Hampshire  ;  scholar 
of  Winchester  College,  1517 ;  scholar  of  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  1520 ;  fellow,  1524;  suspected  of  Luther- 
auism,  1526 :  M.A.,  1534 ;  published  selections  from 
Terence,  with  English  version,  1533  ;  head-master  of 
Eton,  1534 ;  a  flogging  master ;  dismissed  for  misconduct, 
1541;  perhaps  had  his 'Ralph  Roister  Doister '  (printed, 
1566),  the  earliest  known  English  comedy,  acted  by  Eton 
boys  before  1541 ;  vicar  of  Braintree,  1537-44  ;  published  an 
English  version  of  part  of  Erasmus's  'Apophthegms,'  1542, 
and  took  part  in  the  English  version  of  Erasmus's '  Para- 
phrase of  the  New  Testament,' published,  1648  ;  employed 
by  Edward  VI  to  reply  to  the  Devonshire  catholics,  1549  ; 
translated  Peter  Martyr's  [see  VKUMICI.I]  discourse  on 
the  Lord's  Supper,  1550,  and  Thomas  Gemini's  [q.  v.] 
'Anatomia,'  1552;  prebendary  of  Windsor,  1551;  rector 
of  Calborne,  Isle  of  Wight,  1553 ;  received  into  favour 
by  Queen  Mary  and  Stephen  Gardiner :  play-writer  to 
Queen  Mary,  1554 ;  head-master  of  Westminster  School, 
1551  G.  [Iviii.  6] 

UFFORD,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1349).    [See  OFFORD.] 


UFFOBD 


UMFRAVTLLE 


UFFORD,  Sin  HALI'H   DK  (J.  1346 X  lonl  justice  of 

Tn-lai.,1,  Km. 

TJFFORD,  KOHKRT  DK  (d.  1898),  younger  MO  of  » 
Suffolk  landowner,  .1,  ,,n;   took  bin  mirname 

from  his  Innl-li.p.,!  Uffonl.  Suffolk:  attended   ) 
.•iisu.lt- ;    loni  -viand,   127C   - 

Roscoinmon  Castle.  [Iviii.  In] 

TJFFORD,   i:  .*•  Suirouc   of 

.    . 
i::i8;  knighted;  attended 

. 


•..-. i    movement   against    Mortimer,   1330;    re- 
HIM!  office* :  summoned  M  a  baroti,  1332 ; 
:i  .•hi.-f  counsellor  of  Edward  III:  •erred  a* 
Scott,  1335-7 ;  created  Earl  of  Suffolk,  1837 :  envoy  to 
France,  1337,  1S38;   In  attendance  on   Edwanl   III    in 
Brabant,  1839 ;  taken  prisoner  near  Lille,  and  ransomed, 
< ;. :  served  in  Brittany,  1343 ;  envoy  to  Pope  Cle- 
ment VI  at  Avignon,  1343 :  admiral  of  tbe  northern  fleet, 
1844-7 ;  accompanied  Edwanl  III  to  Prance,  1346  :  fought 
at  Crecy,  1846 :  a  com  i  mil  with  the  French, 

1348-60 :  fought  Spanish  off  WincheUwa,  1360 :  accom- 
panied Black  1  litaine,  1356:  led  raids  into 
French  territory,  1355-6 ;  distinguislied  himself  at  Poi- 
tiers, 135C  ;  employed  ou  embattles  up  to  IMS :  removed 
Leiston  Abbey  to  a  uew  site,  1868.  [Iviii.  9] 

UTFORJD.  WILLIAM  DE,  second  BART,  or  SUVKOI.K  of 
his  house  (1339  7-1382),  second  sou  of  Robert  de  Ufford, 
earl  of  Suffolk  [q.  v.] ;  summoned  as  a  baron,  1364  :  suc- 
ceeded to  earldom,  1369 :  nerved  in  France,  1370  :  accom- 
panied John  of  Gaunt  through  France,  1373  ;  K.6.,  1375  : 
opposed  John  of  Gaunt  in  the  Good  parliament,  1376; 
employed  under  Richard  II  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  1377  : 
served  in  France  and  Brittany,  1377-8,  and  in  Scotland, 
1880 :  sought  by  the  revolted  Norfolk  peasants  to  be 
their  leader,  June  1381:  employed  in  suppressing  the 
rising,  June-August,  1381 :  took  a  leading  part  against 
John  of  Gaunt,  October  1381.  The  title  died  with  him, 
aud  the  estates  lapsed  to  the  crown.  [Iviii.  13] 

TTGHTRED,  Sm  ANTHONY  (d.  1634),  soldier :  mar- 
shal of  Touraay,  1514;  captain  of  Berwick,  1523-8; 
governor  of  Jersey.  [Iviii.  16] 

UGHTRED,  Sm  THOMAS,  styled  BARON  UGHTUED 
(1291  ?-1365),  succeeded  to  his  estates  in  Yorkshire,  1309 ; 
served  at  the  siege  of  Berwick,  1319 ;  M.P.,  Yorkshire, 
1320,  1330,  and  1332;  supported  Edwanl  II  against 
Thomas  of  Lancaster  [q.  v.],  1322 ;  knighted,  1324 :  ac- 
companied Edward  Baliol  in  his  invasion  of  Scotland, 
1332 ;  made  barou  of  Inuerwick  by  Baliol ;  covered 
Baliol's  retreat,  1334 ;  governor  of  Perth,  1338,  but  sur- 
rendered, 1339  ;  served  in  France,  1340,  1347, 1360  :  said 
to  have  been  summoned  OR  a  peer,  1343-64,  but  was  pro- 
bably only  knight  of  the  shire  for  Yorkshire,  1344  and 
1352.  [Iviii.  16] 

TTHTRED  or  UCHTRED  (d.  1016X  Earl  of  Northum- 
bria ;  helped  Bishop  Kaldhnn  to  fix  his  see  at  Durham, 
995  :  married  Ecgfrida,  Kaldhnn's  d:iii'_'ht<-r  :  defeated  an 
Invasion  of  the  Scote  under  Malcolm  II,  1006  :  received 
his  father's  earldom  from  Ethelred  II  ;  married  Kthelred's 
daughter  JElfgifu ;  submitted  to  King  Sweyn,  1013 ;  re- 
sisted Canute,  1015-10  ;  Main  by  Canute's  order. 

[IvilL  16] 

UHTRED,  UTRED,  or  OWTRED  (1315?-1396), 
Benedictine  theologian  ;  called  also  J<MIN  UTUKD,  and 
(from  hi*  birthplace,  Boldon,  North  Durham)  OHTHKD 
BOLEDUXUS  or  BOLTON;  entered  the  Benedictine  order, 
1332  •  sent  to  London,  1337,  to  Oxfonl,  1340,  to  Stamford, 
1344,  oud  again  to  Oxfonl  before  1347  ;  said  to  be  B.D.. 
1354,  aud  D.D.,  1357 ;  attacked  the  friars  ;  prior  of 
Finchule  Abbey,  1367,  and  afterwards:  sub-prior  of 
Durham,  1368  and  1381 ;  envoy  to  Pope  Gregory  XI,  1373 ; 
attended  the  great  council  at  Westminster,  1374  :  in  Ox- 
ford, 1383  ;  published  monastic  and  religions  treatises. 

TJLECOT.  PHILIP  DE  (</.  1220),  judge ;  constable 
of  Oliiuou,  1205  :  ransomed  from  the  French,  1207 :  one  of 
King  John's  evil  counsellors  :  sheriff  of  Northumberland  ; 
employed  by  King  John  to  bold  the  north  for  him :  con- 
tinued in  office  by  Henry  HI;  a  justice  itinerant  In  the 
north,  1219.  [Iviii.  18] 


ULFCYTEL  or  ULFKETEL  (rf.  1016), earl  of  the 
Ancles;  made  peace  with  King  Sweyn.  lum  ; 

.       :    '         I'..          ,'    ',         ••...-:     .-.-.    •  ,  .,     ... 


ULLATHOUnt,  \V  1 
man  catholic  prelate:  son  of  a  York, 
-.  s  \m  .  mSK  •  BOTH  :•  tb 


••  ..,     .-       ,- 
to 
M] 

'..     ! 


.-,..!.  •     »•.. 


•  -  1 


..•  <  orwntry,  IMI  .  . 

•   ..:  ••   .,:  ' 


,-V:,l...  :  ,•  V 
«    .'  .1   .,,  1- 


f  west  England,  1846;   tr 

:   -   dot,  !-.-      i,   .,;,   ..f    i: 

•  M  \v  at*  KWB  •'..  ;  Wj 


wrote  and  agitated  against 
M/^WwiU, 


{.  EOI  EUBOl    .  14J   '.-:, 
1.1391-1403; 


tracts  and  ooounonal 
tlrtti.lt] 

theological  writer: 


1896-7 ;  DJ)M  1394  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1401 ; 

of  Beeford,  1407 :  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1408. 

[Iviii.  fl] 

ULSTER,  KAULH  OK.  [See  Corn- 
LACY,  HUOH  DK,  d.  1242?:  RUUOH.  WALTER  DK,  called. 
EARL,  OF  UI.STKK.  /.  '  \iu>  DK,  second 

E.UIL  of  the  Burgh  family,  18697-1326  ;    BCRUII.  \VM.- 
I.IAM  DK,  third  KAHU  1312-1332;  LIO.VKL  ov  ANTWKRF, 
•••.rat    (VI  i    i.K,    1374-1398; 
MUUIIMKK,  KIIMI.-MI  (IV)  I.K,  1391-1425.] 

ULTAH  (d.  666),  of  Anlnrecain  ;  Iritfh  saint;  tribal 
bishop  of  central  Mcath  :  oommemorateU  on  4  Sept. 

[Iviii.  SI] 

UMFRAVILLE,  (JILHEUT  DE,  EARL  or  AJtOTO 
(1244  V-1307),  sou  of  Matilda,  heiress  of  tbe  Celtic  earto 
of  Angus,  and  of  Gilbert  de  Umfraville  (d.  1246) ;  of  a 
'revllle,  <" ' 


Norman  stock  (originally  from  Amfr 
Eure)  long  settled  at  Redesdale,  Northumberland ;  ward 
of  Simon  de  Moutfort,  and  compelled  to  side  with  htm  in 
the  barons'  wan  ;  fought  against  the  barons,  It64  :  styled 
J-irl  of  Angus,  c.  1367 ;  summoned  to  tbe  English  parlia- 
:•  -rally  as  'Gilbert  de  Umfraviue'),  and  to  the 
.Scottii-h  parliament:  accepted  Edward  I  as  arbiter  of 
Scotland,  1291  ;  accepted  John  Baliol  as  king  of  Scotland. 
1392:  served  in  Gascony,  1294:  fought  for  Edward  I 
against  Baliol  and  Wallace,  1296-8.  [Iviii.  21] 

UMFEAVILLE,  GILBERT  DE  (1310-1381).  son  of 
Robert  de  Umfraville,  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.]  ;  sum  mono! 
to  tbe  English  parliament  as  Earl  of  Angus  ;  joined 
Edward  Baliol  In  his  attempt  on  Scotland,  1883-4 :  fought 
at  Neville's  Cross,  1846  :  entailed  Redesdale  on  his  naif- 
brother,  1378.  [IviiL  38] 

UMFRAVILLE,  GILBERT  DB  (1390-1431),  popu- 
larly styled  •  Earl  of  Kyme  * :  sou  of  Sir  Tbonuw  de  Umfra- 
ville ( 13C2-1391X  eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  de  Umfravllle 
[q.  v.] :  inherited,  1391.  Harbottle  and  Redesdate,  and 
Kyme  In  Kesteven :  a  royal  ward  in  charge  successively 
of  his  uncle,  Robert  de  Umfraville  (rf.  I486)  [q.  v.],  of 
Hotspur,  and,  1403,  of  George  Dunher,  earl  of  March  ; 
came  of  age  and  was  knighted,  14  ID  :  went  to  help  Philip 
of  Burgundy,  1411;  served  at  Calais,  1413:  fought  In 
Henry  V's  French  wars,  1416-19  :  granted  AmfrertBe  and 
other  Norman  estates ;  envoy  to  the  French  court,  1419  ; 
accompanied  Henry  V  to  Paris,  1430 ;  marsliol  of  France, 
1421 ;  killed  in  battle  at  Bauge.  [Iviii.  34] 

UMFRAVILLE,  ROBERT  DK.  EARL  OF  AXOOT  (1377- 
1325),  son  of  Gilbert  de  Umfraville,  earl  of  Angus  [q.  v.)  ; 
succeeded,  1307 ;  fought  for  Edward  II  against  the  Soote 
and  tbe  barons ;  taken  prisoner  at  Bannockburn,  1314, 
and  deprived  of  his  Scottish  title  and  estates;  married 
tbe  heiress  of  Kyme,  Lincolnshire.  [IviiL  38] 

UMFRAVILLE,  ROBERT  DB  (<*.  14S6X  younger  Km 
of  Sir  Thomas  de  Umfravllle  [q.  v.]  ;  constantly  engaged 
In  border  warfare  with  the  Scots ;  nicknamed  •  Robin 
Mcndmarkot ' ;  sheriff  of  Northumberland:  inherited 
Redesdnle  and  Kyme  from  his  nephew,  Gilbert  de  Umfm- 
vllle  (1390-1421)  [q.  v.] ;  last  of  the  male  line  of  tbe 
Umfraville*  of  Redesdale,  [Iviii.  36) 

UMFRAVILLE,  8m  THOMAS  DB  (4.  1886),  half- 
brother  of  Gilbert  de  Umfraville  ( 1310-1381)  [<|.  v.],  from 
whom  he  inherited  Redesdale  and  Kyme.  [Ivlil.  23J 


UMMARCOTE 


1328 


URQUHART 


UMMARCOTE,    ROBERT  (d.   1241).     [See  S...MI -u- 

COTK.] 

UMPBELBY,  FANNY  (1788-1852),  author  of  'The 
Child's  Guide  to  Knowledge,'  1825.  [Iviii.  26] 

UNDERDOWN,  THOMAS  (./*.  1566-1587),  poet  and 
translator :  published  4  The  excellent  Historye  of  Theseus 
and  Ariadne,'  1566,  Heliodorus's  '^Ethiopian  Historic,1 
1669, and  Ovid  'against  Ibis,'  with  an  appendix  of  legends, 
1669.  [Iviii.  26] 

UNDERBILL,  GAVE  (1634-1710?),  actor  :  son  of  a 
London  clothworker  ;  entered  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
1645  ;  a  leading  member  of  the  Duke  of  York's  company, 
1661,  of  the  joint  company,  16H2 ;  a  principal  player  of 
comic  parts,  1661-1702 ;  appeared  occasionally,  1704-10. 

[Iviii.  27] 

UNDERBILL,  EDWARD  (/.  1539-1562),  the  'hot 
gospeller':  occurs  us  gentleman  pensioner,  1539-62; 
served  in  Hainault,  1543,  and  France,  1544  ;  a  forward 
protestant  in  Edward  VI's  reign;  served  at  Boulogne, 
1549 ;  imprisoned  for  a  lampoon  on  Queen  Mary,  1553. 

[Iviii.  29] 

UNDERBILL,  JOHN  (15457-1592),  bishop  of  Ox- 
lord  ;  at  Winchester  School,  1556  ;  fellow  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1561-76 ;  M.A.,  1568 ;  chaplain  to  Dudley,  earl  of 
Leicester  ;  rector  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  by  Leicester's 
influence,  1577-90 ;  D.D.,  1581 ;  after  other  benefices,  rector 
of  Witney,  1587  ;  bishop  of  Oxford,  1589-92.  [Iviii.  30] 

UNDERBILL,  JOHN  (d.  1672),  colonist ;  of  a  War- 
wickshire family ;  served  in  the  Netherlands,  and,  1G25, 
against  Cadiz ;  taken  as  military  instructor  to  New  Eng- 
land, 1630  ;  joint-leader  against  the  Peqnot  Indians,  1637; 
governor  of  Dover  colony,  Piscataqua  ;  served  the  Dutcli 
against  the  Indians  in  New  Netherlands,  1643,  and  resided 
in  other  colonies.  [Iviii.  31] 

UNDERWOOD,  MICHAEL  (1736-1820),  man-mid- 
wife ;  studied  in  London  and  Paris  :  practised  in  London 
as  a  surgeon,  and,  from  1784,  as  man-midwife  ;  published 
surgical  treatises.  [Iviii.  31] 

UNTON  or  UMPTON,  SIR  HENRY  (1557  ?-1596), 
diplomatist  and  soldier;  M.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
1590  ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1575  ;  travelled  in  France 
and  Italy ;  M.P.,  New  Woodstock,  1584-5  ;  served  in  the 
Low  Countries,  1585-6 ;  knighted,  1586 ;  envoy  to 
Henry  IV  of  France,  1591-2;  M.P.,  Berkshire,  1593; 
envoy  to  France,  1695 ;  died  at  La  Fere ;  part  of  his 
official  despatches  published.  [Iviii.  32] 


MARY  (1724-1796),  the  friend  of  Cowper ; 
nie  Cawtborne ;  married  Morley  Unwiu,  1744  ;  resided  hi 
Huntingdon,  1748 ;  took  William  Cowper,  the  poet,  as  a 
boarder,  October  1765  ;  widowed,  July  1767  ;  took  Oowper 
with  her  to  Olney,  September  1767,  and  to  Weston,  1786  ; 
a  marriage  with  Cowper  projected  in  1772  stopped  by  his 
insanity.  [Iviii.  34] 

UNWIN,  WILLIAM  CAWTHORNE  (17457-1786), 
correspondent  of  Oowper :  eldest  son  of  Mary  Unwin 
£q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1767  ;  rector  of 
Stock,  1769.  [Iviii.  35] 

UNWONA(d.  800?),  sixth  bishop  of  Leicester;  suc- 
ceeded, c.  781 ;  reputed  a  Welshman  and  a  scholar. 

[Iviii  35] 

UPCOTT,  WILLIAM  (1779-1845),  antiquary  and 
•autograph  collector;  natural  son  of  Ozias  Humphry 
[q.  v.],  who  bequeathed  him  his  correspondence,  engrav- 
ings, etc. ;  assistant-librarian  of  the  London  Institution, 
1808-34 ;  his  collections  sold  by  auction,  1846 ;  published 
a  catalogue  of  his  papers,  1836,  and  a  bibliography  of 
English  topography,  1818  ;  edited  antiquarian  works. 

UPBAM,  EDWARD  (1776-1834),  oriental!™'  bSk- 
«eller  in  Exeter ;  mayor  of  Exeter,  1809 ;  chief  works, 
•* The  History  and  Doctrine  of  Buddhism,'  1829,  'History 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire  from  Ite  Establishment  till  the 
year  1828,'  1829,  and  a  translation  of  the  sacred  and  his- 
torical books  of  Ceylon,  1833.  [Iviii.  37] 

UPINOTON,  SIR  THOMAS (1846-1898),  South  African 
statesman ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1868  ;  an  Irish 
barrister.  1867 ;  settled  in  Cape  Colony,  1874 ;  attorney- 
generai  there,  1878-81,  1886-90,  1896-8;  premier,  1884-6; 
K.O.JU}.,  1887 ;  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  1892-6. 

[Iviii.  38] 


UPPER    OSSORY,    LOUD    OF    (15357-1581).      [See 

FlTZPATKICK,  SlH  BAUXAHY.] 

UPTON,  ARTHUR  (1623-1706),  Irish  presbyterian  ; 

a  royalist ;  refused  the  '  Engagement ' ;  sat  in  the  Irish 

parliament  successively  for  Oarrickfergus  and  co.  Antrim, 

1661-1701  :  raised  a  foot  regiment  for  William  III  ;  :it- 

.  tainted  by  James  II's  Irish  parliament,  1689.     [Iviii.  38] 

UPTON,  JAMES  (1670-1749),  schoolmaster ;  educated 
|  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1701 ; 
assistant-master  at  Eton  ;  taught  school  at  Ilminster, 
1724-30;  master  of  Taunton  grammar  school,  1730-49; 
beneflced  in  Somerset,  1711-49;  edited  classical  texts, 
including  Theodore  Gulston's  Latin  version  of  '  Poetics  of 
Aristotle'  (1623),  1696.  [Iviii.  39] 

UPTON,  JOHN  (1707-1760),  editor  of  Spenser; 
younger  son  of  James  Upton  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  1728-36  ;  M.A.,  1732  ;  beneficed  in  Somer- 
set and  Gloucestershire ;  edited  Spenser's  '  Faerie  Queen ' 
1758.  [iviii.  39] 

UPTON,     NICHOLAS     (14007-1457),     writer     on 
heraldry:  at  Winchester  School,  1408;  fellow  of  New 
College,  Oxford,  1415  ;  B.C.L. ;  a  soldier  in  France  ;  pre- 
sent at  the  siege  of  Orleans,  1428 ;    perhaps   B  Oan.L. 
Oxford,  1438 ;  held  cathedral  preferment  at  Wells,  1431, 
I  St.  Paul's,  London,  1443,  and  Salisbury,  1446 ;  rector  suc- 
cessively of  Chedsey,  Stapylford,  and  Farleigh ;  solicited 
!  at  Borne  the  canonisation  of  Bishop  Osmund  (d.  1099) 
1  [q.  v.],  1452-3;    compiled  a  large    treatise  'de    officio 
militari '  (printed,  1654).  [Iviii.  39] 

UPTON,  Sm  NICHOLAS  (d.  1551),  knight  of  St.  John 
of  Malta ;  killed  by  sunstroke  while  defending  Malta 
against  the  Turks.  [Iviii.  40] 

URCBARD,  Sm  THOMAS  (1611-1660).  [See  URQU< 
HART.] 

URE,  ANDREW  (1778-1857),  chemist  and  scientific 
writer ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Universities ; 
M.D.  Glasgow,  1801 ;  professor  of  chemistry  in  Anderson's 
College,  Glasgow,  1804-30 ;  director  of  Glasgow  Observa- 
tory, 1809 ;  inaugurated  popular  scientific  lectures ;  F.R.S., 
1822 ;  analytical  chemist  in  London,  1830-57  :  published 
'Dictionary  of  Chemistry,'  1821,  'Dictionary  of  Arts, 
I  Manufactures,  and  Mines,'  1853,  and  other  works. 

[Iviii.  40] 

URE,  DAVID  (d.  1798),  geologist ;  a  Glasgow  weaver ; 
M.A.  Glasgow,  1776 ;  assistant-minister  at  East  Kilbrlde : 
minister  of  Uphall,  1796-8 ;  published  geological  tracts, 
1793-7.  [Iviii.  41] 

URI,   JOANNES  (1726-1796),   orientalist;    born    at 

'•  Kbros,  Hungary ;   studied  at  Leyden ;  edited  a  Hebrew 

etymology  and  the  '  Burda '  (Arabic  poem),  1761;  resided 

in  Oxford,  1766-96 ;  compiled  a  defective  '  Catalogue  of 

Bodleian  Oriental  MSS.,'  1787 ;  edited  Persian,  Turkish, 

I  and  Hebrew  pieces.  [Iviii.  42] 

URIEN  (/.  570),  British  prince ;  historically '  Urbgen,' 
prince  of  part  of  North  Britain  ;  slain  in  battle  with  the 
Northumbrian  Angles  (appendix  to  NENNIUS,  c.  690); 
mythologically  he  appears  in  '  Malory '  as  King  Vryeus  of 
1  the  land  of  Goire  (Gower,  according  to  Glamorganshire 
antiquaries).  [Iviii.  42] 

URQUBART,  DAVID  (1805-1877),  diplomatist ;  edu- 
j  cated  in  France,  Geneva,  and  Spain,  1817-21 :  at  Oxford, 
1822  ;  travelled  in  the  East ;  served  in  Greek  navy,  1827-8 : 
surveyed  Greek  frontier,  1830  ;  attached  to  Sir  Stratford 
Canning's  Constantinople  mission,  1831-2 ;  sent  to  Con- 
!  stantinople  to  report  on  British  trade,  1834 ;  secretary  of 
embassy  at  Constantinople,  1836 ;  recalled,  1837,  for  hos- 
tility to  Russia  ;  M.P.,  Stafford,  1847-52 ;  a  bitter  oppo- 
i  nent  of  Palmereton  ;  wrote  and  agitated  in  favour   of 
Turkish  autonomy  ;  withdrew,  in  ill  heath,  to  Montreux, 
Switzerland,  1864  ;  published  notes  of  travel  and  political 
and  diploma tical  papers ;  died  at  Naples.         [Iviii.  43] 

URQUBART,  THOMAS  (/.  1650  7),  violin-maker ;  of 
i  London.  [Iviii.  45] 

URQUBART  or  URCBARD,  SIR  THOMAS  (1611- 
1 660  ),  of  Cromarty ;  author  and  translator ;  eldest  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Urquhart ;  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen ; 
travelled  in  France,  Spain,  and  Italy  ;  fought  at  Turriflf 
'  against  the  Covenanters,  1639 ;  withdrew  to  London, 
May  1639;  knighted,  1641;  published  'Epigrams,'  1641; 
returned  to  Scotland  to  arrange  his  affairs,  1642;  went 


tTM    / 


IM 


USSHER 


ioro:v  1  1  r,|2  s  :  ,  n.otetras.'  a  trigonometrical 

. 

'.aim  CuarUs   II.  1641* :  fo|. 

arU*H  K.  Vorce*]^wh«re  inauy  of  hi*  maim- 

the  parliamentarians,  1U61  • 

:>n*>n,T  in  the    I'.A    rnf  I^m.l.iii..:. 

l)l'bl'-1"-:  :.>.-ro;poi»*ai»»). 

l'»5l,  iili.1  :m  :n\, ,•::,,    /K<r7«,.toaA«vpoO  against  Scottish 

•inns,   16&2;  visited  Scotland  on  parole,  1662-3; 

•1  scheme  for  a  universal  language  in  bis  •  Logo. 

f"»'l'v<'-'M IMS.  and  part  of  hu  translation  of  Kabe- 

lots,  1653 :  died  abroad.  A  furth.-r  i-.rtion  of  Rabelais 
V_H-  print, 'l.  10M;  his  mlsceUdiieoas  work*  were  ooltoctad. 

1  1«34.  [MIL  461 

URRY  or  HURRY.  >':»  JOHN  (it.  1650),  professional 
i'h.-r  ;  ..I  I'itri.-hii-.  AtM-ntaenshira:  served  abroad :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel  in  Scotland ;  solicited  to  join,  but 


fought  at  Marston  Moor,  1644 ;  surrendered  to  the  parlia- 
ment, but  was  soon  released  on  parole,  1644 ;  attached 
himself  to  the  Scottish  army  :  sent,  with  William  Balllie, 
against  Montrose,  March  1645 ;  routed  at  Auklcarn.  May 
1648;  went  back  to  the  royalists ;  accompanied  Hamil- 
ton's army  to  Preston,  1648;  escaped  to  the  continent; 
major-general  in  Moutrose's  descent,  January  1660  ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Carbisdale ;  beheaded  at  Edinburgh. 

URRY,  JOHN  (1666-1715X  editor  of  Chaucer:  stu- 
dent of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  :  BJU  1686  ;  a  nonjuror, 
1689;  undertook  to  edit  Chaucer,  1711  ;  tampered  with 
the  text;  his  edition  completed  bj  others  and  publUhed, 
1711.  [Iviii.  62] 

URSE  D'AUKTOT  (/.  1086X  sheriff  of  Worcester- 
shire: occurs  in  'Domesday*  as  a  great  landowner  in 
Gloucester,  Worcester,  Hereford,  and  Warwick :  oppressed 
Worcester,  Pershore,  and  Kveaham  monasteries  ;  reputed 
founder  of  MiUvern  priory  ;  helped  to  crush  the  Earl  of 
Hereford's  revolt,  1074.  The  estates  passed,  through  a 
daughter,  to  the  Beauchamp  family.  [Iviii.  52] 

URSULA,  SAINT  (J.  238,  or  283,  or  451 X  patroness  of 
virgins ;  described  as  only  daughter  of  Deonotus,  a  British 
priuce;  sailed  with  ten  virgin  companions  and  eleven 
thousand  virgin  attendant*  to  Cologne:  visited  Home; 
massacred  at  Cologne  on  her  return,  with  her  company, 
by  the  Huns.  The  legend  occurs  in  the  eighth  century, 
was  developed  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  popularised  by 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  The  Ursuline  nun?,  named  after 
her,  were  founded  in  1537.  Many  attempts  have  been 
made  to  get  rid  of  the  difficulties  involved  in  the  number 
eleven  thousand,  culnmmting  in  Rcttberg's  conjecture 
that  XI.M.V.  (meaning  'eleven  martyred  virgins')  was 

[Iviii. 


misread  •  eleven  thousand  virgins.' 


[Iviii.  53] 


UR8WICK,CHRLSTOPHBR  (1448-1622),  diplomatist 
and  churchman  :  educated  at  Cambridge ;  LL.D. ;  con- 
fessor to  Lady  Margaret  Beaufort,  and  to  Henry  VII: 
negotiated  the  marriage  treaty  between  Henry  (then  Earl 
of  Richmond)  and  Elizabeth  of  York,  1484 ;  accompanied 
Henry  to  England,  1486 :  master  of  Kintr's  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1485-8;  envoy  to  Pope  Innocent  VIII,  I486,  to 
Castile,  1488,  to  France,  1489  and  1492,  to  Scotland,  1492 
and  1493,  to  the  king  of  the  Romans,  1496 :  dean  of  York, 
1488-91 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1496-1522  ;  rector  of  Hackney, 
London,  1602-22:  held  much  cathedral  and  parochial 
preferment ;  friend  of  Erasmus.  [Iviii.  55] 

UR8WICK,  Sin  THOMAS  (</.  1479X  judge :  Yorkist ; 
re. -order  of  Ixindou,  1155;  M.P.,  London,  1461  ami  1467; 
lulmittal  Edward  IV  to  London,  1471;  knighted,  1471; 
chief-baron  of  the  exchequer,  1472.  [IviiL  56] 

URWICK,  THOMAS  (1727-1807),  independent  divine ; 
of  Glasgow  University:  pastor  in  Worcester,  1754-76, 

Nurborough,  1776-9,  and  Clapham,  1779-1807  :  published 
sermon*.  [Iviii.  67] 

URWICK,  WILLIAM  (1791-1868).  congregational 
divine  ;  pastor  at  Sligo,  1816-26,  and  In  Dublin,  1826-68; 
D.D.  Connecticut,  1832 ;  professor  in  the  Dublin  Theo- 
logical Institute,  1832;  published  biographies  of  congre- 
gational worthies,  autobiographical  note?,  hymns,  and 
controversial  pamphlets.  [IriiL  67] 


USCYTEL     or     UBKETILLUS     <•/.     971).       [Set 

J 
USHER.    [See  also  CMIIKR.] 

USHER,  JAMB8(1720-1771X  schoolmaster;  educated 

-.-.  Dublin  ;  embraced  Homanlan:  failed 

as  a  faroMr.  and  as  a  linaadrapar  in  Dublin :   kept  a 

•bod  be  B  wuieslfcotti  pwS  3  K.  .,,.„.-•,„,.  irtf  ::• ; 

published  phUosophical  essay*.  1764-71.  [IrllL  18] 

RIOIIARD  (1785-1843),  clown :   son  of  a 


j  nttvaai  .:.-..:.  '.••,..  i 


riviii  &fti 
USX,  ADAM  or  (/.  1400).    [See  ADAM.] 

U8K,  THOMAS  (d.  1188),  author  of  •  The  TiiiiMMl 
of  Love,'  formerly  a«*ribed  to  Chaoc«r  :  native  of  Loodoo  : 
private  secretary  to  John  de  Northampton  [q.  T.I.  UM 
Wycllflte  lord  mayor  of  London.  1S81-S  :  prison*  in 


:  procured  his  pardoi 
against  his  patron  :  nnder-sheriff  of  London,  by  Richard 
It's  mandate,  October  1387;  proceeded  against  by  the 
•  Merciless '  parliament,  February  1388 :  executed.  •  The 
Testament  of  Love*  is  an  allegorical  prose  work,  written 
by  Usk  in  prison  to  enlist  iympathy  ( printed  as  Chaucer**, 
1681 ;  the  Chaucerian  attribution  disproved,  1866). 

[Mil.  60] 

USSHER,  AMBROSE  (1581  ?-1619X  scholar;  M.A. 
;m  !  MIow  of  Tr.n-.ty  College.  Dublin,  1601 ;  liis  mano- 
script  compilations,  biblical.  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and  mathe- 
matical, In  Trinity  College  Library.  [IviiL  Cl] 

USSHER.  HENRY  (1560?-1613X  archbishop  of 
Armagh  :  native  of  Dublin :  educated  at  Cambridge 
(B.A.,  1570X  Paris,  and  Oxford  (M.A.,  1671);  treasurer 
of  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  1673 ;  archdeacon  of  Dublin. 
1580:  sent  to  London  to  oppose  a  proposed  university  in 
Dublin,  1684  :  sent  to  London  to  solicit  the  foundation  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1691 :  obtained  the  charter,  1691 ; 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  1596-1613.  [IviiL  61] 

USSHER.  Hi:XKY  (</.  1790X  astronomer:  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1764  ;  D.D.,  1779;  professor  of 
astronomy.  1783:  F.1LSM  1786;  started  Dunsink  obser- 
vatory,  Dublin ;  publUhed  astronomical  papers. 

[MIL  83] 

USSHER,  JAMBS  (1581-1656X  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh :  sou  of  a  Dublin  lawyer :  scholar  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1694,  at  its  foundation  :  fellow.  1599-1605  ; 
M.A.,  1601 :  lay  preacher  at  Christ  Church,  Dublin  :  sent 
to  England  to  buy  books  for  Trinity  College  Library, 
1602 ;  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  and  rector  of 
Finglas,  1606 ;  professor  of  divinity,  Dublin.  1607-11 ; 
rector  of  Assey,  161 1-26 :  published  his  first  work,  •  De  . . . 
Ecclesiarum  . . .  Successione,'  1613 :  D.D.,  1614 ;  drafted 
the  Irish  convocation  articles,  1615 ;  vice-chancellor  of 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1617;  rector  of  Trim,  162O: 
bishop  of  Meath,  1621 ;  resided  in  England,  studying. 
1613-6 ;  archbishop  of  Armagh,  1616  :  Incorporated  D.D. 
at  Oxford,  1626 :  defended  the  catholic  penaflaws,  1628- 
1627 :  corresponded  with  Laud,  1618-40 ;  discountenanced 
Bishop  William  Bedell's  idea  of  reviving  the  Irish  lan- 
guage in  the  service,  1629  ;  accepted,  at  Stratford's  com- 
mand, the  Enpli?h  Thirty-nine  Articles,  but  rejected  the 
1604  Anglican  canons  in  favour  of  now  Irish  canons, 
1634 ;  drafted  a  scheme  of  modified  episcopacy  ac 
to  the  puritans  (printed  without  his  leave,  1641) ; 
with  Charles  I  not  to  sacrifice  Strafford :  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle in  eommendam,  February  1641  to  autumn  1643; 
voted  a  pension  by  parliament,  September  1643  (first  pay- 
ment made,  December  1647);  objected  to  the  West- 
minster Assembly,  1643;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
1647 ;  offered  a  pension  by  Richelieu,  e.  1649 ;  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey;  hi*  library  bought  by  the  state. 
1656,  and  placed  in  Trinity  Collage,  Dublin,  1661 ;  hia 
chronology  still  the  standard  adopted  in  editions  ofthe 
English  bible ;  learned  in  patristic  literature  and  ancient 
Irish  history  ;  collected  works  published,  1847-64. 

[MIL  84] 

USSHER,    ROBERT  (1592-1641X  Irish  bishop;  son 
of  Henry  Dasher  (15507-1813)  [q.  T.]  ;  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1811:   B.D.,  1611:   elected  prprost 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1817,  buiekotkm  annulled :  red 
of  Lurgan,   1619:    provost  of  Trinity 
1630-4 ;  bishop  of  Kildare,  1635-41. 

4  a 


USSHER 


\ 


;UHART 


USSHER,  Siu  THOMAS  (1779-1848),   rear-a.lmir.il; 

-her  ((/.    1790)  [q.  v.]:    entered  uiivy, 

17'.M  :  lieutenant,  17H7  :  commander.  IHoG  ;  captain,  1m  is  ; 

•>e<l  Napoleon  from  Frejus  to  Elba,  1814;  knighted, 

1631  :"  rear-admiral,  1846.  [Iviii.  72] 

UTENHOVE,  JOHN  (d.  1666),  reformer;  native  of 

Ohi-iit  :  li'ft   Flanders  for  religion's  snke,  1644;    resident 

n  Kii.:l:iii>l,  1548-63,  co-operatimr  with  John  Laski  [q.  v.] 

in  organising  rhnrches  for  protestant  refugees  ;  planted 

•iy  of  Flfinish   weavers  at  Cilastonhury  :  au'ain  in 

Kn-.'lan.'l.  1568  ; '  first  elder '  of  the  Dutch  church,  London  ; 

published  a  Latin  narrative  of  his  church,  some  psalms  in 

verse,  and  other  writings.  [Iviii.  73] 

TTTHER  PENDRAGON,  father  of  King  Arthur: 
hero  of  romance,  according  to  which  he  was  brother  of 
AureliiiR  Ambnwianus,  who  claimed  descent  from  Con- 
stantino the  Tyrant,  and  headed  a  war  against  the 
Saxons.  [ii.  126] 

UTRED  (1315  ?-1396).    [See  UHTRED.] 

UTTERSON,  EDWARD  VERNON  (1776?-1856), 
literary  nntiquary ;  educated  at  Eton;  LL.B.  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1801  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1802 : 
one  of  the  six  clerks  in  chancery,  1815-42  ;  edited  reprints 
of  scarce  English  books,  1812-39  ;  issued  similar  reprints 
from  his  private  '  Beldoruie  press '  Ryde,  1840-3. 

[Iviii.  73] 

UVEDALE.    [See  also  UDALL.] 

UVEDALE  or  WOODHALL,  JOHN  (d.  1549  ?),  con- 
tractor and  official ;  carrier  for  the  royal  household,  1488  ; 
<H>mmissariat  officer  at  Flodden,  1513  ;  clerk  of  the  pells, 
1516  ;  speculated  in  crown  leases  of  mines  ;  secretary 
to  Henry  Fitzroy,  duke  of  Richmond  [q.  v.],  1525-8; 
secretary  to  Anne  Boleyn,  1533-5  ;  secretary  to  the  coun- 
cil in  the  north,  1536-9,  1545;  treasurer  of  the  garrisons 
in  the  north,  1542  till  death.  [Iviii.  74] 

UVEDALE  or  UVEDALL,  RICHARD  (d.  1556),  con- 
spirator ;  governor  of  Yarmouth  Castle,  Isle  of  Wight :  a 
protestant;  privy  to  Sir  Henry  Dudley's  anti-Spanish 


plot,  January  155(5 ;  SOII'XWD    OF    (If-'  f)f  London.  Marclt 
l.r>;»i;  ;  turned  informer  ;  t._-j  [Iviii.  75] 

UVEDALE,  ROBERT  vui7oe)  2)<  schoolmaster  and 
horticulturist:  educated  at  <MnaUnBter  School;  fellow 

1  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  n».>,  •,  M.A..  Itif.f, ;  I.L.K.. 

'  1682;  master  ot  the  grammar  school  ana  proprietor  oi  a 
boarding  school  at  Enfield,  1664;  non-resiii.-iit  rector  of 
OrpiiiL'ton,  1()U6  ;  cultivated  exotic  plants  in  hot-house-  ; 
his  herbarium  in  the  Sloane  collection.  [Iviii.  7ti] 

UVEDALE,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1712),  translator  of  Philip. 
1  de  Couiines's  memoirs,  1712.  [Iviii.  77] 

UVEDALE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1455-1524),  soldier  and 

!  courtier ;  of  Wickham,  Hampshire,  and  Titsey.  Surrey  : 

sheriff  of  Hampshire,  1480,  1487,  and  1493 ;  governor  of 

•  Porchester,   1483;  attainted   by   Richard   III.    1184,  but 

panloned ;  esquire  of  the  body  of  Henry  VII,  c.  1486 ; 

K.B.,  1489  ;  employed  on  public  service  in  Wales,  1512  ; 

a  commissioner  of  musters  for  Hampshire,  1522. 

[Iviii.  77] 

UVEDALE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1542),  of  More  Crichel : 
:  comptroller  of    Poole    port,  1515;   customer  of   wools, 
London,  1622-35  ;  knighted,  1533.  [Iviii,  7H] 

UWINS,     DAVID     (1780  P-1837),    medical     writer; 

studied  in   London  hospitals :    M.D.  Edinburgh,    1803: 

practised  at  Aylesbury ;    physician   to   various    London 

'  dispensaries,    and,  1828,  to  Peckham    lunatic    asylum : 

i  became  a  homowpathist ;  works  include  a  'Treatise  OH 

i  Nervous  and  Mental  Disorders,'  1830.  [Iviii.  78] 

UWINS,    THOMAS  (1782-1857),   painter  in  oil  and 

water  colours  ;   nrt  student  in  London  ;   apprenticed  to 

an    engraver,     1797 ;    professional    miniature   portrwit- 

painter  from   1798 :    exhibited  at   tho   1  loyal   Academy, 

1799-1808,  and  from  1830 ;  illustrated  books  from  1808  ; 

visited  France  to  paint  vintage  scenes,  1817,  and  Scotland 

i  to  illustrate  Sir  Walter  Scott's  works,  1820-2,  and  Italy, 

I  1824-31;    R.A.,  1838;  keeper  of  the  National  Gallery, 

j  1847-55.  [Iviii.  79] 

UXBRIDGE,  EARLS  op.    [See  PAGKT,  HKXRY,  first; 
EARL,  d.  1743  ;  PAGET,  HEXRY,  second  EARL,  1719-1769 ; 
i  PAGET,  HE\RY  WILLIAM,  first  MARQUIS  OF  ANGLESEY, 
1768-1854.] 


V 


VACARIUS  (1115 9-1200 ?),  civilian;  probably  of 
Bologna ;  called  to  England,  c.  1143,  in  the  interest  of 
Archbishop  Theobald  [q.  v.] ;  lectured  on  Justinian  at 
Oxford,  1149 ;  abridged  Justinian,  as  a  text-book  for 
Oxford  students  ;  silenced  by  King  Stephen,  c.  1152  ;  long 
in  the  service  of  Roger  of  Pont  1'Eveque  [q.  v.]  ; 
bendary  of  Southwell,  1167.  -,  [Iviii. 

VACHER,  CHARLES  (1818-1883),  painter  in  water- 
<*olonrg  ;  art  student  in  London  :  travelled  in  Italy,  France, 
Germany,  Algeria,  Egypt :  exhibited  in  London,  1838-81. 

[Iviii.  81] 

VALENCE,  AYMER  DE  (d.  1260).    [See  AYMER.] 

VALENCE,  AYMER  DE,  EARL  OF  PEMBROKE  (d.  1324). 
[See  AYMKR.] 

VALENCE,  WILLIAM  DE,  titular  EARL  OF  PEM- 
IIKOKK  (d.  1296).  [See  WILLIAM.] 

VALENTIA,  VIBCOUXT  (1585-1G60).  [See  AXXESLEY, 
SIR  FRANCIS.] 

VALENTINE,  BENJAMIN  (d.  1652?),  parlia- 
mentarian ;  M.P.,  St.  Germans,  1629 ;  joined  in  forcing 
Speaker  Finch  to  allow  Sir  John  Eliot  [q.  v.]  to  read  his 
rcaolutiona  against  Charles  I,  2  March  1629  ;  imprisoned, 
1629-80  ;  condemned  and  fined,  February  1630 ;  prisoner, 
with  considerable  liberty,  in  the  Gatehouse,  London, 
1630, but  rigorously  confined,  1680-40  ;  M.P.,  St.  (ferinuns, 
in  the  Long  parliament ;  voted  compensation  by  parlia- 
ment before  1648.  [Iviii.  8 1  ] 

VALLANGZY,  CHARLES  (1721-1812),  antiquary; 
«jn  of  a  French  protestant :  officer  of  engineers  ;  engineer 
in  ordinary  in  Ireland,  1762 ;  general,  1863  ;  F.R.S.,  1784  ; 
ignorant  of  Irish ;  published  worthless  tracts  on  Irish 
philology  and  history,  1772-1802.  [Iviii.  82] 


VALLANS,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1578-1590),  poet ;  a  Hert- 
!  fordshire  salter ;  published,  in  unrhymed  hexameters,  'A 
j  Talc  of  Two  Swamies,'  descriptive  of  places  in  Hertford- 
!  shire,  1590.  [Iviii.  8::] 

VALOGNES  or  VALONIIS,  PHILIP  ni:  (d.  1215)r 
baron  of  Panmure  ;  grandson  of  one  of  William  the  Con- 
queror's officers ;  migrated  to  Scotland  l>efore  11C5 :  an 
intimate  friend  of  William  the  Lion,  nnd  hostage  for  him, 
1174  and  1209  :  granted  Panmnre  and  Beuvie;  high  clmm- 
berlain  of  Scotland,  1180-1215.  [Iviii.  83] 

VALPY,  ABRAHAM  JOHN  (1787-1854),  editor  nn.l 
printer;  second  son  of  Richard  Valpy  [q.  v.] ;  educated 
at  Reading  grammar  school  and  Pembroke  Col  le^c. 
Oxford  (M.A.  and  fellow,  1811)  ;  published  excerpts  from 
Cicero,  1804,  and  Latin  verses,  1809  ;  publisher  and  purt- 
editor  of  numerous  classical  texts  and  journals,  London, 
1807-37  ;  reprinted  the  Delphin  classics,  1819-30. 

[Iviii.  84] 

VALPY,  EDWARD  (1764-1832).  classical  scholar; 
B.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1S10:  assistant-master 
at  Reading;  high  master  of  Norwich  school,  181(1 :  IHMIC- 
ficed  in  Norfolk,  1819-32;  edited  an  annotated  Giw|k 
testament  and  school  books.  [Iviii.  85] 

VALPY,  FRANCIS  EDWARD  JACKSON  (1797 
i  1882),  schoolmaster :  sou  of  Richard  Valpy  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
cated at  Reading  school:  M.A.  Trinity  Collect'.  Cam- 
bridge, 1824;  head-master  of  Heading  school,  IH:;D,  l.nr- 
proved  a  failure;  master  of  Bnrton-on-Trent  school: 
rector  of  Garveston,  1854;  published  classical  school- 
book?.  [Iviii.  sii] 

VALPY,  RICHARD  (1754-1836),  schoolmaster :  native 
of  Jersey  ;  educated  partly  in  Normandy  nnd  partly  at 
( iuildford  school :  published  verse,  1772  ;  scholar  <>t  IVm- 
broke  College,  Oxford,  1773;  B.A.,  1776;  D.D.,  1792; 


1331 


VAN   DYCK 


assistant-master  at 
iv~fui  lieu  1-master 
n--'<l.-ut   n-ctor   of   S 
and  other  school-book 

VANAKEN, 

HAKCKK.V] 


.  1777:  very  BUO 


hrttt  H] 


(169»?-1749X 


VANBRUGH,  ('HA1M.KS  i  r.  1744),  son  of 
Vanbrngh  [q.  v.] :  educated  at  Lausanne;  ensijoi  in  the 
n  L'u-ipU.  1739:  mortally  wounded  nt  Fontenoy. 


^^ 


Don  Quixote,1  1738  ;  pain:- 

[Iviii.  100) 

VANDERBANK  or  VANDREBANC,  PKTRH  (U4»- 
1 697  X  engraver,  chiefly  of  portraits  ;  born  in  Paris ;  came 
to  England,  1674.  [UiiL  iw) 

7**  DZ*  D00**  [DOETl.  ABRAHAM  (rf. Jf40X 


VANBRUOH  or  VANBUROH,  SIR  , 
17-Jt,  >,  dramatist,  arehifcft,  und  herald:  sou  of  a  London 
tradesman ;  of  Flemish  descent  ;  studied  in  France,  16K3- 
1685,  forming  archiUftur.il  tastes;  entered  the  army, 
1686  :  prisoner  in  Franco,  1690-2,  Utterly  in  the  Bastille : 
captain,  1696;  comptroller  of  the  board  of  works,  170J-1J, 
and  again,  1716:  brought  out  'The  Relapse,*  1696,  with 
immense  success, « .Shop,*  1697  (adapted  from  the  French 
of  Edmond  BoureaultX  «>J  'The  Provok'd  Wife,1  1697; 
severely  censured  in  Jeremy  Collier's  [q.  v.]  •  Short  View,* 
1698,  and  issued  the  same  year  a  feeble  -Vindication': 
brought  out,  1700,  a  prose  version  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's '  Pilgrim,'  and '  The  False  Friend,*  1702  (adapted 
from  Le  Sage) ;  also  '  Squire  Trelooby,*  1704  (adapted, 
jointly  with  Congreve  and  Walsh,  from  Molierc):  brought 
out '  The  Country  House,'  1705  (adapted  from  the  French 
of  Carton  DancourtX  '  The  Confederacy,'  one  of  the  most 
licentious  pieces  of  the  comic  drama  after  the  Restoration, 
1705  (also  from  DancourtX  and  'The  Mistake,'  1705 
(adapted,  jointly  with  Bctterton,  from  Moliere):  his 
'Journey  to  London,'  completed  by  Colley  Gibber  and 
brought  out,  1728;  manager  of  Hay  market  Theatre, 
London,  1705-7;  designed  Castle  Howard,  1701  (com- 
pleted, 1714X  his  own  Haymarket  Theatre,  London,  1706, 
and  Blenheim  Palace,  Woalstock,  1705  (completed  by 
Sarah,  duchess  of  Mnrlhorough,  from  Vanbrugh's  designs, 
but  without  his  help.  1724):  'restored  '  Kimboiton  Oastte, 
1707,  and  designed  the  Clarendon  Building,  Broad  Street, 
Oxfonl,  1711,  jointly  with  Nicholas  Hawksmoor  [q.  v.] ; 
worked  on  country  seats  in  a  ponderous  style  of  archi- 
tecture: 'Carlisle*  herald,  to  qualify  for  office,  1703, 
Clarenceux  king-at-arms,  1704-20;  knighted,  1714; 
acted  as  Garter,  1715-18,  the  claim  of  John  Anstts  the 
younger  [q.  v.]  being  allowed  in  1718;  disliked  in  the 
College  of  Arms,  owing  to  his  ridicule  of  its  formalities. 
His  correspondence  is  partly  published  (in  'Gentleman's 
Magazine,'  1736-9,  and  '  Athennum,'  1890).  His  collected 
dramatic  works  appeared,  1730.  [Iviii.  86] 

VANCE,  ALFRED  GLENVILLE  (1838  ?-1888X  actor 
and  pan tomi mist ;  'the  great  Vance,'  real  name  AI.KKKD 
PKCK  STKVKXS  :  originally  a  solicitor'*  clerk  in  London  ; 
acted  in  the  north  of  England :  made  his  mark  in  London 
music-halls ;  died  while  performing  at  Sun  Music  Hall, 
Knightsbridge.  [IviiL  94] 

VAN  CEULEN,  CORNELIUS  JAXSSBN  (1593- 
16C4V).  [See  JANSSKX.] 

VANCOUVER,  CHARLES  (*.  1785-181SX  agri- 
culturist ;  an  American ;  published  a  compendium  of 
science,  1785  ;  invited  English  settlers  to  Kentucky,  1788 ; 
reported  on  English  farming  for  the  board  of  agriculture 
(Cambridgeshire,  1794 :  Essex,  1795) ;  described  the  drain- 
age of  the  fens,  1794  (published,  18ol);  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky, r.  1798;  again  in  England,  1806;  reported  on 
Devonshire,  1808,  and  Hampshire,  1813.  [Iviii.  95] 

VANCOUVER,  GEORGE  (1758-1798Xexplorer ;  sailed 
on  James  Cook's  (1728-1779)  [q.  v.]  second  voyage,  1772, 
as  seaman  ;  seaman  (afterwards  midshipman)  on  CookV 
third  voyage ;  returnal,  1780 ;  served  a«  lieutenant  in  the 
West  Indies,  1781-3,  1786-9 ;  commander,  1790  :  captain.  . 

1794  ;  sailed  on  a  voyage,  of  discovery  round  the  Cape  of  painter ;  came  to  England,  r.  1673. 
Good  Hope,  1791;  surveyed  the  south- west  of  Australia 
and  of  New  Zealand  ;  surveyed  tl>e  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America,  sailing  round  'Vancouver*  island,  1798-4;  re- 
turned by  Cape  Horn,  1795;  his  'Voyage*  published 
posthumously,  1798.  [IviiL  96] 

VANDELEUR,  Sm  JOHN  ORMSBY  (1768-1849), 
general;  infantry  officer,  1781-92:  exchanged  into  the 
d nur«><«ns,  1792:  served  in  Flander*.  1794-5,  and  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1796;  lieutenant-colonel,  179K  ;  served 
with  distinction  in  India,  1803-5;  major-gvneral,  lull; 
(n  the  Peninsular  war  commanded  an  infantry  brigade, 
1811,  au.  infantry  division,  1812-13,  a  cavalry  brigade, 


.  >.,    .     •  ,       ,       .  „. 

18M  ;  married  Thoouu  Swiobooroe,  an  actor,  1«6. 

VANOnrHOFT.   JOHN   II.  (17*M861X  'ar'tor^of 
Dutch  decent:  born  at  Balisborj;  ednoMsd  at  Htonv- 
burnt;  acted  in  UM  we*t  of  KngUnd,  lw»-ia.  at  Um. 
•  -SW,  in  London.  l*auV^  Vcio^hr  ^ 

Bffl    .r,:..  ]-:    ifj     •       tad     '.:.    :-    £5t?l    ..    Md    £ 

In  the  country,  18W-68. 

VANDEPUT,  GEORGE  (d.  1900X  •dmlral  : 
mate  son  of  Sir  George  Vandeput.  barooet  (A  \T&)>. 
U«tfn*ot;  17»»;  in  command  of  shipa,  1764^W;  n*r- 
admiral,  1793  ;  admiral,  1799  :  died  at  Ma.       £1*11.  99] 

VANDKRBANK,  Jims  (1694?-  17J9),  portrait- 
pamtar  ;  son  of  Peter  Vanderbank  [q.  T.]  ;  born  In  KDJT 
land  :  illustrated  'Dn  ' 


native  of  Holland  ;  in  the  service  of  Henry, 
prince  of  Wales,  1612 :  designer  of  coinage,  16» :  teper 
of  Charles  I's  collections,  1618-40;  compiled  a  catalogue 
of  the  collections,  1638 :  committed  suicfieT  [IvttL  101) 

VAN  LER  EYDEN,  JEREMIAH  (rf.  1695X  portrait- 
painter ;  native  of  Brussels ;  assistant  to  Sir  Peter  Lrly. 

VAN  DER  OUGHT,  BENJAMIN  (,/.  17^4\  painter: 
son  of  Gerard  Van  der  Gucht  [q.  v.] ;  art-student  in  Lou- 
don  :  painted  theatrical  portrait*  ;  a  noted  picture-dealer, 
accidentally  drowned.  [IviiL  109] 

VAN  DER  GUCHT,  GERARD  (1696-1776),  engraver: 
son  of  Michael  Van  der  Gucht  [q.  v.) ;  born  in  London  ; 
book-illUBtrator  and  picture-dealer.  [IviiL  101] 

VAN  DER  OUGHT,  JAN  ( 1697-1 7S8?X  engraver: 
son  of  Michael  Van  der  Guebt  [q.  v.]  [IviiL  102] 

VAN  DER  OUGHT,  MICHAEL  (1660-1 725 X  en- 
graver: born  in  Antwerp:  came  to  London,  1890;  book- 
illustrator  ;  instructor  of  George  Vertue  [q.  T.) 

VANDERLINT,  JACOB  (rf.  1740X  antho?of  '•'  MoVwy 
Answers  all  Things '  ( 1734),  an  economic  treatise ;  a  Loo- 
don  timber- merchant  [Ivlil.  102] 

VAN  DER  MYN  or  VAN  DER  KLTV,  HERMAN 
(1684-1741X  portrait-painter;  born  in  Amsterdam; 
re-idol  in  London,  1718-36  and  1741.  [IviiL  103} 

VAN  DER  VAART,  JAN  (1647-1721),  painter  and 
mezzotint-engraver  ;  born  in  Haarlem ;  came  to  London, 
1674  ;  a  noted  painter  of  landscapes,  portraits,  and  still- 
life:  one  of  the  earliest  mc/.zotint-eugravers ;  from  1713 
specialised  as  a  restorer  of  pictures.  [IviiL  103] 

VAN  DE  VELDE.  WILLEM,  the  elder  (T610-1693X 
marine-painter  ;  born  in  Leyden ;  originally  a  i>ai'or-hoy  • 
came  to  England,  1676.  [Iviii.  103] 

VAN  DE  VELDE,  WILLEM,  the  younger  (1633- 
1707X  painter;  son  of  Willem  Van  de  Vekks  the  dder 


[q.  v.] ;  came  to  England,  c.  1676  ;  produced  copies  in 
oil  of  bis  father's  sketches.  [IvUi.  103) 

VAN    DIEST,     ADRIAEN  (1666-1704).  landscape- 
painter;    ran  of  Willed    Van  Dieet,  a  Dutch  martoe> 

[Irlii.  104] 

VAN  DYCK,  SIR  ANTHONY  (ANTHOX18,  AS- 
TOON)  (1699-1641),  painter  and  etcher ;  a  younger  mm  of 
an  Antwerp  silk-mercer ;  pupil  of  the  pointer  JJendrU 
Van  Balen,  1609 ;  opened  a  studio  in  Antwerp,  1C16. 
painting  portrait*,  and  heads  for  Chrirt  and  hi*  apostles; 
freeman  of  St.  Luke's  Guild.  Antwerp,  1619 :  intimate 
friend  and  assistant  of  Ruben*.  1619-ft);  invited  to  Eng- 
land by  Thomas  Howard,  seooiid  earl  of  Anindd  [q.  T.] 
or  bis  countess,  162O:  employed  by  James  I,  November 
1620- February  1631 ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1621-5 ;  visited 
Aix  ;  resided  in  Antwerp,  painting  and  etching,  e. 
e,  16W :  brought  to  England  by  Charta  I ;  had 


VANDYKE 


1332 


VAN    MILDERT 


In  niackfriar*.  London,  10,32  :  knighted,  1632  ;  pensioned, 
lr-,33-  visited  Antwerp.  U;::»  I;  paintin?  portraits  in 
England,  1635-40;  a  liUTtinc :  forced  by  Charles  I  to 
marry  Mary  Ruthven,  1640;  went  to  Antwerp,  1640,  and 
to  Paris,  IG41  ;  ret  it  me 1  to  London,  1611.  His  method  of 
work  was  to  mako  :i  first  sketch  and  take  notes  for  the 
guidance  of  the  a-sNhmts  who  executed  the  portrait, 
after  which  be  added  the  finishing  touches.  [Iviii.  1U  I] 

VANDYKE,    1'KTKR  (/f.  1767),  painter;   native  of 
Holland;  assistant  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  ;  exhibited  in 
:••!!,  1762-7;  settled  in  Bristol;  painted  portraits  of 
Coleridge  and  Sonthey.  [Iviii.  Ill] 

VANE.  A.NNB  (1705-1736),  the  subject  of  Dr.  John- 
BOU'J  line,  '  Yet  Vane  could  tell  what  ills  from  beauty 
spring ' :  daughter  of  Gilbert  Vane,  baron  Barnard ;  maid 
of  honour  to  Queen  Caroline;  mistress  of  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales.  [Iviii.  112] 

VANE,  FRANCES  ANNE,  VISCOUNTESS  VANE  (1713- 
1783),  nicknamed  'Lady  Fanny';  nie  Hawed ;  married, 
1732,  Lord  William  Douglas  (rf.  1734);  married,  1735, 
William,  second  viscount  Vane;  became  infamous  for 
gambling  and  profligacy ;  contributed  chapter  eighty-one 
to  Smollett's  'Peregrine  Pickle';  a  confirmed  invalid 
from  1768.  [Iviii.  112] 

VANE,  Sm  HENRI',  the  elder  (1589-1655),  secretary 
of  state ;  originally  styled  Henry  Fane,  of  Hadlow ;  en- 
tered Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1604 ;  entered  at  Gray's 
Inn,  16i>6:  knighted,  1611;  purchased  carver's  place  at 
i-ourt,  1612,  share  in  tho  subpoena  office  in  chancery, 
1613,  and  cofferership  to  Prince  Charles,  1617;  cof- 
ferer, 1625,  comptroller,  1629,  and  treasurer,  1639-41,  of 
the  household;  M.P.,  Lostwithiel,  1614,  Carlisle,  1621, 
1624-6,  and  Retfoni,  1628-9 ;  sent  to  solicit  help  for  the 
Palatinate  to  Holland,  1629-30,  and  to  the  king  of  Sweden, 
1631,  but  was  unsuccessful ;  sold  Hadlow  ;  accumulated 
wealth  by  court  practices,  and  bought  lands  in  Kent  and 
Yorkshire,  and  Raby  and  Barnard  Castles  in  Durham ; 
privy  councillor,  1630  ;  constantly  employed  on  administra- 
tive commissions,  1630-40 :  opposed  the  war  with  Scotland, 
1639;  personally  aggrieved  by  Stratford,  1640  ;  secretary 
of  state,  by  the  Marquis  of  Hamilton's  influence,  1640-1  : 
M.P.,  Wilton,  and  spokesman  for  Charles  I  in  the  Short 
parliament,  May  1640- ;  employed  in  negotiations  with  the 
Scots,  1640 ;  M.P.,  Wilton,  in  the  Long  parliament,  1640- 
1653 ;  approved  of  the  impeachment  of  Strafford ;  gave 
evidence,  March  1641,  implying  that  in  May  1640  Strafford 
had  advised  Charles  I  to  bring  the  Irish  army  into  Eng- 
land ;  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury,  1641 :  accompanied 
Charles  I  to  Scotland,  August  1641 ;  dismissed  from  all 
his  places,  November  1641 ;  joined  the  parliamentary 
leaders;  parliamentary  lord-lieutenant  of  Durham,  but 
powerless  there,  1642 ;  served  on  the  committee  of  both 
kingdoms  from  1644:  compensated  by  parliament  for 
damage  to  his  Durham  estates  by  the  royal  troops  ;  M.P., 
Kent,  1654.  [Iviii.  113] 

VANE,  Sm  HENRY,  the  younger  (1613-1662),  states- 
man; eldest  son  of  Sir  Henry  Vane  the  elder  [q.  v.]: 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  at  Oxford,  1629,  and 
abroad:  adopted  decided  puritan  views,  1628;  attached 
to  the  embassy  at  Vienna,  1631 ;  returned  to  England, 
1632;  resolved  to  go  to  New  England  for  freedom  of  con- 
science ;  resided  in  Boston,  1633-7;  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 1036-7 ;  entangled  in  the  doctrinal  controversies 
of  the  colonists  :  returned  to  England,  1637  ;   treasurer 
of  the  navy,  1639-41  ;  M.P.,  Hull,  in  the  Short  parlia- 
ment, April  1640;  knighted,  1640  ;  married,  and  received 
Raby  Castle  from  his  father,  July  1640  ;  showed  Pym  his 
father's    memorandum    of   Stafford's    advice  (5    May 
1640)  to  Charles  I,  September  1640;  M.P.,  Hull,  in  the 
Long  parliament,  November  1640;  Stratford's  fate  sealed 
by  his  copy  of  the  memorandum,  April  1641  :  advocated  ; 
abolition  of  epbtoopacy,  May  1641 ;  dismissed  by  Charles  I  ! 
from  hi*  trea»arer*htp  of  the  navy,  December  1641 ;  a  ' 
leader  of  the  war  party  in  parliament;  parliamentary  I 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  1642-50 :  conducted  negotiations 
with  Scots  at  Edinburgh,   1643 ;  virtual  leader  of  the  j 
Hooae  of  Commons,  1643-6 ;   rejected  Charles  I's  over-  | 
tare*  to  dissociate  him  from  the  parliament,  1644 :  a 
commissioner  at  the  treaty  of  Uxbridge,  1645 ;  urged  the 
reorganisation  of  the  army ;  offended  the  presbyterians 
by  insisting  on  toleration  ;  rejected  fresh  overtures  by 
Charles  I,  1646  :  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  army  j 
leader*  at  Wyoombe,  1647 ;  distrusted  both  by  the  presby- 


terians  and  the  levellers  :  a  commissioner  to  treat  with 
Charles  I  at  Newjwrt,  1C  18;  took  no  part  in  Charles  1's 
rrial;  member  of  the  parliamentary  council  of  stata, 
1649  ;  a  leading  man  in  all  affairs  of  the  Commonwealth, 
home,  colonial,  military,  and  naval,  1649-53 ;  a  d 
friend  of  Cromwell,  1650-3  :  sent  to  Scotland  to  settle 
Scottish  affairs,  1G51  ;  came  into  collision  with  Cromwell, 
from  wishing  to  perpetuate  the  Long  parliament,  1653  ; 
retired  to  Belleau,  1653;  imprisoned  for  a  pamph- 
let against  Cromwell's  arbitrary  government,  1656  ; 
M.P.,  Whitchurch,  in  Richard  Cromwell's  parliament, 
February  1659  ;  effected  the  abolition  of  the  protectorate  : 
in  the  restored  Long  parliament  was  commissioner  of  the 
navy  and  virtual  foreign  minister,  May  1659 ;  laboured 
to  reconcile  the  army  and  the  parliament ;  became  dis- 
trusted by  all  parties ;  expelled  from  the  Long  parlia- 
ment, January  1660  ;  put  in  custody,  February ;  partially 
excluded  from  indemnity  by  the  'Convention1  parlia- 
ment, June  1660  ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  anil 
in  the  Scilly  islands ;  his  death  demanded  by  the  Cavalier 
parliament,  July  1661  ;  condemned  and  executed  on  Tower 
Hill ;  a  religious  enthusiast ;  published  several  treatises  of 
mystical  divinity  ;  published  also  speeches,  [Iviii.  116] 

VANE,  Sm  RALPH  (d.  1552).    [See  FAXE.] 

VANE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1652),  Romanist  convert ;  D.D. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  rector  of  Orayford  ;  embraced 
Romanism ;  settled  in  Paris  as  a  physician  ;  published 
Romanist  tracts,  1646-52.  [Iviii.  129] 

VANE,  WILLIAM  HARRY,  first  DUKK  OP  CLEVK- 
LAND  of  the  second  creation  and  third  EARL  OF  DARLING- 
TON (1766-1842);  styled  Viscount  Barnard;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.P.,  Totnes,  1788-90,  Wiuchelsea,  1790-- 
1792;  a  whig;  succeedel  as  Earl  of  Darlington,  1792; 
created  marquis,  1827,  and  duke,  1833,  of  Cleveland  ;  fox- 
hunter  and  patrou  of  the  turf.  [Iviii.  130] 

VANE-STEWART,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  third 
MARQUIS  OP  LONDONDERRY  ( 1778-1854).  [See  STEWART.] 

VAN  HAT2CKEN  (VAN  AKEN),  JOSEPH  (1699?- 
1749),  painter ;  born  in  Antwerp ;  came  to  England,  c. 
1719  ;  practised  as  portrait-pa'uter ;  assistant  to  various 
portrait-painters.  [Iviii.  131] 

V.ANHOMRIGH,  ESTHER  (1690-1723), 'Vanessa' ; 
friend  ofDean  Swift;  of  Dutch  descent;  the  intimacy 
between  her  and  Swift  recorded  in  Swift's  poem '  Cadenus 
and  Vanessa'  (written  in  1713,  published  in  1726,  after 
Vanessa's  death,  by  her  executors) ;  conceived  a  hopeless 
passion  f  or  6wift ;  wrote  a  letter  to  Stella  [see  JOHNSON^ 
ESTHKR],  or,  according  to  another  account,  to  Swift  him- 
self, asking  if  he  was  married  to  Stella,  1723;  died  of 
shock  occasioned  by  Swift's*  auger  at  her  action. 

[Iv.  215] 

VAN  HUYSTJM,  JACOB  (JAMES)  (1687?-1746), 
flower-painter ;  born  in  Amsterdam  ;  came  to  England, 
c.  1721.  [Iviii.  131] 

VANKOUGHNET,  PHILIP  MICHAEL  SCOTT 
(1822-1869),  Canadian  statesman:  born  at  Cornwall, 
Ontario;  served  in  the  militia,  1837;  barrister,  1813; 
minister  of  agriculture,  1856 ;  chief  commissioner  of 
crown  lands,  1858 ;  chancellor  of  Upper  Canada,  1862-9. 

[Iviii.  131] 

VAN  LAUN,  HENRI  (1820-1896),  author;  born  iu 
Holland;  educated  in  France:  settled  in  England,  1848; 
teacher  of  French  ;  examiner  in  French  for  various 
government  departments  ;  published  a  French  grammar, 
1863,  a  '  History  of  French  Literature,'  1876,  and  a  history 
of  the  French  revolution,  LS78  ;  translated  Taine's  '  Eng- 
lish Literature,'  1871,  Moliere,  1875,  La  Bruy6re,  1885,  I 
and  '  Gil  Bias,'  1886.  [Iviii.  132] 

VAN  LEEMPTIT,  REMIGIUS  (1609  7-1675),  painter; 
often  called  M.  Reniy :  born  in-  Antwerp  :  came  to  En?'  j 
laud  before  1640  ;  copied  portraits  by  Lely  and  Van  Dyckv 

[Iviii.  132] 

VAN  LEMENS,  BALTHASAR  (1637-1704),  painter; 
born  in  Antwerp  ;  made  sketches  for  London  engravers. 

[Iviii.  13*J 

VAN  MILDERT,  WILLIAM  (1765-1836),  the  lust 
bishop  of  Durham  with  palatine  dignity:  of  Dutch  ex- 
traction ;  sou  of  a  London  distiller ;  at  Merchant  Taylor.-' 
School,  1779-84:  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1787; 
M.A.,  1790  ;  rector  of  Rrudden,  1795,  and  of  St.  Mary-le-  j 
Bow,  London,  1796-1820 ;  Boyle  lecturer,  1802-4 ;  vicar 
of  Faruingham,  1807-13 ;  preacher  at  Lincoln's  luu,  • 


VANNES 


1333 


VA88ALL. 


1812-19;    Bumptiui    Wtim-r,    1.K13;    D.D.,    IK13  ; 

professor  oi  -i  ,:  I,  1M3-19;  bishop  of  LUn- 

d.itr,  IMH  M;  dean  ..t  8t  iMul's,  London,  182O-6;  bUImp 

of  Durham,  l.v.v.  If;    ,,.,,-1  :»  fou 

>ity,  isa-j;  p.iMi-1,^1  sermons,  charged,  and  tbeologicml 

tracts. 


VANNES,   PETKll  (-/.  1663X  diplomatist :   born  In 

..-.-;:..,•    to  Andrea  Ammonlo  [q.  v 
\  1 1 1     secretary.  1513  ;  seoretary  to  Wobey.  1614  ;  Latin 
ftecretary  u.  Henry  VIII  und  Edward  VI ;  incorporated 
B.D.  Can  :  visited  Rome.  1526  ;  accompanied 

Wolsey  to  France.  1527 ;  resident  in  Rome,  vainly  soil. 
.•it! ML-  n,-nry  VI I iv  divorce,  1629:  bdd  various  prebend* 
from  1629 ;  envoy  to  Rome,  1633 :  archdeacon  of  Wor- 
cester, 1534:  dean  of  Salisbury,  164O-7  and  1563-63; 
rector  of  Trading-Urn,  1542;  EnglUh  ambassador  at 


Venice,  1650-6. 


[MIL  134) 


VAN  N08T,  JOHN  (<*.  1780),  sculptor  :  of  Dublin. 

[Mil.  186] 

VAN  RYM8DYK,  ANDREW  (d.  1790),  engraver; 
son  of  Jan  Van  Rymsdyk  [q.  v.]  [Iviil.  136] 

VAN  BYK8DYK,  JAN  (.*.  1767-1778),  painter  and 
engraver  ;  native  of  Holland  ;  j>"  •  r  ;  beg?.n 

iit-engraving,  1767;  settled  at  Bristol. 

[Mil.  136] 

VANS.  SIR  PATRICK,  LOBOBaBXBAXBOCRfrf.  I51»7X 
Scottish  judge:  rector  of  Wigton;  inherited  BUnbumoh, 
Wigtownshire,  1668  ;  lord  of  session  as  Lord  Barnbarroch, 
1576  ;  privy  councillor,  1587  ;  an.ba-wa.lor  to  Denmark, 


1687  :  accompanied  James  VI  to  Denmark,  1689  ;  possibly 
the  '  Sir  Patrick  Speiu  '  of  the  old  ballad.        [Iviii.  136] 

VANSITTABT.  GEORGE  HENRY  (1768-1824X 
general ;  studied  nt  Strasbourg  and  Brunswick ;  lieii- 
teuant,  1787;  captain,  1790;  lieutenant-colonel,  1794; 
served  at  Toulon,  1793,  at  the  Cape,  1795,  and  in  the  West 
Indies,  1803 ;  major-general,  1803 ;  general,  1821. 

[Iviii.  137] 

VANSITTABT,  HENRY  0732-1770),  governor  of 
Bengal ;  of  Dutch  extraction  ;  younger  sou  of  a  London 
merchant;  a  profligate  youth ;  writer  in  the  Kast  India 
Company's  service  at  Fort  St.  David.-*,  174G  ;  made  friend- 
ship there  with  Clive  ;  visited  England,  1761 ;  Kent  to 
negotiate  with  the  French  Bast  India  Company,  1764-5; 
member  of  the  council,  1757  ;  took  part  in  the  defence  of 
Madras,  1759;  temporary  governor  of  Fort  St.  George, 
1769-60;  his  governorship  of  Bengal  (1 760-4  )  marked  by  i 
the  deposition  of  Mir  Jafar,  snbadar  of  Bengal,  and  the 
appointment  of  Mir  Kasim,  1760,  by  friction  with  tin-  • 
military  officers  of  the  company,  1761,  by  vain  efforts  to  j 
check  the  corruption  of  the  company's  administration, 
and  by  war  with  Mir  Jafar,  1763  ;  returned  to  England, 
1764  ;  coldly  received  by  the  company  and  by  Chvi- ;  ptib- 
lished  a  'Narrative'  of  hi**  governorship,  1766;  M.P., 
Heading,  1768  ;  director  of  the  East  India  Company,  1769; 
touched  at  the  Cape,  1769,  when  on  his  way  to  India  to 
report  on  the  administration  of  Bengal ;  his  ship  never 
heard  of  afterwards.  [Iviii.  137] 

VANSITTABT,  HENRY  (1777-1843),  vice-admiral; 
put  on  ship's  book*,  1788 ;  on  service  almost  uninter- 
ruptedly, 1791-1814;  lieutenant,  1796;  captain,  1801; 
rear-admiral,  1830 ;  vice-admiral,  1841.  [Iviii.  140] 

VANSITTABT,  NICHOLAS,  flnt  BARON  BEXLEY 
(1766-1861 X  Chancellor  of  the  exchequer :  a  younger  son 
of  Henry  Vansittart  (1732-1770)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1791  ;  hon.  D.C.L.,  1814  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln'* Inn,  1791  ;  wrote  i>amphlcts  in  favour  of  Pitt's 
administration,  1793-6 ;  M.P.,  1796-1823.  latterly  for  Har- 
wich; supported  Addiu^ton's  administration :  envoy  to 
Denmark,  1801  ;  secretary  of  the  treasury,  1801-4  ami 
1806-7;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1805;  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  1812-28;  urged  the  union  of  tin- 
and  Irish  exchequers,  1817 ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  1823-8;  created  Baron  Bexlcy,  1823,  and 
pensioned.  [Iviil.  140] 

VANSirrART,  ROBERT  (1728-1789),  jurist ;  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  School ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford;  D.C.L.,  1767;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1753; 
recorder  of  Maidenhead,  1763,  of  Windsor,  1770;  regius 
professor  of  civil  law,  Oxford,  1767-89 ;  F.S.A.,  1767. 

[Iviii.  144] 


VAN  80MEB,   PAT  I.  (1176-1W1X 
born  in  Antwerp;  liad  a  studio  at  Amsterdam,  16O4 ; 

mm  :-  mjml  «   M  rj  r,  h  MM*    p   •  .-  ol 

Jarne*  !*•  court.  [Mil.  US] 

VAN  BOMXR,  PAUL  (</.  16»4X  mrtxoUnf engraver : 
came  from  Amsterdam  to  London,  1674.        [Iviii.  145] 

VAN  80V,  m  (PRANCISX  erroneooriy 

of  an  Antwerp  flower-painter  i  xjndon. 

MoTo^    ST^^BENZZB,   8m  CHARLsf'THrSU 
(1812-IH92X  Beueral;   of   Dutch  extraction 

MHi     •     (B,   IW  :    •.    Joe   IMS]    i 

1829-33,  and  in   India,   1833-7  and   1841-4; 
colonel,    1851;   In    command   at   the  Ptrwe 


;   bora 

.•. 


.pmeral.  May  1851 ;  commanded 
1H56-6;    command^    British 


In  the 
in 


sass 

Chinese  war,  1887-60 ;  K.C.B.,  1868 ;  major-general,  18M ; 
held  command  in  India.  1MJ-5;  governor  of  Malta. 
1872-8 ;  general,  1875  ;  retired,  1881.  [rviiL  1«] 

VAN    VOEB8T,    ROBERT    (1596-163«X 
native  of  Holland ;    pupil  of  CriRpin  dr  ~ 


to  England,  1628  ;  engraved  portrait*,  partly  after 
Van  Dyck.  [ivilt.  147] 

VABDY,  JOHN  (.1.  17C5),  architect  ;  clerk  of  work* 
in  London  at  the  Horn-  <;...mls  1761,  and  at  Kcnsing- 
ton  Palace  and  Chelsea  Hospital.  [Ivui.  14X] 

VABLZY,  CORNELIUS  (1781-1873).  water-colour 
painter  and  Inventor  ;  sketched  early  in  life  :  maker  of 
philosophical  instruments  ;  invented  improvements  in 
lens-making  ;  wait  bock  to  art,  1800  ;  exhibited  at  tlu- 
Royal  Academy,  1803  and  1821-69;  exhibited  at  tin- 
Water-colour  Society,  1806-21  ;  ex  p»rimented  in  electricity. 

[Iviii.  148] 

VABLEY,  CROMWELL  FLECTWOOD  (1888-1883). 
electrical  engineer  ;  son  of  Cornelius  Varley  [q.  v.]  ; 
employe  of  the  International  Telegraph  Componj  ,  1M» 
is.;s  ;  intro-luoal  improvement*  in  telegraphic  apparatus 
isol  70;  constUted  as  expert  about  laying  the  «eoond 
Atlantic  cable,  c.  1860;  F.K.S.,  1871;  published  papera 
on  electricity  and  telegraphy.  [Iviii.  149] 

VABLEY,  JOHN  (1778-1842X  landncape-palntcr  ; 
worked  for  portrait-pointers  1792;  sketched  on  th<* 
Thames  and  about  London;  became  an  art-teacher  in 
London,  latterly  very  Rnooeatfiil,  and  boarding 
pupils  ;  sketched  in  Wales  and  the  north  and  west  of 
Knglaud,  1798-1803;  exhihiu-d  at  the  Royal  Academy. 
1  7<t8-1803,  and  at  the  Water-colour  Society,  1806-42; 
published  treatises  on  art,  1815-18  ;  a  clow  friend  of  Wil 
limn  Blake.  1819-27  :  believed  in  astrology  ;  in  constant 
difficulties  through  generosity  to  others.  [Iviii.  150] 

VABLEY,     WILLIAM    FLEBTWOOD   (1785-1866). 

artist:  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1804-18;  art- 
teacher.  [Iviii.  153] 

VABLO    or   VABLEY,    CHARLES   (17»?-179«H 

agriculturist  ;  native  of  Yorkshire  ;  visited  Ireland. 
1746,  and  introduced  flax-growing  :  fanned  land  in 
Lritrim,  1748  ;  mobbed  in  Dublin.  1760,  for  exportincr 
Irish  cattle*  :  invented  a  witmowing-inachino,  1772;  beinjr 
hoaxed  by  forged  deeds  went  to  America,  1784,  to  claim 
th«  governorship  of  New  Jersey  :  retarned,  c.  178«  ; 
published  treatises  on  agriculUirc,  1770-96.  [Mil.  153) 


VAJBCTJ8,  JOHN  (14907-1638?). 

VASHON,  JAMKJ3  (1742-18*7).  admiral;  »erT*.l 
continuously  in  the  navy,  1765-1808;  lieutenant,  1774  . 
commander,  1779  ;  rear-admiral,  18O4  ;  admiral,  1814. 

[Iviil.  154] 

VASSALL,  JOHN   (./.  1625),  colonial   pfouo 
testant  refujree  from    Nornuindy  :    apparently   a   drip- 
master  in  1677  ;  commanded  a  ship  against  the  Annad* 
1688  ;  member  of  the  London  Virginia  Company,  16U9. 

VAS8ALL,  SAMUEL  (1686-1667X  parliamentariaa  . 
a  younger  son  of   John  Vanall  fq.  v.]  :  nvsrohu 
London,  tnvlimj  with  America,  Guinea,  *c.  :  an  orUinal 
member  of  the  MaMchusetUi  Company,  1638;  refused 
to  pay  Charles  I*«  demand  of  tonnage  and  M 
162Tand  1630  ;  imprisoned 
his  goods  retained  ;  M.Pn 


and  of  tonnage  and  Mandate. 
ed  on  that  account,  !«»-»<»  •«» 
n  London,  in  the  Short  and  fee 


VASSALL 


1334 


VAUGHAN- 


Long  parliaments,  1640;  solicited   parliament   for   com- 

i   rosi-tintf  tonnairc  and  iwiimd:i-t>, 

.tdvaneol   money  to  puy  tin-  parliament  troops 

,n   Ireland,  It'.-JC.  mid   had  difficulty  in  obtaining  repay- 

ment, it;  17;  visited  Carolina,  1663;  probably  died  abroad. 

[Iviii.  15«] 

VASSAW,,  SPENCER  THOMAS  (1764  -  1807), 
Collier  :  .hraltar.  17M".  and  in  Klander  : 

;t-colone!,    IHol;   served     at     the    Oape,    1806; 
tnorfcilly  wounded  at  Monte  Video.  [Iviii.  156] 

VAS8ALL.  WILLIAM  (1592-1655),  colonist  :  n 
younger  sou  of  John  Vassall  fa.  v.]  :  visited  Massachu- 
sett*.  1630  ;  settled  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  1635-46  ; 
resided  iu  Barbados,  1650-5.  [Iviii.  156] 

VAUGHAN,  r.KNJAMLN  (1751-1835),  politician; 
educated  at  nonconformist  seminaries,  Cambridge,  and 
Edinburgh;  Unitarian:  merchant  in  London  ;  supporter 
of  Lord  Shi-lburne  :  sympathised  with  the  American 
insurgents,  the  Irish  conspirators,  and  the  French  re- 
volutionists :  visited  Paris,  1790  ;  M.P.,  Calne,  1792  ; 
fled  to  avoid  persecution  for  treason  to  France,  1794  ; 
imprisoned  by  the  Carmelites,  but,  owing  to  the  good- 
will of  Robespierre,  only  for  a  short  time  ;  advised 
Robespierre  to  surround  France  with  a  fringe  of  free  and 
allied  states,  1794  ;  emigrated  to  America,  1798  :  pub- 
lished political  tracts,  1789-96.  [Iviii.  158] 

VAUGHAN,  CHARLES  JOHN  (1816-1897),  dean  of 
Llandaff  ;  of  Rugby  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
senior  classic,  1838  ;  fellow,  1839  ;  M.A.,  1841  ;  D.D.,  1845  ; 
vicar  of  St.  Martin's,  Leicester,  1841-4  ;  head-master  of 
Harrow,  1844-59  ;  vicar  of  Doncaster,  1860-9  ;  for  love 
of  the  church  privately  trained  ordination  candidates  in 
ministerial  work,  1861-97  ;  master  of  the  Temple,  1869- 
1894;  dean  of  Llandaff,  1879-97;  published  scripture 
commentaries  and  devotional  works,  1859-90. 

[Iviii.  159] 

VAUGHAN,  SIR  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1774-1849), 
diplomatist  ;  of  Rugby  and  Merton  College,  Oxford  ; 
M.A.,  1798;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1798; 
M.B.,  1800;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1801-3,  in 
Western  and  Central  Asia,  1804-6,  in  Spain,  1808  ;  secre- 
tary of  embassy  in  Spain,  1810-19,  in  Paris,  1820-2; 
ambassador  to  Switzerland,  1823-4,  to  the  United  States, 
1825-35  ;  knighted,  1833  ;  afterwards  travelled  on  the 
continent  [Iviii.  161] 

VAUGHAN,  EDWARD  (<*.  1522),  bishop  of  St. 
David's  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge  ;  vicar  of  St.  Matthew's, 
Friday  Street,  London,  1487  ;  vicar  of  Islington  ;  preben- 
dary, 1493-1509,  and  treasurer,  1503-9,  of  St  Paul's, 
London  ;  bishop,  by  papal  provision,  of  St.  David's,  1509  ; 
built  much  at  St.  David's.  [Iviii.  161] 

VAUGHAN  or  VYCHAN,  SIR  GRIFFITH  (d.  1447), 
soldier  ;  son  of  Griffith  ap  leuan.  who  rebelled  with 
Glendower(1403);  styled  Sir  Griffith  '  Vatighan,'  i.e.  the 
*  younger,'  1406  ;  inherited  lands  in  Montgomeryshire  ; 
fought  at  Agincourt,  1415  ;  captured  Sir  John  Oldcastle 
In  Montgomeryshire,  1417  ;  outlawed  and  beheaded. 

VAUGHAN,  SIR  HENRY,  the  elder  (1587?-1659  ?), 
royalist  :  acquired  Derwydd,  Carmarthenshire,  by  mar- 
riage ;  M.P.,  Carmarthen,  1621-9,  and  Carmarthenshire, 
in  the  Short  parliament,  1640,  and  in  the  Long  parlia- 
ment, November  1640,  till  expelled,  February  1644  ; 
knighted,  1643  ;  royalist  major-general  in  Pembrokeshire, 
643,  but  driven  out  by  Rowland  Laugharne  [q.  v.] 
1644  ;  fined  as  a  delinquent,  1644  and  1645  ;  taken  prisoner 
at  Naseby,  1645  ;  in  prison  in  London,  1645-«.  1659. 


VAUGHAN,  SIR  HENRY,  the  younger  , 

royalist  ;  son  of  Sir  Henry  Vaughan  the  elder  [q.  v.l  : 
taken  prisoner  at  Tenby,  1648;  knighted,  1661;  M.P., 
Carmarthenshire,  1668-76.  [Iviii.  164] 

VAUGHAN,  HENRY,  'SlLtmiST'  (1622-1695),  poet  • 

entered  Jesus   College,    Oxford,    1638  ;    studied  law   in 

lx>ndon  ;  medical  practitioner  iu  Brecknock,  1645,  and 

in  Newton-by-UgJc,   165O-95  ;  published  »  Poems,'    1646, 

Silex  Scintillana'   (sacred    poems),    first    part,    1650, 

Moond  part,  containing  the  magnificent  'They  are  all 

gone   into   the  world   of  light,'  1656,   '  Olor  Iscanns,' 

P«n»    and    prose    translations,     1651,    'The     Mount 

Olives,'  1652,  and  »  Flores  Solitudinis,'  1654,  the  last 

tw«  -being  BnglUh  versions  of  Latin  derotioual  tracts, 


•Horinetical  I'hysiek'  Cfrom  the  Latin),  1G55  ;  'Thalia 
Kediviva '  (poern<),  l(i7H;  Wordsworth's  M)de  on  the 
Intimations  of  immortality  '  suggested  by  his  •  Retreat  ' : 
his  rollectol  works  published,  1871.  He  was  culled 
•Silnrist'  from  the  fact  that  the  county  of  his  birth, 
!  Brecknockshire,  was  anciently  inhabited  by  the  Silnres. 

[Iviii.  164] 

VAUGHAN,  HENRY  (1766-1844).  [See  HALFOUII, 
SIR  HENRY.] 

VAUGHAN,  HEXRY  (1809-1899),  collector  of  works 
of  art,  and  especially  the  pictures  of  Turner,  Stothard, 
Flaxman,  and  Constable ;  F.S.A.,  1879  ;  one  of  found-™ 
of  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club.  By  his  will  his  collections 
were  distributed  among  various  public  institutions. 

[Suppl.  iii.  388] 

VAUGHAN,  HENRY  HALFORD  (1811-1885),  his- 
torian ;  son  of  Sir  John  Vaughan  (1769-1839)  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Rugby  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  fellow  of  Oriel,  1835- 
1812;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1840  ;  regius  professor  of 
modern  history,  Oxford,  1848-58  ;  published  historical 
lectures,  notes  on  Shakespeare,  and  versions  of  Welsh 
proverbs.  [Iviii.  166] 

VAUGHAN,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OP  CAKBKRY  (1572  ?- 
1634),  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  entered  the  Middle 
Temple,  1596  ;  inherited  Golden  Grove,  Carmarthenshire, 
1598;  served  in  Ireland,  1599;  M.P.,  Carmarthenshire, 
1601  and  1620-2  :  comptroller  of  the  household  to  Prince 
Charles  ;  accompanied  Charles  to  Madrid,  1623 ;  created, 
in  the  Irish  peerage,  Baron  Vaughan,  1621,  and  Earl  of 
Oarbery,  1628.  [Iviii.  171] 

VAUGHAN,  SIR  JOHN  (1603-1674),  judge  ;  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1630 :  friend  of 
John  Selden:  M.P.,  Cardigan,  1628,  April  1640,  and  in 
the  Long  parliament,  1640  till  expelled,  1645;  consulted 
by  Charles  I  at  Newport,  1648  ;  imprisoned  ;  M.P.,  Cardi-  ] 
ganshire,  1661  -8 ;  a  leader  of  the  country  party  :  active  1 
in  the  impeachment  of  Clarendon,  1667  ;  knighted,  1668  ;  « 
chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1668.  [Iviii.  167] 

VAUGHAN,  JOHN,  third  and  last  EARL  OF  CAR- 
BKRY  (1640-1713),  second  son  of  Richard  Vaughan,  second 
earl  of  Carberg  [q.  v.] ;  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford :  en- 
tered the  Inner  Temple,  1658  ;  knighted,  1661 ;  M.P.,  Car- 
marthen, 1661-79,  Carmarthenshire,  1679-81  and  1685-7  : 
styled,  by  courtesy,  Lord  Vaughan  from  1667 ;  governor  of 
Jamaica,  1674-8 ;  succeeded  as  earl,  1686.  [Iviii.  173] 

VAUGHAN,  SIR  JOHX  (1748?-1795),  lieutenant- 
general;  captain  of  dragoons,  1765;  served  in  Germany  ; 
major,  1759 ;  served  in  America  as  lieutenant-colonel, 
1760-7,  and  as  major-general,  1776-9;  M,P.,  Berwick, 
1774-95  ;  M.P.  in  the  Irish  parliament,  1776-83 ;  governor 
of  Berwick,  1779-95  ;  served  in  the  West  Indies,  1780-2  : 
accused  of  peculation  at  the  taking  of  St.  Kustatius ; 
lieutenant-general,  1782;  K.B.,  1792;  commander  of  the 
Leeward  islands ;  died  at  Martinique.  [Iviii.  168] 

VAUGHAN,  SIR  JOHN  (1769-1839),  judge;  0* 
Rugby  and  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  hon.  D.C.L.,  isi:;.- 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1791 ;  recorder  of  Leicester,  1798 : 
serjeant-at-law,  1799  ;  king's  Serjeant,  1816  ;  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1827-34 ;  knighted,  1828 ;  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  1834-9.  [Iviii.  169] 

VAUGHAN,  RICE  (/.  1638-1672),  legal  writer  :  en- 
tered Gray's  Inn,  1638;  author  of  '  Plea  for  tho  Common 
Laws,'  1651,  'Practica  WalliR?,'  a  guide  to  the  Welsl 
courts,  1672,  and  a  posthumous  » Discourse  of  Coin,'  1675. 

[Iviii.  170] 

VAUGHAN,  RICHARD  (1550?-1607),  bishop  of  Lon- 
don ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1677 ;  D.D., 
1689:  chaplain  to  his  relative,  John  Aylmer,  bishop  of 
London,  who  made  him  rector  of  Chipping  Ongar,  1578, 
of  Little  Canfleld,  1580,  of  Great  Dunmow,  1592,  ' 
Moreton,  1592,  and  of  Stanford  Rivers,  1594  ;  prebendary 
of  >t.  1'aulV,  Ijondon,  1583,  of  Wells,  1593;  archdeacon  of 
Middlesex,  1588;  bishop  of  Bangor,  1595-7;  arcln, 
of  Anglesey,  1590  ;  bishop  of  Chester,  1697-1604  ;  bishop 
of  London,  1604-7.  [Iviii.  170] 

VAUGHAN,  RICHARD,  second  EARL  OF  OAKRKRV 
(1600V- 1686),  eldest  son  of  John  Vaughan,  fir-r  e.,rl 
of  Carbery  [q.  v.]:  styled  'Lord  Vausrhan ' ;  travelled, 
c.  1622:  knighted,  1626;  M.P.,  Carmarthenshire.  K.iM  '.'  : 
succeeded  to  earldom,  1634 ;  created  Huron  Vnughim . 
(English  peerage),  1643;  royalist  commander  in  Pern- 


VAUGHAN 


VAUX 


broke-hire,  164^,  but  dr  veil  out   by    Ko-.vUnd 
fq.  v.].  li'-H  :  tin.-d  .-  .1,  'Hi  (in-lit.  livi-iand  h,4.s  ;  pardoned 
iiy  parliament,   lii-17  :  aft^rwardc  remained  neutral ;  gave 
:i-\luiii    to   .li-n-nr,  Taylor  [_«|.   v.]  ;  lord   pr.nid.-ut    •> 
man-lies   ir.i'.n  ;•_•";  befriended  >am'.i.-l   IlutliT  [q,  v.].  the 
author  iifHtidibra-..'  [IvilL  171] 

VAUOHAN.  ltOHKKT(lX92-lM7).  WeNh  nn- 

of  <»n.-l  c<.!l, v.  o\i,,r.l  :  publisli.-t  •  linti-h  Antiquities 
hVviv.-d,'   nw>  ;  hi*  valiuM,-  \\>Nli    \'. 

..t  IViiiurth,  Merionethshire,        [ivtti.  174] 

VAUGHAN,    Uoi  !  1H68J,  congr. 

Hvine:  pastor  at  Worcester,  1H10  2.'> :  pastor  in  K. 
ion,   l«-':>  »3;  professor  of  history,  'Hcge, 

London.  IS34-48:  D.D.  Glasgow,  1834;  president  of  the 
Independent  College,  Manchester,  1*43-57: 
:ift.Tw:ipN  p.i-t..r  at  Uxbridge  and  Torquay:  editor  of 
tli-  -i:rit:-li  Mii.u-t.-rl-..'  1K4&-65:  published  historic  of 
tin-  Stuart  an. I  Commonwealth  period*,  monograph*  on 
Wy.-lifTe,  and  other  work*.  [lvliL  176] 

VAUGHAN,  Koi:i:i:T  AI.niKD  (1853-18 ' 
jjregati.'iial  divin- ;  .-Mr-t  .-on  of  ItolXTt  Vaogban  (1795- 
i.  v.] :  H.A.  I.oM.ton,  IMJ-J:  -indent  at  the  Lanca- 
-liin-  Iii'l.'jM'iid.-nf  Coll.-.'f,  Muaclioiter.  1848-8,  and  at 
H  r.V.  l-ii;  7  ;  minUter  at  Bath.  1848-50,  aud  Rinnlng- 
liani.  lH5d  f, ;  publish.-.!  ver*-",  1S44  :  contributed  to  the 
•Mrit i-h  Quarterly'  from  1845;  published  'Hours  with 
tin-  Mystics,'  1856.  [IviU.  176] 

VAUOHAK,  110T.EU  WILLIAM  BEDR  (1834-1883), 
(Ionian  catholic  prelate;  edaoated  at  Downside  College, 
Ifcith.  iiiHl  at  Koine :  entered  the  Benedictine  order,  1864 ; 
ordain-d  pn<-<t,  1H59;  professor  at  Bclmout,  near  Here- 
ior.1.  IXf.l,  and  principal,  1862-73  :  coadjutor  to  the  arch- 
bi-liop  of  Sydney,  1873:  archbishop  of  Sydney,  1877; 
published  u  life  of  Aquina?,  187*,  and  sermons,  1885-88. 

[Iviii.  177] 

VAUGHAN,      HOWLAND    (fl.    1620-1658),     Welsh 

iiutJior  :  -tii.lif.1  at  Oxford  ;  Inherited  Caer  Gai,  Merloneth- 

-hin-.  If.'.".*  ;  a  rovali<t  <-aptain :  his  hoi««e  burnt  and  liis 

!..rt.'it4il,  I«46:    iniprixiiivl.  1G5U :    recoverel  liis 

..    1660:    pnblishiil    Wcl«h    vi-rsioi^    of    devotional 

»MH)k>,  li;:5(i  -1U5S;  \vn.to  Wt-lsh  verse.  [Iviii.  178] 

VAUGHAN.  STEPHEN  (d.  1549X  diplomatist;  a 
London  uicrdiant  (governor  of  the  Merchant  AdventnrvrV 
Compuny,  1534),  frequently  visiting  Antwerp:  in  the 
s»ervice  of  Thomao  ('roniwell,  1524:  molested  as  a  pro- 
te?tant,  1529  and  1532  ;  agent  at  Antwerp  for  Henry  VIII, 
1530-445 :  MiiployM  on  n  nn^sion  to  Prance,  158J,  and  to 
tin-many,  1533;  cl.-rk  in  rhanoery,  1534 ;  spy  on  Qoeen 
Catherine  at  Kimbolton,  1536:  an  official  of  the  mint, 
1537-49  :  envoy  to  Milan,  1538,  to  Flaiiden*,  1541 :  Kranted 
•church  lunils,  1544 ;  M.P.,  Lancaster,  1547.  [Iviii.  179] 

VAUGHAN,  Sin  THOMAS  (//.  1483),  soldier:  a 
Yorkist  partisan  ;  iittainted,  1489 :  personal  servant  of 
l/hvant  IV,  1461;  chamberlain  to  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales.  i471 :  knighted,  1475 ;  executed  at  Pontefract  by 
UK-hard  II I.  [lvW.180] 

VAUGHAN,    THOMAS   (1622-1666),  alchemist  and 

poet :  twin  brother  of  Henry  VaiiKhan,  •  Sihmst '  [q.  v.]  : 

of  Jcstw  College,  Oxford :  B.A.  and  fellow.  1642 ;  rector  of 

.  r.ivkiux-kshire.  1640:  withdraw  to  Oxford, 

1642:  hatl  u  controversy  with  H»-nry  .M(>re  (1614-16K7) 

[q.v.],  165U-1 ;  disciple  of  (Cornelius  Agrippa:  publi>lusl 

alchemical  works  tinder  th<-  pMOdonyni '  Kugeniu?  Phila- 

1G50-7 ;  wrote  Latin  and  English  verse. 

[mil.  181] 

VAUGHAN,    THOMAS  (.ft.  1772-1820),  dr. 
solicitor  in  \VVstinin>UT  :  brought  out  two  farces,  1776, 
••lioiiablc  Follies,'  a  uov.-l,  1782,  and  a  comedy,  17M. 

[Iviii.  182] 

VAUOHAN,  THOMAS  (1781-184JX  vocnlift ;  chorister 
of  Norwich  :  choinnim  in  tl»e  Churx'l  Koyal,  London, 
1799,  at  We-tinm-vr.  ;ind,  1H<J3,  St.  1'aulX  Loiuiou  ; 
leading  tenor  rololst  from  181 1.  [Iviii.  183] 

VAUGHAN,  Wll. MAM ( 1577-1641),  poet  and  colonial 
pioneer  ;  M.A.  Jesus  Ck>Uege,  Oxford,  1597  ;  travelled  in 
l--r:in.-i-:ind  Italy  :  LL.D.  Vienna  (incorponitetl  at  rixfoni, 
i     a<-«iuireil  Torcoe«l  by  niarrtage;  published  'Tlie 
-pi rit  of  Detraction,'  Ifill,  t»>  clear  himself  of  AM 
iKiuirht  an  int.-n-st  in  Nr.vfoundland.  Ifil6,  and  sent  ont 
yrtrl-rs.  UU7    1H  :  vi*it.-l  ln«  .-olonv.  1B22  J  publish^ i 
<}ol.U-n  Kh-ccc,'  1626,  (allegory  in  praise  of  his  colony),  and 
•  The  5e\vlau<lera  Cure,'  163U,  an  account  of  ito 


The  Golden  Grove,' 
porary    manners,    1600,    'Directions    for   Health/ 

VAUOHAN.    Btft    WILLIAM    (d.     1M9).    royalist: 
Ireland,  1643,  in  Cheshire.  1644;  governor  of 
Shrawanline  Cartlc,  1644  :  joined  Charfes  I  at  Newport. 
1645  ;  fought  at  Naseby.  164*  ;  In  attendance  on  ChaTta  I 
in    Wah-  ..!    1646;    cavalry  commandant   in 

\\  ita  ;   MtalM  M  Dmbtfh,  tarwOWr  U  i      I 
on  Worcester.  1(48 :  Joined  Lord  Astley,  1646 ;  crashed 
,'    --..-.  OB  tb    u.,i.    II  I-  :   .-   IMd   '.-< 
general  in  Ireland,  1648 ;  killed  In  battle  at  Kathmli 

VAUGHAN,  WILLIAM  (./.  1719).a  Londoner;  end- 
grated  to  Portsmouth,  New  England,  1667.     [Iviii.  18ft] 

VAUOHAN.  WILLIAM  ( 171«?-1 780 ?X  Jacobltesot- 
dier;  a  Herefordshire  catholic:  Joined  Prince  Charles 
Edward  at  Preston,  1746;  lieutenant-colonel ; 
Uloden  to  France,  1746;  accompanied 
Charles  to  Madrid,  1747  ;  entered  the  Spanish  s 
major-general,  1777 ;  went  to  Buenos  Ayra*.  1778. 

VAUOHAN.  WILLIAM  (175J-18SOX 
author ;   a  director  of  the  Royal  Exchange 


Corporation,  London,  17X3-1829  ;  adv 

sion,  1791;    published    pamphlet*  urging  extension  of 

London  docks,  1793-7.  l«7] 

VAU8  orVASCUS.  JOHN  (1490  ?-1688  ?),  Scottish 
grammarian:  native  of  Aberdeen:  studied  at  Paris: 
Latin  professor,  Aberdeen,  1516,  till  death  ;  published  a 
Latin  grammar,  16 W  (valuable  to  the  students  of  early 
Boots  dialect).  [Iviii.  188] 

VAUTOE,  THOMAS  (/.  1619),  musician  ;  servant  of 
Buekingham'R  father  ;  Mus.Bac.  Oxford,  1616 ;  ilrfllcatod 
'  M.ulrlgab '  to  Buckingham,  1619.  [IviU.  188] 

VAUTROLLIEK.  THOMAS  (d.  1587  ?X  printer: 
Huguenot  refugee  ;  freeman  of  the  Stationers'  Company. 
1564 ;  owned  press  in  Blackf  riar>,  1570 ;  fined  for  printing 
unlicensed  books,  1578-9:  left  his  press  in  hi-,  wife's 
charge  and  started  bookselling  in  Edinburgh,  1680 :  re- 
turned to  London,  but  left  to  avoid  prosecution  ;  printed 
six  works  (including  James  VI's  poetical  •  K«sayes ')  at 
Edinburgh,  1584,  and  two  works  in  1586;  returned  to 
London  ;  his  impression  of  John  Knox'a  '  History  of  the 
Reformation '  suppressed ;  translated  a  French  tractate 
on  'Aposta*V1587.  [Iviii.  189] 

VAUX,  ANNE  (.ft.  1608-1636).  recusant:  third 
daughter  of  William  Vaux,  third  baron  Vaux  [q.  v.] ; 
tinder  the  name  of  Mrs.  Perkins  harboured  the  je>nit  Henr\ 
darnel  t  ;  her  bouse  frequented  by  the  gunpowder  plot- 
ters at  Wands  worth,  1604,  and  at  En  field,  1606;  im- 
prisoned at  Hindlip,  when  Garuett  was  arrested  there, 
1606  :  her  school,  near  Derby,  for  Homau  catholic  youth 
closed  by  the  privy  council,  1636.  [Iviii.  190] 

VAUX,  EDWARD,  fourth  BARON  VAUX  or  HARROW- 
DKN  (1591-1662),  succeeded  to  the  barony,  1696;  lived 
chiefly  on  the  continent.  [IviU.  198] 

VAUX,  LAURENCE  (1619-1586),  Roman  catholic 
divine:  B.D.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  1556  ;  fellow 
of  Manchester  collegiate  church,  and  warden,  1668  ;  with- 
dr.-.v  with  the  college  vestments  and  plate  to  Ireland. 
1559 ;  visited  England,  1661 ;  withdrew  to  Louvain  before 
1664;  visited  Rome,  1666;  brought  to  England  papal 
decree  forbidding  attendance  at  Anglican  services,  16M  : 
published  his  'Catechism'  at  Louvaiu,  1667  :  became  an 
Augnstinian  canon,  157J;  cent  on  the  Enirli'h  mission, 
1580 ;  prisoner  in  London,  1580-6.  [Iviii.  191] 

VAUX,  Bin  NICHOLAS,  first  BAROJC  VAUX  ov 
H.uutMwiT.N  (</.  1523),  courtier  and  soldier;  son  of  Sir 
William  Vaux  [q.  v.] ;  page  to  Margaret,  countess  of 
Richmond  ;  restored  to  hJTestates  by  Henry  VII's  first 
parliament,  1486;  fought  against  Lambert  Sirnnel  at 
Stoke,  1487  ;  knighted ;  enclosed  much  common-land  in 
Buckinghamshire  and  Northamptonshire,  1490-1609  ; 
governor  of  Guisnes,  near  Calais,  1602-M ;  married  Anne 
(ireen,  a  great  territorial  beireta,  1607;  entertained 
H.-nry  VIII  at  Harrawden,  1611;  served  in  France, 
1513-14:  a  member  of  the  embassy  to  France,  1618; 
prosecuted  for  enclosing  common-laud,  1619 ;  in  attend- 
ance on  Henry  VIII  in  France,  1690;  created  Baron  Vaux 


,  of  Harrowden,  15:'3. 


[IviU.  1W} 


VAUX 


1336 


VENNAR 


VATTX,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  VAUX  OK  HARROW- 
T»KN  (1510-1556X  poet ;  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Vaux,  first 
haron  Vaux  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  suco^-de-l  to 
Uirony,  1623 ;  attended  Wolscy  to  France,  16U7,  and 
Henry  VIII,  1532 ;  resigned  captaincy  of  Jersey,  1536  ; 
verses  by  him  appeared  posthumously  in  Tottel's  '  Miscel- 
lany,' 1667,  and  '  The  Paralyse  of  daynty  deuises,'  1576. 

[Iviii.  194] 

VATJX.  Pin  WILLIAM  (d.  1471),  Lancastrian  leader  ; 
of  Harrowdt'i),  Northamptonshire;  attainted  and  his 
estates  confiscated  by  Edward  IV's  first  parliament,  1461 ; 
killed  in  battle  at  Tewkesbury.  [Iviii.  192] 

VAUX,  WILLIAM,  third  BARON  VAUX  OK  HARROW- 
DKN  (1642?-1595X  son  of  Thomas  Vaux,  second  baron 
Vanz  [q.  T.]  :  succeeded  to  barony,  1566  ;  harboured  Ed- 
mund Campioc  [q.  v.],  1580;  imprisoned  and  fined,  1581. 

[Iviii.  196] 

VATJX,  WILLIAM  SANDYS  WRIGHT  (1818-1885), 
antiquary ;  entered  Westminster  School,  1831  ;  M.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1842  ;  entered  British  Museum 
service,  1841,  and  was  keeper  of  coins  and  medals,  1861- 
1870:  catalogued  Bodleian  coins,  1871-6;  published  works 
OD  Greek,  Egyptian,  and  Assyrian  art  and  history. 

[Iviii.  196] 

VAVASOUR,  JOHN  (d.  1506?),  judge;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1478  ;  king's  serjeant,  1483 ;  recorder  of  York,  1486  ; 
justice  of  common  pleas,  1490.  [Iviii.  197] 

VEAL  or  VEALE.    [See  also  VEKL.] 

VEAL,  GEORGE  (ft.  1774-1818).  [See  COLLIER, 
JOKU] 

VEDDER.  DAVID  (1790-1854),  Scottish  poet ;  native 
of  Orkney:  captain  of  a  whaler,  1812;  excise  officer, 
1880-62  ;  published  poems,  1828-42 ;  edited  '  Reynard  the 
Fox,'  1862.  [Iviii.  197] 

VEEL  or  VEAL,  EDWARD  (1632?-!  708),  noncon- 
formist tutor ;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1654  :  pres- 
hyterian  minister  of  Dunboyne.  1655  :  fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin ;  B.D.,  1661 ;  left  Ireland,  1662 ;  had  a 
church  in  Wappiug,  1668,  and  a  school  in  Stepney  ;  pub- 
lished sermons.  [Iviii.  198] 

VEEL,  VEALE,  or  VEIL,  ROBERT  (1648-1674?), 
poetaster ;  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford ;  lived  in  London  ; 
published  'New  Court  Songp,'  1672.  [Iviii.  198] 

VEEL,  THOMAS  (1591  ?-1663),  royalist ;  governor  of 
Berkeley  Castle,  1644 ;  fined  for  delinquency ;  fought  at 
Worcester,  1651 ;  took  part  in  the  Gloucestershire  rising, 
1659,  and  had  his  estates  confiscated  ;  given  a  post  at  the 
Exchange,  1662.  [Iviii.  198] 

VEITCH.    [See  also  VETCH.] 

VEITCH,  JAMES,  LORD  ELIOCK  (1712-1793),  Scottish 
judge;  Scottish  advocate,  1738;  visited  Germany  and 
began  a  correspondence  with  Frederick  the  Great*  1739 ; 
sheriff-depute  of  Peebles,  1747 ;  M.P.,  Dumfriesshire,  1755- 
1760;  a  lord  of  session,  1761.  [Iviii.  199] 

VEITCH,  JOHN  (1829-1894),  man  of  letters :  edu- 
cated at  Peebles,  Edinburgh  University,  and  Free  Church 
college ;  influenced  by  Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788-1856) 
[q.  Y.]  :  assistant  to  Hamilton  when  logic  professor, 
Edinburgh,  1866-60:  logic  professor  at  St.  Andrews, 
1860,  and  at  Glasgow,  1864-94 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh, 
1872;  published  memoirs  of  Dugald  Stewart,  1857,  and 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  1869 ;  poems,  1875-89 ;  philo- 
sophical works,  1885-96,  including '  Dualism  and  Monism,' 
1895,  and  critiques  of  Scottish  border  poetry,  1887-93. 

[Iviii.  199] 

VEITCH,  WILLIAM  (1640-1722),  covenanter;  M.A. 
Glasgow,  1659 ;  licensed  to  preach,  1664  ;  outlawed,  1667 ; 
lived  in  England  as  *  Mr.  Johnson,'  latterly  as  pastor  in 
Northumberland  (1671-9) :  prisoner  on  the  Bass,  1679  ; 
aided  the  Earl  of  Argyll's  escape,  1681  :  fled  to  Holland, 
1683;  tried  to  raise  Northumberland  against  James  II, 
1685 ;  pastor  at  Beverley  :  subsequently  held  charges  in 
Scotland  ;  published  sermons  and  controversial  tracts. 

[Iviii.  200] 

VZITCH,  WILLIAM  (1794-1888),  classical  scholar: 
rducated  at  Jedburgh  and  Edinburgh  University; 
licentiate  of  the  Scottish  church ;  private  tutor  in  Edin- 
burgh from  1843 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1866 ;  pub- 
listed  'Greek  Verbs,  Irregular  and  Defective,'  1848; 
edited  classical  text*  f  flviii.  201] 


VELEY,  MARGARET  (1843-1887),  novelist  and  poet  r 
began  to  publish,  1870;  issued  'For  Percival,'  her  bett 
'  novel,  1878.  [Iviii.  201] 

VELLEY,  THOMAS  (1748  ?-180C),  botanist:  D.C.L. 
I  Oxford,  1787  ;  studied  the  alga;;  wrote  on  marine  plant?-. 

[Iviii.  202] 

VENABLES.  EDMUND  (1819-1895),  antiquary  and 
I  divine;  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School:  M.A.  Cambridpr-, 
i   1845  ;    curate  at  Hurstmonceux,   1844-53 :    removed  to 
I  Bonchurch,  1853;  precentor  of  Lincoln,   1867-95;   pub- 
lished guide-books  to  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  Lincoln  City  : 
contributed  to  encyclopaxlias  and  biblical  and  biographical 
]  dictionaries.  [Iviii.  202] 

VENABLES,   EDWARD  FREDERICK  (1818-1858), 

'  a  hero  of  the  Indian  mutiny;    inherited  a  Shropshire 

estate,  1856  ;  indigo- planter  near  Azimghur  ;  rescued  the 

Europeans  there,  July  1857  ;  led  the  cavalry  in  the  victory 

at  Mandori,  September  1857;  mortally  wounded  in  action. 

[Iviii.  203] 

VENABLES,  GEORGE  STOVTN  (1810-1888),  jour- 
nalist ;  educated  at  the  Charterhouse,  London :  fellow 
and  tutor  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1835  ;  bar- 
rister, Inner  Temple,  1836  ;  retired  from  practice,  1882  ; 
contributed  to  the '  Saturday  Review,'  1855,  and  to  '  The 
Times,'  1857-88  ;  friend  of  Alfred  Tennyson. 

[Iviii.  204] 

VENABLES,  ROBERT  (1612  ?-1687),  soldier  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  parliamentary  army :  wounded  at 
Chester,  1645;  governor  of  Liverpool,  1648:  served  with 
success  in  Ireland.  1649-54 ;  sent,  with  Admiral  Penn, 
against  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  1654  ;  routed  at  His- 
paniola,  1655;  successful  at  Jamaica,  1655;  sent  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  September  1666 ;  cashiered,  October 
1655 ;  governor  of  Chester,  1660  ;  remained  a  nonconform- 
ist ;  bought  Wiucham ;  published  a  treatise  on  angling, 
1662.  [Iviii.  205] 

VENDIGALD,  CADWALADR  (d.  664?).    [See  CAD- 

WALADR.] 

VENDRAMINI,  FRANCESCO  (fl.  1805),  engraver  ; 
settled  at  St.  Petersburg,  c.  1805.  [lyiii.  207] 

VENDRAMINI,  GIOVANNI  (1769-1839),  line   and 


stipple  engraver ;  an  Italian ;  came  to  England,  1788 ; 
pupil  of  Bartolozzi ;  visited  Russia,  1805-7.    [Iviii.  206} 

VENN,  HENRY  (1725-1797),  evangelical  divine :  son 
of  Richard  Venn  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1749:  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1749-57; 
curate  of  Clapham,  1754 ;  vicar  of  Huddersfield,  1759 : 
rector  of  Yelling,  1771-97;  published  sermons  and  de- 
votional works.  [Iviii.  207] 

VENN,  HENRY  (1796-1873),  divine ;  son  of  John 
Venn  (1759-1813)  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1819-29  :  B.D.,  1828  ;  vicar  of  Drypool.  1827: 
incumbent  of  St.  John's,  Holloway,  London,  1834-46  : 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 
1841-73  ;  published  sermons,  pamphlets,  and  memoir?. 

[Iviii.  208] 

VENN,  JOHN  (1586-1650),  regicide ;  warden  of  the 
Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  1641 ;  traded  in  wool  with 
the  west  of  England  and  Ireland ;  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Company,  1629-44 ;  captain  in  the  artillery 
company,  1636 ;  M.P.,  London,  in  the  Long  parliament, 
1640 ;  colonel  of  foot  in  the  parliamentary  army,  1642 ; 
governor  of  Windsor,  1642-5  :  in  command  at  Northamp- 
ton, 1646 ;  afterwards  resided  at  Hammersmith  and 
attended  parliament ;  signed  Charles  1's  death  warrant. 

[Iviii.  209] 

VENN,  JOHN  (1647-1687),  master  of  Balliol  College, 
Oxford,  1678-87;  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University, 
1686-7.  [Iviii.  210] 

VENN,  JOHN  (1769-1813),  divine;  son  of  Henry 
Venn  (1725-1797)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1784  :  rector 
of  Clapham,  1792-1813 ;  a  founder  of  the  Church  Mis* 
siouary  Society,  1797,  and  member  of  the  '  Clapham  sect' 

[Iviii.  208] 

VENN,  RICHARD  (1691-1740),  divine;  educated  at 
Blundell's  school,  Tiverton,  and  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1716  ;  rector  of  St.  Antholin's,  London, 
1725-40;  published  sermons.  [Iviii.  210] 

VENNAB,  or  VENNAED,  RICHARD  (d.  1615V), 
author ;  of  Balliol  Collesre,  Oxford  ;  travelled  ;  entered 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1581  ;  visited  Scotland  aixi  flattered 


VENNER 


1337 


VERE 


James  VT,  1GOO;   imprisoned  on  hin  return;  published 
Right  \Vuy   to   H.-.Mi.-i,;   ;. 

money  for 
performed, 

' 


beth  ;  cheated  many  people  by  taking  entrance  money  for 

a  iii:i~.|i:.-,  wind,,  though  promised,  was  never 


loy'  at  the  Swan,  1603;  publi 
•  Apology  '  fur  his  conduct,  1614 ;  died  in  a 
pri-un.  [lvUl.210] 

VENNER,  THOMAS  (d,  1661),  plotter;  a  cooper: 
resid. Mil  in  Massachusetts,  1638 ;  Fifth-monarchy  preacher 
in  Ixmdoii ;  plannal  a  rising,  1657  ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  !,.:, ;  9  :  li.-aded  a  rising  to  MA  up  the  Fifth 
monarchy,  16G1 ;  executed.  [Iviii.  213] 

VENNER,  TOIJI  AS  (1577-1660),  medical  writer :  M.A. 
Oxford.  1G03 ;  M.D.,  1613  ;  practised,  from  1603,  at  Petber- 
t. .n.  and.  in  ttie  season,  at  Bath:  published 'The  Bathes 
of  Bathe,'  1620,  •  Via  recta  ad  vitam  longam,'  1630,  and  a 
polemic  against  tobacco,  1621.  Dviil  213] 

VENNING,  JOHN  (1776-1868),  philanthropist;  a 
London  merchant ;  resident  in  St.  Petersburg,  1793;  set- 
tled in  Norfolk,  1830 ;  advocated  prison  reform. 

[Ivili.  318] 

VENNING,  RALPH  (16217-1074),  nonconformist 
divine:  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1650;  lec- 
turer in  Southwark  ;  ejected,  1663 :  preacher  at  Pewterers' 
Hall,  London,  1663-74  ;  published  sermons  and  tracts. 

[Ivili.  218] 

VENNINO,  WALTER  (1781-1821),  philanthropist : 
a  London  merchant :  resided  at  St.  Petersburg,  1799-1807 ; 
advocated  prison  reform,  1815-21 ;  died  at  St.  Petersburg. 

VENNOR,  HENRY  GEORGE  (1840-1884),  Canadian 
meteorologist :  born  and  educated  at  Montreal ;  attached 
to  the  Canadian  geological  survey,  1865-81 :  published 
the  'Vernier  Almanac,'  1877,  and  a  'Monthly  Bulletin,' 
1882,  forecasting  the  weather ;  wrote  on  Canadian  ornitho- 
logy. [Iviii.  214] 

VENTBJ8,  SIR  PEYTON  (1645-1691),  jnd?e:  bar- 
rister, Middle  Temple,  1661 :  M.P.,  Ipswich.  1««9  ;  justice 
of  the  common  pleas,  and  knighted,  1689  ;  his  '  Reports,' 
from  1645  to  1691,  published,  1696.  [Iviii.  215] 

VERBRUGGEN,  JOHN  (/.  1688-1707  ?),  a  favourite 
actor  on  the  London  stage ;  nicknamed  Alexander,  1688- 
1694.  [Iviii.  216] 

VERBRUGGEN,  MRS.  SUSANNA  (16677-1703X 
actress ;  daughter  of  Percival,  a  London  actor :  married, 
July  1686,  William  Mountfort  [q.  v.] ;  married  secondly, 
e.  1693,  John  Verbruggen  [q.  v.]  ;  the  leading  London 
actress  in  comedy  from  her  first  appearance  in  1681. 

[Iviii.  215] 

VERDON  or  VERDUN,  BERTRAM  DK  (d.  1192), 
fudge;  sheriff  of  Warwickshire  and  Leicestershire,  1168- 
1183:  a  justiciary,  1175-8;  a  justice  itinerant,  1175-9; 
founded  Croxden  Abbey,  1176  :  seneschal  of  Ireland,  11 M- 
1186;  accompanied  llichard  I  to  Palestine,  1190-1 :  died 
atJoppa.  [Iviii.  217] 

VERDON,  THEOBALD  DK,  the  elder  (124SP-1309), 
baron;  son  and  heir  of  John  de  Verdon:  visited  Ireland, 
1275,  1285,  1295-9;  personally  attended  the  parliament 
at  Lincoln,  1301.  [Mil-  21H] 

VERDON,  THEOBALD  DK,  the  yoongcr  (d.  1316), 
baron ;  son  and  heir  of  Theobald  de  Verdon  the 

r.]  :  substitute  for  his  father  in  the  Scottish  campaign, 
...J;  knighted,  1298;  summoned  to  parliament.  1299; 
succeeded  to  the  estates,  1309 ;  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1313. 

[Iviii.  219] 

VERE,  FAMILY  OF,  derived  from  Ver,  near  Bayeux ; 
founded  in  England  by  Aubrey  ('Albericus ')  de  Verc.  who 
received  from  the  Conqueror  the  great  est*te<  of 
thegn  Wolf  wine  in  >X«x  and  neighbouring  counties. 
The  chief  seat  of  the  Veres  was  at  Castle  Hedingbam, 
Essex,  where  their  great  stone  keep  still  stands.  Iheir 
burial-place  was  Earl's  Colne  priory,  founded  by  them. 
The  badge  was  a  blue  boar  ('  verres '),  and  the  motto 
Vero  nifvcrtu*.  The  house  became  extinct  in  1703  in 
Aubrey  de  Vere,  twentieth  earl  [q.  v.]  [Iviii.  219] 

VERE,  AUBRKY  DK  (d.  114 IX  great  chamberlain: 
successor  of  '  Albericus '  de  Vere  •  senior  ' :  joint-sheriff 
of  London,  1125;  joint-sheriff  of  eleven  counties,  1130; 
appointed  hereditary  great  chamberlain,  1133;  adherent 
of  King  Stephen ;  killed  in  a  riot  in  London.  [Ivui.  220] 


*••       V*          *«M*V»USB£       •«•••••;       ••VVt      •*•»•      V» 

•     .'     .-.     •!,       ...         •       :    :.:...,. 
...:'.,:,   .-',   :    .  :          •      V       . 

to  FrMi.ce,  1376  and  1381;  chamber- 


VERE.    vriiHBY   DR,   tr-t  KARL  or  OXFORD 

Q  nines  in  rightof  his  wife,  1 1S9  7-1  Ul :  adopted  tbt 

of  Empress  lUod :  created  earl  by  her.  1143,  with  tbr 

choice  of  Msowntitk;  conflnntd  by  Henry  II  M  CM!  o* 

1IW.  [1TUL3S1] 

VERE,  AUBREY  DC,  tenth  KARL  or  Oxftwn  (1340  ?- 
1400X  second  MO  of  John  d«  Tent,  serenUi  earl  of  Ox- 
ford  [q.  v.] ;  steward  of  Haverinff  forest,  1KO,  and  of 
Hadley  Oastle,  Ac.,  1378 ; 
to  Lqn>riM,  is. .; ; 
1375-83 ;  an  envoy  to  1 
lain  of  the  household,  1381 ;  fout- 
removed  from  court  by  the  Ueretiew  parliament,  1188: 
was  created  Karl  of  Oxford,  1393,  and  iweived  the  muitat 
estates,  but  not  the  lord  chmnbrrUliwhlp :  beoune 
tenth  earl  by  succession  on  the  reversal  of  the  attainder 
of  his  nephew,  Robert  d«  Vere,  ninth  ear!  [ci.  v.],  1S97 ; 
attainder  replaosd,  1190.  [iViiL  331] 

VERE,  AUBREY  DK,  twentieth  R.\ftf.  or  OxroKO 
do;  UW>  m  md  bsir  ol  Roberl  Ac  v,:..  • 
earl:  succeeded,  16*3:  brought  up  in  FrinUnd: 
in  th.-  Dutch  service  till  164H :  his  ntate*  wqnei 
by  parliament,  1651 ;  imprisoned  a<  a  royolUt,  1<M  and 
1659;  an  envoy  to  recall  Charles  II.  1MO:  lord-lieutenant 
of  Eatex  and  colonel  of  '  the  Oxfonl  blues '  regiment,  1661 ; 
privy  councillor,  1669 ;  pensioned,  1670 ;  opposed  James  ll's 
arbitrary  measures,  Itt88 ;  joined  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
less;  lieutenant-general,  1689;  fought  at  ttw  Boyne;  a 
whig  lord.  Llvili-  ««] 

V£RB,    8m   AUBREY    DR   (1788-1846X      [See    DB 


SIR  CHARLES  BROKE  (1779-1*43),  major- 
general ;  named  Charle*  Broke:  took  the  name  Vere, 
1833  ;  ensign,  1796 ;  major,  18u8 :  lientcnant^olooel,  1813  : 
quartermaster-general,  1815  :  served  iu  Holland.  1799,  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  1807,  throughout  the  IVniusular  war. 
1809-14,  and  at  Waterloo:  K.C.B..  1815:  tory  M.P.  for 
East  Suffolk,  1835-43  ;  major-general,  1837.  [IviiL  33*] 

VERE,  EDWARD  UK.  seventeenth  EARL  or  OXFORD 
(1550-1604),  poet;  only  son  of  John  de  Vere,  sixteenth 
carl  of  Oxford  [q.  v.]  ;  styled  Lord  llulbeck  ;  of  Queens' 
and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge,  from  1558 :  succeeded 
to  the  earldom,  1562;  a  royal  ward  in  Cecil's  (Burgh- 
ley's)  household ;  a  prominent  figure  at  Elizabeth's  court, 
1564-82;  married,  1671,  Anne  Cecil  (Uuiyldey's  daughter. 
who  died  1588) :  angry  at  the  prosecution  of  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  1572 :  withdrew  to  Flanders,  but  was  brought 
back,  1574  ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1575-6  :  jwtron  of  a  com- 
pany of  players ;  quarrelled  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  1579 ; 
in  disgrace  at  court  on  account  of  hi*  violent  temper, 
1583-3  ;  eat  as  judge  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scou,  1586  : 
served  against  the  Armada,  1588 ;  alienatol  his  estates : 
officiated  as  lord  great  cluuuberlain,  1603 :  verses  by  him 
I  printed  in  miscellanies,  1576-1600 ;  collected  niitton,  1873. 

[Iviii.  235] 

VERE,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1560-1609)  soldier;  brought 
up  by  Sir  William  Browne ;  visited  Poland,  1580 :  ac- 
companied Leicester's  expedition  to  Holland,  1585 ;  - 
in  Lord  Willouguby  de  Krwby's  horn;  from  1586  ;  ci 
1586 ;  distinguished  himself  iu  the  defence  of  Slays,. 
August,  1587,  and  of  Bcrgen-op-Zoom,  1588:  knighted  : 
visited  England,  1588 :  second  in  command  of  the  Eng- 
lish contingent  in  Holland,  1589  :  acting  commander 
from  August  1589 -..relieved  Rheinberg,  1589;  took  part 
in  a  brilliant  series  of  sieges  and  surprise*,  from  that  of 
Breda,  15MU,  to  that  of  Groningen,  1594  :  iu  the  regular 
pay  of  the  Dutch  states  from  1593 ;  served  with  the  Cadis 
expedition,  1596,  and  the  Azores  expedition,  1597 :  re- 
turuel  to  Holland,  1597  ;  took  part  in  the  victory  at 
Turnhout,  1698;  negotiated  agreement  twtween  Dutch 
states  and  Queen  Elizabeth,  1598  ;  appointed  governor  of 
Brill  in  the  autumn  of  1598  ;  returned  to  Holland,  1599 : 
took  part  in  the  victories  at  Bommcl,  1599,  and  Nlenport. 
1600 ;  successfully  defended  Ofttend,  1601-3 :  dangerously 
wounded  at  Grave,  1C02 ;  retired  from  the  Dutch  ser- 
vice, 1601 ;  paid  a  final  vi-it  to  Holland,  1605-6 :  governor 
of  1'ortamoutu,  1G06:  hl»  -Commentaries,' an  account  of 
his  services,  published,  1057  ;  *  benefactor  of  the  Bodleian 
Library,  Oxford.  [Iviii.  329] 

VER'  utccntb  EARI.  or  OXVORD 

(1593-1625),  sou  of  Edward  ik  Vere,  seventeenth  tart  o£ 


VERE 


1338 


VERNEY 


« Kford  [q.  T.]  :  succeeded,  1604  :  entered  the  Inner  Temple, 
hon.  M.A.  Oxford,  lijo:. ;  K.B.,  1610:  travelled, 
. -lik-fly  in  Italy,  1613-1* :  admitted  hereditary  great 
cliamberlain,  1619;  served  in  tin-  Palatinate,  1620;  pri- 
MMier  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1621  and  1622-3,  through 
offtace  given  to  Buckingham ;  went  to  serve  in  Holland, 
1624  ;  died  at  the  Hague.  [Iviii.  234] 

VERE,  SIR  HORACE,  BARON  VKRK  OP  TIUU-KY 
<  1566-1635),  ."oldier  ;  served  under  his  brother.  Sir 
Francis  Vere  [q.  v.],  in  Holland,  1590-4,  and  at  Cadiz, 
1596  ;  knighted,  1596  ;  distinguished  himself  at  Nieuport, 
1600  and  Osteud,  1602  ;  took  over  from  Sir  Francis  "Vere 
command  of  English  in  Holland,  1604  :  distinguished  him- 
-<-lf  at  the  roj-ovi-ry  of  Shiys,  1604,  and  in  the  defeat  of 
Mulheim,  1805  :  returned  to  England  ;  governor  of  Brill, 
1609-16;  served  at  Juliers,  1610;  governor  of  Utrecht, 
1618;  salted  from  England  in  command  of  the  English 
troops  for  the  Palatinate,  1620  ;  garrisoned  the  Palatinate, 
winter,  1620 ;  forced  to  capitulate  at  Mannheim,  1622  ; 
returned  to  England,  1623 ;  master-general  of  the  ordnance ; 
repulsed  by  Spihola  at  Breda,  1625  ;  returned  to  England  ; 
created  Baron  Vere,  1625  ;  served  at  the  sieges  of  Bois-le- 
Duc,  1629,  and  Maastricht,  1632.  [Iviii.  235] 

VERE,  JOHN  DE,  seventh  EARL  op  OXFORD  (1313- 
1380),  succeeded  his  uncle,  April  1331 ;  served  in  Scot- 
land, 1333,  1335,  and  1343,  in  Flanders,  1339,  in  Brittany, 
1343, 1845,  at  Orecy,  1346,  and  at  Poitiers,  1356;  died  in 
the  Burgundy  campaign.  [Iviii.  239] 

VERE,  JOHN  DK,  twelfth  EARI,  OP  OXPORD  (1408  ?- 
1462),  succeeded  his  father,  1417  :  married  the  heiress  of 
the  barony  of  Plaiz  before  1429 ;  served  in  France,  1436 
and  1441 ;  executed  on  charge  of  planning  a  Lancastrian 
rising.  [IviiL  240] 

VERE,  JOHN  DE,  thirteenth  EARL  OP  OXFORD  (1443- 
1513),  son  of  John  de  Vere,  twelfth  earl  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded, 
1462 :  obtained  the  reversal  of  the  attainder  [see  AUBREY 
UK  VKKE,  tenth  KAUL],  1464  :  imprisoned  as  a  suspected 
Lancastrian,  1468;  helped  to  restore  Henry  VI,  1470; 
escaped  to  France  from  Barnet  field,  1471;  seized  St. 
Michael's  Mount,  1473 :  prisoner  in  Hammes  Castle,  near 
Calais,  1474-84 :  attainted,  1475  ;  joined  Richmond 
< Henry  VII)  in  Paris,  1484;  accompanied  him  to  Eng- 
land :  fought  at  Bos  worth,  1485  ;  obtained  reversal  of  his 
attainder  and  the  hereditary  chamberlainship  ;  constable 
of  the  Tower  of  London,  i486,  with  many  other  places; 
fought  at  Stoke,  1487,  and  In  Picardy,  1492 ;  joined  in 
suppressing  the  Cornish  insurgents,  1497;  entertained 
Henry  VII  at  Castle  Hediugham,  1498.  [IviiL  240] 

VERE,  JOHN  UK,  fifteenth  EARL  OP  OXFORD  (1490  ?- 
1540),  courtier  of  Henry  VIII;  knighted,  1513  ;  succeeded 
his  ancle,  1514  ;  the  first  protestaut  Earl  of  Oxford. 

[Iviii.  242] 

VERE,  JOHN  DK,  sixteenth  EARL  op  OXFORD  (1512  ?- 
I562X  son  of  John  de  Vere,  fifteenth  earl  of  Oxford 
[q.  v.] ;  succeeded,  1540  ;  served  in  Prance,  1544  ;  declared 
for  Queen  Mary,  1553 ;  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth  at 
Castle  Hedingham,  1561.  [Iviii.  242] 

VERE,  ROBERT  DK,  third  EARL  op  OXFORD  (1170?- 
12S1),  second  son  of  Aubrey  de  Vere,  first  earl  of  Oxford 
[q.  v.]  ;  married,  c.  1208,  the  heiress  of  the  Buckingham- 
shire Bolehec*  ;  succeeded  his  brother,  1214 ;  one  of  the 
twenty-five  executors  of  Magua  Charta.  [Iviii.  243] 

VERE,  ROBERT  DK,  ninth  EARL  op  OXFORD  and 
DCKK  OF  IRKLAXD  (1362-1392),  succeeded  his  father,  1371 ; 
married  Philippa  de  Couci,  1378  ;  became  a  bosom  friend 
of  Richard  II,  1381  ;  granted  lands  and  stewardships, 
1382-5;  accompanied  Richard  II  to  Scotland,  13H5; 
created  Marquis  of  Dublin,  1385,  with  regal  powers  in 
Ireland,  and  Duke  of  Dublin,  1386;  exercised  these 
powers  through  a  deputy,  Sir  John  Stanley,  1385-H  ; 
attended  Richard  II  during  his  summer  progress,  1387  : 
divorced  his  wife,  1387  (divorce  annulled.  1389)  ;  charged 
»jy  the  lords  appellant  with  treason,  1387;  escaped  to 
Cheater,  rained  troops,  and  marched  on  London  ;  deserted 
by  his  troops  at  Witney  ;  escaped  in  disguise  to  London, 
and  witlidrew  to  the  Netberland*,  and  thence  to  Paris ; 
attainted,  1388;  settled  at  Louvain,  e.  1389;  killed  in 
A  boar-hunt;  solemnly  re-buried  at  Earl's  Colne  by 
Richard  II.  1396.  [Iviii.  243] 

VEREKER,  CHARLES,  second  VISCOUNT  GOUT 
O7W-1842),  entered  the  navy,  1782;  M.P.,  Limerick, 


:  1790-1817;  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Limerick   militia; 
cheeked   the    French     under    HumlK'rt   at    Sligo,    17»H; 
opposed   the  union,    1799;    succeeded   his   uncle    in   the 
'  peerage,  1817;  Irish  representative  peer.  1*211. 

[Iviii.  247] 

VERELST.     HARMEN     (1643  ?-  1700  V).     painter; 
j  went  to  London,  1683.  [Iviii.  219] 

VERELST,  HARRY  (d.  1785),  governor  of  Benijal  ; 
j  went  to  Bengal,  1750  ;  imprisoned  by  Snraj  ud  Dowlah, 
j  1758  ;  in  charge  of  Chittagoug,  1761-5  :  governor  of 
i  Bengal,  1767-9,  carrying  out  Olive's  policy  :  returned 
to  England,  1770  ;  ruined  by  litigation  raised  by  corrupt 
|  Bengal  influences  ;  published  a  narrative  of  '  English 
j  Government  in  Bengal,'  1772  ;  died  at  Bologne. 

[Iviii.  248] 

VERELST,  SIMON  (1644-1721  ?),  flower  nnd  por- 
trait painter  ;  native  of  the  Hague  ;  came  to  London, 
1669,  and  was  for  a  time  highly  popular.  [Iviii.  249] 

VERELST,  \VILLEM  (fl.  1740),  portrait-painter  in 
London.  [Iviii.  250] 

VERGIL,  POLYDORE  (14707-1555?),  historian; 
born  at  Urbino  ;  studied  at  Bologna  and  Padua;  secre- 
tary to  the  Duke  of  Urbiuo  ;  chamberlain  to  Pope 
Alexander  VI  :  published  »  Proverbiorum  Libellus,' 
Venice,  1498,  anticipating  Erasmus's  '  Adagia  '  ;  pub- 
lished '  De  Inventoribus  Reruin,'  Venice,  1499  (enlarged, 
1521);  resided  in  England  as  sub-collector  of  Peter's 
pence,  1502-15  ;  non-resident  rector  of  Church  Langtou, 
1503  ;  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1507-55,  of  Lincoln,  1507, 
and  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  1513-55  ;  archdeacon 
of  Wells,  1508-54  ;  asked  by  Henry  VII  to  write  the  his- 
tory of  England,  1505  ;  naturalised,  1510  ;  visited  Rome, 
1514  ;  imprisoned,  at  Wolsey's  instance,  1515  ;  visited 
Rome,  1516  ;  returned  to  England,  1517  ;  edited  Gildas, 
1525;  published  his  'Anglicae  Historiae  Libri  xxvi.,' 
Basle,  1534  (brought  down  to  1509,  continued  to  1538  in 
the  1555  edition),  of  special  value  for  Henry  VII's 
reign  ;  returned  to  Italy,  1551  ;  published  other  treatises 
and  translations.  [Iviii.  250] 

VERMIGLI,  PIETRO  MARTIRE  (1500-1562),  re- 
former ;  known  as  PETKR  MAKTYR  ;  born  in  Florence  : 
Augustinian  monk  at  Fiesole,  1516,  and  Padua,  1619  ; 
D.D.  Padua  ;  learnt  Greek  and  Hebrew  ;  sent  to  different 
towns  as  Lent  or  Advent  preacher  from  1527  ;  head  of 
the  convent  at  Spoleto,  1530,  and  Naples,  1533  ;  read 
Bucer  and  Zuingli  ;  removed  to  Lucca,  1541  ;  fled  from 
Italy  as  a  suspected  heretic,  1542  ;  divinity  professor  at 
Strasburg,  1542-7  ;  married  an  ex-nun  there  ;  brought  to 
London  by  Cranmer,  1547;  incorporated  D.D.  and  ap- 
pointed divinity  professor  at  Oxford,  1548;  canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1551  ;  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  revise  the  ecclesiastical  code,  1551  (this  code  was 
published,  1571);  his  wife  buried  in  Christ  Church 
Cathedral,  1553  (exhumed,  1557.  reinterred,  1558);  left 
England,  1553  ;  divinity  professor  at  Strasburg,  1554  ; 
Hebrew  professor  at  ZUrich,  1556  ;  corresponded  with 
English  protestants  ;  attended  the  conference  at  Pois-^y, 
1561  ;  published  theological  treatises  and  commentaries 
from  1543  ;  died  at  Zurich.  [Iviii.  253] 


SIR    CORNELIUS    (1595?-1683  ?), 
engineer  ;  native  of  Holland  ;  repaired  the  Thames  em- 
bankments in  Essex,  1621  :  encountered  much  opposition 
in  his  drainage  of  part  of  the  fens,  1622,  and  of  Axholnae, 
1626  ;   grunted  portions  of  the  reclaimed   lauds,  1625-9  ; 
l  knighted,  1629;  engineer  of  the  'Bedford  level'  to  drain 
\  the  'Great  Fens,'  1629-37,  1649-56;  sent  by  Cromwell  to 
i  solicit  a  close  alliance  with  Holland,  1653  ;  projected  the 
drainage  of  Sedgemoor,  1656.  [Iviii.  256] 

VERNEUIL,    JOHN    (1583  ?-  1647),    sub-librarian 

i  (1618  till  deat'i)  of  the  Bodleian  Library;   born  in  I'.or- 

I  deaux  :  M.A.  Montauban  ;  came  to  Oxford.  1<1»>8  :  iucor- 

\  porated  as   M.A.   1625  ;  catalogued  sermons  ;   published 

translations.  [Iviii.  259] 

VERNEY,  SIR  EDMUND  (1590  -  1642),  soldier  : 
studied  at  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford  ;  travell.-d  in  Holland 
and  France;  knighted,  1611  ;  visited  Madrid  :  servant  of 
Prince  Charles,  Kil3;  followed  Charles  to  Madrid,  1623; 
M.P.,  Buckingham,  1624,  Aylesbury,  1028,  Chipping 
Wycombe  in  the  Short  and  Long  parliaments,  It;  I"; 
opposed  Charles  I's  arbitrary  measures  ;  lent  Chnrl.  s  \ 
much  money  ;  knight-marshal  of  the  palace  and  keeper  of 


VERNEY 


VKKKIO 


M:irshalaea  prison,  162»> :  attended  diaries  I  to  So  • 
iOo'J  :  uppoiiitul  standaru  n  lull. 

1 1 vi 1 1 

VERNEY.    MK     KiiMr.M)    (U16-1649), 
soldi.-r  ;  n>n  nf  sir  Edmund  Verney  (1590-1612)  [q.  v.]  : 
atW:  i.  :il,.i  Magdalen  Hall,    Oxford.  1636; 

served  in  Srotland.  LAM,  m  i  Under*  and  Scotland. 
in  In-land,  :  defended  Chaster,  1644 

1646:  \vitiidn--v  tn  Kirn  beforo  1648;  returned  to  Ireland 
with  <  •niM.n.ir,  1GI9 ;  slain  at  Drogheda.         [Ivlll.  261] 

VERNEY,  sn:  1  l:\\CIS  (1684-1615),  pirate:  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxfonl,  1600 :  knighted,  1604 ;  soU  bis 
estate ;  deserted  hia  wife  and  went  abroad,  1608 ;  joined 
the  pirate  of  Algiers  ;  died  at  Messina.  [IrilL  W2] 

VERNEY.  SIR  1IAKRY,  neooixl  baronet  (1801-1894). 
son  <>f  Sir  Hurry  Culvert  [q.  v.] ;  sooceeded  to  his 
ronetcy,  1826 :  assumed  UM  name  Veruey  on 
raooeedinf  In  1817  to  the  OUydon  e*te*  la  Boaktaftan- 
shire ;  educated  at  Harrow  and  Sandhurst ;  military 
attache  at  Stuttgart,  1818-20;  travelled  in 
America,  l«-.'7  u  :  studi«l  in  Cambridge.  1831-3  :  liberal 
M .  P.  for  Buckingham,  1832-36.  [Iviii.  263) 

VERNEY,  JOHN  (1699-1741 X  judge  :  of  New  College, 
Oxford,  1714  ;  )K>U.  D.C.L.,  1737  :  barrister.  Middle  Temple, 
1721  ;  M.P.,  Downton,  1722-34 ;  chief-justice  of  Chester, 
1734 ;  master  of  the  roll*,  1738.  [MIL  267] 

VERNEY,  Silt  RALPH,  first  baronet  (1613-1696), 
poUticiuii:  eldest  sou  of  Kir  Kduiund  Verney  (1690-1642) 
[q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford:  M.P.,  Ayles- 
bury,  i"  ttie  Short  and  Long  parliament*,  1640 ;  opposed 
to  Laud  ;  knighted,  1641 ;  took  notes  of  proceedings  in 
the  Long  parliament  (published,  1845) ;  refused  the  cove- 
iiaut  and  went  abroad,  1A48 ;  his  estates  confiscated,  1646, 
but  restored,  1650;  returned  to  England,  166 3 ;  imprisoned, 
1666 ;  created  baronet,  1661 ;  M.P.,  Buckingham,  1680, 
1686, 1689.  [Iviii.  2«4] 

VERNEY,  RALPH,  second  EABL  VKRNEY  and  third 
Yiflcouxr  FKRMANAUU  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland  (1712  ?- 
1791),  whig  politician  ;  succeeded  his  father,  1762;  M.I'.. 
Wendover,  1763,  and  Buckinghamshire,  1768-91  ;  patron 
of  Edmund  Burke ;  squandered  bis  estate.  [Iviii.  265] 

VERNEY,  RICHARD,  third  UAKOS  Wii.i.m  .,ii'  v 
DK  BKOKK  (1621-1711),  of  lu-lton  ;  sheriff  of  Rutland, 
1682  ;  knighted,  1685  ;  M.P.,  Warwickshire,  1GH5,  1690 ; 
established  his  claim  to  the  barony,  1695.  [Iviii.  266] 

VERNON.  FAMILY  OF,  named  from  Vernon,  departe- 
ment  Eure,  Normandy.  Richard  de  Vernon  cauie  to 
England  with  William  I,  and  settled  nt  Sliipbrook, 
Cheshire.  William  do  Vernon,  tempore  Henry  III,  ac- 
quired Haddon  Hall,  Derbyshire,  by  marriage  with  the 
heiress  of  the  Avenels.  Dorothy  Vernon  (d.  1684),  daugh- 
ter ami  heiress  of  Sir  (ieorge  Vernon  (rf.  1567),  tlie  hist 
male  representative  of  the  family's  main  bniuch,  eloped 
with  Sir  Jolin  Maniu-rs.  by  whom  she  was  ancestress  of 
the  Dukes  of  Rutluud,  and  thus  Haddon  Hall  passed  into 
their  possession.  [Iviii.  27»] 

VERNON,  AUGUSTUS  HENRY,  sixth  BAUON  Vuu- 
NOX  C1829-18H3),  eldest  son  of  George  John  Warren  Yer- 
non,  fifth  baron  Vernon  [q.  v.] ;  born  nt  Rome  ;  captain  in 
the  guards,  retired,  1861 ;  succeeded,  1866.  [Iviii.  270] 

VERNON,  EDWARD  (1884-1757),  admiral  :  second 
son  of  James  Vernon  [q.  v.] ;  entered  the  navy,  17uo: 
engaged  in  active  service,  17U 1-7,  chiefly  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean,  1707-12,  chiefly  in  the  West  Indies,  1716-17,  171.* 
1721,  and  1726-8.  chiefly  in  the  Baltic,  and  1739-42,  in  the 
West  Indies  ;  lieutenant.  1702  :  captuin,  1706  :  admiral, 
1746:  M.P.,  Penryn,  17l>2  :  advocated  war  with  Spain, 
1731 ;  took  the  defenceless  Porto  Bello,  1739,  but,  in  con- 
junction with  Brigadier-general  Wentworth,  failed  miser- 
Ul.ly  at  Cartagena,  in  1741.  at  Santiago  in  Cuba,  and 
Manama:  first  to  issue  rum  diluted  with  water  (•  grog '), 
1740;  bought  Nacton  ;  M.I'.,  Ipswich:  given  command 
in  North  Sou.  1745  ;  attacked  the  admiralty  in  anonymous 
pamphlets,  1746-6;  cashiered,  1746.  [Iviii.  267] 

VERNON,  SIR  EDWARD  (1723-1794),  admiral  :  edu- 
cated at  Portsmouth  Royal  Academy,  1736-9;  OH  active 
service,  chiefly  in  the  Mediterranean,  1739-62  :  lieutenant, 
1743-  captain,  1763;  employed  on  harbour  duty,  17G3-76; 
knighted,  1773;  commauder-iu-chief  in  the  Ka-t 
1776-81  :  rear-admiral,  1779;  admiral,  1794.  [Iviii. 

VERNON,  EDWARD  VENABLES  (1767-1847). 
S,r  HAK«H-KT,  EUWAKU.] 


'•37  7-1677),   traretbT  :  edo 

•M  .it   vv,-tm  .!,  to  i    ..,:.  .•  tv    .•  i  .     •    •  .     ,-.- 
••;M;    M.A^  16W:  travelled:  nrrrur 
to    Sweden,    1M8,    and   at     1' 

:          •     .     .. 


..       :> 
n  -  ;..!..,!.. 


8m  OBOBOB  (1§78?-1639X  jodir. 
emple,  1604  :  baron  of  the  exchequer  ai»i 

:...:..:•    i,;      I          ,       '  '     ,  .   •    •  .  . 

pronounoed  •hip-money  total,  1*17.  [1  via.  174] 

VERNON.  OKOIUlK(lM7-17JOXdlvlne:  M.A. 


•MMV««  viwwiwt n  |  io»«-i 

College,  Oxford,  1660 ;  chaplain  of  AD 
Oxford  :  rector  of  Sarsden,  1WS  :  r*.  tor  of  Bo 
the- Water,  Gloucester*  hi  re ;    wrote  against  Joi 
the  independent.  1670,  and  Sir  Tboma*  Ovcrbory  the 
younger,  1677 :  pabUVhid  •  Lite  of  Peter  Heylln,'  1681. 

VXRNON,  OKiiIMlB  JOHN  WARREN,  fifth  BAKOK 
(1803-1H66).  of  Ku.li.tiry,  I* rt.ynhire :  »tyled 
George  Joh  u  Venablw  Vernon  :  M.K.  IVrbyshlre.  1831-* ; 
succeeded  to  barony,  1816;  obamccd  his  name  to  George 
John  Warren,  1837  :  lived  mostly  in  Florence :  pubUaned 
Dante  texts  and  commentaries.  Including  •  L'Inferno  di 
Daute  Alighieri  di»po*to  in  online  grmmmatioale.'  18*8- 
1866.  [IvilL  176J 

VERNON,  JAMES  (1646-1717),  secretary  of  state : 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1669;  incorporated  M.A. 
Cambridge,  1676;  political  agent  in  Holland,  1671;  at- 
tached to  the  Paris  embassy,  1671 :  secretary  to  the  Duke 
of  Monmouth,  1674-8 ;  edited  the  official  •  London  Oa- 
tette,'  1678-89:  M.P.,  Cambridge  University,  1678-9; 
assistant  in  the  secretary  of  state's  office,  1689.  1692, 
1694  ;  a  commissioner  of  pruwa,  1691-1706  :  M.P.,  Penryn, 
1696-8,  Westminster,  1698-1702,  Penryn,  1706-10:  traced 
out  Sir  John  Fi-nw  i.-k'.i  plot,  1696  ;  principal  secretary  of 
state,  1698-1702  ;  teller  of  Die  exchequer,  1702-lu. 

[Iviii.  277] 

VERNON,  JOSEPH  ( 1738?-!  782  X  actor  and  dnger: 
sang  soprano  at  Drnry  Lane,  London,  1761 ;  singer  of 
tenor  parts  and  actor  of  comedy  at  Drury  Lane,  1764 ; 
married  at  the  Savoy  Chapel,  London,  1754;  withdrew 
to  Dublin,  to  escape  the  odium  incurred  by  hi*  i 


annulled;  "a  favourite  at  Drury  Lane,  1762-81 
composed  songs  ;  compiled  a  song-book,  1782. 

[IvliL  178] 

VERNON  or  PEMBRUOB,  SIR  RICHARD  DK  (d. 
1451),  of  Haddon,  Derbyshire;  acquired  tlie  iVmhrugu 
estates  by  marriage:  M.I'.,  Derbyshire,  1422  and  1426; 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1426.  [IvilL  179] 

VEBJTON,  RICHARD  (1796-1800),  'father  of  the 
turf';  some  time  captain  in  the  guards;  M.P.  suooss- 
M\vly  for  Tavistock,  Bedford,  Okehanipton,  and  New- 
cnMle-under-Lyme,  1764-90;  a  founder  of  the  Jockey 
Club ;  began  training  hones  at  Newmarket,  r.  1763. 

[IvilL  180] 

VERNON,  ROBERT  (1774-1849V.  art  patron;  con- 
tractor for  army  horses,  r.  1799 :  bought  picture*,  mosUy 
bv  British  artists,  from  1820;  presented  157  of  them  to 
the  nation,  1847.  [IvilL  181] 

VERNOH,  ROBERT,  BABOK  LYYKHKC  (1800-1871). 
[See  SMITH,  ROBKHT  VKKXOX.] 

VERNON,  THOMAS  (1664-1721),  taw  reporter:  of 
Haiibury  Hall.  Won-e*ten>hirf :  barrister.  Middle  Temple. 
1679  ;  practised  in  chiuuvry  :  whig  M.P^  Worcester,  1716- 
1721 ;  coiuj.il.-i  report*  of  chancery  dedsk>ns(  1681-1718), 
published  in  1726-8.  [IviiL  181] 

VZENON,  THOMAS  (1824  ?-1872X  Une-eng^av*r. 

VfRON,  JOHN  (d.  1663X  protertaut  controvwrtftU* ; 
born  near  Sens  :  stodied  at  Orleans,  1634 ;  came  to  Eng- 
land, 1536  :  studied  at  Cambridge :  rector  of  St.  Alpbage. 
Cripplegate,  London,  1661-4;  Imprisoned  for  scditiou* 
preaching,  1663-8;  •prabendarv  oTst.  Paul's,  London. 
1869-61;  rector  of  St.  Martin's, ,  Ludgate,  London,  and 


I  vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre,  London,  1*60-1;  pi 
troversial  tracts  and  translations,  1648-61 ;  a  Latin-Eng- 
lish dictionary  by  him  brought  out,  1676.       [IviiL  188] 

VERRIO.  ANTON10(1619?-1707XdecoratlvepmintiT  : 
born  near  Otranto ;  history-painter  in  Prance ;  employed 
by  Cliarles  II  and  James  II  to  decorate  Windsor  Castle, 
Ac.,  and  by  William  III  and  Anne  to  decorate  Hampton 


VERSTEGEN" 


VICTOR 


Oonrt:  decorated  many  English  nol .:•  -:iti- 

rteed  by   Pope   for   the   'sprawlim:  '    ;i;>iHMranee   of    the 
figures  in  bis  decorative  paintin-.'.  [lvii<. 

VERSTEGEN,  RICHARD  (/.  1565-1C20).  [See 
ROWLANDS,  RICHARD.] 

VERTTTE.  (JKollGE  (1684-1766),  engraver  and  anti- 
quary; worked  for  Michael  Van  der  Gncht  [q.  v.] ;  set  up 
for  himself,  1709;  a  prolific  engraver  of  portrait-::  tra- 
velled about  England,  engraving  objects  of  antiquarian 
interest;  official  engraver  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
1717-66;  designed  the  Oxford  almanacs,  1723-51;  col- 
lected materials  fur  the  history  of  art  in  England. 

[Iviii.  285] 

VERULAM,  BAROX  (1561  -  162(5).  [Sec  BACON, 
FRANCIS.] 

VESCI.  BAROXS.  [See  CLIFFORD,  HEXIJY  UK,  first 
BARON,  1455  7-1523:  CLIFFORD,  HKXKY  UK,  second  BARON, 
1493-1542 ;  CLIFFORD,  HEXRY  DK,  third  BARON,  d.  1570.] 

VE8CY  or  VESCI,  EUSTACE  DE  (1170?-1216), 
baron ;  served  with  Richard  I  in  Palestine,  1195  ;  envoy 
from  King  John  to  William  the  Lion  of  Scotland,  1199; 
served  in  Ireland,  1210 ;  fled  to  Scotland  to  escape  a  charge 
of  treason,  1212 ;  married  an  illegitimate  daughter  of 
William  the  Lion ;  recalled  by  King  John,  1213  ;  one  of 
the  barons  who  forced  John  to  sign  Magna  Charta,  and 
one  of  the  twenty-five  executors  of  it ;  excommunicated, 
1216 ;  killed  at  Barnard  Castle.  [IviiL  286] 

VE8CT,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1289),  baron ;  of  Aluwick ; 
succeeded  his  father,  1263 ;  supported  Simon  de  Montfort ; 
summoned  to  parliament,  1265:  wounded  at  Evesham, 
1265  ;  in  rebellion,  1267,  but  subdued  by  Prince  Edward: 
accompanied  Prince  Edward  to  Palestine,  1270;  served  in 
Wales,  1277  and  1282 ;  envoy  to  Aragon,  1282,  and  Hol- 
land, 1285.  [Iviii.  237] 

VESCY,  WILLIAM  DK  (1249 ?-1297),  baron;  held 
Gloucester  for  the  barons,  1265;  served  in  Wales,  1277 
and  1282 ;  succeeded  his  brother,  John  de  Vescy  [q.  v.],  in 
the  estates,  1289 ;  advanced  a  claim  to  the  Scottish  crown, 
1290;  inherited  Kildare  from  his  mother,  Agnes  Marshall, 
1290:  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  1290-4:  sent  on  a  mission 
to  Gascony,  1295;  surrendered  Kildare  Castle  to  Ed- 
ward I,  1297.  [Iviii.  288] 

VESCY,  WILLIAM  DK  (d.  1314),  styled  '  of  Kildare' ; 
bastard  son  of  William  de  Vescy  (1249  ?-1297)  [q.  v.] ; 
given  the  De  Vesci  estates  in  Yorkshire  by  his  father, 
1397 ;  served  in  Scotland,  1300  :  sold  Alir.vick  to  the 
Percies,  1309 ;  summoned  to  parliament,  1313  and  1314 ; 
killed  at  Bannockburn.  [Iviii.  289] 

VESEY,  BARON  (1783-1843).  [See  FITZGERALD, 
WILLIAM  VBSKY.] 

VESEY,  ELIZABETH  (1715  ?-1791),  leader  of  lite- 
rary society ;  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Vesey  [q.  v.]  ;  mar- 
ried William  Handcock,and  secondly,  before  1746,  Agmon- 
desham  Vesey,  friend  of  Edmund  Burke  and  member  of 
Dr.  Johnson's  club ;  had  a  literary  '  salon '  in  London, 
1770-84 :  became  imbecile,  1789.  [Iviii.  289] 

VESEY,  JOHN  (1638-1716),  archbishop  of  Tuam; 
educated  at  Westminster  School:  M.A.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1667;  D.D.,  1672:  beneficed  in  Cloyiie  diocese, 
1661 ;  archdeacon  of  Armagh,  1062-3 ;  dean  of  Cork, 
1667 ;  bishop  of  Limerick,  1673 ;  archbishop  of  Tuam, 
1678;  warden  of  Galway ;  withdrew  to  London,  1689  :  re- 
turned to  Ireland,  1692 ;  published  sermons.  [Iviii.  290] 

VESEY,  Sm  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1668?-1730), 
Irish  bishop  :  son  of  John  Vescy  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  from  Eton,  1689 ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford.  1695:  M.A.,  1697;  married  a  Surrey  heiress; 
rreated  baronet,  1098;  bishop  of  Killaloe,  1718,  of  Oraory, 
1714.  [Iviii.  291] 

VE8TKI8,  MADAMS  (1797-1856).  [See  MATHKWS, 
J.rm  ELIZABETH.] 

VETCH,  JAMES  (1789-1 869).  engineer;  educate!  at 
Toe  military  academies  at  Great  Marlow  and,  1805,  Wool- 
wich; served  in  the  royal  engineer*,  1808-24:  capta;n, 
*13 :  mining  engineer  in  Mexico,  1824-9, 1832-5  :  K.H.S., 
1830;  resided  in  England  after  1835,  working  on  rail- 
ways, drainage  schemes,  and  harbours  ;  projected  a  ship- 
canml  at  Suez,  1839-43,  opposed  by  Palmereton  :  published 
antiquarian  and  engineering  treatises.  [Iviii.  292] 


VETCH,    SAM  UK  I,   <  1«68-1732\   colonist;     son    f,f 
William  Veitch  (1640-1722)  [q.v.];  educated  at  Utrecht: 
officer  in  the  Dutch  armj  :  accompanied  the  Prince  m 
Orange  to  England,  1688:  officer  in  the  Cameron! an  regi- 
ment at  Dunkeld,  1689,  Steinkirk,  1C'J2,  and  Landen,  I6!)o  : 
I  captain  in  William  Paterson's  Darien  colony,  1698  ;  set  tin  I 
;  in  Albany,  New  York,  1699  :  employed  to  negotiate  with 
1  the  Indians,  1700  and  1702,  and  with  the  Canadian  French, 
1705;  visited  London  to  urge  the  conquest  of  « 'anada. 
1708  and  1709 :  colonel  of  the  colonial  troops  at  the  con- 
!  quest  of  Nova  Scotia,  1710;   governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
!  1710-13,  1715-17;  came  to  England  to  solicit  his  ariv;u- 
of  pay,  1719  ;  neglected ;  died  in  a  debtors'  prison. 

[Iviii.  293]   " 

VEYSEY  or  VOYSEY,  JOHN,  alias  UARMAH 
(1465  ?-l 554),  bishop  of  Exeter ;  son  nml  heir  of  William 
Harman  (d.  1470)  of  Moor  Hall,  Sutton -Cold fit  M  ;  took 
the  name  of  Veysey  or  Voysey,  c.  1488;  fellow  of  Magda- 
len College.  Oxford,  1486-7 :  LL.D.,  14!)4  :  chaplain  to 
!  Elizabeth,  consort  of  Henry  VII,  1489  ;  rector  of  Clifton- 
Reynes,  1496-9  ;  held  chancellorship  of  Lichfield,  1498- 
1502  ;  archdeacon  of  Chester,  1499-1515 ;  canon  of  Exeter, 
1503-9:  vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Coventry,  1507-20:  dean 
of  Exeter,  1509-19 ;  canon  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster, 
1514-18;  dean  of  Windsor,  1515-19;  dean  of  Wolver- 
hamptou,  1516-21  :  bishop  of  Exeter,  1519-51  and  1553-4  ; 
attended  Henry  VIII  to  France,  1520 ;  president  of  the 
court  of  the  marches  of  Wales,  1526  ;  lived  at  Moor  Hall, 
administering  his  diocese  by  deputy  ;  forced  by  Ed- 
ward Vl's  courtiers  to  alienate  to  them  much  property 
of  the  see;  removed,  1551,  but  was  restored  by  Queen 
Mary ;  benefactor  of  Sutton-Coldfield.  [Iviii.  296] 

VIAL  DE  SAINBEL,  CHARLES  (1753-1793).  [See 
SAIXBEL.] 

VICARS,  HEDLEY  SHAFTO  JOHNSTONS  (1826- 
1855),  soldier  ;  born  in  the  Mauritius  ;  entered  the  army, 
1843;  captain,  1854;  from  1851  worked  for  the  moral 
and  religious  welfare  of  the  troops  ;  killed  in  the  trenches 
at  Sebastopol.  [Iviii.  298] 

VICARS,   JOHN  (1580 ?-1652),  poetaster;   usher  at 

Christ's     Hospital,     London ;     presbyterian ;    published 

doggerel  verses,  1617-41  ;   wrote  against  episcopacy  and 

j  against  the  independents,  1641-8;  printed  a  narrative  of 

!  the  civil  war,  'Jehovah  Jireh'  (1641-3)  in  1644,  continued 

in  '  Gods  Arke,'  1646  ;  mentioned  in  '  Hudibras.' 

[Iviii.  298] 

VICARS,  THOMAS  ( ft.  1607-1641),  divine;  fellow 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,i'l616 ;  M.A.,  1615  ;  B.D.,  1622 ; 
vicar  of  Cowfold  and  Guckfield,  Somerset ;  published  de- 
votional works.  [Iviii.  299] 

VICARY,  THOMAS  (d.  1561),  surgeon;  his  name 
spelt  also  Vicars,  Vikers ;  surgeon  to  Henry  VIII,  152H. 
and  sergeant-surgeon,  1536-61 ;  several  times  m;ister  of 
the  Barber-Surgeons  Company,  London,  from  1530 ; 
I  granted  church  lands,  1542;  governor  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  1548,  and  resident  director,  1554-C1.  An 
anatomical  treatise,  wrongfully  attributed  to  him,  ap- 
peared, 1577.  [Iviii.  300] 

VICCARS,  JOHN  (1C04-1 660),  biblical  scholar;  B.A. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1622  ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College. 
Oxford,  1C25  ;  rector  of  South  Fambridgc,  1610,  and  of 
Battlesden  ;  ejected,  164(J ;  went  abroad  :  published,  163U, 
a  commentary  on  the  Psalms,  drawn  from  ten  languages. 

[Iviii.  301] 

VTCKERS,  ALFRED (1786-1868),  landscape-painter; 
exhibited  in  London,  1813-59.  [Iviii.  301] 

VICZERS,  ALFRED  GOMERSAL  (1810-1837). 
marine-painter ;  eon  of  Alfred  Vickers  [q.  v.]  [Iviii.  301] 

VICKRIS,  RICHARD  (d.  1700),  quakcr ;  son  of  a 
Bristol  merchant ;  visited  France :  prosecuted  for  re- 
cusancy, 1680  ;  wrote  pamphlets  in  defence  of  quakeri-un. 

[Iviii.  :J01] 

VICTOR,  BENJAMIN  (•?.  1778),  theatrical  manager  ; 
originally  a  London  harbor  :  tradesman  'in  Norwich.  1722  : 
line.ndraper  in  London;  deputy-manager  of  a  Dublin 
theatre,  1746-59 ;  treasurer  of  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1760-78  ;  poet-laureate  of  Ireland,  "l7,r>r>  :  published 
pamphlets  and  wretchal  verse,  1722-76,  memoi- 
Barton  Booth,  1733,  and  a  history  (covering  1710  to 
1771)  of  the  stage  in  London  and  Dublin,  1761-71. 

[Iviii.  302} 


VICTOR 


Mil 


VICTORIA 


VICTOR.    1  KUDINAN!'   i 

i  A N'l  IN    Fl;ll.l»!:ldl  •  .. 
tmo,  1'itiM  i:,  (or  many  yvars  known  . 

i.  admiral  and  sculi>- 

IM:  of  Priiicv  Krn  -t  c:  Hobenlobe-Laugcnburg, 

and  of    Princess  Fcodnr.-.  .lau-i.t. -r  <>(   Ernest  Charier, 

•/gen.    by    Princes  Victoria 

•f  Saxc-Cobnrg-Saalfeld,  afterward*  DoeheM  of  Kent ; 
hi*  mother  was  thus  nalf-*ist<>r  to  Quern  Victoria; 
midshipman  in  British  navy,  1848 ;  flag-lWtennnt  to  Sir 
Harry  Ki-ppel  In  Chin*,  18*6 ;  retired  on  balf.pay  owing 
to  ill-health,  18«6 :  K.C.B.  and  governor  and  countable  of 
Windsor  Oastle,  1867 ;  married,  1861,  Launi  Wllliamlna, 

of  Admiral  Sir  George  Francis  Seymo.. 
and  assumed  title  of  Count  i;i.-iol>en;   devoted  himself 
utioccs- fully  to  sculpture ;  U.C.B.  and  admiral.  : 

[Suppl.  ill.  S88] 
VICTORIA,  QUKKN  OF  THE  UKITKD  KINGDOM  OF 

illllTAIN   AMI   Il(K(.\M).  (llld    EMPRKHM  OF  INDIA 

(1810-1901).  irranddaiu'ht.-r  of  George  III,  and  only  child 
of  George  Ill's  fourth  M>n,  Edward  Aofnttos,  duke  of 

18JOX  by  Mary  Louisa  Victoria,  fourth  daughter 
nnd  youngest  child  of  Francis  Frederick  Antony  (1750- 
1801  ratntBfetab  tt  Ba»4)obari»«MlfaU  (aftenrardi 
Ootha),  and  widow  of  Ernest  Charles,  reigning  prince 
of  Leiningen  (d.  1814),  was  born  at  Kensington  Palace, 
24  Mr»y  1819.  She  was  baptised,  24  June,  Alcxandrina 
Victoria,  the  Brat  name  being  after  Alexander  I,  cxar  of 

vho  was  one  of  her  sponsors.  She  lived  from  1820 
with  the  DucheM  of  Kent  at  Kensington  Palace.  Her 
early  education  wa>  undertaken  by  Fraulein  Louise  Lehzen 
(create!  Hanoverian  baroness,  1827),  and,  from  18X7,  by 
the  Rev.  George  Davys,  ami  many  tutors  and  mistrewe* 
who  worked  under  hi*  supervision.  Music  and  art  were 
favourite  studies  In  1830  the  Duchess  of  Northumber- 
land was  appointed  her  governess.  From  1832  onwards 
the  Duchess  of  Kent  nnd  the  prince**  made  extended 
tour*  in  England.  She  was  confirmed  at  Chupd  Koyal, 
St.  James's,  1835,  celebrated  her  coming  of  age,  -'4  May 

1837.  and  on  20  June  1837  succeeded  to  the  throne,  on 
the  death  of  her  uncle,  William  IV.    The  queen  met  her 
first  privy  council  on  the  day  of  the  king's  death,  and  she 
was  formally  proclaimed  on  the  following  day.    On  her 
accession  the  union  U'twmi  England  and  Hanover,  which 
had  existed  since  1714,  was  dissolved.'  She  was  instructed 
in  the  d-ities  of  he  station  by  Lord  Melbourne,  the  prime 
minister  and  leader  of  the  whig  party,  who  also  under- 
took t  lie  duties  of  private  secretary  for  all  public  business. 
Melbourne  thus  became  the  queen's  constant  companion. 
In  private  matters  the  Baroness  Lehzen  continued  to  fill 
till  IKU  the  secretarial  office  for  private  business,  which 
she  had  filled  before  the  queen's  accession.    Baron  Stock- 
mar,  v  ho  had  been  sent  by  King  Leopold  to  direct  the 
princess's  political  education  as  soon  a*  she  reached  her 
majority,  was  also  in  attendance  on  her.    On  13  July  she 
took  up  her  official  residence  in  Buckingham  Palace.    On 
30  Nov.  she  opened  her  first  parliament,  reading  her  own 
speech,  as  was  her  custom  until  her  widowhood,  whenever 
she   :i'  tended  in   person.      Parliament  granted  her    an 
annuity  of  385,UUO/.    ,-l>e  had  in  addition  the  revenues 
of  the  duchies  of  Lancaster  and  Cornwall  (about  27,500/. 
annually):  the  duchy  of  Cornwall,  which  passed  to  the 
Prince  of  Wale*  at  hi*  birth  in  1841,  ultimately  produced 
more  than  66,OUU/.,  while  the  yearly  Income  from  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  rose  to  more  than  6U,OUU/.     In  1839 
the  queen  discliarged  the  debt*  of  her  father,  tlie  late 
Duke  of  Kent    The  coronation  took  place  on  2K  June, 

1838.  In  the  early  monthx  of  1830  the  queen  was  sub- 
jected to  much  unfavourable  comment  owing  to  her  pas- 
sive attitude  towards  Lady  Flora  Hastings  [q.  v.],  daugh- 
ter of  the  Marquis  of  Hastings,  who  was  lady-in-\vaiting 
to  the  Duchess  of  Kent  at  Buckingham  Palace,  and  was 
improperly  suspected  by  fomc  of  the  queen's  attendant* 
of  immoral  conduct.    In  the  name  year,  183'.'.  .Melbourne's 
-.vl.iif  ministry  resigned  and  the  queen  commissioned  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  the  leader  of  the  conserrative  opposition  in 
the  lower  house,  to  form  a  government.    Peel,  in  consul- 
tation with  his  friends,  decided  that  the  ladies  holding 
the  higher  posts  in  the  queen's  household  must  be  dis- 
placed if  the  conservative  ministers  were  to  receive  ade- 
quate support  from  the  crown.    The  queen,  misunder- 
etanding  Peel's  intentions,  refused  to  accept  hi*  proposals. 
He  accordingly  declined  to  proceed  to  the  formation  of  a 
eovcniment,  and  the  whig*  returned  to  office.    In  Octo- 
t)er  1839  the  queen's  first  cousins,  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe- 
Cobu"?  Gotha,  and  his  elder  brother  Ernest,  who  had 


already  stayed  at  Kensington  in  IBM,  rUlted  Windsor, 
•u  offered  Prince  Albert  marriage. 

'     •     •       rr    ..-    •  -       ;     .  •      •     :      >,.      ;-;  ,   -   .         ...   :.,, 


the  quern  guv 


-    •-,     '.      .     ..-:         '    .-,.-       •    .     .      ...;,.. 

Tl,-  rlr-t  »tu-t.,j,r  on          QOMD1  i.fc  «u* 


warrant,  precedence  next 

was  found  to  be  insane.    Tbe  queen's  first  child.  Victoria 
Adelaide  Mary  LOOM,  was  born  on  tt  Nor.  1840.    In 

Palmerston,  the  foreign  minister,  whose  Eastern  nrJirr 
seemed  likely  to  bring  about  a  war  between 


between  RnctanU 
was  diMolved  and 


and  the 

election  nrodnoed  a  tory  majority.    Melbourne 
and  Peal  WM  called  opon  to  form  a  ministry. 
On  9  Nor.  1841,  the  qoeen's  second  child,  Albert  Edward! 
prince  of  Wales  (now  Edward  VII).  was  born.    In  June 
1845  the  queen  made  her  first  railway  journey,  travelling 
to  Paddlngton.    On  80  May  and  S  July 


Stongh 
1  and  t 


third  attempts  on  her  life  were  made  by  Johu 
Francis  and  John  William  Bean.     In  the  autumn  of  this 
year  the  quern  paid  her  first  visit  to  Scotland,  )oarney- 
ing  by  MM  from  \Voohv  i<h  to  Granton.    Prince*  Alto 
was  born  on  25  April  184S.     In  September  the  queen 
visited  Louis-Philippe  at  Chateau  dTta,  near  Trrport. 
This  was  the  first  occasion  on  which  the  qnera  had 
trodden  foreign  soil,  and  the  first  occasion  on  which  a. 
fefl    '.  ......  Nfcfl   h    1      WM  I    Krv:.   i  .....  •,•.-.    BM 

Henry  VIII  appeared  on  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold  at 
the  invitation  of  Francis  I  in  1520.  Prince  Alfred  was 
born  6  Aug.  1844.  Louis-Philippe  returned  the  queen's 
visit  in  October  1844,  this  being  the  first  time  that  a 
French  monarch  voluntarily  landed  on  English  there*, 
The  queen  opened  the  new  Royal  Exchange,  London, 
28  Oct.  1844.  In  the  autumn  of  1845  she  visited  Germany 
for  the  first  time,  and  stayed  at  Bosenau,  Prince  Albert's 
birthplace.  In  1845  the  state  of  agricultural  distras* 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  United  Kingdom  forced 
Peel  to  advocate  the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  a  .-top  which 
be  and  his  party  were  pledged  to  oppose.  The  queen 
firmly  supported  him,  but  Peel  deemed  it  just  that  the 
opposite  party,  which  bad  lately  championed  the  reform, 
should  carry  it  out.  He 
queen  sent  for  Lord  John 
unable  to  face  difficulties  chiefly  arising  from  the  distrust 
in  which  Palmerston  was  held  by  the  queen  and  many 
members  of  bis  own  party.  Peel  resumed  power,  and  on 
26  June  1846  the  corn-law  bill  passed  its  third  rending  in 
the  Lords,  but  on  the  same  night  the  government  was  de- 
feated on  the  second  reading  of  a  coercion  bill  for  Ireland, 
and  Peel's  resignation  followed.  Lord  John  Russell  formed 
a  new  ministry,  and  the  queen,  with  much  misgirimr, 
agreed  to  Palmenton's  return  to  the  foreign  office.  In  the 
meantime  the  Princess  Helena  was  bora,  25  May  1846. 

In  1844  the  queen  bad  purchased  the  estate  of  Osbornr. 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight  ;  the  foundations  of  her  palace  there 
were  laid  in  1845,  and  the  whole  was  completed,  1851. 
In  1848  the  queen  leased  Balmoral  House,  and  purchased 
it  in  1862,  when  Balmoral  Oastle  was  begun  :  it  was 
finished  In  1854.  Here  a  part  of  every  spring  and  autumn 
was  spent  during  the  rest  of  the  queen's  life.  In  June 
1849  the  queen  made  her  first  vfeit  to  Ireland,  going  by 
sea  from  Cowcs  to  the  Cove  of  Cork,  on  which  she  be- 
stowed the  name  of  QuceiiKtown.  Subsequently  she  stayed 
four  days  in  Dublin.  Her  third  sou,  Arthur,  waa  born  on 
1  May  1850. 

Meanwhile  the  breach  between  the  foreign  minister, 
Palmertton,  and  the  crown  had  been  growing  wider,  and 
in  1850  the  queen  was  compelled  to  state  definitely  tar 
demand*  in  regard  to  his  future  conduct.  Kite  required, 
tir.-tly.  tliat  he  hhouU  inform  her  distinctly  of  hi*  pro. 
posed  course  of  action  in  any  given  ease,  and,  secondly. 
that  be  should  not  arbitrarily  modify  or  alter  any  mea- 
sure which  had  once  received  her  sanction.  Palmerrton 
affected  pained  surprUe  :  but  his  method  of  procedure 
underwent  no  permanent  change.  IB  February  1851  the 
govern  rnent  was  out  voted  on  a  question  of  electoral  reform. 
and  Lord  John  Russell  resigned.  The  conservative  leader, 
Lord  Stanley,  afterwards  Lord  Derby,  declined  to  form  a 

In  this  year  the 


queen  threw  herself  with  great  uplrit  into  the 
menu  connected  with  the  Great  Exhibition.  The  removal 
of  Palmerston  from  toe  ministry  followed  at  the  end  of 
this  year,  and  WM  a  source  of  relief  to  the  queen.  On 
I  Deo.  Prince  Louis  Napoleon,  by  a  coup  ftint,  made 
himself  absolute  head  of  the  French  government  The 


VICTORIA 


1342 


VICTORIA 


;iml  Lord  John  viewed  with  detestation  Napoleon's 
accession  to  power  ;in«l  tin-  mean*  ot"  it-  accomplishment. 
Palmerston,  however,  expressed  his  approbation  to  the 
French  ain!>a~sador  Walewski,  without  communicating  j 
either  with  the  queen  or  with  his  colleagues.  l^»rd  John. 
•who  proposed  that  for  the  present  Knirland  should  rxu-nd 
to  Napoleon  the  coldest  neutrality,  summarily  demanded 
Palmerston's  resignation.  The  seals  of  the  foreign  office 
were  accordingly  transferred  to  the  queen's  friend.  Lord 
Granville.  Early  in  1862  a  militia  bill  occasioned  tin- 
defeat  and  consequent  resignation  of  the  ministry.  Lord 
Derby  formed  a  conservative  government,  with  Disraeli 
as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  A  general  election  in  July  left  the  con- 
servatives In  the  minority.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  died 
on  14  Sept.  In  December  Disraeli's  budget  was  rejected 
by  a  small  majority,  and  Lord  Derby  resigned.  A  coali- 
tion ministry  of  conservatives  and  liberals  was  formal 
by  the  queen's  wish  by  Lord  Aberdeen,  the  foreign  and 
home  offices  being  taken  respectively  by  Clarendon  and 
Palmers  ton. 

An  alliance  between  England  mid  France  became  in- 
evitable kite  in  1853,  owing  to  the  position  of  affairs  in 
eastern  Europe.  In  the  autumn  Russia  pushed  her  claims 
to  protect  the  Greek  Christians  of  the  Turkish  empire 
with  such  violence  as  to  extort  from  Turkey  a  declaration 
of  war.  British  popular  opinion  demanded  the  imme- 
diate intervention  of  England  in  behalf  of  Turkey.  Na- 
poleon offered  to  join  his  army  with  that  of  England, 
and  the  king  of  Sardinia  promised  to  follow  his  example. 
But  other  foreign  sovereigns  endeavoured  privately  to 
influence  the  queen  in  favour  of  peace.  Her  attitude  to 
all  her  continental  correspondents  was  irreproachable, 
but  the  rumour  spread  that  she  and  her  husband  were 
employing  their  foreign  intimacies  against  the  country's 
interest :  and  as  the  winter  of  1853-4  progressed  without 
any  signs  of  decisive  action  on  the  part  of  the  English  go- 
vernment, popular  indignation  burst  in  its  fullest  fury  on 
the  head  of  Prince  Albert.  The  tide  of  abuse  was  tempo- 
rarily checked  when,  27  Feb.  1854,  the  queen  announced  in 
the  House  of  Lords  the  breakdown  of  negotiations  with 
Russia.  War  was  formally  declared  next  day,  and 
France  and  Sardinia  renewed  their  promises  of  alliance. 
The  queen  evinced  great  personal  interest  in  the  progress 
of  the  Crimean  war,  and  initiated  or  supported  all  manner 
of  voluntary  measures  for  the  comfort  of  the  troops.  In 
January  1855  the  government  was  defeated  on  a  hostile 
motion  for  inquiry  into  the  management  of  the  war,  and 
the  queen  reluctantly  bade  Palmerston  form  an  adminis- 
tration ;  subsequently,  however,  she  gave  him  her  full 
confidence,  and  when  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed, 
30  March  1856,  she  acknowledged  that  the  successful 
issue  of  the  war  was  mainly  due  to  him.  In  April  1855 
the  Emperor  Napoleon  visited  the  queen  at  Windsor,  and 
was  dissuaded  from  his  intention  of  taking  command 
In  person  of  the  French  troops  in  the  Crimea.  In  May 
the  queen  distributed  with  her  own  hands  war  medals  to 
the  returned  soldiers,  a  function  that  had  not  previously 
been  performed  by  sovereigns.  In  August  the  queen  and 
Prince  Albert  visited  the  emperor  at  Paris  ;  this  was  the 
first  occasion  on  which  an  English  sovereign  had 
entered  the  French  capital  since  the  infant  Henry  VI 
went  to  be  crowned  in  1422.  In  June  1856  the  queen 
instituted  the  Victoria  Cross  for  acts  of  conspicuous 
valour  in  war,  and  herself  decorated  the  first  recipients 
on  26  June  1857.  On  26  June  1857  the  queen  conferred 
on  Prince  Albert  the  title  of  prince  consort.  During  this 
year  (1867)  the  progress  of  the  Indian  mutiny  caused  the 
queen  acute  distress.  In  February  Palmerston  resigned 
on  the  defeat  of  a  bill  making  conspiracy  to  murder, 
hitherto  a  misdemeanor,  a  felony  ;  this  bad  been  intro- 
duced in  consequence  of  a  plot  hatched  in  England  to 
destroy  the  emperor  and  empress  of  the  French  by  an 
explosive  bomb  which  was  thrown  in  the  Opera  House 
in  i'.-iris.  Lord  Derby  formal  a  new  ministry.  In  August 
the  queen  visited  Napoleon  at  Cherbourg,  and  afterwards 
made  an  extended  tour  in  Germany.  On  25  Jan.  1868 
her  eldest  daughter,  the  princess  royal,  married  Prince 
Frederick,  afterwards  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia.  While 
the  Indian  mutiny  was  in  course  of  suppression  the  East 
India  Company  was  abolished,  ite  territories  and  powers 
transferred  to  the  crown,  and  the  administration  placed  in 
the  bands  of  the  secretary  of  state,  who  was  assisted  by  a 
council  of  fifteen.  The  scheme  for  the  actual  reorganisa- 
»f  the  Indian  government,  in  which  the  queen  was 
deeply  interested,  received  the  royal  assent,  2  Aug.  18W. 


The  queen's  tranquillity  of  mind  was  at  this  time  greatly 
disturbed  by  the  part  Napoleon  was  playing  in  European 
polities.  He  had  threatened  to  join  the  king  of  Sardinia 
in  an  endeavour  to  expel  Austria  from  Lombardy  and 
Venetia.  The  prospect  of  war  between  France  and 
A  ust  ria  gave  the  queen  peculiar  anxiety  owing  to  Austria's 
proximity  to  Prussia,  with  \vlio-e  reigning  lions*'  her 
daughter  had  recently  become  allied  by  marriage.  Austria 
took  the  initiative  by  declaring  war  on  Sardinia,  and 
Napoleon  immediately  entered  the  field  in  behalf  of 
Sardinia.  The  queen  was  successful  in  dissuading  Prussia 
from  interference.  The  prompt  triumph  of  French  arms 
brought  hostilities  to  a  close,  but  the  queen's  fears  of  tin- 
sequel  were  increased  by  a  change  of  ministry,  whirl* 
brought  Palmerston  into  power  as  premier,  and  Russell  as 
foreign  secretary.  Palmerston  and  Russell  agreed  in  a 
resolve  to  serve  the  interests  of  Italy  at  fche  expense  of 
Austria.  The  queen,  however,  contrived  to  persuade  her 
ministers  to  adopt  a  policy  of  strict  neutrality.  In  May 
1859  a  volunteer  force  was  called  into  existence,  und  in 
July  1860  the  queen  personally  inaugurated  the  National 
Ride  Association  as  a  complement  to  the  volunteer  move- 
ment ;  ii\  the  same  year  she  instituted  the  queen's  prize 
(250Z.),  which  was  thenceforth  awarded  annually.  In 
September  1860  the  queen  and  prince  consort  made  a 
second  journey  to  Coburg  to  visit  Stockmar.  who  had 
lived  there  in  retirement  since  1857.  On  4  Feb.  18(51  the 
queen  opened  parliament  in  person;  this  was  the  last 
occasion  in  which  she  delivered  with  her  own  voice  the 
speech  from  the  throne.  On  16  March  the  queen's  mother 
dial  at  Frogtnore  after  a  brief  illness.  In  the  later  mouths 
of  this  year  the  health  of  the  prince  consort  gradually 
failed.  Early  in  December  he  persuaded  the  British 
ministers  to  adopt  a  conciliatory  attitude  towards  the 
United  States  respecting  the  Trent  affair,  and  on  14  Dec. 
he  died. 

The  sense  of  desolation  which  the  queen  experienced 
on  her  husband's  death  never  Vholly  left  her.  She  long 
remained  in  retirement,  and  never  ceased  to  wear  mourn- 
ing for  him.  In  the  two  years  that  followed  her  bereave- 
ment she  lived  in  complete  seclusion,  but  engaged  as- 
siduously in  official  work.  General  the  Hon.  Charles 
Grey,  a  younger  son  of  the  second  Earl  Grey,  who  had 
been  since  1846  private  secretary  to  the  prince  consort, 
was  appointed  to  >the  same  post  in  the  queen's  service, 
and  continued  in  this  capacity  until  his  death  in  1870. 
His  place,  was  then  taken  by  General  Sir  Henry  Ponsonby, 
who  died  in  1895,  and  was  succeeded  by  Colonel  Sir 
Arthur  Bigge,  who  survived  the  queen.  On  1  July  1862 
the  queen  attended,  in  deep  mourning,  the  marriage  of 
Princess  Alice  to  Prince  Louis  of  Hesse.  At  the  close  of 
this  year  it  was  proposed  to  confer  the  crown  of  Greece 
upon  her  second  son.  Prince  Alfred.  The  offer  caused  her 
much  perplexity.  The  crown  was  finally  given  to  George, 
son  of  Prince  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Glucksburg  (who  became  king  of  Denmark  on  15  Nov. 
1863) ;  he  was  brother  of  the  affianced  bride  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales.  The  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  took 
place,  10  March  1863.  The  queen  visited  Germany  in  the 
autumn,  and  while  at  Coburg  had  an  interview  with  the 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria,  who  was  returning 
from  Frankfurt,  where  a  conference  of  German  sovereigns 
had  been  held  to  consider  a  form  of  confederation  of  the 
German  states,  which  seemed  likely  to  exclude  Prussia. 
The  queen  endeavoured  to  influence  the  emperor  of 
Austria  in  behalf  of  Prussia.  Towards  the  close  of  1863. 
the  queen  gave  close  attention  to  the  struggle  brought 
about  by  the  conflicting  claims  of  Germany  and  Denmark 
to  the  duchies  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Her  93'mpathies 
were  with  Germany,  while  those  of  her  ministers  and 
people  were  with  the  Dane-!.  JU  February  1864  hostili- 
ties broke  out  between  Austria  and  Prussia  on  the  one 
hand  and  Denmark  on  the  other.  The  Danes  wcrr 
promptly  defeated.  The  queen  succeeded  in  enforcing  oi> 
her  government  a  policy  of  strict  neutrality.  In  June 
the  German  allies  occupied  the  disputed  duchies. 

Meanwhile  a  feeling  had  been  growing  throughout  the 
country  that  the  queen's  prolonged  .seclusion  was  con- 
trary to  the  nation's  interest.  She  replied  guardedly  to- 
the  popular  outcry  in  a  letter  to  '  The  Times '  newspaper 
(1864),  stating  her  desire  to  meet  the  wishes  of  her  sub- 
jects so  far  as  her  health,  strength,  and  spirits  might 
allow.  The  queen  was  acutely  distressed  at  the  deaths 
of  Palmerston  on  18  Oct.  1865,  and  of  King  Leopold  oi» 
10  Dec.  Palmorston's  place  as  prime  minister  was  : 
by  Lord  John  Russell.  On  10  Feb.  1860  the  queen  opened 


VICTORIA 


1343 


VICTORIA 


parliam.-iit  in  JHT-OII.  LuU-r  in  the  year  the  dispute* 
between  1'ru-siu  and  Au-trui  in  rtv.irl  io  tin-  Anal  allot- 
ment of  Hi.:  conquers  .In,-!. 

o  power*. 

m:ill\. 

pivv.-ut  war.    In  June  war  wan  doolaml,  and  the queen's 

perplexity  was  increased  by  the  defeat  and  «ub««quent 

on  of  Russell's  government  on  the  qumtiou  o( 

n-lunn  ..:  t),,-  :  . 

he   di.'l  ^    .Inn,,    l.srs.     I,,  July  tlir  con  • 
Lord   Derby,  formed  a  nev.  -rueli  a* 

flume* •!..  iiequer  and  leader  of  the  liotue  of 

Commons.     I'mssia1.!  tritmiph    in    the   war  WM  quickly 
n  cou verted  Into  a  Prussian  pro- 
vince, and    b>    the  -.L.-tory  at  Hadowa.  near  K 


motto  which  aiowl  at  a  complete  reform  <*  the  civil  Use. 
The  propoeal  WM  rejected  by  a  !an»  majority,  : 

-      :     •    ..  ,...--          .:-...      , 

•  .'       t:  .-•,....  i.    .  .  .    •          :  ..     •       ..'. 

,:.:-.!..  .  .-:.-.     .     .      -. 

. 

to  take  hU  place  be  return 

In  Jaii.hir,  >r<  tbe  qumrssramd  son.  Prtnoe  Alfred. 
and    Dot-he*   Mart* 

.       .-..-.       •     ,-  •.:.••.       •        .     .    ;.        :.. 

.:...'.    •          .,        ,-:  ;  -....;.-.  '..,      ' 

;..trliamrnt    WM   dissolved   ant    a  conservative 

,-...•,  n.u.nt    MM     ,.>.,    .„  ,.r.     i  t>.    ,,.;.,.;,    ... 

minuter.    With  DivaeU  the  queen  WM  la  eoaipUt 
l«Ht  by.  aud  it  WM  In  conformity  with  bis  new*  in 

'••      •    '        .     •:••:..  '.,  •          •     ...    ...... 


<::  July  I-«-.i-.).  \Ti--\-.t  was  rin:illy  pla.-od  at  Uie  uofl  ••!       l.-r  ...tiuencc  in  1875  to  M  vert  tbe 


i'r  M|   "f    «V;.:,-..  |     r-  ;  •  •-  .  •>•  .•:•.      ,,J    :!.,-  •  :.,  :,.    :,.  „!.     .4 

)  ject  of  perpetuating  her  huRbaod's  memory,  state  tour  through  Indiu,  aud  in  Kay  1x76  the  deajf- 
lisued  In  1867  a  minute  account  of  the  early  nation  of  Bmprees  of  India  WM  conferred  en  her  by 
prince  consort,  which  bad  been  prepared  the  Royal  Titles  BilL  In  February  Iff*,  and  a«ain  te 


the  whole  o;   north  <  iermany.  and  Austria  WM  OOmpeUed 
to  retire  from  the  German  confederation. 

Wit  lithe  ob  ji 

the  .,;i,vn  published  hi  1867  a  minute 
at  the 

-  direction  by  her  private  secretary,  General  Grey. 

•:,<•  continuation  of  this  biography 

irtiu;  this  work  appeared  in  five 

1874  11.    The  queen's  'Leave*  from  a  Journal 

of  our  Life  in  the  Highlands,  1848-61,'  appeared  privately 

in   1867,  and  ,.-.ibb«-ly  in  1868.     A  second   port,  'More 

Leaves,'  followed  in  1883,  covering  the  years  1862-88. 

lu  February  1867  tbe  queen  opened  parliament  in 
l«-r-..n.  In  May  of  the  same  year  she  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  Royal  Albert  Hall,  which  WM  erecteU  in  her  hus- 
band's  memory.  I  n  this  year  she  encouraged  the 


threatened  between  Fraoov  and  Germany.    la  187»  the 


rebrmrj  18TT,  fee 

In  1876-8  tbe  queen  gave  much  attention  to  the 

of  affairs  in  eastern  Europe.    Tbe  subject  race*  c 
,  Turkish  empire  in  the  Balkans  had  threatened  tbe 

with  revolt  in  1874,  and  there  WM  the  likelihood  that 

..i,  to  serve   her  own   end*,  might  come  to  the 

i  rescue  of  tin?  insurgent-. 


uton's  policy  of  18*4,  and  derlarud  that  British 
required  the  maintenance  of  the  sultan's  authority  In- 
violate.  Gladstone,  who  had  in  1876  announced  his  i     ' 
ment  from  public  life,  emerged  from  bis 


ment  to  settle  the  question  of  franchise,  and  DUraelti's  I  oppose  the  bestowal  on  Turkey  of  any 

the  ,,iuvii  received  visit*  from' the  kbedive  of  Egypt  aud  '  dissuade  Russia  from  interference,  and  on  Russia's  deok- 


reform 


snd  Disraeli's  oppose  tbe  bestowal  on 

In  July  1867  I  Tbe  queen  used,  without 

of  Egypt  and  dissuade  Russia  from  int 

,_...!:    w^«  —.*i».     *.*    —  -         ...;»i.    TV.. 


success,  her 


Wh  M  to 


the  sultan  of  Turkey.    In  February  1868  Disraeli  became  !  ration  of  war  with  Turkey,  April  1877,  she  firmly  *m> 
primc  minister  in  succession  to  Lord  Derby.     In  April     ported    Beaconsfleld   in   a   diplomatic    straggle   which 


Gladstone  brought  forward  his  first  utid  main  resolution 
in  favour  of  tbe  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  rhnrcb. 
The  government  rwuted  him  aud  was  defeated,  and 
DiMu.ii  tendered  his  resignation.  On  6  May  Disraeli 
announced  in  parliament  that  the  queen  had  decided,  on 
her  own  responsibility,  to  reject  bis  resignation,  and  to 
dissolve  parliament  as  soon  as  the  arrangement*  for  appeal 
to  tbe  electors,  newly  enfranchised  under  the  reform  bill, 
\v,  r.  complete.  Disraeli's  action  in  giving  the  queen 
tlie  choice  of  two  alternatives  excited  hostile  comment. 
In  August  she  paid  lier  first  visit  to  Switzerland, 
travelling  incognito  under  the  name  of  the  Countess  of 
Kent.  In  a  general  election  at  the  close  of  this  year 
Disraeli's  government  wa*  defeated.  In  December  Glad- 
stone became  prime  minister.  The  first  measure  wbi<-b  be 
introduced  wu<  tbe  bill  for  the  disestablishment  of  tbe  Irish 
church,  and  despite  her  disapproval  of  it  the  queen  recog- 
ni.-ed  that  its  adoption  was  inevitable.  Accordingly  ehe 
exerted,  through  Archbishop  Tait,  her  influence  against 
the  opposition  of  tbe  House  of  Lords,  and  the  bill  was 
passed  (June  1869). 

hi  187U  the  queen  watched  with  close  attention  the 
struggle  between  France  and  Germany,  and  when,  in 
.;ioleon  declared  war,  she  regarded  his  action  as 
wholly  unjustified.  On  his  overthrow,  however,  she  wel- 
comed tbe  Empnss  Kuuvnie  to  England,  ami  wlu-n  the 
«-mpiTor  joined  tbe  empress  at  Chislehnrst,  1871,  the  queen 
extruded  to  him  a  sympathy  which  continued  until  bis 
death,  9  Jan.  Ih7:i.  In  1870  Oardwell,  tbe  secretary  for 
war,  instituted  a  scheme  for  the  reorganisation  of  the 
army,  and  on  28  June,  with  some  reluctance,  the  quwn 


brought  Russia  to  the  brink  of  boxtilitir*  witb  ITlntort 
The  qu.-t  u.n  WM  settled  by  tbe  congress  of  Berlin,  June 
1878,  when  Beaoonsfield,  who  acted  M  English  envoy,  ob- 
tained, in  bis  own  phrase.  *  peace  with  honour.' 

In  April  1879  the  queen  paid  her  first  vteit  to  Italy, 
staying  at  Baveno  on  Lago  Maggiore.  Tbe  queen  again 
opened  parliament  in  person  in  February  1880,  and  in 
ilHi-ch,  after  the  dissolution,  *be  visited  Germany.  The 
ciiMiing  election  brought  tbe  liberals  into  power,  and  the 
queen  reluctantly  commissioned  Gladstone  to  form  a 

!  government.    She  WM  seriously  perturbed  by  plan*  for 
the  further  reorganisation  of  the  army.    BbewM  unre- 

,  milling  in  her  admonitions  to  tbe  government  to  take 
vigorous  steps  in  Afghanistan.  188(1,  and  in  the  Transvaal. 
1H80-1,  and  the  policy  of  peace  which  followed  the  defeat 
«,f  i,,  n-TaU-olley  at  Majubn  Hill,  28  Feb.  1881.  , 
with  her  views.  On  10  April  1881  ~ 
the  queen  treated  his.  lorn  M 
During  the  war  in  Kgypt  occasioned  by  Arabi  Pwlia'a 
rebellion  (1882)  tbe  queen  t-ontiuued  to  urge  her  minister* 
to  energetic  action.  After  UK  pacification  of  Egypt  »he 
devised  a  new  decoration  of  the  royal  red  crow  for  nurses 
who  bad  rendered  efficient  service  in  war.  The  queen's 
life  was  for  the  fifth  time  threatened  by  assMsinatioo  at 
Windsor  on  2  March  1883,  when  Roderick  Maclean,  a 
lunatic,  fired  a  pistol  at  her,  fortunately  without  .-fleet. 
On  4  Doc.  1882  the  queen  inaugurated  tbe  new  law  court* 
in  tbe  .-traud.  In  1883-4  Egypt,  which  WM  now 
cally  administered  by  England,  became  the  ee 
.  anxieties.  In  1883  the  inhabitant*  of  tbe 
revolted.  Tbe  English  ministry  deokied  to 


Signed  an  order  in  council  deposing  the  commnndcr-in-      territory,  but  undertook  to  relieve  several  Egyptian  gar- 
chief   from  his  place  of  sole  and  immediate  dc|K-iiiltiin%      risons  remaining  in  the  Soudan  in  portions  of  groat  peril. 


immediate  depe 
6n  the  crown.    Later  in  the  year  her  mini 
prerogative  to  be  exercised  in  order  to  circumvent  the 
i  of  the  House  of  Lords  to  a  bill  passed  in  the 
House  of  Commons  for  the  abolition  of  military  promo- 
tion by  purchase.    She  opened  parliament  in  pen 
r  i;iry  I.s71.     On  21  March  Princess  Louise  was  married 


i taienil  Gordon  WM  despatched  to  Khartoum,  the  capital 
of  the  disturbed  district,  -*itha  vte^-  to  negotiation  with 
the  rebels.  He  WM  besieged  in  Khartoum  by  the  malidiV 
forces.  Tbe  queen  repeatedly  wanted  tbe  government  of 
the  necessity  for  sending  him  relief,  and  in  the  autumn  of 
1884  a  British  army  WM  sent  out  under  Ixmi 


Marquis  of  Lome,  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of     but  Gordon  was  killed  before  a  rescue  could  be  uueuew. 
Argyll:  this  was  the  first  time  in  English  history  tliat  I  The  queen  reproached  her  minister,  with  the  .death  of 


the  sovereign  sanctioned  the  union  of  a  princess  with 
one  who  was  not  a  member  of  a  reiguiug  house  since 
Mary.  sist.  r  of  limn  VIII,  married,  in  1518,  Cbarlea 
I'.r.iiVion.  duke  of  Suffolk.  During  this  period  much  ant  i- 

tostered  in  oertaiu  clansro  of  the 
coumiuii  1.  In  March  1872  Sir  ChudM  W. 

-csi,   introduced  into  parliament  a 


Gordon,  which  she  regarded  as  a  public  dimeter.  Through, 
out  1885  she  maintained  her  intend  in  the  operations  in 
the  Soudan.  The  queen  U-nt  IK  r  •  upjmrt  to  the  Franchise 
Bill,  which,  after  some  opposition  from  the  lords,  WM 
passed  concurrently  with  the  Redistribution  of  Seat*  BUI 
I,,  tor.  tJM  .!M-i  '»:."  PH  MM>  -  •  Be*  tb.-  -;"•  ">•• 
of  1886  ut  Aix-le*-Baiiu,aud  on  her  return  jouruej  vWt«i 


VICTORIA 


1344 


VIGNE 


Darmstadt  and  made  the  acquaintance  of  Prince  Henry  of 
Itattenberir.  who  on  '23  July  married  the  queen's  youngest 
daughter.  Princess  Beatrice.  lu  June  the  government 
was  defeatel  on  its  budget  proposals,  and  Gladstone 
resigned.  Lord  Salisbury  at  once  took  office  as  prime 
minuter,  but  the  fSMMl  elwtiou  which  followed  the 
dissolution  iu  November  loft  the  conservatives  in  a 
minority,  and  in  January  1S86  Salisbury's  government 
was  outvoted.  Five  day*  previously  the  queen  had 
opened  parliament  in  person,  as  it  proved,  for  the  last 
time.  Gladstone  resumed  power,  and  at  once  committed 
his  party  to  the  policy  of  home  rule  for  Ireland.  The 
queen  disliked  the  proposal,  and  Gladstone's  Home  Rule 
Bill  wa*  decisively  rejected  by  the  House  of  Commons 
(7  June).  At  Gladstone's  instance  parliament  was  dis- 
solved ;  be  resigned  without  meeting  the  new  parliament, 
where  his  party  was  small,  and  Lord  Salisbury  for  the 
second  time  formed  a  government.  In  this  year  (1886)  the 
queen  manifested  great  interest  in  the  Colonial  and  India 
exhibition  at  South  Kensington  organised  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales  (afterwards  King  Edward  VII).  On  21  June 
1887  and  the  following  days  she  took  part  in  the  public 
ceremonies  in  celebration  of  her  jubilee,  and  on  6  July 
abe  laid  the  foundation-stone  of  the  Imperial  Institute, 
which  wan  erected  by  public  subscription  to  commemorate 
the  fifty  years  of  her  reign. 

In  March  1888  the  queen  for  the  first  time  visited 
Florence,  anil  afterwards  proceeded  to  Charlottenburg, 
the  palace  of  the  dying  Emperor  Frederick.  In  March 
1889  she  stayed  at  Biarritz,  and  thence  visited  the  queen- 
regent  of  Spain  at  San  Sebastian.  This  was  the  first 
occasion  on  which  an  English  sovereign  had  visited  that 
country,  though  Charles  I  and  Charles  II  went  thither  as 
princes.  In  July  the  approaching  majority  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales's  eldest  son  and  the  approaching  marriage  of 
his  eldest  daughter  compelled  the  queen  to  appeal  to 
parliament  on  the  question  of  suitable  provision  for  the 
third  generation  of  her  family.  Precedent  justified  public 
provision  for  all  children  of  the  sovereign's  sons,  and  the 
queen  agreed  to  forego  any  demand  in  behalf  of  her  daugh- 
ters' children.  The  matter  was  settled,  with  Gladstone's 
assistance,  by  a  grant  to  the  Prince  of  Wale3  of  36.000J. 
annually  for  his  children's  support.  Gladstone's  interven- 
tion was  always  remembered  by  the  queen  with  gratitude. 
In  August  1889  she  welcomed  her  grandson,  the  German 
emperor,  William  1 1,  on  his  first  visit  to  England  since  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  The  emperor  caused  the  queen 
to  be  gazetted  honorary  colonel  of  his  first  regiment  of 
horse  guard-,  on  which  he  bestowed  the  title  of  Queen 
of  England' t-  Own.  In  1802  a  general  election  returned  a 
majority  of  home  rulers,  and  Gladstone  filled  the  post 
of  prime  minister  for  the  fourth  time.  In  September 
1893  bis  Home  llule  Bill,  which  had  passed  through  the 
House  of  Commons,  was  rejected  by  the  House  of  Lords. 
In  March  1894  the  queen  accepted  Gladstone's  resignation 
and  chose  Lord  Kosebery  to  succeed  him.  In  this  year 
the  government  made  further  changes  in  the  war  office, 
which  strictly  limited  to  five  years  the  tenure  of  the  post 
of  Commander-in-chief,  and  thus  finally  disposed  of  the 
queen's  cherished  fiction  that  the  head  of  the  army  was 
her  permanent  personal  deputy.  The  ministry  fell  in 
Jane,  and  Lord  Salisbury  resumed  office  as  premier  and 
foreign  secretary,  with  Mr.  Chamberlain  as  colonial  secre- 
tary. In  the  spring  of  1895  the  queen  was  at  Cannes,  in 
189C  and  1897  at  Nice,  and  in  1898  and  1899  at  Cimiez.  On 
22  June  1897  she  took  part  in  a  state  procession  through 
London  to  celebrate  her '  diamond  Jubilee,'  the  completion 
of  the  sixtieth  year  of  her  rule.  During  the  closing  years 
of  her  reign  the  queen  gave  close  attention  to  the  numerous 
expeditious  in  which  her  armies  were  engaged,  and  she  was 
gratified  when  the  rebellion  in  the  Soudan  was  finally 
crashed  at  the  battle  of  Orndurman,  2  Sept.  1898.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Boer  war  in  1899,  when  she  was  convinced 
that  the  peace  which  she  was  always  anxious  to  preserve 
could  not  be  maintained,  she  exerted  her  utmost  energy 
to  urge  her  ministers  to  conduct  hostilities  with  all  pos- 
sible promptitude  and  effect.  To  encourage  her  soldiers 
«he  went,  in  the  spring  of  1900,  for  tlie  fourth  time  to 
Ireland,  whence  the  armies  in  the  field  had  been  largely 
recruited.  She  held  her  last  drawing-room  in  Bucking- 
bam  Palace,  4  May.  She  gave  her  assent  to  the  Australian 
commonwealth  bill,  27  Aug.  In  October  a  general  elec- 
tion was  deemed  necessary  by  the  government,  and  on 
the  return  of  a  conservative  majority  Lord  Salisbury 
remained  prime  minister,  but  resigned  the  foreign  secre- 
teiysuip  to  Lord  Lanado-.vne,  formerly  iaiai»ter  of  war. 


Throughout  the  summer  the  queen  experienced  acute 
distress  at  the  accounts  of  suffering  which  reached  her 
from  South  Africa,  and  her  personal  sympathy  with 
her  troop*  Wai  intensified'  by  the  death  of  her  grandson, 
Prince  Christian  Victor  of  Schlcswi^-Holstoin,  from  en- 
ter, c  fever  contracted  in  active  service.  In  the  autumu 
of  1900  the  queen  showed  signs  of  general  physical  decay, 
and  on  22  Jan.  1901  she  died.  Her  body  was  conveyed 
with  military  honours  from  Osborue  through  London  to 
Windsor,  and  was  placed  (4  Feb.)  in  the  mausoleum  at 
Frogmore,  which  had  been  completed  in  1868,  and  already 
contained  the  remains  of  her  husband.  On  the  day 
following  her  death  her  eldest  son  was  proclaimed  King 
Edward  VII. 

Among  the  most  notable  portraits  of  the  queen  are 
paintings  or  drawings  by  Sir  William  Beechey,  R.A., 
1821  ;  Sir  George  Hayter,  1833  and  1838  ;  Sir  David 
Wilkie,  1839 ;  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  1839  and  1866  ;  F. 
Winterhalter,  1845  and  other  years  ;  Baron  H.  von 
Angeli,  1875  (of  which  a  copy  by  Lady  Abercromby  is  iu 
j  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  London),  1885,  and  1897 ; 
and  M.  Benjamin  Constant,  1900.  Sculptured  presenta- 
tions include  a  bust  by  Behnes,  1827 ;  a  plaster  bust  by 
Sir  Edgar  Boehm  (in  National  Portrait  Gallery)  ;  a 
statue  at  Winchester  by  Mr.  Alfred  Gilbert,  R.A. ;  and  a 
statue  at  Manchester  by  Mr.  Onslow  Ford,  R.A.  A. 
national  memorial  in  sculpture  to  be  designed  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Brock,  K.A.,  with  an  architectural  setting  by 
Mr.  Aston  Webb,  A.R.A.,  is  to  be  placed  in  the  Mall 
opposite  Buckingham  Palace.  [Suppl.  iii.  389] 

VIDAI.  ROBERT  STUDLEY  (1770-1841),  anti- 
quary ;  a  Devonshire  squire ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple ; 
benefactor  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  [Iviii.  303] 

VIDLEE,  WILLIAM  (1758-1816),  universalist :  in 
dependent  preacher,  1777;  baptist  minister,  1780; 
adopted  universalist  views,  1792 ;  became  a  Unitarian, 
1802  ;  minister  of  a  chapel,  Battle,  1780-96,  and  in  Lon- 
don, 1794-1815 ;  a  bookseller,  1796-1806 ;  joint-editor  of 
a  theological  magazine,  1797-1805.  [Iviii.  303] 

VIEUXPONT  or  VIPONT  (DE  VKTKRI  PONTE). 
ROBERT  DE  (d.  1228),  baron  of  Westmorland ;  one  of 
King  John's  evil  counsellors  ;  gaoler  of  Arthur  of  Brittany 
at  Rouen,  1203  ;  granted  barony  of  Appleby  or  Westmor- 
land, and  lordships  in  Yorkshire  and  Normandy,  1 203 ; 
sheriff  of  various  English  counties,  1207-13  :  in  atten- 
dance on  John  in  Ireland,  1210 ;  fought  in  Wales,  1212  ; 
supported  John  against  the  barons;  joint-custodian  for 
John  of  Yorkshire  castles,  1216 ;  surrendered  the  castles 
he  held,  1223  ;  justice  itinerant,  1219  and  1226. 

[Iviii.  304] 

VIGANI,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1650  ?-1712),  chemist ; 
born  at  Verona  ;  travelled  in  Spain,  France,  Holland ; 
published  '  Medulla  Chymite,'  Danzig,  1682 ;  taught 
chemistry  at  Cambridge  from  1683 ;  professor  of  che- 
mistry, 1703-12.  [Iviii.  305] 

VIGER,  DENIS  BENJAMIN  (1774-1861),  Canadian 
statesman ;  educated  at  Montreal :  a  barrister ;  member 
•f  the  Montreal  legislature,  1808-38 ;  came  to  England  to 
state  the  French  Canadian  case,  1828-30  ;  imprisoned  for 
seditious  newspaper  articles,  1838-40;  member  of  the 
Canadian  legislature,  1841-55  ;  in  the  ministry,  1843-6 ; 
LL.D.,  1855 ;  published  pamphlets.  [Iviii.  806] 

VIGER,  JACQUES (1787-1858),  Canadian  antiquary: 
educated  at  Montreal ;  served  in  the  militia,  1812-15  :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel :  mayor  of  Montreal,  1833  ;  collected 
materials  for  the  history  of  Canada.  [IviiL  307] 

VIGFXJSSON,  GUDBRANDR  (1828-1889),  Icelandic 
scholar  ;  born  and  educated  in  Iceland ;  went  to  Copen- 
hagen, 1843;  worked  in  the  Arna-Maguxan  Scandi- 
navian library;  published  'Timatul,'  a  chronology  of 
Icelandic  literature,  1855  ;  edited  sagas  and  folk-lore, 
1858-87  ;  came  to  Oxford,  1866  :  edited  Richard  Clcasby's 
Icelandic  dictionary,  1873  ;  joint-editor  of  the  'Corpus 
Poeticum  Boreale,'  1883:  lecturer  on  Icelandic,  Oxford 
University.  1884  ;  published  philological  papers. 

[IvUL  307] 

VIGHARD  (d.  664).    [See  WlGHARD.] 

VIGNE,  GODFREY  THOMAS  (1801-1863),  traveller  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1824  ;  published  narratives  of 
his  travels  in  the  United  States,  1831,  Central  Asia, 
1832-9,  Mexico  and  Central  America,  1852.  [Iviii.  309] 


VIGNOLES 


VLLLIERS 


VIGNOLE8.     Cimil.r.-      I'.LUKKH     0798-1876), 
;   urti.-l.-l   to   H  -olu-itor.    I*i7  ;   entered  Sand- 
hurst, lulu:  N-rvi-i   in   tl.-  army,   ISlft-lfi   lieutenant, 
1S15  :  .-iitfaged  on  the  South  Carolina  surrey,  1816-23; 
u    l.-u.liiu'  r.nUay  >-.'.•  -.5:  professor 

.  University  College,  London,  1-1. 
:  published  geographical  and 


VIGOR3,     NICHOLAS    AYLWARD 
zoologist;    of   Trinity  College,  Oxford;   ensign   m  t>,,- 
Peninsula,  1809-11  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1818  ;   D.C.I*,  1811 ; 
S26;    F.S.A. ;  >u   oo.  Carlow,  1828; 

Irish  kp.,0arlow.  1831,  oo.  Carlow,  1837-40;  puhlUhai 
papers  on  birds,  1815-89.  [IviiL  810] 

VILLETTES,  WILLIAM  ANNE  (1764-1808),  lieo- 
tenantr-general  :  educated  at  Bath  and  St  Andrews 
l  mv.rsity;  entered  the  army,  1775;  lieut 


ty : 

1791 ;  lieutenant-general,  1806"  ;  served  at  Toulon,  1791, 
In  Corsica,  1794-*,  and  In  Portugal,  1796 ;  governor  of 
Malta,  1801-7  ;  governor  of  Jamaica,  1807  ;  died  there. 


[iTtii.  811] 

VILLIERS  (afterwards  P.VLMKII),  BARBAIIA,  Ootnc- 
M  OF  CASTLKMAINK  and  Dri  HKHH  or  CLKVKLAXD 


(  1641-1709),  daoghter  of  William  Villiers, 
Grandisou  (<t.  1648)  ;  a  London  beauty,  1666  :  married 
Roger  Palmer  (d.  1706)  [q.  v.],  1W9  ;  mistress  of 
Charles  II,  1660  ;  Countess  of  Castlemalne  by 
band's  elevation  to  the  Irish  peerage,  1661  ;  I 
liuly  of  the  bedchamber  on  Queen  Catherine,  1662  : 
assigned  rooms  in  Whitehall  ;  procured  the  dismissal  of 
Sir  Edward  Nicholas  [q.  v.],  secretary  of  state,  1661; 
her  miscellaneous  amours  notorious,  1662:  embraced 
Romanism,  1663:  accompanied  the  court  to  Oxford, 
1666;  instrumental  in  securing  Clarendon's  dismissal, 
1667  ;  trafficked  In  the  sale  of  court  places  and  offices  ; 
pensioned,  1669;  created  Ducbes*  of  Cleveland,  1670; 
supplanted  In  Charles  IFs  graces  by  Louise  Henee  de 
Keroualle  [q.  T.].  1674  :  resided  In  Paris,  1677-84  ;  ob- 
tained the  dismissal  of  Hulph  Montagu,  ambassador  at 
Paris,  1678:  married  Robert  FeiMinir  [q.  v.],  17U6  (mar- 
riage annulled,  1707)  ;  resided  Utterly  at  Chiswick.  Of 
her  children  Charlc*  II  acknowledged  the  paternity  of 

(1)  Anne  (afterwards  Countess  of  Sussex),  born  1661  : 

(2)  Charles    (duke  of   Southampton  X  born    1662:    (8) 
Henry  (duke  of  Grafton),  born  16«3  ;  (4)  Charlotte  (after- 
wards countess  of  Lichfield),  bom  16C4  :  (6)  George  (duke 
of  Northumberland  X  born  1665.    Parbara,  born  1678,  was 
popularly  assigned  to  John  Churchill  ;  and  a  boy,  born 
1686,  to  Oardounell  Goodman,  an  actor.          [Iviii.  312] 

VILLIERS,  CHARLES  PELH  AM  (1802-1898),  states- 
man :  educated  at  HaiUybury  ami  St.  Jolin's  College, 
Cambridge  (B.A..  1824):  adopted  Jeremy  Bentham's 
political  views,  1825:  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1827; 
assistant  poor-law  commissioner,  1832  :  official  of  the 
court  of  clianccry,  1833-52  :  M.P.,  Wolverhampton,  1835- 
1898  ;  declared  for  free-trade,  1x36  :  moved  a  resolution 
against  the  corn-law.  1838,  repeating  it  year  by  year  till 
its  abolition  in  1846  :  sat  on  the  parliamentary  com- 
mittee on  the  import  duties  on  corn,  iH-to  :  ju«h?e-advocate 
p-m.-r.xl,  1852-8:  privy  councillor,  1853;  president  of 
the  poor-law  board,  1859-66  :  in  receipt  of  an  ex-minister'* 
pension,  180fi  till  death  :  his  statute  erected  in  Wolver- 
hampton,  187'J:  opposed  home  rule  for  Ireland:  last 
speech  in  parliament,  1883.  [Irili.  318] 


1691  ;  envoy  to  Holland.  16M,  1697.  and  to  Paris,  1  W-i  : 
oreated  Karl  of  Jersey.  lft»7  ;  a  lent  in*tioeof  Irdaad^ 
1607-9 ;  secretary  of  state,  1700-1 ;  kmi  chamberlain. 

[hrniH 


VILLIERS,    I.LI/XBETH. 
(1657  7-1788).  styled*  Mrs.  V 


OomrraM    or    OUKKT 


.  .  , 

Mary  to  HHland  M  mal>i  of  hoooor,  1677  ; 
at  !•,-  PriMi  -I  On  -•••      .....  to  •Hhsji  A.(!, 
1689  ;  granted  portion  of  JaoMS  Hit  Irish  esUtes,  \*b 
(grant  •MMOWT  !«•)  ;    poisoosa   William   Ill's  mind 
against  Marlborough  ;  oa*t  off  by  William,  1IN  ;  mar- 
iia..,.:l...i  Z  v.:.   ifa    Pm\ 


PIMM    I-':  >V;':';    ;ntm- 


VILLIERS,  FHANOOI8HUBT  (17727-1813).  por- 
trait-painter ami  etcher;  born  In  Paris  ;  son  of  a  French 

•  n-.r,    .',..„.- i;ki.t,   H    I!  ..  •   .     SjAMMJ    :.l     Ms,    l'V9- 

\m  .  MMfcdil  I.<M,.I,,::  •AoUMMthOTt  MM  13. 

riviii.317] 

VILLIERS,  8m  GEORGB  (d,  1606),  knight,  of 
Brooksby ;  sheriff  of  Leicestershire,  1891 ;  marrisdf  second 
wife)  Mary  Beaumont  (created  in  1618  Countess  of  Buck- 
ingham, <L  1680>  [Iriii.  814] 

VILLDEBS,    GEOROB,  first  DITKR  or  BOCKWOEAM 

(1592-1628X    court  favour 

:     •     .:  .         '. 

for  a  page's  place;  risited  France, 
duced  to  James  I,  1614 ;  appointed  cupbearer.  1614  ; 
gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  1616;  knighted  and  psn- 
sioned;  marter  of  the  bone,  1616;  K.O.,  1616;  < 
Viscount  Villiers,  1616,  and  given  an 
Karl  of  Buckingham,  1617,  and  Marquis  of 
Ingham,  1618  ;  "married  a  Romanist,  Lady  Katherint 
Manners,  162O:  obtained  the  dismissal  of  his  court 
rivals,  the  Howard  family.  1618;  undertook  the  ad- 
ministration, acting  himself  as  lord  high  admiral.  1619 ; 
advl«.l  an  expedition  to  the  Palatinate, 
1620,  but  intrigued  with  Gondomar.  thei 
dor,  to  defeat  it,  1610  and  1611 ;  parUaw..  ««»«»  u, 
its  censure  of  the  monopolies  In  which  hi*  brother,  had 
speculated,  by  his  disowning  bis  broth* 
himself  behind  James  1%  name,  and 

shrank  from  supporting  Bacon,  1611 ; 


by  Laud  from  professing  Romanism,  1611;  forced  James  I 
ami  Prince  Charles  to  the  Madrid  journey.  1628  ;  Jarrived 
with  Charles  at  Madrid  ;  quarrelled  with  the  SpanWTcooTt, 
and  left  Madrid,  August  1623 ;  had  been  created  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  1623,  in  his  absence;  fading  to  force  the 


VrLLEERS,  CHRISTOPHER,  first  EAUL  OK 
8KY  (15'.»3?-1630),  younger  brother  of  George  Villiers, 
first  duke  of  Buckingham  [q.  v.]  :  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber  to  James  I,  1617  :  master  of  the  robes  : 
enriched  by  a  pension,  by  traffic  in  places,  by  Illegal 
monopolies,  and  patent*  ;  created  Barou  Villlers  of 
DavtMitry  ami  hail  vf  Anglesey,  1C23.  [Ivlli.  323] 

VILLO1LS,  SIR  EDWARD  (15857-162C).    president 

•,       half-brother  of   tiioivi-  Vill.er*.  first 

[([.  v.]  :  knighUii.  1616;  master  of 

theniut,     •       i."J    md  lf.24-5;  comptroller  of  the  court 
'  .  Westminster,  1620-5  :  envoy  to  the 
elector  palatine,   1690  and   1621  :   president  of  Mtmster, 
:.>jx)lies  and  patents.      [Iriii.  824] 

VTLLDEB8,  EDWARD,  first  EARL  or  JEIWKY  (1666- 

171.  .  bnkLer  of  Blixabeth  Villiers  [q.  v.]  :    master  of 

:urM  to  Qneen  Mary  II.  1689  :  knight  marshal  of  the 

hou.<  created  Viscount  Villiers  of  Dartford, 


council  into  war  with  Spain,  1614,  had  . 
,  and  the  Spanish  negotiations  broken  off  ;  became  warden 
'  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1624  ;  originally  urged  on  the  match 
with  Henrietta  Maria,    1624-5  ;  took  offence,   162ft,  on 
Richelieu's  refusal  of  his  terms,  and  grossly  liwulted  King 
I  Louis  :  the  expedition  under  Count  Mansfeki  sent  by  him 
1  to  the  Palatinate  a  few  months  before  (January  161ft)  a 
failure  ;  supplies  refused  by  parliament  if  he  was  to  have 
the  sole  conduct  of  the  war.  July,  on  which  it  was  dis- 
solved, August  162»  ;  the  squadron  tent  by  him  to  Riche- 
lieu used  contrary  to  his  hopes  by  the  French  minister 
against  Rochelle,  1625  :  irritated  the  French  by  setting  on 
.  foot  search  for  contraband  of  war ;  the  Cadi*  expedition 
under  his  favourite,  Sir  Edward  Cecil,  a  failure,  October 
I  1625  :  promised  large  subsidies  to  Denmark  and  Holland. 
IS,  and  planned  the  reh,  f  of  Rochdle.  1626 ;  the  parlia- 
ment of  Februar  ed,  June  16»,  to  prevent  it 
carrying  out  bis  impeachment :  bis  overture*  to  Spain 
for  peace  rejected,  February  1617  :  sent  Feunlnftoa  to 
makeTar  on  French  -hipping  in  March  1627 ;  personally 
sailed  to  relieve  Rochelle,  June,  but  failed  shamefully. 
July-October  1627,  and  was  Infatuated  enough  to  reject 
French    propoflil*    for   pence,    December    1627 ;    urged 
Charles  I  to  raise  a  standing  army,  partly  of  German 
mercenaries,  January  1«28 ; 


l-y   th- 


of  the 


«ction  against  him  prerenteii 
parliament  which  had  votal 


lad 


June  1628;  urged  on  a  new  RooheUa  expedition 
ts  assassinated  by  John  Fdton  (169ft  7-1628)  [q.  T.) 
r,  at  PorUmouth.  [IriiL  817] 


VILLIEKS.  GEORGE,  second  Don  or  BOCK 
(1628-1687),  son  of  George  Vtttion,  first  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham [q.  v.] ;  succeeded.  August  U»;  brought  up  with 
Cbarl«  Ps  children:  studied  at  Trinity  Ooltap .Gam- 
bridge  ;  M.A.,  1642 ;  joined  Charles  I  In  Oxford,  winter, 
1642;  served  under  Rupert,  IMS;  travelled  In  Italy; 


VILLIERS 


1346 


VINCENT 


received  back  hi»  sequestered  estates,  on  the  plea  of  youth, 
1647  :  joined  the  Surrey  insurgents,  wus  routed  at  St. 
Neot*,  and  fled  to  Holland,  16-18  ;  his  estates  definitely 
confiscated,  1651  ;  admitted  privy  councillor,  1650;  nrirtil 
conciliation  of  the  presbyterians  ;  accompanied  Charles  1 1 
to  Scotland,  1660,  and  to  Worcester,  1651;  escaped  to 
Holland,  1651 ;  tried  to  make  peace  with  parliament,  1652 
and  1653  ;  was  in  disgrace  with  the  queen-mother.  1G52, 
with  Charles  II,  1654,  and  Clarendon,  1656 :  returned  to 
England,  1667 ;  married  Fairfax's  daughter,  1657 ;  prisoner 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  1658-9  ;  recovered  estates  at  the 
Restoration ;  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber,  1660-7  ;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  the  West  Hiding,  1661-7  ;  privy  councillor, 
166fr-7 :  intrigued  against  Clarendon,  1663-7 ;  served  at  sea 
against  the  Dutch,  1665 ;  influential  member  of  the '  Cabal ' 
administration,  1667-9 ;  advocated  alliance  with  France 
and  toleration  at  home :  seduced  the  Countess  of  Shrews- 
bury and  mortally  wounded  the  earl  in  a  duel,  January  1668, 
but  was  pardoned,  February  ;  master  of  the  horse,  by  pur 
chase,  July  1668 ;  at  feud  with  York  and  with  Ormonde  ; 
displaced  by  Arlington  in  Charles  II's  confidence  and  kept 
ignorant  of  the  private  negotiations  with  Louis,  April 
1669,  and  the  secret  treaty  of  Dover,  May  1670  ;  euvoy  to 
PAris,  July  1670,  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  to  Paris, 
June  1672:  lieutenant-general,  May  1673;  quarrelled 
openly  with  Arlington,  1673,  whom  Charles  supported ; 
being  attacked  by  the  Lords  for  the  Shrewsbury  scandal, 
and  by  the  Commons  for  the  French  treaty,  January 
1674,  was  dismissed  from  his  offices ;  joined  the  country 
party ;  opposed  the  non-resistance  oath,  and  moved  a  bill 
to  relieve  protestant  dissenters,  1675  ;  prisoner  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  1677  ;  intrigued  against  Charles  II  get- 
ting supplies,  1678-9,  and  laboured  to  have  a  whig  parlia- 
ment; disapproved  of  the  Exclusion  Bill,  1680-1;  the 
Zimri  of  Dryden's  'Absalom  and  Achitophel,'  1681;  re- 
stored to  court  favour,  1683  ;  published  pamphlets  in 
favour  of  toleration,  1685 ;  lived  in  retirement  in  York- 
shire, 1686.  He  had  dabbled  in  chemistry,  and  spent 
much  in  building  and  laying  out  gardens.  He  wrote 
verses,  satires,  and  some  pieces  for  the  stage,  particularly 
'  The  Rehearsal,'  brought  out  1671,  ridiculing  contempo- 
rary dramatists.  His  '  Miscellaneous  Works '  were  first 
collected,  1704-6.  [Iviii.  337] 

VILLIEES,  GEORGE  BUSSY,  fourth  EARL  OF 
J HUSKY  and  seventh  VISCOUNT  GRANDISON  (1735-1805), 
styled  *  Viscount  Grandison '  by  courtesy ;  M.P.,  Tarn- 
worth,  1756-65,  Aldborough,  1765-8,  Dover,  1768-9; 
vice-chamberlain  of  the  household,  1765 ;  succeeded  to 
the  earldom,  1769 ;  held  various  offices  at  court  from  1769. 

[Iviii.  346] 

VILLIEES,  GEORGE  CHILD-,  fifth  EARL  OF  JERSEY 
and  eighth  VISCOUNT  GRANDISON  (1773-1859),  son  of 
George  Bussy  Villiers,  fourth  earl  of  Jersey  [q.  v.]  ; 
stj'led  by  courtesy  '  Viscount  Grandison ' ;  educated  at 
Harrow  ;%M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1794 ;  mar- 
ried, 1804,  the  prospective  heiress  of  the  banker  Robert 
Child,  and  assumed,  1819,  Child  as  an  additional  name ; 
succeeded  to  earldom,  1805  •  held  court  offices. 

[Iviii.  346] 

VILLIEES,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  FREDERICK, 
fourth  EARL  OF  CLARENDON  and  fourth  BARON  HYDE 
(1800-1870),  entered  the  diplomatic  service;  attache  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1820 ;  a  commissioner  of  customs,  1823  ; 
negotiated  a  commercial  treaty  with  France,  1831 ; 
ambassador  at  Madrid,  1833-9 ;  succeeded  his  uncle  in  the 
peerage,  1838 ;  lord  privy  seal,  1839-41 ;  president  of  the 
board  of  trade,  1846  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1847-52 ; 
foreign  minister,  1853-8,  and  so  responsible  for  the 
Crimean  war  and  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  (1856) ; 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1864 ;  foreign 
minister,  1865-6  and  1868-70,  and  so  responsible  (1869) 
for  the  terms  of  the  Alabama  settlement.  [Iviii.  347] 

VILLIERS,  HENRY  MONTAGU  (1813-1861),  bishop 
of  Durham ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1830-8 ; 
M.A.,  1837  ;  D.D.,  1856  :  vicar  of  Kenilworth,  1837  ;  rector 
of  8k  George's,  Bloomsbury,  London,  1841-56  ;  canon  of 
St.  Paul's,  London,  1847-56;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1856: 
translated  to  Durham,  1860;  published  sermons  and 
charges.  [Iviii.  350] 

VILLIEES,  JOHN,  VISCOUNT  PURBBCK  (1691  ?-1657). 
elder  brother  of  George  Villiera,  first  duke  of  Buckingham 
fa.  v:] ;  knighted,  1616 ;  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Prince  Charles,  1616:  created  Viscount  Purbeck,  1619  ; 
insane,  1620;  deserted  (1621)  by  his  wife, 


who  had  a  son  by  Sir  Robert  Howard,  1624  [see  DAX- 
VI:KS,  UOHKRT,  called  VISCOUNT  1'URHKt'K] :  married 
again.  [Iviii.  351] 

VILLIEES,  JOHN  (16777-1723),  styling  himself 
'  Visi-ount  Purbeck'  and,  after  1687, '  third  earl  of  Buck- 
ingham'; married,  c.  1700;  unsuccessfully  claimed  the 
earldom,  1709  und  1720.  [Iviii.  351] 

VILLIEES,  JOHN  CHARLES,  third  EAIH,  OP 
CLARKNIK>N(  1757-1838),  second  son  of  Thomas  Villiers, 
first  earl  of  Clarendon  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1776 :  LL.D.,  1833 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1779 ;  M.P.,  Old  Sarum,  1784-90,  Dartmouth,  1790-1802, 
Wick  burghs,  1802-5,  Queeuborough,  1807-12  and  1820-4  ; 
privy  councillor,  1787 ;  comptroller  of  the  household,  1787  ; 
warden  of  forests  north  of  Trent,  1790 :  colonel  of  yeo- 
manry, 1794  ;  ambassador  to  Portugal,  1808-10 :  succeeded 
his  brother  hi  the  peerage,  1824.  [Iviii.  352] 

VILLIEES,  ROBERT,  called  VISCOUNT  PURBECK, 
1621  V-1674.  [See  DANYKRS,  ROBERT] 

VILLIEES,  THOMAS,  first  EAUL  OF  CLARENDOX 
(1709-1786),  second  son  of  William  Villiers,  second  earl  of 
Jersey  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Cambridge  :  envoy  to  Warsaw, 
1737,  to  Dresden,  1740,  to  Vienna,  1742,  and  to  Warsaw, 
1744;  arranged  peace  between  Frederick  the  Great  and 
Augustus  of  Saxony,  1745  ;  ambassador  at  Berlin,  1746-8 ; 
M.P.,  Tamworth,  1747-56;  created  Baron  Hyde  of 
Hindon,  June  1756 ;  privy  councillor,  1763 ;  held  minor 
ministerial  offices;  created  Earl  of  Clarendon,  1776; 
created  a  count  in  Prussia,  1782.  [Iviii.  352] 

VILLIEES,  THOMAS  HYDE  (1801-1832),  politician  : 
M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1825  ;  in  the  colonial 
office,  1822-5;  agent  for  Berbice  and  Newfoundland; 
disciple  of  John  Stuart  Mill  [q.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Hedon, 
1826-30,  Wootton  Bassett,  1830,  and  Bletchingley,  1831 ; 
travelled  in  Ireland,  1828.  [Iviii.  353] 

VILLIEES,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL  OF  JERSEY 
(1682  ?-1721),  son  of  Edward  Villiers,  first  earl  of  Jersey 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1700 ;  M.P., 
Kent,  1705-8.  [Iviii.  326] 

VILLIEES  STTTAET,  HENRY  WINDSOR  (1827- 
1895).  [See  STUART.] 

VttLTTLA,  JOHN  DE  (d.  1122).    [See  JOHN.] 

VILVAIN,  ROBERT  (1575V-1663),  physician:  born 
and  educated  in  Exeter ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1599-1611 ;  M.A.,  1600 ;  M.D.,  1611  ;  practitioner  in 
Exeter,  1612-63  ;  published  English  and  Latin  trifles  ; 
benefactor  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and  of  Exeter 
Cathedral  library.  [Iviii.  354] 

VINCE,  SAMUEL  (1749-1821),  mathematician  and 
astronomer ;  a  Suffolk  bricklayer :  usher  at  Harleston, 
Norfolk  ;  senior  wrangler,  1775  ;  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1778 ;  beneficed  in  Norfolk, 
1784;  F.R.S.,  1786;  astronomy  professor,  Cambridge, 
1796  ;  archdeacon  of  Bedford,  1809 ;  published  mathema- 
tical and  astronomical  works.  [Iviii.  355] 

VINCENT,  AUGUSTINE  (1584  ?-1626),  herald; 
studied  the  records  in  the  Tower  of  London  ;  Rouge  Rose 
pursuivant,  1616 ;  acted  as  deputy  for  Camden,  1618 ; 
Rouge  Croix  pursuivant,  1621;  Windsor  herald,  1624; 
wrote  against  Ralph  Brooke,  1621.  [Iviii.  356] 

VINCENT,  GEORGE  (1796-1836?),  landscape- 
painter  ;  born  and  educated  in  Norwich ;  pupil  of  John 
Crome  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited,  chiefly  Norfolk  views,  at  Nor- 
wich, 1811-31,  and  in  London,  1814-31 ;  resided  in  Lou- 
don  from  1818  ;  published  etchings,  1821-7.  [Iviii.  357] 

VINCENT,  HENRY  (1813-1878),  political  agitator; 
printer's  apprentice  at  Hull,  1828;  came  to  London, 
c.  1835 ;  abandoned  his  trade :  chartist  agitator,  1838 ; 
his  conviction  at  the  Monmouth  assizes,  Aug;ist  1839,  the 
occasion  of  the  great  Newport  miners'  riot,  November 
1839  :  imprisoned  again,  1840-1 ;  journalist,  lay-preacher, 
and  lecturer  on  social  questions  from  1841 ;  unsuccessful 
parliamentary  candidate,  1841-52 ;  lectured  in  the  United 
States,  1866, 1867, 1869,  and  1875.  [Iviii.  358] 

VINCENT,  JOHN  (1591-1646),  puritan  ;  of  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1609 ;  beneflced  in  Cornwall,  but  ejected  for 
nonconformity;  intruded  rector  of  Sedgctield,  1643. 

[Iviii.  360] 


VINCENT 


1347 


VIVES 


VINCENT.  .1.1  IN    I'AINTKK  (1776-186IX 
train. ••!  in  London  :  ;i-  i-n.n 

tost  Bartbokwiew'*  Hospital  London  ;  . 
IAS  and  1840.  [IvtiL  169] 

VINCENT.  NATHANIEL  (16197-1697X  nonoon- 
fonni-t  .i:\.n.  •:  third  son  of  John  Vinoeut  [q.  v.] ; 
<-lioriM,  <  .risti  College,  Oxf«> 

Christ  «  bnreh,  Oxford,  I...-.7;  chaplain  of  Corp. 

.  ;   1 1.  .initiated   fellow  of  1' 

h;.>7;  intrudvil  rector  of  I*ngley  Marisb,  1660;  ejected, 
1662    nonconformist  preaclier  tn  Southwark,  18M;  tm- 


••gain,  1681  and  1686 :  pub- 


VINCENT.  rill  F.I  IMA  1638),  author  of  A  narrative 

•  •iitin -t  <>f  •:,•  N.  .v  England  colonist* 
lv.Hiot  Indian*,  nndnfaitawrintioii  of  U>e  desolation  of 
Germany,  l»oth  published  iu  16SH  ;  appear*  to  liuve  vinitcd 
England  (c.   16M),  and  South  Germany 


<iuim   . 


[H  IL  Ml] 


VINCENT,  UK 'HARD  BUDD  (1770?-1831X  "erred 

.-.  17M   1816;  lu-utenant,  1790:  captain,  !««>&: 
•MT,  ov  by  wcrincing  bia  unseaworthy  Ktoop-of- 
.  1HI5.  [Iviii.  862] 

VINCENT,  THOMAS  (1614-1678),  nonconformist 
«liviiw;  s.iiiii.1  HOD  of  John  Vincent  [q.  v.] :  M.A. 
Christ  Chim-li,  oxford,  1664;  intruded  rector  of  St. 
Mary  Magdah -DC.  Milk  Street,  Loudon,  1666;  ejected, 
1662:  preacher  and  schoolmaster,  at  Hoi  ton ;  puUi,hwl 
au  account  of  the  great  plague,  1667,  and  Beruion-. 

[Iviii.  363] 

VINCENT,  WILLIAM  (1739-1815),  denu  of  We*t- 
mlnstcr;  at  Westminster  School,  1747-57:  MJL  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1764 ;  D.D.,  1776 :  usher  at  West- 
iniii-t.-r.  1701,  second  master,  1771,  and  bead-master,  1788- 
•  "ii.v.1  in  Londiui,  1778-1807;  sub-almoner,  1784: 
Cation,  ixol.iinil  .kiln  of  Westminster,  1802-16;  rector  of 
Islip,  Oxfordshire,  1W07-16;  superintended  restoration 
works  in  Westminster  Abbey  from  1807;  some  of  bis 
ijitin  venw  translated  by  Cowper ;  published  pamphlet*, 
sermons,  and,  1797-1813,  treatises  on  ancient  geography. 

[Iviii.  363] 

VINER,  CHARLES  (1678-1756),  jurist ;  of  Hart  Hall, 
Oxford,  1696 ;  published  '  Abridgment  of  Law  and 
Equity.'  23  vols.,  1742-53  (the  index  by  Robert  Kclham 
[q.  T.],  produced,  1758):  founder  of  the  Vinerian  common 
law  professorship,  scholarships,  and  fellowships  at  Oxford. 

[Iviii.  365] 

VINER,  Siu  ROBERT,  first  baronet  (1631-1688),  lord 
mayor  of  Loudon  ;  apprentice  and  then  partner  with  his 
uncle,  Sir  Thomas  Viner  [q.  T.],  goldsmith  and  bunker  of 
London  ;  alderman  of  London,  1606  ;  sheriff,  1666  ;  lord 
mayor,  1674 ;  knighted,  1665  :  created  baronet,  1666 ; 
erected  the  equestrian  statue  of  Charles  II  in  Stocks 
Market,  Londun,  May  1672  (taken  down,  1730):  <li.l  u 
large  business  for  government ;  ruined  by  the  dishonest 
t"  the  exchequer.  1672  :  bankrupt ;  his  bankruptcy 
finally  settled  by  act  of  parliament,  1699.  [Mil.  366] 

VINER,  Sm  THOMAS,  baronet  (1588-1665),  lord 
mayor  of  London  ;  came  to  London,  1600 :  brought  up 
t  \  Samuel  Moore,  goldsmith;  alderman  of  Loii'i 
1660,  sheriff,  1648,  lord  mayor,  1653 ;  knighted,  1664  ; 
created  baronet,  1661  ;  did  much  government  banking 
business  from  James  I's  to  Charles  ITs  time :  benefactor 
of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company.  [Iviii.  368] 

VINER,  WILLIAM  LITTON  (1790-1867),  composer 
of  church  music  ;  organist  at  Bath,  1820,  and  at  Penzauce, 
1835  ;  emigrated,  1859 ;  died  in  Massachusetts. 

[IviiL  369] 

VINES,  RICHARD  (1585-1651X  colonist;  born  in 
Devonshire;  studied  medicine;  explored  Maine,  1609; 
agent  for  Sir  Ferdinando  (iorges  [q.  v.]  in  Massachusetts, 
16 15-4(i:  acting-governor  of  Massachusetts,  1643-5; 
planter  in  Barbados,  c.  1646-61.  [Iviii.  369] 

VINES,  RIOHARD  (16007-1666),  puritan  divine; 
M.A.  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1627  :  school  master 
at  Hiuckley,  1624-c.  1642;  non-resident  rector  of  Weil, 
dington,  1628,  and  of  Caldecote,  1630  :  preacher  at  Nan- 
caton:  an  active  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly 
from  June  1643 ;  intruded  rector  of  St.  Clement  Danes, 
London,  1643-6;  intruded  master  of  Pembroke  Hall, 


the  ' 

BU  Lawrence  Jewry,  London^  16MHI  :"pob- 
[lvtu.Mi] 


vnraro,  FREDERICK  (i?9o?-i87i 

LondoTOl?00  «»  P"-i—  «1V 


James  Vinlng  [q.  v.]  ; 
bank^terk:    first 
TbeaUe),  1847. 


. 
[Iviii.  171] 

J.  (IM4-1876),   actor:  eon  of 
!  ranee;  a  London 
in     London    (VUryleboue 
ClvuL  171] 


VININO,  JAMBS  (17M-1870X  **nr  ;  appeartrf  on 
the  London  stage,  18*8-40.  [MIL  S71] 


also  «An 

on  vine-culture,  f< 


OEOPPREY  DB  (/.  1JOOX  poet; 
'    de  Vino  BeJvo.'  from  a  t 


t,.        .•:;; 


once  popular  art  of  poetry,  *  Poetrla  Novella ' 

of  lUchard  I ;  visited  Italy  and  was  favoured  by  Pope 

Innocent  1 1U  [IviiL  172] 

VINT,  WILLIAM(1768-1814Xc<M*remtionaldivine: 
minister  at  Idle,  near  Leeds,  1790-1814  :  divinity  tutor  of 
a  nonconformist  seminary  at  Idle  (known  from  1*26  as 
Airedale  Independent  CoUegeX  1HOO-14;  published  ser- 
mons and  theological  pieces  at  a  private  prov 
1824-M.  [Iviii.  371] 

VIOLET,  PIERRE  (1749-1 810 ),  miniature-painter  and 
.-t-h.-r;  in  Paris,  1789;  exhibited  in  London,  K 
miniatures  and  fancy  subjects ;  pubUobed  etchings,  1810, 
and  a  treatise  on  miniature-painting  before  1788. 

VIOLET,  THOMAS  (Jl.  163I-1CC2),  goUunith  and 
alderman  of  London  ;  imprisoned  f., 
silver,  1G34 :  turned  informer  against  oilier  m 
1636 ;  imprisoned  as  a  royalist,  1642,  1644-8 :  informer 
against  exporters  of  silver,  1662-3;  published  j,. 
against  the  exportation  of  coin.  [IviiL  U74] 

VIOLETTI,  EVA  MA  HI  A  (1724-1822),  wife  of  (Jar- 
rick  ;  reputed  daughter  of  Veigd,  a  Viennese  citizen ; 
came  to  London,  1746 ;  dancer  at  the  Haymarket;  guest 
I  of  the  Earl  and  Countess  of   BoriinftOB,  who,  ou  her 
marriage  (1749)  to  Garrick,  settled  6.000/.  on  her. 

[xxi.  19] 
VIRGHJU8,  SAINT (d.  785),    [See  FEBGIU] 

VIRTTJE,  GEORGE  (1791  ?-1868),  London  Pu 
1  brought  out  books  illustrated  by  flue  copper  and  n<-e\  en- 
gravings ;  proprietor  of  the  •  Art  Journal.'      [Iviii.  o7 1] 

VIRTUE,  JAMES  8PRENT  (1829-1892),  art  pub- 
lisher :  son  of  (ieorge  Virtue  [q.  v.] ;  manager  of  the  New 
York  branch,  1848-66  ;  manager  of  the  London  publishing 
house,  1U56  ;  proprietor  of  the  '  Art  Journal,'  1866-92. 

[Ivui.  174] 

VTTALI8,    ORDERICUS    (1076-1143  ?X      [See   oa- 

DERICL'S.] 

VITELL  or  VTTELL8,  CHRISTOPHER  (Jl.  1566- 
1679),  famillst ;  originally  a  joiner  of  Delft :  came  to 
England  before  1655 ;  prisoner  for  A  nanism  in  London, 
e.  1668  ;  apostle  of  the  '  family  of  love '  in  Cambridge- 
shire and  Essex  ;  issued  translations  of  familixt  tracts, 
1574.  [IviiL  17»] 

VTTELII,  CORNBLIO  (Jl.  1489X  earliest  teacher  of 
Greek  at  Oxford:  born  in  the  Homagna;  lectured  on 
Greek  in  New  College,  Oxford,  1475-89,  in  Paris,  1489,  and 
In  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1491 ;  published  classical  com- 
mentaries. [IviiL  176] 

VTVARES,  FRANCOIS  (1700-1780),  landsoapeHO- 
graver  :  a  Frenchman  ;  came  to  London,  1727  ; 


from  landscape-painters  for  John  Boydell ;  kept  a  print- 
shop,  1750-80.  [Iviii.  176] 

VIVARE8.  THOMAS  (Jl.  1770-1790),  engraver:  son 
and  assistant  of  Francois  Vivares  [q.  v.]  [Iviii.  376] 

VIVES,  JOHANNES  LUDOVIOUS  (149S-1640), 
scholar ;  born  at  Vakntia  in  Spain :  went  to  Paris,  16o9; 
resided  chiedy  at  Bruges,  1612-31;  published  his  ArU 
book,  Paris,  1614 ;  lectured  on  Latin  authors  at  Louvain, 
1520,  1621-2:  wrote  a  commentary  on  Augustine's  *De 
Civitate  Dei,'  1521-2  ;  introduced  to  Henry  VIII  and  his 
Spanish  consort  at  Bmges,  1621 ;  invited  by  Henry  VIII 
to  England,  1621 ;  D.C.L.  Oxford :  in 


cw  at  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford,  1621 ;  fellow  of  Corpus  Christ! 

4R2 


VIVIAN 


1348 


VUKLIAMY 


College,  Oxford  ;  went  to  Bruges ;  again  visited  England, 
1527:  offended  Henry  VIII  by  supporting  Queen 
Catherine,  ami  the  queen  by  withdrawing  his  advocacy 
afti-r  imprisonment,  1528  ;  withdrew  to  Bruges  ;  published 
hi8  chief  philosophical  treatises,  includinc  those  on  edu- 
cation, 1529-31;  died  at  Bruges;  a  voluminous  writer  in 
theology,  philology,  philosophy,  law,  and  history ;  col- 
lected works  first  published,  1555  ;  a  fuller  edition,  1782- 
UM,  [Iviii.  377] 

VIVIAN,  SIR  CHARLES  CRESPIGNY,  second  BARON 
VIVIAN  (1808-1886),  son  of  Sir  Richard  Hussey  Vivian, 
first  baron  Vivian  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the  army,  1825-34; 
major,  1834  :  M.P.,  Bodmin,  1835-42  ;  succeeded  to  barony, 
1843  ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cornwall,  1866-77.  [Iviii.  380] 

VIVIAN,  SIR  HENRY  HUS3EY,  first  BAROS  SWAN- 
SEA ( 1831-1894), educatedat  Eton,  Cambridge,  and  abroad  ; 
copper  merchant  in  Liverpool,  1842 ;  patented  metallur- 
gical processes,  1843-69;  director  of  smelting  works 
at  Swansea,  1845-94;  took  an  active  part  in  public 
affairs  in  South  Wales;  liberal  M.P.,  Truro,  1852-7, 
Glamorganshire,  1857-85,  Swansea,  1886, 1886,  and  1892-3 ; 
created  baronet,  1852  ;  Baron  Swansea,  1893.  [Iviii.  379] 

VIVIAN,  SIR  HUSSEY  ORESPIGNY,  third  BARON 
VIVIAN  (1834-1893),  diplomatist;  eldest  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Crespiguy  Vivian,  second  baron  Vivian  [q.  v.] ;  clerk  in 
foreign  office,  1851-73 ;  agent  at  Alexandria,  1873, 1876-9, 
at  Bucharest,  1874-6;  ambassador  at  European  courts, 
1879-93;  British  plenipotentiary  to  the  slave-trade  con- 
ference at  Brussels,  1889,  and  G.O.M.G.  [Iviii.  380] 

VIVIAN,  SIR  RICHARD  HUSSEY,  first  BARON 
VIVIAN  (1775-1842),  lieutenant-general ;  entered  the  army, 
1793;  captain,  1794  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1804 ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1827  ;  served  in  Flanders,  1794-5,  Holland,  1799, 
Spain,  1808-9,  1813-14,  at  Waterloo  and  in  France,  1815- 
1818 ;  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland,  1831 ;  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance,  1835 ;  K.C.B.,  1816  ;  M.P.,  Truro, 
1820-5,  Windsor,  1826-31,Eaat  Cornwall,  1837-41 ;  created 
baronet,  1828;  privy  councillor,  1835;  created  Baron 
Vivian,  1841 ;  died  at  Baden-Baden.  [IviiL  380] 

VIVIAN,  SIR  ROBERT  JOHN  HUSSEY  (1802-1887) 
general ;  natural  son  of  Sir  Richard  Hussey  Vivian  [q.  v.] ; 
lieutenant  in  the  East  India  Company's  service,  1819 ; 
captain,  1825 ;  major-general,  1854 ;  general,  1870 ;  served 
in  the  Burmese  war,  1824-6 ;  served,  with  frequent  fur- 
loughs, in  India,  1827-54 ;  commanded  Turkish  contingent 
in  Crimea,  1855-6  ;  K.O.B.,  1857 ;  retired,  1877. 

[Iviii.  383] 

VIZETELLY,  FRANK  (1830-1883?),  artist:  first 
worked  for  the  '  Pictorial  Times ' ;  editor  of  '  Le  Monde 
Illustre,'  Paris,  1857-9 ;  war  correspondent  of  the  'Illus- 
trated London  New?,'  1859  till  death;  perished  with 
Hicks  Pasha  in  the  Sudan.  [Iviii.  386] 

VIZETELLY,  HENRY  (1820-1894),  artist  and  pub- 
lisher ;  of  Italian  extraction  ;  son  of  a  London  publisher ; 
wood-engraver ;  started  the  '  Pictorial  Times'  1843,  and 
the  •  Illustrated  Times,'  1855  ;  correspondent  of  the  '  Illus- 
trated London  News '  at  Paris,  1866-72,  and  Berlin,  1872  ; 
wrote  much  and  translated  much,  1867-90  ;  publisher  in 
London,  1879,  issuing  translations  of  French  fiction : 
fined  for  issuing  an  English  version  of  Zola's  '  La  Terre,' 
1888 ;  imprisoned  for  repeating  his  offence,  1889 :  pub- 
lished an  autobiography,  1893.  [Iviii.  384] 

VOELCKER,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  AUGUSTUS 
(1 822-1 884),  agricultural  chemist;  pharmacist  at  Frank- 
fort-on-Maln  :  studied  chemistry  at  Gbttingen,  1844-6  ; 
Ph.D. ;  went  to  Edinburgh,  1847  ;  chemistry  professor  at  j 
Clrencester  Agricultural  College,  1849-63;  consulting 
agricultural  chemist,  1855-84;  resided  in  London  from 
1863 ;  F.R.S.,  1870;  contributed  to  scientific  journals. 

VOGEL,  SIR  JULIUS  (1836-1899),  premier  of  New 
Zealand ;  educated  at  University  College  School,  London,  I 
and  Royal  School  of  Mines ;  emigrated  to  Victoria  gold- 
flelda;  settled  in  Dunedin,  New  Zealand,  1861;  started 
'Otago   Daily    Times';    member   of   Otago   provincial  I 
council,   1862:    head   of    provincial    executive,    1866-9;   I 
member  of  New  Zealand  House  of  Representatives,  1863  ;  i 
colonial  treasurer,  1869,  in  cabinet  of  Sir  William  Fox 
[Q.  v.],  and  later  head  of  post  office  and  of  departments  I 
of  customs  and  telegraphs ;  premier  ;  adopted  policy  of  j 
borrowing  money  in  London  for  development  of  natural 
resource*  of  the  island,  and  when,  1876,  he  nMifrin«i  pre-  | 
mtership  and  came  to  England  as  agent-general,  left  New 


Zealand  prosperous;  knighted,  1875;  resigned  agent- 
generalsliipand  returned  to  colonial  parliament  as  member 
for  Christ  Church,  1884  ;  treasurer  under  radical  chief, Sir 
Robert  Stout,  1884-7;  leader  of  opposition,  1887;  pub- 
lished '  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies,'  1865,  and  other 
works  ;  died  in  Knirland.  [Suppl.  iii.  500] 

VOKES,  FREDERICK  MORTIMER  (1846-1888^ 
actor  in  burlesque  and  dancer  ;  went  on  the  stage,  1854; 
appeared  jointly  with  his  sisters  as  '  The  Vokes  Children/ 
1861,  and  afterwards  as  '  tl>e  Vokcs  family ' ;  met  with 
great  success  in  London,  the  provinces,  France,  and 
America.  [iviii.  387] 

VOKES,  JESSIE  CATHERINE  BIDDULPH  (1851- 
1884),  actress  and  dancer.  [iviii.  388] 

VOKES,  ROSINA  (1858-1894),  actress  in  burlesque: 
married  Cecil  Cla}-,  1870 ;  toured  in  the  United  States, 
1885-93.  [Iviii.  388] 

VOKES,  VICTORIA  (1853-1894),  actress  and  singer. 

[Iviii.  387] 

VOKINS,  JOAN  (<f.  1690),  quakeress ;  nee  Bunce  r 
married  Richard  Vokins  of  West  Challow ;  preached  in, 
America  and  the  West  Indies,  1680-1,  and  in  Ireland,  1686  ; 
her  writings  published,  1691.  [Iviii.  388] 

VOLENTITJS,  THOMAS  (1582-1660  ?).  [See  WILLIS.] 
VOLTTSENE,  FLORENCE  (1604?-1647?),  scholar, 
whose  surname  wns  possibly  '  Wolson '  or '  Wolsey ' ;  born 
in  Elginshire ;  educated  at  Aberdeen ;  resided  in  Paris, 
1528-36,  first  as  tutor  to  Wolsey's  son  (Thomas  Wynter), 
then  as  political  agent  for  Thomas  Cromwell ;  lecturer  on 
Latin  authors  at  Carpentras,  near  Avignon,  1536-16  :  died 
at  Vienne,  Dauphiue  ;  published,  at  Lyons,  'Commeutatio 
quaedam,'  (devotional  tract)  and  'De  Animi  Tranquilli- 
tate '  (philosophical  dialogue),  1543  ;  wrote  Latin  verses 

[IviiL  389] 

VON  HOLST,  THEODOR  (1810-1844),  historical 
painter;  of  Livonian  extraction;  born  and  trained  in 
London  ;  exhibited  in  London,  1827-44.  [Iviii.  391] 

VORTIGERN  (fl.  450),  philologically  '  supreme  lord ' ; 
historically,  according  to  Gildas,  supplemented  by  Beder 
the  prince  of  south-east  Britain,  who  called  in  the  Saxon.- 
to  repel  the  northern  tribes;  traditionally,  according  to 
Nennius  and  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  the  traitor  who,  for 
love  of  the  beautiful  Saxon,  Roweua,  ruined  the  British 
cause  ;  conjectured  by  some  modern  writers  to  have  been 
leader  of  a  native,  at  feud  with  a  Roman,  party  amongp 
the  Britons.  [Iviii.  391] 

VOS  or  VOSSIUS,  GERARD  JOHN  (1577-1649), 
scholar ;  born  near  Heidelberg ;  professor  at  Leyden, 
1622  ;  invited  to  England  and  made  canon  of  Canterbury, 
1629 ;  history  professor  at  Amsterdam,  1633 ;  author  of  a 
'Historia  Pelagiana.'  [IviiL  392] 

VOSSITIS,  ISAAC  (1618-1689),  scholar  ;  son  of  Gerard 
John  Vos  [q.  v.]  ;  born  at  Leyden ;  edited  the  '  Peri- 
plus  '  of  Scylax,  1639  :  visited  Italy,  1642 ;  edited  seven 
epistles  of  St.  Ignatius,  1646 ;  royal  librarian  at  Stock- 
holm, 1649-52;  supported  the  Septuagiut  against  the 
received  chronology,  1659-01 ;  wrote  against  Cartesianism, 
1662-3  ;  edited  Pliny's '  Natural  History,"  1669  ;  invited  to 
England  by  Dr.  John  Pearson,  1670  ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford. 
1670 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1673-89  ;  published  'De  Poematum 
cantu,' a  treatise  on  prosody.  1673,  and  'De  .  .  .  Oraculis,' 
1679  ;  edited  Catullus,  1684,  and  Juvenal,  1686 :  published 
'  Observations '  on  classical  topics,  1685 ;  worked  also  on 
Lucretius,  Anacreon,  Hesychius  of  Alexandria,  and  Arriaiv. 
His  library  of  manuscripts  went  to  Leyden,  1710  ;  his  cor- 
respondence is  largely  in  the  Bodleian.  [Iviii.  392] 

VOWELL,  JOHN  (1526  ?-1601).    [See  HOOKER,  Joitx.] 

VOYSEY,  alias  H ARMAS,  JOHN  (1465  ?-1554).  [See 
VKYSKY.] 

VUUJAMY,  BENJAMIN  LEWIS  (1780-1 854),  clock- 
maker,  of  London;  published  treatises  on  clock-work, 
1828-48.  [Iviii.  396] 

VTTLUAMY,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1817-1886),  architect ; 
second  son  of  Benjamin  Lewis  Vulliamy  [q.  v.] ;  pupil  of 
Sir  Charles  Barry  [q.  v.],  1836-41  ;  settled  in  London, 
1843  ;  architect  to  the  metropolitan  board  of  works,  1861- 
1886.  [Iviii.  396] 

VTTLLIAMY,  LEWIS  (1791-1871),  architect :  pupil  of 
Sir  Robert  Sniirke  [q.  v.] ;  settled  in  London,  1822;  de- 
signed many  churches  and  mansions.  [Iviii.  397] 


VYCHAN 


IBM 


WADE 


VYCHAN  (/.  12311-1210).    [See  BDJCYVEP.] 
VYCHAN ,  ]  I  • .  \\  1  •!  L  (d.  825X    [See  Ho wxu  ] 
VYCHAN,  SIMWXT  (15SO?-160«X    [See  SlMWXT.] 
VYNEE.     [S 


to  Xortl 


VY8Z,  HH  HAI:I)  (1746-1825),  general;  entered  the 
army,  1763  :  colonel  of  dragoons,  17«1 ;  servo! 
17'Jt ;  M.P.,  Beverley,  1806;  general,  1812. 

VY8E,     RICHARD    WILLIAM 
1853),  major-general  :  son  of  Richard 
Burned  Howard  us  additional  name,  181} 


VTVTAjr,    8m    RICHARD    RAWLIN8OX, 
baronet  (1800-1879).  of  Trelowamn :   of 

( 


WAAD  or  WADE,  ARMAOIL  (rf.  1568),  ityled '  the 
English  Columbus' :  native  of  Yorkshire  ;  B.A.  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1532 :  sailed  to  Cape  Breton  and  New- 
foundland. lS3i; :  i-lrrk  of  the  council  at  Calais,  1MO; 
chief  clerk  to  tlie  privy  council,  1582-3 :  M.P.,  Wycombe, 
1647-63;  gnvnu-d  Milton  Grunge,  Oxfordshire,  1664: 
«nvoy  to  Hol.-tdu,  1659;  employed  on  the  public  service. 
1662  and  16G6.  [Iviii.  400] 

WAAD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1546-1623),  diplomatist :  a 
younger  BOH  of  Armagil  Waad  [q.  T.]  :  succeeded  to  the 
estate,  1668:  entered  Gray'*  Inn,  1671:  travelled:  col- 
tooted  news  for  Burgldey  in  Paris  "76, »»  Italy,  1678-9, 
at  Strasburg,  1680,  and  in  Paris,  1680 ;  ambassador  to 
Portugal,  1580;  returned  to  England,  15K1 ;  clerk  of  the 
privy  council,  1683-1013  ;  employed  on  foreign  missions, 
1683-6;  seized  Mary  smart's  papers,  15KO;  envoy  to 
France,  1687;  M.P.,  Thetford,  1688,  Preston,  1601,  West 
Looe,  1606  ;  tracked  out  Roderigo  Lopez's  plot,  1694,  and 
other  catholic  schemes  :  knighted,  1603  ;  investigated  the 
Main  and  By  plots,  1603,  and  Gunpowder  plot,  1UU6  ;  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Tower,  1608-13 ;  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
Company,  1609.  [IvliL  401] 

WAGE  Of.  1170),  chronicler:  born  in  Jersey:  edu- 
«ated  at  Caen ;  wrote  many  narrative  poems  in  French 
(remains  printed,  1836-79);  began,  at  Henry  II's  instance, 
4  Roman  de  Kou '  (a  history  of  the  ruling  Norman  house 
«o  1107),  1160  ;  prebendary  of  Bayeux,  1169.  [Iviii.  404] 

WADD,  WILLIAM  (1776-1829),  surgeon :  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  ami  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital, London;  practised  surgery  in  London ;  published 
nurgical  treatises,  1809-24,  and  professional  chit-chat, 
1824-7  ;  accidentally  killed  at  Killarney.  [Iviii.  406] 

WADDELL,  PETER  HATELY  (1817-1891),  Scottish 
divine ;  educated  at  (tlastrow ;  free  church  minister  at 
frirvan,  1844-61 ;  Independent  minister  in  Glasgow,  1862- 
4888 ;  American  D.D. :  edited  Burns,  1H67-9,  and  the 
Waverley  novels,  1882-5  ;  turned  the  Psalms,  1871,  and 
Jaalab,  1879,  into  •  Scottis.'  [Iviii.  406] 

WADDILOVE,  ROIJERT  DARLEY  (1736-1 828),  dean 
of  Ripon  ;  originally  Rntwrt  Parley  ;  added  Wad<lil<>\f  on 
succession  to  property  :  of  Westminster  and  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  17C2;  uon-n^idiMitinciim»>ent  in  York- 
shire: embassy  chaplain  at  Madrid,  1771-9:  examined 
manuscripts  and  pictures  in  Spain  :  prebendary  of  Ripon, 
J780,  of  York,  17S2;  archdeacon  of  East  Riding,  17.S6; 
<leau  of  Ripou,  1791-1828 ;  LL.D.  Lambeth.  [Iviii.  406] 

WADDING,  LUKE  (1588-1667),  Franciscan  :  native 
of  Waterford :  educated  in  Portugal :  became  a  Francis- 
can, 1607;  president  of  the  Irish  College,  Salamanca, 
1617  :  chaplain  to  the  Spanish  embassy  at  Home,  1618-57  ; 
founder  and  first  rector  of  St.  Isidore's  College  (for  Irish 
students),  Rome,  1625-40:  instigated  Irish  rebellion  of 
1641 :  published  history  of  Franciscans  and  theological 
tractates.  [Iviii.  407] 

WADDING,  PETKR  (1.W1  7-161IX  Jesuit;  native  of 
•Waterford:  edm-atol  at  poimy  :  M.A.,  D.D.,  and  LL.D. ; 
'became  a  Jesuit,  1601  :  theology  profespor  successively  at 
Louvain,  Antwerp,  Prague,  Giatz  ;  published  theological 
.works.  [IvlU.  408] 

WADDINGTON,  CHARLES  (1796-1868),  military  en- 
gineer ;  educated  at  Addiacombe  ;  second  lieutenant,  Born- 


bay  engineers,  1813  ;  captain,  1825 :  major-general,  1  Ml ; 
aerved  in  India,  1814-47, 1864-8,  and  at  Aden,  1847-44. 

WADDINOTOK,  EDWARD  (1670?-1731\  bUbop  of 
Colchester  :  educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge:  M.A.,  1695.  D.D..  1710;  rector  of  We  .ham, 
1702.  of  All  Hallows  the  Great,  London.  1712;  fellow  of 
Eton,  1720;  bishop  of  Chicherter,  1724-31:  published 
sermons.  [IvUl.  4O9] 

WADDINOTON,  GEORGE  (1793-1869),  traveller  ami 

church  historian  :  at  the  Tl  artcrhotue,  London,  18U8-11 ; 
fellow  of  Trinity  Coll.y,  Cambridge.  1*17:  M.A-.1818; 
1)1).,  1840;  travelled  In  Ethiopia,  1821,  and  Greece, 
1H23-4  ;  published  a  rburch  history,  1833,  and  an  account 
of  the  reformation  in  Germany,  1H41 ;  vicar  of  MMb*n«, 
,  1833-40  :  dean  of  Durham,  1840-69.  [IvilL  410] 

WADDINGTON,   JOHN  (1810-1880),  congregational 

divine;  studied  at  Airedale  College:  pastor  at  Stockport, 

and  in  Soutlnvark,  1846  ;  D.D. ;  published  memoir* 

of  oongregatlonaUsto,  histories  of  Congregationalism,  and 


WADDIWGTOH,  SAMUEL  FERRAXD  (/.  1790- 
1812X  politicimi ;  educated  in  Germany :  hop  merchant 
near  Tonbridire  :  oppoe*il  war  with  the  French  republic, 
1795 :  UIIS-A ,T"l  I  .liiiuiKi  liurke.  1796  ;  published  pam- 
phlets on  the  hop  trade  and  on  political  questions. 

411] 

WADE  or  WAAD,  ARMAGIL  (</.  1668).  [tiee 
\VAAI».] 

WADE,  SIR  CLAUDE  MARTIXE  (1794-1861 X 
colonel ;  served  in  India.  1809-44 ;  captain.  1826 ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel  and  knighted,  1839  ;  etnpU-yed  in  negotia- 
tions with  Kanjit  MH-.-II.  1H23-4I:  fontd  the  Kbaibar 
Pan  and  entered  Kabul,  1839  ;  political  agent  at  In<iurc, 
1840-t.  [lviiL4ll] 

WADE,  GEORGB  (1673-1748X  field-marshal:  an 
Irishman;  ensign,  1690;  lieuttuunt-colouel,  1703;  nerved 
in  Flandrrs.  l.,'J2  aiwl  1702-3.  in  Spnin.  17U4-10  ;  dUtin- 
guishol  himself  in  the  battle,  of  Almanr.a,  1707,  and 
Saragoeaa,  1710,  and  at  the  taking  of  Minorca,  1708; 
major-general,  1714;  M.P..  Hindon,  1715;  stationed  at 
Bath  to  o\vni'M-  the  wn>u*rn  Jacoblt**,  1715;  served  in 
the  Vigo  i-xi^lition.  171'J  :  M.P..  Bnth.  1722-48 :  sent  to 
tlie  liiKlilaihls.  1724,  where  he  made  military  n- 
1733  :  lieutenant-general,  1727  ;  field-manual,  174*  ;  cum- 
inaii.lol  in  Flanders,  1744-6 :  commauder-iu-chief  in  Eng- 
land, 1745:  rent  against  Prince  Charlea  Edward;  super- 
r.r  fuilinir  to  ston  his  uuirch.  [IviiL  4131 


twded  for  foiling  to  stop  his  march- 


WADE,  JOHN  (1788-1875).  author;  leader-writer  in 

the  '  Spectator,'  1868-68  :  published  •  The  Black  Book.'  an 

•  lire  of  minx-iins.  1H2O-S,  a  British  history,  1839,  a 

:teer  of  the  worl.1.  1863,   ami  popular  trr»U*»  on 

I  eoclal  questions ;  granted  a  civil-list  pension,  1862. 

WADE,  JOSEPH  AUGUSTIXB  (17967-IH45),  com- 
poser ;  native  of  Dublin :  opera-conductor  in  London : 
among  other  works  brought  out  an  oratorio,  1824,  and  an 
opera,  1826 ;  died  insane,  llriii.  417] 

WADE,  XATHANIRL(tf.  1718X  conrairator :  entered 
the  Middle  Temple,  16H1 :  privy  to  tlie  Rye  Hoow  plot, 
1683:  escaped  to  Iloilainl:  Krved  M  major  In  Moil- 
mouth's  Invasion,  June  1686:  taken  prisoner,  October 


WADE 


1350 


WAITE 


1685;    tin-Bed  king's  evidence  :    pardoned,  1C8C;    town- 
oli-rk  of  Jlristol.  by  James  ll's  appointment,  1G87. 

[Iviii.  418] 

WADE,    THOMAS    (1806-1875),    poet  :     resided  in 
London  :    published  poeins,  showing  Shelley's  influence, 
1  ..  ;ni,l  •  MiiiKli  rt  cordis  .  .  .  CarmiiKi,'  1835; 
brought  out '  Woman's  Love"  (otherwise  •  Duke  Andrea  '), 
a  romantic  drama,   1828,   *  The  Phrenolo.rist<a '  (farce), 
:md'  The  Jew  of  Arragon  '  (train-dy  ),  1X30  ;  published 
pamphlets,   1837-9:   edited    'Bell's    Weekly  Mes- 
senger ' :    withdrew  to  Jersey  and    edited  there   •  Tbe 
h  Press ' ;  died  at  Jersey.  [Iviii.  418] 

WADE,  SIR  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1818-1895), 
diplomatist ;  brought  up  at  Mauritius,  1823-7,  and  the 
Cape,  1829-32;  at  Harrow,  1832-7,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1837-8 ;  entered  the  army,  1838 ;  lieutenant, 
1841 ;  studied  Chinese  during  the  voyage  to  Hongkong, 
1841-2 ;  interpreter  at  Hong-Kong,  1843-51 :  vice-consul 
at  Shanghai,  1852  ;  Chinese  secretary  at  Hong-Kong,  1855  ; 
attached  to  Lord  Elgin's  Chinese  missions,  1857  and  I860  ; 
member  of  the  Pekin  legation,  1861-71,  and  ambassador 
there,  1871-83 :  K.O.B.,  1876  ;  Chinese  professor,  Cam- 
bridge, 1888 ;  bequeathed  his  Chinese  books  to  Cambridge 
University :  published  papers  on  China  and  the  Chinese 
language,  1849-81.  [Iviii.  420] 

WADE,  WALTER  [d.  1825),  Irish  botanist ;  M.D., 
practising  in  Dublin,  1790 ;  lectured  on  botany ;  made 
botanical  tours  in  Ireland ;  published  papers  on  Irish 
flora,  1794-1804,  synopses  of  his  lectures,  and  other 
botanical  papers.  [Iviii.  421] 

WADE  or  WAAD,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1546-1623).  [See 
WAAD.] 

WADER,  RALPH,  EARL  OF  NORFOLK  (  /.  1070).  [See 
GUADER.] 

WADE80N,  ANTHONY  (/.  1600),  playwright; 
author  probably  of  '  Look  about  you,'  a  comedy,  1600  ; 
wrote  also  a  sequel,  1601,  'The  .  .  .  humorous  Earle  of 
Gloster,  with  his  conquest  of  Portugall,'  now  lost. 

[Iviii.  422] 

WADESON,  RICHARD  (1826-1885),  colonel ;  private 
soldier,  1843  ;  serjeant-major,  1854  :  lieutenant,  1857  : 
V.O. ;  captain,  1864  ;  brevet-colonel,  1880  ;  distinguished 
himself,  especially  in  the  Delhi  campaign,  1857 ;  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1885.  [Iviii.  422] 

WADHAM,  JOHN  (d.  1411),  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  1388-97.  [Iviii.  423] 

WADHAJf,  NICHOLAS  (1532-1609),  founder  of 
Wadbam  College,  Oxford  ;  married  Dorothy  Petre  (1534- 
1618),  1555  :  lived  retiredly  at  Merefield  :  built  an  alms- 
house  at  Ilton,  1606 ;  his  plans  for  a  college  at  Oxford 
carried  on  by  his  widow,  1610,  and  Wadham  College 
completed,  July  1613.  [Iviii.  423] 

WADMORE,  JAMES  (1782-1853),  collector  of 
objects  of  vertu  ;  a  land-surveyor.  [Iviii.  424] 

WADSWOETH,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1572  ?-1623), 
Jesuit;  B.D.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1600- 
beneflced  in  Suffolk,  1598-1604;  embassy  chaplain  at 
Madrid,  1605  ;  official  of  the  inquisition,  Seville  ;  Eng- 
lish tutor  to  the  infanta  Maria,  1623.  [Iviii.  424] 

WAD8WORTH,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1604-1656  ?), 
Spanish  scholar;  son  of  James  Wadsworth  the  elder 
[q.  v.];  token  to  Spain,  1610 ;  educated  at  Seville, 
Madrid,  and,  1618-22,St.  Omcr ;  prisoner  in  Algiers,  1623 ; 
named  'captain'  in  the  Spanish  service  •  a  government 
spy  in  England,  1625,  and  in  Brussels  and  Paris,  1626; 
prisoner  at  Calais,  1627 ;  published  his  •  English-Spanish 
Pilgrim,'  1629  (enlarged,  1630);  a  common  informer 
against  Romanists  from  1630;  published  translations 
from  the  Spanish.  [lviii.  426] 

WADSWORTH,  THOMAS  (1630-1676),  noncon- 
f...-nnst  divine;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1652-4 ;  M.A.,  1654  ;  intruded  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Neu  - 
ington,  1653-60;  'lecturer'  in  London,  1660-2;  pub- 

ed  sermons.  [lviii.  426] 

WATER,  LIONEL  (1660  ?-1705?),  buccaneer;  ship's 
Burgeon,  1677-9,  in  a  voyage  to  Java ;  surgeon  at  Port 
.Royal,  Jamaica,  1«80 ;  surgeon  on  board  an  Kn-rlish  pirate 
to  the  Pacific:  lamed  while  craning  tin*  Isthmus  of 
Dftrien,  1681,  and  resided  for  some  months  among  the 


Darien  Indians ;  picked  up  by  William  Dampier  [q.  v.], 
with  whom  he  sutiseqiii'iitlj  -cruised  in  the  \\'e>t  Indies ; 
went  a  buccaneering  voyage  with  1-Mwanl  Davis  <  //.  1083- 
1702)  [q.  v.],  1683  ;  settled  in  Virginia  ;  rcumie  1  to  Kng- 
land,  1691;  published  his  narrative,  1099;  urged  the 
colonisation  of  Darien,  1704.  [Iviii.  427] 

WAGER,  SIR  CHARLES  (1666-174:!),  admiral  : 
served  in  the  navy,  1690-9,  1701-6,  chiefly  in  the  Mediter- 
ruiu'iui :  in  command  at  Jamaica,  1 707-9 ;  enriched  \>\ 
prize-money,  defeating  a  Spanish  treasure-fleet,  170K,  oi'l 
Cartagena;  rear-admiral,  1707;  knighted,  1709;  em- 
ployed at  the  admiralty  office,  1715-33  ;  blockaded  Cadiz, 
1727-8;  admiral,  1731;  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1733- 
1742.  [Iviii.  428] 

WAGER,  LEWIS  (fl.  1566),  author  of  an  interlude 
(15G6), '  Repentaunce  of  Marie  Magdalene' ;  rector  of  St. 
James's,  Garlickbithe,  1560.  [Iviii.  431] 

WAGER,  WILLIAM  (/.  1566),  author  of  two  inter- 
ludes, '  The  longer  thou  livest,  the  more  foole  thou  art r 
and  'The  cruell  Debtter '  ( 1566);  other  pieces  attributed 
to  him.  [Iviii.  430] 

WAGHORN,  MARTIN  (d.  1787),  navy  captain; 
served  in  the  navy,  1762-4  and  1778-86 ;  captain  of  the 
Royal  George  when  she  sank,  29  Aug.  1782 ;  acquitted  by 
a  competent  court-martial.  [Iviii.  431] 

WAGHORN,  THOMAS  (1800-1850),  pioneer  of  the 
overland  route  (from  Cairo  to  Suez)  to  India  ;  served  in 
the  navy,  1812-17  ;  pilot  in  the  Bengal  service,  1819-24: 
commanded  a  sloop  in  the  Burmese  war,  1824-5  ;  advo- 
cated the  overland  route,  1827  ;  established  its  feasibility, 
1829  ;  organised  the  transport  service  for  it,  before  1841 ; 
lieutenant,  R.N.,  1842  ;  published  pamphlets,  1831-46. 

[Iviii.  4H1] 

WAGSTAFFE,  JOHN  (1633-1677),  author  of  'Witch- 
craft Debated'  (1669),  questioning  the  possibility  of 
witchcraft ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London  ;  M.A. 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1656.  [Iviii.  432] 

WAGSTAFFE,  SIR  JOSEPH  (/.  1642),  royalist: 
major  in  the  French  service ;  lieutenant-colonel  "in  Un- 
parliamentary army,  1642  ;  changed  sides,  1643  ;  royalist 
major-general;  knighted,  1644;  headed  the  Wiltshire- 
rising,  1655 ;  petitioned  for  reward,  1662.  [Iviii.  433] 

WAGSTAFFE,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1645-1712),  non- 
juror  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse,  London,  and  New  luni 
Hall,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1667 ;  incumbent  of  Martinsthorpe. 
1669  ;  chancellor  of  Lichfield,  1684  ;  rector  of  St.  Gabriel 
Fencburch,  London,  1684 ;  ejected  as  a  nonjuror,  1691 ; 
physician  ;  consecrated  nonjuriug  bishop  of  Ipswich. 
1694  ;  published  pamphlets.  [Iviii.  433] 

WAGSTAFFE,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1692-1770X 
nonjuror;  second  son  of  Thomas "Wagstaffe  the  elder 
[q.  v.] ;  ordained  nonjuring  priests  1719 :  keeper  of  tlie 
nonjurors'  church  registers  :  Anglican  chaplain  to  the 
Chevalier  St.  George  and  Prince  Charles  Edward  at 
Rome,  before  1738  ;  collated  manuscripts  at  the  Vatican  ; 
published  pamphlets.  [Iviii.  435] 

WAGSTAFFE,  WILLIAM  (1685-1725),  physician; 
M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1707 ;  M.D.,  1714*;  physi- 
cian to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  1720  ;  bis  '  Miscella- 
neous Works  '  published,  1725.  [Iviii.  436] 

WAINEWRIGHT,  THOMAS  GRIFFITHS  (1794- 
1852),  poisoner  and  art  critic;  art-student  in  London, 
1814:  wrote  art  critiques  for  the  'London  Magazine,' 
1820-3  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1821-5  :  forged 
an  order  on  the  Bank  of  England,  1826  ;  poisoned  several 
relatives  to  secure  money,  1828-30  ;  imprisoned  at  Paris  : 
transported  for  the  1826  forgery,  1837;  died,  a  convict,  in 
Tasmania.  [Iviii.  437] 

WAINFLEET,  WILLIAM  OF  (1395  ?-1486).  [See 
WAYNKLKTE.] 

WAIT,  DANIEL  GUILFORD  (1789-1850),  hebn.ist; 
educated  at  University  College,  Oxford,  and  St.  JolmV 
College,  Cambridge;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  182*:  rector  of 
Blagdon,  1819  ;  published  sermons  and  works  of  textual 
criticism,  1811-48;  issued  'Jewish  .  .  .  Antiquities,'  1823. 

[Iviii.  439] 

WAITE  or  WAYTE,  THOMAS  (/.  1634-1668),  re- 
gicide: colonel  in  the  parliamentary  army,  1643; 
governor  of  Burley  House,  1644-5;  M.P.,  Rutland,  1646- 


WAITHMAN 


1851 


WAL15HAN 


1653;  BUppn-s-e.1  tin-  PoUTlxirou^h  rising,  1«>48;  gave 
evidence  against  th«-  Duke  of  Hamilton  .  one  of  Charles  I*« 
ju<lj.'i-s  ;  imprisoned  from  166U.  [Mil  439] 


.-.'»•    :  '    '    •    i    ••:- 

[Ivlli.  4M) 

WAKZFIELD.     1     !     \    (180T-1876). 

.    :     .-.  ;-  •      '. 

1847;   vWted   Sew   Zealand. 
and  oonstrnctor  of  the  Bala- 
18M;   returned  •• 

[MU.  4*7) 


iron  . 

W  i. 

elara  to  Sebastopol  railway, 

/..>:,,.  1,1-.:. 


n 


GILBERT  (1756-1W1). 

r         .•-•'.     ••  :  .!..-!•  '      ft 

feOow,  1776-9; 


and  Liverpool :  adoptnl  Unitarian  views ;  el 

at  Warrlngton  onlterian  college,  1779-81 ;  private  tutor 

at  Nottingham,  and  afterwards  at  Hackney :  pubbabed 

•8Uva  crittca,'  1789  :  maintained  the  lm 

accents ;  edited  the '  Georgic*,'  1788,  some  Greek  plays,  and 

Horace,  1794,  and  Lucretius,  1796-t :  conceived  a  violent 

hatred  of  Pitt  and  of  Porton,  assailing  Ponon's  •Hecuba' 

C1797)  in  a  'Diatribe  Bxtemporalis ';  Imprisoned  for  a 

seditious  pamphlet,  1799-1801  ;  published  also  theological 

;  idHM    '-..'•  Pan*  MtfctfOh         WB.4W 


WAZEFIZLD,  PETER  or(rf.  ItllXbennlt:  knewn 
also  as  Prnm  OF  PONWRACT  :  predicted,  1  J1X.  that 
before  Ascension  day,  ISIS,  King  John's  crown  would  pas» 
to  another:  prediction  fulfilled  in  John's  sobmiMioo  to 
the  pope;  pot  to  death  by  John  at  Wareham^  ^ 

WAKEFIELD,  MILS.  PRISCILLA  (  1751-lHW).'  author 
and  philanthropist  ;  a  qnakeress  ;  married,  1771,  Bdwaift 
\\aki-neld  (1750-18J6),  a  London  merchant:  resided  at 
Tottenham,  where  she  instituted  a  lying-in  charity,  1791, 
hed  educational  worta 


and  a  savings  bank,  1798;  published 
for  children. 


[»Tili.  4U] 


WAITHMAN.  ROIIKRT  (1764-1833),  ,~«««-u . 
iini'l.-  ;i  competence  as  a  London  linendraper:  agitated 
auMin.-t.  war  with  the  Fn-in-h  republic,  1794  ;  alderman  of 
Ixmd.m,  iKls,  slu-riff.  l.H2u,  lord  mayor,  18J8,  and  M.P, 
London,  1818 -20,  1S20-33  ;  published  pamphlets. 

[Ivili.  440] 

WAKE,  HEREWARD  THK  (Jl.  1070).    [See  Hxu- 

WARD.] 

WAKE,  Sin  ISAAC  (1&80 ?-163S),  diplomatist;  en- 
toml  Chri>t  Chun-li,  Oxford,  1593;  fellow  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  1MW:  M.A.,  1603  ;  public  orator.  1604; 
welcomed  James  I  to  Oxford,  1606  (the  event  described  in 
his  •  Bex  Platonicus,'  1607) ;  secretary  of  embassy  at 
Venice,  r.  ir.io,  and  Turin,  c.  1G14  ;  ambassador,  with 
occasional  absences  on  missions,  at  Turin,  1616-30: 
knighted,  1819:  M.P.,  Oxford  University,  1624:  ambas- 
sador at  Paris,  1631 ;  published  Latin  speeches,  dec. ;  died 
at  Paris.  [lviii.441] 

WAKE,  THOMAS  (1297-1349),  baron  ;  succeeded  his 
father,  1300 ;  his  chief  estates  In  Lincolnshire ;  a  royal 
ward  •  married  Blanche,  daughter  of  Henry  of  Lancaster 
[q.  v.]  ;  given  possession  of  his  estates,  1317  ;  joined  the 
rising  against  Edward  II  and  the  Despensers,  1326 :  con- 
stable of  the  Tower  of  London,  1326;  joined  the  ri.-imr 
against  Isabella  and  Mortimer,  132K;  fined  and  deprived 
of  his  offices,  1329 ;  restored  to  his  lands  and  offices,  1331 ; 
governor  of  the  Channel  islands  ;  imprisoned,  1340. 

[Ivili.  442] 

WAKE  WILLIAM  (1657-1737),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury;  M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1679;  D.D.,  1689; 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  at  Paris,  1682-5;  preacher  at 
( ;  niy's  Inn,  168H-96  ;  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1689- 
1702-  dean  of  Exeter,  1703;  rector  of  St.  James's,  West- 
minster, 1693-1701! ;  bUhop  of  Lincoln,  1705:  translated 
to  Canterbury,  1716:  negotiated  for  union  with  the 
French  Jausenists,  1717-20;  published  theological  trea- 
tises ;  bequeathed  his  library  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 

WAKEFELD,  ROBERT  (d.  1537),  orientalist: 
studied  at  Cambridge  before  1514,  and  abroad :  Hebrew 
professor  at  Louvain,  1619,  Tubingen,  1520-3 ;  taught 
Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  1524,  and  Oxford,  1530 ;  wrote  in 
favour  of  Henry  VIII's  divorce,  1628 ;  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1532 ;  his  treatises  the  first  In  England 
(1524)  to  employ  Hebrew  and  Arabic  type.  [IviiL  446] 

WAKEFELD,  THOMAS  (<f.  1575),  hebralst ;  M.A. 
Cambridge :  first  regius  professor  of  Hebrew,  Cambridge, 
1540-  taught,  1540-9  and  1553-69;  probably  rejected 
protestantism.  [Iviil.  448] 

WAKEFIELD,  ARTHUR  (1799-1843),  colonist ;  son 
of  Edward  Wakefield  [q.  v.] :  captain  in  the  navy; 
founded  Nelson,  New  Zealand,  1841 ;  killed  in  battle  with 
the  Maoris.  [Iviii.  467] 

WAKEFIELD,  DANIEL  (1776-1846),  writer  on  poli- 
tical economy,  son  of  Priscilla  Wakefleld  [q.  v.] ;  bar- 
rister, Lincoln's  Inn,  1802  ;  equity  draughtsman. 

WAKEFIELD,    EDWARD   (1774-1864),    author    of 

•  Ireland  :  statistical  and  political,'  1812  ;  son  of  Priscilla      _    

Wakefield  [q.  v.]  ;   farmer  at  Romf ord ;  land-agent  in     bi8UOp  of  Norwich,  1416:  joint-envoy  to  the  council  of 
London.  [Iviii.  448]         rjonstHnce.  1416-1H  :  persecuted  the  lollards ;  much  «n- 

WAKEFIELD,     EDWARD    GIBBON    (1796-1862), 
colonial  statesman;   son  of  Edward  Wakefleld  [q.  v.]:  | 
employed  at  the  embassy  at  Turin,  1814-16 :  eloped  with  a 
ward  of  court,  1816  ;  attached  to  the  embassy  at 
1820-6;  abducted  an  heiress,  1826;  imprisoned,  1826-9,  j 
and  his  marriage  cancelled   by  parliament:    urge* 
forms  in  the  administration  of  the  Australian  colonies, 
1839-49 '   procured  the  discontinuance  of  free  grants  of 
i__j  ;„  So«,,.  ««nf»,   WnlPs.  1831 :   secured  formation  of  i 


the  Portuguese  army, 
;  went  to  Sew  Zealand 
d  Company,  1840  :  his 


WAKEFIELD,  WILLIAM  HAY  WARD  (180J-1848). 
colonist :  son  of  Edward  Wakefleld  [q.  v.]  :  impriso 
1826-9,  for  abetting  an  abduction  by  his  brother.  Kdv 
Giblxm  Wakefleld  [q.  v.)  ;  entered  ' 
1829  ;  colonel  In  the  Spanish  army ; 
as  agent  for  the  New  Zealand  Land  Company, 
large  purchase*  of  Maori  lands  annulled  by  the  colonial 
government,  1840-1;  founded  Wellington,  1840,  and 
settled  there.  0*11.  «*«] 

WAKEMAH,  SIR  GEORGE  (/.  1668-1688),  physician : 
a  Roman  catholic:  studied  at  St.  Omcr  and  Pa  via.  and 
probably  at  Paris;  imprisoned  as  a  royalist,  e.  16»9; 
created  baronet.  1661 :  appointed  physician  to  Queen 
Catherine,  1670:  accused  by  Titus  Gates  of  planning  to 
poison  Charles  II,  1678 ;  acquitted,  1679 :  went  abroad ; 
returned  to  Ixmdon  before  1686. 

WAKEMAN,  alia*  WlCHK,  JOHN  (rf.  1649).  first 
oishop  of  Gloucester  ;  known  as  John  Wlcbe ;  a  Benedlc- 
tine;  possibly  B.D.  Oxford,  1511 :  possibly  of  Bvesham 
Abbey,  1613:  prior  and,  1534,  abbot  of  Tewkertmry: 
surrendered  Tewkesbury  to  Henry  VIII.  1639 ;  took  the 
name  Wakeman ;  bishop  of  Gloucester,  1641-9.  [lix.  i) 

WAKERING.  JOHN  <•/.  1426),  bishop  of  Norwich: 
incumbent  of  St.  Ik-n.  •  London,  1389-96  ;  dark 

in  chancery.  1395  :  chancellor  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 
1399;  master  of  the  rolls,  1405-15;  archdeacon  of  Canter- 
bury, 1409:  keeper  of  the  privy  «L  1415 :  coneecraled 


Constance,  1416-1H  ;  persecuted  the 
ployed  in  state  affairs,  1423-6. 

WAKLEY, 


[lix.  I] 


dical  ntc 


1M5-17 :  practised  surgery 

181K;  serion-ly  injured  and  his  bouse 

burned,  probably  by  the  Thlstlewood  gang.  1WO:  became 
uc-quaiutel  with   William  Cobbett  [q.  v.) :  founded  the 
-    to  nport  m«lical  *"«  and  bospit.* 


land  in  New  South  Wales,  1831 . 
<outh  Australia*    Association,    1834    (colony    founded, 
1836);  Lonaoa  agent  of  the  New  Zealand  Land  Compauy,  . 
SSiU;  eripSed  to  Wellington,  New   Zeaand ,1853:  • 
published  political  pamphlets. 

WAKEFIELD,  EDWARD  JETWTNGHAM  (1820- 
1879),  colonist :  son  of  Edward  Gibbon  Wakefleld  [q.  v.]  ; 
visited  Canada,  1838,  and  New  Zealand,  18S9-44 ;  pub- 
lished notes  of  his  New  Zealand  experiences,  1845  ;  settled 


ncj>oti«m  in  hwpitAl  appointment*: 
:  rtvognl^d  autbori^Tto  medlea 


,'wt  Middlesex.   18S9-«J;  exposed 
:  „:   .•   \: 

[lix.  4] 

WALBRAN,  JOHN   RICHARD  (181T-186* 
shire  antiquary:    wine  merchant  to  Ripon:  mayor  of 
llipou,  5H  :  superintended  the  excavations  at  Pountelne 
Abbey ;  published  Yorkshire  guJde-boota  and  local 

toru~.  1-11   <I. 


WALBURGA 


1352 


WALE 


WALBURGA  or  WALPUROA  (./.  779?).  of  English 
birth;  sister  of  Willi»«!d  [q.  v.] ;  abbess  of  Heidenheim, 
c.  761.  Clix-  91 

WALCHER  (d.  1080),  bishop  of  Durham ;  native  of 
Lorraine ;  secular  prio>t ;  connected  with  Liege :  con- 
M-cratcil  bUhop  of  Durham,  1071  ;  replaced  secular 
priests  by  monk-;  in  his  irrcat  churches  ;  benefactor  of 
Jarrow  and  Wearmouth  monasteries:  administered 
Waltham  Abbey  :  acted  as  Earl  of  Northuml>erland,  1074; 
won  popular  hatred,  owing  to  the  tyranny  of  his  favourite 
officers  ;  murdered  in  a  tumult.  [lix.  9] 

WALCOT,  HUMPHREY  (1586-1650),  royalist :  high 
sheriff  of  Shropshire,  1631.  [lix.  10] 

WALCOT,  SIK  THOMAS  (1629-1685),  judge ;  son  of 
Humphrey  Walcot  [q.  v.] ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1653 :  practised  in  the  court  of  the  marches  of  Wales ;  | 
recorder  of  Bewdley,  1671-85;  a  justice  in  North  Wales, 
1676,  and  chief-justice  there,  1681  ;  M.P.,  Ludlow,  1679- 
1681 ;  knighted,  168 1 ;  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  1683. 


[lix.  10] 
CHARLES 


WALCOTT,  MACKENZIE  EDWARD 
(1821-1 880 ),  ecclesioloorist;  at  Winchester  School,  1837-40; 
M.A,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1847  :  B.D.,  1866;  curate  in 
and  near  London,  1845-53  ;  minister  of  Berkeley  chapel, 
Mayfair,  London,  1867-70  ;  precentor  of  Ohichester,  1863- 
1880 ;  wrote  much  on  churches  and  cathedrals,  1847-79. 

[lix.  11] 

WALDBY,  ROBERT  (d.  1398),  archbishop  of  York; 
a  Yorkshireman ;  Austin  friar:  accompanied  the  Black 
Prince  toGascony,  1355:  D.D.  Toulouse;  envoy  to  Spain, 
1383 :  bishop  of  Aire,  Gascon}',  1387 ;  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  1390-6  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1392-3;  bishop  of 
Ohichester,  February  1396 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1397-8. 

[lix.  12] 

WALDIGRAVE,  Sm  EDWARD  (1517  V-1561), 
politician  :  inherited  Borloy,  Essex,  1543 ;  granted  church 
lands,  1548 ;  in  the  service  of  Princess  Mary ;  imprisoned 
for  suffering  mass  in  her  household,  1551-2;  M.P.,  Wilt- 
shire, 1553,  Somerset,  1554,  Essex,  1558;  privy  councillor 
and  master  of  the  great  wardrobe,  1553  ;  knighted,  1553 ; 
granted  crown  lands,  1553, 1557;  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster,  1557-8;  recusant  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  1558-61.  [lix.  13] 

WALDEORAVE,  FRANCES  ELIZABETH  ANNE, 
OOCNTKHS  WALDKGUAVK  (1821-1879),  daughter  of  John 
Brahain  [q.  v.] ;  married  firstly,  1839 ;  married  secondly, 
1840,  George  Edward,  seventh  earl  Waldegrave  (d.  1846) ; 
inherited  his  estates,  1846  :  married  thirdly,  1847,  George 
Granville  Harcourt  (d.  1861),  of  Nunehnrn ;  became  a 
leader  in  London  society,  establishing  a  salon,  which  was 
much  frequented  by  the  chiefs  of  the  liberal  party:  re- 
stored Strawberry  Hill ;  married  fourthly,  1863,Chichester 
Fortescue,  afterwards  Baron  Carlingford  [q.  v.] 

[lix.  14] 

WALDEGRAVE,  GEORGE  GRANVILLK,  second 
BARON  RADBTOCK  (1786-1857),  eldest  son  of  William 
Waldegrave,  first  baron  Radstock  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  the 
navy,  1798-1815  ;  captain,  1807  ;  O.B.,  1815  ;  rear-admiral, 
1841  ;  vice-admiral,  1851.  [lix.  15] 

WALDEGRAVE,  HENRY,  first  BARON  WAI.DKORAVK 
(d.  1689),  of  Chewton,  Somerset;  fourth  baronet;  a 
Roman  catholic  ;  married  Henrietta,  natural  daughter  of 
James  II,  1684  ;  created  Baron  Waldegrave,  1686 ;  comp- 
troller of  the  household,  1687  ;  withdrew  to  Paris,  1688. 

[lix.  16] 

WALDEGRAVE,  JAMES,  first  EARL  WAIJ>KGRAVE 
(1685-1741),  succeeded  his  father,  Henry  Waldegrave, 
first  baron  Waldegrave  [q.  v.],  1689  ;  educated  in  France  ; 
embraced  protestantism,  1719  :  a  lord  of  the  bedchamber, 
1723  ;  envoy  to  Paris,  1725  ;  ambassador  at  Vienna,  1727- 
1730,  and  Paris,  1730-40  ;  created  Earl  Waldegrave,  1729  ; 
K.G.,  1738;  his  correspondence  (1728-39)  in  the  British 
Musoum.  [lix.  16] 

WALDEGRAVE,  JAMES,  second  EAIIL  WALDE- 
ORAVK  (1716-1763),  educated  at  Eton:  succeeded  his 
father,  James  Waldegrav*  first  earl  Waldegrave  [q.  v.] ; 
lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1743 :  chief  confidant  of  George  II, 
1743-60:  governor  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards 
George  III),  1752-6 ;  premier, 8-12  June  1757  ;  K.G.,  1757 ; 
bis 'memoirs'  published,  1821.  [lix.  18] 

WALDEGRAVE,  JOHN,  third  EARL  WALT>IX:HAVK 
id.  1784),  »econd  sou  of  James  Waldegrave,  first  earl 
Waldegrave  [q.  v.];  distinguished  himself  at  St.  Ma!o, 


1758,  and  Minden,  1759:  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  April 
17G3;  lieutenant-general,  1772.  [lix.  19] 

WALDEGRAVE  or  WALGRAVE.  Sm  RICH  AH  D 
(d.  1402),  of  Smallbridge  ;  M.I'.,  Suffolk,  in  most  parlia- 
ments from  1376  to  1390;  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1381-2.  [lix.  20] 

WALDEGRAVE,  ROBERT  (15547-1601),  puritan 
printer ;  printer's  apprentice  in  London,  1568  ;  free  of 
the  Stationers'  Company,  157G ;  issued  his  first  publica- 
tion, 1578 ;  his  press  destroyed  for  issuing  John  Odall's 
[q.  v.]  treatise  against  episcopacy,  1588 ;  imprisoned, 
autumn,  1588 ;  printed  at  East  Molesey  John  Penry'.-i 
[q.  v.l  first  Marprelatc  tract,  1588;  moved  his  press  to 
Fawsley,  1588,  and  to  Coventry,  1589  ;  visited  La  Rochellc, 
1690;  published  many  books  at  Edinburgh,  1590-1603: 
king's  printer  in  Scotland,  1591;  returned  to  London, 
1603.  [lix.  20] 

WALDEGHAVE,  SAMUEL  (1817-1869),  bishop  of 
Carlisle:  second  son  of  the  eighth  Earl  Waldegrave;  a 
double-first  at  Oxford,  1839;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford,  1839-45;  M.A.,  1842;  D.D.  by  diploma,  1860; 
rector  of  Barford  St.  Martin,  1844 ;  Bampton  lecturer, 
1854:  canon  of  Salisbury,  1857  ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1860-9 ; 
published  sermons  and  charges.  [lix.  22] 

WALDEGRAVE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (/.  1689),  physician; 
M.D.  Padua,  1 659 ;  a  Roman  catholic ;  physician  to  Mary 
Beatrice,  queen  of  James  II.  [lix.  22] 

WALDEGRAVE,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  RAOSTOCK 
(1753-1825),  admiral;  second  son  of  John  Walilegrave, 
third  earlt  Waldeprave  [q.  v.]  ;  served  at  sea,  1706-83, 
1790,  1793-1802  ;  lieutenant,  1772  ;  captain,  1776  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1794  ;  third  in  command  at  St.  Vincent,  1797 : 
created  Baron  Radstock  in  the  Irish  peerage,  1800; 
admiral,  1802  ;  G.C.B.,  1815.  [lix.  23] 

WALDEN,  BARONS  HOWARD  PR.  [See  GRIFFIN 
(formerly  WHITWKLL),  JOHN  GRIFFIN,  1719-1797 ;  ELLIS, 
CHARLES  AUGUSTUS,  1799-1868.] 

WALDEN,  ROGER  (rf.  1406),  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  incumbent  of  St.  Helier's,  Jersey,  1371  ;  resident 
chiefly  in  Jersey  till  1386  ;  held  benefices  also  in  York- 
shire, 1374,  Leicestershire,  Westmoreland,  1385,  and 
Essex,  1391 ;  held  prebends  in  Lincoln,  Salisbury,  Lich- 
field,  Exeter,  and  St.  Paul's,  London  ;  treasurer  of  Calais, 
1387-92  ;  rector  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  London,  1391 : 
secretary  to  Richard  II ;  lord  high  treasurer,  1395-8 : 
dean  of  York,  c.  1395  ;  archbishop  of  Canterburv'»iurinir 
Arundel's  exile,  1398  ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  'London, 
1400  ;  bishop  of  London,  1405-6.  [lix.  24] 

WALDEN,  THOMAS  (d.  1430).    [See  NETTKR.] 

WALDHERE  or  WALDHERI  (fl.  705),  bishop  of 
London,  693 ;  dead  before  716.  The  grant  to  Peterborough 
attested  by  him  and  Archbishop  Theodore  [q.  v.]  is  a 
forgery.  [lix.  26] 

WALDIE,  CHARLOTTE  ANN,  afterwards  MRS- 
EATOX  (1788-1859X  visited  Brussels,  1815:  published  a 
'  Narrative '  of  her  Waterloo  experiences,  1817,  a  descrip- 
tion of  Rome,  1820,  and  two  novels;  married  Stephen 
Eaton,  1822.  [lix.  26] 

WALDIE,  JANE,  afterwards  MRS.  WATTS  (1793- 
1826),  landscape-painter:  published  'Sketches'  of  her 
1816-17  continental  tour;  married  Captain  George 
Augustus  Watts,  1820.  [lix.  26] 

WALDRIC  (d.  1112).    [See  GALDRIC.] 

WALDRON,  FRANCIS  GODOLPHIN  (1744-1818), 
writer  and  actor ;  occurs  occasionally  as  acting  in  London, 
from  1769 :  brought  out  some  feeble  comedies  and  adap- 
tations, 1773-1804;  published  a  history  of  the  English 
stage,  1800;  edited  collections  of  scarce  tracts  and  some 
biographical  collections.  [lix.  27] 

WALDRON,  GEORGE  (1690-1730?),  author;  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  College,  Oxford ;  revenue  officer  in  Man  : 
published  speeches  and  occasional  poems,  1716-23;  his 
•  Description  of  the  Isle  of  Man '  published,  1731. 

[lix.  28] 

WALE,  SIR  CHARLES  (1763-1845),  general ;  entered 
the  army,  1779  ;  lieutenant  at  Gibraltar,  1781-2 :  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1798;  served  in  the  West  Indies,  1810-15  ; 
major-general,  1811;  K.C.B.,  1815  ;  general,  1838. 

[lix.  28] 


WALE 


WALKER 


WALE.  n:KD!:niOK  n«tt-18f8).ioWter: 
ii.i  n,  ; 
/oiiuniui  l<  r  of  lutive  bone,  1868  ;  killed  in  action. 

[IU.  S9] 

WALE.  >A  M  U  F.I,  (,/.  1786),  historical  paint. 
of  Fran.-i-  H.iyman  [q.r.]:  exhibited,!  760-  7«:  professor 
of  Mnpecttff  to  the  Uoyal  Academy,  1768,  ami  Ubnaian, 

[lix.  29] 


WALEDEH,  HUMl'HUKV  I.K  (rf.  1330?). 
occurs  as  kitn.-'  <•!  rk.  in  charge  of  estate*,  from 
1290;  submitted  t<>  Kdward  r-  fixation  ot  the  dmr, 
1297  ;  boron  of  the  excliequer,  13U8-7  :  acted  occasionally 
as  justice,  13O9-14;  steward  of  Wlwlnor  park 
crown  estates,  132o;  baron  of  the  exchequer.  13.'  I.  till 
death.  [lix.  »] 

WALERAND.  Unr.Kinv/.  U73X  judw  :  partisan  and 
household  officer  of  Henry  III:  frf|«imtly  employed  as 
custodian  of  manor*  and  cwtlw,  1246-62  :  sbcri  i- 
cestershlre,  1246,  of  Kent,  1231  :  justlclar,  1251-8:  none- 
M-!,:I!  of  Oasoony,  1252  :  in  attendance  on  Henry  III  in 
Oasoony,  1253-4  :  envoy  to  Pope  Alexander  IV,  ISM,  to 
Germany,  1256.  to  France.  1257  and  IMS  :  juntictar.  ISM  : 
warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1262  ;  declared  by  the  barons 
one  of  Henry  III1-  evil  iMiiiiwllon.  1263:  fought  on 
Henry  Ill's  side,  12G4  :  n-«  anh-1  by  gm.nl*  of  lands,  1249  : 
envoy  to  the  Wi-l-li,  1267  :  justiciar,  1268-71  :  one  of 
Prince  Edward's  trustees,  1270.  [Ux.  31] 

WALES,  JAMKS  (1747-1795).  painter:  painted  iwr- 
traits  and  land-cu|*-s  at  Abenleen  :  exhibited  portrait*  in 
London.   1783-91  :   resided  in    India,   painting  \*>: 
of  native  prince*  and  sketching  architectural  it-main*, 
1791-5.  [Hx.33] 


1810 :  briffadler-gcueral  and  governor  o: 
1 H30 :  his  ooUccUoo  of 


WALES,  OWEN  OP  (d.  1378). 

WALES,  WILLIAM  (  1731  7-1798),  mathematician  : 
astronomical  observer  to  the  EodMtrt  Bay  transit  of 
Venus  expedition.  1769.  and  to  Jam«-<  Cook'*  second, 
1772-4,  and  third.  1776-s  U.S..  1776  ;  mathe- 

matical master  ut  ChristV  U.Hpital,  London,  e.  1781-98; 
published  astronomical  and  statistical  paj>er«.  [lix.  33] 

WALEY.  JACOB  (1818-1873),  legal  writer  ;  educated 
in  London  :  barrister.  Lincoln1*  Inn.  1842  ;  an  eminent 
conveyancer:  a  leading  member  of  the  Jewish  com- 
munity: professor  of  political  economy,  University 
College,  London,  1854-66.  [lix.  34] 

WALEY,  SIMON  WALEY  (1827-1875),  amateur 
musician  :  stock-«xch:uige  broker  ;  a  leading  member  of 
the  London  Jews  ;  published  inu-ic  and  notes  of  travel. 

[lix.  35] 

WALEYS  or  WALENSIS.    [See  also  WAI.LKNSIS.] 

WALEY8,  WALEI8,  WALLEI8,  or  OALEY8.  8m 
HENRY  LK  (<t.  1302V),  mayor  of  London:  sheriff  of 
London,  1270:  mayor  of  Bordeaux,  1275:  knighted,  e. 
1281  :  mayor  of  London,  1273-4,  1281-4,  and  1298  :  while 
ui  office  was  severe  airainst  disturbers  of  tire  peace  and 
against  short-weight  bakera  and  millers  :  M.P..  tondon, 
1283  ;  often  abroad  on  Edward  I'a  business,  1288-97  ; 
owned  much  property  in  London.  [Ux.  3»] 

WALFORD,  CORNELIUS  (1827-1885X  writer  on 
insurance  ;  solicitor's  clerk  ;  insurance  agent  at  Withaui, 
1848  :  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  I860  ;  director  of  various 
banking  and  insurance  societiw  in  London.  1SCO-H5: 
published  standard  works  on  Insurance,  1857-78,  and 
collections  concerning  famines,  fairs,  gilds,  1877-84. 

[lix.  37] 

WALFORD,  EDWARD  (1823-1897),  compil.  r  :  M  l.o- 
lar  of  Ifcilliol  College,  Oxford,  1841;  M.A.,  1H17:  or- 
dained, 1846  ;  embraced  RomaiiUm  :  joumalist  in  London. 
1858-69  :  edital  numerous  biographical,  genealogical,  and 
topographical  works,  1855-94.  [lix.  39] 

WALFORD,  THOMAS  (1752-1833),antiqnary  ;  major 
of  militia,  1797  :  FAA^  1788  :  publUlied  '  The  Scientific 
Tourist,'  containing  descriptions  of  aiicieut  monuments, 
1818.  l»x.  «»] 

WALHOUSE,  afterwards  LITTLETON,    1  . 
JOHN,   first    BAROX    HATUKHTOX    (1791-1863).     [S«e 
LRTLKTOX.] 

WALKDEIT,  PBTBR  (1684-1769),  prcsbyterian  minU- 
ter  :  native  of  Lancashire  ;  M.A.  In  Scotland  ;  pastor 
in  Yorksh're,  17UM.  and  LaniM.-iiirv,  1711-41,  and  »t 


i  -69.    His  diary  for  1726  and  1729-30  has  been 
printed.  [Ux.  40] 

WALKELUT  or  WALCKKLDT  (<f.  1098),  bishop  of 
Wlnchestar ;  appointed  Mabop,  1070,  by  his  MnaMM.  tfst 
Conqueror ;  onsiiooaMfuUy  proposed  sub*UtuUn«  secular 

,     ,,  :.,•      ".   -   ..          ,!      A     :.       ......T  :...-.-      -\     .,- 

chatter  new  cathedral.  1079-93  ;  destroyed  UN  old  Baxoa 
.«•:..    QlaMajatf  a]  ftftjai  .1   i. -.:.-•  !..•  •  . 

1087-8.  [lix.  40] 

WALKER,  ADAM  (1731  r-lftSlXaothor and  I 
native  of  Westmoreland :  sHMauirht : 
teacher  In  the  north :  baoanw  a  trai 
physios:  settled  in  London  ;  employed  at  Kton  and  Win- 
Chester :  publb-hol  tract*  on  ventilation  and  note*  of  his 
lecture*.  [lix.  42] 

WALKER,  ALEXANDER,  first  baronrt  (1764-1W1). 
brigadier-general :  served  in  the  Bombay  army,  1780-89 ; 
uit.  1788 :  capuin,  17V7  :  political  agent  in  uaroda. 
!-•"  H:  Uentenant-colonel.  1808;  returned  to  England, 

n*  18SS- 

oriental  manuscript*  praservvi  la 
the  Bodleian.  [Ux.  42] 

WALKER,  Bin  ANDREW  BARCLAY  (18*4-1881). 
benefactor  of  Liverpool:  a  wealthy  brewer;  mayor  of 
Li  V.TI-M].  1x73  i.  1*75-7  :  birlt  Liverpool  art  gallery  and 
the  laboratories  of  Liverpool  University  College :  knighted, 
1877  :  created  baronet,  1886.  [Ux.  44] 

WALKER,    ANTHONY    (1726-1766),   draughtsman 
and  engraver :  son  of  a  Yorkshire  tailor ;  pupil  <>(  Johu 
.  -l.  v.] ;  a  noted  book  illustrator.  [lix.  44] 

WALKER,  Silt  BALDWIN  WAKE,  first  baronet 
(1802-1876),  admiral;  entered  navy,  181S;  lieutenant, 
1820:  captain.  IKJH  ;  in  the  Turkish  navy,  latterly  a« 
Yavir  Pasha.  1>3>  1..;  K.C.It.,  1841;  re-entered  the  Bri- 
tish navy,  1H45 :  surveyor  of  the  nary.  1848-60 ;  created 
baronet,  1866:  rear-admiral,  IMS;  commander-in-chicf 
at  the  Cape,  1861-4 ;  admiral,  1870.  [Ux.  44] 

WALKER,  Sin  CHARLES  PYNDAR  BEAUCHAMP 
(1817-1894),  general;  ensign.  1836;  captain,  1846;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, 1855 :  served  In  the  Crimea,  1864,  India, 
1859,  and  China,  I860:  colonel,  I860  :  military  attache  la 
Prussia,  18ti6-77 :  major-general,  1873;  Inspector-general 
of  military  ulucatiou,  1878-84;  K.C.B.,  1»81 :  Keneral, 
1884.  [hx.46] 

WALKER,  CHARLES  VINCENT  (1812-1882).  elec- 
trical engineer;  publislied  treatises  on  electric  • 
1850  :  i-livtririan  to  the  South-Bastern  Railway.  1846-8S ; 
introduced  improvements  in  telegraphy,  1848-9:  P.R&, 
1855.  [Ux.  46] 

WALKER,  CLEMENT  (</.  1651).  presbyterian  leader : 
a  Somerset  squire;  student  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
1611 :  took  the  parliamentary  side.  1642;  imprisoned  for 
pamphlets  accusing  Nathaniel  FU-nnes  of  treachery  at 
Kn-tol,1643;  M.I'.,  Wells,  1646  till  expnlled  by  •  I»ride's 
l'urge,'1648:  vigoroosly  opposol  tlie  independents ;  wrote 
:,^t  parliamentary  misrule,  1647:  prinonrr  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  1649  till  death,  on  account  of  his  *  His* 
tory  of  Independency,'  part  L,  1648,  part  U.,  1649.  part  UL 
(posthumously),  1661. 

WALKER,  DRANK  FRANKLIN (1778-1866),  science 
lecturer ;  son  of  Adam  Walker  [q.  v.]  [lix.  42] 

WALKER,  Sin  EDWARD  (1612-1677).  herald:  ser- 
vant of  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of  ArundcL,  1633-9:  pur- 
suivant, 1636 :  Chester  herald,  1638 :  in  attendance  on 
les  1, 1642-6  ;  secretary  at  war,  1642;  a  secretary  Ml 
privy  council,  1644;  Norroy  king-of-atm«,  1*44 : 


;  the 
(larU-r.  1C45:  knighted,  1645;  in 'France,  1647-8: 

••)  Charlos  I  at  Newport,  1648  ;  clerk  of  the  council 
to  cimrle*  II  at  the  Hague,  1649,and  at  Cologne,  1666: 

!  accompanied  Charles  (II)  to  Scotland.  1660 ;  returned  to 
Holland,  1650;  secretary  at  war  to  Charles  II,  1666:  a 
..f  council,  1660:  ejected  Sir  Edward  Byssbe[q.  v.], 
tl.e  parliamentary  Garter  king-of-arma,  1660;  quarrelled 
with  his  fellow  heralds  :  collected  narratives  of  the  civil 
war,  1664 ;  purchased  Shakespeare's  bouse  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  1676 ;  wrote  heraldic  tracu.  [lix.  48] 

WALKER,  ELIZABETH  (1800-1876),  engraver  and 
portrait-painter:  daughter  of  Samuel 
[q.v.]:  married,  1829, WlUiam Walker (1791-1867.  .. 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1818-60.          [lix.  89] 


WALKER 


1354 


WALKER 


WALKER.  FREDERICK  (1840-1875),  painter;  a 
Londoner:  architect's  clerk.  1H55:  art  student,  1*57; 
wood-eii.-'niver's  apprentice,  1H5H;  :i  prolific  book-illus- 
trator, 1859-65  ;  exhibited  in  oil  and  water  colours,  18G3- 

[lix.  51] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  (1581?-1651X  purifcui  divine; 
born  in  Lancashire  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1611;  rector  of  St.  John  Evangelist,  Watliug  Street,  Lon- 
don, 1614-51;  incorporated  B.D.  at  Oxford,  162 1;  engaged 
in  controversies  with  Socinians,  1014,  and  Romanists, 
1683-4  :  censured  by  Laud,  1635 ;  published  a  Sabbatarian 
treatise,  1638 ;  imprisoned  for  factious  preaching,  1638- 
1641 :  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  1643  ;  pub- 
lished theological  tracts.  [lix.  63] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  (1618-1690),  governor  of  Lon- 
donderry; educated  at  Glasgow;  incumbent  of  Lissan, 
co.  Derry,  1669,  and  of  Donaghmore,  Tyrone,  1674 ;  raised 
a  regiment  at  Dungannon,  1688  ;  joint-governor  of  Derry 
during  its  famous  siege,  April-July  1689,  the  town  being 
relieved  by  water  in  July;  sent  to  ask  pecuniary  relief 
for  Derry  in  London,  August  1689;  published  a  narrative 
of  the  siege  of  Derry,  1689 ;  bishop  designate  of  Derry ; 
honorary  D.D.  Cambridge  and  Oxford ;  at  Belfast,  March 
1690 ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyue.  [lix.  64] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  (rf.  1777),  privateer ;  served  in 
the  Dutch  navy  in  the  Levant ;  a  mercantile  captain ; 
commanded,  on  the  American  and  French  coasts,  a  pri- 
vateer ship,  1739-44,  and  a  privateer  squadron.  1744-8 ; 
mercantile  captain  in  the  North  Sea  trade.  [lix.  56] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  (1734  ?-1807),  dissenting  divine 
and  mathematician ;  studied  mathematics  at  Edinburgh, 
1761,  and  Glasgow,  1752-4;  presbyterian  minister  at 
Durham,  1757-62,  in  Norfolk,  1762-72,  and  at  Notting- 
Irun.  1774-98;  professor  at  Manchester  College,  1798- 
1803;  an  active  politician  ;  published  sermons  and  mathe- 
matical works.  [lix.  58] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  (1772-1847),  novelist ;  a  London 
bookseller  and  music  publisher,  1789-1847;  published 
romances  and  verses,  1792-1824.  [lix.  59] 

WALKER,   GEORGE  (1803-1879),  writer  on  chess; 
son  of   George  Walker  (1772-1847)  [q.  v.]  ;    a  leading 
player,  1840-7:    a  London    stockbroker,   1847-79; 
published  chess  treatises,  1832-50.  [lix.  60] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  ALFRED  (1807-1884),  sanitary 
reformer ;  studied  medicine  in  London :  qualified  as  a 
Burgeon,  1831  :  visited  Paris,  1836;  medical  practitioner 
in  London ;  agitated  against  burying  in  churches  and  in 
city  churchyards,  1839-51.  JicMx.  61] 

WALKER,  Sm  GEORGE  TOWNSHtff  j,  baronet 
(1764-1842),  general ;  entered  the  army,  1782  :  lieutenant, 
1783;  captain,  1791;  lieutenant-colonel,  1798;  major- 
general  1811:  distinguished  himself  at  Vimk-ra,  1808; 
commanded  a  Portuguese  brigade,  1811 ;  severely  wounded 
at  Badajoz,  1812;  commanded  a  British  -brigade,  and 
after\\ard>  a  division,  1813;  wounded  at  Ortbec,  1814; 
K.C.B.,  1815;  G.C.B.,  1817;  lieutenant-general,  1821; 
commander-in-chief  at  Madras,  1826-31 ;  created  baronet, 
1836 :  lieutenant-governor  of  Chelsea  Hospital,  1837-42  • 
general,  1838.  pix.  6i] 

WALKER,  GEORGE  WASHINGTON  (1ROO-1869), 
missionary ;  draper's  assistant  at  Newca«tle-on-Tyne ; 
joined  the  qnakers,  1827 ;  went  on  a  missionary  tour  to 
Australia  and  Tasmania,  1831-8,  and  South  Africa,  1838- 
<40:  married  and  settled  as  a  draper  at  Hobart  Town, 
1840 ;  published  tracts.  [ux.  63] 

WALKER,  Sin  HOVENDEN(rf.  1728),  rear-admiral; 
an  Irishman;  captain  in  the  navy,  1692-9,  1701-11  ;  rear- 
admiral  and  knighted,   1711  ;   failed  in  an   attempt  on 
Quebec,  1711:  commander-in-chief  at  Jamaica,  1712;  re-  : 
moved  from  the  list  of  admiral!.,  1715  :  went  to  Carolina    ' 
«.  1716;   published  a  journal  of  his  Canada  expedition, 
1720;  resided  latterly  in  Ireland.  [lix.  6-1] 

WALKER,  J  A  MES  (1748-1808  ?),  mezzotint  engraver  •  I 
pupil  of  Valentine  Green  [q.  v.]  ;    published   portraits, 
3:  went  to  St.  Petersburg  as  court  engraver,  1784- 
returned  to  England,  1802.  [lix.  66]    ' 

WALKER,  JAMES  (1764-1831),  rear-admiral;  served 
1™J  llavy'  177G-83'  1789-96,  1797-1818;  lieutenant, 
1781 ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1783-8 ;  commander, 


179 J;  under  censure  for  overstepping  orders,  1795-7; 
captain,  1797;  distinguished  himself  at  Campenlowu', 
17'.)7,  and  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  C.B.,  1815;  rear-admiral, 
1821.  [Hx.  i;7] 

WALKER,  JAMES  (1770?-1841),  Scottish  episcopa- 
lian bishop  ;  educated  atMarischal  College,  Aberdeen, and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.A.,  1793  ;  D.D.,  1 
travelling  tutor  in  Germany,  c.  1799;  incumbent  of  St. 
Peter's  Chapel,  Edinburgh ;  bishop  of  Edinburgh  and 
professor  in  the  Scottish  episcopalian  theological  college. 
1830-41 ;  primus,  1837  ;  published  sermons.  [lix.  68] 

WALKER,  SIR  JAMES  (1809-1885),  colonial  go- 
vernor: educated  at  Edinburgh;  clerk  in  the  colonial 
office,  1825  ;  official  at  Honduras,  1837,  in  the  West  Indie- 
1839-69,  and  Bahamas,  1869-71  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1869. 

[lix.  69] 

WALKER,  JAMES  ROBERTSON-  (1783-1868),  cap- 
tain R.N. :  by  birth  James  Robertson  ;  took  the  addi- 
tional name  Walker,  1824 ;  served  in  the  navy,  1801-15  : 
lieutenant,  1808 ;  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  bv  the 
Americans  on  Lake  Champlaiu,  September  1814 -/com- 
mander, 1815  ;  captain,  1851.  [lix.  69] 

WALKER,  JAMES  THOMAS  (1826-1896),  general, 
royal  engineers ;  son  of  a  Madras  civil  servant ;  born  at 
Cannauore,  South  India ;  trained  at  Addiscombe  and 
Chatham:  second  lieutenant,  Bombay  engineers,  is-ii; 
reached  Bombay,  1846  ;  served  in  the  Pnnjaub  campaign. 
1848-9 ;  surveyed  the  northern  frontier,  1849-53  :  fn- 
qnently  employed  in  expeditions  against  the  hill  tribe-. 
1849-60 ;  lieutenant,  1853  ;  officially  connected  with  the 
trigonometrical  survey  of  India,  1853-60;  field-engineer 
at  Delhi,  1857  ;  captain,  1857  :  major,  1858  ;  superintendent 
of  the  trigonometrical  survey,  1861-83  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1864  ;  visited  Russia,  1864  ;  edited  the  official  account  of 
the  trigonometrical  survey  from  1871;  surveyor-genera! 
of  India,  1878-83  ;  major-general,  1878 ;  general,  1884 ; 
F.R.S.,  1865 ;  hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1883 ;  wrote  on 
geographical  and  geodetical  subjects.  [lix.  70] 

WALKER.  JOHN  (d.  1588),  divine :  B.A.  Cambridge, 
1547  :  D.D.,  1569  ;  incumbent  of  Alderton,  before  1562 : 
preacher  at  Ipswich  and,  1564,  Norwich:  canon  of 
Norwich,  1569,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1575-88  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Essex,  1571-85  ;  rector  of  Laindou,  1573  ;  wrote 
theological  tracts.  [lix.  72] 

WALKER,  JOHN  (1692?-1741),  classical  scholar; 
educated  at  Wakefield  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge :  B.A.,  1713;  M.A.  and  fellow,  1717;  went  to  Paris, 
1719,  as  emissary  of  Bentley,  for  purpose  of  collecting 
various  readings  for  proposed  Grace-Latin  New  Testa- 
ment projected  by  Bentley,  c.  1716  :  at  Paris,  Brussels, 
and  elsewhere  he  collated  numerous  manuscripts  ;  many 
of  his  collections  in  Trinity  College  Library,  Cambridge  : 
dean  and  rector  of  Booking,  1725 ;  chancellor  of  St. 
David's,  1727  :  D.D.,  1728  ;  archdeacon  of  Hereford,  1729  : 
rector  of  St.  MaryAldermary.  and  incumbent  of  St.  Thomas 
the  Apostle,  London,  1730 ;  chaplain  to  George  II. 

[Suppl.  iii.  502] 

WALKER,  JOHN  (1674-1747),  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1695-1700  ; 
M.A.,  1699 ;  rector  of  St.  Mary  Major,  Exeter,  1698  ;  hon. 
D.D.  Oxford,  1714:  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1714;  pub- 
lished his  account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  clergy  dnriirj- 
the  Commonwealth  period,  1714  ;  rector  of  Upton  Pync, 
1720-47  ;  his  manuscript  col  lections  in  the  Bodleian. 

[lix.  72] 

WALKER,  JOHN  ( ft .  1800),  landscape-engraver; 
son  of  William  Walker  (1729-1793)  [q.  v.]  [lix.  4  < 

WALKER,    JOHN  (17:11-1803),  botanist:  born   ami  j 

educated  in   Edinburgh;    minister   of  Glcncorsc.    Mid-  j 

lothian,  1758-62,  of  Moffat,  1762-83,  and    of  Colinton,  I 

1783;   sent  to  report  on  the  Hebrides,  1764;   honorary  j 

M.D.  Glasgow,  and  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1765  :  professor  of  i 

natural  history,  Edinburgh,  1779-1803  ;  published  botnmV  \ 
cal  papers.                                                             [lix.  7!J 

WALKER,  JOHN (1732-1 807),  lexicographer;   acted 
in  the  provinces  and  in  London  ;  acted  in  Dublin,  1758-G2    ! 
and    1767;    quitted  the  stage,  1768;    taught  school  at    j 
Kensington,  1769-71 ;    became  a  travelling  lecturer  on   j 
elocution;    embraced  Romanism:    projected    his  'Pro- 
nouncing Dictionary,'  1774,  published  it,  1791  ;  published 
text-books  of  elocution  and  English  grammar,    [lix.  7-1] 


WALKER 


LIU 


WAT/L 


WALKER,  .I.UIN  (i;;,y  i.-o.,.  mftu  of  soicnoa:  a 
Cumberland  blacksmith;  rntfraver  at  Dublin.  1779-83; 

quiik.T 

;  k  of  geography,  1 78H,  ami  u 

> '1.4,1797: 
.M.H.  Lqrdi ...  I7M;    rktted 

pul>l:<-  race  i..i-.<ir  in  London,  l-»c  3u  ;  pubhched  miwel- 

x.  75] 

WALKER,   J<»HN  ,.   antiquary;  at  Win- 

UBnuenoseCoUax. 
-•••,  Oxford,  1707  ;   vicar  of 
Bornobcurok,    iwi»-3i  :     publish^    M>x,,mana,'    1809, 

'  Utter-   \\ntu-n    by    Kiiiin.-nt    IVrsons,'   1813,  i- 

nii-<-Hluneous  coUeotioiu;  edited  the' o.xi. 

the  '  Oxford  University  Calendar,'  l»lu.  [hx.  76] 

WALKER,  .MHN  (1768-1833),  foamier  of  tlio 
4  \Viilkt-ritrt' ;  scholar,  1788,  ami  fellow,  1791-1804,  of 
Triiuu  College,  Dublin;  1U>..  Iftio:  uUuidoiiul  Angll- 

.!!•!    luiiinlitl  :m  r\ti.-:iif  t'ulv.ni.-t   >.  . •• 
•.<•  Church  of  God,'  in  Dublin,  1*»4  ;  private  tutor 
in    Hut, hi..   1*14-19,    and    In   London    from    1819;    re- 
turn,M  to  Dublin.  1H33;  published  classical,  mathemati- 
cal,  and  controversial  works.  [lix.  77] 

WALKER,  JOHN  (1781  7-1859),  drngglst  In  Stockton- 
1818;  invented  a  friction  match,  1827.  [liz.  77] 

WALKER,  JOSEPH  COOPER  (1761-1810),  Irish 
antiquary;  published  papers  on  Irish  history  and  an- 
tiquities, and  011  the  Italian  drama.  [lix.  78] 

WALKER,  OBADIAH  (1616-1699), Oxford  Romanist ; 
a  Yorkshireman  :  fellow  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
1633,  till  ejected  by  the  parliamentary  viuitors,  1648; 
came  uuder  the  influence  of  Abraliam  Woodhead  [q.  v.]  : 
M.A.,  1638;  tutor  and  bursar  of  his  college;  visited 
Koine.  1048;  private  tutor  in  Surrey,  1650;  recovered  bis 
fellowship,  1660 ;  visited  Home,  1C61-6 :  recovered  his 
tutorship,  1665  ;  a  delegate  of  the  Oxford  University 
Press,  1667 ;  elected  master  of  University  College,  Oxford, 
June  1676 ;  suspected  of  Humanism,  1678-80 :  publicly 
professed  Romanism  after  James  II's  accession,  January 
1686 ;  opened  a  Romanist  chapel  in  his  college,  August 
1686,  and  a  Romanist  press,  1687 :  left  Oxford,  November 
1688 ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  December  1688- 
January  1690  ;  ejected  from  his  mastership,  February 
1689 ;  excepted  from  the  act  of  pardon,  1690;  withdrew 
to  the  continent ;  lived  latterly  on  private  charity  in 
London;  published  educational  works  and  theological 
treatises.  [lix.  78] 

WALKER.  RICHARD  (1679-1764),  vice-master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  1710:  D.D.,  1728:  curate  at  Upwell, 
1708;  junior  bursar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1717, 
and  rice-master,  1734 ;  supported  the  master,  Richard 
Beutley  (1662-1742)  [q.  v.],  throughout  his  quarrel  with 
the  fellow*  of  Trinity  College ;  appointed  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  Cambridge,  1744:  rector  of  Thorp- 
land.  1745-67,  and  of  Upwell,  1757  ;  founded  the  Univer- 
sity Botanical  Garden,  Cambridge,  1768.  [lix.  81] 

WALKER,  ROBERT  (rf.  1658 ?X  portrait-painter; 
painted  portraits  of  Cromwell  and  other  parliamentary 

•....I  T-.   '  [lix.  82] 

WALKER,  ROBERT  (1709-1808),  styled  '  Wonderful 
Walker'  by  Cumberland  peasantry:  native  of.  school- 
in:i-t«T  of,  and  finally,  1735  tilt  death,  curate  of  Smtli- 
waite.  Borrowdale,  Cumberland ;  commemorated  by 
Wordsworth.  [lix.  82] 

WALKER,  ROBERT  FRANCIS  (1789-1854).  trans- 
lator ;  chorister  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  chaplain 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  1812 :  M.A.,  1813 :  curate  at 
Purleigh,  1H19-48 ;  translated  German  evangelical  theo- 
logy, 1836-44.  [lix.  88] 

WALKER,  SAMUEL(1714-1761),  evangelical  divine : 
B.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1736 :  travelling  tutor  in 
France,  1738-40 ;  vicar  of  Lanlivery,  1740-6;  rector  of 
Truro.  174t>-f,l  ;  vicar  of  Talland,  174«-«8:  corre- 
spondent  of  John  ami  Clmrles  Wesley;  many  of  his 
sermons  published  posthumously.  [lix.  84] 

WALKER,  SAYER  (1748-1826),  physician  ;  presby- 
terian  minister  at  En  field :  M.D.  Aberdeen,  1791 ;  ac- 
coucheur in  London  from  1798.  [lix.  86] 


WALKER  (179*-184«).     [Sec 

WlU.IV  M  MKNEV.] 

WALKEE.  U98-1744),  actor  and  dm- 

tnatist: 

.  :-.          ;.  ,;,  :v.  :.,  .    . .  ;.  ..  • 

Opera,'  1788;  brought  out  some  poor  aduptatiow  and 

'•••:,• i... .....  . •  -11    -•:. 


WALKER,  THOMA8(17«4-1B$6X  police  maffUtrato 
•  (rfaMaa       ••  :   oMoa  m  •  k«b<     \: 


tad  -i  Mm 


TIIM.MA> 


>  <iH28-18i6XioanaIlst:bmla 
^If-uoght  ;  reporter  In  Loodoo. 


earnnter  ^If-uoght  ;  reporter  In  Loodoo. 

1H46  ;  a  nub-editor  of  the  •  Daily  New*,*  18Sl.aod  editor! 
1  868-69  :  editor  of  the  •  London  Oaaette,'  \W>-m. 


WALKEE,  THOMAS  LA  UK  INS  (./. 
toct;  pupil  of  Augtwtiw  Cf»r>«  PuKin  [q.  v.]  ;  de«med 
several  ohurches  and  matisious,  18S8-48;  pobUsbed 
arohiteotural  treaU«»  ;  died  at  Hong  Kong,  I860. 

[lix.  881 

WALKEE.  WILLIAM  (168»-1684X  schoolmaster  ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  :  head-master  of  Loath 
and  Grantham  schools  ;  vicar  of  Colnterworth  ;  pubU«hed 
grammatical  text-boolu,  includiug,  1673,  •  A  Treatise  of 
English  Particles.'  [Ux.«»J 

WALKER,  WILLIAM  (1729-1793),  engraver  :  a  pro- 
line  book-illustrator.  [lix.  44] 

WALKER,  WILLIAM  (17677-1816),  lecturer  on  as- 
tronomy ;  cldext  son  of  Adam  Walker  [q.  v.]  [lix.  48] 

WALKEE,  WILLIAM  (  1791-1867X  engraver  :  learnt 
engraving  in  Edinburgh  ;  went  to  London,  1815;  en- 
graved portrait*  and  subject-pictures.  [lix.  SB] 

WALKEE,  WILLIAM  slDNT.Y  (1795-1848).  alway* 
rnlUil  s  11  INKY  WALKKK;  Shakespearenn  critic;  began 
writing  verses,  1808:  at  Eton,  1«11-15;  15.A.  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  1819;  fellow,  1x20-9:  publUbal 
verses,  1813-16;  eilited  'Corpus  I'octarum  Latinoram.* 
iMjh;  dependent  on  private  charity  fmai  l«io  ;  hi« 
letters  and  poems  published,  1862,  and  his  Shakejoeare 
noUsi  edited  by  Lcttsom  as  '  Shakespeare's  Versification,' 
1854,  and  'A  Critical  Examination  of  the  Text  of 
Shakespeare,'  1860.  [lix.  89] 

WALKER-AKNOTT,  GEORGE  ARXOTT  (179- 
1868).  [See  ARXOTT.] 

WALKINOAJIE,  FRANCIS  (  rf.  1751-l7h5).  writing- 
master  R  Kensington  :  published  '  The  Tutor's  Assistant,* 
a  school  arithmetic,  1761.  [lix.  90] 

WALKIKOTON,   NICHOLAS  DK  (Jl.  1193?).    [Sco 

Ninii'i.As.] 

WALKIKOTON,  THOMAS  (rf.  1621  ).  author  of  'Tin* 
Optick  Glasse  of  Humors'  (a  foreniniicr  of  burton'* 
•Anatomy  of  Melancholy'),  1607,  aud  some  expositor) 
tracts  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  l«oo  ;  D.D. 
Cambridge,  1613  ;  fellow,  1608  ;  vicar  of  lUuudm  1608  ; 
rector  of  Wadiugham  St.  Mary,  1610  ;  vicar  of  Fulhnm. 
1615.  [Ux.  91] 

WALKIN8HAW,  CLEMENTINA  (1786?-  1808XmU- 
tre*s  of  Prince  Charles  K  Iwanl  ;  ilaiu'hUT  of  a  Romanbt 
S-otti.-h  Jacobite  exile;  brol  ut  Koine;  met  Charts. 
Ktlward  in  Scotland,  1746  ;  joined  him,  probably  in  Paris. 
1752  ;  travelled  with  him  as  his  wife  mid.  r  various  aliaw*  : 
believed  by  the  Jacobite*  to  have  betrayed  Prince  Charic* 
Edward's  plans  to  her  «i»t«r  Catherine,  n  confidante  of 
George  Ill's  mother  ;  gave  birth  to  a  daughter,  CharlotU- 
Stuart  (legitimated,  1784,  died.  17-J),  ck-toi 
separata!  from  Prince  Cbarlw  Edwanl  in  consequence  of 
hi.«  ill-usage,  1760:  pensioned  by  hla  father,  James  'III.* 
and,  1766,  by  his  brother,  the  Cardinal  of  York  ;  rtytel 
Comtewe  d'Albertroff  ;  withdrew  to  Swltierland,  1798: 
died  at  Freiburg.  [lix.  91] 

WALL,  JOHN  (1688-1666),  divine:  educHtcl 
minster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  lei 
1828  ;  vicar  of  St.  AldateV,  Oxford.  1617  :  canon  of  Chrirt 
Church,  Oxford,  1632,  and  of  Salitbary.  1644.  both  till 
death  :  benefactor  of  Oxford  city  ;  publulwi  sermon*. 


WALL, 


1356 


WALLACE 


WALL,  JOHN"  (1708-1776),  physician  :  entered  Wor- 

, ford,   172G  ;  fellow  of  Merton  College, 

»\forl.  173".  :  M.D.,  1759;  practised  at  Worcester,  173G- 

1776  ;  published  medical  tracts,  1744-75.  [Hx.  93] 

WALL.  .lo-KI'H  (1737-1802),  governor  of  Corec 
•  ,M!iil'i:i)  :  :m  Irishman;  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  1752  ;  entered  the  army,  1760  ;  served  at  Havana, 
1 7i'.'.' :  captain,  1763  ;  official  of  the  East  India  Company  at 
Komtiiiv  ;  secretary  at  Gorce,  1773 ;  visited  Ireland  and 
l.nn.lun  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Gorce,  1779-82  ;  fled  to 
I'm ncu  to  escape  prosecution  for  murderous  cruelty 
during  his  governorship,  1784  :  returned  to  England, 
1797 :  at  last  brought  to  trial,  1802,  and  executed. 

[lix.  94] 

WALL,  MARTIN  (1747-1824),  physician;  sou  of 
John  Wall  (1708-1776)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Winchester  ; 
fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1763-78;  M.D.,  1777; 
physician  to  the  Radcliffe  infirmary,  1775,  and  lecturer  on 
chemistry,  Oxford,  1781  ;  professor  of  clinical  medicine, 
1785-1824 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1787  ;  Harveian  orator,  1788  :  F.R.S., 
1788.  [lix.  95] 

WALL,  RICHARD  (1694-1778),  Spanish  statesman  ; 
an  Irishman  ;  served  in  the  Spanish  fleet,  1718  ;  captain 
of  dragoons :  secretary  to  the  Spanish  embassy  at  St. 
Petersburg,  1727  ;  served  in  Italy  and  the  West  Indies  ; 
negotiated  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1747-8  ;  Spanish 
ambassador  in  London,  1748  ;  recalled  to  Madrid,  1752  ; 
foreign  minister ;  secretary  of  state,  1754-64 ;  pensioned  ; 
liyed  latterly  at  Granada.  [lix.  96] 

WALL,  WILLIAM  (1647-1728),  divine  :  M.A.  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1070  (incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1676)  ; 
lion.  D.D.,  1720  :  appointed  vicar  of  Shoreham,  1674  ; 
rector  of  Milton-nevt-Gruvescnd,  1708-28 ;  published 
treatises  on  '  Infant  Baptism,'  1705-20,  and  on  biblical 
criticism.  [lix.  97] 

WALLACE,  EGLANTINE,  LADY  WALLACE  (d. 
1803),  authoress  ;  tuie  Maxwell  ;  married,  1770,  Thomas 
Dun  lop  Wallace,  who  styled  himself  a  baronet  ;  separated 
from  her  husband,  c.  1783;  travelled  from  1789;  pub- 
lished verses,  three  comedies,  and  other  writings  ;  died  at 
Munich.  [Hx.  97] 

WALLACE.  GEORGE  (d.  1805  ?),  Scottish  advocate 
(1754);  sou  of  Robert  Wallace  (1697-1771)  [q.  v.]  ;  pub- 
lished verses  and  Scottish  law  tracts.  [lix.  103] 

WALLACE,  GRACE,  LADY  WALLACE  (<f.  1878), 
authoress :  nie  Stein  ;  married,  1829,  Sir  Alexander 
Don  (d.  1826),  baronet :  married,  1836,  Sir  James  Max- 
well Wallace  ;  translated,  from  German  and  Spanish, 
romances  and  collections  of  letters.  [liif,  98] 

WALLACE,  JAMES  (d.  1678),  covenanter  :  inherited 
Auchans,  Ayrshire,  1641 ;  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
parliamentary  army;  served  in  Ireland,  1642-5  ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Kilsyth,  1645  ;  governor  of  Belfast,  1649 ; 
taken  prisoner  at  Dunbar,  1650  ;  joined  the  Pentland 
rising,  1666  ;  escaped  to  Holland  ;  outlawed,  1667  ;  died 
at  Rotterdam.  [lix.  98] 

WALLACE,  JAMES  (d.  1688),  writer  on  Orkney  ; 
JLA.  Aberdeen,  1659 :  minister  of  Ladykirk,  Orkney, 
c.  1660 ;  minister  of  Kirkwall,  1672 ;  his  '  Description  of 
Orkney  '  published,  1693.  [lix.  99] 

WALLACE,  JAMES  (fl.  1684-1724),  M.D.  ;  son  of 
Jamej  Wallace  (d.  16H8)  [q.  v.]  ;  republished  his  father's 
book,  1700  ;  F.R.8. ;  visited  Darien  ;  published  a  history 
of  Scotland,  1721.  [lix.  100] 

WALLACE,  Sin  JAMES  (1731  -  1803),  admiral  ; 
served  in  thu  navy,  1748-H2  and  1790-7,  chiefly  in  the 
West  Indies  and  on  the  North  American  coast ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1765  ;  commander,  17G2;  captain,  1771  ;  knighted, 

1777  ;  rear-admiral,  1794  ;  admiral,  1801.  [lix.  100] 

WALLACE.  Sin  JOHN  ALEXANDER  DUN  LOP 
AGXEW  (1775V-1857),  general;  son  of  Eglantine 
Wallace,  hvly  Wallace  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign,  1787  ;  captain, 
179G  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1804;  servel  in  India,  1789-96, 
Minorca,  1798,  Egypt,  1801-2,  and  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsula,  I«u9-12  ;  major-general,  Ibl9;  K.C.B., 
J  *33  ;  general,  1851.  [lix.  101] 

WALLACE,  Sin  RICHARD,  baronet  (1818-1890), 
.•onnoiHwur  ;  supposed  natural  son  of  Maria  (Fagnani), 
march '.ones.-  of  Hertford ;  brought  upas  Richard  Jackson, 


chiefly  at  Paris  :  sold  his  art  collections  at  Paris,  1857 : 
inherited  Hertford  House,  London,  from  his  half-brother, 
1870;  equipped  ambulances  for  the  French  service  and 
helped  besieged  Paris,  1870-1;  created  baronet,  1871; 
M.P.,  Lisburn,  1873-85;  founded  the  Hertford  British 
hospital  in  Paris  ;  died  in  Paris  ;  the  great  Hertford- 
Wallace  collection  of  pictures  was  bequeathed  to  the 
nation  by  his  widow,  1897.  [lix.  102] 

WALLACE,  ROBERT  (1697-1771),  writer  on  popula- 
tion ;  entered  Edinburgh  University,  1711;  minister  of 
Moffat,  1723-33,  of  Grey  Friars,  Edinburgh,  1733-8,  and 
of  New  North  Church,  Edinburgh,  1738-71 ;  hon.  D.D. 
Edinburgh,  1759;  published  dissertations  on  social 
questions,  1753-61 ;  believed  to  have  stimulated  Malthas 
by  a  passage  in  his  'Various  Prospects  of  Mankind, 
Nature,  and  Providence,'  17(51.  [lix.  103] 

WALLACE,  ROBERT  (1791-1850),  Unitarian  divine; 
studied  at  the  Unitarian  college,  York,  1810-15 ;  had  a 
private  school  at  Chesterfield,  1815-31 ;  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Manchester  College,  1840-6 ;  Unitarian  minister 
at  Biith,  1846  ;  contributed  to  theological  journals  ;  com- 
piled '  Anti-trinitarian  Biography,'  1850.  [lix.  103] 

WALLACE,  ROBERT  (1773-1855),  postal  reformer  ; 
inherited  Kelly,  Ayrshire,  1805  ;  agitated  for  parliamen- 
tary reform  ;  M.P.,  Greenock,  1831-46 ;  advocated  penny 
postage.  [lix.  104] 

WALLACE,  ROBERT  (1831-1899),  divine  and  member 
of  parliament ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews  University,  1853 ; 
licensed  preacher,  1857;  held  charge  of  Trinity  College 
Church,  Edinburgh,  1860-71,  and  of  Old  Greyfriars,  1871 ; 
D.D.  Glasgow,  1869;  appointed  by  crown  professor  of 
chnrch  history,  Edinburgh  University,  1872 ;  supported 
theological  views  and  ecclesiastical  reforms  advocated  by 
Dr.  Robert  Lee  (1804-1868;  [q.  v.],  and  took  prominent 
part  in  religious  controversy  ;  left  church,  1876,  and  was 
editor  of  the '  Scotsman '  newspaper,  1876-80;  called  to 
bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1883  ;  radical  M.P.  for  East  Edin- 
burgh, 1886-99.  [Suppl.  iii.  504] 

WALLACE,  THOMAS,  BAROX  WALLACE  (1768-1844), 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1790 ; 
D.C.L.,  1793;  M.P.,  Grampound,  1790,  Penrhyn,  1796, 
Hindon,  1802,  Shaftesbury,  1807,  Weymouth,  1812,  1818, 
1820,  and  1826,  and  Cockermouth.  1813  ;  a  commissioner 
of  the  admiralty,  1797-1800,  and  of  the  India  board, 
1800-4,  1807-16 ;  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade, 
1818-23;  master  of  the  mint,  1823-7;  created  Baron 
Wallace,  1828.  [lix.  105] 

WALLACE,  VINCENT  (1813-1865.)  [See  WALLACE, 
WILLIAM  VINCENT.] 

WALLACE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1272?-1305),  Scottish 
patriot  and  hero  of  romance;  occurs  as  WALAYS  and 
WALLKXSIS;  second  son  of  Malcolm  Wallace,  a  small 
landowner  at  Elderslie,  near  Paisley ;  had  an  elder  brother, 
Malcolm,  a  knight,  killed  after  1299,  and  a  younger 
brother,  John,  executed  in  1307 ;  educated  partly  at 
Dundee;  organised  the  Scottish  insurgents  in  the  name  of 
King  John  [de  Baliol]  of  Scotland  in  the  spring  of  1297  ; 
killed  Sir  William  Hezelrig,  the  English  sheriff  of  Lanark, 
1297 ;  became  joint-warden  of  Scotland  ;  defeated  at 
Irvine,  July  1297 ;  retired  to  Selkirk  forest,  August ; 
drove  the  English  out  of  Perth,  Stirling,  and  Lanark 
shires,  1297 ;  besieged  Dundee  and  Stirling  castles  ;  de- 
feated the  English  army  at  Stirling  bridge,  September 
1297  ;  raised,  partly  by  compulsion,  a  larger  army  :  drove 
out  more  English  garrisons ;  ravaged  Northumberland, 
Westmoreland,  and  Cumberland,  1297;  protected  the 
monks  of  Hexham,  1297 ;  is  found  styled,  in  a  charter, 
knight,  and  warden  of  Scotland,  March  1298;  defeated 
with  great  slaughter  by  Edward  I  at  Falkirk,  22  July 
1298 ;  resigned  the  wardenship  of  Scotland ;  kept  up  a 
guerilla  warfare  till  August  1299  ;  withdrew  to  Franco 
after  August  1299  ;  sought  aid  for  Scotland  from  Norway 
and  France,  and  solicited  the  intervention  of  Pope 
Boniface  VIII :  imprisoned  for  a  time  at  Amien?,c.  1300  : 
possibly  visited  Home;  finally  denied  help  by  Pope 
Boniface  VIII,  August  1302,  and  by  Philip  of  France, 
November  1302  ;  conducted  a  guerilla  warfare  in  Scot- 
land, 1303-5 ;  was  outlawed  by  Edward  I,  1304 ;  taken 
prisoner  by  treachery  near  Glasgow  ;  brought  to  London, 
22  Aug.  1305,  tried  in  Westminster  Hall,  23  Aug.,  and 
executed  24  Aug.,  his  quarters  gibbeted  at  Newcastle-on- 
Tyue,  Berwick,  Stirling,  and  Perth.  [lix.  106] 


WALLACE 


LOT 


W4XLBB 


WALLACE,  WILLIAM  (1768-1843X 
txiokUnder's  apprentice  ami  booksdle 
ivlmt.urvh  ;  mathematical  teac»*T  at  Perth, 
Jln-at  .Marlow  nnl'Uiry  i-i-hool,  1HU3; 
matics,  rMinl.mvh.  I'xia  3*;  LL.D."  Edinburgh,  1838; 
invent.!)  of  the  eidograph  ami  the  cborograph;  con- 
tribut*-!  to  muth.-matt.-ul  |Q|  [lix.  lift] 

WALLACE,     WILLIAM    (1844-1897),    philosopher: 
rducMt.-l  iit    M.  Andrews  and  Ballloi  Collcgr, 
M.A.,  1871  ;  fellow  of  Merton  Coll.ve,  Oxford,  18C7,  ami 
tutor,  1868-97  ;    Wliyte  profwwor  of  moral  philosophy, 

i.   1888-97:    chief  work*.  -The   Logic  of   "— 
(translated  from  Hegel's  •  Encyclopedia  of  PI 
Science* '),  1873, •  Hegel's  Phikwophy  of  Mind  •  (I 
tion),  and '  The  Life  of  Arthur  Schopenhauer,'  189U. 

tl.x.  116] 

WALLACE,  WILLIAM  VINCENT  (1813-1866), 
musical  compowr  ;  generally  called  VINCKTT  WALLACK; 
organist  of  Thurles  Cathedral,  1889  ? ;  professional  mud- 
dan  In  Dublin,  1889-34;  a  good  violinist;  went  to 
Australia,  1836  ;  went  on  profe^lonal  tour*  in  Tasmania, 
New  Zealand,  India,  and  South  America ;  brought  out 
two  operas  in  London,  184*  and  1847;  vislUsl  Germany 
and  North  and  South  America ;  returned  to  iBflMsi, 
1863 ;  brought  out  four  operas,  1860-3 ;  died  in  South 
France  ;  a  voluminous  composer.  [1.x.  116] 

WALLACK,  HENRY  JOHN  (1790-1870),  actor:  tint 
appeared  iu  IliallM  1821,  and  In  Loudou,  1889  ;  died  In 
New  York,  [hi.  117] 

WALLACK,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1791  ?- 1864),  actor  ; 
appeared  in  pantomime,  1798 ;  acted  chiefly  in  London, 
1804-45,  with  occasional  visit*  to  Dublin  and  the  United 
States ;  withdrew  to  the  United  States,  1846  ;  settled  In 
Ni-w  York  as  manager  of  Wallack's  theatre,  1868;  excel- 
lent in  melodrama  aud  light  comedy,  indifferent  in 
tragedy.  [lix.  117] 

WALLACE,  JOHN  JOHNSTONE(1819-1888X  actor: 
known  as  LRKTKK  WAI.LACK:  ton  of  James  William 
Wallack  [q.  v.]  ;  born  in  New  York :  acted  in  the  pro- 
vinces and  Dublin:  met  with  great  success  in  the 
United  States,  1847  onwards  ;  died  in  Connecticut :  pub- 
lished memoirs.  [lix.  119] 

WALLEHSIS,  WALEKSIS,  or  OALEHSI8,  JOHN 
(/.  1215),  canon  lawyer;  of  Welsh  origin:  probably 
lecturer  at  Bologna ;  wrote  legal  treatises.  [Ux.  119] 

WALLENSIS  or  WALEY8,  JOHN  (/.  1283),  Fran- 
ciscan ;  D.D.  Oxford ;  theological  teacher  iu  the  Fran- 
ciscan school  in  Oxford,  and,  1260,  at  Paris ;  envoy  to  the 
insurgent  Welsh,  1282  ;  died  ill  Paris  ;  theological  writ- 
ings of  his  arc  found  in  numerous  manuscripts  and  early 
printed  editions.  [lix.  119] 

WALLENSIS  or  GUALEH8I8,  THOMAS  (<l.  1255), 
bishop  of  St.  David  V;  a  Welshman:  canon  of  Lincoln, 
1235;  D.D.  Paris,  1238;  archdeaooa  of  Lincoln,  1238; 
bishop  of  St.  David'f,  1247-55  :  joined  iu  excommuni- 
cating all  violators  of  the  Great  Charter,  1253.  [lix.  121] 

WALLENSIS,  THOMAS  (d.  1310).    [See  JORZ.] 

WALLENSIS  or  WALEYB,  THOMAS  (d.  1360?), 
Dominican :  probably  a  Welshman  :  educate  1  at  Oxford 
and  Paris :  D.D. ;  imprisoned  at  Avignon  for  asserting 
the  papally  condemned  doctrine  of  the  saint*'  immediate 
vi-ion  of  God,  1333-4  ;  some  theological  treatises  by  him, 
including  a  commentary  on  St.  Augustine's  •  De  CiviUte 
Dei,'  are  extant  in  manuscripts.  [lix.  181] 

WALLER,  AUGUSTUS  VOLNEY  (1818-1870),  phy- 
siologist ;  brought  up  a  vegetarian :  M.D.  Paris,  1840 ; 
practitioner  in  Kensington,  1841-51 :  F.RJ3.,  1851  ;  con- 
ducted physiological  researches  at  Bonn,  1861-6,  and 
Paris,  1866':  professor  of  physiology,  liinninsham,  1858: 
practitioner  at  Geneva,  1868  ;  invented  the  degeneration 
method  of  studying  the  paths  of  nerve  impulse*:  pub- 
lished important  papers  on  the  nervous  system  :  dial  at 
Geneva.  l»*-  »«] 

WALLER,  EDMUND  (1606-1687),  poet:  inherited 
Beaconsfield,  Buckinghamshire,  1616:  educated  at  Kton 
aud  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1622;  M.P.  (possibly  for  Amersbam),  1621,  1! 
1624,  Chipping  Wycombe,  1626,  Amersham,  1628  and 
1640  ;  married  Anne  Banks  (d.  1684),  a  London  heiress, 


;  informed 


larles  1's  jtxlgw,  1649:  major- 
of  Ireland,  1660-1 ;  ftapported 
nds  in  county  Umerick,  1667 ; 


1631;  paid  poetic  court  to  •SacharW  [sse 
»Y],  1636 :  his  verss*  circulate!  in 
Ives,   Long  parliament,  164O; 

Crawley  [q.  ».].  1641 :  oppossd  the  raistng  of  troops  by 

parliament,  1648;  commT.Soner  to  treat  irtth  Chart.  I 

at  Oxford,  February   1643 :   leader  in  a  plot  (•  Waller's 

plot')  to  M-ize  London  for  Charles  I,  Muy  f«43  :  ' 

against  his  feUow-ploUevn  to  save  his  life: 

the  House  of  Commons,  July  1643 ;  prisoner  in' the  Tow 

of  London,  1643  4 :  fined  atid  ban 

married  Mary  Dracey  (d.  1677)  and  withdrew  to  Parts ; 

'.:•:••        •    ;   .  .     .•  .     •       .       •:. 

1661.  by  Cromwell's  Influence,  on  which  ha 
to  England  ;  a  commissioner  of  trade.  166*: 

-,.r,       ......      ,   ,      ,    ....,      .    .. 

rejoicing  on  Cromwell's  death.  1668.   and  Charles   I IV 
Restoration,  1660 ;  M.P.,  Hastings,  1661,  sitting  in  the 

li.-.   ,...«•,...:,,.::.«  ./  .         .       .. 

toleration;  published  'Divine  ItMms,'  1686.    A  •becond 
part 'of  his  poems  ap 

WALLER,  SIR  HARDRESS  (1604  ?  1666?). 
kniKhu-d,  1689 :  acquired  Castletown.  Limerick,  by  mar- 
riage, 1630;  served  as  colonel  against  the  Irish  rebrls. 
1641 ;  visited  England  to  ask  help  tor  Ireland  from  par- 
liament  and  (hark*  I,  1648 :  governor  of  Cork.  1644 : 
commanded  a  parliamentary  regiment  in  England.  April 
1646-9 :  acted  as  one  of  diaries  1's  judges,  1649:  n 
general  in  the  re-conquest  of 
Croinucll,  1653;  granted  Ui  " 
seized  Dublin  castle,  1669;  sent  to  Knglan.1. 
withdrew  to  France,  e.  1600  ;  stool  his  trial  as  a  ; 
October  1660 ;  imprisoned,  October  1660  till  death. 

[lix.  117] 

WALLER,  HORACE  (1833-1896\  writer  on  Africa : 

ntral  Africa,  1861-8 ;  bcueftced  in  K«- 
nud  Northamptonshire,  1874-96;  wrote  against  the  slave- 
trade.  [Hx.  189] 

WALLER,  JOHN  FRANCIS  (1810-1894),  author: 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1831  ;  called  to  the  Irish 
bar,  1833 ;  contributed  verse  and  prose  to  the  •  Dublin 
University  Magazine* :  hon.  LL.D.  Dublin,  1868 :  lived 
Utterly  in  London  as  a  man  of  letters.  [lix.  189] 

WALLER.  RICHARD  (1395  7-1468?),  soldier  and 
official :  fought  at  Agincourt,  1415 ;  warder  of  tbe  Duke 
of  Orleans  while  prisoner.  1416 ;  fought  at  Yemeni  1,  1484  : 
sheriff  of  Surrey  and  Sussex,  1434.  ami  of  Kent,  1439: 
master  of  the  household  to  Cardinal  IVaufort,  1439:  served 
in  France,  1443;  an  official  of  Henry  YI,  1460-8 ;  em- 
ployed by  Edward  IV,  1461.  [lix.  130] 

WALLER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1597  7-1668),  parliamen- 
tary general:  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Ox 
Bohemia,  1620,  and  the  Palatinate,  1« 
1622  ;  married  a  Devonshire  heiress ;  fined  for  brawling 
at  court:  M.P.,  Andover,  Long  parliament,  1640 :  colond 
of  parliamentary  horse;  took  Portsmouth  and  other 
royalist  holds,  1G42;  hence  nicknamed  •  William  tbe  Con- 
H-.i.-ior '  :  commanded  an  army  in  tbe  we»t,  1643,  taking 
Malmesbnry  and  relic-vim:  Gloucester  (March),  defeating 
the  royalists  in  Momnoiith  and  Wales,  taking  Hereford 
(April),  fighting  Sir  Ralph  llopton  at  Lansdowne  (6  JulyX 
beiinf  defeated  at  Houndway  Down  (17  July),  falling 
back  to  Bristol  ami  returning  to  London  (August):  ob- 
tained fresh  troops  in  London,  Novi-mU-r.  1643:  defeated 
Lord  Crawford  at  Alton.  December  1643 :  took  Arundei 
Castle,  January,  1644  :  defeated  tbe  royalists  at  Cberiton. 
March  1644:  advanced  on  Oxfonl,  May  1644;  worsted 
at  Cropredy  Bridge,  June  1644 :  shared  the  command  a* 
Newbury.  October  1644 :  sent  to  relievo  Tannton,  Fe- 
bruary 1645,  but  removed  from  command  by  tbe  self -deny- 
ing ordinance,  April  1645  :  became  a  presbyterian  leader 
in  parliament ;  regarded  by  tbe  army  a*  their  chief  enemy. 
1647 ;  began  to  levy  troops  to  mist  the  army,  June 
1647 ;  withdrew  to  Prance,  August  1647 :  returned  a»\ 
urged  making  terms  with  Charles  1, 1648 :  kept  prisoner 
by  tbe  army,  1648-51 :  arrested  on  suspicion  by  Cromwell. 
1668;  actively  plotted  for  a  royalist  risinf  In  thefpriw 
of  1669  :  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1669 :  recovered 
his  place  in  parliament,  February  1S60;  sat  on  W* 
council  of  state  and  urged  Charles  II*s  recall ;  M.I'., 
Westminster.  1660,  in  the  Convention  parliament,  but 
obtained  nothing  at  the  Restoration.  IIU  autobiographical 
papers  appeared  posthumouMy .  I Hx.  131  ] 


WALLER 


1358 


WALLOP 


WALLER.  SIK  WILLIAM  <-/.  1 G99),  informer  ;  son  of 

Mr    William    W:ill«-r  ( 15H7  V-1668)  [q.  v.] ;    a   Middlesex 

justice;  active  au'aitist    Komanists   during    'the  popish 

i  from  the  commission  of  tin-  peace, 

April,    losu;  .M.I'.,  We*tminsUT,  1G79  and   1681;  tied   to 
Holland,  1UM.'  :  returned  to  England,  November,  1688. 

[lix.  135] 
WALLEYS.     [S-c  WAU.KXSIS.] 

WALLICH.  r.KollGE  CHARLES  (1815-1899),  natu- 
ralist ;  son  of  Nathaniel  Wallich  [q.  v.]  ;  M.D.  Edinburgh, 
1836;  army  surgeon  in  India.  1838-ftG  ;  published  two 
works  on  marine  biology,  including  'The  North  Atlantic 
Sea-bud.'  1862.  [lix.  136] 

WALUCH,  NATHANIEL  (1786-1854),  botanist;  n 
Dune:  M.D.  I'openhagen  ;  surgeon  at  Seraiuporc,  India, 
1807-13;  superintendent  of  Calcutta  botanic  gardens, 
1815-50 :  collected  plants  in  India  and  Bunnah  :  brought 
great  collections  to  London,  1828  ;  F.R.S.,  1829 ;  R.A.S. ; 
published  'Plantoe  Asiatic®  Rariores,'  1830-2;  went 
back  to  India,  c.  1833 :  explored  Assam  ;  returned  to 
England,  1847 ;  settled  in  London.  [lix.  135] 


WALLLNGFORD,      VISCOUNT     (1547-1632). 
KNOI.LYS,  WILLIAM,  EAHL  OP  BAXBURY.] 


[See 


WALLINGFORD,  JOHN  OP  (d.  1258),  compiler  or 
transcriber  of  a  chronicle  (A.D.  449-1035)  ;  became  a 
monk  of  St.  Albaus,  1231.  [lix.  136] 

WALLINGFORD,  RICHARD  OP  (1292  ?-1336).  [See 
RICHARD.] 

WALLINGFORD,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1488?),  abbot  of 
St.  Albans ;  entered  St.  Albans  very  young ;  afterwards 
studied  at  Oxford  ;  archdeacon  of  the  abbey  before  1451 ; 
candidate  for  the  ubbotship,  1452  ;  prior,  retaining  the 
archdeaconry,  1465  ;  elected  abbot,  1476 ;  possibly  patron 
of  the  printing  press  at  St.  Albans,  1480-6 ;  an  able  ad- 
ministrator ;  added  to  the  abbey  buildings.  [lix.  136] 

WALLINGTON,  NEHEMIAH  (1598-1658),  puritan  ; 
a  turner  in  London ;  prosecuted  for  owning  proliibited 
puritan  books,  1639 ;  kept  notes  of  private  nnd  public 
matters,  1583  onwards.  [lix.  138] 

WALLIS,  Miss,  afterwards  MRS.  CAMPBELL  (fl.  1789- 
1814),  actress;  acted  in  Dublin  (c.  1782),  in  the  provinces 
in  London  (1789),  in  Bath  and  Bristol  (1789-94),  in  London 
<1794-7);  married,  and  left  the  stage,  1797;  reappeared 
without  success,  in  London,  1813,  and  in  Bath,  1813-14. 

WALLIS,  GEORGE  (1740-1802),  physician^'  M.D. ; 
practised  in  York,  and  1776  onwards  in  London ;  pub- 
lished dramatic  pieces,  satires,  and  medical  tracts. 

WALLIS,  GEORGE  (1811-1891),  keeper  of  South 
Kensington  Museum  ;  art  teacher  in  Manchester  (1832-7) 
London  (1841-3),  and  Birmingham  (1852-8) ;  keeper  of  the 
art  collections,  South  Kensington,  1858-90 :  on  the  staff 
of  the  London  exhibitions  of  1851  and  1862,  and  of  the 
British  section  of  the  Paris  exhibitions  of  1855  and  1867  ; 
wrote  on  artistic  and  technical  instruction.  [lix.  140] 

WALLIS,  HENRY  (1805 ?-1890),  book-illustrator; 
picture-dealer  in  London.  [iix.  1433 

WALLIS,   JOHN  (1616-1703),  mathematician  ;  edu- 
cated at  telsted  school,  1630,   and  Emmanuel  College 
Cambridge,  1632  ;  M.A.,  1640  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Mary 
Tracy),  baroness  Vere,  in  London  ;    employed    by  the 
parliament  to  decipher  intercepted  despatches,  1642-5 ; 
inherited  a  considerable  estate,  1G43  ;  beueficed  in  London, 
1643;    secretary  of    the    Westminster    Assembly,    1644- 
IUfcf,^    fdlow  Of   Queen8'  College,  Cambridge,  1644  ; 
settled  in  London  and  attended  a  weekly  scientific  club  ; 
.savihan  professor  of  geometry,  Oxford,  1649-1703,  and 
keeper  of  the  archives,  1658-1703  ;  published  an  English 
grammar,     1662;    D.D.    Oxford,    1654;    published     bis 
famous    'Arithmetica    Inflnitorum,'  1655,    which    con- 
fined the  germs  of  the  differential    calculus ;  exposed 
homa*  Hobbes's  ignorance  of  mathematics,  from  1656  • 
manned  in  his  offices,  1660,  but  remained  a  strong  whig ; 
deciphered  intercepted  despatches  for  William  III,  1690- 
.pooled  the  adoption  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  1692 ; 
Wished  a  collection  of  his  mathematical  works,  1693-8 
i2.JP*  theological  tracte.  1681 ;  introduced  the  prin- 
dptaB  of  analogy  and  continuity  into  mathematical  science, 


and  widened  the  range  of  the  higher  algebra ;  invented 
the  symbol  for  infinity  oo  ;  edited  classical  mathematical 
authors,  1676-88.  [li\.  141] 

WALLIS,  JOHN  (1714-1793),  county  historian  ;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1737;  M.A.,  1740;  curate  at 
Simonlmrn,  r.  1746-72,  and  at  Lilliugham,  1776-92  ; 
published  •  Miscellany  in  prose  and  verse,'  1748,  and 
•Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Northumberland,' 
1709.  [Hx.  145] 

WALLIS,  JOHN  (1789-1866),  topographer;  a  solicitor; 
M.A.  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1821;  vicar  of  Bodmin, 
1817-66 ;  published  maps  and  directories  for  Bodmin 
district  and  for  Cornwall,  1816-48.  [lix.  1  Hi] 

WALLIS,  SIR  PROVO  WILLIAM  PARRY  (1791- 
1892),  admiral ;  born  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia;  served  at 
sea,  1804-57  ;  lieutenant,  1808 ;  took  part  in  the  Shannon- 
Chesapeake  encounter,  1813  :  commander,  1813  ;  captain, 
1819 ;  rear-admiral,  1851 ;  K.C.B.,  1860 ;  admiral  of  the 
fleet,  1877.  [lix.  146] 

WALLIS,  RALPH  (d.  1669),  nonconformist  pam- 
phleteer ;  schoolmaster  at  Gloucester,  1648  ;  issued  coarse 
pamphlets  under  the  name  of '  The  Cobler  of  Gloucester,' 
or  '  Sil  Awl,'  against  the  clergy,  1660-8 ;  under  arrest, 
September  1664,  and  April  1665.  [lix.  147] 

WALLIS,  ROBERT  (1794-1878),  line-engraver ;  en- 
graved many  of  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner's  [q.  v.] 
landscapes.  [iix.  i4g] 

WALLIS,  SAMUEL  (1728-1795),  captain  in  the  navy ; 
served  at  sea,  1743-80;  lieutenant,  1748;  captain,  1757- 
sailed  round  the  Horn,  through  Polynesia,  and  back  by 
the  Cape,  1766-8;  a  commissioner  of  the  navy,  1782-3 
and  1787-95.  [lix.  148] 

WALLMODEN,  AMALIE  SOPHIE  MARIANNE, 
COUNTESS  OP  YARMOUTH  (1704-1765),  nte  von  Wendt; 
native  of  Hanover  ;  married,  1727 ;  had  an  intrigue  with 
George  II  at  Hanover,  1736 ;  installed  in  St.  James's 
Palace,  1738;  divorced,  1739;  created  countess,  1740; 
returned  to  Hanover,  1760.  [lix.  149] 

WALLOP,  SIR  HENRY  (1540  ?-l 599),  lord  justice 
of  Ireland;  of  Farleigh- Wallop,  Hampshire;  knighted, 
1569  ;  M.P  ,  Southampton,  1572  ;  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
1579-99 ;  served  on  many  commissions ;  received  grants 
of  Irish  lands  ;  proposed  the  plantation  of  Munster,  1580 ; 
joint  lord  justice,  1582-4;  travelled  through  Limerick 
and  Kerry,  1584 ;  founded  the  English  settlement  at 
Enniscorthy,  1585 :  quarrelled  with  Sir  John  Perrot 
[q.  v.]  ;  resided  in  England,  1589-95,  discharging  his  vice- 
treasurership  by  deputy ;  entertained  Queeif  Elizabeth  at 
Farleigh-Wallop,  1591 ;  unsuccessful  in  negotiating  with 
Hugh  O'Neill,  second  earl  of  Tyrone  [q.  v.],  1596;  his 
colony  at  Enniscorthy  destroyed  by  the  Irish,  1598  :  died 
at  Dublin.  [nx.  i50] 

WALLOP,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1551),  soldier  and  diploma- 
tist ;  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  1511 ;  knighted  before 
1513 ;  served  at  sea  against  the  French,  1513-14 ;  envoy 
to  the  Netherlands,  1515  ;  fought  against  the  Moors  at 
Tangier,  1516;  served  in  Ireland,  1518-21,  and  France, 
1622-3 ;  high  marshal  of  Calais,  1624 ;  envoy  to  the 
Netherlands,  Germany,  Austria,  and  Poland,  1526-7 ;  envoy 
to  France,  1528 ;  keeper  of  Dytton  Park,  1629 :  ambassador 
in  France,  1532-7 ;  inherited  Farleigh-Wallop,  Hampshire, 
from  his  uncle,  1535  :  granted  church  lands,  1538;  am- 
bassador in  France,  1540  ;  recalled  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
January  1641,  but  pardoned,  on  his  abject  apoloiry, 
March  1541;  captain  of  Guisnes,  1541-51;  commanded 
the  English  contingent  in  north  France,  1543 ;  K.G., 
1544  ;  died  at  Guisues.  [Hx.  152] 

WALLOP,  JOHN,  first  EARL  OF  PORTSMOUTH  (1690- 
1762),  of  Farleigh-Wallop,  Hampshire ;  travelled  on  the 
continent,  1708  ;  M.P.,  Hampshire,  1716-20  :  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  treasury,  1717-20 ;  created  Viscount  Lyminsr- 
ton,  1720 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Hampshire,  1733-42 ;  governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1734-42  and  1746;  created  Karl  of 
Portsmouth.  1743.  [lix.  156] 

WALLOP,  RICHARD  (1616-1697),  judge;  of  Bug- 
brooke;  B.A.  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  "l 035  ;  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1646 ;  leading  counsel  in  defence  of  whigs 
in  the  state  trials,  1679-86;  cursitor  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1696.  [lix.  156] 


WALLOP 


INQ 


WAT. POLK 


WALLOP,  ROBBBT  (1601-1667).  regicide:  of  Far- 
li-iirh- U  alloj.,  Hampshire ;  educated  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford : 

ilist;  M.I1.,  Audorer,  1621-2  ami  1623  4 

shin,   i. •.•-•:.    iii'l    1624-6,  Andovtr,   1627-68,   Hampshire. 

Vhiu-hurch,   April   1660;  an  active  member  of 

the  Lontr  purliament :  *at  as  judge  on  Charles  I'«  trial, 

imtdi-i  n->t  -^'i.  tlu-  death- warrant:  member  of  oouuciU 

June  164*  to  February  1651,  Decent 
Mun-li  K-.53,May  16*9  to  April  1660;  expelled  the  House 
of  <  •miniums  and  exoeptod  from  the  act  of  pardon,  June 
1600  ;  imprisoned  In  the  Tower  of  London,  1660-7. 

[lix.  186] 

WALME8LEY,     CHARLES     (1722-1797X     Koman 
catholic  prelate  and  mathematician :  native  of  Lancashire ; 
i  at  Douay  and  Paris;  a  Sorboiine  D.D. ;  Bene- 
dictine monk,  1789;  trayelled  in  Italy  :  published  impor- 
tant   astronomical  and  mathematical  papers,  IMS  61; 
1750:    titular  bishop  of  Kama,  December  1756; 
.-.  Bath,  administering  the  western  district,  1767- 
1797  ;  published  a  church  history,  1771.  [lix.  157] 

WALMESLEY,  Sm  THOMAS  (1537-1612).  judtfc : 
native  of  Lancashire:  barrister,  Lincoln'*  Inn,  1*67; 
1574:  serjeant-at-law,  1580:  M.Pn  Lancashire, 
1588-9  ;  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1589-1611 :  kniuhtol, 
1603 :  voted  against  the  claim  of  the  pott  no/i,  1G07-8 ; 
accumulated  great  wealth.  [Ux.  159] 

WALMI8LEY  or  WALMSLEY,  GILBERT  (1680- 
175 1),  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson;  a  native  of  Licli field :  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  :  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1707  ; 
registrar  of  the  ecclesiastical  court  of  Lichfield. 

[lix.  160] 

WALMISLEY,  THOMAS  ATTWOOD  (1814-1856), 
musician :  sou  of  Thomas  Forbes  Walmisley  [q.  T.]  ; 
pupil  of  Thomas  Attwood(  1765-1838)  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  at 
Oroydou,  1831 ;  organist  of  Trinity  and  St.  John's  col- 
leges, Cambridge,  1833-56:  professor  of  music,  Cam- 
bridge, 1836-56;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1841 ;  MUS.DOC.,  1848 ; 
composed  church  music  aud  madrigals.  [lix.  161] 

WALMISLEY,  THOMAS  FORBES  (1783-1866),  glee 
composer  and  organist ;  chorister  of  Westminster  Abbey  ; 
at  Westminster  School,  1793-8;  pupil  of  Thomas  Attwood 
{1765-1838)  [q.  v.]  ;  organist  in  London,  1810-54. 

WALMODEK,  AMALIE  SOPHIE  MAKLANNK, 
COUNTKSS  ov  YARMOUTH  (170-1-1765).  [See  WALLT 

JfODKX.] 

WALMSLEY,  GILBERT  (1680-1751).    [See  WALMW- 

UCY.] 

WALMSLEY,  Sm  JOSHUA  (1794-1871X  politician: 
schoolmaster  in  Westmoreland,  1807,  and  Liverpool,  1H11 ; 
corn-merchant  in  Liverpool,  1814;  agitated  against  the 
duties  on  corn  :  mayor  of  Liverpool,  1838 ;  knighted,  1840 ; 
M.P.,  Bolton,  1849-52,  Leicester,  1852-7.  [lix.  162] 

WALMSLEY,  THOMAS  (1763-1805X  landscape- 
painter  :  scene-painter  in  London  and  Dublin  ;  exhibited 
landscapes  in  London,  1790-6;  engravings  after  his 
pictures  issued,  1792-1810.  [lix.  162] 

WALPOLE,  EDWARD  (1560-1637),  Jesuit:  heir  of 
Houghton,  Norfolk:  entered  Peterhouse,  Cambridge, 
1576 ;  embraced  Romanism ;  disinherited,  and  took  the 
name  Poor;  became  intimate  with  John  Gerard  (1664- 
1637)  [q.  v.],  1587;  withdrew  to  Rome,  1590;  ordained 
priest,  1592  ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1592  ;  wait  to  Tournay, 
1692-  outlawed,  1597;  mission-priest  in  England  under 
the  name  of  Rich,  1598 ;  pardoned,  1605.  [lix.  163] 

WALPOLE,  GEORGE  (1758-1836),  soldier :  a  younger 
son  of  Horatio,  second  baron  Walpole  of  Wolterton  ; 
cornet,  1777;  lieutenant-colonel  of  dragoons,  1792 ;  as 
local  major-general  reduced  the  Jamaica  insurgents, 
1795-6  ;  M.P.,  Derby,  1797-1806 ;  a  supporter  of  Fox ; 
tinder-secretary  for  foreign  affairs,  1806-7 ;  M.P.,  Dun- 
garvau,  1807-20.  [lix.  163] 

WALPOLE,  HENRY  (1558-1595),  Jesuit:  educated 
at  Norwich,  1566,  and  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1576; 
-tu.lontof  Gray's  Inn,  1578 ;  publUbed  a  eulogy  of  Edmund 
<  iimpion  [q.  v.],  1581 ;  withdrew  to  Rbciius,  1582,  and 
Home,  1683;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1584 :  on^ed  Driest, 
1688 ;  chaplain  in  the  Spanish  army  In  Flanders,  1589-91 ; 
englished  Robert  Parsons'  (1546-1610)  [q.  T.]  •  Respousio 
ad  edlctum,'  Bruges,  1592 ;  sent  to  attend  Persons  In 
Spain,  1592  ;  sent  to  England,  1593 :  arrested  in  Yorkshire, 
1593  ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  February  1594- 
March  1695  ;  tried  and  executed  at  York.  [lix.  164] 


WALPOLE.    HORATIO   or  HORA 

• 


X  <  1678-17*7),  diplomat^;    a 
Robert  Walpole,  8rat  mrt   of 


younger  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  Ant  mrt   of 
Orfonl  [q.v.J:  educated  at  Kton  ;  fellow  of  King's  OoW 


1701:  student  of  Lincoln 

1718;  Beeralston,  171*.  Bast  Loos,  1 : 

ITU.  1717,  and   1780,  Norwich.  1784-ft«:   secretary  to 

various  envoys  and  ministers,  1706-10  and  171ft-I6:  an 

u,l    '        ,   -.-..•       •  •'....          .........          •       :,         ... 

1716-17:  surveyor  of  the  plantation  revenues.  171 7,  for  lilt; 

.-       •  ,r.    r •         ..-.•.-..•:•       ....    -       .     r.-.ry 

to  the  treasury.  1711 ;  ambassador  to  the  IU. 
1711,  and  at  Paris,  17»-30,  where  he  gained  the  eon- 
fldenoe  of  Cardinal  Floury  :  cofferer  of  the  household, 
1780:  privy  councillor,  1780:  ambassador  at  the  Hsjrne, 
1731-40 :  visited  the  court  at  Hanovrr.  1786:  advocated 
a  good  understanding  with  Prussia.  1788-4O ;  defended  Ins 
brother's.  Sir  Robert's,  administration,  1741-8 :  advocated 
alliance  with  Prussia,  1747-8 ;  created  Baron  Waipole, 
17*6 :  published  political  pamphlet* ;  much  satirised  by 
contemporaries  for  the  coarseness  of  his  speech  and 
.tatters,  TnTlW) 

WALPOLE,  HORATIO  or  HORACE,  fourth  EARL  or 

OiiruRn  (1717-1797),  author:  fourth  MO  of  Sir  Robert 
Waipole,  first  earl  of  Orfonl  [q.  v.l ;  at  Eton;  1717-84. 
and  King's  College.  Cambridge,  1784-9:  given  various 
lucrative  offices,  1787-8;  travelled  in  France  ami  Italy 
with  Thomas  Gray,  the  poet.  1789-41 :  M.I'.,  Call.ngton. 
1741-53,  Castle  Rising.  17*4-7,  Lynn,  17*7-67  ;  settled  at 
Strawberry  Hill,  Twickenham,  which  he  made  into  'a 
little  Gothic  castle,'  1747 ;  collected  articles  of  vertu : 
established  there  a  private  press,  17*7-8*.  at  « 
printed  his  'Catalogue  of  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,' 
1758, '  Anecdotes  of  Painting  In  England,'  1762-7 
logue  of  Engravers  in  England,'  1768.  the  'Gothic 
romance'  of  'The  Castle  of  Otranto.'  1764  (from  a 
fictitious  black-letter  original),  and  a  description  of  his 
house  and  his  collections,  1774  (enlarge* 
ami  other  works  (verse  and  prone)  and  edilious ;  visited 
Paris,  1765,  1767.  and  1775;  published  'Historic 
on  Richard  III,'  1768,  and  the  'Mysterious 
(tragedy),  1768 ;  neglected  the  poet,  Thomas  Oliattertoo's. 


appeal  for  help,  1769 ; 
[q.  v.]  before  178*,  an 
1791 ;  succeeded  his 


1769 ;  gave  an  asylum  to  Catherine  Olive 
and  to  Agnes  and  Mary  Berry  [q.  v]. 
its  nephew  in  the  earldom,  1791 ;  his 


Strawberry    Hill   collections   sold,  1842;    1 
Works'  published,  1798,  his  autobjographi 


treatises. 


1805, 1859',  and  his  correspondence,  1867-9.        [lix.  170] 

WALPOLE.  MICHAEL  (1*70-1614  J\  Jesuit :  born  In 
Norfolk :  attached  himself  to  John  Gerard  (1*64-1687) 
[q.  v.],  1*88;  joined  Jesuits,  1*98;  chaplain  in  London 
to  Dona  Lulsa  de  CarvajaU  1606-10, 1618-14 :  withdrew  to 
Spain:  published  theological  tracts,  1608-16.  [lix.  176] 

WALPOLB,  RALPH  DK  (</.  ISO!),  bishop  of  Ely: 
probably  a  Waipole  of  Houghtou :  DJX,  possibly  of  Cam- 
>  bridge:  rector  of  Somersbam :  «rcb«Wa«>n  of  Ely, 
D«  18:  fttftftad  btatof  ol  ftrwt*  LS*i  MmnM, 
1289 ;  opposed  Edward  Ts  taxation  of  the  clergy,  1»7 : 
translateito  Ely  by  Pope  Boniface  VIII.  1299:  made 
new  statutes  for  UK;  Ely  chapter.  [Ux.  176] 

WALPOLE,  RICHARD  (1*64-1607),  Jesuit:  born  In 
Norfolk:  scholar  of  Peterhouse, Cambridge,  1579:  with- 
drew to  Rhdrnn,  15H4.  snd  Home,  1*8*  ;  ordained  priest. 
1589 ;  attended  Robert  Parsons  In  Spain  from  1 589 :  rector 
of  the  college  at  Valladolid.  1*91 :  joined  the  Jesuits, 
<-.  1593 ;  accused  of  devising  Edward  Squire'i  fa.  T.lptot, 
1*98 ;  died  at  Valladolid.  [>"•  178] 

WALPOLE.  ROBERT  (16*0-1700).  of  Houghton: 
a  leading  whig  squire ;  MJ\  Castle  Rising.  1689.  16M, 
1698. 

WALPOLE,  8m  ROBERT,  first  EAKI.  or  oaroMO 
(1676-1745),  statesman :  third  son  of  Robert  Waipole 
(16*0-1700)  [q.  v.]  ;  at  Eton,  1690-6  ;  scholar  of 
College,  Cambridge,  1696-8 :  became  brir  to  the 
1698;  succeeded  to  the  estate,  November  !•••• 
forward  by  the  Interest  of  Sarah,  duchess  of  Mariborough: 
MJ»n  Castle  Rising.  1701-2,  King's  Lynn.  1701-11  and 
1718^41 ;  at  once  took  an  active  nart  in  the  business  of  the 
from  first  to  last  favoured  religious  tok-ra- 


tion  :  recognised  as  a  leader  of  the  whig, party.  170» ;  one 
of  the  oonncll  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark;  lord  high 
admiral,  170* ;  secretary  at  wmr,  1708-10,  and 


WALPOKE 


13CO 


WALSH 


of  the  navy,  1710-11 :  leader  of  the  HOUPC  of  Commons ; 
recognised  as  a  great  financier,  1711;  shared  in  Marl- 
,-h's  fall  :  h-.vlerof  the  opposition  n gainst  Harley, 
January  1711  ;  expelled  the  House  of  Commons  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  of  London  on  a  vexatious  charge  of 
viMiality  in  the  navy  office,  1712  ;  wrote  pamphlets  avMinst. 
the  tory  administration,  1712-13  ;  advocated  the  Hano- 
verian succession,  April  1714  ;  distrusted  by  George  1 
through  the  Intrigues  of  Roth  mar  and  the  German  court 
favourites:  paymaster  of  the  forces,  1714:  privy  coun- 
cillor, 1714 :  conducted  the  impeachment  of  Bolingbroke, 
Ormonde,  Oxford  (Harley),  and  Stafford,  1715 :  tracked 
out  the  arrangements  for  the  1716  rising,  and  sternly 
punished  its  leaders  ;  prime  minister  and  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  1715-17  ;  seriously  ill,  spring  1716  ;  opposed 
George  I's  demands  for  war  with  Russia  and  for  payment 
for  his  German  troops,  1716 :  devised  the  first  general 
sinking  fund,  March  1717  ;  driven  from  office  by  the 
intrigues  of  Stanhope  and  Sunderland,  April  1717  ;  joined 
the  tories  in  protesting  against  a  standing  army.  1717  : 
successfully  opposed  the  proposal  to  limit  the  number  of 
peers,  1718  :  opposed  the  government's  encouragement  of 
the  South  Sea  Company,  1720  ;  made  money  by  prudent 
speculation  in  South  Sea  Stock,  and  gained  the  friendship 
of  Caroline,  princess  of  Wales,  by  directing  her  specula- 
tions. May  1720 ;  began  to  form  a  gallery  of  picture.? ; 
rebuilt  Houghton  (1722-38);  called  upon  to  help  the 
government  through  the  South  Sea  collapse,  September 
1720;  prime  minister  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
1721 ;  encouraged  trade  by  removing  duties  on  imported 
raw  materials  and  on  many  exports,  1721 ;  managed  the 
proceedings  against  Francis  Atterbury  [q.  v.],  1722; 
vainly  tried  to  carry  out  the  patent  of  William  Wood, 
[q.  v.]  for  coining  half -pence  for  Ireland,  1722-5  ;  intrigued 
ngainst  by  John,  baron  Oarteret  [q.  v.],  and  Bothmar, 
1723  ;  enforced  the  unpopular  malt-tax  on  Scotland,  1724- 
1725  ;  advised  the  impeachment  of  the  lord  chancellor,  Sir 
Thomas  Parker,  first  earl  of  Macclesfield  [q.  v.],  February 
1725;  K.B.,  1725:  K.G.,  1726,  the  first  commoner  '  Blue- 
ribbon  '  since  1660  :  censured  Townshend  for  precipitancy 
in  forming  an  alliance  with  France  and  Prussia  against 
Spain  and  Austria,  1725 ;  steadily  cultivated  friendship 
with  France,  1726,  the  opposition,  led  by  William  Pul- 
teney  [q.  v.],  desiring  an  Austrian  alliance ;  intrigued 
against  by  Bolingbroke  and  George  I's  favourites,  1726  ; 
t-eriously  ill,  1727;  coldly  treated  by  George  II  on  his 
accession,  June  1727,  but,  by  the  help  of  an  appeal  to 
George  II's  love  of  money,  was  continued  in  office,  being  re- 
nppointed  first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  1727 ;  vilely  attacked  by  the  tory  press  as 
bribed  by  France  to  sacrifice  English  interests,  1730-1 ; 
encouraged  colonial  trade  by  removing  restrictions,  1730- 
1735;  quarrelled  definitively  with  Townshend,  1730: 
failed,  through  popular  clamour,  to  carry  his  excellent 
t-xcise  proposals,  1733  ;  opposed  George  II  and  his  queen's 
wish  for  armed  intervention  in  favour  of  Austria,  1734 ; 
succeeded  in  bringing  about  peace  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna, 
1735  ;  lost  the  favour  of  dissenters  by  opposing  the  repeal 
of  the  Test  Act,  proposed  by  the  opposition  whigs,  1736-9  ; 
lost  favour  in  Scotland  by  the  repressive  measures  occa- 
sioned by  the  Porteous  riot,  1736  :  offended  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales,  by  refusing  his  demand  for  an  increased 
iillowance,  1737  ;  his  influence  in  the  House  of  Commons 
visibly  diminished,  1737 ;  vainly  endeavoured  to  stifle  the 
popular  clamour  for  war  with  Spain,  1738-9 ;  thwarted 
by  Newcastle  and  others  of  his  colleagues ;  twice  offered 
to  resign,  but  was  implored  by  George  II  to  retain  office ; 
vainly  opposed  George  II's  wish  to  fight  for  the  pragmatic 
sanction,  spring  1741 ;  motions  for  his  removal  defeated 
in  both  houses  of  parliament,  February  1741  ;  defeated 
in  the  new  House  of  Commons,  28  Jan.  l'742  ;  resigned  all 
his  offices,  and  was  pensioned  and  created  Earl  of  Oxford, 
February  1742 ;  proposals  to  impeach  his  conduct  for  sup- 
posed ministerial  corruption  when  in  office  baffled,  March- 
June  1742  ;  retired  to  Houghton  ;  his  advice  still  pleaded 
for  by  George  II,  1743;  advocated  peace,  1744;  died  in 
debt.  He  was  the  first  minister  since  the  Restoration  who 
made  a  special  study  of  finance  and  commerce,  ami 
laid  the  foundations  of  free  trade  and  modern  colonial 
policy.  Hi*  grandson  sold  his  fine  collection  of  pictured 
to  the  Tsarina  Catherine  IL  [lix.  178] 

WALPOLE,  ROBERT  (1781-1858),  classical  scholar  • 
M.\.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1809:  B.D.,  1828;  tra- 
velled in  Greece:  beneflced  in  Norfolk,  1809,  and  London, 
1«28;  a  Norfolk  landowner;  published  'Comicorum 


Graecorum   Fragmenta.'   1805,  notes    of   eastern  travel, 
1817-20,  and  other  works.  [Hx.  2u7] 

WALPOLE,  Sni  ROBERT  (1808-1876),  lieutcimut- 
p-ni'ral;  ensign,  1825  ;  captain,  1831;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1847 ;  stationed  at  Corfu,  1847-56  ;  commanded  in  India, 
a  brigade,  November  1857,  ami  a  division,  February  1S58  : 
defeated  with  heavy  loss  at  Fort  Ruiya,  April  isr.S; 
K.C.B. ;  stationed  at  Gibraltar,  18C1-4,  and  at  Chatham, 
18G4-6;  major-general,  1862  ;  lieutenant-general,  1S71. 

[lix.  207] 

WALPOLE,  SPENCER  HORATIO  (1806-1898),  home 
secretary;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  Coll«ge,Caml>ridge; 
B.A.,  1828;  honorary  LL.D.,  I860:  barrister,  Lincoln'^ 
Inn,1831;  Q.C.,  1 846  ;  practised  in  the  rolls  court  till  1852; 
conservative  M.P.,  Midhurst,  1816-56,  and  Cambridge 
University,  1856-82;  home  secretary,  1852,  1858-!),  1SGC  : 
driven  from  office  by  popular  clamour  at  his  managemeivt 
of  the  Hyde  Park  monster  meetings,  May  1867  ;  an  eccle- 
siastical commissioner,  1856-8,  1862-6 ;  chairman  of  th« 
Great  Western  Railway.  [lix.  209] 

WALPURGA,  SAIXT  (</.  779  ?).    [See  WALBUHGA.} 

WALROND,  HUMPHREY  (1600?-1670?),  deputy- 
governor  of  Barbados ;  inherited  Sea,  near  Ilminster, 
Somerset,  1621  :  a  lukewarm  royalist ;  taken  prisoner  at 
Bridgwater,  1645  ;  compounded  for  his  estate,  1646  ;  sold 
it  and  went  to  Barbados  before  1649 ;  raised  a  royalist  force 
in  Barbados  ;  proclaimed  Charles  II,  May  1650 :  deprived 
of  his  command  by  the  new  governor,  Francis  Willoughby, 
baron  Willoughby  [q.  v.]  of  Parham,  1650;  banished 
by  Sir  George  Ayscue,  March  1662  ;  entered  the  Spanish 
service  in  the  West  Indies  ;  created  Marquess  de  Vallado, 
1653;  returned  to  Barbados  before  April  1660;  deputy- 
povernor  there,  1660-3 :  tried  to  stir  up  a  mutiny,  1663 ; 
threatened  with  imprisonment  in  London,  1664 ;  disap» 
peared,  probably  to  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  [lix.  211] 

WALSH,  ANTOINE  VINCENT  (1702-1763), 
Jacobite;  of  Irieh  extraction ;  born  at  St.  Malo ;  served 
in  the  French  navy  ;  shipowner  at  Nantes  ;  took  Prince 
Charles  Edward  to  Scotland  in  his  own  brig,  the  Doutelle, 
1745  ;  knighted  by  Prince  Charles  and  created  an  Irish 
earl  by  '  James  III ' ;  ennobled  by  Louis  XV,  1755  ;  died  in 
Si.  Domingo.  [lix.  212] 

WALSH,  EDWARD  (1756-1832),  physician  ;  a  native 
of  Waterford;  M.D.  Glasgow,  1791;  army  surgeon  m 
Ireland,  1798,  in  Holland,  1799,  in  Canada,  throughout  the 
Peninsular  war,  and  at  Waterloo ;  published  verses  and  a 
4  Narrative  of  the  Expedition  to  Holland,'  1800. 

[lix.  213] 

WALSH,  EDWARD  (1805-1850X  Irish  poet ;  a  hedge- 
school  teacher;  collected  Irish  traditional  tales  and 
poetry  ;  national  school  teacher  in  co.  Waterford,  1837-43  ; 
contributed  to  nationalist  journals  ;  published  songs  and 
translations  of  Irish  poetry,  1844-7.  [lix.  213] 

WALSH,  JOHN  (1725  ?-l 795),  secretary  to  Clive: 
paymaster  of  the  troops,  Madras;  private  secretary  t» 
Robert  Clive,  first  baron  Clive  [q.  v.],  1757-9  ;  returned  to 
lay  dive's  plans  before  Pitt,  1759  ;  F.R.S.,  1770;  bought 
Warfield  Park,  Berkshire,  1771 ;  conducted  experiments 
on  the  torpedo  fish.  [lix.  214] 

WALSH,  JOHN  (1835-1881),  Irish  poet;  national 
school  teacher  in  Waterford  and  Tipperary  counties. 

[lix.  215] 

WALSH,  JOHN  (1830-1898),  archbishop  of  Toronto  ; 
a  native  of  Kilkenny ;  went  to  Montreal,  1852  :  bishop 
of  Sandwich,  1864  ;  removed  his  see  to  London,  Ontario, 
1869  ;  archbishop  of  Toronto,  1889-98.  [lix.  215] 

WALSH,  Sm  JOHN  BENN,  first  BAKOX  ORMA- 
THWAITE  (1798-1881),  of  Warfield  Park,  Berkshire  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  high  sheriff  of 
Berkshire,  1823,  of  Radnorshire,  1825  ;  succeeded  as  second 
baronet,  1825  ;  tory  M.P.,  Sudbury,  1830-4,  1837-40,  ami 
Radnorshire,  1840-68 :  lord-lieutenant  of  Radnorshire, 
1842-75;  created  Baron  Ormathwaite,  1868;  published 
political  pamphlets.  [lix.  216] 

WALSH,  JOHN  EDWARD  (1816-1869),  Irish  jud-r.-  ; 
son  of  Robert  Walsh  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  Colle-c,  Dublin. 
1836;  Irish  barrister,  1839;  published  'Ireland  Sixtv 
Years  Azo,'  1847;  attorney-general  for  Ireland,  1866"; 
Irish  muter  of  the  rolls,  1866  ;  died  at  Paris,  [lix.  216] 

WALSH,  JOHN  HENRY  (1810-1888),  writer  on 
pport  under  the  pseudonym  ol  STOXKIIUNUE  ;  a  Londoner  ; 


WALSH 


WALSINGHAM 


qualified  ;.-•  a  sury-on.  :HIJ;  pnu-tir«l  in  Ixiodon  and 
Worcester:  settled  m  I...I..I..M.  1863;  edited  •  The  Cours- 
ing Calendar*  from  185>.  1887  ; 
conducts!  f\p«riiiientii  on  sporting  guns,  1858-81;  pub- 
lished work-  <>>i  dogs,  horses,  guns,  sporu,  domestic  eco- 
nomy, .•  kery.  [lix.  S17] 

WALSH,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1585),  bishop  of  Ossory; 

son  of  Patrick  Walsh  (</.  1578).  bishop  of  Watorford ; 

studied  at  Paris,  Oxford,  and  Cambridge  .   B.A.  Cam- 

:  ;  obanoellor  of  St.  Patrick*!, 

Dublin,  1571 ;  joined  John  Kearney  [<i.  v.]  in  translating 
the  New  Testament  into  Irish,  1673 ;  bishop  of  Ossory, 
1577 ;  murdered.  [lix.  818] 

WALSH,  1'ETBR  (1618?-1688X  In  Latin  VALWIOT  : 
Irish  Franciscan;  born  at  Mooretown,  co.  Kiklare; 
was  educated  at  Louvaio,  where  he  jo'.ued  the  Francis- 
cans ;  divinity  lecturer  in  Kilkenny  convent,  1846: 
encouraged  the  Irish  catholic  party  to  re-Ut  the  pro- 
posals of  the  nuncio  Giovanni  Battista  Hinuoclni  [q.  T.]. 
and  to  make  peace  with  Ormonde,  1646-8 :  preached 
against  Cornelius  Mahony  [q.  T.I  in  defence  of  Charles  1's 
title  to  Ireland,  1647;  made  guardian  of  Kilkenny 
convent  by  the  Irish  leaders,  1648-50  :  chaplain  with 
Castlehaveii's  army  in  Minister,  165O-1  ;  withdrew  to 
London,  1652 :  visital  Madrid,  1664,  and  Holland  :  lived 
obscurely  in  London,  1655-60  ;  published  pamphlets  on 
Irish  affairs,  1660-2;  proposed  a  'loyal  remonstrance* 
to  be  addressed  by  Irish  catholics  to  Charles  1 1  repudiating 
papal  infallibility  and  promising  undivided  civil  alle- 
giance to  the  crown,  in  hope  of  securing  favourable 
terms  for  Irish  catholics :  actively  canvassed  in  favour  of 
this  remonstrance  among  Irish  clerics  and  laity  in 
London,  1661-2,  and  in  Dublin,  1664-6,  and  again,  1666- 
1669 ;  but  liis  exertions  rendered  fruitless  by  opposition 
from  Rome  :  settled  in  London,  1669,  living  on  good 
terms  with  the  Anglican  clergy,  and  being  pensioned 
by  Ormonde  :  excommunicated  by  the  Franciscan 
chapter-peneral  at  Valladolid,  1670:  published  contro- 
versial letters  against  the  claims  of  Pope  Gregory  VII, 
1672-84,  a  reply  to  Bishop  Thomas  Barlow's  '  Popery,* 
1686,  and  other  works.  [lix.  218] 

WALSH,  RICHARD  HUSSEY  (1825-186*),  political 
economist  :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1847 ;  student 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  1848 :  lecturer  on  political  economy 
at  Dublin,  1850 ;  government  official  in  the  Mauritius, 
1867-62;  chief  work,  'An  Elementary  Treatise  on 
Metallic  Currency,'  1853.  [lix.  224] 

WALSH,  ROBERT  (1772  -  1852),  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1796  ;  curate  of 
Finglas,  co.  Dublin,  1806-20 :  embassy  chaplain  at  Con- 
stantinople, 1820  and  1831-5  :  hon.  "M.D.  Aberdeen  and 
LL.D.  Dublin  ;  embassy  chaplain  at  St.  Petersburg,  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  1828-31 :  rector  of  Kilbride,  Wicklow, 
1835-9,  and  of  Finglas,  1839-62:  published  a  'History  of 
the  City  of  Dublin,'  1815,  notes  of  his  travels  and  other 
works."  [Hx.  224] 

WALSH,  WILLIAM  (1512  7-1577X  bishop  of  Meath  : 
a  Cistercian  :  D.D. ;  commissioner  to  eject  married  clersry 
in  Meath  diocese,  1553  ;  appointed  bishop  of  Meath, 
1554;  employed  on  government  commissions,  1556-9; 
deposed  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  1660 ;  prisoner  in  Dublin, 
1565-72  ;  withdrew  to  Alcala,  Spain  ;  died  there. 

[lix.  225] 

WALSH,  WILLIAM  (1663-1708V,  critic  and  poet : 
entered  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1678,  bat  did  not  gra- 
duate; white  M.P.  for  Worcestershire,  1698,  1701,  1702, 
Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1705-8 :  gentleman  of  the  horse  to 
Queen  Anne :  wrote  poems,  1692  (first  printed  in  Tonson's 
'Miscellany,'  pt.  iv.  1716);  collaborated  with  Vanbrugh 
in  an  adaptation  from  Moliere,  1704  ;  friend  and  literary 
Adviser  of  Alexander  Pope,  whom  he  advised  to  be  a 
'correct*  poet,  that  being  the  'only  way  left  of  excel- 
lency,' 1706  ;  chief  prose  work,  u  'Dialogue  concerning 
Women,  being  a  Defence  of  the  Sex,'  1691 ;  bis  collected 
verses  and  letters  published  posthumously.  [lix.  226] 

WALSHE,  WALTER  HAYLE  (1812-1892),  physi- 
cian ;  born  in  Dublin  :  studied  medicine  in  Paris,  1832-6 ; 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1836  ;  practitioner  in  London,  1888 ; 
a  noted  medical  professor  in  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1841-62 ;  published  and  translated  medical  treatises. 

[lix.  227] 


WALSINOHAM     i 

i     .      '-         .....  •      •          ..-.-.•  .-,' 

rhur  of  George  I  and  UM  Doche*  of  Km.Ul.  and 
wife  of  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope,  fourth  sari  of  Obssssi 
field  icoontaM of  Walstegham  la  l*r  own  right,  17ft: 


George  II,  17M. 


who   thereby  gave   offence   to 
[Uv.JT] 


WALSIVOHAM,    first   BABOV    (1719-17H1X     [Bat 
GRIT,  WILLIAM  UK.] 

WALADTOHAM.    FAMILY   or. 
ban  aa*a4  bM  IS 


aMagham,  Norfolk. 
ham   was  cordwainer   of   London   in 
Thomas  Walsingbam  (d.  14M 
hurst,  1414.    Bcadbory  was 
Walsingham  (d.  1669),  in 


hat* 

AJanWaWaf. 
U  is.     His  sea. 


in  166*  by  Sir 


,       :• 

an  end.     Sir 


ham  (1646-17S8X  the  mam  line  came  to 

Francis  WsMngham  [q.  v.  j  belonged  to  a  cadet  branch. 

WALSUfOHAM,  SIR  EDMUND  ( UW?*- ^SftOX 
lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London  ;  of  Scadbory.  Kent ; 
knighted  at  Flodden,  1*18:  attended  Henry  VIII  to 
France,  1620  ;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London.  1528- 
1547  ;  granted  church  lands,  1*39 ;  M.P.,  Surrey,  1*44. 

WALSDIOHAM,  EDWARD  (/.  1643  16*4 X  royattst 
and  author ;  private  secretary  to  George  Dtgby,  second 
earl  of  Bristol  [q.  v.],  1643 :  bon.  M.A.  Oxford,  1644 : 
resided  in  Oxford,  1643-6 :  pnblbbed  elegies  on  cavaliers. 
1644-5;  went  to  Henrietta  Maria's  court  In  Paris,  1646  ; 
embraced  RomanUm;  envoy  to  Ormonde  In  Ireland, 
1648  ;  resided  in  Paris,  1649-64  ;  attempted  the  conver- 
sion of  Henry,  duke  of  Gloucester.  16*4;  noblished, 
1652,  'Arcana  Anlica,  or  WalsJngham*s  Manual,'  a 
piracy  from  the  French  of  Eustacbe  dn  Refuge ;  perhaps 
entered  a  convent  abroad.  [lix.  230] 

WALSnrOHAM,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1530?  -  1590). 
statesman:  inherited  Foot's  Cray,  1634:  brought  op  as 
a  zealous  protestant :  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1648- 
16*0 ;  student  of  Gray's  Inn.  16*2 ;  travelled,  during  Queen 
Mary's  reign,  studying  foreign  politics,  1*63-8;  M.I'., 
Banbury,  1559,  Lyme  Regis,  1663-7.  and  Surrey,  1574-90  : 
collected  foreign  intelligence  for  Cecil  (Burghley):  chief 
of  the  secret  service  In  London,  1569:  tracked  out  the 
conspiracy  of  Roberto  di  Rodolfi  [q.  v.],  1669 ;  envoy  to 
Paris,  to  ask  indulgence  for  the  Huguenots,  August  1670 : 
ambassador  at  Paris,  to  negotiate  a  French  alliance  and 
Queen  Elizabeth's  marriage  with  Anjou,  1670-3 :  vainly 
prwed  Elizabeth  to  make  war  on  Spain,  1671-8* ;  pro- 
tected English  protastanU  during  the  St.  Bartholomew 
massacre,  1672 ;  secretary  of  state,  1673-90 :  employed 
in  foreign  affairs,  but  his  advice  neglected  by  Elizabeth ; 
organised  at  his  own  expense  a  secret  service  to  discover 
the  plans  of  Spain  and  the  Jesuits ;  knighted,  1677  :  un- 
willing envoy  to  the  Netherlands  with  peace  proposals, 
1878;  sold  Foot's  Cray  and  settled  at  Burn  Elms,  Surrey, 
1579 :  envoy  to  France  to  negotiate  a  new  treaty,  1*81, 
and  made  bold  to  suggest  discontinuing  the  proposed 
match  between  Alencon  and  Elizabeth  :  unwilling  envoy 
to  Scotland,  1583  :  encouraged  colonial  enterprises : 
secured  the  conviction  of  William  Parry  [q.  v.].  1*8*,  of 
Anthony  Babington  [q.  T.],  1*86,  and  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  1*86,  and  her  execution,  1687 ;  entertained  Eliza- 
beth  at  Barn  Elms,  1*8*,  1888,  16W:  Involved  in  detot 
through  being  security  for  his  son-in-law.  Sir  Philip 
Sidnev,  1686  ;  provided  for  a  theological  lecture  at  Ox- 
ford, "1 586 ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  1*87^ 


WALSIWGHAM,  FRANCIS  (1577-1647X  Jesuit: 
assumed  the  name  JOHN  FDCNKLL;  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  London :  took  Anglican  orders,  1603 ; 

Sufts?!^  v1Sed'^Sa^6ot*S  dWrtSS  bis 
•Search  made  into  Matters  of  Religion,*  a  persuasive  to 
R^ismT  mission  priest  la  England.  1616;  nublisbcd 
•  Baatons  for  embracing  tot  Catholic  Faith,'  16lC  ^ 

4s 


WALSINGHAM 


WALTERS 


WALSINGHAM     or     WALSINGAM.     JOHN     (d.  i 
1340?),  theologian  :  a  Oarmelttr  friar  :  studied  at.  Oxford 
Ufa;   D.I>.  :   provincial   of  the  Knirlish  CarmrliU's. 
immoncd  to  th-1  papal  court  at  Avignon,  132H.  to 
dilute  against  William  « H-kham  [ij.  v.]  :    probably  died 
there.    Two  tmiti-.s  are  assigned  to  him  by  Tritheim. 

[lix.  2411 

WALSINGHAM,  THOMAS   (</.   1422  ?),   monk  and 
historian  ;  our  chief  authority  for  Uichard  11,  Henry  IV, 
and  Henry  V;    precentor    and    superintendent   of  the 
scriptorium  of  St.  Albans  Abbey;   compiled  '  Chronica 
Majora,'  now  lost,  e.  1380,  and  '  Chronicou  Anglire '  from  i 
132H  to  13S8  ;  prior  of  Wymundham,  1394-1409  ;  returned   ! 
to  St.  Albans,  1409:  compiled  '  Ypodigma  Neustri:c.'  B 
record  of  events  in  Normandy,  finished  1419,  and  perhaps   ' 
Wisteria  Anglicana  '  from  1272  to  1422.          [lix.  242] 

»     WALSINGHAM,  Sift  THOMAS  (1568-1630),  patron  ' 
of  the  poets  Thomas  Watson,  Christopher  Marlowe,  and 
George  Chapman  :  inherited  Scadbury,  1589  ;  entertained 
Queen  Elizabeth  there,  and  was  kniphted,  1597  ;  knight  of 
the  shire  for  Kent,  1614 ;  M.P.  for  Rochester,  with  nn 
interval,  1597-1626.    His  wife,  Ethelral  or  Awdrey  (Shel- 
ton)  (d.  1631)  was  a  favourite  of  James  I's  queen,  Anne  i 
of  Denmark,  1603-19.  [lix.  229] 

WALTER  OP  LORRAINE  (rf.  1079),  bishop  of  Here-  j 
ford  :  a  native  of  Lorraine  ;  chaplain  to  Edith  or  Eadgyth  j 
di.  1075)  [q.  v.],  the  Confessor's  queen  ;  consecrated  at 
Rome.  10G1 ;   oppressed  by  William  the  Conqueror ;  at- 
tended Lanfrauc's  councils,  1072  and  1075.       [lix.  244] 

WALTER  OP  ESPKO  (d.  1153).    [See  ESPEC.] 

WALTER  OF  PALERMO  (fl.  1170),  archbishop  of 
Palermo :  an  Englishman  ;  sent  by  Henry  II  to  be  tutor 
of  William  II  of  Sicily ;  archdeacon  of  Oefalii ;  dean  of 
Girgcnti ;  archbishop  of  Palermo,  1168 ;  chancellor  of 
Sicily.  fjix.  244] 

WALTER    DK    COUTAXCES    (d.    1207).      [See    Cou- 

TAXCE8.] 

WALTER  DE  KIRKHAM  (d.  1260).    [See  KIBKHAM.] 
WALTER  DB  MERTON  (d.  1277).     [See  MERTON.] 
WALTER  OP  COVENTRY  (.ft.  1293  ?).  [See  COVENTRY.] 

WALTER  PK  HEMINOFORD,  HEMINGBFKQH,  or  Gis- 
BtmN  (./?.  1300).  [See  HEMIXGFORD.] 

WALTER  OP  EXETER  (A  1301).    [See  EXETER.] 

WALTER  OP  EVESHAM  or  WALTER  ODINGTON  (/. 
1320),  Benedictine  writer;  a  monk  of  Evesham;  com- 
piled a  calendar  there,  beginning  1301 :  made  astronomi- 
cal observations  in  Oxford,  1316  ;  lodged  in  Merton  Col- 
lege, c.  1330 :  manuscript  tracts  by  him  in  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  libraries.  His  valuable  'De  Speculatione 
Musices'  has  been  printed.  [lix.  245] 

WALTER  OP  SWINBROKE  (/.  1350).  [See  BAKER, 
GEOFFREY.] 

WALTER,  HENttY  (1785-1859),  divine  and  antiquary; 
B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1806 ;  fellow  1806-24  • 
M.A.,  1809  ;  B.D.,  1816  ;  F.R.S.,  1819  ;  natural  philosophy 
professor  at  Haileybury  Colleee,  1806-30 ;  rector  of  Hasel- 
bury  Bryant,  1821-59 ;  edited^  theological  works. 

WALTER,  HUBERT  (d.  1205).    [See  HUBERT^] 
WALTER   or    FITZWALTER,  JOHN   (d.    1412?), 
astrologer  ;  of  Oxford  and  Winchester.  [lix.  247] 

WALTER,  SIR  JOHN  (1566-1630),  judge  ;  of  Brase- 
noae  College,  Oxford  ;  created  M.A.,  1613 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1590,  Ixmcher,  1605,  autumn  reader,  1607  ; 
practised  in  the  exchequer  and  chancery;  Oxford  uni- 
versity counsel ;  attorney-general  and  trustee  to  Prince 
rharl.-s,  161:?  ;  kniphted,  1619;  M.P.,  East  Looe,  1G20-2 
and  1624 :  chief-baron  of  the  exchequer,  1625  ;  obsequious 
to  Charles  I  on  taxation  questions,  but  opposed  him  on 
the  law  of  treason  ;  ordered  not  to  act  as  judge,  1630. 

^  WALTER,  JOHN  (1739-1812),  founder  ^f^The 
Times  ;  »on  of  a  London  coal-merchant ;  coal-merchant, 
1755-81,  and  underwriter.  1770-82:  bankrupt  owing  to 
the  loss  of  shipping  during  the  American  war,  1782; 
flight  Henry  Johnson's  •  logotype '  patent  for  printinp 
by  founts  of  whole  words,  1782 ;  bought  printing  premises 


in  Printing  House  Square.  London,  1784;  opened  his 
'  loprotrraphic  '  press  there  ;  practised  '  logographic  '  print- 
inu'  for  several  years  ;  printed  books, '  Lloyd's  List'  from 
17S,r>,  and,  17K7-1H05,  the  custom-house  papers;  started 
his  newspaper  called  '  The  Daily  Universal  Register,'  price 
twopence  halfpenny,  1  Jan.  1785,  to  report  fully  parlia- 
mentary debates  and  to  review  home  and  foreign  affairs  ; 
fined  for  '  libel,' 1786  :  altered  title  of  newspaper  to  ' The 
Time?  or  Daily  Universal  Register,'  price  threepence, 
on  1  Jan.  1788,  and  to  'The  Times,'  18  March  1788;  im- 
prisoned, 1789-91,  for  reflecting  on  George  Ill's  sons  ;  re- 
tired to  Teddington,  1795,  giving  up  the  direct  manage- 
ment of  the  paper,  but  retaining  the  proprietorship  ; 
prosecuted  for  libel,  1799.  [lix.  248] 

WALTER,  JOHN  (1776-1847),  chief  proprietor  of 
'  The  Times '  newspaper ;  second  son  of  John  Walter 
(1739-1812)  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  joint-manager  of 
'The  Times,'  c.  1797  ;  sole  manager  from  1803  ;  sole  editor, 
1803-10;  joint-editor  with  (Sir)  John  Stoddart  [q.  v.], 
1811-15,  with  Thomas  Barnes  (1785-1841)  [q.  v.],  1815- 
1841,  and  with  John  Thaddeus  Delane  [q.  v.]  from  1841 ; 
offended  the  government  by  the  independent  criticisms 
which  appeared  in  '  The  Times,'  1804-5 ;  lost  the  govern- 
ment advertisements  and  the  printing  for  the  custom- 
house, and  was  long  persecuted  by  the  government ;  in- 
troduced the  system  of  sending  special  correspondents 
to  report  on  events  abroad,  1805  ;  was  the  first  to  give  it? 
special  prominence  to  '  the  leading  article ' ;  thanked  by 
the  merchants  of  London  for  his  strenuous  opposition  to* 
Napoleon,  1814  ;  adopted  the  steam  printing-press,  Novem- 
ber 1814  ;  bought  Bear  Wood,  Berkshire  ;  M.P.,  Berkshire, 
1832-7  ;  strongly  opposed  the  new  poor-law  for  England^ 
1834,  and  for  Ireland,  1837  ;  exposed  great  commercial 
frauds,  1840 ;  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1841.  [lix.  252] 

WALTER,  JOHN  (1818-1894),  chief  proprietor  of 
'  The  Times '  newspaper ;  eldest  son  of  John  Walter 
(1776-1847)  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Exeter  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1843 ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1847 ; 
joined  his  father  in  the  management  of '  The  Times,'  1840 ; 
showed  friendliness  to  the  Oxford  tractarians;  sole 
manager,  1847 ;  resigned  the  management  to  Mowbray 
Morris :  employed  as  editors  John  Thaddeus  Delane  [q.  v.], 
1847-78,  Thomas  Cbenery  [q.  v.],  1878-84,  and  George 
Earle  Buckle  from  1884  ;  devised  and  introduced  the 
1  Walter '  printing-press,  1869;  M.P.,  Nottingham,  1847- 
1859,  and  Berkshire,  1859-65  and  1868-85.  [lix.  256] 

WALTER,  LUCY  (16307-1658),  known  also  as  MRS. 
BARLOW,  and  incorrectly  as  WALTERS  and  WATERS, 
mother  of  James,  duke  of  Monmouth ;  daughter  of  a 
Welsh  royalist ;  went  to  the  Hague,  1644 ;  mistress  of 
Colonel  Robert  Sidney,  1644,  of  Charles  II,  1648-50,  of 
Henry  Bennet,  1650,  and  others ;  gave  birth,  9  April  1649, 
to  a  son,  James,  of  whom  Charles  II  was  father,  and  a 
daughter,  Mary,  6  May  1651 ;  at  Cologne,  1656 ;  bribed  by 
Charles  IPs  friends  to  return  to  England  ;  arrested  as  a 
spy  in  London,  1656 ;  sent  back  to  Holland,  1656  ;  died  in 
Paris.  From  1673  to  1680  it  was  industriously  reported 
that  Charles  II  bad  legally  married  her  in  the  presence  of 
John  Oosin  (afterwards  bishop  of  Durham),  and  that  Sir 
Gilbert  Gerard,  Cosin's  son-in-law,  bad  the  proofs  of  the 
marriage  in  a  'black  box.'  Charles  II  issued  three  decla- 
rations denying  a  marriage,  January-June  1678. 

[lix.  259] 

WALTER,  RICHARD  (1716  7-1785),  chaplain  in  the 
navy;  B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1738; 
fellow  ;  M.A.,  1744  ;  chaplain  with  George  Anson  during 
the  first  part  of  his  voyage,  1740-2 ;  chaplain  at  Ports- 
mouth dockyard.  1745-85;  published  the  narrative  of 
Anson's  voyage,  1748.  [lix.  260] 

WALTER,  THEOBALD  (rf.  1205?).    ISefir  BUTLER.] 

WALTER,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1520),  translator ; '  servant ' 
of  Sir  Henry  Marney  (created  Baron  Maruey,  1523)  :  pub- 
lished three  metrical  translations  from  Latin,  'Gnystarde 
andSygysmonde,'  1532,  and  '  The  Spectacle  of  Lovers  'and 
'  Tytus  and  Gesyppus,'  undated.  [lix.  261] 

WALTERS,  EDWARD  (1808-1872),  architect;  em- 
ployed in  Turkey  on  government  buildings,  1832-7:  a 
leading  architect  in  Manchester,  1839-65.  [lix.  262] 

WALTERS,  JOHN  (1759-1789),  poet ;  eldest  son  of 
John  Walters  (1721-1797)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Jesus  College, 
Oxford,  1777;  M.A.,  1784;  fellow;  Bub-librariau  of  the 


WALTERS 


Li.;:; 


WALWORTH 


Bodleian:  nm-'tcr  of  Co-Abridge,  and,  1784,  of  Bothln 
school ;  rector  ot  Efenechtyd  :  published  translations  from 
Wcteh  poetry,  1772,  poems,  1780,  and  sermons. 

WALTERS,  J«)HN(  1721-1797),  Welsh  lexicographer : 
rector  of  Llaudough  and  vicar  of  St.  Hilary,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1750;  prebend;.  «ms  and 
MI    \V, •!-!::    ;,uM  -hod  uu    admlrabJo  '  Engllah- 
Welsh  Dictionary,'  1 7                                             [lix.  2«1] 

WALTERS,  LUCY  (1630  ?-16»8).    [See  WALTER.] 

WALTHAM,  JoHN  DK  (d.  1396),  bishop  of  Salisbury 
ind;  a  secular  priest;  a  favourite 

and  York,  1370,  with  other  prefermente :  master  of  the 
r..::-.  I:;K;  ^introducing  the  practice  of  write  of  subpoena; 
temporary  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  1382, 1383 ;  archdea- 
con of  Richmond,  1386 :  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  1386; 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  1388 :  lord  high  treasurer,  1391-5 ; 
buried,  by  Kichard  Il's  order,  in  the  royal  chapel.  Wort- 
minster,  [lix.  263] 

WALTHAM,  ROGER  OF  (</.  1336).    [See  ROGER.] 

WALTHEOF,  in  Latin  WALDKVCS  or  GOALLxvcm 
(rf.  1076),  enN  of  Northumberland ;  son  of  Siward  (d. 
1055)  [q.  v.],  earl  of  Northumbria;  educated  for  the 
church  ;  Earl  of  Huntingdon  and  Northampton  shires, 
.-.  1065 :  taken  to  Normandy  by  the  Conqueror,  1067 ; 
joined  the  Danish  invaders  in  the  massacre  of  the  French 
garrison  of  York.  1069 ;  pardoned  by  William  I,  Iu70 ; 
married  Judith,  William's  niece ;  appointed  Earl  of  North- 
umberland, 1072 ;  on  friendly  terms  with  Bishop  Wulchcr 
[q.  v.];  murderously  followed  up  a  blood  feud,  1073; 
privy  to  the  plot  of  Ralph  Guader  [q.  v.],  carl  of  Norfolk, 
1076 ;  confessed  his  share  in  it  to  Laufranc,  and  to 
William  in  Normandy ;  arrested  on  suspicion  of  having 
invited  the  Danish  fleet  to  the  Humber,  December  1075  ; 
imprisoned  at  Winchester ;  executed  there ;  regarded  by 
the  English  as  a  martyr ;  miracles  reported  to  be  wrought 
at  his  tomb  in  Crowlaud  Abbey.  [lix.  266] 

WALTHEOF  (</.  1159),  saint  and  abbot  Of  Melrose: 
second  son  of  Simon  de  Seulis,  earl  of  Northampton  and 
Huntingdon  [q.  v.],  by  Matilda,  eldest  daughter  of  Wal- 
theof  (d.  1076)  [q.  v.] ;  Augustinian  monk  at  Nostal; 
prior  of  Kirkham  ;  joined  the  Cistercians  as  more  ascetic ; 
monk  at  Warden  and  Rievaulx  ;  elected  abbot  of  Melrose, 
1148;  venerated  as  a  saint;  miracles  wrought  at  his 
tomb.  [lix.  267] 

WALTON.    [See  also  WAUTOX.] 

WALTON,  BRIAN  or  BRYAN  (18007-1661),  bishop 
of  Chester  and  editor  of  the  '  English  Polyglot  Bible ' ;  a 
Yorkshireman;  of  Magdalene  College  and  Peterhoiuw, 
Cambridge;  B.A.,  1620;  D.D.,  1639;  curate  in  Suffolk, 
1623  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Martin's  Orgar,  London,  1628-41, 
and  of  Sandon,  Essex,  1636-41 ;  wrote  a  treatise  on 
London  tithes,  1C34  (published,  1752)  :  king's  chaplain  ; 
ejected  from  his  livings  for  ritualism,  1641 :  imprisoned, 
1642 ;  withdrew  to  Oxford  and  studied  oriental  languages ; 
incorporated  D.D.  at  Oxford,  1645  ;  fined  as  a  delinquent, 
1647 ;  returned  to  London,  1647 ;  Invited  subscriptions 
for  his  'Polyglot,'  1652  ;  issued  it  with  the  help  of  many 
scholars,  1664-7,  adding  critical  prolegomena ;  published 
an  introduction  to  oriental  languages,  1655  ;  restored  to 
his  benefices,  1660 ;  consecrated  bishop  of  Chester,  1660. 

[lix.  268] 

WALTON,  CHRISTOPHER  (1809-1877),  theosopher ; 
came  from  Lancashire  to  London,  1830;  a  silk-mercer; 
then  a  jeweller ;  a  Wesleyan  methodist ;  published  note* 
on  the  life  of  William  Law  (the  same  work  containing 
discnwions  on  mysticism,  especially  an  represented  by 
Boehme  and  FreherX  1864 ;  hi*  collection  of  mamiscri 


and  theosophic    collections 
Library,  London. 


manuscripts 

now  in    the  Dr.  Williams 
[lix.  271] 


UOOB)  report,  *tbe  aambsr as  ptr  mar*... 

.;••:.     .M  ,:,-  !!,  .-:     „   •••    .:..-..-   •.,  :.    ,      .      .     •.,!, 
1722 ;  rear-admiral,  1723  :  admiral,  17)4.  [Ux.  tit] 

WALTON.  ISA  AC  (16M-1719).  divine;  «»  <rf  !lMk 

travelled  in  luly.  167ft ;  prebendary  of  Salbbury,  167S- 
1710  ;  rector  oi  jWshot,  lttO-1719.  [tax.  27«  J 

WALTOH,  I2AAK  (1S9S-168J).  author  of  •  The  Com- 
pleat  Angler*;  born  in  Stafford ;  aporeUkw  to  a  London 
ironmonger;  in  boslMM  for  him**?  in  London,  1*14; 


WALTON,  ELIJAH  (1832-18SO),  painter  of  mountain 
scenery  in  oil  and  watercolours ;  art  student  in  Birming- 
ham and  London ;  sketched  in  Switzerland,  Egypt,  Syria, 
Greece,  Norway,  1860-70;  published  illustrated  books. 

[Ux.  272] 

WALTON,  Sm  GEORGE  (1665-1739),  admiral ;  in 
active  service,  1690-1786;  lieutenant,  1690;  commander, 
1697 ;  ably  seconded  Rodney  in  the  West  Indies,  1708 ; 
commander-in-chief  at  Portsmouth,  1712:  captured  a 
Spanish  squadron  off  Sicily,  1718;  famous  for  the  laconic 


**$?*•. 


of  the   Ironmongers'  Company,    1618.    wrote 
1619:  contributed  onto  of  TOM  to  boob 

•  •y  his  frieno*,  1638-«l:  favour*!  toe  rovalMa.  1441 ; 
married  hU  second  wife.  1646;  lived  with  Btsbop  Goorijv 
Mnrley  at  Pamham,  1662-78;  lived  at  Wlucbajter  wttti 
his  son-in-law.  Dr.  William  Hawkins,  canon  of  Win- 
charter,  1678-83 ;  publUbed  hi*  biographiM  of  Dr.  John 
Donne,  1640,  of  Sir  Henry  Wottoo.  16*1,  of  Richard 
•  r,  166*,  of  George  Herbert,  1670,  and  of  Btebop 
Bobert  Sanderson,  1678;  'The  ComploU  Angler*  flnt 
.•;..•.:  ..-::.  .;,.!•  -  .  .  •  .  :,  .•  .  •.••.•>., 
his  dialogue  between  ' PUcator'  and  •Viator*  In 
1676,  and  it  WM  published  M  a  second  part  in  U»  'Oom- 
pleat  Angler,*  6th  ed^  1676.  [Ux.  tTS] 

WALTON,  JAMBS  (1802-1883X  manuf* 
inventor  ;  a  Yorkshiremau :  cloth- friexer,  and 
machine-manufacturer,  near  Halifax  ;  removed  to 
shire  before  1846 ;  Introduced  improvement*  in  cotton- 
spinning  machinery,  1884-40;   bought  " 
Montgomeryshire,  1870. 

WALTON,  JOHN  (.*.  1410),  poet;  monk  ot  O«n*y; 
wrote  a  verse  translation  of  Boethiu*  'De  Conmtetiooe 
Philosophic*  (published,  1626).  [lix.  278) 

WALTON,  JOHN(rf.  1490?),  archbishop  of  DnbUn; 
probably  the  same  with  John  Walton,  who,  M  monk  of 
Osney,  graduated  BJL  at  Oxford,  14*0  ;  abbot  of  Omey, 
1452;  U.D.,  1463:  oonsecrated  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
1472  ;  resigned,  1484.  [lix.  278] 

WALTON  or  WATJTON,  8m  THOMAS  (13707- 
1437?),  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  142*:  of 
Great  Staughton  ;  M.P.,  Huntingdonshire,  1397, 1400,  and 
1402,  Bedfordshire,  May  1414,  Huntingdonshire,  Novem- 
ber 1414,  1420,  and  1422,  Bedfordshire,  1419,  142«,  and 
1432  :  Flu-riff  of  Bedfordshire,  1415-16,  1428-9,  1432-3 ; 
chamberlain  of  North  Wales,  1421  [Hx.  279] 

WALTON,  VALENTINE  (d.  1661  ?X  WgJdde;  of 
Great  Staughton  ;  married  Oliver  Cromwell's  slater,  1619 ; 
M.P.,  Huntingdonshire,  in  the  Long  parliament,  1640 ; 
raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the  service  of  parliament, 
1642 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Edgchill,  1642 ;  parliamentary 
colonel  of  foot,  1643;  governor  of  Lynn,  1648;  tat  a* 
judge  at  Charles  I's  trial  and  signed  the  warrant,  1649; 
member  of  toe  parliamentary  council  of  state;  resumed 
his  seat  in  parliament,  1669 ;  commissioner  of  the  navy : 
commissioner  for  the  government  of  the  army,  October 
1669-Fcbruary  1660  ;  secured  Portsmouth  for  the  parlia- 
ment :  commanded  a  regiment ;  cxcepted  from  the  act  of 
pardon,  1660 ;  nod  to  Germany.  [lix.  279] 

WALTON,  WILLIAM  (1784-18*7),  writer  on  Ppain: 
educated  in  Spain  and  Portugal:  travelledta  Spanish 
America  ;  British  agent  in  San  Domingo,  180J-9 ;  wrote 
against  the  government  policy  In  Spain  and  Portugal, 
from  1810 ;  advocated  the  naturalisation  of  U*  alpaca, 

WALWORTH,   Couxr  JKSISOJI  (1764-18J4)."     [Ste 

SOB.] 

WALWOKTH,  SiB  WELLIAM  (d,  138*X  lord 


of  London  ;  probably  a  native  of  Durham  :  •PP"»f  «<» 
to  John  Lovekyn  [q.  r.],  flihmongcr,  London  :  *id«rm*n, 
1368  •  sberiffTl  WO  ;  mayor  Of  London,  1374  ;  one  of  the 
cit  'denuution  to  Bdiard  111,  U76  :  "ont*  *• 


cit     denuution  to  Bdard  111,  : 

lUchanfll  from  1377  ;  an  adherent  of  the  ™ 
caster,  1378;   built  a  chantey  chapel  forfett 


chantry 
in  St.  Michael's,  Orootad  L*n«,t  1  JW^m^ror  of 

1381;  bdd  London  ~ 
18  Jane,  1381  ;   killed  Tyler 


prieste  i 
London, 


d  Lane,  fc  1380;  •>•£*<* 
Bridge  against  WatljrUr. 
in  Bicbard  1F»  pre-noa, 


ift  Ju^  1381, 'and  WM  knighted  for  it :  t 
to  suDorww  the  rising  and  quiet  Kent,  1381-2 :  MJ*.,  1 
don,  U83;  had  a  fine  collection  of  books:  angora  of 
displayed  in  toe  mayoral  pageant,  1616, 1799. 


4  8  2 


WAL.WYN 


13C4 


WARBURTON 


WALWYN.  WILLIAM  (11  1649),  pamphleteer:  silk- 
man  in  London  :  took  the  parliamentary  side  :  advocated 
religious  toleration:  a  leader  of  the  'levellers,'  16-17; 
imprisoned,  1649  :  published  pamphlets  defending  him-rli. 
1646-61 ;  not  identical  with  the  William  \Vnlwyn  who 
was  appointed  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  in  1660. 

[lix.  284] 

WANDESFORD,  CHRISTOPHER  (1592-1640),  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland  :  of  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  c.  1607- 
1612:  student  of  Gray's  Inn,  1612;  inherited  Kirkliiitfton, 
Yorkshire,  1612 ;  a  personal  friend  of  Sir  Thomas  Went- 
worth;  M.P.,  Aldborough,  1621  and  1624,  Richmond, 
Yorkshire,  1625  and  1626,  Thirsk,  1628 ;  an  opponent  of 
Charles  I ;  led  the  attack  on  Buckingham,  1628  ;  changed 
over  to  the  king's  side,  1629;  accompanied  Weutworth 
to  Ireland ;  Irish  privy  councillor  and  master  of  the  rolls, 
1633;  served  as  a  lord  justice  during  Went  worth's 
absence,  1636  and  1639  ;  acquired  Castlecomer,  Kilkenny, 
1637 :  lord-deputy  of  Ireland,  1640 ;  unsuccessful  in 
handling  the  Irish  parliament,  1640  ;  died  in  Dublin. 

[lix.  285] 

WANDESFORD,  Sm  CHRISTOPHER,  second  VIS- 
COUNT OASTLECOMER  (d.  1719),  succeeded  to  the  Irish 
peerage,  1707;  M.P.,  Morpetb,  1710-13,  Ripon,  1715; 
governor  of  Kilkenny,  1715  ;  secretary  at  war,  1718. 

[lix.  287] 

WANLEY,  HUMFREY  (1672-1726),  antiquary; 
draper's  apprentice  at  Coventry,  1687-94 ;  read  widely ; 
went  lo  Oxford,  1695  ;  assistant  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
1696;  prepared  the  index  to  Edward  Bernard's  'Cata- 
logue of  MSS.,'  1697;  prepared  a  catalogue  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  manuscripts,  1700 ;  assistant-secretary,  1700,  and 
secretary,  1702-8,  of  the  S.P.O.K.,  London ;  catalogued 
the  Harleian  MSS.,  1708 ;  librarian  to  the  first  and  second 
earls  of  Oxford  ;  F.S.A.,  1717  :  his  correspondence  in  the 
British  Museum  and  the  Bodleian.  [lix.  287] 

WANLEY,  NATHANIEL  (1634-1680),  divine  and 
compiler ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1657 :  rector 
of  Beeby  ;  vicar  of  Trinity  Church,  Coventry,  1662  ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Wonders  of  the  Little  World'  (an  anecdotal 
treatise  on  mankind),  1678,  and  other  works,  [lix.  289] 

WANOSTROCHT,  NICOLAS  (1745-1812),  teacher 
of  French;  a  Belgian;  came  to  England  before  1780; 
had  a  private  school  in  Camberwell,  1795 ;  published  a 
French  grammar,  1780,  and  vocabulary,  1783,  and  other 
school-books.  [lix.  290] 

WAN08TROCHT,  NICHOLAS  (1804-1876),  cricketer ; 
had  a  private  school  at  Oamberwell,  1824-30,  and  at 
Blackheath,  1830-58;  a  leading  cricketer,  playing  under 
the  name  of  N.  FELIX,  1828-51 ;  published  'Felix  on  the 
Bat,'  1845.  [lix.  290] 

WANSEY,  HENRY  (1752 ?-1827),  antiquary;  a 
clothier  of  Warminster ;  F.S.A.,  1789  ;  made  collections 
for  the  history  of  Warminster  hundred ;  published  pam- 
phlete,  1780-1814.  [lix.  291] 

WARBECX,  PERKIN  (1474-1499),  Pretender;  son  of 
John  Osbeck  or  De  Werbecque,  controller  of  Tournay ; 
went  to  Portugal  as  page  to  a  Yorkist  lady,  wife  of  Sir 
Edward  Brampton;  accompanied  a  Breton,  Pregent 
Meno.to  Ireland,  1491 ;  thought  by  people  in  Cork  to  be 
a  eon  of  George,  duke  of  Clarence,  or  of  Richard  III ; 
became  assured  of  the  support  of  the  Earls  of  Desmond 
and  Kildare,  and  gave  out  that  he  was  Richard,  duke  of 
York,  son  of  Edward  IV ;  learnt  English ;  wrote  to 
James  IV  of  Scotland,  February  1492  ;  went  to  France, 
on  Charles  VIII's  invitation,  October  1492 ;  acknowledged 
by  Margaret,  dowager-duchess  of  Burgundy  [q.  v.],  to  be 
her  nephew,  November  1492 ;  his  banishment  demanded 
by  Henry  VII,  July  1493 ;  went  to  Vienna,  November 
1493 :  recognised  as  Richard  IV,  king  of  England,  and 
supplied  with  money  for  his  expedition  by  the  Emperor 
Maximilian  I,  1494 ;  denounced  as  an  impostor  at  Mechlin 
by  Garter  king-of-arms  ;  his  English  adherents  arrested 
and  executed,  1495  ;  repulsed  at  Deal,  July  1495,  and  at 
Waterford  ;  welcomed  by  James  IV  at  Stirling,  November 
1495  ;  married  Lady  Catherine  Gordon  (d.  1637) ;  accom-  I 
panied  James  IV  on  a  raid  into  Northumberland,  pro- 
claiming himself  King  Richard  IV,  September  1496;  I 
•ailed  to  Cork,  July  1497 ;  landed  in  Cornwall,  proclaim-  I 
ing  himself  King  Richard  IV  ;  advanced  to  Exeter ;  taken 
prisoner,  September  1497;  confessed  his  imposture  at 


Taunton,  October  1497  ;  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
Novi-nil.cT  1497-November  1499;  hanged,  after  an  at- 
tempted escape.  [Hx.  291] 

WARBURTON,        BARTHOLOMEW       ELLIOTT 

GEORGE,  usually  known  as  KI.IMT  WAUBURTON  (1810- 

1852),  miscellaneous   writer;   an   Irishman  ;  member  of 

the   Cambridge  University    Dramatic    Club,    1830;    of 

Queens'  and  Trinity  Colleges,  Cambridge  :  M.A.  Trinity 

College,  Cambridge,  1837  ;   Irish  barrister,  1837 ;  pub- 

I  lished,  1845, '  The  Crescent  and  the  Cross,'  an  account  of 

I  his  1843  Eastern  tour ;  published  biographies  of  Priiu-t; 

Rupert  and  other  cavaliers,  1849,  historical  novels,  ami 

other  works  ;  perished  in  a  burning  steamer,  [lix.  294] 

WARBURTON,   GEORGE  DROUGHT  (1816-1857), 
writer  on  Canada ;    an  Irishman :   educated  at    Wool- 
wich;    served  in  the    artillery,  1833-54;    stationed    in 
Canada,  1844-6  ;  major  ;  M.P.,  Harwich,  1857  ;  published 
j  'Hochelaga'  (an  account  of  Canada),  1846,  and  other 
i  works.  [iix.  296] 

WARBURTON,  HENRY  (17847-1858),  philosophical 
I  radical;  educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; M.A.,  1812;  timber-merchant  at  Lambeth; 
F.R.S.,  1809  ;  M.P.,  Bridport,  1826-41,  Kendal,  1843-7 ; 
advocated  the  foundation  of  London  University,  1826, 
medical  reform,  1827-34,  the  repeal  of  the  duties  on  news- 
papers and  corn,  and  penny  postage.  [lix.  296] 

WARBURTON,  JOHN  (1682-1759),  herald  and  anti- 
quary ;  exciseman  in  Yorkshire :  F.R.S.,  1719-57  ;  F.S.A 
1720 :  Somerset  herald,  1720-59  ;  collected  scarce  books 
and  manuscripts;  sold  some  of  his  manuscripts  to  the 
Earl  of  Oxford,  July  1720 ;  his  cook,  Betsy  Baker,  said  to 
have  destroyed  unique  Elizabethan  and  Jacobean  plays : 
published  maps  of  several  counties,  and,  1753,  a  survey  of 
the  Roman  wall ;  his  collections  sold  by  auction,  1766. 

[lix.  2971 

WARBURTON,  Sm  PETER  (1540?-1621X  judge; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1572  ;  sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1583  ; 
M.P.,  Chester,  1587-98  ;  serjeant-at-law,  1593  ;  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  1600-21 ;  knighted,  1603.  [lix.  299] 

WARBURTON,  PETER  (1588-1666),  judge  ;  of  Hef- 
ferston  Grange,  Cheshire;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Ox- 
ford, 1606  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1612  ;  took  the  par- 
liamentary side;  justice  of  Chester,  1647;  serjeant-at- 
law,  1649  ;  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  1649 ;  justice  of 
the  upper  bench,  1655 ;  removed  at  the  Restoration. 

[lix.  299] 

WARBURTON,  PETER  EGERTON  (1813-1889), 
Australian  explorer  ;  educated  in  France ;  served  in  the 
army,  1831-53  ;  captain,  1845  ;  major,  1853  ;  in  command 
of  the  South  Australian  police,  1853-67,  and  volunteers, 
1869-77;  travelled  overland  from  Adelaide  to  Perth, 
1872-4,  experiencing  much  privation ;  C.M.G.,  1875 ; 
published  a  narrative  of  his  '  Journey,'  1875 ;  died  at 
Adelaide.  [lix.  300] 

WARBURTON,  SIR  ROBERT  (1842-1899),  warden  of 
the  Kyber ;  studied  at  Addiscombe  and  Woolwich ;  ob- 
tained commission  in  royal  regiment  of  artillery,  1861 ; 
went  to  India,  1862,  exchanged  to  21st  Punjab  infantry, 
1866,  and  served  in  Abyssinian  campaign,  1868 ;  political 
officer  of  the  Kyber,  1879 ;  major,  1881 :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1887 ;  C.S.I.,  1890  ;  brevet-colonel,  1893  ;  resigned, 
1897 ;  served  with  Tirah  expedition,  1897-9 :  K.O.I.E., 
1898.  His  reminiscences  were  published,  1900,  under 
title, « Eighteen  Years  in  the  Kyber.'  [Suppl.  iii.  504] 

WARBURTON,  ROWLAND  EYLES  EGERTON- 
(1804-1891),  poet;  of  Arley  Hall,  Cheshire:  educated  at 
Eton  and  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford;  travelled; 
high  sheriff  of  Cheshire,  1833  :  published  •  Hunting  Songs,* 
1846,  and  other  verses,  1855-79.  [lix.  301] 

WARBURTON,  THOMAS  ACTON  (d.  1894),  writer 
of  legal  and  historical  books ;  a  barrister  ;  vicar  of  Iffley, 
1853-76,  and  of  St.  John's,  East  Dulwich,  1876-88. 

[lix.  295] 

WARBURTON,  WILLIAM  (1698-1779),  bishop 
of  Gloucester ;  articled  to  a  Nottinghamshire  attorney, 
1714-19;  ordained,  1723;  published  translations  from 
Latin,  1724,  and  pamphlets  on  chancery  procedure  and 
on  prodigies,  1727  ;  vicar  of  Greaseley,  1727-8  :  honorary 
M.A.  Cambridge,  1728  ;  rector  of  Brant  Broughton, 
1728-57?;  non-resident  vicar  of  Frisby,  1730-56;  read 
widely;  had  a  large  literary  correspondence;  published  . 
'  The  Alliance  between  Church  and  State,'  1736,  and  '  The 


WARD 


I860 


WARD 


Divine  Legation  of  MOMS,'  part  i.,  1737,  part  il.,  1741.  the  |  Lake  district, ! 
latter  (a  work  famous  for  it*  paradoxical  view )  maintain-  It}  dal,  1880 ;  | 
ing  the  law  of  Moses  to  be  of  divine  origin,  lna*mu<  : 


ing  tlje  law  of 

through  ite  not  containing  a  socially  es»ential  doctrine, 
vi/..  that  of  future  rewards  and  punivhmenU,  it  most 
have  been  supported  by  an  'extraordinary  providence' ; 
jilmiir<ii  by  the  'Legation*  into  controversies  with  hi- 
critics,  ir;!H-r,5;  chaplain  to  Frederick,  prince  of  Wale*, 
1738  ;  gained  Alexander  Pope's  friendship  by  publishing 
a  defence  of  his  '  Essay  on  Man,'  1789 ;  advised  Pope  to 
add  a  fourth  book  to  the  •  Hum-iad,'  an.l  furnished  him 
with  not™  ridiculii 
against  Viscount 
corn's 
1747, 
(1699- 
Richard 

logical  work,  1750 :  having  been  left  Pope's  Uterary  exe- 
cutor in  1744,  brought  out  an  edition  of  Pope's  works, 
1751,  and  put  up  a  monument  to  him  in  Twickenham 
church,  1761 ;  prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1758-5  ;  king's 
chaplain  and  D.D.  Lambeth,  1754 ;  prebendary  of  Dur- 
ham, 1755-79  ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1757 ;  bishop  of  Gloucester, 
1759-79;  published  'The  Doctrine  of  Grace,'  an  argu- 
ment against  John  Wesley's  views,  1702  ;  preached 
against  the  slave  trade,  1766;  his  'Collected  Works' 
edited  by  Uurd,  1788.  [Ux.  801  ] 

WARD.    [See  also  WARDR.] 

WARD,  SIR  EDWARD  (1638-1714),  judge  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1664 ;  practised  in  the  exchequer  court ;  a 
whig  ;  one  of  the  counsel  for  William  Russell,  lord 
Russell,  1683  ;  withstood  Chief-justice  Jeffreys's  brow- 
beating, 1684:  declined  a  justiceship  of  the  common 
pleas,  1689;  attorney-general  and  knighted,  1693 ;  bought 
Stoke- Doyle,  Northamptonshire,  1694;  chief-baron  of  the 
exchequer,  1695-1714.  [Ux.  311] 

WARD,  EDWARD  (1667-1731),  humorist;  born  in 
Oxfordshire;  visited  the  West  Indies;  kept  a  tavern  in 
London  ;  published  a  great  number  of  coarse  poems, 
printed  1691-1734,  satirising  the  whigs  and  the  low- 
church  party,  and  descriptive  of  life  in  London ;  pilloried 
for  an  attack  on  the  government,  1705;  issued  'The 
London  Spy,'  in  parts,  1698-1709, '  Hudibras  RedivivuH,' 
1705-7,  and  other  works  of  coarse  humour.  [Ux.  312] 

WARD,  EDWARD  MATTHEW  (1816-1879),  his- 
torical painter  ;  trained  in  London  ;  exhibited  a  portrait, 
1834  ;  visited  Paris,  Venice,  Rome,  Munich,  1830-U ;  exhi- 
bited at  the  Royal  Academy,  1840-79,  chiefly  pictures 
illustrative  of  English  history  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries  and  of  the  French  revolution  and 
the  first  empire ;  painted  frescoes  for  the  houses  of  parlia- 
ment, 1853 ;  R.A.,  1855.  [Ux.  314] 

WARD,  GEORGE  RAPHAEL  (1798-1878),  engraver ; 
son  of  James  Ward  (1769-1859)  [q.  v.] ;  engraved  chiefly 
portraits.  [l»x.  317] 

WARD,  SIR  HENRY  GEORGE  (1797-1860),  colonial 
governor  ;  of  GUston  Park,  Hertfordshire  ;  eldest  sou  of 


ii.,  1741,  the  I  Lake  district,  186»-77:  oorait  at  K«*wtok,  1878 :  Ticarof 

M   ;    -.      t    '.«,k-. 

origin.  inasmuch  as 


WARD,  JOHN  (A  l«m 
glish  Madrigal*,'  1«U ;  comp 

WARD.   JOHN  f_ (/.  1601-1611). 
OAPTAIX  WAIU»:  a 


nan 

•  :     ^ 
na.      til*,  lit) 


(/.  1601-1811).  pirate ;  known  a* 
?mrvDi\ni  fl  tu^rmnti  \  prooftoly  MB* 
s:  petty  officer  in  a  kW«  »hlp  at 

.    .-i  »flMp    ••    i    ••-    MM     .-..i 

r..   -.  ;•     •  .,,.:••.-. 


man  in  the  West  1  wiles; 

Portsmouth,  t.  1601 ; 

sailed  on  a  piratical  cruise,  1608: 


Encouragement  to   Warn''  (reissued 
Christian's  Inooaragement'X  denouncing  the  cavaliers, 

[ttx.ni] 

WARD,  JOHN  (1C797-1758X  biographer:  dark  fa 
the  navy  office;  schoolmaster  In  MoorflcJds  1710:  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric,  Ore-ham  College,  London.  17)0-18: 
F.R^.,  1798:  F.H.A.,  1786:  bon.  LL.D.  Edinburgh,  1711  : 
published  treatUes  on  rhetoric,  dissertations  on  alistJinl 
topics,  and  '  The  Lives  of  the  Professors  of  Gresham  Col- 
lege,' 1740  ;  manuscript  antiquarian  collections  by  him  la 
-li  Museum  library.  [Ux.  SSI] 

WARD,  JOHN  (1781-1837).  mystic;  born  near  Cork; 
without  education  ;  learned  to  be  a  shipwright  at  Bristol, 
1793,  and  a  shoemaker  in  London,  1797  :  shipwright  at 
sea,  1801-3  ;  married,  1803  :  shoemaker,  1803-27  :  succes- 
sively a  Calvinist,  metbodlst,  baptist,  a  Raiwtamaithm 
preacher  (1813)  :  refused  admission  to  the  SouUicottians 
(1814);  founded  a  church  of  bis  own,  styling  ' 
'  Kiou  '  or  'Shiloh,'  1827  ;  traveUed  in  tl«  north  of  1 
preaching,  1899-37;  several  time*  imprisoned 
1828  and  1834  ;  published  several  tract*,  treating  the 
biblical  narrative  as  allegory,  1829-37,  and  left  hundreds 
of  others  in  manuscript  [Ux.  8tt] 

WARD,  JOHN'  (1805-1890),  diplomatist  ;  inspector  of 
prisons,  1837  ;  secretary  to  the  New  Zealand  Colonisation 
Company,  1838;  consul-general  at  Letpaig,  1846,  and  at 
Hamburg  to  the  Hanse  Towns,  1860-70.  [Ux.  8SS] 

WARD,  JOHN  (1826-1896),  naval  captain  and  sur- 
veyor ;  served  in  the  navy,  1840-70:  lieutenant,  18*0: 
captain,  1873  ;  employed  on  survey  duty  on  the  Scottish 
coast,  1855-6,  and  in  Chinese  water*,  1868-66.  [Ux.  8S4] 

WARD,  JOHN  WILLIAM,  first  EARL  OF  DUDLEY  of 
Castle  Dudley,  Staffordshire,  and  fourth  Vwoouirr 
DUDLEY  AM»  WARD  (1781-1833),  educated  at  Oriel  and 
Corpus  Cbristi  (Alleges,  Oxford,  and  at  Edinburgh  ;  MJL. 
Oxford,  1813:  tory  M.P.,  Downton,  1802,  Worcestershire, 
1803,  Petersflekl.  1806,  Wareham,  1807,  Ilchester.  181  S,  and 
Bossiuey,  1819-23  :  travelled,  1814-22  :  succeeded  his  father 
as  fourth  Viecount  Dudley  and  Ward,  1823:  foreign 
t  secretary,  1827-8;  created  Earl  of  Dudley,  1827;  placed 
I  under  restraint,  1832.  [Ux.  SS4) 

WARD,  JOSHUA  (1685-1761),  quack  doctor;  nick- 


, 

Robert  Plumer  Ward  [q.  v.]  ;  attach^  at  Stockholm,  1816,  ,  nnmed  .  Spot  •  Ward,  from  a  birth-mark  ;  fraudulently  tried 
the  Hague,  1818,  and  Madrid,  1819;  minister  to  Mexico,  to  ent€r  parliament  for  MaftOTMfh,  1717;  fled  to  St. 
1823-4  and  1825-7  ;  published  '  Mexico  in  1825-7  '  :  liberal  ,-crnmiu  .'  maintained  himself  by  the  sale  of  his  universal 
M.P.  for  St.  Albans,  1832-7,  Sheffield,  1837-49;  advocated  remedy,  hi«  'drop  and  pill,'  a  dangerous  compound  of 
disestablishment  of  the  Irish  church:  secretary  of  the 
admiralty,  1846  ;  G.C.M.G.,  1849;  governor  of  the  Ionian 
islands,  1849-55  ;  governor  of  Ceylon,  1855-60:  governor 


of  Madras,  June  1860  ;  died  at  Madras.  [Ux.  316] 

WARD,   HUGH   (1580  7-1635).     [See  MACANWARD, 

HUGH  BOY.] 

WARD,  JAMES  (1769-1859),  engraver  and  painter; 

trained    in    London;'   exhibited    paintings,    chiefly    of 

animals,  1790-1855  ;  R.A.,  1811.  [Ux.  317] 

WARD,  JAMES  (1800-1885),  pugilist  and  artist :  son 
of  a  London  butcher ;  cabin-boy  on  a  collier :  a  Lt 
coal-whipper ;  a  professional  prize-flgbter.  1821-32; 
'British  champion,'  July  1825  and  July  1831;  tavern- 
keeper  in  Liverpool,  1832-53,  and  in  London  from  1853  : 
exhibited  oil-paintings  of  some  merit,  1846-60. 

WARD,  JAMES  CLIFTON  (1843-1880),  geologist: 
trained  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  1861 :  attached  to 
the  geological  survey  in  Yorkshire,  1865-9,  and  in  the 


antimony :  pardoned,  1788  ;  much  patrbuiscd  in 

t,v  admirer*;, uid  satirised  in  tl*  newspaper.  :  am-sed 

fortune  ;  published  some  pamphlets.  [Ux.  8S6] 


WARD,  MARTIN  THEODORE  ( 1799  ?- 
of  dogs  and  horses;  pupil  of  Landseer:  exhibited,  18SO- 
1850 ;  afterwards  Uved  in  rctin  ua-nt  at  "i  ork. 

WARD,  MARY  (1685-1646X  founder  of  a  fema£oiAr 
modelled  on  the  rule  of  the  jesoiU ;  niece  of  John  Wright 
0568  M606)  [q.  v.] :  educated  in  Roman  catholic  faith  : 
went  to  St.  (SiSr,  1606,  and  entered  teeowiMiJtCtfM 
Colettines,  but  left  the  convent,  1607;  obtained  from 
archdukes  of  Brussels  land  for  a  convent  » I*™*""1 
and  formed  a  community  :  returned  to  8t  :...  r. 

sar^iJtfssrsra^trs? 

Sr—*w-*-l*I!SSfft.i 


tem  or  u»«  , 

aiMoi  bad* been  -tablfched  at  Lige.  161T: 
obtained  leave  from  Pope  Gregory  XV  to  establish  a  boose 


WABD 


1366 


WARDE 


in  Rome,  1622 :  suffered  persecution  and  proceeded  with 
community  to  Munich,  1026  ;  obtained  support  of  Emperor 
Ferdinand  and  established  herself  in  Vicuna,  li;iV: 
arouacd  considerable  ecclesiastical  opposition,  and  accord- 
ingly returned  to  Munich,  1630  ;  mvivnl  i>onnission  from 
Pope  Urban  VIII  to  establish  second  house  in  Homo, 
1634;  fled  from  persecution  to  London,  1638,  and  lived 
with  romnmiiitv  in  Strand  till  liil'J;  sought  refuge  hi 
Yorkshire  at  outbreak  of  civil  war.  [Suppl.  iii.  506] 

WARD,  NATHANIEL  (1578-1652),  puritan  divine ; 
entered  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1596  ;  M.A.,  1603  ; 
studied  law  :  travelled  :  chaplain  at  Elbing,  1620-4 ;  rector 
of  Btoudon  Masaey,  1628 ;  deprived  by  Laud  for  noncon- 
formity, 1633 ;  minister  in  Massachusetts,  1634-6 ;  joint- 
author  of  the  1641  New  England  code  of  laws  ;  returned 
to  England,  1646 ;  rector  of  Shenfleld,  1648-52  :  published 
theological  tracts.  [lix.  328] 

WARD,  NATHANIEL  BAGSHAW(  1791-1868),  bota- 
niat;  visited  Jamaica,  1804;  medical  practitioner  in 
London ;  an  enthusiastic  botanist  and  plant-cultivator  ; 
invented  the  '  Wardiau '  case  for  transporting  plants, 
1829 ;  F.R.S.,  1852.  [lix.  328] 

WARD,  SIR  PATIENCE  (1629-1696),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  a  Yorkshireman ;  apprenticed  to  a  London 
merchant  taylor,  1646-53;  master  of  the  Merchant 
Taylors'  Company,  1671 ;  knighted,  1675  ;  alderman  and 
sheriff,  1670,  and  lord  mayor,  1680,  of  London  ;  expressed 
strong  protestant  opinions ;  probably  directed  the  addi- 
tional inscription  to  the  effect  that  the  fire  of  London 
(1666)  waa  caused  by  the  papists  to  be  placed  on  the 
Monument;  presented  the  unpalatable  city  addresses  to 
Charles  II,  May-July,  1681 ;  convicted  of  perjury  in  defence 
of  Sir  Thomas  Pilkington,  1683 :  escaped  to  Holland ; 
pardoned,  1688  ;  M.P.,  London,  1689  ;  a  commissioner 
of  the  customs,  1689-96 ;  colonel  of  militia,  1689  and  1691. 

[lix.  329] 

WARD,  ROBERT  PLUMER  (1765-1846),  novelist 
and  politician ;  called  Robert  Ward  till  1828,  when  he 
took  the  additional  name  of  Plumer ;  of  Westminster 
School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  travelled  ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1790  ;  a  partisan  of  Pitt ;  wrote  on  legal 
and  political  questions,  1795-1838 ;  M.P.,  Cockermouth, 
1802-6,  Haslemere,  1807-23  ;  under-secretary  for  foreign 
affairs,  1805-6  ;  a  commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  1807-11 ; 
clerk  of  the  ordnance,  1811-23 ;  published  three  society 
novels,  1825,  1827,  1841 ;  high  sheriff  of  Hertfordshire, 
1830 ;  kept  a  political  diary  from  1809.  [lix.  331] 

WARD,  SAMUEL  (1677-1640),  of  Ipswich  ;  puritan 
-divine ;  scholar  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1594 ; 
BJL,  1597  ;  an  original  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
1699-1604 ;  MA.,  1600  ;  B.D.,  1607 ;  puritan  « lecturer'  at 
Haverhill,  Suffolk,  and,  1603-35,  at  Ipswich;  married, 
1804 ;  imprisoned  for  an  anti-Spanish  engraving,  1621 ; 
prosecuted  for  nonconformity,  1622-3 ;  suspended  for 
puritanical  preaching,  1635 ;  withdrew  to  Holland ;  re- 
turned to  Ipswich  before  1638  ;  published  theological 
tracts  and  sermons.  [lix.  333] 

WARD,  SAMUEL  (d.  1643),  master  of  Sidney  Sussex 
College,  Cambridge ;  scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; fellow  of  Emmanuel  College,  1595-9;  M.A.,  1596  ; 
fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College,  1599,  and  master,  1610- 
1643;  D.D.,  1610;  king's  chaplain,  1611;  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  Apocrypha  ;  archdeacon  of  Taunton, 
1615 ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1615,  of  York,  1618;  delegate 
at  the  synod  of  Dort,  1619  ;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  Cambridge,  1623-43;  a  leading  puritan  ami 
Calvinist;  refused  the  covenant,  1G43 ;  published  theo- 
logical treatises.  [lix.  335] 

WARD,  SETH(  1617-1689),  bishop  of  Salisbury  ;  M.A. 
Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1640 ;  fellow,  1640-4  ; 
lectured  on  mathematics,  1643;  instructed  by  William 
Oughtred  [q.  v.] ;  wrote  against  the  covenant,  1643 ; 
ejected  from  his  fellowship,  1644 ;  private  tutor  at  Aspen- 
den,  1646-9 ;  incorporated  M.A.  at  Oxford.  1649  ;  held  the 
Savilian  professorship  of  astronomy,  Oxford,  1649-61 ; 
D.D.,  1664 :  advanced  a  theory  of  planetary  motion  on 
the  assumption  of  a  centre  of  uniform  motion ;  published 
'VindicUe  Acadnmiarum,'  against  critics  of  university 
education,  1664,  and  critiques  of  Thomas  Hobbes,  1656, 
being  associated  with  John  Wallis  (1616-1703)  [q.  v.]  in 
OB  controversy  with  the  latter ;  nominated  precentor  of 
— -r,  1886 ;  elected  principal  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford, 


but  ejected  by  Cromwell,  1657;    intruded  president  of 
;  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  September  1659  to  August  1660  ; 
I  beneficed  in   London,  Devon,  and  Cornwall,  1661-2;  pre- 
bendary, 1660,  dean,  1661,  and  bishop,  1662-7,  of  Exeter  : 
translated  to  Salisbury,  1667;  severe  against  dissenters  ; 
chancellor  of  the  Garter,  1671  ;  published  sermons  tan 
theological  and  mathematical  treatises.  [lix.  :;:!»>] 

WARD,  THOMAS  (1652-1708),  controversialist ;  a 
Yorkshiremau ;  embraced  Romanism ;  soldier  of  the 
pope's  guard  ;  resided  in  England,  1685-8 ;  died  in 
France ;  published  controversial  tracts,  1686-8 ;  other 
pieces  by  him  published  posthumously.  [lix.  340] 

WARD,  THOMAS,  BAROV  WAR!)  of  the  Austrian 
Empire  (1809-1858),  a  Yorkshire  jockey ;  went  as  jockey 
to  Hungary,  1823  ;  entered  the  service  of  Charles  Louis 
of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Lucca,  1827;  made  his  master's 
peace  with  Austria,  1843  ;  styled  baron,  and  minister  of 
the  household  to  Charles  Louis,  1846 ;  when  his  master 
became  Duke  of  Parma,  1847,  was  chief  minister  of  Parma, 
holding  that  place  till  1854  ;  created  baron  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  1849 ;  envoy  to  Great  Britain,  1849  ;  died  in 
Austria.  [lix.  340] 

WARD  or  WARDE,  WILLIAM  (1534-1604  ?),  phy- 
sician ;  educated  at  Eton ;  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1553-68;  M.A.,  1558;  M.D.,  1567;  medical  lec- 
turer at  Cambridge,  1596;  translated,  from  French, 
Alessio  of  Piedmont's  medical '  Secrets,'  and  other  works 
1558-62.  [lix.  341] 

WARD,  WILLIAM  (1769-1823),  baptist  missionary  ; 
printer  in  Derby,  Stafford,  and,  1794,  Hull;  a  local 
preacher;  superintendent  of  the  baptist  missionary 
press  in  Bengal,  1799-1818 ;  travelled  in  Great  Britain, 
Germany,  and  .the  United  States,  collecting  funds  for  the 
baptist  college  at  Serampiir,  1818-21 ;  wrote  on  Indian 
missions,  1811-21 ;  died  at  Serampur.  [lix.  342] 

WARD,  WILLIAM  (1766-1826),  engravsr  ;  trained  in 
London;  engraved,  chiefly  in  mezzotint,  portraits  and 
landscapes.  [lix.  343] 

WARD,  WILLIAM  (1787-1849),  financier;  trained  at 
Antwerp ;  merchant  in  London,  1810 ;  director  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  1817  :  a  famous  cricketer ;  bought  the 
lease  of  Lord's  cricket  ground  to  save  it  from  being  sold 
for  building  purposes,  1825 ;  tory  M.P.,  London,  1826-31. 

[lix.  344] 

WARD,  WILLIAM  GEORGE  (1812-1882),  Roman 
catholic  theologian  and  philosopher ;  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam Ward  (1787-1849)  [q.  v.] ;  at  Winchester  School, 
1823-9  :  scholar  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1833 ;  fellow 
of  Balliol,  1834-45;  mathematical  lecturer,  1834-41, 
bursar,  1842 ;  M.A.,  1837 ;  adopted  John  Henry  New- 
man's [q.  v.]  views,  c.  1838 ;  wrote  in  defence  of  New- 
man's Tract  XC,  1841 ;  published  '  The  Ideal  of  a  Chris- 
tian Church,'  a  Romanist  treatise,  1844,  and  hence  was 
nicknamed  *  Ideal  Ward ' ;  removed  from  his  degree  for 
heresy,  February  1845 ;  inherited  estates,  1849 ;  moral 
philosophy  lecturer  in  St.  Edmund's  College,  Ware,  1851- 
1858;  Ph.D.,  by  Pope  Pius  IX,  1854  ;  edited  the  'Dublin 
Review,'  1863-78,  writing  against  liberal  theology  and  in 
favour  of  papal  infallibility;  wrecked  Newman's  pro- 
jected Romanist  college  at  Oxford  ;  resided  latterly  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight ;  published  controversial  treatises,  1852-80. 

[lix.  344] 

WARD,  WILLIAM  JAMES  (1800  ?-1840),  mezzotint 
engraver,  chiefly  of  portraits  ;  son  of  William  Ward 
(1766-1826)  [q.  v.]  [lix.  348] 

WARD-HUNT,  GEORGE  (1825-1877).    [See  HUNT.] 

WARDE,  SIR  EDWARD  CHARLES  (1810-1884), 
general ;  sou  of  Sir  Henry  Warde  [q.  v.]  ;  served  in  the 
artillery,  1828-69 :  commanded  the  siege-train  at  Sebas- 
topol ;  K.C.B.,  1869  ;  major-general,  1866 ;  general,  1877. 

[lix.  348] 

WARDE,  SIR  HENRY  (1766-1834),  general ;  ensign, 
1783;  captain,  1790  :  lieutenant-colonel,  1794  :  brigadier- 
general,  1807 ;  commanded  a  brigade  in  Spain,  1808-9 ; 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  the  Mauritius,  1810 ;  gover- 
nor of  the  Mauritius,  1811-13 ;  lieutenant-general,  1813  ; 
K.O.B.,  1815  ;  governor  of  Barbados,  1821-7 ;  general, 
1830;  G.C.B.,  1831.  [lix.  348] 

WARDE,  JAMES  PRESOOTT  (1792-1840),  actor; 
real  name  Prescott,  added  the  name  Warde  profe-- 
sionally;  appeared  at  Bath,  1813-18,  1823,  in  London, 
1818-20, 1825-38 ;  died  in  poverty.  [lix.  349] 


WARDE 


WARENNE 


WARDE.   I  D,  sea  obtain:  tailed  with 

Sir  Martin  Fn.bish.-r  Pq.  v.].    1576-H,  in. 
Fenton  [M.  v.].  l.',n2  -3  :  .-omuianded  a  queen's  ship,  1M7- 
1591  ;  fuu/ht  a-mnst  tin-  Armada,  1*88.  [lix.  880] 

WARDEN,  WILLIAM  (  1777-1849X  naval  surgeon  ; 

tr;iin.-,l  at     M..ntros,-  r  ,'h;     turgttv 

uiivy,  17y.VlH.ttf;    M.I 

burgh,  IM'I  ;  in  attendance  on  Napoleon  during  hU 
voyage  and  in  .-t.  Helena.  1815  :  censnred  for  publishing, 
L616,  garbled  notai  •  :  hfci  MB*  t  ttkn  with  6  pain  n. 

[lix.  8501 

WARDER,  JOSEPH  <  rf.  1688-1718X  author  of  'The 
True  Amazons,'  a  treatise  on  bees,  1698  ;   physician  at 

[Ox.  841] 


Croydon  before  1688. 


WARDLAW,  BLIZABETH.  I.  \LV  <  1677-1787).  »np- 
author***  of    the  ballad  of    'Hardvknute':   *ic 
:  married,  1696,  Sir  Uenrj  rt  irdlaw  bl  tttonM    . 
publish.  .iillad.  •  Hanlyknutr.'  1719  :  reputed 

authoress  of  'Sir  Patrick  Spans,'  and  other  ballads. 

[Hx.  352] 

WARDLAW,     HENRY    («/.    1440).    bUbop    of   Si. 
Andrews;  educated  at  Oxfonl.  and.  1883,  Paris:  studied 
i  at  Orleans  before  13ft*  ;  D.Oan.L.  :  nephew  of 

Glasg 


Walter  Wardlnw  [q.  T.]  ;    held 


lasgow, 


Moray,  and  Aberdeen,  and  other  preferments  ;  long  re- 
sided at  ATignon  :  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Andrew*. 
1403  ;  tutor  to  Januw  I  of  Scotland  :  restored  St.  Andrews 
Cathedral  :  founded  the  university  of  St.  Andrews,  Pen- 
ruary  1411  :  crowned  James  I  and  his  queen,  1-124  ; 
burned  Wycliffltes,  1407  and  1432.  [lix.  362] 

WARDLAW,  RALPH  (1779-1853),  Scottish  congre- 
gational divine  :  entered  Glasgow  University,  1791  ; 
studied  for  the  ministry  of  the  secession  (burgher  Khurch, 
1795-1800;  congregational  minister  in  Glasgow,  1803- 
1868,  and  from  1811  divinity  professor  in  the  congre- 
gational seminary  there  ;  honorary  D.D.  Ynle.  1818  :  pub- 
lished hymns,  sermons,  and  tracts  on  social  and  theo- 
logical questions.  [lix.  353] 

WARDLAW,  WALTER  (</.  1390),  cardinal:  secre- 
tary to  David  II  ;  archdeacon  of  Glasgow  ;  bishop  of 
Glasgow,  1868-90  ;  cardinal,  1381.  [lix.  354] 

WARDLE,  GWYLLYM  LLOYD  (1762  7-1833),  soldier 
ind  politician  ;  of  Hartsheath  :  yeomanry  officer  in  Ire- 
land, 1798:  titular  lieutenant-colonel:  li.P.,  Okehamp- 
ton,  1807-12  ;  attacked,  and  by  a  parliamentary  commit- 
tee procured  the  retirement  of,  Frederick,  duke  of  York, 
commander-in-chief,  for  granting  commissions  through 
his  mistress,  Mary  Anne  Clarke  [q.  v.],  1809  :  thanked  by 
the  city  of  London  :  suspected  of  collusion  with  Mrs. 
Clarke,  July  1809  ;  went  abroad  to  escape  his  creditors  ; 
died  In  Florence.  [lix.  356] 

WARDROP.  JAMES  (1782-1869),  surgeon  :  trained  In 
Edinburgh,  1797,  London,  1801,  and  Vienna,  1803  :  oph- 
thalmic surgeon  in  Edinburgh,  1804-8,  and  London,  1808- 
1869;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1834  :  lectured  on  surgery  from 
1826  ;  published  surgical  treatises.  [lix.  355] 

WARE,  HUGH  (1772  ?-1846),  colonel  In  the  French 
army  :  a  United  Irishman  :  joine-1  the  insurgents,  1798  : 
taken  prisoner  :  allowed  to  go  abroad,  1802  ;  served  in  the 
French  Irish  legion,  1803-15  :  captain,  1804  ;  received  the 
cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  1812  ;  colonel,  1815  ;  died  at 
Tours.  [lix.  357] 

WARE,  ISAAC  (rf.  17C6).  architect  :  studied  in  Italy  : 
clerk  of  works  in  the  eovi-rninent  wrvioe,  1728-66  :  also 
engaged  in  private  practice:  published  architectural 
drawings  and  treatises.  [Ux.  358] 

WARE,  Sm  JAMES  (1594-1666),  Irish  historian; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1616:  collected  Irish 
manuscripts  and  studiM  Irish  history  and  antiquities  ; 
knighted,  1629  :  auditor-eeneral  of  Ireland.  1632-49  ?, 
and  1660-6:  M.P.,  Dublin  University,  1634-7,  1661; 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1644  :  hon. 
D.C.L.  Oxford:  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  1644-5;  a 
hostage  in  England.  1647;  banished  from  Dublin  by 
Jones  [q.  v.].  1649  ;  resided  in  London.  1651-60  : 
returned  to  Dublin,  1660  ;  published  important  contribu- 
tions to  Irish  history  and  biography,  1620-65. 

[lix.  359] 

WARE.  JAMES  (1756-1815%  surgeon:  trained  at 
Portsmouth,  177i>.  and  London,  1773-6  :  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon in  London,  1777-1815:  F.H.S..  18O2;  published  pro- 
fessional papers  and  treatises,  1780-1812.  [lix.  360] 


.:  . 

HlBBKBT.] 

WARE,  W; 


«RT-  (17Sf-l««)t     [see 


WARELWA8T.  WH. 
Exeter:  a  Norman:  *kii 

..   •,  .',  .    ....  •....  .. 

1106-6,  1119.  and  1180; 

:•:.;.   •  .;..  .,.  ;    ,;... 
.-.  •  )•  -  r,  :...•     :..     ; 
1107:  attended  the 


[Sot  WlLUAM.] 

:      : 
roy  to  UM  pop* 

n   •:     •         •      '. 
Knfoa  to  march 

.......     •        - 

of  Troyea,  1 107.  Hartm?  lilt! 
a* bund:  began  rebalkuntj 

........       .-i 

[UX.W1] 

WARENNE,     EAIIL   or  (18077-1876).      [Sea  Frn- 
an  n.] 

WARENNE.  OUNT)RADA  DE,C<H7XTM80r8cmjurT 

(  :.  U  if}    jJBjtCh  •  DU  >J 

WARENNE,  DK,  FA  MILT  or,  took  Its  name  from 
the  castle  of  Varenne  (called  later  Bdlencombre)  on  the 


England  by  William  Warenne,  first  earl  of  Surrey  [q.  T.I ; 
held  at  one  time  great  estates  In  twelve  English  counties ; 
chief  seats  at  Lewes  in  Sussex  and  Oonlaborongh.  York- 
shire; in  1148  the  family  property  passed  to  an  hdroaj. 
Isabel  de  Warenne  [q.  v.] :  was  continued  by  herfon, 
William  de  Warcnne  (</.  1840)  [q.  v.],  taking  his  mothert 
name ;  acquired  the  earldom  of  Sussex  after  1848  on  the 
extinction  of  the  De  Albini  family.  A  cadet  branch 
acquired  the  De  Wirmgay  estates,  Norfolk,  by  marriage, 
I  and  became  extinct  about  1209 ;  the  legitimate  main  line 
expired  with  John  de  Warenne  (1886-1347)  [q.  T.] 

WARBNNE.  HAM  F.LI X  DR.  EARL  or  WARKrvxor 
SuniiKY  (d.  1802X  Illegitimate  son  of  Geoffrey  '  Planta- 
genet,'  count  of  An  jou  (d.  1151 ),  ami  therefore  half-brother 
..f  Hi-nry  II ;  mnrriol  Isabella  de  Warenne  [q.  v.] :  styled 
De  Warenne  an«l  Earl  of  Surrey  in  right  of  his  wife  from 
1163;  denounced  Thomas  Deokct  as  a  traitor.  1164  :  re- 
mained faithful  to  Henry  II,  1174  and  1189;  escorted 
Princess  Joan  to  Provence,  1176 ;  present  at  the  corona- 
tion of  Richard  1, 1189:  opposed  Prince  John'*  intrigues, 
1191 ;  present  at  King  Richard's  second  coronation,  1194, 
and  at  Kiuir  JohnV.  11U9:  built  thr  «rrmt  keep  at  Conte- 
borough ;  entertained  King  John  at  Conlnborough,  18U1., 
.  [Mx.  S«8] 

WAREOTTE.  IS  ABEL  I>K(,/.  1199),  only  daughter  tod 
heiress  of  William  d.»  Wap-mu-.  third  earl  of  Surrey  (rf. 
1148)  [q.  v.]  :  married,  before  1153.  King  Stephen's 
second  son,  William  <</..  without  I--MK-,  1159) ;  married, 
c.  1163,  Hamelin  de  Warenue  [.t.  v.]  [lix.  871] 

WARENNE,  JOHN  DR.  Kvui.  <>r  Si  KRKT  or  EARL, 
W  MIKN-XK  ( 1231  7-1804),  son  of  William  de  Warenne,  earl 
of  Warenne  or  Surrey  (d,  1240)  [q.  v.] ;  long  a  royal  ward ; 
under  the  guardianship  of  Peter  of  Savoy  [q.  v.]  ;  married, 
1247.  Alice  de  Lusignan,  Henry  Ill's  half-sister ;  accom- 
p:uii«l  Prince  Edward  to  Goucouy  and  Spain,  12*4: 
granted  the  'third  penny*  of  Sussex,  1256;  took 
Henry  Ill's  side  against  the  barons,  1268-9 ;  acted  with 
Simon  dc  Montfort,  1260-8;  returned  to  Henry  Ill's 
side,  12G3  :  besieged  by  Montfort  in  Rochester  Outle.  1864: 
fought  on  Henry  I  IPs  side  at  Lewe*,  May  1864  :  anapai 
to  France  :  bis  lands  confiscated  by  the  barons,  Jane  18M : 
ninol  Prince  Edward  at  Ludlow,  116ft  :  fought  at  Eveaham, 
..;.-.-.!  Kent,  1266:  pardoned  for  all  bis  offences 
against  llonry  II 1. 12C8 :  took  the  cross,  1868,  bat  did  not 
:i  cruso-le:  fined  for  turbulence,  1270;  took  theoaths 
to  Edward  I.  1878  ;  served  in  Wales,  1277  ;  led  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  1878  quo  varraxto  write,  declaring  that  he 
held  his  lands  'by  the  sword,'  1279;  after  the  death  of 
his  steter  lobelia  (widow  of  Hugh  de  Alblnl,  earl  of 
Sussex,  d.  1243)  in  1888,  assumed  the  title  of  Barl  of 
Soawx :  served  in  Wales,  1888-8 :  was  granted  BromfleU 
Vale  by  Edward  1, 1888.  and  built  Dina*  Bran  Castle 
on  the  Dee:  sent  on  a  mission  to  Scotland.  1885:  fought 
in  Wales.  1887  and  1894 ;  negotiated  with  the  Soota 
the  treaties  of  Salisbury.  1289,  and  Brigbam.  1890; 
custodian  of  the  sea-ooast,  189ft  ;  raised  troops  in  Wale*, 
and  led  the-m  to  Scotland  In  Edward  V*  Invaaton. 
1896 :  took  Dunbar  Castle,  April  1896 ;  appointed  warden 
of  Scotland,  Aogust  1896 :  spent  the  winter  and  ntxt 
spring  and  summer  in  the  north  of 
in  August,  bat  re-appointed  in 


1897; 


WARENNE 


1368 


WARMESTRY 


by  Wallace  at  Stirling  Bridge,  11  Sept.  1297 :  ordered  to 
lead  fresh  troops  into  Scotland,  December  1297 :  raised 
the  siege  of  Uoxbiinrh,  .January  l-".is  :  fought  at  Kalkirk, 
July  1298;  besieged  Oaerlaverock  Castle,  July  1300. 

[lix.  364] 

WARENNE,  JOHN  DB,  EARL  OP  SURREY  AND  SUSSKX, 
orBAUi.  W  \i:i:sx!:(1286-1347);  succeededhis grandfather 
in  the  estates  and  peerage,  1304  ;  married  to  Joan  of  liar 
(d,  1361),  1306  ;  summoned  to  parliament,  May  1306  ; 
quarrelled  with  Peter  de  Gaveston,  1307 ;  reconciled  to 
him,  1309  ;  accompanied  Edward  II  to  Scotland,  1310 ; 
overran  Selkirkshire,  1311;  joined  the  barons'  party; 
took  Gaveston  prisoner,  under  terms  of  protection,  at 
Scarborough,  1312;  being  incensed  at  Gaveston's  execu- 
tion, went  over  to  Edward  II,  August  1312 ;  pardoned 
for  all  his  offences  against  Edward  II,  1313  :  refused 
to  follow  Edward  to  Bannockburu,  June  1314  ;  ex- 
communicated for  open  adultery  :  agreed  to  pay  a 
yearly  allowance  to  his  wife,  February  1316 ;  helped 
Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster's  countess  to  elope,  May 
1317 ;  stripped  of  great  portions  of  his  estates  by 
Lancaster,  1317-19 ;  served  against  the  Scots,  July  1319  ; 
joined  Edward  II  against  Lancaster,  1322,  and  recovered 
his  Welsh  lands ;  sent  with  troops  into  Aquitaine,  1325-6; 
took  Edward  II's  side  against  Queen  Isabella,  and  re- 
covered his  lands,  May  1326  ;  made  his  peace  with  Queen 
Isabella ;  counselled  Edward  II's  abdication,  January 
1327  ;  attended  Edward  Ill's  coronation,  March  1327  ;  a 
commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Scots,  1327 ;  granted 
fresh  estates,  1327-33 ;  given  the  earldom  of  Strathern  by 
Edward  Baliol,  1333 ;  accompanied  Baliol  to  Scotland, 
1333  and  1335 ;  acted  as  sheriff  of  Surrey  and  Sussex, 
1339 ;  his  estates  reverted  to  the  crown,  and  his  earldom 
went  to  Richard  Fitzalan  II,  earl  of  Arundel  (1307  ?-1376) 
[q.  v.]  [lix.  368] 

WARENNE  or  WARREN,  WILLIAM  DE,  first 
EARL  OP  SURREY  (d.  1088),  fought  as  a  knight  at  the 
battle  of  Mortemer,  1054 ;  married  Gundrada  [q.  v.]  of 
Flanders  ;  granted  Mortemer  Castle  by  Duke  William ; 
fought  at  Hastings,  1066  ;  received  great  grants  of  lands 
and  built  castles  at  Lewes  in  Sussex,  Reigate  in  Surrey, 
and  Castle  Acre  in  Norfolk;  granted  Conisborough, 
Yorkshire,  1069;  fought  against  the  refugees  in  E.y, 
1071 ;  joint  chief  justiciar,  1075 ;  helped  to  suppress  the 
rebellion  of  the  Earls  of  Hereford  and  Norfolk :  founded 
the  Oluniac  priories  of  St.  Pancras,  Lewes,  1077,  and 
of  Castle  Acre ;  fought  in  Main,  1085  ;  remained  faithful 
to  Rufus,  1088 ;  granted  the  earldom  of  Surrey,  c.  1088  ; 
fatally  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Pevensey  Castle. 

WARENNE  or  WARREN,  WILLIAM  DK*' second 
EARL  OP  SURREY  (d.  1138),  frequently  described  as  EARL 
OP  WARENNE  ;  elder  son  of  William  de  Warenne  (d.  1088) 
[q.  v.]  ;  took  part  in  the  defence  of  Courcy  against 
Duke  Robert,  1091 ;  unsuccessful  suitor,  c.  1094,  for 
Matilda,  afterwards  consort  of  Henry  I ;  joined  Duke 
Robert  when  he  invaded  England,  1101 ;  withdrew  to 
Normandy  ;  pardoned  by  Henry  II,  1103 ;  fousrht  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1106,  1119,  1135;  attended  Stephen's  court  at 
Westminster,  1136.  [lix.  374] 

WARENNE  or  WARREN,  WILLIAM  DE,  third  EARL 
OP8URRKY(d.  1148),  eldest  son  of  William  de  Warenne, 
second  earl  of  Surrey  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  his  father,  1138  ; 
supported  King  Stephen,  1141-2  :  fought  at  Lincoln,  1141  • 
went  with  the  crusaders,  1147 ;  killed  near  Laodicea.  His 
estates  passed  to  his  daughter,  Isabel  de  Warenne  [q.  v.] 

WARENNE,  WILLIAM  DB,  EARL  OP  [  WAREXNE 
or  BURKKY  (d.  1240),  son  of  Hamelin  de  Warenne  [q  v."]  • 
succeeded  to  the  title  and  estates,  1202 ;  lost  the  estates 
in  Normandy,  1204  ;  granted  Grantham  and  Stamford  by 
King  John,  1306 ;  accompanied  John  to  France,  1206  ; 
sided  with  John  against  the  pope  and  against  the 
barons :  one  of  John's  sureties  for  the  keeping  of  Magn-i 
Charta,  June  1216  ;  granted  forfeited  lands  in  Norfolk, 
1216 ;  warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  1216  ;  supporte.1 
Ixmis  of  France,  June  1216  to  April  1217 ;  then  joined 
Henry  III  and  obtained  grants  of  land  :  married,  1225, 
Matilda,  co-heiress  of  William  Marshal,  first  earl  of 
Pembroke  [q.  v.]  :  one  of  the  three  regents,  1230 ; 
became  Burety  for  Hubert  de  Burgh,  1232  :  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  king's  council,  1237 :  sent  to  Oxford  to  oro- 
tect  the  legate  Otho,  1238  ;  founded  Reigate  priory 

[lix.  376] 


WARFORD  alias  WARNEPORD  and  WALPORD 
I  WILLIAM  (1560-1608),  Jesuit  ;  scholar  of  Trinity 

College,  Oxford,  1576,  fellow,  1578,  M.A.,  1582  •  went 
j  to  Hheims,  1582,  and  Home,  1683  :  ordained  priest, 
I  1584  ;  visited  England,  1591 ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1594  : 
!  went  to  Spain,  1599;  published  doctrinal  tracts  under 

the  pseudonym  of  George  Doulye  ;  died  at  Valladolid. 

WARHAM,  WILLIAM  (1450  ?-1532),  archbishop   of 
Canterbury  ;  a  native  of  Hampshire  ;  of  Winchester  Col- 
lege ;  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1475  :  LL.D.  Oxford 
j  before  1488 ;  LL.D.   Cambridge,  1600  ;    advocate  in  the 
!  court  of  arches,  1488 ;   went  on  legal  business  to  Rome, 
|  1490,  and  Antwerp,  1491 ;    went  on  a  political  mission, 
to  Flanders,  1493  ;  precentor  of  Wells,  1493 ;  master  of 

•  the  rolls,  1494-1502 ;  rector  of  Barley.  1495-1501,  and  of 
|  Cottenham,  1500-1 :    archdeacon  of  Huntingdon,  1496  ; 
]  joint-envoy  to  Scotland,  1497,  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy, 

1496-9,  and  to  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  1499  and  1501-2  ; 
consecrated  bishop  of  London,  1502 ;  lord  '  keeper,'  1502- 
1504,  and  lord  'chancellor,'  1504-15;  translated  to  Can- 
terbury, 1504 ;  chancellor  of  Oxford  University,  1506-32  ; 
crowned   Henry  VIII  and  Catherine  of  Aragon,  1509 ; 
befriended  Erasmus  from  1509  ;  had  a  controversy  about 
;  jurisdiction  with  his  suffragans,  1512 ;  had  trouble  with 
;  Wolsey  through  Wolsey's  legatine  precedence,  1518-23; 
|  attended  Henry  VIII  to  France,  1520 ;  forced  by  Henry 
j  VIII  to  collect  subsidies  and  loans  in  Kent,  1523-5  ;  ap- 
proached by  Wolsey  with  the  suggestion  that  Henry  VIII's 
marriage  with  Catherine  of  Aragon  was  null,  May  1527 ; 
,  afraid  to  act  as  counsel  for  Queen  Catherine.  1528 ;  forced 
by  Henry  VIII  to  advise  Pope  Clement  VII  to  annul  the 
marriage,  1530 ;  proposed  by  Henry  VIII  to  Pope  Cle- 
'<  ment  VII  as  a  competent  judge  to  determine  the  divorce 
j  suit,  1531 ;  protested  against  the  measures  taken  by  par- 
j  liameut  since  1529  against  the  pope's  authority,  1532 ; 
bequeathed  books  to  Winchester  College  and  to  New  Col- 
lege and  All  Souls  College,  Oxford.  [lix.  378] 

WARING,  EDWARD  (1734-1798),  mathematician: 
I  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School ;  entereJ  Magdalene 

College,  Cambridge,  1753;  senior  wrangler,  1757;  fellow, 
!  1758-76  ;  Lucasian  professor  of  mathematics,  1760-98  ; 

F.R.S.,    1763-95;     M.D.    Cambridge,     1767;     published 

•  treatises  on  algebra,  1762-92.  [lix.  383] 

WARING,  JOHN  BURLEY  (1823-1875),  architect ; 

I  studied  architecture  and  painting  in  Bristol,  1836,  and 

i  London,    1840-3  ;   studied  art  and  architecture  in    fre- 

'  quent  continental  tours,  1843-69  ;  art  commissioner  at 

1  several  exhibitions  ;  a  Swedenborgian  :  fancied  himself  a 

prophet ;    published    architectural,    archaeological,    and 

theological  treatises.  [lix.  385] 

WARING,  JOHN  SCOTT  (1747-1819).  [See  SCOTT, 
afterwards  SCOTT-WARING,  JOHN.] 

WARING,  ROBERT  (1614-1658X  author :  educated 
at  Westminster  School;  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1632-48  ;  M.A.,  1C37  ;  elected  professor  of  ancient 
history,  1647  ;  deprived,  1648  ;  visited  France  ;  settled 
in  London  ;  published  anonymously  political  pamphlets, 
1646,  and  •  Amoris  Effigies  '  (Latin  verse),  1G18. 

[lix  386] 

WARING,    WILLIAM    (1610-1679),   Jesuit;    known 
I  as  FATHER  HARCOURT  or  BARROW  ;  born  in  Lancashire  ; 
!  educated  at  St.  Omer  ;  joined  the  Jesuits,  1632  :  missioner 
in  London,  1644-79  ;  arrested,  May  1679  ;  executed,  June. 

[lix.  386] 

WARINGTON,  ROBERT  (1807-1867),  chemist ;  at 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1818-22  :  apprentice  to  a 
manufacturing  chemist,  1822-7  ;  assistant  to  the  chemis- 
try professor,  London  University,  1828 ;  chemist  to  a 
brewery,  1831-9  ;  honorary  secretary  to  the  London 
Chemical  Society,  1841-61  ;  chemist  to  the  London 
Apothecaries'  Society,  1842-67  ;  F.R.S.,  1864.  [lix.  387] 

WARKWORTH,  JOHN  (rf.  1500),  reputed  author  of 
manuscript  additions  to  Caxton's  4  Brute,'  published 
(1839)  as  'Warkworth's  Chronicle';  fellow  of  Merton 
College,  Oxford  ;  resident  in  Oxford,  1446-57 ;  beneflced 
in  Cambridgeshire,  1458-1500;  master  of  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge,  1473-1500.  [lix.  387] 

WARMESTRY,  GERVASK  (1604-1641),  poet  ;  native 
of  Worcester  ;  alucated  at  Westminster  School  ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1628;  student  of  the  Middle 


WARMESTRY 


13f,9 


WABNER 


Temple,  1628  ;  registrar  of  Worcester  diocese  ;  published, 
1628,  *  Virescit  vulnere  virtus,'  u  political  poem. 

[lix.  888] 

WARMESTRY,  THOMAS  (1610-1065),  .lean 
cester  ;  M.A.  <iM,.r.l,   l>.:;i  ;  1  ).!>..   Ji;r.':  ui    ; 
im.'s,  but  a  royalist;   rector  of   Whu«-l.nr  .••.. 
1G35-46  ;  withdrew  to  London,  1646:  compounded  for  hi* 
estate,   1663  ;    lecturer  at  St.  Margaret'*,  Wwtmluster, 
1657  ;  master  of  the  Saroy,  1660:  prebendary  of  Glouces- 
ter, 1660  :  dean  of  Worcester,  1661,  an-1  vn-.u-  ..:   Mronw- 
grove,  1662-5  ;  published  devotional    and  oontrovcwial 

[llx.389] 


WARMINOTON,  \VII.UA1I  (jl.  1577-1812),  Roman 
catholic  divine  ;  enteml  Oxford  University.  1577  :  uith- 
•  !n-.v  to  Douay,  before  1579  ;  ordained  prie*t,  1580  ;  nent 
to  England,  1581  :  banishM,  1585  ;  chaplain  to  Canlin.il 
William  Allen  ;  return  i  :..  Kndind,  1594;  imprisoned, 
1608  ;  released  on  signing  the  outh  of  allegiance,  1612  : 
published  pamphlet*  justifying  his  action  ;  jwnsioned  by 
Thomas  Bllson  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Winchester,  [lix.  390] 

WAXNE,  CHARLES  (1802-1887),  arcba-ologist  : 
travelled  in  Prance;  F.S.A..  1856;  made  collections  con- 
i-ernlng  prehistoric  and  ancient  remains  In  Dorset  :  pub- 
lished account*  of  bis  researches,  J836-72.  [lix.  390] 


SAMUEL  WILSON  (1763-1855), 
ithropiat ;  a  man  of  great  wealth  ;  M.A.  Oxford, 
1788 ;  married  a  Berkshire  heiress,  1796  ;  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1810:  rector  of  Lydiard  Millioeut,  1809-55;  vicar  of 
Bonrton-on-the-Hill,  1810-55 ;  honorary  canon  of  Gloiuvs. 
ter,  1844 ;  founder  of  Wurneford  lunatic  asylum.  <  >xford : 
l»enef  actor  of  the  diocese  of  Gloucester ;  benefactor  of 
Leamington,  Birmingham,  and  other  places,  [lix.  391] 

WARNEFORD,  WILLIAM  (1580-1608).  [See  WAR- 
FORD.] 

WARNER  or  OAHXIKR  (fl.  1106),  monk  of  West- 
minster ;  wrote  homilies  (now  lost).  [lix.  392] 

WARNER,  Sin  EDWARD  (1511-1565),  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower ;  a  decided  protestant ;  received  grants  of 
church  hinds;  M.P.,  Grantham,  1545-53;  pave  evidence 
against  Lord  Surrey.  1546;  took  part  in  defending 
Norwich  against  Robert  Kett  [q.  v.],  1549 :  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  of  London,  1552-3  ;  favoured  Lady  Jane  Grey ; 
imprisoned,  1554-5  ;  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  of  London, 
1558-65;  master  of  St.  Katberine's  Hospital,  London, 
1560 ;  M.P.,  Norfolk,  1563 ;  sent  on  a  mission  to  Holland, 
1566.  [lix.  392] 

WARNER,  EDWARD  (fl.  1632-1640),  colonist :  son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Warner  [q.  v.] ;  deputy-governor  of  St. 
Kitte,  1629;  governor  of  Antitrua,  1632;  his  wife  and 
children  kidnapped  by  the  Caribs,  1640.  [lix.  404] 

WARNER,  FERDINANDO  (1703-1768),  miscella- 
neous writer;  LL.D.,  1754;  vicar  of  Ronde,  Wiltshire, 
1730:  vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Queenhithe,  London,  1747; 
rector  of  Barnes,  Surrey,  1758 :  published  dogmatical  and 
liturgical  tractates,  a  church  history,  and,  1763-7.  contri- 
butions to  Irish  history.  [Kx.  3'»3] 

WARNER,  JOHN  (d.  1565),  physician  ;  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,  1520,  and  warden,  1536-55  and 
1559-65  ;  M.A.,  1625 ;  M.D.,  1535  ;  theflrstreirius  professor 
of  medicine,  1546-54  ;  archdeacon  of  Cl.-vi-l.ind,  1547-64, 
and  of  Ely,  1556-c.  1559 ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
1547,  Winchester,  1550.  and  Salisbury,  1559:  rector  of 
Hayes,  1557 ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1559-65.  [lix.  393] 

WARNER,  JOHN  (1581-1666),  bishop  of  Rochester; 
demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1599  ;  fellow,  1604-10  : 
M.A.,  1605;  D.D.,  1616;  beneflced  in  London,  1614,  and 
Kent,  1619;  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  1616;  a  violent 
royalist;  dean  of  Lichfield,  1633-7  ;  appointed  bishop  of 
Rochester,  1637  ;  attended  Charles  I  at  York,  1640 ;  at- 
tended convocation  and  joined  in  framing  new  canons, 
1640 ;  impeached,  August,  and  imprisoned,  December, 
1641 ;  excluded  from  the  House  of  Lords,  February  1642 ; 
ejected  from  his  see,  1643  :  published  a  pamphlet  against 
the  sale  of  church  lands,  1646,  and  one  of  abhorrence  of 
Charles  I's  execution,  February  1649 :  compounded  for 
his  estates,  1649  :  restored  to  his  see,  1660,  and  to  parlia- 
ment, 1661 ;  benefactor  of  Bromley  College,  Kent ; 
founded  exhibitions  for  Scottish  episcopalians  In  Balllol 
College,  Oxford.  [lix.  394] 


WARNER,  JOHN  (1621 

...        .  :  • 

..:....      .  •       I.-..      :.       ... 

i'..-    .-   .  •      ;•;:•    :      ..:  ,.< 
to  James  II  In  Borland.  U 

.      ,   :  •      •     .-.     ..  •  .-.    . 


lit ;  born  in  W.r- 
rofeMorat  Dou»>  : 

•      -        ,:..,.         .,     ,,f 


•arU. 


IN] 

(16737- 1760).  hortlculuin 
Tines,  fmitrtrtes,  and  exotic  plant*  at  Itotberhlthe,  1710. 

WARNER.  JOHN  (1716-1800),  cla«*ic«l  scholar :  Ml 
of  Perdinando  Warner  [a.  v.1:  educated  at  SI  Paul's 
School,  London,  and  Trinity  Collage,  Cambridge:  M.A- 
1761 ;  D.D.,  177S  ;  rector  of  Hoekllffe,  1771,  and,  later,  of 
Stourton  ;  embasqr  chaplain  at  Paris,  1790.  [Ux.  IM] 

WARNER.  JOSEPH  (1717-1801),  surgeon ;  born  In 
Antigoa;  pupil  of  Samuel  Sharp*  [q.  v.].  1714;  qoaliflel 
as  a  surgeon.  1741;  army  surgeon  in  Scotland.  1745; 
surgeon  of  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  1746-80;  a  leading 
r  in  London  ;  F.K.6.,  1750 ;  published  surgical 
:  .  •  (Ux.  896] 

WARNER,  MARY  AMKLIA  (1804-18541  actrew ; 
m>  Hiiddart:  married,  1*37.  HnluTt  William  Warner; 
appeared  in  the  province*,  e.  1828,  In  Dublin,  1829.  1831- 
1836,  in  London,  1830,  1836-51,  and  in  America,  1851. 
1853 ;  joint-manager  of  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre,  London, 
1844-6  :  manager  of  Marylebone  Theatre,  London,  184«- 
1848:  obtained  her  chief  sncoencs  as  Bvadne  ('The 
Bridal  *)  and  Imogen.  [lix.  S97] 

WARNER,  PHILIP  (<7.  1689),  colonist:  a  younger 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Warner  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  a  regi- 
ment in  the  reduction  of  Dutch  and  i 


16«7,  and  in  Antigua,  1671  ;  governor  of  Antigua,  1672; 
prisoner  in  London,  1675-6,  for  a  massacre  of  native*  in 
Domini.-.-!  ;  dismissed  the  king's  service,  1677  :  speaker  of 
the  Antigua  assembly,  1679.  [lix.  4OI] 

WARNER.  RICHAUD  (1713  ?-1775),  botanist  and 
scholar:  It.  A.  Wndbam  College,  Oxford,  1734  ;  stalled  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  ;  had  a  botanical  garden  :  published  a  flora 
for  Wooilford.  1771  ;  compiled  a  glossary  (manuscript 
•i  Museum)  to  Shakespeare  ;  translaterl  rariooc 
plays  of  Plant  us  into  prose,  and  the  'Oaptlri'  into 
verse  ;  benefactor  of  Wadham  College,  Oxford. 


[lix.  398] 
di 


WARNER,  RICHARD  (1763-1857),  divine  and 
author  :  educated  at  Christ  Church  grammar  school, 
Ham]i-i:irr.  and.  17h7-9,  Oxfonl  :  curate  in  Hampshire, 
r.  1790  :  curate  of  St.  James's,  Bath,  1795-1817  :  rector  of 
Great  Chalfleld,  1809-57,  and  of  Chelwood,  near  Bristol, 
1827-57;  fixed  the  site  of  the  Roman  Clauxntim  at 
Bitterne  Farm,  near  Southampton  :  published  notes  of 
tours  in  the  south  and  west  of  England  and  In  Wale*. 
also  sermons,  devotional  books,  and  antiquarian  note*. 

[lix.  899] 

WARNER,  SAMUEL  ALFRED  (d.  1853),  inventor: 
offered  the  admiralty  explosive  machines  (an  '  invisible 
shell  '  and  •  a  long  range  ')  of  hi*  Invention,  183O  :  believed 
to  be  a  monomaniac,  on  inquiry,  1842.  [lix.  402] 

WARNER,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1649),  West  Indian 
colonist  :  horn  in  Suffolk  ;  captain  in  James  I's  guards; 
visited  Surinam  (Dutch  Guiana),  1620,  and  conomvel  the 
idea  of  a  West  Indian  ^ttlcment  :  founded  a  colony  In  St. 

Kitts,   1(1^4  :  visited  Knpland,  1626;  appointed 


of  St.  Kitte,  Nevis,  Barbados,  and  Montaerrat,  Septem- 
ber 1625  ;  commanded  a  privateer  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, spring  162ti;  returned  to  St.  Kitts,  autumn  1696; 
had  trouble  with  French  settlers,  1627-35.  and  Spanish 
filibusters,  1629;  visitol  Knu'Und,  and  was  knighted, 
1629;  col-!.;  — »  N- vis,  1628,  and  Antigua  and  Mont- 
serrat,  1632 :  attempted  to  colonise  St.  Loda,  1639-41 ; 
visited  England,  1636;  parliamentary  governor  of  the 
Caribee  islands,  1043  :  died  at  St.  Kilts.  [lix.  402] 

WARNER,     THOMAS     (16307-1676),     nicknamed 
WAIIXKR,'  becaose  son  of  Sir  Thomas  W 


[q.  v.]  and  a  Carib  woman  :  joined  the  Garibt  and  fought 
airainst  the  whites,  1645 :  governor  of  Dominica.  1661-76 ; 
prisoner  to  the  French,  1666-7 ;  was  treacherously  Killed 
l>y  hi<  t.rother  Philip  Warner  [q.  v.],  but,  according  to 
another  account,  fell  in  fight  with  the  Kiiglish. 

[Ux. 4041 

WARNER,  WILLIAM  (16587-1609X  poet;  studied 
at  Oxfonl ;  attorney  In  London ;  published,  1585,  •  Pan 
hi*  Syrinx,'  seven  prose  tales ;  published  a  translation  of 


WARRE 


1370 


WARREN 


riv!imif  of  Plautus,  1595.  His  chief  work  is 
•Albion's  Kn-huiil.'  :x  ini-tri«"il  British  history,  with 
imtl'i.-.-il  an.i  li.-f.tiuiH  epistles,  intending  in  tin-  first, 
(1586)  edition  from  Noah  to  the  Norman  Conquest; 
brought  down  to  James  I'a  reign  in  1606:  complete  edi- 
tion (posthumously),  lull'.  Mi-res,  in  his  •  Palladia 
Tamia'  (1598),  associated  him  with  Spenser  us  one  of  the 
two  chief  Kn.'liMi  h.-roic  poets,  and  with  Spenser,  Daniel, 
Dray  ton,  and  Breton,  as  a  lyric  poet.  Dray  ton  also 
eulogised  him.  [lix.  405] 

WAREE,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1784-1853),  lieutenant- 
general:  fi'.sL-n.  1  Si  )3:  captain,  1806;  aide-de-camp  in 
Portugal,  1808,  and  in  Sir  John  Moore's  expedition,  1808-9  ; 
Portuguese  major  ;  aide-de-camp  to  Beresford,  1809-12  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1813;  stationed  at  the  Cape,  1813-21  ; 
attached  to  the  quartermaster-general's  department, 
1823-37  ;  C.B.,  1838  ;  knighted,  1839  ;  lieutenant-general, 
1851.  [lix.  407] 

WARREN.    [See  also  WARENXE.] 

WARREN,  AMBROSE  WILLIAM  (17817-1856), 
line-engraver  ;  son  of  Charles  Warren  [q.  v.]  [lix.  409] 

WARREN.  ARTHUR  (/.  1605),  poet  ;  in  prison  for 
debt,  1604  ;  published,  1605,  in  six-line  stanzas,  '  The  Poorc 
Mans  Passions  '  and  '  Pouerties  Patience,'  two  poems  ; 
probably  author  of  various  commendatory  verses,  signed 
«  A.  W.,'  which  appeared,  1575-96  ;  not  improbably  the 
author  of  the  verses  signed  «  A.  W.,'  in  Davison's  '  Poetical 
Rhapsodic,'  1602.  [lix.  408] 

WARREN,  CHARLES  (1767-1823),  line-engraver; 
engraved  on  metal  for  calico-printing  ;  from  1802  a  noted 
book-illustrator.  [lix.  409] 

WARREN,  Sm  CHARLES  (1798-1866),  major- 
general  ;  ensign,  1814  :  captain,  1822  ;  stationed  in  Cape 
Colony,  and  travelled  in  the  interior,  1822-5  ;  served  in 
India,  1830-8;  major,  1834;  served  in  China,  1841-4; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1842;  served  in  the  Crimea,  1854-6; 
stationed  at  Malta,  1856-61  ;  major-general,  1858  ;  K.C.B., 
1865.  [lix.  409] 

WARREN,  FREDERICK  (1775-1848),  vice-admiral  ; 
son  of  Richard  Warren  (1731-1797)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  the 
navy,  1789  ;  lieutenant,  1794  ;  captain,  1801  ;  defeated  a 
Danish  gunboat  flotilla  in  the  Belt,  May  1809;  rear- 
admiral,  1830  :  commander-in-chief  at  the  Cape,  1831-4  ; 
admiral-superintendent  at  Plymouth,  1837-41  ;  vice- 
admiral,  1841.  [lix.  411] 

WARREN,  GEORGE  JOHN  VERNON,  fifth  BARON 
VERNON  (1803-1866). 


WARREN,  JOHN  (1730-1800),  bishop  of  Bangor; 
scholar  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1754  ;  D.D., 
1772  ;  beueficed  in  Cambridgeshire,  1754-79  ;  prebendary 
of  Ely,  1768:  bishop  of  St.  David's,  1779;  translated  to 
Bangor,  1783  ;  published  sermons.  [lix.  412] 

WARREN.  JOHN  (1796-1852),  mathematician; 
brother  of  Sir  Charles  Warren  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  West- 
minster School  :  fellow  and  tutor  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  B.A.,  1818;  F.R.S.,  1830;  beneficed  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Huntingdonshire  ;  chancellor  of  Bangor  ; 
published  a  mathematical  treatise  and  papers,  1828-9. 

[lix.  411] 

WARREN,  Sm  JOHN  BORLASE  (1753-1822),  admi- 
ral ;  of  Staplcford,  Nottinghamshire  :  entered  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  17G9;  M.A.,  1776;  had  his  name  on 
ship's  books,  1771-4  ;  M.P.,  Marlow,  1774  :  created  baronet, 
1775  ;  bought  Lundy  Island  :  served  in  the  navy,  1777-82 
and  1793-1814;  captain,  1781;  commodore,  1794;  de- 
feated French  squadrons,  April  and  August  1794  ;  had 
charge  of  the  naval  arrangements  for  the  French  royalist 
attempt  in  La  Vendee,  June-October,  1794;  destroyed 
many  armed  French  vessels,  1796  ;  intercepted  and  de- 
feated the  French  fleet  conveying  Hoche  to  Ireland, 
October  1798  :  rear-admiral,  1799  ;  captured  a  French 
squadron,  1806  ;  admiral,  1810  ;  G.C.B.,  1815.  [lix.  412] 

WARREN,  JOHN  BYRNE  LEICESTER,  third  and 
last  BARON  DK  TABJ,I:Y  (1835-1895),  poet:  of  Tabley 
House,  Cheshire;  brought  up  in  Italy  and  Germany; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1860  ; 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1860  :  published  small  volumes 
of  poetry  under  the  pseudonym  of  '  George  F.  Preston,' 
18W-63,  and  of  'William  Lancaster,'  1868-8;  published 


an  essay  on  Greek  coins  as  illustrative  of  Greek  federal 
history,  1863  :  published,  anonymously.  '  Philoi-tetes,' 
1866,  and  'Orestes,'  1808,  trams  lie-; ;  resided  in  London 
from  1871 ;  published  verses  in  his  own  name,  1873-C, 
and  a  'Guide-book  to  Bookplates,'  1880  ;  compiled  a  flora 
of  Cheshire ;  succeeded  to  the  peerage,  1887 :  published 
his  selected  poems,  1893-5.  [lix.  415] 

WARREN,  JOHN  TAYLOR  (1771-1849),  physician  ; 
pupil  of  John  Hunter  (1728-1793)  [q.  v.]  ;  army-surgeon, 
1793-1820;  accompanied  Sir  John  Moore's  expedition, 
1808-9.  [lix.  116] 

WARREN,  JOSEPH  (1804-1881),  musician;  nn 
organist  in  London,  1843 ;  edited  music ;  compiled  musi- 
cal instruction-books  ;  re-edited  William  Boyce's  '  Cathe- 
dral Music,'  1849.  [lix.  417] 

WARREN,  LEMUEL  (1770-1833),  major-general; 
entered  the  army,  1787  :  captain,  1793  :  lieutenant-colonel, 
1804;  major-general,  1819;  served  in  Flanders,  1794-6, 
West  Indies,  1796,  Holland,  1799,  Egypt,  1801,  Sicily, 
1809,  and  the  Peninsula.  [lix.  4 17] " 

WARREN,  MATTHEW  (1642-1706),  nonconformist  : 
of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  preacher  at  Otterfonl, 
1661-2  :  trained  candidates  for  the  nonconformist  ministry 
from  1671 ;  pastor  at  Taunton,  1687-1706.  [lix.  418] 

WARREN,  PELHAM  (1778-1835X  physician  ;  son  of 
Richard  Warren  (1731-1797)  [q.  v.];  M.B.  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1800 ;  M.D.,  1805 :  practitioner  in  Lon- 
don from  1800 ;  physician  of  St.  George's  Hospital, 
London,  1803-16  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1806,  censor,  1810.  Harveian 
orator,  1826,  elect,  1829 ;  F.R.S.,  1813.  [lix.  418] 

WARREN,  Sm  PETER  (1703-1752),  vice-admiral : 
an  Irishman;  entered  the  navy,  1717;  lieutenant,  1723: 
captain,  1727  ;  commodore,  1744  ;  served  on  the  American 
station,  1735-41 ;  served  in  the  West  Indies,  1742-5, 
making  immense  prize-money ;  naval  commander  at  the 
taking  of  Louisbourg,  1745 ;  vice-admiral,  1747 ;  M.P., 
Westminster,  1747-52  ;  monument  to  him  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  [lix.  419] 

WARREN,  Sm  RALPH  (1486  ?-1553),  lord  mayor  of 
London  ;  in  business  as  a  mercer,  1508  ;  freeman,  1507, 
warden,  1521,  and  master  of  the  Mercers'  Company,  1530 
and  1642  ;  lent  money  to  the  crown  ;  alderman,  1528-53  ; 
sheriff,  1528-9,  and  lord  mayor  of  London,  1536-7  and 
1544  :  sat  on  several  government  commissions. 

[lix.  420] 

WARREN,  RICHARD  (1731-1797),  physician  ;  B.A. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1752  :  fellow,  1752-9 ;  M.D., 
1762 ;  practised  in  London,  1756-97 ;  F.R.C.P.,  1763, 
Gulstonian  lecturer,  1764,  Harveian  orator,  1768,  censor, 
1764,  1776,  1782,  elect,  1784 ;  physician  to  the  Middlesex 
Hospital,  1756-8,  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  1760-6  ; 
physician  to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  1787.  [lix.^21] 

WARREN,  SIR  RICHARD  AUGUSTUS  (i705  ?- 
1775),  Jacobite ;  an  Irishman  ;  in  business  in  Marseilles, 
1744;  captain  in  the  Franco-Irish  regiment,  August 
1745 ;  aide-de-camp  in  Scotland  to  Lord  George  Murray 
(1700  ?-1760)  [q.  v.],  October  1745  :  colonel,  November 
1746;  sent  to  ask  French  help,  April  1746;  sent  back  to 
fetch  off  Prince  Charles,  August-October  1746;  created 
baronet,  and,  1750,  a  '  brigadier-general '  by  '  James  III ' ; 
aide-de-camp  to  Marshal  Saxe,  1746-8:  a  naturalised 
Frenchman,  1764  ;  commandant  at  Belleisle,  1764-76. 

[lix.  422] 

WARREN,  Sm  SAMUEL  (1769-1839),  rear-admiral ; 
served  at  sea,  1782-1823  ;  lieutenant,.1793  ;  captain,  1802 ; 
knighted,  1835 :  rear-admiral,  1837  ;  K.C.B.,  lH:;n. 

[lix.  423] 

WARREN,  SAMUEL  (1781-1862),  divine :  sent  to 
sea,  1794;  prisoner  in  France,  May  1794-5;  Wesleyau 
I  preacher  in  Lancashire  ;  expelled  for  faction,  1835.  His 
followers, '  the  Warrenites,'  joined  with  other  seceders  to 
form  the  '  United  Methodist  Free  Churches,'  but  he  him- 
self took  Anglican  orders,  1838,  and  was  rector  of  All 
Souls,  Ancoats,  1840-62.  ilix.  423] 

WARREN,   SAMUEL  (1807-1877),  novelist :  ROB  of 

Samuel  Warren  (1781-1862)  [q.  v.]  :  studied  medicine  at 

Edinburgh,  1826-7 :  entered   Inner  Temple,  iHi'H  :  >|i.vi:il 

pleader,  1831-7 :  barrister,   1837  :  bencher,   1851  :    issn.il 

i  many  legal  text-books  and  some  political  tracts,  1835-56 ; 

1  F.R.S.,  1836 ;  Q.C.,  1861 ;  hon.D.C.L.  Oxfordi  1853  ;  recorder 


WARREN 


1371 


WA88E 


of  Hull.  I.I1..  Mi.lhurst,  1856-9:  a 

;-5'j-77:    i-ublisluii  hi*  noveto.  • 

the  Diary  of  a  I.:.'-   !'li\ -i.-.m.1  1«30,  'Ten  TbooMOd  a 
r  ;  published' The  LUy 
and  the  Bee,'  1851,  and  miscellanies.  [lix.  423] 


M.V8    (1617T-1694), 

Ovine;  KJL  Oambi   i/   .      •    .  .   :  •    hoc  d   u. .•:/:/..-,. 
1650;  was  epUoopolly  ordained,  I860,  aud  ret.. 
rectory,  1661;  ejected  for  uoncoi 


at  Koinsey,  1673-90. 


[Ux. 


WARREN,  WILLIAM  (  U.  1581 ),  author  of  two 
(l);i  Dialogue  (now  lost)  between  a  citizen  and  a  i 
une* '  of  EnglUh 
1681.  [Ux.  416] 

WARRINGTON,  EARUS  or.  [See  BOOTH,  HKXRY, 
first  EARL,  1652-1694 ;  BOOTH,  OKOROK,  second  HAUL, 
1675-1768.] 


WARRISTON.  LORD  (1610  ?-1663). 

ARCHIBALD.] 


-  v  .;    ••.-..  .. 


WARTER,  JOHN  WOOD  (1806-1878),  divine  and 
antiquary ;  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.A..  1834  ;  H.D.,  IK41 ;  embassy  chap- 
1  tin  .it  Copenhagen,  1830-3  ; 

1834-78;  married  Robert  Southey's  daughter,  1834;  pub- 
lished collections  for  the  history  of  West  Tarring,  1853- 
1860;  collected  notes  of  Shropshire  antiquities  (partly 
published  posthumously,  1886-91);  published  sermons 
; i u.i  tracts  aud  edited  part  of  Southey's  collections. 

[lix.  427] 

WARTON,  JOSEPH  ( 1722-1 800),  critic  ;  elder  son  of 
Thomas  W'artou  the  oMcr  [q.  v.] ;  educated  al  Winchester 
School,  1735,  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1740  ;  }'. 


laureate,  1785-90,  his  official  ode*  being  much  ridiculed: 

.-:  ••   .     V    ••    .  .    .   ,-    .     ;-.-.    .    .,-..     .         .      :  -.  i 

poems  Usued,  1791. 

WARWICK,  Dc«  OF  (1435- 1445).  [SecBKA 
HKXRY  nit] 

WARWICK.  EARLH  or.  [See  NKWHUKQH.  HXNBY  DK, 
i     ::•.        :"•          ..r    •••..-        •    .      -.    ••-.    I     ISH 

.  WILUAM,  1330-1368;  BBAUCKAJCF.  • 
d.  1316;  BRAUCHAMP.  THOMAII nr. d.  1401;  B*A' 

1383-1439;     N  KYI  LUC,    RlCHAKU,    1438- 
1471,  the  'Una-maker';    EPWAHD,  1475-1499,  sou   of 
i  AQKXKT.  duke    of    Clarence ;    Dununr, 
'53,  afterward*  DUKK  ov  NofrruuuBnt- 
.-i-iiLKY,   AMBIUMK,  1M87-1690;  DODLKY,  8m 
RODKKT,  1673-1649 ;  lilt  U,  RoBKBT.  1687-16W.] 

WARWICK,  Oouxms  or  (1655-1678).    [Bee  BWH, 
MAHY.] 

WARWICK,  GUT  or,  in  romance.    [See  GUT.] 
WARWICK,  SIK  PHILIP  (1U09-16H3).  politician  and 
historian ;  bis  father  organUt  of  Westminster  Abbey  and 
the  Chapel  R'  :  chorister  at  Westminster; 

.    [ted  i  ran  •   ta  •  •  •  •••  •...•••.-     bo  '.•••'.-.  •  iron 

.D.,  1841 ;  embassy  chap-  |  Goring,  and,  1636,  to  Lord-trearorer  Jaxon ;  itodent  of 
of   West  Tarring,     Cray's  inn,  1638:  clerk  of  the  signet,  1638;  hon.  I 


Oxford,  1638 ;   M.P.,  Radnor,  in  the  Long;  parliament, 
1G40.  till  expelled,  1644  ;  opposed 
sat  in  Charles  I's  parilament  at  Oxford ;  twice  cent  to 
urge  Newcastle  to  march  south,  1643 ;  negotiated  the 
surrender  of  n\for.|.  1646;   tecretary  to  Charles  I  at 
Humpton  Court,  1647,  and  Newport,  1648;  oomp 
i,,r    his  estate,  1649;  imprisoned   as  a  suspect, 
knighted,  1660;  M.P.,  Westminster,  1661-78;  • 
the  treasury  for  Thomu*  Wriothesley,  fourth  earl  of  South- 

M.A.  by  diploma,  1759;  D.D.,  1768;  curate  at  Baring-  |  ampton   [q.  v.l.  1660-7;  nrgad  war  with   France,  1668: 
stoke  aud  Chelsea :  rector  of  Winslade,  1748,  and  of  Wick-     opposed  toleration  of  dissenters,  1673 :  his  •  Discourse  of, 


:•  '.'.  : 


Government '  appeared,  1694,  and  his  •  M 


1701. 


[lix.  437] 

WARWICK,  PHILIP,  the  younger  (rf.  1683),amba»- 
wwlor ;  ton  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick  [q.  v.] ;  envoy  to 
Sweden,  1680.  [Ux.  439] 

WARWICK,  SIMEON  or  (rf.  1396).  [See  SIMROX.] 
WASE,  CHRISTOPHER,  the  elder  (1635?-1690). 
scholar:  educated  at  Eton;  fellow  of  KimrV  College, 
Cambridge,  1648:  ejected  anH  went  abroad;  M.  A.,  1665; 
Itead-masteV  of  Dedbam  school,  1665,  of  Tonbridge.  1662- 
1668;  esquire  bedell  of  law  and  supervisor  of  the  University 
Press,  Oxford,  1671-90 ;  published  Greek  and  Latin  piece.. 


WASE,   CHRISTOPHER,  th-  you 


(  <,rpua  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1685  ; 
Preston,  1687-90. 


WA8EY,    WILLIAM 


[Ux.  439] 
(1662-1711), 


vicar  of 
[Ux.  440) 

(1691-1767X     physician  :    of 
M.A.,    1716;    MJJL,    1733; 


ham,  Hampshire,  1783-1SOO,  with  otlu-r  benefice*;  pre- 
bendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1782,  and  Westminster. 
1788 ;  travelling  chaplain  with  the  Duke  of  Bolton,  April 
to  September,  1751 ;  second  master  of  Winchester,  1765, 
and  conspicuously  unsuccessful  head-master,  1766-93: 
verses  of  his  printed,  1739;  published  two  volumes  of 
'Odes,'  1744,1746,  showing  unusual  feeling  for  nature; 
edited  and  partly  translated  Virgil,  1753 ;  contributed  to 
Dr.  Johnson's  'Adventurer,'  1753-6;  published  'Essays' 
on  Pope,  1756  and  1782,  severely  criticising  the  'correct' 
school,  of  which  Pope  was  the  founder:  edited  Pope's 
works,  1797  ;  began  an  edition  of  Drydeu  ;  friend  of  Dr. 
Johnson  and  his  circle.  [Ux.  428] 

WARTON,  ROBERT  (d.  1557),  or  PtTRKFOY,  bishop  of 
Hereford ;  Cluniac  monk :  possibly  B.D.  Cambridge,  1535 ;  i 
abbot  of  Bermond,-ey,  which  he  surrendered  to  Henry  VIII, 
1538 ;  bishop  of  St.  A*aph,  1636  ;  lived  chiefly  at  Denbigh : 
translated  to  Hereford,  1554.  [Ux.  431] 

WARTON,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1688  7-1745),.  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  (1718-28)  at  Oxford:  demy,  Magdalrn 
CoUege,  Oxford,  1706-17 ;  fellow,  1717-24 ;  M.A.,  1712  ; 
B.D.,  1725;  circulate!  Jacobite  verses,  1717-18;  vicar  of 
Baslngstoke  nnd  master  of  Basingstoke  school,  1723-45 ; 
beneflcod  also  in  Surrey  and  Sussex;  bis  *  Poems'  pub- 
lished posthumously,  1748.  [lix.  431] 

WARTON,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1728-1790),  his- 

i  i£5£>      ^'  •  «r ' 

Johnson  and  his  circle ;  his  flr?t  verses  published,  1745-7 ; 
made  his  mark  by  a  poem  in  praise  of  Oxford,  'The 
Triumph  of  Isls,'  1749 ;  published  an  account  of  anti- 
quities at  Winchester,  1750,  and  a  satire, '  Newmarket,' 
1751 :  contributed  vewes  to  most  Oxford  contem- 
porary collections;  edited  two  collections  of  verses, 
•The  Union,'  1753,  and  'The  Oxford  Sausage,'  1764: 
put  out  'Observations'  on  Spenser's  'Faery  Quecu,' 
1754  (enlarged,  1762);  professor  of  poetry,  Oxford, 
1767-67;  edited  classical  texts,  1758-70;  issued  a  skit 
on  Oxford  guide-books,  '  A  Companion  to  the  Guide,' 
1760:  published  lives  of  Dr.  lUlph  llathuret,  1761.  and 
Sir  Thomas  Pope,  1772 :  rector  of  Kiddington,  1771 ;  issued 
his  '  History  of  English  Poetry '  (to  tlie  end  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan age),  1774-81 ;  attacked  the  Chattcrton  forgeries, 
1782;  published  a  history  of  Ki«l<lin>ru>ii,  1783;  CamdMi 
professor  of  ancient  history,  Oxford,  1785-90;  poet- 


Caiug  College.   Cambridge  ;    M.A.,    1716;    M 
studied    at     Leyden,    1718;    practitioner   in 
physician  to   Westminster  Hospital,   Lowton, 
and  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  17S3  : 
censor,  1731,  1736,  1739,  and  1748  :  prert 


1710-SJ, 
K.H.C.P..  1734; 
1760,  1751. 
1752,  and  1753.  [Ux.440] 

WA8HBOURH,    JOHN    (17807-1839X  compiler  of 
Bibliotheca  Gloucestreusis,'  a  bibliography  of  civil  war 


WASHBOTJRrE.  THOMAS  (1606-1687),  canon 
Gloucester:  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1638;  B. 
1636;  D.D.,  1660;  rector  of  Loddinffton,  1619.  and 


of 
tUJL 

Dumblctonr  1640:"  pn-bethlary  of  Gloucester.  164* ,t 
readmitted;  1660 :  vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Gloucester,  166O-8 ; 
published  poems  and  sermons. 

WASHINGTON,  JOHN  (1800-1863),   rear-admiral: 
••ntrml  thonavv,  1812:  li-u-  •  ravelled  much. 

1822-53  ;  WH-rcturv  of  the   Royal  Geographical  Society, 
1836-41:  cnptAin,  lR42:enp, 

1841-7:  F.K.S..  1H45:  as^unt-hydrographer.  and,  18 
1862,  hydrographer ;  reur-admiral,  1862 ;  died  at  Harm 

WAS8E     JOSEPH    (1672-1738),    K-boUr; 

,,,..,,,.,:    ..,,,:••.   ..   .      A|  jtjL«i«k 
B.D.  1707;  rector  of  Aynboe,  1711;  publiabed 


WASTEKL 


1372 


WATSON 


texts,  his  critical  edition  of  Sallust  (1710)  being  based 
on  a  collation  of  nearly  eighty  manuscripts,      [lix.  442] 

WASTELL,  SIMON  (d.  1632),  schoolmaster;  B.A. 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1585;  master  of  Northampton 
school  before  1592;  published  a  metrical  version  of  John 
Shaw's  summary  of  the  bible,  1623.  [lix.  442] 

WAT  TYLER  (d.  1381).    [See  TYLKR.] 

WATERFORD,  EARL  OF  (1468-1538).  [See  TALBOT, 
GEORGE.] 

WATERHOUSE,  SIR  EDWARD  (1535-1591),  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  (1586-9)  in  Ireland  ;  went  to  Ire- 
land with  Sir  Henry  Sidney  [q.  v.] ;  official  in  Ireland, 
1565-91  ;  obtained  grants  of  Irish  lands  and  offices ; 
retired  to  Woodchurch,  1591.  [lix.  442] 

WATERHOUSE,  EDWARD  (/.  1622),  author  of  a 
pamphlet  on  Virginia.  [lix.  444] 

WATERHOUSE,  EDWARD  (1619-1670),  author; 
F.R.S.,  c.  1663 ;  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1668  ;  ordained,  1668 ; 
published  tracts,  chiefly  on  heraldry,  1653-67.  [lix.  444] 

WATERHOUSE,  GEORGE  (d.  1602),  musician ;  went 
from  Lincoln  Cathedral  choir  to  the  Chapel  Royal, 
London,  1688;  Mus.Bac,  Oxford,  1592 ;  wrote  on  musical 
theory;  his  canons,  1163  in  number,  on  the  plain-song 
'Miserere'  preserved  in  manuscript  in  the  Cambridge 
University  Library.  [lix.  445] 

WATERHOUSE,  GEORGE  ROBERT  (1810-1888), 
naturalist ;  architect  in  London ;  devoted  to  entomology ; 
cnrator  of  the  London  Zoological  Society,  1836-43;  en- 
trusted by  Darwin  with  the  task  of  describing  the  mam- 
mals and  coleoptera  collected  in  the  voyage  of  the 
Beagle ;  keeper  of  the  mineralogical  and  geological  branch, 
British  Museum,  1851-7,  of  the  department  of  geology, 
1857-80  ;  published  natural-history  papers  and  treatises. 

[lix.  446] 

WATERLAND,  DANIEL  (1683-1740),  theologian; 
fello-.v  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  1704;  M.A., 
1706 ;  D.D.,  1717 :  beneficed  in  Norfolk,  1713,  London,  1721, 
and  Middlesex,  1730;  master  of  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1713-40;  chancellor  of  York,  1722;  prebendary 
of  Windsor,  1727;  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  1730;  pub- 
lished polemical  treatises  against  Arians  and  deists,  1719- 
1737,  and  a  history  of  the  Athanasian  creed,  1723 ;  his 
collected  works  published,  1823.  [lix.  446] 

WATERS,  SIR  JOHN  (1774-1842),  lieutenant-general ; 
a  Welshman  ;  entered  the  army,  1797 ;  lieutenant,  1799  ; 
captain,  1803;  intelligence  officer  in  Spain,  1808-14; 
major,  1809;  served  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
1817;  K.C.B.,  1832;  lieutenant-general,  1841.  [lix.  448] 

WATERS,  LUCY  (1630  ?-1658).  [See  WALTER,  LUCY.] 
WATERTON,  CHARLES  (1782-1865),  naturalist ;  a 
Roman  catholic;  educated  at  Stonyhurst,  1796-1800; 
visited  Spain,  1802;  resided  in  British  Guiana,  1804-12; 
inherited  Walton  Hall,  Yorkshire,  1806 ;  travelled  in 
Guiana,  1813,  1816, 1820, 1824,  his  famous  ride  on  a  cay- 
man taking  place  on  his  1820  expedition;  visited  Home, 
1817  and  1841 ;  visited  the  United  States  and  the  West 
Indies,  1824;  published  an  account  of  his  '  Wanderings,* 
1825 ;  prepared  his  specimens  according  to  a  method  of 
his  own,  by  which  internal  stuffing  was  rendered  unneces- 
sary ;  published  three  series  of  essays  in  natural  history, 
1838,  1844,  1857.  [lix.  449] 

WATERTON.  EDMUND  (1830-1887),  antiquary :  son 
of  Charles  Waterton  [q.  v.]  ;  formed  a  collection  of  rings. 

[lix.  451] 

WATERWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1811-1882),  Jesuit; 
educated  at  Stonyhurst ;  joined  the  jesuite,  1829  ;  ordained 
priest,  1836  :  served  churches  in  England,  1850  till  death  ; 
published  polemical  tractates.  [lix.  451] 

WATH,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1314-1347),  judge ;  found  a? 
an  attorney,  1314-21,  as  rector  of  Beeford,  1321,  as  rector 
of  Woth,  1327 ;  clerk  of  chancery,  1328 ;  prebendary  of 
Southwell,  1330,  with  other  ecclesiastical  preferment; 
master  of  the  rolls,  1334-7;  clerk  of  chancery,  1338-40  ; 
a  commissioner  of  the  great  seal,  1339.  [lix.  452] 

WATHEN,  JAMES  (1751  ?-1828),    traveller:    nirk- 


i  'Jemmy  Sketch' ;  a  Hereford  glover;  made  many 
pedestrian  tours  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  from  1787, 


and  described  them  in  tho  '  Gentleman's  Magazine ' :  pub- 
lished, is] ..»,  an  account  of  a  voyage  in  1811  to  India  and 
China  ;  visited  Byron  in  Italy,  1816.  [lix.  452] 

WATKIN,  WILLIAM  THOMPSON  (1836-1888X 
arrhjvologiet :  a  Liverpool  merchant:  published  '  Roman 
Lancashire,'  1883,  'Roman  Cheshire,'  lusr,;  his  manu- 
script collections  in  the  Chethnm  Library,  Manchester. 

[lix.  453] 

WATKINS,  CHARLES  (d.  1808),  legal  writer  ;  con- 
veyancer in  London,  1799-1808 ;  published  '  Principles  of 
Conveyancing,'  1800,  and  other  legal  works,  [lix.  453] 

WATKINS,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (1793-1873), 
author ;  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ;  vicar  of  Brix- 
worth,  1832-73  ;  published  'Eidespernox,'  1821,  and  other 
poems  and  prose  works.  [lix.  453] 

WATKINS,  JOHN  (./7.  1792-1831),  miscellaneous 
author  ;  a  schoolmaster  in  Devonshire  :  compiled  biogra- 
phical works,  1800-31,  including  a  'Universal  JU<> -T.I- 
phical  and  Historical  Dictionary,'  1800.  [lix.  451] 

WATKINS,  MORGAN  (fl.  1653-1670),  quaker :  of 
Herefordshire ;  imprisoned  in  London,  1660  and  1665  ; 
published  religious  tractates.  [lix.  454] 

WATSON,  ALEXANDER  ( 1815  ?-1865),  divine;  son 
of  Joseph  Wateon  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Cambridge,  1840;  held  various  curacies  and  benefices, 
1840-65 ;  edited  and  published  sermons.  [lx.  17] 

WATSON,  ANTHONY  (d.  1605),  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester ;  fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1572  ; 
M.A.,  1575  ;  D.D.,  1596  ;  rector  of  Cheam,  1581-1606,  and 
of  Storrington,  1592-1605 ;  dean  of  Bristol,  1690-7 : 
chancellor  of  Wells,  1592-6;  lord  almoner,  1595-1605; 
bishop  of  Chichester,  1596-1605.  [lx.  1] 

WATSON,  SIR  BROOK,  first  baronet  (1735-1807), 
merchant  and  official :  went  to  sea  before  1749;  commis- 
sary at  the  sieges  of  Beausejour,  1755,  and  Louisbourg, 
1758 ;  merchant  in  London,  1759  :  commissary-general  in 
Canada,  1782-3,  Flanders,  1793-5,  and  in  Great  Britain 
from  1798 ;  M.P.,  London,  1784-93 ;  a  director  of  the 
Bank  of  England  ;  alderman,  1786,  sheriff,  1786,  and  lord 
mayor  of  London,  1796-7  ;  created  baronet,  1803.  [lx.  1] 

WATSON,  CAROLINE  (1761  7-1814),  engraver  in 
stipple  ;  daughter  of  James  Watson  (1739  ?-1790)  [q.  v.] 

[lx.  10] 

WATSON,  CHARLES  (1714-1767),  rear-admiral; 
entered  the  navy,  1728 ;  lieutenant,  1735  :  captain,  1738 ; 
commodore  on  the  North  American  station,  1748 :  rear- 
admiral,  1748;  commander-in-chief  in  the  East  Indies, 
1754-7;  co-operated  with  Robert  Clive  in  reducing- 
Gherian,  February  1756,  recovering  Calcutta,  December 
1756,  reducing  Chandernasjore,  March  1757,  and  crushing 
Suraj  ud  Dowlah,  June  1757;  his  name,  by  Olive's  con- 
trivance, fraudulently  attached  to  a  fictitious  treaty  to 
deceive  Omichund ;  died  in  Bengal ;  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  [lx.  2] 

WATSON,  CHRISTOPHER  (d.  1581),  historian  and 
translator;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1569;  probably  beneflced 
in  Norfolk :  published  a  translation  of  Polybiup,  and  a 
life  of  Henry  V,  1568 ;  published  a  catechism,  1579 ;  his 
manuscript  notes  concerning  Durham  are  in  the  British 
Museum.  [lx.  3] 

WATSON,  DAVID  (1710-1756),  translator;  native 
of  Brechin ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews ;  published  a  text  and- 
prose  version  of  Horace,  1741,  and  a  manual  of  classical 
mythology,  1752.  [lx.  3] 

WATSON,  DAVID  (1713?- 1761),  major-general, 
royal  engineers  ;  lieutenant  of  foot,  1733  ;  captain,  1745 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1746 ;  military  engineer  in  Flanders, 
1742-5,  serving  at  Dettingen,  1743,  and  Fpntenoy,  1715; 
military  engineer  in  Scotland,  1745-64,  serving  at  Falkirk, 
January  1746,  and  Culloden,  April  1746,  and  superintend- 
ing the  military  survey  of  Scotland,  1747-64  ;  planned 
defensive  works  in  the  south  of  England,  1755-6  ;  captain, 
royal  engineers,  1757  ;  served  against  St.  Malo,  1758 ; 
quartermaster-general  in  Germany,  1768-61  ;  distin- 
guished himself  at  Miuden,  1759 ;  major-general,  1759. 

[lx.  4] 

WATSON,  GEORGE  (1723  ?-1773),  divine;  scholar, 
1744,  and  fellow,  1747-54,  of  University  College,  Oxford; 
M.A.,  1746  ;  published  theological  tracts.  [lx.  6] 


WATSON 


1.57.; 


WATSON 


WATSON.    liKultGB  (1767-1837),  portrait-painter ; 

Supil  of  Ali-x:niiliT  Naxmyth  [<|.  v.],  and,  1786-7,  of  Sir 
u-hii:i   KcynoMs  [q.  v.]  ;    titled  ax  an  artist  In 


burgh;  tir.-t  i>n-i«u-nt  of  the  ( Uoyal) Scottish  Academy, 

[be.  •'•:' 


WATSON.    HKNHY  (1737-1786), ___ 

educated  at  Woolwich  ;  ensign,  1765 ;  lieutenant, 
served  at  lidleinle,  1761,  and  Havana,  1762:  captain, 
1763;  ii,-;,i-,-i,.'!:.-,-r  i,  ik-uga!.  1764,  and  chief  engineer, 
1765;  «inntrii.-!.-l  .lo.-k-  ut  r..!.-utu  ;  returned  to  Bog- 
Lin.!:  tranalated  Baler  on  shipbuilding,  1776;  again 
«rved  in  India,  1780-6.  [Ix.  6] 

WATSON,  HBWETT  COTTRBLL  (1804  -  1881). 
botanist ;  Inherited  a  Derbyshire  estate,  e.  18S6 ;  ftodied 
mlogy  and  natural  history  in  Edinburgh,  18W-M: 
settled  at  Thames  Dlttou,  1833  ;  publbhed  phrenological 
tnatfsm  UM;  tdtttd  kta  'PhnoototfeaJ  fannD  ORH 
1840:  vialted  the  Axores,  184S ;  edited  the  •London 
Catalogue  of  British  Plant*,'  1844-74:  contributed  an 
article'  On  the  Theory  of  Progressive  Development '  to  the 
'Phytologist,'  1846:  published  a  classification  of  British 
plants  according  to  local  distribution,'  Cybele  Britannica,' 
with  supplement*  and  a  'Compendium,'  1847-73,  and 
4  Topographical  Botany,'  1873-4,  with  other  botanical 
tracts.  [Ix.  7] 

WATSON,  J AMKS(il.  1722), Scottish  printer ;  printer 
in  Edinburgh  from  1695  :  imprisoual  for  a  pamphlet  on 
the  Ihirii-n  grievaiuv,  1700;  published  the  'Edinburgh 
Gazette'  from  1700,  and  the  'Edinburgh  Couraut'  from 
1706;  published  'Comic  and  Serious  Scottish  Poems,' 
1706-11 ;  opened  a  bookseller's  shop,  1709 ;  joint  king's 
printer  in  Scotland,  1711.  [Ix.  9] 

WATSON,  JAMES  (1739  9-1790),  mezzotint  engraver: 
an  Irishman :  trained  in  London :  engraved  portraits 
after  Reynolds :  exhibited  engravings,  1702-75.  [Ix.  10] 

WATSON,  JAMES  (1766  7-1838),  agitator  ;  probably 
an  apothecary  in  Bloomsbury :  became,  with  his  sou  James 
(of.  1836),  a  leader  of  the  tavern  club,  which  advocated 
the  communistic  views  of  Thomas  Spence  [q.  v.],  <•.  1814  : 
a  leader  of  the  riotous  mob,  December  1816  :  acquitted  of 
a  charge  of  high  treason,  June  1817  ;  withdrew  to  America. 

[Ix.  10] 

WATSON,  JAMES  (1799-1874),  radical  publisher ; 
warehouseman  in  Leeds,  1817;  became  a  freethinker,  1K19  ; 
salesman  in  London  for  Richard  Carlile  [q.  v.l,  1822: 
imprisoned,  1823 ;  compositor  and  manager  of  Carllle's 
business,  1825:  adopted  Robert  Owen's  co-operative 
schemes,  1826 :  storekeeper  of  the  Co-operative  Associa- 
tion, 1828 :  printer  and  publisher,  1831,  issuing,  among 
other  books,  cheap  reprints  of  Tom  Paine's  works ;  im- 
prisoned, 1833  and  1834;  a  leading  chartist,  1837  ;  joined 
Mazzini's  '  International  League,'  1847 ;  agitated  for  free- 
dom of  the  press.  [Ix.  12] 

WATSON,  JOHN  (d.  1530),  friend  of  Erasmus  ;  fellow 
of  Peterhou*?,  Cambridge,  1501-16 ;  travelled  in  Italy ; 
rector  of  Elsworth,  1516,  and  of  St.  Mary  Wooluoth. 
London,  1523 ;  master  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
1517-30  ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1517  :  prebendary  of  Southwell, 
1523  ;  one  of  the  divines  selected  to  answer  for  Cambridge 
University  Henry  V Ill's  questions  about  his  divorce. 

[Ix.  13] 

WATSON,  JOHN  (1520-1584),  bishop  of  Winchester  : 
fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1540 :  M.A.,  1544  : 
prebendary  of  Winchester,  1651 ;  rector  of  Kelsball  and 
of  Winchfleld,  1554,  with  other  benefices  ;  chancellor  of 
St.  Paul's,  1558 ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey.  1669 ;  master  of 
St.  Cross,  Winchester,  1568 ;  dean  of  Winchester,  1570, 
and  bishop,  1580-4.  [Ix.  13] 

WATSON,  JOHN  (1726-1783),  antiquary ;  fellow  of 
Brasenoee  College,  Oxford,  1746  ;  M.A.,  1748 ;  curate 
at  Halifax,  1750-4  ;  incumbent  of  Ripponden,  near  Hall- 
fax,  1754-66:  F.S.A.,  1759;  rector  of  Stockport,  1789; 
published  'History  and  Antiquities  of  ...  Halifax,'  1775, 
and  '  Memoirs  of  the  ...  Earls  of  Warren  and  Surrey,' 
1776  ;  made  large  historical  collections  for  Cheshire. 

[lx.14] 

WATSON,  JOHN  DAWSON  (1832-1898),  artist: 
trained  at  Manchester,  1847,  and  London,  1851 ;  exhibited 
in  Manchester,  1861,  and  In  London.  1869-9 J :  member  of 
the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1869 ;  a  prolific 
book  illustrator ;  painted  In  water-colours.  [Ix.  15] 


WATSON,  JuHN    KollllKS  MHJ7-1M92). 
India :  M.  A   and  M.D.  Aberdeen,  . 
Bombay,  1860-1 ;  director  of  the  India  Museam, 

!•*•»  *j;  Htu-hM  U>  th-  In  :..„.  ,|,.,mrtii,.-i.t  of  tin-  inter- 
national  exhibitions,  186S,  1868, 1871;  poblUb. 


[Ix.  16] 

JOHN  8BLBY  (1804-1884).  author  and 
murderer ;  If. A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1844 :  curate  In 

9o r  tt,  IBM  11 .  MbooiiMta  >!i  Mo  • 

i-i!  rOi   DMtxted,  1841  i 

for  murdering  his  wife,  1871 : 
texts  and  tranalations ;  compiled  biography  of  Porson, 
1861.  [Ix.  16] 

WATSON,  JONAS  (1661-1741),  artillery  offleer: 
served  In  Ireland  and  Planden :  Ueotenant-ooionel.  17X7 ; 
commanded  the  artillery  at  Gibraltar,  when  hfdegBl. 
1727 ;  killed  at  Oarthagena.  [Ix.  19] 

WATSON,  JOSEPH  (17667-18*9),  author  of  treatises 
on  deaf  and  dumb  Instruction;  pupil  of  Thomas  Braid- 
wood  [q.  v.] :  master  of  the  Kent  Road  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum,  London.  [Ix.  17] 

WATSON,  JOSHUA  (1771-1866), 
London  wine-merchant,  1792-1814  ;  a 
Tractarian  high-church  party ;  first  treasurer  of  'the 
National  s.--i.-ty,  1811-42:  an  active  member  of  most 
church  institutions  and  associations,  and  one  of  the 
'  Hackney  Phalanx ' ;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford,  18SO.  [Ix.  17] 

WATSON,  JUSTLY  (17107-1767),  military  engi- 
neer ;  son  of  Jonas  Watson  [q.  v.] :  artillery  officer  at 
Gibraltar.  17'.'7;  joined  the  engineers,  1732:  served  at 
Oarthagena,  1741,  and  in  the  futile  attempt*  on  Cuba, 
1741,  and  Panama,  1742;  stationed  at  Jamaica,  1742-4; 
surveyed  Darien  and  Florida,  1743  ;  served  in  the  descent 
on  Brittany,  1746 :  chief  engineer  In  the  MM  way  district, 
1748;  reported  on  West  African  station*,  1756-6; 
stationed  In  Nova  Scotia,  1757,  and  died  there ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  royal  engineers,  1767.  [Ix.  19] 

WATSON,  SIR  LEWIS,  first  BABOX  ROCK; 
(1584-1653),  of  Rockingham  Castle.  Northamptonshire: 
entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1699;  stud.: 
Middle  Temple,  1601;  knighted,  1608;  a  cour 
friend   of  George  Vllliers,  first  duke  of  ~ 
[q.  v.];  M.P.,  Lincoln,  1614, 1621, 1624;  created  baronet, 
1621 ;  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire,  1632-1 ;  arrested  for 
allowing  parliament  troops  to  occupy  Rockingham  Castle, 
1643;  joined  Charles  I  at  Oxford;  created  Baron  Rock- 
iugham,  1646  ;  compounded  for  his  estates,  1647. 

[Ix.  JO) 
WATSON,  MUSGRAVE  LEWTHWAITB  (1804-184  7), 

]  sculptor,  etcher,  and  painter  In  water-colour*  ;  solicitor! 
apprentice  at  Carlisle,  1821;  practiced  drawing;  art 

,  student  in  London,  1824,  and  Rome;  opened  a  studio  In 
London,  1828  ;  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy,  1819-47 : 
executed  'The  Battle  of  St.  Vincent*  bas-relief  on  the 
Nelson  Monument.  [Ix.  21] 

WATSON,  PETER  WILLIAM  (1761-1830),  boUnist; 
tradesman  in  Hull ;  devoted  to  natural  science :  a  land- 
scape-painter ;  published.  1824-6,  'Dendrologia  Britan- 
nica,' an  account  of  foreign  trees  and  shrubs  adapted  to 
the  climate  of  Britain.  [Ix.  22] 

WATSON,  RICHARD  (1612-1686  X  royalist  writer ;  a 

I  Londoner ;  M. A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1636 :  fellow, 

!  1636-44;  ejected  by  the  parliament;   master  of  Perse 

I  School,  Cambridge,  1636-42 ;  royalist  chaplain  In  Paris : 

i  restored  to  his  fellowship,  1660;   D.D.    Oxford.    166t; 

rector  of  Pewsey,  1662;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1664. 

withotherpreferment;pnblUhedTerMpraisingCiarlesL 

treatises  against  presbyterlanlsm  and  puritanism,  and 

other  controversial  works,  1649-84.  [Ix.  tt] 

WATSON,  RICHARD  (1737  1816),  bishop  of  Llan- 
daff:  scholar  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1767; 
second  wrangler,  1769;  fellow.  1760;  M.A.  176S:  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  1764 :  F.1CS..  1769  :  D.D.  and  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  1771 ;  made  a  discovery  which  led 
to  the  black-bulb  thermometer:  prebendary,  1774,  and 
archdeacon  of  Bly,  1779-82;  offended  the  court  by  a 
whig  sermon,  1776;  rector  of  Northwold,  1779-81; 
rector  of  Knaptoft,  1781 ;  bishop  of  Llandaff,  1782;  in- 
herited  an  estate,  1786 ;  wrote  In  favour  of  Pitt's  war 
policy,  1798;  advocated  the  union  with  Ireland,  1799 


WATSON 


1374 


WATSON 


and    Roman    catholic    emancipation,    1804;    published 

.,-iil  research^,   ermtn.v.Tsia!   tracts,  and  sermons 

and    charges;    defended    Christianity    against    Uw«xd 

Gibbon,  1776,  and  Thomas  Paine,  179G  :  his  advice  to 

"government (1787)  on  improvements  in  gunpowder  said 

to  have  resulted  in  a  saving  of  1UO,0(XM.  a  year. 

[Ix.  24] 

WATSON,  RICHARD  (1 781-1833),  methodist  divine  : 
apprenticed  to  a  joiner  at  Lincoln,  1795:  Wesley.™ 
preacher,  1796-1801;  minister  of  the  methodist  'New 
connexion,'  1803-7;  editor  of  the  'Liverpool  Courier,' 
1808  ;  Wesleyan  minister,  1812-33 ;  London  secretary  to 
Wesleyan  missions,  1816-27,  1832-3 ;  agitated  for  aboli- 
tion of  slavery,  1825-32 ;  published  a  life  of  John  Wesley, 
papers  on  Wesleyau  missions,  theological  text-books,  and 
sermons.  [1*.  27] 

WATSON,  ROBERT  (/.  1555),  protestant:  a  civi- 
lian ;  steward  to  Archbishop  Oranmer ;  imprisoned  as  a 
protestant,  1554-6  ;  went  abroad  on  his  release ;  pub- 
lished, 1556, '  ^Btiologia,'  an  account  of  his  trial. 

WATSON,  ROBERT  (/.  1581-1605),  almanac-maker  ; 
of  Queens'  College  and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  B.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1585  ;  licensed  to  practise  physic, 
1589;  settled  at  Brain  tree;  first  known  issue  of  his 
almanac,  1595,  latest,  1605.  [Ix.  29] 

WATSON,  ROBERT  (1730?-1781),  historian;  pro- 
fessor of  logic,  St.  Andrews ;  principal  of  St.  Salvator's 
College,  1777 ;  minister  of  St.  Leonard's  parish,  St.  An- 
drews, 1777 :  published  histories  of  '  Philip  II.  of  Spain,' 
1777,  and,  posthumously  (1783),  of  '  Philip  III.'  [Ix.  29] 

WATSON,  ROBERT  (1746-1838),  adventurer;  rose  to 
be 'colonel' in  Washington's  army;  M.D. ;  secretary  to 
Lord  George  Gordon,  1780 ;  an  advocate  of  revolution  ; 
imprisoned  as  a  political  suspect,  1796-8 ;  fled  to  Paris 
and  became  English  tutor  to  Napoleon ;  known  as 
4  Chevalier  Watson ' ;  principal  of  Scots  College,  Paris, 
c.  1802-8 ;  teacher  of  English  in  Rome,  1816-19 ;  pur- 
chased at  Rome  the  '  Stuart  papers '  from  an  attorney, 
who  bad  been  confidential  agent  to  Henry,  cardinal  York 
(1725-1807)  [q.  v.],  1817  (papers  seized  by  the  Vatican, 
and  finally  delivered  to  the  prince  regent) ;  obtained  in 
all  3.600J.  from  the  English  ministry  for  his  find ;  com- 
mitted suicide  in  London ;  published  life  of  Lord  George 
Gordon,  1795;  edited  'Political  Works'  of  Fletcher  of 
Saltoun,  1798,  and,  1821,  Chevalier  Johnstone's  '  Memoirs 
of  ...  1745.'  [Ix.  30] 

WATSON,  RUNDLE  BURGES  (1809-1860),  captain, 
RJ?.;  lieutenant,  1829;  captain,  1842;  commanded  a 
squadron  in  the  Baltic,  1854-5.  [Ix.  30] 

WATSON,  SAMUEL  (1663-1715),  sculptor  in  wood 
and  stone ;  employed  at  Chatsworth,  1G93-1707. 

[Ix.  31] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (1513-1584),  bishop  of  Lincoln  ; 
fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1535;  M.A., 
1637 ;  D.D.,  1554  ;  a  humanist ;  wrote  &  Latin  tragedy, 
•  Absolon  (Absalom)' ;  rector  of  Wyke Regis,  1545  ;  chap- 
lain to  Stephen  Gardiner  [q.  v.],  1645-53 ;  imprisoned, 
1647-8  and  1550 ;  a  leading  Roman  catholic  preacher  in 
London,  1653-3;  master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1553-4 ;  dean  of  Durham,  1553-7 ;  one  of  the  disputants 
against  Cranmer  at  Oxford,  1554  ;  one  of  Cardinal  Pole's 
commission  to  visit  Cambridge  University,  1657 ;  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  1557  ;  deprived  of  his  see,  June  1559 ;  kept  in 
custody,  1559-84.  [Ix.  31] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (1567  ?-1592),  poet;  possibly 
educated  at  Oxford;  law-student  in  London;  studied 
Italian  and  French  poetry ;  circulated  in  manuscript 
Latin  poems,  and  Latin  versions  of  some  of  Petrarch's 
eonnete  ;  visited  Paris,  1681,  and  formed  a  friendship  with 
Sir  Francis  Walsingham  [q.  v.]  ;  published  a  Latin  ver- 
sion of  the  '  Antigone '  of  Sophocles,  with  an  appendix  of 
Latin  allegorical  poems  and  experiments  in  Latin  metres, 
1681 ;  contributed  commendatory  verses,  Latin  and  Eng- 
lish, to  his  friends'  books ;  published,  1582,  'EtcdTouiraBia, 
or  Passionate  Centurie  of  Loue,'  eighteen-llne  English 
poem;*  (called  '  sonnets '),  reflecting  classical  and  French 
mod  Italian  poems,  and  being  in  some  cases  translations  ; 
published  Latin  versions  of  Tasso's  '  Aminta,'  1585,  and 
of  '  Raptua  Helenas '  from  the  Greek  of  Ooluthus,  1686  ; 
bis  version  of  the  '  Aminta '  rendered  into  English,  with- 
out authority,  by  Abraham  Frannce  [q.  v.],  1587  :  pub- 
lished "The  first  Sett  of  Italian  Madrigalls  "  " 


1590,  and  an  'Eglogue'  (Latin  and  English)  on  Walsing- 
ham's  death,  1590.  His  Latin  pastoral  '  Amynta?  Gaudia,' 
appeared  posthumously  in  1592,  and  'The  Tears  of 
Kaneie,'  sixty  English  sonnets,  in  1593 ;  a  few  pre- 
viously unpublished  poems  appeared  in  'The  Phoenix 
Nest,' 1593,  and  'England's  Helicon,'  IG(K).  His  sonnets 
were  do-ely  st-idied  by  Shakespeare  and  other  contem- 
poraries. He  wua  the  '  Amyntas '  of  Spenser's  '  Colin 
Clout's  come  home  again'  (1595).  and  was  declared  by 
Francis  Meres  to  be  the  equal  of  Petrarch,  Theocritus, 
and  Virgil.  [Ix.  34] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1686),  puritan  divine  :  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge;  chaplain  to 
Mary,  widow  of  Horace  Vere,  baron  Tilbury;  intruded 
minister  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook,  London,  1046 ;  joined 
in  the  London  ministers'  petition  against  Charles  I's 
execution,  1649  ;  imprisoned  as  a  suspected  royalist  in- 
triguer, 1651 ;  ejected  from  St.  Stephen's,  1660 :  preacher 
in  London,  1660-80  ;  published  devotional  works,  1652- 
1669.  His  '  Body  of  Practical  Divinity '  appeared  posthu- 
mously, 1692.  [Ix.  37] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (1637-1717).  bishop  of  St. 
David's ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1660 ; 
M.A.,  1662  ;  D.D.,  1675  ;  rector  of  Bnrrough  Green,  Cam- 
bridgeshire ;  a  strong  supporter  of  James  II :  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  1687 ;  opposed  William  Ill's  government, 
1692-6 ;  involved  in  a  controversy  with  his  registrar, 
Robert  Lucy,  1694 ;  accused  of  simony,  1695  ;  found 
guilty  and  deprived  of  his  see,  1699  ;  vainly  tried,  1700-5, 
to  obtain  reversal  of  the  sentence,  which  his  friends  be- 
lieved to  have  been  influenced  by  his  Jacobite  opinions. 

[Ix.  38] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (d.  1744),  captain  in  the  navy  ; 
lieutenant,  1733 ;  lost  his  ship,  the  Northumberland,  in  a 
badly  fought  action,  1744 ;  died  of  wounds.  [Ix.  40] 

WATSON,  THOMAS  (1743-1781),  engraver;  en- 
graved portraits,  both  in  stipple  and  mezzotint ;  print- 
seller  in  London.  [Ix.  41] 

WATSON,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  baronet  (1792-1882); 
physician  ;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1816 ; 
studied  medicine  in  London  and  Edinburgh  ;  M.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1825 ;  became  a  leading  physician  in  London, 
1825-70 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1826,  Gulstonian  lecturer,  1827,  Lum- 
leian  lecturer,  1831,  and  censor,  1828, 1837,  and  1838 ;  physi- 
cian to  Middlesex  Hospital,  London,  1827-43  ;  professor  at 
University  College,  London,  1 828-31,  and  at  King's  College, 
London,  1831-40  ;  F.R.S.,  1859 ;  created  baronet,  1866 ; 
active  member  of  College  of  Physicians ;  published  '  Lec- 
tures on  the  ...  Practice  of  Physic,'  1843.  [Ix.  41] 

WATSON,  WALTER  (1780-1854),  Scottish  poet; 
private  in  the  Scots  greys,  1799-1802  ;  afterwards  a- 
weaver  ;  published  songs  and  verses,  1808,  1823,  1843  ; 
his  'Select  Poems  '  published,  1853.  [Ix.  42] 

WATSON,  WILLIAM  (15597-1603),  conspirator; 
visited  Oxford,  1569  ;  went  to  Rheims,  1575  ;  secular 
priest,  1586  ;  sent  on  the  English  mission  ;  imprisoned, 
1586,  and  again,  1587  ;  protested  against  Anthony  Bab- 
Ington's  plot,  1587 ;  escaped  to  Liege,  1588 ;  mission 
priest  in  west  of  England,  1590  ;  imprisoned,  1597  and 
1599-1602 ;  opposed  the  appointment  of  George  Blackwell 
[q.  v.]  as  archpriest,  1600  ;  strenuously  opposed  the 
Jesuits,  and  especially  their  project  of  conveying  the 
English  crown  to  the  infanta  of  Spain  :  author,  or 
part-author,  of  four  books  printed  at  Rheims,  1601, 
against  Robert  Parsons  and  the  Jesuits,  the  longest 
being  '  Ten  Quodllbeticall  Questions  concerning  Religion 
and  State '  ;  negotiated  with  Bishop  Richard  Bancroft 
about  an  oath  of  allegiance  which  Roman  catholics 
might  conscientiously  take,  1602  ;  provoked  by  James  I's 
failure  to  obtain  toleration  for  Roman  catholics,  became 
a  leader  of  the  '  Bye  '  or  '  Priests'  Plot,'  and  privy  to 
the  '  Main '  plot,  1603 ;  informed  against  by  the  Jesuits  ; 
executed  at  Winchester.  [Ix.  42] 

WATSON,  Sm  WILLIAM  (1715-1787),  physician 
and  naturalist ;  apothecary's  apprentice  in  London, 
1730  ;  apothecary,  1738  ;  F.R.S.,  1741  ;  honorary  M.D., 
Halle,  1757  ;  physician  to  Foundling  Hospital,  London, 
1762-87 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1784,  and  censor,  1785  and  1786  ; 
knighted,  1786  ;  published  botanical  papers  from  1744, 
notes  of  electrical  experiments,  1745-63,  and  some 
medical  papers,  1762-8.  [U.  46] 


WATSON 


1375 


WATTS 


WATSON,  .- 1  it  WILLIAM  ( 1 7 1 1   :  - .'.',  ?).  physician : 
M.I).  ;  K.H.S.,  17ti7  ;  knight"!,  17'.»r,-.  j.ruU.My  - 


\Villi:un  \V;u-<m(1715-1787)  [q.  V.] 


[lx.47] 


WATSON.    WILLIAM,    Luitn  WATBOX  (18f7-189»), 

:    t-lui-ated  at  Glasgow    and    BUnbtUfh !    LI.  I* 

ted   advocnt  --ared 

funn-of  Dr.  Kl-.v:ird  Williai  l   [q.  T.]  the 

r.    !K«-,5;    solicitor-general    for    BcoUand,     1 
•  I.-.n  of  Faculty  of  Advocate*,  1876:  lonl  advocate  and 
M.I',  tor  <  iloivow  and  Aberdeen  universities,  1876  :  prlTy 
councillor,  Is7h  ;  Appointed  ordinary  lord  of  appeal  and 
created  life  peer,  1880.  -I»L  uL608] 

WATSON,    SIR    WILLIAM    HENRY    (1798-1880), 
e  Peninsula,  1812-14,  and 

at  Waterloo,  1815  :  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1833  : 
Kinsale,  1841-7,  and  Hull,  1854-6:  baron  of  the 
and   knighted,   1866;    published   two  legal 
treaties,  1826-7.  [Ix.  47] 

WATSON- WENTWORTH.  CHARLES,  necond  MAR- 
QUIS  OF  HOCKINUHAM  (1730-17H2X  styled  Viscount 
Higham  from  1734,  and  Earl  of  Malton  from  1746;  of 
Westminster  School  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
served  as  volunteer  against  the  Scottish  insurgents,  1746  ; 
created  Earl  of  Malton  in  the  Irish  peerage,  1760 ;  sue. 
oeeded  to  the  marqnlaate,  1760;  held  decided  whig 
opinions:  lord  of  the  bedchamber,  1751-62;  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  North  and  East  Ridings  of  Yorkshire,  1761; 
vice-admiral  of  Yorkshire,  1768  ;  out  of  favour  and  dis- 
missed from  his  offices,  1762 ;  premier  of  a  coalition 
ministry,  July  1765  ;  mortified  George  III  by  repealing 
the  Stamp  Act,  opposing  grants  to  the  king's  br< 
and  condemning  general  warrants  ;  dismissed  from  office, 
July  1766  ;  failed  to  form  a  whig  ministry,  1767  :  a 
leader  of  the  opposition  in  the  House  of  Lords,!  1768-81 : 
supported  proposals  to  grant  independence  to  Un- 
American  colonies  and  partial  enfranchisement  of  Roman 
catholics,  1778 ;  prime  minister,  March  1782.  [Ix.  48] 

WATT,  JAMES  (1698-1782X  merchant ;  chief  magis- 
trate of  Groenock,  1751.  [Ix.  51] 

WATT,  JAMES  (1736-1819),  engineer;  suffered 
throughout  life  from  weak  health  :  studied  geometry. 
1749  ;  showed  great  manual  dexterity  :  served  for  a  yeur 
under  a  London  philosophical-instrument  maker  :  mathe- 
matical-instrument maker  In  the  precincts  of  Gla-^oxv 
University,  1757 ;  while  repairing  a  model  of  John  New- 
t-omen's steam-engine,  discovered  the  cause  of  its 
waste  of  power,  1764;  devised  the  separate  con- 
denser and  the  air-pump,  to  obviate  the  defect,  17f.5: 
went  into  partnership  with  John  Roebuck  [q.  v.]  to 
construct  improved  steam-engines,  but  their  experi- 
mental engine  proved  unsatisfactory;  employed  in 
survey  work  for  canals  and  harbours,  e.  1760-74 : 
l>atented  his  •  Watt  '  steam-engine,  1769 ;  obtained  a 
prolongation  of  his  patent,  1775  ;  in  partnership  with 
Matthew  Boulton  [q.  v.],  at  Soho  Engineering  Works, 
Birmingham,  1775-lbOO  ;  frequently  visited  Cornwall  to 
superintend  construction  of  engines  to  drain  mines  ;  ex- 
perimented to  obtain  rotary  motion  from  his  reciprocat- 
ing engine,  at  first  by  applying  the  crank,  e.  1780,  after- 
wards by  the  «8un-and-planet '  wheel,  1781;  made  use 
of  theexpansiveness  of  steam  to  obtain  the  double  stroke, 
1782,  and  introduced  other  mechanical  improvements, 
1784  ;  adopted  the  centrifugal  governor  for  regulating 
speed  of  steam-engines ;  patented  a  fuel-saving  furnace. 
Ids  last  patent,  1786:  engaged  in  litigation  to  protect  his 
patents,  1792-1800;  invented  copying-ink,  1780;  inde- 
pendently discovered  the  composition  of  water  (his  '  de- 
phlogisticated  air'  =  oxygen  and  'phlogiston  '=  hydro- 
pen),  1782-3  ;  projected  the  screw-propeller,  1784  ;  retired 
and  devoted  himself  to  mechanical  and  chemical  research : 
F.R.8.,  1786 ;  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1806  ;  accorded  a  Monument 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  [Ix.  51] 

•  WATT,  JAMES  (1769-1848),  engineer  :  son  of  James 
Watt  (1736-1819)  [q.  v.]  ;  resided  In  Paris,  1789-94; 
partner  In  Bonlton  &  Watt,  engineers,  Birmingham, 
1794;  fitted  the  Caledonia  with  engines,  and  steamed  to 
Holland  and  up  the  Rhine,  this  being  the  first  steamship 
to  leave  an  English  port,  1817 :  Improved  nuuiije  engtae^ 

WATT,  JAMES  HENRY  (1799-1867),  line-engraver 
and  book  illustrator.  i>-  ^-1 


WATT,  ROBERT  (1774-1819),  bibliographer :  began 
life  aa  •plougbboy;  studied  in  Glasgow  University. 
1792-6,  and  Edinburgh,  1796-7  :  snhoolmeatfr  at  Syming- 
ton.  Ayrshire.  1797-8 :  oompletei  his  medical  eoww  at 
Qla*gow(  1798-9;  practitioner  In  Paisley.  1799,  and  in 
Glasgow,  t.  1810-17  ;  poblUhed  medical  paprr 
Aberdeen,  1810:  publUhed  'Catalogue of  Medical  Hooka.' 
:-;.•:;,  •..  .,:i  .•  A  ..-/  ••..  •  .  ;  •  ;  . 

•  Bibliotbeca  Britannlca,'  a  general  catalogue  of  M&V*, 

•        -.:-,:       .t.  .    •    .    . ..       .      .    .      •  ;      •     . 

'.I-:'.'   .1. 


WATTS,  ALARIO  ALEXANDER  (17»7-1«4),  poet : 

;  editor  of  'Manchester  Courier/  1K26  6;   pub- 

•]',-:  -.  ;    i-.::;    ...  -..•'•    WTJ    -     I 


m  • 

litbed  '  Poetical  Sketch**,'  18» ; 

veulr,'  an  annual,  1824-18;  pobUaea  c 

of  verse*,  partly  hl«  own,  partly  fugiti 

author  -.,|  'United 

I8H  ir:  bankrupt  throatf  f.-iiiiir.-..f  hfemoMfiVMw* 

paper  ventures,  I860;  publUhed  •  Lyric-  of  the  Heart,* 

1860:    furnished    the    letterpre-    of   Torner*t   'Liber 

Fluviorum,'    1863;    obtained  civil    lift    penMoa,  18M; 

brought  out  first  Issue  of  •  Men  of  the  Time,'  18M. 


,    .  ,  -.. 


WATTS,  GILBERT  (d.  1667).  divine  . 
College,  Oxford,  1614 :  fellow,  1621-57  :  D.D.,  1641 : 

/ale  Doe.  1642-7;  translated  Bacon's  -De  Aug 
mentis  Scieutiarum,'  1640.  [Ix.  66] 

WATTS,  HENRY  (1815-1884),  chemist:  B.A.  Lon- 
.l.in.  1841 ;  assistant-professor  of  chemistry.  University 
Collect',  Li'ii.ion.  1H4C.-57:  translated  and  expanded Leo- 

:ii«-linV  •  Huudbnch  der  Cbemie,'  dirliteen  vo' 
1K48-72;  edited  the  Chen.  '«  'Journal 

1849  :  F.R.8.,  1866 ;  edited  Watts's  'Dictionary  of  Chemis- 
try,' 1868,  witii  supplements,  1878 -8L  [Ix.  66] 

WATTS,  HUGH  (15827-1643),  bell-founder  of  Lei- 
cester :  cast  bells,  1600-43,  known  as  '  Watt*'*  Nanrene*,* 
from  his  favourite  inscription  ;  hi*  peal  of  ten  bells  for 
.rk'urctV,  Leicester,  said  to  have  been  the  finest  in 
England  at  the  time ;  mayor  of  Leicester  at  diaries  Ps 
visit,  1631.  [Ix.  67] 

WATTS.  ISAAC  (1674-1748),  hymn-writer  :  BOO  of  a 
nanoonfonmrt  schoolmaster :  educated  at  Stoke  Newing- 
I  ton   nonconformist  academy,  1C90-4 :    wrote  hi*  first 
i  hymn, '  Behold  the  glories  of  the  Lamb,*  e.  1695  ;  private 
tutor,  1696-1702:    nonconformist  minister  In  London, 
1   1702-48;    hon.    D.D.   Edinburgh,  1728;    composed  six 
'  hundred  hymns,  Including  'Jesus  shall   reign  where'er 
the   sun,'    'Our   God,    our    help   in    age*   pact,'    and 
i  other  standard  hymns;  published  'Hone  Lyrics?,'  reli- 
gious poems,  1706,  '  Hymns,'  1707, '  Divine  Song*,'  hymns 
,  for  children,  1715,  and  a  selection  of  metrical  'Psalms 
i  of  David,'  1719 :  published  doctrinal  treaties,  of  Arian 
tendency,  1722-46,  broaching  a  theory  held  also  by  Henry 
1   More  [q.  v.]  ;  compiled  educational  mauuale.  Including 
i  '  Logic,'  1725,  and  •  Scripture  History,"  1732 :  accorded  a 
!  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey  ;  his  'Collected  Works' 
published,  1810. 

WATTS,  Mna.  JANE  (1793-1816).  [See  WALDW, 
JAXK.] 

WATTS,  Fin  JOHN  (d.  1616),  merchant  and  ship- 
owner; served  In  one  of  hie  own  ships  against  the 
Armada,  1588 :  fitted  out  privateers;  alderman  of  Lon- 
donTgovernor  of  the  East  India  Company,  1601: 
knighted,  1603 ;  an  active  member  of  the  Virginia  Com- 
pany. 0«.  TO] 

WATTS,  JOHN  (1818-1887X  educational  and  social 
reformer ;  self-taught;  lectured  in  many  towns  in  favour 
of  Robert  Owen's  communistic  ideas:  settled  in  Man- 
chester, 1841;  Ph.D.  Giessen,  1844;  advocated,  in  Man- 
chester ami  district,  public  parks,  rate-supported  schools, 
free  libraries,  cooperation,  technical  education ;  published 
many  pamphlet*  on  educational  and  economic  questions. 

WATTS,  RICHARD  (15J9-1879),  founder  of  Watte* 
charity  (an  almahouse  and  wayfarers'  rest)  at  Bocherter : 
victualling  contractor,  1660;  deputy-Tictnaller  to  the 
navy,  1564  and  1669  ;  surveyor  of  ordnance,  Upnor,  IMS ; 
IU£  Rochester,  1*63-7;  entertained  Queen  " 
1673. 


WATTS 


1376 


WEAVER 


WATTS,    KOHKKT    (1820-1895),   Irish   prosbvt.-rian 

,livin  A   IVll":i-t  an.l  at   Li-xinirrcvi  aivl  lYintv- 

inii.  1'iiitfd  States  ;  minister  in  I'hihvlrlplria.  IS53-63,  and 

:'iliii.  1H63-6:  profirssur  in  tin*  prohytorian  college, 

.~t,  1866-95:  published  theological  nepers,  inoiodtag 

,  nes  of  Professor  Tyndal,  1874,  ami  of  Herbert  Spencer, 

1875.  [Ix-  73] 

WATTS,  THOMAS  (1811-1869),  keeper  of  printed  I 
books  nt  the  1'ritisli  Museum:  acquired  most  European  | 
tuid  some  oriental  languages  ;  advocated  general  reading  j 
room  for  British  Museum  Library,  1836  :  employed  on  the  | 
library  staff  from  1838,  selecting  foreign  literature  and  j 
classifying  acquisitions :  superintendent  of  reading-room, 
1847 ;  keeper  of  printed  books,  1866  ;  published  biblio-  j 
graphical  and  philological  papers.  [Ix.  73] 

WATTS,  WALTER  HENRY  (1776-1842),  journalist 
and  miniature-painter  ;  exhibited  miniatures  at  Royal 
Academy,  1808-30;  member  of  the  Society  of  Associated 
Artiste  in  Water-colours,  1808 ;  parliamentary  reporter  j 
to 'Morning  Post,'  1803-13,  and  to  '  Morning  Chronicle,' 
1813-40;  edited  '  Annual  Biography  and  Obituary,'  1817- 
1831.  [Ix.  74] 

WATTS,  WILLIAM  (1590  ?-1649),  chaplain  to  Prince 
Rupert:  M.A.  Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1614;  travelled  ! 
•on  continent;  vicar  of  Barwick,  1624-48;  rector  of  St. 
Alban,  Wood  Street,  London,  1625-42  ;  army  chaplain 
to  Lord  Arundel,  1639,  and  to  Prince  Rupert,  1642-9 ; 
hon.  D.D.  Oxford,  1639 ;  translated  '  Confessions  of  St. 
Augustine,'  1631  (edited  oy  Pusey,  1838)  ;  edited  '  Historia 
Major '  of  Matthew  Paris,  1640.  [Ix.  75] 

WATTS,  WILLIAM  (' 752-1851),  line-engraver ;  edited  I 

*  Copper-plate  Magazine '  from  1774  ;  published  '  Seats  of  \ 

the  Nobility  and  Gentry,'  1779-86:  published  'Views'  ; 

in  Scotland,  1791-4,  in  London  and  Westminster,  1800,  in  j 
Turkey,  1801,  and  in  Bath  and  Bristol,  1819.        [Ix.  76] 

WATJCHOPE,  ANDRE W  GILBERT  (1846-1899),  I 
major-general :  midshipman  in  navy,  1860 ;  obtained  dis-  I 
•charge,  1862,  and  received  commission  in  42nd  regiment,  i 
1865 ;  lieutenant,  1867 ;  in  charge  of  Papho  district,  Cyprus,  i 
1878-80 ;  O.M.G.,  1880 ;  captain,  1878  ;  served  in  Egypt,  I 
1888;  major,  1884:  in  Soudan,  1884;  brevet  lieutenant-  j 
colonel,  1884;  in  Nile  expedition,  188 1-5:  colonel,  1888;  ! 
•O.B.,  1889:  commanded  brigade  in  expedition  for  recon-  j 
quest  of  Soudan,  1898  ;  major-general,  1898 ;  commanded 
highland  brigade  in  General  Lord  Methuen's  column  in 
Transvaal,  1899,  and  was  killed  at  Magersfontein. 

[Suppl.  iii.  509] 

WATJCHOPE.  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1682),  covenanter  ;  of 
Niddrie  Marischal,  Midlothian ;  knighted,  1633  :  served  in 
Argyll's  army,  1645.  £lx.  76] 

WAUGH,  ALEXANDER (1754-1827), Scottish  divine; 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University,  1770,  in  the  secession 
church  seminary,  1774,  and  at  Aberdeen  University,  1777  ; 
M.A.  Aberdeen,  1778;  D.D.,  1815 ;  minister  at  Newtown, 
near  Melrose,  1780-2,  and  of  the  Wells  Street  congrega-  , 
tional  church,  London,  1782 ;  went  on  missionary  tours  in  j 
France,  Ireland,  and  Scotland  ;  published  sermons,  1825. 

[Ix.  76] 

WATTGH,  Sm  ANDREW  SCOTT  (1810-1878),  major- 
general,  royal  engineers :  educated  at  Addiscombe  and 
Chatham ;  lieutenant,  Bengal  engineers,  1827 ;  went  to 
India,  1829 ;  an  extremely  accurate  worker  for  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  India,  1832-43  ;  surveyor-general  of 
India,  1843-61 ;  captain,  1844  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1847  ; 
P.R.S.,  1858;  returned  to  England,  1861  ;  major-general 
and  knighted,  1861.  [Ix.  77] 

WAUGH,  EDWIN  (1817-1890),  Lancashire  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  called  '  the  Lancashire  Burns ' ; 
son  of  a  Rochdale  shoemaker  ;  self-taught ;  a  journeyman 
printer :  traveller  for  a  Manchester  printing  firm ;  pub- 
lished 'Sketches  of  Lancashire  Life  and  Localities,'  1855  ; 
made  his  mark  by  the  song, '  Come  whoam  to  the  childer 
an'  me,'  1856 ;  published  '  Poems  and  Songs,'  1859,  and 
numerous  prose  and  verse  pieces  connected  with  Lan- 
cashire ;  granted  a  civil  list  pension,  1881.  [Ix.  79] 

WATJTON.    [See  also  WALTON.] 

WATJTOH,  WATTON,  WALTON,  or  WALTHONE, 
SIMON  I>K  (d.  1266  X  bishop  of  Norwich  :  •  king's  clerk '  to 
King  John  ;  incumbent  of  St.  Andrew,  Hastings,  1206  ;  a 
Justice  itinerant,  1246 ;  rector  of  Stoke  Prior,  Hereford- 
shire, 1263 ;  chief-justice  of  common  picas,  1257 ;  conse- 


crated bishop  of  Norwich,  1258 ;  supported  Henry  III 
against  the  barons.  [ix>  gl] 

WAY,  ALBERT  (1805-1874),  antiquary  ;  son  of  LewU 
Way  [q.  v.]  ;  M .A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1834  ; 
travelled  on  continent  and  in  Palestine ;  fellow  of  Society 
of  Antiquaries,  1839,  and  director,!  1842-6  ;  edited  '  Promp- 
torium  Parvuiorum '  (Oamden  Soc.),  1843-65.  [Ix.  81] 

WAY,  SIR  GREGORY  HOLMAN  BROMLEY  (1770- 
1844),  lieutenant-general :  ensign,  1797  ;  captain,  1802 ; 
served  at  Malta,  1800,  and  Buenos  Ayres,  1807  ;  major, 
1808 ;  taken  prisoner  at  Roli<,a,  1808 ;  served  at  Oporto, 
1809,  Talavera  and  Busaco,  1810,  and  Albuera,  1811  ;  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  29th  foot,  1811-13;  invalids!  an  I 
knighted,  1814  ;  O.B.,  1815,  and  deputy  adjutant-general 
in  North  Britain,  1815-22  ;  lieutenant-general,  1841. 

[Ix.  82] 

WAY,  LEWIS  (1772-1840),  advocate  of  conversion  of 
the  Jews;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1796;  called  to 
bar,  Inner  Temple,  1797;  took  holy  orlers  ;  foundtil 
Marbo3uf  (English  protestant)  chapel,  Paris.  [Ix.  81] 

WAY  or  WEY,  WILLIAM  (14077-1476).  [See 
WHY.] 

WAYLETT,  Mus.  HARRIET  (1798-1851),  actress: 
nte  Cooke ;  appeared  on  the  Bath  stage,  1816 ;  married 
Waylett  (d.  1840),an  actor,  1819  ;  appeared  at  the  Adelphi, 
London,  1820,  in  Birmingham,  1823,  and  in  Dublin,  1828  ; 
manager  of  Strand  Theatre,  London,  1834 ;  long  a 
favourite  actress  of  soubrette  parts  and  a  singer  in  London 
and  the  provinces  ;  retired  from  the  stage,  1843  ;  married 
George  Alexander  Lee  [q.  v.],  c.  1840.  [Ix.  83] 

WAYNFLETE  or  WAINFLEET,  WILLIAM  OP 
(1395  ?-1486),  bishop  of  Winchester :  lord  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land and  founder  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  son  of 
Richard  Patyn,  of  Wainfleet ;  probably  educated  at  Win- 
chester College  and  New  College,  Oxford  :  master  of 
St.  Mary  Magdalen  Hospital,  Winchester,  1426;  fellow 
of  Eton,  1440,  and  provost,  1443 ;  a  great  favourite  of 
Henry  VI ;  added  to  the  buildings  at  Eton ;  bishop  of 
Winchester,  1447-86  ;  founded  in  Oxford  a  hall  dedicated 
to  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  1448 ;  a  commissioner  to  negotiate 
with  Jack  Cade,  1450 ;  approved  of  the  ascendency  of 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  1454 ;  lord  chancellor,  1456-60 ; 
dissolved  Magdalen  Hall  and  founded  St.  Mary  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  1458 ;  opposed  the  Yorkists,  1459 ;  sub- 
mitted to  Edward  IV,  1461 ;  released  Henry  VI  from  the 
Tower  of  London,  1470 ;  again  submitted  to  Edward  IV, 
1471 ;  entertained  Edward  IV  and  afterwards  Richard  III 
at  Oxford,  1483  ;  founded  free  school  at  Wainfleet,  1484. 

[Ix.  85] 

WAYTE,  THOMAS  (/.  1634-1668).    [See  WAITE.] 

WEALE,  JOHN  (1791-1862),  publisher ;  began  busi- 
ness in  London,  c.  1820  ;  published  educational  text-books 
in  classics,  science,  architecture,  and  engineering. 

[Ix.  89] 

WEARG,  SIR  CLEMENT  (1686-1726),  solicitor- 
general;  called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1711;  whig  M.P., 
Helston,  1724  ;  solicitor- general  and  knighted,  1724 ;  wrote 
on  the  law  of  divorce,  1723-6.  [Ix.  89] 

WEATHERHEAD,  GEORGE  HUME  (1790  ?-1853), 
medical  writer ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1816  ;  L.R.O.P.,  1820  ; 
published  medical  treatises  and  translations,  1819-42. 

[Ix.  90] 

WEATHERSHED  or  WETHERSHED,  RICHARD 
OP  (d.  1231).  [See  GRANT,  RICHARD.] 

WEAVER,  JOHN  (d.  1685),  politician ;  M.P.,  Stam- 
ford, 1645-59;  a  recognised  leader  of  the  independents, 
1647 ;  refused  to  sit  as  one  of  Charles  I's  judges,  1649 ; 
a  commissioner  for  government  of  Ireland,  1650-3  ;  mem- 
j  ber  of  council  of  state,  1659-60.  [Ix.  90] 

WEAVER,  JOHN  (1673-1760),  dancing-master,  and 
!  the  original  introducer  of  pantomimes  into  England  ;  re- 
!  sided  in  Shrewsbury ;  brought  out  in  London  ballets 
j  (called  '  pantomimes '),  1702,  1707,  1716-33,  occasionally 
{  taking  part  himself  in  their  performance;  published 
I  treatises  on  dancing,  1706-28.  [Ix.  91] 

WEAVER,    ROBERT    (1773-1852),    congregational 
divine  and  antiquary  ;  pastor  at  Mansfield,1802-52  ;  pub- 
lished a  dissertation    on  ancient  stone  monuments    in 
I  Britain,  entitled  '  Monumenta    Antiqua,'  ascribing  the 
i  remains  of  pre-Roman  times    to  Phreniciau  influence, 
'  1840,  and  theological  and  controversial  works.     [Ix.  92] 


WEAVER 


WKBliK 


WEAVER,  THOMAS  HG16-1668),  poetaster:   M.A. 

Chn-t  CJ.nr.-li,  Oxfor.l,  IC.ld;  «-li:i| •  '  ;  Church. 

il  H;  ejectal  as  a  royalist;  publUhol  •.-<•!,.•- 
aml  I'IV-MI-  ui  i.<ivi-  uii'l  Drollery,  <-man  at 

Liverpool,  lf,»;i».     TI..--T.  W..<!.-iit.'  w!,., 

•  Plautaganeti  Tragicall   Story,'   a    chronicle- poem   on 
Ku-hunl  1 1 1.  i<  probably  a  different  person.         [lx.  98] 

WEAVER,   THOMAS  (1778-1885),   geologi 
oated  at  Fribourg,  1790-4 :  government  geologist  In  oo. 
Wicklow ;  mining  geologist  In  Mexico  and  United  State* ; 
F.R.S.,  1836 ;  published  paper*  on  geology  of  Gloucester- 
shire, Somerset,  and  Ireland,  and  on  carbonlferoa*  rooks 

01    AM,,,-!,.,.  [1X.94] 

WEBB.    [See  also  WKBBK.] 

WEBB,  Miis.  (,/.  1793),  actress;  nie  Child;  known 
snocenively  as  Mrs.  Day  and  Mrs.  Webb  ;  first  acted  at 
Norwich  ;  a  popular  aotreas  In  Edinburgh,  1772-8 ;  a 
good  actress  of  grotesque  parts  at  Haymurket  and  Govent 
Garden  Theatres,  London,  1778-93.  [Ix.  94] 

WEBB,  BENJAMIN  (1819-18851  ecclealologtst ; 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  1838-88 ;  MJL 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1845 ;  secretary  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Camden  Society,  and,  1848-63,  of  the  London  Eccle- 
Hiological  Society;  incumbent  of  Sheen,  Staffordshire, 
1851-62,  and  of  St.  Andrews,  Well  Street,  London,  1862- 
1885  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1881 ;  editor  of 

•  Church  Quarterly  Review,'  1881-5 ;  translated  foreign 
theological  works;    published  •Sketches  of  Continental 
Ecclesiology,'  1847,  and  ecclesiological  papers.     [Ix.  95] 

WEBB,  DANIBL(1719  7-1798),  author;  entered  New 
College, Oxford,  1735;  published  'Beauties  of  Painting,' 
1760, 'Beauties  of  Poetry,1  1762,  '  Literary  Amusement*,' 
1787,  and  similar  works.  [be.  96] 

WEBB,  FRANCIS (1735-1815), miscellaneous  writer; 
educated  in  Daventry  nonconformist  seminary  ;  pastor  at 
Honiton ;  baptist  minister  in  St.  Paul's  Alley,  London, 
1758-66  :  deputy-searcher  at  Gravesend,  1766-77,  and  at 
Poole,  1777;  secretary  to  the  envoy  to  Hesse  Oassel, 
1786,  and  to  Paris,  1801 ;  published  pamphlets  ;in  the 
whig  interest,  1772  and  1775,  verses,  1788-1811,  and 
sermons.  [Ix.  96] 

WEBB,  FRANCIS  CORNELIUS  (1826-1873),  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer ;  educated  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  1843 ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1850  ;  F.R.O.P., 
1873  ;  lectured  in  London  on  medical  jurisprudence  and 
on  natural  history ;  published  papers  on  epidemics  and 
sanitation ;  edited  '  Medical  Times  and  Gazette.' 

[Ix.  97] 

WEBB,  GEORGE  (1581-1642),  bishop  of  Limerick  : 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1605 :  vicar  of 
Steeple  Aston ;  rector  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  Bath,  1621 : 
D.D.  and  chaplain  to  Prince  Charles,  1624 ;  bishop  of 
Limerick,  1634;  published  theological  and  educational 
works.  [Ix.  98] 

WEBB  or  WEBBE,  JOHN  (1611-1672),  architect; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School;  pupil  of  Inigo 
Jones  [q.  v.] ;  supervised  the  building  of  Greenwich 
Palace,  1661-6,  and  of  Burlington  House,  London,  1664-6  ; 
designed  several  country  houses ;  edited  Inigo  Jones's 
tract  on  Stonehenge,  1655,  and  published  •  Vindication  of 
Stoneheng  Restored,'  16G5.  [Ix.  98] 

WEBB,  SIR  JOHN  (1772-1852),  director-general, 
ordnance  medical  department;  assistant  army  surgeon, 
1794  ;  field  inspector,  18U1  ;  director-general,  1813  ;  served 
In  Netherlands,  1794,  West  Indies,  1795-8,  Egypt,  1801-6 : 
knighted.  1821 ;  published  account  of  outbreak  of  plague 
among  forces  in  Egypt,  1801-3 ;  C.B.,  1860.  [Ix.  99] 

WEBB,  JOHN  (1776-1869),  divine  and  antiquary : 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  School,  London;  M.A.  Wadham 
College,  Oxford,  1802 ;  rector  of  Tretire ;  minor  canon 
of  Worcester,  1811,  and  of  Gloucester;  F.S.A.,  1819; 
wrote  words  for  oratorios.  His  works  include  accounts 
of  Herefordshire  in  the  civil  war  and  of  Gloucester 
Abbey.  [>*•  100] 

WEBB,  JOHN  RICHMOND  (1667  7-1724),  general ; 
cornet  of  dragoons,  1687 ;  colonel  of  foot,  1695  ;  tory  M.P. 
for  Ludgershall,  1690-1710, 1715, 1722 ;  served  in  Flanders, 
1702-3;  brigadier-general  at  Blenheim,  1706;  major- 
general  at  Ramillies,  1706,  and  Oudeuarde,  1708  ;  became 
centre  of  tory  agitation  against  Marlborough  because 


the  credit  of  protecting  convoy,  September  1708,  from 

;•:}•••          •    •  .......I    :•.     ,.-.;    ,-        ,       •:,,'.    I., 

Webb,  but  to  his  whiff  subordinate,  WQUam  OadofM 
(1676-1716)  [q.  T.]  :    lieutenant  general  and  peueiooed. 

:••'    '.         •-:-     -        .    i      .     :      •    V  .         .      ..'.  ..      -       .-•    ,. 1 

Isle  of  Wight  and  M.P.  for  Newport,  1710-16 ;  lenenl, 
land  fores.  toGreat  Britain.  1712-16  ; 


171J 
dism 


commander  of 
ssed  from  office  oo 


fores*  toGreat  Britain. 

of  George  1.  [Ix.  loo] 


JONAS  (1796-1862).  itec 
Babn  :»!•,.  :-:•::  it  .1.1,.-.  ib  •  tM 
;-i  .  n,Md  .:  -',  rthprm!  .  •.,.  \m  tt 


m 


WEBB,  MATTHEW  (1848-1888),  known  as  •  CapUin 
•i,b;  tlie  Channel  swimmer:  apprentice  in  matoantUe 
marine,  1862,  mate,  1866,  and  capuin,  1876 ;  swam  from 
Dover  to  Calais  in  twenty-two  boors,  August  1876 ; 
drowned  In  attempt  to  swim  Niagara  rapid*,  [lx.  104] 


WEBB.  PHILIP  BARKER  (1793-1864X 
of  Harrow  and  Cl.ri.-t  Chnn-h.  Oxford  ;  entered  Lincoln's 
Inn.  1*12;  B.A.,  1815;  studied  geology  under  William 
liuckland  [q.  v.] ;  travelled  In  Italy,  Greece,  and  the 
Troad,  1817-18,  re-discovering  the  SoamandcraBd  Mmok : 
•Oaglad  Ds4na]  U  ton  ;  •  IBM  ta  -;  i  •,  .-••••.  I'«T- 
tugal  and  Morocco,  1827,  Canary  Islands,  1828-80,  Italy. 
IM-  10,  tad  -...  :  ••.  ir,:.mi.  [Ml;  saos*  I  i  oda 
(French,  Italian,  and  EnglishX  diawrtetions  oo  topo- 
graphy of  the  Troad,  182O  and  1844,  and  treatises  oo 
natural  history  of  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Morocco,  1818 
and  1853,  and  of  Canary  islands,  1836-50 ;  his  collections 
kept  in  the  museum  at  Florence.  [Ix.  106] 

WEBB,  PHILIP  CARTERET  (1700-1770),  antiqnary 
and  politician  :a  London  attorney  ;  of  the  Middle  Temple 
and  Lincoln's  Inn :  secretary  of  bankrupts  in  court  of 
chancery,  c.  1746-66;  FJ8.A.,  1747;  F.RA,  1749;  M.P., 
Haslemere,  1764-68  ;  joint  solicitor  to  treasury,  1766-66 ; 
leading  official  in  prosecution  of  John  Wilkes,  1763 ;  pob- 

lanl 


[Ix.  107 


llshed,  among  other  works,  pamphlets  against  the  Pre- 
tender, 1745.  and  against  Wilkes,  1763.  and  legal 
collected  copies  of   public  records,  coin*,  and 
marbles  and  bronzes. 

WEBB,  THOMAS  WILLIAM  (1807-1885). 
nomer:  son  of  John  Webb  (1776-1869)  [q.  v.];  MJL 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1882  ;  minor  canon  of  Gloucester  ; 
incumbent  of  Hard  wick,  1856-85  ;  prebendary  of  Hero- 
ford  ;  an  excellent  observer,  studying  particularly  lunar 
phenomena;  published  popular  treatises  on  astronomy 
and  optics.  [U.  108] 

WEBBE.    [See  also  WEBB.] 

WEBBE,  EDWARD  (/.  1590),  master-gnnner  and 
adventurer:  servant  at  Moscow  to  Anthony  Jenkinson, 
1566-9  ;  enslaved  by  Crim  Tartars  at  burning  of  Moscow, 
1571  ;  master-gunner  at  takin?  of  Tunis  by  Don  John  of 
Austria,  1672  ;  gunner  in  the  Turkish  service;  ransomed. 
1588;  master-gunner  under  Henri  IV  at  Ivry,  1590; 
published  his  narrative,  c.  1590.  [Ix.  109] 

WEBBE,  JOSEPH  (/.  1612-1688),  grammarian  and 
physician  ;  M.DM  perhaps  of  Padua  :  published  astro- 
logical tract  at  Rome,  1612  :  translated  Cicero's  *  Fami- 
liar Epistles,'  r.  1620;  published  two  tracts  advocating 
colloquial  teaching  of  languages,  1622-8  ;  taught  tchooi 
in  the  Old  Bailey,  London,  1623  ;  published  tract  on  Latin 
prosody,  1626.  [1*.  110] 

WEBBE,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1740-1816X  composer: 
bred  a  cabinet-maker:  member,  1771,  and  fccretanr, 
1794-1812,  of  Catch  Club  ;  librarian  of  Glee  Club,  1787  ; 
organist  to  chapeh.  of  Sardinian  and  Spanish 
sies;  teacher  of  church  music;  composed  nt 
glees,  catches,  part-songs,  motets,  antipnoos,  and  other 
music. 

WEBBE,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1770  M8U), 
tracherand  composer:  son  of  Samuel  Weboe  the  elder 
[q.  T.]  ;  organist  In  Liverpool,  1798;  mnsto-teacber  la 
London,  1817  ;  organist  to  chapel  of  Spanish  embassy; 
again  organist  in  Liverpool  ;  composed  glees,  madrigala, 
motets,  and  anthems,  and  other  church  music. 

WEBBE,  WILLIAM  (/.  1686-1591X  anuJr'  of  'A 
Discourse  of  English  Poetrie,'  1686,  containing  valuable 
Information  about  contemporary  poets  ;  college  friend  at 
Cambridge  of  Bdmund  Spenser  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College, 

4T 


WEBBER 


1378 


WEDDELL 


Cambridge,  1573  :  tutor  in  pentlemen's  families  in  Essex, 
1583-91:  one  of  the  school  which  protected  against 
rhyme  ami  wished  to  naturalise  classical  in ••• 

WEBBER,  JOHN  (1750  7-1793),  landscap'-painter  : 
of  Swiss  extraction:  art  student  at  Kerne,  1763-f.,  ami 
Paris,  176C-71  :  decorative  painter  in  London  ;  exhibited 
por trait  at  Royal  Academy,  17  7ti :  dhuiffhtanaa  on  Cap- 
tain James  Oook's  thinl  voyage,  1776-80 ;  published 
coloured  etchings  of  places  visited  on  that  voyage,  1787-92; 
exhibited  English,  Welsh,  Swiss,  and  North  Italian  views 
at  Royal  Academy,  1784-93 ;  R.A.,  1791.  [Ix.  112] 

WEBER,  HKNKY  WILLIAM  (1783-1818),  editor  of 
plav«  and  romances :  of  German  extraction  ;  bora  at  St. 
Petersbnrg;  amanuensis  in  Kdinburgh  to  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  1804 :  became  insane,  1813.  His  publications  in- 
clude reprints  of  old  ballads  and  romances,  1808-10, 
slovenly  editions  of  dramas  of  John  Ford,  1811,  and 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  1812,  and  'Illustrations  of 
Northern  Antiquities  from  . . .  Romances,'  1814. 

[Ix.  113] 

WEBER,  OTTO  (1832-1888),  painter  of  landscapes 
and  animals :  born  in  Berlin  ;  exhibited  in  Paris,  1864-9  ; 
settled  in  London,  1872;  member  of  the  Institnte  of 
Painters  in  Oil-colours ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy, 
1874-88.  [Ix.  113] 

WEBSTER,  ALEXANDER  (1707-1784),  Scots 
•writer ;  son  of  James  Webster  [q.  v.] ;  minister  of  Cul- 
ross,  1733-7,  and  of  Tolbopth  Church,  Edinburgh,  1737- 
1784 :  a  staunch  Hanoverian  ;  drew  up  actuarial  scheme 
for  church  of  Scotland,  1742-4  (published,  1748) ;  mode- 
rator of  general  assembly,  1763 ;  collected  census  statis- 
tics for  Scotland,  1755;  hon.  D.D.  Edinburgh,  1760; 
•dean  of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1771 ;  published  sermons. 

[Ix.  114] 

WEBSTER,  MRS.  AUGUSTA  (1837-1894),  poet ;  nte 
< Julia  Augusta)  Davies;  educated  at  Cambridge  and 
Paris;  married,  1863  ;  published,  under  pseudonym  of  Cecil 
Home,  poems,  1860  and  1864,  and  a  novel,  1864 ;  member 
of  London  school  board,  1879-82.  Her  works  include, 
poems, '  Dramatic  Studies,'  1866, '  Portraits,'  1870  (includ- 
ing '  The  Castaway,'  a  poem  which  won  the  admiration 
of  Browning), '  A  Book  of  Rhyme,'  1881,  also  dramatic 
pieces,  'The  Auspicious  Day,'  1872,  'Disguises,'  1879, 
4  In  a  Day,'  1882,  '  The  Sentence,'  1887 ;  and  translations 
from  Greek, '  Prometheus  Bound,'  1866,  and  '  Medea,'  1868, 
besides  essays.  [Ix.  115] 


BENJAMIN  NOTTINGHAM  (1797- 
1882),  actor  and  dramatist ;  played  harlequin,  and  acted 
small  parts  at  Warwick,  c.  1818,  and  other  midland  towns 
and  in  Ireland  ;  dancer  and  actor  of  minor  parts  in 
various  London  theatres,  1819-20,  in  Birmingham  and 
north  of  England,  1821-3,  and  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1823-8  ;  recognised  as  a  leading  comedian  from  1829,  act- 
ing in  London  at  Haymarket,  Drury  Lane,  Covent  Garden, 
and  Adelphi  theatres,  and  creating  many  parts  in  contem- 
porary comedy  ;  long  manager  of  Haymarket  ami  Adelphi 
theatres  ;  compiled  about  a  hundred  comedies  and  farces, 
mainly  adaptations  from  French,  from  1837 ;  retired  from 
stage,  1874  ;  last  appeared,  1875.  [Ix.  116] 

WEBSTER,  JAMES  (1658?-1720),  Scottish  divine; 
educated  at  St.  Andrews ;  imprisoned  as  a  covenanter  • 
minister  of  Liberton,  .1688,  and  of  the  collegiate  church, 
Edinburgh,  1693-1720.  [Ix.  114] 

WEBSTEE,  JOHN  (1580?-1625?),  dramatist;  son 
of  a  London  tailor ;  freeman  of  Merchant  Taylors'  Oom- 
pany,  1604  ;  collaborated  with  Drayton,  Anthony  Munday, 
Middletou,  and  Thomas  Dekker  in  producing  'Caesar's 
Fall'  and  'Two  Harpes,'  and  with  Chettle,  Dekker,  Hey- 
wood,  and  Weutworth  Smith  in  producing  '  Lady  Jane,' 
and  with  Chettle,  Dekker,  and  Heywood  in  producing 
'  Christmas  comes  but  once  a  year,'  for  Philip  Henslowe's 
company,  1602 ;  collaborated  with  Dekker  in  two  come- 
dies,' Westward  Hoe'  and  '  Northward  Hoe,'  1603-4  (pub- 
lished, 1607),  and  possibly  with  William  Rowley  in  'A 
Cure  for  a  Cuckold '  (printed,  1681) ;  completed  for  stage 
John  Mansion's  '  Malcontent,'  1604 ;  with  Dekker  wrote 
venei  for  Stephen  Harrison's  4  Arches  of  Triumph,'  1604, 
describing  James  I's  formal  entry  into  London  ;  with 
Heywood  and  Tourneur  published  elegies  on  Prince  Henry, 
1612 ;  brought  out  a  weak  tragi-comedy,  '  The  Devil's 
Law  Case,'  before  1619;  compiled  'Monuments  of 
-'  a  pageant  for  the  lord  mayor's  procession,  1624. 


His  tragedies,  founded  on  Italian  novelle,  and  approaching 
in  tragic  power  nearest  of  his  contemporaries  to  Shake- 
speare, are  '  The  White  Divel,'  produced,  c.  1608, '  Appius 
and  Virginia,'  c.  1609,  'Duchess  of  Malfi,'  c.  1616.  Lost 
plays  are  a  tragedy  on  contemporary  French  history, 
en  titled 'Guise,'  and  (written  in  conjunction  with  John 
Ford,  c.  1624)  'A  late  Murder  of  the  Son  upon  tin- 
Mother.'  The  attribution  to  him  of  a  share  in  'The 
Thracian  Wonder '  (printed  1661)  and  '  The  Weakest  goes 
to  the  Wall'  (comedy,  printed,  1600)  is  erroneous.  Col- 
lected editions  of  his  plays  were  published,  1830,  by  Alex- 
ander Dyce,  and,  1856,  by  William  Hazlitt.  [Ix.  120] 

WEBSTER,  JOHN  (1610-1682),  puritan  writer; 
latinised  as  '  Johannes  Hyphastes  ' ;  probably  studied  at 
Cambridge  ;  curate  of  Kildwick  in  Craven,  1634  ;  master 
of  Clitheroe  grammar  school,  1643  :  chaplain  and  surgeon 
in  parliamentary  army ;  intruded  vicar  of  Mitton,  York- 
shire, c.  1649 ;  popular  preacher  and  theological  disputant 
in  London,  1653  ;  practised  medicine  at  Clitheroe,  1657- 
1682;  published  two  devotional  works,  'The  Saint's 
Guide,'  1653,  and  'The  Judgment  Set  and  the  Kooks 
opened,'  1654 ;  adversely  criticised  university  education  in 
'  Academiarum  Exameu,'  1654  ;  ridiculed  the  credulity  of 
Henry  More  (1614-1687)  [q.  v.]  and  others  in  'The  Dis- 
playing of  Supposed  Witchcraft,'  1677  ;  has  been  confused 
with  John  Webster  the  dramatist.  [Ix.  125] 

WEBSTER,  THOMAS  (1773-1844),  geologist:  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen  ;  travelled  in  England  and  France, 
making  architectural  sketches ;  architect  in  London : 
published  valuable  memoirs  on  upper  secondary  and 
tertiary  strata  of  Isle  of  Wight  and  south-east  of  Eng- 
land ;  curator  of  Geological  Society's  Museum ;  professor 
of  geology,  University  College,  London,  1812-4. 

WEBSTER,  THOMAS  (1810-1875),  barrister';  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1835  ;  called  to  bar,  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1841;  F.R.S.,  1847;  a  leading  authority  on  patent 
law ;  published  works  on  navigation  of  the  Mersey,  1848- 
1857.  [ix.  126] 

WEBSTER,  THOMAS  (1800-1886),  painter  and 
etcher ;  chorister,  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor ;  art- 
student  in  London,  1821 ;  exhibited,  1823-79,  chiefly  scenes 
from  school  and  village  life  ;  R.A.,  1 846.  [Ix.  127] 

WEBSTER,  WILLIAM  (1689-1758),  divine;  M.A. 
Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1716  ;  D.D.,  1732  ;  curate  in 
London,  1716  ;  rector  of  Depden,  1733 ;  vicar  of  Ware 
and  Thundridge,  1740;  published,  among  other  works, 
'Remarks  on  the  Divine  Legation'  (of  William  War- 
burton  [q.  v.],  Pope's  friend),  1739,  and  'A  Complete 
History  of  Arianism  from  306  to  1666,'  1735  ;  put  into  the 
'  Dunciad,'  1742.  [ix.  127] 

WECKHERUN,  GEORG  RUDOLPH  (1584-1653), 
tinder-secretary  of  state ;  native  of  Stuttgart ;  studied 
law  at  TUbingen :  entered  the  WUrtemberg  diplomatic 
service ;  employed  on  diplomatic  missions  in  Germany, 
France,  and  England ;  married  an  English  lady,  1616  ; 
under-secretary  of  state  in  England,  1624-41 ;  '  secretary 
for  foreign  tongues '  to  the  parliament,  1644-9 :  retired  in 
ill-health  ;  recalled  to  assist  John  Milton  in  Latin  secre- 
taryship, March  to  December  1652 ;  wrote  verses  in  Eng- 
lish, French,  German.  His  English  verses  include  '  Tri- 
umphal Shows  ...  at  Stutgart,'  1616,  and  '  Panegyricke 
to  Lord  Hay,'  1619.  His  German  verses  imitate  English 
and  French  models.  [Ix.  128] 

WEDDELL,  JAMES  (1787-1834),  navigator;  mer- 
chant seaman ;  sent  prisoner  to  Rainbow  frigate  for 
mutiny,  1808 ;  rated  as  midshipman  for  good  conduct ; 
an  efficient  master  on  king's  ships,  1810-16 :  commanded 
Leith  sealing-ships  in  Antarctic  Ocean,  1819-24;  dis- 
covered islands  in  Antarctic  ;  published,  1825,  '  Voyage 
towards  the  South  Pole  .  .  .  1822-4.'  [Ix.  129] 

WEDDELL,  JOHN  (1583-1642).  sea-captain ;  officer 
in  East  India  Company's  service,  1617-26,  1628-33  ;  com- 
manded squadron  which  helped  shah  of  Persia  to  take 
Ormuz  from  Portuguese,  1622  ;  joined  Dutch  in  destroying 
Portuguese  squadron  in  Persian  Gulf,  1624 ;  censured  by 
the  company  for  illicit  private  trading,  1626 ;  commanded 
king's  ship  Rainbow,  1627-8;  an  adherent  of  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  1628;  unjustly  held  responsible  by  the 
company  for  loss  of  his  ship  by  fire,  1633 ;  commanded 
Sir  William  Courteu's  [q.  v.]  rival  trading  fleet  to  India 
and  China,  1636-40 ;  died  in  India.  [Ix.  130] 


WEDDERBURN 


WEGUELJN 


WEDDERBURN,  ALKXANUKK  i  :  .M-1650?),  Latin 
scholar;  nlu<-:itiil  at  Alx-nltvn  ;  <><>inpli-t«-d  for  prea*  his 
brotii.-r's  (b'iM.1   WoMrrimrn  [q.  v.])  commentary  on 
i-nntol  l<;i;i.  [Ix.  lift] 

WEDDERBURN,  Sm  A!  .  1610-1676), of 

Blackness,  FurUr-hir.- ;  u.wn-cli-rk  <>t   Pund.*,  1633  75 ; 
iK-ii-io.i^i  bj      .i.  a    i.  I  i«64; 

blfhtad,  lU'J  ;  M.l'.,  !».. inlet,  1644-61.  [U.  1*3] 

WEDDERBURN,       AI.KXANIM-i:.      lir-t 
LOCOHBOROUOH  UIK!  first  KAIII.  «>K  KM.^I.YN  <  1738-1806), 
lord  chancellor :  niu.MU-d  at  Dulki-itli  c.-li--.:  .UP),  17-jn. 
at   iviiMl.iir.ri.  .-ottish  advocate,  1754 ;  left 

Scottish  bar  after  insulting  in  open  court  Lord-president 
Cralgie,  1757:  called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1767;  • 
favouriu-of  thoEarlof  Bute:  M.I'.,  Ayr  burghs,  1761-8, 
:.<!,  Yorkshire,  1768-9,  Bishop's  Ca*tle,  1769-74, 
and  Okehamptou,  1774-8;  bencher,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1773  ; 
deserted  the  tories  and  •poke  In  favour  of  John  Wilkea, 
1760 ;  violently  attacked  Lord  North's  administration, 
1770:  returned  to  the  torie*,  accepting  the  solicitor- 
generalship,  1771:  attorney-general,  177§;  chief- justice 
of  common  pleas,  1780-93 :  created  Baron  Loughborough, 
178U  :  lord  chuuodlor,  1793-1801 ;  created  Earl  of  Kosslyn, 
1801.  [I*.  Ill] 

WEDDERBURN,   DAVID  (1680-1646),  Latin  poet; 

ster  of  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1002-40 ;  professor 


Old 


was    the 


published,  among  other 
Etymology,'  1857.  and  'C 


in  Murischal  College,  Aberdeen,  1614-34  ;  official  Latin  poet 
of  Aberdeen  city,  162O-46;  compiled  a  Latin  gran. 
1680.    Hia  verses  include  elegies  on  Prince  Henry,  1612, 
King  James,  1625,  and  Arthur  Johnston  [q.  v.],  1041. 

[Ix.  134] 

WEDDERBURN.     JAMES    (14957-1563),     Scottish 
poet;   educated  at  St.  Andrews,  1614;    embraced  pro- 
testantism :   merchant  at  Dieppe  and  Rouen ;  satirised  i 
the  Koumm.-'t*  in  '  Beheading  of  John  Baptist,'  a  tragedy,  , 
and  '  Dionysius  the  Tyrant,'  a  comedy,  acted  at  Dundee,  i 
1589-40 ;  wrote  religious  and  anti-Komanist  ballads  to  go 
to  popular  tunes,  issued  as  broadxljeete,  c.  1540,  afterwards  \ 
<1567)  included  in  '  Aue  Compendious  llooke  of  Godly  and 
.Spirituall  Songs ' ;  fled  to  France  to  escape  prosecution 
for  heresy,  c.  1640  ;  died  in  France.  [Ix.  136] 

WEDDERBURN,    JAMES    (1686-1639),   bishop   of  , 
Dunblane;   educated   at  St.  Andrews;    tutor   in  Isaac 
Casaubon's  family  ;  beneflced  In  England,  1615-36  ;  helped 
Lund  to  compile  the  Scottish  liturgy  ;  divinity  professor,  | 
St.  Andrews,  1617  ;  D.D.  St.  Andrews  before  1623  ;  canon 
of  Ely,  1626  ;  prebendary  of  Wells,  1631 ;  dean  of  Chapel 
Royal,  Stirling,  1635  ;  bishop  of  Dunblane,  1636  :  deposed 
by  general  assembly,  1638.  [Ix.  137] 

WEDDERBURN,  JOHN  (1600  7-1556),  Scottish  poet ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1528  :  chaplain  of  St.  Matthew's  chapel, 
Dundee,  1532 ;  embraced  protestantism,  and,  like  his 
brother,  James  Wedderburn  (14957-1553)  [q.  v.],  wrote 
auti-Komauist  ballads;  withdrew  to  Witteinberg,  1540; 
returned  to  Dundee  and  printed  his  ballads,  1542  :  fled  to 
England,  1646.  [Ix.  136] 

WEDDERBURN,  Sm  JOHN  (1699-1679),  physician  ; 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews,  1618 ;  professor  of  philosophy, 
St.  Andrews,  1620-30 :  king's  physician  in  Scotland ; 
knighted ;  In  attendance  on  the  prince  (Charles  II)  in 
Holland ;  incorporated  M.D.  Oxford,  1646 ;  bequeathed 
his  library  to  St.  Andrews  University.  [Ix.  138] 

WEDDERBURN,  Sm  JOHN,  baronet  (1704-1746), 
Jacobite ;  succeeded  a*  fifth  baronet  of  Blackness,  1741 ; 
taken  prisoner  at  Culloden,  1746 ;  executed.  [Ix.  138] 

WEDDERBURN,  Sm  PETEH  (16167-1679),  Scottish 
judge :  stylel  Lord  Gosford ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1636 ; 
admitted  advocate,  1642;  a  royalist:  knighted,  1660; 
keeper  of  signet,  1660 ;  clerk  to  privy  council,  1661-8 : 
lord  of  session,  1668-79 ;  published  •  Decisions  of  Court  of 
Session  .  .  .  1668  till  ...  1677.' 

WEDDERBURN,  ROBERT  (15107-15577),  Scottish 
poet;  M.A.  St.  Leonard's  Collide,  St.  Andrew*.  1530; 
chaplain  of  St.  Katherine's  Chapel,  Dundee:  vicar  of 
Dundee:  wrote  anti-Komanist  ballads  like  his  brother, 
James  Wcdderburn  (14957-1653)  [q.  v.] :  pahttahsd  in 
*  Ane  Compendious  Booke  of  Gaily  und  Spirituall  Songs,' 
1567  :  withdrew  to  Paris  under  suspicion  of  protestantism, 
c.  1534  ;  returned  to  Scotland,  1546. 

WEDDERBURN,  WILLIAM  (15837-1660),  Scottish 
divine ;  master  of  Aberdeen  grammar  school,  1617 ;  a 


'•     •         •          '     ••'    .'  .       •  •    .  '      -    r,       :..      ..       MV       - 

Maldrum,  16H,  and  of  Inneroocbtie,  1*»L         [U.  115] 

WEDGE,  JOHN  1IKLDKH(17M-187J).  colonial  rtatm- 
man ;  government  surveyor  in  Tasmania,  18*7 :  explored 
Urge  part  of  Taamania ;  land  speculator  at  Port 
(Victoria).  1815:  returned  to  Tasmania,  1841;  member  of 
Tasmanian  legislature,  1855-71.  [lx.  1»] 

WEDGWOOD,  H  ESS  LEIGH  (1801- 1891  Xpbtlo»o*i*t: 
ednoated  at  Kugfoy,  and  BU  John's  and  Chrtof*  eoU*n*, 
Cambridge;  M.A.,  18)8;  police  magi-tniU.  Lambeth. 
1811-7;  registrar  of  metropolitan  carriage*.  1817-49; 

„..:/  >  H    i.  .».-.!.    '    FMlM  I     MM    \l   I    •:.'•    •'   • 

elaborate.!    Imitation    of    natural 
•  ,.•     •    .........  •;..-..,.,      . 

Etymologies,'  im. 

[Ix.  140] 

WEDGWOOD.  Josi AH  (1710-1795X potter;  working 
potter  at  Bnnlem,  HtaffonLihire,  1719,  flnt  a*  'thrower* 
on  the  wheel,  then  a*  'modeller ' :  of  an  Inventive  di*> 
positton  and  fowl  of  trying  experiment*;  partner  la 
hmall  pot-works  near  Stoke,  1761,  and  at  Fenton  ;  opened 
works  of  hi*  own  at  Bnnlem,  1769,  mpplying  the  mattM 
and  mixing  the  clay*  for  hi*  workmen  with  help  of  hi* 
cousin,  Thomas  Wedgwood :  greatly  improved  ordinary 
ware*,  Egyptian  ware  or  black  baaaltos,  and  variegated  or 
marbled  ware,  and,  c.  1769.  perfected  cream,  afterward* 
culled  queen's  ware :  successfully  advocated  road-improve- 
ment and  canal-extension  in  potteries  district ;  appointed 
queen's  potter,  1762 ;  took  into  partnership  hi*  cousin, 
Thomas  Wedgwood,  1766,  and  Thomas  Bentley.  1768; 
opened  new  pot-works  at  Etruria  (a  village  he  had  built 
for  his  workmen),  1769  ;  made  use  of  sulphateof  baryta  to 
produce  hla  fine  'jasper'  ware,  1771-W;  P.RA,  1781; 


F.S.A.,  1786  ;  published  pamphlets. 


[Ix.  140] 


t  patron  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  [q.  v.] 
of  Sir  John  Leslie  [q.  v.] ;  invented  process  of 
copies  of  object*  by  action  of  light  on  paper 


WEDGWOOD,  THOMAS  (1771-1805),  the  flrst  photo- 
grapher: a  younger  sou  of  Jmlah  Wedrwood  [q.  v.]: 
OOBtpaQad  through  ill-health  to  abandon  profession  of 
jH.tt.r;  |.uhli.>hed  researches  on^  heat  and  light,  1791-8  ; 
munificent 
179H,  and 

obtaining  copies  of  object*  by  action  of  light  on  paper 
*.  -uMti-ed  by  nitrate  of  soda,  1802.  £lx.  146J 

WEEDALL,  HENRY  (1788-1859),  president  of  8t 
Mary's  College,  Oscott:  educated  at  Osoott:  ehualcal 
tutor,  professor  of  theology,  1818,  and  president.  1*28  : 
D.D.  by  Leo  XII,  1829  ;  mission-priest  at  Leamington  : 
provost  of  Birmingham;  again  president  of  Oscott  Col- 
lege, 1863-9  ;  published  tenuous,  [Ix.  147] 

WEEKES,  HENRY  (1807-1877),  sculptor  :  pupil  of 
William  Behnes  [q.  v.]  :  assistant  to  Sir  Francis  Legatt 
Chautrey  [q.  v.]  :  exhibited  at  Hoyal  Academy,  1818  ; 
\\  \.,  1863;  eminent  as  portrait-sculptor;  e 
rist  Church,  Hampshire. 


Shelley  monument  at  Christ 

THOMAS  (Jl.  160SX  mmlclan ; 


[lx.148] 
organist 


__ 

of  Winchester  College;  MnlBac.  Oxford,  1608;  organist 
of  Chichester  Cathedral:  published  'Madrigala,'  1*W. 
1598,  1600,  and  •  Ayen?,'  1608;  contributed  *As  Vest* 
was  from  Latmos  Hill  descending'  to  the  •  Triumph*  of 
Oriana  '  ;  left  in  manuscript  anthems  and  lu*trnme»Ul 


WEEM8E,  JOHN  (15797-1616).  [See  Wnrrw.] 
WEEVER,  JOHN  (1576-1633).  poet  and  antiquary: 
sirar  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1594-8;  published 
'  EpiKramme*,'  1599,  containing  interesting  appreciation* 
of  Shakespeare,  Spenser,  BenJoMon,  and  otW  contem- 
poraries :?ubli8bed  •  The  Mirror  of  Martyr*,'  IWUapoem 
on  Sir  John  Oklcastle,  posribly  suggested  by  Shakwpeare'n 
Henry  IV)  ;  published  a  thumb-book  of  devotional  vent 
entitled  'An  Agnus  Dei,'  1606;  travelled  in  Franc,  and 
i  tid  v  iiuulc  antiauarian  tours  in  England,  and  rowa 


Italy  ;  made  antiquarian  tours  in  England,  i 

in  the  Cottonian  Library;  publishS  •  Ancient  Fumt«U 


Monument*,'  1611,  faulty,  but  ralnable  through 
quent  destmction  of  originals.  [Ix.  149) 

WEGUELIN,  THOMAS  MATTHIAS  (<*.  18»).  «o|. 
dler;  ensign,  Bengal  army,  1781;  breret  captain,  1796  ; 
served  against  Tipu  Saib,  1790-J:  "tattooed  - 
1799;  served  at  sieges  of  Owalior,  1801,  and 


cotoneJ,  1833. 


^ 


WEHNERT 


1380 


WELLES 


WEHNERT.  KDWARD  HENRY  (1813-1868),  water- 
rolour  painter :  educated  at  Gottingen ;  art  student  in 
r:iri<:  n-turn.-d  to  Knidnnd,  1837:  painted  historical 
pictures,  Including  '  The  Prisoner  of  Gisors ' ;  illustrated 
bMtak  tlx- 1513 

WEIR,  THOMAS  (1600 ?-1670),  reputed  sorcerer; 
•erred  in  Ireland,  1041:  major  in  army;  a  strict  cove- 
nanter ;  chief  officer  ('  major ')  of  Edinburgh  town  guard, 
1660:  superintended  execution  of  Montrose;  became 
insane :  reputed  to  possess  magic  staff,  which  effected  his 
incantations  ;  burned,  aloug  with  his  sister,  for  sorcery. 

[Ix.  151] 

WEIR,  WILLIAM  (1802-1858),  journalist;  educated 
at  Ayr  Academy  and  Gottingen  ;  called  to  the  Scottish 
I  'iir,  'l  S->7  :  edited  l  Glasgow  Argus  ' :  journalist  in  London  ; 
joined  •  Daily  News '  staff,  1846 ;  editor  of  •  Daily  News,' 
1864-8.  [I*.  152] 

WEISS,  WILLOUGHBY  HUNTER  (1820-18G7), 
vocalist  and  composer:  first  sang  in  public,  Liverpool, 
1842  ;  first  appeared  in  opera,  Dublin,  1842 ;  a  good  con- 
cert singer  and  excellent  in  oratorio;  composed  setting 
for  Longfellow's  '  The  Village  Blacksmith,'  1864,  and  other 
gongs  and  ballads.  [Ix.  162] 

WEIST-HILL,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1828-1891),  musi- 
cian :  professor  of  violin,  Royal  Academy  of  Music  ;  emi- 
nent concert  violinist:  musical  director,  Alexandra 
Palace,  1873  ;  principal,  Guildhall  School  of  Music,  1880- 
1891 ;  composed  music  for  violin  and  violoncello. 

[Ix.  153] 

WELBY,  HENRY  (d.  1636),  eccentric ;  entered  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1558,  and  Inner  Temple,  1562  ; 
became  recluse  hi  Grub  Street,  London,  in  mortification  at 
the  dissolute  and  violent  character  of  his  brother  John, 
1692,  spending  all  his  means  in  charity.  His  biography, 
published  1637,  styles  him  4  The  Phoenix  of  these  late 
Times.'  [Ix.  163] 

WELCH  or  WELSH,  JOHN  (1570  ?-1622),  presby- 
terian  divine  :  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1588  ;  minister  at  Selkirk, 
1690,  Kirkcudbright,  1594,  and  Ayr,  1600 ;  denounced 
King  James  VI  in  violent  sermon  at  Edinburgh,  1596  ;  im- 
prisoned for  attending  prohibited  general  assembly  at 
Aberdeen,  1605 :  banished,  1606  ;  protestaut  pastor  at 
Nerac  and  St.  Jean  d'Angely ;  expelled  from  France  by 
Louis  XIII,  1621 ;  returned  to  London,  1621 ;  King  James 
told  by  his  (Welch's)  wife  that  she  had  rather  '  kep '  her 
husband's  head  in  her  lap  than  have  him  submit  to  the 
bishops,  1622.  [Ix.  154] 

WELCH,  JOSEPH  (d.  1805),  compiler  of  '  Alumni 
Westmonasterienses '  (printed,  1788);  bookseller's  assistant 
at  Westminster.  [Ix.  155] 

WELCHMAN,  EDWARD  (1665-1739),  theologian ; 
chorister,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1679-82;  fellow, 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  1684 ;  M.A.,  1688 ;  rector  of 
Lapworth,  1690,  and  of  Solihull,  1736-9 ;  prebendary  of 
St.  David's,  1727,  and  Lichfield,  1732 ;  published  anno- 
tated edition  of  Thirty-nine  Articles,  1713,  and  doctrinal 
treatises  and  texts.  [Ix.  156] 

WELD,  CHARLES  RICHARD  (1813-1869),  author 
of  'History  of  the  Royal  Society,'  1848;  educated  in 
Prance  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  secretary  to 
Statistical  Society,  London,  1839;  called  to  the  bar, 
Middle  Temple,  1844 :  assistant-secretary  and  librarian 
to  Royal  Society,  1845-61;  published  notes  of  travel, 
1860-69 ;  partner  in  London  publishing  firm,  1862 ; 
British  commissioner  at  Paris  exhibition,  18-37.  [Ix.  156] 

WELD,  SIR  FREDERICK  ALOYSIUS  (1823-1891), 
colonial  governor ;  educated  at  Stonyhurst  College  and  in 
Freiburg  ;  emigrated  to  New  Zealand,  1844 ;  explored  un- 
inhabited districts,  1851  and  1865  :  member  of  legislature, 
1863 ;  minister  for  native  affairs,  1860-1 ;  premier,  1864-5, 
during  Maori  war ;  governor  of  West  Australia,  1869,  of 
Tasmania,  1876,  of  Straits  Settlements,  1880-7 ;  made 
(1883)  the  arrangements  which  led  to  Negri  Sembilan 
becoming  a  protected  state,  and  established  a  British 
agency  in  Pahang  ;  returned  to  England,  1887  ;  G.O.M.G., 
1886  ;  published  pamphlets  on  New  Zealand  affairs,  1851- 
1869.  Port  Weld,  Perak,  is  named  after  him.  [Ix.  167] 

WELD,  ISAAC  (1774-1866),  topographical  writer; 
travelled  in  United  States  and  Canada,  1796-7,  publishing 
his  '  Travel*,'  1799 ;  published '  Illustrations  of  the  Scenery 


of  Killnrney,'  1807  ;  Failed  in  small  steam-boat  from  Dnn- 
leary  to  London,  1815:  compiled  'Statistical  Survey 
of  ...  Roscommon,'  1838.  [Ix.  15S] 

WELD,  JOSEPH  (1777-18C3),  of  Lullworth  Castle, 
Dorset ;  entertained  the  exiled  Charles  X  of  France,  1830. 

[Ix.  161] 

WELD,  WELDE,  or  WELLS,  THOMAS  (1590  ?- 
1662),  puritan  divine ;  graduated  at  Cambridge,  1613 ; 
vicar  of  Terliug,  Essex,  1624  ;  ejected  for  nonconformity, 
1631 ;  pastor  of  First  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  1632 ; 
joint-author  of  'The  Bay  Psalm  Book'  (so  styled),  a 
metrical  version  of  the  Psalms,  1640,  which  was  the  first 
volume  printed  in  the  American  colonies :  agent  for  Massa- 
chusetts in  London,  1641-6 :  wrote  against  antinornums,. 
1644 ;  intruded  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Guteshead,  1649 ; 
wrote  against  quakers,  1653-4.  [Ix.  1GU] 

WELD,    THOMAS  (1773-1837),  cardinal;  approved 
his  father's  gift  of  Stouyhurst  to  the  Jesuits,  c.  1789;' 
transferred  Lullworth  Castle  estate  to  his  brother,  Joseph 
Weld  [q.  v.],  c.  1818 ;  ordained  priest,  1821 ;  titular  bishop- 
of  Amycla,  1826  ;  cardinal,  1830 ;  died  at  Rome. 

[Ix.  161] 

WELDON,  SIR  ANTHONY  (d.  1649?),  historical 
writer :  of  Swanscombe,  Kent ;  clerk  of  the  kitchen  to 
James  1, 1604 ;  clerk  of  the  Green  Cloth,  1609-17  ;  knighted, 
1617 ;  accompanied  James  I  to  Scotland,  1617  ;  dismissed 
from  his  court  place  for  satirising  the  Scots,  1617 ;  took  the 
parliament  side  ;  joined  in  suppressing  cavalier  risings  in 
Kent,  1643  and  1648 ;  his  '  Court  and  Character  of  James  I,' 
published  1650,  and  augmented,  1651, by  'Court  of  King 
Charles,'  provoked  much  adverse  criticism ;  wrote  a  '  De- 
scription of  Scotland,'  published,  1G59.  [Ix.  162] 

WELDON,  ANTHONY  (Jl.  1648),  colonel ;  son  of 
Sir  Anthony  Weldou  (d.  1649?)  [q.  v.];  captain  at  Dun- 
cannon  ;  major  of  horse  in  Lincolnshire ;  petitioned 
parliament  against  his  superiors,  1G43  and  1644;  entered 
Spanish  service  in  Flanders,  1645  ;  canvassed  in  London 
for  recruits  for  the  Venetian  service,  1648  ;  arrested,  1650  ; 
allowed  to  go  abroad,  1654  ;  published  an  autobiographi- 
cal '  Declaration,'  1649.  [Ix.  162] 

WELDON,  JOHN  (1676-1736),  musician ;  trained  at 
Eton  ;  organist  of  New  College,  Oxford,  1694-1702  ;  gentle- 
man of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1701,  organist,  1708,  and 
composer,  1715 ;  organist  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street, 
London,  and,  1726,  of  St.  Martiu's-iu-the-Fields,  London  ; 
composed  sacred  and  secular  music.  [Ix.  163] 

WELDON,  MICHAEL  (fl.  1644),  colonel;  agent  for 
Long  parliament  hi  Scotland,  1643 ;  colonel  of  horse  it> 
Scots  army,  1644  ;  high  sheriff  of  Northumberland,  1644- 
1645.  [Ix.  163] 

WELDON,  RALPH  (fl.  1645),  colonel;  sou  of  Sir 
Anthony  Weldon  (d.  1649)  [q.  v.] ;  commanded  regiment 
of  foot  in  Sir  William  Waller's  [q.  v.]  army,  1644 ;  com- 
manded a  brigade  at  the  relief  of  Tauntou  and  the  siege 
of  Bristol,  1645  ;  parliamentarian  governor  of  Plymouth, 
1645.  [Ix.  162] 

WELDON,  RALPH  (1G74-1713),  Benedictine  monk; 
abjured  protestantism,  1687  :  entered  St.  Edmund's  con- 
vent, Paris,  1692  :  compiled  '  A  Chronicle  of  the  English 
Benedictine  Monks  '  (1554-1701),  published,  1882  ;  died  in 
Paris.  [Ix.  164] 

WELDON,  WALTER  (1832-1885),  chemist ;  journalist 
in  London,  1854  ;  edited  *  Weldon's  Register  of  Facts,'  a 
literary  journal,  1860-4 ;  sought  means  for  recovering 
the  manganese  peroxide  used  up  in  manufacturing 
chlorine,  c.  1866 ;  patented  magnesia-manganese  process, 
1867,  lime  manganese  process  (still  employed),  c.  1868,  and 
magnesia-chlorine  process,  c.  1870 ;  F.R.S.,  1882 ;  con- 
ducted researches  into  atomic  volume  and  weights. 

[Ix.  164] 

WELLBELOVED,  CHARLES  (1769-1858),  Unitarian 
divine  and  archreolou'ist  :  student  at  Homerton  academy, 
1785-7,  and  at  New  College,  Hackney  :  assistant-minister, 
1792,  and  minister,  1801-58,  of  St.  Saviourgate  Chapel, 
York  ;  divinity  professor  in  Manchester  College,  York, 
1803-40  ;  published,  among  other  works,  annotations  on 
books  of  Old  Testament,  printed  1819-62,  papers  on 
antiquities  of  York  city,  1804-52,  devotional  and  contro- 
versial tracts,  and  memoirs  of  nonconformists.  [Ix.  165] 

WELLES.    [See  also  WELLS.] 


WELLES 


WELLESLEY 


WELLES,  or  WELLE.  ADAM  DR.  BAKOX  (d.1311), 
held  estaUs  in  Lineolu>hire :  accompanied  Hugh  £ 
Dapenser  to  iiu.-K.-ony.  1204:  knighted,  c.  12W;  fought 
against  the  Scots,  1398,  1300,  1303-4,  1309-10 ;  constable 
or  lUx-kingham  I'^tk-,  1*290;  summoned  to  parliament, 
1299-1311.  [U.  l«7] 

WELLES,  .1  NT  WttL»(d.  1490),  ' 

l.i.  .iu-1,  sixth  burou  Welles  [q.  T.] ;  a  Lancastrian ; 
tied   t.  fought  at   Boswortb;   created 

Viscount  Welle*,  1487.  [U.  169] 

WELLES,  LIONEL,  LEO,  or  LYON  DK,  sixth  BAROJC 
WKUJM  ( 1405  7-14G1X  soldier ;  a  Lancastrian :  soooeeded 
his  grandfather  in  estates,  1421  ;  knighted,  1428  ;  ao- 
companled  Henry  VI  to  France,  148U :  summoned  to  par- 
liament,  1432-60;  aerred  at  CalaU,  1436,  1451-8;  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1438-40;  fought  at  St.  Albans, 
1461 ;  Blain  at  Towtou  and  attainted.  [lx.  168] 

WELLES,  HIGH AliD.  seventh  BARON  WKLUB(1481- 
1470),  son  of  Lionel,  sixth  boron  Welles  [q.  v.] ;  sum- 
inoned  to  parliament,  U&5-C6,  as  Baron  WHlougli: 
Eresby  in  right  of  his  wife ;  fought  on  the  Lancastrian 
side  at  St  Albans,  1461 ;  submitted  to  Edward  IV,  1461 ; 
attainder  reversed,  1468 :  beheaded  because  of  rebellion 
of  his  son  Robert ;  attainted,  H  75.  [lx.  168] 

WELLES,  THOMAS  (1598-1660),  governor  of  Con- 
necticut ;  resided  at  Rothwell,  Northamptonshire,  1634 ; 
to  avoid  persecution  for  puritan  leaning*,  went  as  secre- 
tary with  William  Flennes,  first  viscount  Saye  and  Sele 
[q.  T.],  to  New  England,  1635  ;  co-founder  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut,  1637;  treasurer  of  Connecticut,  1639-51, 
secretary,  1640-8,  deputy-governor  or  governor,  1654-9. 

[lx.  169] 

WELLESLEY,  ARTHUR,  first  DUKE  OF  WKI.I.INC- 
TON  (1769-1852),  field-marshal ;  fourth  sou  of  Garrett 
Wellesley,  first  earl  of  Moniiugtou  [q.  v.] ;  spelt  hia  name 
*  Wesley '  till  1798 ;  educated  at  Eton,  Brussels,  1784,  and 
Angers  Military  Academy,  1786  ;  lieutenant  of  foot,  1787  ; 
captain  of  dragoons,  1792;  aide-de-camp  in  Ireland  to 
lord-lieutenant,  1787-93  ;  M.P.,  Trim,  1790-5  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  33rd  foot,  17a3-lb06,  and  colonel,  1806-13 ;  com- 
manded 33rd  foot  in  Netherlands  campaign,  1794-5,  being 
in  action  at  lioxtel,  1794,  and  Ueldermalsen,  1795 ;  led  (by 
evident  inefficiency  of  British  officers)  to  regular  study, 
1795 ;  commanded  33rd  foot  in  India,  1797-1804 ;  given, 
by  his  brother,  the  Earl  of  Mornington,  the  new  viceroy, 
command  of  the  troops  at  Vellore,  1798-9,  and  command 
of  a  division  in  invasion  of  Mysore,  1799 ;  governor  of 
Seriugapatam  and  military  and  civil  administrator  in 
Mysore,  1799-1802 ;  in  two  campaigns  crushed  the  great 
freebooter,  Dhoondiah  Waugh,  1799-1800 ;  moved  troops 
from  Trincomalee  to  Bombay  in  anticipation  of  the  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt,  1801 ;  prevented  by  illness  from  sailing 
as  second  in  command  to  Egypt :  major-general,  1802 ; 
commanded  a  division  to  reinstate  the  pesh  wab,  1803 ;  chief 
military  and  civil  administrator  in  the  Duccan,  1803-5  ; 
advanced  from  south  against  Holkar  and  Sciudiah,  taking 
Abmednuggur,  defeating  the  Mahrattas  at  Asaye,  S3  Sept 
1803,  and  Argaum,  29  Nov.,  and  storming  Gawilghur ; 
concluded  peace  with  rajah  of  Berar,  and  with  Srimliah, 
1803 ;  crushed  freebooting  band  at  Periuda,  February 
1804  ;  revisited  Seringaputam  ;  K.B.,  1804 ;  resigned  his 
appointments,  1805  ;  commanded  brigade  at  Hastings, 
1806 ;  M.P.,  Rye,  1806,  Mitchell,  1807,  Newport,  1807- 
1809 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1807-9,  during  period 
of  unrest;  sent  on  the  Copenhagen  expedition  and  de- 
feated Danes  at  Kibge,  1807 ;  lieutenant-general,  1808 : 
given  command  of  force  sent  to  Peninsula;  defeated 
Delaborde  at  Roli^a,  and  Junot  at  Vimeiro ;  superseded 
by  Sir  Harry  Burrard  [q.  v.] ;  signed  armistice  negotiated 
by  Sir  Hew  Whitefooni  Dalrymple  [q.  v.],  preliminary  to 
convention  of  Cintra.  1808 ;  returned  to  England  and  \vm 
acquitted  by  court-martial  ;  reassumed  command  in 
Portugal,  1809  ;  forced  passage  of  the  Duero  and  drove 
Soult  out  of  Oporto  ;  induced  by  Spanish  promises 
of  co-operation  to  advance  into  Spain  :  defeated  Victor 
at  Talavera ;  planned  lines  of  Torres  Vedras  as  a  last 
retreat,  1809 ;  created  Viscount  Wellington,  1809 :  stead- 
fastly combated  the  gloomy  views  of  the  war  held  by  the 
ministry  and  his  own  officers :  detached  division  in  com- 
mand of  Thomas  Graham  (1748-1843)  [q.  v.]  to  defend 
Cadiz  ;  fell  back  from  Almeida  before  Massena's  greatly 
superior  force,  clearing  the  country  as  he  retired,  1810 ; 
repulsed  Massena  at  Busaco,  and  arrested  his  advance  at 


Torres  Vedras ;  much  troubled  by  disaffection  • 
officers  and  failure  of  the  ministry  to  send  oat 

•      TO,  bat  was  forced  to  rale*  ttoj*  by  oon- 

.•'.      •':.-:•-.   .:•  ,•:   '  :-....-..;    ..     '..-.<  .         ...      „•  ,. 

but  was  forced  to  raise  sic**  by  Marmont  and  DOCMBM, 

u. .::..-.„!,.  Ififj  ,-.,-.•  .-,  i  i. .,.,,./.  :  •  ,  •  lentti 
sacrifice  of  life ;  defeated  Marmont  at  the  Arapiles  UUU. 
i,  .:  -  .  -.  .  .:.-.-...,  v...:,  :  ..  \  ._•  :-  .  .  ;-  ,,i 
Olausel  back  to  Burgot ;  repulsed  with  loss  Inaasaalton 
Burgos  ;  had  to  retreat  prwJMtately  before  Soult  and  8ou- 

!.i:,..  :..,::     ..,'   '         ....   .....    ..      .-....:     .-     .   V    :      .  .  „: 

Wellington,  181);    visited  Cadis  and  Lisbon,  to  obtain 

:  •    -..:.    |J    d    I  kNH     •     '••'•••    >'•  H  . 

'  181)  ;  concentrated  at  Toro  on  the 
j  Joseph  at  Vltoria,  and  drove  the 
French  across  Pyrenees;  fldd-marohal,  181);  suffered 
severe  loss  In  assaulton  8t  Sebastian;  prevented  Bonlt 
from  relieving  Pamplona  and  Si.  Sebastian  by  nine  dan* 
fighting,  known  as  the  battles  of  the  Pyrenees :  canted 
St.  Sebastian,  but  with  grievous  sacrifice  of  life :  obtained 
dismissal  of  O'Donoju,  the  anti-British  war  minister  of 
Spain;  forced  passage  of  the  Mlvelle  and  of  the  Nlve,  aad 
repulsed  Soulfs  sallies  from  Bayonne,  181) ;  K.O.,  1811 ; 
forced  passage  of  the  Adour  and  invested  Bayonne,  1814 ; 
defeated  Soult  at  Ortbes,  and  at  Toulouse,  but  with  heavy 
low,  10  April  1814  ;  summoned  to  Paris  to  confer  with 


guese  frontier,  »  May  18U 
hallo;  .,  :..,  :    Si] 


allied  kings ;  sent  to  Madrid  in  vain  effort  to 
King  Ferdinand  and  the  Spanish  leaden :  returned  to 
England,  and  created  Duke  of  Wellington,  1814  :  smtna 
sador  at  Paris,  August,  1814,  and  to  congress  at  Vienna, 
February  1815 ;  assumed  command  of  forces  at  Brussels, 
April  1815 ;  concerted  plan  of  campaign  with  Blnoher; 
expected  Napoleon  to  attack  his  right  wine ;  surprised 
by  furious  attack  of  Ney  on  his  left  wing  at  Quoin  Bras, 
afternoon  of  16  June :  fell  back  to  Waterloo,  17  June,  in 
consequence  of  BlUcber's  defeat  at  Ugny:  gave  battle, 
18  June  1815,  trusting  to  Bluchcr's  promise  to  join  him ; 
repulsed  the  fierce  French  attacks  till  BlUcber  came  op 
and  completed  the  rout  of  the  French  army ;  advanced 
with  BlUcher  on  Paris ;  persuaded  BlUcher  not  to  make 
reprisals  on  the  French  capital,  and  the  allied  sotereigm 
to  resist  Prussian  claim  for  cession  of  French  territory  ; 
G.C.B.,  1815 ;  had  headquarters  at  Cambray,  1816 ;  given 
Apsley  House  and  Strathtieldsaye  by  the  nation,  1817 : 
attended  conference  of  Aix  la-Chapeue,  1818 ;  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance,  with  seat  in  the  cabinet,  1818- 
1827  ;  governor  of  Plymouth,  1819-28 ;  held  strong 
opinions  La  favour  of  aristocracy  and  against  catholic 
emancipation :  attended  the  Vienna- Verona  tuugi esses. 
1820-2,  vainly  opposing  armed  Intervention  In  favour  of 
Spanish  absolutism ;  lonl-lit-u tenant  of  Hampshire,  18)0- 
1852;  lord  high  constable  at  the  coronations,  18)1, 1811, 
1838;  disapproved  of  recognition  of  independence  Of 
Spam's  American  colonies.  1824  ;  envoy  to  the  BinpMOr 
Nicholas  to  discuss  the  Greek  difficulty,  1826  ;  dis- 
approved of  the  proposal  to  compel  Turkey  to  grant 
self-government  to  Greece,  1826;  approved  of  defence 
of  Portugal  from  filibustering  excursions  by  Dom 
Miguel's  supporten*,  but  refused  to  allow  attacks  on 
Dom  Miguel,  when  he  had  gained  the  throne,  18)6 ;  con- 
stable of  Tower  of  London,  1826-52;  commauder-in- 
chief,  1827-8,  and  again,  1842-52 ;  refused  office  under 
Canning,  1827 ;  reluctantly  accepted  premiership,  18)8 ; 
carried,  by  Peel's  help,  catholic  emancipation,  against  his 
own  opinions,  and,  in  spite  of  dissensions  in  the  cabinet 
and  factious  Interference  of  George  IVs  brothers,  18)0 ; 
distressed  at  the  ascendency  obtained  by  Russia  over 
Turkey,  1820-30:  recognised  Louis-Philippe  as  king  of 
France,  1830 ;  resigned  office  rather  than  accept  parlia- 
mentary reform,  1830;  lord  warden  of  Cinque  ports, 
18)9-52 ;  temporarily  unpopular  because  of  his  steady 
opposition  to  the  Reform  Bill,  1831-2 ;  chancellor  of  Ox- 
ford University,  1834-5) ;  premier  and  home  secretary. 
1834 ;  foreign  secretary  In  Peel's  first  mint-try,  1814 : 
leader  of  conservative  opposition  in  House  of  Lords, 
1835-41 ;  capital  of  New  Zealand  named  after  him,  1840 ; 
cabinet  minister,  without  office,  in  Peel's  second  ministry, 
1841-6;  urged  greater  attention  to  military  and  naval 
mimiiuMration,  1843-7 ;  called  in  to  advise  cabinet  in 
Chartist  troubles,  1848 ;  frequent  visitor  at  International 
Kxhii.ition,  1851;  accorded  national  monument  in 
St.  Paul's,  London,  executed  by  Alfred  Stevens  [q.  T.]  : 
WellmgtouCoUetr,  for  educatkm  of  offl<^  soils,  foiried 


WELLESLEY 


1382 


WELLS 


as  a  memorial  and  opened,  1859  ;  his  •  Despatches  '  (1799- 
1838)  published,  18o4-SO,  and  his  speeches  hi  parliament, 
18M.  [lx.  170] 

WELLESLEY  or  WESLEY,  GARRETT,  first  Vis- 
< ofsr  WKI.I.»LKY  of  Dangan  and  first  EARL  OK  M<wx- 
;:>-1781),  son  of  Richard  Colley  Wellesley,  first 
baron  Mornington  [q.  v.]  :  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1757:  MUS.DOC.,  1764;  M.P.,  Trim,  1757;  succeeded  as 
second  baron,  1758;  created  Earl  of  Morniugtou,  176o; 
composed  glees.  [lx.  20 i] 

WELLESLEY,  GERALD  VALERIAN  (1809-1882), 
dean  of  Windsor  ;  third  son  of  Henry  Wellesley,  first  baron 
Oowley  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1830  ; 
rector  of  Strathfleldsaye,  1836-54 ;  domestic  chaplain  to 
Queen  Victoria,  1849 ;  dean  of  Windsor,  1854-82. 

[lx.  206] 

WELLESLEY,  HENRY,  first  BAROX  COWLKY  (1773- 
1847 X  diplomatist:  youngest  sou  of  Garrett  Wellesley, 
first  earl  of  Morniugtou  [q.  v.] ;  served  in  army ;  secre- 
tary to  legation,  Stockholm,  1792;  M.P.,  Trim,  1795; 
private  secretary  to  his  brother,  the  Earl  of  Morningtou, 
in  India,  1798-9;  returned  to  England  to  explain  the 
Mysore  war  and  settlement,  1799-1800;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  territory  ceded  by  Oudh,  1801-2 ;  M.P.,  Eye, 
1807-9  ;  secretary  to  treasury,  1808-9 ;  ambassador  to 
Spain,  1809-22,  to  Vienna,  1823-31,  to  Paris,  1841-6; 
knighted,  1812  ;  created  Baron  Cowley,  1828.  [lx.  205] 

WELLESLEY,  HENRY  (1791-1866),  scholar  and 
antiquary ;  illegitimate  son  of  Richard  Colley  Wellesley, 
marquis  Wellesley  [q.  v.]  ;  student  of  Christ  Churcu, 
Oxford,  1811-28 ;  M.A.,  1818 ;  D.D.,  1847 ;  beneficed  in 
Sussex,  1838-66 ;  vice-principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford, 
1842,  and  principal,  1847-66 ;  a  patron  of  Italian  studies  ; 
-edited  •  Anthologia  Polyglotta,'  1849.  [lx.  206] 

WELLESLEY,  HENRY  RICHARD  CHARLES,  first 
EARL  COWLKY  (1804-1884),  eUest  son  of  Henry  Wellesley, 
first  baron  Cowley  [q.  v.] ;  attache  at  Vienna,  1824  ; 
succeeded  as  second  baron,  1847 ;  ambassador  to  Switzer- 
land, 1848,  to  Germanic  confederation  at  Frankfurt,  1851, 
and  at  Paris,  1852-67;  employed  in  negotiations  which 
led  to  and  closed  Crimean  war,  and  hi  procuring  '  the 
declaration  of  Paris,1 1856,  which  abolished  privateering  ; 
negotiated  at  Paris  peace  with  Persia,  1857 ;  created 
Earl  Cowley,  1857 ;  strove  to  allay  jealousies  caused  by 
the  Orsini  outrage,  1858,  by  the  French  naval  armaments-, 
1859,  and  by  annexation  of  Savoy  and  Nice,  1860 ;  nego- 
tiated treaty  of  commerce  with  France,  1860.  [lx.  207] 

WELLESLEY  or  WESLEY,  RICHARD  COLLEY, 
first  BAKON  MORNINGTOX  (1690  ?-1768),  named  Richard 
Colley ;  M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1714  :  took  name 
Wesley  or  Wellesley  on  succeeding  to  cousin's  estate, 
1728 ;  M.P.,  Trim,  1729-46  ;  created  Baron  Mornington  in 
Irish  peerage,  1747  ;  founded  charity  school  at  Trim, 
1748.  [lx.  210] 

WELLESLEY,  RICHARD  COLLEY,  MARQUIS 
WKI.I.KSLKY(  1760-1842),  governor-general  of  India;  eldest 
son  of  Garrett  Wellesley,  first  earl  of  Mornington  [q.  v.] ; 
educated  at  Eton;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
excellent  classical  scholar;  succeeded  to  Irish  earldom, 
1781 ;  M.P.,  Beeralston,  1787,  Windsor,  1790,  Old  Sarum, 
1796  ;  sympathised  with  free  trade  movement,  but  opposed 
parliamentary  reform ;  member  of  India  board,  1793 ; 
appointed  governor-general  of  India  and  created  Baron 
Wellesley  in  British  peerage,  1797 ;  found,  1798,  British 
rule  in  India  menaced  by  French  in  alliance  with  Tippii 
Sahib  of  Mysore  and  the  nizam  of  Hyderabad ;  prevailed 
on  nizam  to  dismiss  French  officers,  and  secured  neutrality 
of  Mahrattas ;  declared  war  on  Mysore,  1799 ;  replaced 
Mohammedan  dynasty  in  Mysore  by  former  Hindu 
dynasty  hi  dependence  on  British,  and  annexed  part  of 
Mysore  for  the  company ;  obtained  territory  from  nizam 
to  pay  charges  of  troops  for  defence-  of  Hyderabad,  dis- 
banding nizam's  forces,  1799  ;  created  Marquis  Wellesley 
in  Iri^h  peerage,  17U9  ;  made  the  rujas  of  Tanjore  and 
Surat  dependent  princes,  1799-1800 ;  planned  college  at 
Fort  William  to  educate  newly  arrived  civilians,  1800,  but 
plan*  rejected  by  London  board  of  directors;  annexed 
Carnatic  by  treaty  with  nawub,  1801 ;  persuaded  nawab  of 
Oudh  to  cede  territory  to  pay  charges  of  British  force  for 
defence  of  Oudh ;  sent  (Sir)  John  Malcolm  to  urge  shah 
«  Persia  to  attack  amir  of  Afghanistan  and  avert 
threatened  invasion  of  India  ;  wisely  disregarded  orders 


Gl 


to  restore  French  fortresses  after  peace  of  Amiens,  1802  ' 
commander-iu-chief  in  Kiist  Indies  :  twice  asked  to  be 
recalled,  in  disi:ii-t  at  London  directors'  interference  with 
his  patronage,  1802-3 :  persuaded  peshwah  to  cede  terri- 
tory to  pay  British  force  for  defence  of  Poona,  1802  : 
forced  to  make  war  on  the  Mahrattu  princes,  Sindia  and 
rajii  of  Berar,  1803,  and  Holkar,  1804;  tried  to  promote 
observance  of  Sunday  in  India  and  to  repress  sedition  in 
native  press  ;  recalled,  1805,  in  panic  caused  by  defeat  of 
William  Monson  [q.  v.],  colonel:  much  of  lii-  Indian 
policy  immediately  reversed,  but  finally,  after  much  loss 
and  at  great  cost,  resumexl;  his  Oudh  policy  attacked. 
in  House  of  Commons,  1806,  but  approved,  1808;  am- 
bassador to  Spain  to  concert  measures  for  Peninsular  war, 
1809 ;  foreign  secretary  in  Perceval's  cabinet,  1809-12 ; 
asked  by  prince  regent  to  form  coalition  ministry,  1812,. 
but  baffled;  favoured  free-trade  movement  and  catholic 
emancipation ;  willing  to  accept  Napoleon  aa  constitu- 
tional sovereign  of  France,  1814,  and  again,  1815  ;  as  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1821-8,  and  1833-4,  put  down  white- 
boy  insurrection,  suppressed  secret  societies,  reorganised 
lice,  removed  partisan  magistrates,  and  alleviated  the 
822  famine ;  passively  approved  of  Reform  Bill,  1832  ; 
lord-steward  of  the  household,  1832-3  ;  lord  chamberlain,. 
1835  :  withdrew  from  public  life,  1835 ;  his  India  '  Des- 
patches '  printed,  1836-7.  [lx.  211] 

WELLESLEY,  WILLIAM  POLE  TYLNEY  LONG-, 
fourth  EARL  OF  MOUNIXGTON  and  second  BARON  MARY- 
BOROUGH (1788-1857),  sou  of  William  Wellesley-Pole,  third 
|  earl  of  Morningtou  [q.  v.] ;  assumed  name  Tylney-Loug 
•  on  marriage  with  heiress  of  Draycot,  1812;  M.P.,Wiltshire, 
1  1818-20,  St.  Ives,  1830-1,  Essex,   1831-2 ;  succeeded  to> 
1  titles,  1845  ;  wasted  his  property.  [lx.  224] 

WELLESLEY-POLE,    WILLIAM,   third   EARL   OF 
MORNIXGTOX  in  Irish  peerage,  and  first  BARON*  MARY- 
BOROUGH of  United  Kingdom  (1763-1845),  second  son  of 
;  Garrett  Wellesley,  first  earl  of  Mornington  [q.  v.]  ;  edu- 
;  cated  at  Eton ;  naval  officer  ;  took  additional  name  Pole 
on  succeeding  to  a  cousin's  estates,  1778 ;   Irish  M.P., 
Trim  ;  M.P.,  East  Looe,  1790-4,  Queen's  County,  1801-21 ; 
!  clerk  of  the  ordnance,  1802  ;  secretary  to  the  admiralty, 
I  1807 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1809-12,  opposing  catho- 
lic emancipation  ;  master  of  the  mint,  with  seat  in  cabinet 
1  in  Liverpool    ministry,  1814-23  ;  created  Baron  Mary- 
borough, 1821 ;  postmaster-general,  1834-5  ;  succeeded  to- 
Irish  earldom,  1842.  [lx.  223] 

WELLINGTON,  DUKE   OP  (1769-1852).     [See  WBL- 
LESLKY,  ARTHUR,  first  DUKE.] 

WELLS.    [See  also  WELLES.] 

WELLS,  CHARLES  JEREMIAH  (1799  7-1879),  poet  ; 
j  friend  of  William  Hazlitt,  Leigh  Hunt,  and,  for  a  time,  of 
;  John  Keats  ;  lost  the  friendship  of  Keats  by  a  practical 
i  joke  he  played  upon  the  poet's  brother,  Tom  ;  solicitor  in, 
I  London,  1820-»30 ;  published  'Stories  after  Nature,'  1822, 
!  and  a  drama,  'Joseph  and  his  Brethren,'  1824  (under 
j  pseudonym  of  'H.  L.  Howard'),  reissued,  1876;  with- 
1  drew  to  country,  1830 ;  taught  English  at  Quimper, 
I  Brittany,  1840  ;  published  his  tale,  '  Claribel,'  1845 ;  burnt 
j  his  manuscripts,  1874,  in  chagrin  at  want  of  recognition ; 
died  at  Marseilles.  [lx.  225] 

WELLS,     EDWARD     (1667-1727),   mathematician, 
geographer,  and  divine  ;  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
1680  ;  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1686  ;  M.A.,  1693 ; 
D.D.,  1704 ;  rector  of  Cotesbach,  1702-27,  and  Bletchley, 
1716-27  ;  published,  among  other  works,  treatises  on  geo- 
graphy, 1701,  and  on  geography  of  New  Testament,  1708, 
l  and  of  Old  Testament,  1711-12,  also  some  classical  texts- 
I  und  translations,  scriptural  commentaries,  and  treatises 
!  in    defence  of  church    ceremonies,    1706,    and    various 
1  polemical  writings  against  validity  of  presbyterian  orders. 
17o7  ;  published  4  Klementa  Arithmetic*,'  1698,  and 'Young 
I  Gentleman's  Course  of  Mathematicks,'  1712-14. 

[lx.  227] 

WELLS,    HENRY    LAKE    (1850-1898),  lieutenant- 
colonel,  royal  engineers  ;    lieutenant,  1871 ;    lieutenaut- 
;  colonel,  1896 ;    served  with  distinction  in  Afghan  cam- 
paign, 1878-9;    surveyed  telegraph  routes  in  Kashmir, 
!  1879-80,  and  Persia,  1880 ;  director  of  the  Persian  tele- 
graph, 1891 ;  died  at  Karachi.  [lx.  228] 

WELLS,  HUGH  OF  (d.  1235).    [See  Huou.] 
WELLS,  JOCELYN  DE  (d.  1242).    [See  JOCKLIN.} 


WELLS 


WELWOOD 


WELLS.    JOHN    (d.    1888),   opponent  of  WjellflTe  :  ' 
Beoedlctlnemookof  RasMsy;  D.i- .  "xf< ,r  i. ,-.  1377  ;  hvad 
of  (ilouceeter  College,  the  Oxford  Benedictine  seminary. 
for    tl.iruvfj  ycara  :    active   in   condemning  Wycliffe'n 
doctrines  at  Oxford,  and  in  toe  Earthquake  council  at 
London.  1382:  euvoy  from  English  Benedict^ 
Uri.au  VI,  1387  ;  died  at  Perugia,  228] 

WELLS,    JOHN   (1623-1676),  puritan  divine :  ado- 
catal  at  Merchant  Taylor*'  School ;  fellow  of  ^ 
College,  Oxford,  1643  ;  created  M.A.,  1648;  Tlcar  of  8t. 
Olave  Jewry,  Ixnidou ;  ejected,  1662 ;  published  devotional 
tr.i ••:  -.  [lx.  229] 

WELLS,  MR*.  MART,  afterwards  KRA.  BtTKBKL  ( A 
1781-1811  ),  actress:  */<•  Davie* :  married  Wells,  an  actor ; 
nicknamed  «  Becky  Wells,1  and  •  Cowslip,'  from  her  part  in 
O'Keeffe's  •  Agreeable  Surprise1:  flntt  appeara!  i»  1-ir- 
miinrhiim :  a  favourite  at  Haymarket  and  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1781-6,  and  at  Corent  Garden.  London,  1785-7  : 
married  Jo«eph  SumbeU  »  Jew,  secretary  to  Morocco 
ambassador  ;  published  her  »  Memoirs,'  1811.  [lx.  280] 

WELLS,  ROBERT  (d.  1657).    [Bee  STEWARD.] 

WELLS,  SAMUEL  (d.  1678),  nonconformist  divine  ; 
K.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  1636  ;  minister  at  Battersea, 
1639 ;  cliaplain  in  parliamentary  army,  1644 ;  intruded 
rector  of  Uetuenham,  Berkshire,  1646-8 ;  ricar  of  Banbury, 
1648  ;  ejected  for  nonconformity,  1662.  [be. 231] 

WELLS,  SIMON  DB  (<*.  1207).  [See  SIMON.] 
WELLS,  Sm  THOMAS  SPENCER,  first  baronet(1818- 
1897),  surgeon  :  studied  surgery  at  Leeds,  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  1836,  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  1839- 
1841,  and  Paris,  1848;  naval  surgeon  at  Malta,  1841- 
1847;  F.ILC..S.  1844.  and  president,  1883;  surgeon  of 
Samaritan  Free  Hospital  for  Women,  London,  1854,  and 
1856-78 ;  surgeon  to  Queen  Victoria'*  household,  1WJ3- 
1896;  hon.  M.D.  Leyden ;  created  baronet,  1883:  per- 
fected ovariotomy,  performing  one  thousand  ovarian 
operations,  1858-80;  published  medical  tracts.  1851-60, 
and  papers  on  ovarian  diseases,  1855-K5.  [lx.  232] 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  (1818-1889),  agriculturist ;    in- 
herited Holme  estate,  Huntingdonshire,  1826;  educated  , 
at  Harrow    and   Balliol  College,  Oxford ;     M.A.,  1842  ; 
drained   and    reclaimed   Whittleeea    Mere,    near   Peter-  ! 
borough,  1851-6« ;  M.P.,  Beverley,  1852-7.  Peterborough, 
1868-74 ;  active  member  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society. 

[lx.  234] 

WELLS,    WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1767-1H17),    phy- 
sician ;    born  in  South  Carolina  of    Scottish    parents : 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University,  1770-1  and  1776-fl; 
M.D.,  1780  ;  newspaper  publisher  in  East  Florida,  1782-4 ;  ; 
settied  as  physician  in  London,  1785 :  L.R.C.P.,  1788 ;  . 
physician    to    Finsbury    Dispensary,    1789-99,   and   St.  , 
Thomas's  Hospital,  London,  1800-17 ;  published  medical  I 
papers,  treatises  on  eyesight,  and,  1814,  an  '  Emay  on 
Dew,'   which  conclusively  explained  tliat  phenomenon: 
Rumford  medallist  of  the  Royal  Society ;    his  autobio- 
graphy published,  1818. 

WELLS,     WILLIAM     FREDERICK    (1762  -  1836),  I 
watercolour-painter :  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  riews  I 
of  Webb  scenery,  1795-18O4,  and  at  Society  of  Painter*  in 
Watercolours,  1804-13  ;    drawing-master  at  Addlscombe 
College,  1809-29,  aud  in  London  ;  published  etehings  after 
Gainsborough.  [lx.  236] 

WELLSTED,  JAMES  RAYMOND  (1805-1842),  sur- 
veyor an«l  traveller:  officer  of  East  India  Company's 
surveying  ship  in  Red  Sea,  1830-3 ;  examined  Socotra 
Island,  1834 ;  travelled  in  Oman,  1835  aud  1837 :  retired 
from  service  in  shattered  health,  1839  ;  ptiblishel  narra- 
tives of  his  own  travels,  aud  'Travels  in  Arabia,*  1838. 

[lx.  236] 

WELLWOOD,  SIR  HENRY  MONCREIFF  (1750- 
1827).  [See  MoxcRMKF.] 

WELLWOOD,  SIR  HENRY  MONCREIFF  (1809- 
1883).  [Sec  MON-CRKIKF.] 

WELLWOOD,  JAMES  (1652-1727),  physician:  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow ;  M.D.  Leyden  :  accompanied  William 
of  Orange  to  England ;  F.R.O.P.,  1690,  censor,  1722 : 
works  include  'Vindication  of  the  Berolution,'  1689,  and 
a  whig  survey  of  4  Transactions  in  England '  (1588-1688). 

[lx.  237] 


WILLIAM     (/.    WT7-IW2).     [Bee 


WELLWOOD,  8m  JAMBS,  Low)  MuscMirr  (1776- 
1851).    [8ee.\! 

WZLLWOOD, 
WB.WOOH.] 

WEL8BY.    WILLIAM    XKWLAND    (1W2?-1 

l.v»il  wnu-r:  M.A.  M.  John'-  '  ,,!l,v.  . 

•Si  •...  bar,  M.I  iv  ;,.,.;..,. 
1841;  jt    • 


.  .     ,      j  >•  !••«>•     wtattw.  I    VV     MWSMAI  W     »     WMWBM    IVV**»W   W«**WSJS*W 

'   .:     ..........    :•..',  i    •  -II, 

ports;  •  Report*  of  Mercantile  Ce*e*,'  and  •  U*»  of  •*- 
nent  English  Judge*.'  (It.  237) 


WEL8CHE,  JOHN  (  157o?-16»).    [8m  WKU"«.) 

WELSH.   I.  AVID  (1793-1844X  ScoUbb  divine;  eda- 
K.linburgh;   mintotor  of   ' 


and  In  Glasgow,  1827 ;  hon.  D.D.  GUvwow,  1831 

til-tr..... f- V9.II..W. W     TT_I t*_         Ifall 


hUtory  profewor.  Edinburgh  Unlvertty,  1831-43,  and  in 
Free  Church  College,  Edinburgh,  1844-ft  :  pobUahed  «r- 
mona,  and  edited  Thorn*-  Brown's  '  Lecture*  on  Ike 
Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind.'  1834.  [lx.  HT} 


JAMBS  (1775-18611. 
Madras  infantry,  17M:  major,  1807: 
1813 :  major-general,  1837 ;  general.  1854 :  in  active  Mr- 
vice  In  India.  1791-1807,  1809-29,  1837-47,  BffhUnff  to 
Wellesley's  Mahmtta  rampalgn*,  180S-4,  qodnmr  pro- 
ject*,! mutiny  at  Palamkotte,  180».and  headimr  «tormln» 
party  at  Travancore,  1809 ;  publUncd  his  • 

m, 

WELSH,  JOHN  (1824-1859),  meteorologist ; 
at  Edinburgh.  lx:;9-42  :  employed  at  Makeratoua  ob*o- 
vatory,  1842-50,  and  at  Kew  obsenratory,  1810-9;  P.B.&, 
1857 ;  improved  self-recording  magnetic  instntmcnta. 

[1X.23S] 

WELSH.  THOMAS  (1781-1848).  vocalist;  chorister, 
Wells  Cathedral :  sang  in  oratorio.  Hay  market^  London, 
1796 :  succeaaful  operatic  singer,  actor,  teacher  of  sing- 
ing ;  brought  out  two  farces  and  an  opera,  *  KamskaUa ' 
wrote  instrumental  and  vocal  music.  [lx.  240) 

WELSTED,  LEONARD  (1688-17471  poet;  of  Westr 
minster  School,  1703-7,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge : 
c'erk  in  cecreUry  of  state's  office,  and,  1725-47.  in  ord- 
juuice  office  :  publislied  bis  first  poem  •  Apple-Pye,'  1704, 
and  •Oikojfraphia,'  an  autobiographical  poem,  17»: 
issued  occasional  poems,  personal,  political,  and  didactic, 
1709-41;  translated  'Longinus  on  the  Sublime,*  1712; 
virulently  satirised,  and  was  satirised  by,  Alexander 
Pope  [q.  v.]  [lx.  240] 

WELSTED,  ROBERT  (1671-1735),  physician  ;  demy 


of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1689-98;  HJLlIM;  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Bristol  and  London ;  L.R.C.P..  1710 : 
F.R.S.,  1718:  published  Latin  medical  piece*,  and.  with 
Richard  West,  edited  Pindar,  1692.  [lx.  242] 

WELTON,  RICHARD  (16717-1726),  nonjuring 
divine:  M.A.  Cains  College,  Cambridge,  1695;  D.D.. 
1708;  rector  of  Whitechapel,  1697-1715,  where  he  caused 
White  Kennctt's  portrait  to  be  put  as  Judas  in  altar- 
piece,  1713  :  vicar  of  East  Ham,  Essex,  1710-15;  refused 
oaths  to  George  I,  and  opened  nonjnring  chapel  in  White- 
chapel,  London,  1715;  consecrated  bishop  among  non- 
jurors,  1722:  minister  of  Thrift  Church,  Philadelphia, 
1724-5,  performing  episcopal  functions ;  pobltabed  ser- 
mons ;  died  at  Lisbon.  [U.  241] 

WELwrrscH.    FRIEDRICH    MARTIN  JOSMP 

(1807-1872),  botanist;    bom  in  Carintiiia  :    studied  at 


Vienna :  M.D.  Vienna,  1836 ;  resident  In  Portugal,  1M»- 
1M53,  having  charge  of  botanical  gardens  at  Lisbon  and 
Coimbra,  and  collecting  Portugueae  plant*,  fungi,  ate, 
molluscs,  and  insects;  travelled  in  r°rtogws«W«s» 
Africa,  1853-60,  forming  extensive  herbarium  of  tropical 
plant*  ;  met  David  Livingstone,  1854,  in  interior  ;  resided 
in  I^ndon,  comparing  his  specimens  with  those  to  British 
collection*;  1863-72:  published,  in  Portuguese,  dtaoip- 
tions  of  plants:  his  collections  are  partly  at  Lists*, 
partly  in  British  Museum. 

WELWOOD.    [See  also  WELLWOOP.] 

WELWOOD.  ALEXANDER  MACONOCHIB-,  LOAD 
MRAPOWBAXK  (1777-1861).  [See  MACOKOCBIK.) 

WELWOOD  or  WELWODor  VELVOD,  WILLIAM 


(^.  1577-16J2X  professor  of  matb«natk!«and  .of  law  at 
SL  Andrews;  disooTercd  principk  of  the 


1677, 


WEMYSS 


1384 


WENTWOBTH 


and  describe*!  it  (as  applied  to  pumping  water)  in  a 
Latin  pamphlet,  1582  :  professor  of  mathematics,  1578-87, 
of  law,  1587-97 ;  expelled  by  the  royal  visitors  from  his 
chair,  1697  ;  ordered  to  be  replaced  by  James  I,  1600, 
though  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  was  ever  actually 
replaced.  His  legal  works  include  '  Sea- Law  of  Scotland,' 
1690,  'Abridgement  of  all  Sea-Lawes,'  1613,  and  three 
Latin  treatises,  printed  in  Holland,  1594,  instituting  com- 
parison between  lloman  and  Jewish  law,  reviewing  pro- 
oedure  in  civil  and  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  discussing 
methods  of  repressing  popular  outbreaks.  [Ix.  245] 

WEMYSS,  DAVID,  second  EARL  OF  WEMYSS  (1610- 
1679),  while  Lord  Elcho  commanded  foot  regiment  in 
Scottish  army,  1640,  and  was  defeated  by  Moutrose  at 
Tippermuir,  1644,  and  Kilsyth,  1645 ;  succeeded  to  earl- 
dom, 1649.  [Ix.  246] 

WEMYSS,  DAVID,  third  EARL  OP  WEMYSS  (1678- 
1780),  succeeded  to  earldom,  1705 ;  took  seat  in  parlia- 
ment, 1705 ;  a  commissioner  for  the  union ;  vice-admiral 
Of  Scotland,  1707.  [Ix.  246] 

WEMYSS,  DAVID,  LORD  ELCHO  (1721-1787),  Jaco- 
bite ;  eldest  son  of  James,  fourth  earl  of  Wemyss  (il. 
1766):  visited  Great  Britain  as  Jacobite  agent,  1744; 
commanded  Prince  Charles  Edward's  life-guards,  1745-6  ; 
wrote  narrative  of  the  rising  :  attainted  ;  excluded  from 
titles  and  estates ;  died  at  Paris.  [Ix.  247] 

WEMYSS,  DAVID  DOUGLAS  (1760-1839),  general ; 
as  David  Douglas  was  ensign,  1777,  and  captain,  1783, 
serving  in  North  America  and  West  Indies,  1777-81, 
1786-9;  assumed  name  of  Wemyss,  c.  1790;  became 
major,  1791,  lieutenant-colonel,  1793,  major-general,  1802, 
and  general,  1819,  serving  in  Flanders,  1793,  Corsica  and 
Italy,  1794-7,  Gibraltar,  1797-1802,  and  Ceylon,  1803-6. 

[Ix.  247] 

WEMYSS,  JAMES  (1610  ?-1667),  master-gunner 
of  England ;  came  to  London,  1630  ;  studied  and  experi- 
mented in  gunnery;  improved  leather  guns  for  field 
service ;  lost  his  scientific  instruments  by  a  fire,  1637 ; 
master-gunner  of  England,  1638-48  and  1660-6  ;  accom- 
panied Charles  I's  artillery  train  to  Scotland,  1639  and 
1640 ;  went  over  to  parliamentary  side ;  colonel  and 
master  of  ordnance  in  Sir  William  Waller's  army ;  taken 
prisoner  at  Oropredy  Bridge,  1644  ;  well  treated  by  King 
Charles  I ;  tested  guns  for  the  parliamentary  navy,  1646-7 ; 
returned  to  Scotland,  1648 :  general  of  artillery  in  Scottish 
army  at  D unbar,  1650,  and  Worcester,  1651;  prisoner  in 
Windsor  Castle,  1651-60.  [Ix.  248] 

WEMYSS  or  WEEMES,  JOHN  (1579  ?-1636),  divine ; 
M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1600;  minister  of  Button,  Berwick- 
shire, 1608,  and  Dunse,1613  ;  took  part  in  the  ritual  con- 
troversy, 1818-20;  prebendary  of  Durham,  1634;  pub- 
lished *  The  Christian  Synagogue,'  an  expository  treatise, 
1623,  and  works  of  practical  divinity.  [Ix.  249] 

WENDOVER,  RICHARD  OP  (d.  1252).  [See 
RICHARD.] 

WENDOVER,  ROGER  DE  (d.  1236),  chronicler  and 
monk  of  St.  Albaus;  prior  of  Belvoir,  but  recalled, 
c.  1821,  for  extravagance ;  compiled  '  Plores  Historiarum,' 
creation  to  1135,  of  which  the  portion  from  1202  is  a 
first-hand  authority.  [Ix.  250] 

WENDY,  THOMAS  (1500  ?-1560),  physician  to 
Henry  VIII,  Edward  VI,  and  Mary  I ;  fellow  of  Gonville 
Hall,  Cambridge,  1519 ;  M.A.,  1522  ;  M.D.  Ferrara  ;  served 
on  ecclesiastical  commissions,  1548,  1552,  and  1559; 
F.R.C.P.,  1551 ;  elect,  1552 ;  M.P.  St.  Albans,  1554,  and 
Cambridgeshire,  1565  ;  benefactor  of  Gonville  and  Caius 
College,  Cambridge.  [U.  252] 

WENGHAM,  HENRY  DE  (d.  1262).      [See  WLNG- 

IIAM.] 

WENHAM,  JANE  (d.  1730),  the  last  woman  con- 
demned for  witchcraft  in  England;  lived  at  Walkern, 
Hertfordshire ;  tried  for  witchcraft  and  found  guilty  by 
jury,  contrary  to  assize  judge's  leading  (who,  in  answer  to 
one  of  the  charges  brought  against  her,  remarked  that 
there  was  no  law  against  flying),  1712,  and  condemned 
to  death,  but  pardoned;  her  case  debated  in  several 
pamphlet*,  1712.  [Ix.  253] 

WENLOCK,  JOHN,  BARON  WKNLOCK  (d.  1471), 
fought  in  France,  1421 ;  constable  of  Vernon,  Normandy, 
1422 ;  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1433-56 ;  usher,  and,  1450, 


chamberlain  to  Queen  Margaret  of  Anjou ;  attended 
Kirhard,  duke  of  York's,  mission  to  Fraiuv,  1442;  high 
sheriff  of  Buckinghamshire,  1444  ;  received  back  (alien- 
ated) Wenlock  estate,  141*;  knighted,  c.  1448;  i.  i-ht 
on  Lancastrian  side  at  St.  Albaus,  1455  ;  went  over 
to  Yorkists ;  speaker  of  House  of  Commons,  1455 ; 
Yorkist  euvoj  to  Burgundy  and  France,  1458  :  attainted, 
1459;  took  refii'-'t!  in  Knuice ;  returned,  11  GO ;  K.U., 
1461 ;  fought  at  Ferrybridge  and  Towton,  1461 ;  created 
Baron  Wenlock  and  appointed  chief  butler  of  England, 
1461 ;  employed  by  Edward  IV  on  foreign  missions ; 
lieutenant  of  Calais,  1469  ;  returned  to  Lancastrian  side, 
j  1461 ;  slain  at  Tewkesbary.  [Ix.  253] 

WENMAN,  AGNES  (rf.  1617),  nte  Ferrnor  ;  wife  of 
I  Sir  Richard  Wenman  [q.  v.] ;  a  Roman  catholic  ;  patron 
of  John  Gerard  (1564-1637),  the  Jesuit  [q.  v.]  ;  imprisoned 
on  suspicion  of  complicity  in  Gunpowder  plot,  1605-6  ; 
left  in  manuscript  a  translation  of  French  version  of 
Johannes  Zouaras.  [Ix.  255] 

WENMAN,  SIR  RICHARD,  first  VISCOUNT  Wi:\- 
MAN  (1573-1640),  of  Thame  Park,  Oxfordshire ;  studied 
at  Oxford,  1587  ;  knighted  for  gallantry  at  Cadiz,  1596  : 
M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  1620  and  1625  ;  high  sheriff  for  Ox- 
fordshire, 1627 ;  created  Viscount  Wenman  of  Tuam, 
1628.  [Ix.  255] 

WENMAN,  THOMAS,  second  VISCOUNT  WENMAN 
(1596-1665),  eldest  son  of  Sir  Richard  Wenman,  first 
viscount  Wenman  [q.  v.] ;  knighted,  1617  ;  M.P.,  Brackley, 
1620-5,  Oxfordshire,  1626,  Brackley,  1628,  and  for  Oxford- 
shire in  Long  parliament,  1640  ;  succeeded  to  Irish  barony, 
1640;  supporter  of  the  parliament;  served  on  com- 
missions to  treat  with  Charles  I,  1642-3,  1644,  and  1648  ; 
excluded  by  army  from  parliament  as  too  favourable  to 
Charles  I,  and  imprisoned,  1648;  bought  confiscated 
estates  in  Ireland,  1651 ;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  in  Conven- 
tion parliament,  1660.  [Ix.  255] 

WENMAN,  THOMAS  FRANCIS  (1745-1796),  regius 
professor  of  civil  law,  Oxford  ;  student  of  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1765  ; 
D.C.L.,  1780 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1770  ;  M.P.,  West- 
bury,  1774-80 ;  keeper  of  the  Oxford  University  archives, 
1781 ;  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  Oxford,  1789-96 ; 
studied  botany  ;  left  in  manuscript  a  history  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford.  [Ir.  256] 

WENSLEYDALE,  BARON  (1782-1868).  [See  PARKE, 
SIR  JAMES.] 

WENTWORTH,  CHARLES  WATSON-,  second  MAR- 
QUIS OF  ROCKINGHAM  (1730-1782).  [See  WATSON- WEKT- 

WORTH.] 

WENTWOBTH,  HENRIETTA  MARIA,  BARONESS 
WENTWORTH  (1657  ?-1686),  mistress  of  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth;  only  child  of  Sir  Thomas  Wentworth,  fifth 
baron  Wentworth  (1613-1665)  [q.  v.]  ;  succeeded  her 
grandfather  in  barony,  1667 ;  acted  with  Monmouth  in 
masque  at  court,  1674 ;  lived  with  him  at  Toddingtou, 
Bedfordshire,  1680  ;  followed  him  to  Holland,  1684  ;  dis- 
suaded Monmouth  from  entering  imperialist  service 
against  Turks,  1685,  and  supplied  funds  for  descent  on 
England  ;  returned  to  England,  1685.  [Ix.  257] 

WENTWOKTH,  SIR  JOHN  (1737-1820),  colonial 
governor ;  son  of  a  merchant  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire ;  M.A.  Harvard  College,  1758 ;  visited  London  and 
pleaded  for  repeal  of  Stamp  Act,  1765  :  hon.  D.C.L.  Ox- 
ford, 1766  ;  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  1766-76,  be- 
coming more  and  more  unpopular  from  efforts  to  carry 
out  his  instructions ;  his  house  pillaged,  1775 ;  banished, 
and  property  confiscated  by  state  congress.  1778;  re- 
sided in  London,  1778-83;  resided  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  as  surveyor  of  king's  forests,  1783-92,  and  as 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  1792-1808;  created  baronet, 
1795;  died  at  Halifax;  his  correspondence,  1767-1808, 
preserved  hi  public  records  at  Halifax.  [Ix.  258] 

WENTWORTH,  PAUL  (1533-1593),  parliamentary 
leader;  younger  brother  of  Peter  Weutworth  (1530?- 
1596)  [q.  v.] ;  lessee  from  crown  of  Burnham  Abbey, 
Buckinghamshire ;  M.P.,  Buckingham,  1663-7,  Liskeard, 
1572-83;  active  in  petitioning  Queen  Elizabeth  to  name 
her  successor,  1566 ;  custodian  at  Burnham  Abbey  of 
Thomas  Howard,  fourth  duke  of  Norfolk  (beheaded,  1572)  ; 
angered  Queen  Elizabeth  by  proposing  the  preaching  of 
a  sermon  before  each  meeting  of  House  of  Commons,  1581. 

[Ix.  260] 


WENTWORTH 


1888 


WENTWORTH 


WENTWORTH.    1'KTKH    1 1630?-1896),  parluuneh- 
i  r;   of   Lillinifstone  Lovell :   M.P.,  BarnsUple, 
l.r-7l  »,Tregoi  ortbompton,  1*86-7 :  attacked 

*ir  Humphrey  tiillx-rt  [.j.  v.]  (or  subserviency  to  court, 
l.wi  :  advocated  rtghl  ot  House  of  Common,  to  discos* 
Thirty-nil..-  \rticU*  and  othrr  rhim-h  Mutations  In  spite 
of  MII.TII  Elizabeth's  order*.  1571 :  imprisoned  in  Tower 
of  I/.iuion,  1576,  (or  bitter  speech  against  crown  inter- 
A -,t!i  Ho,:-,-  of  Commons,  and.  1587,  (or  again 
chalk -mring  Blizabeth'i  absolutism  in  ecclesiastic*!  affairs, 
an. I,  15:13-1;,  for  petitioning  Elizabeth  to  name  her  succes- 
sor, :ii..i  advocating  right  to  succession  o(  Edward  8ey- 
monr,  lord  Beauchamp ;  wrote,  1594,  «A  rithle  Exhor- 
tation '  (printed,  15iM),  urging  BlUabeib  to  nani- 
successor.  [lx.  281] 

WENTWORTH.  r«w  PETER  ( 1592-1876X  politician  : 
of  Mairdal.-n  Hull.  Oxford:  of  Lillingstone  Lovell. 
(or.JM.in-:  K.K..  lcs:.:  high  sheriff  o(  Oxford-hire.  : 
M.P.,  Tainworth,    1641:   refused    to   act   as    judge   of 
Churl.*   I,    16»'J;  served  in  Commonwealth  councils  of  : 
atate  :  reviled  (or  immorality  by  Oliver  Oromwdl  at  ex- 
>f  the  Hump,  1653:  re-took  his  seat  in  parlia- 
ment, 1659 ;  left  legacy  to  John  Milton.  [lx.  263] 

WENTWORTH,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  WJBTT- 
woune  of  NYttlestead  (1501-1551),  knighted  while 
.n  France,  1523;  inherited  Nettleatead,  Suffolk, 
1528 :  created  baron,  1529 :  embraced  protestantism  ; 
advocated  Henry  Vlir*  divorce  (rom  Catherine,  1*30: 
attended  Henry  VIII  to  France.  1532  ;  served  against 
Norfolk  insurgent*!,  1549  ;  helped  to  overthrow  Protector 
Somerset,  1649;  privy  councillor,  1M9-51  ;  lord  chamber- 
lain. 1550  :  granted  crown  lauds.  [lx.  20 1] 

WENTWORTH,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  WKXT- 
WORTH  of  Nettlestead(  1625-1584),  eldest  son  of  Thomas 
Wentworth,  first  baron  Wentworth  [q.  v.] :  perhaps  of 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  ;  knighted  while  serving  in 
Scotland,  1547;  M.P.,  Suffolk,  1547-51;  succeeded  to 
barony,  1551  :  voted  for  execution  of  Somerset,  1551 ; 
made  privy  councillor  by  Queen  Mnry,  1553  ;  sat  on  com- 
•i  to  try  Northumberland  and  his  supporters,  1553; 
deputy  of  Calais,  1553-8 ;  failed  to  obtain  necessary  sup- 
port from  England;  neglected  warnings  of  Imminent 
French  attack,  December  1557;  surrendered  Calais, 
January  1558  ;  prisoner  of  war  in  France,  1558-9 ;  ac- 
quitted of  charge  of  treasonable  surrender,  1559 ;  sat  on 
commission  which  condemned  Norfolk,  1672.  [lx.  265] 

WENTWORTH,  THOMAS  (15687-1628),  lawyer: 
third  son  of  Peter  Wentworth  (15307-1596)  [q.  v.] ; 
called  to  bar,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1594,  Lent  reader,  1612; 
recorder  of  Oxford  city,  1607-23  ;  as  M.P.,  Oxford  city, 
1604-28,  steadily  opposed  the  crown ;  dlscommonsed  by 
Oxford  University,  1611-14;  imprisoned  for  speech 
against  illegal  imposts,  1614  ;  advocated  war  with  Spain, 

1624.  [lx.  287] 

WENTWORTH,  SIR  THOMAS,  first  EARL  OF  STRAK- 
PORD  (1593-1641),  statesman  :  of  \Ventworth-Woodhouse, 
Yorkshire;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
entered  Inner  Temple,  1607  :  knighted,  1611 :  travelled  on 
continent,  1612-13;  M.P.,  Yorkshire,  1814  ;  succeeded  aa 
second  baronet,  1614  :  custos  rotulorum,  Yorkshire,  1615- 
1625  ;  began  feud  with  Sir  John  Savile,  afterwards  first 
Baron  Savile  of  Pontefract  [q.  v.],  1617  ;  as  M.P.,  York- 
shire, 1621,  showed  firmness  and  moderation  in  opposing 
the  crown ;  as  M.P.,  Pontefract,  1624,  opposed  war  with 
Spain  and  showed  hostility  to  purl  tan  is  m  :  M.P.,  York- 
shire, 1625,  unseated  on  Savile's  petition,  but  re-elected ; 
oppose  1  war  with  Spain,  and  expressed  resentment  at 
dissolution  of  parliament ;  appointed  sheriff  of  Yorkshire, 

1625,  to  exclude  him  from  new    parliament;  opposed 
Charles  I's  demands  for  money,  and  was  removed  from 
commission  of  peace  and  replaced  by  his  rival  Savile  in 
office  of  custoe  rotulorum,  1625  ;  imprisoned  for  refusal  to 
pay  the  forced  loan,  1627  ;  in  the  parliament  of  1628  led 
House  of  Commons,  April-May,  in  endeavour  to  bring 
Charles  I  to  some  reasonable    compromise  as  regards 
forced    loans,  billeting   of    soldiers,  and  imprisonment 
without  cause  shown  ;  offended  Charles  I  by  safeguarding 
the   supplies    voted   against    sudden    appropriation  by 
crown  ;  passively  accepted  the  Petition  of  Right,  which 
was  substituted  for  his  own  proposals  in  consequence  of 
Charles  I's  obstinacy.  May -June,  1628  ;  taken  into  court 
favour;  created  baron  and   Viscount  Wentworth,  and 
made  president  of  council  of  north,  1628 ;  privy  coun- 


cillor. 1899 :  drawn  Into 
common  aversion  to 

'..-•••      :•:.;•:.•.  -i  • 

to   break 


authority  by  reducing  army  to 
Ing  piracy  In  St.  Georges  Ch 
Indu*ti7.  compelling  rutttoB 


Uament,  1614,  on 


llsh 


InleM;  laid  a  heavy  band  on 
in  Dublin,  1634-6,  e*.  on  «r  Paul  Oi 


Adam  Lofto*.  flnt  viscount  Lortus  of  By  [q.  v.].  lord- 
chancellor  :  offended  Henrietta  Maria  by  refusing  I 
on  Irish  establishment  to  her  favourites;  < 
packed  juries  to  declare  all  Connaoght  crown  property, 
1635,  intending  to  bring  in  English  setUen;  advised 
Charles  I  against  the  naval  Intervention  in  foreign  affairs 
which  be  contemplated  to  provide  a  colourable  excuse  lor 
demanding  ship-money,  the  judges  having 
(avour  of  the  legality  of  bis  right  to  levy 
oated  Invasion  of  Scotland  to 


enforce  adoption  of  English  liturgy,  16J8,  bat  vainly 
urged  Charles  I  to  train  his  troops  before  attempttngln. 
vasion,  1819 ;  came  to  London  to 
opponents  in  Star-chamber  court, 
informally  Charles  I's  chief  adviser,  September  18J9 ; 
advised  demand  of  loan  from  privy  councillors  and  sum- 
mon in^  parliament  to  vote  supplies,  promising,  as  a  good 
exMPpfo,  a  large  loan  from  himself  and  a  prompt  vote  of 
supplies  from  Irish  parliament ;  was  created  Baron  Baby 
and  Earl  of  Stratford,  1640,  thereby  deeply  offending  Sir 
Henry  Vane  the  elder  [&  v.],  owner  of  Haby  Oastie : 
created  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland.  1640  :  offered  service  of 
Irish  troops  against  Scotland  and  to  command  them  In 
person ;  obtained  subsidies  to  amount  of  180.000/.  from 
Irish  parliament,  March  1640;  attended  Short  parliament, 
April  1640 ;  advised  Charles  I  personally  to  Invite  psen 
to  insist  on  Commons  voting  supplies  before  illsrusislnq: 
grievances:  taken  Into  favour  by  Henrietta  Maria; 
vainly  advised  Charles  I  to  be  content  with  part  of  the 
subsidies  asked ;  assented  to  dissolution  of  Short  parlia- 
ment ;  In  committee  of  privy  council,  6  May  1840,  urged 
collection  of  funds  by  force  and  immediate  invasion  of 
Scotland,  promising,  it  was  reported,  help  of  Irish  troops 
against  both  Scottish  and  English  rebels ;  popularly  styled 
•Black  Tom  Tyrant,'  from  suspicion  of  this  advice: 
vainly  urged  Charles  I  to  immediate  and  despotic  action, 
July  1640  ;  received  patent  as  captain-general  in  Ireland, 
with  prospect  of  employment  in  Scotland  and  England, 
August  1840 :  took  command  of  Charles  I's  force  in  York- 
shire, and  prevailed  on  Yorkshire  to  adopt  JiiJuisllw 
measures  against  the  invading  Scots  army,  September 
1640;  attended  Long  parliament  on  Charles  Ps  personal 
guarantee  of  his  safety ;  urged  Charles  I  to  send  parlia- 
mentary leaders  to  the  Tower  of  London :  impeached  by 
Commons  and  sent  to  the  Tower  of  London,  1840 :  trial 
opened,  March  1841 ;  procedure  by  impeachment  aban- 
doned because  of  favourable  impression  produced  on  peers 
by  his  vigorous  defence  and  in  fear  of  northern  army 
being  brought  to  coerce  parliament  :  bill  of  attainder 
against  him  passed  by  Commons,  21  April,  passed  by 
Lords,  8  May,  in  panic  canned  by  discovery  of  court  plot 
to  release  him,  and  introduce  into  England  Irish  and 
Dutch  troops  ;  his  attainder  assented  to  by  Charles, 
10  May,  in  dread  of  mob  violence ;  executed  on  Tower 
Hill,  11  May  1641.  [lx.  288] 

WENTWORTH,  SIR  THOMAS,  fifth  BAROX 
WORTH  (1613-1666X  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Wentworth, 
fourth  baron  Wentworth  of  NetUestead  and  first  earl  of 
Cleveland  [q.  v.],  styled  Lord  Wentworth  by  courtesy 
from  1626 ;  at  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Bohemia  at 
the  Hague,  1631  :  M.P..  liulfordshln,  In  Short  and  Long 
parliaments  1640 :  called  to  peers  In  his  father's  barony. 
1640;  commanded  troop  of  horse  under  Wilmot  and 
Goring.  1644-5 :  held  chief  command  In  west,  but  was 
routed  at  TorringUm,  1648;  in  attendance  on  Prince 
Charles  (Charles  II)  in  Scilly,  Jersey.  Paris,  1849, Scotland, 
1850,  Worcester,  1851,  and  abroad,  1851-80 ;  colonel  of  the 
guards,  1656-85.  [lx.  281] 

WBHTWORTH,  8m  THOMAS,  fourth  BAROM  Wwr- 
WORTH  of  NetUestead,  and  flnt  KARL  or  CUTOXAXD 


WENTWORTH 


1386 


WESLEY 


(1591-1667),  succeeded  to  barony,  1593  ;  entored  Trinity 
College,  Oxfonl,  1602:  cnstos  rotulorum,  Bedfordshire, 
1619 :  took  seat  in  the  Lords,  1621 ;  favourite  of  Bucking- 
ham: created  Earl  of  Cleveland,  1C2G:  accompanied 
Buckingham  to  Rochelle,  1627 ;  was  with  Buckingham 
when  aMassinated,  1628 ;  incurred  heavy  debts,  1630-8, 
ultimately  alienatim;  his  whole  estate  ;  served  against  the 
Scots,  1639-40;  attended  Strafford  on  scaffold,  1641; 
colonel  of  horse  in  Oliarles  I's  army.  1642 ;  displayed  great 
military  activity,  1644:  prisoner  of  war,  1644-8;  in  at- 
tendance on  Charles  II  in  France  and  Scotland,  1650 ; 
covered  his  flight  at  Worcester,  1651 ;  prisoner  of  war, 
1651-6  ;  captain  of  gentlemen  pensioners,  1660. 

[Ix.  284] 

WENTWORTH,  THOMAS,  BARON  RABT  and  third 
EARL.  OF  STRAFFORD  (1672-1739),  diplomatist ;  page  to 
Queen  Mary  Beatrice,  1688;  served  in  cavalry  in  Scotland, 
1889,  and  in  Holland,  1690-7,  with  distinction ;  major  in 
the  guards,  1693 ;  succeeded  to  barony  of  Raby,  1695 ; 
envoy  to  Berlin,  1701 ;  served  in  Flanders,  1702 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1707;  ambassador  at  Berlin,  1703-11,  and 
the  Hague,  1711-14;  created  Earl  of  Strafford,  1711 ;  one 
of  the  negotiators  of  peace  of  Utrecht,  1711-13  :  recalled 
by  George  I,  1714,  and  his  pension  stopped,  1715 ;  pro- 
ceeded against  in  parliament  for  share  in  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  1715-16  (proceedings  dropped,  1717):  privy  to 
proposed  Jacobite  insurrection,  1725 ;  much  of  his  corre- 
spondence preserved  in  British  Museum  Library. 

[Ix.  286] 

WENTWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1616-1697),  colonist: 
emigrated  from  Lincolnshire,  1636,  to  avoid  molestation 
as  puritan ;  finally  settled  at  Dover,  New  Hampshire, 
1649 ;  saved  Heard's  garrison  from  a  massacre  planned  by 
the  Indians,  1689 ;  died  at  Dover,  New  Hampshire. 

[Ix.  258] 

WENTWORTH,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1793-1872), 
'  the  Australian  patriot ' ;  chief  founder  of  colonial  self- 
government  ;  born  on  Norfolk  Island ;  son  of  a  govern- 
ment surgeon ;  sent  to  school  at  Greenwich,  1800 ;  deputy 
provost-marshal,  New  South  Wales,  1811 :  went  on  explor- 
ing journey  across  Blue  Mountains,  1813 ;  entered  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  1816;  published  'Statistical  Account 
of  the  British  Settlements  in  Australasia,'  1819  :  barrister, 
Middle  Temple,  1822 :  returned  to  Sydney:  co-proprietor 
and  joint-editor  of  '  The  Australian '  newspaper,  Sydney, 
from  1824,  advocating  admission  to  political  power  of 
the  ex-convicts  ('emancipists')  and  discouraging  volun- 
tary immigrants  ('interlopers');  obtained,  by  popular 
clamour,  recall  of  the  governor,  Sir  Ralph  Darling  [q.  v.], 
1831 ;  chief  adviser  of  his  successor,  Sir  Richard  Bourke 
[q.  v.]  ;  deeply  offended  the  next  governor,  Sir  George 
Gipps  [q.  v.],  1840,  by  underhand  attempt  to  buy  large 
tracts  of  land  in  New  Zealand ;  member  for  Sydney  in  the 
first  New  South  Wales  legislature,  1843  (re-elected,  1848 
and  1851) ;  leader  of  the  '  pastoral,'  or  squatter  party, 
from  1843  ;  advocated  continuance  of  transportation  to 
provide  'assigned'  labourers;  carried,  1849,  bill  for 
founding  Sydney  University  (opened  1852);  bitterly 
opposed  lowering  of  franchise,  1850 :  his  proposal  for  an 
hereditary  Australian  peerage  scouted  by  colonial  opinion, 
and  his  proposal  that  no  change  of  constitution  should  be 
allowed  except  by  a  two-thirds  majority  of  both  legisla- 
tive houses  rejected  by  home  government,  1853  ;  suggested 
federal  parliament  for  all  Australia,  1857  :  accorded  statue 
in  Sydney  University,  1861 :  returned  finally  to  England, 
1862 ;  given  a  public  funeral  and  buried  at  Sydney. 

[Ix.  289] 

WERBTTRGA  or  WERBTTRH,  SAINT  (d.  700?), 
abbess  of  Ely ;  daughter  of  Wulfhere  [q.  v.],  king  of 
Mercia :  abbess  of  Sheppey,  of  Ely,  and  in  Mercian  con- 
vent*; her  remain?,  in  fear  of  Danish  invasion,  c.  875, 
translated  to  Chester,  where  cathedral  represents  church 
of  her  shrine ;  patroness  of  women  and  children ;  com- 
memorated on  3  Feb.  [Ix.  294] 

WERDEN  or  WORDEN,  Sin  JOHN,  first  baronet 
(1640-1718),  politician:  son  of  Robert  Werden  [q.  v.] ; 
called  to  bar,  Middle  Temple,  1660 ;  employed  in  diplo- 
matic service,  e.  1665-72 ;  created  baronet,  1672 ;  secretary 
to  James,  duke  of  York :  M.P.,  Reigate,  1673-9,  1685-7 ;  a 
commissioner  of  customs,  1685-97  and  1702-14. 

WZRDEN  or  WORDEN ,  ROBERT  (d.  1690),  soldier  ; 
colonel  of  horse  in  Charles?  I's  army  ;  taken  prisoner  at 
Cbwter,  1646 ;  admitted  to  composition  for  delinquency, 
1646;  suspected  of  treasonable  designs,  1648-52,  1655; 


barely  escaped  with  life  for  joining  Sir  George  Booth's 
rising,  1659  ;  accused  of  treason  by  royalists,  1660  ;  re- 
covered his  estates ;  lieutenant,  1665,  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1672,  in  Duke  of  York's  guards ;  M.P.,  Chester, 
1673-9  and  1685 ;  comptroller  of  Duke  of  York's  house- 
hold, 1679 ;  lieutenant-general,  1688 ;  treasurer  to  Mary  II, 
1689.  [Ix.  296] 

WERFERTH,  WEREFRID,  or  HEREFERTH  (d. 
915),  consecrated  bishop  of  Worcester,  873  ;  one  of  Khi£ 
Alfred's  scholar-courtiers,  884 ;  translated  into  Saxou 
Pope  Gregory's  '  Dialogues '  (manuscripts  extant  at  Cam- 
bridge, London,  and  Oxford).  [Ix.  297] 

WESHAM  or  WESEHAM,  ROGER  i>B  (rf.  1257), 
bishop  of  Lichfield  :  D.D.  ;  divinity  lecturer  in  Franciscan 
convent,  Oxford  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1223  ;  dam  of 
Lincoln,  1232  ;  bishop  of  Lichfield,  1245-56,  devoting 
himself  to  care  of  diocese  and  cathedral.  [Ix.  297] 

WESLEY,  CHARLES  (1707-1788),  divine  and  hymn- 
writer:  youngest  son  of  Samuel  Wesley  (1662-1735) 
[q.  v.];  entered  Westminster  School,  1716;  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1726;  joined  with  some  fellow- 
students  in  a  strict  method  of  religious  observance  and 
study,  whence  they  were  nicknamed  'methodiste ' ;  began 
his  private  diary,  1729  ;  B.A.,  1730;  M.A.,1733  ;  ordained, 
1735:  visited  Georgia  as  secretary  to  James  Edward 
Oglethorpe  [q.  v.],  the  governor,  1736  :  believed  himself 
'converted,'  Whitsunday  1738;  did  much  evangelistic 
work  in  London,  1738-9 ;  settled  at  Bristol  as  centre, 
1739-56,  going  on  evangelising  journeys  in  west  of  England 
and  Wales,  and  to  Cornwall,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and 
(1747-8)  to  Ireland ;  in  sharp  controversy  with  the 
'  conference '  of  1755,  which  showed  readiness  to  separate 
from  Anglican  church:  removed,  in  ill-health,  to  Bath, 
1761;  developed  divergent  views  on  doctrine  of  'perfec- 
tion' from  his  brother,  John  Wesley,  1762;  removed  to 
London,  1771 ;  continued  to  preach  as  much  as  his  health 
allowed;  disapproval  of  John  Wesley's  ordinations  of 
presbyters  from  1784;  composed  over  six  thousand 
hymns,  of  which  five  hundred  are  still  in  use ;  some  sermons 
and  poetical  pieces  by  him  published  posthumously. 

[Ix.  298] 

WESLEY,  CHARLES  (1757-1834),  musician ;  eldest 
son  of  Charles  Wesley  (1707-1788)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  music 
in  Bristol  and  London ;  published  '  Six  Concertos,'  eight 
songs,  and  other  music,  before  1784 ;  organist  in  various 
London  churches  from  1794.  [Ix.  302] 

WESLEY,  JOHN  (1703-1791),  evangelist  and  leader 
of  methodism ;  a  younger  son  of  Samuel  Wesley  (1662- 
1735)  [q.  v.]  ;  foundationer  at  Charterhouse,  London, 
1714;  scholar  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1720;  B.A., 
1724;  ordained  deacon,  1725 ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford,  1726-51 ;  M.A.,  1727 ;  curate  for  his  father  at 
Wroot,  1727-9 ;  tutor  in  Libcoln  College,  Oxford,  1729- 
1735 ;  leader  of  his  brother  Charles  Wesley's  (1707-1788) 
[q.  v.]  'methodist'  society  in  Oxford,  1729,  from  which 
year  methodism  is  sometimes  dated;  published  prayers, 
1733 ;  accepted  charge  of  the  Georgia  mission,  1735  ; 
much  influenced  by  German  Moravian  brethren  during 
his  voyage  out  and  during  his  first  months  of  residence  ; 
founded  at  Savannah  a  religious  '  society '  on  the  Mora- 
vian model,  1736 ;  began  correspondence  with  Zinzendorf, 
founder  of  the  Moravians,  1737  ;  his  ministry  in  Georgia 
embittered  by  quarrels,  partly  provoked  by  his  autocratic 
church  methods,  1736-7:  published  his  first  hymnfcl, 
1737 ;  left  Georgia  to  avoid  a  libel  action,  founded  on  his 
repelling  from  communion  a  Mrs.  Williamson,  who  (as 
Miss  Hopkey)  had  a  short  time  before  rejected  his  offer 
of  marriage  ;  after  his  return  met,  and  was  much  in- 
fluenced by,  Peter  Bbhler,  a  Moravian ;  became  member 
of  the  Moravian  'society'  at  Fetter  Lane  chapel,  London, 
1738  ;  believed  himself  •  converted,'  1738 :  visited  Zinzen- 
dorf at  Herrnhut,  1738 :  appointed  his  first  lay  preacher, 
1738 ;  began  field  preaching,  and  opened  methodist  chapel 
at  Bristol,  1739 ;  brought  into  conflict  with  Joseph  Butler 
[q.  v.]  on  question  of  convulsive  paroxysms,  which  were 
claimed  to  be  manifestations  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  at  his 
Bristol  meetings,  1739  ;  bought  a  disused  gun-foundry  in 

j  London  and  converted  it  into  methodist  chapel,  1739 ; 

I  founded  a  '  united  society '  for  weekday  meetings,  Decem- 
ber 1739,  from  which  the  inception  of  methodism  is  gene- 
rally dated :  broke  off  his  membership  of  the  Moravian 
'society,'  1740;  renounced  Calvinism  by  publishing  his 

I  '  free  grace '  sermon,  preached  at  Bristol,  1740  ;  was  per- 

I  sonally  involved    in   controversy   by  this  sermon,  and 


WESLEY 


1387 


WEST 


brought  about  secession  fr»m  tin  tliolist-"  of  Webb  Oal- 
.  l.'ii  mi.!  !•!    <'ii!iiit«--    of   lliifitin.- 
ion^  connexion  (17M)  ;  preached  nnoiu  at 

Oxford,  1711  aii'l  17  H  :  orvani*ul  his  follower*  in  lirfetol 
and  London  in  'oUUi  m--'-!!^.1  to  which  admission  was 
by  'society  ti«-k.-t-  '  (<>(  m.-nil*  r-liiji).  1743,  and  divided 
the  coantry  into  •  circuit*  '  :  held  flrat  methodUt  •  conver- 
sation' or  conference,  London,  1744,  and  nocon 
acknowledged  his  title  to  be  'overseer'  of  metuodtaU), 
1745  ;  published  handbook.*  on  various  subject*,  : 
physic,  from  1743  ;  went  on  continual  evangelistic  jour- 
neys, visit  iinr  I-:--  «>f  Man,  Irdaitd  forty-two  times  (from 
1747),  and  Scotland  constantly  (from  1751):  became  con- 
tracted to  Grace  Murray,  a  widow,  1748,  bat  absented  to 
!,.  r  n,:irriage  with  John  Bcunet,  1749;  married  Mary 
Vazeille,  a  widow,  1751,  who  had  a  serious  quarrel  with 
him,  1755,  and  separated  from  him,  1776  :  found  his  lay- 
preachers  ready  for  separation  from  Anglican  church  in 
the  conference  of  1755;  found  that  during  his  absence  in 
Ireland  they  bad  begun  to  celebrate  the  eucharist,  1760  : 
vainly  tried  to  induce  the  ColvinlsU  to  enter  a  union  of 
inrthudisto,  1764;  had  several  of  his  lay  preacher*  or- 
dained by  Erasmus,  so-called  bishop  of  Arcadia  in  Crete, 
1764  ;  wrote  against  the  anti-taxation  agitation  in  the 
American  colonies,  1775-8;  -xecuted  'deed  of  declara- 
tion- j.mv.  ,;.!,-  for  regulation  of  methodUt  chapels  and 
preachers,  1784  ;  ordained  presbyters  to  confer  orders  and 
administer  the  sacraments,  1784  :  preached  his  last  ser- 
mon, 23  Feb.  1791  ;  published  twenty-three  collections  of 
hymns,  1737-86  ;  published  his  collected  prose  *  Works,* 
1771-4.  [Ix.  303] 

WESLEY,  SAMUEL,  the  elder  (1662-1735),  divine 
and  poet;  originally  spelt  his  name  Westley  :  educated 
in  London  for  independent  ministry,  1678-83  :  entered 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1683;  published  volume  of  verse, 
*  Maggote,'  1685  ;  B.A.,  1688  ;  naval  chaplain,  c.  1689  ; 
rector  of  South  Ormsby,  1690  :  jolntrcditor  oil  Athenian 
Gazette,'  1691-7;  rector  of  Epworth,  1695-1<35,  and  of 
Wroot,  1722-35;  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties  by 
Tarious  accidents  ;  his  rectory  troubled  by  a  notey  'spirit,' 
1716-17  ;  published  much  verse  and  prose,  including  a 
panegyric  on  Marlborough,  1705,  and  a  hostile  criticiMn 
of  nonconformist  academies,  1703  ;  hia  dissertations  ou 
Job  published  posthumously,  1735.  [Ix.  ai4] 

WESLEY,  SAMUEL,  the  younger  (1691-1  739X  school- 
master ;  eldest  son  of  Samuel  Wesley  the  elder  [q.  v.l  : 


WEST.  !!MAM[S  (1718-1 8»X  hlrtortoal  palaUrr 
tx.rn  of  quaker  parent*  in  Pennsylvania;  Mlf -Uufbt : 
painted  portrait*  In  Philadelphia  and  New  York ;  studio! 
and  painted  portrait*  in  luly.  176O-1 :  exhibited  MMM* 
;,i:iit. .:/-.;..  •-,  d  ad  rM  n  i  •  bad  .  boa  i:.;i 
member  of  the  Incorporated  Society  ot  Artfeu.  17tt: 
much  employed  by  Oeorge  111,  1767 


K.A.,  17M;  engraving,  from  his 

:    -   :..-  t  kr,..s:, 
1771);  flmto 

-....  •    ::...;•  Hi  •  "•'   mt  .I.!" 


painter  toG<orge  III,  177*:  an  origin..: 

at  first  exhibition  or  .,  my.  1789; 

graving  from  hi*  plrtun*  very  popular  ; 

i  picture  the  •  Drath  of  Wolfe '  (exhibited, 

.     .  .:..-.   -.      <,r      ,        .1   '•  .       .      ,-.  :  .    •-.. 


:-» 


WEST,   CHARLES  (1816-1 89f<).  physician:    studied 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1888,  Bor  • 
Berlin,  and,  :-:  LDoM  ?!   v  5  M  B,  ;•-.:  ;  pfayi  ate 
and  accoucheur,  Ixmdon ;  physician.  Infirmary  for  Chil- 
dren, and,  1K62-76.  Hospital  for  Rick  Children ;  led 
H  nsU  -  :T.  ..:  M  ,i:,..<   i!,,  ;  M,  :-;••.  Hi  Mi 
tholomew's   Hospital,  1848-60:    F 
1870  and  1882,  Croonisn  lecturer. 
1874  ;    published  lectures  on  •  Diseatss  of 
Childhood,'  1*48,  and  'Diseases  of  Worn* 
other  professional  papers. 


SIR   CHARLES  RICHARD  RACK7ILLB-. 
F-xth  KAIU.  DK  LA  WAIIR,  sixth TBCOUXT  CAJmCLCFK, 
L\  WARH  (1815-1878),  a  younger 

son  of  George  John  Suckville  West,  fifth  earl  Do  La  Warr 
[q.  v.]  ;  ensign,  1833  ;  captain,  1842 ;  aide-de-camp  to  Sir 
Hugh  Gough  [q.  v.]  in  Sikh  war,  1845-6 ;  styled  Lord 
West  from  1860 :  colonel,  1854 :  served  in  Crimea,  18*4-4 ; 
major-general,  1864 ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1889. 

WEST,  SIR  EDWARD  (1782-1828),  economist*;  fellow 
of  University  College,  Oxford :  M.A.,  1807  ;  called  to  the 
bar.  Inner  Temple,  1814 :  recorder,  and,  1823-8,  chief- 
justice  of  Bombay  :  knighted,  1822  ;  published  'Essay  on 
Application  of  Capital  to  Land,'  1815,  stating  law  of 
diminishing  returns,  and  anticipating  Uirardo's  theory 
of  rent :  published  observations  on  •  The  Price  of  Corn,' 
1826.  [Ix.  819] 

WEST,    FRANCIS    (1586-1633  ?X  colonist:    accom- 
I  pan»ed  Christopher  Newport  [q.  v.1  to  Virginia,  1809: 
member  of  council,  1609;  owned  plantations  on  James 
River;  commander  at  Jamestown,  1612;  a<lmiral  of  New- 


educated  at  Westminster  School,  1704,  and  Christ  Church,  J  Engia'nd,  1622;   governor  of  Virginia,  1628-9;   died  in 


Oxford,  1711  ;  M.A.,  1718;  took  orders  ;  liead-ufher,  West- 
minster School,  171S-33  ;  master  of  iJlundell's  School, 
Tivertoii,  1733-9:  published  poems,  1716-36;  friend  of 
Francis  Atterbnry  [q.  v.]  [Ix.  317] 

WESLEY,  SAMUEL  (17G6-1837),  musician:  son  of 
Chariot-  Wesley  (1707-1788)  [q.  v.]  :  chiefly  self-taught; 
gave  subscription  concerts  in  London  from  1779;  em- 
braced Roman  Catholicism,  1784;  mental  balance  dis- 
turbed by  severe  accident,  1787  ;  enthusiastic  admirer  of 


Virginia.  [Ix.  329] 

WEST,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1652),  captain  in  London 
trained  bands,  1644 ;  lieutenant  of  Tower,  1645.  [U.  829] 

WEST,  FRANCIS  ROBERT  (1749  ?-1809),  draughts- 
mail  in  crayons  ;  son  of  Robert  West  [q.  v.] ;  trained  in 
Paris  ;  master  of  Dublin  School  of  Design,  1770-1809. 

[Ix.  840] 
WEST,   GEORGE  JOHN  8ACKVILLR.  fifth  EARI 


curbed  by  severe  accident,  17H7  :  enthusiastic  mumrei  wjbai,    ujsunuis  junn   OAVJA.T u*i,r..  m 

John  Sebastian  Bach's  music  from   1800;   lectured  on     DB  LA  WARR  (1791-1K69),  contemporary  of  Byron  at 


music  in  London  from  1811 ;  organist  in  Camden  Town, 
London,  1824 ;  a  prolific  composer.  [Ix.  318] 

WESLEY,  SAMUEL  SEBASTIAN  (1810-1876),organ- 
ist  and  composer ;  natural  son  of  Samuel  Wesley  (1766-1837) 
[q.  v.]  ;  chorister,  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1819  ;  organist 
of  various  London  churches.  1825-32,  Hereford  Cathedral, 
1832-5,  Exeter  Cathedral,  1835-41,  Leeds  parish  church, 
1842-9,  Winchester  Cathedral,  1849-65,  and  Gloucester 
Cathedral,  1865-76;  Mus.Doc.  Oxford,  1839;  professor 

of  the  organ,  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  1850:    granted  ;  U.C.L.  Oxford,  1748),  a    metrici 
civil  list  pension,  1873  :  published  pamphlets  against  the  i  pi,,^  •  and  miscellaneous  poetry, 
cathedral  music  of  his  time;  in  first  rank  as  composer  of  • 
English  church  music.  [Ix.  320] 

WESSEX,  Kings  of.     [See  WEST-SAXOXS.] 

WE8SINOTON,  JOHN  (d.  1451),  prior  of  Durham  : 
I'.cni-dictinc  monk  ;  studied  at.  and  was  burxar,  1398,  of 
Durham  College,  Oxfoni ;  chancellor  of  Durham  Cathedral, 
lliHi,  ami  prior,  1416-46;  wrote  pennon-  nnd  treatises  on 
history  of  monasticism  and  of  universities,  still  extant  in 
manuscript,  [Ix.  323] 

WEST,  MRS.  (1790-1876),  actress;  nArCooke;  first 
appeared  at  Bath,  1810,  at  Coveut  Garden,  London,  1812, 


1815-17  ;  a  leading  actress,  chiefly  in  tragedy,  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1818-28;  played  secondary  parts  at 
Covent  Garden,  1835  ;  afterwards  played  in  the  provinces. 

Llx.  323] 


Harrow;  M.A.  Brascnose  College,  Oxford,  1819;  lord  of 
the  bedchamber,  1H13  ami  1*20-8:  assumed  Hackvilte  a« 
additional  name,  1843  ;  lord-chamberlain,  1841  and  1868- 
1859.  [Ix.  888] 

WEST,  GILBERT  (1703-1756),  author  :  educated  at 
Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1725;  fared  In 
army  aud  secretary  of  state's  office :  clerk  of  privy  council, 
1752  :  paymaster  of  Cbelstw  Hospital,  Ixmdon,  1 154  ;  pub- 
lished 'Observations  on  the  Resurreitlon,'  1747  (boo. 
Oxford,  1748),  a  metrical  version  of  'Odes  of 

[Ix.  880] 

WEST,  JAMES  (17047-1772),  politician  and  anti- 
quary: M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxfoni,  1726:  called  to  bar, 
Inner  Temple,  1728,  bencher,  17G1,  reader.  1767,  treasurer, 
176H:  F.H.S.,  1726.  ami  president,  1768;  F.8.A.,  17»7; 
M.P.,St.  Albans  1741-CH,  Boronghbridge,  1768-72:  Joint- 
secretary  to  treasury,  1741 -C2  ;  rvconler  of  Pode,  174«-7» ; 
manuscripts,  rare  books,  prints,  coins,  pjctares. 

WEST.  MRS.  JANE  (1758  1852),  author:  began  to 
write  verms,    1771  :    publifhe*!    verses,   plays,   didactic 
Letters,'  and  novels  of    goal  moral   U>ne,   17 


and    Hdiuburph,  1814;    married,  1815:    acted  at  Bath,     befriended  by  Thomas  Percy  [q.  v.],  the  bishop, 
in  tragedy,  Drury  ) 


WEST,  JOHN,  first  EARL  DK  LA  WARR  (1898-17WX 
travelled  :  clerk-extraonlinary  of  privy  council,  1718 : 
M.P.,  Urampound,  1715;  Ueotenantrcolonel  in  guards, 


WEST 


1388 


WESTFALING 


1717:  succeeded  as  seventh  (or  sixteenth)  Baron  Do  La 
Warr,  1723;  treasurer  of  the  household,  1731-6;  took 
••  part  in  debates  in  the  Lords,  1732-54  ;  brigadier  at 
Detting«u,  1743;  general  of  horse,  1765;  created  curl, 
1761.  [lx.  332] 

WEST,  JOHN,  second  EARL  DK  LA  WARR  (1  729-1777), 

son  of  John  West,  first  earl  De  La  Warr  [q.  v.]  ;  ensign, 

:    major-general,  1761  ;    styled  Viscount  Cantelupe 

from  1761  ;  succeeded  to  earldom,  1766  ;  lieutenant-geue- 

nil,  1770.  [lx.  333] 

WEST,  SIR  JOHN  (1774-1862),  admiral;  entered 
navy,  1788  ;  captain,  1796  :  rear-admiral,  1819  :  K.C.B., 
1840;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1858  ;  G.C.B.,  1860.  [lx.  334] 

WEST,  JOSEPH  (fl.  1669-1685),  governor  of  South 
Carolina  ;  took  out  an  emigrant  party,  1669  ;  settled  at 
Ashley  River,  1670  ;  temporary  governor,  1671  ;  governor 
and  store-keeper,  1674-82  and  1684-5.  [lx.  334] 

WEST,  NICOLAS  (1461-1533),  bishop  of  Ely  and 
diplomatist  ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  Knur's  College, 
Cambridge,  1483-98  ;  LL.D.,  c.  1485  ;  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Derby,  1486  ;  non-resident  rector  of  Egglescliffe, 
1499-1515,  and  Witney,  1502-15  ;  appointed  dean  of  Wind- 
sor, 1509  ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1515-33  ;  constantly  employed 
on  complimentary  and  diplomatic  missions  to  Scotland, 
Germany,  France,  and  Castile,  1502-25;  chaplain  to 
Queen  Catherine  of  Arragon  and  opposed  to  the  divorce 
proceedings,  1529;  added  to  buildings  of  St.  George's, 
Windsor,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  Putney  parish 
church,  and  Ely  Cathedral.  [lx.  335] 

WEST,  RAPHAEL  LAMAR  (1769-1850),  painter  and 
book-illustrator  ;  son  of  Benjamin  West  [q.  v.]  [lx.  327] 

WEST,  RICHARD  (fl.  1606-1619),  poet;  published 
•News  from  Bartolomew  Fayre,'  1606,  and  '  The  Court  of 
Conscience,'  a  satire,  1607  ;  added  second  part,  1619,  to 
Francis  Segar's  '  School  of  Vertue.'  [lx.  338] 

WEST,  RICHARD  (d.  1726),  lawyer  and  playwright  ; 
called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1714,  bencher,  1718  ;  counsel 
to  board  of  trade,  1718  ;  M.P.,  Grampound,  1721,  Bodmin, 
1722-6  ;  active  manager  of  Lord-chancellor  Maoclesfield's 
impeachment,  1725  ;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1725  ; 
published  treatises  on  law  of  attainder,  1716,  and  creation 
of  peers,  1719  ;  brought  out  '  Hecuba,  a  tragedy,'  1726. 


[lx.  338] 
;    school-friend 


WEST,  RICHARD  (1716-1742),  poet 
of  Thomas  Gray  at  Eton  ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1733  ; 
studied  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1735-8  ;  some  of  his 
letters  and  poems  published  posthumously.       [lx.  339] 

WEST,  ROBERT  (d.  1770),  artist  ;  trained  at  Paris  ; 
head-master  of  Dublin  School  of  Design.  [lx.  340] 

WEST,  ROBERT  LUCIUS  (d.  1849),  painter  of  por- 
traits and  historical  subjects  ;  son  of  Francis  Robert 
West  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1808  ;  head- 
master of  Dublin  School  of  Design,  1809-49  ;  an  original 
member  of  Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  1823.  [lx.  340] 

WEST,  TEMPLE  (1713-1757),  vice-admiral;  entered 
navy,  1727  ;  captain,  1738  ;  cashiered,  1745,  for  failure 
(off  Toulon,  1744)  to  come  to  close  action  with  French 
squadron,  but  reinstated  through  family  influence,  1746  ; 
rear-admiral,  1755  ;  second  in  command  under  Admiral 
John  Byng  [q.  v.]  in  failure  at  Minorca,  1756  ;  vice- 
admiral  of  the  blue,  1756.  [lx.  341] 

WEST,  Sm  THOMAS,  eighth  BARON  WEST  and 
ninth  BARON  DK  LA  WARR  (1472  ?-1554),  soldier  and 
courtier  ;  knighted  while  serving  in  France,  1513  ;  at- 
tended  Henry  VIII  to  France,  1520;  carver  to  Henry 
VHI,  1521  ;  high  sheriff  of  Surrey  and  Sussex,  1624  ; 
succeeded  to  baronies,  1526;  assented  to  Henry  VIIFs 
divorce  from  Catherine,  1530  ;  acted  with  the  opposition 
peers,  1636-46  :  disliked  dissolution  of  monasteries  and 
the  English  service-books  ;  prisoner  in  Tower  of  London 
under  suspicion  of  disaffection,  1538  ;  forced  to  give  Hal- 
naker  to  Henry  VIII  in  exchange  for  church  hinds,  1540  ; 
supported  Warwick  against  Somerset,  1547;  K.G.,  1549  :  ' 
accused  his  nephew,  William  West,  afterwards  first  (or  ' 
tenth)  baron  De  La  Warr  [q.  v.],  of  attempt  to  poison  him,  I 
1M9;  joint  lonl-lieutenaut  of  Sussex,  1651  ;  declared  for 
Queen  Mary,  1553.  [lx.  341] 

WEST,  THOMAS,  third  (or  twelfth)  BARON  DK  LA  \ 
WAHU  (1577-1618X  entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  I 
MM;  created  M.A,  1605  ;  travelled  in  Italy,  1595;  M.P.,  | 


Lyminpton,  1597  ;  served  in  Netherlands.  1598,  and  under 
Essex  in  Ireland,  1599;  knighted,  1599;  imprisoned  as 
j  privy  to  Essex's  rising,  1602 ;  succeeded  to  barony 
il602;  member  of  Virginia  Company,  1G09;  appointed 
|  governor  and  took  out  fresh  colonists,  lf.10;  returns  I 
I  and  published  '  delation,'  giving  favourable  account  of 
j  colony,  1611 ;  died  in  Virginia  on  second  visit. 

WEST,  THOMAS  (1720-1779),  topographer*;'  joined 
j  Jesuits,  1751 ;    mission-priest  in  Furness  and  Westmore- 
I  land  ;  published  'Antiquities  of  Furness,'  1774,  'Guide  to 
the  Lakes,'  1778,  and  archaeological  papers.        [lx.  345] 

WEST,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1568-1594),  author  of  '  Sym- 
bolaeographia '  (published,  1590),  a  practical  guide  to 
English  law  ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1568.  [lx.  346] 

WEST,  WILLIAM,  first  (or  tenth)  BARON  DK  LA 
WARR  (1519  ?-1595),  attainted,  1550,  on  charge  of  at- 
tempting to  poison  his  uncle  Thomas  West,  ninth  baron 
De  La  Warr  [q.  v.] ;  restored  in  blood,  1563  ;  believed  to 
have  been  created  by  patent  Baron  De  La  Warr,  1570 ; 
summoned,  1572-92.  His  title  to  count  in  reckoning  of 
old  barony  rests  on  decision  of  lords,  1597.  [lx.  344] 

WEST,  WILLIAM  (1770-1854),  bookseller  and  anti- 
quary ;  apprenticed  in  London,  1784 ;  bookseller  in  €ork, 
1808-30,  Birmingham,  and  London ;  published,  among 
other  works,  'Tavern  Anecdotes,  and  Reminiscences  of 
Signs,'  1825,  autobiographical  'Fifty  Years'  Recollec- 
tions,' 1830,  a  history  of  Warwickshire,  1830,  views  of 
buildings  in  Staffordshire,  1830-1 ;  and  historical  collec- 
tions about  printing,  1835,  and  bookselling,  1839. 

[lx.  346] 

WEST,  WILLIAM  (1796  ?-1888),  comedian  and 
musical  composer ;  appeared  at  Haymarket,  London, 
1805 ;  acted  in  provincial  and  in  minor  London  theatres  ; 
lived  to  be  called  '  The  Father  of  the  Stage ' ;  composed 
songs  and  glees.  [lx.  324] 

WESTALL,  RICHARD  (1765-1836),  historical 
painter;  apprentice  to  heraldic  engraver,  London,  1779- 
1786;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1784:  R.A., 
1794 ;  painted  chiefly  in  water-colours,  but  occasionally 
in  oils  ;  painted  chiefly  historical  subjects,  but  also  por- 
traits and  rustic  subjects  ;  contributed  designs  to  the 
'Shakespeare'  and  'Milton'  of  John  Boydell  [q.  v.] :  a 
prolific  book-illustrator.  [lx.  347] 

WESTALL,  WILLIAM  (1781-1850),  topographical 
painter  ;  taught  by  his  brother  Richard  Westali  [q.  v.]  ; 
draughtsman  to  Matthew  Flinders's  [q.  v.]  Australian 
expedition,  1801-5,  making  sketches  in  Australia,  China, 
and  Bombay  ;  visited  Madeira  and  Jamaica,  1805-6  ;  exhi- 
bited water-colour  pictures  and  drawings  of  foreign 
scenes,  1808-28,  and  of  English  scenery,  1809-40  ;  A.R.A., 
1812  ;  much  employed  in  illustration  of  topographical 
works,  1818-31.  [lx.  348] 

WESTBTTRY,  first  BARON  (1800-1873).  [See  BBTHELL, 
RICHARD.] 

WESTCOTE,  BARONS.  [See  LYTTELTON,  WILLIAM 
HENRY,  first  BARON,  1724-1808 :  LYTTELTON,  WILLIAM 
HENRY,  third  BARON,  1782-1837 :  LYTTELTON,  GEORGE 
WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON,  1817-1876.] 

WESTCOTE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1624-1636),  topographer : 
travelled  ;  saw  military  service ;  compiled  topographical 
'  View  of  Devonshire,'  e.  1630,  and  '  Pedigrees  of  ... 
Devonshire  Families'  (printed,  1845).  [lx.  350] 

WESTCOTT,  GEORGE  BLAGDON  (1745?-1798), 
captain  in  the  navy ;  master's  mate,  1768 ;  lieutenant, 
1777;  captain,  1790;  killed  in  battle  of  St.  Vincent; 
accorded  public  monument  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

[lx.  350] 

WESTERN,  CHARLES  CALLIS,  BARON  WESTKHX 
(1767-1844),  politician  and  agriculturist;  of  Felix  Hall, 
Essex;  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge;  travelled. 
collecting  busts,  urns,  and  other  objects  of  antiquity ; 
M.P.,  Maldon,  1790-1812,  Essex,  1812-32;  advocated 
agricultural  interests  and  parliamentary  reform ;  created 
Baron  Western  of  Rivenhall,  1833 ;  improved  breed  of 
sheep;  published  pamphlets  on  prison  discipline,  1821-2, 
and  economic  questions,  1822-43.  [lx.  351] 

WESTFALING  or  WESTPHALING,  HKUI'.KIIT 
(1532 V-1602),  bishop  of  Hereford:  student  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1547;  M.A.,  1555;  canon,  1562;  D.D., 


WE8TFIEL.D 


.1168 


WESTON 


1566  ;  Lady  Mnrearet  professor  of  divinity,  1562-4  :  vice- 

cliaiicellor    of    Oxford,     !.'.:• 

liiiMwin,  Oxfonl-lnv,    1572:    hi'hop  of   llt-n-L. 

hciii'ia.-torof  Jesiw  College,  Oxford;  published 

''  [lx.  862] 


of  Reformat  :..n  in 


1688. 


WESTFIELD,  THOMAS  (1I78-1644X  bUbop  of 
Bristol:  f.iiow  ,,f  JL*US  College,  Cambridge,  1600-3; 
M.A.,  1596;  D.D.,  1615;  rector  of  Sooth 
1600-5,  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Smithfleld,  London,  1606,  and 
of  Hornby.  lol5-37;  archdeacon  of  St.  Albany  1631; 


KDWARD  ( 1703-1 770X  didactic  writer: 
1665-1 


bishop  of  Bristol,  1642 ;  attended  opening  of  Westminster 
Assembly,  1643;  his  sermons  published  posthumously, 
1646  and  1G60.  [lx.  3M] 

WESTGARTH,  WILLIAM  (1815-1889),  Australian 
colonist  and  politician  ;  clerk  in  office  of  Australian  mer- 
chant firm,  Leith ;  general  merchant,  Melbourne,  184O : 
actively  opposed  transportation  :  represented  Melbourne 
..nth  Wales  legislature,  1850-3 ;  settled  in  London 
as  director  of  Westgarth  Si  Co.,  colonial  brokers,  1867 ; 
published  '  Report  on  ...  Australian  Aborigines,'  1846, 
historical  notes  of  settlement  of  Port  Phillip  or  Vic- 
toria, 1848-57,  and  personal  recollections  of  colonial 
affairs,  1888-9.  [lx.  354] 

WESTMACOTT,  SIR  RICHARD  (1775-1856),  sculptor ; 
trained  in  Rome  under  Cauova,  1793-7;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy,  1797-1839 ;  R^..,  1811  :  professor  of 
sculpture.  Royal  Academy,  1827-57;  hon.  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
183C;  knighted,  1837;  up  to  1820  worked  chiefly  on 
monumental  sculptures,  busta  and  statues,  after  1820 
chiefly  on  classical  and  imaginative  works ;  many  of  his 
monuments  in  Westminster  Abbey  and  St.  Paul's,  Lon- 
don ;  executed  bronze  Achilles  in  Hyde  Park,  1822,  and 
pediment  of  British  Museum  portico,  1847.  [lx.  355] 

WESTMACOTT,  RICHARD  (1799-1872),  sculptor; 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Westmacott  [q.  v.] ;  studied  In  Italy, 
1820-6 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1827-56  ;  R.A., 
1849 ;  up  to  1840  produced  chiefly  imaginative  work?, 
afterwards  chiefly  portraits  and  monument*) ;  professor 
of  sculpture,  Royal  Academy,  1867-67.  [lx.  356] 

WESTMACOTT,  THOMAS  (d.  1798),  architect;  ex- 
hibited at  Royal  Academy,  1796-8.  [lx.  356] 

WESTMEATH,  EARI*  OP.  [See  NUGENT,  SIR 
RICHARD,  first  BARL,  1683-1642;  NUGENT,  BJOHABD, 
second  EARL,  d.  1684 :  NUGENT,  THOMAS,  fourth  EARL, 
1666-1752 ;  NUGENT,  JOHN,  fifth  EARL,  1672-1764.] 

WESTMINSTER,  first  DUKE  OP  (1825-1899).  [See 
GROSVBNOR,  HUGH  LUPUS.] 

WESTMINSTER,  MARQUISES  OP.  [See  GROSVENOR, 
ROBERT,  first  MARQUIS,  1767-1845  ;  GROSVENOR, 
RICHARD,  second  MARQUIS,  1795-1869.] 

WESTMINSTER,  MATTHEW,  name  of  nn  Imagi- 
nary author,  to  whom  is  assigned,  In  a  fifteenth-i-i  ntnry 
manuscript,  the  chronicle  *  Flores  Historiarum,'  compiled 
by  various  writers  at  the  abbeys  of  St.  Albnns  and  West- 
minster, first  printed,  1567,  reprinted  in  Rolls  Series,  1890. 

WESTMORLAND,  BARONS  OP.  [See  CLIFFORD, 
ROGER  DE,  fifth  BARON,  1333-1389 :  CLIFFORD,  THOMAS 
DE,  sixth  BARON,  d.  1391  ?  :  CLIFFORD,  HKSKY  DE  CLIP- 
FORD,  tenth  BARON,  1465  V-1523 :  CLIFFORD,  HENRY  DE 
CLIFFORD,  eleventh  BARON,  1493-1542 ;  CLIFFORD,  HENRY 
DX,  twelfth  BARON,  d.  1570.] 

WESTMORLAND,  EARLS  OF.  [See  NEVILLE,  RALPH, 
first  EARL  of  first  creation,  1364-1425  :  NEVILLE,  RALPH, 
second  earl,  d.  1484;  NEVILLE,  RALPH,  fourth  EARL, 
1499-1650;  NEVILLK,  HENRY,  fifth  EAKL,  15257-1563; 
NEVILLE,  CHARLES,  sixth  EARL,  1543-1601 ;  FANK,  MILD- 
MAT,  second  EARL  of  second  creation,  rf.  1665 ;  FANE, 
JOHN,  seventh  EARL,  16827-1762;  FANK,  JOHN.  Matt 
EARL,  1759-1841 ;  FANK,  JOHN,  eleventh  EARL,  1784-1869 ; 
KANE,  FRANCIS  WILLIAM  HENRY,  twelfth  EARL,  1825- 
1891.] 

WESTMORLAND,  COUNTESS  OF  (1793-1879).  [See 
FANK,  PRISCILLA  ANNK.] 

WESTON,  EDWARD  (1566-1635),  Roman  catholic 
controversialist ;  studied  at  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1579,  Rheims,  and  Rome,  1585-91;  D.D.  Monreale; 
lecturer  on  casuistry,  Rheims,  1592,  and  on  divinity, 
Douay,  1693-1603 :  mission-priest  in  England,  e.  1WS-™ ; 
canon  of  Bruges;  published  doctrinal  and  polemical 
works,  Latin  and  English,  1602-31.  t»x.  368] 


[lx.  S61] 


son  of  Stephen  Westoo  (16M-174S)  [q.  v.]:  ed( 

X's  College.  Cambridge ;  W.A.,  1727  : 
secretary  of  state,  1730-44  and  1711-4 ;  editor  of  •  London 
Gasette*  1741-70;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1746-41 ; 
assailed  by  Junlus  under  the  Unpresston  that  he  was 
the  author  of  •  A  Vindication  of  the  Duke  of  Grafton ': 

:  .;.-;.  .    i  ..•  ....;.  m..        ..    .::-.   •  -..:,  '  P, 

Country  Gentleman's  Advice  to*  'his  Bon,'  17M.  •  to  hi» 
Neighbours,'  1756.  [lx.  SM] 

WE8TON,  ELIZABETH  JANE  (1M2-1612).  learned 
lady;  master  of  several  languages;  born  in  London; 

•          ....  "...     !  ;  '        '.         .,    .••:. 

letters  and   verses  to  princes  and 

Llpsius  and  Scmllger:  married  the  jurist  Join 

Spoil     itteteTsji  riMkiorVosvOte^  U  ft 

[lx.  SM] 

WESTON,    8m    FRANCIS   (16117-1636).  courtier: 

only  son  of  Sir  Richard  Weston  (14667-1642)  [q.  v.]; 

i  page  to  Henry  VIII,  1§M ;   gentleman  of   the  privy 

chamber,  1632 ;  K.B.,  IMS ;  executed  on  charge  of  mls- 

!  conduct  with  Anne  Uoleyn.  [Ix.  StO] 

WESTON,  HUGH  (16067-1658X  dean  of  West- 
minster ;  M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1M> ;  rector  of 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1538-65  ;  D.D.,  1MO ;  Margaret 
professor  of  divinity,  1540-9;  pluralist  in  rectories; 
leader  of  Roman  catholic  party  ;  dean  of  Westminster, 
1553-6,  and  of  Windsor,  1650-7 :  appointed  to 
over  trial  of  Cranmer  and  the  disputation  bet 
mcr  and  Richard  Smith,  1554. 

WESTON,  JEROMB,  second  BARL  OP  POBTLAKD 
(1605-1663).  son  of  Richard  Weston,  first  earl  of  Portland 
[il.  v.] ;  M.P.,  Gatton,  1628-9 :  envoy  to  Prance,  1618  and 
1632-3 ;  styled  Lord  Weston  from  1633 ;  succeeded  to 
earldom.  1635;  governor  of  Isle  of  Wight,  16SS-4J  and 
16GO-3:  joint  lord-lieutenant  of  Hampshire,  1641;  Im- 
prisoned for  plot  to  deliver  Portsmouth  to  Charles  I, 
1642-3  ;  resided  In  Oxford,  1643-6 :  compounded  for  de- 
linquency, 1646 ;  sat  in  Convention  parliament,  1660. 

[lx.  362] 

WESTON,  SIR   RICHARD  (14667-1MJ),  courtier; 
governor  of  Guernsey,  1609-42:  fought  against  Moors, 
1611  ;  knighted,  1514:  in  constant  personal  attendance 
on  Henry  VIII  as  knight  of  tbe  body  from  1116;  " 
1618 ;  granted  Sutton  manor,  Surrey,  1521 :  treasurer  i 
Calais,  1625 ;  nnder-treasurer  of  England,  1628-42. 

WESTON,  RICHARD  (rf.  1572),  judge ;  called  to  bar, 
Middle  Temple,  l>cfore  1654,  reader,  1584  :  bought  Skreens, 
Essex,  155  J;  M.P.,  Maldon,  1655;  solicitor-general,  1M7- 
1559  ;  justice  of  common  pleas,  1659-72. 

WESTON,  RICHARD,  first  BARL  op  PORTLAXI> 
(1577-1635),  statesman:  student  of  Middle  Tempte; 
knighted,  1603;  M.P.,  Maldon.  1601-S,  Mldburst,  1604 
E^x,  1614,  Arundel,  1621 :  M.P.  1624;  M.P.Oallinsjton, 
1625,  Bodmin,  1626 ;  ivnt,  by  reoommendaUon  -' 
mar,  to  Brussels  and 
avert  Invasion  of  Pala 
ration  of  Elector  Palatine, 

exchequer  from  1621,  showed  financial  capacity  In  pro. 
viding  for  necessary  expenditure,  incurred  popular  hatred 
as  suspected  Roman  catholic,  and  was  Intrigued  against 
by  Henrietta  Maria  for  refusing  grants  to  her  favourites ; 


Germany  on  frulUess  endeavour  to 
alatlnate,  162O,  and  to  solicit  resto- 
alatlne,  1««:  ••  chanceUor  of  the 


parliament,  I1 
to  secret  treaty, 
laud,  1633. 

WESTON.    Siu 
called  to  bar.  Middle  Tempte,  1607 


RICHARD    (15797-16MX    Jtt*f« 
remple,  1607,  bencher,  16«:>CP. 


1641  ;  disabled  from  judicUl 

WZ8TON.    SIR    RICHARD    O*91-1M2X 
turist;   of  Sutton,  Surrey:   knighted,  1621;  »»trodncsd 
canal-locks.  Irrigation  to  Increase  hay-crops,  and  rotation 
oTcrop^  sup25ended  work,  (c^Pjf-OlM)  «*>  -£ 

' 


-. 

ocrop     supend 
Wey  navigable  to 
trated   as   royalist: 

;';:,,;:,;,,  :;,-,- 

bant  and  Planders.1 


while 


[lx.H7] 


WESTON 


1390 


WETHERSET 


WISTON,  S;it  III CH A KD  (1620-1681),  judge;  called 
to  bar,  ii ray's  Inn,  1649,  reader,  1076;  pk-adcr  of  repute, 
f.  1662;  kind's  servant  aud  knighted,  1078;  barou  of 
exchequer,  1680-1.  [lx.  369] 

WESTON,  RICHARD  (1733-1806),  agricultural 
writer  ;  thread-hosier  of  Leicester  :  works  include  '  Tracts 
on  Practical  Agriculture  and  Gardening,'  1769,  '  Flora 
AngUcaua,'  1775-80, and  'The  Leicester  Directory,'  1794. 

[lx.  369] 

WZSTON,  ROBERT  (1515  ?-1573),  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland  ;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1536  ;  prin- 
cipal of  Broadgates  Hull,  Oxford,  1546-9  ;  D.C.L.,  1556  : 
M.P.,  Exeter,  1553,  Lichfleld,  1559  ;  dean  of  arches,  1559- 
1667-  lord-chancellor  of  Ireland,  1567-73;  held,  though 
layman,  deanery  of  St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  1567-73,  and 
deanery  of  Wells,  1570-3.  [be.  370] 

WESTON,  STEPHEN  (1665-1742),  bishop  of  Exeter  ; 
educated  at  Eton  :  fellow  of  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1690 ;  assistant-master,  1690,  and  second  master, 
1693-1707,  at  Eton  ;  fellow  of  Eton,  1707 ;  D.D.  Oxford, 
1711;  canon  of  Ely,  1715-17;  vicar  of  Mapledurham, 
1716  ;  bishop  of  Exeter,  1724  ;  compiled  school-books  for 
use  at  Eton ;  sermons  published  posthumously. 

[lx.  371] 

WESTON,  STEPHEN  (1747-1830),  antiquary  and 
man  of  letters ;  educated  at  Blundell's  School,  Tiverton  ; 
fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1768-84;  M.A.,  1770; 
B.D.,  1782  ;  travelled  as  tutor  on  continent,  1771 ;  visited 
Paris,  1791-2,  and  subsequently  ;  rector  of  Mamhead, 
1777-90,  and  of  Little  Hempston,  Devon,  1784-1823:  F.R.S., 
1792;  F.S.A..  1794;  published  notes  of  travel,  classical 
texts  and  annotations,  notes  on  Shakespeare,  scriptural 
annotations,  and  translations  from  Arabic,  Chinese,  and 
Persian,  1776-1828;  other  works  include  'Remains  of 
Arabic  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  Languages,'  1810,  and 
4  Greek,  Latin,  and  Sanscrit  compared,'  1814.  [lx.  372] 

WESTON,  THOMAS  (d.  1643  ?),  merchant  and  colo- 
nist ;  made,  at  Leyden,  1620,  offers  to  provide  shipping  to 
take  puritans  to  New  England,  which  he  failed  to  keep  ; 
sent  trading-ship  to  Plymouth,  New  England,  which 
brought  back  cargo  of  timber  and  fur,  1621 ;  sent  out 
futile  private  expedition  to  New  England,  1622,  and  fol- 
lowed it ;  returned  to  England.  [lx.  374] 

WESTON,  THOMAS  (1737-1776),  actor;  acted  at 
Bartholomew  Fair  and  Haymarket,  London,  1759,  and  at 
Dublin,  1760-1 ;  an  admired  comedian,  especially  in  clown 
Darts,  at  principal  London  theatres,  1761-75.  [lx.  375] 

WESTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1540),  last  prior  of 
knights  of  St.  John  in  England ;  distinguished  himself  at 
siege  of  Rhodes,  1522;  commanded  warship  ('the  first 
ironclad ')  at  Crete,  1523 ;  envoy  to  Henry  VIII,  1524 ; 
prior  in  England,  1527 ;  died  on  day  of  dissolution  of  the 
order.  [lx.  377] 

WESTON,  WILLIAM  (1550?-1615),  Jesuit;  known 
also  as  EDMONDS  and  HUNT  ;  contemporary  of  Edmund 
Campion  [q.  v.]  at  Oxford ;  studied  at  Paris,  and,  1572, 
Douay  ;  joined  jesuite,  1575  ;  trained  in  Rome  and  Spain  ; 
Greek  lecturer  at  Seville,  1582-4 ;  superior  of  Jesuit  mission 
in  England,  1584;  reconciled  Philip  Howard,  earl  of 
Arumlel  [q.  v.]  ;  wrote  'Book  of  Miracles,'  describing  his 
activity  as  exorcist ;  prisoner  in  the  Clink,  1586-8  Wis- 
bech  Castle,  1588-98,  and  the  Tower  of  London,  1598- 
1603 ;  quarrelled  at  Wisbech  with  Christopher  Ba^shaw 
[q.  v.]  and  other  secular  priests,  1594  ;  allowed  to  with- 
<lraw  to  continent,  1603 ;  official  of  colleges  at  Seville 
1605-14,  and  Valladolid,  1614  ;  died  at  Valladolid. 

WE8TPHAL,  Sm  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS*'  (1785- 
1875),  admiral ;  on  active  service,  1798-1834  ;  wounded  at 
Trafalgar;  lieutenant,  1806;  captain,  1819;  knighted 
1824 ;  rear-admiral,  1851 ;  admiral,  1863.  [lx.  380] 

WESTPHAL,  PHILIP  (1782-1880),  admiral;  on 
active  service,  1794-1847:  lieutenant,  1801;  captain 
1830 ;  rear-admiral,  1855 ;  admiral,  1866.  [lx.  380]  ' 

WE8TPHALTNQ,    HERBERT  (1532  ?-1602).     [See 

WBBTFALINU.] 

,  kings  and  qneena  of.    [See  OKRDIC, 

'$  m'  °*>uuc,  *   *97:  CYNKOIIB 
,  d.  672 ;  SKXBUROA,  rf.  673 ;  CYNEWULF, 


d.  785  ;  OKNTWINE,  d.  685  ;  GAKDWALLA,  659  ?-f>89  ;  INK, 
./.  7iY, ;  CfTiuiKi),  ii.  754  ;  SIGKBKKT,</.  756  V;  BixmnTiuc, 
</.  802  ;  KUUKHT,  (/.  839.] 

WESTWOOD,  JOHN  OBADIAH  (1805-1893),  ento- 
mologist and  palaeographer  ;  articled  to  Ixmdon  solicitor, 
is-Jl  :  secretary  of  tatomotogical  Society,  1834;  first 
Hope  professor  of  zoology,  Oxford,  1861-93:  M.A.  by 
decree,  1861 ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1880 ; 
published  entomological  text-books.  1838-89,  paper; 
in  sciiMititic  journals  from  1H27,  and  additions  to  n.-,v 
editions  of  older  works;  published,  ainonir  other  pab-o- 
^raphical  works,  '  Paheographia  Sacra  Pictoria,'  1 
•  Facsimiles  of  Miniatures  aud  Ornaments  of  Anirlo-Saxon 
and  Irish  Manuscripts,'  18t;s,  ami  '  Lapidarium  NValliae,' 
account  of  early  inscribed  stones  in  Wales,  1876-9. 

[lx.  381] 

WESTWOOD.  THOMAS  (1814?-1888),  minor  poet; 
son  of  Thomas  Westwood  of  Enfield ;  friend  of  Charles 
Lamb,  who  fostered  his  literary  tastes  ;  published,  between 
1840  and  1886,  several  volumes  of  verse  characterised  by 
exquisite  taste ;  went  to  Belgium  as  director  and  secretary 
of  the  Tournay  railway,  1844,  and  devoted  much  attention 
to  collection  of  a  library  of  works  on  angling,  and  sub- 
sequently published  writings  on  the  bibliography  of 
angling,  including  'Chronicle  of  the  Compleat  Angler,' 
1864,  and  '  Bibliotheca  Piscatoria '  (in  collaboration  with 
Thomas  Satchell,  d.  1888),  1883.  [Suppl.  iii.  510] 

WETENHALL,  EDWARD  (1636-1713),  bishop  of 
Kilmore  and  Ardagh ;  educated  at  Westminster  School ; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1660 ;  M.A.  Lincoln 
College,  Oxford,  1661 ;  prebendary  of  Exeter,  1667  ;  master 
of  blue-coat  school,  Dublin,  1672;  D.D.  Trinity  College, 
Dublin  ;  bishop  of  Cork  and  Ross,  1679 ;  resided  in  Ireland 
throughout  troubles,  1688-9  ;  translated  to  Kilmore,  1699  ; 
urged  publication  of  '  books  of  religion '  in  Irish  language, 
1710  ;  published  grammars  of  Greek  and  Latin,  devotional 
works,  and  appeals  for  mutual  forbearance  in  theological 
controversy,  1666-1710.  [lx.  382] 

WETHAM,  ROBERT  (d,  1738).    [See  WITHA  M.] 

WETHERALL,  SIR  EDWARD  ROBERT  (d.  1869), 
major-general  r  sou  of  Sir  George  Augustus  Wetherall 
[q.  v.];  entered  army,  1834;  served  in  Canada,  1837; 
captain,  1845  ;  assistant  quartermaster-general  in  Crimea, 
1854-5 ;  chief  of  staff  to  Sir  Hugh  Henry  Rose  [q.  v.]  in 
central  India,  1857-8  ;  K.C.S.I.,  1867  ;  major-general,  1869. 

WETHERALL,  SIR  FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  (1754- 
1842),  general;  entered  army,  1775;  served  in  America, 
1776 ;  officer  of  marines  in  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent, 
1780;  captain,  1781;  stationed  in  Gibraltar,  1783-9; 
served  in  Canada  and  We?t  Indies,  1790-1806  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1795  ;  major-general,  1809  ;  second  in  command 
of  Java  expedition,  1810 ;  stationed  in  Mysore,  1811-15  ; 
G.C.H.,  1833  ;  general,  1837  ;  successively  aide-de-camp, 
equerry,  and  executor  to  Duke  of  Kent.  [lx.  383] 

WETHERALL,  SIR  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  (178?- 
1868),  general ;  son  of  Sir  Frederick  Augustus  Wetherall 
[q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  1795 ;  captain,  1805 ;  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1828;  served  in  India,  1811-31,  and  Canada,  1837; 
K.C.B.,  1856 ;  general,  1863 ;  G.C.B.,  1865 ;  governor  of 
Sandhurst  College,  1866.  [lx.  384] 

WETHERELL,  SIR  CHARLES  (1770-1846),  politician 
and  lawyer ;  demy  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1786-91 ; 
M.A.,  1793 ;  hon.  D.C.L.,  1834 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 
1794,  bencher,  1816,  treasurer,  1825  ;  practised  in  chancery 
courts  and  at  parliamentary  bar;  successfully  defended 
James  Watson  (1766  ?-1838)  [q.  v.]  in  high  treason  case, 
1817 ;  tory  M.P.,  Shaftesbury,  1813-18,  Oxford,  1820-6, 
Hastings,  1826,  Plympton  Earl,  1826-30,  Borough  bridge, 
1830-2,  violently  opposing  legal,  municipal,  and  parlia- 
mentary reform,  and  Roman  catholic  emancipation  ;  soli- 
citor-general, 1824;  knighted,  1824;  attorney-general, 
1826  and  1828  ;  recorder  of  Bristol ;  the  great  Bristol  riot 
caused  by  his  unpopularity,  1831.  [lx.  385] 

WETHEEELL,  NATHANIEL  THOMAS  (1800- 
1875),  geologist ;  surgeon;  collected  geological  specimens 
in  London  district;  contributed  papers  to  Geological 
Society.  [ix.  337] 

WETHERSET,  RICHARD  (/?.  1350),  theological 
writer  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1350 ;  work* 
still  extant  in  manuscript.  [lx.  387] 


WETHERSHED 


WHARTON 


WETHERSHED, 

<lU.VNT,    KiriCAKI).] 


UID    or  (d.    1231).      [See 


WETWANO,  Sin  JOHN'  (</.  1884),  captain  In  the 
navy:  omnm:in.l.-l  ki  HIT'S  ship  In  wan  ajrairut  Dutch, 
1665  7 i :  .Mnvov.si  Mediterranean  merchant  fl«*t,  1670; 
knlghtKl.  i.,.s.i;  ,i.,,i  ir,  i-  [U.  388] 

WEWITZER,  Mum  (/.  1772-1780).  art  row  at  Cerent 
<;;ir.l.-n.  Ix>n.l.*i,  aii.l  in  Dublin;  married,  after  >.oQ8, 
James  Cuffe,  baron  Tyrawley.  [U.  889] 

WEWITZEH.  i:\LPH  (1748-1825).  comedian;  acted 
in  principal  London  theatres,  1773- 181 2.  with  great  taooia* 
In  parts  representing  German*,  Frenchmen.  Jews,  and  old 
men :  brought  out  pantomime*.  1784  and  1788 :  published 
a  collection  of  bons  mot*  entitled  •  School  for  Wit*,'  1815, 
autobiographical  •  Dramatic  ReiuinUeences,'  and  note*  of 
stage  history.  [lx.  188] 

WEY  or  WAY.  WILLIAM  (14077-1476),  traveller 
and  author:  M.A.  and  B.D.  Oxfonl ;  fellow  of  Exeter 
College,  oxford,  1430-42:  fellow  of  Eton  College,  c.  14  »2: 
•wrote  sermons,  and  itineraries  (published.  1857)  of  his 
pilgrimages  to  Cotupostella,  1446,  and  Palestine,  1457-8 
and  1462.  [lx.  300] 

WETLAND,  JOHN  (1774-1854X  writer  on  the  poor 
laws;  called  to  bar,  Inner  Temple,  1800;  M.P.,  Hindoo, 
1830-2  ;  published  •  A  Short  Enquiry  Into  ...  Poor  Laws,' 
1807, 'Letter  .  .  .  on  State  of  Religion  lu  India,' 1813, and 
other  papers,  [lx.  390] 

WEYLAND,  THOMAS  DK  (fl.  1272-1290),  judge; 
pub-deacon :  justice  itinerant  in  eastern  counties  from 
1272;  justice  of  common  pleas,  e.  1274,  and  chief  -justice, 
1278-89 ;  active  in  judicial  duties,  but  rapacious  in  in- 
creasing his  estates ;  removed  from  office  and  his  estates 
confiscated  on  Edward  I's  return  to  England,  when  the 
conduct  of  the  judges  during  Edward  I'd  at>scncc  was 
investigated,  1289;  banished,  1290.  [lx.  3'Jl] 

WEYMOUTH,  VISCOUNTS.  [SeeTHY*;HK,Sw  THOSCAR, 
first  VISCOUNT,  1640-1714;  THYNNK,  THOMAS,  third  VIS- 
COUNT, 1734-1796.] 

WEYMOUTH  or  WAYMOTJTH.  GEORGE  (Jl.  1605), 
voyager ;  employed  by  East  India  Company  to  seek  for 
north- west  passage  to  India;  penetrated  Hudson's 
Strait,  but  was  forced  to  return  by  mutiny,  1602:  hi 
second  voyage,  1605,  traded  with  natives  on  New  England 
coast  and  sailed  up  a  river  in  Maine.  [lx.  393] 

WHALE Y  or  WHALLEY,  THOMAS  (1766-1800), 
Irish  politician  and  eccentric ;  nicknamed  '  Buck '  and 
•Jerusalem*  Whaley:  lived  extravagantly  in  ParU,  1782, 
and  Dublin  :  M.P.,  Newcastle,  co.  Down,  1785-90,  Knnis- 
oorthy,  1797-1800  :  visited  Jerusalem  on  a  wager,  1788-9; 
revisited  Paris,  1790 ;  left  autobiography  in  manuscript. 

WHALLEY.    [See  also  WHALEY.] 

WHALLEY,  EDWARD  (d.  1675  ?),  regicide ;  woollen- 
draper  ;  major  in  Cromwell's  horse,  1643,  and  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1644 ;  served  with  distinction  in  many  actions, 
1643-9 ;  one  of  army  leaders  who  resisted  dlsbandment  by 
parliament,  1647 ;  custodian  of  Charles  I  at  Hampton 
Court,  1648  ;  sat  as  judge  and  signed  Charles  I's  death- 
warrant,  1649 ;  served  under  Cromwell  at  Dunbar,  1650, 
and  Worcester,  1651 :  major-general  in  command  of  mid- 
land district,  1655 :  active  supporter  of  protectorate :  sat 
in  Oliver  Cromwell's  two  parliaments,  and  in  bis  HOU.MJ 
of  Lords,  1657 ;  army  agent  to  negotiate  with  Monck  in 
Scotland,  1659;  escaped  to  New  England,  1660:  still 
alive,  1C74.  [lx.  394] 

WHALLEY,  GEORGR  HAMMOND  (1813-1878), 
politician:  called  to  bar,  Gray's  Inn,  1835;  assistant 
tithe  commissioner,  1836-47:  published  articles  and 
treatise  on  tithe  question,  first  edition,  1838 ;  liberal  M.I'., 
Peterborough,  1859-78.  [lx.  396] 

WHALLEY,  JOHN  (1653-1724),  quack:  resided  in 
Dublin,  1682-8  and  1689-1724,  Belling  universal  medicines, 
issuing  » Vox  Urani '  or  4  Advice  from  the  Stars,'  an 
astrological  almanac,  and  pretending  to  necromancy: 
visited  London,  1688-9,  to  shun  resentment  of  native  Irish 
and  Roman  catholics  ;  issued  '  Whalley's  News  Letter,'  a 
libellous  weekly  journal,  from  1714 ;  published  astrological 
works.  [!*•  397] 

WHALLEY,  PETER  (1722-1791),  author  and  editor ; 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  1731-40  ;  fellow  of 


St.  John's  CoUam,  Oxford.  17 ,  .  t ;  ROL*  17*8  ; 

ter    in    NorthanpUNUhlre    and 


.  trMfc 

_  1760-76 :"  rector  of  He  Gabriel  Fen- 
Ixindon.  1766-91,  an; 

John  Bridges'*  {1666-1724 )  (q.  T.]  Northampton- bin,  col- 
ectloni,  1762-91.  and  Ben  JonWs  •  Work*,1 17M :  wrote 
into  the  Learning  of  Shakespeare.'  1748:  died 
at  Oiteud.  [lx,  398] 

WHALLEY.    RICHARD    (1499J-1683).    politician: 

•.••••,-:.  i!,        .      .   ...  '.I.    • 

•-.    .      '.    ,-  -r   :„       .IT,..  .'..,        ••  .    :.,J         .•     .      .     ... 

1539;  jointrsteward  to  Protector  fiomrnet;  M4>..  hear' 
borough,  1547:  crown  receiver  for  Yorkehire.  1547-51: 
oorornWlooer  for  appropriaton  of  pariah  chantriem,  1547 ; 
granted  crown  land*,  1549 ;  imprieooed  M  edhenot  of 
Bomenet,  155 1 ;  gave  evidence  egmiMt  Homen 
wiU)  :..-.  o| 


stead,  1554.  and 

KJlzabeth,  166li 


aj    :,       •      -:',. 

by  Queen  Mary.  1553:  M. P..  Beet  linn- 
Nottinghamshire,  1555 ;  granUd 


[U.1W] 


WHALLEY.  THOMAS  8BDGW  : 
and  traveller  :  M.A.  St.  John's  (  olUve.  Cambridge,  1779  ; 

Hdinburgh,  1808;  noa-roktent  rector  of  Bag. 
wortliingham.  Unoolnshire.  177S-1838;  pnbeodary  of 
Wells,  1777-1826  ;  lived  chiefly  on  contiiMnt,  17W-1808 

18;  published  venea,  1779-97,  and  a  tragedy. 
1781  ;  died  at  La  Kit-cue  :  part  of  his  journak  and  rorre- 
^pondencc  published,  1861.  [lx.  400] 

WHARNCLIFFE.  BAROXH.  [Sea  8rrART-Woi»Tunr- 
MACKEXZIK,  JAM>»  ARCIIIBAU),  flrst  BAROIT,  1776-184*; 
STUART-  WORTUCY,  Jonx,  second  BAKOX,  1801-1855.] 


WHARTON,  ANNE  (1632  7-1685  X  poeteaa:  mfrlet: 
married  Thomas  Wharton  (afterwards  first  MarquU  of 
Wharton)  [q.  T.],  1673  :  wrote  metrical  paraphraM  of 
Lamentations  of  Jeremiah  '  and  other  verse,  [lx.  401] 

WHARTOF,  EDWARD  ROSS  (1844-1896),  philotogw 
and  genealogist;  of  Charterhouse,  London,  and  Trinity 
College,  Oxford  :  Ireland  scholar  :  fellow  of  Jems  College. 
Oxford,  1868-90;  M.A.,  1870:  published  '  Etyma  Grwoa,' 
1882,  •  Etyma  Latina.'  1890.  an<l  translation*  from  elastics  ; 
his  manuscript  history  of  the  family  of  Wharton  in 
Bodleian  Library.  [lx.  401] 

WHARTON,  Sin  GEORGE,  flrst  baronet  (1617-1681X 
astrologer;  studied  astronomy  and  mathematics  at 
Oxford,  1633:  published  almanac  under  anagram  of 
George  Naworth,  1641-4,  and  under  his  own  name,  164*, 


1647  •;>',:>  iii:'..-  tolMMi  rtv  I«r«hr,  n  ,  ,•    .:  :.  -•.  a 
„:  bora  EorOtertai, 


of  England  from  1600 :  raised  troop  c 

of  Itorso; 


1642 :  defeated  at  Stow-on-tbe-Wold,  1643 ;  paymaster  to 

captain  of  bone,  1645  ;  beg) 
pamphlet  war  with  other  almanac- r 


Charles  I's  artillery.  1644 ; 

pamphlet  war  with  other  almanac-makers,  1645:  pub- 
Ibhed  '  Bellum  Hybernicale  .  .  .  AstrotogioaUy  demon- 
strated,' 1646-7 :  Issued  in  London  weekly  sheet  •  Mer- 
curius  Etenchicus,'  ridiculing  parliament,  1647;  impri- 
soned, 1649-50 :  paymaster  of  ordnance  office,  1660-81 : 
published  his  '  Poems,'  1661 ;  created  baronet,  1677  ;  prose 
works  published,  1683.  [lx.  40S] 

WHARTON,  GEORGE  (1688-1739),  physician  ;  M.D. 
Cambridge,  1719:  P.IUC.P^  1720;  censor,  1715,  1729, 
1732,  and  1734  ;  treasurer,  1727-39.  [lx,  417] 

WHARTON,  HENRY  (1664-1695X  divine  and  author: 
scholar  of  Galas  College,  Cambridge,  1680-7  ;  MJL,  1687 ; 
literary  assistant  to  Dr.  William  Gave  [q.  v.L  1686-7; 


chaplain  to  William  Sancroft  [q.  v.],  the  archbishop,  1 
1693 :  rector  of  Minster  and  of  Chartham,  leS-iT:  pab- 
lished,  among  other  works,  'Treatise  of  Celibacy  of 
Clergy,'  1688,  *  Anglla  Sacra'  (lives  of  Bogliah  preUtes  to 
15401 1691,  'Specimen  of  Errors'  in  Hurnct's  'History 
of  the  Reformation,'  1693,  '  History  of  Dr.  WllL  Laud,' 
1695;  his  large  manuscript  collections  In  Lambeth 
Library.  [lx.  404] 

WHARTON,  HBNRY  THORNTON  (1 846-1895  X 
physician  and  scholar  ;  brother  of  Edward  Row  Wharton 
fq.r.]:  MJL  Wedham  College,  Oxford,  1874:  published 
work  on  Sappho  (text,  memoir,  selected  renderings,  and 
translation),  (885.  [lx.  402] 

WHARTON  or  WARTON,  JOHN 
puritan  writer ;  censured  po| 
In  preface  to  Jud  Smith1* 
published  metrical 
other  writings  lost. 


RTON.  JOHN  i.A.  1675-1678). 
popularity  of  Chaucer's  pom 
bV  '  A  mirticaU  deoise.'  1576; 


WHARTON 


1392 


WHEATLEY 


WHARTON,  rillLIP,  fourth  BARON  WHAKTOX 
(1613-1096),  fiuoceeled  bis  RandfattMT  in  barony,  IGL'5  ; 
entered  EM-UT  (\>1  !.-.:<',  Oxford,  1026;  headul  Yorkshire 
opposition  to  court  exactions,  1G40;  commissioner  to 
treat  with  Scots  at  Rlpon,  1640 ;  champion  of  the  popu- 
lar party  in  the  Lords,  Long  parliament,  1640;  parlia- 
mentary lord-lieutenant  of  Lancashire  and  Buckingham, 
1642 :  abandoned  soldiering  on  his  regiment  being  routed 
at  Edgehill,  1642 ;  member  of  committee  of  both  king- 
doms ;  lay  member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ; 
adopted  independent  views ;  voted  for  self-denying  ordi- 
nance and  creation  of  new-model  army  ;  commissioner  to 
treat  with  Scots,  1645  ;  declined  all  share  in  public  affairs 
during  Commonwealth  and  protectorate;  coldly  treated 
at  Restoration ;  opposed  Conventicle  Act,  1670,  and  the 
proposed  non-resistance  oath,  1675  ;  prisoner  in  Tower 
of  London  for  censuring  prolonged  prorogation  of  parlia- 
ment, 1677 ;  retired  abroad,  1685  ;  strenuously  supported 
William  of  Orange,  1688-9 ;  opposed  proposed  abjuration 
oath,  1690.  [lx.  407] 

WHARTON,  PHILIP,  DUKE  OF  WHARTON  (1698- 
1731),  only  son  of  Thomas  Wharton,  first  marquis  of  Whar- 
ton  [q.  v.] ;  god-son  of  William  III  ;  styled  Viscount 
Winchendon,  1706-15 :  succeeded  to  marquisate,  1715  ; 
visited  Pretender  at  Avignon  and  Marie  Beatrix  at  St. 
Germain,  1716 ;  took  seat  in  Irish  house  of  lords,  1717  ; 
created  Duke  of  Wharton,  1718  ;  patron  of  the  turf ;  pre- 
sident of  *  Hell-fire  Club '  (royal  proclamation  for  its  sup- 
pression issued,  1721);  took  seat  in  House  of  Lords, 
1719;  vigorously  opposed  extension  of  South  Sea  Com- 
pany's charter,  1720,  and  attainder  of  Francis  Atterbury 
[q.  v.],  1723 ;  sold  his  estates  and  pictures,  1723-30  ; 
adopted,  at  Vienna,  1726,  cause  of  'James  III'  and  was 
created  'Duke  of  Northumberland';  at  Madrid,  1726, 
urged  Spanish  descent  in  favour  of  Stuarts,  and  embraced 
Roman  Catholicism ;  visited  Rome,  1726 ;  served  against 
Gibraltar,  1727,  and  received  colonelcy  of  a  Spanish  regi- 
ment: outlawed,  1729;  died  in  Catalonia;  his  writings 
published,  1731-2.  [lx.  410] 

WHARTON,  PHILIP  (pseudonym).  [See  THOMSON, 
JOHN  OOCKBURN,  1834-1860.] 

WHARTON,  THOMAS,  first  BARON  WHARTON 
(1495  V-1568),  served  against  Scots,  1522  ;  knighted,  c. 
1527  ;  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  1529,  1535,  and  1539 ; 
constantly  employed  in  commissions  on  border  affairs 
from  1531 ;  supported  Henry  VIII  against  northern  in- 
surgents, 1536 ;  employed  to  visit  Cumberland  monas- 
teries, 1537 ;  deputy-warden  of  west  marches,  1537-49  ; 
captain  of  Carlisle,  1541 ;  M.P.,  Cumberland,  1542 ;  led 
raids  into  Scotland,  1542-3,  and  inflicted  on  Scots  defeat 
of  Sol  way  Moss  ;  created  Baron  Wharton  by  patent,  1544 ; 
led  raids  into  Scotland,  1547-8  ;  incurred  blood-feud  with 
Scottish  Maxwells  by  hanging  their  hostages,  1548 ;  dis- 
approved of  the  changes  in  religion,  1549 ;  commissioner 
to  treat  with  Scote,  1550  ;  voted  for  execution  of  Somer- 
set, 1551 ;  deputy-warden  of  the  three  marches,  1553,  and 
of  east  and  middle  marches  only,  1553-68.  [lx.  413] 

WHARTON,  THOMAS,  second  BARON  WHARTON 
(1620-1572),  son  of  Thomas  Wharton,  first  baron  Whar- 
ton [q.  v.] ;  served  against  Scots :  knighted,  1545  ;  M.P., 
Cumberland,  1545-53,  Hedon,  1554,  Northumberland, 
1566,  Yorkshire,  1558  ;  high  sheriff  of  Cumberland,  1547 ; 
steward  to  Princess  Mary,  1552 ;  granted  crown  lands, 
1553  ;  privy  councillor,  1553-9  ;  imprisoned  as  recusant, 
1561 ;  succeeded  to  barony,  1568.  [lx.  416] 

WHARTON,  THOMAS  (1614-1673),  physician  ;  stu- 
died at  Cambridge,  1638,  and  Oxford  ;  M.D.  Oxford,  1647 ; 
P.R.C.P.,  1650,  censor,  1658,  1661,  1666,  1667,  1668,  and 
1673  ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  1659-73,  resid- 
ing in  London  throughout  the  plague,  1665-6  ;  discovered 
the  sub-maxillary  ( Wharton 's)  gland  ;  published,  1656, 
*  Adenographia,'  a  description  of  the  glands,  [lx.  416] 

WHARTON,  THOMAS,  first  MARQUIS  OP  WHARTON 
(1648-1716),  statesman ;  son  of  Philip  Wharton,  fourth 
baron  Wharton  [q.  v.]  ;  brought  up  in  puritanical  fashion ; 
travelled,  1663-4  ;  M.P.,  Wendover,  1673-9,  and  Bucking- 
hamshire, 1679-96  ;  leading  patron  of  the  turf,  1673- 
1706  ;  supported  Exclusion  Bill,  1679-80 ;  opposed  settling 
revenues  for  life  on  James  II,  1685;  published  'Lilli 
Burlero,  Bullen-a-la,'  1687,  set  to  a  quick  step  by  Purcell ; 
joined  William  of  Orange  at  Exeter,  1688 :  voted  for 
declaring  throne  vacant,  1689 ;  comptroller  of  the  house- 
bold,  1689-1702;  succeeded  to  barony,  1696;  lord-lieu- 


tenant of  Oxfordshire,  1G97,  and  of  Buckinghamshire, 
17H-1;  fiitcrtiiined  William  III  at  Wooburn,  1698;  dis- 
mi.-ul  from  his  posts  by  Queen  Anne,  1702 ;  opposed 
Occasional  Conformity  Bill,  1703-4  :  involved  in  con- 
troversy with  Commons  over  Aylcsbury  franchise  case, 
1703-5  ;  spared  no  cost  to  return  wings  to  parliament, 
1705-10 ;  commissioner  for  union  with  Scotland,  1706 ; 
created  Earl  of  Wharton,  1706  :  as  lord-lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, 1708-10,  took  Joseph  Addison  as  his  sem-tary,  re- 
fused to  have  Jonathan  Swift  as  chaplain,  and  Kttled 
Palatinate  refugees  in  Ireland ;  urged  prosecution  of 
Henry  SachevereU,  1710  ;  led  opposition  to  tory  govern- 
ment, 1710-14,  advocating  help  for  distressed  Catalans, 
censuring  treaty  of  Utrecht,  and  opposing  Schism  Bill, 
1714  ;  joined  whig  leaders  in  forcibly  taking  seat  at  privy 
council  and  proclaiming  George  I,  1714:  created  Marquis 
of  Oatherlough  in  Irish,  and  Marquis,  of  Wharton  in 
British,  peerage,  1715.  [lx.  418] 

WHATELY,  RICHARD  (1787-1863),  archbishop 
of  Dublin  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1811-22  ; 
M.A.,  1812  ;  tutor  ;  D.D.,  1825  ;  published  •  Historic 
Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon  Buonaparte,'  1819,  ridiculing 
David  Hume's  arguments;  edited  anti  -  Calvinistic 
treatise  on  predestination,  1821  ;  published  sermons, 
1821-60  ;  Bampton  lecturer,  1822,  on  *  Party  Feeling  in 
Matters  of  Religion  ' ;  rector  of  Halesworth,  Suffolk, 
1822-5  ;  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  1825-31 ;  supposed 
to  be  author  of  anti-Erastian '  Letters  on  Church  of 
England  by  an  Episcopalian,'  1826  ;  published  '  Logic ' 
(a  treatise  restricting  the  scope  of  logic  to  deduction 
merely),  1826,  '  Rhetoric,'  1828,  «  Errors  of  Romanism,* 
1830  ;  Drummond  professor  of  political  economy,  1829- 
j  1831,  publishing  his  '  Introductory  Lectures ' ;  arch- 
I  bishop  of  Dublin,  1831-63  :  presided  over  commissions  to 
I  administer  '  united  national  education  '  in  protestant 
I  and  Roman  catholic  schools,  1831-53,  and  wrote  scrip- 
j  tural  manuals  for  that  purpose ;  founded  political  economy 
chair  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1832  ;  spoke  and  wrote 
against  transportation,  1832-40  ;  presided  over  com- 
mission on  condition  of  Irish  poor,  1833-6  ;  voted  for 
repeal  of  religious  tests,  1833-53  ;  wrote  primers  of 
mental,  moral,  and  economic  science  for  use  in  Irish 
schools,  1837-59  ;  disapproved  of  Tithe  Commutation  Act, 
1838  ;  wrote  against  '  Ideal  of  a  Christian  Church,"  1844, 
by  William  George  Ward  [q.  v.]  ;  voted  for  Maynooth 
grant,  1845 ;  contributed  munificently  to  Irish  famine 
fund,  1847 ;  edited  Edward  Oopleston's  [q.  v.]  '  Remains,' 
1854,  Bacon's  '  Essays,'  1856,  and  other  works  ;  pub- 
lished '  Lectures  on  ...  Scripture  Parables,'  1857,  and  other 
expository  treatises.  [lx.  423] 

WHATELY,  THOMAS  (d.  1772),  politician  and 
literary  student ;  M.P.,  Ludgershall,  Wiltshire,  1761-8, 
Castle  Rising,  1768-72;  secretary  to  treasury  under 
George  Grenville,  1764-5  ;  under-secretary  of  state  under 
Lord  North,  1771-2 ;  published  pamphlets  on  national 
finance,  1765-9,  and '  Observations  on  Modern  Gardening,' 
1770  ;  his  '  Remarks  '  on  Shakespeare's  characters  of 
Macbeth  and  Richard  III,  published,  1785.  [lx.  429] 

WHATELY,  WILLIAM  (1583-1639),  puritan  di- 
vine :  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1601  ;  M.A. 
St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1604  :  vicar  of  Banbury,  1610- 
1639  ;  published  devotional  tracts,  1606-37  ;  provoked 
much  censure  by  his  tract,  'A  Bride-Bvsh,'  1619,  allow- 
ing adultery  or  desertion  to  be  valid  ground  of  divorce. 

[lx.  430] 

WHATTON,  WILLIAM  ROBERT  (1790-1835), 
surgeon  and  antiquary  ;  F.R.C.S.,  1810 :  surgeon  to 
Royal  Infirmary,  Manchester  ;  F.S.A.  ;  F.R.S.,  1834 ; 
advocated  a  university  for  'Manchester,  1829;  wrote 
papers  on  armorial  bearings  of  Manchester  and  a  history 
of  Manchester  grammar  school  and  the  Chetham  Library. 

[lx.  431] 

WHEARE,  DEGORY  (1573-1647),  historian  :  M.A. 
Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford,  1600  ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  1602-8 ;  travelled  as  tutor  ;  first  Camden  profes- 
sor of  history,  Oxford,  1622-47 ;  principal  of  Gloucester 
Hall,  Oxford,  1626-47  ;  published,  among  other  works, 
*  De  Ratioue  .  . .  Legendi  Historias,'  1623.  [lx.  432] 

WHEATLEY,  BENJAMIN  ROBERT  (1819-1834), 
bibliographer ;  catalogued  many  public  and  private 
libraries,  including  that  of  Athenaeum  Club,  1843 ;  in- 
dexed many  books,  including  '  Journal  of  Statistical 
Society  ' ;  librarian  of  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society,  1855-84.  [1*.  «3] 


WHEATLEY 


iau 


WHETSTONE 


WHEATLEY,  Mits.  CLARA  MARIA  (</.  18381    [Sec 
FOPK.] 

WHEATLET,  FRANCIS  (1747-1801),  (winter  of 
.  portrait  groups,  landsmpes,  and  some*  from 
daily  or  p.-.nunt  lit,-  ;  first  exhibited  in  London,  1766; 
tim  .Ahihited  at  Royal  Academy,  1778:  raided  li 
and  exhibited  there,  1779-81 ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy, 1784-1801 ;  aJL,  1791 :  copied  Greuxe's  mannerisms, 

WHEATLEY,  WILLIAM  OP  (/.  1SU).    [See  Wo- 

UAH.] 

WEEATLT,  CHARLES  (1086-1742),   divine  ;   edu- 
rated  at  Mercliant  Taylors'  School,  1699-1706 :  feUow  o( 
St.   John's    College,    Oxford,     1707-13:    M.A. 
•lecturer'  in  various  London  churches,  1717-24:  vicar 


-42:  put 

trinal  trncU.  and,  1710,  a  popular 
Book  of  Common  l*rayer. 


commentary  on  the 
III 


LX.4M] 


WHEATSTONE,  SIR  CHARLES  (1802-1876X  man  of 
science  and  inventor ;  musical-Instrument  maker  in  London, 
1823 ;  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  a  memoir  explaining 
•  Chladnl's  Figure*,'  1833  :  professor  of  experimental 

ph;,-,-,K. ,,-•-•  DOM,  1,-niuM.  If*  ;  fJUC  vSt{  h-.n. 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1862;  hon.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  1864: 
knighted,  1868;  experimented,  c.  1*23,  .... 


light  :  suggested  the  stereoscope,  and,    1833,  spectrum 
with   (Sir) 


analysis:  collaborated 
Cooke  [q.  r.]  in 
graph 


and  i 


William    Fothergill 
proving  electric  tele- 


important improvements  in 
submarine  telegraphy,  magneto-electrical  machines  (dy- 

nA.mrvi  V  Htfft  *  U  rPIWMI  t  Of  Gtootrlc&l   fOFCC    ftttl  sUltOtDfttiC- 

ally  recording  instruments.  [Ix.  436] 

WHEELER.    [See  al*>  WHKLER.] 

WHEELER,  DANIEL  (1771-1840),  qnaker  nrs- 
eionary  :  apprentice  on  merchantman,  1783  ;  midship- 
man, royal  navy,  1781  ;  served  in  army,  1790-6  ;  joined 
quakers,  1798;  accepted  as  quaker  minister,  1816;  mana- 
ger of  Russian  imperial  farms  at  Ochta,  1818-28,  and 
Shoosharry,  1828-31,  occasionally  visiting  England: 
made  missionary  voyage  in  Polynesia  and  Australasia, 
1833-8,  and  missionary  tour  in  North  America,  1839  : 
died  at  New  York  :  his  '  Letters  and  Journals  '  published, 
1835-  9  :  '  Memoirs,'  by  his  son,  1842.  [Ix.  437] 

WHEELER,  SIR  HUGH  MASSY  (1789-1867),  major- 
general,  Indian  army:  ensign,  1803:  lieutenant-colonel, 
1835;  brigadier,  1845;  K.O.B.,  1850;  major-general, 
1854  ;  served  with  distinction  in  Afghan  war,  1838-9,  and 
Sikh  wars,  1845-9  ;  in  command  at  Cawnpore,  1856  ; 
failed  to  appreciate  gravity  of  impending  mutiny,  1857, 
and  to  make  sufficient  preparations  for  defence  of 
European  non-combatants  ;  capitulated  on  terms,  after 
brave  defence  ;  murdered  in  the  first  massacre. 

[Ix.  438] 

WHEELER,  JAMK8  TALBOYS  (1824-1897),  his- 
torian of  India  :  bookseller  in  Oxford  :  issued  summaries 
of  ancient  and  scripture  history  and  of  Herodotean 
geography,  1848-55  ;  employed  to  report  on  government 
records  at  Madras,  1860  ;  assistant-secretary  in  the 
foreign  department  at  Calcutta,  1862  ;  secretary  at  Ran- 
goon, 1870-3  ;  reported  on  the  records  in  the  home  and 
foreign  department*  at  Calcutta  from  1876;  retired, 
1891.  His  works  on  Indian  history  include  '  History  of 
Madras  (1639-1748V  1860-2,  *  History  of  India,'  1867-81, 
and  <  Mahratta  States  (1627  to  1858V  1878.  [Ix.  440] 

WHEELER,  JOHN  (Jl.  1601-1608),  secretary  of 
Merchant  Adventurers'  Company;  published  'Treatise 
of  Commerce,'  1601,  and  '  Lawes  ...  of  ...  Merchantes 
Adventurers  of  ...  England,'  1608.  [Ix.  441] 

WHEELER,  MAURICE  (  1648  7-1727),  divine;  chap- 
lain of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1670  ;  rector  of  St. 
Ebbe's,  Oxford,  1670-80  :  master  of  Gloucester  Cathedral 
School,  1684-1708;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1708:  bene- 
fioed  in  Northamptonshire,  1680-1727;  published  "The 
Oxford  Almanac  for  1673.'  [Ix.  441] 

WHEELER,  THOM  AS  (  1754-1  847),  botanist:  student 
at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London.  1767;  curator  of 
Society  of  Apothecaries'  Garden,  Chelsea,  1778-1820; 
apothecary  to  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1800,  and  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1806-30.  [Ix.  442] 

WHEELOCKE,  WHEELOCK,  WHELOCKE,  WHE- 
LOCK,  or  WHELOC,  ABRAHAM  (1593-1653),  linguist; 


off  Beaehy  Head,  169o.aad  Bar- 
Ural.  16M:  failed  in  attsoiDU  on 
and  Canada,  16tt;  COUTC 

l./.M  ; 


with  most  of  his  fleet,  la  hurricane  off  Malaga. 

fix    4441 

WHELER,  8m  OBOROB  (1660-1723),  traveller: 
M.A.  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  1681 :  D.D.,  1702 ;  ttodeot] 
Middle  Temple,  1671 :  travelled  in  France  and  Italy,  1673- 
1675,  and  in  Greece  and  Levant,  1676-6,  ooUectlng  planu. 
coins,  clawlcal  manuseripta,  and  antique  marble*:  pob- 
lished  his  'Journey  Into  Greece,'  1682:  knighted,  1682; 
canon  of  Durham,  1684 ;  rector  of  UoughUm-le-8pring, 
Lf|f  Mi  [U.44*] 


WHELER,    GRANVILLE   (1701-1770X 
son  of  Sir  George  Wbder  [q.  v.] ;  rector  of  Leaka,  Mot- 
tlnghamshire;  F.RJS.,  1728;  experimented  in  electricity. 

WHELER,  ROBERT  BELL  (1785-1857),  antiquary ; 
solicitor  of  Stratford -on- A  von  ;  published  *  History  and 
Antiquities  of,'  1806,  and 'Guide  to,'  Btratford-on-Avoo. 
1814,  and  •  Account  of  Birthplace  of  Shakespeare,'  1829  ; 
his  collections  now  in  Birthplace  Museum.  [Ix.  446] 

WHELPDALS,  ROGER  (<f.  1423X  bishop  of  OarUsle : 
fellow,  e.  1402,  and  provost,  1404-21,  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1420 :  heqncatnert  books  to 
Bulliol  and  Queen's  Colleges,  Oxford.  [Ix.  447] 

WHETENHALL,  JIDWARD  (1636-1711X  [See 
WETKSHALL.] 

WHETHAM8TEDE  or  B08TOCK,  J<'HN  <</.  1465X 
abbot  of  St  Albans;  became  monk  at  St.  Albans  after 
1401 :  prior  of  Gloucester  College,  Oxford,  where  he  after- 
wards built  library  and  chapel :  D.D. :  in  first  abbacy. 
1420-40,  repaired  conventual  buildingK,  and  was  involved 
in  many  lawsuits;  attended  council  at  Pa  via,  1421; 
friend  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester  [q.  v.] ;  in  i 
abbacy,  1451-05,  built  the  library  at  St.  Alb 
•Granarium  de  vlris  illustrlbus '  (partially 
turgid  official  letters,  and  doggerel  Latin  ven 

WHEToTOHE,  GEORGE  (H44T-W87?).  author : 
spent  his  patrimony  in  riotous  living:  served  in  Low 
Countries  against  Spaniards,  1672-4 :  prefixed  commenda- 
tory Terns  to  George  Gasooigne's  •  Flowers,'  1675 ;  pub- 
lished '  Rocke  of  Regard,'  tales  in  prose  and  Terse  drawn 
from  Italian,  interspersed  with  poems  addressed  to  friends. 
157G ;  published  '  Remembraunce,'  obituary  panegyric,  on 
George  Gascoitfue,  1577,  followed  by  others  on  Sir  Nicb. 
Bacon,  1679,  Sir  James  Dier.and  Thomas  Radcliffe,  earl  of 
Sussex,  1683,  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  1686,  and  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  1587  :  published  In  miscellanies,  1677  and  1678 : 
published,  1678, '  Promos  and  Casflandra,'  a  play  in  rhymed 
Vene  (nerer  acted),  the  plot  of  which  closely  membte. 
Shakesneare's  'Measure  for  Measure';  sailed 


dlandToyage,  1678-9  ; 


Humphrey  Gilbert's  [q.  v.]  Newfc .  _  . 

visited  Italy,  1680;  published  •  An  HepUmcron  of  Ciulll 
Discounes,'1682  (prose  tales  adapted  from  GlrakU  Cinihio), 
•A  Mlrour  for  Mage.tr.teV  wit&  d-crlptjonsof  tow Utein 


London,  1684,  and  The  honorable  Reputation  of  a  ~~; 
1686,  a  collection  of  military  anecdotes :  served  in  Holland. 
1686-6,  taking  part  in  the  action  at  Zotpben jpaWUbed 
'The  Enguah  Myrror,'  1686,  containing  In  second  part 
notices  of  conspiracies  against  Queen  Elisabeth, and  'The 
%^ot?$^!^Mi,T^tUw*  on  tb. 
Babington  conspiracy.  [^>  **»! 

WHET8TOHE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (rf.  1711X  r«*r- 
admlral;  captain,  1689:  rear-admiral  in  West  Indies 
i;,,,  3,  ':,  I  ,',,,,,,.l,1l.  ,,.,...:.!-•.  '  .  K.-.tM.  IT,:,  : 
cashiered  for  allowing  conToy  to  be  captured  by  M.  de 
Forbin,  the  privateer,  1707.  } 


WHEWEKL 


13U4 


WHITAKER, 


WHEWELL,WILLIAM(1794-1866),  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  schoolfellow  at  Lancaster  grammar 
school  of  Sir  Richard  Owen  [q.  v.],  the  naturalist; 
exhibitioner  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1812;  second 
wrangler  and  second  Smith's  prizeman,  1816  ;  fellow,  1817; 
tutor,  1823-38 ;  learned  German  thoroughly  and  helped 
to  introduce  the  analytical  methods  of  continental  muthi-- 
maticians  ;  published  treatises  on  '  Mechanics,'  1819,  and 
*  Dynamics,'  1823  ;  F.R.S.,  1820 ;  went  summer  tours,  1820- 
1831  resulting  in  'Architectural  Notes  on  German 
Churches,'  1830  (enlarged,  1835) ;  P.G.S.,  1827,  and  pre- 
sident, 1837-8 ;  professor  of  mineralogy,  Cambridge,  1828- 
1833;  wrote  in  1830  'Astronomy  and  General  Physics 
considered  with  reference  to  Natural  Theology,1  the  first 
of  the  'Bridgewater  Treatises'  (published,  1833);  pub- 
lished in  the  Royal  Society's  'Transactions'  fourteen 
laborious  memoirs  on  tides,  1833-50  ;  frequently  attended 
British  Association  meetings,  1832-62 ;  engaged  in  con- 
troversy with  Sir  William  Hamilton  as  to  value  of 
mathematical  training,  1836-7  ;  published  '  History  of  the 
Inductive  Sciences,'  1837,  and  '  Philosophy  of  the  Induc- 
tive Sciences,'  1840;  Knightbridge  professor  of  moral 
philosophy,  1838-65,  publishing  '  Lectures '  on  that  sub- 
ject. 1841-52;  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1841-66 ;  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1843 
and  1856;  secured  election  of  Prince  Cousort  as  chan- 
cellor of  Cambridge  University,  1847,  and  the  institution 
of '  moral  sciences'  and  '  natural  sciences '  triposes,  1848  ; 
published  (anonymously)  treatise  denying  probability  of 
'Plurality  of  Worlds,'  1853  ;  enlarged  buildings  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  founded  professorship  and  scholar- 
ships for  international  law  ;  published  and  edited  many 
other  works  in  natural  and  mathematical  science,  philo- 
sophy, and  theology,  and  sermons.  In  philosophy  he 
championed  the  old-fashioned  form  of  '  intuitionism ' 
against  John  Stuart  Mill.  [lx.  454] 

WHICHCORD,  JOHN  (1823-1885),  architect;  studied 
at  King's  College,  London,  and  at  the  Royal  Academy ; 
travelled  abroad  ;  practised,  1850-8,  in  partnership  with 
Arthur  Ashpitel  [q.  v.],  and  afterwards  independently,  in 
London ;  president,  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
1879-81  ;  F.S.A.,  1848.  His  works  include  Grand  Hotel, 
Brighton,  St.  Stephen's  Club  ( 1874),  and  many  commercial 
houses  in  London ;  published  antiquarian  writings. 

WHICHCOTE  or  WHITCHCOTE,  BENJAMIN 
(1609-1683),  provost  of  King's  College,  Cambridge :  B.A. 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1630;  M.A.  and  fellow, 
1633 ;  D.D.,  1649 ;  Sunday  afternoon  lecturer,  Trinity 
Church,  Cambridge,  1636 ;  college  tutor  from  1634  ;  rector 
of  North  Cadbury,  1643  ;  provost  of  King's  College  Cam- 
bridge, 1644-60 ;  rector  of  Milton,  Cambridgeshire,  c.  1649, 
till  death  ;  vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  1650  ;  ejected 
from  provostship  at  Restoration  ;  complied  with  Act  of 
Uniformity  and  received  cure  of  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars, 
London,  1662 ;  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  London, 
1668  ;  wrote  religious  works,  published  posthumously. 

[Ixi.  1] 

WHICHCOTE,  GEORGE  (1794-1891),  general;  edu- 
cated at  Rugby;  ensign,  52nd  foot,  1811;  served  in 
Peninsular  war  and  in  Waterloo  campaign  ;  exchanged 
into  4th  dragoon  guards,  1822  ;  major-general,  1857, 
general,  1871.  [Ixi.  4] 

WHICHELO,  C.  JOHN  M.  (d.  1865),  exhibited  water- 
colour  paintings  at  Royal  Academy  from  1810.  [Ixi.  4] 

WHIDDON,  JACOB  (d.  1595),  sea-captain  and  ser- 
vant of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  ;  served  against  the  Armada 
and  was  with  Ralegh  in  his  voyage  to  Guiana,  1595  ;  died 
on  the  return  journey  at  Trinidad.  [Ixi.  4] 

WHIDDON,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1576),  judge ;  studied  at 
Inner  Temple ;  treasurer,  1538-40 ;  ser jeaut,  1547  ;  judge 
of  queen's  bench,  1553  ;  knighted,  1555.  [Ixi.  5] 

WHO! COP,  THOMAS  (d.  1730),  compiled  a  list  of 
dramatic  authors  and  of  English  dramas,  published  with 
4  Scanderbeg,  a  Tragedy,'  1747,  under  the  nominal  editor- 
ship of  his  widow.  [Ixi.  5] 

WHINYATES,  Sm  EDWARD  CHARLES  (1782- 
1866),  general ;  studied  at  Woolwich ;  lieutenant,  royal 
artillery,  1799 ;  second  captain,  1805 ;  served  with 
D  troop,  horse  artillery,  in  Peninsula ;  captain,  1813 ; 
second  rocket  troop  at  Waterloo,  1815  ;  regi- 
lieutenant-colonel,  1830;  K.H.,  1823,  and  C.B., 


1831  ;  director-general  of  artillery,  1852 ;  commandant  at 
Woolwich,  1852-6  ;  general,  1864  ;  K.O.B.,  18GO.  [Ixi.  5] 

WHINYATES,  FRANCIS  FRANKLAND  (1796- 
1887),  general ;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Charles  Whinyates 
[q.  v.] ;  entered  East  India  Company's  service  as  lieuten- 
ant-fire-worker in  Madras  artillery,  1813;  left  India, 
1854  ;  general,  1872.  [Ixi.  7] 

WHINYATES,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  (1793- 
1881),  major-general  ;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Charles 
Whiuyates  [q.  v.]  ;  lieutenant,  toyal  engineers,  1812  ; 
retired  as  major-general,  1855.  [Ixi.  7] 

WHINYATES,  GEORGE  BARRINGTON  (1783- 
1808),  navy  captain;  brother  of  Sir  Edward  Charles 
Whinyates  [q.  v.]  ;  served  chiefly  in  Mediterranean. 

WHINYATES,  THOMAS  (1778-1857),  rear-admiral : 
brother  of  Sir  Edward  Charles  Whinyates  [q.  v.] ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1799 ;  commander,  1805 ;  post-captain,  1812  ; 
served  against  United  States,  1812  ;  rear-admiral,  1846. 

WHIPPLE,  GEORGE  MATHEWS  (1842-1893>)1,' phy- 
sicist ;  educated  at  King's  College,  London  ;  B.Sc.  Lon- 
don, 1871 ;  entered  Kew  Observatory,  1858,  and  became 
superintendent,  1876 ;  F.R.A.S.,  1872  ;  member  of  the 
Meteorological  Society,  1874 ;  published  scientific  writ- 
ings. [Ixi.  7] 

WHISH,  SIR  WILLIAM  SAMPSON  (1787-1853), 
lieutenant-general ;  lieutenant,  Bengal  artillery,  1804; 
captain,  1807;  major,  1821;  lieutenant-colonel,  1826; 
O.B.  (military),  brigadier-general,  and  member  of  military 
board,  1838  ;  major-general,  1841 ;  received  command  of 
Punjab  division  at  Lahore,  1848 ;  commanded  Multan 
field  force,  1848 ;  took  part  in  siege  of  Mulraj,  1848-9 ; 
K.O.B.,  1849 ;  commanded  Bengal  division,  1849 ;  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1851.  [Ixi.  8] 

WHISTLER,  DANIEL  (1619-1684),  physician  ;  B.A. 
Mertou  College,  Oxford,  1642 ;  M.A.,  1644 ;  M.D.  Leyden, 
1645;  incorporated  M.D.  Oxford,  1647;  professor  of 
geometry  at  Gresham  College,  London,  1648;  Linacre 
reader  at  Oxford,  1648  ;  F.R.O.P.,  1649,  Harveian  orator, 
1659,  registrar,  1674-82,  and  president,  1683 ;  published 
'  De  Morbo  puerili  Anglorum,'  a  treatise  on  rickets  (re- 
printed, 1684).  [Ixi.  9] 

WHISTON,  JOHN  (d.  1780),  bookseller  ;  sou  of  Wil- 
liam Whiston  [q.  v.]  ;  opened  in  Fleet  Street,  London,  a 
bookseller's  shop  which  was  known  as  a  meeting- place 
for  men  of  letters.    He  was  one  of  the  earliest  issuers 
I  of  regular  priced  catalogues.  [Ixi.  9] 

WHISTON,  WILLIAM  (1667-1752),  divine;  BJL 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1690 ;  fellow,  1691 ;  M.A.,  1693 ; 
ordained  deacon,  1693  ;  chaplain  to  John  Moore  (1646- 
1714)  [q.  v.],  bishop  of  Norwich  ;  studied  Newton's  works 

I  and  published,  1696,  '  New  Theory  of  the  Earth,'  which 
confirmed  the  narrative  in  Genesis  on  Newtonian  grounds ; 

1  vicar  of  Lowestoft-with-Kissingland,  Suffolk,  1698-1703  ; 
deputy  to  Newton  in  the  Lucasian  professorship,  1701 ; 
succeeded  Newton  as  professor,  1703 ;  Boyle  lecturer, 
1707 ;  wrote,  1708,  an  essay  on  the  '  Apostolic  Constitu- 
tions'  which  expounded  Ariau  doctrines  and  occasioned 
his  banishment  from  the  university  and  (1710)  the  loss  of 
his  professorship  ;  published  '  Primitive  Christianity  Re- 
vived,' 1711,  on  which  convocation  voted  an  address  for 
his  prosecution;  after  some  delay  proceedings  against 
him  dropped;  started  society  for  promoting  primitive 
Christianity,  1715;  lectured  in  London,  Bristol,  Bath, 

j  and  Tunbridge  Wells  on   various  subjects,  comprising 

i  meteors,  eclipses,  and  earthquakes,  which  he  connected 
more  or  less  with  the  fulfilment  of  prophecies ;  advo- 
cated in  his  last  years  a  number  of  theories,  the  most 
famous  of  which  was  that  the  Tartars  were  the  lost 
tribes.  His  portrait,  by  Mrs.  Hoadly,  is  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery,  London.  He  issued  more  than  fifty 
publications  on  religious,  mathematical,  and  other  sub- 
jects ;  his  most  successful  work,  a  translation  of  Josephus, 
appeared,  1737,  and  has  since  been  the  established  version. 

[Ixi.  10] 
WHITAKER.    [See  also  WHITTAKEK.] 

WHITAKER,  Sm  EDWARD  (1660-1736),  admiral; 
lieutenant  under  Matthew  (afterwards  Baron)  Aylmer 
[q.  v.],  1688 ;  captain,  1690 ;  flag-captain  to  Aylmer, 
1694,  and  to  Sir  Clowdisley  Shovell  [q.  v.],  1C96  ;  aide-de- 


WHITAKEK 


WHITE 


camp  to  Sir  George  Byng  [q.  v.]  at  capture  of  Gibraltar, 
1704;  promoted  rear-admiral  of  the  blue  and  > 
1706  ;  vice-admiral  of  bine,  17u8,  and  of  white,  1709. 

[bd 

WHITAKER,    EDWAHD    WILLIAM     (IV 
divine ;  B.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1777  ;  rector  of  St. 
Mary-de-Castro  with  All  Saints,  Canterbury,  178S-1818; 
founded  Refuge  for  the  Destitute ;   published  religious 
and  historical  works.  [IxL  15] 

WHITAKER,  SIR  FREDERICK  (1812-1 89 IX I 
of  New  Zealand ;  qualified  M  solicitor  in  England  ; 
in  practice  in  New  Zealand,  1840;  unofficial  member  of 
l.vi-Utive  council,  1846;  member  of  provincial  council 
formed  under  new  constitution  of  '  H62 ;  member  of  legis- 
lative council,  1868 ;  member  of  first  general  assembly  of 
the  colony,  1864 ;  attorney-general,  1868, 1866, 1868, 1876, 
1877,  and  1887-90 :  premier,  1868-4  and  1882-8 ;  super- 
intendent of  Auckland  and  member  for  Parnell  in  bouse 
of  representatives,  1866-7  ;  member  for  Waikato,  1876-7 ; 
K..-..M..;.,  I-M.  [lxl.ll] 

WHITAKER,  JEREMIAH  (1699-1664X  puritan 
divine ;  B.A.  Sidney  Sussex  Oiflaie  Cambridge,  1619 ; 
rector  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Bermoudsey,  1644 ;  member 
of  Westminster  A^embly  of  Divines,  1648,  and  moderator, 
1647.  [Ixi.  16] 

WHITAKER,  JOHN  (1735-1808),  historian  of  Man- 
chester ;  BA.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1716  ;  " 
ained,  1760;  1 


.    ••••  •. 
aj    MM 


of  the  Ishwd  and  gained  tbe  favour  of  James  I  ikalfktad, 
e.  1628 ;  served  as  lieutenant  in  navy,  1«27.       llxt  M) 

WHTTBREAD,    SAMUEL   (1768-1816X    polWda-; 
son  of  Samuel  WhlUxwd  (d.  17MX  brewer ; 

xtasaftWiSfttts-.. 

tecbed  himself  closely  to  Fox.  and 
spirit  in  opposition  to  Pitt's  governm 
by  his  pariyoQ  Henry  Dundas,  first  viscount  Melville 
[q.  T.],  who  was  suspected  of  abuse*  in  the  naval  depart, 
ment,  1806,  and  snbseqoently  moved  Melville's  Impeach 
ment  and  unsoooessfnlly  conducted  toe  owe  in  West- 
minster  Hall ;  introduced,  18O7,  an  elaborate  poor-law 
bUl,  some  clauses  of  which  afterwards  passed  thefr  second 
1807,a  I 


1769 ;  fellow,  1763  ;  B.D.,  1767 ;  ordained, 
1771;  rector  of  Ruan-Lanyhorn,  Cornwall,  1777-1808. 
His  works  include  '  History  of  Manchester,'  1771-6  (two 
volumes  only  published,  but  transcript  of  his  manuscript 
continuation  preserved  at  Chetham  Library,  Manches- 
ter X  '  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  vindicated,'  1787,  and  other 
historical,  antiquarian,  and  religious  writings.  He  left  in 
manuscript  the  '  Private  Life  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots,' 
which  was  used  by  George  Chalmers  in  his  life  of  that 
queen,  1818.  [IxL  17] 

WHITAKER,    JOHN    (1776-1847),  member  of  the 
musical    publishing  firm  of  Button,  Whitaker  &  Co.;  \ 
composed   several    songs    which    attained    considerable  | 
popularity.  [Ixi.  18] 

WHITAKER,  JOSEPH  (1820-1895X  publisher;  ap- 
prenticed as  bookseller  in  London ;  began  business  inde- 
pendently as  theological  publisher  in  Pall  Mall :  removal 
to  310  Strand,  1866  ;  edited  •  Gentleman's  Magazine,'  1856- 
1869;  founded  'Bookseller,'  monthly  journal,  1858 
started  annual  publication  of '  Whitaker's  Almanac,'  1868 ; 
LtOdanBil,  1874, '  Reference  Catalogue  of  Current  Litera- 
ture '  (latest  edition,  1898) ;  F.S.A.,  1876.  [Ixi.  18] 

WHITAKER,  JOSEPH  VBRNON  (1846-1895Xeditor ; 
son  of  Joseph  Whitaker  [q.  v.] ;  connected  from  1876  with 
the  '  Bookseller,'  of  which  he  became  editor.  [Ixi.  19] 

WHITAKER,  THOMAS  DUNHAM  (1789-1821 X 
topographer ;  LL.B.  St.  John's  CoUege,  Cambridge,  1781 ; 
perpetual  curate  of  Holme,  Lancashire,  1797;  LL.D., 
l80ll  vicar  of  Wballey,  1809,  and  also  of  Blackburn, 
Lancashire,  1818-21  ;  published  topographical  wn tings 
relating  to  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  and  other  works. 

WHITAKER,  TOBIAS  (d.!666X  physician  in  ordi- 
nary to  the  royal  household,  1660 ;  published,  1638,  •  The 
Tree  of  Humane  Life,'  advocating  the  use  of  wine  as  a 
universal  remedy  against  disease.  [1*L  *0] 

WHITAKER,  WILLIAM  (1648-1696X  master  of  St 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  educated  at  St  Paul's  School, 
London,  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1668; 
major  fellow  and  M.A.,  1571 :  BJX  and  incorporated  at 
Oxford,  1578;  canon  of  Norwich,  1678;  regius  professor 
of  divinity,  1680-95 ;  chancellor  of  St.  Paul's,  London : 
master  of  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1 686-96  ;  created 
D.D.,  1587;  canon  of  Canterbury,  1595;  published  and  left 
in  manuscript  writings  interpreting  the  teaching  of  the 
church  of  England  in  ite  most  Oalvinistic  •e"18*  ^. 

WHITAKER,      WILLIAM     (1629-1672X      puritan 
divine;    M.A.  Queens'  College,   Cambridge,  ItUl   b 
living  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Bermondsey,  London,  from 
1654  ;  ejected  under  Act  of  Uniformity.  [Ixi.  J8] 

WHTTBOURNE,  SIR  RICHARD  (fl.  1679-1627X 
writer  on  Newfoundland,  whither  be  first  journeyed,  «. 
1679  ;  went  with  commission  from  court  of  admiralty  to 


reading  as  separate  bills;  adopted,  .  .  .  . 
and  occasioned  a  party  split  which  nsulted  in  a  practical 
^uh«t>fifngtit  of  the  opposition,  1809 ;  expressed  iHsapptu 
bation  of  regency  bill,  1811 ;  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Caroline,  princess  of  Wales,  1812,  and  constituted 
her  champion  in  the  House  of  Commons ;  took 


interest  in'  rebuilding  and  reorganisation  of  Drnnr 
—  1;  died  by  bis  own  hand. 


il,- 
[Ui.14) 

[See  H AH- 


Theatre,  London,  from  1809 ; 
portrait  was  painted  by  Gainsborough. 

WHTTBREAD,    THOMAS  (1618-1679X 
COURT,  THOMAS.] 

WHITBY,  DANIEL  ( 1688-1 7I6X  polemical  diTtae; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1667  ;  M.A.,  1660;  fellow, 
1664  ;  chaplain  to  Seth  Ward  [q.  vA,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
1668;  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  1668:  B.D.  and  D.D.,  and 
precentor  of  Salisbury,  1672  ;  produced,  from  1664,  several 
anti-Romish  controversial  writings  of  considerable  popu- 
larity, which,  however,  he  lost  by  publication  of  "The 
Protestant  Reconciler,'  1682,  pleading  for  concessions  to 
nonconformist*.  HU  works  include  a  *  Paraphrase  and 
Commentary  on  the  New  Testament,'  1708,  and 
sermons  and  theological  treatise*. 

WHTTBY,  STEPHEN  or  (d.  1112X    [See 

WHITCHURCH    or    WHYTCHTIROH,    EDWARD 

(d.  1561),  protesUint  publisher:  probably  a  grocer  in 
London ;  joined  with  Richard  Graf  tun  [q.  v.]  in  arrang- 
ing for  distribution  of  printed  copies  of  the  bible  in  Bog; 
lisb,  and  published  in  London  •  Thomas  Mattbews's  Bible 
(printed  at  AntwerpX  tiw  firrt  complete  version  of  the 
bible  in  English;  with  Grafton  published  Ooverdale's 
corrected  ^sion  of  the  New  Testament  (printed  at 
ParisX  1638 ;  with  Grafton  set  up  a  prew  In  London  and 
published  •  The  Great  Bible,'  1639  ;  with  Grafton  printed 
first  edition  of  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  1648.  [IxL  80] 

WHITE,  ADAM  (1817-1879X  naturalist:  engaged! 
loological  department  of  British  Museum,  1888-68;  F-LJ 
1846-85  ;  published  numerous  writings  relating  to^nj"**' 


WHITE,   ALICE   MABY   MEADOWS 
composer;    n*  Smith; 


WHITE,   ANDREW  (1679-16MX  *>£<>  - 
educated  at  Douay  ;    secular  priest,  1600 ;   rew 
England:    banished  from   England,  1606:    adu. 
Society  of  Jesus  at  Lou  vain,  1607  :  returned  a-  mtorfoner 
to  England,  1609  ;  professed  of  the  four  vow*.  1619  ;  **nt 
to  America  and  founded  Maryland  mission,  1688 ;  died  in 
England.    He  left  manuscripts  relating  to  Maryland. 

WHITE,    ANTHONY    (1782-1849X   •nr»«o" :  J^ 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1804;  apprenticed  to 

tSS^^^^Sf^^ 

w» .*^_«      T  __J— .      lOOt*     4W%rkM«tltl 


, 

eminsTer'  HosplteL  Ix»dl8S»  - 
1846;  the  first  to  excise  the  bead  of  the  femur 
of  the  hip-joint. 

WHITE,  BLANCO  (1776-1841X   [See  Warn,  JouPB 


WHITE 


1396 


WHITE 


„„„-,  CHARLES  (1728-1813),  surgeon  :  assisted 
in  founding,  1752,  and  was  surgeon  at,  Manchester  I n- 
flnuarv  •  F  K  s.  :md  M.K.OS.,  1762 ;  joint-founder  of  Man- 
SS  Lying-in  Hospital  (now  St.  Mary's  Hospital),  1790 ; 
published [surgical  and  other  works.  He  was  widely  known 
for  the  revolution  he  effected  in  the  practice  of  midwifery. 

[Ixi.  o3] 

WHITE,  FRANCIS  (15647-1638),  bishop  of  Ely; 
brother  of  John  White  (1570?-1615)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Gon- 
ville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1583  ;  M.A.,  1586  ; 
D  D  1618;  dean  of  Carlisle,  1622-6  ;  senior  dean  of  £ion 
Collare.  London,  1625 ;  bishop  of  Carlisle,  1626,  of  Nor- 
wich?^, and  of  Ely,  1631-8;  published  religious  con- 
troversial treatises.  [«»•  34] 

WHITE,  FRANCIS  (d.  1711),  original  proprietor  of 
White's  Chocolate  House ;  opened  Chocolate  House  on 
east  side  of  St.  James's  Street,  London,  1693;  removed 
to  west  side,  1697.  After  his  death  the  business  was 
carried  on  successively  by  his  widow  and,  1729,  by  his 
assistant,  John  Arthur.  '  White's '  club  most  probably 
originated  in  the  coffee-house,  c.  1697.  [Ixi.  35] 

WHITE,  FRANCIS  BUCHANAN  WHITE  (1842- 
1894),  botanist  and  entomologist ;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1864 ; 
assisted  in  founding  Perthshire  Society  of  Natural  Science, 
and  was  president,  1867-72  and  1884-92 :  contributed 
largely  to  the  society's ' Proceedings '  and  'Transactions,' 
and  conducted  its  magazine,  '  The  Scottish  Naturalist,' 
1871-82.  H'»  'Flora  of  Perthshire'  was  published  post- 
humously, i<08.  [1*1-  35] 

WHITE,  GEORGE  (1684  ?-1732),  mezzotint  engraver ; 
son  of  Robert  White  (1646-1703)  [q.  v.]  ;  executed  por- 
traits in  pencil,  crayon,  mezzotint,  and  oils ;  first  used  the 
etched  line  to  strengthen  mezzotint  work.  [Ixi.  73] 

WHITE,  GILBERT  (1720-1793),  naturalist ;  born  at 
Selborne,  Hampshire;  educated  under  Thomas  Warton 
(1688?-1745)  [q.  v.]  at  Basingstoke;  B.A.  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1743 ;  fellow,  1744 ;  M.A.,  1746 ;  curate  ..at 
Swarraton,  and,  1751,  to  Dr.  Bristow,  vicar  of  Selborne ; 
proctor  of  Oxford  University  and  dean  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  1752  ;  curate  of  Durley,  near  Bishop's  Waltham  ; 
incumbent  of  Moreton-Pinkney,  1757  ;  resigned  curacy  of 
Durley  for  that  of  Faringdon,  near  Selborne,  c.  1758; 
held  for  a  short  time  curacy  of  West  Deane ;  in  1751 
began  to  keep  a '  Garden  Kalendar,'  for  which,  iu  1767, 
he  adopted  a  more  elaborate  form, '  Naturalist's  Journal ' 
(diaries  in  the  British  Museum);  made,  1767,  acquaint- 
ance of  Thomas  Pennant  [q.  v].,  and  began  with  him  a 
correspondence  which  formed  the  basis  of  White's  '  Natu- 
ral History  and  Antiquities  of  Selborne':  a  series  of 
letters,  1769-87,  written  to  Daines  Barringtou  contained 
in  the  second  part  of  his  '  Natural  History ' ;  his  book 
issued  by  his  brother  Benjamin  White  (1726-1794),  the 
publisher, 'of  Fleet  Street,  London,  in  1789,  and  soon  highly 
valued  by  naturalists ;  contributed  to  the  Royal  Society's 
*  Transactions '  two  papers  on  the '  Hirundines,'  1774  and 
1776 ;  died  at  his  house,  The  Wakes,  Selborne,  and  was 
buried  in  Selborne  churchyard.  '  A  Naturalist's  Calendar 


appeared,  1795;  his 

History,'  comprising  'Selborne'  and  the  'Naturalist's 
Calendar,'  appeared,  1802,  and  has  been  frequently  reissued, 
an  edition,  1837,  with  notes  by  Bell,  Daniell,  Owen,  and 
Yarrcll,  long  remaining  the  standard ;  it  was  revised  by 
Mr.  Harting,  1875.  In  1876  the  correspondence  between 
White  and  Robert  Marsham  was  printed,  and  in  1877 
appeared  the  classical  edition  of  White's  'Selborne'  by 
Thomas  Bell  (1792-1880)  [q.  v.*]  [Ixi.  36] 

WHITE,  HENRY  (1812-1880),  historical  writer  ;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  Ph.D.  Heidelberg  ; 
published  '  History  of  France,'  1850, '  Massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew,' 1867,  and  other  works.  [Ixi.  48] 

WHITE,  HENRY  KIRKE  (1785-1806),  poet ;  son  of 
a  butcher  of  Nottingham ;  articled  as  lawyer  at  Notting- 
ham ;  contributed  verses  to  '  Monthly  Preceptor ' ;  pub- 
lished. 1803,  'Clifton  Grove  .  .  .  with  other  Poems,' 
which  attracted  the  favourable  notice  of  Southey,  who 
thenceforth  interested  himself  in  White's  career ;  ob- 
tained slzarship  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where 
overwork  brought  about  his  death.  His  '  Remains,'  in- 
•  idtaf  llU  fr;u'ii*-iit.  '  The  Christiud,'  a  new  om.-ludin- 
stanza  to  Waller's  «Go,  lovely  Rose,'  and  'Melancholy 
Hoars '  (essays),  with  a '  life '  by  Southey,  appeared  in  1807. 

[Ixi.  48] 


WHITE,  HUGH  (/.  1107  ?-1155?).    [See  HUGH.] 

WHITE,  JAMES  (d.  1799),  author;  B.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1780;  published  editions  of  classical 
authors,  three  historical  novels,  and  other  writings. 

[Ixi.  50] 

WHITE,  JAMES  (1775-1820),  author  of  'Falstaff's 
Letters ' ;  educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  with 
Charles  Lamb  [q.  v.],  whose  lifelong  friend  he  became ; 
clerk  in  treasurer's  office,  1790;  founded  an  advertising 
agency  at  33  Fleet  Street,  London.  He  frequently  imper- 
sonated, in  the  company  of  his  friends,  the  character  of 
Falstaff,  and  published,  1796, '  Original  Letters,  <fcc.,  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff  and  his  Friends.'  [Ixi.  50] 

WHITE,   JAMES  (1803-1862),  author;    B.A.  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,    1827;    vicar  of    Loxley,  1833; 
!  retired  to  Bonchurch,  Isle  of  Wight,  where  he  produced 
I  a  number  of  Scottish  historical  tragedies  and  other  his- 
torical   and    miscellaneous    writings,     including    'The 
Eighteen  Christian  Centuries,'  1858.  [Ixi.  61] 

WHITE,  JAMES  (1840-1885).  [See  JEZREEL,  JAMES 
JERSHOM.] 

WHITE,  JEREMIAH  (1629-1707),  chaplain  to  Crom- 
well ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1649  ;  M.A.,  1653 ; 
domestic  chaplain  and  preacher  to  council  of  state ;  left 
religious  writings,  published  posthumously ;  wrote  ac- 
count of  sufferings  of  dissenters  after  Restoration,  not 
known  to  be  extant.  [Ixi.  51] 

WHITE,  JOHN  (1510  ?-1560),  bishop  of  Winchester  ; 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  fellow, 
1527-34;  B.A.,  1529;  M.A.,  1534;  D.D.,  1555;  master 
of  Winchester  College ;  warden,  1541 ;  prebendary  of  Win- 
chester, 1541 ;  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1551, 
as  opponent  of  the  protestants  ;  prebendary  of  Lichfield, 
1552  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1554 ;  presided  at  Ridley's  trial, 
1555 ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1556 ;  preached  funeral  sermon 
of  Queen  Mary,  1558,  incurred  disfavour  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, was  deprived  of  bishopric,  1559,  and  imprisoned  iu 
the  Tower  of  London ;  released,  1559 ;  wrote  theological 
works  in  verse  and  prose.  [Ixi.  52] 

WHITE  or  WITH,  JOHN  (fl.  1585-1590),  Virginian 
pioneer  ;  sailed  with  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  1685,  and  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Virginia  ;  returned  with  Drake, 
1586 ;  conducted  band  of  settlers  sent  out  by  Ralegh,  and 
returned,  1587;  visited  Roanoke,  1590;  made  water- 
colour  drawings  of  Virginian  subjects.  [Ixi.  54] 

WHITE,  JOHN  (1570-1615),  divine;  brother  of 
Francis  White  (15G4?-1638)  fq.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Gonville  and 
Oaius  College,  Cambridge,  1590  ;  M.A.,  1593  :  D.D.,  1612  ; 
rector  of  Barsham,  Suffolk,  1609  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
James  I,  c.  1614;  published,  1608,  'The  Way  to  the  True 
Church,'  a  treatise  against  Romanism,  which  occasioned 
considerable  controversy.  [Ixi.  55] 

WHITE,  alias  BRADSHAW,  JOHN,  afterwards 
AUGUSTINE  (1576-1618),  Benedictine  monk ;  educated 
at  Jesuit  seminaries  at  St.  Omer  and  Valladolid ;  entered 


extracted  from  the  Papers  of  the  late  Rev.  Gilbert  at  )e8ua  seminaries  at  st.  umer  ana  vauauoua ;  euvereu 
White,  MAn'  appeared,  1795;  his  'Works  on  Natural  |  monastery  of  San  Beuito,  Valladolid ;  proceeded  to  Corn- 
el th*  •  Naturalist  s  i  ^^^^  and  aa  novice  took  name  of  Augustine,  1599 ;  pro- 
fessed, 1600 ;  came  as  missionary  to  England,  1603 ;  vicar- 
general,  1604;  chaplain-general  at  Ostend  to  English 
regiment  under  Thomas  Arundell,  first  baron  Anmdell 
of  Wardour  [q.  v.],  in  service  of  Archduke  Albert,  1605-6 ; 
succeeded,  to  spite  of  opposition  from  Parsons  and  other 
Jesuits,  in  effecting  the  foundation  of  Benedictine  monas- 
tery of  St.  Gregory  at  Douay,  1605;  brought  about 
reunion  of  all  Benedictines  in  England  into  one  congre- 
gation, but  the  terms  of  agreement  being  resented  by 


many  of  the  brethren  was  removed  and  deprived  of  vicar 

for  Englir1 
[Ixi.  55] 


ship,  1612 ;  founded  and  presided  over  house  for  English 
>nks  in  Paris. 


WHITE,  JOHN  (1590-1645),  parliamentarian  :  com- 
monly called  CENTURY  WHITE  :  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1618,  bencher,  1641 ; 
joined  in  forming  committee  known  as  feoffees  for  iinpro- 
priations,  which  aimed  at  making  a  better  provision  for 
puritan  preaching  ministry,  1625;  but  feoffment  dis- 
solved by  decree  of  exchequer  chamber,  1633 ;  M.P.  for 
Southwark,  1640 ;  chairman  of  committee  to  inquire  into 
immoralities  of  the  clergy;  vigorously  opposed  the 
episcopal  system ;  did  much  to  assist  first  colonists  of 

[Ixi.  58] 


WHITE 


1397 


WHITE 


WHITE,  JOHN  (1675-1648),  puritan  divine; 
the  patriarch  of  Dorchester ;  of  Winchester  College  and 
New  ColU-pe,  Oxfonl :  fellow  of  N.-w  College,  1695 ; 
M.A.,  IGtil  ;  rwtor  of  Holy  Trimf 
Interested  himself,  e.  1624, 

men  to  Massachusetts  ami 
about  formation  of    ~ 

•  the  'Planters'  Plea,'  published  anonymously. 
1610 ;  took  refuge  at  the  Savoy,  London,  on  outbreak  of 
civil  war,  1642  ;    rector  of   Lambeth,  IMS ;    member  of 
iembly  of  Divine*;   published  religious 
[lxi.69] 

WHITE,  J.  >HX  (188C-1891X  historian  of  the  MaorU  : 
wait  to  New  Zealand,  1832,  ami  ultimately  became  rnagi*- 
Ijllshed  •  Audi 


trate  of  Central  WammuuL :  pubttftbtd 
of  the  Maori,'  1889  ;  died  at  Auckland. 


tent  History 
tlxi.  61] 


WHITE,  JOHN  MEADOWS  (17997-1868X  togml 
writer ;  brother  of  Robert  Meadows  White  [q.  v.] :  prac- 
tised as  parliamentary  solicitor  in  London:  became 
authority  on  tithe  legislation  ;  published  legal  writings. 

WHITE,  JOHN  TAHOURDIN  (1809-1898),  scholar ; 
M.A.  Corpus  Christl  College,  Oxford,  1839 ;  DJX,  1866 ; 
assistant-master,  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1886-69; 
rector  of  St.  Martin,  Ludgate,  London,  1868 ;  published 
mmic-rotis  scholastic  works  and  critical  editions  of  classical 
authors;  joint-compiler  of  White  and  Riddle's  'Latin- 
English  Dictionary,'  1868.  [Ixi.  61] 

WHITE,  JOSEPH  (1745-1814),  orientalist  and  theo- 
logian;  of  humble  parentage:  financially  assisted  by 
John  Moore  (1730-1805)  [q.  v.]  (afterwards  archbishop 
of  Canterbury) ;  B.A.  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1769 ; 
MA.,  1773 ;  B.D.,  1779 ;  D.D.,  1787 :  Laudlan  professor 
of  Arabic,  1775-1814 ;  edited  for  delegates  of  Clarendon 
press  Harklensian  version  of  New  Testament,  1778; 
Hampton  lecturer,  1784,  taking  as  his  subject  a  comparison 
between  '  Mahometism '  and  Christianity ;  In  writing  the 
discourse*  had  great  assistance  from  Samuel  Badcock 
[q.  v.].  who  concealed  the  secret  of  his  share  in  the  work, 
which,  bUnaiM.  was  revealed  after  Badcock's  death; 
prebendary  of  Gloucester,  1788  ;  published,  1790,  an 
account  of  his  literary  obligations  to  Badcock ;  regins 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Oxford,  1804-14 ;  wrote  in  con- 
nection with  textual  study  of  bible ;  edited  Abdullatifs 
description  of  Egypt,  1800.  [Ixi.  08] 

WHITE,  JOSEPH  BLANCO  (1775-1841),  theological 
writer ;  born  at  Seville ;  studied  for  ministry :  entered 
Seville  University,  1790,  and  was  ordained  subdeacon, 
1796 :  priest,  1800  ;  chaplain  in  Chapel  Royal  of  St.  Fer- 
dinand, Seville,  1802  ; '  religious  instructor*  at  Pestalozzian 
school  at  Madrid :  gave  up  belief  In  Christianity,  aban- 
doned priesthood,  and  came  to  England,  1810 :  conducted 
the'EnpafioV  a  monthly  periodical  partly  circulated  In 
Spain  by  the  English  government  in  defence  of  the 
national  cause;  again  embraced  Christianity,  1812,  ami 
qualified  as  English  clergyman,  1814  ;  studied  at  Oxford : 
tutor  to  Lord  Holland's  son,  1815-17 ;  contributed,  from 
1880,  to  •  New  Monthly,'  edited  by  Thomas  Campbell : 
published  •  Evidences  against  Catholicism,'  1825 ;  received 
degree  of  M.A.  Oxford  in  recognition  of  his  serrices  to 
the  church,  and  settled  at  Oriel  College,  1826 :  became 
close  friend  of  Whately,  and  when  Wbately  was  appointed 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  1831,  accompanied  him  as  tutor 
to  his  son  and  that  of  his  friend  Senior ;  adopted  uni- 
tarian  views  and  resided  at  Liverpool,  1835  till  death. 
HU  publications  include  'Observations  on  Heresy  and 
Orthodoxy,'  1835,  and  translations  into  Spanish  of  Paley's 
•  Evidences,' '  Book  of  Common  Prayer,'  and  other  works. 
He  wrote  the  sonnet  on  •  Night  and  Death '  (published  in 
the  'Bijou,'  1828),  which  Coleridge  declared  to  be  'the 
finest  and  most  grandly  conceived  sonnet  In  our  lan- 
guage.' [1x1.  63] 


WHITE,  SIR  NICHOLAS  (4.  IMS), 

:•     .    •  .  -.   .  :..-    •    v  .-.'•  •  .        .-.4 

'A.  (fS*|    ..,    1    ,•,....•..•..,  .kl.  |   r  ,-r   .!    \f    .••.:   :,,,    :   \  •  :  •  >    , 

LMtj  |.r...  MSJMBS*,  :•••••;  t,.,--.r..i  E  I*  ..    5» 

:,M.  LtoSl  -..;;, ,-,rt..l    *    •*•»*•»•<    Hi    ;-.,"v  „•    ••,• 

PldiMsjMuB  farnfa  via    *»«*•  £  5  i  ••••• 
mltUl,  and  excited  animosity  of  Or  Hcwy  BUa«y,  an'l 
\va«  temporarily  suspsndsd  from  offlos  OB  eharfe  of  re- 
misrasa,  1*78 :  served  under  Sir  William  Nham  [q.  r.] 
in  Monster.  1*80 :  knfcbted.  1*84.  by  ftr  Job*  P*m*.  tbi 


,,f    t!.. 


Wbm    I'.rrn:     I,,,.-,.!   ,,t:.   !.:>•!.   t  r-a-o,,.  !,,  ,  *  !..;.  , 

was  sent  to  England  and  committed  to  the  Manbatea; 
rsjWMdof   •  tadau  hi  SEE  [bd.«fj 

WHITE,  RICHARD(rf.l684XRomancatboltei 

•AMtedtJ  >t..i,.t.:r-  «.:i,v,.«  ,,„'  r,.!,',.  -.  i.<, 
In  Bast  DenbifbsWre  andr3nl*hb» :  ST uads*  I 

,  :  ,.,.,  •  ,,f  tl...  DOB*   ftl     ."I-:    ...:••!  -  -I    •   .  ..!.tiv-.:rT,-r..| 

martyrdom.  pxL.7t] 

WHITE,  RICHARD  (1 589-161 IX  jorirt  and  historian; 
of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford ;  B.A., 
1669 ;  king's  professor  of  etvil  and  canon  laws  si  Dooay. 
and  subsequently 'magnifleos  rector 'of  the  university: 
created  '  comes  palatinns  •;  ordained  priest  and  appointed 
canon  of  St.  liter's,  Douay.  His  works  include  •  HUtori- 
arnm  (Britanniie)  libri  (1-11 V  1697-1607.  [UL  70] 

WHITE,  allot  JUIINHON,  RICHARD  (1604-1687) 
devotional  writer ;  educated  at  English  CoUeg«  at  Dooay ; 
a.lopted  name  of  Johnson,  1688 ;  confessor  of  Ingush 
Augustinian  canonesses of  8t  Monica's,  Louvaiti,  1680-60 ; 
left  devotional  treatises  in  manuscript.  [!xU  71) 

•    . 


______    ROBERT   (1540T-W74), 

Bao.  Cambridge,  1560  ;  master  of  choristers  at  Kly  Cathe- 
dral, c.  1561  ;  master  of  choristers  and  organist  at  West- 
minster  Abbey,  e.  1570  :  beattalned  a  high  reputation  as  a 
composer  ;  published  nothing  himself  ;  some  of  his  com- 
positions printed  in  collections  published  after  his  death. 

[1x1.  71] 

WHITE,   ROBERT  (1645-  1708  X   draughtsman   and 
engraver:    engraved  and  drew   numerous  portrait*  of 
public  and  literary  characters  of  his  period.       [Ixi.  73] 
WHITE,  ROBERT  (1802-1874),  antiquary  :  engaged 
and  brarafoonder  at 

,  and  papers  relating 

to  border  legends  and  minl*trelsy,  several  volume*  of 


In  the  counting-houfe  of  a  plumber  and 
Newcastle,  1885-65  ;  published  works  and  papers 


poems,  and  other  writings. 

WHITE,  ROBERT  MEADOWS  (1798-1865),  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholar;  B.A.  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1819; 
MA.,  1828;  DJX,  1843;  ordained  deacon,  1821;  priest, 
1822  :  fellow,  1884-47 :  Rawlinson  professor,  1884-9 ;  rector 
of  Slimbridge,  1846-65  ;  edited  the '  Ormulnm,'  a  harmo- 
nised narrative  of  the  gospels  in  verse  (1862).  [IxL  74] 

WHITE,  SAMUEL  (1783-181U    [8«  WHYT«.] 

WHITE,  STEPHEN  (1575-1647 ?X  Irish  Jesuit;  edu- 
cated at  Irish  seminary  at  Salamanca;  joined  jwniu, 
1696;  professor  of  scholastic  theology  at  IngoUstadt. 
1606-9;  rector  of  college  at  Cassd;  transcribed  many 
valuable  manuscripts,  one  of  which.  Adamnaa's  life  of 
St.  Columba,  was  used  by  Ussber  In  his  work  on  eocle- 
*ia.«tical  antiquities.  Several  treatises  by  him  wereprinted 
p.-tluiiuously. 

WHITE,  Sin  THOMAS  (1498-1567X  founder  of  8L 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  was  >f  P""**""0  memj 
Merchant  Taylors'  Company  and,  1523,  began  business 
London ;  first  renter  warden  of  company,  Ii80:  ssnlor 
warden,  1533:  master.  <.  1635:  alderman  for  Oorabin. 
1544 ;  sheriff,  1547;  one  of  promoters  °<  Muscovy  Com- 
pany, 1553 ;  knighted.  1563  ;  lord  nwyorof  London,  1668: 
obtained  royal  licence  to  found  St.  John's  CoUaje, Oxford, 
1556  ;  purchased.  1559,  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  which  be 
opened  as  a  ball  for  a  hundred  scholars,  1660;  took  part 
In  foundation  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School :  buried  to 
John's  College  chapel.    Portraiu  of  him  are  at  St.  John  s 


WHITE,   MATTHEW  (.ft.  1610-1630),   organist :   at     M^_  _._.._„ 

Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1611;  £*»»  Sl&S:  i!??^  i  Eton****  Merchant  Taylors 
has  been  confused  with  Robert  Whlte(1540?-1574)  [q.  v.] 

WHITE,  Sm  MICHAEL  (1791-1868),  lieutenant- 
general:  of  Westminster  School:  lieutenant,  84th  dra- 
goons, 1805;  served  in  India;  lieutenant-colonel,  1889: 
commanded  cavalry  in  Afghan  campaign,  1848;  C.B., 
1842;  in  Sikh  wars,  1845-6  and  1848-9:  aide-de-camp  to 
Queen  Victoria,  1845 ;  colonel,  1846;  liroteiiant-general, 
1860 ;  K.C.B.,  1862.  P*1-  «71 


WHITE,  THOMAS  (15507-1684),  found«rof  S too 
London:    B.A.  Magdalen    Hall,  Oxford,  1570; 
S;  vicar  of  St.  Diujstan-ln-tbe- West,  London, 
1575    B.D.,  1581:  D.D.  1IW :  prebendary  of  St.  PsnTs 
Cathedral,  1588;  treasurer  of  Salisbury.  1690;  canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Orford,  1691 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1698; 


WHITiii 


1398 


WHITEHEAD 


White'.- 
Oxford,  1681 : 


bip  of  moral   philosophy  at 
provision  in  his  will  for  foundation 


of  Son  College,  London,  designed  as  a  guild  of  the  clergy  of 
London  and  its  suburbs,  with  an  almshouse  for  twenty 
Demons 

V:-. 


;  published  sermons.    His  portrait  is  at  Sion  Ool- 

[lxi.78] 

WHITE,  THOMAS  (1593-1676),  philosopher  and  con- 
troversialist, who  wrote  under  pseudonyms  of  ALBIUS, 
ANQL.ITS,  and  BLACLOE  or  BLACKLOW  ;  educated  at 
Knglish  Roman  catholic  college  at  St.  Oiner  and  Douay, 
and  at  Valladolid  ;  B.D.  and  teacher  of  classics,  philo- 
sophy, and  theology  at  Douay  ;  president  of  English  col- 
lege at  Lisbon  ;  priest  in  England  ;  again  at  Douay,  1650  ; 
finally  settled  in  London,  where  he  published  works 
which  occasioned  much  controversy,  including  '  Institu- 
tions Sacra;,'  1662,  and  'Obedience  and  Government,' 
1666,  which  were  censured  by  the  university  of  Douay, 
and,  with  other  writings  attacking  the  pope's  personal 
infallibility,  by  the  court  of  inquisition.  Eventually  he 
recanted  his  opinions.  [Ixi.  79] 

WHITE,  THOMAS  (1628-1698),  bishop  of  Peter- 
borough ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1646  ; 
created  D.D.  Oxford,  1683  ;  vicar  of  Newark-on-Trent, 
1660  ;  rector  of  All  Hallows  the  Great,  London,  1666-79  ; 
rector  of  Bottesford,  1679-86;  chaplain  to  the  Lady, 
(afterwards  Queen)  Anne,  daughter  of  James,  duke  of 
York,  1683  ;  archdeacon  of  Nottingham,  1683  ;  bishop  of 
Peterborough,  1686  ;  one  of  the  six  bishops  who  with 
Sancroft,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  petitioned  against 
James  II's  second  '  Declaration  of  Indulgence,'  4  May  1688, 
and  with  them  was  tried  and  acquitted  (June)  ;  refused 
oaths  to  William  and  Mary,  1689  ;  deprived  of  see,  1690. 
_  [Ixi.  81] 

WHITE,  THOMAS  (1830-1888),  Canadian  politician  ; 
born  in  Montreal  ;  founded  and  conducted,  1863-60,  '  Peter- 
borough Review  '  ;  founded  '  Hamilton  Spectator,'  1864  ; 
member  of  Dominion  House  of  Commons  for  Oardwell, 
1878-88;  did  much  to  assist  emigrants  to  Ontario. 

[Ixi.  83] 

WHITE,  WALTER  (1811-1893),  miscellaneous  writer  ; 
worked  as  cabinet-maker  at  Reading  till  1834,  and  in  New 
York,  1834-9  ;  '  attendant  '  in  library  of  Royal  Society, 
1844  ;  assistant-secretary  and  librarian,  1861-84  ;  pub- 
lished accounts  of  holiday  walks,  and  other  writings. 
_  [Ixi.  83] 

WHITE,  WILLIAM  (fl.  1620),  left  musical  composi- 
tions in  manuscript;  has  been  confused  with  Robert 
White  (1640  ?-1674)  [q.  v.]  [Ixi.  73] 

WHITE,  WILLIAM  (1604-1678),  divine;  M.A.  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  1628  ;  master  of  Magdalen  College 
school,  Oxford,  1632  ;  ejected  by  parliamentary  commis- 
sioners, 1648  ;  rector  of  Pusey,  and  c.  1662,  of  Appleton  ; 
published  works  in  Latin  under  name  of  'Gulielmus 
rhalerius.'  [IxL  84] 

WHITE,  SIR  WILLIAM  ARTHUR(1824-1891),  diplo- 
matist ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  ;  clerk  to 
consul-general  at  Warsaw,  1867  ;  vice-consul,  1861  ;  consul 
at  Danzig,  1864  ;  British  agent  and  consul-general  in 
Servia,  1876  ;  ably  assisted  Lord  Salisbury  at  conference 
of  Constantinople,  1876  ;  envoy  extraordinary  and  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  at  Bucharest,  1879;  envoy  extra- 
ordinary, 1885,  and  special  ambassador  extraordinary  and 
plenipotentiary,  1  886,  at  Constantinople  ;  hon.LL.D.  Cam- 
bridge, 1886  ;  G.C.B.  and  privy  councillor,  1888. 

WHTTEFIELD,  GEORGE  (1714-1770),  leader  of 
Oalvinistic  methodists  ;  born  at  Gloucester  and  educated 
at  St.  Mary  de  Crypt  school  and  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  B.A.,  1736;  joined  'Society  of  Methodists'; 
1735  ;  ordained  deacon,  1736  ;  engaged  in  missionary 
preaching  and  gained  great  popularity,  1737  ;  made  suc- 
cessful missionary  journey  to  Georgia,  1738-9,  and  was 
appointed  by  the  Georgia  trustees  minister  of  Savannah  ; 
ordained  priest  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1739  ;  returned 
to  Savannah  and  founded  an  orphanage,  1740,  the  main- 
tenance of  which  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  an 
important  factor  in  his  work  ;  left  his  work  as  incum- 
bent of  Savannah  largely  in  the  hand  of  a  lay  delegate, 
*nd  engaged  in  evangelical  preaching  in  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, Maryland,  Virginia,  Carolina,  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  suspended  from  bis  ministry  for  ceremonial  irregu- 
inUas  by  the  commissary's  court  at  Charleston  ;  pro- 
wed  to  Boston,  where  his  preaching  gave  new  vitality 
to  the  Oalvinistic  position,  and  his  followers  and  thoae 


of  Wesley  thenceforth  formed  rival  parties  ;  returned  to 
London  and  opened,  1741,  Moor  fields  tabernacle,  a  tem- 
porary shed,  which  was  replaced  by  a  brick  building, 
1763  ;  preached  with  great  success  in  Scotland,  1741 
and  1742  ;  presided  at  first  conference  of  Oalvinistic 
methodists  held  at  Watford,  near  Oaerphilly,  1743 :  in 
America,  1744-8  ;  domestic  chaplain  to  Lady  Huntingdon, 
1748  ;  visited  Scotland,  where  the  synods  of  Glasgow, 
Lothian,  and  Perth  passed  resolutions  intended  to  exclude 
him  from  churches,  1748;  visited  Ireland,  1751,  and 
America,  1751-2  ;  compiled  his  hymn-book,  1753 ;  again 
in  America,  1764-5  ;  opened,  1766,  chapel  in  Tottenham 
Court  Road,  London  (rebuilt,  1899),  and  tabernacle  at 
Bristol  ;  in  America,  1763-5 ;  opened  Lady  Huntingdon's 
chapels  at  Bath,  1765,  and  Tunbridge  Wells,  1769,  and 
her  college  at  Trevecca,  1768  ;  finally  embarked  for 
America,  1769 ;  settled  conversion  of  orphanage  into 
Bethesda  College  (destroyed  by  fire,  1773)  ;  published 
sermons  and  autobiographical  and  other  writings ;  died 
at  Newburyport,  Massachusetts.  His  portrait  (c.  1737) 
by  John  Woolaston  is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[Ixi.  84] 

WHITEFOORD,  CALEB  (1734-1810),  diplomatist; 
natural  son  of  Charles  Whitefoord  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Edinburgh  University ;  in  wine-merchant's  office  in 
London  ;  secretary  to  commission  which  concluded  peace 
with  United  States  at  Paris,  1782  ;  P.R.S.,  1784 ;  F.S.A.  ; 
published  political  squibs  ;  mentioned  in  Goldsmith's 
'  Retaliation ' ;  his  portrait  painted  by  Reynolds. 

[Ixi.  92] 

WHITEFOORD,  CHARLES  (d.  J753),  soldier  ;  cap- 
tain in  Royal  Irish  at  Minorca,  1738  ;  accompanied  West 
India  expedition,  1740;  fought  at  Carthagena,  and  was 
lieutenant-colonel,  5th  marines,  1741 ;  fought  as  volunteer 
against  Scottish  rebels,  1745,  in  which  capacity  his 
conduct  at  Prestonpans  suggested  to  Sir  Walter  Scott 
incidents  in  '  Waverley  ' ;  colonel,  1752.  [Ixi.  93] 

WHITEHALL,  ROBERT  (1625-1685),  poetaster  ;  of 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1647 
expelled,  1648  ;  submitted  to  parliamentarians  and  was 
elected  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1650;  M.A. 
1652 ;  M.B.,  1657 ;  tutor  to  John  Wilmot,  second  earl  01 
Rochester  [q.  v.]  ;  subwarden  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
1671 ;  published  chiefly  congratulatory  odes.  [Ixi.  94] 

WHITEHEAD,  CHARLES  (1804-1862),  poet,  novelist, 
and  dramatist ;  published,  1831,  '  The  Solitary,'  a  poem 
which  met  with  warm  approval,  and,  1834,  '  The  Auto- 
biography of  Jack  Ketch,'  the  success  of  which  obtained 
for  him  an  invitation  to  write  humorous  letterpress  to  a 
monthly  issue  to  be  illustrated  by  Robert  Seymour  (1800  ?- 
1836)  [q.  v.] ;  pleaded  inability,  and  recommended  Charles 
Dickens,  who  accordingly  wrote  '  Pickwick  Papers ' ;  his 
career  wrecked  by  intemperance ;  died  in  Australia.  His 
most  successful  play  was  the  'Cavalier'  (blank  verse), 
1836.  [Ixi.  95] 

WHITEHEAD,  DAVID  (1492  ?-1571),  divine  ;  pro- 
bably educated  at  Oxford  ;  took  holy  orders  ;  fled  to  con 
tinent  on  Mary's  accession,  1553 ;  took  charge  of  exile 
congregation  at  Frankfort,  1554  ;  supported  Richard  Cox 
[q.  v.]  against  Knox,  and  was  chosen  pastor,  1555 
resigned,  1556  ;  returned  to  England  on  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession,  1558;  sequestered  for  refusing  to  subscribe 
1564.  [Ixi.  96] 

WHITEHEAD,  GEORGE  (1636  ?- 1723),  quaker 
became  a  quaker  about  1650  ;  started  as  itinerant  preacher 
1654 ;  suffered  considerable  persecution  and  was  fre- 
quently imprisoned  ;  had  many  audiences  with  Charles  II 
James  II  (who  as  a  result  of  his  interviews  issued 
a  declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience),  William  III 
George  I,  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  II),  greatly 
improving  by  his  efforts  the  legal  status  of  the  Friends 
and  establishing  the  sect  on  a  sound  civil  and  politica, 
basis  ;  engaged  on  many  occasions  in  public  disputes,  and 
published  controversial  works  dealing  with  all  the 
principal  features  of  his  creed.  [Ixi.  98] 

WHITEHEAD,  HOGH  (d.  1551),  first  dean  of 
Durham;  last  prior  of  Durham,  1519-40;  appointed 
dean  of  Durham,  1641 ;  implicated  in  the  fictitious  charges 
of  treason  brought  against  Outhbert  TunstiUl  [q.  v.], 
bishop  of  Durham,  1560-1,  and  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower  of  London  ;  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Llxi.  96] 


WHITEHEAD 


L8M 


Vv'HlTI-  KLI» 


WHITEHEAD,  JAMES  (1813  -  188&X  physician  ; 
F.O.S.,  1846;  M.I;<  !'.  !-..;»;  M.D.  St.  Andrews,  1860; 
practised  in  M:iii.-hi*t<r,  where  be  was  joint-founder  of 
the  Clinical  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children,  as  it 
was  afterwards  named ;  published  medical  works. 

[Ixi.  101] 

WHITEHEAD,  JOHN  (1630-1696X  qnaker  :  became 
quaker,  e.  1646;  first  preached,  1663;  served  In  the 
army,  1648-6J :  suffered  frequent  imprisonment  In  various 
parte  of  the  country  for  his  religious  views;  published 
controversial  writings.  [UL  103] 

WHITEHEAD,  JOHN  (1740T-1804X  physician  and 
biographer :  joined  the  metbodlsto  early  In  life  and 
acted  as  lay  preacher  In  Bristol :  became  a  quaker : 
studied  medicine  at  Leyden;  M.D.  Leyden.  1780  ;  physi- 
cian to  London  dispensary,  1781 ;  L.R.O.P.,  1783 ;  returned 
to  methodlsta,  1784,  and  with  Thomas  Coke  [q.  v.]  and 
Henry  Moore  (1751-1844)  [q.  vj  was  John  Wesley's  lite- 
rary executor ;  arranged  with  Coke  and  Moore  to  prepare 
biography  of  John  Wesley,  though  eventually,  dlsagree- 
mento  having  arisen,  the  life  was  Issued  by  Coke  and 
Moore,  1793 ;  liavlng  retained  John  Wesley's  papers,  pub- 
lished an  independent '  Life,'  1793-4.  [UL  103] 

WHITEHEAD,  JOHN  (1860-1899X  ornithologist: 
made  valuable  ornithological  collections  In  Borneo  and 
the  Philippines;  published  'Exploration  of  Mount 
Kina  Balu5  1893.  [UL  104] 

WHITEHEAD.  PAUL  ( 1710-1 774X  satirist :  studied 
law  in  the  Temple ;  confined  several  years  In  Fleet 
prison,  London,wheuce  he  issued  political  squibs,  including 
•State  Dunces,'  1733;  published  'Manners,'  1739,  and 
'  Honour,'  1747  ;  paid  hanger-on  of  the '  Prince's  friends ' ; 
secretory  and  steward  of  the  '  monks  of  Medmenham 
Abbey  ' ;  held  a  subordinate  post  in  the  treasury  ;  spent 
hist  years  at  Twickenham  ;  was  severely  criticised  by 
Churchill  in  his  satires  (1763-4);  collected  works  pub- 
lished, 1777;  his  portrait  painted  by  Gainsborough. 

[Ixi.  104] 

WHITEHEAD,  WILLIAM  (1718  -  1786),  poet 
laureate  ;  educated  at  Winchester ;  B.A.  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1739 :  fellow,  1743 ;  MJL,  1743  :  tutor  to 
George  Bussy  Villiere,  viscount  Grandison  (afterwards 
fourth  Earl  of  Jersey)  [q.  v.] :  produced  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  tragedies,  the  '  Roman  Father,'  1750,  and  '  Creusa,' 
1764 ;  secretory  and  registrar  of  the  order  of  the  Bath, 
e.  1765  ;  poet  laureate,  1757 ;  produced  the  '  School  for 
Lovers '  (comedy)  at  Drury  Lane,  1762  ;  subsequently  be- 
came Garrick's  reader  of  plays.  His  productions  as  poet 
laureate  met  with  much  unfriendly  comment,  to  which  he 
replied  in  '  A  Charge  to  the  Poets,'  1763,  but  his  earlier 
writings  are  not  without  merit.  His  '  Plays  and  Poems ' 
were  collected,  1774,  and  a  complete  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared,  1788.  [Ixi.  106] 

WH1TEHORNE.    [See  WHITHOR.VK.] 

WHTTEHURST,  JOHN  (1713-1788),  horologer :  en- 
gaged In  business  as  maker  of  chronometers  and  scientific 
instruments  at  Derby,  1736-75 ;  was  appointed  stamper  of 
money- weights,  and  removed  to  London,  1775 ;  1 
1779 ;  published  '  An  Attempt  towards  obtaining  In- 
variable Measures  of  Length,  Capacity,  and  Weight  from 
the  Mensuration  of  Time,'  1787,  and  other  scientific 
writings.  [UL  108] 

WHTTELAW,  JAMES  (1749-181SX  statistician  and 
philanthropist;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1771; 
held  successively  livings  of  St.  James's  and  8t  Cathe- 
rine's, Dublin,  and  afterwards  with  St.  Catherine's  that 
of  Oastlereagh ;  formed  Meath  charitable  loan,  1808, 
and  other  philanthropic  institutions  ;  made  census  of 
city  of  Dublin,  1798-1805;  began  with  John  Warbnrton 
'  History  of  Dublin,'  which  was  completed  by  Robert 
Walsh  [q.  v.],  and  published,  1818. 

WHTTELOCKE,  BCLSTRODE  ( 1606-1 675),  keeper  of 
the  great  seal  ;  son  of  Sir  James  Whltelocke  [q.  v.]: 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford  ;  called  to  bar  at  Middle  Temple,  1636, 
and  was  treasurer,  1638 ;  M.P.,  Stafford,  1636  :  mem- 
ber for  Marlow  in  Long  parliament ;  chairman  of  com- 
mittee which  managed  prosecution  of  Strafford  :  par- 
liamentarian governor  of  Henley,  1644 ;  repeatedly  en- 
gaged in  overtures  for  peace :  one  of  four  commlaiioneri 
of  great  seal,  1648;  member  of  committee  appointed  to 


t   k.i,,'  «n.l    r«,,M,lrr    m-t».,.l    of 
trial,    but  dooiiMd  to  take  any    part 


draw  up 

trial,    bat  declined  to  take  any 

member  of  council  of  state  of 

of    the   great  seal,    II 
w«den.  1663-4,  where  he 

torfctttg  Bj    •:<•  •••      •••..rr-'l  H  i 

•    •,..     .,.;:,.-!.      ...,      .••.    .,f 


,,.      .,     ...... 

1664-6; 


to  objections  to 

ntrodocftd  by  Protector,  16M  ; 
trute  and  navtaatton,  1666  ;  cl 
ointod  to  urge  Cromwell  to 
of  great  tat,  1669: 


afterward*  president  of 

•thai  h  :,,.,,,  . 

|SJMSj|aft«JMMB4      •'   .-".    :>..!,,! 

scheme  tor   new    constitution  ; 
and  lived  In 


•Memorials  of  English  Affairs'  (16»  to  1660X  first 
published,  1683,  'Journal  of  the  Swsdlab  Embassy' 
(1663-4),  first  published,  1773,  and  other  biographical 
and  miscellaneous  works.  An  anonymous  portrait  of 
Whitoiocke  Is  In  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[UL  110] 

WHITELOCKE.  EDMUND  (1666-16O8X  courtier; 
brotter  of  Sir  James  Whitdocke  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1686;  travelled  on  continent,  1687-99. 
and  served  during  civil  wan  in  France;  arrested  as 
abettor  of  Essex's  rebellion,  1601,  but  released  ;  Imprisoned 
on  suspicion  of  compile. ty  la  Gunpowder  plot,  bat  die- 
charged  without  trial.  [UL  116] 


BIB   JAMES 


(1670-16SSX  jodge: 
educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  fellow,  1689;  B.C.U,  1694;  barrister. 
Middle  Temple,  1600,  bencher.  16 19,  reader,  1619;  recorder 
of  Woodstock,  1606;  M.I'.,  Woodstock,  1610,  1614,  and 
1633 :  committed  to  Fleet  for  opposing  commission  on 
naval  reform,  1613 ;  Invested  with  coif,  and  appointed 
chief-justice  of  court  of  session  of  county  palatine  of 
Chester,  1630;  justice  of  king's  bench,  1634;  declined 
to  certify  the  legality  of  forced  loans,  1636;  member  of 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  e.  1600 ;  wrote  antiquarian  papers. 

[UL  117] 

WHITELOCKE,  JOHN  (1 757-1833  X  lieutenant- 
general:  ensign,  1778;  major,  1788:  lieutenant-colond, 
i::th  foot,  in  Jamaica,  1791 ;  served  against  French  in  San 
1  Domingo,  1793-4 ;  coloneL  6th  West  India  regiment,  and 
brigadier,  1796 ;  major-general  and  brigadier-general  in 
Guernsey,  1798  ;  lieutenant-governor  of  Portsmouth,  1799  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1806 ;  commanded  force  sent  to  recover 
Buenos  Ayres,  1807,  made  disastrous  attempt  to  take  town 
by  assault,  and  was  compelled  to  conclude  treaty  and 
evacuate  Monte  Video :  cashiered  by  court  martial,  1808. 

IUL  119] 

WHITER,  WALTER  (1768-1833),  philologist;  MJL 
Clare  College,  Cambridge,  1784;  fellow,  1783;  rector  of 
Hardingham,  1797-1833.  His  works  include  'Universal 
Etymological  Dictionary,'  1833-6,  and  some  Shakcspeai 


'  annotations.  [UL  131] 

WHTTE8IDE,  JAMES  (1804-1876X  lord  chief-justice 
of  Ireland  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1833 ;  called  to 
Irish  bar,  1830;  Q.C.,  1843:  made  notable  speech  in 
defence  of  O'ConneU  in  state  trials  of  1843;  leading 
counsel  for  defence  of  William  Smith  O'Brien  fq.  v.], 
1848 ;  conservative  M.P.,  Eiiuitkilkn.  1861,  and  Dublin 
University,  1869-66  :  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1863  ; 
attorney-general,  1866  ;  chief-justice  of  queen's  bench  in 
Ireland,  1866 :  published  '  Italy  In  Nineteenth  Century,' 
1848,  and  other  works.  [UL  133] 

WHTTFELD  or  WH1TFLELD,  HENRY  (d.  16«0  ?X 
divine ;  perhaps  held  living  of  Ockley.  Surrey,  from  1616  ; 
became  nonconformist :  sailed  for  New  England,  1639, 
and  founded  Guildford,  Connecticut :  returned  to  England, 
1660 ;  published  religious  works. 

WHTTFELD,  JOHN  CLARKE- (1770-1836X  organist ; 
Mo&JBac.  Oxford,  1793:  organist  and  choir-ma  star  at 
Armagh  Cathedral,  1794-7,  and  choirmaster  at  84 
Patrick's  Cathedral  and  Canst  Church.  Dublin,  1798; 
organist  and  choir-master  to  Trinity  and  St.  John's  col- 
^Cambridge;  hon.  MusJ>oc.  Dublin,  1794,  Gam- 
bridge,  1799,  Oxford,  1810;  professor  of  music,  Oum- 
brldge  University,  1831-36 ;  organist  and  onoir-maiter  o( 


WHITFORD 


1400 


WHITTAKER 


Hereford  Cathedral,  1830-33 ;  composed  much  sacred 
music  and  set  numerous  poems  by  Scott,  Byron,  and 
Hoorel  tlxi-  1243 

WHITFORD,  ADAM  (1624-1647),  royalist  soldier; 
ten  of  Walter  Whitford  (1581  ?-1647)  [q.  v.] ;  B.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1646  ;  killed  at  siege  of  Oxford. 

[Ixi.  128] 

WHITFORD,  DAVID  (1626-1674),  soldier  and 
scholar;  son  of  Walter  Whitford  (1581V-1647)  Lq.  v.] ; 
of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1661 ;  officer  in  Charles  II'*  army ;  taken  prisoner  at 
Worcester,  1661 :  studied  at  Inner  Temple,  1658 ;  chaplain 
to  Lord  George  Douglas's  regiment  of  foot,  1666 ;  minister 
to  Scottish  regiment  in  France,  1672  ;  rector  of  Middleton 
Tyas,  1673 ;  published  '  Musaei,  Moschi,  et  Bionia  quae 
extant  omnia*  (Latin  and  Greek),  1655,  and  other  works. 

[ixi.  124] 

WHJTFORD,  JOHN  (d.  1667),  divine ;  scii  of  Walter 
Whitford  (1581  P-1647)  [q.  v]  ;  rector  of  Ashton,  North- 
amptonshire, 1641 ;  ejected,  1645  ;  reinstated,  1660. 

[Ixi.  128] 

WHITFORD  or  WHYTFORD,  RICHARD  (fl.  1495- 
1555  ?),  'the  wretch  of  Syon ' ;  fellow  of  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  c.  1495 ;  made  acquaintance  of  Erasmus ; 
chaplain  to  Richard  Foxe  [q.  v],  bishop  of  Winchester, 
e.  1498 ;  entered  Brigittine  house  at  Isleworth  (known 
as  Syon  House),  c.  1507,  and  on  its  dissolution  retired  to 
London  :  published  devotional  and  theological  works,  in- 
cluding 'The  following  of  Christ'  (155C),a  translation  of 
the  •  De  Imitatioiie,'  founded  on  Dr.  William  Atkinson's 
translation  of  1504.  [Ixi.  125] 

WHITFORD,  WALTER  (1581 7-1647),  bishop  of 
Brechin :  educated  at  Glasgow  University;  licensed 
preacher  by  presbytery  of  Paisley,  1604 ;  minister  of  Kil- 
marnock,  1608,  of  Moffat,  1610,  and  Failford,  1619  ;  signed 
protestation  in  support  of  liberties  of  kirk,  1617,  but 
afterwards  joined  royal  party ;  member  of  court  of  high 
commission,  1619  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1620 ;  sub-dean  of  Glas- 
gow, 1628-39 ;  bishop  of  Brechin,  1635 :  supported 
Charles  I's  liturgical  changes ;  was  deposed  by  Glasgow 
assembly,  1638 ;  rector  of  Walgrave,  1642 ;  expelled  by 
parliamentarians,  1646.  [Ixi.  127] 

WHITFORD,  WALTER  (d.  1686  ?),  soldier;  son  of 
Walter  Whitford  (1581  ?-1647)  [q.  v.]  ;  colonel  in  royalist 
army  during  civil  war ;  retired  to  Holland ;  murdered. 
1649,  Isaac  Dorislaus  (1695-1649)  [q.  v.],  English  envoy 
in  Holland  and  one  of  Charles  I's  judges ;  accompanied 
Montrose  in  Scotland,  1650 ;  entered  Russian  service, 
c.  1664 ;  in  England,  1666 ;  held  commission  in  guards, 
but  was  dismissed  as  papist  [Ixi.  129] 

WHTTCUFT,  JOHN  (1530?-1604),  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  educated  at  St.  Anthony's  school,  London, 
and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  B.A.,  1554  ;  M.A.,  1557 : 
fellow  of  Peterhouse,  1555 ;  rector  of  Teversham  and 
chaplain  to  Richard  Coxe,  bishop  of  Ely,  1560;  B.D., 
1563;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  Cambridge, 
1663-7 ;  advocated  theories  of  Calvin,  but  supported  An- 
glican ritual;  university  preacher,  1566;  created  D.D.. 
1667 ;  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  1567,  and  ot 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1567-77 ;  regius  professor  of 
divinity,  1567-9;  prebendary  of  Ely  and  royal  chaplain, 
1568  ;  revised  Cambridge  university  statutes,  1570 ;  vice- 
chancellor,  1570  and  1573 ;  dean  of  Lincoln,  1571  •  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1572;  bishop  of  Worcester,  1577; 
vice-president  of  marches  of  Wales,  c.  1577-80-  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  1583-1604 ;  enjoyed  the  favour  of 
Elizabeth  and  rigorously  enforced  her  policy  of  religions 
uniformity ;  drew  up  articles  aimed  at  nonconformist 
ministers,  1583,  and  obtained  augmentation  of  powers  of 
high  commission  court;  privy  councillor,  1586:  being 
violently  attacked  in  tracts  published  by  John  Penry  [q.v.] 
and  others  under  pseudonym  of  'Martin  Mar-Prelate,' 
1688-9,  proceeded  against  the  offenders  with  the  utmost 
severity;  drew  up  Lambeth  articles,  adopting  Calvinist 
views  of  predestination  and  election,  1695;  active  in 
anticipating  attack  on  queen  in  EHHBX'B  rebellion,  1601  ; 
celebrated  coronation  of  James  I,  1603  ;  attended  Hamp- 
ton Court  conference,  1604 :  publishal  tracts  and  sermon*. 
A  collected  edition  of  his  works  appeared,  1851-3. 

i  MWHITHORNE  °*  WHJTEHORKE,  PKTEttX(>!l660- 
1563)  mditary  writer;  served  in  armies  of  Emperor 
Charles  Vugaiust  Moore,  c.  1660  ;  published  translations 


of  Machiavelli's  treatise  on  art  of  war  (1562),  and  Fabio 
Cott;i'.~  Italian  version  of  the  Greek  ' Strategics '  by 
Onosander(15(i3).  [Ixi.  137] 

WHTTHORNE,  THOMAS  (fl.  1590),  musical  amateur 
published  collections  of  part-songs  of  small  merit,  1571 
and  1590.  [ixi.  137j 

WHITING,  JOHN  (165G-1722),  qnaker;  suffered 
much  persecution,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Ilehester,  where 
he  and  other  quaker  prisoners  held  meetings ;  released, 
1686;  travelled  in  various  parts  of  England;  published 
'Catalogue  of  Friends'  Books'  (1708),  and  other  work?, 
chiefly  religious.  [Ixi.  138] 

WHITING,  RICHARD  (d.  1539),  last  abbot  of  Glas- 
tonbury;  M.A.  Cambridge,  1483;  D.D.,  1505:  monk  of 
Glastoubnry;  acolyte,  1498;  sub-deacon,  1499 ;  deacon, 
1500  ;  priest,  1501 ;  abbot,  1525 ;  took  oath  of  supremacy, 
1534 ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London  probably  on  charge 
relating  to  his  views  on  succession  to  the  throne,  1539 ; 
executed  on  Tor  Hill,  near  Glastonbury.  He  was  '  beati- 
fied,' 1896.  [ixi.  139] 

WHITLOCK,  MRS.  ELIZABETH  (1761-1836),  actress  ; 
daughter  of  Roger  Kemble  [q.  v.]  ;  appeared,  with  her 
sister  Sarah  (Mrs.  Siddons  [q.  v.]),  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  as  Portia,  1783  ;  married,  1785,  Charles  Edward 
Whitlock,  whom  she  accompanied  to  America,  whither 
she  again  went,  1797 ;  probably  last  appeared  as  Ehvina 
in '  Percy '  at  Drury  Lane,  1807.  [Ixi.  140] 

WHITLOCK,  JOHN  (1626-1709),  ejected  divine; 
M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1649 :  minister  with 
William  Reynolds  (1625-1698)  [q.  v.]  atLeighton  Buzzard, 
1645,  and  Aylesbury,  1648 ;  with  Reynolds  refused  '  En- 
gagement,' 1649,  and  was  deprived  ;  vicar  of  St.  Mary's, 
Nottingham,  1651 ;  established  presbyterian  service : 
sequestered,  1662 ;  returned  to  Nottingham,  1687  ;  pub- 
lished Life  of  Reynolds  (1698)  and  other  works. 

[Ixi.  141] 

WHITLOCK,  WILLIAM  (d,  1584),  historian  of  Lich- 
field ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  Collese,  Cambridge  ; 
M.A.,  1545 ;  B.D.,  1553  :  vicar  of  Prescot,  1558  ;  rector  of 
Greenford  Magna,  1560 ;  prebendary  of  LichGeld,  1561 ; 
continued  to  1559  the  manuscript  chronicle  (extending 
to  1347)  of  Thomas  Chesterfield  [q.  v.]  [Ixi.  141] 

WHTTMORE,  Sm  GEORGE  (d.  1654),  lord  mayor  of 
j  London ;  master  of  Haberdashers'  Company  ;  member  of 
j  Virginia  Company,  1609  ;  sheriff  of  London,  1622  ;  alder- 
I  man,  1621-43;  lord  mayor,  1631;  knighted,  1632;  twice 
!  imprisoned,  1642  and  1643,  for  refusing  to  pay  taxes- 
levied  by  parliament.  [Ixi.  142] 

WHITNEY,  GEOFFREY  (15487-16Q11),  poet; 
j  studied  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge:  under-bailiff 

of  Great  Yarmouth,  c.  1580-6 ;  entered  Leyden  University, 
i  1586,  and  published  in  that  year  'Choice  of  Emblems' 
|  (printed  by  Plantin),  from  which  Shakespeare  gained  his 
j  knowledge  of  the  foreign  emblematista  of  the  sixteenth, 

century.  [Ixi.  142] 

WHTTSHED,  Sm  JAMES  HAWKINS,  first  baronet 
(1762-1849),  admiral  of  the  fleet:  entered  navy,  1773; 
'  lieutenant,  1778 ;  commander,  1780 ;  with  Rodney  in 
West  Indies ;  captain,  1780 ;  on  east  coast  of  Scotland* 
1784-7  ;  studied  at  Oxford,  1787-90 ;  at  Cape  St.  Vincent, 
1797 ;  rear-admiral,  1799  ;  with  Channel  fleet,  1799-1801  ; 
organised  Irish  sea  fencibles,  1803;  vice-admiral.  1804; 
commander-in-chief  at  Cork,  1807-10,  and  at  Portsmouth, 
1821-4;  admiral,  1810;  K.C.B.,  1815:  G.O.B.,  1830;. 
created  baronet,  1834  ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1844.  [Ixi.  143] 

WHITSON,  JOHN  (1657-1629X  merchant  and  adven 
turer ;  in  service  of  a  shipowner  at  Bristol ;  took  active- 
part  in  voyages  for  settlement  of  North  America ;  M.P.» 
Bristol,  1605,  1620,  1625,  and  1626.  [Ixi.  144] 

WHITTAKER.    [See  also  WHITAKER.] 

WHITTAKER,  GEORGE  BYROM  (1793-1847).  book- 
seller and  publisher  ;  entered  partnership  with  Charles 
Law  in  London,  c.  1814 ;  published  for  Mrs.  Trollope,  Oolley 
Grattan,  George  Croly,  Miss  Mitford,  and  Sir  Walter 
Scott ;  brought  out  a  series  of  Greek  and  Latin  classics. 

[Ixi.  144] 

WHITTAKER,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1828-1876X 
painter  in  water-colours ;  member  of  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water-colours,  1864.  [Ixi.  145] 


WHITTAKER 


1401 


WHITWORTH 


WHITTAKER, 


\VIU.T\M     (1790V18541 


divine  :  Bcresford  fellow  and  B.A.  St,  John's  OoUegei 
Cambridge,  1814;  M.A.,  lsi7  ;  D.D.,  1830;  Tioar  of 
Blackburn,  Lancashire.  1822-64;  honorary  canon  of 
Manchester,  1852 ;  assisted  in  forming  Royal  Astrono- 
mical Society ;  published  ' .  .  .  Inquiry  into  Inter] 
tion  of  Hebrew  Scriptures  •  (1819)  and  other  works. 

WHITTINQHAK,  CHARLES,  'the  unite!'' (17^7- 
1840),  printer  and  founder  of  Chlswlck  Press ;  appren- 
ticed as  printer  and  stationer  at  Coventry ;  set  up  press 
in  London,  1789 ;  rapidly  extended  business  and  began 
printing  compact  editions  of  standard  authors  ;  brought 
out  with  John  Sharpe  'British  Classics '  ( 1 801  \  'British 
Theatre,'  and  'British  Poets'  (180ft);  started,  1809, 
paper-pulp  manufactory  at  Chiswiok,  where  be  esta- 
blished Chiswiok  Press,  1810 :  issued  Ohlswick  edition  of 
•  British  Poets'  (100  volsA  1822;  took  into  partnership, 
1 ».'  l.  his  nephew  Charles  Whlttlngham(  1795-1876)  [q.  T.], 


to  whom  be  resigned  sole  control,  1838. 


tlxi.  14*] 


narrated  before 


-i  MM  i.  ••..  . 

fssMsM    •' *     sf*»_ 

•*•'-.        • .   •    : 


-iw  prv*ft.     Tbe  *torr  ot  a  cat 

helping  its  owner  to  fortune  has  ban  traeal  la  many 
countries  both  of  southern  and  northern  Bonnm 


WHITTINOHAM,  CHARLES,  'the  nephew,'  (1795- 
1876),  printer:  nephew  of  Charles  Whlttingbam  (1767- 
1840)  [q.  T.]  ;  apprenticed  to  his  ancle,  1810 :  freeman  of 
Stationers'  Company,  1817  ;  liveryman,  1848 ;  in  partner- 
ship with  hU  uncle,  1824-8:  started  independently  In 
London,  1828 ;  printed  many  fine  volumes  for  William 
Pickering  [q.  v.]  ;  took  over,  1840.  control  of  Chiswick 
Press,  which  he  removed,  1852,  to  his  London  premises  at 
21  Took's  Court,  Chancery  Lane ;  retired  from  active 
work,  1860,  when  he  took  as  partner  John  Wilkins 
0*.  1889).  [ix|.  147] 

WHTTTINOHAlf,  SIR  SAMUEL  FORD  (1772- 
1841),  lieutenant-general ;  entered  mercantile  houee  at 
Bristol;  travelled  in  Spain  ;  ensign,  1803;  lieutenant,  1st 
life  guards,  1803  ;  sent  by  Pitt  on  xecret  mission  to  Penin- 
sula, 1804-5 ;  captain,  1805 ;  transferred  to  command  of 
troop  of  13th  light  dragoons,  1805  ;  served  at  Buenos 
Ayres  on  staff  of  John  Whitelocke  [q.  v.]  ;  deputy- 
assistant  quartermaster-general  to  force  under  Sir  Arthur 
Wellesley,  1808;  brigadier-general  In  Spanish  army, 
1809 ;  at  Talavera,  1809 ;  commanded  Spanish  force  at 
Barrosa,  1811 ;  inspector-general  of  division,  1811 ;  at 
Palma,  Majorca,  where  he  estabHlhed  a  military  training  I 
college,  1812  :  co-operated  with  Lonl  William  Bentinck 
in  Spain,  1812-13;  lieutenant-general  in  Spanish  army,  | 
colonel  in  British  army,  and  aide-de-camp  to  prince 
regent,  1814  :  knight  and  C.B.,  1815 ;  again  in  Spain 
after  Napoleon  I's  escape  from  Elba ;  governor-general  of 
Dominica,  1819-21 ;  quartermaster-general  in  India,  1821- 
1825 ;  major-general,  1825  ;  K.O.B.,  1826 ;  returned  to 
England,  1835 ;  lieutenant-general  and  commander  of 
forces  in  Windward  and  Leeward  islands.  West  Indies, 
1836-9  ;  commander  of  Madras  army,  1839-41 ;  wrote  on 
military  and  political  subjects ;  died  at  Madras. 

[IxL  148] 

WHTTTINGHAJI,  WILLIAM  (1524?-1579X  dean  of 
Durham ;  B.A.  Brasenoae  College,  Oxford,  1540 ;  fellow 
of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1545  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1548 ;  associated  with  English  protestant  exiles 
at  Frankfort,  1554;  followed  Kuox  to  Geneva,  1555, 
and  was  appointed  deacon,  1558,  and  minister,  1569  : 
assisted  in  translation  of  Geneva  or  'Breeches'  Bible 
(1560),  and  produced  metrical  versions  of  several  of 
the  Psalms,  and  of  the  Ten  Commandments  :  returned  to 
England,  1560  ;  dean  of  Durham,  1563 ;  was  charged  before 
commission,  1678,  on  various  counts.  Including  invalidity 
of  his  ordination,  but  died  before  proceedings  terminated. 

[Ixi.  150] 

WHITTINGTON,  RICHARD  (d.  1423X  mayor  of  j 
London  ;  son  of  Sir  William  Whittington,  perhaps  of 
Pauntley,  Gloucestershire  :  mercer  in  London  ;  member  ! 
of  common  council,  1385  and  1387 ;  alderman  for  Broad 
Street  ward,  1393;  sheriff,  1394:  mayor,  1397-8,1406-7. 
and  1419-20 :  possibly  M.P.  for  London,  1416 ;  married 
Alice,  daughter  of  Sir  Ivo  Fitzwaryn,  who  possessed 
landed  property  in  the  south-western  counties;  acquired 
considerable  wealth,  advanced  loans  to  Richard  II, 
Henry  IV,  and  Henry  V,  and  was  a  liberal  benefactor  of 
London :  left  legacies  for  rebuilding  of  Newgate  prison, 
foundation  of  an  almshouse,  and  the  collegiation  of 
church  of  St.  Michael  de  Paternoster-church  as  Whit- 
tington College  (suppressed,  1648).  The  popular '  legend ' 
of  Whittington  and  his  cat,  the  germ  of  which  is  pro- 
bably of  very  remote  origin,  is  not  known  to  have  been 


fa.  T.I.  the  archbishop;  LL.D  Oxford;  arebdeaoon  of 
Huntingdon :  'onstosrof  Peterbooee,  Cambridge,  1349- 
1351 :  prebendary  of  Uchfldd,  1SW.  and  UnooC  ISM: 
^car-general  to  Isllp;  bishop  of  Rochester,  1160-4,  of 
Worcester.  1164-8;  archbishop  of  Canterbury; 1*5-74 ; 
buried  in  Canterbury  Cathedral.  [Ixi.  1M] 


EDWARD  MICHAEL  (1827-1860X  jour- 
nalist; son  of  Michael  James  Whltty  [q.  v.]:  writerof 
parliamentary  summary  of  'Times,'  1844-9;  on  staff  of 
'Leader,'  to  which  he  contributed  sarcastic  tketcbe*  of 
parliamentary  proceedings;  edited  •Northern  Whig.' 
1*07-3  ;  emigrated  to  Australia  ;  died  at  Melbourne. 


179*-  1873), 


WHTTTT,  MICHAEL  JAMES  (1794-1871 
naltst;  edited  'London  and  Dublin  Magazine,'  1823-7; 
edited  'Liverpool  Journal,'  1830-4,  and  became  its  pro- 
prietor, 1848;  issued  'Liverpool  Daily  Post,'  the  first 
penny  daily  paper  published  in  United  Kingdom,  1864. 

[1x1  160] 

WHITWELL,  JOHN  GRIFFIN,  BAROJI  HOWARD 
DB  WALDKJC  ( 1719-1797).  [See  URIKFIN.  Jons  GRIFFIN.] 

WHITWORTH,  CHARLBB,  BARON  WBITWORTH 
(1676-1726),  diplomatist ;  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  B.A.,  1699 ;  fellow,  1700 : 
represented  England  at  diet  of  RaUnbon,  1709;  envoy 
extraordinary  to  Russia,  1704-10  ;  ambassador  to  Vienna, 
1711  ;  British  plenipotentiary  at  congress  of  Baden,  1714  ; 
envoy  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  at  court  of 
Prussia,  1716-17  and  1719,  and  at  the  Hague,  1717-19; 
British  plenipotentiary  at  congress  of  Oambray,  1722 ; 
M.P.,  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  1721 :  created  Baron  Whit- 
worth  of  Galway,  1721 ;  '  Russia  in  1710 '  printed  at 
Strawberry  Hill  from  his  memoranda,  1768.  [IxL  161] 

WHITWORTH,  SIR  CHARLES  (17147-1778), 
author;  M.P..  Minehead,  1747-61,  and  1768-74,  Bletch- 
inirley,  1761-8,  East  Looe,  1774,  Saltash,  177ft;  chairman 
of  ways  and  means,  1768  and  1774-8;  knighted,  1748; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Gravesend  and  Tilbury  fort,  1768- 
1778  ;  compiled  several  works  of  reference.  [Ixi.  161] 

WHITWORTH,  CHARLES,  EARL  WHITTVOBTH 
(1752-1826),  diplomatist;  ensign,  1st  regiment  of  foot- 
guards,  1772;  lieutenant-colonel,  104th  regiment.  178S; 
envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
Poland,  1785-9,  and  at  St.  Petersburg,  1789-1800  ;  K.B., 
1793 ;  created  Baron  Whitworth  of  Newport  Pratt,  Ire- 
land, 1800  ;  on  special  mission  to  Copenhagen,  1800 :  privy 
councillor,  1800 ;  married  widowed  Duchess  of  Dorset, 
1801:  ambassador  at  Paris,  1802;  retired  to  London 
on  British  declaration  of  war  with  France,  1803 :  lord  of 
bedchamber  to  George  III,  1813;  Ion  1- lieu  tenant  of  Ire 
land.  1813-17  :  created  Viscount  Whitworth  of  Ad  barton, 
J813;  <}.C.B.  and  Earl  Whitworth,  1816:  visited  Parts, 
1819.  His  portrait,  painted  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  to 
at  tac  Louvre,  Paris.  [IxL  14JJ 

WHITWORTH,  SIR  JOSEPH,  first  baronet  (180t- 
1887),  mechanical  engineer  :  worked  as  mechanic  in  Man- 
chester and  London ;  discovered  method  of  i 
trnly  plane  surface ;  set  up  as  toolmaker  at 
1833;  constructed  measuring  machine  by  which  was 
„,,!  -t.,,,.l:ir.l 


and  gauges; 
F.R.S.,  1867  :  hon.  LL.D.  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  1841; 


elaborated  his  system  of 


hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1848  : 

rifles,  and  produced,  1857,  a  rifle  which 

war  office,  1869 ;  produced  Whitworth  steel  for 


SB 

-    >.:«  c 


to 

b7 

iriias. 


WHOOD 


1402 


WIDVLLE 


1870 ;  created  baronet,  1869 ;  converted  works  at  Man- 
chester, 1874,  into  limited  liability  company  which  united 
with  firm  of  Armstrong,  Elswick,  1897.  [Ixi.  166] 

WHOOD,  ISAAC  (1689-1752),  portrait-painter;  a 
skilful  imitator  of  the  style  of  Kneller.  [Ixi.  170] 

WHORWOOD,  JANE  (ft.  1648),  royalist ;  nte  Ryder : 
married  Brome  Whonvood,  1634;  rendered  Charles  I 
numerous  services,  1G47-8.  [Ixt  170] 

WHYTE.    [See  also  WHITE.] 

WHYTE,  SAMUEL  (1733-1811),  schoolmaster  and 
author ;  cousin  of  Frances  Chamberlain,  wife  of  Thomas 
Sheridan  (1719-1788)  [q.  v.] ;  opened,  1768,  school  in 
Dublin,  where  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  was  one  of  his 
pupils  ;  published  poetical,  educational,  and  other  writings. 

WHYTE-MELVILLE,  GEORGE  JOHN  (1821-1878), 
novelist  and  poet ;  educated  at  Eton  ;  captain,  Ooldstream 
guards,  1849;  served  in  Crimea  as  major  of  Turkish 
irregular  cavalry,  1854 ;  devoted  himself  to  literature 
and  field-sports ;  died  from  accident  while  hunting  ;  pub- 
lished novels  relating  to  military,  Sporting,  and  fashion- 
able life.  [Ixi.  173] 

WHYTEHEAD,  THOMAS  (1816-1843),  missionary 
and  poet ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
Hulsean  prizeman,  1835  ;  senior  classical  medallist,  1837  ; 
fellow,  1837-43  ;  M.A.,  1840  ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford, 
1841 ;  chaplain  to  George  Augustus  Selwyn  (1809-1878) 
fq.  v.l,  bishop  of  New  Zealand,  1841-3  ;  published  poetical 
writings.  [Ixi.  172] 

WHYTFORD,  RICHARD  (fl.  1495-1555?).  [See 
WHITPORD.] 

WHYTT,  ROBERT  (1714-1766),  physician  ;  M.A.  St. 
Andrews,  1730  ;  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don and  on  the  continent ;  M.D.  Rheims,  1736,  and  St. 
Andrews,  1737 ;  F.R.O.P.  Edinburgh,  1738,  and  president, 
1763-6 ;  professor  of  theory  of  medicine,  Edinburgh 
University,  1747;  F.R.S.,  1752;  first  physician  to 
George  III  in  Scotland,  1761 ;  published  •  Nervous,  Hypo- 
chondriac, or  Hysteric  Diseases '  (1764),  and  other  works. 

[Ixi.  174] 

WHYTYNTON  or  WHITINTON,  ROBERT  (fl. 
1520).  [See  WHITTINGTON.] 

WIBTTRN  or  WYBURN,  PERCEVAL  (1533?- 
1606?),  puritan  divine;  fellow  of  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1552 ;  on  continent  during  Mary's  reign ; 
M.A.,  1558;  prebendary  of  Norwich  and  of  Rochester, 
1561 ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1561 ;  vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre's, 
Holborn,  London,  1564  ;  refused  subscription,  1564  ;  was 
sequestered,  but  retained  prebends,  and  preached  in 
public.  [Ixi.  175] 

WICH£.    [See  also  WYCHB.] 

WICHE,  JOHN  (d.  1549).    [See  WAKEMAN.] 

WIO'HE,  JOHN  (1718-1794),  baptist  minister  ;  studied 
at  baptist  academies  at  Taunton,  Kendal,  and  Finderu  ; 
minister  at  Salisbury,  1743-6,  and  at  Maidstone,  1746-94  : 
abandoned  Arian  for  Socinian  views,  1760;  published 
religious  writings.  [Ixi.  176] 

WICKENS,  SIR  JOHN  (1815-1873),  judge ;  educated 
at  Eton  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  M.A..18S9;  barrister, 
Lincoln's  Inn,  1840 ;  bencher,  1871 ;  equity  counsel  to 
treasury  :  vice-chancellor  of  county  palatine  of  Lancaster, 
1868;  raised  to  bench  as  vice-chancellor  and  knighted, 
1871.  [Ixi.  176] 

WICKHAM.    [See  also  WYKEHAM.] 

WIOKHAM,  HENRY  LEWIS  (1789-1864),  barrister ; 
son  of  William  Wickham  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1817  ;  receiver-general  of  Gibraltar ;  chairman  of  board  of 
stamps  and  taxes,  1838-48.  [Ixi.  178] 

WIOKHAM,  WILLIAM  (1761-1840),  politician :  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1782 ; 
M.A.,  1786 ;  D.C.L.,  1810;  called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
i786 ;  employed  by  Lord  Grenville,  then  foreign  secretary, 
in  secret  diplomatic  service,  1793-4 ;  minister  to  Swiss 
canton*,  1796-7 ;  under-secretary  for  home  department, 
1798-1803;  envoy  to  Swiss  cantons  and  Russian  and 
Austrian  armies,  1799-180* ;  privy  councillor,  1802 ;  chief 
secretary  for  Ireland,  180S-4.  [IxL  177J 


WICKLOW,  VISCOTTVT  (d.  1786).  [See  HOWARD, 
RALPH.] 

WICKWANE  or  WYCHEHAM,  WILLIAM  DE  (d. 
1285),  archbishop  of  York  ;  canon  and  chancellor  of  York 
in  1262;  archbionop,  1279-85;  came  into  conflict  with 
monks  of  Durham,  1280  and  1283  ;  made  a  rule  that  each 
archbishop  of  York  should  leave  a  certain  amount  of 
stock  on  the  estates  of  the  see  ;  died  at  Pontigny. 

[Ixi.  178] 

WICLIF,  JOHN  (d.  1384).    [See  WYCLIFFE.] 

WIDDICOMB,  HENRY  (1813-1868),  comedian ;  son 
of  John  Esdaile  Widdicomb  [q.  v.]  ;  clerk  in  custom- 
house ;  adopted  theatrical  profession,  1831 ;  played  in 
London  and  Liverpool ;  joint-manager  of  Sheffield  and 
Wolverhampton  theatres,  1846;  principal  comedian  at 
Surrey  Theatre,  London,  1848-60.  His  parts  included  first 
Gravedigger  in  'Hamlet,'  and  Jacques  Strop  in  the 
*  Roadside  Inn.1  [Ixi.  179] 

WIDDICOMB  or  WEDDICTTMB,  JOHN  ESDAILE 
(1787-1864),  riding-master  and  conductor  of  the  ring  at 
Astley's  Amphitheatre,  1819-53.  [Ixi.  179] 

WIDDOWE8,  GILES  (15887-1645),  divine;  M.A. 
Oxford,  1614  ;  fellow  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  1610-21  ; 
rector  of  St.  Martin  Carfax,  Oxford,  1619-45 ;  vice-prin- 
cipal of  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1621  ;  engaged  in  con- 
troversy with  Prynne,  1630-1.  [Ixi.  179] 

WIDDRINGTON,  RALPH  (d.  1688),  regius  professor 
of  Greek  at  Cambridge ;  brother  of  Sir  Thomas  Widdriug 
ton  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1635 ;  M.A. 
1639 ;  fellow ;  public  orator,  1650 ;  regius  professor  of 
Greek,  1664;  D.D.,  1661;  Lady  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  1673.  [Ixi.  180] 

WIDDRINGTON,  ROGER  (1563-1640),  Benedictine 
monk,  whose  real  name  was  THOMAS  PRESTON  ;  ordained 
secular  priest  at  Rome;  joined  Benedictines  of  Monte 
Cassino,  1590  ;  sent  on  English  mission,  1602,  and  subse- 
quently spent  much  of  his  life  in  prison :  set  himself  up 
as  champion  of  the  condemned  oath  of  allegiance  against 
the  pope's  deposing  power,  publishing  several  works  on  the 
subject,  and  gained  favour  of  James  I  and  Charles  I. 

[Ixi.  180] 

WIDDRINGTON,  SAMUEL  EDWARD  (d.  1856), 
writer  on  Spain ;  son  of  Joseph  Cook  ;  entered  navy,  1802  ; 
served  in  West  Indies  ;  lieutenant,  1809  ;  commander,  1824 ; 
retired,  c.  1824 ;  lived  in  Spain,  1829-32,  and  published, 
1834, '  Sketches  in  Spain  during  1829-32 ';  assumed  sur- 
name of  Widdrington,  1840;  F.R.S.,  1842;  F.R.G.S. 

[Ixi.  182] 

WIDDRINGTON,  SIR  THOMAS  (d.  1664),  speaker  of 
House  of  Commons ;  probably  studied  at  Oxford;  called 
to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  ancient  and  bencher,  1639  ;  reported 
cases  in  court  of  king's  bench,  1625-31 ;  recorder  of  Ber- 
wick, 1631,  and  of  York,  1638-c.  1662 ;  knighted,  1639 ; 
twice  M.P.  for  Berwick,  1640 ;  a  commissioner  of  great 
seal,  1648-9, 1654-5,  and  1660  ;  serjeant-at-law  and  king's 
serjeant,  1648  ;  Serjeant  for  Commonwealth,  1650 ;  member 
of  council  of  state,  1651,  1659,  and  1660  ;  on  treasury  com- 
mission, 1654-9 ;  M.P.  for  York,  1654,  and  Northumber- 
land, 1656  ;  speaker,  1656  ;  lord  chief-baron  of  exchequer, 
1658-60;  M.P.  for  York  in  Convention  parliament;  lost 
all  offices  on  Restoration,  but  regained  degree  of  serjeant ; 
temporal  chancellor  of  bishopric  of  Durham,  1660 ;  M.P., 
Berwick,  1661 ;  wrote  history  of  York,  published,  1897. 

[Ixi.  182] 

WIDDRINGTON,  WILLIAM,  first  BARON  WIDDRING- 
TON (1610-1651),  sheriff  of  Northumberland,  1637,  and  M.P. 
for  county,  1640;  took  up  arms  for  Charles  I,  1642; 
knighted,  1642 ;  fought  under  William  Cavendish,  duke  of 
Newcastle  [q.  v.]  ;  commanded  .garrison  of  Lincoln,  1643  ; 
created  Baron  Widdrington  of  Blankney,  1643  ;  accom- 
panied Newcastle  to  Hamburg,  1644,  and  later  to  Paris  ; 
joined  Prince  Charles  in  Low  Countries,  1648,  accompanied 
him  to  England,  and  died  of  wounds  at  Wigan.  [Ixi.  184] 

WIDLRINGTON,  WILLIAM,  fourth  BARON  WID- 
DRINGTON (1678-1743),  greatrgrandson  of  William  Wid- 
drington, first  baron  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  title,  1695  ; 
joined  Jacobite  rising  under  Thomas  Forster  (1676  ?-1738) 
[q.  v.]  and  Sir  James  Radcliffe,  third  earl  of  Derwentwater 
[q.  v.],  1715 ;  attainted  of  high  treason,  1716 ;  sentenced 
to  death,  bat  pardoned.  [Izi.  185} 

WIDVILE.    [See  WOODVILLK.] 


WIFFEN 


1403 


WILBERFORCE 


WIFFZN.  UARRON  (1794-1867X  blo- 

"mph-r;  brother  oA  Jeramfefa  Holme*  Wlff«, 
•  imik.-r:  engaged  as  Ironmonger  at  Woburn,  1808-18; 
•>-.-.\-\  s,win,  1839,  to  forward  abolition  of  slave-trade; 
collected  writings  of  early  Spanish  reformers,  volumes  of 
whi.h  he  issued  privately;  published  biographic*  of 
Spanish  reformers.  [IxL  186] 

WIFFEN,  JEREMIAH  HOLMES  (1791-1836X  trans- 
lator of  Tasso;  quaker  ;  opened  school  at  Woburn,  1811 : 
pobttabtd  faaailaisM,  ta  En  •  ....  m  t,d  tMrtt  bonk 

«.f  MrrusakOI  I  vl  MN&V  LmlaaAMKfnialaiKfriM,  I-:1 1 

otta  A,,,K-  .„. ;  alt  ;.„..-,  ,1  ,r,t.,..--  .,,,1  'Hkterioi 
Memoirs  of  House  of  Russell,'  1811.  [Ul.  187] 

WIGAN,  ALFRED  SYDNEY  (1814  1878).  actor  In 
London .  appeared  under  name  of  Sydney  or  Sidney  at 
[MB*,  L6M;  pimjaj  oclfi»4J6lKftJ«*MM  ta  DMtiW 

•Strange  Gentleman'  at  the  St.  James's.  1816;  with 
Madame  Vestrls  at  Oovent  Garden,  1819  ;  married 
Leonora  Plnoott,  1819  or  1841 :  gained  reputation  as 
Alcibiades  Blague  In  Jerrold's  'Gertrude's  Cherries,  or 
Waterloo  in  1835 ' ;  at  the  Lyceum  with  the  Keeleys,  1844, 
and  later  Independently ;  played  the  hero  of  '  Monsieur 
Jacques*  with  Mis*  Mary  Ann  Stirling  [q.  v.]  at  the 
Olympic,  1847 :  with  Kean  at  the  Haymarket,  1848-9, 
playing  clown  In  •  Twelfth  Night '  and  Bassanio  in  '  Mer- 
chant of  Venice ' ;  among  his  finest  Impersonations  Achille 
Talma  Dufard  in  the  '  First  Night,'  1849,  and  John  Mild- 
may  in  Tom  Taylor's  'Still  Waters  run  Deep,'  1868  ;  re- 
tired, 1871 ;  produced  original  plays.  [Ixi.  188] 

WIGAV,  HORACE  (18187-1886X  actor  and  adapter 
of  plays  ;  brother  of  Alfred  Sydney  Wigan  [q.  v.] ;  acted 
in  Ireland,  and  first  appeared  In  London,  1864,  at  the 
Olympic,  where  he  continued  till  1866 ;  manager  of  the 
Mirror  (Holborn  Theatre  X  London,  1876;  among  his 
most  successful  part*  the  original  Hawkshaw  in  Taylor's 
'  Ticket-of- Leave  Man,'  1861.  He  made  many  translations 
and  adaptations  of  foreign  dramatic  pieces.  [Ixi.  190] 

WIGAV,  JOHN  (1696-1739),  physician  and  author ; 
of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 
1711 :  M.D.,  1727 ;  principal  of  New  Inn  Hall,  Oxford, 
1726-32 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1732 ;  physician  to  Westminster  Hos- 
pital, 1733-7 .  accompanied,  1738,  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir 
Edward)  Trelawny  [q.  v.]  to  Jamaica,  where  he  died ; 
published  an  edition  of  Aretaeus,  1723,  nnd  other  writings. 


brigadier-general.  1707  ;  c 
1711  ;  commanded  centre  of  royal  teot  at 
1716  ;  governor  of  Klnamle.  1718.  rjtepnL  UL  611) 

W10HTMAH.    SIR    WILLIAM  (178I-186SX 


^v  *w*»  *v  mm  n+9  t       0Mi         <*i****isi«m     llf  O*-ftUVa  Jk      lULUgV   , 

M.A.  Queen's  Collage,  Oxford.  1809 ;    honorary  fellow 
1869-61:    calledto   bar,  Lincoln'.   Inn,  101;    famW 

OOMSJ  bo  •:-.  .-.     wttoKj  hjdn  oi  psW    C   i 


•ad  kBsfMftl  IS41 


WIOHTWICK,     GROROB   (18OS-I871X     architect; 
entered  office  of  Sir  John  Soane  :  opened  praettoe  at  Ply- 

•:,,:•:      I-'.''.    ,..!  ...        M   I     MM         •  '  ••      E  D»*l   I     • 

Cornwall:    published    architectural   and  dramatic 


wl  '  [1x1196] 

WIOLAJ  (d.  8S8X  king  of  Mtroia;  soooseded 
Lndecan,  826;  driven  from  throne  by  Egbert  (d.  8*9) 
[a.  v.].  king  of  Wessex,  c.  8J8,  but  rwtored  as  under-king 
of  Weseex.  [lxt  ItT] 

WIOMORB.  B  ABOJC*  or.  [Sat  MOBTIMKR.  RALPH  (I) 
DK,  d.  11047:  MOBTIMKB.  HroH  (1)  DK.tf.1181  •  MOBTI- 


(II)  DK,  sixth  BABOS.  miV-lftH;  MOBTI- 
MKB, RooKK(IV)  DK, eighth  BABOX,  1K.7 T-1HO ;  MOHTI- 

MKK,  ROOKB(V)DK,  1317  7-1S6O  ;  MoHTIMKK,  KllMCXD(Il) 

DR.  1361-1881;   MOBTIMKB,  ROOKB  (VI)  DK,  1174-HM: 
MOBTIMKB,  EDMUXD  (IV)  DK,  1391-1416.] 

WIOMORB,  WILLIAM  (1699-1666X     [SeeOAMTXW, 

WiLUAM.] 

WIONBR,  GEORGE  WILLIAM  ( 1841-1 884  XehenM; 
worked  as  bank  clerk  In  London,  devoting  his  letenr*  to 
set  up  as  analyst  in  London :  founded 
'      L,  1876,  and  was  prerident,  1881 
scientific  writings.  [Ixi.  197] 


Society  of  Public  Analyst*,  1876,  and  was  president,  1881 ; 
P.C.S. ;  F.I.O. ;  published  i  ' 

WIORAM,  GEORGE  VICES1MUS  (1806  -  1879X 
exegetical  writer  :  brother  of  Sir  James  Wigram ;  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  College,  Oxford  ;  joined  Plymouth 
brethren ;  works  deal  with  study  of  biblical  text. 

[Ixi.  199] 

WIORAM,  SIB  JAMBS  (1791-1866X  vie«-cbanoaUor : 
fellow,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1817 ;  MJU  1818 : 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1819  ;  K.C.,  1814 ;  tory 
M.P.  for  Leomlnster,  1841 ;  vice-chancellor,  1841  ;  i 


[Ixi.  191]        of  judicial  committee  of  privy  council,  1841 ;  knighted, 

WIGAN,  LEONORA  (1805-1884),  actress;    nte  Pin-     1MJ  ;  retired  from  bench,  1860.  [Ixi.  It*] 

cott ;  with  Madame  Vestris  at  Olympic,  London,  1831 ; 


married  Alfred  Sydney  Wigan  [q.  v.],  1839  or  1841  ;  with 
the  Keeleys  at  Lyceum,  London,  1844.  Her  part*  Include 
Mrs.  Candour,  Mrs.  Malaprop,  and  Mrs.  Hector  Sternbold 
('  Still  Waters  run  Deep ').  [IxL  190] 

WIGO,  LILLY  (1749-1828),  botanist;  trained  as 
shoemaker ;  kept  school  at  Yarmouth ;  bank  clerk  at 
Yarmouth,  1801-28;  made  manuscript  collections  for 
history  of  esculent  plants  ;  Fucus  (Naccaria)  Wigfrhii 
named  after  him.  [1x1.  191] 

WIGGINTON,  GILES  (Jt.  1569-1591),  divine;  B.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1669 :  fellow ;  M.A.,  1672  ; 
vicar  of  Sedbergh,  1579  ;  deprived  on  account  of  his  Cal- 
vinistic  views,  1686,  but  reinstated,  1591;  frequently 
imprisoned ;  left  theological  treatises  in  manuscript 

[Ixi.  191] 

WIGHARD,  WIGHEARD,  or  VIGHARD  (d.  664X 
Kentish  priest ;  nominated  archbishop  of  York ;  died 
at  Rome,  whither  he  had  gone  for  consecration. 

[IxL  194] 

WIGHT,  ROBERT  (1796-1871),  botanist ;  educated 
at  Edinburgh ;  M.D.,  1818 ;  assistant-surgeon  In  Bast 
India  Company's  service,  stationed  at  Madras,  1819 ;  in 
charge  of  Madras  botanical  establishment,  1816-8 ;  sur- 
geon, 1831;  entered  revenue  department  as  superin- 
tendent of  cotton  cultivation :  made  valuable  collections 
und  published  works  relating  to  Indian  botany. 

[1x1.  194] 

WIGHTMAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1612X  fanatic  ;  the  last 
person  burned  for  heresy  in  England  ;  claimed  to  be  the 
person  mentioned  In  Messianic  prophecies ;  suffered  death 
at  Uchflold  on  account  of  Ids  anti-Trinitarian  views  and 
claims  to  be  the  promised  paraclete. 

WIGHTMAN,  JOSEPH  (d.  1711X  major-general; 
ensign,  1690  ;  lieutenant  and  captain,  1693  ;  captain  and 


WIORAM,  JOSEPH  COTTON  (1798-1867X  bUhop  of 
Rochester  ;  brother  of  Sir  James  Wigram  [q.  v.];  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  1813  :  D.D.,  1860  :  arch- 
deacon of  Surrey,  1*47 :  bishop  of  Rochester,  1860-7  ; 
published  religious  and  educational  works.  [Ixi.  186] 

WIGTOWN,  EARLH  or  [See  FLKMIXO,  8m  MALCOLM, 
d.  1360  ?  :  FLKMIKO,  Jons,  first  EARL,  d.  1619;  Fuutixo, 
JOHN,  second  EARL,  d.  1660.] 

WIHTOAR  (</.  644),  firot  king  of  Isle  of  Wight  : 
nephew  of  Cerdio  [q.  v.]  :  probably  came  to  England, 
614  :  conquered  Isle  of  Wight,  610.  and  with  his  brother 


Stuf  received  the  island  from  Oerdic  and  Cynric  [q.  v.], 
684.  [Ixi.  199] 

WIHTRED  (</.  726),  king  of  Kent,  c,  600 ;  great- 
great-grandson  of  Ethelbert  (661  ?-616)  [q.  v.]  :  drew  up 
one  of  earliest  British  codes  of  law.  [Ixi.  199] 

WIKBFORD,   ROBERT    DK  (</.    1190X  archbishop 
of  Dublin  :   fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford  ;    I- 
archdeacon  of  Winchester,  e.  1168 ;  prebendary  of  York. 
1370 ;  constable  of  Bordeaux,  1173-6  :  archbishop  of  Dub- 
lin, 1375  ;  chancellor  of  Ireland,  1376,  1177,  and  1184-6. 

nxLlOO] 

WTJCBS,  THOMAS  (Jl.  1168-1191X    [See  WTOB.] 
WILBBBFORCB,   HBNRY  WILLIAM    (1807-1871)- 
Roman  catholic  journalist ;  fourth  son  of  William  Wll- 
berforce  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxford.  1810 ;  M.A. 
-        -  i's  Inn  -took Tboly  orders  :  Ttaar  of 


1833  :  entered 

Bast  Parleigh,  1841-40:  joined 
1850  ;  secretary  to  Catholic  Defe 
proprietor  and  editor  of  -Catholic 
published  works  on  religions  questio 


_ 

n.  1861  : 
1864-61; 
[Ixi.  fOO] 

WILBERFORCE,  ROBERT  1BA  AC  (1801-1867),  arch- 
deacon  of  Bact  Riding  ;  second  ton  of  William 


WrLBERFORCE 


1404 


WILDE 


fo.  T.l:  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxfonl,  1824  :  fellow,  182C: 
M  \  '  1K27  :  sub-dean  uiul  tutor,  1828,  his  colleagues 
being  John  Henry  Newman  [q.  v.]  nnd  Richard  Hurrell 
J'nm.le  [q.  v.] :  identified  with  tractariau  or  hi^h-church 
party :  ordaiued,  1826  :  priest,  1828  ;  received  livings  of 
East  Farleigb,  1832,  Burton  Agnes,  1840 ;  archdencon  of 
Bast  Riding,  1841  ;  became  intimate  with  Henry  Edward 
Manning  [q.  v.],  and  followed  his  example  in  joining 
Roman  catholic  church,  1854 ;  entered  Academia  Eccle- 
siastica  in  Rome,  1865,  and  was  in  minor  orders  when 
he  died ;  published  religious  and  historical  writings. 

WILBERFORCE,  SAMUEL  (1805-1873),  successively 
bishop  of  Oxford  and  Winchester ;  third  son  of  William 
Wilberforce  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  Oriel  College,  Oxfonl,  1826; 
M.A.,  1889:  D.D.,  1845;  honorary  fellow  of  All  Souls 
College,  Oxford,  1871 ;  rector  of  Brighstone  or  Brixtpu, 
lite  of  Wight,  1830-40  ;  rural  dean  of  northern  division 
of  Isle  of  Wight,  1836  ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1839  ;  canon 
of  Winchester,  1840  :  received  living  of  Alveretoke,  1840  ; 
chaplain  to  Prince  Albert,  1841 ;  pub-almoner  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1843  :  dean  of  Westminster,  1845  ;  bishop  of 
Oxford,  1845-69  ;  introduced  reforms  and  greatly  im- 
proved the  organisation  of  his  diocese ;  determined  to 
attempt  the  revival  of  the  former  power  of  convocation 
as  a  synodical  body,  1852,  and  was  successful  in  obtaining 
the  ultimate  restoration  to  the  convocations  of  Canter- 
bury and  York  of  much  of  their  ancient  authority ; 
earned  considerable  unpopularity  by  his  action  in  regard 
to  the  appointment  of  Renn  Dickson  Hampden  [q.  v.] 
to  see  of  Hereford,  1847,  having,  as  bishop  of  Oxford, 
signed  the  letters  of  request  to  the  court  of  arches  for 
Hampden's  trial:  condemned  'Essays  and  Reviews,' 
1860 ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1869 ;  initiated,  1870,  and 
presided  over  revision  of  New  Testament.  He  published 
•  Journals  and  Letters  of  Henry  Martyn '  [q.  v.], '  Agathos 
and  other  Sunday  Stories,'  1840,  '  History  of  the  Pro- 
testant Episcopal  Church  in  America,'  1844,  and  other 
works.  [Ixi.  204] 

WILBERFORCE,  WILLIAM  (1759-1833),  philan- 
thropist ;  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.P.  for  Hull,  his  native  town,  1780 ;  became  intimate 
with  Pitt,  George  Selwyn,  Fox,  Sheridan,  and  their 
friends;  M.Pn  Yorkshire,  1784,1790,  1796,  1802, 1806, and 
1807-18 ;  travelled  on  the  continent,  1784-5,  in  company 
with  Isaac  Miloer  [q.  v.],  under  whose  influence  he 
adopted  strict  religious  views  ;  carried  through  House  of 
Commons,  1786,  bill  for  amending  criminal  law,  which 
was  rejected  in  House  of  Lords  ;  founded  '  Proclamation 
Society '  for  suppression  of  vice,  1787 ;  became  parlia- 
mentary leader  of  cause  of  abolition  of  slavery,  1787  ; 
proposed  motion  for  abolition,  motion  for  gradual  aboli- 
tion being  eventually  carried,  1791,  the  date  fixed  for 
abolition  being  1  Jan.  1796  ;  failed  to  obtain  leave  to 
bring  in  bill  for  abolition,  1795,  1797,  and  1798,  the  bill 
being  again  defeated,  1799 ;  carried  bill  for  abolition 
through  House  of  Commons,  1804  (bill  rejected  by  Lords, 
and  on  its  reintroduction,  1805,  thrown  out  on  second 
reading,  but  was  passed  and  received  royal  assent,  1807) ; 
the  •  African  Institution  '  founded  to  promote  the  effec- 
tive application  of  his  bill ;  M.P.,  Bramber,  1812-25 ; 
supported  extension  of  missionary  teaching  in  India,  and 
was  mainly  responsible  for  foundation  of  bishopric  of 
Calcutta,  1813 ;  continued  to  advocate  various  measures 
relating  to  slavery  question ;  took  part  in  founding 
Church  Missionary  Society,  1798,  and  Bible  Society, 
1803 ;  expended  most  of  his  fortune  in  philanthropic 
objects;  published  'View  of  the  ...  Religious  System 
of  professed  Christians  .  .  .  contrasted  with  Real  Chris- 
tianity,' 1797,  and  *  Appeal  ...  on  behalf  of  the  Negro 
Slaves  in  the  West  Indies,'  1823.  His  life  by  his  sons 
Robert  and  Samuel  [q.  v.]  appeared,  1838.  Portraits  by 
John  Russell,  R.A.,  and  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence  are  in 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  [Ixi.  208] 

WUBRORD  or  WILLIBRORD,  SAINT  (657  ?-738?). 
[See  WILLISROHD.I 

WILBYE,  JOHN  (Jf.  1698-1614),  musician;  regarded 

I  tbl  gnim-t  of  Kn^li  inadriiriil  WIIIIJKIS.TS  :  puMishi-d 
*«U  of  madrigals,  1698  and  1608,  and  contributed  to 
collections,  published  in  1601  and  1614.  [Ixi.  217] 

WILOOCXS,  JOSEPH  (1673-1756),  successively 
bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Rochester  ;  fellow,  Magdalen 
College,  Oxfonl,  1692-1703;  M.A.,  1698;  D.D.,  1709 


chaplain  to  English  factory  at  Lisbon,  1709;  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  George  I ;  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
1721  ;  bishopof  Gloucester,  1721-31 ;  dean  of  Westminster 
and  bishop  of  Rochester,  1731-56.  [Ixi.  218] 

WILCOCKS,  JOSEPH  (17IM-1791),  antiquary  ;  sou 
of  Joseph  Wilcocks  (1673-1756)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1747  :  F.S.A.,  1765  ;  his  '  Roman  Conver- 
sations '  published,  1792.  [Ixi.  218] 

WILCOX,  THOMAS  (15497-1608),  puritan  diviner 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  minister  in  Honey  Lane,  London ; 
imprisoned  in  Newgate  for  share  in  composition  of '  Ad- 
monition to  Parliament,'  1572-3,  and  deprived  of  minis- 
try ;  published  religious  works  and  translations. 

[Ixi.  219] 

WILD.    [See  also  WILDE.] 

WILD,  CHARLES  (1781-1835),  water-colour  artist ; 
articled  to  Thomas  Malton  (1748-1804)  [q.  v.]  :  member 
of  Old  Water-colour  Society,  1812;  treasurer,  1822,  and 
secretary,  1827  ;  published  works  on  English  cathedrals. 

[Ixi.  221] 

WILD  or  WILDE,  GEORGE  (1610-1665),  bishop  of 
Derry  ;  fellow,  St  John's  College,  Oxford,  1631-48  ;B.C.L., 
1636  ;  incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1635 ;  preacher  to 
Charles  I  at  Oxford,  1642  ;  D.C.L.,  1647 ;  bishop  of  Derry, 
1661-5.  [Ixi.  221] 

WILD,  JAMES  WILLIAM  (1814-1892),  architect; 
son  of  Charles  Wild  [q.  v.]  :  articled  to  George  Basevi 
[q.  v.]  ;  accompanied  Dr.  Lepsius  to  Egypt,  1842,  and 
travelled  abroad  till  1848 ;  decorative  architect  to  Great 
Exhibition,  1851 ;  curator  of  Soane  Museum,  1878-92. 

[Ixi.  221] 

WILD,  JONATHAN  (1682  ?-1725),  informer ;  worked 
as  buckle-maker  in  London  ;  became  head  of  a  large  cor- 
I  poration  of  thieves,  and  opened  offices  in  London  for 
recovery  and  restoration  of  property  stolen  by  his  de- 
pendents ;  gained  notoriety  as  thief-taker ;  ultimately 
hanged  at  Tyburn  for  receiving  reward  for  restoring 
stolen  property.  Fielding's  'History  &c.,'  is  not  his- 
torically trustworthy.  [Ixi.  222] 

WILD  or  WYLDE,  ROBERT  (1609-1679),  puritan 
divine  and  poet ;  MA.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
1639;  D.D.,  1660;  received  living  of  Ayiihoe,  1646; 
achieved  popularity  by  many  poetical  broadsides  cele- 
brating Restoration  and  relating  to  other  public  events  ; 
ejected  under  Act  of  Uniformity,  1662.  His  publications 
include  '  Iter  Boreale,'  1660,  celebrating  Monck's  march 
from  Scotland  to  London,  and  satirical  poems. 


[1x1.  223] 
-If 


WILDE,  SIR  ALFRED  THOMAS  (1819-1878),  lieu- 
tenant-general ;  educated  at  Winchester ;  ensign  in  East 
India  Company's  army,  1838;  lieutenant,  19th  Madras 
infantry,  1842;  quartermaster  and  interpreter  to  regi- 
ment, 1847 ;  adjutant,  3rd  Punjab  infantry,  1850 ;  captain, 
1856 ;  commanded  4th  Punjab  infantry  against  Bozdar 
Baluchis,  1857 :  served  in  mutiny  campaigns,  1857-8 ; 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  and  C.B.,  1868;  commanded 
corps  of  guides  in  Ambala,  1862;  K.C.B.  and  major- 
general,  1869 ;  member  of  council  of  India  and  lieutenant- 
general,  1877.  [Ixi.  225] 

WILDE,  JAMES  PLAISTED,  first  BARON  PEXZANCE 

(1816-1899),  judge ;  of  Winchester  College  and  Trinity 

College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1842 ;  barrister,  Inner  Temple, 

1839,  bencher,  1856 ;  counsel  to  commissioners  of  customs, 

|  1840 ;  Q.C.,  1855 ;  counsel  to  duchy  of  Lancaster,  1859 ; 

I  made  baron  of  exchequer,  invested  with  coif,  and  knighted, 

'  1860;  transferred  to  court  of  probate  and  divorce,  1863  ; 

'  raised  to  peerage,  1869  ;  retired  from  judicial  duties  owing 

!  to  ill-health,  1872,  but  undertook  office  of  judge  under 

Public  Worship  Regulation  Act,  1874,  and  became  dean 

of  arches  court  of  Canterbury,  master  of  faculties,  and 

j  official  principal  of  chancery  court  of  York,  1875 ;  retired 

from  bench,  1899  ;  served  on  numerous  royal  commissions. 

[Suppl.  iii.  611] 

WILDE,  JANE  FR.VNCISCA,  LADY  (1826-1896),  nfr 

Elgee ;  married  Sir  William  Robert  Wills  Wilde  [q.  v.], 

.  1851;   contributed,  under  pseudonym  of   'Speranza,'  to 

•  '  The  Nation,'  c.  1845-8 ;  published  poetical  writings,  also 

4  Ancient  Cures,  Charms,  and  Usages  of  Ireland,'  1890,  and 

I  similar  works.  [Ixi.  231] 

WILDE  or  WYLDE,  JOHN  (1590-1669),  chief-baron 
!  of  exchequer;  M.A.  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1610;  called 
[  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1612,  bencher,  1628  ;  serjeant-at- 


WILDE 


140.1 


law,  1888 ;  M.P.,  Droltwicb,  1630,  1634,  163ft,  16S6,  1638, 
1640,  1659 ;  knight  i.f  shire  for  Worcester ;  in  Long  parlia- 
ment, 1640 ;  lay  member  of  Westminster  Assembly,  1643 ; 
commissioner  for  great  seal.  1648 :  recorder  of  Worcester, 
1646;  judge  of  a«si»  in  akwcester.Monmouth,  and  Here! 
ford,  1646,  and  .ubsequenUy  in  Oxfordshire  and  Hamp- 
shire ;  chief-baron  of  exchequer,  1646-68  and  1660 ;  mem* 
ber  of  council  of  state,  1649  and  1660 ;  superseded  in  ex- 
chequer at  Restorut  [Ui.  336] 


wit  and  dramatist;   son  of  Sir  William  Robert 

Wilde  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
at  Magdalen  College.  Oxford;  B. A? Oxford,  WsTgalned 
at  Oxford  reputation  as  founder  of  the  Mtbetlc  colt, 
subsequently  caricatured  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  comic 
opera  '  Patience ' ;  published  '  Poems,'  1881 ;  lectured  in 
United  States  on  •  Esthetic  Philosophy,'  1883;  published 
several  works  of  fiction,  including  'Picture  of  Dorian 
Gray'  (1891);  produced  several  plays,  including  'Lady 
Windermere's  Fan,'  1893,  'A  Woman  of  no  Importance,' 
1893, '  Salome,'  1898  (in  French,  played  in  Paris,  1896). and 
•The  Importance  of  being  Earnest,' 1896;  brought  unsuc- 
cessful action  for  criminal  libel  against  Marquis  of  Queens- 
berry  and  was  found  guilty  under  Criminal  Law  Amend- 
ment. Act  and  sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  with 
hard  labour,  1896 ;  released,  1897  ;  lived  at  BernevaL  and 
later  in  Paris,  where  he  died;  published  anonymously 
4  Ballad  of  Reading  Gaol,' 18*.  [SuppL  til.  613] 

WILDE,  THOMAS.  BARON  TRURO  (1783-1846),  lord 
chancellor;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London;  admitted 
attorney,  1806  ;  called  to  bar  at  Inner  Temple,  1817  ;  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  defence  of  Queen  Caroline,  1820; 
serjcant-at-law,  1824 ;  king's  Serjeant,  1837 ;  whig  M.P. 
for  Newark-on-Trent,  1831-3  and  1836-41,  and  Worcester, 
1841 ;  solicitor-general.  1889 ;  knighted,  1840 ;  attorney- 
general,  1841  and  1846 ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas, 
1846-60 ;  privy  councillor,  1846 ;  lord  chancellor,  1860-3 ; 
created  Baron  Truro  of  Bowes,  1860 ;  instituted  various 
chancery  reforms.  [Ixi.  338] 

WILDE,  Sm  WILLIAM,  first  baronet  (1611  V-1678), 
judge;  barrister,  Inner  Temple,  1637,  bencher,  1663; 
recorder  of  London,  1669;  M.P.  for  city  of  London  in 
Convention  parliament,  1660;  created  baronet,  1660; 
serjeant-at-law  and  king's  serjcant,  1661 ;  judge  of  com- 
mon pleas,  1668 ;  removed  to  king's  bench,  1673 ;  removed 
for  condemning  three  prisoners  on  perjured  testimony  of 
William  Bedloe  [q.  v.],  1679.  [1x1.  830] 

WILDE,  Sm  WILLIAM  ROBERT  WILLS  (181ft- 
1876),  surgeon  and  Irish  antiquary- ;  qualified  as  surgeon 
at  Dublin,  1837  ;  studied  in  London,  Berlin,  and  Vienna ; 
practised  in  Dublin  from  1841  ;  founded  and  edited 
'Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science':  pub- 
lished works  on  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgery  and  topo- 
graphical writings  relating  to  Ireland  ;  received  Cunning- 
ham gold  medal  from  Royal  Irish  Academy,  1873. 

[Ixi.  ON 

WILDERSPIN,  SAMUEL  (1792  7-1866),  advocate  of 
infant  school  system ;  clerk  in  merchant's  office ;  opened 
infant  school  at  Spitalfields,  1820,  and  subsequently  ppcnt 
his  life  in  developing  system  throughout  United  King- 
dom ;  published  works  on  education  of  the  young. 

[Ixi.  232] 

WTT.niffATf  sm  JOHN  (1631  7-1693 X  politician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge;  probably  served  under  Fairfax, 
1646-7 ;  supported  dissentient  regiments  in  attack  on 
Cromwell  and  his  officers,  1647,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
Newgate,  1648 ;  major  in  Colonel  John  Reynolds's  regi- 
ment of  horse  in  Ireland,  1649;  speculated  La  forfeited 
lands  ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London,  1666-6,  for  plot- 
ting overthrow  of  Protector :  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of 
plotting  against  government,  1661-7  ;  associated  with 
Algernon  Sidney  and  others  in  schemes  against  Charles  II 
and  Duke  of  York.c.  1681 ;  committed  to  Tower  of  London 
for  complicity  in  Rye  House  plot,  1683,  but  discharged, 

1684  ;  became  Monmouth's  chief  agent  in  England,  but 
refused  to  join  him  when  he  lauded  and  escaped  to  Holland, 

1685  ;  returned  with  William  of  Orange ;  M.P.  for  Wootton 
Bassett  in    Convention    parliament,   1689 ;    postmaster- 
general,  1689-91 ;  dismissed  on  suspicion  of  intriguing  with 
Jacobites ;  knighted,  1692 ;  published  ui 


fl  H...1  I.,..-.  :..  IMi 


WILFOM.  RALPH  (  147»  f  -14MX 
WTLTORD  or  WTL8FOHD,  flia 


1604  ?X  soldier  :  brother  of  Sir  James 
served  in 


Low  Countries  ; 


HSBffSil 

knighted,  1688;  superintendent 

of  admiralty  works  in  Dover  harbour.  1MI ;  governor  of 
Camber  Castle,  1693  :  colonel  of  English  force 
France,  1696 ;  serjeant-major  of  force  to  meet 


of  York:  became  novice  at 
with  Benedict  Biscop[q.v.]. 


priest,  e. 
against  Oowmbito  party  at 


regained  bishopric  on  deprivation  of  Geadda  by  Arch- 
bUbop  Theodore  [q.v.],  669;  introduced  Benedictine  rule 
into  monasteries ;  journeyed  to  Rome  to  appeal  against 
i  division  of  his  bishopric  (which  included  Bernida.  Deira, 
and  Llndsey)  by  Ecgf  rid,  king  of  Northumbria,  and  Theo- 
dore, who,  in  his  absence,  appointed  Bosa  [q.  T.]  in  his 
stead  at   York  (part   of   the   f 
reached  Home,  679,  and  obtained  < 
I  bishopric  ;  returned  to  England,  680,  and  was  I 
by  Kcgfrid  till  681 ;  took  refuge  in  Sussex  ;  i 
I  South-Saxons  to  fish;   built  monastery  at  Betsey;  on 
Ecgfrid's  death  became  reconciled  to  Theodore,  686.  and 
|  was  restored  to  the  reduced  see  of  York  and  monastery  of 

Hipou  by  Aldfrid.  the  new  king  of  Northumbria ;  ~ 
i  relied  with  king,  left  York,  and  received  from  Bth 
!  Mercia  bishopric  of  Leicester,  691 ;  came  into 
i  with  Archbishop  Brlbtwald  [q.  v.],  who  wished  him  to 
i  resign  episcopal  functions;  went  to  Rome,  704,  and 
!  appealed  successfully  to  Pope  John  VI.  and,  being  reeon- 
;  ciled  to  Brihtwald,  accepted  see  of  Hexham.  His  day, 
13  Oct.  [Ixi.  338] 

WILKE8,  JOHN  (1727-1797).  politician  ;  educated  at 
I  Lcyden ;  F.R.S.,  1749  ;  admitted  to  Sublime  Society  of  the 
Beefsteaks,  1764 :  became  intimate  with  John  Armstrong 
!  (1709-1779)  [q.  v.],  Thomas  Brewster  [q.  v.],  John  Hall- 
Stevenson  [q.  v.],  and  Thomas  Potter  [q.  v.].  and  was 
;q.  v.]  into  f! 


into  fraternity 


WILFORD  or  WLL8FORD,  8m  JAMES (1616  ?-lftftOX 
defender  of  Haddington ;  provost-marshal  of  Somerset's 
army  in  invasion  of  Scotland,  1647;  knighted,  1647; 


initiated  by  Sir  Francis  Da»hwood  [<; 
of  Medmcnham  Abbey :  high  sheriff  of 
1764;  M.P.,  Aylesbury,  1767,  1761 
militia,  1762  ;  attacked  Bute  in  pamphlets ;  founded,  1763, 
with  Churchill.  'The  North  Briton':  was  arrested  far 
libel  on  George  III  published  in  No.  4ft,  1768,  but  dis- 
charged on  ground  of  privilege  as  member  of  parliament, 
:md,  after  much  delay,  obtained  verdict  with  damages 
for  illegal  arrest  against  Halifax,  the  secretary  of  stale, 

!  1769;  expelled  from  House  of  Commons  and  outlawed  for 
printing  and  publishing  libels.  Including  '  North  Briton, 
No.  46,'  and  'An  Essay  on  Woman'  (to  which  was  at- 
tached an  obscene  paraphrase  of  the  '  Yen!  Creator'), 
probably  written  by  Thomas  Potter,  1764;  retired  to 
Paris;  returned,  1768;  elected  M.P.  for  Middlesex:  sur- 

I  rendered  to  his  outlawry  and  committed  to  King's  Bench 
prison :  bis  outlawry  reversed,  June  1768 :  again  expelled 

i  from  House  of  Commons   for  libel   published   in  'St. 

,  James's  Chronicle,'  1 769  :  three  times  re-elected  for  Middle- 
sex, bat  elections  annulled,  his  case  being  supported  by 

I  Juntos  and  opposed  by  Dr.  Johnson ;  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  1771 ;  again  returned  for  Middlesex,  1774,  when 
he  took  seat  without  opposition  and  remained  member 
till  1790 ;  lord  mayor  of  London.  1774 ;  city  chamberlain, 
1779-97 ;  opposed  government  in  struggle  with  America. 
Hogarth  caricatured  him,  and  a  sketch  by  Earlom 
is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  His  works  include 
•  Introduction  to  the  History  of  England  from  Revolu- 
tion to  Accession  of  Brunswick  Line/ 1768.  [Ui.  343] 


WILKES 


1406 


WILKINSON 


WTLKES,  RICHARD  (1691-1760Xantiquary  and  phy- 
sician ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1717  :  fellow, 
1717-23;  Linacre  lecturer,  1718,  practised  physic  at 
Wolverhampton  ;  published  medical  writing. 

[Ixi.  250] 

WILKES,  SIR  THOMAS  (1545?-  1598),  diplomatist; 
B.A.  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1573  ;  secretary  to  Dr. 
Valentine  Dale  [q.  v.],  ambassador  to  Prance,  1573  ;  went 
on  secret  embassy  to  Count  Frederick,  palatine  of  the 
Rhine,  1576  :  followed  Huguenot  army  into  France,  1575- 
1576;  clerk  of  privy  council,  1576;  sent  on  mission  to 
Philip  II,  1577-8,  and  to  Don  John  of  Austria,  1578  ;  sent 
to  report  on  condition  of  Netherlands,  1586;  English 
member  of  council  of  state  of  Netherlands,  1586  ;  returned 
to  England,  1587,  and  was  imprisoned  in  Fleet  prison, 
London,  owing  to  Leicester's  malice  ;  again  sent  to  Nether- 
lands, 1590  ;  on  embassy  to  France,  1592  ;  M.P.,  Southamp- 
ton, 1588  and  1593  ;  on  embassy  to  archduke  at  Brussels, 
1594  ;  died  at  Rouen  on  embassy  to  French  king. 

[Ixi.  251] 

WILKTE,  SIR  DAVID  (1785-1841),  painter  ;  educated 
under  John  Strachan  [q.  v.],  afterwards  bishop  of  Toronto  ; 
studied  at  Trustees'  Academy  of  Design,  Edinburgh,  1799- 
1804  ;  painted  '  Pitlessie  Fair,'  1804  ;  came  to  London, 
1805,  and  studied  at  Royal  Academy  and  exhibited  •  The 
Village  Politicians,'  which  attracted  considerable  notice, 
1806:  exhibited  '  The  Blind  Fiddler,'  1807,  'The  Rent 
Day,'  1808;  R.A.,  1811  ;  exhibited  '  The  Village  Festival,' 
1811,  and  'Blind  Man's  Buff,'  1813;  visited  Paris  with 
Haydon,  1814  ;  exhibited  '  Distraining  for  Rent,'  1815  ; 
visited  Netherlands,  1818  ;  painted  «  The  Waterloo  Gazette  ' 
for  Duke  of  Wellington,  1817-21  ;  exhibited  'The  Parish 
Beadle,'  and  '  The  Highland  Family,'  1823  ;  travelled  on 
continent,  1825,  and  was  in  Spain,  1827-8,  where  a  study 
of  Titian,  Velasquez,  and  Murillo  powerfully  influenced 
his  style;  exhibited  'Preaching  of  Knox  before  Lords  of 
Congregation,'  1832,  '  Columbus,'  and  '  The  First  Earring,' 
1836,  "Peep  o'  Day  Boy's  Cabin,'  1836  ;  appointed  painter 
in  ordinary,  1830,  retaining  office  under  William  IV  and 
Victoria  ;  knighted,  1836.  His  portrait,  by  himself,  is  in 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  [Ixi.  253] 

WILKEE,  WILLIAM  (1721-1772),  'the  Scottish 
Homer  '  :  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  licensed  by 
presbytery  of  Liulithgow,  1745  ;  assistant,  1753,  and  sole 
minister,  1756,  of  Ratho  ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy, 
St.  Andrews,  1759;  hon.  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  1766;  pub- 
lished '  The  Epigoniad  '  (1757)  in  heroic  couplets  based  on 
fourth  book  of  '  Iliad.'  [Ixi.  258] 

WILKIH,  SIMON  (1790-1862),  editor  of  '  Works  of 
Sir  Thomas  Browne,'  1836  ;  F.L.S.  ;  member  of  Werneriau 
Society  of  Edinburgh  ;  printer  and  publisher  at  Norwich. 

[Ixi.  259] 

WILKINS,  SIR  CHARLES  (1749  ?-1836),  orientalist; 
writer  in  East  India  Company's  service,  1770;  super- 
intendent of  factories  at  Maldab  ;  assisted  in  establish- 
ment of  printing-press  for  oriental  languages,  1778,  and 
in  foundation  of  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  ;  examiner  and 
visitor  of  Haileybury  College,  1805-36;  F.R.S.,  1788; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1805  ;  knighted,  1833  ;  the  first  European 
to  study  Sanskrit  inscriptions,  and  the  first  Englishman  to 
gain  a  thorough  grasp  of  the  Sanskrit  language  :  published 
translations  from,  and  works  relating  to,  Sanskrit,  includ- 
ing a  translation  of  the  ;  Bhagavad-gita,'  1785.  [Ixi.  259] 

WILKINS,   DAVID  (1685-1745),  scholar  :   of  Prus- 
sian parentage;  studied  abroad  and  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
D.D.    Cambridge,    1717,    and    lord    almoner's 
of  Arabic,  1724;  domestic  chaplain  to  Arch- 
Wake,  1719;    prebendary  of  Canterbury,    1721; 
of  Suffolk,  1724  ;  F.S.A.,  1720  ;  librarian  at 
1716~18  »  Published  editions  of  Latin  works  ; 


WILKINS,  GEORGE  (1785-1865),  divine ;  brother  of 
i  William  Wilkins  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
!  1810;  D.D.,  1824;  vicar  of  Lexington,  1813,  Lowdham 
I  1815,  and  St.  Mary's,  Nottingham,  1817 ;  prebendary  of 
I  Southwell,  1823  ;  archdeacon  of  Nottingham,  1832  ;  pub- 
i  lished  '  Body  and  Soul '  (1822),  and  other  works. 

[Ixi.  263] 

WILKINS,  HENRY  ST.  GLAIR  (1828-1896),  general  • 
|  son  of  George  Wilkins  (1785-1865)  [q.  v.];  educated  at 
Addiscombe ;  lieutenant,  Bombay  engineers,  1847  ;  cap- 
tain, 1858  ;  colonel,  1868 ;  major-general,  1877  ;  lieutenant- 
general,  1878 ;  general,  1882  ;  commanded  royal  engineers 
in  Abyssinian  campaign,  1868 ;  employed  in  public  works 
department  of  India.  [Ixi.  263] 

WILKINS,  JOHN  (1614-1672),  bishop  of  Chester; 
B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1631  ;  M.A.,  1634  ;  vicar  of 
Fawsley,  1637  ;  private  chaplain  to  prince  palatine,  Charles 
Lewis,  nephew  of  Charles  I ;  adhered  to  parliamentary 
side  in  civil  war  and  took  covenant ;  B.D.,  1648 ;  warden 
of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1648-59 ;  D.D.,  1649  ;  centre 
of  group  of  men  who  formed  Royal  Society,  1662,  and 
first  secretary;  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
1659 ;  incorporated  D.D.  Cambridge,  1659 ;  deprived  of 
,  mastership  at  Restoration  ;  prebendary  of  York,  1660 ; 
vicar  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  London,  1662 ;  dean  of  Ripon, 
1663 ;  prebendary  and  precentor  of  Exeter,  1667 ;  pre- 
|  bendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1668 ;  bishop  of  Chester, 
|  1668  ;  published  '  The  Discovery  of  a  World  in  the  Mooue,' 
1638, '  A  Discourse  tending  to  prove  that  'tis  probable  our 
Earth  is  one  of  the  Planets,'  1640, '  Mathematical  Magick,' 
1648,  and  'An  Essay  towards  a  real  Character  and  a 
Philosophical  Language,'  1668  (suggested  by  the  'Ars 
Signorum'  of  George  Dalgarno  [q.  v.]),  and  other  works. 

[Ixi.  264] 

WILKINS,  WILLIAM  (1778-1839),  architect ;  brother 
of  George  Wilkins  (1785-1865)  [q.  v.]  :  B.A.  Caius  College, 
Cambridge,  1800 ;  fellow  ;  designed,  1804,  and  carried  out, 
1807-11,  portions  of  Downing  College,  Cambridge;  de- 
signed Haileybury  College,  1806  ;  executed  much  work  at 
Cambridge  ;  designed  University  College,  London,  1827-8, 
St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  1827-8,  and  National  Gal- 
lery, London,  1832-8;  pointed  out  the  true  meaning  of 
Scamilli  impares  (a  device  for  correcting  an  optical  illu- 
sion) in  Vitruvius,  book  v. ;  published  architectural  works, 
including  a  translation  of  Vitruvius,  1812.  [Ixi.  267] 

WILKINSON,  CHARLES  SMITH  (1843-1891),  geo- 
logist ;  born  in  Northamptonshire ;  worked  on  geological 
survey  in  Victoria ;  F.G.S.,  1876  ;  F.L.S.,  1881. 

[Ixi.  269] 

WILKINSON,  HENRY  (1610-1675),  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1629,  B.D., 
1638 ;  member  of  Westminster  Assembly ;  rector  of  St. 
Dunstan's-in-the-East,  1645 ;  senior  fellow  of  Magdalen 
and  parliamentary  visitor,  1646 ;  canon  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1648  ;  D.D.,  1649  ;  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1652-62 ;  after  Restoration  preached  in  conventicles. 

[Ixi.  269] 

WILKINSON,  HENRY  (1616-1690),  principal  of  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford  ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1638  ; 
parliamentary  visitor  of  Oxford,  1647  ;  B.D.  and  fellow, 
and  vice-president,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1648 ; 


,-          '  an    pam- 

as  playwright  with  king's  company 
Ska^Peare  was  a  member;  <k>lla- 
Day  and  William  Rowley  in  '  Travaile 
Brothers,'  1607,  and  probably  wrote  pas- 
***'*  *  Tlmon  of  Athe"8  '  and  '  Pericles,' 
.    His  independent  publications  include  '  Miseries  of 
i  MaruMje,'1607,  and  a  novel  entitled  '  The  Painful 
AdrentureB  of  Pericles'  (published,    1608.  immediately 
ft  «urrePfciti<>'»    publication    of    Shakespeare's 
)-  [Ixi.  261] 


cipal  of  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1648;  ejected,  1662: 
Whyte's  professor  of  moral  philosophy,  1649-54 ;  published 
sermons  and  other  works.  [Ixi.  270] 

WILKINSON,   JAMES   JOHN    (rf.   1845),   judge  of 
;  county  palatine  of  Durham  ;  published  legal  works. 

[IxL  271] 

WILKINSON,   JAMES  JOHN  GARTH  (1812-1899), 
j  Swedenborgiau ;  son  of  James  John  Wilkinson  [q.  v.]  ; 
I  M.R.C.S.,  1834 ;  established  himself  in  London  as  homoeo- 
pathic  doctor;    member   of    committee  of  Swedenborg 
Society  ;  edited  Blake's  '  Songs  of  Innocence  and  of  Expe- 
rience,' 1839 ;  published '  Improvisations  from  the  Spirit ' 
j  (poems),  1857 ;  devoted  literary  energies  to  translation  and 
!  elucidation  of  Swedenborg's    writings;    his  philosophic 
j  work  highly  esteemed  by  Emerson.  [Ixi.  271] 

WILKINSON,  JOHN  (1728-1808),  ironmaster ;  esta- 
blished first  blast-furnace  at  Bilstou,  Staffordshire,  c.  1748 ; 

i  set  up  plant  for  boring  cylinders  at  Ber.-ham,  c.  1756 ; 

I  began  manufacture  of  wrought  iron  at  Broseley ;  patentee 
for  making  lead  pipe,  1790 ;  executed  large  government 

J  orders  for  artillery  material.  [Ixi.  272] 


WILKINSON 


1407 


WILLIAM   I 


WILKINSON,  sin  JOHN  (JARUNKIt  (1797-1876X 
explorer  and  Egyptologist:  educated  at  Harrow  and 

m:i ;  niiKif  journeys  of  exploraHn;  independently  arrived 

at  .•..ii.-iiisioiM  respecting  hieroglyphic*  identical  with 
those  of  {•iiamiMiiiii.il  •.  PJL&,  1H33;  knighted.  1889; 
travelled  in  Montenegro,  Henegovlna,  Bmnla,  and  in 
iM!v.-t  UN,,,-  .;...  FS  B  mm  .-,.<•  *:.  eft  b  pohUaned 
a  facsimile:  works  include  a  standard 

....  of  Ancient  Egyptians,'  1887.  [UL  174] 

WILKINSON,  TATE  (1789-1808).  actor ;  took  lessons 
from  John  Kiuh  [q.  v.]  ;  engaged  by  Garrick,  1767,  and  in 
London,  Dublin,  and  elsewhere,  made  considerable  repute- 
t  ooTohkfij  M  ftntaiod  MM  u  MkM  Mi  M8MM] 
partner  In  management,  and,  later,  tote  manager  of  several 
theatres  in  Yorkshire;  published  'Memoirs '  (1790)  and 
<>;.',.,  .M-.t  IM_>.  [1x1.276] 

WILKINSON,  WILLIAM  (d.  1613),  theological 
writer ;  M.A.  Queens'  College.  Cambridge,  1675  ;  received, 
though  a  layman,  prebendal  stall  In  York  Cathedral, 
UNA  [UL278] 

WLLKS,  JOHN  (d.  1846X  swindler;  son  of  John 
Wilks  (1765  7-1854)  [q.  v.]  ;  practised  as  attorney  ;  whig 
M.P.  for  Sudbury,  1826-8  ;  Paris  correspondent  to  'Stan- 
dard ' ;  engaged  in  various  fraudulent  schemes.  Including 
a  clerical  registry  office ;  published  biographical  writing*. 

WILKS,  JOHN  (1766  7-1854X  attorney  ;  radical  M.P. 
for  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1880-7.  [Ixi.  278] 

WLLKS,  MARK  (1760  7-1831),  lieutenant-colonel, 
Madras  army  ;  received  commission,  1782  ;  lieutenant  and 
aide-de-camp  to  governor  of  Fort  St.  George,  1788;  mili- 
tary secretary  to  Colonel  James  Stuart  in  war  against 
Tipu  Sahib,  1794 ;  captain,  1798  ;  successively  military 
and  private  secretary  to  Governor  Lord  Clive;  major, 
1804  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1808  ;  governor  of  St.  Helena, 
1813-15;  brevet-colonel,  1814;  published  'Historical 
Sketches  of  South  of  India,'  1810-14.  [Ixi.  279] 

WLLKS,  ROBERT  (16657-1732X  actor;  clerk  In 
office  of  secretary  Sir  Robert  South  well  (1635-1702)  [q.v.]  ; 
accompanied  William  Ill's  army  to  Ireland ;  appeared, 
1691,  as  Othello  at  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  where 
he  became  popular  ;  in  London  at  Drury  Lane,  1699-1706 
and  1708-9,  at  Haymarket,  1706-8  and  1709-10,  and  again 
at  Drury  Lane,  1710-82,  his  name  being  associated  with 
management  of  the  two  theatres  successively,  from  1709 ; 
won  his  chief  triumphs  in  the  comedy  of  Farquhar ; 
guardian  of  Farquhar's  orphan  daughters.  Hit:  best  part* 
include  Macduff,  Sir  Harry  Wildair,  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales  ('  First  Part  of  King  Henry  IV ').  [IxL  280] 

WLLKS,  SAMUEL  CHARLES  (1789-1872),  evangeli- 
cal divine ;  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1816 ;  attached 
himself  to  '  Clapham  Sect,'  and  edited  Its  organ,  the 
'  Christian  Observer,'  1816-50  ;  held  living  of  Nursling, 
1847-72;  published  tracts  and  essays. 

WLLKS,  WILLIAM  (/I.  1717-1723X  actor;  nephew 
of  Robert  Wilks  [q.  v.]  ;  played  at  Smock  Alley  Theatre, 
Dublin,  1714,  and  afterwards  at  Drury  Lane,  London.  His 
parts  include  Ferdinand  ('  Tempest  'X  1723.  [Ixi.  283] 

WLLLAN,  ROBERT  (1757-1812X  physician  and  der- 
matologist; M.D.  Edinburgh,  1780;  practised  succes- 
sively In  Darlington  and  London :  physician  to  Public 
Dispensary,  London,  1783-1803;  L.R.O.P.,  1785  ;  received 
FotWgillian  medal  from  Medical  Society  of  London  for 
classification  of  skin  diseases,  1790 ;  published,  in  parts, 
« Description  and  Treatment  of  Cutaneous  Diseases,'  1798- 
1808 ;  F.S.A.,  1791 ;  FJLS.,  1809.  [Ixi.  284] 

WLLLEHAD  or  WLLHEAD  (d.  789X  divine;  of 
Northumbrian  birth  :  worked  as  missionary  in  G«nn*ny  ; 
bishop  of  Bremen,  c.  787.  [IxL  286] 

WILLEMENT,  THOMAS  (1786-1871X  heraldic  artist 
to  Geonre  IV  ;  F.S.A.,  1832 ;  artist  in  stained  glass  to 
Queen  Victoria ;  published  works  on  heraldry. 

WILLES, 
captain ; 

squadronUin"irapTe7"liy7and"was  promoted  commander, 
1810  ;  captain,  1814.  D»-  **«J 


LLES,  GEORGE  WICKENS  (1786-1846X  nary 
i ;  lieutenant,  1801 ;  served  In  Adriatic  and  Ionian 
i ;  distinguished  in  fight  with  Franco-Neapolitan 


SHAW  (1814-18711  judge; 

sfeggsjgia  ssswaB 
E«a?' 

trip*  _  Pta*  IM,  '**-***» 
WILLES,  SIB   JOHN  (1888-17C1),  chief,  jost/ 


common  pleas ;  M.A.  Trinity  CoHefe,  Oxford,  1707 : 
D.C.L.,  1716T  fellow  of  All  SoalTcoiCe,  Oxford ;  bar- 
mter,  Lincoln'.  Inn,  1718 ;  K.0. 171»;  J.P.,  Uunn^on, 
17«-« ;  judge  on  Chester  circuit,  17M ;  M.P.,  Weymouth 
and  Melcombe  Regis,  1718,  West  Looe.  1717-87 :  attorney. 
general,  1784;  knighted,  1714;  chief-justice  of  common 
pleas,  1787;  senior  onmmtotoner  of  great  seaL  17J4-7. 

....  HI 
or  WLLLZT,  RICHARD  (/.  1668-16/8X 


poetical  writer  :  of  Winchester  College  and  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford:  fellow,  16*6-8;  M.A.  Oxford,  1674,  and 
Cambridge,  1678 ;  perhaps  edited  'History  of  trauayle  in 
West  and  East  Indies,'  U?7  ;  contributed  to  Haktuyf* 
•Voyages';  published  poetical  writings.  [Ixi.  188] 

WLLLJT,  ANDREW  (1662-1611X  controverrial 
divine;  fellow  of  Christ'*  College,  Cambridge,  1688-8; 
M.A.  and  Incorporated  at  Oxford,  1684 ;  D.D.,  1801 ;  took 
holy  orders,  1586 ;  prebendary  of  Ely,  1687 ;  rector  of 
Barley,  1699-1621 ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  and  tutor 
Prince  Henry ;  Imprisoned  for  one  month  for 

1618;   produced 

tary  and  theology ;  his  chief  publication, 
'Synopsis  Papism!,'  designed  a*  a  reply  to  the  Jesuit 
BeUarrnine's  treatise  in  support  of  the  papal  theory.  In 
doctrine  be  was  Oalvinistic  in  tendency,  and  a  strenuous 
opponent  of  the  papal  claim*,  but  was  strongly  opposed 
to '  separatists.'  [IxL  288] 

WLLLET,  THOMAS  (1605-1674 X  first  mayor  of  New 
York  ;  son  of  Andrew  Willet  [q.  v.1 ;  accompanied  second 
puritan  exodus  to  Leyden  and  New  Plymouth  planta- 
tions ;  assistant-governor  of  Plymouth  colony ;  ' 

[IxLlW] 
(1719-17961    book-collector ; 


ass, 


town  of  Swansey,  Rhode  Island,  1660  ;  mayor  of  New 
York,  1666  and  16«7. 

WILLBTT,     RALPH 

^tudied  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's 
F.SJL,  1763  :  F.R^.,  1764;  formed  valuable  collection*  of 
early  printed  books,  specimens  of  block-printing,  prints, 
drawings,  and  pictures.  [IxL  292] 

WILL  LAM  TUB  COXQCBROR  (  1027-1087  X  king  of 
England  :  natural  son  of  Itobert  II,  duke  of  Normandy  ; 
born  at  Falaise  ;  succeeded  as  duke,  1085  ;  suppressed, 
with  assistance  of  French  king,  Henry,  rising  under  Guy, 
grandson  of  Richard  II  of  Normandy,  and  established  his 
power  In  the  duchy,  1047  :  visited  England,  1061  ;  married 
Matilda,  daughter  of  Count  of  Flanders,  1068  :  resisted 
invasion  under  Henry  of  France,  1064-4  ;  received  homage 
of  Guy,  count  of  Ponthieu,  and  Geoffrey  of  Mayenne  ; 
again  defeated  invasion  of  Henry  and  Geoffrey  of  An  jou, 
1068  :  decreed,  1081,  at  council  held  at  Caen,  ringing  of 
evening  bell  as  a  signal  for  all  to  shut  their  doors  and  not 
eo  out  again,  a  custom  afterwards  Introduced  Into  Rng- 
Cndi  MSXw  :  obtained  person  of  Harold  (1022  ?-10«6) 
[q.  T.],  then  Earl  of  Wessex,  who  had  been  shipwrecked 
off  Ponthieu,  and,  1064,  exacted  an  oath  to  uphold  the 
duke's  claim  to  sooceed  to  English  throne,  which  had 
been  promised  him  by  Edward  the  Confessor  ;  Invaded 
SSan^on  Harold's  ao=e-ion,  lOtt  :  landed  at  Pevensey 
(28  Sept.X  encamped  at  Hasttng^and  defeated  IHaroW  I  at 
a  Dlace  eight  miles  distant  afterwards  called  Battle 
(14  Oct.);  ravaged  country  and  received  submission  of 
Londoner*,  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster,  10M  ; 
visited  Normandy.  1067;  qoelled  insorrection  under 
Harold's  sons  at  Bxeter,  1068,  and  Invasion  under  Sweyn 
of  Denmark  in  north,  1069-70,  deposed  Stigand  and 
appointed  Lanfranc  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1070,  and 
of  government  separate 
the  wpremaoy  of 


nud  church  a.  department 
from  civil  administration,  and  as 

his  own  will  in  respectof  papalautbority  ;  reded  Wsof 
Elv  and  supDressed  rebellion  under  Here  ward  [q.  v.],  1071  ; 
SJaded  Scotland  and  received  homage  of  Jfalcolm,  1071  ; 


WILLIAM    II 


1408 


WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS 


his  son  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy  [q.  v.],  in  Normandy, 
1080  and  1082  ;  ordered  survey,  results  of  which  were  em- 
bodied in  Domesday  book,  1085:  engaged  in  dispute  as 
to  right  to  the  French  Vexin,  and  invaded  the  Vexin  and 
took  Mantes,  where  he  met  with  an  accident  on  horse- 
back and  died  ;  buried  at  Caen.  [Ixi.  293] 

WILLIAM  H  (d.  1100),  king  of  England  ;  called 
Rufns  from  his  ruddy  complexion ;  third  son  of  William 
the  Conqueror  [q.  v.]  and  Matilda  of  Flanders  [q.  v.]  ; 
probably  born  between  1056  and  1060 :  fought  with  his 
father  against  his  brother  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy  [q.v.], 
1079  :  succeeded  to  throne,  1087 ;  suppressed  insurrection 
under  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux  [q.  v.],  1088  ;  invaded  Nor- 
mandy,1091,  obtained  part  as  his  dominion,  and  co-operated 
with  Robert  in  recovery  of  territory  which  he  had  lost ; 
marched  against  Malcolm  III  [q.  v.]  of  Scotland  and  re- 
ceived his  homage;  restored  Carlisle  and  colonise  I 
northern  districts  laid  waste  by  Conqueror,  1092 ;  invested 
Ansclm  with  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  1093,  but 
attempted  to  obtain  his  deprivation  from  Pope  Urban, 
1095,  and  finally  quarrelled  with  him,  1097  ;  earned  un- 
popularity by  his  rapaciousuess  and  cruelty ;  led  expedi- 
tion to  Normandy  to  assist  Robert,  1094,  but  quarrelled 
with  him  and  returned.  1094 ;  received  pledge  of  duchy  of 
Normandy  for  10,000  marks,  1096 :  made  unsuccessful  ex- 
peditions against  Welsh  insurgents,  1096-7  ;  demanded 
from  Philip  of  France  cession  of  the  Vexin,  crossed  with 
army  to  France,  1097,  but  made  small  progress  against 
French  resistance,  and  returned,  1099  :  he  had  demanded 
surrender  of  Maine,  1096,  and  was  engaged  in  war  with 
Elias,  count  of  Maine,  1098  and  1099 ;  '  loathsome  to  well- 
nigh  all  his  people*  (English  Chronicle);  shot,  perhaps 
by  Walter  Tirel  [q.  v.],  and  accidentally,  while  hunting 
in  New  Forest ;  buried  at  Winchester,  the  clergy  of  Win- 
chester refusing  his  corpse  religious  rites.  [Ixi.  301] 

WILLIAM  HI  (1650-1702),  king  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland  ;  born  at  the  Hague  ;  posthumous  son 
of  William  II,  prince  of  Orange,  and  Mary  [q.  v.],  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  I  and  princess  royal  of  England  ;  educated 
at  Leyden ;  admitted  to  council  of  state,  1667 ;  visited 
England,  1670,  and  received  an  honorary  degree  at  each 
of  the  universities  ;  appointed  captain-general  of  Dutch 
forces,  1672 ;  and  later  proclaimed  stadholder,  captain- 
and  admiral-general  at  Vere  in  Zealand  and  at  Dort: 
conducted  war  against  France,  and  concluded  treaties  of 
alliance  with  the  empire  and  Spain;  fought  indecisive 
battle  with  Conde  at  Senef,  1674,  and  suffered  reverses 
at  Maestricht,  1676,  and  Montcassel  and  Charleroi.  1677  ; 
married,  1677,  Mary,  daughter  of  James,  duke  of  York 
<afterwards  James  II  of  England) ;  secured  integrity  of 
territories  in  United  Provinces  by  treaty  of  Nimeguen, 
1678 ;  went  to  England,  1681 ;  with  aid  of  Waldeck,  car- 
ried  on  schemes  for  European  alliance  against  France,  a 
basis  for  which  was  furnished,  1681,  by  association 
formed  between  United  Provinces,  Sweden,  the  empire, 
and  Spain  for  maintenance  of  existing  treaties,  but  his 
work  undone  by  a  twenty  years'  truce,  1684,  concluded 
on  basis  of  existing  conquests,  which  left  the  European 
position  of  France  stronger  than  ever  ;  endeavoured  to 
prevent  sailing  of  Argyll's  and  Monmouth's  expeditions 
against  James  II,  prepared  at  Amsterdam,  1685,  and 
showed  anxiety  for  friendly  relations  with  James  II  until 
estranged  by  James's  catholic  zeal ;  accepted  invitation 
to  undertake  armed  expedition  to  England,  1688,  landed 
at  Brixham,  south  of  Torbay,  5  Nov.,  and  arrived  at  St. 
James's.  18  Dec.  1688 ;  refused,  on  James  IPs  flight,  to 
accept  throne  as  by  right  of  conquest,  but  assumed 
executive,  on  which  he  and  Princess  of  Orange  were  de- 
clared king  and  queen  by  declaration  of  right  drawn  up 
by  committee  of  Convention  parliament,  the  succession 
being  to  Mary's  issue,  then  to  Anne  and  her  issue,  and 
finally,  in  default,  to  William's  issue:  crowned  with  his 
wife,  11  April  1689 ;  formed  •  grand  alliance '  with  United 
Provinces  and  the  empire:  went  to  Ireland,  1690,  and 
defeated  James  II  and  Irish-French  army  atBoyne  ;  made 
expedition  to  Holland,  1691,  to  support  the  confederacy ; 
i-anctloned  vigorous  treatment  of  Scottish  rebels,  which 
culminated  in  massacre  of  Glencoe,  1692 :  again  in  Hol- 
land, 1693,  and  was  defeated  at  Landen  by  Luxemburg, 
who,  however,  was  unable  through  losses  to  follow  up 
Bacons :  reopened  campaign,  1694 ;  took  Namur,  1695  ; 
obtained  from  Louis  XIV  a  promise  not  to  support  his 
enemies  by  peace  of  Ryswyk.  1697  ;  engaged  in  negotia- 
tions with  Louis  XI  V,>n  the  Spanish  succession,  and  signed 
partition  treaties,  1G98  and  1700,  but  oudeath  of  Charles  II 


of  Spain,  Louis  having  acted  in  direct  opposition  to  the 
term*  of  the  second  treaty,  William  returned  to  policy  of 
grand  alliance  and  embarked  for  Holland,  1701  ;  assented 
to  Act  of  Settlement  securing  ultimate  succession  of 
house  of  Hanover,  1701 ;  died  from  effects  of  accident 
while  riding  at  Hampton  Court ;  buried  at  Westminster. 
Portraits  by  Jan  Wyck  are  in  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

[Ixi.  306] 

WILLIAM  IV  (1765-1837),  king  of  Great  Britain  and 

Ireland  ;  third  son  of  George  III  and  his  queen  Charlotte 

Sophia  of  Meckleuburg-Strelitz  ;  served  as  '  able  seaman ' 

under  Captain  Robert  Digby  [q.  v.]  at  relief  of  Gibraltar, 

1780:  midshipman,  1780;  at  St.  Vincent;   K.G.,  1782; 

stationed  at  New  York,  1782,  and  in  West  Indies;  lieu- 

tenant,  1785;  captain  of  frigate,  1785;   associated  with 

Nelson  in  West  Indies ;    created  Earl  of  Minister  and 

Duke  of  Clarence  and  St.  Andrews,  1789 ;    commanded 

Valiant,  in  English  waters,  1790 ;    rear-admiral,  1790 ; 

formed,  c.  1791,  connection  with  Dorothea  Jordan  [q.  v.], 

which  continued  till  1811 ;  vice-admiral,  1794 ;  admiral, 

1799 ;  admiral  of  the  fleet,  1811 ;  married  Adelaide,  eldest 

daughter  of  George,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  Meiningen,  1818 ; 

lord  high  admiral,  1827 ;   succeeded  George  IV  as  king, 

26  June  1830 :  as  king,  though  wanting  in  reticence  and 

|  self-command,  displayed  the  instincts  of  a  statesman  ;  re- 

j  fused  to  swamp  the  majority  in  the  House  of  Lords  which 

I  (1832)  rejected  the  Reform  Bill  (originally  brought  in  in 

|  1831)  by  creating  new  peers,  but  owing  to  a  circular  letter 

|  sent  by  him  to  the  tory  peers,  a  hundred  of  them  absented 

themselves  from  the  division,  and  the  bill  became  law ; 

i  buried  at  Windsor;    portrait  painted  by  Gainsborough 

and  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence.  [Ixi.  325] 

WILLIAM  THE  LYOX  (1143-1214),  king  of  Scotland ; 
second  son  of  Henry  (1114  ?-1152)  [q.  v.]  of  Scotland  • 
succeeded  his  brother  Malcolm  IV  [q.  v.],  1165  ;  accom- 
panied Henry  II  of  England  to  France ;  made  alliance 
with  Louis  VII,  1168 ;  allied  with  king  of  France  and 
Henry  IPs  three  sons  against  Henry  II,  1173 ;  invaded 
Northumberland  and  was  captured  near  Alnwick  ;  re- 
leased by  treaty  of  Falaise,  by  which  Scotland  was  com- 
pletely subjected  to  England,  1174 ;  founded  monastery 
of  Arbroath  for  Tyronesian  Benedictines  from  Kelso, 
1178 ;  engaged  in  dispute  with  Pope  Alexander  III  as  to 
see  of  St.  Andrews,  and  was  ultimately  successful  in 
establishing  Scottish  church  as  independent  of  English 
church,  and  directly  subject  only  to  see  of  Rome  :  obtained 
from  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  restoration  of  independence 
of  Scottish  kingdom  by  treaty  of  Canterbury,  1189,  in 
consideration  of  payment  of  ten  thousand  merks  (100,000*. 
present  value);  married  Ermengarde,  daughter  of  the 
Viscount  of  Beaumont,  and  cousin  of  Henry  II,  1186 ; 
subdued  the  Moray  highlands,  and  made  Caithness  and 
Sutherland  subject  to  Scottish  crown;  demanded  of 
King  John  restitution  of  northern  earldoms  of  England, 
1199,  and,  after  a  period  of  armed  inaction,  made  peace- 
able treaty,  1212,  without  recovering  earldoms.  Of  his 
laws,  which  had  for  their  object  the  better  enforcement 
of  the  criminal  law  through  the  king's  officers  and  the 
gradual  substitution  of  Norman  feudal  for  the  older  Celtic 
customs,  few  fragments  remain.  [Ixi.  331] 

WILLIAM  (1103-1120),  only  son  of  Henry  I,  king  of 
England,  and  his  first  wife,  Matilda  of  Scotland  (1080- 
1118)  [q.  v.] ;  as  his  father's  destined  successor,  received 
homage  of  Norman  barons,  1115,  and  of  English  witan, 
.1116;  married  Matilda,  daughter  of  Fulk  V,  count  of 
Anjou,  1119 :  invested  by  Louis  VI  with  duchy  of  Nor- 
mandy, 1120;  drowned  in  wreck  of  'White  Ship'  off 
Barfleur.  [Ixi.  337] 

WILLIAM,  DUKR  OP  GLOUCESTER  (1689-1700),  son 
of  the  Princess  Anne  (afterwards  Queen  Anne)  and  Prince 
George  of  Denmark;  declared  Dnke  of  Gloucester  by 
William  III ;  made  K.G.,  1695 ;  appointed  to  the  command 
of  William  Ill's  Dutch  regiment  of  foot-guards,  1698. 

[i.  4-16] 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS,  DUKK  OF  OUMBKULAND 
(1721-1765),  military  commander ;  third  son  of  George  II, 
then  prince  of  Wales,  by  Caroline,  daughter  of  John 
Frederic,  margrave  of  Brandenburg-Anspach ;  created 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  1726 ;  K.G.,  1740 ;  educated  for 
navy;  served  under  Sir  John  Norris  (1660  ?-1749) [q.  v.], 
1740  ;  colonel  of  Colds t  ream  guards,  1770;  transferred  to 
1st  guards,  1742 ;  privy  councillor,  1742;  major-general, 
1742 ;  served  with  the  army  on  the  Main  at  Dettingen  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1743;  honorary  commander  of  allied 


WILLIAM 


11..'.. 


WILLIAM 


lorce«  in  Netherlands,  17-4  I:  onptAln-peneral  of  HritM. 
luii.l  K.r.-.-s  »t  homo  iiixl  in  HH-i,  1745  ;  umk  part  tu  tin- 
1  attempt  to  relieve  Touruay,  1745;  took  com- 
iivin.1  «>f  second  army  (the  first  »«eing  under  Wade) 
formal  to  oppose  Prince  Charles  Edward.  1745,  and  en- 
gaged in  Indecisive  action  at  Clifton  ;  commanded  flwt 

- 

1746  ;  marched  to  Inverness  ami  snb-equently  fixed  bead- 
quart.  T<  at  Fort  Augustus,  hunting  down  rebeto    with 


utmost   severity;    received    thank*   of   parliament   for 

for  himself  and 


ui,.l  income  of  »ftOOl.  a  year 

heire  ;  colonel.  15th  .Inuronn*  :  chancellor  of  St.  Andrew* 
University,  1746:  resumed  eommaii.l  in 
.i.-t.-.it«i  witha.ii,-  bj  Bun  ..-  I...--T.:-  («t  v*aJ)aai  M 
back  on  Maectricht  ;  returnM  to  England,  1748  ;  ardently 
supported  horse-racing,  and  made  coarse  and  founded 

it  Awot  .  i-ii.ni.  -.-  lord  Dublin  University,  1751; 


appointed  one  of  lords  justice*  on  George  ITs  departure  for 
formed  to  cover  invasion  of  Hanover,  17&7  : 


Hanover,  1766  :   took  command  of  army  of 

eated  by 

French  under  Mawlml  d'  Entree*  at  Hastenbeck  ;  signed 
treaty  of  Kloster-Zeven  and  returned  to  England,  was 
received  angrily  by  George  II,  and 


1767;  captain-general,  1766:  buried  at  Westminster. 
His  portrait  by  Reynolds,  1768,  is  in  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery.  [IxL  837] 

WILLIAM  HENRY,  first  DrKB  OF  GLOUCESTER  of 
the  latest  creation  (1743-1805),  third  son  of  Frederick 
Loui*,  prinoe  of  Wales  [q.  v.].  by  Augusta,  daughter  of 
Frederick  II,  duke  of  Saxe-Outha:  K.G.,  1768;  created 
Duke  of  Gloucester  and  Edinburgh  and  Earl  of  Con- 
naught,  1764;  privy  councillor,  1764;  secretly  married 
Maria,  dowager  countess  of  Wnldegrave,  1766,  the  validity 
of  marriage  being  allowed,  1773;  general,  1772;  F.K.S., 
178U;  field-marshal,  1793.  [Ixi.  348] 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  second  DUKB  OF  GLOU- 
CKSTKU  of  the  latest  creation  (1776-1834),  son  of  William 
Henry,  first  duke  [q.  v.];'M.A.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1790  ;  LL.D.,  1796  ;  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
University,  1811  ;  served  as  colonel  of  1st  foot-guards  in 
Flanders,  1794  ;  major-general,  1795  ;  F.R.S.,  1797  ;  in 
Helder  expedition,  1799  :  general,  1808  :  field-marshal, 
1816  ;  K.G.,  1794  ;  privy  councillor,  1806  ;  governor  of 
Portsmouth,  1827  ;  married  his  first  cousin,  Mary,  fourth 
daughter  of  George  III,  1816.  [1x1.  849] 

WILLIAM  FITZOSBERX,  EARL  OF  HEREFORD  (d. 
1071).  [See  FITOSBERN.] 

WILLIAM  MALKT  OR  MALLET  (</.  1071).  [Sea 
MALET.] 

WILLIAM  (</.  1075),  bishop  of  London  :  chaplain  to 
Edward  the  Confessor  [4.  v.]  ;  bishop  of  London,  1051. 

[Ixi.  360] 

WILLIAM  DK  ST.  CARILEF  or  ST.  OALAW  (</.  1096). 
[See  CARILEF.] 

WILLIAM  OP  CiresTKR  (/.  1109),  poet  ;  Benedictine 
monk  of  Chester  ;  wrote  poems  on  Anselm.  [Ixi.  360] 

WILLIAM  GIFFARD  (d.  1129).    [See  GIFFARD.] 

WILLIAM  (d.  1135  ?),  archbishop  of  Tyre  ;  born  in 
England  :  prior  of  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem  ;  arch- 
bishop of  Tyre,  1  128.  [Ixi.  860] 

WILLIAM  OF  CORBEIL  (d.  1136).    [See  CORBEIU] 
WILLIAM  DK  WARKLWAST  (d.  1187).    [See  WAREL- 

WA8T.] 

WILLIAM  OF  MALMESBURY  (d.  1148?),  historian: 
born  between  1090  and  lo»tt  ;  educated  at  MaluMwbury 
Abbey,  and  became  librarian  :  probably  resided  some 
time  at  Glastonbury,  later  revisions  of  bis  'Uesta  Regnm 
Anglorum  '  containing  notices  derived  from  the  history 
and  charters  of  Glastonbury.  His  works  include  »G«ta 
Regum  Anglorum,'  finished  in  1125  (the  earlier  books  of 
which  made  considerable  use  of  the  older  ballad  literature 
of  England),  and  its  sequel  •  Hi*toria  Novella,'  dealing 
with  English  history  to  1142,  •  Gesta  Pontiflcum 
Anglorum,1  flubbed  1125,  and  •  I)e  Antiquitate  Glaston- 
leusis  Ecclesia},'  written  between  1128  and  1139. 

WILLIAM  (11327-1144),  'saint  and  martyr  of  Nor- 
wich '  ;  apprenticed  as  skinner  at  Norwich,  1142  :  became 
associated  in  dealings  with  Jews  ;  said  to  have  been 
murdered  by  Jews,  on  what  motive  it  is  not  known,  but, 


According  to  hearsay  evidence.  M  a  rtetta  in  tarn* 
plianoe  with  what  was  beurvt.1  to  be  a  Jewish  rite. 
Tlw  rettinv-pUoe  of  hi*  body  in  Nerwieb  (Mtednl 
became  a  centre  for  pilgrim*.  [Ui  8*4) 


WILLIAM  OF  THWATT(rf.llM).    [Be0rmmR»KBT, 


WILLIAM    .,i-    Wv.-fni-., 


prior  of  second  Uantbonj  Abbey.  0 

of  Itobcrt  de  Beton  (<*.  1148X  bUbop  of  Hereford. 


biognpher: 

I  .   .  rv 


WILLIAM  orYniM(<f.  1 !«»?). 
EARL  OF  Kxrr ;  son  of  Philip,  count  of  Y| 
too  of  Robert  I,  count  of  PUn-lers  :  dat 
•oooavkm  on  murder  of  bi»  Ulf-brotlier  Cuartoa,  but 
LouU  of  France  Instated  William  Clito,  son  of  Robert* 


duke  of  Normandy  [q.  v.) ;  Joined  leagueof  Bnftfeb  nobles 
against  Clito,  1127  ;  captured  by  Louis  and  Clito  at 

?pr«and  uupr.- i  j  5»Md.a  ?•  bttai  vmntm  hf 

a  new  rival,  Thierry  of  Alsace,  1128 ;  took  refuge  in 
England,  1138  ;  fought  for  Stephen  in  Normandy,  and 
1141  at  Lincoln  ;  Joined  StepheoVqaeen ;  fought  at  Win- 
cheater  ;  rewarded  by  Stephen  with  re  venae*  from  crown 
Indl  .1,  K,-i,t.  Nut  r,;-,.:.,,,l  „„  •rtiOB  :  MMsW  '^t.-r- 
dan  abbey  at  Boxley,  r.  1144-6.  [UL  8M] 

WILLIAM  DK  TRACT  (<f.  1173V,    [See  TRACT.] 

WILLIAM  (1095  7-1174),  bisljop  of  Norwich;  tor- 
name  Turbo.  Turbo,  or  de  Turbcville ;  educated  in  mnsiM 
tic  school  at  Norwich,  and  became  successively  school- 
master, monk,  sub-prior,  and  prior  :  cupported  truth 
of  story  of  murder  of  William  (1132?-1144)  [q.  v.]  by 
Jews  ;  bishop  of  Norwich,  1146  74  ;  faithful  adherent  of 
Becket :  pronounced  papal  sentence  of  excommunication 
against  Earl  Hugh  at  Norwich,  1 166.  [UL  8M] 

WILLIAM  OF  ST.  ALBAXS  (/.  1178X 
monk  of  St.  Albans  ;  wrote  live*  of  Amphlbal 
versified  by  Ralph  of  St.  Albans  [q.  v.) 

WILLIAM  OK  CKOWI.AMI  (d.  1179),  abbot  of 
>ey,  1161,  and  ot  Cluny,  1177  ;  has  been  confounded  with 
William  of  Ramsey  [q.  v.]  [UL  844] 

WILLIAM  OF  PETERBOROUGH  (/.  1188),  theological 
writer  :  monk  of  Ramsey  ;  wrote  theological  work*. 

WILLIAM  FiTZSTErHEX    (d.    1190?)     [See  FIT*. 

STEP  It  KX.] 

WILLIAM  FiTO».-n:-i:-r  i./.  1196).    [Sec  FrrzoRBBRT.] 

WILLIAM  OK  I...N...  .IAMI-  (d.  1197).  [See  LONO- 
CHAMP.) 

WILLIAM  OK  NK\VI:I-KI:II  (1 186-1198  ?1  historian  ; 
educated  at  Augustinian  priory  at  Newburfh,  Yorkahire, 
His  *  Historia  Rerum  Anglicarum,'  written  e,  1198,  and 
comprising  history  from  1066  to  1198,  is  the  finest  bis- 
torical  work  extant  by  an  Englishman  of  the  twelfth 
century.  [Ui.  840] 

WILLIAM  r»R  LEICESTER,  or  WILLIAM  DU  MONT 
(./.  1213).  theologian  ;  studied  at  Oxford  and  Parto; 
chancellor  of  Lincoln,  1192-12OO:  wrote  theological  worta. 

[IxL  848] 

WILLIAM  MALET  or  MALLET  (jt.  119»-121&). 
[See  MALET.] 

WILLIAM  OFRAMSKT  (fl.  1219),  hagiograpber  and 
poet ;  monk  of  Crowland  ;  wrote  life  of  Waltbeof,  •poem 
on  St.  Guthlac,  and  other  worlw.  [UI.  844) 


WILLIAM  THK  TROUV*RE  (  /,  ItSO  T).  port: 

tales  from  •  Miracto  of  the  Virgin     into  Anflo- 


Norman  verse. 


employed  « 


WILLIAM 


1410 


WILLIAMS 


-t,-r  proiioumvl  papal  intcnlict.  l?nH.  and  in  conse- 
MU..M.V  w:i-  imnished;  engaged  ns  bearer  of  papal  over- 
tures to  John,  1208-13  ;  restored,  1213 :  resigned  bishopric 
to  legate  Pandulf  on  account  of  age.  1221.  [Ixi.  3ti4] 

WILLIAM  THE  CLKRK  (fl,  1208-1226),  Anglo-Norman 
poet :  author  of  •  Fregus  et  Galienne,1  a  romance  belong- 
ing to  the  Arthurian  cycle,  and  four  other  Norman 
French  work-.  [W.  367] 

WILLIAM  PR  LoxoEsrEE,  third  EARL  OP  SALISBURY 
(<f.  1226).  [See  LOXGKSPEE.] 

WILLIAM  HE  FoRft  or  DK  PoRTinus,  EARL  OP  ALBE- 
MAHI.K  (<t.  1242),  great-grandson  of  Count  Stephen: 
supported  King  John  against  barons  until  defection  of 
Londoners  ;  one  of  executors  of  Magna  Charta,  but  subse- 
quently fought  for  John,  returning  to  barons  after  cap- 
ture of  Winchester,  and  again  siding  with  king  after 
baronial  disasters  ;  constable  of  Rockingham  and  Sauvey 
castles,  121fi:  refused  to  surrender  castles  on  demand  of 
Hubert  de  Burgh  [q.  v.],  1220,  but  was  compelled  to  submit, 
having  been  excommunicated  :  rose  in  revolt  nt  Bytham, 
1221,  and  was  again  excommunicated  ;  captured,  pardoned, 
and  ordered  into  exile  in  Holy  Laud;  remained  un- 
molested in  England  ;  joined  Falkes  de  Breaute  and  others 
in  rebellion,  1223,  but  surrendered  to  Henry  III ;  member  of 
Henry  Ill's  council ;  ambassador  to  Antwerp,  1227  :  served 
in  Brittany,  1230 :  set  out  for  Holy  Land,  1241,  and  died  at 
sea  in  Mediterranean.  [Ixi.  367] 

WILLIAM  OF  DROGHEDA  (d.  1245?),  canonist; 
lectured  on  canon  law  at  Oxford  ;  wrote  '  Summa 
Aurea,'  a  treatise  on  canon  law.  [Ixi.  370] 

WILLIAM  OF  DCRHAM  (d.  1249),  archdeacon  of 
Durham,  1237  :  rector  of  Wearmouth;  educated  at  Oxford 
and  Paris  :  left  sum  of  money  for  support  of  masters  of 
arts  studying  theology,  who  subsequently  formed  com- 
munitv  that  was  nucleus  of  University  College. 

[Ixi.  370] 

WILLIAM  HE  LOXGESPEE,  called  EARL  OF  SALIS- 
BURY (1212  ?-1250).  [See  LOXGESPEI:.] 

WILLIAM  OF  NOTTINGHAM  (d.  1251).  [See  NOT- 
TINGHAM.] 

WILLIAM  OF  YORK  (d.  1256),  bishop  of  Salisbury  ; 
justice  in  Kent  and  Huntingdon,  1227  ;  justice  itinerant 
at  Worcester,  Lewes,  Gloucester,  and  Launceston,  1235, 
Bedford  and  St.  Albans,  1240,  and  Bermondsey  and 
Oxford,  1241 :  one  of  the  three  custodians  of  the  realm, 
1242  ;  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1246  ;  one  of  deputation  sent 
to  Henry  III  from  bishops  in  parliament  asking  for 
liberty  of  ecclesiastical  elections,  1253.  [Ixi.  371] 

WILLIAM  DE  FORS  or  DE  FORTIBUS,  EARL  OF 
ALBEMARLK  (rf.  1260),  son  of  William  de  Fors  (d.  1242) 
[q.  v.] ;  married  Christina,  younger  daughter  of  Alan,  lord 
of  Galloway,  and  succeeded  to  third  of  Galloway  ;  sheriff 
of  Cumberland  and  keeper  of  Carlisle  Castle,  1255-60  ; 
took  prominent  share  in  Mad  parliament  at  Oxford, 
1258 ;  one  of  king's  standing  council  of  fifteen. 

[Ixi.  372] 

WILLIAM  DE  WILTON  (d.  1264).    [See  WILTON.] 

WILLIAM  DE  WICKWANB  or  WYCHEHAM  (d. 
1285).  [See  WiCKWANE.] 

WILLIAM  DE  VALENCE,  titular  EARL  OP  PEMBROKE 
(d.  1296),  fourth  son  of  Isabella  of  Angouleme,  widow  of 
King  John,  by  her  second  husband,  Hugh  X  of  Lnsignan, 
count  of  La  Marche :  came  to  Henry  Ill's  court,  1247  ; 
married  Joan,  daughter  of  Baron  Warin  de  Munchensi  by 
Joan,  daughter  and  coheiress  of  William  Marshal,  first 
earl  of  Pembroke  [q.  v.]  ;  assumed  title  of  Earl  of 
Pembroke  ;  knighted,  1247  ;  joint-ambassador  to  France, 
1249;  took  the  cross,  1250;  one  of  twelve  nominees  of 
Henry  III  in  reforming  committee  appointed  by  Mad  par- 
liament, 1268 ;  came  into  conflict  with  Simon  de  Montfort 
[q.  v.] ;  ambassador  to  Louis,  1263 :  with  Henry  III  at 
siege  of  Northampton,  1264  ;  fought  for  Henry  III  at 
Lewes,  and  escaped  to  France  ;  took  part  in  royalist 
restoration,  1265  ;  went  with  Edward  to  Holy  Land,  1270, 
returned,  1273  ;  commander  of  army  in  west  Wales,  1282 
and  1283 ;  one  of  Edward  I's  council ;  Edward  I's  agent  for 
districts  ceded  by  treaty  of  Amiens,  1279 ;  one  of  negotia- 
tors of  treaty  of  Salisbury  with  Scots,  1289 ;  died  a 
Bayonne  ;  buried  at  Westminster.  [Ixi.  373] 

WILLIAM  OP  HOTHUM  (d.  1298).    [See  HOTHUM.] 


WILLIAM  OK  WARE  or  WILLIAM  WAKUK,  GUARD, 
)r  VAHROX  (/.  1300  'i ),  philosopher ;  Franciscan  ;  D.D.  of 
•aris,  where  he  chiefly  lived  ;  wrote  philosophical  and 
Geological  works.  [Ixi.  377] 

WILLIAM  OF  WHEATLEY  or  WHETLEY  (fl.  1310), 
divine  and  author ;  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris ;  rector 
of  Yatesbury  ;  wrote  philosophical  and  other  works. 

[Ixi.  377] 

WILLIAM  OF  LITTMXGTON  (d.  1312),  theological 
vriter;  Carmelite  of  Stamford:  doctor  of  theoloiry, '  >\- 
_'ord  ;  opposed  division  of  England  arranged  at  council  of 
Narboune,  and  was  excommunicated,  1303  ;  provincial  of 
Holy  Land  and  Cyprus.  [Ixi.  377] 

WILLIAM  UK  SIII:I'K.SIIKVED  {fl.  1320?).  [See 
3HJCPK8HKYKD.] 

WILLIAM  DP  EXKTKII  {ft.  1330  ?).    [See  EXKTKK.] 
WILLIAM  I»K  AYKKMIXXE  (<?.  1336).      [See  AYRE- 

MIXXE.] 

WILLIAM  r>F  COVKKTKY  {/.  13GO),  Carmelite  ;  wrote 
on  history  of  Carmelites  and  other  subject?. 

[Ixi.  377] 

WILLIAM  OF  BERTOX  (/.  1376).    [See  BKRTOX.] 
WILLIAM  OF  ALXWICK  (d.  1449).    [See  ALNWICK.] 
WILLIAM  OF  WORCESTER  or  WYRCESTER  (1415?- 
1482  ?).    [See  WORCESTER.] 

WILLIAM  DE  MACHLIXIA  (/.  1482-1490).  [See 
MACHLIXIA.] 


of  Dr. 

became 

with  him  whenever  he  had  a  house;  lost  her  sight  through 

an  eye-operatiou  :  published,  1766, '  Miscellanies  in  Prose 

and  Verse,'  to  which  Dr.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Thrale  con- 

tributed.  [Ixi.  378] 

WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  (1796-1866),  congregational 
divine  ;  minister  successively  at  Newark-upon-Trent, 
Salisbury,  London,  and  Sibbertoft ;  editor  to  Religious 
Tract  Society.  [Ixi.  398] 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  CHARLES  H ANBURY  (1708-1 759), 
satirical  writer  and  diplomatist ;  son  of  John  Hanbury 
[q.  v.] ;  assumed  name  of  Williams,  1729  :  educated  at 
Eton  :  M.P.  for  Monmouthshire,  1734-47,  and  Leominster, 
1754-9  :  paymaster  of  marine  forces,  1739-42  ;  K.B.,  1744; 
envoy  to  court  of  Dresden,  1746 :  envoy  extraordinary 
at  Berlin,  at  Dresden,  1751-3,  Vienna,  1753,  again  at 
Dresden,  1754,  St.  Petersburg,  1755-7 ;  died  by  his  own 
hand.  He  published  numerous  occasional  satirical  verses 
and  other  writings ;  a  fairly  complete  collected  editio- 
appeared,  1822.  [Ixi.  379] 

WILLIAMS,  CHARLES  JAMES  BLASIUS 
1889),  physician  :  M.D.Edinburgh,  1824 ;  studied  in  Paris 
nnd  London ;  L.R.O.P. :  F.R.S.,  1835  :  professor  of  medi- 
cine and  physician  to  University  College,  London,  1839  : 
F.R.O.P.,  1840 ;  censor,  1846  and  1847  ;  Lumleiau  lecturer, 
1862 ;  took  part  in  founding  Consumption  Hospital, 
Bromptou,  1841 ;  first  president  of  Pathological  Society, 
1846 ;  physician  extraordinary  to  Queen  Victoria,  1874 ; 
published '  Principles  of  Medicine '  (1843)  and  other  works. 

[Ixi*  383] 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  CHARLES  JAMES  WATKIN 
(1824-1884),  judge ;  studied  medicine  at  University  Col- 
lege Hospital;  entered  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford,  1851; 
called  to  bar  at  Middla  Temple,  1854 :  tubman  of  court 
of  exchequer,  1859  ;  Q.C.,  1873  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  Denbigh 
boroughs,  1868-80,  nnd  Carnarvonshire,  1880;  puisne 
judge,  1880;  published  legal  writings. 

WILLIAMS,  DANIEL  (1643  ?-4716),  nonconformist 
divine  and  benefactor:  chaplain  to  Countess  of  Meath 
(d.  1685),  1664 ;  preached  at  Drogheda  ;  joint-minister  at 
Wood  Street,  Dublin,  1667-87 ;  retired  before  animosity  of 
Roman  catholics  to  London,  1687;  refused  to  recognise 
James  II's  right  of  dispensation  on  declaration  of  liberty 
of  conscience ;  presbyterian  minister  at  Hand  Alley, 
Bishopsgate,  London,  1687-1716  ;  lecturer  at  Painters'  Hall, 
London  ;  published,  1692, '  Gospel  Truth,'  founded  on  his 
lectures,  and  giving  rise  to  controversy,  which  occasioned 
his  dismissal  from  lectureship,  1694 ;  opposed  bill  against 
occasional  conformity,  c.  1704 ;  headed  joint  address  from 


WILLIAMS 


mi 


WILLIAMS 


tin;  '  tlirue  denominations  '  on  aoceMion  of  Queen  Anne 
jin.i  ..f  •;.•..!•.'.•  l  :  hit  large  sums  to  be  devoted  chiefly  to 
scholastic  ana  r.-H^n.us  purposes.  HU  extensive  library 
iornii-1  the  mu-leiis  of  that  now  hotuted  at  University 

Hall,  .;..rd.Mi.  -p.m.-,  London.  [IxL  *86] 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  DAVID  (1636  7-1618),  judge:  bar- 
ristor,  Mi.i.ii,-  '1  Vinpl,-.  ir>;.;  ;  recorder  of  Brackix* 
Km:  t|ii,-.-!r>  ;ut  on  u'y  -general  in  court  of  great  •  mi  ons 
for  .•onutirs  of  Carmarthen,  Cardigan,  Pembroke,  Breck- 
nock, ami  Kadnor:  serjcant-afc-law,  1193;  M.P.,  Brack- 
S4-5,  1586-7,  1688-9,  and  1697-8;  knighted  and 
appointed  niti,  jKiiMie  justice  of  king's  bench,  1603. 

[Ixi.  389] 

WILLIAMS,  DAVID(rf.  1794),  Welsh  hymn-writer; 
methodlst  '  e.xhoru-r  '  ;  worked  as  tailor  at  LJau  Fynydd. 
iiml  Hulmequently  ae  schoolmaster  in  variou*  towns  :  joined 
baptists  1777  ;  published  several  collections  of  hymns. 

WILLIAMS,  DAVID  (1738-1816),  founder  Xof  Royal 
Literary  Fund:  studied  for  dissenting  ministry  at  Car- 
marthen acudeiny:  ordained  minister  at  Fromc.  1768; 
IVHIO  vt-d  to  Mint  meeting,  Kxrtcr,  1761  :  minister  at  South- 

lwate.  17 


wood  Lane,  Higlwate.  1709-73  ;  set  up  school  at  Chelsea, 
1773  ;  oiH-iH-l.  1770.  chapel  in  Margaret  Street,  Cavendish 
Squaiv,  l/Midon,  win-no  he  lectured  till  1780  :  founded,  1788, 
hy  private  subscription.  Literary  Fund,  which  was  incor- 
porated, 1812  :  became  Koyal  Literary  Fund,  1841  :  in 
Paris,  1792-3  ; 


OoflMt,  Rathfarnhai 
KtiJt  Qp|i«y>,  Qam*! 

\mf\  iMMdnq  i  m 


I    JAMB8    (171l-l80fX    wlt» 
-son  of  WlllUm  Peere  WIl- 


published  numerous  lectures, 
treatises  on  religious,  educational,  and  other  q  i 

[Ixi.  390] 

WILLIAMS,  DAVID  (1792-1860),  geologist:  M.A. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1820  ;  vicar  of  Kingston  and  rector 
01  ni.-.idoii;  F.G.S.,  1828;  published  papers  on  geological 
subjects.  [Ixt.  393] 

WILLIAMS,  EDWARD  (Jf.  1660).  author  of  •  Virgo 
Triumplians,  or  Virginia  truly  valued,'  published,  1660. 

WILLIAMS,  EDWARD  (1760-1813X  nonconformist 
«liviiu-:  independent  minister,  1776-7,  at  Denbigh,  and 
1777-91,  oswestrv,  where  he  took  charge  of  dissenting 
academy,  1782-91;  theological  tutor  at  Rotherham,  1795- 
1813  ;  published  works  of  moderate  Calvinistic  tendency. 

[Ixi.  394] 

WILLIAMS,  EDWARD  (1746-1826),  Welsh  bard, 
known  as  *  lolo  Morgauuwg';  worked  as  stonemason; 
opened  bookseller's  shop  at  Cowbridge,  1797,  and  later 
took  to  laud  surveying  at  Flemingeton  :  published 
4  Poems,  Lyric  and  Pastoral,'  1794;  became  champion  of 
the  bardic  system,  the  spurious  antiquity  of  which  lie 
accepted  in  good  faith  :  one  of  tl»  three  editors  of 
•  Myvyriau  Archaiology  '  (1801).  tl*L  »*] 

WILLIAMS,  EDWARD  (1762-1833),  antiquary  ;  edu- 
cated at  Rcpton  and  Pembroke  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1787;  fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford:  perpetual 
curate  at  Battlefield  and  Ufflngton.  1786-1833  ;  rector  of 
Chelsfield,  1817-33  :  left  manuscripts  on  history  and 
antiquities  of  Shropshire. 

WILLIAMS,  EDWARD  ELLIKER  (1793-1822),  friend 
of  Shelley  ;  commissioned  in  Bust  India  Company's  cavalry 
in  India,  f.  1811  :  made  Shelley's  acquaintance  at  Pisa, 
1821  ;  perished  with  Shelley  in  yacht  Don  Juan  sailing 
from  Leghorn  to  Lerici.  [Ixi.  M6] 

WILLIAMS,  Sm  EDWARD  VAUQHAN  (1797-1878X 
judge:  son  of  John  Williams  (1767-1810)  [q.  v.]  :  of 
Winchester  College,  Westminster  School,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1824  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn. 
1823;  puisne  judge  of  court  of  common  picas,  1846; 
knighted,  1847  ;  privy  councillor,  1866.  [IxL  S9< 

WILLIAMS,  ELIEXKR  (1764-1820),  historian  and 
genealogist  :  sou  of  Peter  Williams  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  1781  :  ordained  priest,  1778;  naval  chap- 
L.in  1780;  evening  lecturer  at  All  Hallows,  Lombard 
.Street,  London  ;  chaplain  to  Tilbury  fort,  1799  ;  vicar  of 
Lampeter,  where  he  kept  school,  1806-20;  published 
poetical,  historical,  and  genealogical  writings. 

1  M.  :>.-. 

WILLIAMS,  FREDERICK  8MEETON  (\889-1886), 
congregational  divine  ;  son  of  Charles  Williams  (1796- 
1866)[q.  v.]:  studied  at  Unlyenlty  and  New  c^eges, 
London  :  tutor  at  Congregational  Institute,  JWl-«  : 
published  'Our  Iron  Roads,'  1WS,  and  other  works  rout- 
ing to  railways.  $l*i«  •»»] 


WILLIAMS,  GEORGE  (1762-1834X  ph; 

•     -    '    •         •  ..:.-•... 

tbolomew's  Hospital,  London 

.      .:.   1..   .:..'.         :•'   :    .:.:        .•  ..       ifur...   r- .-          .• 

profewor  of  botany,  1796-1834 ;  lUdclfce  ul 

WILLIAMS.  GEORGE  ( 1814-1878).  dM 
grapher ;  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  Coital 
fellow,  1836-70;  MJL,  1840;  Incorporata 

:     ,/       ::!,.    ...          ,        ,-.-.,..;.:,:., 

at  Jerusabm.  1841-3:  warden  of  I 

.     1-  .    ;.i,     .  •»     i  ;    . 

Ifjfcim  T;"aajjfaaM] 
honorary  canon  of  Cnmbma  Oolhga, 

,.  •  .-.•  ,.-<..;,,  ,;....,:  ..  ; 
published  '  The  Holy  City '  ( 1846)  and  otter 
rrtttafh 

WILLIAMS,    GEORGE   JA1 
known  as  'Gilly  Wl 

liams  [q.  T.]  :  rnrdvar  f»Mn]  of  excise,  1774-1801: 
luUmate  friend  of  Dick  Bdgvonmbe  and  of  George  Sdwyn 
and  Horace  Walpoie,  with  whom  he  ( 

WILLIAMS.  GRIFFITH  (1 68*  7- UTS), 
0*iory;  M.A.  Jeans  College,  Cambridge,  1 
1621  ;  Incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1610 ;  lee 
Paul's  Cathedral ;  rector  of  St.  Bannet  Sbarebog,  London, 
161* :  snupended  for  high  church  sympathies,  1616; 
rector  of  LUnUeohid;  rector  of  Trefdraeth,  1626;  pre- 
bendary  of  Westminster,  1628-41;  dean  of  Baniror. 
1634-72  ;  royal  chaplain,  1636 ;  bishop  of  Ossory.  1641 ; 
tied  to  England  on  outbreak  of  Irish  rebellion.  1641  ; 
published  vigorous  invectives  against  parliamentarians : 
suffered  many  hardships  during  war;  spent  considerabte 
•M  in  natorini  Mi  oathedra]  aft*  BateaHon:  « 
prebend  of  Mayne  in  his  diocese  with  his  bishopric ;  pob- 
Ushod  sermons  and  religious  treatises.  [lxl.401] 

WILLIAMS,  GRIFFITH  (1761-1818),  Welsh  bard; 
worked  in  Lonl  Penrhyn's  quarry,  1790;  pttbHohol 
•  Ffrwyth  A  wen '  (1816)  and  other  writing*.  [Ixi.  403] 


^^ISEsjgpJrl! 
[JxL^] 


WILLIAMS.  HKLKXMAHIA(1762-18J7X^~«.— - . 
publislx-1  •  fthvin  and  Kltruda,'  a  tak  In  verso.  17M,  and 
iidoptrd  literary  profe»sion;  resided  chiefly  in  France 
ufu-r  17HH;   adopted   with  enthusiasm 
revolution:    imprisoned    as   Girondist 
narrowly  escaping  execution  ;  pottMi 
to  France,  besides  poems  and  other  works. 

WILLIAMS,  HKNRY(i792-18C7X  missionary:  mid- 
shipman.  1806 :  saw  considerable  service,  and  retired  M 
lieutenant,  1816,  receiving  half-pay  Ull  1817;  ordainrd 
j,r:.-t,  ISM  ;  wmA  M  •  lomi .  i  N.  •  •  ->:.:...  ISM, 
and  laboured  at  Palhla,  subsequently  extending  work  to 
Hot  Lakes  district,  the  Waikato  River,  the  Bay  of  Plcuty. 
the  east  coast,  and  OtaW  :  a«isted  in  ot 
of  Maori  chiefs  to  treaty  of  Waitangi  a 
supremacy,  1840 ;  came  into  conflict  with 
Grey,  who  erroneontdy  attributed  to  mission 
sibility  for  Maori  war,  e.  1846 ;  died  at  ^ 

WILLIAMS,  HUCH  WILLIAM  (1773-18J9X  land- 
scape-painter :  travdkd  in  Italy  and  Greece,  and  pub- 
lished account  of  travel  Ulnstrated  by  engravings  from 
his  sketches,  18JO,  earning  name  of  'Grecian  WUBama*: 
original  member  of  A-wciatcd  Artiste  in  Water  Colour. 
1808  ;  associate  of  Royal  Institution,  Edinburgh. 

[1st  407] 

WILLIAMS.   ISAAC  (1801-1866X  poet  and ^theoto. 

K:  ssns.  vssr^rsr^ 

""•^sss,  1±rrs.l^ti2''!£J£r 

oontrtuUMQ  TBHB»  wi     on%t»ii   •^^^••^w   • 
brated  tract,  No.  80,  in  'Tracte  for  the 

— to  s%w^%8%  i-e 

H«taoC5Swisis^rtij^ 

beride*  rdSmworto  to  prosm. 


WILLIAMS,  JANE  (1806-18MX  £•«*«•*£• •»* 
^Mtoe^ofTodordy.Mtyxr^and 
4x9 


History  of 


WILLIAMS 


1412 


WILLIAMS 


WILLIAMS,  JOHN.  BAUOX  WILLIAMS  OF  THAMK 
(1500?-1559),  politician  :  clerk  (.f  the  king's  jewels  IMo  ; 
associated  with  Thomas  Cromwell  as  treasurer  of  king's 
.36 :  receiver  of  lauds  of  Woburn  Abbey,  1538 ; 
ihcrlff  of  Oxfordshire,  1538 :  knighted,  c.  1537  ;  sole 
keeper  of  king's  jewels,  c.  1539-44 :  treasurer  of  court 
of  augmentations,  1544-53;  M.P.,  Oxfordshire,  1542  and 
1547-51 :  sent  with  Wingfleld  to  arrest  Protector  Somer- 
set, 1619:  supported  Queen  Mary's  cause;  had  tempo- 
rary custody  of  Princess  Elizabeth,  1 554,  treating  her  with 
much  consideration ;  create!  Baron  Williams  of  Thame, 
1554  ;  chamberlain  to  Philip  II :  lord  president  of  Wales, 
1559.  [Ixi.  412] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1582-1650),  archbishop  of  York ; 
B.A.  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1601  ;  fellow,  1603  ; 
M.A.,  1605  ;  received  living  of  Honington,  Suffolk,  1605  : 
prebendary  of  Hereford,  1612 ;  B.D.,  1613 ;  prebendary 
and  precentor  of  Lincoln,  1613 ;  prebendary  of  Peter- 
borough, 1616;  D.D.,  1617;  dean  of  Salisbury,  1619,  of 
Westminster,  1620;  lord-keeper  and  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
1021  ;  gained  favour  of  Buckingham  and  acted  as  his 
adviser ;  opposed  war  with  Spain :  removed  from  office 
of  lord-keeper ;  adopted  mediatory  tone  in  dispute  which 
ensued  over  'Petition  of  Right,'  1628;  charged  in  Star- 
chamber  with  betraying  secrets  of  privy  council,  1628, 
and  with  subornation  of  perjury,  1635,  and  fined  and 
suspended  from  exercise  of  function,  1637,  and  imprisoned 
in  Tower  of  London,  1637-40:  chairman  of  committee 
to  consider  innovations  concerning  religion,  1641 ;  arch- 
bishop of  York,  1641-50  :  retired  to  Con  way  on  outbreak 
of  war,  1642;  being  put  forward  as  leader  by  his  cp.mtry- 
men  after  disaster  of  Naseby,  1645,  made  terms  with  par- 
liamentary commander,  Mytton.  He  gave  money  for 
building  library  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 

[IxL  414] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1636  ?-1709),  bishop  of  Ohiches- 
ter ;  M.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1658  :  incorporated  at 
Cambridge,  1660 ;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1690  ;  prebendary  cf 
St.  Pirnl'd,  London,  1683  ;  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary  ; 
prebendary  of  Canterbury ;  bishop  of  Chichester,  1696 ; 
published  controversial  writings.  [Ixi.  420] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1727-1798),  nonconformist 
divine ;  studied  at  Cambrian  academy,  Carmarthen ; 
minister  at  Stamford,  Lincolnshire,  1752,  Wokingham, 
Berkshire,  1755,  and  Sydenham,  1767-95;  published 
'Concordance  to  Greek  New  Testament,'  1767,  and  other 
works.  [Ixi.  420] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1757-1810),  lawyer :  M.A.  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  1781 ;  fellow,  1780-92 ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1784:  serjeant-at-law,  1794:  king's  ser- 
jeant,  1804 ;  brought  out  with  Richard  Burn  [q.  v.]  tenth 
and  eleventh  editions  of  Sir  William  Blackstone's  '  Com- 
mentaries,' 1787  and  1791.  [Ixi.  421] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1745-1818),  schoolmaster  at 
Cardigan,  1766-70,  and  at  Ystrad-meurig,  where  his 
academy  gained  great  reputation  from  1770.  [Ixi.  427] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1761-1818),  satirist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  known  by  pseudonym  'Anthony  Pas- 
quin ' ;  worked  as  journalist  in  Dublin,  Brighton,  Bath, 
and  London  ;  lost  action  for  libel  against  Robert  Faulder, 
the  bookseller,  for  libel  in  Gifford's  '  Baviad  anil  M&viad,' 
1797 ;  elited  New  York  democratic  paper,  '  The  Fede- 
ralist'; published  satirical  poems  and  other  writings; 
died  at  Brooklyn.  [Ixi.  422] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1796-1839),  missionary  ;  appren- 
ticed to  a  furnishing  ironmonger  in  London ;  entered 
fervice  of  London  Missionary  Society  and  went  to 
Papetoat  in  Eimeo,  one  of  Society  islands,  1817 ;  pro- 
ceeded to  Ratatea,  1818,  established  mission  station  and 
introduced  customs  of  civilisation  :  built  a  ship  for  him- 
j-elr  iind  made  missionary  voyages  to  Hervey,  Cook, 
Austral,  Navigators',  and  Friendly  islands :  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  did  much  to  quicken  growing  interest  in  mis- 
sion*, 1834  :  visited  Samoan  Islands,  Society  Group,  and 
New  Hebrides,  1839,  and  was  killed  ami  eaten  by  natives 
o'  Krroinango,  He  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
the  ILiratongan  language.  [Ixi.  423] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1753-1841),  banker  and  mine- 
adventurer;  manager  of  Wheal  Maiden  mine,  Burncoose, 
Cornwall ;  worked  sulphur  mi  IKS  in  co.  Wicklow ;  de- 
veloped manganese  Industry  at  Calstock,  East  Cornwall, 


1806;  partner  in  Cornish  bank  at  Truro,  1810;  con- 
tracted, in  conjunction  with  Messrs.  Fox  of  Falmouth,  to 
build  breakwater  at  Plymouth,  1812  ;  retired  from  busi- 
ness, 1828.  On  2  or  3  May  1812  he  foresaw  in  a  dream 
the  assassination  of  Perceval — one  of  the  best-authenti- 
cated instances  of  prevision,  or  second  sight.  [Ixi.  4'J5] 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  JOHN  (1777-1846),  judge;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1801 :  fellow ;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1804;  junior  counsel  in  trial  of  Queen 
Caroline,  1820 :  liberal  M.P.  for  Lincoln,  1822-G,  and 
Winchilsea,  1830-2;  K.C.,  1827;  solicitor-general  and 
attorney-general  to  Queen  Adelaide,  1830;  baron  of  ex- 
chequer, 1834  ;  knighted  and  transferred  to  king's  bench, 
1834.  [Ixi.  426] 

WILLIAMS.  JOHN  (1792-1858),  archdeacon  of  Car- 
digan :  son  of  John  Williams  (1745-1818)  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A. 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  1814  ;  M.A.,  1838 :  vicar  of  Lam- 
peter  and  master  of  school  established  by  Eliezer  Williams 
[q.  v.],  1820;  rector  of  newly  established  academy  at 
Edinburgh,  1824-7  and  1829-47;  professor  of  Latin  at 
London  University,  1827-8 ;  archdeacon  of  Cardigan, 
1833 ;  warden  of  new  school  at  LJandovery,  1847-53 ; 
F.R.S.  Edinburgh  ;  one  of  the  greatest  classical  scholars 
Wales  has  produced.  His  publications  include '  Gomer  ;  or 
a  Brief  Analysis  of  the  Language  and  Knowledge  of  the 
Ancient  Cymry,'  incidentally  claiming  that  Welsh,  in  its 
earliest  forms,  contained  vocables  expressive  of  philo- 
sophical truths,  1854,  and  '  Homerus,'  1842.  [Ixi.  427] 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN  (1811-1862),  Welsh  antiquary; 
known  as'Ab  Ithel' ;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1835  ; 
M.  A.,  1838;  rector  of  LlanymMowddwy,  1849-62  ;  rector 
of  Llan  Enddwyn  and  perpetual  curate  of  Llan  Ddwywe; 
1862  ;  formed  Cambrian  Archaeological  Association,  1846  ; 
joint-editor,  1846-51,  and  sole  editor,  1851-3,  of  » Archaeo- 
logia  Cambrensis  ' ;  established  Cambrian  Institute,  1851, 
and  started  and  edited  '  Cambrian  Journal.'  [Ixi.  430] 

WILLIAMS,  Sm  JOHN  BICKERTON  (1792-1855), 
nonconformist  writer  articled  as  attorney ;  admitted 
attorney,  1816  ;  practised  at  Shrewsbury,  1816-41 ;  mayor 
of  Shrewsbury,  1836 ;  knighted,  1837 ;  F.S.A.,  1824 ; 
fellow  of  American  Antiquarian  Society,  1838 ;  published 
biographical  and  other  writings  relating  to  noncon- 
formists, [ixi.  431] 

WILLIAMS,  JOSEPH  (/.  1673-1700),  actor;  entered 
Dorset  Garden  company,  c.  1673;  with  Theatre  Royal 
company,  c.  1682-c.  1695 ;  with  Betterton  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  London,  1700.  His  parts  include  Henry  VI  iu 
Crowne's  alterations  of  Shakespeare's  '  Henry  VI  'and  the 
Bastard  in  Tate's  alteration  of  '  King  Lear,'  1681. 

WILLIAMS,  JOSHUA  (1813-1881),  legal  author; 
educated  at  University  College,  London  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1838  ;  bencher,  1865  ;  conveyancing  counsel 
to  court  of  chancery,  1862;  Q.C.,  1865  :  professor  of  law 
of  real  and  personal  property  to  Inns  of  Court,  1875-80  ; 
published  works  on  law  of  real  and  personal  property. 

[Ixi.  433] 

WILLIAMS,  (MARTA)  JANE  (1795-1873),  musician 
and  compiler;  obtained  prize  at  eisteddfodau  held  at 
Abergavenny  for  be«t  collection  of  unpublished  Welsh 


music,  1837  (published,  1844). 


[Ixi.  411] 


WILLIAMS,  MONTAGU  STEPHEN  (18:55-1892), 
barrister;  educated  at  Eton;  ensign,  1856;  barrister, 
Inner  Temple,  1862  ;  joined  Old  Bailey  sessions  and  home 
circuit ;  junior  prosecuting  counsel  to  treasury,  1879  ; 
!  metropolitan  stipendiary  magistrate,  1886;  Q.C.,  1888; 
wrote  and  adapted  dramatic  pieces,  and  published  auto- 
biographical works.  [Ixi.  433] 

WILLIAMS,     MORRIS     (1809-1874),     Welsh     poot, 

known  in  bardic  circles  as  'Nicander';  apprentice.  I  :is 

j  carpenter;  educated  with  assistance  of   friends;    .M.A. 

i  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1838;  rector  of  Llan  Rhuddlad, 

j  Anglesey,    1859 ;  rural   dean  of  Talebolion,   1872 :  won 

several  prizes  at  eisteddfodau  ;  published  works  in  Welsh. 

[Ixi.  434] 

WILLIAMS,  MOSES  (1686-1742),  Welsh  antiquary : 

j  B.A.  University  College,  Oxford,  1708:  sub-librarian  :it 

Ashmolean  Museum  :  ordained  deacon,  1709;  priest,  171.T: 

vicar  of  Llan  Wenog,  1715-42:  incorporated  M.A.  Cam- 

'  bridge ;  rector  of  Chilton  Trinity  and  St.  Mary's,  I'.rid^e- 

water,    1732-42;    published    works    relating    to    Welsh 

philology  and  antiquities.  [Ixi.  435] 


WILLIAMS 


in.i 


WILLIAMS 


WILLIAMS,    1'KNltV  (1800?   1*86),  artist; 

at  Koyal  Acailt-uiy.  and  exhibited  bet  A  • 
-•ttli-1  at  Home,  1827  :  associate  of  So. 
\\  uter-coloum,  1*28-33,  [Ui.  436]  j  dsace,  1838 ;  found*. 

WILLIAMS,  PKTKIU  i:::-  1796X  Welsb  biblical  com-  '  1I,€f*'1tM*  ***  «•* 
mentator;  « mat,   and  *.  hoolmaster  at  Kglwy.  Omnmln,     "f1**1 
1741  ;  join«,|  w,-i-i,  (  uiv.nistio  metbodi»te,1748 :  iUwsrant  !  »««r  returning  to  ] 
preacher;  p;;!,;i-i.,,,  MI  innnthly  parte  annotated  edition     paniissloo  to  Prot 
of  bible  In  Welsh,  17i  ;,-,!  from  mutbodlst  <  a"    '"  :    '    ''•-•• 

ncxion,   17-Jl.  ....  Around  that  some  of  his  auuoUtlons  I  Tenent,'  1644  (expi 
savoured  of  SabelliauUm :  preached  at  chapd  at  Water     •««»«)•  »nicb  wo- 

Carmarthen,   1791-8;   assisted   in    etUtorsblp  of      "^"^  »o 
earliwt  Welsh   magaxlne,  •  Trysorfa  Owybodaetu.  nea 
•  iwn  Cymraeg,'  1770  ;  publisbed  several  volumes  of 
kyn,,,-,  translations  in  Welsh,  and  other  works. 

WILLIAMS,  PETER  (17687-18S7X  Wefib'^USe; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1783;  D.D.,  1802;  arch- 
deacon  of  Merioneth,  1802-9  ;  canon  of  Bongor,  1809-18; 
published  sermons  and  other  writings.  [Ixi.  438] 

WILLIAMS,  PETER  BAYLY  (1766-1836X  anti- 
quary :  son  of  Peter  Williams  (1722-1796)  [q.  T.];  B.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1790 ;  incumbent  of  Uaurug- with- 
LlanberiB,  Carnarvonshire.  1792-1836;  publisbed  anti- 
quartan  works  relating  to  Wales.  [Ixi.  438] 

WILLIAMS,  RICHARD  D'ALTON  (18M-188J). 
Irish  poet ;  studied  medicine  at  Dublin  :  joined  '  Young 
Ireland'  movement;  contributed  poems  to  'Nation'; 
obtained  uiedical  diploma,  1849 ;  professor  of 


i  Ml     .•'.'..  ri.or,     I'.,  ,.,-i 

1M7.  and  1670;  cap 
of  Indian*.  I67i.  His 
Ransett  Club,  18*4-74, 


"•;  • 

r   >  the  Xarra- 
[IxL  446] 


ROBERT    (1787? -1846),    physician; 
F.R.C.P.,1817; 


at  Jesuit  College,  Springhill,  Mobile,  America,  e.  18*1-8. 
lils  collected  poem*  appeared,  1894.  [Ixi.  4S8] 

WnjJAMS,  ROBERT  or  ROGER  (fl.  1680X  mezzo- 
tint-engraver ;  practiced  in  London  uud  brought  out  por- 
traits, 1680-1704.  [Ixi.  439] 

WILLIAMS,  ROBERT  (1765-1827),  rear-admiral ; 
entered  uavy,  1777  ;  lieutenant,  1783  :  at  Cape  St.  Vincent, 
1796 ;  commander  and  acting  captain,  1796 ;  captain 
1797 ;  rear-admiral,  1823.  [Ixi.  439]  ' 

WILLIAMS, 

M.D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1816 ; 
censor,  1831,  and  elect,  1844:  assistant-physician,  1816, 
und  physician,  1817-45,  of  St.  Thomas'*  Hospital,  London  ; 
discovered  curative  power  of  iodide  of  potassium  in  later 
stages  of  syphilis  ;  published  '  Elements  of  Medicine,'  1*36- 
1«41.  [Ixi.  440] 

WILLIAMS,  ROBERT  (1767-1860),  Welsh  bard;  • 
known  as  •  Robert  ap  Gwilyui  Ddu'  ;  published  'Gardd  < 
Eiflou,'  poems,  1841.  [IxL  440] 

WILLIAMS,  ROBERT  (1810-1881),  Celtic  scholar; 
M.A.  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1836 :  vicar  of  Llangad- 
walndr,  West  Denbighshire,  1837-77:  perpetual  curate 
of  Rhydycroesau,  near  Os  we*  try.  1x38-79;  rector  of 
Culmington.  Herefordshire,  1879-81  ;  honorary  runon  of 
St.  Asaph,  1872-81  :  discovered  at  Peniarth  the  'Onlinale 
de  Vita  Saucti  Mereadoci,'  a  previously  unknown  Cornish 
drama  ;  published  •  Lexicon  Cornu-Brltannicum  :  %  Die* 
tionary  of  Ancient  Celtic  Language  of  Cornwall,'  186ft, 
and  other  works.  [Ixi.  440] 

WILLIAMS,  Sm  ROGER  (15407-1595X  soldier; 
page  in  household  of  Sir  William  Herbert,  first  earl  of 
Pembroke  [q.  v.]  ;  joined  volunteers  under  Thomas  Morgan 
(<*.  1595)  [q.  T.],  defending  Flushing,  1572:  lieutenant  to 
(Sir)  John  Norris  (1547  *-1697)  [q.  v.]  in  Low  Countrim. 
1577-84 ;  held  command  and  served  with  distinction  in 
army  under  Leicester  serving  in  Low  Countries,  1585: 
Zutphen,  1586 ;  knighted,  1586  ;  besieged  at  Slays,  which 
was  taken  by  Parma,  1587 ;  master  of  horse  in  camp 
at  Tilbury  to  oppose  noaritilt  hading  of  Spanish  army, 
1588 :  accompanied  Willoughby  to  Dieppe,  1589,  and  sub- 
sequently served  in  cause  of  Henry  of  Navarre ;  suc- 
ceeded Essex  as  commander  of  EnglL-h  troops  in  camp 
before  Rouen,  1692  ;  fought  with  great  valour  at  siege  of 
Rue,  1592  ;  published  •  A  Brief  Discourse  of  War,'  1690. 

[Ixi.  441] 

WILLIAMS,  ROGER  (16047-1683),  colonist  and 
pioneer  of  religious  liberty  :  U.A.  Pembroke  College,  Gam* 
bridge,  1626  ;  private  chaplain :  went  to  America  and  be- 
came minister  at  Boston,  1631 ;  otfsistant-minlnter  at 
Sairm,  1631,  and  later  at  Plymouth  :  formally  appointed 
chief  teacher  at  Salem,  1636;  maintained  'dangerous' 
opinions  as  to  civil  authority  in  matters 


near  Salisbury.  1868:  prosecutal  and  sospratei  for  one 
year  by  court  of  arches  for  heterodoxy  displayed  in  COB- 
to  *EM*,y*  and  Review*,'  IMU.  bat  jiiiljOMUl 
against  him  reversed.  1M4.  by  judicial  ooniatt&TS 
privv  council:  his  tmuUt on  of  •  Hebrew  Pn<pbeU* 

[Ul.  460] 


privy  council:    his  translation 
1888-71. 


WIILIAMS.    SAMUEL   (1788-1863X    draughtsman 
and  wood-engraver:  apprenticed  as  printer  at  Colcbestar. 
where  be  established  himself  as  wood-engraver :  settled  in 
I  London,  1819;  executed  illustrations  for  numerous  publi- 


WILLIAMS.  TALIKSIN  (1787-1847).  .on  of  Edward 
Willianu  (1746-1826)  [q.  v.]  ;  edited  lolo  MSS.  K-ft  by  his 
father.  [!x|.  3*5] 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  (1513  7-1566),  rpraki-r  of 
HOIIM;  of  (umtnoiis:  entered  Inner  Temple,  1639:  Lent 
n-a.Ier,  1558  and  1501  ;  M.P.,  Bodmin,  1555,  SalUi.li.  1668, 
Exeter,  1663  ;  speaker.  1663.  [Ui.  464] 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  (1660  7-16*0  ?X  Webb  scholar  : 
educated  at  Oxfonl  ;  probably  took  .  -«1 

i  physician;  left  man  uscript  Latin-  Welsh  dictionary. 

*  * 


Ixi    464] 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  (1668-1740X  Roman  catholic 
prelate  ;  of  a  Welsh  family  :  was  Dominican  friar  at 
Boruhem,  near  Antwerp,  1686;  priest,  1692: 
Doinini.an  College  of  St.  Tltomas  Aquinas  at  Lou  vain 
1697;  provincial  of  English  Dominican  province:  prior  of 
Bornbem,  1724:  bishop  of  Tiber-ooolis,  172»;  tUnr- 
a]H>stolic  of  northern  district  of  England,  ir.T. 

[Ixi.  466] 

WILLIAMS.  THOMAS  (/.  1830X  wood^nm  : 
brother  of  Samuel  Williams  [q.  T.],  whose  pupil  be  was. 

[Ixi.  464] 

WILLIAMS,  sut  THOMAS  (1782?-  1H41),  admiral: 
entered  navy,  1768;  lieutenant,  1779:  commander.  1783  ; 
<  aptuin,  1790  :  rendered  distinguished  service  In  co-opera- 
tion with  army  in  Low  Countries,  1794-6  :  on  Iri»h  station. 
1795;  knighted  after  succeos  with  two  Frrnch  frigate*. 
1796:  rear-admiral,  1809:  at  Lisbon,  1810;  vice-aUmlr.1, 
1814  ;  admiral,  1830  ;  G.C.B.,  1811.  [Ul.  466] 

WILLIAMS.  THOMAS  (1700-1844X  Webb  hymn- 
writer  :  joinwl  Peter  William*  (  1  722-1  796)  [q.  v.]  after  hta 
cxpiilsioti  ui  forming  separate  metbodist  church  at  Aber- 
1792,  and  was  pastor.  1798-1827  ;  joined  inde- 
, 1814.  ills 


ills  poetical  works  a 


ppeared- 


pt-ndcnt  denomination 

WILLIAMS,  THOMAS  WALTER  (1783-1833K  bar- 
risler  ;  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School.  London  :  publUbed 
legal  writings  ;  edited  •  Law  Journal,'  1804-8.  [IxL  U7) 

WILLIAMS,  SIR  WILLIAM,  first baroneU  1834-1700), 
i  and  speaker  of  Boose  of  Common*  :  edu- 


cated at  Jesus  College,  Oxford :  colled  to  bar 

Inn,  1868,  and  was  treasurer,  1881 ;  recorder  of  Chester, 


•WTL/LIAMS 


1414 


WZLLIAMSON 


1667-84  ;  M.P.,  Chester,  1676  ;  became  recognised  rham- 
piou  of  privileges  of  the  house  against  all  extensions  of  royal 
prerogative:  speaker,  Itisu  ami  1UH1  ;  leading  counsel  on 
whig  side  in  cases  involving  questions  of  constitutional 
law  :  counsel  for  Algernon  Sidney  or  Sydney  [q.  v.]  ; 
fined,  1686,  at  Jeffreys'*  instigation  for  licensing,  as 
speaker,  publication  of  Dangerfleld's  libellous  '  Narrative  ' 
(1680);  again  recorder  of  Chester,  1687;  knighted  and 
appointed  solicitor-general,  1687-9  :  appeared  for  James  II 
against  the  seven  bishops,  1688;  created  baronet,  1688; 
sat  for  Beaumaris  in  Convention  parliament,  1689:  on 
committee  to  draft  bill  of  rights  :  K.C.,  1689  ;  lord-lieu- 
tenant for  Merionethshire,  1689-90  ;  queen's  solicitor- 
geueraL,  1692  ;  M.P.,  Beaumnris,  1695.  [Ixi.  457] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  (1717-1791),  Welsh  hymn- 
writer  ;  ordained  deacon,  1740  ;  became  closely  connected 
with  methodist  movement  ;  made  evangelical  tours  in 
Wales  ;  published  many  collections  of  hymns,  which  had 
a  large  share  in  the  dissemination  of  methodism  :  a  com- 
plete edition  appeared,  1811.  [IxL  462] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  (1739-1817),  Welsh  anti- 
quary ;  apprenticed  as  saddler  ;  hind  surveyor  and  clerk 
in  I'enrhyn  estate  office;  supervisor  of  Lord  Penrhyn's 
slate  quarries,  1782-1803  ;  published  antiquarian  writings. 

[Ixi.  464] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  known  as  WILLIAMS  OP 
WEUN  (1781-1840),  Welsh  preacher  ;  worked  as  carpenter  ; 
preached  in  connection  with  independent  church  at 
Pen-y-stryd  :  studied  at  dissenting  academy,  Wrexham  ; 
ordained,  1808  ;  made  preaching  tours  in  Wales  ;  pastor  of 
Welsh  Tabernacle,  Great  Crosshall  Street,  Liverpool,  1836- 
1839.  [Ixi.  464] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  (1801-1869),  Welsh  poet  ;  his 
bardic  name  Caledfryn  ;  brought  up  as  weaver  :  studied 
for  congregational  ministry  at  Rotherham  ;  ordained 
pastor  of  Llanerchyinedd,  Anglesey,  1829  ;  pastor  at  Car- 
narvon, 1832-48,  Welsh  Church,  Aldersgate  Street,  London, 
1848-60,  Llanrwst,  1850-7,  and  Groesweu,  Glamorgan- 
shire, 1857-ti'J  ;  won  many  prizes  at  eisteddfodau  from 
1822  :  published  poems  and  works  on  Welsh  grammar  and 
prosody.  [Ixi.  465] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  (1800-1879),  first  bishop  of 
Waiapu  ;  brother  of  Henry  Williams  [q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Mag- 
dalen Hall,  Oxford,  1825  ;  D.C.L.,  1851  ;  ordained,  1824  ; 
studied  medicine  ;  went  to  New  Zealand,  1826  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Waiapu,  1843  ;  bishop,  1859.  Published  '  Dic- 
tionary of  New  Zealand  Language'  (1844)  and  other 
works.  [Ixi.  407] 

WILLIAMS,  Sm  WILLIAM  FENWICK,  baronet 
'of  Ears'  (1800-1883  j,  general;  educated  at  Woolwich; 
second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery,  1825;  second  captain, 
1840;  first  captain,  1846;  brevet  major,  1846;  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel,  1848  ;  brevet  colonel,  1854  ;  major- 
general,  1855  ;  colonel-commandant,  royal  artillery,  1864  ; 
lieutenant-general,  1864  ;  general,  1868  ;  British  commis- 
sioner for  settlement  of  Turko-Persian  boundary,  1848; 
C.B.,  1852  ;  British  commissioner  with  Turkish  army  in 
Anatolia,  1854;  held  Kara  against  Russians  and  won 
battle  of  Kars,  1855,  but  was  compelled  to  capitulate  ; 
K.C.B.,  1856  ;  general-commandant  of  Woolwich  garrison, 
1856-9;  M.P.,  Calne,  1856-9;  governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1865;  governor-general  and  Commander-in-chief  of  Gib- 
raltar, 1870-6;  G.O.B.,  1871;  constable  of  Tower  of 
lx)ndou,  1881.  [Ixi.  466] 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1771-1841),  phy- 
sician and  author;,  educated  at  Bristol  Infirmary  and 
St.  Thomas's  and  Guy's  hospitals,  London  ;  surgeon  to 
Eaat  Norfolk  militia;  M.D.  Oaius  College,  Cambridge, 
*11  ;  in  charge  of  South  Military  Hospital,  near  Ipswich 
1810;  F.R.C.P.,  1817  ;  F.L.S.  ;  published  medical  writings! 


,  WILLIAM  MATTIEU 
scientific  writer;  apprenticed  as  instrument  maker  in 
I^ambeth,  London  ;  studied  at  Edinburgh  University  ; 
electrical  instrument-maker  in  Hatton  Garden,  London  ; 
headmaster  of  Williams  Secular  School,  Edinburgh,  on 
the'Birkbeck'  model,  1848;  master  of  science  classes,  in 
Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute,  1854-63  ;  delivered 
<  Cantor  lectures,  1876;  F.O.S^  1857;  P.R.A.S.,  1872; 
published  'The  Chemistry  of  Iron  and  Steel  Making,' 
1890;  'Vindication  of  Phrenology,'  posthumous,  18'Jt. 
aud  other  works.  £l*i.  468] 


WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM  I'KKIIK  ( lti.1  J-1736),  law 
j  reporter ;  called  to  bar  at  Gray's  Inn,  1687 ;  one  of 
!  counsel  for  defence  of  the  Jacobite  George  Seton  fifth 
i  earl  of  Winton  [q.  v.],  1716;  M.P.  for  Bishop's  < 'astir. 
!  1722-7  ;  collaborated  with  William  Melmoth  in  edition 
I  of  Venion's  'Reports,'  1726-8.  [Ixi.  469] 

WILLIAMS,    afterwards    WILLIAMS-FREEMAN. 

j  WILLIAM   PEERE  (1742-1832),  admiral    of   the   tleet ; 

i  grandson  of  William  Pecre  Williams  [q.  v.] ;  joined  navyT 

j  1757  ;  lieutenant,  1764  ;  commander,  1768;  captain,  1771  ; 

j  at  second  relief  of  Gibraltar,   1781 ;  on   half-pay,  17S2  ; 

1  rear-admiral,   1794;    vice-admiral,   179,r> :   admiral,    1801; 
assumed  name  of  Freeman,  1821 ;  admiral  of  fleet,  1K30. 

[Ixi.  470] 

WILLIAMS,  ZACHARIAH  (1673?-1755),  medica? 
practitioner  and  inventor;  practised  as  physician  and 
surgeon  in  South  Wales ;  persuaded  himself  that  he  had 
discovered  means  of  ascertaining  longitude  by  magnetism,, 
and  went  to  London  to  submit  scheme  to  admiralty  : 
pensioner  in  Charterhouse,  London,  1729-48 ;  continued 
to  importune  admiralty  in  vain;  invented  a  machine 
for  extracting  thesaltness  from  sea- water ;  his  'Account 
of  an  Attempt  to  ascertain  the  Longitude  ...  by  ...  the 
Magnetical  Needle,'  1765,  edited  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

[Ixi.  471] 

WILLIAMSON,  Sm  ADAM  (1736-1798),  lieutenant- 
general  ;  studied  at  Woolwich ;  practitioner  engineer, 
1753 ;  ensign,  1755  ;  served  in  North  America ;  engineer 
extraordinary  and  captain-lieutenant,  1758;  served  in 
West  Indies,  1761-2  ;  major,  16th  foot,  1770 ;  engineer  in 
ordinary,  1770 ;  leutenant-  colonel,  1775  ;  in  North  America,. 
1775-6 ;  colonel,  1782 ;  lieutenant-governor  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  at  Jamaica,  1790-4 ;  established  British 
protectorate  in  St.  Domingo,  1793,  and  was  governor,. 
1794 ;  K.B.,  1794 ;  lieutenant-general,  1797.  [Ixii.  1] 

WILLIAMSON,  ALEXANDER  (1829-1890),  mis- 
sionary ;  ordained  at  Glasgow,  1855 ;  under  London 
Missionary  Society  in  China,  1855-8 ;  agent  in  China  to- 
National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland,  1863-90.  [Ixii.  2] 

WILLIAMSON,  JOHN  (1761-1818),  painter;  ap- 
prenticed as,  'ornamental'  painter  in  Birmingham; 
portrait-painter  in  Liverpool,  1783-1818;  member  of 
Liverpool  Academy.  [Ixii.  8] 

WILLIAMSON,  JOHN  SUTHER  (1775  ?-1836), 
colonel,  royal  artillery ;  studied  at  Woolwich ;  lieutenant, 
royal  artillery,  1794;  captain,  1803;  major,  1814;  C.B., 
1815;  lieutenant-colonel,  1817;  served  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  Peninsula,  and  Waterloo  ;  superintendent  of  Royal 
Military  Repository,  Woolwich ;  colonel,  1825.  [Ixii.  2] 

WILLIAMSON,  Sm  JOSEPH  (1633-1701),  statesniau 
and  diplomatist;  of  Westminster  School  and  Queen'.-, 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1654;  fellow  and  M.A.,  1657; 
held  position  in  office  of  Sir  Edward  Nicholas  [q.  v.],  then 
secretary  of  state,  1660-1 ;  keeper  of  Charles  ll's  library  at 
Whitehall  and  at  the  paper  office,  1661 ;  called  to  bar  at 
Middle  Temple,  1664;  editor,  1665,  of  'Oxford  Gazette,* 
which  became  '  Ixmdon  Gazette,'  1666 ;  M.P.  for  Thet- 
ford,  1669, 1679, 1681,  and  1685,  and  Rochester,  1690  and 
1701 ;  knighted  and  appointed  clerk  of  council  in  or- 
dinary, 1672  ;  joint  British  plenipotentiary  to  congress  at 
Cologne,  1673-4 ;  secretary  of  state,  1674 ;  LL.D.  Oxford, 
and  privy  councillor,  1674 ;  fell  victim  to  suspicions 
aroused  by  '  popish  plot '  and  was  removed  from  office, 
1678 ;  master  of  Clothworkers'  Company,  1676  ;  member 
of  Royal  Society,  1663,  and  president,  1677-80 ;  recorder 
of  Thetford,  1682 ;  joint- plenipotentiary  at  congress  of 
Niineguen,  1696;  signed,  as  joint-commissioner,  the  first 
partition  treaty,  1698.  [Ixii.  2] 

WILLIAMSON,  PETER  (1730-1799),  author  and  pub- 
lisher ;  born  in  Aberdeenshire ;  kidnapped  in  Al)erdeeu 
and  transported  to  American  plantations,  c.  1740;  re- 
turned, after  many  adventures,  1757,  and  published  account 
of  his  life,  for  which  he  was  convicted  of  libel  by  Aberdeen 
magistrates,  1768,  but  subsequently  (1762)obtaincd  verdict 
and  damages  against  corporation;  set  up  as  bookseller 
and  publisher  in  Kdinburgh  ;  issued  'Scots  Spy,'  1776,and 
'  New  Scots  Spy,'  periodicals,  1777;  instituted  penny  post 
in  Kdinburgh.  [Ixii.  7] 

WILLIAMSON,  SAMUEL  (1792-1840),  landscape* 
painter;  son  of  John  Williamson  (1751-1818)  [q.  v.]; 
member  of  Liverpool  Academy.  [Ixii.  8] 


WILLIAMSON 


1415 


WILLMOTT 


WILLIAMSON,    WILLIAM    CRAWFORD     (1816- 
1895),  naturalist ;  apprenticed  to  an  a p 
borouph,  1H3'2;  stu«li.-l  in  M;in<-l.. -t«-r 
nil!.-/-,  Ixmilim:  M.U.c'.s.  and  L.SJL, 
ChorltoM-on-Medlock    dispensary,    1841-68:    assisted    10  I 
foundation  of  Manchester  Ii. 

Ear,  lH,r)5,  and  was  surgeon,  1865-70;  flnt  professor  of 
iiatiiriil  hi-tory,  aiuitomy,  and  physiology  at  the  Owens 
<  nil.  ,.  Manchester,  1881:  professor  of  'Natural  His- 
tory,' iM72,und  of '  Kotanv,'  1880-98;  resigned  as  emeritus 
professor,  1892 ;  worked  extensively  as  popular  scientific 
lect.m-r:  appointed  PJL8.,  1854,  for  monographs  on 
histology  of  teeth,  fish  scales,  and  bone:  member  of 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester,  18§1 ; 
received  royal  medal  of  Royal  Society,  1874 :  hon.  LL.D. 
Edinburgh,  1883:  Wollaston  medallist  of  Geological 
Sorirty,  isyo ;  entitled  to  rank  by  his  study  of  the  plants 
of  the  coal-measurea  as  one  of  the  founder*  of  palaeo- 
botauy.  [1*U-  »1 

WHLIBALD  (700  ?-786),  bishop  and  traveller ;  son 
of  Winna,  slater  of  Saint  Boniface  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
monastery  at  Walthara ;  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Rome, 
c.  721,  and  proceeded  to  Syria:  at  Benedictine  monastery 
of  Monte  Casino,  728-38;  bishop  of  Hchstldt,  741; 
became  leader  of  German  mission;  wrote  'Vita  sea 
Hodcuporicon  Sauctl  Willibaldi.'  [Ixll.  11] 

WILLIBROEDor  WILBRORD,  SAINT  (657  7-788  ?X 
archbishop  of  Utrecht :  a  Northumbrian :  educated  by 
monks  of  Ripon  ;  studied  at  monastery  of  Rathmelsigi, 
677-90:  ordained,  690;  sent  by  St.  Egbert  [q.  T.]  as  mis- 
sionary  to  the  Frisians,  690,  and  formed  alliance  with 
Pippin  of  Herstal,  'duke  of  the  Franks';  archbishop 
of  the  Frisians,  e.  695 :  built  church  of  St.  Saviour  at 
Utrecht,  which  was  granted  him  by  Charles  Martel,  722 ; 
retired  to  monastery  of  Echternach,  where  be  died^ 

WILLIS.    [See  also  WILLES.] 

WILLIS,  BROWNE  (1682-1 760),  antiquary ;  of  West- 
minster and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  created  M.A^  1780; 
created  D.C.L.,  1749 ;  entered  Inner  Temple,  1700  ;  MJ*., 
Buckingham,  1705-8;  took  part  in  reviving  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  1717 :  F.S.A.,  1718 ;  published  works  relating 
to  English  cathedrals,  a  '  History  of  the  Counties,  Cities,  I 
and  Boroughs  in  England  and  Wales'  (1715), and  other  , 
antiquarian  works :   left  valuable  manuscript*  of  eocle-  i 
topography   and   biography  to   the   Bodleian 


WILLIS,    RICHARD    (1664- 


ry  :.t   •*•»       OS**,  |a]  •'••.?; .  ....  I   M||    ' 
Univer 


SLOT 


OxfonLUM; 
at  81  Clement's,  Stead, 

i;i  ki  - 


London,  1691 ;  cbaptain  to  Wllli... 

U  •'.:   pMbeBisjj    "f    M    ":.  BUM    U  i     I  psMMttf  sj 

to  rig  fa  PMMMtjMj  «  M*M  EaawMkm  MM]  ASM 

of  Lincoln,  1701 ;   bUbop  of  GloucwUr. 

almoner.  1717;  bishop  of  Salisbury.  1711-3,  and  of  Wto- 


nism  and 
[q.  v. 

i-.;: 


ch«ter,17n-84.  [IxiLlOJ 

WIUJB,  ROBERT  (1800-187*),  professor  of  mecha- 

•          - • * »  J^ll.  ,  ••  M        •• 

WODMNOffMS     gPMngOU     Of    FTUMM    WlUU 

\.  «;..„.,::,-   :kll.i  Obta  Mfa»  QMsMiem 

i  IMI««»    1M6  •   *«««««Ki»»tnj'  Mln»    IMft 

ordained  priest,  18S7 :  p'.RA,  i880;  Jaeksoniaa  pnrfesjor 
of  applied  mechanics  at  Cambridge,  1887-7* ;  Trots* 
odontograph,  1887  ;  published  'Principles of  Mechanism.' 
1841  •  member  of  commission  appointed  to  Inquire  Into 
application  of  Iron  to  railway  structure*.  1848;  hetorar 

,.:,'..;•;•    ftd    BMDl  Mia  tl     Bb  Ol  0<  •  W    .  l8Mj    pul.:  -:,>! 

'Remarks  on  Architecture  of  Middle  Ages,'  f«M.  and 
'Architectural  Nomenclature  of  Middle  Ages,'  1848:  In- 
vented the  cymagrapb,  1841 ;  member  of  Arcksaoiarical 
Institute,  1848THis  works  Include  'Architectural  His- 
tory of  Conventual  Buildings  of  Monastery  of  Christ- 
church,  Canterbury,'  1869,  and  numerous  treatises  duel- 
dating  the  rtvyhftnloftl  construction  of  Enerlisb  cataedrals. 

Pxtt.ll] 

WILLIB,  ROBERT  (1799-1878),  medical  writer: 
M.D.  Edinburgh,  1819;  M.R.CJ8.  England,  1818; 
LulLC.P.,  1837 :  librarian  of  College  of  Surgeons.  1817-4*  ; 
published  medical  works  and  translations  [ML  »] 

WILLIB,  THOMAS  (1582-1660  ?X  scboolaMUr: 
MJL  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1609 ;  incorporated  at 
Cambridge,  1619;  schoolmaster  at  Isleworth  :  published 
two  Latin  school-books.  (IxiL  14] 

WILLIB,  THOMAS  (1621-167*),  physician:  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1641;  M.B.,  1646;  M.D.,  1660: 
Sedleian  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  1660;  P.H.8.: 
F.R.C.P.,  1664 :  practised  in  London  from  1666 ;  the  fint 
to  distinguish  the  form  of  diabetes  known  as  'diabetes 
mellitus':  published  '  Cerebri  Anatome  Nenrommqoe 
descriptio  et  nsns,'  1664,  and  other  works ;  burled  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  [ML  If] 


Buckinghamshire,  166S-91;  vicar  of  Kingvton-on-Thames, 
1671-91  :  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  Charles  II  ;  DJX,  1670  ; 


published  religious  writings. 


WILU8,  TIMOTHY  (*.  161*1  writer  on  alchemy; 
of  Mercliaut  Taylors'  School  :  Wlow  of  8t  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford  :  B.A.  Gl 


siastical 
Library, 

WILLIS,  FRANCIS  (1718-1807),  physician  :  M.A. 
Brasenosc  College,  Oxford,  1741  :  fellow  and  vice-prin- 
cipal ;  took  holy  orders  ;  M.B.  and  M.D.,  1759  ;  physician 
to  hospital  at  Lincoln,  1769;  attended  George  III  in  his 
first  attack  of  madness,  1788,  and  became  popular  at  court. 

AlmVand  g  German  ud  |  to  Muscovy;  published  work,  on 
at  Sebastopol  ;  brevet  major,  1864,  and  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1856:  eerved  also  in  Algeria  and  Malta:  lieu- 
tenant-general, 1880  ;    wounded    at  Tel-el-Kebir,   II 
thanked  by  parliament  and  made  K.C.B.;  general,  1887; 
G.C.B.,  1895.  [SuppL  UL  515] 

WILLIS,  HENRY  BRITTAN  (1810-1884X  painter: 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  British  Institution,  aijd 
Suffolk  Street  Gallery,  London,  1844-62;  member  of  Old 
Water-colour  Society,  1863.  P*ii-  18. 

WILLIS,  JOHN  (d.  1628?),  stenographer;  M.A. 
(Crist',  College,  Cambridge,  1696;  B.D.,  1603:  rector  o 
Ht  Mary  Bothaw,  Dowgate  Hill,  London,  1601-6,  and 

'The    Art  of 


WILLIS,  THOMAS  (d.  16MX  divine;  son  of ' 
Willis   (1582-1660?)  [q.  v.]:  MJL  St.  John's 
Oxford,  1646 :  minister  of  Twickenham,  Middlesex.  1646 : 
deprived,    1661:  conformed  and  was  rector  of  Pantoa. 


WILLI8EL,  THOMAS  (rf.  167*  ?X  naturalist : 
as  foot  soldier  under  Cromwell;  engaged  by  Royal 
Society  to  collect  zoological  and  botanical  specimens  in 
England  and  Scotland  ;  gardener  to  John  Van* ban,  thJM 
earl  of  Carbery,  In  Jamaica,  1674  till  death.  [!*«.  »] 

WILLISON.  GEORGE  (1741-1797).  portrait-painter; 
grandson  of  John  Willlson  [q.  v.]:  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1767-77.  [UIL17] 

WTJ.LI80H,    JOHN    (1680-17*OX   SooWahJHJli: 
M.A.  Glasgow :  licensed  by  presbytery  of  Bttribftf,  1701 ; 
of  Brechln,  1708:    mlnisteToT 


of  Bentley  Parva,  Essex,  1606;  published 
SteiS'raphie,'  1602,  the  first  practical  and  rational 
«5£  of  modern  shorthand  foundal  on  a  strictly  alpha- 
betical  basis,  and  •  Mnemonlca  ;  sive  Ars  Kemm  scendi, 
1618. 

WILLIS,  JOHN  WALPOLE  (1793-1877X  jostice  of 
king5,  bench  Upper  Canada  :  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  W17  ; 
joined  northern  circuit:  uisne  judge  of  kings 


removed  mm  ;  held  judicial  a] 
Demeraraand  New  South  Wai 
works. 


^ 


onl'i'Mf!    iirir-t«r 

Church,  Dundee,  1716  ;  took  prominent  part  in 
to  prevent  sehism  caused  by  sec*' 


writing 


.  v.]  ;  published 

WLLLMORE,  ARTHUR  (1814-1888), 
brother  of  James  Tlbbltu  WUlmore  [q.  »0; 
at  Royal  Academy  between  18*8  and  188f.        l 


w*^«v*»,   ROBERT  AREB  (1809-1868X  --- 
of  Merchant  Taylors'  and  Harrow  sohooU :  BJk.  Trinity 


WILLOBIE 


1416 


WILLS 


Cottage,  Cambridge,  1841 :  incumbent  of  St.  Catherine, 
Bearwood,  1846-62.  His  pobttoatioitf  ineliuk-  collections 
of  extract*  In  verse  and  prose  from  English  writers. 

[Ixii.  29] 
WILLOBIE,    HENRY    (1574?-1596  V).      [See    WIL- 

LOUQHBY.] 

WILLOCK  or  WILLOCK8,  JOHN  (rf.  1585),  Scottish 
reformer:  ••.liu-ated  at  Glasgow  University;  preacher  at 
St.  Catherine's  Church,  London;  resigned  charge,  1553, 
and  practised  as  physician  at  Emden,  Priesland ;  settled 
in  Scotland,  1558;  preached  regularly  in  St.  John's 
Church,  Ayr ;  indicted  tor  heresy  and  outlawed,  1559  ; 
substitute  for  Kuox  as  minister  of  St.  Giles,  Edinburgh, 
1559 ;  appointed  by  committee  of  parliament  superinten- 
dent of  the  west,  1560  ;  on  commission  appointed  to  draw 
up  first  book  of  discipline,  1560 ;  moderator  of  general 
assembly,  1562,  1564,  1563.  and  15C8  ;  rector  of  Lough- 
borough,  Leicestershire,  1562-85.  [Ixii.  30] 

WILLOUGHBY.    [See  also  WILLUOHBY.] 

WILLOUGHBY  DK  UROKK,  third  BAROX  (1621-1711). 
[See  VKRSKY,  RICHARD.] 

WILLOUGHBY  DK  Eit&:dY,  BAROX  (1555-1C01). 
[See  BKRTIK,  PERKGRIXK.] 

WILLOUGHBY,  FRANCIS,  fifth  BAROX  WIL- 
LOUGH BY  OK  PARHAM  (1615  V-1666),  parliamentary  lord- 
lieutenant  of  district  of  Lindsey,  Lincolnshire ;  com- 
manded regiment  of  horse  under  Essex,  1G42 ;  lord- 
lieu  tenant  and  commander-in-chicf  in  Lincolnshire ; 
besieged  by  royalists  at  Gainsborough  and  surrendered, 
164S ;  captured  Bolingbroke  Castle,  1643  :  one  of  leaders 
of  presbyterians  in  parliament,  1647;  one  of  seven  lords 
impeached  on  triumph  of  independents  and  army,  1647, 
and  was  imprisoned,  1617-8  :  fled  to  Holland  and  joined 
royalists,  1648;  made  vice-admiral  of  fleet  in  Downs, 
which  revolted  from  parliament,  16-18;  governor  ot 
Barbados,  1650 ;  repudiated  right  of  parliament  to  con- 
trol islanders  who  were  not  represented,  1651,  but  was 
compelled  to  treat  with  Sir  George  Ayscue,  who  arrived 
with  parliamentary  fleet  and  effected  landing ;  returned 
to  England,  1652  ;  imprtone  t  for  plotting  with  royalists, 
lt>55  and  1656 ;  governor  of  Barbados,  St.  Kitts,  Nevis, 
Montserrat,  and  Antigua,  1663  :  lost  at  sea  in  expedition 
to  retake  St  Kitts,  which  the  French  had  occupied,  1666. 


t>i 

6 


?xii.  31] 



WILLOUGHBY  or  WILLOBIE,  HENRY  (1574?- 
1596?),  eponymous  hero  of  poain,  'Willobies  A  visa'; 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  served  in  army 
abroad.  He  may  be  identical  with  the  hero  of  '  Willobie 
his  Avisa,'  1594  (perhaps  written  by  Hadrian  Dorrell, 
probably  an  assumed  name),  a  poem,  the  chief  interest  of 
which  lies  in  its  apparent  bearings  on  the  biography  of 
Shakespeare,  who  has  been  identified  with  Willobiu's 
alleged  friend  figuring  in  the  piece  as  '  W.  S." 

[Ixii.  35] 

WILLOUGHBY,  SIR  HUGH  (</.  1554),  sea-captain : 
served  in  expedition  to  Scotland,  1544  ;  knighted,  1544; 
captain  of  Lowther  Castle,  1548-9 ;  captain  of  Bona 
Esperanza  in  fleet  under  Richard  Chancellor  [q.  v.] 
dispatched  by  Sebastian  Cabot  to  search  for  north- 
eastern passage  to  Cathay  and  India,  1553  :  arrived, 
after  erratic  passage,  at  Ar/ina,  near  Kegor,  Norwegian 
Lapland,  and  there  perished.  [Ixii.  36] 

WILLOUGHBY,  SIR  NESBIT  JOSIAH  (1777-1849), 
rear-admiral :  entered  navy,  1790  :  present  at  occupation 
of  Amboynaand  Banda,  1796  ;  commander,  1799  ;  with 
Nelson  at  Copenhagen,  1801 ;  dismissed  service  for  inso- 
lence to  his  captain,  1801 ;  volunteered  with  Sir  John 
ThomaB  Duckworth  [q.  v.]  in  West  Indies,  1803  ;  lieuten- 
ant, 1803 ;  served  with  distinction  at  blockade  of  Cape 
Frmncais:  in  operations  against  Curacoa,  1804;  com- 
mander, 1808 ;  took  part  in  action  at  St.  Paul's,  Mauritius, 
1809 ;  promoted  post-captain,  1810,  for  service  at  Jacotel ; 
at  seizure  of  Isle  de  la  Passe,  1810 ;  defeated  by  French, 
but  honourably  acquitted  in  subsequent  court-martial ; 
volunteered  for  service  with  Russian  army ;  accompanied 
Count  Bteinheil  and  was  captured  by  French  ;  imprisoned 
in  Chateau  de  Bouillon,  and  later  at  Pennine,  whence  he 
e-caped;  O.Bn1816;  knighted,  1827  ;  K.C.H.,1832;  naval 
aide-de-camp  to  Queen  Victoria,  1841  ;  rear-admiral,  1847. 

WILLOUGHBY.  RICHARD  DE  (d.  1362)"  judge ; 
knight  of  shire  for  Nottingham,  1324 ;  chief-justice  of 


'  common  pleas  in  Ireland,  c.  1324-7 :  justice  of  common 
i  pleas,  13-J8-3U  and  1341-57  ;  justice  of  king's  t>enel),  l:iHO. 

[Ixii.  4H] 

WILLOUGHBY,  Sm  ROBERT,  first  BAIUIX  Wn.- 
UDUGHBY  UK  liuoKK  (1452-1502 ).  one  of  leaders  in  abortive 
Lancastrian  rising  of  Henry  Stafford,  second  duke  of 
Buckingham  [q.  v.],  1483  ;  escaped  to  Brittany  ;  probably 
returned  with  Richmond,  1485 ;  receiver  of  duchy  of 
Cornwall,  1485;  knight  of  king's  body,  14S5 :  king's 
councillor,  1486;  sheriff  of  Devonshire,  HNS;  joint 
leader  of  expedition  for  defence  of  Brittany,  1489  ;  envoy 
from  Henry  to  Anne,  duchess  of  Brittany,  and  admiral  ot" 
i  the  neet,  1490  ;  marshal  of  the  army.  1492  ;  K.O.  ;  served 
against  1'erkin  Warbeck,  1497.  [Ixii.  41] 

WILLOUGHBY,  WILLIAM,  sixth  BAROX  \\'u<- 
\  LOUGHBY  OP  PARHAM  (d.  1673),  colonial  governor ; 
brother  of  Francis  Willoughby,  fifth  baron  Willoughby 
"q.  v.],  whom  he  succeeded  as  governor  of  Barbados  and 
3aribbee  islands,  1667;  regained  Antigua  and  Montserrat, 
expelled  French  from  Cayenne,  and  recaptured  Surinam 
from  Dutch.  [Ixii.  34] 

WILLS,  Sm  CHARLES  (1666-1741),  general :  served 
with  Colonel  Thomas  Erie's  foot  regiment  in  Ireland  ; 
captain,  19th  foot,  1691 ;  served  in  Flanders  ;  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Viscount  Charlemont's  foot  regiment  in  Ireland, 
1701  and  1704,  and  Guadeloupe,  1703 ;  quartermaster- 
general  to  Peterborough  in  Spain,  1705  :  colonel  of  regi- 
ment of  marines,  1705  ;  ma jor-general,  1 709  :  at  Almcnara 
and  Saragossa,  1710 ;  lieutenant-general,  1710 ;  returned 
to  England,  1710:  with  George  Carpenter  [q.  v.]  defeated 
Jacobites  at  Preston,  1715 ;  general  commanding  foot, 
1739  ;  M.P.,  Totues,  1714-41 ;  privy  councillor  to  George  I ; 
K.B.,  1725.  [Ixii.  43] 

WILLS,  JAMES  (1790-1868),  poet  and  man  of  letters  ; 
educated  nt   Trinity    College,    Dublin  ;    entered    Middle 
Temple,    1821;     contributed   to   Blackwood's  and  other 
magazines :    vicar  of  Suirville,  co.  Kilkenny,  1846  :   re- 
ceived living  of  Kiluiacow,  1849,  and  Attanagh,  I860; 
publ'.sliei '  Lives  of  Illustrious  and  Distinguished  Irish- 
\  men,'    1839-47 ;    Donellan    lecturer,  Dublin    University, 
j  1855-6.    Among  his  poems  is  '  The  Universe,'  which  was 
published    by  and    long  attributed   to   Charles   Robert 
Maturin  [q.  v.]  [Ixii.  44] 

WILLS,  JOHN  (1741-1806),  benefactor  of  Wadham 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  1761 : 
M.A.,  1765;  fellow,  1765;  warden  of  Wadham  College, 
1783-1806;  D.D.,  1783;  vice-chancellor,  1792;  made  be- 
quests to  Wadham  College.  •  [Ixii.  46] 


WILLS,  RICHARD  (/.  1558-1573).    [See  WILLES.] 

WILLS,  THOMAS  (1740-1802),  evangelical  preacher; 
!  B.A.  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  1760  :  ordained  priest,  1764  ; 
made  acquaintance  of  Countess  of  Huntingdon  at  Bath, 
1772 ;  frequently  preached  in  her  chapel,  and  became  her 
chaplain,  1778;  minister  of  Spa  Fields  chapel,  1782-8; 
officiated  in  various  London  chapels  till  1800,  when  he  re- 
tired to  Boskenna,  Cornwall ;  published  sermons  and 
other  religious  writings.  [Ixii.  46] 

WILLS,  WILLIAM  GORMAN  (1823-1891),  drama- 
tist :    sou  of  James  Wills  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin ;  settled  in  London  ;  contributed  several 
|  serial  stories  to  magazines,  and  practised   as   portrait 
!  painter  ;  began  writing  for  stage,  and  produced  '  Man  o' 
Airlie,'   given    at  Princess's,  London,  1867,  'Medea  in 
Corinth,'  1872.  'Charles  I'  (played  by   Henry    Irving), 
1872,  and  a  version  of  '  Faust,'  1885.  [Ixii.  47] 

WILLS,  WILLIAM  HENRY  (1810-1880),  miscellane- 
ous writer ;  member  of  original  literary  staff  of  '  Punch,' 
1841 ;  sub-editor  of  '  Daily  News '  under  Charles  Dickens, 
1846  ;  edited  '  Chambers's  Journal '  in  Edinburgh  ;  private 
secretary  to  Dickens,  c.  1849 ;  assistant-editor  of  '  House- 
hold Words,'  1849,  and  '  All  the  Year  Round,'  1859  ;  retired, 
1868 ;  republished  his  contributions  to  periodicals. 

[Ixii.  49] 

WILLS,  WILLIAM  JOHN  (1831-1861),  Australian 
explorer  ;  studied  at  Guy's  and  St.  Bartholomew's  ho<pi- 
tals,  London  ;  emigrated  to  Victoria ;  entered,  as  volun- 
teer, office  of  surveyor  of  crown  lands  for  Ballarat  district, 
1855  ;  on  staff  of  Melbourne  magnetic  and  meteorological 
observatory,  1858  ;  third  in  command  of  expedition  sent 
from  Victoria  to  discover  route  to  north  across  Australia, 
1860;  with  party  reached  Toro  \voto  and  went  on  to 


WILTSHIRE 


1117 


WLLMOT 


Cooper's  Creek,  w  hence  the  route  was  struck  for  Adelaide, 
but  eventually  died  of  starvation  with  all  hi*  comrades 
but  one. 

WILLSHIRE,  Siit  TIMM\S.  baronet  (1789-1861), 
general;  born  at  Halifax.  Nova  s-,,tu:  ht-.it.-n> 
toot,  1795  ;  joined  regiment,  1798;  captain,  1804;  served 
in  Portugal  and  Walcheren  ;  in  Peninsular  war,  1813-14, 
and  Netherlands.  1H15:  brevet  Iteatenan 
commandant  of  British  Kaffntria,  1819  ;  added  territory 
between  Fish  river  and  Kuiskamma  to  colony;  major 
in  India,  1X23  ;  liciitenant-co!<>n,-l,  1827;  commander  of 
Bombay  division  of  infantry,  1839  ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  Afghanistan  campaign  ami  captured  Kelat,  1819  ; 
O.H.,  1K3H:  K  .-raitcil  baronet,  1840;  com- 

mand.mt  at  Chatham.  1841-6;  general  and  G.O.B.,  1861. 

[Uii.  II] 

WILLBON.    [See  also  WILSON.] 

WILLSON,  EDWARD  JAMES  (1787-1864). antiquary 
and  architect :  practised  at  Lincoln ;  executed  restora- 
tions at  Lincoln  c:,-tle,  1884-46;  contributed  to 'Archi- 
tectural Antiquities. '  (1807-26)  and  other  works  by  John 
Britton  [q.  v.] :  wrote  letterpress  for  'Specimens'  and 
4  Examples '  of  Gothic  architecture,  published  by  Augustus 
Charles  Pugiii  [q.  v.],  1821-31 ;  mayor  of  Lincoln,  1862. 

[Ixii.  61] 

WILLSON,  ROBERT  WILLIAM  (1794-1866),  Roman 
catholic  bishop  ;  brother  of  Edward  James  Willson  [q.  v.]; 
studied  at  Old  Oscott  College,  1816  :  built  church  of  St. 
John,  Nottingham,  1826-8,  and  buildings  of  cathedral  of 
St.  Barnabas  :  consecrated  first  bishop  of  Hobart  Town, 
Tasmania,  1842;  brought  about  reform  in  convict  sys- 
tem :  resigned  preferment  and  was  translated  to  bishopric 
of  Rhodiopolis,  in  /wrtibni  infldelium,  1866.  [Ixii.  64] 

WILLUOHBY.    [Sec  also  WILLOUOHBT.] 

WILLUOHBY,  FRANCIS  (1616-1672),  naturalist; 
B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1666  ;  MJL.,  1669  ;  ac- 
companied John  Ray  on  botanical  journey  through 
northern  midland  counties,  1662:  original  F.BJ3.,  1663; 
travelled  with  Ray  in  Europe,  collecting  natural-history 
specimens  :  works"  include  '  Ornitbologia?  libri  tres,'  1676 
(in  English,  1678),  and  '  De  Historia  Piscium,'  1686. 

[Ixii.  64] 

WILLUOHBY,  PERCIVALL  (1596-1685),  writer  on 
obstetrics;  educated  at  Rugby,  Eton,  and  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford :  B.A.,  1621 ;  extra  L.R.C.P.,  1641 :  left 
manuscript  works  on  obstetrics.  [Ixii.  67] 

WILLYAMS,  COOPER  (1762-1816),  topographer  and 
artist:  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1789;  vicar 
of  Exning,  near  Newmarket,  1788;  rector  of  St.  Peter, 
West  Lynn,  1793  :  served  as  naval  chaplain  in  West 
Indies,  at  Guadeloupe  (1794),  at  battle  of  Nile  (1798);  pub- 
lished works,  illustrated  with  engravings  from  his  own 
drawings,  relating  to  places  and  campaigns  with  which 
he  was  connected.  [Ixii.  67] 

WILLYMAT,  WILLIAM  (</.  1615),  author  ;  rector  of 
Ruskington,  Lincolnshire,  1585 ;  published  •  A  Prince's 
Looking  Glasse'  (extracts  from  James  I's  'Basilikou 
Doron'),  1603,  'A  Loyal  Svbiect's  Looking-Glasse,'  1604, 
and  'Physicke  to  cure  the  most  Dangerous  Disease  of 
Desperation,'  1605.  [Uii.  68] 

WILLYMOTT,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1737),  grammarian: 
of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge:  M.A.,  1700; 
LL.D.,  1707;  fellow:  usher  at  Eton;  opened  private 
school  at  Isleworth  ;  vice-provost  of  King's  College,  1721 : 
rector  of  Milton,  near  Cambridge ;  published  school-books. 

[Ixii.  69] 

WILMINGTON,  EARL  OF  (1673  ?-1743)  [See  COMP- 
TON,  SPENCER.] 

WILMOT,  SIR  CHARLES,  first  VISCOUNT  WILMOT  OK 
ATHLONE  (16707-1644?),  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford; 
served  in  Irish  wars :  captain,  1592 :  sergeant-major  of 
forces  in  Munster,  1697;  colonel,  1598:  knighted,  1599; 
took  prominent  part  in  suppressing  Irish  rebellion,  1600- 
1602  ;  governor  of  Cork,  1601,  and  of  Kerry,  1602  ;  joint- 
commissioner  with  Sir  George  Thornton  for  government 
of  .Minister,  1603  and  1606-7  :  Irish  privy  councillor,  1607  ; 
member  for  Launcestou  in  English  House  of  Commons, 
1614;  president  of  Connanght,  1616;  created  Viscount 
Wilmot  in  Irish  peerage,  1621 ;  general  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  forces  in  Ireland,  1629  ;  accused  of  alienating 
crown  lands  at  Athlone.  [UU-  69] 


MM  iff** 


171t;   FJU&,  1710;   nhyriefau^eoeral  to  .n.., 
physician  to  Fr«Jerick7  prino.  of  Wales,  aad  ^sWa*! 
In  ordinary  to  George  II.  1741:  otmtod  barondk  17H ; 
phj  sidan  in  ordinary  to  George  III,  1760.        [tall.  61  ] 

WILMOT,  HEN  RY.  first  EAKL  or  Rocinomou  1612?- 
Itttl  -n  of-OBM  Ml  *Bfce4  M  ...  MM)  \v  ]::...-. 
[q.  v.] :  captain  of  horn  In 

missary-general  of  hone  in  Charles  I's  army  in  second 
Boptt*  mi  MI'..  bawrt  (&«  MI&M*)I  t* 
pelled  from  boose  for  share  in  plot  to  overawe  parliament 
with  army.  1641 ;  joined  Charles  I  in  Yorkshire,  1642:  at 
EdgehlU.  1641 ;  defeated  84r  William  Waller  (1697  ?-166») 
[q.  v.]  near  Devises,  1641,  and  at  Cropredy  Bridge,  1644  ; 
created  Baron  Wilmot,  1641;  •ucossded  hU  father  as 

V:  ..,,.,.-     .,:::n..t.    1-   ,.;    dspriVCd    of    COOUMOd    <",    K» 

plcion  of  treating  with  partbrnctit,  1644 ;  gentleman  of 
bedchamber  to  Chartss  1^1649 ;  accompanied  C 
to  Scotland  and  in  wanderings  after  battle  of  W< 
created  Bart  of  Rochester,  16*2;   in 

WILMOT,  JAMBS  (J.  1806),  alleged  aotbo?  of  UK? 
»  Letters  of  Junius' :  uncle  of  Mrs.  Olivia  Brrres  [q.  v.]. 
who  put  forward  the  claim  that  be  was  the  anthor  of 
•  Jnnius'  in  "The  Life  of  the  Author  of  Jnnius's  Lrttrr*. 
the  Rev.  James  Wilmot,  D.D.,'  1811,  and  publish*! 
another  pamphlet  on  the  same  subject,  pretending  to 
prove  her  theory  from  the  evidence  of  handwriting.  1MI7. 

WILMOT,  JOHN,  second  EARL  or  ROTHWTW  (1617- 
1680).  poet  and  libertine ;  son  of  Henry  Wilmot,  first  cart 
of  Rochester  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  Wadbam  College,  Oxford, 
1661 :  volunteer  in  unsuccessful  assault  on  Dutch  ship  at 
Bergen,  1666;  became  Intimate  with  George  VUUers, 
second  duke  of  Buckingham,  Sir  Charles  teUey,  and 
Henry  Savile,  and  soon  excelled  them  all  in  profligacy ; 
gained  reputation  for  amorous  lyrics,  obscene  rhyme*, 
and  mordant  satires  in  verse ;  gentleman  of  king's  bed- 
chamber, 1666  ;  became  patron  of  Elizabeth  Barry  [q.  v.]. 
and  temporarily  of  several  poet*,  including  Dryden ;  fre- 
quently dismissed  in  disgrace  from  court :  several  collec- 
tions of  his  poetical  writing*  bsned  posthumous ly,  that  of 
1731-2  probably  being  the  most  complete.  [Ixii.  61] 

WILMOT,  SIR  JOHN  EARDLBY-(170»-17WXch.rf- 
I  justice  of  common  pleas  ;  educated  with  Dr.  Johnson  at 


King  Edward's  School,  Lichfiekl,  at  W 

and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;   barrist«,  ......    *« 

1732;   F.8.A.,  1746;   knighted,  invested  with  coif. 


appointed  to  puisne  judgcship  in  king's  bench,  1755  : 
commissioner  of  great  seal,  1766-7;  chief-justice  of 
common  pleas,  1766-71 :  privy  councillor,  1766  :  took  part 
in  cases  arising  from  Wilkes's  libels.  [Uii.  67] 

WILMOT,  JOHN  EARDLBY-(  1760-1816),  politician 
and  author  ;  con  of  Sir  John  Bardley  Wilmot  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Westminster  School  and  University  College,  Oxford;  B.A., 
1769 ;  fellow  of  All  Soula  College,  Oxford,  1769 ;  barrUter. 
Inner  Temple,  1773 ;  master  in  chancery,  1781-1804 :  M.P., 
Tivertou,  1776-84,  Coventry,  1784-96;  edited  his  father'* 

•  Notes  and  Opinions,'  1802,  and  published  a  life  of  his 
father  and  other  writings.  [Ixii.  69] 

WILMOT,  SIR  JOHN  BARDLEY  BARDLBY-.  i 
baronet  (1810-1892),  barrister  and  politician: 
of  John  Eardley-Wilmot  [q.  v.] ;  of  Winchester  College 
and  Hulliol  College,  Oxford:  H.A..  1831:  barrister.  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1842 :  recorder  of  Warwick,  lHftt-74  ;  judge  of 
county  court  of  Bristol,  18*4-61,  and  of  Marylrbone 

•  l-.-trict.  London,  1863-71  ;  conservative  M.P.  for  Sooth 
Warwickshire,  1874-86  :  published  legal  writings, 

WILMOT,  LEMUEL  ALLEN  (1809-1878).  governor 
of  New  Brunswick  :  born  at  Suubury,  New  Brunswick: 
educated  at  King's  College,  Frtdericton  :  attorney.  ISM ; 
called  to  bar  of  New  Brunswick,  1812 :  liberal  member  for 
province  of  York  in  house  of  a*«nbly,  1814 ;  Q.0, 18M: 
premier  and  attoroey-general,  1848;  judge  of  mprsae 
court,  1861;  hon.  D.O.L,  King's  Oolhg.;  advocated 
union  and  was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  Brunswick, 

[ltil.70] 


WILMOT,  ROBERT  (/.  1168-1608),  dramatist ; 
of  North  Ockendon,  1682,  and  of  Uornduu-on-tl 


WZLMOT 


1418 


WILSON 


1685  :  M.A. :  published,  1591,  '  The  Tragedie  of  Tancre<l 
m  i  UiMiiiunl,'  a  play  based  on  Boccaccio,  and  the  oldest 
Kiikrlish  play  of  which  the  plot  is  certaiiily  taken  from  an 
Italian  novel.  [Ixii.  71] 

WILMOT,  ROBERT  (d.  1695),  commodore;  com- 
manded fire-ship  in  battle  off  Bcachy  Head,  1690 ;  com- 
manded expedition  to  West  Indies,  1695 ;  died  of  fever  on 
voyage  home.  [Ixii.  72] 

WILMOT-HORTON,  SIK  ROBERT  JOHN  (1784- 
1841).  [SeeHoRTON.] 

WILSON,  Mas.  (d.  1786X  actress  ;  nte  Adcock  :  ap- 
peared at  York,  1773,  Leeds  and  Glasgow,  1774  ;  at  Hay- 
market,  London,  1775  and  1781,  and  Covent  Garden, 
I,oiulou,  1776  and  1782-6,  and  in  Liverpool,  1776-7 ;  met 
Ku-hurd  Wilson  (  ft.  1774-1792;  [q.  v.],  whom  she  married, 
c.  1 774.  Her  part*  include  Filch  ('  Beggar's  Opera '),  1 781 , 
and  Maria  ('  Twelfth  Night ').  [Ixii.  73] 

WILSON,  AARON  (1589-1643),  divine  ;  M.A.  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1615 ;  D.D.,  1639  ;  chaplain  to  Charles  I, 
archdeacon  of  Exeter,  and  vicar  of  Plymouth,  1634. 

[Ixii.  104] 

WILSON,  SIR  ADAM  (1814-1891),  Canadian  judge; 
born  at  Edinburgh  ;  emigrated  to  Upper  Canada,  1830, 
and  was  called  to  bar,  1839 ;  Q.C.,  1850 ;  member  of 
legislative  assembly  for  North  Riding  of  York,  1859  and 
1862;  solicitor-general,  1862- 3 ;  puisne  judge  of  court  of 
queen's  bench  for  Upper  Canada,  and  later  of  common 
pleas,  1863,  but  returned  to  queen's  bench,  1868 ;  chief - 
justice  of  court  of  common  pleas,  1878 :  chief- justice  of 
court  of  queen's  bench  of  Ontario,  1884.  [Ixii.  74] 

WILSON,  ALEXANDER  (1714-1786),  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Glasgow  University ;  M.A.  St. Andrews,  1733; 
worked  as  assistant  to  surgeon  and  apothecary  in  London, 
1 787-9  ;  set  up  type-foundry  at  St.  Andrews,  1742  ;  re- 
moved it  to  Camlachie,  near  Glasgow,  1744 ;  first  professor 
of  practical  astronomy  at  Glasgow,  1760-84;  hon.  M.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1763;  original  F.R.S.  Edinburgh;  made  dis- 
rovery  that  sun-spots  are  cavities  in  luminous  matter 
surrounding  sun,  1769.  [Ixii.  74] 

WILSON,  ALEXANDER  (1766-1813),  ornithologist ; 
worked  as  weaver  at  Lochwinuoch  and  Paisley ;  published 
poems ;  emigrated  to  America,  1794  ;  opened  schools  near 
I'ranklaud,  Pennsylvania,  c.  1795,  and  at  Bloomfield,  New 
Jersey ;  received  appointment  in  Union  school,  near 
Philadelphia,  1802 ;  published  seven  volumes  of  '  The 
American  Ornithology,'  1808-13,  volumes  viii.  and  ix. 
appearing  posthumously.  [Ixii.  75] 

WILSON.  ALEXANDER  PHILIP  (1770  ?-1851  ?). 
[See  PHIUP,  ALEXANDER  PHILIP  WILHOX.] 

WILSON,  ANDREW  (1718-1792),  philosophical  and 
medical  writer;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1749;  F.R.O.P.  Edin- 
burgh, 1764;  physician  to  Medical  Asylum,  London, 
before  1777;  published  'Human  Nature  surveyed  by 
Philosophy  and  Revelation,'  1758,  and  other  works. 

WILSON,  ANDREW  (1780-18*8),  landscape-winter  : 
studied  under  Alexander  Nasmyth  [q.  v.]  and  in  Royal 
Academy  schools,  London,  and  in  Italy ;  collected  pictures 
by  old  masters ;  teacher  of  drawing  at  Military  College, 
Sandhurst;  master  of  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh, 
1818 ;  lived  in  Rome,  Florence,  and  Genoa,  1826-47. 

WILSON,  ANDREW(1831-1881),traveller  and  author ; 
son  of  John  Wilson  (1804-1875)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Tlibingen ;  worked  as  journalist  in  India  and 
China ;  travelled  much  in  southern  China ;  contributed 
largely  to  'Blackwood's  Magazine':  published  works 
relating  to  his  travels  and  Gordon's  Chinese 

WILSON,  ANTHONY  (/.  1793),  known  by  t 
nym,  'Henry  Bromley,'  under  which  he  pul 
•Catalogue  of  Engraved  British  Portraits,'  1793. 

[Ixii.  78] 

WILSON,  SIR  ARCHDALE,  first  baronet  (1803-1874), 
lieutenant-general;  studied  at  East  India  Company's 
College,  AddiBcombe  :  second  lieutenant,  Bengal  artil- 
lery, 1819 ;  captain,  1834 :  commanded  artillery  at  Luck- 
now,  1839 ;  superintendent  of  gun-foundry  at  Kossipur, 
1841-5 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1847 ;  served  in  Punjab  cam- 
paign, 1848,  In  Jalandar,  1850-2;  colonel  and  com- 
mnn.iant  of  artillery  at  Mlrat,  1856  ;  served  with  dis- 
tinction at  opening  of  mutiny,  and  was  promoted  major- 


general  and  placed  in  command  of  Delhi  field  force ; 
captured  Delhi  and  was  made  K.C.B.,  1857 ;  created 
baronet,  as  Sir  Archdale  Wilson  of  Delhi,  1858;  rom- 
iiuuidwl  artillery  at  siege  of  Lucknow,  1858;  G.C.B., 
;  1867 :  lieutenant-general,  1868.  [Ixii.  79] 

WILSON,  ARTHUR  (1595-1652),  historian  and  dra- 
matist; clerk  in  exchequer  office  ;  gen tleman-in- waiting 
to  Robert  Devereux,  third  earl  of  Essex  [q.  v.],  whom  lie 
accompanied  on  Vere's  expedition  for  defence  of  Pala- 
tinate (1620),  Holland  (1621-3),  at  Breda  (1624),  and  at 
Cadiz  (1625);  geattamn  commoner  of  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  1631 ;  entered  service  of  Sir  Robert  Rich,  second 
earl  of  Warwick  [q.  v.],  1633,  and  accompanied  him  to 
]  Breda,  1837  ;  wrote  several  plays,  of  which  only  one, '  The 
:  Inconstant  Lady,'  is  extant.  His  'History  of  Great 
Britain,  being  Life  and  Reign  of  James  I,'  appeared,  1653. 

[Ixii.  81] 

WELSON,  BENJAMIN  (1721-1788),  painter  and  man 

of  science;    clerk  in    registry  of  prerogative  court  of 

j  Doctors'  Commons ;  clerk  to  registrar  of  Charterhouse; 

|  studied    painting    under    Thomas    Hudson    (1701-1779) 

[q.  v.]  ;  practised  as  portrait-painter  in  Dublin,  1748-50, 

and  in  London  from  1750;  received  Royal  Society's  gold 

medal  for  electrical  experiments,  1760  ;  gained  patronage 

of  Duke  of  York  and  became  manager  of  his  private 

theatre  in  James  Street,  Westminster ;  succeeded  Hogarth 

as  serjeant-painter,  1764,  and  James  Worsdale  [q.  v.]  as 

!  painter  to  board  of  ordnance,  1767;  published  writings 

j  relating  to  electricity.  [Ixii.  82] 

WILSON,  BERNARD  or  BARNARD  (1689-1772), 
divine  and  author  ;  of  Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1719 ;  D.D.,  1737 ;  vicar  of  Newark, 
1719 ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1727 ;  canon  of  Lichfield, 
1730,  and  of  Worcester,  1734 ;  master  of  St.  Leonard's 
Hospital,  Newark;  member  of  Gentleman's  Society  at 
Spalding ;  published  English  version  of  part  of  De  Thou's 
'Historia  sui  Temporis,'  1729-30.  [Ixii.  84] 

WILSON,  MRS.  CAROLINE  (1787-1846),  author:  nte 
Fry ;  began,  1823,  publication  of  monthly  periodical, 
'  Assistant  of  Education,'  from  which  she  compiled  '  The 
Listener,'  1830  ;  married,  1831.  Her  works  include  hymns 
and  other  religious  writings.  [Ixii.  85] 

WILSON,  CHARLES  HEATH  (1809-1882),  art 
I  teacher  and  author ;  son  of  Andrew  Wilson  (1780-1848) 
[q.  v.]  ;  practised  as  architect  in  Edinburgh ;  A.R.S.A., 
1835-58  ;  director  of  Edinburgh  school  of  art :  head- 
master of  Glasgow  school  of  design,  1849-64 :  settled  at 
Florence,  1869.  .  [Ixii.  86] 

WILSON,  MRS.  CORNWALL  BARON  (1797-1846), 
author ;  her  maiden  name,  MAHOARKT  HARRIES  ;  con- 
ducted periodicals '  La  Ninon,'  1833,  and '  The  Weekly  Belle 
Assemblee,'  from  1833  ;  published  miscellaneous  works. 

[Ixii.  87] 

WILSON,  DANIEL  (1778-1858),  bishop  of  Calcutta; 
j  B.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1802 :  M.A.,  1804  ;  D.D., 
]  1832 ;  vice-principal,  c.  1807  ;  evangelical  preacher ;  min- 
ister of  St.  John's  Chapel,  Bloomsbury,  London,  1812 ; 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  Islington,  London,  1824 ;  fifth  bishop 
of  Calcutta,  with  quasi-metropolitan   jurisdiction  over 
sees  of  Bombay  and  Madras;   originated   and    greatly 
assisted  building  of  new  cathedral  at  Calcutta,  1839-47  ; 
published   'Evidences  of   Christianity*  (a    richaufft,  of 
Paley),  1828-30,  and  other  religious  works.        [Ixii.  87] 

WILSON,  SIR  DANIEL  (1816-1892),  archffiologist 
and  educational  reformer ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ; 
honorary  secretary  of  Scottish  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
1845;  professor  of  history  and  English  literature  in 
Toronto  University,  1853,  and  became  president,  1881; 
secured  a  'national'  system  of  university  education  in 
Canada ;  published  '  Archaeology  and  Prehistoric  Annals 
of  Scotland,'  1851,  and  other  works.  [Ixii.  89] 

WILSON,  EDWARD  (d.  1694),  '  Beau  Wilson ' ;  be- 
came, c.  1693,  the  talk  of  London  on  account  of  the 
expensive  style  in  which  he  lived,  the  secret  of  the  source 
of  his  wealth  never  being  discovered  ;  killed  in  a  duel  by 
John  Law,  afterwards  the  celebrated  financier. 

[Ixii.  90] 

WILSON,    EDWARD  (1814-1878),  Australian  poli- 
tician ;  employed  in  bank  in  London  ;  went  to  Australia, 
!  1842 ;  engaged  in  journalism  at  Melbourne  and  conducted 
j  the  'Argus,'  1847-64,  vigorously  attacking  all  kinds  of 
|  abuses;    founded  Acclimatisation  Society   of  Victoria, 
1861.  [Ixii.  91] 


WILSON 


1419 


WTLSON 


WILSON,  Sin  Mi;  A-MUS  (1809-1884).    [SeeW 

Sill  WILLIAM  JAMI>  }-:ic\*Mt>.] 

WILSON,   1  --1.01:1  .N(  i:  (16047-1647?).     [See  VOLU- 

•one.] 

WILSON,  GEORGE  (  ft.  1607),  writer  on  cock-fight- 
ing; vicar  of  W  ret  ton,  Norfolk:  published  'The  Com- 
mendation of  Cockes  and  Cock-fighting,'  1607.  [Ixll.  91] 

WILSON,  GEORGE  (1818-1869),  chemist  and  re- 
ligious writer;  Im.tlur  of  Sir  Daniel  Wilson  [q.  T.]; 
studk-d  medicine  at  Edinburgh  ;  qualified  by  Royal  Col- 
irgeons,  Edinburgh  ;  assistant  to  Thomas  Graham 
( is.!.-,  isr,9)  [q.  v.)  at  University  College,  London,  1888 ; 
M.n.  Edinburgh,  1839  ;  ' extra-mural r lecturer  on  cbe- 
iniMr.  ;it  Edinburgh;  owned  congregational  church  be- 
longiiV'  to  independent  section,  1844 ;  director  of  Scottish 
lii.lu-;  rial  Museum,  1855  ;  regins  professor  of  technology. 
Edinburgh  University,  1866 :  president  of  Royal  Scottish 
Society  of  Arts.  His  works  Include  •  Life  of  Henry  Caven- 
dish '"( 1731-1810)  [q.  T.],  1861,  and  •Researches  on 
Colour- Blindness,  1865,  and  numerous  writings  on 
M-i.-ntitic  and  religious  subject*.  [IxiL  W] 

WILSON,  GEORGE  (1808-1870),  chairman  of  Anti- 
Cornluw  League;  engaged  in  corn  trade;  starch  and 
gum  manufacturer ;  on  foundation  of  Anti-Cornlaw 
Association,  1839,  and  later  member  of  executive  com- 
mittee-: became  chairman  on  change  of  title  to  Auti- 
Cornlaw  League,  1841,  and  occupied  position  till  repeal 
of  com  laws,  1846 ;  president  of  National  Reform  Union, 
1864;  chairman  of  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway 
Company,  1867  ;  director  of  Electric  Telegraph  Company. 

WILSON,  HARRIETTS  (1789-1846),  woman  of 
fashion ;  daughter  of  John  James  Dubouchet  or  DC 
Bouchet,  a  shopkeeper  in  Mayfair,  London ;  mistress  of 
Lord  Craven;  resided  much  in  Paris  after  c.  1820;  pub- 
lished, 1825,  her  'Memoirs'  (perhaps  written  by  John 
Joseph  otockdale  [q.  v.],  the  publisher)  in  revenge  on  the 
Duke  of  Beaufort,  who  failed  to  fulfil  generous  promises 
which  he  made  to  her.  [IxiL  95] 

WILSON,  HARRY  BRISTOW  (1774-1863),  divine 
and  antiquary  :  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Lincoln 
(Allege,  Oxford  :  M.A.,  1799 :  D.D.,  1818 :  master  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  from  1798 ;  received  united  parishw 
of  St.  Mary  Aldernmry  and  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle, 
London,  1816;  published  'History  of  Merchant  Taylors 
School,'  1812-14,  and  other  works.  [1*«-  TO. 

WILSON,  HENRIETTA  (d.  1863),  author  :  niece  of 
James  Wilson  (1795-1856)  [q.  v.]  :  published  'Chronicles 
of  a  Garden,*  1863,  and  other  works.  [Ixu.  1W 

WILSON,  HENRY  BRISTOW  (1803-1888),  divine: 
son  of  Hurry  Bristow  Wilson  [q.  v.]  :  of  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1829;  B.D., 
1834  :  fellow,  1825-50  ;  Rawlinsonian  professor  of  Anglo- 
Saxon,  1839-44  ;  vicar  of  Great  Staughton,  Huntingdon- 
shire, 1850-88;  Hampton  lecturer,  1851;  sentenced  to 
Ruspeusion  by  court  of  arches,  1862,  for  ea* ay  on  '  The 
National  Church'  in  'Esaays  and  Reviews'  (1861):  de- 
cision reversed  by  judicial  committee  of  privy  «">ncil, 
1863.  [lxli.87] 

WILSON,  HORACE  HAYMAN  (1786-1860),  orien- 
talist ;  studied  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  London 
came  assistant-surgeon  (Bengal)  to  East  India  Oompan>, 
1808:  assay-master  at  Calcutta  mint,  1816;  "cretary  to 
Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,  1811 :  professor  of  Sanskrit  at 
Oxford,  1832:  librarian  to  East  India  Company,  IMO 

n^&.TbVb^ 

1819,  an  edition  of  the  '  MeghadQta,'  1«13,  and  a  transla- 
tion of  the  'Rig-Veda'(acoordingtotbe  native  school  of 
interpretation),  and  other  works.  [IxiL  »7. 

WILSON,  SIR  JAMES  (1780-1847),  ^Jor-general: 
enpiro  1798'  major,  1811;  major-general,  1838 :  served 

;;;  S&ii  u»i:  e^d^i » «%2ff-s?2*j? 

Peninsula,   1809-14;    at   Albuera,    Badajoz, 
Vittoria,  and  Toulouse ;  K.C.B.,  1815. 

WILSON    JAMES  (1795-1860),  zoologist :  brother  of 

esasrs  'sate  ±s±'»»j 
faJte^s^SsasBs 


al   history  of  Mm  (IMS)  and  Wnl*  (IO»X  •« 

-      ;.t.,.;.. 

WIL80H.  JAMES  (180»-liW 


..     :   ||     .....  .:.,  •  m  || 


•   •    .--..    .     .    :- 

,.;   \!  ,:...«,       .-. 

.!•;.,!    ..„ 
Westbury.  Wiltshire,  184: 
Joint-secretary  to  board  o 

ST 

of  ooni 

account*. 

WILSON.  JAMBS  ARTHUR  (17H-18W),  pbj 
of  Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church, Oxford :  M.  A.. 
1818:  M.D.,  18M:  Badcllffe  travelling  frUow.  1*51; 
F.H.C.P.,  18*8  ;  Lumleian  lecturer,  1847  and  184H  :  H»r 
vetan  orator,  1860;  physician  to  «u  George's  Hospital, 
1819-67  ;  publlsbeJ  medical  writings.  [IxtL  101) 

WILSON.  JOHN  (1696-1674),  luu 
Charles     I,  16tt:     Mn..Doc.  Oxford, 


.".  :'.. 


mm   •  -,  i 

of  Oxfcml  vntmSSSTS 
chamber  musician   to  Charles   II.  1*1 : 
gentleman  of  Chapel  Hoyal.  1661  :  possibly  identical  with 
direction,  I 


cboragus  on 
music;    1666: 


Hbakespeare's  Jack  Willson  (stage  direction,  folio  of  16»X 
who  sang  'Sigh  no  more,  ladies,'  and  other  lyrics;  set 
to  music  'Take,  oh  !  take  those  lips  away,'  and  published 


son  of 

bar- 
c. 


airs  and  glees. 

WILSON,  JOHN  (16177-1696). 
Aaron  Wilson  [q.  v.] ;  of  Exeter  I 
rister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1649;  recorder 
1CM  :  perhaps  secretary  to  viceroy  of  Ireland, 
works  include  '  The  Cheats  :  a  Comedy,'  1664,  •  Andronlco* 
rommriiius  :aTrag«ly.'1664,'Tbe Projectors  :•  Comedy,' 
1666,  and  '  Belphegor  :  a  Tragi-comedy,'  1691.  [Ixii.  104) 

WILSON,  JOHN  (d.  1751),  botanist :  Iaud^urve>-or-* 
assistant ;  published  'Synopsis  of  BritWi  Ilant*,'  1744. 

[IxiL  106] 

WILSON,  .J<  'UN  (1720-1789X  author  of  'Th- 
pariah  schoolmaster  of  Lettmahagow,  174« :  matter  of 
Greenock  grammar  fohool,  1767-87;  published,  176U' A 
Dramatic  SkcU-h,'  which  he  afterward*  elaborated  into 
'Earl  Douglas,'  and  isaut-d  (17C4>  with  'The  Clyde,'  a 
dramatic  descriptive  poem  of  considerable  ncrfe 

WIL80N,  S.H  JOHN  (1741-1793X  j*lge:  BA.  and 
senior  wrangler,  IVu-rhou,*.  Cambridge,  1701 :  M.A.  and 
fellow,  1764;  burriftt-r.  Middle  Temple,  17««:  judge  of 
cuntuion  pleas  ami  knighted,  1786 :  conunlesioner  of  great 
seal,  1792-3 ;  F.R.S.,  I  V*tt-  W 

WILSON,  JOHN  (1800-1849),  Scottish  vocaUrt:  en- 
gaged  as  c-ompwitor  by  the  Ballantynes,  and  helped  to 
set  up  'WavTrley  Novels':  precentor  at  «  *'"->- 
Church,  Rliuburgh,  1825-30:  engaged  m 
and  operatic  singiug,  and  snbseqnentlv  gained 
able  reputation  as  exponent  of  Scottt  '>»'  1 
songs. 

WILSON,  JOHN  (1786-1864),  author,  the  •Christopher 
North '  of '  Black  wood's '  and  professor  of  moral  | 
at  Edinburgh  :  educated  at  Glasgow  Uulvei 
ilalen  Oollece,  Oxford;  M.A.  Oxford,  1810  ; 
oSSEfftwSS ' :  called  to  bar  at  Edinburgh,  litti  : 
jointtl  e.lltorlal  «taff    of   •Bhwkwood- 
and,  with  John  Gibson  Lockbai 
elected   on    strength 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Edi 


HU 


WILSON,    JoIIS  (1774-1866).  «a-palnt«r: 
tlced  i  rhoaee-painter  at  Edinburgh  : 
53*y?  The^London  ;  exhibited 
(from  1807X  thi  Briti*  I^tntton.  Socte^ 

^  A°*kmJ  ;  ^ 


WILSON 


1420 


WILSON 


WILSON,  Sin  JOHN  (1780-1856),  general  :  ensign, 
1794;  Ik'iitt-riaiit,  17'.<5;  srrvod  in  Egypt,  1801;  major, 
1802  ;  in  IVninsula,  1808,  and  from  1809  ;  governor  of 
piovlnce  of  Minbo,  1811;  brevet-colonel  and  knighted, 
1814;  major-general,  1825;  commanded  troops  in  Ceylon, 
1830-8;  K.C.B.,  1837  :  general,  1864  ;  colonel,  82ud  foot, 
1836,  and  llth  foot,  1811.  [IxiL  112] 

WILSON,  JOHN  (1804-1875)  missionary  and  orien- 
talist ;  sttiilinl  for  ministry  nt  Edinburgh  University  ; 
stadi'  :  joined  Scottish  Missionary  Society  ; 

went  to  Bombay,  1829;  founded  'Oriental  Christian  Spec- 
tator '  periodical,  1830;  established  native  church  on 
prodbyterian  principles,  and  with  his  wife  schools  for 
native  children,  special  attention  being  given  to  female 
education  ;  transferred  to  church  of  Scotland,  1835,  but 
quitted  it  nt  disruption,  1843:  R.A.S.,  1836  ;  first  par- 
tially  to  decipher  rock  inscriptions  of  Asoka  at  Girnar  ; 
published  'The  Parsi  Religion  unfolded,'  1843;  F.K.S., 
1845  ;  president,  1848,  of  the  'Cave  Temple  Commission,' 
publishing  writings  relating  to  the  commission's  work  ; 
his  knowledge  of  archaic  alphabets  (used  for  secrecy) 
awl  local  dialects  useful  to  the  government  in  the  Indian 
mutiny  :  dean  of  faculty  of  arts  in  new  Bombay  Uni- 
versity, 1857  ;  wrote  on  Indian  religion  and  customs. 

[lxii.113] 

WILSON,  JOHN  (1813-1888),  agriculturist  ;  educated 
at  University  College,  London,  and  in  Paris  ;  principal 
of  Koyal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester,  1846-50; 
profest«orof  agriculture  and  rural  economy,  Edinburgh 
University,  lK5i  -86;  secretary  to  senate,  1868;  emeritus 
professor,  1685,  and  honorary  LL.D.,  1886  ;  published 
writings  on  agriculture.  [Ixii.  115] 

WILSON,  JOHN  MACKAY  (1804-1835),  author; 
printer  in  London  ;  editor  of  *  Berwick  Advertiser,'  1832  ; 
published  '  Tales  of  the  Borders  '  in  weekly  numbers, 
1834-5,  and  other  writings.  [Ixii.  116] 

WILSON,  JOHN  MATTHIAS  (1813-1881),  president 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford  :  M.A.  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford,  1839  ;  B.D.,  1847  ;  fellow,  1841  ;  president, 
1H72-81  ;  held  Whyte's  professorship  of  moral  philosophy, 
1846-74  ;  collaborated  with  Dr.  Thomas  Fowler  in  '  Prin- 
ciples of  Morals,'  published,  1886-7.  [Ixii.  116] 

WILSON,  SIR  JOHN  MORILLYON  (1783-1868), 
commandant  of  Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea  ;  midshipman, 
1798-1803  ;  ensign,  1804  ;  lieutenant,  1805  ;  major,  1814  ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1815  ;  colonel,  1837  ;  served  at  Wal- 
cheren,  in  Peninsular  war,  and  in  United  States  of 
America  :  adjutant  of  Royal  Hospital,  Chelsea,  1822,  and 
major-commandant,  1855-8  ;  C.B.  and  K.H.  [Ixii.  117] 

WILSON,  JOSHUA  (1795-1874),  barrister;  son  of 
Thomas  Wilson  (1764-1843)  [q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Inner 
Temple  ;  published  '  Historical  Inquiry  concerning  English 
Presbyterians,'  1835,  and  other  works.  [Ixii.  144] 

WILSON,  MARGARET  (1667-1685),  'martyr  of  the 
Sol  way  '  ;  suffered  death  by  drowning  at  Bladenoch  for 
refusing  to  conform  to  episcopacy  ;  the  incident  com- 
memorated in  a  picture  by  Millais,  1871.  [Ixii.  118] 

WILSON,  MARY  ANNE  (1802-1867),  singer  ;  pupil 
•and  subsequently  wife  of  Thomas  Welsh  [q.  v.]  [Ix.  240] 

WILSON,  MATTHEW  (1582-1656).  [See  KNOTT 
EDWAIIK.] 

WILSON,  NICHOLAS  (</.  1548),  Roman  catholic 
ilivme;  B.A.  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  1509;  D.D., 

3  ;  chaplain  and  confessor  to  Henry  VIII  before  1627  • 
archdeacon  of  Oxford,  1528;  presented  to  Church  of  St. 
Thomas  the  Apostle,  London,  1531;  master  of  Michael- 
noT'  Cambridge,  1633  ;  opposed  Henry  VIII  in  question 
of  divorce  ;  imprisoned  for  refusing  oath  relative  to  sue- 
cession  to  the  crown,  1534  ;  attainted  of  misprision  of  | 
treason  and  deprived  of  preferments  ;  took  oath,  1537 
and  waa  pardoned  ;  dean  of  collegiate  church  of  Wim- 
borne  Minster,  Dorset,  1537-47;  imprisoned  in  Tower 
tor  twisting  persons  who  denied  royal  supremacy,  1540-1  ; 
prebendary  of  York  and  of  St.  Paul's",  London,  1542. 

_.  [Ixii.  119] 

WILSON,  RICHARD  (1714-1782X  landscape-painter  ; 
rtralt-painter  in  London  ;  went,  1749,  to  Italy,  where 
B  guiued  reputation  as  landscape-painter  ;  returned  to 


1786  :  original  member,  1768,  of  Royal  Academy, 
«M  be  exhibited  till  1780  ;  librarian  to  Royal  Academy, 


1776  ;  experienced  extreme  poverty,  though  reputed  tl 
best  landscape-painter  of  the  day.  Among  his  inc.— 
celebrated  pictures  are  '  Niobe,'  1760,  and  k  View  of  Rome 
from  the  Villa  Madauia,'  1765.  [Ixii.  120] 

WILSON,  RICHARD  (/.  1774-1792),  actor :  married 
Mrs.  Wilson  ~Lr\.  v.],  o.  1774;  played  comic  characters  in 
London  at  Covent  Garden  and  Haymarket.  His  part: 
include  Malvolio,  Falstaff,  and  Polonius.  [Ixii.  74] 

WILSON,  ROBERT,  the  elder  (</.  1600),  actor  and 
playwright;  original  member  of  Karl  of  Leicester's  com- 
pany, 1574  ;  member  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  company,  1583- 
1588 :  joined  Lord  Strange's  company,  1588  ;  gained  great 
reputation  as  comic  actor.  His  only  extant  productions 
(loosely  constructed  moralities  with  very  little  plot), 
include  'The  Three  Ladies  of  London,'  1584,  and  -Th.- 
Pleasant  and  Stately  Morall  of  the  Three  Lordes  ami 
Three  Ladies  of  London,'  1590.  [Ixii.  123] 

WILSON,  ROBERT,  the  younger  (1579-1610),  drama- 
tic hack- writer ;  employed  by  Henslowe,  1598-1600 ;  pro- 
bably son  of  Robert  Wilson  the  elder  [q.  v.];  collaborated 
in  many  productions  with  Dray  ton,  Dekker,  and  Chettle, 
and  with  Draytou,  Hathaway,  and  Munday  in  'Sir  .John 
Oldcastle'  (first  part  only  extant,  Ittoo),  described  on 
title-page  of  one  edition  as  work  of  Shakespeare. 

[Ixii.  124] 

WILSON,  ROBERT  (1803-1882),  engineer;  invented 
screw-propeller  for  vessels,  for  which  he  was  awardiil  :i 
silver  medal  by  Scottish  Society  of  Arts,  1832;  iim-iitc-l 
self-acting  motion  for  steam-hammer,  patented,  1843,  bv 
James  Nasmyth  (1808-1890)  [q.  v.],  of  whose  foundry, 
near  Bridgwater,  he  was  manager,  1838 :  received  grant 
from  war  department  for  use  of  his  double-action  screw- 
propeller  as  applied  to  fish  torpedo,  1880.  [Ixii.  125] 

WILSON,  ROBERT  ARTHUR  (1820  ?-1875),  Irish 
hurnorist  and  poet ;  born  at  Falcaragh,  co.  Donegal  ; 
emigrated  to  America,  1840,  and  worked  as  journalist ; 
returned  to  Ireland,  and  subsequently  became  leader- 
writer  to  '  Morning  News '  (Belfast),  to  which  and  other 
papers  he  contributed  satires  and  humorous  lyrics. 
'  Reliques  of  Barney  Maglone*  (his  pseudonym),  appeared 
1894.  [Ixii.  126] 

WILSON,  Sm  ROBERT  THOMAS  (1777-1849), 
general  and  govcmor  of  Gibraltar  ;  son  oT  Benjamin 
Wilson  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Winchester 
College  ;  coruot,  1793  :  one  of  eight  officers  commanding 
dragoons  which  routed  superior  French  force  at  Villiers- 
en-Couche,  preventing  capture  of  Emperor  Francis  II, 
1794  ;  received  cross  of  order  of  Maria  Theresa,  rank  of 
baron  of  holy  Roman  empire,  and  knighthood,  1801  : 
lieutenant,  1794 ;  purchased  troop,  1796  ;  served  at  the 
Helder,  1799,  in  Egypt,  1801 ;  published '  History  of  British 
Expedition  to  Egypt,'  1802 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  19th  light 
dragoons,  1804,  and  20th  light  dragoons,  1805 ;  served  in 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1806  ;  accompanied  Lord  Hutchiuson 
and  king  of  Prussia  to  Memel,  1807,  and  served  in  subse- 
quent campaign  ;  commandant  of  Lusitanian  legion  in 
Portugal,  1808-9 ;  brevet  colonel  and  aide-de-camp  to 
George  III,  1810 ;  accompanied  Sir  Robert  Listen  [q.  v.] 
to  Constantinople  with  local  rank  of  brigadier-general  in 
British  army,  1811;  British  commissioner  at  Krasnoi 
Pakra,  near  Moscow,  1811;  fought  at  Liitzen  and 
Bautzen,  1813  ;  major-general,  1813  ;  fought  at  Dresden, 
Kulm,  and  Kraupen,  ;1813;  British  commissioner  with 
Austrian  army  at  Leitmeritz;  served  at  Leipzig;  with 
Austrian  army  in  Italy ;  at  Vincenza,  Verona,  and 
Valeggio,  1814 ;  M.P.,  Southwark,  1818,  1826,  and  1830 : 
dismissed  from  army  for  action  against  mob  at  Queen 
Caroline's  funeral,  1821  ;  reinstated  with  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-general, 1830;  colonel  of  15th  hussars,  1835;  general, 
1841 ;  governor  and  coinmander-in-chief  of  Gibraltar, 
1842  ;  published  military  and  autobiographical  works. 

[Ixii.  12tt] 

WILSON,  ROWLAND  (1613-1650),  parliamentarian : 
lieutenant-colonel  of  orange  regiment  of  London  trained 
bands  ;  joined  Earl  of  Essex  after  first  battle  of  Newbury, 
1643;  colonel,  1646;  M.P.,  Calne,  1646;  alderman  of 
London,  1648 ;  member  of  council  of  state,  1649  ;  sheriff 
of  London,  1649.  [Ixii.  131] 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (1626  ?-1681),  secretary  of  state 
and  scholar;  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge; 
M.A.,  1549  ;  published  '  Rule  of  Reason,'  1551,  and  '  Arte 
of  Rhetorique,'  1561  or  1653;  on  continent,  1555-60; 
LL.D.  Ferrara,  1559,  and  was  incorporated  at  Oxford, 


WILSON 


1421 


WIMBLEDON 


1666,iinil  Caiiil.ri.li/.>.  1571  :  advocate  in  court  of  arcbe*. 
1661 :  master  of  St.  Cutherinc's  Hospital  In  the  Tower  of 
London  and  master  of  requests,  1561;  M.P.,  Michel 


Borough,  1563-7  ;  went  on  diplon 


.    .-I  •  ...i'  . 

:'•;::::.:;• 


1667  ;  participated  in  Karl  «.i 

lions  with  Spanish  ambassador  :  published  'The  Three 
Orations  of  Demosthenes,'  1170,  the  earliest  English  trans- 
lation from  Demosthenes:  Ml'.  -  81:  ou 

embawy  to  Netherlands,  1674-6  and  1676-7  ;  privy  coon- 
••illor  and  wcretary  of  state,  1678  ;  lay  dean  of  Durham, 
1680.  [UU.  1W) 

WILSON.  THOMAS  (1563  1622),  divine;  MA. 
Queen's  College,  ;0x  ford,  1686;  college  chaplain,  1686; 
rector  of  St.  George  the  Martyr,  Canterbury,  1686-16JJ  ; 
•Qbtished'Ohrtotfaa  Dictionarie,'  1611,  one  of  flrst  at- 
U-uipus  uuide  at  a  coucordauce  of  the  bible  in  English. 

0x0.116] 

WILSON,  Sm  THOMAS  (1860T-1619),  keeper  of  the 
records  ami  author  ;  B.A.  St.  John's  College,  UMDMdft, 
,:.-:;  .  M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  1587:  travelled  abroad;  trans- 
lated from  Spanish,  1596,  Gorge  de  Moutemayor's 
a  romance  from  which  story  of  Shakespeare's 


~_J,  WILLI 
M  solicitor  at  Manche 
legist ;  dlscovcml  U* 

IK.'I.    .li-i    :i-M.-l    I    -|. 

to  British  list 


Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  '  is  partly  drawn  ;  employed 
ns  foreign  intelligencer:  in  Italy,  1601-1;  consul  in 
Spain,  1604-5;  entered  service  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  1606; 
keeper  of  records  at  Whitehall,  1606-29  ;  clerk  of  Import*, 
1606-14  :  knighted,  1618  ;  employed  to  obtain  admissions 
from  Ralegh  sufficient  to  condemn  him,  1618. 

[IxiL  116] 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (166J-1755),  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man  :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1686  ;  studied  medi- 
cine :  curate  of  Newchurch  Keuyon,  Lancashire,  1687-92  ; 
master  of  almshouse  at  Lothom,  1693  ;  M.A,  1696  ;  bishop 
of  Sodor  and  Man,  1697  :  resided  at  Bishop's  Court,  Kirk 
Michael  ;  LL.D.  Lambeth,  1698  ;  built  new  churches  and 
established  parochial  libraries  :  published  •  Principtoa  jsjA 
Duties  of  Christianity,  in  English  and  Manks,'  the  first 
book  published  in  Manx,  1707  ;  supervised  translation  of 
gospels  and  acts  into  Manx  :  D.D.  Oxford  ami  Cambridge, 
1707  ;  drew  up  'Ecclesiastical  Constitutions  '  for  restora- 
tion of  discipline  in  church,  1707;  came  into  conflict  with 
the  governor,  Alexander  Home,  and  his  successors,  Floyd 
and  Thomas  Horton,  ou  questions  of  civil  and  ecctesiastl- 
cal  authority,  1716;  accepted  office  of  'artistes  'of  the 
•  reformed  tropus  '  (one»of  three)  in  the  Moravian  church, 
1749.  His  collected  works  appeared,  1781.  f  Ixii.  139] 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (1703-1784),  divine:  son  of 
Thomas  Wilson  (1663-1755)  [q.  v.l  ;  M.A.  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1727  ;  D.D.,  1739  1  one  of  George  II's  chaplains, 
1737  ;  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook.  London,  1737- 
1784  :  prebendary  of  Westminster,  1743  ;  rector  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster,  1763-84.  [Ixii.  141] 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (1747-1813),  schoolmaster:  head- 
master of  Slaidburn  grammar  school,  1773  ;  master  of 
Clitheroe  grammar  school,  Lancashire,  1775  ;  B.D.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  1794  :  rector  of  Claughton,  near  Lancaster, 
1807  ;  published  '  Archaeological  Dictionary,'  1783. 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (1764-1843),  nonconformist  bene- 
factor: apprentice!  to  hia  father  as  manufacturer  of 
ribbons  and  gauzes,nnd  entered  partnership,  1785  :  retired, 
1798  ;  treasurer  of  Hoxton  Academy,  London,  1794-18 
engaged  extensively  in  building  and  repairing  chapels  for 
congregatlonalists  ;  one  of  first  directors  of  Ix>ndon 
Missionary  Society,  1795  ;  original  member  of  council  of 
University  College,  London,  1826.  [Uii.  1*3] 

WILSON,  THOMAS  (1773-1858),  Tyneside  poet; 
worked  as  miner  ;  entered  counting-house  of  Losh,  Lubbiu 
&  Co  ,  Newcastle,  1803,  and  became  partner,  1805  :  a  col- 
lective edition  of  his  poems  appeared,  1843  (reprinted  with 
additions,  1872). 

WILSON,  WALTER  (1781-  1847),  nonconformist  bio- 
grapher ;  bookseller  in  London  ;  studied  at  Inner  Temple: 
published  •  History  and  Antiquities  of  Dissenting  Churches 
and  Meeting  Houses  in  London,  Westminster 
wark  i  Deluding  the  Lives  of  their  Ministers, 
'Lie  and  $m2  of  Daniel  Defoe,'  1830;  left 
on  history  of  dissent. 

WILSON.  WILLIAM   (1690-1741),  Scottish  divine: 
educated  at  Glasgow  University  :    hcense.1   pr« 
pn-bvtery  of  Dunfermline,  1713  ;  onlainal  mlnisU 
new  or  west  church,  Perth,  1716  ;  ejected  from  Scottish 


di    l«  . 


of  mat,  a  fern,  and  nany  new 
Ushed  •Bnrolofia  Britannic*,' 

[UtL  147] 

(17Wf-187lX  canon  of  Win* 
lejre,  Oxfocd.  1808  :  H.U..  1«4  : 
banar.  Idtt  ;  headmaster  of 
1811-16:  vtoar  of 
MU  of  Winchester 
Ouide,'  I860,  and 

[UlL  147) 

(1808-1888X  ScottUb  divine; 
Diversity  ;  D.IX,  1870;  Uoawed 
,.  lMp;  anWaad  sjteMH  »i 
e  chun-h  :  minister  at  mariner* 

•       _1__L. 

!.  <»r    '    '  r  f. 


oar  of  Holy  Hood, 
chester.  IMS  :  pnb- 
0,  and  other  work*. 


flliiri-ii.     l/iiii'irc,     *o-K-i>.     -c 

assembly,  1883 ;  published  religious  works.     [UU.  148] 


WILSON,  SIR  WILLIAM  JAMBB  ERASMUS  (180f- 
1884),  surgeon  ;  studied  at  St.  Bartholomew^  Hospital. 
London,  and  under  (Sir)  William  Lawrence  [a.  T.]  : 

Rtebard 


, 
M.R.C.8.,  1881  ;   demonstrator  of  anatomy 

on, 

1869,  and  hdd, 


Qoaln  [q-  *•]  »*  University  College,  London,  1811-4: 
:  founded, 


,  ,         ,  , 

hair  of  dermatology  at  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
d was  president,  1881  ;  defrayed  «xpena0»  of 
of  •  Cleopatra's  Needle'  to  London.    1877-8: 


FJLOa,  1843: 
1869-77,  chair  of 
cian*,  and 
transport 

knighted,  1881:  published  'Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Sklii,'  1842,  and  other  works.  [IxiL  148] 

WILSON,  WILLIAM  RAE  (1771-1849),  author  :  pme- 

Used  as   solicitor  before  supreme  court*  of   Scotland: 

travelled  in  Egypt,  Palestine,  and  through  greater  part  of 

Europe,  and  published  lntere*ting  records  of  his  expe- 

I  rience?  PAA,  ,;  hon.  LL.D.  Glasgow,  1844.     [Uii.  l»o[ 

WILSOW,  Pm  WILTSHIRE  (l76t-18«X  lieutenant- 
freneral  :  studied  at  Woolwich  :  second  lieutenant,  roya: 
artillerj',  177»;  lieutenant,  1781;  major.  iMO^Colflttel, 
1H14:  colond-commaMdant,  royal  artillery.  1818;  ttea- 
tenant-general,  1837  ;  served  in  Flanders.  1791  :  took  great 
part  uT  defence  of  Nleuport  against  French  under  Tan- 
damme,  1793  ;  in  West  Indies,  1HUO-5  ;  cotnimndrd  royal 
artillery  in  northern  diftrict,  Eugland.  1806.  Ceylon,  181 
1815,  Canada,  1817-10:  knight  commander  of  Rorml 
Hanoverian  Ouclphlc  order,  1888.  [UU.  1W) 

WBL80H  PATTZH,  J«>HX.  nnt  BABOK 
LKi.iH  (1801-1891Xedu«te«l  at  Kton  and  Mjfdalen 
le«re,  Oxford  ;  conservative  M.P.  for  Lancash&e,  1810-1, 
Nortli  Lancashire,  1832-74  :  firmly  iiivoatad  laU 
for  benefit  of  the  iiKliwtrial  population  :  c» 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1867:  privy  councillor, 
SSLS  for  Ireland'  under  fosradl,  1868  ;  created  Baron 
Wiiimarleigb,  1874.  L1»U-  »»] 

WILTOH,  JOSEPH  (17H-180S),  sonlptor;  pupil  of 
Laurent  Ddvaux  [q.  T.]  :  rtudk-d  in  Paris,  Rome,  and 
Florence:  practised  in  London  from  17M:  »«lpw  «« 
CJeorge  III:  original  f«inda«on  memb«  ofRoyal  Aca 
v  1769  •  keener  of  Koyal  Academy.  1786-90  ;  bis  brat 
de^U^nlpt£r?to.dorn  architectural  creation. 
of  Sir  William  Chambers  [q.  v.] 


WILTON,   WILLIAM  OR  («*.  1164X  jodge 
itinerant,  1248-60,  and   125J,  11M.  and 


jurtice 


itinerant,  1148-60,  and   12»»,  i»»,  ana  um»  »« » 
jSSLTlMl:  Stel on  Henry  Ill's ride.t  baUleof 


_.„ 
WIU.UM 


WHT8HIEE,  BARW  or.  [8eeScnor«,  WIU.UM  uc, 
1361?-1399:  lu-Vua.  JAM«,  14JO-1461;  Bountx,  SIR 
THOMAS,  1477-1699.] 

WIMBLEDOH,   VWCOCST  (H71-16J8X    [8t«  ClCU. 

.-.i. 


WIMPERIS 


1422 


WINDHAM 


WIKPERIS.  i:i)MlTNI)  MOUISOX  (1*35-1900). 
i  ulnnr  painter :  trained  as  wood-engraver  and 
draughtsman  tinder  M\Ks  llirket  Foster  [q.  v.]  ;  member 
of  Society  of  Britisli  Artists,  1870-4  ;  vice-president  of 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water-colours,  1895 :  painted 
chiefly  landscapes.  [Suppl.  iii.  516] 

WINCH,  Sni  HUMPHREY (1555  ?-1625),  judge;  bar- 
rister, I.in.-t.lnV  Inn.  1581 :  bencher,  1596,aiitumn  reader, 
1598;  M.P.,  Bedford,  1593-1606;  knighted  and  made 
«erJ€ant-at-la\v  ;  chief-baron  of  exchequer  in  Ireland, 
1606;  lord  chief- justice  of  king's  bench  in  Ireland,  1608: 
justice  of  common  pleas  in  England,  1611-25  ;  member  of 
council  of  Wales,  1623  ;  left  legal  compilations,  published 
posthumously.  [Ixii.  153] 

WINCH,  NATHANIEL  JOHN  (1769  ?-1838),  bota- 
nist; F.L.8.,  1808.  and  associate,  1821 ;  secretary  to  New- 
castle Infirmary  :  published  works  relating  to  botany  of 
Northumberland,  Cumberland,  and  Durham.  [Ixii.  154] 

WINCHCOMBE.  alias  SMALWOODE,  JOHN  (d.  1520), 
clothier ;  known  as  JACK  OF  NEWBURY  ;  apprenticed  as 
clothier  at  Newbury,  where  subsequently  he  pursued  his 
trade,  bis  wealth  inspiring  the  authors  of  numerous  chap- 
book  stories ;  according  to  a  legend  led  100  or  250  men, 
equipped  at  his  own  expense,  in  the  battle  of  Floddeu 
Field.  [Ixii.  154] 

WINCHCOMBE,  JOHN  (1489  ?-1565  ?),  clothier  and 
politician ;  sou  of  John  Winchcombe  (d.  1520)  [q.  v.], 
whose  trade  lie  carried  on  ;  on  commission  of  peace  for 
Berkshire,  1541 ;  M.P.,  West  Bedwin,  1545,  Heading,  1553. 

[Ixii.  155] 

WINCHELSEA,  ROBERT  DE  (d.  1313),  archbishop 
of  Canterbury:  graduated  in  arts  at  Paris  and  became 
rector  of  the  university  before  1267 :  D.D.  Oxford  ;  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  1288 :  prebendary  of  Lincoln ;  archdeacon 
of  Essex  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  c.  1283 ; 
elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1293 :  travelled  to  Rome 
and  obtained  papal  confirmation  of  election,  1294 ;  pub- 
lished papal  bull  forbidding  clergy  to  pay  taxes  to  the 
secular  authority  ;  outlawed  with  clergy  by  Edward  I, 
who  required  money  for  French  wars,  but  reconciled 
with  him,  1297,  Pope  Boniface  VIII  making  an  exception 
in  favour  of  voluntary  gifts  and  sums  raised  for  national 
defence,  and  Edward  I  conceding  his  long-promised  con- 
firmation of  the  charters  ;  came  into  conflict  with  monks 
of  St  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  and  with  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, who  were  in  the  main  supported  by  the  pope ; 
entrusted  by  Boniface  VIII  with  delivery  of  apostolic 
mandate  to  Edward  I  to  withdraw  from  attacking  the 
.Scots,  1300 ;  quarrelled  with  Edward  I  on  account  of  living 
of  Pagham,  which  the  king  had  presented  to  Theobald, 
brother  of  his  son-in-law,  the  Count  of  Bar ;  deprived 
Theobald  (who  was,  however,  reappointed  by  papal  pro- 
vision), presented  Pagham  to  Ralph  of  Mailing,  and  was 
excommunicated,  1300,  by  the  abbot  of  St.  Michael's  in 
<liocese  of  Terdun.  who  was  sent  to  England  to  secure 
execution  of  papal  provision;  submitted  and  obtained 
removal  of  sentence,  1302 :  induced  clergy  to  reject  law 
proposed  by  Edward  I,  1305,  forbidding  export  of  specie 
from  alien  priories :  suspended  from  spiritual  and  temporal 
functions  by  Pope  Clement  V  under  influence  of  Bishop 
Langton,  1306,  and  was  in  exile  from  England  till  Ed- 
ward I's  death ;  restored,  through  intercession  of  Ed- 
ward n,  1308  :  one  of  lords  ordainers,  1310 ;  excommuni- 
cated Piers  Gavestou  and  his  abettors,  and  Langton, 
1312 ;  buried  at  Canterbury.  [Ixii.  155] 

WINCHESTER,  MARQUISES  OF.  [See  PAULET,  WIL- 
LIAM, first  MARQUIX,  1486?-1572;  PAULKT,  WILLIAM, 
third  MARQUIS,  1535V-1598;  PAULET,  JOHN,  fifth  MAR- 
VUis,  1598-1675.] 

WINCHESTER,  EARLS  OF.  [See  QUINCY,  SAER  DE, 
</.12l9;  QUINCY,  ROGKR  DK,  second  EARL,  1195?-1265; 
DKSPKJJSER,  HUGH  LE,  1262-1326.] 

WINCHESTER,  GODFREY  OF  (d.  1107).  [See 
GODVRKY.] 

<JRWJNOHESTER,    GREGORY   OF   (fl.    1270).     [See 

WINCHESTER,  JOHN,  or  JOHN  OF  (d.  1460?), 
bishop  of  Moray  ;  chaplain  to  James  I  of  Scotland ;  pre- 
bendary of  Dunkeld ;  canon  of  Glasgow,  1428  ;  provost  of 
Line  uden,  1435  ;  elected  bishop  of  Moray,  1435,  received 
P«pal  confirmation,  1436,  and  held  bishopric  twenty-three 

[Ixii.  162] 


WINCHESTER,    WULSTAN    OF   (Jl.    1000).    [See 

Wfl.STAN.] 

WINCHILSEA,  EARLS  OF.  [See  FINCH,  HKNKAOK, 
second  EARL,  d.  1689;  FINCH,  DANIEL,  sixth  EARL,  1647- 
1730;  FINCH-HATTON,  GEORGK  WILLIAM,  ninth  KAIJL, 
1791-1858.] 

WINCHILSEA,  COUNTESS  OF  (c/.  1720).    [See  FINCH, 

ANNK.] 

WINDEBANK,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1582-1646),  secretary 
of  state ;  grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Windebank,and  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Windebank  (rf.  1607) ;  B.A.  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1602  ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1602  ;  tra- 
velled on  continent ;  served  in  office  of  signet,  and  u  as 
clerk  of  signet,  1624 ;  joint-secretary  of  state  with  Sir  John 
Coke  [q.  v.],  1632  ;  knighted.  1632;  engaged  by  Charles  I 
in  various  secret  negotiations  ;  appointed  to  disease  with 
papal  agent,  Gregorio  Pauzaui,  possibility  of  union  be- 
tween Anglican  and  Roman  churches,  1634  ;  M.P.,  Oxford 
University  (Short  parliament),  1640,  Corfe  (Long  parlia- 
ment), 1640;  fled  to  Calais,  being  accused  of  siirnin^ 
letters  in  favour  of  priests  and  Jesuits,  1640,  and  arrived 
at  Paris,  1641 ;  died  at  Paris.  [Ixii.  162] 

WINDELE,  JOHN  (1801-1865),  Irish  antiquary ; 
lived  at  Cork;  made  many  antiquarian  expeditious  in 
Ireland  ;  published  '  Historical  and  Descriptive  Notices  of 
City  of  Cork  and  its  Vicinity,'  1839,  and  other  writings, 
and  left  antiquarian  manuscripts.  [Ixii.  166] 

WINDER,  HENRY  (1693-1752),  dissenting  divine 
and  chronologist ;  studied  at  Whitehaven  academy  and 
Dublin ;  licensed  preacher  at  Dublin ;  ordained  indepen- 
dent minister  of  Tunley,  Lancashire,  1716 ;  minister  of 
Castle  Hey  congregation,  Liverpool,  1718  ;  removed  to 
chapel  in  Benn's  Garden,  Red  Cross  Street,  Liverpool, 
1727  ;  D.D.  Glasgow,  1740  ;  supported  non-subscription  : 
published  'Critical  and  Chronological  History  of  ... 
Knowledge,  chiefly  Religious,'  1745.  [Ixii.  166] 

WINDET,  JAMES  (d.  1664),  physician :  M.D.  Ley- 
den,  1655  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1656;  M.R.C.P.,  1656: 
practised  in  London  from  1656 ;  published  poetical  ami 
other  writings  in  Latin.  [Ixii.  167] 

WINDEYER,  CHARLES  (1780-1855),  parliamentary 
reporter  and  Australian  magistrate;  first  recognised 
reporter  in  House  of  Lords ;  emigrated  to  New  South 
Wales,  1828  ;  police  magistrate  for  Sydney.  [Ixii.  168] 

WINDEYER,  RICHARD  (1806-1847),  Australian  re- 
former and  statesman  ;  son  of  Charles  Windeyer  [q.  v.]  ; 
parliamentary  reporter  for  « The  Times ' :  barrister,  Middle 
Temple,  1834 :  emigrated  to  Australia,  1835  ;  member  for 
Durham  in  first  legislative  council,  1843 ;  one  of  popular 
leaders  against  bureaucratic  government  of  Sir  George 
Gipps  [q.  v.] ;  originated  jury  and  libel  acts  of  New 
South  Wales  ;  advocated  introduction  of  representative 
institutions  and  responsible  government ;  devoted  much 
time  to  scientific  fanning.  [Ixii.  168] 

WINDEYEK,  SIR  WILLIAM  CHARLES  (1834- 
1897),  Australian  legislator  and  judge ;  son  of  Ricliard 
Windeyer  [q.  v.]  ;  born  in  Westminster ;  taken  to  New 
South  Wales,  1835 ;  M.A.  Sydney  University,  1850  :  called 
to  bar,  1857  ;  liberal  M.P.  for  the  Lower  Hunter,  1859,  and 
West  Sydney,  1860-2  and  1866-72  ;  solicitor-general,  1870 : 
first  member  for  Sydney  University,  1876 ;  attorney- 
general,  1877-9 ;  judge  of  divorce  and  matrimonial  causes 
court,  and  deputy-judge  of  vice-admiralty  court,  1879-96 ; 
knighted,  1891 ;  honorary  LL.D.  Cambridge.  [Ixii.  169] 

WTNDHAM.    [See  also  WYNDHAM.] 

WINDHAM,  SIR  CHARLES  ASH  (1810-1870),  lieu- 
tenant-general: educated  at  Sandhurst:  ensign  and 
lieutenant,  Coldstream  guards,  1826;  captain  and  lien- 
tenant-colonel,  1846  ;  served  in  Canada,  1838-42  :  colonel, 
1854 ;  assistant  and  quartermaster-general  of  4th  divi- 
sion of  army  of  the  east  in  Crimea,  1854:  at  Alma, 
Balaclava,  and  Inkerman ;  C.B.,  1855;  commanded  2nd 
brigade  of  2nd  division,  1855 :  at  assault  on  the 
Redan ;  major-general,  1855 ;  commanded  4th  division ; 
chief  of  staff  to  Sir  William  John  Codrington  [q.  v.], 
1855;  liberal  M.P.  for  East  Norfolk,  1857;  commanded 
troops  at  Cawnpore,  1857 ;  defeated  central  division  of 
Gwalior  troops  under  Tantia  Topi,  but  was  unsuccessful 
in  holding  Oawnpore  ;  commanded  Lahore  division,  IS'57- 
1801 ;  lieutenant-general,  1863;  K.O.B.,  1865  :  commanded 
forces  in  Canada,  1867-70.  [Ixii.  170] 


WINDHAM 


WINGFTELD 


WINDHAM,  .in-KPH  (1739-1810),  antiquary:  edn- 
en  ted  at  Kt  on  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge :  travelled 

on  continent;  F.s.A.,  177:.;  <i ;  member  of 

Society  of  Dilettanti,  1779  ;  assisted  James  Stuart  (1713 
1788)  [q.  v.]  in  '  Antiquities  of  Athens,'  [Ixii.  172] 

WINDHAM,  WILLIAM  r  1717-1761), colonel ;  offleer 
in  one  of  Queen   Maria  Theresa's  husear  regiments  In 

HmiLMry  :  M.l1..  AM.-i..irirli,  1764  ;  Hupoorted  Pitt's  scheme 

for  national  militia,  1766 ;  published 

1760. 


Plan  of  Discipline,' 

[1*U.  178] 


WINDHAM,  WILLIAM  (1750-1810),  statesman  :  son 
of  William  Windham  (1717-1761)  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
Eton,  Glasgow  University,  and  University  College, 
Oxford ;  M.A.,  1782 ;  hon.  D.O.L.,  1793 ;  friend  of  Dr. 

unson  *nd  Burke :  chief  secretary  to  Northlngton, 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1788;  M.P,  Norwich,  1784- 
1802  ;  one  of  members  charged  with  Impeachment  of 
Warren  Hastings  ;  secretary  for  war,  with  seat  In  cabinet 
under  Pitt,  1794-lKiii:  opposed  peace  of  1802;  assisted 
Cobbett  to  found  •  Political  Register ' ;  M.P.,  St.  Mawes, 
1802-6,  New  Homney,  1806,  and  Higham  Ferrers,  1807- 
1810 ;  held  war  and  colonial  office  In  Lord  Greuvllle's 
administration,  1806-7 ;  Introduced  plan  for  improving 
condition  of  military  forces,  1806 ;  his  diary  published, 
is.;.;.  [lxli.172] 


FIELD.  MU  ANTHONY  (14867-1662*.  eeevp- 
of    the  household:    nephew  of   h 

'•bled.  IMS: 


WlngfWd  fq. T.I;  served  In  France,  IMS: 

sheriff  of  Sorfoik  Mid  Suffolk.  J616-I6  :  awed  In  France. 


IMS;   M.I'.. 


1539 ;  K.O..  1541 ;  joined  Warwick's 
,,1649;  arrested 


16St-St  and  1647-41.  Horaham.  1514  : 
of  guard,  and  privy  councillor. 


trader  of  the  household,  1660;  Joint 

Suffolk.  1661.  [Ixli.  1HI] 

WINOFIELD.  ANTHONY  (16607-1616  VX  reader  in 
Queen  EUwbeth :  grandson  of  Sir  An  tbony 
[q.  v.]  ;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1*74 : 
1676:  M.A.,  1677 ;  accompanied  Lord  WUlongbby 
de  Bresby  on  hie  embassy  to  Denmark,  168S :  public  oca  tor 
at  Cambridge.  1681-9 ;  proctor,  16«2  ;  M.P.,  Klpon,  1691. 


>.  eoic- 

r- 
[q.  v.]  ;  one  of  original  patentees  of  Virginia,  1604  ; 

to  Ail",,  r..-.,.    SWi    tOt    BM     |sjd     "'.    MSJMfl    .:      ',.:.•.,..!. 


WINGFULD,  EDWARD  MARIA  (/.  ie«7> 

it;  grandson  of  Sir  Richard  Wlncntkf(l469r-U»> 

went 


1607,  but  was  deposed  ;  returned  to  England, 

•  Discourse  of  Virginia,'  published,  18M.          [Ixll.  183) 


WINDSOR,  ALICE  DK  (rf.  1400).    [See 

WINDSOR,  formerly  HICKMAH,  THOMAS  WIND- 
SOU,  seventh  BARON  WINDSOR  OF  STAMWKLL  and  first 
EAKL  OF  PLYMOUTH  (16277-1687),  nephew  of  Thomas 
Windsor,  sixth  baron  (1590-1641):  assumed  surname  of 
Windsor  in  lieu  of  Hickmau :  serveTl  with  royalist  army, 
and  was  perhaps  captain,  1642,  and  lieutenant-colonel, 
1645 ;  probably  captured  at  Naseby,  1646,  and  fined  ;  took 
seat  as  seventh  Baron  Windsor,  1660;  governor  of 
Jamaica,  1661-4,  but  was  only  in  West  Indies,  July  to 
October,  1662 ;  master  of  hon»e  to  Duke  of  York,  1676 ; 
governor  of  Portsmouth,  1681,  and  of  Hull,  1682 :  created 
Earl  of  Plymouth,  1684  ;  privy  councillor,  1685. 

[IxiL  175] 

WINDSOR,  Sm  WILLIAM  DE,  BAUON  WINDSOR 
<d.  1384),  deputy  of  Ireland  ;  king's  lieutenant  in  Ireland, 
1369 ;  having  adopted,  to  secure  order,  measures  which 
Edward  III  would  not  support,  was  recalled  ;  viceroy  of 
Ireland,  1373-8 ;  governor  of  Cherbourg,  1379  :  took  lead- 
ing part  in  putting  down  peasants'  revolt,  1381-2  ;  married 
Alice  Perrers  [q.  v.]  [!*»• 

WINDTJS,  JOHN  (/.  1725),  author  of '  A  Journey  to 
Mequinez,'  1725,  written  from  notes  gathered  as  historian 
of  a  mission  despatched  by  George  L  1720,  under  Commo- 
dore Charles  Stewart,  to  treat  for  peace  with  emperor  of 
Morocco.  Clxil-  1793 

WINEFRIDE  (Welsh,  Gweufrewl),  a  legendary  saint, 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  seventh  century' :  reputed  ab- 
bess of  Gwytherin  ;  her  life  written  by  Robert  of  Shrews- 
bury [q.  v.]  Holywell,  Flintshire,  gains  its  name  from 
the  spring  which,  according  to  legend,  appeared  in  the 
place  where  her  head,  which  was  subsequently  reunited 
to  her  body,  was  cut  off.  [Ixli.  179] 

WINFRID.  afterwards  called  BOXIFACK  (680-765). 
[See  BONIFACE.] 

WING,  TYCHO  (1696-1750).  astrologer :  coroner  of 
Rutland,  1727-42  :  edited,  from  1739,  •  Olympla  Domata,' 
the  almanac  founded  by  his  great-great-uncle,  Vincent 
Wing[q.v.]  [UIL180] 

WING,  VINCENT  (1619-1668),  astronomer:  land- 
surveyor;  published  'Astronomia  Britaunlca,'  1652,  and 


(14697-1621)  [q.  T.I;   educated  at  Oray's 
reader,  1517;  high  sheriff  of  Norfolk  and  S 


Suffolk,  16SO-. 

legal  member  of  king's  council,  16*6 :  M.P.,  Great  Yar- 
mouth, 1629 ;  speaker,  16SS-6 ;  knighted,  1518  or  1637. 

[Ixli.  184] 

WINGFIELD,  SIR  JOHN  (</.  1696),  soldier  :  brother 
of  Anthony  Wingfield  fa.  v.] ;  captain  of  foot  In  Leicester", 
expedition  to  Holland,  1686 ; 
of  Gertrnydenber 


1687.  until  Its  delivery  to  Spaniard*, 


JL»CX£f    AVOf  ,      1U1VU     tl»     %*VUW»/     W    OyiJtMl 

of  ordnanoein  Brittany.  1691  ;  camptnactar. 
i  rank,  in  Essex's  expedition,  1596.  to  Cadiz, 
[Ull.  1H6] 

WINOFIELD,  LEWIS  STRANGE  (1842-1891 ..  tra- 
veller, actor,  writer,  and  painter ;  youngest  son  of  Ri«-liard 
Wingfleld,  sixth  viscount  Powerscourt: 


1689; 

with  colonel's  rank,  in 

where  he  wo.^  kilk-l. 


and  Bonn  ;  played  at  Haymarket  Theatre,  London.  18«i. 
and  nubsequently  at  various  times  acted  as  nenspapei 
travellal  in  many  parts  of  the  world. 
L-I  tla-alricml  coBtumes,  and 


painter,  AsjfcjMl  theatrical 

engaged  in  numerous  other  pursuit* :  published  novels 
:ui.l  other  writings.  [IziL  186] 


other  astronomical  writings. 


[Ixii.  179] 


WINGATE,  EDMUND  (1596-1656),  mathematician 
and  legal  writer;  B.A.  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1614; 
entered  Gray's  Inn,  1614;  teacher  of  English  language  to 
l'1-m.-.-.s  (afterwards  Queen)  Henrietta  Maria  in  Paris, 
c.  1624  :  published  '  L'usage  de  hi  regie  de  proportion  en 
arithmetique,'  1624  (in  English,  1626),  and  other  mathe- 
matical works,  including  an  edition  of  'Britton  [see 
BRKTON,  JOHN  LK],  1640 ;  sided  with  parliament  in  civil 
war ;  M.P.,  Bedfordshire,  1655.  [Ixll.  180] 

WINGATE  or  WINYET,  NINIAN  (1618-1592). 
[Sec  WINZKT.] 


WINGFIELD,  Sin  RICHARD  (14697-1525), 
and  diplomatist ;  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Wingficld  fq.  v.l : 
educated  at  Cambridge :  studied  at  Gray'*  Inn  :  knight«l  : 
marshal  of  Calais,  1611 :  dispatched  with  Sir  Edxvanl 
Poynings  to  Netherlands  to  arrange  holy  league  between 
Pope  Julius  II,  England,  Arragoo and Castile,  Maximilian. 
IVincc  Charles  (afterwards  Charles  V),  and  Margaret  of 
Savoy,  1812:  knight-marshal  of  Celalis  1511 :  on  mterions 
to  Brussels  and  Antwerp,  1613;  joint-deputy  of  Calais. 
1613;  on  mission  to  Margaret  of  Savoy  to  arrange  mar- 
riage of  Henry  VIII's  sister  Mary  with  Prince  Charts, 
1614-16:  accompanied  embasey  to  France,  1616:  ac- 
credited to  court  of  Brussels,  W6;  resigned  poet  at  Calais, 
1519;  English  ambassador  at  court  of  France,  1620; 
Henry's  representative  in  mediating  between  Francis  and 
Charl'es  V,  1821-S :  received  Garter,  1522;  chancellor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  1624;  high  steward  of  Cambridge 
University,  1524  ;  died  while  on  mlsrion  to  Spaln^ 

WINGFIELD,  Sin  RICHARD,  first  V 
POWEKHCOURT  (d.  1634),  deputy  vice- treasurer^ of  Irdaud, 
1680-c.  1686:  (erred  under  Sir  John  NorrU  (15477- 
1597)  [q.  v.],ln  Netherlands.  1688,  and  in  Brittany,  1591 : 
served  in  Ireland,  1696:  knighted,  1696;  colonel  in 
Essex's  expedition  to  Cadlx,  1696;  marshal  of  arniy  In 
Ireland,  16w7  privy  councillor,  1 1600:  served  in  I  Uter . 
16*W,  and  at  siege  of  K insole,  1601  :  M.P.,  Do*npatrlck, 

WINOFIELD,  Sra  ROBERT  0*W7-16»).  diplo- 
matist:  brother  of  Sir  Humphrey  Wingfleld  [q.  v.]  and 
Sir  Richard  Wingfleld  (1469  f-1526)  [q.vO  :  «»  "J^0". 
from  Hcnrj'  VII  to  Maximilian.  1507 -« •  knighted: 
councillor  and  knight  of  the  body,  e.  1611 ;  joint-amba*- 
voked  by  Julio*  II  at  M»e  Lateran, 
1514-17;  censured  by  Henry  \ 
B  In  Maximilian;  king's  councillor, 

..„, .   « at  Charles  VH  court,  1520 ;    privy 

councillor  and  rloe^hamberlaln :  amoamdor  to  Margaret 


WINGHAM 


1424 


WINT 


of  PftToy  at  Brussels,  1522-3 ;  lieutenant  of  Calais  Castle, 
1523  :  at  Brussels,  1525-6  ;  deputy  of  Calais,  1526;  mayor 

[Ixu.  191] 

WINGHAM  or  WENGHAM,  HENRY  DK  (d.  1262), 
t.M.op  of  Ixindon  :  oue  of  king's  escheators ;  chamber- 
1  m  of  »;:i-i-«.nv  :  k.vpiT  of  great  seal,  1255-9;  chancellor 
of  Exeter  1257:  d.-.ui  of  St.  Martin's;  one  of  twelve 
nominated  by  Henry  III  to  draw  up  provision*  of  Oxford, 
1258 ;  biahop  of  Winchester,  1259,  and  later  of  London. 

[Ixii.  193] 

WINI  (d.  675  ?),  bishop  of  London  ;  bishop  of  western 
portion  of  West-Saxons,  with  see  at  Winchester,  and, 
lat«r,  sole  bisliop  of  West-Saxons,  e,  663  ;  expelled  from 
bishopric,  666,  by  Cenwalh,  king  of  West-Saxons :  bishop 
of  London,  666.  [I™-  194] 

WINKWORTH,  CATHERINE  (1827-1878),  author; 
«i«t4T  of  Susanna  Wiukworth  [q.  v.] ;  educated  privately  ; 
«tudied  at  Dresden,  1845-6  :  joine<l  committee  for  higher 
elucation  of  women,  1868,  and  became  secretary,  1870; 
best  known  by  her  translations  of  German  hymns,  1853 
and  1858.  [l*ii.  1»«] 

WINKWORTH,  SUSANNA  (1820-1884),  translator: 
met  Baron  Buuseii  at  Rome  and  for  some  time  acted 
a*  his  literary  secretary ;  published  life  and  letters  of 
Kiebuhr,  1853,  a  translation  of  the '  Theologia  Germanica,' 
1854,  and  other  works  ;  engaged  in  philanthropic  enter- 
prises at  Bristol.  [Ixii.  195] 

WINMARLEIGH,  BAROX(  1802-1892).  [SeeWiLSOX- 

rATTEX,  JOHN.] 

WINNIFFE,  THOMAS  (1576-1654),  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln ;  fellow,  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  1595-1609  :  M.A., 
1G01:  D.D.,  1619;  incorporated  D.D.  Cambridge,  1628; 
chaplain  to  Prince  Charles  (afterwards  Charles  I);  dean 
of  Gloucester.  1624  :  chaplain  to  Charles  I ;  dean  and  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1631 ;  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
1642.  [Ixii.  196] 

WLNNINGTON,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1634-1700),  lawyer  ; 
of  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  barrister,  Middle  Temple, 
1660,  bencher,  1672;  autumn  reader,  1675;  treasurer, 
1675  ;  K.C.  and  attorney-general  to  Duke  of  York,  1672; 
kniehted,  1672  ;  solicitor-general.  1674-9 ;  M.P.,  Windsor, 
1677  ;  M.PM  Worcester,  1679  (twice)aud  1681, and  Tewkes- 
bury,  1692-8.  [Ixii.  197] 

wiNNiNGTON,  THOMAS  (1696-1746),  politician ; 

grandson  of  Sir  Francis  Wilmington  [q.  v.]  ;  of  West- 
minster School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  entered 
Middle  Temple,  1714  ;  M.P.,  Droitwich,  1726-41,  Worces- 
ter, 1741-6 ;  supported  Walpole ;  lord  of  admiralty, 
1730 ;  treasurer,  1736-41 ;  cofferer  of  household,  1741-3 ; 
paymaster-general  of  forces,  1743-6;  privy  councillor, 
1741.  [Ixii.  198] 

WINRAM.  GEORGE,  LORD  LIBBERTOUN  (d.  1650), 
Scottish  judge:  admitted  advocate,  1620;  presented  to 
Charles  I  petition  of  assembly  after  abolition  of  epis- 
copacy, 1638 :  one  of  commissioners  for  Midlothian  in  par- 
liaments of  1643  and  1649 :  represented  general  assembly 
at  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  1647  ;  lord  of  session, 
1649 ;  one  of  Scottish  parliamentary  commissioners  chosen 
to  treat  with  Charles  II,  1649,  and  after  conference  with 
Charles  in  Jersey  brought  intelligence  to  Scotland  that 
Charles  would  receive  commissioners  at  Breda,  1650 ;  took 
part  in  conferences  at  Breda  ;  fought  at  Dunbar  and  die  1 
of  wounds  [Ixii.  199] 

WLNRAM,  WYNRAM,  or  WINRAHAM,  JOHN 
(1492?-1582),  Scottish  reformer;  B.A.  St.  Leonard's  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews,  1515;  entered  Augnstinian  monastery 
of  St.  Andrews,  and  was  third  prior,  1534,  and  sub-prior, 
1536 ;  adopted  tolerant  attitude  towards  George  Wishart 
(15137-1546)  [q.  v.]  and  Knox,  and  casting  in  his  lot 
with  reformers  was  superintendent  of  Fife,  1561-72  and 
1574 ;  member  of  commission  to  draw  np  'Book  of  Dis- 
cipline ' ;  prior  of  Portmoak :  present  at  Perth  conven- 
tion, 1569,  and  Leith  convention,  1572,  and  was  made 
archbishop  of  the  diocese  on  authorisation  of  •  tulchan  ' 
bishops ;  superintendent  of  Strathearn,  1572-4. 

WUTSLOW,  EDWARD  (1595-1655),  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony ;  born  at  Droitwich,  Worcestershire ; 
joined  English  church  at  Leyden ;  went  to  New  England 
in  Mayflower,  1620  ;  in  England  as  agent  for  the  colony, 
e23-4and  1624;  assistant-governor,  1624-47,  except  in- 
1633,  1G36,  and  1644,  when  he  wait  governor  ;  in  England 
M  agent  fur  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts,  1635,  when  he 


was  imprisoned  for  preaching  and  celebrating  marriages, 
though  a  layman  :  returned  to  England  to  answer  chai-Lres 
against  colonists  of  religious  intolerance  and  persecu- 
tion, 1646;  held  various  offices  under  Commonwealth; 
died  at  sea  while  accompanying  naval  expedition  against. 
Spanish  in  West  Indies  ;  published  controversial  and  other' 
writings.  .  [Ixii.  201] 

WINSLOW,  FORBES  BENIGNUS  •  (1810-1874), 
physician ;  educated  at  University  College,  London,  and 
Middlesex  Hospital;  M.R.O.S..  1835  ;  M.D.  Aberdeen, 
1849 ;  published  treatises  on  insanity  :  opened  private 
lunatic  asylum  at  Hammersmith,  1847 ;  founded,  1848, 
and  conducted,  1848-64,  'Quarterly  Journal  of  Psycho- 
logical Medicine';  hon.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1853.  [Ixii.  203] 

WINSOR,  FREDERICK  ALBERT  (1763-1830),  one 
of  pioneers  of  gas-lighting ;  born  in  Brunswick  ;  obtained 
patent  for  '  oven  '  for  manufacture  of  gas,  1804  ;  lighted 
with  gas  part  of  Pall  Mall,  London,  1806 ;  obtained 
patents  for  new  gas  furnace  and  purifiers,  1807, 1808,  and 
1809  ;  assisted  Westminster  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company 
toobtnin  charter,  1810 ;  founded  gas-lighting  company  in 
Paris,  1815  (liquidated,  1819);  died  in  Paris.  [Ixii.  204] 

WINSOR,  FREDERICK  ALBERT  (1797-1874),  bar- 
rister; sou  of  Frederick  Albert  Winsor  (1763-1830) 
[q.  v.]  ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1840  ;  obtained  patent 
for  •  production  of  light,'  1843.  [Ixii.  205] 

WINSTANLEY,  GERRARD(/.  1648-1652), « digger' 
or  '  leveller ' ;  came  into  notice,  1649,  as  joint-leader  of 
party  of  men  who  began  cultivating  waste  lands  at  St. 
George's  Hill,  Walton^m-Thames,  Surrey,  asserting  right 
of  common  people  to  do  so  without  paying  rent ;  pub- 
lished tracts  relating  to  this  and  religious  questions: 
universalist,  and,  according  to  Dean  Comber,  real 
founder  of  the  quaker  sect.  [Ixii.  206] 

WINSTANLEY,  HAMLET  (1698-1756),  painter  and 
engraver ;  studied  under  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  [q.  v.]  in 
London  ;  employed  at  Rome  by  James  Stanley,  tenth  earl 
of  Derby,  1723-5,  in  copying  works  of  old  masters :  painted 
portraits.  [Ixii.  207] 

WINSTANLEY,  HENRY  (1644-1703),  engineer  and 
engraver ;  nephew  of  William  Winstanley  [q.  v.] ;  clerk 
of  works  to  Charles  II  at  Audley  End  and  Newmarket, 
1666  :  issued  engravings  of  Audley  End,  1676 ;  furnished 
design  for  Eddystone  lighthouse,  1696,  and  while  superin- 
tending construction  was  captured  by  French  privateer, 
which  destroyed  the  work,  1697  ;  released,  1697 ;  com- 
pleted building,  and  lost  life- in  storm  which  demolished  itr 
1703.  [Ixii.  208] 

WINSTANLEY,  JOHN  (1G787-1750),  verse-  writer ; 
published  '  Poems  written  occasionally,'  Dublin,  1742. 

[Ixii.  209] 

WINSTANLEY,  THOMAS  (17J9-1823),  scholar: 
M.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1774;  D.D.,  1799  ;  fellow 
of  Hertford  College,  Oxford ;  Camden  professor  of  his- 
tory, 1790  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1794-1810  ; 
principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  1797 :  Laudian  pro- 
fessor of  Arabic,  1814;  edited  Aristotle's  '  Poetics,'  1780. 

[Ixii.  209] 

WINSTANLEY,  WILLIAM  (1628  ?-16»8),  compiler : 
uncle  of  Henry  Winstanley  [q.  v.] :  barber  in  London; 
adopted  literary  profession  ;  probably  wrote  the  almanacs 
and  chapbooks  issued  from  1662,  under  pseudonym  of 
'Poor  Robin.1  His  compilations  include  'The  Muses 
Cabinet,'  1655,  'England's  Worthies,'  1660,  'Loyall 
Martyrology,'  1662,  '  The  Honour  of  the  Merchant  Tay- 
lors,' 1668,  and  '  Lives  of  the  most  famous  English  Poets,' 
1687.  [Ixii.  209] 

WINSTON,  CHARLES  (1814-1864),  writer  on  glass- 
painting  ;  studied  at  Inner  Temple:  special  pleader; 
called  to  bar,  1845 ;  published  several  works  on  glass- 
painting,  and  conducted  chemical  experiments  which  led 
to  improvement  in  manufacture  of  coloured  glass : 
claimed  to  have  discovered  the  secret  of  the  mediaeval 
processes  of  glass-painting;  member  of  ArchajologicaV 
Institute.  [Ixii.  211] 

WINSTON,  THOMAS  (1575-1655),  physician :  M.A. 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1602;  fellow  till  1617;  F.R.C.P.» 
1615 ;  professor  of  physic,  Greshain  College,  London, 
1615-42  and  1652-5.  [Ixii.  213] 

WIN!,  PETER  DE  (1784-1849).    [See  DH  WINT.] 


WINTER 


1  IL'.-, 


WINTRINOHAM 


WINTER,   Sm    EDWARD    (162S  ?-1686),   agent  at 

Fort  St.  (Jcoiv.  Ma, Ira,  ;  w,-nt  l»  ln.l-:».  .-.  1'. 
of  Masulipatam  factor}',  1665-8;  dismissed  for  private 
trading:  knighted,  IMS ;  agent  at  Fort  St.  George,  1662 ; 
accused  of  fraud  but  succeeded  in  securing  imprison- 
ment  of  (Jeorse  Foxeroft,  the  new  agent  sent  to  Uke  bis 
place,  1665,  un.l  continu.-l  dim-lion  of  affair*  till  1668, 
\vh.  ii  he  was  compelled  to  submit,  Foxcroft  bring  re- 
instfiU.il ;  finally  returned  to  England,  1672.  [IxlL  SIS] 

WINTER,  sm  JOHN  (1600?-1678?).  secretary  to 
<Jneen  Henrietta  Maria ;  grandson  of  Sir  William  Winter 
[q.  v.],  and  son  of  Sir  Edward  Winter  by  Anne,  daughter 
<>f  •iwaid  Somerset,  fourth  earl  of  Worcester  [q.  T.]  ; 
knighted,  1624;  frequently  gave  Charles  I  pecuniary 
Assistance,  and  received  large  grants  in  Forest  of  Dean : 
member  of  council  of  Fishing  Company;  secretary  to 
Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  1688 ;  master  of  I  IJUM>  I  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria :  became  object  of  parliamentary 
sion  owing  to  his  Roman  catholic  principles :  ~ 
colonel  of  Welsh  force  raised  by  Marquis  of  W< 
1643 ;  conducted  guerilla  warfare :  defeated  at  Ti.lenbam, 
1644 ;  governor  of  Chepstow,  1645 ;  confined  in  Tower  of 
London,  1650-3 :  employed  leisure  in  making  experiments 
in  production  of  coke,  for  which  he  obtained  monopoly 
after  Restoration  ;  successful  colliery  manager  in  Forest 
of  Dean.  [Ixii.  213] 

WINTER  or  WINTOUR,  ROBERT  (tl.  1606X  con- 
spirator ;  brother  of  Thomas  Winter  or  Wlntour  [q.  v.]  ; 
admitted  to  Gunpowder  plot,  1605 ;  arrested  at  Hugley, 
Worcestershire,  1606 ;  wrote  confession  of  his  share  In 
conspiracy  and  was  executed.  [Ixli.  819] 

WINTER,  SAMUEL  (1603-1666),  provost  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin:  of  King  Henry  VIII's  school, Coventry, 
and  Queens'  College,  Cambridge;  M.A.:  joined  indepen- 
dent ministry ;  chaplain  to  four  parliamentary  commis- 
sions in  Ireland;  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1651-60 ;  D.D.,  1654 ;  took  lead  hi  forming  clerical  asso- 
ciation in  which  independents,  presbyterians,  and  episco- 
palians could  meet  in  amity ;  divinity  lecturer,  1659  ; 
removed  from  provostahip  at  Restoration.  [Ixli.  216] 

WINTER  or  WINTOUR,  THOMAS  (1572-1606), 
conspirator;  served  in  Netherlands  :  secretary  to  Wil- 
liam Parker,  fourth  lord  Monteagle  [q.  v.];  became 
intimate  friend  of  Catesby;  sent  by  Monteagle  and 
Catesby  on  mission  to  Philip  III  of  Spain,  1602,  to  pro- 
pose invasion  of  England  or  obtain  money  for  distressed 
Roman  catholics  ;  became  party  to  Catesby 's  Gunpowder 
plot,  1604,  and  brought  Fawkes  to  England ;  took  pro- 
minent part  in  working  of  the  mine  under  the  parlia- 
ment house;  arrested  at  Holbeche,  8  Nov.  1606,  and  con- 
veyed to  Tower  of  London ;  prepared  written  confession 
containing  account  of  plot,  1605,  and  was  executed,  1606. 

[Ixii.  S17] 

WINTER.  THOMAS  (1795-1851),  pugilist;  styled 
'Tom  Spring';  worked  as  butcher:  adopted  boxing  as 
profession,  1814 ;  defeated  Ned  Painter,  1818,  but  was 
beaten  by  him  later  in  same  year ;  defeated  Carter,  1819, 
Tom  Oliver  [q.  v.],  1821.  and  others ;  claimed  champion- 
ship  of  England  on  retirement  of  Tom  Cribb  [q.  v.], 
1821 ;  defeated  Neat  of  Bristol,  and  Langan,  an  Irishman, 
1823 ;  retired  from  ring ;  kept  Castle  Tavern,  Holborn, 
1828-51.  [!*"• «»] 

WINTER,  or  correctly  WYNTER,  SIR  WILLIAM 
(<*.  15891  admiral :  surveyor  of  navy,  1549-89  :  master  of 
ordnance  of  navy,  1557-89;  commanded  fleet  sent  to 
Forth  to  watch  for  French  squadron,  1559 ;  with  the 
fleet  at  Conquet,  1658,  and  Havre,  1563:  knighted,  1573  : 
took  part  in  battle  off  Gravelines,  1588 :  supported 
charges  of  dishonesty  brought  against  (Sir)  John  Hawkins 
or  Hawkyns  [q.  v.],  1588.  [*".  «*>] 

WINTERBOTHAM,  HENRY  SELFE  PAGE(1837- 
1873),  politician:  grandson  of  William  Winterbothara 
[q.  v.] ;  educated  at  University  College,  London;  LL.D. 
London,  1859;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1860:  advanced 
liberal  M.P.  for  Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  1867 ;  under- 
secretary of  state  for  home  department,  1871.  ^^ 

WINTERBOTHAM,  WILLIAM  (1763-1829),  dissent- 

in-  minister  and  political  prisoner:  silversmith  in  Lon- 
don ;  joined  Culvinistic  methodists ;  became  baptist.  "W; 
at  llow's  Lane  Chapel,  Plymouth ;  fined  and 


1791-7: 


•»isse»©i»s|35 

two  works :  practised  at  Sooth 


,    THOMAS   (<f.    1478V   dlrinr: 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury ;  damn  of  St.  Paul'..  London, 

[UlL  SS4J 


WINTER8EL.  WINTERSHALL, 
WINTilRSHULL.   Wii.UAM(<*.  l«79),aoi 


WUITJVBBVJA,  WILLIAM  (if.  1679),  actor; 
of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria's  company,  e.  16J7-IJ, 
of  Thomas  KUligrew  the  elder  [q.  v.L  after 
tlon ;  famous  for  his  perf ormaoos  of  Coke*  In 


-IS,  and  that 


•  Bartholomew  Fair.' 


Jonson's 
[UU.SS4] 

rERTON,  RALPH  (1600-16M),  physician  ;  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Camortdge;  fellow, 
1620;  M.A.,  1624;  licensed  to  practise  medicine,  1611: 
M.D.,  1633;  appointed  regias  professor  of  physic,  t&lf : 
published  numerous  translations.  Including  a  Greek 
metrical  version  of  aphorism*  of  Hippocrates  (with  Latin 
versions  by  John  Heurnius  of  Utrecht),  1613.  [IxlL Stt] 

WINTERTON,  THOMAS  (/.  1391 X  theological 
writer:  doctor  of  tltcology,  Oxford  ;  provincial  of  Anfus* 
Unian  order,  U«J  and  1391 ;  wrote  agalnrt  WycUffe. 

[Uli.  tS«] 

WDfTHROP.  J.  .IIS  (1688-1649),  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  Uval 
at  Gnat  SUnbridge,  K«ex,  and  gained  great  moral 
ascendency  among  bU  puritan  neighbours  :  attorney  of 
court  of  wards  and  liveries,  1626  ;  entered  Inner  Temple, 
1628;  went  to  Massachusetts  after  decision,  16S9.  of 
court  of  MaHsachuaettH  Company  to  vest  government  of 
colony  in  the  colonists,  1610:  settled  at  Cbariestown 


(now  northern  suburb  of  boston)  and  received  from 
Endecott  [q.  v.]  authority  which  be  exercised  as  i 
governor;  established  headquarters  on  peninsula  of 
Shawmut,  to  which  name  of  Bontou  was  given,  16)0: 
elected  governor,  1631,  1632,  1637,  1642,  and  1646;  made 
councillor  for  life,  1636  :  combated  relaxation  of  religious 
discipline  in  government  of  colony  ;  left  a  manuscript 
'Journal'  (1630-49)  which  was  published,  l8»-«,  and 
forms  staple  of  all  subsequent  histories  of  early  New 
England.  [IxlL  **«] 

WINTHROP,  JOHN,  the  younger  (1606-1676),  go- 
vernor of  Connecticut;  sou  of  John  Wlnthrop  (U88- 
1649)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  :  entered  Inner 
Temple  :  travelled  on  continent  :  joined  bis  father  in 
New  England,  1631  ;  assistant,  1634,  16»,  1640,  1M1.  and 
1644-9  ;  governor,  1632,  of  settlemt-ut  on  river  OnniMeMoiH 
(afterwards  absorbed  in  colony  of  Connecticut);  one  of 
magistrates  of  Connecticut,  1C&1  :  deputy-governor,  1«69  ; 
governor,  1660-76  ;  carried  loyal  address  to  Charles  II  in 
England,  1662  ;  F.&8.,  166*.  [IxiL  2J1] 

WINTON,  EARLS  or.  [See  SKTOS,  GBORGR.  third 
EAUL,  1684-16W  ;  Srro.v,  GKOROK,  fifth  KARL,  J.  1749  ; 
MONTOOUKRIK,  ARCHIBALD  WILLIAM,  first  KARL  in  peer- 
age of  United  Kingdom,  1812-1M1.) 

WIHTOH,  ANDREW  OF  (1  MO  ?-14JO  t).    [SM  WTX- 

TOUX.] 

WINTOUR.    [See  also  WISTKB,] 

WINTOTO,  JOHN  ORAWPORD(18Sft-188SX  l*«»d- 
FcaDe-palnter  ;  studied  at  Trustees'  Academy,  Edinburgh  : 
aseociate  of  Royal  ScottL«h  Academy,  1*9.  [UiL  »S) 

WIHTRINOHAJi,  OLIFTON  (168t-17«X 
educated  at  Jesns  College,  Cambridge:  extra 
1711  ;  practised  at  York  :  physician  in  York  county 
;  his  medical  works  collected  by  his  son,  1™. 


pital 


(1710- 


WINTRINOHAM.  Sm  CLIFTON,    baronet  (17 
1794X  physician;   sot  of  Clifton  Wlntringham  [q.T.]: 


WINWOOD 


1426 


WISHART 


M  D.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1749 ;  entered  army 
medical  serrlce;  joint-physician  to  hospital  for  service  of 
forces  of  Great  Britain,  1756  ;  physician  in  ordinary  to 
Georg«  in,  1762 ;  knighted,  1762  ;  F.R.C.P.,  1763  ;  created 
baronet,  1774;  physician- general  to  forces,  1786  :  F.U.S., 
1792;  published  medical  writings,  and  (1752)  edited  his 
father's  works.  [Ixii.  233] 

WINWOOD,  8m  RALPH  (1563?-1617),  diplomatist 
and  secretary  of  state :  fellow,  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1582-1601:  B.A.,  1582:  M.A.,1587;  B.C.L.,1591;  univer- 
sity proctor,  1592:  travelled  on  continent;  secretary, 
1599,  to  Sir  Henry.'Neville,  whom  he  succeeded  as  ambas- 
sador to  France.  1601-3  ;  English  agent  to  States-General 
of  Holland,  1603-14:  councillor  of  state  in  assembly  of 
States-General,  1603 ;  visited  England  and  was  knighted, 
1«07;  signed,  with  Sir  Richard  Spencer,  treaty  of  the 
States-General  with  England,  1608 ;  joined  with  French 
ambassador,  BoissUse,  in  unsuccessful  mediation  between 
protestant  princes  and  the  emperor  Rudolph  II,  1609; 
appointed  secretary  of  state  for  life,  1614:  M.P.,  Buck- 
ingham, 1614;  led  House  of  Commons,  1614;  supported 
theory  that  power  of  impositions  belonged  to  hereditary, 
though  not  to  elective,  monarchs  ;  joint-secretary  with 
Sir  Thomas  Lake,  1616 ;  supported  and  profited  by 
James  I's  policy  of  selling  peerages ;  largely  responsible 
for  release  of  Sir  Walter  lialegh,  1616,  and  for  permission 
covertly  given  him  to  pillage  Spanish  possessions  in 
America  ;  a  selection  from  his  papers  published,  1725. 

[Ixii.  233] 

WINZET,  WTNYET,  or  WINGATE,  NINIAN 
(1518-1592),  Scottish  controversialist ;  perhaps  educated 
at  Glasgow ;  ordained  priest,  1540  ;  master  of  grammar 
fchool  of  Linlithgow,  1552.  and  subsequently  provost  of 
collegiate  church  of  St.  Michael,  Linlithgow;  ejected 
from  office  for  refusing  to  sign  protestant  confession 
of  faith,  1561 ;  Queen  Elizabeth's  chaplain,  c.  1562;  exiled, 
1663  ;  preceptor  of  arts  in  Paris  University ;  abbot  of 
Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  James  at  Ratisbon,  1577- 
1592 ;  published  writings  against  Knox  and  Buchanan. 

[Ixii.  236] 

WIREKER,  NIGEL  (fl.  1190).    [See  NIGEL.] 

WIRLEY,  WILLIAM  (1565-1618).    [See  WYRLEY.] 

WISDOM,  ROBERT  (rf.  15G8),  archdeacon  of  Ely ; 
B.D.  (university  unknown);  committed  to  Lollards' 
Tower  for  heresy,  1540;  recanted,  1543;  continued  to 
preach  reformation  doctrines  :  vicar  of  Settrington ; 
settled  at  Frankfort  on  Queen  Mary's  accession  ;  returned 
to  England,  1559 :  archdeacon  of  Ely,  1560 :  published 
metrical  version  of  Psalms,  and  other  works.  [Ixii.  237] 

WISE,  FRANCIS  (1695-1767),  archaeologist;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1717 ;  fellow,  1719-46 ;  B.D., 
1727:  uuder-keeper  of  Bodleian  Library,  1719;  keeper  of 
archives  at  Oxford,  1726;  rector  of  Rotherfield  Greys, 
near  Henley-on-Thames,  1745-67 ;  Radcliffe  librarian  at 
Oxford,  1748-67 ;  F.S.A.,  1749 ;  published  archaeological 
works.  [Ixii.  238] 

WISE,  HENRY  (1653-1738),  gardener;  deputy- 
ranger  of  Hyde  Park  and  superintendent  of  royal  gardens 
at  Hampton  Court,  Kensington,  and  elsewhere,  c.  1689; 
was  also  gardener  to  Queen  Anne,  1702,  and  to  George  I, 
1714;  published  'The  Retir'd  Gard'ner,'  1706  (translated 
from  the  French),  with  George  London,  under  whom  he 
studied  horticulture,  and  whose  sole  partner  he  had  been 
at  the  Brompton  nursery.  [Ixii.  239] 

WISE,  JOHN  RICHARD  DE  CAPEL  (1831-1890), 
author  and  ornithologist :  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford ; 
travelled  abroad  and  in  England  collecting  birds'  eggs ; 
published  '  Sbakspere  :  his  Birthplace  and  its  Neighbour- 
hood,' 1860,  illustrated  by  W.  J.  Linton,  'The  New 
Forest'  (1862),  illustrated  by  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  and  other 
•works.  [Ixii.  240] 

WISE,  MICHAEL  (16467-1687),  musician  and  com- 
poser;  one  of  children  of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  in  1660  ; 
lay-clerk  of  St.  George's,  Windsor,  1663 ;  organist  and 
master  of  choristers  of  Salisbury  Cathedral,  1668 :  gentle- 
man of  Chapel  Royal,  London,  1676 ,  almoner  and  master 
of  the  boys  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1687 ;  published  and 
left  in  manuscript  religious  and  other  musical  composi- 
tions which,  with  those  of  Blow  and  Humphrey,  constitute 
*  link  between  the  foreign  music  encouraged  by  Charles  II 
and  the  original  work  of  PuroelL  [Ixii.  241  ] 


WISE,  WILLIAM  FURLONG  (1784-1844),  roar- 
admiral;  entered  navy,  1797 ;  lieutenant,  1804;  captain, 
1800;  distinguished  at  bombardment  of  Algiers.  1816; 
C.B.,  1816;  rear-admiral,  1841.  [Ixii.  242] 

WISEMAN,  NICHOLAS  PATRICK  STKl'HKN 
j  (1802-1865),  cardinal-archbishop  of  Westminster;  born  in 
j  Seville :  went  to  Waterford,  1805  ;  educated  at  St.  Cuth- 
bert's  College,  Ushaw;  received  four  minor  orders  unit 
studied  at  English  College,  Rome;  doctor  in  divinity, 
1824;  ordained  priest,  1825 :  assistant  to  Abbate  Mol/.a. 
who  was  compiling  Syriac  grammar;  published  oriental 
researches  under  title  '  Hone  Syriacre,'  1828  :  professor 
supernumerary  in  chairs  of  Hebrew  and  Syro-Clmldaic  in 
Roman  Archigymnasium  of  the  Sapien/a,  IK-.'S;  vice- 
rector  of  English  College,  Home,  1827,  rector,  1828-40; 
published  lectures  on '  Connection  between  Science  aiul 
Revealed  Religion,'  1836;  in  England,  1835-6;  assisted  in, 
founding  '  Dublin  Review,'  Roman  catholic  quarterly 
magazine,1 1836 ;  coadjutor  to  vicar-apostolic  of  central 
district  of  England,  1839;  bishop  of  Melipotamus  iif 
partibus,  and  president  of  Oscott  College,  1840 :  greatly 
influenced  development  of  the  Oxford  movement :  pub- 
lished '  High  Church  Claims,'  1841 ;  diplomatic  envov 
from  Pius  IX  to  Palmerston,  1848  ;  pro- vicar  apostolic  o'f 
London  district,  1848 ;  vicar-apostolic,  1849 :  archbishop 
of  Westminster  and  cardinal,  with  title  of  St.  Prudeutianu, 
1850;  gained  wide  repute  as  lecturer  on  social,  artistic. 
and  literary  topics.  His  works  include,  'Fabiola,  or  tin- 
Church  of  the  Catacombs,'  a  story  of  the  third  century. 
1854,  'Recollections  of  the  last  Four  Popes,'  1858,  an'il 
numerous  lectures  and  sermons.  He  is  the  bishop  in- 
Browning's  'Bishop  Blougram's  Apology,'  though  the- 
poem  can  hardly  be  accepted  as  a  serious  description  of 
his  life  and  aims.  [Ixii.  243] 

WISEMAN,  RICHARD  ( 1622  ?-1676),  surgeon;  ap- 
prenticed in  London;  served  in  Dutch  navy;  joined 
j  royalist  army  of  the  west,  c.  1644 ;  with  Prince  Charles 
after  rout  at  Trnro,  1646,  and  became  his  immediate- 
medical  attendant ;  captured  at  Worcester,  1651 ;  prac- 
tised in  London  from  1652 ;  freeman  of  Barber-Surgeons* 
Company ;  imprisoned  for  assisting  a  royalist,  1654 1 
'surgeon  in  ordinary  for  the  person,'  1660;  principal 
surgeon  and  sergeant-surgeon  to  Charles  II,  1672  ;  master 
of  Barber-Surgeons'  Company,  1665 ;  published  surgical 
works  :  the  first  to  raise  the  surgical  profession  from  its 
state  of  subordination  to  the  physicians.  [Ixii.  246] 

WISHART,  GEORGE  (1513?-1546),  Scottish  re. 
former:  perhaps  graduated  in  arts  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen ;  said  to  have  been  schoolmaster  at  Montrose, 
and,  being  charged  with  heresy  for  teaching  Greek  New 
Testament,  to  have  fled  the  country,  1538:  probably 
visited  Germany  and  Switzerland,  c.  1540 :  became 
member  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  c.  1543; 
probably  returned  to  Montrose,  1543 :  preached  at  Dun- 
dee, Ayr,  Kyle,  Mauchlin,  Perth,  Leith,  and  Haddington. 
1545  ;  arrested  by  Both  well ;  confined  at  Edinburgh  and 
St.  Andrews,  1546 :  tried  by  convocation  of  bishops  and 
other  clergy ;  convicted  of  heresy  and  burned  at  St.  An- 
drews ;  teacher  and  intimate  friend  of  John  Knox  from 
1544.  [Ixii.  248] 

WISHART,  GEORGE  (1599-1671),  bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  perhaps  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  St.  Salva- 
j  tor's  College,  St.  Andrews;  minister  at  Monifieth, 
Forfarshire,  1625 ;  held  second  charge  at  St.  Andrews. 
1626  :  D.D.  St.  Andrews,  r.  1634  ;  fled  to  England  during 
presbyterian  ascendency ;  lecturer  at  St.  Nicholas,  New- 
castle, 1640;  captured  by  Leslie  on  fall  of  New- 
castle, 1644,  and  imprisoned  at  Edinburgh,  1644-5; 
chaplain  to  Montrose,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his 
wanderings  on  continent;  returned  to  Newcastle,  1660; 
bishop  of  Edinburgh,  1G62;  published  Latin 'account  of 
Montrose's  campaigns,  1647.  [Ixii.  251] 

WISHART,  Sm  JAMES  (d.  1723),  admiral :  captain, 
1689;  with  Sir  George  Rooke  [q.  v.]  at  Cadiz  and  Viw. 
1702,  and  in  channel,  1703-4 ;  promoted  rear-admiral  and 
knighted,  1704 ;  admiral  of  the  blue,  1708 ;  lord  of  ad- 
miralty, 1710;  M.P.,  Portsmouth,  1711-15;  admiral  of 
white  squadron  and  commander-in-chief  in  Mediter- 
ranean, 1713 ;  superseded  in  command,  1714. 

[Ixii.  253] 

WISHART,  Sm  JOHN  (d.  1576),  Scottish    judge; 

studied  law  at  Edinburgh  ;  one  of  those  who  signed  the 

1  'band,'  or  first  covenant,  and  confederated  themselves 


WISHABT 


14i>7 


WIX 


uiiilcr  mime  of  the  congregation  for  destruction  of  Roman 
catholic  church  in  S-otland,  1557;  member  of  cooncil  of 
authority  which  declared  Mary  of  Guiae  to  have 
oflicvof  regent,  15.VJ;  commissioner  at  convent!.: 
\\ick,  where  terms  of  tn-atv  1  with  England 

against  France,  1500  ;  temporul  lonl  of  the  article*,  1680 ; 
mcinlx-r  of  temporary  gOVetaiBf  body  formed  on  death  of 
quern  recent,  1500:  knighted,  lir.'J  ;  privy  councillor  and 
.•..m;,trollcr  and  collector-general  of  teinds,  1563  ;  opposed 
Miirv  Stuart's  marriage  with  Daruley,  was  denounced  M  • 
rebel,  and  tied  to  England,  1565  ;  pardoned,  1566  ;  joined 
icy  against   liothwi-ll,  l.r>t;7  ;   extraordinary  lord 
.11,  1507;    joined  party  of  Duke  of  Chatelhcrault 

[sea  ii  \MM.TON,  JAMKS,  second  \-.\\n.  ta  aJuuxllfTO; 

i-onstable  of  Edinburgh;  captured  by  Morton,  1573;  de- 
priv.il  of  judicial  office,  but  renppointed  extraordinary 
lonl  of  session,  1574.  [Ixil.  288] 

WISHART,  ROBERT  (d.  131G),  bishop  of  Glasgow ; 
an-hili. icon  of  St.  Andrews;  bishop  of  Glasgow,  1X70; 
mir  of  -ix  guardians  of  realm  on  death  of  Alexander  III, 
ipported  Edward  I,  1290,  and  swore  fealty  to  him 
.i,u-ii,u'  his  progress  through  Scotland,  1296,  but  took  op 
Robert  Bruce,  c.  1299 ;  was  captured  by  Edward  I, 
;:;oi  ;  was  released  on  again  swearing  fealty,  but  soon 
•oiiied  patriots  under  Wallace  ;  officiated  at  coronation 
of  !  truce,  130(5 ;  captured  after  battle  of  Methven ;  iin- 
pn-,,ued  at  Porchester  Castle;  released  after  battle  of 
Bannockburn,  1814.  [Ixil.  255] 

WISSOTG,  WILLEM  (1656-1687),  portrait-painter; 
born  at  Amsterdam :  came  to  England,  c.  1680 ;  worked 
for  Sir  Peter  Lely  [q.  v.];  became  favourite  painter  of 
.lames  II  and  Mary  of  Modena.  [Ixli.  256] 

WITCHELL,  EDWIN (1823-1887),  geologist;  articled 

"Hcitor  at  Stroud,  where  he  practised  from  1847; 

F.G.S-  1861 ;  published  work  on  geology  of  Stroud,  1882. 

[Ixil.  257] 

WITHALS  or  WHITHALS,  JOHN  (Jl.  1556),  lexico- 
grapher;  published  'A  Short  Dictiouarie  for  Yonge 
Beginners,'  an  English-Latin  vocabulary  for  children 
(earliest  edition  now  discoverable  dated  1556),  which 
became  a  standard  school-book,  and  was  frequently  re- 
i.-sued  until  1034.  [IxiL  257] 

WITHAM,  GEORGE  (1655-1725),  Roman  catholic 
prelate ;  brother  of  Robert  Witham  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at 
English  College,  Douay,  and  Paris  (D.D.  Sorbonne,  1688) ; 
vicar-apostolic  of  midland  district  of  England  and  bishop 
of  Marcopolis  in  parlibus  infldelium,  1703  ;  translated  to 
northern  district,  1716.  [Ixii.  258] 

WITHAM,  ROBERT  (d.  1738),  biblical  scholar; 
educated  at  English  College,  Donay,  where  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy  and  divinity;  joined  English 
mission;  president  of  Douay  College,  1714;  D.D. 
Douay,  1692  ;  published  biblical  commentaries. 

[Ixil.  258] 

WITHAM,  THOMAS  (d.  1728X  chaplain  to  James  II ; 
brother  of  Robert  Witham  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Douay  and 
Paris;  D.D.  Sorbonne,  1692;  superior  of  St.  Gregorys 
seminary,  Paris,  1699-1717.  If**.  258] 

WITHENS  or  WITHIES,  SIR  FRANCIS  (1634?- 
1704).  [See  WYTHKXS.] 

WITHER  or  WITHERS,  GEORGE  (1588-1667),  poet 
and  pamphleteer ;  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
1604-6;  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  1615;  devoted  his 
energies  to  literature  and  gained  patronage  of  Princess 
Elizabeth;  imprisoned  in  Marshalsea  for  his  satire, 
•Abuses  stript  and  whipt,'  1613;  wrote  in  Marshalsea 
•The  Shepherd's  Hunting'  (published,  1615),  a  OOBtlnn*. 
tion  of  William  Browne's  'Shepherd's  Pipe  (1614),  to 
which  he  had  contributed  ;  privately  printed'  Fidelia,  1617 
(reissued,  1617,  and  with  the  lyric,  'Shall  I  wasting  m 
despair,'  1619) ;  again  in  Marshals,*  for  his  poem '  Wither  s 
Motto.  Nee  habeo,  nee  careo,  nee  euro,'  1621 ;  published, 
1622,  •  Faire-Virtve,  the  Mistresae  of  Phil  Arete  :  pub 
lished  subsequently  pious  exercises  and  political  diatribes, 
of  which^Halelujah'  (1641)  alone  displays  evidence  of  hk 
early  power  ;  became  convinced  puritan :  published,  Ib23 
•  Hymues  and  Songs  of  the  Church,'  which  by  letter  paU-nt 
was  ordered  to  be  inserted  in  every  copy  of  the  authorised 
•r'a  m- book  in  meeter,'  which  the  Stationers'  Company 
enjoyed  the  privilege  under  earlier  patents  of  publishing : 
stated  his  grievances  against  the  booksellers,  resulting 


partly  from  the  hostility  o<  the  S 


(1634Ube  patent  directing;  thai  hto'HjmMS 

:....!,!  Vttfc  S|  MttM  M  MM  *H    :•    .  tO 

wnred  as  captain  of  hone  i 
nantew,  16S9 •"£*£"*  <*  bor* 

tared  by  roralisU.  but  nJssssd ;  major ; 

•I  ol    fcottkl  •  mfe   :•:.:.  Sfl    = 

oo  ri  -f  ohu  -:>.  Ugfi  .:..;:  MDofl  hi 

166S,  for  opinions  exprasMd  in  MI 

•  Vox  Vulgl •  (prinU^  1880):  hU ! 

menu  Poetic*  r(16*«,  re-lssnedas  • 

1M9X  >  iertoB  of  extrkcU  f  ram  outer  i 

tion  as  a  poet  mainly  depend*  on  the  collection  of 

vUofe  ho  smd  ...  i •-.•.'•„•  irttt  ><.,  •  Ho'J  .•..;.::  §•;  ,r, .  „. 

Urged  edition  followed  In  16SS.  fat  M  ] 

WTTHEROrO,    WILLIAM    (1741-17M),    phjrtcUn, 
.       .      .  •          •  .        .  :;. 

physician   to    Birmingham  General     Hosplul ; 
1784;  published  'A  Botanic*!  Arrangement  of  all  V 
tables  naturally  growing   in  Great  Britain,'  177*. 


other  work->,  inchidlng  an  account  (17H6)  of 
which  he  did  much  to  introduce  Into  the  pha 

_  [IxlL 

WITHERINOTOH.  WILLIAM 
18«5),  landscape-painter;    studied   at    Koyml   Acad 
where  he  exhibited,  1811-64  ;  BJL,  1840.         [IxiL  J70) 

WTTHEROW,  THOMAS  (1814-1890X  IrUh  divine  and 
historian  ;  uhvcated  at  Royal  Academical  Institution, 
Belfast  ;  licensed  preacher,  1844  ;  profcMor  of  church 
history  and  pastoral  theology  at  Magee  presbyterUn 
college,  Londonderry,  1865-90:  moderator  of  general 
assembly,  1878  ;  published  historical  and  religious  work*. 

WITHERS,  THOMAS  (1769-1843X  capUin*n  iwvy: 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London;  with  Horatio 
(afterwards  Viscount)  Nelson  [q.  v.]  as  midshipman, 
schoolmaster,  and  master's  mate,  1793  6  :  lieutenant  after 
battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797;  commander,  1W3; 
agent  for  transports  to  the  Kibe  aud  Wwer.  1»U»  ;  prin- 
cipal agent  in  Mediterranean,  1810  16  ;  post<»pW% 
«.  [Ixu7x71] 

WTTHERSPOOH,   JOHN    (178S-1794X  presbyterUn 
ine  and  statesman  ;  Uureated  at  Edinburgh  Onlw 


n 

sity,  1739;  ordained  to  parish  of  Bdth,  1744;  published 
EccleBUstlcalCharacterUtics,'  1753;  miubter  a}  P»Wey. 
'' 


cceBsca, 
1757  ;  fined,  1776,  for  libel  publUlml  in  '^«»n«^' 
the  Seat  of  the  Scornful,'  1762;  honorary  DJ>.  bt.  An- 
drews,   1769;    principal    of    Princeton    Oollege,    New 
Jersey,  1768;    member  of  convention  for  framing  n«t 
constitution  for   New   Jersey,  1776  :   representodTNew 
Jersey   in   general  congress   by  which  «"f««tlonof 
United  States  was  framed,  1«76;    nopported  « 
Declaration  of  Independence  ;  member  of  « 


committee  ;  member  of  board  of  war, 

mitteeof  the  finance*:  wumed  •«d4 

hou.  LL.D.   Yale  College,  1785;  exercised 

influence   on    theological   «evek>pnK-nt    In   theUnitod 

States.    His  works  were  collected.  New  \ork,  1* 

Edinburgh,  1804-*. 

WTTHMAH  («f.  1047  ?),  abbot  of  RUM*: 
Leucander  and  Andrew:   German  *.**** 
Ramsey,  1016  :  went  on  pilgrimage  to  Jerusak 
and  on  return  «*lgne«l  abba^:  lived  in  «****£ 
Northeye,  near  Ramsey. 

WITHEIHOTON.    [Sw  \Vn.imixi,Tos.] 
WITTLE8EY,  WILLIAM  (rf.  1374).    [See  WHI 

SKY.] 

,  ABRAHAM  (™f-™»>>  YSS 


WODE 


1428 


WOLF 


London,  1808  ;  president  of  Sion  College,  London  ;  F.R.S. ; 
i •-  \     published  contrvfcrsia]  wrtoagi,  adopttng  i>rm- 
:  the  old  hijrb-clmreh  party.  [Ixii.  275] 

WODE.    [SeeWoon.] 

WODEHOUSE.    [Sec  also  WOODHOUSE.] 

WODEHOU8E,  Silt  PHILIP  EDMOND  (1811-1887), 
colonial  governor ;  writer  in  Ceylon  civil  service,  1828 ; 
assistant-judge  at  Kandy,  1840 ;  government  agent  for 
western  province,  Ceylon,  1843  ;  superintendent  of  British 
Honduras,  1861;  governor  of  British  Guiana,  1854; 
governor  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  high  commissioner 
of  South  Africn,  18G1-70  ;  declared  Basutos  British  sub- 
jects, 1868  ;  opposed  principle  of  responsible  government ; 
governor  of  Bombay,  1872-7  ;  K.O.B.,  1862 ;  G.C.S.I.,  1877. 

[Suppl.  iii.  516] 

WODEHOUSE  or  WOODHOUSE,  ROBERT  m:  (d. 
1345?),  treasurer  of  the  exchequer;  presented  to  church 
of  Ellon,  in  diocese  of  Aberdeen,  1298;  king's  clerk; 
king's  eacheator  north  and  south  of  Trent,  1311-12  ;  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  1314,  and  of  York,  1317  ;  custodian  of 
hospital  of  St.  Nicholas,  Pontefract ;  baron  of  exchequer, 
1318:  keener  of  wardrobe,  1322-8;  archdeacon  of  Rich- 
mond, 1328  ;  second  baron  of  exchequer,  1329 ;  prebendary 
of  St.  Mary's,  Southwell ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1330-1. 

[Ixii.  276] 

WODELARKE,  ROBERT  (d.  1479),  founder  of  St. 
Catharine's  College,  Cambridge ;  original  fellow  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge :  provost  of  King's,  1452-79  ;  founded 
St.  Catharine's  Hall  (now  college),  1473 :  drew  up  original 
statutes  and  obtained  charter  from  Edward  IV,  1475; 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University,  1459  and  1462. 

[Ixii.  277] 

WODENOTE,  THEOPHILUS  (d.  1662).  royalist 
divine:  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
fellow  ;  M.A. ;  B.D.,  1623 :  D.D.,  1630  ;  incorporated  M.A. 
Oxford,  1619  ;  vicar  of  Linkinhornc,  Cornwall,  1619-51 ; 
sequestered  by  parliamentarians,  1651 ;  restored,  1660 ; 
published  religious  writings.  [Ixii.  277] 

WODENOTH,  or  WOODNOTH,  ARTHUR  (1590?- 
1G60  ?),  colonial  pioneer ;  cousin  of  Nicholas  Ferrar  [q.v.]  ; 
in  business  as  goldsmith  in  London;  member  of  Virginia 
Company  after  1612 ;  deputy-governor  of  Souiers  Island 
Company,  1644.  [Ixii.  278] 

WODHULL,  MICHAEL  (1740-1816),  book-collector 
and  translator;  of  Winchester  College  and  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford  ;  high  sheriff  for  Northamptonshire,  1783  ; 
collected  valuable  library,  the  printed  books  consisting 
mainly  of  first  editions  of  the  classics  and  rare  specimens 
of  early  printing  in  the  fifteenth  century.  His  publica- 
tions include  the  first  translation  into  English  verse  of  all 
the  extant  writings  of  Euripides,  1782.  [Ixii.  278] 

WODB.OW,  ROBERT  (1679-1734),  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian ;  M.A.  Glasgow ;  university  librarian,  1697-1701 : 
licensed  preacher,  1703  ;  ordained  minister,  1703,  of  East- 
wood, near  Glasgow,  where  he  remained  till  his  death ; 
assisted  Principal  Hadow  in  drawing  up  act  of  assembly 
relating  to  filling  of  vacant  ministries,  1731,  upholding 
compliance  with  law  of  patronage  where  it  remained  in 
force ;  works  include  '  History  of  Sufferings  of  Church  of 
Scotland  from  Restoration  to  Revolution,'  1828-30. 

WOFJTNGTON,  MARGARET  (1714  ?-1760),  actress ; 
daughter  of  a  bricklayer  in  Dublin  ;  appeared  in  lilliputian 
company  in  Dublin,  at  age  of  ten  ;  engaged  by  Thomas 
Elrington  (1688-1732)  [q.  v.] ;  played  Ophelia  success- 
fully at  Smock  Alley  Theatre,  Dublin,  1737,  and  Sir 
Harry  Wildair,  1740 ;  engaged  by  Rich  for  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1840,  and  was  immediately  successful  at  Drury 
Lane,  London,  1741,  her  parts  including  Rosalind  ('As 
you  like  it ')  and  Cordelia  to  Garrick's  Lear ;  played  Lady 
Anne  to  Ganrick's  Richard  III  at  Drury  Lane,  1742: 
appeared  as  Ophelia,  Mrs.  Ford,  Lady  Townley,  and 
Portia  ('  Merchant  of  Venice '),  1743-4,  Isabella  ('Measure 
for  Measure 'X  and  Viola  ('Twelfth  Night 'X  1744-6  ;  re- 
appeared at  Covent  Garden,  and  played  Portia  ('  Julius 
Owsar')  and  Queen  Katharine  ('Henry  VIII'),  1749, 
Desdemona,  Lady  Macbeth,  1750,  Queen  ('Hamlet'), 
17W-1  :  in  Dublin,  1761-4,  at  Covent  Garden,  1764 ; 
quarrelled  with  Mrs.  Bellamy,  and  while  performing  in 
Mrs.  Bellamy's  Statira  drove  her  off  the  stage  and  stabbed 
her ;  her  last  performance,  Rosalind  ('  As  you  like  it '), 


1757;  her  most  popular  character  probably  Sir  Harry 
WiMair.  Her  amours  were  numerous,  and  for  some  time 
slu-  lived  with  Garrick.  [Ixii.  281] 

WOGAN,  (Sin)  CHARLES  (1698  ?-1752  ?),  Jacobite 
-nldior  of  fortune,  known  as  the  Chevalier  Wogan  ;  served 
under  Henry  Oxburgh  [q.  v.],  whose  force  surrendered 
at  Preston,  1515;  escaped  from  Newgate  prison,  1716; 
took  service  in  Dillon's  regiment  in  France;  served  with 
Ormonde  on  diplomatic  minion  from  James  Edward  the 
Old  Pretender  to  Russia,  1718-19,  when  he  gained  celebrity 
by  release  of  Princess  Clementina  from  Innspruck  : 
colonel  in  Spanish  army,  1723 ;  brigadier-general  and 
governor  of  La  Mancha;  with  Duke  of  York  at  Dunkirk, 
1746  ;  died  at  La  Mancha.  [Ixii.  284] 

WOGAN,  EDWARD  (d.  1654),  royalist  captain ;  pro- 
bably captain  in  Okey's  dragoons  in  '  new  model ' ;  deserted 
parliament's  service,  1648,  and  joined  Ormonde  in  Ireland  ; 
governor  of  Duncannou,  which  fortress  he  held  against 
Ireton,  1649  :  captured  and  imprisoned  in  Cork,  whence 
he  escaped,  1650;  fought  at  Worcester.  1651:  escaped  to 
France;  landed  with  several  companies  at  Dover,  1653, 
and  joined  Middleton's  highland  force,  1654 ;  died  from 
wound  received  in  skirmish.  [Ixii.  286] 

WOGAN,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1321  ?),  chief-justice  and 
governor  of  Ireland  ;  justice  itinerant  for  four  northern 
counties,  1292  ;  went  to  Ireland  as  chief- justice,  1295  ;  led 
troop  of  English  settlers  to  aid  Edward  I  in  Scotland, 
1296-8;  again  in  Scotland,  1300-2;  suppressed  knights 
templars  in  Ireland,  1308:  recalled,  1308,  but  reappointed, 
1309;  defeated  (1312)  by  rebels,  who  afterwards  sur- 
rendered. [Ixii.  287] 

WOGAN.  NICHOLAS  (1700-1770),  Jacobite ;  brother 
of  (Sir)  Charles  Wogan  [q.  v.]  ;  found  guilty  of  high 
treason  for  complicity  in  rebellion  of  1745,  but  pardoned ; 
naturalisel  French  subject,  1724;  with  Prince  Charles 
Edward  in  Scotland,  1745-6  ;  made  Chevalier  de  St.  Louis, 
1754.  [Ixii.  285] 

WOGAN,  THOMAS  (  rf.  1646-1666),  regicide;  M.P., 
Cardigan,  1646;  served  muler  Thomas  Horton  (d.  1649) 
[q.  v.]  ;  signed  Charles  I's  death-warrant,  1649 ;  excepted 
from  Act  of  Oblivion,  1660,  and  surrendered  ;  included  iu 
saving  clause  of  suspension  from  execution.  [Ixii.  288] 

WOGAN,  WILLIAM  (1678-1758),  religious  writer, 
of  Westminster  School  and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ; 
secretary  to  Duke  of  Ormonde,  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
1710  ;  entered  army  and  was  stationed  at  Dublin  ;  pub- 
lished religious  works,  including  'Essay  on  the  Proper 
Lessons  of  the  Church  of  England,'  1763.  [Ixii.  288] 

WOIDE,  CHARLES  GODFREY  (1725-1790),  oriental 
scholar  ;  native  of  Poland ;  educated  at  Frankfort-on- 
Oder  and  Leyden ;  preacher  at  Dutch  chapel  royal, 
St.  James's  Palace,  London,  1770  ;  reader  and  chaplain  of 
reformed  protestaut  church  in  Savoy,  London;  F.S.A., 
1778;  studied  Sahidic  language  of  Upper  Egypt;  assist- 
ant-librarian at  British  Museum,  1782;  F.R.S.,  1785; 
D.C.L.  Oxford,  1786.  His  publications  include  an  edition, 
1778,  with  notes,  of  the  '  Lexicon  ^gyptiaco-Latinum ' 
which  La  Croze  had  drawn  up  and  Christianus  Scholtz 
had  revised,  and  a  facsimile  edition  of  the  'Noviun 
Testamentum  Grsecum '  from  the  '  Codex  Alexandrinus.' 

[Ixii.  289] 

WOLCOT,  JOHN  (1738-1819),  satirist  and  poet,  under 
name  of  Peter  Pindar ;  studied  medicine  in  London  ;  M.D. 
Aberdeen,  1767;  physician  to  Sir  William  Trelawny, 
governor  of  Jamaica,  1767-9  ;  ordained  deacon  and  priest 
in  England,  1769  ;  incumbent  of  Vere,  Jamaica,  1770  ;  phy- 
sician in  general  to  horse  and  foot  in  the  island,  1770 ;  re- 
turned to  England,  1773  ;  medical  practitioner  at  Truro, 
Helstone,  and  Exeter  ;  abandoned  medicine  for  literature, 
1778,  and  removed  to  London ;  published  *  Lyric  Odes  to 
the  Royal  Academicians,'  1782,  1783,  1785,  and  '  Farewell 
Odes,'  1786  ;  issued  various  satires  on  George  III  from  1785, 
his  only  efficient  opponent  being  William  Gifford  (1756- 
1826)  [q.  v.],  who  attacked  him  severely  in  the  '  Anti- 
Jacobin.'  His  last  work  was  an  '  Epistle  to  the  Emperor 
of  China,'  1817,  on  the  occasion  of  Lord  Amherst's  un- 
fortunate embassy.  [Ixii.  290] 

WOLF.  [See  also  WOLFE,  WOLFF,  WOOL*,  and 
WOULFK.] 

WOLF,  JOSEF  (1820-1899),  animal-painter ;  born  at 
Mbrz,  Rhenish  Prussia;  apprenticed  as  lithographer  at 
Coblenz  ;  studied  at  Antwerp  Academy  ;  came  to  London, 


WOLFE 


WOLLEY 


184S;  illustrated  H«,U-rt  (Jray's  'Genera  of  Birds,*  and 
'iould  in  'Ulnls  of  Great  Britain':  prepared 
plates  for  *  /xwlogical  Sketches,'  1861-7.  and  '  Life  and 
Habits  of  Wild  Animals,'  1874  ;  first  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1849.  [IxlL  194) 

WOLFE,  ARTHUR,  first  VIWOUXT  KII.WARDK* 
(1739-1803),  lord  chicf-jusUc.  ..f  ir.iau.i.  IS.A.  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  !7.,<>;  ,-.iii«l  to  Iriidi  bar  from  Middle 
'IVinplf.  17««J  ;  K.C.,  1778;  member  for  Coleralii. 
House  of  Commons,  1783,  Jamestown,  1790,  and  Dublin, 
1798;  solicitor-general,  1787  ;  attorney-general  and  In-h 
privy  councillor,  1789;  appointed  chief- justice  of  king's 
bench  and  created  Baron  Kilwarden  of  Newlands,  1798 ; 
created  viscount  and  peer  of  United  Kingdom  18OO ; 
murdered  by  rebels  during  Emmet  insurrection. 

[Ixii.  1941 

WOLFE,  CHARLES  (1791-1813),  poet;  B.A.  Trinity 
( •<.!!. •..•.-.  Dublin,  1814 ;  curate  of  Donooghmore,  co.  Down, 
1M*  •_'!.  Hit  poems  include  the  famous  lines  on  the 
burial  of  Sir  John  Moore,  which  wen  first  published  in 
the  •  Newry  Telegraph,*  1817.  [Ixll.  198] 

WOLFE,  DAVID  (d.  1678  ?),  papal  legato  In  Ireland : 
tKjni  in  Limerick;  became  Jesuit, c.  1660,  and  was  rector 
of  college  at  Modena ;  apostolic  legate  in  Ireland,  I860 ; 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Dublin  Castle,  1666;  escaped 
to  Spain,  1572,  but  soon  returned  to  Ireland,  wliere  he  pro- 
bably died.  llxii.  296] 

WOLFE,  JAMES  (1 727-1759  X  major-general ;  second 
lieutenant  of  marines,  1741 ;  ensign,  1742 ;  in  Plunder-, 
1743:  acting-adjutant  at  Dettlngeu;  lieutenant,  1743: 
served  under  Wade,  1744 ;  brigade-major,  1745 ;  served 
with  Wade  against  Prince  Charles  Edward,  1745,  and  was 
with  army  defeated  under  Hawley  at  Falklrk ;  on  staff  at 
Culloden  ;  brigade-major  under  Sir  John  Mordaunt(1697- 
1780)  [q.  v.]  in  Netherlands,  1747  ;  major,  20th  foot,  1749, 
and  lieutenant-colonel.  1750 ;  In  Scotland,  1749-52  ;  studied 
in  Paris,  1762-3 ;  returned  to  regiment  In  Scotland,  1763, 
and  was  quartered  at  Exeter,  1764-5,  and  Canterbury, 
1765-6;  introduced  system  of  manoeuvres  which  long  re- 
mained in  use;  quartermaster-general  in  Ireland,  1767-8 ; 
quartermaster-general  of  force  under  Mordaunt  sent 
against  Kochefort,  1758  ;  brigadier  in  force  sent  against 
Louisbourg,  1768 ;  took  prominent  part  in  siege  of  Lonis- 
bourg;  destroyed  French  fishing  settlement  In  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  1768,  and  returned  to  England;  colonel, 
67th  regiment  (formerly  second  battalion  of  20th),  1758 ; 
appointed  to  command,  with  rank  of  major-general  in 
America,  force  to  be  sent  up  St.  Lawrence  against  Quebec, 
1759;  arrival  at  Halifax,  20  April  1769;  advanced  from 
Louisbourg  in  June ;  was  shot  during  battle  on  plains  of 
Abraham,  whither  be  hail  led  his  men,  having  sealed 
heights  above  Quebec,  and  died  after  hearing  that  his 
attack  was  successful,  13  Sept  A  monument  to  him  is  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  D»  296] 

WOLFE,  JOHN  (</.  1601),  printer  and  publisher ;  son 
of  Reyner  Wolfe  (.q.  v.],  whose  presses  he  Inherited,  work, 
ing  independently  of  Stationers'  Company  till  1583; 
livervman,  1598 ;  took  active  part  in  company's  proceed- 
ing ainiiiwt  Robert  Waldegrave  [q.  v.],  printer  of  Martin 
.Mar- Prelate  tracts,  1589;  worked  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard, London,  1589-92,  aud  In  Pope's  Head  Alley,  Lorn- 
bard  Street,  London,  1596-1601.  U*U.  306] 

WOLFE,  REYNER  or  REGINALD  (rf.  1573),  printer 
and  publisher;  born  at  Strasburg:  settled  In  England 
before  1537,  and  established  himself  at  sign  of  the  Brazen 
Serpent  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  London ;  removed  & 
Finsbury  Field?,  London,  1549;  first  to  hold  patent  as 
printer  to  king  in  Latin,  Greek,  aud  Hebrew  ;  original 
member  of  Stationers'  Company,  1854;  master,  155«, 
1564,  1567,  and  1572:  left  manuscript  collections  for 
» Universal  History  or  Cosmography.'  [I*"-  *04. 

WOLFE,  alias  LACEV,  WILLIAM  (1684-1673).  [See 
LACKY.] 

WOLFF,  JOSEPH  (1795-1862),  missionary:  born  of 
Jewish    parents  at  Weiler,bacb,  near    Bamberg:    con 
verted  to  Christianity,  1812 ;  studied  at  Vienna,  T 
gen,  aud  Rome;  expelled  from  Collegio  dl  *»•££•* 
for  erroneous  opinions;  entered  monastery  of  J 
torists  at  Val  Salute,  Fribourg  ;  came  *  £•**»••* 
entered  church  of  England:  studied  onenUl  languages  at 
Cambridge ;  travelled  as  missionary  m  i^ptaaawi 
peninsula     1821-6,   and  Liter    in  Meaopotamia,  Persia, 


•:  |  ..«',-.  >.„,-,.:.„  i 


mfh  Central  A*a  to  Calcutta,  l»s»:  visited 
United  States,  and  was  ordained  priest,  IIM;  rooter  of 

i. .Ml;.  v .,.-..  inks]*!*  »  .  nJ  t .  MftsjBj  to  mm 

tain  fate  of  Ohartos  Btoddart  [q.  T.I  and  O»pssia  Arthur 
[q.  v.).  184S-4 :  viear  of  lie  Brewors,  Sosamst, 
;  published  journals  of  travel.  *M) 

WOLLASTOH,     FRANCIS     (1731  1B141     author; 
grandson  of  William  Wotlaston  [.{.  v.] :  LtLfi.  8 
Hussex  College,  Cambridge,  17M  :  entered  Lincoln1. 
1780;  rector  of  Dengie,  17M:  rector  and  rioar  of 
jn,  1761,  and  of  ChUlchnrst,  1789-lsU .   V 


F.HA. 

1769  ;  precentor  of  8C  David's,  1777  ;  rector  of  St. 
VedMt,  Foster  Lane,  with  BC  MichaH-teXhMrm.  TanHon. 
1779-1816  ;  published  astronomical  and 


WOLLA8TON.  FRANCIS  JOHN  HYDBl 
natural  philosopher  :  brother  of  William  Hyde  Wollastoo 
rq.vO^Omrtertxxi^LowV^airfWdMySass.xOol- 


Cambridge,  178»-W  ;  M.A.,1786:  RD..17M; 
protestor,  1791-1811, 


on  chemistry  and 


stall  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 

of  Essex,  1811 :  rector  of  Bast  Dereham,  1811. 

WOLLASTOH,  GEORGE  (17I8-18J«X  divine ;  btother 
of  Francis  Wollaston  [q.  T.1;  MjLBtdaay  Bosses  Ooflm* 
Cambridge,  1761  ;  D.D.,  1774 :  rector  of  St  Mary  Alder* 
rnary  witli  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle,  London,  1774-90; 
F.R.S.,  1763 :  edited,  with  John  Jebb  (17I*-178«)  [q.  v.), 
•  Excerpta  qua-darn  e  Newtoni  PrincipiU,'  1768. 

WOLLASTOH,    THOMAS    VERNON     (18tl-lM7«X 


entomologist  and  conohologist :  M.A 

briiUre,  1849 ;   F.LA,  1847  ;  made  c  HlluM«l 

llsbed  works  relating  to  ooleoptera  (chiefly  of 

and  other  writings.  ,Uu.  3<f,] 


WOLLASTOH,  WILLIAM  (1660-1724).  moral  philo- 
sopher: M.A.  Sidney  Sottex  College,  Cambridge,  16M ; 
assistant-master  of  Birmingham  school,  U8J;  took 
priest's  order* :  Inherited  fortune  from  a  comin,  and 
settlal  in  London,  devoting  himself  to  writing  treatises  on 
philological  and  ecclc«iai«tical  questions:  upheld  the •  b> 
u:lli ftual '  th«)ry  of  morality.  Hi«  publication*  indodc 
•  lU-ligion  of  Nature  Delineated,'  17 J4  (printed  privately, 
1722;. 


WOLLASTOH,  WILLIAM  HYDE  (1766  -  18»X 
physiologist,  chemist,  and  phy*ici*t  :  »on  of  Francis 
Wollastou  [q.  v.l ;  of  Cliarterhouse,  London,  and  Cmlus 
College,  Cambridge;  M.D.,  179J;  mtiur  fellow,  178f- 
1H2H;  F.1LS.,  1794;  practised  as  phyniciau  at  Bmrttaf. 
don,  1789,  and  Bury  St.  B,lmun,U :  F.R.C.P,  17*; 
censor,  1798,  elect,  1824:  optiwd  pmctioe  in  London, 
1797:  retired,  1800,  and  took  to  cl«»l«»r«"*^ ; 
Copley  medallist,  18U1 ;  secretary  of  Royal  Society,  1804 
1816;  published  fifty-six  papers  on  pathology,  physio- 
,  logy,  chemutrj-,  optics,  mineralogy,  <*7**bvy*!* 
I  aTtronomy,  electricity,  mechanics,  and  botany.**^ 
among  his  discoveries  and  Inventions  are  a  method  for 
producing  pure  platinum  and  welding  it  into  v«*ls 
fmade,  c.  1804,  ^  published  as  ^V^ftitSS 
1828X  the  camera  luclda  (patented,  180. ),  and  the  prin- 
ciple that  'galvanic*  and  'frlctional  electricity  are  of 
the  same  nature;  commissioner  of  Royal  Sooioty  on 
board  of  longitude,  1818-18;  F.G.S.,  1*11:  «**•*••?• 
gical  Society  sum  of  money  which  formed  •  the  Wojlaston 
lund,'  and  to  Royal  Society  a  sum  to  form  the  •  r — •«— 
Fund.' 

WOLLET.    [See  also  Wooujrr.] 


WOLLET,  EDWARD  (d.  16M),  bishop  of  O«fsH; 
e.lucate.1  at  the  King's  School,  Shrewsbury  :  M.A.  SI 
John's  College,  Cambridge,  1629  ;  D.D.  o*  ordJM*  and 
rauil>ridire,  1M4:  domestic  chapUiin  t«>  t  Imrles  land  to 
ChSte.lI  while  in  exlk:  bUhop  of  CUmfert  and  Kil- 
macduagh,  1666  ;  published  reUgtoo.  ^ritinB*. 


WOLLET,  SIB  JOHN  (d.  \W>\  Latin 
Queoi  fi£l*ih  ;  fellow,  Merton  CoUegr,  Oxford, 
MT;  1667TD^.L,  16W  ;  In  Queen  BH«ab,th-s  itr 
16W  Latin  secreury,  16*8;  lay  prebendary  of 


WOLLEY 


1430 


WOLSTENHOLME 


3M9.  mid  dean  of  Carlisle.  1577:  privy  coancillor,  1586; 
one  <>t'  .•oimui««ioner$  appointe<l  to  trv  Marv  Quivn  <>; 
Scots:  ••hiiiu-i'llor  of  order  of  Garter,  1589;  M.P.,  East 
LOOP  1571,  \Vcyniouth  and  Mdcombe  Reuis,  1572.  Win- 
chester, 1584  and  1586,  Dorset,  158K,  an<l  Surrey,  1593  ; 
member  of  court  of  high  commission,  1590 ;  knighted, 
T592.  [lxii.31.!] 

WOLLEY  or  WOOLLEY,  RICHARD  (ft.  1667-1694), 
miscellaneous  writer  ;  M.A.  Queens'  College,  Cambridge, 
1671 ;  curate  iu  London :  employed  as  hack-writer  by 
John  Duuton  [q.  v.],  the  l>ookseller  :  edited  monthly  '  Com- 
pieat  Library ;  or  News  for  the  Ingenious,'  1692-4. 

[ixii.  317] 

WOLLSTONEORAFT,  MARY  (1759-1797).  [See 
GODWIN,  MKS.  MAKV  WOLI.STOXKCRAFT.] 

WOLMAN.    [See  olso  WOOLUAN.] 

WOLMAX  or  WOLEMAN,  RICHARD  (rf.  1537), 
dean  of  Wells ;  studied  at  Corpus  Ohristi  College,  Oam- 
;  principal  of  St.  Paul's  Inn,  Cambridge,  1510; 
D.i'.I..,  1518;  admitted  advocate,  1514;  archdeacon  of 
Sudbury,  1528;  canon  of  St.  Stephen's,  Westminster, 
1524;  chaplain  to  Henry  VIII,  1526 ;  master  of  requests 
and  member  of  Henry  VIII's  council,  1526  ;  promoter  of 
king's  divorce  suit;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
1527;  dean  of  Wells,  1529;  prolocutor  of  convocation, 
1589 ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1533.  [Ixii.  318] 

WOLRICH,      WOOLRICH,     or      WOOLDRIDGE, 

HUMPHREY  (1633 ?-17U7),  quiiker;  originally  baptist; 
joined  qnakere  soon  after  their  rise;  frequently  im- 
prisoned on  account  of  his  quaker  principles  ;  published 
religious  writings.  [Ixii.  319] 

WOLRICH  or  WOLRYCHE,  Sm  THOMAS,  first 
baronet  (1598-1668),  royalist ;  educated  at  Cambridge ; 
entered  Inner  Temple,  1615  ;  M.P.,  Much  Weulock,  1621, 
1684,  and  1625 ;  raised  regiment  for  Charles  I,  and  \vas 
colonel  at  outbreak  of  civil  war ;  governor  of  Bridgnorth  ; 
knighted  and  created  baronet,  1641 ;  conformed  to  par- 
liament, c.  1645.  [Ixii.  320] 

WOLSELEY,  SIR  CHARLES  (1630  ?-1714),  politician ; 
M.P.  for  Oxfordshire  in  Little  parliament,  1653,  and 
member  of  both  councils  of  state ;  member  of  council 
established  to  advise  the  Protector ;  M.P.  for  Stafford- 
shire in  Cromwell's  parliaments:  one  of  Cromwell's 
House  of  Lords,  1657 ;  member  of  Richard  Cromwell's 
council ;  member  for  Stafford  in  Convention  parliament, 
1660  ;  pardoned  at  Restoration  :  arrested  on  suspicion  of 
complicity  in  Monmouth's  rebellion,  1685,  but  released ; 
published  pamphlets  on  ecclesiastical  subjects. 

[Ixii.  320] 

WOLSELEY,  SIK  CHARLES,  seventh  baronet  ( 1769- 
1846),  politician  ;  travelled  abroad  ;  joined  reform  move- 
ment in  England,  c.  1811 :  one  of  founders  of  Hampden 
Olub :  succeeded  to  baronetcy,  1817  ;  elected  4  legislatorial 
attorney  '  by  reformers  of  Birmingham,  1819  ;  imprisoned, 
1820-1,  on  charge  of  sedition  and  conspiracy  ;  on  com- 
mittee of  Middlesex  electors  to  promote  reform,  1821, 
entered  Roman  catholic  church,  1837.  [Ixii.  322] 

WOLSELEY,  ROBERT  (1649-1697),  diplomatist :  son 
of  Sir  Charles  Wolseley  (1630?-1714);  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1667  ;  envoy 
from  William  III  to  elector  of  Bavaria,  1692. 

[Ixti.  322] 

WOLSELEY,  WILLIAM  (1640? -1697),  brigadier- 
general  ;  brother  of  Sir  Charles  Wolseley  (1630  ?-1714) 
£q.  v.] ;  captain-lieutenant  to  Marquis  of  Worcester's  foot- 
regiment,  1667,  and  again,  1673  ;  lieutenant-colonel  of  Sir 
John  Ha  inner V  regiment  (llth  foot),  1689;  served  in 
Ireland;  colonel  of  Inniskilling  horse,  1689;  defeated 
Justin  MacOartby,  titular  viscount  Mountcashel  [q.  v.] 
at  Newtown-Butler,  1689 ;  took  Cavan,  1690 ;  at  battle 
of  Boyne,  1690,  and  Aughrim,  1691  ;  master-general  of 
onlnance  In  Ireland,  1692  ;  brigadier  of  all  horse,  1693  ; 
lord  justice  in  Ireland  nud  privy  councillor,  1696. 

[Ixii.  323] 

WOLSELEY,  WILLIAM (1756-1842),  admiral;  born 
in  Nova  Scotia;  went  to  Ireland,  1764;  served  iu 
Jamaica  and  East  Indies  (1773-7);  lieutenant,  1778; 
commanded  company  of  naval  brigade  at  Negapatam, 
1781,  and  Fort  Ostenberg  and  Trincomalee,  1782 ;  com- 
mander, 1782  ;  captured  by  French  in  Ganjam  Roads, 
1788 ;  released  at  the  peace :  in  Mediterranean,  1786-9 
•nd  1791-4 ;  in  Channel  fleet,  1799-1801 ;  rear-admiral, 


1804:  commanded  sea  feuciblcs  of  all  Ireland,  1804-5- 
admiral,  1819.  flxii.  324] 

WOLSEY.     THOMAS    (1475  ?-1530),     cardinal    and 
statesman  :  .son  of  Kobert  Wulcy  (or  Wolsey)  of  Ipswich, 
who  is  said  to  have  been  a  butcher  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen 
College,   oxfoid,    1497;   M.A.  and  master  of   school  :id- 
joining  Magdalen  College  ;  junior  bursar,  1498-5)  ;  senior 
bursar,  1499-1500 ;  rector  of  Lirniugton,  1500  ;  domestic 
chaplain  to  Henry  Dcane  [q.  v.],  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
c.  1501  ;    chaplain  to  Sir  Richard  Nanfan  [q.  v.],  1503 ; 
Henry  VIl's  chaplain,  1507;   appointed  by  Henry  VII 
dean  of  Lincoln,  1509  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  15o!i  ;  nl- 
moner  to  Henry  VIII,  1509  ;  B.D.  and  D.D.  Oxford,  1510 ; 
prebendary  of  Hereford,  1510;  canon  of  Windsor,  1511  ; 
registrar  of  order  of  Garter,  1511  ;  privy  councillor,  1511 ; 
i  directed  plan  of  operations  against  France,  1512  ;  dean  of 
'•  Hereford,  1512,  of  York,   1513;   dean  of  St.  Stephen's, 
i  Westminster,  and  precentor  of  London,  1513 ;  accompanied 
•  Henry  VIII  to  Calais  and  in  French  campaign,  1513; 
;  received  from  Pope  Leo  X  bishopric  of  Tour  nay,  1513, 
i  but  never  obtained  possession;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1514  ; 
archbishop  of  York,  1514 ;  created  cardinal  by  Leo  X, 
with  title,  'St.  Oaecilia  trans  Tiberim.'  1516;  lord  chan- 
I  cellor,  1515 ;   concluded  with  Ferdinand,  whose  position 
in  Naples  had  been  threatened  by  the  battle  of  Marignano, 
league  for  commerce  and  defence  against  invasion,  1515 ; 
j  papal  legated  later f  as  associate  of  Oampeggio,  who  came 
to  England  to  urge  a  crusade,  1518 ;   granted  by  Pope 
Leo  X  administration  of  bishopric  of  Bath  and  Wells,  of 
which  Cardinal  Adrian  de  Oastello  [q.  v.]  was  deprived  ; 
signed  with  Henry  VIII  and  French  ambassador  secret 
articles  for  marriage  of  dauphin  to  Princess  Mary,  and 
for  surrender  of  Tournay  to  French,  and  arranged  treaty 
:  of  alliance  with  France,  1518,  and  accompanied  Henry  to 
Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold,  1520,  but  meanwhile  negotiated 
|  marriage  between  Princess   Mary  and  Emperor  Charles 
j  of  Spain  (Charles  V  of  Germany),  who  had  pledged  him- 
,  self  to  marry  the  French  king's  daughter,  Charlotte  ;  went 
j  to  Calais  as  mediator  in  dispute  between  France  and  the 
I  emperor,  1521,  and  at  Henry  VIII's  instance  made  with 
Charles  a  secret  defensive  and  offensive  alliance  against 
France ;  took  part  in  forming  new  treaty  between  Henry 
VIII  and  Charles,  1522,  by  which  Charles  agreed  to  marry 
Mary  in  1526,  and  both  monarchs  agreed  to  invade  France 
before  May  1524;  supported  king  in  demand  for  money 
for  war,  which  was  granted  immediately,  1522  ;  resigned 
Bath  and  Wells,  and  received  from  pope  temporalities 
of  Durham,  1524 ;  concluded  treaty  with  France,  1525 ; 
converted  into  a  college  (Christ  Church,  by  papal  bull, 
dated  1524)  the  monastery  of  St.   Frideswide,  Oxford, 
1525 ;  supported  Henry  VIII  in  matter  of  divorce  from 
Catherine  of  Arragon,  1527  ;  went  as  Henry  VIII's  lieu- 
tenant to  France  and  concluded  treaties  with  Francis  at 
Amiens,    1527,  and  endeavoured    to  obtain  from   Pope 
Clement  VII  a  decretal  commission  to  define  the  law  by 
which  the  judges  were  to  be  guided,  and  a  dispensation 
for  the  new  marriage,  the  only  result  of  which  endeavour 
was  that  the   pope  sent   Cardinal  Campeggio,  giving 
Wolsey  no  control  over  the  business  ;  received  see  of 
Winchester,  resigning  that  of  Durham,  1529;  incurred, 
owing  to  delay  in  divorce  proceedings,  dislike  of  Anne 
Boleyn,  who  influenced  Henry  VIII  against  him,  the  result 
being  that  a  bill  of  indictment  was  preferred  against  him 
in  king's  bench,  3  Nov.  1529  ;  acknowledged  that  he  had 
incurred  a  prcemunire ;  received  general  pardon,  12  Feb. 
1530  ;  retired  to  Cawood,  where  he  was  arrested  for  high 
treason  on  false    information  given  by  his  physician, 
Augustine,  4  Nov. ;  died  and  was  buried  at  Leicester, 
where  he  had  arrived  on  journey  to  London.   [Ixii.  325] 

WOLSTA1T.    [See  WULFSTAN  and  WULSTAN.] 

WOLSTENHOLME,  DEAN,  the  elder  (1757-1837), 
animal  painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy,  1803-24. 

[Ixii.  343] 

WOLSTENHOLME,  DEAN,  the  younger  (1798-1883), 
animal  painter  and  engraver  ;  son  of  Dean  Wolstenholmn 
the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy. 

[Ixii.  344] 

WOLSTENHOLME,   Sm    JOHN    (1562-1639),    mer- 
!  chant  adventurer;  one  of  iucorporators  of  East  India 
Company,  1000 ;  member  of  council  for  Virginia  Com- 
pany, 1609  :  assisu-d   rx(>editions  to  find  north-west  pas- 
i  sage ;    knighted,    1617  ;  commissioner   of   navy,    1619  ; 
i  member  of  king's  council  for  Virginia,  1624;  commissioner 
1  for  plantation  of  Virginia,  1631.  [Ixii.  344] 


WOLSTENHOLME 


WOOD 


m 

•  in  math.-- 


WOLSTENHOLHE.  .i.--i:i'H   M""  1  11).  lintlMIIH 
tinjm  :  '_'r;i'l  i.it«"l    :i-th:r!    \\  r  i-i.'l.-r.    -t.    Job 
«7ambri.l".-,  U.'.o  :  frllnw.   1*.V.':    f.-llnw  Of  Chri«f« 
<';imhri.lfre,  1852-69;   moderator  and  examiner 
tnsiti.Ml  trijH><  ;  mathematical  professor  at  Royal  Indian 
Kii!?in.-.-riiiL'  College.  OoopcrV   Hill,  1871-89  :   \- 
math(»mati<Mi  \vnrk<.  [Ixii.  844] 

WOLTON,  Jo  US  (15357-1894).    [See  WOOL: 
WOLVERTON,  second    BANIX   (1824-1887).      [See 

WOMBWELL.    <;K<>U<;K    (1778-18*0),    founder   of 
Wombweir-  111- -i! :o -ries;  kept  cordwalner's  shop  In  Soho, 


;  1-Khihit.M  in  1804  two  bOA^ou*trioton  with  such 
that  he  formed  a  menagerie,  which  became  the 
ravelling  collection  In  England.  [Ixii.  345] 

WOMOCK  or  WOMACK,  LACRKNTK  (1811-1686). 
l)U>l)op  of  St.  David'*  ;  B.  A.  Oorptts  Christ!  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1632:  M.An  1639:  prebendary  of  Hereford,  1660- 
1674;  arclnleacon  of  Suffolk,  1660-84:  D.D.,  1661: 
prebendary  of  My,  1663  ;  bUhop  of  St.  Dartd'*,  168S  ; 
published  writings  advocating  the  old  liturgy,  and  the 
•decision  of  the  bishops  at  the  Savoy 


conference. 

[Ixii.  8461 
NICHOLAS    (1804-1876).      [See 


WONOSTROCHT, 
WAX08TROCBT.] 

WOOD,  ALEXANDER  (1725-1807).  surgeon:  quail- 
fled  at  ttliutmrgh  ;  F.K.('.S.  Edinburgh,  1756  :  practlvol 
at  Ivlinburgh,  where  his  philanthropy  ami  kindnew  \rere 
proverbial.  [Ixll.  347] 

WOOD,  ALEXANDER  (1817  -  1884),  physician  ; 
•studied  at  Fxlinhurgh  University  :  M.D^  1839  :  extra- 
inural  lecturer  on  mwliclne,  1841  :  president,  Edinburgh 
Royal  Collepe  of  PhyslciaiiB,  1858-61  ;  representative  of 
the  college  on  general  medical  council,  1858-73  ;  MMMOr 
of  university  court  at  Edinburgh.  1864  ;  Introduced  Into 
practice  use  of  hypodermic  syringe  for  administration  of 
<W-  [I-™-  347] 

WOOD,  Rm  ANDREW  (rf.  15ir>),  sea-captain  and 
merchant  nt  Leith  :  ««erve«l  on  sea  and  land  chiefly 
sigainst  English  ;  conveyed  James  III  across  Forth  In 
flight  from  rebel  lords,  1488,  but  subsequently  accepted 
the  revolution  :  knighted,  r.  1405  :  overseer  of  public 
works  and  vendor  of  stores  for  public  service  :  superin- 
tended building  of  Duubar  Castle,  1497  :  many  of  the 
•exploit*  with  which  his  name  has  been  connected  are 
probably  fictitious.  [Ixii.  848] 

WOOD,  ANTHONY,  or,  as  be  latterly  called  himself, 
ANTHONY  X  WOOD  (1632-1695),  antiquary  and  historian  : 
<educate<l  at  New  College  School,  Oxford,  1641-4,  mxler 
John  Williams,  baron  Williams  [q.  v.],  at  Thame,  1644-6, 
jind  at  Merton  College,  Oxford  :  postmaster  ;  B.An  !•*»; 
submitted  to  parliamentar>'  visitors,  1648:  bible  clerk, 
1650:  M.  A.,  1655;  made  collections  for  history  of  Oxford- 
.l published  'Historia  et  Antlquitatea  Dnlr. 


<  -. 


WOOD.  KDMUXI)    BURKE   (18JO-18W) 

•  A.-,-  an  I,  K,   tWMI  bM    I  •   •.•>•  •  !    I  <,." 

...    -;-      .:•••:  ,   •  ,-          .••  •     ,-.. 

.      -!   -.,  •    ,r    .  ',  "I       "  '          . 

..,...•-.--.....,...... 

1867,  and  of  Canadian  Hou-  of  Common*.  lM7-7t  :  pro- 
of  Ohio.  18€7-7I  :  QXX,  Itrs  :  Mnher  of 

•A,--   Dorl  ••    -•'     »  . 

[UU.U4) 


Canadian  HooMof  OommM  for 

,•<.,•!     ,.;,,  ,,;  M.,«,  •...,,.  tfVi 


WOOD.  K I. LRT(  1*14-1887).  known  M  MM.  HmrKY 
WOOD :  norritit:  «*  Pritw:  married  Henry  Wood.  18M : 

....,  ...... 


llrtd  mainly  abroad,  1836-M 
Beottey'i '  MteoeUany,'  and 


»u  TjTrwiim  w     *»vw    •»«"•»•••* 

•Ba«t  Lynn.'  (1MU  whteh 
became  proprietor  and  COB- 
railne.  for  which  the  wrote 


BMMfl  • 
Magaiine,' 
achieved  very  great  i 

doctor  of  the  •  Argwy ' . 

the  •Johnny  Lodlow'  tale*.  Among  tar  mort  nopmar 
work*  are  'Mr*.  Halllburton's  Trouble*,'  1862.  -The 
Channlnga/  1861,  and  iU  aaquel  •Roland  Torke,'  1M», 
•The  Shadow  of  Aahly.ly»t,'  18U,  •Lord  Oakbnra't 
Daughten,'  1864, •Within  the  Maze,'  1872,  and  •K.llna,' 
1876.  [Ixii.  S»»] 

WOOD,  SmGBOBGE  (1743-1W4).  Judge:  articled  M 
attorney:    barrier.  Mullte  Temple:    M.P, 
Surrey.  1796-1806; 
exchequer,  1807-23. 

8m  GEOBGE    ADAM    (1767-lttU 


general,  royal  artillery:  »todled  at  Woolwich: 
lieutenant,  royal  artillery.  1781 :  captain.  1800 ;  llet 
colonel,  1808;  major-general,  1825 ;  served  in  Flaoder*. 
17M-*,  West  Indies,  1794-7.  Mediterranean.  1806-8.  Por- 
tugal, 1808-9,  and  Walcheren,  1809  :  knUjhtal.  1H1S  :  in 
Holland  and  FlanderM,  1813-14 :  commanded  whole  of 
artillery  in  Waterloo  campaign,  1815.  ami  BritUh  artllSery 
in  army  of  occupation  in  Prance,  1819;  governor 


Carlisle,  1825. 

WOOD,  MR*.  HF.XRV  (1814-1887>.  [See. WOOD. 
ELLKX.] 

WOOD,  HEBBERT  WILLIAM  (1837-1879).  major, 
royal  engineers  ;  eilucated  at  Ondtenham  and  Ea«t  India 
Company's  college,  Ad-llscombe:  eecond  liontenant. 
Madras  engineers,  185* :  went  to  India,  18*7 ;  lieutenant, 
ttH ;fail  engineer  In  AbyvUiian  campaign,  1868 ;  major. 
1873  :  explored  the  Amu  Darya,  and  published  •  TheShorei 
of  Lake  Aral,'  1876  ;  P^.GJB.  [UU.  M8] 


WOOD,  JAMES  (1672-1759).  nonconformUt 
known  as  GRMBRAI.  W<H(I>  :  minUter  at  Atherton  Ohaprf. 
1696-1721  :  raised  troop  which  served  under  Sir  Charie* 
Wills  [q.  v.]  against  Jacobite*  at  Preston.  171* ;  minl»- 
tered  at  new  meetlng-home  at  Chowbent  In  Atherton 
from  1722.  [!««•  »»«1 

WOOD,  JAMBS   (1760-1839X  mathematician:   ed«- 
caUxl  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge :  ««ilor  wranirJer 
M.A.  178*  :  D.D.,  1815  ;  vic«-chancelJor 


and  fellow.  1782: 

of  Cambridge  University, 


1816;    ma-ter  «f  M.  John. 


published  '  Athens  Oxoniense?,'  1691-2,  a  biographical 
Alctionnry  of  Oxford  writers  and  bishops,  and  was  ex- 
pelled  from  university  at  instance  of  Henry  Hyde,  secon.l 
«arl  of  Clarendon,  for  a  libel  which  the  work  contained 
on  his  father,  the  first  earl,  1693.  Several  antiquarian 
•manuscripts  left  by  him  were  published  nosthnmouMy. 

WOOD,  Sm  CHARLES,  first  Viaconrr  HALIFAX 
<18(K>-1885),  of  Eton  and  Oriel  College,  Oxford;  M.A., 
1S24:  liberal  M.P.  for  Grimsby,  1826,  ttarebatn,  1831, 
Halifax,  1832-65:  joint-secreta/y  to  treasury,  1R32:  « 
retary  to  admiralty,  1835  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1848: 
privy  councillor,  1846:  fuccoeded  his  father  m  ^netcv 
1846:  president  of  board  of  control,  1853;  first  lord 
of  admiralty,  1855  :  G.C.B.,  1856;  secretary  of  state  for 
India,  1869-66;  M.P.  for  Ripon, 
Halifax  of  Monk  Bretton,  1866  ; 


WOOD,  Sin  DAVID  EDWARD  (1812-1894),  general: 
•studied  at  Woolwich  :  second  lieutenant,  royal  artillery 
1829:  captain,  1846;  colonel,  1MO:  " 
colonel  commandant,  royal  artillery,  1» 
served  against  Boers,  1843:  In  Crimea,  18W  : 
tary),  1S57  :  in  Indian  mutiny  campaign*,  18*7-9  ;  K.O.B., 
159  eneral  commandant  of  Woolwich  garrbon,  J869- 


, 

1859    general  commandant  of 
1874  ;  G.O.B.,  1877. 


tlxlL  '"J 


WOOD,  SIR  JAMES  ATHOL  (1756-18t9X  rmr-a.1- 
mlral :  brother  of  Sir  Mark  Wood  [q.  T.]  ;  enterwl  nary 
as  able  seaman,  1774 :  lieutenant.  1778 :  aervwl  in  Wen 
Indies,  1794:  captured,  while  conveying  prUonen i  to 
France,  and  confined  at  Paris,  1794-*;  exohan«d,  179S; 
commander,  1795;  awlcted  at  capture  of  TrioMad  :  cap- 
tain, 1797:  went  in  charge  of  convoy.  1804,  to  W»t 
Indies,  where  be  was  .npemded  by  Sir  John  Thoma« 
Duckworth,  for  a  court-martial  on  *^om  b,  apnUe-i 
unsuccessfully  :  again  in  Wo*t  Irvlic*.  1807-9:  knighted. 
iSoJ^attache,!  to  Channel  fleet,  1HIO-12;  In  Mediterra- 
nean,' 1812-1*  ;  C.B.,  1815 :  rear-admiral,  1811. 


WOOD  or  WODB.  JOHN  <*.  1482).  tpeakar  of  ROOM 
of  Commons:  probably  sheriff  of  Surrey  and  8neM, 
1476 ;  speaker,  1482. 

WOOD,  JOHN  (<f.  1*70X  »ecrelanr «**"***' *f?1 
James  Stewart  [q.T.],  afterward. JJart  of  Moray.  1M1T- 
son  of  Sir  Anln-w  Wood  [q.  r.] :  M.A.  St. 
College,  St.  Andrew*.  1*36;  ricar  ofLargo : 
Si  Jime.  In  emb-sy  to  Qu«] lUry  ta 
France,  1561:  extraordinary  lord  ol  «jtoo,  1 
denounced  M  rebel  on  rebellion  of  Earl  of  Mormy.lft6*^ 
became  tecretary  to  Moray  oo  hto  return  to  power  M 


WOOD 


1432 


WOOD 


reeent,  and  was  employed  in  all  Iris  more  confidential 
ami  political  missions;  obtained  bishopric  of  Moray, 
.  [Ixii.  3GI] 


WOOD,  JOHN  (Jl.  1596),  medical  writer:  published 
'Practice  Medicime  Liber,'  a  treatise  on  diseases  and 
disorders  affecting  the  head,  1590.  [Ixii.  302] 

WOOD,  JOHN  (17057-1754),  architect;  known  as 
WOOD  OF  BATH;  settled  at  Bath,  1727,  and  achieved  fame 
a*  architect  of  the  Palladian  school,  owing  particularly  to 
his  success  in  the  composition  of  streets  and  groups  of 
booses ;  published  '  Choir  Gaure'  (Stonehenge),  1747,  and 
other  works.  His  architectural  enterprises  include 
Queen's  Square,  Bath.  [Ixii.  363] 

WOOD,  JOHN  (<f.  1782),  architect ;  son  of  John  Wood 
(1705  7-17M)  [q.  v.],  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  many 
works  ;  constructed  various  baths  at  Bath.  [Ixii.  364] 

WOOD,  JOHN  (1801-1870),  painter;  studied  in  Sass's 
school  and  in  Royal  Academy,  where  he  exhibited  largely. 

[Ixii.  364] 

WOOD.  JOHN  (181 1-1871),  geographer:  entered  East 
India  Company's  naval  service,  1826,  and  became  captain  ; 
assistant  to  commercial  mission  to  Afghanistan  under 
(Sir)  Alexander  Burnes  [q.  v.],1836,  and  issued  reports  on 
geography  of  Kabul  Valley,  and  discovered  source  of  the 
Oxus;  manager  of  Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Company, 
Sindh,  1857 ;  superintendent  of  Indus  steam  flotilla,  1861- 
1871.  [Ixii.  364] 

WOOD,  JOHN  (1825-1891),  surgeon :  studied  at  King's 
College, London ;  M.B.London,  1848;  M.R.C.S.aud  L.S.A., 
1849;  surgeon  to  King's  College  Hospital,  London  ;  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  at  King's  College,  London,  1871 ;  joint- 
lecturer  with  (Lord)  Lister  on  clinical  surgery,  1877,  and 
emeritus  professor  of  clinical  surgery,  1889;  F.R.C.S., 
1854,  member  of  council,  1879-87,  vice-president,  1885, 
Hunterian  professor,  1884-5,  and  Bradshaw lecturer,  1885 ; 
F.R.S.,  1871 ;  published  surgical  works.  [Ixii.  365] 

WOOD,  JOHN  GEORGE  (1827-1889),  writer  on  natu- 
ral history ;  M.A.  Merton  College,  Oxford,  1851 ;  chaplain 
to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  1856-62;  reader 
at  Christ  Cluirob,  Newgate  Street,  London,  1858-63 ; 
lectured  in  England  and  America  on  natural  history; 
delivered  Lowell  lectures  at  Boston,  1883-4  ;  P.L.S.,  1854- 
1877.  His  numerous  works,  which  aimed  at  popularising 
natural  history,  include  'Illustrated  Natural  History,' 
1853,  'Common  Objects  of  the  Seashore,'  1857,  of  the 
country,  1858,  and  of  the  microscope  (in  conjunction  with 
Tnffen  West),  1861,  and  an  edition  of  White's  '  Natural 
History  of  Selborne,'  1854.  [Ixii.  366] 

WOOD,  JOHN  MUIR  (1805-1892),  editor  of  the  '  Songs 
of  Scotland ' ;  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  studied  music  at 
Paris  and  Vienna;  engaged  in  literary  pursuits  in 
London :  joined  his  half-brother,  George,  in  business  of 
music-sellers  in  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  in  Glasgow  : 
collected  materials  for  'Songs  of  Scotland,'  nominally 
edited,  1819,  by  George  Farquhar  Graham  [q.  v.],  and 
reissued  with  notes  and  additions  by  Wood,  1887. 

[Ixii.  367] 

WOOD,  SIR  JOHN  PAGE,  second  baronet  (1796-1866), 
chaplain  to  Queen  Caroline ;  son  of  Sir  Matthew  Wood 
[q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  College  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; LL.B.,  1821;  chaplain  and  private  secretary  to 
Queen  Caroline ;  chaplain  to  Duke  of  Sussex  ;  rector  of 
Bt,  Peter's,  Comhill,  London,  1824-66.  [Ixii.  372] 

WOOD,  JOHN  PHILIP  (d.  1838),  Scottish  antiquary 
and  biographer;  deaf  and  dumb  from  infancy  ;  auditor  of 
excise  in  Scotland.  His  publications  include  an  edition  of 
the 'Peerage  of  Scotland'  of  Sir  Robert  Douglas  [q.  v.], 
1813.  [Ixii.  368] 

WOOD,  Sm  MARK,  first  baronet  (1747-1829),  colonel, 
Bengal  engineers;  brother  of  Sir  James  Athol  Wood 
fa.  v.] ;  went  to  India,  1770  ;  received  commission  in 
Bengal  engineers,  1772,  and  became  colonel,  1795;  chief 
engineer  in  Bengal,  1790;  returned  to  England,  1793; 
1LP.,  Milborne  Port,  Somerset,  1794,  Newark,  1796,  and 
Gatton,  Surrey,  1802-18;  entered  George  Ill's  service  as 
colonel,  1795 ;  created  baronet,  1808 ;  published  account 
of  •  War  with  Tippoo  Sultaun,'  1800,  and  other  works. 

WOOD,  MARSHALL  (rf.  1882),  sculptor ;  brother  of 
Shakupere  Wood  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy 
between  1854  and  1875.  [Ixii.  377]  • 


WOOD,  MARY  ANN  (1802-1864).    [See  PATON.] 

WOOD,  MARY  ANNE  EVERETT  (1818-1895).  [See 
GRKKX,  MILS.  MARY  ANNK  EVKRETT.] 

WOOD,  SIR  MATTHEW,  first  baronet  (1768-1843), 
municipal  and  political  reformer:  serge-maker  at  Tiver- 
ton ;  apprenticed  a*  chemist  and  druggist,  and  opened 
business  independently  in  London  ;  alderman  of  Cripple- 
gate  Without,  London,  1807;  sheriff  of  London  and 
Middlesex,  1809 ;  lord  mayor,  1815-16  and  1816-17  ;  took 
leading  part  in  many  city  improvements ;  M.P.,  city  of 
London,  1817-43  ;  friend  and  counsellor  of  Queen  Caroline  : 
received  baronetcy  from  Queen  Victoria  at  Guildhall,  1837, 
this  being  the  first  title  she  bestowed.  [Ixii.  370] 

WOOD  or  WOODS,  ROBERT  (1622  7-1685),  mathe- 
matician :  of  Eton  and  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  M.A., 
1649  ;  fellow  of  Lincoln  College,  1650-60  :  licensed  phy- 
sician, 1656:  supported  •Commonwealth:  went  to  Ire- 
land, 1660:  M.D.:  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Meath  :  mathe- 
matical master  at  Christ's  Hospital,  London  ;  accountant- 
general  of  Ireland;  F.R.S.,  1681:  published  'A  New 
Al-moon-ac  for  Ever,'  1680,  and  'The  Times  Mended,' 
1681.  [Ixii.  372] 

WOOD,  ROBERT  (1717  7-1771).  traveller  and  poli- 
tician :  travelled  in  France,  Italy,  Western  Europe,  and 
Asia  Minor,  with  John  Bouverie  and  James  Dawkins 
[q.  v.]:  published'  Ruins  of  Palmyra,'  1753,  and  'Ruins 
of  Balbec,'  1757  ;  member  of  Society  of  Dilettanti,  1763  ; 
under-secretary  of  state,  1 756-63 ;  M.P.,  Brackley,  1761- 
1771 ;  seized,  under  warrant  and  orders  of  Lord  Halifax, 
John  Wilkes's  papers,  1763,  and  was  fined  in  subsequent 
action  for  trespass ;  under-secretary  to  Lord  Weymouth, 
1768-70.  An  essay  by  him  on  'The  Original  Genius  of 
Homer,'  embodying  his  impressions  of  the  Troad  and 
other  writings,  appeared  posthumously.  [Ixii.  373] 

WOOD,  SEARLES  VALENTINE,  the  elder  (1798- 
1880),  geologist :  officer  in  East  India  Company's  ser- 
vice, 1811-25  ;  became  partner  in  bank  at  Hasketonr 
near  Woodbridge:  retired,  1835 ;  went  to  London ; 
joined  London  Clay  Club:  curator  of  Geological  Society's 
museum;  member  of  Palaeontographical, "Society ;  F.G.S.r 
1839:  Wollaston  medallist:  published  valuable  writings 
on  the  'Crag  Mollusca,'  and  presented  an  unrivalled  col- 
lection of  fossils  to  British  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

[Ixii.  375] 

WOOD,  SEARLES  VALENTINE,  the  younger  (1830- 
1881),  geologist:  son  of  Searles  Valentine  Wood  the 
elder  [q.  v.]:  educated  at  King's  College,  London:  ad- 
mitted solicitor,  1851 :  retired,  1865 ;  assisted  his  father 
in  geological  pursuits:  F.G.S.,  1864 :  made  special  study 
of  drifts  of  Suffolk  and  Essex  ;  published  scientific  papers. 

[Ixii.  376] 

WOOD,  SHAKSPERE  (1827-1886),  sculptor ;  studied 
at  Royal  Academy  and  in  Rome,  where  he  lived  many 
years,  and  died  ;  published  works  relating  to  sculpture  of 
'Rome.  [Ixii.  376] 

WOOD,  THOMAS  (1661-1722),  lawyer:  nephew  of 
Anthony  Wood  [q.  v.] :  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford, 
1679;  D.C.L.,  1703:  proctor  for  his  uncle  in  suit  insti- 
tuted against  him  for  libelling  first  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
1692-3 ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1692 :  rector  of  Hard- 
wick,  Buckinghamshire,  1704-22  ;  published  '  Institute  of 
the  Laws  of  England,'  1720,  and  other  works  in  verse  and 
prose.  [Ixii.  377] 

WOOD,  WESTERN  (1804-1863),  chemist  and  drug- 
gist: in  partnership  with  his  father.  Sir  Matthew  Wood 
[q.  v.]  ;  M.P.,  city  of  London,  1861-3.  [Ixii.  372] 

WOOD,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1609-1691),  toxophilite :  for 
many  years  marshal  of  the  Finsbnry  archers :  probably 
knighted  by  Charles  II;  first  wearer  of  the  decoration 
known  as  the  '  Catherine  of  Braganza  Shield,'  1676. 

[Ixii.  378] 

WOOD,  WILLIAM  (1671-1 730),  ironmaster;  stated  to 
have  owned  large  copper  and  iron  works  in  west  of  Eng- 
land ;  obtained  patent,  1722,  of  sole  privilege  of  coining- 
halfpence  and  farthings  for  circulation  in  Ireland ; 
arousal  opposition  in  Ireland,  strengthened  by  Swift's 
tracts,  called  '  The  Drapier's  Letters,'  1724,  and  surren- 
dered patent,  1725;  held  patent  to  strike  half  pence,  pence, 
and  twopences  for  English  colonies  in  America,  1722-3. 

[Ixii.  378} 


WOOD 


WOODFORD 


WOOD,  WILLIAM  <  1745-1808X  boUnlrt  and  noncon- 
formist divine;  minister  Huoccwively  at  Debenham. 
Suffolk,  Stamford,  Lincolnshire,  Iplwicb,  17 
Mill  Hill  Chapel,  Leeds,  1773-1808;  P.LJB.,  1791 


WOOD,    WILLIAM  (1774-1857),  - 

geon ;  educated  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
practised  in  London,   1801-11,  and   conducted  __ 
as  bookKeller,  1815-40;  F.L.8^  1798;  F.RA,  181J :  pub- 
h>hnl  zoological  works.  [IxiL  880] 


i  UU,  y r  LLT AM  PAG  E-  BAROX  HATnraunr  (1801- 
1881)  lord  cbanodlor:  MOOMiMOOf  Sir  Matthew  Wort 
[q.  v.];  of  Winchester  OoDafi  ami  Genera;  collected 
evidence  for  Queen  Oarollne't  caae,  1820;  entered  Trinity 
College.  Cambrte,  1820:  fellow,  1894;  barrister.  Lin- 
coln a  Inn,  1827;  Q.O.,  1845;  advanced  liberal  M.P.  for 
Oxford,  1847 :  chauoellor  of  duchy  and  vice-chancellor  of 
county  palatine  of  Lancaster,  1849-41 ;  member  of  com- 
mission on  court  of  chancery,  1851 ;  appointed  solicitor, 
general  and  knighted,  1851;  Yice-chanoellor,  1853;  on 
( junbridge  University  commission  :  lord  juetice  of  appeal. 
1868;  appointed  lord  chancellor  and  created  Baron 
Hatherley  of  Hatherley.  1868  :  resigned,  1872 ;  published 
religious  aud  ecclesiastical  works.  [IxU.  380] 

WOODALL,  JOHN  (15567-1M3),  surgeon;  military 
Burgeon  in  Lord  Willoughbyl  I  •!•!•!  ,1591 ;  member  of 
Barber  Surgeons'  Company,  1699,  warden,  1827,  and 
master,  1033;  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
1616-43  ;  first  surgeon-general  to  East  India  Company 
when  formed  into  joint-stock  business,  1612;  interested 
in  Virginia  Company  :  published  surgical  work*  showing 
some  power  of  observation.  [Ixii.  382] 

WOODARD,  NATHANIEL  (1811-1891),  founder  of 
the  Woodanl  schools;  MA.  Mnedalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
1866 ;  curate  at  New  Shoreham,  where,  1847,  ho  oprued  a 
day  school ;  opened  a  boarding-school  at  Shoreham,  1848, 
and  subsequently  devoted  his  whole  attention  to  organi- 
sation and  development  of  large  educational  schemes 
for  middle  classes,  the  Woodard  Society  being  formed, 
1848,  to  carry  them  out:  instituted  educational  centres 
for  east,  west,  north,  sooth,  aud  the  midlands;  canon 
residentiary  of  Manchester,  1870;  hou.  D.C.L.  Oxford, 
1870 ;  sub-dean  cf  Manchester,  1881.  [Ixii.  383] 

WOODBREDGE.  BENJAMIN  (1622-1684),  divine; 
educated  at  Magdalen  Hall.  Oxford  ;  went  to  New  Eng- 
land, 1639  ;  first  graduate  of  Harvard  College ;  B.A.,  1642 ; 
returned  to  England:  M.A.  Oxford,  1648:  rector  of 
Newbury,  1648 ;  assistant  for  ejection  of  scandalous 
ministers,  1654;  chaplain  to  Charles  II,  1660;  commis- 
sioner at  Savoy  conference,  1661;  silenced  by  Act  of 
Uniformity,  1662;  conformed,  1665,  but  subsequently 
remained  much  in  retirement.  [Ixii.  385] 

WOODBRIDOE,  JOHN  (1613-1696),  brother  of  Ben- 
jamin Woodbridge  [q.  v.] :  studied  at  Oxford ;  went  to 
America,  1634 :  first  town-clerk  at  Newbury,  New  Eng- 
land :  ordained,  Ifi  15  ;  in  England,  1647-63 ;  magistrate 
of  Xewbury,  New  England.  [IxU.  386] 

WOODBTTRY,  WALTER  BENTLEY  (1834-1885), 
inventor  of  Woodbury-type  process  ;  studied  engineer- 
ing: went  to  Australian  goldfields,  1852;  migrated  to 
Batavia,  Java,  and  worked  at  collodion  process  of  photo- 
graphy :  married  a  Malay  lady:  returned  to  England, 
1863 :  settlal  at  Birmingham  :  invented  Woodbury-type 
process  (1866),  and  subsequently  patented  many  con- 
trivances in  connection  with  photography.  [Ixii.  386] 

WOODCOCK,  MARTIN,  aliat  FARINGTOX,  JOHN 
(1603-1646),  Franciscan  martyr;  born  in  Lancashire; 
admitted  to  Franciscan  on  lor  at  Donay,  1631,  and  was 
professed,  1632  ;  went  on  English  mission,  1643  :  executed, 
after  two  years'  imprisonment,  at  Lancaster.  [Ixii.  387] 

WOODCROFT,  BENNET(  1803-1879),  clerk  to  com- 
missioners of  patents;  in  business  as  silk  and  muslin 
manufacturer  at  Manchester  awl  Salford :  took  out 
patents  for  many  valuable  inventions,  including  '  tappets ' 
for  looms  (1838) ;  opened  business  as  consulting  engineer 
and  patent  agent,  in  London,  1846;  professor  of 
machinery,  University  College,  London,  1847-51 ;  super- 
intendent of  patent  specifications,  1852:  K.K.S.,  1869: 
clerk  to  commissioners  of  patents,  1864-76 ;  published 
works  relating  to  inventions  aud  inventors.  [Ixii.  387] 


WOODD.    BASIL   (l7eO-IMlX   bymn-writrr  :    M.A. 
Colkv  ,:,  :  lecturtr  of  Bt. 

' 


Tr...  t. 

•  onM  ;. 


.  .*.  . 

Mkldle    Temple!    17tT:    benchar 
nrofeawr  :  Vinerian  Mlow.  m« 


WOODDE80M,  RICHARD,  the  yoongw (I7tt-18»). 
iurUt :  son  of  Richard  Wooddeaoo  tba  aUrr 
*-— Won   Collate,  Oxford.   1761:  D.C.L,   1777 

IMS;    barrister.  Middle    T 
1799 ;  deputy  Vlmrian  nrofeaw 
Vlnerian    profenaor.    1777-93;    published    _ 
•Systematical  View  of  the  LawTof   England.'  1792-4. 
and  other  legal  worka,  [IxU.  888] 

WOODFALL,  GBORGB  (1767-1844),  printer  :  son  Of 
Henry  Sampson  Woodfall  fq.  ».i.  with  whom  ht  waa  in 
partnership,  1767-93  ;  carried  on  boatneai  liKlsrumlanlli 
till  1840,  and  with  hU  son,  1840-4 
Stationers'  Company,  1812  and  18M ; 
of  anistanta,  1825.  and  matter.  18SS-4  ami  1841 ; 
1823;  fellow  of  Royal  Society  of  Literature.  1824:  ac- 
quired a  high  reputation  as  a  printer  :  beat  known  by  his 
edition  of  Junins'*  •  Letter*,1  8  voU.  1812.  [IxiL  189] 

WOODFALL,  HENRY  SAMPSON  (1789  -  1808). 
printer  and  journalist ;  of  St.  Paul's  School.  London  ; 
apprenticed  to  his  father,  printer  of  the  •  Public  Adver- 
tiser,' 1764:  conducted  'Public  Advertiser,' <•.  1758-98. 
and  printed  letter*  of  Juntos,  with  whom  he  had  no 
personal  acquaintance  :  afflrmed  that  Sir  Philip  Frauds 
[q.  v.]  did  not  write  the  letters  ;  retired  from  bonnes*. 
1793 ;  muster  of  Stationers'  Company,  1797.  [IxiLWO] 

WOODFALL.  WILLIAM  (1746-1803),  parliamentary 
reporter  ami  dramatic  critic  ;  brother  of  Henry  Sampson 
Woodfall  [q.  v.] ;  apprenticed  at  bookseller  ;  employed  in 
printing  •  Public  Advertiser ' :  actor  and  journalist ; 
edited  •  London  Packet,'  1772-4 ;  on  staff  of  •  Morning 
Chronicle,'  1774-89;  established,  1789,  the  •Diary.'  the 
first  journal  to  give  reports  of  parliamentary  proceedings 
on  the  morning  after  they  had  taken  place.  [Ixii.  892] 

WOODFORD,  SIR  ALEXANDER  GBORGB  (1782- 
1870X  field- marshal :  brother  of  Sir  John  George  Wood- 
ford  [q.  v.] :  of  Winchester  College  and  Bonnycaatle's 
academy,  Woolwich:  ensign,  1794:  captain.  1799; 
colonel,  1814;  licutenantrgeneraL  1838:  colonel.  4Oth 
ronui.-nt,  1842;  general,  1864:  colom-1.  Scot*  fusilier 
guards,  1861  ;  field-marshal,  1808  ;  at  Copenhagen,  18U7  ; 
in  Peninsula,  1811-14;  Waterloo,  1816;  C.H.  (military*. 
1815  ;  K.C.M.G..  1831  :  governor  and  commander  in  chief 
of  Gibraltar,  1836-43;  G.C.B.,  1M52;  governor  of  rbebea 
Hospital,  1868-70.  [IxiL  392] 

WOODFORD.  JAMES  RUSSELL  (1820-1885).  biabop 
of  Ely  ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  Pem- 
broke College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.,  1846  ;  vicar  of  Krmps- 
ford,  1855 ;  honorary  canon  of  Cbristchurch ;  vicar  of 
Leeds,  1868;  D.D.  Lambeth.  1869;  chaplain  to  Queen 
Victoria,  1872:  bishop  of  Ely,  1878;  established  theo- 
logical college,  Ely ;  published  sermons  and  other  writings. 

WOODFORD,  SIR  JOHN  GBORGB  (178f-1879X 
major-general ;  brotln-r  of  Sir  Alexander  George  Wood- 
ford  [q.  T.]  :  educated  at  Harrow  ;  ensign,  1800 :  at 
Copenhagen,  1807:  in  Peninsula,  1808-14  ;  wounded  at 
Coruna ;  captain,  1st  grenadier  guard*,  1814  ;  at  Water- 
loo. 1815 ;  commanded  army  of  occupation  In  France. 
1818  ;  colonel,  grenadier  guard*,  at  Dublin,  18S8  :  carried 
out  numerous  reforms  in  military  discipline  ;  KJL;  major- 
general,  1837  ;  K.C.B.,  1838.  [UIL  884] 

WOODFORD.  SAMUEL  (1636-1700).  divine  and 
poet ;  of  St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Wadham  Oolkga. 
Oxford  ;  B.A.,  1657;  entered  Inner  Temple:  darted  to. 
Royal  Society,  1664 :  canon  of  Cbichester,  1«7»,  and  of 
Winchester.  1680;  D.D.,  1677:  published  poetical 
of  ti,  r-ain.-.  :••:..,:,:::,  .  .i,t, •-*.:•:•-•. 


WOODFORD  or    WTDFORD.    WILLIAM    or   (/. 
1381-13WX  opponent  of    Wycliffe;    Franciaean ;    DJX 


WOODFORDE 


1434 


WOODVILLE 


oxford,  when'  lie  met  Wydiffe  and  gradually  became 
.  him:  wrote  work  opining  Wycliffe'c  repudiation 
of  tninsuhstantiation.  13H1,  and  subsequently  repeatedly 
uttackal  him  in  writing  :  re^-nt-uwster  in  theology 
among  minority  at  Oxford,  1389  ;  vicar  of  provincial 
minster,  1390.  [Ixii.  396] 

WOODFORDE,     SAMUEL    (1763-1817),    painter; 
;it  Royal  Academy  and  in  Italy ;  exhibited  at 
K'-vul  Academy,  1784-6  and  1792-1815  ;  R.A.,  18U7. 

[Ixii.  397] 

WOODHALL  or  WOODALL.    [See  UVEDALE.] 
WOODHAM,  MRS.  (1743-1803),  singer  and  actress ; 
,  called  Si'KxcKU  ;  pupil  of  Dr.  Arne  :  for  many 
years  a  favourite  on  the  Dublin  stage ;  burned  in  fire  at 
Alley's  amphitheatre.  [Ixii.  398] 

WOODHAM  or  GODDAM,  ADAM  <  •/.  1358).  [See 
GODDAM.] 

WOODGATE,  SIR  EDWARD  ROBERT  PREVOST 
(1845-1900),  major-general;  educated  at  Sandhurst; 
lieutenant,  4th  foot,  1869;  in  Ashanti  war,  1873-4; 
captain,  1878 ;  staff  officer  of  flying  column  in  Zulu 
campaign,  1879 ;  brigade-major  in  West  Indies,  1880-5 ; 
lieutenant-colonel,  1893;  C.B.,  1896;  colonel,  1897: 
organised  West  African  regiment  at  Sierra  Leone,  1898 ; 
major-general  in  command  of  eleventh  brigade  of  fifth 
division  under  Sir  Charles  Warren  in  South  Africa,  1899  ; 
K.O.M.G.,  1900  ;  died  from  wounds  received  at  Spion  Kop. 

[Snppl.  iii.  617] 

WOODHEAD,  ABRAHAM  (1609  -  1678),  Roman 
catholic  controversialist ;  M.A.  University  College, 
Oxford,  1631 ;  fellow,  1633 ;  took  holy  orders  ;  proctor, 
1641 ;  firmly  opposed  puritan  efforts  of  the  government ; 
tutor  to  George  Villiers,  second  duke  of  Buckingham 
[q.  v.],  and  his  brother,  Lord  Francis,  c.  1648 ;  ejected 
from  fellowship  by  parliamentary  visitors,  1648;  re- 
instated, 1660 ;  resigned,  1678  ;  joined  Roman  catholic 
church,  but  did  not  enter  priesthood:  the  'Whole  Duty 
of  Man'  erroneously  attributed  to  him  ;  published  and  left 
in  manuscript  controversial  and  other  religious  works. 

[Ixii.  398] 

WOODHOUSE,  JAMES  (1736-1820),  •  the  poetical 
shoemaker ' ;  worked  as  shoemaker  and  schoolmaster  at 
Rowley  Regis  ;  published  *  Poems  on  sundry  Occasions,' 
1764,  attracting  considerable  attention  ;  bailiff  on  estates 
of  Edward  Montagu,  husband  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Mon- 
tagu [q.  v.],  c.  1766-78  ;  house  steward  to  Mrs.  Montagu, 
f.  1778-85  ;  complete  edition  of  his  works,  1896. 

[Ixii.  400] 

WOODHOTTSE,  PETER  (/.  1605),  poet ;  published 
*  Dcmocritvfi  his  Dreanie.  or  the  Contention  betweene 
the  Elephant  and  the  Flea,'  1605,  in  the  '  Epistle  Dedi- 
catorie'  of  which  there  is  a  reference  to  'Justice  Shal- 
lowe '  and '  his  cousen  Mr.  Weathercocke.'  [Ixii.  401] 

WOODHOUSE.     ROBERT    DE    (d.    1345?).      [See 

WODEHOUSE.] 

WOODHOUSE,  ROBERT  (1773-1827),  mathemati- 
cian; senior  wrangler  and  Smith's  prizeman,  Ciiius 
College,  Cambridge,  1795;  M.A.,  1798;  fellow,  1798- 
1823 ;  F.R.S.,  1802 ;  first  in  England  to  explain  and  ad- 
vocate the  notation  and  methods  of  the  calculus  ;  Lucasian 
professor  of  mathematics,  1820,  and  Plumian  professor  of 
astronomy  and  experimental  philosophy,  1822  ;  superin- 
tendent of  Cambridge  observatory  ;  published  mathema- 
tical works.  [Ixii.  402] 

WOODHOUSE.  THOMAS  (rf.  1573),  Roman  catholic 
martyr  ;  ordained  priest,  1558;  imprisoned  as  priest  in 
Fleet,  London,  1561 ;  admitted  to  Society  of  Jesus,  1572  ; 
executed  at  Tyburn  on  charge  of  high  treason. 

[Ixii.  402] 

WOODHOUSELEE,  LORD  (1747-1813).  [See  TYTLKR, 
ALEXANDER  FRASKH.] 

WOODIKOTON,   WILLIAM  FREDERICK  (isoe- 

1893),  sculptor  and  painter  ;  pupil  of  Robert  William 
Sievier  [q.  v.] ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  between 
1825  and  1882 ;  curator  of  school  of  sculpture  at  Royal 
Academy ;  A.R.A.,  1876.  [Ixii.  403] 

WOODLARK,  ROBERT  (</.  1479).  [See  WODELARKK.] 
WOODLEY,  GEORGE  (1786-1846),  poet  and  divine  ; 
in  navy  ;  edited  '  Royal  Cornwall  Gazette,'  1808 ; 
nary  of  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Know- 
ta  islands  of  St.  Martin  and  at.  Agues,  Scilly, 


1820-42;   perpetual  cumte  of  Martindale,  1843-6;  pub- 
lished  poems,  essays,  and  other  writings.          [Ixii.  403] 

WOODMAN,  RICHARD  (1524  ?-1557),  prote.-tunt 
martyr  ;  '  iron-maker'  at  Warbleton  ;  imprisoned  a>  pro- 
te-tant,  1554  to  1555,  when  his  detention  was  declared 
illegal ;  itinerant  preacher ;  arrested,  1557 ;  burned  at 
Lewes.  [Ixii.  404] 

WOODMAN,  RICHARD  (1784-1859),  engraver ;  ap- 
prenticed to  Robert  Mitchell  Meadows ;  exhibited  water- 
colour  paintings  and  miniatures  at  Royal  Academy, 
1820-50.  [Ixii.  405] 

WOODNOTH.    [See  WODEXOTE  and  WODEXOTH.]     ' 

WOODROFFE,    BENJAMIN  (1638-1711).  divine;  of 

Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  M.A., 

1662;  incorporated  at  Cambridge,  1664;  tutor  at  Christ 

Church,  Oxford ;  F.R.S.,  1668;  chaplain  to  Duke  of  York, 

1669,  and  to  Charles  II,  1674  ;  canon  of  Christ  Clmrch, 

,'Oxford,    1672-1711;     D.D.,     1673;    subdean    of    Christ 

1  Church,  Oxford,  1674;  rector  of  St.  Bartholomew,  near 

Royal  Exchange,  London,  1676-1711:  canon  of  Lichfield, 

i  1678-1711;  principal  of  Gloucester  Hall,  Oxford,  1692; 

founded  Greek  College  at  Oxford,  1697  (demolished,  1806); 

published  religious  and  other  writings.  [Ixii.  405] 

WOODEOOFFE,  MRS.  ANNE  (1766-1830),  author; 
nte  Cox  ;  married,  1803 ;  published '  Shades  of  Character,* 
1824,  and  other  works.  [Ixii.  407] 

WOODROW,  HENRY  (1823-1876).  promoter  of  educa- 
tion in  India ;  of  Rugby  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge ; 
M.A.,  1849  ;  junior  fellow,  1846-54  ;  principal  of  Mar- 
tiniere  College,  Calcutta,  1848 ;  secretary  to  council  of 
education,  1854 :  inspector  of  schools  in  Eastern  Bengal, 
1855-72 ;  director  of  public  instruction  in  Bengal,  1876  ; 
increased  native  interest  in  education.  [Ixii.  407] 

WOODS,  JAMES  (1672-1759).    [See  WOOD.] 

WOODS,  JOSEPH  (1776-1864),  architect  and  botanist; 
entered  office  of  Daniel  Asher  Alexander  [q.  v.] ;  formed, 
and  was  first  president  of,  London  Architectural  Society, 
1806  ;  edited  and  issued,  1816,  fourth  volume  of '  Antiqui- 
ties of  Athens,'  by  James  Stuart  (1713-1788)  [q.  v.]; 
travelled  on  continent  and  studied  geology  and  botany : 
practised  in  London,  1819-33;  retired,  1833;  published 
'  Tourist's  Flora,'  1850,  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  plants 
and  ferns  of  British  islands  and  various  European  coun- 
tries ;  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  and  F.S.A.  [Ixii.  409] 

WOODS,  JULIAN  EDMUND  TENISON-  (1832-1889), 
geologist  and  naturalist;  became  Roman  catholic  when 
young,  and  joined  Passionist  order  ;  accompanied  Bishop 
Wilson  to  Tasmania,  1854  ;  ordained  deacon  and  priest, 
1856 ;  missionary  priest  in  south-eastern  district  of  South 
Australia;  vicar-general  of  diocese,  1867;  missionary 
i  priest  in  Queensland,  1873;  published  'History  of  Dis- 
covery and  Exploration  of  Australia,'  1865,  numerous 
papers  on  natural  history,  geology,  and  palaeontology,  and 
other  writings.  [Ixii.  410] 

WOODS,  ROBERT  (1622  ?-1685).    [See  WOOD.] 

WOODSTOCK,  EDMUND  OP,  EARL  OF  KEXT(1301- 
1330).  [See  EDMUND.] 

WOODSTOCK,  EDWARD  OF  (1330-1376).  [See  ED- 
WARD,  PRIXCE  OF  WALES.] 

WOODSTOCK,  ROBERT  OF  (d.  1428).    [See  HEETB 
j  ROBERT.] 

WOODSTOCK,  THOMAS  OF,  EARL  OK  BUCKINGHAM 
and  DUKE  OF  GLOUCESTER  ( 1355-1397).  [See  THOMAS.] 

WOODVILLE  or  WYDVLLLE,  ANTHONY,  BAIIOM 
SCALKS  and  second  EARL  RIVKRS  (1442  y-1483),  son  of 
Richard  Woodville,  first  earl  Rivers  [q.  v.],  and  Jacquctta, 
widow  of  John  of  Lancaster,  duke  of  Bedford  [q.  v.];  mnr« 
ried,  c.  1460,  Elizabeth  (d.  1473),  baroness  Scales  aud 
Neucelles  in  her  own  right ;  fought  for  Lancastrians  at 
Towton,  but  transferred  allegiance  to  Edward  IV  ;  recog- 
nised as  Lord  Scales,  1462 ;  K.G.,  1466  ;  lord  of  Isle  of 
Wight,  1466  :  fonght  celebrated  tournament  with  Bastard 
of  Burgundy,  1467,  the  battle  being  declared  drawn; 
member  of  embassy  which  arranged  match  between  Duke 
of  Burgundy  and  Edward  IV's  Fister  Margaret.  14t;7: 
governor  of  Portsmouth,  1468  ;  succeeded  as  Earl  Kivers, 
1469  ^lieutenant  of  Calais;  accompanied  Edward  IV  in 
exile,  '1470-1 ;  guardian  of  Edward,  prince  of  Wales, 


WOODVILLE 


lt:r, 


WOOLF 


fi 
O 


and  clii«-f  butler  of  Enirland.  1473;  governor  to  Prince 
Edward,  117:;.  ,v.-nt  t..  limn.-.  U75-6;  invested  by  1'oj*- 
Sixtu>  IV  with  titlt-  of  .1.  t.-n.l.-r  .iii.l  .lirector  of  papal 
n  Kin.'land;  mi  Kdwanl  1  V's  death  ws*  saspteted 
of  tn-a-on  by  Uirh:ird,  iiuki-  of  <nouce*ter,  the  protector, 
ami  i-v'iit.if.  He  wrote  several  transUU«is  from  French, 
whirl,  v.vrv  i-siu-l  by  Caxton.  llxn.  4lU] 

WOODVILLEor  WYDEVILLE,  KU/.AHKTi 
1492).     [Stv  KU/.U:KTII.] 

WOODVILLE.     LIONKL    (1446  7-1484),    bishop    of 

Salkbury:  son  of  Uu-hunl  \V,*>,lvilh-,  nr*t  earl  River* 
fii  v  1  •  "l).l>.  Oxfonl:  dean  of  Exeter.  1478  ;  chancellor  at 
xford  University.  1179;  bwhop  of  Salisbury,  14W;  took 
part  in  orKiini^intf  Booktafham'B  rebellion,  and  sob- 
ijemu-iitlv  tl.il  to  Hi-ury  of  Richmond  In  Hrittany,  where 
possibly  be  died.  [Uli.  414] 

WOODVILLE  or  WYDEVILLE,  RICHARD,  first 
Euu.  HiVKKS  (d.  1469),  son  of  Richard  WoodvlUe.  who 
was  lieutenant  of  Calais,  1429,  and  died,  f.  1441  :  knighted 
by  Henry  VI  at  Leicester,  14M  :  served  in  France; 
married  secretly,  c.  1436,  Jacquetta  of  Luxemburg,  widow 
of  John  of  Lancaster,  duke  of  Bedford  [q.  T.],  and  was 
pardoned,  1437  ;  served  under  Somerset  and  Talbot  in  at- 
tempt to  relieve  Meaux,  1439;  accompanied  Duke  of  York 
to  France,  1441  ;  knight  banneretand  captain  of  Alenvon, 
1442  •  created  Baron  Rivers,  1448  ;  took  part  hi  suppres- 
sion of  Cade's  rising,  (1460  ;  K.G.  and  privy  councillor, 
1450  ;  appointed  seneschal  of  Aquitalne,  1460  ;  lieutenant 
to  Duke  of  Somerset  when  captain  of  Calais,  1451: 
stationed  at  Sandwich  to  guard  against  landing  of 
exiled  Earls  of  Warwick  and  March,  who  had  taken  re- 
fupe  at  Calais,  1459  ;  captured  and  carried  to  CalaU,  1460  ; 
escaped  ;  fought  at  Towton  and  accompanied  Henry  VI 
in  flight  to  Newcastle;  transferred  allegiance,  1461,  to 
Edward  IV,  who  married  his  daughter  Elizabeth,  1464  ; 
treasurer,  1466  ;  created  Earl  Rivers,  1466  :  high  con- 
stable of  England,  1467  ;  taken  after  Edward  IV*  defeat 
at  Edgecot  and  executed  at  Kenilworth.  [Ixli.  414] 

WOODVILLE,  WILLIAM  (1752-1805),  physician  and 
botanist;  M.D.  Edinburgh,  1775  ;  physician  to  Middlesex 
dispensary,  London,  1782;  L.R.C.P.,  1784  ;  ph.mcuui  to 
small-pox  and  inoculation  hospitals  at  bt.  Pancras, 
LondoV.,  1791  ;  F.L.S.,  1791  :  though  at  first  hostile,  sub- 
sequently adopted  and  advocated  theory  of  vacciuatioi 
introduced  by  Edward  Jenner  (1749-1823)  [qv.],  ami 
published  reports  relating  to  practice  of  vaccination  His 
works  include  '  Medical  Botany,'  1790-4,  [tth.  41  ,  ] 

WOODWARD,  BENJAMIN  (181S-1861),  architect; 
articled  as  civil  engineer  :  associated  with  Sir  Thomas 
Deane  [q.  v.]  in  building  Queen's  College,  Cork,  184& 
in  partnership  with  Deane  and  his  son.  (>ir)  Thomas 
Kewenham  Deane  [q.  v.],  in  Dublin,  1853,  and  built 
Trinity  College  new  library,  Dublin,  1853-7  :  buUt  the 
Oxford  museum  under  Ruskin's  supervision,  1855-8 
intimate  with  Rossetti,  Morris,  Bnrne-Joiu.*,  y°"»K*r 
group  of  pre-Raphaelites,  Both  at  Dublin  and  Oxfonl 
the  experiment  was  made  with  some  success  of  leaving 
sculptural  details  to  the  taste  of  individual  workmen. 

[Snppl.  HI.  518] 

WOODWARD,  BERNARD  BOLING  BROKE  (1816- 
1869),  librarian:  son  of  Samuel  Woodward  [q.  v.]  ; 
worked  at  heraldic  drawing  for  Hudson  Gurney  [q.  v]; 
studied  at  Highbury  College,  London  ;  B.A.  London, 
1841  •  oastor  of  independent  church  of  Wortwell-with- 
HarlestoT,  1843-8  ;  librarian  in  ordinary  toQueen  Victoria 
at  Windsor  Castle,  1860  ;  F.S.A.,  1857  ;  published  hbtpn- 
cal  and  other  works. 

WOODWARD,  GEORGE  MOUTARD  (1760?-1809), 
caricaturist;  pnultls«l  in  London  his  work  liring  •etc  he, 
chiefly  by  Rowlandson  and  Isaac  Crulkshank  :  pobUmhad 
several  volumes  of  caricature?. 

WOODWARD,  HENRY  (1714-1777),  actor:  of  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School  ;  joined  Lilliputian  troupe  of  Lun 
tinder  John  Rich  [q.  v.]  at  Lincoln's  J-^^^rS 
1729;  at  Goodman's  Fields,  London,  1730-b,  and  at  1 
coin's  Inn  Fields  1737  ;  at  Drury  Lane  and  Co  vent  (.anleii 
London,  1737-47,  playing  comody  parts,  includuiyf  Fwbte 
('  2  Henry  IV  '),  Pistol,  and  Silvius  ('As  you  Like  It  ).8lr 
Andrew  Aguecheek,  Lncio  ('Measure  ^r  ^J  "  f 
Parolles,  Guiderius  ('Cymbehne',:  Nvlth  bheridan  at 
Smock  Alley,  Dublin,  1747  ;  again  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 


[748-48,  playing  BUlptMHQ{*TtB<psjst*),PBlonio».  Kai«taff 

•:    l!,:;r.     IV  \    .:    :    tfsj     r  ,,.    |  :,......:    |    i     |  ..    * 

icted  in  several  pantomimes  between  17il  and  17M ;  jotot- 
manafer  with  Bnranger  Barry  [n.  v.]  of  Grow  Mrett 
Theatre,  Dnblia,  17WMJJ,  and  at  Cork,  17tl  :  reapfMnnd 
,-  Ovtvi   iaioW,  -'..-.  m   Mr*  M  •••>  ••  •  <  0 
(Dolman's  'OxonlaninTowii')  aad  Jsvttee  ghaliow. 

.    .....   ..u.   irrr  rt.u  aiai 


WOODW 


IUU.4U] 

AH  or  BIKIAftOMO-!t7»X 
-ot  OoOege,  Oxford.  Itlt; 


published  *  Inquiries  into  *|y*  Canses  of  our 
1M4,  and  a  •Judgment'  on  Edwards's  'Antl 
1644.  [I 

WOODWARD,  JOHN  (16O-17M),  geologist  and  phy- 
sician ;  pupil  of  Dr.  Peter  Bmrwlek  [q.  v.] ;  profesjor  of 
physic  Ureaham  College,  London,  16tS;  fSS,  16N; 
created  M.D.  by  Thomas  Tanbon  [q.  v.].  1«M;  M.D. 
- :  F.C.P..  1701 :  OolstonJanVsetarer.  1710- 


1«M  : 


i ;  r.u.r..  iiv«  .  vrui»imi«n  u«r,  11 1 

1711 ;  published  'Bssay  toward  a  Natural  Hintory  of  the 
Earth/ 1696,  In  which  tie  recognised  existence  of  various 
strata  In  the  earth's  crust,  bat  overlooked  the  tmrdlrpwl. 
tion  of  fossils  in  the  strata;  served  on  council  of  Boyal 
Society,  but  was  expelled,  1710,  for  insulting  Sir  Hans 
81oane[q.v.]  [Uii.OJJ 

WOODWARD,     RICHARD    (17W-17»4).  hUbop  of 
Ctoyne :  B.C.L.  Wadlum  College,  Oxford,  1749 ;  D.C.I*, 
1759 ;    dean    of   Clogljor,     1764-81  ;    chanoello- 
Patrick's,  Dublin,  1772-8;  one  of  principal  founders  of 
House  of  Industry  in  Dublin,  1769  ;  bishop  of  HON 
1794 ;  published  writings  relating  to  condition  of  Ireland. 

[Ixll.  4Si] 

WOODWARD,  SAMUEL  (1790-183H).  geologist  and 
tiquary :  apprenticed  to  manufacturer  of  camlets  and 
inbazines  at  Norwich;  clerk  in  Unrney's  (now  Bar- 

_..-.     T.....L.      v«....ix.l.       lOOo    oa.     «».wlLi»4     Mmtnrv     arvl 


ontiq 

bomba _-  - 

clayV)  Bank,  Norwich, 


,   studied   history  

of  fowl!*  and  antiqui- 


llllllirullBw  .   owu    wi    o»uii^i     i  •*-    tt*     W*J»   -^— "- 

botanical  specimens  for  Dawson  Tomer  [q.  T.]  ;  hi 
post  in  library  of  British  Museum,  1838:  sub-curatorto 
(leoloirical  Society  of  London,  at  Somerset  Hoose,  18» : 
member  of  Botanical  Society  of  London :  profeMor  of 
geology  and  natural  history  at  Royal  Agricultural  College. 
Oirencester,  1845;  flrrt-class  assistant  in  departmentof 
geology  and  mineralogy,  British  Mni*um.  1848-«»: 
FG^  18*4  ;  associate  of  Llnnean  Society,  1S41 ;  pu»>- 
lished  '  Manual  of  the  Mollusca,'  1841-«,  and  other  works. 

[Ixii.  4zo] 

WOODWARD.  THOMAS(1801-18»2X animal  painter: 
exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  and  British  Invitation, 
1822-52.  [1x11.4*7] 

WOODWARD,  THOMAS  JENKINSON  (174*»-15»X 
botanist ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge: 
LL.B.  1769;  F.LA.  1789;  joint-author  with  Smiaoel 
Sadenough  [q.  v.]  of  •  Observation,  on  the  BriWjh  Foci,' 
1797. 

WOOLER,  THOMAS  JONATHAN  O(78«MJ# 
^rn^ta^pollUcla^^^^^^ 

^fT^k^wa^8l^^thr«p8S^ 

^^^^^^^^ 


latorial  attorney  '  for 
and  other  writings. 


llxlL 


** 


WOOLP,    ARTHUR  (1766-1M7X  mining 


«^5^g5ffiiS5rtS* 

atf  syx^sof^^ 


WOOLHOUSE 


1436 


WORDSWORTH 


vhu-h,  liowever,  were  superseded  by  the  hiirh  pressure 
luk-r  i-Mk:iii».-  of  liieharl  Trevithiek  [q.  y.] 

[Ixii.  428j 

WOOLHOUSE,  JOHN  THOMAS  (1650  ?-1734),  ocu- 
list: groom  of  chamber  to  James  II,  mid  was  appointed 
his  oculist;  practised  in  Paris;  F.K.S.,  1721;  published 
works  in  French;  described  performance  of  iridectouiy 
for  restoration  of  sight  in  cases  of  occluded  pupil,  1711. 

[Ixii.  429] 

WOOLL.  JOHN  (1767-1833),  schoolmaster ;  of  Win- 
chester and  Balliol  New  College,  Oxford  ;  M.A.,  1794  ;  D.D., 
1807 ;  fellow,  1788-99 ;  headmaster  of  Midhurat  free 
grammar  school,  1799,  and  of  Kugby  School,  1807-28 ; 
published  poetical  and  other  writings.  [Ixii.  430] 

WOOLLETT,  WILLIAM  (1735-1785),  draughtsman 
and  line-engraver;  engraved  'Temple  of  Apollo'  after 
Claude,  1760,  and  established  his  reputation  as  landscape- 
engraver;  engraved  West's  'Death  of  General  Wolfe,' 
1776,  and  received  title  of  'Historical  Engraver  to  His 
Majesty ' ;  the  first  English  engraver  whose  works  were 
admired  and  purchased  on  the  continent.  [Ixii.  430] 

WOOLLEY  or  WOLLEY,  MRS.  HANNAH,  afterwards 
Mas.  CIIALLIXOR  (/f.  1670),  writer  of  works  on  cookery ; 
worked  as  private  governess ;  married  Francis  Challinor, 
after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Woolley,  1666.  Her 
works  appeared  between  16GI  and  1075.  [Ixii.  431] 

WOOLLEY,  JOHN  (1816-1866),  first  principal  of 
Sydney  University;  educated  at  University  College, 
London,  and  Exeter  and  University  colleges,  Oxford ; 
M.  A.,  1839  ;  D.C.L.,  1844 ;  fellow  of  Exeter  College,  Oxford, 
1840-1 ;  took  holy  orders,  1840 ;  head-master  of  King 
Edward  VI's  grammar  school.  Hereford,  1842,  of  Rossall, 
1844,  of  Norwich  grammar  school,  1849,  and  principal 
of  Sydney  University,  1852  :  drowned  at  sea  while  return- 
ing from  visit  to  London ;  published.  '  Introduction  to 
Logic,'  1840,  and  other  works.  [Ixii.  432] 

WOOLLEY,  JOSEPH  (1817-1889),  naval  architect; 
brother  of  John  Woolley  [q.  v.] :  B.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1840 ;  M.A.,  1843 ;  fellow  and  tutor,  1840-6  ; 
incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1856 ;  ordained,  1846 ;  prin- 
cipal of  school  of  naval  construction,  Portsmouth,  1848- 
1853 ;  admiralty  inspector  of  schools,  1853,  and  govern- 
ment inspector  of  schools,  1858  :  took  part  in  founding  In- 
stitution of  Naval  Architects,  1860  ;  inspector-general  and 
director  of  studies  at  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture, 
1861-73  ;  joint-editor  of  '  Naval  Science,'  1874-5  ;  divested 
himself  of  orders,  1865.  [Ixii.  432] 

WOOLMAN,  JOHN  (1720-1772),  quaker essayist ;  born 
in  West  Jersey,  America  ;  baker ;  began  to  preach  against 
slave  trade,  c.  1743 ;  came  to  England,  1772.  His  '  Journal ' 
appeared,  1775,  and  his '  Works,'  1774.  [Ixii.  433] 

WOOLNER,  THOMAS  (1825-1892),  sculptor  and  poet ; 
pupil  of  William  Behnes  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy, 
1H42  ;  made  acquaintance  of  Rossetti  and  became  one  of 
the  original '  pre-Raphaelite  Brethren,'  1847  ;  contributed 
poems  to  '  The  Germ ' ;  met  with  small  success  and  went 
to  Australian  goldfields,  his  departure  inspiring  Madox 
Brown's  picture  'The  Last  of  England,'  1852;  practised 
painting  in  Melbourne  and  Sydney  till  he  returned  to 
England,  1854 :  executed  bust  of  Tennyson,  1857 ;  R.A., 
1874,  and  professor  of  sculpture,  1877-9  ;  executed  por- 
trait-sculptures of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day,  his 
statue  of  Joho  Stuart  Mill,  on  the  Thames  Embankment, 
London,  being  among  the  most  notable  of  his  works. 

WOOLEIDGE,  JOHN   (/.  1669-1698).      [See  Won- 

LIIXiK.]  • 

WOOLEYCH,  HUMPHRY  WILLIAM  (1795-1871), 
biographer  and  legal  writer ;  of  Eton  and  St.  Edmund 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn,  1821 ;  ad  eundem 
at  Inner  Temple,  1830;  admitted  at  Gray's  Inn,  1847; 
serjeant-at-law,  1856;  published  '  Lives  of  "Eminent  Ser- 
ieanfc-at-Law,'  1869,  and  other  biographical  works,  besides 
legal  text-books  and  tracts.  [lxii.  436] 


turcr,  1697;  B.D.,  1699;  adopted  from  Origen  idea  of 
interpreting  the  scriptures  as  allegory ;  published  religious 
controversial  tracts  and  was  deprived  of  fellowship; 
uaucd  further  writings,  declaring  his  intention  of  found- 


hi'-r  a  new  sect ;  fined  and  imprisoned  (1729)  for  published 
•  ln-.-ourseri'  on  Christ's  miracles;  remained  in  King's 
Bench  till  his  death.  [ixjj.  437] 

WOOLTON  or  WOLTON,  JOHN  (1535  ?-1594),  bishop 
of  Kxeter;  B.A.  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1555;  lived 
abroad,  1655-8;  canon  of  Exeter,  1565;  first  warden  of 
collegiate  church  of  Manchester,  1578 ;  bishop  of  Exeter 
1578:  D.D.,  1679;  held  with  bishopric  place  of  archpriest 
;it  Haecombe,  1581,  and  rectory  of  Lezant,  1584  ;  pub- 
lished theological  treatises.  [lxii.  439] 

WOOTTON,    [See  also  WOTTOX.] 

WOOTTON,  JOHN  (1668?-1765),  animal  and  land- 
scape painter ;  studied  under'  John  Wyck  [q.  v.]  ;  first 
l>ecame  known  as  painter  of  racehorses  at  Newmarket ; 
painted  many  landscapes  in  the  style  of  Claude  and  Gaspar 
roussin.  [lxii.  440] 

WORBOISE,  EMMA  JANE,  afterwards  MRS.GUYTOX 
(1825-1887),  author ;  published  '  Alice  Cunningham,'  1846, 
and  subsequently  issued  about  fifty  volumes,  chiefly  stories 
and  novels  of  a  religious  and  domestic  character. 

[lxii.  440] 

WORCESTER,  second  MARQUIS  OP  (1601-1667).   [See 

SOMERSET,  EDWARD.] 

WORCESTER,  EARLS  OP.  [See  PERCY,  THOMAS, 
12.U?-1403;  TIPTOFT,  JOHN,  14277-1470;  SOMKKSKT, 
CHARLES,  first  EARL,  1460?-! 626  :  SOMKKSKT,  WILLIAM, 
third  EARL,  1526-1589 ;  SOMERSET,  EDWARD,  fourth 
EARL,  1553-1628.] 

WORCESTER  or  BOTONER,  WILLIAM  (1415- 
1482  ?),  chronicler  and  traveller ;  studied  at  Great  Hart 
Hall,  Oxford  ;  acted  as  secretary  to  Sir  John  Fastolf ;  on 
Fastolf  s  death,  5  Nov.  1459,  he  disputed  his  will  made 
shortly  before,  leaving  John  Paston  residuary  legatee, 
and  obtained  some  land  near  Norwich  and  two  tenements 
in  Southwark;  travelled  in  England  and  left  detailed 
accounts  of  his  journeys,  he  left  also  'Aunales  rerum 
Anglicarum,'  and  other  manuscripts.  [lxii.  441] 

WORDE,    WYNKYN    DE   (d.    1534?).  printer   and 
I  stationer  ;  his  real  name  Jan  van  Wyukyn  ;  born  at  Worth, 
;  in  Alsace;    came  to  England  and  was  apprenticed  to 
1  William  Caxton,  whose  business  in  Westminster  he  carried 
:  on  after  Caxton's  death  ;  removal  to  Fleet  Street,  London, 
!  1500 ;  opened  shop  in  St.  Paul's  church  yard,  London,  1509. 
i  The  number  of  books  issued  from  his  press  was  very 
large,  the  third  edition  of  the  '  Golden  Legend,'  1493, 
'Vitas  Patrum'  (translated    by  Caxton),   1495,   second 
edition  of '  Mort  d' Arthur,'  1498,  and  third  edition  of  '  Can- 
terbury Tales,'  being  among  the  most  notable,  [lxii.  443] 
WORDEN.    [See  WEUDEX.] 

WORDSWORTH,  CHARLES  (1806-1892),  bishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  Dunkeld,  and  Dunblane  ;  sou  of  Christopher 
.  Wordsworth  (1774-1846)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow  and  Christ 
I  Church,  Oxford;  won  chancellor's  prizes  for  Latin  verse, 
!  1827,  and  Latin  essay,  1831  ;  B.A.,  1830  ;  travelled  as 
tutor  on  continent ;  second  master  of  Winchester  College, 
1835-46  ;  published  '  Graecae  Grammatical  Rudimenta ' 
(accidence,  1839,  syntax,  1843) ;  warden  of  the  new  epis- 
copalian Trinity  college,  at  Glenalmond,  1846-54  ;  elected 
bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dunkeld,  and  Dunblane,  1852  ; 
took  part  in  eucharistic  controversy  introduced  into 
Scotland  by  Alexander  Penrose  Forbes  [q.  v.],  bishop  of 
Brechin,  in  his  'primary  charge,'  1867,  and  criticised 
Forbes's  teaching  as  unauthorised  ;  fellow  of  Winchester, 
1871 ;  member  of  company  of  New  Testament  revisers, 
1870:  hon.  D.D.  St.  Andrews  and  Edinburgh,  1884; 
wrote  Latin  verses  ;  published  '  On  Shakespeare's  Know- 
ledge and  use  of  the  Bible,'  1864,  and  many  sermons, 
charges,  and  other  writings,  including  '  The  Case  of  Non- 
episcopal  Ordination  fairly  considered,' 1886,  and 'Eccle- 
siastical Union  between  England  and  Scotland,'  1888. 


WORDSWORTH,  CHRISTOPHER  (1774-1846),  mas- 
ter of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  brother  of  William 
Wordsworth  [q.  v.]  ;  1J.A.  Trinity  College,  1796  ;  fellow, 
1798:  M.A.,  1799:  D.D.,  1810;  rector  of  Ashly  with  Oby 
and  Thinne,  Norfolk,  1804;  domestic  chaplain  to  Man- 
ners-Sutton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1805 ;  dean  and 
rector  of  Booking,  Essex,  1808 ;  chaplain  of  House  of  Com- 
mons, 1817;  took  part  with  Joshua  Watson  [q.  v.]  in 
founding  National  Society,  1811 ;  master  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1H20-11  :  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge 


WORDSWORTH 


1437 


WOR8LEY 


University,  1820-1  and  1826-7  ;  heM  living  of  Hunted  with 
tJckfield,  Sussex,  1820-46;  us  muster  he  wu*  a  i< 
cipliiuirian    ami    earned   some   uui>opuUirily  ;    publUhed 
Biography,'    181u,  •  Who   wVot.-    IIH'.JN 


IIH'.JN 

BAilAIKH  '{  '   1824  (supporting  the  claim  of  Charles  I), 
aiid  other  works.  [Ixm.  7] 

WORDSWORTH,  CHRISTOPHER  (1807-188*), 
bishop  of  Lincoln;  son  of  Christopher  Wordsworth 
(1774-1846)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Winchester  College  and  Trinltv 
College,  Cambridge  ;  senior  classic  and  fint  chancellor* 
classical  medallist,  18:)o  ;  fellow,  1830  ;  travelled  In  Greece, 
1832-3  ;  discovered  the  site  of  Dodona  ;  priest,  181*  ; 
public  orator  at  Cambridge,  1836  ;  head-  master  of  Har- 
row, 1836  ;  canon  of  Westminster,  1844  ;  received  living 
of  Stanford-in-the-Valc,  Berkshire,  1860  :  proctor  in  con- 
vocation  for  chapter  of  Westminster,  1862  ;  archdeacon 
of  Westminster,  1865  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1868-86  ;  took 
up  a  marked  anti-Roman  attitude.  His  publications  in- 
clu.lt-  :i  commentary  on  the  whole  bible,  1K66-70,  'Church 
Ht-tory  toA.D.  451,'  1881-3,  '  Athens  and  Attica,"  1836, 
4  Theocritus,'  1844  (fuller  edition,  1877),  and  ««——•—- 


Include  a  series  of  etchings  of 
published  mpartefror?7*4,  and-«~ 

WORMALD.THOMABl 
ticed  to  John  Abernethy 
IMtl     BMMq I    3 

L«.M.».III    1  v-4  •    ,1,  .M,.,. ,.fr  ,'i,r  i.' 

LW~«M^  •.•JTi Sr : 


.PH  NICHOLSON  (1111-1877),  art 
the  National  Gallery ;  educate!  at 


lectures,  sermons,  and  other  religious  writings. 

[Ixlll.  9] 

WORDSWORTH,  DOROTHY  (1804-1847).  (.See 
QUILUXAN,  DOROTHY.] 

WORDSWORTH,  JOHN  (1806-1838),  classical 
scholar  ;  sou  of  Christopher  Wordsworth  (1774-1846) 

a,  v.]:    of    Winchester  College  and    Trinity  College, 
mbridge  ;  Person  prizeman,  1827  ;  B.A.,  1828  ;  fellow, 
1830 ;    classical    lecturer,    1834 ;    ordained  deacon   nnd 
priest,  1837.  [Ixiii.  8] 

WORDSWORTH,  WILLIAM  (1770-1850),  poet ;  born 
at  Cockermouth,  Cumberland ;  sou  of  John  Wordsworth 
(1741-83),  an  attorney  of  Cockermouth;  educated  at 
grammar  school  at  Hawkshead,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge  :  made  walking  tour  on  continent,  1790 :  B.A., 
1791  ;  travelled  in  France,  where  he  fostered  his  inclina- 
tions towards  the  principles  of  liberty,  1792;  published 
•Evening  Walk*  and  'Descriptive  Sketches,'  1793;  be- 
came acquainted  with  Coleridge,  c.  1795,  and  published 
with  him  'Lyrical  Ballads,'  1 798  (enlarged  2nd  edit.  1800); 
lived  at  Goslar,  Germany,  1798-9,  beginning  the  '  Pre- 
lude,' and  writing  poems  to  Lucy  :  settled  with  his  sister 
Dorothy  at  Grasmere,  1799,  and  there  remained  till  end 
of  his  life ;  married,  1802,  Mary  Hutchinson  (b.  1770) ; 
made  tours  in  Scotland,  1801  and  1803,  and  began  cordial 
friendship  with  Sir  Walter  Scott,  1803  ;  published  poems, 
including  odes  to  'Duty*  and  on  'Intimations  of  Im- 
mortality,' *  Miscellaneous  Sonnets,'  and  sonnets  dedicated 
to  'Libert}','  1807;  occupied  Rydal  Mount,  Grasmere, 
1818-50;  held  office  of  distributor  of  stamps  for  county 
of  Westmoreland,  c.  1813-42 ;  again  toured  in  Scotland, 
1814  ;  published  ' The  Excursion,'  1814.  and 'Peter  Bell' 
and  '  The  Waggoner,'  1819  ;  placed  on  commission  of 
peace  for  Westmoreland,  1819 ;  travelled  on  continent, 
1820,  1823,  and  1828,  to  Ireland,  1829,  Scotland  (visiting 
Scott  at  Abboteford,  and  writing  '  Yarrow  Revisited  '), 
1831,  Isle  of  Man  and  Scotland,  1833,  and  on  the  continent 
with  Henry  Crabbe  Robinson  [q.  v.],  1837 ;  hon.  D.C.L. 
Durham,  1838,  and  Oxford,  1839  ;  resigned  place  in  stamp 
office  and  received  pension  from  civil  list,  1842 ;  succeeded 
Southey  as  poet  laureate,  1843;  buried  in  Grasmere 
churchyard.  Wordsworth's  aim  as  a  poet  was  to  find  fit 
utterance  for  the  primary  and  simple  feelings,  but  his 
revolt  against  the '  artificial '  style  of  the  previous  school 
led  him  not  infrequently  to  trivialities.  His  '  Poetical  and 
Prose  Works,  together  with  Dorothy  Wordsworth's  Jour- 
nals '  edited  by  Professor  Knight,  appeared,  1896. 

[Ixiii.  12] 

WORGAN,  JOHN  (1724-1790),  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  organist  at  Vanxhall  Gardens,  London,  1751-74  ; 
•  composer '  to  Vauxhall  Gardens,  1753-61  and  1770-4 ; 
Mus.Bac.  Cambridge,  1748;  Mus.Doc.,  1775;  has  been 
credited  erroneously  with  bavin?  composed  the  Easter 
hymn.  His  compositions  include  two  oratorios. 

WORLIDGE  or  WOOLRIDOE,  JOHN  (Jt.  1669-1698), 
agricultural  writer;  compiled  'Syrtema  Agriculture, 
1669,  the  first  systematic  treatise  on  husbandry  on  » large 
and  comprehensive  scale.  [belli.  28] 

WORUDGE,    THOMAS    (17U-M766),   painter   and 
etcher ;  pupil  of  Louis  Peter  lioitard  [q.  v.] :  practi* 
portrait- painting  at   Bath:   settl-d    in    London,    1 
executed  many. plates  in  style  of  i.embrandt ;  hia  works 


WOUrUM,  RALPH 

critic  and  keeper  of  the  National  Gallery ; 
Untrenlty  College,  London ;  entered  studio  of  Henry  Bees 
[q.  T.]  ;  studied  on  continent:  practised  as  portrait. 
painter  In  London:  worked  for  tbe'Art  Journal*  from 
1846;  compiled  official  nitalogoe  of  National  Gallery. 
1847:  lecturer  on  art  to  government  school*  of  teles, 
is,,.  IMM  si  RMtaMl  Sdhn  al  MMteq  t.,  B 
hiKlM,  18*4 :  chiefly  instrumental  in  obtaining  restora- 
tion of  Turner  collection*  to  National  Gallery.  1810-1 : 
etlited  '  The  Turner  Gallery,'  1*51  :  published  'Epoch,  of 
Painting,'  1847,  -  Analysis  of  Ornament;  18*6,  and  other 
<  t  |>-  [IxiiLIl] 

WORSDALE,  JAMES (1692  7-1767),  portrait-painter  : 
servant  to  Sir  Godfrey  KneUer,  whose  apprentice  he  be- 


came: practised  as  portrait-painter;  master-painter  to 
board  of  ordnance ;  perhaps  the  author  of  several  plays. 

WORSLEY,  CHARLES  (1622-16*6),  major-general ; 
parliamentary  captain  in  Lancashire,  1644;  lieutenant* 
colonel  of  regiment  raised  in  Lancashire  for  CromweU, 
1660  ;  employed  in  reduction  of  Ule  of  Man.  16*1 ;  com- 
manded detachment  used  In  expulsion  of  Long  parlia- 
ment, 1652  ;  first  member  for  Manchester.  16*4  :  major- 
general  for  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  Staffordshire,  16**. 

WORSLEY,  EDWARD  (1604-1676),  Jesuit:  entered 
Society  of  Jesus,  1626 ;  professor  of  philosophy,  logic,  and 
sacred  scripture  at  Liege;  professed  of  the  four  vows. 
1641 ;  joined  English  minion  in  London  ;  rector  of  college 
at  Liege,  1668  ;  acting  English  procurator  and  mbdooer, 
1662,  at  Professed  House,  Antwerp,  where  he  died  :  pub- 
lished religious  writings.  [Ixlu,  M] 

WORSLEY,  HENRY  (1788-1820),  lieutenant-colonel : 
ensign,  1799 ;  served  with  86th  regiment  In  expedition  to 
Scheldt,  1809;  In  Peninsula,  1811  and  1812-11;  lieo- 
tvnaut-coloueL  1813  ;  captain  of  Yarmouth  Castle,  Isle  of 
Wight.  [MIL  14] 

WORSLEY,  SIR  HENRY  ( 1768-1841 ),  ma  jar-general : 
went  to  Bengal  as  infantry  cadet,  1780  ;  ensign  and  lieu- 
tenant, 1781,  adjutant,  1788;  served  In  Sumatra,  1789: 
iu  Mysore  war,  1791 :  captain,  1798 :  fought  at  Delhi  and 
Agra,  1803  :  major,  1804 ;  served  with  distinction  at 
Muttra ;  adjutant-general  and  lieutenant-colonel,  1806 : 
military  secretary  to  Francis  Rawdon- Hastings,  second 
earl  of  Molra  [q.  v.],  1818  ;  returned  finally  to  Europe, 
1819  ;  major-general,  1880 ;  K.C.B.,  1821 ;  G.O.B.,  1888. 

[Ixlii.  84] 

WORSLEY,  ISRAEL0768-18S6).  Unitarian  minister: 
sducated  at  Daventry  academy:  minister  of  Dunkirk. 
1790  ;  trtablished  whool  at  Dunkirk  ;  in  England  during 
war  1793-1802;  minister  of  Lincoln,  1806-18  and  1888- 
1836.  Plymouth,  1813-31.  ParU,  1881-3;  published  theo- 
logical  and  other  writings.  [IxlU.  U] 

WORSLEY,  PHILIP  STANHOPE  (l88»-1866Xpoet : 
M.A.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  1861  ;  NewdSgate 
JriSnmn;  1867;  fellow,  1868:  published  versions  of 
ItEmS;  1861,  and  of  fl»t  twelve  book,  of  •  DM.* 
1865,  In  metre  of  Spenser.  ««.  »«, 

WORSLEY,  8m  RICHARD,  seventh  baronet  (17*1- 
1805),  antiquary  and  traveller :  of  Wincberter  College 
ami  Corpus  Chrtati  College,  Oxford;  succeeded  to  baron- 
etcy, 1768;  M*  «*  clerks  comDtroOen  of  the  - 
cloth,  1777; 
George  Ill's 

BritUh  realdent  at  Venice : 
of  Isle  of  Wight:  M.Pjl^wn^Isleof 
and    Newtown,  Isle  of  Wight.  1790-8 


1794-1801; 


leta*  and  gems,  an 


WOBSLEY 


1438 


WOTTON 


WORSLEY,  WILLIAM  (1435?-1499),  dean  of  St. 
Paul's:  possibly  ^lucatal  at  Cambridge:  collated  pre- 
U'lidarv  of  Lu'hfU'ld,  1449,  Southwell,  1453,  and  York, 
1457 :  rector  of  Kakriiii?,  Nottinghamshire,  1407  ;  arch- 
deacon of  Nottingham,  1476 ;  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
1479  ;  archdeacon  of  Tauuton,  1493-6  ;  attainted  of  high 
treason  for  complicity  in  conspiracy  in  favour  of  Perkiu 
Warbeck  [q.  v.],  1494 ;  pardoned,  1495.  [Ixlii.  37] 

WORTH,  CHARLES  FREDERICK  (1825-1895), 
dressmaker;  apprenticed  as  linendraper  to  Messrs.  Swan 
it  Edgar,  London :  practised  with  great  success  in 
partnership  as  lady's  tailor  in  Paris  from  1868,  and 
worked  independently  from  1870.  [IxiiL  :58] 

WORTH,  RICHARD  NICHOLLS  (1837-1896),  jour- 
nalist and  geologist:  member  of  staff  of  Devouport  and 
Plymouth 4  Telegraph,'  1858 ;  on  staff  of  '  Western  Morn- 
ing News,*  1863-6  and  1867 ;  edited  '  Northern  Daily 
Express '  at  Newcastle,  1866-7 ;  joined  publishing  and 
printing  firm  of  Brendou  &  Sou,  Plymouth,  1877  ;  pub- 
lished numerous  historical  and  geological  papers  relating 
to  Devon  and  Cornwall.  [IxiiL  38] 

WORTH,  WILLIAM  (1677-1742),  classical  scholar 
and  divine:  M.A.  St.  Edmund  Hall,  Oxford,  1698;  fellow 
of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  1702 ;  archdeacon  of  Wor- 
cester, 1705-42:  D.D.,  1719;  canon  of  Worcester,  1716- 
1742 ;  held  various  rectories  ;  published  edition  of  '  Tatiani 
Oratio  ad  Graecos.  Herrnise  irrisio  gentilium  philoso- 
phorum,'  1700.  [Ixiii.  39] 

WORTHINGTON,  HUGH  (1752-1813),  Ariau  divine  ; 
studied  at  Daventry  academy  under  Caleb  Ashworth 
[q.  v.]  ;  pastor,  Salters'  Hall,  London,  1782 :  trustee  of 
Dr.  Williams's  foundations,  1785,  and  was  lecturer  on 
classics  and  logic,  1786-9 ;  published  sermons  and  other 
writings.  [Ixiii.  39] 

WORTHINGTON,  JOHN  (1618-1671),  master  of 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge  ;  M.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1G39;  fellow,  1642;  university  preacher,  1(J46; 
DJX,  1655 :  master  of  Jesus  College,  1650 ;  rector  of  Fen 
Dittou,  Cambridgeshire,  1654-63;  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  University,  1657-8;  displaced  from  master- 
ship, 1660 :  held  livings  of  Barking  and  Needham,  Suf- 
folk, and  Moulton  All  Saints,  Norfolk,  1663  ;  preacher  at 
St.  Beuet  Fink's,  London,  1664  ;  rector  of  Ingoldsby, 
Lincolnshire,  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1666  ;  published 
religion*  and  other  writings,  including  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Joseph  Mede  [q.  v.]  [Ixiii.  40] 

WORTHINGTON,  THOMAS  (1549-1622?),  president 
of  Douay  College ;  born  at  Blaiusco,  near  Wigau;  B.A. 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  1570 ;  entered  English  college, 
Douay,  1573 ;  B.D.,  1577 :  removed  with  college  to  Rheini?, 
1578 ;  joined  English  mission  :  imprisoned  in  Tower  of 
London,  1584,  and  banished,  1585 ;  D.D.  Trier  University, 
1588;  president  of  English  College,  Douay,  1599;  removed 
Owing  to  Jesuitical  innovations  which  he  introduced 
under  influence  of  Robert  Parsons  (1546-1610)  [q.  v.] ; 
went  to  Rome  and  was  made  apostolic  notary  :  came  on 
the  mission  to  England  and  there  died ;  published  theo- 
logical and  other  works.  [Ixiii.  42] 

WORTHINGTON,  THOMAS  (1671-1754),  Dominican 
friar ;  born  at  Blainsco  ;  educated  at  St.  Omer ;  entered 
Dominican  order  at  Bornhem,  Flanders,  1691 ;  ordained 
priest,  1695;  elected  prior  of  Bornhem,  1705,  1708,  1718, 
and  1725:  prior  provincial  in  England,  1708-18,  and 
1725;  D.D.,  1718;  published  'History  of  Convent  of 
Bornhem,'  1719,  and  other  works.  [Ixiii.  43] 

WORTHINGTON,  WILLIAM  (1703-1778),  divine; 
B.A.  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1726  ;  M.A.  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  1742;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1758  ;  B.D. 
and  D.D.  Oxford,  1758  ;  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Drum- 
moml:  received  stall  in  cathedral  of  York,  1762;  pub- 
lished theological  works.  [Ixiii.  44] 

WORTLEY,  STUART-.    [See  STUAJIT-WOBTLEY.] 

WORTLEY.  Sm  FRANCIS,  first  baronet  (1591- 
1652X  poet;  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  knighted, 
HilO :  created  baronet,  1611 ;  M.P.,  East  Retford,  1624 
und  1625 ;  supported  Charles  I  in  south  Yorkshire,  1642  ; 
captured  and  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London,  1644- 
c.  1649;  published  'Characters  and  Elegies,'  1646,  and 
other  works.  He  was  a  friend  of  Ben  Jon  son,  and 
contributed  to  '  Jonsouus  Virbius,'  1638.  [Ixiii.  44] 


WORTLEY  -  MONTAGU,  KDWAHD  (1713-1776). 
[See  MONTAGU.] 

WORTLEY-MONTAGU,  LADY  MARY  (1689-1 7G2> 
[See  MONTAGU.] 

WOTTON,     KAUON   «L    1CS3).      [Hce    KIIIKHOVKV, 

CllAKLKS    llKNKY.] 

WOTTON,  ANTHONY  (,1561  ?  -  1626),  divine  :  of 
Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  1587 ;  B.D., 
1594:  fellow;  first  professor  of  divinity  at  Gresham  Col- 
lege,  1596-8;  lecturer  at  All  Hallows,  Barking,  1598-1626; 
accused  of  socinianism  by  George  Walker  (15H1?-1651) 
[q.  v.],  a  long  controversy  eiiMiiug ;  published  theological 
works.  [IxiiL  46] 

WOTTON,  SIK  EDWARD  (1489-1551),  treasurer  of 
Calais;  knighted,  1528;  sheriff  of  Kent,  1529  and  1536; 
accompanied  Henry  VIII  to  Calais,  1532;  treasurer  of 
Calais,  1540;  nominated  by  Henry  VIII  privy  councillor 
to  his  sou  Edward ;  took  part  iu  Warwick's  scheme  for 
overthrowing  Somerset,  1549.  [Ixiii.  47] 

WOTTON,  EDWARD  (1492-1555),  physician  and 
naturalist;  educated  at  Magdalen  College  school  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  Ii.A.,1514;  fellow,  151 G  ;  first 
reader  in  Greek  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  1521  ;  M.D. 
Padua;  incorporated  M.D.  Oxford,  1526;  F.R.C.P.,  1528; 
censor,  1552, 1553,  and  1555,  and  president,  1541, 1542,  and 
1543 ;  acquired  a  European  reputation  by  his  '  De  Dif- 
ferentiis  Animalium,'  1552.  [Ixiii.  48] 

WOTTON,  EDWARD,  first  BAHON  WOTTON  (1548- 
1626),  sou  of  Thomas  Wotton  (1521-1587)  [q.  v.]  ;  studied 
on  continent ;  employed  in  diplomatic  business  by  Wal- 
siugham ;  secretary  to  embassy  at  Vieuua,  1575 ;  knight 
of  shire  for  Kent,  1584 ;  envoy  to  James  VI  of  Scotland 
to  persuade  him  to  enter  offensive  and  defensive  alliauce 
and  take  Dutch  under  his  protection,  1585,  but  was  un- 
successful; sent  to  France  to  explain  to  Henri  III  the 
intrigues  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  agaiust  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, 1586;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1588;  knighted,  1591  : 
sheriff  of  Kent,  1595;  privy  councillor  and  comptroller 
of  household,  1602;  created  Baron  Wotton  of  Marley, 
1603;  lord-lieutenant  of  Kent ;  ambassador  extraordinary 
to  France,  1610 ;  commissioner  of  treasury,  1612  ;  treasurer 
of  household,  1616-17.  [Ixiii.  49] 

WOTTON,  Sm  HENRY  (1568-1G39),  diplomatist  and 
poet ;  son  of  Thomas  Wottou  (1521-1587)  [q.  v.1 ;  of  Win- 
chester and  New  and  Queen's  colleges,  Oxford:  B.A., 
1588  ;  travelled  on  continent ;  entered  Middle  Temple, 
1595  ;  became  agent  and  secretary  to  Earl  of  Essex,  1595, 
and  was  employed  by  him  in  collecting  foreign  in- 
telligence; settled  at  Venice,  and  there  wrote  *  The  State 
of  Christendom'  (published,  1657):  knighted,  1603 :  am- 
bassador at  court  of  Venice,  1604-12, 1616-19,  and  1621-4; 
while  on  a  visit  to  Augsburg,  wrote  in  his  host's  album  a 
definition  of  an  ambassador  ('peregre  missus  ad  nien- 
tiendum  Reipublicae  causa')  which  Scioppius  mentioned 
in  his  printed  diatribe  against  .lames  I,  1611 :  M.P., 
Appleby,  1614 ;  went  on  diplomatic  missions  to  France, 
1612,  the  Hague,  1614,  and  Vienna,  1620  ;  provostof  Eton, 
1624-39 :  M.P.,  Sandwich,  1G25 :  received  deacon's  orders, 
1627.  He  published  '  Element*  of  Architecture,'  1624.  A 
collection  of  his  poetical  and  other  writings  appeared 
under  the  title  'Reliqnue  VVottonianae '  (containing  his 
famous  '  Character  of  a  Happy  Life '  and '  On  his  Mistress, 
the  Queen  of  Bohemia '),  1G51  (enlarged  editions,  1672  and 
1685).  [Ixiii.  51] 

WOTTON,  NICHOLAS  (1497V-1567),  secretary  of 
state,  diplomatist,  and  dean  of  Canterbury  and  York  ; 
brother  of  Sir  Ed  ward  Wottou  [q.  v.];  perhaps  graduated 
in  civil  and  canon  law  at  Oxford  ;  studied  in  Italy  and  was 
D.C.L.  and  D.D. ;  held  living  of  Bougliton  Malherbe, 
1517  ;  vicar  of  Sutton  Valence,  1518-30;  official  to  Tun- 
stall,  bishop  of  London  :  in  France  on  business  relating  to 
Henry  VIII's  divorce,  1530 :  received  living  of  Ivychurch, 
1530;  commissary  of  faculties  to  Cranmer,  1538:  one 
of  ambassadors  sent  to  negotiate  Henry  VIII's  marriage 
with  Anne  of  Cleves,  1539;  nominated  archdeacon  of 
Gloucester,  1539 ;  sole  ambassador  to  dukes  of  Saxony 
and  Cleves,  1539 ;  dean  of  Canterbury,  1641 ;  dean  of 
York,  1544 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1546 :  sent  to  coiu-t  of 
Charles  V's  sister  Mary,  regent  of  the  Netherlands.  1543, 
and  later  to  court  of  Charles  V;  privy  councillor,  U>lG : 
commissioner  to  arrange  peace  with  France,  154G  :  r«-i- 
dent  ambassador  in  France,  154G-9  and  1853-7;  secretary 


WOTTON 


WREN 


of  stiitr,  1549-50;  ambassador  to  Charles  V,  1551 ;  again 
<-o:ninis-ioner  for  peace  with  France,  IMS;  jolnt-anibo*- 
su.tor  to  Scotland,   1560;    sent  to    arrange  commercial 
ith  N<  tli er lands,  1665-6.  [IxilL  67] 

WOTTON,  THOMAS  (1521-1687),  wn  of  Sir  Edward 

Wottou  [q.  v.]  ;  imprisoned,  16M,  probably  for  hi.  re- 
ligions opinions  ;   sheriff  of  Kent,  1558  and  1179. 


J5WL 


WRAXALL,    8m    NATH. 
baronet ( 17*1-1811  \  author  of 

atvfl    -r.  •..-,.•  K.i  -t  IM.I-  m 

m  M  •  rip  .1.- -.••• 

pillion  and  that 


RATHAJOB    •'.   LLLLM,    M 


WOTTON,    THOMAS    (<f.    1766X 
•Baronetage';    bookseller  In  London;    warden  of  Sta- 
tion.. '    Company,  1754,  and    master,  1767:    pnblUhed 
•  English  Baronetage.  Being  a  Genealogical  and  Historical 
Amount  of  their  Families,'  1727.  [IxliL  «1] 

WOTTON,  WILLIAM(1666-l7MXMOOte:  acquired 
at  early  age  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew ; 
B.A.  Catharine  Hall.  Cambridge,  1879 ;  fellow  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  16H3 :  M.A.,1683:  B.D.,1691;  F.lLS., 
1687 :  published  '  Reflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modern 
Learning'  (.1694),  a  contribution  on  side  of  the  moderns 
to  the  controversy  between  Sir  William  Temple  and  Mon- 
sieur Perrnult ;  received  living  of  Llumlrill-yn-IUiof,  1691 ; 
rector  of  Mi'idleton  Keynes  ;  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
1705-26  :  D.D.  Lambeth,  1707  ;  published  theological  and 
other  works.  [IxliL  61] 

WOTY,  \VILLIAM  (1731  ?-1791),  versifier;  worked  as 
clerk  to  a  solicitor  in  London,  and  later  as  a  Grub-street 
writer ;  published  poetical  writings.  [Ixiii.  63] 

WOTTLFE,  PETER  (1727  7-1803),  chemist  and  mine- 
ralogist ;  first  discovered  native  tin  in  Cornwall,  1768 ; 
l-'.K.s.,  17t57  ;  invented  'Woulfe's  bottle '(an  apparatus 
for  the  passing  of  gases  through  liquids) ;  received  Copley 
medul  for  paper  (1767)  on  'Experiments  on  Distillation  of 
Acute,'  &c.,  1768 ;  believer  in  alchemy.  [Ixiii.  63] 

WOULFE,  STEPHEN  (1787-1840),  Irish  judge:  edu- 
cated at  Stonyhurst  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  called 
to  Irish  bar,  1814  ;  took  part  in  Irish  politics  as  agitator 
for  Roman  catholic  emancipation;  crown  counsel  for 
Minister,  1830 ;  third  serjeant,  1834 ;  M.P.,  Cashel,  1836-8  ; 
solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  1836,  and  attorney-general, 
1837  ;  chief-baron  of  Irish  exchequer,  1838,  being  the  first 
Roman  catholic  appointed.  [Ixiii.  64] 

WRANGHAM,  FRANCIS  (1769  -  1842),  classical 
scholar  and  miscellaneous  writer;  B.A.,  second  Smith's 
prizeman,  and  senior  chancellor's  medallist,  Trinity  Hall, 
Cambridge,  1790,  as  third  wrangler;  M.A.,  1793;  rector 
of  Huumanby-with-Muston,  near  Filey,  and  vicar  of 
Folkton,  Yorkshire,  1795 ;  won  several  prizes  for  poems 
at  Cambridge ;  F.R.S.,  1804 ;  examining  chaplain  to 
Vemon  Harcourt,  archbishop  of  York,  1814-34;  arch- 
deacon of  Cleveland,  1820-8,  and  of  East  Riding,  1828-41 ; 
vicar  of  Thorpe  Bassett,  1820-7 ;  prebendary  of  York,  1823, 
and  of  Chester,  1827 ;  member  of  Bannatyne  and  Rox- 
burghe  Clubs.  His  works  include '  The  British  Plutarclt,' 
new  edit.,  1816,  translations  from  Homer,  Virgil,  and 
Horace,  and  numerous  theological,  poetical,  and  other 
writings.  He  founded,  1842,  a  prize  at  Trinity  College. 
Cambridge,  whither  he  removed  from  Trinity  Hall.  e.  1792. 

WRATISLAW,  ALBERT  HENRY  (1822-1892), 
Slavonic  scholar ;  educated  at  Rugby  and  Trinity  and 
Christ's  colleges,  Cambridge;  B.A.,  1844;  fellow  of 
Christ's  College,  1844-53;  M.A.,  1847;  visited  Bohemia 
and  studied  Czech  language;  head-master  of  Feist 
school,  1850-5,  and  of  King  Edward  VI's  grammar  school, 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  1855-79 ;  held  living  of  Mauorbier, 
Pembrokeshire,  1879-89 ;  published  numerous  prose  ai 
verse  translations  from  Slavonic  languages,  including 
'  Adventures  of  Baron  Wenceslas  Wratislaw  of  Mitrowitz, 
1862,  and  'The  Queen's  Court  Manuscript,  with  other 
ancient  Bohemian  Poems '  (written  1290), 1862'  UL  6g.. 

WRAXALL,  SIR  FREDERIC  CHARLES  LAS- 
CELLES,  third  baronet  (1828-1865),  miscellaneous  writer ; 
grandson  of  Sir  Nathaniel  William  Wraxall  [q.  v  ]  :  of 
M  Mary  Hall,  Oxford  ;  first-class  assistant  commissary, 
with  rank  of  captain,  in  Turkish  contingent  in  Crimea, 
1855  ;  conducted  '  Naval  and  Military  Gazette,  1868,  an 
•The  Welcome  Guest,'  1860-1;  published  "The  Life  and 
Times  of  Caroline  Matilda,  Queen  of  Denmark  and 
way,*  1864,  several  novels,  and  w 


1774-6;  M.P.,  Hindoo,  1780,  Ludgershall,  1784,  Waiting, 
ford.  1790-4;  acted  as  agent  for  tot  nabob  of  Am*: 


created  baronet,  1811;  DobUshed,  181ft, 


111  ports**  »f 

are  of  realliistorteal  value.    H 

•osUmmous  Memoirs  of  his  own  Time,'  ISM, 
and  several  volumes  relating  to  history  of  Prano*,  to 
continental  court*,  and  to  his  travels.  The  *  RMdrW 
and  Posthumous  Memoirs'  were  edited  by  Mr.  H.  H. 
\vi,,.,t:. ...  i-^i.  [Ixiii.  ri] 

WRAY,  BIR  CECIL,  thirteenth  baronet  (17I4-18O6X 
politicUui ;  cornet.  1st  dragoons,  1766  7  ;  ,-mpUln  of  troop 
of  yeomanry ;  M.P,  BastKcdord,  17M-M,  Westminster. 
1782-4  •  contested  Westminster  nnsiinnsMfiiilj  against 
Hood  and  Fox,  17W,  tLe  election  attracting  wide  notice  In 
satire  and  caricature,  [IxiU.  74] 

WRAY,    SIR   CHRISTOPHER   (1614  16MX  Jodg*t 

educated  at  Buckingham  (afterwards  Ma*lalens)  College, 


Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  liberal 
barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn.  1660,  treasu 
1562  and  1687;  serjeant-at-law,  1M7; 
1667;    M.P.,  Borooithbridje,    Yorkshire,    1 


idje,    Y 
166S-7. 


,  , 

*rrj«u»t, 
6U-8,  lirwt 
ll,  WUtnlilrr. 


(irinuby,   Lincoln-hire,  166S-7.  Ladgcmuall,    WUtnlilrr. 
1671  ;  upraker  of  House  of  Commons,  1671  :  jastkv,  1679. 
hief-  justice,  1574,  of  queen's  bench  :  on 


i  and 

I  commission,  1689  ;  assessor  to  tribuiml  at  FVAherincay 
liefore  which  Mary  Queen  of  Soots  pleadMl  in  vain  for  her 
life,  1686.  [Uili.  76] 

WRAY,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1601-1646\  grand-on 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wray  (1524-1693)  [q.  v.]  ;  jcnigfctol, 
1623  :  M.P.  for  Great  Grimsby  in  Long  parliament  ;  com- 
missioner of  admiralty,  1646.  [UUL  77] 

WEAY,  DANIKL  (1701-1783),  antiquary:  M.V. 
Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1728;  Incorporated  at  ox- 
ford, 1731  ;  F.Rk,  1729  ;  FJBJU  1741  ;  depatf-tdler  of 


. 

exchequer  to  Philip  Yorke  (afterwards  ssoood  Earl  of 
Hunlwicke)  [q.  T.],  1744-82  :  trustee  of  British  Museum, 
17G6  ;  published  and  left  writings  on  antiquarian  sub- 


jecte.    He  is  among  those 
Junlus. 


ho  hare  bewi  idenUfled  with 
[Ixu'i.  7t»] 

WRAY,  SIR  DRDRY  (16H-1710X  sou  of  8.  r 
topher  Wray  (1601-1646)  ;  succeeded  a*  ninth  baronrt  of 
Glentworth,  c.   1689;  fought  for  James  11  at  battle  of 
Boyne.  [««•  ^] 

WHAY,  SIB  JOHN   (1686-1666X  baronet;   psrlla- 
mentarlan  :  knighted,  1612  :  succeeded  to  baronet. 
M.P.,  Lincoln,  in  Charles  IV  first,  third,  and  fourth  twr- 
liament-,  aixl  in  Lonif  parliament  :  hUrh  ^lHTltT 
^litfliirc:   opposed  forced  loan  and  •hip-mot* 
covenant.  1643;  one  of  conwrvators  of 
land,  .1046;  one  of  early  patrons  of 

WEEK,  SIR  OHRISTOPHKR  (16W-17J3X  «r 

son  of  Christopher  Wren  (1691-1668),  who  was  d«aa  «f 

Windsor,  1636-68  ;  born  st  Bast  Knoyle  :  of  Westminster 

School  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford:  1LA,  16M;  fellow 

Souls  Collee  l«6t-«l  :    rofessor  of  astronomy  at 


wit 


of  ^Sonomy  at  Oxford/ 1WI-7I  :  D.C.L.  Oxford  and 
LL.D.  Cambridge,  1661 ;  Initiated  experlmeute  on  sob)eot 
of  variations  of  the  barometer :  devoted  much  attention 
to  anatomical  and  medical  subjects;  prompt  member 
of  the  circle  which  was  incorporated  as  the  Royal  Society, 
SreTup  preamble  of  the  eWter,  1MO,  was  prer"- 
1680-2,  and  made  original  oommunicatioi 

t.vtutv, 

Lf«)| 

built  ( 
Sbeklontan 

,  London^5te7"ar«;  !•§•,' •»*  **• 
w  general  and  principal  architect  for 


WHEN 


1440 


WRIGHT 


the  whole  city ' :  appointed  sole  deputy  to  Denham  as 
surveyor  general  of  royal  work?,  1(569,  and  succeeded 
Deuham  on  bis  death  later  in  yi-ar  :  en^i^-d  in  pullin-r 
down  an«l  it-building  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1668;  com- 
pleted flrst  design  for  new  cathedral,  1673,  but  was 
compelled,  after  a  start  had  been  made,  to  abandon  it : 
obtained  roval  approval,  1675,  of  design  which  he  modified 
into  that  of*  present  existing  cathedral  (choir  opened  for 
service,  1697) :  dismissed  from  superintendence,  the  work 
being  reported  as  finished,  1716 :  made  designs  for  re- 
building of  Temple  Bar,  1670-2,  and  various  works  in  the 
Temple :  comptroller  of  works  in  Windsor  Castle,  1684 ; 
M.P.,  Plymptou,  1685,  Windsor  in  Convention  parlia- 
ment, 1689,  Weymouth,  1701 ;  built  fifty-two  churches  in 
London,  among  the  most  notable  of  which  were  (1670-5) 
St.  Benet  Fink,  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  St. 
Stephen  Walbrook,  and  St.  Dionis  Backchurch(  1675-80), 
8U  Ann  and  St.  Agnes,  St.  Bride,  St.  Lawrence,  and  St. 
S within,  (1680-5)  All  Hallows,  Thames  Street,  St.  An- 
tholin,  St.  Clement  Danes,  St.  James,  Garlickhithe,  St. 
James,  Westminster,  St.  Martin.  Ludgate,  St.  Mary  Magda- 
lene, Old  Fish  Street,  and  St.  Peter,  Cornhill,  (1685-90)  St. 
Andrew,  Holboru,  St.  Mary,  Lothbury,  and  St.  Mary  Ab- 
chun-h,  (1690-5)  St.  Michael  Royal,  St.  Augustiu  and  St. 
Faith  (spire),  St.  Mary  Somerset  (tower),  St.  Vedast  (the 
steeple),  (1700)  steeple  of  St.  Dunstan-iu-the-Eust,  (1704) 
steeple  of  Christ  Church,  Newgate  Street,  (1705)  and  that 
of  St.  Magnus ;  steeple  of  St.  Michael,  Cornhill,  built  from 
his  designs  in  1722  ;  was  appointed  surveyor  to  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  1698,  and  executed  repairs  and  designs  for 
additions,  including  the  western  towers  (which,  however, 
were  completed  with  new  details  by  his  successors)  ;  built 
Monument  commemorating  fire  of  London,  1671-8,  library 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1677-92,  Chelsea  Hospital, 
1682,  Marlborough  House,  London,  and  numerous  addi- 
tions to  Hampton  Court  Palace ;  superseded  iu  office  of 
surveyor  general,  1718;  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
His  portrait  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  is  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery.  [Ixiii.  80] 

WREN,  CHRISTOPHER  (1675-1747),  biographer; 
son  of  Sir  Cnristopher  Wren  [q.  v.] ;  of  Eton  and  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge ;  M.P.,  Windsor,  1713-15  ;  collected 
documents  which  form  the  '  Pareutalia,'  published  by 
Stephen  Wren,  17M).  [Ixiii.  94] 

WHEN,  MATTHEW  (1585-1667),  bishop  of  Ely ;  B.A. 
Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  J.805 ;  fellow,  1605  ;  M.A., 
1608  ;  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1608 ;  chaplain  to  Prince 
Charles,  1622;  D.D.  Cambridge,  1623,  Oxford,  1636;  pre- 
bendary of  Winchester,  1623;  master  of  Peterhouse,  1635  ; 
dean  of  Windsor  and  registrar  of  the  Garter,  1628  ;  clerk 
of  the  closet,  1633 :  governor  of  Charterhouse,  London, 
1634;  bishop  of  Hereford,  1634;  prebendary  of  West- 
minster, 1635  ;  bishop  of  Norwich.  1635 ;  dean  of  Chapel 
Royal,  London,  1636-41 ;  bishop  of  Ely,  1638;  acted  under 
supervision  of  Laud,  after  whose  impeachment  he  was 
imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London,  1642-60.  [IxiiL  94] 

WREN,  MATTHEW  (1629-1672),  son  of  Matthew 
Wren  (1685-1667)  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1661;  secretary 
to  Clarendon,  1660-7 ;  M.P.  for  St.  Michael,  1661-72  ;  one 
of  original  council  of  Royal  Society,  1 662.  [Ixiii.  96] 

WRENCH,  BENJAMIN  (1778-1843),  actor:  joined 
Tate  Wilkinson's  company  and  played  at  York  and 
Edinburgh,  his  parts  including  Othello  ;  at  Bath,  1805,  at 
Drury  Lane,  London,  1809-15,  playing,  among  other  parts, 
Captain  Absolute  and  Loveless  ('  Trip  to  Scarborough  ')  ; 
made  great  success  as  Corinthian  Tom  in  Moncriefl" s 
'Tom  and  Jerry 'at  Adelphi,  London,  1821  ;  in  London 
at  Covent  Garden,  1826,  Lyceum,  1830,  and  Olympic,  1840  ; 
last  appeared  at  Haymarket,  London.  [IxiiL  96] 

WRENN,  RALPH  (d.  1692),  commodore;  lieutenant 
in  Mediterranean,  1679-81 ;  commander,  1681 :  at  the 
Nore,  1688;  commodore.  1690  :  in  West  Indies.  1691 ;  died 
of  sickness  after  bravely  fought  action  with  French. 

[Ixiii.  981 

WREY,  Sm  BOURCHIER  (</.  1696),  baronet;  com- 
manded regiment  of  horse  after  Restoration:  M.P.  for 
Liskeard,  1678-9  and  1689-96,  Devonshire,  1685 ;  fought 
two  duels  with  members  of  parliament.  [Ixiii.  98] 

WREY,  8m  BOURCHIER  (1714-1784),  dilettante  ;  ! 
grandson    of   Sir    Bourchier   Wrey   («/.   1696)  [q.    v.] ; 
baronet;  of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Ox- 
lord:   M.PM  Barustaple,   1748;    member  of   Society  of 
DUrttanti,  1741.  [Ixiii.  99] 


WRIGHT,  ABRAHAM  (1611-1690),  divine  and 
author ;  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School  and  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow,  1632  ;  M.A.,  1637  ;  ap- 
pointed vicar  of  Oakhuin,  Rutland,  1645,  but  did  not 
t;ikt-  possession  till  1660  ;  expelled  from  fellowship  by  par- 
liamentary commission  ;  minister  of  St.  Olave  in  Silver 
Street.  London.  1655-9  ;  published  'Delitiae  Delitiarum' 
(a  collection  of  epigrams),  1637,  'Parnassus  Biceps'  (a 
collection  of  poetical  pieces),  1656,  and  several  religious 
and  other  works.  [ixiii.  99] 

WRIGHT,  CHRISTOPHER  (1570?-1605),  con- 
spirator ;  employed  in  Spain  to  solicit  aid  for  Roman 
catholics  in  England,  1G03;  brother  of  John  Wriirht 
(15G8?-1605)  [q.  T.],  with  whom  he  was  killed  at  Hol- 
beche.  [ixiii.  110] 

WRIGHT,  EDWARD  (1558  ?-1615),  mathematician 
and  hydrographer ;  M.A.  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  1584  ; 
fellow,  1587-96  ;  accompanied  George  Clifford,  third  earl 
of  Cumberland  [q.  v.],  in  voyage  to  Azores,  1589 ;  pub- 
lished, 1599,  'Certaine  Errors  in  Navigation,  arising 
either  of  the  .  .  .  sea  chart,  compasse,  crosse  staffe,  and 
tables  of  declination  of  the  sunne  and  fixed  starres,  de- 
tected and  corrected,'  which  with  other  works  by  him 
effected  a  revolution  in  the  science  of  navigation. 

[Ixiii.  1001 

WRIGHT,  EDWARD  RICHARD  (1813-1859),  actor  : 
in  trade  in  London ;  appeared  in  London  at  Queen's 
Theatre,  1834,  St.  James's,  1837  ;  acted  chiefly  at  Adelphi, 
London,  from  1838;  successively  at  Princess's,  Lyceum, 
Haymarket,  and  Sadler's  Wells,  London,  1852-5  ;  among 
his  best-known  impersonations  Master  Grinnidge  in 
'  Green  Bushes '  and  John  Grumley  in '  Domestic  Economy.' 

[Ixiii.  102] 

WRIGHT,  FORTUNATUS  (<f.  1757),  merchant  and 
privateer ;  engaged  in  business  at  Liverpool ;  settled  as 
merchant  at  Leghorn,  c.  1741 :  commanded  a  privateer, 
1746 ;  imprisoned  by  Tuscan  government  for  seizing 
Turkish  property  on  board  a  French  ship,  1747-8  ;  again 
engaged  as  privateer  on  declaration  of  war,  1756,  and 
after  several  prizes  was  probably  lost  at  sea.  [Ixiii.  103] 

WRIGHT,  FRANCES  (1795-1852).  [See  DARUS- 
MONT,  FRANCES.] 

WRIGHT,  GEORGE  NEWENHAM  (1790  V-1877), 
miscellaneous  writer;  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1814 ; 
M.A.,  1817 ;  M.A.  Oxford,  1836 ;  ordained  priest,  1818 ; 
reader  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London  ;  master  of  Tewkes- 
bury  grammar  school:  published  topographical,  bio- 
graphical, and  other  writings.  [Ixiii.  104] 

WRIGHT,  ICHABOD  CHARLES  (1795-1871),  trans- 
lator of  Dante;  of  Eton  and  Obrist  Church,  Oxford ; 
M.A.,  1820  ;  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1819-25  ; 
joint-manager  of  bank  at  Nottingham,  1825 ;  published 
metrical  translations  of  Dante's  '  Divina  Commedia,' 
1833-40,  and  Homer's  •  Iliad,'  1859-64,  and  works  ou 
economical  questions.  [Ixiii.  105] 

WRIGHT,  JAMES  (1643-1713),  antiquary  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer :  son  of  Abraham  Wright  [q.  v.] ; 
entered  New  Inn,  1666;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1672: 
published  'Historia  Histrionica,'  1699,  'Country  Con- 
versations,' 1694, '  History  and  Antiquities  of ...  Rutland,' 
1684,  and  other  works.  [Ixiii.  106] 

WRIGHT,  SIR  JAMES,  first  baronet  (1716-1785), 
governor  of  Georgia ;  barrister,  Gray's  Inn,  1741 ;  prac- 
tised at  Charleston  and  was  attorney-general  of  South 
Carolina,  c.  1739 ;  agent  for  the  colony  in  England  ; 
lieutenant-governor  of  Georgia,  1760 :  captain-general 
and  governor-iu-chief  1761 :  exerted  his  influence  in  sup- 
port of  home  government  on  passing  of  Stamp  Act,  1765  : 
in  England,  1771-3  ;  created  baronet,  1772  :  compelled  to 
fly  from  opposition  of  colonial  patriots,  1776,  and  was  in 
England,  1776-8;  was  sent,  1779,  to  reorganise  govern- 
ment of  Georgia  on  its  recovery  by  (Sir)  Archibald  Camp- 
bell (1739-1791)  [q.  v.],  but  receiving  orders  to  abandon 
the  province,  1782,  proceeded  to  England,  where  he  died. 

[Ixiii.  107] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  (1568  7-1605),  conspirator :  became 
a  Roman  catholic,  c.  1601,  when  he  was  implicated  in 
Essex's  rising ;  one  of  flrst  initiated  by  Catesby  into 
Gunpowder  plot,  1604 ;  died  of  wounds  received  from  Sir 
Richard  Walsh's  men  at  Holbeche.  [Ixiii.  109] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  (1805-1843?), Scottish  poet;  son  of 
a  coal-driver  of  Sorn,  Ayrshire ;  apprenticed  as  weaver ; 


WBIGHT 


1441 


WRKrH  T 


found  patrons  at  Edinburgh,  awl  published,  1825,  "The 
Retrospect,' and  other  po-m-,  -.v)i:,-li  attmcted  consider- 
able  notice  ;  hi.s  '  Whole  Poetical  Works  '  public 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  (17707-1844),  bookseller  and 
author ;  apprenticed  to  a  silk-mercer ;  opened  business  as 

bookseller  in  Piccadilly,  London,  his  shop  becoming  the 
general  morn  in  i:  resort  of  the  friend-  of  1'itf-  m-.n'-try 
published  the  'Anti-Jacobin,' edited  by  WUUamCHflari 
(1756-1H26)  [q.  v.],  1797-8;  came  into  contact  with  Wil- 
liam Cobbett  [q.  v.],  became  his  hack,  and  supcrinu-ndi-d 
publication  of  'Weekly  Political  Register';  edited  Oob- 
Ixitt's  '  Parliamentary  History,' '  Parliamentary  Del 
and  '  State  Trials,'  but  afterwards  quarrelled  with 
was  employed  in  literary  work  by  the  publishers  John 
Murray  (1778-1843)  fq.  v.]  and  Richard  Bentley  (1794- 
1871)  [q.  v.],  and  edited  various  works,  including  'Sir 
Henry  Cavendish's  Debates  of  the  House  of  Commons ' 
(forty-eight  volumes  of  shorthand  notes),  1839-4S. 

[Ixiii.  Ill] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  MASEY  (1777-1866),  water-coloar 
painter :  apprenticed  as  organ-builder ;  worked  on  pano- 
ramas for  Henry  Aston  Barker  [q.  v.]  ;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1812-18;  member  of  Water-colour  Society, 
1HU5  ;  illustrated  Shakespeare  and  other  poete. 

[Ixiii.  112] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  MICHAEL  (1625  7-1700),  portrait- 
painter  ;  perhaps  pupil  of  George  Jamesone  [q.  T.]  ; 
studied  and  resided  in  Italy  ;  practised  in  England  during 
Commonwealth  and  later,  and  became  rival  of  Lely ; 
painted  many  portraits  of  judges  placed  in  Guildhall ; 
'  major  domo '  in  suite  of  Roger  Palmer,  earl  of  Castle- 
maine  [q.  v.],  in  embassy  from  James  II  to  Innocent  XI 
at  Rome,  1686;  signed  his  pictures  'J.  M.  Hitu-.1 

[IxiiL  113] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  WESLEY  (1769-1806),  commander 
in  navy ;  at  siege  of  Gibraltar,  1781-3 :  in  merchant's 
office  in  London,  1785 ;  visited  Russia  ;  midshipman,  with 
Sir  William  Sidney  Smith  [q.  v.],  1794;  prisoner  in 
France,  1796-8 ;  lieutenant,  1800 ;  was  captured  at  Qui- 
beron  Bay,  1804,  and  died  mysteriously  in  Paris. 

[Ixiii.  114] 

WRIGHT,  JOHN  WILLIAM  (1802-1848),  water- 
colour-painter  ;  exhibited  at  Royal  Academy  from  1825  ; 
member  of  Water-colour  Society,  1842,  and  secretary.  1844. 

[IxiiL  115] 

WRIGHT,  JOSEPH  (1756-1793),  portrait-painter; 
sou  of  Mrs.  Patience  Wright  [q.  v.] ;  first  draughtsman  and 
die-sinker  to  mint  at  Philadelphia.  [IxiiL  122] 

WRIGHT,  JOSEPH  (1734-1797),  painter ;  born  at 
Derby,  where  he  practised  as  portrait-painter  ;  exhibited 
at  Society  of  Artists  in  London,  chiefly  candlelight  or 
firelight  scenes,  1765-73,  and  chiefly  scenes  of  conflagra- 
tion from  1773;  in  Italy,  1773-5;  exhibited  at  Royal 
Academy,  1778-82,  chiefly  scenes  in  Italy ;  A.R.A.,  1781  : 
was  elected  R.A.,  1784,  but  declined  honour;  painted 
scene  from  'Tempest'  for  Boydell's  'Shakespeare  Gal- 
lery'; among  his  best-known  works  "The  Orrery*  (1766), 
'The  Gladiator*  (1765),  'The  Air-pump'  (1768,  in 
National  Gallery),  'Edwin*  and  'Maria'  (e.  1780),  and 
'  A  Dead  Soldier '  (1789).  His  portrait  by  himself  is  in 
the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  [Ixiii.  116] 

WRIGHT,  LAURENCE  (1590-1657),  physician: 
B.A.  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  1609:  M.A.,  1618; 
F.R.C.P.,  1622,  censor,  1628  and  16:19,  and  concihanus, 
1647  and  1650-7  ;  physician  iu  ordinary  to  Cromwell  and 
to  the  London  Charterhouse,  1624-43.  [Ixiii.  118] 

WRIGHT  LAWRENCE  (d.  1713),  commodore;  lieu- 
tenant in  1665;  captain,  e.  1672  •  <»m"^ore  »"d  <**: 
mander-in-chief  of  expedition  to  West  Indies,  1689  ;  with 
General  Codrlngtoii  reduced  St.  Christopher's  took  posses- 
siou  of  St.  Eustatius,  and  made  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Guadeloupe  :  commissioner  of  »^£.UM£i(1l7%r?  : 
extra  commissioner  on  navy  board,  1713.  [Ixiii.  Ill 

WRIGHT,  LEONARD  (ft.  1591),  controversialist; 
a  prominent  champion  of  the  bishops'  cause  in  Martin 
Mar-Prelate  controversy. 

WRIGHT,  SIR  NATHAN  (1654-1721),  judge  :  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge  ;  barrister ,  Innt 
Temple,  1677,  bencher,  1692 ;  recorder  of  Leicester,  161 
and   1688 ;  junior  counsel  for  "own  against  i 
bishops,  1688  :  serjeant-at-law,  1692;  knighted  and  made 
king's  scrjcaiit,  1697 ;  lord  keeper  of  great  teal  and  privy 


councillor,  1700:  dt«nii.ed  from 
andQodofo  D  •••.,::•  i  :.  11  I 


MM*.  PATHVOB  (17M-17MX  wax- 
a*  Lovell ;  bora  at  Bordentown.  Sew  Jewry 
practised  as  portrait-modeller  In  wax  and  came  to  Loo 
don,  177J.  [l«tll.  If  I] 

WRIGHT, 


WRIGHT,  RIOHAllD  (17U-1776  ?X  n 
exhibited  with  Society  of  Artista,  London, 
and  1773. 


between  17*, 
[Ixiii.  1SS] 


WRIGHT,  RICHARD  (1764-18M>  unl 
riouary  ;  apprenticed  to  a  shopkeeper :  joined 
church  at  Guwtwick,  1780,  but  was  exoomni 
rfflaH  pnMhissj  •  net  •  rill  |  •  a*Jesr  1  I  Mpl 
and  SabeUlan  particular  baptist  congregations  at  Nor- 
wioh  and  Wlsbech :  joined  Unitarians  and  travelled  M 
missionary  in  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland:  baptist 
minister  at  Trowbridge,  Wiltshire,  189,  and  Kirkstead, 
Lincolnshire,  1827  ;  published  theological  writing*. 


WRIGHT,  ROBERT  (1553  7-15M  71 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1171;   M.A.,  1»74: 


porated  M.A.  Oxford,  1677  ;  tutor  to  Robert 
Noond  earl  of  Bwex  ;  clerk  of  stable*  when  EMU 
Queen  Eliaibeth's  master  of  the  bone.  [Ixiii.  1  J4] 

WRIGHT,  ROBERT  (15567-1624),  divine:  MJL 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1578:  Inoorporatod  M.A. 
Oxford,  1681;  ordained  hi  Genevan  form  at  Antwerp: 
chaplain  to  Robert,  second  lord  Rich,  e.  It80:  impriagned 
in  Fleet  by  court  of  ecclesiastical  oommlMion,  1681-2  ; 
rector  of  Dennington,  Suffolk,  1184-1614.  [Ixiii.  1M] 


WRIGHT,  ROBERT  (1560-1643),  bUbop 
of  Bristol  and  of  Lichfleld  and  Coventry  ;  H.A.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1680;  fellow,  1681:  M.A.,  1684;  D.D., 
1697  ;  canon  r«identiiiry  and  treasurer  of  Wells,  1601  : 
rJMmiihi  to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  chaplain  in  ordinary  to 
James  I  ;  flnt  wanlcn  of  Wadbatn  CoUege,  Oxford,  1611  : 
bishop  »f  Bristol,  1622,  and  of  Lichfleld  and  Coventry, 
1632  ;  acted  with  Laud  in  crines  of  1640  and  after  :  com- 
mitted to  Tower  of  London  for  participation  In  the  pro- 
test of  the  eleven  bishops,  1641  ;  died  at  Ecclesball  Hall 
during  siege  by  Sir  William  Brereton.  [IxliL  1M] 

WRIGHT,  oJfaj  DANVKRS,  ROBERT,  callsd  VBCOCICT 
PURBKCK  (1621  7-1674).    [See  DAXVKBfl.] 

WRIGHT,  SIR  ROBERT  (d.  168»),  lord  enisf  -Justice  : 

tcr,  Uncotn1* 


M  A.  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  1661 ; 

i  Inn;   went  Norfolk  circuit;  M.P.,  King's  Lynn,  1668: 

counsel  for  Cambridge  University.  1678:  serjeant,  1679; 

!  king's  scrjeant,  1680;  faughted,  16*0 :   chief-justice  of 

1  Glamorgan,  1681 ;  baron  of  exchequer,  1684:  recorder  of 

!  Cambridge,  1685;  accompanied  Jeffrey,  on  western  aseUs) 

'  after  Monmouth'n  rebellion :   removed  to  kingN  bench. 

,  1686  ;  chief-justice  of  common  pleas,  1687 ;  chief- ju»Uce  of 

king's  bench,  1687 ;  sent  ax  ecclesiastical  ontnmissioimr  t.» 

Oxlord,  1687 ;  presided  at  trial  of  seven  bishops, ,1688 ;  im- 

peached  of  high  treason  by  William  of  Orange,  1688 :  died 

!  inNewgate.  [\xi\L  lit] 

WRIGHT,  SAMUEL  (168J-1746J,  diesentiug  d»v,n.  : 
I  studied   at    nonconformist  academy  of  Timothy  JolLa 
( 1669  7-1714)  [q.  ».]  at  Attercllffe  :  ordained  nimUur  of 
congregation  it  Meeting  House  Court,  KniKbtndrr  Strwt, 
LondoT  17U8:   lecturer  at  Seller.'  tlall.  LO.R!OU,  1714: 
1  trustee  of   Dr.  William*'-  foundation-  '    Kdin- 

hnnrh,  1729:  removed  to  m«Uu»r  IKM**  in  Carter  Lane. 
,'  Commons,  London,  1734;  publUbc.1  tbeokgeal 
IIXUL  IT*  j 


WRIGHT 


1442 


WRIOTHESLEY 


WM  frequently  imprisoned,  1577-85 ;  vice-president  of 
English  College  at  Douay,  when  temporarily  removed  to 
Rbeims ;  dean  of  Courtmy.  [Ixiii.  128] 

WRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1711-1786),  natural  philoso- 
pher: was  offered,  but  declined,  the  professorship  of 
mathematics  at  the  Imperial  Academy  of  St.  Petersburg ; 
anticipated  the  modern  physico-philosophical  theory  of 
the  material  universe ;  published  '  Louthiana.or  an  intro- 
duction to  the  Antiquities  of  Ireland,'  1748,  and  other 
works.  [Ixiii.  128] 

WRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1792-1849),  engraver  and  por- 
trait-painter ;  apprenticed  to  Henry  Meyer  [q.  v.] ; 
assistant  to  William  Thomas  Fry  [q.  v.] ;  associated  with 
George  Da  we  [q.  v.],  whom  he  accompanied  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1822-6  ;  again  in  Russia,  1830-45.  [Ixiii.  129] 

WRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1789-1876),  prison  philanthro- 
pist ;  apprenticed  to  an  iron-founder  and  became  fore- 
man ;  joined  congregationalists,  1817 ;  deacon  of  chapel  in 
Grortveuor  Street,  Piccadilly,  London,  1825-75 ;  began 
work  of  reclamation  of  discharged  prisoners,  and  obtained 
permission  to  visit  Salford  prison,  c.  1838;  offered,  but 
declined,  post  of  government  travelling  inspector  of 
prisons.  [Ixiii.  129] 

WRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1810-1877),  antiquary;  M.A. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1837;  published  '  History  of 
Essex,'  1831-6  ;  came  to  London,  1836,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literary  work,  chiefly  antiquarian ;  F.S.A.,  1837 ; 
honorary  secretory  of  Camden  Society,  1838;  treasurer 
and  secretary  of  Percy  Society,  1841,  editing  for  these  and 
other  societies,  including  the  Historical  Society  of  Science 
and  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  many  publications ; 
produced  several  works  in  collaboration  with  James 
Orchard  Halliwell  (afterwards  Halliwell-PhUlipps)  [q.  v.] ; 
assisted  in  founding  British  Archaeological  Association, 
1843 ;  superintended  work  of  excavating  site  of  Roman 
city  at  Wroxeter,  1859.  His  publications  include  '  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  her  Times,'  1838,  and  4  History  of  Domestic 
Manners  and  Sentiments  in  England  during  the  Middle 
Ages,'  1862.  [Ixiii.  130] 

WRIGHT,  THOMAS  (1809-1884),  physician  and  geo- 
logist ;  articled  as  surgeon  in  Paisley,  Renfrewshire ; 
studied  at  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Dublin,  and  quali- 
fled,  1832  ;  practised  at  Cheltenham,  and  was  surgeon  to 
the  general  hospital ;  M.D.  St  Andrews,  1846 :  studied 
palaeontology  and  formed  valuable  collection  of  Jurassic 
fossils;  F.R.S.E.,  1855;  F.G.S.,  1859,  and  Rollastou 
medallist,  1878  ;  F.R.S.,  1879  ;  published  geological  writ- 
ings. [Ixiii.  133] 

WRIGHT,  WALLER  RODWELL  (d.  1826),  author  of 
'  Horae  lonicae ' ;  British  consul-general  for  republic  of 
Ionian  Islands,  1800-4  ;  president  of  court  of  appeals  at 
Malta ;  published  •  Horae  lonicae :  a  Poem  descriptive 
of  the  Ionian  Islands,'  1809.  [Ixiii.  134] 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1563-1639),  Jesuit ;  born  at 
York ;  educated  at  English  College,  Rome  ;  entered  Society 
of  Jesus,  1581 ;  professed  of  four  vows,  1602 ;  professor  of 
philosophy  and  theolosy  at  Grata  .in  Styria,  and  at  Vienna ; 
IXD.  <Ir.it/. ;  joined  Kuplish  mission,  1606  ;  founded  mis- 
sions, originally  called  Residence  of  St.  Anne,  in  Leicester- 
shire ;  rector  of  the  '  college,'  and  in  1636  minister  ;  vehe- 
mently opposed  oath  of  allegiance  and  supremacy  devised 
by  James  I's  government ;  published  theological  writings. 

[Ixiii.  135] 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1735-1819),  physician  and 
botanist ;  apprenticed  as  surgeon  at  Falkirk ;  studied  at 
Edinburgh  University  ;  served  as  surgeon's  mate  at  Rhe, 
Lagos,  and  in  West  Indies ;  M.D.  St.  Andrews ;  settled  in 
partnership  at  Hampden,  Trelawny.  Jamaica  ;  honorary 
surgeon-general  of  Jamaica,  1774 ;  came  to  England,  1777  ; 
sailed  as  regimental  surgeon  to  Jamaica  regiment,  1779  ; 
captured  by  French:  again  sailed  for  Jamaica,  1782: 
physician-general  of  Jamaica,  1784  ;  returned  to  England, 
1785,  and  settled  at  Edinburgh;  physician  to  expedition 
to  West  Indies  under  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  [q.  v.], 
1796-8  ;  original  member  and  vice-president  of  Wernerian 
Society,  1808;  FJl.S..  1778;  president  of  Royal  College 
of  I'hyi-icmiiN  Edinburgh,  ISol  :  associate  of  Linnean 
Society,  1807;  mad«-  valuable  natural-history  collections 
rdrtting  largely  to  botany  of  Jamaica.  [Ixiii.  136] 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1773-1860).  aural  surgeon; 
piactibtid  in  Bristol,  and  from  1817  in  London  ;  surgeou- 


aurist  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Charlotte,  1817  ;  published 
works  relating  to  diseases  of  the  ear.  [Ixiii.  137] 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1830-1889),  orientalist; 
graduated  at  St.  Andrews ;  studied  oriental  languages 
at  Halle  and  Leyden ;  professor  of  Arabic  at  University 
College,  London,  1855-6,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1856-61 ;  held  post  in  department  of  manuscripts  at 
British  Museum,  18G1-70,  and  prepared  catalogue  of 
Syriac  manuscripts  ;  Sir  Thomas  Adams's  professor  of 
Arabic  at  Cambridge,  1870-89 ;  fellow  of  Queens'  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  member  of  Old  Testament  revision 
committee ;  works  include  (Arabic)  '  Travels  of  Ibn 
Jubair'  (1852),  'Opuscula  Arabica'  (1859),  'Kamil  of 
Al-Mubarrad'  (1864-82),  an  'Arabic  Grammar'  (1859), 
and  (Syriac) '  Book  of  Kalilah  and  Dimuah '  (1883). 

[Ixiii.  138] 

WRIGHT,  WILLIAM  (1837-1899),  missionary  and 
author  ;  studied  at  Belfast  Royal  Academical  Institution 
and  Queen's  College,  Belfast ;  studied  theology  at  Geneva  ; 
missionary  to  Jews  at  Damascus,  c.  1865  ;  editorial  super- 
intendent of  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  1876-99  ; 
published '  Empire  of  the  Hittites,'  1884,  having  made  casts 
of  and  investigated  the  Hamath  inscriptions,  and  other 
works.  [Ixiii.  139] 

WRIGHTSLAND,  LORD  (1569-1622).  [See  CRAIG, 
SIR  LKWIS.] 

WRIOTHESLEY,  CHARLES  (1508  ?-1562),  herald 
and  chronicler  :  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Wriothesley  (d.  1534) 
[q.  v.] ;  Rouge  Oroix  pursuivant,  1525  ;  entered  Gray's 
Inn,  1529;  Windsor  herald,  1534-62;  wrote  chronicle 
known  as '  Wriothesley's  Chronicle,'  mainly  a  continua- 
tion of  chronicle  of  Richard  Arnold  [q.  v.] 

[Ixiii.  140] 

WRIOTHESLEY,  HENRY,  second  EAIIL  OF  SOUTH- 
AMPTON (1645-1581),  sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Wriothesley,  flrst 
earl  of  Southampton  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  title,  1550 ;  be- 
came involved  in  scheme  for  marrying  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  to  Duke  of  Norfolk,  1569  ;  arrested  and  confined  in 
Tower  of  London  for  conspiracy  with  Roman  catholics, 
1569-73.  [Ixiii.  152] 

WRIOTHESLEY,  HENRY,  third  EARL  OP  SOUTH- 
AMPTON (1573-1624),  Shakespeare's  patron  ;  son  of  Henry 
Wriothesley,  second  earl  of  Southampton  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1589  ;  entered  Gray's  Inn  ; 
became  patron  of  John  Florio  [q.  v.]  ;  presented  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,  1590;  patron  of  the  poets,  including  Shakes- 
peare, who  dedicated  to  him '  Venus  and  Adonis,'  1593,  and 
'  Lucrece,'  1694,  and  probably  enjoyed  relations  of  close 
intimacy  with  him  ;  sometimes  identified  with  the  anony- 
mous friend  and  patron  described  by  Shakespeare  in  his 
sonnets  (published,  1609,  but  circulated  in  manuscript 
earlier),  the  rival  in  the  patron's  esteem  (see  the  Sonnets) 
perhaps  being  Barnabe  Barnes  [q.  v.] ;  involved  himself 
in  intrigue  with  Elizabeth  Veruou,  one  of  the  queen's 
waiting- women,  1595,  and  withdrew  from  court,  1596 ; 
volunteer  under  Essex  in  expeditions  to  Cadiz,  1596,  and 
Azores,  1597 ;  accompanied  Sir  Robert  Cecil  on  embassy 
to  Paris,  1598  ;  secretly  married  Elizabeth  Vernou  and 
incurred  Queen  Elizabeth's  displeasure  ;  went  with  Essex 
to  Ireland,  1699,  and  became  involved  in  Essex's  con- 
spiracy ;  ordered  performance  at  Globe  Theatre,  London, 

7  Feb.  1601,  of  Shakespeare's  '  Richard  II '  to  excite  public 
feeling  by  presenting  on  the  stage  the  deposition  of  a 
king,  and  took  part  in  unsuccessful  outbreak  under  Essex, 

8  Feb. ;  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London  and  condemned 
to  death,  but  his  punishment  commuted  to  imprisonment 
for  life;  released  by  James  I,  1603,  and  made  K.G.  and 
captain  of  Isle  of  Wight  and  Oarisbrooke  Castle;   re- 
created Earl  of  Southampton,  1603  ;  joined  the  queen's 
council,  1604  ;  helped  to  equip  Weymouth's  expedition  to 
Virginia,  1605 ;  member  of  Virginia  Company's  council, 
1609,  and  treasurer,  1620-4  ;  member  of  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1609;  incorporator  of  North-west  Passage  Com- 
pany, 1612,  and  of  Somers  Island  Company,  1615  ;  volun- 
teer in  war  in  Oleves,  1614  ;  privy  councillor,  1619 ;  joined 
opponents  of  Buckingham  ;   took  command  of  troop  of 
English  volunteers  in  Low  Countries,  and  died  of  fever  at 
Bergen-op-Zooin.  [Ixiii.  140] 

WRIOTHESLEY  (more  correctly  WKITH  or  Wu  VTHK), 
Sin  JOHN  (d.  1504),  Garter  klug-of-arms  ;  faucou  li.-ntM 
in  reigns  of  Henry  VI  and  Edward  IV  ;  Norroy  kinu'-of- 
arms,  1477  ;  Garter  kiug-of-aruis,  1479 ;  head  of  College 
of  Heralds  on  its  incorporation,  1483.  [Ixiii.  146] 


WRIOTHESLEY 


1443 


WITLPHERE 


WRIOTHESLEY  (formerly  WKITII),  SIH  THOMAS 
(d.  1534),  Garter  king-of-arms  ;  HOD  of  Sir  John  Wriotbes- 
ley  or  Writh  [q.  v.] ;  Wallingfortl  pursuivant,  1489; 
Garter  king-of-anns,  1504  ;  officiated  at  jouste  held  at 
Tournay,  1513;  knighted  by  Ferdinand,  archduke  of 
Austria,  at  Nuremberg;  left  antiquarian  and  heraldic 
manuscripts  and  collections.  [Kiii.  147] 

WRIOTHESLEY,     SIH     THOMAS,    first    BARON 

WKIOTHKSI.KY  <>H  Tin  UKIKLD  and  HAUL  OF  SOUTHAMPTON 
(1505-1650),  lord  chancellor  of  England  :  trraiidMin  ,,- 
Jolin  Wriothesley  or  Writh  [q.  v.] :  of  King's  Hall  or  8t 
John's  College,  Cambridge ;  clerk  of  signet,  1530 ;  entered 
Gray's  Inn,  1534;  'graver'  of  the  Tower  of  Lomlon, 
1536  ;  umb;is-;i'h>r  to  regent  of  Netherlands,  Mary,  queen 
of  1 1  angary,  to  propose  marriage  between  Henry  VIII  and 
Duchess  of  Milan,  1538;  knight  of  shin-  for  Southampton, 
l.Vt'j;  joint  principal  secretary,  1540;  knighted,  1540; 
constable  of  Southampton  Castle,  1541;  formulated 
(1543)  offensive  and  defensive  league  between  Charles  V 
ami  Henry  VUI,  which  resulted  In  joint  Invasion  of 
France,  1544;  created  Baron  Wriothesley,  1644;  lord 
chancellor,  1544;  K.G.,  1545;  appointed  by  Henry  VIII 
one  of  hU  executors  and  privy  councillor  to  Edward  VI ; 
created  Earl  of  Southampton,  1547 ;  deprived  of  office  for 
issuing  commission  to  four  civilians  to  hear  chancery 
cases  in  his  absence  without  consulting  his  fellow 
executors;  readmitted  to  council,  e.  1548;  joined 
Warwick's  opposition  to  Thomas  Seymour,  baron  Seymour 
of  Suileley  [q.  v.],  and  the  Protector ;  abandoned  by 
Warwick,  and  struck  off  list  of  councillors,  1550. 

[IxiiL  148] 

WRJOTHESLEY,  THOMAS,  fourth  EAKL  OF  SOUTH- 
AMPTON (1607-1667),  son  of  Henry  Wriothesley,  third 
earl  of  Southampton  [q.  v.] ;  succeeded  to  title,  1634 ; 
of  Eton  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  supported  resolu- 
tion of  House  of  Commons  that  redress  of  grievances 
should  precede  supply,  but  subsequently  joined  Charles  I ; 
privy  councillor,  1642  ;  became  one  of  Charles  I's  closest  ad- 
visers, making  repeated  efforts  for  peace  ;  after  Charles  I's 
execution  lived  in  retirement  in  country :  privy  coun- 
cillor to  Charles  II  and  K.G. ;  lord  high  treasurer  of 
England,  1660-7  ;  opposed  in  council  and  parliament  bill 
for  liberty  of  conscience,  1663.  [Ixiii.  154] 

WHITER,  CLEMENT  (fl.  1627-1658),  'auti-scrip- 
turist ' ;  clothier  in  Worcester ;  originally  a  presbyterian  ; 
subsequently  became  notorious  through  his  attacks 
on  the  infallibility  of  the  bible  ;  engaged  in  controversy 
with  Richard  Baxter  [q.  v.]  [Ixill.  157] 

WROE,  JOHN  (1782-1863),  fanatic ;  in  business  with 
his  father  as  farmer,  worsted  manufacturer,  and  collier  ; 
set  up  independently,  c.  1810 ;  began  to  show  symptoms 
of  mania,  1817,  and  came  under  influence  of  George  Turner 
of  Leeds  (d.  1821),  who  then  led  the  followers  of  Joanna 
Southoott  [q.  v.] ;  claimed  succession  to  Turner's  leader- 
ship, 1822,  and  travelled  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  his 
followers  calling  themselves  'Christian  Israelites,*  and 
employing  a  room  at  Ashton  as  '  sanctuary ' ;  being  driven 
from  Ashton,  1831,  travelled  in  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
and  America,  and  found  numerous  disciples;  died  at 
Melbourne.  His  'divine  communications  *  were  Issued  In 
various  publications  by  members  of  his  sect. 

WROE,  RICHARD (1641-1717),  warden  of  MiilMlhJLr 
church ;  B.A.  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1661 ;  M.A.,  1665  ; 
B.D.,  1672 ;  D.D.,  1686  ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford,  1669  ; 
admitted  fellow  of  college  at  Manchester,  1675 ;  pre- 
bendary of  Chester,  1678  ;  warden  of  Manchester  College, 
1684 ;  published  sermons.  [Ixiii.  160] 

-  WROTH,  SIR  HENRY  (d.  1671),  royalist;  grandson 
of  Sir  Robert  Wroth  [q.  v.] ;  patron  of  Thomas  Fuller. 

WROTH,  LADY  MARY  (fl.  1621),  author  of  •  Urania ' ; 
eldest  daughter  of  Robert  Sidney,  first  earl  of  Leicester 
[q.  v.]  ;  married  Sir  Robert,  eldest  son  of  Sir  Robert 
Wroth  [q.  v.],  1604 ;  patroness  of  contemporary  litera- 
ture ;  verses  Inscribed  to  her  by  many  poets ;  published, 
1621,  'The  Couutesseof  Mountgomerie's  Urania,  a  close 
imitation  of  the  •  Arcadia '  of  her  uncle,  Sir  Phmp  Sjjjnjy. 

WROTH,  SIH  ROBERT  (1540  V-1606),  member  of  par- 
liament; sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Wroth  (W16-1W3)  [q.  v.]  : 
entered  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1553 ;  M.P.,  St. 
Albans,  1563,  Middlesex,  157:!,  1585,  1589,  1601,  and 


WROTH,  SlB  THOMAS  (1M6  U71L 


to  Morocco,  IMi,  being  priTT  to  Snffoilrt  Moood  rM*. 
liH,  fled  to  continent  tUl  boeeo  WabUlrt  rmSS 
1IM:  oommiMlooertOTUtdiooMiof  Byud  Nonrieh, 
1M9 ;  special  commtsekmer  to  consult  with  tord  depot* 
on  government  of  Ireland,  IMS ;  cotnmtaiooer  lor  lord- 
lieutenancy  of  London,  1M9.  U*UL  Itt) 


lieutenancy  of  London,  1*69. 

WROTH,  SIR  THOMAS  (1*84-1671), 
and  author;  entered  Gloucester  Hall  (aYl 
cester  OollegeX  Oxford,  1600.  and  Inner  Temple,  1606; 
knighted,  1618;  subscribed  to  ~ 


•A..r- 


member  of  council  for  New  England,  16JO  : 
for  government  of  Bermuda*,  16M:  MP., 
1627-8,  In  Long  parliament,  1640,  16*6,  16*8, 
moved  resolution  that  Cliaries  I  •bould  be 


VUHMBVVWWVB 

Bride  wild* 
,  •»!  1MO; 


the  kingdom  settled  without  him,  1648;  took  •engage- 
ment,' 1649,  and  wa»  one  of  judge*  appointed  to  try 


Charles  I,  but  attended  only  one 


[IxttL  16*] 


WROTH,  WILLIAM  ( 1*767-1 641 ),  Welsh  000000- 
formist ;  MA.  Jems  College,  Oxford,  160* ;  held  rectories 
in  Monmouthshire ;  formed  at  LJan  Facbes  first  separa* 
tlst  church  In  Wales,  1639.  [Ulli.  166J 

WROTHAM ,  WILLIAM  DK(d.  1217),  judge ;  probably 
custos  of  stannaries  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  1199- 
1213 ;  custoH  galearnm,  IMf ;  joint  enstodian  of  tempo- 
ralities of  bishopric  of  Bath  and  abbey  of  Glactonbury : 
custodian  of  temporalities  of  bishopric  of  Winchester, 
12UG  ;  canon  of  Well*  and  archdeacon  of  Taunton.  1104 ; 
probably  warden  of  seaports  during  King  John's  reign. 

WROTTESLEY,  SIR  JOHN,  first  BAROX  WRornatunr 
(1771-1841);  of  Westminster  School;  whig  MJ>.  for 
Lichfield,  1799  and  1802,  Staffordshire,  1822,  and  southern 
Staffordshire,  1823-37 ;  created  Baron  Wrottesley,  18*8, 

[IxiiL  167] 

WROTTESLEY,  SIR  JOHN,  second  BAROX  WEOT- 
TKSLEY  (1798-1867),  son  of  Sir  John  Wrottwley,  first 
baron  Wrottesley  [q.  v.] ;  of  Westminster  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1823;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1823 ;  assisted  in  founding  Royal  Astronomical 
1820,  and  was  secretary,  1831-41,  president,  1841-1, 
gold  medallist,  1839  ;  F.RJS.,  1841,  and  president,  18M-7; 
one  of  original  poor-law  oommibsionen ;  served  on  several 
royal  commissions  of  scientific  nature :  D.O.L.  Oxford, 
1860 ;  published  scientific  and  other  writings. 

[IxiiL  167] 

WROTTESLEY,  SIR  WALTER  id.  1471),  oapt 
Calais  :  adherent  of  Warwick  '  the  king-maker ' :  i 
of  Staffordshire,  1460 ;  knighted,  e.  1462 ;  joined  Warwick 
in  attempt  to  overthrow  the  Woodvilles;  captain  of 
Calais,  1471 ;  surrendered  Calais  to  Edward  IV  on  War- 
wick's defeat  and  was  pardoned,  1471.  [IxiiL  161 

WROUOHTON,  RICHARD  (1748-1821),  actor:  bred 
as  surgeon  in  Bath  ;  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  1768-87. 
his  parte  including  Prince  Henry  ('Henry  II,  King  ot 
Emrland'  by  Bancroft  or  Mountfort),  1773,  Lord  Lov«- 
rnore(Kenrick'8'DucllbtV),  1773,  and  aidurnaj Mason's 
•  Oaractacus  '),  1776  ;  joint- proprietor  of  Sadler's  Wells, 
London,  e.  1777-90  :  played  chiefly  at  Drury  Lane,  London, 
1787-98  and  1800-8  ;  Charles  Surface,  Ghost  (•  HamkH*), 
Richard  III,  Antonio  (•  Merchant  of 
'X  and  Sir  Peter  Teazle, 
[IxiiL  169] 

of  Canterbury: 


Hamlet, 

Youee      Jaqes,  Edgar 

among  his  characters. 


__  _  ofWeese.,  at  Poeenteabyriir,  661  -jrimUy 
uTgedbSunds  of  Merck,  planting  OhrtottaiUty  wfiwmr 

•  he  conquered. 


WUL.FORD 


1444 


WYATT 


WTJLFOKD    or    WILFORD,   RALPH  (1479  V-1499), 

pretender ;  us  tool  of  Yorkist*  in  their  cudcavours  to 
overthrow  Heury  VII,  impersonated  Earl  of  Warwick, 
eldest  aon  of  Edward  IV's  brother,  the  Duke  of  Clarence, 
aud  was  executed.  [Ixiii.  172] 

WULFRED  (./.  S3i),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  con- 
SU5 ;  enjoyed  large  wealth  and  exercised   wide 
political  influence :    quarrelled  with    Cenwulf,  king   of 
MtT.-i.t,  who,  from  apprehension  of  his  political  influence, 
Uid  false  charges  against  him  before  Pope  Leo  III,  having 
previously  deprived  him  of  monasteries  of  Minster  and  | 
Reculver ;  on  good  terms  with  Ceol  \vnlf,  who  succeeded  j 
Ceuwulf,  822,  and  with  Egbert  and  .Sthelwulf. 

[Ixiii.  172] 

WTTLFRIC,  called  SPOT  or  SPUOT  (d.  1010),  founder  of  | 
Burton  Abbey  ;  owned  much  laud,  chiefly  in  West  Mercia  ; 
killed  fighting  against  Danes  at  Ringinere,  near  Ipswich. 
He  founded  Burton  Abbey  by  will  dated  1002,  Ethelred  II's 
charter  of  confirmation  being  dated  1004.       [Ixiii.  173] 

WTJLFSTAN  or  WINCHKSTKII  (fl.  1000),  versifier; 
monk  of  St.  Swithuu's,  Winchester ;  became  priest  and 
precentor  :  probably  author  of  versification  of  Lanferth's 
work  on  life  and  miracles  of  St.  Swithun  (Royal  MS.  15, 
c.  vii.),  and  other  writings.  [Ixiii.  173] 

WTJLFSTAN  (d.  1023),  archbishop  of  York ;  monk, 
probably  of  Ely :  succeeded  Aldulf  [q.  v.]  as  archbishop  of 
York,  1003,  holding  also  see  of  Worcester  ;  buried  at  Ely. 

[Ixiii.  174] 

WTJLFSTAN,  ST.  (1012  ?-1095),  bishop  of  Worcester  ; 
ordained  deacon  and  priest  before  1038 :  became  monk  of 
Worcester,  and  was  successively  schoolmaster,  precentor, 
sacristan,  and  prior :  bishop  of  Worcester,  1062  ;  assisted 
Harold  on  his  accession,  but  subsequently  made  submission 
to  the  Conqueror  ;  rebuilt  his  cathedral  church,  1084-9 ; 
preached  at  Bristol  against  the  slave  trade  practised  by 
the  British  merchants  upon  their  fellow-countrymen, 
and  procured  its  abandonment ;  buried  at  Worcester ; 
canonised  by  Innocent  III,  1203,  his  day  in  the  calendar 
being  19  Jan.  [Ixiii.  174] 

WTJLFWIO  or  WTJLFWY  (d.  1067),  bishop  of  Dor- 
chester ;  consecrated,  1053 ;  buried  at  Dorchester. 

[Ixiii.  176] 

WYATT,  BENJAMIN  DEAN  (1775-1850  ?),  archi- 
tect ;  son  of  James  Wyatt  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Westminster  School 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  surveyor  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  1813-27.  His  works  include  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
London,  1811,  and  Crockford's  Club  House,  St.  James's  , 
Street,  London,  1827.  [Ixiii.  180] 

WYATT  or  WYAT,    Sm  FRANCIS   (1575  ?-1644),  ! 
governor  of  Virginia ;  knighted,  1603  ;  governor  of  Vir-  j 
ginia,  1621 ;  continued  in  office  by  royal  commission  on 
annulling  of  Virginia  Company's  charter,  1625  ;  returned  \ 
to  England,  1626,  but  again  held  governorship,  1639-42. 

[Ixiii.  177] 

WYATT,  Sm  HENRY  (d.  1537),  courtier ;  imprisoned 
in  Tower  of  London  for  resisting  pretensions  of  Richard 
III ;   liberated,  1485,    by  Henry  VII,  whose  favour  he 
enjoyed ;  privy  councillor,  1485  ;  K.B.,  1509 ;  joint  con-  j 
stable  with  Sir  Thomas  Holey n  [q.  v.]  of  Norwich  Castle,  ; 
1511 ;  treasurer  to  king's  chamber,  1524-8.    [Ixiii.  183] 

WYATT,   HENRY  (1794-1840),  painter  ;  studied  at  I 
Royal  Academy;  practised  as  portrait-painter  successively 
in  Birmingham,  Liverpool,  and  Manchester;  exhibited  at 
Royal  Academy  between  1817  and  1838.          [Ixiii.  178] 

WYATT,  JAMES  (1746-1813),  architect;  attracted 
notice  of  Lord  Bagot,  who  took  him  to  Rome,  where,  and 
at  Venice-,  he  studied  architecture :  adapted  old  Pantheon 
in  Oxford  Street,  London,  for  dramatic  performances,  i 
1770-2 ;  surveyor  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1776 ;  executed  | 
restorations  at  Salisbury,  Lincoln,  Hereford,  and  Lichfield 
cathedrals ;  built  Royal  Military  College,  Woolwich,  1796 ; 
burveyor-geueral  to  board  of  works,  1796 :  architect  to 
board  of  ordnance,  1806;  R.A.,  1785,  and  temporarily 
president,  1805.  Working  at  first  in  the  Greco-Italian 
style,  he  gradually  turned  his  attention  to  the  Gothic,  and 
originated  the  revival  of  interest  iu  that  form  of  archi- 
tecture. [IxiiL  178] 

WYATT,  JOHN  (1700-1766),  inventor  ;  carpenter  at 
Thickbrooui,  near  Lichfleld  :  in  vented  a  spinning-machine, 
which  was  exploited  with  ainall  success  at  Birmingham, 
c.  1738  ;  brrenttd  and  perfected  compound-lever  weigHu;-'- 


machinc,  similar  to  those  now  used  by  most  railway  com- 
panies, c.  1744.  [Ixiii.  180] 

WYATT,  JOHN  (1825-1874),  army  surgeon; 
M.R.O.S.,  1848;  F.R.O.S.,  1866;  assistant-surgeon  in 
army,  1851 ;  surgeon,  1857  ;  served  iu  Crimea  :  medical 
commissioner  at  headquarters  of  French  army  during 
Franco-German  war,  1870  ;  O.B.,  1873.  [Ixiii.  181] 

WYATT,  MATTHEW  UOTEri  ( 1777-1862),  sculptor ; 
son  of  James  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  educated  at  Eton ;  studied 
at  Royal  Academy  and  exhibited,  1803-14;  enjoyed 
patronage  of  George  III ;  executed  equestrian  statues  of 
George  III  in  Pall  Mall  East,  and  of  Wellington,  now  at 
Aldershot  [Ixiii.  181] 

WYATT,  SIR  MATTHEW  DIGBY  (1820-1877), 
architect  and  writer  on  art;  brother  of  Thomas  Henry 
Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  published  'Geometric  Mosaics  of  Middle 
Ages,'  1848 ;  secretary  to  executive  committee  of  Great 
Exhibition,  1851 ;  designed,  with  Owen  Jones  (1809-1874) 
[q.  v.],  courts  characteristic  of  various  periods  of  art,  at 
Crystal  Palace,  Sydenham  ;  surveyor  to  East  India  Com- 
pany, 1855  ;  knighted,  1855  ;  honorary  secretary  of  Royal 
Institute  of  British  Architects,  1855-9,  and  gold  medallist, 
1866  ;  first  Slade  professor  of  fine  arts,  Cambridge,  1869  ; 
honorary  M.A.  Cambridge,  1869.  [Ixiii.  182] 

WYATT,  RICHARD  JAMES  (1795-1850),  sculptor ; 
cousin  of  Matthew  Cotes  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Royal 
Academy,  where  he  exhibited  from  1818  ;  settled  in  Rome, 
1821.  [Ixiii.  183] 

WYATT,  Sin  THOMAS  (1503  ?-l542),  poet ;  sou  of 
Sir  Henry  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  M.A.  St  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 1520  ;  esquire  of  body  to  Henry  VIII ;  clerk  of 
king's  jewels,  1524  ;  accompanied  Sir  John  Russell,  am- 
bassador to  papal  court,  1527 ;  high  marshal  of  Calais, 
c.  1529  ;  privy  councillor,  1533  ;  a  lover  of  Anne  Boleyu 
before  her  marriage  with  Henry  VIII,  aud  temporarily 
imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London  on  discovery  of  Anne's 
post-nuptial  infidelities,  1536  :  knighted,  1637  ;  sheriff  of 
Kent,  1537;  ambassador  to  Charles  V.  1537-9;  engaged 
in  negotiations  with  Charles  V,  1540;  imprisoned  in 
Tower  as  ally  of  Cromwell,  but  released,  1641 ;  knight  of 
shire  for  Kent,  1542.  His  portrait  after  Holbein  is  in  the 
National  Portrait  Gallery.  He  was  a  close  student  of 
foreign  literature,  and  first  introduced  the  sonnet  from 
Italy  into  England.  His  first  published  works  appeared 
as  '  Certayne  Psaluies  . .  .  drawen  into  Euglyshe  meter,' 
1549,  and  many  of  his  poems,  which  include  rondeaus, 
lyrics,  and  satires  in  heroic  couplets,  were  first  issued  in 
'Songes  and  Souettes,'  printed  by  Henry  Tottel,  and 
known  as  '  Tottel's  Miscellany,'  1557.  [Ixiii.  183] 

WYATT,  Siu  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1621  V-1664), 
conspirator;  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  (1503?-1542) 
[q.  v.] ;  formed  friendship  with  Henry  Howard,  earl  of 
Surrey  [q.  v.],  whom  he  accompanied  in  military  ope»H- 
tious  at  Landrecies  and  Boulogne,  1543-4:  joined  Eng- 
lish council  at  Boulogne,  1545  ;  joined  Edward  Cour- 
teiiay,  earl  of  Devonshire  [q.  v.],  in  insurrection  to 
prevent  marriage  of  Queen  Mary  with  Philip  of  Spain. 
1554,  undertaking  to  raise  Kent;  fixed  headquarters  at 
Rochester,  marched  to  Blackheath,  entered  Southwark. 
and,  having  penetrated  into  London,  was  deserted  by  his 
followers  and  surrendered  ;  executed  for  high  treason  ou 
Tower  Hill,  London.  [Ixiii.  187] 

WYATT,  THOMAS  (1799 ?-1859),  portrait-painter; 
brother  of  Henry  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  studied  at  Royal  Aca- 
demy. [Ixiii.  178] 

WYATT,  THOMAS  HENRY  (1807-1880),  architect; 
brother  of  Sir  Matthew  Digby  Wyatt  [q.  v.] ;  in  office  of 
Philip  Charles  Hardwick  [q.  v.] ;  opened  practice  inde- 
pendently, 1832  ;  district  surveyor  of  Hackney,  1832-61 ; 
president  of  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  1870- 
1873,  and  gold  medallist,  1873;  A.I.C.E.,  1845:  built  the 
liy/.antiue  church  at  Wilton,  Kiiightsbridge  barracks,  and 
Adelphi  Theatre,  London.  [Ixiii.  189] 

WYATT,  WILLIAM  (1016-1685),  scholar  and  friend 
of  Jeremy  Taylor ;  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
1638;  assisted  Taylor  at  his  school  at  Newton  liall, 
Llanfihangel-Aberbythych,  Carmarthenshire,  aud  in  lii.- 
'  Institution  of  Grammar,'  1647;  B.D.  Oxford,  16«1  : 
prebendary  of  Lincoln,  16t;8.  aud  precentor,  1669-81  ; 
held  living  of  Nuueatou,  1681-5.  [Ixiii.  190] 


WYATVILLE 


1 1 i.-, 


WYKE 


WYATVILLE,  Sm  JEFPRY  (1786-1840),  architect; 
nephew  of  James  Wyatt  [q.  v.].  with  whom  he  wnrknl. 
1792-9;  began  practice  Independently,  1799:  exhibited 
at  Royal  Academy  trnm  17M,;:  it. A..  ivj,;;  executed  addi- 
tion* to  Sidney  su.-*-x  Collctn*.  Cambridge,  1R51-3S,  and 
transformation  of  Windsor  Castlr  from  1834,  when  bit 
uamc  was  augmented  to  Wyntville;  kniu'lit*-.!,  18S8. 

WYBTTRN,  PERCEVAL  (1633  7-1606  ?).  [See 
WIBUKN.] 

WYOHE,  Sm  CYRIL  (1638  7-1707),  state-man  and 
niiiu  f>f  sciriice ;  son  of  Sir  Peter  Wyche  [q.  T.]  ;  M.A. 
Christ  Church,  Oxfonl,  1655;  D.C.L.,  166ft;  knighted. 
1660;  F.K.S.,  1663,  and  president,  1683:  clerk  in  chan- 
eery,  1662-75  ;  barrister,  Gray'B  Inn,  1670;  M.P..C«i 
ton,  1GG1-78,  Kn?t  Griiwtead,  1681,  Saitoh,  1686-7.  and 
Preston,  1702-6 ;  secretary  to  Henry  Sidney  (afterwards 
Earl  of  Romney)  [q.  v.]  when  lonl-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
1692  ;  privy  councillor  of  Ireland  :  one  of  three  lordu 
just it-os  entrusted  with  government  of  1  re-land,  1693-6; 
ambassador  in  Turkey,  1698.  [Ixill.  19J] 

WYCHE,  SIR  PE1ER  (rf.  1643),  English  ambassador 
at  the  Porte;  knighted,  1626;  gentleman  of  priTy 
chamber,  1628;  English  ambassador  at  Constantinople, 
1627-41  ;  privy  councillor  and  comptroller  of  king's 
household,  1641.  [Ixiil.  193] 

WYCHE,  SIR  PETER  (1628-1699?),  diplomatist :  son 
of  Sir  Feter  Wyche  (d.  1643)  [q.  v.]  ;  matriculated  from 
Exeter  College,  Oxfonl,  1643 :  M.A.  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge,  1648 ;  entered  Middle  Temple,  1649 ;  knighted  by 
Charles  II  at  the  Hague,  1660 ;  incorporated  M.A.  Oxford, 
1660 ;  original  P.RS.,  1662  ;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Russia,  1669;  English  resident  at  Hamburg;  published 
translations  from  Portuguese  and  other  works. 

[Ixiii.  194]      ! 

WYCHE,    RICHARD    I>K   (11977-1263).      [See    Rl-  ' 

CHAHI).] 

WYCHEHAM  or  WICKWANE,  WILLIAM  DR  (<f.  I 
1285).  [See  WICKWANK.] 

WYCHERLEY,  WILLIAM  (1640  7-1716),  dramatist ; 
born  at  Clive ;  admitted  member  of  Inner  Temple,  1659  ; 
entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  1660 :  published,  1672  or  ; 
pud  of  1671,  his  first  play, '  Love  in  a  Wood,  or  SU  James's 
Park,'  which  was  acted,  1671,  and  secured  for  him  the 
intimacy  of  Charles  II's  mistress,  the  Duchess  of  Cleve- 
land ;  lieutenant  in  Duke  of  Buckingham's  foot  regiment, 
1672,  and  equerry  to  the  duke  as  master  of  horse;  pub- 
lished, 1673,  'The  Gentleman  Dancing-master,'  acted  at 
Dorset  Gardens,  London,  1671  or  1872  ;  perhaps  served  at 
sea  against  the  Dutch,  1672;  produced  'The  Country 
Wife,'  performed  1672  or  1673,  at  Portugal  Street  Theatre, 
London,  and  published,  1675 :  his  last  play,  '  The  Plain 
Dealer'  (indebted  to  Mollere's  'Misanthrope'  f°r  the 
general  idea),  acted  at  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields, 
London,  probably  early  in  1674,  and  printed,  1677  :  secretly 
married  widowed  Countess  of  Drogheda  (d.  c.  1681), 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Robartes,  first  carl  of  Radnor  [q.  v.], 
c.  1079,  and  earned  the  displeasure  of  Charles  II,  who  had 
offered  him  the  tutorship  of  his  son,  the  Dnke  of  Rich- 
mond ;  published,  1704, '  Miscellany  Poems,'  which  led  to 
a  friendship  with  Pope,  who  revised  many  of  his  writings ; 
married  again  eleven  days  before  his  death.  His  •  Poet- 
humous  Works '  appeared,  1728.  [Ixiii.  195] 

WYCK,  JOHN  (1652-1700),  painter ;  born  at  Haar- 
lem ;  came  to  England  when  young ;  enjoyed  great  repu- 
tation for  battle  and  hunting  scenes.  [Ixill.  202] 

WYCLIFFE,  JOHN  (d.  1384),  religious  reformer  and 
theologian  ;  born  at  Hipswell ;  probably  fellow  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford,  and  subsequently  (In  1361)  master:  pro- 
bably not  identical  with  John  Wyclif,  who  was  appointed 
warden  of  Canterbury  Hall,  Oxfonl,  1365,  and  who  was 
perhaps  at  Merton  College,  Oxfonl,  and  rector  of  May- 
field  :  vicar  of  Flllingham ;  prebendary  of  Westbury, 
1361  ;  held  benefice  of  Ludgershall,  1368;  wrote,  1366  or 
1376,  controversial  tract.  '  Determinatio  quedam  de 
Dominio  contra  unum  monachum  ' ;  graduated  doctor  c 
theology,  c.  1372;  received  as  canon  of  Lincoln  li 
from  Pope  Gregory  XI  to  keep  Westbury  prebend 
after  obtaining  prebend  at  Lincoln,  1373  ;  *' 
as  ambassador  to  treat  with  papal  legates 
non-observance  of  statute  of  provisors  an 
1374;  rector  of  Lutterworth,  e.  1374;  gained  farour  of 
Duke  of  Lancaster  and  Henry,  lord  Percy,  by  hia  opinions 


on  him,  1177;  again  tried,  at 
r,.  /•  :  ;-.  ,  •  •  ••• 
hit  aewrtion  thai  the  aooWl 
llomun  pontiff.  nu>  l.v  t  t,,,t,!v  I- 

d  bynbjMteand  laymen)  *iHri«te4  bybfc  boMMtv 

,-     .'.k-    ••:•.  .    •  •     '  •    •    ••    :        • 

'poor  preacher*'  and  the  tranriaUon  of  Uw  »bote  Mb* 

into  KnglUh  for  the  fir*  tin*,  hlmwtf  tramtoUn*  the 
tin,  probably  the  whole  New  TnUramil  and  portbty 
of  the  Old  Testament,  the  work  being  «lUei  byJoba 

Purvey  [q.  T.]  and  completed  by  him  before  1400;  per- 

omptorily  rejected  trmnMhetentbtfon.  e.  1S».  and  w*. 

forbidden  to  tench  hU  doctrine  In  Oxford  UnlTerelty. 

1S81,  while  a  court,  mmnoMl  by  the  •rehbtobop,  ISM. 

condemned  them  of  hi*  which  Implied  that  he  beM  that 


.,•:•••       -.  •       •    .     . 

here.  In  §plw  01  royal  and 
not  trwtad  with  •erertty. 

OCCOpTiUff     ulOQMtf     ^*  1 1  u 


all  authority,  wcnter  and  ecckriMtk*!,  WM 
God,  and  wan  forfeited  when  the  pan  MI  or  of  It  WM  in  • 
-tut.-  of  mortal  *in,  that  he  denied  the  doctrine  of  tmo- 
substantial 'on,  on  which  the  power  of  Uie  prtothood 
fiiiMlamoiititlly  baaed,  and  that  beoondtl 
In  all  It*  forniK :  left  Oxford,  where,  in  i 
occlesianical  command*,  he  wa*  not  tm 
ami  rvtirwl  to  Lutterworth,  occapylng 
pr.-a.hmg,  translating  Uie  bible,  and  writing  controrental 
pamphlet*  ;  buriiil  at  Liut«rworth.  but  hU  body  dl»in> 
ii-rr.d.  142K,  and  thrown  Into  the  river  Swift.  He  WM 
famous  M  a  philosopher  before  be  became  famous  M  a 
theologian,  and  famotu  M  a  theologian  before  be  became 
a  herwlarch,  and  the  connection  between  his  philosophy 
andhiB  theology  WM  neither  external  nor  aceidenUL  He 
discovered  in  nominalism  the  teat  of  all  theological  error, 
and  his  practical  religious  teaching  wa»  above  all  thing* 
The  more  important  of  hit 
motion*  have  been  pnbl 
;  L  (in  early  life) '  De  Logic*.'  •  De  Comport- 
iW  'XIII  Quwtione.  logic,  et  puilowphW' 
De  Ente  PnedicamtnUli ' :  1 1.  ( up  to  1K9)  •  De  Incej- 
natioae  VerbU'  •  De  Dominio  Divlno.'  •  De  Dominio  OiTittY 


ethical.  "The  more  important  of  hit  Latin  works  (which 
with  two  exception*  have  been  published  by  the  W] 
:  I.  (in  en  * 


•  De  Ecclesia,' '  De  Offlcio  Pa*torall '  ( pablUbed  byLechler. 
1863),  nnd  '  DC  Offlcio  Regis' ;  III.  (from  1179)  'Dialogm* 
or 'Speculum  Ecclc*ie  MlliUntU,"  De  EucuarUtia.'  '  I> 


Simonia,' '  De  ApontaaiA,' '  De 
gclicum.'  an.l  '  Trinlogtu '  (published  by 
'Select  English  Works  of  Wyclif,'  edited  by  T.  Ai 
appeared  1869-71.  and  '  KnglUh  Work*  of  Wyclif  hitherto 
imprinted.'  by  F.  D.  Matthew,  1880  (Early  KmrlUh 
Text  Society).  t»xlli.  M] 

WYCTJMBE,  WILLIAM  (/.  11W).    [See  WILLIAM.] 
WYDDEL,  '  ^BORN  (/.  1J80X    t^**  OBBOR*.] 
WYDEVILLE  or  WTDVILLE.    [See  WOODVILLK.] 
WYDFOBD,    WILLIAM   OF  (/.  1381-1890).      [8M 
WOODFORD.] 


WYDOW,  ROBERT  (d.  1604),  poet 
first  recorded  Mw.Bac.  Oxford:   Incorporated  at  Oam- 
bridge,  1608  ;  wshoolmaiiter  and  vicar  of  Thaxted.  1481- 
rector  of  Chalfont  St.  (iile*.  14W  :  canon  and  woointorol 
Wells  Cathedral,  1497;  subnlean,  1499-  vicer  of  Bock- 
land  Newton  ;  wrote  Latin  poem*  awl  other  wta. 

[ixiii.  sn] 


WYEX,  ROBERT  (f.  15J9-1566X  P 
worked  with  Hlchanl  Pj-neon  [q.  T.],  and 
printing  basine*.  r.  1529.  &  P-WloaUon.  iBotate  a 
imnnlation,  powibly  by  hlnuelf,  £  Chr1»tin«  de  PtaanJ 
'C.  Hj-storyes  of  Trm,-'  (after  1636^,  Andrew  BotnVj 
•Boke  for  to  lerne  a  man  to  be  wy«ef  (after  \U*l<  tud 
Lonl  Bwner»'>  «  Cactell  of  Lore  '  (r.  164J).  [Ixlil.  2fS] 


WYETH,  JOSKPH  (166»-1731Xqo*ker  writer: 


WYKEHAM 


1446 


WYNDHAM 


WYZEHAM,  WILLIAM  OK  (1324-1404),  bishop  of 
Winchester,  chancellor  of  Knulund,  and  founder  of  New 
College,  Oxford  ;  born  at  Wickham  :  educated  at  Win- 
chester; entered  royal  service,  r.  1347,  and  was  made 
king's  chaplain  ;  joint-surveyor  of  Windsor  forest  and 
chief  warden  and  surveyor  of  royal  castles  of  Windsor, 
Leeds,  Dover,  and  Hadleigb,  1359  ;  prebendary  of  Lich- 
ti.'l.l,  1369  ;  joint-warden  of  forests  south  of  Trent,  1361  : 
keeper  of  privy  seal,  1364  ;  dean  of  St.  Martin-lc-Grand, 
London,  1360  ;  prebendary  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  Hereford, 
Salisbury,  St.  David's,  Beverley,  Bromyard,  Wherwell, 
Anergwili,  and  Llanddewi  Brewi,  1361,  and  at  Lincoln, 
York,  Wells,  and  Hasting,  1362  :  priest,  1362  :  archdeacon 
of  Lincoln,  136:5  ;  bishop  of  Winchester,  1367-1404  ;  chan- 
cellor, 1368-71  ;  took  leading  part  in  opposing  John  of 
Gaunt  in  Good  parliament,  1373  :  charged  before  council 
at  Westminster  with  malversation  and  misgovernment 
during  his  chancellorship,  and  was  deprived  of  temporali- 
ties, 1373  ;  pardoned  on  accession  of  Richard  II  ;  obtained 
papal  bull  for  endowment  of  Winchester  College,  1378,  and 
issued  charter  of  foundation  of  Seinte  Marie  College  of 
Wynchestre  in  Oxenforde  '  (New  College),  1379  ;  his  col- 
lege built,  1380-6,  and  his  school,  1387-94  :  on  commission 
of  regency,  1386,  but  took  no  part  in  proceedings  ;  chan- 
cellor, 1389-91.  [Ixiii.  225] 

WYKEBTAK,  or  more  correctly  WICKHAM,  WIL- 
LIAM (1539-1695),  successively  bishop  of  Lincoln  and 
Winchester  :  of  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
fellow,  1559  ;  MJL,  1564  ;  B.D.,  1569  :  fellow  of  Eton, 
1568  ;  vice-provost  of  Eton  College,  c.  1570  ;  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  1570  :  canon  of  Windsor,  1571  ;  royal 
chaplain,  before  1574  ;  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  1574-80  ; 
dean  and  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  1577  ;  prebendary  of 
Lichfield,  1679  ;  bishop  of  Lincoln,  1584,  and  of  Win- 
chester, 1595  ;  left  verses  and  other  writings. 

_  [Ixiii.  231] 

WYXES,  THOMAS  DE  (fl.  1258-1293),  chronicler: 
canon  regular  of  Osney  Abbey,  near  Oxford,  1282  ;  became 
official  chronicler  of  the  abbey,  1285,  having  previously 
composed  history  on  his  own  account,  history  which 
he  extended  till  1293;  the  part  of  his  work  which  deals 
with  1258  to  1288  of  great  importance,  and  written 
from  the  point  of  view  of  a  progressive  royalist. 

[Ixiii.  232] 

WYLD,  JAMES,  the  elder  (1790-1836),  geographer 
royal  ;  introduced  lithography  into  England,  first  ap- 
plying it  to  plans  of  actions  fought  in  Peninsula. 

_  [Ixiii.  233] 

WYLD,  JAMES,  the  younger  (1812-1887),  geogra- 
pher ;  son  of  James  Wyld  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at 
Woolwich;  joined  Royal  Geographical  Society.  1830; 
exhibited  his  'great  globe'  in  London,  1851-62  ;  liberal 
M.P.  for  Bodmin,  1847-52  and  1857-68  ;  took  leading  part 
in  promotion  of  technical  education;  produced  maps 
bearing  on  pointe  of  strategical  and  political  importance 
at  the  time  ;  published  '  Popular  Atlas  '  and  '  Atlas  of 
Battles.'  [Ixiii.  233] 

WYLDE,  HENRY  (1822-1890),  Gresham  professor  of 
music,  London  ;  studied  at  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  where 
he  became  professor  of  harmony  ;  Mus.Bac.  and  Mus.Doc. 
Cambridge,  1851  ;  one  of  founders  of  New  Philharmonic 
Society,  1852  ;  founded  London  Academy  of  Music,  1861  ; 
Gresham  professor.  1863-90  ;  published  musical  composi- 
tions and  works  relating  to  music.  [Ixiii.  234] 

WYLDE,  JOHN  (1590-1669).    [See  WILDE.] 
WYLDE,  ROBERT  (1609-1679).    [See  WILD.] 

WYLIE,  ALEXANDER  (1815-1887),  missionary  and 
Chinese  scholar  ;  apprenticed  as  cabinet-maker  ;  studied 
Chinese  and  became  superintendent  of  London  Missionary 
Society's  printing  establishment  at  Shanghai,  1847  ; 
showed  that  Homer's  method  for  solving  equations  of 
all  orders  had  been  anticipated  by  the  Chinese  mathema- 
ticians of  the  fourteenth  century,  1852  ;  temporary  agent 
of  Bible  Society  in  Lord  Elgin's  expedition  up  the 
Yang-tfze,  1858  ;  permanent  agent  of  the  society,  1863-77  ; 
accompanied  Griffith  John,  the  Wesleyan  missionary,  up 
Yang-teze  to  source  of  Han  and  thence  to  Shanghai, 
1868  ;  wrote  and  translated  numerous  works  in  Chinese 
and  English.  [Ixiii.  236] 


ir,  f  8m  JAMES  (1768-1854),  physician  :  M.D. 

King's  College,  Aberdeen,  1794  :  entered  Russian  service 
as  senior  surgeon  in  Eletsky  regiment,  1790  ;  physician 


to  imperial  court  at  St.  Petersburg,  1798;  surgeon-in- 
ordinary  to  tsar  and  physician  to  heir-apparent,  the 
Grand-duke  Alexander,  1799 ;  founder,  1804,  and  presi- 
dent, 1804-34,  of  Medical  Academy  of  St.  Petersburg 
and  Moscow  ;  inspector-general  of  army  board  of  health, 
1806:  director  of  medical  department  of  ministry  of 
war,  1812;  physician  in  ordinary,  1814,  to  Tsar  Alexander  I, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  England,  being  knighted  by 
prince  regent ;  published  medical  works.  [Ixiii.  236] 

WYLIE,  JAMES  AITKEN  (1808-1890),  protestant 
writer  ;  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  and 
St.  Andrews  :  entered  Original  Secession  Divinity  Hall, 
Edinburgh,  1827 :  '  renewed  the  covenants  '  in  Kdin- 
burgh,  1828;  ordained,  1831;  sub-editor  of  Edinburgh 
'  Witness,'  1846  ;  joined  Free  church  of  Scotland,  1852  ; 
edited  •  Free  Church  Record,'  1852-60  ;  LL.D.  Aberdeen, 
1856  ;  lecturer  on  popery  at  Protestant  Institute,  1860- 
1890 ;  published  miscellaneous  works.  [Ixiii.  237] 

WYLIE,  WILLIAM  HOWIE  (1833-1891),  baptist 
minister  and  journalist  ;  sub-editor  of  '  Ayr  Advertiser,' 
1847-50  ;  edited  '  Nottingham  Journal,'  1850-2  ;  sub- 
editor of  '  Liverpool  Courier,'  1862-3;  editor  of  '  Falkirk 
Herald'  and  sub-editor  of  'Glasgow  Commonwealth,' 
1854-5  ;  sub-editor  of  Edinburgh  'Daily  Express,' 
1865 ;  baptist  minister  of  Ramsey,  Huntingdonshire, 
1860,  and  of  Accrington,  Lancashire,  1865  :  pastor  at 
Blackpool ;  sub-editor  of  '  Christian  World,'  1870-7  :  one 
of  original  promoters  and  editor  of  'Greenock  Tele- 
graph,' the  first  halfpenny  evening  paper  in  Britain  : 
founded,  1882,  and  was  editor  and  proprietor,  1882-91,  of 
Glasgow  '  Christian  Leader."  [Ixiii.  238] 

WYLLIE,  JOHN  WILLIAM  SHAW  (1835-1870), 
Indian  civilian  ;  son  of  Sir  William  Wyllie  [q.  v.]  ;  of 
Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  third  assistant  political  agent  in 
Kathiawar,  1858  ;  assistant-secretary  to  Sir  George  Yule, 
1861 :  secretary  at  Calcutta,  1862-7 ;  C.S.I.,  1869  :  pub- 
lished political  writings.  [Ixiii.  240] 

WYLLIE,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1802-1891),  general  ;  lieu- 
tenant, Bombay  native  infantry,  1819 ;  captain,  1833  : 
brigade-major  to  Malwa  field  force,  1826,  and  of  first 
brigade  of  Bombay  column  for  invasion  of  Afghanistan, 
1838 ;  served  with  distinction  at  capture  of  Kalat,  1839  : 
brigade-major  of  second  brigade  in  Sind  force,  1840  ; 
assistant  adjutant-general  in  Sind  and  Baluchistan, 
1842  ;  C.B.  (military),  1843 :  deputy  adjutant-general  of 
Bombay  army,  1849 :  brigadier-general  of  second  class, 
commanding  Bombay  garrison,  1850  ;  commanded  bri- 
gade at  Ahmadnagar,  1855 ;  colonel,  1857 :  left  India, 
1858  ;  lieutenant-general,  1862  ;  K.O.B.  (military),  1865  ; 
general,  1871  ;  colonel  of  royal  Dublin  fusiliers,  1873  ; 
G.O.B.  (military),  1877  ;  retired,  1877.  [Ixiii.  238] 

WYNDHAM.    [See  also  WIXDHAM.] 

WYNDHAM  or  WINDHAM,  Sm  CHARLES,  second 
EARL  OP  EQREMONT  (1710-1763),  statesman;  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  William  Wyndkam,  third  baronet  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Westminster  School  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  tory 
M.P.  for  Bridgewater,  1735,  but  soon  became  whig ;  M.P., 
Taunton,  1747  ;  succeeded  his  uncle  Algernon  Seymour, 
seventh  duke  of  Somerset,  as  Earl  of  Egremont  and  Baron 
Oockermouth,  1750 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cumberland,  1751 ; 
privy  councillor  and  secretary  of  state  for  southern  de- 
partment, 1761-3;  conducted  negotiations  with  Spain, 
1761-2,  and 'with  France,  1762,  coming  into  conflict  with 
Bute  and  Bedford :  associated  with  Halifax  in  prosecution 
of  Wilkes ;  enjoyed  with  Halifax  and  George  Grenville, 
who  married  his  sister  Elizabeth,  close  confidence  of 
George  III.  [Ixiii.  240] 

WYNDHAM  or  WINDHAM,  FRANCIS  (rf.  1592), 
judge ;  educated  at  Cambridge ;  barrister,  Lincoln's 
Inn  ;  bencher,  1569  ;  autumn  reader,  1672  ;  M.P.,  Nor- 
folk, 1672-83  ;  serjeant,  1577  ;  recorder  of  Norwich,  1578  : 
judge  of  common  pleas,  1579  ;  consulted  concerning  trial 
of  Mary  Stuart,  1586.  [Ixiii.  243] 

WYNDHAM,  SIR  GEORGE  O'BRIEN,  third  EARL 
OP  EGREMONT  (1751-1837),  patron  of  fine  art ;  son  of 
Sir  Charles  Wyndham,  second  earl  of  Egremont  [q.  v.]  ; 
of  Westminster  School ;  in  early  years  acted  with  whig?, 
but  later  inclined  to  tories  ;  member  of  board  of  agricul- 
ture, 1793 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Sussex,  1819-35  ;  a  successful 
stock-breeder  at  Petworth  and  patron  of  art  :  one  of 
first  to  appreciate  Turner,  who  had  a  studio  at  Petworth. 
Among  the  artists  whom  he  patronised  were  Benjamin 


WYNDHAM 


1447 


WYNNE 


Robert  Haydon  [q.  T.],  Johu  I'lavtuan  [q.  V.],  Joseph 
Nollekeiis  [q.  v.],  .Julm  Charles  Felix  Konsi  [ij.  v.],  and 
John  Constable  [q.  v.]  [Ixill.  244] 

WYNDHAM.  HKXKY  PKNKriM  »  i('KK(  me-lR19), 
topographer  ;  Kn-ut-L'rainlHnii  (if  Sir  \Viulham  \Vyudham 
[q.  v.]:  <>f  Eton  ami  \Va4lmin  College,  Oxfor  : 
1759  :  travelled  on  continent.  17«5  7  .  mayor  «>f  Salisbury, 
1770-1:  sheriff  of  Wiltshire,  1772  ;  M.I'..  Wiltshire,  179*- 
1812:  F.S.A.,  1777;  F.H.S.,  17H.V.  contributed  •  Obwrva- 
tions  on  an  ancient  Building  at  Warnford,  Hampshire,' 
to  the  '  ArohflBotogia  '.( v.  367-66),  and  '  On  a  Roman  Pave- 


WYNH,   CHARLES  WATKIN   WILLIAMS  (1771- 
W\   polltioian ;    of    We*tmiMtar  School  and  Ohrfct 
cium-h.  oxfonl  :  M.A..  1798;  1X0.1*,  U10;  formed  and 

.,•;,-  ,;,   iOM  Mind   :..;•  I   •.  .  -,:.t>.,-,  .  b«l   AM    UMrii 

Inn,  1798:  bencher,  I8tt ;  M.P..  Old  Sarum,  17f7.  and 
Montgomeryshire,  1799-1MO;  undcr-wcretary  far  home 

d.-i«rtii,.-nu  IM.M;  7;  ;,r,-,l.-i.'.   *    --^r  I   tfMaM,    I 

•rnt  in  cabinet,  18M-8;  privy  councillor.  Ittt ;  Moratory 
at  war.  without  teat  In  cabinet,  18MM ;  nhModtor  of 
duchy  of  Lancaster,  18S4-4  :  FAX..  1800 ;  flrrt  pmMtnf 

5  i :,',-.  il 


\Vale-,  and  other  writings. 

WYNDHAM,  SIR  HUGH  (1603?  - 1684).  judge; 
brother  of  Sir  Wadham  \Vyudham  [q.  v.] :  entered  Wad- 
ham  College,  Oxford,  1622  ;  M.A.,  1643 :  barrister,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  1629  :  bencher,  1648  ;  ?erjeant-at-law,  1654  : 
temporary  judire  on  northern  circuit,  1654 ;  deprived  of 
office  at  Reiteration,  but  reinstated  serjeant-at-law  and 
judge,  1660  :  baron  of  exchequer,  1670:  knighted,  1670; 
moved  to  court  of  common  pleas,  1673.  [lxiii.247] 

WYNDHAM,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1502),  conspirator  ; 
kniirhti-d  for  bravery  at  Stoke,  1487  ;  executed  for  com- 
plicity in  conspiracy  of  Edmund  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suf- 

WYNDHAM,  ROBERT  HENRY  (1814-1894),  Scot- 
tish actor-manager  ;  first  appeared  on  stage  at  Salisbury, 
1836;  at  Adelphi,  Glasgow,  1844,  and  Theatre  Royal, 
Edinburgh,  1845  :  actor-manager  at  Adelphi,  Edinburgh, 
1851  till  1853,  when  theatre  was  destroyed  by  fire : 
manaeed  '  Royal '  Theatre,  Edinburgh,  1853-9,  and 
Adelphi,  renamed  •  The  Queen,'  1855  till  1865  (when  it 
was  again  burned,  being  reopened  as  •  The  Royal  'X 
and  1865  till  1875,  when  it  was  burned  for  third  time ; 
(Sir)  Henry  Irving  became  a  member  of  his  company  in 
1857  Wyndham's  parts  include  Charles  Surface,  Mer- 
cutio,  Captain  Absolute,  Macbeth,  and  Prince  Henry 
('  Henry  IT').  Llxiu>  *4 '  J 


WYHH,  8ra  HBKRY  WATKIN  WILLIAMS  <17tt- 
1856),  diplomatist  ;  brother  of  Charie*  Watkin  William* 


. 

envoy  extraordinary  and  mlnl-trr  plenipotentiary  to 
Switzerland,  18M,  Wurtemberg,  »«S.  and  OopenhM, 
1824-53;  privy  councillor,  I8tt  :  K.G.O.H.,  18S1  :  CO.R, 
1851.  0*IU.  tM] 


WYJTN,  8m  JOHN,  flrrt  baronet  (1IM-16MX  anti- 


antiquities;  left  manuscript  'History  of  the  Owydlr 
Family '  (printed  by  Dalnet  Barrington,  1770)  and  otter 
writings. 

WYOTf,  SIR  RICHARD  (A  1649),  baronet;  wn  of 
Sir  John  Wynn  [q.  v.] ;  groom  of  chamber  to  Chartey  I 
while  prince  of  Wales,  whom  be  accompanied  in  Spain. 
1623 :  treasurer  to  Queen  Henrietta.  [UUL  ««] 


SIR  WATKIN  WILLIAMS,  third 

ndson  of  Sir  William  William.  Jo.  v.]; 
of  Wynn,  1719 :    D.O.L,  Jmm  College, 


North  Sea,  1544,  and  Solent,  1545  :  master  of  ordnance 
in  king's  ships  ;  vice-admiral  of  fleet  sent  to  enforce  Pro- 
tector's  policy  in  Scotland,  1547;  constructed  «  Wyndham's 
bulwark  '  at  Haddington  ;  engaged  in  trade  and  explora-  ln  varions  collections. 


WYKN,  WILLIAM  (1710 7-176U  Wetah  poet:  MA. 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  1735  ;  rector  of  Manafon,  1747-6 
and  of  Llan  Oynhafal,  1750-61 ;  poem,  by  hjm  ^included 


WYNDHAM,  THOMAS,  BAROV  WYXDHAM  OP 
FINOLASS  (1681-1745),  grandson  of  Sir  Wadham  Wynd- 
ham  [q  v.]  •  entered  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1698 ; 
called  to  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  1705  :  recorder  of  Sarum, 
1706  •  chief- justice  of  court  of  common  pleas  in  Ireland, 
1724,'  and  lord  chancellor,  1726-39  ;  raised  to  peerage, 
173l!  [lxih.250]  . 

WYNDHAM,  SIR  WADHAM   (1610-1668),   judge ;  • 
brother  of  Sir  Hugh  Wyndham  [q.  v.] ;  fellow  commoner  . 
of  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  1626 ;  barrister,  Lincoln  s 
Inn,  1636  ;  serjeant,  1660  ;   counsel  for  prosecution  of 
regicides  -.judge  of  king's  bench,  1660-8  ; ' -^ 


1758;  published  legal  treatise*.  [IxllL  J61, 

WTHNE,  ELLIS  (1671-1734),  W^V}0^!!^ 

*=«2SL^Br  a»2«- 

book  (London,  1710);  rector  of 


WYNDHAM,  SIR  WILLIAM,  third  baronet  (1687- 
1740)  politician  :  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford  •  tory  M.P.  for  Somerset,  1710 ;  secretary  at  i 
war,  1712  ;  chancellor  of  exchequer,  1713-14  :  Bappo"^ 
'Schism  Act';  arrested  for  complicity  in  rebellion  oi 
1715  but  was  liberated  on  ball  and  never  brought  up 
for  trial ;  maintained  strong  Jacobite  opinions,  and  was 
firm  ally  of  Bolingbroke :  one  of  founders  of  the 
Brothers'  Club,  of  which  Swift  became  membeMn  1711. 

WYNDHAM-ftUIN,    EDWIN    WOHAJto    WI?fV 
HAM,  third  EARL   OF  DUNRAVKN   (1812-1* 
QUIN.] 

WYNFORD,  first  BAROS  (1767-1846).    [See   BEST, 
WILLIAM  DRAPER.] 

WYNH.    [See  also  WYNNK.] 


('Visions  of  the  Steeping 
prose  clawioa. 

WYKNE.  JOHN  (1667-1743X  bU-bop  of  St.  A-ph 
and  of  Bath  and  Wells :  B.A.  and  f^tow,  Je»oi  Oolltg*, 
Oxfonl,  1685 ;  M.A.,  1688 :  B.D.,  1696  :  D.0^1706 ;_  c^ 


, 

,  Oxford, 


Margaret  profewor   of   divinity    Ox 

canon  of  Worcester ;  principal  of  Je 

1712-20;   bishop  of   St.  Asaph.   171 

and  Wells,  1727-43 :   published  '  A.brW~--y  -•  --— 

Essay  on  the  Human  tndenUnding,'  1696.    [Ulli.  J6: 

^°HlHcSSDa^^^(^7^^ 

rj»/J3»j:5as;s 


p^y  ^^ 


^^ta^ttngfaTpWiodi- 
SSne*  and  'Oawtteer':  com- 

'    •(„•!..  r.il 


s  s  as 


lieutenant,  royal 
1866-71 ;  captain,  1875  ; 
and  built  fort  at  Kkowe 


WYNNE 


1448 


WYVTLL, 


WILLIAM    WATKIN    EDWARD  (1801- 

1880)  atiticitiarv  of  Westminster  School  and  Jesus 
College,  Oxford :"  M.P.,  Merioneth,  1852-65  :  high  sheriff, 
1867 :  came  into  possession,  by  legacy,  of  the  Hengwrt 
collection  of  manuscripts  formed  originally  hy  Robert 
V;iiiL'h:ui  (1592-1667)  [q.  v.],  and  published  a  catalogue, 
186«-71.  in  '  Archaeologia  Cambrenste,'  to  which  journal 
he  contribated  largely :  left  manuscript  collections  for 
history  of  Merionethshire.  [1  xiii.  264] 

WYNNYFFE,    THOMAS    (1576-1664).     [See    Wix- 

NIFKK.] 

WYNTER,  ANDREW  (1819-1876),  physician  and 
author :  studied  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  London  :  M.D. 
St.  Andrews,  1852  ;  edited,  1856-60,  'Association  Medical 
Journal '  (called  '  British  Medical  Journal '  from  1868)  ; 
M.R.C.P.,  1861 ;  published  writings  on  insanity  and  mis- 
cellaneous subjects.  [Ixiii.  265] 

WYNTER,  SIR  WILLIAM  (d.  1589).    [See  WINTER.] 

WYNTOTTN,  ANDREW  OP  (1350?-1420?),  Scottish 
historian  ;  canon  regular  of  St.  Andrews ;  prior  of  St. 
Serfs  Inch  in  Loch  Leven,  where  he  probably  wrote  his 
chronicles, '  The  Oryginale,'  a  vernacular  metrical  history 
of  Scotland  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  accession 
of  James  I,  1406  (first  published  from  manuscript  in 
Royal  Library,  1796).  [Ixiii.  266] 

WYKYARD,  ROBERT  HENRY  (1802-1864).  major- 
general :  ensign,  58th  foot,  1819 ;  captain,  1826 :  lieutenant- 
colonel,  1842:  served  in  Maori  war,  1845-7,  and  commanded 
forces  in  New  Zealand,  1851 :  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
Ulster  division  of  New  Zealand,  1851-3  ;  first  superinten- 
dent of  province  of  Auckland ;  colonel,  1854  :  temporary 
governor  of  New  Zealand,  1864-5 ;  major-general,  1858 ; 
commander  of  troops  in  Gape  Colony,  1859  ;  temporarily 
governor-in-chief  and  high  commissioner,  1859-60  and 
1861-2  ;  O.B.,  1862  ;  colonel,  98th  foot,  1863.  [Ixiii.  267] 

WYNZET,  NINIAN  (1518-1592).  [See  WISZET.] 
WYON,  ALFRED  BENJAMIN  (1837-1884),  en- 
graver ;  brother  of  Joseph  Shepherd  Wyon  [q.  v.],  with 
whom  he  was  associated  as  chief  engraver  of  seals  from 
1865,  and  was  sole  engraver,  1873-84  :  compiled  work  on 
•  Great  Seals  of  England,'  published,  1887.  [Ixiii.  268] 

WYON,  BENJAMIN  (1802-1858),  chief  engraver  of 
seals ;  son  of  Thomas  Wyon  the  elder  [q.  v.]  ;  appointed 
chief  engraver  of  seals,  1831.  [Ixiii.  268] 

WYON,  GEORGE  (d.  1796),  die-engraver  and  chaser ; 
designer  and  modeller  to  Silver  Plate  Company,  Birming- 
ham. [Ixiii.  269] 

WYON,  JOSEPH  SHEPHERD  (1836-1873),  chief  en- 
graver of  seals ;  son  of  Benjamin  Wyon  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at 
Royal  Academy  ;  appointed  chief  engraver  of  seals,  1858. 

[Ixiii.  268] 

WYON,  LEONARD  CHARLES  (1826-1891),  chief 
engraver  at  royal  mint ;  son  of  William  Wyon  [q.  v.] ; 
second  engraver  to  royal  mint :  chief  engraver,  1851. 

[Ixiii.  268] 

WYON,  THOMAS,  the  younger  (1792-1817),  chief 
engmver  at  royal  mint :  sou  of  Thomas  Wyon  the  elder 
[q.  v.],  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed :  studied  at  Royal 
Academy  :  probationer  engraver  at  royal  mint,  1811,  and 
chief  engraver,  1815  ;  gold  medallist,  Society  of  Artfl,  the 
society  adopting  his  design  for  its  prize  medals. 


Victoria,  1837,  visit  of  Queen  Victoria  to  Guildhall,  and 
the  Cheselden  medal  for  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  London. 

WYRCE8TER,  WILLIAM  (1415-1482  ?).    (teWoJ 

CKSTKK.] 

WYRLEY,  WILLIAM  (1565-1018),   antiquary  and 
herald  ;  employed  as  amanuensis  to  Sampson  Enleswicke 
:  [q.  v.]  ;    published  'The  trvc   Vse  of  Armorie,'   1592; 
i  matriculated  from  Balliol  College.  Oxford,  1594  ;  Rouge 
!  Oroix  pursuivant  at  College  of  Arms,  1604 ;    left  anti- 
quarian manuscripts.  [Ixiii.  271] 

WYSE,  NAPOLEON  ALFRED  BONAPARTE  (1H22- 
1895),  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyse  [q.  v.]  ;  high  sheriff  of 
Waterford,  1870.  [Ixiii.  276] 

WYSE,    SIR   THOMAS  (1791-1862),  politician  and 
j  diplomatist:  educated  at  Jesuit  college  at  Stonyhurst  ami 
|  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  B.A.,  1812:   entered  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1813 ;    travelled  abroad ;     married,   1821,  Lsetitia, 
daughter  of  Napoleon's  brother  Lucien,  prince  of  Canino, 
but  was  separated  from  her,  1828 ;  took  active  part  in 
agitation  for  catholic    emancipation  in  Ireland,   1825 ; 
M.P.,  co.  Tipperary,  1830;   M.P.  for  Waterford,  1835-47  ; 
introduced  bill  for  national  education  in  Ireland,  1835; 
published  'Education  Reform,'  1837;   lord  of  treasury, 
1839-41 ;  member  of  royal  commission  for  decoration  of 
houses  of  parliament :    secretary  for  board  of  control 
,  (India),  1846-9 :   privy  councillor,  1849  ;   British  minister 
at  Athens,  1849 ;    successfully    conducted   negotiations 
'  occasioned  by  claims    on  Greek  government  made   by 
David  Pacifico  [q.  v.],  George  Finlay  [q.  v.],  and  others. 
and  was  made  C.B.,  1850 :  K.C.B.  and  envoy  extraordinary 
for  successful  management  of  Greek  affairs  during  Crimean 
i  war,  1857  ;  president  of  commission  to  inquire  into  finan- 
cial resources  of  Greece,  1857-9 ;  published  works  relating 
to  his  travels  and  political  questions.  [Ixiii.  272] 

WYSE,  WILLIAM  CHARLES  BONAPARTE  (1826- 
1892),  poetical  writer :  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyse  [q.  v.] ; 
high  sheriff  of  Waterford,  1855 ;  published,  1868,  '  Par. 
1 1; lion  n  Blu '  (lyrics  in  Provencal)  and  other  writings. 


[Ixiii.  269] 


WYON,  THOMAS,  the  elder  (1767-1830),  chief  en- 
graver of  seals  ;  pon  of  George  Wyon  [q.  v.] ;  engaged  as 
general  die-engraver  at  Birmingham,  and  from  1800  in 
London  :  appointed  chief  engraver  of  the  seals,  1816. 

[Ixiii.  2691 

WYON,  WILLIAM  (1795-1851),  chief  engraver  at 
royal  mint :  nephew  of  Thomas  Wyon  the  elder  [q.  v.] ; 
obtained  gold  medal  of  Society  of  Art*,  1813,  for  medal  die 
with  head  of  Ceres,  the  society  purchasing  the  die  for  its 
prize  gold  medal  in  agriculture ;  settled  in  London,  1816, 
and  assisted  his  uncle ;  second  engraver  to  royal  mint, 
1816 :  chief  engraver,  1 828  ;  R.A.,  1838.  His  medals  include 
coronation  of  William  IV,  1831,  accession  of  Queen 


[Ixiii.  276] 
i'RANOIS  (1634?- 


WYTHENS  or  WITHENS,  SIR  F 
!  1704),  judge;    entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  1660: 
barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1660  ;  bencher,  1680;  M.P.,  West- 
minster, 1679  ;  knighted,  1680,  for  presenting  address  to 
j  Charles  II  testifying  abhorrence  of  citizens  of  ^yestminster 
to  recent  petition  for  a  parliament,  but  was  ejected  from 
House  of  Commons  as  '  an  abhorrer '  ;  Serjeant  and  judge 
I  of  king's  bench,  1683 ;  on  commission  for  trial  of  Rye 
j  House  conspirators;    recorder  of  Kingston-on-Thames, 
I  1685;    tried    and  pronounced  sentence  on  Titus  Gates, 
1685;    accompanied    Jeffreys    on    the    western    assize; 
removed  from  bench,  1687 ;    exempted  from  Act  of  In- 
demnity,   1689,  but    apparently  not  visited    with    any 
penalty.  [Ixiii.  276] 

WYVILL,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1614-1672?), 
baronet;  M.P.,  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  1660;  probably 
author  of  '  Certaine  serious  Thoughts '  (1647),  a  rare 
volume  of  verse.  [Ixiii.  278] 

WYVILL,  CHRISTOPHER  (1740-1822),  advocate 
of  parliamentary  reform :  educated  at  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge:  hon.  LL.D.,  1764:  rector  of  Black  Notley, 
Essex  ;  secretary,  1779,  and  afterwards  chairman  of  York- 
shire Association,  an  association  formed  to  promote 
shortening  of  duration  of  parliaments  and  equalisation 
of  representation  ;  took  leading  part  in  drawing  up 
Yorkshire  petition  presented  to  parliament,  1780:  advo- 
cated in  later  life  cause  of  universal  toleration  ;  pub- 
lished '  Political  Papers  chiefly  respecting  the  Attempt  of 
the  County  of  York  ...  to  effect  a  Reformation  of  the 
Parliament  of  Great  Britain,'  1794-5,  and  other  works 
relating  to  religious  and  political  questions. 

[Ixiii.  278] 

WYVILL,  CHRISTOPHER  (1792-1863),  rear-admiral : 
son  of  Christopher  Wyvill  (1740-1822)  [q.  v.] :  entered 
navy,  1805  ;  commander,  1824 :  served  on  coast  of  Greece : 
captain,  1832 ;  on  North  American  station,  1840-4,  and 
at  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1844-7  and  1849-53;  super- 
intendent of  Chatham  dockyard,  1854-6;  rear-admiral, 
1856.  [Ixiii.  280] 


YALDEN 


1449 


YA'I 


TALDEN,  THOMAS  (1870-1736),  poet:  educated  at 
Magdalen  (Jollege  school  and  Magdalen  College,  Oxford : 
H.A.,  IC'.tl  ;  M.A.,  1«»4  :  H.D.,  170.;  ;  U.U.,  1708;  fellow, 
1699-1713;  vicar  of  Willonghby  1700-9;  lecturer  on 
moral  philosophy  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1705-13; 
bursar,  1707  :  dean  of  divinity,  1709 ;  rector  of  Sopworth, 
171(1-11 ;  prebendary  of  collegiate  church  of  Chulmleigh, 
1712;  rector  of  Chalton-cum-Clanfleld  ;  chaplain  of 
Hridruvll  Hospital,  London,  17l:<  ;  his  •  Hymn  to  Dark- 
ness,' written  in  imitation  of  Cowley,  highly  esteemed 
by  Dr.  Johnson :  most  of  his  poems,  collected,  1796, 
in  vol.  vii.  of  'Works  of  the  British  Poets,'  by  Robert 
Anderson  (1750-1830)  [q.  v.]  [IxilU  281] 

TALE,  ELIHU  (1648-1721),  governor  of  Madras; 
torn  at  Boston,  Massachusetts ;  came  to  England,  1662 ; 
entered  service  of  East  India  Company,  1672  :  governor 
of  settlement  at  Fort  St.  George  (Madras X  1687-92 :  re- 
turned to  England  and  was  made  a  governor  of  Bast 
India  Company,  1699  ;  his  name  commemorated  by  Tale 
University,  Newhaven,  Connecticut,  of  which  he  was  a 
liberal  benefactor.  [IxllL  282] 

TALE,  THOMAS  ( 1526?-! 577 X  civilian;  B. A.  Cam- 
bridge, 1543:  fellow  of  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  1644: 
M.A.,  1646 ;  bursar,  1549-61  ;  commissary  of  diocese  of 
Ely,  1554 ;  LL.D.,  1657 :  advocate  of  oourt  of  arches, 
1559  :  prebendary  of  Lichfteld,  1560 ;  rector  of  Levering- 
ton,  1560 ;  judge  of  court  of  audience,  official  principal, 
chancellor,  and  vicar-general  to  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
1561 ;  chancellor  of  diocese  of  Bangor,  1562  ;  prebendary 
of  St.  Asaph,  1666  ;  dean  of  the  arches,  1567-73 :  joint- 
keeper  of  prerogative  court  of  Canterbury,  1671  ;  for 
many  years  ecclesiastical  high  commissioner. 

[Ixiii.  283] 

TALLOP,  EDWARD  (d.  1767).    [See  SPELMAX.] 
YANIEWIOZ,  FELIX  (1762-1848).   [See  JAXIEWICZ.] 
TARINGTON,  ROBERT  (ft.  1601),  dramatist ;  accord- 
ing to  one  conjecture  Robert  Yarington  only  a  fictitious 
name  •  author  of  '  Two  Lamentable  Tragedies,'  1601,  per- 
haps  an  amalgamation  of  the  lost  'Tragedy  of  Thomas 
Merrye,'    by    Haughton    and    Day,  1599,  and    the   lost 
•  Orphanes  Tragedy,'  by  Chettle. 

TARMOUTH,  EARLS  OF.  [See  PASTON,  ROBERT,  first 
EARL,  1631-1683 ;  PASTON,  WILLIAM,  second  EARL,  1652- 
1732.] 

TARMOUTH,  CODXTKSS  OF  (1704-1765).  [See  WALL- 
MODKX,  AMALIK  SOPHIR  MARIANNR.] 

TARRANTON,  ANDREW  (1616-1684?),  engineer 
and  agriculturist;  apprenticed  as  linendraper  at  Wor- 
cester ;  captain  in  parliamentary  forces  :  engaged  in  pro- 
jects for  cutting  canals  and  rendering  rivers  guotadlaf 
the  Salwarp  and  Stour,  the  latter  from  Stourbndge  to 
Kidderminster)  navigable  ;  wrote  pamphlets  recommend- 
ing use  of  clover  for  agricultural  purposes :  imprisoned 
on  false  evidence  as  concerned  in  intended  presbyterian 
rising,  1662 ;  studied  in  Saxony  secrets  of  tinplate  indus- 
try, c.  1667,  but  was  forestalled  in  manufacture  by  Ei 
lisa  patentees:  consulting  engineer;  published  worta 
relating  to  various  schemes  for  improvement  of  English 
manufactures  and  commerce,  and  other  8Ub^^.:j  3g4, 

TARRELL,  WILLIAM  (1784-1856),  zoologist:  en- 
gaged in  business  as  newspaper  agent  and  bookseller  in 
London:  member  of  Royal  Institution,  It  F.L.S., 
1825  and  treasurer,  1849-56 :  original  member  of  Zoo- 
logU-'al fsoSty,  1826;  published  '  History  of ^  Br,t,,h 
Fishes/  1836,  and  '  History  of  Bntish  Birds,  1843.  ^ 

TATES  EDMUND  (1831-1894),  novelist  and  founder 
of  •  The  World ' :  son  of  Frederick  Henry  Yates  [q. v.]ai 
Elizabeth  Yates  [q.  v.] ;  obtained  appointment  in  «* 
tary's  department  at  general  post  office,  1847,  and 
head  of  missing-letter  department,  186S 
journalistic  work :  dramatic  critic  and  w^fwerto   Daily 
News,'  c.  1854-60 ;  wrote  several  drama  oes 


Clah, 


Iftf 


nnder  Frank  Iw- 
1870-t: 

101 


TAT18,    MM.    BLIZABBTH   (ITtt-lMOX 
appeared  flnt  M  DcMtenoo*  to  OhMta  KMoWfe  < 

at  Lynn,  18U;  enffaged  at 
1817-20,  her  parU  indttllng 
('  Much  Ado  •>,  HIM!  Imogen  : 

Yatan  [q.  v.].  1821  ;  appearai  at  Drarjr  Lane,  London. 
;    joint  manager    oFAdelphl.    London,   184J  ;    at 


1817-20,  her  parts  Including  Rosalind.  Viola,  Beatrk* 


1824;   joint  manager 

Lyceum,  London.  1848-9  :  retired,  1849.         [Ixiii.  9*0] 

YATB8.  FRRDRRICK  HRNRY  H797-184SX  actor: 
ednoated  -at  Oharterbc»«e,  London  ;  wrrM  In  Ptninrak  1 
appeared  on  rt*g*.  1818,  at  Edinburgh,  and  later  at 
Covent  (iarden,  London,  whew  be  played  lago  to  Chartae 
Kembte'd  Cawio  and  Yonng'n  Othello  ;  at  Cerent  { 
London,  1819-26;  purchaMri  with  Terry 
Theatre,  London:  condncted  Addpbi 
Mathews,  1826-S5  ;  ntage  manager.  Dniry  Lane,  London. 
18S6  ;  sole  manager  of  Adelphi,  188C-41,  and  with  Oted- 
stane,  1841  :  Shylock,  Richard  III,  PalsUff.  and  Jowpb 

[Uiii.  JOT] 


Surface  among  hi*  parts. 


pabUahed  "The 


TATES,    JAMES   (ft.   1682).  poet: 
Castell  of  Oourtesie.  Wberennto  t*  adioyned  the  Hoide  of 
Humilitie:    with  the   Chariot  of    CbasttUe  thereunto 
annexed,'  1582.  (Ixiii.  294] 

TATES.  JAMES  (1789-1871X  onltarian 
quary :  studied  at  Glasgow  University  and  1 
College  (at  York),  and  Edinburgh  :  M.A.  Glasgow.  1812 ; 
nnordatned  minister  of  uniUrian  congregation  at  «il»»- 
gow,  1812;  founded  with  Thomas  Southwood  Smith 
[q  v.]  Scottish  Unitarian  Association,  1813 ;  eofafed  in 
controversy  with  Ralph  Wardlaw  fq.  v.),  1814-U  -.Joint. 
pastor  at  new  meeting,  Birmingham,  1817-26 :  P.GJS-, 
1819;  F.LJB.,  1822;  F.1LS.,  1831;  secretary  to  ooonoil 
of  British  Association,  1831 :  minister  of  Carter  Lane 
Chapel,  Doctors'  Commoni,  London,  1 83J-6 :  left  mhUetry. 
c.  1836 ;  contributed  largely  to  •  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities,'  1842,  edited  by  (Sir)  William  *mith 
(1813-1898)  [q.  v.]:  wrote  on  antiquarian,  edncatlMial. 
and  other  subjects.  [tellL  29i] 

TATES,  JOHN  (ft.  1622-1668X  porttan  divine;  BJX 
Emmanuel  College.  Cambridge:  rector  of  SL  Mary  with 
St.  John  Stiff  key,  Norfolk,  1621-68;  — "•- 
writing?. 

TATES,  SIR  JOSEPH  (1722-1770),  judge: 
Qneen'8  College,  Oxford,  17S9:  barrUter.  Inner; Tempto. 
1763:    employed  by  crown  against  John  WUtoe,  17 
king's  counsel  for  duchy  of  Lancaster.  Ii61: 
ing's  bench,  1764:  knighted,  1763;  chancellor  o< 
liam,  1765 :  removed  to  court  of  common  P*"*^ 

TATES.  JOSEPH   BROOKS  (1780-1856*X  me) 
au.l  anti.nikry      brother  of   James    Yates   (17S9-1871) 
?„  y^  HV.^^  «t  Rtnn:  entered  house  of  West 


India 


were  presented  at    onon      ea 

of  'Town  Talk,'  and  offended  Thackeray  by  a 

article  which  occasioned  his  dismissal  from  the  Gamck 


YATES 


1450 


YELVERTON 


('  Hamlet  'X  Isabella  ('  Measure  for  Measure  'X  and  Portia 
('  Merchant  of  Venice')  ;  married  Hit-hard  Yatos  (  17i)ti  V- 
179G)  [q.  v.],  e.  1756:  joint-manager  of  Haymarket  Opera 
House,  London,  1774:  at  Drury  Lane.  London,  1771.  mid 
played  original  Borinthia  in  Sheridan's  'Trip  to  Scar- 
borough/ 1777  ;  last  appeared  at  Drury  Lane,  1785.  She 
was  one  of  the  greatest  English  tnisjic  actresses,  one  of  her 
finest  characters  being  Medea  in  (Mover's  tragedy,  1767. 

[Ixiii.  298] 

YATES,  RICHARD  (1706?-1796),  comedian:  pro- 
bably first  played  at  the  Haymarket  ;  in  Ixindon  at  Covent 
Harden,  1737-9,  Drury  Lane,  1739,  Goodman's  Fields, 
1740-1,  and  again  at  Drury  Lane,  1742-67;  his  most 
notable  characters  Kastril  ('  Alchemist  '),  Clown 
('Twelfth  Night*  and  'Measure  for  Measure'),  Shylock, 
Malvolio,  Touchstone,  Shallow,  DogbeiTy,  Bobadil,  Launce, 
Falstaff,  and  Bottom  :  married  Mary  Ann  Graham  [see 
YATKS],  c.  1756  :  at  Covent  Garden,  1767-72,  and  again  at 
Drury  Lane,  1775  :  played  original  Sir  Oliver  Surface  in 
'School  for  Scandal  '  at  Drury  Lane,  1777  :  with  his  wife 
at  Edinburgh,  1784-5:  Autolycus  among  his  best  parts. 

[Ixiii.  301] 

YATES,  RICHARD  (1769-1834),  divine  and  anti- 
quary ;  worked  as  usher  in  various  schools  ;  ordained 
deacon,  1796;  priest,  1797:  curate  of  Chelsea  Hospital, 
1796,  and  chaplain,  179«,  rector  of  Ashen,  Essex,  1804  ; 
DJ).  Cambridge,  18.13  ;  one  of  treasurers  of  Literary 
Fund,  1805-34  ;  edited  '  Monastic  Remains  of  Town  and 
Abbey  of  St.  Edmunds  Bury  '  (1st  part,  1805,  2nd,  1843), 
collections  for  which  were  made  by  his  father. 

[Ixiii.  303] 

YATES,  WILLIAM  (1792-1845),  baptist  missionary 
and  orientalist  ;  studied  at  baptist  college  at  Bristol  ; 
went  to  India  under  Baptist  Missionary  Society,  1815  ; 
published  numerous  educational  works  in  Sanskrit, 
Hindustani,  and  Bengalee:  pastor  of  English  church, 
Circular  Road,  Calcutta,  1829-39;  his  publications  in- 
clude a  complete  version  of  the  bible  in  Bengalee,  Sans- 
krit and  Hindustani  dictionaries,  and  an  edition  of  the 
•  Nalodaya,'  1840.  [Ixiii.  304] 

YAXLEY,  FRANCIS  (d.  1565),  conspirator  ;  intro- 
duced at  court  by  Cecil;  employed  by  privy  council, 
c.  1547  ;  attached  to  embassy  of  Peter  Vannes  [q.  v.], 
1550-2  ;  M.P.,  Dunwich,  1563  ;  joinal  Nicholas  Wotton 
[q.  v.],  ambassador  in  France,  1553;  M.P.,  Stamford, 
1655,  and  Saltash,  1668;  clerk  of  signet,  c.  1557;  em- 
ployed as  agent  by  Lady  Margaret  Douglas,  countess 
of  Lennox  [q.  v.],  to  further  project  of  marriage  between 
her  son  Darnley  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  wrecked  at 
pea  while  returning  from  mission  from  Mary  Queen  of 
Soots  to  Philip  II.  [ixiii.  305] 

YCXHAM,  PETER  OF  (fl.  1290  ?).  [See  ICKHAM.] 
YEA,  LACY  WALTER  GILES  (1808-1855),  colonel  ; 
educated  at  Eton  :  ensign,  1825  ;  captain,  1836  ;  major, 
1842  ;  lieutenant-colonel,  1850  ;  commanded  regiment  in 
Turkey  and  Crimea,  1854  ;  served  with  distinction  at 
Alma;  brevet  colonel,  1864;  killed  in  assault  of  the 
R^ian-  [Ixiii.  306] 

YEAMANS,  SIR  JOHN,  first  baronet  (1610  ?-1674), 
colonial  governor  ;  colonel  in  royalist  army  ;  migrated  to 
Barbados,  1650,  and  was  member  of  council  of  the  colony, 
1660  ;  was  made  baronet  and  first  governor  of  new  colony 
at  Cape  Fear,  Carolina,  1665,  but  soon  returned  to  Bar- 
bados, leaving  a  deputy  ;  again  governor,  1672-4. 

YEAMANS  or  YEOMANS,  ROBERT  1X(!J!'  S), 
royalist;  merchant  and  councillor  of  Bristol;  sheriff, 
1641-2  ;  hanged  as  traitor  for  plotting  to  betray  Bristol 
toroyaliite.  [Ixiii.  308] 

YEARDLEY,  SIR  GEORGE  (1580P-1627),  governor 
of  Virginia  ;  landed  in  Virginia,  1610  ;  deputy-governor, 
1616-17;  visited  England,  1618,  and  was  appointed 
governor  and  knighted  ;  held  office  till  1621,  and  again, 
86-7.  During  his  governorship  the  first  representative 
assembly  in  the  western  hemisphere  met  at  Jamestown, 
1619,  and  the  first  negro  slaves  brought  into  an  English 
colony  were  lauded  by  a  Dutch  man-of-war,  1620. 


YEARDLEY,  JOHN  (1 786-1858),  quaker  mTinary  ; 
•egan  preaching  as  quaker  in  northern  counties,  1815 ; 
•ettled  at  Pynnont,  Germany,  1821 ;  made  missionary 

nntw  iuo?"^  p*"8  °f  Eur°pe  and  in  ^k  Min°r: 

ried,  1826,  Martha  Savory,  author  of  several  works 
-  [Ixiii.  309] 


inarnni,  1826,  Ma 
in  verw  and  prose. 


YEARSLEY,   MRS.  ANN  (1756-1806),  verse-writer  ; 

known  as   '  Lactilla,'  or   as  the  '  Bristol  milkwoman  ' : 

gained  patronage  of  Hannah   .More  [q.  v.],  under  whoso 

guidance  she  published  'Poems   on    Several   Occasions,' 

1  1784  ;  her  claims  to  control  of  trust-money  (subscriptions 

;  collected  for  her  by  Hannah  More)  the  occasion  ot   a 

I  breach  with  her   patroness.     Her  works  include  '  Karl 

Goodwin,'  an  historical  tragedy  in  verse  ( 17'.»1  ),  and  •  Tin- 

Royal  Captives,'  an  historical  novel  (1795).     [Ixiii.  310] 

YEARSLEY,  JAMES  (1805-1869),  aural  sunreon  : 
studied  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London ;  M.R.C.S. 
and  US. A.,  1827;  L.R.C.P.  Edinburgh,  1860;  M.D.  St. 
Andrews.  1862  ;  aural  surgeon  in  London  from  r.  1837  : 
joint-founder  of  'Medical  Directory';  published  works 
relating  to  aural  surgery.  [Ixiii.  311] 

YEATES,    THOMAS   (1768-J839),    orientalist;    ap- 
prenticed as  turner;    matriculated  at  All  Souls  College, 
Oxford,  1802  ;  employed  by  Claudius  Buchanan  [q.  v.]  to 
i  catalogue^  and  describe  oriental  manuscripts  brought  by 
;  him  from  India,  c.  1808-15  ;  secretary  of  London  Society 
I  of  Literature  ;  assistant  in  printed-book  department  of 
British  Museum,   1823-39;  published   works,  relating  to 
biblical  and  oriental  history  and  other  writings. 

[Ixiii.  311] 

YEATS,  GRANT  DAVID  (1773-1836),  medical  writer ; 
i  born  in  Florida ;  B.A.  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  1793 ; 
!  M.A.,  1796;  M.B.,  1797  ;  M.B.  Dublin,  1807  ;  M.D.  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  1814  ;  private  physician  to  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford when  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1806-7 :  F.R.O.P., 
1815 ;  F.R.S.,  1819 ;  published  '  Observations  on  Claims 
of  the  Moderns  to  some  Discoveries  in  Chemistry  and 
Physiology,'  1798,  and  other  works.  [Ixiii.  312] 

YELDARD,  ARTHUR  (d.  1599),  president  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford  ;  B.A.  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  1548 ;  M.A., 
1552;    fellow  of    Pembroke    Hall,    Cambridge,   1551-4; 
original  fellow  of   Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  incor- 
porated M.A.,  1556;    appointed    president,  1559;    B.D., 
|  1563  ;  D.D.,  1566  ;  vice-chancellor,  1580  ;  left  writings  in 
|  manuscript.  [Ixiii.  313] 

YELLOLY,  JOHN  (1774-1842),  physician;  M.D. 
Edinburgh,  1799 ;  physician  to  London  Hospital,  1807- 
1818  ;  one  of  originators  of  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 

'  Society,  1805  ;  physician  to  Norfolk  and  Norwich  Hospital, 
1820-32 ;  F.R.S. ;  published  treatises  on  calculous  diseases 

'  and  other  subjects.  [Ixiii.  313] 

YELVERTON,  BARRY,  first  VISCOUNT  AVOXMORK 
(1736-1805) :  B.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1757  :  worked 
as  usher  ;  called  to  Irish  bar,  1764  ;  K.O.,  1772  ;  bencher 
of  King's  Inns,  1772 ;  Irish  M.P.  for  Donegal,  1774,  and 
Carrickfergus,  1776-83 ;  attorney-general,  1782 ;  chief- 
baron  of  court  of  exchequer,  1783 ;  raised  to  peerage  as 
Baron  Avonmore,  1795  ;  created  viscount  of  Ireland  and 
baron  of  United  Kingdom,  1800.  [Ixiii.  314] 

YELVERTON,  SIR  CHRISTOPHER  (1535?-1612), 
judge ;  entered  Gray's  Inn,  1552 :  treasurer,  1579  and  1585 ; 
M.P.,  Brackley,  1563 ;  recorder  of  Northampton  before 
1572  ;  M.P.,  Northampton,  1572 ;  serjeant-at-law,  1689 ; 
M.P.,  Northamptonshire,  1593  and  1597;  speaker,  1597  ; 
queen's  Serjeant,  1598 :  took  part  in  indictment  of  Essex, 
1600  ;  justice  of  queen's  bench,  1602 ;  K.B.,  1603. 

[Ixiii.  315] 

YELVERTON,  SIR  HENRY (1566-1629),  judge;  son 
of  Sir  Christopher  Yelverton  [q.  v.]  ;  studied  at  Gray's 
Inn ;  called  to  bar,  1593  ;  ancient,  1593 ;  Lent  reader, 
1607;  M.P.,  Northampton,  1603  and  1614 :  attorney- 
general,  1617 ;  suspended  from  office  on  ground  of  having 
officially  passed  a  charter  to  city  of  London  containing 
unauthorised  provisions,  1620,  and  imprisoned  in  Tower 
of  London,  1620-1 ;  fifth  judge  of  common  pleas,  1625-9. 

[Ixiii.  316] 

YELVERTON,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1400  ?-1472  ?),  judge ; 
justice  of  peace  for  Norwich,  1427,  and  recorder,  1433-50  ; 
M.P.,  Great  Yarmouth,  1435  and  1436;  serjeant-at-law, 
1439  ;  judge  of  king's  bench,  1443 ;  executor  to  Sir  John 
Fastolf  [q.  v.],  1459 ;  knighted,  1461 ;  transferred  to 
bench  of  common  pleas,  1471.  [Ixiii.  318] 

YELVERTON,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  fourth 
VISCOUNT  AVOXMOHK  (1824-1883),  grandson  of  Barry 
Yelverton,  first  viscount  Avonmore  [q.  v.] ;  at  Woolwich  ; 
entered  royal  artillery  and  became  major :  in  Crimea ; 
engaged  in  litigation,  1859-68,  respecting  validity  of  mar- 
riage, against  which  the  House  of  Lords  finally  decided, 


YEO 


1451 


YORK 


and  which  it  was  alleged  he  had  contracted  In  18*7  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland  [see  LotfQ WORTH,  MAIUATHKRKHA]; 

suspended  from  military  duties,  1801.  [Ixiti.  31H] 

YEO.  Sin  JAMES  LUCAS  (1782-1818),  commodore: 
entered  uavy,  1793  ;  lieutenant,  1797  ;  at  *lege  of  Genoa 
and  in  Adriatic,  1800;  with  Frederick  Lewi*  MattUnd 
[q.  v.]  at  Muros  Bay,  1805;  commander  of  privateer, 
1805 ;  captain,  1807  ;  took  Cayenne,  1809 ;  knighted,  1810 ; 
on  Jamaica  station,  1811;  commodore  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  ships  of  war  on  American  lake*,  1813  ;  took 
Oswego,  1814,  and  unsuccessfully  blockaded  Kuckett'n 
harbour,  bein^  handicapped  by  indisposition  toco-operate 
shown  by  Sir  (Ji-orge  Prevent  (1767-1816)  [q.  v.J:  com- 
mander-in-chief  on  west  coast  of  Africa,  1815  ;  in  Jamaica, 
1S17 :  died  on  passage  home.  [Ixiii.  S19] 

YEO,  RICHARD  (d.  1779),  medallist:  produced 
im-dals  for  battle  of  Culloden,  1746;  assistant-engraver  to 
royal  mint,  1749 ;  chief  engraver,  1775-9 ;  foundation 
member  of  Uoyal  Academy.  [Ixiti.  3*0] 

YEOWELL.  JAMES  (18037-1875X  antiquary;  sub- 
editor nndor  William  John  Thorns  [q.  v.]  of  'Note* 
and  Queries,'  c.  1852-72,  supplying  answers  under  heading 
4  Queries  with  Answers ' ;  nominated,  1872,  a  poor  brother 
at  London  Charterhouse,  where  he  died  :  publislted  '  Me- 
moir of  Oldys,'  1862,  and  antiquarian  writings.  His  MSS. 
now  iii  British  Museum.  [Ixiii.  321] 

YESTER,  fifth  BARON  (d.  1576).  [See  HAY, 
WILLIAM.] 

YEVELE,  HENRY  DK  (d.  1400),  master-mason  and 
architect ;  director  of  king's  works  at  Westminster, 
e.  1356,  and  at  Westminster  and  the  Tower  of  London, 
1369-89 ;  appointed  to  superintend  projected  works  at 
Southampton,  1378 ;  executed  tombs  of  Richard  II  (1395) 
and  Cardinal  Langham  (I. "'.»!)  in  Westminster  Abbey, and 
alterations  in  Westminster  Hall,  1395.  [Ixiii.  321] 

YNGE,  HUGH  (d.  1528).    [See  INGE.] 

YOLLAND,  WILLIAM  (1810-1885),  lieutenant- 
colonel,  royal  engineers  :  second  lieutenant,  royal  engi- 
neers, 1828  ;  in  Canada,  1831-6;  lieutenant,  1833 :  brevet 
colonel,  1858  ;  appointed  to  ordnance  survey,  1838  ;  first 
captain,  1847 ;  inspector  of  railways  under  board  of 
trade,  1854;  lieutenant-colonel,  1855:  member  of  com- 
mission to  consider  training  of  candidates  for  scientific 
corps  of  army,  1866 ;  retired  from  military  service,  1863  ; 
chief  inspector  of  railways,  1877-85  ;  C.B.  (civil),  1881 ; 
F.R.A.S.,  1840  ;  F.R.S.,  1859.  [l.v.li.  322] 

YONO.    [See  YONGK  and  YOUNG.] 
YONG,  JOHN  (d.  1504).    [See  MORGAN.] 
YONGE.    [See  also  Yous'a.] 

YONGE,  CHARLES  DUKE  (1812-1891),  historical 
and  miscellaneous  writer ;  of  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford;  M.A.,  1874; 
regius  professor  of  modern  history  and  English  literature 
at  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  1866-91 ;  published  numerous 
educational  and  other  works.  [Ixiii.  324] 

YONGE,  SIR  GEORGE,  fifth  baronet  (1731-1812), 
governor  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  son  of  Sir  William 
Yonge  [q.  v.]  ;  educated  at  Eton  and  Leipzig ;  M.P., 
Honiton,  1754-61  and  1763-96  ;  lord  of  admiralty,  1766- 
1770 ;  vice-treasurer  for  Ireland,  1782 ;  secretary  for  war, 
1782-3  and  1783-94 ;  master  of  mint,  1794-9 ;  governor 
of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1799;  K.B.,  1788;  superseded  in 
governorship  owing  to  various  complaints  against  his 
administration,  1801.  [Ixiii.  824] 

YONGE,  JAMES  or  JOHN  (fl.  1423),  translator; 
servant  to  James  Butler,  fourth  earl  of  Ormonde  [q.  v.], 
at  whose  request  he  translated,  c.  1423,  the  |  Secrete 
Secretorum,'  attributed  to  Aristotle.  [Ixiii.  325] 

YONGE,  JAMES  (1646-1721),  medical  writer :  ap- 
prenticed as  surgeon  in  navy  ;  surgeon's  mate  at  ineffec- 
tual bombardment  of  Algiers,  1662 ;  captive  In  Dutch 
hands,  1665-6 ;  practised  at  Plymouth,  1666-8  and  1670  ; 
L.R.O.P.,  1702 ;  F.R.S.,  1702;  surgeon  to  naval  hospital, 
Plymouth  ;  published  work  on  use  of  turpentine  in  control 
of  haemorrhage,  1679,  and  other  works.  [IxllL  326] 

YONGE,  JAMES  (1794-1870),  physician;  at  Eton 
and  Exeter  College,  Oxford ;  M.A.,  1817 ;  M.D.,  1821 ; 
F.R.C.P.,  1822 ;  practised  in  Plymouth.  [MIL  326] 


YONGI,  JOHN  (1467-U14X   master  of   n 

:  ;  •-.•,.....,... 

Wto^**™*^ 

Mary.le.Bow.  1*04-14: 
^T^L'of^IiS:11^  ™**°*  * 

lary  < 

collegiate  church  of  St. 
held  living  of  Tberfleld,  U1S-16 : 

Bmpero, njaximlMan  at    Brusseta,  1*19: 

•^  for  formation  of  holy  kagoe,  1*19  IS;  prebendary 
and  dean  of  York.  1*14;  on  political  oUssfcttat  Tour. 
nay,  161*.  ;,  :;;. 

YONGI,  JOHN  (146S  1496K  biabop  of  Caltlpoil: 
of  Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford :  fallow. 
1489-1609 ;  D.D. ;  warden  of  borttaTO  •  8t  Thomas  of 
Aeon  in  the  Cheap,  London.1  1*10 ;  suffragan  to  Richard 
Pltejames,  bishop  of  London,  with  tttie  of  bishop  of 
Callipoli  in  Thrace,  1*13 ;  warden  of  New  College,  O*> 
ford,  1521  ;  dean  of  Chicbester.  He  has  been  nonfnud 
with  John  Yonge  (1467-1*16)  [q.  v.]  and  John  Yonge, 
who  wan  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford.  1*19,  and  root 
of  Newton  Longville.  e.  1*96.  [IxiiL  S98] 

YONGE,  NICHOLAS  (d.  1619),  musician ;  rrHMrrt 
under  title » Mnsica  Transalpina '  two  volumes  of  madri- 
gals, translated  from  Italian  and  Flemish  composers. 
1688  and  1697.  (IxiiL  S99] 

YONOE,  THOMAS  fU05?-H76),  judge:  stodied  at 
Middle  Temple ;  MJ»n  Bristol,  143*,  14S6,  1449,  144T. 
1449, 1460,  and  1455 :  presented  petition  to  effect  that  the 
Duke  of  York  should  be  recognised  as  heir  to  throne,  14*1, 
and  was  imprisoned  in  Tower  of  London,  14*1-2;  M.P., 
Gloucestershire,  1460;  serjeant-at-law  and  king's  Serjeant, 


1463  ;  justice  of  king's  bench,  147*. 


[IxiiL  MO] 


.  IMZ-B;  left  mano- 
04-97  (published  by 

'—•fcrar 


YONGE,   WALTER  (16817-1649), 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  1699.  and  Middle ' 
called  to  bar  ;  sheriff  of  Devonshire.  1698 ;  M.P,1 
1040:  one  of  victualler*  of  navy,  c.  1649-8;  left 
script  diaries  relating  to  years  1604-97  (published 
Camden  Society,  1848)  and  1649-*  (c 
ings  of  Long  parliament). 

YONOE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  fourth  baronet  (<*.  17ft* i. 
politician :  whig  M.P.  for  Honiton.  1716-64,  and  Tirerton. 
1764 ;  commissioner  of  revenue  in  Ireland,  1793  ;  com- 
missioner of  treasury  in  Great  Britain,  1794-7  and  173U ; 
K.B.,  1726 ;  on  commission  for  executing  office  of  lord 
high  admiral,  1728;  secretary  at  war,  173*:  joint  vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland,  1746:  P.R^,  1748;  ban.  I.L.D. 
Cambridge,  1749 ;  a  firm  supporter  of  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole  ;  collaborated  with  Roome  and  Ooncanen  In  convert- 
ing the  old  comedy, '  The  Jovial  Crew,'  by  Richard  Brome 
[q.  v.],  into  a  comic  opera  (produced  at  Dmry  Lane, 
London,  1731),  and  had  some  reputation  as  a  rhyming  wit. 

[Ixiii.  SSI] 

YORK.    [See  also  YORKE.] 

YORK,  Dura  OF.  [See  LAXOLKT,  KOMI-MI  PK, 
first  DUKE,  1341-1409;  •  PLANT AUKXKT.'  HOWARD, second 
DUKE,  1S737-1416;  RICHARD,  1411-1460;  RICHARD, 
1472-1483 ;  JAMES  II,  KINO  OP  BN«SUAND,  16SS-1701.] 

YORK  and  ALBANY,  DOTCW  OF.  [See  KRXWT  AOOOB- 
res,  1674-1728 ;  FREDERICK  Acommw,  176S-18S7.] 

YORK,  DUCHESS  OF.    [See  HTDR.  ANXE,  1637-1671.] 

YORK,  CARDINAL  OF  (1794-1807).  [See  H0RT 
BENEDICT  MARIA  OIJCMKNT.] 

YORK,  SIR  JOHN  (d.  1*697),  master  of  the  mint: 
great-grandson  of  Sir  Richard  York  [q.  v.]:  away- 
master  to  mint,  1*44  :  manter  of  mint  at  South wark,  1 647  ; 
sheriff  of  London,  1549:  supported  John  Dudley,  ear!  of 
Warwick,  and  was  knighted  by  Edward  VI,  1*49 ;  master 
of  the  king's  woods  ;  employed  on  secret  missions  abroad, 
1560:  under-treasurerof  mint  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
1660,  and  master,  1661-S;  member  of  Russian  company 
or  •  merchant  adventurers  to  Moscovy,'  1**S ;  prominent 
guoDorter  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  on  that  account  im- 


supporter 
prisoned  i 


in  Tower  of  London,  IMS. 


[UliL  SS4] 


YOEK,    LADRBNOE   (1 
l:lt-.;    iMpJtollH    MMl 


11687-1770). 
of  St.  Orcsjonr'*   College, 


YORK 


1452 


YOULL 


Donay, 1705  ;  ordained  priest,  1711;  joined  English  mis- 
sion at  Bath,  1730:  bishop  of  Nisibis,  1741;  vicar-apos- 
tolic of  western  district,  1750-64.  [Ixiii.  336] 

YORK,  RICHARD  OP,  EAUL  OF  CAMBRIDGE  ((f.  1415). 
[See  RICHARD.] 

YORK,  SIR  RICHARD  (d.  1498),  politician  ;  chamber- 
lain  of  York,  1459 :  sheriff  and  mayor  of  staple  of  Calais 
at  York,  1466  ;  mayor  of  York,  1469-82 ;  M.P.,  York, 
1478  :  knighted,  1487.  [Ixiii.  335] 

YORK  or  YORKE,  ROWLAND  (d.  1688),  soldier  of 
fortune :  probably  sou  of  Sir  John  York  [q.  v.] ;  served 
as  volunteer  in  Netherlands  from  1672;  imprisoned  at 
Brussels  for  conspiring  to  betray  Ghent  to  Duke  of  Parma, 
1580-6 ;  appointed  by  Leicester  to  command  of  Zutphen 
ooonce,  which  lie  delivered  to  Spaniards  ;  became  captain 
of  troop  of  lancers  in  Spanish  service,  and  was  perhaps 
ptinmH  by  Spaniards  as  safeguard  against  treachery. 

[Ixiii.  337] 

YORK,  WILLIAM  OP  (d.  1256).    [See  WILLIAM.] 

YORKE,  CHARLES  (1722-1770),  lord  chancellor; 
son  of  Philip  Yorke,  first  earl  of  Hardwicke  [q.  v.] ;  M.A. 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1749  ;  barrister,  Lin- 
coin's  Inn,  1746,  bencher,  1764;  contributed  largely  to 
'  Athenian  Letters ' ;  joint  clerk  of  crown  in  chancery, 
1747  ;  M.P.,  Reigate,  1747-68,  Cambridge  University,  1 768 ; 
counsel  for  East  India  Company,  1751 :  K.C.  and  solicitor- 
general  to  George,  prince  of  Wales,  1754 ;  solicitor-general, 
1766-61;  attorney-general,  1762;  dealt  officially  with 
question  of  Wilkes's  lil>el  in  'North  Briton,'  No.  45;  re- 
signed, 1763  ;  left  Pitt's  party  and  adhered  to  Rockingham 
whigs;  recorder  of  Dover  and  Gloucester,  1764;  again 
attorney-general,  1765-7  ;  drafted  constitution  for  pro- 
vince of  Quebec,  which  was  embodied  in  Quebec  Act, 
1774 ;  lord  chancellor  and  privy  councillor,  1770  ;  F.R.S. 


[Ixiii.  337] 
field-marshal ; 


YORKE,  SIR  CHARLES  (1790-1880), 
ensign,  1807;  lieutenant,  52nd  foot,  1808;  served  in 
Peninsular  war ;  captain,  1813  ;  commanded  brigade  at 
Waterloo,  1815 ;  lieutenant-colonel  and  inspecting  field 
officer  of  militia,  1826  ;  colonel,  1841 ;  major-general,  1851 ; 
second  in  command  in  Kaffir  war,  1862 ;  military  secre- 
tary at  head-quarters,  1854-60  ;  colonel,  33rd  foot,  1865  ; 
K.O.B.,  1866 :  G.C.B.,  1860  ;  general,  1865  ;  constable  of 
Tower  of  London,  1875  ;  field-marshal,  1877.  [IxiiL  340] 

YORKE,  CHARLES  PHILIP  (1764-1834),  politician  ; 
son  of  Charles  Yorke  (1722-1770)  [q.  v.]  ;  of  Harrow  and 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  M.A.,  per  literas  regias, 
1783 ;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1787  ;  M.P.,  Cambridge- 
shire, 1790-1810,  St.  Germains,  1810,  and  Liskeard,  1812-18 ; 
privy  councillor,  1801 ;  secretary  at  war,  1801-3  ;  home 
secretary,  1803-4  ;  a  teller  of  the  exchequer,  1810  ;  gained 
notoriety  by  his  responsibility  for  enforcement  of  standing 
order  for  exclusion  of  strangers  during  debate  on  Wal- 
cheren  expedition,  1810  ;  first  lord  of  admiralty,  1810-11 ; 
F.RJS.,  1801 ;  F.S.A.  .  [Ixiii.  341] 

YORKE,  CHARLES  PHILIP,  fourth  EARL  OF  HARD- 
WARE (1799-1873),  admiral ;  son  of  Sir  Joseph  Sydney 
Yorke  [q.  v.];  educated  at  Harrow  and  Royal  Naval 
College,  Portsmouth ;  lieutenant,  1819 ;  commander,  1822 ; 
captain,  1825 ;  in  Mediterranean,  1828-31 ;  M.P., 
Reigate,  1831-2,  Cambridgeshire,  1832-4;  succeeded  his 
uncle,  Philip  Yorke,  third  earl  of  Hardwicke  [q.  v.],  1834 ; 
oommaiKled  Black  Eagle  yacht,  1844-5;  rear-admiral, 
1864 ;  admiral,  1863 ;  postmaster-general,  with  seat  in 
cabinet,  1852.  [Ixiii.  343] 

YORKE,  HENRY  REDHEAD  (1772-1813),  publicist; 
joined  radical  society  at  Derby,  c.  1793 ;  imprisoned  for 
conspiracy,  sedition,  and  libel,  1795-8 ;  subsequently  re- 
nounced revolutionary  sympathies ;  published  writings  on 
political  and  historical  subjects.  [Ixiii.  343] 

YORKE,  JAMES  (ft.  1640),  heraldic  writer ;  worked 
as  blacksmith  at  Lincoln ;  published  a  genealogical  and 
heraldic  compilation  entitled '  The  Union  of  Honour,'  1640. 

[Ixiii  344] 

YORKE,  JOSEPH,  BARON  Do VKR(  1724- 1792)'  diplo- 
matist; son  of  Philip  Yorke,  first  earl  of  Hardwicke 
[q.  v.] ;  ensign,  1741 :  lieutenant-colonel  in  1st  foot- 
guard*,  1746 ;  served  an  aide-de-camp  to  Cumberland  at 
Pontenoy,  and  during  Scottish  campaign,  1745-6 ;  aide- 
de-camp  to  George  II,  1747;  colonel  of  9th  foot,  1756, 
6th  dragoon*,  1760.  llth  dragoons,  1787,  and  1st  life- 
guards, 1789;  general,  1777;  secretary  of  embassy  at 


Paris,  1749;  British  minister  at  the  Hague,  1751,  and 
ambassador,  1761-80;  K.B.,  1761;  M.P.  for  East  Grin- 
stead,  1751-61,  Dover,  1761-74,  and  Grampound,  1774-80  ; 
created  Baron  Dover,  1788.  [Ixiii.  344] 

YORKE,  SIR  JOSEPH  SYDNEY  (1768-1831),  admiral; 
son  of  Charles  Yorke  (1722-1770)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  navy, 
1780  :  lieutenant,  1789;  commander,  1790;  M.P.,  Reigate, 
1790-1806  and  1818-31,  having  in  the  interval  represented 
St.  Germains,  West  Looe,  and  Sandwich  ;  captain,  1793  ; 
lord  of  admiralty,  1810-18;  knighted,  1810  :  rear-admiral, 
1810;  at  Lisbon,  1810  ;  K.O.B.,  1815  ;  admiral,  1830. 

[Ixiii.  346] 

YORKE,  PHILIP,  first  EARL  OP  HARDWICKK  (1690- 
1764),  lord  chancellor ;    worked  in   office  of  a  London 
solicitor,  1706-8;  barrister,  Middle  Temple,  1715;  joined 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  bencher  and  treasurer,  1724  ;   M.I'., 
Lewes,  1719,  Seaford,  1722-34;    solicitor-general,   1720; 
knighted,  1720 ;    recorder  of  Dover,  1720-64  ;  attorney. 
'  general,  1724 ;  conducted  prosecutions  of  Edmund  Curll 
!  [q.  v.],  1727,  Thomas  Woolston  [q.  v.],  Thomas  Bambridge 
j  [q.  v.],  1729;    invested  with  coif  and  appointed  chicf- 
;  justice  and  privy  councillor,  and  created  Baron  Hard- 
1  wicke,  1733 ;   recorder  of  Gloucester,  1735 ;   lord  clian- 
!  cellor,    1737 ;    member   of    council   of    regency   during 
j  George  IPs  absence  from  realm,  1740;  responsible  for 
insertion  of  attainder  clauses  in  act  of  1744  making  corre- 
spondence with  Young  Pretender  or  his  brothers  punish- 
able as  an  act  of  high  treason ;    presided  as  lord  high 
steward  at  trials  of  rebel  lords,  1745,  and  was  responsible 
for    subsequent   legislative    measures    directed    against 
Scotland,  including  proscription  of  the  tartan  and  the 
abolition  of  heritable  jurisdictions ;  created  Earl  of  Hard- 
wicke and  Viscount  Royston,  1754;    resigned  office  in 
crisis  following  loss  of  Minorca,  1756  ;  LL.D.  Cambridge, 
1753 ;  P.R.S.,  1753  ;  published  speeches  and  legal  writings. 
He  did  much  to  transform  en  uty  from  a  chaos  of  pre- 
cedents into  a  scientific  system.  [Ixiii.  346] 

YORKE,  PHILIP,  second  EARL  OF  HARDWICKK 
(1720-1790),  son  of  Philip  Yorke,  first  earl  of  Hard- 
wicke [q.  v.] ;  LL.D.  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, 
1749  ;  F.R.S.,  1741 ;  F.S.A.,  1745  ;  wrote  with  his  brother 
Charles  [q.  v.]  most  of  'Athenian  Letters  :  or  the 
Epistolary  Correspondence  of  an  Agent  of  the  King  of 
Persia,  residing  at  Athens  during  the  Peloponnesian  War,' 
printed  privately,  1741,  and  published,  1798 ;  M.P.,  Reigate, 
1741-7,  Cambridgeshire,  1747-64 ;  privy  councillor,  1760 ; 
succeeded  as  Earl  Hardwicke,  1764  ;  teller  of  exchequer, 
1738 ;  lord-lieutenant  of  Cambridgeshire,  1757,  high 
steward  of  Cambridge  University,  1764-90 ;  edited  several 
political  collections,  including  '  Walpoliana  :  or  a  few 
Anecdotes  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,'  1783.  [Ixiii.  351] 

YORKE,  PHILIP  (1743-1804),  author ;  M.A.  Corpus 

Christi  College,  Cambridge,  1765;    F.S.A.,  1768;   M.P., 

Helston,  1774-81,   Grantham,    1792-3;    published  'The 

Royal  Tribes  of  Wales,'  1779,  a  valuable  account  of  the 

!  five  regal  tribes.  [ixiu.  353] 

YORKE,  PHILIP,  third  EARL  OP  HARDWICKK  (1767- 
1834).  son  of  Charles  Yorke  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  Queens'  College, 
Cambridge,  1776;  LL.D.,  1811;  high  steward  of  the  uni- 
versity, 1806  ;  M.P.,  Cambridgeshire,  1780-90 :  succeeded 
his  uncle,  Philip  Yorke,  second  earl  of  Hardwicke  [q.  r.l, 
1790;  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  1801-6;  K.G.,  1803- 
F.R.S.;  F.S.A.  [Ixiii.  353] 

YORKE,  PHILIP  JAMES  (1799-1874),  chemist, 
mineralogist,  and  meteorologist ;  educated  at  Harrow : 
joined  Scots  fusilier  guards  and  became  lieutenant-colonel, 
1852  ;  colonel  of  Herefordshire  militia  during  Crimean 
war ;  original  member  of  Chemical  Society,  1841,  and  pre- 
sident, 1853-5  ;  F.R.S.,  1849.  [Ixiii.  354] 

YOUATT,  WILLIAM  (1776-1847),  veterinary  sur- 
geon ;  educated  for  nonconformist  ministry ;  conducted 
in  partnership  a  veterinary  infirmary  in  Wells  Street, 
Oxford  Street,  London,  from  c.  1812,  and  indepen- 

I  dently    from    c.    1824 ;    delivered    lectures    to    veterin- 

!  ary  students  at  University  College,  1830-5 ;  founded 
and  conducted  '  Veterinarian,'  monthly  periodical,  1828  ; 

I  original   member  of  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  1838; 

|  received  diploma  of  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Sur- 
geons, 1844 ;  wrote  several  treatises  on  animals. 

YOULDING,  THOMAS  (1670-1736).    [See^YALDKN.] 

YOUIL,  HENRY  (fl.  1608),  musician:  published 
'Canzonets  to  three  Voyces,'  1608.  [Ixiii.  356] 


YOUNG 


1453 


YOUNG 


YOUNG.     [See  also  Y..MJK.] 

YOUNG,  ANDREW  (1807-1889),  schoolmaster  and 
poet ;  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  ;  bead-master  o( 
Niddric  Street  School,  Edinburgh.  l«3u  10;  head  English 
master  of  Madras  College,  St.  An<ln-\v.-.  1 840-63 ;  super- 
intendent of  Orcciisiile  parish  Sabbath  school,  Edinburgh. 
1853-88;  wrote  many  hymn-,  iiu-liiding  •There  is  a 
happy  land'  (1838),  first  published  in  James  Gall's 
'Sacred  Songs.'  llxiii.B»8] 

YOUNG,  ANTHONY  (ft.  1700-1730),  organist  of 
St.  Clemeut  D.UK-S,  London ;  published  aougii,  1707 : 
said,  though  on  insufficient  evidence,  to  have  oompoted 
the  national  anthem.  [IxtiL  399] 

YOUNG,  SIR  ARBTAS  WILLIAM  (1778?-188»), 
soldier  and  colonial  governor ;  ensign  in  Karl  of  Port- 
more's  regiment,  1795:  lieutenant,  13th  foot,  179ft; 
captain,  1796 ;  major,  97th  regiment,  1807 ;  served  in 
Peninsula,  1808-10  and  1811 ;  lieutenant-colonel,  3nl 
West  India  regiment  at  Trinidad,  1813;  member  of 
council  of  Trinidad,  1820  :  temporary  governor,  1830  and 
1821-3  ;  protector  of  slaves  in  Dcmerara,  1836  ;  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Prince  Edward's  island,  1831 ;  knighted,  1834. 

[Ixiii.  866] 

YOUNG,  ARTHUR  (1693-1759),  divine;  LL.D.  Pem- 
broke Hall,  Cambridge,  1728  :  prebendary  of  Canterbury, 
1746  ;  vicar  of  Exning,  1748  ;  chaplain  to  Arthur  ( tiulow 
[q.  v.]  ;  published  religious  works.  [IxllL  357] 

YOUNG,  ARTHUR  (1741-1820),  agriculturist  and 
author  of  'Travels  in  France';  son  of  Arthur  Young 
(1693-1759)  [q.  v.] ;  apprenticed  for  mercantile  career  at 
Lynn:  started,  1762,  in  London,  'Universal  Museum' 
monthly  magazine,  which  failed  after  five  mouths ;  en- 
gaged in  farming  at  Bradfield,  Berkshire,  1763-6 ;  pub- 
lished '  The  Farmer's  Letters  to  the  People  of  England,1 
1767;  took  farm  at  North  Minims,  Hertfordshire,  1768; 
published  numerous  works  on  agricultural  and  political 
subjects,  including  '  Observations  on  the  present  State 
of  the  Waste  Lands  of  Great  Britain,'  1773,  and  '  Political 
Arithmetic,'  1774 ;  F.R.S.,  1773  ;  agent  to  Lord  Kings- 
borough  in  co.  Cork,  1777-9  ;  published  'Tour  in  Ireland,' 
1780;  began  •  Annals  of  Agriculture,'  1784,  forty-seven 
volumes  appearing  continuously  till  1809 ;  went  with 
M.  de  Lazowski  and  Count  de  la  Rochefoucauld  on  tour 
to  Pyrenees,  1787 ;  deputed  by  wool-growers  of  Suffolk 
to  support  petition  against  wool  bill,  1788,  but  was  un- 
successful, the  bill  being  passed  ;  made  second  journey  in 
France,  1788,  and  third,  proceeding  to  Italy,  1789  ;  pub- 
lished '  Travels  in  France '  (containing  the  famous  phrase 
'the  magic  of  property  turns  sand  into  gold'),  1792; 
secretary  to  board  of  agriculture,  1793,  issuing  numerous 
treatises  relating  to  agriculture  of  English  counties; 
left  materials  for  a  great  work,  entitled  '  Elements  and 
Practice  of  Agriculture.'  [Ixui.  357] 

YOUNG  or  YONG,  BARTHOLOMEW  (ft.  1577-1598), 
translator  of  Montemayor's  Spanish  romance  of '  Diana, 
published,  1598;  studied  at  Middle  Temple:  in  Spam, 
f.  1577  ;  translated  from  Boccaccio  ;  bis  version  of '  Diana 
used  by  Shakespeare  in  writing  'Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona.'  [l*m.  363] 

YOUNG,  Sm  CHARLES  GEORGE  (1795-1869),  Garter 
kiug-of-arms  ;  educated  at  Charterhouse,  London  ;  rouge 
dragon  pursuivant,  1813 ;  York  herald,  1820  ;  registrar, 
1K22-42  ;  Garter  principal  kiui?-of-arius,  1842  :  knighted, 
1842 :  F.S.A.,  1822  :  hou.  D.C.L.  Oxford,  1854  :  wrote 
heraldic  works,  printed  privately.  His  report  (1«35)  on 
the  heraldic  grievances  of  the  baronets  wus  utilucd  by 
Disraeli  in 'Sybil.'  [Ixiii.  364] 

YOUNG,  CHARLES  MAYNE  (1777-1866), comedian  ; 
educated  at  Eton  and  Merchant  Taylors'  School ;  clerk  in 
a  city  house ;  appeared  on  stage  at  Liverpool,  i/ae, 
playing  subsequently  at  Manchester  and  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  formed  friendship  with  Sir  WalterScott ;  played 
Hamlet  at  the  Haymarket,  Londou,  1807,  and  i also 
Hotspur  and  Petruchio;  with  John  Philip  Kenible 
Ooveut  Garden  Company,  1808,  his  parts  i»cludiui 
Othello,  Macbeth,  lachimo,  Prospero,  Jaques,  Joseph 
Surface,  Coriolaims  Mark  Antony  £u*°pL£*&?; 
patra'J  Richard  111,  Oassius,  lago,  Falstaff,  Mug  John, 
and  King  Lear  ;  with  Kean  at  Drury  Lane,  London,  1822  , 
original  Rienzi  in  Miss  Mitford's  '  Rienzi '  at  Drury  Lane 
1828  :  retire-i  from  stage,  1832.  His  most  popular  comic 
parts  were  Sir  Pertiiiax  Macsycophaut  and  Megrim  in 


£j52Tib«4SS  vj  pr"!  i':>  j  •'•  (2  •  h->: 


...  A:. 

B.OL,  1714 ;    DJC.L*.  1719 ; 
[q.  v.],  and  (ieuiv*  Uobb  ItnfllMbM 
[q.Y.J.and  manner  of  Addtnrt  III 


patronage  of   Wbarton; 

produced  at  Drury  Lana,  ITlt.  and  the  •  R«t 

duced  at  tame  theatre,  1731  ;  published  series 

'TheUnlvtr^Pass4co,'173»:obaplai«toO«orr 

rector  of  Wdwyn,  17W :  narriai  Lady  EumJ 

daughter  of  George  Henry  Lee,  second  earl  of 

1731;    published,    1743,   'The    Complaint:    « 

Thoughts  on  Life,  Death,  and  Immortality.1  wbi  _ 

diately  achieved  popularity :  brought  eat  •  The  Brother*,' 

tragedy  played  at  Drury  Lane,  1761 ;  'clerk  of  the  closet ' 


Usbed,  1757-78,  7  vote. 

YOUNO,  SIR  GEORGE  (1733-1810), 
shipman,  1767 ;  at  Louisbonrg,  1768,  an 
lieutenant,  1761 ;  on  Jamaica  •tattoo ; 
on  West  African  station ;  flag  captain  to  Bir 
Vernon  [q.  v.]  in  Bast  Indies,  1777  :  appointed  to 
and  Mary  yacht,  1779 :    knighted,   1781;   roj 
1794  ;  admiral,  1799 ;  F.RA,  1781 ;  F.SJL ;  activ 
ported  proposal  of  Jean  Maria  Matra  for  estabfUfcii 
colony  in  New  South  Wales,  1784  ;  promoter  and  one 
first  proprietorsof  Sierra  Leone  Company,  1791. 

[IxilLSTS] 

YOUNG,  GEORGE  (1777-1848).  theologian,  topo- 
grapher, and  geologist ;  M.A.  Edinburgh,  1819 ;  pastor  of 
united  associate  presbyterian  oongreKation,  Whitby,  1806- 
1848 ;  published  theological  writing*  and  works  relating 
to  Yorkshire.  [Ixiii.  174] 

YOUNG,  GEORGE  RENNY  (ft.  1834-1847),  *ut 
brother  of  Sir  William  Young  (1799-1887)  [q.T.]; 
in  Scotland:   established    'Nova    Sootian 
1824 ;  published  political,  historical,  and  other  works. 

[Ixiii.  403] 

YOUNG,  SIR  HENRY  EDWARD  FOX  (1808-1870), 
colonial  governor;  sou  of  Sir  Arcto*  William  Young 
v.] :  entered  Inner  Temple,  1831 ;  treasurer  of  tft. 
1833  ;  government  secretary  of  British  Guiana, 
1835 ;  lieutenant-governor  of  eastern  province  of  C'«pc 
Colony,  1847 ;  governor  of  South  Australia,  1848,  and 
Tasmania,  1855-61  ;  knighted,  1847.  [liiii.  376] 

YOUNG,  JAMES  (d.  1789).  admiral :  lieutenant,  1739 : 
commander,  1743;  captain,  1743;  served  in  batik  near 
Minorca  ( By ng  attributing  to  him  disorder  In  rear  divl-ion 
of  fleet),  1766 ;  in  expedition  against  Rocbefort,  1767.  and 
off  Brest,  1769;  rear-admiral  of  red.  1763:  vice-admiral 
of  white,  1770;  commander-in-chief  on  Leeward  islands 
station,  1776 ;  admiral  of  white,  1778.  [IxliL  S76) 

YOUNG,  JAMES  (181 1- 1883),  chemist  and  originator 
of  paraffin  industry;  studied  under  Tbomas  Graham  (180*- 
1869)  [q.  v.]  at  Andersouiau  University,  Glasgow,  and 
was  hia  assistant,  1R31 -2,  accompuuyiug  him  to  University 
College,  Londou,  18117  ;  manager  to  Mesers.  Tennant  at 
Manchester,  1841 ;  set  on  foot  movement  for  establishing 
'  Manchester  Examiner '  ncwopupcr,  first  published.  1846 : 
engaged  in  manufacture  of  oik  from  petroteuui  »pring  "t 
Alfreton,  Derbyshire.  1848-41:  in  partomh 
Edward  Meldrum  and  Edward  William  Biuiwy  [q.  v.J. 
for  manufacture  of  oils  from  'Torbane  Hill  mlneraVor 
'  Boghead  coal,'  i 
1856,  with  sucows, 
aimed  chiefly  at  a  repeal 
he  had  been  forestalled:  took  over  whole  I 
partners,  1866,  and  sold  it  to  •  Young1*  raramnUfbt  and 
Mineral  Oil  Company,'  1866  :  president,  Andoraon-i  Col- 
lege, 1868-77  :  F.kS.,  1873  :  settled  at  Kelly,  J» 
blgan,  at  Pitlocbry,  with  Profa-or  <£ 
pcrimeuts  on  velocity  of  light :  LLJ).  St. 
^generous  friend  of  ' '  5~ * 


re  of  oils  from  •  Torbane  liiu  mineral,  01 
at  Bathgate,  1860 :  began  sale  of  paraffin. 
cess,  occasioning  much  litigation,  which 
rVrcpeal  of  bis  patent  on  groand.tbmt 


YOUHO,    JOHN  nil4-ll80X  martw 

A.  Cambridge,  1U8 ;         , 
College.  Otobridfic,  16«:  original 


YOUNG 


1454 


YOUNG 


member  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1546;  B.D.,  1553, 
ami  incorporated  at  Oxford,  1554 ;  master  of  Pembroke 
H.ill,  Cambridge,  1554;  canon  of  Ely,  1554;  vice-chan- 
cellor  of  Cambridge,  1553-6;  regius  professor  of  divinity, 
1665  ;  deprived  of  mastership  and  imprisoned  for  refusing 
oath  to  Queen  Elisabeth,  1559.  [Ixiii.  379] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  (1534V-1605),  master  of  Pembroke 
Hall,  Cambridge,  and  bishop  of  Rochester:  educated  at 
Mercers'  School,  London ;  B.A.  Cambridge,  1552;  fellow 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  1553-68 ;  M.A.,  1655 ;  ordained,  1661 ; 
B.D.,  1563  ;  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1564,  and 
Southwell,  1566;  master  of  Pembroke  Hall,  1567;  D.D. 
and  vice-chancellor,  1569  ;  canon  of  Windsor,  1572 ;  bishop 
of  Rochester  (celebrated  In  Spenser's  'Shepheard's 
Calendar '  as  '  Roff  y,'  an  abbreviation  of  Roff ensis),  1678. 

[Ixiii.  379] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  (1760  ?-1820),  professor  of  Greek  at 
Glasgow  ;  M.A.  Glasgow,  1769 ;  professor  of  Greek,  1774- 
1820,  proving  a  very  efficient  and  popular  teacher. 

[Ixiii.  380] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  (1756-1825),  mezzotint  engraver; 
mezzotint  engraver  to  Prince  of  Wales,  1789 :  keeper  of 
British  Institution,  1813-25.  [Ixiii.  381] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  (1773-1837),  agricultural  writer  ; 
educated  at  Glasgow ;  emigrated  to  Nova  Scotia,  c.  1815  ; 
published  letters  on  state  of  agriculture,  procured  esta- 
blishment of  board  of  agriculture  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
became  ite  secretary.  [Ixiii.  401] 

YOUNG,  SIR  JOHN,  second  baronet,  BARON  LISQAU 
(1807-1876),  born  at  Bombay  ;  of  Eton  and  Corpus  Ohristi 
College,  Oxford;  B.A.,  1829;  barrister,  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1834 ;  tory  M.P.  for  co.  Cavan,  1831-55  ;  lord  of  treasury, 
1841;  secretary  of  treasury,  1844-6;  privy  councillor, 
1852 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  1852-5 ;  lord  high  com- 
missioner of  Ionian  islands,  1855-9 ;  G.O.M.G.,  1855 ; 
opposed  project  of  union  with  Greece ;  governor-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  Ne\r  South  Wales,  1861-7; 
G.C.B.,  1868  ;  governor-general  of  Canada  and  governor 
of  Prince  Edward's  island,  1869-72 ;  created  Baron 
Lisgar,  1870  ;  resigned  office,  1872.  [Ixiii.  381] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  (1811-1878),  Canadian  economist ; 
born  at  Ayr,  Scotland  ;  went  to  Canada,  c.  1825  ;  became 
partner  in  mercantile  firm  in  Quebec,  and  from  1841  in 
Montreal ;  identified  himself  with  the  Free  Trade  Associa- 
tion (Montreal),  1842,  and  did  much  to  promote  commer- 
cial progress ;  commissioner  of  public  works  with  seat  in 
cabinet,  1861-2,  in  Hincks-Morin  ministry :  inspector  at 
Montreal  and  chairman  of  harbour  commission,  1874; 
published  writings  relating  to  Canadian  economy. 

[Ixiii.  382] 

YOUNG,  JOHN  RADFORD  (1799-1885),  mathemati- 
cian ;  almost  entirely  self-educated ;  published  '  Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Algebra,'  1823,  and|  subsequently 
issued  a  series  of  elementary  works  ;  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Belfast  College,  1833-49;  made  several  original 
discoveries,  including  a  proof,  1844,  of  Newton's  rule  for 
determining  number  of  imaginary  roots  in  an  equation. 

[Ixiii.  383] 

YOUNG,  MATTHEW  (1750-1800), bishopof  Olonfert ; 
M.A.  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1774 ;  fellow,  1775 ;  D.D., 
1786  ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy,  1786 ;  bishop  of 
Clonfert,  1798;  his  works  include  'Enquiry  into 
Principal  Phamomena  of  Sounds  and  Musical  Strings,' 
1784 ;  and  an  amended  version  of  the  Psalms  printed  at 
Dublin  University  press  (to  Psalm  cxli.),  but  not  pub- 
lished. [Ixiii.  384] 

YOUNG,  PATRICK  (1584-1662),  biblical  writer  ;  sou 


affection  and  became  his  favourite  counsellor ;  master 
almoner,  1577 ;  sent  on  embassy  to  Frederick  II  of  Den- 
mark, 1586  and  1587;  privy  councillor,  1686;  sent  to 
complete  negotiations  for  marriage  of  James  VI  and 
Princess  Anne,  daughter  of  Frederick,  the  Elector  Pala- 
tine, 1589 ;  one  of  King  James's  eight  councillors  (Octa- 
vians),  1595  ;  on  special  embassy  to  Christian  of  Denmark 
to  obtain  support  on  question  of  succession  to  throne 
of  England,  1598 ;  accompanied  King  James  to  London, 
1603 ;  tutor  and  chief  overseer  in  establishment  of  Prince 
Charles,  1604 ;  knighted,  1605 ;  master  of  St.  Cross  Hos- 
pital, Winchester,  1616.  [Ixiii.  386] 

YOUNG,    ROBERT  (1657-1700),  forger  and   cheat ; 
claimed  to  have  been  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
procured  admission  to  deacon's  orders  by  means  of  forged 
certificates  of  learning  and  moral  character,  r.  1680,  and 
held  successively  several  Irish  curacies ;   imprisoned  for 
bigamy ;  realised  considerable  sums  of  money  by  forged 
letters  to  wealthy  clergymen,  a  fraud  which  was  dis- 
covered by  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  whose  handwriting 
he  had  counterfeited ;  imprisoned  for  this  in  Newgate, 
1690-2;  fabricated,  while  hi  Newgate,  a  sham  plot  for 
restoring  the  exiled  James  II,  and  prepared  document 
containing  forged  signatures  of  Marlborough,  Cornbury, 
Salisbury,  Sancroft,  and  Thomas  Sprat  [q.  v.],  bishop  of 
i  Rochester ;  succeeded  temporarily  in  imposing  on  govern- 
i  ment,  but  the  scheme  being  discovered  was  imprisoned 
j  in  King's  Bench,  whence,  1698,  he  escaped,  turning  to 
!  coining  for  livelihood ;  arrested  and  found  guilty,  1700 ; 
executed.  [Ixiii.  388] 

YOUNG,  ROBERT  (1822-1888),  theologian  and 
orientalist ;  apprenticed  as  printer ;  opened  business  as 
printer  and  bookseller,  1847  ;  studied  oriental  and  other 
languages ;  literary  missionary  and  superintendent  of 
mission  press  at  Surat,  1856-61 ;  chief  work,  '  Analyti- 
cal Concordance  to  the  Bible,'  1879.  [Ixiii.  390] 

YOUNG  or  YONGE,  THOMAS  (1507-1568),  arch- 
bishop of  York ;  B.A.  Broadgates  Hall,  Oxford,  1529 : 
M.A.,  1533  ;  D.O.L.,  1564  ;  principal,  1542-6  ;  precentor  of 
St.  David's  Cathedral,  1542 ;  publicly  announced  adher- 
ence to  Reformation  ;  resigned  preferments  and  retired 
to  Germany,  1553  ;  restored,  1559  ;  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1559 ;  archbishop  of  York,  1561 ;  sat  on  commission  at 
Lambeth  which  drew  up  the  articles,  1561.  [Ixiii.  390] 

YOUNG,  THOMAS  (1587-1655),  master  of  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  M.A.  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews, 
1606 ;  private  tutor  in  London,  one  of  hia  pupils  being 
John  Milton ;  chaplain  to  English  merchants  at  Hamburg, 
1622-8 ;  vicar  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Mary,  Stowmarket, 
1628 ;  took  leading  part  in  controversy  occasioned  by 
'  Humble  Remonstrance '  of  Joseph  Hall  [q.  v.],  bishop 
of  Norwich,  1640 ;  member  of  assembly  of  divines  at 
Westminster,  1643  ;  master  of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
1644;  deprived,  1650,  on  refusal  to  comply  with  new 
test ;  published  '  Dies  Dominica,'  a  work  on  observance 
of  Sabbath,  1639.  [Ixiii.  392] 

YOUNG,  THOMAS  (1773-1829),  physician,  physicist, 
and  Egyptologist ;  acquired  at  early  age  great  knowledge 
of  ancient  and  modern  languages  :  studied  at  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital,  London,  1793 ;  elected  member  of 
Royal  Society,  1794,  in  recognition  of  paper,  1793,  in 
which  he  attributed  accommodating  power  of  eye  to  a 
muscular  structure  of  the  crystalline  lens ;  proceeded  to 
Edinburgh  and  Gbttingeu ;  created  doctor  of  physic, 
Gbttingen,  1796;  fellow  commoner  at  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  1797 ;  opened  practice  as  physician  in  London, 
1799 ;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Royal  Institu- 


of  Sir  Peter  Young  [q.  v.]  ;  M.A.  St.  Andrews,  1603  ;  in-     tion,  editor  of  the  •  Journals,'  and  superintendent  of  the 


corporated  at  Oxford ;  appointed  chaplain  of  All  Souls 

College,  Oxford,  1605  ;  employed  at  court  as  correspondent 

with  foreign  rulers,  the  diplomatic  language  being  then 

Latin  ;  librarian  successively  to  Prince  Henry,  James  I, 

and  Charles  I;  prebendary  of  Chester  Cathedral,  1613; 

incorporated    M.A.    Cambridge,  1620;    prebendary  and 

treasurer  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1621,  and  Latin  secretary, 

1624  ;  rector  of  Hayes,  1623  ;  sequestered,  1647 ;  entrusted 

with  revision  of  Alexandrian  codex  of  Septuagint  (his 

•annotationes '  being  printed  in  vol.  vi.  of  Brian  Walton's 

'Polyglot  Bible,'  1657),  and  other  Greek  manuscripte. 

«„„  [IxiiL  385] 

YOUNG,  Sm  PETER  (1544-1628),  tutor  to  James  VI ; 

robiibly  M.A.  8U  Andrews ;  studied  on  continent,  1662- 

t*  :    joint-instructor  with    George   Buchanan    (1506- 

1688)  [q.  v.]  of  infant  king  James  VI,  1570  ;  won  king's 


house,  1801 ;  resigned  professorship,  1803  :  foreign  secre- 
tary to  Royal  Society,  1802-29 ;  M.B.  Cambridge,  1803 ; 
M.D.,  1808 ;  F.R.O.P.,  1809 ;  censor,  1813  and  1823,  and 
Croouian  lecturer,  1822  and  1823 ;  physician  to  St. 
George's  Hospital,  London,  1811-29 ;  superintendent  of 
'  Nautical  Almanac '  and  secretary  of  reconstituted  board 
of  longitude,- 1818  :  retired. from  practice,  1814.  Memoir 
by  him  '  On  the  Mechanism  of  the  Eye  '  ('  Phil.  Trans.' 
1801),  contained  the  first  description  and  measurement 
of  astigmatism,  and  a  table  of  optical  constants  of  the 
eye  in  close  agreement  with  modern  determinations.  He 
first  explained  colour  sensation  as  due  to  the  presence 
in  the  retina  of  structures  which  correspond  to  the  three 
colours  —red,  green,  and  violet  respectively.  He  expounded 
in  his  paper  »0n  the  Theory  of  Light  and  Colours  '(t*. 
1801)  his  doctrine  of  '  interference '  of  light,  marking  an 


YOUNG 


1455  ZOUOH 


epoch  in  the  history  of  the  subject,  and  in  his  *  Btsay  on 
Cohesion  of  Fluids '  (ib.  1H<>4)  gave  the  theory  of  capillary 
action  brought  forwunl  imk-pcn.lently  ( 1H05)  by  Laplace, 
and  now  known  by  hi<  mum'.  \l<-  rrii<l.-rc<l  valuable 
assistant  in  trandattaC  the  demotic  text  of  theRosetta 
stone,  and  coittribiiteil  the  article  on  'Egypt'  to  the 
•  Encyclopaedia  Hritanuica,'  1818,  publinhing  aluo  'An 
Account  of  Remit  Discoveries  In  Hieroglypuical  Litera- 
ture and  Egyptian  Antiquities,'  18*3,  and  -Enchorial 
Egyptian  Di.-tionary  •  appended  to  •  Egyptian  Grammar  * 
by  Henry  Tattam  [q.  v.],  1830.  [Ulii.  198] 

YOUNG,  WILLIAM  ( fl.  1663),  musician :  vioHut 
in  household  of  Co:iut  of  Iniiripruck;  said  to  have  pub- 
lishwl  musical  compositions,  1663;  left  rauaical  works  in 
manuscript.  [Ixlil.  399] 

YOTJNO,  Sm  WILLIAM,  second  baronet  (1749-1816), 
colonial  governor ;  matriculated  at  University  College, 
oxford,  1768;  travelled  on  continent;  published  'The 
Spirit  of  Athens.'  1777;  M.P.  for  St.  Mawes,  Cornwall, 
1784-1806,  and  Buckingham,  1806  ;  follower  of  Pitt  till 
1801,  after  which  be  went  over  to  Grenville's  party  : 
F.R£.,  1786  ;  F.S.A.,  1791 ;  secretary  to  Association  for 
promoting  Discovery  of  Interior  Parts  of  Africa  ;  governor 
of  Tobago,  1807-16.  His  publications  include  political 
writings  and  autobiographical  memoirs.  [Uiii.  399] 

YOUNG,  SIR  WILLIAM  (1761  -  1821),  admiral ; 
entered  navy,  1761 :  lieutenant,  1770  :  captain,  1778 ; 
in  Mediterranean,  1793;  made  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
destroy  a  tower  jn  Mortella  Bay,  on  north-west  coast 
of  Corsica,  1794;  rear-admiral,  1795  ;  lord  of  admiralty, 
1795-1801;  admiral,  1806;  coinmander-in-chief  at  Ply- 
mouth, 1804-7;  commanded  fleet  in  North  Sea,  1811; 
G.C.B.,  1816  ;  vice-admiral  of  United  Kingdom,  1819. 

[Ixiii.  400] 

YOUNG,  Sin  WILLIAM  (1799-1887),  chief-justice 
of  Nova  Scotiu  ;  son  of  John  Young  (1773-1837)  [q.  v.] ; 
born  in  Scotland  ;  educated  at  Glasgow ;  joined  his 
father  in  Nova  Scotia  ;  called  to  bar  of  Nova  Scotia, 
1826,  and  of  Prince  Edward's  Island,  1836  ;  Q.C.,  1843  : 
liberal  member  for  Cape  Breton  iu  legislative  assembly 
of  Nova  Scotia,  1832,  for  Inverness,  1837-59,  and  for 
Cumberland,  1869  ;  took  prominent  part  in  negotiations 
arising  from  rebellion  of  French  Canadians,  1838-9,  and 
in  quarrel  between  legislative  assembly  and  Sir  Colin 
Campbell  (1776-1847)  [q.  v.],  1839  ;  member  of  executive 
council,  1842 ;  speaker  of  legislative  assembly,  1843-64 ; 
premier  and  attorney-general,  1854-7  ;  premier  and  presi- 
dent of  executive  council,  1859-60:  chief- justice  of  Nova 
Scotia,  1860-81 ;  knighted,  1868 ;  judge  of  court  of  vice- 
admiralty.  LlxUL  401] 


YOUITOI,  ELIZABETH  (1T44  T-lTtT).    [See  Ton.} 

YOUHOI  or  YOTOO,  RICHARD  (JL   1U7-U7IX 
OalYinlrt  tract  writer ;  pabiMarf,    Ittf 5l 

- 


YOUHOHU    ELIZABETH   <ltt9T-17€l>. 
•later  of  M—  Blckndl  fa.  r.1  : 

SSrtr  JJS*  *•••  ^ 

1706,  and  with  Drury  Lane  and 
1711;  at  Lincoln-,  Inn  FWd. 


OB  anffllng, 
at  8L  Bo* 


YOUNGER,  JOHN  (17M-1 
•UBMiiil  I".  and  poet  ;  MtUed  M 
well*  near  Loognewtou,  1811  :  pabUthsd  -ThoafhUa. 
they  Rise,'  a  volume  of  poems,  1814,  «nd  •  River  Anffting 
for  Salmon  and  Trout,*  1819  ;  lift  manuscript  mSSR 
published  in  •  Autobiography  of  John  Younger?  1881. 

»  « 

YPRE8,  WILLIAM  or,  erroneously  styled  KAJU.  or 
KKNT  (rf.  1  166  ?).    [gee  WILLIAM.] 


YULE,  8m  GEORGE  UDNKY  M81I-18M), 
civilian  ;  brother  of  6ir  Henry  Yufc  [q.  T.I  ;  with  corps 
of  mounted  European  volunteer*  in  Indian  mutiny  ; 
member  of  governor-general'*  council.  [Uiii.  407] 

YULE,  sm   HKNRY   (1810-18891  freofrapber  ;  eda 
Addboombe,  and 


development  of  irrigation  *y*tem  of 
-Went  province*,  1841-9;  in  bikh  van, 
-9;  under-aecretary  to  Indian  pubUc 


cated  at  Edinburgh  High  School,  Addl* 

I  ham  ;  appointed  to  Bengal  engineers,  1840 ; '  worked  on 

:  restoration   and    f 

!  Moguls  in  North- 

j  1846-6  aud   1818-9; 
works  department,  1866  :  secretary  to  Colonel  (afterward* 

1  Sir  Arthur)  Pbayre'.  embassy  to    Banna,    18U  ;  pub- 

:  liahed  '  Narrative  of  Minion  to  Ava,'  18M ;  retired  from 

|  service,  1862  ;  O.B.,  1863;  raided  at  Palermo.  1881-71: 
member  of  Indian  council,  1871-89:  K.O-S.I.,  188*.  His 
publications  inclnde  '  Mirabllia  descripta.  The  Wooden 
of  the  East,'  by  Jordanus,  1861,  •  Cathay  and  the  Way 

MB 


thither,'  1866,  and  '  Diary  of  Sir  William  Hedge*,'  1887 
(all  edited  for  Hakluyt  Society X  an  edition  of  '  Marco 
Polo,'  1871,  and  •  Hobson  Jobson,  Glossary  of  Anglo- 
Indian  Colloquial  Word,  and  Phrases,'  1888.  [Ixiii.  408] 

YULE,  ROBERT  (1817-1867),  soldier ;  brother  of 
Sir  Henry  Yule:  published  'On  Cavalry  Movements,* 
1866,  aud  other  work*  :  died  in  action  before  Delhi. 

[UiU.407] 


z 


ZADKIEL  (pseudouym).  [See  MOHRISON,  RICHARD 
JAMES,  1795-1874.] 

ZAEHNSDORF,  JOSEPH  (1816-1886),  bookbinder  : 
born  in  Pesth,  Austria-Hungary  :  apprenticed  as  book- 
binder at  Stuttgart  ;  went  to  London,  1837 ;  opened 
business,  1842  ;  his  work  ranked  with  that  of  Bedford 
aud  Riviere.  [Ixiii.  408] 

ZEEMAN,  ENOCH  (1694-1744).    [See  SEKMAN.] 

ZERFFI,  GEORGE  GU8TAVUS  (1821-1892),  writer 
on  history  and  art ;  born  in  Hungary ;  came  to  England 
on  failure  of  revolution,  1849 ;  employed  in  art  depart- 
ment, South  Kensington,  and  became  lecturer,  II 
published  'Manual  of  Historical  Development  of  Art, 
1876,  'Studies  in  Science  of  General  History,'  1887-9,  and 
other  work..  [!«»«• 408] 

ZINCKE,  CHRISTIAN  FRIEDR10H  (1684?-1767), 
enamel-painter;  born  in  Dresden:  came  to  England, 
1706 ;  pupil  of  Charles  Boit  [q.  v.] ;  cabmet-pamter  tc 
Frederick,  prince  of  Wales:  enjoyed  wide  practice  as 
painter  of  portraits  in  enamels. 

ZINCKE,  FOSTER  BARH AM  (1817-1893).  antiquary  ; 
»K)rn  at  Kardley,  Jamaica ;  B.A.  Wadhara  College,  Oxford, 
1«3»;  vicar  of  WhersU-ad,  1847  ;  one  of  Queen  Victorias 
chaplains,  c.  1862 :  tni  veiled  widely  in  various  parted 
world,  publishing  works  relating  to  ooantriM  visltod, 
and  other  writings. 


ZOE8T,  GERARD  (16377-1681).    [See  Sour.] 

ZOFFANY.  ZOFFANJI.  or  ZAJFANn.  JOHN  or 
JOH  ANN  ( 1733-1810),  painter ;  born  at  RaUftboo ;  »tudi«i 
at  Rome  ;  lived  in  Italy ;  ruim-  to  Kngland.  17M :  worked 
successively  for  Stephen  Uiiulwult,  tlie  clockmaker.  and 
for  Benjamin  Wilson  [q.  v.]  (a*  drapery  painter):  at- 
tracted notice  aa  portrait^painter ;  membrr  of  BoeMj 
Of  Artiste  of  Great  Britain,  1781 ;  painted  Garnck  and 
Samuel  Poole  and  other  acton  in  numerous  cbaracton; 
member  of  Royal  Academy,  1769  :  in  Italy,  177S-9.  and  in 
India,  1 783-90,  obtaining  several  lucrative  nnm 
His  skill  lay  chiefly  in  dramatic  soenai  and  oon 
pieces,  the  background,  being 
other  artiste. 

ZOON,  JAN  FRANZ  VAN  (IW8-17181-). 
Sox.] 

ZOONE,  WILLIAM  (A  1MO-167I).    [See 

ZOUCH.    [See  also  ZOCCHK.] 

ZOUOH,  HENRY  (17M  T-179iX  antiquary  an 
reformer  ;  brother  of  Tboma.  Zooch  [q.  v.) ;  1LA. 
College, Cambridire.  17*0:  vicar  of  Sandal  Majroa,  l.M- 
1789;  iiovenior  of  Wakcflcld  nchooJ,  174H-44;  rector  o( 
Swillington,  1788-96  :  cliapUiii  to  Marchkmew  of  Rock- 
ingham ;  publi«b«d  work,  on  »cial  question.^  ^ 


ZOUOH 


1456 


ZUYLESTEIN 


ZOUCH,  THOMAS  (1737-1815),  divine  and  anti- 
quary :  brother  of  Henry  Zouch  [q.  v.] ;  pensioner  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1756  ;  Craven  scholar,  1760  ; 
M.A.,  1764;  D.D.,  1805;  minor  fellow,  1762;  major 
fellow,  1764;  lector  linguie  Latin*,  1768;  rector  of 
Wveliffc,  1770-93 ;  F.L.S.,  1788  ;  chaplain  to  Richard 
Pepper  Arden  [q.  v.],  master  of  rolls,  1788  ;  deputy  com- 
mMooer  of  arc-lideaconry  of  Richmond,  1791;  rector  of 
Scrayingham,  Yorkshire,  1793  ;  governor  of  Wakefleld 
school,  1799-1805:  prebendary  of  Durham,  1805  ;  refused 
bishopric  of  Carlisle,  1807  ;  published  religious  and  other 
works,  including  an  edition  of  Walton's  '  Lives,'  1796, 
with  a  *  Life  of  Isaac  Walton  '  (separately  issued,  1823). 

[Ixiii.  412] 

ZOUCHE,  fourteenth  BARON  (1810-1873).  [See 
OURZON,  ROBERT.] 

ZOUCHE  or  ZOUCH.  ALAN  LA  or  JIB  LA,  BABON 
ZOUCHK  (rf.  1270),  served  with  Henry  III  in  Qascouy, 
1242  ;  justice  of  Chester  and  of  the  four  cautreds  in  North 
Wales,  r.  1250 ;  justice  of  Ireland  under  Henry's  sou 
Edward,  1255-8;  adhered  to  Henry  111  during  barons' 
wars;  sheriff  of  Northamptonshire,  1261-4;  justice  of 
forests  south  of  Trent,  1261 ;  king's  seneschal,  1263  ;  one 
of  committee  of  arbitrators  appointed  to  arrange  terms  of 
surrender  of  Kenllworth,  1266 ;  warden  of  London  and 
constable  of  the  Tower,  1267-8 ;  benefactor  of  the  Knights 
Templar*.  [Ixiii.  414] 

ZOUCHE.  EDWARD  LA,  eleventh  BARON  ZOUCHE  OF 
HARRINGWORTH  (1556?-1625),  succeeded  his  father, 
1569  ;  educated  under  Whitgift  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  one  of  peers  who  tried  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1586  ; 
lived  on  continent,  1587-93;  envoy  extraordinary  to 
James  VI  of  Scotland,  1593-4  ;  on  commercial  mission  to 
Denmark,  1598 ;  deputy-governor  of  Guernsey,  1600-1 : 
president  of  Wales,  1602-15 ;  one  of  commissioners  for 
treasury,  1612 ;  member  of  council  of  Virginia,  1609,  and 
of  New  England  council,  1620 ;  lord  warden  of  Cinque 
ports,  1615-24;  patron  of  Ben  Jonson  and  William 
Browne  and  other  poets.  [Ixiii.  415] 

ZOUCHE,  RICHARD  (1690-1661),  civilian;  cousin 
of  Edward  la  //niche,  eleventh  baron  Zouche  [q.  v.] ;  of 
Winchester  College  and  New  College,  Oxford  ;  fellow, 
1609-22  ;  D.O.L.,  1619 ;  advocate  of  Doctors'  Commons, 
1617;  regius  professor  of  civil  law  at  Oxford,  1620-61 ; 
fellow  commoner  at  Wadham  College,  1623-5;  principal 
of  St.  Alban  Hall,  1625-41 ;  M.P.,  Hythe,  1621  and  1624  ; 
judge  of  high  court  of  admiralty,  1641  ;  sided  with 
Charles  I  in  civil  war  ;  deprived  of  judgeship,  1649,  though 
retaining  professorship  at  Oxford  ;  member  of  university 
commission,  1660 ;  was  restored  to  judgesbip,  1661,  but 
died  less  than  a  month  later  ;  published  'The  Dove,  or 
Passages  of  Cosmography,'  1613,  'Elementa  Jurispru- 
dentia.-,'  1629,  a  work  mapping  out  the  whole  field  of 
law  and  examining  in  detail  its  various  departments,  and 
numerous  legal  treatises ;  his  treatise  on  Jus  Feciale 
the  first  work  which  exhibits  the  law  of  nations  as  a  well- 
ordered  system.  [IxiiL  417] 

ZOUCHE  or  ZOUCH,  WILLIAM  LA  or  DE  LA  (rf. 
1352),  archbishop  of  York ;  M.A.  and  B.O.L. ;  chaplain  to 
Edward  III :  clerk  and  purveyor  of  the  great  wardrobe, 
1330,  and,  later,  keeper  of  the  wardrobe  ;  keeper  of  privy 
seal,  1:536 ;  treasurer  of  exchequer,  1337-8 ;  treasurer  of 
England,  1338-40:  canon  of  Exeter,  1328;  archdeacon 
of  Exeter,  1330  :  canon  of  Southwell,  1333  ;  prebendary  of 
York,  1335 ;  dean  of  York,  1336  ;  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
1340;  raiion  of  Ripon  ;  elected  archbishop  of  York,  1340, 
«nd,  Edward  urging  claims  of  William  de  Kildesby,  Zouche 
proceeded  to  Avignon  to  obtain  Pope  Benedict  XII's 
confirmation  ;  captured  by  brigands  in  diocese  of  Lau- 
hanne ;  arrived  at  Avignon,  1341,  but  with  his  rival  was 
kept  by  Pope  Benedict  XII  in  suspense  till  bis  death  ; 
appointed  to  archbishopric  by  Clement  VI ;  returned  to 
England,  1342 ;  excommunicated  for  opposing  pope  in 
question  of  succession  to  deanery  of  York,  1349-62; 
warden  of  Scottish  march,  1346  ;  took  part  in  victory  of 
Neville's  Cross,  1346.  [Ixiii.  420] 

ZUCCARELLI  or  ZUCCHEEELLI,  FRANCESCO 
(1702-1788), landscape-painter;  born  at  Pitigliano,  Tus- 
cany ;  became  renowned  for  decorative  landscapes  ;  scene- 
painter  at  the  Opera  House,  London  ;  foundation  member 
of  Royal  Academy ;  patronised  by  royal  family  ;  returned 
to  Italy,  1778.  [Ixiii.  123] 


ZUCCARO,  ZUCHARO,  or  ZUCCHERO,  FEDERIGO 
(1642  7-1609),  painter  ;  born  at  St.  Anpelo  in  Vado,  Tus- 
cany :  worked  on  paintings  in  Vatican,  Home,  and  cathe- 
dral at  Florence ;  came  to  England,  1574,  and  though  he 
obtained  some  influential  patronage,  probably  found  but 
scanty  employment ;  returned  to  Italy,  1578  ;  founded, 
ami  was  first  president  of  the  Accademia  S.  Luca,  Rome ;' 
numerous  portmits  of  his  period  attributed  to  him  with- 
out much  foundation ;  perhaps  painted  the  '  Rainbow ' 
portrait  of  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Hatfield,  and  that  at  Siena. 

[Ixiii.  423] 

ZUCCHI,  ANTONIO  PIETRO  (1726-1795),  painter; 
born  at  Venice :  accompanied  Robert  Adam  [q.  v.]  and 
Charles  Louis  Clerisseau  [q.  v.]  in  travels  through  Italy 
and  Dalmatia,  1754  ;  came  to  England,  1766,  and  was 
employed  by  Adam  on  interior  decorations  of  several 
mansions ;  A.R.A.,  1770  ;  married  Angelica  Kauffman 
[q.  v.],  1781 ;  died  at  Rome.  [Ixiii.  424] 

ZUCCHI,  GIUSEPPE  (/.  1770),  line-engraver, 
younger  brother  of  Antonio  Pietro  Zucchi  [q.  v.] ; 
practised  as  line-engraver  in  England ;  employed  on 
Adam's  •  Works  in  Architecture.'  [Ixiii.  424] 

ZUKEKTOET,  JOHN  HERMANN  (1842-1888),  chess 
master  ;  born  in  province  of  Riga :  graduated  in  medicine 
at  Breslau,  1866  ;  studied  chess  and  became  pupil  of  An- 
derssen  :  edited  with  Aiulerssen  and,  later,  independently, 
'  Neue  Berliner  Schachzeitung ' ;  associated  with  Jean 
Dufresne  in  editing  '  Grosses  Schach-Handbuch ' ;  pub- 
ished  'Leitfaden  des  Schachspiels,'  a  collection  of  pro- 
blems ;  defeated  Anders&eu,  1871 ;  came  to  England, 
1872,  and  was  naturalised  ;  founded  and  co-edited  with 
Mr.  L.  Hoffer  the  'Chess  Monthly,'  1879;  defeated 
Rosenthal,  1880,  Blackburue,  1881,  and  Steinitz  (the 
effort  hastening  the  breakdown  of  his  health),  1883,  but 
was  defeated  by  Steinitz,  1886.  [Ixiii.  424] 

ZUYLESTEIN,  FREDERICK  NASSAU  DK  (1608- 
1672),  soldier ;  natural  son  of  Henry  Frederick,  prince  of 
Orange ;  governor  to  William  (afterwards  king  of  Eng- 
land), whom  he  accompanied  to  England,  1670 ;  general 
of  foot  in  Dutch  army,  1672 ;  slain  at  Woerden. 


[Ixiii.  426] 
iU  DK,    third 


, 

OF  ROCHFORD  (1646-1709),  born  at  Zuylestein, 
cht;   son  of  Frederick  Nassau  de  Zuylesteiu 


ZUYLESTEIN,  FREDERICK  NASSA1 
EARL  OF  ROCHFORD  (1682-1738),  brother  of  William 
Nassau  de  Zuylestein,  second  earl  of  Rochford  [q.  v.], 
whom  he  succeeded  ;  member  of  whig  opposition  in  House 
of  Lords,  1710-14.  [Ixiii.  428] 

ZUYLESTEIN  or  ZULESTEIN,  WILLIAM  HENRY, 
first  EARL 
near  Utrecht; 

(1608-1672)  [q.  v.]  ;  entered  Dutch  cavalry,  1672  :  sent  by 
William  of  Orange  on  missions  of  observation  to  England, 
1687  and  1688,  when  he  intrigued  effectively  with  pro- 
minent malcontents  ;  major-general  in  Dutch  army,  1688  ; 
accompanied  William  of  Orange  to  England,  1688  ;  natu- 
ralised in  England,  1689  ;  master  of  robes  to  William  III, 
1689-95  ;  lieutenant-general  in  English  army,  1690  :  ac- 
companied William  III  in  Holland,  1693  ;  created  Baron 
Enfield,  Viscount  Tunbridge,  and  Earl  of  Rochford,  1695. 

[Ixiii.  426] 

ZUYLESTEIN  or  ZULESTEIN,  WILLIAM  HENRY 
[NASSAU  DE],  fourth  EARL  OF  ROCHFORD  (1717-1781). 
son  of  Frederick  Nassau  de  Zuylestein,  third  earl  of 
Rochford  [q.  v.]  :  educated  at  Westminster  School  ;  lord 
of  bedchamber,  1738  ;  vice-admiral  of  Essex,  1748;  envoy 
extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  to  king  of  Sardinia, 
1749-66  :  groom  of  stole  and  first  lord  of  bedchamber, 
1755;  privy  councillor,  1766;  ambassador  extraordinary 
to  court  of  Spain,  1763-6  ;  British  ambassador  at  Paris, 
1766  ;  secretary  of  state  for  northern  department,  1768  ; 
opposed  repeal  of  obnoxious  American  duties,  1769  ;  pro- 
moted to  southern  department,  1770  :  resigned  in  view 
of  the  American  difficulties,  1775  ;  a  master  of  the  Trinity 
House;  K.G.,  1778.  [Ixiii.  429] 

ZUYLESTEIN  or  ZULESTEIN,  WILLIAM  NASSAU 
DK,  second  EARL  OF  ROCHFORD  (1681-1710),  son  of  William 
Henry,  first  earl  of  Rochford  [q.  v.]  ;  served  as  aide-de- 
camp to  Marlborough  in  Flanders,  1704  ;  returned  to  Irish 
parliament  for  Kilkenny,  1705  ;  colonel,  3rd  dragoons,  1707; 
whig  M.P.  for  Steyning,  Sussex,  1708;  served  in  Spain, 
1709  ;  brigadier-general,  1710;  killed  at  Almenara. 

[Ixiii.  428] 


rriiurrt,  Xeie-ttrttt  Square, 


DICTIONARY  Ol<    XATIONAL    /i/t)(;NA/>//y. 


The  province  of  the  work  embraces  all  lives  likely  to  interest  students  of 
history,  naval  and  military  affairs,  the  progress  of  the  Colonies,  tli« 
administration  of  India,  philosophy,  all  branches  of  science,  medic; 
surgery,  theology,  literature,  political  economy,  law,  music,  art,  and 
drama.  No  name  of  real  importance  in  these  fields  has,  so  far  as  the 
Publishers  are  aware,  been  omitted.  The  principles  on  which  names 
have  been  included  have  been  generously  interpreted.  The  epithet 
1  national '  has  not  been  held  to  exclude  the  early  settlers  in  America, 
or  natives  of  these  islands  who  have  gained  distinction  in  foreign 
countries,  or  persons  of  foreign  birth  who  have  achieved  eminence  in 
this  country.  Place  has  been  found  for  those  who  have  attracted 
national  attention  as  sportsmen  or  leaders  of  society,  while  criminals 
whose  careers  present  features  of  permanent  interest  have  been  briefly 
noticed.  The  Publishers  are  therefore  able  to  state  with  confidence  that 
the  completed  Dictionary  furnishes  the  most  exhaustive  and  most  varied 
picture  accessible  of  national  life  during  more  than  ten  centuries.  The 
work  contains  31,000  separate  articles. 

The  full  number  of  pages  in  the  Dictionary  and  Supplement  is  80,500. 
Thus  the  average  length  of  an  article  is  slightly  less  than  one  page,  but 
the  space  has  been  so  distributed  as  to  admit  many  full  and  exhaustive, 
though  concise,  monographs,  some  of  which,  it  is  believed,  will  rank  among 
standard  biographies  in  English  literature. 

The  exhaustive  character  of  the  Dictionary  and  Supplement  may  be 
judged  from  the  fact  that  it  contains  biographies  of  199  persons  bearing 
the  surname  Smith  (Smith,  Smyth,  or  Smythe),  and  of  185  persons  bear- 
ing  the  surname  Jones.  Stewart  (Steuart,  Steward,  Stewart,  or  Stuart)  is 
the  title  of  113  memoirs;  Hamilton  of  107  memoirs;  Brown  (Broun, 
Brown,  or  Browne)  of  114;  Clark  (Clarke,  Clerk,  or  Clerke)  of  106; 
Moore  (Moor,  Moore,  or  More)  of  89 ;  Taylor  (or  Tayler)  of  86 ;  Douglas 
(or  Douglass)  of  85;  Scott  (or  Scot)  of  88;  Grey  (or  Gray)  of  81; 
Williams  of  81 ;  Gordon  of  80 ;  Wilson  (or  Willson)  of  80  ;  Thompson  (or 
Thomson,  Tomson,  and  Tompson)  of  79  ;  Campbell  of  76  ;  Murray  of  72  ; 
Davies  (or  Davis)  of  78 ;  Howard  of  67  ;  and  Robinson  of  65.  There  are 
407  names  beginning  with  the  prefix  Mac- ;  222  names  beginning  with  the 
prefix  0' ;  and  137  beginning  with  the  prefix  Fitz-. 

All  the  articles,  whether  short  or  long,  have  been  prepared  by  specialists 
of  literary  experience  in  very  varied  branches  of  knowledge.  The  total 
number  of  contributors  approaches  700,  and  their  labours  present  the 
latest  results  of  biographical  research.  Many  of  the  memoirs  of  kings 
and  queens,  of  great  statesmen,  generals,  and  admirals,  embody  infonna- 


DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL   BIOGRAPHY. 


tion  derived  from  State  Papers  and  other  authorities,  which  have  only 
become  accessible  in  very  recent  years.  Thus  the  Dictionary  supplies  in 
the  case  of  many  distinguished  names  more  detailed  and  exact  biographies 
than  any  that  have  previously  appeared.  But  it  has  been  the  particular 
endeavour  of  the  Editors  to  bestow  as  much,  or  even  more,  pains  on  the 
far  more  numerous  names  of  less  widely  acknowledged  importance.  The 
minor  actors  in  all  the  great  national  crises — from  the  Norman  Conquest 
to  the  Great  Civil  War,  from  the  Revolution  to  the  Indian  Mutiny- 
have  received  as  careful  treatment  as  the  leaders  in  those  events.  No 
one  whose  writings  or  actions  contributed  directly  or  indirectly  to  bring 
about  movements  like  the  Reformation  in  England  or  Scotland,  the 
Methodist  Revival,  the  Oxford  Movement,  or  the  Scottish  Disruption,  has 
been  wittingly  overlooked.  Ministers  of  all  religious  denominations,  whose 
activity  has  rendered  them  remarkable,  have  received  equal  attention 
with  the  highest  ecclesiastical  dignitaries.  Subordinate  military  and 
naval  officers,  whose  services  have  been  in  any  way  notable,  have  been 
accorded  places  beside  their  commanders-in-chief.  Painters,  engravers, 
poets,  novelists  and  musical  composers  of  minor  rank  are  liberally  repre- 
sented. Practically  the  whole  field  of  science  in  all  its  varied  developments 
is  noticed  in  the  numerous  biographies  of  those  who  have  devoted  them- 
selves to  scientific  pursuits.  And  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  do  justice 
to  the  pioneers  of  American,  African,  and  Australian  exploration,  and  to 
the  large  band  of  inventors,  whose  half-forgotten  efforts  have  slowly  led 
to  the  modern  applications  of  steam  and  electricity,  and  to  recent 
improvements  in  industrial  processes. 

Men  of  letters,  of  all  ranks  and  ages,  fill  a  large  space  in  the  Dictionary. 
The  extant  writings  of  mediaeval  scholars — printed  and  unprinted — are 
fully  catalogued,  and  every  effort  has  been  made  to  make  the  bibliographical 
information,  especially  in  the  case  of  rare  books,  as  useful  as  possible. 
Errors  that  have  figured  in  older  bibliographical  manuals  have  been 
corrected,  and  many  books  that  have  been  issued  anonymously  or  pseudo- 
nymously  have  been  associated  for  the  first  time  with  their  authors' 
names.  Memoirs  have  been  inserted  of  all  printers,  booksellers,  and  book- 
collectors  who  have  played  an  effective  part  in  the  history  of  literature. 

A  list  of  the  sources  whence  information  has  been  derived  is  appended 
to  every  memoir.  To  secure  exactness  and  fulness  of  detail,  recourse  has 
frequently  been  made  to  the  archives  of  public  offices  at  home  and  abroad, 
to  parish  and  university  registers,  records  of  Nonconformist  associations, 
family  papers,  and  to  various  public  collections  of  manuscripts.  The 
Dictionary  supplies  the  dates  of  appointment  of  cabinet  ministers,  judges, 


DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY 


archbishops,  governors  of  dependencies,  and  presidents  of  the  chief  learned 
or  artistic  societies,  almost  all  of  whom  are  included  ex  officio.  Throughout 
the  work,  much  labour  has  been  expended  in  ascertaining  the  dates  of 
the  bestowal  of  academical  degrees  and  titles  of  rank,  of  institutions  to 
ecclesiastical  offices,  and  of  promotions  in  the  naval,  military,  and  civil 
services.  The  Dictionary  has  thus  acquired  something  of  the  character  of 
an  historical  register  of  official  dignities. 

Much  genealogical  investigation  has  been  needful  in  the  preparation 
of  the  Dictionary,  and  every  endeavour  has  been  made  to  avoid  traditional 
errors.  The  growth  of  the  great  noble  families  of  the  three  kingdoms 
has  been  traced,  as  a  rule,  with  sufficient  elaboration  to  fit  the  Dictionary 
to  supersede  most  of  the  existing  Historic  Peerages ;  while  much  of  the 
genealogical  data  respecting  old-established  county  families,  which  lies 
scattered  through  numberless  county  histories,  has,  after  due  examination, 
been  brought  together  in  the  Dictionary  in  a  readily  intelligible  form. 

In  many  European  countries  works  of  similar  character  to  the  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography — although  with  fewer  pretensions  to  completeness — 
have  been  undertaken  at  Government  expense.  In  this  country  the 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography  is  due  to  private  enterprise.  The 
Publishers  believe  it  to  be  a  work  that  is  essential  to  all  public  libraries, 
public  offices,  and  educational  institutions  in  all  civilised  countries, 
especially  in  the  British  Isles,  in  India,  in  the  Colonies,  and  the  United 
States  of  America,  and  to  deserve  a  place  in  the  private  libraries  of  all,  at 
home  and  abroad,  who  are  interested  in  our  national  life  and  literature. 


Specimen     Pages    from    Volume    XXXVIII. 


DICTIONARY 


OF 


NATIONAL    BIOGRAPHY 


Milman 


Milman 


MILMAN,  SIR  FRANCIS,  M.D.  (1746- 
18:21),  physician,  was  bora  on  31  Aug.  1746  at 
East  Ogwell,  Devonshire.  His  father,  Francis 
Milman,  was  rector  of  that  parish,  and  vicar 
of  Abbots  Kerswell,  in  the  same  county.  On 
30  June  1760  he  matriculated  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  whence  he  graduated B.  A.  9  May 
1764,  M.A.  14  Jan.  1767,  M.B.  7  July  1770, 
M.D.  23  Nov.  1776.  In  1765  he  was  elected 
to  a  college  fellowship,  and  in  May  1771  a 
Radcliffe  travelling  fellow.  He  was  elected 

Physician  to  the  Middlesex  Hospital  (1777- 
779),  and  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  London  30  Sept.  1778.  He  had  made 
the  acquaintance  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester 
at  Rome,  and  by  his  influence  obtained  prac- 
tice in  London.  In  1785  he  was  made  phy- 
sician extraordinary  to  the  king's  household, 
and  in  1806  became  physician  in  ordinary  to 
the  king.  At  the  College  of  Physicians  he 
delivered  the  Gulstonian  lectures  on  scurvy 
in  1780,  was  five  times  censor  between  1779 
and  1799,  delivered  the  Croonian  lectures  in 
1781,  and  the  Harveian  oration,  which  was 
not  printed,  in  1782.  He  was  elected  presi- 
dent in  1811  and  1812,  and  resigned  6  Oct. 
1818.  In  1800  he  was  created  a  baronet. 
His  published  works  are  only  two,  and  ap- 
peared respectively  in  1782  and  1799.  The 
former,  *  Animadversiones  de  Natura  Hy- 
dropis  ej usque  curatione,'  is  dedicated  to  the 
Raacliffe  trustees,  and  is  in  part  based  upon 
observations  made  during  his  travels  abroad. 
It  never  rises  above  the  level  of  a  moderately 
good  graduation  thesis,  and  shows  that  its 
author  did  not  distinguish  between  dropsies 
due  to  cirrhosis  of  the  liver,  to  malignant 
growth  of  the  peritoneum,  and  to  renal 
disease.  He  recommends  purgatives  and 
tonics,  and  thinks  that  the  patient's  fluid 
food  need  not  bo  restricted.  His  other 

TOL.   XXXVIII. 


book,  'An  Enquiry  into  the  Source  from 
whence  the  Symptoms  of  the  Scurvy  and  of 
Putrid  Fevers  arise,'  is  dedicated  to  Lord 
Southampton,  and  is  a  compilation  showing 
little  practical  acquaintance  with  the  disease. 
He  agrees  in  general  with  James  Lind  [q.  v.]f 
whom  he  quotes,  and  almost  the  only  original 
passage  in  the  230  octavo  pages  is  one  in 
which  he  comments  on  a  passage  of  Strabo, 
bk.  xvi.,  and  shows  that  the  disease  from  which 
the  army  of  ^Elius  Gallus  suffered  in  Arabia 
in  the  reign  of  Augustus  was  a  form  of 
scurvy.  He  died  at  Pinner  Grove,  Middlesex, 
24  June  1821,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  St.  Luke  at  Chelsea.  He  was  a  courtly 
person,  of  no  great  medical  attainments. 

Milman  married,  20  July  1779,  Frances, 
daughter  of  William  Hart  of  Stapleton, 
Gloucestershire.  His  eldest  son,  William 
George,  succeeded  him  in  the  baronetcy,  and 
was  father  of  Robert  Milman  [q.  v.t ;  his 
youngest  son,  Henry  Hart  Milman  [q.  v.], 
was  dean  of  St.  Paul's. 

[Works ;  Munk's  Coll.  of  Phys.  ii.  316  ;  Gent. 
Mag.  1821  ;  Annual  Reg.  1821 ;  Foster's  Alumni 
Oxon. ;  Boase's  Reg.  Coll.  Exon.  xxiv.  107;  in- 
formation from  Dr.  J.  B.  Nias.]  N.  M. 

MILMAN,    HENRY    HART    (1791 
1868),  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  born  in  London 
10  Feb.   1791,  was  the  third  son   of  Sir 
Francis  Milman,  bart.  [a.  v.],  physician  to 
George  III.     He  was  educated   under  Dr. 
Burney  at  Greenwich,  and  subsequently  at 
Eton  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  where 
his  career  was  remarkably  brilliant.    He  ma- 
triculated 25  May  1810,  and  graduated  B.A. 
i  1814,  M.A.  1816,  B.D.  and  D.D.  1849.    In 
!  1812  he  won  the  Newdigate  prize  with  an 
i  English  poem  on  the  'Apollo  Belvidere,'  which 
was  considered  by  Dean  Stanley  the  most 


A 


Milman 


Mil  man 


perfect  of  Oxford  prize  poems.  In  1H14  Mil- 
man was  elected  fellow  of  Brosenose,  and  in 
1816  was  awarded  the  chancellor's  priz»-  !'<>r 
an  English  essay  on  *A  Comparative  Esti- 
mate of  Sculpture  and  Painting.'  He  was  an 
f  arly  and  intimate  friend  of  Reginald  Heber, 
for  whose '  Hymnal '  he  wrote  '  By  thy  birth 
and  early  years,'  *  Brother,  thou  art  gone 
before  us,'  '  When  our  heads  are  bowed  with 
woe,' and  other  hymns,  which  have  acquired 
and  retain  high  popularity.  In  1821  he  was 
elected  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford,  but 
did  not  make  the  mark  of  Keble,  who  suc- 
ceeded him  in  1831.  He  had  meanwhile 
taken  orders  (1816),  and  was  in  1818  pre- 
sented to  the  important  living  of  St.  Mary's, 
Reading. 

Though  attentive  to  his  clerical  duties, 
Milman  continued  for  some  time  to  be  known 
principally  as  a  poet.  It  was  the  day  of 
Scott,  Byron,  and  Moore,  who  irresistibly 
attracted  all  talent  of  the  imitative  order, 
to  which  Milman's  poetical  gift  certainly  be- 
longed. His  first  poetical  publication  was  a 
drama, '  Fazio,'  composed  at  Oxford,  and  de- 
scribed by  the  author  as  '  an  attempt  at  re- 
viving the  old  national  drama  with  greater 
simplicity  of  plot.'  Though  '  written  with 
some  view  to  the  stage,'  it  was  published  in 
book  form  in  1815  (2nd  edit.  1816).  It  was 
first  acted  at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  without  the 
author's  knowledge,  under  the  title  of  '  The 
Italian  Wife.'  Having  succeeded  there  and 
at  Bath,  it  was  appropriated  by  the  managers 
of  Covent  Garden,  who  astonished  Milman  by 
the  request  that  Charles  Kemble  might  be  al- 
lowed to  read  the  part  of  Fazio  to  him.  The 
imperfection  of  the  law  of  copyright  would 
have  frustrated  any  objections  that  he  might 
have  entertained,  but,  though  protesting,  he 
was  flattered  by  the  compliment,  and  the 
play  was  performed  for  the  first  time  in  Lon- 
don on  6  Feb.  1818,  with  triumphant  effect, 
mainly  owing  to  the  acting  of  Miss  O'Neill, 
who  had  seen  the  piece  before  publication 
and  had  then  discouraged  Milman  from  an- 
ticipating for  it  any  success  on  the  stage. 
Fanny  Kemble  subsequently  played  the  part 
of  Bianca  with  great  effect,  both"  in  England 
and  America,  while  Madame  Ristori,  when 
at  the  height  of  her  fame  in  1856,  had  it 
translated  into  Italian  and  appeared  with 
much  success  as  Bianca  both  in  London 
and  abroad.  The  plot,  indeed,  which  is  taken 
from  a  story  in  '  V  arieties  of  Literature,'  re- 
printed in  1795  by  the  'Annual  Register,' 
where  Milman  saw  it,  is  powerful,  and  much 
the  most  effective  element  in  the  play.  The 
diction  is  florid,  and  full  of  the  false  taste 
which  had  come  in  by  perhaps  inevitable 
reaction  from  the  inanimate  style  of  the 


eighteenth  century.  Milman'a  next  pu 
>amor,  the  Lord  of  the  Bright 
(1818;  2nd  edit,  same  year),  an  epic  of  th* 
class  of  Southey 'a  <  Madoc '  and  Lander's 
'  Gebir,'  though  not  recalling  the  manner  of 
either  of  these  poeta,  had  been  begun  at  Eton, 
and  nearly  finiahed  at  Oxford.  The  subject  is 
the  Saxon  invasion  of  Britain  in  Vortigern'» 
days.  The  'bright  city '  i«  Gloucester.  The 
poem  contains  much  fine  writing  in  both 
senses  of  the  term,  and  the  author  in  after 
life  subjected  it  to  a  severe  revision.  Souther, 
in  criticising  the  poem,  suggested  that  Mil- 
man's powers  were '  better  fitted  for  the  drama 
than  for  narration '  (SouTHBT,  Corretp.  chap. 
xii.),  and  he  told  Scott  that '  Samor '  waa  •  too 
full '  of  power  and  beauty.  Milman'a  next 
works  were  more  mature  in  thought  and  in- 
dependent in  style,  and  the  vital  interest 
of  their  subjects  almost  raised  him  to  the 
rank  of  an  original  poet.  In  '  The  Fall  of 
Jerusalem,'  a  dramatic  poem  (1820),  the  con- 
flict between  Jewish  conservatism  and  new 
truth  is  forcibly  depicted  (Correip.  of  John 
Jebb  and  Alex.  Knox,  u.  484-44).  In  '  The 
Martyr  of  Antioch,'  another  dramatic  poem 
(1822),  a  no  less  effective  contrast  is  de- 
lineated in  the  struggle  between  human 
affections  and  fidelity  to  conviction.  The 
description  of  Jerusalem  put  into  the  mouth 
of  Titus  has  been  greatly  admired,  and  with 
reason,  but  is  unfortunately  too  fair  a  sample 
of  the  entire  work.  '  Belshazzar,'  also  a  dra- 
matic poem  (1822),  is  chiefly  remarkable  for 
its  lyrics;  and  <  Anne  Bolevn '  (1826),  a  poor 
performance,  terminated  Milman's  career  as 
a  dramatist. 

But  he  was  still  to  render  an  important 
and  an  unprecedented  service  to  English 
poetry  by  his  translations  from  the  Sanscrit. 
These  he  was  led  to  mal^e  by  having  ex- 
hausted the  subjects  which  he  had  prescribed 
to  himself  for  his  lectures  as  Oxford  profes- 
sor of  poetry.  Having  gained  some  acquain- 
tance with  Indian  poetrv  from  the  works  of 
foreign  scholars,  he  taueht  himself  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  Sanscrit,  whose  resemblance  to 
Greek  delighted  him,  and,  with  the  assistance 
of  Professor  H.  H.  Wilson  [q.  T.],  produced 
some  very  creditable  versions  of  passages  from 
the  Indian  epics,  especially  the  pathetic  story 
of  Nala  and  Damayanti.  These  were  pub- 
lished in  1835.  They  have  been  long  suoe*- 
seded,  but  the  achievement  was  none  the  leas 
memorable.  At  a  later  period  (1849)  he  pub- 
lished an  elegant  edition  of  •  Horace,'  and  in 
1865  excellent  translations  of  the  'Agamem- 
non '  and  the  '  Bacchae.' 

In  1827  Milman  was  selected  to  deliver 
the  Bampton  lectures,  and  took  as  his  sub- 
ject the  evidence  for  Christianity  derived 


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DA   Dictionary  of  national  biography 

28 

D4 


Index  and 
epitome 

F.UI.L.O, 


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